Hindusthanno Arvachin Itihas Part 03

Author(s): Champaklal Lalbhai Mehta
Publisher: Gujarat Varnacular Society
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032728/1

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Tiza grAma, pU .. gujarAta naDayulara 2014ITI.

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brakaTe dila zrImaMta mahArAjA zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa, granthamALA, naM. 12 hiMdustAnano arvAcIna itihAsa. brilika riyAsanna (I) rA. rA. govidekhA dorAI jatA hiMdustAnacA arvAcIna itihAsa, bhAga tisarA ne AdhAre ghaTatA pheraphAra sahita anuvAda karanAra, caMpakalAla lAlabhAI mahetA. bI. e. eela. bI, muMbaI chapAve prasiddha karanAra, gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAITI taraphathI Asi. sekreTarI, hIrAlAla trIvanadAsa pArekha, amadAvAda, AvRtti pahelI-prata 1000. -- - saMvata 1867-sane 1911, - ka 8. mUlya deDha rUpie,

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(sarva prakAranA haka gu. va. sosAITIne svAdhina che.) amadAvAda, dhI "DAyamaMDa jyubilI" prinTIMga presamAM parIkha devIdAsa chaganalAle chApyo.

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zrImaMta mahArAjA zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakvADa granthamALAne upadyAta. vaDodarAnA zrImaMta mahArAjA sAheba zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa senapAsakhela samazera bahAdUra sana 1882 mAM amadAvAda padhAryA te prasaMge maNe gujarAta varnAkyulara sesAITIne rU. 5000 bakSIsa karyA. mATe sAITIe temane pitAnA murabbI (pena) TharAvyA che, ane te rakama temanAM nAmathI jUdI rAkhI tenuM vyAja temane nAme grantha racAvavAmAM, pratye chapAvI prasiddha karavAmAM ane uttejana dAkhala grantha kharIda karavAmAM vAparavAno TharAva karyo che. te pramANe Aja sudhImAM nIce pramANe pustake zrImaMta mahArAja zrI sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa granthamALA" tarIke prasiddha karavAmAM AvyA che - : 1. grIsa dezane itihAsa, 2. vidhavAvapana anAcAra. 3. hiMdanAM mahArANI ane temanuM kuTuLa --- 4. bhAlaNasuta uddhavakRta rAmAyaNa. 5. kartavya. (bIjI AvRtti chapAya che.) 6. barniyarane pravAsa. 7. auSadhioSa bhAga 1 le. 8. akasmAta vakhate madada ane ilAja. 9. henrI phoseTanuM jIvanacaritra. 10. hiMdanI ughoga-sthiti. 11. marAThI sattAne udaya. 1ra. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. bhAga 3 je. gujarAta varnAkayulara sesAiTInI oNphisa, amadAvAda, tA. 5 julAI, 1911.

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prastAvanA. dareka strI yA purUSane potAnA dezanA ItihAsanI saMpUrNa mAhitI avazya hevI joIe e nirvivAda che. aitihAsika vAMcanathI thatA lAbhanuM kaMIpaNa piSTapeSaNa karyAvina eTaluM te atre kahevuM joIe ke ApaNI gujarAtI bhASAmAM samagra dunIAnA, anya dezonA ane khAsa karIne hiMdustAnanA itihAsanI saMpUrNa mAhitI ApanArAM pustakane abhAve sAhityanA kSetramAM je apUrNatA jaNAya che te keTaleka aMze dUra karavA ahIM yatna karyo che. zALopayegI pustakanI kaMI khoTa nathI, tenI saMkhyA te prati varSa vadhatI ja jAya che. paNa dezanI kharI sthitinuM bhAna karAvI aitihAsika vicAra uttejIta kare ane te dvArA vAcakane vizeSa jJAnanI abhilASA thAya evuM kaI pustaka hoya te sAruM e vicArathI ja A prayAsa jAya che. vaDedarA nivAsI rA. goviMda sakhArAma saradesAIe athAga mahenata karI hiMdustAna vizenI aitihAsika mAhitI ekaThI karI aneka agatyanA banAva upara eka hiMdInI najare svataMtra vicAra jAhera karavA je bhAre jahemata uThAvI che te janasamAja upara eka prakArane upakAra kareleja lekhI zakAze. emaNe marAThI bhASAmAM racelA mahAna graMthanA trIjA bhAganA AdhAre ghaTatA pheraphAra sahita A pustaka taiyAra karavAmAM AvyuM che, ane te mATe temane khAsa AbhAra mAnavo Avazyaka che. sAdhAraNa rIte A pustakamAM mULa graMthakAranA vicAre asala AkAramAM jaNAvavA tajavIja karI che, paraMtu ghaNe prasaMge temanA vicArathI judA paDI lokakALasthiti anusAra kaMI pheraphAra karavAnuM yogya lAgyuM che, eTale A pustaka asala graMthanuM bhASAMtara nathI e spaSTa jaNAI Avaze. mahenata levA chatAM keTalAMka zabdanI joDaNuM pahelethI Akhara sudhI eka rahI nathI. temaja anivArya kAraNone lIdhe keTaleka ThekANe cuke rahI gayelI mAlama paDe che te te mATe vAcakavarga kSamA karaze. gIragAma, muMbaI caMpakalAla lAlabhAI mahetA. tA. 10 mI juna, 191. I.

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1. mukhya AdhArabhUta pustakanI yAdI. 1. William Robertson's Historical Disquisition of Ancient Indian Trade. 2. Danver's History of the Portuguese in India. 3. Birdwood's Report on the Records of India Office. 4. Birdwood's First Letter Book of the East India Company. 5. Birdwood's and Forster's East India Company's Letters, Vols I-VI. 6. Sir W.W.Hunter's History of British India, Vols land II. 7. Beckles Wilson's Ledger and Sword. 8. Forster's Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe. 9. Logan's Malabar, Vol I (1887). 10. Vincent Smith's Early History of India. 11. Gerson Da Cunha's Origin of Bombay. 12. Rulers of India Series-Albuquerque. 13. Sir Alfred Lyall's British Dominion in India. 14. Malleson's History of the French in India. 15. Malleson's Lord Clive (Founders of Indian Empire). 16. Hill's Records of Bengal, 1757, Vols I to III. 17. Wilson's Early Annals of Bengal. 18. Stewart's History of Bengal. 19. W. Bolt's Considerations on Indian Affairs, 20. Verelst's English Government in Bengal. 21. Plassey by A. K. Mitra. (Modern Review, July 1907.) 22. Orme's War of the Coromandel. 23. Anderson's History of the English in Western India.

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ra. kAraNapara upaga karelAM pustakonI yAdI. 112. 1. Grant Duff's History of the Marathas. 2. Cunningham's Growth of English Industry and Commerce. 3. Thornton's History of the East India Company. 4. Thornton's History of India. 5. Macpherson's History and Management of the East India Company, 6. Kay's Administration of East India Company. 7. Wheeler's Early Records of British India. 8. Wheeler's Short History of India. 9. Meadows Taylor's Student's History of India. 10. Early Annals of British in Bengal. 11. Sir Alfred Lyall's Colonies and Chartered Companies. ( Times of India, June 9th, 1898). 12. Caraccioli's Life of Clive, Vols I to IV. 13. Private Diary of Anand Ranga Pillai, Dupleix' Dubash, Dupleix. 14. Vincent's Ancients in the Indian Ocean. 15. Peter Auber's ise and Progress of British Power in India. 16. Synge's Story of the World, Vols I to IV. 17. Bruce's Annals of British Commerce in Bengal. 18. Mahon's Influence of Sea-power in History, 19. Memoirs of Revolution in Bengal ( Annonymons ). 20. Brigg's Nizam. 21, Mr. Rajwade's Historical publications in Marathi. 22. Mr. Vasudev Shastri Khare's do. do. 23. Gibbin's History of Commerce in Europe.

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 1 luM. - prAcInakALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 1. prAcIna dhanasaMpannatAnuM bIja. 2. prAcIna vepAranA rAjamArga. 3. prAcya jaNasone yuropamAM praveza. 4. misara ane phiniziyana rAjyo no vepAra. 5, yAhudI lekIne vepAra. 6. sikaMdarAbAdazAhanuM vepArI dhoraNa 7. misara dezanA rAjAnI khaTapaTa. 8. remana lekeno prayatna 9. IrAna. 10. Araba lokone vepArI udyoga. (1-35). prakaraNa 2 ju yurepiyananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 1. ITAlImAMnAM prajAsattAka saMsthAne. 2. khristI ane musalamAna prajA vacce dharmayuddha. (I. sa. 1095 1272). 3. haMsa-saMdha(Hanseatic League).4. rUbukI ane mArkepelono pravAsa. pa. pUrvanA vepAranI nAkAbaMdhI. 6. amerikAnI tathA hiMdustAna ja. vAnA jaLamArganI zodhanuM pariNAma. 7. prAcIna praznanI kuMcI. (36-56). prakaraNa 3 ju. malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. 1. malabAranuM mahatva. 2. malabArane june itihAsa. 3. malabAranA loka: brAhmaNa ane 4. malabAramAMnA musalamAna. 5. malabAramAM khristI leko. 6. mahAmakha samAraMbha. 7. kaeNlIkaTane jhAmorIna, (-76). nAyara. - -

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anukramaNikA prakaraNa 4 thuM.. pirTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA I. sa. pUrvathI sane 1515. 1. yuropamAM pirTugalane udaya. 2. nakAzAstravettA rAjaputra henarI, | (sane 1394 thI 1460 ). 3. DIAsa ane kelimbasanI saphare 4. Da gAmAnI pahelI saphara (sane 1487-1492). | (sane 1497-98). 5. pe kebalanI saphara (sane 1500). 6. Da gAmAnI bIjI saphara (sane 1502-3). 7. kAnsisaka Da AlpIDA 8. AbukarkanAM zarUAtanAM kAma "(sane 1505-1509). (sane 1506-1509). 9. gevAnI paDatI (sane 1510-1512).10. malAkkAnI paDatI (sane 1511). 1. AbukarkanuM mRtyu tathA tenuM kAma karavAnuM raNa. prakaraNa 5 muM : hiMdustAnamAM parTugInuM rAjya. (sane 1510-1640). 1. Abuka pachInA adhikArIo 2. nyuDa kuhA (sane 1pa29-38). (sane 1515-1528). 3. jaina kaeN ane dIvanI paDatI 4. sane 1548 thI 1580 sudhImAM ( sane 1546). AvelA adhikArIo. 5. sane 1580 thI 1612 sudhInI 6. porTugIjha amalane utarate kALa.. hakIkata. | (sane 1612-40 ). (119-135). prakaraNa 6 DuM.. pirTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 1. piorTugIjha kArabhAranuM dhAraNa. 2. piorTugIjhanI vepAra vadhAravAnI yukti tathA ArabanI paDatI. (77-118).

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anukramaNikA. 3. parTugIjha vepAranI kiphAyata. 4. porTugIjha lekane ezaArAma. 5. piorTugIjhanuM kurapaNuM. 6. dharmamata saMzodhaka paddhati (Inqui sition.) 7. khristI dharmanA prasAra mATenA prayatna. 8. pirTugIjhanI bhUlane bIjAone maLela lAbha. (135-167). - prakaraNa 7 muM, valadA lokenI hakIkata. 1. valaMdA lokone pUrvakrama. 2. pUrva dvIpasamuha upara valaMdAo ne amala. 3. valaMdA lekene aMgrejo sAthe 4. TaMTAnuM bhayaMkara pariNAma-embAya- jhagaDe. nAmAM aMgrejonI katala. 5. vera levA tarapha bedarakArI. 6. valaMdA lokonA julamanI parAkASThA. 7. valaMdAnI paDatInAM kAraNe. 8. valaMdA nekanA pagAra (168-196). prakaraNa 8 muM, IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. sane 1600. 1. amerikA ane pesiphika mahA 2. pahelI pRthvI pradakSiNuM. sAgaranI zedha. 3. IlijhAbetha rANInA bahAdura 4. phAdhara sTIphana ane rAlpha phicca. vahANavaTIo. 5. kaMpanI sthApavAne upakrama. 6. kaMpanInI sabhAnI pahelI beThaka. 7. kaMpanI mATe sanada meLavavAnI 8. A bAbata dhruTa vicAra. khaTapaTa. ( 196-234 ).

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 9 muM, niyamita saphare tathA sara Temasa re. ( sane 1600-1620 ). 1. yuropiana kaMpanIo. " 2. aMgrejonI pahelI niyamita saphara. 3. porTugIjha sAthe pahele jhagaDe. 4. cIna jApAna tarapha prayatna. 5. sara Tomasa ronI nimaNuka tathA 6. megala darabAranI sthiti. tenuM hiMda tarapha prayANa : 7. tahanAmAne musado tathA tene 8. A udyogathI thayo phAyade. lagatI carcA. 9. IrAnamAM khaTapaTa. (234-268), prakaraNa 10 muM. sAmAIka maMDaLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. . ( sane 1614-1658). 1. rAjA pahele cArlsa tathA kaMpanI. 2. suratanI kAThI. 3. madrAsanI utpatti. 4. baMgALAmAM aMgreja kaThInI zarU Ata. 5. kromavele karelI vyavasthA. 6. nekanA pagAra tathA aMta vyaMvasthA. 7. khAnagI vepAra. (ra69-305). " muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. * (sane 1658-1688). 1. muMbaInI sthApanA. 2. muMbaIne pahelA traNa gavarnara. 3. kaMpanInA nokarenI raheNI. 4. vepAranI AbAdI. (30-345).

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 12 muM. rAjya sthApanAne lobha. (sane 1688. ) 1. dhamadhokAra vepAranuM pariNAma. 2. rAjakIya paristhiti. . 3. kalakattAnI sthApanA. 4. auraMgajeba sAthe yuddha. 5. madrAsanI sthiti. (345-372). prakaraNa 13 muM, niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce Te. 1. cAMcIA5Nune dhadha. 2. navI kaMpanInI sthApanA. 3. be kaMpanIo vacce hiMdustAnamAM 4. sara viliama narisanI dara vidhi. miAnagirI. 5. be kaMpanInA joDANa mATe bhAMjagaDa. 6. saMmelana ane tenuM pariNAma. 7. bhAvI rAjya sthApanAnI siddhatA. (32-395). prakaraNa 14 muM phrenca lekenI hakIkata. (I. sa. 1740 sudhI. ) 1. phrenca ane aMgreja lekenAM kAma. 2 zarUAtanA prayatna. vacce pharaka. 3. mArTina ane penDIcerInI sthApanA. 4. lendhara, lAbune, Duple ane 'DumAsa. (39-410). prakaraNa 15 muM. karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. | ( I. sa. 1739-1744. ) 1. yuddha mATenI taiyArI. 2. megala bAdazAhImAM karnATakanI vyavasthA.

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12 anukramaNikA. 3. caMdA sAheba ane phrenca vacce 4. marAThAonI karnATaka upara svArI, mitrAcArI. 5. rAghu ane kenya vacce patra. 6. Duple ane karnATakamAM gaDabaDATa. vyavahAra. -428). prakaraNa 16 muM. karNATakamAM paheluM yuddha (I. sa. 1744-48.) 1. aMgreja ane kensaloke vacce yuddha. 2. bubanamAM lAbunene kArabhAra. 3. madrAsanuM lAbunene zaraNe thavuM 4. senTa TaeNmenI laDAI ane lAburDanene aMta. 5. yuddhanuM chevaTa. 6. niSkarSa. (429-46). karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha (sane 174-1754.). 1. hiMdIonA kalahamAM aMgrejonuM 2. mujhaphara jaMga ane caMdAsAheba jhIMpalAvavuM. vacce aikyatA. 3. be taDa ane phrencalekene vijaya. 4. DuplenI pikaLa manakAmanA. 5. kalAIvanI pUrva hakIkata. 6. ArkaTane ghere. 7. caMdA sAhebanuM chevaTa. (446-480). prakaraNa 18 muM, kenca, nijhAma ane marAThA. | (sane 1751-57.) 1. nijhAmanA darabAramAM busIne 2. marAThAone aMtima hetu. lAgavaga. 3. DuplenA kArabhArane aMta. 4. geDehu ane DilerI. 5. DuplenI rAjanIti. (480-507).

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anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 19 muM, karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. (sane 1756-63.) 1. vijayadurga killAnuM sara thavuM. 2. busI, nijhAma ane uttara sarakAra prAMta. 3. kAunTa lAlInuM Agamana ane 4. lAlI ane aMgrejo vacce tenI aDacaNe. * saMgrAma. 5. lAlInA apayazanuM avalokana. 6. kenyanI paDatI upara vivecana. (59-pa33). prakaraNa 20 muM, surAja-uda-dailA ane baMgALa. " (sane 1756.) 1. baMgALAnA navAba. 2. alivadakhAna. 3. jakAta mArIne durUpayega. 4. surAja-uda-daulAne gusse uzke rAvAnAM kAraNe. 5. kAsImabajAranI vakhAranI paDatI. 6. kalakattAmAMthI aMgrejone uThAva. 7. "bleka haila" urphe aMdhArI ko- 8. aMgrejoe kalakattA pAchuM meLavyuM, TaDIne banAva. (533-574). prakaraNa 21 muM, plAsI-baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. | (sane 1757-1760.) 1. caMdranagaranuM aMgrejone hAtha javuM. 2. navAbane padabhraSTa karavAnI goThavaNa 3. plAsInI laDAI (tA. 23 juna, 4. plAsI tathA aMgrejonA subhA1757). gyanI carcA. 5. aMgrejonA vijaya tathA dezIonI 6. mIrajApharane udvega. - durbaLatA vize vivecana, (575-606).

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14 . anukramaNikA. prakaraNa 22 muM, baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. | (sane 1760-1765.). 1. mIrakAsamanI navAbapada upara 2. mIrakAsamane aMgrejo sAthe Te. sthApanA, 3. mIrakAsama tathA aMgrejo vacce yuddha. 4. rAjA sItAparAya. 5. lAIvane iMglaMDamAM mAnapUrvaka 6. spensare karelI navA navAbanI satkAra, . nimaNuka - 7. rAjyakrAntinAM pratyakSa pariNAma. (6 06-630). - prakaraNa 23 muM. lAivanI rAjyavyavasthA. (sane 1765-66.) 1. kalAIvane mAlama paDele gheTALa. 2. dezanI paristhitinuM samAcana. 3, lAIve karelI vyavasthA. 4. baMgALAnI dIvAnI ane Dabala gavarnamenTa. 5. aMgreja lazkaranuM baMDa. (631-650). prakaraNa 24 muM. briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. (sane 1767-1773.) 1. vepAranI tathA rAjyakArabhAranI 2. mIThuM, taMbAku ane sopArIne avadaza. na ijAre. 3. kalAIvanuM IMgleMDa pAchA pharavuM, tene 4. hiMdustAnamAMnA kArabhAranI tapAsa. herAnagatI tathA tenuM maraNa. 5. regyuleTiMga ekaTa (sane 1773). 6. vasulAtanA tathA vepAranA keTalAka (650-685),

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zuddha beTa 25 * : 119 zuddhipatra. pRSTa, lITI. azuddha 44 16 berUTa 170 5 nyAya amalamAM AvatAM anusAra. nyAya anusAra, 193 15 nyugita nyUginI. 246 16 baMdare jaI keTalAka valaMdA baMdare jaI caDelA keTa lekIne caDelA. lAka valaMdA kene. 260 karI rahyA hatA. karI rahyAM hatAM. 267 18,24 konAka 269 (6) nokara pagArenA. nekonA pagAra. 283 seTa theme A senTa me 283 seMTa themsa 284 grebiala ' gebriala. merisa abaTa merisa eNbaTa saMbodhana saMbadhanane. maLaze paNa maLaze evI. 317 tathA tenI govadhathI tathA gevadhathI pharamAvatrAmAM pharamAvavAmAM 353 AvyA A . 362 parAjya parAjaya 440 karyA geLI bahAra gaLI bahAra karyA 448 anakULaja anukULaja 461 sAmasAmAM sANasAmAM. 505 21 chatAM phrenca temanI sattA chatAM temanI sattA 516 ema vAge che ema lAge che. 536 hevAthI thaI paDaze, hovAthI, le ke teo khaLabhaLI uThayA, leke khaLabhaLI uThayA, game vakhate game te vakhate 634 arAjakartAnI arAjakatAnI. 648 pahela kahelAM pahelavahelAM. 1758 1768 308 ra 33 w 322 14 25 11 104 27

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hiMdustAnano arvAcIna ItihAsa. bhAga trIjo. briTiza riyAsata. prakaraNa 1 luM. prAcInakALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma, 1. prAcIna dhanasaMpannatAnuM bIja. 2. prAcIna vepAranA rAjamArga. 3. prAcca jaNane purepamAM praveza. 4. misara ane phiniziyana rone vepAra. 5. cAhudI lokone vepAra. 6. sikaMdara bAdazAhanuM vepArI dhAraNu. 7. misara dezanA rAjAonI khaTapaTa. 8. remana lokenA prayatna. 9. IrAna. 10. Araba lokene vepArI udhoga 1. prAcIna dhanasaMpannatAnuM bIja-IzvarecchAthI yurepa ane eziA e be khaMDane saMbaMdha hamaNuM keTalAka saikA thayAM uttarottara nikaTano thate gaye che, ane A saMbaMdhanuM pariNAma AgaLa jatAM kevuM Avaze e prazna upara aneka rAjanItizAstrajJanuM dhyAna parovAyuM che. eve prasaMge te praznanuM pUrva svarUpa, eTale eziA ane yuropane pUrva saMbaMdha, ke hatA te jANavuM agatyanuM che. A savAlanA nirAkaraNamAMja hiMdustAnamAM briTiza rAjya sthApanAne ItihAsa samAyale che.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. yuropa ane eziA khaMDa vacce ghaNuM prAcIna kALathI arasaparasa vyavahAra cAlato hato. eziA khaMDa te samayathI ja sarva sudhArAnuM AdisthAna hatuM. vidyA, kaLA, vepAra, tatvajJAna vagere dareka viSayanuM jJAna yurepane eziA khaMDamAMthI maLatuM hatuM. khAsa karI vepAranA saMbaMdhamAM joIe te e khaMDa vinA yuropane bIlakula cAlatuM nahIM, kemake jIdagInA nirvAha nI ghaNIkharI vastuo yurepamAM ahIMthI ja jatI hatI. hiMdustAna, cIna vagere eziA khaMDamAMnAM purAtana rAje samRddhivAna hovAthI tyAMthI ja bIjAM rAjane nirvAhanI vastuo maLatI hatI. pAzcAtya rAjyanA arvAcIna ItihAsanA sUkSma avalekane uparathI mAlama paDe che ke, speniza, pirTugIjha, Daca, keca, briTiza, jarmana vagere arvAcIna rAjya vepArathI ja dhanADhya thayAM, ane tema thavAthI ja temanI rAjyasattA vadhI. arthAta je rAjyanA hAthamAM dunIAne vepAra vadhAre, teja rAjya vadhAre dhanavAna hatuM, ane je rAjya vadhAre delavAna, tenIja rAjyasattA paNa vadhAre hatI. A prakAra jevI rIte arvAcIna ItihAsamAMthI paSTa mAlama paDe che tevI rIte, kiMbahunA tethI paNa vadhAre, prAcIna itihAsamAMthI jaNAI Ave che. mAtra prAcIna ItihAsanI vizeSa mAhitI ApaNane na hovAthI A niyama eTale badho spaSTa rIte ApaNI draSTI AgaLa AvatuM nathI. lokone upayogI hoya e mAla dezamAM ja utpanna thavo joIe, ane te mAlamAMthI khapanI cIjo taiyAra karavAnI kuzaLatA lekemAM hevI joIe. A banne bAbatamAM saMpUrNa hoya tevA dezane pitAnA nirvAha saMbaMdhI bIjA upara avalaMbI rahevAnI jarUra rahetI nathI. prAcIna kALanAM rAjyonI samRddhinuM Aja kAraNa hatuM. hiMdustAna, cIna vagere deze te samaye dhanasaMpanna hatAM tenuM kAraNa paNa eja. hiMdustAnamAM sarva prakAranI anukULa havA tathA phaLadrupa jamIna hovAthI pRthvI upara bIje game te ThekANe utpanna thaI zake evA aneka padArtho ahIM pAkatA, ethI ahIMnA lekane pitAnA nirvAha mATe bIjA upara kadI paNa AdhAra rAkhe paDate nahIM. evI ja rIte uttama kArIgarI ane kaLA kauzalyane udaya ghaNuMja

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. prAcIna kALamAM A dezamAM thayo hato, e ApaNuM purAtana graMtho uparathI aneka vidvAnee siddha karyuM che. arthAta pRthvI uparanAM bIjAM rAjyo jyAre adhama sthitimAM paDelAM hatAM, tyAre A deza atyaMta AbAda hate. ApaNe pitAno ja nirvAha ahIMnI utpanna upara thatuM eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa dunIAnAM bIjA aneka rAjyone nirvAha paNa A dezanA mAla uparaja thatuM. te vakhate cAre dizA tarapha dUra paryanta A dezane bIjA dezo sAthe saMbaMdha hate. agni keNamAM AvelA beTa sAthe, temaja pUrva tarapha AvelA cIna, jApAna vagere deze sAthe te samaye hiMdustAnane vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. buddha dharmane prasAra paNa evI ja rIte thayele che. ema chatAM Aje ApaNe pazcima tarapha ati dUra AvelA eka baLavAna rAjyanA tAbAmAM hovAthI, temaja A pracaMDa rAjyakrAti kevI rIte thaI te batAvavAno A pustakane mukhya hetu hevAthI, vepAranI bAbatamAM hiMdustAnanI pazcime AvelAM rAjyonI, ane vizeSe karIne yupIya rAjyonI sthiti pUrve kevA prakAranI hatI, ane teone A deza sAthe saMbaMdha kevI rIte joDAya e pahelAM jANavuM avazyanuM che. hiMdustAna ane yuropanAM rAjyo vacce vepAra ghaNaja prAcIna kALamAM ghaNuMkharuM jamIna mArge, ane kaMIka aMze kinAre kinAre thaIne cAlo. te veLA ghaNuM leke nakApravAsathI mAhitagAra hatA, te paNa hamaNAnI mAphaka kinAre cheDI bharasamudramAM javAnI thoDAja hiMmata karatA. A vepAra mATe hiMdustAnamAMthI bahAra paDI TheTha yuropamAM javAnA rAjamArga TharelA hatA. te samayanA A ghaNuM agatyanA mArga thaine UMTa temaja bIjAM bhArabaradArI jAnavaronI moTI vaNajhAro ahIMne vepArane mAla dUra deza lagI laI jatI. A vepAra hastagata karavA mATe yuropanAM rAjyamAM miTI hasAsI cAlI hatI; kAraNa hamaNAnI mAphaka te vakhate paNa vepAramAMja vizeSa kiphAyata hatI. yuropasarakhA vizALa pradezanA lekene aharaniza jarUrI, temaja ezaArAmane, mAla pure pADavo e kaMI cheDA phAyadAnI vAta nahatI. grIka, remana, misara, phiniziyana, AsIriyana,

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. hibru vagere aneka parAkramI rAjyo vacce Aja phAyadA mATe laDAIo thatI hatI.* kemake vepAranA rAjamArga je dezanA tAbAmAM AvatA te ghaNo AbAda te. arvAcIna kALamAM paNa caMgIjhakhAna, taimuralaMga vagere parAkamI purUSanuM lakSa A vepArI lAbha tarapha vizeSa derAyuM hatuM. TUMkamAM, hamaNunI mAphaka prAcIna kALamAM paNa dezanI dhanasaMpannatA vepArI lAbha uparaja avalaMbI rahI hatI. 2prAcIna vepAranA rAjamArga-IgleMDa deza pRthvI uparanA bhUpradezanI vacamAM ne samazItoSNa kaTibaMdhamAM Avela che. A be bhUgalika kAraNane phAyade te dezane ghaNe moTe thAya che. tyAMthI dakSiNa tarapha thaI pUrva tarapha kinAre kinAre jatAM TheTha cInAI samudra lagI ATha daza hajAra mAIlane samudra kinAre ekasarakhe lAgatuM hatuM. A kinArA upara vepAranAM moTAM moTAM aneka baMdaro AvelAM hovAthI, niranirALI havAmAM utpanna thatI aneka upayogI cIjonI AyAta nikAsa A saghaLAM baMdaremAM thaIne cAlatI. hiMdustAna ane tenI pUrve AvelA beTe apAra saMpattivAna hovAnI vAta ghaNA prAcIna kALathI pAzcAtya rAjyone mAlama hatI, paNa parvIya rAjyone pAzcAtya rAjyonI kaMI paNa mAhitI nahotI. vepArI cIjonI AyAta nikAsa judAM judAM rAjyanA tAbA heThaLa hevAthI amuka ThekANunI koI ekAda cIja uparathI eka rAjyane bIjuM rAjya sAthe oLakhANa thatI. suvejhanI saMgibhUmine lIdhe rAtA samudramAM thaIne bhUmadhya samudramAM javAne lIdhe mArga na hovAthI pUrvanA vepAra mATe be rastA hatA. eka IrAnanA akhAtane uttara cheDe jaI jamIna upara yukraTisa nadIne kinAre kinAre eziA mAInaramAM thaIne javAne, ane bIjo rAtA samudrane uttara kinAre utarI jamIna mArge misara dezamAM thaIne bhUmadhya samudra upara AvavAne. A sivAya eka uttara tarapha eka trIjo mArga hate. e mArga hiMdustAnanI uttarethI nIkaLI madhya eziAmAM eNsasa urphe amudaryA nadIne kAMThe kAMThe kAspiyana samudra upara AvI kALA * e jhagaDAnI hakIkta bAIbala vagere pustakomAMthI maLI Ave che. - - -

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. samudra upara jato. kAspiyana samudranI uttara ane dakSiNe e mArganA phAMTA, jatA, ane te banne kALA samudra upara maLatA. A mArga paikI eziA mAInaramAM thaIne jate vacale raste ghaNeja prAcIna hate. hiMdustAnanAM vahANo kinAre kinAre IrAnanA akhAtane uttara cheDe jaI tyAMnAM baMdaramAM A dezano mAla vecatAM. yukraTisa nadInA mukha AgaLane pradeza jene prAcIna kALamAM khAchIA kahetA, tyAMnAM baMdare thI e mAla bharI UMTanI vaNajhAre uttara tarapha retInAM medAnamAM thaI pazcima tarapha vaLI pAlamAyarA urphe tADamura AvatI, ane tyAMthI AgaLa nairUtya keNamAM DamAskasa tarapha jatI. e mArganA DamAskasa AgaLathI be phAMTA puTatAH eka sIdhe pazcima tarapha samudra kinAre jate; tyAM TAyara, sIDena, ekara, Askalana vagere prAcIna zahero hatAM. bIje kAMTe dakSiNa tarapha vaLI pelesTAInane kinAre kinAre IDaoNma prAMtamAM thaI misara dezamAM dAkhala thate; ahIM rAtA samudra uparane raste ene maLatA. prAcIna kALanA vepArane mukhya rasto A vacale mArga hate. uttara taraphane raste himAlayanA DuMgaranI pazcima bhAratamAMthI bahAra paDI madhya eziAmAM oksasa nadI upara jatA, tyAM hiMdustAnathI jatI jaNase ane cIna dezamAMthI Avato rezamI mAla vagere ekaThAM thatAM. e rezamI kApaDane cInanA pazcima bhAgamAMthI paga raste esa nadI lagI AvatAM eMsIthI se divasa thatA. ahIMthI e saghaLe mAlA kALA samudra upara laI javA mATe be mArga hatA. eka kAspiyana samudranI dakSiNa bAjue, ane bIjo tenI uttara bAjue hate. e sivAya kAspiyana samudra upara thaIne temaja keTalIka nadIo mArge e mAla agADI laI javAmAM AvatuM. hAlamAM kAspiyana samudranA pazcima kinArA upara bAku nAmanuM zahera che tyAMthI kALA samudranA pUrva kinArA upara AvelA bAma zahera lagI raziana AgagADIne raste che teja ghaNuM karIne pUrvanA vepArane mArga hatuM ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI. A rastA upara Tikilasa zahera AveluM che.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. A sivAya aphaghAnistAnamAM thaI IrAnanI pazcime nIkaLI bagadAda AgaLa vacalA rastAne maLanAre eka nave mArga hatuM. A saghaLA mArganuM mahatva jude jude vakhate bhinna hatuM. e sarvamAM uttara taraphano madhya eziAmAM thaIne jatA mArga ghaNe dUra, kharcALa temaja jokhama bhareluM hatuM. te meTAM moTAM retInAM medAna ane baraphathI DhaMkAyelA pahADa tathA DuMgarAmAM thaIne jAte hevAthI, halakA vajanano paNa bhAre kImatane cInI rezama jevAM mAla sivAya bIjo halake mAla e raste ghaNe jAte ja nahIM. mAtra yurepa ane cIna vaccenA vepAranI Apale A mArge thatI hovAthI siriAmAMne vacale rasto baMdha thaI jatAM, tene vizeSa mahattA maLI hatI. kALA samudra upara Avela ghaNe khare mAla kaeNnsenTIpala jate, ane tyAMthI yuropamAM dAkhala thatA. kavacita DAnyuba vagere nadI mAraphata e mAla parabhA agADI ja. kimiAne tathA DAnyuba nadInA kAMThAnA pradezane sudhArAnA mArga upara lAvanAra Aja vepAra hato. krimimAM thioDeziA nAmanuM grIka lokonuM vepAranuM mukhya thANuM hatuM. tevIja rIte A krimiana dvIpakalpamAM AgaLa aneka rAjyae pitapotAnI vepArI kAThIo ghAlI hatI. 3. prAca jaNane yuropamAM praveza -aitihAsika kALamAM manuSya jAtine udaya prathama eziA khaMDamAM thaye ema kahevAya che. zarUAtamAM judAM judAM rAjyo vacce sarva prakArane vyavahAra jamIna upara thaIne ja cAlato hato. paramezvare UMTa jevuM ati upayogI jAnavara manuSya jAtane te kAma mATe ApeluM hovAthI, teo A dUrano pravAsa bInaaDacaNe karI zakatA. pazcima eziAmAM AvelAM retInAM moTAM moTAM medAnamAMthI mAla laI javAnuM mAtra UMTanI madadathI ja banI zake ema hatuM. hajAre vepArIo ekaThA thaI asaMkhya jAnavaro upara pitAno mAla lAdhI hajAre mAIlane pravAsa niyamita vakhatamAM, ane atyaMta vyavasthita paNe karatA. A vepArI vaNajhAranI paddhati ghaNAM varSo sudhI cAlI hatI, ane tene lIdheja eziA khaMDanA pUrva kinArA uparanAM rAjyone

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI daDadhAma. pazcima kinArA uparanAM ane tenI paNa pelI meranAM rAjya sAthe saMbaMdha thayo hate. vepAranI A paddhati te samaye game tenI upayogI hoya te paNa temAM aneka aDacaNa paDatI; raste ghaNe dhAstIbharyo hato, ane kharaca tathA zrama puSkaLa lAgatAM, eTale mANase pitAnI buddhi vaDe enA karatAM vadhAre sulabha mArga tarataja zodhI kADhyo. nadI, darIAnI khADI tathA akhAtamAM nAnAM moTAM vahANene pravAsa che ke prAcIna kALamAM zarU thayuM hatuM, te paNa nakAnanazAstrane AjanA pUrNa svarUpe pahoMcatAM ghaNe samaya nIkaLI gayA. hamaNuM sudhI maLelI aitihAsika mAhitI uparathI eTaluM te mAlama paDe che ke bhUmadhya samudra, ArabI samudra, IrAnanuM akhAta ityAdi ThekANe junA vakhatathI darIA mArga vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. siriAnA pazcima kinArA upara AvelA phiniziyana rAjyanI rAjadhAnI TAyara zaheramAM hatI. A rAjyanA leke vepAramAM ghaNuM sAhasika hatA, tevI ja rIte prAcIna misaranA leke paNa vepAramAM agragaNya hatA. prAcIna kALamAM pazcima eziAmAM sthapAyelAM rAjyanAM thayelAM udaya ane asta A vepAranAM pratyakSa pariNAma hatAM. be rAjyo vacce yuddha thatAM eka rAjya bIjAne jItI le te chatAyelA rAjyanuM nAma nizAna jevI rIte rahetuM nathI, tevI rIte zAMtine samaye ekAda najIvA lAgatA banAva uparathI rAjyaviplava kevI rIte thAya che te nIcenI hakI. kata uparathI samajAze. vAska Da gAmAe sane 1498 mAM AphrikAnI pradakSiNA karI yurepamAMthI hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM jaLamArge dAkhala thavAne raste zedhI kahADatAMnI sAthe madhya kALamAM sthapAyelAM aneka rAjya jhapATAmAM asta pAmyAM. - A mahAna vepAranI Apa le ghaNuja junA kALamAM kyAre zarU thaI te nizcayAtmaka kahI zakAtuM nathI. hiMdustAna, cIna vagere pUrva dezamAMja utpanna thatI ghaNI eka cIjonAM nAma yuropanA keTalAka atyaMta junA graMthamAMthI maLI Ave che, ane keTalAMka nAma te bhASAdachIe kevaLa ekaja hoya ema dekhAya che. e uparathI eTaluM te siddha thAya che ke ghaNAja

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. prAcIna kALamAM eTale grIka lekanA samayanI agAu pUrvamAMthI mAla yuropamAM ja hatuM, paNa te kyAMthI ane kevI rIte Avato te lekene khabara nahatI, kesara, malamala, sAga, siNuM, gaLI, rU, AmalI, rane ItyAdi padArtho, temaja hAthI, rIMcha vagere jAnavare I. sa. pUrve 1700nI pahelAM yuropamAM gayAM hatAM. hAthIdAMta, kalaI ane kApaDa hamaranA samaya agAu (I. sa. pU. 800) tyAM dAkhala thayAM hatAM. hemaranAM IlIaDa ane eDIsInAM kAvyomAM varNavelAM motInAM karNapula hiMdustAnamAMthI ja gayAM haze. marakatae saMskRta zabda grIka bhASAmAM motIne mATe vaparAya che. bAibalanA olDa TesTamenTamAM kasturI, malIAgarU, caMdana, taja, kapura, zeraDI, abanUsa (ebanI), sutarAu kApaDa, senuM, mora, vAMdarA vagerenuM varNana Ave che. grIka itihAsakAra hireDeTasa (I. sa. pU. pa00) nA graMthamAM gaLI, tala, divelI, aMbADAMnAM nAmo che. cokhA ane hIrAnAM nAme enA graMthamAM Ave che (I. sa. pU. 300). kALAM marI, meTAM maracAM, suMTha, lavIMga, sAkara, ghI, akIka, nALIera ItyAdi jo Aja arasAmAM grIsa dezamAM jaNAyelI hatI. vAstavika rIte A samayathI paNa pUrve ghaNuM vakhata upara A jaNase eziAmAMnA pazcima taraphanAM rAjyone jANItI hevI joIe. e kALamAM e jaNasane eka dezamAMthI bIjA dezamAM jatAM puSkaLa vakhata lAgata. sikaMdaranA samaya pahelAM hIrA bAbata, ane juliasa sIjharanA vakhata agAu jhINuM rezamI kApaDa bAbata yurepamAM mAhitI nahetI. I. sa. 545 pahelAM kapura yuropamAM dAkhala thayuM nahatuM. aMbara, elacI, jAvaMtrI vagere jaNo paNa ghaNuM vakhata pachI tyAM jANamAM AvI. nAraMgI, lIbu vagere phaLo i. sa. 1000 pahelAM yuropamAM cAlelAM dharmayuddha (kuseDa) vakhate te khaMDamAM gayAM hatAM. valaMdA leke arIThA tyAM laI gayA hatA, ane kAtho sattaramA saikAmAM gayo hato. . pUrva ane pazcima taraphanA dezamAM niranirALe vakhate A vepArane uttejana paNa maLyuM hatuM. misaranA rAjA kere semeTikase (i. sa. pU. 671617), ane bebIleniAnA rAjA nabukeDanajhare (I. sa. pU. 605-562),

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. pitAnI kArakirdImAM pUrva taraphanA vepArane vizeSa savaLatA karI ApelI hovAthI bIjAM be hajAra varSa lagI e vepAra vadhato cAlyo. A lAMbA kALamAM saghaLAM semeTika rAjya hiMdustAna sAthe ghaNuM nikaTa saMbaMdhamAM AvyAM hatAM. e saMbaMdhane lIdhe te samayanI dharmanI samajamAM aneka pheraphAra thayA hatA. hiMdustAnanI devanAgarI lipinA akSare ane keTalIka yupIana bhASAnA akSare mULa misara akSaranuM mAtra rUpAMtara heya ema keTalAka dhakhoLa calAvanArA mAne che. misara dezamAMnA akSare phiniziyana vepArIo yurepamAM ane Araba leke hiMdustAnamAM laI gayA evuM kahevAya che. TuMkamAM dharmAcAra, akSaralipi ane nANAnI bAbatamAM prAcIna eziA tathA arvAcIna yurepa mAtra sarakhAM ja nahIM paNa ekaja hatAM (barDavuDa). pAkazAstra jevI sAdhAraNa bAbatamAM paNa kesarane upayoga karnavalanA kinArAthI brahmadeza lagI pUrva kALathI saghaLe sAmAnya hate. upara kahelA padArthonAM nAma grIka ItihAsakAra erIananA graMthamAMthI paNa maLI Ave che. ekaMdara rIte jotAM A vepAra ghaNuM prAcIna kALathI cAlato Avele hevAthI hamaNAnI mAphaka te vakhatanAM rAjyo tene lIdheja dhanADhya thayAM hatAM, ane teo vacce cAlelI laDAIo paNa A vepArane mATeja hatI, ema sahelathI mAnI zakAze. sikaMdara bAdazAhe A vepArane mATeja alekajhA A vasAvyuM hatuM; ane eja kAraNane lIdhe Araba lekee sane 675 mAM basarA, ane sane 76ra mAM bagadAda zahera vasAvyAM hatAM. grIka, kALuMjIniyana, mana, bAIjhenTAIna eTale pUrva remana ane Araba e saghaLAM rAjya bhUmadhya samudramAM eka pachI eka sarvoparI thayAM hatAM tenuM mukhya kAraNa hiMdustAnane vepAraja lekhI zakAya. * I. sa. pU. 1000 thI i. sa. 1000 lagImAM pazcima eziA khaMDamAM je aneka rAjyo misara, siriA, pelesTAIna, eziA mAinara, arabastAna, IrAna ityAdi ThekANe prasiddhimAM AvyAM te saghaLAM semeTika rAjyanI sAmAnya saMjJAthI oLakhAya che,

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10 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. 4. misara ane phiniziyana rAjyane vepAra-cupa ane eziA vaccene vepAra ghaNuja junA kALathI eTale I. sa. pU. be hajAra varSa agAu khAlDIana lokonA tAbAmAM hatuM, paNa tene itihAsa kaI maLatuM nathI. emanI pachI Araba ane phiniziyana leke vepAramAM agADI AvyA, emAMthI Araba leka rAtA samudra ane tenI pUrva taraphanA bhAgamAM pharatA, ane phiniziyana leke bhUmadhya samudramAM vepAra calAvatA. tyArabAda phiniziyana lekenI eka zAkhAe AphrikAnA uttara kinArA upara AvelA kArbeja zaheramAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. kArbejane udaya zarUAtamAM vepArane ja lIdhe thaye. e samayanA prAcIna vepAranI bharesA lAyaka khabara misara ane kiniziyana rAjyanA ItihAsamAMthI ApaNane maLe che. A banne rAjyanA vepArI darIA upara pharanArA hevAthI bhUmadhya samudramAM temaja ArabI samudramAM teo vAraMvAra saphara karatA. zarUAtamAM misara lekene A vepAra tarapha abhAva hato, kemake temane deza phaLadrupa ane tavaMgara hovAthI teone pitAnA nirvAha mATe bIjA upara AdhAra rAkhavo paData nahIM, ane paradezI lekene teo pitAnA dezamAM dAkhala thavA detA nahIM. AgaLa temane sisoTIsa nAme eka ghaNe sAhasika ane dhUrta rAjA thaye. teNe joyuM ke paradeza sAthe vepAra karyA sivAya svadezanuM mahatva vadhaze nahIM, eTale cAra vahANene eka pracaMDa kAphele taiyAra karI teNe hiMdustAnanA kinArA lagInA saghaLA dezo kabaje karyA. paraMtu A rAjAnA maraNa pachI misara lekae jaLaparyaTananuM kAma paDatuM mukyuM te punaH hAtha dharatAM ghaNe kALa vyatita thayo. A karatAM phiniziyana leke bAbatanI mAhitI ApaNane vizeSa maLe che. e lokenuM rAjya bhUmadhya samudra upara siriAne kinAre AveluM hatuM. I. sa. pU. 1000 thI I. sa. pU. pa00 sudhInA sumAre pAMca varSa lagI emaNe je AbAdI bhogavI hatI te saghaLI pUrva vepArane avalaMbIne hatI. kemake temane deza ghaNeja pahADI hovAthI temane pitAnA nirvAhanI jaNa pArakA dezamAMthI lAvavI paDatI. arvAcIna kALamAM jevI

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 11 rIte IgleMDa ane halaMDa vepArathI dhanavAna thayAM tevI ja rIte prAcIna kALamAM phiniziyana rAjya sadhana thayuM hatuM. phiniziyana khalAsIo darIA upara musApharI karanArA tarIke ghaNuM prakhyAta thayA hatA, ane temane vizeSa lAbhakAraka vepAra hiMdustAna sAtheja hate. hiMdustAnamAM vepArI mAla jaLamArge IrAnanA akhAta lagI AvatuM, ane tyAMthI jamIna upara thaIne pazcime bhUmadhya samudra upara ja. phiniziyana lekenI rAjadhAnI TAyara bhUmadhya samudra upara hatI; paNa naikAnayanavidyAmAM teo ghaNuM pachAta hevAthI teo pitAnAM vahANa laI hiMdustAna AvI zakyA nahIM. rAtA samudranA uttara bhAgamAM be nAnAM akhAta AvelAM che. eka jhanuM ane bIjuM akAbAnuM. A banne akhAtanI vacamAM Iniana nAmanA lekenuM rAjya hatuM. enI pAsethI phiniziyana lekee vepAranI vRddhi mATe rAtA samudranA kinArA upara AvelAM cAra uttama baMdare jItI lIdhAM. A baMdara mAraphata teo pitAno vyavahAra eka tarapha hiMdustAna sAthe ane bIjI tarapha AphrikAnA pUrva ane dakSiNa kinArA sAthe calAvatA. tathApi rAtA samudrathI TAyara zahera ghaNuM dUra hevAthI e samudranI pAse paDe tevuM bhUmadhya samudra upara AveluM hinakelyurA nAmanuM baMdara teoe meLavyuM. e ThekANe hiMdustAnane saghaLo mAla teo lAvatA, ane tyAMthI TAyara laI jaI yuropamAM jude jude ThekANe mekalatA. hiMdusthAna sAthe vepAra karavAne Aja raste vizeSa savaLa paDatuM hatuM, ane bIjA mArga karatAM ahIM trAsa ane kharaca ochAM paDatAM. A mArge cAlelA vepArathI phiniziyana leke eTalA dhanADhaya thayA ke TAyarano vepArI eka nAno rAjA hoya tema pRthvI uparanA saghaLA leke tene mAna ApatA ema - (bAIbalamAM?) kahevAya che. sikaMdara bAdazAhe TAyara jamInadosta karI siDenane kabaje lIdho tyAre phiniziyana leke sadaMtara nAza pAmyA. 5, yAhudI lokono vepAra-jya athavA yahudI lekenuM rAjya phiniziyana lekene mulakanI joDAjoDa hatuM ane TAyaranI saMpatti joI teoe paNa vepArane mArga svIkAryo hate. DevIDa ane somana

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. nAmanA temanA be parAkramI rAjA thayA; temAMthI DevIDe I. sa. pU. 1049-1016 sudhI, ane tenA chokarA salemane I. sa. pU. 1016 thI 976 sudhI rAjya karyuM. emanI kArakirdInuM varNana bAIbalanA junA karAra (Old Testament)mAM ApeluM che. DevIDe jerUsalamamAM pitAnI rAjadhAnI karI, ane tyAMthI pUrvanA vepArane vacale eTale siriana rasto potAnA kabajAmAM lIdhe. uttare AveluM DamAskasa zehera paNa tenA kabajAmAM hatuM, temaja rAbA nAmanuM jerUsalamanI pUrve AveluM vepAranuM mathaka teNe hastagata karyuM hatuM. dakSiNa bAjue misaranI sarahada upara Imiana ane meAbAITa nAmanAM nAnAM rAjya hatAM, te paNa DevIDe jItI lIdhAM. sArAMza, uttare DamAskasathI dakSiNe misara paryanta saghaLe pradeza DevIDe pitAnA kabajAmAM lIdho, ane tema karavAmAM tene mukhya hetu vepArane ja hatuM. paraMtu tenA akALa maraNane lIdhe A tene uddeza tenA chokarA salemane pAra pADyo. DamAskasanI paNa agADI pAlamAyarA karIne vepArI vaNajhAre utaravAnuM ThekANuM hatuM te salemane tAbe karI tyAM tADamura nAmanuM thANuM vasAvyuM. ethI karI yuTisa nadI ane bhUmadhya samudranI vacamAMnA pradezamAM thaIne cAlatA vepArane mukhya bhAga tenA hAthamAM Avyo. vaLI TAyaranA phiniziyana rAjA hirAma sAthe selemane vepAranI bAbatamAM taha karI. AvI rIte yahudI rAjyakuTuMbanA mULa purUSa ebrahAmane paramezvare je varadAna ApyuM hatuM te seleminanA samayamAM phaLIbhUta thayuM. uttara taraphanA vepAranI vyavasthA karI solemane dakSiNa tarapha najara pheMkI. akAbAnA akhAta uparanAM IlAtha ane Ijhachabara nAmanAM be baMdare teNe Imiana leke pAsethI laI tyAMthI pitAnAM jahAja dezAvara ravAnA karyo. teNe A jahAja temaja te calAvanAra khalAsIo phiniziyana rAjA hirAma pAsethI mAgI lIdhAM hatAM. AvI rIte A beu rAjAoe rAzisa ane phIranAM dUranAM baMdaro sAthe pitAne vepAra calAvyuM. e be baMdare AphrikAnA kinArA upara hovAM joIe evuM dhAravAmAM Ave che. solemananAM jahAja bAbalamAMbanI sAmudradhunImAM thaIne nIce AphrikAnA

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhI. saphALA nAmanA bhAga lagI jatAM, ane cha nI sonuM, rUpuM ane bIje mAla laI pAchAM pharatAM. A hakIkatamAM yahudI lekene hiMdustAna sAthe pratyakSa vyavahAra hato ke nahIM e dekhAtuM nathI. vepArane lIdhe selemana rAjAe jerUsalama zahera aneka utkRSTa cIje vaDe suzobhita karyuM. bAI balamAMnA solomananA stotramAM vepArI mAlanI je yAdI ApelI che temAMnI keTalIka vastuo hiMdustAnamAMthI ja gaI haze e cekasa che. tenA siMhAsana upara jaDele hAthIdAMta, tenuM suMdara javAhIra, senAnI traNa TAla, masAlA, tene bAgamAMnAM vAMdarA ane mora, ane devaLanA sukhaDanA daravAjA e saghaLAM hiMdustAnathI AvelAM hatAM. misaranA rAjA kerenI chokarInAM lagna solemana sAthe thayAM te samayanA "vivAha-maMgaLa-tetra" mAM paNa vepAranuM mahatva pUrNapaNe varNaveluM che. selemana mATe misaramAMthI ghaDA ane vo AvyAM hatAM. A pachI yahudI lekanuM rAjya jaladIthI laya pAmyuM. I. sa. pR. 976 mAM solomana maraNa pAmatAM tenA rAjyanA vibhAga paDI gayA, ane tyAra pachInAM eka hajAra varSamAM misara, esiriA, bebIlenIA, parziA, grIsa ane romanAM rAjyo eka pachI eka siriAmAM prabaLa thayAM. je rAjya prabaLa thatuM te bIjAne jItI laI potAnI sattA vadhAratuM; e pachI e rAjyanA nAzamAMthI bIjuMja rAjya udaya pAmatuM. te samayanA A udaya ane astanuM kAraNa vepAraja hatuM, e nirvivAda che. 6, sikaMdara bAdazAhanuM vepArI dhoraNa -grIsa dezanA bAdazAha sikaMdare I. sa. pU. 327 mAM hiMdustAna upara svArI karI. A bAdazAha pUrva taraphanA vepAranuM mahatva ghaNI sArI rIte samajato hovAthI sarva jamIna temaja samudra upara pitAnuM rAjya laMbAvavAnI tene mahatyAkAMkSA thaI hatI. phiniziyana leke ceDAMka jahAjanI madadathI sarva zatruo sAme Takara chalI pitAno bacAva kare che, temaja hiMdustAnane jaLamArge cAlate saghaLo vepAra pitAnA tAbAmAM laI saMpattivAna thayA che, e joI sikaMdara bAdazAhe teonI sattA chInavI levA athAga mahenata karI. misara

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. dezamAM nAIla nadIne kAMThe pitAnA nAmanuM eka zehera sthApI teNe phiniziyana lekenI rAjadhAnI TAyarane ghaNuM sakhata seha pahoMcADI. elekajhAndrIA zahera vasAvavAmAM sikaMdaranAmAM kevA uttama prakAranI dIrghadraSTi temaja dhUrtatA hatI te pratyakSa mAlama paDI Ave che. aneka rAjyakrAnti thayA chatAM Asare arADhaso varSa lagI A zahera hiMdustAnanA vepAranuM mukhya sthAna rahyuM hatuM. IrAna jItI sikaMdara samarkada gayo, ane tyAMthI hiMdustAna tarapha vaLe. rastAmAM teNe aneka deza ane lekenuM bArIka nirIkSaNa karyuM te tene mAlama paDyuM ke saghaLI sArAmAM sArI cIjonuM mULa sthAna hiMdustAna hatuM, ane tethI ja te deza jItavA tene adhika IcchA thaI. AgaLa jatAM te vAyavya koNane raste hiMdustAna Avyo. etihAsika kALamAM khAIbara ghATamAM thaIne A dezamAM AvanAra A paheleja zara purUSa hate. takSazilA urphe aTaka AgaLa heDInA pulanI madada vaDe siMdhu nadI oLaMgI te A tarapha Avyo. jelama nadIne kAMThe tene pirasa rAjA sAthe laDAI thayAbAda te dakSiNa tarapha vaLatAM paMjAbanI phaLadrupatA nihALI cakIta thaI gaye. nAIla, yukraTisa, TAIgrisa ityAdi aneka nadIo ane tenA kAMThA uparanA asaMkhya phaLadrupa pradeza teNe A pahelAM joyelA hovAthI, paM. jAba prAMtamAM paramezvaranI kRpA, sRSTine vaibhava ane manuSyanI ala pUrNatAnI Toce pahoMcI heya ema tene lAgyuM. paNa gaMgA nadI ane tenA kAMThAne pradeza AnA karatAM paNa vadhAre phaLadrupa ane zebhAyamAna che, ane tenA pramANamAM siMdhu nadI ane paMjAba kAMI paNa visAtamAM nathI ema sAMbhaLatAM tarataja pitAnA sainikone ekaThA karI AgaLa vadhavA mATe sikaMdara bAdazAhe atyaMta Agraha karyo. paraMtu teoe mATe teonA paga upaDyo nahIM. AthI atizaya nAsIpAsa thaI teonI marajInI khAtara sikaMdarane pAchA pharavAnI jarUra paDI. bAdazAha biAsa nadI lagI Avela hatuM eTale tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM agAu te nadIne kAMThe teNe bAra bhavya sthaMbha ubhA karyA. epileniasa TAeniasa nAmane

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. eka grIka grahastha I. sa. 46 mAM paMjAbamAM Avyo hato te veLA teNe A sthaMbha joyA hatA, ane tenA uparanA lekha vaMcAtA hatA ema teNe lakhelA sikaMdaranA vRtAnta uparathI jaNAya che. sikaMdara puSkaLa vidvAna lokane pitAnI sAthe teDI lAvyo hato. temanI mAraphate teNe hiMdustAnanI bArIka mAhitI meLavI. prathama te jelama nadI utaryo tyAre teNe puSkaLa heDIo bAMdhavA hukama Apyo hato, te pramANe e pAcho pharyo tyAre uttama prakAranI asaMkhya heDIo taiyAra thaI hatI. sikaMdare A svArInI sarva vyavasthA karavAnuM kAma niArakasa (Nearchus) nAmanA hoMziAra amaladArane soMpyuM hatuM. Aja heDIo mAraphata sikaMdara siMdhu nadImAM thaI hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM Avyo. tenI sAthe eka lAkha vIsa hajAra pheja, baso hAthI, ane nAnAM moTAM be hajAra vahANa hatAM. phejanA traNa sarakhA bhAga karI temAM eka teNe vahANa upara caDAvyo, ane bIjA be bhAgane nadInA dareka kAMThA uparathI sAthe cAlatA AvavA hukama pharamAvyo. banne kAMThA uparanA rAjAoe sikaMdarane khaMDaNI ApI. keTalAkane teNe harAvyA ane keTalAka pitAnI meLe ja zaraNe AvyA. A nadIne hajAra mAIlane lAMbo pravAsa puro thatAM nava mahInA nIkaLI gayA. | siMdhu nadImAMthI samudra upara nIkaLatAM sikaMdarane ghaNe saMtoSa thaye, ane vahANonI vyavasthA karavAnuM niArkasane mAthe nAkhI pite samudrane kAMThe kAMThe IrAna gaye. bAkInI pheja paNa teja pramANe jamIna upara kinAre kinAre gaI. siMdhune kinAro cheDyA pachI sAta mahine sikaMdaranuM AkhuM lazkara IrAnI akhAtanA uttara cheDA upara yukraTisa nadI AgaLa ekaThuM thayuM. hiMdustAna vize keTalIka kharI ane upayogI khabare Aja vakhate yuropamAM gaI. sikaMdaranI A sapharanI keTalIka tapasIlavAra hakIkata mI. vinsenTa smItha (Vincent Smith)nA pustakamAM ApelI maLI Ave che te mane raMjaka ane upayogI jaNAyAthI heThaLa ApI che - IrAna deza chatI sikaMdara IzAna tarapha vaLI madhya eziAmAM gayo. tyAMthI amRdayaMne sapATa pradeza, jene pahelAM bekIA kahetA ane jenI

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 naM. rAjadhAnI balka hatI te sarva hastagata karI. I. sa. pU. 327 nI vasaMta rUtunA AraMbhamAM barapha pIgaLavA mAMDatAMja sikaMdara bAdazAhe hiMdustAna tarapha kuca karI. tenI sAthe yuropathI AveluM 50-60 hajAra mANasanuM lazkara hatuM, te saghaLA sAthe daza divasamAM te hiMdukuza oLaMgI gaye, ane kahI dAmananI khINamAM utaryo. ahI teNe lazkarI chAvaNI nAkhI, ane nikera (Nikanor ) ne teno baMdobasta karavAnuM sepyuM. A ThekANe pazcima, uttara ane dakSiNa e traNe dizA taraphanA rastA maLatA hatA. ahIMthI jalAlAbAdanI pazcima bAjue AvelA nikeyA (Nikaia) zahera AgaLa AvI pahoMcyA pachI sikaMdare pitAnA lazkaranA be bhAga karI, eka bhAgane kAbula nadInA kAMThA uparano mulaka jItavA hiphesTIana ane paDakAsa nAmanA be saradAranA uparIpaNuM heThaLa agADI ravAnA karyo. takSazilA AgaLa pahelethIja zaraNe Avele hiMdurAja sikadaranA lazkaranI tajavIja rAkhavA mATe tenI sAthe ja hatuM. takSazilA zahera siMdhu nadInA pUrva kinArAthI traNa TappA dUra hatuM. hAlanA rAvalapIMDIthI vAyavya khuNe tarapha, ane hasanaabadAlathI agni koNa tarapha keTalAka mAIla lagI khaMDIe dekhAya che te kadAca Aja zaheranAM hoya. takSazilAnA rAjAne pirasa sAthe aNabanAva hato. hiMdustAnamAMnI sarva hakIkata sikaMdarane ApanAra, ane tenI saghaLI vyavasthAnI javAbadArI mAthe lenAra takSazilAne rAjA hate. siMdhu nadInA pazcima kinArA uparanA rAjAo sikaMdaranA lazkarane zaraNe AvyA te saghaLAnI madadathI siMdhu nadI oLaMgavA mATe sikaMdare heDIone pula baMdhAvyuM. lazkaranA bIjA bhAganI saradArI sikaMdare pote lIdhI, ane I. sa. pU. 327 nA sapTembara mAsamAM te AgaLa vadhe. rastAmAM tene aneka aDacaNa naDI, ane ghaNI laDAImAM utaravuM paDayuM, paraMtu tenI vyavasthA temaja taiyArI uttama prakAranI hovAthI tene yaza maLate gaye. je leke zaraNe AvatA tene te pitAnI nokarImAM rAkhatA, ane jeo virUddha paDatA teone dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA karate. Ama karatAM karatAM te I. sa. pU. 326 nA jAnevArI mAsamAM

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. siMdhu nadI upara AvI pahoMcyo. ahIM teNe lazkarane eka mahinA lagI vizrAMti levA tathA mojazokha karavAne paravAnagI ApI. A arasAmAM takSazilAne rAjA maraNa pAmavAthI tene chokare. phIsa gAdIe AvyA, ane sikaMdara bAdazAha sAtheno saMbaMdha jArI rAkhavA pitAne pagale cAle. takSazilAnA mulakanI uttare pahADI pradezamAM eka abhisAra nAmanA rAjAnuM ane bIjuM pirasanuM ema be rAjyo hatAM; te jelama ane cinAba nadIonI vacce hAlanAM jelama jile, gujarAta ane zAhapura AvelAM che tyAMja ghaNuM karIne hatAM. takSazilAnA rAjAe siMdhu nadI upara sikaMdarane mATe je pula taiyAra karyo hato te aTakathI saLa mAIla upara AvelA ohiMda u uMda gAma AgaLa haze. A pula upara thaIne te pitAnAM saghaLAM lazkara sahita I. sa. pU. 325 nA mArca mahinAmAM takSazilA Avyo. te veLA e zahera ghaNuM nAmAMkita hatuM, ane tyAM vidvAnenuM sArI rIte bharaNapoSaNa thatuM hovAthI dUra dezAvarathI ghaNuM vidvAno tyAM AvatA. ahIMnA rAjAne sikaMdare nAnA prakAre khuzI karI AgaLa javA mATe tenI madada mAgI. abhisAra ane pirasa vacce snehabhAva hovAthI banee pahelAM sikaMdaranI sAmA thavA TharAva karyo, paNa koNa jANe kevA kAraNane lIdhe abhisAra pAchaLathI makkama na rahetAM teNe takSazilA AgaLa pitAne elacI mokalI sikaMdaranuM mAMDalikatva kabUla karyuM. pirasa pAsethI paNa teNe AvIja kaMIka AzA rAkhI hatI, ane te phaLIbhUta karavA tajavIja paNa karI hatI. sikaMdare tene maLavA bolAvatAM garviSTa pirase tenA saMdezAne javAba mekalAvyo ke "sarahada upara Apane maLavA huM taiyAra chuM, mAtra lazkara sahita AvuM chuM." A uttara vALI porasa rAjA potAnuM 50 hajAra lazkara laI jelama nadInA kinArA upara sikaMdaranI sAme thavA AvyA. takSazilAthI nIkaLelo sikaMdara paMdara divasamAM jelama nadI upara pirasanI sAmA AvI lAge (me, 326). siMdhu nadI oLaMgavA mATe taiyAra karelI hoDIonA bhAga chuTA karI sikaMdara jelama nadI AgaLa gADAMmAM lAvyA hatA, paNa pirasanA lazkaranI najara AgaLa nadI utaravAnuM tene

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18 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. mATe zakya na hovAthI teNe AsapAsanA pradezanI tapAsaNI karI te vize bAtamI meLavI. e veLA uhALo hovAthI nadImAM pura AveluM hatuM eTale te utaryA vagara ApaNe nadI oLaMgavI nathI evo gapATa sikaMdare calAvyo. vakhata jatAM varasAda zarU thayo ane rela vadhatIja cAlI. sakhata varasAda paDatA hatA tevAmAM eka rAte guptapaNe nadInA mULa tarapha 16 mAIla jaI DAMka cuMTI kahADelAM mANaso sAthe teNe nadI oLaMgI. A bAtamI parasane maLatAMja pitAnAM saghaLAM lazkara sAthe te sikaMdaranI sAmA dho. tenA lazkaramAM 200 hAthI ane 30 hajAra pAyadaLa hatuM, ane banne bAju maLI 4000 svAra ane 300 ratha hatA. dareka rathane cAra ghaDA joDelA hatA, ane temAM be tiraMdAja, be DhAlavALA ane be sArathI ema cha cha mANase hatAM. pAyadaLa lazkara pAse DhAla, taravAra ane dhanuSyabANa hatAM. pirasanI saghaLI taiyArI uttama prakAranI hatI, paNa tenuM lazkara ghaNuM moTuM hovAthI tene laDAInI harolamAM rAkhavAnuM kAma muzkela hatuM. sikaMdarane saghaLe AdhAra ghoDesvAra lazkara upara hovAthI temAM capaLatA tathA dakSatA vizeSa dekhAtAM hatAM. sikaMdaranA lazkarane bIje bhAga pheTIrAsa nAmanA tenA eka hoMzIAra senApatinA tAbA heThaLa mULa sthAna uparaja hate. pirasa ane sikaMdara vacce laDAI zarU thatAM ja te taraphathI keTIrAse ekadama nadI oLaMgI pirasane lazkara upara pAchaLathI hae karyo, eTale pirasa gabharAI jatAM teno parAjaya thayo ane keTIrAsanA hAthamAM te sapaDAI gaye. pirasa sADA cha phuTa uce bhavya purUSa hatuM. te pitAne parAjaya thatuM aTakAvavA jIva upara AvI lo, paNa zarIra upara nava jakhama lAgatAM nAIlAja thaI te duzmananA hAthamAM pakaDAI gayo. ema chatAM sikaMdare tene sanmAnathI AdarasatkAra karyo, ane tene tenuM rAjya pAchuM ApI devA uparAMta tene bIje vadhAre mulaka Apo. A pramANe sikaMdare batAvelA audAryathI pirasa tene eka ghoDo mitra thaye. sikaMdaranAM A kRtyathI tenI dhUrtatA jaNAI Ave che. pirasa sAthenI A laDAI I. sa. pU. 326 nA julAI mahinAnA ArabhamAM thaI hatI,

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 19 ane tenA smaraNArthe saMgrAma bhUmI najadIka sikaMdare be navAM zahere vasAvyAM hatAM, temAMnuM hamaNunA jelama zahera pAse AveluM ekI phelA ( Buokephala ) ghaNuMja prasiddhimAM AvyuM hatuM. - A pachI keTIrAsane lazkaranAM mULa sthAna upara rAkhI sikaMdare AjubAjune ghaNe pradeza jItI lIdhe. cinAba nadI oLaMgI te rAvI nadInI paNa theDI A bAjue AvyuM, ane tyAM kathaI lekenuM mukhya thANuM saMgala karIne hatuM te lIdhuM. I. sa. pU. 326 nA sapTembaramAM te bIAsanA kinArA upara Avyo, paNa tenI agADI javAne tenuM lazkara kabUla thayuM nahIM. sikaMdare mANasone AjIjIpUrvaka vinavyA paNa sarve phegaTa gayuM. keInAsa nAmanA tenA vizvAsu saradAre dhIrajathI lazkaranAM AdamIonuM kahevuM sikaMdarane kAne nAkhyuM, tyAre te ghaNo nAumeda thayo, traNa divasa lagI pitAnA taMbumAMthI bahAra nIkaLe nahIM, ane Akhare na chUTake pAchA pharavAne teNe hukama Apyo. ahIMthI nIkaLatAM pahelAM teNe bIAsa nadInI pelI bAjue bAra devatAnA nAmanA bAra cokhaMDA paththaranA sthaMbha ubhA karyA, ane moTe utsava karyo. pratyeka sthaMbhanI uMcAI 50 hAtha hatI. pAchA pharatAM sikaMdara cinAba nadI upara Avyo tyAre grIsathI AveluM pa000 svAra ane 7000 pAyadaLanuM navuM lazkara tene maLyuM. tarataja jelama nadI upara AvI teNe pitAnA lazkaranA traNa bhAga karI eka bhAga nadI mAraphate, ane dareka kAMThA upara akeka bhAga, evI rIte jelama nadImAM thaI samudra lagI saphara karavAno ane AsapAsanA pradezanI tapAsa karavAne nizcaya karyo. nadI upara pharanArA lokonI hoDIo teNe pitAnA kAmamAM lIdhI ane bIjI keTalIka navI paNa bAMdhI. judAM judAM rAjyomAMthI AvelA 'puSkaLa khalAsIo enI phejamAM hatA te saghaLAne eNe heDI upara kAme lagADyA. trIsa trIsa halesAM vALI moTI 80 heDIo svArImAM hatI, ane nAnAM moTAM saghaLAM vahANe maLI ekaMdara 2000 vahANe sikaMdara pAse hatAM. kinAre cAlatA lazkaranA bhAgonuM vaDapaNu kreTIrAsa ane hiphesTiana pAse hatuM, ane vahANa uparanA bhAga sAthe sikaMdara pite hate.

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20 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ahIMthI mukAma uThAvavA agAu sikaMdare eka bhavya darabAra bharI pirasane tenuM rAjya pAchuM sepyuM. evI ja rIte abhisAra rAjAne siMdhu nadInI pUrva taraphanA pradezane chatrapati sthApI philipsane pazcima taraphanA mulaka upara sarvoparI sattAdhIkArI tarIke nImyo. akabara mAsanI Akhare eka zubha divase savAramAM devapujA karI jaLadevatAne naiveda vagere caDAvI sikaMdare raNasIMgaDAM pheMkAvI kUca karavA hukama Apo. asaMkhya gheDAone hoDI upara caDAvelA joI lekene ghaNuM Azcarya lAgyuM. AvaDe moTe kAle vyavasthita rIte cAlate hato tethI paNa AsapAsanA leke Azcaryacakita thayA. hajAre halesAne avAja, hukama ApanArA jAsusene pikAra, khalAsIonAM gAyanane sura, e saghaLAmAMthI nIkaLatA pratidhvanIthI bane kAMTho upara jANe kalela thaI rahyuM hatuM. AThame divase A lazkara jelama ane cinAba nadInA saMgama upara AvI pahoMcyuM. ahIM keTalAMka vahANe DubI gayAM temAM sikaMdaranI heDI paNa DubI jaze evI dhAstI hatI. musApharI karatAM AsapAsanA leke sAthe sikaMdarane aneka veLA yuddhamAM utaravuM paDyuM hatuM, ane tema karatAM teNe keTalAMka zahera tathA kaMIka prAMta kabaje karyA hatA. eka vakhate sikaMdarane sakhata jakhama lAgavAthI te bezuddha thaI paDyo, paNa ghA kApI aMdara pesI gayela tIrane kakaDo kheMcI kahADatAM te hoMzIyAra thayo. pravAsa karatuM AkhuM lazkara siMdhu ane paMcanadInA saMgama upara AvyuM tyAre te jagyAe sikaMdare eka zahera vasAvyuM, ane kreTIrAsane khulkIne mArge IrAna ravAnA karyo. ahIMthI kuca karI sikaMdara siMdhu nadInA mUkha AgaLa thaelA trIkoNa AkAranA jamInanA TukaDA AgaLa AvyA. ahIM nAkA upara AveluM paTala (pattala-ThaThThA) nAmanuM zahera sikaMdarane ghaNuM upayogI lAgavAthI teNe siMdhu nadInA pUrva pazcima bhAgamAMthI samudra paryata jAte pharI yuddhapayogI temaja vyApAropayogI sAdhanenI tapAsa karI, ane navI heDIo, gAdI tathA baMdare bAMdhI te paTala pAcho pharyo. A saghaLI tapAsa karyA pachI yuropa pAchA pharavAne mArga nakkI karavAnA vicArathI teNe pitAnA lazkaranA be bhAga karyo. eka bhAge samudra mAraphate javuM ane bIjAe te

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 21 bhAganI sAthe sAthe kinAre kinAre javuM e pramANe sikaMdare hukama Apyo. jelama nadIthI paTala AvatAM A svArIne daza mahinA thayA. svArInI saghaLI uttama prakAranI vyavasthA niArkase karelI hovAthI tene darIA mArga janArA bhAgane uparI nImI sikaMdara pote jamIna mArge gayo. paNa A pravAsamAM tene mahA kaSTa veThavuM paDayuM. rastAmAM AvatA meTA meTA parvata ane retInAM medAnathI pitAne aDacaNa paDaze e sikaMdarane khabara na hevAthI tenAM puSkaLa mANaso maraNa pAmyAM, ane duzmano sAme laDavAmAM tene ghaNI mahenata paDI. samudra mArge jatAM lazkarane tathA sikaMdara sAthenA bhAgane arasaparasa madada nahIM maLavAthI ghaNI mahenate bane bhAge ormajhanI najIkamAM maLyA. temane pravAsa I. sa. pU. 325 nA akaTobara mahinAmAM zarU thayuM hatuM. niArkasane paNa mArgamAM puSkaLa aDacaNa naDI. ormajhathI pAMca Tape dara sikaMdaranI chAvaNI hovAthI niArkasa tyAM jaI tene maLyo, ane saghaLuM lazkara pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhI IrAnI akhAtanA TuMkA upara AvelA sujhA AgaLa I. sa. pU. 324 nA eprila mAsanI Akhare AvI lAgyuM. eka varSa pachI eTale 323nA jAna mahinAmAM A parAkramI purUSa bebIlenamAM maraNa pAmyo. upalI hakIkata uparathI A mahA parAkramI purUSanI rItabhAta tathA DahApaNa ghaNI sArI rIte jaNAI Ave che. grIsa dezathI hiMdustAnanI pUrva sImA lagInA saghaLA pradeza upara pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAnI tene mahattvAkAMkSA thaI hatI. tenI zedhakabuddhi tathA vyavasthA karavAnI kuneha uparathI eTaluM te jaNAI Ave che ke te je jIvavA pAmyo hota te tenI IcchA phaLIbhUta thavAmAM harakata paDate nahIM. eNe pazcima eziAmAMnAM saghaLAM rAjyomAM eka navIna utsAha uttejIta karyo hato, dUradUranA lekene te ekamekanA samAgamamAM lAvyo hato, ane niranirALA ThekANanI upayogI tathA vaparAzanI cIje bAbata teNe khabara meLavI hatI. A pramANe pUrvanA vepAra mATe navA mArga zodhI kaheDAyA tathA navAM mathake ubhAM thayAM eTale vepAra tathA udyogane eka navIja jAtane vega maLyo. hiMdustAnanAM rU tathA cekhA, TibeTanuM una ityAdI ghaNuM upayogI padArthone khapa pazci

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. mamAM thavA lAge. dunIo upara sarva saMpattine bhaMDAra hiMdustAna heya evI sikaMdaranI pakkI khAtarI thaI hatI, paNa tenA maraNa bAda tenI janA pAra pADavAne kAIe prayatna karyo nahIM e khulluM che. kemake pAchaLathI tenA mahAna rAjyanA je kakaDA paDI gayA temAM hiMdustAna mATe kaMI paNa IzAre. nathI; mAtra eTaluM ja jaNAya che ke sikaMdaranA nImelA kAmadAre tenA maraNa pachI pAMca cha varSa lagIja nokarI upara rahyA hatA. siMdhu nadI upara AvyA pachI IrAnI akhAta lagI jatAM sikaMdarane ekaMdara traNa varSa thayAM hatAM, e paikI sumAre ogaNIsa mAsa siMdhu nadInI pUrva taraphanA pradezamAM teNe gALyA hatA. eka bahAdura ddhA tarIke sikaMdarane gaNIe te A traNa varSanA anubhavathI tenI mahattA ghaNI vadhI gaI. lazkaranI goThavaNa, sarva rItInI taiyArI karavAnI vyavasthA ane yuddhakaLA e traNamAM sikaMdaranI buddhi apratima hatI. aneka prasaMge sikaMdara pite jIvanI paravA na karatAM saMkaTamAM jhIMpalAve, e enA jevA senApatine ucita nahotuM evuM keTalAka TIkAkAranuM kahevuM che, te paNa tene A guNa prazaMsApAtra hatuM. jelama nadI upara kAphalAne pravAsa, niArkasanI samudra uparanI saphara ane sikaMdaranI khuzkI mArga musApharI e traNe banA vakhANavA joga che. A sarva uparathI evuM paNa mAlama paDe che ke te samaye yuddhakaLAmAM hiMdI lazkara yurepiana pheja karatAM utaratuM hatuM. grIka svAro AgaLa paMjAbanA hAthI nakAmA hatA. te paNa A svArInuM kaMI paNa khAsa pariNAma hiMdustAnanI bAbatamAM AvyuM nahIM. sikaMdara sarakho purUSa ATalI badhI mahenata uThAvI ApaNA dezamAM kema Ave che temaja anya yuropiana leke pAse ApaNane zuM zIkhavAnuM che, temanI rAjyapaddhati, vyavasthA tathA sudhArA kevA prakAranA che, e prazna tarapha hAlanI rItI pramANe te kALanA ApaNuM vidvAnenuM bIlakula lakSa gayuM nahIM. e kAraNathI thoDA ja vakhatamAM grIka lekenI svArI AvI hatI ke nahIM tenuM kaMI paNa smaraNa hiMdustAnanA lokeAmAM rahyuM nahIM. ema chatAM yurepamAM A svArInuM pariNAma ghaNuMja ulaTuM AvyuM. ahIMnAM vepAra, saMpatti, vidyA, zAstro ane kaLAkezalya

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23 prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI deDadhAma. ItyAdI viSayenI atyaMta bArIka mAhitI grIka leke yuropamAM laI gayA. chatAM turtaveLA yurepanA ItihAsamAM nirALA prakArane pheraphAra thavAthI sikaMdare upADeluM A kAma sumAre deDha hajAra varSa lagI temanuM temaja paDI rahyuM. te samaye hiMdustAnamAM eka chatrapati rAjA nahote. asaMkhya nAnAM moTAM rAjya havAthI dezanI sthiti sArI hatI, ane leka sukhI hatA. lekenI rItabhAta, paheraveza, tathA kaLAkezalya vagerenuM sikaMdaranA vakhatanuM varNana hamaNunA so pacAsa varSa agADInI sthitine eTaluM maLatuM Ave che ke chellAM be hajAra varSamAM temAM kaMI jANavA je pheraphAra thaye nathI evuM jaNAvavAnuM saMbhava che. hiMdustAnanI rUtu, ahIMne niyamita varNakALa, nadIonI bharatI oTa, temAM AvatAM pUra ane tethI thaI rahete eka nAno jaLapralaya ane te vakhatano dekhAva, e sarva AjanI sthitine uttama rIte maLatAM Ave che. grIsa dezathI hiMdustAna sudhIne saghaLA vizALa pradeza ekaja rAjAnA tAbA heThaLa Ave e banI zake tevuM nahotuM, topaNa saghaLI jAtinA lekene pitApitAnA kArabhAramAM pUrNa svataMtratA ApavI, ane sarvane sukha thAya evI rIte rAjya karavuM eja uttama mArga che e sikaMdara jAte hato. A saMbaMdhamAM tenI AsapAsanA salAhakAra tathA tenI vacce moTe virodha paDyo. enA gurU erisToTale ene kahyuM hatuM ke, "grIka lekene mAtra tuM tArI prajA mAnI temanI tarapha yogya rIte vartaje; paNa bIjA lekene halakI varNanA gaNaje." A mata sikaMdarane pasaMda paDyo nahIM. lekenuM mana jANavAnI akakala gurU karatAM ziSyamAM sArI hovAthI gharamAM besI tatvazAstra upara graMtha lakhanArA gurUne upadeza teNe mAne nahIM. ArAbelA AgaLa vijaya meLavyA pachI teNe pote IrAnI pazAka svIkAryo, ane tenI sAthenA saradAre pAse paNa te pozAka dhAraNa karAvyo. temaja "amArA grIka lekenI sArI sArI vAta tame zIkho," evo Agraha teNe IrAnI lekane karyo. vaLI te pote DerIasanI chokarI sAthe paraNya, ane pitAnA se saradaranAM lagna IrAnI chokarIo sAthe karAvyAM. A saghaLAM lagna ghaNuM ThAThathI

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24 hiMdustAnano avAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. thayAM. paNa eTalAthI ja te aTakaze nahIM. rAjyane yogya baMbasta karavA mATe teNe killA vagere bAMdhyA, ane hiMdustAnane vepAra pitAnA tAbAmAM rahe evI dareka tajavIja karI. Aja kAraNathI teNe siMdhu nadI upara pravAsa karI IrAnI akhAtamAM thaI vepArI mArga mukarara karyo. siMdhu nadInI mAphaka yukraTisa tathA TAiTisa nadInI paNa teNe tapAsa lIdhI. A vakhate te ghaNuM te trIsa trarSane hate. sikaMdara maraNa pAmyA pachI tenA rAjyanA TukaDA thaI gayA, ane hiMdustAnanI lagolagane madhya eziAmAMno saghaLo pradeza tenA senApati selyukasanA tAbAmAM Avyo. selyukasa sikaMdaranA hAtha heThaLa taiyAra thayela hevAthI, tenAM gheraNathI te jANItuM hatuM. teNe hiMdustAna upara svArI karI caMdragupta sAthe yuddha karyuM, paNa pAchaLathI banne vacce salAha thaI. sikaMdara pachI selyukase 4ra varSa rAjya karyuM. teNe pitAnI kArakirdImAM megAsthanIsa nAmanA eka oMzIAra vakIlane caMdragupta pAse pATalIputra mekalyo hato. Aja megAsthanIsa pUrve sikaMdaranI svArImAM hiMdustAna AvyuM hatuM, ane bhAgIrathI ane tenA kAMThAne phaLadrupa pradeza jenAra pahele yuropiana gRhastha eja ha; ghaNuM karIne uttara hiMdustAnanI asala hakIkata eja prathama yurepamAM laI gayuM hatuM. A dezanuM aizvarya nihALI te ghaNe cakita thaI gayA hatA. sTe, eriana (I. sa. 90-180) vagere grIka graMthakAroe ApelI hakIkata megAsthanIsa pAse thI ja maLI haze, paraMtu tenA varNanamAM keTalIka kAlpanika temaja asaMbhavita vAte bheLAyelI hovAthI te saghaLAone bharosA lAyaka lAgI nahIM. te kahe che ke "pATalIputra zaheranI laMbAI daza mAIla ane pahoLAI be mAIla hatI. tenI AsapAsanA keTane 570 buraja tathA cepana daravAjA hatA.' caMdraguptanA chokarA pAse paNa DAImekasa nAmane eka grIka vakIla AvyuM hatuM. - 7, misaradezanA rAjAonI khaTapaTa-hiMdustAna AvavA pahelAM sikaMdare eziA mAInara kabaje karI siriAne mulaka jItI lIdhuM hatuM.

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 25 phiniziyana lekenuM TAyara zahera tenA hAthamAM paDavuM tyAre te darIAI rAjyane nAza thayo. eziAmAMthI sikaMdara nAIla nadI mAraphata IjIpta game tyAre sahejamAMja te deza tene tAbe thayo, ane tenI junI rAjadhAnI meMphIsamAM pitAnA rAjyAbhiSeka vakhate eNe mATe samAraMbha karyo. meMphIsathI samudra kinAre AvI teNe eka navuM zahera vasAvyuM, je elekajhAnDrIAne nAme adyApi prasiddha che. A zaheranI jagyA sikaMdare teija pasaMda karelI hovAnI vAta uparathI tenI vepArI buddhi tathA te pramANe amala karavAnuM tenuM dhoraNa pratyakSa mAlama paDI Ave che. dezanA saMrakSaNa mATe darIAI sattA paNa sikaMdarane avazya jaNAI sikaMdare tAbe karela misara deza tenA mRtyu pachI TelemI nAmanA eka kuzaLa purUSe hastagata karI elekajhAnDrIAmAM pitAnI rAjadhAnI karI, ane baMdara upara sapheda ArasapahANanI cArase phuTa uMcI eka bhavya dIpamALa bAMdhI. e dIpamALa dunIAnAM sAta AzcaryomAMnI eka hajI gaNAya che. A rAjAe naukAnayana tathA vepAramAM ghaNo sudhAro karyo. enA putra TolemI phalADelphase ( I. sa. pU. 285-247 ) TAyara zaherane vepAra elekajhAnDIAmAM phaMTAI Ave evA vicArathI suvejhanA jevI so hAtha pahoLI ane trIsa hAtha uMDI eka nahera khodavAnuM zarU karyuM. hAlanI naheranI mAphaka tene sujhathI bhUmadhya samudra sAthe nahIM meLavatAM Arsine baMdarathI nAIlanA pUrva phAMTA sAthe tene meLavavAnI hatI. paraMtu e kAma pAra utaryuM nahIM. ema chatAM hAlanI nahera junI naheranI thoDI ghaNI punarAvRtti ja che. naheranuM kAma puruM nahIM thavAthI TolemI zilADelphase rAtA samudranA pazcima kinArA upara barnisa nAme zahera vasAvyuM ke jethI hiMdustAnane mAla e baMdare Ave ane tyAMthI jamInamArge nAIla nadI upara AvelA keMsa nAmanA zaheramAM thaI elekajhAnDIA pahoMce. barnisa ane kaeNpTesa vacce sumAre 250 mAIlane aMtara hato temAM A rAjAe musApharI mATe anukULa paDe tevo rasto bAMdhI ThekaThekANe utArA ubhA karyA. A rastAno upayoga 250 varSa lagI thayA hatA. barnisathI nIkavelAM vahANe arabastAna tathA IrAnane kinAre kinAre siMdhu nadInA mukha

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26 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. upara AvelA prAcIna paTala urphe ThaThThA zahera AgaLa AvatAM. te samaye misaranuM rAjya Aja vepArane jere dhanADhya thayuM hatuM. TolemI philADelphasane elacI DAyaniziasa mArya bAdazAha pAse AvyA hatA, tema azokane vakIla IjIptanA darabAramAM gayo hate. IsavI sananA prAraMbhamAM misara ane siriA remana lekenA tAbAmAM gayAM (I. sa. 40 ). pATalIputranA parAkramI rAjA bIjA caMdragupta ( I. sa. 375-413 ) hiMdustAna ane yurepane vepAra jIta mAraphate zarU karavAthI banne dezane vyavahAra ghaNe ja vadhI gayo. 8remana lekenA prayatna-have remana lekenA hAthamAM pUrva taraphane vepAra kevI rIte Avyo te joIe. A vepAranAM mULa kAraNane lIdhe rema ane kArbeja vacce je mahAna yuddha thayuM te ItihAsamAM "yunika vairsa " nAme oLakhAya che. kAryeja mULa phiniziyana lekenuM thANuM hatuM. bhUmadhya samudramAMnA vepArane lIdhe ja tyAMnA leke dhanavAna thayA hatA. teo darIA upara pharanArA hovAthI vepAramAM atyaMta kuzaLa thayA, ane temaNe pitAnI sattA vadhArI. sisilIne TApu najadIka AphrikAnI je Toca bhUmadhya samudramAM ghusI AvI che te upara kArbeja baMdara hatuM. mAlTA, korsikA, sArDiniA, spenane lagatA TApuo tathA te dezane dakSiNa bhAga ItyAdI pradeza kArbejanA amala nIce Avyo hate. jIlTara AgaLa bhUmadhya samudramAMthI ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM dAkhala thavAne eka sAMkaDe jaLamArga che, tenI bane bAjue AvelI be moTI khaDake ne "hakaryuMlIsanAM khabhA" (Shoulders of Hercules) evuM nAma ApavAmAM AveluM hatuM. e mArga vaTAvI kArthanA khalAsIo prathama AgaLa nIkaLyA, ane hAna nAmanA kArbejanA eka gRhastha AphrikAnA pazcima kinArA uparanA ghaNAkharA pradezanI zodha karI. vakhata jatAM kArbejanI saMpatti atizaya vadhI gaI, ane keTalAka kALa lagI romana rAjyane Takkara mAravAmAM teNe kaMI bAkI rAkhyuM nahIM. kArthajano ghaNe khare vepAra pUrva taraphanA mAlane hatuM, tene aMge thayelI dhanaprApti joI remana lekenA

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ra7 prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. maheDAmAM pANI chuTavA mAMDayuM. teoe paNa pitAnAM vahANa bAMdhI bhUmadhya samudramAM vepAra zarU karyo eTale tene phAyado tarata ja temane jaNuMvavA lAgyo. hiMdustAnanA uMcA mAla upara teonI najara besavAthI kALuMjane pagale cAlI temaNe navAM vahANe taiyAra karyA. kAthejane saMhAra karI tyAM remana lekee pitAno amala besADayo. A prAMtanuM nAma temaNe pahelAM AphrikA ApyuM paNa te pAchaLathI AkhA khaMDanuM nAma paDayuM. AgaLa jatAM remana lekee grIsa deza jItI lIdhe, ane eziA khaMDamAM paNa temanuM rAjya sthapAyuM. dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM madurAnA pAMDya ( Pandion ) rAjAe potAnA vakIlane remanA rAjA eMgasTasa sijhara pAse mokalyo hate. madurAmAM motI utpanna thatAM hatAM tene kha5 yurepamAM thayela hovo joIe. remana itihAsakAra plinIe e rAjyanI keTalIka hakIkata ApI che. madurAnI hadamAM hajI paNa remana lokonA bhAre kimatanA I. sa. 400 sudhInA sonAnA sikkA temaja bIjA halakA sikkA eTalA badhA maLI Ave che ke tyAM teonuM vasAhata haze evuM anumAna saheja thAya che. hamaNunA aMgrejI pAMDa jevA nAnA remana sikkA madurAmAM paNa cAlatA hatA. AthI eTaluM te siddha thAya che ke rezamana bAdazAhI sAthe malabAra kinArA upara moTe vepAra haze, ane temAM motIne vepAra mukhya haze (vinseTa smitha). remanA dhanADhya lekene hiMdustAnamAne uco mAla ghaNaja pasaMda paDyo hato. zarUAtamAM e mAla mukhyatve karIne upara kahelA misara dezane mArge Avate hato, paNa pAchaLathI yukraTisa nadI mArga siriA prAMtamAM thaI te bhUmadhya samudra upara AvavA lAgyo. A raste jamInane pravAsa Asare 200 mAIlane have, ane e lAMbA aMttaranI lagabhaga adhavacamAM pAlamAyarA urphe tADamura zahera hatuM. e zahera vepAranA naphAthI vRddhi pAmeluM eka nAnuM sarakhuM prajAsattAka rAjya hatuM, ane keTalAMka varSa lagI tenI sattA AsapAsanAM saMsthAne upara cAlI hatI. rAtA samudramAMthI jatA A vacalA mArge zarUAtamAM grIsa ane

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28 hiMdustAnano arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. misaranA khalAsIo kinAre kinAre hiMdustAna AvatA hatA. ArabI samudramAM AkhuM varSa varSArUtune pavana niyamita rIte be judI judI dizAethI vAya che ane jene mensana (mosama) kahe che te vAtathI A khalAsIo jANItA hatA. ene upayoga I. sa. nA bIjA saikAmAM hipAlasa nAmanA vahANavaTIe karyo. remana ItihAsakAra ptinIe tenI je hakIkata ApI che te uparathI mAlama paDe che ke elekajhAnDrIAthI be mAIla upara AvelA juliopolisa AgaLa hiMdustAna janAra mAlanAIla nadImAM vahANa upara caDatuM. tyAMthI te mAla 303 mAIla upara AvelA kauMsa zaheramAM jate, jyAM pahoMcatAM tene bAra divasa lAgatA. kaeNsathI khuzkIne mArga e mAla 258 mAIla dUra barnisa jaI rAtA samudramAM dAkhala thatA. A khuzkIne pravAsa bAra divasamAM pure thate. tApane lIdhe e mAla laI janArAM uMTanAM ToLAM AkhI rAta cAlatAM ane divase vizrAMti letAM, eTale barnisamAM thaIne arabastAnane kinAre gelA baMdare e mAla pahoMcatAM DA divasa thatA. tyAMthI e khalAsIo varSArUtunA pavananI madadathI sIdhe raste cALIsa divasamAM malabAra kinAre AvatA. ahIM mAla vecI tathA navo mAla bharI teo DisembaranA sumAramAM misara javA mATe nIkaLatA. AvI rIte javA AvavAmAM lagabhaga eka varSa thatuM. A mensananA pavananI madada laI bharadarIe javAne A mArga re mana lokone khabara hate. misara deza remana lekoe jItI lIdhA pachI pUrva taraphane vepAra temanA hAthamAM jaI paDe. | mukhya traNa jAtane mAla jevo ke masAlA, javAhara ane rezamI ane tevuM ja bIjuM uMcuM kApaDa remana leke hiMdustAnamAMthI yuropamAM lAvatA. e lekamAM preta bALavAnI rIta pracalita hovAthI e kAma mATe hiMdustAnanAM sugaMdhI vasANune teo upayoga karatA. silAnI citAmAM sugaMdhI vasANAnA 210 bhAra vaparAyA hatA. pimpInI pratavidhImAM nIre bAdazAhe jeTalAM vasANuM bALyAM teTalAM AkhA hiMdustAnamAM eka varSamAM pAke paNa nahIM. AmAMnAM keTalAMka vasANuM arabastAnamAMthI paNa AvatAM.

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI deDadhAma 29 TuMkamAM, saghaLI jAtanA masAlA ane sugaMdhI vasANa eziAne pUrva kinArethI TheTha yuropamAM jatAM. oNgasTasa bAdazAhanA vakhatamAM romamAM eka AkhA mahelAnI saghaLI dukAne A masAlA tathA sugaMdhI vasANAMthI bharelI hatI. bIje mAla javAhara; emAM motI ane ratnane samAna veza thate. plinIe judI judI jAtanAM ratnonI, tathA tenA guNa ane kimatanI yAdI ApI che te evI vigatavAra ane khabarathI bharapura che ke te jotAM ja ApaNane Azcarya upaje che. remana lekene saghaLo ezaArAma ane ThATha kevaLa hiMdustAnanAM ratna ane motI upara avalaMbI rahyA hatA. buTasanI mA saraviliAne julisa sijhare eka motI bheTa ApyuM hatuM te ekalAnIja kimata lagabhaga pAMca lAkha rUpIA hatI. kilaopeTA pAse motInAM karNapulanI eka joDa hatI tenI kimata rUpIA paMdara lAkhathI vadhAre hatI. motI tathA rane pUrva taraphanA saghaLA dezamAMthI yurepamAM jatAM hatAM, topaNa hiMdustAnane mAla sarvathI vadhAre jato ane tenI prakhyAti bIjA karatAM vizeSa hatI. trIjo mAla rezamI vastro hatAM. romana strIone A bArIka kapaDAMne ghaNe zokha hato. rezamI kApaDanI kiMmata vajana pramANe lagabhaga senAnI bhArobhAra hatI. e rezamI kApaDane ghaNe bhAga cInamAMthI ja. te kevI rIte taiyAra karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM te bAbata yurepamAM kaMI paNa khabara nahatI, ane rezama ghaNuM gheTuM utpanna thatuM hovAthI kimata paNa bhAre hatI. erIana lakhe che ke unanuM pAtaLuM kApaDa, raMgaberaMgI sutarAu vastra, kaMIka javAhIra, hiMdustAnamAM mAlama nahIM hoya evAM keTalAMka sugadhI vasANa, paravALAM, kAcanAM vAsaNa, cAMdInI bharatalanI jaNase, nANuM tathA dArU vagere cIne bharI misaranAM jahAje ThaThThA AgaLa AvatAM, ane tyAMthI e sarvane badale hiMdustAnamAMthI masAle, javAhIra, rezamI tathA sutarAu kApaDa, kALAM marI yuropa laI jatAM. misaranAM vahANe ThaThThAnI mAphaka bharUca AgaLa paNa AvatAM. bharUcane saMbaMdha tagara zahera sAthe hato. tagarano mAla ghaNekharo bharUca Avato. romana kAyadAmAM hiMdustAnathI AvatA jakAtI mAlanI yAdI ApelI che te

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30 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. uparathI paNa A vepAra keTale bhAre hatuM te jaNAya che. paNa te samaye hiMdustAnamAMthI kAco mAla ghaNuM ja nahIM e dhyAnamAM rAkhavAnuM che. romana lekene hiMdustAnanA pUrva kinArA uparanAM baMdara bAbata ghaNI mAhitI nahatI, te paNa tyAMne temaja bIjo mAla khuzkImAgaeN pazcima kinAre AvI tyAMthI yuropa jate. eMgasTarsa bAdazAhanA samaye lakhAyalA sTebonA graMthamAM hiMdustAna vizenI kaMI vizeSa hakIkata nathI. e pachI pacAsa varSe thayelA itihAsakAra ptinIne paNa e bAbata khabara nahatI. tyArabAda sumAre eMsI varSe TolemIe lakhelI hakIkata maLI Ave che te bhUgoLazAstranA saMbaMdhamAM ghaNI mahatvanI che. pazcima taraphane pahele prasiddha jozI TolemI hato. 9 IrAna-AraMbhamAM IrAna deza upara IrAnI rAjAone ja amala hatA. temAMnA parAkramI rAjA DerIAsanA vakhatamAM IrAna ghaNuMja AbAda hatuM. eNe potAnA rAjayanA temaja AjubAjunA pradezanA sarva bhAganI tapAsaNI karI, ane hiMdustAnanI bAtamI meLavavA mATe athAga parizrama uThAvyo. sAIlejyusa nAmanA saradArane lazkara sAthe hiMdustAna mokalI siMdhu nadImAM kyAM lagI vahANo AvI zake che tenI teNe tapAsa karAvI. te taraphanA pradeza phaLadrupa che ane khetI uttama prakAranI hovAthI lake zAMta ane saMpattivAna che evuM A saradAre DerIasane kahetAM tene A deza jItavAnI atyaMta utkaMThA thaI. te pramANe teNe siMdhu nadI parvatano saghaLo pradeza pitAne kabaje karyo. te veLA DerIasanA rAjayanuM ekaMdara vasulanA eka tRtIAMza bhAga jeTaluM A navA jItelA prAMtamAMthI tene maLatuM eTalA uparathI ja hiMdustAnanI susthitinI kalpanA karI zakAya. AgaLa jatAM sikaMdara bAdazAhe irAna deza cho ane tyAM tenA anuyAyIoe navuM rAjya sthApyuM, paNa te ghaNuM divasa TakyuM nahIM. gheDA samayamAM pArthio nAmanA IrAnanI pUrva taraphanA pradezanA lokonA hAthamAM e dezanuM rAjya gayuM. pArthiana nAme oLakhAtuM e rAjya sumAre che varSa sudhI cAlyuM. tyArabAda I. sa. nA trIjA zatakamAM ardezara ane zApurI nAmanA be IrAnI rAjA ghaNuM parAkramI thayA temaNe IrAnI vaMzanI punaH

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 31 sthApanA karI. ardezIra (I. sa. 22-240) ne ArTIkasarasisa ane zApurI (I. sa. 240-71) ne sArI evAM nAmo yurepiana ItihAsakAe ApelAM che. A beu rAjAnI kArakirdImAM eTale IsvI sananA trIjA zatakamAM IrAna ane cIna vacceno vyavahAra ghaNoja vadhI gaye. mAnI nAmanA eka IrAnI dharmasudhArake cIna dezamAMthI tyAMnI kaLAzalyanAM temaja kArIgIrInAM kAme IrAna lAvI tyAM tene prasAra karyo (IrAna-rASTrakathAmALA.) A vakhatathI IrAnI leka vepAranA kAmamAM ghaNA agADI paDayA. pahelAM teo jaLa mArge pravAsa karatAM gabharAtA hatA paNa pAchaLathI te dhAstI jatI rahetAM e mArga teo hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra karavA lAgyA. tevIja rIte uttare jamIna upara hiMdustAna tathA cInane je vepAra kAspiAna samudra upara thaIne tathA yuTIsa nadInI khINamAM thaIne yuropa sAthe cAlate hatA te banne mArga IrAnI leke e hastagata karyA. pUrve grIziana leke sAthe IrAnanA bAdazAhane je jhanunI laDAI thaI hatI, ane je sumAre se baso varSa lagI cAlI hatI, tenuM mULa kAraNa paNa A vepAra hato. romana leke puSkaLa ezaArAmI hovAthI teone A taraphanA mAlanI vizeSa jarUra paDatI; ane e mAla yurepamAM puruM pADavAnuM kAma IrAnI vepArIonA hAthamAM javAthI teo paisAvALA thayA ane pitAnI marajI mAphaka mAlanI kimata mukAvavA lAgyA. remana bAdazAha aureliananI kArakirdImAM (I. sa. 70- ra75) roma zaheramAM eka pAMDa (40 talA) vajananA rezamI kApaDanI kimata bAra aisa eTale trIsa tolA sonA jeTalI paDatI.* " ApaNane rezamI mAlanI vadhAre jarUra paNa e mahatvanA mAlane saMpUrNa mako pArthiane vepArInA hAthamAM rahe, khuzkIne mArga tathA darI upara bane ThekANe e lekeja prabaLa rahe, ane A vepAramAM ApaNA dezanI saMpatti paradhama vepArIo ghasaDI laI jAya," e bAbata jasTiniana bAdazAhane (I. sa. para7-565) vizeSa kheda thayo. Aja pramANe se baso varSa lagI cAlyuM hatuM, paNa jasTiniana bAdazAha parAkramI hatuM eTale teNe IrAnI lekIne vepAra buDAvavA aneka yuktio racI. * Smith's Student's Gibbon. P. 300.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. hiMdustAnamAM malabAra kinArA upara senTa TomasamAM khristI lekene maTha hatA, tevI rIte IrAnamAMthI be khristI pAdarIo cInanA nAnakInamAM ghaNuM divasa rahyA hatA. te samaye silona ane cIna vacce vyavahAra cAlu thayo hato. A khristI pAdarIoe cInA leke kIDAmAMthI rezamI kApaDa kevI rIte banAvatA te zIkhI lIdhAbAda dharma prasAra karavAne bahAne kahe, ke paisAnI lAlace kaha, paNa game te kAraNe teo yuropa jaI jasTinianane maLyA. teNe teone paisAnI madada karI, ane rezamanA kIDA pitAnA rAjyamAM lAvavAmAM Ave te teone moTI bakSisa ApavA kabUla karyuM. e uparathI pAdarIo pAchA cIna gayA, rezamanA kIDA vize saghaLI mAhitI meLavI, vAMsanI naLImAM e kIDA corI laI jaI yuropamAM bAdazAhane ApyA, ane tyAM seturanAM jhADa rekhAM. A pramANe A jhADe temaja kIDA khAsa karIne pIlepanIsasanA prAMtamAM puSkaLa thayAM. grIsa dezamAMthI A udyoga sisilI beTamAM dAkhala thaye ane tyAMthI tene praveza ITAlImAM thayo. A vakhatathI cInane rezamI kApaDane vepAra pAchaLa paDI gaye, ane yuropanA vepArIo e dhaMdhAmAM ghaNA AgaLa AvyA. - 10, Araba leke vepArI uga -phiniziyana, grIka, remana, misara ane Akhare IrAnI ItyAdI rAjyanA tAbAmAM pUrvane vepAranI derI vArApharatI kevI rIte AvI te ApaNe upara joI gayA. have Araba musalamAnoe A dhaMdhAmAM kevI rIte praveza karyo te joIe. Araba leka. dhaNA prAcIna kALathI arabastAnamAM ja rahetA hatA, ane temanA mahamada paigaMbaranA janma sudhI teo tyAMthI bahAra nIkaLI zakyA hatA nahIM. mahamada sarakhA catura AgevAnanI rAhabarI heThaLa teonuM rAjya uttama rAjyonI paMktimAM AvyuM, ane navA dharmanA chatra nIce A musalamAnI rAjya AbAda thatAM teoe AsapAsanAM rAjya jItI lIdhAM. darIA upara paNa teonI sattA baLavAna thaI eTale pUrvane saghaLe vepAra thaDAja vakhatamAM temanA hAthamAM Avyo. teo dharmaprasAra karavAmAM ane deza jItavAmAM jevA zUravIra ane khaMtIlA hatA, tevAja vepAranA kAmamAM hatA.

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prakaraNa 1 luM.] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. musalamAnone amala je je dezamAM prasaryo tyAM tyAM khuThThI mArge musApharI karavAnI sagavaDa vadhI ane tene lIdhe vepAra paNa dhamadhokAra vage. makkAnI jAtrA javA mATe saghaLA musalamAnone mahamadanI sakhata tAkIda hatI. AnA jevaDI moTI bIjI koI paNa jAtrA dunIAmAM na bharAtI hovAthI, vepArI leke paNa puSkaLa tyAM AvatA, ane karaDe rUpiAnI uthalapAthala thatI. A pramANe musalamAnonuM lakSa vepAra tarapha dorAyuM hatuM. khalIpha umare IrAna deza jItyA pachI tyAMne vepAra pitAnA tAbAmAM rahe evA hetuthI teNe basarA zahera vasAvyuM te pAchaLathI ghaNuM prasiddhimAM AvyuM. misaranA vepArIo silenanI pelI tarapha gayA nahotA, paNa A Araba vahANavaTIo pite TheTha cIna lagI jatA ane tyAMne mAla ANatA. musalamAnoe IrAna deza jItyA pachI sumAre baso varSe lakhAyele eka Araba musApharo graMtha maLI Ave che, te uparathI te samayanA vepAranI ghaNI hakIkata ApaNane maLe che. e pravAsI sane 85 mAM musApharIe nIkaLyo hato. eka bIjA Araba musAphare teNe ApelI hakIkatamAM umero karyAthI bannenI hakIkata eka bIjAne maLatI Ave che ane beu hakIkata bhosAlAyaka che. Araba vahANavaTIo hokAyaMtrathI aNuvAkepha hevAthI grIka ane remana lekenI mAphaka teo paNa kinAre kinAre jatA. Araba vepArIo siAma, sumAtrA tathA tenI pUrve AvelA TApuo lagI jaI cInanA kenyana baMdare AvatA ane tyAre mAla IrAnI akhAta lagI laI jatA. puSkaLa Araba leke hiMdustAnamAM temaja tenI pUrva taraphanA dezamAM jaI vasyA hatA. kenTanamAM temanI vasatI eTalI badhI hatI ke cInanA bAdazAhe temane nyAya karavA mATe eka musalamAna kAjInI nimaNuka karI ApI hatI. aneka ThekANe Araboe lekane musalamAna dharmanI dIkSA ApI hatI, ane ghaNAM kharAM meTAM moTAM baMdaramAM ArabI bhASAno pracAra hate. cInI vAsaNonI banAvaTanI hakIkata hiMdustAnamAM pahela vahelAM Araba lekeja lAvyA. cAhano upaga AkhA cIna dezamAM navamA saikAmAM prasareluM hatuM, tenI mAhitI Araba pravAsIoe anya rAjyone

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34 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ApI. hiMdustAnamAM judAM judAM zahera tathA mAlanI hakIkta Araba lekee khAsa meLavI lIdhI hatI. te samaye hiMduonuM jyotizazAstra evI priDha sthitimAM hatuM ke temAM hiMduonI bhAgye ja koI barAbarI karI zakatuM. te zAstra temaja gaNIta zAstra paNa Araba lekeja A dezanI bahAra laI gayA. jema IrAnanA musalamAne vepAramAM agraNI hatA tema tyAMnA khristI leke kaMI pAchaLa paDelA nahotA. nesTerIana khristI paMthe IrAnamAM ghaNe phelA hatA, ane tenI zAkhAo hiMdustAnanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM temaja silenamAM sthapAI hatI. Araba khalAsInI madada vaDe A paMthane prasAra thataja cAlyo ane cheka cInamAM paNa tenA anuyAyIonI saMkhyA vadhatI cAlI hatI. neTorIana paMthanuM mULa sthAna IrAnamAM hovAthI tyAMne dharmagurU sarva ThekANe pAdarIo mokalatA hatA. paraMtu ArabonA vakhatamAM yuropianone A tarapha AvavAnI baMdhI thaI. misara deza musalamAnanA tAbAmAM AvyuM eTale elekajhAnDIAnA baMdaramAM grIka vagere anya rAjyanI prajAne dAkhala thavAnI manAI thaI ane teone pUrva taraphane mAla maLato aTakI paDyo. Ama thavAthI cInamAMthI kAspiana samudra sudhI mAla lAvavAne uttarane rasto vadhAre upayogamAM AvyuM. paNa A rasto ghaNe pahADI tathA lAMbe hevAthI ghaNe thoDe ane mUkSavAna mAlaja mAtra tyAMthI ja. e mAla kALA samudramAMthI kaeNrsTanTIne palamAM Avate. AvI rIte musalamAnee khristI rAjyane yuropamAM gherI levAnuM pariNAma ghaNuM jhanunI AvyA vagara rahyuM nahIM. musalamAnee bhUmadhya samudramAMthI saMcarI AphrikAne uttara kinAre kabaje karyo, pazcime porTugala tathA pena hastagata kayAM, ane pUrve sisilI beTa lagI pahoMcyA. A sarva caLavaLanuM mukhya kAraNa dharmadeza ane rAjyatRSNa hatAM e che ke kharuM che, te paNa tenA mULamAM A vepArathI te lAbha hatA, kAraNa ke eja vepArathI teo saMpattivAna thaI laDavAne usuka thayA hatA. A

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prakaraNa 1 luM. ] prAcIna kALamAM vepAranI doDadhAma. 35 sthiti yurepiana rAjyone pratikuLa hovAthI te sarvee ekatra thaI musalamAna sAthe yuddha zarU karyuM. A yuddha jene kuseDa eTale dharmayuddha kahe che, te I. sa. 1095 thI 127ra sudhI cAlyuM, ane temAM sAta meTI laDAIo thayA pachI Akhare musalamAne vijayI thayA. pUrva taraphanA vepAranuM mukhya sthAna, eTale eziyAnA pazcima bhAgamAM AvelA siriA vagere deza kabaje karavAne, ane tema karI dunIono vepAra para hAthamAMthI pitAne tAbAmAM levAne khristI rAjyane vicAra hatA, paNa te A yuddhamAM pAra paDaze nahIM. mAtra A athAga prayatnane lIdhe pUrva taraphanI rItabhAta, tyAM utpanna thatI vastuo tathA tyAMne vepArI mAla pratyakSa rIte khristI lekenI jANamAM AvyAM. jyAM sudhI kanTenTInopala musalamAnanA hAthamAM rahyuM tyAM sudhI uttara taraphanA mArge yuropane ghaNe kharo vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. dharmaprasAra sarakhuM ekAda moTuM kAma leke hAtha dhare tyAre tenA aMtastha hetumAM paisAne lebha kevI rIte samAyeluM rahe che te jANavA mATe A dharmayuddhanuM udAharaNuM uttama che. makake yAtrA karavA jAya te vepAra paNa karatuM Ave. khristI-musalamAnanA dharmayuddhamAM zarUAtamAM khristI lekene yaza maLyo, ane jerUsalama sumAre baso varSa lagI ane konsTa. nTInepala pacAsa varSa lagI teonA hAthamAM rahyuM. e samaye paravAmAM thatI uthalapAthala tathA temanI saMpattinuM mULa jevAnI temane sArI taka maLI. eMTIoka, TAyara vagere ghaNAM dhanADhaya zahere temane tAbe thayAM, tyAMnA saMpattivAna ane lakSAdhipati vepArIo temanI najara heThaLa AvyA, ane pUrva taraphanA kImatI mAlanA vepAranAM dhAma joI teonI dhana tRSNa pradipta thaI. A sarvane phAyade puSkaLa khristI anuyAyIoe laI lIdhe, kemake je lazkara A yuddhamAM baso varSa lagI laDatuM hatuM tenI sAthe ghaNuM nirUpayogI mANase temaja vepArI tathA bIjA leke pradeza jevAne vepAra karavAne, athavA jJAna meLavavAne bahAne jatA hatA. AvA lekene yuddhanI darakAra na hovAthI vepAra ane pise ja temane mukhya uddeza hate."

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. prakaraNa 2 juM. yurepiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma, 1. iTAlImAMnAM prajAsattAka saMsthAne. 2. khristI ane musalamAna prajA vacce dharmayuddha. (i. sa. 1095-1272) 3. haMsa-saMdha (Hanseatic League.) 4. rUDhukI ane mAkapalone pravAsa. pa. pUrvanA vepAranI nAkAbaMdhI. 6. amerikAnI tathA hiMdustAna ja vAnA jaLamArganI zodhanuM pariNAma. 7. prAcIna praznanI kuMcI. . 1, iTAlImAMnAM prajAsattAka saMsthAne -agIAramA saikAthI paMdaramA saikA sudhImAM ITAlImAMnAM keTalAMka zahere ghaNuM AbAda thayAM. ITAlInuM rAjya prajAsattAka hovAthI vepAra tathA nANAnI levaDadevaDane lIdhe basa cAra varSa lagI tenI mahattA TakI rahI. A nagaromAM jIA, pharensa ane venisa mukhya hatAM. amalphI (Amalphi) nAmanuM ITAlIne dakSiNa kinAre AveluM zahera prathama prasiddhimAM AvyuM. tyAMnAM moTAM moTA vepArI vahANa misara vagere ThekANe mAla levA sArU jatAM hatAM. bhUmadhya samudramAM pharanArAM vepArI vahANonA arasaparasanA vyavahAranA niyama prathama amalaphInA vidvAna paMDitoe bAMdhI ApyA hatA. A niyame vyavahAramAM I. sa. 1010 mAM AvyA. I. sa. 1200 ne sumAre che ane pIsAe maLI amalI zaherane nAza karyo. AbAda thayeluM bIjuM zahera pIsA hatuM. AThamA saikAmAM musalamAne e sArDiniAne TApu jItI lIdho tyAre tyAMnA vepArIo pIsAmAM AvI vasyA. AgaLa jatAM A vepArIo pena, AphrikA, eziA ItyAdI ThekANenA vepArathI dhanADhya thayA. khristI ane musalamAna vacce cAlelA dharmayuddhamAM sAmila thaI pIsAnA vepArIoe pitAne dhaMdho tathA saMpatti puSkaLa vadhArI dIdhAM. sane 1284 thI sane 1406 sudhInA arasAmAM no A ane phaoNrense pIsAno nAza karyo.

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prakaraNa 2 . ] yuropianenI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. trIjuM zahera phalorensa hatuM. e sane 1254 ne sumAre vepArane yege ghaNuMja vikhyAta thayuM. ahIMnA vaNakara tathA sanIe ghaNI ja nAmAMkita hatA. sane 1434 mAM meDisAI nAmanA kuTuMba pAse pharlorensane rAjakArabhAra javA pachI e zaheranI vikhyAti ghaNI vadhI gaI. A kuTuMba ne mULa purUSa giovAnI (Giovanni) eka moTe dhanADhya sAhukAra hatA. tenA chokarA kasmoe paNa ghaNI khyAti meLavI hatI ane phalarensanA rAjakArabhAramAM tene lAgavaga ghaNe hatA. kaeNlmono chokare lorenso paNa ghaNe vakhaNAyo hato, ane vidvattA, udyoga, audArya ItyAdI guNene lIdhe yuropamAM tenuM nAma amara thaI gayuM che. sArAmAM sArA graMthakAre, kavIo, kasabIo vagerene eNe pitAnI pAse ekaThA karyA hatA. tene eka chokare AgaLa jatAM dasamo lio nAmane pipa thaye (sane 1513). pipa. sAtame kalemanTa paNa Aja kuTuMbano hota (sane 1523). pharlorensane rAjakArabhAra keTalAMka varSa lagI Aja kuTuMbamAM rahyA hatA. udAra' ane dhArmika kAmamAM e zaheranA vepArIonI barobarI moTameTA rAjAo paNa karI zakatA nahIM. - phalorensanI AbAdI mukhyatve karIne tyAMnA zarAphI dhaMdhAne lIdhe ja thaI hatI. rezamI vagere uMcI jAtanA kApaDane vepAra paNa tyAM sAre cAlate hate. e zahera ITAlInA madhyabhAgamAM hovAthI tene samudra kinAro lAgate nahIM, eTale vahANa mAraphate paradeza mAla lAvavA laI javAnuM kAma pharlorensanA hAthamAM kadI AvyuM nahIM paNa te kaLAkezavyAnuM moTuM dhAma hatuM. AkhA yuropanA nANAnI levaDadevaDa A zaheramAM thatI. keTalAMka rAjyanI mehasula paNa pharlorensanA vepArIo vasula karI ApatA hatA. ApaNe ahIMnI mAphaka phaoNrensa zaheramAM temaja te samayanAM ghaNuMkharAM yuropiyana rAjyamAM dareka dhaMdhA mATe varga athavA ToLAM baMdhAyAM hatAM. pratyeka ToLInA niyama TharAvelA hovAthI temAM kaI paraMpurUSa dAkhala thaI zakate nahIM. AvI paddhatine lIdhe dareka dhaMdhe utkRSTa sthitie pahoMcata, ane tene pArakAonI adekhI harIphAIthI sosavuM paDatuM nahIM. prasiddha kavi

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48 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. DarI jAtane vaidya hato. unanAM tathA rezamI kApaDa vaNanAra vaNakare, senIo, jhaverIo ItyAdI kIsabI loko phaoNrensa jevA bIje kethe hatA nahIM. temaNe taiyAra karele mAla AkhA yuropane maLato. A saghaLuM chatAM e zaheranA mukhya dhaMdhe zarAphI peDhIono hate. yuropanA sarva rAjyakartAne ahIMnA vepArIo pAsethI karaje nANuM maLatuM. codamAM saMkAmAM IgleMDanA trIjA eDavarDa rAjAne phrAnsa sAthe thaelA yuddhanA kharca mATe teNe ahIMthI ja vyAje paisA lIdhA hatA. bArDe nAmane phaoNrensano eka vepArI hatI te ekalA pAsethI eDavarDa trIsa lAkha rUpIA lIdhA hatA; temaja perajhI nAmanA eka bIjA vepArI pAsethI vIsa lAkha lIdhA hatA. bADanuM karaja eDavarDa nahIM phITADavAthI tene devALuM kahADavuM paDayuM, ane temAM tene sADA pAMca lAkha rUpiAnI khoTa gaI (sane 1345). vepAra nI sAthe sAthe vidyA ane kaLAne paNa uttama prasAra phalorensamAM thata hovAthI tyAM moTA moTA nAmAMkita kavIo, graMthakAre ane salATo udaya pAmyA. AgaLa upara pIsAnuM baMdara pharlorensanA tAbAmAM AvyuM tyAre darIA uparano vepAra thoDAka divasa tenA hAthamAM rahyA hatA. venisane udaya paNa kaMIka Aja rIte thayo hato. ITAlI upara uttara taraphathI rAnaTI leke caDI AvyA tyAre pUrva kinArA uparanA keTalAka rahevAsIo pitAnAM gharabAra choDI eDIATIka samudramAM AvelA Asare sattara ujajaDa ane verAna TApuomAM jaI vasyA, ane tyAM mIThuM" ane mAchalIne vepAra zarU karyo. emAM teo eTale zrImaMta thayA ke sAtaso ATha varSa lagI venisanA jevuM dhanADhaya ane baLavAna zahera yurepamAM bIjuM nahotuM. e zahera aneka be upara AveluM hovAthI tyAMnI racanA anupama che ane tyAM rastAne badale haDI mAraphate javA AvavA sArU nahere che. ahIM saghaLe vyavahAra hoDIe cAle che. e heDIne geDelA kahe che. e vakhate khAvAnuM mIThuM leke jANItuM nahatuM. upavAsane divase khristIo mAchalI sivAya bIjuM kaMI khAtA nahIM, tema zIALAmAM jAnavaranuM mAMsa maLavAnuM muzkela hovAthI mAchalIne khapa

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prakaraNa 2juM.] yuropeanenI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 39 teomAM vizeSa thatuM. A hakIkatamAM mIThuM ane mAchalI e beunA vepArathI venisanI caDatI thaI. dhIme dhIme A vastuono khapa yuropamAM saghaLe ThekANe thavA lAge tethI karI A zaheranI AbAdIne sparatA maLI. sane 697 mAM venisamAM prajAsattAka rAjya sthApana thayuM. tyAMnI rASTrIyasabhAnA adhyakSane oja (Doge) kahetA. DejanAM rahevAnAM makAno, tyAMnI kacerIo, nyAyAdhIzIo, mInArA, riAleTanuM bajAra, putaLAMonAM tathA kAcanAM vAsaNonAM kArakhAnAM tathA pradarzana ItyAdI venisanI jAhajalAlInI nizAnIo joI hajI paNa ApaNe cakita thaIe chIe. venisanI A AbAdIne mukhya AdhAra tenA darIAI vepAra upara hate. misara, siriA vagere prAcIna rA sAthe venisanI sarakAre mitrAcArI bAMdhI hatI, ane pUrvamAMthI yuropamAM mAla lAvavAnuM kAma veniziane e mAthe lIdheluM hovAthI temanuM zahera dakSiNa yuropanuM eka mukhya sthAna thayuM hatuM. naikAzAstramAM paNa venisa te samaye ghaNuM agADI vadhyuM hatuM. bhUmadhya samudramAM cAMcIAone upadrava ghaNe vadhI paDavAthI venisa sarakAre emane trAsa baMdha karavA mATe eka pracaMDa kAphele taiyAra karI luTArAomAM moTe trAsa vartAvyo hato ane vyApArI vahANane nukasAnamAMthI bacAvyAM hatAM. cidamI sadImAM venisanAM nAnAM moTAM 10 TanathI 100 Tana sudhI vajananAM vepArI vahANonI saMkhyA traNa hajAranI hatI. e uparAMta laDAyaka bArakase cALIsa hatAM, ane te upara agIAra hajAra AdamInuM lazkara rahetuM hutuM. bAramA teramA saikAmAM khristI ane musalamAna vacce jerUsalamanI bAbatamAM je meTuM dharmayuddha thayuM temAM venisane ghaNo phAyade the, kemake te daramiAna yurepathI eziAmAM lazkara lAvavAnuM kAma teNe karavAthI tene puSkaLa lAbha thayo temaja tene vepAra paNa ghaNo vadhyo. vizeSa pUrvanA vepAranuM mukhya mathaka kanTenTInepala jyAM kanTenTAIne bAdazAhanA vakhatathI apAra nANAne saMcaya thayo hato te dhanADhaya zahera venizianenA hAthamAM AvyuM. ahIM dunIAnI je sarvottama vastuo ekaThI thayelI hatI te saghaLI teo pitAnAM zaheramAM laI gayA.

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40 hiMduratAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paMdaramAM zatakanA AraMbhamAM venisanI jAhojalAlI parAkASTAe pahoMcI. e vakhate prati varSe vIsa hajArathI savAlAkha rUpIAnI AvakavALA ochAmAM ochA hajAra sAhukAro venisamAM hatA. zaheranI vastI be lAkha mANasanI hatI, ane pharlorensanI mAphaka zarAphI dhaMdho paNa dhamadhokAra cAlatuM hatuM. saghaLA dezanAM jahAja temaja sarva jAtinA leka ahIM draSTIe paDatA. yuropamAM bhojana vastIgreDa pahela vahelAM venisamAM sane 1310-1324 mAM ughaDayAM. * ITAlInA vAyavya khuNe upara AveluM cheAnuM moTuM baMdara venisanI mAphaka vepArathI prasiddhimAM AvyuM. khristI-musalamAnanA dharmayuddha e zaheranI caDatImAM madada karI ane tene AbAda karyuM. vakhata jatAM venisa ane chane A vacce IrSa utpanna thaI. jyAM jyAM venisanAM vepArI thANu hatAM tyAM tyAM noAe tenI paDosamAM pitAnAM mathaka sthApyAM, ane venisane nukasAna pahoMcADavA mAMDayuM. banne vaccenI sapardhA vadhI jatAM sane 1370 mAM ane Ae venisanA tAbAne ghaNakhare mulaka jItI lIdhuM. tyArabAda yurepathI bArebAra hiMdustAna javAno jaLamArga vAskeDa gAmAe zodhI kahA, ane sane 1517 mAM musalamAnee IjIpta deza hastagata karyuM, eTale venisa ane jIne A bannene nAza thayo. ITAlImAM AvelA milAna zaheramAM paNa keTaleka vakhata prajAsattAka rAjya hatuM paNa tene ApaNe viSaya sAthe kaMI saMbaMdha nathI. 2. khristI ane musalamAna prajA vacce dharmayuddha, (I. sa. 1095-1272.)-khristI ane musalamAna vacce thayelAM dharmayuddhathI eziyA tathA yuropanA vepAra upara kevI asara thaI e barAbara samajavA mATe ITAlIane nagaranuM vRtAMta ahIM ApyuM che. game te yuddhanuM pratyakSa kAraNa eka hoya paNa judAM judAM pakSanAM aMtastha kAraNe nirALAM hoya che e A dharmayuddhathI spaSTa rIte dekhAI Ave che. eziAnA pazcima bhAgamAM AvelA pelesTAInanA prAMtamAMnuM jerUsalama zahera Isu khristanI janmabhUmI tarIke jANItuM hatuM. khristI lekanuM e pavitra zahera musalamAnonA

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prakaraNa 2 ju.] yurepianenI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. ' 41 tAbAmAM javAthI tyAM darzane janArA khristI lokone musalamAne taraphathI ghaNo trAsa paDavA lAge. pITara nAmane eka kenca sAdhu jerUsalama gayo tyAre tyAM pitAnA dharmabAMdho upara paDatA asaMkhya duHkhe tenuM mana pIgaLAvyuM. tyAMthI pAchA pharI teNe yuropanAM saghaLAM khristI rAjyanI mulAkAta lIdhI, ane temane svadharmI yAtrAvAsIone musalamAnonA trAsamAMthI bacAvavA ghaNI AjIjIpUrvaka vinaMti karI. A uparathI saghaLAM rAjyoe ekatra thaI jerUsalama kabaje karavAne, ane ema karavAmAM upara kahelAM ITAlInAM darIAI rAjyanI madada levAno nizcaya karyo. saghaLAM rAjyanuM lazkara kaeNnsTanTanopalamAM jamAva karI tyAMthI jerUsalama upara svArI laI javAne eoe vicAra karyo. paNa A kAmamAM vahANa avazya jarUranAM hevAthI, ane tenI puratI saMkhyA venisa ane ane A pAsethI ja maLe ema hovAthI, sarva yurepiana rAjyoe A saMsthAne sAthe mitrAcArI karI temanI madada meLavI. Ama karyA sivAya ATalAM meTAM lazkarane dArUgoLa tathA kherAkI pahoMcADavAnuM kAma azakya hatuM. paraMtu A saMsthAne e kevaLa vepAra vRddhinI AzA uparaja A madada karavAnuM mAthe lIdhuM hatuM. temanAM vahANe dharmayuddha mATenAM lazkarane eDIATika samudramAMthI sAme pAra DelameziAnA kinArA upara pahoMcADatAM; tyAMthI lazkara kinAre kinAre AgaLa jatuM, ane upara kahelAM vahANo tene mATenI saghaLI sAmagrI laI tenI madade sAthe sAthe jatAM, ane ema karatAM rastAmAMnAM pratyeka baMdara sAthe vepAra calAvatAM. AvI rIte e saMsthAnane bevaDe phAyado thato hato, kemake A uparAMta kaMIka mulaka kabaje karavAmAM AvatuM te thayelI goThavaNa anusAra A madadanIza saMsthAnone tyAM khAsa haka maLatA. teone tyAM vepAra karavAnI saMpUrNa chuTa hatI, temanA vepArI mAla upara jakAta ghaNI ja thoDI balake kaMI nahIM levAtI, zaheranI AjubAjunA bhAganI athavA zaheramAMnI vakhArenI lUTa temane maLatI, ane temanI hastakanI prAMtanI hadamAM rahenArA mANasone nyAya karavAnuM kAma paradezIone na soMpatAM pite nImelI beDa karatI. A prakA

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42 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ranI savaLatA meLavI ITalIana vepArIo yuddhamAM joDAyelA hovAthI teo apAra saMpattivAna thayA, temane vepAra puSkaLa vaLyo ane pUrvanI navAInI vastuo yuropanA bajAramAM lAvI tyAMnA lokomAM te vecAtI levA mATe teoe abhirUci utpanna karI. cothA dharmayuddhamAM paNa venisa ane noAnAM rAjyane mATe phAyade thayo. A samaye musalamAna sAthe laDavAnuM choDI daI ekatra thayelAM saghaLAM khristI rAjyoe kaeNnseTIne palamAMnI khristI-grIka bAdazAhIne nAza karyo, ane tyAMnA masanada upara eka leTIna kuTuMbanI sthApanA karI (I. sa. 1204). A navIna kuTuMba pAse sattAvana varSa lagI rAjyanI lagAma rahyA pachI sane 1261 mAM pharIthI grIka vaMzanA hAthamAM gAdI AvI. A banne rAjyaviplavamAM ITAlIana saMsthAnone lAbha ja hate. pahelI vakhate emaNe kanTenTanopala luTayuM ane zaheranA cAra bhAga karI temAMno eka bhAga navA bAdazAhane pI bAkInA traNa pite vaheMcI lIdhA hatA. emAMthI niziane vepAranI sagavaDa sacavAya evA saghaLA pradeza uparAMta rezama utpanna karanAre pilepanIsasano prAMta tathA AsapAsanA keTalAka phaLadrupa ane vistIrNa beTa. piote lIdhA, ane e ATika samudrathI kanTenTInopala sudhInA AkhA kinArA upara pitAnAM vepArI ane lazkarI thANuM besADyAM. keTalAka veniziana vepArIo te tyAM AvI rahyA ane tyAMne saghaLo vepAra hAtha karyo. tira rAnuM lakSa vepAra tarapha na dorAyAthI nizianenA A kAvAdAvAmAM vikSepa paDe nahIM. prathama teoe rezamano vepAra potAnA ekalAnAja hAthamAM rAkhI rezamI kApaDa vaNavAne hunnara zIkhI lIdhe, ane vakhata jatAM pitAnA rAjyamAM navA kAyadA dAkhala karI rezamanI khetI karavAnuM zarU karyuM. A prayatna eTale te saphaLa thayo ke keTalAka saikA sudhI niziana rezama saithI uttama paMktinA rezama tarIke vakhaNAyuM. AgaLa varNavyA pramANe cIna tathA hiMdustAnane ghaNe kharo mAla uttara taraphane raste kALA samudramAM thaI kaeNnsenTIne pala Ave che. ahIM veniziane vepArIo

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prakaraNa 2 ju.] yuropianenI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. saMpUrNa rIte jAmI gayelA hovAthI elekajhAA karatAM kaoNeNnTIne palane e vepara atizaya jhapATAbaMdha vadhI gayo ane tyAM dravyanI relachela thaI rahI. A sthiti leTIna amalanAM sattAvana varSa lagI cAlI. eTalAmAM venisanI atulya jAhojalAlIe ane Ane DoLe pheravyuM. ane zahere vacce sakhata duzmanAvaTa hovAthI choAne jyAre mAlama paDayuM ke ko sTenTInopalanAM padabhraSTa thayelAM grIka kuTuMbane paNa venisa pratye adAvata hatI tyAre venisane rasAtALa pahoMcADavAnA hetuthI jIAe pApanA hukamano anAdara karI grIziana rAjAne madada karI. e rAjAe gAdI para AvyA pachI jInoAe karelA upakAranA badalAmAM kaeNnsTanTanopalanI paDosanuM pirA teone bakSisa ApyuM. ahIM janaAnA lekAe killebaMdI karI vyApAranuM mukhya thANuM besADayuM tyAre Akho kALo samudra temanI sattA heThaLa Ave. vaLI A samudramAM Avele krimiAne dvIpakalpa tAbe karI teoe tyAMnA kAphA nAmanAM vepAranAM mukhya sthAnane majabUta karyuM. AvA udyAgathI chanoAnI vyApArI tathA sAmudrIka sattA sarva yuropamAM agragaNya thaIane jo ene rAjyakArabhAra DahApaNathI calAvavAmAM Avyo hota te A jAhojalAlI lAMbA kALa sudhI te bhagavata. paNa venisanI rAjyapaddhati jevI DahApaNa bharelI hatI tevI janoAnI nahotI. venisamAM eka vakhata thayelI goThavaNa kadI badalAtI nahIM, paNa jInoAmAM pratidivasa navI navI goThavaNa thatI. jyAM sudhI grIziana bAdazAhane choA sAthe neha hato tyAM sudhI venisanA vepArIo kaoNlsTanTanopalanI ghaNI najadIkamAM jatA nahIM, paNa ghaNuM kharuM teo elekajhAnDIA tarapha jatA. misara dezamAM ArabonuM rAjya suvyavasthita tathA paddhatazIra thayuM tyAre niziane e Arabo sAthe dastI bAMdhI elekajhAnDrIAnA baMdarane tamAma vepAra pite hAthamAM lIdhe. paraMtu musalamAna leke sAthe khristI rAjya khullI rIte sneha bAMdha ISTa na jaNAyAthI ema karavuM dharmabAhya nathI evuM vaniziana sarakAre pipa pAse karAvI lIdhuM, ane elekajhAnDrIA tathA - DamAskasa e beu ThekANe pitAnA dhamadhokAra cAlatA vepAra upara dekharekha

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. rAkhavA mATe be vakIle nIyata karyA. AthI musalamAne taraphane dveSabhAva kaMIka aMze kamI thatAM beu vidharmI prajA vacce keTalAka samaya mitrA cArI rahI. A veLA yuropanAM rAjyonI aMtaHsthiti paNa venisanA vepArane anukULa hatI. IgleMDanA lokomAM kusaMpane lIdhe taDa paDI gayAM hatAM ane teo mAhamAMhe laDatA hovAthI vepAra upara teonuM lakSa lAgatuM hatuM nahIM. kAnsamAM puSkaLa geravyavasthA cAlatI hatI. pena deza musalamAnanA kabajAmAMthI hamaNAja chuTayo hato, ane tenAM sarva aMgabhUta ekatra thayAM nahotAM. porTugIjha khalAsIo hajI nidrAvazaja hatA, tyAre venisanI sattA prabaLa hatI. dakSiNa yuropanuM svAmitva venisanA hAthamAM hatuM, ane uttara yuropamAM AvelI haMsa-samAja (Hanseatic League) sAthe tene mitrAcArI hatI, eTale AkhA yuropane vepAra tenA ja hAthamAM hato ema kahevAne harakata nathI. venisanA vepArIo pitAnI pAsenuM rokaDa nANuM kadI paNa kharacatA nahIM. teo sarva jAtanI dhAtu, lAkaDAM, kAca vagerenI IjIptamAM khapatI puSkaLa cIjo paradeza ravAnA karatA, ane tene badale elekajhAnDIA, ele, bephaTa, DamAskasa vagere ThekANethI hiMdustAna tathA eziAne mAla vecAte laI yuropamAM lAvatA. Ama hovAthI teonA dezamAMthI rokaDa nANuM tathA sonuM rUpuM kadI paNa bahAra jatuM nahI. venisanA rAjyamAM ghaNuMkharA kAyadA A vepArane uddezIne ja racAyelA hatA. vepAranuM khAtuM e rAjyanuM mukhya aMga hatuM, ane vahANe kevI rIte kyAM laI javAM tathA vepArI mAlanI levaDadevaDa kevI rIte karavI e bAbata paNa ghaNuM sakhata niyamo ghaDAyelA hatA. vaLI khAnagI vepAramAM sAhasa karanArane athavA kuzaLatA dAkhavanArane sarakAramAMthI sArI bakSisa ke madada maLatI. TuMkamAM vepAra eja dhanasaMpatti prApta karavAne mukhya mArga che e siddhAMta nizianenI mAphaka bIjI kaI prajAe kharuM karI ApyuM nahotuM. emane lIdhe ja haMsasamAjanI mahattA vadhI hatI, ane bujIsa zaheranA vepArIone pizAka temanAM bhavya tathA suzobhita makAne tathA ezaArAmanAM sAdhano evAM

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prakaraNa 2 ju.] yuropiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 45 thayAM hatAM ke te joI rAjAone paNa adekhAI Ave. brusane vaibhava theDA ja vakhatamAM enTavarpa bhogavavA lAgyuM, ane eNgsabarganA vepArIenuM mAna ghaNuM vadhyuM. vepAranAM A guDha pariNAme haMsasamAjanA vRtAMta uparathI khullAM jaNAI Ave che. 3. haMsa-samAja (Hanseatic League).--ITAlInA svataMtra rAjyane vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlato hato tyAre uttara yuropamAM sthapAyelI hasa-samAja nAmanI eka vepArI saMsthAnI hakIkata jANavA jevI che. DenmArka, svIDana, nai vagere dezanA puSkaLa leke jarmana ane bATika samudramAM cAMcIne dhaMdho laI beThA hatA ane tyAMnA vepArane pIDA karatA hatA. emanA taraphathI thato upadrava aTakAvavAnA hetuthI haMsa-samAja hastImAM AvI hatI. navamA saikAnA sumAramAM yuropanA uttara kinArA paranAM zaheranA vepArIoe sthApelI pitAnI eka samAja cAlatI hatI, evAmAM sane 1169 nA arasAmAM hemabarga ane lubeke nAmanAM zaheree arasaparasa taha karI vepAranuM rakSaNa karavA nizcaya karyo. dhIme dhIme aneka zahere temanI sAthe joDAyAM. AgaLa jatAM hAIna nadI upara AveluM kolena zahera A saMghamAM dAkhala thavAthI uttara taraphanI A vepArI samAjane lAgavaga bahAIna nadI mAraphata dakSiNa yuropamAM dAkhala thayo. sane 1300 mAM A samAjamAM yuropanI *uttara taraphanAM sIttera zahero dAkhala thayAM hatAM. A saMsthAnAM mukhya sthAna lubekamAM samAjanI sabhAo vAraMvAra bharAtI, ane tyAM thayelA TharAva tathA niyama sarvane pALavA paDatA. zarUAtamAM samAjane hetu pitAnAM aMgabhUtane bacAva karavAno ja hato, paNa dhIme dhIme temAM vepAravRddhinuM tatva umerAvAthI samAjanI AbAdI thavA lAgI. keTalIka vastuone vepAra mAtra temanA ja hAthamAM hevAthI bIjA keIne te jaNasane vepAra karavAnI chuTa nahatI. darIA upara cAMcIAono upadrava nirmaLa karI, jamIna upara luTArAone trAsa baMdha pADI ane vyavasthitapaNe vahivaTa karavA mATe TharAvelA niyame draDhapaNe bajA lAvI A samAje yuropanI vepArI rItabhAtamAM puSkaLa sudhAro karyo. dezanI

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa, [bhAga 3 je. delata vadhatAM lokenI jazekhanI tRSNa pradipta thaI, bhavya ane suMdara ImArate ubhI thavA mAMDI, ane lekenuM dhyAna sAMdarya ane khubasuratI tarapha deDavA lAgyuM. vaLI A saMsthAe aneka dezano udyoga uttejIta karyo. svIDana ane pilaMDanAM jaMgalo ukheDI te jagyAe suMdara khetare taiyAra karyo, ane khANane udyoga zarU karyo. e samAjanA prayAsathI uttara dakSiNa yuropamAM mAlanI adalAbadalI thavA mAMDI eTale vepArIone vadhu phAyado thaze. uttaramAMthI rIMcha ane varUnAM cAmaDAM dakSiNamAM AvavA lAgyAM, ane tene badale tyAMthI rezamI ane sutarAu kApaDa uttaramAM AvyAM. AthI moTAM moTAM rAjyo sAme Takakara jhIlavAnI A vepArI samAjamAM zakti AvI. vakhata jatAM enI vakhAre laMDana suddhAM AkhA yuropamAM patharAI gaI ane pariNAmamAM yurepanAM aneka rAjyonI sudhAraNuM tathA udaya thayo. ajJAna ane jaMgalI sthitimAM sabaDatAM rAjyane uddhAra thatAM teoe samAjanI sattA teDI. aiyatAthI kevuM pariNAma Ave che ane vepAra upara tenI kevI asara thAya che te A hakIkata uparathI ApaNane jevAne banI Ave che. marIne sainyuDa nAmanA venisanA eka gRhastha caudamA saikAnA Are. bhamAM dunIAnA vepAranI sthitinA karelA varNana uparathI jaNAya che ke e samaye pUrvamAMthI bhAre kimatane ane thoDA vajanano mAla IrAnI akhAtane raste yuTIsa nadImAM thaIne bhUmadhya samudra upara Avate; ane bhAre mAla rAtA samudramAMthI elekajhAnDIAmAM Avate. ahIMthI e mAla phaoNrensa, chano tathA venisanA vepArIo yuropanA dakSiNa kinArA upara lAvatA, ane tyAMthI haMsasamAjanA vepArIo uttaramAM jarmana samudranA kinArA lagI laI jatA. yuropamAM cAraso pAMca varSa lagI jyAre AgagADI tathA Agabo nahatAM tyAre moTI moTI jAtrAo bharavAne pracAra hato. niranirALe divase pratyeka zaheramAM jAtrA bharAtI ane temAM mAlane ghaNe upADa thato. 4 phebrukI ane mAkapalane pravAsa-musalamAnee kaeNnse.

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prakaraNa 2 ju.] yuropiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 47 TIpala sara karyuM te agAu pUrva vepAra pitAnA hAthamAM levA mATe pAzcAtya rAjyamAM meTI doDAdoDa thai rahI hatI. upara varNavelA dharmayuddhamAM turkastAnanI pUrva taraphanAM eziAmAMnAM rAjya taraphathI pitAne madada maLaze evI khristI rAjyane AzA hatI. thayalAM ATha dharmayuddhamAMthI sAtamuM I. sa. 1248 thI 1254 sudhI cAlyuM te daramiAna kAnsanA rAjA senTa luIe sane 1253 mAM rUbukI (Rubruquis) nAmanA elacIne kALA samudrathI cInanI hada sudhInA tArtAra lekenA saghaLA khAne pAse mokalyA hatA. e rUbukI te bAjunI ghaNuM upayogI hakIkta lAvyo, paNa tethI te bhaviSyanA rAjakIya pheraphAranuM kaMI spaSTIkaraNa karI zo nahI, teonI sattA ghaNu baLavAna hatI eTaluMja mAtra te jANI za. evI ja rIte spenane elacI tAtaMra bAdazAha taimuranI darabAramAM sane 1402 mAM gayo hato, paNa tenuM prAbalya joI svadezIo madhya eziyAmAM kaI paNa rIte dAkhala thaI zakaze nahIM ema tene lAgyuM. AgaLa kahyA pramANe ITAlIana saMsthAne tathA haMsa samAja mAraphate hiMdustAnanA vepAranI vRddhi thatI hatI tyAre mArko pole nAmane venisane eka suprasiddha ane zrImAna vepArI eziyA khaMDamAM ghaNuM kharuM page cAlI pharate hatA, ane I. sa. 1271 thI 1295 sudhInAM pacIsa varSa cInamAM rahyo hato tyAMthI samudra mArga IrAnanA akhAtamAM AvI te yuropa Avyo tyAre lagabhaga AkhA madhya eziAnI ghaNI ja bArIka ane uttama prakAranI khabaro yuropianone maLI. mAkapolane janma sane 1254 mAM thayo hate. tenA bApakAkAno vepAra kaeNnsTanTanopala sAthe cAlato hevAthI paMdara varSa lagI teo pUrva taraphanA dezamAM pharyA hatA. svadeza pAchA pharatAM teoe nAnA prakAranI camatkArika vAte nAnA mArkopolene kahI eTale te deze jAte jovA javAnI enI utkaMThA pradipta thaI. be varSa rahI tenA bApakAkAo pharIthI pravAse nIkaLyA tyAre A chokaro paNa teonI sAthe gaye. venisathI vahANumAM besI teo eziyAne kinAre ekara AgaLa utaryA. ahIMthI kaMIka IzAna khuNe tarapha tathA uttara

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48 hisADa, hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tarapha pharatAM pharatAM teo sADAtraNa varSanI musApharI pachI pekInanI uttaramAMnA eka moTA rAjAnA darabAramAM AvI pahoMcyA. rAjAe ghaNuM sanmAnathI e saghaLAne pitAnI nekarImAM rAkhyA. tarUNa mA thoDAja divasamAM cAInIjha bhASAmAM pravINa thayA. eka vakhata rAjAe kaMI kAma nimitte mAkelane cha mahinAne pravAse mokalyo. tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM teNe ANelI khabara eTalI te capaLatAthI varNavI ke rAjA tenA upara atizaya khuza thaI gayo. A pramANe traNe jaNa sattara varSa cInamAM rahyA te daramiAna mAkIe aneka deza joyA ane temanI bane teTalI mAhitI meLavI. vakhata jatAM A maMDaLIne svadeza pAchA pharavAno vicAra thaye paNa te vakhate rAjAe temane tema karavA dIdhuM nahIM. anukULa saMjoga AvatAM teo cInamAMthI nIkaLI zakyA. cInanA rAjAne eka saMbaMdhI IrAnamAM rAjya karatA hatA, tenI pahelI strI maraNa pAmatAM tene mATe bIjI strI cInanA rAjAe pasaMda karI hatI. A strIne jaLamArge Irena ravAnA karavAnI hovAthI rAjAe A traNe jaNAne tenA saMrakSaNane mATe tenI sAthe mokalyA. A sapharane mATe aDhIso aDhIse khalAsIvALAM cauda meTAM vahANe taiyAra karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. cInanA rAjAe pilene mahA kaTe pitAnI pAsethI javAnI rajA ApI, ane jatI vakhate tene puSkaLa hIrA mANeka bakSisa ApyAM. traNa mahine eo jAvAnA TApumAM AvyA, ane tyAMthI araDha mahine IrAna pahoMcyA tyAre je rAjAne mATe vadha AvI hatI te maraNa pAmyo hato ane tene cheka gAdI upara Avyo hate. Ama thavAthI A chokareja te strIne paraNyo. IrAnathI nIkaLelA traNe bApa, dIkare, tathA kAkA sane 1295 mAM venisa AvI pahoMcyA. musApharInA zramathI teonA caherAmAM ghaNe pheraphAra thayo hato. teone paheraveza ghaNI junI Dhabane hevAthI temaja-teonI bhASA paNa ghaNI bagaDI gayelI hovAthI teone kaMI oLakhI zakayuM nahIM tyAre teoe eka moTI mIjabAnImAM puSkaLa lekene pitAne ghera belAvyA, ane nAnA prakAranAM ratna

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prakaraNa 2 . ] yuropiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 49 sarvane batAvI tathA yurepiana pizAka dhAraNa karI pitAne vize lekanI khAtarI karI. keTaleka vakhata pachI venisa tathA jIne A vacce yuddha thayuM tyAre mArkopolo kAphalAno mukhya adhikArI thayo hate. e yuddhamAM mArkapilene apajaza thaye, ane jene AnA lekenA hAthamAM sapaDAI jaI kedamAM paDe. kedamAM hatA tyAre mArkee pitAnA pravAsanuM varNana lakhyuM hatuM. keTaleka varSe kedamAMthI chuTI venisa AvI te maraNa pAme. mAkapalee meLavelI mAhitI yuropamAM ghaNIja upayogI nIvaDI. eziA khaMDamAM mukhya kaphAyatI mAla karyo, te kyAM ane keTale upanna thAya che, tene vepAra kevo cAle che, ItyAdI bAbatenI khAtarI lAyaka hakIkata mApolee svaparAkramathI meLavI yuropamAM jAhera karI. musalamAnanA udaya pachI sumAre cha sAta varSamAM koIpaNa yuropiana gRhastha hiMdustAna AvyuM nahotuM. chaThThA saikAmAM kosmosa nAmane vepArI kaMIka hakIkata lAvyuM hatuM, tenI pachI mAkoleja vadhu vigata lAvyo. keTaleka vakhata pazcima eziAmAM vepAra arthe pharI mArkapale bukhArA gayo hato, ane tyAMthI bukhArAnA khAnanA elacI tarIke pekIna gaye. tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM te jApAna, jAvA, sumAtrA, silena vagere ThekANe thaI te hiMdustAna Avyo. ahIM khAsa karIne baMgALA tathA gujarAtanA mulake teNe joyA, ane khaMbhAta sudhInA pazcima kinArAnI tapAsa karI. mArkapelee pragaTa karelI hakIkatathI yurepiana lekenI AMkha ughaDI, ane temanAmAM eka na utsAha Avyo. pa. pUrvanA vepAranI nAkAbaMdhI-venisanuM rAjya lakSmInuM ghara thayA pachI dunIAnA ItihAsane vahe badalI nAkhanAra eka mahatvane banAva bane. paMdaramA zatakamAM turkoe yuropamAM dAkhala thaI tyAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAthI yuropa ane eziAnA vepAranA junA mAgo baMdha paDayA. turka konuM nAma yurepamAM pahelavaheluM sane 1240ne sumAre jAhera mAM AvyuM. pazcima eziAne je moTe bhAga pUrva remana bAdazAhImAM dAkhala thayela hatuM te prathama takoe kabaje karyo. tyArabAda

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pa0 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. sane 1361 mAM teoe yuropanA pUrva TuMkA upara AvelA heviane bAdazAhe vasAvelA heAipela nagaramAM potAnI rAjadhAnI sthApI balagerIA tathA sarvaA jabarAIthI tAbe karyo. e pachI turkalekene taimuralaMga sAthe laDavAne prasaMga AvyAthI Asare pacAza varSa lagI teo yuropamAM vadhAre gaDabaDa karI zakyA nahIM. sane 1405 mAM thayelA taimuralaMganA maraNa pachI e lekee yurepamAM punaH caLavaLa zarU karI. AvI rIte teonuM e khaMDamAM sahejamAM dAkhala thavAnuM kharuM kAraNa venisa ane jIne A vacce cAlatI takarAra hatI. kALA samudra upara AvelAM e beu rAjyanAM vepArI saMsthAne vacce atizaya spardhA cAlatI hovAthI, tathA teo vacce phATapuTa hevAthI, turka leke yuropamAM ghusI gayA. vaLI kaeNnsenTInepalanI romana bAdazAhI teDI pADavA mATe jIAnA khristI rAjya turka lekenI madada mAgI tyAre sane 1444 mAM cALIza hajAra turka senA noAnA vahANamAM skarasanI sAmudradhunImAM thaI kanTenTanopala AvI, ane jIte mulaka poteja pacAvI takoe sane 1453 mAM te zahera kabaje karyuM. e pachI thoDA vakhatamAM kALA samudra uparanAM choIjha thANAM kAphA, soA vagere temaNe sara karyo, ane eziA mAInara, mesopoTemIA, sirIA vagere deza temanA hAthamAM AvatAM pUrvanA vepAranA uttara taraphanA bane rastA yurepiane mATe baMdha thayA. - I. sa. 15ra-22 daramiAna turka bAdazAha salImazAhe misara deza jItI lIdhuM tyAre veniziana lekonA tAbAmAne e vepArane trIjo mArga paNa baMdha thaze. pariNAmamAM eka tarapha kanTenTInepala tathA bIjI tarapha elekajhAnDIA jevAM vepAranAM meTAM dhAma yuropiana vepArI mATe nirUpayogI thayAM, ane ITAlIana zaherane bhUmadhya samudramAM cAlate tathA haMsa-samAjane vahAI nadI para saghaLo vyavahAra aTakI paDyo. Aja asAmAM bIjA be banAve evA banyA ke jenI kalpanA paNa nizianene thaI nahatI, ane je tevI kalpanA AvI heta te paNa te aTakAvavAnuM teonA hAthamAM nahatuM. eka tarapha kolambase ame

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prakaraNa 2 . ] yuropianonI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 51 rikAnI zedha karI, ane bIjI tarapha AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnI pradakSiNA karI hiMdustAna javAnA jaLamArganI vAska Da gAmAe mAhitI meLavI. A banAva kevI rIte banyA te ApaNe joIe. ekalA venisanA hAthamAM AkhI dunIAne vepAra rahele jeI yurepanA saghaLA leke atyaMta acaMbo pAmatA, eTale hiMdustAna tathA pUrvanA bIjA dezamAM javAne bIje kaI mArga hoya te te zodhI kahADavA tarapha aneka vidvAna tathA vicAravaMta lekenuM dhyAna lAgyuM hatuM. jene AmAM naikAna tathA bhUgoLa zAstramAM pravINa thayelA eka krisTophara kelambasa nAmanA gRhasthane lAgyuM ke pRthvI goLa hovAthI mArkepoloe jeya eziAne pUrva kinAre yuropanI pazcima bAjue ghaNe pAse koI ThekANe haze. A kapanA khoTI nahotI, paNa kolambase pRthvIno vyAsa che tenA karatAM tene ghaNe nAne mAnyo hato. jeneIjha sarakAre kolambasanA A vicArene samajyA vagara tarachoDI kahADayA, ane porTugalanI sarakAre te vize bAtamI meLavI laI vizvAsaghAta karI tene phasAvyuM. Akhare spenanI rANI lIjhAbethe tene Azraya ApI amerikA khaMDa dhI kahADavAmAM madada karI. A sAhasa kheDavAne badale spenane ghaNo sAro maLyo. amerikAmAne atyaMta phaLadrupa pradeza tathA sonArUpAnI ane ratnanI khANe tenA tAbAmAM AvyAthI se doDha varSa lagI e deza yurepamAM agrasthAne rahyA. vAskeDa gAmAe paNa vilakSaNa sAhasa karI AphrikAnI pradakSiNa karI, ane tA. 22 mI me sane 1498 ne divase malabAra kinArA uparanA kaeNlikaTanA baMdaramAM dAkhala thayA. liana zahera je divase eNe cheDayuM te divasathI A pravAsa pUrNa karatAM ene daza mahinA ane be dahADA thayA. A banAvathI hiMdustAnanA vepAranI dizA badalAI jaze, tathA tene lIdhe yuropa ane eziA khaMDamAMnAM rAjyamAM moTo pheraphAra thaze evuM teja vakhate catura purUSone jaNAvavA lAgyuM. have venisanI saghaLI delata lisbanamAM ghasaDAI Avaze e vicAra porTugIjhane Abe, ane venisane paNa pitAnI sattA satvara nAza thaze ema bhAsyA vinA rahyuM nahIM.

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para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. 6. amerikAnI tathA hiMdustAna javAnA jaLamArganI zodhanuM pariNAma -porTugIjha lene hiMdustAna, tathA spenanA lekane amerikA prApta thavAthI niranirALAM pariNAma nIpajyAM. bhUmadhya samudra uparanAM saghaLAM nAkAM musalamAnonA tAbAmAM javA pachI yurepiana vepArIo saghaLI taraphathI gherAI gayA hatA. venisanA vepArIo musalamAna sAthe mitrAcArI bAMdhI teo mAge teTalI jakAta bharatA, ane pUrvane mAla elekajhAnDrIAmAMthI lAvI yuropane puro pADatA. AvI sthitimAM porTu. gIjhone hiMdustAna javAne svataMtra mArga maLavAthI teoe te dezanA dareka jAtane mAla vahANamAM lisbana lAvI yuropamAM pahoMcADavA mAMDayo. jamIna karatAM jaLamArge Avele mAla vadhAre sArI hAlatamAM rahe eTale venisanA vepArIo pArTugIjha sAthe barAbarI karI zakyA nahIM. yuropamAM joIe teTale hiMdustAnane mAla lisbanamAM AvatAM ja venisane vepAra jahadI bu. muna (Munn) nAmanA eka aMgreja vepArIe A alanA vepAranI keTalIka hakIkata lakhI che, temAM teNe hiMdustAnamAMthI yuropamAM AvatI jaNasanI kimata te samaye e mAM zuM paDatI tathA yuropamAM te zA bhAve vecAtI tenuM eka koSTaka ApyuM che, te uparathI jaNAya che ke eka ja vastu elepamAM je kimate vecAtI tenI aDadhI kimate te IgleMDamAM maLatI. elepa ane elekajhAnDIA vacce kimatane ghaNo taphAvata na hovAthI venisanA vepArIo je mAla elekajhAnDIAthI lAvatA te lisbanamAMthI AvatA mAla karatAM bamaNo mo vecAte. Ama thavAthI te koI le nahIM e khulluM che. pigalanA rAjAe paNa vepAra upara dhyAna ApI saghaLA maktA pitAnA tAbAmAM rAkhyA. AvI rIte mAlanI kimata ghaNI utarI javAthI tene khapa vizeSa thavA lAge, ane vakhata jatAM navI navI vastuonI jarUra jaNAvavA lAgI. khAsa karI hiMdustAnane masAle yurepamAM vadhAre khapavA lAgyo. porTugInI A AbAdI sumAre varSa cAlyA pachI saLamAM saikAmAM temane vepAra pahelAM valaMdA lekee, ane tyArapachI aMgrejoe kubAvyo.

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prakaraNa 2 juM. ] yurepiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhuma. 57 porTugIjha leke A dezamAM AvyA tyAre ahIM aneka suvyavasthita rAjya teoe jayAM. A rAjyanA adhikArIone temaja vepArIone pitAne mAla paradezamAM khapAvavAnI ghaNI IcchA hovAthI porTugIjhano vepAra jhapATA baMdha vadhyo. paNa spenanA lekenA tAbA heThaLa Avele amerikA khaMDa judA prakArano ja hato. tyAne mulaka ghaNekhare ujajaDa ane rAjya avyavasthita hatAM. tyAMnI saMpatti uddhija ane khanija padArthomAM DhaMkAyelI paDelI hevAthI tene bahAra kahADavA mATe mahA prayAsa karavAno hato, ane vizeSa joIe te khAvA pIvAnI vastu maLatI nahIM. AthI khetI karavA tathA khANa khodavA mATe AphrikAmAMthI nIce lekene gulAma banAvI spenanA leke amerikA laI gayA. A nI zarIre ghaNuM majabUta hatA; eka nI cAra amerikana jeTaluM kAma kare. A hakIkatamAM porTugIjha lekenI mAphaka spenanA lekene amerikAmAM AraMbhamAM kAMI paNa phAyado maLe nahIM. pahelAM pacAsa varSa ghaNu kharAba hAlatamAM kahADyA pachI dhIme dhIme teone phAyado thavA lAge. pirTugIjha lekIne hiMdustAna javAne judA ja raste maLI AvavAthI musalamAnone atizaya acaMbe the. IjIptanA musalamAnee A upara thI porTugIjha lekone zeha ApavA zeDo prayatna karyo nahIM, ane gusse thayelA veniziana lekee A kAmamAM teone madada karI, ane potAnA helameziAnA prAMtamAMthI lAkaDAM kApI lAvI vahANa bAMdhavA mATe IjIptanA musalamAnone paravAnagI ApI. AvI rIte eka moTo kAphalo taiyAra thaye paNa thoDA ja samayamAM porTugIjha vahANee tene saMpUrNa nAza karyo. musalamAnI rAjyamAM je khristI rahevAsI hoya te sarvane ThAra mAravA ijIptanA bAdazAhe dhamakI ApI. e pachI IjIpta, sIrIA tathA pelesTAInanA prAMta kaeNnsenTIne palanA turka bAdazAha pahelA salIme jItI lIdhA ane saghabAnuM ekatra musalamAnI rAjya banAvyuM. teNe niziane sAthe taha karI, temane pitAnA pradezamAM vizeSa savaLatA karI ApI, ane limbanathI AvatA mAla upara bhAre jakAta nAkhI. ema chatAM pirTugalanI sarasAI

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54 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. kAyama rahI. Akhare venisa sarakAre porTugalane zaraNe jaI teno Azraya mAge, paNa te na maLavAthI venisane nAza thatAM pirTugalane udaya thayo. 7, prAcIna praznanI kuMcI-ATalI hakIkata uparathI hiMdustAnane mAla AkhI dunIo upara hajAro varSa lagI kevI rIte pure paDe hato, ane tene lIdhe saghaLAM rAjyone keTalI kiphAyata thaI hatI te dhyAnamAM Avaze. je rAjyanA tAbAmAM A vepAra hoya te zakti tathA vaibhavamAM sarvathI caDIAvuM thatuM, tethI te vepAra hAtha dharavA dunIo uparanAM rAjyamAM eka sarakhI hoMsAtesI cAlI hatI. chellAM traNa varSamAM pigIjha, valaMdA, aMgreja vagere lekamAM cAlelI doDadhAma ApaNane vizeSa mahatvanI jaNAya che; paNa jyAre ekaMdara traNa hajAra varSa lagI A deDadhAma cAlu hatI, ane temAM seMkaDe rAjyo aoNdayanA vamaLamAM sapaDAI gayAM hatAM, tyAre A traNa varSanI kaMI khAsa mahattA rahetI nathI. ApaNe je kALamAM rahetA hoIe ane jenI pratyeka kSaNe ApaNe anubhavatA hoIe, te kALa game tevo alpa hoya te paNa te ApaNane moTo ane mahatvano lAge che; paNa pAchale kALa hajAra varSane hoya to paNa tenA vicAro ApaNane joIe tevA AvatA nathI. A vepAramAM prApta thatI saMpattine lIdhe so pacAsa varSamAM jyAre IblaDa sarakhAM aneka rAjyo vaibhavamAM tyAM che, te te pahelAnAM hajAra varSamAM keTalAM rAjyano udaya thayo haze tene mAtra vicAra kareja basa thaze. AvI rIte vicAra karatAM hiMdustAna para dezIonA hAthamAM javAnuM eka kAraNa evuM dekhAya che ke musalamAne e Ima, sIrIA, grIsa tathA kanTenTIne palanAM rAjya jItI laI pazcima taraphanAM yurepia rAjyane gherI lIdhAM, ane teone mATe pUrvamAMthI mAla laI javAne ekapaNa raste khulle rAkhe nahIM, eTale akaLAI jaI game te raste gherAmAMthI chaTakI javA e rAjyae mathana karyuM. je rAtA tathA kALA samudra uparanA vepAranA mAgI temane mATe khullA rahyA hatA te kadAcita pUrvanI mAphaka vepArane krama cAlyA ja karyo hata. tema thatAM hajAre varSa sudhI hiMdustAnane mAla dezAvara javAne lIdhe A dezamAM keTalI delata

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prakaraNa 2 je. ] yuropiananI zarUAtanI dhAmadhume. ekaThI thAta tenI kalpanA karavI paNa azakya che. upara varNavelI venisa, pharlorensa tathA lisbananI dhanasaMpannatA hiMdustAnanI lata AgaLa kaMIja visAtamAM nahatI. - yurepanI arvAcIna pragatine AraMbha upara kahelI vepAranI deDadhAmamAM thayo hato. pigIjha lekonA hAthamAM hiMdustAna javAne jaLamArga rahevAthI anya rAjyone IrSa thaI ane tene mATe soLamA ane sattaramAM saikAmAM darIA upara eka jhanunI yuddha cAlyuM. pUrvanAM rAjyo upara sarvoparI sattA besADI tenA vepArathI saghana thavAne mArga potAnA hastakamAM levA mATe aneka yurepiana rA vacce cAlelI anaMta takarAra tathA hoMsAneMsI hajI paNa tevIne tevI cAlu che. hiMdustAna javAne jaLa mArga jagyA pachI A hIMsAneMsIe ugra rUpa dhAraNa karyuM, ane pariNuMmamAM A taraphanAM keTalAMka rAjyo pazcimAnya prajAnA tAbAmAM gayAM, te paNa tene aMta Avyo nahIM. A hoMsAtesI jagatanA rAjakIya ItihAsanI mukhya kuMcI che. Aja saikAo thayAM e kheMcatANa cAlyA kare che, ane e jhagaDAmAM paDanArAM pAtre jude jude vakhate badalAyA kare che. A saghaLI khaTapaTa, IrAna, hiMdustAna, cIna vagere phaLadrupa dezonA mAla mATe tathA tyAMnI kArIgIrIne mATe che te ApaNe vIsarI javAnuM nathI. ApaNe mATe anya lekamAM keTalI daDadhAma cAlI hatI, keTalA le ke talavAra upADI jIva upara AvyA hatA ane keTalAe mIThI mIThI vAta karI hatI e saghaLuM bArIkIthI tapAsavAnuM Aje ApaNuM kartavya che. kaeNsTiMnTIne pala kere, kaMdahAra, kAbula, pekina game te ThekANe najara kare te tarata ja jaNAze ke tyAM thayelAM kArastAne ane pararAjyonI bhAMgaphADa mAtra vepArI lAbha upara avalaMbI rahyAM hatAM. masAlA, sugaMdhI vasANAM, raMga, tela, telabIja, sutara, auSadha, anAja, lAkaDAM ane bIje aneka prakArane kAco mAla hiMdustAna, malAyA dvIpakalpa tathA tenI AsapAsanA TApuo, cIna, pUrva AphrikA ItyAdI pradezamAMthI ghaNe sasta dare lAve, tenA nAnA tarehanA upayogI padArtho banAvI te AkhI dunIAmAM bane teTalA moMghA

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vecavA, ane e vyavahAra upara pitAnA rAjyane nirvAha uttama rIte calAvo e A veLAnI dhAmadhuma mULa udeza hate. prephesara rAmase kahe che ke "jagatanA itihAsane ekaMdara he tapAsatAM eTaluM te dekhAze ke eziA tathA yuropanA samAgama pachI hameza eka jAtanI jabaradasta vidyucchakti unna thatI jAya che, ane temAMthI sarva jagatanA vyavahArane vega maLe che. jagatanI pragatinuM AnA jevuM bIjuM kaI paNa kAraNa ItihAsamAM maLI AvatuM nathI" (Contemporary Review, July 1906). sara oNlTara rAlenA mata pramANe "jenA tAbAmAM darIe tenA tAbAmAM vepAra, jenA tAbAmAM jagatane vepAra, tenA tAbAmAM jagatanI delata eTale pratyakSa sarva jagata prakaraNa 3 juM. malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata 1. malabAranuM mahatva. 2. malabArane june itihAsa, 3. malabAranA loka: brAhmaNa ane nAyara. 4. malabAramAMnA musalamAna. 5. malabAramAM khristI lo. 6. mahAmakha samAraMbha. - 7. kelIkaTane jhAmarIna. 1. malabAranuM mahatva -yuropiana pahelavahelA malabAramAM AvyA hatA. soLamA saikAmAM porTugIjha lekee A kinArAne ghaNe khare bhAga chatI tyAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. A pradeza hiMdustAnanA bIjA bhAgethI tadana jude ja paDatuM hatuM. mAtra sRSTiracanAne lIdhe ja ema hatuM nahIM, paNa rAjyavyavasthA tathA lekenI rItabhAtamAM e prAMta bhinna jaNAtuM hatuM. AthI paradezI sattA sthApana thavAmAM kaMI vilaMba thaye nahIM. porTugIjhanI pahelAM Araba tathA khristI vagere paradezIoe A prAMta gherI lIdhuM hatuM. A sarva hakIkta temaja tyAMnI tatkAlIna tathA prAcIna aMtaHsthiti spaSTapaNe samajyA sivAya hiMdustAnamAM thayelI yuropiana rAjya sthApanAnI mImAMsA

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prakaraNa 3 che. ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. pa7 samajavI muzkela che. mULa saMsthA uttama prakAranI hovA chatAM pArakA amala niIce tenI kevI dazA thAya che te malabAranI hakIkata uparathI ghaNI sArI rIte jaNAI Ave che. malabAranI rAjyapaddhatimAM prajAsattAka tatva Amejha thayeluM hovAthI aitihAsika draSTIe tyAne Agale ItihAsa ati manoraMjaka lAge che, eTale viSayAMtara na karatAM tyAM prAcIna itihAsa savistarapaNe ahIM ja ApavAnuM iSTa jaNAya che. - hiMdustAnanI uttare himAlayanA pracaMDa pahADo AvelA hovAthI tathA tenI bIjI traNa bAjue samudra pharI vaLele hevAthI e deza abheda hoya evuM sAmAnya rIte samajavAmAM AvatuM. vAyavya koNa taraphathI e dezamAM dAkhala thavAne eka ja mArga hato, ane tyAMthI ja saghaLI anya prajAo A dezamAM dAkhala thaI hatI. bIje mArga caMbInI khINamAM thaIne hite jyAMthI buddha yatio dharmaprasAra karavAnA hetuthI TIbeTa gayA hatA. yuropiana leke ahIM AvyA te pUrve samudra mArga durbhedya hatuM evuM pazcimAtya graMthakAre lakhe che, tene bhAvArtha eTale ja have joIe ke e mArge hiMdustAnamAM praveza karavuM zakya che e vAta yurepianoeja siddha karI ApI, paNa vastusthiti evI nathI. manuSyanI buddhine prabhAva thatAM kaI paNa vAta tene durdhaTa lAgatI nathI. porTugIjhae atyaMta sAhasa veThI hiMdustAna deza zodhI kADhyo hato e garva madhyA che. e kaMI khovAI gayele deza nahote, temaja bIjA lekone te jANIte nahote evuM hatuM nahIM, parTugIjhonuM sAhasa eTaluM ja ke temanAM vahANe yuropane kinAro choDI vacamAM kethe aTakI nahIM paDatAM TheTha hiMdustAnanA kinArA sudhI AvyAM hatAM. e samaye taikAzAstramAM yuropianonI barAbarI karI zake tevA balake tenAthI paNa caDIAtA khalAsIo A tarapha hatA. prAcIna grIka ane phiniziyana khalAsIo bAtala karIe topaNa pirTugIjhanA udayanAM traNa cAraso varSa agAu Araba lekee nakAnayana vidyAmAM zreSTha prakAranI pravINatA meLavI hatI, ane jApAnanA kinArAthI bhUmadhya samudra sudhI teo pharatA

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58 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. hatA. A lAMbA ane te samayanA kaMIka aMze durdhaTa pravAsanI jeone dhAstI lAgI nahIM teo AphrikAnI pradakSiNA karavAmAM gabharAyA hoya e mAnI zakAtuM nathI. AphrikAnI dakSiNa bAjue vepAranAM kAMI paNa sAdhana hatAM nahIM, temaja IjIptamAMthI bhUmadhya samudramAM javA AvavAnuM ghaNuM thatuM hovAthI temane AphrikAnI pradakSiNa karavAno prasaMga Avyo nahIM. ema chatAM Araba jevA darIAvadhI lekanI theDe thoDe aMtare sahAya laI porTugIjha khalAsIo pUrva tarapha AvI zakyA hatA. TuMkANamAM, Araba tathA bIjA prAcIna samayanA leke vahANavaTAnA dhaMdhAmAM pravINa hatA. chatAM hiMdustAnanI delata svadeza laI javA jevI svArthI kalpanA piorTugIjha pahelAM ahIM AvanArA keI paNa paradezI leke karI nahIM hatI. yuropianoe hiMdustAna AvI nirALA prakAranuM kRtya AraMLyuM, eTale tenI mahattA agADI AvI, ane ahIMnI prajAnAM saghaLAM kAma dabAI gayAM. paMdaramA saikAmAM yuropiana temaja bIjA leke naikAgamanamAM sarakhI rIte kuzaLa hevA chatAM, yuropianenI pragati thaI ane Itara leke pAchaLa paDI gayA, e bAbatane vicAra te kALanI paristhitinI madadathI karIe te sahaja jaNAze ke A prAcya leka saMpattivAna tathA suvyavasthita hovAthI ene paramulakamAMthI A jIvIkAnI kaI paNa vastu ANavAnI jarUra lAgI nahIM. paradhana tathA paradeza e banne bAbata temanI abhilASA na prerAyAthI temanI pAse hatuM te uparAMta vadhAre meLavavA mATe temaNe sAhasa karavAno nahoto. bIjI tarapha sAhasika Araboe vepAramAM jhapalAvI yurepiane nukasAna pahoMcADyuM hatuM, eTale teo bahAra paDavAne atizaya uttejIta thayA hatA, ane jIva upara AvI dhamapachADa karavA lAgyA hatA. AthI ja temanI pragati thaI hatI. yurepiane A prayatna zAne mATe hato, ane AgaLa upara enuM pariNAma kevuM Avaze e tapasavAnI darakAraja koIe karI nahIM. A kAraNathI AgaLa vadhavA eziA. ne leke pAtra nahetA athavA yuropiana lekenI buddhija kaMI alaikIka tathA vilakSaNa hatI ema kahI zakAya nahIM.

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prakaraNa 3 je. ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. hiMdustAnanA pazcima kinArAne malabAra kinAro kahe che. e kinA rAnI samAMtara, samudrathI trIzeka mAIla dUra saMhyAdrI parvatanI hAra AvelI hevAthI, eTalo mulaka hiMdustAnanA bIjA bhAgathI chuTA paDI gayA hoya ema lAge che. suratathI gaNIe te jamInanA A cIrAmAM anukrame uttara kekaNuM eTale thANuM tathA kolAbA jillA, dakSiNa kokaNa eTale ratnAgIrI jillo, sAMvatavADI saMsthAna, gomaMTaka, uttara kAnaDA, dakSiNa kAnaDA, malabAra, kocIna ane trAvaNakoranA prAMte Ave che. malabAranI pUrve mahaisura tathA kurganA prAMti AvelA che. A kinAre mukhya baMdare nIce pramANe che - surata, damaNa, daheNuM, tArApura, mAhIma, vasaI, thANa, muMbaI alIbAga, jaMjIrA, ratnAgIrI, vijayadurga, mAlavaNa, veMgurlA, paMchama, mAgavA, kAravAra, kumaThA, henavara, bhaTakaLa (chellAM traNa uttara kAnaDAmAM che); meMgalera ( dakSiNa kAnaDA ), kAnAnura, TelicarI, mahI, kaeNlIkaTa, punAnI (malabAra), kocIna, kalama (kivelena), aMjana, triveMdrama ane kemerIne. AmAMnAM keTalAMka baMdaranI hakIkata agADI AvatI hovAthI saMpUrNa noMdha ahIM ApI che. 2, malabArane june ItihAsa-malabAranuM asala nAma kerala hatuM. prAcIna kALamAM cera, cala tathA pAMDaya evAM traNa rAjyo dakSiNamAM hatAM, te paikI cera eTale kerala hatuM evuM zodhakoe TharAvyuM che. ceranADa karIne hAlamAM malabAramAM eka tAluke che, tenuM nAma kerala uparathI ja paDyuM haze. evI AkhAI che ke pUrve parazurAme samudra pAchaLa haThAvI malabAranI jamIna utpanna karI tyAM cAturvarNanI sthApanA karI hatI. teNe esaka gAma vasAvI cAracAra gAmano eka bhAga evA soLa bhAga karyA hatA. dareka bhAgamAMnA lekee pitAnAmAMthI eka amaladAra te bhAgane kArabhAra karavA mATe nIma teNe traNa varSa kArabhAra karavo tathA kharaca mATe ekaMdara jamInano ja bhAga tene Apavo, e zarUAtamAM vahivaTa hatuM. paNa e amaladAra dara traNa varSe badalAtuM hovAthI e mudatamAM phAve teTale te julama karo. A julamane aTakAva karavA mATe saghaLA lekee tirUnA

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ka . hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vAyI nAmane sthaLe ekaThA thaI sarvAnumate eka rAjA cuMTI kahADe, tene perUmAla eTale moTe athavA paramezvara kahetA. pirUmAla bAra varSa amala karI rAjya choDayuM, ane pharIthI lekee moTo samAraMbha karI no rAjA pasaMda kare e pramANene vahivaTa I. sa. 216 mAM nakakI thayo hoya ema kahevAya che. upara mujaba cera prAMtano rAjA je kaDuMgalura urphe kAMgAnuramAM rAjya karatuM hatuM tenuM nAma perUmAla paDayuM hatuM. e nAma azokanA zilAlekhamAM paNa maLI Ave che. paNa A hakIkata mATe daMta kathA sivAya bIjo AdhAra nathI. aitihAsika mAhitI te eTalI ja maLe che ke malabAra kinArA upara romana lokone vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. pAchaLa kahyA pramANe e lekanuM asala nANuM malabAra ane trAvaNakoramAM puSkaLa maLI Ave che. vidvAnenI zodha uparathI jaNAya che ke I. sa. nA cothA zatakamAM malabAranA kAMcI zaheramAM pallava rAjAnuM rAjya hatuM. e rAjya ghaNuM karIne caMdamAM saikA sudhI hastImAM hatuM. 59lava rAjAnA vakhatamAM AvelA cInAI musAphara phAhiAne malabAranAM rAjyanI keTalIka hakIkata lakhI che. I. sa. nA sAtamA saikAmAM vAtApI urphe badAmInA cAlukya rAjAe malabAra upara svArI karI pallavano parAbhava karyo, paNa tenI sattA e prAMtamAM cAlu thAya te pahelAM tene rASTrakaTe jItI lIdho. A rASTrakuTa keTaleka vakhata malabAramAM prabaLa rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu AkhA prAMtamAM nAyara lekanAM majabata saMsthAne tathA nAnAM nAnAM rAjye patharAyelAM hevAthI rASTrakaTane amala barAbara jAmyo nahIM. A nAyara leke mULa tAmIla hatA, ane pUrva kinArA uparathI malabAramAM AvI rahyA hatA. paNa e kyAre AvyA te nakkI jaNAyuM nathI. mI. elisanuM kahevuM evuM che ke I. sa. 389 ne sumAre e leke malabAramAM AvyA ane te mulaka pita pitAnAmAM heMcI lIdhA. 3. malabAranA loko brAhmaNa tathA nAyara -malabAramAM naMbutiri brAhmaNa, nAyara, mopalA musalamAna ane khristI e cAra prakA

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prakaraNa 3 . ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. ranA leke vase che, ane te darekanA aneka peTA vibhAga che. hiMdustAnanA bIjA bhAgomAM jevI rIte Arya sudhArAnI asara dareka bAbatamAM spaSTa mAlama paDI Ave che tevuM kaMI ciha malabAramAM jaNAtuM nathI. AnuM pariNAma kevuM AvyuM tene bArIka vicAra karavo joIe. Arya lekenI cAturvarya saMsthA dezanA bIjA bhAganI mAphaka ahIM nahatI. AnI jAtI vyavasthAnuM mULa kuTuMba hatuM, ane te upara temaNe pitAnI samAjanI racanA goThavI hatI. A mATe temaNe samAjanA cAra mukhya bhAga karI darekane cAra judAM judAM kAmo soMpI ApyAM. kAlAMtare kAmanI A vaheMcaNI eTalI te spaSTa tathA pRthaka thaI ke be pakSanA kSatriya leke mAhe mAMhe laDatA hoya, te eka tarapha brAhmaNa tapazcaryA karyA kare ane bIjI tarapha kaNabI khetI karyA kare, paraMtu cAlatA jhagaDAmAM paDavAnuM jarUranuM che evI buddhi e bemAMthI kAInI cAlatI nahIM (lagana). AvAM kAraNane lIdheja paradezI humalA A deza upara AvatAM saghaLA leke svadezanA rakSaNa mATe zatru upara uDyAnAM udAharaNa ApaNA prAcIna ItihAsamAM ghaNAM maLatAM nathI. deza rakSaNanuM kAma kSatrionuM ja che ema bIjI jAte samajatI. ema chatAM AryonI AvI vyavasthAne lIdhe samAjanI sudhAraNuM tathA AbAdI thaI dareka kasabane navuM rUpa maLavAthI prAcIna AryonI pragati atizaya jhaDapathI thayelI jaNAI Ave che. paNa malabAranI samAjavyavasthA ghaNe arvAcIna samayanI che. ahIMA naMbutiri brAhmaNa IsavI sananA AThamA saikAmAM bahArathI AvyA tyAra agAu mAtra jaina leke uttaramAMthI AvyA hatA, ane teo Ane cheDe ghaNe sudhAro ahIM lAvyA hatA. teoe judA judA dhaMdhAvALAnAM samAja, jene aMgrejImAM gIlDasa ( Guilds) kahe che te, malabAramAM sthApyAM. A samAjone zarUAtamAM dharmanuM svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM nahatuM, paNa AThamA saikAmAM brAhmaNoe e tatva umerI jAti baMdhana draDha karyuM. A brAhmaNa vaidika eTale vedAdhyayana karanArA hovAthI temanA vibhAga paNa vedane anusarIne hatA. prasiddha zaMkarAcArya mULa malabAranA naMbutiri brAhmaNa che; ahIMnA saghaLA brAhmaNe tenAja anuyAyI che. butiri brAhma

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hiMdustAnane avAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. NonAM daza "grAma" eTale zAkhA hatI. pratyeka grAma upara dekharekha rAkhavA mATe lekaniyukta cha adhIkArInI sabhA hatI. tenA adhyakSane "smArta tathA sabhAsadane mimAMsaka' kahetA. dezanA rAjAnI paravAnagIthI A sabhA jAtinA saghaLA kaMTAne nikAla karatI. malabAramAM bIjI mukhya jAta nAyaranI hatI. nAyara eTale lekonA nAyaka, dezanuM rakSaNa karanArA athavA kSatrionuM kAma karanArA zudra e artha thAya che. e Arya nahatA. ahIM ghaNA thoDAja Aryo A veLA hovAthI temaja deza saMrakSaNanA kAma mATe joIe teTalA kSatriya leka na hovAthI, malabAramAM kSatriyonI navIja jAta banAvavI paDI. rAjyavyavasthA mATe dezanA je bhAga pADyA hatA tene "nADa" eTale nAyarenA adhikAranA deza kahetA. pratyeka "nADa'mAM cha kuTuMbo hatAM, ane dareka kuTuMbane akakeka mANasa paTazata" (cha) nAmanI parISadane sabhAsada hatA. A sabhA pitAnI "nADa" no vahivaTa karatI, sarakArI kara vasula karatI, lazkaranI madadathI prAMtanuM rakSaNa karavA tajavIja rAkhatI, tAbAnAM mANaso upara dekharekha rAkhatI ane lekenA TaMTA cukavatI. TUMkamAM, prAcIna kALanAM grIka lekanAM prajAsattAka rAjya jevIja kaMIka "nADa" nI saMsthA hatI. hajI paNa malabAranA keTalAka tAlukAnAM nAma dharanADa" "vallavanADa" evAM che. "nADa" nA paTAM bhAgane "tera" kahetA. "tera" eTale galI e zabda "tara uparathI Avyo che. zarUAtamAM cAra kuTuMbane eka "taramAM samAveza thato hovAthI dareka "nADa" mAM savAso "tara' hatAM. 'tara" nA mukhya vyavasthApakane karNavara (Karnavara) kahetA, ane temanA mukhyastha, madhyastha ane pramANi evA traNa prakAra hatA. dareka "nADa" upara sarvAnumate nImela eka adhikArI hatA, ane sarva "nADa" maLI eka sArvabhrama rAjA cuMTI kahADatAM. malabAranI te samayanI rAjyapaddhati jANavA jevI che. rAjyane pUNa adhikAra "nA" nI sabhAnA hAthamAM hevAthI rAjA ke adhikArIone leke upara julama thatuM nahIM. TelicarInI aMgrejI vakhArane dubhASio

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prakaraNa 3 . ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. . 63 pitAnI rajanizImAM tA. 28 mI me 1746 ne raja nIce mujaba lakhe cheH "nAyara eTale kaeNlikaTanI prajAnA mukhatyAranI banelI sabhA ApaNI pArlAmenTa jevI ja hatI. A sabhAe rAjAne hukama zAMtapaNe sAMbhaLo evuM kaMI hatuM nahIM, paNa tenA amaladAre je anyAya kare te temane zikSA karavAno adhikAra A sabhAne hate." nADanI A sabhAne " kusabhA kahetA. te ekatra thaI kAma karatI ane rAjyamAM tenuM vajana atizaya paDatuM. svArI, zikAra, yuddha, paMcAyata vagere agatyanAM kAmasara A sabhA maLatI, ane AMkha, hAtha ane hukama (the eye, the hand, and the Command) e tenI lAkSaNika saMjJA hatI, eTale ke pAsethI mahesula ugharAvavuM, teonA paraspara hakamAM vikSepa paDavA devo nahIM ane sarvanI rItabhAta egya rIte calAvavI e kAma A sabhAnuM hatuM. kAnaDAnA dakSiNa kinArA upara ane khAsa karIne malabAramAM cAlatI A rAjyavyavasthA sane 191 mAM jyAre briTiza sattA e prAMtamAM cAluM thaI tyAre nAza pAmI. aneka pAzcAtya graMthakArano e abhiprAya che ke je A rAjyavyavasthAne A pramANe aMta AvyA na hota te ahIM eka prakAranuM svataMtra svarAjya kAyamane mATe TakI raheta. malabAramAM nAyara sivAya joSI, zikSaka, sutAra, luhAra, gavaiyA, dhobI vagere aneka jAtinA loka vasatA hatA, ane tethI grAmasaMsthA pUrNa thaI hatI. ahIMnA jevI paNa kaMIka pheraphAra vALI grAmasaMsthAnI paddhati te vakhate AkhA hiMdustAnamAM pracalita hatI. mALInA jevI kheDutonI eka bIjI jAta "tIyara" karIne hatI te mULa silenathI malabAramAM AvI hatI evuM kahevAya che. A jAtanAM strI purUSa svarUpavAna, suMdara ane svaccha hatAM. strIo je yurepiane sAthe rahetI te nyAtamAMthI temane bahiSkAra thato nahIM, eTale e jAtamAM yuropiana lehI bheLAvavAthI temanI varNa ghaNIja badalAI gaI. A sivAya hajAma, vAMsaphoDA, chattara banA vanArA, cerUmAra eTale gulAma jevA leka, vaTaLelA musalamAna tathA khristIo malabAramAM ghaNuM che.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. upara kahyA pramANe nAyara lekanI viziSTa prakAranI svataMtra rAjyavyavasthA ghaNuM saikA sudhI malabAramAM cAlu hatI. jema jema navA navA leke tyAM AvatA gayA tema temane A vyavasthAmAM samAveza thate gaye, ane temane keTalAka haka prApta thayA. yAhUdI ane khistI leko A prAMtamAM AvI vasyA ane temanI mahattA vadhI eTale temane paNa rAjAe keTalAka viziSTa hakanI sanada karI ApI. AvI traNa sanade kotarI kahADelA akSare malyALI bhASAmAM lakhelI maLI AvI che. tenA kharApaNuM vize saMzaya levAnuM kaMI kAraNa na hovAthI te kALanI rAjyapaddhatinI ghaNI hakIkata te uparathI ApaNane maLe che. e sanade nIce pramANe che: 1. sanada pahelI ( I. sa. 700 )-bhAskara ravivarmA nAmanA rAjAe ApelI. 2. sanada bIjI (I. sa. 774)-vIrarAghava cakravartIe ApelI. 3. sanada trIjI (I. sa. 824)-sthAvigupta rAjAe ApelI. A traNe sanadono lekha vidvAnoe ukelI tene artha besADe che te uparathI mAlama paDe che ke pahelI sanadathI yAhudI lekene keTalAka haka ApavAmAM AvyA hatA, bIjInI rUe uttara taraphanA khristIone tathA trIjI anvaya dakSiNa taraphanA khristIone haka bakSavAmAM AvyA hatA. mAra pAra nAmano eka khristI prahastha I. sa. 822 mAM bebIlenathI hiMdustAnamAM kalama zaheramAM Avyo hato, teNe tyAMnA sthAnika amaladArenI mAraphate malabAramAMnA pitAnA dharmabAMdhanI hakIkata meLavI. e hakIkatane ApaNA ItihAsa sAthe kaMI saMbaMdha nathI. uparanI trIjI sanadamAM jamarUvAmAM sApIra isa'nuM nAma Ave che te ane A mAra sepAra ekaja hovo joIe. A lekha uparathI cera athavA kerala prAMtanI hada sAmAnya rIte kaeNliTathI kalama sudhI haze evuM jaNAya che. manamAM rAjAnAM nAmo che te kadAca tyAMnA pirUmAla rAjAnAM haze. e uparathI vaLI evuM paNa anumAna thaI zake che ke teo bahudhA kekaNamAMnA maryavaMzI rAjAo haze. pratyeka sanada upara je je bhAgamAMnA haka tenI rUe Apa

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65 prakaraNa 3 ju.] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. vAmAM AvyA hatA te bhAganA mAMDaLika rAjAnI temaja bIjA sAkSIonI sahI che te uparathI temaja sanadenI ekaMdara racanA uparathI eTaluM siddha thAya che ke nAyare rAjyamAM je haka jogavatA hatA tevAja haka yAhudI ane khristI lekone ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. A lekenI eka elAhedI samAja eTale nADa banAvI tenA upara temanI ja jAtine eka amaladAra nImavAmAM Avyo hato. e amaladArane vaMzaparaMparAne adhikAra saMpAdana thayo hato, ane chatrI, masAla, pAlakhI, nebata vagere maLavA uparAMta tene bIjA hake paNa upalabdha thayA hatA. marUvAna sApIra isee keTalIka jamInanI aMdaranA pANInA haka vecAtA lIdhA hatA. nAyaranA "nA" nI mAphaka yahudI ane khristIonI paNa "sata" sabhA hatI, ane bIjI jAtionAM gIlDa jevAM temanAM paNa gIlDa u saMgha thayA hatA. - samasta prajAnI saMmatithI A hake anya dharmIone ApavAmAM AvelA hevAthI sanada upara saghaLAnI sAkha thaI hatI. AvI rIte khristI ane yahudI leke upara sArvajanika saMsthAnI javAbadArI soMpavAmAM AvI hatI, ane bIjAnI mAphaka temanA kharaca sArU rAjyanI utpannane amuka bhAga vaMzaparaMparA mATe chuTo pADI ApavAmAM Avyo hate. . sanadanA majakura uparathI jaNAya che ke sArvabhauma sarakAre pitAnA hAthamAM ghaNuM thoDIja sattA rAkhI hatI. teNe dareka prAMtanI niranirALI sabhA sthApI temane rAjya kArabhAra soMpI Apyo hato. e sarvanA mukhI sArvoma rAjA perUmAlanA tAbAmAM dareka prAMtika sabhAno uparI urphe mAMDaLika rAjA hatA. sanadane cheDe lakhelA "brAhmaNoe banne sabhAne saMmati ApavAthI A lekha maMjura karavAmAM Avyo che e zabdo uparathI jaNAya che ke brAhmaNonI paNa judI samAja hatI, ane koI paNa navI samAja hastImAM Ave te agAu temanI te bAbata saMmatinI jarUra hatI. hiMdustAnanA bIjA bhAgamAM grAmasaMsthA hatI, paNa malabAramAMnI A rAjyapaddhati kaMIka judA ja prakAranI hatI. dezamAM vepAra arthe athavA bIjA kAraNe bahAranA leke AvIne vase ane teonI AbAdI thAya eTale rAjyakArabhAramAM temane samAna

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tAnA haka ApavA tathA pitAnI vyavasthA karavAnuM temane ja soMpavuM e ApaNuM kartavya che, evuM te samayanA rAjakartA samajatA. khristI, yahudI vagere paradezI lokone potapotAnI rAjakIya samAja banAvavA ane temanA hake anya samAjanA hakanI ADe nahIM Ave evI tajavIja karavI, ane sarva svataMtrapaNe tathA zAMta rIte pitAnA haka bhagave evo vahivaTa malabAramAM hate. upara kahelI traNa sanadamAMthI mAtra ekanI bAbatamAM brAhmaNanI saMmati levAyelI hovAthI pahelI sanada I. sa. 700 mAM apAyA pachI ane bIjI sanada I. sa. 774 mAM apAyA pahelAM naMbutiri brAhmaNa dakSiNa kAnarAmAMthI malabAramAM AvyA hatA, ema sahaja dhArI zakAze. nAyaromAM paNa peTA vibhAga hatA. temanI raheNIkaheNI svaccha hatI, ane strIo svataMtra hovAthI samAraMbhamAM purUSonI mAphaka khullI rIte pharatI. emanAmAM svayaMvarano rIvAja hevAthI strIo moTI umaranI thayA pachI pitAne pati pasaMda karatI. malabAranA lekene hamezAM laDAIne dhaMdho vadhAre gamato, chatAM teo ghaNuM sabhya hatA. eo sAtame varSe chokarAne kasaratazALAmAM mukatA ane temane hathIArane upayoga kema karo te zIkhavatA. kasaratathI temanuM aMga eTaluM badhuM vaLatuM ke jANe temanA zarIramAM hADakAMja hoya nahIM. teo zarIre tela mardana karatA. potAnAM hathIAra mATe teo vizeSa abhimAnI hatA. keInuM khuna thAya te maranAranA chokarAe athavA sagAe zatrune prANu leja joIe evo emanAmAM dhAre hatuM. muMbaIne gavaranara jenAdhana. Danakana, sara hekaTara manare, lAbuDane vagere aneka gRhasthAe nAyara lekanI zastrapravINutAnI tathA zairyanI atizaya tArIpha karI che. temane saradAra laDAImAM 1. Johnston's relations of the most famous Kingdom in the world. (Ed. 1611). 2. Mrs. Murdoch. Brown to Francis Buchanan, beginning of 19th Century.

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prakaraNa 3 . ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. laDatAM paDate te prANa jatAM sudhI duzmananI pAchaLa paDavAmAM teo AnAkAnI karatA nahIM. preta bALyA pachI tenAM hADakAM paththaranI suMdara peTImAM mukI te dATavAne cAla nAyarAmAM hato. AvI rIte dATelI judA judA ghATanI puSkaLa junI peTIo hamaNuM khoda kAma karatAM maLI Ave che. peTI nakazIdAra hatI tathA tenA upara lekha katarelA hatA. have A juna cAla baMdha paDe hoya che, ane hAlamAM maiyatanA hADakAM nadImAM nAkhavAmAM Ave che ke kaI tIrthasthAnamAM dATavAmAM Ave che. azokanA vakhatathI malabAramAM buddha ane jaina dharmane prasAra thayo hatuM, temAM jaina dharmanuM prAbalya vizeSa hatuM. paNa A sthitimAM AThamA saikAmAM butiri brAhmaNe malabAramAM AvyA pachI ghaNe phera paDI gayo ane zaMkarAcAryane paMtha pUrNa jozamAM cAlyo. malabAranuM vRtAnta lakhanArA me. legana sAheba kahe che ke e prAMtanA saMbaMdhamAM yAda rAkhavA jevI mahatvanI vAta che te nAyara lekenI prabaLa sattAnI che. seMkaDo varSa lagI lazkarI temaja bIjAM kAmamAM teo prAdhAnyapaNuM bhogavatA, ane je paradezIo vacamAM nahIM AvyA hatA te e pramANe teo keTalAka saikA sudhI TakI rahetuM. hajI paNa nAyara loko malabAramAM rahe che paNa dIlagIrInI vAta che ke lekanA haka TakAvI rAkhavA temanAmAM je sAmarthya hatuM te have rahyuM nathI. AvA rAjyabaMdhAraNane lIdhe rAjAne prajA upara kAMI paNa julama thatuM nahIM ane te aniyaMtrita rAjya calAvI zakate nahIM. sarva kAma tene kuTuM sabhAnI mAraphata karavuM paDatuM. A prajAsattAka rAjyavyavasthA pahelI haidaalIe DI. ekaMdara rIte jotAM A prAMta ghaNuM lAMbA kALa sudhI sukhI ane AnaMdI hatuM, ane teno vepAra ghaNe dhamadhokAra cAlato hato. 4. malabAramAMnA musalamAna-malabAramAM musalamAnanuM mahatva ghaNuM hatuM kemake temane lIdhe tenA vepAranI vRddhi thaI te prakhyAta thayuM hatuM. navamA sakAmAM eTale I. sa, 851 pachI malabAramAM musalamAne

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. AvyA. evuM kahevAya che ke malabAramAM jyAre eramANu perUmAla nAmane eka parAkramI rAjA kAMgAnuramAM rAjya karatA hatA tyAre keTalAka Araba phakIree tyAM AvI rAjAnuM mana musalamAna dharma tarapha pheravyuM. te uparathI rAjAe makakA lagI saphara karI AvavA nizcaya karyo, ane te mATe gupta rIte eka jahAja taiyAra karAvyuM. e vahANa mAraphata ahIMthI nAsI jaI rAjA arabastAnamAMnA "zahara" nAmane ThekANe utaryo. ahIM malika-imna-dinAra pitAnA AkhAM kuTuMba sAthe rAjAne maLe. AgaLa jatAM banne vacce sArI dastI thatAM rAjAe musalamAnI dharma aMgIkAra karyo. keTaloka samaya arabastAnamAM rahyA pachI hiMdustAna AvI ahIMnA lokone enA dharmamAM vaTalAvavA tenI IcchA hatI, paNa eTalAmAM te AjArI paDI maraNa pAmyo. maratA pahelAM rAjAe malika-Inna-dinAra ane bIjA snehIone pitAnI pAse bolAvI temane malabAra jaI tyAM masalamAnI dharmane prasAra karavA AgrahapUrvaka vinaMtI karI, ane tyAM masIda vagere bAMdhavA nANunI madada karavA malabAranA rAjA upara teNe kAgaLa lakhI ApI de che. A pachI keTaleka vakhata vItyA bAda malika-Inta-dinAra pitAnA kuTuMbanAM mANaso sAthe perUmAla rAjA uparane kAgaLa laI malabAra AvyA. kAMgAnuranA rAjAe tene satkAra karyo, ane ceramaNanA lakhyA pramANe masIda bAMdhavA mATe jagyA tathA nANAne baMdobasta karI Apyo. malikaImna-dinAra mukhya kAjI thayA. teNe trAvaNakara jaI kalamamAM masIda bAMdhI, temaja uttara tarapha maMgalura, kAsAragoDa vagere ThekANe paNa tevI ja masIda ubhI karI. A pramANe pazcima kinArA upara musalamAnI dharmanI sthApanA thaI hatI. paNa malika-Inna-dinAre pitAnuM lakSa mAtra dharmanI bAbatamAM rokI rAkhyuM nahotuM. sarva ThekANe adhikArIo taraphathI ene madada maLatI hatI eTale vepArane mATe yogya jagyAe pasaMda karavAmAM teNe DhIla karI nahIM. malika hiMdustAnamAM Avyo te pahelAM Araba vepArIo malabAra kinArA upara AvI rahyA hatA, tathA hiMdu strIo sAthe lagnanA gAMThathI joDAI teoe eka varNazaMkara prajA utpanna karI hatI. A '

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prakaraNa 3 ju.] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. prajAnI saMkhyA vadhatAM temanAmAM vyavasthita rIte dharmane prasAra karavAnI AvazyakatA jaNAI ane malika-Inga-dinAranI mahenata phaLIbhUta thaI A pramANe be vidharmI lekamAMthI je prajA thaI tenuM nAma "mepalA" paDayuM. sAmAnya rIte malabAranA musalamAne e nAmathI oLakhAya che. mahApillA" (mahA eTale moTuM ane pillA eTale kare) eTale maTe mAnavaMta purUSa, chokarAnA jevI haTha karI AgaLa vadhanAre, evA arthanI vyutpatti uparathI A zabda pracAramAM Avyo. " mepalAnA mukhya sthAna kAnAnuramAM adyApi musalamAnI rAjyakuTuMba che. IsavI sananA bAramA saikAnI zarUAtamAM malabAramAM eka rAjA pAse Aryana kulAMgara nAyara" nAmane eka kulIna dIvAna hato. te haMzIAra tathA zANe hovAthI tene saheje lAgyuM ke musalamAna dharma svIkAravAthI tenI dIvAnagIrI kAyama raheze, eTale teNe te dharmamAM dAkhala thaI mahamadaallI nAma dhAraNa karyuM. TuMkamAM te samaye malabAramAM musalamAna thavAmAMja lAbha che evuM leke samajatA. paNa ahIMnA musalamAnanA kartavyamAM ane uttara hiMdustAnamAMnA temanA svadharmIonA jokhamakAraka kAmamAM eka camatkArika virodha jaNAI Ave che. hiMdu leke upara julama karI temane musalamAna karavAmAM tathA laDAI chaLakapaTa ane katala karavAmAM jyAre uttara taraphanA musalamAno mazagula thayA hatA, tyAre ahIM zAMta rIte musalamAnI dharma pravRttAvavAnuM kAma cAlatuM hatuM. khristI dharma paNa ahIM ThIka phelAyo hate. kharuM kahIe te malabAramAM hiMdu dharma jA nahato. brAhmaNa baLavAna thayelA na hovAthI musalamAnI dharma ghaNI sahelAIthI sthapAyo hate. malabAra ane hiMdustAnanA bIjA bhAga vacce A moTo taphAvata che. bIjA prAMtanI mAphaka ahIM brAhmaNanuM dharmazikSaNa dAkhala thayeluM na hevAthI anya dharmane praveza pazcima kinArA upara jeTaluM sahelathI thaye teTale bIjA koI paNa prAMtamAM thayo nahoto. ahIM musalamAna tema porTugIjhone hAthe asaMkhya mANaso paradharmamAM vaTalyA hatA. vaTalela lekanI

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70 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. evaDI moTI saMkhyA bIje kaI ThekANe maLatI nathI. malabAra kinArA upara piorTugIjhe jarA pagabhara thayA eTale AkhA hiMdustAnamAM khristI dharma sahejamAM prasaraze evo khyAla AvatAM te saMbaMdhI teoe khAsa prayatna karyo. e uparathI brAhmaNoe svadharmanuM rakSaNa karavAmAM keTaluM mahAna kAma uThAvyuM hatuM te tarata jaNAze. vaLI jeo ema pratipAdana kare che ke brAhmaNoe anya jAtinA leke upara pitAne lAgavaga laMbAvI dezanI hAnI karI che temane mATe paNa brAhmaNae je kAma ahIM karI batAvyuM che te manana karavA joga che. emanA parizrama uparathI eTaluM te anumAna thAya che ke hiMdustAnamAM brAhmaNoe svadharmanA rakSaNa arthe mAthuM ucakayuM na heta to Aje Akhe deza musalamAnI athavA khristI thayo heta. arabastAnanA zahara nAmanA gAmamAM perUmAla rAjAnI kabara che. hamaNunA mepala lekemAM Araba lehI ghaNuM dekhAtuM nathI, kemake asala je vaTale prajA thaI hatI teneja vistAra cAlyA kare che. kaeNlikaTanA jhAmorInane pitAnAM vahANane mATe musalamAna khalAsIonI jarUra hevAthI hiMdu chokarAone musalamAna dharmamAM vaTalAvI te pitAne upayogamAM lete. A musalamAne ghaNuMkharuM hiMdu rItarIvAja cAluM rAkhe che ne dhameM sunnI che. 5, malabAramAM khristI lekeA sivAya malabAramAM bIjA mahatvanA leke khristI hatA. ema kahevAya che ke malabAramAM senTa masA nAmanA pAdarIe khristI dharmane phelAvo karyo hato tethI ahIMnA khristIo senTa Tomasa krizcIansa kahevAtA. teo mULa siriAnA hovAthI temane siriana krizcIansa paNa kahetA. prAcInakALamAM siriAthI khristI vepArIo dhaMdhA mATe hiMdustAna AvelA temaNe pitAne dharma ahIM calAvyo haze. kayA dharmanA leka prathama ahIM AvyA e nakakI jaNAtuM nathI, te paNa eTalI te khAtarI thAya che ke I. sa. 1000 lagImAM niranirALA paMthanA khristI lekee ahIM AvI pitAne paMtha sthA hatA. porTugIjhanA AvyA pachI e saghaLA leke temanI sAthe joDAI gayA. sane 1598 mAM elekisasa menesisane govAne bizapa banAvI pipe

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prakaraNa 3 ju.] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. 71 - malabAramAM mokalyo hato. AgaLa jatAM sane 1643 mAM Daca lekee kacIna zahera kabaje karyuM tyArathI proTesTaMTa paMtha agADI Avyo. TuMkamAM malabAramAM khristI leke jeTalA mahatvanA bIjA koI leke hatA nahIM.' - 6, mahAmakha samAraMbha-malabAramAM tA. 25 mI ogasTa sane 825 thI zarU thayele "kema" nAmane zaka cAle che. enuM bIjuM nAma "AcArya vAgabheghA" evuM che, te uparathI e zaka zaMkarAcArye cAlu karyo haze ema jaNAya che. bIjI kalpanA evI che ke Asare sane 825 mAM malabArane chelle rAjA ceramANa perUmAla rAjya choDI makake cAlyo gayo te vakhate kaMI paNa rAjyakrAnti thayA pachI A zaka thayo hate.. malabAramAM dara bAra varSe no rAjA cuMTI kahADavA mATe eka moTe. samAraMbha asalanA vakhatathI thato hato. e samAraMbhane onama athavA mahAmakha kahetA, ane te sane 1743 sudhI thatA hatA. A samAraMbhamAM saghaLI "kuTuM" sabhAnA sabhAsado ane rAjyanA nAnA moTA leko hAjara. rahetA ane tyAM rAjyanI sarva bAbatano nikAla thato. - kepTana elekajhAnDara hemilTana sattaramI sadInA aMtamAM malabAramAM hate teNe A samAraMbhanI pratyakSa hakIkata ApI che te A pramANe - "malabAranA rAjAne jhAmarIna (sAmudrI, sAmurI) kahetA. teNe bAra karatAM vadhAre varSa rAjya karavAnuM nahotuM; je teTalA vakhatamAM te maraNa pAme te ThIka, nahIM te moTo samAraMbha karI sarvanI samakSa teNe potAne ziraccheda karavo evo dhAre hate. e prasaMga AvatAM rAjA eka moTo samAraMbha karI temAM saghaLA saradAra tathA sabhya gRhasthone bolAvo ane temane mIjabAnI Apato. te pachI saghaLAnI rajA laI rAjA vadhastaMbha AgaLa jato ane sarvanI rUbarU pitAnuM DokuM kApI ApatA. tyArabAda tenA zabane saghaLA ekaThA thayelA leko bALI AvI no rAjA nImatA. A cala prAcInakALamAM hatApaNa hamaNAM te ghaNe vakhata thayA baMdha paDe che. hAlanI rIta evI che ke dara bAra varSe AkhA rAjyamAM eka moTo utsava

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72 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. thAya. eka meTA medAnamAM vistIrNa maMDapa taiyAra karI tyAM dasabAra divasa mahotsava thate ane rAta divasa vAtra vAgatAM. bArame dahADe ekaThA thayelA lekamAMthI game te cAra mANaso trIsa cALIsa hajAra lazkaramAM ghusI jaI taMbumAM beThelA jhAmorInane mAravA jatA. eomAMthI rAjAne je mArI zakate tene rAjya maLatuM. sane 1696 mAM thayelA samAraMbha vakhate huM hAjara hatA. A samAraMbha kaeNlikaTanI dakSiNe cALIsa mAIla upara darIA kinAre pinAnI tAlukAmAM thayo hato, ane e prasaMge mAtra traNa ja AsAmIe rAjAne mAravA dhasyA hatA. teoe ghaNAne ThAra mAryo paNa Akhare pite ja kapAI muA. emAMnA ekane bhatrI pAse ja hatA te tarataja deDate jhAmarInanA taMbumAM gayo ane tenA upara taravAra ugAmI, paNa te cukatAM rAjAnA rakSakee tene ThAra karyo. A vakhate tepa vagerene avAja be traNa dahADA lagI meM sAMbhaLyo hato.' keralamahAo ane kolespatti nAmanA malabAranA ItihAsanA be graMtha, pahele saMskRtamAM ane bIje marAThImAM che. uparanI hemilTananI hakIkatamAM ane keralamAhAmyamAM ApelI samAraMbhanI hakIkatamAM eTale ja phera che ke mAhAmyamAM rAjAne mArI nAkhavA bAbata kAMI nathI. temAM eTaluM ja che ke rAjAe svecchAthI bAra varSe rAjya choDI devuM ane prajAe no rAjA pasaMda karI le. muMbaInA gavarnara jenAdhana nakane paNa A utsavanuM varNana lakhyuM che. gurU dara bAra varSe pitAnI pradakSiNA purI karI puSya nakSatramAM AvatA tyAre A samAraMbha thaze. te vakhate pUrvanI saghaLI vyavasthA rada thatI ane tene badale saghaLI navI goThavaNa thatI. e utsava pinAnI tAlukAmAM tirUnAvAyI sthaLe thatuM. kema zaka zarU thayA agAu perUmAla rAjAone amala malabAramAM cAlatuM hatuM tyAre A samAraMbha thavA mAMDyuM hatuM. chelle rAjA caramANa perUmAla makake jaI musalamAna thaI gayA pachI utsava ujavavA kAI mukhya rAjA nahIM rahevAthI tirUnAvAyI gAma je vallavanADa paragaNAmAM hatuM tenA * Transactions of the Bombay Literary Society.

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73 prakaraNa 3 ju.] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. rAjAne mAthe e pharaja paDI. A vyavasthA bAramA teramA saikA sudhI cAlyA pachI ArabonI madadathI tathA vepAramAM thatA anahada phAyadAne lIdhe kaeNlikaTano jhAmarIna vizeSa prabaLa thayo tyAre AkhA kerala deza taraphathI te A samAraMbhamAM mukhya bhAga levA lAgyo. e samaye trAvaNakorane mulaka keralane tAbe hevAthI tyAre rAjA jhAmarInane mAMDaLika rAjA hatA. sane 1743 mAM chelle samAraMbha thaI gayA pachI trAvaNakera malabArathI svataMtra thayuM te Aja sudhI temaja che. kaeNlikaTamAM rahetA jhAmarInanA vaMzajonI paravAnagIthI tyAMnAM sarva daphatara tapAsI me. legana sAhebe sane 1983mAM thayelA mahAmakha samAraMbhanuM je varNana lakhyuM che te uparathI mAlama paDe che ke " A samAraMbha aThThAvIsa divasa cAlyo. tene mATe keTalAka mahinA agADI taiyArI cAlI hatI, ane lekene AmaMtraNa karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. sAre divasa je rAjAe samAraMbhanA sthaLa tarapha prayANa karyuM. tenI chAvaNI madhyamAM hatI, ane tenI AsapAsa mAMDaLika rAjAonA mukAma hatA. nadIne uttara kAMThe dekhAya che. daza divasa AkhA lazkaranI tapAsa thayA pachI pratyeka prAMtanI pheje jhAmarIna pAse AvI tene salAmI ApI. rAjyArehaNane ThATha ghaNuM maTe hato. te dahADe rAjA rAMdhelA bhAtanI eka moTI thALa pitAnI pAse laI besato, ane temAMthI pahelAM pote thoDo khAI ekaThA thayelA lekane pitAne hAthe prasAda Apata. jeo A prasAda letA teNe rAjAnI jIMdagI mATe prANa ApavA sogana lIdhA hoya evuM mAnavAmAM AvatuM. A segana teo barAbara pALatA. navamAM saikAnA musalamAnI graMthamAM paNa A hakIkata ApelI che. ghaNuM rAjAopAse AvI rIte jIva ApanArAM mANasonI moTI saMkhyA rahetI. malabAramAMnA mepalA musalamAnoe paNa A paddhati svIkArI hatI. e leke ghaNuM jhanunI hovAthI briTiza amalamAM paNa teoe anekavAra tephAna hullaDa karyuM hatuM, te vakhate jIvanI paravA karyA vagara aMgrejonI talavAra upara jaI paDavAnA dAkhalA maLI Ave che. have teo garIba thaI gayelA hovAthI

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tathA teonuM laDAInuM kAma baMdha paDavAnI sAthe temanI saMkhyA vadhI javAthI teo ghaNuM zAMta tathA nirupadravI thaI rahyA che.' 7. kalikaTane jhAmarIna-caramANa perUmAla musalamAna dharma svIkArI arabastAna gayo tyAre eNe pitAnA rAjyanA be bhAga karyA. eka uttara kelarIrI eTale malabAra, ane bIjo dakSiNa kolattIrI eTale trAvaNakora. e rAjya keTaloka vakhata cAlyAM paNa teno amala mAMDaLika rAjA upara barAbara beThe nahIM. AThamA saikAmAM eravADa nAmanA nAyara paragaNune mukhI sAmurI (eTale sAmudrI, jene pAzcAtya graMthakAree jhAmarIna evuM nAma ApyuM che) karIne hate. enA kuTuMbanI aTaka 'IrAdI" karI hatI. rASTrakuTanA ane bIjA hallA vakhate perUmAlane ghaNI madada karI sAmurIe pitAnI agatyatA vadhArI hatI. perUmAlanA gayA pachI teNe rAjyane vistAra laMbAvyo, ane teNe darIA upara pharavAnuM zarU kareluM hovAthI tene trAsa hada uparAMtane the. vizeSamAM eNe pitAnA nAma pAchaLa "kuntalakana" eTale "girisAgarapati evI saMjJA umerI. sAmurIe pilanADa paragaNuM eTale kaeNlikaTanI AjubAjune pradeza chatI pitAnA rAjya sAthe joDI dIdho, ane kaeNlikaTamAM pitAnI rAjadhAnI sthApI tene killebaMdhI karI, paradezI vepArIone Azraya tathA uttejana ApyuM, ane tema karI pitAnA rAjyanI AbAdImAM vadhAro karyo. ArabonA hAthamAM traNa cAra varSa sudhI pUrva vepAra rahyA te daramiAna sAmarIe temane sAhya karI pitAne vepAra vadhAryo, ane ArAe tenA badalAmAM sAmurIne ghaDA tathA lazkara bheTa karI vadhAre mulaka jItavAmAM madada karI. Aja kAraNathI porTugIjha kaeNlikaTa AvyA tyAre tyAM temaNe ArabAno lAgavaga ghaNa je. perUmAlanA javA pachI mahAmakha samAraMbha karavAnuM mAna keTaleka vakhata sudhI valu nADanA rAjAne maLyuM ane tyArabAda sAmu rIne mAthe te pharaja paDI, e ApaNe hamaNuMja joI gayA chIe. sAmurIe pitAnuM prabaLa vadhatAM kAcInanA rAjAne ghaNekhare pradeza jItI lIdho hato. sane 1292-93 mAM mArkopole pharate pharate malabAramAM Avyo

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khate vizvamAM ane nAnA hatA temAMnA prakaraNa 3 . ] malabAranI prAcIna hakIkata. tyAre sAmurInA tAbA heThaLa teNe bAra rAjyo joyAM hatAM, temAMnAM sAthI moTAnuM lazkara pacAsa hajAra AdamInuM hatuM ane nAnAM pAse pAMca hajAra mANasanI pheja hatI. e vakhate vijayanagaranuM rAjya paNa prabaLa hatuM. sAmurInI sattA cAdamA saikAmAM ghaNuM vadhI hatI. abadularajhAka nAmano eka pravAsI sane 1442 mAM lakhe che ke " kaeNlikaTamAM nyAya sAre thAya che, sarvanI mAlamatAnuM sAruM rakSaNa thAya che te eTale lagI ke moTA moTA vepArIo atizaya mulyavAna mAla dUra dezathI A zaheramAM lAvI khullA rastA upara muke che, ane tenI saMbhALa rAkhanAra koI nahIM hoya chatAM te cerAI javAnI vhIka rahetI nathI tema koI paNa pahere besADatuM nathI. jakAtanAkAne adhikArI e mAla pitAnA tAbAmAM rAkhe che; je mAla vecAya te seMkaDe aDhI rUpIA lekhe jakAta le che, ane nahIM te jene teno mAla tene pAcho soMpe. che." pUrve AvA prakAranI vyavasthA hovAthI prajA saMtuSTa rahetI ane rAjya paNa AbAda thatuM. evI kahetI che ke AvA pramANikapaNAne lIdheja kaeNlikaTanuM mahatva vadhyuM hatuM. pUrva kinArA upara eka moTo vepArI pitAnAM jahAja sonAe bharI pravAse jato hate. rastAmAM jahAja vajana na khamI zakavAthI te kaeNlikaTa gayo ane tyAM sonAne moTe bhAge utArI sAmurInA tAbAmAM mukI pote svadeza gaye. te pAcho kaeNlikaTa Avyo tyAre sAmurIe tenuM senuM tene jevuM ne tevuM pAchuM ApyuM te uparathI sarva vepArIomAM sAmurInI khyAti thaI porTugIjha prathama malabAramAM AvyA tyAre teo Araba vagere vepArIonA jevA sAlasa haze evuM ghaNA rAjAo mAnatA. vyApAravRddhinA kAma sAthe dharma prasAra tathA rAjya sthApanAnA aMtastha hetu temanA manamAM haze evo koIne paNa zaka gayo nahoto. temanA AvavA agAu hajAro varSa lagI e prayatna keIe karyo nahote, paraMtu porTugIjha malabAramAM AvyA te prasaMge jagatamAM kevA kevA prakArane "sabaMdha cAlatA hatA te pazcima kinArA uparanA rAjAoe samajavAM kAMI paNa tasdI lIdhI nahIM. sAsurIne vaibhava joI kocInanA rAjAne adekhAI thaI hatI. A vaibhava sAmurIne

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76 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. Araba pAsethI maLyuM hatuM teja pramANe porTugIjha pAsethI pitAne maLavAnI ke cInanA rAjAne AzA haze ane tethI ja porTugIjha sAthe mitrAcArI karI sAmurIne nAza karavAno vicAra tenA manamAM Avyo haze. manamAM game tema hoya te paNa A paradezI vepArIothI ApaNane phAyadeja che, ane temanA prayatnathI ApaNI AbAdI thaze evuM malabAranA rAjAo samajatA hovAthI teoe kaMI paNa zaka lIdhA vagara pArTagIjhe ane bIjA paradezI lekane pitAnA rAjyamAM khuzIthI Azraya Ape. valaMdA leke vepAramAM ghaNA julamI hatA kemake amuka mAla amuka kimateja vece evuM temaNe TharAvyuM hatuM. aMgrejonI rIta evI nahotI. teo pite bhAva TharAvatA nahIM paNa cAlu bhAve vepAra karatA. malabAramAM aMgrejo sane 1664 mAM dAkhala thayA tyAre tyAMnA rAjA pAsethI vepAranA keTalAka haka teoe meLavyA ane khAsa karIne rAjA pAse e TharAva karAvI lIdhuM ke saghaLAo marI emane ja vece ne bIjA koIne Ape nahIM. AraMbhamAM aMgrejoe A rAjA sAthe vArSika maktAne TharAva karyo ha, paNa jema jema emanI sattA vadhatI gaI tema tema rAjAne pitAnA tAbAmAM laI nimaNuka vagere karI ApI. kaeNlikaTane chelle rAjA manavikrama sAmurI sane 1866 mAM maraNa pAmyo. tene "mahArAjA bahAdurIne khitAba aMgreja sarakAre Apyo hate. tenI vArSika nimaNuka eka lAkha cotrIsa hajAranI hatI.

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] 77 porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. prakaraNa 4 thuM. porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. I. sa. pUrvathI sane 1515. 1. yuropamAM parTugalane udaya. 2. naikAzAstravettA rAjaputra henarI. 3. DIAsa ane kelimbasanI saphare. ( sane 1394 thI 1460). * (sane 1487-1492) 4. DagAmAnI pahelI saphara (sane 1497-98) 5. peDo kebalanI saphara (sane 1500). 6. Da gAmAnI bIjI saphara (sane 1502-3). 7. krAnsisa Da AlbIDA. 8. AbukarkanAM zarUAtanAM kAmo. (sane 1505-1509) | (sane 1506-1509) 9. gevAnI paDatI (sane 1510-1512). 10. malAkkAnI paDatI (sane 1511). 11. AlbarkanuM mRtyu tathA tenuM kAma karavAnuM dhoraNa. A prakaraNamAMnI hakIkata barAbara samajavA sArU heThaLa ApelI porTugalanA rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI upayogI thaI paDaze - jana pahele (sane 1385-1438). peDa prinsa henarI (janma sane 1394-maraNa sane 1460) ai se pAMcame (sane 1478-1481) jana bIje (sane 1481-145) Inyuala (sane 149pa-1521) jana trIjo (sane 1521-1555) saebina ( sane 1555-1580 ) sane 1580 mAM spena tathA porTugala joDAI gayAM. 1, yurepamAM porTugalane udaya -yuropanA naiRtya khuNa upara

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78 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa [bhAga 3 je. AvelA AIbIrIAnA dvIpakalpamAM spena ane porTugalane samAveza thAya che. I. sa. pU. 1100 nA arasAmAM TAyaranA phiniziyana lekee A dvIpakalpamAM pitAnAM thANuM sthApyAM, ane pUrvane mAla ahIM lAvI te vecavAne dhaMdho zarU karyo. AphrikAnA uttara kinArA upara kAyeMjamAM e lekAe pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM hatuM, tyAMthI paNa keTalAke AIbIrIAmAM jaI vasyA. kAjanA saradAra hAsyubale cukAbaeNja eTale spenamAMnuM hAlanuM kAryejInA zahera sthApyuM hatuM. AgaLa upara remana lekenuM prabaLa vadhatAM teoe A deza I. sa. pU. 200 nA sumAramAM kAchaniyana ane phiniziyana leke pAsethI jItI lIdhe tyArathI I. sa. 470 sudhI e dvIpakalpa romana lekanA tAbAmAM rahyA. teoe tenuM nAma hIspAnI A pADyuM. remana leke parAjya karI vijhigatha lekae spenamAM potAnuM rAjya sthApyuM, te I. sa. 482 thI 711 sudhI cAlyuM. emanI rAjadhAnI Tole zaheramAM hatI. I. sa. 711 mAM tarIke nAmanA Araba saradAre spenamAM musalamAnI amala sthA. A amala agIAramA sikAnI adhavaca sudhI cAlyA pachI e deza khristI lekenA tAbAmAM gaye. emaNe kaMsTAIla tathA eregaoNnamAM be judAM rAjya sthApyAM, ane e bannee maLI musalamAnI rAjyanI je kAMI thoDI ghaNI asara tyAM rahI hatI te dhIme dhIme nAbuda karI. I. sa. 1469 mAM erenane rAjA pharDanAnDa kaMsTAIlanI rANI ilijhAbethane parathavAthI beu rAjya joDAI gayAM. sane 16 09 mAM spenanA rAjA trIjA philipe dezamAM jAthakanA AvI rahelA saghaLA musalamAnone jorajulamathI hAMkI kahALyA, paNa pariNAmamAM spenane ja nukasAna thayuM. dhaMdhA rojagAra ane hunnaramAMja musalamAne hoMzIAra hatA evuM kAMI nahatuM. teo khetInA kAmamAM paNa teTalAja pravINa hatA. teoe sAkara, rU, cekhA ane rezamanI khetI zarU karI hatI, ane nahera vagere bAMdhI jamIna phaLakupa banAvI hatI tethI penane hunnara vacce hatuM, ane tyAMnI jaNasene khapa paradezamAM vizeSa thavA lAgyo hato. paraMtu musalamAnone penamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAthI tenA vepArane je nukasAna thayuM temAMthI hajI e deza nIkaLI zaka nathI.

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] , porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. che jene hamaNAM ApaNe porTugala kahIe chIe te prAMta paNa musalamAnanA tAbAmAM hato. emanI pAsethI eNlphansa henarIe e mulaka jItI laI sane 1158 mAM lisbanamAM pitAnI svataMtra rAjadhAnI sthApI hatI. e pachInAM bIjAM se varSa lagI eka sarakhuM yuddha cAlyA bAda hamaNunA pirTugala eTale pradeza sane 1279 mAM svataMtra thaye. IgleMDane rAjA pahele eDavarDa ane pArTugalane Denisa ghADA mitra havAthI banne rAjya eka bIjAnI madadathI darIA upara temaja vepAramAM ghaNI vakhata sudhI sarvoparI rahyAM. sane 1386 mAM e beu rAjyo vacce thayelAM vinDasaranAM tahanAmAnI rUe teo vacce kAyamano sneha baMdhAyo. piorTugalanA rAjA pahelA nane jana dhI greTa urphe mahAna jana kahetA. teNe IgleMDa ane spena sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhI ghaNuM varSa lagI DahApaNuthI rAjya calAvyuM. paMdaramA saikAmAM ane tenI pUrva yuropanAM rAjyanI aMtaHsthiti hamaNunA sarakhI nahotI. te samaye tyAM aneka piTAvibhAgavALAM asaMkhya nAnAM nAnAM rAja hatAM. jIA, venisa, pharensa vagerenuM mahatva paNa te te zaheranI hadabahAra vizeSa nahatuM. pirTugIjha rAjya svataMtra thayA pachI sudeve I. sa. 1385 thI 15ra1 sudhI sumAre deDhaso varSa lagI eka pachI porTugala vaibhavanI zikhare pahoMcyuM. A kALamAM IgleMDa sAthene sneha, musalamAnene porTugala upara dveSa tathA nahIM jaNAyelA pradezanI zedha, e traNa mukhya bAbatethI e dezane itihAsa bharele che. 2, nakazAstravettA rAjaputra henarI. (sane 1394-1460)jaina oNpha caeNnTa urphe Dayuka opha pheMkesTaranI chokarI philipA porTugalanA rAja pahelA jana sAthe paraNI hatI. te ghaNuM zANI, sAdI jIMdagI gujAranArI dharmaniSTha rANI hatI, ane teNe pitAnI AkhI jIMdagI e be rAjyo vacce cAlatuM vera nAza karI temanI vacce sneha ane salAha karAvavAmAM vyaya karI hatI. e rANIne ATha chokarA thayA hatA. te sarvane teNe uttama prakAranuM zikSaNa ApyuM hatuM. emAMnA DuArTa, pe, pharanAnDei ane

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa | bhAga 3 je. henarI e cAra ghaNuM nAmAMkita thayA hatA. emane seMthInAne henarI ItihAsamAM saikAnayanattA' tarIke oLakhAya che. enAM parAkrama sane 1412 pachI ja lekenI jANamAM AvyAM. bApanI sAthe yuddhamAM joDAI eNe vijaya meLavyo eTale ne ene DayukanI padavI tathA aneka jAgIra ApyAM, paNa henarInuM lakSa mULathIja darIA tarapha vizeSa vaLeluM hatuM. jIeNlTaranI sAmAM AphrikAnA uttara kinArA para skUTA nAmanA zaheramAM musalamAnone elekajhAnDIA vagere sAthe moTe vepAra cAlatuM hatuM, te zahera sane 1415 mAM henarIe kabaje karI pitAnI khyAti AkhA yuropamAM phelAvI. spena upara Arabone amala beThA pachI tyAM hiMdustAnanI aneka mulyavAna vastune khapa thavA lAgyo hato, paNa te amala naSTa thatAM e vastuo meLavavAmAM lekene ghaNI aDacaNa paDavA lAgI, tyAre hiMdustAna javAne samudra mArga zodhI kahADavA, ane tema karI musalamAnonI lita pite kheMcI levAnA IrAdAthI henarIe samudramAM aneka saphare mekalI. sane 1418 mAM saMsAra choDI teNe yuropanA cheka naiRtya khuNuM upara AvelI segaranI bhUzira AgaLa aphATa samudra upara najara pheMkI zakAya evI jagyAe makAna bAMdhI eka vedhazALA sthApI, ane tyAMja pite rahevA lAge. A ThekANe teNe yuropanA moTA moTA paMDitane ekaThA karyA, ane anya pradezonI zodhakhoLa karavA kAphalAo ravAnA karyA. te eka khristI saMsthAne adhyakSa hovAthI temAMthI je utpanna AvatuM te A kAmamAM te kharacato; vepAra tathA khristI dharma e bannenI vRddhi teNe ekI vakhate ja karavAnI hatI. jotiSa ane naikAzAstrano abhyAsa karI teNe je zodha karI tene pariNAme eziA, AphrikA ane amerikAmAM adyApI nahIM jaNAyelA pradeza yuropiane hAtha lAgyA. enA bhAI poe sane 1416 thI 1428 sudhI yuropanA saghaLA dezamAM pharI vepAra vagere bAbatanI khAsa mAhitI meLavI te henarIne ghaNuM upayogI thaI e veLA AphrikAnA kinArA upara AvelI nananI bhUziranI pelImera * A zabdano artha AgaLa javAnI hada baMdha " evo thAya che,

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. yuropanAM vahANe jatAM nahIM. henarIe tenI agADI kepa bojADora lagIne kinAro zodhI kahADa , ane tenI pAsenA madIrAnA TApuo sane 1418 thI 14ra0 nA arasAmAM khoLI kahADyA. sane 1440 thI 1450 nA vacagALAmAM era beTa ane varDanI bhUzira tene hAtha lAgyAM. khristI dharmane prasAra karavAnI matalabathI A saghaLI khaTapaTa upADI che evuM teNe papane samajAvyuM, ane bejADoranI agADI je koI navA pradeza zodhI kahADavAmAM Ave te upara porTugalane amala rahe evA Azayano popano hukama teNe meLavyo. A pramANe sane 1441 mAM romathI je hukama nIkaLe, ane tene vakhatevakhata bIjA pipe je anumodana ApyuM tenA uparaja pradezavRddhinI bAbatamAM yuropiana rAjyono mukhya AdhAra hato. A saghaLI dhAmadhumanA mULamAM musalamAnonA amalano aMta ANI khristI dharmane prasAra karavAne Azaya samAyeluM hatuM. hAtha lAgelA navA mulakamAMthI lavAya teTalA lekene A rAjaputra porTugalamAM ANu, ane teone khristI dharmanI dIkSA ApI temanI pAsethI vepAra saMbaMdhI saghaLI khabara meLavate. AvI zarUAtathI gulAmo vecavA tathA kharIdavAno dhaMdho hastImAM AvyuM. A dhaMdhAthI piorTugalane ghaNIja kiphAyata thaI. phogaTa kAma karanArA leke dezamAM AvavAthI khetI ane gharakhAnagI kAma karavA mATe porTugIjhoe asaMkhya gulAmane pitAnI nokarImAM rAkhyA, eTale pote paradeza javAne chuTA thayA. paNa A pramANe laDavaiyA lekanI dezamAM thatI bharatI ochI thavAthI rAjyane je nukasAna thayuM, ane tenuM je kharAba pariNAma AvyuM tenuM vivecana prasaMgopAta thaze. hAlamAM te navIna pradezanuM svAmitva tathA tyAMnI suvarNa vagere saMpatti yuropianone prApta thaI hatI. pUrve darIAnI lAMbI musApharI karavAnI koI hiMmata karatuM nahIM paNa e vhIka jatI rahetAM dhana meLavavAnI AzAmAM yuropanA ghaNu loko porTugIjhanA AsarA heThaLa samukyAtrA karI aneka dhanADhya pradeza tarapha dhasavA lAgyA hatA. AvAM anupama kAmanI zarUAta karI rAjaputra henarI sane 1460 mAM maraNa pAmyA pachI tenA bhatrIjA pAMcamA eNsoe

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hiMdustAnane avAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tathA bIjA jone A zonuM kAma enA jeTalI ja cIvaTAIthI tathA kaDhatAthI AgaLa calAvyuM. henarInA thakavI nAkhe tevA udyogane lIdhe te 'nevIgeTara" eTale naukAnayanattA tarIke ItihAsamAM paMkAyeluM che. pUrve hajAra varSa lagI ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM thaIne AphrikAne kinAre jaLamArge ke jADeranI dakSiNe javuM dhAstI bhareluM tathA nirUpayogI che, ATalAMTika mahAsAgara dakSiNa tarapha taLAva sarakho hovAthI te bIjA mahAsAgara sAthe maLe. nathI, vagere je mAnyatA hatI te bhUla bharelI che, ane himatathI AdikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnI pradakSiNA karI bIjA mahAsAgaramAM utaravAnuM sahela che evuM henarIe siddha karI ApyuM. betALIsa varSa lagI parizrama karI dakSiNe arADhamAM aMza lagIne pradeza e rAjaputre zodhI kahA, ane tenI paNa AgaLa zodha calAvavAno mArga khulle karI te vizenuM dhoraNa nakkI karyuM. - Aje paNa parTugIne pitAnA hiMdustAnamAMnA rAjya mATe ATaluM badhuM abhimAna Ave che tenuM kAraNa e ja ke te sthApavA mATenuM temanuM pratyeka kRtya ghaNuM zramathI uThAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, tema te sAhasika ane kharacALa paNa hatuM. e kAma pAra pADavAmAM temane aneka aDacaNa naDI hatI tenuM vivecana naukAzAstranA ItihAsa mATe mahatvanuM che. jarsana : kunhAnA muMbaIne varNanamAM (120) heThaLane majakura che;- rAjaputra henarIne navI zodha calAvavA mATe skuratI AvI tenAM kAraNe - 1. bejADoranI bhUziranI agADIne pradeza kevo che te jANavAnI IcchA - 2. te pradezamAM khristI rAjya ane upayukta baMdare hoya te tene - pitAnA deza sAthe vepAra vadhAravAnI utkaMThA; 3. AphrikAmAM musalamAnonuM prabaLa keTaluM che te jANavAnI, temaja - 4. te tarapha temanI virUddha pitAne madada karI zake evuM kaI khristI rAjya che ke nahIM te zodhI kahADavAnI, tathA

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 5. khristI dharmane prasAra karavAnI tenI anahada AkAMkSA." - rAjaputra henarInA maraNa pachI traNa varSe sane 1463 mAM porTugIjha leke sIerA lIona (siMhanI rAtrInI garjanA) nA kinArA lagI gayA. sane 1471 mAM teo AphrikAne kinAre kinAre bhUmadhyavRtta sudhI pahoMcA, ane sane 1484mAM koge nadInA pradezamAM dAkhala thayA. no mulaka hAtha lAgatAM tyAM teo dhamotsava karatA te pramANe sane 1482 nA jAnevArI mAsanI 19 mI tArIkhe lAminAmAM utaryA pachI bIje divase savAre eka uMcA jhADanI DALI upara teoe parTugalane vAvaTe caDAvyo, ane jhADa nIce eka moTe homa karI tathA sarvee ekaThA maLI stotra bhaNI, te dezanA lekene Izvara khristI dharmamAM dAkhala thavAnI buddhi Ape, ane pitAnA dharmanI caDatI kare evI prArthanA karI. cAra varSa bAda sane 1486 mAM bole DIAsa AphrikAnA dakSiNa TuMkAnI zedha karI yurepa pAcho pharyo. teramA saiAdamA saikAmAM remanA pipane lAgavaga AkhA yuropamAM pUra jAmeluM hatuM, ane tenA hukama pramANe te khaMDanAM saghaLAM rAjyo deravAtAM hatAM. AvAja kAI hukamAnusAra sane 1179 mAM porTugala penathI svataMtra thayuM hatuM. adyApi nahIM jaNAyelA mulake jANamAM AvatAM te upara popanI sattA cAle tevA hetuthI paMdaramA saikAmAM pipanA darabAramAMthI aneka hukame nIkaLyA hatA. sane 1454 mAM pAMcamAM nikelase eka pharamAnanI rUe pitAnA anuyAyIone temanI marajImAM Ave tevA vidhamAM lekane khristI dharmamAM vaTALavAno adhikAra Apyo hato. sane 1481 mAM cothA seksaTase kahADelA hukamane Azaya evo hato ke kepa bejADoranI dakSiNe pArTagale je je pradeze zedhI kahADyA hoya te saghaLA tenA tAbAnA samajavA. tA. 4 thI me 1493 ne roje chaThThA elekajhAnDara pipanA hukama anvaye porTugala ane spenanAM rAjyanI hada TharAvavAmAM AvI hatI. AvA hukama kahADavAnA pipanA adhikAra bAbata ghaNI carcA thaI che; paNa te samaye keTalAka saMkA sudhI khristI rAjyo vaccenA TaMTAne nikAla karI temanI vacce salAha karAvavAnuM kAma khAsa karIne pipanA hAthamAM hatuM. A rAjya pipanA hukame

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84 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pALatAM, ane soLamI sadInI Akhara sudhI te teDavAnI temaNe himata karI nahotI. porTugIjha sarakAranA tAbAmAM hiMdustAnano ghaNo mulaka nahIM hate chatAM e leke lakhApaDImAM Akho deza ApaNe che evI je bhASA vAparatA te AvA hukamene lIdheja hatuM. rAjaputra henarIne porTugalanuM rAjya maLyuM nahIM, paNa tenA moTA bhAIne cheka pAMcamA eN tarIke sane 1438 mAM gAdIe Avyo. teNe upara kahyA pramANe uparAcAparI kAphalAo ravAnA karI AphrikAne ghaNe kinAre zodhI kahAye. te sane 1481 mAM maraNa pAmatAM tene chokare bIje jaoNna rAjA thayo. e ghaNe cAlAka ane vicikSaNa buddhine hevAthI enA samayamAM A saghaLI zaidhanuM kharuM phaLa porTugalane prApta thayuM. jona rAjAe phakta samudra uparaja AdhAra rAkhI besI nahIM rahetAM khuzkI mArga paNa teNe aneka prayatna karyo. AphrikAnA pUrva kinArA upara Aphrikana lekenuM eka prabaLa rAjya hatuM, ane tene rAjA presTara jona yuropamAM prasiddha hatuM. A rAjyamAM masAlA pAke che evI bAtamI maLatAM porTugalanA jene te bAbatanI tapAsa karavA mATe bhUmadhya samudramAM thaIne ane AgaLa pagaraste aneka ToLIo mekalI. sane 1487 mAM teNe A kAma sArU kAvile ane evA nAmanA be hoMzIAra grahasthAne pUrva tarapha mokalyA hatA. teo nepalsa tathA elekajhAnDrIAmAM thaIne kere pahoMcyA, ane musalamAne pAse tyAMthI AgaLanA pradezanI mAhitI meLavatAM meLavatAM eDana gayA. pAchA pharI bane keramAM maLavuM ema nakkI karI kevila eDanathI hiMdustAna tarapha vaLe, ane pivA uttare ithiopiA (ebIsIniA)mAM gaye. kevile eka musalamAnI vahANumAM besI eDanathI malabAra kinAre kAnAnura ane kaeNlikaTa AvyuM. kaeNlikaTamAM suMTha, marI vagere masAlA puSkaLa thAya che enI tapAsa karI, te gAvA ane rmajha thaI AphrikAne kinAre sephAlA AgaLa utaryo. ahIM tene mADAgAskaranA TApunI tathA

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. kinAre kinAre dakSiNe thaI yuropamAM javAnA mArganI khabara maLI. A hakIkata laI te pAche eDana thaI kere Avyo tyAre tyAM jaina rAjAe mokalelAM bIjAM mANase ene maLyAM, ane pavAnA maraNanA samAcAra teNe jaNyA. ahIMthI pite meLavelI sarva hakIkata pirTugala ekalI te maMjha gaye, ane tyAMthI eDana AvI ithiopiAmAM utaryo. tyAM presTara jaoNna urphe elekajhAnDara nAmanA rAjA sAthe tene dostI thaI ane teNe pirTugalanA rAjA mATe atyaMta snehabhAva jAhera karyo. 3. DIAsa tathA kalambasanI saphare (sane 1487-1492). -presTara jonanA mulakanI zodha karavA mATe jene be ToLIo mekalI hatI. eka bhUmadhya samudramAM thaIne jamIna mArga upara kahI te, ane bIjI ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAMthI AphrikAnI dakSiNa bAjue. A bIjI ToLIne uparI bAlamo DIAsa hato. te eka darIA upara mazahura thayelA kuTuMbamAM janmele sAhasika vahANavaTI hato. pacAsa pacAsa TananAM (eka Tana sumAre 3 khAMDI) be vahANo laIne te sane 1886nA oNgasTa mAsanI Akhare lisbanathI nIkaLe. AphrikAnA dakSiNa TuMkA upara jaI pahoMcatAM tene havA ghaNIja ThaMDI lAgavA mAMDI eTale, kinArA pAse javAnA IrAdAthI dakSiNa dizA choDI teNe pazcima tarapha pitAnAM vahANa haMkAryo. te bAjue kinAre na maLavAthI te pAche uttara tarapha vaLyo tyAre tene kinAre hAtha lAgyo. eno artha eTale ja thAya che ke ajANatAM teNe AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnI pradakSiNuM karI. uttaramAM uttaramAM jatAM AzA nA upasAgaramAMnA eka beTa upara te Avyo, ane teNe tenuM nAma leMTA krejha pADayuM. e nAma adyApi paNa cAle che. thaDe agADI gayA pachI te eka nadI AgaLa Avyo. ahIMthI khalAsIonA Agrahane lIdhe DIAsane pAchA pharavuM paDyuM. pAchA pharatAM teNe AphrikAnI punaH pradakSiNA karI; paNa tema karatAM tene aneka saMkaTa bhegavavAM paDavAthI teNe te khaMDanA cheka dakSiNa cheDAnuM nAma "kepa oNpha TaeNrma" (Cape of Storm) tophAnanI bhUzira" evuM ApyuM. DIAsa sane 1487nA DIsembara mAsamAM

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86 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pAchA lisbana jaI pahoMcyo. enI saghaLI hakIkata sAMbhaLI janane ghaNo saMtoSa thayo, kemake tethI AphrikAne dakSiNa cheDethI samudramArge hiMdustAna javAne rastA maLavAnI tenI AzA phaLIbhUta thaI. A AnaMdanA ubharAmAM "tophAnanI bhUzira " e nAma badalI jene AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnuM kepa oNpha guDa hopa" (Cape of Good Hope) sArI AzAnI bhUzira" evuM nAma pADyuM. bIjI tarapha kolambasa zuM karato hato te ApaNe joIe. e jIne Ane rahenAra hatuM. e rAjya AbAda hovA chatAM ene tyAMthI kaMI madada nahIM maLavAthI te porTugalanA rAjAnAM tathA tyAMnA lokonI sAhasika vRttinAM vakhANa sAMbhaLI Azraya mAgavAnA hetuthI lisbana gayA. tyAM bhUgoLazAstranuM uttama jJAna ene maLyuM, temaja ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM thaIne pazcima taraphathI ghasaDAI AvelI mANasanI banAvaTanI aneka cIjo tenA jevAmAM AvI. A uparathI TheTha pazcima tarapha jatAM eziAne eTale hiMdustAnane pUrva kinAre ApaNane maLaze evo tene vicAra kaDha tha. A saphara karavAmAM teNe pirTugalanA rAjAnI madada mAgI tyAre teNe evA kAmamAM nipuNa hoya tevA paMDitenI eka sabhA besADI tene abhiprAya mAgyo. jyAre be judI judI sabhAe evo mata uccAryo ke, kolambasa sAhasa mumbaIbharela temaja artha vagarano che, tyAre rAjAe nirUpAya thaI tene madada karavA nA pADI. tema chatAM teNe meLavelI mAhitI tenI pAsethI kaheDAvI laI piorTugIjhee pitaja tenA kahevA mujabano prayatna karavo evI yukita racAI. paraMtu tenI khabara bIjAne zuM kAma lAge ! tenI tarapha batAvavAmAM AvelI duSTa vRttithI kolambasa nAsIpAsa thaI gayo, ane I. sa. 1484mAM guptapaNe liana choDI te choA pAcho pharyo. tyAM paNa tene kaMI Adara thayo nahIM, tyAre aneka saMkaTa veThayA bAda te spenanAM rAjA rANu upara siphArasa laI gayo. rANI AI sAbelAe kolambasanuM hita haiDe dharyuM, ane tene Azraya ApI sapharanI saghaLI vyavasthA karI ApI. A pramANe kelambasa sane 149ranA oNgasTa

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. mahinAnI trIjI tArIkhe yuropathI nIkaLI amerikAnI zodha karI pAcho pharyo, tyAre spenanA rAjAne pipa chaThThA elekajhAnDara taraphathI navA maLelA mulaka mATe sanada maLI. e sanadane majakura evo hato ke, "pUrve I. sa. 1454 mAM pAMcamA nikolasa pipe AphrikAmAMnA dakSiNa taraphanA mulakanI mAlakinI sanada porTugalane ApelI che. have spenanAM rAjA rANIe zodhI kahaDAvelA mulakanA haka temane maLavA joIe evI temanI IcchA che. mATe A uparathI evuM TharAvavAmAM Ave che ke, ejhora ane kepa varDa TApuonI pazcime 300 mAIla upara dakSiNettara eka maryAdA kalpI te rekhAnI pUrva taraphanA navA, eTale jyAM khristI rAjyane amala nahIM hoya, tevA pradeza upara yAvaccandradivAkara porTugalanI sattA samajavI, ane e rekhAnI pazcime AvelA pradeza upara penanI sattA samajavI.' eka rAjya pUrva tarapha, ane bIjuM pazcima tarapha vadhyuM jAya te bane kaI paNa ThekANe maLaze e vicAra pipe lakSamAM lIdhA vinA AvI maryAdA TharAvI ApelI hovAthI A bAbata bhaviSyamAM puSkaLa takarAra thaI. prathamamAMja piorTugala ane spena vacce TaTa thatAM uparanA hukamamAM kahelI 300 mAIlanI hada traNa gaNI vadhAravAmAM AvI. ( A pramANe yuropiana khristI rAjyoe pRthvI uparanA pradezanI tapAsaNI zarU karI, te adyApi cAlu che. teoe A athAga mahenata paisAnA lebhamAM taNAI upADI hatI e khulluM che, to paNa e niraMkuzita dhanatRSNa teoe dharmanA bahAnA heThaLa DhAMkI rAkhI hatI. pArakA dezamAM dAkhala thaI tyAMnI saMpatti hastagata karavAnI sAmAnya prajAnI preraNA buddhinuM samarthana karavA mATe svadharmanuM kheMcatANa karavAmAM khristI dharmagurUoe kaI paNa AgaLa pAchaLa joyuM nahIM. pipanA hukamamAMnA "khristI rAjyane amala nahIM hoya evA navA pradezo " eTalA zabdo evA spaSTa che ke te upara kaMI paNa TIkAnI jarUra nathI. A hukama anvaye pena tathA piThuMgalanAM rAjyae saghaLI goThavaNa karI, ane te upara tA. 24 mI juna sane 1506 ne dIne pipanI saMmati lIdhI,

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88 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. 4. vAska Da gAmAnI pahelI saphara (sane 1497-98). DIAsanA yuropa pAchA pharyA pachI thaDA samayamAM jaoNna rAjA mAM paDyo, ane sane 1495 mAM maraNa pAme. tenI pachI tene chokare Imenyuala gAdI upara AvyA. pUrvane anubhava upayogamAM laIe hiMdustAna javAne jaLamArga zodhI kahADavAnA kAmamAM draDhatAthI mace rahyA. prasiddha jezIene prazna karI A kAmamAM tene jarUra yaza maLaze evuM abhayavacana teNe meLavyuM. A mATe teNe traNa vahANe khAsa baMdhAvyAM, ane tenA upara saghaLA prakAranI vyavasthA karI vAske Da gAmA nAmanA eka hoMzIAra vahANavaTIne tene havAle se. A vahANono AkAra 125 thI 300 Tana lagI hata. vAsko DI gAmAnI sAthe tene bhAI pale Da gAmA, DIAsanI sAthe saphare gayelAmAMnA keTalAka khalAsIo tathA bAlame DIAsane bhAI DaAge Aisa vagere hatA. saghaLA maLI A pravAsamAM sumAre 200 mANasa hatAM, ane teo mATenI saghaLI vyavasthA rAjAe jAte mahenata laI pUrNa karI hatI. zanivAra tA. 8 julAI 1497 ne roje A vahANe yurepano kinAre choDI bahAra nIkaLyAM. Asare akabara navembaramAM teoe AphrikAne dakSiNa cheDe vaTAvyo, paNa ahIM temane eTaluM te sakhata tephAna naDayuM ke khalAsIo trAsI gayA, AgaLa javA nAhimata thayA, ane baMDa karavA lAgyA. paNa gAmAe sarvane dhamakAvI keTalAka agresarene aTakAvamAM rAkhI tephAna zAMta pADayuM. AgaLa jatAM krisTamasa De eTale, DIsembara mAsanI pacIsamI tArIkhe kinAre dekhAtAM Da gAmAe tene neTala (eTale krAIsTane janma divasa) evuM nAma ApyuM. e nAma adyApi cAle che. sane 1498 nA mArcamAM A kAphalo majhAMbika pahoMcyA. rastAmAM teNe musalamAna lokonuM eka vahANa pakaDayuM te temAM muMbaI taraphane dAva ( Davane) nAmane eka musalamAna dalAla temane maLe. A dalAlane hiMdustAna taraphanA rastAnI tathA vepAranI ghaNI sArI mAhitI hovAthI gAmAne te ghaNe upayogI thaI paDyo. AvA dalAlanAM kRtajJa vartanane lIdhe aneka prasaMge gAmAne nibhAva thayo hate. kAraNa

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[89 prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. AphrikAnA kinArA uparanA Araba adhikArIo porTugIjha lekene ghaNI sArI rIte oLakhatA hatA. eonA A tarapha AvavAthI pitAnA hAthamAMne vepAra ja raheze ane sarvanuM nukasAna thaze, e teo jANatA hovAthI gAmAno nAza karavA aneka prayatna temaNe karyA hatA, paNa A dezanA lekeeja tene sAvadha karavAthI tene bacAva thayo hate. | majhAMbika, mombAsA, kelikaTa vagere ThekANe thaI gAmA eprila 1498 mAM maliMda (?) Avyo. ahIMnA rAjAe tene sAre satkAra karyo, ane tene khaMbhAta na jatAM kaeNlikaTa javA sUcavyuM, tathA parTugIjha leke sAthe ImAnadArIthI vartavA dAvanane upadeza karyo. maliMdamAM traNa mahinA rahI gAmAe pitAnAM vahANa durasta karyA, ane AgaLanA darIAthI mAhitagAra hoya evA khalAsIo sAthe laI tA. 6 ThI ogasTe te tyAMthI nIkaLe, ane vIsa bAvIsa divasa pachI teNe kaeNlikaTanA baMdaramAM pitAnAM vahANe nAMgaryA. porTugIjha lekene hiMdustAna AvavAne jaLamArga hAtha lAge tyAre hajAro varSanA vepArathI dhanADhaya thayela pradeza temanI pratyakSa najara heThaLa Avyo. e veLA kaeNlikaTa, ormajha, eDana ane malAka vepAranAM mukhya dhAma hatAM. e baMdarethI ahIMnI jaNase Araba leke pitAnAM vahANamAM bharI yuropa pahoMcADatA. malAkkAmAMthI masAlA tathA ebanI, TimoranI sukhaDa, bortionuM pura, sumAtrA ane jAvAne lebAna, kAcIna cAyanAne agara (aloes wood); cIna, jApAna ane siAmanAM attaro, guMdara, masAlA, rezama ane ramakaDAM; pegunAM ratna, kAre mAMDala kinArA uparathI bArIka kumAsanAM vastra, baMgALAnuM kimatI kApaDa, nepAla tathA bhutAnanuM uTIA jIruM (spikenard ), gevaLakAMDAnA hIrA, nirmaLanuM pilAda; silenanA masAlA, jamarUda ane motI; malabAranA masAlA ane sAga; khaMbhAtanI lAkha, kasaba ane jvAhIza; kAzmIranI zAla tathA nakasInAM vAsaNe; siMdhamAMthI gugaLa; (bdellium) tibeTamAMthI kasturI; rAsAnamAMthI gaMdhAbIrajA (galbanum); aphaghAnistAnamAMthI kAthoH IrAnamAMthI

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90 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. guMdara (sagapenum); jhAMjhIbAra, barbara, ane zaheramAMthI aMbara, hAthIdAMta, jamarUda, sugadhI vasANAM, e sivAya aneka jaNanI levaDadevaDa kaeNlikaTanA baMdare thatI* A vakhate kaeNlikaTa baMdara kharekhara ghaNuMja AbAda hatuM. e zaherane vepAra sumAre chaso varSa lagI ArabonA hAthamAM hatuM. makkA ane kerInA * hamaNAnI aneka zedha uparathI hiMdustAnanA prAcIna sudhArA vadhArAnI je kharI hakIkata maLe che, te uparathI ApaNane vadhAre ane vadhAre spaSTa jaNAya che ke prajAsattAka rAjyavyavasthA, paradeza sAthe vepAra, ItyAdI aneka mahatvanI bAbatamAM hiMdu loka prAcIna kALathI pravINa hatA. teo nakAnayanamAM kuzaLa hatA, temanI pAse moTAM moTAM jahAja hatAM, te mAraphata teo bharadarIe dUra paryata saphara karatA; dazamA saikA sudhI A kAmamAM temanI barobarI karI zake tevI bIjI kaI prajA nahatI. pUrvamAM cIna jApAna sudhI ane pazcimamAM AphrikAnA AkhA pUrva kinArA upara hiMdu vepArIo pharatA hatA. jAvA, barnio, sumAtrA ItyAdi TApuomAM hiMduoe moTAM moTAM vasAhata sthApyAM hatAM, temaja eDana, sekaTrA, mejhAMbika vagere ThekANe teo dAkhala thayA hatA. jAvA vagere beTamAMnAM devaLa, junI ImArate, ane tyAMnA lokonA dharmAcAra tathA rItarIvAjo e sarva hiMduonAM jevAM ja che. pazcime arabastAnathI pUrvamAM cIna deza lagInA eziAnA aDadhAthI vadhAre bhAgamAM sarva jAtanA sudhArA hiMdustAnane lIdhe thayA hatA. AvI hakIkata hamaNuM maLI Ave che. [ bembe gejhaTIara vA. 1 luM. gujarAtano itihAsa. A pustakamAM cheDe: jAvA ane kebeDIo viSe be lekha ApelA che te uparathI uparanI hakIkta tAravI kahADI che.] gujarAta, kAThIAvADa, siMdha, mALavA, paMjAba vagere prAMtamAMthI puSkaLa loko jAvA ne bIjA beTemAM jaI vasatA hatA. tyAM hiMdustAnanA jevIja guphAo maLI Ave che. e banne dezanI guphAomAMnI mUrtio tathA kotarakAma Abehuba maLatAM Ave che. gujarAtanA kinArA uparanI aitihAsika mAhitI uparathI eTaluM mAluma paDe che ke chellAM be hajAra varSamAM A kinArA uparanA lekee vahANavaTAmAM bhAre kaizalya dAkhavyuM hatuM, ane vAyavya hiMdustAnanA lene malAyAdvIpa samuhamAM laI jaI vasAvyA hatA. vepAra, vasAhata, ane dravyanA uddezathI hiMdustAnanA leke paNa samudra pravAsa karI dUradeza lagI jatA hatA.

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] parTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 91 zrImAna vepArIonAM meTAM jahAje ArabI samudramAM pharatAM hatAM. hiMdustAnanI jaNase IchAne raste yuropamAM purI pADavAne saMpUrNa IjAre A raonA hAthamAM hovAthI teo ghaNA paisAvALA tathA mobhAdAra thayA hatA. emane porTugIjha lokenuM A tarapha AvavuM pasaMda paDayuM nahIM, kemake teonA AgamanathI kevo ane keTale anartha thaze e teo sArI rIte kaLI zakyA hatA. hiMdustAnamAMthI pArTugIjhano uchera karavA mATe Araboe bhagIratha prayatna karyo paNa vAsko Da gAmA ghaNe catura hovAthI teonI sarva yuktio te nirmaLa karI zake. prathama teNe evI aphavA uDAvI ke "pirTagIjha lekane eka moTo kAphalo saphare nIkaLe che temAMthI A vahANo chuTAM paDI javAthI, ame tenI zodhamAM ahIM AvyA chIe, bAkI hiMdustAna AvavAne amAre bIje kaMI hetu nathI." gAmAno vicAra ekadama kinAre utarI kaeNlikaTanA rAjAne maLavA javAnuM hatuM, paNa dAvanee tene sAvadha karI kahyuM ke ApaNI salAmatInI jAmInagIrInA badalAmAM rAjA taraphanAM mANaso ApaNuM vahANa upara lIdhA vinA tamAre bahAra paDavuM nahIM. A sUcanA gAmAne megya jaNAI. e uparathI teNe pitAne vicAra pheravyo, ane pitAnAM AdamIone tAkIda karI ke vahANe pAse mAla vecavA mATe je heDIo Ave tenI pAsethI leke je kimata mAge te ApI mAla vecAta le. AthI porTugIjha lenAM audAryapaNAnI vAkhavAkhI AkhA zaheramAM thaI. traNa divasa pachI kaeNlikaTanA rAjAe mANaso mokalI porTugIjha loko zA udezathI AvyA che tenI tapAsa karAvI. uttaramAM gAmAe dAvanene rAjA pAse mokalyo, ane kahAvyuM ke "amArAM chuTAM paDI gayelAM vahANonI zodhamAM ame ahIM AvyA chIe; masAle vigere vecAte laI ame ahIMthI pAchA pharazuM." gAmAe maliMdanA rAjAne aneka mulyavAna vastu najara karI hatI, evuM dAvanee jhAmarInane kahetAM jhAmarInanA maheDAmAM pANuM chuTayuM, ane teNe marI vigere mAla joIe teTale vecAte levAnI gAmAne paravAnagI ApI.

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hara hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. jhAmarInane A hukama sAMbhaLatAM Araba vepArIo zaramIMdA paDI gayA. teoe A vAta pazcima kinArA uparanAM sarva baMdaranA vepArIone pahoMcADI, ane rAjAne tene hukama pheravavA samajAvavA mATe tenA kArabhArIe. mAraphata khaTapaTa karI. Arabee kArabhArIone jaNAvyuM ke "porTugIjha leke pisAvALA che, teo mAtra vepAra arthe ja ATale dUra AvyA nathI. ahIMnI aMtaHsthiti joI svadeza pAchA pharI tyAMthI moTAM moTAM laDAyaka bArakase lAvI A deza jItI levAne temane IrAde che. A pramANe samajAvI tathA kArabhArIone najarANAM ApI Araboe temane vaza karI lIdhA. A taraphathI gAmAe paNa pitAnA jAsusa tathA dubhASIA mokalI musalamAnee racelA betanI saghaLI bAtamI meLavI. parIjha nAmane eka spenane rahevAsI musalamAna thaI jaI kalikaTamAM raheto hato tenI dAvanee gAmA sAthe vahANa upara mulAkAta karAvI. A parIjhe zaheramAM musalamAne pratye mitrAcArI dAkhavI teonI guma bAtamI gAmAne meLavI ApI. TuMkamAM dAvana ane parIjha jevA be vizvAsaghAtI manuSya gAmAne khAsa kAma lAgyA. teonI zikhavaNIthI gAmAnA vakIle rAjAnI mulAkAta lIdhI, porTugIjhoe dararoja kaMIka mAla kinAre lAvI vecavA mAMDe ane tenA badalAmAM bIje vecAte laI vahANa upara caDAvyuM. A vepAramAM porTugIjhee bhAvatAla karavAnuM, mAla sAre narase javAnuM tathA vajana bAbata takarAra karavAnuM mokupha rAkhyuM. AthI musalamAna vepArIone rAjAne samajAvavA khulluM kAraNa maLyuM ke "A leke kaMI paNa duSTa hetuthI AvelA gupta jAsuse che. khare vepArI Ave nukasAnakAraka dhaMdho kadI paNa kare nahIM, mATe teone ThAra karI teonAM vahANe bALI mukavAM." ema chatAM rAjAe porTugIjha vahANe upara jAmIna tarIke pitAnAM mANase mokalyAM, temane pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI vAsko DI gAmA rAjAne maLavA gayo, ane aneka uttama vastuo najara karI. rAjAnI mulAkAta laI gAmA pAchA pharate ho tyAre adhikArI lokee tene eka bIjeja ThekANe laI jaI aTakAvamAM rAkhyo. ema karavAmAM temane hetu evo hato

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] pirTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. ke game te prakAre tene gusse karI tenI pAse kaMI paNa bhayaMkara kAma karAvavuM. pitAnA jAsuso mAraphata A vAta agAuthI gAmAnI jANamAM AvI hatI eTale, te atyaMta zAMtapaNe varyo. enI virUddha thayelI phariA uparathI rAjAne tenA upara gusso Avyo, ane tene mArI nAkhavA mATe tenI taraphathI hukama paNa nIkaLe. eTalAmAM gAmAnA bhAIe vahANa upara jAmIna tarIke rAkhelAM rAjAnAM mANasane rUkhasada ApavAthI teoe porTa gIjha lekenI bhalAInA rAjA pAse guNa gAyA, ane tema thatAM gAmAne chuTakAro thayo. have pitAnuM kAmakAja paNa puruM thayeluM joI gAmAe parIjhanI mAraphate rAjAne tathA saghaLA musalamAna vepArIone dhamakI ApI ke "tame amane ATale badho trAsa Ape che tenA badalAmAM ame tamArI paThe paDI vera lIdhA vinA rahIzuM nahIM." Ama karI navembara mAsane sumAre te kaeNlikaTathI nIkaLe te pahelAM rAjAe tenI kSamA mAgI, ane tene kahyuM ke "gunhegAra lekene ame zikSA karI che mATe gusse cheDI daI amArA dezamAM vepAra karavA pAchA AvavuM." jatI veLA jhAmarIne porTugalanA rAjAne ApavAno eka patra gAmAne Apyo tenI matalaba evI hatI ke "tamArA saradAra vAsko Da gAmAnA atre AvavAthI amane atyaMta AnaMda thayo che. amArA rAjyamAM taja, laveMga, suMTha, marI ane javAhIra puSkaLa hevAthI tenA badalAmAM ApanI taraphathI sonuM, cAMdI, paravALAM ityAdI vastuo amane maLe evI amArI IcchA che." keliTathI nIkaLI gAmA kAnAnura gayA. tyAMnA rAjAne kelikaTanI sarva hakIkatanI khabara maLI hatI, ane tenI pAse banne pakSanAM mANase AvyAM hatAM, tethI pigIjha leka sAthe mitrAcArI karavAno teNe nizcaya karyo. baMdaramAM AvatAM ja gAmAne teNe pitA pAse bolAvyA, ane tenI sAthe porTugalanA rAjAnI dostI meLavavA, tathA tenA taraphathI keTalAka vepArI haka meLavavA mATe tahanAmuM karI najarANuM vagere ApyuM. gAmAe paNa tene satkAra sAre karyo. ahIM tene vepArI mAla eTale badhA maLe ke vahANumAM jagyAnI taMgIne lIdhe temAMnA keTaleka tene choDI de po.

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hiMdustAnane avIcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. A kAma ATopI gAmA tA. 20 mI navembara 1498ne dine yurepa javA mATe upaDe. rastAmAM pavana paDI javAthI gevA najadIka aMjadIpa AgaLa tene keTaleka vakhata khoTI thavuM paDayuM. ahIMthI nIkaLI e tA. 8mI jAnevArI 1499 ne divase maliMda gayo tyAre tyAMnA rAjAe tene yogya satkAra karyo. e ahIM pahele AvyA tyAre rAjAe tene be nipuNa khalAsIo svAdhIna karyA hatA temane hamaNuM eNe pitAnA upayoga mATe mAgI lIdhA, ane pitAnI sAthe yuropa laI javA jaNAvyuM. ahIMthI tA. 20 mI jAnevArIe nIkaLI tA. 18 mI sapTembara 1499 ne dIne te pAche liana AvI pahoMcyo. rastAmAM tene bhAI pile gAma AjArI paDI maraNa pAmyo hato. A veLA hiMdustAnanI sapharane 9 thI 12 mahinA thatA. svadeza pAchA pharatAM piorTugalanA rAjAe gAmAne aMtaHkaraNapUrvaka AdarasatkAra karyo e kahevAnI jarUra nathI. aneka sadIone prayatna Aje saphaLa nivaDavAthI rAjAnA manane AnaMda ubharAI gayo hate. te moTo samAraMbha karI gAmAne sAmo levA gaye, ane tene ma eTale yukanI paddhI ApI. gAmAnAM ANelAM najarANAMthI rAjA atyaMta saMtuSTa thayo. tenAM jahAjamAne saghaLe mAla vecAI rahetAM evuM mAlama paDayuM ke musApharImAM je kaMI kharaca thaye hato tenA karatAM sAThagaNI utpanna e. mAlamAMthI thaI hatI. e vakhate yuropamAM marI dara ratalanA 1 zI. 5 re, taja 3 zI. 2 pe, suMTha 2 zI. 1 pe, jAvaMtrI 5 zI. 3 pi, ane jAyaphaLa 1 zI. 9 pe. ne bhAve vecAtAM hatAM. A pramANe hiMdustAna javAne jaLamArga parTugIjha lekone maLI AvavAthI jagatanA itihAsamAM eka mahAna pheraphAra thayA. kaeNlikaTanA musalamAna vepArIone porTugIjhonA AvavAthI je dhAstI utpanna thaI hatI te AgaLa jatAM kharI paDI, te have pachInI hakIkata uparathI jaNAze. A jaLamArgane lIdhe yuropamAM porTugalanuM mahatva vadhI gayuM. venisa, jInoA vagere dhanADhya rAjyone vepAra besI gayo, ane naikA nakaLAmAM pravINa

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. thayelAM rAjya ekadama bahAra paDayAM, ane porTugalanA rAjAne "ithiopiA, arebIA, IrAna tathA cInanA vepAra, naukAnayana tathA jItelA pradezone Hilas' (Lord of the Conquests, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and China) e nAmanI mahAna paDhI maLI. pa. paDe kebalanI saphara (sane 1500). vAska Da gAmAnA pAchA AvyA pachI teNe kahelI eka vAta je piorTugIjha darabAra tathA lekanA mana upara sajaDa ThasI gaI te e hatI ke je hiMdustAnane vepAra ApaNA tAbAmAM levo ja hoya te Araba musalamAne sAthe draDhatAthI yuddha calAvavAnI jarUra che. A uparathI tera meTAM jahAje, uttama prakAranI yuddha sAmagrI tathA cAlAka khalAsIo taiyAra karI porTugalanA rAjAe I. sa. 1500 mAM paDo kebralane kaeNlikaTa tarapha ravAnA karyo. tenI sAthe jhAmarInane arpaNa karavAnI aneka vastuo hatI ane vepAra mATe taha karavAnI tene sUcanA ApavAmAM AvI hatI. bAlame DIAsa paNa tenI joDe hato. A svArImAM 1200 mANaso hatAM, ane sAthe khristI dharmagurUo paNa ghaNu hatA. Avo moTo kAphale tA. 9 mArca 1500 ne dIne pirTugalathI nIkaLe. kepa varDanA TApu AgaLa AvI pahoMcatAM kebralanAM vahANo pavananA jorathI nairUtya khuNa tarapha ghasaDAI javAthI teo dakSiNa amerikAnA pUrva kinArA upara AvelA brAjhila dezamAM jaI pahoMcyAM. A khabara porTugala mokalI kebala pote agni keNa tarapha vejo. rastAmAM eka bhayaMkara tephAna thaI AvavAthI temAM cAra vahANo DubI gayAM, tathA bAlame DIAsa suddhAM puSkaLa mANaso maraNa pAmyAM. AgaLa jatAM bIjAM be vahANe bIna upayogI thaI paDavA pachI A TaLI bIjI ogasTe muzkelIthI maliMda AvI lAgI. ahIMthI gujarAtanA baMdarathI mAhitagAra hoya tevA be khalAsIo laI kebrala pahelAM gheghA baMdara AgaLa AvyA. tyAMthI dakSiNamAM aMjIpa thaI tA. 30 mI ogasTe te kaeNlikaTanA baMdaramAM dAkhala thayo. A vakhate kebralane porTugalathI hiMdustAna pahoMcatAM sumAre cha mahinA thayA,

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kaeNlikaTanA rAjA pAsethI jAmInagIrInAM mANaso vahANa upara laI kebale kinAre utarI rAjAnI mulAkAta lIdhI. beu vacce thayelA dastInA karAranI rUe parTugIjha lekee kaeNlikaTamAM vepAranI eka koThI sthApI. ATaluM karavA chatAM paNa musalamAna vepArIoe kebralanAM mANasone mAla Ape nahIM. be mahinAmAM be vahANa bharAya teTale paNa mAla porTugIjhane nahIM maLavAthI, temanI ane musalamAne vacce pANI upara eka nAnI sarakhI laDAI thaI temAM porTugIjhanAM pacAsasATha mANaso mAryA gayAM. e pachI musala mAnanAM daza jahAja DubAvI daI kebrala kaeNlikaTathI nIkaLI DIsembaramAM kAcIna jaI pahoMcyo. rastAmAM musalamAnonAM bIjAM be vepArI vahANa teNe DubAvyAM. A pramANe Araba vepArIo tathA piorTugIjho vacce zarU thayela jhaghaDe ghaNe vakhata sudhI cAlu rahyo, ane temAM vakhata jatAM judA judA pakSanA leke sAmela thayA. Araone mukhya Teke veniziana lekene hato. kocInanA rAjA trimapArAe kebralane AdarasatkAra karI vepArane mATe mAla kharIda karavA tene chuTa ApI. kocIna zahera e samaye ghaNI garIba avasthAmAM hatuM, ane tyAMnA rAjAne vaibhava paNa juja hatuM. paraMtu teNe batAvelI bhalAIna badalAmAM "likaTa jItI tamane ApIza" evuM vacana kele tene ApyuM. cInamAM sthApelI kaThInuM mukhIpaNuM bAjhA nAmanA pirTugIjha vepArIne soMpI kebala kAnAnura gaye, ane tyAMnA rAjAe po. gala darabAramAM mokalelA elacIne sAthe laI tA. ra6 mI jAnevArIe yuropa javA nIkaLe. kocInane rAjA tene Avo ghADe mitra thayuM hatuM chatAM teNe jAmInagIrInA badalAmAM mokalelAM mANaso kebala pitAnI sAthe laI gaye, temaja tyAM rahelA yuropiana vepArIonI salAmatI mATe kaMI paNa vyavasthA karI nahIM. ema chatAM ke cInane rAjAe temanI sArI rIte baradAsta karI sahIsalAmata pAchA temane vatana ravAnA karyA. pAchA pharatAM maliMda AgaLa kebralanuM eka vahANa khaDaka sAthe athaDAI bhAMgI gayuM. AvAM tathA bIjA aneka saMkaTa veThI te tA. 21 mI julAI 1501 ne dIne liana jaI pahoMcyo. A vakhate e hiMdustAnamAMthI aneka vastuo

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 97 laI gayo hato. temAMnI keTalIka nIce pramANe hatI-taja, Adu, suMTha, marI, laheMga, jAvaMtrI, jAyaphaLa, kasturI, sarakacuro (civet), sIlArasa (storax ), lebAna, nAgakesara, (cassia buds), rUmImastakI (mastic), pAca (myrrth), lAla ane sapheda sukhaDa, agara, aMbara, kapUra, canne, lAkha, anib, tuzzia, aphINa, mATInAM vAsaNa vagere. kebralanA pAchA pharavA pachI pirTugalanA rAjAe Da navA nAmanA kastAnanI saradArI heThaLa cAra vahANo hiMdustAna ravAnA karyA. temanI ane kaeNlikaTanAM vahANe vacce thayelI moTI laDAImAM porTugIjha leke vijayI nIvaDyA. A laDAImAM kocInanA rAjAe porTugIjhone ghaNI madada karI hatI. laDAInI Akhare hAtha AvelAM kaeNlikaTanAM eka vahANa upara 1500 uttama motI, keTalAMka ratno ane khalAsIone upaganAM traNa cAMdInAM yaMtra DanevAne maLyAM. A yaMtre e samaye yuropiananI jANamAM nahotAM. A saghaLo sAmAna laI tathA vahANe mAlathI bharI Da navA hiMdustAnathI nIkaLe. yuropa jatAM tA. 21 mI me sane 1502 ne dIne tene eka beTa hAtha lAgyo. e divase keMsTaeNnTAIna dhI greTa bAdazAhanI mA helInAnI punyatithi hovAthI teNe A beTanuM nAma maranAranA mAnyArthI senTa helInA ApyuM. e veLA beTa upara vastI bIlakula nahotI, temaja mANasa jAtane jANItAM jAnavare paNa tyAM nahotAM. Da novAe vahANa uparanAM jAnavaromAMthI keTalAMka bakarAM, gadheDAM, Dukkara vagere e beTa upara cheDI dIdhAM. A TApu upara pANI ghaNuM sAruM hovAthI thoDA ja samayamAM saphare jatAM AvatAM vahANene te ghaNe upayogI thaI paDyo. 6. vAskeDa gAmAnI bIjI saphara ( 1502-03)kebalanA vRtAMta uparathI hiMdustAnane vepAra hAtha karavA mATe kaeNlikaTanA rAjA sAthe sakhata yuddha karavAnI jarUra che evuM porTugalanA rAjAne lAgatAM teNe eka moTo laDAyaka kAphalo taiyAra karAvyo, ane tenA uparI tarIke vAska Da gAmAnI nimaNuka karI. A kAphalAmAM 20 vahANa tathA 800 laDavaiyA hatA. teone uttejana tarIke khAnagI rIte masAlA vagere lAvI

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98 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je vecavAnI paravAnagI maLI hatI. sane 1502 nA mArca mAsamAM A kAle pirTugalathI nIkaLI, rastAmAM mejhAmbika, killA vagere ThekANe tyAMnA rAjA pAsethI khaMDaNI ugharAvI gasTamAM maliMda AvI lAgyo. killA AgaLa keTalIka musalamAna strIo khristI dharma aMgIkAra karavAnA AzayathI porTugIjha jahAja upara AvI, paNa temAMnI paraNelI strIone rUkhasada ApI bAkInIne gAmAe rahevA dIdhI. maliMda cheDI te prathama DAbhela gaye. tyAMthI aMjIpa thaI kAnAnura AvatAM rastAmAM honAvaranI khADI AgaLa timacA nAmano luTArU cAMcI tene maLe. gAmAe tenI puTha pakaDI tenAM vahANe bALI nAkhyAM pachI, bIje dIne te bhaTakaLa jaI pahoMce. vijayanagaranA rAjAne tAbAnA e baMdaramAM te kALe dhamadhokAra vepAra cAlate. tyAMnA adhikArI pAsethI jorajulamathI potAnA lAbhane TharAva karAvI laI gAmA kAnAnura Avyo. rastAmAM musalamAnenuM eka kimatI mAlathI bhareluM jahAja teNe bALI nAkhyuM, paNa te uparanAM mANase jIva jatAM lagI ghaNuM jhanunathI tenI sAme laDyA. kAnAnuranA rAjA ane gAmAnI snehapUrvaka mulAkAta thatAM paraspara najarANanI Apa le thaI ane teoe saghaLA vepArIonI saMmatithI mAla kharIdavA tathA vecavA mATenAM vajananAM kATalAM tathA dara nakkI karyA. A pramANe goThavaNa karI musalamAnonAM vahANe upara temaja kaeNlikaTanA rAjA upara vera levA mATe gAmA nIkaLyo. kaeNlikaTanA baMdaramAM gAmAne eka paNa vahANa maLyuM nahIM, paNa e tyAM dAkhala thayo eTale rAjAe pite tene zaraNe gayo che ema batAvavA eka brAhmaNa elacIne tenI pAse mokalyo, ane kAvyuM ke "vizeSa trAsa ApanAra mukhya dasa Arabone huM tamArA tAbAmAM soMpuM chuM. temane tamAre game tevI zikSA karavI; e uparAMta mAlanI nukasAnI tarIke vIsa hajAra rUpIA bharI ApuM chuM." A saMdeze gAmAe kabUla karyo, paNa rAjAe ghaNA thoDA Araba mokalyA te tene pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. vaLate divase e dasa Araboe pitAnA chuTakArAne mATe vIsa hajAra rUpIA ApavA mAMDyA, paNa temanuM kAMI paNa nahIM sAMbhaLatAM gAmAe AramAra ekadama zaheranI

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9 prakaraNa 4 thuM.] piorTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. najadIka lAvI temane mATe zarU karyo. AthI zaheramAM AjaMda ane bhaya vyApI rahyAM. bIjI taraphathI be moTAM ane bAvIsa nAnAM vahANe karamAMDala kinArethI cokhA bharI baMdaramAM dAkhala thatAM hatAM tene gAmAe pakaDyAM, tenA upara saghaLA upayogI mAla tathA sarasAmAna potAnAM vahANa upara laI lIdhe ane temAMnA saghaLA mANasenA hAtha, kAna ane nAka kApI nAkhyAM. kaeNlikaTanA rAjAnA elacI thaI AvelA brAhmaNanI paNa eja dazA thaI. e pachI saghaLA mANasonA teNe paga baMdhAvyA, ane dAMtavatI derInA baMdha toDI nahIM pADe te mATe lAkaDIvaDe dAMta bhAgI naMkhAvI te temanA maheDAmAM bharyA. AvAM 800 mANasone, Dhagale karI, eka vahANamAM nAkhyAM, tenA upara pAtarAM vagere DhALI DhagalAne Aga lagADI ane saDha kheMcI vahANane pavanane jere kinArA tarapha haDaselyuM. tevI ja rIte gAmAe brAhmaNa elacIne bIjA eka vahANa upara besADI tenA tAbAmAM ukta purUSonAM kApI nAkhelAM saghaLAM avayo ApyAM, ane rAjAne lakhI me kahyuM ke AnuM zAka karI khAvuM." A bhayaMkara kRtyathI saghaLA lekonA manamAM piorTugIjhonI sAmA ghaNe Theza upanna thayo, ane tene kevI rIte vera levuM tene teo vicAra karavA lAgyA. elboyanAnA TApumAM sane 1623 mAM valaMdA lekae thoDAka aMgrejonI katala karI, athavA surAja-uda-daulAe 146 aMgrejone aMdhArI koTaDImAM purI mArI nakhAvyA te kRtyanAM laMbANa varNana niranirALA graMthamAM ApavAmAM AvyAM che, tevI rIte gAmAnAM A aghora kRtyanI temaja tenA jevA bIjA kAmonI hakIkata aitihAsika saMpUrNatAne mATe ApaNane jANavAnI jarUra che. kaeNlikaTathI vAska DagAma kAcIna game tyAre kAnAnuranA rAjAne tene e saMdezo maLyo ke keTalAka Araba vepArIo ATha jahAja bharI mAlanI jakAta kiMvA kimata ApyA vinA cAlyA jAya che mATe te bAbata baMdobasta kare. A uparathI sake nAmanA Isamane gAmAe tarataja kAnAnara ravAne karyo. seke tyAM Avyo tyAre Araba vahANa baMdaramAMja nAMgarelAM hatAM, eTale tenA mAlika khvAjA mahamadane teNe pakaDI tenI

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100 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pAsethI rAjAne saghaLo hisAba cukavI apAvyo, ane pachI tene ThAra mArI puro karyo. A mahenatanA badalAmAM kAnAnuranA rAjAe sedrane eka hajAra senAnA pardAva* ( Paradaos) bakSisa ApyA, ane tene maraghI levA mATe dararoja eka padava ApavAno TharAva karyo. kAnAnuranA baMdaramAM pArTugIjha vahANa rahe tyAM sudhI temane dararoja eka pardAva ApavAne vahivaTa ghaNuM divasa cAlu rahyo hato. - pelI bAjue gAmA ke cIna jaI pahoMcatAM tyAMnA rAjAe tenuM sanmAna karI tenAM vahANe mAlathI bharI ApyAM. porTugIjha leke A tarapha AvavA lAgyA tyArathI kocInanA rAjAne temanA vepArathI maTe napho thatuM hatuM, eTale AgaLa upara tenA lebhanuM kevuM pariNAma Avaze te bAbata teNe kAMI paNa lakSa ApyuM nahIM. kivana athavA kalama nAmanuM eka bIjuM vepAranuM sthAna kaeNlikaTanI dakSiNe hatuM. tyAMnA rAjAe vepArathI thatI kiphAyatanI hakIkata sAMbhaLI pitAnA baMdaramAMthI mAla bharavA be vahANa mokalavA gAmAne vinaMtI karI, te pramANe ke cInanA rAjAnI saMmati laI teNe be vahANa bharI kivanathI mAla maMgAvyA. evAmAM kocInanA rAjA taraphathI vAska Da gAmAne bAtamI maLI ke kaeNlikaTathI eka moTo kAphalo laDavA mATe taiyAra thaI tenI sAmA Ave che. kaeNlikaTanA rAjAe athAga parizrama laI puSkaLa paise kharca A kAphe taiyAra karyo hato, ane tenI madadathI ekavAra piorTugIjhonI tathA ke cInanA rAjAnI sattAne nAza karI temanI hamezanI kheDa bhulAvavA teno vicAra hato. paNa jhAmorIne racelA batanI khabara vijaLI vege maLatIAo mAraphata gAmAne maLelI hovAthI teNe jhAmorInane saMdezo laI AvelA brAhmaNanA hAlahavAla karI tenA hoTha, tathA kAna kApI nAkhyA, ane kutarAnA kAna kApI tenA kAna sAthe sIvI laI tene AvI sthitimAM jhAmarIna pAse pAcho mekalyo. e pachI moTAM moTAM dasa vahANa mAlathI bharI yuropa pAchA pharavA mATe gAmA *pardava (saM. pratApa) e gAvAmAM cAlatA asalane sIkake che ane tenI kiMmata sumAre savA rUpI hatI.

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. kecInathI nIkaLyo. paNa seDhe keTalAMka vahANa laI musalamAna upara tapAsa rAkhavA pAchaLa rahyA. rastAmAM khvAjA kAsama nAmanA vepArInAM jahAja tene maLyAM. ubhaya vacce thayelI jhapAjhapImAM musalamAne pAchA haThayA, ane bacAvane kaMI IlAja na rahevAthI samudramAM kudI paDI taratAM taratAM kinAre gayA. eka jahAjamAM sedrane bhAre kimatano mAla maLyo; tema temAMnI keTalIka zrImAna strIo tathA chokarIo ane pegambara mahamadanuM senAnuM eka ratna jaDIta putaLuM e saghaLuM tenA tAbAmAM AvyuM. emAMnI keTalIka suMdara chokarIone porTugalanI rANIne bheTa tarIke mekalavA mATe rAkhI bAkInI teNe khalAsIone soMpI ApI. vaLI musalamAnanAM je vahANo tenA hAthamAM sapaDAyAM tene Aga lagADI pavananI dizAmAM mukI kinAre mokalAvyAM. A kAma bajAvI seDhe kAnAnura jaI gAmAne maLyo. eNe tyAMnI vakhAra upara bebIjhAnI nimaNuka karI, rAjAnI saMmati laI keTalIka topa tathA kAMIka dArUgeLA gupta rIte temAM goThavyuM ane AsapAsa killebaMdhI karI lIdhI. e uparAMta teNe rAtA samudramAMthI pazcima kinArA upara AvatAM ArabanAM vahANonI tapAsa rAkhavA sekrenI nimaNuka karI tene marachamAM Ave te vahANa lUTavA tathA DubAvI devAnI paravAnagI ApI. A vyavasthA karI Da gAmA tA. 8 mI DIsembara 1502 ne dIne hiMdustAnathI nIkaLyo te tA. 1 lI sapTembara 1503 ne je liana jaI pahoMcyo. A veLA apAra delata enI pAse hatI. pirTugalanA rAjAe tene ane tenA khalAsIene bhAre ThAThathI satkAra karI temane bakSisa ApI. gAmAnA javA pachI kocInanA rAjA sAthe laDavA mATe jhAmorIne eka meTI pheja taiyAra karI, tyAre kocInamAMnA saghaLA pigIne jhAmarInane svAdhIna karI tenI sAthe salAha karavA kocInanA rAjA trimapArAne tenA mitramaMDaLe salAha ApI. paNa te na sAMbhaLatAM rAjAe je thAya te bhegavavA nizcaya karyo. tyAMnI piArTugIjha vakhAranA mukhI kAriAe sene pitAnI madade bolAvyo, paNa teNe dakSiNa tarapha nahIM jatAM khaMbhAta AvI ArabonAM pAMca vahANe lUTyAM. pachI eka pavananI jagyAe te laMgara.

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102 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. nAkhI rahyA. e ThekANe rahevAnuM ghaNuM jokhama bharyuM che evuM saghaLAnuM kahevuM teNe sAMbhaLyuM nahIM, ane haTha karI tyAMja paDI rahyA. evAmAM eka moTuM tophAna caDI AvyuM temAM tene ane tenAM vahANone sadaMtara nAza thayo. pelI tarapha kAcInane rAjA jhAmarIna sAme laDavA saja thaze, ane teNe lazkaranuM uparIpaNuM potAnA yuvarAja nArAyaNane ApyuM. sane 1503 mAM ubhaya lazkara vacce laDAI thaI temAM nArAyaNa mAryo gayo, ane jhAmarInane vijaya maLatAM teNe kAcIna zaherane kabaje lIdhe. trimabhyAre tyAMthI nAsI jaI eka dUranI jagyAmAM bharAI beThe. hiMdustAnamAM A pramANe yuddha prasaMga Avela jeI piorTugalanA rAjAe eka moTo kAle taiyAra karI A deza tarapha ravAnA karyo. e kAphalAmAM nava moTAM jahAja hatAM, ane tenA traNa bhAga karavAmAM AvyA hatA. emAMnA pratyeka bhAga upara eN Da Abukarka, krAnsiske Da Abukarka ane sAllAnA mukhya kAmadAra hatA. emane pahele Abukarka ghaNe cAlAka tathA vilakSaNa buddhine purUSa hatA, ane tenuM nAma pirTugIjha ItihAsamAM cirasmaraNIya rahI gayuM che. sane 1503 nA aMtamAM A vahANa hiMdustAna AvI pahoMcyAM tyAre ahIMnA piorTugIjhane dhIraja AvI, jhAmarInanI phoja kAcInamAMthI cAlI gaI ane trimapArA saMkaTamAMthI chuTayo. Akhara sudhI porTugIjhane draDhatAthI vaLagI rahevA mATe bane Abukarke tene bhAre mAnathI navAjeza karyo. temaNe jhAmarInane harAvI trimapArAne kecInanI gAdI upara pAcho besADe, ane pAcIke nAmanA hoMzIAra vahANavaTIne keTalAMka vahANa sAthe kecInamAM rahevA daI tathA kivananI rANI sAthe kelakarAra karI teo yuropa pAchA pharyA. piorTugIjhone kAle upaDI gayA pachI jhAmorIne kAcIna upara bIjI svArI karI paNa pAcIkee tene sakhata parAjaya karI tene nasADI mukyo. A vakhate pAcIkee thoDAM mANasanI madadathI je parAkrama karI batAvyuM tethI pirtu gIjhanAM yuddhakaizalya, zirya ItyAdI guNe mATe AkhA dezamAM vAhavAha thaI temanA nAmanI sarvatra hAka vAgI, rAjA ane dhanADhaya leke temanI dastI karavA utsuka thayA, ane sumAre se varSa lagI dezamAM temanI sArI

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 103 pratiSThA beThI. sane 1504 mAM pAcIke yurepa gayo paNa zAbdika gArava sivAya pArTugalanA rAjAe tene kaMI paNa vadhu ApyuM nahIM. . - 7, kAnsiska Da AlamIDA, (sa. 1505-09)-pAcIkenA javA pachI hiMdustAna saMbaMdhI piorTugalanA rAjAne vicAra ghaNo ja badalAI gayo. hamaNunI sapharethI hiMdustAnanI aMtaHsthitinI ghaNI hakIkata tene maLI hatI, te uparathI te dezamAM vijaya meLavavA teNe have zuM karavuM te te barAbara aTakaLI zakyo hato. hiMdustAnano vepAra tenA hAthamAM sahejamAM Avyo hato, paNa prayatna karatAM tyAM ApaNuM rAjya paNa sthApana karI zakAze evI AzA tene utpanna thaI. ema chatAM je eziAnA vepAramAMthI bhAga paDAvavAne musalamAno sAthe sakhata yuddha karavuM paDe te te mATe eka majabUta kAphale ane lazkara hiMdustAnamAM rAkhavAnuM tene avazya lAgyuM; ane je eka vakhata ATalI taiyArI karI mukI te pAchaLathI je kaMI karavAnuM yaMgya lAge te karavAmAM vikSepa Ave nahIM, ema paNa tene vicAra Avyo. A hetu bara lAvavA rAjA Imainyuale ghaNI moTI taiyArIo karI. AkhA kAphalA temaja saghaLA vepAra upara dekharekha rAkhavA mATe krAnsiske Da AlpIDA nAmanA eka mobhAdAra purUSanI nimaNuka karI tene A tarapha mokalyo. rAjAnA hukama anvaye AlpIDAe sane 1505 nA sapaTembara mAsamAM kAnAnura AvI potAnA kAmane havAle lIdho, ane tarataja kAcIna, kAnAnura ane kivalenanA porTugIjha pratinidhinI mAnaprada paddhI dhAraNa karI. A adhikAra teNe traNa varSa bhogavavAno hato. AvA ThAThathI AbhIDAnI nimaNuka thayelI hovAthI teNe pitAnI rItabhAta paNa pheravI nAkhI. porTugIjha lekenAM vasAhata kilA vagere bAMdhakAmathI majabUta karI, musalamAnono ucheda karavAnuM, tathA ArabI samudra upara temaja AkhA hiMdI mahAsAgara upara porTugIjha sivAya bIjA koInI sattA rahevA nahIM devAnuM agatyanuM kAma teNe hAthamAM lIdhuM. piorTa killebaMdha jagyA hovI joIe evA vicArathI teNe AphrikAnA pUrva kinArA

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104 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. upara killAmAM eka kille bAMdhe, ane mombAsAnA adhikArIne pitAne mAMDaLika banAvyo. vaLI vahANanA rastAthI vAkephagAra khalAsInI vAraMvAra jarUra paDatI hovAthI e kAma mATe teNe kAyamanI nimaNuka karI, eTale pirTugIjha vahANene anya prajAnI marajI upara avalaMbI rahevAnI jarUra rahI nahIM. AlpIDAnI sAthe AvelAM 14 vahANe tathA 1500 lazkare henAvara tathA kAnAnuranAM rAjya chatI ke cInane pitAnuM mukhya thANuM banAvyuM. AbhIDAnA parAkramI putre vilena AgaLa mepalA musalamAnone zikasta ApI, silena jaI tyAMnA adhikArIne porTugIjha sattA kabUla karavAnI pharaja pADI, ane tyAMthI taja vilAyata mokalavA karAra karAvyo. silenathI AlbIDAnA putrae pahela vahelo hAthI yuropa mokalyo hato. teNe vaLI jhAmarInanA kAphalAne kaeNlikaTa AgaLa parAbhava karyo. A saghaLI phattehanuM mukhya kAraNa eja hatuM ke pirTugIjha topanA mArA AgaLa hiMdustAnanAM vepArI vahANo TakI zakatAM nahIM. piorTugIjhanI mahenatane pariNAme Arabono hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra ochI thavAthI saghaLAM musalamAnI rAjya gabharATamAM paDayAM. A navA AvelA paradezIone zeha pahoMcADavAnI matalabathI IjIptanA sulatAne eka pracaMDa kAphele taiyAra karyo, ane tenI saradArI amIra husena nAmanA eka cAlAka vahANavaTIne ApI. amIra husena ane tenA hAtha heThaLanA anya khalAsIo darIAI yuddhakaLAmAM porTugIjhonA jeTalAja pravINa hatA. sane 1508 mAM A kAle rAtA samudrane mArge gujarAtanA kinArA upara AvI pahoMcyo tyAre amadAvAdanA sulatAna ane dIvanA navAba malIka ayAjha taraphathI tene puSkaLa madada maLI. paNa AgaLa vadhatAM, tene kaeNlikaTanA jhAmarIna taraphanI madada maLatI aTakAvavAnA hetuthI, e kAle caula baMdaramAM AvI lAgyo tyAre juvAna AbhIDA, tenA upara TuTI paDe. be divasa sakhata jhapAjhapI thaI bahAdura AlbIDAnA vahANamAM bakarAM paDayAM, ane tepanA geLAthI tenA pagane IjA thaI. ema chatAM te khurasI upara paDe paDe laDAI cAlu rAkhavAnA hu Apa ha tevAmAM eka bIje

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 105 goLa tenA upara AvavAthI teNe tarataja prANa choDe. vIsa varSanA A juvAna purUSe kareluM parAkrama manana karavA joga che. malIka ayAjhane A laDAImAM jaya maLe chatAM udAra aMtaHkaraNathI teNe hAthamAM AvelA pirTugIjha upara julama karyo nahIM ane Avo zUravIra putra tene havA mATe vRddha ArbhIDA upara abhinaMdanane eka patra lakhyo. eTalAmAM AtmIDAnI traNa varSanI kArakirdI purI thavAthI tenI jagyAe limbanathI Abukarka A dezamAM Avyo, paNa putranA maraNanuM vera lIdhA sivAya AbhIDAe potAnI jagyA choDavA nA pADI. Abukarka tenI marajInI ADe Avyo nahIM, eTale AbhIDA jhaDapathI musalamAne upara dhasI gayo. sane 1509 mAM dIva najIka ubhaya pakSa vacce bhayaMkara laDAI thaI temAM traNa hajAra musalamAna tathA bAvIsa pArTugIjho paDyA. amadAvAdanA sulatAna mahamada begaDAe malIka ayAjhane parAbhava thayele joI tene pakSa choDI dIdho, ane porTugIjha sAthe tahanAmuM karyuM. ATaluM karI AbhIDA tarataja ke cIna pAcho pharyo, ane te ja varSanA nave mbara mAsamAM yuropa javA nIkaLe, paraMtu rastAmAM AphrikAnA kinArA upara mArAmArImAM tenuM maraNa nIpajayuM. kAnsisko Da AlpIDA hiMdustAnamAM pahele piorTugIjha vAIsaroya hato. tenA mata pramANe A dezamAM porTugIjha rAjya sthApana karavAnuM azakya hovAthI piorTugIjha mATe pitAne kAle rAkhI vepAranuM saMrakSaNa karavAnuM basa hatuM. A bAbatamAM tene anugAmI Abukarkane abhiprAya judAja hate. eTale AbhIDAnA javA pachI Abukarka vAIsaroya thatAM teNe svadezIo mATe hiMdustAnamAM kAyamanuM raheThANa karI ApyuM, ane tema karI meTuM mAna meLavyuM. A kAraNathI teNe karelAM kAmanuM varNana jarA vistArathI ApavuM joIe. |8, eNlphanso DaAburkanAM zarUAtanAM kAmo (sane 1506-09)Abukarkane janma ucca kuLamAM sane 1453 mAM thaye hato, ane tene pAMcamA eNnse rAjAe potAnA putranI sAthe gya vidyAdAna

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106 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ApyuM hatuM. tene gaNitazAstrane zokha hato, tathA te vakhatanI paddhati pramANe yuddha ane sAhasathI mAna meLavavA te utkaMThIta hato. sane 1471 mAM mAro jItavA mATe porTugalathI upaDelA lazkaramAM te gayo hato. te mulakamAM tene dasa varSa rahevuM paDavAthI yuddhakaLAmAM tene uttama prakArane anubhava maLyo. sane 1481 mAM porTugala pAchA pharatAM tene ghaDesvAra lazkaranA senApatine oddho maLyo. bIjA nA rAjA upara Abukarkane lAgavaga sAre cAlatuM hatuM, paNa sane 1495 mAM te maraNa pAmatAM tene chokare Imainyuala gAdIe AvyuM tyAre te lAgavaga TakI rahyuM nahIM. tene pharIthI more javuM paDayuM tyAre musalamAna sAthe kAma paDatAM temano ene anubhava thayo, ane pariNAmamAM temanI sAmA enA manamAM atyaMta vera utpanna thayuM. tyAMthI pAchA AvyA pachI rAjAe tene 1503 mAM hiMdustAna mokalyA. A veLA joke teNe kaMI paNa mahatvanuM kAma karyuM nahIM te paNa AgaLa upara upayogI thaI paDe evo A dezanI paristhitine anubhava meLavyo, ane 1504 mAM pAcho limbana Avyo. rAtA samudra ane IrAnI akhAtamAM thaIne cAlato musalamAnone vepAra hameza mATe baMdha karavo jarUrI che evI salAha teNe rAjAne ApavAthI sekaTA beTa jItavA mATe rAjAe tene 1506 mAM A tarapha ravAne karyo. karjenTinopalanA sulatAnane pUrva taraphanA musalamAnone madada karate aTakAvavAnA vicArathI Imenyuala rAjAe eka AramAra bhUmadhya samudramAMthI turkastAna upara mokalyuM. turkastAna ane IjIpta vacce duzmana nAI hatI e bInA piorTugIjhonA jJAna bahAra hovAthI teone dhAstI upajI ke rakhene e beu rAjyo ekaThAM thaI tene raste roke. koTA jItyA pachI Abukarka malabAra kinAre jaI AbhIDAnI vAIsaroya tarIkenI mudata purI thatAM te jagyAne adhikAra teNe bhagavo evo hukama rAjAe Apyo hato. malabAra kinArAnI mAphaka AphrikAnA pUrva kinArA upara aneka nAnAM nAnAM rAjya hatAM. kAcInanA rAjAnI peThe maliMdane rAjA piorTugIjhonI sAthe maLela hovAthI mombAsA, aMgajA vagere ThekANenA rAjAe tene

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 107 herAna karatA hatA. Albakake prathama te saghaLAone dara toDe, ane piorTugalanA rAjAne khaMDaNI ApavAnI temane pharaja pADI, e pachI te soDhA gayo. ahIM musalamAnone eka majabUta kile hato te teNe jatAMvArane sara karyo. tenA upara potAno amaladAra nImI vahivaTa mATe navIna vyavasthA karI, ane musalamAna hastakanI saghaLI jamIna vagere khAlasA karI tyAMnA khristI lekamAM vaheMcI ApI. ATaluM karI Abukarka sokeTAthI maskata Avyo, tyAMnA sthAnika adhikArIone chatI IrAnI akhAtanA nAka uparanuM vepAranuM mukhya sthAna maMjha tAbe karavA te upaDe. khvAja attara nAmanA rmajhanA navAbanA divAna mAraphate teNe tyAM eka kille bAMdhavA sArU kalakarAra karyA, paNa hAtha heThaLanA amaladAro tenI sAmA paDavAthI tene te kAma aDadhuM nAkhI malabAra AvavuM paDayuM. ahIM sudhInAM kRtya uparathI AbukarkanI kAma karavAnI paddhati khullI dekhAI Ave che. AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAthI malAkkA paryatane kinAre, ane emAM AvelA saghaLA beTo tathA nAkA uparanAM baMdaro porTugIjhonA kabajAmAM rAkhavAM, dareka ThekANe killA bAMdhI tyAM porTugIjha lazkara mukavuM, ane tema karI musalamAnane vepAra sadaMtara baMdha pADavo, ane te porTugIjhoe laI levo evo tene mata hatuM. paNa porTugIjha pratinidhi AlpIDAne abhiprAya ethI ulaTa hato, ane killA bAMdhI potAnI sattAno prasAra karavAnuM te anucita dhAratA. A uparathI kAcInamAM Abukarka ane AlpIDA vacce ghaNI takarAra thavAthI Abukarkane keTaleka vakhata kedamAM rahevuM paDayuM. porTa galathI bIje kAle AvI lAgatAM AlpIDAe pitAno adhikAra choDa, ane navembara 1509 svadeza pAcho pharyo, tyArathI Abuka hiMdustAnamAMnAM piorTugIjha rAjyane uparI thaye. 9. gevAnI paDatI (sa. 1510-12 )-AlpIDA sAthe uThelA TAmAM Abukarkane je divaso gayA tene teNe sAro upayoga karI dezanI tatkAlIna paristhitinuM sUkSma nirikSaNa karyuM. malabAramAM ane dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM hiMdu rAjya jorAvara hatAM, tevI ja rIte brAhmaNa rAjyanI

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108 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. musalamAnI sAkhA prabaLa hatI. beu vacce aNabanAva hevAthI hiMdu rAjyane nAza karI saghaLA pradeza upara musalamAnI amala sthApavAne brAhmaNa rAjAno vicAra cAlatuM hatuM. sane 1565 mAM tAlikeTanI laDAI mAM vijayanagaranA hiMdu rAjAnI hAra thaI ane musalamAnonI matalaba pAra paDI. AphrikAne pUrva kinAre, malabAra kinAre, ane ArabI samudra upara Arabo pharatA hovAthI teonI ane porTugIjho vacce spardha cAlu hatI. Araba vepArIo kinArA uparanI hiMdu saiyatane tathA rAjAone atizaya trAsa detA ane temane vaTalAvI musalamAna banAvatA. A kAraNa thI bahArano zatru AvI temane parAjaya karI nAza kare che te vAta kecIna, vilana, vagere ThekANanA hiMdu rAjAne ISTa hatI. porTugIjha kenA kAvAdAvA mAtra jhAmerInaja samajI gayo hato, ane teja teo sAme laDate hate. paNa bIjA hiMduone pirTugIjha karatAM ArabonI dhAstI vadhAre hatI. vyApAranI bAbatamAM paNa Araba taraphathI hiMduone vizeSa prAptI nahatI. porTugIjha vepArIo ekadama jathAbaMdha mAla game te bhAve upADI yuropa laI javA lAgyA hatA eTale malabAranA vepAramAM tejI AvI hatI, ane sarva hiMdu rAjA tathA prajA jANe porTugIjhonAM hitaciMtaka banI gayAM hatAM. vijayanagarane narasiMgarova A samaye prabaLa hatuM, paNa musalamAnonA haiSane lIdhe teNe porTugIjhanI virUdha kaMI paNa hIlacAla karI nahIM. vaLI musalamAnono amala spenamAM cAlate hevAthI, ane AphrikAnA uttara ane pUrva kinArA upara AjalagI temanI sAthe laDavAne porTugIne prasaMga paDela hovAthI temane musalamAna pratye jeTale dveSa utpanna thatA teTale hiMduo sAme thatuM nahIM. ulaTuM hiMduo tarapha tenA manamAM sahAnubhUtanI lAgaNI uzkerAtI. asalanA vakhatathI malabAra kinArA upara khristIonI vastI ghaNI hatI, ane te hiMdu amala heThaLa sukhI hatI. A sthiti avalokana karyA pachI Albakake hiMdu rAjA sAthe hamezane mATe mitrAcArI rAkhavAna, musalamAnone harAvI temanI sattA nirmaLa karavAne, ane tema karI pirTugIjhane vepAra temaja amale draDha.

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prakaraNa 4 thuM.] parTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 109 karavAno nizcaya karyo. mArgathI uttama jAtanA ArabI ane IrAnI gheADA malabAra kinArA upara AvatA, tevA gheDA pote lAvI vijayanagaranA rAjAne purA pADavA, tathA tene musalamAno sAme laDavAmAM madada karavI, evI sarate eka tahanAmuM Abukarka pitAnA elacIne vijayanagara mokalI nakkI karyuM. hiMdu sAthe mitrAcArI karI musalamAnone nAza karavo e tenA vartanane mukhya hetu hate. kaeNlikaTanA hiMdu rAjA sAthe mitrAcArI karavAnI AbukarkanI IcchA hatI. tenI A manakAmanA pUrNa thAya te pahelAM anya adhikArIoe sane 1510 mAM kaeNlikaTanA rAjavADA upara ekAeka halle karyo, temAM 100 porTugIjha tathA bAra moTA moTA adhikArIo mAryA gayA, chatAM rAjAne jaya maLe. A prasaMge Abukarka jakhamI thayelo, paNa tene ghA vizeSa jokhamakAraka hatuM nahIM. pachI sekoDhA upara svArI laI javA taiyAra thaI Abukarka jyAre gevAnI pAse aMjIpa AgaLa AvyA tyAre himacA nAmanA eka kAvAbAja hiMdue govA chatavA mATe tene nIce mujaba salAha ApI. timacAnuM nAma vAsko Da gAmAnI hakIkatamAM upara AvI gayuM che. e darIAI bAbatamAM kuzaLa hatuM, temaja khaTapaTI paNa ghaNe hato. vAo Da gAmAe enAM vahANa bALI nAkhyAM hatAM, paNa e vAta bhulI jaI eNe AbhIDAno sneha saMpAdana karyo, ane porTugIjha lokone madada karI pitAne vaibhava vadhAryo. timacAnI zikhavaNIthI Albaka evo vicAra karyo ke govA e hiMdustAnanA pazcima kinArA upara vepAranuM eka moTuM mathaka hatuM, ane te be khADInI vacamAM AveluM hovAthI vahANe paDI rahevA mATe tyAM sArI jogavAI hatI. vaLI ahIM sadhaLA dezanAM vahANe AvatAM hatAM. Albarka sahaja dhArI zakyo ke AvI uttama jagyA pitAnA tAbAmAM havA sivAya porTugIjha rAjya sthApI zakAze nahIM. kAcIna, kaeNlikaTa ane vilenamAM porTugIjhonI killebaMdha kAThIo hatI kharI, topaNa te dareka ThekANe niranirALAM svataMtra rAjyo hovAthI porTugIjhone tyAMnA rAjAnI

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110 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. marajI upara avalaMbI rahevuM paDatuM. AphrikAthI AvanAra vahANone mATe govA pazcima kinArAnI adhavaca hovAthI ghaNuM pAse paDatuM, kemake kecIna cheka dakSiNa cheDe AveluM hatuM. vaLI gavA vijApUranA musalamAna sulatAnanA tAbAmAM hovAthI te kabaje karatAM hiMduonuM vera pitA pratye herI levAze nahIM. evI vyavasthA karavAmAM hiMduo sAthe snehabhAva rAkhI musalamAnone uccheda karavAne Abukarkane mukhya hetu hatuM. A pramANenuM timacAnuM kahevuM tene megya lAgavAthI ekeyU javAnuM choDI daI prathama govA kabaje karavAne teNe nizcaya karyo. prAcIna kALathI govA upara aneka hiMdu rAjAone amala hatA, paNu cadamA zatakanA AraMbhamAM te honAvaranA musalamAna navAbe jItI lIdhuM. pachI te vijayanagaranA rAjAe sane 1367 mAM pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhuM. sane 1440 mAM tyAMnA loke svataMtra thayA, ane pAseja navuM govA nAmanuM bIjuM zahera sthApyuM. ahIM eNrmajhathI AvatA ghaDAone meTa vepAra cAla. sane 1470 mAM brAhmaNI rAjA bIjA mahamade te jItyA bAda aneka veLA hiMdu rAjAe te pAchuM meLavavA puSkaLa prayatna karyA paNa te pAra paDyA nahIM. sane 1889 mAM yusupha AdilazAha vijApUrathI svataMtra thaye tyAre tenA kabajAmAM gavA AvyuM. A AdilazAhanI kArakirdImAM govA ghaNuM AbAda sthitimAM hatuM, ane eNe ahIM meTAM moTAM makAne baMdhAvyAM hatAM, ane ahIM ja pitAnI rAjadhAnI karavAne tene vicAra hate. paNa enA samayamAM hiMduo upara ghaNo julama thatuM. Abukarka gove AvyuM tyAre malika yusupha gurmI nAmane musalamAna adhikArI tyAM hatA. enI taraphathI hiMduo upara ghaNe kahera vartate hevAthI timacAe Abukarka pAse jaI musalamAnonA trAsamAMthI hiMduone cheDavavA yukti racI. e vakhate AdilazAha dUra dezamAM guMthAyeluM hatuM, ane sakaLa hiMdu prajA musalamAnonA trAsathI gabharAI jaI porTugIjha sAthe sAmela thavA taiyAra hatI. baMdaranA nAkA upara paMjImane kille Ave che, te Abuka tA. 1 lI mArca 1510 ne dIne sara karyo; pachI be divasa rahI zahera

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] pirTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 111 paNa tene hastagata thayuM, eTale musalamAna amaladAro tyAMthI nAsI gayA. julamI amalamAMthI leke chuTaka thavAthI teonA AnaMdano pAra rahyo nahIM, ane temaNe Abukarkane suvarNanAM puSpothI vadhAvI lIdho. Abuka ke kaMIpaNu vakhata gumAvyA vinA zaherane baMdobasta karyo. - A uthalapAthalanI khabara tarataja sarvatra prasarI gaI. musalamAna ane hiMdu rAjAoe Abukarka pAse pitAnA vakIle mokalyA. vijayanagaranA rAjAe govA pitAne ApavA mATe mAgaNI karI. IrAnanA zAha tathA ormajhanA rAjAe porTugIjha virUddha aMdara khAnethI kArastAna calAvyAM. paNa Abuka dhUrtapaNe saghaLAne dabAvI dIdhA. govA zahera porTugIjhonA hAthamAM gayuM che hakIkata sAMbhaLI yusupha AdilI zAha 60,000 lazkara laI gAvA upara satvara Avyo, ane Abukarkane saMdezo kahAvyo ke tamAre joIe te bIjuM baMdaro huM tamane ApuM chuM paNa timacAne amArA havAlAmAM soMpe, ane tema kare te govA paNa huM tamane ApuM." paNa e kaheNa Abukarka mAnya karyuM nahIM tyAre AdilazAha zaheramAM ekadama dAkhala thayA. enI sAmA thavA AbukarkamAM sAmarthya nahIM hovAthI te pitAnAM saghaLAM mANaso laI vahANa upara nAsI gayo, paNa ema karatAM agAu ekaThe karele dArUgoLo teNe uDAvI dIdhe, ane hAthamAM AvelA deDhaso musalamAnone kApI nAkhyA. gevAnI khADImAMthI bahAra nIkaLavAne anukULa havA na maLavAthI Abukarkane baMdaramAM traNa mahinA paDI rahevuM paDayuM. ahIM dararAja ubhaya pakSa vacce jhapAjhapI thatI. AbukarkanI taMga sthitino lAbha laI tenA amaladAre paNa tenI sAmA thayA, paNa eNe ghaNAM dharya thI temane dabAvyA. eTalAmAM yuropathI madada AvI pahoMcatAM honAvara jaI te timacAne maLyo. A tarapha AdilazAha gAvA choDI javAthI tyAM baMdobasta barAbara rahe nahoto, eTale te upara pharIthI hale karavAne timacAe Abukarkane samajAvyo, garasapAnA rAjA sAthe himacA tenI madade Avyo, eTale navembara mAsamAM teNe gAvA upara pharIthI caDAI karI. ghaNuM jhanunI yuddhamAM be hajAra musalamAne paDayA pachI zahera tenA

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112 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. hAthamAM AvatAM tyAMnA je musalamAna rahevAsI tenA kabajAmAM AvyA tene temanAM niraparAdhI strI chokarAMo suddhAM katala karI uDAvI nAMkhyAM, ane traNa divasa sudhI zaheramAM lUMTa calAvavAnI potAnAM mANasane rajA ApI. A dura kRtyanuM samarthana karavuM azakya che. bIlakula vakhata khoyA vinA Albakake govAnI killebaMdhI majabUta karI lIdhI. eTalAmAM yusupha AdilazAha maraNa pAmyA, ane gAdIe Avele tene chokare mAIla alpa vayane hevAthI vijApUra darabAra taraphathI govA saMbaMdhI kaMI paNa prayatna thayo nahIM. govA porTugIjhane hastagata thavAthI aneka kAyamanAM pariNAma nipajyAM, pirTugIjhanI sattA pazcima kinArA upara hamezanI sthApanA thaI. vijApUra, amadAvAda, vijayanagara vagere ThekANAnA rAjyakartAne eka navo zatru ubho thayAnI dhAstI lAgI. bIjAM se varSa sudhI pUrvamAMthI yuropa janAra saghaLe vepAra ekalA porTugIjhonA tAbAmAM rahevAthI govA zahera atyaMta dhanADhaya ane nAmAMkita thayuM. e lAMbA kALamAM pRthvI uparanAM sarva agragaNya zaheremAM gevAnI pahelI gaNanA thatI. gevAne lIdhe ja Abukarka ane tene kArabhAra ItihAsamAM amara thaye che. 10, malAkkA upara caDAI (sane 1511).-gavAmAM zAMti thayA pachI nAvaranA rAjAnA bhAI mahArarAvane darasAla traNa lAkha rUpIA ApavAnA badalAmAM Abukarka govA beTana kArabhAra calAvavA karAra karI Apyo, ane pote malAkkA dvIpakalpa jItavAne IrAde laDAyaka bArakase tyAMthI haMkArI gayo. malAkkA masAlAnA vepAranuM mukhya nArka hatuM. masAlAnA beTo tathA cIna jApAna taraphano saghaLo vepAra A dvIpakalpanA tAbAmAM hato, khuda malAkkA zahera eka musalamAna sulatAnanI sattA heThaLa hatuM, tyAMnuM apratima baMdara masAlAnA vepArathI paisAdAra thayuM hatuM, ane tyAM ghaNuMkharuM sarva prAcya rASTranA vepArI rahetA hatA. temanA TAne nikAla karavA cAra rASTranA cAra pratinidhInI eka sabhA nImavAmAM AvI hatI. e dvIpakalpa e AbAda hatuM ke te "gelDana kanIsane nAme

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113 prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. yuropamAM prakhyAta hato. sane 1509 mAM sIkaverA nAmane porTugIjha vahANavaTI pAMca jahAja laIne ahIM AvyuM hatuM. te tarapha gayele e paheleja yuropiana hevAthI mAla bharavAne prayatna karatAM Arabo tenI virUddha paDyA. ghaNuM hoMsAtasI pachI sIrA tyAMthI nAsI chuTayo te pahelAM tenAM vIsa mANaso malAkkAnA amaladAronA hAthamAM sapaDAyAM hatAM. temanA upara musalamAnI dharma svIkAravA julama thavA lAge tyAre ninAcatu (Ninachatu) nAmanA eka hiMdu vepArIe gupta rIte temane madada karI temane patra Abukarkane pahoMcADe. A uparathI Abuka pitAnA kAphalA sAthe malAkkA Avya; keTalAka divasanI zAbdika takarAra pachI keda thayelA porTugIjhe Abukarkane maLyA. ema chatAM teNe zahera upara hallo karI tene kabaje lIdhe. sulatAna nAsI gayo, eTale Abukake tyAM vastA hiMdu, jAvAnIjha, cInI tathA brahmI vepArIone Azraya ApI temanA taraphanA pratinidhionuM eka rAjamaMDaLa sthApyuM. ninAcatu upara vizeSa maherabAnI karI tene hiMduone AgevAna banAvyA, jAvAnIjha lekane eka mukhya AgevAna A saghaLI goThavaNanI virUddha hovAnI khabara maLatAM Abuka tene ane tenAM sagAMvahAlAMone ThAra mAryo. A prakAranAM kura kRtyane lIdhe tene trAsa cAre bAjue beThe. malAkkA porTugIjhonA tAbAmAM AvatAM Araba musalamAnone saghaLo vepAra nAza pAmyo, ane yuropanA pazcima kinArAthI te cIna jApAna sudhI koIpaNa ThekANe temano svIkAra thayo nahIM. e pachI sumAtrA, pegu, siyAma, kAcIna cAyanA vagere ThekANenA adhikArIo sAthe Abukake mitrAcArI karI, ane malAkkAmAM majabUta kille bAMdhI tathA rAjya vahivaTano baMdobasta karI sane 1518 mAM te pAcho pharyo. e samaye gevA upara ghera paDayo che ne te hAthamAMthI javAnI dhAstImAM che evI khabara tene maLI. Abukarka hiMdustAnathI dUra upaDI gayo che evuM vijApUramAM mAlama paDatAM tyAMnA vajIre piolAdakhAna nAmanA senApatine govA kabaje levA pharamAvyuM. himacA tathA malhArarAvane parAbhava thatAM teo nAsI jaI vijayanagaramAM bharAyA. tyAM timacAnuM khuna thayuM, ane malhArarAvane nAvaranI

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114 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa [bhAga 3 je. gAdI maLatAM te tyAM cAlyo gayo. pachI govAnA killAmAM bharAI beThelA pigIjha amaladAre palAdakhAna upara hale karyo, paNa temAM tene ja parA" jaya thayo ane te mAryo gayo. avAranavAra thatI jhapAjhapIthI pilAdakhAna gavA kabaje karI zakatuM nathI evuM joI vijayanagaranA darabAre rasulakhAna nAmanA bIjA eka bahAdura saradArane tyAM mokalyo. paNa pilAdakhAna ane rasulakhAna vacce takarAra thavAthI, rasulakhAne porTugIjhanI madada laI pilAdakhAnane gavAmAMthI mArI haThAvyo. pilAdakhAna tyAMthI nIkaLI gayA pachI rasulakhAna porTugIjhanI sAmA uThaze. e saradAra killAne ghero ghAlato hato teja vakhate Abukarka malAkkAthI AvI pahoMcyA, ane parTugalathI paNa sArI madada AvI lAgI. saghaLuM lazkara ekaThuM karI rasulakhAnanI sAmA te laDyo ane govA kabaje karyuM. rasulakhAna saghaLuM choDI daI vijApUra pAcho pharyo. govAmAM je leke ene jaI maLyA hatA tenI Abukarke ghaNI bhayaMkara avadazA karI. A banAva sane 1512 mAM banyo. A pramANe govAne lIdhe aneka saMkaTa pirTugIjha upara AvatAM hovAthI te choDI devuM ane mAtra vepAra puratI tajavIja karavI evuM pi galanA rAjA taraphathI Abukane lakhAI AvatAM, eNe tene je uttara Apyo temAM A dhUrta mutsadIe svadezIonAM sarva dhoraNanuM spaSTarIte pratipAdana karyuM che. teNe evuM lakhyuM che ke "ekalA gavAmAM porTugIjhoe vijaya saMpAdana karavAthI temane amala jeTalo draDha thayo che teTale game teTalA kAphalA lAvatAM paNa te nahIM. samudra upara ApaNI sattA besavI atyaMta avasyanI che. je darIA upara eka paNa hAra thaI te hiMdustAnamAM ApaNane kSaNabhara koI rahevA denAra nathI. Aje govA ApaNI pAse hevAthI game tevI sattA ApaNe bhogavIe chIe. ATalA divasa ame gevAnuM rakSaNa karI tene TakAva karyo che tethI ja ApaNuM baLa lekee joyuM che. gujarAta, kaeNlikaTa vagerenA rAjAo amArI sAthe dostI bAMdhavA utsuka thayA che. darIA kinArA upara majabUta killA bAMdhI aneka thANuo ApaNe tAbAmAM lIdhA sivAya mAtra AramArathI ApaNuM saMrakSaNa thavAnuM

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 115 nathI. gevAnI mAphaka dIva ane kaeNlikaTamAM killA bAMdhI ApaNI majabUtI karavI joIe. A saghaLI hakIkata jANyA pachI ApaNe gAvA chaDI devAnI buddhi paramezvara Apaze, te pirTugIjha lekenuM rAjya A tarapha thAya nahIM evuM tenA manamAM che ema huM samajIza. mArA jIvamAM jIva che tyAM sudhI svarASTrane mATe laDavA huM taiyAra chuM. paNa phakta kutarkathI mAre utsAha bhaMga karaze nahIM.' kaMIka AvAja prakArano vAdavivAda lagabhaga traNa varSa bAda IsTa InaDIA kaMpanI tathA lAIva ane veleslI jevA saradAre vacce cAlyo hato te dhyAnamAM rAkhavA joga che. 11, AbukarkanuM mRtyu tathA tenuM kAmakaravAnuM dhoraNa - eDana kabaje karI rAtA samudramAMne musalamAnonA vepArane raste hameza mATe baMdha karavAnuM ane tevuM ja eka bIjuM moTuM kAma Abukarkane karavAnuM hatuM, paNa te tene hAthe pAra paDayuM nahIM. govA, gevAne beTa ane paMchama e saghaLAnI AsapAsa teNe eka majabUta keTa bAMdhyo hato. kaeNlikaTane jhAmarIna maraNa pAmatAM tenA putrae kaeNlikaTamAM porTugIjhane eka ghaNe majabUta kille bAMdhI Apyo. sane 1514 nuM varSa Abukarke e saghaLAnI aMtarthavasthA karavAmAM kahADayA pachI bIje varSe teNe ormajha upara svArI karI te sara karyuM. e tenI kArakirdInuM chevaTanuM kRtya hatuM. maMjhathI pAchA pharatAM tenI prakRti bagaDI, ane 1515 ne DIsembara mAsamAM govAnA baMdaramAM dAkhala thatAM te vahANa upara maraNa pAmyo. pahelAM tenA pretane govAmAM dATavAmAM AvyuM, paNa sane 1566 mAM tene lisbana laI javAmAM AvyuM hatuM. maraNa samaye tenI vaya 63 varSanI hatI, ane temAMnAM chellAM cha varSa hiMdustAnamAM gayAM hatAM. zarya, mutsadI cAturya, ane ekaniSTha svarASTrasevA, ItyAdI guNane lIdhe AbukarkanuM nAma porTugIjha ItihAsamAM amara thaI gayuM che. e pirTugIjhane sarvathI mATe amaladAra hate. hiMdustAnamAMnA porTugIjha ItihAsanAM mukhya traNa aMga che. vyApAravRddhi, rAjyavistAra ane dharmaprasAra. e traNe aMgane uddhava jude jude samaye niranirALA prakAre thayuM hatuM. vepAranI kalpanA vAsko DI gAmA ane

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116 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tenI agAunA vahANavaTIoe karI hatI. rAjyavistAranI kalpanA AbukarkanI hatI. e pachI dharmaprasAranA vicAro udvavyA, ane tene lIdheja piorTugIjhanI sattAne laya thayo. valaMdA, aMgreja vagere lekenA zarUAtanA vicAra AmAMnI pahelI be bAbata upara gherAI rahyA hatA; dharmanuM mahatva temane lAgeluM nahIM. AbheDAnA vakhata sudhI vepAra vadhArI potAnI koThIo sthApavAnI khaTapaTa cAlI hatI, paNa kinArA uparanAM nAkAmAM sthAne tAbAmAM laI tyAM killA vagere bAMdhI hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApyA vinA vepAra yathAsthita cAlaze nahIM, e vicArane pariNAme rAjyane pAye nAkhavAnuM kAma AbukarkanuM hatuM. e rAjyane kaMIka bhAga aneka rAjyakrAntimAMthI pasAra thaI adyApi paNa TakI rahyA che. khristI dharmane phelAvo eziyAmAM karavAnI kalpanA pahelavahelI porTugIjhanI hatI. soLamA saikAmAM IgleMDa ane holenDe upADelAM kAmamAM dharmane samAveza thaye hatuM nahIM. porTugIjhane paNa zarUAtamAM e hetu nahato, ane kaeNlikaTa vagere anya sthaLe temanA vepArane pratibaMdha naDe na heta te kadAca rAjya sthApanAnI paNa temane jarUra paDate nahIM. AbukarkanI evI khAtarI thaI hatI ke, je jagyA vepAra mATe yogya ane upayukta hoya te pUrNapaNe ApaNA tAbAmAM heyA sivAya vepAra calAvI zakAya nahIM. pitAne vepAra vadhAravA kAje porTugIjhoe musalamAnone ekahaththI vepAra nAza karyo. A AbatamAM temaNe kareluM kAma vizeSa muzkela hatuM. kAraNa te samayanAM apUrNa sAdhana vaDe hiMdustAna AvavAne mArga zodhI kahADa, ane AphrikAthI sumAtrA payetanA vizALa pradezamAMnA musalamAneno ucheda karavo e kaMI nAnuM sarakhuM kAma nahatuM. paraMtu A saghaLuM khuda porTugalanA rAjAe hAthamAM lIdheluM hovAthI pAra paDayuM. AgaLa upara valaMdAoe tathA aMgrejoe upADeluM kAma kevaLa vyaktiviSayaka khAnagI kaMpanInuM hatuM, ane temAM rAjAne athavA AkhA dezane kaMI lAgatuM vaLagatuM nahotuM. pigIjha rAjA Imenyualane lakSamAM kharI sthiti barAbara utarI hatI. musalamAnone vepAra baMdha karavA mATe eDana, sekeTTA,

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prakaraNa 4 thuM. 3. parTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA. 117 maMjha, gevA, silena, malAkkA ItyAdI ThekANuM tAbe karavA mATe te ghaNe ja AgrahI hatA. subhAge te samayanA parAkramI musalamAnI rAjAe, rUmasAmane sulatAna pahele salIma, IjIptane sulatAna ane IrAnane zAha IsmAIla e saghaLA mAMhomAMhe laDatA hatA. je teo ekamata hata te hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM porTugIjha sarvoparI thayA hatA nahIM. sarva musalamAna porTa gIjha sAthe ekaja dhoraNe kadI varyA nahIM, ane tethI ja Abukarka aneka prasaMge temanI tarapha krara thayo hato ema tene caritrakAra kahe che. musalamAnone vepAra DubAvavA porTugIjhoe krame krame aneka yuktio laDAvI porTugIjha amaladAronI lekhI paravAnagI vinAnAM je vahANo rAtA samudra pAse vepAra mATe jatAM AvatAM maLe tene ekadama pakaDI lUMTI levAne athavA bALI nAMkhavAne udyoga keTalAMka varSa cAlyA pachI evA paravAnA koIne ApavA nahIM e pramANe karyuM. trIjI yukti nAkAMo upara killA bAMdhavAnI hatI. ATale lagI rAjA Imainyuala, AlpIDA ane Abuka ekamata hatA. paNa ethI agADI jaI hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjhanI sattA hameza mATe rahevI joIe evo Agraha karanAra mAtra Abukarka hatuM. A amala besADavA mATe teNe nIcenI cAra bhinna yojanA ghaDI kahADI hatI:- (1) darIA uparanAM nAkAnAM baMdare jItI levAM; (2) dezI strIo sAthe porTugIjha purUSanAM lagna karAvI ApI amuka pradezamAM temanAM vasAhata karavAM; (3) killA bAMdhavA, tathA (4) keTalAka hiMdI rAjAo sAthe taha karI teone pirTugalanA mAMDaLika banAvavA. A paikI bIjI yejanA sivAya bAkInAnuM vivecana upara AvyuM che. e upAya kaMIka vicitra hovAthI tenuM pariNAma paNa tevuM ja AveluM Aje ApaNI draSTIe paDe che. pirTugIjha ane hiMdI evI be bhinna prajA vacce lagnane praghAta pADI utpanna karelI vaTalela khristI prajA jyAM tyAM pharatI ApaNe joIe chIe tenI zarUAta Abukarkeja karI che. AvuM bIjI koI paNa yuropiana prajAe karyuM nathI. gAvA jItyA pachI Albakarka musalamAnonI katala karI tyAre temanI anAtha vidhavAone teNe piorTa gIjha purUSo sAthe paraNAvI dIdhI. AvA lagnamAM te jAte hAjara rahete, ane

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118 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. bheTa bakSisa ApI uttejana Apata. enI TuMka kArakirdImAM eNe AvAM cAraso lagna karAvI ApyAM hatAM. A pramANe hiMdustAnamAM rahenArI khristI prajA utpanna karI svadharmane prasAra karavAnI eka navIna rIta Albakake amalamAM mukI hatI, paNa tenI pachInA adhikArIone e pasaMda paDI nahotI. Aburke AvA vivAha karavAmAM vadhAre sugamatA karI ApelI te paNa khristI dharmane prasAra A dezamAM joIe tevo thayo nahIM, eTalA uparathI hiMdu dharmanI draDhatA spaSTa jaNAya che. dezIonI cAlAkI tathA tIvra buddhi Abuka pArakhI zakyo hato, temane mATe teNe nizALe sthApI hatI, ane temanuM eka lazkara paNa taiyAra karyuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAMnA rAjyakArabhArane kharca ahIMnA utpannamAMthI karavAno hovAthI, ahIMnI pracalita grAya vyavasthA svIkArI teNe govA ane malAkkAmAM TaMkazALo sthApI tyAM porTugIjha rAjAnA nAmanA navA sikakA pADayA. khristI dharmanA prasAra mATe eNe je bhAre khaTapaTa upADI hatI te jorajulamathI svadharma svIkAravA hiMdI lekene pharaja pADavAnuM je ghAtakI kAma porTugIjha amalamAM have pachI thayuM, tenI zarUAta ja hatI. dezI rAjAone mAMhomAMhene verabhAva porTa gIjhonAM utkRSTa jahAja tathA tapa, teonuM apratima zaurya, ane Abu karkanuM pitAnuM DahApaNa e saghaLAMne lIdhe ja porTugIjha amala hiMdustAnamAM cAlu thayo hato. Abukarka maraNa pAme tyAre majhathI silena sudhI sarvatra zAMti hatI. khaMbhAta, cala, DAbhela, gevA, honAvara, bhaTakaLa, kAnAnura, kocIna vagere ThekANuM temaja e hadamAMnA rAjAo tathA jamInadAra saghaLA piorTagIjhanA mAMDaLika hovAthI ArabI samudra upara pagInAM vahANo bInaharakata karatAM hatAM. silenathI malAjhA parvatanA kinArA uparanA moTA meTA rAjAoe pirTugIjha sAthe mitrAcArInA kelakarAra karyA hatA, cIna, jAvA ane peDunA rAjAo paNa temanA snehI hatA. A saghaLuM karanAra mahAna Albakake ja hatoane eja AkhA perTugIjha amalamAM kharekhara mutsadI purUSa thaI gayo hate.

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prakaraNa 5 muM.] hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjhanuM rAjya 119 : prakaraNa 5 muM. hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjhAnuM rAjya ( sane 1510-1640. ) 1. Abuka pachInA adhikArIo 2. nyuDa kunhA (sane 1529-38) | ( sane 1515-1528 ). 3. jaoNna DuM ane dIvanI paDatI 4. sane 1548 thI 1580 sudhImAM ( sane 1546 ). AvelA adhikArIo. 5. sane 1580 thI 1612 sudhInI 6. pigIjha amalano utarato kALa hakIkata. (sane 1612-40 ). 1, Abukarka pachInA adhikArIo (sane 1515-1528).Abukarka jIvatuM hatuM tyAreja porTugIjha InDiAnA gavarnara tarIke AlbagirionI nimaNuMka thayelI hovAthI te hiMdamAM Avyo hato. AbagAriA kuLavaMta hatA, paNa svabhAvamAM te AbukarkathI tadana virUddha hevAthI te tarataja apriya thayo. cAluM nIti tarachoDI kahADI navI vyavasthA karevAnI tenI IcchA hatI paNa te pUrNa karI zakyo nahIM, kemake AbukarkanI rAjyavyavasthA rAjA Imainyualane pasaMda paDI hatI. rAtA samudramAM musalamAnone saMcAra baMdha karavAnuM mukhya kAma Imenyuala AbargAriAne soMpavAthI sane 1517 ne sumAre cALIsa vahANo ane 1000 mANasanI pheja laI e eDana javA upaDayo. pUrve ATale moTo pirTa gIjha kAle kadI paNa bahAra paDe nahote, chatAM mANasonA ALasa tathA nAkhuzIne lIdhe A svArI niSphaLa nivaDI, ane varasAda vagerenA tephAnathI nukasAna khamI tene pAchA pharavAnI jarUra paDI. tyArabAda AbargariAe silena jaI tyAMnA rAjA pAse khaMDaNI ugharAvI sane 1518 mAM tyAM eka kille bAMdhyo. silena jItavAne porTugIjhane A prathama prayAsa hate. eja varSanI AkharamAM lapejha sekavIrAnI porTugIjha hAkema tarIke nimaNuMka thavAthI AlbarTAriA yuropa pAcho gaye. sekavIrAe traNa

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. varSa kAma karyA pachI enI jagyAe menejhIsa Avyo (I. sa. 15211524). A hAkemanA samayamAM kaMI paNa agatyane banAva banyo nahIM. yuropamAM rAjA Imainyuala sane 1521 mAM maraNa pAmyA. hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjha rAjyane pAyo majabUta besADavAmAM A rAjAnuM DahApaNa ghaNuM upayogI thayuM hatuM. pitAnA kAma mATe yogya mANasa cuMTI kahADI temane paDatI aDacaNe dUra karavAnuM, ane hAthamAM lIdhelA kAma mATe paisA, mANasa tathA vahANa joIe teTalAM purAM pADavAnuM Imenyuale khaMtathI upADI levAthI A kAmamAM tene pUrNa phatteha maLI. tepaNu AvI bAbatane saghaLe yaza tenA bApa bIjA jaina rAjAne Apa joIe, kemake dUranA pradeza zedhI kahADavAnuM vikaTa kAma teNeja pAra utAryuM hatuM, ane teNe taiyAra karelAM mANasanI madadathI ja agADI parAkrama thayAM hatAM. rAjA I menyuala porTugalamAM ghaNe priya nahoto. te hareka bAbatamAM saMzayI tathA anupakArI hovA uparAMta paisAne lebhI hatuM, eTale hiMdustAnanA vepAramAMthI thata saghaLo phAyade te pite khAI jAta. Imenyuala pachI tene cheka trIjo jaina gAdIe Avyo. bApa karatAM chokare ghaNo cAlAka tathA hoMzIAra hata, tathA tene guNa avaguNanI pArakha hovAthI te guNane badale vALyA sivAya kadI rahe nahIM. ema chatAM dharmanI bAbatamAM te durAgrahI hatA. hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApI vepAra tathA aihika saMpatti vadhAravI eTaleja tene udeza nahoto, paNa te dezanA lokone khristI dharmamAM vaTALavAnI tene atyaMta utkaMThA hatI. porTugalamAM "pavitra nyAyAsana" (the Holy Inquisition) sthApI te dvArA leke upara paDa dharmane trAsa eNe eTale badhe vadhAryuM ke prajAmAM rAjakIya utsAha tadana maMda paDI gayA. hiMdustAnamAM lekane vaTALavAnuM nApasaMda kAma teNeja zarU karyuM hatuM, ane tethI ja tenA rAjyane pAyo ghaNe nabaLo paDyo hato. trIjA jaina rAjAe prasiddha vahANavaTI vAsko Da gAmAne porTugIjha vAIsaraoNya tarIke sane 1pa24 mAM hiMdustAna mekalyo hato. gAmAe karelAM mahAna kAmane lIdhe A agAuja tenuM gaurava vadhavuM joItuM hatuM, paNa

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prakaraNa 5 muM.] hiMdustAnamAM pirTugIjhenuM rAjya. 121 imenyuala rAjAnI tenA tarapha ItarAjI thavAthI tenAM saghaLAM kAma DhaMkAI gayAM hatAM. jyAre hiMdustAnamAMnA porTugIjha amaladAree ghaNuja svecchAcArI thaI uparIonA hukame tarachoDI kahAvyA, tathA lAMca laI kAma barAbara karyuM nahIM tyAre cAlatI geravyavasthAno baMdobasta karavA gAmAne A dezamAM mokalavAmAM Avyo. ahIM AvyA pachI te calane killo joI ge gaye. tyAMnA adhikArI pastAnA virUddha puSkaLa arajIo thavAthI tene gAmAe ekadama baratarapha karyo; pachI kocIna jaI tyAMnA porTugIjha amaladArane rAjInAmuM ApavA pharaja pADI. AvAM kRtyothI gAmAne dhAka sAre beThe, paNa te pitAnuM kAma pUrNa karatAM sudhI jIvyA nahIM. te ghaNe vayovRddha hovAthI sane 15ra4 nA DIsembara mAsamAM maraNa pAme. tene kocInamAM dATo hato, paNa pAchaLathI sane 1538 mAM tenA pretane porTugala laI javAmAM AvyuM. gAmAne gujarI javA pachI be varSa sudhI DaoNma henarI Da menejhIse gavarnara tarIke kAma karyuM. te sane 15ra6mAM maraNa pAmyo tyAre lepa vAjhaDa sepe gavarnara thayo. paraMtu enI sAme lekene bumADo ghaNo hato, rAjyamAM avyavasthA vadhI gaI hatI ane killA vagere bacAvanAM kAmonI sthiti joIe tevI hatI nahIM. pirTugIjha lekae venisanA vepArane ADatre phaTako lagAvyAthI teo tarapha veniziane apAra gusso uzkerAyo hato, ane vera levA teo turkastAnanAM musalamAnI rAjya sAthe mitrAcArI bAMdhI, porTugIjhane zeha ApavA mathana karI rahyA hatA. A bAbatamAM teo kaMI paNa karI zake te pahelAM IjIpta ane turkastAna vacce laDAI jAgI, yuddhane aMte IjIpta turkastAnanA tAbAmAM gayuM; tema sirIAM ane arebIAnA mulako paNa te deze chatI lIdhA. A gaDabaDATanA samayamAM turka sulatAna salIma sane 1pa20 mAM gujarI gayo, ane tene putra sulemAna takhtanazIna thaye. e bAdazAha ghaNe parAkrama tathA cAlAka hovAthI hiMdustAnane lIdhe porTugIjhonuM mahatva keTaluM ane kevI rIte vadhI gayuM hatuM te saMpUrNa rIte te kaLI zakyo hato, ane tethI temane pratikAra karavA mATe suvejhanI saMgibhUmI AgaLa teNe eka

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122 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. me kAle taiyAra karAvI sulemAna pAchAne tene saradAra banAvyo. A AramAra upara venisanA khristI khalAsIo temaja turkastAna tathA IjInA vahANavaTIo paNa hatA. 2, nyune Da kuhA (sane 15ra9-1538.)-A vikaTa prasaMge hiMdustAnamAM kaI akkalavAna amaladAra hovo joIe teTalA mATe porTugIjha rAjA trIjA jene nyune Da kunhAne sane 1528 mAM porTugIjha InDiAne gavarnara nImI A tarapha ravAnA karyo. Abuka pachI AvelA hAkemomAM A sarvathI vadhu parAkramI hato, teNe hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM aneka sAhasika kAma karyo hato, ane sane 15ra 5 mAM mombAsAnA rAjAne parAbhava karI, tathA oNrmajhanA rAjA pAse khaMDaNI ugharAvI nAmanA meLavI hatI. sane 1529 mAM Da kuhAe A dezamAM AvatAM tarataja sepeyane keda karI porTugala mokalAvI dIdho, jyAM te keTalAka samaya keda bhogavI hadapAra thayo. kuhAe saghaLAM thANAM, killA tathA vakhAronI satvara tapAsa karI, tathA adhikArIonI luccAI DAMgAI pakaDI gunhegArone sajA karI. e sivAya vepAra tathA rAjya vadhAravA kAje eNe puSkaLa yatna karyA. atyAra sudhI kero mAMDala kinArA upara senTa TamenI uttare porTugIjha vepAra cAla nahoto, tethI baMgALAnA musalamAna adhikArIo sAthe saMdhi karI teNe te prAMta sAthe vepAra zarU karyo. gevAne jevuM baMgALAnA kinArA upara pitAnuM ekAda svataMtra baMdara karavAnI kunhAnI ghaNI IcchA hatI, paNa te saphaLa thaI nahIM. gujarAtanA kinArA upara paNa pirTugIjhonuM baMdara nahotuM; tyAMthI ghaNe dUra uttaramAM phakta cAlanuM thANuM temanI pAse hatuM. turkastAnamAMthI musalamAnI AramAra gujarAtanA kinArA upara AvatAM tene te tarapha nA musalamAnI rAjAone Azraya maLe te pachI porTugIjhane temanA kAmamAM harakata paDyA vinA rahe nahIM, e dhAstI nirmaLa karavAnA hetuthI kuhAe gujarAtamAM eka baMdara meLavavA khaTapaTa calAvI. eTalAmAM anukULa taka tene hAtha lAgI. gujarAtanA sulatAna bahAdurazAhane dilhInA bAdazAha humAyu sAthe laDAI jAgatAM bahAdurazAhe porTugIjhanI madada mAgI, ane badalAmAM

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3 11. prakaraNa 5 muM. hiMdustAnamAM pirTugIjhAnuM rAjya. 123 vasaIne beTa teone ApavA jaNAvyuM. e beTa tAbAmAM laI porTugIjhee tyAM eka majabUta kille ubho karyo (sane 1534) tyArathI vasaI uttara taraphanuM eka moTuM thANuM thayuM, ane govAnI mAphaka AbAda thatuM cAlyuM. evI ja rIte damaNa, thANuM, tArApUra, vAMdarA, mAhIma, muMbaI vagere ThekANuo piorTugIjhae kabaje karyo. sane 1535 mAM emaNe ApelI madadanA badalAmAM bahAdurazAhe kAThIAvADanI dakSiNe Avele dIvane beTa temane bakSisa Ape. Da kunhAe tarataja tyAM majabUta killebaMdhI karI. A pramANe bahAdurazAha ane kuhA vacce ghADI mitrAcArI hatI, paNa eka divasa kunhAnI mulAkAta laI bahAdurazAha pAcho pharatA hatA tevAmAM vahANa upara tenuM ekAeka khuna thatAM tenA bhatrijA trIjA mahamadazAhe gAdIe AvI turkastAnanA sulatAna sulemAna sAthe taha karI piorTagIjha sAme zastra upADayAM. sulemAne pANI mArga ane mahamadazAhe jamIna taraphathI dIvane ghere ghA te vakhate killAnuM bAMdhakAma pUruM thaI gayeluM hovAthI porTugIjhane te ghaNe kAma lAgyA. sitterA nAmanA porTugIjha amaladAre dIvane bacAva utkRSTa rItIe karyo. ghero lAMbo vakhata cAlyA pachI pitAnA mAMhomAMhene vigrahane lIdhe musalamAnone te uThAvavo paDaze, ane dIva temanA hAthamAM AvyuM nahIM. A ghera cAlatA hatA te daramiAna Da kunhAnI jagyA upara gAziA Da neronAnI nimaNuka thaI (sane 1538). 3 kunhA ghaNe kaDakapaNe vartate hovAthI tenI sAmA aneka duzmane ubhA thayA hatA, ane teo taraphathI game tevI juThI vAte rAjAne kAne pahoMcADavAmAM AvatAM tene keda karavAne tathA pirTugala pAcho mekalI devAno hukama rAjAe Apo hato. e hukama anvaya kuhA svadeza pAcho pharato hato tevAmAM sane 1539 mAM rastAmAM ja teNe prANa choDe. e AbukarkanA jevo nipuNa ane hoMzIAra hatuM, ane enuM sauthI moTuM kAma dIvA kabaje karavAnuM hatuM. 3. jana Uo ane dIvanI paDatI (sane 1546).-gArsiA narenA sane 1540 mAM govAmAM maraNa pAmyo tyAra pachI vADa gAmAne

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124 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. bIjo putra sTIphe Da gAmA gavarnara thayo. eNe pitAnI hAkamI daramiyAna rAtA samudramAM eka saphara karI. sane 154ramAM enI jagyAe akaeNnsa Da sujhAe AvI vijApUranA AdilazAha sAthe taha karI gayAnI AsapAsa ne mulaka meLavyuM. sane 1545 mAM Dema na Da kesTe gavarnara tarIke hiMdamAM AvyA. e ghaNo sabhya tathA pramANika hevAthIja ene A jagyA maLI hatI. hamaNa hiMdustAna AvatA parTugIjha amaladAre game te prakAre pitAnuM taLIyuM TADhuM karavAmAM mazagula rahetA; teo sarakArI kAmamAM lAMca khAtA hevAthI, tathA khAnagI vartanamAM jugAra ane bIjAM vyasanathI vIMTaLAI gayelA hovAthI jyAM tyAM ghAMTALo tathA anyAya cAlI rahyAM hatAM. A saghaLI geravyavasthA dUra karavA kaeNsTe taiyAra thaI AvyuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM nava varSa lazkarI nokarI karyA pachI joIe teTale khAnagI vepAra karavAnI potAnI prajAne paravAnagI maLaze evuM porTugalanA rAjAe pahelethIja jAhera kareluM hovAthI A lAlacane lIdhe puSkaLa leke hiMdustAna AvatA, ane tethI ja hamaNuM avyavasthA ghaNI vadhI paDI hatI. amaladArene pagAra vagere karAvI ApI A saghaLe anyAya kamI karavA mATe kesTrae puSkaLa prayatna karyA paNa tene kaMI yaza maLyo nahIM. kaeNsTra hiMdustAna Avyo tyAre porTugIjha sAme saghaLA musalamAnee hathIAra upADyAM hatA. khaMbhAtane sulatAna mahamuda tathA tene mukhya kArabhArI khvAjA jAphara dIva pAchuM levA khaMtathI maMDayA hatA. jAphara ghaNe abhimAnI paNa catura purUSa hatuM. eNe bahArathI porTugIjha sAthe sneha rAkhI aMdarakhAnethI dIva pAchuM meLavavAnA hetuthI saghaLA musalamAnone ekatra karyA. ekAda porTugIjhane bhaMbherI tenI pAse dIvanAM pIvAnAM pANImAM jhera naMkhAvavAnI eNe tajavIja karI, paNa A prapaMcanI porTugIjha lekane eka musalamAna strI mAraphata khabara maLavAthI teoe kAMI paNa karavAmAM Ave te agAu sakhta baMdobasta karyo. mAskarInA karIne dIvane mukhya amaladAra hatA teNe paNa laDavA mATe saghaLI taiyArI karI. teNe killAnA dareka buraja upara pitAnA bharosAne akkeka amaladAra mukI tenA hAtha

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125 prakaraNa 5 muM.] hiMdustAnamAM porTugInuM rAjya. nIce trIsa trIsa mANase goThavyAM. khvAjA jAphare prathama samudra mAraphata dIva upara halle karyo; paNa tenI pAchaLa AvatAM annasAmagrIthI bharelAM traNa vahANane pirTugIjhoe pakaDI lIdhAM. sAmI bAjue jamIna upara khvAjA jAphare eka uce mAcaDe bAMdhI te uparathI killA upara mAre calAvyuM. A mArAthI pirTugIjhenI ghaNI kharAbI thaI paNa teo bhAre draDhatAthI laDyA. strIo tathA chokarAMo paNa maraNIA thaI laDAImAM jhIMpalAvatAM. musalamAnanI tapathI AkhA divasamAM killAne je bhAga TuTate te teo rAtanA pAcho bAMdhI detAM. mArAnuM kaMI paNa asarakAraka pariNAma nahIM AvatuM joI jAphare bIjo eka uMce mAcaDo baMdhAvyo, ane te uparathI dIva upara mAre cAlu rAkhyo. eka dahADo killAmAM paDeluM bAkoruM te tapAsata hatuM tevAmAM piArTugIjha tapane geLA ghaNI jhaDapathI AvI tene vAgatAM A bahAdura purUSa tarataja maraNa pA (tA. ra6 mI juna 1546). jApharane chokare rUmakhAna, je bApanA jevoja zuravIra hatA, teNe gherAnuM kAma AgaLa calAvyuM. beu bAjunA leka jIva upara AvI laDyA. hajAra hajAra mANaso laI rUmakhAna jeTalI vAra dareka buraja upara vArApharatI dhasato teTalI vAra aMdaranA leko jhanunathI laDI tene pAcho haThAvatA. paNa ghere ghaNe vakhata cAlavAthI kherAkI khuTavA mAMDI, ane killAmAMnA mANasanI sthiti bhayaMkara thaI. ema chatAM teo laDatA hovAthI aneka vakhata kille musalamAnone hAtha jaze evI dhAstI lAgatI. musalamAnee paNa suraMga tathA topane kAtila mAre calAvyo paNa nirarthaka. piorTugIjhanAM killAmAM 400 mANaso hatAM, temAMnAM aDadhAM te pahelAM maraNa pAmyAM hatAM, ane bAkInAmAMnAM ghaNuM kharAM ghAyala thayAM hatAM. A bAjue musalamAnonAM pAMca hajAra mANaso mAryA gayAM hatAM. thoDA samayamAM pirTugIjhonI madade bIjuM cAra mANasenuM lazkara AvI lAgavAthI, tathA annasAmagrIthI bharelAM musalamAnonAM keTalAMka jahAja temanA hAthamAM sapaDAI javAthI tenAmAM no jusso Avyo. ghere ATha mahinA cAlyA pachI sane 1546 nA navembaramAM DaoNma phee so vahANane moTe kApha taiyAra karI dIvanI madade mokale. A

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126 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kAphalAne mukhI Dema limA svabhAve ghaNe kura hovAthI vasaI, damaNa, surata, haseTa vagere kinArA uparanA pradezo bALa, lUMTate tathA aneka rIte tene nAza kare te dIva AgaLa AvyuM. A kAphalAnI sAthe gavarnara ke paNa hato. A madada AvI pahoMcatAM porTugIjha leke killA bahAra nIkaLyA, ane judI judI TukaDIomAM vaheMcAI medAnamAM paDelA musalamAne upara TuTI paDyA. traNacAra khunakhAra laDAIo thayA pachI Akhare rUmakhAna tathA tenA aneka bahAdura saradAre laDatAM mAryA javAthI musalamAno dIva AgaLathI pAchA haThayA, ane temanI te tathA puSkaLa yuddhasAmagrI parTugIjhAne maLI. khaMbhAtanA navAbe A parAjayanI hakIkata sAMbhaLatAMja pitAnA tAbAmAMnA aThThAvIsa porTugIjha kedIone ziraccheda karAvyo. maLelI phatehathI julAI jaI porTugIjhae khaMbhAta, ghoghA vagere bALI nAkhyAM, surata sUryuM ane niraparAdhI raiyatanI katala karI pitAnuM kurapaNuM batAvyuM. kaeNsToe vijApUranA AdilazAha sAthe zarU karelA yuddhamAM AdilazAhane parAbhava thayo, ane DAbhela baMdara porTugIjhone maLyuM. Akhare sane 1547 mAM banne vacce salAha thaI. dIvanA vijayanI khabara yuropa pahoMcatAM rAjA taraphathI kaMsTene sAbAzI maLI, ane tene hiMdamAM parTugalanA vAIsayanI paddhI ApavAmAM AvI. kaeNsTa sane 1548 mAM maraNa pAmyA. Abukarka pachI thayelA aneka gavarnaremAM e eka mahAna ane pratiSThita nara lekhI zakAya. jevI rIte Abukarka govA sara karI bhAre kIrti meLavI hatI tevI ja rIte dIvA kabaje karI kaMsTree pitAnI kIrti porTugIjha itihAsamAM amara karI che. 4. sane 1548 thI 1580 sudhImAM AvelA adhikArIokesTranI pachI AvelA gavarnara gAziA Da sAe gujarAtanA sulatAna trIjA mahamudazAha sAthe salAha karI dIvane kille hameza mATe porTugIjha sArU meLavyo, paNa tenI AsapAsanA mulaka sulatAnanA adhikAramAM rahyo. e amaladAra sane 1549 mAM maraNa pAme eTale porTugalathI anso Da noronA vAIsaraoNya tarIke AvI pahoMce te arasAmAM vasaIne adhi

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127 prakaraNa 5 muM.] hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjhonuM rAjya kArI jyorja kebrala gavarnara thayo. nerenAe sane 1554 sudhI adhikAra bhogavyuM, ane te daramiAna silenamAM pitAnI sattA ghaNI vadhArI. enI pachI AvelA kAnsisko bAreToe saghaLA pirTugIjha killAnI tapAsaNuM karI yogya baMdobasta karyo, ke jethI pirTugIjhanA trAsanI dhAstI anya lekamAM ghaTI jAya nahIM. enI kArakirdImAM prasiddha porTugIjha kavI kamonsa (Comoens) govAmAM piorTugIjha adhikArIoe calAvelA unmattapaNuM upara eka TIkArUpa kavitA prasiddha karavAthI tene makAmAM hadapAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. e arasAmAM yuropamAM trIje jona rAjA maraNa pAme, ane tene hiNabhAgya nAnI vayane pitra sabazciane gAdIe Avyo. paraMtu rAjyano saghaLo kArabhAra maiyata rAjAnI rANI ketherAInanA hAthamAM rahyuM. teNe sane 1558 mAM gAvAnA vAIsaroya tarIke mokalelA kanTenTIne Da baeNgejhAe damaNa kabaje karI tyAM eka majabUta killo bAMdhyo, temaja malAkA, aurmajha, silena vagere ThekANe lazkarI vahANa mekalI pitAnI sattA kAyama karI. vaLI jAte silena jaI teNe jAphanApaTTaNa nAmanuM baMdara sara karI tene porTugIjhanuM te taraphanuM mukhya thANuM banAvyuM. kaeNnsenTIe hAtha heThaLanA amaladAranI geravartaNuka aTakAvavA mahA prayAsa karyo. sane 1561 mAM krAnsiske kRTine vAIsaraoNya thayuM. teNe traNa varSa amala karyA pachI enTonIo Da nerenA enI jagyAe Avyo (sane 1564). A samaye saghaLAM musalamAnI rAjyo vijayanagaranuM hiMdu rAjya jItavAmAM guMthAI gayelAM hovAthI porTugIjhone pitAnA kAryamAM kaMI paNa aDacaNa AvI nahIM. teoe silenano Akho TApu kabaje karyo, ane bIjAM nAnAM nAnAM baMdare upara pitAne amala besADyo. musala karyAnI vAta porTugIjha dUrathI zAMtapaNe sAMbhaLyA karatA hatA. A prasaMge Abukarka hiMdustAnamAM hatA te te hiMdu rAjAne madada karI musalamAnone zirajora thavA detA nahIM. hiMdu rAjyanuM saMrakSaNa karI AkhA dezamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAnI have pachInA pirTugIjha amaladAranI mAphaka hAlanA sattA

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128 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. dhikArIonI IcchA hota to teoe musalamAnone prabaLa thavA dIdhA hatA nahIM. vijayanagaranA rAjAe pUrva kinArA uparanA porTugIjhanA senTa TIme nAmanA mathaka upara eka vakhate halle karyo hato, tyArathI tenI pratye porTugIjhane abhAva thayo hato, ane kadAca tethI ja tene madada karavAmAM teo pachAta rahyA haze. sane 1568 mAM vAIsaroya tarIke AvelA luI etheDa (Louis Athaide) ne hiMdustAna AvatAM ja tAlikeTanI laDAInuM paheluM pariNAma bhegavavuM paDayuM. meLavelI phattehathI phulAI jaI vijApUranA AdilazAhe eka lAkha lazkara tathA be hajAra upara hAthI laI gavA upara svArI karI. A prasaMge porTugIjha virUdha ghaNuka rAjAoe ekatra thaI temane A dezamAMthI hAMkI kahADavA manasube karyo. sane 1570 mAM gavA upara ghere paDe tyAre laDAImAM kAma lAge tevAM mAtra 700 mANase ja temAM hovAthI pAdarI tathA aneka paradezIonI madada laI ethe lazkaramAM Asare be hajAra mANasonI bharatI karI. A nAnI ane bInakeLavAyelI keje dasa mahinA sudhI AdilazAhanA humalAnI kaMI darakAra karI nahIM te uparathI porTugIjhanAM zaurya tathA draDhanizcayanI vAkhavAkhI AkhA dezamAM phelAI ghere niSphaLa javAthI tathA Akhare AdilazAha tathA tene lazkara atyaMta herAna thavAthI tene mevA AgaLathI cAlyA javAnI jarUra jaNAI. Aja samaye malAkkA cala ane kaeNlikaTa pAsenA zolemAMthI porTugIjhoe pitAnA zatru ene mArI haThAvyA. te pachI etheDe malabAra kinArA upara svArI karI saghaLA zatruone parAjaya karyo; vizeSamAM hanAvaranA rAjAe govAnA gherAmAM AdilazAhane madada karelI hovAthI teNe hAnAvara zahera bALI nAkhyuM, ane tyAM bhayaMkara kahera vartAvyuM. sane 1571 mAM AvelA enTanIo Da neranA pUrve thaI gayelA adhikArIo jevo hazIAra tathA cAlAka nahoto. AphrikAnA kinArAthI malAkkA paryatane dariA kinArAne saghaLo pradeza ekaja amaladAranA tAbA heThaLa hovAthI tenI yogya vyavasthA rAkhavAmAM aDacaNa paDavA lAgavAthI porTugala darabAre A vizALa adhikAra

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prakaraNa 5 muM. ] hiMdustAnamAM piTugInuM rAya, 129 nA traNa kakaDA pADI nAMkhyA. eDanathI silena sudhIne valI mukhya pradeza govAnA tAbA heThaLa mukI tyAMnA amaladArane vAIsaroyanI padavI ApI. silenathI malAkkA sudhIne pUrva taraphano bhAga bIjA adhikArIne sapI tenI beThaka malAkkAmAM rAkhI, ane AphrikAno saghaLe pUrva kinAre trIjA adhikArIne seMpI majhAMbikamAM tenuM mukhya thANuM banAvyuM, mijhabikamAM rahelA adhikArIe AphrikAnA pUrva taraphanA puSkaLa mulakanI tapAsaNI karI navI navI zodha calAvI. sane 1573 mAM enTAnio bere gevAna adhikArI thaye tyAra pachI 1pa76 thI 1pa78 sudhI DIoge Da menejhIse kArabhAra calAvyuM, ane 1578 thI 1581 sudhI Doma eDa bIjI vakhata vAIsaraoNya thayo. etheDa sane 1581 mAM gAvAmAMja maraNa pAme. ene Agale varSe eTale 1580 mAM yuropamAM kauTumbika saMbaMdhane lIdhe porTugala tathA spena ekaja rAjAnA amala heThaLa AvavAthI hiMdustAnamAMnA porTugIjha kArabhArane juduM ja valaNa maLyuM, ane tene ahIMnA itihAsane prathama bhAga pure thayo. 5. saine 1580 thI 161ra sudhInI hakIkata-spena ane pArTagalanA saMyukta mulakane pahele rAjA bIje philipa hato. eNeja sane 1588 mAM iMglaMDa upara eka achata AramAra mokalI rANI IlIjhAbetha sAthe laDAI karI hatI, ane hiMdustAnamAMnA saghaLA piorTugIjha amaladAre pAsethI pite lIdheluM rAjyapada kabUla karyA vinA sogana levADyA hatA. enI taraphathI nImAyelA govAnA vAIsaya mAskarInAe sane 1581 thI 1584 paryata kArabhAra karyo te daramiyAna musalamAna sAme tene cola baMdaranuM rakSaNa karavuM paDayuM hatuM. enI pachI AvelA vAIsaraoNyanA vakhatamAM hiMdustAnamAM kaMI paNa jANavA jevA banAvo banyA nahIM. damaNa, dIva, vasaI vagere baMdaranuM rakSaNa karavAmAM, silena, malAkkA vageremAM sthapAyelAM thANAne madada karavAmAM, tathA evAM bIjAM aneka kAmamAM vAIsaroyane vakhata nirgamana thatuM. A arasAmAM Daca vepArIo dhIre dhIre hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM AgaLa AvavA lAgyA, eTale porTugIjha vepAramAM pAchaLa

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. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. paDyA. sArAMza, yuddhanI bhAMjagaDa sivAya aitihAsika mahatvane kaMI paNa banAva A samaye banyuM nahIM. I. sa. 1564 mAM enToni narenA vAIsaraoNya thayo tyArathI anya dharmanA lokone jorajulamathI khristI dharmamAM vaTalAvavAnuM kAma cAlu thayuM hatuM. govAthI jeyITa pAdarI sAchI beTamAM gayA, ane lazkaranI madadathI hiMdu lekenAM maMdIrane nAza karyo tyAre hiMdu leke zastra laI temanI sAmA thayA, keTalAMka khristI devaLone jamInadasta karyA ane khristI upadezaka upara TuTI paDI temanA prANa lIdhA. AnuM vera levA nerenAe sAchI upara pheja mokalI tyAMnA asaMkhya lekonI katala karI, tathA temanAM gharabAra bALI mukI devAlayono nAza karyo. AvAM trAsadAyaka kRtya pachI porTugIjhane jyAMtyAM dera beThe, teoe dareka prAMtamAM pitAnAM devaLo sthApyAM, ane pratyeka TekarI upara keMsa ubho karyo. sane 1584 mAM vAIsaroyanI jagyA upara AvelA Dama DuArTa Da menejhIsane saghaLA kALa laDavAmAMja pure thayo. tuke leke pitAne boyale vepAra pAcho meLavavA prayatna karI rahyA hatA eTale temanI ane porTugIjha vacce aneka jhagaDA thayA, ane tene nikAla karavAmAM menejhIsano sane 1588 lagIne vakhata gayo. Aja arasAmAM IgleMDa ane pena vacce takarAra utpanna thavAthI eka darIAI laDAI thaI. sane 1588 mAM utkRSTa mAlathI bhareluM eka porTugIjha jahAja yuropa jatAM rastAmAM prasiddha aMgreja vahANavaTI DekanA hAthamAM sapaDAyuM. te uparathI teNe vicAryuM ke porTugIjhenA jahAjamAM dama vinAne mAla hatA, tathA hiMdustAnamAM teonuM prAbalya dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM teTaluM vizeSa nahotuM. ema chatAM maLelI lUMTa uparathI hiMdustAnanI saMpattine kaMIka khyAla tene Avya, bIje ja varSe aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvelAM eka bIjA parTugIjha vahANamAne mAla IgleMDa laI jaI vecatAM deDha lAkha piMDa utpanna thayA. vepArI mAla sivAya vahANa upara mulyavAna javAhIra paNa hatAM. AvA dAkhalAothI hiMdustAnanA vepAra saMbaMdhI aMgrejonA maheDAmAM pANI chuTavA lAgyAM. ' * kuArTa sane 1588 mAM maraNa pAmatAM DI sujhA kuTIne vAIsaroya

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prakaraNa 5 muM. ] hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjha jya. 13 thayuM. teNe sane 159 sudhI kArabhAra karyA pachI enI jagyAe methIAsa Da Abukarka Avyo. ene cha varSane amala puro thatAM 1597 mAM kAnsisake DagAmA vAIsaraoNya thaze. e sarva leke tarapha ghaNuM uddhata rIte vartata hato. vaLI hAthamAMnI saghaLI jagyAe eNe pitAnAM oLakhItAM mANasone ApavAthI enI sAmA asaMkhya pharIAda thaI hatI. enA samayamAM malAkkA AgaLa valaMdA ane pirTugIjha vacce thayelI jhapAjhapImAM valaMdA lekene parAjaya thayo hato. sane 1600 mAM sAlaDAnA nAmane purUSa porTugalathI govAnA vAIsaraoNyanI jagyA upara nimAI AvavAthI Da gAmAne svadeza pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. enA apriya kArabhArane lIdhe jatI veLAe govAnA leka taraphathI ene ghaNe tiraskAra thayo hato. ' A sAlaDAnAnI kArakirdIne mukhya banAva e hatuM ke e samaye cIna dezamAM khristI dharmane prasAra karavA mATe porTugIjha dharmagurUonI eka ToLI mokalavAmAM AvI hatI. khAIbara ghATamAM thaI madhya eziAne raste aneka saMkaTo bhegavI A TeLI pikIna pahoMcI hatI. Aja vakhata pachI cIna dezanI kharI mAhitI yuropiana lekene maLavA lAgI. sAlaDAnAnI pachI sane 1904 mAM Alphonsa kesTa vAIsaraoNyanA pada upara AvyuM, tyAre valaMdA lekenuM prabaLa ghaNuM vadhyuM hatuM, ane malAkkAnI najadIka teoe porTugIjha upara vijaya meLavyo hato. kaeNTe sane 1606 mAM malAkkAmAM maraNa pAmavAthI gevAnA Acabizapa (mukhya pAdarI) menjhIse be varSa lagI vAIsaroyanuM kAma calAvyuM. e samaye parTugIjha lekene valaMdA sAthe majhAMbika AgaLa laDAI thaI hatI. tyArabAda tAherA nAmane sakhasa vAIsaraoNya thaye, tenA amala daramiyAna porTugIjha tathA aMgreja vacce suratanA baMdaramAM laDAI thaI hatI. enI hakIkata AgaLa Avaze. 6 pigIjha amalane utarata kALa (sane 161ra thI 1640).sane 161ra mAM vAIsaroya tarIke nImAyelA ajavInA samayamAM mogala bAdazAhanuM make janAruM eka vahANa pirTugIjhoe suratanA baMdaramAM pakaDavAthI bAdazAhe damaNane ghere ghAlI puSkaLa nukasAna karyuM. e ja pramANe

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* DA. 132 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. vasaIne paNa gherA paDe tyAre porTugIjhene tenI sAthe sane 1615 mAM taha karavAnI jarUra paDI. A tahanAmAmAM eka kalama evI dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI ke bAdazAhe aMgreja temaja valaMdA lekane Azraya Apavo. nahIM, paraMtu tenI A kabUlAta kSaNabhaMgUra nivaDI. veLA porTugIjha amalanI ghaNI nikRSTa avasthA thaI hatI. porTugIjhanI AsapAsa saghaLI bAjue duzmane ubhA thayA hatA, temanI hastakanA mulakanI aMtaravyavasthA ghaNI ja bagaDI gaI hatI; vepArane aMge mAla kharIda karavA mATe je nANuM yuropathI A dezamAM AvatuM te saghaLuM sthAnika amaladAro rAjyanA kharca peTe vAparI nAMkhatA; ghaNuM kharA adhikArIo sarakAranA leNadAra hatA; tIjorI khAlI hatI, ane devasthAnane saghaLo paise sarakArI kAmamAM vaparAI jatuM hatuM. AvI bhayaMkara sthitimAM cAre taraphathI laDAInA bhaNakArA vAgI rahyA hatA tyAre sane 1614 mAM yuropathI hiMdustAnanA piorTugIjha amaladArone evo hukama maLyuM ke meTA meTA sarakArI heddAo lIlAma karI vecavA, ane je utpanna Ave temAMthI rAjyane kharca calAve. A hukama anvaya junA nokarone ekadama kamI karavAmAM AvyA, ane temanI khAlI paDelI jagyAo je kaI vadhAre paisA ApatuM tene binaaDacaNe maLavA lAgI. killAnA mukhya amaladAranI jagyA paNa e ja pramANe vecAI. TuMkamAM pirTugIjha lekenI AbAdIne aMta najIka Avate jaNAya. sane 1618 mAM jaina kuTIne govAnA vAIsaraoNya tarIke AvatAM, ajavIone porTugala pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. enAM duSTa tathA ghAtakI kRtyone mATe porTugIjha sarakAre ene keda karI aMdhArI koTaDImAM pUryo. keTaleka divase cAlelI tapAsane aMte ajavIonI ghaNIja bebarU thaI. hiMdustAnamAM eNe nahIM mAnI zakAya evuM duSTapaNuM calAvyuM hatuM. silenamAM vijaya maLatAM teNe mAtAo pAse temanAMchokarAMone ghANImAM ghAlI pIlAvyAM hatAM, keTalAMkane sipAIo pAse bhAlAnI aNI upara nacAvI temanAM duHkhathI AnaMda meLavyo hato, ane keTalAMkane samudramAM magaranA bhakSa tarIke pheMkI dIdhAM hatAM.

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prakaraNa 5 muM.] hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjhonuM rAjya. kuTInenA vakhatamAM IrAna ane cIna vacce puSkaLa vyavahAra vaLe. sane 1619 thI 1622 sudhI Abukarka vAIsaroya tarIke rahyA pachI 16ra7 lagI kAnsisko Da gAmAe tenI jagyAe kAma karyuM. e daramiyAna sane 1921 mAM yurepamAM trIje philipa maraNa pAmya, ame cotho philipa gAdIe Avyo. A vakhatathI spena dezanI paDatI zarU thaI hatI. porTugIjha lekenuM nasIba paNa evuM ulaTAI gayuM ke hiMdustAna tarapha tephAnamAM temanAM asaMkhya vahANe ane mANasa tathA puSkaLa mAla DubI gayAM. palaTAI jatI bAjanI sarva hakIkata gAmAe potAnI sarakArane jaNAvI, paNa punaH upara AvavAne mArga keIne ja nahIM. gevA temaja Itara ThekANe dharmAdhikArIonI saMkhyA sAmAnya leke karatAM bamaNuM hovAthI navA maThe bAMdhavAnuM kAma mokupha rAkhavAnuM pharamAna yupathI AvyuM. bIjI bAjue valaMdA tathA aMgrejo piorTugIjhanI pAchaLa paDyA, ane ormajhanuM baMdara, jyAMthI temane vizeSa dhanaprApti thatI hatI, te temanA hAthamAMthI chInavI lIdhuM. AvA kaThaNa prasaMge paNa piTuMbIjhane khAnagI vepAra cAluja hate. limbanathI puSkaLa nirAzrita chokarIone ahIM mokalavAmAM AvatI, kemake rAjyanA TharAva mujaba temanA dhaNIone sarakArI nokarI ApavAnI hatI. amuka chokarInA dhaNIne amuka zaheranA gavarnaranI jagyA maLe evI vyavasthA thaelI hovAthI te jagyA mATe aneka dAvAdAra AvatA. AvAM sAdhanothI porTugIjha prajAnI vRddhi karavAne sarakArane uddeza hate. kuTIne sane 1628 mAM svadeza gayo tyAre kocInanA bizapa briTae keTalIka vakhata vAIsaroya tarIke kAma karyuM. te bIje ja varSe maraNa pAmyo tyAre tenI jagyAe mAIkala narenA Avyo. valaMdA tathA aMgrejo nA hiMdustAnamAM AvavAthI porTugIjhane vepAra sajaDa besI gayo hato te pAcho cAlu karavAnA hetuthI pirTugalanA rAjAe eka kaMpanI sthApana karI, tenA bhaDaLa peTe pote puSkaLa nANuM ApyuM, ane moTA meTA AsAmIo pAse AgrahathI temAM nANuM bharAvyuM, temaja hiMdustAnamAM govA

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134 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je vagere ThekANe lekee vepAramAM nANuM rekavuM evo hukama kahADe. paNa A tarapha kaMpanInI muDImAM keIe nANuM bharyuM nahIM eTale kaMpanI tarataja DubI gaI. narenAnA prayAsathI parTugIne aMgrejo sAthe ghADI mitrAcArI rahI, paNa valaMda leke sAthe te saMbaMdha rahyo nahIM. narenA ghaNe cakara buddhine hatA, eTale te sahajamAM pArakhI zakyo hato ke anya jAtinA duzmane karatAM ApaNAja leke ApaNe nAza vizeSa kare che, ane e abhiprAya himatathI teNe pitAnA rAjAne lakhI mokalyo hate. vaLI dharmakhAtAnA jeyITa temaja bIjA loko taraphathI tene atyaMta trAsa paDavA lAgyo. teo enA hukamano anAdara karatA, sarakArI pasA marajI mAphaka uDAvatA, zatru sAthe maLI aMdarakhAnethI kArastAna racatA, tathA porTugalanA rAjAnA ame kaMI tAbedAra nathI, ema khulle khulluM kahetA, A dezamAM AvyA pachI puSkaLa porTugIjha leke sAdhu thaI rahetA ke jethI game tevAM kALAM kRtya karavAmAM temane aDacaNa Ave nahIM. sane 1633 mAM kenya leke A tarapha vepAra arthe AvI lAgatAM porTugIjha sattAne pracaMDa dha lAgyo. eja arasAmAM mogala bAdazAha zAhajahAne porTugIjhe sAme zastra upADyAM. bAdazAha, AdilazAha sAthe laDate hatuM tevAmAM peThuM gIe AdilazAhane madada karavAthI bAdazAhane gusse temanI pratye uzkerAye, eTale teNe eka moTI pheja mokalI baMgALa prAMtamAMthI saghaLA porTugIjhene hAMkI kahADyA. aMgrejonAM nAmanA Azraya heThaLa kadAca sAro vepAra calAvI zakAze evA vicArathI sane 1935 mAM aMgrejonuM laMDana nAmanuM vahANa bhADe laI porTugIjhae cIna deza lagI saphara karI. paNa te tarapha aMgrejoe pitAnI vakhAre A pahelAM kholelI hevAthI porTugIjhanAM A kRtyathI aMgrejone ulaTI madada maLavA jevuM thayuM. eja varSamAM narenAnI jagyAe peDa silvAnI nimaNuka thaIe veLA piorTugIjha tIjorImAM paisA na hovAthI rAjya upara moTuM saMkaTa AvyuM. pUrvano saghaLo vepAra valaMdA lokonA hAthamAM gayo hato tethI temaja

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prakaraNa 6 huM] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 135 bIjA kAraNene lIdhe paDelI aneka aDacaNenI sAme bAtha bhIDavA sillA azakya nIvaDyA, kemake te atizaya garIba tathA sAdA svabhAvane hato. te pitAnA hastakanA vepAranuM kaMI paNa rakSaNa na karI zakavAthI valadA temaja aMgrejonI sattA vadhatI ja cAlI. e sane 1938 mAM maraNa pAmatAM lisbanathI jana menjhIsa vAIsayanI jagyA upara AvyA. sane 1640 nA Disembara mAsamAM porTugIjha lekee spena virUddha baMDa uThAvI pharIthI teo svataMtra thayA, ane begenDAne Dayuka thA jaina tarIke temano rAjA thayuM. teNe valaMdA leke sAthe mitrAcArI karI pitAne vepAra jArI rAkhavA prayatna Adaryo, paNa temAM tene jaza maLe nahIM, ane tene pUrvane saghaLe vaibhava naSTa thA. silena, malAkkA, makAva e saghaLAM tenA hAthamAMthI jatAM rahyAM. AthI vizeSa porTugIjhonI nirALI. hakIkata ApavAnuM kaMI prayojana nathI, kemake temanA saMbaMdhanI jarUra puratI hakIkata aMgrejonA ItihAsanA prakaraNamAM AvI jaze. ' ' . . . prakaraNa 6 . prakaraNa 6 DuM. porTugIjha rAjyanA guNa doSanI carcA. 1. porTugIjha kArabhAranuM raNa. 2. piorTugIjhonI vepAra vadhAravAnI yukti tathA ArabonI paDatI. e ja 3. piorTugIjha vepAranI kiphAyata. 4. piTugIjha lokono ezaArAma. 5. porTugInuM kurapaNuM. 6. dharmamatasaMzodhaka paddhati (Inquisi tion ). . 7. khristI dharmanA prasAra mATenA 8. porTugIjhAnI bhUlane bIjAone maLe le lAbha 1, porTugIjha kArabhAranuM dhoraNa-hiMdustAnamAM porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA kevAM kAraNone lIdhe thaI e cothA prakaraNamAM ApaNe vAMcI gayA chIe. pAMcamA prakaraNamAM ahIM AvelA pirTugIjha amaladArenI hakIkatanuM tathA teoe karelAM mahAna kRtyonuM varNana ApavAmAM AvyuM che. e varNana prayatna ,

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136 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kevaLa yuddhAtmaka hevAthI ghaNuMja kaMTALA bhareluM lAgaze te paNa AgaLa AvatI hakIkata samajavA mATe te jarUranuM hovAthI tenA upara TIkA rUpe keTaluMka vivecana A prakaraNamAM karavAnuM che. AraMbhamAM porTugIjha lekAe aneka saMkaTa bhegavyAM, tathA aneka prasaMge vijaya meLavyo. A prayAsathI vepAra vadhatAM temane atizaya kiphAyata thavA lAgI. vahANane niyamita pravAsa, kayAM kaI kaI vastuo maLe che tenI khAtarIlAyaka khabara ane porTugIjha zastronI asIma zakti e kAraNone lIdhe thoDA ja samayamAM liana zahera temaja A parTugala deza atizaya dhanADhaya thaI gayAM. sane 1595 mAM valaMdA lekee pUrva tarapha vepAra zarU karyo tyAM sudhI parTugalanI A ananyavibhakta AbAdI cAlu rahI. vepAra tathA pisA tarapha dezanuM lakSa kheMcAI rahevAthI rAjya kArabhAra tarapha durlakSa thayuM, ane dhanalebhanA vamaLamAM rAjya vistAranA saghaLA vicAre ghasaDAI gayA. eziyAne vepAra pirTugalanA tAbAmAM javAnuM mukhya kAraNa tenA darIAI kAphalAnuM baLa hatuM. sane 1497 thI 1612 sudhImAM hiMdustAnanA vepAra mATe nAnAM moTAM ekaMdara 806 vahANa upayogamAM AvyAM hatAM emAMnAM 186 te sane 1580 thI 161ra sudhInA TuMka samayamAM A tarapha AvyAM hatAM. e jumale vahANamAMthI 425 yurepa pAchAM gayAM, 285 eziyAmAM jude jude ThekANe rahyAM, ane 96 TuTI tathA DubI jaI nAza pAmyAM. A mahAna kAphalAnAM vahANenuM sarAsarI vajana 100 thI 550 Tana hatuM. tenA upara tepo paNa rAkhavAmAM AvatI ke je yuddha samaye kAma lAgavA uparAMta vahANamAM nIrama tarIke rahe. parTugalanA kArIgare pitAne hunnara dekhADavA mATe moTAM jahAja bAMdhatA, paNa te ATalI lAMbI sapharamAM TakI zakatAM nahIM. sane 1591 lagInAM bAra varSamAM evAM bAvIsa rAkSasI jahAja DubI nAza pAmyAM. A pramANe paDatI khoTa puravAne govA ane damaNanAM uttama sAganAM lAkaDAMnAM vahANe pirTugIe bAMdhyAM hatAM. temAM 1550 mAM baMdhAyeluM eMnTInA nAmanuM vahANa AphrikAnI pradakSiNA karI

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prakaraNa 6 TuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 137 sAravAra yuropa gayuM hatuM, ane aneka tophAnamAM 25 varSa TakI rahyuM hatuM. ATalA nAnA phAphalAnI madadathI 15,000 mAIlane kinAre porTa gIjha leke e kevI rIte potAnA tAbAmAM rAkhyo e eka meTo prazna che. ene uttara eTaleja ke yogya lAge te ThekANe tathA anukULa samayeja teo potAnAM vahANo sahita hae karatA; vijaya maLatAM te jagyA kabajAmAM laI tyAM lazkara goThavI detA, ane hArI jatA te jhUrapaNuthI lekane dahezatamAM nAkhI darIA mArga nAsI jaI kSitija maryAdA bahAra nIkaLI jatA. eziyAnA kinArA uparanA leke Azcaryacakita thatA ke A zatru samudramAMthI guptapaNe kyAre Ave che ane kyAre adazya thAya che. emanA AvavA javA bAbata teo kaMI paNa anumAna karI zakatA nahIM, kemake AvuM bhayaMkara vera lenAra tathA zuravIra zatruo eziyAnA lekee pUrve kadI anubhavyA hatA nahIM. kinAre kinAreja porTugIjhoe pitAnAM thANAM besADelAM hovAthI piArTugalanI paDatI AvatAM temanA pUrvanA mulakanuM saMrakSaNa karavA mATe uparanI theDI taiyArI basa hatI. jyAM sudhI temanA jevo ja kAphalo laI bIjA yuropiyana leke A tarapha AvyA nahIM tyAM sudhI teoe eziyAmAM sarasAI bhogavI, paraMtu anya prajAnuM e tarapha Agamana thatAM tyAMnI porTugIjha sattA laya pAmI. eTalA uparathIja emanAM zaurya tathA hunnara utaratI paMktinAM hatAM ema samajavAnuM nathI. sane 1514 mAM Imenyuala rAjAe rAtA samudra tathA IrAnanA akhAtanAM baMdaronI, tenA eka bIjA vaccenAM aMtaranI, temaja tyAMnAM vahANa lAMgaravAnI jagyAnI tapAsa karavAno hukama Apyo, tyArathI piorTugIjhonI sAmudrika zodha zarU thaI. e pachInAM so varSamAM teoe bhUgoLa tathA samudrane lagatI bAbate mAM puSkaLa mAhitI ekaThI karI. yuddha samaye A mAhitI temane ghaNI ja upayogI thaI. rAtA samudranAM nAkAM upara silenane kinAre tathA malAkkAnI sAmudradhunI upara killebaMdhI karavAthI laMbANa kinArA upara dekharekha rAkhavAnuM parTugIjhane banI AvyuM. eDana temanA kabajAmAM nahotuM tyAre teoe dIva lIdhuM. A nAnuM baMdara paNa temane ghaNuM ja upayogI nIvaDayuM.

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138 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. kemake rAtA samudra tathA IrAnanA akhAtamAMthI game te vahANa hiMdustAna tarapha AvatuM te tene ahIM aTakAvI zakAtuM. A pramANe dIva, silena ane malAkkA porTugIjhonA hAthamAM hovAthI masAlAne saghaLe vepAra temane hastaka cAlate. A anahada kamAI karavA mATe parTugIjha vIrae apratima aurya dAkhavyuM hatuM, ane temanAM aneka zara purUSanI yuddhakaLAmAM nipuNatA game te ItihAsane zobhA Ape tevI hatI. paraMtu porTugIjhena AdhAra mAtra zArya upara nahe. kinArA uparanA pradezanA rAjAnI takarAramAM tathA anya khaTapaTamAM hAtha ghAlI eka bAjune madada karIne, game tenI sAthe yuddha athavA taha karIne, tathA evAM bIjA sAdhana vaDe paNa teo potAne svArtha sAdhI letA. A temanA guNanuM yathArtha darzana have pachInI hakIkata uparathI thaze. bIjAonI takarAramAM dAkhala thaI pitAne phAyado meLavI levAnI paddhati anya yuropiyanoe paNa calAvI hatI. dezI laMkAnI pheja taiyAra karI, tathA hiMdI rAjAonI mAMhomAMhenI takarAramAM jhIMpalAvI te mAraphata pitAne phAyade karI levAno dhaMdhe AdaravAthI paradezIo hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApI zakaze e vicAra pahele Duplene Avyo hato, ema ItihAsakAre kahe che, paNa tenI agADI basa varSa upara pirTugIjha lekee A prayoga pratyakSa karI batAvyo hato. vAstavika rIte A prayoganI ajamAyaza pahelavahelI Abukarka karI ema kahI zakAya. paraMtu rAjya prakaraNanI A kuMcI zodhI kahADavAne kaMI kAraNa ja nahotuM. yuropiyana leke e eziyAkhaMDamAM paga mukyo tyArathI ja A pariNAma anivArya hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM mogalanuM ekachatrI rAjya sthapAyuM, te pUrve pacAsa varSa upara porTugIjho A dezamAM AvyA tyAre jyAM tyAM aMdhAdhuMdhI cAlatI hatI, eTale teonI sAmA Takkara jhIlI zake evo koI paNa sAmarthyavAna sattAdhArI dezamAM hato nahIM. AthI pirTa gIjhAne potAne amala besADavAmAM aDacaNa AvI nahIM. tyAra bAda mogalanuM rAjya baso varSa lagI cAlyuM, ane tenI paDatI thatAMja aMgreja leke rAjya prAptinA kAmamAM guMthAyA, tyAre pi gIjhAnI mAphaka temane

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prakaraNa 6 kuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 139 paNa vijaya maLe. A uparathI koI paNa pradezamAM sthAyI rAjyavyavasthAnI keTalI AvazyaktA che te sahaja samajAze. 2. pigInI vepAra vadhAravAnI yukti tathA ArabAnI paDatI -je veLA porTugIjha hiMdustAna AvyA te samaye temane mATe ghaNo anukULa hate. megalanuM prabaLa rAjya A dezamAM sthApana thayuM nahotuM, ane jyAM tyAM geravyavasthA tathA luccAI DoMgAI cAlatAM hatAM. (musalamAnI riyAsata juo.) vaLI malabAra kinArA upara jyAM teo prathama utaryA hatA te jagyA paNa temane mATe sagavaDabharelI hatI. bhUgoLIka daSTIe eTale pradeza dezanA bAkInA bhAgathI chuTo paDI gayela hovAthI tene koI taraphanI madada nahotI, ane tyAM zuM cAlatuM tenI koIne paravA nahotI. tyAM hajAro varSa thayAM paradezI vepArIonI AvajAva tathA levaDadevaDa thatI hovAthI A navA AvelA pirTugIjha vepArIo rAjya meLavavAmAM tathA svadharmanI sthApanA karavAmAM satvare kAze evuM tyAMnA lekone bIlakula lAgyuM nahIM. khristI, yahudI, musalamAna vagere aneka paradezI vepArIone ApaNe tyAM Azraya ApavAthI ApaNane phAyadeja maLaze evI malabAranA lekenI mAnyatA hovAthI, porTugIjhane kaI taraphanI paNa aDacaNa AvI nahIM. e kinArA uparanAM saghaLAM rAjyo paradezIo tarapha mamatAthI vartatAM, ane teonA dharmanI bAbatamAM hAtha na ghAlatAM temane Teke ApI piSaNa karatAM. senTa Tamasa nAmane eka khristI mizanarI anya lokone svadharmanA siddhAMta zikhavavAnA hetuthI AkhA hiMdustAnamAM pharate hati. Akhare sane 68 mAM madrAsa AgaLa tene vadha thaye, tyAre tenA anuyAyIo pUrva temaja pazcima kinArA upara puSkaLa thayA hatA. Aja khristIone rAjakIya hakane lekha karI ApavAmAM Avyo hate. malabAramAMnA nAyara lokenI barobara senTa Temasa khristIone gaNavAmAM AvatA, ane lazkaramAM paNa teo joDAtA. vijayanagaranA rAjyanI nokarImAM e khristIo ghaNA hatA. sane 144 mAM vijayanagaranA rAjAno mukhya pradhAna eja jAtano

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140 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. khristI hatA. khristIonI mAphaka malabAramAM musalamAnonuM paNa vizeSa jera hatuM te vize pAchaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. A kAraNone lIdhe parTugIjha kone malabAramAM sahelAIthI praveza thayo, ane temanA vepAranI AbAdAnI thaI. pahelI khepe teo yuropamAM je mAla lAvyA temAMthI kharca karatAM sAThagaNuM Avaka thaI. pirTugalanA rAjA tathA lekenuM AvuM nasIba khulI gayeluM joI yuropanAM anya rAjya cakita thaI gayAM. porTugIjha sarakAre A vepAra jo ke pitAnAja tAbAmAM rAkhyuM hatuM chatAM tenI taraphathI keTalIka sarate marachamAM Ave te khristI prajAne liana AgaLa pitAnAM vahANo mokalI vepAra karavAnI savaLatA karI ApavAmAM AvatI. A savaLatAne phAyade pahelAM pacAsa varSamAM aMgreja vepArIoe puSkaLa meLavI lIdhe. porTugalanA rAjAe be cAra veLA hiMda tarapha kAphalA ravAnA karyA pachI tenI evI khAtarI thaI ke malabAra kinArA uparanAM pAMca cha baMdaremAMthI mAla bharI yuropamAM lAvavAthI vepAra zAMtapaNe cAlaze. paraMtu jo ema nahIM karatAM mAtra kelikaTanA mukhya baMdaramAMthI saghaLo vepAra calAvavAnuM hoya te Araba lekenuM prAbalya teDavAnI vizeSa jarUra che. A paikI bIje mArga Imainyuala rAjAe svIkAryo. porTugIjha saradAra kebale kocInamAM pahelI vakhAra sthApI tenA rakSaNa mATe rAjAe vAsko Da gAmAnA hAtha heThaLa eka kAle meka hate. vAsko DI gAmAnI pahelI saphara phakata navA pradeza zodhI kahADavA mATeja hatI, paNa tenI A bIjI sapharamAM tene pirTugIjha vepAra mATe malabAra kinArA upara kAyamanI goThavaNa karavAnI hatI. A banne kAma teNe pUrNapaNe pAra pADyAM. I. sa. 1502 mAM teNe kaeNlikaTa sara karI ArabanA eka AramArano nAza karyo, tathA kocIna, kAnAnura, kalama ane bhaTakaLa e cAra baMdaro sAthe vepAra zarU karI, temAMnAM bemAM pitAnI vakhAre khelI. A vakhAronA saMrakSaNArthe teNe keTalAMka vahANe ahIM rahevA dIdhAM, ane kAnAnuranI vakhAramAM keTalIka topa tathA dArUgoLo rAkhyAM. paraMtu tenA A saghaLA vijyane pratApa tenAM julmI kuthI

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prakaraNa 6 . ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 141 saMpUrNa rIte DhaMkAI gayo che. have pachInAM betraNa varSamAM porTugIjha lekee khullI rIte yuddhanI taiyArI karI ArabenI sattAne nAza karyo, ane malabAra kinArA upara potAne anukULa paDe tevI goThavaNe karI. ATalA TuMka samayanA arasAmAM koI paNa rAjya A mahAna vijaya meLavyAnA dAkhalA itihAsamAM ghaNuM nathI. navIna deza zodhI kahADavA mATe yuropamAM je AnaMda thayo temAM phakta pirTugIjha rAjyanI vilakSaNa zakita dunIAnI jANamAM AvI. emanA pUrva taraphanA saMcArathI mAtra musalamAnanoja vepAra buDe tema nahotuM. venisa, jIna vagere bhUmadhya samudra uparanAM rAjyane paNa tethI sakhata gheThe pahoMce. hiMdamAM porTugIjhanuM rAjya sthapAyAthI eka moTI navI javAbadArI rAjA Imainyualane mAthe AvI paDI. je e rAjya hamezane mATe rAkhavuM ja hoya te tyAMnI rAjyavyavasvathA dareka gavarnaranI marajI anvaye pheravavI bInaupayogI che, ane te eka vakhate nakkI karAvavI joIe evo vicAra rAjAne AvavAthI teNe AbhIDAne gavarnara tarake mekalI tene sUcanA karI ke teNe (1) AphrikAnA kinArA upara majabUta kAThIo nAMkhI tyAM porTugIjhanI sattAne pAyo kAyama karavo, (2) malabAra kinArA uparanAM baMdare pitAnA tAbAmAM laI tyAM majabUta vakhAro kholavI, tathA (3) ArabonuM darIAI baLa rAtA samudramAMthI ja naSTa karavuM. hiMdustAnane vepAra hAtha karavA mATe Aja paryata je prayatna yuropiyana rAjyoe karyA temAM rAtA samudramAM tathA tenA bane kinArA uparanA pradezamAM musalamAne ja sarvoparI rahyA. paNa bhUmadhya samudramAM Akhare spena ane parTugalane yaza maLyo. AgaLa upara A jhagaDe arabI samudramAM cAlanAra hatA temAM pite TakI zakaze nahIM evuM pipa temaja keTalAMka khristI rAjyone lAgatuM hatuM. paNa mAtra imainyuala rAjAne abhiprAya judo hato. teNe bahAdurIthI pitAne prayatna jArI rAkhyo ane Akhare yaza meLavyo. AlpIDA tathA tenA parAkramI putrae ArabI samudra upara karelA musalamAnonA sakhata parAbhava pachI so varSa lagI e pirTugIjhaja baLavAna rahyA hatA. e arasAmAM musalamAne ijIpa jItavAnA

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142 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kAmamAM rokAyelA hovAthI teone ArabI samudramAM AvavAnuM phAvyuM nahIM. ATalAthIja Imenyuala rAjAne saMtoSa thayo nahIM. AraMbhelA A mahAna kAryamAM teNe vilakSaNa dhurtatA batAvI. I. sa. 1500 thI 1505 sudhInAM pahelAM pAMca varSamAM malabAra kinArA uparane vepAra tenA tAbAmAM Avya; bIjAM pAMca varSamAM ArabI samudra upara tene sarvoparI sattA maLI, ane tyAra pachInAM pAMca varSamAM Abukarkane hAthe pazcima kinArA upara tenAM rAjyane pAyo naMkhAye. Albakake sane 150 3-4 mAM hiMdustAna tarapha pahelI saphara karI. ahIMnI sthitinuM sUkSma nirIkSaNa karI pirTugala pAchA pharatAM teNe saghaLI hakIkata rAjAne nivedana karI. punaH 1507 mAM rAtA samudranA TuMkA uparanuM musalamAna thANe potAnA tAbAmAM levAnA hetuthI eka kApha laI e A tarapha Avyo. prathama teNe sekeTrA kabaje karyuM. tyAM mukhya vastI musalamAnI hatI; hiMdustAnamAMnI mAphaka tyAM keTalAka khristIo paNa hatA. beTa kabaje karyA pachI musalamAnonI saghaLI jamIna teNe khristI rahevAsIomAM vaheMcI ApI, tathA temane romana kertholika paMthanI dikSA ApI. ormajhamAM pitAnI hAka besADI Abukarka malabAra kinAre AvyA. ahIM sane 1pa09 mAM AbhIDA pAsethI tene gavarnaranI jagyAne havAle maLe. A jagyA upara e cha varSa rahyo te daramiyAna malabAra kinArA upara parTugIjha sattA barAbara sthApanA thaI. vAstavika rIte Abukarka phakta kinArA uparanA prAMti meLavavA mATe mata nahote, tenA saghaLA prayatne musalamAna sAme hatA. khristI ane musalamAna dharmanA leke vacce pUrve jerUsalama mATe je jhagaDo cAlyo hato te ja jhagaDo hamaNuM e beu dharmanA anuyAyIo vacce hiMdustAnanA vepAra bAbata cAlato hate. A jhagaDAnI kalpanA AbukarkanA manamAM evI khaTakI rahIM hatI ke IjIptanA sulatAnane pradeza ujajaDa karavAnA hetuthI nAIla nadIne pravAha pheravI rAtA samudramAM lAvavAnI tathA mAmAnA mahamada paigambaranI kabara bedI kahADI musalamAnane jaDamULathI ukheDI nAkhavAnI vilakSaNa tathA

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prakaraNa 6 . ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 143 murkhAI bharelI yojanAo tenA manamAM ghoLAyA karatI hatI. ema chatAM hiMdustAnanA kArabhAra saMbaMdhI tenA vicAro yogya tathA zakya hatA. rAtA samudra tathA IrAnI akhAta uparanAM nAkAM porTugalanA tAbAmAM levAM, ane musalamAnone kinArA upara tathA pUrva samudramAM cAlate vepAra baMdha kare, e be mukhya hetuo teNe bara lAvavAnA hatA. genA pitAnA kabajAmAM laI ArabI samudramAMthI musalamAnone saMcAra teNe baMdha karyo, eTale emejha tathA malAkkA porTugIjhane hAtha javAthI musalamAnone A tarapha AvavAne koI mArga rahyA nahIM. porTugala sarakhuM sumAre dasa lAkha vastInuM eka nAnuM khristI rAjya AphrikAthI malAkkA lagIne sAta ATha hajAra kesa lAMbo, tathA AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAthI rAtA samudra sudhIne be hajAra kesa pahoLo samudra tathA tene lagate saghaLo kinAre potAnA tAbAmAM le, ane se varSa lagI musalamAna sAme Takkara jhIle e kaMInAnuMsunuM kAma nahotuM. dekhAItI rIte cAlato A vepAra bAbatane jhagaDo kharuM jotAM be dharma vacce hato. AbukarkanA manamAM musalamAnI dharma naSTa karI kertholika paMthanI vRddhi karavAno vicAra eka sarakho ramI rahyA hatA. musalamAnanA manasubA paNa kaMIka eja dizAmAM jatA hatA, eTale hiMdustAna tathA IjIptamAMnA temanA svadharmIo ane saghaLA turka leke A moTA jhagaDAmAM sAmila thayA. AbukarkanAM maraNa pachI keTalAMka varSa tu lekee pirTagIjhanI sArI khabara lIdhI. dIva, maskata, malAkkA vagere ThekANe temanA kAphalAo porTugIjha sAme laDatA hatA, temAM Arabone veniziana lekenI madada hatI; kemake Arabone kere AgaLane vepAra baMdha thatAM niziana lekene je nukasAna thayuM hatuM tenuM vera levA musalamAnonI madadathI teo porTugIjhone zeha ApavAnA hatA. svArthanI vAta Ave che tyAre svajAti tathA svadharma kevAM bAjue mukAya che tenuM A pratyakSa udAharaNa che. sane 1580 mAM spena ane porTugala ekatra thayAM tyAre khristI lekee musalamAna upara sarasAI meLavI. so varSa cAlelA A jhagaDAne aMte mArI pAsethI mAge eTale huM sarva bhinnadhamAM leka tathA pRthvI uparanA

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144 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. dUra dUranA pradeze tamArA tAbAmAM ApIza" evuM bAIbalanuM vacana kharuM paDayuM hoya ema yuropanA leke soLamA saikAmAM samajavA lAgyA. hiMdustAnamAM musalamAnonuM rAjya sthApana thayuM tyAre te leke pitAnA dharmano pracAra karavA AvyA hatA, ane tema karavAmAM leke upara nAnA prakAranA julama karyA hatA e ApaNe musalamAnanA ItihAsa uparathI jANIe chIe. paNa khristI leke temanA jevA kaThora hRdayanA nathI ane dharmanI bAbatamAM leke upara julama kare nahIM evuM je kaI kahe te tene mATe ApaNe eTaluM ja kahIzuM ke te te veLAno ItihAsa barAbara samaje nathI. dharmanI bAbata gupta rAkhI vepAra tathA saMpatti meLavavAne hetu khristI lokone pAra pADavAne hatA. rAjA inmenyuala sane 150 0mAM kebalanA AramAra sAthe keTalAka pAdarIone A dezamAM mokalyA hatA, ane temane nIce pramANe sUcanA ApI hatIH-musalamAne upara tathA anya paradharmIo upara talavAra calAvavA pahelAM temane khristI dharmanI goLIo gaLAvavI, arthAt bAibalano upadeza karI e dharma svIkAravAnuM temane kahevuM. e vAta je teo nAkabUla kare, ane vepAranI Apa le karavA utsuka na hoya te ja temanA upara talavAra tathA baMdukanI ajamAyaza karI temane nAza karavo. dharmanuM tathA saMskRtinuM nAma AgaLa dharI yuropiana rAjyae sarva pRthvI upara moTe digvijaya gajAvI muke che, paNa temanA e saghaLA prayAsanA mULamAM kevaLa svArtha samAyeluM hatuM ema haMTara sarakhA itihAsakAra paNa kabUla kare che. saghaLo vepAra pitAnA tAbAmAM levA mATenI porTugIjha lekanI paddhati heThaLa lakhyA pramANenI hatI. ekAda rAjAne athavA adhikArIne jItyA pachI tene porTugalanA rAjAne zaraNe lAvI, vakhAra tathA killA bAMdhavAne jagyAnI bakSisa ApavAnI, ane dara sAla khaMDaNI uparAMta pheja vagerene kharca ApavAnI zarate, pArTugIjha amaladAre tenI pAse sAmAnya rIte tahanAmAM karAvI letA. rAtA samudrathI malAkkA parvatanA kinArA uparanA saghaLA adhikArIo sAthe AvA prakAranAM taharTuigIjhoe karyA hatAM. AvAM taha

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prakaraNa 6 phu ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 144 nAmAMnA pariNAmamAM baMdaramAM AvatAM pirTugIjha jahAja upara kara vagere mApha thatuM ane jakAta piorTugalanA rAjAne mATe vasula levAmAM AvatI. A sAmAnya prakAra hate chatAM prasaMgopAta tenA aneka apavAda thatA. kaeNlikaTane jhAmarIna prabaLa hovAthI tene tAbe karatAM porTugIjhone ghaNo vakhata lAgyo. kAcInanA rAjAne zarUAtamAM teoe mIThAM mIThAM vacano ApI Akhare phasAvyA. kalamamAM temane bhAre mahenata paDI nahIM; IrAnanA akhAtamAM AveluM ermajha evI ja rIte rahelamAM temanA tAbAmAM AvyuM, ane eDana upara paNa temanI thoDI ghaNI sattA beThI. A sthaLa vArApharatI porTugIjhe tathA musalamAnonA hAthamAM gayuM hatuM. upara kahyA pramANe pazcima tarapha musalamAnonuM thoDuM ghaNuM prAbalya hatuM. paNa pUrvamAM porTugIjhane vepAra sAre cAla. malabAra kinArA upara marI tathA suMTha temane maLavA lAgyAM, ane silenanI taja tathA pUrva taraphanA dvIpakalpamAMthI laheMga ane jAvaMtrI temanA hAthamAM AvyAM. sane 1564 mAM malAkkAne saghaLo pradeza porTugIjhanI sattA heThaLa hate. porTugIjhoe dezI rAjAo sAthe karelA kAlakarAra AgaLa jatAM aMgreja isTa inDiA kaMpanIne ghaNuM naDyA, kemake porTugIjhane herAna karyA sivAya teo pitAne vyavahAra cAlu karI zakatA nahIM. porTugIjhono saghaLo AdhAra darIAI kAphalA upara hovAthI dezI rAjAoe laDAyaka vahANo tathA dArUgeLe rAkhavAM nahIM evI kalama temanA dareka tahamAM rAkhavAne teo kALajI rAkhatA. 3. parTugIjha vepAranI kiphAyata-hiMdustAnamAM rAjya sthApI te nibhAvavAne kharca upADavAnuM sAmarthya piorTugIjha rAjyamAM nahotuM, paNa vepAramAM tene atizaya kiphAyata thatI hovAthI AvAM kAma karavAnuM tene banI zakyuM. A kiphAyatane aMdAja kahADavo muzkela che. porTugIjha AramArane ja kharca keTale hato te ApaNe joIe. e varSe 806 vahANe A kAma mATe jarUranAM hatAM. eka vahANa bAMdhavAne tathA tenA uparanA kaptAna, khalAsI vagerene eka sapharane kharca sumAre 4076 piMDa eTale lagabharA

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146 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pacAsa hajAra rUpIA thatA. vahANenI e saMkhyAmAM hiMdustAnamAM badheilAM temaja zatru pAsethI chInavI lIdhelAM vahANone samAveza thato nathI. te je gaNIe te pirTugIjha vepAranI sarvoparInAM se varSamAM eka hajAra vahANe kAme lAgyAM hatAM evuM kahI zakAya. dara sAla vIsa jahAja bharIne mAla porTugalamAM Avato. vAskeDa gAmAnI pahelI sapharathI thaelI Avaka kharcanA sATha paTa jeTalI hatI, te ApaNe upara vAMcI gayA chIe. kebrala sane 1501 mAM masAlA, sugaMdhI vasANAM, cInAI vAsaNa, motI tathA javAhara vagere mAla bharI lAvyo hato. evI ja mulyavAna vastuo dara pe hiMda taraphathI yuropamAM keTalI gaI haze tenI gaNatarI nathI, paNa dara sapharanA hevAlamAM tenuM keTaluMka varNana ApaNe karI gayA chIe. A sivAya baMdarobaMdara je vepAra cAlate te judo. A saghaLA vepAramAM mukhya kiphAyatI mAla aphINa hatuM. ekaja vahANa mAraphata yuropamAM je mAla jato tenI utpanna sarAsarI Asare eka lAkha paDa eTale dasa lAkha rUpIA thatI. AmAM motI tathA bIjAM javAhIra dAkhala karyA nathI, kemake asala yAdI vinA javAharanI kimata AMkavI azakya che. vaLI gavAthI cIna, jApAna lagI mAla laI javAnuM eka vahANanuM bhADuM 22,500 paiDa eTale savAbe lAkha rUpIA paDatuM; ane gevAthI jhAMbika sudhInA 54,000 rUpIA thatuM. A uparAMta khAnagI vepAramAMthI je naphe maLate te jude. cAMcIAonI lUMTathI, tathA anya lekanAM pakaDelAM vahANo tathA mAla lIlAma karI vecavAthI, je upaja thatI tene aDasaTTo kahADavAnuM anukULa nathI. paNa kaIka vahANanA kaptAne be varSanA arasAmAM AvA dhaMdhAmAM 11 lAkha rUpIA meLavyAnA dAkhalA maLI Ave che. AkhA kinArA uparanA pradezanA rAjAo taraphathI maLatI khaMDaNI, tathA gevA, dIva ane malAkkAmAMnI jakAta e saghaLAnI kula upaja dara sAla bAra lAkha rUpIA hatI. A saghaLAM sAdhana mAraphata maLatI nANAMmAMthI pirTugalanA rAjAne prativarSa pitAnA hIssAnA 22,50,000 rUpI maLatA. A uparAMta tene hiMdustAnamAMthI dara sAla sumAre 15,50,000 rUpIA vasula AvatuM * A karatAM paNa vadhu * A pustakamAM piMDanA dasa rUpiAne bhAve AMkaDA mukayA che. - *

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prakaraNa huM ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. .14 rakama porTugIjha sarakArane maLavI joItI hatI, paNa aneka adhikArInA hAthamAM thaIne vasula pasAra thatuM hovAthI temAMthI darekane bhAga paData. pitAnI prajA vepAra dhaMdho karI phAyado meLave evI parTugIjha sarakAranI IcchA hatI, paraMtu evA dhaMdhAmAM aneka saMkaTo naDatAM hovAthI tenI madada vinA kaI paNa nave ThekANe khAnagI vepAra zarU karavAnuM temane mATe azakya hatuM. masAlAnA vepArane IjAre darasAla sADAcAra lAkha rUpIA ApavAnA karArathI, ane Itara vepArane 15 lAkha ApavAnA karArathI piorTugalanA rAjAe vepArIene ApI dIdho hato. upara kahelA sADI bAvIsa lAkhamAM A rakama umeratAM porTugalanA rAjAnI bAramAsanI Avaka 42 lAkha rUpIA thavA jatI, ATale badhe naphe tha te saghaLo lazkaranA kAmamAM vaparAI jato. khAnagI vepArane sarakAra taraphathI uttejana maLatuM paNa tenA upara sattAdhikArInI dekharekhane abhAve vepArIo pitAne phAyado zodhavAmAM sarakAranuM tathA bIjA lekenuM marachamAM Ave teTaluM nukasAna karatA. sarakArane mATe jude jude baMdarethI mAla kharIda karatI veLA teo game teTale meM bhAva ApatA, paNa pitAne mATe mAla levAnuM hoya te leke upara julama karI teo ghaNeja sasta dare letA. "jyAM sudhI kaptAna tathA bIjA adhikArIone khAnagI vepAra karavAnI chUTa raheze tyAM sudhI tamArA phAyadA upara koI paNa lakSa Apaze nahIM." evA AzayanA patra vAraMvAra porTugalanA rAjAne hiMdustAnamAMthI maLatA. keAI darabAramAM porTugIjha vakIla rAkhavAmAM Avyo te te prathama pitAnuM gajavuM tara karatA hovAthI tyAM porTugIjha sarakAranuM kaMI paNa vajana paDatuM nahIM. vahANanA amaladAro paNa pitAne mAla vecyA pachIja sarakArI mAlanI vyavasthA karatA. sane 1530mAM eka kaptAne malabArathI baMgALa lagI saphara karI teTalAmAM tenI pitAnI Avaka rU. 24,500 thaI paNa sarakAranI phakta 780 rUpIA thaI. A samayanA pirTagIjha itihAsamAM AvA aneka dAkhalAo maLI Ave che. ekAda sapharamAM nasIbane jere keTalAkane te eTale badhe phAyade thatuM ke tethI temanI AkhI jIdagInuM dAridra dhovAI jatuM. kaI kaI vAra kasurane mATe ekAda amala

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148 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. dArane pagAra aTakAvavAmAM Ave te bIjI sapharamAM, thaeluM nukasAna te evI rIte vALI dete ke pagAra nahIM maLavA mATe tene khoTa athavA zarama karatuM te tenI IcchA pUrNa karavA pigalane rAjA tene ekAda saphara upara mokalI de. AvI sthitimAMthI rAjyano jaladI ja nAza thayo. vepAramAM phAyado maLe che, ane laDAImAM vinAkAraNa kharca karavA uparAMta jIva khovAnuM jokhama kheDavuM paDe che evo vicAra darekanA manamAM AvavAthI zatru ubhuM thatAM rAjyane baMdobasta karavA ke taiyAra thatuM nahIM. e ja pramANe zarUAtane bhapake jhAMkho paDatAM hiMdamAM gavarnaranuM kAma karavAne kAI paNa himmata karatuM nahIM. khAnagI vepAra baMdha karavA mATe porTugIjha sarakAre thoDA prayatna karyA hatA nahIM, paNa jevI rIte retInA baMdhamAM paDeluM eka bAkoruM puratAM temAM bIjuM paDe che tevI ja sthiti pirTugIjha sarakAranI thaI hatI. lisbanamAMnI InDiyana kacerImAM je anyAya cAlate te aTakAvavA porTugIjha sarakAra azakta hatI te pachI hiMdustAnamAM te zuM karI zake tene ApaNeja vicAra karI levo! spena ane pArTugala e bane deza ekatra thayA tyArapachI, athavA sane 1548 mAM Dema kaeNsTe maraNa pAmyA tyArapachI, hiMdustAnamAMnA porTugIjha nI AbAdIne aMta najIka AvatA lAgyo. AbukarkanA je kaI paNa niyamasara kAma karanAra ane parAkramI purUSa A tarapha Avyo nahIM, tema tenI bhavya kalpanA amalamAM mukI teNe nAMkhelA pAyA upara meTI imArata racavAnuM kAma koIe upADI lIdhuM nahIM. sane 1595 mAM valaMdA lekee pUrvanA vepAramAM kAvyuM, ane pipe pRthvinA nahIM jaNAyalA bhAganI karI ApelI vaheMcaNImAM porTugIjhone mATe je hada nakkI karI hatI te teoe oLaMgI, tyArathI vepAramAM porTugIjhonI paDatI thatI gaI. pirTugIjhonA hAthamAMthI eziyAne vepAra jatA rahevAnAM bIjAM aneka kAraNe hatAM. paheluM, spena ane pirTugala e banne rAjyo ane 1580 mAM eka rAjAnA tAbAmAM gayAM tyAre beu dezane kArabhAra jude jude calAvavAno TharAva thayo hato. sane 1604 mAM IMgleMDa ane kAnsa

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prakaraNa 6 huM ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 149 vacce salAha thayA bAda hAlenDa ane pena vacce yuddha zarU thayuM, temAM hiMdustAnanA vepArathI je Avaka parTugalane thatI te saghaLI pene khacI nAMkhavA mAMDI, eTale mAla kharIdavA mATe tenI pAse nANuM bacyuM nahIM. bIjuM, valaMdA ane aMgrejo pUrva taraphanA darIAmAM dAkhala thaelA hevAthI pirTugInA vepArane nukasAna pahoMcavA lAgyuM. e nukasAna aTakAvavAnA hetuthI aMgreja tathA valaMdA vepArIonI mAphaka porTugIjhoe paNa eka vepArI saMsthA sthApavAne sane 1630 mAM prayatna karyo, paNa te pAra paDaze nahIM. pAMca varSa rahIne karele evo bIjo prayatna paNa niSphaLa gaye. A pramANe vepAra cAlu rAkhavAnI khuda sarakAranI mahenata viphaLa gaI tyAre khAnagI vepAra vadhAravAnA hetuthI taja sivAyanI bIjI saghaLI vastuone vepAra yogya lAge teNe kare evo hukama sane 1642 mAM pirTugIjha sarakAre kahADa, ane pharamAvyuM ke dharmanI bAbatamAM vepArI leke upara julama thAya to paNa temanI milakata japta karavI nahIM. ema chatAM A saghaLI yutio kaMI upagamAM AvI nahIM. sane 1653 nA eka lekha uparathI mAlama paDe che ke e samaye govAmAM jakAtathI kaMI Avaka thaI nahotI. sane 1698 mAM pUrva vepAra punaH hAtha karavAnA hetuthI eka kaMpanI gevAmAM sthApavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa sane 1701 mAM membAsA porTagIjha lekenA tAbAmAMthI nIkaLI javAthI te paDI bhAMgI. evAja prakAranA bIjA aneka prayatna thayA hatA paNa tenuM kaMI sAruM pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. sane 156 thI 1767 sudhI kAuMTa egA porTugIjha vAIsaroya hato teNe paNa vepAramAM thayeluM nukasAna bharapAI karavA bIjA keTalAka niSphaLa prayatna karyA. ( 4 paTegIjha lekene ezaArAma -porTugIjhane hiMdustAnamane vaibhava kSaNabhaMgura nIvaDavAnA kAraNomAM gAvAmAMnI tathA bIjAM ThakANanI temanI raheNI agatyanI jagyA roke che. - piorTugIjha lenA vakhatanA gevAne vaibhava hamaNuM adrazya thaI gayo che,

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150 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. junA zaheranuM baMdara nadInA kAMpathI purAI javAthI eka navuM zahera vasAvA vAmAM AvyuM te adyApI paMchama kahevAya che. e zaheramAM porTugIjha gavarnaranI beThaka sane 1759 mAM thaI. junA govAno vaibhava porTugIjhanI jAhojalAlInA vakhatamAM apratima hatuM. dalijhAbetha rANInA amalamAM laMDananA vepArIo tene "senAnuM gevA" e nAmathI oLakhatA. jeNe govA joyuM tene liana jovAnI jarUra nathI" evI pagIjha bhASAmAM kahevata che te uparathI paNa ApaNane te vakhatanA govAnA vaibhavane bhAsa thAya che. vepArathI te dhanADhya thavA uparAMta lazkarI mathakanA bhapakAmAM tathA dharmAdhikArIonA damAma tathA dhAmadhumamAM DelI rahyuM hatuM. leke pitAnuM saghaLuM kAma gulAma pAse karAvatA. pratiSThita porTugIjha kaMI dhaMdhe rojagAra kare tathA temanI strIoe gharakAma karavuM e temanA vicAra pramANe yogya nahatuM. lazkaranI, dharmakhAtAnI athavA sarakArI nokarI tathA De ghaNo darIA uparane vepAra calAvo e sivAya teo svataH kaMI paNa dhaMdho karatA nahIM. lazkarI damAmathI gAjI rahelAM A zaheramAM lokone aneka upayukta dhaMdhA tarapha tiraskAra chuTavAthI teo ALasu ane vyasanAdhIna thaI gayA. nirUghamI purUSanAM ToLAM rastAmAM temaja jugArakhAnAmAM bhaTakatAM dekhAtAM. strIo paDadAmAM rahI sukhacenamAM pitAne vakhata gALatI. jugArakhAnAM upara sarakArane kara maLa eTale vinA aMkuze tyAM hareka prakAranA mojazekha uDatA. nAcaraMga, gAyana, jAduI tathA naTanA khela, majAka ThaThThA ItyAdIne tyAM sukALa hate. strIone purUSo sAthe bheLavavAnI manA hovAthI teo hejalamAM rahI gAyana, ramatagamata, gappAM mAravAM, majAka ThaThThA calAvavA, gulAmanI mazkarI karavI ItyAdI judI judI jAtanI mojamajAhamAM pitAne kALa nirgamana karatI; ane asahya tApane lIdhe teo lagabhaga ardhanagna sthitimAM paDI rahetI. TuMkamAM yuropiana janAnakhAnAM govAmAM nirmANa thayAM hatAM. vaLI e strIo kapaTavidyAmAM ghaNI nipuNa hatI. ghaNIone kapaTathI laDAvavAmAM, athavA temane auSadhathI bezuddha karI pitAne prItivyavahAra yatheccha rIte calAvavAmAM teo eTalI te AgaLa vadhI hatI ke "gevA

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prakaraNa 6 huM] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 151 gIrI" e zabda adyApI uccAratAM ApaNI sanmukha viSayalaMpaTa, ALasu, durvyasanI vagere aneka prakAranA bIbhatsa artha khaDA thAya che. prArthanA karavA devaLamAM javAnuM hoya te A strIo moTe ThATha karI nIkaLatI. temanA kArabI bharelA pizAka upara hIrA, motI, mANeka vagere TAMgelAM hatAM. DekamAM, upalA hAtha tathA kAMDA upara ane kamara upara nAnA prakAranAM mulyavAna dAgInA teo paheratI, ane mAthAthI paga sudhI atyaMta bArIka vastrane bura nAMkhatI. AvAM vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karI jarInA miAnAmAM besI paheregIra sAthe teo devaLe jatI. teo page mojAM paheratI nahIM paNa motInI maDhelI sapATa paheratI. e sapATanI eDI sumAre che Ica uMcI rahetI. vaLI teo gAle raMga lagADatI. devaLamAM pahoMcyA pachI eka be nekare, teone aMdara uMcakI laI jatA, kemake sapATanI eDIne lIdhe teonAthI bIlakula calAtuM nahIM. ema chatAM devaLamAM teo pharatI te temane dasavIsa pagalAM cAlatAM ochAmAM ochI paMdara miniTa lAgatI. Ama dhImuM cAlavAmAM teo sabhyapaNAnuM moTuM lakSaNa samajatI. purUSane ThATha paNa vilakSaNa hato. teo gaLAmAM rUdrAkSa vagerenI mALA ghAlatA, ane bahAra nIkaLatA tyAre suMdara piozAka dhAraNa karelA gulAmenAM ToLAM chatrI, hathIAra vagere laI temanI sAthe cAlatAM. senA cAMdIe maDhelAM khogIra, cAMdInI hIrA jaDIta lagAma, ghaMTA, citravicitra raMganA pAvaDA vagere temane ghaDAne sAja hato. garIba leke paNa aneka yukita karI ThAThamAM zrImaMtenI barobarI karatA. ekatra rahetA hoya teTalA garIba leke saghaLA maLIne pitA vacce eka uco pizAka rAkhatA, ane prasaMgopAta vArA pharatI paheratA, ane rastAmAM jatAM chattara dharavA mATe ekAda majurane rAkhI letA. AvI rIte ezaArAma vadhI gayA pachI gevAnI paDatInA vakhatamAM tyAMnA lekenA je hAla thayA te lakhI zakAtA nathI. vArniara sane 1948 mAM lakhe che ke "pUrvanAM zrImaMta kuTuMbo hAlamAM bhikSA mAgavA lAgyAM che te paNa teoe pitAne ThATha cho nathI. piorTugIjha strIo pAlakhImAM

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15ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. besI bhikSA mAgavA jAya che, ane sAthe nekara gharamAM jaI bhikSA laI Ave che." je je jagyAe porTugIjhee pitAnAM rAjya sthApyAM hatAM tyAM tyAM Aja ThATha hastImAM Avyo hato, ane tenuM pariNAma paNa tevuM ja AvyuM hatuM. porTugIjha rASTra nAnuM hevAthI te dezathI ahIM joIe teTalA leke AvI zakatA nahIM. zarUAtanAM so basa varSamAM ghaNuM te ATha hajAra pATuMgIjha hiMdustAnamAM AvyA haze. ahIM rahI rAjayano pAye majabUta karavAnuM eTalAM thoDAM mANasa mATe asaMbhavita hatuM, tethI dezI lekane thoDI ghaNI kavAyata zIkhavI temanI ja taiyAra karavAnI jarUra temane pahelethI ja jaNAvavA lAgI. zarUAtamAM thaelI moTI laDAIomAM dezI lazkara hajAra be hajArathI vadhAre kadI paNa hatuM nahIM, paNa dhIme dhIme tenI saMkhyA vadhavA mAMDI. gheDesvAramAM yuropiana leke rahetA, ane pAyadaLamAM dezIone dAkhala karavAmAM AvatA. lazkaramAM sadhaLA amaladAro porTugIjha hatA; dezIone paNa moTA oddhA maLatA. e samaye kavAyatamAM tathA hathIAra vAparavAmAM dezIo yuropiane karatAM koIpaNa prakAre ochA nipuNa nahotA. e veLA gulAmonI kimata ghaNI ochI hatI. baMgALAmAM eka purUSanA 7 rUpIA (14 ziliMga) paDatA, ane strI tarUNa ane suMdara hoya te tenI bamaNI kiMmata paDatI. mAnavI prANInI ATalI theDI ki mata e paNa eka vilakSaNa banAve che ! nyune DakunAe sane 1530 mAM eDana upara svArI karI tyAre tenI sAthe ghaNAMkharAM nAnAM ane hiMdustAnamAMja taiyAra karelAM 400 vahANo, 3600 porTugIjha sipAI, 1460 pirTugIjha khalAsIo, 2000 dezI sipAI, 5000 dezI khalAsI tathA 8000 gulAmo hatA. AvaDI moTI pArTugIjha phoja agAu kadI paNa bahAra paDI nahatI. porTugIjha leke pAyadaLamAM nokarI karavA nAkhuza hovAthI pitAnA bharosAnAM mANasonI saMkhyA vadhAravA mATe Abukarka vipiana purUSanAM dezI strIo sAthe lagna karAvI ApavAnI yukti karI.

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prakaraNa : huM ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 153 evAM lagna karAvI ApanArane bakSIsa maLatI ane paraNanAra puruSane rAjyamAM nekarI maLatI. A rIte vaTale prajA dezamAM puSkaLa vadhI, tene lIdhe Avaka karatAM kharca vadhI gaye, chatAM e vyavasthA jArI rAkhavA dharmAdhikArIo ghaNuja AgrahI hatA. A vaTalela leke garviSTa taDAkA mAranArA ane ALasu hatA, ane nokarI ApI temanuM piSaNa karavAne kharca vinAkAraNa sarakArane mAthe paDato. vakhata jatAM porTugIjha sarakArane nANAMnI taMgI paDavA lAgI tyAre porTugIjhe temaja temanI vaTale prajA eka baMDakhora lazkara jevAM thaI beThAM. teo pitAnI baMduka rAjAone vecatA, ane peTa bharavA mATe game tevuM nIca kRtya karatAM acakAtA nahIM. e leke aharaniza dvAra AgaLa AvI bhIkha mAge che; eTaluMja je teo karate te kaMI harakata nahotI, paNa teo ApaNe bAraNe na AvatAM musalamAnene bAraNe jaI bhikSA mAge che, te kaI paNa prakAre evA lekone lazkarI nokara gaNI temane pagAra cAlu karavo." AvI siphArasa sane 1548 mAM gAvAnI sarakAra taraphathI porTugalanA rAjAne karavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa temanA hAthamAM paisA AvatAM teo tarataja jugAramAM uDAvatA. A saghaLI hakIkata sane 1580 nI agADInI che. e varSamAM spena ane porTugala ekatra thatAM pariNAmamAM pigIjha rAjyane aneka aDacaNo AvI. yuropamAM spenane karavI paDelI bhAMjagaDane lIdhe hiMdustAnamAMnA pigIjha rAjyanI vyavasthA sArI rahI nahIM. AphrikAthI gulAma lAvI dezamAM bharavAne pracAra zarU thavAthI saghaLo AdhAra gulAmo upara rahevA mAMDayo. pirTugIjha pote kaMIpaNa kAma karavAmAM nAlAyaka nIvaDyA, ane rAjyanA baMdobasta saghaLo bojo dezI sipAIone mAthe paDe. lisbana ane govAnA lazkarI amaladAro kAgaLa upara sattara hajAra mANasanA lazkarano kharca batAvI kharekhara cAra hajAra mANaso nokarImAM rAkhatA. AvI avyavasthA zarU thatAM dezI sipAIonA hAthamAM je sattA AvI te laI levA mATe porTugIjhane mahA prayAsa karavo paDayo. 5, pigInuM kurapaNuM-paradharmIo tarapha atizaya durapaNe

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154 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. vartavAmAM porTugIjha leke jarA paNa Acake khAtA nahIM. pitAnAM ghAtakI kayanA TekAmAM teo eTaluMja kahetA ke amAre hiMdIo tarapha kara nahIM thavuM evo kaMI TharAva nathI. A temanAM kurapaNAnA TekAmAM game tevAM kAraNe ApavAmAM Ave to paNa te nyAyI kema kahevAze ? teo pitAnAM kRtyanA samarthanamAM jaNAvatA ke porTugIjha rASTa nAnuM ane tenA leke theDA eTale temaNe e mArgeja anya leke upara pitAne trAsa besADavo joIe. vAske Da gAmAnI bIjI saphara pachI A dezamAM leke pratye kara thavuM e piorTugIjha rAjyanI eka paddhataja paDI gaI. dIvanI laDAI pachI AbhIDAe hAthamAM sapaDAyelA duzmananA kedIonA hAlahavAla karI mArI naMkhAvyA. eka Araba vahANa uparanA khalAsIone pAse porTugIjhae ApelI paravAnagIne lekha hato ane vahANo temanI pAse AvyAM tyAre svarakSaNArthe teoe hAtha paNa upADa hatA nahIM, chatAM eka porTugIjha AdhakArIe saghaLA Araba khalAsIone saDha vacce sIvI laIdarIAmAM pheMkI dIdhA. kAnAnuranA baMdaramAM pakaDAyelA kedIone AbhIDAe tene gaLe vahANamAMthI jamIna upara urADayA. bIje eka prasaMge strIonA dAgInA kahADI levA mATe porTugIjha sipAIoe temanA hAtha kAna kApI nAMkhyA hatA. koI paNa kALe Avo ghAtakI trAsa loke upara varate jANavAmAM nathI. eziyAnA leka tarapha hamezAMja paTegIjho A pramANe vartatA hovAthI pratyeka prasaMganuM varNana karavuM muzkela che. vera levAnI IcchAthI ja A ghora kRtya karavAmAM AvatAM nahIM eTale kevaLa rAjaya vyavasthA mATe tenI jarUra che ema pirTagIjha amaladArone lAgatuM. Abukarka evuM kahetA ke paradhama lekone dayA batAvavI jIsasa krAIsTane apriya hovAthI AvAM kAma karavAM e tenA upara upakAra karavA jevuM hatuM. kedIonA nAka kAna kApavAM, vedanAmAMthI chUTI maravAne pANImAM DubakI mAratA lekenI pAchaLa paDI temanAM zarIranA kakaDA karavA, ane tAbAmAM AvelAM zaheramAMnAM strI chokarAonI katala karavI, evAM kRtya karanAra Abukarka lekane dayAnAM putaLA jevo lAgata; kAraNe tenI agAu thaI gayelA adhikArIoe je ghAtakIpaNuM calAvyuM hatuM tenuM

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prakaraNa 6 huM ] perTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 155 varNana paNa thaI zakatuM nathI. ghAtakI adhikArIonA julamamAMthI Izvara ApaNane choDave evI karUNujanaka prArthanA karavA hiMdu ane musalamAna dharmanA leke AbukarkanI kabara AgaLa jatA. porTugIjha lekane rAjya sthApavuM hatuM, paNa te mATe jarUranAM mANasa tathA paise temanI pAse nahIM hatAM, eTale e khoTa purI pADavAne kura rIte teo vartatA hatA. 6. dharmamatasaMzodhaka paddhati -pena ane porTugala dezamAM bhayaM. kara prakArane dharmacchaLa cAlatA hatAlekane dharmanI bAbatamAM kevo mata che te tapAsavA tathA te bAbatamAM gunhegAra Thare temane zAsana karavA IkavijhIzana (Inquisition) nAmanI eka saMsthA sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. soLamA saikAmAM AkhA yuropamAM dharma saMbaMdhI sudhAro zarU thavAthI romana kepaeNlika paMtha pAchaLa paDI gaye, tyAre rAjA tathA dharmAdhikArIo e paMthanA hovAthI navA paMthano uccheda karavAnI matalabathI A nyAyamaMDaLa sthApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vAstavikarIte ene mULa udeza vidhamAM lekane zAsana karavAnuM hatuM, paNa yuropamAM ekaja dharmanA paNa bhinna paMthanA leke upara paNa ene prayoga cAluM thayo hato. A zAsanamaMDaLanI saMsthA porTugIjha lekee hiMdustAnamAMnA pitAnA rAjyamAM zarU karelI hevAthI ahIM tenAthI keTale ghara anartha thayo hato te barAbara samajavA mATe yuropamAM e saMsthAnuM vartana kevuM hatuM te ApaNe joIe. A apUrva nyAyAdhIzI upara koIno paNa vivAda cAlatA nahIM. tenA jAsuse guptapaNe dareka kuTuMbamAM rahI kene kevo mata che tenI bAtamI kahADatA, ane e hakIkata uparathI nyAyAdhIze lokone temanA mata mATe zikSA karatA. pratyakSa kRtya mATeja zikSA karI zakAya paNa matane mATe nahIM evo kAyadAno mukhya Azaya A nyAyAdhIzIe dUra mukyo hate. mAtra saMzaya uparathI koI je pakaDayo te te kethalika dharma svIkAravAnuM kabUla kare nahIM tyAM sudhI nyAyAdhIza taraphathI aneka prakAranI vyathA tenA upara karavAmAM AvatI, ane keTalIkavAra teo tene jIvate bALI mukatA. be sAkSI heya te aMdhArI koTaDI, upavAsa vagerenI zikSA karavAne nyAyAdhIzo acakAtA

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156 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. nahIM. vedanA bhagavyA pachI pakaDAele zamsa kelika paMtha svIkAravAnI kabUlAta ApavAne taiyAra thAya te tenI saghaLI mAlamattA japta karavAmAM AvatI, ane zarIramAM kaphanI paherAvI choDavAmAM AvatuM. aMdhArI koTaDIne prayoga tenA upara niSphaLa jAya te tene agnikuMDamAM nAMkhatA. je ekaja sAkSIdara maLe te tenA pagamAM lekhaMDanAM kaDAM ghAlavAmAM AvatAM. A kAma aMdhArI koTaDImAM thatuM. AropIne vakIla karavA devAmAM Avate nahIM, tema sAkSIonI jubAnI tenA dekhatAM levAmAM AvatI nahIM. AropI strI hoya, purUSa hAya, kiMvA kumArikA hoya, paNa tene nagna hAlatamAM vAMsanI mAcI upara suvADI pANI, agni, khIlA, ane nAnA tarehanAM yaMtra vagerethI tenI naso dabAya teTalI dabAvavAmAM AvatI, tenAM hADakAM bhAMgavAmAM AvatAM ane jIva nahIM jAya tevI saghaLI vyathA karavAmAM AvatI. cAlu paMdara varSa lagI AvI asahya vedanA bhogavelA AropInI agnikuMDamAM AhutI ApyAnA dAkhalA mojuda che. keTalIkavAra zikSA pAmelA aneka kedIone AvI rIte ghaNo vakhata rAkhyA pachI temanI ghIsa kahADI agnikuMDamAM homavAmAM AvatA. A prasaMge rAjA, saradAra darakadAra dharmAdhikArIo, vagere asaMkhya leke A dekhAva jevA hAjara rahetA. keTalIkavAra AropInI jIbha maheDuM ughADatAM bahAra nIkaLI nahIM zake tevI rIte bAMdhI laI tenI AgaLa uttama pakavAna mukavAmAM AvatAM, ane tene hAla joI ekaThA thayelA adhikArIo AnaMda mAnatA. spenamAMnI A saMsthAnA pahelA adhyakSa TarvimADA ekalAe pitAnI aDhAra varSanI kArakirdImAM 1,14,401 lekene judI judI tarehanI zikSA karI asaMkhya kuTuMbone kacaDaghANa kahADI nAMkhyo hato. AvI ja kaMIka paddhati hiMdustAnamAMnA lekene vaTalAvavA mATe porTugIjhee pitAnA rAjyamAM dAkhala karI hatI. 7. khristI dharmanA prasAra mATenA prayatna-vADhe DagAmA hiMdustAna Avyo tyAre A dezanA lekane khristI banAvavAnI parTugIjha : lekene meTI umeda hatI. e leke ghaNAkharA khristI ja che evuM teo zarUAtamAM samajatA. malabAra kinArA upara nesTariana khristI ghaNAM

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prakaraNa 6 huM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 157 varSa upara AvI rahyA hatA. emanI pachI porTugIjha AvyA tyAre temaNe A saghaLA khristIone kecaeNlika dharmanI dIkSA ApavAno nizcaya karyo. sane 1542 mAM atre AvelA kraoNnsisa jheviare jeyITa paMthanI sthApanA karI. sane 1560 mAM inkavijhizana eTale dharmamatasaMzodhana paddhati gevAmAM dAkhala thavAthI aneka prakAranuM ghAtakIpaNuM tathA julama tyAM zarU thayAM, ane temAM AraMbhamAM AvelA senTa TaoNmasa ane neToriana khri- * stIone nAza thayo. porTugIjhoe pazcima kinArA upara muMbaI vasaI vagere ThekANAMo lIdhAM tyAre temaNe tyAMnA puSkaLa lekane vaTalAvI khristI banAvyA, ane khAsa karIne brAhmaNa, parabhu vagere ucca jAtinAM mANaso upara julama karyo. A dharmanI laDatanAM kAraNe aneka hatAM. hiMdustAnamAM khristI dharma dAkhala karavAnA temanA mahAna hetune mukhya utpAdaka rAjaputra henarI hate. pitAnI pahelI temaja bIjI sapharamAM vAsko Da gAmA keTalAka pAdarIo lAvyo hato. sane 1501 mAM kebrala potAnI sAthe ATha pAdarIo lAvyA, kemake temanI madadathI ahIMnA lokone ekadama vaTalAvavAne teno vicAra hatA. A pAdarI keMnsiskana paMthanA hatA, ane temane mukhI kaIbrA syuTAne bizapa hate. hiMdustAnamAM AvyA pachI emAMnAM sAta AsAmI thoDAja vakhatamAM maraNa pAmyAM. e pachI AbukanI sAthe pAMca pAdarIo AvyA. sane 1503 mAM kacInane kille baMdhAye tathA gevA porTugIjhane hAtha AvyuM tyArathI emanuM dharmaprasAranuM kAma joramAM cAlyuM hatuM. gevAnI masIda teDI pADI porTugIjhoe te jagyAe pitAnAM devaLa baMdhAvyAM. sane 1517 mAM AvelA lere nAmanA pAdarIe eka navuM devaLa bAMdhavAnI goThavaNa karI. A pramANe kertholika paMthanI sthApanA hiMdustAnamAM thayA bAda sane 1534 mAM e paMthanA mukhya dharmagurU remanA pope gAvAmAM bizapa nAmanA mukhya adhikArInI nimaNuka karI; pUrve bizapa madIrA beTamAM raheto hato ane hiMdustAnanA dharmAdhikArIo tenA tAbAmAM hatA. A nimaNuka pachI juo pRSTha 70.

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158 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. bizapanA uparIpaNuM heThaLa kepa oNpha guDa hopathI cIna sudhInA vistIrNa pradeza AvavAthI tenuM mahatva ghaNuM vadhyuM. sane 1557 mAM sabaizvina rAjAe govAmAM AcaMbizapa nImI tenA hAtha nIce gevA, cIna ane malAkkAnA traNa bizapane mukyA. A AcaMbizape sane 1606 mAM pUrvanA prAImeTane khitAba dhAraNa karyo. A sivAya AgaLa upara ghaNAka pheraphAra. thayA paNa tenuM varNana karavAnI AvazyakatA nathI. bhUgoLazAstra tathA vepAranA vimAM porTugIjha lekee je parizrama uThAvyo hato tenA karatAM paNa vizeSa parizrama dharmanI bAbatamAM teoe lIdhA hatA. temano mukhya Azaya paradharmIone vaTalAvI khristI banAvavAno hato, ane e mATe teoe pitAthI banatuM karyuM hatuM. muMbaI beTa porTugIjhonA tAbAmAM AvyA pachI phransiskana mizanarIoe tyAM rahetA sarvAgI verAgIone vaTalAvyA, ane muMbaI najadIka AvelA kenarI ane maMDapezvaramAMnI buddha lokenI guphAmAM khristI dharmanI prArthanA zarU karI. A kAmamAM mukhya bhAga lenAra enTonio pirTIe ekalA vasaI prAMtamAM be varSanA arasAmAM ochAmAM ochAM hajAra mANasone vaTalAvyAM hatAM. A kAmamAM porTugIjha sarakAra tathA lazkarane tene Take hevAthI tenI ADe AvanAra sakhta zikSA pAmatuM. A guphAmAM mukhya caitya che tyAM senTa mAIkalanA devaLanI sthApanA thaI hatI, paNa hAlamAM tenI koI paNa nizAnI mAlama paDatI nathI. vasaI marAThAoe lIdhuM tyAre temaNe e gakAomAMnI temaja AsapAsanA mulakamAMnI khristI dharmanI nizAnIo jaDamULathI ukheDI nAMkhI. khristI lekoe pitAnA amalamAM karelA mUtakhaMDananA avazeSa adyApi draSTIe paDe che. phAdhara pArTI maMDapezvara Avyo tyAre tyAMnA sumAre pacAsa yogIo ekadama nAsI gayA. e pachI hiMdu devAlamAM ghusI jaI tyAM pArTIe khristI devaLe sthApyAM. AgaLa jatAM e jagyAe pirTugIjha rAjA trIjA ne vaTalela lekenAM chokarAo mATe eka pAThazALA sthApI, ane tenA kharca peTe hiMdu maMdIranI Avaka ApI

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prakaraNa 6 Tu ] pirTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. ' dIdhI. A maMdIranuM vacaluM dIvAnakhAnuM 100 hAtha lAMbuM ane 30 hAtha pahoLuM hatuM. tyAM pAMca khristI dharmagurUo rahetA hatA temane darasAla doDha khAMDI cekhAnI nimaNuka hatI. AmAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM anAja teo garIbomAM vaheMcI detA. e prAMta marAThAonA kabajAmAM Avyo tyAre temaNe e pAThazALanuM makAna toDI nAMkhI kATa thANe laI gayA, ane khristI lekAe purI nAMkhelI asalanI hiMdu devatAonI mUtI khullI karI tenI pUjAarcA pUrvavata cAlu karI. - A dharmapracAranA kAmamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lenAra pahele bizapa jaina Abukarka sane 1538 mAM A dezamAM AvyuM. tenI sAthe bAbA ane lAgesa nAmanA be kaeNnsiskana pAdarIo paNa AvyA. eja pAdarIoe prathama dezI lekenA dharmane nAza karyo. jana Abukarka hiMdu stAnamAM paMdara varSa (sane 1538-53) ra te daramiyAna phakata bevA zaheramAM ja teNe 15 devaLe sthApyAM, ane AdilazAhanI masIdamAM teNe potAnuM mukhya devaLa karyuM. bIje aneka ThekANe paNa AvAja banAvo banyA hatA. sane 1542 mAM nsiskana nAmane eka jeyITa pAdarI pitAnA paMthanA puSkaLa lekone laI gAvAmAM Avyo hato. Aja purUSa AgaLa jatAM prasiddhimAM Avele senTa kaeNsisa jheviara hato. e pachI aneka paMthanA leke govAmAM AvelA paNa tyAM mukhya bharatI kaeNnsiskana paMthanI thaI hatI. - dharmanI bAbatamAM uThAvelA kAmano Azaya porTugIjhanA vicAra pramANe traNa prakArane ha; khristI dharmanI vRddhi karavI, mUrtipujAnuM khaMDana karavuM ane vaTalelA khristI lekane utkarSa karavo. A udeza bara lAvavAmAM kaMIka vyaktInI kaDaka tathA hada uparAMtanI dharmazraddhAne lIdhe leke upara kahera varyo ane mULa hetu pAra paDyo nahIM. upara kahela Azaya pAra pADavAnI sAmagrI taiyAraja hatI. ImArata joIe te hiMdu devAlo hatAM; tenuM utpanna A tarapha kheMcI le te kharcamuM nANuM tarataja maLatuM. tema chatAM je khoTa Ave te hiMdune paise lUMTI levAmAM koInI vhIka nahatI. A pramANe senTa pAla koleja nAmanI pahelI saMsthA sane 1541

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160 hiMdustAnano arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. mAM sthApana thaI. temAM kAnaDI, dakSaNI, malyALI, siMhAlI, baMgALI, pegu, cinI, jApAnI vagere sarva jAtinA vidyArthIo hatA, ane temanI saMkhyA zarUAtamAM Asare traNa hajAranI hatI. A pAThazALA upara sane 1548 mAM kAmArTanI nimaNuka thaI tyAre tene evuM thaI AvyuM ke ekadama AkhuM hiMdustAna khAI jAuM ke gaLI jAuM, paNa paradharmI lake upara julama karavAnI rAjAnI paravAnagI nahIM hovAthI, tevI paravAnagI meLavavA sArU kolejanA vyavasthApake e mudAma eka gRhasthane yuropa mokalyo. AthI A kAmamAM jarUra hoya teTale adhikAra temane rAjA taraphathI maLe, eTale je dezIo khuzIthI khristI dharma nahIM svIkAre te temane jabaradastIthI tema karavA pharaja pADavI evI chUTa maLI. A hakIkata govAnA lekenI jANamAM AvI ke tarataja hiMda leke zahera choDI cAlyA gayA, tyAre pAdarIonAM A kRtya mATe porTugIjha vepArIone ghaNo krodha utpanna thayA, kemake hiMduonA javAthI temane vepAra besI gayA. A veLA govAnI seneTa eTale myunisipAliTIe sane 1546 mAM eka patra vAIsayane lakhyo hato. temAM kahevAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke "ame mAphI mAgI evuM kahevA IcchA rAkhIe chIe ke paradharmI vepArI tathA zaherIo vagere sarva lekee A karja ApyuM che. paNa jyAre ApaNI pAsenA keTalAka navarA dhArmika purUSoe hiMdustAnanA lake kaMI paNa kAmanA nathI, teone ApaNuM rAjyamAM rahevA devA ISTa nathI, teone hadapAra karavA joIe evA prakAranI samajuta ApaNe rAjAne karelI hovAthI pariNAma kharAba AvavA saMbhava che." paraMtu A kAmamAM dharmAdhikArIonA Agraha AgaLa khuda vAI sayanuM paNa kaMI cAlyuM nahIM, ane tene rAjA taraphathI Avele hukama prasiddha kare paDe. e hukamanuM tAtparya nIce pramANe hatuM - 1. ApaNuM rAjyamAM mUrtipUjA baMdha karavI e khristI rAjyanuM kartavya che. 2. ApaNA rAjyamAM mUrtipUjakone pitAne dharmAcAra pALavAnI pUrNa chUTa che e jANI ane atyaMta kheda thAya che. 3. amAruM evuM pharamAna che ke saghaLI mUrtio bhAMgI nAMkhavI ane mUrti taiyAra karanAra kArIgarone zikSA karavI,

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prakaraNa 6 huM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 161 4. khristI dharma svIkAranArane khAsa haka ApavA, ane teone veThe | vagere pakaDavA nahIM. 5. jakAtanI Avakane kaMIka bhAga vaTalelA lekene cokhA vaheMcI ApavAmAM kharca. 6. paradharmI leka khristIonI mUrti banAve che temane zikSA karavI. 7. vaTalelA lekene dharmanuM tathA bIjI bAbatanuM zikSaNa ApavA mATe pAThazALA sthApavI, ane temAM vidharmI lekane paNa khristI dharmanuM zikSaNa ApavuM. 8. vaTalelA lekene prema ApaNuM upara rahe mATe mamatAthI temanI tarapha vartavuM. (porTugalanA rAjAne patra tA. 8 mArca sane 1546.) AvA hukamane lIdhe dharmagurUonuM kAma saheluM thaI gayuM. e pramANe amala karavAne vAIsaroye rAjyamAM saghaLe ThekANe pharamAna mokalyuM, hiMduenAM maMdIra jamInadosta karavAno sapATe calAvyo, ane brAhmaNe sAme thaze ema dhArI temane pitAne mulakamAMthI hAMkI kahADyA. rAjA, bizapa ane vAIsaroya e traNamAMthI game teNe dharmaprasAranA kAmamAM lekhI hukama ApavAthI je kAma purva pratyeka mANasa karI zakatuM te have rAjyanuM mukhya kAma thaI paDayuM. bizape chaDelA hukamane Azaya nice pramANe hate - rAjAno hukama sAmila rAkhI dharma khAtAnA sarva adhikArIone evuM pharamAvavAmAM Ave che ke hiMdu lekonAM maMdIre bAMdhelAM taiyAra hoya athavA baMdhAtAM hoya te saghaLAM jamInadosta karavAne temane pUrNa akhatyAra che, A hukama bajAve, evuM paramezvaranA nAmathI mAruM tamane kahevuM che." pAdarI pirTI ghaNe vilakSaNa mANasa hato. tenAmAM lazkarI jura ane dharmAbhimAna hovAthI te dIvanA gherA vakhate hAthamAM krosa laI sipAIone laDavAne uzkerato hato. - muMbaImAM kaeNnsiskana pAdarIo hameza sarvoparI hatA. temaNe ahIMthI vasaI sudhImAM aneka devaLo ubhAM karyAM hatAM, ane cala, sANI tathA

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1ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. thANAmAM paNa potAnI saMsthAo sthApI hatI. devaLa bAMdhI tenI Avaka cAlu karI ApavI, ane temAMthI devaLane tathA vaTabhelA lekene kharca calAve evI temanI yojanA hatI. garIba nAnAM chokarAo mATe teoe sadAvrata besADyAM hatAM, temAMthI hajAre chokarAo vaTalAvavAnuM kAma cAlatuM. duSkALa jeve prasaMge teo nAcAra chokarAMo vecAtAM letA. A vecANanI kimata vaya upara hatI. eka varSanA chokarAnI kiMmata pirTugalamAM eka bakarA jeTalI paDatI ! A kAma mATe gAmegAma pharanArA pAdarIonA prayAsathI phakta thANAmAMja traNa varSanA arasAmAM cha hajAra chekarAo ekaThAM thayAnA dAkhalA mojuda che. eka vakhata gokuLa aSTamIne dIne (oNgasTa 1pa64) vasainI khADImAM hiMdu leke snAna karavA gayA hatA, temanI upara jeITa pAdarIoe hala karI mArAmArI karI hatI. AvA banAvo vAraMvAra banatA hevAthI hiMduone dharmanA AcAra vicAra pramANe cAlavAmAM harakata paDatI. khristI pAdarIo ezaArAma ane mojamajhAmAM mazagula rahetA, ane koInI paNa temane darakAra hatI nahIM. sadhana porTugIjha strI purUSa maraNa vakhate pitAnI saghaLI delata devaLone arpaNa karatAM, eTale pAdarIonA hAthamAM DhagalAbaMdha nANuM jamA thavAthI A sivAya bIjuM pariNAma AvI ja zake nahIM e svAbhAvika che. khristI thaI gayelA hiMduone svadharmamAM pAchA dAkhala karavA mATe te samayanA brAhmaNoe aneka prayatna karyA hatA. pitAnA asala dharmamAM AvavA mATe teo emane upadeza karatA eTaluM ja nahIM paNa ge kuLa aSTamI jevA moTA meLAne divase samudrasnAna athavA gaMgAsnAna karAvI temane zuddha karatA. AvA pavitra divasee gaMgAsnAna karavAthI sarva pAtakenuM kSAlana thAya che tevI rIte khristI dharma svIkAravAthI thatuM nathI evo zAstrAdhAra teo sarva lekene samajAvatAM. brAhmaNanI A yuktithI pAdarIone gusse uzkerAyo ane temanA kAmamAM vikSepa pADavAnA hetuthI teoe thANa, vasaI mubaI vagere ThekANunA darIA kAMThe khaDake upara jyAM tyAM keMsa goThavI dIdhA. Ama thayA pachI je jagyAe

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prakaraNa : kuM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 163 keMsa nahotA tyAM brAhmaNee meLA bharyA. Akhare khristIonA julamathI trAsI jaI teoe vasaI pAsenA rAnamAM AveluM eka ekAMta taLAva zodhI kahayuM, ane tyAM keTaleka vakhata sudhI deha zuddhInuM kAma guptapaNe calAvyuM. A hakIkata anya lekonA jANamAM AvatAM porTugIjha sipAIoe brAhmaNo upara halle karI temane tyAMthI nasADI mukyA. e veLA khrIstI thayela paNa punaH hiMdu dharmamAM Avela eka verAgI nirbhayapaNe porTugIjhonI sAmA thayo eTale teo vadhAre uzkerAI gayA, ane tene teja jagyA upara vadha karyo, ane gAya mArI tenuM mAMsa tathA rakta taLAvamAM temaja AsapAsa nAMkhI saghaLuM apavitra karyuM. (AgasTa 1pa64). sane 1578 mAM jeyITa lekee sASTImAM be AkhAM gAma vaTalAvyAM temAM kulle dasa hajAra mANasone khristI dharma svIkAra paDe. bIje varSe vAMdarAmAM be hajAra keLI leke vaTalI gayA. AvI rIte darasAla keTalA hiMduoe paradharma svIkAryo tenI gaNatarI karavI muzkela che, paraMtu AvaDI moTI saMkhyAe svadharma che chatAM hiMdudharma Aje hastImAM che eja eka AzcaryanI vAta che. porTugIjhonI sattA baLavAna hatI tyAre DomInikana, pheMnsiskana, jeyITa ane senTa oNgasTAIna evA cAra paMthanA dharmagurUo ge.vAmAM AvI vasyA hatA, ane hiMdu musalamAnone khristI dharmamAM vaTalAvavAne jANe vepAra mAMDyo hato. AvAja kaMI kAmanI khaTapaTamAM komonsa (Comoens) nAmane prasiddha porTugIjha kavi sane 1553mAM ahIM Avyo hato. govAmAM keTalAMka varSa rahyA pachI te cInamAM AvelA makAva baMdare gaya; tyAMthI sane 1581 mAM pAche ge AvI te calamAM jAhera bAMdhakAma khAtAno uparI thayuM hatuM. A pramANe soLa varSa pUrvamAM rahI te pAcho yuropamAM gayo. eNe lakhelA utkRSTa graMthe hajI paNa jagadrikhyAta che. 8, porTugIjhanI bhUlane bIjAone maLelo lAbha -soLamA saikAnA pahelA pacAsa varSamAM porTugIjha eziyAmAM vizeSa AbAda thayA hatA. AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAthI jApAna lagIne saghaLe kinAre temanA tAbAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vAstavika rIte temanuM svAmitva vepAra upara avalaMbI

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164 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. rahyuM hatuM. bhUpradeza tAbAmAM rAkhavAnI temanI zakti nahatI, ane vepAra upara kAbu meLavavAnI temanAmAM yogyatA nahotI. teo dhamadha hatA, ane te aMge game te sAhasa karatA. saghaLA paradharmIone teo duzmana samajatA tathA temanAmAM dharmanI bAbata asahya moLApaNuM, kurapaNuM, bhraSTatA vagere durguNa hoya ema kalpanA karatA. temanA pAdarIoe aneka prakArano julama A dezanA vatanIo upara vartAvyo hato; mAtra Abukarkeja hiMdu leke sAthe kaMIka namratAthI vartavA zeDe ghaNe prayatna karyo hate. gAmA, sorejha, sikaverA, mekjhisa vagerenAM kura kRtyothI sarva leke behoza thaI gayA hatA, ane pariNAmamAM sane 1567 mAM parTugIjha leke virUddha saghaLAM hiMdI rAjyo ekatra thayAM hatAM. temanAmAM eTaluM paNa zaurya nahIM hota te temane tyAreja nAza thayA hatA. temanuM vilakSaNa zuravIrapaNuM eja temane tArIpha karavA yogya guNa mAlama paDe che. sane 1558 mAM porTugalane rAja trIje jaina maraNa pAme ane sabezciane gAdI upara Avyo. A sabazciane gumAvele vaibhava pAcho meLavavA baeNgenjhAne saMpUrNa adhikAra ApI hiMdustAna mokalyo, paNa tene hAthe kAMI ghaNuM kAma thayuM nahIM. eka pratinidhi sAruM kAma karate te tenI pachInA pAMca jaNAo te saghaLuM uthalAvI nAMkhI gheTALa vALatA. covisamA vAIsaroya AdheDe (I. sa. 1567-1571) sAre kArabhAra calAvyuM. paNa e pachInAM pAMca varSamAM pAMca nAlAyaka amaladAre hiMdustAnamAM AvyA. teoe calAvelI avyavasthA tathA gerabaMdobastane lIdhe rAjAne eziyAmAMnA rAjyanI sahIsalAmatI mATe dhAstI utpanna thavAthI teNe AdheDane sane 1579 mAM A dezamAM pAcho mokalyo. paNa eka varSa rahI te ahIMja maraNa pAmyo. rAjA sazciane eja varSamAM deha choDI tyAre piorTugalanuM rAjya spenanA rAjA bIjA philipanA hAthamAM gayuM (I. sa. 1850). A agatyanA banAvanA pariNAmamAM ke khuda porTugalanuM hitAhita jenAra keIja rahyuM nahIM, ane spena dareka bAbatamAM caDhI AvuM thayuM. sane 1640 mAM porTugala punaH svataMtra thayuM kharuM paNa te veLA pUrvamAM valaMdA

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prakaraNa 6 huM. ] porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 165 tathA aMgreja pratispardhAo ubhA thayA hatA, ane temanI sAthe spardhA karavAthI ja te taraphanuM porTugalanuM rAjya nAza pAmyuM. sane 1500 thI 1610 sudhInAM vIsa varSamAM porTugIjho vepAra atyaMta AbAda hAlatamAM hato. te samaye dareka sapharamAM deDhasothI aDhIso vahANe vaparAtAM hatAM, paNa hAlamAM lisbanathI govA lagI dara sAla eka AgaboTanI ekaja saphara thAya che; ane kepa oNpha guDa hopathI jApAna parvatanA vizALa rAjya paikI gevA, damaNa ane dIva e traNaja zahero temanA tAbAmAM rahevA pAmyAM che. A uparathI AvaDA moTA rAjyano kema nAza thayo hato te sahaja kapI zakAze. sane 1580 mAM spena ane porTugala joDAI gayAM tyAre spena ane IglaDa vacce duzmanAvaTa hovAthI bIjA ATha varSamAM spenanA saghaLA daraAI kAphalAnA cUrecUrA thaI gayA. A yuddhamAM spene piorTugalanA vepAranI saghaLI Avaka vyaya karavAthI hiMdustAnanI sAthe vepAra calAvavA tenI pAse kAMI paNa thApaNa phAjala rahI nahIM. sane 1pa87 mAM porTugalanA eziyA sAthenA vepArane saghaLe haka eka kaMpanIne vecavAmAM Avyo, ane tethI thayeluM utpanna spene calAvelA yuddhamAM kharacAI gayuM. A kaMpanI virUddha adhikArIoe pikAra uThAvyAthI kaMpanIne vepAra sAro cAlyo nahIM, ane pariNAmamAM aMgreja tathA valaMdA kaMpanIone lAbha thayo. AraMbhamAM pUrva tarapha AvelA pirTugIjha adhikArIono pagAra ghaNoja cheDe hato. vAska Da gAmA, Abukarka vagere purUSo kIrti meLavavAnI AzAe bahAra paDayA hatA, eTale temane paisAnI darakAra hatI nahIM. paraMtu A kIrtino lAbha adrazya thatAM paisA vagara kAma karavA kaI taiyAra thatuM nahIM. zarUAtamAM dariyA upara lUMTa calAvI, jIteluM zahera lUMTI athavA dezI rAjA pAse khuzIthI athavA jorajulamathI bakSisa meLavI porTugIjha pitAnAM khIsAM bharatA. kharuM jotAM AvI rIte meLavelA paisA upara rAjA suddhAno haka hovo joIe, paNa teNe pUrvamAM ATale dUra gayelA AsAmIonA pagAra vadhAravAnI AnAkAnI karavAthI A

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166 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. saghaLA paisA teo ja laI letA. piorTugIjha sipAIonI paNa atyaMta durdazA thatI. temanA kaptAnane dara mahine bAra ziliMga eTale cha rUpIA maLatA. temAM teone cokhA ane mAMsa upara gujarAna calAvavuM paDatuM. paraMtu e samaye parAkrama karavAthI bakSisa paNa sArI maLatI. aneka navIna pradeza ane beTo ujajaDa paDelA hatA, tyAM marachamAM Ave te jaI laDe ane pradeza kabaje kare. pUrva taraphanA dvIpasamuhamAM paNa kaMI AvI ja rItane dhaMdhe cAlyo hato. A temaja upara kahelA anyAya parTugIjha rAjA aTakAvI nahIM zake tenuM eka khAsa kAraNa che. pitAne piSaNa karavuM paDe evA AnaMdI purUSa mATe hiMdustAnane utkRSTa deza porTugIjha sarakArane maLyo hate. parTugalamAM khetInuM kAma gulAma pAse karAvavAmAM AvatuM tethI asaMkhya garIba leke anna vagara TaLavaLatA; e saghaLAne hiMdustAna mokalI devA eTale ja mArga dezanI dAridratA ochI karavAno hate. ahIM AvyA pachI je teo maraNane Adhina thAya te duHkhamAMthI chuTatA; agara nasIbane jere teo zrImaMta thatA te ThIka ja hatuM. hiMdustAna jaI dezI strIo sAthe lagna karatAM teone rAjyamAM nokarI maLatI, paNa evI nekarIo keTalAne maLe? ema chatAM jarUra hoya te karatAM ghaNI vadhAre jagyAo pigIne mATe hatI. hiMdustAna upara utarI paDelA AvA lekenAM kartavyane lIdhe khristI (phiraMgI) e zabda te veLA keTale bhaya upajAvate te kahevAnI jarUra nathI. hAtha Ave te teo laIne nAsI jatA, ane joIe teTale anAcAra ane kurapaNuM karatA. sane 1550 nA sumAramAM A anAcAra parAkASTAe pahoMcavAthI "game tema karI amane A duHkhamAMthI cheDavo nahIM te AgaLa jatAM amArI bacavAnI AzA nathI ' evI vinaMtI leAko taraphathI piDuMgalanA rAjAne karavAmAM AvI hatI. AjalagImAM hiMdustAnamAM yuropiyanoe je rAjya sthApyAM temAM pirTugIjha rAjya paheluM hatuM. ATalA dUra dezanA lokoe atre AvI rAjya sthApyuM e banAva pahelAM te AzcaryakAraka lAge che, paNa aitihAsika draSTie jotAM AzcaryanuM kAraNa rahetuM nathI. AvI hakIkatamAM rAjya sthA

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prakaraNa : 3 porTugIjha rAjyanA guNadoSanI carcA. 167 pana karavuM e eka prakArano prayoga che. porTugIjhene yogya jaNAyuM tevI rIte pitAnI zakti anusAra rAjya sthApavA temaNe prayatna karyo. temAM keTaleka prasaMge temanI bhUla thaI ane keTalIkavAra teone yaza maLyo. emanI pachI AvelA aMgrejoe jyAre pitAnuM rAjya sthApavA mAMDayuM tyAre porTugIjhene anubhava temane ghaNo upayogamAM Avyo. pirTugIjhanI je rItI temane ayogya jaNAI te temaNe vajarya karI ane je upayukata lAgI te svIkArI. A be rAjyanA vaccenuM aMtara samajavA mATe porTugIjha rAjyanI sthApanA sAthe tulanA karavAthI aitihAsika vivecanane puSkaLa madada maLaze. porTugIjhanA rAjyamAM dharmanuM prAbalya vizeSa hevAthI ja temanuM rAjya nAza pAmyuM eTale aMgrejoe te bAbata cheDI nahIM. tevI ja rIte yuropiyana purUSa ane dezI strI vacce lagna karAvI ApI eka vaTalela, prajA utpanna karavAthI temaja evI rIte paraNanAra purUSane nokarI ApavAthI porTugIjhane kaMI paNa phAyade nahIM thatAM ulaTuM nukasAna thayeluM hovAthI aMgrejoe te paNa svIkArI nahIM. pUrvane vepAra kaMpanIne ApavAthI iMglaMDanI rAjya paddhatinuM kaMI paNa viziSTa pariNAma porTugIjhanI mAphaka aMgrejone naDayuM nahIM. temaja khAnagI vepAra paNa teoe ekadama aTakAvya. vaLI upara varNavela rTuigIjhane ezaArAma aMgrejoe cAlavA dIdho nahIM. pitAnuM kAma karavA gulAma maLelA hovAthI pirTugIjhe AnaMda mAnatA paNa Akhare teo pote kaMI paNa kAma karavAne azakta ane nAlAyaka thayA. A saghaLuM aMgrejone ayogya lAgavAthI te temaNe svIkAryuM nahIM, ane emAMja pitAnuM DahApaNa batAvyuM ema koNa nahIM kaheze?

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168 hiMdustAnanA arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je 1 prakaraNa 7 muM. valaMdA lekenI hakIkata 1. valaMdA lokone paryakrama. 2. pUrvanA dvIpasamuha upara valaMdAone | amala. 2. valaMdA lokone aMgrejo sAthe jhagaDe. 4. TeTAnuM bhayaMkara pariNAma-embeca nAmAM aMgrejonI katala. 5. vera levA tarapha bedarakArI. 6. valaMdA lokonA julamanI parAkASThA. 7. valaMdAnI paDatInAM kAraNe. 8. valaMdA nekanA pagAra. - 1, valaMdA lekene pUrvaka-yurepamAM vAyavya dizAe samudra kAMThe AvelA nedharalenDa dezane leke Daca athavA valaMdA kahevAya che. A deza lAMbA kALa sudhI spenanA tAbAmAM hatuM, paNa e jhuMsarI mahAna parAkrama pachI teDI nAMkhI valaMdAo svataMtra thayA. eo vahANavaTAnA kAmamAM ghaNuM nipuNa hatA. vAstavikarIte pUrva taraphanA samudramAM temano praveza aMgrejonI pachI thayo hota to paNa teo vepAranA kAmamAM temanI AgaLa bahAra paDyA hatA. venisa ane Ane vepAra baMdha paDyo, ane limbana zahera AbAda thayuM, tyAre hiMdustAnathI lisbana AvatA mAla valaMdAo pitAnAM jahAja mAraphata yuropakhaMDanA uttara bhAgane pure pADatA. sane 1580 mAM nedharalenDa deza spenathI svataMtra thayuM, ane porTugala spenanI rAjyamAM joDAyuM, tyAre valaMdAo upara vera levA mATe spenanA rAjA bIjA philipe temane liana AvatA baMdha karyA. paraMtu A baMdhIne lIdhe temanuM teja vadhArene vadhAreja prakAzavA lAgyuM. sane 1588 mAM IglaDa upara karelI svArIne pariNAme speniza kAphalAne parAjaya thayAnI taka joI valaMdA vepArIo samudra mArge hiMdustAna AvavAne bIjo rasto zodhI kahADavAmAM guMthAyA. sane 1493 mAM nIkaLelAM pipanAM pharamAna avaya pogala dezane je haka maLyA hatA tene bAdha na Ave teTalA mATe yurepanI uttara taraphathI hiMdustAna AvavAnA mArganI

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. 169 teoe tapAsa karavA mAMDI. sane 1594,95 ane 96mAM viliama re. (William Barent) AvA mArganI tapAsamAM traNa prayatna karyo, paNa te saghaLA viphala gayA, ane temAM ja baeNreMTa maraNa pAme. linsa koTana nAmane eka Daca vepArI sattara varSanI vaye lImbana gayA hatA, tyAM sumAre be traNa varSa rahI te gove Avyo. ahIM te tera varSa rahyA te daramiyAna teNe vepAra saMbaMdhI puSkaLa mAhitI ekaThI karI, ane sane 1592mAM yuropa pAcho AvI cAra varSa rahI A mAhitI pustaka dvArA prasiddha karI. A pustaka vepArI tathA vahANavaTIone eTaluM badhuM upayogI thaI paDayuM ke tenAM bhASAMtare tarataja saghaLI yuropiyana bhASAmAM thaya. tenI salAhathI AmasTarDamanA vepArIoe sabhA bharI hiMdustAna tarapha eka kAphele ravAnA karavAno TharAva karyo. te pramANe kolisa haiTamananI saradArI heThaLa sane 1595 mAM cAra vahANe AphrikAne raste A dezamAM AvyAM. aDhI varSe yuropa pAchI pharelI A sapharathI vepAramAM kaMI phAyade tho nahIM, topaNa e bAbata AgaLa kema cAlavuM te nakkI thayuM. ( A pramANe atyAra sudhI je vepAra porTugIjhanA ekalAnA hAthamAM hate temAM valaMdAo bhAgI thayA. veniziana, neIjha, turka vagere rASTra pitAnA vepAranA mArgo atyaMta gupta rAkhatA, ane temAM bIjA keine dAkhala thavA detA nahIM. e dhAraNa upara nIkaLelA pipanA pharamAna anvaye pRthvI upara saghaLo mulaka pena ane pirTugala vacce vaheMcI ApavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu soLamA saikAnI Akhare A guptapaNuM TakavuM azakya hatuM. porTugalanA rAjaputra henarInI zodho lekenI jANamAM AvI hatI. valaMdA lokoe zodhI kahADelI chApavAnI kaLAnI madadathI uttama prakAranAM bhUgoLanAM pustaka tathA nakazA prasiddha thayA hatA. e dvArA maLelI mAhitIne AdhAre IgleMDa tathA holenDamAM pUrva tarapha vepAra calAva, vAnA hetuthI moTI moTI kaMpanIo sthApana thavA mAMDI hatI. guptapaNAnuM tatva nAza thayA pachI je pradezamAM je kAI prathama Ave te pradeza tenI mAlakIne samaje, e siddhAMtane eziyAnA vepAranI bAbatamAM keTa

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170 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. leka vakhata lagI upayoga thaye. e tatvane pipanA hukamanI puSTi maLI, te paNa e saghaLuM kAyama rahevuM muzkela hatuM. vakhata jatAM jeNe no pradeza zodhI kahA hoya ane te pitAnA baLathI tAbAmAM lIdhe heya teja te pitAne samajavo e nizraya utpanna thaye. TuMkAmAM "baLIAnA be bhAga " e nyAya amalamAM AvatAM anusAra aMgreja tathA valaMdAoe zarUAtamAM potAno prayatna calAvyo. porTugIjha lekenA se varSanA vepAramAM lisbana zahera ghaNuM ja AbAda thayuM. hiMdustAnamAMthI liana ANele mAla bIjA dezomAM laI jaI tyAM vecavAmAM parTugIjha vepArIone valaMdAnI madada levI paDatI. Daca vahANo limbanathI sarva prakAranuM mAla bharI yurepanA uttara bhAgamAM pahoMcADatAM, eTale eziA ane yuropa vacce mAla Apa le karavAnuM kAma upADI levAmAM te zahera ghaNuMja AbAda thayuM. helenDathI mAla laMDana jato. e samaye holenDamAM vepAranI eTalI dhamAla paDatI ke zeTa nadImAM dararoja pAMcaso vahANe Ava jA karatAM. hITamananA yurepa pAchA pharyA pachI sane 1598 mAM pAMca Daca vahaNe pUrva tarapha AvyAM. temanI mAraphata ziyAmAMthI AvelA mAlanuM utpanna joI saghaLA deze unmatta thaI gayA. hauTamana pharIthI ekavAra pUrva tarapha Avyo paNa tyAM tenuM khuna thayuM. sane 1601 sudhImAM valaMdA lekee ekaMdara paMdara saphara karI ane ghaNuMeka vepArI kaMpanIo sthApI. A saghaLI kaMpanIone ekaThI karI Daca pArlAmenTa "Daca IsTa InDIA kaMpanI ' e nAmanI eka moTI saMsthA sthApI. sane 162 kaca sarakAranuM A kAma ghaNuM DahApaNabhareluM hatuM, kAraNa je A saghaLI kaMpanIo judI judI rahI hota te teo meTAM zabda sAme Takkara jhIlI zakate nahIM. A ekatra kaMpanIne hiMdustAnanA vepArane saMpUrNa jA. ekavIsa varSa mATe ApavAmAM Avyo, ane e vepAra mATe judI kaMpanI kahADavA sAme Daca sarakArano pratibaMdha thaze. mukhya kaMpanI upara Daca pArlAmenTanI sakhta dekharekha hatI, ane tenA taraphathI kaMpanIne hisAba

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prakaraNa 7 muM, ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. 171 tathA tenA amaladAroe kahADelA hukamo tapAsavAmAM AvatA. kaMpanInA AgevAnoe tvarAthI 54 lAkha rUpiyAno bhaMDoLa ekaThe karyo. vepArane nAme yuddha karI spenane utArI pADI nuksAna karavAne Daca sarakArane vicAra hovAthI teNe A kaMpanIne pitAne nAme yuddha kiMvA taha karavAne adhikAra Ape. holenDa jyAre spenanA tAbAmAM hatuM tyAre speniza sarakAre lAkho valaMdAonA prANa lIdhA hatA te valaMdAo bhUlI gayA nahotA, ane tenuM vera A kaMpanI mAraphata levAne temaNe manasube karyo hate. sane 1902 mAM Daca kaMpanIe baeNTama najIka porTugIjha parAjaya karI masAlAnA beTa tarapha javAne mArga khullo karyo. sane 1603 mAM teoe govA upara caDAI karI, ane 16 06 mAM Tegasa nadImAMthI limbana upara mAro calAvyuM, ane te ja varSamAM jIbrAlTaranA akhAtamAM speniza AramArane samULa nAza karyo. vaLI pUrvamAM pirTugIjhona malAkkA beTa teoe lIdhe, ane jApAna paryata pitAnI sattA besADI. eziyAnA vepAramAM valaMdAono mukhya AdhAra masAlAmAM thatA naphA upara hato tethI e vepAra anya prajAne karavA devo nahIM temaja malAjhA, eoyanA, bAMDA vagere masAlAnA beTamAM bIjA koIne praveza karavA de nahIM evI Daca sarakAre pitAnA adhikArIone sakhta tAkIda karI hatI. 2. pUrvanA dvIpa samuha upara valaMdAono amala -libana ane malAka jevAM dUranAM be nAkAM valaMdAoe kabaje karyA pachI temaNe e vizALa aMtara daramiyAna bIjAM mukhya thANuo ubhAM karyA. sane 1619 nA arasAmAM temaNe jAvA lIdhuM, ane tyAMnA mukhya baMdara baTeviAmAM kAThI ghAlI; sane 1641 mAM malAkkAnI sAmudradhunI tathA dvIpakalpa kabaje karyo; sane 1938 thI 1658 sudhI porTugIjha sAthe laDAI karI teoe silena beTa lIdho, ane sane 16para mAM kepa oNpha guDa hopamAM teoe pitAnuM vasAhata ubhuM karyuM. TuMkAmAM sane 1640 mAM porTugala penathI svataMtra thayuM tyAre te dezanI pUrva taraphanI sarva sattA valaMdA lekoe potAnA svAdhInamAM laI

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17ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. lIdhI hatI. sane 1641 mAM valaMdA tathA parTugIjha rAjyo vacce salAha thatAM valaMdAoe jItela saghaLe mulaka temanI pAse rahe ane pUrva tarapha nA dariyAmAM beu prajAne saMcAra apratihata cAle evuM TharyuM. A kAmamAM valaMdAone udeza porTugIjha lekonA udeza karatAM kaMIka judA ja prakArano hato. Arabono vepAra DubAvI, khristI dharmanI vRddhi karavI ane navA pradeza chatI pirTugIjha rAjyano vistAra laMbAva e porTugIjha lekino Azaya valaMdA lekee svIkAryo nahIM; teonI daSTi mAtra vepAra pitAnA hAthamAM laI dravya prApta karavA tarapha ja coMTI rahI hatI. vepAranI jaNase pitAnA hAthamAM rahe, ane anya yuropiyana prajAne te maLe nahIM eTalA purateja teo koI paNa pradeza upara pitAne amala sthApatA, ane tenI rAjakIya vyavasthAmAM hAtha ghAlatA nahIM. teoe upADelI saghaLI dhAmadhumane mukhya hetu eTaloja hatuM ke pUrvamAM AvelA dvIpasamuhane helenDanA uparIpaNAM heThaLa muka, ane temanA sivAya koI paNa yuropiyana vepArIone ane vizeSa karIne aMgrejone pitAnI hadamAM AvavA devA nahIM. jema jema A dvIpasamuha upara temanI sattA data thatI gaI tema tema temane vepAra vadhato gayo. potAnA lAbha sAcavavA mATe teoe karelI goThavaNa mujaba dezI vepArIone mAlanI kharIdI tathA vecANa karAvI ApelI jagyAeja karavAnI, tema kAI bIjA pradezane mAla lAva laI ja karavAnI nahIM evI tAkIda karI, ane pitAnA vepArane nukasAna pahoMce tevAM masAlAnAM jhADa ropavAnI manAI karI. A masAlAne dIpasamuha ghaNo maTe che, emAM uttara tarapha benio ane pazcime sumAtrA, jAvA, phalerisa, timora vagere beTanI hAra AvelI che. bonionI pUrva selibIjhane TApu che, ane tenI pelamera malAkkA eTale masAlAnA TApuo TarneTa, TAyaDora, bAMDA, embeyanA, pula, pulArUna, rejjIna ItyAdI aneka beTo che. enI paNa pUrve AvelA nyUginI nAmanA meTA TApunI agADI philipAIne beTanI hAra uttara dakSiNa AvelI che. sumAtrAnA vAyavya khuNa upara malAkakAnI sAmudradhunInA nAkA upara AvelA

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekanI hakIkata. 173, ekIna (Achin) baMdaranA rAjAne porTugIjha sAthe ghaNuM lAMbA vakhata sudhI laDavuM paDayuM hatuM. sane 1600 mAM teNe valaMdA lekanI madada lIdhI tyAra pachI sumAtrA beTamAMnAM saghaLAM nAnAM moTAM rAja valadAoe dhIme dhIme hastagata karI lIdhAM. A dvIpakalpanA pazcima kinArA upara porTugIjha lekenuM malAkkA nAmanuM baMdara hatuM ane tenI dakSiNe pUrva kinArA upara jehara nAmanuM zahera eka svataMtra rAjAnA kabajAmAM hatuM. sane 16 06 mAM valaMdAoe joharanA rAjA sAthe dostI karI mulAkA kabaje karavAne manasubo karyo, paNa ghaNA lAMbA kALa pachI, eTale cheka sane 1641 mAM temane hetu saphaLa thayo, ane te baMdara temanA svAdhInamAM AvyuM. malAkkAnI sAmudradhunInA jevI sumAtrA ane jAvAnI vacamAM suMDA nAmanI eka bIjI agatyanI sAmudradhunI AvelI che. jAvAnA IzAna kinArA uparanA baeNTamanA eka nAnA rAjA sAthe sane 1609 mAM valaMdAoe mitrAcArI karI dhIme dhIme jAvA beTa upara paga pesAro karyo. baeNTamanI pUrve eka khADInA kAMThA upara AveluM jakAtrA nAmanuM nAnuM baMdara baeNTama karatAM vepAra mATe vadhAre sagavaDa bhareluM che, evuM joI valaMdAoe junuM zahera teDI nAMkhI teja ThekANe baTeviA nAmanuM navuM zahera vasAvyuM ( sane 1619 ). A pramANe pUrva taraphanA dvIpasamuhamAM dAkhala thavAnAM nAkAM emanA tAbAmAM AvyA pachI temaNe aMdaranA bhAgamAM AvelA beTa upara potAnI koThIo ubhI karI. tyAMnA leke porTugIjha amalathI trAsI gayelA hovAthI teo ghaNI khuzIthI temanI sAthe joDAI gayA. A pramANe porTugIjha leke sAme pitAnuM rakSaNa karavA mATe dezI adhikArIoe valaMdAone Azraya levo e Daca sattAnuM paheluM pagathIuM hatuM. TarneTanA sulatAna sAthe tahanAmuM karyA pachI june kille teDI nAMkhI no bAMdhavAnuM kAma temaNe AraMbhya. e bAda eoyanAnA TApumAM marachamAM Ave te bhAve laheMga vecAtAM laI zakAya teTalA mATe temaNe TarneTa beTamAMnAM saghaLAM laheMganAM jhADa ukheDI kahADayAM. temanAM kRtyothI kaMTALI jaI Akhare sane 1649 mAM TarneTanA sulatAne Daca gavarnarane

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14 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa, [bhAga 3 je. pitAne mukhya pratinidhi nIme. embeyanAne ItihAsa paNa eja che. sane 1600mAM tyAMnA rAjA tathA valaMdA vepArIo vacce snehabhAvanA kela karAra thayA. pAMca varSa rahIne valaMdAone kile bAMdhavAnI paravAnagI maLatAM tyAM holenDanuM sArvabhAmatvakAyama thayuM. vaLI temanA sivAya bIjA koIne laheMga nahIM vecavAnI kabulAta rAja pAse valaMdAoe karAvI lIdhI. Ama karatAM karatAM sane 1614 mAM e lekee e nA upara pitAnI sattA kAyama karI tyAM saghaLe vepAra pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhe, ane tyAM preTesTaMTa dharma sthApavAnI, tathA pitAnA kAma mATe majura veThe pakaDavAnI paravAnagI kelakarAranI rUe meLavI. zarUAtamAM valaMdA lekene amala ghaNoja sukhI nIvaDayo hato. emanI madadathI porTugIjhoe vartAvela kera ApaNe dUra karyo che evuM keTaleka vakhata lagI tyAMnA lokone lAgyuM. paraMtu A zAMti ghaNe kALa TakI rahI nahIM. vakhatanA vahevA sAthe tyAMnA lekene jorajulamathI 5kaDI keda karavA, ane majabUta bAMdhAnA leke upara julama karI temane gulAma banAvavAno dhaMdhe valaMdAoe calAvavA mAMDyuM, to pitAnA adhikArIone hiMdustAnanI sAthe athavA eziyAnA bIjA dezo sAthe kaI paNa prakArane vepAra dhaMdho karatAM aTakAvyA. zarUAtamAM joke temanI mAgaNI vepAra puratI ja hatI, paNa pAchaLathI aMgrejo sAthe temane jhagaDo zarU thatAM teoe pitAne krama badalyA hate. 3, valaMdA lokone aMgrejo sAthe jhagaDemasAlAnA TApu upara valaMdAone kAbu draDha thavA lAge te samaye aMgrejo te tarapha vadhatA hovAthI A TApuomAM temane dAkhala thatA aTakAvavA valaMdAo taraphathI evAM kAraNe ApavAmAM AvatAM ke "ame A dvIpasamuhamAM prathama praveza karyo ane dezI kone madada karI tahanAmAnI rUe temanA mulakanI vyavasthA karavAnI goThavaNa karI mATe anya prajAne temAM dAkhala karavAne temane haka nahote." A takarAra virUddha aMgrejonuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke "A

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMda lokonI hakIkata. 175 TApuo sane 1579 mAM prathama aMgreja vahANavaTI Deke zodhI kahADayA hatA, eTale Amatema be cAra killA bAMdhavAthI A pradeza valaMdAonA tAbAmAM saMpUrNapaNe AvI gayo ema karatuM nathI, ane tethI e mulaka upara banne prajAne haka sarakho rahevo joIe. kharuM jotAM AmAMne pahele sababa nirUpayogI che. amuka pradezamAM keIe prathama praveza karyo mATe te tenI mAlakIne thaye evI takarAra aMgrejoe kadIpaNa kabUla karI nahatI, ane te virUddha pote svIkArelI nItinI puSTimAM porTugIjha tathA bIjA leke sAthe teo laDatA hatA. paNa prasaMgAnusAra pitAne upayogI nIvaDe tevI takarAra aMgrejo taraphathI AgaLa lAvavAmAM AvatI. uparanAM banne virUddha tone upaga temaNe aneka veLA karyo hato, ane tene AdhAre sarakArI kAgajapatramAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe paNa pitAnA haka AgaLa dharyA hatA. A anizcitapaNuM aMgrejo ane valaMdAonI vaccenA veranuM mULa kAraNa hatuM. yuropamAM IgleMDa ane holenDa vacce mitrAcArI hatI kemake banne TesTaMTa dharmanA anuyAyI hatA. I. sa. 1602 mAM A banne dezanA ekatra AramAre porTugIjha lekane parAbhava karyo hato. A saghaLuM kharuM hatuM, chatAM paNa pUrva taraphanA dvIpasamuhamAM aMgrejo dAkhala thavAthI valaMdAene vepAra TakavAne nahote. aMgreje cheDe thoDe bhaMDoLa ekaThe karI saphare nIkaLatA, ane baMdare baMdara pharI caDasAcaDasImAM marachamAM Ave teTalI kimata ApI mAla kharIdatA. AvI vartaNuka uparathI valaMdAo dezIone evuM bhaMbheratA ke A aMgreja kevaLa lUMTArA che, e kaMI vepAranA udezathI A tarapha AvyA nathI mATe temane mAla veca nahIM. paNa AthI dezIo lAMbo vakhata phasAyA nahIM. aMgreja leke niyamita vakhate AvI gya kimate mAla kharIdatA e dezIonI jANamAM hatuM. pAchaLathI dezI vepArIone valaMdAoe lAMca ApI te paNa aMgrejone vepAra aTake nahIM. sane 1603 mAM ilijhAbetha rANI maraNa pAmatI jemsa rAjAe gAdI upara AvI spena sAthe salAha karI, ane pariNAma mAM valaMdA ane aMgrejo vacce premabhAva ghaTI gaye, dharmanAM baMdhana

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176 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. DhIlAM paDyAM, ane vepAra tathA temAMthI meLavavAno naphe e sivAya bIjuM kaMI temanI najare paDayuM nahIM. zarUAtamAM aMgreja kaMpanI ghaNI garIba sthitimAM hatI. rANI IlIjhAbetha pachInA rAjA jesanI paddhati anizcita hatI, ane valaMdAo hamaNAMja svataMtra thayelA hovAthI temanI sAme paDI temane vepAra nirmaLa karavA mathatA hatA. aMgreja kaMpanI thoDI thoDI thApaNa ekaThI karI saphare utarI paDatI, paNa valaMdAoe sane 16 02 mAM eka mahAna rASTrIya kaMpanI sthApI. temanA dAkhalAnuM anukaraNa karatAM aMgrejone bIjAM dasa varSa lAgyAM. dvIpasamUhanA dezI rAjAonI takarAramAM valaMdAonI virUddha teo paDavA lAgyA. sumAtrAnA rAjAne eka aMgreja strI lAvI ApavAnuM aMgrejoe vacana ApyA pramANe eka chokarI pasaMda karavAmAM AvI paNa tenuM AgaLa zuM thayuM tenI hakIkata jaNAI nathI. yuropiyana rAjya prakaraNamAM paNa IgleMDa tathA holenDa vacce bhinna bhAva utpanna thayo hato. bhaviSya bhAkhI valaMdA sarakAre pITara betha (Pieter Both) nAmanA eka lAyaka gRhasthane gavarnara janarala tarIke A tarapha mokalyo. te ATha vahANa laI sane 1611 mAM baeNTama Avyo. cAra varSamAM teNe dvIpasamUhanAM saghaLAM aMgabhUtane saMdhInI jALamAM guMthI lIdhAM, ane jAvAthI malA sudhInA valaMdA lekanA vepAra tathA sattA sAme ubhI thatI aDacaNo dUra karI. pUrvanA darIAmAM valaMdAonI sattA sthApanAra A paheleja purUSa hate. sane 1615 mAM te yuropa pAcho jato hato te veLA moriziasa beTa najadIka tephAnamAM sapaDAI jaI maraNa pAme. porTugIjha lekane malabAra kInArA upara vepAra calAvatAM je trAsa khamavo paDe have te valaMdAone pUrva dvipasamuhamAM bhegavavo paDyo nahIM tenuM kAraNa e hatuM ke tyAMnA rAjyo ghaNAM nAnAM tathA eka bIjAthI alaga hatAM, temaja aMgrejoe te tarapha paga pasAra karavA draDha prayatna karyo hate nahIM. sane 1610 lagImAM aMgrejoe ekaMdara sattara vahANa A tarapha mokalyAM hatAM paNa te paikI ekI veLA ghaNu ja thoDAM gayAM hatAM ethI ulaTuM valaMdA kenAM

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekanI hakIkata. 17 sane 1602 sudhImAM 65 vahANa gayAM hatAM, ane phakta sane 1602 thI 1610 sudhImAM AvelAM vahANonI saMkhyA 69 upara gaI hatI. vaLI aMgreja vahANamAM hathIAranI tathA laDavaiyAnI saMkhyA ghaNI kamI hatI. vaLI aMgreja karatAM valaMdAomAM dAba, vyavasthA ane nIti sArAM hatAM. aMgreja kaMpanIe helenDamAM leke AgaLa pitAnI pharIde raju karI paNa tenuM kaMI sAruM pariNAma AvyuM nahIM, tyAre je rAjAe e pharIAdo nirmaLa karavA prayatna karyo. AthI be judA ja prakAranI sthiti upasthita thaI yuropamAM IgleMDa ane holenDa vacce salAha rahetI, paNa pUrvamAM beunI prajA vacce laDAI cAlatI. beu dezanI sarakAra atyaMta mahenata karI pitapitAnI prajA vacce ekhalAsa karAvavA mathatI, paNa te saghaLuM kAgaLa uparaja rahetuM, kemake spena taraphane jemsa rAjAno snehabhAva helenDane pasaMda 5Date nahIM. vaLI spena tathA porTugala sAme laDavAmAM holenDanA leke puSkaLa nANuM kharcatA te pramANe aMgrejo karavA taiyAra hatA nahIM. sane 1613 thI 1615 sudhInAM traNa varSamAM laMDana tathA AmasTamamAM banne dezanA mahAna elacIoe saMdhInI bhAMjagaDa karI, paNa temanI mahenatanuM kaMI paNa jANavA joga pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. Aja varSomAM masAlAnA TApumAM bAMDA, eoyanA, jAvA ItyAdi ThekANe banne rASTranA leke ekamekanI sAmA vakradraSTIthI jotA hatA. sane 1617 mAM iMglaMDamAM khabara AvI hatI ke e nAmAM 40-50 aMgrejo valaMdAonA kedakhAnAmAM bhukhe mare che. AvA aneka gapATA uDatA, ane banne prajA vacce apazabdo bharelI belAcAlI thatI. sane 1614 ane 1615 nAM be varSamAM jerArDa rer Daca gavarnara janarala hatuM. e paNa batha jevo hoMzIAra ane cAlAka hovAthI tene saMpUrNa adhikAra maLyo hato. te ahIM ja maraNa pAmyA pachI trIje gavarnara janarala lorensa riAla thayo; eNe killA vagere bAMdhI valaMda lekenI sattA ghaNu majabUta karI. bIjI tarapha aMgrejonuM prAbalya dhIme dhIme vadhatuM gayuM. sane 1613-16 mAM sAmAjIka bhaDaLathI calAvelA vepAramAM temane eTale badho na thayo ke

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178 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. bIje ja varSe temanA 100 pIMDanA zerane bhAva 207 upara gaye. temanuM mahatva masAlAnA beTamAM vizeSa nahetuM, paraMtu sara TaeNmasa renA parizramane lIdhe hiMdustAnanA pazcima kinArA upara temane amala sAre beTho hato. AthI sane 1617 thI 20 sudhInAM cAra varSa mATe bIje sAmAIka bhaMDoLa ekaTho karavAmAM Avyo tyAre dhanADhaya lekee dhAmadhuma karI deDha karoDathI vadhAre thApaNa ubhI karI. paraMtu eTalI moTI rakamathI paNa valaMdAone nAda utAravAnuM temane mATe muzkela hatuM. Daca kaMpanInI vyavasthA valaMdA sara kAranA tAbAmAM hovAthI tenAM kAmane AkhA rAjyane Teke hatA. aMgreja kaMpanIne sarakArane Take nahete eTaluM ja nahIM paNa AraMbhamAM teNe kakaDe kakaDe karelI sapharene lIdhe, tathA tyAra pachI cAra cAra varSa mATe jamA karelA sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI madadathI upaDelI svArIne lIdhe temanI vyavasthAmAM kaMI paNa sarakhApaNuM rahyuM nahotuM. vyavasthAne A deSa aMgrejone lAMbe vakhata naDyo hata. TharAvelI mudatamAM thAya teTale na karI levA purateja aMgreja vepArIone zarUAtamAM Azaya hovAthI killA vagere bAMdhI kAyamane baMdobasta karavAnI teo himata karatA nahIM. vaLI jemsa rAjAnA darabAramAMnA judA judA pakSane trAsa temane veThavo paData. jemsa rkoTalaMDa temaja igleMDa e banne dezane rAjA hovAthI tene rkoTalaMDamAM sthApana thayelI vepArI kaMpanIne sane 1517 mAM sanada karI ApavI paDI. AthI laMDana kaMpanIne svAbhAvika rIte dhAstI utpanna thaI kemake TeMca ane aMgrejo vacce sArA saMbaMdha nahe, ane dharma saMbaMdhamAM teo valaMdAone maLatA hatA. sane 1618mAM laMDana kaMpanIe. saca kaMpanIne thayeluM nukasAna bharI ApavAthI jemsa rAjAe skeca kaMpanInI sanada rada karI. . . " che. eziyAmAM sane 1618 mAM valaMdA tathA aMgrejo vacce pAcho eka meTe TaTa zarU thayo. valaMdAo aMgrejone keda kare che, temanI koThIo chInavI le che, be vahANe bALI nAMkhI temAMnA khalAsIone keda karyA che evI aneka pharIA kaMpanIe jemsa rAjA AgaLa karI tyAre pharIthI

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. 179 karAranI bhAMjagaDa karavA tathA pharIAdane nIkAla karavA helenDanA dasa elacIo sane 1618 mAM laMDana AvyA. bIjA varSanA julAI mAsamAM mukarara thayelI tahanI saratamAM moTe bhAge valaMdAoe sarasAI meLavI. valaMdA leke taraphathI aMgreja kaMpanIne dara sAla Asare dasa lAkha rUpIA nukasAna thatuM te tene na maLyuM eTaluM ja nahIM paNa ulaTuM pUrva taraphanA hIpasamUhamAM aMgrejane kaMI paNa haka rahyo nahIM. tahanI rUe eTaluMja TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ke japta karelAM vahANe tathA mAla jemAM tenAM pAchAM ApI devAM, bannee pUrvamAM vepAra calAva tathA pratyeka kaMpanIe dasa laDAyaka vahANe hameza mATe te tarapha rAkhavAM. A tahanI sarata pramANe visa varSa lagI kAma karavAnuM hatuM, ane tenI 5 bajAvaNI mATe pratyeka rASTranA cAra cAra grahasthAnI kansila nImAI hatI. AvI pratikuLa sarata, aMgrejone bIlakula pasaMda paDI nahIM, tema tene kaMI khAsa upayoga thayo nahIM. bAMDA ane embeyanAnA loMganA vepAramAM aMgrejone bhAga ho joIe ane baTeviA najadIka temanuM eka majabUta thANuM rahevuM joIe evI aMgrejonI be mahatvanI mAMgaNI hatI, paNa svarakSaNa mATe valaMdAo te svIkAre ema hatuM nahIM. jAvAnA masAlAnA vepAramAM aMgrejone sarakhe haka teoe kabUla rAkhyo hato, paraMtu embeyanA ane bAMDA jevAM mahatvane ThekANe temane hIsso phakta eka tRtIyAMsaja maMjura thayo hato. A beTa upara javAne raste cheka dakSiNa tarapha hovAthI te je aMgrejonA svAdhInamAM jAya te jAvA, sumAtrA vagere zaheromAMnA valaMdAone pitAnI salAmatI mATe dhAstI lAgavAthI bAMDA, eyanA vagere beTA, aMgrejone maLe nahIM evI temanI saMpUrNa IcchA hatI. e samaye A dvIpa samUhamAM banne prajAnA kAphalA hatA, ane bannenuM lazkara lagabhaga sarakhuM ja hatuM. - A samaye valaMdA saMsthAnanuM sUtra hamaNunI dhAmadhumamAM prasiddha thayelA keena (Coen) nAmanA eka ghaNuM cAlAka amaladAranA hAthamAM hatuM. ene janma sane 1857 mAM thayo hato. nAnapaNamAM romanI eka prasiddha vepArI peDhImAM zikSaNa laI te sane 1907 mAM pUrvanAM Daca vasAhata

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180 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mAM AvI rahyo hato. jAta hoMzIArIthI e thoDA ja vakhatamAM bahAra Avyo, ane ene 1613 mAM baeNTamanA presiDanTanI padavI maLI. cAra varSa bAda tene rAjAnA sarva haka tathA sattA prApta thavA uparAMta te saMsthAnane gavarnara janarala thaye. parTugIjhane Aburka, kenya lokone Duple ane valaMdAone koena e traNe aitihAsika draSTIe jemAM dareka bAbatamAM eka bIjAne ghaNuM maLatA Ave che. eziyAmAM valaMdAonuM rAjya sthApavA keenanI mahatvAkAMkSA uzkerAI hatI, ane te phaLIbhUta karavAmAM tene kaMpanIne tathA AkhA dezano Teke hato. eNe sane 1618 thI 1623 sudhI ane 1627 thI 1629 sudhI gavarnara janaralano odho bhegavyo, ane jAvA beTamAM baTeviA nAmanuM zahera vasAvI tyAM majabUta killebaMdhI karI. A taiyArIo cAlatI hatI evAmAM yuropamAM IgleMDa ane helenDa vacce salAha thayAnI khabara AvI. A tahanAmAmAM vyakta thatA saMdigdhapaNane lAbha laI ke ene aneka prakAranA beta laDAvyA. kaMpanInA saMrakSaNArtha beu prajAnAM vahANe te tarapha rahe evo TharAva hato, paNa ke ene beu kAphalAne upayoga svaprajAnI sattA vadhAravA mATe karavA mAMDe. A saghaLA TaMTAnA mULamAM A mulaka upara sAma sattA e be prajAmAMthI koNe calAvavI, ane kyA dezane kAyade tyAM amalamAM muka e vize mukhya takarAra hatI. keene valaMdAonI sattA sarvoparI gaNI helenDanA kAyadA calAvyAthI aMgrejone ghaNe trAsa paDavA lAge. sane 1619 nA kelakarAro phAyadAmaMda thavAne badale tenAthI pUrvanI takarAroe vadhAre ugrarUpa dhAraNa karyuM, e vAta iMglaMDamAM paNa jAhera thaI gaI hatI. 4. kaMTAnuM bhayaMkara pariNAma-embeyanAmAM aMgrejonI katala -sane 1619 nA karAra thayA na hatA te aMgrejone valaMdA lekee kayAranA A dvIpasamUhamAMthI hAMkI kahADayA hatA. koene pitAnI sarakArane lakhyuM hatuM ke "aMgreja leke dvIpasamUhamAMthI svecchAthI cAlyA javAnI aNI upara hatA, paNa A sadhI mAraphata tame temane punaH Azraya

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. - 181 A mATe teoe tamAre AbhAra mAna joIe." aMgreja lekenI mukhya vastI eNTamamAM hatI, paNa temane tyAMthI khaseDI pitAnI najara heThaLa baTeviAmAM lAvanAra keena hato. ahIM aMgrejo upara eTale badho trAsa paDavA mAMDayo ke teomAMnA ghaNAkharA kaMTALI jaI hiMdustAna pAchA pharyA. dezI rahevAsIo karatAM paNa emanI sthiti ghaNI ja kharAba tathA dayAjanaka hatI. aMgreja kaThIna kArabhArI kalArkane keene bharabajAramAM cAbakAne mAra mAryo hato, tenuM mAMsa kheMcI kahADI jakhamamAM mIThuM ane AmalI - rAvyAM hatAM, ane aMgreja paheregIrene ATha divasa aTakAvamAM rAkhyA hatA. valaMdAo je kaMI kAyadA anvaya karatA te saghaLuM aMgrejone julama sarakhuM lAgatuM. emanI virUddha purAvo ubho karavA mATe valaMdAo dezI leke upara paNa bhayaMkara julama karatA. AvA AvA aneka prakAranA trAsathI kaMTALI jaI aMgrejoe A asahya duHkhamAMthI choDavavA IgleMDanI sarakArane uparA chAparI vinaMti karavA mAMDI. bADA, eyanA ItyAdi beTa upara banne prajAnA adhikArIo pitAne haka AgaLa karatA. sane 1621 mAM palArUna beTamAMthI valaMdAoe aMgrejone hAMkI kahAyA, paNa embeyanAnI temanI vakhArane kaMI harakata AvI nahIM kemake tyAne Daca gavarnara haramana vAna Tulsa (Herman Van Spealt). eka ghaNuM niSpakSapAta amaladAra tarIke vakhaNAya hatA. sane 1623nA jAnevArImAM keena yurepa gayo tyAre valaMdA adhikArIo upara eNe evuM pharamAna kahAyuM hatuM ke, "eyanAmAM aMgrejone bIlakula dAkhala thavA devA nahIM, ane temane zatru gaNI temanI tarapha kasAInI mAphaka vartavuM paDe to te mATe phikara karavI nahIM." A vAkyathI koenanI kharI rAjanIti spaSTa thAya che. sane 1623 nA AraMbhamAM eeyanA vagere bIjA masAlAnA TApuo valaMdAnA kala akhatyAramAM AvyA tyAre emanAmAM baso valaMdA ane traNase cArase jApAnIjha vagere lekenuM eka lazkara hatuM, ane baMdaramAM ATha jahAja hatAM. aMgrejI vakhAramAM arADha aMgreje hatA, ane temanI pAse traNa talavAra, be baMduka tathA aDadho zera dArU hatA. teonI madade

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182 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. AvI zake evA nava aMgrejo pAsenA bAMDAnA TApumAM hatA. A dvIpasamUhamAM aMgrejone mukhya pratinidhi jAvAmAM rahete hato teNe A saghaLAene pitAnA sthAnamAMthI nIkaLI javA hukama kahA hatA, paNa te temane veLAsara maLe nahIM. sane 1623 mAM tA. 10 mI phebruArIe rAtanA valaMdA lazkaramAMnA eka jApAnIjha sipAIe valaMdA paheregIrane ekaMdara keTalA paheregIre che ane pahero kyAre badalAya che te vize kaIka puchaparacha karI. bIje divase gavarnare tene A tapAsa karavAnuM kAraNa puchayuM tyAre javAbamAM teNe eTaluM ja kahyuM ke saheja khabara meLavavA mATe A puchaparacha karI hatI, temAM kAMI bIje hetuM hatuM nahIM. kharuM jotAM eka paheregIrane keTale vakhata sudhI pharaja bajAvavI paDe che te jANavA mATe teNe A tapAsa karI hatI. gavarnara yusTane pitAnA upara AvelA niSpakSapAtapaNAnA ArepamAMthI chUTA thavuM hatuM, eTale teNe AvelI takano lAbha lai jApAnIjha sipAI upara julama karI tenI pAsethI aMgrejo virUddha purAvo eka kI, ane te ja divase jubAnI upara tenI sahI karAvI lIdhI, agara je Daca kAyadA pramANe koI pAsethI jabaradastIthI kabulAta levAmAM Ave che tevI kabUlAta lIdhA pachI vIsa kalAke tene te pharIthI vAMcI batAvyA pachI tenA upara tenI sahI levAnuM hatuM. A jApAnIjha sipAIe kahelI hakIkata jANatA hoya tevA ATha nava jApAnIjhanAM nAme teNe agAuthI ApelAM hovAthI temanI pAsethI paNa aMgrejo virUddha purA levAmAM Avyo. je AvI rIte purA ApavAmAM koI AnAkAnI karatA te temane DAma devA ane raDatA kakalatA uMcakI turaMgamAM nAMkhavAmAM AvatA. AvA jorajulamathI meLavelI kabUlAta uparathI evo ghATa goThavavAmAM Avyo ke ekAda aMgreja vahANa AvI pahoMce tyAre, athavA gavarnara bIjI tarapha rokAyeluM hoya tyAre valaMdAonA killA upara halle karI te sara karavAne upara kahelA arAddha aMgrejoe besatuM varSe sogana upara TharAva karyo hato, ane e kAmamAM madada karavA jApAnIjha sipAIone phiturI banAvI uzkeravA mATe prAIsa

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183 prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekanI hakIkata. nAmanA aMgreja hajAme vacana ApyuM hatuM. dArUnA ghenamAM gerakAyade vartana karavA mATe A hajAma A vakhate kedamAM hatuM. 15 mI phebruArIe gavarnare tenI jubAnI laI upara mujabanI kabUlAta upara jorajulamathI sahI karAvI lIdhI. A saghaLI hakIkata aMgrejone mAlama paDI tyAre 500 mANasanAM lazkara ane 8 vahANe sAme 18 AsAmI kille le e kevaLa asaMbhavita lAgavAthI teo e bAbata bephIkara rahyA. te paNa Daca gavarnare lIdhelA purAvAne upayoga karI aMgreja kArabhArI Tevarasana (Towersen) ane tenI sAthenAM sattara mANasane beDI paherAvI keda karyA. kAyadesara tapAsa zarU thatAM aMgrejonI vakhAramAMthI athavA koI paNa pAsethI eka lITIne paNa purA maLe nahIM, tyAre prathama bomaMTa ane jonsana nAmanA be jaNAne valaMdAo AgaLa lAvyA. besaMTane bahAra divAnakhAnAmAM besADI teo jonsanane aMdaranI oraDImAM laI gayA. tyAMthI jonsananAM AjIjIpUrvaka kalpAMtano sAda Avate bomaMTe sAMbhaLyo. eka kalAka pachI jonsana AkhA zarIra upara dAjhI gayela ane sorAI gayele bahAra Avyo. eDavarDa kelise saghaLuM kabUla karavAthI tenA upara julama thayo nahIM, paNa tene pahelAM te keTaluMka duHkha khamavuM paDayuM hatuM, ane vadhu duHkha aTakAvavA mATe ja teNe sarva kabUla karyuM hatuM. A pramANe zarU thayelI kruratA tathA jaMgalIpaNuM tA. 15 mIthI 23 mI sudhI cAlyAM. julamamAMthI bacavA mATe ja lAcAra aMgrejo valaMdAo kahetA te saghaLuM kabUla karatA paNa tarataja jAhera karatA ke "ame A badhuM khoTuM ja kahyuM che. jena velane cAra vakhata valaMdAoe UMdhe mAthe laTakAvyuM, paNa zuM kahevuM te tene samaja paDe nahIM, kemake teo zuM puravAra karavA mathatA hatA tenI tene khabara nahotI. Akhare pahelA sAkSInI jubAnI tene vAMcI saMbhaLAvavAmAM AvI tyAre tenI AMkha ughaDI ane teNe sarva bAbatanI hA kahI. "mAre zuM lakhavuM ane zuM balavuM te mane kahe ke te pramANe huM karuM, evuM pratyeka aMgreja kaheto. * jaina kalA eTale te julama sahana karyo ke e koI bhUta kIMvA jAdu

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184 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. gara hoya ema valaMdAone lAgyuM. tenA vALamAM teNe kaMI jAdu bharI rAkhyuM nathI enI khAtarI karavA teoe tenI hajAmata karAvI nAMkhI tenA upara pharIthI prayoga calAvyuM. temaNe tenA paga, hAtha tathA kaNa upara ane kAkhamAM mINabattIe DAma daI zarIramAMnuM mAMsa bahAra kheMcI kahADayuM. A jakhame teo dhevA detA nahIM, tema tenA upara auSadhopacAra paNa karatA nahIM, eTale Akhare temAM kIDA paDI sarvAge durgadha uThatI. AvI kura vartaNuka calAvyAnuM valaMdA nyAyAdhIze kabUla karatA nathI; mAtra meghamamAM cheDe ghaNe julama karyAnuM ja teo kahe che. paNa tyAM hAjara rahelAnA hoMDAmAMthI kharI hakIkata bIlakulaja bahAra AvI nathI. prathama te teo gunhegAranA hAtha ulaTAvI nAMkhI daravAjA upara pakSIonI peThe tene lAMbA TAMgatA, pachI maheDuM DhaMkAI jAya tema garadana lagI rUmAla bAMdhI te upara dhIme dhIme pANI nAMkhyA karatA. AthI temanuM zarIra sujI be traNa gaNuM moTuM thaI jatuM, ane AMkhamAMnA DoLA nIkaLI paDatA hoya tema dekhAtA. TuMkAmAM jIva guMgaLAI jaI zarIra phATI javA jevI gu. gAranI sthiti thatI. vaLI tene TAMgyA pachI tenI heThaLa devatA saLagAvI tene asahya duHkha devAmAM AvatuM. AvA asahya tathA ghAtakI julamamAMthI arADha aMgrejomAMthI koI paNa jIvatuM rahevA pAmyuM nahIM. AvI bhayaMkara sthitimAM aMgrejo hatA tyAre saghaLAone jAvA cAlyA javAne Agraha karanAre patra tyAMnA presiDanTa taraphathI AvyuM. gavarnara pyurTe kabUla karyuM che ke A patra tenA vAMcavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te chatAM paNa teNe vadhu kera vartAvyo. have pachInI vyavasthA Daca kAyadA pramANe karavAnI hatI paNa tema kaMI thayuM nahIM. valaMdAonA vakIle pakaDAyelA gunhegArane phAMsInI zikSA karavA mATe nyAyAdhIza pAse araja karatAM tA. 23 mI phebruArIe keTalAkane choDI mukI bAkInAone dehAMta daMDanI zikSA karavAmAM AvI. khAnagI masalatathI thayelI A goThavaNanI rUe e samaye embeyanAmAM nahIM hatA tevA saghaLA aMgrejone choDI devAmAM AvyA. bIjA traNanA nAmanI cIThIo kahADI temane marachamAM Ave tevI sajA karavA mATe

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185 prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekanI hakIkata. baTeviAnA gavarnara janarala pAse mokalavAmAM AvyA. TaoNvarasane pitAne thayelA anyAya vize eka bIlanA khuNA upara lakheluM eka vAkya maLI AvyuM che. "huM saghaLI rIte niraparAdhI chuM. paramezvara mArA zatrune kSamA kare ane mane tamArA kRpA chatra heThaLa laI le. " AvA bIjA aneka purAvAo gupta rIte lakhelA jAhera thayA che. tA. 26 mI phebruArIe killAnA divAnakhAnAmAM Tauvarasanane zikSA meLavavA mATe lAvyA pachI tene eka oraDImAM puravAmAM AvyuM, paNa tyAM teNe kaMI paNa kabUla karyuM nahIM, bIjA ghaNukenI paNa evI avadazA thayA pachI te rAtanA saghaLAone prArthanA karavA paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI. dasa aMgreja, nava jApAnIjha ane eka pArTugIjhane zaheramAM pheravI phAMsInI jagyAe lAvavAmAM AvyA. te sthaLe lekinAM eka moTAM ToLAM samakSa te saghaLAne ziraccheda thaye. bAkInAone baTeviA mokalI devAmAM AvyA, ane e pramANe masAlAnA TApumAM aMgrejonI kArakidI purI thaI. 5, vera levA tarapha bedarakArI eoyanAnI katala tathA te uparathI upasthita thayelA rAjakIya prazna bAbata aMgrejI bhASAmAM eTalA badhA graMtha tathA lekha lakhavAmAM AvyA che, ke yuropanA rAjakIya pheraphAramAM AvA nAnA praznane ATaluM mahatva maLyuM e sahaja Azcarya lAge che. eyanAnA bhayaMkara banAvanuM vera levAnuM kAma aneka kAraNone lIdhe DhIlamAM paDayuM. e hakIkta IglaDa pahoMcatAMja paMdara mahinA nIkaLI gayA. (me 1624). prathama te keIe kaMI kharUM mAnyuM nahIM, paNa jyAre purAvA sAthe saghaLI bAbata bahAra AvI tyAre kaMpanIe e hakIkata rAjA AgaLa mukI. rAjAe ekadama vera levA TharAva karyo. paNa eja prasaMge spenanA rAjA sAthe jemsa rAjAne aNabanAva thayo hato, ane holenDane elacI taha karavA mATe laMDana Avyo hate. AvA saMjogomAM jemsa rAjA tathA tenI kansile banela banAva bhUlI jaI valaMdA rAjyanA elacI pratye sneha batAvI tene khuza karyo. AthI "rAjA kevo meTA manane che ! teNe embethanAmAM gujarelA ghAtakIpaNA mATe eka zabda paNa kahADayo nahIM,"

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186 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. evI jemsa rAjAnI stuti karate te svadeza pAcho pharyo. paraMtu AkhI aMgreja prajA valaMdAo virUddha khaLabhaLI uThI. temanA upara vera levA kaMpanIe rAjAne eka arajI karI, ane keTalAke e e saMbaMdhamAM tenI mulAkAta lIdhI. rAjAe nAIlAja thaI holenDamAMnA pitAnA elacIne valaMdA sarakAra pAse javAba mAgavA pharamAvyuM, ane je saMtoSakAraka javAba nahIM maLe te marachamAM Ave teTalA valaMdAone ziraccheda karavAnI athavA yuddha karavAnI dhamakI ApavA jaNAvyuM. A saMdezAthI valaMdA sarakAra tatkALa te gabharAI uThI, ane teNe gavarnara yusTane rAjya upara vinA kAraNa saMkaTa ubhuM karavA mATe Thapake Ape. e saghaLuM chatAM jesamAM keTaluM zaurya hatuM te valaMdAo sArI peThe jANatA hatA. te belavAmAM zUra paNa kAma karavAmAM vhIkaNa hatuM, e bAbatathI teo ajJAna nahatA. eTale Aje javAba ApIe chIe, kAle javAba ApIe chIe ema karI keTalIka vakhata teoe kahADI nAMkhyo, ane baTeviAmAM rahelA aMgrejone sahIsalAmata tyAMthI ravAnA karI dIdhA. A vAtamAM pAMca sAta mAsa nIkaLI gayA, ane jemsa rAjA, mArca 1625 mAM maraNa pAme. eTalAmAM embeyanAnI saghaLI bArIka vigata IgleMDamAM saghaLAne heDe saMbhaLAvavA lAgI. varasananI vAta sAMbhaLI lekene atyaMta kheda thaye. I.sa. 1604 mAM te IglaDa choDI paradeza nIkaLyuM hatuM, ane niranirALI jagyAe araDha varSa lagI uttama sevA bajAvI embeyanAmAM mAsika 150 rUpiAnA pagAre aMgreja kaMpanIno moTo pratinidhi thayuM hatuM. te svabhAve ghaNe bhoLo hovAthI Daca gavarnara myusTanI sAthe teNe dastI bAMdhI hatI, ane pitAnA khAnagI vicAre tene jaNAvato hate. eTaluM ja karI daivarasana besI rahete nahIM. myusTanA susvabhAvanAM vakhANa baTeviAmAMnA aMgreja presiDanTane te vAraMvAra lakhate. eka vakhata myusTane abhinaMdanane patra mokalavA tathA keTalIka dArUnI bATalIo najara karavA teNe presiDanTane lakhyuM hatuM. tenA javAbamAM presi

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187 prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. che paNa aMdarakhAnethI te ghaNe lucca ane Thaga che. tene kaMI paNa najarANuM mekalavAnI jarUraja nathI. mAtra tenI mIThI mIThI vAtathI tame phasAtA nahIM eTale basa." A pachI bIje ja mahine presiDanTa taraphathI emanAmAMthI nIkaLI javAne hukama TaeNvarasanane maLyA. hajI paNa tenuM bhoLapaNa cAluja hatuM; A susvabhAvI manuSyanA AvA ghAtakI aMta mATe lekene dukha upaje e svAbhAvika che. ' IgleMDamAM sarvatra embeyanAnI katala virUddha bumATe zarU thaze, ane laMDanamAM valaMdA lekene bahAra karavAmAM pitAnI sahIsalAmatI mATe bahIka lAgI. AvI sthitimAM cArlsa gAdIe Avyo. tenI lAgaNI spena virUddha hovAthI hAlenDanI mitrAcArInI tene jarUra jaNAI. AthI helenDamAMnA aMgreja vakIla sara DaDalI kArlaTana (Sir Dudley Carlton) ne be sAmasAmAM kAme karavAmAM ghaNI muzkelI naDI, tyAre rAjAe valaMdA sarakArane eyanAnA banAva mATe javAba ApavA deDha varSanI mahetala ApI, ane kaMpanIne game tema samajAvI lIdhI. A deDha varSamAM cArlsa rAjAne pArlAmenTa sAthe takarAra thaI ane phrAnsa sAthe yuddha zarU thayuM, eTale eoyanAnI bAbata pharIthI mulatavI rahI. Daca sarakAre keenane pAchA gavarnara janarala nImI pUrva tarapha maka, ane jyAre aMgrejoe junI bAbatanuM temane smaraNa karAvyuM tyAre ame saghaLuM kAma nyAyanI korTamAM mokalAvyuM che" evo javAba temane maLe. A bAbatane kaMI paNa nIveDe Ave evuM lAgyuM nahIM. rAjA ane pArlAmenTa vaccenI takarAre ugra rUpa lIdhuM, ane kaMpanIne keIpaNa jagyAe dAda maLI nahIM. kSullaka praznanI bhAMjagaDamAM varSonAM varSa nIkaLI gayAM, eTale embeyanA mukhya gunhegAra adhikArI helenDa Avyo tyAre tene bhAre satkAra karavAmAM AvyA. eyanAnAM ghara kRtya mATe nyAya meLavavAmAM aMgrejone je mukhya naDatara hatI te temanI ane valaMdAo vacce sane 1618 mAM thayelI saMdhI hatI. divAnI pharajadArI dAvA saMbaMdhI temAM eka zabda paNa hatuM nahIM, ane

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188 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ekaMdara rIte tenI zabdaracanA guMcavaNa bharelI hatI. bIjuM kAraNa e hatuM ke aMgrejone koI paNa bAbatanI purI mAhitI hatI nahIM. valaMdA leke dareka bAbatamAM saMpUrNa vAkephagAra hatA. kono svabhAva ke che, kone kevI aDacaNa che, ke javAba ApavAthI amuka bAbatamAMthI chaTakI javAze, e saghaLuM teo yathAsthita samajatA. vaLI valaMdA lekenI kaMpanI eja valaMdA sarakAra ane valaMdA sarakAra eja AkhuM rASTra evI mAnyatA valaMdAonI hatI. ethI ulaTuM aMgreja kaMpanInI sthiti vicitra hatI, ane iMglaMDamAM tene mATe keIne paNa kALajI nahatI. embeyanAne lagatI hakIkata uparathI rAjakIya bAbate te samaye kevI rIte uDAvavAmAM AvatI e sahaja jaNAze. yuropanA kAyadA tathA tenI bajAvaNIne A bAbata sAthe cheDe saMbaMdha nathI. leke upara julama gujarI teo pAsethI kabUlAta levAnuM dhoraNa AkhA yuropamAM kAyadA anvaya te veLA pracalita hatuM. IgleMDa kaMI e bAbatamAM apavAda rUpe hatuM nahIM. rAjA jese aneka prasaMge A dharaNane upayoga karyo hato. vaLI te vakhatanI vepArI rIta pramANe ekaja mANasane vepAra, laDAI nyAya vagere jAdA judAM kAma karavA paDatAM hovAthI eka kAmamAM upajelo gusso bIjA kAmamAM te bAjue muke e saMbhavita nahotuM. upara kahelI hakIkata sivAya anya bAbatomAM paNa Daca kAyadAne pUrNapaNe bhaMga thayo hato. saghaLA valaMdAo jANatA hatA ke eyanAnI khaTapaTamAM aMgrejo saMpUrNa rIte niraparAdhI che, temanAM daphataromAMthI paNa A bAbata siddha thAya che. saghaLI hakIkatanI tulanA karatAM mAlama paDe che ke AIjheka buna nAmanA embeyanAnA Daca ekAunTanTa (hisAbI amaladAra)nuM e saghaLuM kALuM kRtya hatuM. vena yusTane zarUAtamAM joke aMgrejo virUddha saMzaya pedA thayo hoya te paNa tapAsa pachI te vize tenA manamAM kaMI vasavaso rahyo nahote. chatAM eka vakhata upADeluM kAma aTakAvavAnI tenAmAM himata nahatI. saghaLA aMgrejone baTeviA ravAnA karavA, tathA pitAnI khuzIthI embeyanA choDavA teo taiyAra che e baTeviAnA presiDanTane tenA upara Avele patra

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prakaraNa 7 muM.] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. 189 dAbI muka eTaluMja tenA duSTa svabhAvanI khAtarI karavA mATe puratuM che. A bAbatanI tapAsamAM aMgreja nyAyAsana AgaLa sAkSI ApavI paDaze evI tene dhAstI lAgavAthI embeyanAmAMnuM kAma pUruM thatAM te . chupI rIte yurepa AvatuM hatuM, paNa pravAsa daramiAna rAtA samudramAM te maraNa pAme. eyanAnAM ghara kRtyanuM vera IgleMDa taraphathI levAmAM Avaze evI AzAmAM saghaLA aMgreje baTeviAmAM rahyA hatA, paNa Akhare nirAza thaI teoe valaMdAo sAthe saMbaMdha hamezane mATe choDe. 6 valaMdA kenA julamanI parAkASTA-aMgrejo virUddha upADelI ukta takarAramAM valaMdAonA be mukhya hetu pAra paDayA. masAlAnA beTomAMthI aMgrejone paga nIkaLI gaye, ane baTeviAmAM temanI kaMI paNa sattA rahI nahIM. A hetu bara lAvavA mATe ja teo duSTapaNe varyA hatA, eTale have pachI kaMI paNa atyAcAra teoe karyo nahIM, ane aMgrejo sAthe pUrvanI mAphaka saraLa rIte vartavA lAgyA. ema chatAM banne prajA vacce cAlatA vepArI saMbaMdhane lIdhe saghaLI khaTapaTano aMta eTalethIja AvavAne nahe. sane 1626 mAM aMgreja kaMpanIe baTeviAmAMnI vakhAra baMdha karI, chatAM embeyanAnAM kRtya mATe vera levAne vicAra temanA manamAM saLavaLyA karate hate. pahelA jemsa rAjAne laDAI karavAnI IcchA nahotI, ane pahelA cArsa rAjAmAM tema karavA sAmarthya nahatuM. cArlsanA ziraccheda pachI iMgleMDanuM rAjyasUtra eka draDha mananA purUSanA hAthamAM gayuM tyAre valaMdA lekee aMgrejone kaMIka dAda ApI. sane 1654 mAM pAMca mahinAnA TuMka vakhatanI aMdara kromavele saghaLI bAbatane nikAla karI nAMkhyo. valaMdAoe nukasAnInA sADAATha lAkha rUpIA aMgreja kaMpanIne ApyA, chatrIsa hajAra rUpIA maraNa pAmelA sakhasonA vArasone maLyA, ane pulArUna beTa aMgrejone svAdhIna thayA. ATaluM chatAM aMgrejonA manano DAgha gaye nahIM. bIjAM so pacAsa varSamAM A beu proTesTaMTa dezo vacce mitrAcArI na thavAthI yuropanA rAjakIya pheraphAre juduM ja valaNa lIdhuM.

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190 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja... jo temanI vacce snehabhAva heta te kAnsane caudame laI ATale zirajera thAta nahIM, bIjA cArlsa rAjAne kAnsanA dabAyelA rahevuM paDatuM nahIM, ane bIjA jemsa rAjAnI IgleMDamAM julama karavAnI hImata cAlate nahIM. sane 1988 mAM IglaMDamAM thayelI rAjyakrAntinuM gupta kAraNa embeyanAnI katala hatI. pUrvanA vepAranA saMbaMdhamAM valaMdAono jusso eTale badho niraaMkuzita thayuM hatuM ke tene lIdhe temaNe calAvelAM phura kRtyanI sarakhAmaNImAM malabAra kinArA upara porTugIjhene dharmanI bAbatane julama kaMIja nahote ema kahevuM joIe. spena, porTugala tathA IgleMDa e sarve A tarapha thoDuM ghaNuM kura AcaraNa calAvyuM hatuM, topaNa pUrva dvIpasamUhanI dalatane bhaMDAra valaMdAone hAtha lAgavAthI, ane hiMdustAnanA. megala bAdazAhI mAphaka te tarapha kaI majabuta rAjya na hovAthI valaMdAone hAthe bhayaMkara anartha thayela hatuM. rAjya hoya te paisA maLe ane paisA hoya te vepAra thAya, e siddhAMta jema porTugIjhanI bAbatamAM avazya jaNAyuM hatuM, temaja valaMdAo mATe hatuM. porTugIjhonA zANuM saradAra Abukarka paDelI jarUra maTADavA prayatna karyA paNa tene piorTa gIjha rAjyane Teke na hovAthI tene joIe tevo yaza maLe nahIM. paNa evA hetumAM valaMdA saradAra keenanI umeda pAra paDI, kemake tene AkhAM Daca rASTrane Teke hatA. yuropamAMthI strI purUSone pUrvamAM lAvI vasAhata vasAvavAnI kalpanA game tevI sArI hoya te paNa te amalamAM mukavI azakya hatI e anubhava siddha che. paNa e vize keena barAbara samajI gayela hovAthI A mATe maLe teTalA majure ekaThA karavA teNe mahAna yatna karyo. teNe dvIpasamUhanA beTomAMnA lokone gulAma banAvyA, AphrikA ane eziyA khaMDamAMthI maLI Ave teTalA gulAmone dvIpasamUhamAM lAvavA tajavIja karI, ane bhara darIe pakaDAya te lekene tyAM lAvI rAkhyA. A uparathI porTugInA ane valaMdAonA julamamAM kevA prakArane taphAvata hatA te tarata samajAze. pirTugIjha leke e mAtra deze jItyA, paNa valaMdAoe deza chatavA uparAMta tyAMnA lekene gulAma,

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata. 191 banAvyA. porTugIjha bIjA loko pAse gulAma vecAtA letA, tyAre valaMdAo anya lekene gulAma banAvavA mATe mahAsAgaramAM pitAne kAle pharate rAkhatA, ane asaMkhya mANasone ekaThA karatA. upara kahelI trIjI yojanA kAMIka vizeSa camatkArika che. pUrvamAM cIna vagere dezanA kinArA upara hathIArabaMdha mANaso mokalI marajImAM Ave teTalA lekene pakaDI lAvavAnI rIta keTalI niMdya che te kahevAnI jarUra nathI. ATalA lekenI majurI ane joIe teTalI jamIna phegaTa maLavAthI masAlAnAM jhADA repI valaMdAoe aparimita phAyado meLavI lIdho. je koI ThekANe aMgrejonI ADakhIlI hatI te te embeyanAnA banAva pachI nIkaLI gaI hatI. keI paNa paradezIne teo eka nAno repa paNa jamInamAM ghAlavA detA nahIM. evI aneka rIte saghaLA leka pAse athAga mahenata karAvI uSNakaTibaMdhamAMnI ati phaLadrupa jamIna A lekee seMkaDo varSa lagI pakavI e keTale phAyado ane teTalA mATe leke upara nAhaka keTale julama ! ATalethIja koenanI yuktio aTakI nahotI. kabajAmAM AvelA beTamAM vyavasthita rAjyapaddhati zarU karI kinAre kinAre cAlate saghaLo vepAra teNe pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe, ane ThekaThekANe niyamita jakAta tathA kara TharAvI AphrikA, yuropa ane eziyAmAMnA ghaNekhare ThekANethI jaLa mArge mAla lAvavAnuM tathA tyAM mAla pahoMcatuM karavAnuM kAma upADayuM. dvIpa samUhanA maLI gayelA rAjyamAM teoe thoDe kharca kIllA vagere bAMdhI saghaLe mulaka duzmane sAme Takkara le tevo majabUta karyo. AthI karI te samaye A tarapha AvelA yuropiyana mutsadIonA vicAra pramANe zarUAtamAM thayelA porTugIne Abukarka ane chevaTe AvelA kenyanA Duple jevoja madhya bhAge AvelA valaMdAone keena vilakSaNa, dhUrta, cAlAka tathA dIrdhadaSTi purUSa hatA. A guNa uparAMta atyaMta pASANahadayI evuM vizeSaNa paNa tene lagADavuM joIe, kemake mANasane IjAthI thatAM duHkha tarapha enA jevuM bephIkaruM bIjuM kaMI hatuM nahIM. A bephIkarapaNuM eNe kAyadesara TharAvyuM, ane eka vakhata e nIti Daca rASTramAM dAkhala thayA

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192 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pachI bIjAM yuropiyana rAjee tene lAbha lIdhe ane te pramANe vartana calAvatAM teo pAzcAtya leke tarapha kevaLa aMdha banI gayA. Ane dAkhalo yuropamAM thayelAM trIsa varSanA yuddhamAM pratyakSa dekhAI Ave che. pUrva samudramAM je yurepiyana prajAo dAkhala thaI hatI temAMthI mAtra valaMdAoeja niyamita tathA vyavasthitapaNe kAma karyuM hatuM. pUrvanA vepAramAM AkhA rAjyane phAyade hate evuM eja leke gaNutA, ane tethI karIne ja svArthatyAga karI athavA game teTale anyAya karI te upara DhAMka pIcheDe karavA teo taiyAra hatA. A dhAraNa aMgreja prajAe uMcakI lIdhuM nahIM. temanA dezanI kaMpanI jIve che ke marI gaI tenI pArlAmenTane paravA nahotI, eTale ke enA jevAM tephAnI AcaraNa karavA lAIva tathA heriTaMgsa sarakhA amaladAree hiMmata karI nahIM tyAM sudhI aMgreje AgaLa AvyA nahIM. TuMkANamAM rAjya sthApavAmAM tathA vepAramAM sarvoparI sattA meLavavAmAM keTale nahIM mAnI zakAya e saMtApa ane keTalI pASANahRdayI khaTapaTa upADavI paDe che eTaluM ja ApaNe A itihAsa uparathI anumAna karI zakIe te basa. bAkI hiMdustAnamAMnA aMgrejonAM kAmanI kharI hakIkata meLavavA Aje ApaNane ATalI aDacaNa paDe che te dUranA pUrva dvIpasamuhamAMnA lekenI dazAne kharo ItihAsa maLa durlabha che. nAnA nAnA beTo eka bIjAthI alaga hevAne lIdhe, lekamAM eka jAtiyapaNuM ane ekatra thavAnI zakita na hovAthI temaja temanA ajJAnapaNane lIdhe, temanA upara valaMdA lekenA amalamAM je bhayAnaka prasaMga AvI paDayo hato tenI hakIkata kAgaLa upara hovAneja jyAre saMbhava nathI te pachI te bahAra mukavAnI vAta ja zuM? A udAharaNa uparathI ApaNe tenI kalpanA karIe eTaleja basa, kemake je banAva ApaNe samajI zakatA nathI te boja nahote ema kaMI nahetuM. 7. valaMdAnI paDatInAM kAraNe-AsTrelIAne moTe pradeza valaMdA lekee dhI kahADI tene nyu helenDa evuM nAma ApyuM hatuM.

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA lekenI hakIkata.. ' 193 sane 1935 mAM temaNe phasA beTa pArTugIjha pAsethI kabaje karyo; sane 1638 mAM silenamAM e beu prajA vacce saMgrAma zarU thayA pachI cheka sane 1658 mAM e beTa valaMdAone maLe. sane 1961 thI 1964 sudhImAM malabAra kinArA upara kalama, kecIna, kAnAnura ane kAMgAnara emanA tAbAmAM AvyAM. sane 1969 mAM senTa TamI ane selibIjha beTanA pazcima kinArA upara maikAsara temane hastagata thayAM. sane 1682 mAM aMgrejo pAsethI baeNTama lIdhA bAda siyAma, TaeNnkavIna, emAya vageremanI potAnI koThIo aMgrejone uThAvI levI paDI. sane 1759 mAM valaMdA lekoe baMgALAmAMthI aMgrejone hAMkI kahADavA jabaro prayatna karyo paNa karnala pheDe temane ghaNI sakha zikasta ApyA pachI e baMdobasta thayo ke baMgALAmAM temane 125 thI vadhAre mANasanuM lazkara rahevA devuM nahIM. e beu prajA vacce aneka bhAMjagaDa thaI, ane lAMbA yuddhane aMte jyAre valaMdAonI sattA pUrvamAMthI nirmaLa thaI tyArabAda mAtra nIcenAM ThekANAo temanA tAbAmAM rahevA pAmyAM -jAvA, sumAtrA, bAMkA, bornio, selibIjha, malAkkA urphe masAlAnA beTa, tira nyugita ityAdi. dhIme dhIme yuropanI bIjI dariyAvadha prajAo pUrvanA vepAramAM AgaLa AvavA lAgI. pahelAM eziyAne vepAra sattA tathA zirajorInA tatva upara cAlatA hatA, paNa arthazAstranAM mULatAnuM jJAna thatAM vepAranAM e dhoraNamAM pheraphAra thayo. valaMdAoe navI sthiti anusAra pitAnI vepAra paddhati badalI nahIM, eTale pariNAmamAM temanA hAthamAMthI vepAra jate rahyo, ane tenI sAthe rAjyane paNa ghaNo kharo bhAga gayo. masAlAnA vepAra mATe valaMdAoe pitAnuM mukhya thANuM dUranA embeyanA beTamAM karyuM hatuM, paNa ene te badalI baTeviAmAM ApyuM tyAre masAlAnA vepAramAM temane khoTa javA uparAMta teonI badanAmI thaI ane dhIre dhIre ekalA masAlAnA vepAra upara upajIvikA meLavavAnA divasa jatA rahyA. yurepamAMthI kenca, jarmana, aMgreja vagere leke kALa tathA dezanA badalAtA saMjegene anusarI rAjakIya ane vepArI bAbatamAM AgaLa AvyA te paNa

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194 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. valaMdAoe pitAnI junI haTha choDI nahIM, ane potAnA pratispardhaonI peThe AgaLa vadhavAnI darakAra karI nahIM. yuropamAM teo sarvathI chuTA paDI gayA hatA. kAraNa teoe pitAnI hadamAM paradezI vahANene AvavA dIdhAM nahIM, tema rAjyamAMnI nadI tathA naheramAM anya kone pharavA dIdhA nahIM. AvAM kAraNone lIdhe temane anahada nukasAna pahoMcyuM. teo je jarmanI sAthe joDAI gayA hatA te aMgreje eziyA khaMDamAM moTA mulakanA dhaNI thaI besata nahIM. vaLI Daca rASTranI prajAnI saMkhyA nAnI hatI, ane tenAM pUrva taraphanAM rAjyano pAyo ghaNoja DhIla hatA. AvA aneka kAraNane lIdhe Akhare valaMdAo aMgrejo sAme TakI zakyA nahIM. temanI ane aMgrejo vacce so pacAsa varSa cAlelA jhagaDAmAM IgleMDane te veLA ghaNuM khamavuM paDayuM hatuM te paNa tene aMte jaya thA. valaMdAonA julamamAMthI bacI javA mATe aMgrejone pUrvanA dvIpasamUhamAMthI nAsI javuM paDavAthI temanI draSTI anya dizA tarapha pharI, ane tethI ja teo pitAnuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM sthApI zakyA. e deza temanA kabajAmAM AvatAM saghaLA vepAra upara temane kAbu thayo. keIe vipattimAM haDI javuM nahIM; pairya rAkhI AgaLa vadhatAM Akhare yazaprApti thayA vinA rahetI nathI e aMgreja tathA valaMdA vacce cAlelA jhagaDAno manana karavA yogya sAra che. 8. valaMdA nokaronA pagAra-valaMdA lokoe pUrva taraphanA bemAM je paddhati upara potAnA vepAranI tathA rAjyanI vyavasthA karI hatI tenuM ja kaMIka anukaraNa aMgreja kaMpanIe hiMdustAnamAM karyuM hatuM. e vyavasthA nIce pramANe hatI. valaMdAonA kArabhAramAM 13 prakAranA nokara hatA - prakAra. | mAsika pagAra bhaththu nAma. gIlDara. | DaoNlara 1 kArakuna rAITara, sajara paikI. ( 9 thI 14 2 | aMDara (hAtha nIceno) esisTaMTa. 20 4 apara (uparI) esisTaMTa. | 28 thI 36 4 * gilDara=savA rUpIe. + Desara traNa rUpIA. ja

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prakaraNa 7 muM. ] valaMdA likAnI hakIkata, ' , 195 prakAra. nAma. mAsika pagAra bhaththu gIlDara. | DaoNlara. 36 thI 45 50 thI 65 80 thI 120 150 200 aMDara maceTa. marcanTa (vepArI). apara marcaMTa. kemeDora (sTeTa sekreTarI). DAyarekaTara. gavarnara. membara ekasTrAorDinarI kansila. baTeviAnI konsilanA membara.. 12 | DAyarekaTara janarala, baTeviA, (bIjo). 13 | gavarnara janarala opha baTeviA. 200 11 350 100 1200 100 200 emanI lazkarI nokarImAM heThaLa pramANe vyavasthA hatIH prakAra, nAma. mAsikapagAra | bhaththu gilDara. 150 | ra 0 prAIveTa, aMDara esisTaMTa. sAje... 28 thI 36 enasAIna (aMDara marcaMTa pramANe). 36 thI 45 lephaTananTa (macaMTa pramANe). 50 thI 65 kepTana (apara marcanTa pramANe). 80 thI 120 mejara (keDara pramANe). - A sivAya gavarnara janaralane saghaLo kAca kharca maLato. vaLI saghaLA karene dara mahine temanA darajajA pramANe dArU, masAlA, tela, lAkaDAM, khA, AmalI, mINabatI vagere cIjo ApavAno vahivaTa hato. A pramANe kAcuM sIdhuM ApavA uparAMta pratyeka mANasane tenI sagavaDa mATe upara lakhyA pramANe bhathuM TharAvI ApyuM hatuM.

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196 ' hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vasAhatano kAphalAnA kare paNa cha prakAranA hatA. ane temanA pagAra vagere lagabhaga uparanA jevA ja hatA. pAdarI be jAtanA hatA -eka AjArI mANasone zubhraSaka-tene pagAra upara kahelA esisTaMTa jeTalo hato. ane bIjo prArthanA karanAra, tene pagAra apara marcaTa jeTale hato. zastravagha (sarjana) ne apara macI jeTaluM pagAra maLato. prakaraNa 8 muM. IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. sane 1600. 1. amerikA ane pesiphika mahA- 2. pahelI pRthvI pradakSiNe. sAgaranI zodha. 3. ilijhAbetha rANune bahAdura 4. phAdhara sTIphana ane rAlpha phicca. vahANavaTIo. 5. kaMpanI sthApavAne upakrama. 6. kaMpanInI sabhAnI pahelI beThaka 7. kaMpanI mATe sanada meLavavAnI khaTapaTa. 8. A bAbata chuTa vicAra, 1, amerikA ane pesiphika mahAsAgaranI zedha-paMdaramAM saikAmAM yuropamAM aneka mahatvanA banA banyA hatA. kanTenTIne pala turka lekenA hAthamAM javAthI tyAMnA grIka tathA laeNTina paMDite pazcima taraphanA dezamAM AvyA te arasAmAM chApavAnI kaLA zodhI kahADavAmAM AvelI hovAthI vidyAne punarjIvana maLyuM, ane yuropamAM eka navIja jAgRti utpanna thaI. saghaLA viSayomAM navA vicAre tathA navI zodha thavA lAgI. naukAzAstramAM porTugIjha keTalA AgaLa vadhyA hatA te pAchalAM prakaraNamAM ApaNe joyuM che. kolambase ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM aneka saphare karI paNa tene amerikAnA kinArAnI pAsenA beTe sivAya mukhya

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 197 pradezane patto lAgyo nahIM. kaparnikasa vagere aneka vidvAna zodhakone pRthvI goLAkAra hovA vizene mata janasamUhamAM khare manAte nahIM. vAske Da gAmAne hiMdustAna AvavAno samudra mArga maLe te paNa pRthvI goLa che ema siddha thayuM nahIM. mAtra eziyAnA vepAranA lebhamAM pUrva taraphanA masAlAnA beTe pitAnA tAbAmAM levA aneka yurepiyana prajAne utkaMThA thaI. sane 1505 mAM pena darabAramAM e beTe zedhI kahADavA mATe thayelI goThavaNa mujaba nIkaLelAM vahANe dakSiNa amerikAno keTaleka kinAre dhI pena pAchAM pharyo. iMglaMDamAM paNa A prayatna zarU thavAthI sAtamA henarIe potAnA khalAsIone saphare nIkaLavAnI sanada ApI, ane pirTugIjha sAthe kaMI paNa kaMTAmAM nahIM utaravA tAkIda karI. kelimbase zodhI kahADelA kyubAnA TApune kinAro jApAnane pUrva bhAga haze evuM aMgrejo samajatA hovAthI teoe yurepanA vAyavya khuNe taraphathI darIA mArge hiMdustAna javAnI mahenata karI. pRthvI upara nahIM jaNAyelo pradeza pena tathA piorTugalanAM rAjyomAM vaheMcI ApanArAM pipanAM pharamAnamAM pUrva ane pazcima e zabdo aneka veLA vaparAyelA hatA, paNa temAM uttara dizA mATe kaMI paNa kaheluM na hovAthI e bAjuethI hiMdustAna javAmAM pipanA hukamano anAdara thaze nahIM, temaja pitAnuM kAma saraze evuM aMgreja khalAsIo dhAratA. A samaye brisTala zahera ghaNuM AbAda hatuM, ane dariyAvardhAnA kAmamAM tyAMnA vepArIo tathA anya khalAsIo agragaNIya hatA. emAMnA kebo (Cabot) nAmanA be agresara vepArIene sane 1497 mAM sAtamA henarIe madada karI hiMdustAnane mArga dhI kahADavA mokalyA. jana ke noAne vepArI hatA, ane limbanathI makA lagI musApharI karyA bAda iMglaMDamAM AvI rahyo hate. henarI rAjAnA hukama anvaya e pitAnA chokarA sabazciyana sAthe eka vahANa tathA arADa khalAsI laI brisTalathI nIkaLyo. eka mahine nyUphAunDalenDanA kinArA upara pahoMcatAM tene lAgyuM ke te cInane kinAre Avyo hate. ahIMthI pAchA pharI kebee pitAnI hakIkata rAjAne nivedana karI, tyAre

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198 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. lekee tene puSkaLa mAnathI vadhAvI lIdhuM. e pachI sabeaina kee amerikA lagI traNa musApharI karI, ane dareka vakhate navA navA pradezanI zodha calAvI. lebeDaranA kinArA upara tene aneka saMkaTa khamavAM paDyAM hatAM. chatAM kebanI A saghaLI zedhane barAbara upaga IglaDe karyo nahIM. amerige vespacI (Amerigo Vespucci) nAmane eka ITAliana gRhastha jelambasanA kAphalAmAM pazcima tarapha upaDayo hato, paNa tenI sAthe yuropa pAchA na AvatAM te navA hAtha lAgelA beTa upara rahI, kinAre kinAre pharI, navA mulake zedhI kahADatA hatA. evAmAM eka ThekANe meTAM meTAM jhADa upara ghara bAMdhelAM evuM eka gAmaDuM tenA jevAmAM AvyuM. e jhADe pANImAM ugelAM hevAthI eka gharamAMthI bIjA gharamAM javA mATe yuropanA venisa zaheranI mAphaka tyAM jaLamArga hatA. A gAmaDuM nAnuM sarakhuM venisa haze ema jANI amerigee tene venijhulA nAma ApyuM. e nAma adyApi pracalita che. kalabasanA maraNa pachI amerigee tathA bIjA gRhasthoe navA mulakamAM saphara karI je zodha calAvI te uparathI e saghaLAnI khAtarI thaI ke je bhUmi temane maLI AvI hatI te kaMI mArkopolane cIna deza nahote, tema vAska Da gAmAnuM hiMdustAna paNa nahotuM, te to eka navoja khaMDa hatuM. A anumAnanI puSTImAM amerigee ghaNuM pramANa ApyAM hatAM. tene asala patra ITAliana bhASAmAM hatuM. AkhA yuropanI jANa mATe laeNTina vagere bhASAomAM tenAM bhASAMtare satvara thayAM, te uparathI tenuM kahevuM kharuM hatuM evI saghaLA lekenI khAtarI thaI. agAunA lekene nahIM jaNAya evo eka navo khaMDa amerigenA prayAsathI yuropanI jANamAM Avyo mATe tenA nAma uparathI e khaMDanuM nAma amerikA paDayuM. ema chatAM kelambasa, keba ane amerige e saghaLAe jude jude vakhate zedhI kahADele pradeza ekaja hate evuM samajatAM lokone ghaNe vakhata lAge. e samayanI dareka zodhanI hakIkata vAMcatAM ApaNane Azcarya lAge che. paeNsiphika mahAsAgaranI hayAtI vize yuropiyanane bIlakula mAhitI nahatI:

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 199 te ghaNI camatkArika rIte temanA jevAmAM Avyo. paMdaramA saikAnA AraMbhathI amerikA khaMDa mATenI carcA yurepamAM zarU thaI hatI, ane eka pachI eka hajAra vahANa te tarapha javA lAgyAM hatAM. eka veLA pena dezamAMthI keTalAka leke heTI beTamAM vasAhata karavA mATe gayA. teo mAne bAbeA nAmane gRhastha tyAM gayA pachI thoDA vakhatamAM karajadAra thayo. karajadAra mANasane dezamAMthI bahAra javA devA nahIM evo spenane kAyado hovAthI bAbaA heTI beTanI bahAra nIkaLI zakyo nahIM, tyAre eka vahANa uparanA khAlI pIpamAM bharAI besI te tyAMthI chaTakI gaye. bhAdarIe gayA pachI te pakaDAyo, paNa thoDA divasa pachI vahANa khaDaka sAthe athaDAI bhAMgI gayuM. A muzkela prasaMge bAbeAne sAhasika ane uchAMchaLo svabhAva tene ghaNuM kAma lAge. vahANamAMthI bacelA lekene te Deriana najIka panAmAnI saMgibhUmInA lAMbA kaTakA upara AvelA eka jaMgalI lekanA gAmamAM lAvyo. ahIM saghaLAo vasAhata karI rahyA, ane bAbe temane mukhI thayo. emaNe e mulakanA asalI rahevAsIo sAthe mitrAcArI karI, senAnI khANa khodI tathA bIjuM kAma karI pitAne nirvAha karyo, ane AsapAsanA pradezanI zodha karavA mAMDI. eka divasa spenanA be gRhastha senuM vaheMcI letAM laDI paDayA tyAre dezI sekonA saradAre temane kahyuM ke "ATalA senA mATe zuM kAma laDe che ? je tamAre tenuM ja joItuM hoya te ahIMthI je dakSiNamAM eka moTo deza che tyAM jaI joIe teTaluM le. dakSiNa bAjue eka meTe darIo Ave che tyAMthI vahANamAM besI e suvarNamaya (53) dezamAM tamArAthI javAze'. dakSiNe samudra che evuM sAMbhaLatAM bAboAne acaMbo lAgyo. tarataja keTalAMka mANasane sAthe laI te nIkaLe, ane mArgamAM AvatI uMcA parvatonI hAra upara ghaNI mahenatathI te co. zikhara upara pahoMcatAM tenI najare eka pracaMDa mahAsAgara paDe te samaye tene upajelA acaMbAnuM varNana karavuM azakaya che. tyAM ghUMTaNIe paDI bAAe IzvaranI prArthanA karI, ane te jagyAe paththarane

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200 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. krosa ubho karI te pradeza spenanA rAjAnA nAmathI pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhe. pachI bIjI taraphathI nIce utarI khullI talavAra laI kamarapura pANImAM ubhA rahI mahAsAgara upara potAnI sattA besADI. A banAva tA. 13 mI sapaTembara 1513 ne dIne thayo. A zodhane pariNAme amerikA eka svataMtra khaMDa che, tenI pazcime eka moTo mahAsAgara che ane tenI pelI bAjAe eziyA khaMDa AveluM che e saghaLuM siddha thayuM. eja varSamAM selisa nAmane eka vahANavaTI zodha karatAM rio pleTA nadImAM dAkhala thaI upara mulaka jovA mATe AgaLa gaye, paNa tyAMnA rahevAsIo ene ane tenA ATha sAthIone kApI zekIne khAI gayA eTale e tarapha AgaLa vadhavAnI koInI hiMmata cAlI nahIM. 2. pahelI pRthvI pradakSiNA-maeNgelana nAmanA eka porTugIjha khalAsI Abuka sAthe geravA jaI tyAMthI pUrva taraphanA dvIpasamUhamAM pravAse pharato hato. e veLA dezIo sAthe takarAra thatAM anekavAra eNe pitAnI bahAdurI batAvI hatI. ahIMthI parTugala pAchA pharyA pachI tene lAgyuM ke je ApaNe pazcima dizAmAM AgaLa cAlyA jaIe to pUrvanA beTamAM avazya pahoMcIe, kemake ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAMthI hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM utaravAne kethepaNa jaLamArga haze. A vicAra pAra pADavAmAM pirTugalanA rAjAe tene madada karavA nA pADI, tyAre spenanA rAjAnI madadathI 'tA. 20 mI sapTembara 1518 ne reje bhAgelAM TuTelAM pAMca vahANa tathA 280 mANase laI megelana nIkaLe. traNa mahine brAjhila pahoMcyA pachI sAthenAM mANasoe uThAveluM baMDa ghaNuM dharyathI dAbI daI te AgaLa vadhyo. jatAM rastAmAM lApheTA nadInA mukha AgaLa teNe dhAryuM ke kadAca e nadI mAraphate bIjI tarapha nIkaLavAno mArga haze. thoDuMka gayA pachI tene jaNAyuM ke A kaMI samudra nathI paNa nadI che tyAre te pAcho pharyo, ane dakSiNa tarapha cAlyo. bAbeAe zeAdhI kahADelA darIAmAM dAkhala thavAne tene vicAra hato, eTale teja dizAmAM eNe cAlyA karyuM. AgaLa jatAM ThaMDI ghaNI lAgI, ane vadhAre lAMbI musApharI karavAnI koIe himata karI

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 201 nahIM. tenI pAsenI anna sAmagrI khuTI jatAM mANasane cAmaDAnAM doraDAM karaDI tene rasa gaLavAno vakhata Avyo. AvAM kaSTa veThI te eka sAMkaDI sAmudradhunImAM dAkhala thayo. jamaNe hAtha uparane jamInane khuNe oLaMgI AgaLa jatAM tA. 28 navembara 15ra0 ne divase teNe eka merA zAMta samudramAM praveza karyo. ATale vakhata tophAna vagere sahana karyA pachI eka zAMta darIo maeNgelanane hAtha lAgavAthI teNe tenuM nAma paeNsiphika mahAsAgara ApyuM. have maeNgelana pAse phakata traNaja vahANa rahyAM hatAM, te laI kaMIka uttara tarapha jaI pharIthI teNe pazcima tarapha kUca karI. aThavADIAnAM aThavADIo ane mahinA pachI mahinA nIkaLI gayA te paNa tene jamIna hAtha lAgI nahIM. cAmaDAM pANImAM palALI te khAvAnI tene ane tenAM mANasone jarUra paDI. bhukhamarAthI keTalAMka mANasa maraNa pAmyAM, chatAM maeNgelana pitAnA vicAramAMthI Dage nahIM. aTTANuM divasa pachI te eka beTa upara AvI pahoMcyo tyAM ene tAjAM phaLa temaja zAkabhAjI maLyAM. dasa divasanI vizrAMti bAda AgaLa jatAM rastAmAM teNe bIjA keTalAka beTa joyA, ane te spenanA rAjAne nAme maeNgelane pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhA. te veLAnA cha varSanA spenanA rAjA philipanA nAma uparathI A TApuonuM nAma philipAIna AIlanDasa paDayuM. A beTamAM maeNgelane cInAI vepArIone masAle vagere laIne AvelA joyA te uparathI tenI khAtarI thaI ke masAlAnA beTo have najadIkaja hovA joIe. meMgelana pote kaMI thaDe uddegI tathA saMkaTa harI lenAra nahoto. AvI musApharImAM paNa te pArakAM rAjya laI levAnuM tathA tyAMnA lekene vaTalAvI khristI karavAnuM kAma karavA lAge. eka rAjA pAse teNe pena taraphathI khaMDaNI mAMgI paNa te na maLavAthI 48 mANase laI maeNgelana kinAre utaryo. tenA upara hajAro leke bhAlA laI dhasI AvyA, ane thayelI jhapAjhapImAM laDatAM maeNgelanA mAryo gayo (tA. 27 eprila sane 15ra1). enA be sAthIdAra serAne tathA bAjhA tyAMthI nIkaLI benio thaI eja varSanA navembara mAsamAM malAkkAnA masAlAnA TApu AgaLa AvI pahoMcyA. tyAMthI hiMdustAnanA tathA

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202 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnI pradakSiNA karI tA. 8 mI sapTembare teo pena pahoMcyA. maeNgelananI sAthe upaDelAM pAMca vahANe paikI vikaTerIA nAmanuM ekaja vahANa pRthvInI A pahelI pradakSiNA karI pena pAchuM AvyuM. e vahANa adyApi eka navAI tarIke jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. maeNgelananI A sapharane lIdhe pRthvInA goLAkAra vize temaja tenA ekaMdara vistAra vize yurepanA lekene kaMIka bhAna thayuM, ane rAjaputra henarIe upADeluM kAma pAra paDayuM. dakSiNa amerikAnA cheDA uparanI sAmudhdhanI hajIpaNuM maeNgelananI sAmudradhunIne nAme oLakhAya che. pipanA hukama anvaya porTugIjhane maLeluM navIna pradezanuM svAmitva sumAre so varSa lagI TakI rahyuM. e mudatamAM eTale soLamA saikAnA aMta lagI pipanA pharamAna virUddha vartana karavAnI yuropiyana rAjyanI chAtI cAlI nahIM. proTesTaMTa dharmanI sthApanA barAbara thaI nahIM hatI ane spenanI sattA aparimita hatI, tyAM sudhI evI hiMmata karanAra kaI hatuM nahIM, eTale papanA hukama virUddha kaMi paNa AcaraNa na karatAM vepAra vadhAravAnA mArga zodhI kahADavAnA hetuthI ja aMgrejoe pitAnA zarUAtanA prayatna karyA hatA. niziana vepArIo musalamAnone madada karI khuzkIne mArge porTugIjha lekanA vepAramAM ADakhIlI nAkhatA e ApaNe upara joyuM che. sane 1521 mAM pena taraphathI maeNgelane pRthvInI pradakSiNA karI ane tenI geLAkRti vize lekenI khAtarI karI tyAre papanA hukamanuM ullaMghana karyA sivAya pazcima dizAmAM pravAsa karatAM game te mulakamAM spenane lekene javAnI sagavaDa maLI. AthI spena tathA piorTugala vacce masAlAne beTa vAste ghaNo jhanunI TaMTe thayo. e takarArane aMta ANavA ane 1529 mAM banne dezoe sArAgojhAmAM taha karI evuM TharAvyuM ke porTugale spenanA rAjAne sattara lAkha rUpIA ApavAnA badalAmAM spene masAlAnA beTa uparane pitAne haka cheDI de. A bAbata yuropamAM kalaha utpanna na thAya eTalA mATe IMglaMDanA AThamA henarI rAjAne A kelakarAramAM sAmela karavAmAM Avyo hato.

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203 - prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. sane 15ra7 mAM raoNbarTa caeNne atyaMta parizrama veThI vAyavya koNa taraphathI hiMdustAna javAno mArga zodhavA mATe pharIthI vahANo ravAnA karyA, . paNa tenuM jANavA jevuM pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. tevI ja rIte sane 1536 mAM heara ane bIjAM sATha mANase be vahANa laI nyUphAunDalenDa lagI gayAM hatAM, paraMtu khorAkanI taMgIne lIdhe darekane vArA pharatI' khAvAnuM maLatAM saghaLAone pAchA pharavuM paDyuM. e pachI sane 1553 mAM sarahyuM vilebI (Sir Hugh Willoughby) e eka mahatvanI saphara mATe taiyArI karI. e sapharamAM sabazcimana kebo tenI sAthe hatA ane kharcane mATe dareke 25 piMDa ApI ekaMdara 6000 pAMDa ekaThA karyA hatA. vilebI sAthe traNa vahANe hatAM, ane tene chaThTha eDavarDa rAjA taraphathI pUrvanA rAjA upara kAgaLa maLyA hatA. navA jheblA pahoMcyA pachI raziAnA uttara bhAgamAM A vahANe baraphamAM sapaDAI gayAM ane saghaLA leke maraNa pAmyA. e pachI be varSa bIjA leke te tarapha gayA tyAre vilobIne tathA tenAM sattara mANasone pitApitAnAM vahANomAM baraphamAM TharI jaI marI gayelAM temaNe joyAM. vilebI kAgaLo laI rajanIzI lakhata pitAnI khelImAM beThe hato. tenA hAtha heThaLanA ricarDa caeNnselaranuM vahANa vilebInAM vahANathI dUra hovAne lIdhe te jIvavA pAmyo hato. teNe IgleMDa pAchA AvyA pachI raziAnA uttara bhAgamAM thaI eziyAkhaMDa sAthe vepAra calAvanArI eka kaMpanI ubhI karI. A kaMpanIne rANI merIe sane 1554 mAM vepAranI sanada bakSI hatI. maskevI kaMpanIne nAme prasiddha thayelI A kaMpanI arADamA saikAnI Akhara lagI cAlI hatI. A kaMpanIne jenTInsa nAmane eka vepArI sane 1557mAM mA gayo tyAre raziAnA jhAre tene mijabAnI ApI hatI. tyAMthI AgaLa vadhI bukhArA jatAM tene hiMdustAnanA vepArIo maLyA. A enkInsa IgleMDa tathA mArko vacce pharyA karate hate. enAja prayAsathI raziAne kAle taiyAra thaye, ane te dezane darIA mArgane vepAra vaLe. jenkInse kahADele mArga khuzkIne hovAthI porTugIjha sAme aMgreja TakI zakyA nahIM, temaja

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204 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kAspiana samudra upara cAMcIAne tathA vailigA nadI upara lUTArU tArane tene atizaya trAsa naDavAthI A vAyavya koNanA mArgathI aMgrejone ekaMdara kaMI paNa phAyade maLe nahIM. 3 IlijhAbetha rANune bahAdura vahANavaTIo -sane 1553 thI 1558 sudhI IgleMDanI gAdI upara rANI merI hatI. te kertholika paMthanI hatI, ane tenAM lagna spenanA philipa rAjA sAthe thayAM hatAM. pitAnA dhaNInI madadathI IMglaMDamAM kelika paMtha punaH sthApavAne rANI merIne vicAra hatuM, paraMtu sane 1558 mAM thayelAM tenAM maraNathI mahAna yojanA paDI bhAMgI. enI pachI rANI ilijhAbetha gAdI upara AvI, ane IMglaMDanA itihAsane judA ja prakAranuM valaNa maLyuM. IlijhAbethane peTesTaMTa dharmanuM anahada abhimAna hatuM, ane spenanuM aizvarya joI tene atizaya vaizamya lAgyuM hatuM. dharmane bacAva karavA mATe tathA vepArane uttejana ApI saMpatti meLavavA mATe spenanI sAthe khullI rIte bahAra paDavuM e jokhama bharyuM hatuM ema tenI khAtarI hovAthI teNe pote iMglaMDanI prajAne svAvalaMbanane mArga batAvyuM. rANI taraphanuM pretsAhana maLatAMja Deka, hokinsa, kaeNbizara, gilbarTa, vagere aneka nAmAMkita vahANavaTIo ekadama prasiddhimAM AvyA, ane darIA upara bahAdurInAM kAma karavA lAgyA. IMglaMDanI darIAI zaktino AraMbha A samaye tha ema yogya rIte kahI zakAya. sara kAsisa Deka (Sir Francis Drake) nuM nAma iMglaMDanA vahANavaTIomAM agragaNya che. A ane bIjA prakhyAta vahANavaTIo DevanazAyara prAMtanA vatanI hatA. Deka nAno hato tyArathI holenDa lagI saphare jate eTale te dezamAM spene calAvelA keranI kharI hakIkata tene maLI hatI, ane te uparathI te dezane vepAra chInavI levA teNe nizcaya karyo hato. sane 1567 mAM jaina hokinsa ane Deka thoDAMka vahANa laI amerikA gayA, tyAMthI sonuM, cAMdI, ratna vagere laI pAchA AvatAM rastAmAM spenanA jahAje temane lUTayA, eTale e beu jaNa pitAne jIva bacAvI mahA mahenate svadeza pAchA pharyA. speniza lekene teoe hAtha batAvyAthI

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] isTi inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 205 temanI pratiSThA IMglaMDamAM ghaNI vadhI. pharIthI sane 1574 mAM cheka 73 mANasane sAthe laI guptapaNe amerikA gaye. panAmA saMyogibhUminA pazcima kinArA upara spenisa parathI aparimita senuM lAvyA hatA, ane te ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranA kinArA upara ANI spena laI javAnI taiyArImAM hatA, evI bAtamI Dekane maLatAM te ekadama peniarDa upara TuTI paDaze. paNa enI pAse ghaNAM DAM mANaso hovAthI enI hAra thaI ane speni e ene hAMkI muko. A veLA Deka upara bhayaMkara vAdaLa gherAI AvyuM hatuM, ane tenI dayAjanaka avasthAnuM varNana atyaMta hRdayadrAvaka hatuM. regathI tenAM puSkaLa mANaso maraNa pAmyAM hatAM, teno bhAI gujarI gayo hato, chatAM paNa na DagatAM te saMyogibhUmI uparanA DuMgare caDayo, ane tenA zikhara uparathI paeNsiphika mahAsAgara nihALI prArthanA karI ke teo Izvara ! A samudra upara musApharI karavA mane sAmarthya Apa." Aja lagI spenanI amerikAmAMnI sattA tathA dalita gupta hatI te have pachI jagajAhera thaI IMgleMDa AvI sane 1577 mAM rANI ilijhAbethanI paravAnagI laI Deka pRthvInI pradakSiNuM karavA nIkaLe. e vakhate tenI vaya phakta 32 varSanI hatI, paNa tenI himata ghaNI vilakSaNa hatI. tenA vahANanuM nAma pelikana hatuM, ane sAthe deDasa khalAsIo hatA. rastAmAM mANasanAM baMDa phitura vagere tephAnone lIdhe ene ghaNuM khamavuM paDayuM. vAlpArejhenA baMdaramAM teNe keTalAMka speniza jahAjo lUTayAM, ane te uparanI apAra saMpatti tenA kabajAmAM AvI. e pachI te amerikAne pazcima kinAre thaI saina krAnsiska lagI gaya; tyAMthI pazcima tarapha vaLI te philipAIne beTomAM Avyo. ahIM aneka saMkaTa sahana karI te masAlAnA TApumAM utaryo, tyAre TarneTanA rAjAe laheMgano saghaLe pAka aMgreja AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAnuM cakakara laI IglaDa choDayA pachI barAbara traNa varSe pAcho ptimAutha baMdaramAM dAkhala thayo. A pramANe paeNsiphika - mahAsAgara upara musApharI karavAnI tenI IcchA Izvare pAra pADI.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. Deka je kaI dravya lAvyuM hatuM te saghaLuM teNe rANuM ilijhAbethane bheTa karI dIdhuM. meMgelananAM "vikaTerIA'nI mAphaka DrekanuM "pelIkana" jahAja adyApi saMgrahasthAnamAM che. "ajANyA bhUpradezanA A athaMga corane rANIe "sarane kitAba Ape. DrekanA A sAhasane lIdhe spenane aizvaryabhAnu pazcima tarapha utaravA lAgyA. spenane rAjA philipa A apamAna muMge maheDe sahana kare te nahoto. pite upADelAM kAmanI puSTimAM rANI ilijhAbethe tenI sAthe evI takarAra uThAvI ke havA ane pANI paramezvare manuSyanA upayoga mATe nirmANa karelAM hovAthI bIjAone tene upabhega karatAM aTakAvavAne koIne paNa haka nathI. AvI takarAra philipane rUcikara na thavAthI teNe pitAnI saghaLI delata vyaya karI iMglaMDa jItavA mATe eka pracaMDa kAle taiyAra karyo. temAM teNe eTalI badhI yuddha sAmagrI bharI hatI ke tene achata kAle" ( Invincible Armada) kahevAmAM AvatuM. sane 1588 nA julAI mAsamAM A kAphalo igliza cenalamAM dAkhala thatAM kaMIka aMgreja khalAsIonI yukti prayuktine lIdhe, tathA kaMIka bhayaMkara tephAnane lIdhe tene saMpUrNa nAza thayo, spenanA hajAre leka mRtyu vaza thayA, ane tenA AkhA AramAranA cUrecUrA thaI gayA. vAstavika rIte ahIMthI ja spenanI paDatIne AraMbha thayele kahI zakAya. mArTina phaeNbizara ( Martin Frobisher)--IgleMDanA A prasiddha khalAsIne janma sane 1535 mAM thayo hato. enuM saghaLuM AyuSya darIA uparaja vyaya thayuM hatuM. keba ane vilebInI mAphaka e paNa vAyavya dizA taraphathI hiMdustAna javAne jaLamArga zodhI kahADavAnI dhunamAM ghasaDAI gayo hato. A najadIkano rasto jaDatAM hiMdustAnanI dhana saMpatti pitAnA hAthamAM levAnI tenI manokAmanA hatI. DekanI peThe cAra karI luTArA tarIke nAma kahADavAnuM tene pasaMda na hovAthI game tevI navI zodha karI kolambasanA jevI kIrti meLavavA te mathatuM hatuM. AthI leke tene "mUrkhane saradAra kahetA. puSkaLa mahenata karI teNe keTaluMka nANuM ekaThuM

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 27 karyuM, ane 1576 mAM be jahAja laI te uttara dhruva tarapha javA nIkaLe.' paNa lebreDaranI agADI baraphavALA beTamAM puSkaLa divasa gumAvI nAsIpAsa thaI tene pAchA pharavuM paDyuM. ahIMthI te keTalAka senAnA patharA lAvyA hatA te joI lekonA moDAmAM pANI chUTayuM eTale bIje ja varSe teoe kaeNbizarane navA pradezane kabaje levA mATenI saghaLI taiyArI karI ApI pharIthI uttara tarapha mokalyo. pahelAMnI mAphaka A saphara paNa niSphaLa gaI chatAM lekenI senAcAMdInAM gacI meLavavAnI utkaMThA zAnta paDI nahIM. sane 1583 mAM kaeNbizare ANelA saghaLA patharAmAMthI eka hoMzIAra kArIgare sonuM chUTuM pADayuM te te traNa vAla jeTaluM paNa nIkaLyuM nahIM. AthI kaeNbizara tathA tenA anuyAyIonI saghaLI AzA bhAMgI paDI, ane traNa saphara maLI kharcAyelA traNa lAkha rUpiA pANImAM gayA. kaeNbizare pitAnI jAta himata upara A kAma upADayuM hatuM paNa tenI saghaLI mahenata vyartha jatAM tenA upara anivArya saMkaTa AvI paDayuM. tene anna tathA dAMta vacce vera paDayuM; tenA mAganArAo tathA tenI strI ane paMdara chokarAMonI avadazA thaI. sarva lekAe tenI sAme paisA mATe pharIAda karavAthI tene 35 varSa kedakhAnuM bhogavavuM paDayuM. A pramANe vAyavya dizA taraphane rasto zodhavAnA aneka prayatna niSphaLa gayA. sara haMkI gilbarTa (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) tathA sara oNlTara rAle (Sir Walter Raleigh), e beu DevanazAyara prAMtamAM rahetA sAvakA bhAI hatA. iMglaMDamAM utkRSTa vahANavaTIo hovA chatAM tyAMnA loko kevaLa lUTArAne mArga aMgIkAra karI, bIjA dezonA rahevAsI peThe navI zodha kare nahIM, tathA navA pradeza zodhe nahIM e bAbata temane atyaMta duHkha upajavAthI amerikAmAM aMgrejI vasAhata sthApavA mATe teoe rANI ilijhAbethane salAha ApI. prathama e salAha tene pasaMda paDI nahIM kemake te pramANe amala karatAM dezamAM paise na AvatAM ulaTo kharca thaI jAya ema tene lAgyuM. ema chatAM sane 1578 mAM gilbarTa agIAra vahANa tathA pAMcaso mANase laI nyUphAunDalenDa gaye, paNa

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208 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tyAM gya vyavasthA na thavAthI tene pAchA AvavuM paDyuM. pharIthI sane 1583mAM teja ThekANe e gaye, paraMtu punarapi apayaza maLatAM te pAchA pharate hatA tevAmAM rastAmAM vahANa bhAMgI javAthI te uparanAM saghaLAM mANase sahita te darIAmAM DubI jaI maraNa pAme. gilbarTa "aMgreja vasAhatane pitA' kahevAya che. enI pachI sara oNlTara rAlee e kAma upADI lIdhuM. teNe sane 1584 mAM amerikAnA eka ghaNuM phaLadrupa pradeza upara pahela vaheluM aMgreja thANuM sthApana karyuM ane tene kumArikA ilijhAbetha rANInA sanmAnArthe "varjIniA" nAma ApyuM. A vasAhata yazasvI thatAM ghaNe kALa nIkaLI gayo. A ja arasAmAM taMbAku ane baTATA IgleMDamAM prathama rAle ane hokinsa lAvyA evuM kahevAya che. A sivAya sara ricarDa grenavila, jaoNna Devisa, henarI haDasana ItyAdi iMglaMDanA aneka bahAdura vahANavaTIoe asaMkhya parAkrame karyo che. A saghaLAthI speniza lekanI saMpUrNa khAtarI thaI ke aMgreje paNa vahANavaTAmAM atyaMta zarA hatA. emanAM parAkramane pratApe temanAM nAma yuropamAM dhIme dhIme AgaLa AvyAM. A unnatInuM ghaNuMkharuM mAna rANI ilijhAbethane ApavuM joIe. spenane teDI pADavAne mana sAthe nizcaya karI A vilakSaNa buddhivALI rANIe rASTrIya vRddhinAM dareka kAmane pitAne pUrNa Teke A tethIja aneka zUravIra purUSa jAheramAM AvyA. aMtaHkaraNamAM kharI lAgaNI hoya te ekaja mANasa zuM karI zake che te ATalA uparathI vyakta thAya che. 4 phAdhara sTIphana (Father Stephen) ane rAlpha phicca (Ralph Fich)-philipa ane ilijhAbetha vaccenI takarAranAM aneka rUpAMtare thatAM hatAM tyAre sane 1585 pachInAM traNa varSamAM jaina Devisa traNa vakhata uttara tarapha musApharIe gayA hatA. sane 1586 mAM Temasa keniza iMgleMDathI nIkaLI amerikA thaI cIna, masAlAnA beTe, hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe kinAre kinAre pharI, spenanA tAbAnA mulakamAM baMDa uzkerI

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prakaraNa 8 muM ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 27 tathA puSkaLa mahatvanI khabara meLavI sane 1588 nA sapaTembara mahinAmAM, eTale speniza AramAranA parAbhava pachI be mahine svadeza pAcho pharyo. uttarane mArga zodhavAnI khaTapaTa cheDI daI porTugIjhane ja raste vepAra calAvavAnuM aMgrejonA mana upara prathama ThasAvanAra kenDiza hato. iMglaMDamAM A vakhate moTAM moTAM jahAje taiyAra thatAM hatAM, paNa tene upayoga na thavAthI te nakAmAM paDI rahyAM hatAM. navAM vasAhata sthApavA mATe aMgrejo pAse joIe tevI jagyA nahatI, kemake pipanA hukama anvaye navA zodhI kaheDAyelA mulakanA ekalA mAlika spena ane porTugalanAM rAjya hatAM. IMglaMDanAM vahANe AmasTama lagI jatAM paNa vicitaja bhUmadhya samudranI pUrva hada sudhI teo pravAsa karatAM. ema chatAM pUrva taraphanA masAlA, banArasanuM uMcuM kApaDa, IrAnanuM rezama, gevaLakanDAnA hIrA vagere mAla jarmanI tathA helenDanAM baMdaromAMthI IgleMDa AvatuM hatuM. sane 1586 mAM spenanA philipa rAjAe holenDanA enTavarpa zaherane nAza karyo tyAre tyAMnA vepArIo IgleMDa AvI rahyA. e dezanA vaNakaro puSkaLa mAla taiyAra karatA, paNa paradezamAM tene upADa na thavAthI te saghaLo paDI rahe, ane aMgreja khalAsIo ALasAImAM nizciMta besI rahetA. IglaMDanI AvI sthiti hatI tyAre kenDiza pRthvInI pradakSiNA karI pAcho Avyo. tenI taraphathI pUrvanA vepAranI bharosAlAyaka hakIkata maLatAM laMDananA mukhya mukhya vepArIoe kaeNvenDizanI sahAyathI eka arajI rANI ilijhAbethane sAdara karI. tenA upara ghaNI takarAra tathA carca thayA pachI Akhare pUrvanA vepAra mATe saphara karavAnI rANIe paravAnagI ApI, ane tenA kharca mATe vargaNI karI nANuM bheguM karavAmAM AvyuM. A pramANe laMDananA sAhasika vepArIoe kaeNpTana remaMDanA uparIpaNuM heThaLa traNa vahANa sane 1591 mAM pUrva tarapha ravAnA karyA. paNa yuropanI anya prajAne IgleMDanA vepArIonuM A kAma rUTyuM nahIM. valaMdA, kenca, speniza tathA porTugIjha leke IglaMDanI majAka karavA lAgyA, kemake temanA mata pramANe aMgrejo darIA upara bIlakula upaganA hatA nahIM.

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210 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je ane AvuM moTuM sAhasa upADavA mATe teo nAlAyaka hatA. A paheleja kAphalai gayA pachI TaeNmasa sTIphena nAmanA eka aMgreja gRhastha hiMdustAnanA vipAranI puSkaLa hakIkata IMglaMDa lakhI mokalI : phAdhara Tomasa sTIphana (I.sa. 1569-1619). ene janma IgleMDamAM selsabarI gAma pAse sane 1549 mAM thayela hatuM. ene pitA laMDanane vepArI hatA, ane teNe ene nAnapaNathI ja dhaMdhAmAM nAMkhyo hato. paNa temAM enI kaMI AvaData na cAlavAthI te sapharDanI nyU kaoNlejamAM dAkhala thaI greDayueTa thayA. e daramiAna TaeNTesTaMTa caLavaLa virUddha ane romana kethalika paMthanI tarapheNamAM eNe aneka veLA jussAdAra takarAra calAvI hatI. te ja vakhate caeNmasa pAunDa (Thomas Pound) nAmane eka vidvAna kethalika paMthanI vRddhi mATe mahenata karate hatuM tenI sAthe sTIphanane dastI thaI. pAunDanI vartaNuka lokone nahIM pasaMda paDavAthI tene mAthe kArAgRhanuM saMkaTa AvI paDayuM, ane tene trIsa varSa asahya vedanA bhegavavI paDI. A tophAnamAM sTIphana tenA duzmananI draSTI cakAvI roma nAsI gaye, ane tyAM sosAyaTI oNpha ijhasa eTale jenuITa nAmanA paMthamAM dAkhala thaze. A paMthanuM jora piDuMgalamAM vizeSa hevAthI e pachI sTIphana limbana gayo. te veLA tyAM hiMdustAnanA lekane khristI dharmamAM vaTALavA mATe jabaro prayatna thate joI AvuM dhArmika kAma karavAnA udezathI telibanathI upaDI sane 1579 nA akaTobaramAM gave Avyo. hiMdustAnanI jamIna upara paga mukanAra eja pahele aMgreja hatuM. ge AvyA bAda sTIphane pravAsanI sarva hakIkatano patra potAnA pitAne laMDana mekalyo. e patramAM teNe hiMdustAnanI sthiti tathA vepAra saMbaMdhI je khabara ApI hatI te iMglaMDamAM ghaNI upayogI thaI paDI. ahIM dezI lekane vaTALavAnuM kAma porTugIjhoe ghaNuM sapATAbaMdha calAvyuM hatuM temAM phAdhara sTIphane ghaNI agatyanI madada ApI. govethI te sASTI gayo ane tyAM ja potAnA kAmamAM mazagula rahI jIMdagI purI karI. sASTInI tatkAlIna sthiti vize teNe evuM lakhyuM che ke "ahIMnA ghaNAkharA hiMdu leka zarA tathA pirTugIjha lekene aMtaHkaraNathI

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211 prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa InaDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. dhIkAratA hovAthI teo taraphathI ApaNA dharmaprasAranA kAmane dhoke lAgavAne saMbhava che. pazcima kinArA uparanI uttama havA sUryane AlhAdadAyaka prakAza, nArIeLInAM suMdara vana, brAhmaNanI eka buddhi, khristI dharmano prasAra karavAnI tenI anahada hoMsa tathA hiMdu lekenI suMdara bhASA ItyAdithI AkarSAI phAdhara sTIphana bAkInI jIMdagI ahIMja purI karavA lebhA, ane svadeza pAchA pharavAnI tene IcchA ja thaI nahIM. teNe marAThI, gevAnI, kokaNuM, temaja saMskRta bhASAone sAre abhyAsa karyo, ane temAM te evo te draDhatAthI maMDyo rahyo ke kokaNI bhASAmAM paNa romana lipimAM "khristI purANa" nAmane eka kavitArUpI uttama graMtha bAIbalane AdhAre te lakhI zake. teNe marAThI ane kekaNI bhASAnAM vyAkaraNe paNa piorTugIjha bhASAmAM lakhyAM che. hiMdustAnanI bhASAnAM pAzcAtya sAkSare lakhelAM A pahelAMja vyAkaraNa hatAM. na sTIphanane "khristIpurANanA be bhAga che; pahelo bhAga junA karArane 36 padane che, ane bIjo navA karArane 50 padane che, ane AkhA graMthamAM 110 18 lITIo che. A graMthanI pahelI, bIjI tathA trIjI AvRtti anukrame sane 1616, 1648 tathA 1654 mAM prasiddha thaI hatI. hAlamAM e graMthanI chApelI eka paNa prata maLatI nathI, mAtra dasabAra suMdara hastalikhita prate kAnaDA jIllAmAM che. pAMcapacAsa varSa pUrva marAThI jANa nArA khristI lekamAM A graMtha ghaNo ja priya hatuM. temanAM devaLamAM paNa tenI AvRtti haze ema sahaja anumAna thAya che. Tipue kAnaDA challe jItyo te veLA pratyeka khristI kuTuMbamAMthI A purANa graMthanI nakala maLI AvI, paNa te saghaLI teNe bALI naMkhAvI hatI. adyApI jemanI pAse A graMtha rahevA pAmyo che te temane atyaMta vahAle ane priya che. namunA tarIke A purANa graMthanI keTalIka zarUAtanI lITIo heThaLa utArI che - OM namo vishvbhrtaa| devabApA sarva samarthA / paramezvarA styvNtaa| svargapRthvIcA racaNArA // 1 // tUM riddhisiddhIcA dAtArU / kRpAnidhi karUNAkarU / tUM sarva sukhAcA saMgrahU / Adi aMtU nAtuDe // 2 // tUM paramAnaMda sarvasvarUpU / vizvavyApakU zAnadIpU / tUM sarva guNe nirlepU

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212 nirmaLU nirvikArU svAmiyA // 3 // tUM adRSTU tUM AvektU / samadayALU sarvaprAptU / sarvajJA, srvniitivNtuu| ekUci devo tUM // 4 // tUM sAkSAt paramezvarU / anAdisiddha aparaMpArU / Adi anAdi avivAsU amarU / tujheM sthAna ttilokIM // 5 // * upalI lITIo vAMcyA pachI tatsaMbaMdhI sTIphananI prazaMsA karatI vakhate ApaNe eTaluM yAda rAkhavAnuM che ke te paradezI hevAthI tenI zabdaracanAmAM keTaleka svAbhAvika pheraphAra che. keTalAkanA mata pramANe mULa bAIbala karatAM A purANamAM sTIphane vizeSa rasa Amejha kareluM hovAthI, tathA prAca rUcIne anusarI tenI kAvyaracanA karavAthI pariNAma sAruM ja AvyuM che. khristI dharmanAM saghaLAM ta tathA temAMnI nItine bhAga A purANamAM uttama prakAre dAkhala karavAmAM Avyo che. A graMtha uparathI ApaNane pAzcAtya prajAnA udyoganI kaMIka kalpanA thAya che. rApha phicca (Ralph Fich) nAmane bIjo eka aMgreja grahastha pharate pharate gerave Avyo hato. ene porTugIjhoe keda karyAnI bAtamI sTIphane ja prathama iMglaDa mekalI hatI. phicca sane 1583 mAM khuThThI mAga hiMdustAna javA sArU iMgleDathI nIkaLyo tyAre tene IlijhAbetha rANIe pUrvanA rAjAo upara bhalAmaNa patra lakhI ApyA hatA. bhUmadhya samudramAM thaI eziyAne pazcima kinAre utaryA bAda phicca yuTIsa nadIne kAMThe kAMThe IrAnanA akhAta mAraphata Armajha AgaLa AvyA. ahIM porTugIjha kenA deSane bhegA thaI paDatAM tene teoe keda pakaDI ge mokalI dIdho. keTalAka divasa pachI sTIphananI siphArasathI tene chUTako chatAM AgrA jaI phicce megala darabAramAM akabara bAdazAhanI mulAkAta lIdhI. tyAMthI brahma * sTIphananA A khristI purANa upara hAlanA sabajaja mI. je. e. sAlDAnA bI. e. elaela. bI. e vAMcele nibaMdha Bombay Catholic Examiner, 1903, mAM chapAye che te uparathI A hakIkata lIdhI che. kavitA aMgrejI lipimAM lakhelI maLI che.

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 213 deza, malAkkA, masAlAnA beTa vagere ThekANe pharI pAcho gele AvI te IgleMDa gayo. A pravAsamAM phicce porTugIjhenA julamanI tathA pUrvanA vepAranI ghaNI upayogI mAhitI ekaThI karI, ane svadeza pAchA pharI IMgleMDanA lekene te jaNAvI. Aje AkhA jagatamAM thatI uthalapAthala ApaNI hathelImAM thatI hoya tema ApaNe te sahajamAM jANIe chIe, paNa te vakhatanI sthiti nirALIja hatI. tyAre phicca je ekAda grahastha lAMbI musApharI karI pAchA pharate te tenI hakIkata sAMbhaLavA mATe lokonA thakethoka ekaThAM maLatAM, ane sAhasika pravAsanI vAta ghaNI AsthA tathA utsukatAthI sAMbhaLatAM. je varSe phicca IMgleMDa pAcho Avya teja varSe remaMDa tyAMthI hiMdustAna Avyo hato. paNa tene kaMI yaza maLe nahIM, kemake tenI sAthenAM be vahANamAMnAM saghaLAM mANase rega tathA tephAnane lIdhe mRtyune mukhe jaI paDayAM hatAM. remaMDanI sAthe eka trIjuM vahANa kaeNpTana laMkesTaranA uparIpaNA heThaLa A dezamAM AvI tyAMthI malAkkA jaI judI judI jAtane mAla bharI aneka saMkaTo bhogavatuM sane 1591mAM IgleMDa pAchuM pharyuM. vepAra mATe nIkaLelAM aMgreja vahANamAM A paheluMja hatuM, kAraNa valaMdA leke e evI saphara hajI karI nahotI. laMkesTara pUrvamAMthI game teTale the mAla lAvyo paNa AvI zarUAtathI parTugIjhane pipa taraphathI maLelA vepArI ijArAnuM mahatva ochuM thavA mAMDayuM. 5, kaMpanI sthApavAne upakama-speniza kAphalAnA nAza pachI praTesTaMTa rASTae pipane hukama tarachoDI kahADe eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa navI zodha karavAnI paddhatimAM puSkaLa pheraphAra karyo. prAcIna tathA madhya kALamAM vepAranI mAhitI tathA mArga chupA rAkhavAne dhAre paDI gayo hato. je kaI pitAnA dezanA nakazA vagere kahADI vecatuM te tene dehAMta daMDanI zikSA thatI. AeiMTika samudra uparanAM rAjyo IjIpta vagere pUrvanA bIjA dezanI kaMI paNa hakIkata ATalAMTika mahAsAgara uparanI prajAnI jANamAM AvavA detAM nahIM. soLamA saikAmAM A rIta badalAI gaI. porTugIjha rAjaputra

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214 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa [bhAga 3 je. henarIe pote karelI zodho gupta rAkhI nahIM hatI. vaLI A arasAmAM helenDamAM chApavAnI ane dhAtu upara kotaravAnI kaLA prasiddha thayA pachI nakazA joIe tene maLavA lAgyA. eNnTavarpa, dhrujIsa vagere zaheremAMnA moTA moTA nAmAMkita zilpIoe pitApitAnA kasabAnA nakazA tathA hakIkata jhapATAbaMdha bahAra pADyAM, ane te saghaLA dezamAM maLe evI goThavaNa karI. A sthitimAM eka pariNAma tarIke valaMdA ane aMgreja kaMpanIo hastImAM AvI hatI evuM kahevAmAM aDacaNa nathI. zarUAtamAM vepAra guptapaNe cAlo. tyArabAda jenA hAthamAM te prathama Avate te tene pitAno gaNAta. evuM keTaleka vakhata cAlyA pachI je prajAthI eTale vepAra pitAnA svAdhInamAM rakhAte teTale te rAkhatI, eTale navI zo karavAnuM ane te dvArA hAtha AvelA pradeza upara kAbu rAkhavAnuM jenAmAM sAmarthya heya tene haka sarvoparI gaNAto. A chellAM tatva anusAra valaMdA ane aMgreja kaMpanIoe vepAranA IjArAnI sthApanA karI hatI, ane tenA jera uparaja teoe lAMbo vakhata lagI saMpatti meLavI hatI. parTugIjha lekoe pUrvane vepAra eka hAtha karyo hato, chatAM yuropamAM anya prajA tarapha teo kaDaka nahatA. teo je mAla pUrvamAMthI lisbanamAM lAvatA te dezadeza pahoMcADavA mATe valaMdA vepArIone ja teo kahetA. agAu halenDanuM brusa zahera pUrvanA mAlanuM mukhya dhAma hatuM. paraMtu tenI khADI retIthI bharAI jatAM te baMdara nirUpayogI thayuM. eTale pirTugalanA rAjAe sane 1504 mAM enTavarpa zaheranuM baMdara khodI tene vepAranuM nAkuM banAvyuM. A samaye liana zahera yuropamAM pUrvanA mAlanuM moTuM mathaka hatuM. laMDanane mukhya vepAra enTavarpa sAthe cAlatA; tene limbana sAthe kaMI saMbaMdha hate nahIM. enTavarpanA baMdaramAM dara varSa 92000 vahANo AvatAM jatAM hatAM. A zahera AbAda thatAM IgleMDanA vepArane puSkaLa uttejana maLyuM, ane te pachI ja pitAnAM vahANe TheTha pUrva dezomAM mekalI tyAno mAla bArobAra svadeza lAvavAnI aMgreja vepArIone spharti AvI. A rtine ilijhAbetha rANIe vadhAre uttejIta karI bhUmadhya samudramAMthI

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215 prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. mere che ane turkastAna sudhI keTalAka lekene vepAra arthe mokalyA. sane 1587 mAM DekanA hAthamAM sapaDAyelA senTa philipa nAmanA eka moTA speniza jahAja uparanA mAlanuM utpanna dasa lAkha rUpIA thayuM hatuM. sara jona beroe bIjuM eka vahANa sane 1592 mAM pakaDayuM tenA mAlanI kimata 15 lAkha rUpIA thaI. paraMtu A pramANe aMgrejonuM nasIba kvacitaja ughaDatuM. spenanA rAjAne hAthe enTavarSane nAza thatAM aMgrejone potAnA vepAra mATe bahAra nIkaLyA vinA chUTake nahote, ane tethI ja sane 1591 mAM temanI pahelI saphara upADavAmAM AvI hatI. senTa philipa jahAja upara je kAgaLo aMgrejone maLyA te uparathI pUrvanA vepAramAM keTalo moTo phAyado samAyela hatuM tenI kharI kalpanA temane thaI, ane bAkInA sadhaLA mArga choDI daI AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDAne raste vepAra karavAno temane nizcaya thayo. e pachI sane 1592 mAM pakaDAyelAM vahANa uparathI je kAgaLa patre maLyA tene AdhAre kaMpanIe pitAnI arajI rANI ilijhAbethane sAdara karI. paMdaramA saikAnI AkherIe je dhAraNa upara porTugIjha sarakArane turkastAna tathA anya musalamAna deza virUddha kAma levuM paDayuM hatuM, teja pramANe soLamA saikAnI aMtamAM proTesTaMTa dezone kartholika deza virUddha karavuM paDayuM hatuM. topaNa bhUmadhya samudra upara spenanI sattA cAlu hatI. ATalAMTIka mahAsAgara hAthamAMthI chaTakI game tyAre teno badalo levA spenane vicAra thaye ane pariNAmamAM aMgrejonI tuka kaMpanIne tene hAthe ghaNuM khamavuM paDayuM. maskevI kaMpanIne jamIna mArge vepAra calAvavAmAM anahada kharca lAgavAthI bhUmadhya samudrane mArge turkastAnanI kinArA uparathI pUrva taraphane mAla IMglaDa lAvavA mATe TakI ane livaeNTa nAmanI kaMpanI sane 1581 mAM sthApana thaI e kaMpanIne hetu yuropiyana turkastAnamAM thaI eziyA khaMDanA pazcima bhAgamAM vepAra calAvavAno hato. uttara taraphathI hiMdustAna AvavAne mArga aMgrejone jaData nahe tethI spena ane parTugala sAthe laDavAne prasaMga lAvyA vinA niziana vepArIonI mAphaka khuzkI mArge pUrvanA dezane mAla bhUmadhya samudramAM thaI yuropamAM lAvavAne A

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216 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kaMpanIne prayatna hate. bhUmadhya samudranA pUrva bhAganuM nAma livaeNTa hevAthI A kaMpanIne ligheMTa kaMpanI kahevAmAM AvatI. A kaMpanInA vepArIo liveMTa samudramAM thaI jamInane raste ele, bagadAda vagere ThekANe jaI irAnI akhAta upara AvelA pUrva taraphano mAla kharIda karatA. A kaMpanInI sanada sane 1593 mAM vadhArI ApavAmAM AvI hatI, te paNa AphrikAnA uttaranA bAbarI lUTArAoe tathA bhUmadhya samudramAM pharatAM philipanAM vahANoe tene vepAra jarA paNa cAlavA dIdho nahIM. keTalAMka varSa bAda raziAnA bAdazAha piTara dhI greTe paNa pitAnA deza sAthe hiMdustAnano vepAra joDavA prayatna karyo, ane sane 1717 mAM bekeviTa (Beckovitz) ne mokalI amUdaryA nadInA pradezanI tapAsa karAvI. cha varSa rahI sane 17ra3 mAM brusane kArpiana samudra upara tevIja tapAsa karavA ravAnA karavAmAM Avyo hato. aMgreja sarakAre paNa 1743 mAM jaina elTana(John Elton) ne raziAnA agni bhAgamAM mokalI pitAne vepAra vadhAravA khaTapaTa karI. paNa ethI raziana sarakArane pitAne vepAra buDavAnI hIka lAgavAthI have pachI aMgrejone vepAra arthe raziAmAM dAkhala thavAnI manAI karI. linsakeTana nAmanA valaMdA khalAsIe pirTugIjha rAjyamAM karelA pravAsanI mAhitInuM je pustaka chapAvyuM hatuM tenI prastAvanAmAM ApelI keTalIka hakIkata uparathI iMglaMDamAM vepArI jAgRti prabaLa thatAM kaMpanI sthApavAne udyoga tyAM zarU thayo hato. linsaTana ane phicanA pUrvanA pravAsathI aMgreja ane valaMdA leko vacce eziyAne vepAra tAbe karavA mATe caDasAcaDasI cAlI. sTeTsa janarala nAmanI holenDanI rAjyakArabhAra calAvanArI sabhAe spenanA philipanuM baLa jevI rIte ajamAvI joyuM hatuM tevI rIte rANI ilijhAbethe kareluM na hovAthI valaMdA lekenI tvarAnuM anukaraNa te karI zakI nahIM. vaLI aMgrejonI upara kahelI be kaMpanIo atyAre Agamaja vepAramAM paDelI hovAthI trIjI tarata 1-2 vadhAre hakIkata mATe juo anukrame 54 169 tathA paSTa 212

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 217 sthapAI nahIM. sane 1pa97 mAM kepTana benjAmIna vuDa (Captain Benjamin Wood) ne Akho kAphale DubI javAthI aMgreja lake vizeSa gabharAI gayA hatA. chatAM valaMdAo iMglaMDamAMthI vahANo kharIda kare che e vAta sAMbhaLI teo zaramadA paDayA, ane sane 1589 mAM saghaLA vepArIoe potapotAnAmAM vargaNa karI traNa lAkha rUpIA ekaThA karyA, ane amArA dezanI AbarU rAkhI vepAranI vRddhi karavA" rANIne vinaMti karI. A vinaMtinA phaLarUpe aMgreja IsTa InaDIA kaMpanI hastImAM AvI. 6. kaMpanInI sabhAnI pahelI beThaka (tA. 24 sapTembara 1599)-kaMpanI sthApana karavAne vepArIoe TharAva karyo chatAM te pramANe amala karavAmAM aneka aDacaNa ubhI thaI hatI. kaMpanInI vyavasthA kevA prakAranI rAkhavI e sauthI agatyano prazna hato. atyAra pahelAM je be prajAe eziyAnA vepAramAM jhokAvyuM hatuM tenI kAma karavAnI rIta kaMI judA ja prakAranI hatI. porTugIjha lekene vepAra saghaLe sarakAranA tAbAmAM hatuM eTale zarUAtanAM rAjya sthApanA vagerenA kAmamAM joke teo ekadama AgaLa paDayA topaNa temanI paddhatinA aneka doSone lIdhe temane keTaluM ane kevuM nukasAna thayuM te ApaNe upara joI gayA chIe. valaMdA lekee vepAra bAbatanI saghaLI sattA pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhI hatI, paNa temanI kaMpanInA kAmakAja upara valaMdA sarakAranI dekharekha hevAthI tene saghaLA prakArane Teke maLato. game te deza sAthe yuddha kiMvA taha karavAnI, game tyAM vasAhata sthApavAnI, kilA vagere bAMdhavAnI tathA sikkA pADavAnI sattA valaMdA kaMpanIne ApavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu tene hisAba tapAsI tenI pAsethI jakAta levAne adhikAra valaMdA sarakAre pitAnI pAse rAkhyuM hatuM. sarakAranI sattA ane khAnagI saMsthAnI yogya vyavasthA e beu tatvanA arasaparasa saMdhAnathI valaMdA kaMpanIne utkarSa thaye hatA. e kaMpanI jeke aMgreja kaMpanI karatAM be varSa pachI sthApanA thaI tepaNuM beunAM baMdhAraNa ghaNu bAbatamAM maLatAM Ave che. valaMdA lekenI paddhati svIkAravAnI te veLA IgleMDanI paristhiti nahotI. liveMTa kaMpanInA vepArIo

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218 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vizeSa anubhavI hatA, ane spena tathA porTugala sAthe bharadarIe laDAI karI dakSiNa jaLamArga vepAra calAvavAnuM sAhasa kheDavAmAM teoe ja prathama agADI paDato bhAga lIdho hato. ricarDa sTepara ane Tomasa smitha e be vepArIo liveMTa kaMpanInA mULa sthApaka tathA tenA kAmamAM agresara bhAga lenAra hatA. emane kaMpanInA kAmamAM paisAnuM temaja bIjuM ghaNuM nukasAna khamavuM paDayuM hatuM. AgaLa jatAM TaoNmasa smitha isTa inDIA kapanIne pahele gavarnara thayo hato. sane 1599 nA eprila mAsamAM kaMpanI sthApavAnuM kharuM kAma zarU thayuM. vargaNInA paisA ekaThA karI kaMpanIe milDanahaeNla nAmanA eka sAhasika gRhasthane rANI ilijhAbethanI sahAnubhUtI sAthe akabara bAdazAhanA darabAramAM eziyAnA vepAra mATe goThavaNa karavA ravAnA karyo. IlijhAbetha rANIe akabara bAdazAhane e bAbata eka patra paNa lakhyuM hatuM. A grahastha bAdazAhanI mulAkAta laI traNa varSe IgleMDa pAcho AvyA, tyAre mogala bAdazAhanA vaibhava vize tathA aneka bAbatamAM hiMdustAnanI sudhArelI sthiti vize bharosA lAyaka hakIkata IgleMDamAM pahelavahelI maLI, paraMtu vinAkAraNanI aneka bhAMjagaDamAM guMthAI javAthI kaMpanI taraphathI tene tha joIe tevo upayoga thayo nahIM. tA. 22 mI tathA 24mI sapTembara, 1599, ne dIne phAunDarsa hailamAM laMDananA vepArIonI pahelI sabhA maLI temAM ekadama trIsa hajAra pIDa ekaThA karI upADeluM kAma AgaLa calAvavAno TharAva thayo. laMDanamAM jahAja kharIda karavA AvelA valaMdA vepArIone aMgrejoe spaSTa jaNAvyuM ke "amArAM vahANa amAre joIe chIe mATe tamane te maLavAnAM nathI. A pramANe aMgrejoe valaMdAone vahANu kharIda karavA na dIdhAM, tyAre temane A vepArIonI sthiti kaMI nirALI ja dekhAI, ane temanI khAtarI thaI ke teo have vepAramAM temanI ADe AvyA vinA raheze nahIM. hamaNuM laMDana ghaNuM AbAda sthitimAM hatuM. pacAsa varSa agAu tyAM eka lAkha rUpIA ubhA karavA ghaNuM muzkela hatuM, paNa hAlamAM A vepArIoe TuMka samayamAM

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 219 rANIne cha lAkha rUpIA karai dhIryA hatA. ItihAsakAra phaDa lakhe che ke sane 1572 mAM AkhA IMglaMDamAM vepAramAM rokAyelAM vahANene ekaMdara AkAra pa0,000 Tana hato, ane moTAmAM moTuM vahANa 250 TananuM hatuM. sane 1588 mAM 400 TananAM be traNa vahANa ja hatAM paNa sane 1599 mAM 600 thI 800 TananAM puSkaLa vahANe taiyAra thayAM hatAM, ane 1100 TananuM eka moTuM vahANa e pachI tarataja baMdhAyuM." jarmanImAMnA haMsa vepArIo A samaye IgleMDamAM hatA temane rANI ilijhAbethanA hukamathI bahAra kahADI mukavAmAM AvyA. lagabhaga Aja vakhate haMsalIga (Hanseatic League) nAM zaheramAM rahelA aMgreja vepArIo dhaMdhe zikhI laMDana pAchA pharyA hatA. laMDananA vepArIone rANI pAsethI vepAranA IjArA bAbata je pharamAna joItuM hatuM te aMgrejonA bIjA vyavahAramAM megyaja hatuM. amuka kisaba athavA vepAra je ekAda TharAvelI kaMpanIne soMpavAmAM Avyo hoya te temAM bIjA koIne hAtha ghAlavAnI paravAnagI hovI joIe nahIM. AvA prakAranAM TeDa gilDasa ane TasTasa eTale moTA vepArI maMDaLe pAzcAtya dezomAM adyApi jyAM tyAM mAlama paDe che. hajAre aDacaNa veThI jeo hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra zarU kare tene phAyado thoDAM varSa pachI acAnaka bIjuM kAI khAI jAya e nyAyapUrvaka kahevAya nahIM tethIja pite upADelA vepAramAM bIjA koIne hAtha ghAlavA de nahIM ema aMgreja vepArIoe rANI pAse mAgaNI karI hatI. A mAgaNI kabUla thatAM kaMpanIne vepAra mATe je sanada maLI te TharAvelI mudatane aMte aneka vAra cAlu karI ApavAmAM AvI hatI, ane sane 1858 lagI tene lAbha kaMpanIe meLavyuM hatuM. AvA tatva upara racAyelI kaMpanI regyuleTeDa kaMpanI" kahevAtI. judAM judAM zaheromAMnAM TreDa gIlDasanA dhoraNane vadhAre vistRtva karavAthI te regyuleTeDa kaMpanI nI paMktimAM gaNAtAM. AvI kaMpanImAM 1. juo pAnuM 45.

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220 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. joDAyelA dareka mANasane kaMpanInA niyama anvaye kAma karavAnI chUTa hevA uparAMta tene kaMpanInA saMrakSaka chatrane phAyado maLata. A niyama anusAra vepAra karavAnI IcchA dharAvanAra purUSa TharAvelI vargaNI kaMpanImAM bharavAthI tene sabhAsada thaI zakato. vaLI vepArI maMDaLIomAM keTaleka vakhata phekaTa kAma karanAra umedavAro rAkhavAmAM AvatA, te ja pramANe kaMpanImAM dAkhala thayelA umedavAro vakhata jatAM pitAnI lAyakAta puravAra karI tenA sabhAsada thaI zakatA. rAjya taraphathI maLelA AvA paravAnA virUddha AcaraNuM karavuM ghaNuM jokhamakAraka hatuM, kemake tene bhaMga karanAra bhayaMkara zikSAne pAtra thatuM. A prakAranA matA athavA IjArA ApavAne vahivaTa marAThI rAjyamAM sarvatra hatA. te samaye tAlukA athavA prAMtanI vasula ekaThI karavAno IjAre lIlAmathI vecavAmAM Avato. aniyaMtrita vepAranuM dhAraNa A samaye iMglaMDamAM pracalita thayeluM na hovAthI rANI taraphathI IjAre maLavAnuM kaMpanI mATe ghaNuM muzkela hatuM. IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe mAgelA IjArAmAM hameza karatAM vadhAre aDacaNa samAyelI hatI. teNe aneka rIte vagavasIlAne upayoga karyo, rANInI tathA tenA maMtrIonI vAraMvAra khAnagI mulAkAta lIdhI, paNa temane dareka vakhate nirAza thaI pAchA pharavuM paDayuM, kemake teo saghaLA sAmAnya paMktinAM mANasanI peThe sAdA tathA bheLA hatA. A hakIkatamAM temanI dAda jaladI lAgI nahIM. laMDananA phAunDarsa haila madhye tA. 24 mI sapTembare lairDa meyara, sara sTIphana sema (Sir Stephen Soame)nA adhyakSapaNA heThaLa bharAthalI sabhAmAM ricarDa sTepara ane Tamasa mithe AgevAna bhAga lIdhe hate. emAM keTalAka nAmAMkita purUSo temaja vahANavaTI, sipAI musAphara vagere aneka jAtanA leke hAjara hatA. laMkesTara, Devisa, preTi, phicca, baeNphina, miDalTana vagere pUrvamAM pravAsa karI AvelA zakhtoe eziyAnI phaLadrupatA tathA dhanasaMpattine sabhAne Abehuba citAra Apo. mulyavAna mAlathI chalochala bharelAM speniza tathA porTugIjha jahAje teoe vAraMvAra bharadarIe joyAM hatAM, ane keTalAMka upara temaNe chApa paNa mAryo hate.

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prakaraNa 8 muM.] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 221 e saghaLAnuM tathA hiMdustAnamAM jaI kevA majazekha uDAvavAnA maLaze tenuM ghaNuM ramujI varNana teoe sabhAmAM karyuM. nAnA prakAranA cenacALA tathA hAvabhAvathI temaja aneka rIte vAMkAcuMkAM maheDAM karI zabdonA game tevA uccAra vaDe pitAnA mananA vicAra teoe pradarzita karyA, ane ghaNI karUNa bhASAmAM vyakta karyuM ke bIjA dezanA leke aMgrejone cAMcIA kahe e eka moTuM lAMchana che." teoe vaLI umeryuM ke porTugIjha, speniza ane valaMdA lekoe ATalAM varSamAM game teTalA pradeza kabaje karyo hoya, te paNa pUrvanA dezane vistAra tathA tyAMnI agAdha saMpatti dhyAnamAM laIe te temaNe hajI sudhI kaMI paNa mahatvanuM hAtha karyuM nathI ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI." AvAM bhASaNa thayA bAda "prAcya vepAranA IjArAnI sanada mAgI ApaNuM dezanI AbarU rAkhavA tathA dezanI dolata vadhAravA" rANI ilijhAbethane vinaMti karavAne sarvAnumate TharAva thayo. bhAgIdAro pAsethI mAtra vacana athavA kaMIpaNa aveja na letAM rokaDA paisA levAnuM sabhAmAM nakkI thayuM, ane vargaNI karI ekadama moTo bhALa eka karavAmAM AvyuM. liveMTa kaMpanInA kAmamAM maLela anubhava upayogamAM laI teNe karelI bhUle pharIthI nahIM karavAne saghaLAne nizcaya hato. e sivAya kaMpanInuM hamezanuM kAma calAvavA mATe paMdara DAyarekaTaranI eka vyavasthApaka maMDaLI nImI sabhA barakhAsta thaI. A pramANe ropAyelAM bIjamAMthI kevaDuM moTuM vRkSa ugI nIkaLavAnuM hatuM tenI yatkiMcita kalpanA paNa sabhAsadenA manamAM uThI haze ? laMDananI trAjavAMvALI maMDaLInA hAthamAM vIsa keTI mANasanuM svAmitva, hIrAjaDIta siMhAsananuM Adhipatya, ane romana bAdazAhI pachI Aja lagI keIne paNa nahIM maLelI bAdazAhI Avaze e teoe svapane paNa dhAryuM haze nahIM! 7. kaMpanI mATe sanada meLavavAnI khaTapaTa-bIje divase DAyarekaTaroe pitAnI sabhA bharI teo be zAkhAmAM vaheMcAI gayA. eka zAkhAne privinsila tathA rANI pAse kaMpanInI arajI maMjura karAvavA mATe saghaLI vyavasthA karavAnuM kAma saMpAyuM, ane bIjIe vahANa vagere laI

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222 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pahelI sapharanI saghaLI goThavaNa karavAnuM mAthe lIdhuM. pipanA hukamanuM ullaMghana karI dakSiNa AphrikAne raste pUrvanA vepAramAM pirTugIjhanI prathama ADe AvanArA leke aMgreja hatA. valaMdAo aMgrejonI pachI pUrva tarapha gayA hatA, paNa teoe pipane hukama teDela hovAthI amane vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM kaMI harakata nathI, e mujaba kaMpanIe pitAnI arajImAM lakhyuM hatuM. ilijhAbetha rANIne vicAra kaMpanInI arajI ekadama maMjura karavAno hato, paNa privi kaunsila virUddha paDI, ane teNe kaMpanIno prayatna teDI pADo. spenanI sAthe cAlelA lAMbA yuddhathI kensila kaMTALI javAthI te sAthe taha karavAnA vicAramAM hatI. vaLI rANInI prakRti kSINa thatI hatI tethI spena sAthe mitrAcArI karavAnuM tene paNa gya lAgatuM hatuM, paNa tema karavAmAM potAne vepArIone nukasAna karavA te koI paNa rIte taiyAra nahatI. tA. 16 mI akabare kaMpanInI kamiTie rANInI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre tene kaMpanIe upADeluM kAma ghaNuM stutya lAgyuM, ane temanI mAgaNI kabUla karavA abhivacana ApyuM. "privi kansila pAsethI saphara karavAnI, tathA tenA kharca mATenA paisA paradeza laI javAnI paravAnagI meLave, tamAre je haka joIe te bAbatano musada temanI pAse pasaMda karAvI le, eTale huM mArI maMjurI ApIza." AvA mIThA mIThA zabdo vaDe rANIe taka uDAvI, ane tenA susvabhAvanI tArIpha karatA kamiTinA sabhAsado pAchA pharyA. paNa temane bhAgye ja khabara hatI ke A prasaMge aMdarathI te keTalI gabharAI gaI hatI. keTaleka divase kamiTi privi kansila hajura pitAnI arajI nivedana karavA gaI. tyAre tene cokhkho javAba maLyo ke " rAjyanA kAma AgaLa tamAruM khAnagI kAma kaMI paNa mahatvanuM nathI. spenanA darabAra sAthe taha karavAnI goThavaNa thAya che temAM tamArA kAmathI khalela pahoMcaze." AvA uttarathI kamiTi ekaja nAsIpAsa thaI gaI ane chevaTe eTale ja savAla karyo ke tyAre amAre valaMdA kenA gulAma thaI rahevuM ke kema? spena sAthenA tahanAmAthI amane darasAla dasa lAkha rUpIA maLavAnA che? AthI paNa kansila nahIM

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prakaraNa 8 muM, ] IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 223 gatAM "tamAre joIe te rANI pAse meLo" eTaluM kahI uThI gaI. AvI sthitimAM eka varSa lagI pahelI saphara ravAnA karI nahIM zakAze ema pratyakSa jaNAyuM. kaMpanInI khaTapaTa spenanA hitanI virUddha che evuM privi kansilanuM kahevuM khoTuM puravAra karavA sArU DAyarekaTaroe puSkaLa zrama laI aneka bhUgolika mAhitI tenI AgaLa raju karI, ane kahyuM ke "A vizALa jagatamAM spena athavA porTugalane praveza nahIM thayo hoya evA seMkaDe vistIrNa pradeze paDelA che te tyAM javAnI amane manAI karavAnI spenane zI sattA che? kaMpanInI arajI bAbata rANIe temanI sAthe puSkaLa vAdavivAda calAvyo, ane sekreTarI oNlasiMgahAma (Walsingham) ne arajImAM varNavelI hakIkatanA kharApaNuM vize tapAsa karavA pharamAvyuM. vaeNlasiMgahAme yogya tajasusa karI rANIne jaNAvyuM ke "kaMpanInI mAgaNI gya che. je liveMTa kaMpanIne turkastAna sAthe vepAra karavAmAM pena taraphathI kaMI aDacaNa naDatI nathI, te turkastAnanI mAphaka bIjA dezo sAthe aMgrejo vepAra kare te temAM tene zI harakata hoya ?' ' kaMpanInA ItihAsamAM eka vAta ghaNuM spaSTapaNe dekhAI Ave che. jevI rIte kAI kAmamAM yaza maLatAM te AgaLa calAvavAmAM ApaNe uttejIta thaIe chIe, tevI ja rIte kaMpanIne Dagale Dagale apayaza maLate chatAM pitAnuM kAma draDhatAthI te AgaLa calAvavA mathatI. vAraMvAra nAsIpAsa thatAM paNa kaMpanInA AgevAne svastha beThA nahIM. privi kansila taraphathI pitAnI arajI nAmaMjura thaI tyAre kaMpanIe kepa oNpha guDa hopanI pUrve spenanAM kayAM kayAM sthaLo che tenI saMpUrNa hakIkata spenanA kamiznara mAraphate meLavI ApavA temane vinaMtI karI. paraMtu spena taraphathI Avo khulAso maLavAne bIlakula saMbhava na lAgavAthI kaMpanIe sarva prakAranI mAhitI meLavI kansilane sAdara karI. sane 1600mAM spena ane IgleMDa vaccenI viSTi purI thaI nahIM, ane tema thavAnI AzA paNa rahI nahIM, tyAre tA. 23 mI sapaTembara 1600 ne dIne maLelI kaMpanInI bIjI

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224 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. sabhAmAM sattara mANasane DAyarekaTara nImI vepAra zarU karavAnuM TharAva thayo. DAyarekaTarae dararoja sabhA bharI 60,000 rUpIAnAM cAra vahANa vecAtAM lIdhAM, ane pahelI saphara ravAnA karavA nakkI karyuM. rastAnA tathA bhajana vagerenA kharca mATe bIjA 60,000 rUpIA ApavA tathA lekhaMDa, kalaI ane kApaDa paradezamAM vecavA mATe vahANa upara caDAvavA DAyarekaTarae nakkI karyuM. A goThavaNa thayA pachI kaMpanInA gavarnaranI tathA pahelI sapharanA uparI (Commander)nI nimaNuka karavA mATe tA. 30 akabare bharAyelI sabhAmAM vIsa DAyarekaTaronI eka vyavasthApaka sabhA mukarara thaI. eja sabhAmAM olDaramena Dragsa smitha kaMpanIne pahele garvanara nImAyo, ane kepTana leMkesTara sapharano uparI thayo. emanA hAtha heThaLa Devisa, miDalaTana vagere keTalAka bAhoza purUSo maLI ekaMdara 480 mANaso sarvAnumate nImavAmAM AvyAM. emAMnA 36 phekaTarsa (Factors) eTale hisAbI kArakunone rU. 5000 sudhInA jAmIna ApavAnA hatA. A saghaLAonA pagAranI bAbatamAM eTaluM ja kahevuM basa che ke kepTana DevIsane 100 paiDa pagAra tarIke tathA jAtano vepAra karavA mATe 200 piAMDa karja ApyA hatA, ane pAchA pharyA pachI sapharane naphe 200 TakA thAya te 500 paiDa bakSisa, 300 TakA thAya te 1000 piMDa bakSisa ane 100 TakA thAya te 2000 pAMDa bakSisa ApavAne TharAva hate. tA. 31 mI DIsembara 1600 ne divase kaMpanInI sanada upara rANInI sahI thaI tyAre A kaMpanImAM 215 sabhAsada hatA, ane ala epha kaMbaleMDa temane adhyakSa hato. sanadane mukhya majakura A pramANe hata ApaNuM dezanI AbarU rAkhavA, lekae saMpatti meLavavA, dariyAI sattA vadhAravA, eTale TuMkamAM kAyadAsara vepAra karI ApaNuM dezane AbAda karavAnA hetuthI eka rASTriya saMsthA sthApana karavAmAM Ave che. A saMsthAne pUrva taraphanA pradezamAM vepAra karanArI laMDananA vepArIonI kaMpanI ane gavarnara " evuM nAma ApavAmAM Ave che. A nAma pramANe teNe pitAnuM kAma karavAnuM che.

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225 prakaraNa 8 muM. ] - IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. kaMpanIne ApavAmAM AvelA adhikArane sArAMza - 1. kaMpanInA sabhAsada, temanA pukhta umaranA chokarAo, tema tenA nekara tathA umedavAra e sarvane paMdara varSa lagI pUrvanA vepArane IjA ApavAmAM Ave che. 2. megelananI sAmudradhunI ane kepa oNpha guDa hepanI vacamAMnA eziyA, AphrikA ane amerikAnA game te deza, baMdara athavA beTane mAla lAvI kaMpanIe vepAra calAva. 3. (a) upara kahelA dezamAM joIe teTalI jamIna vecAtI levAne, (ba) pharIAda mAMDavAne, pitAnA uparanI pharIAdamAM bacAva karavAne tathA sikko vAparavAno, (ka) pitAnI vyavasthA karavA mATe joIe tevA niyama ghaDavAne, tathA (1) aMgrejI kAyadA pramANe gunhegArone daMDanI athavA dedanI zikSA karavAne, kaMpanIne adhikAra che. (4) A sanaMdamAM nirdiSTa karelI kaMpanI sivAya bIjA aMgrejo upara jaNAvelA dezo sAthe vepAra calAvaze te tene zikSA thaze. A uparAMta rANIe pote kaMpanIne kaMIka vizeSa saraLatA karI ApI hatI. pahelI cAra sapharamAM kaMpanI vecavA mATe je mAla dezAvara laI jAya te upara nikAsa jakAta teNe mApha karI, ane AyAta jakAta bharavA mATe 6 thI 12 mahinAnI mahetala ApI. pahelI sapharamAM traNa lAkha rUpIA lagInI cAMdI athavA rokaDa nANuM IglaMDanI bahAra laI javAnI kaMpanIne paravAnagI hatI, paNa te pachInI sapharamAM paradeza gayeluM nANuM cha mahinAnI aMdara svadeza pAchuM lAvavAnuM TharAva hato. Ane artha eTale ja ke dezamAMnA paisA bahAra na javA devA mATe te veLA aDaga prayatna thatA. mogala bAdazAhImAM paNa nANAM mATe evAja nibaMdha hatA. A sivAya 500 aMgreja khalAsI ane 6 vahANe joIe tyAre kaMpanIne maLyA kare e rANIe hukama karyo hato. vaLI kAmakAja vyavasthita rIte cAlaze te IjArAnI paMdara varSanI

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226 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. mudatamAM vadhAro karI ApavAmAM Avaze, agara temAM je kaMI geravyavasthA jaNAze. te e mudata kamI karavAmAM Avaze evuM paNa karyuM hatuM. ', ATaluM karyA chatAM paNa keTalIka aDacaNa rahI hatI. pahelI ja sapharanI ekaMdara kharcane aDasaTTo sAta lAkha rUpIA thayo, paNa eTaluM nANuM vakhatasara vasula na thaI zakavAthI kAma zarU karavA mATe keTalAkane pitAnI padaranA paisA kahADavA paDyA hatA. Akhare saghaLI taiyArI saMpUrNa thatAM tA. 13 mI phebruArI, 1602 ne divase Tesa nadI cheDI kaMpanInAM vahANe pUrvanI pahelI saphare upaDayAM. 8, A bAbata skuTa vicAra-A pramANe ilijhAbetha rANunA samayamAM IgleMDanI naikAnayanamAM pragati thaI ane kaMpanInI sthApanAthI tene maratabe puSkaLa vaLe. ane anya sahAya karavAnuM eTale ghaNu mANasee maLI eka nizcayathI amuka kAma upADI te pAra utAravAnuM cheraNa A prasaMge uttama rIte amalamAM AvyuM. hiMdustAna jevA dUra dezane vepAra zeDa De kharca karI ekAda be vahANa mokalavAthI hAthamAM Avaze nahIM, te mATe sarvae ekatra thaI AkhA dezano Teke meLavavuM joIe, speniza, valaMdA vagere anya prajA sAthe vakhatovakhata hAtha cAlAkI karavI paDe te ceDAM mANasothI kAma siddha thAya nahIM, evI aneka jAtanI pharIA kaMpanInA vepArIe pitAnI arajImAM prathamathI ja karatA. vaLI pratyeka bAbatamAM koInI paNa zarama athavA bahIka rAkhyA vinA kAma karyA javAne A vepArIono IrAde hate. rekaDA paisA nahIM bharatAM je kaMI kaMI mAla athavA vahANa Ape che te na levAne temane saMkalpa hato. sarva bAbatamAM hAlanI jaITa sTeka kaMpanInA jevIja A kaMpanI hatI. paNa AgaLa jatAM tenuM kAmakAja vadhI jaze, ane tenAM keTalAMka rUpAMtare thaze tenI e samaye koIne kalpanA paNa thaI nahatI. kaMpanIne mukhya AdhAra IjArAnI paddhati upara racAye hato, eTale bIjA koIne tenA vepAramAM dAkhala karavAnI tene chUTa nahotI. saghaLAnI madadanI je kAmamAM jarUra hoya tyAM vyaktinI svataMtratA bhAgyeja jaLavAya e svAbhAvika che. Ama chatAM paNa valaMdA kaMpanInI mAphaka A kaMpanImAM AkhA aMgrejI

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. ' 27 rASTrane samAveza thatuM hatuM nahIM, paNa tenuM saghaLuM sAmarthya rAjya taraphathI maLelA haka upara avalaMbI rahyuM hatuM. dara khUpe vahANo mokalavA mATe kaMpanIne rAjAnI paravAnagI levI paDatI, temaja eka baMdarethI bIje baMdare mAla laI javA mATe paNa tevI maMjurInI jarUra hatI. vaLI rAjAnAM marI vecAyA sivAya kaMpanIe pitAnAM marI vecavAM nahIM evo aTakAva hate. kaMpanInI aMtarthavasthAmAM kaMI bakheDe thAya, koI pitAnI vargaNuM veLAsara Ape nahIM, ekAda sapharamAM mokalavA mATe khalAsI, vahANa athavA sutAra maLe nahIM, athavA je kAI apayazI kaptAna kaMI kasUra kare te privi kansila mAraphata te saghaLI bAbatane nikAla karavAne hate. arthAta dareke dareka bAbatamAM kaMpanI rAjAnA hukamathI baMdhAI gayelI hatI, ane tenuM kAmakAja calAvavAne saMpUrNa adhikAra phakta 24 mANasenA hAthamAM hatuM. hAlamAM jevI rIte TharAvelA kAyadA anvaya ke paNa kaMpanIne svataMtra adhikAra ApavAmAM Ave che te pramANe A kaMpanI ne kaMIpaNa haka nahato. amuka bhAga vecAte laI temAM dAkhala thavAno hato. AraMbhamAM eka bhAganI kimata 200 pAMDa hatI. bIjI saphara vakhata te 100 pAMDa thaI jatAM nAnA nAnA bhAgIdAranA hAthamAM kaMpanInI sattA gaI. sane 1607 mAM upaDelI trIjI sapharamAM 205 bhAgIdAromAMthI 108 mANaso 200 pAMDanI aMdaranA bhAgIdAro hatA. A sthiti aTakAvavAnA hetuthI 1608 mAM kaMpanInA pratyeka bhAganI kimata 500 pAMDa karavAmAM AvI. ema chatAM nAnI puMchavALA mANase paNa vepAramAM sAmela thaI zake te mATe ghaNAoe ekaThA thaI pitAmAMnA ekAda jaNane nAme bhAga levAnI geThavaNa karI eka bhAga lenAra kaMpanInA vahivaTamAM eka mata ApI zakate. pahelI sapharamAM jamA thayela 68,373 pAMDane bhaMDaLa kaMpanInA sabhAsadoe ekaThe karyo hato. dareka sapharane jamA kharca judo rAkhI tenA naphAToTAne hisAba te sapharane ja khAte lakhavAnuM zarUAtathI ja nakkI thayuM

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228 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. hatuM. paNa bIjI saphara jAya te agAu pahelI sapharane hisAba pure thatuM nahIM Avela mAla vecavAmAM athavA bIjI bhAMjagaDane nikAla karavAmAM puSkaLa vakhata nIkaLI jo, eTale bIjI sapharanA kharcanI jogavAI pahelI sabhA piteja karatI, athavA teo bIjA pAse eTale bhaMDoLa ubho karAvatA, ane te sapharamAM je naphe nukasAna thAya te ja temane mAthe paData. AvI rIte je kaI vargaNI ApatuM te kaMpanIno sabhAsada thatuM. TuMkamAM pahelI IsTa InDIA kaMpanI zarUAtamAM ekaThA thayelA ekaja maMDaLa upara cAlI hatI evuM hatuM nahIM, mAtra dareka sapharanAM naphe nukasAna je te sapharane hisAbe lakhAtAM. e pramANe trIjI, ethI, athavA te pachInI sapharamAM navAMja mANase paisA bhare te pahelI sapharanA bhAgIdAronuM zuM kAma paDe e svAbhAvika prazna uThe che. paNa teo mATe puSkaLa kAma hatuM. navI saphara kaI bAjue ravAnA karavI, temAM lAganAra kharcano aMdAja karI vargaNIthI rakama bhegI karavI, tene mATe rAjAnI paravAnagI meLavavI, saphara mATe vahANa, mAla vagere vecAtAM levAM tathA pAchaLathI naphA nukasAnane hisAba karI vaheMcaNI karI ApavI, vagere aneka prakAranAM kAme temane mATe hatAM. keTalIka veLA navA vagaNIdAro na maLe te pahelAMnAja lekene bhAge paDatA paisA ApavA paDatA. A saghaLuM kahevAnI matalaba e ja che ke hAlanI kaMpanIonA vahivaTa mAphaka A kaMpanInuM kAma saraLa nahatuM. temAM vakhate vakhata navA leke dAkhala thatA hovAthI, tathA navI rakama umerAtI hovAthI, temaja dareka sapharane hisAba jude rAkhavAmAM Avato hovAthI aneka bhAMjagaDa utpanna thatI. eka sakara upaDayA pachI kaMpanInA sabhAsadone cheDI vizrAMti maLe eTalAmAM bIjo koI grahastha navI sapharanI yojanA kare te tene vicAra karavA mATe sabhA bharavAmAM AvatI, ane kAma zarU thatuM. te saphara mATenuM jAheranAmuM taiyAra karI tene udeza tathA kharca ane naphA nukasAnane aDasaddo temAM lakhavAmAM Avate, ane hAjara hoya te leke marajI pramANe temAM rakama bharatA; pachI je copaDImAM upalI saghaLI hakIkata lakhavAmAM AvI hoya te copaDI vagaNI ekaThI karavA mATe anya lekamAM pheravavAmAM AvatI.

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 229 AvI rIte je paisA ekaThA na thAya te pharIthI te kAma mATe eka khAsa kamiTi nImAtI. keTalIka veLA pahelI sapharanAja vargaNadArone bIjI saphara mATe nANuM kahADI ApavAnI pharaja paDatI. bhaMDoLa ekaThe thatAM sapharane mATe niyame ghaDavAnuM tathA rAjAnI paravAnagI meLavavAnuM kAma zarU thatuM. A bAda vargaNIdAronI sabhA samakSa saghaLuM nivedana thatuM. vargaNudArane "bradhara oNpha dhI kaMpanI ' ( Brother of the Company) athavA "prAyaTara oNpha dhI kaMpanIjha sToka" (Proprietor of the Company's Stock) kahetA. temanI vartaNukamAMnI sauthI najIvI bAbata mATe paNa niyamo thatA. sabhAmAMthI gerahAjara rahenArAne athavA sabhA barakhAsta thayA pUrve uThI janArAne ATha AnA, ane sabhAmAM meDA AvanArane cAra AnA daMDa thato. keTalIka veLA vargaNIdArane turaMgamAM mokalavA mATe privi kensila pAsathI paravAnagI meLavavAmAM AvatI. sabhAmAM koIne traNathI vadhAre vakhata bolavAnI chuTa nahatI. e niyamanuM ullaMghana karanArane poNAbe rUpIA daMDa thase. bIje belata hoya tyAre vacamAM bolanArane athavA baDabaDa karanArane savA rUpIo, ane ayogya vartana mATe pAMca rUpIA daMDa karavAmAM Avato. sabhAsadone adhyakSane hukama mAnya kare paDate, ane daMDa na ApanArane kedanI zikSA thatI. dareka navI sapharanI saghaLI goThavaNa karavA mATe cAra mukhya vAta jarUranI hatI. prathama, rAjAnI lekhI paravAnagI meLavavI; e vize karavAnI arajImAM saphara mATe niyukta thayelA uparI amaladArane sarva prakAranA adhikAra ApavA bAbata nirdiSTa karavAmAM AvatuM. bIjuM, sapharanA mukhya kAmadAroe zuM zuM kAma karavuM tenI yAdI nakkI karavI. trIjuM, leTarsa peTaMTa eTale rAjAnI sahI sikkAvALo paravAno meLavavo, kemake te dezAvaranA rAjAone batAve paDate; ane cethuM, e rAjAonA upara IgleMDanA rAjAne svahasta likhita patra le. IlijhAbetha rANIe A eka patra ahIMnA rAjAne ApavA mATe pahelI

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230 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. sapharanA mukhIne Ape hate. e patra aneka rIte agatyane hovAthI tenuM bhASAMtara heThaLa ApyuM che - phebruArI sane 1600. paramezvaranI kRpAthI IgleMDa, velsa ane AyaralaMDanI rANI IlijhAbetha taraphathInA mahAna ane parAkramI rAjyakartA joga. | sarva zaktimAna prabhue pitAnA aparimita ane agAdha DahApaNathI tathA kRpA draSTithI A jagatamAM manuSyanA upabhoga mATe aneka uttama vastu utpanna karI tenI sarvatra suvyavasthA karI rAkhI che. te jaNaso game tevI rIte pedA thatI haze, ane keTalIka A dezamAM ane keTalIka bIjA dezamAM taiyAra thatI haze, te paNa te A prabhunA hukama anvaye pRthvI uparanA saghaLA dezamAM pahoMce, ane te mahA prabhunuM aparimita audArya janasamUhane eka sarakhuM prApta thAya, e te prabhune udeza dekhAya che, je pradezamAM amuka cIja pAkatI hoya tyAMnA lekeeja mAtra te vAparavI, ane bIjA dezone te maLe nahIM e tene hetu jaNAto nathI. eka deza bIjA dezane upayogI thAya, ane je eka jagyAe kaMI vastu anahada pAke te te mATenI bIjA mulakanI jarUrIAta teNe TALavI e IzvarI udeza hovAthI dUradUranA aneka dezomAM vepAranI dhAmadhuma cAle che, ane mAlanI levaDadevaDa thatAM temanI vacce sneha bhAva tathA prema vadhe che. mahArAja ! A upara kahelA hetu sivAya amAruM evuM samajavuM che ke koI pararAjyanA leke vepArane uddeza manamAM rAkhI sneha bhAvathI tathA saumyavRttIthI ApaNuM dezamAM Ave te tene uttama prakAre Adara karavo. AthIja amArA keTalAka vepArIone ApanA dezamAM AvavAnI paravAnagI ApavAnI amane umeda thAya che. ApanA dezamAM vepArI mAlanA sedA ghaNuM uttama thAya che evuM ahIM khAtarI lAyaka sAdhanethI jANavAmAM AvyAthI, jaLamArganAM aneka durdhaTe saMkaTa veThI A vepArIo tamArI tarapha Ave che. ApanA leke sAthe vepArI dhoraNe sedA karavAne eTale ahIMno mAla tamArA dezamAM vecI tyAM mAla ahIM vecavA mATe

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 231 lAvavAne, temane udeza che. ATalAM saMkaTa veThI ApanA dezamAM dAkhala thavA je arthe temane skUrti AvI che te arthe Apa paNa temanogya satkAra karaze, te belavA cAlavAmAM tathA vyavahAramAM teo cokhA ane sabhya che ema Apane jaNAI Avaze, ane ApanA dezamAM teonA Agamana mATe Apane khoTuM lagADavAne kAraNa raheze nahIM. tevI ja rIte teo pitAnA vahANamAM ahIMne je mAla bharI lAve che te Apane ApatAM, ane ApanI taraphane mAla ahIM lAvatAM ekamekane je nikaTane sahavAsa ane vyavahAra cAlu thaze te uparathI Apane ema IcchA thaze ke teo pharIthI evo mAla laI ApanA dezamAM Ave. Aja sudhI phakta speniza ane porTugIjha vepArIo ahIne keTaleka mAla ApanA dezamAM lAve che, paNa teo vepAranA saMbaMdhamAM amArA vepArIo tathA bIjA lekene nAhaka satAve che. kharuM jotAM teo ApanA dezamAM vepAranA udezathI AvyA ja nathI. ApanI taraphanA saghaLA dezenA mAlika ane bAdazAha pite che ema teo samaje che, ane tyAMnA leke pitAnI prajA che, evuM ahIMnA lekene teo jAhera karI rahyA che; lakhANamAM paNa evI ja khullI rIta teoe akhatyAra karI che. A amArA je leke mAtra vepAranA saumya udezathI ApanI tarapha Ave che teone Apa maherabAnI karI ApanA dezamAM dAkhala thavA deze, ane A pahelA prasaMganI oLakha cAlu rAkhI ApanI ane amArI prajA vacce vepAra ane snehanI vRddhi karaze, evI amane AzA che. ApanI AjJA haze te amArA keTalAka vepArIo ahIM pAchA AvI ahIMne mAla bharI tamArI tarapha lAve te paryata bAkInAM mANaso ApanAM kapAchatra heThaLa ApanA dezamAM rahI tyAMnI bhASA vagere zikhaze, ke jethI karI ekamekanA vicAra tathA rItarivAja eka bIjAnI jANamAM AvyAthI nehanI vRddhi thatAM ubhayane hetu pAra paDe. : : ApanI tathA amArI vacce sneha vRddhi pAmI vyavahArane skRti maLe e mATe ubhaya prajA vacce kaMika karAra athavA TharAva karavAnI jarUra

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232 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. che, tethI A patra ApanI tarapha lAvanAra mANasane amArI taraphathI saMdezA calAvavAne, tathA TharAva karavAne ame saMpUrNa adhikAra Ape che. te gRhastha ApanI sAthe je TharAva karaze te ame ImAnadArIthI pALIzuM, ane Apa amArA A leke upara je maherabAnI kiMvA upakAra karaze tene badale ame atyaMta AnaMdathI vALIzuM. chelle eTalI ja mAgaNuM che ke amAre A udeza Apane pasaMda paDayA vizene javAba AvelA lekene Apaze. ApanA javAba mekalavAthI amArA upara moTI maherabAnI thaze, ane amane atizaya saMtoSa upajaze." A patra upara TIkAnI jarUra nathI. AvA mIThA zabdathI pAzcAtya prajA A dezamAM kevI rIte dAkhala thaI te sahaja jaNAze. | pahelI saphara upaDyA pachI rja vematha nAmanA eka vahANavaTIe kaMpanIne arajI karI puchAvyuM ke "uttara taraphathI hiMdustAna javAne raste huM zodhI kahADavA rAjI chuM te e kAma pitAne kharca kaMpanI hAthamAM levA taiyAra che ke nahIM ? ane jo na hoya te huM svataMtrapaNe mArga zodhI kahANuM te keTalAMka varSa sudhI hiMdustAnanA vepArane ijAre mane ApavA kaMpanI taiyAra thaze ke nahIM?" A arajI uparathI kaMpanIe sabhA bharI pitAne kharce te kAma upADI levAnuM TharAva karyo, ane kharca mATe 30,000 rUpIAnI jogavAI karI. kepTana mathane hathIAra kharIdavA 1000 rUpIA ApavA, tathA no mArga zodhI kahADavAmAM te phatehamaMda thAya te bakSisa tarIke tene 5000 rUpIA ApavA, ane je niSphaLa jAya te kaMi ApavuM nahIM, evI matalabane kaMpanIe tenI sAthe karAra karyo. paraMtu AthI maskevI kaMpanInA vyavahAramAM khalela pahoMcaze evI takarAra tenI taraphathI uThAvavAmAM AvatAM tene saMtoSakAraka nikAla karyA bAda vemathanA kAphalAnI saghaLI goThavaNa karavAmAM AvI. rANI ilijhAbetha taraphane patra taiyAra thayo, paraMtu A sapharane kaMI paNa upayoga thayo nahIM, ane kharcanA paisA nakAmA gayA. A pachI uttara tarapha saphara mokalavAnI bhAMjagaDamAM kaMpanI ghaNuM paDI nahIM.

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prakaraNa 8 muM. ] IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI sthApanA. 233 sane 1906mAM na nAITe, ane sane 1607-8-9 mAM henarI hasane uttara dhruvanA pradeza tarapha saphara karI; sane 16 12 lagImAM viliama bephine te dizAne ghaNe pradeza zodhI kahADa. sane 1741 mAM raziana keTina beharIge hAlanI beharIMganI sAmudradhunI zodhI kahADI. kaMpanInI vyavasthApaka maMDaLImAM gavarnara, DepyuTI gavarnara, Trejharara ane bIjA 24 mANase hatAM. A saghaLA darasAla julAI mahinAmAM bahumatithI cuMTI kahADavAmAM AvatA; junA sabhAsadone pharIthI cuMTAvavAmAM harakata nahatI. e maMDaLInI madadamAM eka sekreTarI, eka ekAunTanTa ane keTalAka kArakuna hatA. zarUAtamAM jyAM sudhI judI judI sapharanuM kAma cAlatuM tyAM sudhI vyavasthApaka sabhA saghaLI bAbatamAM mukhatyAra hatI. vargaNIdAranA hAthamAM ghaNI sattA nahotI, paNa Asare pacAsa varSa vItyA bAda A vyavasthApaka maMDaLInA adhikAramAM ghaNuM ghaTADo thaye. pratyeka sapharane hisAba judo rAkhavAmAM Avate, te paNa ghaNuM kharuM eka sapharamAM kAma karanArAM mANase ja bIjI sapharamAM rokavAmAM AvatAM, tevI ja rIte eka sapharano mAla tathA utpanna bIjI sapharanA hisAbamAM gaNavAmAM Avate. hiMdustAnamAM rahetA leka ghaNuM kharuM badalAtA nahIM, paNa temane kharca je te sapharamAMthI gaNavAmAM AvatuM. teo saghaLA eka kuTuMba tarIke rahetA, ane temanA upara kaMpanInI dekharekha rahetI. jyAM jyAM vakhAra hoya tyAM saghaLA kAmadAre ekaThA rahetA, ekaja ThekANe jamatA, savAra sAMja ekaThA thaI prArthanA karatA. amane TharAvelA vakhata pachI rAtre bahAra nIkaLavAnI manAI hatI. IsTa InDIA kaMpanI taraphathI lakhAyelA zarUAtanA ghaNuM kAgaLo A lekanA vartana saMbaMdhI che. gALAgALI karavI nahIM, zarIra svaccha rAkhavuM, uparIone mAna ApavuM tathA temanuM kahevuM sAMbhaLavuM, prakatI jALavavI, cADI khAnAra tathA anItine mArge janArane zikSA thaze, jugAra bIlakula ramavo nahIM, amaryAdita madyapAna tathA mIjabAnIo karavAM nahIM, AvA prakAranA upadeza A patramAM karavAmAM AvelA mAlama paDe che. vepAranI hakIkatanI sAthe AvA khAnagI vartaNukanA

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234 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ullekha joI kaMpanIne pitAnA nekare sAthe kevo saMbaMdha hatuM tenuM sahaja anumAna thaI zakaze. "Izvara upara bhakti rAkho tathA tenI vhIka rAkhI vartI' A upadeza lITIe lITIe che. "tamAre paheraveza ane khAnagI vartaNuka evAM rAkhavAM ke tethI kharca vadhAre thAya nahIM, ane vepAramAM kaMI aDacaNa Ave nahIM; kaeNpTana vagere lekonA sanmAnArthe baMduka athavA tapa keDI dArUgeLe vAparI nAMkho egya nathI; porTugIjha leke pitAne dArUgaLa AvA kAmamAMja uDAvI de che e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM. TuMkamAM porTugIjhane pagale nahIM cAlatAM valaMdA lekenuM anukaraNa kare; teo udyAgI tathA sAvadha rahe che tevA tame thAo." Avo upadeza kaMpanI taraphathI tenA nekarane aharaniza karavAmAM Avate, temane mATe sArAM sArAM pustaka paNa IgleMDathI mekalavAmAM AvatAM. AvI khaMta ane mahenata uparathIja kaMpanIe pAchaLathI meLavelA yazanI kalpanA thaI zakaze. prakaraNa 9 muM. niyamita saphare tathA sara Tomsa re, (sane 1600-1620) 1. yuropiyana kaMpanIo. 2. aMgrejonI pahelI niyamita saphara. 3. pigI sAthe pahelo jhagaDe. 4. cIna jApAna tarapha prayana. 5. sara TAsarenI nimaNuka tathA tenuM 6. megala darabAranI sthiti, - hiMda tarapha prayANa 7. tahanAmAne musado tathA tene lagatI 8, A udhogathI thayo phAyado. carcA. 9. IrAnamAM khaTapaTa. 1, yurepiana kaMpanIo-yuropiyana prajAmAMthI prathama hiMda AvanAra porTugIjhe hatA, paNa teoe vepAra arthe niyamita kaMpanI sthApI nahotI; temane saghaLo vepAra rAjya taraphathI cAla. sane 17paramAM parTugIjha sarakAre hiMdustAnane vepAra sarvane mATe khulluM muko tyAM sudhI temanA

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNgsa re. 235 hukama sivAya keIne A dezamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI nahatI.valaMdA kaMpanI sane 1602 mAM sthapAI hatI. phrenca lekonI aneka kaMpanIo ubhI thaI hatI. pahelI kaMpanI sane 1904 mAM, bIjI sane 1611 mAM, trIjI sane 1615 mAM, cothI sane 1642 mAM, ane pAMcamI sane 1644 mAM sthapAI hatI, temanI chaThThI ane sarvathI moTI kaMpanI, pUrva ane pazcima ema beu dizA tarapha vepAra karavA mATe sane 1619mAM hastImAM AvI hatI. A "kaMpanI oNpha dhI inDIjha" ne IjAre sane 1769 paryata amalamAM rahyo. sane 1790 mAM kenya sarakAre sarvane mATe vepAra khule mu eTale A ijAre kAyamane nirmaLa gaye. (DenamArkanI pahelI kaMpanI sane 161ra mAM, tathA bIjI 1670 mAM sthApana thaI hatI. skeTalaMDamAM sane 16 17 mAM "auTiza IsTa InDIA kaMpanI'sara jemsa kaniMgahAmanA agresarapaNuM heThaLa ubhI thaI hatI. sane 1695 mAM trIjA viliama rAjAe AphrikA tathA IDIjhamAM vepAra karanArI bIjI eka skaoNTa kaMpanIne bAvIsa varSanI sanada ApI, paNa te mudata purI thavA agAu e kaMpanI bhAMgI paDI. eNsTrIAnA bAdazAhe "eNsTenDa kaMpanI" nAmanI pUrvamAM vepAra karanArI eka kaMpanI sthApavA sane 1723mAM paravAnagI ApI, paNa sane 1784 mAM te kaMpanIne aMta Avyo. spenanA lokoe sane 1733 mAM sthApelI kaMpanI sane 1808 mAM bhAMgI paDI. praziana loe sane 1790 mAM sthApelI "eziyATIka kaMpanI' sane 1803 mAM nAza pAmI. teoe ubhI karelI "baMgAla kaMpanI tarataja DubI gaI (sane 1755-56). A rIte A dezane vepAra hastagata karavA kAje yuropamAM sthApana thayelI aneka kaMpanIo TuMke athavA lAMbo kALa hastI bhogavI adrazya thaI hatI. sane 1600 mAM sthApana thayelI aMgrejonI "IsTa inDIA kaMpanI "

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236 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. aMta sudhI TakI rahI, ane hiMdustAnamAM briTiza amala sthApavAmAM phahamaMda thaI. ra. aMgrejonI pahelI niyamita saphara (sane 1600-1612)chellA prakaraNamAM varNavelI isTa inDIA kaMpanIne vyavahAranI paddhati dhyAnamAM laIe te tenA vahivaTanI hakIkatanA bhAga paDI gayelA jaNAya che. sane 1600 thI 1612 sudhInA paDelA vibhAgamAM judI judI saphara IMgleMDathI upaDatI, ane te darekane hisAba nirALo rAkhavAmAM AvatA. paNa vakhatasara hisAba purA karavAnuM tarataja azakya lAgyuM. be judI sapharanA leke eka veLA hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe AvI pahoMcatA, ane mAMhomAMhe caDasAcaDasIthI vepAra karatA. ema karavAmAM saghaLAne nukasAna thavA lAgyuM, tyAre A paddhati aTakAvavAnI jarUra jaNAI. bIjA bhAgamAM eTale sane 161ra thI 1661 sudhI sAmAIka vepAra, eTale jaITa sToka kaMpanInA dhoraNa upara cAlatA vepAra, kaMpanIe calAvyuM. A dhoraNa anvaya sapharanI mudata TharAvavAnI nahotI, ane game teTalI sapharo thAya tene hisAba ekatra karI AgalA dhoraNane deSa dUra karavAno Azaya hato. pacAsa varSa lagI cAlela A prayatna paNa saphaLa thayo nahIM. keTaleka varSa sapharanI muddata vadhArI paNa koI sapharano hisAba pure thAya nahIM, ane saghaLe ghAMTALe cAlyA kare, eTale eka ITa sToka puro karI bIje zarU karavAnA vicArane tilAMjalI ApavI paDI, ane Akhare kaMpanInA bhaMDaLanA zersa athavA bhAga TharAvI te vecI nANuM bheguM karavAnI rIta zarU thaI. e rIte Akhara sudhI amalamAM rahI. pahelI saphara mATe taiyAra karelAM jahAjane IMgleMDane kinAre cheDatAM be mahinA lAgyA. A sapharamAM eka jahAja 600 TananuM ane bAkInAM traNa 250 thI 300 Tana sudhI hatAM, ane te upara saghaLAM maLI 480 mANase hatAM. vaLI te upara rUpIA sAta lAkhanA vecavAno mAla uparAMta rUpIA traNa lAkha sudhInI cAMdI hatI. rastAmAM AphrikAnA kinArA upara A sapharamAMnAM 105 mANase regathI pIDAI maraNa

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita sapharo tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 237 pAmyAM. sane 1602 nA junanI pAMcamI tArIkhe kaeNpTana leMkesTara sumAtrAnI rAjadhAnI acIna AgaLa Avyo. tyAMnA rAjAne ilijhAbetha rANIne patra tathA najarANuM vagere sAdara karI laMkesTare tenI sAthe vepAra mATe kelakarAra karyo, te paNa tene kaMI mAla maLyo nahIM, kAraNa ke porTugIjha, valaMdA vagere vepArIo saghaLe mAla dabAvI beThA hatA. vaLI te ja varSe marIne pAka sAre utaryo nahoto. eTale nAsIpAsa thaI teNe porTugInuM eka 900 TananuM mAlathI bhareluM vahANa lUTayuM. e pachI jAvA beTamAM baeNTamanA rAjA sAthe mitrAcArI karI tyAM pitAnA vepArIo rAkhI laMkesTara sapTembara sane 1603 mAM IMgleMDa pAcho pharyo. e samaye rANI ilijhAbethanA maraNanI khabara eNe sAMbhaLI, ane dezano eka moTe Take ja rahevAthI saghaLAo khinna thayA. uThAvelI mahenatanA badalAmAM pheMkesTarane rAjya taraphathI nAITane khitAba maLe, ane te kaMpanIne DAyarekaTara thayo. sane 1618 mAM te maraNa pAme tyAM sudhI teNe kaMpanInI ghaNuM sArI sevA bajAvI. marI, loMga, taja ane guMdara maLI ekaMdara dasa lAkha paDane mAla laiMkesTara pitAnI sAthe lAvyo te joI kaMpanInA lekanA AnaMdane pAra rahyo nahIM. vahANamAMthI e mAla khAlI karanArA cha majure gajavAmAM bharI masAle cerI na jAya te mATe temane sArU khIsA vinAnAM khAdInAM kapaDAM kaMpanIe taiyAra karAvyAM hatAM. baeNTamamAM marIne bhAva zere cAra AnA hatA, paNa IglaMDamAM te hameza sumAre savA rUpIo rahe, ane sane 1599 mAM te te 3-4 rUpIA lagI caDe hato. te samaye masAlAnA vepAramAM Avo aDhaLaka phAyado hato. sane 1606 mAM e beyanAnA TApumAMthI lIdhelAM 30,000 rUpIAnAM loMganI upaja iMglaMDamAM sane 1608 mAM 3,60,000 rUpIA thaI hatI. paNa A phAyado hamezaja thato evuM kaMI nahatuM. pahelI sapharanAM vahANo IgleMDa AvyAM te varSa tyAM marakI cAlatI hatI. e haMgAmamAM eka ja varSamAM ekalA laMDana zaheramAM 38,138 mANaso marakInAM bhegI thaI paDyAM hatAM ema kaMpanInI hakIkata uparathI mAlama paDe che.

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238 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. marakI nAbuda thatAM mAla vecavAnI aDacaNa paDavA lAgI tyAre vargaNIdAroe pitAnA paisAnA vyAja peTe thaDa De mAla vaheMcI lIdho. A pramANe sane 1609 sudhI pahelI sapharane hisAba patye nahIM. saghaLe hisAba puro thayo tyAre be saphara maLI 95 TakA naphe thayele jaNAya. paNa A phAyade nava varSa jeTalI lAMbI mudata mATe thayele gaNIe te te bhAre jaNAze nahIM. pahelI saphara purI thayA pachI kaMpanI ghaNI kaDI sthitimAM AvI paDI. lekanA pagAra vagere ApavA mATe ekadama sADA traNa lAkha rUpIA tene joItA hatA. paNa marakImAM mAla vecAya nahIM, eTale tene paisAnI tANa paDI. hameza cha moTAM tathA cha nAnAM vahANe vepAra mATe pharatAM rahevAM joIe evI kaMpanInI sanadamAM eka sarata hatI, ane prativarSa eka saphara upaDaze evI rANInI dhAraNuM hovAthI A veLA kaMpanIe batAveluM DhIlApaNuM rANIne pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. privi kansila paNa e bAbata dama mAre nahIM, eTale sane 1603 mAM mahA prayAsa pachI bIjI saphara ravAnA karavA kaMpanIne pharaja paDI. A vakhate vargaNI ekaThI thavAmAM aneka muzkelIo naDI tyAre pahelI sapharanA ja bhAgIdArone temaNe dhIrei nANAnA badalAmAM kaMika aveja ApI temanI ja pAse pharIthI nANuM kaheDAvyuM. pahelAMnAMja vahANe A sapharamAM sane 1606 nA mArca mahinAmAM kaeNpTana miDalaTananA uparIpaNA heThaLa upaDayAM. emAM phakta 11,000 rUpIAnI kimatane mAla hatA ane rekaDa paNa ghaNI thaDI hatI, eTale sarva bAbatano vicAra karI kaMpanIe banne sapharane hisAba ekatra karavA TharAva karyo. kepTana miDalaTane baeNTamamAM be vahANa marIthI bharyo, ane bIjAM be vahANe bharAya teTalAM loMga embeyanAmAMthI kharIda karyo. TarneTanA rAjAnA tAbAnA darIAmAM cAMcI lekene asahya upadrava hovAnuM sAMbhaLI miDalaTana te tarapha vaLe, ane temanA trAsamAMthI rAjAne choDavyo. e kAmanA badalAmAM te kRtajJa rAjAe miDalaTana sAthe lekhI karAra karI tene vepAra mATe saghaLI saraLatA karI ApI. A pramANe dezI rAjA sAthe snehayukta saMbaMdha rAkhI lekhI taha karAvI levAne udyoga kaMpanIe zarUAtathI ja calAvyuM hatuM.

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 239 kaMpanInAM vahANa upara AvI tahanA aneka musaddAo hameza taiyAra rAkhavAmAM AvatA. AvI rIte kAgaLa upara taha karI ApavAmAM dezI rAjAene bIlakula dhAstI lAgatI nahIM, kemake temAMnA TharAnI bajAvaNI karavAnuM temanA pitAnA baLa uparaja avalaMbI rahetuM. miDalaTana sane 1606mAM IgleMDa pAcho pharyo tyAre rastAmAM tenuM eka vahANa nAza pAmyuM. jyAM aMgreja leke pitAne dhaMdho hItAM hatAM calAvatA tyAM valaMdA leka yAhoma kAvatA ane dhamadhokAra vepAra karatA. temane bhaMDaLa 54 lAkha rUpIA karatAM vadhAre hatuM, ane temanA moTA moTA kAphalAo hamezA pharatA hatA. rAjyamAMnuM sonuM cAMdI paradeza jAya e IMglaMDamAM temaja spena vagere anya dezamAM ghaNuM nukasAnakAraka samajavAmAM AvatuM, eTale valaMdAonI mAphaka kaMpanI joIe teTaluM nANuM vepAramAM rokI zakatI nahIM. Aja sudhImAM ilijhAbetha rANI maraNa pAmI, ane pahele jemsa rAja gAdI upara Avyo. AthI kaMpanInI aDacaNe ghaNI vadhI gaI. mAIkalaborna (Michelbourne) karIne lorDa Trejharara barle ( Burleigh) ne dastadAra pahelethIja hiMdustAnanA vepArane IjA mAgatA hatA. paNa laMDananA samagra vepArIonI mAgaNI AgaLa rANI ilijhAbethe tenA ekalAnI arajI svIkArI nahIM, tyAre lairDa balee kaMpanInI vyavasthApaka maMDaLIne mAikalabenane sapharane mukhI banAvavA Agraha karyo. maMDaLIne A mAgaNI rUcI nahIM, kemake temanA vicAra pramANe je enA jevo kaI mANasa sapharamAM hiMdustAna tarapha jAya che tyAMnI saghaLI hakIkata tarataja darabAramAM pahoMce, ane kaMpanInA hAthamAM je kaMI khAsa lAbha hoya te temAM darabAranuM hita AgaLa karavAmAM Ave. AnuM pariNAma kaMpanInA hita virUddha AvavAne saMbhava hovAthI maMDaLIe belanuM kahevuM svIkAryuM nahIM, ane tene jaNAvyuM ke pArakA "lekene paisA amArA hAthamAM hovAthI tenI vyavasthA amArI marajI mAphaka thavI joIe. A vepAranI vAta che tethI jemAM phAyado vadhAre thAya tevuM kAma karavuM joIe. najIvI vAtamAM kaMTe upasthita karI talavAra uMcakavAthI kAma thatuM nathI." e pachI mAIkalabene kaMpanIne eka

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240 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. vargaNIdAra thayo, paNa pahelI saphara peTe TharAvelI vaNI teNe bharI nahIM, eTale kaMpanIe paTAmAMthI tenuM nAma kahADI nAMkhyuM. ilijhAbethanA maraNa pachI kaMpanI upara vera levAnI teNe taka sAdhI. sane 1604 mAM jemsa rAjAe tene khaMbhAtathI cIna sudhInA kinArA upara kaMpanIne vepAra nahIM cAlatuM hoya te sthaLe vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI ApI, ane kaMpanI nA IjArAmAM eka ADakhIlI nAMkhI. kaMI paNa vakhata yA vinA mAikalaborna pUrva tarapha upaDI gayo, TamamAM valaMdAo sAthe la, cInanAM vahANe lUTayAM, ane aneka rIte pUrvamAM aMgrejonuM nAma vAyaDuM karI sane 1906 mAM svadeza pAchA AvyA. AthI pUrvanA dezomAM kaMpanInI kaMI paNa AMTa rahI nahIM, ane pena tathA parTugalane IMgleMDa sAthe salAha thatAM pUrvamAMnA te te dezanA leke upara hAtha calAvavAnuM kaMpanI mATe ayogya tathA agavaDa bharyuM thayuM. vaLI valaMdAo sAthenI kaMpanInI sArI vadhatI jatI hatI, tevAmAM mAIkalabene temanA upara karelA humalA mATe embeyanAmAM Akhare temaNe aMgrejo upara sakhata vera lIdhuM. mAIkalabena sane 1611 mAM maraNa pAme. sane 16 07 mAM nIkaLelI trIjI sapharane mukhI kepTana koliMga (Captain Keeling) hatA. A saphara mAraphata IMgleMDa AvelA masAlAnuM utpanna eTaluM badhuM thayuM ke vargaNIdArane seMkaDe ra34 TakA naphe thaye. ATalA bhAre phAyadAne lIdheja kaMika nibhAva thayo. bIje varSe cothI saphara mATe be vahANa purato ja mAla kharIdI zakAya eTale bhaMDoLa mahA muzkelI e ubho thayo, paNa durbhAgye e be vahANa paNa AthI sane 1609 mAM upaDelI pAMcamI sapharamAM eka ja vahANa iMgleDathI ravAnA thayuM. vakhatanA rahevA sAthe kaMpanInI sthiti ghaNI ja kharAba thaI gaI chatAM darabAramAM temaja zeTha zAhukAremAM vepAramAM maLatA ATalA moTA phAyadAmAM bhAga paDAvavAnI IcchA pradipta thaI, ane khuda rAjAnuM mana paNa e viSayamAM parevAyuM. sane 1609 mAM rAjAe IsTa IDIA kaMpanInI sanaMda pharI cAlu karI ApI te veLA sanada mATe baMdhAyelI paMdara varSanI hada rada

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphara tathA sara TaeNgsa re. 241 thaI, ane kaMpanIne jAzukanI sanada maLI. paraMtu temAM evI sarata dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI ke je rAjAne ema lAge ke A vepArathI rAjyane kaMI paNa phAyado thato nathI te traNa varSanI cetavaNI bAda kaMpanI baMdha karavAne te mukhatyAra raheze. A navIna sanadanI rUe rAjAe saghaLA moTA moTA lekene kaMpanImAM dAkhala karyA. A pachI sane 1610 mAM nIkaLelI dasamI sapharane uparI sara henarI miDalaTana hato. kaMpanIe pite eka moTuM vahANa bAMdhyuM hatuM tenuM nAma pADavAnI kriyA karavA rAjA jAte hAjara thayA hatA. A vahANa jenuM nAma (Trades Increase) vepAravRddhi hatuM te baeNTama AgaLa duSTa lekee bALI nAMkhyuM, ane sara henarI miDalaTana traNa varSa rahI tyAMja sane 1613 mAM maraNa pAme. A arasAmAM valaMdA tathA porTugIjhoe aMgrejone herAna karavA mAMDayAthI teo sAme Takkara jhIlavA judI judI sapharanuM dhAraNa kaMpanIe kahADI nAMkhI joInTa sTaka kaMpanI eTale sAmAjIka maMDaLanI vyavasthA karI. sane 1611 tathA 1612 mAM upaDelI sapharo mATe ghaNuM moTA pAyA upara taiyArIo thaI hatI. A pramANe zarUAtamAM upaDelI ekaMdara nava sapharone kulle bhaMDoLa 46 lAkha rUpIA hato, temAM 26 vahANe rokAyAM hatAM, ane saghaLuM maLI rekelI rakama upara 150 thI 250 TakA napho thayo hate. 46 lAkhamAMthI 23 lAkha rUpIA vahANanA kharcanA tathA mANasonA khAdhAkhorAkInA lAgyA hatA, ane bAkInA vepAramAM rokAyA hatA. e mudatamAM rAjyamAMthI 13 lAkha rUpIA rokaDa tathA 6 lAkhane mAla dezAvara gayo hato. pahelI najare naphAno AMkaDe ApaNane cakIta kare che, paNa te samayanI aneka aDacaNo dhyAnamAM letAM te vizeSa nahote ema sahaja jaNAze. mAla khapate nahIM tyAre eka IMca mINabattI bajAramAM baLatI rAkhI te lIlAma karI vecavAne rIvAja paDe; e mINabattI baLI rahe eTale lIlAma puruM thayeluM jAhera thatuM. keTalIka vakhata kaMpanIne lekene hAthe page paDI bhaMDoLa ekaTho karavo paDato. zarUAtanI saphara pUrvanA dvIpasamUha tarapha upaDI hatI, paNa evAmAM IgleMDa tathA

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242 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. spena ane porTugala vacce salAha thavAthI aMgrejone te taraphanAM keTalAMka thANAM choDI devAM paDayAM, ane teo valaMdAo sAme pitAne TakAva karI zakyA nahIM. vAstavikarIte aMgrejone hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra kare jete have, paNa te samaye masAlAnA beTo sAthenA vepAra jeTale te naphAkAraka gaNata nahIM; vaLI tene mATe mogala bAdazAhanI paravAnagI meLavavI paDatI. bAdazAhanI saMmati meLavavAnA hetuthI milDana vhela nAmanA eka grahastha tenI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. te pachI sane 1608 mAM kepTana hokInsa mogala darabAramAM gayo tyAre bAdazAha taraphathI tene sAro satkAra thayo, ane kaMpanIne suratamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI maLI. bAdazAhe eka khristI strI sAthe haikInsanAM lagna karAvI ApyAM ane tene pagAra paNa bAMdhI Ape. haikInsane vicAra svasthapaNe rahI saMsAra calAvavAno hato, paNa kaMpanI taraphathI te kaMI paNa mahatvanuM kAma na karI zakavAthI, temaja darabAramAM porTugIjhanuM vajana bhAre hevAthI, tenA saghaLA prayatna niSphaLa gayA, ane mahA muzkelIe sane 1612 mAM tene khaMbhAtathI IgleMDa cAlyA javAnI jarUra paDI. bAdazAhanI ekaMdara saMpattinI eka yAdI hakIse AgrAmAM tayAra karI IgleMDa mokalI hatI. enA maraNa pachI enI strIe embayanAnA gavarnara Tovarasana sAthe lagna karyAM. pUrvanA beTomAM jyAre aMgrejone vepAra jAme nahIM, tyAre kaMpanIe suratamAM pitAnI koThI ghAlavA yatna karyo. te paNa porTugIjha lekee pAra paDavA dIdho nahIM. tevI ja rIte chaThThI sapharamAM sara henarI miDalaTane rAtA samudramAM dAkhala thaI vepAra karavA mathana karyuM, paNa te mahenata saphaLa thaI nahIM. pachI te surata AvatA hatA tyAre baMdaramAM dAkhala thavAne raste rokI porTugIjhoe tene AgaLa vadhate aTakAvyuM. - pazcima kinArA upara surata ane khaMbhAtamAM vepAra sAro cAlaze evuM kaMpanInA vepArIone lAgyuM, kAraNa ke sane 1609 mAM enTanI mAe suratathI lakhelA patramAM kaMpanIne jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "ApaNuM kApaDa

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prakaraNa 9 muM.] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 243 tathA sIsuM ahIM ghaNuM khapaze, ane lokhaMDa eDana tarapha vadhAre jaze; gaLI, kasturI, kaeNlike, marI vagere jaNase puSkaLa maLI zakaze.' A uparathI sane 1611 mAM kAramAMDala kinArA upara kaeNpTana hipone machalIpaTTaNa najadIka paTTapuli AgaLa eka vakhAra ubhI karI. paNa e tarapha dezIo sAthe gupta beta racI pigI aMgrejonuM khuna karavA prayatna karatA, ane game te pradezamAM, pachI tyAM vepAra hoya ke nahIM, te paNa temane dAkhala thavA detA nahIM. jemsa rAjAe temanI sAthe salAha karI hatI eTaluM ja nahIM paNa pitAnA chokarAnAM lagna spenanA rAjAnI chokarI sAthe karavAnI khaTapaTa upADI hatI. ATalI virUddhatA chatAM aMgreja kaMpanIne porTugIjha sAthe hiMdustAnamAM je jhaghaDo zarU thaye temAM Akhare kaMpanIe ja sarasAI bhegavI. 3. parTugIjha sAthe pahele jhagaDe (sane 1612).sane 1611 mAM aMgreja vahANone porTugIjha kAphalAe surata AvavA dIdhAM nahIM, tyAre samudramAMja ubhA rahI thaye teTale sade temaNe karyo. bIje varSe (Red Dragoon) reDa Draguna nAmanuM tathA eka bIjuM vahANa laI aMgreja kaeNpTana besTa suratanA suMvALI baMdare AvyA. ahIM tene pakaDavA mATe tA. 29 mI navembare porTugIjhanAM cAra vahANa 120 tapa sahita AvyAM. tenI avyavasthita sthitine lAbha laI besTe tenA upara hallo karyo. be traNa divasamAM 100-125 porTugIjha mAryA gayA pachI laDAI chuTaka chuTaka eka mahinA lagI cAlI. aMgreja kepTane ghaNI bahAdurI tathA hikamatathI porTugIjhanA baLavAna kAphalAne nAza karyo. A pachI kaeNpTana besTa kaMpanInI nokarImAM uMcI pAyarIe caDe, ane sane 1938 sudhI mahatvanAM kAma karI sArI AbarU meLavI. aMgrejone porTugIjha sAthe thayelI A pahelI laDAI ghaNI upayogI nivaDI. mahinA lagI cAlele A saMgrAma megala adhikArI tathA bIjA lokee bhAre AzcaryathI je. A agAu porTugIjhe jamIna upara beAbarU thayA hatA, ane darIA upara paNa temane Avo parAbhava thatAM temanuM abhimAna utaryuM, ane te varSanI temanI meLavelI AbarU eka

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244 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kSaNamAM nAza pAmI. kepTana kerija bAdazAhanuM pharamAna meLavavA AgrA gayo hatuM te veLA A laDAinI hakIkata sAMbhaLI jahAMgIra bAdazAhe aMgrejo sAthe vepArI kelakarAra karavAnuM ekadama pharamAna kahADayuM. vaLI kepTana besTa sAthe suratanA mogala adhikArIoe paNa vepAra bAbata TharAva karyo, ane surata, khaMbhAta, vagere ThekANe seMkaDe sADAtraNa TakA jakAta bharavAnI sarata kAThI ghAlI tene vepAra karavA paravAnagI ApI. A pramANe aMgrejonA vepArane kAyadAnI sahAyatA maLI, ane temane hiMdustAnanI pavitra bhUmi upara paga mukavAnuM sthAna maLyuM. koI paNa kAma Akhare pitAnAM baLa upara avalaMbI rahe che, maheDAnA zabda upara koI AdhAra rAkhatuM nathI. jagatane A abAdhita nyAya A dezamAM aMgrejone prathama ja anubhavasiddha thaye. suratamAM keThI ghAlavAthI tathA niyamita saphara upADavAnuM dhoraNa mukI daI sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati svIkAravAthI kaMpanInA pahelA udezamAM pheraphAra thaye, ane tenA itihAsanA bIjA bhAganI zarUAta thaI. haikinsa pachI megala darabAramAM gayelA aneka aMgreja vepArIone bAdazAhane bheTa karavA kaMI najarANuM laI javuM paDatuM; hAthanAM mojAM, pAkITa, ci, meTAM capu, vAgatAM ghaDIALa, rezamI meja (strIonAM) evI aneka cIjo teo najara karatA te paNa cAlatuM. A arasAmAM pirTugIjha tathA aMgrejo vacce khullI rIte yuddha zarU thayuM hatuM. kepTana phAunTana (Downton) nAmane eka sAhasika grahastha sane 1614 mAM AvelI sapharane mukhI thaI hiMdustAna Avyo te veLA aMgrejonI kheDa bhulAvavA govAmAM eka meTe porTugIjha kAle taiyAra thatuM hatuM. tyAMnA vAIsaroye A kAphalAnI saradArI lIdhI hatI, ane tenI pAse 2600 yuropiyana sipAIo tathA 234 5 hatI. DAunTana pAse mAtra 400 sipAIo tathA 80 tApa hatI. surata pAse tApI nadInA mukha AgaLa aMdarathI aMgrejo tathA bahArathI piDuM gIjha laDAInI harolamAM sajaja thaI AvyA. A laDAInA pariNAma upara aMgrejone bhAvI abhyadaya avalaMbI raheluM hovAthI DAunTane paramezvaranI

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 245 eka sarakhI prArthanA karI phatteha mATe aDaga prayatna karyo. mahinA sudhI cAlelI jhapAjhapImAM porTugIjha kAphalAne puSkaLa nukasAna lAgavAthI tene nAsI javA jarUra paDI, ane aMgrejonI niHsaMzaya phatteha thayelI joI suratanA mogala subedAre DAunTanane mAna akarAmathI navAjheza karyo. A pachI phAunTana baeNnTama javA upaDe, paNa tyAM kaMI paNa karI zake te pahelAM tenuM maraNa nIpajayuM. ukta laDAIthI malabAra kinArA uparanI yuropiyana prajAmAM aMgrejoe sarasAI meLavI. A pachI be varSe sane 1616 mAM kaeNpTana kIliMge kaeNlikaTa jaI jhAmarIna sAthe taha karI. sane 1622 mAM aMgrejoe porTugIjha lekane IrAnI akhAtamAM omejhana me beTa kabaje karavAthI te dizAmAMthI paNa temane paga nIkaLI gayo. pazcima kinArA uparanuM aMgrejonuM uparIpaNuM piArTugIjhee sane 1642 mAM thoDuM ghaNuM kabUla karyuM, paNa 1654 mAM kromavela tathA pirTugalanA rAjA cothA jaina vacce thayelA kelakarArathI te pUrNapaNe sthApita thayuM. surata AgaLa sane 1612 mAM kepTana besTe meLavelI phattehathI IglaMDamAMnA kaMpanInA vyavasthApakone ghaNI dhIraja AvI, ane ekadama 4ra lAkha rUpIA ekaThA karI sane 1613 thI 1623 sudhImAM cAra saphare hiMdustAna tarapha ravAnA karI. darasAla sumAre sAta vahANe IMgleMDathI upayo, ane e sapharano sarAsarI na 87 TakA jeTale thaye. porTugIjha ane valaMdAone trAsa aMgrejone khamavo paDe na heta te ethI paNa vadhu lAbha thata. eka veLA 90,000 rUpIAnA mAlanI kimata IgleMDamAM ATha lAkha upajI hatI. A pramANe pahele sAmAjIka bhaMDoLa cAra varSanI mudata mATe hatuM. e pachI ubhA karelA bIjA bhaMDaLamAM ekadama 1,62,00,400 rUpIA rAjyanA saghaLA moTA moTA 964 gRhastha taraphathI bharavAmAM AvyA hatA. A samayathI IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA vepAramAM ekaMdara aMgreja rASTa sAmela thayuM ema kahevAmAM kaMI aDacaNa nathI. sane 1621 mAM kaMpanI taraphathI pArlAmenTa hajura raju thayelA tenA vIsa varSanA kAmakAjanA hevAlamAM nIce pramANe hakIkata ApavAmAM AvI hatI -

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246 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. mokalelAM surakSita vahANe. | 86 | ' DubI nukazAnI zatrunA hAthamAM hiMdustAnamAM stra gayelAM. | pAmelAM. gayelAM. | mAla bhare che. 36 36 ] | 9 | 5 | 11 | [ { 86 ! - rokaDa rakama mekane lavAmAM AvI ! heta. rokaDa rakama khare. khara molelI. mAla mokalele tenI kimata. kulle IMglaMDanI bahAra mokalyA. 36 vahANa bharI AvelA mAlanI, kharIdInI kimata e mAlathI * IMglaMDamAM thayelI upaja. 8| 1lAkha rU. 61,36,810 |31,92,110 93,28,920 |37,52,880 2,00,46,000 sane 1670 mAM sara jozuA cAIDe pArlAmenTane jAhera karyuM hatuM ke dareka majalA upara 60 thI 100 laDAyaka sipAIo ane 30 tapa rahe evA traNa traNa majalAvALAM 25 thI 30 laDAyaka vahANe kaMpanIe rAkhelAM hevAthI dezanA kAphalAmAM moTuM baLa umerAyuM hatuM. 4. cIna jApAna tarapha prayatna-viliama eDamsa nAmane kenTa kAunTImAM rahetA eka aMgreja prahastha sarakArI vahANa upara nekara hatA, te sane 1pa98 mAM valaMdA kenAM sapharI vahANa upara pAyalaTa tarIke A tarapha AvyA. rastAmAM tenuM vahANa bIjAothI juduM paDI gayuM, tenA upara nAM ghaNAM mANase rogathI pIDAI maraNa pAmyAM ane vahANa athaDAtuM kuTAtuM jApAnane kinAre phirADa baMdare jaI pahoMcyuM. jApAnamAM te veLA porTugIjha tathA jeyITa leke hatA temaNe ene mArI nAMkhavA manasubo karyo, paNa nasIbane yoge te bacI gayA. jApAnanA bAdazAha rUbarU tenI tapAsa thayA bAda tenI cAlAkI joI bAdazAhe tene vahANa bAMdhavAnAM kAma upara nokara rAkhe. thoDA ja samayamAM tenuM mahatva vadhI gayuM, bAdazAhe tene jamIna bakSisa ApI, ane tenA hAtha heThaLa 80-80 majuro mukyA. sane 1609 mAM e baMdare jaI keTalAka valaMdA lekene caDelA eDasanI siphArasathI jApAnamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI maLI. Aja

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 247 vakhate valaMdA leke taraphathI eDamsane khabara maLI ke aMgreja leke paNa vepAra karavA pUrva tarapha AvyA hatA. A uparathI baeNTamamAMnA pitAne jAtabhAIone eDamsa ghaNI vinaMtIpUrvaka kAgaLa lakhI jApAnamAM ke vepAra cAle che tathA zuM zuM mAla khape che tenI khabara karI, ane temane ThekANe nathI mATe tyAM jaI vepAra zarU karavA Agraha karyo. A patra AvavA agAu valaMdA leke mAraphata eDamsanI hakIkata IMglaDa pahoMcI hatI, ane kaMpanIne vepArIo jApAna sAthe vepArI saMbaMdha joDavA utsuka thayA hatA. A uparathI sAtamI sapharamAne eka vepArI kepTana sArIsa sane 1613 mAM eka jahAja laI phirADe baMdare gayo. tenI ane eDamsanI mulAkAta thayA pachI bannee maLI bAdazAhanuM mana manAvI phirADAmAM vepAra karavAnI kaMpanI mATe paravAnagI meLavI. dara sAla 1000 rUpIAnA varSAsanathI kaMpanInI nokarI svIkAravAne eDase karAra karyo, paNa bAdazAhe tene jApAna choDI bahAra javA na dIdho, tyAre strI chokarAMone maLI AvavAnuM teNe bahAnuM kahADayuM. bAdazAhane tethI paNa saMtoSa na thayo, ane tenAM lagna jApAnamAMja karAvI ApyAM. ethI te dezamAM ja rahI eDamsa be traNa varSa kaMpanInI karI karI sane 1920 mAM maraNa pAmyo. A eDamsanA nAma uparathI ya zaheramAM eka mahallAnuM nAma pAyalaTa sTrITa' paDayuM che. eDamsanA prayAsa chatAM jApAnamAM kaMpanIne vepAra sAre cAlyo nahIM, pigIjha tathA valaMdA lekoe aMgrejone puSkaLa herAna karyA, ane kinArethI aMdaranA pradezamAM jaI vepAra karatA saghaLA yuropiyanane jApAnIjha lekoe kApI nAMkhyA. kAcIna cAyanAnA rAjyamAM valaMdAoe mAla kharIdavAmAM khoTAM nANuM calAvI lekene sAvyA te uparathI tyAMnA rAjAe jApAnIjha leke mAraphata upara pramANe saghaLAnI katala karAvI evuM kahevAya che. sane 1616 mAM thayelA jApAnanA bAdazAhanA maraNa pachI gAdIe AvelA navA bAdazAhe aMgrejone vepAra karavA kaMI paNa sagavaDa na karI ApavAthI kaMpanInA Asare cAra

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248 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. lAkha rUpIA gaTa gayA, ane tene jApAnane vepAra baMdha karavA jarUra paDI (sane 1623). A pramANe jApAna tarapha karelA prayatna nirmaLa jatA hatA te ja prasaMge, eTale sane 1616 mAM, kaMpanIe cIna sAthe vepAra karavA khaTapaTa upADI. A pahelAM ilijhAbetha rANIe sane 1596 mAM saraoNbarTa DaDale sAtha cInanA bAdazAha upara eka patra mokalyo hato, paNa tenI sAthe gayeluM keIpaNa mANasa pAchuM pharyuM nahIM. e pachI sane 1614 mAM kokasa nAmanA mANasa sAthe jemsa rAjAe cInanA bAdazAha upara bIjo patra mekalyA tyAre te deza sAthe thoDo ghaNo vyavahAra zarU thayo. - valaMdAo jApAnamAM aDhI varSa thayAM vepAranI khaTapaTa karI rahyA hatA, ane tyAM phAyade meLavI draDhathavA sArU aneka upAyo jyA hatA, paNa temAM temane kaMI paNa yaza maLe nahIM. pitAnA dezamAMthI sonuM cAMdI bahAra nahIM laI javA jApAnanA bAdazAhe sakhata hukama kahADele hevAthI paradezI mAla tenA mulakamAM Avate baMdha thayA. sane 1635 thI 38 sudhInAM cAra varSamAM pirTugIjha leke be karoDa trIsa lAkha rUpIAnuM senuM cAMdI bahAra laI gayA. tevIja rIte sane 1611 thI 1640 sudhImAM valaMdA lake be abaja kyAsI karoDa rUpIA jApAnamAMthI ghasaDI gayA e lekhI ullekha maLI Ave che. ATaluM badhuM nANuM dezamAMthI bahAra jatuM aTakAvavAnA hetuthI ja tasaMbaMdhI bAdazAhe AkarA upAya lIdhA hatA. pa. sara Tomasa ronI nimaNuka tathA tenuM hiMda tarapha prayANasAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati sane 1913 mAM kaMpanIe zarU karyA bAda upaDelI pahelI sapharane mukhI kaeNpTana DAuna hatuM te ApaNe upara vAMcyuM che. tene IgleMDanA rAjAe anya prajA sAthe vinA kAraNu kaleza nahIM karavA, tathA tenA kAmanI vacamAM AvanAra upara vera levA. uparAMta bIjuM kaMI nahIM karavA, ane meLavelI lUTa sarakAramAM jame karAvavA tAkIda karI hatI. sane 1614 nA akabaramAM DAunTana surata AvyA & Rundall's Memories of Japan.

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 249 tyAre tyAM eNlDavartha karIne kaMpanIne mukhI hatuM. eNe vaDedarA, amadAvAda vagere zaheromAM temaja tenI AsapAsanA mulakamAM pravAsa karI meLavelI puSkaLa mAhitI uparathI tene e abhiprAya baMdhAye hatuM ke A prAMtamAM taiyAra thatuM sutarAu kApaDa ghaNuM sAMbuM hovAthI yurepamAM tene upADa sAro thaze; temaja amadAvAdanI seMghI gaLIne vepAra sAro cAlaze. paNa tenA mata pramANe evA vepAramAM lAkha deDha lAkha rUpIA hAthamAM levA joIe, ane vepAranA saMrakSaNArthe megala darabAramAM eka jAzukane vakIla ho joIe. elDavartha A pramANe darzAvelA spaSTa abhiprAyanI IgleMDamAM yegya asara thaI ane temAM samAyelA anahada phAyadAne lIdhe te pramANe amala karavA kaMpanInA kArabhArIo svabhAvika rIte prerAyA. AgrAnA megala darabAramAM porTugIjhonuM vajana vizeSa hovAthI IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA vepAramAM aneka aDacaNa paDatI hovAthI pratyakSa IglaDanA rAjA taraphane eka vidvAna tathA mebhAdAra vakIla mogala bAdazAha pAse gayA sivAya vepAra barAbara cAlanAra nathI evuM kaMpanInA vyavasthApakene atyAra AgamajanuM jaNAyuM hatuM, ane e vicAra amalamAM lAvavA mATe ghaNA divaso thayAM saMdezA cAlatA hatA. jevI rIte olDavarSe gujarAtanA vepAra saMbaMdhI hakIkata patradvArA kaMpanIne jaNAvatI vakhate eka aMgreja elacI megala darabAramAM mokalavAnI AvazyakatA batAvI hatI temAM keTalAka cAlAka aMgreja vepArIonA tevI matalabanA patra tyAM gayA hatA. e saghaLA uparathI sane 1614 nA sapTembara mahinAmAM gavarnara sara Tomasa smithe e eka elacI hiMdustAna mokalavAnI sUcanA kaMpanIne karI; te upara thayelI ghaNuM takarArane aMte elacI mokalavAnuM nakkI thayA bAda kone mekalave te vize keTaloka vAdavivAda thaye, ane Akhare sara Tomasa rone e kAma mAthe levA vinaMti karavAmAM AvI. A kAma mATe sara TaeNgsa re sarva rIte yogya hato. te tarUNa, vidvAna, caMcaLa, udyogI, ane dekhAvamAM bhavya hatA, ane tenI DahApaNa bharelI tathA AbarUdAra vartaNukathI sarva jANItA hatA. tene janma

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250 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. sane 1580-81 nA arasAmAM eka sArA kuTuMbamAM thayuM hatuM, tenA vaDIle saMbhAvita tathA sadhana hatA, ane tene dAde laMDanane laoNrDa meyara hatuM nAnapaNamAM sAruM zikSaNa lIdhA bAda tene ilijhAbetha rANInA mAnakarInI karI maLI hatI, ane jemsa rAjAe tene sara nAITa banAvyo hate. jemsanA rAjaputra henarI tathA putrI IlijhAbetha sAthe tene sAro snehabhAva hatuM, ane teNe rAjaputranI madadathI dakSiNa amerikAmAM saphara karI tatkAlIna sAhasane keTaleka anubhava saMpAdana karyo hato. A saphara daramiyAna teNe emejhona nadInA mULa tarapha ghaNe dUra sudhI pravAsa karyo hato. A rAjaputra sane 161ramAM maraNa pAmatAM eno moTo Azraya ja rahyo. sane 1614 mAM re pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thayo. jemsa rAjAe pitAnI haThIlAIne lIdhe salAhakAra tarIke tene kAmamAM lIdho nahIM; eTale rAjAne khuzI rAkhI rASTrane upayogI thavuM tene mATe azakya hevAthI para rAjyamAM elacI tarIke javA sivAya ene mATe bIjI yogya nokarI nahotI. AvI karIne svIkAra karyA vinA tene chaTake nahIM, kAraNa ke sane 1614 nA asarAmAM te paisA saMbaMdhI ghaNI taMga hAlatamAM Avyo hate. teNe hamaNAMja guptapaNe lagna karelAM hovAthI tenI muzkelI ghaNI vadhI gaI hatI, eTale megala darabAramAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA elacInI karI teNe ekadama svIkArI. vArSika pagAra 600 piAMDane TharAvI temAMnI nIme rakama teNe kaMpanInA vepAramAM jame karAvavI; 500 mArka (333 pAMDa ) tene kapaDAM mATe ApavA; jamavA khAvAnA kharca peTe 100 pAMDa tene uchInA ApavA; tenI sAthe eka pAdarI tathA eka DaoNkaTara kaMpanIne kharca darasAla anukrame 50 ane 24 pAMDane pagAre rAkhavA; e sivAya nekara cAkaranA tathA tenAM kapaDAMlattA mATe darasAla rene 130 pIDa vadhAre maLe; ane je bhajanano temaja bIje kharca megala darabAramAMthI na maLe te kaMpanIe Apa evo TharAva thaye hato. ene mAtra bIje khAnagI vepAra karavAnI chUTa nahatI. A goThavaNane rAjAnI saMmati maLI, ane jemsa megala bAdazAha upara eka patra lakhI ApI keTalIka sUcanA paNa tene karI. jemsa

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphara tathA sara Temsa re. 251 rAjA moTe bhAgyazALI che; tenI darIA uparanI sattA prabaLa hovAthI saghaLA dezone tenI bahIka lAge che, tenI raiyata tenI AjJA pALavAmAM hamezA tatpara rahe che eTaluM ja nahIM paNa tene sarva rIte potAnA pitA samAna lekhe che." ItyAdi aneka vAta mogala bAdazAhanA mana upara ThasAvavA rone prayatna karavA rAjAe khAsa Agraha karyo hate. A pramANe saghaLI goThavaNa saMpUrNa karI tA. 2 jI phebruArI sane 1615 ne dIne sara Tomasa re paMdara nokarenA rasAlA sAthe "lAyana' nAmanA vahANamAM IgleMDathI nIkaLe. pratikULa pavanane lIdhe eka mahinA sudhI IgleMDanA kinArA uparathI ghaNe dUra e jaI zakyo nahIM. surata pahoMcatAM vitelA cha mahinA tene ghaNuM kaMTALA bharelA lAgyA, kemake vahANa uparanA adhikArI sAthe tene aNabanAva thayo hato. rastAmAM kepa oNpha guDa hepa, kemere ane sake beTa AgaLa nA vahANe laMgara karyuM hatuM. tene ahIM hiMdustAnathI pAchuM pharatuM eka vahANa maLatAM tenI taraphathI pUrvanI ghaNI hakIkata tene maLI. tA. 18 mI sapTembara 1615 ne divase e surata pAse suMvALInA baMdaramAM utaryo te veLA eDavarsa nAmane kaMpanIne eka ejaTa AgrAmAM megala darabAramAM hatA. gujarAtanI subAgIrI zAhajAdA khurrama (pAchaLathI thayelA zAhajahAna) pAse hovAthI tenI taraphathI jhulazakArakhAna gujarAtane kArabhAra calAvate. mukarabakhAna nAmane tenI pahelAne subedAra dilhImAM hovAthI tenI mAraphateja aMgrejo sAthe megalanI bhAMjagaDa cAlu hatI. bAdazAhane porTugIjha leke sAthe cheDe vakhata agAu ja samudra upara sahejasAja jhapAjhapI thayA pachI banne vacce salAha thaI hatI, ane zAhajAdA tathA bIjA saradAre saghaLA pirTugIjhanA pakSamAM dAkhala hatA. - AvI sthitimAM rene mutsaddIpaNuMnuM thoDuM kAma karavAnuM rahetuM. hiMdustAnamAM paga mukatAja aneka aDacaNe tenI sAmA AvI ubhI rahI. prathamathI ja eNe pitAne bhAra rAkhI kAma karavA nizcaya karyo kemake kaMpanInA agAu thaI gayelA adhikArIoe megala darabAramAM halakA nokaronI tathA sipAI, hamAla vagerenI khuzAmata karI pitAnuM kAma sAdhyuM hatuM.

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2para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tene A rIte pasaMda paDI nahIM. teNe lAMca kiMvA najarANuM ApI suratanA adhikArIonI marajI saMpAdana karavA khaTapaTa uThAvI nahIM tyAre lAMcIA adhikArIonI tenI pratye khaphA marajI thaI, ane teoe tene trAsa ApavA mAMDe. AthI te dhUrta mutsadI Dagamagyo nahIM, ane kaMI paNa apamAna sahana karyA vinA teNe pitAne udeza pAra pADe. suratanA adhikArIonI darakAra na karatAM re jyAre AgrA javA nIkaLyo tyAre temaNe tenI khuzAmata karavA zarU karI. ATalAthI ja mogala adhikArIo karatAM aMgreja elacInuM DahApaNa vadhAre jaNAI Ave che. eka sattAdhikArI elacI tarIke ronA A dezamAM AvavAthI kaMpanInI paristhitimAM ghaNo phera paDI gaye. megala darabAra ane porTugIjha loko vacce je kolakarAra thatA hatA temAM aMgrejone megala hadamAM nahIM rahevA devA mATe eka kalama hatI, ane te mujabane hukama surata Avyo paNa hatuM. A uparathI suratamAM vakhata yA vinA re tvarAthI AgrA javA upaDayo. AgrAmAM enA AgamananI bAtamI maLatAM tene mATe rastAne paravAne darabAramAMthI AvyuM, ane suratanA adhikArIone Thapaka maLe. suratathI nIkaLyA pachI be mahine tA. 23 mI Disembara sane 1615 ne dIne re ajamera pahoMcyo. raratAmAM baharAnapura AgaLa zAhajAdA pajhine maLI teNe tyAM AgaLa vepAranI keThI ghAlavA paravAnagI meLavI. ahIM rone ghaNo sakhata tAva Avyo, ane AgrA pahoMcyo tyAre e bhayaMkara mAMdagImAMthI bhAgye ja chUTe hato. tA. 10 mI jAnevArI sane 1616 ne divase e pahelavahele jahAMgIranA darabAramAM gaye. - 6, megala darabAranI sthiti -jahAMgIra bAdazAha vize ronuM mata ghaNuM UMcA prakAranuM che. madyapAnathI bAdazAha azakta ane ALasu thaye hatuM, te paNa tenAmAM akabaranA ghaNuM guNe mAlama paDatA hatA. khAsa karIne bIjAne gya sanmAna ApI tenI sAthe adabathI vartavAne meTe guNa jahAMgIramAM hatuM. IrAnI athavA tuka elacIne jeTalo Adara megala darabAramAM thayo hato tenA karatAM paNa vizeSa sanmAnathI ne

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prakaraNa 9 muM.] niyamita saphara tathA sara TaeNgsa re. 253 bAdazAhe satkAra karyo. enI sabhya tathA pratiSThita vartaNukathI bAdazAhanA mana upara ghaNI sArI chApa paDI, ane je ke tene uddeza vizeSa saphaLa na thayo, te paNa bAdazAha tenI tarapha kaMIka khAsa pUjyabuddhithI jete hate emAM saMzaya nahote. rene udeza siddha na thavAnuM mukhya kAraNa e hatuM ke khuda bAdazAhanA hAthamAM ghaNuM sattA nahotI. darabAramAM bIjA ghaNuM leke hovAthI te saghaLAnI marajI meLavavAnuM ene saheluM nahotuM. rANuM nUrajahAna, tene pitA ItimAda-uda-dalA tathA bhAI AsaphakhAna ane AsaphakhAnanI karI mutAjamahAla (khurramanI strI) e sarva rAjyakArabhAramAM pramukha hatAM. emano hetu khurramanI sattA vadhArI bAdazAhanA vaDA dIkarA sulatAna khuzarU ane zAhajAdA parvejhane utArI pADavAnuM hatuM. jahAMgIranA mana upara sArI chApa paDelI joI e bIjA koInI paravA karI nahIM, temaja jeonA hAthamAM kharI sattA hatI temanAM vajana tathA bhAgavaganI kaMI paNa tulanA karI nahIM. vaLI te saghaLAne najara karavA yogya kaMIpaNa vastuo tenI pAse hatI nahIM. nUrajahAna ane tenA bhAInI darabAramAM cAlatI sattAne vicAra karyA vinA temane kaMIpaNa najarANuM eNe bheTa karyuM nahIM. zAhajAdA khurrama sAthenI pahelI ja mulAkAta veLA e suratanA adhikArIonA durvartana mATe bAdazAha AgaLa pharIAda karyAnI vAta kahADI, paNa te khurramane pasaMda paDI nahIM. ronuM mAnavuM evuM che ke khurrama ghaNe chaDe hatA, ane kadAca suratanA kulaphIkArakhAne aMgrejo virUddha tenI AgaLa pharIAda karyAthI te ghaNuM abhimAnathI varyo hato. AraMbhamAM khurrame enA saMbaMdhamAM kaMI paNa vaiSamya batAvyuM nahIM, eTale tene potAnuM kAma saphaLa thavAnI AzA utpanna thaI hatI. A bAbata saithI paheluM kAma pigIne zikSA karavAnuM hatuM. aMgrejo ane temanI vacce sane 161ra tathA 1615 mAM laDAI thaI gayA pachI ekaja vahANamAM mAla bharavAne heya to paNa baMdobasta mATe kaMpanIne pitAne saghaLo kAle surata AgaLa rAkhavo paData. kharuM jotAM govA upara ekadama hale karavAthI sarva bAbatanI goThavaNuM parabhArI thaI jaze ema aMgrejone lAgatuM, paNa elacI

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254 haMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa, [bhAga 3 je. tarIke zAMtinA kAma sArU AvelA sara TaeNmsa re mATe laDAI upADavAnuM zakya nahotuM, nahIMta porTugIjhano baMdobasta ApoApa thaI jAta. megale sAthenA kelakarAre kAyama thayA pachI aMgrejone naDate A upadrava baMdha paDayo hato. pitAne thayelAM nukasAna mATe aMgreja vepArIo prasaMgopAta porTugIjha vahANe upara hallo karI te lUTatA, chatAM megalee temanI vaccenI laDAIne aMta ANe nahIM eja jANe banne prajAnI marajI anusAra ja hatuM ema lAgyuM. ema chatAM temanI takarAra niveDe lAvavA mATe khurrama ane AsaphakhAne puSkaLa prayatna karI je toDa kahADayo te rene anukULa Avyo nahIM, tyAre bAdazAhane maLI teNe pharIAda karI. aMgrejone herAna karavAmAM zAhajAdA khurrama paNa sAmela hatA ema jANatAM bAdazAha ekadama uzkerAI gayA, ane temane koNe trAsa Ape te kahevA tene AgrahapUrvaka jaNAvyuM. dubhASiA mAraphata e bAdazAhano gusse zAMta pADavA prayatna karyo, paNa te phaLIbhUta thaye nahIM, ane bAdazAhe khurrama tathA AsaphakhAnane tyAMja belAvI maMgAvI bharadarabAramAM khurramane ghaNe sakhata Thapako Ape. porTugIjha vakIla ane renI vacce ghaNI takarAra thayA pachI Akhare AsaphakhAne vacamAM paDI rone pitAnI takarAra lekhI raju karavA jaNAvyuM, ane TeTa patAvyA. A rastA rone ghaNo ja samAdhAnakAraka lAge, kemake eka vakhata saghaLI vAta kAgaLa upara mukavAthI pitAne anukULa Ave tevA kolakarAre karAvI levA kaMI aDacaNa naDaze nahIM ema tene lAgyuM. vaLI zAhajAdA temaja bIjAo sAthe vinA kAraNe zabdanI mArAmArI karavAne prasaMga na lAvatAM joIe tyAM kaMpanI mATe vepAra karavAnI sAmAnya paravAnagI bAdazAha pAse meLavI levA tene vicAra ho, ke jethI bAdazAhI pharamAna suratanI peThe bIje ThekANe lAgu paDatAM kaMpanInA kAmamAM vikSepa paDe nahIM. vAstavikarIte AvuM pharamAna paNa niSphaLa javAnuM hatuM kemake te eka viziSTa vyakti upara hukama tarIke nIkaLeluM hovAthI te sarva adhi

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255 prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphara tathA sara Tomasa re. kArI upara baMdhanakAraka nahatuM; ane vAraMvAra tenI asara nirmaLa karanArA hukama nIkaLavAthI te koI paNa rIte upayogI thavAnuM nahotuM. A hakIkatamAM bane yuropiana prajA vacce rItasara kelakarAra karavAno ja upAya re mATe khulluM hatuM. 7. tahanAmAne musaddo tathA tene lagatI carcA-AvA prakAranAM tahanAmAM te samaye yuropiyana turkastAna sAthe bIjAM yuropiyana rAjyoe karyA hatAM. tevAja koI tahanAmA uparathI ree taiyAra karelA musadAmAM heThaLa lakhyA pramANe kalame hatI - aMgreja vepArIone siMdha, baMgALA suddhAM hiMdustAnanA kinArA upara joie te baMdaramAM vepAra karavA chUTa ApavI; rAjyamAM bIjI rIte cAlu hoya te karatAM aMgrejonA mAla upara vadhAre jakAta levI nahIM; mAla kharIdavA tathA vecavAmAM, vakhAra, vahANa tathA gADAM bhADe karavAmAM, jIMdagInI jarUrIAta varatuo cAlu bhAve bajAramAMthI kharIdavAmAM aMgrejone temanI marajI mAphaka vartavA devA, ane sarakArI adhikArIoe vacce paDavuM nahIM. A uparAMta maiyata aMgreja vepArIonI milakata sarakAramAM khAlasA karavI nahIM, vepArI kinAre utare tyAre tenI jaDatI levI nahIM, bAdazAhane najara karavA ANelI vastu kinArA upara ughADI tapAsavI nahIM, jakAtI nAkA upara mAla paDI rahevA devo nahIM, vagere aneka bAbate vize musadAmAM kalamo hatI. mogala bAdazAha A saghaLuM kabUla kare to aMgrejone nIcenI sarate pALavAnI hatI:-IgleMDanA zatru athavA aMgreja vahANane herAna karanAra leke sivAya bIjA dezanI prajAnAM vahANane aMgrejoe kanaDavAM nahIM; hiMdustAnamAM rahenArA aMgreja vepArIee sabhyapaNe ane zAMtavRttithI rahevuM; bAdazAha sArU kaMI apratima vastuo pedA karavA temaNe mathana karavuM; bAdazAha yogya mAgaNI kare te tene joIe te mAla athavA yuddhasAmagrI vecAtI ApavI; ane sadhaLAnI suleha zAMtine bhaMga karanAra koI zatru pidA thAya che tene baMdebasta karavAmAM bAdazAhane madada karavI. AvI sarate porTugIjho pALavAne kabUla heya te temanI sAthe paNa evA kelakarAra karavA aMgrejone harakta nathI;

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256 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paraMtu cha mahinAnI aMdara te leke ema na kare te tene zatru gaNI temanI sAme yuddha karavA aMgrejone chUTa hovI joIe, ane e bAbata bAdazAhe kaI saMzaya levo nahIM. AvI kalamane musaddo e bAdazAhane sAdara karyo, eTale bAdazAhe te vachara AsaphakhAnane te upara vicAra karavA Apo. A upara TIkA karavAnI jarUra nathI, kemake beu bAjuthI raju thayelI kalame jotAM kevA prakAranI bArIkI kayAM che te vAMcanAranA lakSamAM tarataja Avaze. AsaphakhAne thoDAka zabdane pheraphAra karI musado pasaMda karyo, ane have bAdazAhane sijha thavAno ja bAkI che evuM teNe darabAramAM rone kahyuM. eTalAmAM suratanA adhikArI kulaphIkArakhAna virUddha e karelI pharIAdanA saMbaMdhamAM tapAsa karavA tene AgrA belAvavAne hukama gayo hato. te anvaya te AvI pahoMcyA. AvelA paradezI lekethI ApaNuM dezane phAyade che ke geralAbha te A grahastha ghaNuM sArI rIte jANata, ane tenI virUddha nI pharIAda hevAthI teNe pitAnI sthiti tathA abhiprAya darabAramAM spaSTa rIte jaNAvyAM. A vAdavivAdanuM varNana e pitAnAM pustakamAM vizeSa ApeluM na hovAthI A tahanI bhAMjagaDanI ulaTa bAju tapAsavA mATe puratAM sAdhana nathI. ema chatAM AvA kelakarAra karavAthI bAdazAhIne nukasAna thaze evuM jhulaphIkArakhAna manamAM sArI peThe samajAtuM hatuM, ane kadAca teja Akhare rone naDe haze. bAdazAha pAsethI kAmane nikAla jaladI nahIM thayo, tyAre ree thaDa sAro jalada dArU zAhajAdAne najara karyo, ane tenA kephanI asaramAM tenI pAsethI pitAnA kAmane nikAla karavA vinaMti karI. tyAre khulaphIkArakhAnane dehadaMDanI zikSA na karatAM bIjI saghaLI bAbatene saMpUrNapaNe saMtoSakAraka nikAla karAvI ApavA zAhajAdAe vacana ApyuM. thoDA divasa pachI bAdazAha taraphathI be pharamAna nIkaLyAM; ekamAM aMgrejone suratamAM rahevAnI ane tyAMthI mAMhelA pradezamAM pravAsa karavAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI hatI, ane bIjAmAM suratamAM temane thayeluM nukasAna bharI ApavA tyAMnA sthAnika adhikArI upara hukama hatA. A pharamAna e tarataja surata mekalAvyAM.

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara Tamsa re. 257 jhulaphIkArakhAna pAse zI nukasAnI lArI levI te badala takarAramAM eka mAsa jato rahyo. hA nA karatAM te sattara hajAra mAmudI ApavA taiyAra thayA, paraMtu e rakama rane ghaNI thoDI lAgavAthI te teNe svIkArI nahIM. eTalAmAM suratathI aMgreja vepArIoe nukasAnIne mekalele hisAba oTo che ema mAlama paDatAM reno ghaNe mAnabhaMga thayA, ane sattara hajAra hAthamAM Ave che e khoTuM nahIM ema tene lAgyuM. AsaphakhAna bahArathI mIThI mIThI vAta karI vakhata uDAva ane kaI paNa bAbatane satvara nikAla lAvato nahIM. e taiyAra karele mudde rASTranI pragatimAM aDacaNa rUpa zaMkhaluM hoya ema je koI vAcakane lAgaze te renA apamAna karatAM AsaphakhAnanA dhUrtapaNAthI vadhAre ajAyaba thaze emAM saMzaya nathI. - uttarottara re nirAza thato gaye; tenI taraphathI vadhAre najarANuM AvatAM baMdha thayelAM joI bAdazAhanI paNa tenA tarapha ItarAjI thavA mAMDI. jhulaphIkArakhAna upara paDelA trAsathI zAhajAdo khurrama paNa re pratye dveSanI najarathI jete hate eTalAmAM keTalAka porTugIjha leke gethI aneka utkRSTa cIjo laI darabAramAM AvyA, ane AsaphakhAna vagere mobhAvALA adhikArIone svapakSamAM kheMcI lIdhA. AthI megala darabAramAM aMgrejonuM mAna ghaNuM utarI gayuM, ane ro ciMtAtura thayo. tA. 1 lI june AsaphakhAna taraphathI ene evI matalabane patra maLyo ke "zAhajAdAnI pharIAda uparathI tamAre darabAramAM javuM nahIM evI bAdazAhe tAkIda karI che, ane ema chatAM A hukamanuM ullaMghana karI tame jazo te zAhajAdAnA anuyAyIo vera letAM cukaze nahIM. A uparAMta tene AsaphakhAne kahevADayuM ke "gulaphIkArakhAnane zikSA karAvavAnI haTha choDI de te ame tamane madada karavA taiyAra chIe." A uparathI roe javAbamAM kahAvyuM ke, "kaMpanInA paisA rastAmAM paDyA nathI. amAre AkhuM jagata khulluM che. tamane paisA khavADI vepAra karavAmAM amane kaMI phAyado nathI. bIjA thoDA divasa bAdazAhanA uttaranI rAha joI pachI ahIM rahevuM ke sarva vepArIo sAthe hiMdustAnane chellA rAma rAma karI svadeza cAlyA javuM tene vicAra karIza. e kahevuM tene mATe sahela

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258 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. hatuM paraMtu bIjI dizAmAM javAnI aMgrejo mATe te veLA jogavAI nahotI e te sArI peThe jANa hate. . . AvI rIte eka ghAnA be kakaDA karavAno vicAra ronA manamAM ghoLAyA karate ho tevAmAM eka akalpita vAta banI. mukarabakhAna karIne eka saradAra aMgrejo virUddha ghaNI sakhata lAgaNI dharAvato hate. chatAM teNe Ave prasaMge temanI taraphathI kaMI najarANuM meLavavAnI AzAe darabAramAM rAnI gerahAjarInuM kharuM kAraNa bAdazAhane jaNAvyuM. tarataja bAdazAhe tenI mAraphata rene khabara karI ke "ame tamane darabAranI baMdhI karI nathI." paraMtu AsaphakhAnane choDI mukarabakhAna upara bharoso mukavAnuM ene pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. bIjI tarapha mukarabakhAne upADelI khaTapaTathI AsaphakhAna paNa rone samajAvI levA mahenata karavA lAgyA. A saghaLI khaTapaTanA pari. NAmamAM re tA. 25 mI june darabAramAM pAcho game tyAre bAdazAhe tene pUrvanI mAphaka satkAra karyo, paNa ATalA divasa darabAramAM na AvavAnuM tene kAraNa puchyuM nahIM. e pachI jhulaphIkArakhAna ane zAhajAdA khurema dakSiNamAM laDAI upara jatA hevAthI jhulaphIkArakhAna uparanI pharIAdanI tvarAthI tapAsa thavA lAgI. keTalIka bhAMjagaDa pachI tA. 9 mI julAIe kaMIka nikAla thayo, te paNa ghaNI AnAkAnI pachI tA. 5 mI oNgasTe saMpUrNa patAvaTa thaI, evuM ree pitAnI DAyarImAM lakhyuM che. eNe mAgelI saghaLI ja rakama tene maLI hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI, chatAM megala darabAranA sarvazaktimAna rAjaputranA mitrane thoDe ghaNe paNa daMDa Apa paDe, e aMgreja elacIe cheDe prayatna karela kahevAya nahIM. bIjA adhikArIo upara paNa AnI asara sArI thaI. zAhajAdA tathA re vacce dekhAte sneha baMdhAya; bAdazAhe tene sAro satkAra karyo, ane AsaphakhAne paNa tenI sAthe dastI karavA mAMDI. A bhAMjagaDa cAlatI hatI te daramiyAna vilAyatathI AvelI eka suMdara tasavIra e bAdazAhane najara karI ane garva karyo, 'ke ApanA dezamAM enI nakala utarAvI ane eka ThekANe mukaze te paNa A tasavIra nakkI

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prakaraNa 9 muM.] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 259 oLakhAI Avaze." A tANAne bhAvArtha e ja hato ke hiMdustAnamAM evuM kAma thaI zakavAnuM ja nathI. A uparathI bAdazAhe tenI evI te Abehaba nakale utarAvI ke re pitAnI tasavIra oLakhI zakyo nahIM. bAdazAhe te nakale ene bheTa ApI igleMDa mokalavA jaNAvyuM, ane umeryuM ke "tame dhAro cho teTalA amArA leko mUrkha nathI. . - keTalAka divasa bAda valaMdA lekonAM vahANa yuropathI surata AvI lAMgaya. e lekane hiMdustAnamAM paga pesAre thavAthI aMgrejone vepAramAM ghaNuM nukasAna thanAra hatuM, to paNa temanI virUddha takarAra uThAvavAmAM saghaLA lekane vepAranI saraLatA eka sarakhI rahevI joIe evo porTugIjha virUddha e uThAvela mudo artha vinAne thaI paDatuM hatuM. AthI valaMdAo mAtra megalenAM vahANe lUTavAnA hetuthI ja ahIM AvyA che evuM AsaphakhAnane samajAvI temane pratikAra karAvavA e yatna karyo, paNa te phaLIbhUta na thatAM aMgreja vepArIone jevA haka prApta thayA hatA tevAja haka megala darabAra taraphathI sane 1618 mAM valaMdA vepArIone maLyA. tahanAmAnI sarata darabAramAM raju karyAne pAMca mahinA nIkaLI gayA te paNa tene kaMI uttara Avyo nahIM. evAmAM IgleMDathI mAla bharI vahANa Ave che evI khabara maLatAM ree zAhajAdA pAse khaTapaTa karI tenI taraphathI suratanA adhikArI upara teTalA vakhata mATeno hukama meLavyo. je je cIjo vecavA mATe aMgrejo lAve te prathama zAhajAdAne batAvI temAMthI tene joIe teTalI te pitAne mATe rAkhI le evI kabUlAta ree ApavAthI aMgrejone suratamAM vahANa lAMgarI vepAra karavAnI chUTa maLI. sapTembara mAsamAM jahAMgIra bAdazAhane janma divasa AgrAmAM moTA ThAThathI ujavavAmAM AvyuM. bAdazAhanI suvarNatulA jevA ne darabAramAMthI khAsa AmaMtraNa gayuM hatuM, paNa vakhata samajavAmAM cuka thavAthI ene te jovAnI taka maLI nahIM. sAMje pAchuM AmaMtraNa AvavAthI re bAdazAha pAse gayo. e veLA bAdazAha uttamottama vastrAlaMkArathI saja thayela hato, ane umarAva leke tenI AsapAsa beThelA hatA. madyaprAzanane sapATo cAlatAM

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260 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. re temAM sAmila thaI gayo; je senAnA pyAlAmAM teNe magha prAzana karyuM hatuM te DhAMkaNuM sAthe bAdazAhe tene bakSisa ApyuM. A prasaMge jahAMgIra bAdazAha taraphathI pitAne apUrva mAna maLeluM joI e taka sAdhI taha kAyama karavA mATe AsaphakhAnane Agraha karyo. tarata te teNe AzvAsana ApI ene zAMta pADe, paNa be divasa rahI tahane musado tenA upara pAcho mekalAvyo. emane keTaleka majakura khAne pitAne hAthe pharI lakhI kahAyo hato ane temAMnI ghaNI kalamonAkabUla karI hatI. vizeSa karIne AvI sarate kolakarAra karavA bAdazAhanA darajajAne gya nathI evuM jaNAvI AsaphakhAne rone khabara karI ke suratane saMpUrNa adhikAra zAhajAdA pAse hovAthI tyAMnuM pharamAna temanI pAsethI meLavI levuM eTale basa; bAkI baMgALA tathA siMdha prAMtamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM Avaze nahIM. ema chatAM keTalIka kalame pasaMda karI te pUratA kalAkAra karavA hoya te te upara bAdazAhI sikko karI ApavAmAM harakata nathI. megala bAdazAhInA A samayanA itihAsa uparathI spaSTa jaNAya che ke rAjyanI lagAma AsaphakhAna jevA yogya mutsadInA hAthamAM hevAthIja bAdazAhI AbAda thaI hatI. e vakhate amArA kAmamAM suratanA adhikArInI dakhala rAkhavI nahIM ane temanA hukama ame gaNakArIzuM nahIM, evI ronI mAgaNI nAkabUla thAya temAM kaMI navAI nahotI. tahane musado khAnanA hAthamAM jatAM ja teNe rene jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "tamArI mAgaNIo ayogya hovAthI pasaMda thavA joga nathI.' AvI takarArathI mogala adhikArIo kaMTALI gayA hatA; ene lIdhe upasthita thayele TaTa gujarAtamAM ja rAkhavAnI, tathA tene baMgALA tathA siMdha prAMta tarapha na laMbAvavAnI temanI khAsa IcchA hatI. vaLI IMgleMDane rAjA mogala bAdazAhane barobarIo heya ema temane kabUla nahatuM. ekaMdara rIte jotAM dUradaSTinA mogala adhikArIonA manamAM ghaNA sacoTa dAvapeca tathA saMzaya ghara karI rahyA hatA. AsaphakhAne ghaNuM divasa sudhI rone AzAmAM athaDAvyA karyo, paNa temAM tene deSa nahote. ree pharIthI ekavAra khaTapaTa karI tyAre paNa khAne tene zAhajAdA pAse mokale, eTale havethI zAhajAdA mAraphataja pitAne hetu siddha karavA e vicAra karyo.

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara Temsa re. 261 akaTobaranA arasAmAM khurramanI badalI dakSiNanA subedAra tarIke thaI ane tyAMne kArabhAra zAhajAdA parvajha pAsethI laI levA hukama nIkaLe, kAraNa parvejhanI nimaNuMka baMgALAmAM thaI hatI. dakSiNamAM ghaNI gaDabaDa cAlatI hovAthI khurramanA kAmamAM madada karavA bAdazAha pite te tarapha javA nIkaLI prathama ajamera AvyA. enA nIkaLavA agAu Agre AvelA IrAnanA elacI hajurIAne damAma tathA temaNe ANelAM najarANuM joI aMgreja vakIla ghaNe phikkA paDI gayo te paNa tenA gauravamAM kaMI nyUnatA AvI nahIM. - A tarapha kaeNpTana pevelanA uparIpaNA heThaLa keTalAMka jahAja IgleMDathI surata AvyAM. rastAmAM temanI ane perTugIjha vacce thayelI jhapAjhapImAM aMgrejone jaya maLyAnI khabara e ghaNIja utkaMThAthI maMgala darabAramAM jaNAvI, te uparathI bAdazAhe tene puchyuM ke "vahANamAM amAre mATe zuM najarANuM AvyuM che ?" ree cAlAkIthI javAba Apyo ke "najarANa puSkaLa AvyAM che, paraMtu peTIo baMdara upara ughADayA vinA ahIM lAvavAnI paravAnagI joIe." baMdara upara saMpUrNa sattA khuramanI hovAthI tenI rajA meLavavA bAdazAhe rene jaNAvI tenI dhAraNA pAra pADI nahIM. Aja arasAmAM maMgala pAsethI ekAda baMdara mAMgI laI tyAM killebaMdhI karavAnI paravAnagI meLavavA rene IMgleDathI hukama maLyo. A pejanA pasaMda paDatAM te pAra utAravA teNe khaTapaTa karI, zAhajAdAne vinaMtipUrvaka jAhera karyuM ke pirTugIjhone hamaNAM ja parAbhava thayela hovAthI teo punaH aMgrejo tathA dezIonAM vahANa upara hale karaze, mATe je eka killebaMdha baMdara saMpUrNapaNe aMgrejonA tAbAmAM mukavAmAM Ave to saghaLA kinArA uparanA temaja rAtA samudramAM dezIonA cAlatA vepAranuM saMrakSaNa thAya. A mAgaNIne uttara dhAravA pramANe nakAramAMja Avyo, ane temAM zAhajAdAe spaSTa rIte jaNAvyuM ke "amane temaja amArA vaDIlene tamArI madadanI jarUra nathI; amAre mATe tamAre porTugIjha sAthe laDavAnI tasdI levI nahIM, eTale tamane killebaMdhI karavAnI jarUra raheze nahIM." megalene rAjyakArabhAra kevI dakSatAthI cAlatuM hatuM te uparanA kaTAkSa

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. javAbathI jaNAI Ave che. pachI e eja vinaMti bAdazAha pAse raju karavA AsaphakhAnane kahyuM, paNa teNe tene rokaDa javAba Apyo ke "amAre amArA dhaNI AgaLa AvuM prakaraNa ughADavuM kaIpaNa prakAre IcchIta nathI." . 8, A udyogathI thayele phAyade-eka varSa hiMdustAnamAM rahI pite karelAM kAma bAbata IgleMDa mekalelI laMbANa hakIkatamAM ree jaNAvyuM hatuM ke - "vepAranA saMbaMdhanI ApanI maryAdita IcchA saphaLa thavAmAM aDacaNa nathI. bAdazAha AgaLa amArI sArI AMTa beThI che. ane Apane Teke ghaNe upayogI thaI paDe che. barAbarInA saMbaMdha upara : bAdazAha sAthe kAyamanA kolakarAra thavA azakya che. ApanA taraphathI yogya najarANAM na AvavAthI mArI geraAbarU thaI che. chatAM mArA ahIM AvyAthI kaMI nahIM te ghaNo phAyado thayo che. Aja paryata amArI pAsethI lAMca najarANAM vageremAM upaDelA paisA pAchA maLI gayA haze, ane te uparAMta ghaNo phAyado maLavAnI AzA rahe che. meTI yogyatA tathA darajajAvALo aMgreja elacI A darabAramAM rAkhavAnI AvazyakatA jaNAtI nathI. amane mAnapAna ghaNuM maLe che; vAstavika rIte A darabAramAM saghaLuM mAnapAna choDI daI hAjI hAi karanArA manuSyanI jarUra che. vArSika eka hajAra rUpiAnA pagAre ekAda dezI vakIla rAkhavAthI saghaLuM kAma thaI zakaze. megalene madada karavI tathA killebaMdhI karI kinArAnuM rakSaNa karavuM nirUpayogI che. ethI kharca mAtra vadhaze, ane tene kaMIpaNa upayoga thaze nahIM. vinA kAraNu lebhathI prerAI kharca vadhAravAmAM zuM hAMsala che ? vyApAra ane yuddha e banne paraspara virodhI che; porTugIjha leke e nAdane lIdhe halakA paDayA che e bAbata ApaNe sArI peThe vicAra karavAno che. ApaNe eka niyama karavo joIe ke naphe meLavavuM hoya te te samudra upara zAMtapaNe vepAra karI meLavavo. kemake kaI vyakti taraphathI takarAranuM kAraNa upasthita na karavAmAM Ave te killebaMdhI tathA yuddha karavAM e meTI bhUla che.' navembara mAsamAM bAdazAhe ajamerathI nIkaLI mAMDavagaDha tarapha kUca

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara Tamsa re. 263 karI. raste ghaNo vikaTa tathA laMbANuM hovAthI bAdazAhI svArI mArca mahinA sudhI tyAM AvI pahoMcI nahIM. ahIMthI nevuM mAIla dUra AvelA barahAnapuramAM khurramanI chAvaNI hatI. re sAthe hovAthI ene eka junI masIdamAM rahevAnI jagyA maLI hatI. mArcathI akabara sudhI svArI mAMDavagaDhamAM rahI te daramiyAna IMgleDathI AvelAM najarANAM eDavarDa TerIe tyAM lAvI bAdazAhane batAvyAM. rastAmAM TerI ane zAhajAdA khurrama vacce mulAkAta thatAM zAhajAdAnI tene AgaLa jevA devAnI marajI jaNAI nahIM, paNa bAdazAhane hukama ghaNe kaDaka hovAthI nAIlAja thaI teNe najarANAMnI peTIo agAMDI javA dIdhI. peTIo AvI lAgatAMja rane puchayA vinA bArebAra bAdazAhe tAbaDatoba te saghaLI ughaDAvI nAMkhI, ane tene mATe hoya ke nahIM paNa temAMnI saghaLI vastuo laI lIdhI; peTImAM bIjA adhikArIone ApavAnI cIjo hatI te paNa bAdazAhe pate rAkhI. pitAnI gerahAjarImAM peTIo ughADavAthI rene atizaya gusso Avyo, ane darabAramAM tenI ane bAdazAha vacce sakhata bolAcAlI thaI. bIjI tarapha khurramanI dakSiNamAM paNa moTI phateha thaI eTale te mAMDavagaDha AvyA tyAre bAdazAhe teno sanmAnathI Adara karI tene "zAhajahAnane khItAba Ape. bAdazAha sarva rIte tene dAbamAM hatA. vAraMvAra maLelI nAsIpAsIthI kaMTALI jaI roe iMglaMDa pAchA pharavAnI IcchA darzAvI hatI, paNa thoDeka vadhAre vakhata rahevA tene jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ATale vakhata nUrajahAna ane zAhajahAna ekaja vicAranA tathA pakSanA hatA, paNa zAhajahAnanA vadhatA jatA lAgavagane lIdhe darabAramAM pAchA be pakSa paDI gayA, tyAre prasaMganusAra vArA pharatI eka bAjue DhaLI teNe pitAne nIbhAva karyo. " akabara 1617 nA aMtamAM mAMDavagaDha cheDI bAdazAhanI svArI amadAvAda AvI eTalAmAM vilAyatathI AvelI jaNaso potAne mATe meLavavAnI zAhajahAnanI IchA thavAthI, suratathI peTIo AvatAM ja tenA upara teNe pitAne sime mArI dIdho. peTI amadAvAda AvyA pachI e vIsa dIvasa vATa joI paNa te ughADavAnI paravAnagI AvI nahIM, tyAre sika

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264 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. teDI nAMkhI eNe peTIo ughADI. renAM A kRtyathI saghaLAne roSa atizaya uzkerAye; zAhajahAne bAdazAha AgaLa te bAbata pharIAda karI, ane re lagabhaga najarakeda rahyA. bAdazAhe tene khullekhulluM jaNAvyuM ke tame sarakArane hukama teDavAthI tamArA upara saghaLe vizvAsa uThI gayo che.' renA saMbaMdhamAM bAdazAhane gusse A vakhate prathama ja pradarzita thayeluM hovAthI teNe pitAnA bacAvamAM ajANapaNe kAma karavAnuM jaNAvyuM hatuM. sane 1618 nA phebruArI mAsamAM iMglaDa mekalelI vArSika hakIkatamAM re sApha lakhe che ke " hameza mATe kelakarAra karavA zakya nathI. samayAnusAra ApaNuM vartana rahevuM joIe. jarUra jegAM pharamAne hAla tarata maLelAM che, ane kaMIka meLavavAnA bAkI che. bAdazAhanI arajI eja kAyade hovAthI dhanatRSNAnA jora uparaja saghaLe vyavahAra cAle che. ekaMdara lekene nyAya sAro maLe che, temanA upara amaladAra vargane julama nathI; mAtra pitAne joItI cIje game tema karI teo meLavI le che. amane je herAnagatI bhogavavI paDe che te amArI avyavasthAne lIdhe ja che. A leke tarapha garIbAIthI vartavAmAM lAbha nathI, temanAthI ame kaMTALI gayA chIe; temanAM sadhana baMdarone nAza karI ame temane saghaLe vepAra kubAvyo che. amAre eTale karaba temanA upara besaze teTaluM ApaNuM kAma thaze, je ApaNI mAgaNIo adhikArIo svIkAre nahIM te dezI vepArIonAM vahANa pakaDI ApaNe ApaNuM kAma calAvavuM." ATale hada lagI vAta AvI nahIM paNa pite upADeluM kAma kadI paDatuM nahIM mukavAne rene abhiprAya hate. kadAcita valaMdA leke vacamAM paDatAM vaLI, kaMI avana banAva bane eTalI ja tene mATI dhAstI hatI. eja varSanI zarUAtamAM bAdazAha keTalAka divasa zikAre gayo hatA te daramiyAna re barahAnapura jaI AvyuM. me mAsamAM amadAvAdamAM cAlelI marakImAM tyAM rahetA aMgrejomAMnAM sAta mANasa maraNa pAmyAM. oNgasTamAM bAdazAha amadAvAdathI AgrA javA nIkaLyo tyAre pAchuM megala

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. rAjadhAnImAM javAnuM bInajarUrI lAgavAthI e svadeza pAchA pharavAnI rajA lIdhI. jatI veLA bAdazAha pAsethI jemsa rAjA upara eka patra lakhAvI lIdho jemAM aMgreja vepArIono sAre satkAra karavAnuM teNe vacana ApyuM hatuM. zAhajahAnane maLI roe surata mATe eka pharamAna meLavyuM; temAM aneka bAbatone ullekha hato. te anvaye navAM ghare bAMdhavAnI tathA te hamezane mATe bhADe rAkhavAnI aMgrejone manA karavAmAM AvI hatI, ane aMgreja kaMpanImAMnAM mANasone hathIAra vAparavAne paravAne ApavAne naheAte; paNa ree A bAbata puSkaLa prayatna karI, tathA aMgrejo suratanA lekene trAsa Apaze nahIM evuM vacana ApI, hathIAranA paravAnAnI kalama pharamAnamAMthI zAhajAdA pAse rada karAvI. sapTembara 1618mAM e pharamAna maLatAM re surata gayo. tyAM cAra mahinA rahI vahANa mAlathI bharAyA bAda sane 1619 nA phebruArInI tA. 18 mIe e vilAyata javA upaDe, te teja varSanA oNgasTa mahinAnI Akhare laMDana pahoMcyo. ahIM tene bhAre satkAra thayo, tenI kAmagirI saghaLAne pasaMda paDI, ane kaMpanIe tene 15,000 rUpI. AnI rakama bakSisa ApI. ekaMdara evuM mAnavAmAM Ave che ke jenuM A dezamAM AvavuM cheka niSphaLa gayuM nahotuM; kharuM che ke tene saMpUrNa yaza maLyo nahIM, paNa emAM te nAIlAja hato. enA prayAsathI porTugIjha lekenI bAbatamAM kAyamane baMdobasta thayo. eka prajA tarIke aMgrejonI chApa megala darabAramAM sArI beThI. temanA tarapha sthAnika amaladArone trAsa aTakavAthI je bI hiMduratAnamAM ropavAmAM AvyAM hatAM tenAM mULa bAjhavA mATe avakAza maLyo. pirTugIjha vagere bIjA leke bhaLatAja mArga svIkAratA, tyAre aMgrejoe re sarakhA vajanadAra tathA draDha vicAranA gRhasthane traNa cAra varSa lagI megala dara bAramAM rAkhI pitAnI Ijata ghaNI vadhArI. aMgreja elacInA guNa jahAMgIra ane zAhajahAna ghaNuM sArI rIte pArakhI zakyA hatA. TuMkamAM je mahAna aMgreja purUSoe pitAnA aneka guNone lIdhe hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjyanI ImArata ubhI karI hatI temAM sara TaeNmasa re agrasthAne hatA tenI barAbarI

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266 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. karI zake evA keTalAka purUSa thayA hatA, paNa tenAthI zreSTha kaI paNa thayuM nahatuM e ItihAsakArone sAmAnya mata che. enI rojanIzI tathA pa vAMcavAthI mogala bAdazAhInI tatkAlIna sthitine Abehuba citAra ApaNI AgaLa khaDo thAya che. te samayanA pAzcAtya graMthakAramAM enA lekhanI kimata vizeSa aMkAya che. surata sivAya IrAna ane rAtA samudra uparanAM baMdaramAM aMgrejone vepAra vadhAravA mATe paNa ree athAga mahenata karI hatI. hiMdustAnamAMthI gayA pachI e bIjAM ghaNuM meTAM meTAM kAme karyo. be varSa pArlAmenTanA membara tarIke rahyA pachI sane 1621 mAM kanTenTIne palamAM sulatAnanA darabAramAM elacI tarIke tenI nImaNuMka thaI. A jagyA upara teNe ghaNuM utkRSTa kAma karyuM. ahIM ghaNI nAkhuzI chatAM sane 1628 lagI rahyA pachI roe svIDana ane pilenDa vaccenA kelakarAra TharAvavAmAM madhyastha tarIke kAma karyuM. zarUAtamAM cArlsa rAjAe tene sArI Adara karyo, paNa bhinna vicArane lIdhe tene pitAnA kAmamAM lIdhe nahIM, chatAM paNa bIjA pAMca dasa varSa lagI eNe aneka upayogI kAma karyA. sane 164ramAM rAjA ane pArlAmenTa vacce thayelA yuddhamAM teNe ghaNI mahenata karI. tene abhiprAya leka tarapha hatA, paNa rAjA upara khullI rIte zastra uMcakanAra pratye tene tiraskAra ha. re sane 1644 nA navembara mAsanI 6 ThI tArIkhe maraNa pAme. 8 irAnamAM khaTapaTa-ilijhAbethanA patra laI keTalAka vepArIo hiMdustAna ane cInanI mAphaka IrAnamAM paNa gayA hatA. sara enTanI zarle (Sir Antony Shirlay) e sane 1599 mAM zAha abbAsa hatI. enTanIne bhAI sara robarTa zele ghaNI vakhata lagI e dezamAM jaI rahyo hato. tene irAnanA zAhe pitAnA elacI tarIke sane 167 mAM iMgleMDa sAthe mitrAcArI karavA mATe meka hate. IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe IrAna sAthe vepAra zarU karavA puSkaLa khaTapaTa karI paNa te pAra

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prakaraNa 9 muM. ] niyamita saphare tathA sara TaeNmsa re. 267 paDI nahIM. suratathI kaMpanInA eka gRhastha kaeNpTana kerije sTIla nAmanA eka vepArIne patra ApI IrAna mokalyo hato. te prathama jAska AgaLa utarI tyAMthI rAjadhAnI IspahAna gayo tyAre tene sAre satkAra thayo. zarlIe tene khabara karI ke turkastAna ane irAna vacce yuddha cAlatuM hovAthI IrAnanuM rezama turkastAnanI hadamAM thaIne yuropamAM jatuM aTakyuM che, mATe suratathI A mAla yurepamAM laI javAnI taka sArI che. vaLI yuropamAM kApaDa vagere puSkaLa mAla IrAnamAM upaDI jaze. A uparathI suratanA vepArIoe 20,000 rUpIAne mAla kharIdI jAska ravAnA karyo. paNa sara Tomasa re surata AvyA tyAre tene irAnamAM vepAra calAvavA mATe karelI khaTapaTa pasaMda paDI nahIM. AgrethI pAchA pharyA pachI paNa teNe A vepAra aTakAvavA mahenata karI, ane mAla bharI jAska gayelAM vahANe bhUlathI te baMdaramAM cAlyAM gayAM che evuM teNe irAnanA zAhane lakhI mokalyuM. bIjI taraphathI sara barTa e kaMpanI sAthe luccAI karI potAnuM gajavuM tara karavA manasubo karyo. paNa pAchaLathI kaMpanI taraphathI kaMI sAro na maLaze nahIM ema dhArI zarlIe IrAna ane spena vacce salAha karAvI vepAra calAvavA mATe jogavAI karAvI ApI, ane zAhanI saMmati laI e pena gayo. tenI gerahAjarI daramiyAna kaMpanInA ispahAnamAMnA pratinidhi nAke (Connock) ene ughADe pADavAnA IrAdAthI teNe racelI bAjI vize zAhane lakhI jaNAvyuM, ane tenI saMmatithI pirTugIjhanA tAbAmAMne ormajhane TApu ekadama kabaje karavA suratanA aMgreja amaladArane lakhyuM. suratamAM te vakhate sara Tomasa ra hato, tene A navI hakIkata sAMbhaLI pitAno vicAra pheravo paDyo. A saghaLI khaTapaTane lIdhe zarta ane spenano vakIla IrAnamAM dAkhala thayA tyAre kaMpanInI saMpurNa taiyArI thaI hatI. kanAka jAte hoMzIAra tathA cAlAka hovAthI zAhe sAthe taha vagere karavA sarva rIte lAyaka hatuM. sane 1620 mAM kaMpanInA AramAre pirTugIjha kAphalAno parAbhava karI pittAno mAla IrAnanA baMdaramAM utAryo, eTalAmAM pirTugIjha lokoe zAha sAme zastra

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28 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. upADavAthI teNe aMgrejonI madada mAMgI. zAhanI mAgaNuM svIkArI pitAnA mAla upara jakAta mApha karavAnA karArathI aMgrejoe mejha levAmAM zAhane madada karI. sane 1622 mAM A madadathI zAhe e beTa piTuM. gIjha pAsethI jItI lIdhe, tyAre aMgrejone puSkaLa paisA maLavA uparAMta gaMbarUna (Gombroon ) mAM mAla utAravAnI paravAnagI tathA jakAtanI mAphI, temaja IrAnamAM game tyAM rezama kharIdavAnI temane paravAnagI maLI. pAchaLa aMgreja leke rmajha beTa pitAnA tAbAmAM levAne vicAra karavA lAgyA, paNa te zAhe bIlakula pasaMda karyo nahIM. ANI tarapha kaMpanIne je lUTa maLI hatI te saghaLI jemsa rAjAe tenI pAsethI chInavI lIdhI. jemsanA maraNa bAda sane 1626 mAM zale je hajI jIvate have te IrAnane elacI thaI rAjA cArsa pAse Avyo, ane ghaNI bhAMjagaDa karI paNa nirthaka. Akhare 1928 mAM irAna pAcho pharI te maraNa pAmyo. zAhe ApelA pharamAnane upayoga thaI zake nahIM tyAre saghaLe saraMjAma laI tyAMthI ucALA bharavA kaMpanIno vicAra hato, paNa zAhe temane pharIthI sajAvI tyAM rAkhyA. A pachI valaMdA lekee aMgrejone IrAnamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAne udyoga calAvyuM paNa te saphaLa thayo nahIM. keTaloka vakhata pachI zAha abbAsa maraNa pAmyo, ane zAha surI IrAnanA takhta upara Avyo. eNe dara sAla 15,000 rUpIAnI kimatane mAla najarANAM tarIke sAdara karavAnI sarate kaMpanIne IrAnamAM vepAra karavAnI chUTa ApI, ane valaMdAone tyAM dAkhala thatA aTakAvyA. sane 1637 mAM kaMpanInAM puSkaLa mANasa rogathI e dezamAM maraNa pAmyAM. viliama gibsana nAmane kaMpanIne pratinidhi IspahAnamAM hatA teNe beImAna thaI valaMdA lekene 1,20,000 rUpIA uchInA ApI temane vepAra IrAnamAM zarU karAvyo. gibsana sane 1937 mAM maraNa pAmyo tepaNa e pachI IrAnamAM kaMpanIne vepAra sAro cAlyA nahIM.

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 229 prakaraNa 10 muM. sAmAika bhaDaLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI (sane 1614-1658) 1. rAjA pahelA cArlsa tathA kaMpanI. 2. suratanI koThI. 3. madrAsanI utpatti. 4. baMgALAmAM aMgreja keDInI zarUAta. 5. vele karelI vyavasthA, 6. nekara pagArAnA tathA aMtarthavasthA. 7. khAnagI vepAra. 1, rAjA pahele cA tathA kaMpanI-prAgya dezo sAthe vepAra calAvavAnA hetuthI kaMpanIne udaya thayA pachI eoyanAmAM banelA bhayaMkara banAva lagI kaMpanInuM lakSa hiMdustAna tarapha gayuM ja nahotuM. e TApumAM thayelI aMgrejonI katalane lIdhe masAlAnA beTamAne pitAne vyavahAra baMdha karavAnI jarUra paDI tyAre kaMpanIe A deza tarapha kaMIka vizeSa lakSa ApavA mAMDayuM. have pachI tenA vepArIoe kevA saMjogo vacce tathA kevA prakAranuM kAma karyuM te samajavA mATe te samayanI IgleMDanI rAjakIya sthiti kevI hatI, ane kaMpanInA kAmakAja upara tenI asara kevI thaI e jANavAnI khAsa jarUra che. sane 1625 mAM rAjA pahele jemsa maraNa pAmatAM tene putra pahelo cArlsa IglaMDanI gAdI upara AvyA. pitAnuM rAjya dhoraNa cArja rAjAe vadhAre jorathI AgaLa calAvyuM. rAjA jANe IzvararUpa hoya ane tenuM kahevuM lekee muMge maheDe mAnya karavuM joIe evuM tenuM dhAravuM hevAthI, pArlAmenTa sAthe tene aNabanAva thaye, ane Akhare takarAre ugra rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. rAjapakSa tathA prajApakSa vacce khullI rIte thayelAM yuddhamAM prajApakSane jaya maLyo, ane cArlsa rAjAne sane 1649 mAM dehAnta zikSA bhogavavI paDI. IglaMDanI AvI sthiti thatAM jApAna tarapha zarU karele vepAra choDI daI kaMpanInA vepArIo te dezamAMthI jIva laI nAsI gayA; e beyanAnI katalane lIdhe masAlAnA TApuomAMthI temane nIkaLI javuM paDayuM; duHkhanI bhayaMkara

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ra70 . hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. vedanA bhegavI jAvA beTane chellI salAma karI tyAMthI jatA rahevAnI temane pharaja paDI; ane lagabhaga eja arasAmAM hiMdustAnanA pUrva ane pazcima kinArA upara paNa temane nAnA prakAranI aDacaNa veThavI paDI. AvI hakIkatamAM kaMpanIne IgleMDamAM paNa bIlakula nIrAMta nahotI. vizeSamAM tenI AMTa ghaNI ochI thaI gaI hatI, ane tenA se paMDanA zerane bhAva eMsI paNa upajate nahotA. karajane beje manasvIpaNe vadhArI mukele hovAthI tene kaI vadhAre nANuM dhIratuM nahIM. DAyarekaTaramAM mahAmahe phATapuTa tathA virodha hatAM. A kaMpanI IgleMDanAM mANaso tathA IgleMDanA paisA paradezamAM laI jaI DubAve che evo pracalita thayelo sAmAnya vicAra kaMpanIne nukazAnakAraka hovAthI te dUra karavA tenI taraphathI aneka grahasthoe puSkaLa mahenata karI paNa te saghaLI te vakhate te vyartha gaI. AvA saMkaTa samaye rAjA taraphathI kaMpanIne je madada maLavI joIe te maLI nahIM, ane ulaTuM tenA virodhIone rAjAne Teke maLavA lAge. kaThe prANa AvI gayo hoya tevI sthitimAM kaMpanInA DAyarekTaree sane 1928 mAM pArlAmenTa rUbarU pitAnuM saghaLuM duHkha nivedana karyuM. "A vepAra rASTrane jokhamakAraka che ke kema te vize bArIka tapAsa karavA, tapAsa aMte te je hAnikAraka TharAvavAmAM Ave te khuzIthI te baMdha karAvavA, paNa je naphAkAraka jaNAya to tene spaSTarIte madada karavA kaMpanIe pArlAmenTane AjIjIpUrvaka vinaMti karI. A uparathI tenI gaMbhIra sthitinuM kaMika ApaNane bhAna thAya che. ane vizeSamAM te veLAnA vepArI dharaNanuM ane bhAvI udayanuM digdarzana thAya che. kaMpanI virUddha sAmAnya prajAne evo AkSepa hato ke tenA vepAranA nAdamAM taNAI hajAro leka bhayaMkara samudra kheDI mRtyunA moMmAM jatA hovAthI rASTra baLahIna thatuM jatuM hatuM. A bAbata kaMpanIne spaSTa uttara e hato ke teNe upADelA kAmane lIdhe rAjyane ke prajAne kAMI paNa nukasAna thavAne badale ulaTe phAyadeja hatuM. tenA vepArane lIdhe IgleMDanA vahANavaTIo nIkAzAstramAM tathA darIAvadha kAmamAM taiyAra thatA hatA, ane duzmana caDI AvatAM tenAM vahANe, khalAsIo tathA anya sAmagrI

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prakaraNa 10 muM. sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra71 dezane atizaya upayogI thaI paDavAnI hatI. rAjyamAMthI paiso kaMpanI bahAra laI jaI paradezamAM uDAve che e AkSepanA javAbamAM tenuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke, kaMpanI rASTranA paisA bIlakula DubAvyA vinA hiMdustAnane mAla IMglaDa lAvI tathA yuropanA judA judA dezomAM kaphAyata bhAve vecI dezane meTo phAyado karI ApatI hatI. vaLI tenA dhAkathI valaMdA leke maryAdAmAM rahyA hatA, nahIMtara IMgleMDane saghaLo vepAra teo hAtha karI jate. A pramANe rAjAne tathA lekIne aneka rIte pote kevI rIte kAma lAge che te kaMpanIe jAhera karyuM. ' A saMbaMdhamAM rAjAnI vartaNuka kevaLa ApamatalabI hatI. A kaMpanI teija sthApanA karI hatI, ane pitAnA hukamAnusAra te cAlatI hatI ema te samajato hovAthI kaMpanI pratye eka prakAranuM mamatva te batAvatA. saghaLA vepArane ijAre ekalI kaMpanInA hAthamAM Ape e kaMI nAnI vAta nahotI. AvA ijArAne lIdhe rAjyamAM jakAtanuM utpanna vadhe, paNa te uparAMta rAjA tathA tenI AsapAsanA darabArIone khuza rAkhavA mATe kaMpanIne hameza lAMca ApavAnI pharaja paDatI. vakhata jatAM AvI rIte ApavAnI rakama anahada vadhI gaI ane rAjA kaMpanI pAse te nANuM mAMgavA lAgyo. A mAgaNI svIkAryA sivAya kaMpanIne chaTako nahote, kemake vAraMvAra pararAje sAthe thatA TAmAM tene rAjAnI madada ghaNuM kAma lAgatI. vaLI jemsa rAjA taraphathI koI paNa veLA amaryA dita mAgaNI na thatI hovAthI AvI rIte theDA ghaNuM pisA kaMpanIne ApavA paDatA temAM kaMI vizeSa nahotuM. paNa cArja rAjA hamezAMja muzkelImAM hevAthI kaMpanI pAse paisA ekAvavA teNe saghaLI zarama cheDI dIdhI. sane 1628 mAM teNe tenI pAse eka lAkha rUpIA uchInA mAgyA, paNa te na maLavAthI kaMpanInA zatru valaMdAo pAse teNe traNa lAkha rUpIA lIdhA, ane tema karI te prajAne phAyade karI ApI svadezI kaMpanInuM nukasAna karyuM. sane 1640 mAM rAjAe pharIthI kaMpanI pAse paisAnI mAgaNI karI, tyAre tenI pAse rokaDa silaka kaMIja na hovAthI vecAyA vinA paDI

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272 - hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. rahelAM sADA cha lAkha rUpIAnI kimatanAM bharI deDha lAkha mATe rAjAe kharIdI lIdhA ane pite bajAramAM vecyAM. A sivAya kaMpanIne herAna karavAnA anya mArga rAjA pAse puSkaLa hatA. jemsa rAjAe tene vepArane jAzukano IjAro Apyo hato, paNa sanadamAM eka kalama evI hatI ke je e vepAra dezane nukasAnakAraka nivaDe te traNa varSanI cetavaNI ApI te baMdha karAvavAno adhikAra rAjAne che. arthAta A vepArathI dezane nukasAna thAya che ke nahIM tene nirNaya karavAnuM ekalA rAjAnI marajI upara avalaMbI raheluM hovAthI tathA tenI AsapAsanA darabArI maMDaLane khuza rAkhavA kaMpanIne vAraMvAra jarUra paDatI. rAjAnI marajInAM mANasane IrAna, hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe pheravI lAvavAnuM, tathA temane kaMpanInA vepAranI sthitithI mAhitagAra banAvavAnuM kAma kaMpanIne karavuM paDatuM. Ave vakhate aneka vepArIo paisAnA jora upara kaMpanI sAme Takkara jhIlavA taiyAra thayA hatA. sane 1935 mAM kena, piMDara ane paTara nAmanA traNa dhanADhya vepArIoe ekamata thaI kaMpanIne vepAra DubAvavA masalata karI. teoe moTI moTI rakama rAjAne vyAje dhIrelI hovAthI temaNe tene pitAnA pakSamAM lIdhe, ane tenI pAsethI vepAranI sanada meLavI. paNa tema karatAM rAjAe kaMpanInI sanada rada karI nahIM eja tenA upara mATI maherabAnI hatI. rAjAnAM A kRtyathI atizaya ghAMTALe utpanna thaye, ane hiMdustAna, cIna vagere dezamAM kaMpanInA mebhAne mATe dhoke lAgyo. kaMpanInA utkarSa vize pratyakSa rIte rAjA mIThI mIThI vAte karate, paraMtu tenAM aMtastha karyo tenI virUddha hovAthI temaja game tevI takarArane niveDe rAjA taraphathI veLAsara na thatuM hovAthI tene tyAga karI pArlAmenTa pAsethI dAda meLavavA kaMpanInA DAyarekaTaree nizcaya karyo (sa. 1641). paraMtu tyAM temanI kaMI dAda lAgI nahIM, kAraNa pArlAmenTa kaMpanIne rAjAnA pakSanI gaNatI hatI. AvAM saMkaTamAMthI chUTavAne kaMi paNa upAya joyo nahIM. tyAre dhIme dhIme vepAra ATopI laI Akhare te baMdha karavAne temaNe TharAva karyo, ane te pramANe sane 1648mAM hiMdustAnamAnI sAta vakhAre upADI levA nakkI thayuM. vAstavika rIte kaMpanI rAjAnA

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAI bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 273 pakSanI ja hatI, paNa rAjAe tenI rAjaniSThA tarapha dhyAna ApavAnuM rahetuM. A bAbata rAjAnI tarapheNamAM eTaluM te kahevuM joIe ke teNe kahADelA hukama mATe te jAte keTale javAbadAra hato ane tenA salAhakAra keTalA javAba dAra hatA e nakkIpaNe hAla kahI zakAtuM nathI. dhAravAmAM Ave che teTaluM te jAte duSTa nahotuM. paNa tenI te chaDI, anizcita ane svachaMdI vartaNukane lIdhe jevI rIte lekee tenA upara zastra upADyAM hatAM, teja pramANe vepAranA kAmamAM kaMpanI paNa tenI sAmA paDI hatI ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI. sarva rIte jotAM cArlsa rAjA phAMsIe caDe tyAre kaMpanI chekaja pAyamAla thaI gaI hatI. 2. suratanI keThI-hiMdustAnamAM mAtra kaMpanInA vepArIo nirAza thayA nahatA. zarUAtamAM temanI vakhAranuM gheraNa kevaLa vepAra upara avalaMbI rahyuM nahotuM. pazcima kinArA uparaja saghaLI paradezI vepAranI dhAmadhuma cAlatI; te kinAre porTugIjha leke pharI vaLelA hovAthI temanI sAmA TakAva karavA mATe kaMpanInA vepArIone hiMdustAnanA rAjyakartAnI madadanI jarUra hatI. A kAraNathI e kinArA upara kaMpanIe megalenA mukhya zahera suratamAM prathama koThI ghAlI. prAcIna kALathI e zahera vepAranuM mukhya nAyuM hatuM, ane tenI pAsenuM suMvALInuM baMdara vahANa mATe sagavaDa bharyuM hatuM. suratamAM vepAra calAvavA mATe megala bAdazAha taraphathI chUTa meLavavA kepTana heMkinsa tathA sara Tomasa re IgleMDathI elacI tarIke AgrAnA darabAramAM AvyA hatA temanI hakIkata ApaNe upara vAMcI gayA chIe. ahIM paNa valaMdA lekee aMgrejonI puTha pakaDavAnuM choDayuM nahIM, paraMtu megala rAjyane baMbasta sArI hovAthI temanAthI aMgrejone kaMI paNa nukasAna thayuM nahIM. yuropiyana lekamAM aMgreja, valaMdA, porTugIjha vagere judI judI prajA che, ane temane vyavahAra pRthaka che, e vAta megala adhikArIone AraMbhamAM barAbara jANatI na hovAthI kaIka veLA valaMdA kenA aparAdha mATe aMgrejone zAsana bhegavavuM paDatuM. paNa thoDA ja samayamAM A prakAra baMdha thaye. aMgrejo vakhate vakhata

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2ja hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. jakAtanuM bharaNuM karatA, ane keInI ADe jatA nahIM. vaLI IrAnI akhAta tathA pazcima kinArA upara pigInuM tephAna dAbI devAmAM teo megalene ghaNuM upayogI thatA hovAthI pazcime darIAnI hadanA baMdobastamAM aMgreja kaphale ApaNane ghaNo madadagAra thaI paDaze evuM megene lAgyuM. sane 1928 mAM zAhajahAna bAdazAhe piArTugIjha leke jayAM maLe tyAM temane zikSA karavAnI paravAnagI aMgrejone ApI. bIjeja varSe suMvALI AgaLa aMgreja tathA parTugIjha vahANo vacce meTI laDAI thaI temAM banne pakSa sarakhA utaryA, te paNa aMgrejonI zreSThatA kAyama rahI. sane 1630 mAM IgleMDa tathA porTugala vacce meDIDa AgaLa thayelA tahanAmAnI rUe evuM karyuM hatuM ke beu dezanI prajAe pUrva taraphanA deze. sAthe zAMta rIte vepAra kare. paraMtu AvA kAgaLa uparanA TharAvathI manuSyanA vyavahAranuM baMdhAraNa thayuM hatuM te pachI jagatanI sthiti nirALIja thAta. eTaluM te kharuM hatuM ke aMgrejone lIdhe jakAtanuM utpanna meLavavAmAM, ane bIjA zatrune baMdebasta karavAmAM megala sarakArane ghaNe phAyado thayo hate ema teo samajatA. e samaye mogala bAdazAhanI sattA samudra upara barAbara cAlatI nahIM. darIA uparanA baMdobasta mATe, ane makake jatA yAtrALuonAM vahANanAM saMrakSaNa mATe megala sarakAre jevI rIte jaMjIrAmAM habasIonuM thANuM vasAvyuM hatuM tevI rIte suratamAMnA aMgrejo ApaNane upayogI thaze evuM temanuM mAnavuM hatuM. A veLA zAhajahAna bAdazAhanI zAMta kArakirdI zarU thatI hatI, ane hiMdustAnamAM sarva prakAranI AbAdI hatI. eziyA khaMDanA saghaLA bhAgamAM aneka tarehane mAle surata baMdaramAM thaIne hiMdustAnamAM dAkhala thatA. macchalipadaNa, baharAnapura ane AgrA sAthe e zaherane mukhya vyavahAra cAlate hovAthI mAlathI bharelAM asaMkhya gADAo tathA moTI moTI vaNajhAro surata javAnA rastA upara sarvakALa pharatAM mAlama paDatAM. rAjyamAMnA utkRSTa baMdobastane lIdhe vepAra tathA dalita vRddhi pAmyAM. mesama vakhate paradezI vepArIo suratamAM eTalA badhA ekaThA thatA ke temane rahevA

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra75 mATe jagyA paNa maLatI nahIM. aMgrejonA mukhya kAmadAra eka pachI eka ghaNuM hoMzIAra AvatA gayA, ane henarI laDe vagere keTalAka zodhaka buddhinA gRhasthAe hiMduonA rItarIvAja tathA dharma saMskAra vagere aneka bAbatenI mAhitI ekaThI karavA mahA prayAsa karyo. pAchaLanA aMgreja rAjyakartAone A mAhitI ghaNI upayogI thaI paDI. bhArI rAjaya sthApanAnI A eka prakAranI jANe taiyArI ja hatI. porTugIjha lekee hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApatI veLA AvI kaMI paNa taiyArI karI nahIM. suratamAM cAlatA dhamadhokAra vepAra vize kaMpanIne khabara hovAthI teNe tyAMnA presiDanTane A taraphanA saghaLA aMgrejo upara adhikAra calAvavAnI sattA ApI hatI. sane 1930 mAM gujarAtamAM paDelA bhayaMkara dukALamAM asaMkhya mANaso mu; suMvALImAM 260 ghare hatAM temAMthI mAtra 11 ja A sapATAmAMthI bacavA pAmyAM, ema sane 1631 mAM eka valaMdA vepArIe lakhyuM hatuM. suratanA rastAomAM pretanA DhagalA paDatA; ane ekaMdara trIsa hajAra leka dukALamAM maraNa pAmyAM hatAM. pAchaLathI phATI nIkaLelA regamAM aMgreja presiDanTa temaja ghaNuM vepArIo maraNa pAmyA, chatAM temane vepAra cAluja hatuM. surata kaMpanInuM mukhya thANuM thavAthI tenA tAbAnAM saghaLAM vahANono upayoga tyAM thavA lAgyo. hiMdu stAnamAM kaMpanInAM vIsa pacIsa vahANe jude jude baMdare pharatAM hatAM. sane 1628 ne eka dAkhale e maLI Ave che ke chellAM bAra varSamAM baMdaranA vepAra mATe aMgrejonAM pa7 vahANe rokAyelAM hatAM, ane temane kulle AkAra 26,600 Tana hatuM. A vahANe bharavA mATe rokaDa tathA mAla maLI kaMpanInA 1,14,54,420 rUpIA bahAra AvyA; ane 28,96,430 rUpIA teNe hiMdustAnamAM vyAje lIdhA, eTale kale 1,43,50,850 rUpIA kharca thaye. A vahANe sivAya suratanA bAganA baMdobasta mATe cha cha topavALAM vahANone eka nAne kAle hatuM. A *Lord's Account of Surat hi yearl odesloveliello stes quid ApeluM kahevAya che. paNa e pustaka hAla upalabdha nathI.

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27 . hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pachI desavahANa sane 1615 mAM kepTana DAuTananI saradArI heThaLa laDAI mAM utaryA hatA, ane temAMnAM cAra sane 16rara mAM IrAnanA akhAtamAMthI porTugIjhane hAMkI kahADavA mATe vaparAyAM hatAM. porTugIjha jahAje karatAM aMgrejonAM jahAje ghaNuM sArA hatAM. hiMdustAnamAM aMgreja AramAranI zarUAta AvI rIte thaI hatI. sane 1935mAM aMgreja presiDanTa tathA gevAnA vAIsaroya vacce thayelA vepAra saMbaMdhI kelakarAranI rUe. banene vahANa bharI mAla levAnI sagavaDa maLI. AvI rIte hiMdustAnamAM kaMpanInA vepArIo svastha besI na rahetAM aDaga prayatna karatA hovAthI pahelA cArlsa rAjAnI nukasAnakAraka rAjyanIti sAme kaMpanI TakI hatI. - kaMpanIne vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlato joI aMgreja vepArIo nivRtta thaI besI rahyA nahotA. temane khAnagI vepAra ghaNe bhAre hato, ane vakhata Ave padaranA paisA kharce vikaTa kAma mAthe upADavA teo samartha hatA. valaMdA vepArIo aMgrejothI ghaNuM adekhAtA. teo pitAnA karatAM ghaNuM kuzaLa che evI valaMdAonI khAtarI hatI, ane teo sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhI vepAra calAvavAmAM moTo phAyade samAyeluM che evuM teo pitAnI sarakArane vAraMvAra jaNavatA; paNa temanA bumArA pratye keIe lakSa ApyuM nahIM. cArlsa rAjAe keTene ubhI karelI kaMpanIne hiMdustAnamAM vepAra karavAnI sanada ApavAthI tenA vepArIoe A dezamAM AvI IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI vakhAro upara sarasAI bhegavavA mAMDI. temaNe rAtA samudramAM megalanAM yAtrALu vahANe lUTayAM te mATe suratanA presiDanTa tathA bIjA mANasone megalee ekadama kedamAM puryA; paNa 1,70,000 rUpIA daMDa bharatAM te sadhaLAne chUTakAre che. kerTana kaMpanInA kepTana heDale (Captain Weddell) rAjApuramAM pitAnI kaThI ghAlI. tene vahivaTa ghaNe vakhata lagI sAro cAlyo hato. sane 1939 mAM suratanA presiDanTa vacamAM paDI megala bAdazAha tathA parTugIjho vacce taha karAvI ApI.

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prakaraNa 10 muM. sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhata tathA saMbaMdhI muzkelI: 277 aMgreja presiDenTanAM A saghaLAM kRtye ApaNane eTaluM ja sucave che ke suratamAMthIja aMgrejonI sattAne AraMbha thayo hato. Tomasa resTela [(1925-31) ane viliama meththaulDa vagere suratanA adhikArIo kaMpanInA subhAgye ghaNuM sArA hatA. temaNe kaMpanInI pratiSThA jALavI rAkhI; ane bAdazAha AgaLa pitAne me heThe paDavA dIdho nahIM. paisAnI levaDadevaDa, cAMcI lekane baMdobasta, ane make janArA yAtrALuonI dhamAla e traNe kAmane lIdhe suratanuM mahatva vadhyuM, ane bIjA rASTranI vatI mogala bAdazAha sAthe madhyastha tarIke kAma karavA jeTaluM aMgreja vepArIomAM jema AvyuM. sane 1657 mAM suratanA presiDanTanA tAbA heThaLanA saghaLA vepArI mulakane eka presiDansI tarIke gaNavAne kaMpanIe TharAva karyo. sane 1629 thI sane 1934 sudhImAM kaMpanInA vepAramAM 36 vahANe vaparAyAM hatAM; e paikI "viliama" nAmanAM vahANa upara -160 khalAsIo hatA. emAMnAM ATha vahANe e pAMca varSamAM navAM baMdhAyAM hatAM; e samaye 600-700 Tana AkAranAM vahANa bAMdhavAmAM 50 thI 60 hajAra rUpIA kharca thato. sane 1633 mAM hiMdustAnamAMnI saghaLI aMgreja vakhAre maLI 100 vepArIo ( factors) kAma karatA hatA; emAMnA 48 rogathI A dezamAMja maraNa pAmyA hatA. pAchaLathI vadhI gayela kharca kamI karavAnA hetuthI kaMpanInAM mANasone pagAra ghaNe kApI nAMkhavAmAM AvyA, te paNa IglaMDamAM kaMpanI keTaleka dharmAdA kharca karatI hatI te teNe ocho karyo nahIM. garIbane anna tathA bhikSA ApavAnuM, haoNspiTala vagere saMsthAomAM vargaNuM bharavAnuM tathA evAja bIjA kAme karavAnuM kaMpanIe cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. keTalIka vAra IglaMDamAM tene mAla corAI jatuM hatuM. sane 1934 mAM cAra majAroe marInuM bhareluM eka pituM coryuM hatuM, ane khIsAmAM bharelAM marI khAtAM majura pakaDAI gayA hatA. evI ja rIte hiMdustAnathI AvatI kApaDanI gAMsaDIomAMthI paNa aneka veLA cerI thatI. . .

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ra78 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kenanI kaMpanIne pahelI sapharamAM je ke sAre phAyade maLyo hate tepaNa te IsTa InDIA kaMpanI sAme Takkara jhIlI zakI nahIM. valaMdA leke taraphathI tenAM vahANene atizaya herAnagatI pahoMcatI paNa svarakSaNanA sAdhanane abhAve kerTananI kaMpanI IsTa InDIA kaMpanI sAthe paDelA vigraha bAbata kaMIpaNa teDa kahADavA athavA te temAM joDAI javA taiyAra thaI rAjAne paNa jevI IsTa IDIA kaMpanI taraphathI prApti hatI tevI kena taraphathI na hovAthI te tenA pratye nAkhuza thayuM hatuM. tyArabAda sane 1639 mAM rAjAe pUrvanA vepAranI barAbara tapAsa karI kharI hakIkata jAhera karavA mATe eka kamiTi nImI. te kamiTie karelI tapAsa uparathI rAjAe kenanI sanada rada karI, ane IsTa InaDIA kaMpanIne na bhaMDaLa ubho karavA paravAnagI ApI. AvelI aDacaNa game tema karI rAjA nibhAvI leto; paNa Akhare tene sane 1649 mAM aMta Avyo. sane 1643 mAM IglaMDamAM kaMpanInA gavarnara tarIke viliama kokena (William Cokayn) nI eka DepyuTI gavarnara tarIke viliama mealDa (William Methwold) nI nimaNuMka thaI. meaA ghaNe cAlAka tathA hoMzIAra hatA, hiMdustAnanA vepAranI tene saMpUrNa mAhitI hatI, ane tyAMthI dhanADhaya thaI te IMgleMDa pAcho pharyo hato. e prathama sane 1615 mAM surata AvyA pachI vepAranI mAhitI meLavate AkhA hiMdustAnamAM phi. gevaLakanDAnI hIrAnI khANanI vAta eNeja prathama prasiddha karI. sane 1631 thI 37 sudhI e suratane presiDanTa hatA te daramiyAna kaMpanIne vepAra teNe ghaNo sAro calAvyo. baMgALA prAMtamAM vakhAra khalavAnuM pratsAhana kaMpanIne eNeja ApyuM hatuM. TuMkANamAM iMglaMDamAM kaMpanInI sthiti mAThI thatAM mealDa sarakhA gRhasthoe hiMdustAnamAM tene vadhAre ke ApI sajIvana karI hatI. AvI rIte aMgreja vepArIo aneka khaTapaTa karavAmAM niraMtara mazagula rahetA. cArlsa rAjA haiyAta hatuM tyAre ane tene ziraccheda thayA

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAjIka bhaMDaLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra9 pachI paNa keTalIka vakhata sudhI kaMpanIne khullI rIte pitAnA vicAra darzAvavAnI manAI hatI. jyAre kayo pakSa sarvoparI thaze ane konA hAthamAM ApaNI muDI jaze ene kaMI paNa bhAsa agADIthI na paDato hovAthI pratyeka vyavahAramAM tene sAvacetIthI vartavuM paDatuM, ane kaI paNa pakSa gusse na thAya evI bhASA vAparavAnI pharaja paDatI. A samaye hiMdustAna AvelA keTalAka patre upara zarUAtamAM "vAMcIne bALI nAkhavA e pramANe spaSTa sUcanA hatI. A rIte aneka pa baLI gayelA hovAthI temAMne majakura jANavAne Aje ApaNI pAse kaMI sAdhana nathI. eTaluM te kharuM ke aMgreja lekee pitAnA rAjAne phAMsI dIdhAnI bAtamI IrAna, hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe pahoMcI hatI ane tethI temane mATe anya prajAne kaMIka virUddha abhiprAya baMdhAyuM hatuM. A vicAra aMgrejone keTalIkavAra naDe e jaNAvavAnI jarUra nathI. - 3. madrAsanI utpatti (saM. 1939).-kere mAMDala kinArA upara aMgrejonI vyavasthA egya rIte cAlI nahIM tenuM kAraNa e hatuM ke te tarapha mogala bAdazAhanI sattA sthApana thayelI na hovAthI nAnAM nAnAM rAjya mAMhomAMhe laDayA karatAM hatAM. sane 1535 mAM tAlikATAnI laDAImAM vijaya nagaranA rAjyane aMta AvyAthI pUrva kinArA upara gavaLakonDAnA kutabazAhI rAjAone amala zarU thayo hato. madrAsanI uttare 23 mAIla upara pulikaTa AgaLa valaMdA lekanuM thANuM hatuM. e pulikaTanAne sarakhe beTa che ane te 1609 mAM valaMdAoe kabaje karyo hate. sane 1611 mAM aMgrejonI sAtamI saphara veLA kaMpanInAM vahANee te kabaje karavA prayatna karele, paNa valaMdAonI sAmA temanuM kaMI phAvyuM nahIM, tyAre enI uttare peTapuLI AgaLa kepTana hine (captain Hippon) aMgrejonI koThI ghAlI (oNgasTa 1611). peTTapuLI e hAlanuM kRSNA jillAmAM AveluM nijAmapaTTaNa zahera che. sane 1620 mAM IgleMDa ane holenDa vacce salAha thavAthI valaMdAoe pulikaTamAM aMgrejone vepAra karavAnI chUTa ApI; paNa eoyanAnI katala pachI e zahera paNa tajI devAnI temane pharaja paDI, peTTapuLIne vepAra keTaleka vakhata dhIme

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280 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. dhIme cA paNa tyAMnI kharAba havAne lIdhe te paNa aMgrejone choDI devuM paDayuM. ema chatAM sane 1633 mAM aMgrejoe pharIthI tyAM pitAnI vakhAra sthApI hatI. AvI rIte game tema karI ahIM aMgrejo rahetA, paNa sane 1987mAM kaMpanInA hukamAnusAra e vasAhata sadaMtara kahADI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM. - kRSNa nadInA A baMdaramAM aMgrejone nibhAva thaze nahIM ema jANI kepTana hipane eja nadIne uttara tare AvelA macchalipaTTaNa mAM jaI sane 1911 mAM eka kAThI ghAlI. ahIM kApaDa puSkaLa maLe ema hatuM, ane ahIMthI aneka baMdaro mATe niranirALA prakAra mAla ravAnA thatuM hovAthI vepAranA nikAsa mATe saghaLI sagavaDa hatI. gevaLakeDAnA hIrA ane mANeka tathA dezanA bIjA bhAgamAM taiyAra thatAM suMdara vastrane paradezamAM meTe khapa thata hato; temaja pUrva taraphanA beTomAMthI AvatuM sonuM, rU, lebAna vagere mAlane macchalipaNamAM upADa thato. sane 1627 mAM baTeviAnA vepArIoe IgleMDamAM kaMpanIne lakhI jaNAvyuM hatuM ke jo tame dara sAla poNA sAta lAkha rUpIA macchalipaTTaNamAM rokaDa mekalI tenuM kApaDa kharIdI baTeviAmAM veco te teTalI paMchathI sADAtera lAkha jeTalo bhAre naphe thavAno saMbhava che." suratamAM keThI ghAlI aMgrejoe jevI rIte porTugIjhane pazcima kinArAne vepAra chInavI lIdhe have te pramANe macchalipaTTaNanI aMgreja vakhArane lIdhe temane pUrva kinArA upara saghaLo vepAra dabAyo hato. ema chatAM A agatyanuM baMdara aMgrejo pitAnA ekalAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI zakyAM nahIM, kAraNa temane e baMdara mATe valaMdAo sAthe ghaNI caDasAcaDasI thaI hatI. sane 1613 mAM kinArAnA mulakanA dezI adhikArI pAsethI aMgreja vepArIoe suvarNa patra upara vepAra karavA paravAne lakhAvI lIdhuM hatuM. sane 1619 nA eka lekha uparathI jaNAya che ke macchalipaTTaNanI kaThIne vyavahAra thoDA kharce ghaNuM uttama prakArane cAlatuM hatuM. gheDA ja samayamAM valaMdAoe aMgrejone eTalA herAna karyA ke tyAMnA keTalAka aMgreja vepArIo nAsI

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 281 jaI AmaMgAmamAM jaI rahyA (sane 1628). ema chatAM macchalipaTTaNa mATenI aMgrejonI AzA cheka ja naSTa thaI na hatI. sane 1630 nA suratanA dukALanI asara macchalipaTTaNamAM ghaNI sakhata jaNAI. bhukhe maratA leke phADI khAze evI bIkathI musApharI karavI durghaTa thaI hatI, ane vaNakara vagere bIjA asaMkhya dhaMdhAdArIo mAryA gayA hatA. sane 1632 mAM aMgrejoe gevaLakanDAnA kutabazAhI rAjA pAsethI macchalipaTTaNanI vakhAne paravAne suvarNa patra upara lakhAvI lIdhe tenA badalAmAM aMgrejoe irAnanA gheDA lAvI zAhane vecavA kabUla karyuM. A pramANe macchalipaTTaNamAM aMgrejoe zarU karela vepAra adyApi cAlu che. sane 1923 mAM AmagAmamAM aMgrejoe pahelI kAThI ghAlI, ane tyAM tepa vagere mukI valaMdAo sAme potAno bacAva karavA mAMDe. vakhata jatAM ahIM mAla barAbara nahIM maLavAthI temane A jagyA paNa cheDavI paDI. ArmAgAmanA mukhya vepArI kAnsisa De (Francis Day) e valaMdA lekene trAsa maTADavAnA hetuthI pulikaTanI dakSiNe madrAsamAM navuM vasAhata sthApavA TharAvyuM. tyAM baMdara ghaNuM sAruM hatuM, ane najadIkanA seTa memAMnA parTugIjhanI tene madada maLavAnI hatI. vijayanagaranA rAjyanI paDatI pachI tyAMnuM rAjya kuTuMba madrAsanI nairUtye sumAre 70 mAIla upara AvelA caMdragiri nagaramAM jaI vasyuM hatuM. AmagAma tathA macchalipaTTaNamAM vilaMdAo sAme aMgreja vepArIo TakI zakavAthI nahIM kAnsisa De A caMdragirinA nAyaka pAse gayo (sane 1639 oNgasTa tA. 27) tyAre zrIraMgarAya nAyake tene sAro satkAra karyo. nAyakanI hastakanA mulakamAM aMgrejo mATe vepAranI soI sArI hovAnI tathA machalipaTTaNa karatAM 40 TakA sasto mAla tyAM maLatA hovAnI DenI khAtarI thavAthI zrIraMgarAya nAyaka pAsethI keTalAka haka meLavavA teNe tajavIja karI. zrIraMgarAye DenI mAgaNI tarataja svIkArI, ane varSa purU thAya te agAu pitAnA tAbAmAMnI keTalIka jagyA tathA

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282 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tyAM killebaMdhI karavAnI paravAnagI teNe aMgrejone ApI. zrIraMgarAyanA maiyata pitA cannApAnA smAraka tarIke navA zaheranuM nAma cannApaTTaNa pADavAnI zrIraMgarAye aMgrejo pAsethI kabulAta meLavI hatI. keTalAka etadezIya leke madrAsane hajI cApaTTaNa tarIke oLakhe che. madrezvara nAmanA eka purAtana rAjAnA nAma uparathI madrAsa nAma paDeluM haze evuM anumAna thAya che. caMdragiri nAyaka nirAzrita hatuM, eTale aMgreja pitAnA mulakamAM killebaMdhI karaze te vakhata Ave temanI taraphathI pitAne bacAva thaI zakaze evA hetuthI teNe greja kaMpanIne Azraya Age hate. arAjaka sthitinuM pariNAma dezane keTaluM bhayaMkara thAya che enAM aneka udAharaNomAMnuM A eka che. macchalipaTTaNamAM aMgrejone TakAva nahIM thavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke tyAM kutabazAha rAjAne amala joramAM hato. suratamAM paNa aMgrejonI tevI sthiti hatI. paNa madrAsamAM teo tevI kaMI paNa vhIka vagara rahI zakyA. zrIraMgarAya pAsethI upara kahele karAra karAvI laI De tarataja macchalipaTTaNa gayo; tyAMnA mukhya amaladAra keganane DenA vicAra pasaMda paDayA, paraMtu tenI pAse paisA na hovAthI Dee nANuM vyAje kahADI killAnuM kAma zarU karyuM (phebruArI, 1640). tA. ra3 mI eprile eTale senTa jarjana punya divase keTa puro thavAthI e killAnuM nAma pherTa senTa jarja pADavAmAM AvyuM. thoDA ja vakhatamAM vaNakara vagere lokeAnAM 400 kuTuMbo killAnA bahAranA bhAgamAM AvI vasyAM, e uparathI aMdarano bhAga vahAITa TAuna (gorAonuM zahera) tarIke oLakhAvavA lAgyo, ane bahAranA bhAganuM nAma bleka TAuna (kALAnuM zahera) paDyuM. killA upara dasa hajAra pageDA eTale sumAre 35,500 rUpIA kharca thayo te paNa puSkaLa kAma bAkI hatuM. zarUAtamAM killAnA saMrakSaNArthe Asare 35 aMgrejo tathA teTalAja dezIo rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. De sane 1642 mAM iMgleMDa gaye tyAre macchalipaTTaNamAMnA aMgrejo madrAsamAM AvI rahyA. kaMpanInA hukama vinA kareluM A kAma IlaMmAM pasaMda paDayuM nahIM.

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prakaraNa 10 muM.] sAmAI bhaMDaLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 283 tyAMnI te veLAnI DAmADoLa sthiti dhyAnamAM laIe te AvA nukasAnakAraka kAmamAM kharca karavAnI kaMpanInI tAkAta nahatI ema sahaja jaNAze. A mATe suratanA presiDanTane Thapako maLe tyAre teNe te vize pitAnI ajJAnatA jAhera karI, paNa madrAsane kille ghaNo upayogI thaI paDaze e teNe mata Apyo. A bAbata tapAsa karavA mATe korTa opha DAyarekaTaro taraphathI nImAyelI kamiTie sane 164panA me mAsanI 13 mI tArIkhe e abhiprAya Apo ke pAse paisA na hatA chatAM AvuM kharcALa kAma upADavuM e meTI bhUla hatI, te paNa kaMpanI pAse vahele meDe kaMIka bhaMDoLa jame thatAM A killAne ghaNo sAre upayoga thaI zakaze; A kAmamAM koI ekaja mANasane aparAdhI TharAvI zakAtuM nathI; aparAdhI gaNue te te De hato, paNa te atyAra Agamaja kaMpanInI nekarImAMthI nIkaLI gayA hatA, ane killAnuM kAma pUruM thaI gayuM hatuM, eTale banelA banAva eka veLA mana upara lIdheluM kAma uparI adhikArIonA hukamanI rAha na jotAM kevI rIte saMpUrNa rIte pAra pADe che e dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jega che. Abukarka, kalAIva vagere purUSonI paNa rIta AvI ja hatI. vAstavika rIte hiMdustAnamAMnuM aMgrejI rAjya variSTha adhikArIonA hukamanA anAdarane lIdheja sthApana thayuM che; hukama yogya rIte bajAvavAnI tajavIja karavAthI te kadI paNa sthapAyuM heta nahIM. A pramANe madrAsanI sthApanA thaI ane pUrva kinArA upara kaMpanI no vyavahAra makkama rIte cAlu thayo. madrAsa pAse AvelA seMTa themenAM piorTugIjha sAthe aMgrejone sArI mitrAcArI hatI. eTale theDAjavakhatamAM ahIM aMgrejonI sattA jAmI gaI. zarUAtamAM A vasAhata baeNTamanA tAbA heThaLa hatuM, paNa sane 1653 mAM madrAsa presiDensi tarIke te svataMtra thayuM. A vasAhata aMgrejonI bIjI vakhAra karatAM bhinna prakAranuM hatuM, kAraNa ke ahIM seTa themsa najadIka kinAre kinAre cha mAIla lAMbe ane eka mAIla pahoLo jamInane kakaDe kAyamano kaMpanInA tAbAmAM

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284 hiMdustAnanAM arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. AvavAthI A thANuM ubhuM thayuM hatuM. dezanA bIjA bhAgamAM temanI mAtra vakhAroja hatI. sane 1645 mAM govaLakonDAnA kutabazAhI rAjA pAsethI madrAsanI sanada kaMpanIe meLavI. yuropamAM krovele valaMdAo sAthe A thANuM bAbata laDAI karI baMdobasta karyo. sane 1657 mAM madrAsanA kAmakAjanI gya vyavasthA thaI tyArathI A zahera AbAda thatuM gayuM che. - 4, baMgALAmAM aMgreja keThInI zarUAta-surata ane madrAsa karatAM baMgALAnI sthiti kaMIka judA ja prakAranI hatI. e prAMta maganI rAjadhAnIthI ghaNe dUra paDe hovAthI tyAMnA adhikArIo ghaNAkharA svataMtra hatA. gujarAtamAM surata upara jevI rIte bAdazAhanuM pratyakSa lakSa rahetuM hatuM tevuM baMgALA upara nahotuM. evuM kahevAya che ke grebiala bAuTana (Gabriel Boughton) nAmane eka aMgreja zastravaidya sane 1636 mAM bAdazAhanA AmaMtraNane mAna ApI suratathI Agre gaye hatuM. tyAM eka rAjakanyA dAjhI gaI hatI tene bAuTane upacAra karI sArI karI. e mATe pite phI na letAM teNe kaMpanI mATe baMgALA prAMtamAM binajakAtI vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI meLavI. paNa A vAta kharI hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. baMgALAmAM vepAra karavAno paravAno meLavavA mATe sara Tomasa ronA vakhatathI aMgreja vepArIo mathatA hatA e kharuM, paNa baMgALa tarapha prathama pagapesAro karanArAM macchalipaTTaNanI aMgreja koThInAM mANase hatAM. temaNe sane 1533 mAM kArTarAITa (Cartwright) vagere keTalAka vepArIene mahA nadImAM thaI erisA prAMtamAM mokalyA hatA. teo prathama hariSa pUra AgaLa utaryA. tyAMnA hiMdu kArabhArIe temane Azraya ApI temane kaTakanA musalamAna navAba pAse mokalyA. kinArA uparanA nAnA megala adhikArI, variSTha subedAra tathA mukhya bAdazAha eo vacce pharaka AraMbhamAM aMgreja gRhastha barAbara samajatA na hovAthI teoe saghaLAne rAjAnI saMjJA ApelI temanA aneka lekha uparathI mAlama paDe che. erisAno navAbe kharuM jotAM baMgALAnA subedAranA tAbAmAM hato; te paNa teNe aMgreja vepArIone satkAra karI temanI mulAkAta lIdhI, tyAM

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAI bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tasabaMdhI muzkelI. 285 darabAramAM parTugIjha vepArIo sAthe kArTarAITane sakhata takarAra thaI temAM kArTarAITa ghaNuM jaMgalIpaNAthI varyo. AthI tene dhAka beThe, ane orisAnA adhikArIoe tene pitAnA prAMtamAM jamIna vecAtI laI kAThI dhAlavAnI tathA vahANa bAMdhavAnI paravAnagI ApI (sane 1633), ane jatI veLA tene vidAyagIrIne mAna tarIke mijabAnI paNa ApI hatI. aMgrejoe tarataja hariharapUra tathA bAlAsaramAM vakhAre ughADI, ane sane 1633 nA julAI mahinAmAM iMgleMDathI Avele mAla tyAM utAryo. paNa e mAla tyAM khape nahIM. comAsAmAM tAvathI herAna thaI aMgrejonAM ghaNuM mANo gujarI gayAM. A saMkaTamAM teo phasAyelA hatA tevAmAM eka taraphathI porTugIjhoe tathA bIjI taraphathI valaMdAnAM vahANee temanA upara halle calAvyuM. "A nukasAnakAraka prasaMga mAthe harI levAnI ApaNane jarUra nathI' evuM igleMDamAM kaMpanIne temaja ahIM macchalipaTTaNanA adhikArIone paNa lAgyuM. sane 1641 mAM bAlArane vepAra choDI devAne IgleMDathI hukama AvyuM. paNa eja samaye krAnsisa De madrAsathI bAlAsera gaye, ane tyAMnI saghaLI hakIkata joI e vakhAra baMdha nahIM karavA TharAva karyo. AthI Akhara nikAla mATe A prazna pharIthI IMglaMDa ravAnA thaye paNa sane 165 sudhI tenuM kaMI paNa nirAkaraNa thayuM nahIM. e varSamAM DAyarekaTaroe baMgALAmAM vakhAra rAkhavAnI jarUra jevAthI kaMpanIe bAlAsarane madhyasthAna rAkhI tyAMthI vilAyatane mAla hugalImAM vecavA mATe mekalavAnI geThavaNa karI. e varSa pUrve hugalI AgaLa pirTugIjha lakoe pitAnI kAThI ghAlI hatI paNa temaNe karelI killebaMdhI vagere zAhajahAnane pasaMda na paDavAthI teNe sane 1632 mAM porTugIjha thANAne nAza karyo hate. hugalInI nIce thoDe aMtare cinasurAmAM valaMdAonuM thANuM hatuM. megalenAM vahANa mATe baMgALa prAMtamAM hugalI mukhya baMdara havAthI DAyarekaTaranA hukama anvaya sane 16pa0 mAM kaMpanIe bAdazAhanA amaladAro pAse e ThekANe vepAra karavAne paravAno meLavyA. sane 1632 thI A pradezamAM nArAyaNa nAmane eka hiMdu

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286 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. grahastha aMgrejone madada karate ha; tene phasAvavA mATe aMgrejonA zatruoe aneka prayatna karyo te paNa te ImAnadAra rahyA, ane teNeja hugalInI vakhAra bAbata temane sarva tarehanI madada karI. vaLI upara kahela zastra bAuTana A samaye baMgALAnA subedAra zAhajAdA sujA pAse hato, teNe sujA mATe karelAM kAmanA badalAmAM zAhajAdAe kaMpanIne baMgALAmAM binajakAtI vepAra calAvavAnI paravAnagI ApI. A mATe kaMpanIne 3,000 rUpIA najarANuM bharavuM paDayuM. TuMkANamAM sane 1651 thI AkhA baMgALa prAMtamAM aMgrejone vepAra cAlu thayo, ane bAlAsara, pipaLI, hugalI, kAsImabajhAra, paTanA vagere ThekANe temaNe pitAnI keDI ghAlI vepAranI zarUAta karI. paNa ATalA moTA vistAra upara kaMpanInAM mUDIbhara mANasane pharI vaLavuM azakya hatuM. paDatI muzkelIo dhyAnamAM laI cha sAta varSamAM madrAsanI konsile baMgALAmAMnI vakhAro baMdha karavA TharAvyuM. kaMpanInA vahivaTamAM cAlatI geravyavasthAne aMta ANavA sane 1657 mAM kaeNmale eka uttama vyavasthA racI. hiMdustAnamAMnA aMgreja vepArIonI vartaNuka ghaNI aniyamIta hovAthI kaMpanIne phAyado na vicAratAM teo pitAnAM khIsAM bharatA. Ane aTakAva karavA mATe teNe pratyeka vakhAra mATe niyama bAMdhyA; dareka vakhAramAM eka mukhI, traNa madadanIza tathA bIjA hAtha heThaLanA leke rAkhavAnI goThavaNa karI; ane suratamAM mukhya adhikArI rAkhI tenA tAbAmAM madrAsa tathA madrAsanI hastaka huga lInI vakhAra mukavA turta veLA baMdobasta karyo. A saghaLuM mahatvanuM kAma ATopI tathA kaMpanIne kAmamAM navuM jema umerI ane tenI saghaLI vyavasthA pUrNa karI kaeNmala sane 1658 mAM maraNa pAme. ahIM e ja varSamAM zAhajahAna bAdazAha AjArI paDe, ane tenI kArakirdIne aMta AvyuM. sane 1658 pachInAM so varSa lagI aMgreje kevaLa vepArI se varSamAM eTale sane 1858 mAM te pUrNa karyuM. A hakIkatamAM A traNa sana khAsa yAda rAkhavA joga che.

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5. vele karelI vyavasthA (sane 1657) -IgleMDamAM thayelI rAjyakrAtine lIdhe kaMpanIne ghaNe trAsa bhogavavo paDato hato. cArlsa rAjAnA mRtyu pachI rAjaciha tarIke je kaMI kaMpanI pAse hatuM te saghaLuM tene nAza karavuM paDyuM. tevI ja rIte sane 1660 mAM IMgleDanI gAdI upara bIjo cArja rAjA AvatAM vacagALAnAM prajAsattAka rAjyanI nizAnIo paNa kaMpanIne nAza karavI paDI. TuMkamAM vakhata Ave tema tene vartavAnuM hatuM. kaoNvelane sarva udyoga aMgreja leke utkarSa mATe hatuM, ane kaMpanInuM teNe hameza mATe hita karyuM hatuM. vepAra e rASTranA abhyadayanuM mukhya aMga che, ane te vadhAravA mATe rAjya kartAe mahenata karavI joIe e tatva kaeNvela pUrNa rIte jANatA hatA. valaMdA lekee kaMpanIne gherI lIdhI che, tathA parTugIjhe tene herAna kare che e barAbara te dhyAnamAM utaryuM hatuM. svaprajA sArU pUrvane vepAra khulluM mukavAmAM Avaze evI sarata teNe porTugala joDe karelA kelakarAramAM dAkhala karAvI hatI, ane eyanAnI katala mATe valaMdA lokone ghaNI bhAre zikSA karI hatI; kaMpanInI aMtarthavasthA sudhArI sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhata kaMpanInA udaya mATe sarvottama TharAvI hatI. A saghaLAne kAyadAnuM rUpa ApavA mATe vele kaMpanIne sane 1657 mAM navI sanada karI ApI. AthI lekene dhIraja AvI, ane kaMI paNa vhIka rAkhyA vinA teoe pitAnA paisA kaMpanIne dhIryA. kromavelanA A upakramane lIdheja pachInAM be varSa lagI rAjya sthApanAnuM pracaMDa kAma kaMpanI upADI zakI hatI. krovelane tathA kaMpanIne janma eka ja varSamAM thaye hatuM (sane 1599). kaMpanIe sane 1628 mAM pArlAmenTa pAsethI prathama dAda mAgI, ane teja varSe kaeNla pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thayA tyArathI sane 1949 paryata kaMpanInI ghaNI mAThI hAlata thaI te daramiyAna, ane mukhyatve karIne 1642 thI 1649 sudhI cAlelA banne pakSa vaccenA yuddhamAM kaMpanIne ghaNuM khamavuM paDayuM hatuM. AvI sthitimAM kaMpanInA nokare hiMdustAnane vepAra mahAmuzkelIo paNa calAvI zakayA eja khAsa manana karavA joga che.

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28 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. krovelanA hAthamAM rAjyasUtra AvatAM ja teNe sarva hakIkatanI bArIkAIthI tapAsa karI. vepAra e rAjyane hitakartA che e tene abhiprAya thaye, tyAre hiMdustAnane vepAra aMgrejonA kabajAmAM levA mATe kevA upAyo yojavA joIe teno vicAra karatAM kaMpanIne ja madada karavAnuM vadhAre ye che evI tenI khAtarI thaI. kaMpanI vize tenA manamAM kaMI paNa pakSapAta nahoto. anya dezomAM tathA darIA upara IgleMDanA kAphalAnuM mahatva vadhAravA mATe teNe nevigezana eNkaTa (sane 1651) vagere aneka mahatvanA upAya yojyA. valaMdA leke virUddha kaMpanInA patro pArlAmenTa pAse jatA hatA; teoe kaMpanIne chellAM vIsa varSamAM be karoDa rUpIAnuM nukasAna karyuM hatuM evI tenI mukhya pharIAda hatI. mAtra kaMpanInI tarapheNa karI valaMdA rAjya virUddha ekadama yuddha zarU na karatAM bIjAM kAraNe maLavA pachI ja pele valaMdA leke upara sakhta vera lIdhuM. yuddhane aMte sane 16 54 mAM holenDe igleMDa sAthe karelA kelakarAramAM kaMpanIne thayelI nukasAnI bharapAI karavAnI mukhya saratanI rUe valaMdA lakoe Asare nava lAkha rUpIA kaMpanIne ApyA, tathA pularUna beTa jAzukano aMgrejone maLyo. bAra varSa agAu eTale sane 164ra mAM valaMdA pAsethI pAMca lAkha rUpIA laI saghaLo To patAvavA kaMpanI taiyAra hatI. paNa te vakhate teo e tuMDAIthI e mAgaNI uDAvI pitAnA ja pagamAM kuhADo mAryo. A pramANe valaMdAone baMdebarata karyA bAda phaile pirTugala sAme pharIAda zarU karI; IMglaMDanI tapanAM maheDAM temanI tarapha pharatAMja porTugIjha dabAI gayA, ane hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonI ADe nahIM javAnI kabulAta ApI taha karI. A saghaLA kAmanA badalAmAM kraupele kaMpanI pAsethI vyAje kahADelA cha lAkha rUpIA rASTranA kAmamAM vAparI dezanuM karja pheDI dIdhuM. kaMpanInI aMtarthavasthA vize vicAra karatAM kraoNvelane mAlama paDayuM ke IsTa InDIA kaMpanI sivAya korTananI kaMpanI tathA laMDana ane brisTala vagere ThekANanA vepArIo hiMdustAnanA vepAra mATe mAMhomAMhe

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 289 vaDhatA hatA. sane 1650 mAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanI sAthe na joDAI javAthI kaMpanIne pahelAM bhaMDoLa maLyo nahI, kAraNa ke ekalI kaMpanInA hAthamAM saghaLA vepArane makato rahe e aDhaLaka paisAvALA vepArIone pasaMda nahetuM. kharuM jotAM khulle agara aniyaMtrita vepAra ane niyaMtrita vepAra e banane vacce AjanI mAphaka te veLAe paNa kaMTe cAlu hatA. saMdhaLo vepAra ekalI kaMpanInA hAthamAM rahe ane temAM bIjAone bhAga maLe nahIM evuM kaMpanInuM kahevuM hatuM. virUddha mata dharAvanArAne varga ghaNe moTe ane lAgavaga dharAvanAre hate. sane 1654 mAM A prazna Akhara nikAla mATe krovela AgaLa AvyA tyAre teNe vicAra karyo ke hiMdustAnane vepAra AkhI prajA mATe khulluM mukavAmAM Ave te potAnA kAphalAthI tenuM rakSaNa karavAne iglaDe taiyAra rahevuM joIe; paraMtu yuropanAM rAjyo sAthe bAtha bhIDavA jeTaluM sAmarthya aMgrejonA aMgamAM nahotuM, e te paka jANatuM hevAthI teNe vepArane makate kaMpanI pAse ja rahevA dIdhe; paNa je bIjA koIne dhaMdhAmAM paDavuM hoya te tene mATe kaMI saraLatA karI ApI. ATaluM thatAM paNa kaMpanInA sabhAsadamAM bheda rahya; eka pakSanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke khuda kaMpanIe sAmAIka bhALathI vepAra calAvo, jyAre bIjAne vicAra evo hato ke je koIe saMsthAne sabhAsada thAya tene pitAne vepAra khAnagI rIte keTalAka niyamane anusarI calAvavA paravAnagI ApavI. bIjA paMthanA vyavahArane niyamabaddha vyApAra (Regulated System) kahI zakAya. A saghaLAnuM tAtparya e ja hatuM ke kaMpanInI vyavasthA kevI hovI joIe e meTa ne mukhya savAla hato. A prazna kraoNncele abhiprAya mATe konsila oNpha sTeTa tarapha mokalyo. e bAbata puSkaLa vicAra karatAM "kaMpanI" e saMjJAnI vyAkhyA karavAmAM kansilane muzkelI naDI. phAyadAnI vAta hoya tyAM dareka jaNa kaMpanInA sabhAsada hevAne dAvo kare, paNa kheTa vakhate pratyeka AsAmI kAne hAtha dete. AvI sthitimAM konvelanA samayamAM pArlAmenTanuM mahatva ghaTI javAthI rAjyano kArabhAra calAvavA mATe "Unsila oNpha TeTanAmanuM eka mitramaMDaLa nImavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.

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ra90 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. kAmane pAra Ave nahIM; be varSa vitI gayAM te paNa kansilanA hAthamAMthI kaMpanInA kArabhAra bAbatane nikAla thayo nahIM, tyAre thAkIne kaMpanIe eka chellI arajI krovelane sAdara karI. te arajI upara svahasate eka tAkIdane hukama lakhI Unsilane eka nAnI kamiTi nImI A bAbata jaladIthI nikAla karavA teNe Agraha karyo. A kamiTimAM teNe potAnI taraphanAMja saghaLAM mANasa nImyAM. emAM karnala philipa jonsa karIne krovelanI prIti dharAvate tathA bharesA lAyaka eka gRhastha hote teNeja saghaLuM taiyAra karI doDha mahinAnI aMdara kamiTi pAse TharAva karAvyo, ke A vepAra ekalI kaMpanIeja sAmAjIka bhaMDoLanI paddhata upara calAvo. e rItasara prakaraNa hukama mATe krovela AgaLa AvyuM, te agAu IglaDanA vepAra bAbata teNe puSkaLa vicAra karyo hate. svadezane vepAra bhaviSyamAM sArI sthitimAM ANavAnI yojanA ghaDI kahADI teNe prathama sane 1651 mAM nevigezana ekaTa nAmane kAyade pasAra karAvyuM hatuM. A kAyadA anvaya evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke IgleMDanA kinArA upara utaranAro mAla aMgreja vahANamAMja Avo joIe; paradezI vahANene tyAM AvavA devA nahIM. A kAyadAne lIdheja holenDa sAthe iMglaMDane yuddha thayuM hatuM. spenanAM kartholika rASTra sAthe paNa laDavAmAM krovelane udeza vepAraja hato; parTugala pAsethI teNe vepAra bAbata kelakarAra karAvI lIdhA hatA. A saghaLuM karavAmAM dunIAnA koI paNa bhAgamAM AvelA darIA upara binaharakate IgleMDanI sattA cAle evI tenI IcchA hatI. eziyA khaMDanA samudramAM moTo kAphalA rAkhavA jeTalI zakti aMgreja prajAmAM na hovAthI tyAMne vepAra anya prajAo mATe khulluM mukavo zakya nahotuM. evI hakIkatamAM sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati upara kaMpanIe vepAra kara ke kaMpanInA sabhAsadoe TharAvelA niyamAnusAra khAnagI rIte pRthakapaNe vepAra calAvo e be vAta paikI krovele pahelI ja pasaMda karI hatI. judA judA bhaMDaLathI vepAra karavAnA puSkaLa prayatna thayA, paNa aneka aDacaNone lIdhe te choDI devA paDayA. te veLAnI sAmAIka maMDaLanI rIta paNa hamaNunA jevI nahatI. tyAre

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAjIka bhaMDoLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra91 keTalAka mANaso sAmAjIka bhaMDoLa ekatra karI be cAra varSa vepAra karatA, ane te mudatanI Akhare saghaLo vepAra ATopI laI pitapatAnI rakama nA nukasAnI sAthe laI letA. te samayanI paddhatine pariNAme paDatI muzkelIothI kaMTALI jaI kaMpanI baMdha karavAne TharAva thate, paNa Evele tA. 19 mI akabara sane 1656 mAM konsila oNpha sTeTanI saMmati laI eka navI sanada kaMpanIne karI ApI. thoDAja kALamAM bIjo cArja rAja gAdIe AvatAM pitAnI rAjyaniSThA jAhera karavA teNe kaeNpele ApelI sanada rada karI, te paNa dezanA ItihAsamAM e sanada eka mahatvanI jagyA roke che. agAunI saghaLI sanademAne sAre sAro bhAga teNe A sanadamAM utArI lIdho hato, ane te uparAMta kaMpanInI sagavaDa mATe keTalIka navI kalamo dAkhala karI hatI. pacAsa rUpIAnI rakama bharanAra sabhAsada tarIke joDAI zake eve no niyama kaMpanI taraphathI ghaDAyo. TharAvelI mudatanA sAmAIka bhALanI paddhati rada karI prathama sAta varSe ane tyAra pachI dara traNa varSe kaMpanInA vepArane hisAba baMdha kare, ane koIne pitAno bhaMDoLa laI levo hoya te tema karavAnI sagavaDa rAkhI. kaeNpTelanI A saghaLI navI vyavasthAthI IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA kAmane jAzukane mATe sthiratA maLI. - A vyavasthAnI rUe 73,97,280 rUpIAnI navI vagaNI TharAvavAmAM AvI. ochAmAM ochI vargaNuM 1000 rUpIAnI hatI. 5,000 rUpIA bharanArAne eka mata maLate tathA 10,000 rUpIA bharanArAne kamiTimAM nImAvavAno haka rahe. ekathI vadhAre mANasoe maLI pAMca hajAra rUpIA ekaThA karI ekanA nAma upara te rakama kaMpanImAM jamA karAvavAnI savaDa hatI. korTa opha DAyarekaTarsa karIne kaMpanInI vyavasthApaka sabhAmAM pUrvanI mAphaka eka gavarnara, eka DepyuTI gavarnara, eka khajAnacI tathA 24 sabhAsade hatA. A pramANe krovelanI sanadanI rUe nirmANa thayelI kaMpanIe pahelAnA bhAgIdAra hastakanI Avaka, mAla, jamIna, makAne, kilA vagere be lAkha rUpIA mATe kharIdI lIdhAM. A vyavasthA cAlu thatAM khAnagI vepAra karanArane zikSA karavAnuM karyuM hatuM. gavarnare tathA DepyuTI

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rahara hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. gavarnare lAgalagATa be varSathI vadhAre vakhata kAma karavuM nahIM; covIsa DAyarekaTaramAMthI dara varSe ATha jaNue pitAne e choDa ane tene badale teTalAja navA mANasonI nimaNuMka karavI; game te sababasara bhAgIdArane paisAne badale kA mAla na ApatAM sarva vyavahAra rekaDathI calAve; evA bIjA ghaNuM niyame thayA hatA. surata tathA pazcima kinArA uparanAM bIja vasAhata, pharTa senTa jyorja, madrAsa tathA baMgALAnA kinArAnAM vasAhata, baeNTama tathA tenA tAbAnAM jambI, bekAra ane purUna, IrAnanA akhAtamAM gebarUna, eTalI jagyA navI kaMpanIne be lAkha rUpIAmAM maLI gaI. te veLAnI sthitine vicAra karatAM A kimata ochI lekhI zakAya nahIM. na bhaMDaLa hAthamAM AvatAM sane 1658 nA jAnevArI mAsamAM kaMpanIe vepAra calAvavAnAM kulle sattara ThekANuM mukarara kayA; ane e kAmamAM hazIAra hoya tevA ekANuM navA mANasene hiMdustAnamAM judI judI jagyAe mokalI ApyA. kaeNmpale karelAM kAme uthalAvI nAMkhavAnA tenA pachI thayelA rAjAonI kArakirdImAM aneka prayatna thayA, te paNa pUrva taraphane vepAra e rASTranA jIvanano mukhya AdhAra che e siddhAMta dhyAnamAM rAkhI teNe kaMpanIne punarjanma Ape tathA dezanuM koTi kalyANuM karyuM e vAta nirvivAda che. kaeNpele IgleMDane kAphele majabUta karyo, remana ketheMlika rAjyanuM jora narama pADayuM tathA helenDa jevAM proTesTaMTa rAjyane garva utAryo, ethI ja spena ane holenDanI sattA have pachI ochI thaI gaI ane aMgrejI rAjyanI vRddhI thaI. A have pachInA ItihAsa uparathI barAbara dekhAI Avaze.* * TIpa-A ane bIjuM prakaraNomAM igleMDanA rAjAnA saMbaMdhanI keTalIka hakIkta avAranavAra AvatI hovAthI te dezane itihAsa na jANanArA vAcakone nIcenAM nAme upayegI thaI paDaze. kharuM jotAM iDane ItihAsa mAhitI haze te ja kaMpanInA A vakhatanA itihAsanuM marma samajI zakAze. rANI ilijhAbetha sa. 1558-1603. enI kArakirdImAM isTa InDIA kaMpanI sthApanA thaI. rAna pahelA jerasa, sa. 1603-1025.

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra93 6kaMpanInA karonA pagAra tathA aMtarthavasthA upara varNavelI aneka aDacaNe chatAM kaMpanI kevI rIte cAlu rahI e mATe Azcarya thavAnuM kAraNa nathI. tenuM jIvitva paisA tathA vepAra uparaja avalaMbI rahyuM nahotuM. kaMpanInA gavarnara, DepyuTI gavarnara ane covIsa DAyarekaTare jyAM sudhI kAyadA anvaye haiyAtI bhagave che tyAM sudhI kaMpanI paNa haiyAta che ema gaNavAnuM che. vaLI gavarnara. sAre hoya te kaMpanInuM saghaLuM kAma upADI laI tene lekanI najaramAM halakI paDavA de nahIM. sAmAnyarIte gavarnara upara kAmane be vizeSa hato. DAyarekaTaronI dara sabhAmAM hAjarI ApavI, pArlAmenTamAM kaMpanI taraphathI javAba ApavA, navI vargaNI ekaThI karavI, mAlanI kharIdI tathA vecANa karavAM, dareka bhaMDaLane hisAba baMdha karI naphe nukasAna nakkI karavuM, rAjadarabAramAM hAjara rahI tyAM thatA aneka vicAre upara lakSa rAkhavuM eTaluM kAma gavarnarane mATe thoDuM nahotuM; sivAya paisA TakAnI bAbatamAM atyaMta nispRhI rahI pArlAmenTamAM pitAne bho jALavavA mATe tene prayatna karavA paDe te judA. zarUAtamAM A saghaLuM kAma niyamita rIte karavA sArU kaMpanI traNa bAhoza gavarnara meLavavAmAM bhAgyazALI thaI hatI. sane 1600-1621 sudhI sara Tomasa smitha, sane 1624-1637 sudhI sara morisa abaTa tathA sane 1643-1658 sudhI viliama kekena kaMpanInA gavarnara hatA, ane emaNe saghaLuM kAma AraMbhamAM upADI lIdhuM hatuM. sara TaeNmasa smithanI hakIkata ApaNe Aja prakaraNamAM AgaLa vAMcI gayA chIe. sara merisa eNbaTane pitA kApaDanA vepArI hatA, ane ene janma sane 1635 mAM thayo hato. isTa inDIA kaMpanInA kAmakAjamAM te zarUAtathI paDayo hate; paNa te rAjA pahele cArlsa, sa. 1925-1649. ene pArlAmenTa ziraccheda karyo. eNlivara vela, sa. 1649-1658 e rAjA nahato paNa eNe lekA taraphathI kArabhAra karyo hato. - rAjA bIje cArlsa, sa. 1660-1685. rAjA bIje jemsa, sa. 1985-168. che. trIjo viliama, sa. 1688-1702. rANI eNna, sa. 1702-1714. >> pahelo jyorja, sa. 1714-1727. rAjA bIje jyorja, 1727-1760. ', trIje jarja, sa. 1760-1820. rAjA cotho jyorja, 1820-1830. . , je viliama, sane 1830-1837. rANI vikaTerIA, 1837-1901.

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ra94 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. uparAMta tuka kaMpanI tathA vAyavya koNamAMthI mArga zodhI kahADavA ubhI thayelI aneka kaMpanIo vageremAM te hameza AgaLa paDate bhAga lete. DAyarekaTarenI sabhAmAM ghaNe vakhata kAma karyA pachI te sane 1615 mAM DepyuTI gavanara thaye. tene bhAI paNa tenA jevo ja udyogI ane sAhasika hate. sane 1924 thI 1937 sudhI kaMpanIno vahivaTa calAvI te 73 me varSe laMDanane laoNrDa meyara thaye. ene kArabhAra ghaNuone pasaMda paDe nahIM; rAjA tathA prajA bannene khuza rAkhavAnuM kaThaNa kAma karatAM aneka veLA te kaMTALI jato, ane hAthamAM lIdheluM kAma choDI devA taiyAra thate paNa kaMpanIne tenA vinA bIlakula cAlatuM nahIM; saghaLAM pakSone rIjhavI pitAnuM kAma dakSatAthI kahADI lenAre bIjo yogya amaladAra kaMpanIne kyAMthI maLavAne hate? game tema karI morise kaMpanInuM rasIyuM gADuM ghaNe vakhata lagI haMkAryo karyuM. viliama kekena paNa morisa eNbaTanI mAphaka hoMzIAra tathA sarva vAtathI vAkephagAra hato. sane 1628 mAM DAyarekaTarenI sabhAmAM dAkhala thaI te sane 1639 mAM DepyuTI gavarnara, ane sane 1643 mAM gavarnara thayo. enA amalamAM rAjA, pArlAmenTa tathA bIjA pakSadAro taraphathI kaMpanI upara nAnA tarehanA humalA thayA, te paNa DagamagyA vinA te pitAnA kAmamAM maMDayA raze, ane Akhare vela pAsethI kaMpanInAM kAmanI vyavasthA karAvI lIdhI. AmAMja tenI kharI karAmata dekhAI Ave che. kokena viliama methvolDa taraphanI sArI madada hatI. A mezvolDa vize ApaNe agADI kaMI vAMcI gayA chIe. sane 1615 mAM eNe kaMpanInA vepArI tarIke surata AvI AkhA hiMdustAnanI musApharI karI, ane sarva ThekANAnA vepAranI utkRSTa mAhitI bhegI karI. sAta varSa lagI suratanA presiDanTa tarIke kAma karyuM te daramiyAna teNe lakhelA patrothI IMglaMDamAMnA kArabhArIone puSkaLa dhIraja AvI. madrAsamAM tathA baMgALAnA kinArA upara kAThIo sthApavAno abhiprAya teNeja darzAvyuM hatuM. e IMgleMDa pAcho pharyo tyAre eziyAmAMthI apAra saMpatti te laI gayo hate. kharuM jotAM hiMdustAnamAM cAlatI vepAranI dhAmadhuma jAte jaI temAM pitAnA lekone

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra8pa nAMkhavAnI AgrahapUrvaka khaTapaTa karanAra A pahele ja mahAna purUSa hate. membelDa sane 1653 mAM gujarI gaye. A pramANe kaMpanInAM pahelAM 60 varSa daramiyAna upara kahelA traNe - cAra mANasee tenuM kAma ghaNuM bahAdurIthI tathA cAlAkIthI ATopyuM hatuM. kaeNmpalanI navI vyavasthAne lIdhe kaMpanInA hAthamAM saghaLe maMDaLa kAyamane AvavAthI nANunI bhIDa dUra thaI eTale gavarnaranuM mahatva vizeSa rahyuM nahIM. gavarnara ane DepyuTI gavarnara be varSathI vadhAre pitAnI jagyA rAkhI zakatA na hovAthI temaja darasAla ATha DAyarekaTaro badalAtA hovAthI napho nukasAnanuM saravAyuM kahADavAnI bhAMjagaDa rahI nahatI. - gavarnara, DepyuTI gavarnara temaja DAyarekaTarene zarUAtamAM kAMI paNa pagAra maLate nahIM, paNa temanuM kAma joI bakSisa ApavAne vahivaTa hato. A bakSisa baMdha karavAne savAla kaeNnvelanA vakhatamAM nIkaLyA hatA, paNa marisa eNbaTe te uDAvI dIdhA hatA. kaeNpTelanI vyavasthAne anusarIne uparanAM mANaso sivAya kaMpanInA bAkInA saghaLA adhikArIone pagAra heThaLa pramANe TharAvavAmAM Avyo hate - eddhAnuM nAma, vArSika pagAra. 0 2200 rUpIA. 8 0 0 1500 1500 0 0 - 0 - 0 ekAunTanTa janarala. ekAunTanTa janaralanA esisTanTa. patra lekhaka ane kApaDanA koThArane mukhI. tIjorIne mukhI. tIjorIne esisTanTa. surA khAranI kaThArano mukhI. vahANone tapAsaNI kAmadAra. khalAsIone pagAra ApanAra kArakuna. mukhya jamAdAra (sipAI tathA hamAlena). marInA koThArano mukhI. selisiTara (vakIla). gaLInA koThArane mukhI. 500 300 300 1400 200

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. kaMpanIne kArabhAra kevI rIte cAlatuM hatuM te bAbata agADI vivecana karavAmAM AvyuM che. kharI IsTa InDIA kaMpanI eTale sane 1600 mAM sthApana thayelI kaMpanI ja Akhara lagI TakI rahI evuM kaMI nahatuM. jude jude vakhate aneka kaMpanIo ubhI thaI hatI, te saghaLAne aMtarbhAva ekaja saMsthAmAM maLI jaI Akhare IsTa InaDIA kaMpanInuM nAma pracAramAM AvyuM. e pramANe A saMsthAmAM vakhatovakhata thayelA rUpAMtaranuM varNana yogya sthAne Avaze. kaMpanInA bhaMDoLanA bhAgIdArone prophAyaTara oNpha dhI kaMpanIjha ka" tathA temanI sabhAne "kerTa opha prApAyaTarsa' kahetA.nAmane saghaLe adhikAra A kerTa pAse hato, ane te paikI bahumate cuMTI kaheDAyelA covIsa AsAmIonI banelI "korTa opha DAyarekTarsa" arthAt vyavasthApaka sabhA kAe kArabhAra calAvatI. "kerTa opha DAyarekaTarsa' nA sabhAsade darasAla navA cuMTI kahADavAmAM AvatA, ane "kerTa oNpha propAyaTarsanI sabhA varSamAM cAra veLA mArca, juna, sapTembara ane Disembara mAsamAM bharAtI. kaMpanInA bhaMDoLamAM vIsa hajAra rUpIA bharanArane vyavasthApaka sabhAmAM cuMTI kaheDAthavAne adhikAra hate. DAyarekaTarone badalavAnA hoya tyAre "korTa opha bpAyaTarsa'nI be sabhA bharAtI, ane temAM bahumatIthI kAma cAlatuM. pratyeka DAyarekTarane vArSika traNa hajAra tathA temanA adhyakSa ane upAdhyakSa darekane pAMca hajAra rUpIA pagAra maLato. kAmanA vibhAga pADI nAMkhI nIce pramANe DAyarekTaronI cAra peTA kamiTi nImavAmAM AvI hatI - (1) sTenDIMga kamiTi, eTale hamezanuM kAma karanArI maMDaLI. (2) sIkreTa piliTikala kamiTi, eTale darabAramAM cAlatA gupta kAma upara dekharekha rAkhanArI maMDaLI. A maMDaLI pArlAmenTa sane 1748 mAM khAsa nImI hatI. kaMpanI yuddha kiMvA taha kare temAM IMgvanuM hitA samAyeluM hovAthI AvA vyavahAra upara dekharekha rAkhI pArlAmenTa ane pradhAna maMDaLane joItI bAtamI tathA madada ApavAnuM kAma A kamiTi karatI.

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 297 (3) sIkreTa kamarziala kamiTi, eTale gupta vepArI kAma jenAra maMDaLI. e sane 1815 mAM sthApana thaI hatI. (4) kamiTi oNpha bAI-lojha, eTale niyama ghaDanArI maMDaLI. A paikI pahelI eTale sTenDIMga kamiTinA bAra peTA vibhAga hatA, te nIce pramANe (a) patra vyavahAranI kamiTi-A kamiTinuM kAma atizaya mahatvanuM hatuM. paramulakamAMthI AvelA kAgaLa tathA sAmAnanI yAdI vAMcI te saghaLAne gya nikAla karavAnuM, nekaranI pharIAdane nikAla karavAnuM, nekaranI nimaNuka karavAnuM, ItyAdI kAma A kamiTi pAse hatuM. (ba) divAnI dAvAnI kamiTi-kaMpanInA vyavahAramAM lAvavA paDatA dAvAnuM kAma A kamiTi karatI. (ka) lazkaranA lekene madada karanArI kamiTie sane 1770 mAM lAIva sthApI hatI. tenuM kAma lazkaramAMnA anAtha lekIne athavA temanI vidhavAne yogya madada ApI temanI saMbhALa levAnuM hatuM. (3) TrejharI kamiTi-enI pAse nANunuM tathA khatapatro vagerenuM kAma hatuM. sivila kaeNleja kamiTi--e ghaNuM pAchaLathI nImAI hatI. hiMdustAna AvanArA amaladArone yogya zikSaNa ApavAnuM kAma A kamiTi karatI. InDIana sivila sarvisanI A zarUAta gaNI zakAya. (pha) lAIbrerI kamiTi-kaMpanInI AbAdI pachI e kamiTi nImAI hatI. (ga) kharIdI tathA vakhAranI kamiTi-kaMpanInA vepAranuM eTale mAla vecavA levAnuM kAma A kamiTi karatI. (ja) hisAbI kamiTi-saghaLA prakAranA hisAba rAkhavA mATe A kamiTi hatI. - (na) hama kamiTi- sthAnika savAlenuM nirAkaraNa karavAnuM kAma A kamiTi bajAvatI.

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298 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. (5) lazkarI zikSaNa kamiTi. (ba) naukA kamiTi enI pAse vahANane lagatI dareka bAbatanI vyavasthA karavAnuM kAma hatuM. () khAnagI vepAranI kamiTi-kaMpanInA nAma heThaLa kaMpanInA mANaso taraphathI calAvavAmAM AvatA khAnagI vepAra upara A kamiTi dekharekha rAkhatI. kaMpanInI nokarImAM rahevA IcchanAra zakhsanuM nAma korTanI rUbarU ekAda sabhAsada taraphathI mukavAmAM AvatuM; tyAM te svIkAravAmAM AvatAM tene nokarI mATe kaMpanIne rItasara arajI karavI paDatI. pachI evA umedavArenI parIkSA levA mATe hisAbI kamiTine lakhavAmAM AvatuM; tyAM pAsa thayelA umedavArene korTa opha DAyarekaTarsanA sabhAsadonI bahumatIthI nokarImAM levAmAM AvatA. evI vakhate pratyeka sabhAsada pitAne mata kAgaLa upara lakhI te kAgaLa eka peTImAM nAMkhate, ane e rIte ekaThA thayelA matanI gaNatrI thatI; kaI kaI vAra hAtha uMcA karI mata levAne paNa pracAra hatuM. e pachI je grahasthanI nimaNuka maMjura thaI hoya tene DAyarekaTare rUbarU ImAnadArIthI vartavAnA sogana levA paDatA, ane jAmIna raju karavA paDatA. hiMdustAnamAM ghaNuMkharUM traNa prakAranA nekara hatA; vepArI (macaMTa), dukAnadAra phekTara) ane kArakuna (rAITara). e uparAMta keTalAka nAnA chokarAone umedavAra tarIke levAmAM AvatA; teo sAta varSa lagI eka niSThAthI umedavArI kare che temane kAyamanI karI maLatI. kArakuna eTale rAITarane vArSika pagAra 100 rUpIA maLatuM, ane tene 5000 rUpiAnA jAtamucarakA ApavA paDatA. traNa varSa dukAnadArI karyA bAda tene variSTha dukAnadAra tarIke nImavAmAM Avo, ane bIjAM traNa varSa bAda te vepArI eTale marcaMTanI padavI upara jato, evA vepArIne ja vakhAranA mukhInI jagyA maLatI, jene vArSika pagAra 400 rUpIA hate. AvI rIte TharAvelA pagAra uparAMta saghaLAM mANasane rahevAnI jagyA tathA jamavAkhAvAnuM kaMpanIne kharce maLatuM. sane 1960

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presiDanTa. * * 8 0 0, 1000 prakaraNa 10 muM. sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. ra99 lagI kaMpanInI nokarImAM dukAnadAra ane vepArI evA beja varga hatA. rAITarane varga pAchaLathI ubhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. sane 1735 mAM dukAnadArane varga kamI karavAmAM Avyo. presiDanTane 50,000 rUpIAnA jAta mucarakA ApavA paDatA, ane tene aDadhe pagAra nokarI purI thatAM sudhI silakamAM rAkhavAmAM Avate; nekarI purI thae IgleMDa pAchA pharyA pachI jAte hAjara thatAM e rakama tene maLatI. AthI kaMpanInI virUddha vartana calAvavAnI bhAgye ja koI himata karate. suratanA kAmadArone pagAra heThaLa lakhyA pramANe hatA - he. vArSika pagAra. 5000 rUpIA. ekAunTanTa. ... * 1500 janarala parsara (tIjorI kAmadAra )... kAMThA uparane mukhI. sekreTarI. * .. *** .. ** 400 ,, pAMca phekaTarsa. pratyekane ... .. 300 >> rAITara. * . * * . * * 200 che *** . *** .. * 1000 , rahevAnI jagyA tathA bhejana phegaTa maLe. hiMdustAnamAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne presiDanTa moTe AbarUdAra grahastha gaNate. IglaDa pAchA pharyA pachI paNa ghaNuMkharuM tene teTaluM ja mAna maLatuM; kadAcita na maLatuM te tenI pAsenA dravyanA jore joIe teTaluM aizvarya te meLavI zakato. surata ane madrAsanA presiDanTanI be jagyA moTI gaNAtI; tenI tarataja nIce muMbaInA DepyuTI gavarnaranI tathA IrAnanA ejaMTanI jagyA hatI. muMbaInI jagyA bhAre vizvAsanI lekhAtI, paNa IrAnanI jagyA paisAnI prApti mATe uttama hatI. kaMpanInA nekare bahumatIthI cuMTI kahalAtA; paNa khAsa karIne suratane presiDanTa cuMTI kahADavA mATe kaMpanIne vizeSa khabaradArI rAkhavI paDatI. 8 0 0 0 0 pAdarI. 0

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300 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. IgleMDa karatAM hiMdustAnamAMnA nokarene oche pagAra maLato. dAkhalA tarIke vilAyatamAM IDIA hAusamAMnA cIpha ekAunTanTane vArSika pagAra 2200 rUpIAne hatA, tyAre suratanA ekAunTanTane 1500 rUpIA maLatA; IgleMDamAMnA tIjorI kAmadArane 1500 rUpIA, ane suratanA kAmadArane 1000 rUpIA; IgleMDamAMnA rAITara tathA kApaDane dukAnanA mukhIne 1500 rUpIA maLatA paNuM suratanA tevAja adhikArIne mAtra 700 maLatA. hiMdustAnamAM kharca ocho thate kharo paNa tema kaMpanInA amaladAranI javAbadArI vizeSa rahetI. hiMdustAnamAM kAma karanArAne vadhAre pagAra ApavAne TharAva ghaNuM varSa pachI amalamAM AvyuM. krovelanI sanada pachI thayelI navIna vyavasthAmAM suratanA presiDanTanA hAtha heThaLa seLa karenuM mahekama vArSika 11,100 rUpIAne kharce rAkhavAmAM AvyuM, ane madrAsa tathA baeNTamanI dareka vakhAramAM 2000 rUpIAnuM mehekama rakhAyuM; bIjA sAmAnya vasAhata mATe 1000 rUpiAno kharca nakkI karavAmAM Avyo. e sivAya bhojana tathA rahevAnI jagyA saghaLA nekane kaMpanIne kharca maLatAM. saghaLAo ekI veLA ekaja Tebala upara bhojana letA. presiDanTane varSane pagAra pa000 rUpIA hate. te uparAMta bhajana kharca mATe mANasa dITha varSanA 200 rUpIA pramANe bAra mANasanA 2400 rUpIA tathA kirakeLa kharca mATe 2600 rUpIA tene maLatA. presiDanTanA hAtha heThaLanA traNa kansilane judA gharamAM svataMtra rahevAnI paravAnagI hatI. nekarone maLatA pagAra uparAMta temanA uttejanAthe vepAramAM kaMIka hisso temane mATe rAkhavAmAM AvatuM, ane kaI kaI veLA nA mAMthI paNa temane bhAga maLato. kaMpanIne nekara khAnagI vepAra kare te TharAvelI rakama sudhInaja vepAra karavAnI tene chUTa hatI. dAkhalA tarIke sane 1600 mAM ke'Tanane 1000 rUpIA sAlI ANuM maLatuM tyAre tene 2000 rUpIA sudhIno Agavo vepAra kheDavAnI paravAnagI hatI; ane pratyeka saphara mATe ubhA karelA bhaMDoLa karatAM dupaTa athavA pAMcapaTa kAyade thAya te pAMcathI vIsa hajAra lagI naphAne bhAga tene maLata.

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAIka bhaMDoLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 301 ja potAnA nokaro sadAcaraNathI varte e vize hiMdustAnamAM kaMpanI tarapha thI vizeSa kALajI levAmAM AvatI hatI. nekare mATe prArthanAmaMdIro baMdhAyAM hatAM. vilAyatathI saphara nIkaLatI veLA IzvaranI ArAdhanA karavAmAM AvatI, ane saphara sukharUpa pAchI pharatAM AbhArapradarzaka prArthanA thatI. hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe rahenArAM kaMpanInAM mANaso mATe pustake tathA pAdarIo mekalavAmAM AvatA. sane 1623 mAM pITeDa lA hele, ane sane 1938mAM maMDeslee suratanI aMgrejI vakhAra pratyakSa joI nekarenI vartaNuka tathA sadAcaraNa mATe anukuLa abhiprAya pradarzita karyo hate. dara dezamAM AvI paDavAthI ane ghaNuM duHkha upajatuM; teo dArU pItA, paNa hiMdustAnanI havAmAM te anukULa paDato nahIM. keTalAka vepArIo ghaNuM cAlAka, tIvra buddhinA tathA hoMzIAra temaja laDavAmAM kuzaLa hatA. topaNa temanA keTalAka durAcAra mATe kaMpanIne hameza dhAstI lAgatI. amaryAda madyapAna, uddhAmapaNuM mulyavAna dAgInA tathA kArAbI kapaDAM paheravAnI hoMsa, rAte bahAra bhaTakavuM, devalamAMthI prArthanA samaye gerahAjara rahevuM, ityAdi keTalAka avaguNa temanAmAM hatA. paNa e karatAM temanAmAM sauthI moTo durgaNa jugAra hatA. e latamAM ghaNuM mANasa pAyamAla thaI gayA hatA. be traNa varSane pagAra eka be kalAkamAM uDAvI nAMkhavo e temane mATe moTI vAta nahotI. ekaja rAtrImAM eka grahastha 10,000 rUpIA kheyAnA dAkhalA maLI Ave che. AvAM vyasana mATe zikSA karavAmAM kaMpanInA adhikArIo AgaLa pAchaLa jotA nahIM. porTugIjhanA amalamAM jugArakhAnAM kAyadA anvaya cAlu hatAM, ane temAMthI sarakArane Avaka thatI. paNa A rIta aMgrejoe svIkArI nahIM. e baMdha karavA mATe suratanA presiDanTane hameza dhurtapaNe kAma levuM paDatuM hatuM. vakhatasara vakhAramAM na AvanArane tathA rAtre bahAra bhaTakanArane vIsa rUpIA eTale savA mahinAne pagAra daMDa Apa paData. prArthanAmAMthI gerahAjara rahenArane ravIvAra mATe aDhI rUpIA ane bIjA divasa mATe savA rUpI daMDa thata; segana khAvA mATe ATha AnA ane dArU pIvA mATe savA rUpI daMDa thatA; pArakI

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32 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. mANasane gALa denArane tathA temanI sAthe mArAmArI karanArane be divasa sakhata majurInI keda bhogavavI paDatI. vakhAranI vyavasthA eka kuTuMba sarakhI hatI. kuTuMbanA mukhya mANasa jevo vakhArane presiDanTa hatA. nekaranAM sArA narasAM kAme lakhavA mATe be judI copaDIo vakhAramAM rAkhavAmAM AvatI. madyapAnathI hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejo vahelA maratA. vAraMvAra phATI nIkaLatA aneka rogothI paNa kaMpanInA hajAre leke maraNa pAmatA. A samaye dara pAMca varSe sarAsarI eka caturthIza leka maratA ema kahevAya che. 7khAnagI vepAra-upara kahyA pramANe pagAra sivAya bIjI rIte paisA meLavavAnI savaLatA kaMpanInAM saghaLAM mANasane AraMbhathIja karI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu AnuM pariNAma dhAravA karatAM ghaNuM ja ulaTuM AvyuM. pagAra mAtra eka AdhAra tarIke lekhI AsapAsa hAtha mAra ane paisA kamAvavA evo abhiprAya saghaLA vepArIone thaye hate. kaMpanInI hastInI zarUAtanAM bAra varSa pRthaka bhaMDoLanI paddhata cAluM hatI tyAM sudhI A khAnagI vepAra maryAdAmAM rahyo hata; sAmAIka bhaMDaLanI paddhati amalamAM AvatAM ja e vepArane sumAra rahyo nahIM. pahelA vahelAM dareka vahANa iMgleMDa pAchuM pharatuM eTale tapAsaNI kAmadAra DevaranA baMdaramAM jaI kaMpanInA mAlanI tathA lekenA khAnagI mAlanI neMdha karate; paNa sAmAIka paddhatine lIdhe A tapAsaNI baMdha paDatAM khAnagI vepAra ekadama anahada vadhI gaye. kaI kaI jaNasane khAnagI rIte lekee vepAra calAvo tenI yAdI karavAmAM AvI; paNa A vepArathI kaMpanIne puSkaLa nukasAna lAgavAthI kAyadA rUe te baMdha karAvavA kaMpanIe pharIAda karI. pahelA cArlsa rAjAe A bAbatamAM kaMIka sakhatInA upAya lIdhA hatA. paNa kaMpanInI sthiti ghaNI kaDhaMgI thaI paDatAM e sarva ilAja bInajarUrI thaI paDayA. sane 1601 mAM marI vagerene pAka ekaThe karavAnA hetathI keTalAMka mANase pUrva taraphanA pradezamAM rahyAM hatAM teonI saMkhyAmAM umere thatAM sane 1930 mAM teo 140 dhanavAna vepArIo banyA. A samaye kaMpanInA kAmakAjamAM keTaluM avyavasthitapaNuM cAlatuM hatuM tene A spaSTa purAvo che

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prakaraNa 10 muM.] sAmAI bhaMDeLanI paddhati tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 303 1. IgleMDamAM eka bhaMDoLane hisAba pure karI te sapharane aMge rAkhelA kare tathA kharIdele sarasAmAna bIjA bhaMDoLanA mAlikane seMpavAmAM AvatuM hovAthI hiMdustAnamAM AvelA mANasonA zeTha tyAMne tyAM badalAtA; ane temanA mahemAMhenA kalahane lIdhe hiMdamAMnA karonuM phAvI jatuM. navA bhaMDoLavALA game tema karI pitAnAM vahANe mAlathI bharI pAchA svadeza tarapha vidAya thatA, paNa temanA ahIM rahetA nokare nakAmA besI rahetA, ane temanA upara koInI dekharekha nahotI. pAchaLathI kaMpanIne bhaMDoLa maLatuM aTakI paDatAM dara sAla navI saphare upaDatI baMdha thaI tyAre A dezamAMnAM mANasoe nakAmo vakhata na gumAvatAM nirALaja paMtha lIdhe, ane ahIM judAM judAM baMdarane sthAnika vepAra zarU karyo. kaMpanInAM je dasavIsa vahANe hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM rahetAM te laI A lekee parTa. gInI mAphaka pitAnAM khIsAM tara karavAne raste lIdhe. kaMpanInA DAyarekaTara temane daMDa karatA te te muMge maheDe bharI pitAne dhaMdhe teo calAvyA jatA. sane 1935 mAM aMgrejo tathA porTugIjho joDAI javAthI bannene vepAra sAre cAlyo. IMgleMDa ane holenDa vacce takarAra hovA chatAM khAnagI rIte aMgreja temaja valaMdA vepArIone dhaMdho eka sarakhe cAlatuM hatuM. iMglaMDanA keTalAka leke A gerarItI tarapha DhAMkapIchoDe karatA kemake pitAnI hiMdustAnamAM nimaNuka thatAM eja rItI svIkAravI paDe tevI AzAmAM teo tene niSedha karatA nahIM. cArlsa rAjAne phAMsI devAmAM AvI tyAre ane te pachI keTaleka vakhata lagI saghaLe vepAra AkhA dezane mATe khullo hovo joIe ema lekee AgrahapUrvaka jaNAvyuM hatuM. e vakhate paNa khAnagI vepArIo ghaNuM jora upara AvyA hatA. kaMpanI pAse pitAne vepAra calAvavA purate bhaMDaLa na heya te lekee pitAnI marajI pramANe kema nahIM cAlavuM evI carcA cAlu thaI hatI. ene phAyado ahIMnAM mANasone maLatAM khAnagI vepAra karavAne temane haka che ema dareka jaNa samajavA lAgyuM. je kaI vepArIe IgleMDathI mAla laI A dezamAM AvatA temanA pratinidhi tarIke

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304 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ahIMnA leke temane madada karatA ane pitAnuM khIsuM bharatA. A prakAra 150 varSa lagI cAlu hate. pirTugIjha ane valaMdA rAjyanI je pharIAda hatI te ja aniSTa prakAra IgleMDamAM paNa cAlu hovAthI lagabhaga doDha sadI lagI kaMpanInA DAyarekaTaree banI zake teTalA IlAja lIdhA. zarUAtamAM kaMpanInA karonA pagAra nAnA hovAthI temane purata badale ApavAnA hetuthI khAnagI vepAra calAvavAnI saraLatA temane karI ApavAmAM AvI hatI, ane te uparathI ja A gerarItI janma pAmI hatI. pirTugIjha leke laDAyaka vahANo laI pitAne peluM kAma choDI daI khAnagI vepAra karavA lAgyA hatA. eka veLA pirTugIjha kAphalA uparanA amaladAre eka sarakArI vahANamAM bharI zakAya tenA karatAM bamaNo khAnagI mAla bharavAthI te DubI gayuM tyAre bIjA vahANamAM potAne mAla bharyo. bIjA eke khAnagI vepAramAM pate 24,500 rUpIA meLavyA, ane te ja sadAmAM rAjAnA nAmathI 780 rUpIA lIdhA. AvuM kAma aMgrejoe karyuM nahotuM. pahelAM 60 varSamAM vepAramAM apAra saMpatti meLavI beja aMgrejo IgleMDa pAchA AvyAnA dAkhalA maLe che, paNa temanuM anukaraNa karI cAlanArA lekene aTakAvavAnuM sAmarthya te veLA adhikArIomAM nahotuM baeNTamamAM aMgreja ejanTe hAtha nIcenAM mANasone khAnagI vepAra baMdha karavAno prayatna karatAM temanA hAthamAM te sapaDAI gayo ane badhI khAne pa. hiMdustAnamAMnI vakhAre mATe kaMpanInAM vahANe rahetAM te uparAMta IgleMDa tathA hiMdustAnanI vacamAM pharatAM vahANa paNa ghaNu hatAM. sane 1600 pachInAM pahelAM pAMca dasa varSamAM junAM vahANo vecAtAM laI - kaMpanIe kAma calAvyuM, ane vahANa durasta karavA mATe rAjyanA AramArA khAtAmAMthI eka gedI teNe bhADe rAkhI. paraMtu yuropanAM vahANe hiMdustAnanI saphara mATe nirUpayegI jaNAtAM sane 1607 mAM kaMpanIe pite vahANa bAMdhavAnI zarUAta karI. e kAma mATe laMDana najadIka DeTapharDamAM teNe eka gedI. bhADe rAkhI. sane 1608 mAM jemsa rAjAe jAte AvI kaMpanInAM pahelAM be vahANa cAlu karyA hatAM. vahANa bAMdhavA mATe sarakAra

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prakaraNa 10 muM] sAmAjIka bhaMDoLanI paddhata tathA tatsaMbaMdhI muzkelI. 305 mAMthI kaMpanIne dara Tana dITha pAMca ziliMga eTale aDhI rUpIA uttejana tarIke maLatA. AvI rIte sArAM majabUta vahANe bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM tyAre ja porTugIjha tathA valaMdAo sAme kaMpanI TakI zakI. paNa A vahANe bAMdhavAne kharaca ghaNo bhAre paDavAthI temaja pahelA cArsa rAjAnA samayamAM kaMpanInI sthiti ghaNI mAThI thaI javAthI, e kAma paDatuM mukavAnI tene pharaja paDI, ane agAu mAphaka lekanAM vahANe bhADe laI vepAra karavAnuM punaH cAlu karyuM, pele kaMpanInI vyavasthAmAM sudhAro karyA pachI A paddhatimAM paNa aneka upayukta pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. AraMbhamAM kaMpanIne saghaLo vyavahAra guptapaNe cAla. saghaLe hisAba chupe rAkhI vepAra kevo cAlyo che te lekone nahIM jANavA devAnI puratI kALajI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. vaLI vepAranA kAmamAM eTalI bhAMjagaDa utpanna thatI ke te veLAnA hisAbanI paddhatine lIdhe tene nikAla thate nahIM. ekAda vahANu bharI ANelA mAla upara konI mAlakI heya, athavA hiMdustAnamAM amuka karaja ApavAnuM che te te kAraNe ApavuM, evA praznane. nikAla suddhAM hisAbanA kAgaLa uparathI thaI zakate nahIM. aMgrejonA vepAranI rIta valaMdAo karatAM sArI hatI, ane aMgreja kaMpanImAM darekane vadhAre adhikAra hatA. te samayamAM IMglaDamAM thayelI rAjyakrAntinuM pariNAma kaMpanInA vepAra upara vilakSaNa thayuM hatuM. kaeNvelanA maraNanI khabara surata pahoMcatAM saghaLA aMgrejoe TharAva karyo ke hiMdustAnathI pAchA pharatAM saghaLAM vahANee sAthe thaI javuM; senTa helInA pahoMcatAM sudhI IglaMDanI sthitinI khabara na maLe te vahANoe ekadama iMglaMDa nahIM jatAM kinAre. kinAre khabara meLavatAM AgaLa vadhavuM ane prasaMga pramANe vartavuM.

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306 [bhAga 3 je. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI, - ( sane 1958-1688.) 1. muMbaInI sthApanA. . 2. muMbaInA pahelA traNa gavarnara. 3. kaMpanInA nekarenI raheNI. 4. vepAranI AbAdI. 1, muMbaInI sthApanA (sane 1668)-nAnA nAnA TApuonA samUhane banele muMbaI beTa mogalenA amala pUrve gujarAtanA sulatAnanA tAbAmAM hatuM. pazcima kinArA upara piorTugIjha loko yuddha prasaMge AvatA tyAre vAraMvAra A beTa upara utaratA, kemake ahIM vahANe mATe anukULa paDe tevI puSkaLa jagyAo hatI. e veLA muMbaI beTa vasaI saMsthAnane lagato hovAthI sane 1pa34 mAM te paNa vasaInI sAthe porTugIjhanA tAbAmAM gayo tyAre temaNe A beTamAMnI saghaLI jamIna TharAvele dare judA judA lekAmAM vaheMcI ApI. te vakhate e beTanI upaja 1700 rUpIA hatI, ane leka saMkhyA dasa hajAra hatI. porTugIjha, dezI khristI, ceDA brAhmaNa, parabhu, kALI, bhaMDArI, kaNabI, kokaNuM musalamAna ItyAdi jAtinA loko te vakhate muMbaImAM rahetA hatA; pArasIo pAchaLathI AvI vasyA hatA. porTugIjhoe ahIM khristI dharmane prasAra eke sapATe karavA mATe aDaga prayatna karyo hate; paraMtu je e bhAMjagaDamAM na paDatAM teoe mAtra vepAranA kAma mATe A beTane sadupayoga karyo hota to temanI sattA je jhaDapathI nAza pAmI tema thAta nahIM. dharmAdhApaNAnA homAM taNAI teoe Akho beTa pitAnAM devaLathI bharI nAMkhyo hato, ane pAdarIonI sattA sarvatra jAmatAM temanA hAthamAMthI kaMI paNa bacavA pAmyuM nahIM. hiMdu tathA musalamAnone aneka rIte jejhuITa paMthanA leke e herAna karyA. AvAM kAraNone lIdhe porTugIjha amalamAM muMbaI AbAda thayuM nahIM. * pAnuM 123 muM juo.

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 307 ema chatAM pote sthApavA dhArelA svarAjyanA rakSaNa mATe A beTa ghaNeja upayukta che ema porTugIjha samajI zakyA hatA, ane aMgrejo mULathI ja te levAne mATe lebhI banyA hatA. sane 1960 mAM jemsa rAjAnA thayelA ziraccheda pachI tene dIkare bIje cArlsa IgleDanI gAdIe Avyo tyAre AkhA dezane agAdha prema tenI pratye uzkerAyo hato. A premavamaLamAM janasamUhanI sAthe kaMpanI paNa taNAI hatI, ane rAjAne devanA jevI bhaktithI pUjavA lAgI hatI. kaMpanI taraphathI tene vAraMvAra moTI bheTa sogAdo maLavA uparAMta prasaMgepAta kaje nANuM maLatuM. A pramANe cArlsa rAjAne maLelA kulle sattara lAkha rUpIAnA badalAmAM te kaMpanIne vakhatovakhata sahAya karI tenI aDacaNo dUra karato. teNe pitAnI kArakirdImAM ApelI ekaMdara pAMca sanadenI rUe kaMpanIne puSkaLa na adhikAra maLyo hato. cArsa rAjA takhtanazIna thayo tyAre vepAra karavA sivAya bIjI sattA kaMpanI pAse hatI nahIM. paNa svataMtra sikkA pADavAna, killA bAMdhI AsapAsanA mulakanA leke upara hakamata calAvavAne, yuropiyana temaja dezI lazkara ubhuM karavAne, dArUgeLA vagere yuddha sAmagrI tathA jarUra paDe teTalA lekone IglaMDamAMthI paradeza laI javAne, bahAranA dezamAM yuddha karavAno tathA pArA sAthe taha karI navIna saMbaMdha joDavA vagerene adhikAra, je hameza rAjA teija bhogavI zakata te saghaLe teNe kaMpanIne Ave, e sivAya porTugIjha, valaMdA vagere paradezI zatruone temaja kaMpanInA hita virUddha kAma karanArA aneka aMgreja grahasthone dabAvavAmAM rAjA sAthe saMbaMdha kaMpanIne ghaNe upayogI nIvaDyo. ethI ulaTuM jyAre rAjA muzkelImAM AvI paDe tyAre tene kaMpanIne khapa paData. holenDa virUddha uThAvelI khaTapaTamAM bIjA cArlsa rAjAne mukhya AdhAra kAnsa upara hato. paraMtu IgleMDane phrAnsa jevA romana kethrelika rASTrane sneha pratikULa hovAthI tene proTesTaMTa dharmI valaMdAonI maitrInI khAsa jarUra hatI. cArlsa rAjA aMdarakhAnethI proTesTaMTa dharmanI sAmA hovAthI kAnsanA rAjA sAthe teNe gusapaNe goThaDI rAkhI hatI. A kAmamAM kaMpanI

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308 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je. nI vRtti paNa rAjAnA jevI ja hatI. eyanAnI katala pachI valaMdAo tarapha tenuM jhanunI vera ukaLI rahyuM hatuM, ane aMgrejonI katala tenA manamAM hajI sudhI eka sarakhI sAlyA karatI hatI. A uparathI kaMI paNa bAbatanI paravA karyA vinA kaMpanI dareka viSaya rAjAnI anuyAyI thaI te mATe tene InasApha maLyA vagara rahyo nahIM. bIjA cArlsa rAjAnAM zarUAtanAM kAme krovele karelI goThavaNane uthalAvI pADavAnA pratyakSa hetuthI upADavAmAM AvelAM hevAthI teNe sane 1961 mAM krovelanI sanada rada karI, ane IlijhAbetha tathA pahelA jemsa rAjAe ApelI sanadone gheraNe kaMpanIne navI sanada karI ApI. ema chatAM bhASAmAM pheraphAra karavA uparAMta krovele karelI vyavasthA cArlsa teDI zakyA nahIM. pote bakSelI sanadanI rUe rAjAe kaMpanInA vyavasthApakomAM pitAnI marajInAM keTalAMka mANaso dAkhala karyo, ane temane mATe mAnyArtha saMbaMdhana chUTathI upayoga karyo. vaLI kaeNmpale kaMpanI ne dareka sapharamAM traNa lAkha rUpIA lagInI rokaDa rakama iMglaMDanI bahAra laI javAnI paravAnagI ApI hatI te hada vadhArI rAjAe pAMca lAkha rUpIAnI karI ApI. valaMdAo sAthenI cAlu takarArane ugrarUpa ApanAra kAraNe ceDAM nahotAM. cArlsa rAjAnA bhAI jese AphrikAnA kinArA upara vepAra karavAnA hetuthI navI kaMpanI sthApavAthI aMgrejone valaMdAo taraphane trAsa naDavA lAge. ahIM porTugIjha lekene paNa temanI taraphane upadrava naDate hatuM, eTale paDatI aDacaNe dUra karavA mATe temaNe aMgrejone Azraya lIdhe. Ama karavAmAM temano Azaya ghaNo uMDe hate. kAraNa je pazcima kinArA upara paNa aMgrejone pagaDe jAme te tyAMthI valaMdAone pratikAra karavA mAM pitAne e prajAnI madada maLaze paNa temane AzA hatI, ane tethI tA. 23 mI juna sane 1661 ne dIne pagalanA rAjAe bIjA cArlsa rAjA sAthe laMDana mukAme tahanAmuM karyuM. enI rUe porTugalanA rAjAnI karI ketherAInane cArlsa sAthe paraNAvavAnuM tathA bheTa tarIke muMbaI ane AjubAjunA TApuo cArlsane ApavAnuM kahyuM. A pachI pUrva

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 309 taraphanA vepAranA saMbaMdhamAM valaMdA tathA aMgrejo vacce pharIthI je yuddha zarU thayuM (sa. 166pa-67) temAM pArlAmenTa pANInI mAphaka paise kharae te paNa IgleMDane yaza maLyo nahIM. hiMdustAnamAM te veLAe megala bAdazAha auraMgajebe ubhaya prajAne laDavAnI manAI karavAthI aMgrejo bacI gayA, nahIMtara ahIM paNa temanI kaMpanI ukhaDI jate. mogala sattAnI hadanI bahAra nA pradezamAM valaMdAo sarvoparI hovAthI teoe kaeNlikaTa, kAcIna, pularUna vagere kabaje karyA. A uparathI aMgrejo ane temanI vacce yuddha zarU thAya te agAu, masAlAnA TApuomAM jevI ApaNI hAlata thaI tevIja hiMdustAnamAM paNa thaze ke zuM evI suratamAMnI aMgreja kaThInA presiDanTane dhAstI paDI. paNa e beu prajA vacce yuropamAM cAlelAM yuddhane sane 1967 mAM breDA AgaLa thayelA kelakarArathI aMta Avyo. e karAranI rUe pUrvamAMnA dvIpasamUha upara saghaLe ThekANe valaMdAonuM uparIpaNuM maMjura thayuM. A mujaba cArlsa rAjAne apajaza thavAthI te gabharAI gaye. muMbaI beTa tene nakAmo paDe, bheTa maLatAM te tAbe levA mATe sane 1662 mAM teNe pAMca vahANomAM cAraso aMgrejo mokalyA hatA, paNa aneka rogothI pIDAI temane moTo bhAga maraNa pAmavAthI, traNa varSe mAtra 97 AdamIo muMbaImAM utaryA. enA vahivaTa mATe pAMca varSamAM rAjAe traNa gavarnara mekalyA, paNa te traNe nAlAyaka, takarArI tathA ApamatalabI nIkaLyA. | muMbaI beTa ane TApu e saMjJAmAM thANu tathA sASTIne samAveza thato ke nahIM, e bAbata porTugIjha ane aMgrejo vacce takarAra upasthita thaI hatI, chatAM paNa e prAMta te veLA aMgrejonA tAbAmAM AvyA nahotA. mAtra muMbaI beTa cArlsa rAjAne maLe, paNa tene kaMI upaga thaye nahIM ane vinA kAraNe te upara tene bhAre kharaca karavo paDato. suratanA aMgreja ane gevAnA pirTugIjha vacce vinA kAraNe virodha thavAthI marAThA tathA mogalanI svArIo sAme potAno bacAva karavAnuM bannene muzkela lAgyuM. AthI muMbaInI naDatara kahADI nAkhavAnuM rAjAnA manamAM AvatAM kaMpanIne muMbaI joItuM hoya te levA kahyuM kaMpanIne DoLa e TApu uparaja

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310 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa, [ bhAga 3 je. hate. zivAjIe surata lUTayuM tyArathI aMgrejone pitAnA bacAva mATe dhAstI paDI hatI. mogale taraphathI temane joIe te Azraya maLate nahIM, ane aneka zatru sAme laDavAmAM temanI zaktine hadapAra vyaya thatuM. AvI hakIkatamAM surata choDI muMbaI javAthI saghaLA trAsamAMthI chUTake thaze evuM kaMpanInA amaladArane lAgyuM. vaLI temane sahaja jaNAyuM ke muMbaImAM baMdaranI yogya vyavasthA karavAthI kinArA upara temaja paradezamAM kaMpanInI hAka vAgaze, valaMdA tathA porTugIjhe upara najara rAkhavA mATe tathA pazcima kinArA uparanA baMdaranA mahemAhenA vepAra mATe aMgreja vepArIone te jagyA ghaNu sagavaDabharI thaI paDaze, ane e TApu mogala rAjyanI hadanI bahAra hovAthI tyAM jarUranI killebaMdhI karI bacAvanAM bAMdhakAma ubhAM karavAnuM kaMpanIne anukULa paDaze. muMbaI beTa meLavavA mATe sane 1626 thI kaMpanIne prayatna cAlu hate; suratanI kansila mATenAM vahANa vasaImAM baMdhAtAM hatAM; ane 165ra-pa3 mAM muMbaI tathA vasaI porTugIjha pAsethI vecAtAM levA kaMpanI mahenata karatI hatI. paNa sane 1666 mAM jyAre cArlsa rAjAe e beTa vecAte levA kaMpanIne kahyuM tyAre ochI kiMmatamAM paDAvI levAnI matalabathI "muMbaIne amane kaMI khapa nathI, te mATe amane nakAma kharaca karavo paDe mATe amAre te joIe nahIM" evuM juduM kaheNa teNe rAjAne mokalyuM. keTalIka vichI pachI Akhare dara varSe dasa paDa eTale 100 rUpIA bhADA tarIke rAjAne ApavAnA karArathI muMbaI beTa sane 1668 mAM tA. 23 mI sapTembare kaMpanInA svAdhInamAM Avyo. rAjAne A bAbatane hukama suratanA adhikArIne tA.1 lI sapTembara 1668 ne dIne maLatAM tyAMnA gavarnara kanDane guDiara (Goodyer) tathA sara sTenazama mAsTarane muMbaI mokalI gerI (Gary) pAsethI beTane kabajo meLavyA. e pachI eNkasenDane muMbaI AvI kAmanI vyavasthA mATe navA niyame karI tene amala karavA mATe eka adhikArI nI. e pachI tarataja e maraNa pAmavAthI vadhu vyavasthA karavAnuM chearane mAthe

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prakaraNa 11 muM] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 311 paDyuM. muMbaInuM baMdara utkRSTa che, ane tenA upara ApaNI sattA hevAthI tyAM megalene upadrava thaze nahIM evA aneka phAyadA kaMpanInA amaladArone tarataja jaNAvavA lAgyA. suratane presiDanTa eNjIara muMbaIne gavarnara tathA kamAnDara-Ina-cIpha thaye tyAre teNe te sthaLa sudhAravA mATe aneka upAyo karyA. eNe pi gIoe bAMdhelI dharmajALa teDI nAMkhI, vepArIone kAmadhaMdhA mATe sagavaDa karI ApI, rAjyakArabhAranI vyavasthA karI, TaMkazALa bAMdhI ane killebaMdhI karavAnI yojanA ghaDI kahADI. sane 1666 nI bhayaMkara AgamAM laMDana zaherane nAza thavA pachI te pharIthI bAMdhavA mATe je nakazA tathA niyame taiyAra thayA hatA tenI nakale kaMpanInA DAyarekaTaree muMbaI zahera bAMdhavA mATe hiMdustAna mokalI hatI. rAjA taraphanA je kaMI thaDA aMgrejo ahIM hatA temAMthI zaheranAM saMrakSaNa mATe eka lazkara ubhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e aMgrejone keTalIka sate muMbaImAM gharabAra karI rahevAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. e sivAya muMbaInI vastI vadhAravA mATe IgleDathI vIsa nirvyasanI strIo lAvI graMTesTaMTa dharmanA aMgrejapurUSo sAthe temanAM lagna karAvI ApavAnuM nakkI thayuM hatuM. traNa varSamAM muMbaInI vastI ghaNI vadhI. ahIM rahI Dukkara tathA kabutara pALavAne ghaNuM aMgrejone zokha lAgyo hato. zarUAtanAM eka be varSane pagAra AMga upara ApI kaMpanIe keTalAka kArIgarene muMbaI lAvavAne baMdobasta karyo, tevI ja rIte bahAra gAmanA vaNakarene khAsa muMbaI bolAvI temanI pAsethI pitAnA hastakanA koThAramAMthI rU ApI kApaDa vaNavI levAnI goThavaNa karI gavAmAM vaNatAM paganAM mojAno khapa IMglaDamAM sAra thato hovAthI te kAma jANanArA lokone muMbaI lAvyA; suratanA zrImaMta vANI ane vepArIone khAsa saraLatA karI ApI tyAM vasavATa karavAnI geThavaNa karI. e lekamAM dIvane nIma pArekha agresara hatuM. te prathama AvyuM tyAre kaI paNa tene trAsa de nahIM tathA tenA vepAra, dharma tathA vyavahAramAM kaI ADe Ave nahIM te bAbata kaMpanIe tene lekhI jAmInagIrI ApI hatI.

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2 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. A pramANe sarva rIte muMbaI sudhAravA mATe kaMpanIe jhapATAbaMdha prayatna karyA. suratanA dezI vepArIo muMbaI javA kabula nahotA, kemake tyAMnA presiDanTa upara temane bharoso nahote. IgleMDathI kaMpanInI mukhya kerTa mAraphata saMrakSaNanuM abhivacana maLe nahIM tyAM sudhI muMbaI javAnI teo nA pADatA. e beTanI havA paNa te vakhate atizaya kharAba hatI. jyAMtyAM leke khujaLIthI pIDAtA ane mahAmArI tathA tAvathI TapATapa maratA. pAMca varSomAM 500 mAMthI 400 yuropiane gujarI gayA hatA, ane sane 1675 nA cAra mahinAmAM 100 aMgreja sipAIo maraNane zaraNa thayA hatA. AthI tyAM kAma upara javAne kaI hiMmata karatuM nahIM. peTamAM duHkhavAnuM, maraDe ane tAva e mukhya vikAra hatA; paNa A saghaLA re yuropiyana vastImAM jorathI phATI nIkaLavAnAM kAraNa temanI amaryAda dArU pIvAnI lata tathA vyabhicAra hatAM. jIaranAM maraNa pachI upasthita thayelA mahemAMhenA kalaha, yuddha, ahIMnA vepAra mATe judI judI kaMpanIonI takarAra ane megala, marAThA, agre, jaMjIrAnA sIdhI, Araba ItyAdi lekoe karelA upadrava e saghaLAMne lIdhe have pachInAM pacAsa varSamAM muMbaInI atizaya durdazA thaI ane tene pariNAme sane 1718 mAM muMbaInI sekasaMkhyA 60,000 thI 16,000 jeTalI ghaTI gaI. muMbaImAM jyAM tyAM kAdava hata; kalAbAthI mAhima lagI nAnA nAnA sAta beTa hatA. hAlanI pAyadhunI AgaLa eka khADI hatI temAM paga bhInA thayA vinA muMbAdevInAM darzaNa karavA javAnuM nahIM, tethI te jagyAnuM nAma pAyadhUnI paDayuM. tevI ja rIte umarakhADI, bhIMDIbajAra vagere lejo pANImAM hato; ane hamaNAnA kAmATIpurAmAM te vakhate heDIo pharatI. sane 1675 mAM muMbaInuM ekaMdara utpanna sumAre eka lAkha rUpIA hatuM. muMbaInI vasAhata saMbaMdhI be zabda lakhavA jarUranA che. hiMdustAnamAM IgleMDanA pratyakSa svAmitva heThaLa AveluM paheluM ThekANuM muMbaI che. bIjAM keTalAMka thANuMo kaMpanInA tAbAmAM hatAM paNa tyAMnI sattA ghaNuM kharuM dezI rAjAonI marajI upara avalaMbI rahI hatI. auraMgajeba bAdazAhe te veLa

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prakaraNa 11 muM muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 313 A yuropiyana lekenI hIlacAla tarapha kaMI paNa lakSa ApyuM nahIM, ulaTuM bAdazAhanuM mukhapaNuM hiMdustAnanI rAjyakrAntinuM kevI rIte kAraNa thaI paDyuM tenuM utkRSTa citra A muMbaInA vRttAMtathI dekhAI Ave che. auraMgajeba sarakhA zANuM, akkalabAja ane ATalAM moTAM rAjyanA mAlIke porTugIjha, valaMdA tathA aMgrejone pitAnA kinArA upara bInaaDacaNe utaravA dIdhA, . temanI mULa zakti kevI che, temanA mAMhomAMhenA dAvapeca kevA che, temaNe upADelA udyoganuM pariNAma zuM Avaze e saghaLuM samajavAno prayatna karavAnuM bAjue rAkhI temanA kAma pratye tadana akhADA karyA eja tenI moTAmAM moTI bhUla hatI. AramAra bAbata vicAra karIe te Arae se varSa sudhI porTugIjha sAthe pitAnA kAphalAnI madadathI bAtha bhIDI hatI. e musalamAna jAtabhAInAM parAkramanI vAta auraMgajeba bAdazAhane khabara na hoya e saMbhavita lAgatuM nathI. Arabone mogala bAdazAhe paisAnI temaja bIjI madada karI hota to porTugIjha vagere pazcimAtya prajAne potAnA kAphalAthI baMdobasta karavAnuM tene mATe azakya thate nahIM. e vAta bAjue rAkhIe to paNa vijApura ane gavaLonDAnAM musalamAnI rAjyone nAza karI, pUrva tathA pazcima kinArA upara yuropiyana lokone je thoDe ghaNe dhAka hatuM te auraMgajebe nirmULa karyo. porTugIjha lekee aMgrejone muMbaI beTa ApyA pachI teo pitAne kAphele ume karI tathA bIjI rIte te TApune killebaMdhI karI pazcima kinArA upara pitAne pAyo majabUta karatA hatA, ane tethI karIne surata vagere agatyanAM zaheromAMnA megala sattAdhikArIone teo jANe dhamakAvatA, e saghaLuM bAdazAha pacIsa varSa dakSiNamAM raheluM hovAthI tenAthI joI zakAya tema hatuM. paraMtu tene kaMI paNa pratikAra karavA karatAM ulaTo temane pote keTalIka savaLatA karI ApI uttejana Apate. | muMbaImAM ThAma paDayA pachI tyAMthI TheTha IMglaDa lagI kinAre kinAre pitAne raste sahisalAmata rAkhavA mATe aMgrejoe upADele udyoga temanI dhUrtatAnI sAkSI pure che. AphrikAnA dakSiNa cheDA para Avela kepa oNpha

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314 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. guDa hopane mulaka prathama porTugIjhanA tAbAmAM hatuM, te sane 16para mAM valaMdA lekee kabaje karyo. sane 1603 mAM kepTana laMkesTara senTa helInAnA TApu upara utaryo hato paNa te sane 1645 mAM valaMdA lekee hastagata karyo. tyAM vasAhata sthApavAne e lekee sAta varSa lagI prayatna karyo. temanuM paNa kaMI na vaLatAM tyAMthI nirAza thaI saghaLA kepanA mulakamAM jaI rahyA e pachI aneka veLA valaMdA tathA aMgrejo vacce jhapAjhapI thayA bAda Akhare sane 1673 mAM senTa helInA aMgrejone maLyuM. muMbaInI mAphaka e TApune sarva adhikAra rAjAe kaMpanIne svAdhIna karyo, ane e banne ThekANAM iMglaMDanA agni koNa uparanA keTa kAunTImAM nAmanAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM. aMgreja vahANo mATe senTa helInA aDadhe raste utAro levAnI jagyA thaI. kepane mulaka aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvatAM keTaleka kALa nIkaLI gayo ( sane 1806 ). bIjA cArlsa rAjAne kaMpanIne sAre Teke hato, ane kaMpanI paNa pUrNapaNe tenI marajI anvaye cAlatI hatI. te paNa anya kAraNone lIdhe kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM puSkaLa bakheDA thayA. kaeNpele karelI vyavasthA pramANe tenI taraphathI yuriTana paMthanAM ghaNAM mANaso hiMdustAna mokalavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. bIje cArsa gAdIe AvatAM bAjI pheravAI gaI, ane rAjAe dhIme dhIme pitAnA kAmadAre mokalavA mAMDyA; ema karI yuriTana anuyAyIoe upADelA kAmane niSphaLa utAravAne tene hetu hato. kAnsa ane helenDa sAthe cArlsa rAjAe je prakArane vyavahAra calAvyuM hatuM te aMgreja prajAne pasaMda nahotuM. chatAM mAMhomAMhe laDAI na karatAM banne pakSe game tema karI salAhasaMpathI rahyA. kaMpanInA gavarnare be varSathI vadhAre vakhata kAma upara nahIM rahevuM e navo niyama amalamAM mukAtAM kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM avya vasthA utpanna thaI ane tenI asara mukhya karIne muMbaI tathA senTa sane 1668 mAM muMbaI beTa kaMpanInA tAbAmAM Avyo tyAre tyAMnI aMgreja phejanA saradAra kuke bakheDe karyo hato. e pachI sane 1674 mAM

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 315 saghaLA aMgreja sipAIoe baMDa uThAvyuM hatuM, paNa baMDakherone sakhata zikSA thatAM te dabAI gayuM. sane 1683 mAM ricarDa gvina nAmanA kAphalA uparanA eka adhikArIe muMbaInA DepyuTI gavarnarane keda karI saghaLe kArabhAra pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe, ane nAme jAheranAmuM kahADayuM ke te rAjAnuM mAna rAkhI baMDakhora lekone gya zAsana karaze. AvI rIte eka varSa lagI teNe marachamAM Ave tema tophAna karavAthI kaMpanIne adhikAra nAza pAmate hato ke zuM ema sarva koIne lAgyuM. suratanA presiDanTane paNa kedamAM puravAne keMgvina vicAra karato hato eTalAmAM cArlsa rAjAe pitAnI sahIne hukama mokalI tene keda pakaDAvyo, paNa pAchaLathI tene mAphI ApI choDI mukavAmAM Avyo. madrAsamAM paNa AvuM tephAna sane 1665 pachInAM traNa varSa cAluM hatuM. senTa helInAmAM sane 1673 thI sane 1684 sudhI aneka prakAranAM tephAne aMgreja rahevAsIomAM tathA tyAMnA adhikArIomAM thayAM hatAM, AvI gaDabaDATanA samayamAM sane 1685 mAM bIje cArja rAjA maraNa pAme, ane tene bhAI bIje jemsa gAdI upara Avyo tyAre baMDakherone sakhata zikSA karavAmAM AvI. 2. muMbaInA pahelA traNa gavarnara-aMgrejoe muMbaImAM navuM thANuM karI tyAMne baMdobasta karyo. e vAta valaMdA lekone rUcI nahIM. A pramANe mulaka kabaje karavAnI paddhati temaNeja mAtra svIkArI hatI. adyApI zarUAtamAM kaMpanIne naDelI aneka aDacaNo chatAM te veLA hiMdustAnamAM AvelA be traNa adhikArIonAM DahApaNa tathA bIjA uttama guNone lIdhe kaMpanI TakI rahI hatI. navIna saMjogone laIne tenA amaladArone rAjaya karavAne kasaba zikhavo paDyo ane teo te pUrNa rIte zikhyA. sane 1662 thI 1690 sudhI suratane kArabhAra traNa presiDanToe calAvyA hata-sara jyorja senDana (Sir George Oxenden), jIrAlDa 110747 (Gerald Aungier) 242 242 MA 211423 (Sir John Child) sara jyorja senDana--ene janma sane 1920 mAM hato. kromavelanA vakhatamAM e kaMpanInI nokarImAM dAkhala thaye ane bIjA

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316 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. cArlsanA rAjyArohaNa pachI tene sarane khitAba tathA suratanA pesiDanTanI jagyA maLI (sane 1662). tenA vArSika 8000 rUpIAnA pagAra uparAMta, 2000 bakSisa tarIke ApavAnA karyA hatA. te surata AvyA tyAre zivAjIne udaya thavA mAMDayo hato. sane 1664 mAM teNe surata upara svArI karI tyAre senDane aMgreja kaThInuM saMrakSaNa karavAthI auraMgajeba bAdazAhe tene bahu mAnapUrvaka pozAka Apyo, ane kaMpanI taraphathI paNa tene bakSisa maLI. eNe sane 1668mAM muMbaI beTa tAbAmAM laI tyAM divAnI tathA lazkarI kAyadA dAkhala karI saghaLI bAbatane yogya baMdobasta karyo. te ghaNe dhITa tathA cAlAka hatA, A dezamAM aMgrejI rAjyanI sthApanA karavAmAM teNe ghaNI madada karI hatI, ane IsTa InaDIA kaMpanInuM lazkara ubhuM karavAmAM teNe agresara bhAga lIdho hato. te sane 1668 mAM suratamAMja maraNuM pAmyA hatA; enI kabara tyAM adyApi che. muMbaIbeTa kaMpanInA kabajAmAM AvyA pachI tyAMvahANa bAMdhavAnuM moTuM kArakhAnuM kahADavAne kaMpanIne vicAra hatuM, ane be vahANe taiyAra karavAno kasenDanane hukama paNa maLyo hato. paraMtu dhrolanA nevigezana ekaTa paradezamAMthI IgleMDa Avato mAla I laMDamAM taiyAra thayelAM vahANamAMja Avavo joIe e pratibaMdha hovAthI, muMbaImAM vahANa bAMdhavAno vicAra tyAga karavAmAM Avyo. enA pachI rAlDa jIyere sane 1669thI sane 1977 sudhI suratanA presiDanTane adhikAra bhogavyo. e muMbaIne kharo sthApaka hate; eNeja muMbaIne vahANonuM temaja vepAranuM mukhya baMdara banAvyuM, ane tyAM killebaMdhI karI vakhArane bacAva karavA pagalAM bharyA. teNe muMbaInAM saghaLA rahevAsIone zaheranA saMrakSaNArthe laDavAnI pharaja pADI hatI ane brAhmaNa tathA vANIAo jAte laDAImAM utaravAnuM pasaMda nahIM karatA hovAthI temane mATe kaMIka rakama kaMpanImAM bharavAnI goThavaNa karI hatI. e pramANe 600 dezI tathA 400 yuropiyana sipAIonuM lazkara taiyAra karI eka aMgreja senAdhipatIne tenA upara dekharekha rAkhavA mukavAmAM Avyo hato. e senAdhipatIne kaunsilamAM sabhAsada thavAne haka

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 317 paNa hatA. sane 1673 mAM valaMdAoe muMbaI upara hallo karyo tyAre A pramANe thayelI lazkarI vyavasthAnI kasoTI thaIahIMnI saghaLI bAbatanI saMpUrNa taiyArIthI gabharAI jaI valaMdAo nAsI gayA. AMjIyare kaMpanInI TaMkazALamAM nANuM pADavA mAMDyAthI tene ghaNo phAyado thayo. megala ane bIjA adhikArIoe tene evAM nANuM kema pADavA dIdhAM te samajaNa paDatI nathI. muMbaI beTa upara aMgrejone amala hate khare te paNa tyAM para mulakanAM nANuM pADavAne temane adhikAra pahoMcatuM nahIM. chatAM mogala sarakAre temane e mATe lekhI paravAnagI ApelI jaNAya che. utpannanA aMdAja upara AMjIyare jamInane kara karAvI Ape te maLI muMbaInI kulle Avaka 16,660 rUpIA hatI. dezI vepArIo tathA kArIgarone khAsa savaLatA karI ApI muMbaI bolAvavAmAM AMjIyare prayAsa karyo ane temanA upara dharma saMbaMdhI julama karavAmAM nahIM Ave tathA tenI vadhathI temanI lAgaNI nahIM duHkhavavAnI goThavaNa karI. dezIo pitapotAnI jAtinI paMca nImI pitAnI takarArano niveDe lAve e bAbata AMjIyare kaMpanInA uparI adhikArIonI paravAnagI meLavI hatI. teNe muMbaInI havA sudhAravA aneka prayatna karyA tathA roganA upacAra mATe davAkhAnAM ughADyAM, prArthanA karavA mATe eka moTuM devaLa bAMdhyuM, ane phejadArI tathA divAnI kArTa sthApI. te vakhate muMbaIne vizeSa trAsa Araba taraphane hata; temanAM vahANa AkhA pazcima kinArA upara pAMca pAMca mAIlane aMtare pharatAM hevAthI teo yuropiyana vahANe upara game tyAre utarI paDatA. vAstavika rIte ArabI samudra upara ArabonIja sattA anAdikALathI hatI e tenA nAma uparathI khulluM dekhAya che. A samudramAM bIjA koIne dAkhala karavA teo khuzI nahetA, teoe svarakSaNa mATe hajAra varSa lagI karelA jhanunI yuddhane ItihAsa maLatuM nathI. jo te hAtha lAgyo hato te temanAM zaurya, sAhasa vagere uttamottama guNanAM aneka apratima udAharaNa ApaNane maLata. A Arabene ItihAsakAra cAMcIAnuM nAma ApI arabI samudra upara yurepiyana prajAnI sattA pUrvApAra heya ema batAve che. muMbaI aMgrejoe kabaje karyuM e

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318 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. Arabene pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. aneka veLA temaNe karelA humalA sAme aMgreja tapa vaDe zaheranuM rakSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. zivAjInA lUTArU lazkaranI herAnagatIthI aMgrejono bacAva karavAnA hetuthI sane 1674 mAM jyorja kasenDananA chokarA henarI ekasenDanane AMjIyare rAyagaDha mekalI zivAjI sAthe taha karI hatI. enI rUe zivAjIe aMgrejone pazcima kinArA upara vepArI vakhAra ughADavAnI tathA mAlanI kharIdI tathA vecANa karavAnI paravAnagI ApI; ane vilAyatathI AvatA mAla upara aDhI TakAnI jakAta TharAvI. e sivAya mogala AramArane mukhI jaMjIrAne sIdhI darasAla comAsAmAM muMbaI AvI rahe ane marAThAo sAme laDato. tenI sAthe paNa AMjIyare mitrAcArI rAkhI hatI. hiMdu lokonA dharma tathA rItarIvAjanI eNe ghaNu mAhitI meLavI tyAre temanI jAtibhedane lAbha laI aMgrejI rAjya vadhAravAmAM bAdha naDaze nahIM e te sahaja joI zakyo, ane te pramANe teNe prayatna paNa zarU karyo. dezI jJAtone kaMIka rAjakIya haka ApI temane pitAnA adhikAra heThaLa mukavAne tene vicAra hatA, paNa te pramANe amala karavA kaMpanIe turtaveLA maMjura karyuM nahIM. A pramANe thayelA sudhArA tathA zAMtine lIdhe thoDA ja samayamAM muMbaInI vastI 10,000 uparathI 60,000 thaI vasUla traNa gaNuM vadhyuM, ane dhIme dhIme suratanuM mahatva ochuM thatAM e zahera AbAda thavA lAgyuM. surata choDI aMgrejoe kAyamane mATe muMbaI jaI rahevuM evo AMjIyarane abhiprAya hato, paNa tene vilAyatathI anumodana maLyuM nahIM. eNkasenDananI peThe AMjIyara paNa sane 1677 mAM suratamAM ja gujarI gayo. pazcima kinArA upara aMgrejonI sattA kAyama karanAro A pahele purUSa hato. tenI mahattAnuM varNana zabdathI thaI zakatuM nathI" e pramANe kansile lakhyuM che. tenA eka lekha uparathI tenI duradarzI kuzaLatA vyakta thAya che. "dezI sattAdhIzone kAgaLa upara dhamakI ApavI upayogI nathI. hAthamAM talavAra laI vepAra calAvavo joIe." "paramezvaranI tamArA upara meTI maherabAnI heya ema dekhAya che. bIjI koI paNa yuropiyana prajA

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 319 karatAM tamAre pAyo hiMdustAnamAM vadhAre majabUta thayo che emAM kaMI saMzaya nathI" e pramANe teNe kaMpanIne patradvArA jaNAvyuM hatuM. enI pachI sane 1677-82 sudhI roTI kaMpanIne presiDanTa hato.e hakaNa hovAthI cAlatI aMdhAdhuMdhIthI dabAI gayo hato. A sthitino lAbha laI muMbaImAM judA judA aneka sattAdhIzoe pitAnAM sthAna karyA. marAThA tathA sIdhIo laDavA lAgyA, kenarI tathA aMderInA be killA te banee kabaje karyo; ane thoDo vakhata muMbaImAM aMgrejone Asare lAgaze nahIM ema jaNAvavA lAgyuM. paNa temane sAre nasIbe sane 1982 mAM sara jaoNna cAIlDa presiDanTa tarIke hiMdustAna Avyo, teNe kaMpanInuM kAma dhIrajathI upADI laI cAlatI avyavasthA dUra karI. sa2 jozuA cAIlDa ane sara jona cAIlDa e bane parAkramI bhAra calAvyo hato. sara jozuA iMglaMDamAM kaMpanIno gavarnara hato. te vakhate na cAIlDa suratanA presiDanTa hatA. emane pitrAI bhAI ghaNo vakhata rAjApuranI vakhAramAM hato tyAre ne tyAM rahI dezamAM cAlatI saghaLI dhAmadhuma joI lIdhI hatI, ane marAThAone mukhya hetu zo hate te paNa te samajI gayo hato. sane 1682 mAM tene suratanA presiDanTano ekke maLyo, tyAre pitAnI hoMzIArI tathA himatathI prerAI game te thAya te paNa hAthamAM zastra laI pitAnI sattA vadhAravAne teNe saMkalpa karyo. tenA A kAmamAM janane tenA bhAI jozuA taraphanA saMpUrNa Teko hato. prathama kaMpanInA hukamano anAdara karI khAnagI vepAra karanArAne eNe sakhata zikSA karI temano dhaMdhe choDAvyo. bIjI tarapha auraMgajeba bAdazAhanI sattA dInaparadIne narama paDavA mAMDI, marAThAo sAthe laDavA mATe te jAte dakSiNamAM Avyo tyAre suratamAM megalAI amala DhIluM paDe hato. AthI suratanuM thANuM choDI muMbaImAM kaMpanInuM mukhya dhAma karavA sara jona cAIlDa AgrahapUrvaka kaMpanIne jaNAvyuM. IgleMDamAM tenA bhAIe gavarnara tarIke DAyarekaTarone saghaLI hakIkta samajAvI cAIlDanA vicArane anumodana A

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320 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. pavA temanI pAse TharAva karAvyo. e hukama anvaya sane 1686 mAM aMgrejoe surata cheDayuM, ane muMbaInA baMdobasta temaja bacAva mATe AramAra tathA bIjI yuddhasAmagrI taiyAra karavA mATe jarUrane kharaca karavAnI kaMpanIe paravAnagI ApI. Aja arasAmAM marAThA chAvaNImAM paNa avyasthA zarU thaI e dhyAnamAM rAkhavAnuM che. zivAjI maraNa pAmyA hatA, ane teno chokaro saMbhAjI tenA pitAe sthApelI mahAna sattA saMbhALavAne bIlakula nAlAyaka hate. vaLI auraMgajeba jAte tenI chAtI upara AvI beThela hovAthI bIjI tarapha najara pheravavAnuM tene phAvyuM nahIM. A sthiti lakSamAM rAkhI tene lAbha levAnuM kAma sara jone upADyuM. teNe A vakhate karelI saghaLI vyavasthA tatkAlIna paristhitine lAbha levA mATe ja yojAyelI mAlama paDe che. 3. kaMpanInA nekaranI raheNI-kaeNpele kaMpanInA vahivaTanI karelI gavaNa pachI suratamAMnA aMgreja vepArIonI raheNI sudharatAM teo sukhI jIMdagI gujAravA lAgyA. AramArane mATe keTalAka suMvALImAM baMgalA bAMdhI rahyA hatA. vilAyatathI vahANa Ave tyAre e baMdarano dekhAva ghaNe suzobhita thatuM. e veLA leke be paiDAMnI tathA cAra paiDAMnI baLadanI gADIo vAparatA; aMdara paga lAMbA karI besavAnI jagyA na hovAthI palAMThI vALI besavuM paDatuM; gADImAM besavA mATe raMga beraMgI kApaDanI gAdIo hatI. gADInI sAthe sipAIonAM ToLAM cAlatAM tyAre svArInI naka khubIdAra thatI. suratanA presiDanTanI svArI meTA ThAThathI nIkaLatI; sAthe nagArakhAnuM, raNasIMgaDAM vagere vAjIvALA tathA sAmAna sajelA gheDA rahetA; temaja chatrI, cammara tathA paMkhAvALA uparAMta pAlakhInI banne bAjue yuropiyana sipAIonI hAra cAlatI. muMbaInA DepyuTI gavarnarane ThATha paNa lagabhaga teja hato. madrAsanA presiDanTanI zahAmata suratanA amaladAra jevIja hatI. tenI pAse 300 dezI sipAIo rahetA ane jarUra paDatAM bIjA 1500 mANase taiyAra rahetAM. A sivAya kansilara vagere adhikArIo

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 321 ghoDA upara nIkaLatA, ane strImaMDala pAlakhImAM besatuM. presiDanTanI tahenAtanI sAmagrI ghaNI moTI hatI. asaMkhya hAthI, ghoDA, pAlakhI temaja oNkaTara, zastravaidya, upAdhyA, nokara vagere puSkaLa mANase tenI pAse rahetAM. bhAjana veLA vAjIMtranA susvara nIkaLatA, dareka padArtha raseDAmAMthI bahAra AvatAM raNasIMgaDuM jhukAtuM, ane sAthe cAMdInI chaDIvALo padAra hameza rahe. baMgalAne upale majalethI presiDanTanI svArI nIce AvatAM salAmI thatI. keTalIkavAra te ghoDA upara athavA gheDAnI gADImAM pharavA nIkaLato. presiDanTane Avo ThATha joI tathA tene AvI mojazekha uDAvavAnI maLatI hovAthI tenI jagyA mATe kaMpanIne nekaramAM sakhata kheMcatANa thatI e kahevAnI jarUra nathI. suratanA presiDanTa sara jona cAIlDanA guNAnuvAda kaMpanIe pArlAmenTane sane 1688 mAM sAdara karelI eka arajImAM nIce pramANe gAyA hatA-e gRhastha Aje pAMtrIsa varSa thayAM hiMdustAnamAM che, ane e daramiyAna eka paNa vakhate IgleMDa AvyuM nathI; tenuM DahApaNa, pairya, pramANikapaNuM ane nirvyasanatA saghaLAne jANItAM . tene hiMdustAnamAM sarva jAtanA lako mAna Ape che, kemake zatranA saguNo pArakhI kahADavAmAM hiMduo hamezA tatpara rahe che. sara jaoNna cAIlDa auraMgajeba bAdazAha sAthe evI hoMzIArIthI yuddha karyuM ke mogalanAM saghaLAM jahAja tenA hAthamAM sapaDAI gayAM te paNa banne bAjuthI raktanuM eka TIpuM paNa paDayuM nahIM. cAIlDanA hAthamAM pakaDAyelAM zatrunAM mANasone pAchAM ravAnA karatI veLA temane kapaDAMlattAM tathA paisAthI navAjhI eTalA te khuza karyA ke temaNe cAIlDa temaja aMgrejo mATe bAdazAha pAse bhalAmaNa karI temanA mArgamAM ADe na AvavA samajAvyo." A vAkyamAM puSkaLa garbhita artha rahela che tenuM spaSTIkaraNa AgaLa thaze. suratanI kaThI megala adhikArI pAse nAmane bhADe rAkhelA eka bhavya makAnamAM hatI. A makAna vakhatovakhata tenA thayelA jIrNoddhAra chatAM hajI tenI asala jagyAe che, ane tenA upara lairDa karjhananA InDIane maeNnyumenTasa ekaTanA TharAvanI rUe sarakAra taraphathI eka takatI paNa

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3rara hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. mukavAmAM AvI che. kAThIne baMgala paththarane bAMdhele, majabUta ane suMdara hatuM. tene eka bhAgamAM kacerI vagerenI goThavaNa hatI, ane upale bhAga presiDanTane rahevA mATe judo kahA hatA. baMgalAnI AsapAsa pharatI agAsI hatI, lAkaDAM upara nakasInuM katarakAma kareluM hatuM; nAnA prakAranI vastuothI baMgalAne zaNagAravAmAM AvyA hatA, ane citravicitra pakSI tathA prANIonI AkRti ThekaThekANe mukavAmAM AvI hatI. kacerInuM kAma ghaNuM kharuM savAranA dasathI bAra sudhI ane sAMjanA cArathI kaI kaIvAra meDI rAta lagI cAlatuM. makAnanA cheka nIcenA bhAgamAM mAla bharavAmAM Avato. kApaNI vakhate lekenI Ava jA ghaNuM bhAre thatI, e veLA vakhAranI hadamAM atizaya gaDabaDATa tathA zerabakora thatuM. dareka mANasa potAnI sthiti pramANe svamAna jALavA prayatna karo. kaMpanInA saghaLA amaladArone dezI bhASA zIkhavavA mATe eka munazI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM, chatAM ahIMnI bhASA ghaNAne AvaDatI nahIM, eTale temane iMgleDathI Thapako maLata. bahAra gAmanI nAnI vakhAramAM je mANasane mokalavAmAM AvyAM hatAM te nizALanAM chokarAo jevAM ALasu tathA ramatIALa hatA ane dhyAna daI bIlakula kAma karatAM nahIM. AthI temane vAraMvAra IgleMDathI daMDanI zikSA pharamAvatrAmAM AvatI. AvI rIte ekaThA thayelI daMDanI rakama judI rAkhI tene koI sArvajanika kAmamAM upayoga thatuM. suratamAMnI aMgreja temaja valaMdA lekenI kabare jevAthI temanI jIMdagIne vaibhava tathA ThAThamAThano kaMIka vicAra ApaNane AvI zake che. A khristI lekee musalamAna amaladAronA ADaMbaranI Abehuba nakala karI hatI. e lekIne moTo ThATha karI nakAmo kharca nahIM vadhAravA mATe vAraMvAra IgleMDathI tAkIda thatI paNa te saghaLI niSphaLa jatI. maMDele nAmanA pravAsIe suratanI e samayanI jAhojalAlInuM varNana nIce pramANe karyuM che - tApI nadInA banne kAMThA upara suMdara bAga hatA, ane temAM moTAM ane bhavya makAne AvI rahyAM hatAM. A havelIone khullo sapheda raMga AsapAsanA lIlA kuMjara bAgamAM ghaNe khIlI nIkaLatuM hatuM. vahANa

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 32 parathI utaryA bAda ame prathama jakAtatapAsaNI mATe musalamAna subAnA makAna AgaLanA kasTama hAusamAM gayA. tyAM amArA jevA yuropathI AvelA utArUo pAse je kaMI sAmAna hoya temAMthI joIe tevo mAla adhikArIo vecAte mAgatA. je khAnagI vastu hoya to te tene ApavIja paDatI; ema chatAM te vize kharI hakIkata kahIe te te ghaNIvAra pAchI maLatI. A vastuo jovA mATe mogala subedAra jAte tyAM Ave che. yuropanA vepArIo nAnA tarehanI jaNase khAnagI jaNAvI dANacorIthI laI jAya che, ane pAchaLathI marachamAM Ave te kiMmate vece che tethI jakAta adhikArIone ghaNA sAvadha rahevuM paDe che." maMDesle baMdara upara utarI tene mATe AvelI be sapheda baLadanI gADImAM besI presiDanTane tyAM gayo. ahIM presiDanTa tenI tarapha ghaNuM sneha bhAvathI varyo, ane tene potAne ghera rAkhI tenI yogya AgatAsvAgatA karI. vakhAranI vyavasthA tathA tyAMne karaba ghaNuM uttama prakAranAM hatAM, ane saghaLA nokarIne presiDanTano bhAre dhAka hato. te veLA cAha pIvAne vahivaTa dezIo uparAMta aMgreja tema valaMdAomAM paNa hatuM. maMDelene aMgrejI na AvaDatuM hovAthI bIjAo sAthe vAta karavAmAM tene ghaNI aDacaNa paDI. e suratathI amadAvAda gaye tyAre ArabakhAna nAmane hazIAra megala sube tyAM amala calAvatuM hatuM. tenI vaya sumAre sATha varSanI hatI, ane tenI milakata dasa karoDa rUpIAnI aMkAtI hatI. tenI eka svarUpavAna chokarIne bAdazAhanA bIjA chokarA sujA sAthe paraNAvavAmAM AvI hatI. maMDele hiMdamAM Avyo te agAu tarataja e lagna thayAM hatAM. chokarI sAsare gaI tyAre ArabakhAne tenI sAthe vIsa hAthI, eka hajAra gheDA, tathA niranirALI jaNasothI bharelAM cha hajAra gADAM bAdazAhane najarANuM tarIke mekalyAM hatAM. amadAvAdanA subedAranI kacerImAM pAMcase nekara hatA ane tenA khAnagI cAkaranI saMkhyA cArasonI hatI. e saghaLA tene gheraja jamatA. subedAranA gharane kharaca dara mahine sumAre bAra tera hajAra rUpiAne hatA, ane e uparAMta tenA khAnagI pAMcase ghoDA tathA

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324 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pacAsa hAthIne kharaca hato; tenA nekara cAkarene pizAka ghaNe mulyavAna hate, te paNa subedAra pote ghaNe sAde rahate. maMDelee jyAre e subedAranI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre te tenI tarapha ghaNI adabathI varyo hato, ane tene khAnA upara teDI tene satkAra karyA hatA. A ArabakhAna ghaNA kura ane kaDaka svabhAvane hate. kaMpanInI mukhya vakhAra suratamAM AvelI hovAthI e zaheranI jAhojalAlI A samaye avarNanIya hatI. kaMpanInA amaladAroe lakhelAM e zaheranAM varNana vAMcI ApaNe cakita thaIe chIe ane baso varSamAM muMbaInI caDatIthI e purAtana zaheranI kevI avadazA thaI e kaLI zakatA nathI. ahIM aneka dezI vepArIo kaMpanInA ADatIA tarIke kAma karatA ane temane saghaLI jAtanAM vecANa tathA kharIda upara seMkaDe be TakA dalAlI maLatI. suratanI AsapAsa kApaDane me vepAra cAlata. varasAdanI zarUAtamAM kaMpanInA amaladAro gAmegAma pharI vecAtuM lIdheluM sutara vaNakarone hecI ApatA ke mAsAM bAda vilAyata mokalavA mATe joItuM kApaDa taiyAra thAya. AnA jevI dareka vakhAranI cAra zAkhA hatI. pahelI hisAbI zAkhA. temAM ekAunTanTanI sahI thayela keI hisAba presiDanTa AgaLa raju thayA vinA tathA tenI upara tenI sahI thayA vinA tIjorImAMthI paisA apAtA nahIM. bIjI zAkhA mAlanA bhaMDAranI hatI. kharIdI tathA vecANa nI neMdha rAkhavAnuM kAma bhaMDAranA uparInuM hatuM. trIjI zAkhAmAM vahANane lagatuM kAma thatuM, ane tenA uparIne parsara kahetA. te mAlanI neMdha tapAsI te pramANene mAla vahANa upara caDAvavAnuM tathA tyAMthI utAravAnuM kAma karate. chellI ane ethI zAkhA sekreTarInI hatI. tenuM kAma sadhaLA prakArane patravyavahAra calAvI, kansilanI sabhAnI hakIkata noMdhavAnuM ane agatyanA kAgaLa upara kaMpanIne sikake mAravAnuM hatuM. sane 1668 mAM pratyeka aMgreja vakhAramAMnA kaMpanInA nekaranAM vartana bAbata dasa niyame TharAvavAmAM AvyA, ane tenI nakale saghaLe mekalI dareka vakhAramAM jAhera jagyAe caTADavAmAM AvI. aMgrejonA

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 325 bAibalamAM evIja dasa AjJAo paramezvare lokone ApelI che te uparathI A AjJAnI vakhAramAM ghaNI ja TeLa thatI. A bAbatamAM sara jona cAIlDa heThaLanA majakurane patra IglaDa lakhyo hate "kaMpanIe AjJA ApI che paNa tenA ullaMghana mATe saghaLI bAbatamAM zikSA TharAvI nathI. Aja lagI presiDanTa tathA tenI kaeNnsile vakhAranA baMdobasta mATe ghaDelA niyama anvaye aparAdhIone zikSA karavAnuM nakkI thayeluM che. vyabhicAra karanArane tathA prArthanAmAMthI gerahAjara rahenArane sakhata zikSA karavAmAM Ave che; mArA mata pramANe kaMpanInI AjJA karatAM A niyama uttama prakAre 5LAya che. prArthanAmAM hAjara nahIM rahenArane ravivAre aDhI rUpIA tathA ADe dahADe savA rUpIo daMDa thAya che. dArU pI dezIone gALa devA mATe gunhegArane beDI paherAvI Akho divasa vakhAranA mukhya daravAjA upara besADI rAkhavAmAM Ave che, ane rAtanA thAMbhalA sAthe aMdaranA bhAgamAM bAMdhI rAkhavAmAM Ave che. presiDanTanI rajA vinA vakhAranI bahAra janArane vIsa rUpIA daMDa thAya che. A zikSA vAraMvAra karavAmAM Ave che, ane kaI paNa gunhegAra sajAmAMthI chaTakavA pAmatuM nathI. vaLI presiDanTanI rItabhAta ghaNI uttama hovAthI amArI vakhAra evI atyutkRSTa sthitimAM che, ke tene keAI koleja athavA maThanI upamA ApI zakAya, kAraNa ke ahIM vyAkhyAne temaja vAdavivAda paNa cAle che. itihAsa, nIti, AtmasaMyamana, vepAra, dravya prApti, ItyAdi viSaya upara vAraMvAra ahIM carcA thAya che. dararoja savAre vakhAranA daravAjA ughADavA pahelAM ame prArthanA karIe chIe, ane rAtanA daravAjA baMdha karavA pachI 8 ane 9 nI vacamAM pharIthI IzvaraprArthanA karIe chIe. ravivAre divasamAM be vakhata prArthanA thAya che ane pAdarI upadeza kare che. ekaMdara rIte dharmanA niyama ame eka niSThAthI pALIe chIe. keTalAMka TANane divase ame samAraMbha karIe chIe, ane apavAsane divase apavAsa paNa karIe chIe. krisTamasa, isTara ane viTasanTAIDa e amArA moTA tahevAra che; te dahADe prArthanA ane mijabAnI thAya che. e divasomAM ame saghaLuM sarakArI kAma baMdha rAkhIe

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3ra6 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. chIe, ane makAna uDAvIe chIe tenI bahAranA saghaLA lekone khabara hoya che. gana pAuDara pleTa'no divasa, tA. 5 mI navembara, rAjAnI janmagAMThane divasa, tA. 29 mI me, paNa amArA mejanA dahADA che. leTa, guDaphrAIDe ane pahelA cATarsanI phAMsIne divasa (tA. 30 jAnevArI) e amArA apavAsanA dahADA che. presiDanTa vagere keTalAka leke dara zukravAre paNa apavAsa kare che. apavAsane dahADe phakta mAchalI khAvI, paNa mAMsa levuM nahIM evI romana saMpradAyanI AjJA ame pALatA nathI. e divase joIe tethI paNa thoDuM ame khAIe chIe; ane Akho dahADo kaMIpaNuM na khAtAM rAtanA thaDo khorAka laI prArthanA karI suI jaIe chIe. A uparathI sahaja jaNAze ke amAruM vartana tamane lAge che teTaluM niMdaka nathI. ame dharmabaMdhane tarachoDI nAMkhyAM nathI, paNa pavitra AcaraNa karIe chIe; ApanI marachamAM Ave te A hakIkata kaMpanI rUbarU mukavI. muMbaI tA. 18 jAnevArI sane 1672. na cAilDa." cAIlDanuM A kahevuM kharuM heya te paNa hiMdustAnanI vakhAramAM puSkaLa anAcAra cAlato hato evuM aneka mANasonuM kahevuM che. je kaI durAgrahI te te kaMpanInA kArabhAramAMthI dUra thaI pitAne svataMtra paMtha le. evA baMDakhero taraphathI kaMpanIne ghaNo trAsa paDato. sane 1967 mAM kaMpanIe iMgleDathI pitAnA nokarenAM chokarAMone zIkhavavA mATe pitAne kharca zikSakane madrAsa mokalyA hatA. hiMdustAnamAM AvI hajAre mANase maratAM to paNa aMgrejo pitAnuM dhairya choDatA nahIM, ane hAtha dhareluM kAma ghaNI ja bairyatAthI calAvatA eja temanuM moTuM bhUSaNa che. kAyara kahe che ke "jhADane ukheDI nAkhI keI bhaLatI ja jagyAe ropyuM hoya tevI amArI sthiti che. 500 leka ahIM Ave temAMthI 100 javavA pAmatA nathI. e somAMthI pacIsane dravyane lAbha thayo ke nirAMta ane emAMnA dasamAMne eka svadeza pAcho pote te ghaNuM ja thayuM.' te veLA vyabhicAra tathA madyapAnanA avaguNe iMglaMDamAM be hada vadhI gayA hatA. rAjA bIjo cArja paDe e vyasananA putaLArUpa thayo hato, !*

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prakaraNa 11muM muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 327 ane tene anuvAda A dezamAM thayA vinA rahe nahIM. leke upara julama kare, lAMca khAvI, svadharmanI niMdA karavI, bIjAo upara vinAkAraNa pratibaMdha mukavA, baMDa uThAvavAM, vagere Ape vAraMvAra kaMpanInA kare. upara AvatA; dArU pI tephAna karavAnuM te hameza cAluja hatuM. AvA tephAnIone kAbumAM rAkhavAnuM kAma atizaya muzkela hatuM. te samayanI strIo paNa purUSanI mAphaka vyasanAdhIna thaI hatI. senTa helInAmAM lAvI rAkhelA gulAma kAma barAbara nahIM karatA hovAthI temane mATe temanI jAtanI strIo vahANa bharI lAvavAmAM AvI tyAre ja teo zAMta paDI kAma karavA lAgyA. teja pramANe kaMpanIe pitAnA soleja mATe tathA bIjA nokaro mATe IzvathI strIo mokalavAnI tajavIja karI. paNa evI strIonA udaranirvAhanAM sAdhane puratAM na hovAthI, temaja saghaLAnAM lagna thavAM muzkela hevAthI, svadezathI sAthe ANelI sadAcaraNanI alpa puMjI khapI jatAM teone peTane mATe ADe raste utaravAnI jarUra paDatI. temanAM dharmavirUddha ane nItibhraSTa vartana sudhAravA mATe jIyare puSkaLa mahenata karI paNa tene kaMI upayoga thayo nahIM. bIjA cArlsa rAjAnA zekhana svabhAva samajavAne kaMIka khyAla Ave te mATe sane 1683 mAM vilAyatathI AvelA eka patrano utAro heThaLa Ave che - . rAjAnI amane evI AjJA thaI che ke hiMdustAnamAMthI eka atizaya ThIMgaNe sattara arADha varSane sIdhI purUSa ane cauda cauda varSanI be sIdhI chokarIo prApta karI mokalI ApavI. teo banI zake teTalAM taMdurasta ane khubasurata hovAM joIe. yogya vyavasthAthI temane vahANa upara caDAvI temanI uttama prakAranI kALajI levA mATe kaptAnane tAkIda karavI. khAsa karIne mArgamAM khalAsIo chokarIonuM pAtivratya bhraSTa kare nahIM enI barAbara tajavIja rAkhavI. rastAmAM temanA khAvA pIvAnI temaja kapaDAMlattAnI yogya vyavasthA karavI; ane dezanA rIvAja mujaba hAthe page vagere anya jagyAe paheravAnA saghaLI jAtanA beTA dAgInA temane paherAvI mokalavA" mANasane jAnavaranI mAphaka sodA karavAne praghAta te vakhate keTale have te A uparathI dekhAI Ave che.

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328 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 be ka vepAranI AbAdI-kharuM jotAM kaMpanInA vepArane parazatru taraphathI ghaNo upadrava naDate nahIM, paNa aneka aMgreja vepArIo kaMpanInA IjArAne anAdara karI vepAra ane samudra sarvane mATe eka sarakhAM khullAM hovAM joIe e dhoraNa upara pitAne vepAra calAvatA. A pIDAne baMdebasta kaMpanIne hAthe kadI thayo nahIM. rAjAnI madadathI athavA anya upa thI e trAsa kaIka veLA mate, te paNa pharIthI tarataja sthiti tevIne tevI thatI. ema chatAM bIjA cArlsa ane jemsa rAjAonA amalamAM AvA baMDakhorone sAro baMdobasta thayo hato. jese pitAne ghaNo paise A dhaMdhAmAM nAMkhyuM hatuM eTale pitAnA hita mATe te baMDakhorone zikSA karavA hamezA tatpara rahe. sane 1960 pachInAM pacIsa trIsa varSamAM kaMpanIne vepAra ghaNeja dhamadhokAra cAlyo hate. IMglaMDamAM jyAM tyAM lekamAM suMdara rezamI kApaDanA ane ezaArAmanA zekha zarU thayA hatA, ane garIbAI tathA vhIkaNapaNanA divase jatA rahelA jaNAtA hatA. puSkaLa marI masAlAvALAM bhejanamAM lekane gamata paDavA lAgI hatI. sara thomasa mane (Sir Thomas Munn) iMglaMDanA A vepAranI yogyatA nIcenA zabdomAM varNavI cheparadeza sAthenA amArA vepAramAMthI rAjAne meTuM vasula utpanna thAya che, dezanI AMTa vadhe che, lekane sAre udyoga maLe che, kaLAzalyamAM teo AgaLa vadhe che, amArI jarUrIAta purI paDe che, garIbane peTa bharavAnAM sAdhana maLe che, jamInanI phaLadrupatA vadhe che, rASTrIya khalAsIonI zALA , ubhI thAya che, rAjyanA saMrakSaNa mATenA koTa killA ApoApa khaDA thAya che, paisAne jharo sadaiva vahyA kare che, amArAM yuddhane kharca nIkaLe che, ane zatranA humalA dabAI jaI bIjAM aneka kAma A ekalA vepArane lIdhe ja pAra paDe che.* sane 1663-64 mAM rAjAnA bhAI jese vesTa InDIA beTamAM *Sir Thomas Munn's England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, 1664.

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prakaraNa 12 muM] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 329 udyoga calAvavAnA vicArathI eka kaMpanI ubhI karI rAjA pAsethI tene mATe sanada meLavI. A kaMpanInuM mukhya kAma AphrikAnA pazcima kinArA uparathI gulAme pakaDI temane jemekAmAM kAme lagADavAnuM hatuM. paNa evI rIte gulAma pakaDavA e paNa eka jAtano vepAra hovAthI ane AphrikAnA saghaLA vepArane mata IsTa InaDIA kaMpanIne Apele hevAthI, A bAbatamAM rAjAe IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI AphrikA puratI sanada rada karI jemsanI kaMpanIne ApI, tyAre e kinArA uparanuM pitAnuM saghaLuM kAma kaMpanIe baMdha karyuM, ane mAla tathA mANaso A navI kaMpanIne ApI dIdhAM. gulAmanA vepAramAM kaMpanIne atizaya phAyado hato. Ama pakaDI ANelA gulAmothI suratanA rastA hameza bharAyelA lAgatA hatA. - A AbAdInA vakhatamAM darasAla IgleMDathI bethI trIsa lAkha maNa mAla surata Avato. hiMdustAnamAMnuM rU iMglaDa mokalavA mATe aMgrejoe asIma mahenata upADI hatI. pahelAM rUnI gAMsaDIo bAMdhavAmAM AvatI nahotI tethI temaNe gAMsaDI bAMdhavAnAM yaMtre hiMdustAnamAM lAvI jude jude ThekANe mukyAM ane tyAM saghaLuM rU ekaThuM karI tenI gAMsaDI bAMdhI IMgleMDa ravAnA karavA lAgyA. sane 1670 mAM keramAMDala kinArA upara kaMpanIne vepAra ghaNeja dhamadhokAra cAlo. te tarapha valaMdA lekano upadrava jhAjho na hovAthI te varSamAM temaNe soLa lAkha rUpIAnuM senuM tathA cAMdI madrAsa mokalI nANAM paDAvI mAla kharIda karyo. kaMpanInA saghaLA nekarane ekaja jAtanAM eTale yuniphorma kapaDAM vAparavAM paDatAM, kemake tethI dezIonAM mana upara sArI chApa besatAM pitAnAM mANasane vakkara jaLavAI raheze ema kaMpanIne lAgatuM. baMgALA prAMtamAM AvelA hugalImAM surAkhArane vepAra ghaNo cAlatA. sane 1673 mAM prathama baMgALAmAMthI kaika uttama rezamI kApaDa vilAyata gayuM tyAre kaMpanInI sabhAmAM tenI tapAsa thatAM jaNAyuM ke e bArIka

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330 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. rezamI kApaDa atizaya suMdara, halakuM ane besumAra sastuM hatuM, mAtra keTalAkanA raMga sArA nahotA; A raMgamAM cheDe sudhAre karavAthI e kApaDanA vepAramAM ghaNe phAyade thaze ema jaNAyAthI kaMpanIe keTalAka raMgArAone IgleMDathI A dezamAM mekalyA, ane hiMdustAnamAMnA pitAnA vepArIone sakhata tAkIda karI ke "raMgavAnuM kAma ghaNuM gupta rIte calAvavuM ane te dezIone zIkhavavuM nahIM." sane 1668 mAM cAlelA vepAranuM anumAna nIcenA AMkaDA uparathI sahaja thaI zakaze - vahANonI saMkhyA. temAM IMgleDathI mAla Avyo tenI kimata rU. suratamAM utaryA 3 7,50,000 kere mAMDala kinAre ,, 4 9,00,000 uparanA vahANamAMthI - baMgALAmAM ), 0 2,40,000 baeNTamamAM , 0 eTale kulle eka sAlamAM pahelAM 19,90,000 rUpIA tathA pAchaLathI 1,30,000 rUpIAne mAla iMgleDathI A dezamAM Avyo hate. IglaMDamAMthI pUrvanI mAphaka A vakhate paNa moTA baranuM kApaDa (Broad cloths), kalaI, jasata, pAre, sisuM, sonuM ane rUpuM hiMdustAnamAM AvatAM; ane badalAmAM marI masAlA, rezamI kApaDa, kaeNlike, rezamI kApaDa, surokhAra e jaNaso tyAM jatI. hiMdustAnamAM amuka vastune bajAra bhAva zuM che ane tyAM kaI vastu vizeSa khapaze te agAuthI jANavAnuM azakya hovAthI sonuM tathA cAMdI bahAra mokalavAmAM ja kaMpanIne kiphAyata thatI. bIjA cArlsa rAjAnI kArakirdImAM kaMpanIne vepAra keTalI AbAda sthitimAM hatuM te nIcenA kAThA uparathI jaNAze - 1,00,000

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 331 mAla kharIdavA mATe kaMpanIe hiMdustAna mokaleluM sonuM tathA cAMdI. 16 67-68 1668-69 16 69-70 1670-71 1671-72 1672-73 1673-74 12,86,050 rUpIA. 16,23,940 18,74,580 18,61,490 18,64,200 13,13,000 18,29,830 iMgleDathI bahAra gayelA A avejanA temaja vecavA mATe mokalavAmAM AvelA mAla uparanI jakAtanA IgleMDanA rAjAne dara sAla 3,50,000 rUpIA kaMpanI taraphathI maLatA. e sivAya prati varSa vahANo bAMdhavA mATe kaMpanI taraphathI dasa lAkha rUpIA kharca thatA te paNa majurInA rUpamAM aMgrejone maLatA, ane pUrva taraphane saghaLo mAla sasta dare temane maLatA te juduM. je e mAla bIjA dezomAMthI IMglaDa Avyo hato te te peTe upara kahelI sonAcAMdInI aveja karatAM ghaNI moTI rakama IgleMDamAMthI bahAra gaI hata. AvI moTI Avaka IsTa InDIA kaMpanI taraphathI rAjyane thatI te uparAMta kaMpanInI paravAnagIthI bIjA hajAre vepArIo khAnagI rIte vepAra karI nAnA prakAranI jaNase pUrvamAMthI yuropamAM lAvatA. sane 1674-75 nI sAlamAM kaMpanI hiMdustAnamAMthI 11,00,000 rUpIAne mAla ane 32,00,000 rUpiAnuM sonuM tathA cAMdI IgleMDa laI gaI hatI. raMgIta tathA rezamI kApaDa, kAcuM rezama, marI, surokhAra, gaLI, masAlA, auSadha vagere vastuonI bhAre nikAsa thatI. upara kahelA 11 lAkha rUpIAnA mAlanI kimata tyAM 86 lAkha rUpIA upajI hatI. e kimata moTI dekhAya che tema te mATe kharca paNa puSkaLa thatA. pravAsa

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33ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ne kharca ane temAM saMsavAM paDatAM saMkaTo jabaradasta hatAM temaja jakAta peTa paNa bhAre rakama ApavI paDatI. vaLI hiMdustAnanI vakhAranA saMrakSaNa mATe tathA dezI rAjAo sAthe bhAMjagaDa karavAmAM Asare cha lAkha rUpIA darasAla upaDatA. ema chatAM kaMpanInA zerano bhAva je sane 1670 mAM 70 hatA te sane 1675 mAM seMkaDe 245 upara gayA hatA. sane 1657 mAM kaeNmpale kaMpanInA vahivaTa mATe karelI goThavaNa pachI e saMsthAne joIe teTaluM nANuM maLavA lAgyuM, ane vepAramAM puSkaLa na thavA mAMDe. sane 1961 mAM enA zerano bhAva 92 thI 94 hate. te sane 1665 mAM valaMdAo sAthe yuddha zarU thatAM ekadama 70 lagI gagaDI gayo. cAra varSa pachI phAyado thatAM A bhAva 130 lagI caDyo. e pachI dara traNa varSe kaMpanInA vepArane hisAba baMdha karI bhAgIdAronAM nANuM temane pAchAM svAdhIna karavAmAM AvatAM. e pramANe zeranAM vecANa tathA kharIdI calAvI hamaNunI InTa sToka saMsthAnI te samaye zarUAta thatI hatI. A sAmAIka bhaMDeLanI paddhatine phAyade prathama meLavanAra iMglaMDamAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanI hatI. bIjA cArsa rAjAnA samayamAM emAM nANuM rekavA jevo bIje kaMI paNa phAyadAkAraka dhaMdho leke mATe nahotA. sane 1977 mAM zerano bhAva 245 thayo, ane bIjAM cAra varSamAM 280 upara gaye. sane 1682 nA jAnevArI mAsamAM seMkaDe deDhaso TakA lekhe bhAgIdArone naphe vahecI ApavAmAM Avyo hato. A pramANe thayelA bhAre naphAne pariNAme sane 1658 mAM kaMpanIe ubho karele 35,98,910 rUpIAno bhaMDoLa lekene pAchA maLavA uparAMta teTalI ja rakama kaMpanI pAse rahI. elina (Evelyin) lakhe che ke "sane 16pa7 mAM se paiDano zera 250 paiDa mATe meM kharIdyo hato te sane 1982 mAM 750 paiDa mATe vece." eTale pacIsa varSamAM mULa bhaMDoLa pAcho maLavA uparAMta tene 500 piMDa na thayo hato. A naphe sane 1683 mAM parAkASTAe pahoMce kemake tyAre 100 pAMDanA zerane bhAva 35. pAMDa thayo hato, ane kaI kaI veLA te 500 pAMDa upara ja hate. mAlanI kharIdI tathA vecANa upara thata A naphe manana

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 333 karavA yogya che. sane 1675 mAM 43 lAkha rUpIAne mAla kaMpanI iMglaDamAMthI upADI gaI tenA badalAmAM hiMdustAnamAMthI je mAla pAcho Avyo te vecatAM 86 lAkha rUpIA utpanna thayA. e sivAya kaMpanInI saMmatithI cAlelA khAnagI vepArano naphe thayo te judo. eja varSamAM tene kharca 15 lAkha thayo, ane 30 lAkha rUpIA upaja thaI eTale eka sAlamAM kaMpanIe 58 lAkha kharca karyA ane pa8 lAkha rUpIA napho meLavyo. sane 1664 mAM kaMpanIe traNa vecANa maLI 1 karoDa 80 lAkha rUpIA meLavyA tethI AkhA dezane aDadho vepAra elI kaMpanIe svAhA karyo hato evuM bumarANa IgleMDamAM thaI rahyuM. sane 1657 thI 1691 sudhInAM 34 varSamAM seMkaDe 840 rUpIA bhAgIdArone naphAnA maLyA hatA, eTale sarAsarI dara varSe temane 25 TakA na thayA hatA. sane 1676 thI 1685 sudhInAM 9 varSamAM kaMpanIe 96 lAkha rUpIAne naphe karyo hato. A saghaLe naphe mAtra vargaNIthI ekaThA thayelA bhaMDoLa uparaja nahetA, paNa karaje kahADelAM nANuthI kaMpanI vepAra calAvatI te saghaLI rakama suddhAM ekaMdara na gaNyo che. sane 1681 mAM vepAra mATe kaMpanIe papa lAkha 2 thI 6 TakAnI tarIkhe lIdhA hatA. IglaMDamAM kaMpanIne maktA virUddha pharIAda uThAvanArA puSkaLa leke hatA paraMtu jozuA cAIlDa te saghaLAne zAMta pADayA hatA. teNe sane 1681 mAM jAhera karyuM hatuM ke -"kaMpanInA vepArane lIdhe iMglaMDanA rAjAne varSe cha lAkha rUpIA phakta jakAtanAja maLe che. sumAre cha sAta lAkhane mAla dezAvara jAya che. IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne vepAra cAlatuM na hota te ATale badho mAla ahIMthI caData nahIM, ane valaMdA tathA phrenca vepArI eja pUrvamAM khapata mAla ahIMthI nikAsa karyo hota." Avo re ane kaDaka uttara bahAra paDatAM uparanI pharIAda keTaleka aMze baMdha paDI hatI. kharuM jotAM kaMpanI potAnA IjArAmAM ghaNI sakhata nahotI; tenI saMmatithI game te mANasane khAnagI vahANo ekalI vepAra karavAnI chUTa hatI, paNa keTalIka vastuonI kharIdI tathA vecANa enA sivAya bIjAthI

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334 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je thaI zakatAM nahIM. A bAbatamAM thatI pharIAda baMdha karavAnA hetuthI rAjAe kaMpanIne pharIthI eka sanada ApI; paNa e rIte leke haka DubAvavAne rAjAne adhikAra nathI evI takarAra upara kaMpanI virUddha korTamAM dAvA maMDAyA-"rAjAne adhikAra virUddha hiMdustAnane vepAra" e nAme A mukaradamAe ghaNI gaDabaDATa macAvI. jemsanA mukhya nyAyAdhiza jekIjhe A mukaradame rAjAnI tarapheNamAM cukavyo, ane keTalAkane zikSA thatAM lekane kaMpanInI ghaNI dahezata lAgI. jemsa rAjAnI ekaMdara kArakirdI IgleMDane jeTalI nukasAnakAraka hatI teTalI ja te kaMpanIne hitakArI hatI. rAjAne saghaLo adhikAra saMpUrNapaNe kaMpanIne maLyo hate te uparAMta tene bI. jAnI jarUra nahotI. sane 1685 mAM kaMpanInI AbAdI parAkASTAe pahoMcI hatI. rAjA pote kaMpanIne moTo bhAgIdAra (zera holDara) ho topaNa tene eka sAdhAraNa bhAgIdAra karatAM vizeSa haka nahotA. A tarapha puSkaLa ThekANe kaMpanInA tAbAmAMnA mulaka upara mulakI, divAnI, lazkarI vagere sarva adhikAra kaMpanI calAvatI hatI. tene nANuM pADavAnI sattA hatI, temaja yuddha tathA salAha karavAne kula akhatyAra hate. e adhikAra bajAvavAne rAjAnA kAmadAro hamezA tatpara hatA. vAstavika rIte jotAM e eka muThI bhara vepArIonI sabhA nahotI, paNa rAjAnA jevI saghaLI sattA calAvanAra eka meTI maMDaLI hatI, ane tene vahivaTa ghaNe kaDaka tathA niyamitarIte cAlatuM hatuM. khuda laMDanamAM hAI ekasacenja (High Exchange) karIne AkhA dezanI levaDadevaDanI eka moTI saMsthA hatI tenAthI utaratI paMktInI ja IsTa InDIA hAusa eTale kaMpanInI peDhInI yogyatA hatI. kaMpanInI sabhAmAM ekAda mahatvane savAla nikAla mATe Avate te prasaMge hajAre prekSake AturatAthI sabhAnuM kAmakAja nihALavA ekaThA thatA. sara jozuA cAIlDa jevA hoMzIAra amaladAre kaMpanInA vahivaTanI vyavasthA ghaNuM uttama prakAranI karI, ane vadhI gayelI nirarthaka lakhApaDI tathA bIjAM kAmane aTakAva karyo. pUrva taraphathI vahANamAM

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 335 Avate saghaLo mAla lIlAmathI vecI nAMkhavAmAM AvatuM. A lIlAmamAM kaMpanInA bhAgIdAroja mAtra mAMgaNI karI zakatA. mAla AvatAM korTanI sabhA bharAtI, ane temAM eka iMca lAMbI mINabattI saLagAvI mukavAmAM AvatI. te kakaDe baLI rahe te pahelAM jenI mAgaNI vadhAre Ave tene nAme mAla caDAvI ApavAmAM AvatuM. dara be traNa varSe navI varganuM ekaThI karI tene hisAba judo rAkhavAne vahivaTa hovAthI uttarottara A pRthaka vargaNInI saMkhyA vadhI jatAM, pratyekano naphe nukasAna vaheMcavAnuM kAma dhaNuMja muzkela thavA lAgyuM. vaLI napho rokaDa vaheMcAto nahIM paNa te peTe mAla ApavAmAM Avato. dAkhalA tarIke sane 1641 mAM 25 TakAnI vaheMcaNI nakkI thatAM 9 resama, 3 kApaDa ane 2 loMga e rIte napho vaheMcAyo hato. AthI ghaNeja gheTALa utpanna thatuM. . ' DaoN. kAyara sane 1973 thI 1680 nA arasAmAM surata Avyo hato te kaMpanInA vepAra vize lakhe che ke, "suratathI kaMpanInAM vahANo kApaDa bharI baeNTama jAya che. tyAM kApaDa vecI Daca DaoNlarsa le che ane AgaLa cIna jaI tyAM sAkara, cAha, cInAI tathA lAkhanAM vAsaNa, pAra ane tAMbu vagere mAla lAve che; rastAmAM sumAtrA AgaLa anAjane badale hAthIdAMta le che; IrAnathI auSadha ane una, mekhAthI karI, amadAvAdathI rezamI kApaDa ane senerI nakasIvALI talavAra, AgrAthI gaLI ane kApaDa, pazcima kinArethI masAlA, marI, aphINa surekhAra, ItyAdi vastuo bharI lAve che." 1 suratanA jakAta adhikArIo taraphathI kaMpanInA nekarane atyaMta trAsa paDato paNuM eja saMbaMdhamAM yuropane pravAsa Aje paNa keTale trAsadAyaka che te jeNe joyuM che tene te vakhatane trAsa nirjIva lAgaze. koI paNa Isama athavA vahANa baMdaramAM AvatAM tenI jaDatI levAtI; rAtanAM AvelAM vahANane bIjA dahADA sudhI emane ema paDI rahevuM paDatuM. e jaDatImAM darekane puSkaLa trAsa paData; vahANa tathA sAmAna upara pahero mukavAmAM AvatuM, ane pratyeka utArUne beTanI phIne eka rUpIo Apavo

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336 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paData. jaDatInuM kAma pUruM thayA sivAya navA AvelA utArUone ahIMnA : leke sAthe bhASaNa paNa karavA devAmAM AvatuM nahIM, temanI AsapAsa lAMbA seTavALA sipAIe khaDA thaI jatA; dareka utArUnuM nAma lakhI tathA tenI sAthenA sAmAnanI neMdha karI tenA cAMdI upara seMkaDe aDhI TakA ane bIjA upara pAMca TakA lekhe jakAta levAtI. koTanAM borIo upara paNa e pramANe jakAta hatI. suratanA adhikArIonI kaI paNa kAraNe ItirAjI thatAM e upadravanI samAja rahetI nahIM. ema chatAM yuropiyana strIonI jaDatI levAtI nahIM. ApaNe prasaMgopAta joI gayA chIe ke dhIme dhIme kaMpanIne vepAra AbAda thatAM tene hiMdustAnamAM rAjAnA saghaLA hake prApta thayA hatA. sikakA pADavA, kara nAMkhavA, killA bAMdhavA, lazkara ubhuM karavuM ane yuddha athavA taha karavAM e saghaLuM karavAno adhikAra rAjAne ja hoya che, paNa te saghaLA kaMpanIne maLyA hatA. e haka tene kenI taraphathI maLyA, rAjAe ApyA hoya te tene tema karavAne adhikAra che ke nahIM, pArlAmenTa tenA upara dAba kema na rAkhe, vagere aneka praznane kaMpanInA vyavahAramAM ubhA thAya che. pahelA cArlsa rAjAnA amalamAM e vepAra ghaNe ocho thaI javAthI lokoe te tarapha kaMI lakSa ApyuM nahIM. bIjA cArlsa rAjAnI kArakirdImAM tene rAjaya gAdI taraphathI puSkaLa Teke maLata hevAthI pArlAmenTa kaMpanInA kAmamAM hAtha ghAlI zakI nahIM. paraMtu bIjA jesanA samayamAM khuda rAjAne adhikAra pArlAmenTa laI levAthI kaMpanI paNa tenA kAbu heThaLa gaI. A kevI rIte thayuM te jANavA jevuM che. "IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne phAyade thavAnuM kAraNa e che ke je jagyA tenA tAbAmAM AvI te upara teNe uttama prakAranI killebaMdhI karI ane tyAM AjubAjune vepAra taNAI Ave evI dareka tajavIja rAkhI, mAla taiyAra karavAnAM kArakhAnAM khelyAM ane vaNakara, garIba ane zrImaMta lokone tenI hadamAM AvI rahevA samajAvyA. ahIM AvI vasanArA tarapha kaMpanInAM mANase gya rIte vartatAM, ane temanA dharmasaMbaMdhI vicAramAM ADe AvatAM nahIM;

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prakaraNa 11 muM] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 37 paradharmanA gharamAM koI dAkhala thatuM nahIM, ane teo temane temanA AcAra" vicAre pramANe cAlavA detA, khristI dharma bIjA upara julamathI. sAvavA yatna karatA nahIM, ane agya kAma karavAnuM kone kahetA nahIM. anya lekanAM vahANe potAnA baMdaromAM kaMpanI AvavA detI, pitAnAM vahANavaDe baMdaramAMnAM saghaLAM jahAja tathA mAlanuM rakSaNa karatI, ane vakhAramAM utpanna thatA mAla upara AraMbhamAM jakAta letI nahIM. teNe potAnA sikkA pADyA; nyAyAdhiza sthApI; vasAhatamAM rahenArA lekanA jAnamAlanuM yogya rakSaNa karyuM. sane 1685 thI 1690 sudhI anya loko sAthe yuddha karI joyuM, paNa temAM tene yaza maLyo nahIM. A pramANe bIjI yurepiana prajA karatAM aMgrejono krama nirALo hato. je vAta mATe teoe julama vartAvyo te A lakee karI ja nahIM ane tethI temane amala pIDAkArI tathA apriya thayo nahIM. sane 1672 agAu kaMpanInI nANuM saMbaMdhI saghaLI levaDadevaDa eNlDaramaeNna blekavela mAraphata cAlatI. e saddhara ane nAmAMkita peDhImAM sane 1670 mAM kaMpanIne nAme 2,37,000 rUpIA jame hatA. kaMpanInA zerano bhAva paNa A varSe eTale sane 1672 mAM agAu nahIM thayo hoya teTalo thayela, tathA tenA bhaMDoLa jeTalI upaja tene eka varSamAM maLelI e uparathI tenI AMTa keTalI vadhI hatI te sahaja samajAze. saghaLA bhAgIdAronI saMkhyA 80 thI vadhAre nahotI, ane temAMnA mAtra daseka jaNAja sarva vahivaTa calAvatA. sane 1750 mAM e bhAgIdAronI saMkhyA 500 thaI te sane 1780 mAM 2000 upara gaI hatI. covIsa DAyarekaTaranI sabhA saghaLo kArabhAra calAvavA mATe mukhatyAra hatI. sara jozuA cAIlDa kaMpanIne gavarnara hatA tyAre sane 1685 mAM bhaMDaLano trIjo bhAga tenA ekalAno hato. A kaDaka svabhAvanA amaladAre hiMdustAnamAMnA sarva karo upara pitAne dhAka besADayo hate. 'tamArA patranI bhASA uddhata che, artha zuddha nIkaLato nathI, tame veLAsara javAba mokalatA nathI, ane amAre hukama bajAvatA nathI, ene artha zuM ? ame tamArA uparI chatAM amArI barAbarI karavA tamo yatna kare che, ane ethI ja kadAcita tamArI kansila

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338 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mAM punaH pheraphAra karavAnI jarUra paDaze. A saghaLuM lakSamAM rAkhI amane tema karavA pharaja pADazo nahIM tathA A patranI namra bhASA cheDI devA amane pravRtta karaze nahIM evI AzA che." A rIte sara jozuA cAI hane patra te samayanI sthitine kaMIka khyAla Ape che. hiMdustAnanA amaladArone IMgleDathI hukama Ave paNa tene teo aneka kAraNe batAvI anAdara kare evuM hameza thatuM. so varSa pachI thayelA phekasa ane piTanA IDIA bIlane mudo A sthiti sudhAravAnuM hatuM. ema chatAM vilAyatathI AvatA hukama je sthAnika adhikArIoe akSarasaH pALyA hatA te aMgrejo A rAjya meLavI zakate nahIM evo keTalAkane abhiprAya che. sane 1615 mAM sara Tomasa roe kaMpanInA vepAranI karelI goThavaNa pachInAM 70 varSa A sthiti cAlu hatI, paNa pAchaLathI rAnI paddhati badalI nAMkhI kaMpanIe auraMgajeba bAdazAha sAthe yuddha calAvyuM, ane temAM lagabhaga 40 lAkha rUpIA uDAvI nAMkhyA. e uparAMta vepAra baMdha paDavAthI kaMpanIne eka karoDanuM nukasAna thayuM. A dezamAM lazkarI kharca vadhyo; IglaDamAM thayelI rAjyakAntine lIdhe kaMpanInA kAmamAM ghaNA ja ghAMTALo utpanna thaye. A kAraNane lIdhe kaMpanInI AMTa utarI gaI ane sane 1683 mAM tenA zerane bhAva 500 peDa hatuM te sane 1692 mAM 190 paiDa sudhI gagaDI gayA. hiMdustAna, cIna vagere aneka dezamAMnI AbAdInuM pariNAma yuropanA vepAra upara atizaya thayuM hatuM ema ghaNA vidvAnoe siddha karyuM che. hiMdustAnamAM varasAdanI taMgIne lIdhe duSkALa paDI dhAnyanA bhAvamAM ekadama pharaka paDI jatA te tarata ja tenuM pariNAma IMglaMDanA vepAra upara thayA vinA rahetuM nahIM e Aja basa varSane anubhava che. sArAMzamAM dunIAnAM moTAM moTAM vepArI zaheramAM ekadama thayelI caLavaLa athavA rAjyakrAntinuM kAraNabhUta hiMdustAna eTale te dezane vepAra hato evo keTalAka vidvAnone mata che.* * Birdwood's Report of the Old Records of the India Office tathA TIpa pR. 90.

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prakaraNa 11 muM. muMbaInI sthApana ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. . 339 DhAkAnI malamala -DhAkAmAM aneka tarehanI uttama malamala ghaNuM asalanA vakhatathI banatI hatI, jevI ke sAdI, cekaDIvALI, paTAvALI, dANAdAra, velabuTTInI vagere. emAMnI sAdI apratima hatI. e romana bAdazAhanI pUrve bebileniyana ane esiriyana kALamAM paNa mazahura hatI. sane 1660-70 nA arasAmAM A malamala IsTa IDIA kaMpanI mAraphata prathama IglaMDamAM AvI. e vakhate DhAkAthI dara varSe dasa lAkha rUpIAnI kimatanI malamala hiMdustAnamAMthI bahAra jatI. kaMpanInA vepArIe te IglaDa lAvyA tyArathI tyAM paNa tene khapa vizeSa thavA lAgyo. sane 1785 mAM rU kAMtavAnuM yaMtra iMglaMDanA noTiMgahAma prAMtamAM vAparavAmAM AvyAthI A vepArane dhake lAgyo. be varSa rahI ahIMnA jADA namunA pramANenAM kApaDanA pAMca lAkha tAkA IgleMDamAM taiyAra thayA tyAre ahIMne mAla tyAM ja aTakAvavA mATe kApaDa taiyAra karAvanArAoe sakhata bumATe uThAvI kApaDa upara 75 TakA jeTalI AyAta jakAta besADavAnI sarakArane pharaja pADI. AthI DhAkAne vepAra dhIme dhIme dabAte gayo. sane 1787 mAM jyAre 30 lAkha rUpIA mAla IgleMDa gayo tyAre sane 1807 mAM phakta 8 lAkhane, sane 1813 mAM 3 lAkhane gayo; ane sane 1817 mAM to e vepAra tadana aTakI paDyo, tyAre kaMpanIe pitAnI vakhAra DhAkkAmAMthI upADI lIdhI. upara kahelI kApaDa uparanI 75 TakAnI jakAta sane 1825 mAM kamI karI 10 TakAnI TharAvavAmAM AvI te paNa DhAkkAnI malamalane vepAra pharIthI tarI Avyo nahIM. kemake iMglaMDamAM yaMtra upara taiyAra thayeluM bArIka sutara hiMdustAnamAM AvavA lAgyuM hatuM ane tene khapa vizeSa thatuM hatuM. sane 1827 mAM 30 lAkha pAMDanuM aMgrejI sutara hiMdustAnamAM AvyuM hatuM te vadhIne sane 1837 mAM 66 lAkha jeTaluM thayuM hatuM. AthI DhAkAnI uMcI malamala mATe joItuM dezI sutara A dezamAM nIkaLatuM baMdha thaI gayuM. AvI rIte malamalanA vepAramAM atyaMta AbAda thayeluM DhAkA zahera taddana nAza pAmyuM. DhAkA pramANe hiMdustAnamAMnI saghaLI asalanI sadhana peDhIonI durdazA thaI che. IgleMDanA noTiMga hAma, glAsago vagere zaherane AbAda karavA mATe aMgrejoe hiMdustAnanuM

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340 * hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. hita saheje paNa lakSamAM lIdhuM nahIM. kaMpanInA jAherajalAlInA vakhatamAM A dezane vepAra puSkaLa vadhyo hate, keTalIka vastuo navI taiyAra thavA mAMDI hatI, ane IMgleMDathI AvatuM uttama prakAranuM garama kApaDa phalenala vagere joI ahIMnA kArIgare tevAM kApaDa taiyAra karavA lAgyA hatA. A hakIkatamAM sare barDavuDanA mata pramANe hiMdustAnanuM dhana kaMpanI nahIM iMglaMDanI sarakAra laI gaI hatI. sattaramA saikAnA aMtamAM ane arAThamA saikAnI zarUAtamAM hiMdustAnanA vepAra tarapha aMgrejoe vizeSa lakSa doDAvyuM hatuM. kaMpanIne thatA bhAre naphAthI saghaLA lekanA maheDAmAM pANI chUTavuM, ane tenA maktA tarapha lakSa na ApatAM khAnagI rIte vahANa ravAnA karI vepAra calAvanArAonI saMkhyA besumAra vadhI gaI. A lekene pAyareTasa (Pirates) kiMvA InTaraleparsa ( Interlopers ) eTale cAMcIAnI saMjJA graMthakAree ApI che. sane 1708 mAM be kaMpanIo joDAI gaI chatAM A cAMcIne dara baMdha paDe nahIM. arADhamA saikAmAM IMgleMDane ghaNe kharo kALa yuropanAM bIjAM rAjyo sAthe moTAM moTAM yuddha karavAmAM gayo. A yuddhanA kharca peTe rAjya taraphathI kaMpanI pAse moTI moTI rakama vyAje levAmAM AvI hatI, eTale kaMpanInI sanada rada karavAnuM athavA cAMcI lekene trAsa aTakAvavAnuM IglaDa sarakAre mana para lIdhuM nahIM. kaMpanIne lIdhe rAjyane moTo phAyado thato hato. tenI nokarImAM je leke joDAyA hatA temanAM maraNa bAda temanA chokarAne nokarI ApI agara anya rIte temanI vidhavA tathA chokarAonI saMbhALa levA kaMpanI taraphathI prayatna thatA. AvI rIte piSaNa thatA lokonI saMkhyA IglaMDamAM moTI hatI. sane 1689 pachI junI kaMpanI baMdha karavA sAme virUddhatA batAvavAmAM AvI tyAre evI vidhavA tathA chokarAoe pArlAmenTane tema nahIM karavA prArthanA karI hatI. te samayanI IMglaMDanI saghaLI AbAdI vepAra upara avalaMbI rahI hatI, ane te vepArane moTe hisso hiMdustAna vagere ThekANe kaMpanInA hAthamAM hato.* Cunningham's Growth of England's Commerce.

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 341 vepAramAM paDelI keI saMsthAe pitAnI vyavasthA tathA vahivaTa kevI rIte badalyA karavAM tenuM utkRSTa udAharaNa IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA ItihAsa uparathI ApaNane maLe che. zarUAtanAM so varSamAM rAjyamAMthI nANuM ane mANase paradeza ghasaDI laI javAne kaMpanI upara AkSepa hato; te dUra karavA mATe ane te vinA kAraNane che evuM leka samakSa pratyakSa puravAra karavA sArU kaMpanIne ghaNI mahenata karavI paDI. e pachI arADhamA saikAnA AraMbhamAM kaMpanI virUddha bIjIja pharIAda zarU thaI. hiMdustAnamAM vaNAyelAM uttama rezamI ane sutarAu kApaDa IglaDa lAvI kaMpanIe sasta dare vecavAthI tyAMnA kArIgare nakAmA thaI gayA ane eka rIte AthI temanA peTa upara paga mukAya. hiMdustAnanA bArIka kApaDano khapa IglaMDamAM eTale thavA lAgyuM hatuM ke garIba cAkaraDIethI moTA moTA saradAre suddhAM keIne paNa e kApaDa vinA cAlatuM nahIM. lekenA zarIra upara, ghara sAmAnanA zaNagAramAM ane oraDAo suzobhita karavAmAM jyAM juo tyAM e kApaDa najare paDatuM. vilAyatathI keTalAka kuzaLa vaNakare, raMgArA vagerene hiMdustAna lAvI temanI mAraphata dezI kArIgarone hunnara zIkhavI IglaDamAM khapata mAla ahIM taiyAra karAvI kaMpanI laI jatI. AthI cheDA vepArIone moTo naphe thata e kharuM, paNa tema karavAmAM hajAre aMgreja kArIgaranI avadazA thaI. A hakIkata nirdiSTa karavA mATe nIca zaheramAMthI pArlAmenTane asaMkhya arajIe thaI tyAre sane 170 0 mAM pArlAmenTa kAyadA anvaya evuM TharAvyuM ke kaMpanIe hiMdustAnanuM kApaDa IgleMDamAM vecavuM nahIM, paNa te yuropanA bIjA dezamAM laI jaI vecavAmAM harakata nahotI. A TharAvathI IMglaMDanA kArIgaronuM saMrakSaNa thayuM ane thoDA vakhatamAM temane bumATe baMdha paDe. hiMdustAnanA saMbaMdhamAM vepArI draSTIe jotAM kaMpanInAM A kRtyathI ApaNA dezane ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM nahotuM; paNa AgaLa jatAM jyAre yaMtrane upayoga thavA mAMDe, ane hiMdustAnamAM utpanna thatA kAco mAla IralaMDa laI jaI tyAM yaMtranI madadathI A dezamAM khapata mAla taiyAra karI kaMpanI ahIM lAvavA lAgI tyAre pArlAmenTanI mAphaka ApaNA dezanA kArIgaranuM

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342 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. saMrakSaNa karavA mATe kaI jokhamadAra saMsthA na hovAthI ApaNuM lekene vepAra Dube ane asaMkhya leke daridra avasthAmAM AvI paDayA. A samaye sAkara, rezama ane surekhAra baMgALAmAM puSkaLa ane sastAM maLatAM ane temAMthI kaMpanIne meTI kiphAyata thatI, havAthI te sarva vastu game te bhAve paNa kharIda karavA kaMpanInI tAkIda hatI. jo ke A vepArathI ghaNe meTe naphe thate te paNa tene zarUAtamAM ghaNI aDacaNe veThavI paDatI. aneka saMkaTa AvavA chatAM ahIMnAM mANasane dhIraja nahIM choDI pharI pharIne yatna karavA IMgleDathI Agraha thavAthI Akhare temane jaza maLe. sane 1658 nA arasAmAM kaMpanIe baMgALAmAMnA pitAnA nekarenI saMkhyA bevaDI karI, nAkarenI geravartaNuka aTakAvI, ane temane pagAra vadhAryo. zAhajahAnanI mAMdagIthI tenA kuTuMbamAM kaleSa thaye te paNa aMgrejo svastha citta rAkhI pitAnuM kAma karyA gayA. sane 1961 mAM bIjA cArsa rAjAe ApelI navI sanadanI rUe khristI sivAya bIjA leke sAthe yuddha karI potAne vepAra vadhAravAnI kaMpanIne sattA maLI. madrAsanA presiDanTa pAse baMgALAne adhikAra hatuM tyAre sara eDavarDa viMTaranI khAtarI thaI hatI ke, "zAMta rahI hAjI hAjI karavAthI ApaNe vepAra vadhavAne nathI. jo keAI mogala adhikArI jakAta mAMge te tenA upara ekadama zastra uMcakI temanI sAme thaI vepAra calAve." te veLA auraMgajebano amala zarU thatuM hatuM, ane prakhyAta mIra jIllA baMgALAne kArabhArI hatI. aMgrejoe tene kaMI che AMgaLI karavAthI te zastra laI temanI sAme uThe tyAre viMTarane pitAnI sthitinuM bhAna thayuM, ane kaMpanIne tene pAcho bolAvI levA jarUra paDI. ema chatAM vepAra cAlyA karo ane temAMthI asIma naphe aMgrejone maLyA karato. viMTare gaMgA nadInI tathA tenAM pANInI uMDAInI bArIka tapAsa karI hatI, ane nadI mArge mAla laI jaI baMgALAne sthAnika vepAra paNa pitAnA kabajAmAM lIdhe hatuM. AthI dezI ane videzI vepArIo vacce sakhata hasAtuMsI cAlI.

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prakaraNa 11 muM.] muMbaInI sthApanA ane kaMpanInI AbAdI. 343 mIra jumyA pachI thayelA baMgALAnA kArabhArI zaIstakhAne potAnA prAMtane utkRSTa debasta karI kaMpanIne maLelA pharamAnathI vepArIone nukasAna thAya nahIM evA prayatna karyA. sane 1676 mAM sarasTrema mAsTaranI nimaNuMka baMgALAmAM thaI hatI. agAu te suratamAM hatuM, ane sane 1670 mAM zivAjInI svArIne prasaMge lekenA jAnamAlanA rakSaNa mATe karelI mahenatathI tenI pratiSThAmAM vadhAre thayuM hatuM. e bAda te svadeza gayuM hatuM, paNa tyAM tene hukama maLatAM sane 1676 mAM te hiMdustAna pAcho Avyo. kaMpanInA vahivaTane suratane hisAba vagere tapAsI, kAma karavAnI paddhati sudhAravAnuM, tathA paradezathI Avele mAla kiphAyatathI kevI rIte khape, hiMdamAMthI lAvelA mAlane dara iMglaMDamAM kevI rIte sAre upaje, kaMpanInA narenI bagaDelI nIti tathA raheNI sudhAravA mATe kevA upAya levA, teomAM thatA aneka tarehanA bakheDA kevI rIte maTADavA, e saghaLI bAbata yogya tapAsa karI IMglaMDa rIperTa karavAnuM kAma tene soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A hukamanI rUe mokalelI hakIkata uparathI te samayanI ghaNuM sArI mAhitI maLe che. baMgALAmAM hugalI ane kAsIma bajAramAM aMgrejonI pahelavahelI kAThIo thaI hatI, tyAM teo pitAne ghaNe mAla lAvI vecatA. trIjI keThI bAlAsaramAM hatI. sara Trensama mAsTara hubalImAM pahele Avyo tyAre tenAM jahAjanI AsapAsa mAchalI vecavA mATe asaMkhya nAnI hoDIo vIMTaLAI vaLI hatI; kemake tyAM mAchalI eTalI soMghI hatI ke eka AnAmAM dasa mANasanuM peTa bharAya teTalI maLatI. hugalImAM vepAranI sagavaDa ghaNI hatI e mAsTara joI zakyA hatA. tyAM rezama, sAkara, aphINa, cekhA, ghauM, tela, ghI, aMbADAM ane saNu e jaNaso moTA jaththAmAM AvatI, ane AsapAsanA mulakamAM vaNakaranI vastI paNuM maTI hatI. aMgrejI vakhAramAM hameza eka dezI dubhASIo raheta; tenA hAthamAM

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344 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. saghaLA sadA karavAnuM hovAthI tenI mahattA ghaNI hatI. AsapAsanA pradezamAM pharI kaMpanI mATe mAla kharIdavAnuM tenuM mukhya kAma hatuM. tene jAmIna ApavA paDatA, ane sadhaLI jAtanA sodA upara tene traNa TakA maLatA. keTalIka veLA AsapAsanA vepArIo mAlanA namunA laIvakhAramAM AvatA, ane sedA nakkI thatAM temane kaMpanInA amaladAra taraphathI jakAtanI mAphI paravAne maLatuM. AvA paravAnAnI rUe aMgreja vakhAramAMthI vecavA mATe bahAra paDatA mAla upara, ane bahArathI kharIda karelA ane vakhAramAM AvatA mAla upara, jakAta levAmAM AvatI nahIM. A samaye hiMdustAna AvatA aMgreje hamaNAnI mAphaka dezIothI dUra rahetA nahIM, kAraNa tema karavAthI temane ahIM sthAna maLavAnuM muzkela hatuM. teo chUTathI lekamAM bheLAtA ane ghaNuMkharUM ahIMnI rItabhAta pALatA ane jamIna upara besI jamatA. suratamAMnA kaMpanInA karonI sAmAnya raheNI virUddha dezIone pikAra uThAvavAne kaMI kAraNa nahotuM; paNa e bAbatamAM baMgALAmAM DhIlApaNuM tathA avyavasthA hatAM. tyAMnA aMgrejo vize zastakhAna vAraMvAra kaheto ke temanA jevA duSTa, takarArI, ane juThA loko bIjA koI nahatA." sara henarI kula lakhe che ke, "A samayamAM temanAM niMdya vartana uparathI AgaLa jatAM teo sAruM nAma meLavaze ane temAMthI elphinsTana, maro, mAlkama, lorensa jevA kRtvavAna purUSo utpanna thaze evuM kaIne paNa lAgatuM nahIM." mAMhomAMhe jyAre e leke gALAgALI kare ane geravartaNuka calAve tyAre dezI vepArIo pratye temanI vartaNuka bhayaMkara ane trAsadAyaka hovI joIe. temanA hAthamAM dezI vepArI sapaDAye te tenI pAse kaMpanIne mAla moghe bhAve paNa vecAte levADavA mATe, ane pitAne mAla atizaya sate dare kaMpanIne ApavA mATe hareka rIte tene kanaDatA ane tenI puMTha pakaDatA; sede nakkI thAya nahIM tyAM sudhI tene chuTa mukatA nahIM, ane bajAra bhAvanI paNa tene khabara paDavA detA nahIM. vakhAramAM aMgrejonA khAnAnA Tebala upara hararahanI vastuo hameza

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prakaraNa 12 muM.] . rAjya sthApanAne lebha. (34pa puSkaLa AvatI. zAka, phaLaphaLAdi, zikAra, mAchalI ItyAdi bhejananA padArtha sastA ane puSkaLa maLatA. dareka vakhAranI pAsenA nokarenA rahevAnAM gharanI bAjumAM moTA bAga hatA, ane tyAM zAkabhAjI vagere puSkaLa thatuM. kapaDAMlattAM paNa temane joIe teTalA soMghAM maLatAM. sane 1699 mAM baMgALA prAMtamAMnI saghaLI vakhAranI eka svataMtra presiDansI eTale IlAke banAvavAmAM Avyo, ane cArlsa Ayara (Charles Eyre) tene pahele gavarnara thaye. prakaraNa 12 muM. rAjya sthApanAne lebha. | (sane 1688 ) 1. dhamadhokAra vepAranuM pariNAma. 2. rAjakIya paristhiti. 3. kalakattAnI sthApanA. 4. auraMgajeba sAthe yuddha. 5. madrAsanI sthiti. 1dhamadhokAra vepAranuM pariNAma -vyaktinAM ane rASTranAM caritramAM Abehuba samAnatA che enuM eka uttama udAharaNa kaMpanInA A samayanA kAmamAMthI maLI Ave che. prathama kaMpanI garIba hatI tyAM sudhI te dezI adhikArIonI marajI saMbhALatI hatI. krovelanI vyavasthA pachInAM dasavIsa varSamAM tene je AbAdI prApta thaI tethI pUrvanI maryAdAmAM rahevAnuM tene yogya lAgyuM nahIM, paNa rAjya sthApanA tarapha tenuM lakSa derAyuM. e kevI rIte banyuM te have ApaNe jovAnuM che. kaeNpele valaMdA rAjyane teDI pADI kaMpanInA vepAranI suvyavasthA karI ApyA pachInAM pacIsa varSamAM e saMsthA atizaya AbAda thaI porTugIjha lekenI sattAno laya thatAM valaMdAo paNa maMda paDI gayA hatA.

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346 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je e sthitimAM vepAra udyoga thaDe bAjue mukI, tenAM nAma heThaLa rAjyaprAptine vicAra karavAnuM banI zakaze, ane yogya prayatna karavAmAM Ave te te siddha paNa thAya evAM svamAM kaMpanInA A dezamAMnA keTalAka adhikArIone AvavA lAgyAM. muMbaI jevI svataMtra jagyA temanA tAbAmAM AvyA pachI mAhamAMhe laDatA dezI sattAdhikArIonI vacce paDI pitAne aMtima hetu sAdhI levAnI kaMpanIne sArI savaDa maLI. rAjya sthApanAne pahelo vicAra karanArAo senDana, aiyara ane cAIlDa hatA, ane e kAmamAM teoe AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe hato. te samayanI rAjakIya paristhitinuM sAruM avalekana temaNe karyuM hatuM; aMgreja kAphalAnuM kharuM baLa teo jANatA hatA. mogala bAdazAha draDhatAthI rAjyanI dhuLadhANuM karavA maMDyo hato te teoe barAbara joyuM hatuM. cAIlDa utAvaLa karI bAdazAha sAthe bAtha bhIDI joI hatI. paNa e saghaLuM chatAM te veLAnI kaMpanInI vadhatI jatI sattAnI, ane auraMgajebanAM maMda paDatAM sAmarthyanI tulanA karavI kevaLa aMsabhavita vAta hatI. auraMgajebe aMgrejone sahejamAM harAvyA hatA, chatAM teo zikSAne lAyaka nathI ema samajI temanA tarapha teNe dayA batAvI hatI. eja arasAmAM cAIlDa maraNa pAmavAthI kaMpanI nirvighe pitAnuM kAma karI zakI. A saghaLuM samajavA mATe muMbaI nI vyavasthA, baMgALanA subedAra zarUkhAnanuM aMgrejo tarapha vartana ane IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA manasubA ItyAdi ekamekamAM guMthAyelI aneka bAbate lakSamAM levI joIe. AmAMja eka bIjA mahatvanA praznanuM nirAkaraNa samAyeluM che. hiMdustAna ApaNe jItI zakIzuM e vAta prathama Duplee khullI karavAnI ane tethI ja sane 1650 nA sumAramAM aMgreja temaja kenya bane e kAma tarapha prerAyAnI sAmAnya mAnyatA bhUlabharelI che. marAThAo jyAre navuM rAjya sthApe che tyAre ApaNAthI tema kema nahIM bane? bAdazAhanA subedAre baMgALA vagere ThekANe svataMtra kArabhAra calAve che te ApaNe tene lAbha kema nahIM levo? evA prazna zivAjInA vakhatamAMja vicAravaMta ane dUradraSTi aMgrejonA manamAM ghoLAyA karatA hatA.

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347 prakaraNa 12 muM.] rAjya sthApanAno lobha. porTugIjhae A prayoga te pahelAne siddha karI batAvyuM hatuM. AvI kharI sthiti chatAM kaMpanIe sane 1750 sudhI zAMtapaNe vepAra calAvyA karyo, ane tyArabAda tenuM lakSa rAjya meLavavA tarapha gayuM e kahevuM bhUla bhareluM lakhI zakAya, | lAIvanI pUrve 75 varSa upara A kAmamAM kaMpanInI dhAmadhuma cAlu hatI, paNa tenuM sAruM pariNAma AvyuM nahIM eTale kalAIvanI phateha eja aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMnA rAjyanuM paheluM pagathIyuM hoya ema svAbhAvika rIte gaNAyuM. sane 1677 mAM jIyara gujarI javAthI presiDanTane adhikAra reTanA hAthamAM keTaleka vakhata rahyo. te vepAranA kAmamAM kuzaLa hato; paraMtu megala ane marAThA sAthe yukti laDAvI pitAnI matalaba sAdhI levA jeTale te cAlAka nahIM hovAthI itihAsakAroe tenI tarapha tiraskAra jAhera karyo che. paNa kharuM jotAM dezIonA mAhomAMhenA jhagaDAmAM nahIM paDavAno tene vilAyatathI maLela hukama akSarasaH pALavAne teNe prayatna karyo, ane tethI ja tene bIlakula yaza maLe nahIM. tenI pachI jaoNna cAIlDanI presiDanTanA eddhA upara nimaNuka thatAM kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM tejI AvI. kaMpanInA tAbAmAM have thoDuM ghaNuM lazkara taiyAra thayuM hatuM. jIyara ane cAIDe enI vyavasthA tarapha vizeSa lakSa ApyuM hatuM, kemake temanA manamAM rAjya sthApanAnA vicAre ramyA karatA hatA. A saMbaMdhamAM kaMpanInA hukamamAM hameza nIcenuM vAkya hatuM. "ame ApaNuM saMrakSaNa mATe temaja vepAra vadhAravA mATe lazkara rAkhIe chIe; nakAmuM yuddha karI vijaya saMpAdana karavAno lobha amAre joIe nahIM. ema chatAM svarakSaNane savAla kaMI nAne nahe, ane teTalA uparaja jIyara ane cAIlDa ImArata khaDI karI hatI. svasaMrakSaNa mATe mAtra lazkara rAkhavAthI saghaLI pharaja adA thaI nahotI, paNa A dezamAM AvatA pratyeka aMgreje lazkarI kAma karavA taiyAra rahevuM joIe evo kaMpanIne TharAva hatuM, ane tene lIdheja aneka kalamabahAdura purUSo talavArabahAdura paNa thayA hatA.

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348 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. 2rAjakIya paristhiti-baMgALAmAMnI aMgreja vakhAra vizenI keTalIka hakIkata ApaNe dasamA prakaraNanA cothA vibhAgamAM vAMcI gayA chIe. sane 1659 mAM e prAMtane vahivaTa calAvavA auraMgajeba bAdazAhe prasiddha mIra jIllAnI subedAra tarIke nimaNuka karI. e ghaNe hoMzIAra ane dakSa hate. hugalImAMnA kaMpanInA pratinidhie pitAnI mAMgaNI peTe gaMgA nadI upara pharatI eka dezI vepArInI hoDI pakaDavAnI khabara pahecatAM kaMpanInA amaladAre upara te ghaNe gusse thayo, ane temanI hugalInI vakhAra baMdha karI baMgALAmAMthI temane hAMkI kahADavAnI dhamakI ApI. aMgreja pratinidhie A bAbata surata lakhI mokalatAM tyAMthI tenAM karyAM mATe tene Thapake maLe, ane japta karelI heDI tenA mAlikane svAdhIna karavA tAkIda thaI "eTaluM karatAM paNa subedAra zAMta paDe nahIM te sarvae baMgALA prAMta cheDI nIkaLI AvavAnI taiyArI karavI." "megala adhikArIo vize ghaNuM sAvadha rahevuM; temanI mIThI vANI upara vizvAsa mukaze. nahIM. temanA manamAM jyAre kaMI bhayaMkara manasubA thatA haze tyAre ja teo bahArathI vizeSa bhalAI batAve che. " A pramANe suratanA adhikArIe baMgALAnA tenA goThIAone salAha ApI hatI paNa A pachI tarataja eTale sane 1963mAM mIra jIllAnA thayelA maraNathI A prakaraNane aMta Avyo, ane IstakhAna baMgALAno subedAra thayo. muMbaI beTa svataMtra rIte aMgrejone maLe eTale teoe tyAM pitAne baMdobasta karavA mAMDe e mogalene bIlakulaja pasaMda paDyuM nahIM; ane e vakhatathIja temanA manamAM eo pratye vasavaso pedA thaye. muMbaImAM rahetA aMgrejemAM be pakSa hatA. eka IMglaMDanA rAjAne ane bIje kaMpanIne. rAjAnA pakSanAM keTalAMka mANaso mogale sAthe jaMgalIpaNe valya te mATe bAdazAhe kaMpanIne ja javAbadAra gaNuM, kemake aMgrejomAM AvA be pakSa hatA e dezI adhikArIo jANI zake ema nahotuM. kaMpanInuM vartana sAmadAmanuM hatuM. AjIyara jevA purUSe rAjya sthApavAnI lAMbI lAMbI vAte vilAyata lakhI mokalatA, te tyAMnA uparI amaladArone

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prakaraNa 12 muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. 349 kharI lAgatI nahIM. e veLA paNa hiMdustAnanuM rAjya temanA hAthamAM hatuM, paNa te mATe prayatna karavA jogI jarUranI sAmagrI temanI pAse nahotI. brusa lakhe che ke, " zivAjI athavA megala sAthe presiDane kevA prakAra vyavahAra rAkhave tenuM dhoraNa nakkI karavAnuM choDI daI ulaTuM "sAvadhagirIthI vartavuM, TaMTe upasthita kare nahIM" evA majakuranA hukama kaMpanI pitAnA adhikArIone mokalatI; AthI karIne presiDanTanI aDacaNa dUra thatI nahIM. IglaMDamAMnA adhikArIone hiMdustAnanA vyavahAranI kharI kalpanA AvatI nahIM, eTale A dezamAMnA nekaranI aDacaNe teo samajI zakatA nahIM, ane temanA lakhelA patrothI, hiMdustAnamAM kaMI kAma thatuM nahI."* auraMgajeba dakSiNamAM utarI paDe tyArathI megala, marAThA, sIdhI, temaja vijApura ane gevaLakanDAnA rAjAo e saghaLAnA ekatra trAsadAyaka prayAsane lIdhe dakSiNane mulaka ujajaDa thavAthI aMgrejonA vepArane paNa cheke lAgyA hatA. suratanI vakhArane dasa lAkha rUpIA devuM thayuM hatuM, te vakhate vadhAre kharca karI muMbaImAM killA vagere bAMdhavA kaMpanI taiyAra nahotI. A kAmane mATe suratanI kansila taraphathI 50 lAkha rUpIAnI mAMgaNI IgleMDa gaI hatI paNa te tyAM svIkAravAmAM AvI nahIM. ema chatAM kaMpanInA vicAramAM dhIme dhIme pharaka paDate gayo hato, enA eka patramAM heThaLane majakura che. mI. higinsanane ame ekadama moTI jagyA ApI te mATe tamAre zaka lAvavA kAraNa nathI. higinsanane mATe amArA manamAM pakSapAta nathI,tema tene mATe koIe amArA uparasiphArasa lagADI nathI. pratyakSa tenA manamAM paNa A jagyA levA kaMI abhilASA nathI. vaLI A nimaNukathI bIjA koIne haka DubAvI tene apamAna karavAnI amArI IcchA nathI. A nimaNuka ame kharekhara dezahitanA vicArathI ja karI che. mI. higinsana vidvAna che; laeNTina ane grIka bhASA te jANe che; ItihAsanI tene mAhitI che, ane jAte buddhivAna hovAthI kaMpanIne kArabhAra calAvavA tathA rAjakIya uthalapAthala samajavA mATe te yogya purUSa che. amane * Bruce's Annals of British Commerces

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350 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. dunIAne je anubhava maLyo che te uparathI amAruM samajavuM che ke AvuM kAma karanArAne dezanA kAyadA kAnuna tathA rItabhAtanI mAhitI hovI joIe, kemake tyAre ja te paradezI rAjA sAthe taha, yuddha kiMvA vepAranAM kAma yogya rIte karI zake. mAtra nAnapaNathI saghaLI jIMdagI hiMdustAnamAM gALavAthI, tyAMnI bhASA zIkhavAmAM lAMbo kALa vyaya karavAthI, athavA vepAranI uthalapAthala samajavAthI AvA kAma mATe joItI dakSatA maLI hoya ema dhArI zakAtuM nathI. pherTa senTa jyorjamAM DepyuTI gavarnara tarIke kAma karanArane uparanA saghaLA guNanI jarUra che kharI, paNa tenA karatAM paNa vadhAre vidvatAnI have jarUra che. ame jyAre mAtra vepAra pAchaLa rokAyA hatA tyAre A guNa kadAcita yogya lAgatuM, paNa hAlamAM amArA mahAna pratApI rAjAe amArA upara maherabAnI karI sanada vagere ApI amArI sattA ane amArA adhikAra vadhArI ApyAM che. have hiMdustAnamAM rAjAnI yogyatA amane maLI che, eTale valaMdA lokonI mAphaka amane pitAne bacAva karavAnI, snehIone madada karavAnI tathA zatruone zikSA karavAnI sattA prApta thaI che." sane 1686 nA sumAramAM lakhAyelA A patra uparathI kaMpanInI mahatvAkAMkSA te veLA keTalI hatI te spaSTa dekhAI Ave che. sara jona cAIlDa muMbaIne adhikAranI lagAma hAthamAM lIdhI tyArathI kaMpanIne saddhara banAvavA tarapha amaladArenuM vizeSa lakSa hatuM. surata upara marAThAo vAraMvAra utarI AvavAthI tyAMnI megala sattA DhIlI paDI gaI hatI. bIjI tarapha karnATaka ane madrAsanI sthiti paNa evI ja hatI. ethI karIne vahANenI saMkhyA vadhArI tathA te upara tepa vagere goThavI pitAnAM rakSaNa mATe yogya upAya karavAnuM kaMpanIne avazyanuM hatuM. A upAya dhIme dhIme amalamAM AvyuM. surata choDI aMgreje muMbaI gayA; pUrva kinAre baMgALA prAMtamAM bhAre athaDAmaNa pachI temane hAthe kalakattAnI sthApanA thaI madrAsanI hakIkata paNa tevIja hatI. A sthitinI asara IglaDa lagI pahoMcI hatI. korTa oNpha DAyarekaTarae sane 1684 mAM anizcitapaNuM tyAga karI pheja killA ane laDAyaka jahAjanI madadathI muMbaI vagere bIjAM ThekANamAMnI pitAnI sattA

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prakaraNa 12 muM. ] -rAjya sthApanAne lAbha. 351 majabUta karavAnuM TharAva karyo. ema chatAM kharca ghaNe nahIM kare ane vepArane lebha choDa nahIM e bAbata temane mata pahelAM jeja draDha rahyo hatuM. paraMtu surata cheDI muMbaI AvyA pachI navIna prakAra udvavyA. tyAM aMgrejone megalano Azraya nahIM maLavAthI temaNe pitAne baMdobasta karavuM nahIMtara hiMdustAna choDI cAlyA javuM e prazna temanI AgaLa khaDe thayo. baMgALAmAM zastikhAna sAthe temane jhagaDo zarU thatAM tyAM paNa temaNe zastra dhAraNa karavAM nahIM te baMgALAmAMthI cAlatA thavuM evo prasaMga Avyo. sane 1616mAM sara TaeNmasa ree vahivaTanI paddhata TharAvI tyArathI 70 varSa lagI te teNe derI ApelI hadamAM kaMpanInuM kAma cAlyuM. re lakhe che ke, "yuddha ane vepAra e paraspara virUddha che. tamane mAruM AgrahapUrvaka kahevuM che ke tamAre samudra sivAya bIje ThekANe yuddha karavuM nahIM; tyAM paNa tamane vijaya maLaze ema khAtarI nathI, lazkara vadhArI porTugale ApaNe nAza karyo hato, chatAM tyAMnA rAjAne hiMdustAnamAMthI kaMI paNa phAyado maLyo nahIM e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM. valaMdA lokoe talavAranA ghera upara khetI karavA mAMDI e paNa bhUla hatI. kAraNa khetImAne saghaLo phAyade nakaronA pagAramAM pure thaI jAya che. mATe je tamAre phAyade meLavavo hoya te samudra upara zAMtapaNe vepAra karI meLavo. lazkara vadhArI yuddhaprasaMge upasthita karavAmAM niHsaMzaya hAni thaze." megala bAdazAhInA saMbaMdhamAM ree kareluM anumAna yogya ja hatuM. je kaMI karavuM hoya te pratyakSa megala bAdazAha sAthe baMdebasta karI karavuM vacamAMnAM mANasane gaNakAravAM nahIM. paraMtu A siddhAMta pramANe megala rAjyanI bahAra kaMpanIe kevI rIte cAlavuM? pUrva kinArA upara megalenI sattA nAza thatAM pitAnAM rakSaNa arthe killA vagere bAMdhavAnI teNe pitAnA nekarene rajA ApI nahIM enuM pariNAma vakhatanA vahevA sAtha ghAtaka nivaDayuM. dezamAne badebasta DhIle paDatAM game teNe dhasI AvI aMgrejone gabharAvI temanI vakhAro lUTavA mAMDI, te paNa kaMpanI cetI nahIM. madrAsamAM killebaMdhI upara kharca karavA mATe keTalAka presiDanTa baratarapha karavAmAM AvyA hatA;

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35ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. muMbaImAM paNa zarUAtamAM teja sthiti hatI. sIdhI ane marAThAonA kAphalA e baMdaramAM vinA aDacaNe dara varSe dAkhala thatA temane pratikAra karavA jeTaluM sAmarthya tyAMnA adhikArIomAM nahotuM. baMgALAmAMnA aMgrejonI sthiti A karatAM sArI nahotI, eTale saghaLI taraphathI bhaya temanI sAme DekI karI rahyo hato, ane temane gAMsaDa piTalAM uThAvI hiMdustAnamAMthI cAlyA javAne ja mArga khulle hate. sane 1963 mAM mIra jIllA maraNa pAmatAM baMgALAne kArabhAra zastakhAnanA hAthamAM AvyuM. e megala rAjyakuTuMbane purUSa hatuM, ane darabAramAM enuM vajana vizeSa hatuM. baMgALAmAM teno adhikAra pUrNapaNe svataMtra hato ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI. ene janma sane 1608 mAM thayo hato; ane e jahAMgIranA vajIra ane nUrajahAMnanA bApa, ItimAdedelAne pAtra ane AsaphakhAnane chokare te ha; eTale zAhajahAnanI rANuM mumatAjhamahAlane bhAI ane auraMgajebane mA thatuM. AsaphakhAnanAM maraNa bAda keTaloka vakhata eNe zAhajahAnanA vajIra tarIke kAma karyuM hatuM. murAda ane auraMgajeba e beune laItakhAnanI bhatrIjIo ApI hatI. dArA zekhane nAza karI teNe Arajebano sneha saMpAdana kayo hate. (musalamAnI riyAsata juo). e keTaleka vakhata gujarAtane subedAra hate. ane tyAra pachI zivAjInI sAme laDavA gayA hatA. emAM ene yaza nahIM maLe tyAre sane 1663 mAM tenI nimaNuka baMgALAmAM thaI jyAM teNe 25 varSa kArabhAra calAvyo. gevaLakonDAnA yuddhamAM e raMgajebane senApati hata (sane 1686). te sane 1684 mAM maraNa pAmyA tyAre tenI umara 86 varSanI hatI. AvA meTA saradArane baMgALAne saMpUrNa kArabhAra saMpavAmAM megala bAdazAhe kaMI vizeSa karyuM nahotuM. e prAMtamAM aMgrejoe vepAranI je zarU Ata karI hatI te zastakhAnanA vicAra pramANe anukULa nahatI. sane 1674 mAM madrAsanA presiDanTa sara eDavarDa vinTare ( Sir Edward Winter ) tyAMnA baMdarane baMdobasta karavA mATe ghaNI mahenata karI,

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prakaraNa 12 muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. 353 paNa kaMpanIe tene pAcho belAvI lIdhe. madrAsanI pAsenuM senTa me nya lekee kabaje karavAthI aMgrejonI gabharAmaNane pAra rahyo nahIM. sane 1677 mAM zivAjIe karnATaka upara svArI karI tyAre teo ekaja gabharAI gayA hatA. te veLA madrAsa presiDanTa sara sTezama mAsTara te zaheranI majabUta killebaMdhImAM vadhAro karatA hatA, chatAM marAThAone gevaLakanyAnuM rAjya auraMgajebe kabaje karavAthI madrAsanA aMgrejone kaMIka dhIraja AvI. zivAjI taraphathI temane svAbhAvika rIte keTalIka dahezata upajI hatI, ane tenA jevo ja tene chokarA saMbhAjI lAyaka ane zaktivAna nIkaLyo heta te itihAsanuM svarUpa kevuM badalAI jate e vicAravAyegya che. mAsTare atyaMta mahenata laI madrAsane majabata karyuM; leka pAse nANuM ugharAvI eka maMdIra baMdhAvyuM. punAmAlInA liMgApA nAyake madrAsane ghere ghA, paNa emAMthI aMgrejo chuTayA nahIM eTalAmAM auraMgajebe dakSiNa tarapha prayANa karyuM. bAdazAhanA pharamAnathI kAma thaze, killebaMdhI karavAnI jarUra nathI, evuM kaMpanI hajI paNa kahetI. paraMtu jyAre sarva taraphathI gherAI gayelA sara mAsTare A hukamane makkama rIte anAdara karyo tyAre kaMpanIe tene paNa pAchA bolAvI lIdho. ( sane 1981). sane 1650 mAM zAhajAdA sujAnA hAthamAM baMgALAnI subedArI hatI; teNe te prAMtamAMthI mAla laI javAnI tathA tyAM lAvavAnI, ane binajakAte vecANa tathA kharIdI karavAnI paravAnagI aMgrejone ApI hatI. sane 1664 mAM zastakhAna baMgALAmAM Avyo tyAM sudhI A vyavasthA nirvine cAlI hatI. no subedAra ghaNo kaDaka hevA chatAM teNe kaMI najarANuM laI A paravAne punaH cAlu karI Avyo hato. paraMtu AgaLa jatAM tenA manamAM A bAbata vasavaso pedA thatAM teNe sane 1672 mAM aMgrejonI surekhAra bharelI hoDI ekadama aTakAvI; ane bIjA dezI vepArIonI peThe jakAta bharavA tathA subedAra taraphathI zatru sAme laDavA mATe pitAnuM lazkara mekalavA temane hukama karyo. pAMca varSa lagI A gheTALo cAlyA pachI sane

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354 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je, 1677 mAM madrAsanA presiDanTa subedArane lakhI jaNAvyuM ke, "jo A na julama ApanA taraphathI baMdha na thaze te baMgALA prAMta choDI amAre cAlyA javuM paDaze." A dhamakIne artha eTale ja thaI zake ke je aMgrejo baMgALAmAMthI khasI jAya te subedArane temanA vinA cAlaze nahIM. te ja varSamAM thoDA divasa zaIstakhAnanI badalI thavAthI ekavIsa hajAra rUpIA daMDa bharI navA subedAra pAsethI baMgALAmAM jakAtanI mArI ane vepAranI paravAnagI aMgrejoe meLavI. paraMtu sane 1679 mAM zastakhAna baMgALAmAM pAchA AvyA tyAre pharIthI te trAsa Apaze e bahIke temaNe bAdazAhanuM navuM pharamAna meLavyuM. emAM mAtra suratamAMja emanI pAsethI jakAta levI paNa bIje ThekANe levI nahIM evo hukama bAdazAhe karyo hato (sane 1680). A hukama hugalI pahoMcatAM aMgrejoe pitAne AnaMda pradarzita karavA mATe 300 tapanI salAmI ApI. paNa e topanA avAje bhAgyeja baMdha paDayA eTalAmAM bAdazAhanA hukamanI kimata keTalI hatI te subedAre tarataja temane batAvI ApI. baMgALAne vepAra ghaNe naphAkAraka hovAthI, A pramANe maLelAM bAdazAhI pharamAnanAM jera upara kaMpanIe utsAhathI prerAI baMgALAnI vakhAro madrAsathI svataMtra banAvI dIdhI, ane hugalImAM baMdobasta jALavavA mATe 20 aMgreja sipAIo mokalyA. paraMtu subedAre surokhAra vecAtA levA aMgrejone manA karI. surekhAra lenArA temanA pratinidhine teNe kedamAM puryo, ane pharamAnamAM ullekha saMzayAtmaka hevAnA kAraNe temanI saghaLI kharIdI tathA vecANa upara 3 TakA jakAta nAMkhI. A jakAta nAMkhavAnuM bIjuM khAsa kAraNa e hatuM ke ahIM theDI kimate kharIdela surekhAra aMgrejo vilAyata laI jaI tyAM tene dArUgoLo banAvI laDAinA kAmamAM letA. jakAta keTalI besADI hatI tene prazna nathI; je thoDI hoya te tenA bahAnA heThaLa kaMpanIne herAna karavAnI maMgala adhikArIone joIe teTalI saraLatA paDe e svAbhAvika che. A jakAta nAMkhavAnuM mukhya kAraNa eja hatuM ke aMgrejo maMgalenA tAbAmAM che ane e parataMtratA teoe bhulavI joIe nahIM, evI IstakhAnanI khAsa icchA

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prakaraNa 1ra muM. ] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. 355 hatI. bIjI yuropiyana prajAnI vakhAro samudranI ghaNI najadIka hatI; paNa aMgrejoe bAdazAhanAM pharamAna upara bharoso rAkhI hugalI zaheramAM pitAnI koThI ghAlI hatI. e ThekANuM tadana sahIsalAmata na lAgavAthI hugalI nadInA kAMThA uparanA mAla utAravAnA ghATa para zeDI killebaMdhI karavAnI paravAnagI aMgreja pratinidhIe subedAra pAse mAMgI (sane 1685). A paravAnagI nahI ApatAM e leke uddhAmapaNe vartI ApaNuM hukamo teDe che evI pharIAda teNe bAdazAhane karI. kaMpanInAM vahANe mAla na maLavAthI khAlI pAchAM pharyA, ane baMgALAmAM bIjA vepAra paNa sthAnika adhikArInI marajI upara avalaMbI rahevA lAgyo. AthI emaNe baMgALA prAMta cheDI jo ke mogala sAthe khullI rIte laDavuM e agatyanA savAlanuM nirAkaraNa karavAnuM kaMpanIne mAthe AvI paDayuM. A tarapha muMbaImAM sara jona cAIlDa laDAInI ja vAta karate hate. sane 1684 nA tenA eka patramAM heThaLa pramANe majakura che- megale sAthe takarAra karavAno prasaMga AvatAM huM zuM karIza te kahI zakatA nathI. Aja lagI thayA teTalA upAyo karyA; dararoja amAruM apamAna tathA avadazA thAya che tenI sImA nathI. AthI thavAnuM hoya te thAya, paNa ekavAra megalane hAtha batAvI jovAno ghaNo vicAra thAya che..hamaNuM cAlatI gaDabaDATamAM ApaNe nibhAva karavAnI, temaja ApaNA rAjAnI temaja dezanI gayelI saghaLI AbarU pAchI meLavavAnI IcchA hoya te bAdazAha sAtheja bAtha bhIDavI joIe.' jamIna uparanA yuddhamAM aMgrejo TakI zakaze nahIM e cAIlDa jANatA hatA, paNa samudra upara mogalanAM yAtrALu vahANonI barAbara khabara teo laI zakaze e te sArI peThe samajato hato; ane atyAra pahelAM tevA prakAranI bhASA kAgaLapatramAM te vAparavA lAgyo hate. e saghaLI pharIAda iMglaMDamAM kaMpanInA kAna upara AvatAM hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejoe zuM karavuM te vize ghaNI takarAra cAlI. jevI rIte A dezamAM sara jona cAIlDa megala sAme laDavA utsuka banyA hatA tevIja

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- 35 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. rIte tene bhAI sara jozuA cAIlDa IgleMDamAM kaMpanInA gavarnaranA eddhA upara hevAthI laDAI karavA Atura hatuM. sara jeguAne AgrahathI korTa oNpha DAyarekaTarsa megala bAdazAha sAthe yuddha karI kaMpanIne tAravavA pitAnA nekarene hukama karyo. hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjya sthApanAne khare AraMbha ahIMthI thayele kahevAya. kAraNa 70 varSa upara sara Tomasa e derI ApelI maryAdA oLaMgI kaMpanIe have pitAno mArga badalyo. madrAsamAM kille bAMdhavAnI paravAnagI A pahelAM sane 1985 mAM aMgrejone maLI hatI, ane baMgALAmAMnI vakhAranI salAmatI mATe goThavaNa karavA hukama paNa Avyo hato. megalanI sAme thavAmAM kaMpanIe karelA nizcayane jemsa rAjA taraphathI anumodana maLyuM hatuM. rAjAnI moTI rakama kaMpanImAM guMcavAyelI hovAthI teNe jahAja, mANasa, paisA vagerenI joItI madada ekadama kaMpanIne ApavAthI kharaca mATe kaMpanInA hAthamAM jarUrI nANuM AvyuM. yogya taiyArI pachI kaeNpTana nikolasananI saradArI heThaLa cha pAyadaLa TukaDI ane dasa laDAyaka vahANa IglaDathI baMgALA javA ravAnA thayAM. e lazkaramAM hiMdI vakhAranAM mANaso joDAvavAnAM hatAM. "pazcima taraphanA darIAmAM mogalenAM yAtrALu vahANe pakaDavA pachI baMgALAmAMthI saghaLAM mANaso ekaThAM karI pUrva sarahada upara AveluM cittagAma kabaje karavuM, ane tyAM eka TaMkazALa khelavI; pachI gaMgAnA mukhamAM dAkhala thaI DhAkA jaI tyAM subedAranA makAna upara halle karI tenI pAsethI joIe tevuM tahanAmuM karAvI levuM. ATaluM karyA pachI siyAmanA rAjAne zikSA karI muMbaInI pAsenAM sASTI ane thANuM paTagIjho sAthe yuddha karI levAM." A pramANe A svArInA amaladArone IMgleDathI spaSTa hukama maLyo hato. A saghaLuM kAma ATopavuM kaMpanI mATe keTaluM azakya hatuM tene IgleMDanA jussedAra adhikArIoe vicAra karele jatA nathI. muMbaIjyAM, *IsTa IDIA kaMpanImAM rAjAne je bhaDaLa hatuM tenA naphA upara iMglaMDamAMthI hadapAra thayAbAda bAkInuM AyuSya teNe puruM karyuM. kAnsamAM nAsI jatI vakhate 70,000 rUpIAne pitAne bhAga teNe vecI nAkhyuM hatuM.

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357 cittagAma kayAM, meganI sattA keTalI, ItyAdI bAbatamAM teo ATalA badhA ajJAta hoya e AzcaryakAraka che. arthAta uparane eka paNa vicAra pAra paDayo nahIM eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa anya upAyothI bAdazAhanI marajI aMgrejoe meLavI lIdhI hota nahIM te hiMdustAnane ItihAsa Aje tadanaja badalAI gayo hota. 3. kalakattAnI sthApanA-mogala sAthe cAlelA A yuddha daramiyAna kalakattAnI sthApanAne AraMbha thayo hato. aMgrejonA subhAgye baMgALAmAM A veLA joba cArloka (Job Charnock) nAmanA dhUrta grahasthanA traNa varSa pachI kAsImabajAranI silamAM 200 rUpIAne pagAre tenI nimaNuka thaI hatI, ane sane 1664 mAM baMgALAnI mukhya jagyA tene maLI hatI. soLa varSa paTanAmAM rahI teNe dezasthitinuM sAruM nirIkSaNa karyuM hatuM. keTalIka veLA tene navAbanA hAthanI cAbuka khAvI paDelI ane kedamAM : paNa javuM paDeluM. Aja arasAmAM auraMgajebanA rAjyamAM cAlatI avyavasthAne lAbha laI sthAnika amaladAro marajI mAphaka vartavA lAgyA hatA. eka hiMdu bAI satI thavA jatI hatI tene cAneke sipAI mokalI pakaDI maMgAvI tenI sAthe lagna karyo, ane dezI rIta pramANe tenI sAthe rahevA lAgyo. te bAIne saMtati thaI te paNa teNe khristI dharma svIkAravAnuM kabUla karyuM nahIM, paNa ulaTo cAleMkene pitAnA dharma tarapha vALyo. A uparathI eNe khristI dharma cheDI dIdhe ema keTalAkanuM kahevuM che paNa te maLatA purAvA uparathI kharuM lAgatuM nathI ema haMTara sAheba lakhe che. kalakattAmAM enI kabara che te uparathI te maraNa samaye khristI dharmane anuyAyI hato ema khulluM jaNAya che. sane 1681 mAM baMgALAnI vakhAre madrAsanA hAkemathI svataMtra karavAmAM AvI tyAre kAsImabajAranI mukhya jagyA meLavavA cArnekane apekSA thaI hatI; paNa be vakhata tenI AzA bhaMga thaIdezI vepArIoe cAkheMkanI sAme vakhArane hisAbe taheNAnI pharIAda mAMDI mogala adhikArI pAsethI hukamanAmAM meLavyAM tyAre eNe javAba Apyo ke "anyAyI ane

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358 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. bhraSTa adhikArIonAM hukamanAmAM huM pALatA nathI." sane 1985mAM ene hugalInI mukhya jagyA maLI tyAre kAsIma bajAranI vakhAranA gherAmAM te sapaDAyelo hato; paNa yuktithI temAMthI chaTakI jaI te hugalI Avyo. e pachI subedAre A zahera upara lazkara mokalI tene ghere ghAlyo tyAre aMgrejone anna kherAkI meLavavAnI aDacaNa paDI. tA. 28 mI akabara ane 1686 ne dIne laDAI zarU thatAM, bajAramAM gayelA aMgrejone mogaloe kApI nAMkhyA. cAnaka pitAnAM mANase laI mAryA gayelA aMgrejonAM preta ucakI lAvavA gayA paNa ghaNI sakhata laDAI pachI ja te potAnAM kAmamAM phattehamaMda thaye. enI pAse 400 mANaso hatAM, chatAM mogala sAme TakI zakavAnuM azakya jaNAtAM eNe saghaLAM mANase tathA sAmAna hoDImAM caDAvI dIdhAM, ane hugalI nadInA mukhe tarapha 27 mAIla dUra AvelI eka jagyAe sarvane laI gayo. e sthAna laDAIne mATe egya jaNAtAM cAleMke tyAM pitAne vAste killebaMdhI karI. ahIMthI samudra 70 mAIla dUra hato, ane nadInA vAMkamAM moTAM moTAM vahANa AvavA mATe sArI seI hatI. ahIM ja pUrve porTugIjha leke pitAne mAla utArI baMgALAmAM vepAra karatA. e ThekANuM nI AsapAsa be traNa gAmaDAM hatAM temAMthI ekanuM nAma sutanattI hoTa eTale sutaranuM bajAra hatuM. nadImAM AvatI rela tathA banne kAMThA uparanAM vistIrNa bhAThAne lIdhe e jagyA manuSya vastI mATe megya che evuM keIne paNa lAgyuM nahIM; kAraNa ahIM agAu nadI haze paNa pAchaLathI te khasI jatAM A pradeza thayuM hatuM ema sAmAnya mAnyatA che. nadInA kinArA upara AvelAM kALI devInAM maMdIra pAse nadImAMthI upara AvavAnA ghATa che tene kALIghATa kahe che. A kinArA upara sane 1987 nA jAnevArImAM cAne ke keTalAMka jhupaDAM ubhAM karyo tyAre ja vAstavika rIte kalakattA zaherane pAye naMkhAyela gaNI zakAya. ahIM paNa megalene halle AvavAthI cAnaka pitAne saghaLe saraMjAma tathA mANase laI darIA tarapha utarI pa. ema chatAM laDAI cAluja rahI; roga ane laDAImAM tenAM puSkaLa mANase mu te paNa madadanI AzAmAM teNe mANasane TakAvI

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prakaraNa 1ra muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lobha. 359 rAkhyAM. Akhare sana 1687 nA junanI 4 thI tArIkhe tahanAmAnI sara nakakI karI enAM mANaso mogalene tAbe gayAM. pachI sapTembaramAM kAlIghATa AvI teNe pharIthI tyAM pitAnuM thANuM sthApyuM. cAnakanA A kAma mATe tene keIe zAbAzI ApI nahIM, paNa ulaTuM mUrkhanI mAphaka bhaLateja, ThekANe besI rahI kaMpanIne nukasAnamAM utAravA mATe tene Thapako maLe. sane 1688 mAM jhupaDAM vagere bAMdhI e sthIra tha hato eTalAmAM IgleDathI kaeNpTane hAtha AvI pahoMcyA, ane kaMpanInAM mANase subedAranA tAbAmAM kedamAM hatAM chatAM teNe cittagAma jItavAnI taiyArI karI. e zahera ArAkAnanA rAjAnA akhatyAramAM hatuM. ene bobasta uttama hovAthI aMgrejo ne prayatna niSphaLa gaye, ane puSkaLa mANase paDyA pachI kaMpanInAM laDAyaka vahANe cArlokanI sAthe khAlI madrAsa pAchAM pharyA. 4kaMpanI ane auraMgajeba vacce yuddha (sa. 1987-90) bane cAIlDa baMdhuoe karelAM kAmanI keTalIka vigata agADI AvI gaI che. temaNe svadezanI nokarI karatAM potAno paNa pukaLa phAyado karI lIdho hate. ema kahevAya che ke sara jozuA cAIlDa pitAnA amalamAM vIsa lAkha rUpIAnI puMcha ekaThI karI hatI. tenA bhAI sara jaoNna cAIlDanuM kaMpanInA adhikAramAM ghaNuM mAna hatuM. paNa teNe ghaNuM zatruo ubhA karyA hatA, ane 60 varSa pachI thayelA kalAIvanI mAphaka amuka kAma karavAnuM mana upara letAM tene nyAyAkhyAya tathA tenI yogya athavA ayogyatA jovAnI te tasdI lete nahIM. pitAnAM sAhasika ane matalabI kRtyothI kaMpanInuM karja teNe phITADI dIdhuM ane ulaTo moTo nake karI batAvyo. A beu bhAIonI ekatra lAgavagane lIdhe ahIM joIe teTalo julama ane trAsa karavA kaMpanIe pitAnA nekarane saMpUrNa chUTa ApI. pratyakSa megala bAdazAha upara zastra ugAmavA pahelAM teoe siyAma, baeNTama vagere ThekANunA nAnA nAnA rAjAo upara game tevAM kAraNa zodhI laDAI karI pitAnI zakti ajamAvI hatI. iMglaMDamAM kaMpanIe rAjAne vinaMti karI keTaluMka lazkara hiMdustAna mokalavA tajavIja karI; ane

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36. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pitAnI saghaLI taiyArI atizaya gupta rIte calAvI. cAIlve vinA kAraNe suratanA megala adhikArI sAme takarAra uThAvI, ane aneka bAbatamAM tenuM apamAna karyuM. A vize teNe kaMpanIne jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "yuddhanI saghaLI javAbadArI mArA upara nAMkho. yaza nahI maLe te mane AgaLa karI tamArA hukama sivAya kAma karyAnuM jAhera karavuM; yaza Ave te tene saghaLe lAbha tamane ja maLavAnuM che." TukamAM, vepAra mATe bIjA upara avalaMbI rahevAnI jarUra paDe nahIM, ane saghaLI kuMcI ApaNuM hAthamAM Ave te ja A vyavahAra cAle evI tenI salAha hatI. A yuddha kaMI baMgALAnI hadamAMja samAI rahyuM nahotuM. sara jona cAIDe megalenAM yAtrALu jahAja pakaDayAM tyAre bAdazAhe gussAnA AvezamAM aMgrejone AkhA rAjyamAMthI hAMkI mukavAne hukama kahADa. surata, macchalipaTTaNa, vizAkhApaTTaNa vagere ThekANunI aMgreja vakhAre megala adhikArIoe kabaje karI; muMbaI tarapha sIdhIne kAle ravAnA thaye; ane baMgALAmAMthI aMgrejo nAsI chUTayA. A hakIkatamAM jana cAIDe phrenca ane valaMdA lokenI madada meLavavAnI khaTapaTa karI paNa te niSphaLa gaI. sane 1987 nA me mahinAmAM aMgrejoe muMbaIthI pitAnAM vahANo mudAma mokalI mokhA, basara, vagere baMdaramAMthI pAMca sAta mogala jahAje pakaDI maMgAvyAM; ane temanAM je kAMI vahANe muMbaImAM hatAM te cAIlDa svAdhInamAM lIdhAM. suratane mogala adhikArI A kAvAdAvA samaye nahIM. A kAI uzRMkhalA aMgreja grahasthanuM kAma haze ane temAM kaMpanInA mukhya adhikArIo sAmila nahIM haze ema dhArI teNe A banAva aMgreja amaladAranA kAna upara A. eTalAmAM tenI badalI thatAM navA subAe Disembara 1688 mAM khullI rIte aMgrejo sAme yuddha zarU karyuM, suratanI vakhAra japta karI, ane cAIlDane jIvate pakaDI lAvanArane moTuM InAma ApavAnuM jAhera karyuM. A sAMbhaLI aMgrejone paNa zara chUTayuM. teoe bedhaDaka megala vahANe upara ane dezI vepArIo upara halla zarU karyo, ane megalanAM 40 jahAja pakaDayAM. ema chatAM cAIlDa bAdazAhane kAlA

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prakaraNa 12 muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lobha. kAlA patra lakhI chetarate hate. "je savAI' nAmanuM eka moTuM megala jahAja tenAM mANasoee pakaDayuM tyAre auraMgajeba temanI saghaLI luccAI samajI gaye. teNe suratamAMnA saghaLA aMgrejone pakaDI keda karyA, ane beDI paherAvI raste raste pheravyA. sumAre traNa varSa sudhI A leke suratamAM keda rahyA. te veLAnA temanI durdazAnA dayAjanaka patra vAMcavA lAyaka che. A pramANe bAdazAhe saheja ugra svarUpa dhAraNa karatAM cAIlDa gabharAI gayo. jyAM tyAM aMgrejone pAchaLa haThavuM paDavAthI saghaLA lake enA upara gusse thayA; tenA hAtha heThaLanAM mANase tenuM sAMbhaLatAM nahIM; porTugIjhe paNa tenI virUdha thayA. muMbaIno bacAva kevI rIte karavo tenI tene dhAstI paDI eTale bahAranA yuddha bAbatanuM tenuM saghaLuM abhimAna jatuM rahyuM te kahevAnI jarUra nathI, "baMgALA tathA madrAsanA aMgreje mane madada karatA nathI, mAre ekalAe zuM karavuM" evI rIte te kaMpanInAM kAlAMvAlAM karavA lAgyo. eTalAmAM sane 1689 nA phebruArI mAsamAM mogala kAphalAne mukhI jaMjIrAne sIdhI yAkubakhAna 55,000 mANase laI muMbaI upara utarI paDayo. madhyarAtre ekadama ghere AvavA sAthe killAmAMthI traNa te purI te sAMbhaLI yuropiyana ane dezI loke strI chokarAMo sAthe laI gabharATamAM nAsavA lAgyA. savAramAM sIdhIe majagAmano kabajo laI tyAM topakhAnuM ubhuM karyuM, ane mAhImane killo hastagata karyo. trIje divase nAnI laDAI thatAM killA sivAya bAkIne saghaLo beTa sIdhIe pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhe ane AkhuM mAruM tyAM rahyo, eTale cAIlDane zaraNe gayA vinA chUTake thayo nahIM. atyaMta mAnabhaMga sthitimAM teNe kSamA mAgavA mATe pitAnA be aMgreja vakIlone bAdazAha pAse mokalyA. "pITha upara hAtha bAMdhI mAthuM nIcuM ghAlI teo bAdazAha pAse AvyA." auraMgajebanA manamAM aMgreja vepArIone dezamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAnuM bIlakula nahetuM. temanA vepArathI rAjyane moTo phAyado thate jANI tathA temane thayeluM apamAna puratuM gaNI keTalIka zarate teNe e vakIlenuM kahevuM mAnya karyuM, ane temanI pAsethI kabUlAta meLavI ke megala adhikArIonuM temaja hiMdu

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362 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. stAnanI raiyatanuM temane hAthe je je nukasAna thayuM hoya te aMgrejoe bharI ApavuM ane cAIlve A dezamAM rahevuM nahIM. aMgrejoe hiMdustAnamAM paga mukyo tyArathI atyAra sudhImAM AvuM apamAna temane kadIpaNa sahana karavuM paDeluM nahIM. pharamAnanI bhASA uparathI spaSTa jaNAya che ke aMgrejone eka svataMtra rAjyanA leka tarIke nahIM gaNatAM kSamA karelA gunhegAra hoya tevI rIte bAdazAha temanI tarapha varyo hato. A yuddhamAM kaMpanIne 40 lAkha rUpIA kharacuM thavA uparAMta AkhA aMgreja rASTranuM mAna khaMDIta thavAthI IMglaMDanA leke kaMpanI virUddha khaLabhaLI uThayA, ane tethI ja AgaLa jatAM bIjI kaMpanI ubhI karavAnA kAmane uttejana maLyuM. A saghaLuM cAIlDanA tephAnI svabhAvanuM pariNAma hatuM. sane 1690nA phebruArImAM e mahAna nara maraNa pAmyo. bAdazAhanI sthiti A veLA ghaNIja vicitra thaI hatI. marAThA sAme laDIne te thAka hata; temane jItavAnA AvezamAM kaMpanInAM kAma tarapha lakSa ApavAnI tene savaDa maLI nahotI. aMgrejone dabAvavA mATe jarUrane kAle tenI pAse nahote; chatAM temane game tyAre kacaDI zakIzuM, temane ApaNe AgaLa zuM bhAra che "e vicAramAM te magarUra rahate. vaLI temanA vepArathI bAdazAhane moTI rakama maLatI hatI, eTale temane hAMkI kahADI hamaNAja ubhI thayelI paisAnI aDacaNa vadhAravI tene gya lAgI nahIM. e uparAMta aMgrejone kAphalo bAdazAhanA upayogamAM Avate ane tene tenA zatruone dhAka hati. sIdhI temaja aMgrejono kAle pitAnI madade hovAthI marAThAonI darakAra rAkhavAnuM tene kAraNa nahotuM. vaLI aMgrejonI zakti AramAramAM che, ane pitAnI pAse tevuM sAdhana na hovAthI temane saMpUrNa rIte parAjya karavAnuM tene mATe zakya nahotuM e te samajatuM hatuM. bAdazAhane aMgrejo pratye kadI abhAva naha; paNa ulaTuM temane joItI savaLatA karI ApI temane utkarSa thAya ane mogala rAjyamAM teo sukhacenamAM rahe evI tenI IcchA hatI. AthI karIne zastakhAna jevA anubhavI subedAra taraphathI temanI virUddha thatI pharIAda upara bAdazAha lakSa Apate nahIM, paNa pitAnAja amaladArone Thapake Apate. kharuM jotAM je cAIlDa bAdazAhanAM yAtrALu

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prakaraNa 12 muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. vahANe pakaDI tenuM dharmAdhapaNuM uzkeryuM na hatA te saghaLuM ceDAmAMja patI jate. anya megala adhikArIonI aMgrejo sAme sakhata lAgaNI uzkerAyelI hovA chatAM bAdazAhanI AjJA virUddha javA kaI hiMmata karI zakatuM nahIM. zastakhAna ghaNe cAlAka hata; te aMgrejone pUrNa rIte oLakhate hato, paNa vRddha hevAthI te jAte kaMI karI zakyo nahIM. vaLI baMgALA prAMtanI bahAra tene adhikAra nahote, ane bAdazAhe durAgrahathI hAthamAM lIdheluM kAma adhurUM nAkhI bIjI bhAMjagaDa upasthita karavA tene bAdazAhanI maMjurI maLI nahotI. A saghaLAM kAraNone lIdhe cAIlDa mAMgelI mAphI kabala karI bAdazAhe tA. 27 mI phebruArI sane 1690 ne dIne nIce pramANenuM pharamAna aMgreja vakIlane ApyuM. "amArA sarva aparAdhanI kSamA karavI, ame doDha lAkha rUpIA daMDa ApavA taiyAra chIe, amAre japta karele mAla amane svAdhIna kare, pharIthI evuM halakaTa kAma ame karIzuM nahIM" evA prakAranI vinaMti saghaLA aMgrejoe zaraNe AvI atyaMta namratApUrvaka amArI AgaLa karI che. e temanI vinaMti mAnya karI bAdazAha temane vepArano paravAne punaH Ape che ane pharamAve che ke mi. cAIlDane AvuM beImAna kAma karavA sArU IsTa InaDIA kaMpanIe nokarImAMthI kahADI muko." A pharamAna nIkaLavA pahelAM traNa aThavADIAM upara cAIlDa maraNa pAmyo hato. A navIna pharamAnanI nakala baMgALAnA subedArane mokalavAmAM AvI hatI, paNa tyAM jakAtanA savAla upara virodha utpanna thayeluM hovAthI cAke tene nikAla subedAra pAsethI karI lIdhuM. agAunI mAphaka prativarSa traNa hajAra rUpiIA bharI, jakAta nahIM ApatAM AyAta ane nikAsa vepAra khuzIthI joIe teTala karavAnI subedAranI maMjUrI meLavI cAnaka baMgALAmAM gayo. te vakhate subedAra tarIke alImardInakhAnane chokaro IbrAhimakhAna noja Avelo hato; tene potAnI kArakirdInA AraMbhamAM ja aMgreja kedIone choDI devAnuM zubha kAma karatAM AnaMda thayo hato. eNe baMgALAmAM aMgrejone yogya vyavasthA karI ApI tyAre ravivAra tA. 24 mI ogasTa sane 169 ne

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364 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je. dIne teo kAlIghATa para pAchA AvyA. tyAM aherAtra varasAda paDatuM hovAthI aMgreja lekanI marajI maMgala hadamAM AvelA hugalI zaheramAM javAnI hatI; paNa pitAnAM vahANe uparanI tepane Azraya choDI dUra javAnuM vRddha cAnakane dhAstI bharyuM lAgavAthI teNe tyAMja navuM thANuM vasAvyuM. A kAma pAra pADatAM thayelAM be varSa daramiyAna aMgrejone bhAre saMkaTa veThavuM paDayuM hatuM. paraMtu eka vakhata tyAM thoDAM bacAvanAM kAma ubhAM thatAM kaMpanInI tepane lIdhe anya lekene paNa e jagyA surakSita lAgI, ane tethI karIne vepAra tathA lekenI tyAM je dhamAla zarU thaI te Aja sudhI cAlyA kare che, ane kalakattA hiMdustAnamAM pahelI paMktinuM rAjadhAnInuM zahera banyuM che. kAlIghATa upara jhupaDAM naMkhAyA pachI dasa varSamAM kalakattAne vistAra vadhavA mAMDyo. pitAnA prayatnanuM A zubha pariNAma AveluM joyA bAda tA. 10 mI jAnyuArI sane 1693 ne roja cAnake kalakattAmAM pitAne deha choDe. teNe karelAM dekhAItI rIte najIvAM paNa kharuM jotAM mahatvanAM kAmanI kharI kimata bahAra paDatAM ghaNuM divasa lAgyA, paraMtu eTaluM te kharuM che ke baMgALA prAMtamAM kaMpanIne vepAra karavAnI IcchA hoya ke nahIM te paNa cAnakanI haThane lIdheja kalakattA zahera sthapAyuM hatuM. zastakhAna pachI sumAre dasa varSa lagI baMgALAnA kArabhAra upara kaI lAyaka purUSa Avyo nahIM. sane 1702 mAM murzidakullIkhAnanI nimazuka thaI te pahelAM aMgrejoe pitAnuM kAma ATopI lIdhuM hatuM. sane 1698 mAM rahimakhAna nAmanA eka aphaghAne baMgALAmAM uThAveluM baMDa dAbI devAmAM adhikArIo niSphaLa javAthI aNadhAryA tephAno vakhata teo aMgreja tathA kenca lekenuM kevI rIte rakSaNa karI zakaze e bAbata svAbhAvika prazna uThayo. AthI "tame tamAre baMdebasta joIe te karI le, killA bAMdhe athavA joIe te kare" evuM subedAra taraphathI yuropiyana leone kahevAmAM AvatAM jANe teo AvAM kaheNanI rAha jotA hoya tema teo pitA pitAnI vakhAranI AsapAsa killA bAMdhavA maMDI paDyA. AvI rIte aMgrejoe kalakattAmAM bAMdhelA killAnuM nAma IgleMDanA rAjAnA nAma uparathI

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prakaraNa 1ra muM.] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. pherTa viliama pADayuM (sane 1698). ghaNuM varSa lagI killebaMdhI karavAnI yuropiyanane manAI hatI te A pramANe rada thaI gaI, paNa enuM pari. NAma baMgALAnA navAbane prANaghAtaka nivaDayuM te have ApaNe joIzuM. sane 1658 mAM auraMgajeba gAdIe AvyuM tyArathI sane 1983 sudhInAM 25 varSa tene rAjyane kArabhAra yogya rIte cAle. te veLA rAjyanA cheka dUranA bhAgamAM paNa tenI sattA mAnya hovAthI tenAM pharamAna pramANe vepAra karI pitAne naphe karI levAnuM aMgrejone banI AvyuM. kaMpanI mATe puSkaLa AbAdIne A samaya hate. paNa sane 1683 mAM bAdazAhe dakSiNamAM marAThA upara svArI karI tyArathI te yuddhamAM guMthAI javAthI tene kArabhAra avyavasthita thayo, tenI hakumata DhIlI paDI, ane prAMtika amaladAre pitAnI marajI mAphaka vartavA lAgyA. AthI aMgrejone keI ekaja dhaNI rahyo nahIM. pratyeka adhikArIne lAMca ApI tenuM mahoruM baMdha karatAM kaMpanIne bhAre nukasAna thavA lAgyuM tyAre ja paDatI herAnagatImAMthI chUTavA mATe yAtrALu jahAjone herAna karI aMgreja leke khuda bAdazAhane jANe dhamakA vavA lAgyA. mogala bAdazAhInI utaratI kaLA ane kaMpanInI caDhatI kaLA eja arasAmAM iMglaMDamAM sarva prakAranI gya vyavasthA thatAM kaMpanInI sthiti majabUta thaI tyAre megala bAdazAhI lathaDI paDI, ane hiMdustAnanuM rAjya je kaI baLavAna hoya tenA hAthamAM jatuM hatuM ema sarva koIne lAgavA mAMDayuM. bAdazAha dakSiNamAM rahevAthI tenA rAjyane baMdebasta DhIluM paDI gayo, ane navAM jItelAM vijApUra tathA govaLakeDAnA prAMtamAM tene amala jAye nahIM. vaLI dUra dUranA kinArA upara tene kAbu narama paDe, A navA chatAyelA pradezanA amaladAre ane bAdazAhanA asala zatru marAThAo tenA upara vera levA mATe kaMpanInA madadagAra thayA; ethI kaMpanIne pitAnI killebaMdhI gya rIte parIpUrNa karavAmAM aDacaNa AvI nahIM. kaMpanIne subhAge te veLA yurepamAM kAnsa ane holenDa vacce yuddha cAlatuM hovAthI e banne dezanI prajA taraphathI hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejone

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hiMdustAnane avAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je kaMIpaNa pratibaMdha naDaze nahIM. TuMkamAM kAnsanA luI ane hiMdustAnanA auraMgajeba bAdazAha taraphathI A dezamAM aMgrejI rAjyane pAye majabUta karavAmAM ADakatrI paraMtu saMpUrNa madada maLI hatI. uparanI aMgreja-mogala takarAranI bIjI bAjunI hakIkata vAMcatAM aMdaranuM rahasya jaNAI Avaze. "jakAtanI mAphI' e zabda ghaNuM sAdA dekhAya che, paNa tene lIdhe saghaLI jAtane vepAra mAphIdAronA hAthamAM gaye hatuM. baMgALAmAM A jakAta vizene raMTa se varSa lagI cAlyo hate. sane 1756-57 mAM navAba surAjauda-daulAne, ane sane 1763 mAM mIra kAsamane aMgrejo sAthe thayelA yuddhanuM kAraNa A jakAtaja hatI. zaIstakhAna A praznanuM mahatva samajate hate chatAM paNa khuda bAdazAhanA pharamAnane mAna ApavAnI tene pharaja paDI. A bAbatamAM jahAMgIra ane zAhajahAnanA samayamAM kaMpanIne je savaLatA maLI nahIM te saghaLI auraMgajeba bAdazAha nA amalamAM tene maLI. mIThuM, maracAM, sopArI, taMbAku vagere garIba lokonA rejanA nirvAhanI vastuone temaja hiMdustAnamAM pAkatI tathA tyAMja khapanArI jaNane vepAra suddhAM jakAtanI mAphIne lIdhe aMgrejonA hAthamAM gayo. auraMgajebe ApelI A paravAnagIne pariNAme so varSa sudhI baMgALAnA subedArane asahya bojo khamavo paDe hate. Akhare mIra kAsame saghaLI jakAta mApha karI teTalAthI paNa satiSa nahIM pAmatAM aMgrejoe laDAI karI baMgALA prAMta pitAnA kabajAmAM lIdho. sArAMzamAM A jakAtanI takarArane lIdhe aMgrejI rAjyane praveza A dezamAM thayo. A saghaLI hakIkata aMgreja graMthakArenI che; sAmI bAjInuM kahevuM zuM hatuM ane zastakhAnanI takarAra aMgrejo virUddha kevA prakAranI hatI tene khulAse temaNe na Apela hovAthI aitihAsika draSTie A praznanuM vivecana saMpUrNa rIte samajAtuM nathI. sana 1688 mAM thayelA anubhava pachI kaMpanIe keTalIka bAbata lakSamAM rAkhI. paheluM te jamIna upara mogale sAme hAtha ajamAvavA tene mATe azakya hatuM; bIjuM makake jatAM yAtrALu vahANane herAna karavAthI tathA

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prakaraNa 12 muM. ] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. 317 kAphalAnI madadathI moTAM moTAM vepArI baMdaranI nAkebaMdhI karavAthI mogalo keTaleka aMze kAbUmAM Avaze ema tene lAgyuM. trIjuM killebaMdhI karyA sivAya tathA lazkara rAkhyA sivAya pArakAM rAjyamAM vakhArane nibhAva thaI zakaze nahIM. eTale jyAM vepAra calAvavAnuM hoya tyAM pitAnA rakSaNa mATenI tajavIja pahelethI ja karavI joIe ema temane nizcaya thaye. ema chatAM vakhAranAM rakSaNa mATe karavAnAM bacAvanAM kAme mATe kharaca kANe bharapAI kare e moTo savAla hate. kaMpanIne rAjya levuM nahotuM eTale bacAva mATe killebaMdhI karavA te nA pADatI. evI aDacaNa ubhI thatAM sara jozuA cAIlve valaMdA blokanI paddhati svIkArI. je ThekANe evAM kAma karavAnI jarUra jaNAya tyAMnA leke upara kara nAMkhI kharaca nI jogavAI karavAnI ane parabhA nANuM ubhuM karavAnI yukti eNe zodhI kahADI. "vepAra ane vasulAta" e utpannanI be bAbato sane 1684 pachI zarU thaI. eziyAkhaMDamAM bIjA keI paNa rAjya karatAM amArI hadamAM rahenArA leke vadhAre surakSita ane koI paNa jAtanI dhAstI rahita hevAthI e surakSitapaNAnI kimata temanI pAsethI vasula karavI joIe." evo kaMpanIe TharAva karyo. sane 1688 mAM madrAsamAM myunisipAlITI sthApavAmAM AvI ane temAM sarva lekenA pratinidhI bolAvavAnuM TharyuM. A navI saMsthAmAM divAnI ane lazkarI amalanuM uttama rIte joDANa karI vasulAtanI evI paddhati nakakI karavI ke te namunA upara AgaLa jatAM majabUta ane kAyamanuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejone subhAgye sthApavAne banI Ave. amArI sAthe je sAre saMbaMdha rAkhe temanA upara julama karavAnI amArI IcchA nathI. yogya" ane "Dha" e be zabdamAM amArA hetunuM rahasya raheluM che. amAre vepAra vadhAravAnI amArI IcchA che kharI, paNa te pramANe dareka ThekANunuM vasulAta vadhAravA mATe tamAre udyoga karavo joIe. amArA vepAramAM aneka vina Ave che paNa vasulAta zarU thaI gaI hoya te amArI sattAne dhakake Ave nahIM, ane tethI karIne ja hiMdustAnamAM amAruM rAjya kAyama thaze. ema nahIM thAya te

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jatAM rAje kaLA tethI tenI Ave chekAma 368 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ame mAtra cAMcIA vepArI chIe ema samajIzuM. valaMdA lekee Aja mArga svIkAryo che. vepAra karatAM dasa ghaNuM lakSa teo rAjya tarapha Ape che, ane tethIja masAlAnA TApu tathA jApAnamAM teo sarasAI bhogave che." roe TharAvI ApelI paddhati cheDI daI kaMpanIe A navI rAhane khullI rIte aMgIkAra karyo. IglaMDamAM sane 1989 mAM moTI rAjyakrAnti thaI teja mAphaka kaMpanInA vahivaTamAM paNa te varSe eka moTo pheraphAra thayo. A vakhatathI kaMpanIne AgaLa jatAM rAjya sthApavAnAM svapnamAM AvavA lAgyAM. e svapnAM teja samaye auraMgajeba kaLI zake nahIM. e bahArathI sarvoparI sattA bhogavate jaNuM hatuM, paNa aMdarakhAnethI tenI bAdazAhImAM dhIre paNa sacoTa pheraphAra thatA hatA te A ThekANe spaSTa jaNAI Ave che. kAmamAM auraMgajeba bAdazAha jahAMgIra ane zAhajahAna bane karatAM vadhAre cAlAka ane hoMzIAra hatA, paNa durAgrahathI teNe potAnA rAjyanuM, vaMzanuM ane dezanuM hameza mATe nukasAna karyuM hatuM. ' kaMpanI tathA auraMgajeba vacce cAlelA upara varNavelA jhagaDAmAM bAdazAha ATale bephIkara ane niSkALajI dekhAya che e kaMika Azcaryajanaka che. vistIrNa rAjyanA khuNekhAMcarAmAM banatA banAvanI bAtamI vidyutavege je bAdazAhane maLatI, ane sarakArI bAbatamAM paNa jenA hukamanuM yatkiMcita ullaMghana thaI zakyuM nahIM, te dhUrta ane cAlAka purUSa yuropiyanenI yuktio saveLA samajI zakyo nahIM e mATe svAbhAvika rIte kheda thAya che. yuropiyana leke kinArA upara te veLAnAM pAMcadasa aprasiddha ThekANe AvI vasyA hatA. bAdazAha temane keIpaNa bAbatamAM yogya gaNate nahIM. paNa darIA upara nAkebaMdhI karI teo pAchaLathI enA upara caDI besaze e te bIlakulaja samajyo nahIM; paNa ulaTa te aMgrejone pitAnA khAsa upayoganAM mANasa tarIke gaNate. surata tathA baMgALAnA bAdazAhI amaladAre yuropiyananAM kRtye bAdazAha rUbarU khullAM karI ApatA, paNa temanAM vAjabI kaheNane puSTI ApavAnuM cheDI daI bAdazAha temane dhamakAvate hate.

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prakaraNa 12 muM] rAjya sthApanAne lebha. paDatInA vakhatamAM DAhyA mANasanI paNa akkala bahera mArI jAya che tenuM A udAharaNa che. I. sa. 1701 mAM auraMgajeba pharIthI paradezIo upara gusse thaI gayo, ane teNe saghaLA aMgrejone dezamAMthI bahAra kahADavA hukama Apyo. AvA kaDaka hukama mATe aMgreje pote ja jokhamadAra hatA. darasAla bAdazAhanuM vahANa suratathI makkA ane jI vagere mATe puSkaLa mAla bharI mokhA baMdare jatuM. sane 1701 mAM te jahAja pAchuM pharatuM hatuM tyAre tenA upara sonuM cAMdI maLI para lAkha rUpIA aveja hatuM. vahANane kaptAna IbrAhimakhAna hato, ane tenI pAse 80 tApa, 400 baMduka ane bIjA hathIAre hatAM. e jahAja mokhAthI nIkaLI surata tarapha AvatuM hatuM, tyAre ATha nava divase tene eka nAnuM sarakhuM aMgreja vahANa maLyuM. ubhaya vacce laDAI thatAM aMgrejoe megalanuM vahANa pakaDayuM, te uparanAM saghaLAM mANasone keda karyo ane saghaLo khajAno lUMTI lIdho. A vartamAna bAdazAhane pahoMcatAM teno gusso hadapAra uzkerAI gayo, ane teNe surata, muMbaI vagere ThekANethI temane hAMkI mukavAno hukama kahADo. bAdazAhanA gussAnuM bIjuM kAraNa e hatuM ke aMgrejoe TaMkazALa sthApI pitAnAM nANAM pADavA mAMDayAM hatAM. A takarArano niveDo ANavA sArU khAphIkhAna muMbaI gayo tyAre tene kaMpanI taraphathI evo javAba maLyo ke je lekee vahANa lUTayuM hatuM teo kaMpanInI nokarImAM nahotA, ane jeo baratarapha thayA hatA teoja Avo dhaMdho laI beThA hatA. ekaMdara rIte porTugIjha, valaMdA ane aMgreja e saghaLAnAM ekatra vartanathI mogala bAdazAhIne kevuM nukasAna thatuM hatuM tene vicAra uparanI hakIkatathI vAcakavarga karI zakaze. pa, madrAsanI sthiti -adyApi kaMpanInI mukhya keThI pazcima kinArA upara hovAthI, ane baMgALAnI vakhAre madrAsathI svataMtra thayelI hovAthI, jyAre auraMgajebanuM lakSa surata ane kalakattA tarapha lAgeluM hatuM tyAre madrAsanI koThInA amaladAre zAMta rIte upayukta kAma karyA jatA hatA. A kAThInI vyavasthA ghaNe aMze surata vageremAM cAlatI goThavaNa sarakhI ja hatI.madrAsanI sthApanA pachI tyAM AvelA mukhya gavarnare nIce pramANe hatA - * juo prakaraNa 10 muM vibhAga 3 je.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. sara viliama legahone sane 1670-1677. sTrensama mAsTara , 1677-1683. viliama giI * 1683-1698. misa piTa 1698-1708. kaeNleTa + 1717-1720. sara viliama legahornanA samayamAM madrAsanI sthiti ghaNI bhayabhIta thaI hatI. tenI dakSiNe AveluM senTa menuM baMdara kejo kAphalAe kabaje karavAthI te pAchuM levA mATe gavaLakanDAna senApati bAbA sAheba meTuM lazkara laI pUrva kinArA para Avyo. phrenca sAthe laDavAmAM aMgrejoe tene madada nahIM karavAthI bAbA sAheba ghaNo gusse thaya paNa jAte kaMI na karI zakavAthI deDha varSa nakAmuM gayuM, ane te daramiyAna kenca lokee bacAvanAM kAme ubhAM karyA tethI senTa me bAbA sAhebanA hAthamAM AvyuM nahIM. e vakhate madrAsane kille senTa TIme jeTale majabata nahote, eTale zatrunA hAthamAM sapaDAyA karatAM madrAsa emane ema acAnaka choDI devAne kaMIka veLA aMgrejoe vicAra karyo. e pachI sane 1674 mAM valaMdA lokoe kenca leke pAsathI senTa Tame chInavI lIdhuM, ane vakhate madrAsa paNa teo kabaje karate, paNa eTalAmAM yuropamAM iMgleMDa ane helanDa vacce salAha thayAnI bAtamI maLatAM valaMdAo tema karatAM aTakyA, ane madrAsanA aMgrejonA jIvamAM jIva Avyo. ahIM aMgrejo nItipUrvaka rahe teTalA mATe legahone keTalAka niyama TharAvyA hatA, ane saghaLI jAtanA gunhA mATe zikSA paNa nirmANa karI hatI. ema chatAM lekenI nIti saMtoSakAraka nahatI. TaMTA ane mArAmArI mAtra dArUnI dukAna tathA bajAramAMja thatAM evuM kaMI nahatuM paNa bhara kansilamAM suddhAM vAraMvAra tophAna thatAM. madrAsamAM peTika vornara nAmano eka pAdarI hatI te lakhe che (tA. 31 jAnevArI, sane 1676) ke DAyarekaTara mahArAja, Apa dharmAbhimAnI heI, ApanA manamAM Izvara mATe pujyabuddhi che ema huM samajuM chuM; paNa

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371 prakaraNa 12 muM. rAjya sthApanAne lebha. ApanA deza baMdhuo ahIM hiMdustAnamAM evAM niMdya AcaraNa kare che ke te ApanA kAne upara AvatAM Apane te bAbata saMtApa thayA vinA raheze nahIM. madyapAna ane bhraSTatA A lekamAM eTalAM cAle che ke tenuM varNana sAMbhaLI ApanAM rUAM ubhAM thaI jaze. A saghaLuM khule divase cAlatuM hovA chatAM te mATe e lekene yatkiMcita zarama AvatI nathI. dArU, jugAra ane vyabhicArane lIdhe A lake ApanuM keTaluM nukasAna kare che tenuM varNana karavuM azakya che." siMgApA karIne goLakeDAnI nokarImAM eka lazkarI amaladAra hato. teNe madrAsa upara svArI karI cAra mahinA sudhI aMgrejone herAna karyA ane tene saghaLo vepAra baMdha pADe. Akhare nAIlAja thaI trIsahajAra rUpIA daMDa bharI liMgApAnA trAsamAMthI aMgreja chUTyA. sane 1679 mAM zivAjI karNATakamAMthI pAchA pharatAM madrAsa Avyo tyAre aMgrejoe base aDhIsene sAmAna tene najarANuM tarIke bheTa karyo. madrAsanI AsapAsanA dezI lokone pakaDI paradeza laI jaI temane gulAma tarIke vecavAne cAlato rIvAja aTakAvavA mATe tyAMnA adhikArIo prayatna karatA hatA (sane 1683). A dhaMdhe mukhyatve karI valaMdA ane porTugIjha lake calAvatA, ane te aTakAvavA mATe megala bAdazAhe paNa cAlu prayatna karyA hatA. koleTanA samayamAM madrAsanA aMgreja leke pAse puSkaLa gulAma hatA. ghaNAoe strIone gulAma tarIke rAkhI hatI. AvA saMbaMdhathI thayelI saMtati mATe be dharmAdA zALAo kahADavAmAM AvI hatI. kaMpanInA madrAsanA daphataramAM A gulAma bAbata ghaNuM jANavAjoga mAhitI ApelI che. sane 1987mAM auraMgajebe gavaLakonA kabaje karavAthI te tarapha aMgrejo upara paDate trAsa ghaNo ghaTI gayo, kemake temane dhamakAvI zake tevI mAtra megalanI ja sattA hatI. jhulaphIkArakhAne jaMjIne ghere ghAlyo te veLA megala lazkarane dArUgoLo vagere laDAIne sAmAna kaMpanIe madrAsamAMthI pure pADayuM hatuM. ghaNI vakhata marAThAo taraphathI parAbhava pAmI megala amala

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37ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. dArA pitAnAM lazkara sahita madrAsamAM aMgrejonA Azraya heThaLa AvI rahetA. jIjInA gherAmAM marAThAoe megala phejane evI bArIka hAlatamAM ANI nAkhI hatI ke rAjArAma ane tenA saradArone jarA paNa herAna nahIM karavA mATe aMgrejone pitAnA nekarane tAkIda karavI paDI hatI. jhulakArakhAne aMgrejo pAse sADAtraNa lAkha rUpIA vyAje mAMgyA hatA, paNuM kaMpanI tenI mAgaNI svIkArI zakI nahIM. chaMcha paDayA pachI 40,000 rUpIA bharI jhulaNIkAra mAraphate aMgrejoe bAdazAha pAsethI vepAranI sanada meLavI. AvI rIte aneka vakhate sthAnika adhikArIone lAMca rUzavatathI dabAvI aMgrejo pitAne bacAva karatA athavA kAma kahADI letA. madrAsanI dakSiNe AvelA nAgApaTaNanI AsapAsane cheDe pradeza chatrapati rAjArAma pAsethI kharIdI laI aMgrejoe kerTa senTa DeviDa nAmano navo kille bAMdhyo. prakaraNa 13 muM. . niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce Tio. 1 cAMcI ApaNane dhaMdhe. 2. navI kaMpanInI sthApanA 3. be kaMpanIo vacce hiMdustAnamAM vidhi. 4. sara viliamanaeNrisanI daramiAnagirI. pa. be kaMpanInAM joDANa mATe bhAMjagaDa. 6. saMmelana ane tenuM pariNAma 7. bhAvI rAjya sthApanAnI siddhatA. cAMcI ApaNane dhaMdha-hiMdustAnanA vepAramAM kapanIne kAlpanika prApti thatAM IgleMDanA lekenA manamAM te bAbata maTI zaMkA utpanna thaI. bhAgIdAronAM nANAM puratAM ApI devAyAM te paNa zerane bhAva 500 paDa rahe te uparathI kaMpanI lUMTa calAve che ke zuM ema aMgreja prajAne lAgavA mAMDayuM. sane 1665 mAM laMDanamAM bhayaMkara marakInA sapATAmAM hajAro mANasa maraNa pAmyAM, ane bIje varSe nAzakAraka agnipralayathI lekanuM puSkaLa nukasAna thayuM. paraMtu kaMpanIne A IzvarI kepanI kaMI paNa asara

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prakaraNa 13 muMniyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce TaTa. 373 lAgI nahIM, ane tenI AbAdI kAyama ja rahI. AthI tenI sAmA aneka zatruo utpanna thayA. paNa bIjA cArlsa temaja bIjA jemsa rAjAnA amalamAM kaMpanIne rAjyane sAre Teke hovAthI zatruonuM kaMI cAlyuM nahIM. kaMpanIe kaMIka narama paDI marajImAM Ave tene pitAnA Azraya heThaLa vepAra karavAnI savaLatA karI ApI keTalAkane samajAvI lIdhA, tethI temaja potAnA nokarane paNa khAnagI vepAra calAvavA chUTa ApavAthI puSkaLa aMgrejoe A dezamAM AvI muMbaI madrAsa vagere ThekANe khAnagI vepAra karavA mAMDayo. A pachI keTaleka vakhata kaMpanInA zatru onAM heDAM baMdha thayAM; paNa A khAnagI vepAranI noMdha rAkhavAnuM ane te upara dekharekha rAkhavAnuM kaMpanIne ghaNuM kaThaNa paDavA lAgyuM. vaLI hiMdustAnamAMnA tenA vyavasthApakomAM anukrame jozuA cAIlDa ane TaeNmasa paipilananA mukhapaNA heThaLa be pakSa paDI gayA hatA. cAIlDanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke saghaLo vepAra kaMpanI jevI eka saMsthAnAja tAbAmAM have joIe. paNa paipilenanA vicAra pramANe vepAra saghaLA mATe eka sarakho khulle hevo joIe, ane rAjAne te upara aTakAva nAMkhavAne adhikAra nahote. rAjAnI kRpAthI ApaNe game te karI zakIzuM evI cAIlDanI himata hatI; paNa kaMpanImAM AkhA dezano samAveza karI vepAramAMthI thate phAyade sarvane sarakhe hissa meLavavA devAnI khaTapaTa eNpilane upADI hatI. Akhare moTA moTA adhikArIone paisA vagerenI lAMca ApI cAIlDa potAne mata kaMpanI pAse siddha karAvyo. te pote te ghaNeja dhanADhya thayuM hatuM. sane 1983 mAM teNe pitAnI chokarI Dayuka Apha bephanA chokarA sAthe paraNAvI te veLA pAMca lAkha rUpIA paherAmaNImAM ApyA hatA; sane 1692 bIjI chokarInAM lagna vakhate paherAmaNImAM cAra lAkha rUpIA ApyAnI gapa uDI hatI. tene chokare sara ricarDa cAIlDa ala thaye hato, ane teNe baeNnTeDane bAga (Banstead Park) vecAta laI tyAM akharoTanAM jhADa repI macchIkhAnuM bAMdhavAmAM vIsa lAkha rUpIA kharca karyo hato. A pramANe cAIlDanA pakSanI sarasAI thatAM pepilonanA anu

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374 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. yAyIone sakhata zikSA khamavI paDI, ane te keTaleka vakhata lagI kaMI paNa karavA azakta thayo. paMpilena pite iMglaMDamAMthI nAsI jaI helenDamAM yuTreca zaheramAM bharAye. cAIlDanI aDacaNo A pramANe dUra thatAM teNe pitAne abhiprAya puravAra karI ApavA draDha nizcaya karyo, ane e kAmamAM hiMdustAnamAMnA tenA bhAI taraphanI madada meLavI. ahIM kaMpanIne mata rada karAvavA pApalenanA pakSane udyoga cAluja hatuM. rAtA samudranA bane kinArA uparanA pradezamAM tuka kaMpanI nAmanuM eka maMDaLa ghaNuM divase thayAM vepAra karatuM hatuM. teNe sane 1682 mAM kepa opha guDa hepane mArga rAtA samudramAM mAla lAvavAnI paravAnagI rAjA pAsethI mAMgI. A paravAnagI meLavavI eTale IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA makatAne ADaka sapATa lagAva e khulluM hovAthI e bAbata puSkaLa khaTapaTa thaI, ane Akhare rAjAe tuka kaMpanInI mAMgaNIne asvIkAra karyo. A pramANe bahAranA vepAranA savAlano niveDe AvatAM e kaMpanIe pitAne hetu bara lAvavA navIja yukti karI. IsTa IDIA kaMpanInA haka virUddha je leke vepAra karatA hoya temanAM vahANe ane mAla pakaDI kaMpanIe svAdhIna levAM, ane e bAbatamAM upasthita thatI takarAranA nirAkaraNa mATe teNe eka Aramara korTa sthApavI, evuM pharamAna rAjAe sane 1983 mAM ApyuM hatuM. A hukama ApavAne rAjAne adhikAra nathI evuM kaMpanInA virUddha pakSe jAhera karI thomasa saDisa (ThomasSandys) nAmanA grahastha mAraphata e bAbata nyAyAdhIzI AgaLa dAvArUpe ANI, kemake saeNnDisanAM vahANe kaMpanIe pakaDayAM hatAM. A dAvo iMglaMDanA lairDa cIpha jasTisa jekrisa AgaLa eka varSa sudhI cA bane pakSe pitAnuM jora ajamAvavAmAM kaMI bAkI rAkhyuM nahIM. eka bAjue rAjA tathA kaMpanI hatAM, ane temanI sAmI bAjue kaMpanInA maktA virUddha pikAra uThAvanArA vepArIo hatA. IgleMDamAMnA te samayanA nAmAMkita kAyadA paMDIte A dAvAmAM sAmila thayA hatA, ane tene eka moTuM aitihAsika rUpa maLyuM hatuM. niyaMtrita vepAra ane aniyaMtrita vepAra vacce AgaLa jatAM thayelAM mahAna yuddhane A mAtra pUrvaraMga hatA. rAja

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prakaraNa 13 muM] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce TaTe. 375 pakSane mukhya vakIla holTa hatuM, ane lekapakSa taraphathI sara jyorja TrebI hate. holTanI takarAra evI hatI ke koI paNa aMgrejane rAjAnI para vAnagInuM ullaMghana karI paradhamI rASTra sAthe vepAra karavAne adhikAra nahote, kAraNa ke IMglaDanA rAjA ane paradezanA rAjA vacce thayelA pratyakSa kelakarAranI rUe A vepAra zarU thayela hovAthI rAja jene paravAnagI Ape teja A vepAra karI zake. pitAnA adhikAra anvaye rAjAe A vepAra kaMpanIne soMpela hovAthI bIjAone tenI vacce paDavAno adhikAra nathI. A sAme ulaTa pakSanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke, "trIjA eDavarDa rAjAe (sane 13271377) samudra sarva prakAranA vepAra mATe khulle che evo TharAva karelo hovAthI IsTa IDIA kaMpanIne vepArI makate ApatAM bIjAone samudra upara che7 saMcAra karavAne haka chInavI levAne IlijhAbetha rANIne adhikAra nahe, ane te ja pramANe cArja rAjA paNa e bAbatamAM dakhala karavA azakta hate. paradharmIo sAthe rAjAnI paravAnagI vinA lekene vepAra karavAno adhikAra nathI e kahevuM mUrkhAI bhareluM che. turka ane valaMdA leke khristIo sAthe vepAra karI pitAnA dAvA nyAyAdhIzImAM lAve che. iMglaMDanA rAjAe paradezanA rAjA sAthe vepAra bAbata taha karI te pachI tene phAyado AkhA dezane maLavo joIe; amuka vyaktineja tene lAbha maLe, ane bIjAo temAMthI dUra rahe evo bheda rAkhavA tene sattA nathI. vaLI kaMpanI kaMI drazya vastu nathI. Apa tene vyavahAra phakta vyaktimAMja thaI zake che, ane leNadAra deNadArane oLakhI zake che. paraMtu A kaMpanInI sthiti tevI nathI. tene jIva nathI, tema deha paNa nathI. tenI sattA AkhA samudra upara cAlatI kahevAya che, paNa najara karIe te kethe dekhAtI nathI. je AvI kaMpanI bIjA aMgrejone dhaMdhA rojagAra karatI aTakAve te AkhA dezane vepAra vadhAravA mATe te sthApana thaI che ema kema kahI zakAya ?" A pramANe aneka vidvAna dhArA zAstrIonAM bhASaNa thayA pachI Akhare cIpha jasTisa jephise kaMpanInI tarapheNamAM cukAde Ae. jekrisa rAjAnA dabANamAM hovAthI A sivAya bIjo

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376 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. nikAla the zakya nahotuM, paNa A cukAdAthI temAM samAyabrA mahatvanA savAla upara gya carcA thaI hatI. asara jozuA cAIlDanA hAthamAM A cukAdo AvatAM teNe kaMpanInA vepAramAM dAkhala karanArA mANasone tAbaDatoba baMdobasta karyo, paNa tethI vepAranuM khulluM svarUpa jatuM rahI tene cerI tathA cAMcI ApaNAnuM svarUpa prApta thayuM. A pramANe zarU thayele cAMcI ApaNano dhaMdhe ghaNuM divasa sudhI cAlyuM, ane temAM kiDa (Kidd), evarI (Avory) vagere aneka cAMcIAo nAmAMkita thayA, teo mADAgAskara vagere ThekANe rahI kaMpanInAM jatAM AvatAM vahANa upara hallo karI tene lUMTatA, AthI moTA aphATa pradeza upara khAnagI vepAra baMdha karavAnuM keTaluM azakya hatuM te sahaja jaNAI AvyuM. kaMpanInI nokarImAMthI baratarapha thayelA leke kaMI paNa aDacaNa vinA A dhaMdho karatA, laMDananA keTalAka vepArIo mAraphata nANAnI temaja bIjI madada meLavatA, ane hiMdustAnamAMnA rAjAo sAthe saMbaMdha rAkhatA. A dezanA pUrva kinArA upara AvA lokoe kaMpanI virUddha pitAnAM vasAhata sthApyAM hatAM. caeNmasa piTa nAmane eka prahastha sane 1674 mAM bAlAseramAM AvI rahyo, ane agIAra varSa lagI IrAnathI baMgALA paryatanA kinArA upara vepAra calAvI dhanADhaya thayo. kaMpanInI dhamakI teNe pata karI nahIM, ane tene pakaDavA mATe thayelA aneka prayatna niSphaLa gayA. enAM karyo virUddha kaMpanIe megala subedAra rUbarU pharIAda karI, paNa piTe lAMca ApI tenuM maheDuM baMdha karyuM. 1683 mAM piTa aDhaLaka delata laI igleMDa pAcho pharatA hatA tyAre tenI sAmA nIkaLelA vaeNraMTanI rUe te kaMpanInA hAthamAM pakaDAI gayo. pitAnA chuTakArA mATe tene cAra lAkhanA jAmIna ApavA paDayA hatA. tenI upara cAra varSa lagI dA cAlyA bAda sane 1989 mAM tene 6000 rUpIAnA daMDanI zikSA thaI. e pachI tarataja te pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thaye, ane tyArathI khullI rIte kaMpanInI virUddha paDI tene vepArI ijA teDavA mATe khaTapaTa karI. sane 1693 mAM te pArlAmenTane sabhAsada hatA tyAre pharI ekavAra te hiMdustAna

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce TaTe. 377 AvI gaye. paNa eja arasAmAM bIjAM aneka kAraNane lIdhe pitAnI sthiti bhayabhIta thavAthI kaMpanIe pitAnA zatruone meLavI lIdhA, ane piTane sane 1697 mAM madrAsanA presiDanTanA oddhA upara ni. agIAra varSa A jagyAne kArabhAra bhegavI teNe pitAnAM temaja kaMpanInAM gajavAM bharavAmAM kaI bAkI rAkhyuM nahIM. sane 1709 mAM apAra saMpatti laI te IgleMDa pAcho gaya; tyAM eNe eka hIre 13 lAkha rUpiAnI kimate vecyA hatA. e "piTa harejyAre TrAnsanA rAjAe sane 1791 mAM kharIdyo tyAre tenI kimata 48 lAkha rUpIA aMkAI hatI. 2, navI kaMpanInI sthApanA-pAchalAM prakaraNamAM ApaNe joI gayA te pramANe kaMpanInI asIma AbAdIe tenI sAmAM asaMkhya duzmana ubhA karyA hatA. sane 1657 mAM ekaThI karelI vargaNI uparaja pachInAM trIsa varSa vepAra cAlele hevAthI kaMpanImAM navA sabhAsada dAkhala thaI zakyA nahIM; tenI hastakano saghaLo vepAra Asare 80 AsAmIonA tAbAmAM rahyA, ane temAMthI phakta pAMca dasa jaNAoe pitAnI mukhatyArI upara saghaLo kArabhAra calAvyuM. A gheTALo aTakAvavA mATe aneka carcA ane pharIAdo thaI. muThIbhara mANaso pitAnI marajImAM Ave teTaluM nANuM kaja kahADI vepAra calAve, ane joIe teTale phAyado meLave e atyaMta nidya vAta hatI; ethI rAjyanuM bhayaMkara nukasAna thAya che; rAjyanI delata paradeza ghasaDAI jAya e dezane ja ghAtaka che. evI aneka pharIAdo kaMpanInI hastInAM pahelAM pacAsa varSamAM saMbhaLAI hatI. e pachInAM 5cAsa varSa daramiAna gaNatarI mANasenA hAthamAM rASTrane saghaLo vepAra rahe e rAjyane nukasAnakAraka che evI takarAra tenA duzmanoe uThAvI hatI. sara jozuA cAIlDa, jenI tarapheNamAM kaMpanInA 80 mata hatA te, game tevA khoTA gapATA uDAvI paisA meLavavA tajavIja kare che. kaMpanInAM vahANo darIAmAM DubI gayAM evI nApAyAdAra khabarane lIdhe zerane bhAva utArI nAMkhI te kamAI karI le che. keIka divasa cAIlDane pratinidhI ekAeka zera bajAramAM AvI, nisAse nAMkhI ghaNuM duHkhamAM

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378 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo AvI paDe hoya ema batAvavAne TaeNga kare che, ane hiMdustAnamAMthI khedakAraka khabara AvelI hovAthI sara jozuA cAIlDa joIe te kimate pitAnA zera vecavA taiyAra che ema kahe che. AthI hehAkAra thatAM leke pitAnA zera tAbaDatoba vecI nAMkhe che eTalAmAM bIjI taraphathI cAIlDanA chupA anuyAyIo bajAramAM AvI teja zera kharIdI le che. A pramANe te eka lAkhanA zera seMkaDe 4-5 TakA beTa khAIvecI nAMkhe che, ane tarataja 10-12 TakAne naphe te dasa lAkha rUpIAnA zera kharIdI le che. AvI pharIAdo sara cAIlDa virUddha aneka vAra uThI hatI. kaMpanI sAme bIjI pharIAda evI hatI, ke rezamI, sutarAu ane garama kApaDa paradezathI IMglaDamAM AyAta karI teNe aMgreja kArIganA dhaMdhAne nAza karyo hate. A pharIAda sarakArane kAne nAMkhavAmAM AvI, paNa jemsa rAjAnI sahAyatAnA jora upara cAIlDa te bAbata kaMI paNa dAda ApI nahIM, ulaTuM sane 1686 mAM teNe sarva prakAranA adhikAranI sanada rAjA pAsethI meLavI lIdhI. vaLI kaMpanIne dareka rIte madada karavA rAjAe pitAnA saghaLA adhikArIone hukama ApavAthI cAIlDane ghaNuM abhimAna AvyuM. kaMpanI A agAu eka nAnI vepArI maMDaLI hatI, paNa have te hiMdustAnamAM rAjAno adhikAra dhAmadhumathI calAve che evI magarUrI teNe batAvI. A vAtane be varSa thayAM nahIM eTalAmAM iMglaMDamAM rAjyakrAnita thatAM saghaLuM badalAI gayuM. jemsa pitAnA zere vecI nAMkhI phrAnsamAM jaI beThe. jekrise turaMgamAM paDatAM AtmaghAta karyo; ane pArlAmenTa kaMpanI virUddha uThI rahelA kolAhala bAbata tajasusa karavA taiyAra thaI. kaMpanInA kArabhArIoe A samaye racelI bAjInuM utkRSTa varNana mekolenA ItihAsamAM ApyuM che. A vakhatanI tenI yukitaprayuktimAMja hiMdustAnanuM rAjya jItavAnI ane te TakAvI rAkhavAnI zakita bIjA se deDhaso varSamAM kaMpanIne kevI rIte prApta thaI tenuM rahasya samAyeluM che. sane 1688 nI rAjyakrAnti agAu pArlAmenTa kaMpanIne kAmakAja upara ghaNuM lakSa ApyuM nahotuM. paNa have saghaLuM zAMta thatAM sane 1989

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce . 379 mAM kaMpanI virUddhanI sadhI pharIAdo nyAyAdhIzImAMthI pArlAmenTa rUbarU AvI. tapAsa uparathI agAunI vargaNI baMdha karI navI kaMpanI sthApana karavA, ane tene vahivaTa zarU thAya tyAM sudhI IsTa inDIA kaMpanIe vepAra calAvavA sane 1690 mAM TharAva karavAthI kaMpanInA virUddha pakSe ekadama moTe bhaMDoLa ubho karI bIje ja varSe eka navI kaMpanI sthApI. A kaMpanI potAnI sabhA skinarsa haila (Skinners Hall) mAM bharatI , ane temAM junI kaMpanIne ko virodhI paMpilona agrasthAne hate. pArlAmenTa kaMpanIne bhaMDaLa deDha karoDa rUpIA jeTaluM vadhArI, tathA koI paNa eka sakhase paNa lAkha karatAM vadhAre kimatanA zera levA nahIM evo nibaMdha mukI, bane kaMpanIne joDI devA prayatna karyo. paNa e vAta junI kaMpanIne pasaMda paDI nahIM. A bAbata cAIDe potAnI haTha choDI nahIM tyAre junI kaMpanI rada karI navI kaMpanIne saghaLo vepAra soMpavA mATe hAusa opha kaeNmanse rAjAne mAgaNI karI. rAjAe paNa banne kaMpanIne ekatra karavA mahenata karI, paNa cAIlDanA Agrahane lIdhe kaMI paNa siddha thayuM nahIM tyAre kaMpanIne traNa varSanI mudata ApI pachI te baMdha karavAne TharAva tho (sa. 1693). A vicAra amalamAM mukAya te pahelAM cAIlve darabArIone lAMca ApI pradhAna maMDaLa mAraphata pUrvanA saghaLA haka sAthe 21 varSanI mudatanI navI sanada IsTa InDIA kaMpanI mATe meLavI lIdhI. e sanadanI rUe na bhaDaLa paNa kareDane rAkhI eka mANase eka lAkhathI vadhAre kimatanA zere levA nahIM, ane kaMpanInI sabhAmAM tene dasathI vadhAre mata ApavAno adhikAra Ape nahIM e TharAva thayo hate. pArlAmenTane A hakIkata arUcikara thatAM, teNe keTalIka pharIAdonI tapAsa karI hiMdustAnane vepAra joIe teNe karo e hukama kahAye. AthI rAjAnA haka upara tarApa paDI. cAIDe ApelI rUzavata bAbata paNa pArlAmenTe tapAsa karI paraMtu pitAne badale bIjA mANasane AgaLa karI cAIlDa chaTakI gaye. eTalAmAM skoTalenDamAM ubhI thayelI navI kaMpanIe hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra zarU karyo, paNa tenI avadazA thatAM DA samayamAM

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380 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. te bhAMgI paDI. hajI pArlAmenTamAM cAlate banne kaMpanIne paraspara virodha aTake nahe. sane 1697 mAM traNa hajAra vaNakaree cAIlDanA gharapara hallo karI kaMpanIne prajAne lUTayo. bIje varSe jemsa rAjAne vyAje nANuM joItuM hovAthI IsTa inDIA kaMpanIe 70 lAkha rUpIA 4 TakAne vyAje dhIravA mAgaNI karI; tenI sAmA bIjI kaMpanIe be karoDa rUpIA 8 TakAne vyAje rAjAne ApavA pitAnI khuzI batAvI. teja varSamAM navIna kaMpanI sthApana karavA mATe kAyade pArlAmenTa pasAra karyo, ane teja kaMpanInI mAgaNI rAjAe svIkArI. AvI rIte kaMpanI pAsethI vyAje nANAM laI athavA najarANuM laI tene jarUranA haka ApavAne vahivaTa agAunA vakhatathI cAlu hatuM e ApaNe pAchaLa joyuM che. A navI kaMpanIe be karoDa rUpIA rAjAne dhIravA, ane bIjA be karoDanuM bhaMDoLa ubho karI hiMdustAna vagere deza sAthe vepAra calAvavo, game te aMgrejane kiMvA para mulakanA mANasane kaMpanInA zera levAmAM aDacaNa nAMkhavI nahIM, dhIrelI rakamanA vyAjamAM mIThuM, marI vagere keTalIka jaNa upara kaMpanIne jakAtanI mAphI maLe ane traNa varSa bAda jAnI kaMpanI vepAra karatI aTake, e pramANe TharAva thayo hate. A kaMpanInuM nAma "The English Company Trading to the East Indies' 214914i 24loj hatuM, ane devuM phITe tyAM sudhI tenI sanadanI mudata hatI. A navI kaMpanImAM 31 lAkhanA zera ekalI junI kaMpanIe lIdhA, ane traNa divasamAM be karoDanuM bhaMDoLa jame thaye, eTalA uparathI A vepAranA naphA upara lekene keTalo bharese have te jAhera thAya che. rAjA viliamanI A sanada ghaNI vistArathI lakhelI che, ane temAM hiMdustAnanA vepAra mATe cAlelI saghaLI bhAMjagaDane itihAsa ApavAmAM Avyo che. junI kaMpanInuM anukaraNa karI rAjAe navI kaMpanIne kArabhAra covIsa sabhAsadanI kamiTine soMpe, ane temane DAyarekaTaranI padavI ApI. lIlAma mINabattI bALI karavAM, 500 Tana surokhAra kharIdabhAve sarakArane pure pADavo, hisAbanA cepaDA saghaLAne jovA mATe khullA rAkhavA, pratyeka pAMca hajAranA zera lenArA nava AsA

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce TaTa. 381 mInI mAgaNuM uparathI samagra kArTanI sabhA avazya bharavI ja joIe, dareka vahANa temaja vasAhatamAM nidAna eka pAdarI rAkho, kaMpanInA karone piorTugIjha ane hiMdustAnanI bhASA zIkhavAnI pharaja pADavI, ItyAdi aneka kalame A navI sanadamAM hatI. Igliza kaMpanI sthApana thatAM IsTa InDIAnA bhAva ekadama gagaDI gayA, ane 33-40 para jaI aTakyA tepaNa te DagamagI nahIM. navI saMsthAne vepArane anubhava na hovAthI bane kaMpanIo koI paNa divasa jarUra ekatra thaze evI tenI agAuthI ja mAnyatA hatI; ane e pramANe dhIrajathI vartavA junI kaMpanI pitAnA hiMdamAMnA nekarane vAraMvAra lakhatI hatI. tenA eka patramAM heThaLano majakura maLI Ave che. ApaNAM ghUMTaNa jakaDAI gayAM che, ane A navAM bALake AgaLa ApaNe namatA nathI. zarUAtamAM evuM kahevAmAM AvatuM ke cAre dizA tarapha ApaNane nukasAna thatuM hovAthI ApaNe nAza najadIka hate. chatAM ApaNI himata upara ApaNe tarI pAra utaryA chIe; ane pahelAM nANuM gumAvyuM chatAM vadhAre rakama dhaMdhAmAM nAMkhI vepAra calAvyuM. evuM Aja paryata ApaNane keIe kahyuM nathI. A uparathI ApaNuM sthiti jaNAI Avaze; mATe AvA saMkaTa samaye ApaNe bIlakula gabharAtA nathI evuM dunIAne batAvavuM. tephAnathI jhADa uthalAI paDatAM nathI, mAtra tenAM pAMdaDAM jarA hAle che, ane tenAM mULa vadhAre makakama thAya che evI ApaNuM sthiti che. AvI aDacaNane lIdhe ApaNuM kAmane vadhAre majabUtI maLe che emAM saMzaya nathI." ema chatAM kaMpanInI muzkelIo thatI nahotI. sarakArane dhIravA puratuM nANuM ekadama ekaThuM thaI gayuM, paNa vepAra mATe joIta bhaDoLa maLyo nahIM; ane je DI ghaNI rakama AvI tenAthI makkamapaNe vepAra calAvavo zakya nahotuM. AvI hakIkatamAM navI kaMpanIe pitAne vepAra junI saMsthA sAthe joDI devA TharAva karyo paNa junIe te vicAra mAnya kayoM nahIM. traNa varSanI mudata vItyAbAda pitAnI sthiti kevI thaze te bAbata tene ghaNI dhAstI hatI, ane te dUra karavAnA hetuthI sapTembara 1701 thI

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382 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. e kaMpanI baMdha na karatAM temanI tema tene cAlu rAkhavA devA pArlAmenTane arajI karI, ane te ja veLA navI kaMpanIe bannene vepAra joDI devAne TharAva karyo. mArca 1999mAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI mAgaNuM pArlAmenTa taraphathI nAmaMjura thatAM beu kaMpanIe aikya karavAnI matalabathI khaTapaTa calAvI. Akhare dareka kaMpanInA sAta pratinidhIonI banelI sabhAe aikya karavAnuM raNa nakkI karI rIporTa karavA TharAva thaze. sane 1699 nA mArcathI DIsembara lagI A bAbata aneka vivecana thayAM paNa kaMI nizcayAtmaka pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. sane 1700 mAM pitAne dhaMdhe baMdha nahIM pADavA mATe IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe karelI arajI pArlAmenTa maMjura karavAthI tene ghaNI dhIraja AvI. keTaleka divase rAjA taraphathI A TharAvane anumodana maLatAM zerane bhAva je agAu 70 hatA te vadhI 149 thayo. AthI Igliza kaMpanInI dhIraja ghaTI gaI, ane beu saMsthAnI aikyatAnAM ciha adrazya thaI gayAM. - 3, be kaMpanIo vacce hiMdustAnamAM virodha-hiMdustAnamAM igliza kaMpanIe IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI paddhati svIkArI hatI. junI kaMpanIe kahADI mukelA juThA ane nAlAyaka lekane navI kaMpanIe nokarImAM rAkhavAthI banne vacce kalaha utpanna thayo. igliza kaMpanInAM mANasAe hiMdustAnamAMnA saghaLA aMgrejo upara hakumata calAvavA mAMDI, paNa IsTa inDIA kaMpanInA nekaroe sane 1701 sudhInI TharAvelI mudata purI thatAM lagI temanA hukama mAnya karyA nahIM. A takarAra mukhyatve karIne muMbaI, madrAsa ane baMgALAmAM cAlI hatI. e traNe ThekANe navI kaMpanInA je presiDanTa hatA te sarva IsTa InDIA kaMpanImAM mUrkha TharI baratarapha thayA hatA, ane teoe ja pitAnA zeThenuM kharekhara nukasAna karyuM hatuM. teone rAjAnA salAhakAra (King's counsel) nI viziSTa padavI ApavAmAM AvelI hevAthI teo A dezamAMnA junA ane navA saghaLA nekare upara pitAne amala calAvavA lAgyA hatA. paraMtu junI kaMpanInI mudata sane 1701 mAM purI thAya te pahelAM A pramANe pitAnI hakumata zarU karI ekameTI

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prakaraNa 13 muM. niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce Ta. 383 bhUla karI hatI. vAstavika rIte vepAra upara lakSa rAkhI temane isTa IDIA kaMpanInI ADe javA jarUra nahotI. 'amane pArlAmenTa nImI A dezamAM mokalyA che. amArA sanmAnArthe hathIAra namAvavAM joIe, ane saghaLAoe amArA hukama pALavAnuM vacana ApavuM joie, evAM abhimAnathI bharelAM vacanomAMja teoe pitAnuM kartavya mAnyuM. chatAM temanI pAse paisA temaja pheja hatAM nahIM, ane kAma paNa nahotuM eTale IsTa inDIA kaMpanInAM mANasoe temanA hukame tarachoDI kahADI temanI avadazA karI emAM kaMI vizeSa mahatuM. Igliza kaMpanInA DAyarekaTarone potAnA nokarenuM uddhAmapaNuM pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. Aja arasAmAM megala ane marAThAo muMbaInI AsapAsa bhamatA hevAthI ghaNuM kaTokaTInA vakhate IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne adhikArI sara jana geyara (Sir John Gayer) ghaNuM kaSTa veThI teonA humalA sAme muMbaInuM saMrakSaNa karatuM hatuM. darIA upara paNa saghaLI jAtanAM lUTArU vahANo muMbaI baMdaramAM dhasI AvI vAraMvAra dhADa pADatAM; ane 50 varSa pachI kalAI marAThAonA kAphalAne dabAvyA nahIM tyAM sudhI muMbaInI sthiti ghaNIja jokhamakAraka rahI. pite cAre taraphathI gherAyelo hovAthI temaja mAMhamAMhenI phATaphuTane lIdhe kaMTALI javAthI sara geyare sane 1699 mAM pitAnA eddhAnuM rAjInAmuM sAdara karyuM, paraMtu kaMpanIe te mAnya karyuM nahIM. ulaTI hiMdustAnamAM evI bAtamI AvI ke, IsTa InaDIA kaMpanInAM kRSNa kRtya rAjAnI jANamAM AvatAM teNe te ekadama baMdha karI che, ane igliza kaMpanInI yogya rIte sthApanA karI che. A khabarane anusarI Igliza kaMpanI taraphathI sara nikolasa veITa (Sir Nicholas Waite) sane 1700 mAM muMbaIne presiDanTa thaI AvyuM. e ghaNe uddAma ane mUrkha hatuM. tene suratamAMnA IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA adhikArIo taraphathI kaMI paNa AdarasatkAra nahIM maLe tyAre teNe potAnAM mANaso mokalI mAnanI vyavasthA karAvI. eTalAmAM suratanA megala subedAre tene jaNAvyuM ke "IMglaMDanA rAjAe tamane A dezamAM mokalyA hoya te paNa ahIM vepAra calAvavA

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384 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mATe amArA bAdazAhanuM pharamAna tame meLavo nahIM tyAM sudhI ame mAtra junI kaMpanIne ja mAnya ApIzuM, ane temAM tamAre dakhala karI tephAna karavAnuM kAraNa nathI." AvI rIte mahAmahe takarAra karI bane Iliza kaMpanI vaccene virodha hiMdustAnanA lekIne jAhera karavo e ThIka nahIM e pramANe geyare sara veITane aneka rIte samajAvyo, paNa teNe kaMI paNa vAta kAne dharI nahIM. teNe mogala bAdazAhane kaMI paNa vicAra karyA vinA jaNAvyuM ke, "IsTa InDIA kaMpanI cAra ane luTArU hevAthI tenAM kAmane bAdazAhI maMjurI maLavI joIe nahIM. AthI auraMgajebane pitto ekadama uchaLe. makake jatAM vahANane adyApi puSkaLa trAsa naDe havAthI aMgrejo cAMcIne dhaMdho karatA hatA ane teo ja luTArA hatA ema samajI bAdazAhe isTa inDIA kaMpanIne mAla pakaDI nekarene keda karavA prAMtaprAMtanA adhikArIone laI tAkIda karIne sara jona geyara pitAnI strI veITa sAthe bhAMjagaDa karavA muMbaIthI surata gayo hato tevAmAM ukta hukama anvaye tyAM pahoMcatAM ja mogalee tene keda karI baMdhIkhAnAmAM nAMkhyo. AvI sthitimAM tene ghaNuM varSa kahADavAM paDyAM hatAM. baMgALAmAM paNa Aja sthiti hatI. tyAM isTa inDIA kaMpanIne adhikArI jona bIarDa (John Beard) hatA, ane igliza kaMpanIne vahivaTa sara eDavarDa liTalaTana (Sir Edward Littleton) pAse ha. sane 1682 mAM isTa inDIA kaMpanInI nokarImAMthI baratarapha thayele A liTalaTana ghaNe uddhata ane pitAnuM khIsuM tara karI game tenuM bagADavAmAM AnAkAnI karanAra nahoto. tenA tAbAmAM tenA jevAja svabhAvanA ane baratarapha thayelAM mANaso kaMpanIe mokalyAM hatAM. mahinA paMdara divasamAM ja kaMpanI liTalaTananAM kRtyothI kaMTALI gaI; paNa pArlAmenTamAM tene mATe vasile hovAthI tene kaMI paNa nukasAna thayuM nahIM. isTa inDIA kaMpanIne pherTa viliamane gavarnara jena bIaDa ghaNe hoMzIAra ane niyamita rIte kAma karanAra hatA. baMgALAmAM pahoMcyA pUrve liTalaTane bIane gabharAvavA eka saMdeze meka hato.

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce TaMTa. 385 IgleMDamAM isTa inDIA kaMpanInIja sattA game teTalI narama paDI gaI hatI te paNa hiMdustAnamAM teno adhikAra keTale me hato tenI liTalAnane kalpanA paNa nahotI. AvatAM vAra ja isTa inDIA kaMpanInA kare pitAnI jagyA paTApaTa khAlI karI tene soMpaze evI tene AzA hatI. vaLI kaMpanInI jagyAe AvyA pachI teNe kareluM karaja ApavuM nahIM paNa saghaLo naphe laI levA ApaNe mukhatyAra chIe e TharAva teNe karyo hato. paraMtu bI liTalaTananA gabharAvavAthI dabAI nahIM jatAM tenA patrane javAba paNa vALyo nahIM, ane vizeSamAM tene hukama kAIe mAnya kare nahIM evuM pitAnA amaladArone jaNAvavA eka jAheranAmuM kahADayuM. AthI liTalaTana ghaNuM uzkerAI gayo, paNa te kaMI karI zakyo nahIM. tenI sAthenAM ghaNuMkharAM mANasa marI javAthI ApoApa teno garva utarI gaye. bAdazAhanA pharamAnanI nakalo tene joItI hatI te paNa bIaDe ApI nahIM. madrAsamAM jaina piTa ane thomasa piTanI AvIja joDI hatI. thomasa piTa vize ApaNe agADI vAMcI gayA chIe; teja A veLAe pharTa senTa jene gavarnara hate. jana piTa tene kuTuMbI hate. sane 1699 ne julAI mAsamAM te madrAsa AvyuM tyAre caeNmase tene salAmI nahIM ApavAthI tene mijAja bagaDI gaye. bIarsanI mAphaka thomase paNa pitAnA nokarane hukama pharamAvI jainanI sattA nahIM svIkAravA jaNAvyuM hatuM, paraMtu tenI paNa phajetI thatAM gussAnA AvezamAM taraphaDIA mArI Akhare te svastha beThe. 4sara viliama narisanI daramiyAnagirI (sane 19991702)-sane 1698 mAM igliza TreDIMga kaMpanInI sthApanA vakhate pArlAmenTa karelA TharAvamAM eka kalama evI hatI ke, megala darabAramAM kaMpanInA vepAra bAbata yogya vyavasthA karavA mATe iMglaMDanA eka pratinidhine teNe pitAne kharace AgrAmAM rAkhavo, ke jethI killA vagere bAMdhI lazkara rAkhavAnuM prayojana rahe nahIM. pahelAM A bAbata kaMIka virUddhatA batAvavAmAM AvI, paNa Akhare navI kaMpanInI sthApanA pachI pratinidhi

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386 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mokalavAnuM nakakI thatAM livarapula vibhAga taraphathI pArlAmenTamAM bIrAjatA viliama naeNrisa ( William Norris) ne "sara" ne khitAba ApI vArSika 20,000 rUpIone pagAre ahIM mokalavAmAM Avyo. tenI sAthe eka sekreTarI, eka zastravaidya, eka upAdhyA tathA moTe rasAlo hato, ane saghaLAne uce pozAka ApavAmAM Avyo hato. IsTa IDIA kaMpanI ne A geThavaNuM rUcI nahIM eTale teNe paNa pitAne pratinidhi mokalavA TharAva karyo paraMtu te pramANe kaMI amala thayo nahIM. sara naurisa sane 1699 nA sapTembara mAsamAM hiMdustAna Avyo tyAre teNe kaye baMdare utaravuM e bAbata prazna uThayo hato paraMtu jana piTa vinA kAraNe karelA vizeSa AgrahathI te chevaTe macchalipaTTaNamAM utaryo. mogala bAdazAha te veLA mahArASTramAM hovAthI tenI mulAkAta levA mATe muMbaI utaravuM tene mATe sagavaDa bharyuM hatuM. kAraNa dezamAM cAlatI laDAine lIdhe thaI rahelA gaDabaDATamAM macchalipaTTaNathI pagaraste mahArASTra lagI AvavuM ghaNuM kaThaNa hatuM. paNa narisane ThAThamATha karavAnI ghaNI hoMsa hatI; saMpUrNa rasAla sAthe lIdhA vinA te kadI bahAra nIkaLatA nahIM; vakhata vicArI vartavAnI buddhi tenAmAM nahotI. Agraha kayAre kare ane kyAre nahIM te jeTaluM spaSTa sara Temasa re samajatA hatA teTaluM e samajato hatA nahIM. paraMtu tenA vicAra pramANe svArInI tajavIja jona piTane hAthe na thavAthI tenI taiyArImAM keTalAka mahinA nIkaLI gayA. eTalAmAM sara nikelasa veITa taraphathI tene surata belAvavA mATe uparAcAparI patro AvavAthI sara naeNrisa tyAM javA nIkaLyo. sAdhAraNa rIte A musApharIne deDa mahine te paNa ThAThamAThathI jatAM tene traNa mahinA lAgavAthI sane 1700 nA DIsembaramAM surata pahoMcyo. jAnevArI mAsamAM moTA rasAlA sahita te bAdazAhane maLavA gayA. auraMgajeba e vakhate marAThAone pannALAno killo kabaje karato hato eTale naurisa bAdazAhanA dIvAna AsadakhAna pAse brahmapura gaye. tyAM vAjAM vagADatAM moTI svArI sAthe dIvAnanI bheTa levA teNe Agraha dharavAthI AsadakhAne tenI mulAkAta levA nA pADI eTale te pannALA tarapha vaLyo. tyAM bAdazAhe tA. 28mI eprile

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce . 387 tene rUbarUmAM mulAkAta ApI. sudaivathI bAdazAhe tenI saghaLI haTha cAlavA dIdhI, ane tarataja traNe IlAkAmAM vepAra karavA mATe pharamAna ApavAnuM kabUla karyuM. paraMtu e pharamAna taiyAra thatAM aneka aDacaNo upasthita thaI. yuropiana prajAne A dezamAM vepAra karavAnuM pharamAna ApatAM auraMgajebe temAM eka evI sarata dAkhala karI hatI ke pazcima kinArA uparathI make jatAM musalamAna yAtrALuonAM vahANenuM temaNe saMrakSaNa karI cAMcI lekane upadrava tene naDe nahIM ema karavuM. A sarata anvaye kAma karavA mATe dareka prajA vAste amuka hada bAdazAhe TharAvI hatI, ane te goThavaNa mujaba suratathI rAtA samudra sudhI valaMdA lekae, IrAnI akhAta upara phrenca lekoe ane dakSiNa kinArA upara aMgreja lekAe pahere mukavAno hato. A paherAnuM kAma atyAra sudhI barAbara nahIM cAlavAthI, ane tene lIdhe yAtrALuone ghaNe trAsa paDavAthI bAdazAha gusse thaI gayo hato. eja saMdhImAM suratathI sara nikelasa veITa bAdazAhane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke je aMgrejone suratamAM vepAranI savaLatA karI ApavAmAM Ave te musalamAna yAtrALuonAM vahANenuM sarva ThekANe rakSaNa karavA teo taiyAra hatA. bAdazAhane AthI vadhAre zuM joIe? teNe ekadama A vAta kabula karI tevA prakAranuM pharamAna kahADavA hukama karyo. paNa nairisane evuM pharamAna joItuM nahotuM. veiTe kabala karelI goThavaNa tene nA kabUla hatI; tene yAtrALuonuM rakSaNa karavAnI kabUlAta ApyA sivAya vepAranI savaLatA meLavavI hatI. A bAbata veITa sAthe te caDabhaDI paDavAthI paravAnagI meLavavAnA kAmamAM DhIla paDI. yAtrALuonuM rakSaNa karavAnI pharaja aMgrejone mAtheja nAMkhavA valaMdA leke paNa Atura hatA. e hakIkatamAM jANI joIne saghaLuM jokhama ekalI pitAnI kaMpanI upara vahorI levA narisanI IcchA nahotI, ane kadAca evI goThavaNa teNe kabUla karI hatI te te amalamAM mukavA te jAte azakya hatuM. te potAnI sAthe cAra laDAyaka vahANa lAvyo hato, paNa te uparanA adhikArIo ane tenI vacce aNabanAva thavAthI teo tene hukama mAnya karatA nahIM. AvI rIte paDelI DhIlano lAbha laI IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne pratinidhi

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388 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. darabAramAM lAMca vagere ApI naurisane hetu uDAvavA khaTapaTa karI rahyo hato. A sthitimAM bAdazAhe tene khulle khulluM jaNAvyuM ke yAtrALuonuM rakSaNa karavAnuM kabUla kare, nahIM te iMglaMDano rasto le." A uttara sAMbhaLI narise yAkuLavyAkuLa thaI jaI svadeza pAchA pharavAno vicAra karyo. brahmapuramAM pacAsa hajAra megala lazkare tenA upara ghere ghAlavAthI chokaravAdIpaNamAM te pitAnI pAsenI cAra te saja karI yuddha karavA taiyAra thaze. A pramANe aDI mahinA gayA pachI megala saradArane zaraNe jaI teNe pitAne chuTakAro meLavyo, ane hAtha halAvate sane 1702 nA mArca mahinAmAM te surata pAcho pharyo. ahIM tenI ane veITa vacce cAlelI takarAre ugra svarUpa lIdhuM, ane upADeluM kAma phasAmaNamAM nAMkhavA mATe teo eka bIjAne deSa devA lAgyA. kharuM jotAM narisanuM kAma vicitra hatuM. tenAmAM sara Temasa ronI hoMzIArI nahotI, eTale e spaSTa hatuM. vinA kAraNe tenI vakilAtane sAta lAkha rUpiAno kharca iMgliza kaMpanIne mAthe paDaze. lagabhaga Aja arasAmAM pArlAmenTa IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI muddata vadhArI ApyAnI khabara narisane maLatAM te taddana utsAhabhaMga thaI gaye, ane teNe IgleMDa javAno nizcaya karyo. tene kaMpanInuM vahANa nahIM maLyuM tyAre eka khAnagI vepArI vahANa upara te svadeza javA nIkaLyo, paNa rastAmAM sane 1702 nA akaTobara mAsamAM senTa helInA AgaLa te maraNa pAmyA. IsTa IDIA kaMpanInA aDaga prayatna, Igliza kaMpanInA adhikArIonA mAMhomAMhenA TaMTA ane khaTapaTa, ItyAdithI bAdazAha aMgrejonI bAbatamAM saMzayAtmaka thaI ghaNo cIraDAI gayo. saghaLe ThekANethI temane mAla pakaDI mANasane kedamAM nAMkhyAM. baMgALAmAM ane madrAsanA kinArA upara paNa temaja thayuM. karnATakanA navAbe madrAsa upara svArI karI ane thomasa piTane gheryo. piTe traNa mahinA sudhI ghaNuM zaurya batAvI pitAnuM rakSaNa karyuM, eTalAmAM IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe dhIme dhIme sarasAI meLavI pitAnI sthiti sudhArI nAMkhI. - pa. be kaMpanInA joDANa mATe bhAMjagaDa-Ave saMkaTa samaye pArlAmenTa ane kaMpanIne joDI devAnI karelI tajavIjane lIdhe ja hiMdustAna

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce . 389 mAM aMgrejI amala kAyama rahyo. sane 1701 ne AraMbhamAM pArlAmenTanI navI cuMTaNI thatI hatI te prasaMgane lAbha laI banne kaMpanIe lAMca, vagavasilo, mIjabAnI ane satata prayatna ItyAdI upAye karI pitAnI taraphanAM mANase pArlAmenTamAM mokalavA eTalI te jabaradasta khaTapaTa upADI ke DAhyA ane trAhita leko kahevA lAgyA ke je bane kaMpanIone aTakAvavAmAM nahIM Avaze te rAjyane mATe kaMI paNa zubha pariNAma Avaze nahIM. ema chatAM navI pArlAmenTamAM A vepAranA prazna upara vicAra karavAne gya hoya evA puSkaLa sabhAsada cuMTAI AvyA, paNa khuda rAjAnuM lakSa A vepAra tarapha nahotuM. phrAnsanA rAjA caudamA luInuM prabaLa ghaNuM vadhyuM hatuM, ane tene dabAvavAnA hetuthI kAnsa sAthe yuddha zarU karavAne raMga Avyo hato. ethI karIne banne kaMpanIone ekatra karI vAraMvAra thatI takarArane aMta lAvavA rAjAe eka jAlIma hukama kahADyo; ane pAlamenTamAMnI tenI carcA baMdha karI. sane 1701 nA eprila mAsamAM dareka kaMpanInA sAta sAta pratinidhio A bAbata nikAla karavA beThA. eka varSa lagI nAnA tarehanI takarAra ane carcA cAlI eTalAmAM IgleMDa ane kAnsa vacce laDAI jAgavAne prasaMga AvyuM. sane 1702 nA eprilamAM kaMpanIonuM saMmelana karavAno TharAva rAjAne sAdara karavAmAM Avyo. e daramiyAna rAjA trIjo viliama maraNa pAmyo, ane rANI ena takhtanazIna thaI. teNe julAI 1702 mAM A TharAva maMjura karyo ane tene be vepArI kaMpanIo tathA IglaMDanI rANI vacce thayelA kelakarAranuM rUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM. temAM nIce mujaba TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM - 1. A navI kaMpanIne "hiMdustAna sAthe vepAra karanArA aMgrejonI saMyukta maMDaLI" (The United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies) evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. 2. pratyeka kaMpanIe bAra DAyarekaTaro nImavA, ane e covIsa grahasthAe iMglaMDamAM rahI kaMpanInA saghaLA kAcA kArabhAra upara dekharekha

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30. . hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. rAkhavI. temaNe aMgrejI mAlanI hada TharAvI sarakhe bhAge beu kaMpanIne vaheMcI Apavo. 3. sAta varSanI mudatamAM agAunI saghaLI levaDadevaDa baMdha karavI, ane te pachI bane kaMpanIno vepAra ane adyApi meLavelI saghaLI sanade tathA haka navI kaMpanIe vAparavA. ' . IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA tAbAmAMnI ImArata, killA vagerenI kimata 33 lAkha rUpIA, ane Igliza kaMpanInA hastakanI ImAratanI 7 lAkha rUpIA TharAvavAmAM AvI. A pramANe saghaLo vyavahAra ukelavAmAM Avyo. - A TharAvanI khabara hiMdustAnamAM AvI, paNa kevaLa kAgaLa uparanI tAkIdathI ahIne vepAra ekadama baMdha karavA jevo nahoto. IgleMDamAM paNa pAMca sAta varSa lagI saMyukta DAyarekaTara uparAMta dareka kaMpanInA 24. DAyarekaTaro pitApitAnI sabhA bharI hiMdustAnamAM hukamo mokalyA karatA hovAthI traNa niranirALA prakAranA hukamo A dezamAM AvatA. A ghaMTALo sane 1708 sudhI cAlyo. IMgliza kaMpanInA je adhikArIo nAlAyaka hatA te saghaLAne kahADI mukavAmAM AvyA, ane "rAjAnA salAhakAra" (King's Counsel)nI temane maLelI padavI chInavI levAmAM AvI. suratamAM megalene hAthe keda pakaDAyelA sara jona geyarane muMbaInA mukhya presiDanTanI jagyA ApavAmAM AvI, ane nikelasa veITane tenA tAbAmAM suratamAM nImavAmAM Avyo. paNa duSTa veITe A hukame lekhyA nahIM, megala adhikArIone lAMca vagere ApI bIjA cha varSa lagI geyarane kedamAM saDavA dIdho, ane pote maracha mAphaka durvartana calAvavA lAgyuM. tenI strI iglaDamAM haiyAta chatAM teNe hiMdustAnamAM pitAnI bhatrIjI sAthe lagna karyA. Akhare kaMpanIe vilAyatathI tAkIdane hukama mekalI tene kedamAM naMkhAvyo, ane sara jaoNna geyarane choDavyo (sa. 1710). A durbhAgya grahastha IMglaDa pAchA pharatA hatA tevAmAM rastAmAM phrenca laDAyaka vahANee tene pakaDI keda karyo, ane eja sthitimAM sane 1731 mAM tene kALa thayA. jI.

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce Te. 392 tharanA samayanAM ziSTAcAra ane aMgrejone trAsa, ane sane 1700 pachInAM dasa varSamAM thayelI temanI badanAmI e sarvane ekaMdara vicAra karIe te mAMhamAMhenA kalahane lIdhe temanI sattA keTalI narama paDI gaI hatI te dekhAI Ave che. madrAsamAM thaoNmasa piTanA DahApaNane lIdhe ane na piTanA sane 1703 mAM thayelAM maraNane lIdhe te ilAkAmAM muMbaI jevo ghaMTALo thayo nahIM. baMgALAmAM jaoNna bIarDa sane 1705 mAM, ane liTalaTana sane 1707 mAM maraNa pAmyA te sAthe tyAMnI takarArane paNa aMta Avyo. ekaMdara aMgreja vepArIonI mAThI avasthA IgleMDane subhAge yogya vakhate thaI hatI. sana 1700 pUrve auraMgajebanI sattA pUra joramAM hatI te vakhate jIyara ane cAIlDa jevA hoMzIAra ane draDha purUSo adhikAra upara nahota, kiMvA bIjA cArlsa temaja bIjA jemsa rAjAe kaMpanIne uttama prakAranI sahAyatA ApI nahata, te aMgrejo hiMdustAnamAMthI kayAranA adrazya thaI gayA hatA. tevIja rIte sane 1713 mAM thayelAM yuTekaTanAM tahanAmA pachI phrAnsanI sattA vadhI tyAre jo kaMpanInI aMtarthavasthAmAM uparanA sarakho DaMgo cAlu rahyo hota te phrenca lokoe aMgreja kaMpanIne tarataja uDAvI dIdhI hota. kAnsa sAme Takkara jhIlavAno prasaMga Ave te pahelAM kaMpanInI avadazA purI thaI hatI, tenI sthiti majabUta thaye temanA aMgabhUtanI mahemAMhenI phATaphaTa aTakI paDI hatI, ane tethI ja hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjya sthApavAne prasaMga anukULa Avya; nahIM porTugIjha, valaMdA ane phrencanI mAphaka teo paNa chevaTe A dezamAMthI adrazya thaI gayA hatA. 6. samelana ane tenuM pariNAma-sane 1702 mAM thayelA TharAva pramANe banne kaMpanInuM saMpUrNa aikaya na thavAthI ane teo eka bIjA sAme saMzaya letA hovAthI sane 1708 mAM rAjyanA mukhya pradhAna arla oNpha geDaoNliphane kaMIka dhamakI ApI tathA kaMIka samajAta karI temanuM saMmelana karavAnA hetuthI pArlAmenTamAM eka musado raju karyo. e kaMI paNa bhAMjagaDa vinA pasAra thaye, ane tene rANI enanuM anumodana maLyuM. e musadAne

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39ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. goDaoNlphinane cukAdo ( Godolphin's award) kahe che ane te tA. ra9 mI sapTembara 1708 ne dIne ApavAmAM Avyo hato. temAMnI mukhya kalama pramANe (1) kaMpanIe aMgreja sarakArane eka karoDa vIsa lAkha rUpIA pAMca TakAne vyAje dhIravAnA hatA. AthI pUrvanuM ane hamaNAnuM maLI kulle 3 karoDa vIsa lAkha rUpIAnuM sarakArI karaja thayuM hatuM; (2) kaMpanInI sanada sane 1711 pachI traNa varSanI mudatanI cetavaNI bAda rada thavAne pAtra hatI, te mudata sane 1726 sudhI vadhAravAmAM AvI hatI; (3) bane kaMpanI vaccenI takarAra nikAla goDephine karavo ane te baMnee mAnya kare ema karyuM hatuM. ( A pramANe kaMpanInA ItihAsano eka vibhAga para the, ane tenA kAmane eka judI ja dizAmAM prakRtti maLI. chellAM vIsa varSamAM kaMpanI upara je asaMkhya AkSepa karavAmAM AvyA hatA tene lIdhe tenuM svArthIpaNuM ane saMkucita dRSTI jatAM rahI tenA udyogano vistAra vadhyo hato. sarva lekIne temAM dAkhala thaI vepAra karavAnI sagavaDa maLI hatI, ane vepAra dhaMdhAmAM paisA rokavAne puSkaLa leke taiyAra thayA hatA. paraMtu paisA hoya tyAM vepAra calAvavAnI buddhi paNa hoya evuM sAdhAraNa rIte banatuM nathI. vepAranI kharI paddhata thADAne ja barAbara mAhita hoya che, ane tethI rokelI saghaLI rakamanI vyavasthA temanA hAthamAM hoya teja vepAra barAbara cAle che. AvI rIte ghaNAnA paisAthI cheDAe vepAra karavAnI paddhata joInTa sTaka paddhata kahevAya che. adyApi svataMtra dhaMdho upADanArA ghaNA kasAI paDyA hatA, paNa vepAranI e rIta have baMdha paDatAM AkhA IgleMDane Teke eTale nANuM, udyoga, AramAra ane AMTa kaMpanInI madade AvavAthI hiMdustAnamAM rAjya sthApavAnI yogyatA tene maLI. niyaMtrita tathA aniyaMtrita vepAra vacce zarU thayelA virodhano yogya vicAra karanArA eNDama smItha jevA arthazAstra cheDA ja vakhatamAM utpanna thayA. sane 1708 pachInAM trIsa cALIsa varSa kaMpanIne kArabhAra zAMta paNe cAlyo. A samayathI sane 1746 mAM aMgrejone phrenca leke sAthe hiMdustAnamAM yuddha zarU thayuM tyAM sudhI kaMpanIne vahivaTa kevI rIte cAlatuM hatuM tenI keIe darakAra paNa lIdhI

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prakaraNa 13 muM.] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce Te. 193 nahotI. A zAMtinA kALamAM tene vepAramAM aDhaLaka phAyado thayo haze. sane 1600 thI sane 1708 patanA kALane kaMpanInA saMbaMdhamAM "vakhArane kALa" kahI zakAya, kAraNa ke e 100 varSamAM kaMpanInuM ghaNuMkharuM lakSa vakhAre sthApI vepAra calAvavAmAM parovAyuM hatuM. paNa te sAthe killA bAMdhavA, lazkara rAkhavAM, jarUra pramANe saMgrAma karo ane hiMdustAnamAM bane teTale pradeza kabaje karI te upara pitAne amala besADavo e anivArya che evI aMgreja prajAnI khAtarI thatAM te kAmamAM kaMpanIne madada karavA Akho deza taiyAra thayo. A kAraNe kaMpanInA vahivaTanAM zarUAtanAM 108 varSane mATe vibhAga dhyAnamAM rAkhavA joga che. 7, bhAvI rAjya sthApanAnI siddhatA,sane 1690 mAM auraMgajemAM ane kaMpanI vacce sajumatI thayA pachI paNa kaMpanInA vepAramAM vadhArene vidhAre aDacaNo AvavA lAgI. tenI vakhAronI AsapAsa jAzukanI laDAIo thavA lAgI, yuropiyana cAMcIAono upadrava vadhe, ane kenca tathA valaMdA lekee tene vadhAre nukasAna karavA mAMDayuM. AvI muzkelIone lIdhe dezI adhikArIo upara avalaMbI na rahetAM pitAne bacAva karavAne u5. krama kaMpanIe upADo. hiMdustAnanI rAjyavyavasthA niyamita cAlI heta te A navI taiyArIo karavA tene jarUra paData nahIM, ane eja mude tenI te samayanI lakhApaDImAM mukhyatve karIne jaNAI Ave che. sane 1690 pachI auraMgajeba bAdazAhanI muzkelIo paNa vadhavA lAgI. musala"mAna tathA marAThAonAM lazkarathI tathA temanI vacce cAlatAM yuddhane lIdhe hiMdustAnanA dvipakalpane samagra bhAga gherAI gayo. vaLI bAdazAha vAvRddha thayo hovAthI A sarva gaDabaDATanuM zuM pariNAma Ave che te jovA saghaLA Atura banI rahyA. AvI paristhitine lIdhe svabhAvika rIte hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApI zakavAnI kaMpanIne bramaNuM AvavA lAgI. A prayoga kaMI navo nahote. valaMdA lokoe pUrvadvipa samUhamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM hatuM, tema porTugIjhonuM rAjya paNa A dezamAM thayuM hatuM. A samayanA vepAra tathA * musalamAnI ane marAThI riyAsatamAMnA auraMgajeba vizenuM prakaraNa juo

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394 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. rAjya sthApanA viSe sara cArlsa DevanAnTa (Sir Charles Dowenant) ane lIbenTIsa (Leibnitz) karelAM uttama vivecana vAMcavAthI hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjya sthapAyA bAbata kaMI Azcarya lAgaze nahIM. DevanAnTa kahe che ke, jenA hAthamAM ahIMne vepAra teja A bhUpradezane mAlika; hiMdustAna uparane ApaNe kAbu heja ocho chatAM ApaNe vepAra besI jaze, ane tema thatAM kAphele nAza pAmaze. kAphale jatAM rAjyane paNa aMta Avela lekhI zakAze. hiMdustAnanA vepArane lIdhe joIe te prajA sAthe ApaNe laDI zakIzuM." adyApi aMgrejonuM rAjya Aja tatva upara cAlyuM che. lIbenTIsa phrenca gRhastha hato; teNe kAnsanA rAjA caudamA laIne jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, yuropamAM valaMdA loko sAthe yuddha karavAthI teo dabAvavAnA nathI. temanI saghaLI zakti pUrvanA vepAra upara avalaMbI rahI che. mATe prathama IjIpta deza chatI valaMdA kinA vepAra ane kAphalAnA mULano nAza karo tyAre ja teo yuropamAM narama paDaze eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa ApaNAthI eziyA khaMDamAM meTuM rAjya meLavI zakAze." keTalAka graMthakAroe hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjya sthApana thayAne eka adbhata banAva gaNe che te uparanI hakIkatathI mithyA mAlama paDyA vinA raheze nahIM. emAM kaMI paNa vilakSaNa thayuM nahotuM. becAra nAnI vepArI kAThIo uparathI eka kalpanA bahAranuM rAjya nirmANa thayuM nahotuM. eka rASTane bIjuM rASTra jItavA mATe pUrvanAM sAdhano hatAM, eTale sIkaMdara athavA sIjharanI mAphaka meTAM lazkara laI temaNe vijaya meLavavAne hato. paNa enA karatAM vadhAre sagavaDa bharyuM, vadhAre pracaMDa, paNa pratyakSa jaNAI na AvatuM sAdhana vepAranuM hatuM. vepAramAMja rAjyaprAptinAM mULa hoya che e ghaNaene mAlama na hovAthI temane aMgrejI rAjya vistArane banAva ajAyabI bhareluM lAge che. aMgrejonI vakhAre thoDI hatI paNa te dezanAM agrasthAne upara hatI. tyAM vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlate, ane tyAM kAphalAnA jore pUrva taraphanA ekaMdara vepAranuM saMrakSaNa karavAnuM aMgrejone anukULa hatuM. vepAra upara dhanaprApti, dhanaprApti upara AramAra ane AramAra upara vepAra evAM paraspara avalaMbI rahelAM kAraNo hatAM, paNa temAM nepoliyana athavA

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prakaraNa 13 muM] niyaMtrita ane aniyaMtrita vepArapakSa vacce . 395 sIjhara jevA yoddhAoe rAjya jItavAnA kAmamAM je karAmata vAparI hatI tenA karatAM vizeSa cAlAkI ane hoMzIArI jarUranAM hatAM. aMgrejI rAjyanI bAbatamAM kaMI paNa apUrva hatuM te te Aja hatuM. agAu lazkaranA jorathI je kAma thatuM te have kAphalAthI thavA lAgyuM, eTaleja pharaka hate. AramAra tathA vepAranI zakti keTalI che te prathama lekane nirdiSTa thayelI nahIM eTale jANe AkAzamAMthI acAnaka eka phaLa meDAmAM AvI paDe te pramANe hiMdustAnanuM rAjya akalpita ane anAyAse aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvI paDavAnI teo vAta kare che, paraMtu te sarva rIte miththA tathA khoTI che. IsTa IDIA kaMpanIe se pacAsa varSamAM pitAne vepAra cheDe thoDo vadhAryo. eTale temAM temane dhIme dhIme vadhAre kiphAyata thatI gaI; paisA maLatAM temanuM jora ane zakti vadhyAM; ane e zakita upara teNe bhaviSyanA rAjyane pAye dhIre dhIre makkama rIte ubho karyo. A kaMpanIonuM aMtaHsvarUpa tapAsavAthI teo rAjyamAM pheraphAra karanArI svataMtra saMsthA hoya ema jaNAze, kemake evIja saMsthAe amerikA temaja AphrikAmAM navAM rAjya nirmANa karyA che. AphrikAnA kinArAthI jApAnanA kinArA sudhInA bhUjaLa pradezanA vistirNa vyApArapayogI paTAne pUrva taraphano bhAga valaMdA lokoe rokyo ane pazcima taraphane bhAga aMgrejoe rAkhyo. paNa evI rIte paDelA vibhAgane kAyama thatAM ghaNo kALa nIkaLI gayo, ane cheka ogaNIsamI sadImAM e goThavaNa hamezane mATe nakkI thaIA khaTapaTa karavAmAM pAkSimAnya prajAoe eka moTI yukti evI karI hatI ke A dezamAM je kaMI vasAhatanA thANuM, vakhAro, ane saMsthAne teo meLavatA te pita. pitAnA yuropiyana rAjAone nAme letA. dezI rAjAnI hakumata heThaLa pite che, ane pitAnA rAjA sAthe kaMI paNa saMbaMdha nathI evo svataMtra vicAra temaNe kadI paNa jAhera karyo nahote. hAlamAM paNa aMgreja, jarmana kiMvA phrenca leka cIna, jApAna, athavA siyAmamAM AgagADI bAMdhavAnuM, khANanuM athavA bIjuM kaI paNa sArvajanika kAma pitAnA yuropiyana sattAdhIzene nAme kare che, te te dezanA elacIo mAraphata temanuM saMrakSaNa thAya che, ane temane paradezamAM yatkiMcita paNa upadrava naDe che te yuropamAMnI sarakAra mAraphata temane dAda maLe che. AthI ja temano udyoga sahajamAM pAra paDe che.

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396 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga ] prakaraNa 14 muM. phrenca lekanI hakIkata, I. sa. 1740 sudhI. 1. kecaane aMgreja lokonAM kAma vacce pharaka. 2. zarUAtanA prayatna. 3. mArTina ane pinDIcerInI sthApanA. 4. lendhara, lAburaDane, Duple ane DumAsa 1, phrenca ane aMgreja lekanAM kAma vacce pharaka -aMgreja peThe phenca lekAe paNa pUrvane vepAra kabaje levA puSkaLa prayatna karyA hatA. porTugala ane spenanA khalAsIone dunIAnA saghaLA bhAgamAM navA navA pradeze tAbe karatA joI kenca lekene paNa mulakagirI upara nIkaLavAnI apekSA thavA lAgI. te veLAnA phrenca graMthe paradezanI mAhitI tathA vepArathI dezane thanArA phAyadA vizenAM vivecanathI bharapUra che. ema chatAM IgleMDa ane helenDamAM sane 1600 nA arasAmAM jevI rIte vepArI kaMpanIo sthApanA thaI tevI phrAnsamAM thaI nahIM. sane 1624 mAM nAmAMkita dharmopAsaka kArDinala rizelyu kAnsane mukhya pradhAna thayuM. e ddhA upara te ghaNe vakhata rahyo te daramiyAna teNe dUra dezamAM jaI vasAhata karavA mATe navA navA udyoga upADyA. aMgrejo tathA valaMdAoe AraMbhelA kAmamAM ane phrenca lekonA te samayanA kAmamAM pharaka eTaleja hatuM ke paradezamAM pitAnA rAjyamAM dAkhala karavAno Trenca lekane mukhya uddeza hato ane tema karI spenanI vadhatI jatI AbAdI kamI karI pitAne phAyado meLavI levAnI temanI yojanA hatI. arthata, spenanI sattA vadhatI aTakAvavAnA kAmamAM igleMDa, holenDa ane kAnsa ekatra thaI gayAM hatAM. paradezamAM khristI dharma vadhAravAne vicAra tatkAlIna kenca lekene ghaNo ja anukULa thaI paDyo hato. temaNe puSkaLa nANuM ekaThuM karI ToLAM baMdha mizanarI lokone amerikA

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prakaraNa 14 muM] kanya lokonI hakIkata. 397 vagere ThekANe mokalyA hatA. uttara amerikAmAM jeITa lekanI vizeSa bharatI temaNeja karI hatI. A kAmamAM temane phrenca sarakArane saMpUrNa Teke hatuM, paraMtu vepArIone sarakArI adhikArIone dAba asahya lAgatuM hatuM chatAM phrAnsanI sarakAre lekenA hAthamAM kaMI paNa sattA rahevA dIdhI nahIM. kharuM jotAM vepAra jevuM kAma kAja saMbhALavuM joIe. emAM sarakAranI dakhalathI sarvane nukasAna ja thAya che. IMglaMDamAM vepAranI bAbatamAM sarakAre lekane saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApavAthI temane vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlyo hato. kAnsanI rIta ethI ulaTI ja hatI; vepAramAM sarakArano bhAga mukhya hata; nANuM sarakAranuM hatuM, ane adhikArIo paNa temAM guMcavAyelA hatA. meTI jagyAonI nimaNuka sarakArI adhikArIo pitatAmAM vaheMcI letA hatA. kaMpanInA sabhAsadomAM tathA vyavasthApakemAM darabArI mANaso puSkaLa hatAM. kArDinala rizelyunI A vyavasthA lekene rUcI nahIM. dharmaprasAranI bAbata paNa temanA vicArane anukULa nahatI. rU ane mArselanA vepArIoe sarakAra AgaLa aneka jAtanI pharIAdo karI, paNa tenuM keie sAMbhaLyuM nahIM. ema chatAM rizelyue upADelA kAmanuM kaMI jANavA jevuM pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. zarUAtamAM karelI keTalIka vepArI sapharene lIdhe kenca lekeno mArga sulabha thavA sivAya bIjo kaMI paNa vizeSa lAbha thayo nahIM. e uparathI ja te samayanA phrenca ane aMgreja lokonA upakramamAM keTaleka khulle bheda jaNAI Ave che. lekee sthApelI aMgreja kaMpanIne rAjAne Teke mAtra nAmane ja hato. paNa phrAnsama rAjAe pUrvanA vepAra mATe kaMpanI sthApI hatI. aMgrejoe potAnA niyama ane vyavasthA pitAnI marajI mAphaka tathA sagavaDa bharelAM karI lIdhAM hatAM paNa kenya kaMpanInA niyama sarakAre TharAvI ApyA hatA. aMgreja vepArI pRthvI upara game tyAM svecchAthI pharato hato, ane joIe te sAhasa kheDato hate. phrenca vepArIthI sarakAre derI ApelI rekhA bahAra paga mukAtA nahIM. kAnsamAM mahAna rAjA caudame laI rAjya karatA hatA tyAre tenA prasiddha dIvAna ke baTe yuropanI bahAra phenca rAjya vadhAravA aneka upAyo

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398 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. karyA. sane 1614 mAM teNe be kaMpanIo sthApIH eka IsTa InDIAmAM vepAra calAvavA mATe, ane bIjI vesTa InDIAmAM evAja kAma mATe. aMgreja ane valaMdA kaMpanIo peThe A kenya kaMpanIone paNa meTA adhikAra ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. paraMtu kAnsanA rAjyakArabhAramAM rAjA kare te kAyade evo prakAra cAlu hovAthI leke pitAno bhaMDoLa kaMpanImAM nAMkhavAne bahAra AvatA nahIM. devalamAM prArthanA vakhate paNa pAdarIo A kaMpanIomAM nANuM rokavA lekane upadeza karatA chatAM rakama ekaThI karavAmAM asAdhAraNuM muzkelI naDI. vesTa inDIA kaMpanI dasa varSamAM ja baMdha karavI paDI. IsTa inDIA kaMpanInuM kAma keTalAka samaya cAlu rahyuM hatuM. mADAgAskarane beTa jItI tene phrAnsanA amala heThaLa mukavAnuM A kaMpanIne pharamAvavAmAM AvatAM te nukasAnamAM utarI paDI, paNa mULa hetu pAra paDe nahIM. yuropamAM kAnsa ane holenDa vacce cAlatA yuddhanI asara A kaMpanIne pahoMcI, kemake ghaNuM kharuM te yuddhanuM eka kAraNa pUrva taraphanA vepAra bAbata A be vacce cAlatI rASTra spardhA hatI. sane 1702 thI 1713 sudhI aMgreja ane phrenca loko vacce paNa yuropamAM dArUNu yuddha cAlyuM hatuM. sane 1713 mAM yuTekaTanA tahanAmAthI A yuddhane aMta AvatAM kenca kaMpanI AbAda thavA lAgI. 25 varSamAM tene vepAra eTalo te dhamadhakAra cAlyo ke so varSanA udyAga pachI aMgrejoe je na meLavyo hato teTale phrenca kaMpanIe 25 varSamAM karyo. mAhI, pinDIcerI ane caMdranagara e aMgrejonAM muMbaI madrAsa ane kalakattA jevAM phrenca saMsthAna thayAM. levaira, DumAsa ane Duple jevA hoMzIAra ane ugI amaladAre eka pachI eka hiMdustAnamAM AvyA, ane temaNe dareka bAbatamAM alpakALamAM aMgrejonI barAbarI karI eTale sane 1740 nA sumAramAM IgleMDa ane kAnsa vacce yuropanI pazcima temaja pUrva taraphanA banne bhAgamAM jabaradasta spardhA ane caDasAcaDasI utpanna thayAM. pazcima taraphanI spardhA vasAhata mATe hatI, ane tene nikAla amerikAmAM thavAno hata; pUrva taraphanI spardhA vepAra mATe hatI, ane tene nikAla hiMdustAnamAM thavAne hate.

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prakaraNa 14 muM] dainya lokonI hakIkata. 399 AvI rIte je ke banne dezo aneka rIte eka sarakhA dekhAtA hatA. te paNa temanAM mULanAM rASTrIya svabhAva ane dhoraNe kAyama hatAM. jo kaMpanIne rAjAe meTI rakama vyAje dhIrI hatI, paNa ethI ulaTuM IgleMDamAM tyAMnI sarakArane kaMpanI pAse vyAje nANuM levuM paDayuM hatuM. sane 1750 mAM e karaja Asare sADAcAra karoDa rUpIAnuM thayuM hatuM. phrenca kaMpanInA adhi. kArIo sarakAre nImelA hovAthI kevaLa lAgavaga tathA sIphArasathI AgaLa vadhyA hatA. paNa aMgreja vepArIo jAte himatanAM kAma karI gya padavIe cahayA hatA. sane 1715 mAM phrAnsane rAjA caudamo luI maraNa pAmatAM paMdaramo luI gAdIe AvyuM. te sadA ezaArAmamAM nimagna rahelo hovAthI kArabhArIo manamAM Ave tema amala calAvavA lAgyA hatA. A saghaLo taphAvata dhyAnamAM rAkhavAthI A jhagaDAnAM chevaTe pariNAma yogya rIte samajavAmAM muzkelI naDaze nahIM. A banne deza vaccenA TaMTAe dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAMja ugra svarUpa kema dhAraNa karyuM te samajavA mATe hiMdustAnanI tatkAlIna sthiti dhyAnamAM rAkhavAnI che. pazcima kinArA upara marAThAone amala ghaNo jAjavalyamAna hato. baMgALAmAM paNa navAbano amala kaDaka hovAthI te paradezIone pitAnI hadamAM tophAna karavA devAnI virUddha hatuM. bAkI rahelA pUrvanA kamAnDala kinArA upara sarvatra ghaMTALo ekaTho thayo hate. nijhAma tathA satArA ane tAMjoranA marAThAo temaja ArkaTanA navAba vagere aneka sattAdhIze te pradeza upara pitAne haka hovAne dAvo karatA hatA, eTale A paradezI prajAone prathama eka bIjA upara zastra ugAmavA mATe A pradeza aneka rIte sagavaDa bharyo tathA anukULa lAge. hiMdustAnanI sthiti game tevI hoya to paNa IgleMDa ane phrAnsa vaccenI takarArano Akhara nikAla jevI rIte yuropamAM ane amerikAmAM thayo teja dhoraNa upara hiMdustAnamAM paNa thavo joIe evI aTakaLa karavAmAM kaMI harakata nathI. 2. zarUAtanA prayatna -porTugIjha, valaMdA ane aMgreja leke

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400 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. vepAranA AzayathI A dezamAM AvyA hatA te ja pramANe phrenca paNa AvyAH hatA. saghaLAnI pachI teo AvyA te paNa TuMka samayamAM teoe ghaNuM karyuM hatuM. valaMdA ane aMgrejonA karatAM temanuM mAna pUrvamAM je ke hamaNA ghaNuM ochuM che te paNa temanAmAM hoMzIArI kiMvA zArya ochAM hatAM ema nahotuM. valaMdA ane aMgreja prajAnI peThe phrenca lokone yuropamAM herAnagatI veThavI paDI nahatI; chatAM teo sthAnika bhAMjagaDamAM guMcavAyelA hevAthI paradezanA vepAra tarapha zarUAtamAM temaNe ghaNuM lakSa pheravyuM nahotuM. have pachInI hakIkata samajavA sArU kAnsanA keTalAka prasiddha rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI ahIM ApavAmAM AvI che - agIAramo luI sane 1461-1483. AThame cArlsa sane 1483-1489. bAra luI sane 1489-1515. pahele kAnsisa sane 1515-1547. bIje henarI sane 1547-1559. bIje krAnsisa sane 15591560. cArlsa sane 1560-1574. trIje henarI sane 1574-1589. cothe henarI sane 1589-1610. tera luI sane 1610-1643. cidamo laI sane 1643-1715.+ paMdarama luI sane 1715-1774. soLa luI sane 1774-1789. sane 1789 mAM kAnsa dezamAM thayelI rAjyakrAnti suprasiddha che. sane 1503 mAM rU zaheranA vepArIoe vepAra mATe be vahANa taiyAra karI pUrva tarapha ravAnA karyA, paNa te rastAmAMja guma thaI gayAM. te pachI rAjA krAnsise sane 1537 mAM tathA 1543 mAM jAheranAmAM kahADI lekane paradeza sAthe. vepAra karavA ghaNuM uttejana ApyuM, paNa + auraMgajebane samakAlIna

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prakaraNa 14 muM.] phrenca lakenI hakIkta. 401 te upayogI nIvaDayuM nahIM. sane 1578 mAM trIjA henarIe evuM ja eka jAheranAmuM kahADayuM te paNa nirarthaka gayuM. paNa cethA henarInI kArakirdImAM rAjyamAM zAMti hovAthI tene A viSaya tarapha vadhAre lakSa ApavA banI. AvyuM. tA. 1 lI juna sane 1604 mAM eka phrenca kaMpanI sthApana thaI ane tene rAjA taraphathI paMdara varSa lagI vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI maLI. Akhare A kAmamAM takarAra utpanna thatAM kAMI paNa niSpanna thayuM nahIM. sane 1615 mAM teramA luIe pahelI kaMpanInA keTalAka vepArIone ekaThA karI navI sanada ApI. A navI saMsthAe pitAnuM kAma tarataja upADI laI, be vahANa taiyAra karI tene cAlAka kaptAnone soMpI pUrva tarapha ravAnA karyA. emAMnuM eka vahANa nAza pAmyuM chatAM ekaMdara A sapharane ghaNo phAyado thayo. sane 1619 mAM pharIthI traNa jahAje pUrva tarapha masAlAnA beTamAM jaI puSkaLa kiphAyata karI pAchA pharyA. A beu sapharanA mukhI kepTana beliene valaMdA taraphathI puSkaLa trAsa khamavo paDe hato. sane 1642 mAM prasiddha phrenca musaddhI rizelyue A kAma mana upara laI "hiMdustAnanI kaMpanI" e nAme eka navI saMsthA sthApI. enI mudata vIsa varSanI TharAvavAmAM AvI hatI. A kaMpanIe prathama mADAgAskara beTamAM pitAnuM thANuM ubhuM karyuM. yuropa ane hiMdustAna vacce ardha mAge pitAnI sattAnI jagyA rAkhavA saghaLI yuropiyana prajA vicAra karatI hatI, ane teja vicAra kenca lekene paNa yogya lAgavAthI mADAgAskarane kabaje levA temaNe trIsa varSa sudhI puSkaLa prayatna karyA. paNa tyAMnA lokone A paradezI leke samAgama pasaMda na paDavAthI teoe hara prayatna te jagyA choDavAnI temane pharaja pADI. e pachI sane 1643 mAM caudame luI phrAnsanI gAdIe AvyA. tene mukhya pradhAna prasiddha kelibarTa hato. eNe dezane kArabhAra uttama rIte calAvyAthI kenca ItihAsamAM tenI kIrti ghaNI bhAre che. rAjyanI vasula, udyoga dhaMdhe, vepAra ane AramAra e saghaLI bAbatamAM navIna yojanA karI teNe kAnsane AbAda karyuM. AramAranI sagavaDa mATe

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402 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. killA tathA baMdare bAMdhI teNe se navAM laDAyaka vahANe taiyAra karyA. pUrva taraphanA vepArane naphe kelibarTa samajato hato, eTale aMgrejonI paddhatinuM anukaraNa karI teNe phrenca kaMpanIne hiMdustAnanA vepAra mATe pacAsa varSane maka karI Ape. kaMpanI pAse kara na letAM pahelAM dasa varSamAM je nukasAna thAya te bharI ApavAnI tathA sarakAramAMthI tene hareka prakAranI sahAyatA meLavavAnI kelibarTI goThavaNa karI ApI. teNe kaMpanIne bhaMDaLa 60 lAkha rUpIAne TharAvI tenA pAMcamA hissAnI rakama sarakAramAMthI ApI. A pramANe sarakAre agra bhAga levAthI tAlevaMta lekee paNa vepAranA kAmamAM lakSa ApI mahenata karavA mAMDI. navI kaMpanIe pitAne udyoga zarU karyo, tepaNa lekae mADAgAskara choDI devAnI hiMmata karI nahIM. arthAta, pahelethI ja bhUla thatAM agAunI mAphaka nukasAna thayuM. tyAMnI nukasAnakAraka havA, kharAba jamIna tathA mULa vatanIone verabhAva e traNa kAraNone lIdhe temane ghaNuM jokhama tathA duHkha veThavAM paDyAM. sane 162 mAM mADAgAskaranA vatanIoe kaMpanInAM puSkaLa mANasenI katala karI tyAre te beTa choDI phrenca leke hiMdustAna tarapha vaLyA, ane keTalAka leke pAse AvelA bubeMna nAmanA TApumAM jaI rahyA. te be adyApi phrAnsanA tAbAmAM che. sane 16 mAM phrAnsisa keraoNna (Francois Caron) nAmanA eka caMcaLa grahasthanAM uparIpaNuM heThaLa kenya kaMpanIe keTalAMka vahANa hiMdustAna mekalyAM. A kena jAte Daca hatuM, ane valaMdA kaMpanImAM prathama halakI karI svIkArI maTI gyatAe caDe hate. jApAna jaI tyAMnI bhASA zIkhI teNe Daca kaMpanIne ghaNo phAyado karI Ape hate. paNa pAchaLathI aNabanAva thavAthI nokarI choDI te kenya pradhAna kelibarTa pAse AvyA. kelibarTe tene hAtha pakaDe, ane kenca vepArano mukhya adhikAra tene ApI hiMdustAna mokalyo. te sane 1967 mAM kAnsathI nIkaLI rastAmAM mADAgAskaranI duHkhada sthiti joI ke cIna thaI surata Avyo. tyAM sane 1668 mAM eNe phrencanI pahelI kAThI ghAlI, ane milanasAra vartaNuMka

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prakaraNa 14 muM] dainya lokonI hakIkta, 403. calAvI zarUAtamAM ja kaMpanIne sAre naphe karI Apo. keraoNnanA hAtha heThaLa makarA nAmane ispAnane eka grahastha hatA, te gavaLakanyA jaI sulatAnane maLyo, ane valaMdA tathA aMgrejoe tenA mArgamAM puSkaLa aDacaNe nAMkhI chatAM paNa tenI pAsethI jakAtanI mAphI tathA pUrva kinArA upara vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI meLavI. bIje varSe eTale sane 1668 mAM teNe macchalipaTTaNamAM vakhAra ubhI karI. phrenca lekonA svabhAvamAM mukhya doSa e hato ke teo mAMhomAMhe eka bIjAnI adekhAI tathA dveSa karatA, ane ethI ja hareka bAbatamAM kAnsane bhAre khamavuM paDayuM hatuM. upara varNavelA kAmamAM paNa e doSa bahAra paDayA vinA rahyo nahIM. kerona ane makarA vacce takarAra thatAM temaNe eka bIjA sAme kenya sarakAra AgaLa pharIAda karI. AvA virodha chatAM keraoNna pitAnuM kAma karyo jato hato. hiMdustAnamAM pitAnI sattAnI ekAda jagyA hovI joIe evA uddezathI eNe madrAsanI dakSiNe valaMdA kenA tAbAmAMnuM senTa TaoNme kabaje lIdhuM. ema chatAM bIje ThekANe phrenca lekane thayelAM saghaLAM nukasAnane doSa keraoNna upara Avyo, ane tene phrenca sarakAre pAcho bolAvI lIdho. svadeza pAchA pharatAM limbana najadIka tenuM vahANa bhAMgI gayuM ane te maraNa pAmyo (sane 1674). 3, mArTina ane penDIcerInI sthApanA. (1674-1706)kerone senTa Tome lIdhuM tyAre tenI sattA heThaLa krAnsisa mArTina nAmano eka hoMzIAra grahastha hate. te zarUAtamAM valaMdA kaMpanImAM nekara hatA tyAMthI nIkaLI jaI pAchaLathI phrenca kaMpanImAM dAkhala thaye hato. tenA upara keraoNnane pUrNa vizvAsa hatuM, ane saghaLAne te ghaNe priya hate. senTa TaoNme pitAnA kabajAmAM raheze ke nahIM e vhIkathI teNe gavaLakonDAnA kutubazAhI rAjA pAsethI pUrva kinArA upara thoDI jagyA vecAtI lIdhI. e pachI DAja vakhatamAM valaMdA lekanA eka meTA kAphalAe AvI senTa TaoNmene kabaje lIdhe te vakhate je phrenca leke jIvatA chaTakavA pAmyA te A navI vecAtI lIdhelI jamIna upara cAlyA gayA. e ThekANe mArTine vasAveluM zahera pulicerI urphe pinDIcerI hatuM (1975).ahIM mArTine saghaLI vyavasthA

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44. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. uttama prakAranI karI. e jAte atyaMta milanasAra havAthI dezIo tarapha ghaNI sabhyatAthI vartate. AthI piDIcerImAM dhamadhokAra vepAra zarU thaye, ane kenya kaMpanIne puSkaLa napho thavA lAgyo. sane 1677 mAM zivAjIe karnATaka upara svArI karI tyAre mArTine tene najarANuM ApI saMtuSTa karyo, ane tenI pAsethI pinDIcerImAM vepAra karavAne paravAne meLavyo (sane 1677). e pachInAM sumAre paMdara varSa lagI te ThekANe phrenca lekee zAMta rIte potAne vepAra calAvI zaherane tathA kaMpanIne atyaMta AbAda karyA. paNa sane 1692 mAM temanI ane valaMdA vacce yuropamAM yuddha zarU thatAM hiMdI mahAsAgaramAMnA valaMdA AramAre sane 1703 mAM penDIcerI hastagata karyuM. e zahera cAra varSa valaMdAonA kabajAmAM rahevA pachI rIjhavIkanA kelakarAranI rUe pAchuM phrenca lekene kabaje gayuM. ATalA vakhatanI mahenatathI TakAvI rAkheluM zahera anya prajAnA hAthamAM jatAM mArTina tadana nirAza thaI gayuM hatuM. paNa kenca leke saghaLI taraphathI saMkaTamAM gherAI gayA hatA te vakhate ATaluM zahera paNa temane Akhare pAchuM maLyuM enuM mAna mArTinane ja ghaTe che. te atyaMta nispRhI ane ekanika dezabhakta hate. deza kalyANanA AvezamAM te pitAnI jAtane paNa tucchakArI kahADatA hatA, ane tethIja valaMdA pAsethI pinDIcerI pAchuM maLatAM teNe tene navuM svarUpa ApavA bhAre mahenata uThAvI hatI. che. suratanI vakhAramAM vizeSa phAyade nahIM maLavAthI sane 1700 nA sumAramAM te jagyA phrenca lekae cheDI dIdhI. temane tyAMnA dezI vepArIrIonuM puSkaLa karaja thayuM hatuM, te temaNe adA nahIM karavAthI temanI ATane bhAre dhake lAgyo, temanA upara vizvAsa uThI gayo, ane temanA vepArane paNa nukasAna pahoMcyuM. A hakIkata joI mArTine pharIthI pinDIcerIne kArabhAra pitAnA hAthamAM lIdho, tyAre suratamAMnuM saghaLuM devuM patAvI dIdhuM ke jethI phrenca upara lekene vizvAsa bese. macchalipaTTaNanI vakhAra puSkaLa AbAda sthitimAM hatI. sane 1688 mAM phrenca lekee baMgALAmAM hugalI nadInA kinArA uparanuM caMdranagara zahera auraMgajeba pAsethI kharIdI

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prakaraNa 14 muM.] phrenca lokonI hakIkata. laI tyAM pitAne vepAra zarU karyo hato. dhIme dhIme te zahera AbAda thatuM gayuM. jema tyAMnI vastI ane agatyatA vadhatAM gayAM tema renca lekane tyAM bacAvanAM sAdhano rAkhavA jarUra jaNutAM temaNe eka killo bAMdhe, e zahera pinDIcerIne tAbe hatuM. sane 1693 mAM valaMdA lokoe pinDIcerI lIdhuM tyAre mArTina phrAnsa cAlyo gayo. tyAM phrenca sarakAre tene uttama prakAre satkAra karyo. pitAnI hAjarIne lAbha laI teNe pinDIcerInA temaja AkhA hiMdustAnanA vepAra nuM mahatva sarakArane samajAvyuM. e uparathI vigrahane aMte taha thatAM nya lake e pinDIcerI valaMdA pAsethI pAchuM meLavyuM. e pachI, e zaheranI sudhAraNuM sapATAbaMdha thaI. sArvajanika rastA, moTI moTI ImArate, baMdaramAM vepAranI AvajA mATenI pUratI sagavaDa vagerenI tajavIja prathama mArTine zarU karI. tyAMnA kAyadA tathA vyavasthA uttama hovAthI ghaNuM dezIo tyAM jaI rahevAne lalacAyA. sane 1706 mAM tyAMnI vastI 40,000 nI hatI. sane 1697 mAM e zahera hiMdustAnamAMnAM saghaLAM kenya saMsthAnanI rAjadhAnI thaI, ane mArTinane DAyarekaTara janarala oNpha kanya ephersa Ina InDIAne mAnavaMta oddho maLe. A jagyA upara te tA. 30 mI. Disembara 1706 ne roje maraNa pAme tyAM sudhI rahyo. tenI pAse kAma karanArA aneka lokoe potAnAM khIsAM bharyA hatAM, paNa te jAte pramANikapaNe vartI paisAnI bAbatamAM bephikara rahevAthI te kaMIpaNa ekaThuM karI zakyo nahIM. enA parizramathI enA maraNa samaye hiMdustAnanAM saghaLAM darabAramAM, temaja dezIomAM phrenca lokenI kIrtinI sArI chApa beThI hatI. jAte baDe jAva na rahetAM mArTina ane tenAM mANase hiMdustAnanA rAjA rajavADAone sArI rIte mAna ApatA; ane temanI rItabhAta tucchakArI nahIM kahADatAMbane tyAM sudhI pote paNa hiMdI rIvAjo pALatA. enI egya vyavasthAne kAraNe ja AgaLa upara Duple hiMdustAnamAM phrenca sattA prabaLa karI. zake, ane bIjI yuropiyana prajA karatAM temane mobho ane hAka. jyAM tyAM beThAM. AsapAsanA mulakanA rAjAo khuzIthI piDIcerImAM

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406 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. AvatA, ane kecanA paraNuM tarIke rahI temanI sAthe mitrAcArI karatA. ubhaya vacce IrSA ke kapaTanI lAgaNI kadI utpanna thatI nahIM. aneka dezI grahastha pitAnA TaMTAne nikAla temanI mAraphata karAvatA, ane temane pitAnA yajamAna athavA mAlika gaNatA. phencanuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM sthAyI kema na rahyuM tenAM kAraNe have pachI ApaNe jANIzuM, paNa AraMbhamAM mArTine kareluM upakrama uttama hatuM, ane tene mATe kenya prajAe tene dhanyavAda Apavo joIe emAM saMzaya nathI.. 4. lenthara, lAburaDane, Duple ane DamAsa -(1) lenthara (sane 1726-1735). sane 16 64 mAM caudamA luIe kenya kaMpanIne ApelI pacAsa varSanI sanadanI mudata sane 1714 mAM eTale mArTinanAM maraNa pachI ATha varSe rada thanAra hatI. eTalI mudatamAM tene kaMI vizeSa lAbha maLe nahato, eTale khAnagI vepArIone pitAnI javAbadArI upara joIe tevo vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI tenI taraphathI ghaNAne ApavAmAM AvI hatI. AvA upAyothI paNa kaMpanI TakI zakI nahIM. tenuM karaja vadhatuM gayuM. yurepathI vahANa ane mAla AvatAM baMdha thavAthI piDIcerInI AbAdI rahI nahIM. paNa kenyane subhAge mArTinanAM maraNa bAda thoDA vakhatamAM auraMgajeba bAdazAhane kALa thavAthI mogala bAdazAhImAM je gaDabaDATa thaI rahyo tene saNasaNuTa pinDIcerI lagI pahoMcyo nahIM. saghaLAM pakSa sAthe kenca lekenI mitrAcArI TakI rahI hatI. sane 1715 mAM emanA rAjA taraphathI kaMpanIne bIjA dasa varSanI mudata maLI. eja varSamAM rAjA caudame luI maraNa pAme. kAne caudame luI ane hiMdustAnane auraMgajeba e beu ghaNI kharI bAbatamAM sarakhA hatA. luI sane 1643 mAM bALapaNamAM gAIe Avyo hato, ane teNe 72 varSa rAjya karyuM hatuM. e daramiyAna teNe pitAnI jabaradasta mahatvAkAMkSAne jore AkhuM yuropa hacamacAvI mukyuM, ane aMtakALe karaja, duHkha, parAbhava ItyAdI aneka kaSTa veThI te avadazAmAM maraNa pAme. khAsa karIne enA amala daramiyAna kenyA sarakAra atizaya muzkelImAM AvI paDI hatI. e muzkelImAMthI nIkaLa

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407 prakaraNa 14 muM.] kenca lekonI hakIkata. vA mATe je upAye javAmAM AvyA hatA te amalamAM mukavAne keTalAka cAlAka phrenca grahastha hiMdustAna AvyA hatA temanI pUrva hakIkata ahIM ApavI asthAne lAgaze nahIM. mArTinanI pachI pinDIcerImAM nImAyelA nAnA meTA adhikArIomAM lenthara (Lenoir) hoMzIAra, ughogI, daDhanizcayI ane vepAranA kAmamAM atyaMta pravINa hatA. teNe dezI vepArIonI sahAyatAthI kaMpanIne vepAra calAvI ghaNo phAyado karyo hatA. sane 1723 mAM phrenca sarakAre kaMpanI sAthe ghaNo kharo saMbaMdha teDI nAMkhe, ane tene saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApI. A pachI tarataja kaMpanIe moTe bhaDaLa ekaTho karyo, ane keTalAMka vahANe hiMdustAna ravAnA karyA, tyAre balie ( Beauvallier) lentharanI jagyAe phrenca gavanara thaI Avyo. eNe traNa varSa kaMpanIne vepAra dhamadhokAra calAvyA pachI sane 1726 mAM levaeNranI nimaNuka pharIthI enI jagyA upara thaI e pachI dara sAla dasa vIsa lAkhanI kimatane mAla kenya vahANamAM yuropa javA lAgyo, pinDIcerInI AbAdI vadhatI cAlI, ane vastI paNa vadhI, tyAre zaheranA bacAva mATe AsapAsa eka koTa bAMdhavAmAM AvyA temaja aMdaranA bhAgane sudhAravA arthe bAga, rastA, sagavaDabharyA baMdara vagerenI yojanA thaI pinDIcerImAM mukhya adhikArI gavarnara hatA, ane tenI madadamAM vadhatAmAM vadhatA pAMca sabhAsadanI eka konsila hatI. emanA hAthamAM saghaLo adhikAra hatA. emane nImavAnI tathA kahADI mukavAnI saMpUrNa sattA kaMpanIne hatI, ane rAjA te bAbatamAM vacce paDI zakato nahIM. gavarnaranI svArI moTA ThAThathI bahAra nIkaLatI. ekaMdara zAMta rIte vepAra udyoga vadhAravAnI taka pinDIcerInA amaladArane maLI, paNa te ghaNo vakhata TakI nahI. ema chatAM bIjAM pAMca pacAsa varSa AvI jAherajalAlImAM pasAra thayAM hota te piDIcerImAM phrencanI sattA hamezane mATe sthapAyA vinA rahata nahi. (2) lAburAne (sane 1725-48).-sane 175 mAM pinDIcerInA gavarnare mAhI baMdarane kabaje levA mATe laDAyaka vahANe mekalyAM hatAM. e

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408 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. bhiAga 3 je. baMdara malabAra kinArA upara talecarInI dakSiNe eka dezI rAjAnA tAbAmAM hatuM. surata choDayA pachI pazcima kinArAnA dakSiNa cheDA sudhI potAnI sattAnuM koIpaNuM baMdara na hovAthI phrenca lekene ghaNI agavaDa paDatI; ane tethI dareka prayatna karI evuM ekAda ThekANuM meLavavA prenTa kaMpanI taraphathI pinDIcerInA gavarnarane eka sarakho Agraha thato hato. tadanusAra mAhI kabaje karavA AvelAM vahANe upara barDa phrAnsisa Da lAburaDane (Bertrand Francis La Bardormans) nAmane eka gRhastha hatuM. ene janma senTa mele ( St. Malo)mAM sane 1699 mAM thayo hato. dasa varSanI umare te vahANamAM dUra pradezo lagI saphare nIkaLyo hato, ane dakSiNa mahA sAgaramAM temaja pUrva tarapha philipAina beTa sudhI teNe pravAsa karyo hato. teNe abhyAsa karI kaMIka jJAna paNa saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. sane 1716-17 mAM uttara samudra ane bhUmadhya samudra lagI gayo hato. e pachI be varSa rahI phrenca IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI nokarI svIkArI te surata Avyo. ahIM pitAnI hoMzIArIne jere te tarataja agatyanA oThA upara gayo, paNa keTaleka vakhata hiMdustAnamAM rahI te kAnsa pAcho pharyo, tyAM nevala enjaniarIMgane abhyAsa karI te pinDIcerI Avyo tyAre upara kahyA pramANe mAhI hastagata karavA upaDelI svArImAM tenI nimaNuka thaI, ane tenI ja hoMzIArIthI te zahera kenca lekenA kabajAmAM AvyuM. (3) josepha krAnsisa le (Joseph Francis Dupleix)lAkhuraDanI mAphaka kanya kaMpanInI nokarImAM e purUSa eTale te prasiddhimAM Avyo ke kanya ItihAsamAM tenuM nAma amara thaI gayuM che. e kAnsa dezamAM sane 1997 mAM janmyo hato. teno bApa tAlevaMta hovAthI kenya IsTa inDIA kaMpanImAM eka DAyarekaTara hate. josephane nAnapaNathI gaNitana ghaNo zokha hovAthI tenA pitAe tene sane 1714 mAM samudranA pravAse mekalyo, ane pariNAme ATalAMTika ane hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM musApharI karI te ghaNo hoMzIAra thayo. darIo upara sAhasa karavAnI tene ghaNI hoMsa thaI ane asIma mahatvAkAMkSAnAM cinha tenAmAM dekhAvA lAgyAM. tenA pitAnA

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409 prakaraNa 14 muM.] kenca lokenI hakIkata. lAgavagathI te pinDIcerInI kansilane pahele eTale lazkarI sabhAsada thaI A dezamAM sane 1720 mAM AvyuM. eja vakhate penDIcerIne vepAra maMda paDe hatuM eTale manamAM ghoLAyA karatA dravya meLavavAnA vicAre amalamAM mukavAnI Duplene sArI taka maLI. yuropa ane hiMdustAna vaccenA vepAramAM sAro napha nahIM thavAthI teNe hiMdustAnanA kinArA uparano vepAra hAthamAM lIdhe. A dhaMdhAmAM kaMpanI nahIM paDe evA hetuthI khAnagI vepArIene te calAvavA teNe uttejana ApyuM, ane pote paNa temAM moTI rakama rekI. emAM tene ghaNe yaza maLavAthI saghaLA lake tenI pAchaLa gAMDA thaI gayA hatA, ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM pinDIcerInuM baMdara saghaLI jAtane mAla dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM puro pADanAruM moTuM dhAma thayuM hatuM. ema chatAM DuplenuM vartana kAnsamAMnA DAyarekaTarone pasaMda paDayuM nahIM, eTale tene sane 1726 mAM e kAma uparathI khaseDavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu potAnI vartaNuka bAbatanI kharI hakIkata lakhI mokalyA pachI Duplene cAra varSe yegya nyAya maLe, ane sane 1730 mAM caMdranagaranA mukhya adhikArI tarIke tenI nimaNuka thaI. sane 1676 mAM caMdranagara vasAvavAmAM AvyuM tyArathI tenA upara keIe vizeSa lakSa nahIM ApavAthI te atyaMta maMda sthitimAM paDI rahyuM hatuM. sane 1688 mAM tyAM eka nAne killo bAMdhavAmAM Avyo, topaNa tyAM koIpaNa jAtane udyoga dhaMdho cAlate nahe. A hakIkatamAM e zaherane vepAra vadhAravAnI matalabathI DuplenI sane 1731 mAM tyAM mudAma nimaNuka karavAmAM AvI. ahIM puSkaLa kAma karavAnuM hatuM ane te upADI levAnI tenAmAM himmata hatI e te sArI peThe jANatA hate. eNe ekadama vahANa vecAtAM laI mAla bharavAnuM zarU karyuM, ane gAme gAmanA vepArIone ekaThA karI vepAra upADayo. hAtha heThaLanAM mANasene teNe yogya pratsAhana ApyuM, keTalAkane vepAra calAvavA paisA dhIryA ane keTalAkane pitAnA bhAgIdAra paNa banAvyA. A pramANe teNe ekadama vepAra calAvavA dhAmadhuma karI mukavAthI baMgALAne mAla surata, basarA, jA, mekhA

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410 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ItyAdi zaheramAM javA lAgyuM. dezI rAjAo sAthe maitrI karI Duplee pitAnA kAmamAM hareka prakAranI madada meLavI. A zramane lIdhe ceDAMja varSamAM caMdranagarane vaibhava sarvatra phelAyAthI kAnsamAM kaMpanInA sabhAsadene atyaMta AnaMda thayo. loke DuplenI tArIpha karI tene dhanyavAda ApavA lAgyA. sane 1731 thI 1741 lagInAM dasa varSamAM caMdranagaranI sthitimAM asAdhAraNa pheraphAra thaI gaye, ane Dulene khAnagI vepAra puSkaLa vadhavAthI te paNa paisAvALo thayo. (4) DamAsa-sane 1735 mAM levaeNrane kArabhAra puro thatAM tenI jagyAe benceTa DumAsa (M. Benoit Dumas) nI nimaNuka thaI e ghaNe cAlAka ane hoMzIAra hato. e junI kenya kapanIne nokara hato, ane sane 1713 mAM sattara varSanI umare piDIcerI Avyo hate. pAMca varSamAM te suprima kansilane membara thayA, ane 1721 mAM eTarnI janaralanI jagyA upara gayo. e pachI keTalAMka varSa bubenanA gavarnarane eThe bhagavyA bAda e piDIcerImAM keca kaMpanIne mukhya amaladAra thaI AvyuM. te niyamita kAma karanAra tathA svadezAbhimAnI hata, dezIonA rItarIvAja saMpUrNa samaja hatuM ane game tema karI kAnsanI sattA vadhAravA mATe te atizaya mahenata karatA hatA. zAMta rIte tathA dhIrajathI pitAne uddeza pAra pADavA te utsuka hato. karnATakanA navAba dastaalI sAthe ene ghADI mitrAcArI hatI, ane tenI mAraphate mogala bAdazAha mahamadazAha pAsethI pinDIcerImAM nANuM pADavAnI paravAnagI teNe meLavI hatI. e nANuM sonAcAMdInuM hatuM, ane megala sikkAnI mAphaka tenI eka tarapha mogala bAdazAhanuM DokuM tathA bIjI tarapha nAma chApeluM hatuM. A paravAnagIthI pinDIcerI atyaMta AbAda thayuM. yuropamAMthI senuM cAMdI lAvI ahIM tenA sikkA pADI te vaDe vepAra calAvI phrenca lekae darasAla be lAkha rUpIA na karyo. have pachInA banAvamAM A kenca prahastha vize ApaNe vadhAre jANIzuM.

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prakaraNa 15 muM. 411 411 karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. prakaraNa 15 muM. mATenI taiyArI karo mitrAcArI & ane nIyamI IlAkamAMnA karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. I. sa. 1739-1744. 1. yuddha mATenI taiyArI. 2. mogala bAdazAhImAM karnATakanI vyavasthA. 3. caMdA sAheba ane phrenca vacce mitrAcArI. 4. marAThAonI karnATaka upara svArI. 5. rAhujI ane phrenca vacce patravyavahAra. 6. Duple ane karnATakamAM gaDabaDATa. 1. yuddha mATenI taiyArI goDephine bhAMjagaDa karI IglaMDamAMnA virUddha pakSanuM samAdhAna karavAthI eziyA khaMDamAM rAjya meLavavA mATe IsTa InDIA kaMpanI eka pracaMDa saMsthA nirmANa thaI. A veLA laMDana zahera saMpattimAM DolI rahyuM hatuM, ane tyAMnI apAra delatane Teke aMgreja kaMpanIne maLavA lAgyo hato. AkhA iMglaMDanA vahANavaTIo tene madada ApavA tatpara hatA. baLavAna briTIza sarakAranI tene sahAyatA hatI; sarakAranA kArabhArIo ghaNA kharA dhanADhaya vepArIonA hAthamAM hatA. kaMpanInuM mukhya sthAna laMDanamAM hatuM, ane killebaMdhI karelA vasAhatanAM asaMkhya thANuM dUranA pradezamAM ThAmaThAma hatAM; vepAranA saMrakSaNa mATe eka mahAna kAle taiyAra hatA, ane hiMdustAnamAM marajI mAphaka vahivaTa karavAne sanadanI rUe tene adhikAra maLela hatuM. A pramANe aneka rIte pitAnI sthiti anukULa hovAthI mAMhomAMhe laDatA megala adhikArIo vacce jhapalAvavA kaMpanI zaktivAna thaI temAM kaMI navAI nahotI. laMDanathI hiMdustAna dUra hovAthI kaMpanIne keTalIka rIte nukasAna hatuM tema bIjI rIte tene phAyado paNa hatA. pAMca hajAra kesanA aMtarane lIdhe ja yuropiyana rAjyonA vAraMvAranA paraspara temaja sthAnika virodhamAM A deza aphaLAte nahIM, temaja tene lagate koI paNa prazna yuropanA rAjakIya kSitijamAM dAkhala thavA pAmate nahIM. sataramA saikAmAM AkhuM yuropa aneka prakAranA jhagaDAmAM eTaluM te guMcavAI gayuM hatuM ke hiMdustAna tenAthI ghaNe aMtare hevAne

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412 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je lIdhe ja temAM sapaDAI jatAM bacI gayuM, ane kaMpanI potAnI marajI mAphaka vatI zakI. vaLI ahIMnAM niranirALAM pakSone pitAnA TAmAM aMgreja tathA phrenca jevA trAhita leke ghaNuM upayogI lAgavAthI teoe nirbhayapaNe temane Azraya Ape. yuTrekaTanA tahanAmAM pachInAM pacIsa trIsa varSamAM phrenca ane aMgreja kaMpanIne je svasthatA maLI temAM tenI sthiti atyaMta AbAda thaI, ane pariNAmamAM ubhaya saMsthAne eka bIjA pratye jabaradasta ISa utpanna thaI yuropamAM iMgleMDa ane kAnsa vacce vigraha cAlatuM hovAthI tenI asara hiMdustAnamAM jaNAvavA lAgI. sane 1743 pachInAM vIsa varSamAM yuropamAM je pramANe IMglaDa ane phrAnsa vacce yuddha cAlyuM hatuM teja mAphaka hiMdustAnamAM aMgreja ane phrenca kaMpanIo vacce bhAre laDAI thaI hatI, ane temAM aneka dezI sattAdhIzo sAmela thayA hatA. A jhagaDAne aMte phrAnsanA hAthamAMthI pUrva taraphanA mulaka upara saghaLe kAbu jato rahyo. ane aMgrejoe vijayI thaI pitAnI sattA draDha karI. AgaLa kahele aMgreja tathA kenya lokonI AbAdIne samaya teja megala bAdazAhInI paDatIne kALa hatA. auraMgajeba bAdazAha sane 1707 mAM maraNa pAme tyAre tenuM rAjya bhayaMkara sthitimAM AvI paDyuM hatuM. rAjyamAM jyAM tyAM avyavasthA ane gerabaMdebasta hatAM; marAThA vagere anya zatruo prabaLa thayA hatA. sarvane dhAkamAM rAkhI aneka mahAna megala bAdazAhe je vistIrNa rAjya saMpAdana karyuM hatuM tene saMbhALI zake e koIpaNa kartavyavAna purUSa auraMgajebanI pAchaLa thayA nahIM, eTale maLelI takano lAbha laI rAjadhAnIthI dUra paDelA judA judA prAMtanA subedAra tathA navAbo rAjyane mATe laDI maravA lAgyA. je kAIne lazkaranI madada maLatI te pitAnI hastakanA mulaka mATe bIjAo sAme laDatA. prajAmAM kaMIpaNa dama na raheluM hovAthI tene je koI jhukAvatuM tema te jhukAvavA taiyAra thatI. A saMjogomAM keI yazasvI purUSa A aMdhAdhuMdhIne aMta ANI dezamAM zAMti phelAve evI sarva keInI IcchA thavA lAgI.

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prakaraNa 15 muM. karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. 43 - mogala bAdazAhInI paDatIna kALamAM nijhAma-ula-mulka, asaMkhya marAThA saradAra, temaja aMgreja phenca vagere aneka loko A dezamAM potAnuM rAjya prApta karavA utsuka banyA hatA, ane pitAne hetu bara lAvavA saghaLA ekasarakhA mathana karatA hatA. AvI rIte udyoga karanArA paikI keTalAka te upADelAM kAma mATe dekhAItI rIte azakta hatA, keTalAkae pitAnI dhAraNuM pAra utAravA asAdhAraNa utAvaLa karI hatI, tathA keTalAkonI pitAnI ja aMtarthyavasthA saMtoSakAraka nahotI. aMgreja sarakhA tIva buddhivALA leke dezamAM thatA pheraphAranuM bArIkAIthI nirIkSaNa karI taTastha vRtti batAvatA hatA. je koI utAvaLa athavA bhUla karaze temane temanA kAmanuM phaLa ApoApa maLaze, tathA laDAImAM nisatva thaze ema samajI Avela prasaMga uDAvI, teo yogya takanI rAha jotA beThA. AvAM kAmamAM eka prakArane draDha nizcaya tathA hiMmata jarUranAM hovAthI marAThA jevA bahAdara laDavaiyAonuM te tarapha prathama lakSa gayuM. pahelA bAjIrAva pezvAe dezanI kharI paristhiti tarataja jANI lIdhI, ane mogala bAdazAhInAM saghaLAM aMgabhUto upara ekadama halle karavAnI zarUAta karI. pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa ane uttara ema cAre dizAmAM dhasI jaI mogala pradeza jItI levAnuM kAma teNe AraMbhya emanI dakSiNa taraphanI svArInI saradArI rAghajI bheMsale u raghanAtharAva pAse hatI. tene ane phrenca lokone saMbaMdha kevA prakArane thaye hatA te have pachInI hakIkata uparathI jaNAI Avaze; temAM ema spaSTa mAlama paDaze ke yuropiyana lekIne mukhya AdhAra kAphalA upara hatA. zatrunA AghAtathI vizeSa nukasAna na khamatAM, bArIka prasaMga AvatAM AramAranI madadathI nAsI chUTavAnI temane anukuLatA hatI. paradezIpaNuM jevI rIte keTaleka prasaMge nukasAnakAraka nIvaDe che, tema te kaI kaI veLA phAyadezara paNa thAya che. dezI sattAdhikArIo paraspara vaimanasyamAM guMthAI javAthI, yuropiyana lekenuM paradezIpaNuM kaMIka aMze temane naphAkAraka thaI paDayuM. have pachInI hakIkta uparathI bIjI eka vAta evI paNa siddha

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414 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. thaze ke hiMdustAnamAM rAjya sthApana karavAmAM aMgrejo karatAM kenca lekee AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe hatA, ane temAM temanI tivra buddhine upayoga thayo hate. kharI paristhiti phrenca leke e oLakhI lIdhI hatI, ane tadanusAra udyoga paNa temaNeja zarU karyo hato. e pachI aMgrejoe phenca lekene parAbhava karI temaNe upADeluM kAma pAra pADayuM. 2. megala bAdazAhImAM karnATakanI vyavasthA, megala amalamAM AkhA rAjyanA moTA meTA vibhAgo karavAmAM AvyA hatA, ane darekane subAgirI evI saMjJA ApavAmAM AvI hatI; subAgirInA mukhya amaladArane subedAra kahetA. subAgirInA peTA bhAgo uparanA amaladArane navAba kahevAmAM AvatA. A navAba subedAranA hAtha heThaLa hovAthI, hAlanI rAjyapaddhatinA kalekaTaranI barAbara temane obdho gaNI zakAya. subedAra tathA navAbanI nimaNuka khuda bAdazAha taraphathI thatI; paraMtu rAjadhAnInuM zahera dUra hevAthI, koI muzkela prasaMge rAjyakArabhAra aDI nahIM rahe te mATe tAbaDatoba navAbanI nimaNuka karavAno adhikAra subAne hate. AvI rIte thayelI nimaNuka mATe pAchaLathI bAdazAhanI maMjurI meLavavAnI jarUra hatI. mogala amalamAM A vyavasthA yogya rIte pracalita hovAthI koI paNa amaladAra tenI virUddha thatAM te bAbatanI vyavasthA bAdazAha rUbarU satvara thatI. paNa auraMgajebanA amalanI aMtamAM tathA tenA maraNa bAda rAjyamAM aMdhAdhuMdhI zarU thavAthI, subedAra temaja navAba marajI pramANe pitApitAnI nimaNuka karavA lAgyA; ane navAbe maraNa samaye pitAnA putra agara najadIkanA sagAne pitAnI jagyA upara nIma e praghAta zarU thayo. keTalIkavAra AvI nimaNuka maMjurI mATe bAdazAha pAse sAdara thatI, paNa khuda bAdazAha amaladAronA hAthamAM putaLAM samAna hovAthI dareka goThavaNa maMjura karyA vinA tene chUTake nahe. ApaNuM tarapha marAThI amalanI paDatIna kALamAM jevI rIte pezvAIne pozAka satArAnA chatrapati taraphathI jene joIe tene maLavA lAgyuM hatuM, tevI ja kaIka geravyavasthA megala bAdazAhImAM zarU thaI hatI.

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' prakaraNa 15 muM. karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. 415 bAdazAhInA bIjA prAMtanI mAphaka dakSiNanI subAgirInI hada nizciya thaI nahatI. vaLI dakSiNa deza eTale hiMdustAnanA dvIpakalpanA madhyabhAga kAyamane megalee kadI cho nahoto. te hastagata karavA mATe akabaranA vakhatathI pratyeka bAdazAhe svArI karI hatI, ane chevaTe auraMgajebe e hetu bara lAvavAmAMja pitAne prANa ne ha. vaLakenDA ane vijApuranAM rAjya teNe jItyAM hatAM, ane temane mulaka dakSiNanI cha subAgirImAM sAmela karyo hato, te paNa mahArASTranI pelI taraphane pradeza jene karnATaka kahe che te tathA marAThAonA kabajAmAMne mahArASTra prAMta chatavAnuM kAma auraMgajebanAM maraNa samaye zarU thayuM hatuM. TricinApalI, tAjera tathA mahaisuramAM je svataMtra rAjya hatAM temanI uttara tathA pUrva taraphanA mulakane sAmAnya rIte karnATaka kahevAmAM Ave che. ArkaTa A pradezanA madhyabhAgamAM hovAthI tenI rAjadhAnInuM zahera hatuM. A prAMtanI jAdI subAgirI auraMgajebe kadI sthApI hatI nahIM, kemake eka subAgirImAM samAvI zakAya eTale dakSiNano saMbaMdha pradeza te kadI jItI zakyo hato nahIM. A kAraNathI dakSiNane je kaMI mulaka megalene hastaka Avyo eTale te taraphanA bIjA prAMtamAM samAvI devAmAM Avyo hato. AvAja kaI kAraNone lIdhe haidarAbAdanA nijhAma ArkaTanA navAba upara pitAnI hakumata calAvavAno dAvo karate, ane A mAnI lIdhelA hakane lIdhe ja have pachInI aneka bhAMjagaDe upasthita thaI hatI. AraMbhamAM A prAMta jItavAmAM auraMgajebane senApati jhulaphIkArakhAna mukhya hovAthI tene ja bAdazAhe keTaloka vakhata ArkaTanA navAba pada upara ArUDha karyo. pAchaLathI jyAre te bAdazAha sAthe mahArASTramAM Avyo tyAre tenI karNATakanI jagyA upara dAudakhAna pannInI nimaNuka karavAmAM AvI hatI. sane 1706 mAM dAudakhAna mahArASTra gayo tyAre teNe pitAne adhikAra sAdata-ullAkhAnane seM; pAchaLathI bAdazAhe A nimaNuka kAyamanI karI ApI hatI. A prAMtano kArabhAra sAdata-ullAe sane 1710 thI 1732 sudhI bhAre DahApaNathI calAvyuM. tene koI vArasa na hovAthI maraNa samaye teNe pitAnA

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416 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. bhAInA chokarA dostaallIne dattaka laI tene karanATakane kArabhAra soMpyo. sAdata-ullA sane 1732 mAM maraNa pAmyo. - dastaalInI nimaNuka dakSiNanA subA nijhAma-ula-mulkane pasaMda paDI nahIM, kemake saghaLA dakSiNa prAMtane pote subo hevAthI karNATakanA navAbanI nimaNuka tenI saMmatIthI thavI joIe ema te mAnate hato. AthI teNe dastaallI sAme vAMdho lIdho. dilhImAM nijhAmane lAgavaga bhAre hevAthI staallInI nimaNuka egya rIte darabAramAMthI maMjura thaI nahIM. A dastaalIne be chokarI ane eka chokaro nAme saphadara alI ema traNa chokarAM hatAM. chokarIonAM lagna murtajhAallI ane caMdA sAheba sAthe thayAM hatAM, ane caMdA sAheba karNATakanA navAbanA divAna tarIke kAma karate hate. A prakaraNamAM varNavelI bhAMjagaDa barAbara samajavA mATe karnATakanA navAbanI vaMzAvaLI upayogI thaI paDaze - navAba sAdata-ullA. (sane 1710-1732) detaallI (sane 1732-40). bAkaraalI (velerane kArabhArI). sarUdaraalI. hasanaalI. chokarI chokarI= murtajhAelI. =murtajhA allI caMdA sAheba. saiyada mahamada. 3. caMdA sAheba ane phrenca vacce mitrAcArI -caMdA sAheba eka garIba kuTuMbane paNa zIAra, sAhasika ane atyaMta mahatvAkAMkSI purUSa hatuM, ane navAbanA jamAI thavA pachI tenI mahattA puSkaLa vadhI hatI. tenA aneka pratispardhIo havAthI prathamathI ja koInI sahAya levAnA

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prakaraNa 15 muM.] karnATakanI raMgabhUmi upara taiyArI. 417 hetuthI teNe phrenca lekane Azraya svIkAryo hato. eo paNa pitAnI sattA vadhAravAnA nAdamAM mazagula hovAthI beune eka bIjAnA AzrayanI jarUra hatI. caMdAsAheba vAraMvAra piDIcerI jato tyAre DumAsa ane bIjA adhikArIo taraphathI tene sAre satkAra tha. karnATakane moTo bhAga musalamAnI amala heThaLa hato. ArkaTa, zire, kaDApA, karanula ane sAvAnura e pAMca ThekANe navAba ati sAmathyavAna hato; DhIcInApalI tathA tAMjoramAM svataMtra hiMdu rAjya pUra jeramAM cAlatAM hatAM. sane 176 mAM TIcInA pilIne rAjA maraNa pAmatAM tenA vArasomAM gAdIne mATe utpanna thayelA TAmAM maiyata rAjAnI rANI eka bAjue hevAthI, tene madada karavA mATe navAba dastaallIe pitAnA jamAI caMdA sAhebane keja sahita te tarapha ravAnA karyo. eNe rANI temaja bIjA saghaLA vArasone bAjue mukI pote ja te zaherane kabaje lIdhe, ane tyAMne kArabhAra calAvavA mAMDe. A sthitimAM tene phrenca leke sAthe vadhAre ghADe saMbaMdha bAMdhavA aneka taka maLI, ane temAM tAjeranA rAjAnA tAbAmAM AveluM pUrva kinArA uparanuM baMdara eNe moTI yuktithI kenca lekIne meLavI ApyuM. A hakIkata nIce pramANe banI. tAjerane pahele rAjA, zivAjIne sAvake bhAI baeNkejI maraNa pAmyA pachI tene chokare tukArAva keTalAMka varSa rAjya karI sane 1738 mAM gujarI gayo. ene traNa chokarA hatAH be auraMsa, bAbA sAheba ane zAhujI, tathA trIje anArasa pratApasiMha. tukALa pachI bAbA sAheba tAjeranI gAdIe Avyo, paNa te thoDA ja vakhatamAM maraNa pAme. tene kaMI saMtatI na hovAthI tenA bhAI zAhujIe rAjyasana lIdhuM; paNa saghaLI sattA lazkarI adhikArI sayadakhAnanA hAthamAM hovAthI zAhujIne te Teke Ape ema nahotuM. saiyadakhAne sidhojI nAmanA bIjA eka gRhasthanI ANa pheravatAM, zAhujI nAsI jaI pinDIcerI najadIka cidaMbaramamAM bharAyo, ane tyAMthI phrenca lekonI madada mAgI. phrenca leke je tene tAjetaranI gAdI meLavI Ape te pUrva kinArA uparanuM kArikalanuM baMdara, tenI pAse

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48 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. karakanagaDhI nAmane majabUta kille tathA keTalAMka gAme kAyamanAM temane sapurada karavAnuM zAhujIe kabUla karyuM. AvI rIte AvI maLelI saMdhi kumAre javA dIdhI nahIM. teNe tarataja zastrathI saMpUrNa rIte saja thayelI pheja tathA be tAjeranI gAdIe besADavAnuM hatuM. bIjI tarapha zAhujInI kaMI judA prakAranI khaTapaTa cAlu hatI, ane tenI aMte teNe saiyadakhAnane vaza karI tenI madadathI tAjeranI gAdI meLavI, ane phrenca lekane kArikalanuM baMdara ApavA nA pADI. AthI hAthamAM Avele dAva jate rahela joI mAsa nAsIpAsa thayo; chatAM zAhujI sAthe khullI rIte laDavA te himata karI zake nahIM. paraMtu phrenca lekene khuza karavAnI A saMdhi caMdA sAhebane AyatI maLI AvavAthI teNe jAte kArikalanuM baMdara chatI temane soMpavA mATe te tarapha lazkara ravAnA karyuM, zAhujIe bacAva mATe pitAnI pheja mokalI, paNa te tyAM jaI pahoMce te pahelAM phrenca lazkare kArikala hastagata karI levAthI zAhujI nirUpAya thaI agAu karelA karAra pramANe amala karavA taiyAra thaye. eTalAmAM tenA hAthamAMthI gAdI jatI rahI, ane pratApasiMhe rAjyapada dhAraNa karI cidaMbaramane karAra pAra pADavA mAthe lIdhuM. AthI karI kArikala, karakanagaDhI tathA pUrva kinArA uparane sumAre rU 30thI 40,000 nI vasulAta pradeza phrenca lokone maLyo (sane 1741). 4marAThAonI karnATaka upara svArI-caMdA sAheba kIcanApilImAM rahevA lAgavAthI tenI jagyA upara navAbe mIra Asadane divAna tarIke nI. mIra Asada potAnI virUddha khaTapaTa kare che evuM sAMbhaLI caMdA sAhebe cIne pelImAM pitAnA bacAva mATe sarva prakAranI majabUtI karI, ane madurA tathA diMDIgalamAM potAnA be bhAIo baDA sAheba tathA sAdika sAhebane goThavI dIdhA. A pramANe karnATakamAM musalamAnI rAjyanI vRddhi thatI joI tAMjora ane mahesuranA hiMdu rAjAonA manamAM kaMIka vasavase pedA thaze. bIjI tarapha khuda nijhAmane paNa karnATakanA navAbanI vadhelI sattA pasaMda paDI nahIM. nijhAma pite dilhImAM rokAyelA hovAthI

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prakaraNa 15 muM.] karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. 418 marAThAo sAthe saMdhAna karI temane karnATaka upara svArI karavAne uzkeryA. A prAMta jItavo e marAThAonA kAryakramane eka bhAga hevAthI zAha mahArAjanA hukama anusAra rAghu bhesalee pacAsa hajAra cuMTI kahADelA lazkara sAthe te upara svArI karI ( sane 1739). te veLA karnATakane navAba dastaallI hatuM, ane tene chokare saphadaraallI tathA jamAI caMdA sAheba TrIcInApalImAM pitAne amala besADavAnA kAmamAM rokAyA hatA. rAghujInI sAme thavA mATe temane dastaallIe jora julamathI pAchA belAvyA, paNa caMdA sAhebane mULa uddeza svArthI hovAthI te tAbaDatoba AvyuM nahIM. eTalAmAM rAdhujIe dastaallIne raNakSetra upara gherI tenA upara sakhata humalo karyo. dastaallI jIva upara AvI jhanunathI lo, paNa nirUpAya thaI te ane tene cheka hasanaallI saMgrAmamAM mAryA gayA, divAna mIra Asada keda pakaDAye, tathA rAjyane moTA moTA adhikArIo marAThAne hAthe kapAI mu. A laDAI dalacarInI khINamAM tA. 20 mI me sane 1739 ne dIne thaI hatI. navAbanA AvA parAbhavathI AkhA karnATakamAM kera vatyo. A pahelAM marAThAoe sarva hiMdustAna potAnA paga heThaLa chuMdI mAryuM hatuM eTale have kaI paNa teonI sAme TakI zakaze nahIM ema sarva keIne lAgavA mADayuM. saphadaraallI pitAnA rakSaNArthe veleranA killAmAM bharAI beThe. je thayuM te eka rIte sAruM thayuM ema gaNI caMdA sAheba TrIcInAlImAM svastha besI rahyo. paraMtu A beu jaNae pitAnuM kuTuMba, javAhIra vagere saghaLuM paDIcerI mekalavAthI tyAMnA gavarnara DumAsane pitAnI salAmatI mATe dhAstI peThI. rAtadivasa mahenata karI teNe paDIcerInA bacAvamAM kAma purAM karyA, ane annasAmagrI tathA dArUgoLAnI bharatI karI. navAbanA kuTuMba sivAya bIjA paNa puSkaLa leke AsapAsanA pradezamAMthI tene Azraye jaI paDayA. navAba detaalInI strI, chokarAM vagere tA. 25 mI mene dine pinDIcerI AvyAM tyAre temane aMdara Azraya Apavo ke nahIM e bAbata DumAsane mATe vicAra paDe. navAbanuM kuTuMba tathA dhanadolata kecanA tAbAmAM che ema marAThAonI jANamAM AvatAM teo pinDIcerI

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. upara AvyA vinA raheze nahIM. jo temane Azraya ApavAmAM nahIM Ave te ATalA divasanA sneha upara pAchuM phare, ane phrenca lekenI temanAM kRtApaNuM mATe lokomAM phajetI uDe te judI. AvI muzkelImAM sapaDAI jatAM DamAse tAbaDatoba kansilanI salAha laI navAbanAM kuTuMbane pinDIcerImAM dAkhala karavAno nizcaya karyo; ane jAte killAnA daravAjA ughADI moTA sanmAnathI temane aMdara lIdhAM, ane tepanI salAmI ApI temane rahevAnI seI karI ApI. thoDA divasa bAda caMdAsAhebanAM strI chokarAMo AvyAM temane mATe paNa mAse kenya saMrathAnamAM vyavasthA karI. pilI tarapha marAThAee ArkaTa lIdhuM, paNa navAbanI saghaLI saMpatti pinDIcerImAM mokalAvI. dIdhelI hevAthI temanA hAthamAM kaMI paNa AvyuM nahIM eTale teo ghaNuM gusse thaI gayA, ane AgaLa zuM karavuM tenA vicAramAM paDayA. navAba dastaalIne kArabhArI mIra Asada temanA kabajAmAM hatuM. te caMdA sAhebane kaTTo verI hovAthI tenuM ekalapeTApaNuM te barAbara samajatuM hatuM, eTale caMdA sAhebane cheDI daI marAThAo sAthe navAbane salAha karAvavAnA hetuthI rAghujI sAthe teNe saMdezA calAvyA. rAdhujIe tenuM kahevuM mAnya karI tene baMdhanamAMthI mukta karyo, ane tene madhyastha rAkhI oNgasTa sane 1740 mAM saphadaraalI sAthe taha karI. enI rUe evuM kahyuM hatuM ke marAThAoe saphadaraallIne karnATakanA navAba tarIke kabUla rAkhavo, teNe marAThAone eka karoDa rUpIA haphate haphate ApavA, ane pUrva kinArA uparanA hiMdu rAjAne je mulaka sane 1736 pachI bIjAoe jItI lIdho hoya te jene tene pAcho Apo. e pachInI kalama tAjeranA tAbAmAMnA kArikala mATe hatI, ane chellI be kalame gupta rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. A tahanAmAMnI sarata uparathI phrenca lokonI matalaba zuM hatI te marAThAoe pUrNapaNe oLakhI lIdhI hatI, ane te pAra pADavA mATe teo mathatA hatA e khulyuM hatuM. - 5, rAdhujI ane phrenca vaccene patravyavahAra -kenca lekee pUrva kinArA upara rAjya sthApanAnI zarUAta karI ane navAbanA kuTuMbane

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prakaraNa 15 muM.] karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. 421 temanI dolata sahita Azraya Ape e vAta sAdhujIne rUcI nahIM. teNe tarataja eka patra e bAbata phrenca gavarnarane mokalyA; temAM mI. melIsane Apele keTaleka utAro A pramANe che amArA mahArAjAe tamane pinDIcerImAM rahevAnI paravAnagI ApyAne 40 varSa thaI gayAM. hAlamAM amAruM lazkara A bAjue AveluM che chatAM tamArI taraphathI kaMI paNa khabara AvI nahIM. tame amArI dastIne pAtra che; amArA zabdo kadI uthApazo nahIM ane ApanA karAra barAbara pALazo evI amArI khAtarI hatI. tethI ja tamane mahArAjAe A mulakamAM rahevA dIdhA hatA. e mATe darasAla khaMDaNI ApavAnuM tame kabUla kareluM chatAM adyApi paryata kaMI paNa bharaNuM karyuM nahIM, tethI Akhare mahArAjAne pitAnuM lazkara A tarapha mokalavA pharaja paDI. ahIMnA musalamAna le ke garvathI ati phulAI gayA hatA. temanI khabara A lazkare ThIka lIdhI che e vartamAna tamane maLyA haze; amAre e viSe vadhu jaNAvavAnI jarUra nathI. hamaNuM chaMcha tathA TIcInApalInA killA laI temane baMdobasta karavAne temaja kinArA upara rahetA yuropiyana loko pAsethI khaMDaNI vasula karavAne amane hukama thayo che. e hukama amalamAM mukavAnuM amane jarUranuM che. tamArI vartaNuka tathA mahArAjAe tamArA upara karelI maherabAnI dhyAnamAM letAM e khaMDaNI tame nahIM bhare e yaMgya kahevAya nahIM. ame tamArA upara maherabAnI karIe tenA blAmAM tame amArI virUddha vartana calAvo che. tame musalamAnone tamArI jagyAmAM Azraya Ape e zuM yogya che? vaLI cinApalI ane tAMjoramAMnI latanI peTIo, hAthI, ghoDA, javAhara vagere je kaMI hAtha lAgyuM te saghaLuM, kuTuMbanAM mANase tathA chekarA haiyAM suddhAM caMdAsAhebe pinDIcerImAM lAvI tamArI pAse rAkhyAM e zuM barAbara kahevAya ? je tamAre amArI sAthe mitrAcArIne * abstract translation from the French original in the archives of the Company of the Indies as given by Malleson.

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karara hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kabIlA sAthe tame amAre havAle karavI. e saghaLuM tAbAmAM levA mATe svAra mokalyA che. A kaheNa tame nahIM svIkAraze te jabaradastIthI e saghaLuM levAnI amane jarUra paDaze, ane cAlIsa varSa lagI nahIM bharelI . khaMDaNI paNa jorajulamathI laIzuM. vasaInI sthiti zI thaI hatI te tame sAMbhaLI ja haze. hamaNA amArI pAse ahIM moTI pheja hovAthI tene kharca cAlo joIe. sIdhI rIte tame amArI mAgaNI kabUla na kare te tamArI pAse kevI rIte amArI mAgaNI vasula karavI e ame jANIe chIe. thoDAja divasamAM amAre kAphele paNa ahIM dAkhala thanAra che, mATe A prakaraNane nikAla satvara thAya te sAruM. A patramAM mAMgyA pramANe caMdAsAhebanuM kuTuMba tathA haiyAM chokarAM temaja hAthI, gheDA, javAhara vagere saghaLuM tAbaDatoba amArI tarapha mekalI Apazo evI AzA che." mAse mokalelA A patranA javAbamAMthI nIce utAro basa thaze - mahArAjAne khaMDaNI ApavAnuM ame kabula kareluM hovA chatAM cAlIsa varSa lagI kaMIbharaNuM karyuM nahIM ema tame kahe che, paNa kenya prajA upara Aja lagI kadI paNa keIe khaMDaNI besADI nathI. meM khaMDaNI ApavAnuM kabUla karyuM che evuM jo kAnsane rAjA jANe che te tarata ja mAruM DokuM uDAvI de. ahIMnA rAjAe amane samudrakAMThA upara retImAM killA tathA zahera bAMdhavAnI paravAnagI ApI, tyAre dezI lekenA dharma tathA devAlayone kaI paNa prakArane upadrava kare nahIM eTalIja sarata ame kabula karI hatI; ane e sarata ame aMtaHkaraNapUrvaka pALIe chIe. eTalAja mATe tamArAM lazkarane A tarapha AvavAnI jarUra nahotI. chaMcha ane TIcInApalInA killA hastagata karavAne tamane hukama maLela hevAnuM tame jANo che, paNa jyAM sudhI ApaNI vacce verabhAva utpanna thaye nathI tyAM sudhI e bAbata amane harakata nathI. A prAMtamAM jeTalA mogala adhikArIo AvI gayA che teo saghaLAe ame kejo sAthe svamAnathI dastI rAkhI che. teoe amArA upara aneka upakAra karyA che, ane A snehane lIdhe ja navAba staallInA kuTuMbane Azraya ApavAnuM amane avazya che.

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prakaraNa 15 muM. karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. jarA amArA daravAjA baMdha karI temane bahAra bhaTakatAM rAkhavAM e amane ThIka lAge ke? jene pitAne mATe kaMI paNa abhimAna heya te evuM kadI paNa karaze nahIM. caMdA sAhebanI strI, tenI mA tathA bhAI sAthe ahIM AvI che, paNa bAkInAM saghaLAM mANase ArkaTamAM rahelAM che. A bAIne tenA chokarA tathA tenI saMpatti sAthe tamArA svAranA havAlAmAM soMpavA tame lakho cho. tame bahAdura tathA moTA mananA saradAra levAthI AvuM niMdya kRtya mArI pAse karAvI mAre mATe tamArA manamAM kevo abhiprAya baMdhAya te tame sahaja samajI zakaze. caMdA sAhebanI strI kejo rAjAnA rakSaNa heThaLa piDIcerImAM che ane hiMdustAnamAM ekeeka phrenca gRhastha ThAra thayA sivAya te tamArA hAthamAM AvanAra nathI. tamArI mAgaNI nA kabUla thatAM tame jAte saghaLAM lazkara sahita panDIcerI AvavA jaNAve che, te ahIM tamAre egya satkAra karavA sArU saMpUrNa taiyArI ame karIe chIe. sarva jagatamAM zarIra tarIke vakhaNAyelA sipAIe amArI pAse che; teo upara anyAyathI hallo karanAranI khabara kevI rIte levI te teo sArI peThe samaje che, e tame sahaja jANI zakaze. paramezvaranI sattA AgaLa meTAM moTAM lazkara suddhAM tRNavata heya che. e paramezvara upara amAre pUrNa bharoso hovAthI te amane saMpUrNa yaza bakSase evI AzA che. vasaInI hakIkata ame jANIe chIe, paNa te viSe kahevAnuM eTaluM ja ke tene bacAva kenya lake karatA rahetA.' (sa. 1740). A patravyavahAra cAlu hatA tevAmAM saphadaraallIe marAThAo sAthe karelA tahanAmAMnI gupta kalamonI mAhitI kumArane maLatAM teNe jhapATAbaMdha yuddhanI taiyArI karI. teNe 1200 yuropiyana tathA 5000 musalamAna lazkarane kavAyata zIkhavI taiyAra karyuM. hiMdustAnamAM kavAyatI kejanI A zarUAta ja hatI. vaLI teNe sarva prakAranI sAmagrI zaheramAM bharI, ane kAphalAnAM mANasane paNa jamIna uparanI yuddhakaLA zIkhavI. eTalAmAM navAba sadaraallI pinDIcerI Avyo, ane pitAnI mAne maLI tumAsane atyaMta AbhAra mAnya. A veLA tenI sAthe caMdA sAheba

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424 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paNa AvyuM hatuM. A prasaMge pUrva kinArA upara dasa hajAra rUpiAnI utpane mulaka saphadaraallIe phrenca lekane jude pADI Ape, ane e mATe dilhInA bAdazAhanuM pharamAna paNa meLavyuM. keTalAka divasa penDIcerImAM rahyA pachI saphadaraallI potAnI mAne laI ArkaTa gaye, ane caMdA sAheba zrIcInApilI tarapha ravAnA thayo, paNa tenAM strI chokarAo phenca saMsthAnamAM rahyAM. pinDIcerIthI pAchA pharyA bAda caMdA sAhebe svarakSaNanI tajavIja choDI daI pitAnA bhAI baDA sAhebane vadhAre mulaka hastagata karavA mATe madurA meka. baDA sAheba tathA caMdA sAhebane chuTA paDelA joI rAghue ekadama TIcInApalIne ghero ghAlyo. caMdA sAheba ghaNI jhanunathI tenI sAme laDe. baDA sAhebane tAbaDatoba pAcho bolAvavA gayelA kaheNa pramANe te AvI caMdA sAhebane maLe te pUrve rAdhujIe tenI sAmA vIsa hajAra lazkara mokalyuM. nAIlAja thaI laDatAM baDA sAheba laDAImAM paDayo ane tenI pheja gabharATamAM paDI vikharAI gaI. baDA sAhebanA pretane rAdhujIe meTA ThaThathI caMdA sAhebane mokalI ApyuM. TIcInApalIne ghero tA. 15 mI DIsembarathI traNa mahinA sudhI cAlyA bAda tA. 21 mI mArca sane 1741 ne dIne caMdAsAhebe nirUpAya thaI kile marAThAone svAdhIna karyo, ane pote paNa temane zaraNe gayo. caMdA sAhebane keda karI rAhujIe satAra mokale, ane murArarAva ghora paDenA hAtha heThaLa cauda hajAra mANaso ApI karnATakane vahivaTa calAvavavAnuM kAma tene sepyuM. caMdAsAhebane pakaDyA pachI rAdhujIe * pUrve rAjArAma mahArAjanA samayamAM saMtAjI ghara paDenuM khuna thayA pachI tenA patra zijIe sainya ekaThuM karI karnATakamAM lUMTa calAvI, ane guTI, gajedragaDha, ane saMpUranA killA tathA tenI AsapAsane pradeza kabaje karI tyAM eka svataMtra saMsthAnA sthApyuM. koInI paNa madada vinA paramulakamAM talavArane jere meLaveluM A nAnuM saMsthAna gharapaDee uttama rIte saMbhALI rAkhyuM, ane kRSNa nadIthI rAmezvara paryata saghaLAM rAjya upara pitAnI hAka besADI, eTalA uparathI tenuM parAkrama vyakta thAya che. zidhajIne putra murArAva ghaNA ja prakhyAtImAM AvyA. karNATakamAM kethe paNa laDAIne prasaMga upasthita thatAM be pakSamAMnA eka pakSa tarapha murArAva nahIM hoya ema bhAgyeja banatuM. tenuM sainya che paNa atyaMta vyavasthita hatuM. aMgrejone aneka veLA sahAya karavA mATe temaNe murArarAvanI stuti karI che. (kharekRta aitihAsika lekha bhA. 2. )

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prakaraNa 15 muM] karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI karapa kenca leke upara khaMDaNI mATe tagAde karavA mAMDe. pAchalI bAkI peTe sATha lAkha rUpIA ApavAnI have pachI dara sAla khaMDaNI bharavAnuM vacana ApavAnI tathA caMdA sAhebanAM strI chokarAone pitAne svAdhIna karavAnI teNe DumAsane mAgaNI karI. DumAse kaMI dAda na detAM bunathI ekadama vadhAre madada meLavavA goThavaNa karI. rAghujIe 16000 phoja pUrva kinArA upara mokalI, paNa tethI kenya lokone kaMI IjA poMcI nahIM. eja vakhate rAdhujIe bIjI keja mAhI upara ravAnA karI, ane pitAnA vakIlane piDIcerImAM rUbarU saMdezA calAvavA mekalyo. kumAre A vakIlane uttama prakAre satkAra karI pitAnAM saghaLAM bacAvanAM kAmo tene batAvyAM, ane pAchA pharatI veLA rAdhujI bhalene najara karavA mATe prAnsanA utkRSTa dArUnI dasa bATalIo tenI sAthe mokalI. te dArU rAdhujInI strIne eTale te pasaMda paDaze ke tenA Agrahane AdhIna thaI rAdhujIe bIjI dasa bATalI DumAsa pAse maMgAvI. teNe javAbamAM trIsa bATalIo sAthe salamAlikano patra mokalavAthI vakhata jatAM ubhaya vacce snehabhAva utpanna thayo. piDIcerIne kaMI paNa nukasAna nahIM pahoMcADavA rAghue pitAnI phejane tAkIda karI, ane agAunI saghaLI mAgaNIo cheDI daI te mAhI tarapha nIkaLI gayo. 6, Duple ane karNATakamAM gaDabaDATa-phenca gavarnara DumAsa eka cAlAka ane hoMzI Ara adhikArI hatA, ane tenA amalamAM phrenca sattA ane lAgavaga puSkaLa vadhyAM hatAM. evI ja rIte plene caMdranagarane kArabhAra lekene sAre pasaMda paDayo hato. teNe tyAM kaMpanIne puSkaLa phAyado karI ApI pote paNa atizaya saMpatti meLavI hatI. sane 1741 mAM mAsane kArabhAra pure thatAM te svadeza pAcho pharyo. tyAre phulenI nimaNuka pinDIcerImAM thavAthI te varSanA kaTobara mAsamAM eNe tyAM AvI vahivaTa karavA mAMDemAse rAdhujI sAthe je sakhata bhASA vAparI virUddha vartana dAkhavyuM hatuM tethI musalamAna darabAramAM phrenca lekinI moTI vAhavAha thaI rahI hatI. nijhAma-ula-mulka mAsanI vartaNukanI patrakAro stuti

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kara6 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga je. karI, saphadaraallae tene aneka mulyavAna vastu najara karI; dilhInA bAdazAha mahamadazAhe tene svataMtra navAba banAvI sADAcAra hajAra svAronI saradArI ApI, ane e nimaNuka pinDIcerInA gavarnara pAse hamezanI rahe evuM TharAvyuM. sArAMzamAM, bAdazAha, tenA subedAra, tathA tenA tAbAne karnATakane navAba e saghaLA keTalA ni:satva thayA hatA, ane svarakSaNane mATe game tene Azraya levA mATe kevA tatpara hatA, e A uparathI spaSTa dekhAya che. be varSanA rAjyabhagavaTA pachI zuravIra musalamAnamAM ATalo meM pharaka paDI gayo hate. AgaLa game te thAya paNa hAlanuM saMkaTa TALavA mATe temanI buddhi saMkocAI gaI hatI. have pachI marAThAo karatAM paNa yuropiana leke sarvoparI thaze ema temane bIlakula lAgyuM nahIM, e temanI buddhinI sImA dAkhave che. nDiIcerImAM meTA ThAThamAThathI rahevA lAge. hareka prakAranAM vaibhavacinha dhAraNa karI teNe potAnI hAka cAre dizAmAM besADI. caMdranagaranI kensilanA eka sabhAsada mI. vinsenTanAM maraNa bAda tenI vidhavA sAthe eNe sane 1741mAM lagna karyo. A bAI hiMdustAnamAM janmelI hovAthI tene vidyAbhyAsa ahIM ja thaye hate. te mahAna buddhizALI ane dhITa svabhAvanI hatI, ane te dezI bhASAmAM saMpUrNa rIte pravINa hatI. AthI tatkAlIna rAjakIya bAbatamAM salAhakAra tarIke lene te ghaNI upayogI thaI paDI. A beu jaNue eka bIjAnI salAhathI AgaLa jatAM kaIka bhAre rAjanIti upADI hatI. phulee penDIcerImAM vahivaTa zarU karyo tyAre marAThAonI svArIne lIdhe karnATakanI bhAre durdazA thaI hatI. navAba saphadaraalI caMdA sAhebanI jALamAMthI chuTayo hato, paNa nijhAma tenA upara hakumata calAvavA Atura banyo hate. enuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke ArkaTano navAba tene tAbedAra hovAthI teNe haidarAbAda darabArane khaMDaNI ApavI joie. navAba dilhInA bAdazAha sivAya bIjA keInI sattA kabUla rAkhavAne nA pADate, kemake bIjA sattAdhIzenI mAphaka te paNa anukULa Ave teTalI svataMtra sattA

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prakaraNa 15 muM] karnATakanI raMgabhUmI upara taiyArI. 4ra7 sthApavAmAM guMthAyelo hato. tenI pAse saMpatti puSkaLa hatI, paNa nijhAmane khaMDaNI ApavAnI tene bIlakula marajI na hovAthI game te kAraNe tene uDAvavA te mahenata karate. bIjI taraphathI e khaMDaNI bharavAne nimitte navAbe tAbAnA jamInadAra pAse paisA kaheDAvavA sapATo calAvyo eTale te lokomAM apriya thatAM tenI virUddha gupta kArastAne cAlavA lAgyAM. A tophAnamAM staallIne bIje jamAI murtajhAallI sAmela thayA hatA, kemake tenI ane saphadaraallI vacce aNabanAva hato. saphadaraallInA duzmane vasulAta bharavAmAM sAmA thavAthI rAjyanI upaja vakhatasara jamA thaI nahIM, ane nijhAmane joItI hatI tevI avyavasthA zarU thaI. A aMdhAdhuMdhInA samayamAM sane 1742 mAM lera AgaLa murtajhAalIe saphadaraallInuM khUna karyuM, ane temAMnA eke murArarAva ghera paDe tathA aMgrejonI madada vaDe murtajhAallIne ArkaTamAMthI hAMkI kahADayo, ane saphadaraalInA alpavayanA putra saiyada mahamadakhAnane navAbanI gAdI upara besADyo (sane 1742 ). A gheTALo cAlu thatAM karNATakamAM pitAne amala besADavAnI sArI taka AvelI joI vRddha nijhAme moTI pheja sAthe sane 1743 mAM dakSiNa tarapha prayANa karyuM. e veLA enI sAthe 80,000 svAra tathA be lAkha pAyadaLa hatuM ema kahevAya che. AvaDAM moTAM lazkara vaDe sapATAbaMdha sarvane parAbhava karI teNe baMDakhorane dAbI dIdhA. murArarAvanA nIkaLI javAthI TIcInApelI sahajamAM tenA hAthamAM AvyuM. nijhAmanI A svArImAM banele ekaja banAva jANavAthI te samayanI dezasthiti kevI hatI te barAbara samajAze. auraMgajebanAM maraNa pachI ThekaThekANenA adhikArIo svataMtra thaI pitAne navAba kahevADatA hatA. eka divasa nijhAme darabAra bharyuM to temAM tenI mulAkAte eka pachI eka arADa navAbo AvyAnuM copadAre jAhera karyuM tyAre nijhAme gussAmAM jaNAvyuM ke "Aja paryata huM ema samajatuM hatuM ke dakSiNamAM cha subAgirInA adhikAra tathA navAbanI padavIne mATe huM ekaleja hatI, paNa have mAlama paDe che ke jyAM tyAM navAba ubharAI jAya che. have pachI koI paNa navAba tarIke

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428 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. darabAramAM Avaze te tene muzkeToTa bAMdhI cAbakane mAra mAravAmAM Avaze." karnATaka prAMtane baMdebasta karI, nijhAmeArkaTanA navAbanI gAdI upara avarUdIna nAmanA eka pitAnA mANasane eprila sane 1744 mAM besADo. anvarUdInane pitA auraMgajeba AgaLa kurAna paDhate hata; A vasIlAne lIdhe tene prathama pAMcanI masaba maLI hatI. pachI te nijhAma-ula-mulkanA bApa pAse gujarAtamAM rahyo hate; ahIMthI nijhAma pAse AvI tenA hAtha heThaLa aneka jagyA upara eNe kAma karyuM hatuM. nijhAme karnATaka upara svArI karI tyAre anvarUdIna gavaLonDAmAM mukhya sattAdhIkArI hatuM. jyAre nijhAmanA hAthamAM karnATakane mulaka Avyo tyAre tyAMne baMdebasta jALavavA A purUSa gya che, ane te potAnA bharosAne tathA zarIra ane anubhavI che ema jANI nijhAme tene ArkaTanI navAbagirI seMpI, ane karnATakane prAMta pitAnA tAbAmAM Avyo che ema sarva lekene jAhera karyuM. paraMtu anvarUdInane kArabhAra lokone rUe nahIM. te atizaya vRddha hato. sAdataullAnA kuTuMbIoe trIsa varSa navAbagirIne kArabhAra karyo hatuM, ane raiyatane mATe kALajI rAkhI prAMtanI AbAdAnI vadhArI hatI tethI lekenI te kuTuMba upara bhakti hatI. nijhAme saphadaraallIne chokarAnI vatI avarUdInane kArabhAra soMpyo hate. saphadaraallInA chokarA saiyada mahamadanuM gheDA ja vakhatamAM kaMIka lagna prasaMge khuna thayuM. A khuna murtajhAallIeja karyuM ema lekavAyakA hatI; vaLI evuM paNa kahevAya che ke murtajhAalI ane anvarUdIne maLI jaI saiyada mahamadane ThAra karyo hato. game tema heya paNa saiyada mahamadanA nAza pachI nijhAme avarUdInane navAbanI gAdI upara kAyama karyo. A pramANe karnATakanI vyavasthA karI nijhAma pitAnA mulaka tarapha pAcho pharyo, ane karNATakamAM aMgreja ane phrenca vacce yuddha zarU thayuM. (3 2 ) ja -

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prakaraNa 16 muM.]. karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. * prakaraNa 16 muM. karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha - I. sa. 1764-48. 1. aMgreja ane phrenca leke vacce yuddha. 2. bunamAM lAbunene kArabhAra 3. madrAsanuM lAbu'nene zaraNe thavuM ane 4. senTa TaoNmenI laDAI. lAbunene aMta. 5. yuddhanuM chevaTa. 6. niSkarSa. 1, aMgreja ane phrenca leke vacce yuddha - atizaya mahatvAkAMkSI hovAthI rAjya meLavavA mATe cAlatI khecatANamAM pitAne lAge sAdhI levAnI tene atyaMta utkaMThA thaI. hiMdustAnamAM kejo rAjya sthApavA mATe pite egya ane samartha che ema tene svAbhAvika rIte lAgyuM. sane 1739 mAM yuropamAM IgleMDa ane spena vacce cAlelAM yuddhanuM mukhya kAraNa vepAra ane vasAhata mATe te be deza vaccenI spardhA hatI. dhIme dhIme A yuddhamAM phrAnsa sAmela thaze evo raMga dekhAtAM Duplee pitAnI sarva taiyArI karI rAkhI, paNa phenca sarakAre hiMdustAnanA aMgrejo sAme duzmanAvaTa jAhera karavAno hukama na mokalAvatAM kharca kamI karavA sakhata tAkIda karavAthI Duple ghaNI kaDhaMgI sthitimAM AvI paDyo. ema chatAM adhikArIonA hukama bAjue rAkhI teNe paDIcerI uparanAM bacAvanAM kAme majabUta karyo. A kAma mATe AgaLa jatAM ene zAbAzI maLI. - ' sane 1744 mAM kAse IMglenDa sAme khullI rIte zastra upADyAM. A yuddhane " sTrIAnA vArasA bAbatanuM yuddha" (War of the Austrian succession) ema karI kahe che. ekAda gAdInA vArasA mATe TaMTa upasthita thatAM koI paNa deze khAlI lAbha meLavI le nahIM e yuropiyana rASTramAM eka pratibaMdha hatA. tadanusAra A yuddhanI zarUAta dekhAItI rIte thaI hatI, paNa tenuM kharuM kAraNa vepAra, delata ane vasAhatanA saMbaMdhamAM pAzcAtya prajA vacce cAlI caDasAcaDasI hatI. iMgleMDa

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430 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ane phrAnsane rAjya vistAra yuropamAM pUrva temaja pazcima tarapha hovAthI A yuddhanI asara banne rAjyamAM saghaLe jaNAI yuddhanA AraMbhamAM phrenca AramAra ane killAonI sthiti saMtoSakAraka nahotI; paNa e viSayamAM aMgrejo saMpUrNa rIte taiyAra hovAthI teo jera upara AvyA. laDAI jAhera thatAM eka moTe aMgreja kAle phrenca lekenA vepArane nukasAna pahoMcADavAnA hetuthI A tarapha AvavA mATe IgleMDathI upaDayuM hatuM. kAnsamAM kAphale taiyAra nahIM hovAthI phrenca sarakAre keTalAMka vahANe ahIM mekalavA vicAra karyo, paNa te vakhatasara taiyAra thaI nIkaLI zakyAM nahIM. AthI game te rIte aMgrejo sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhI yuddha prasaMga uDAvavA mATe kenya kaMpanIe kulene pharamAvyuM. Duplene vicAra paNa teja hatA, paraMtu te pramANe amala kara zakya nahetuM e te samayanI hiMdustAnanI paristhiti uparathI saMpUrNa rIte te jANa hatuM. A dezamAM phrenca lekonI kamataiyArIthI aMgrejo mAhitagAra hovAthI laDAI karavA teo khAsa usuka hatA. madrAsanA gavarnara mi. kaeNsane patra lakhI phulee yuddha na karavA vinaMtI karI, tyAre teNe javAba vALyuM ke, iMgleDathI laDAI karavA bAbata hukama AveluM hovAthI emAM huM nAIlAja chuM." AthI nAsIpAsa thaI phulee ArkaTanA navAba avarUdInane samajAvyuM ke "ApaNuM dastI ghaNuM lAMbA kALanI hovAthI eka yuropiyana prajA bIjI prajA sAme ApanA mulakamAM laDAI calAve e yogya nahIM, ane tevo je koI banAva bane te Ape avazya te aTakAvavo joIe." A raste anvarUdInane pasaMda paDavAthI teNe aMgreja temaja kenya adhikArIone yuddha karavAnI sakhata manAI karI, ane tethI ja AvA bArIka prasaMge phrenca lekene nAza thato aTake. : 2, bubanamAM lAbunene kArabhAra -kenca saradAra lAbunie sane 1725 mAM mAhI kabaje karyuM e ApaNe upara vAMcI gayA chIe. e pachI traNa cAra varSa pitAnI himata upara hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM vepAra karyA pachI teNe keTaleka vakhata gevAna porTugIjha sarakAranI nekarI karI

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prakaraNa 16 muM.] karNATakamAM paheluM yuddha 431 sane 1733 mAM te kAnsa pAcho pharyo. be varSa rahI sane 1735 mAM tenI bubananA kArabhArI tarIke nimaNuka thaI mADAgAskara, buna, ane Aila opha phrAnsa nAmanA AphrikAnA pUrva kinArA upara AvelA traNa beTe kenyanA tAbAmAM hovAnuM AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. emane mADAgAskara ghaNekhare cheDI devA sarakho hata; AIla oNpha phrAnsamAM temanuM mukhya thANuM hatuM, ane tenI rAjadhAnI senTa luI nAmanAM baMdaramAM hatI. A beTamAM sane 1719 mAM kaoNphI, tathA sAbukhAnAM jhADa tathA zeraDI repavAnI phrenca lekAe zarUAta karavAthI tyAMnuM utpanna tathA vepAra puSkaLa vadhyAM. sane 1721 mAM tyAM eka moTuM kenya vasAhata sthapAyuM, ane sane 1723 mAM tyAMnA vahivaTa mATe eka gavarnara ane kensilanI nimaNuka thaI. sane 1735 mAM ahIMnA pahelA gavarnara DumAsanI badalI pinDIcerI thatAM lAbune senTa luIne gavarnara tarIke AvyA. A beTanI jamIna phaLadrupa, havA mAphakasara ane baMdaranI seI yogya hovAthI tenuM mahatva tarataja vadhI gayuM. lAbune tyAMnAM moTAM meTAM jaMgalo teDAvI naMkhAvyAM, tyAM aneka ThekANethI AvelA niranirALI jAtanA temaja dezanA puSkaLa leke hatA temane yogya rIte taiyAra karI tathA jIvataDa mahenata karI teNe beTanI sthiti atyaMta sudhArI. khetI, kalAkezalya ane lazkarI kAma e traNa bAbatamAM kone pAvaradhA karI teNe vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga AraMbhe, ane e ja pramANe bIjA beTa bubanamAM paNa puSkaLa sudhAre karI vastI vadhArI. lAbune A saghaLuM karate have temAM tene kaMI paNa aMtastha hetu samAcale hate ema tenA zatruoe phrAnsamAM bumATe calAvyo. sane 1740 mAM te pitAnuM kAma cheDI phrAnsa game tyAre teNe saghaLA lekanI khAtarI karI duzmanenAM maheDAM baMdha karyo, eTale darabAramAM suddhAM tenAM kAma mATe temaja kalpanAzakti mATe tenI vAhavA thaI. te veLA phalyuarI (Fleury) jAnsane mukhya pradhAna hato. te jAte nakAme hevAthI zAMti jALavI rAkhavA sivAya bIjA kaMI paNa rAjakIya kAmamAM te mAthuM mArI zake na, kAnsa gayA pachI

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42 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. lAbunene saghaLI hakIkata jotAM tarataja lAgyuM ke iMgleMDa ane kAnsa vacce yuddha thavAnI aNI para mAmale AvyuM hatuM. svadeza taraphathI e yuddhamAM utarI aMgrejone garva utAravAne vicAra AvatAM darabAranI ane lekenI madadathI saghaLI taiyArI karI eka meTe kApha laI te pUrva tarapha AvavA nIkaLyo. tenA vicAra pramANe cAlavAmAM tene kenya sarakArane Take maLe che te A yuddhanuM pariNAma juduMja Avata. paNa te samaye kAnsane rAjA, tyAMnA rAjyadvArI purUSo ane rAjyapaddhati eTalAM nakAmAM thaI gayAM hatAM ke tevI sthitimAM deza AbAda thavo muzkela hatuM. lAbuDane kAnsane kinAre cheDI AgaLa gayo nahIM eTalAmAM tenA duzmane e nya sarakAra mAraphata saghaLAM vahANe pAchAM pheravavA hukama mekalAvyo. pradhAna phalyuarIe A hukama Ape tyAre tenI vaya 80 varSanI hatI. lAbune AIla oNpha phrAnsa AvI pahoMcyo eTalAmAM pAchaLathI A hukama Avyo tyAre tenA mananI sthiti kevI thaI haze te sahaja kalpI zakAze. aMgrejone saghaLo vepAra kubAvavAne saMkalpa karI nIkaLelA lAbuDanenI AthI saghaLI AzA bhaMga thaI gaI ane game tevo paNa mukhya pradhAna taraphathI nIkaLelo hukama mAnya karI teNe saghaLAM phrenca vahANe svadeza pAchAM ravAnA karyA. e pachI lagabhaga varSa cha mahinA jIvataDa mahenata karI tathA aneka upAya laI teNe pAMca cha navAM vahANo taiyAra karyo. eTalAmAM yuddha zarU thaI gayuM, ane komeDera bAnephenca vepArane nAza karavAne tAgaDe ra. A apamAna lAbunene muMge maheDe sahana karavuM paDayuM paNa eTalAmAM AramAranI madada laI hiMdustAna AvavA mATe Duple taraphathI tAkIdanuM kaheNa AvatAM saMkaTa samaye tenuM kharuM dhITapaNuM vyakta thayuM. koI paNa rIte DagamagyA vinA teNe hareka rIte jahAja taiyAra karI te upara saghaLI sAmagrI bharI. eja arasAmAM kAnsathI keTalAMka vahANe hameza AvatAM te ane A navAM taiyAra thayelAM vahANane meTe kAle sane 1746 nA AraMbhamAM koramAnDala kinArA upara AvI lAgyo. tenI sAmA thavAne komeDara peTane aMgreja kAphale laI AvatuM hatuM tevAmAM eka divasa beu

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prakaraNa 16 muM.] karNATakamAM paheluM yuddha. 433 kAphalA sAmasAmA AvI gayAM, paNa bIje dIne kaeNDara peTana phrencanI najara cukAvI cAlate the. lAbunene tenI pAchaLa javAnuM temaja madrAsa upara hale karavAnuM yogya na lAgatAM te penDIcerI Avyo. ahIM Duplene maLI banee AgaLa upara kevI rIte kAma levuM te bAbata TharAva karavAno hato. 3. madrAsanuM lAbunene zaraNe thavuM ane lAbuMnene ata (sa. 1746) -lAbune ane Duple banne sAhasika, mahatvAkAMkSI ane muzkela prasaMge cAlAkI tathA draDhatAthI vartanAra hatA, paNa banene hakumata calAvavAnI ceTaka lAgelI hovAthI bIjAonA hukamano amala karavA teo IjAra nahatA. bannee atyAra sudhI svataMtrapaNe vartI parAkrama karI batAvyAM hatAM, paNa have prasaMga jude ja hate. ekaja ThekANe bannenI hakumata cAlavI azakya hatI, ane bemAMthI eka paNa tAbedAra sthitimAM rahenAre nahote. lAbune senTa luimAM svataMtra adhikAra bhagavate hato, chatAM pinDIcerInA gavarnara tathA kansilanI tenA upara sattA hatI. yuropamAM jAgelI laDAIne lAbha laI aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMthI nasADavA mATe madrAsa upara hallo karI te zahera kabaje karavA mATe bane jaNAe ekamatithI TharAva karyo. A vakhate Duplee mAna apamAnanI saghaLI vAta bAjue rAkhI lAbunene manebhAvathI madada karavA kabUla karyuM, ane e sAhasanuM sadhaLuM mAna lAbunene maLe evI tene khAtarI ApI. hamaNune prasaMge madrAsa kabaje levuM e bannene agatyanuM lAgyuM ane te hetuthI racelI yuti siddha karavA temane draDha vicAra thayo, paNa madrAsa upara halle laI javAne bArIka prasaMga najadIka Avyo tyAre lAbunee phAMphAM mAravA mAMDayAM ane nahIM sababanA sababa kahADI nakkI thayelA TharAva pramANe amala karavAmAM kAlpanika muzkelIo ubhI karI. evAmAM madrAsa upara javAne Dhaga karatA nIkaLela lAbuDane acAnaka aMgreja vahANanI najare paDatAM kenyanI dhAstIthI gabharAI teo nAsI gayAM. paNa lAbunee teja vakhate madrAsa tarapha kUca karavAnuM choDI daI pinDIcerI pAchA pharavAnuM munAsaba vicAryuM. Ama karavAnuM kAraNa anyanA hukama anvaye cAlavAnuM tene apamAna

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434 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. bhareluM lAgavAnuM mAnavAmAM Ave che. Akhare ghaNIja AnAkAnI pachI sapTembara, 1746 mAM te madrAsa upara gaye. madrAsanA pherTa senTa jyorjanA killA uparAMta kamAnDala kinArA upara penDIcerIthI seLa mAIla dakSiNe kaDalera pAse pherTa senTa DeviDa ane piTanemAM temaja pedapuLI, malipaTTaNa, medApuLama ane vizAkhApaTTaNamAM aMgreja vasAhata hatAM. sane 1744 mAM madrAsanA gavarnaranA oDhA upara Avela mi. morsa (Morse) pUrve vepArI hatA, ane svabhAve atyaMta sAde tathA zAMta hate. sAhasa e zabdaja tene khabara nahetA, ane rAjakIya dhAraNa paNa tenAmAM kaI nahatuM. te veLAnA rAjyakArI purUSanI gyatA tattakAlIna sthiti uparathI mApI zakAtI nathI e agrejI ItihAsane mATe deva che. pAchaLanAM se doDhaso varSamAM thayelA pheraphAranI draSTIe AgaLano ItihAsa lakhavAnuM ApaNe mathana karIe chIe. je graha variSTane hukama barAbara pALI game tevI bhAMjagaDamAM paDatA nahIM te ghaNuM vhIkaNuM ane nakAmA gaNAtA; ane jeo khAlI dhAmadhuma macAvI gaDabaDATa karI mukatA, ane pitAne temaja pitAnA dezane vinAkAraNa gheTALAmAM nAMkhatA teo sAhasika, zUravIra ane mahAna TharatA. A camatkAra A ItihAsamAM Dagale Dagale jaNAI Avaze. sane 1744 mAM jyAre Duplee yuddha na karavA mATe mane vinavyA tyAre teNe khasusa yuddha karavAne hukama maLyAnuM jAhera karyuM, paNa tenI saghaLI taiyArI chatAM karnATakanA navAbe tene laDavA dIdhuM nahIM. pachI madrAsane phrenca leka taraphathI kaI paNa nukasAna pahoMcavAne saMbhava nathI ema tene lAgatAM tyAMnI taiyArI ane baMbasta DhIlAM paDI gayAM. thoDA vakhata pachI lAbuIne madrAsa upara hallo lAve che evI khabara AvI tyAre tyAM ekadama gaDabaDATa thaI rahyo. gavarnara mersa navAbane pahelAMnI peThe laDAI aTakAvavA vinaMtI karI, paNa e vinaMtI sAthe mokalavAnAM najarANuM teNe nahIM mekalavAthI te mAnya karavA navAbe sApha nA pADI. kenca lekee paNa aMgrejo virUddha khaTapaTa calAvI hatI. tA. 15 mI sapTembare lAbune kAphalA sahita madrAsa AvI

Page #452
prakaraNa 16 muM. ] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha 435 pahoMce. aMgreja kAphalo te vakhate baMgALA tarapha gayela hovAthI aMgrejI koThI pitAne bacAva karavA azakta nivaDI. pAMca divasanI theDI ghaNI jhapAjhapI pachI madrAsa zahera ane kille phrenca lekenA hAthamAM gayAM, ane tyAMnA saghaLA aMgreje temanA hAthamAM sapaDAI gayo. have madrAsanI bAbatamAM kevI rIte kAma levuM e vikaTa prazna upara lAbune tathA Duple vacce takarAra zarU thaI ane ubhaya vacce lAMbo patravyavahAra cAlya. lAbhuDanene vicAra daMDa laI madrAsa aMgrejone pAchuM soMpavAne hatuM, paNa Duplene te hamezane mATe kenyanA tAbAmAM rAkhavuM hatuM. A bhAMjagaDa cAlatI hatI tevAmAM ArkaTanA navAbe yuddha baMdha karavA mATe Duplene sakhata hukama Ape tyAre tenI sAthe maLI jaI Duplee ema nakkI karyuM ke aMgrejone je mulaka chatAya te teNe navAbane havAle kare, ane vizeSamAM jaNAvyuM ke "amane rAjya sthApavAnI kaMI paNa apekSA nathI; Ama karI amAre mAtra aMgrejonI kheDa bhulAvavI che. A TharAva pramANe madrAsa navAbane soMpavAnuM hovAthI lAbune aMgrejone te pAchuM ApI zakyo nahIM eTale hamaNAthIja teNe ghaNI svataMtra rIte vartI gavarnara ane kansilanA hukama tucchakArI kahADayA. madrAsane nikAla karavA traNa mArga khullA hatAH te thANuM kenca lekae teija laI levuM, tyAMnA killA vagere jamInadosta karavA, athavA mATe daMDa laI aMgrejone havAle karavuM. lAbunenA mata pramANe je yuddha puruM thatAM madrAsa aMgrejone pAchuM ApavuM paDe te hamaNuM tene kabaje levo nakAme hato; vaLI tyAre kille jamIna dosta karyo te te pAcho bAMdhavAne aMgrejone vilaMba ane vadhAre kharaca lAgavAne nathI. A kAraNathI bhAre daMDa laI zahera choDI devuM eja uttama mArga hatA. e virUddha DuplenuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke "ApaNe aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMthI hAMkI kahADavA che. Aja paryata temanA trAsane lIdhe pinDIcerIne bacAva karavAmAM keTale kharaca ane herAnagatI jogavavAM paDyAM che te mazahUra che. piDIcerInI najadIkamAM madrAsa sarakhuM aMgrejonuM mukhya thANuM TakavA devAthI kensa leke pitAnA hetumAM kadI paNa pAra paDaze nahIM.

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4% hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vaLI navAbane ApelA vacane zuM upaganAM che? te vacana paLAyAM nahIM te ekadama moTI phoja laI pinDIcerI upara utarI paDatAM tene vakhata lAgaze nahIM. mAtra paisA levAthI paNa zuM phAyado ? aMgrejo nANuM ekadama ApavAne nathI; teo te hamaNuM huMDI Apaze, ane jo e huMDI pAchaLathI svI. kArAI nahIM te ApaNe zuM karI zakIzuM. kAle temane kAphale AvI pahoMo, ane teone jaya maLe te teo agADI karelA karAra pALavAnA nathI. mATe madrAsa ApaNuM tAbAmAM levuM eja yogya che." Duplene A saMkalpa konsilane pasaMda paDavAthI te pramANe amala karavA lAbunene hukama gaye. Duplee tene aneka rIte vinavyA, page paDe, svadezAbhimAna tathA svarAjyanI vAta karI paNa lAbunee pitAne mamata choDe nahIM. evuM kahevAya che ke aMgrejo taraphathI tene theDI ghaNI lAMca maLavAnI hatI , tethI teNe keinuM kahyuM gaNakAryuM nahIM, ane najIvA svArtha mATe rASTrahitane ghAta karyo. teNe A pramANe kansilanA hukamano anAdara karyo. tyAre tene bAjue mukI pitAnA hukamanI bajAvaNI karavA mATe Dulee pitAnA taraphathI cha pratinidhio madrAsa mokalyA. pheja ane AramAranI madadathI liAbunee temane kedamAM puryA, ane sADAcAra lAkha rUpIA daMDa laI madrAsa aMgrejone pAchuM ApavA karAra lakhI Ape. A vikaTa prasaMge have zuM karavuM te Duplene sUjhayuM nahIM. kAnsathI hukama maMgAvavA vakhata naheta; lazkarI baLa saghaLuM lAbunenA hAthamAM hatuM. AvI rIte kule sAthe takarAra thavAthI lAkhunene paNa AgaLa zuM karavuM tene vicAra paDe. kemake kaMI paNa avanavuM thatAM tene madrAsa choDavuM paDayuM te DuplenA hAthamAM saghaLo kArabhAra Avaze e meTI dhAratI hatI. AthI game tevAM kAraNa zodhI lAbunee Du ple sAthe takarAra karavA mAMDI, paNa Duplee acAnaka tenI sAthe virodha karavAnuM cheDI dIdhuM. Ama keTalAka divasa vItI gayA pachI tA. 13 mI akaTobaranI rAte madrAsanA darIAmAM ekAeka bhayaMkara tephAna thaI AvyuM, ane te pUrajozamAM betraNa divasa huMkAyuM temAM phrenca kenAM ghaNuM vahANa nA pAmavAthI lAbune lAcArIthI potAnAM bhAMgelAM TuTelAM vahANa sahita penDIcerI

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prakaraNa 16 muM. ] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. 37 Avyo. tyAM tenI ane Duple vacce mulAkAta thaI nahIM, te paNa bIjAonI mAraphata ubhaya vacce ghaNI sakhata belAcAlI thavA pachI, lAbuDane hiMdustAnathI nIkaLI tA. 10 DIsembara sane 1746 ne dine pirTa luI AvyuM. ahIM tenI jagyA upara bIjA mANasanI nimaNuka thayelI hovAthI ane vahivaTa saghaLe tene soMpAyelo hovAthI, pitAnI saghaLI hakIkta kenca sarakAra rUbarU nivedana karavAnI matalabathI lAbuDane svadeza javA nIkaLyA, paNa rastAmAM AphrikAnA pazcima kinArA upara aMgreja vahANoe tene pakaDI keda karyo ane IgleMDa laI gayAM. atyAra aMgau eNe karelA upakAranA badalAmAM aMgreja kaMpanI tathA sarakAre tene sAre satkAra karyo, ane keTaleka divase tene kAnsa mokalI dIdhe. - kAnsamAM saghaLA leke tenI sAmA hatA. zatruo sAthe maLI jevA mATe temaja sarakAranA hukama amAnya karavA mATe tene traNa varSanI zikSA thaI, ane te baeNsTilanI suraMgamAM paDyo. ahIM tene tenI strI tathA chokarAMone maLavA devAmAM AvatAM nahIM temaja tene lakhavA vAMcavA mATe pustaka vagere paNa maLatAM nahIM. ema chatAM bhAtanAM osAmaNamAM rUmAla baLI te upara kAphInA raMgavatI tAMbAnAM nANunI lekhaNa banAvI teNe pitAnuM caritra lakhyuM. pAchaLathI e prasiddha thatAM Duplene ghaNuM bAdhaka thaI paDayuM. turaMgamAMthI chUTayA pachI tarataja sane 1753 nA sapTembara mAsanI 9 mI tArIkhe e nAmAMkita phrenca saradAra maraNa pAme. te 4, senTa TamenI laDAI. ( sane 1746 )-lAbunenA javA pachI madrAsane vahivaTa Duplee calAvyuM. e zahera aMgrejone pAchuM ApavAnuM nahotuM; te navAbane ApavuM paDe te aMgrejoe bAMdhelAM killA vagere bacAva nAM kAmo teDI pADavAne tene vicAra hatuM, ane kAnsathI paNa teja hukama AvyuM hatuM. lAbune e aMgrejone ApelA vacana pramANe amala kare. vAnuM ghaNuM muzkela hatuM. madrAsa phenca lokonA hAthamAM AvyAne mahine thaI gayo chatAM te navAbane havAle karavAmAM na AvavAthI anvarUdInane gusso uzkerAye. Duple ane lAbune vaccene Te mAtra tene phasAvavA

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438 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. mATe ja hate ema tene saMzaya Avyo te beTo nahote. jema jema divasa javA lAgyA tema tema navAbane gusso vadhyo. "A phrenca leke kare che zuM? eka vakhata teo ApaNI AjJA mAnya kare che, bIjI vakhata ApaNuM virUddha thavA cukatA nathI. ekavAra emanI kheDa bhulAvavI joIe. temanI pAse game teTalI ja haze te paNa temanuM eka mANasa te ApaNAM vasa, evaDI moTI ja temanI sAmAM ApaNe mokalI zakIzuM. temanI sattA samudrakAMThA upara be traNa ThekANe che paNa ApaNe AkhA karnATakanA mAlika chIe, mATe ApaNI sAthe karelA karAra pALavAnuM temane eka vakhata zIkhavavuM joie." navAbe A pramANe vicAra karI lAbaDane pAsethI madrAsane havAlo Duplene maLe te pUrve eka nAnuM lazkara te tarapha mekalAvyuM, ane tenI madade bIjuM 10,000 mANasanuM lazkara tenA vaDIla putra mAjhakhAnanI saradArI heThaLa taiyAra rAkhyuM. | lAbuDane hiMdustAnathI nIkaLI gayuM ke tarataja e lazkara madrAsa AvI lAgyuM. eka taraphathI lAbunee daMDanI rakama bharethI madrAsa aMgrejo seMpavA TharAva karyo hate; bIjI tarapha navAba te zahera levA taiyAra thaI Avyo hato. AvI sthitimAM navAbane madrAsa nahIM ApyuM ane tyAMnA killA vagerene nAza nahIM karyo te tenA hAthamAM phrenca virUddha eka meTuM zastra ApavA barAbara thaze ema husene lAgyuM. vaLI navAbanuM lazkara pAse hovAthI temanI najara heThaLa killA vagere jamIna desta karavA e svAbhAvika rIte temane arUcikara lAge. A muzkela prasaMge DulenuM DahApaNa tathA tene draDha nizcaya uttama rIte upagamAM AvyAM. pahelAM navAbane samajAvI saMtoSakAraka rIte tenA mananuM samAdhAna karavuM, ane te prayatna niSphaLa jAya te game tevuM jokhama veThI tenI sAthe laDAI karavI e Duplee TharAva karyo. e uparathI teNe madrAsamAMnA kenya adhikArIone keIpaNa prakAre navAbanAM mANasane nahIM chaMcheDavA, ane prasaMga Ave bacAva karavAnI tajavIja rAkhavA pharamAvyuM. madrAsamAM phrencanAM sumAre 600 yuropiyana ane teTalAM ja dezI mANase yuropiyana rIte kavAyata zIkhelAM

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prakaraNa 16 muM. ] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. 48 hatAM, te saghaLAMne killAmAM laI phenca adhikArIoe bacAvanI taiyArI karI. mAphajhakhAne ghere ghAlI temane atizaya herAna karavAthI temaja - je jharAmAMthI temane pANI maLatuM hatuM te teNe pitAnA kabajAmAM laI levAthI, musalamAnI pheja upara ekadama chApa mArI tenAmAM bhaMgANa pADI. nIkaLI javA sivAya kenca lazkara mATe bIjo mArga rahe nahIM. tA. 2che. navembara, sane 1746 ne dIne krancanAM 400 mANase be halakI tapa laI duzmana upara hallo karI jhare tAbAmAM levA vahelI savAramAM nIkaLyA. A leke ghaNA thoDA haze ema samajI ghoDesvAra lazkara vaDe. dhasAro karI temane kacaDI nAMkhavAnA vicArathI mogala phoja taiyAra thaI musalamAnoe phencanI tapa joI nahatI, eTale jevA teo tepanA geLAnI hadamAM AvyA ke tarataja *ncanI te temanI upara cAlu thaI paheleja mAre keTalAka svAro paDayA tyAre kSaNavAra thobhI dhIrethI ekaThA thaI musalamAne AgaLa AvyA. paNa paMdara mInITa sudhI cAlelA tapanA eka sarakhA mArAthI teo gabharAI gayA; Azcarya ane vhIkathI cakita thatAM teone kaMI bhAna rahyuM nahIM, ane saghaLA gabharATamAM nAsavA lAgyA. temane medAna upara rahelo saghaLo lazkarI saraMjAma kenyanA kabajAmAM AvyA; A jhapAjhapImAM temaNe ekaMdara 70 mANasa khoyAM. pelI tarapha Duple kaMI svastha beThe nahote. navAbanI pheja madrAsa upara AvelI jeI sAmI bAjuethI tene dabAvavA mATe parADasa (Paradis) nAmanA eka cAlAka ane zUravIra phrenca amaladAranI saradArI heThaLa sumAre eka hajAra mANasane teNe pinDIcerI taraphathI navAbanA mulakamAM thaIne madrAsa tarapha ravAnA karyA. temane AgaLa vadhatAM temaja madrAsanA killAmAMnAM lazkara sAthe maLI jatAM aTakAvavAnA hetuthI mAkrujhakhAna senTa TaoNme AgaLa temanI sAme thaye. ahIM tenAM lazkaranuM mukhya sthAna hatuM, ane tenI ane parADIsanI varace aDIAra nAmanI nadI hatI. tA. 4 thI navembara, sane 1746 ne dIne parADIsa A nadI oLaMgI sAmI bAjue janAra hate. nadInI uttara tIre musalamAnanI 10,000 ja paDelI hatI ane

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40 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3. je. tenAM saMrakSaNa mATe meTuM topakhAnuM paNa hatuM. dakSiNa tIre paDelA parADIsa pAse tepa nahotI, paNa jAte ghaNe zarIra ane himatavAna yoddhA hevAthI musalamAnonI harela teDI nIkaLI javAno teNe nizcaya karyo, ane zatruonI tapa sAmA lazkara sahita nadI oLaMgI musalamAno upara baMdukano mAro calAvyo. Ama thatAM gabharAI jaI teo senTa me zaheramAM ghusI gayA, ane tyAMnAM bacAvanAM kAmanA Azraya heThaLa laDavA taiyAra thayA. parADIse temanI pAchaLa AvI mohallAmAM ekaThAM thayelAM musalamAnI lazkara upara karyA geLI bahAra ke tarataja teo pAchA nAsavA lAgyA. paNa bhIDamAM chaTakI javAno mArga temane maLyo nahIM, ane temanAM asaMkhya mANase kapAI gayAM. eTalAmAM thayelI jhapAjhapInI vAta sAMbhaLI . madrAsanI kanya pheja temanI sAmA AvI. AthI musalamAna lazkaranI sthiti ghaNIja bhayaMkara thaI. mAjhakhAna atyAra Agamaja nIkaLI nAThe hatA, ane have tenuM lazkara raste maLatAM game te dizAe gabharATamAM nAsI jaI ArkaTa tarapha gayuM. A pramANe parADIsa tathA madrAsanI pheja joDAI javAthI kenca lekene meTo jaya maLyo, ane eka bhAre saMkaTamAMthI teo bacI gayA. aitihAsika draSTIe senTa TamenI laDAInuM mahatva ghaNuM che. kemake Aja ThekANe yuddhanI zista ane kavAyata zIkheluM yuropiyana ane dezI lazkara bIna kavAyatI lazkara sAme hiMdustAnanI bhUmI upara AvyuM hatuM. AvAM sAdhAraNa pariNAma uparathI dezIonA manamAM pitAnI mahattA keTalI bhAre che te A vepArI yuropiyanane barAbara mAlama paDayuM; ane hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAnuM banI Avaze evI pahelI drazyakalpanA temanA magajamAM ekadama AvI. dezI rAjya game tevuM moTuM hoya ane tenuM lazkara game teTaluM hoya te paNa pitAnuM sAmarthya temanAthI adhika che ema phrenca loko barAbara samajavA lAgyA. atyAra lagI dezI rAjyanAM darabAra sAthe mitrAcArI karavA phrenca adhikArIo ghaNI Atura hatA. mArTina, DamAsa ane Duplee ghaNeja parizrama veThI ahIMnA rAjAene sneha saMpAdana karyo hato. paNa madrAsanI madade eka lazkara mokalavA

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prakaraNa 16 muM. ] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. " 41 jevA eka kSullaka prasaMge A saghaLuM kSaNamAM pheravI nAMkhyuM. navAbanA paga AgaLa ghUMTaNIe paDI vinaMtI karavAne vakhata yuropiyane mATe jAte rahyo, ane teja navAba DuplenA hAthamAM eka ramakaDAM jevo thaI rahyo. havethI yuropiyana lekanI janAo badalAI gaI teo vepAra cheDI rAjyapada meLavavA mATenA jhagaDAmAM dAkhala thavA lAgyA. dareka bAbatamAM phAyado temanAMja pakSamAM hovAthI hiMdustAnamAM yuropiyanemAMthI kenca ke aMgreja sarvoparI sattA bhogavaze e prazna bane prajAnI zakti upara avalaMbI rahyo hata; paNa have A dezamAM temanuM rAjya thaze e bhaviSya nirvivAda siddha thayuM. A navA pheraphAranuM saghaLuM mAna phrenca lekene ghaTe che. 5, yuddhanuM chevaTa-A vijayathI DuplenI aDacaNe nAza pAmI, ane lAbunee je gheTALa vALyo hato temAMthI tene chuTakAro thayo. navAbe jAte kenca sAthe yuddha karavAthI madrAsa tene soMpavA bAbata thayelA TharAvane amala karavAnI pharaja ple uparathI jatI rahI. vaLI te zahera lAbunenA karAra pramANe aMgrejone ApavAnuM hatuM, paNa tene Dule ane kensilanI saMmati na hovAthI te karAra pramANe cAlavAnI AvazyakatA rahI nahotI; eTale parADIsane madrAsane lazkarI gavarnara nImI Duplee te zahera kenya rAjya mAM sAmIla karavAmAM AvyA bAbatanuM jAheranAmuM kahAvuM, ane ghaNuMkharA aMgrejone laDAInA kedI tarIke penDIcerI laI gayo. A veLA keTalAka aMgrejo nAsI senTa DeviDanA killAmAM bharAyA te vakhate tyAM rabarTa kalAIva hatuM. e killo piDIcerInI dakSiNe sumAre 12 mAIla upara. che, ane tyAMthI be mAIla upara kaDalora zahera che. A saghaLI jagyA ane 1691 mAM aMgrejoe prathama vecAtI laI tyAM pitAnuM thANuM karyuM hatuM, ane dhIme dhIme tenA badabastanI goThavaNa karI hatI. madrAsa phenca lekAnA hAthamAM paDyA pachI aMgrejoe pitAnuM mukhya thANuM ahIM karyuM, ane hara prayatnathI teno bacAva karavA nizcaya karyo. pharTa senTa DeviDanA killAnI jagyA aMgrejonA hAthamAMthI laI levAya to te bAjuethI saMpUrNa rIte adrazya thaI jAya ema Duplene jaNAyAthI te meLavavA mATe teNe

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442 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3. khaMtathI mahenata karavA mAMDI. e kAma mATe teNe parADIsane penDIcerI belAvyo. te pramANe DIsembara mahinAmAM traNa mANaso tathA khajAne laI ja hatA evAmAM mAphajhakhAne chupAI rahI tenA upara halle karyo. paNa temAMthI pitAne bacAva karI te pinDIcerI AvyuM. ahIM pharTa senTa DeviDa upara svArI karavAnI saghaLI taiyArIo thaI rahI hatI, ane temAM parADIsane ja mokalavA Duplene Agraha hato. paNa janarala byurI pinDIcerIne mukhya senApati hatA tene choDI daI parADIsane saghaLuM kAma soMpavA konsila kabUla thaI nahIM, tyAre svArInA uparI tarIke janarala byurIne ja mekalavAmAM AvyuM. teNe piDIcerIthI nIkaLI aMgrejonA kilA najadIka pitAnuM mukhya sthAne rAkhI vizrAMti levA paDAva nAMkhe. aMgrejo pAse 300 yuropiyana selajaro tathA kavAyata zIkhI taiyAra thayelA 1000 dezI sipAIo hatA. vaLI temaNe navAbane neha saMpAdana karI, ubhaye maLI phrenca leke upara ekadama banne bAjuethI hallo laI javAno manasuba karyo hato. je A vakhate pADIsa phenca lazkarane mukhI heta te tene khacita jaya maLatuM. paraMtu byurI vRddha ane akuzaLa hatuM, ane zatrunA mulakamAM pitAnI salAmatI mATe tadana bephIkara hatuM. tenI upara navAbanI je AvI ekAeka hale karavAthI tene jIva laI nAsavAnI pharaja paDI, ane tene ghaNe saraMjAma aMgrejonA hAthamAM gaye. ema chatAM A jhapAjhapImAM navAbanAM be hajAra mANasa mAryA gayAM. e pachI eka taraphathI navAbane seha pahoMcADavAno vicAra karI, Duplee aMdarakhAnethI salAha karavA khaTapaTa calAvI. e khaTapaTa phaLIbhUta thatAM navAbanI taraphathI mAjhakhAne phrenca sAthe taha karI aMgrejone pakSa choDI devA kabUla karyuM, A thayA pachI plee parADIsane kaDalera ane pherTa senTa DeviDa kabaje karavA meka. (mArca sane 1747). paraMtu e daramiyAna aMgreja mATe yuropathI mejara oNrensanI saradArI heThaLa eka moTuM lazkara AvI pahoMcavAthI Duplene pinDIcerImAM pitAnI salAmatI vAte dhAstI lAgI. e zahera upara halle AvavAnI lhIthI parADasane teNe pAche belAvI

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prakaraNa 16 muM.] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. 443 lIdhe, ane burbona tathA senTa luIthI paNa madada magAvI. have Duple samakSa piDIcerInuM saMrakSaNa karavAne eka vikaTa prazna khaDe thayo hato. sane 1748 mAM eDamIrala benkevana (Admiral Boscawen) nAM uparIpaNuM heThaLa madrAsa ane penDIcerI kabaje karavA mATe eka moTo kAle AvavAthI aMgrejoe pAchalAM zahera upara ghere ghAlyo, paNa temAM tene eka sarakhe nAza thayo. "laDAInI gaDabaDATamAM pinDIcerInA killAmAMnA dArUnA bhaMDAramAM Aga lAgavAthI kille uDI gaye, ane temAM parADIsa hAra thaye. AthI kenca lekene moTuM nukasAna thayuM, te paNa phulee moTI dhUrtatA batAvI aMgrejone pUrNa parAjaya karyo. ane temane ghere uThAvI pAchA pharavAnI jarUra pADI (tA. 27 mI akabara, 1748). A pachI laDAI mATe navI sAmagrI bhegI karI banne yuropiyana prajA jhanuna upara AvI ekabIjAne prANa levA taiyAra thaI. paraMtu eTalAmAM yuropamAM thayelA eI lA zApelanA tahanAmAnI rUe aMgreja ane phrenca vaccenuM yuddha baMdha pADavAne hukama Avyo, (jAnevArI 1749). A tahanAmAnA TharAva mujaba ekabIjAne jItelo mulaka jene tene parata ApavAnuM hovAthI madrAsa zahera aMgrejone svAdhIna karavAnI Duplene pharaja paDI. svAbhAvika rIte A goThavaNa tene ghaNuM bhAre lAgI, kemake ethI ATalA divasanI enI chavaDa mahenata phegaTa gaI. vaLI paisA kharacI vadhAre majabUta kareluM tyAMnuM thANuM tenA hAthamAMthI jatuM rahe ane vizeSamAM aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMthI hAMkI mukavAne tene maratha bhaMga thAya enA jevuM maraNaprAya duHkha tene bIjuM kevuM heya? pinDIcerInuM saMrakSaNa karavAmAM Duplee je hoMzIArI ane yogyatA batAvyAM hatAM te apratima hatAM. - 6, niSkarSa-A pramANe pAMca varSa laDAI cAlyA pachI asala sthitimAM ane prajAo mukAI pharaka eTalo ja paDe ke A laDAI agAu aMgreja ane phrenca vacce tIvra vera nahotuM te madrAsane lIdhe temaja piDIcerInA hallAne lIdhe atizaya vadhI gayuM, ane sthiti evI thaI ke baMnemAMthI ekano nAza thayA vinA e vera aTakaze nahIM ema sarva

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444 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. - [ bhAga 3 je. keine lAgyuM. senTa menI laDAI pachI DuplenA manamAM bhAvI vijyanAM divya svamAM AvavA lAgyAM hatAM. vaLI ukta yuddhamAM banne prajAnAM lazkaranI saMkhyA temanI zakti bahAra vadhI javAthI zAMtinA samayamAM tene meM kharaca upADavAnuM temanAmAM sAmarthya nahotuM tema temanA uparI taraphane te vize hukama paNa nahote. arthAta A lazkara TakAvI rAkhavAnuM kAma zodhI kahADavAnuM bane kaMpanInA amaladArane mAthe AvyuM. Aja lagI temaNe hAthamAM trAjavAM laIvepAra calAvyuM hatuM, paNa have te cheDI daI tene badale talavAra lIdhI hatI, eTale dezI rAjAo temanI taraphanI madadanI apekSA rAkhI temane vidha vidha rIte vinavavA lAgyA hatA. aMgreja ane phrenca have tAbedAra maTI barebarIA thayA hatA, paraMtu IMglaMDamAMnI IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA adhikArIone A saghaLI hakIkata barAbara samajatAM ghaNe kALa vyatIta thaye. tahanAmuM thayA pachI temane lAgyuM hatuM ke have baMne prajA pUrva vepAra agAunI mAphaka cAlu karI arasaparasa snehabhAvathI vartaze. paNa temanI A dhAraNuM khetI hatI. hiMdustAnamAMnA temanA ane phrenca kaMpanInA pratinidhionAM manamAM rAjya sthApanAnI je kalpanA udbhavI hatI te temane svastha besavA denAra nahotI. upalAM yuddha pachI DuplenI cAlAkI temaja kAma karavAnI rIta vize dezIonA manamAM sArA vicAra AvyA hatA, tene lAbha laI hiMdustAnamAM phrenca rAjya sthApanAno udyoga teNe upADyuM. emAM Akhare phasAye. temAM Duple nAIlAja hate. hiMdustAnathI kAnsa lagane phrenca vahANanA saMcArane mArga aMgrejonI mAphaka nirbhaya nahote, eTale pAye majabUta beThele na hovAthI rAjyanI ImArata kyAre gabaDI paDaze e vAta DuplenA lakSamAM AvI nahIM, ane teja pramANe AgaLa paNa thayuM. lAbunee e hakama mAnya karyo hota te aMgreja kAphalA sAthe chevaTa sudhI tene Takkara jhIlavI paDate nahIM. dezane AramArane keTale meTo AdhAra hatuM e vAta lekene samajatAM puSkaLa vakhata lAge. madrAsa sarakhuM ekAda thANuM hastagata thavAthI

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445. prakaraNa 16 muM.] karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha. Duplene kaMI meTo phAyado nahote. AramAra sivAya lazkarane koInI madada maLe nahIM, ane yuddhano mArga* mULabiMduthI laDAInA Akhara TuMkA lagI eka sarakho pitAnA tAbAmAM hovo joIe e bAbata DuplenA lakSamAM rahI nahIM e tenI eka moTI gaphalatI gaNI zakAya. vAstavika rIte , hiMdustAnamAMnI sattAnAM mULa yuropamAM majabUta beThelAM hovAM joIe. tyAM mULa pAyo sahaja paNa DagamagatAM ahIMnuM rAjya ekadama gabaDI paDe e uparanAM yuddhane niSkarSa aitihAsika abhyAsathI mana upara isyA vinA rahetuM nathI. yuropiyana prajAnAM AramAranI yogyatA kevI hatI, ane darekanI zakti tathA baLa kevAM hatAM eja Duplene khabara nahotI. yuropamAM thayelAM dArUNayuddhane pariNAme kAnsane kAphale ghaNakhare nAza pAmyo hato, ane IgleMDane kAphala puSkaLa jera upara AvyA hatA. e saMgrAmamAM kAnsa holenDane kacaDI nAMkhyuM kharuM, paNa tethI iMglaMDane eka zatru acAnaka kamI thaI gaye. vaLI IMgleMDanuM darIAI baLa vadhI jatAM kAnsano saghaLo vepAra nAza pAme, ane jo kaMpanIne pitAnI hastI mATe dhAstI u5jI. Ama thavAthI kaMpanInI vyavasthA sudhAravA mATe phrenca sarakAre navA adhikArIonI nimaNuka karI paNa tethI ghAMTALo vizeSa thaze. kenca kaMpanI garIba thatAM karajamAM DubI gaI hatI. kAnsanI paNa lagabhaga tevI ja sthiti hatI. IglaDa vepAramAM sadhana thayuM hatuM, ane tene kAphalo paNa atyaMta prabaLa ane taiyAra hato. aMgreja IsTa inDIA kaMpanI pitAno vahivaTa atyaMta svataMtra rIte calAvI sarakAranI bahu darakAra rAkhatI nahIM. ulaTI IMglaMDanI sarakAra ghaNe aMze tenA upara avalaMbI rahI hatI. kenya kaMpanInI sthiti AthI tadana ulaTI hatI. keca leke buddhimAna ane zarA hatA, paraMtu kAnsanA rAjAonA julama heThaLa kacaDAI javAthI teonI ghaNI avadazA thaI hatI. aMgrejone kArabhAra jaMgalamAM svecchAthI phalitAM eka pracaMDa vRkSanI peThe saDha ane prabaLa thatA jatA hatA. svataMtra saMsthAne lIdhe rASTrane bhAgyadaya ke thAya che, ane tethI ulaTuM lekonI saMsthAne * Line of Communicaticn.

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446 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. sarakAranA julama heThaLa dAbI devAthI rASTrane kevo nAza thAya che e A veLAnA aMgreja-kenyanA ItihAsa uparathI sArI rIte vyakta thAya che. - hiMdustAnamAM rahI phule A saghaLuM samajI zakyo nahIM emAM navAI nathI. bIjAo paNa enAthI vadhAre sArI rIte samajI zakyA nahetA eTale tene lAgyuM ke thoDI ghaNI kavAyata lIdhelI ja rAkhI dezI rAjAonA darabAramAM potAne meLe jALavyo te sahajamAM rAjya sthApana karI zakAze. A tenI bhUlabharelI samajaNa Akhare nukasAnakAraka nIvaDI. pite svadezAbhimAnanuM ane svadezahitanuM mahAna kArya karatA hatA chatAM lekenI tenA pratye sahAnubhUti tathA Adara nahato e joIpune Azcarya lAgata. paNa kharI hakIkata judA ja prakAranI hatI. phrenca lekanI sAMpattika sthiti atizaya nabaLI paDI gayelI hovAthI kenya sarakAra taraphathI te kaMI paNa sahAya maLI nahIM. paNa AraMbhanA vijayathI te ane bIjA kenca graha eTalA badhA cakita thaI gayA hatA ke kharI sthiti keIna dhyAnamAM rahI nahIM. prakaraNa 17 muM. karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha sane 1748-1754. 1. hiMdIonA kalahamAM aMgrejonuM jhapalAvavuM. 2. mujhapharajaMga ane caMdA sAheba vacce aikyatA. - 3. be taDa ane phrenca lokene vijaya. 4. DuplenI pikaLa manokAmanA. 5. klAIvanI pUrva hakIkta. 6. ArkaTane ghere. . 7. caMdA sAhebanuM chevaTa. 1, hiMdIonA kalahamAM aMgrejonuM jhIMpalAvavuM--be rASTra agara pakSa vacce yuddha ke TaMTe thAya tyAre AraMbhamAM tene kaMI paNa nirALI saMjJA ApavAmAM AvatI nathI. vaLI amuka eka yuddha karavuM ane te amuka

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 447 rIte amuka mudatamAM puruM karavuM evuM agADIthI nirdhAra karI kaI yuddha karatuM nathI. yuddha thaI gayA pachI tene aitihAsika saMbaMdha joDavAmAM Ave che, ane ema karavA mATe itihAsakAra vakhatanA judA judA bhAga TharAvI te daramiyAna cAlelAM yuddhane paheluM yuddha, bIjuM yuddha evAM nirALAM nAma Ape che. evI ja rIte A karnATakanA yuddhanuM che. kharuM kahIe te sane 1744 mAM aMgreja phrenca lekAe laDAI zarU karI te hiMdustAnamAMthI dejo sattA adrazya thaI jaI sane 1763 mAM perisanA kelakarAra thayA tyAM sudhI thaDe ghaNe aMze cAlu hatI. paNa temAM be vakhate thoDo thoDe khALo paDyo hate. eka vakhata sane 1748 mAM. ane bIjI vakhata sane 1754 mAM. A pramANe karnATakamAM cAlelA yuddhanA traNa vibhAga paDe che. pahele sane 1744 thI 1748 sudhIne,bIje sane 1749 thI 154 sudhIna, tathA chelle ane trIje sane 1756 thI 1763 sudhIne. A traNa vibhAgane anukrame karnATakamAM paheluM, bIjuM, ane trIjuM yuddha evAM sAdAM nAma ApavA yogya lAge che. pahelA ane trIjA vibhAgamAM aMgreja ane phrenca vacce yuropamAM paNa yuddha cAlyuM hatuM; bIjA vibhAgamAM jhagaDe A dezamAM ja cAlyo hato, paNa yuropamAM zAMti hovAthI IMgleMDa ane phrAnsane te pasaMda paDe nahIM. ethI karI keTalAka lekhake A bIjAM yuddhane nahIM gaNatAM karnATakamAM paheluM yuddha sane 1744 thI 1748 lagI thayeluM gaNI, bIjuM yuddha sane 1756 thI 1763 sudhInuM gaNe che, ane madhya vibhAganA jhagaDAne aMgreja ane nya kaMpanIo vacce mahAmahene jhagaDo evuM nAma Ape che. ApaNune e bheda rAkhavAne kAraNa nahIM hovAthI traNe yuddhane karnATakamAM paheluM, bIjuM ane trIjuM yuddha evAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che. pahelAM yuddhamAM aMgreja temaja phrenca lekee lazkarI kharca puSkaLa vadhArI mukyo hato te taha thayA bAda upADavAnuM temanAmAM sAmarthya na hovAthI e kharca bahAre bahAra kaDhADavAnI temaNe tajavIja karavA mAMDI. temanI AsapAsanA hiMdI rAjAomAM jhagaDA thayA karatA hovAthI temanI taraphathI A yuropiyana vepArIone madadanI je mAMgaNI karavAmAM AvI te

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448 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. temane anukULaja paDI. ahIne kharca kamI karavA mATe yuropathI vAraMvAra lakhAI AvatuM hovAthI, dezI rAjAo taraphathI AvelI madadanI mAgaNI kabula karavAnI taka maLavA bAbata Duplee pitAnI sarakArane lakhI jaNavyuM. ema chatAM dezI rAjyanA kArabhAramAM khullI rIte hAtha ghAlavAnuM prathama aMgrejoe zarU karyuM hatuM. - tAranAM marAThI rAjyanI gAdI upara zAhujIne haka chatAM tenA nAnA bhAI pratApasiMhe te gAdI chInavI lIdhI hatI ane zAhujI bhaTakata pharate ha. pratApasiMhe lekanAM mana jItI lIdhAM hatAM paNa zAhujI tarapha koInI prIti nahotI. dasa varSa vItI gayAM to paNa zAhujIe gAdI meLavavAno pitAne prayatna choDyuM nahIM. pitAne phAyado meLavI rAjyanuM game tevuM nukasAna karavA te taiyAra thayA. chellA prakaraNamAM varNavele aMgreja phrenca vacce yuddha prasaMga joI temanI madada maLe te pitAno hetu pAra paDe ema samajI teNe sane 1749 mAM aMgrejonI madada mAMgI, kemake pratApasiMhane pahelethI ja phrenca leka sAthe mitrAcArI hatI. e madadanA badalAmAM zAhujIe aMgrejone devIkeTA zahera tathA AsapAsanA pradeza temaja svArIne kharca ApavA kabUla karyuM. sane 1749 nA eprilamAM 430 yuropiyana ane eka hajAra dezI sipAInI pheja kepTana kepanI saradArI heThaLa zAhujInI madade AvI, ane devIkeTa sara karavA mATe keTaleka kAphalo tyAM mokalavAmAM Avyo. kepTana kopa tAMjoranI najadIka AvI lAgatAM pratApasiMhanuM lazkara tenI sAme laDavA nIkaLI AvyuM. tenI AgaLa pite TakI nahIM zakaze ema dhArI kepTana ko5 devIkeTA tarapha pAcho , paNa tyAM aMgreja kAle tenI najare na paDavAthI te senTa DevIDanA killA tarapha nIkaLI gaye. vAstavika rIte aMgrejone mukhya hetu devIkeTa meLavavAne hato ane zAhujI no temane vizeSa paravA nahatI. e pachI devIkoTA levA mATe mejara lerensanI saradArI heThaLa AvelA aMgrejonI bIjI phoja sAme pratApasiMhe keTaloka vakhata sudhI pitAno bacAva karyo. paNa eTalAmAM caMdAsAheba tAjera kaLa, je karavA Ave che evuM lAgatuM devIkeTa aMgrejone ApI

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 449 pratApasiMha tArane bacAva karavA jhaDapathI gaye. AthI aMgrejoe zAhujIne pakSa choDI dIdho. pratApasine dara sAla 4000 rUpIAne musA ApI madrAsamAM pitAnI dekharekha heThaLa rAkhe, ane caMdA sAheba tAMjora upara humale kare te tene madada karavA kabUla karyuM. A pramANe dezI rAjAonI madade potAnI pheja mokalavAno rIvAja aMgrejoe zarU karyo. A agAu emaNe temaja kenca lekae hiMdIone madada karI hatI, paNa te samaye temanI vacce khulluM yuddha cAlatuM hovAthI tema karavAmAM teoe kaMI gerarItI calAvI hatI ema kahI zakAya nahIM. A paradezI lakone dezI rAjAoe pitAnI hadamAM jAhera rIte laDavA dIdhA eja temanI moTI bhUla hatI. tathApi eTaluM te lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke A veLA karNATakamAM megalenI sattA chekaja naSTa thaI gaI hatI, ane je te rAjya meLavavA mathana karI rahyuM hatuM. e sthitimAM yuropiyana lokone pitApitAne kAle ghaNe upayogI thayo, kAraNa pinDIcerI ane madrAsamAM te vaDeja ubhaya prajAne bacAva thato hate. yuropamAM iMgleMDa ane phrAnsa vacce salAha thatAM hiMdustAnamAMnI pratispardhI kaMpanIothI khullI rIte laDAI calAvAtI nahIM, eTale AsapAsa cAlatA jhagaDAne lAbha laI eka bIjA sAme caDasAcaDasI karI ane tema AgaLa vadhavAnuM temane mATe yogya hatuM. temanAM lazkarane kharca ApI pitAnA kAmamAM teno upayoga karavA aneka dezI rAjAo utsuka hatA. emAM keTalAka AsAmIo kevaLa svaparAkrama upara nasIba ajamAvavAnI rAha jotA; keTalAkane rAjya upara haka hatuM chatAM te meLavavA temanA hAthamAM jora nahotuM; keTalAke vistirNa pradeza dabAvI beThA hatA, ane e sivAya marAThAo ane musalamAna saradAre AkhA pradeza upara bhaTakayA karatA hatA. A sthitimAM thoDo vakhata pADosamAM rahetA yuropiyanonI madada levAthI deza ke prajA upara Akhare zuM pariNAma Avaze tenI koIne paNa darakAra nahatI. paraMtu AvAM teDAthI yuropiyanene te Aja lAbha maLato. lazkarane kharca nIkaLe, duzmane sAthe jhapAjhapI karI manamAMne dAva sAdhavAnI

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tika maLe, paisAnI temaja thoDA ghaNuM pradezanI prApti thAya, vepAranI sivaLatA vadhe, vagere aneka phAyadAo sahelAIthI maLatA hovAthI yuropikane pitAne thatI mAMgaNIo svIkAravAne zuM kAma AnAkAnI kare? tAranI takarAramAM aMgrejoe prathama hAtha ghAlya te AvIja kaMIka matalabathI hato. temAM temane barAbara yaza maLe nahIM paNa ulaTuM bevaDuM takasAna thayuM. eka te temanA dhAravA jevo phAyado thayo nahIM, ane bIjuM AvA kAmamAM temaNe zarUAta karavAthI temane pagale cAlavAmAM kaMI harakata hoya ema jaNAvavA Duplene kAraNa maLyuM, ane eja sababa upara hiMdustAnamAM phrenca sattA sthApavAnuM kAma teNe upADayuM - - haidrAbAdanA pahelA nijhAma AsaphajAhanAM maraNathI Duplene joItI taka maLI. Asapha jAhanA majabUta amalane aMta AvatAM tenA mulakamAM temaja karnATakamAM sarvatra bakheDA thayA. nAnA tarehanAM yuddha, saMtalasa, khuna, laDAI gherA tathA nAnA moTA saMgrAmane lIdhe dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM je gaDabaDATa thaI rahI tene ItihAsakAroe karnATakanuM yuddha evuM sAmAnya nAma ApyuM che. A bhAMjagaDamAM dAkhala thaI pahelAM karnATakamAM ane pachI dhIme dhIme haidrAbAdamAM pitAnI lAgavaga besADyA pachI, dakSiNamAM phrenca sattA kAyama karavAne plene vicAra hate. kAnsa pAchA pharatAM A bAbata tenA upara kAma cAlyuM tyAre pitAnA bacAvamAM teNe evuM pratipAdana karyuM ke "hiMdu stAnanI te kALanI sthitimAM taTastha vRtta dhAraNa karavAnuM azakya hatuM. je meM dezIone madada karI na hatI te aMgrejo karate, ane tema karI teo sarvoparI thayA heta." sane 1748 nA tahanAmAMthI takarAra maTavAnI je apekSA aMgreja kaMpanIe rAkhI hatI te khoTI TharI; ulaTI DuplenA upalA upakramane lIdhe pahelA karatAM vadhAre jhanunI takarAre upasthita thaIekavAra Duplee caMdA sAheba ane mujhaphapharajaMgane madada karI eTale temanA sAmA pakSane madada karavAnuM aMgrejo mATe anivArya hatuM. "phrenca lekee amArAM vasAhatane uccheda karavA mAMDe che, moTA moTA pradeze temaNe pitAnI sattA heThaLa lIdhA che, ane amane evI rIte gherI lIdhA che ke ApanA taraphathI

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 4pa1 jaladI madada na Avaze te amane nirvAhanAM sAdhAna meLavavAne paNa aDacaNa paDaze evo majakura aMgrejoe IMglaMDa lakhI mokalyo. beu pAzcAtya prajAnAM lazkara karNATakamAM laDatAM hatAM tyAre madrAsa ane piDIcerI vacce ghaNI tikSaNa ane tIvra bhASAmAM patra vyavahAra cAlato have Ave prasaMge kalAIvanI yutithI aMgrejone bacAva thayo; teNe ArkaTa upara hallo karavAthI bAjI pheravAI gaI. A saghaLI hakIkata have vistArathI kahevAnI che. : * 2. mujhapharajaMga ane caMdA sAheba vacce ekayatA-sane 1748mAM vRddha nijhAma-ula-mulka AsaphajAha maraNa pAme tene cha chokarA hatA te nIce pramANe - saphajAha. * - gAjhIudIna nAsIrajaMga chokarI salAbata jaMga nijhAmaallI mahamadazarIpha, pIramaMgala. | (basAlata jaMga) , emAMnA pahelA be sagA bhAIo hatA ane bAkInA sAvakA hatA. vaDIla putra gAjhIuddIna dilhImAM vajhIranI jagyA upara hatA, ane bIje nAsIrajaMga pitAnAM maraNa samaye temanI pAse hato. paraMtu pitAne te apriya hovAthI vRddha nijhAme pitAnI chokarInA chokarA mujhapharajaMgane pitAnI pachI haidrAbAdanI gAdI ApavAnuM TharAvyuM hatuM, ane e vyavasthAne bAdazAhe anumodana ApyuM hatuM. nijhAmanA bAkInA chokarAo A veLAe vizeSa prasiddhimAM AvyA nahotA. nijhAmanAM maraNa samaye mujhapharajaMga vijApUranA subAnA odhA upara hatA eTale te saMdhino lAbha laI nAsIrajege lazkaranA saradArane meLavI laI tenI madadavaDe dakSiNanI subedArI pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhI. A pramANe mujhaphapharajaMga pitAnI dhAraNamAM nirAza thavAthI marAThAnI madada meLavavA te satArA gayo. tyAM mAjI navAba dastaallIne jamAI caMdAsAheba kedamAM hatuM tenI ane mujhapharajaMga vacce mulAkAta thaI caMdAsAhebamAM pitAnA TakArA mATe daMDa ApavAnI zakti na hovAthI te

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4para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ghaNAM varSa thayAM satArAmAM paDI rahyo hato. ItihAsakAra orma (Orme) kahe che ke hiMdustAnanA rAjAo ghaNuM kaMjusa hatA; kedamAM game teTalAM saMkaTa sahana karatA paNa daMDa bharI chUTatA nahIM. caMdA sAheba pAse daMDa ApavAne paisA nahIM hatA evuM kaMI nahotuM paNa te hAthamAMthI chUTavyAja nahIM, ane tethI cha sAta varSa teNe kedamAM kahALyAM. caMdAsAhebanI sthiti tapAsatAM rmanuM A kahevuM saMbhavanIya lAgatuM nathI. game tema hoya paNa satArAmAM mujhaphara jaMga ane caMdAsAheba e banne sarakhI sthitinA grahasthAe chupI masalata karI marAThAonI madadathI pitapatAnA haka pAchA meLavavA nizcaya karyo. paraMtu pitAnA verI marAThAonI madadathI ukta hetu pAra pADavAnuM caMdAsAhebane egya lAgyuM. nahIM, tethI teNe saghaLI hakIkata Duple AgaLa raju karavAnI goThavaNa sUcavI. pinDIcerImAM rahetI caMdA sAhebanI strIne DuplenI strI sAthe sneha hatuM tenI mAraphata A vizenA saMdezA cAlavA mAMDyA. Duple AvI takanI rAha ja jete hate, kemake game te rIte dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM pitAne amala sthApavA mATe te atizaya Atura banyo hite. tadanusAra teNe tarataja caMdA sAhebane marAThAonA hAthamAMthI chUTakAro meLavI levA jaNAvyuM, ane vizeSamAM temanI madada nahIM svIkAravA Agraha karyo. caMdA sAhebanA chUTakA mATe sAta lAkha rUpIA daMDa bharavAnI jAmInagirI Duplee pate ApavA pezvAnA darabAramAM jAhera karyuM. A jAmInagirI kabUla karI marAThAoe caMdA sAhebane cheDI muka, ane sane 1748 nA AraMbhamAM baMdebasta mATe traNa hajAra svAra ApI tene svadeza tarapha ravAnA karyo. aneka ThekANe yuddha karato tathA lazkara eka karate caMdA sAheba karnATakamAM AvI turataja lene maLe, ane e TharAva karyo ke penDIcerImAMnAM be hajAra dezI lazkarane kharca ApavAnA badalAmAM te pheja uparAMta 400 yuropiyana selajare Duplee tenI madade ApavA, ane e kharca peTe caMdAsAhebe pinDIcerIne lagatA keTaleka mulaka phrenca lekane jAzukane ApI devo. A TharAva mAtra aMgrejoe AgaLa upara ubhAM karelAM sAghakArI lazkara (subsidiary

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha 453 armies) nI zarUAta ja hatI ema sujJa vAcakone jaNAyA vinA raheze nahIM. phulee ApelI pheja uparAMta caMdA sAhebe cha hajAra mANase ekaThAM karyAM hatAM, ane mujhaphapharajaMga trIsa hajAranuM meTuM lazkara laI tene AvI maLyo hato. kenca phejane uparI DeTIla (d' Auteuil) hatuM. A saghaLuM lazkara damalacerInA ghATamAM dAkhala thayuM tyAre tene khabara maLI ke anavarUddIna vIsa hajAra lazkara laI tenI sAme dhasI Avato hato. A vakhate anavarUdIna aMburamAM paDele hato eTale tyAM sudhI javAne caMdA sAhebane harakata paDI nahIM. tA. 3 jI oNgasTa, sane 1749 ne dIne DeTIle anavarUdIna upara halle karyo paNa laDAImAM te jakhamI thavAthI tenAM mANase nAsavA lAgyAM. A prasaMge DeTIlanA hAtha heThaLanA khusI (Bussy) nAmaka keca amaladAre pAchAM pharatAM mANasane dhIraja ApI pharIthI laDAI zarU karI. thoDe vakhata ghaNuM jhanunI saMgrAma thayA bAda anavarUdIna mAryo gayo. e veLA tenI vaya 107 varSanI hatI ema kahevAya che. ene eka chokaro mAkrUjhakhAna caMdA sAhebanA hAthamAM sapaDAyA, paNa bIjo mahamadaallI nAsI gayA. vijayI caMdA sAheba ane mujhaphapharajaMga rAjadhAnI ArkiTamAM dAkhala thayA eTale Akho karnATaka prAMta temanA tAbAmAM Avyo. ahIM mujhapharajaMge dakSiNanA subedAranI padavI dhAraNa karI caMdA . sAhebane karnATakanI navAbI ApI. tyArabAda bannee pinDIcerI jaI Duplene atyaMta AbhAra mAnya. teNe paNa temane bhAre satkAra karyo ane leke upara chApa besADavA mATe meTa samAraMbha karI saghaLAne lazkara tathA kAphalAne bhAre ThATha batAvyo, kemake dezIonA manamAM pitAnuM vajana vadhAravAnI taka Duple kadI paNa gumAvate nahIM. caMdA sAhebe paNa tene anaMta upakAra mAnyo, ane pite karelA upakAranA badalAmAM Duplene pinDIcerI pAsenAM 81 gAmanI rAjyasattA hamezane mATe soMpI dIdhI. e pachI mujhapharajaMga pitAnAM 50 hajAra lazkara sahita pinDIcerIthI nIkaLI gayo, paNa caMdA sAheba AgaLane vicAra karavA tyAM ja rahyuM. karnATaka enA tAbAmAM AvyuM hatuM, te paNa

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454 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. jyAM sudhI anavarUdInane chokaro mahamadaallI chUTe rahe tyAM sudhI enAthI svasthapaNe besI zakAze nahIM ema Duplene lAgyuM. aMbuthI nAsI mahamadaalI TrIcInApalImAM bharAyA hatA, kemake e zaherane baMdebasta ghaNuM uttama prakArane hatA. subedAra nAsIrajaMga meTAM lazkara sAthe karnATaka upara Ave che evI bAtamI maLatAM Duplee caMdA sAhebane ekadama TracinApalI jaI te kabaje levA Agraha karyo. A banAva banatA hatA teja vakhate aMgrejoe pratApasiMha pAse devIkeTa meLavyuM, ane te pachI tara- taja aMburanI laDAInI hakIkata temanI jANamAM AvatAM teo caMdA * sAhebane pakSa le ke mahamadaallIne madada karavI e bAbata vicAramAM paDayA. paNa penDIcerImAM Duplee caMdAsAhebane saghaLI goThavaNa karI ApI hatI; pitAnI gAMThanA eka lAkha rUpIA tene vyAje ApI bIjAo pAsethI be lAkha rUpIA apAvyA hatA, ane e uparAMta Dayukina (Duquesne) nI saradArI heThaLa 800 yuropiyana ane 300 Aphrikana lazkara taiyAra karI ApyuM hatuM. sarva taiyArI thayA pachI caMdA sAheba TIcInApalI AvavA nIkaLyo. Duplee saghaLI tajavIja karI ApI kharI paNa te pramANe amala karI upADele hetu pAra pADavAnuM kAma bIjAnA hAthamAM hatuM. caMdA sAhebanA hAthamAM AvelI rakama teNe ane mujhapharajaMge maLI bhaLatIja bAbatamAM vAparI nAMkhI, ane aDadhe raste AvyA pachI nANAMnI taMgIne lIdhe TIcInApalI upara javAnuM mukI daI te tAMjoranA rAjA pAsethI paisA okAvavAnI matalabathI te tarapha vaLyo. ahIM AvI caMdA sAhebe rAjA pAse khaMDaNInI mAMgaNI karI. A judA ja prakAranuM saMkaTa joI rAjAe phAMphAM mAravA mAMDayAM, ane game te kAraNe paisA na ApatAM nAsIrajaMga tathA aMgrejone AgrahapUrvaka saMdezA mokalI temanI pAsethI madada mAMgI. aMgrejoe mahamadaallI mATe thoDI madada mekalI hatI, temAMnAM vIsa mANasane tAMjoramekalyAM. caMdA sAhebanI sustI joI Duple yAkuLavyAkuLa thaI ga, ane tAMjoranA lebhamAM caMdA sAheba saghaLuM gumAvatA hatA ke zuM ema tene lAgyuM. teNe yukinane tAkIdane hukama makalI, tAMjaranA rAjAne

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. " bhayaMkara dhamakI ApI, paisA vasula karI ekadama DhIcInApolI javA pharamAvyuM. A uparathI Dayukine tAMjorane kille sara karyo ke tarata pratApasiMha zaraNe AvyA, ane sAta lAkha rUpIA ApavA kabUla thaye; e uparAMta teNe nya lazkarane be lAkha rUpIA InAma tathA phrenca sarakArane 81 gAma bakSisa ApavA kahyuM. paNa A paisA ApavAmAM te divase kahADavA lAge; kaI veLA dAgInA, keI veLA vAsaNa ItyAdi thoDe theDe sAmAne mokalI paisA bharavAnA bahAnAM kahADa hatuM, kemake kharuM jotAM te nAsIrajaMga athavA aMgrejonI tenI madade AvI pahoMcavAnI rAha jotA hatA, ke jethI tenA uparanuM saMkaTa TaLe. 3. be taDa ane phrenca lekane vijaya-eTalAmAM nAsIrajaMga meTAM lazkara sahita karnATaka upara utaravAnI bAtamI maLatAM caMdA sAheba ane mujhapharajaMganuM lazkara gabharATamAM pitAnA saradArane choDI nAsavA lAgyuM, ane phrenca pheja pinDIcerI pAchI pharI. nAsIrajaMga ArkaTa upara Avyo tyAre tene murArarAva ghorapaDe dasa hajAra lazkara sahita maLe, ane 600 aMgreja solajare mejara lorensanI saradArI heThaLa temanI madadai AvyA. A pramANe phulee racelI yukita TuTI gaI ane te muzkelImAM AvI paDe. AvA kaTokaTIne samaye phenca lazkaramAMnA adhikArIoe baDa karavAthI DeTilane pinDIcerI pAchA AvavuM paDayuM. rastAmAM murArarAva ghara paDee tenI puTha pakaDI. emAMthI game tema bacI jaI kenya lazkara salAmata nIkaLI gayuM tenI sAthe caMdA sAheba paNa cAlyo gayo. pachADI rahelA mujhapharajaMgane nAsIrajaMge pakaDo ane beDI paherAvI sakhata kedamAM nAkhyo. AthI nAsIrajaMga dakSiNanI subedArIne mAlika thayo, ane teNe tarataja mahamadaalIne ArkaTanA navAbapada upara tathA mujhapharajaMga, caMdAsAheba ane phrenca ema pratyakSa be pakSa paDI gayA. mujhaphapharajaMga ane caMdA sAhebe hAtha AvelI sonA jevI taka gumAvI eTale Duple atyaMta nirAza thaI gayo ane tenI yukti prayukitao uDI

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pa6 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 ja. gayA jevI lAgI. ema chatAM DarI nahI jatAM hiMmatathI teNe potAne udyoga sapATAbaMdha AgaLa calAvyA. prathama zatrunI vhIkathI nAsI AvelA kenca lazkarane zikSA karI tathA tenI phajetI uDAvI tenI yogya goThavaNa karI, ane te maLe navuM joma utpanna karyuM. bIjI tarapha pitAnAM mananI dhAstI bahAra na jaNAvatAM Duplee nAsIrajaMga sAthe salAha karavA prayatna calAvyuM, jANe pitAne jaya maLyo hoya tema taha karavAne potAnA pratinidhine tenI pAse mokalyo, ane tenA tAbAnA aneka saradArane aMdara khAnethI pheDI pitAnA pakSamAM lIdhA. AvI rIte teNe pitAnI saghaLI taiyArI karavAne vakhata meLavyo. nAsIrajaMga tenI racelI yuktimAM phasAyA nahIM paNa teNe laDavAno nizcaya cAlu rAkhyo; ema chatAM tenAM svasthapaNuM tathA sustIne lIdhe plene potAnI bAjI racavAmAM phatteha maLI. tA. 12 eprila, sane 15 ne dIne rAte kenca lazkare murArarAva ghorapaDenI chAvaNI upara gupta rIte hallo karI 1200 marAThAone kApI nAMkhyA ane savAra pahelAM te pinDIcerI pAchuM pharyuM. ATalAthIja nAsIrajaMga gabharAI jaI ArkaTa gaye. phrenca loko upara vera levA mATe teNe machalIpaTTaNanuM thANuM kabaje karAvyuM, paNa hulee AramAra mekalI tarataja te pAchuM lIdhuM. thaDA divasa pachI mahamadaallIne dahezata ApavAnI matalabathI tenI chAvaNa pAsenuM tirUvAdI nAmanuM thANuM Duplee DeTilane mokalI pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhuM. te hastagata karavA aMgreja ane mahamadaallIe. puSkaLa yatna karyA paNa te phahimaMda thayA nahIM. have aMgrejoe khullI rIte nAsIrajaMga ane mahamadaallIne pakSa lIdhuM hatuM ane te teDavA mATe Duple atizaya mathana karate hate. nAsIrajaMgane vadhAre dahezatamAM nAMkhavA mATe tenA tAbAne chaMchane majabUta kille Duplee busIne mokalI sara karAvyo. zivAjI ane auraMgajebanA vakhatathI A kille levA mATe aneka prayatna thayA hatA ane te AkhA dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM atizaya majabUta kille gaNate hate. te ekadama jItI levAthI busInuM zairya pragaTa thayuM ane phrenca lekanI hAka vAgI.

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prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 457 have pachInI hakIkatamAM busInuM nAma agrasthAne AvavAnuM hovAthI tenI vizenI keTalIka hakIkata ahIM jaNAvavI asthAne lekhAze nahIM. ene janma phrAnsamAM sane 1718mAM thayo hato, ane lAbune gavarnara hate te samaye te senTa laI Avyo hato. sane 1746 mAM te lAbunenI sAthe pinDIcerI Avyo tyArathI te hiMdustAnamAM ja rahyA. ahIM DuplenI sAthe rahevAne anekavAra tene prasaMga maLavAthI ekamekanA guNanI parIkSA karavAnI temane taka maLI, ane temanA manamAM eka bIjAne mATe pujyabuddhi utpanna thaI. AgaLa jatAM bannee sAthe maLI ravarAchanA hitanAM aneka kAma karyA. aMjIne kille sara karavAmAM busInuM kharuM zara jAhera thatAM, hiMdustAnamAMnAM dezI darabAromAM phrenca lekonI dahezata lAgI, ane teo have sarva hiMdustAnanuM rAjya kabaje kare che ke zuM ema cheDe vakhata saghaLAne lAgyuM. nAsIrajaMge gabharATamAM kenca sAthe mitrAcArI karavAno vicAra karavA mAMDe; paNa mujhaphapharajaMgane kedamAMthI choDI tenA chokarAne navAbagirI ApavAnuM vacana te Ape nahIM tyAM sudhI phrenca sAthe taha thavI muzkela hatI. nAsIrajaMgane e vAta kabala na hovAthI laDAI sivAya tene mATe bIje mAge hato nahIM. AvI rIte laDavAne prasaMga Ave te agAu Duplee aMdara khAnethI kArastAna karI nAsIrajaMganA tAbAnA ghaNuM marAThA ane musalamAna saradArone pheDI mujhapharajaMganA pakSamAM vALI lIdhA hatA. nAsIrajaMga sadA ezaArAmamAM nimagna rahete, ane hAtha heThaLanA saradAra pratye udArapaNAthI nahIM vartatAM kenca sAthe salAha karavA tarapha durlakSa karo. A rIta saradArane pratikULa paDatAM Duple ane mujhaphapharajaMganI uzkeraNIthI temanAM mana asvastha thayAM, ane teo nAsIrajaMgane nAza karavA ughukta thayA. AthI nAsIrajaMga phrenca sAthe salAha na karatAM laDAI karavAno hukama Ape teja vakhate tene choDI jaI virUddha pakSamAM maLI javAne gupta TharAva teoe karyo hate. A bheda temaNe game teTale chupe rAkhyo te paNa nAsIrajaMga pitAnI sthiti ghaNuMkharI samajato hate. laDAInAM vilakSaNa pariNAmanI vhIke teNe DuplenuM kahevuM kabUla karavAne TharAva karI tevA Azayane patra

Page #475
58. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pinDIcerI mokalyA, ane tahanI sarate nakakI karavA pitAnA traNa vakIlane pUrNa adhikAra ApI ravAnA karyA. teo pinDIcerI pahoMce te pUrve ahIM laDAI zarU thaI hatI. nAsIrajaMganI chAvaNI jaMjIthI thoDe aMtare hatI, ane chIchamAM phrenca pheja lA kuza (M. de La Touche) nI saradArI heThaLa taiyAra hatI. phiturI thayelA saradAra taraphathI sUcanA maLatAM nAsIrajaMga upara hallo karavAne tene hukama hatA. upara kahele patra nAsIrajaMge Duplene mokalyo hate chatAM lA Tuzane AvI sUcanA maLatAM te ekadama nIkaLI pheja upara jaI paDaze. nAsIrajaMga taiyAra nahete chatAM paNa A kRtajJatAthI gusse thaI teNe laDavAmAM bAkI rAkhyuM nahIM; saradAre phiturI thayA na hatA te tene khacita jaya maLata. laDAI zarU thatAM ja tenA hAtha heThaLanA phiturI paThANa saradAre, mahesurane rAja ane marAThAo vIsa hajAra pheja sahita kenca nizAna urADatA laDAInI harolamAMthI nIkaLI gayA, tyAre nAsIrajaMga hAthI upara besI A phiturIone aTakAvavA mATe jAte laDAImAM utaryo. ane pAsenA bIjA hAthI upara mujhaphapharajaMgane besADo. kaDApAnA navAbane pitAnI sAmA AvatAM joI nAsIrajaMge tenI AvI kRtajJatA mATe sakhata Thapako Apyo ke tarataja gussAnA AvezamAM navAbe nAsIrajaMgane geLI mArI ThAra karyo ane tenuM DeluM kApI mujhaphapharajaMga AgaLa raju karI tene praNuma karyA. A hakIkatanI khabara lA Tuzane maLatAM teNe musIne mujhapharajaMga pAse mokalI tene Adara karyo. saMdhyAkALe laDAI aTakatAM lA Tuza pite mujhapharajaMgane maLe, ane tene dakSiNanA subedAra tarIke sanmAna ApyuM (DIsembara 1750). "hamaNAnI madada mATe huM plene temaja sarva kenca lekane atyaMta AbhArI chuM; tamArI salAha sivAya huM kaMI paNa karIza nahIM' evI DuplenI khAtarI karanAra sadeza teNe lA Tuza mAraphata piDIcerI meka, ane pAchaLathI tarataja pote paNa tyAM jaI pahoMcyA. A laDAI penDIcerI pahoMcatAM tyAM asAdhAraNa AnaMda, ullAsa, ane Azcarya prasarI

Page #476
prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 459 rahyAM, ane darekane vicAra Avyo ke 800 kenca sipAI tathA teNe taiyAra karelI 3000 dezI phojanA jera upara sADAtraNa karoDanI vasatI upara rAjya karanAra adhikArI nImavAnI phrenca lekene taka maLI enA karatAM bIjuM koI paNa moTuM parAkrama hoI zake nahIM. "ATale moTe adhikArI ApaNuM sanmAna kare, ApaNuM parAkrama AgaLa pitAnI kimata gaNe nahIM, ane have pachI te ApaNe salAha pramANe cAlanAra hevAthI sADAtraNa karoDanI vasatInA kharA rAjyakartA ApaNe poteja' e kalpanAthI Duple, tenA tAbAnA amaladAra, ane sipAIo atyaMta cakita thaI gayA. sane 1674 mAM penDIcerInI sthApanA thayA pachI paNa te varSamAM phrenca lekee ATaluM moTuM parAkrama karavAthI dezI lokone temanA svArthatyAga tathA svArthanirapekSatA bAbata Azcarya lAgyuM, ane sarva kee temanI maherabAnI meLavavA prayatna karyo. AvA AnaMda sAgaramAM Dule jhelA khAte hato te samaye tA. 27 mI DIsembara 1750 ne dIne mujhaphapharajaMga pite piDIcerImAM AvI lAgavAthI tenA AnaMdane pAra rahyo nahIM. Duple jANe trAtA, annadAtA, devAdhideva heya tema A navA subedAre tene mAnathI navAjeza karyo. nAsIrajaMganAM saghaLAM dhanadolata, jarajavAhara, sonuM cAMdI vagere mujhaphapharajaMge Duplene arpaNa karyo tyAre tenI nirapekSatAne pAra rahyo. nahIM ane teNe kahyuM ke, "mAre kaMI joIe nahIM, huM ene sparza suddhAM karanAra nathI; tamAruM kAma thayuM, ane mAre hAthe tamArA dezane uddhAra thaye ethI ja huM pitAne kRtakRtya thayela mAnuM chuM." AvAM madhura bhASaNathI dezIonI prIti saMpAdana karavAnuM mAna bhAvI Duplene zIkhavavAnI jarUra nahotI. A kAmamAM te saMpUrNa rIte kAbela hovAthI dezIonAM mananI vAta jANI levAnI zakti tenA ekalAnAmAMja hatI ema te samajAte hato, tethI teNe pitAne arpaNa thayalI saghaLI delata mujhapharajaMga ane tenA sAhyakArI navAba vacce sarakhe bhAge vahecI levA pharamAvyuM. AvI rIte saghaLAnAM mana meLavI lIdhA pachI Duplee mATe darabAra bharI mujhaphpharajaMgane dakSiNanA subedAranuM pada dhAraNa karAvyuM. A darabArane ThoTha avarNanIya tathA

Page #477
46. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. avismaraNIya hato. mujhapharajaMgane agrasthAne besADI Duple tenI pAse beThe. teNe ane Itara saradAe subedArane najarANuM karyA pachI subedAre bhASaNa karI A pramANe bakSisa ApI. "ame dakSiNanA subedAra mujhapharajaMge amArA mitra puNene kRSNa nadInI dakSiNanA mahaisura suddhAM saghaLA prAMtanI navAbagirI bakSisa karI che; te uparAMta vAlaDera (Valdaur) ne killo ane tenI AsapAsane eka lAkhanI Avakane pradeza jAgIra tarIke temane ApavAmAM Ave che. tene "satahajArI " manasaba tathA masyAkRtivALuM megala nizAna arpaNa karyuM che, ane pinDIcerInuM nANuM karnATakamAM cAle evuM pharamAvavAmAM Ave che. macchalipaTTaNa, yunAna, kerikala vagerene saghaLA pradeza kanya kaMpanInI sattA heThaLa heya ema samajavuM. DuplenI saMmati vinA ame eka taraNuM sarakhuM paNa ahIMthI tahIM khaseDanAra nathI evI ame tene khAtarI ApIe chIe.' AnA uttaramAM phulee pitAnA svabhAva tathA prasaMgane anusaratuM vartana calAvyuM. caMdA sAhebane subedAra AgaLa laI jaI teNe jAhera karyuM ke amArA ghaNA divasanA mitra Aja paryata aneka vipatti bhogave che. karnATakanI navAbagirInA nAmadhArI mAlika Ape amane karyA che paNa te upara khare haka A caMdA sAhebane che. tenI Aja sudhInI ImAnadArI tathA mahenatanA badalAmAM kharI bakSisa tene maLavI joIe." DuplenA A audAryathI dezIonAM mana upara kevI asara thaI haze tene vicAra sahaja Avaze. tenI sarvatra vAhavA belAI ane tene mATe sarvanA mana upara utkRSTa chApa beThI. upara kahelI bakSisa sivAya mujhapharajaMge Duplene pAMca lAkha rUpIA phrenca lazkaramAM vaheMcI ApavA mATe ApyA. vaLI tene phrenca kaMpanInuM devuM hatuM temAMthI pAMca lAkha rUpIA ApI daI bAkInI rakama mATe jAmInagirI ApI. A saghaLA uparAMta kenya kaMpanIne darasAla cAra lAkhanI vasula utpanna karanAra mulaka maLyo hato. A vijayanuM cirakAlIna smAraka ubhuM karavAnA hetuthI je ThekANe mujhapharajaMgane jaya maLyo hato te jagyA upara Duplee eka zahera vasAvI tene Duple phatehabAda evuM nAma ApyuM, ane tyAM eka vijayasthaMbha ubho karI te upara kenca lekanAM parAkrama kotarAvyAM.

Page #478
prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. - 4, DuplenI khAlI manakAmanA-ATaluM thayA chatAM paNa mulakamAM zAMti prasarI nahotI. mahamadaallI pachADA mAryA karate hate. nAsIrajaMganAM mRtyuthI nirAza thaI te TrIcInApalImAM jaI rahyA hatA. aMgrejoe paNa tene tyAga karyo tyAre pitAnA pitAnI saghaLI milakata ApI devAnA badalAmAM dakSiNanI subAgirImAM kethe paNa ekAda manasaba tene ApavAmAM Ave te navAbagirI uparathI potAne haka choDI devA te taiyAra che, e saMdeza Duple mAraphate navA subA mujhaphapharajaMgane teNe mokalAvyo. A vicAra mahamadaallIe rAjA vakojI mAraphata Duplene jaNavyo hato. Duplene te sarva rIte anukULa lAgatAM evI vyavasthAthI karnATakane TaTa hamezane mATe maTavAnI AzA upara teNe vakejIne pAcho mokalI pitAnI saMmati mahamadaallIne ja/vI. penDIcerImAM pitAnuM kAma pUruM thavAthI mujhaphapharajaMga pitAnI auraMgAbAda javA nIkaLe. mArgamAM kaI duzmana Ave te tenI sAme pitAnuM saMrakSaNa karavA mATe teNe eka phrenca pheja sAthe lIdhI, ane tene kharca ApavA kabUla thayo. Duplene te e joItuM ja hatuM. A pejane lIdhe subedAra upara pitAne seha rAkhI AkhA dakSiNa hiMdustAnanuM rAjya karavAnuM maLaze evI tene AzA hatI. mAtra A sAhyakArI lazkaranI zarUAta hatI, ane te durbaLa rAjyane prabaLanA sAmasAmAM barAbara pakaDI rAkhavA mATenI jALa hatI. Duplee busInA uparIpaNuM heThaLa 300 phrenca ane 200 dezI sipAIo mukI tene mujhapharajaMganI sAthe mekalyo. mahamadaallI do kare, ane kaMI muzkela prasaMga AvI paDe te busI pAse saMrakSaNanuM kaMI paNa sAdhana nahetuM e bAbata Duplene kaMI paNa vicAra AvyA nahIM. tA. 7 mI jAnevArI, sane 1751 ne dIne mujhaphapharajaMga pAnDIcerIthI nIkaLe. bAvIsa divasa pachI te kaDApAnA navAbanI hadamAM dAkhala thaye. e navAba mujhaphapharajaMganA lazkaramAMja hato, paNa te tathA karnala ane sAvAnuranA navAba maLI gupta kArastAna karatA hatA tenI mujhaphapharajaMgane khabara nahatI. eka

Page #479
hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. divase subedAranI pheja tathA kaDIpAnA navAbanI pheja vacce kaMIka navA kAraNathI dro upasthita thaye, paNa kharuM jotAM te racelA bhedane AraMbhaja hato. navAbanAM mANasoe subedAranI pachavADenA janAnakhAnAnI tahenAtamAM rahelI TukaDI upara hale karyo. AthI subedAra gusse thayA, ane navAbane zikSA karavA busIne jaNAvyuM. A bAbatane ugrarUpa letuM aTakAvavA mATe busIe samAdhAna karavA prayatna karyo, paraMtu traNe navAba baMDakhara thaI vadhAre bakheDa karavA lAgyA. ekadama gussAnA AvezamAM busInI madadanI rAha na jotAM mujhaphapharajaMge navAbe upara hale karyo, tyAre ghaNI jhanunI ane khUnarejI bharelI jhapAjhapI thaI khusI tvarAthI AvI pahoMcatAM laDAinI gaDabaDamAM sAvanUrane navAba raNamAM paDayo, ane kaDIpAne navAba jakhamI thavAthI tene tenAM mANaso uMcakI laI gayAM. A mukhya baMDakhera jIvate chaTakI jAya e mujhaphapharajaMgane pasaMda na paDatAM te tenI pAchaLa dho. eTalAmAM karnalane navAba tenI ADe A banne hAthe hAtha thaI jatAM karnalanA navAbe mujhaphapharajaMgane bhAlAthI ThAra karyo, te joI mujhapharajaMganAM mANasee navAbane paNa svadhAma pahoMcADe. ( A pramANe mujhapharajaMga paDavAthI bhayaMkara gheTALo thayo, te paNa busInuM DahApaNuM ane vakhata sAcavI levAnI kaLA jabarAM hatAM. teNe dhIrajathI saghaLuM zAMta pADI nijhAma nAsIrajaMgane bhAI salAbatajaMga je A svArI. mAM kedamAM paDele hato tene choDI subedArI upara dAkhala karyo, ane jANe kaMI paNa aDacaNa AvI na hoya tema saghaLI vyavasthA karI te AgaLa cAlyo. salAbata aMge phrenca leke sAthe thayelA agAunA saghaLA karAra majura rAkhyA, ane vizeSamAM temane keTalAMka paragaNuo bakSisa ApyAM. AgaLa jatAM teNe karnalane kille jamInadosta karyo, ane pezvA bAlAjI bAjIrAve tene be lAkha rUpIA ApI marAThAonI aDacaNa dUra karI. haidrAbAdamAM thoDA divasa rahyA pachI svArI tA. 9 mIe auraMgAbAdamAM dAkhala thaI, ane tyAM salAbatajaMgane yathAvidhi dakSiNanA subedArane pizAka ApavAmAM Avyo.

Page #480
prakaraNa 17 muM. ] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 463 A pramANe kenyanI sattA tathA yukti parAkASTAe pahoMcI. muThIbhara kavAyatI lazkaranI madadathI sADAtraNa karoDa vastIne pradeza teoe jotajotAmAM pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhuM hatuM, ane teo dhArate te karnATaka suddhAne saghaLo pradeza phrenca sattA heThaLa ANI zakate. paNa turta veLA tema nahIM karatAM dezI rAjAone me jALavI rAkhavAnuM Duplene yogya lAgyuM. mahamadaalIne lagabhaga samajAvI levAmAM Avyo hato. A bAbata aMgrejone vaiSamya lAgyuM hoya to paNa temane vacamAM paDavAne kAraNa nahotuM, kemake temanI madada mAMgavAne kaI taiyAra hatuM nahIM. ema chatAM aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMthI kAMTe kahADavA Duple ati tatpara hate; eI lAzApelanA kelakarArathI tenA hAtha baMdhAI gayelA hovAthI temane cAlatI dhamAdhamImAM vacce AvavAne avakAzaja maLe nahIM evI DuplenI yukti hatI, ane te ghaNuMkharI pAra paDyA jevI ja hatI. . e daramiyAna Duple pinDIcerImAM beTho beThe zetrajanAM meharAnI mAphaka karnATakamAM dakSiNanA sattAdhIzone pheravatA hatA. te dAva jItI gayA hoya tema ghaNuMkharAone temaja tene paNa kSaNabhara lAgyuM. A dAva AgaLa kevI rIte ane kyAre pure thayo te jovAne prasaMga Ave che. turta eTaluM te kharuM ke A dunIAnI vyavasthA karavAne pratyakSa paramezvarane paNa vakhata ane svasthatA joIe che, paNa Duplee te moTA moTA pradezanA rAjakIya pheraphAra kSaNavAramAM karI nAMkhyA. rASTrIya pheraphAra pAra pADavAmAM vakhata lAge che; ane rASTranI temaja samAjanI hIlacAla samajavA tathA kevA banAvo bane che te jANavA vakhata lAge che. kalpanAnI jhaDapa karatAM ApaNuM akkala vadhAre vegathI jAya che e husenA lakSamAM rahyuM nahIM. DuplenA rASTrabaMdhu nepoliyananI paNa AgaLa upara AvI ja sthiti thaI hatI ema ItihAsa kahe che. ekadama jorathI kudake mArI saghaLuM svAha karanArAne Akhare kaMIja maLatuM nathI e vyavahArika nyAya dezane paNa lAgu paDe che e uparanAM udAharaNathI ApaNane jaNAya che. dhIraja, gAMbhIrya tathA zAMta vicAra AgaLa utAvaLa ane doDadhAma kaMI kAma lAgatAM nathI. eka nAnI

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414 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. bhUlane lIdhe saghaLI bALa ulaTAI gaI ema je AgaLa jatAM hamezAM Duplene lAgatuM hatuM te kharuM nahotuM. * uparanI hakIkata uparathI te samayanI sthitinI ghaNI sArI mAhitI maLaze. vacamAMnAM rAjya tuTavAthI dezanI kevI dhuLadhANuM thAya che tenuM A utkRSTa udAharaNa che. dezamAM koIne pitAnI sthiratA mATe kSaNane paNa bharoso nahote ane saghaLAne jIva tALave TAMgelA hatA, evI paristhitimAM kuhe jevAnuM phAvyuM. te je ema dhAratuM hatuM ke pite atyaMta niHsvArtha buddhithI tathA dezIonuM hita karavAnA vicArathI saghaLuM karato hato te te khAlI bhramaNAja hatI. meMlIsananA kahevA mujaba AvI yuktithI dezIonAM mana upara Dupalee pitA mATe sArI chApa besADI hatI, paNa A dezanA loke te veLA eTalA badhA murkha ane nAdAna nahatA. kaI paNa mANasa game tevuM vartana kare te paNa te hamezAM bIjAnuM sAruM karavA mATe kare che ema te samaje che; tene hAthe bIjAnuM kharAba thAya che ema te kadI kahetA ja nathI. e nyAya mujaba vicAra karatAM ApaNane lAge che ke ATalI khaTapaTa na karatAM he pitAnA vepArane vaLagI rahyA hatA te teNe pitAnA dezane vadhAre phAyado karyo hota emAM saMzaya nathI. mahamadaallI hajI TrIcInApelImAM hate. agAunA TharAva pramANe tenI samajuta thaI sarva bhAMjagaDa jaladI maTI jaze evI Duplene AzA hatI; paNa game tevAM kAraNa AgaLa karI mahamadaallI pitAnI yukti pAra pADavA phAMphAM mAravA lAgyo. aMdarakhAnethI teNe aMgrejonI madada meLavavA jeramAM khaTapaTa calAvI, ane temane spaSTa jaNAvyuM ke "mAre pakSa te tamAre ja pakSa che; mArA nAza thavAnI sAthe tamAre paNa hiMdustAnamAMthI hamezane mATe nIkaLI javuM paDaze ema jANaje." mahamadaallIe pitAnI khaTapaTanuM AzAvaMta pariNAma AvatuM jaI pote TrIcInApalI choDI devA taiyAra nathI ema Duplene khullI rIte jaNAvyuM. Avo javAba maLatAM karnATaka hastagata karavAmAM mahamadaallI taraphanI paDatI aDacaNa dUra karavA mATe teNe punaH yuddhanI taiyArI karI. caMdA sAhebanI sAta ATha hajAra phejanI

Page #482
465 prakaraNa 17 muM. karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha madade cAraso yuropiyana sipAIone mokalI DATilane te sAthe mIcInApilI kabaje karavA ravAnA karavAmAM Avyo (mArca 1751). Duplene A pramANe vijayI thatA joI aMgrejo svAbhAvikarIte dhAstImAM paDyA, karnATakanI navAbagirI enA tAbAmAM Ave che te aMgrejone A dezamAMthI hAMkI kahADyA vinA rahe nahIM. e bhaya sAme svasaMrakSaNa karavAnI jarUra hoya te temaNe mahamadaallIne bane teTalI sahAya karavI joIe evA vicArathI temaNe kepTana kepanI saradArI heThaLa 280 yuropiyana ane 300 dezI lazkara mahamadaallIne gherAmAMthI cheDavavA TIcInApalI tarapha mokalyuM; ane kaeNpTana che jenanA hAtha heThaLa 600 yuropiyana ane 1000 dezI sipAIonI bIjI ja TIcInApalInI AsapAsa rahI navAbanA pakSane Teko ApavA mATe ravAnA karI. jIjenanI sAthe robarTa kalAIva hato. TIcInApalInI uttare 40 mAIla uparanuM valakaDA (Volcondah) nuM majabUta zahera caMdA sAheba sara karavAnI taiyArImAM che ema sAMbhaLI aMgreja lazkare te dizAmAM kaca karI (julAI 1751 ). tyAMnA adhikArIe koIne paNa zaheramAM dAkhala thavA dIdhA nahIM, ane karnATakano je koI navAba kare tene te soMpavA jaNAvyuM. A uparathI aMgrejoe te upara halle karyo, paNa sAmI bAjuethI renca leke temanI virUddha paDyA ke tarata tyAMthI teo nAsI gayA. A prasaMge kenca lazkare aMgrejonI puTha pakaDI hota te saghaLA tenA hAthamAM sapaDAI jate, ane vadhu yuddha baMdha paData. paNa kenca senApati DoTila ghuMTaNanAM daradathI herAna hovAthI kAma karavA asamartha hata; temaja caMdA sAhebanAM keTalAMka mANasoe baMDa uThAvavAthI te aMgrejonI puTha pakaDavA mATe azakta hatA. AvI rIte aMgrejone sAzana karavAnI amulya taka phrenca lokonA hAthamAMthI jatI rahI. ema chatAM kaMI paNa vakhata bolyA vinA caMdA sAheba ane phrenca pheje maLI TIcInApalIne ghero ghAlya, ane kAverI nadImAM zrIraMga nAmane beTa hastagata karyo. Aja arasAmAM DoTila bhayaMkara mAMdagIne lIdhe pinDIcerI cAlyA gaye, ane tenuM kAma hai nAmanA grahastha karavA mAMDayuM. lai yuddhakaLAmAM tadana nAlAyaka ane vhIkaNa hatA; paNa kenya sarakAramAM tene lAgavaga sAre hovAthI tene saghaLuM kAma sepyA

Page #483
466 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. sivAya chUTake nahe. ene badale bIjo koI hoMzIAra grahastha kenya kaMpanI pAse heta te A laDAInuM pariNAma juduMja AvyuM heta. ekadama bahAdarIthI hale karI phrenca lekee TIcInApalI kabaje karyuM heta te saghaLI bAbatane niveDe Avata. kenca lazkaranA uparI tarIke teM je nAlAyaka grahastha hatuM tyAre aMgrejone subhAgye temanI taraphathI eka atyaMta sAhasika ane hoMzIAra rahastha bahAra Avyo. e robarTa klAIva DuplenI mAphaka himatavAna, bahAdUra ane yuddhakaLAmAM saMpUrNa rIte pravINa hatA. DuplenAmAM eka kheDa eTalI ja hatI ke tene yuddhakaLAnI kaMI khabara nahatI, ane senApati tarIke te nakAme hatA. te dUrathI saghaLI tajavIja karI Apa, ane atyaMta vikaTa prasaMge paNa DagamagyA vinA zuM karavuM te utkRSTa rIte sUcavate. paraMtu tenI sUcanAne amala karavAnuM kAma bIjA pAse hovAthI tene dareka prasaMge bIjA upara AdhAra rAkhavAno hate. kalAIva ane ple vacce moTo taphAvata Aja che; kalAIva jAte raNamAM utaravA samartha hatuM, paNa DuplenAmAM tevI zakti nahatI. pite laDAinAM medAnamAM javAthI prasaMganusAra yukti zodhI kahADavA mATe kalAIvane bIjA upara avalaMbI rahevAnI jarUra nahotI, paNa Duple tema karavA azakta hate. 5. lAIvanI pUrva hakIkata-have pachInA banAvo varNavavA pahelAM hiMdustAnanA ItihAsamAM A samaye agatyane bhAga lenArA purUSa rabarTa kalAIvanI pUrva hakIkata atre ApavI asthAne lAgaze nahIM. IgleMDanA zrApazAyara kAuMTImAM mArkeTa DreTananA nAnA gAmaDAmAM tA. 29 mI sapTembara, sane 1725 ne dIne rabarTa lAIva ja hato. tera bhAI bahenamAM te sarvathI vaDIla hatuM. ene pitA vakIlane dhaMdhe calAvI udaranirvAha karate hato. nAnapaNathI ja robarTa sAhasika, utAvaLIo ane avicArI hata; mArAmArI karyA vinA tene eka paNa divasa ja nahIM. bacapaNamAM be traNa varSa te pitAnI mAsIne tyAM rahyA hatA tyAre teNe saghaLAMnI sthiti ghaNI dayAjanaka karI mukI hatI. jyAM jyAM tene nizALe meklavAmAM Ave tyAM tyAM te nAnA prakAranAM phAna tathA takarAra

Page #484
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha, 417 karatA. abhyAsa tarapha teNe kaMI paNa lakSa ApyuM nahIM. hamezAM te kaMI taphAna mastInA kAmamAM guMthAyelo rahe che. tenI virUddha paDavAnI koInI himata cAlatI nahIM. tenI cAlAkI, caMcaLatA tathA sAhasa jemAM keTalAkane ema lAgatuM ke nasIbane jere yogya prasaMga Avyo che temAM kalAIva kaMI vilakSaNa kRtya karI ItihAsamAM nAma kahADaze. te moTo thato gayo tema tema tenAM mAbApanI ciMtA vizeSa vadhavA mAMDI, kemake te vidyArahIta hate. AthI tene kaMI paNa dAbamAM rAkhavAnA vicArathI temaNe tene IsTa InDIA kaMpanInI nokarImAM eka kArakunanI jagyA apAvI. sane 1743 mAM arADhame varSe te madrAsa javA igleMDathI nIkaLyo. te tenA rAITaranI jagyA keTalI trAsadAyaka hatI tenI vAcakane kaMIka kalpanA haze. temAM kalAIva sarakhA tephAnI mANasane Akho divasa Tebala upara besI AMkaDA gaNatAM keTalo kaMTALo Avyo haze te kahevAnI jarUra rahetI nathI. vepArIne lAyakane eka paNa guNa tenAmAM nahote, ane vepAranuM kAma AvaDyA sivAya paisA meLavavAnuM rAITarane kaMI paNa sAdhana nahotuM. IgleMDathI nIkaLyA pachI A dezamAM AvatAM tene eka varSa lAgyuM. pAse kharca mATe kaMI maLe nahIM, keI tene snehI sebatI paNa nahIM evI vipattimAM teNe madrAsamAM kAma zarU karyuM. milanasArapaNAne abhAve kaI tenI sAthe vAtacIta karatuM na hovAthI te ekalavAyA jevo raheto hate. tenI jiMdagIne je bhAga teNe madrAsamAM gALyo hate te vipattithI bharapUra hato. thoDA ja vakhatamAM atizaya duHkhathI kaMTALI jaI tathA nirAza thaI teNe svadeza pAchA pharavAno vicAra karyo. "svadeza choDyA pachI mAre eka paNa divasa AnaMdamAM gaye nathI" evuM teNe A veLAnA eka patramAM lakhyuM che. pIstala keDI prANa tyAga karavAne paNa teNe prayatna karyo hato, paraMtu temAM te niSphaLa thayo tyAre te eTaluMja belyo ke, "mAre prANa jato nathI te uparathI mAlama paDe che ke A dunIAmAM mArI jIMdagInuM kaMI paNa prayojana che." sarakArI kAmamAM te uparIonI darakAra rAkhate nahIM, eTale tyAM paNa te nizcita nahe. lAcArIe game tema karI te pitAne vakhata kahADato hate. madrAsanA gavarnara mI. maeNrse tene potAnI pAse belAvI

Page #485
468 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. joIe te pustaka vAMcavA paravAnagI ApI. sane 1746 mAM phrenca lee madrAsane kabaje lIdho tyAre pherTa senTa DeviDamAM nAsI AvelAM aMgreja maMDaLamAM lAIva paNa hatA. e musalamAnI veSa dhAraNa karI madrAsamAMthI nAsI gayA hatA. A vakhate tene kaMI paNa khAsa kAma karavAnuM nahIM hovAthI te pAnAM ramavAmAM potAne vakhata gumAvate. pachIthI jyAre phrenca lekee pherTa senTa DeviDa upara humale karyo tyAre tyAM aMgreja pheja ghaNI thaDI hovAthI saghaLA lekane hathIAra upADavAM paDayAM, eTale lAIvane marajI mAphakanuM kAma maLyuM, ane sarvanA ekatra prayatnathI zrenca lekone pherTa senTa DeviDa AgaLathI pAchA haThavuM paDayuM. e pachI aMgrejoe piDIcerIne vere ghAlyo tyAre klAIve tyAM hAjara hatA, ane eNe karelA moTAM parAkramathI aMgreja senApati mejara lorensane enA guNanI parIkSA karavAnI taka maLI. devIkoTA kabaje karavA mATe gayelI aMgreja svArImAM lAIvane lephaTananTanI padavI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. te zahera hastagata karyA pachI tene lazkaranI tajavIja rAkhavAnuM kAma soMpavAmAM AvyuM. AvI rIte maLelI takane lAbha laI te hiMdustAnanI paristhiti bArIkAIthI tapAsato hato. dezI lazkara, yuropiyana prajAe karelAM cittAkarSaka kAme, ItyAdi jevAthI tene moTA moTA vicAre AvavA lAgyA hatA. pinDIcerInA gherA vakhate bahAdUrI bharelAM aneka kAmo teNe karyA hatAM; devIkeTAmAM paNa taka maLatAM jokhama kheDavAne te cukyo nahoto. kepTana jIjenanAM chakaravAdIpaNuthI niSphaLa gayelA hallAmAM te lazkarI saraMjAma puruM pADavAnAM kAma upara hatuM. e vakhate pitAnAM mANasane dhIraja ApavA teNe puSkaLa mahenata karI paNa te phaLIbhUta thaI nahIM. jenanI goThavaNa tene bIlakula pasaMda paDI nahIM eTale pitAnuM kAma cheDI gavarnarane maLavA te kerTa senTa DeviDa gayo. te vakhate mI. maeNrsanI jagyAe gavarnara sauMDarsa (Saunders ) tarata ja Avelo hato. saghaLI taraphathI AvI paDelA bArIka prasaMge cAlAkIthI kAma karavAnuM hovAthI kalAIve tenI AgaLa saghaLI hakIkata jAhera karI. TIcInApalImAM sapaDAyelA mahamadaallIne madada mekalavAnI atizaya jarUra hatI, kemake je

Page #486
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 469 tene caMdA sAhebanA hAthamAMthI choDavavAmAM na Ave te aMgreje ghaNuM muzkelImAM AvyA vinA rahe nahIM. eTalAmAM IMgleDathI DI madada AvI pahoMcatAM sADase 80 yuropiyana ane 300 dezI sipAInI pheja julAI sane 1751 mAM TrIcInApalI tarapha mekalI. A veLA mejara lorensa tabIeta sudhAravA mATe iMgleMDa gayelo hovAthI A phejamAM mI. pigaTanI sAthe kalAIva paNa gayA hatA. thaDA divasa pachI AvI bIjI eka ja saDase TIcInApalI mokalI. e samaye klAIve pitAnI pahelI jagyA choDI daI kaMpanInA lazkaramAM kepTananI jagyA kAyamanI svIkArI hatI. TIcInApalI pahoMcyA pachI tyAMnI saghaLI avyavasthA enI najaramAM AvI. janA uparI che jena ane kopa bane nAlAyaka hatA, mahamadaallI tadana nAsIpAsa thaI gayuM hatuM, duzmananuM lazkara ghaNuM tAjuM ane utsAhI hatuM, ane tenI sAthe 900 phrenca sipAIo saghaLI rIte taiyAra thaI AvyA hatA. mahamadaallI pAse paisA nahotA, lazkara pagAra mATe buma mAratuM hatuM, evI bhayaMkara sthitimAM TrIcInAlIne ghere uThAvavAnuM aMgrejo mATe muzkela hatuM eTaluM ja nahIM paNa saghaLI taraphathI temane nAza thavAnuM nakakI ja lAgatuM. A sthiti joI kalAIvanI khAtarI thaI ke sahaja paNa DagamagavAthI sthiti pheravAI jaze, mahamadaallI chUTaze nahIM; je tene cheDavI ane lekene garva utAraja hoya to aMgrejoe bIje ja ThekANe jaI saghaLI vyavasthA badalI nAMkhavI joIe. A vicAra AvatAM te pharTamenTa DeviDa pAcho pharyo, ane manamAM racelo beta gavarnara sADarsa temaja bIjA kansilarane jaNAvyo. klAIvanA vicAra pramANe duzmana sAthe mAtra potAnA bacAva arthe laDAI karavAthI kaMI vaLavAnuM nahatuM, eTale himatathI tenA mulakamAM dAkhala thaI tyAM gaDabaDATa macAvI temane haMphAvavA joIe. A kAma bhAre sAhasathI bhareluM hatuM ane te pAra utAravA mATe eka caMcaLa, sAhasika, hiMmatavAna ane sakhata haiyAnA mANasanI jarUra hatI. je hetu phaLIbhUta thayo te te ThIka ja nahIMtara aMgreje nukasAnamAM garakAva thaI jAya evo vilakSaNa prayatna lAve manamAM upADyo hate. nepalIana sarakhA meTA ddhAoe paNa AvI ja

Page #487
470 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. yukti aneka veLA karI hatI. paraMtu A kalpanA kalAIvanI ja hatI, ane te jokhamadAra adhikArIone jaNAvI, ane thoDI mahenate te pAra pADavAnI saghaLI javAbadArI teNe pitAne mAthe lIdhI hatI. hamaNAnI mahenata saghaLI nirUpayogI hovAnI temaja temAMthI kaMIpaNa lAbha nahIM maLavAnI teNe saDasanI khAtarI karI. caMdA sAhebanI saghaLI zakti TIcInApalInA gherAmAM rekAyelI che, ane navAbanI rAjadhAnI ArkaTa arakSita sthitimAM paDayuM che te AvelI takano lAbha laI te zaherano kabaje levAthI duzmana gabharATamAM paDaze ane tene TIcInApalIne ghere uThAvavAne vilaMba lAgaze nahIM evI yukti teNe saghaLAne samajAvI. cAlAka ane caMcaLa mananA saMDarsane A yukti pasaMda paDI, ane game tema karI te amalamAM mukavA mATe saghaLI taiyArI teNe ekadama karI ApI. kalAIva pherTa senDa DeviDathI madrAsa gaye, ane lazkara taiyAra karI 300 dezI tathA 200 yuropiana sipAI sAthe laI sane 1751 nA sapTembaranI 6 ThI tArIkhe madrAsathI ArkaTa upara javA nIkaLe. ' ' 6, ArkaTane ghere (sapTembara, sane 1751 ).-ArkaTa zaheranI vastI eka lAkha mANasanI hatI, ane tyAMnA nAnA killA upara 1000 dezI sipAIo tathA tapakhAnA mATe be traNa phrenca mANase hatAM. rastAmAM eka divasa kAMcIvarama (kajIvarama) AgaLa vizrAMti laI tA. 11 mI sapTembare kalAIva ArkaTa pahoMcyo. te dahADe sakhata gAjavIja sAthenA bhAre varasAdathI te ghaNe herAna the, AvA varasAdanI darakAra na karatAM lAIva pitAnA upara dhasyo Ave che ema sAMbhaLatAMja ArkaTamAMnI pheja nAsI gaI. je teNe dhIraja rAkhI hota te caMdA sAhebe mekalelI madada tene AvI maLatuM. paNa tenA gabharAIne nIkaLI javAthI vagara mahenate lAive killAmAM praveza karyo, ane zahera tAbAmAM lIdhuM. killAmAMthI ATha topa tathA dArUgoLe tene maLyo. kadAca te killAmAM gherAI jAya te bacAvanAM sAdhana tarIke kalAIve anna sAmagrInI temaja bIjI saghaLI tajavIja karI. A khabara hulene maLI paNa ethI te bIlakula gabharAyo

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prakaraNa 17 muM.] karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha 71 nahIM. ArkiTa tarapha lakSa na ApatAM TrIcInApalI kabaje karavAnuM kAma bane teTalA jorathI tathA tvarAthI calAvavA teNe la ane caMdA sAhebane Agraha pUrvaka tAkIda karI. A yukti e beu jaNae tAbaDatoba amalamAM mukI heta te kalAIvanuM kaMI paNa cAlatA nahIM. paNa caMdA sAhebe tema nahIM karatAM pitAnI phejamAMthI 3000 mANaso chUTAM pADI tenA chokarA rAjA sAhebanI saradArI heThaLa ArkaTa tarapha ravAnA karyo. kalAiva ArkaTa sara karyAnI bAtamI TIcInApelImAM maLatAM mahamadaallIne dhIraja AvI; trAhata pakSanAM mANase mahamadaallIne AvI maLavA lAgyAM; ane rAjA sAhebane hAthe zuM parAkrama thAya che te jovA saghaLA Atura banyA. bIjI tarapha loe game tevAM bahAnAM kahADI TIcInApolI upara halle karyo nahIM, ane atyaMta sustI batAvI pitAnuM ane kenyanuM sarvasva nukasAna karyuM. Avo nAlAyaka amaladAra Duplene maLyo. eja tenuM durdeva mAnI zakAya. rAjA sAhebe ArkaTane ghere ghAle temAM kalAIva ane tenAM muThIbhara mANaso phasAI gayAM. A prasaMge lAIvanAM nAnakaDAM paNa bahAra lazkare ghaNuM zauryathI pitAne bacAva karI zatrune kaMI paNa macaka ApI nahIM. aneka veLA zatrunA mArAmAMthI kalAIva nasIbane je bacI gaye. keTalIka veLA tenI pAse ubhelAM mANaso goLIthI viMdhAI gayAM paNa tene kaMI IjA thaI nahIM. rAjA sAhebanI tepanA mArAthI killAnA keTane ghaNe bhAga TuTI paDe, ane je jarA vadhAre jhanunathI teNe humale jArI rAkhe heta te kalAIvane parAjaya thayA vinA rahetA nahIM. paNa rAjA sAhebanI DhIlathI kalAIvane pitAne baMdebasta karavAnI taka maLI. keTamAM bhaMgANa paDatAMne vAra rAjA sAhebe tenA upara humale ke nahIM, paNa rAkI khuTI jaze eTale aMgreje tarata tAbe thaze tenI rAha jote beThe. kalAIva pitAnA bacAva mATe dareka prayatna karato hato. teNe jAsuse temaja dezI lekane pitAnA pakSamAM kheMcI lIdhA hatA, eTale duzmana taraphanI saghaLI khabara tene guptapaNe maLyA karatI. Ama kalAIva bahAdUrIthI pitAne bacAva karI zakate hevAthI tene mATe duzmanane paNa uMce mata

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47re hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. baMdhAyo. eTalAmAM IMgleDathI AvI pahoMcelAM lazkarane seDarsa kalAIvanI madade mokalyuM. murArarAva ghera paDe pitAnI madade Ave che ema jANatAM rAjA sAhebe kalAIvane zaraNe AvavA saMdeza mokalyo. A kaheNa kalAIve phITakArI kahADavAthI meharamane divase acAnaka hallo karI killAne kabaje levA rAjA sAhebe tajavIja karI. paNa A goThavaNanI saMpUrNa khabara kalAIvane agAuthI maLI. rAjA sAhebe vAraMvAra jhanunI humalA karyA paNa aMdaranA lekee himatathI sAme thaI tene pAchI vALyo. A jhapAjhapImAM rAjA sAhebanAM 400 mANase mAryA gayAM. eka vakhata pahelA ja prayatnamAM leke pAchA haThI jAya te pharIthI tevo prayatna karavA dezI lazkara utAvaLathI himata karatuM nahIM e anubhava aMgrejonA A samayanA itihAsamAMthI aneka veLA thAya che. dezI phejane vAraMvAra parAbhava thavAnuM kAraNa aMgreja graMthakAranA mata pramANe Aja hatuM. rAjA sAhebanI paNa AvI ja avasthA thaI ane Akhare kaMI paNa nahIM karI zakavAthI tA. 24 mI navembare ghero uThAvI cAlyA javAnI tene pharaja paDI. ArkaTanA gherA jevA aneka banAvo aMgreja lekhake svadezanAM bhUSaNa arthe atizaya khIlavIne varNave che, paNa sAdhAraNa rIte vijayI mANasanAM gIta gAI vakhANa karavAM e manuSyano dharma che. aitihAsika draSTie dareka banAvanuM samatalapaNuM jaLavAtuM nathI, kemake virUddhapakSa taraphanI joIe teTalI saMpUrNa hakIkata vAcake AgaLa AvatI nathI. ArkaTanA gherA vakhate jevI rIte kalAIvanI hIlacAlanI bArIka khabare ApaNane maLe che tema rAjA sAhebanI sthiti kevI hatI, tenI aDacaNe kevA prakAranI hatI, tenI hIlacAla zI hatI, te bAbata paNa ApaNane kharI hakIkata jANavI joIe, nahIM te saghaLuM varNana ekatapha thAya che, e vAcakoe A prasaMge temaja have pachInA evAja prasaMge yAda rAkhavuM joIe. bIjo eka muddo e che ke dareka prasaMge dezIo sarva prakAranI gupta bAtamI paradezIone ApatA hatA ethI sAmAnya rIte A dezanA lekemAM deza mATenuM abhimAna vizeSa dekhAI AvatuM nathI e khulluM che.

Page #490
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 473 vaLI TIcInApalIne ghere cAlu hatuM tyAre atyaMta bArIka prasaMge mahesura, guTI, tAMjora, puDukATa vagerenA aneka sattAdhIzo be paradezI prajA vaccenA jhagaDAne tamAzo jotA AsapAsa ubhA rahyA hatA; bemAMthI vijayI keNa thAya che tenI svasthapaNe rAha joI beThA hatA. je vijayI thAya tene pakSa svIkAravAnI apekSA rAkhatA hatA; paNa pitAnAmAM zakti hovA chatAM A paradezI lake ApaNuM mulakamAM zuM kAma laDe che tene temaNe vicAra paNa karyo nahIM, te pachI temane pratikAra karavAnI vAta te kyAMja. te veLA meTAmoTAonAM mananI sthiti paNa AvI bhayaMkara ane zocanIya thaI hatI. ema A prasaMganI hakIkata uparathI dekhAya che. ArkaTane ghero hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonA ItihAsano pahelo mahAna banAva hovAthI aMgrejI itihAsamAM tenI khyAti vizeSa che. A banAve have pachI thanArAM yuddha tathA rAjakIya pheraphAranuM svarUpa tadana badalI nAMkhyuM. kenya leke nabaLA paDavA lAgyA, tema aMgrejo jerapara AvyA. uparI amaladAra aMgreja hoya to tene hukama akSarazaH pALI chavanI paravA karyA vinA dezI lazkara joIe tevuM muzkela kAma karavAne acakAtuM nahIM, e hiMdustAnanA vatanIonA moTA guNanI pahelI parIkSA ArkaTamAM thaI ane tyArathI Aja lagI e pitAno amulya guNa hareka prasaMge teo pragaTa kare che. A guNane phAyado meLavI aMgrejoe hiMdustAnanuM rAjya sthApyuM ane eja guNa upara Aje teo tenuM rakSaNa kare che. game tevA aNIne prasaMge paNa hiMdustAnanI pheja pitAnAM kartavyathI parAmukha thaI nahIM. laDAIne nikAla mAtra lazkaranI saMkhyA upara avalaMbI rahe te nathI; lazkarI kavAyata ane draDha nizcaya e be guNethI game tevuM parAkrama karavA banI Ave che, e vicAra dezI lekanAM mana upara ArkaTa AgaLa pahelI vAra hasyo ane tyAMja aMgreja adhikArIone prathama jAhera thaye. e vicAra kalAIvanA lakSamAM AvatAM ja teNe tene upayoga karyo, ane have pachIne prasaMge aMgreja senApatie tathA rAjyakArI purUSoe teja yuktine upayoga karyo. TuMkamAM aMgreja rAjyane janma ArkaTamAM thaye ema kahevAno harakata nathI.

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474 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tA. 4 thI akabara, sane 1751 ne dIne rAjA sAhebe ArkaTane ghere ghAlyo ane tA. 25 mI navembare te uThADo tyAM sudhInA 50 divasamAM killAmAMnAM aMgreja lazkarane aneka tarehanAM saMkaTa bhogavavAM paDayAM. temanI khorAkI purI thaI temanAM ghaNuM mANase maraNa pAmyAM chatAM temanI sAthenA dezI sipAIoe aMgrejo pratye atyaMta prema batA; rAMdhelA bhAta, yuropiyanene ApI pite mAtra dhANu upara rahyA. AvI rIte temaNe karelI sahAya hameza mATe smaraNIya che. ghere uThatAMja yuddhanI bAjI badalAI gaI teve prasaMge cAlAkIthI temaja caMcaLAIthI kAma karanArA ghaNuM upayogI thaI paDe che, tema kalAIve rAjA sAhebane vizrAMti ApI nahIM. teNe tenI puTha pakaDI eTale plene moTI ciMtA utpanna thaI tene AzA hatI ke TIcInApalI sara thatAM lagI rAjA sAheba kalAIvane game tema karI aTakAvI rAkhaze, paNa te AzA phegaTa gaI. kalAI chUTe thatAMja te zirajora thayo, ane jyAM tyAM duzmanane nAza karavAnA kAmamAM rokAyo. A laDAIthI uttara ArkaTa prAMta kalAIvanA tAbAmAM Avyo. 7, cadA sAhebanuM chevaTandrIcInApalInA gherAnuM kAma samAdhAnakAraka cAlyuM nahIM. eka pachI eka navI yuktio batAvI caMdA sAhebane himata ApavA sivAya Duple vadhAre kaMIja karI zake nahIM. laeNnA hAthamAM AvelI amulya taka teNe phegaTa gumAvI. gherAmAM sapaDAyelA aMgreja senApati kopa ane jenAmAMthI kopane gaLI vAgI te muo chatAM jena kaMIpaNu gaDabaDa nahIM karatAM zAMta besI rahyA. launAM mukhapaNane lIdhe mahaisuranuM lazkara temaja marAThA vagere loke kenyanI virUddha thaI gayA. kenca senApatinA ALasamAM tene AyatI maLelI madada tenI pAsethI jatI rahI tyAre kalAIvanI madade puSkaLa lazkara AvyuM. AthI tene ArkaTano yogya bacAva karavAnuM tathA rAjA sAhebanI puTha pakaDI araNI AgaLa tene sakhata harAvavAnuM phAvyuM. sane 1751 nI Akhare kalAIva pherTa senTa DeviDa go ane tyAMthI TracinApalImAM gherAyelA mahamadaalIne choDavavA javAne hato, eTalAmAM araNI AgaLa rAjA sAhebane parAbhava thavAthI tathA

Page #492
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. 475 tenuM lazkara vIkherAI javAthI te nAsI penDIcerImAM bharAye. ahIM bannee vicAra karI ArkaTa prAMta aMgrejonA hAthamAMthI pAcho meLavavA nakkI karyuM. kencanI madada laI rAjA sAheba aneka ThekANAM kabaje karate madrAsa upara Avyo. A vakhate je teNe e zahera upara humalo karyo heta te saghaLI bAbatane nikAla Avate, kemake bacAva mATe aMgreja lazkara tyAM bIlakula nahetuM. rAjA sAhebe tema karyuM nahIM, paNa ArkaTa prAMtamAM dAkhala thaI kalAI karelI saghaLI goThavaNa ulaTAvI nAMkhI. A hakIkata lAIvane maLatAMja te pharIthI thoDuM lazkara laI tenI puThe lAgyuM. rastAmAM kAMcIvarama tAbe karI te AgaLa jatA hatA evAmAM rastAmAM kAverIpAka nAmanAM gAma AgaLa rAjA sAhebanI ane phrencanI pheja tenI sAmA AvI (tA. 23 mI phebruArI, 17para). A ThekANe aMgreja pheja ghaNuM nAnI hovAthI kalAIvanI sthiti bhayaMkara thaI. ArkaTanA gherA karatAM paNa ahIM prasaMga bArIka hatuM. jaya na maLyo te AkhA dezane saMhAra thAya e vakhata hatuM, chatAM kalAIve potAnA svabhAvane anusarI sAhasa upADyuM. laDAI cAlu hatI tevAmAM teNe thoDAM mANasane bIjeja raste phrencanAM pakhAnAnI pAchalI bAjue mekalyAM. temaNe bahAdUrIthI tene kabaje lIdho ane lAIva phattehamaMda thayo. pariNAma uparathI A laDAInuM mahatva ItihAsakAra moTuM mAne che. hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonI sattA thaze ke kenyanI, tene khare nikAla A laDAIthI thayo; lAIvanAM kAmanI saghaLI kuMcI tenA sAhasamAMja hatI e paNa ahIM nirdiSTa thayuM. . kalAIva ArkaTa thaI pherTa senTa DeviDa gayo tyAre rastAmAM teNe Duplee vasAveluM navuM zahera tathA ubhA karelA vijayathaMbhane nAza karyo. tA. 25mI mArca, sane 1752 ne roje te madrAsathI nIkaLyo eTalAmAM IgleDathI mejara oNrensa hiMdustAna pAcho pharyo, ane lazkaranA senApatine odho. lIdhe. e vakhate tenI pAse 400 yuropiyana ane 1100 dezI sipAIo temaja 8 tapa hatI. Duplee mahenata karI lone saghaLA prakAranI madada mokalI paNa tene kaMI upayoga thayo nahIM. tenI bedarakArIthI AsapAsanA

Page #493
476 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. saghaLA ke kenya ane caMdA sAhebane pakSa choDI daI aMgreja ane mahamadaalInI chAvaNImAM cAlyA gayA. laue mejara lorensane aTakAvavA prayatna karyo paNa temAM te niSphaLa javAthI aMgreja lazkara mahamadaallIne jaI maLyuM. A vartamAnathI Duple nirAzAmAM garakAva thaI gaye, tenI saghaLI manokAmanA rasAtaLa gaI sarva prakAre te nAIlAja thaye ane AgaLa kema ane zuM karavuM e bAbata nakkI karavAnuM tene mATe muzkela thayuM. ema chatAM haThI nahIM jatAM banI zakI tevI tajavIja teNe calAvI DeTilane laeNnI madade ravAnA karyo. DeTila anubhavI hato paNa vayane lIdhe temaja vyAdhInI pIDAne lIdhe tenAmAM zakita rahI nahotI. laue ghere uThAvI nIkaLI javAne badale murNapaNamAM kAverI nadImAM AvelA zrIraMga beTamAM pheja sahita chAvaNuM nAMkhI. ahIM te aMgrejonA hAthamAM barAbara paDe kemake temaNe tarataja AvI tene gheryo. caMdA sAhebane lonI yukti pasaMda paDI nahIM, paNa game te thAya te paNa pitAnA deta kenca jyAM jAya tyAM javAne teNe nizcaya karyo, ane tethI ja AgaLa jatAM tenI jIMdagI jokhamamAM AvI. DuplenI sUcanA anvaye DeTila baeNnI madade jato hato tene kalAIve rastAmAM aTakAvyo ane teno parAbhava karyo tethI te laine sahAya karavA jaI zakyA nahIM. zrIraMga beTamAM phasAI paDavAthI caMdA sAheba ane hainI avadazA thaI, ane temane duzmanane zaraNe javA sivAya bIje mArga rahyA nahIM. mAtra phrenca lazkara aMgrejone tAbe gayuM hatuM te harakta nahatI, kemake IMgleMDa ane phrAnsa vacce yuropamAM zAMti hovAthI kenyA lekene keda karavAnuM aMgrejothI bane ema nahatuM. ema chatAM caMdA sAhebane nAza pAse Avate jaNAya. te je mahamadaalInA hAthamAM Avyo te e tene mArI nAMkhyAvinA choDaze nahIM e nakkI hatuM. A hakIkatamAM caMdA sAhebane bacAva karavAnI ciMtA haine thavAthI teNe tAMjoranA senApati maMkejIne paisA ApI caMdA sAhebane zrIraMgamAMthI sahisalAmata bahAra kahADI koI surakSita jagyAe laI javA goThavaNa karI. maMkojIe TharAvelI rakama levAnA badalAmAM caMdA sAhebane duzmanonA hAthamAMthI bacAvI levA sogana khAdhA. A pramANe caMdA sAheba

Page #494
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karnATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. pAlakhImAM besI makAjInI chAvaNImAM Avyo ke tarata ekadama tene beDI ThekavAmAM AvI. bIje divase cAra mukhya rAjyanA pratinidhinI maLelI sabhAmAM ene viSe vicAra calAvavAmAM Avyo tyAre mejara lorensa hAjara hatA. pahele dine kaMI paNa nikAla thaye nahIM. lorensa caMda sAhebane potAnA tAbAmAM laI ekAda saMsthAnamAM keda rAkhavA taiyAra hato. paNa e vicAra anya sabhAsadene pratikULa lAgatAM bIje divase lerensa kAne hAtha mukyA ane e bAbata vacce paDavA nA pADI, eTale teja dahADe (tA. 3 jI juna 1752) maMkejInA hukamathI caMdA sAhebanuM De uDAvI nAMkhI mahamadaallIne ravAnA karavAmAM AvyuM. bIjI tarapha lo ane phrenca pheja aMgrejone zaraNe AvI, paNa mahamadaallInI virUddha nahIM laDavAnI kabulAta ApavAthI teo chuTayA. A pramANe tA. 13 mI juna, 1753 ne je 785 yuropiyana sipAI, 35 amaladAra ane 2000 dezI sipAIo aMgrejone tAbe thayA. aMgrejone 41 phenca tepa maLI. nAlAyaka mANasanA hAthamAM laDAIne medAna upara saMpUrNa adhikAra hovAthI kenca sattAne ghAtaka nivaDe evuM kharAba pariNAma AvyuM. e mATe Duplene kaMI paNa doSa ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI tema teNe racelI bAjI ayogya hatI ema paNa TharatuM nathI. atyaMta bArIka prasaMge teNe apratima dhairya ane draDhanizcaya dAkhavyAM eja tenuM bhuSaNa che. e jAte senApatinuM kAma karavAne lAyaka na hovAthI tene bIjAnA upara AdhAra rAkhavo paDate have eja bheda dhyAnamAM rAkhIe te sarva vAta spaSTa thaI jAya che. ATaluM thayA chatAM paNa Duple jAte Dage nahIM; paNa aMgreja jevA virUddha pakSane jaya maLavAthI phrenca chAvaNImAM kaMTA tathA takarAra utpanna thayAM. saghaLI taraphathI nAsIpAsa thavAthI Duplee have bIjIja bAjI racI. tAjerane rAjA, mahaisurane rAjA ane marAThAo mahamadaallInA maLatIA hatA, temanI vacce phuTa paDAvI zatrunuM jora kamI karavAne udyoga teNe upADyo. e hetu siddha thatAM mahamadaallInA sAthIdAre tene choDI cAlatA thayA. eTalAmAM Duplene yuropathI madada AvI maLatAM teNe aMgrejone eka be

Page #495
478 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ThekANe parAjaya karyo, ane TrAcIna polI aMgrejonA hAthamAM gayuM te pachInA be mAsanI aMdara Duplee pitAnuM saghaLuM jora ajamAvavA prayatna karyo. A arasAmAM karnATakane navAba nImavA mATe salAbatajaMga taraphathI Duplene hukama maLatAM caMdA sAhebanA chokarA rAjA sAhebane te adhikAra soMpavA teNe vicAra karyo. paNa A muzkela kAma mAthe levA rAjA sAhebanAkhuza hovAthI caMdA sAhebanA sADa murtajhAallIne te jagyA ApavAmAM AvI. AthI mejara lairensa, je A vakhate mAMdA hatA, te cIraDAI gaye, ane teNe ekadama penDIcerI tarapha kUca karI. mArgamAM bahara AgaLa ubhayapakSa vacce eka jhanunI tathA sakhata laDAI thaI temAM aMgrejone ja maLe, ane jo senApati kajIna ( Kerjean) basa mANaso sAthe aMgrejonA hAthamAM sapaDAya. aMgrejonAM mAtra 80 mANase A laDAImAM maraNa pAmyAM. temanI chata chatAM marAThA tathA mahesuravALAo khullI rIte temane choDI kenca lekene jaI maLyA. bIjI tarapha lAIve kevelaMga ane siMgalapaTanA be killA sara karyA. paNa e pachI tarataja enI tabIeta bagaDI AvavAthI te iMglaMDa cAlyo gayo (phebruArI, sane 1763 ). vilAyata jatA pahelAM madrAsamAM tenA eka snehInI bena misa mAskalina karIne hatI tenI sAthe eNe lagna karyA ane tene pitAnI sAthe laI gayo. chellAM becAra varSanI dhAmadhumamAM teNe be lAkha rUpIA pedA karyA hatA. A vigrahamAM je ke DuplenuM abhimAna utaryuM hatuM te paNa tenA lAgavaga ke mahatvane kaMI ghaNe bhAre dhake lAgyo nahatA. tenAM saghaLAM kAma mATe phrenca kaMpanIe tene ghaNI sAbAzI ApI hatI. kharuM jotAM aMgreja kaMpanI karatAM ethe hiMse paNa kenya kaMpanInI Ayapata nahatI, ane aMgrejo mAphaka phrencane paisAnI temaja bIjI madada bIlakula maLatI nahIM. vaLI Dulene karnATakanuM rAjya prApta thayeluM hovAthI tene kaI bAbata nyUnatA na haze ema dhArI phrenca kaMpanIe tene kaMI paNa madada mekalI nahIM. kAnsanA rAjyakArI purUSonuM mAnavuM evuM hatuM ke vakhata jatAM AkhA hiMdustAnanuM rAjyapada temanA svadeza baMdhuonA hAthamAM Avaze. je evI AzA

Page #496
prakaraNa 17 muM.] karNATakamAM bIjuM yuddha. noue temane utpanna thaI hatI te Duplene temaNe A prasaMge sArI madada karavI joItI hatI. sane 1751 mAM be traNa hajAra phrenca leke penDIcerI AvyA hota te sahajamAM sarva kAma ATopI levAte; ane ema karavA nya sarakAra kaMI asamartha nahatI. paNa phulene rAjya maLavAnI mAnyatA upara hamezanI karelI madada paNa tene mATe AvI nahIM, ane teM sarakhA nakAmA amaladArane hAthe tene kAma levuM paDayuM. je aneka aDacaNemAM Duple A samaye gherAI gayA hatA te chatAM teNe je kAma uThAvyuM hatuM te mATe tenA aMgreja duzmane paNa tenI prasaMzA kare che. mejara haiorensa kahe che ke, "DuplenuM dhairya utAvaLathI khapI jAya tevuM nahatuM. pitAnI zaktine anukULa lAge te vakhate te nibhAvI le te; tenuM magaja zAMta hovAthI atizaya vicAravaMta hatuM." svadezanAM hita mATe teNe ochAmAM ochA 14 lAkha rUpIA pitAnI gAMThanA kharacI nAMkhyA hatA, svadeza AgaLa pitAnAM hitanI tene darakAra nahotI. saMkaTa samaye tenI dhIraja apratima hatI. sAmAvALAnAM mana upara amuka bAbata ekadama chApa besADI zakate, ane tethI ja aMgrejo mahamadaallIne tenI pAse bahu javA detA nahIM. ene paNa phulee lakhI jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "mAre mukhatyAra na hovAthI mArA hAtha baMdhanamAM che. eka tarapha DuplenI manakAmanA pAra paDavAnI aNI upara hatI te ja bArIka prasaMge aMgrejo taraphathI kalAiva jevA advitya purUSanuM tenI sAmA paDavuM thayuM e tenI graha dazAnoja yoga hoya athavA IgleMDanA sudevanuM jora heya. karnATakamAM jeke nya lokone puSkaLa nukasAna thayuM hatuM te paNa nijhAmanA darabAramAM busIe phrenca mahatva uttama rIte sthApana karyuM hatuM. mahamadaallI karatAM caMdA sAheba ghaNe kartutvavAna hatA. te zare tema DAhyA hatA, ane anavarUddIna karatAM paNa te caDIAta hata. vAstavikarIte karnATakanI navAbagirI teneja maLavI joItI hatI. hamaNuM je vigraha cAlatuM hatuM te e prAMtamAM yogya navAba besADavA mATe nahetA, paNa aMgreja ane kendramAMthI e prAMta koNa le te mATe ho, mahamada

Page #497
480 hiMduratAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. allIne AgaLa karI caMdA sAhebanI virUddha paDavAmAM aMgrejoe jevI rIte pitAnuM hita joyuM hatuM tema phrenca lokee sAmA pakSane madada karavAmAM karyuM hatuM nahIM. temanI IcchA mAtra potAnA anuyAyIone AgaLa pADI temanI sagavaDa sAcavavAnI hatI. mahamadaallIne pakSa levAmAM aMgrejoe kaMI vicAra karyo nahota; e pAchaLathI kevo nIkaLe, ane pitAnA madadagAra pratye kevI rIte varyo e prasaMgAnusAra vidita thaze. prakaraNa 18 muM. keca, nijhAma ane marAThA 51-57. 1. nijhAmanA darabAramAM busIne lAgavaga 2. marAThAone aMtima hetu. 3. DuplenA kArabhArane aMta. 4. gehu ane DilerI. 5. DuplenI rAjanIti. 1 nijhAmanA darabAramAM busIne lAgavaga (sane 1751-53).- salAbata jaMgane nijhAmanI gAdIe besADI busI auraMgAbAdamAM dAkhala thayA hatA te ApaNe upara vAMcI gayA chIe. salAbatajaMga miyata nijhAmane trIjo choko hatA, ane tene moTe bhAI gAjhIuddIna dilhImAM dIvAnapada upara hate. nAsIrajaMgane nijhAmI maLelI joI gAjhIudIna khuza hate; paNa nAsIrajaMga ane mujhapharajaMga banene nAza thatAM salAbata jaMga AgaLa nIkaLI AvyuM, ane nijhAma darabAramAM phrenyanuM uparIpaNuM sthApana thayuM. e marAThAonA vicArane anukULa nahatuM. pazcima kinArA upara porTugIjha amala jemane tema hatA, eTalAmAM pUrva kinArA upara ane marAThA rAjyanI sarahada upara bIjuM yuropiyana rAjya thAya e teo sahana karI zake tema nahotuM. nijhAmanI uttara sarahada upara bhoMsale ane pazcima tarapha pezvA hevAthI e bannene phrenca sattA virUddha kaMIka zaka pedA thAya e

Page #498
prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. 481 vAbhAvika hatuM. A samaye marAThAo hiMdu pAdazAhI sthApavAmAM rokAyelA hatA, ane e prayatna siddha karavA bAlAjIrAva pezvA saghaLI taraphathI athAga mahenata tathA prayatna karatA hatA. dilhImAM gAjhIudIna marAThAonI sahAyatAthIja kArabhAra calAvatA hovAthI ubhaya vacce sneha hato. ene lAbha laI pezvAe gAjhIudInane uzkeryo ane dakSiNamAM AvI nijhAmazAhI hastagata karavA salAha ApI. A bAbatanI masalata marAThA saradAra mahArarAva halakaranI mAraphate cAlyA pachI dakSiNa tarapha prayANa karavAne gAjhIudInano vicAra nakkI thaye. Aja arasAmAM tenI sAmA najIbakhAna rahIlAe moTuM kArastAna upADyuM hatuM. ahamadazAha abadallIne hiMdustAna belAvI, gAjhIuddInane lIdhe dilhImAM jAmelA marAThAonA lAgavagane teDavAne najIbakhAnane uddeza hati. A tephAna nirmaLa karavAmAM gAjhIudIne ghaNuM divasa bhAgyA pachI dilhIne egya baMdobasta karI te marAThAonI madada laI sane 17para nA sapTembaramAM auraMgAbAda AvI pahoMcyo. e vakhate tenI sAthe deDha lAkha mANasanI ja hatI. dilhImAMne marAThA lAgavaga teDavAne rahIlA vagere aphaghAnoe tagADe racelo hovAthI phrenca lokone dakSiNamAM pagapesAro karatA aTakAvavAne marAThAone prayatna karatA hatA. paraMtu te pUrva dakSiNamAM busIe zuM zuM karyuM hatuM te jANavuM joIe. DAM mANaso sAthe busI nijhAmane laI aneka aDacaNe veThata auraMgAbAda A eTalAthIja AsapAsanA pradeza upara tene trAsa beThe. TuMka samayamAM te nijhAmane eka kuTuMbI thaI paDe, kemake enA sivAya nijhAmane eka kSaNabhara paNa cAlatuM nahIM. teNe auraMgAbAdanA killAmAM ja eka bAjue pitAnI phejane rahevAnuM sthAna ApyuM, ane saghaLA TaMTAne Akhara nikAla lazkaranA jora uparaja thavAno che e khusI barAbara samajate hevAthI teNe pitAnI chAvaNImAM sarvottama prakArane baMdebasta karyo. lazkaranI AsapAsa topa vagere mukI daI teNe potAnAM mANasone aNI vakhate taiyAra thaI bahAra paDI zake evI sthitimAM rAkhyAM hatAM. jemAM atizaya sakhata niyamone amala thatuM hovAthI madyapAna, takarAra vagere saghaLuM baMdha hatuM

Page #499
482 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ane phrenca chAvaNI eka ati surakSita jagyA tarIke oLakhAvavA lAgI hatI. nijhAma jAte vyasanI tathA azakta hovAthI tenA upara pitAne amala calAvI moTI yutithI khusIe rAjyane saghaLo kArabhAra pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe. e mATe lekene kaMI zaka jAya nahIM te hetuthI teNe kaI paNa prakAranI zekhI batAvI nahIM, ane pitAnI sattA jAheramAM jaNAvavA dIdhI nahIM. vaLI pitAnuM lazkara nijhAmanI chAtI upara beTheluM che tevuM tene kadI lAgavA dIdhuM nahIM. jANe pite kaMIja visAtamAM na hoya paNa kharuM jotAM tenI saMmati vinA pAMdaDuM paNa hAle nahIM evI uttama vyavasthA busIe karI. Duple sAthe agAuthI masalata karI A saghaLI gaThavaNa mATe temaja anya bAbata mATe teNe TharAva karyo hate. burI pAse lazkarI sAmartha hatuM, ane prasaMga Ave te sAmarthane upayoga karI pitAnuM kAma pAra pADavAnI IcchA tenA manamAM thatI hatI. A pramANe saghaLuM anukULa hevAthI phrenca lekene A dezamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAmAM koNa aTakAvI zakanAra hatuM ? "karnATaka te hAthamAM cheja ane dakSiNanA rAjya upara ApaNI sattA cAlatI hovAthI ahIMthI dilhI upara kudake mAratAM ze vilaMba thaze e manoratha Duple ane busInAM magajamAM ramavA lAgyo. busI auraMgAbAdamAM sthAyI paDayo hato. te kaMI mAtra nijhAmanA saMrakSaNa mATe nahe, paNa karnATakamAM Duplee besADelA phrenca lAgavagane AgaLa vadhAravA mATe hate. navAbane kenya phoja sivAya cAlavAnuM nathI, ane temane lAgavaga navAba vinA kAyama rahenAra nathI, evI rIte banne bAju paraspara avalaMbI rahelI hovAthI busI ane DuplenI dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM A samaye hAka vAgI rahI hatI. A meTe phAyado puNenI najara AgaLa hevAthIja busIne hamezane mATe pitAnI pAsethI dUra mekalavA tene jarUra paDI. aMgrejo tenI pAsamAM hatA chatAM pinDIcerInA bacAvane baMdebasta Dhale pADI Duplee busIne auraMgAbAda mokalavAnI meTI bhUla karI hatI, ema vigrahanAM AvelAM pariNAma uparathI lAgavAne saMbhava che. te paNa zarUAtanI paristhiti uparathI Dule tadana nirbhaya hato.

Page #500
483 prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. oNrensa iMglaMDamAM hata; kalAIvanI gyatA bahAra dekhAI AvI nahotI, ane Duplee racelI bAjI ghaNIkharI phattehamaMda nivaDI hatI. kalAIva jevo anupama purUSa A veLA aMgrejo taraphathI nIkaLI Avyo na hatA te Duplee kenca sattAne pAye hiMdamAM majabUta karyo hato ema haju paNa keTalAka leke mAne che. paraMtu mahAna purUSonI paNa vicAra zakti eve prasaMge ekaja bAjue eTalI te jeramAM derAI jAya che ke teo pitAnAM kRtyanI ulaTa bAju jaI zakatA nathI e eka sAmAnya mAnavI dharma che, ane tene anusarIne ja phulee AgaLa pAchaLa kaMI paNa vicAra na karatAM bhAvI vaibhavanI dhunamAM pitAnI mULa zakti hINa karI ane busI sarakhA laDavaiyAne pinDIcerIthI dUra kahALyo. Ane lIdhe ja Duplene puSkaLa nukasAna thayuM hatuM; bAkI nijhAma darabAramAM phrenca amala besADavA mATe busI jevo lAyaka purUSa tene maLatuM nahIM. auraMgAbAdamAM teNe paga muka teja divasathI yuti prayukitathI teNe pitAnuM vajana atizaya vadhAryuM, kenyanI sahAyatA vinA tene kSaNabhara paNa cAlaze nahIM evI salAbatajaMganI pakakI khAtarI karI, ane tenI AsapAsanA dIvAna vagere adhikArI maMDaLamAM pitAnI taraphanAM mANaso rAkhI saghaLI sattA pitAnA hAthamAM kheMcI lIdhI. AvI gaThavaNa cAlatI hatI tevAmAM gAjhIudIna marAThAonI sAthe nijhAmanI sAmA dhasate AvatuM hatuM evI khabara auraMgAbAdamAM AvI. uttaramAMthI deDha lAkha ane pazcima taraphathI pezvAnI eka lAkha pheja nijhAmanA rAjya upara utarI AvatI sAMbhaLI busI bIlakula Dage nahIM, paNa temanI sAme thaI kavAyata zIkheluM kenca lazkara marAThAone keTaluM bhAre paDe che te khullI rIte dunIAne jAhera karavA teNe nizcaya karyo. te nijhAmane laI auraMgAbAdathI bedara AgaLa AvyuM, ane puNuM upara svArI karavAnI taiyArI karI. AthI bAlAjIrAva pezvAne pitAnI salAmatI mATe dhAstI paDI, ane busIne bedara cheDI puNuM upara AvatA aTakAvavA mATe te nIkaLyo. phrenca ane marAThAo vaccenI A pahela.

Page #501
484 hiMduratAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je vahelI jhapAjhapI hatI. pezvA pAse cuMTI kahADeluM cALIsa hajAra ghoDesvAra lazkara hatuM, ane bAkInuM puNAnA bacAva mATe teNe pAchaLa rAkhyuM hatuM. busIe tapane mAro calAvyo te sAme marAThA svAre cAlAkIthI AgaLa dhasyA. paNa tepanA uparAcAparI AvatA goLA sahana nahIM karI zakavAthI teo pAchA pharI nAsI gayA ( navembara 1Spa1). pANIpatanAM yuddha pUrve marAThAo tapakhAnAne ghaNe upayoga karatA nahIM kemake temanAM asAdhAraNuM jhaDapathI bhaTakavAmAM bhAre pakhAnuM aDacaNa rUpaja hatuM. A samaye marAThAomAM be pakSa hatA. tArAbAI ane pezvA vacce vidha hevAthI pezvAne nAza karavA mATe tArAbAIe nijhAmane puNA upara svArI karavA uzkeryo hato. e uparathI nijhAmanI chAvaNImAM bhaMgANa paDAvavAnA hetuthI pezvAe evo gapATa calAvyo ke busI nijhAmanuM rAjya chInavI levA khaTapaTa karI rahyA hatA. AvAM aMtastha kArastAne cAlu hatAM, te vakhate marAThAonI puTha pakaDI kukaDI nadI upara pezvAnI chAvaNI hatI tyAM busI ekadama AvI pahoMce. eka divase caMdragrahaNa hovAthI rAte pezvAnAM mANaso snAna tathA pujA karavAmAM nimagna hatAM tyAre busIe ekAeka topakhAnuM lAvI temanA upara mAro calAvyo ke tarata ja marAThAo svAra thaI chava laI nAThA. ema chatAM A vakhate marAThAone ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM nahIM. bIje dine busIe tagAma upara halle karI zaherane nAza karyo. tA. 27 mI navembare rANojI ziMde tathA tenA chokarA dattAjI ane mahAdajI temaja kehera tribaka ekaboTe e saghaLAe maLI busI upara hallo kayo, temAM paNa marAThAone yaza maLe nahIM, te paNa ekaboTenAM vilakSaNa parAkramane lIdhe temano sadaMtara nAza thato aTakyo; ekabATane A veLAe "phAMkaDe" ne khitAba maLyo. bIje divase bhimA nadI uparanuM keregAma busIe kabaje karavAthI te have puNathI vIsa mAIlaja dUra rahyo hatuM. busInA manamAM hajI AgaLa vadhI laDavAno vicAra hatA paNa salAbatajaMgane te pasaMda paDe nahIM, kAraNake dilhIthI dhasI AvatA gAjhIudInane harAvavA te yAkuLavyAkuLa thatuM hatuM. gAjhIudIna paNa tvarAthI

Page #502
485 prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. dakSiNa tarapha Ave che evI bAtamI maLatAM, temaja ahIM samAdhAna karavA mATe marAThAo taiyAra hevAthI, temanI sarata mAnya karI busI ane nijhAma govaLakeDA tarapha pAchA pharyA. e pachI nijhAmanA dIvAna rAjA raghunAthadAsanuM khuna thavAthI salAbata jaMge busInI salAhathI saiyada lazkarakhAnane pitAne dIvAna banAvyuM. paNa lazkarakhAna radhunAthadAsanA je kenyane desta nahote. hareka bahAne temane pitAnAM rAjyamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAnI tenI aMdarakhAnenI khaTapaTa hatI, ane e hetu bara lAvavA te marAThAo tathA aMgrejo sAthe kAvAdAvA calAvato hato. paraMtu bahArathI bhusI pratye teNe e prema dAkhavyo, ke tenI mIThI vANImAM lubdha thaI tene ja dIvAna tarIke nImavA busIe nijhAmane sucanA karI. gAjhIuddIna sapTembara 17para mAM auraMgAbAda AvI pahoMcyA, teNe marAThAone puSkaLa mulaka ApavAnI kabUlAta ApI pitAnA pakSamAM AvavA lalacAvyA. A bhAMjagaDa cAlatI hatI tevAmAM nijhAma-ula-mulkanI bIjI strI, nijhAmaallInI mA, je auraMgAbAdamAM rahetI hatI, teNe gAjhIuddInane pitAne tyAM mijabAnImAM belAvI rAkamAM jhera ApI mArI nAMkhyo. A pramANe salAbatajaMgane paNa nAza karI pitAnA chokarAne nijhAmI apAvavAne tene Azaya hato. gAjhIuddInanAM maraNathI salAbata jaMgano eka zatru ocho thaye, ane teNe marAThAo sAthe taha karI eTale teo paNa dUra thayA. A kelakarArathI tApI ane godAvarI vacceno pradeza marAThAone maLe, ane bhoMsalee veNagaMgAnI pilImera javuM nahIM ema TharyuM. A mujaba vyavasthA karI nijhAma ane busI sane 17pa3 nA AraMbhamAM haidrAbAda AvyA. e zahera AgaLa jatAM nijhAmanI rAjadhAnI thayuM. 2, marAThAone aMtima hetu-karnATakamAM tathA mahArASTramAM A samaye cAlelA aMgreja phrenca vyavahAramAM marAThAoe temaja temane rAjyakArabhAra calAvanAra pezvAe AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhela hevAthI, temanA . rAjyakArabhAranuM rahasya samajyA sivAya aMgreja kenca vaccenA aneka

Page #503
486 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. prasaMge ApaNe spaSTa rIte jANI zakIzuM nahIM. A vyavahAramAM vizeSa guMcavADe utapanna thavAnuM kAraNa eja hatuM ke marAThAonA niranirALA saradAro jude jude prakAre rAjya prAptI mATe kheMcatANa karI rahyA hatA. nijhAmanA ane karnATakanA vyavahAramAM nAgapurane bhoMsale tathA pezvAne saMbaMdha vizeSa hatA. chatrapati zAhunAM maraNa bAda nijhAmanuM saghaLuM rAjya chInavI levAne bAlAjI pezvAe upakrama upADyo hato. nAsIrajaMga tathA mujhaphapharajaMganI tapAsa rAkhavA mATe teNe potAnA lazkarI saradAre mukI dIdhA hatA. nijhAmanA darabAramAM rahetA pezvAI vakIlanI mAraphata tyAM thatI dareka hIlacAlanI bAtamI tAbaDatoba pezvAne maLatI hatI.* sane 1751 nA jAnevArI mAsamAM salAbata jaMgane nijhAmagirI maLI teja arasAmAM pezvAe tenA rAjya upara svArI karI, paraMtu tArAbAI ane gAyakavADanAM kArastAne lIdhe aDadhuM kAma mukI tene tyAMthI pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. e pachI khusInI salAhathI nijhAme pezvA sAme yuddha calAvyuM. uttara hiMdustAnamAMthI AvatA pezvAne khajAna nijhAme lUTa. ane puNuM upara humale lAvavAnA hetuthI te pitAnAM rAjyanI hada choDI bahAra nIkaLyo. nijhAmane dIvAna rAmadAsapaMta u rAjA raghunAthadAsa te veLAe sarva sUtra halAvatuM hatuM, ane busI tathA tenI vacce akya hatuM. upara kahyA pramANe navembara mAsamAM grahaNane divase kukaDI nadI upara pezvA upara hale karI nijhAma karegAma lagI AvI pahoMcyA, tyAre pezvAe rAbA dAdA, ziMde, holakara ane bIjA aneka saradArane laI nijhAmanA rAjyamAM varSa che mahinA sudhI jhanunI laDAI calAvI, ane tenAM rAjyano moTo bhAga khuMcavI lIdho. Aja yuddhamAM sane 175ra nA eprila mAsamAM rAmadAsapaMtanuM khUna thayuM hatuM. DisembaramAM bhAlakI mukAme laDAIthatAM marAThA saradAree nijhAmane saghaLI bAjuethI gheryo. e pachI thayelAM tahanAmAnI rUe nijhAme pitAnAM rAjyamAMnA eka saMbaMdha prAMtanI subAgirI pezvAne hameza mATe * A majakuranA keTalAka patra ra. rAjavADenA aitihAsika nibaMdhanA pahelA bhAgamAM chApelA che.

Page #504
487 prakaraNa 18 muM.] , nijhAma ane marAThA. ApI. marAThAonA jamAva AgaLa busInuM kaMI paNa cAlyuM nahIM. salAbatajaMga taddana bahIkaNu tathA azakta hatuM, ane busIe tene saghaLI rIte gherI lIdhelo hovAthI teja kare te nijhAma darabAramAM thAya e sthiti hatI. A prakAra pratyakSa nijhAmane tathA tenA saradArane dusaha lAgate hatuM, ane busIne dUra karavAnA prayatna nijhAma darabAramAM cAlu thayA hatA. ene vadhele lAgavaga pezvAne paNa nukasAnakAraka hatA, eTale te paNa tene dakSiNamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAnA udyogamAM AgaLa jatAM sAmIla thayo. AvAM kAraNone lIdhe mahArASTramAM aMgrejone praveza AvakAradAyaka thaye. busIne marAThAono trAsa bhAre hatA. pezvAnAM mutsaddIpaNuM AgaLa tene hamezAM namavuM paDatuM hatuM. te paNa lAlIe busIne karnATakamAM belAvI lIdho na hota, te phrencanuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM kAyama thavAne ghaNo saMbhava hate. bhAlakInAM taha pachInAM be varSamAM busIe salAbatajaMgane saMpUrNa rIte pitAnA kAbumAM lIdhe hato. uttara hiMdustAnamAMnA ghaNuM rAjA rajavADAo sAthe tenI bhAMjagaDa cAlu hatI, ane nijhAmano saghaLo vyavahAra tenI mAraphataja cAlatuM hatuM. Ama karavAmAM teno mukhya hetu nijhAmane halake pADavAne hate. pezvAe paNa teja beta racelo hovAthI tene ghaNuM nukasAna pahoMcyuM. A bAbata nijhAme Duple AgaLa aneka pharIAda karI, paNa teNe kaMI paNa mana upara lIdhuM nahIM. busI ane nAnA sAheba pezvA vacce sAre snehabhAva hovAthI beunI khaTapaTane lIdhe dakSiNamAM mogalanuM rAjya buDatuM hatuM ema musalamAnone paNa lAgatuM. zAhu chatrapatinAM maraNa pachInAM dasa varSamAM sarva hiMdustAna upara pharI vaLavA mATe marAThAoe je mahAna yojanA upADI hatI temAMja "Akho dakSiNano pradeza chuTA karavAne 'pezvAne manasuba samAyeluM hatuM. salAbata jaMganAM kuTuMbamAM bhAIo bhAI vacce kalaha hato. zAha navAjakhAna jevA rAjadrohI musalamAna tathA jAnabA nibAlakara sarakhA luccA marAThA saradAra tenA darabAramAM rahetA hatA. bhukhyAM varUnI mAphaka sattAne mATe taraphaDIA mAratA busI jevA mANasanA hAthamAM rAjyanuM mukhya sUtra hatuM. A saghaLAM kAraNone lIdhe

Page #505
- 488 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. nijhAmanuM rAjya nAza thavAnI aNI upara AvyuM temAM kaI navAI nahotI. paraMtu busIne haidrAbAdamAMthI kahADavAnI buddhi salAbatajaMgane sujhavAthI te bacI gaye, nahIMte pezvA tathA busIe saMtalasa karI salAbatapaMgane uDAvyo hata. vaLI pANIpatanAM medAna upara marAThAone cUrecare thayo nahIM hota te kadAca aMgreja tathA phrenca leke hiMdustAnamAM TakI zakate nahIM, ane kalAIvanAM kArastAne mATe jagyA rahetI nahIM. zAhu chatrapatinAM maraNa pachI jema jema pANIpatanuM yuddha pAse AvatuM jAya che tema tema marAThI rAjyanI kIrtimAM vadhAre thatuM jAya che, ane e kIrtidhvaja kayAM aTake che e jovA prekSakonI manavRtti atyaMta utkaMThIta thAya che, tyAre ekadama pANIpata upara marAThAone sadaMtara nAza thaI saghaLuM aTakI paDe che. ahamadazAha abadallIe marAThAone ghANa kahADI nAMkhyo nahata, te paNa temanA rAjyakArabhAramAMnA sAMpattika depane lIdhe temaja rAjyanI majabUtI vadhAravAnA aneka upAyo tarapha durlakSa karavAne lIdhe paradezIone praveza hiMdustAnamAM kevaLa anivArya hato evuM te kALanuM avalokana karanArAone aitihAsika dRSTie lAgyuM hatuM. pANIpatanAM yuddhathI taphAvata mAtra eTale ja paDyo ke aMgrejone A dezamAM AgaLa vadhatAM aTakAvanAra koI rahyuM nahIM ane cAre dizA temane mATe ekadama mokaLI thaI gaI. A pustakamAM namUda karelA karnATakanA tathA mahArASTranA ekaMdara banAvo uparathI eTaluM te spaSTa thAya che ke dezI rAjyakartAonA darabAramAM agreja phrenyanI salAha sivAya eka pAMdaDu paNa hAlI zakatuM nahIM; ane arasaparasane bharese tathA sneha adazya thaI jatAM, A paradezI lekenuM rAjya A dezamAM kAyama thAya te sAruM evI rAjA temaja raiyatanAM mananI sthiti thayelI hevAthI AgaLa upara zuM pariNAma Avaze tenAM cinha agADIthI ja jaNAvavA lAgyAM hatAM. busI A pramANe rokAyeluM hatuM tyAre paDatI aDacaNamAMthI kema chaTakI javuM e mATe te Duple sAthe patravyavahAra calAvatA hatA. karnATakamAM phrenca lekonI avadazA thatI jatI joI tene akaLAmaNa thavA mAMDI hatI,

Page #506
489 prakaraNa 18 muM.] keca, nijhAma ane marAThA. paNa nijhAmazAhImAMnuM pitAnuM kAma choDI daI DuplenI madade javAnuM tene anukULa nahetuM. ema chatAM karnATakanI navAbagirI Duplene soMpavA hukama nijhAma pAsethI meLavI teNe pinDIcerI ravAnA karyo. sane 1753 nA AraMbhamAM nijhAmanA rAjyanI saghaLI vyavasthA thaI gaI hoya ema busIne lAgyuM, paNa kharI sthiti kaMI vicitraja hatI. evAmAM ekAeka te atizaya bhayaMkara mAMdagImAM sapaDAI gaye, ane saghaLuM kAma choDI vizrAMti levA mATe macchalipaTTaNa javAnI tene pharaja paDI. e vakhate gRpila (Goupil) nAmanA tenA hAtha heThaLanA Isamane nijhAma darabAranuM saghaLuM kAma soMpavAmAM AvyuM. A grahastha ghaNeja sAdo tathA tatkAlIna yojanAo samajavA taddana asamartha hatuM. AthI saiyada lazkarakhAnane kArastAne uThAvavA avakAza maLe. gRpilanAM DhIlApaNAne lIdhe lazkarano saghaLe baMdobasta narama paDI gaye, ane saiyada lazkarakhAne tene vakhatasara pagAra nahIM ApavAthI teo baMDa uThAvavA pravRtta thayA. teNe aneka kAraNe kenya lazkaranA vibhAga pADI darekane jude jude ThekANe ravAnA karI dIdhA. A pramANe saghaLuM avyavasthita thatAM saiyada lazkarakhAna nijhAmane laI auraMgAbAda cAlyo gayo ke jethI eTale dUra duzmane sAme tenuM saMrakSaNa karavA javA mATe kenca lazkara azakta nivaDe. AvI rIte kenca lekane pitAnI najadIkamAMthI vikherI nAMkhI lazkarakhAne aMgrejo sAthe saMdhAna karI temanAM lazkarane potAnI madade AvavA AmaMtraNa karyuM. tenI rUe sane 1753 nI Akhare aMgreja je dakSiNamAM javuM evuM TharyuM hatuM. A bAbata aMgrejone lazkarakhAne lakhele eka patra phenyanA hAthamAM paDatAM te Duplene maLyo tyAre tene saghaLI hakIkata vyakta thaI. kaMIpaNa vakhata yA vinA teNe patradvArA busIne saghaLI hakIkta jaNAvI, ane tene game tema karI macchalipaTTaNa cheDI tAbaDatoba dakSiNa tarapha javA Agraha karyo. busInI prakRti barAbara sudharI nahatI chatAM paNa temane tema te nIkaLe, saghaLuM phrenca lazkara ekatra karyuM ane banatI tvarAthI auraMgAbAda tarapha prayANa karyuM. tyAM tenI ane nijhAma vacce mulAkAta thaI, saiyada lazkarakhAne tene kharI khoTI kaMI paNa khabara ApI nahIM,

Page #507
490 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paNa AjIjIpUrvaka burI pAse AvI tenI marajI mAphaka karavA kabUla thayA. A takane lAbha laI busIe nijhAma sAthe tA. 4thI Disembara, sane 1753 ne dIne navuM tahanAmuM karyuM, ane lazkaranA kharca peTe uttara sarakArane utkRSTa prAMta pitAnA tAbAmAM laI lIdhe. A prAMtanuM vArSika utpanna 40 lAkha rUpIA hatuM, ane A vistIrNa mulaka phrencanA kabajAmAM AvavAthI 470 mAIlanA samudra kinArA upara temanI sattA laMbAI ane gaMjAma, cikAkela, vijayanagara, vizAkhApaTTaNa, keriMgA, yunAna, macchalipaTTaNa, elora, nijhAmapaTTaNa, vagere te pradezanAM moTAM zahere temane maLyAM. TuMkamAM A veLA karnATakamAM phrenca lekene je bhAre nukasAna thayuM hatuM te upara pramANe bharapAI thaI javA uparAMta temane ghaNo phAyado thaze. kelakarAra thatAMja busIe haiDI pheja tathA keTalAka amaladAra mokalI A navo prAMta pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhuM ane tyAMne kArabhAra zarU karyo. A vAta sayada lazkarakhAnane bIlakula pasaMda paDI nahIM, kAraNa ethI tene racele saghaLo beta ulaTAI gaye, kenca leka atizaya prabaLa thayA, ane A nijhAmazAhIne mulaka teo hastagata karaze ke zuM evo raMga dekhAvA lAgyo. A daramiyAna nAnA tarehanA prayatna karI phrenca prAbalya kamI karavA te mathana karI rahyo hato, paraMtu busI AgaLa tenuM kaMI paNa cAlyuM nahIM, ane nijhAmanI tenA upara itarAjI thatAM, teNe rAjInAmuM ApI nokarI choDI dIdhI. enI pachI zAha navAjakhAna nAmane eka garajamatalabI grahastha dIvAnapada upara Avya; teNe busI sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhI rAjyanI saghaLI vyavasthA kenca taMtra anusAra calAvI. ema chatAM phrenca lekane lAgavaga vadhelA joI bhoMsale tathA bIjA marAThA saradArone aneka prakAranI akaLAmaNa thaI ane te nirmaLa karavA mATe temaNe satata prayatna calAvyuM. eTalAmAM nijhAmane laI busI haidrAbAda ga, ane tyAM be mahinA rahI macchalipaTTaNa taraphanA pradezanI vyavasthA karavA mATe juna, 1754 mAM te tarapha cAlyA gaye. busInA jatA pahelAM nijhAme darabAra bharI Apa amane choDI cAlyA jAo nahIM, tamArA

Page #508
prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. 491 sivAya amane kSaNabhara cAlavAnuM nathI' evI tene AgrahapUrvaka vinaMtI karI. A uparathI salAbatarjagane AdhAra phrenca leke upara keTale hato te spaSTa thAya che. 3, DuplenA kArabhArane aMta (sane 1754)-sane 17para nA Akhara sudhInAM DuplenAM kRtyonI hakIkata agADI ApavAmAM AvI che. sane 1753 mAM busI pitAnAM rAjyane mATe mulaka kabaje karatA hatA, tyAre Duple aneka saMkaTa sesa TrIcInApalI kabaje karavAnI khaTapaTamAM guMthAye hate. kalAIva yurepa cAlyo gayo hato, ane kAnsathI lA TuzanI saradArI heThaLa Duple mATe moTI madada AvatI hatI. lA Tuze pUrve A tarapha parAkrama karI anubhava meLavyo hato, paraMtu DuplenAM durbhAgye je jahAja upara te AvatuM hatuM tene samudramAM Aga lAgavAthI te uparanAM saghaLAM mANase suddhAM te baLI bhasma thayuM (sane 17para). AthI aMgrejonI sarvoparI sattA kAyama rahI, ane tenA senApati mejara lairensane sparatA AvI. marAThAnA saradAra murArarAva ghera paDe tathA mahesuranA kArabhArI naMdarAjane Duplee vaza karI laI TracinApalI sara karavAnuM kAma upADayuM hatuM. kenca senApati mesina (Maissin) tathA bIjA marAThA saradAree maLI mejara lorensanI phojane khorAkI vagere maLatI aTakAvI tenA upara chApe bhArI tene herAna karavAno upakrama zarU karyo. A pramANe traNa mahinA oNrensa atizaya herAna thayo. TIcInApalI kabaje karavAne phrenca lekene prayatna eka sarakhe cAlu hata; marAThAonI tathA mahesuranI pheje zrIraMga kabaje karyuM hatuM. TIcInAlIne bacAva karanAra aMgreja amaladAra DelTane zrIraMga upara hallo karyo. paNa temAM tene kaMI yaza maLyo nahIM. DelTananI yuddhasAmagrI khapI jatAM oNrensa tenI madade Avyo. tenI sAmA Duplee piDIcerIthI judIja leja ravAnA karI. vacamAM vacamAM marAThAoe aMgrejone zikasta ApyA pachI beu lazkaranI chAvaNI TIcInApalInI pADosamAM AvI paDI ane temanI vacce je nAnI moTI aneka laDAIo thaI temAM ghaNuMkharuM kenca

Page #509
492 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. lakane parAbhava thato gayo. A jhapAjhapImAM lorensa ghaNuM bahAdUrI tathA cAlAkI dAkhavyAM hatAM, ane chevaTanI laDAImAM asaMkhya kanya leke tenA hAthamAM keda pakaDAyA hatA. A pramANe eka sarakho parAjaya thavAthI phrenca lazkaranI himata khapI gaI. jhaghaDe eka varSa cAlyo chatAM TIcInApalI sara thayuM nahIM tyAre aMgrejonI sAmA thavAnuM choDI daI temanI sAthe taha karavAnI Duplene IcchA thaI. yuropathI paNa yuddha baMdha pADavAnuM tene jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. asima kharcane lIdhe kaMpanI bumarANa karatI hatI, ane DuplenA zatruoe maLelI takane lAbha laI tenI virUddha pikAra uThAvyA hatA. pitAnA dezane kaMI paNa phAyado na thatAM enI rUcI anusAra vartana karavAthI vepArane bhAre nukasAna thayuM hatuM ema phrenca kaMpanIne lAgavA mAMDayuM. Duplee upADelI yojanA ane A dezanA rAjakIya vAtAvaraNamAM thatA pheraphAra barAbara samajavAmAM nahIM AvavAthI game te lAbhadAyI ke nukasAnakAraka prasaMga AvatAM temanA manamAM caLavicaLa thatI hatI. chatAM AvAM chuTaka chuTaka yuddhathI pitAno hetu bara Avaze nahIM ema Duplene jaNAyAthI, gheDA divasanI vizrAMti bAda dezI rajavADAo sAthe navAM kArastAne racI aMgrejone parAbhava karavAno teNe manasubo karyo. busIe paNa tene e bAbata anumodana ApyuM. nijhAmanA darabAramAM jeke enuM vajana vizeSa hatuM chatAM te lAMbe kALa TakI zakaze nahIM ema te pratyakSa rIte samajato hato. ethI game tema karI aMgrejo sAthe taha karavA te Duplene Agraha karyA karatuM hatuM. e beu vacce ghADI mitrAcArI baMdhAI hatI, ane pariNAme busIne dattaka levA plene vicAra thayo hato ane busIne paNa te vAta kabUla hatI. paNa karavA dhArelA tamAM karnATakane navAba keNu thAya e prazna mukhya hovAthI te upara aMgreja phencanuM ekamata thavA saMbhava nahote. aMgrejo mahamadaallIne navAbapada mATe AgaLa karatA, tyAre Duple pite navAba thavA mAgato hate. Duplee pharIthI ekavAra cInApalI hastagata karavA prayatna Adaryo, te mATe navuM lazkara tathA navA saradAro mokalyA, paNa nasIbane khela

Page #510
493 prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. evo kaMIka vicitra hatuM ke TrIcInApalI AgaLa kenya lokone bilakula jaza maLatuM nahIM. Akhare nAIlAja thaI Du plee madrAsanA gavarnara sADarsane taha karavA mATe vinaMtI karI, ane valaMdA lekenA sadrAsa (Sadras) nAmanA mathake banne bAjunA vakIlo kalakarAranI bhAMjagaDa karavA maLyA (tA. 30 mI DIsembara, sane 1753). Duplee takarArI savAle bAjue rAkhyA, paNa mahamadaallIne bIje odhe apAvI yuddhano saghaLo kharca karavAne Dupleno Azaya hate. e tene hetu aMgrejonAM lakSa bahAra rahyo nahIM. A pramANe puSkaLa bhAMjagaDa thaI paNa takarAranuM kaMI nirAkaraNa thayuM nahIM eTale bane pakSanA vakIle potapotAne sthAne pAchA pharyA. Duplee A vakhate ghaNuM moTI bhUla karI hatI. game tema karI kelakarAra karavAnuM tene mATe A samaye lAbhadAyI hatuM. je phrenca leko mahamadaalIne navAba tarIke svIkAre te anya bAbatamAM temanA kahevA pramANe karavA laeNrensa taiyAra hate. eve prasaMge zeDo kALa mahamadaalI karNATakanA masanada upara ArUDha thate te pAchaLathI tene potAnA pakSamAM kheMcI letAM athavA tene jItI letAM kaMI Duplene AvaDatuM nahotuM evuM kaMI nahatuM. aneka prasaMge moTAM jAya che, ke Akhare haThIlAImAM teo pitAnuM sarvasva nukasAna kare che. AvAM asaMkhya udAharaNo maLI Ave che. DuplenA dezabaMdhu prasiddha nepoliyana benApArTanI AgaLa upara evIja avasthA thaI hatI te jagajAhera bInA che. AvI kaMIka haThamAM Duplee pitAnuM sarvasva khoyuM. vichI bhAMgI paDatAM Duplene aMgrejoe akaLAvavA mAMDe ane tene ghaNI sakhata rIte gheryo. yuddha keTaloka vakhata Taka TuTaka cAlyuM paNa temAMthI kaMI paNa vizeSa niSpanna thayuM nahIM, ulaTA marAThAo tathA tAMjora ane mahaisura vagerenA rAjAo kencane pakSa choDI devAne vicAra karavA lAgyA. bIjI taraphathI be varSamAM phrenca lekene paise tathA vakhata nAhakanAM vyaya thavA sAthe Duplene dareka ThekANe parAjaya thavAthI tenI virUddha phrAnsamAM

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494 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paNa sAthe ene vizvAsa hoya che e bhAre kacavATa tharU tha hatA. pariNAmamAM tenA uparathI dezIone vizvAsa uThI gayo eTaluM ja nahIM paNa 'nya sarakAra paNa tenAthI kaMTALI gaI AvA mANasanA duzmano ghaNuM hoya che eTale teoe paNa AvelI takano lAbha laI Duplene pAcho bolAvI levA DAyarekaTarane bhaMbheryA. kaMpanIne maLatuM sarakArI Take che thatA pitAnA vahivaTanI kharI sthiti chupAvI rAkhavA Dune jarUra lAgI hatI; paraMtu hiMdustAnamAM kaMpanIne dasa lAkha rUpIAnuM karaja thayAnuM jyAre phrAnsamAM jAhera thayuM tyAre tene kAmagIrI uparathI pAcho bolAvI levAno TharAva thayo. Ama thavAnuM bIjuM kAraNa e hatuM ke A dezamAMnA aMgrejoe tenI virUddha puSkaLa pharIAda pitAnI sarakArane lakhI mokalI hatI. "IsTa InDIA kaMpanIne vepAra e AkhA aMgreja rASTrane vepAra che. kRSNa nadInI dakSiNa taraphane saghaLe pradeza pitAnA tAbAmAM levAne Duplene hetu hevAthI, te hiMdustAnamAMthI jAya nahIM te ApaNuM temaja ekaMdara aMgreja rASTanuM atizaya nukasAna thaze. mATe khuda phrenca sarakAra sAthe khaTapaTa karI Duplene pAcho bolAvI levAnI tajavIja karavI." A uparathI aMgreja sarakAre phrAnsa sAthe saMdezA calAvyA hatA. phrenca lekone te samaye paisAnI tANa hovAthI, teonI yuddha karavAnI hoMsa maMda paDI gaI hatI. AthI banne dezoe agAunI vepArI vyavasthA zarU karI dezIone mAMhomAMhenI takarAramAM madada karavAnuM cheDI devAno beu sarakAre TharAva karavAthI kenTa kaMpanI taraphathI aMgrejo sAthe bhAMjagaDa karI hiMdustAnamAMnA TaMTAno nikAla karavA mATe teNe pitAnA pratinidhine laMDana mekalyo. tyAM aMgreja kaMpanIne ekaja Agraha hatuM ke "sarva TaMTAnuM mULa puNe hovAthI tene pAcho bolAvI levA sivAya hiMdustAnamAM zAMti thavI zakya nathI. anahada mahatvAkAMkSAnA jemamAM te saghaLAone laDAvI mArato hato." kharuM jotAM duzmane taraphathI Avo Aropa thayela hovAthI kenya kaMpanIne te kabUla karavAne kaMI kAraNa nahotuM. vaLI Duple svadezanuM hita saMbhALatA hatA ke svArthI thaI potAnI sthiti majabUta karatA hatA tene kaMpanIe pite vicAra karavAnuM hatuM. zatru taraphathI AvelI

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prakaraNa 18 muM.] kenya, nijhAma ane marAThA. 49pa sUcanA pitAnAM ahitanI haze evI zaMkA suddhAM phrenca vakIlane AvI nahIM. aMgreja vakIlee satyatAne DeLa caDAvI je kaMI vAta himatathI pratipAdana karI te saghaLI phrenca lekene kharI lAgI. kenca vicAramAM A pheraphAra kaMI ekadama thaye nahote dhIme dhIme prasaMga anusAra rASTrIya mata badalAI gayo hatuM. A saMdezA cAlatA hatA tevAmAM hiMdustAnamAM taha thayAnI khabara Duple taraphathI AvI heta, eTale, madrAsa AgaLa cAlelI takarAramAM mahamadaallI viSene aMgrejone Agraha kabUla karI Duplee saMdhi karI hatI te bhaviSyanAM saghaLAM saMkaTa TaLI jAta, ane tene pAcho bolAvavAnI jarUra rahetI nahIM. vaLI be varSa dezamAM zAnita rahevAthI sAmrAjya sthApavAne vicAra paripakava karI te pAra pADavAne phulene vakhata maLata. karnATakanA badalAmAM uttara sarakArane prAMta Duplene maLatAM, busIe te tAbAmAM lIdhe heta te be varSa tyAMnI yogya vyavasthA karyA pachI baMgALa prAMta kabaje karavAmAM tene aDacaNa paDate nahIM. kalakattAnI adhArI keTarInA banAva pachI surAja-uda-dailAe kenca lekanI madada mAMgI hatI, te veLA uttara sarakAramAMthI phenca lazkara sahelAIthI mokalI zakAte. ema thatAM plAsInI laDAInuM pariNAma kaMI nirALuMja Avate, ane kadAcita kalakattAne badale caMdranagara AbAda thatAM phrenca lekenuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM sthapAyuM hatuM. paNa A saghaLA saMjoge DuplenI haThane lIdhe bagaDyA ema kahevuM paDe che. eTaluM chatAM laMDanamAM cAlelA saMdezAne pariNAme renca vakIle Duplene ekadama pAcho bolAvI levA kabUla karyuM nahIM. tyAM evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke aMgreja tathA kenca taraphane akeka adhikArI hiMdustAna mela, ane te beue maLI saghaLA praznane nikAla kare. e pramANe phrenca kaMpanIe gede ( M. Godeheu) ne hiMdustAna mokalyo, paNa aMgrejoe yukti karI navA mANasane na mokalatAM seMDarsane e bAbata sarva adhikAra Ave. Ama thavAthI Duplene pakSa taddana narama paDI gayo. de pUrve caMdranagaramAM rahyo hato, tyAre teNe Duple sAthe atyaMta vizvAsupaNuthI vatI

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496 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tenI marajI saMpAdana karI hatI. paraMtu tenuM aMtaHkaraNa duSTa hovAthI te Duplene nAza karavAnI taka jete hate. AvelI takane lAbha laI keda karI kAnsa pAcho mekalavAne teNe ghATa racyo, paNa e vicArane DAyarekaTaree anumatI ApI nahIM. tA. 1 lI ogasTa sane 1754 ne dIne gededanuM vahANa piDIcerInA baMdaramAM dAkhala thayuM. ene saraLa5Ne saghaLI vAta samajAvI hiMdustAnamAMthI nIkaLI javAnI Duplene AzA hatI. paNa jyAre godedrane maLavA te vahANa upara gaye, tyAre tene atyaMta tiraskAra thavAthI tenI mULa matalaba mATe tene saMzaya AvavA mAMDe. gededanA utaravA bAda bIje dIne, eTale tA. 2 jI oNgasTe Duplee phrenca saMsthAnane saghaLo kArabhAra tene havAle karyo. ATale vakhata anahada kaSTa veThI eka niSThAthI svarASTranI sevA karavAnuM AvuM pariNAma AvatuM joI tene atyaMta duHkha uparyuM. gadee tenA kArabhAranAM chidra bahAra pADavA sArU asAdhAraNa khaTapaTa upADI, paNa tenI virUddha kaMI paNa prApta thayuM nahIM. sarakArI paisAnI ucApata thaI hoya te te zedhI kahADavA teNe saghaLo hisAba bArIkAIthI tapAse, paNa temAM sarakArI nANuM tapharake thayAnuM kaMI nizAna nahIM maLatAM, ulaTuM DuplenA khAnagI paisA kaMpanInA daphataramAM jame thayelA mAlama paDyA. Duple A paisA mATe mAgaNI kare te tene herAna karavA upADelI janA niSphaLa jAya e vhIke geEdUe hisAba tapAsavAnuM choDI dIdhuM. koI paNa rIte Duple pitAnA sANasAmAM sapaDAtuM nathI ema vyakta thatAM, chevaTe tene dhamakI ApI hiMdustAnamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAno, tathA kaMpanI upara nIkaLatA 24 thI 28 lAkha rUpIAmAMthI tene eka badAma paNa nahIM maLavA devAne gadee nizcaya karyo, ane te pramANe amala karyo. DuplenA A kaheNa mATe godedae eka akSara paNa kAnsa lakhI jaNAvyuM nahIM. eNe karnATakamAM aneka lekIne nANuM karaje ApI temane mulaka pitAnA tAbAmAM lIdhuM hatuM, e malakanI vasulAta sIdhIrIte husene ApI hatI te tenuM devuM phITI jAta, paNa tema nahIM karatAM gedee te saghaLo mulaka kaMpanIne hoya tema gaNI dIdho. panIe phrAnsathI Duplene mATe be lAkhanI huMDI

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prakaraNa 18 muM.] kensa, nijhAma ane marAThA. : 497 mokalI hatI tenA paisA paNa ge dee tene ApyA nahIM. Duplene bIjAonuM puSkaLa devuM ApavAnuM hatuM, kemake tenA ekalAnA bharosA upara hajAre vyavahAra cAlyA karatA hatA. e karaja patAvavA sArU Duple pAse kaMI paNa nANuM nahatuM, ane gadee tenA laheNuM vize kaMI nikAla kahADe nahIM. AvI vipattimAM hiMdustAnane chellI salAma karI tA. 24 mI akabare svadeza pAchA javA mATe Duple nIkaLe tyAre dareka phrenca grahasthane temaja asaMkhya hiMdIone bhAre kheda thaye. - phenca sarakAranI kharI IcchA Duple pAchuM Ave evI nahatI, ane te pramANe teNe hukama paNa mekalyA hatA. paNa e hukama hiMdustAna pahoMce te agAu Duple nIkaLI gayA hovAthI e bAbata kaMI prazna rahyuM nahIM. chatAM enA hiMdustAnathI pAchA pharavAne lIdhe rASTrane bhAre nukasAna thayuM ema sarva keIne lAgyuM. kAnsamAM AvyA pachI zarUAtamAM tene sAro satkAra thayo, paNa pAchaLathI gedee aMgrejo sAthe aniyamita taha karI eNe meLaveluM saghaLuM gumAvI dIdhuM eTale tenI pratikA ghaTI gaI. have tenI pAsethI kazuM maLavAnuM nathI e vicArathI saghaLAoe tenI virUddha thaI tenI dAda lIdhI nahIM, temaja tenI paisAnI mAgaNI mana upara dharI nahIM. deNadArae sAmA thaI tene khuba satA; busI suddhAM A karajadAranAM ToLAmAM bhaLyo. maraNanA traNa mahinA agAu tenuM ghara paNa japta thayuM. "svadezanA phAyadA mATe meM mArI juvAnI, mArI dhanadelata ane mAruM sarva jIvita kharacI nAMkhyuM, mArA upara bharoso rAkhI mArA aneka sagAM snehIo mArI peTheja garIba thayAM, ema chatAM huM Aje atyaMta vipattikALamAM saDuM chuMmArAM devAMnI rakama meM saghaLA adhikArIone jAhera karI paNa mArI dAda kaI letuM nathI; meM karelA kAme saghaLAne beTAM lAge che, ane mArI mAgaNIo bALaNa tulya gaNavAmAM Ave che. atyaMta halakaTa manuSya tarapha paNa kadI kAI AvI rIte varyuM haze nahIM. mane Aje atizaya vipatti paDe che, gharamAM je kaMI thoDuM ghaNuM hatuM te sarva sarakAre japta karyuM che, mAre turaMgamAM javAne vAra na Ave te hetuthI

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498 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. huM bAraNe bAraNe madada mAgate pharuM chuM." AvA ugAre maraNanA traNa divasa agAu DuplenA heDAmAMthI nIkaLatA hatA. jeNe svarASTranI ATalI moTI sevA karI, tenA tarapha phrenca sarakAre A pramANe vartavAnuM yogya hatuM? daivagati vicitra che ! AvAM aneka saMkaTa veThate Duple tA. 10 mI navembara, sane 1764 ne dIne maraNa pAmo. sarakAre adhikAranA jora upara A nyAya karyo chatAM itihAsakAro kharI hakIkata prasiddha karI zakatA nathI. kalAIva, vairna hesTIMgsa tathA veleslI jevA purUSone ItihAsamAM meTAM sthAna ApavAmAM AvyAM che, tyAre tenA bAbarIA tarIke plene kaMIka mAna maLavuM egya che. upADelA betamAM te phasAI gayo tethI ja tenI niMdA karavI vAjabI nathI. tenA apayazane doSa AkhA phrenca rASTra upara che, nahIM ke tenA ekalAnA upara. svadezathI pAMca hajAra kesane aMtare jaI gheDAka aMgrejoe hiMdustAnane vistIrNa rAjya meLavyuM e mATe Azcaryacakita thaI aMgreja graMthakAra dezabaMdhuonAM gIta gAvAmAM mazagula thAya che, paNa A parAkramanuM kharuM zreya koIne paNa je ApavAnuM hoya te te Dupleneja ApavuM joIe. pitAnI vilakSaNa kapanA pramANe prathama phulee pratyakSa amala karI batAvyo hatA, ane teNe darzAvela mArga sudhArI aMgrejoe utkarSa karyo hato. mULa kalpanA DuplenI hatI, e kAmanI zarUAta teNeja karI hatI, ane pahele vijaya paNa teNeja meLavyo hato, e vAta sarva vicAravaMta aMgrejo paNuM kabUla kare che. AvuM mahAna kArya upADavAnI kenya rAjyanI yogyatA te samaye nahotI. te vakhatanA kenya rAjyakartA adUradarzI, vhIkaNa tathA vyasanI hatA; sadvartana, dharmiSTapaNuM, satya ItyAdI mahAna guNenI tyAM avagaNanA thatI. ethIja DuplenI yojanA paDI bhAMgI, ane teja aMgrejoe upADI laI pAra pADI, e AgaLa AvatI hakIkata uparathI sahaja jaNAI Avaze. 4. deha ane DilerI (sane 1754-1758). ATalI nAmozI thatAM paNa Duplee pitAnA mata pramANenI saghaLI vyavasthA kAgaLa upara

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prakaraNa 18 muM. kenya, nijhAma ane marAThA. 499 TapakAvI gedene havAle karI hatI, ane phrenca sattA kAyama besADavA mATe karnATakamAM temaja bIje ThekANe kevI yejanA karavI joIe, te saghaLuM spaSTa jaNAvyuM hatuM. vaLI aMgrejonI madade eDamirala vaeNTasananI saradArI heThaLa eka meTI phoja AvI pahoMce te agAu karnATakane baMde basta pure karavA mATe Duplee AgrahapUrvaka gedene sUcanA karI hatI. teNe emAMnuM kaMI paNa nahIM karatAM, mAtra aMgreja gavarnara sauDarsa sAthe tahanAmAnA saMdezA cAlu karyA. DuplenA javAthI aMgrejone atizaya saMtoSa thayo hato, ane temaNe dezIonAM mana phrenca lekanI nAlezIthI bharavA mAMDyAM hatAM. AthI phrenca lokenA anuyAyIo zaramIMdA paDI gayA. salAbatajaMgane vizvAsa busI uparathI uThavA lAge; murArarAva ghora paDe tathA mahesurano rAjA phrencane pakSa choDavA taiyAra thayA. judA judA ThekANunA phrenca adhikArIone pitAnAM kAme karavAmAM aDacaNa jaNAvavA lAgI, ane bhaviSyamAM zuM karavuM te bAbata teo vicAra karavA lAgyA. TIcInApalI AgaLa yuddha cAlatuM hatuM, paNa tyAM madada mokalavAnI gadee kaMI tajavIja karI nahIM tyAre aMgrejoe te zehera saMpUrNa rIte kabaje karyuM ane tyAMnI gya vyavasthA karI. game te rIte taha karavAne ane Duplee upADelAM saghaLAM kAma ulaTAvI nAMkhavAneja gedene uddeza hato. A vAtathI saMDarsa mAhita hevAthI teNe pitAnAM saMsthAnane saghaLI rIte phAyado meLavI lIdho. sane 1754 nA akaTobara mAsamAM kelakarAra mATe saMdezA cAlu thatAM be mahinAmAM heThaLa pramANenI sarate nakkI thaI - aMgreja tathA phensa kaMpanIoe dezI rajavADAmAMthI meLavelo mAnamaratabe choDI de, have pachI temanA mahemAhenA kalahamAM bIlakula dakhala karavI nahIM, madrAsa, pharTa senTa jheviDa ane devIkeTa aMgrejo pAse rahe, ane pinDIcerI tathA nijhAmapaTTaNa kenyanA kabajAmAM rahe; uttara sarakArane prAMta banne saMsthAe sarakhe hisse vaheMcI le. A uparAMta kelakarAramAM puSkaLa kalamo hatI, paNa mahamadaallInI bAbatamAM kaMI paNa ullekha nahe. Ane artha e thayo ke mahamadaallIne vinA takarAre karnATakane kabaje maLI gaye, Duplene zrama phogaTa jatAM aMgrejone utkarSa thaye, ane

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500 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je uttara sarakAra prAMta kenya lokonA hAthamAMthI chaTakAvavAnuM sulabha thayuM. phrenca sattAne AnA karatAM vadhAre lAMchana lAgavAnuM bAkI rahyuM nahatuM. dezaonAM manamAM temane viSe je pUjyabhAva tathA dhAstI hatAM te saghaLAM kSaNavAra nAza pAmyAM. Ave vakhate aMgreja gavarnara sADarsa paNa mahAna yukti bAja mutsaddI nivaDavAthI aMgrejone sarvoparI thatAM vilaMba lAgyo nahIM. teNe gadedane ceDA ja vakhatamAM khare karavAthI bIjI kaMI vyavasthA karavAne A dezamAM te ghaNA divasa rahyo nahIM. sumAre cha mahinAnA vahivaTa pachI sane 1755 na phebruArImAM te kAnsa pAcho pharyo, ane meM. DilerI (M. Duval de Leyrit) nI tenI jagyAe nimaNuMka thaI. gededanA javAthI saghaLI phenca prajAne saMtoSa upaje kemake pharIthI thoDo vakhata Duple hiMdustAna pAchA Ave che evI khabara AvI hatI. pinDIcerI AvavA agAu DilerI mAhImAM hovAthI DuplenuM kAma tenI najara bahAra nahotuM. sane 1745 thI caMdranagarane kArabhAra tenA hAthamAM hatuM. tene vepAranI mAhitI sArI hatI, paNa tenAmAM hiMmata ane dRDha nizcaya na hovAthI tene vahivaTa kenya rAjyane kaMI phAyademaMda nivaDyo nahIM. tahanAmAM upara sahI thatAM aMgrejoe pratyeka kalama teDavAne AraMbha karyo. teoe mahamadaallIne madada makalI, ane dezI rAjAonA kArabhAramAM mAthuM mArI marajImAM Ave tema gaDabaDa karavA mAMDI. temane aTakAvanAra kAI rahyuM nahotuM; zrenca lekenI zAbdika sUcanA pratye lakSa ApavAnuM kAraNa nahetuM, kAraNa temanAmAMthI kalakarAra amalamAM mukAvavAnI zakti adrazya thaI gaI hatI. dezIonI takarAramAM vacce nahIM paDavAnI kalama nirUpayogI thaI hatI, kemake banne prajAnA hAtha ahIMnA vyavahAramAM eTalA badhA akaDAI gayA hatA ke te bacI kahADavA temane mATe azakya hatuM, ema chatAM gede e kareluM mUrNapaNuM DilerI tarataja samajI gayo hato, eTale tahanAmuM maMjurI mATe yuropa mokalyuM hatuM tene javAba zuM Ave che tenI rAha je te keTalIka vakhata te svastha rahyo; chatAM uttara tarapha tene lazkara mokalavuM paDavuM, vaLI nijhAmanA darabAramAM busIne lAgavaga sAro jAmela hato te

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prakaraNa 18 muM] 501 aMgrejone yogya lAgyuM nahIM. sane 1755 nA akaTobaramAM kalAIva iMgleDathI muMbaI AvI pahoMcyA, ane teNe pazcima kinArA upara Agrene vijayadurgane kille pezvAnI madadathI sara karyo. ahIM aMgrejone puSkaLa nANuM temaja pazcima kinArA upara eka Azraya levAnI jagyA maLI. (sane 1756). A kAma pUrNa thatAM lAIva ane vaiTasana dejo saMsthAnanI khabara levA madrAsa AvyA eTalAmAM kalakattAnI aMdhArI koTaDImAM aMgrejo upara vartalA julamanI bAtamI AvatAM, hatI teTalI saghaLI keja tathA kApha laI e beu jaNe eka khulkI mArga tathA bIje dariyA mArga, kalakattA tarapha upaDyA. sane 1756 nA me mahinAmAM yuropamAM iMgleDa ane phrAnsa vacce zA thayelAnI sAta varSanA vigraha" (Seven years' war) ne pariNAme IgleMDane bhAre utkarSa thaye, ane phrAnsa adhama avasthAe jaI paDayuM. evuM ja pariNAma hiMdustAnamAM paNa AvyA vinA rahyuM nahIM. yuropamAM laDAI jAgavAnI bAtamI A dezamAM maLatAM kAnsanuM sarvoparIpaNuM pAchuM meLavavA DilerIe moTo prayatna upADo. agAunA anubhavavALo DoTila piDIcerI hato tene teNe lazkarane uparI banA; paNa te savaLI taraphathI nAsIpAsa thayela hovAthI tenAmAM utsAha ane tAkAta bIlakula rahyAM nahatAM. takarAranuM mULa TIcInApelI hovAthI kenca pheja sane 1757 nA me mahinAmAM tyAM AgaLa AvI. aMgrejone saradAra kaeNliDa ( Calliand) DaTilane phasAvI cIna polInI madade nIkaLI javAthI dilane hAra khAI penDIcerI pAchA pharavAnI jarUra paDI. e pachI sobine ( M. Saubinet) nI saradArI heThaLa phrenca lazkara karnATakamAM dAkhala thayuM, ane aneka ThekANAM hastagata karI vAraMvAra aMgrejone parAbhava karyo. A pramANe karNATakamAM yuddha cAlatuM hatuM tevAmAM kAnsathI kAunTa lAlI (Count Lally) nA hAtha nIce eka moTo kAphale sane 1758 nA eprila mAsamAM phrenca sattA pharIthI A dezamAM sthApana karI aMgrejone hAMkI kahADavA mATe pinDIcerI Avyo. e vakhate ArkaTa, velera, keMjIvarama,

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502 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ciMgalapaTa ane DIvAza kenyanA tAbAmAM hatAM, ane aMgrejo madrAsa ane TIcInApalImAM gherAI gayA hatA. 5. DuplenA kArabhAra upara vivecana -gadee murkhAI bharelA kelakarAra karavAthI hiMdustAnamAM phrenca sattAnI avadazA thaI ane phulee karAvI ApelI paddhati cheDI devAmAM kenya sarakAre pitAnuM vhIkaNapaNuM tathA TuMkI daSTi pradarzita karyA, evI sAmAnya samaja hevAthI, hamaNAnA keTalAka phenca lekhake ema pratipAdana kare che ke, yaza meLavavAnA ghaNuM bArIka prasaMge kenca sarakAre DuplenA pracaMDa udyogane tarachoDI kahA, tenA jevA vicAravaMta, sAhasika tathA svarAjya hitaciMtaka purUSane aDacaNane vakhate phasAvyA, ane kharuM jotAM tene teDI pADI aMgrejoe hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. hiMdustAnanA ItihAsakAra jemsa mIlanuM kahevuM evuM che ke, "lazkarI kavAyata zIkhelA yuropiyane AgaLa dezI lazkara TakI zakavAnuM nahotuM, ane A lazkarI kavAyata ahIMnA lekene sahaja zIkhavI zakAze e be mahatvanI zodha phrenca lekee karI hatI. bIjA graMthakAree mIlanA vicArane anuvAda karyo che, ane kenca sarakAre batAvelI bedarakArI vagere DusenA apayazanAM kAraNo hoya tema varNana karyuM che. DuM vicArazIla, dUradaSTi temaja sAhasika hato emAM saMzaya nathI, paNa tenA hAtha heThaLa busI sivAya bIjo koI paNa lAyaka purUSa hate nahIM. aMgrejo pAse te samaye busInI barAbarI karI zake tevA kalAIva ane hairensa hatA. paNa busI pitAne mAnamarataba tathA saMpatti vadhAravAmAM guMthAyale hevAthI, Duple tathA lAlIe calAvelA rASTrIya jhagaDAmAM tenuM citta nahatuM. lazkarI kavAyata zIkhavI taiyAra karelI dezI pheja prathama Duplee ja upayogamAM lIdhI hatI, kinAre choDI dezanA mAMhelA bhAgamAM prathama teNeja lazkara ravAnA karyuM hatuM, ane megala bAdazAhInI paDatInI vAta pAzcAtya prajAne teNeja jAhera karI hatI. A saghaLuM kharUM hoya te paNa, amuka amuka viSayamAM navI zo DupTee karelI ema jayAre kahevAmAM Ave che, tyAre ahIMnI yuddha paddhatinI ane

Page #520
prakaraNa 18 muM.] kenya, nijhAma ane marAThA. 507 rAjakIya paristhitinI kalpanA te lekhakane nahotI ema kahevuM paDe che. pAzcAtya prajAnI lazkarI kavAyata sAmAnya rIte pUrvamAM agAu kadI dAkhala thaI nahotI. hiMdustAnanI suSTa sthiti bhinna prakAranI hovAthI, eziyA khaMDanA bIjA deze karatAM A deza paradezI humalAne mATe vadhAre sagavaDa bhayoM hatuM. prAcInakALamAM deza saMrakSaNanuM kAma kSatrionA hAthamAM hatuM. paraMtu arvAcIna kALamAM joIe te madhya eziyAmAMthI jyAre jyAre duzmananAM moTAM metAM jhuMDa A deza upara utarI AvyAM tyAre tyAre temane pratikAra dezI sejathI thaye nahIM ema ItihAsa sAkSI pure che. pratyeka rAjA pAse lazkara hatuM kharuM paNa te mAtra bhADutI hatuM, ane tene rASTranuM ke dezanuM abhimAna bIlakula nahatuM. auraMgajebanuM lazkara hiMdustAnanA pramANamAM sArI rIte taiyAra thayeluM hatuM, paraMtu te ja veLA (sane 1702-12) yuropamAM cAlelA "speniza vArasA' nA vigrahamAMnA ekAda phrenca senApatIe e AkhA lazkarane kSaNa mAtramAM phaDo uDAvI dIdhA hatA. A dezanA senAdhipatioe yuropiyana kvAyata joI nahatI, ane e jovAne prasaMga DuplenA samaya agAu hiMdustAnamAM AvyA nahote, eTale keIpaNa yuropithana senApatine dezI lazkaranI A khAmI tarataja jaNAI Ave e svAbhAvika che. megalenA lazkaramAM thoDA ghaNuM yuropiyane senAnAyaka tarIke hamezAM rahetA, paraMtu temaNe pitAnI pheja yuropiyana paddhati upara taiyAra karavI evI ke paNa janA mogala bAdazAhe karI nahIM. phulee upADelA saMgrAma joyA pachI A dezamAMnA ghaNAkharA sattAdhIzone vAyatanuM mahatva jaNAyuM, ane yuropiyana lekone nokarImAM rAkhI temanI mAraphate pitAnAM lazkarane kavAyata zIkhavavAnI temaNe zarUAta karI. A uparathI navIna zodha karavAnuM mAna je koIne paNa ApavAnuM hoya te te dezIone ja ApavuM joIe. yurepiyanene e bAbata agAuthI khabara hevAthI Duplee navI zodha karI evuM kahI zakAtuM nathI. khare mahatvane prazna e ja hato ke Duple jevA svadezAbhimAnI ane alavAna purUSane kema yaza maLe nahIM. kenya sarakAre temaja tAbAnAM

Page #521
504 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mANasoe Duplene barAbara sahAya karI hota te hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonuM rAjA na thatAM kejo rAjya sthapAyuM heta evuM jeo pratipAdana kare che teone tatkAlIna aitihAsika paristhitinI saMpUrNa mAhitI nahotI ema lAge che. mahatvanA rAjadvArI pheraphAre eka navI laDAinAM pariNAma upara, kaTokaTIne prasaMge thayelI ekAda bhUla upara, athavA Akasmika kAraNo upara avalaMbI rahe che ema kahevuM aitihAsika dRSTinI avagaNanA karavA barAbara che. mahAna mAdhavarAva pezvAnuM akALa maraNa, nArAyaNarAva pezvAnuM khuna athavA nAnA phaDanavisanA mRtyu ItyAdI kAraNane lIdhe marAThAonuM rAjya laya pAmyuM, kiMvA keIeka kAraNane lIdhe pANapatanA medAna upara marAThAono parAjaya thayo, e kahevuM dezanA itihAsanuM sAstra adhyayana karanArane kharuM lAgaze nahIM. DuplenI yojanA pAra kema paDI nahIM e samajavA mATe kAnsa tathA iMglaMDanI te vakhatanI pari. sthitinuM barAbara avalokana karavuM joIe. kenya sarakAre Duplene pAcho lAvI levAthI ja A dezamAMnI temanI sattAnI paDatI AvI ane tethI ja aMgrejo sarvoparI thayA e kahevuM paNa kharuM nathI. karNATakanA bIjA vigrahanuM kaMI jANavA joga pariNAma AvyuM nahIM. DupaNe avAranavAra phattehamaMda thayo tenuM kAraNa e ja hatuM ke aMgreja ane jo vacce laDAI jAhera na thayelI hovAthI te pitAne sagavaDa paDatI jagyAe saMgrAma calAvato hato. banne prajA vacce khulluM yuddha cAlatuM heta te aMgreja kAphalAe phrenca lekone tarataja nAza karyo hato. evIja kaMI dazA lAlIne bhogavavI paDI hatI. puNenI bAjI phasAI gaI tenuM kAraNa tenI A kAma mATenI hoMzIArI ochI hatI ema nahatuM, paraMtu IgleMDanA pramANamAM kAnsanI ekaMdara zakita te veLA ghaNI kamI hatI te hatuM. vepAranI savaLatA mATe dezI adhikArIonI marajI upara avalaMbI rahevuM gya na jaNAyAthI dezIone harAvI kahADI ApaNe ApaNuM rAjya sthApavuM joie ane tyAre ja ApaNe vepAra barAbara cAle ema hule mAnatA hatA; ane je aMgrejo ADe AvyA na hatA te kadAcita e vicAra phaLIbhUta thAta. hiMdustAnanA

Page #522
505 prakaraNa 18 muM] keca, nijhAma ane marAThA. lakonI mAphaka vatI temanA kAThamATha tathA ezaArAma Duplee svIkAryA, ane evA ThAThamAThathI dezIone ApaNe dabAvI zakIzuM, ane bIjA navAbanI mAphaka ApaNe paNa eka navAba banI jaIzuM, e puNenI mAtra bhramaNa hatI, ane te ja tenI moTI rAjakIya bhUla hatI. Duplene karnATakanI navAbagirI maLelI joI aMgreje kadI zAMta besate nahIM ane IglaMDanA kAphalAne saMpUrNa nAza thayA vinA aMgrejone paNa hiMdustAnamAMthI kadI nIkaLI zakate nahIM. lorense paNa Duple mATe eja abhiprAya darzAvyo che. "DuNe hiMdustAnamAM che tyAM sudhI taha thavI zakya nathI. ATalI badhI ekasarakhI hArathI game tenI AMkha ughaDe paNa Duplene kaMI asara thaI nahIM. pitAne te karnATakane rAjA mAne che, ane pitAnAM abhimAna AgaLa bIjAnI te paravA rAkhato nathI.' lorensa Duplene pratipakSI hatuM te paNa tenA kahevAmAM ghaNuM saccAI che. A be prajAnA jhagaDAnuM je Akhara pariNAma AvyuM te pheravavAne DuplenAmAM sAmarthya nahatuM. IMgleMDa virUddha je je vicAre pAra pADavA teNe manasubo karyo hato, te saghaLA vicAronuM nirmaLa kahADavA aMgrejoe tenI virUddha mathana karyuM. A saghaLuM kharuM che chatAM A nAnA paNa tIvra jhagaDAmAM Duple sarvIze mukhya hate emAM saMzaya nathI. hiMdustAnamAM pitAnuM rAjya sthApana karI zakAze evI ajamAyaza enI agAu keTalAkee karI hatI. sane 1754 mAM aMgreja ane phrenca vacce kalakarAra thayA te veLA lazkarI bAbatamAM beunI sthiti sarakhI hatI. paraMtu kenyanA tAbAmAM vadhAre mulaka hovAthI dezI darabAramAM temanuM vajana vadhAre hatuM. ema chatAM phrenca temanI sattA A dezamAMthI nirmaLa thavA mATe tene doSa devAne kAraNa nathI. DuplenA cAra varSanA jabaradasta ughogathI kenya lokone kaMI paNa pratyakSa phAyade thayo nahote. kharca aDhaLaka vadhI gayo hato, ane karja puSkaLa thayuM hatuM. aMgrejonuM abhimAna utaryuM hatuM te paNa temane jANavA je parAjaya thayo nahatuM. temanI saMpattika sthiti sArI hatI. Duplene hiMdustAnamAMthI bolAvI levA mATe yuropamAM aMgreja sarakAra taraphathI kAnsa

Page #523
506 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. upara taga thato hato. aMgrejone A dezamAM saghaLe vepAra DubavAne prasaMga AvatAM be kaMpanInA jhagaDAmAM AkhuM iMglaMDa tarataja sAmIla thaze, ane kenya AramAra niHzakta thayeluM hovAthI, aMgreja kAphale sahajamAM tene nAza karaze e vAta kenya sarakAra samajatI hatI. AthI Duplene pAcho bolAvavAnI ane karnATakanuM navAbapada mahamadaallIne ApavAnI ati nukasAnakAraka bAbate kabula karI kenya sarakAre tahanAmuM karyuM, ane AvI paDelA muzkela prasaMgamAMthI kaLe karI pitAnA hAtha kheMcI lIdhA. A saghaLI hakIkata dhyAnamAM letAM Duplena phasI paDavAne Aropa nya sarakAra upara nAkhI zakAze nahIM. A sivAya kenya sarakArane nANunI bhAre bhIDa hatI. aneka yukti karI game tema te pitAne nibhAva karatI hatI, tevAmAM hiMdu stAnamAM yuddha calAvatI kaMpanIne paisA purA pADavAnuM sAdhana tenI pAse nahetuM. enI AMTa ghaNI ghaTI gaI hatI, ane eNe je devALuM kahAvuM heta te sarakArane bhAre dhakko lAgatuM. rAjyasattA hAthamAM AvyA sivAya vepAra calAvI zakAvavAne nathI e Duplene vicAra jo ke niHsaMzaya khare hatA, to paNa te A samaye kAnsa ane iMglaMDamAM lokamAnya thayo nahote. vepArI kaMpanIe vepAraja kare ane teNe rAjya meLavavAne lebha kare nahIM evo mata te veLAnA nAmAMkita phenca mutsaddIene hovAthI teo ekasarakhI rIte te tenA mana upara hasAvatA hatA. A abhiprAya sarvamAnya thatAM phulene mudde kenya sarakAre svIkAryo nahIM. temaNe ene pAchA bolAvyo na hota to paNa A jhagaDAnuM Akhara pariNAma ghaNuM juduM Avata nahIM. rAjyanI ImArata ATalI nabaLI bhIMta upara khaDI karI zakAtI nathI. thoDAka bhADutI sipAio upara athavA dezI rAjAonI niSThA upara ghaNe bharose rAkhI zakAya nahIM e vAta, hamaNAnI mAphaka, te veLA paNa nirvivAda hatI, ane tethI ja kune maratha niSphaLa thaye temAM kaMI Azcarya nathI. ene hetu pAra pADavA mATe nya kAle majabata havA uparAMta TheTha yurepa sudhI tene saMcAra

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507 prakaraNa 18 muM. renca, nijhAma ane marAThA. abAdhita hovo joIe. sane 1748 mAM phrenca kAphalAne nAza thaI gayA hatA, ane sane 1755 mAM aMgreja kenya kAphalAnI tulanA karI jotAM mAlama paDaze ke aMgreja AramAra e bemAM vadhAre majabUta hato. hiMdustAnamAM kaI prajAnuM rAjya kAyama thaze e praznanI mULa kuMcI AramAranI zaktimAM hatI. e zakti ajamAvI jevA kenya sarakAre kaMI ochA pachADA mAryA nahatA. sane 1756 mAM aMgreja kenya vacce je yuddha sarva pRthvI upara zarU thayuM, temAM banne prajAe bane teTalI mahenata karI pitapotAnA kAphalAnI zakti ajamAvI joI. e yuddhamAM phrenca AramAranA thayelA nAzamAMthI kenya rAjya hajI paNa bahAra nIkaLI zakyuM nathI. sArAMzamAM, Duplene pAcho bolAvavAthI nahIM paNa je AramAramAM aMgrejo sAme Takkara jhIlavAnuM sAmarthya nahAvAthI hiMdustAnamAM phrenca rAjya sthApana thayuM nahIM. yuropamAM phrenca kAphalAne nAza thatAM paNa Duplene ahIMne upakrama siddha thayo hato ke nahIM e eka anya dRSTithI jotAM vicAravA yogya prazna che. araDhamA saikAmAM dakSiNanA nijhAma agara ayodhyAnA vajhIranI mAphaka, paradezanA sAhasika purUSo hiMdustAnamAM AvI rAjya meLavatA hatA tema Duplee sthApeluM saMsthAna eka vakhata majabuta thatAM, AraMbhamAM phrenca rASTra taraphathI tene madada nahIM maLate te paNa te ahIM rAjya sthApI zakate; ane ekavAra Duplene paga ThAma thatAM kenya sarakAre tene Take Apyo hata, e eka saMbhavanIya muddo lAyalanA vivecana virUddha ubho karavA jevo che. e bAbata jIjJAsunA vadhu vivecana mATe choDI devI ISTa che. * Lyall's British Dominion in India.

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508 [ bhAga 3 je. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. prakaraNa 19 muM. karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha.. sane 1756-63. 1. vijayadurga killAnuM sara thavuM. 2. busI, nijhAma ane uttara sarakAra prAMta. 3. kAunTalAlInuM Agamana ane tenI aDacaNe.4. lAlI ane aMgrejo vacce saMgrAma. 5. lAlInA apayazanuM aveleksa. 6. kenyanI paDatI upara vivecata. 1. vijayadurga killAnuM sara thavuM (sane 17pa6 )-satArAmAM zAhU mahArAja gAdIe Avyo tyArathI rAjyamAM be pakSa paDI gayA hatA eka zAne ane bIjo tArA bAIne. ghaNAkharA marAThA saradAre A be pakSamAMnA game te ekamAM joDAI gayA hatA. zAhune mukhya AdhAra pezvAno hato, tema tArAbAIne mukhya Teke grena hatuM, ane tethI ja pezvA ane aMgre vacce sumAre pacAsa varSa sudhI eka sarakho verabhAva cAlyo hato. zAhanA maraNa bAda rAjyanI sarva sattA pezvAnA hAthamAM javAthI tArAbAInA pakSane vadhAre jhanuna caDyuM. A pakSane ekavAra toDavAthI, mahArASTramAM pitAne pAye majabuta thatAM hiMdustAnamAM rAjya vistAravAne manoratha phaLIbhUta karavAnuM ThIka phAvaze ema pezvAne lAgavAthI teNe agrene parAjaya karavA sArUM sane 1756 mAM eka lazkara ravAnA karyuM. kharuM jotAM AMce marAThI AramArane mukhya adhikArI hatI ane darIAvadha khAtAmAM tenuM mAna vizeSa hatuM. AraonA kAphalAne piDugIjha lokoe nAza karyA pachI, hiMdustAnamAM kAphalAnI sattA kAyama rAkhavA mATe je kaMI paNa zaravIra purUSo bahAra paDyA hoya te te A AMgreja hatA. marAThI kAphalA upara agrenI nimaNuka chatrapati zivAjIe karI hatI, ane marAThI rAjyamAM AgaLa jatAM kuTuMba kaleza utpanna thaye na hota, ane marAThAoe pitAnA AramAranI zakti abAdhita rAkhavAnI tajavIja karI hata, te aMgenI mAraphata pAzcAtya prajAone kadAcita vakhatasara aTakAva thaI zakyo hota,

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prakaraNa 19 muM. ] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 509 mogala bAdazAhanI paDatInA kALamAM bIjAonI peThe aMge paNa pitAnuM rAjya vistArI, pitAnA kuTuMbIone mATe kAyamanI rAjagAdI sthApavAnA kAmamAM rokAye hatA e kharuM; paNa zidha, halakara, ghera paDe, bhoMsale vagere saradAre hiMdustAnanA niranirALA bhAgamAM svaparAkramane jere rAjyane vistAra vadhArI pitApitAnAM kuTuMbanI AbarU vadhAratA hatA, tyAre Agrene pazcima kinArA upara mulaka hastagata karavA avakAza maLe e zakya nahetuM. tArAbAInA pakSamAM dAkhala thavAthI tene pezvA taraphathI kaMI paNa madada maLatI nahetI. kAphalAnI gya vyavasthA rAkhavA mATe nANuM joIe, ane te AramArane jere vepAra kiMvA rAjya vadhAryA sivAya maLe nahIM. paraMtu vepAra tarapha aMgenuM kaMI lakSa nahetuM, balake vepAra karavA mATe tenuM astitvaja nahotuM. pazcima kinArAnA baMdebastanuM kAma tenI pAse hatuM, ane te yogya rIte bara lAvavA mATe rAjya vadhAravAnuM tene mATe jarUranuM hatuM. ema chatAM eno mulaka puNA satArAnI najadIka hovAthI rAjyanA vistAra mATe tene avakAza nahoto. A pramANe aMgre pite baMdhAI gayA hatA te puratuM na hoya tema game te upAya karI tene ane tenI sAthe marAThAenAM darIAI baLane nAza karavAnI buddhi pezvAne sujhI. A kAmamAM aMgrejonI madada levAne pezvAe AnAkAnI karI nahIM. muMbaImAM temanI sattA sArI jAmI hatI, paraMtu pezvAnA dhAkane lIdhe madrAsa athavA baMgALAnI mAphaka mukarara thayelI hadanI bahAra nIkaLavAnuM temane sagavaDa bharyuM nahotuM. pezvAne khuza rAkhI teo pitAne bane teTale lAga sAdhI letA hatA. sane 1750 mAM muMbaInA gavarnara tarIke AvelA rIcarDa burziyare (Richard Bouchir) pezvAne lADa laDAvI tenI joDe ghADI mitrAcArI karI hatI. pazcima kinArA upara aMgrejonA svataMtra saMcAramAM agre taraphathI pratibaMdha naDatA hovAthI vacamAMthI tene kAMTe nIkaLe te samuLage kahADI nAMkhavAne temaNe aMgrejoe ghaNe vakhata thayAM vicAra karyo hate. arthAta A bAbatamAM aMgrejone ane pezvAne uddeza ekaja levAthI pezvAnA kekaNanA kArabhArI rAmAjI mahAdeve (bIvalakarane pUrvaja?) mubaI jaI Agrene nAza

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510 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. karavA mATe pezvAnI vatI aMgrejo sAthe kalakarAra karyA. aMgenA killA vijayadurga ane suvarNadurga ubhaya pakSe jItyA pachI te pezvAne maLe, ene nAza thayA pachI pazcima kinArA upara aMgrejonI sattA rahe, lUTa saghaLI pisthAne maLe, ane bANakoTa, himatagaDha ane najIkanAM pAMca gAme hameza mATe aMgrejone maLe, evA prakArane karAra temanI ane pezvA vacce thayo (mArca sane 1755). A tahanA mukhya Azaya anvaye pazcima kinArA upara baMdebasta rAkhavAnuM kAma pezvAe aMgrejone soMpyuM, paNa ethI teNe pitAnI svAtaMtratAne keTaluM nukasAna pahoMcADayuM tene vicAra vAcakane Avaze. enA tAbAmAMnA aneka killAo paikI suvarNadurga ane vijayadurga vizeSa majabUta ane prasiddha hatA. vijayadurgane musalamAne gherIA karIne kahe che. sane 1755 nA mArca mahinAnI 22 mI tArIkhe kaeNmeDora jemsa cAra nAnAM jahAja laI muMbaIthI nIkaLe, ane teNe paMdara divasanI aMdara suvarNadurganA killAne kabaje lIdhe. tenI sAthenI pezvAnI keja mulaka jItatI ratnAgirI lagI nIkaLI gaI, paNa mAsuM najadIka hovAthI vijyadurga jItavAnuM kAma paDatuM mukI komeDara jemsa muMbaI pAcho pharyo, ane pezvAnI pharaja pitAne sthAne gaI. varasAdanA divasomAM iMglaMDathI ghaNuM moTuM lazkara eDamirala vaeNTasana ane karnala kalAIvanI saradArI heThaLa muMbaI AvI pahoMcyuM. dakSiNamAM nijhAmanA darabAramAM phrenca lAgavaga atizaya vadhyo hato, ane tyAM busI ghara karI rahetuM hatuM. tene dhAka mAtra nijhAmane nahIM paNa pezvA suddhAne lAgatuM hatuM, ane tene tyAMthI kaheDAvI mukavA mATe pezvAnA hara prayatna cAlu hatA. aMgrejone paNa eja joItuM hatuM; ane busIne eka vakhata dUra karavAthI karnATakanI mAphaka nijhAmanA darabAramAM paNa pitAne amala besaze ema temane lAgatuM hatuM. A kAmane mATeja IglathI maTI ja AvI hatI, ane mahArASTramAM javA kAje te muMbaI utarI hatI. paNa ahIM AvI pahoMcatAM madrAsamAM aMgreja ane phrenca vacce taha thayAnI bAtamI kalAivane maLI, tethI muMbaIthI nijhAmanA rAjya tarapha javAne vicAra tene mAMDI vALo paDe

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prakaraNa 19 muM. ] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 511 ATalAM meTAM lazkarane muMbaImAM nakAmuM rAkhavuM agara kaMI kAma karyA vinA parata ravAnA karavuM aMgrejone ISTa jaNAyuM nahIM. upADI levA sarakhA kAmanI tapAsa karatAM kalAIvane marAThA sAthe thayelA tahanA tathA tenI rUe vijayadurgane killo kabaje karavAnuM bAkI che evA samAcAra maLatAM, Aise yuropiyana ane eka hajAra dezI lazkara vahANa upara caDAvI kalAiva ane vaiTasana vijayadurga tarapha ravAnA thayA. bIjI taraphathI pezvAnI ja khaMjI mANakaranAM uparIpaNA heThaLa ane mulakamAM dAkhala thaI rAmAjIpaMtanI salAhathI pradeza hastagata karatI hatI. be bAjuthI AvI taiyArI thatI joI tulAjI AMce pitAnA bacAva mATe rAmAjIpata pAse Avyo, ane salAhanI bhAMjagaDa karavA mAMDI. A pramANe pezvA tathA AMce vacce salAha thAya te vijayadurgane lAbha hAthamAMthI jato raheze ema aMgrejone lAgyuM; ane pitAnI salAha vinA marAThAoe tulAjI sAthe saMdezA calAva. vAmAM pezvAe agAu karelA karAra teDyAnuM nimitta kahADI teo eka dama vijayadurga upara AvyA. vaTasane samudramAMthI ane kalAIve jamIna mArga killAne ghere ghAlyo. A hakIkata sAmAjInI jANamAM AvatAM aMgrejo pAse ghere uThAvavA teNe puSkaLa prayatna karyA, paNa temAMthI kaMI niSpanna thayuM nahIM, ane aMgrejoe kile sara karI onA kAphalAne bALI nAMkhe. killAmAMthI dasa lAkha rUpIA aveja maLe te ekalA aMgrejoe laI lIdhe (phebruArI sane 17pa6). kille sara thatAM karAranI rUe pezvAne te havAle karavAno hato, paNa game tema bahAnAM kahADI aMgrejoe pite te rAkhI lIdhe. marAThAonA vyavahAramAM temaNe dakhala karavAne A pahele prasaMga hatA. A uparathI marAThAonI rAjanIti viSe nAnA prakAranA prazna udbhave che paNa tene vicAra briTiza riyAsatamAM karavAnI jarUra nathI. 2. busI, nijhAma ane uttara sarakAra prAMtA-busI macchalIpaNa jaI tyAMnA mulakanI vyavasthA karatuM hatuM e upara kahevAmAM AvyuM che. te sane 1754 nA aMtamAM tyAMnuM kAma ApI gedehUnA

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512 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. hukama pramANe pAcha haidrAbAda gaye. paNa gededanI anIti ane apalakSaNanuM pariNAma nijhAmanA darabAramAM jaNAI javAthI kenca lekenAM vacana uparathI lekene bharoso uThI gayo. khuda nijhAme busIne kahI saMbhaLAvyuM hatuM ke "karnATakane adhikArI mahamadaalI aMgrejonI sahAyathI sarvoparI thaye che, ane kanyanuM nAma jayAM tyAM Dube che, AjalagI phrenca lekAe mArA upara aneka upakAra karyA che te mArI smaraNamAM che, paNa have pachI amane madada karavAne teomAM sAmarthya ane IcchA bane rahyAM nathI.' busIe nijhAmane puSkaLa samajAvyuM, paNa tenuM kaMI mana mAnyuM nahIM. A pachI nijhAme herAra upara karelI svArImAM busIe tene sArI madada karI, paNa tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM vajhIra zAha navAjakhAne busI virUddha tephAna uThAvI tene nijhAmanI nekarImAMthI kamI karAvyuM. busIne nijhAma darabAramAMthI hAMkI kaheDAvavAnI pezvAnI khaTapaTa A pramANe phatehamaMda utaratAM busIne pitAnAM saghaLAM kenya mANase sAthe rAjya choDI cAlyA javAne lekhI hukama nijhAme Apyo, ane madrAsathI aMgrejonI madada mAMgavAno patra mokalyo (. sane 1756). A uparathI aMgreja lazkara nijhAmanI madade javA upaDavAnuM hatuM, paNa kalakattAmAM aMdhArI koTaDInuM tophAna uThavAthI tene ekadama te tarapha javuM paDayuM. upalA hukamathI busI kaMI Dage nahIM. bAlAjIrAva pezvA tene nekarImAM rAkhavA taiyAra hatA, paNa subedAranA hukamane anAdara nahIM karavAnA vicArathI te haidrAbAda gaye ane cAra minAra nAmanA bAgamAM paDAva nAMkhe." tenI madade piDIcerIthI mukhya amaladAra laeNnI saradArI heThaLa lazkara AvatuM hatuM. rastAmAM aneka saMkaTa khamI duzmanI sAme thaI haidrAbAda AvI te busIne maLe eTale te jora upara AvyA, nijhAme tene punaH pitAnI nekarImAM lIdhe, ane saghaLo vyavahAra agAunI mAphaka calAvavA mAMDyo A bhAMjagaDamAM gumAvelA bAra cha mahinA busIne maLyA hota, ane pinDIcerIne vahivaTa Duple sarakhA cAlAka purUSanA hAthamAM heta, te aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAMthI samULage uccheda karavAnI phrenca lekene sArI taka maLI hota. madrAsanuM saghaLuM

Page #530
prakaraNa 19 muM. ] karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 513 lazkara kalakatte gayuM hatuM, ane tyAM baMgALAnA navAbe aMgrejone phaDa uDAvavAne raMga jamAvyo hato sane 1756 mAM nijhAma darabAramAM pitAne lAgavaga barAbara besatA busI thoDuM lazkara laI uttara sarakAra prAMtamAM gaye, te tyAM tene navAba surAja-uda-dalAnI madade javA mATe AgrahapUrvaka kaheNa maLyuM. eTalAmAM caMdranagara aMgrejone hAtha javAnI khabara busIne maLI. tarataja teNe aMgrejonA uttara sarakAranA prAMtamAMnuM vizAkhApaTTaNanuM ghaNuM AbAda thANuM hale karI kabaje karyuM (sane 1757). paNa e kAma pAra paDe te pahelAM nijhAmanA darabAramAM ghaMTALo upasthita thavAthI khusIne tvarAthI auraMgAbAda javuM paDayuM. nijhAma salAbata jaMganA bane bhAI bAlAjaMga ane nijhAmaallI tathA dIvAna zAha navAjakhAna e saghaLAe ekatra thaI nAnA tarehanAM kArastAne upADyAM, rAjyamAM bakheDo karyo, ane marAThAonI madada vaDe phrenca lokone hAMkI kahADavA tajavIja karI. AthI salAbata aMge gabharAI uThI khusIne pAchA bolAvyo. eNe AvI bakheDe jaDamULathI ukheDI nAkhyo, ane darabAramAM agAunA jevI vyavasthA cAlu karI. A pachI lAlI taraphathI AgrahapUrvaka teDuM AvatAM tene nAIlAje ahIMthI piDIcerI javuM paDyuM. vAstavika rIte khusI nijhAmane nekara hatuM, ane tene lAlIne hukama mAnavAnI jarUra nahetI; paNa pitAnI bahAdUrIthI prerAI svarASTrahanuM pAtaka teNe pitAne mAthe lIdhuM nahIM. haidrAbAdathI nIkaLatI veLA busIe kaunalensanA (Confians) hAtha heThaLa pitAnuM keTaluMka lazkara dakSiNamAM rAkhyuM. uttara sarakAra prAMta tarapha khusInI puTha thatAM vizAkhApaTTaNanA rAjA AnaMdarAje phrenca lekene hAMkI mukI zahera hastagata karyuM, ane temanI sAme pitAne bacAva karavA baMgALAmAMthI kalAIvanI madada mAgI. A vakhate plAsInI laDAI thaI gaI hatI, ane lAIva kaMI khAsa kAmamAM kAyala nahe. uttara sarakAramAMnA jamInadAre phrenca amalanI avagaNanA karI svataMtra thavA lAgatA hatA te saMdhine lAbha laI lAIva konsilanI

Page #531
524 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. salAha virUddha baMgALAmAMthI karnala pheDane pAMcaso yuropiyana ane be hajAra dezI phoja ApI, AnaMdarAjane madada karI uttara sarakArane kabaje levA meka. lAlIe paNa tenI sAmA thavAne kaunalensane satvara ravAnA karyo. paNa A kAmathI aNuvAkepha hovAthI te kaMI vizeSa karI zakyA nahIM; sane 157 nA DIsembara mAsamAM ke konalensane harAvyuM, eTale konalensa machalIpaTTaNa tarapha gayo, ane tyAMthI nijhAma salAbatane pitAnI madade bolAvyA. tenI taraphanuM kaMI paNa lazkara AvI maLe te agAu karnala ke vIjaLIka varAthI uttara sarakAramAM praveza karyo, ane jamInadAranI sahAyatAthI sarva prAMta kabaje laI rAjamahendrI tathA machalIpaTTaNanAM be kille. baMdha zahera hastagata karyA. kanakasensa pitAnAM mANaso sAthe pherDanI zaraNe gaye, eTalAmAM salAbatajaMga AvI pahoMcyo; paraMtu kenca taraphathI pitAne bacAva yogya rIte thatuM nathI ema tene jaNAtAM teNe temanI dastI kAyamane mATe choDI dIdhI, ane aMgrajene pitAnA rAjyamAM AmaMtraNa karyuM. A vijayane lIdhe aMgrejonI sattA saghaLe ThekANe jaNAvavA lAgI. salAbata jege karnala pharDa sAthe taha karI, rAjamahendrI, machalIpaTTaNa ane AsapAsane cAra lAkhanI AvakavALe pradeza aMgrejone kahADI ApyAM, ane phrenca lokoe kRSNa nadInI uttare vepArI thANuM sthApavAM nahIM, ane temane nijhAme pitAnI nokarImAM rAkhavA nahIM e TharAva thaze. A pramANe ATalAM varSa atizaya khaTapaTa karI nijhAmane darabAramAM busIe jamAvele kenya lAgavaga eka kSaNamAM adrazya thaI gaye. A jhagaDe uttara sarakAramAM cAlu hatA tevAmAM kalAIve baMgALAmAM caMdranagaranuM kenca thANuM kabaje karyuM tenI hakIkata 21 mA prakaraNamAM Avaze. 3, kAunTa lAlInuM Agamana ane tenI aDacaNe -sane 1756 mAM yuropamAM iMgleMDa ane phrAnsa vacce zarU thayelAM sAta varSanAM yuddhanuM parAvartana hiMdustAnamAM thayuM ane pariNAmamAM je vigraha thaye tene karnATakanuM trIjuM yuddha' kahe che. e yuddhane keTalAka aMgreja kenya vaccenuM bIjuM yuddha paNa kahe che.

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prakaraNa 19 muM.] karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. pa15 - yuropanA aneka dezanA loke amerikAmAM vasAhata karI rahetA hatA. temAM iMgleMDa ane kAnsanA leke puSkaLa hevAthI tyAMnAM thANuM upara e be dezamAMthI kene amala cAle e bAbata TaTe upasthita thatAM, sane 156 nA arasAmAM banne prajA vacce laDAI jAgavAno prasaMga dekhAya. bIjI taraphathI yuropamAM praziyAne parAkramI bAdazAha keDIka dhI greTa rAjyane vistAra vadhAravAnA lebhamAM paDosamAM AvelA strIonI rANa meriyA zerIsAne mulaka I karavAnI taiyArI karate hate. bacAvamAM keDIka sAthe laDavA mATe meriyAe aneka rAjAnI madada meLavI, tyAre kAnsa tenA pakSamAM joDAyuM. IgleMDanA rAjAnI mAlIkInuM henevaranuM saMsthAna praziyAnI hadamAM hovAthI tene bacAva karavAnA hetuthI teNe keDIkane pakSa lIdhe. A yuddhamAM jamIna upara keka sAme ane samudra upara aMgrejonA kAphalA sAme laDavAmAM kAnsa kaMIka utAvaLa karI. hiMdustAnamAM gee karelA tahanAmAnI rUe aMgreja ane phrenca kaMpanI vaccenA TaMTAne joie tevo nikAla thayo nahIM. yuropamAM yuddha zarU thatAM tenI asara ahIM jaNAvavA lAgI, to paNa aMgreja lazkara lAIvanI sAthe baMgALAmAM gayeluM hovAthI, karNATakamAM ekadama laDAI zarU thaI nahIM. ema chatAM phrenca lokoe aMgrejonAM saMsthAna upara chApa mAravAne udyoga upADe. TIcInApalI adyApi aMgrejonA tAbAmAM hatuM, ane tyAMnI saMrakSaka phAjane vaDe kaeNpTana keliDa hato. sane 1757 nA eprila mAsamAM kaeNliDe madurA kabaje levA prayatna karyo, paNa temAM te niSphaLa thaye. marAThA saradAre karnATakamAM AvI pitAne vArSika haka ugharAvatA hatA, ane tyAMthI nijhAmanI sattA adrazya thaI hatI. A agatyanA saMgrAmamAM phrenca taraphathI mukhya bhAga lenAra lAlIne janma sane 1707 mAM thayo hato. nAnapaNathI tene kALa yuddha saMgrAmamAM gayA hatA, ane teNe aneka moTAM moTAM parAkramo karyA hatAM. kenca darabAramAM tenI khyAti ghaNI hatI, ane teNe rAjAnI sArI maherabAnI saMpAdana karI hatI. te atizaya sAhasika, zarIra ane dRDhanizcayI tarIke vakhaNAya hate. game tevA saMkaTane te gaNakArate nahIM. aMgrejo virUddha

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. tenA manamAM atyaMta deSa bharAyale hevAthI temane amerikA temaja hiMdustAnamAMthI hAMkI kahADavA joIe evo tene mata hato. Duplene bolAvI lIdhA pachI phrenca sarakAre sarva bAbatane vicAra karI hiMdustAnamAM kevA prakAranI goThavaNa karavI tene nizcaya karyo hate; ane te pramANe amala karavA lAlIne keTalIka tAkIda karI hatI. phrenca sattA sthApavAne upakrama bIlakula kare nahIM, kinAre choDI dezanA mAMhelA bhAgamAM javuM nahIM, dezIonI vaDhavADamAM paDavuM nahIM, ane aMgrejonAM kinArA uparanAM killebaMdha saMsthAne kabaje karavAM, temane vepAra sarvasva DubAvo evA hukamo laI lAlI dvAnsathI nIkaLyuM hatuM. AthI karI kharca vadhyA vinA paisAnI bAbatamAM thatuM nukasAna bharapAI thaze ema menya sarakAra mAnatI hatI. zarU thatAM phrenca sarakAre lAlIne lazkarane uparI banAvI keTaluMka lazkara tathA kAphale laI hiMdustAna javA ravAnA karyo. AraMbhamAM jeTalI ja lAlI sAthe AvavAnuM karyuM hatuM teTalI pAchaLathI AvI zakI nahIM. krAsanI te samayanI sthitine vicAra karatAM ema lAge che ke phenca saskAre hiMdustAna ane amerikAmAM aMgrejo sAthe laDAI karI tenA karatAM ekaja ThekANe pitAnuM baLa jamAvI yuddha karyuM hota to pariNAmamAM tene phAyado thate. aneka prakAranI aDacaNane lIdhe lAlIne kAnsathI nIkaLatAM vilaMba lAge. enI sAthe ghaNuM bahAdUra ane nAmAMkita kenca saradAro A dezamAM AvyA, paNa te saghaLAomAM joIe te ejyabhAva nahote. khuda lAlI buddhimAna ane caMcaLa hatuM, ane game te kAma mAraphADa karI pAra pADate; paNa svabhAve te atizaya utAvaLo hate. hiMdustAnamAM cAlatA vyavahAranI tene bIlakula mAhitI nahotI. saghaLA sthAnika kenca adhikArIo lAMcIA, arAjanika ane vhIkaNa hevAthI tenA kahevA upara lakSa na ApatAM, yegya lAge te vyavasthA makkamapaNe karavAne kenya sarakArane tene khAsa hukama hatA. mAtra busI mATe phrAnsamAM sAro abhiprAya hate. lAlIne sarva adhikAra ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM chatAM gavarnara DIlerI ane tenI kensilanI sattAmAM kaMI pheraphAra thaze nahe, lAlIne hAtha heThaLane aDadhe kAle Asare che

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prakaraNa 19 muM.] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 517 mahinA agAu nIkaLI sane 17pa7 nA sapTembaramAM penDIcerI AvyuM te pachI bIjA varSanA eprila mAsamAM lAlI AvyA te agAu DIlerIe prathamanI phejane upayoga karyo hota te e prAMtamAM te veLAe aMgrejonuM kaMI paNa lazkara na hovAthI kenca sattA kAyama thatAM madrAsa ane pharTasenTa DeviTa te sahelAIthI kabaje karI zakate. lAlInI sAthe AvelA kAphalAmAM kAunTa DAze (d' Ache) nAmane eka vicitra hastha hata; tenI nimaNuMka lAlInA vaDapaNa heThaLa na thayelI hovAthI te manamAnatI rIte varyo, teNe lAlInI salAha gaNakArI nahIM, ane tene lIdhe Akhare svadezane bhAre nukasAna karyuM. prathamathI ja pinDIcerInA adhikArIo mATe lAlIne abhiprAya sAro nahote, ane e saghaLAone sudhArI zikSA karavA mATe pote AvyuM che ema te samajate hevAthI tene koI sAthe banyuM nahIM. koI salAha ApatuM te te kapaTathI ApI haze ema dhArI tene te svIkAra karate nahIM. tenAM AvAM kRtyathI kaMTALI keIe kharI utkaMThAthI tene madada karI nahIM. "ApaNuM zauryane ba lAge, ApaNe rASTradrohI gaNAIe paNa lAlInI khoDa bhulAvavI" evo beta tenI udAma vartaNukane lIdhe uzkerAI jaI aneka phrenca gRhasthAe ra hate. uparathI heThaLa sudhInA saghaLAonAM manamAM AvA mUrkhAI bharelA vicAre dAkhala thayA hatA. kinAro upara utaratAM lAlIe madrAsa ane pherTa senTa DeviDa levAne TharAva karyo, paraMtu saghaLuM vyartha hatuM. DilerI taraphanI kaMI taiyArI nahatI, duzmana tarapha nI kaMI bAtamI nahatI; trIjorI khAlI paDI hatI, mArga batAvI zake tevAM mANase nahetAM; ATaluM chatAM lAlIne madada karavAnI IcchA joIe te koIne nahotI. lAlIe gAMThanA paisA khacIM banI zake teTalI taiyArI karI. aMgreja kAle DAzenI pachI traNa mahine nIkaLI tenI pahelAM savA mahinA agAu ahIM dAkhala thayo hate. mArgamAM nAgApaTTaNa AgaLa bane sAmasAmA thatAM thayelI jhapAjhapImAM DAzene bhAre nukasAna pahoMcyuM. tA. 1 lI me, sane 1758 ne dIne lAlI pinDIcerIthI nIkaLI kaDalora gayo, ane

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518 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. cothe divase teNe te zahera hastagata karyuM. ahIMthI pherTa senTa DeviDa upara tene javuM hatuM, paNa tenI pAse sainyane mATe joItI dhAnya sAmagrI hatI nahIM, tema sAmAna laI javA mATe gADAM paNa nahotAM, chatAM anya mulakamAM dAkhala thaI maLI Ave tevAM mANasane pakaDI kAme lagADavA eNe TharAva karyo. e pramANe amala karavAthI tathA luTathI je kaMI hAtha Ave te levAnuM zarU karavAthI dezI le ke tenI virUddha khaLabhaLI uThayA ane tene saghaLI taraphathI gherI lIdhe. AthI te atyaMta muzkela sthitimAM Avyo, chatAM game tevI aDacaNAnI darakAra kare te te nahoto. prasaMgopAta je sujhe te pramANe amala karI teNe potAnuM kAma calAvyuM. tA. 16 mI mee teNe phorTa senTa DeviDa upara tepane mAro calAvyo, ane thoDA ja divasamAM te sara karI zakAze ema tene lAgyuM. eTalAmAM penDIcerI upara aMgreja kAphalo AvI pahoMcyAnI, ane phrenca sipAIo kAma karavA nA pADI pagArane vAte haTha laI besI rahevAnI, tene khabara maLI. lAlI tvarAthI piDIcerI gaye, ane svataHnA paisAthI phejane samajAvI lIdhI. pharTa senTa DeviDa upara pAchA pharI tA. 2 jI junane divase teNe kille kabaje karyo, ane pachI tarataja devIkoTA lIdhuM. eTalAmAM DAze kAphalA sahita kerTa senTa DeviDa AgaLa AvI lAgyuM. tene lAlIe puSkaLa vinavI madrAsa upara hale laI javAmAM madada karavA jaNAvyuM. DAze tema karavA laI pAcho pharIza." e pramANe 600 mANase sahita kAle laI te upaDI gayo te pUrve teNe vepArI vahANone bacAva barAbara karyo nahIM. enI najara cukAvI aMgreja vahANe puSkaLa paisA tathA sAmAna sAthe madrAsa pahoMcyAM. lAlIne paNa madrAsa tarapha kUca karavI hatI, paraMtu kharca mATe tenI pAse kaMI na hovAthI tAMjora upara svArI karI paisA kaheDAvavAnI salAha tene konsila taraphathI maLI. chapanna lAkha rUpIA ApavA mATe tAranA rAjAe phulene je dastAveja lakhI Ape te tenI bajavaNI karavAnI A yukti hatI. lAlIne kensilanAM pharamAna mujaba karavAnuM yogya

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prakaraNa 19 muM.] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. . 519 lAgyuM nahIM te paNa nAIlAja thaI tene tema karavAnI pharaja paDI. tAjera jatAM rastAmAM lAlIe maMdIre ane gAmo lUkhyAM. lokone tenI svArInI eTalI badhI dhAstI lAgI ke saghaLA tene raste cukAvI A pradezamAM nIkaLI gayA, eTale tene saghaLA prAMta ujajaDa ane verAna jaNAyo.. tA. 8 mI julAIe te tAMjora pahoMcyo ke rAjAne pitAnI salAmatI mATe dahezata paDI, ane pAMca lAkha rUpIA ApavA kabula thayo. paNa lAlInA utAvaLA ane adhIrA svabhAvane lIdhe saghaLuM bagaDI gayuM. jarA vijaya maLyA bAda rAjAne tenAM saghaLAM mANaso sahita keda karI senTa. luI laI javAnI kaMIka niSpharapaNe AvelI dhamakIthI rAjA pratApasIMga gusse thaI gaye, ane game te thAya te paNa phrenca lekene hAtha batAvavA teNe nizcaya karyo. tAMjora upara phrenca tapane mAre zarU thavAnI aNI upara hate evAmAM kArikala ane pinDIcerI sara karavA aMgreja pheja AvI lAgavAnI bAtamI lAlIne maLI, eTale game te prakAre jIva bacAvI tAMjora cheDI pinDIcerI javAnI tene jarUra paDI. pAchA pharatAM tAMjoranAM mANasee tene eTale trAsa Apo ke eka vakhata te jAte temanA hAthamAM sapaDAI javAnI aNI upara hatA, paNa temAMthI te bacI gayo. tene traNa moTI tapamAM khIlA mArI rastAmAM choDI devAnI jarUra paDI. A pramANe darIo upara DAze ane jamIna upara lAlI duzmanane hAthe mAra khAtA pinDIcerI AvyA, chatAM DAze lAlIne madada karavA kabala thayo nahIM. mAtra eka Daca vahANa ne pakaDI lAvya; te uparanuM nANuM ane bIjI sAmagrI laI lAlI ekadama. madrAsa tarapha ravAnA thayo, rastAmAM tene busI maLe. busInA kahevA pramANe te varyo hota to saghaLAne phAyado thAta, paNa beu vacce mAtra nAmanI mitrAcArI hovAthI busI je kaMI kahe te kaMI paNa matalabathI kahetA haze ema lAlIne lAgatuM. burI pAse aDhaLaka dalita havAnI lAlIne khabara hatI, paNa A paisA teNe anyAyathI meLavyo haze evuM te mAnate hevAthI busInI salAhanI te avagaNanA karavA lAge. AthI bane vacce IrjA utpanna thatAM busIe aMtaHkaraNathI lAlIne sahAya karI

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520 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. nahIM. ema chatAM Akhara paryata rAjaniSThAnI lAgaNInuM ullaMghana karI yatkiMcita kRtya busIe karyuM nahIM, e tenuM bhUSaNa che. busIne nijhAmanA darabAramAMthI belAvI levAthI lAlIne kaMI paNa pratyakSa phAyado thayo nahIM, paNa tyAM rahI paisAnI temaja bIjI madada te karI zake te te jogavAI jatI rahI. lekenI AjIjI nahIM karatAM sarvee eka ThekANe maLI aMgrejo upara acAnaka hale laI javAnA vicArathI lAlIe khusIne bolAvI maMgAvyo hate. lAlI taraphanuM kaheNa maLatAM busI meTI muzkelImAM paDyo. haidrAbAda cheDI javAthI nijhAma darabAramAMne kenya lAgavaga ekadama adrazya thaI javAnI dhAstI hatI; tema e na kare te lAlIne parAjya thatAM tenI asara haidrAbAdamAM tene jaNAyA vinA rahe nahIM, ane hukama teDavAne deza mAthe Ave te jude. haidrAbAdamAM rahI nANAMnI ane lazkaranI manamAnatI madada meLavI zakAya teTalI madada theDI phoja sahita lAlIne jaI maLavAthI meLavI zakAya nahIM e te sArI peThema samajatuM hatuM. tenA A vicAre barAbara hatA, paNa haidrAbAda dUra hovAthI tyAMthI mekalelI madada sahIsalAmata lAlIne pahoMcavAmAM aneka aDacaNa paDavAne saMbhava hato, eTale busInA jAte jaI lAlIne maLavAthI kaMI beThuM thayuM hoya ema kahI zakAya nahIM. ka, lAlI ane aMgrejo vacce saMgrAma (sane 17pa0-61).- madrAsa upara humalo karavAnI saghaLI vyavasthA busIne soMpavAne sarva tarapha thI thayele Agraha lAlIe gaNukAya nahIM, paNa busIe sarvanAM mana pitAnI virUddha uzkeryA hoya e tene saMzaya Avyo. navembara sane 1758 nA AraMbhamAM sAta ATha hajAra mANase laI lAlI, busIne laI madrAsa javA nIkaLyA. rastAmAM ArkaTa kabaje karI teNe rAjAsAhebane karnATakanI navAbagirI ApI. madrAsamAM e veLA pAMca hajAra aMgreja pheja hatI. piMgaTa (Lord Pigott) je hazIAra grahastha tyAMne gavarnara hatuM, ane anubhavI karnala oNrensa pAse lazkaranuM vaDapaNa hatuM. aMgrejonuM ciMgalapaTTanuM

Page #538
prakaraNa 19 muM.] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 521 saMsthAna kenca leke hastagata karI zakyA tethI aMgrejone bahArathI madada meLavavAnI sagavaDa maLI. tA. 13 mI DIsembare madrAsanA killA bahArane bleka TAuna (Black Toun) nAmane dezIono vibhAga lAlInA hAthamAM AvyuM. A zaheramAM rahetA dezI vepArIo puSkaLa tAlevaMta hatA te saghaLAne lUTI phrenca lazkare sumAre sAta lAkha rUpiAne ja meLavyo. paNa lazkaranI avyavasthAne lIdhe A moTI rakamamAMthI mAtra 25-30 hajAra rUpIA sarakArI trIjorImAM jame thayA. pinDIcerInA adhikArIonA mAMhomAMhenA saMzayAtmaka vartanathI lazkarI vyavasthA eTalI kharAba thaI gaI hatI ke AjIjIpUrvaka vinaMtI karI temanI pAse kAma kahaDAvavAnI lAlIne jarUra paDatI. tA. 14 mI DIsembare madrAsa AgaLa aMgreja ane phrenca vacce ghaNaja jhanunI laDAI zarU thaI, temAM lAlInAM lazkare bahAdUrIthI laDI aMgrejone sakhata mAra mAryo, ane tene kadAca harAvate, paraMtu busIe ApatI veLAe ApavI joIe tevI sahAya nahIM ApavAthI, aMgrejo chaTakI jaI killAmAM bharAI beThA. kenya lokoe madrAsanA senTa jenA killAne ghere ghA temAM paNa joIe tevI cAlAkI teo batAvI zakyA nahIM. lAlInAM mANase bleka TAunanI lUTa pacAvI pADavAmAM ane aneka tarehanA anAcAra karavAmAM mazagula hatA, eTale tAra vagere Itara prAMtanA lekane uzkerI aMgrejoe tene herAna karavA mAMDayo. vaLI basa kenca sipAIo svarASTrane deha karI aMgrejone jaI maLyA hatA, teo vAraMvAra killA upara AvI pitAnA maLatIAone aMgrejone maLI jaI pitAnuM kalyANa karavA, ane vinA kAraNe jIva jokhamamAM na nAMkhavA Agraha karatA. ema chatAM tA. 2 jI jAnevArI, sane 1759 thI doDha mahinA sudhI lAlIe tene mAre calAvI killo levA mahAna prayatna karyo. killAnI dIvAlamAM bhaMgANa paDatAM ekadama aMdara dAkhala thavAne teNe manasube karyo, paNa tenA amaladAro tathA mANasoe AgaLa paga mukavAne himata karI nahIM. tA. 16 mI phebruArIe eDamirala pikaka (Admiral Pocock) moTe kAphalo laI aMgrejone madada karavA AvI pahoMcatAM lAlInI AMkha

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522 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ughaDI. jIva bacAvI kevI rIte pAchA pharavuM, ane pinDIcerIne bacAva kevI rIte karavo e eka moTo prazna tenI rUbarUkhaDo thaye. dArUgoLa tathA annasAmagrI khuTI gayAM hatAM; 3 phrenca sipAIo jakhamI thaI paDelA hatA temane laI lAlIthI javAya tema nahotuM, eTale temane pAchaLa mukI ghere uThAvI senTa TAmene raste te piDIcerI AvyuM. madrAsathI upaDatAM pahelAM eNe jakhamI mANasenI kALajIpUrvaka sAravAra karavA aMgreja gavarnarane eka vinaMtI patra lakhyuM hatuM. A pramANe hiMdustAnamAMthI aMgrejone hAMkI kahADavAne meTA IrAde karI ahIM AvelA lAlIne temane jemane tema rahevA daI cAlyA javAnI pharaja paDI. A apayaza mATe saghaLe Thapake ene zIra nAMkhavAmAM Ave che. lAlI durAgrahI ane haThIle ho e kharuM, paNa tenuM vartana Akhara sudhI sUra purUSane zobhA Ape tevuM ane atyaMta rAjaniSTha hatuM. tenI sAthenAM bIjAM mANaso svArthabhamAM taNAI svadezanI ghAta karavA prerAyelA chevAthI A apayazane meTa deza temane mAthe paDe che. madrAsathI nIkaLI lAlI keMjIvarama, ArkaTa vagere ThekANe thoDe ghaNe baMdobasta karI piDIcerI Avyo. ahIM DilerI ane kensila sAthe tene moTI takarAra thaI. bIjI tarapha aMgrejoe je thANuM kabaje karI tyAMnAM lazkarane penDIcerI tarapha hAMkI kahADavuM, tepaNa lAlIe pitAnI dhIraja choDI nahIM; hareka tarehanA yatna karI te pitAne bacAva karyo hato. tenA hAtha heThaLanA saghaLA mANase vipharyA hatA, teoe khullI rIte baMDa u. ThAvyuM hatuM, ane temAM keTalAka zatrune jaI maLatA hatA. AvI saghaLI muzkelIomAMthI lAlI yuktithI chaTakato hate. eTalAmAM DAzene phrenca kAphalo perTa luIthI penDIcerI AvatuM hatuM tyAre rastAmAM pherTa senTa DeviDa najIkanA darIAmAM te ane eDamIrala pikaeNkane kAphalo sAmasAmA AvI jatAM eka jhanunI laDAI thaI ane ubhaya pakSane puSkaLa nukasAna pahoMcyuM. A jhapAjhapImAM paze jakhamI thayo, ane aMdhAruM thatAM te pitAnAM vahANa laI penDIcerI Avyo; sAthe lAvele cArapAMca lAkha rUpIAne aveja tyAM ApI tarataja te pArTa luI tarapha ravAnA che. A vakhate lAlI ghaNe

Page #540
prakaraNa 19 muM.] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. para3 AjArI hato. teNe DilerI ane busIne kAze pAse mokalI ahIM rahevA mATe AgrahapUrvaka vinaMtI karAvI, paNa DAze kabula thaye nahIM. aMgrejoe atizaya moTuM lazkara ekaThuM karI phrenca lekanI puTha pakaDI, vAMDIza mukAme sane 1759 nA sapTembaranI 29 mI tArIkhe eka sakhata jhapAjhapI thaI ane aMgrejono parAjaya thaye. lAlI AjArI hevAthI A jayane phAyade te laI zake nahIM. A veLA aMgreja lazkaramAM aneka zuravIra purUSa hatA temAM karnala Ayara kuTa (Col. Eyre Coote) vizeSa nAmAMkita ane bahAdura hato. A jIta pachI phrenca lazkaramAM pharIthI uTheluM baMDa dabAvatAM lAlIne ghaNI mahenata paDI. e arasAmAM busIe ArkaTa jaI keTaluMka anAja ane nANuM ekaThuM karyuM. A rIte sane 1758 tuM varSa khalAsa thayuM. sane 1760 ne chevaTane jhanunI jhagaDe zarU thatAM lAlIe meTI bhUla karI phejanA be bhAga karyA. eka bhAga teNe TIcInA pilI tarapha mokalya, ane bIje pitAnI sAthe laI te aMgrejonI sAmA gayo. ArkaTa AgaLa tene busI maLyo. ApaNe jAte laDAIne prasaMga nahIM ANatAM svarakSaNa karI besI rahevAnI busInI salAha lAlInA utAvaLIA svabhAvane rUcI nahIM, ane aMgrejoe lIdheluM vAMDIza pAchuM meLavavA te upa. tA. 16 jAnevArI, sane 1760 ne dIne A ThekANe chevaTanI ane moTI bhayaMkara laDAI thaI. banne bAjue moTA moTA saradAre hAjara hatA ane banne pakSe laDavAmAM bahAdUrI batAvI hatI. laDAI pUra jozamAM cAlatI hatI tevAmAM busIne ghaDAne gALI lAgatAM te paDe ane zatruonA hAthamAM sapaDAI gayo. phrenca lazkara pitAnI hAra thatI joI penDIcerI tarapha nAsI gayuM. A laDAImAM aMgreja senApati kuTe atyaMta bahAdurI tathA cAlAkI batAvI bhAre khyAti meLavI. vAMkIvaMzanI laDAIthI A dezamAMnA aMgreja ane phrenca vaccenA yuddhano aMta Avyo. e be prajAmAMthI hiMdustAnanuM svAmitva kenA hAthamAM raheze e praznanuM hameza mATe nirAkaraNa thaI gayuM, ane mArTina, mAsa, Duple ItyAdI nAmAMkita phrenca grahasthAe

Page #541
524 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. hiMdustAnamAM rAjya sthApavA mATe karelA prayatnane aMta Avyo. vAMDIoNzanI laDAI pachI eka pachI eka phrenca saMsthAna aMgrejoe kabaje karyA pachI Akhare pinDIcerIne vAro Avyo. aMgrejone IMgleDathI vahANa ane mANasanI moTI madada AvI maLI hatI, paNa phrenca lekone kaI taraphanI madada nahatI. cAra cha mahinA merI bahAdUrIthI lAlIe pinDIcerIne bacAva karyo. Akhare dArUgoLo tathA annasAmagrI khuTatAM nirUpAya thaI lAlIne zatrune zaraNe javA pharaja paDI (tA. 15 jAnevArI, 1761). A prasaMge lAlI ane tenA sipAIo jIva upara AvI laDatA hatA. lAlI pite tathA tenA hAtha heThaLanA keTalAka phenca mANaso laDavAmAM mamatI rahyA, ane Akhara paryata zaravIra sipAIone yogya thAya tevuM vartana karyuM; zaraNe javAno vakhata AvatAM keTalAka rAjadrohI phrenca sojo ghaNIja bezarama rIte varyA hatA te ItihAsamAM jAhera che. pinDIcerIne kabaje lIdhA pachI aMgrejoe tenI killebaMdhI jamInadosta karI hatI. aMgrejoe lAlIne madrAsathI igleMDa mokalAvI dIdhuM. tyAM aMgrejo virUddha devabhAva nahIM batAvavAnA temaja bIjI aneka bAbatanA sogana lIdhA pachI ene chuTake che ane te svadeza pAcho pharyo. ahIM paNa tene zAMta besavAnuM nahatuM. hiMdustAnamAM jevI rIte aneka zatruo tenI sAmA kapaTa karatA hatA tema phrAnsamAM paNa thayuM. teNe jema jema zatrune niSedha karI svakRtyanuM samarthana karyuM tema tema tenA zatruo jora para AvyA, ane sarvee eka mata thaI tenI virUddha pharIAda uThAvI. A saghaLAnuM pariNAma ghaNuM bhayaMkara AvyuM. paraMtu pite niraparAdhI che e vicAra upara draDha rahI je thAya te bhagavAne paNa nAsI nahIM javAno teNe nizcaya karyo. dezadrohane mukadama tenA upara traNa varSa cAlyA pachI Akhare nyAyAdhIzoe tene phAMsInI zikSA pharamAvI, ane te tA. 9 mI me 1766 ne dIne amalamAM mukAI AvI duHkhadAyaka rIte A zara purUSane aMta Avyo. phrenca rAjyanI te samayanI sthiti kevI kharAba hatI te A uparathI khulluM dekhAya che. lAlIne tenAM kRtyane mATe

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prakaraNa 19 muM] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 525 dehAnta daMDanI zikSA bhegavavI paDI e kharuM, paNa je asaMkhya lekee tene kaMI paNa Teke Ayo nahIM ane khullI rIte rAjadraha karyo tenI keie tapAsa suddhAM karI nahIM, e phrAnsanI nyAyI buddhi! busI paNa svadeza gaye. teNe aDhaLaka dalita ekaThI karI hatI te upara ghaNe vakhata teNe mojamajAha uDAvI, ane vIsa varSa pachI sane 1781 mAM pharIthI phrenca sainyanuM Adhipatya svIkArI te karnATaka Avyo; paNa te kaMI karI zake te agAu tenuM maraNa thayuM. A pramANe phrenca dezabhakatae hiMdustAnamAM dezanI sattA sthApavA mATe upADele upakrama niSphaLa gaye. phrenca kaMpanInuM prayojana na rahevAthI sarakAre sane 1768 mAM te baMdha karI. piDIcerIne kabaje lIdhA bAda aMgrejoe aMjI, thIyAgaDha vagere jonAM asaMkhya saMsthAne tAbe karI levAthI keTalAka phrenca sipAIo nAsI jaI haidaraallInI nokarImAM joDAyA. sane 1763 mAM pArIsa AgaLa tahanAmuM thatAM piDIcerI, kArIkala, mAhI vagere keTalIka jagyAo phenca lekone pAchI maLI, je adyApI temanI pAse che. A pachI temaNe potAnuM rAjya hiMdustAnamAM sthApavA pharIthI kaMIka prayatna karyo, paNa temane yaza na maLavAthI vAMDIzanI laDAIthIja phrenca lekane hiMdustAnamAM itihAsa pure thayo ema kahI zakAya. 5, lAlInA apayazanuM avalokana -A yuddhamAM lAlIne kema yaza maLe nahIM tene ApaNe vicAra karIe. jhanunathI, kuzaLatAthI tathA jhapATAbaMdha aMgrejo sAme laDI temane nAza karavAnuM mukhya kAma lAlInuM hatuM, paNa e traNe bAbatamAM kenca lokoe aneka bhUle karI hatI. pahelAM lAlI jAte bahAdura ane sAhasa kheDavAmAM tatpara hatuM chatAM te senApatinA kAma mATe lAyaka nahe. hiMdustAna AvavAne tenI nimaNuMka karavAmAM AvI te agAu tenI nAlAyakI eka kenya pradhAne kabula karI hatI. te atyaMta tAmasI, utAvaLo, haThIle ane helI hate. zikSA karavAmAM te atizaya kaDaka hatuM, ane maheDAmAMthI kahADelA zabdo pAchA kheMcate nahIM. koInI sahaja bhUla thatAM athavA tenI tarapha virodha batAvatAM

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para6 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. te tarataja meghagarjanAnI peThe gAjI uThate. tenA AvA svabhAvane lIdhe tAbAnA mANase tene aMtaHkaraNa pUrvaka madada karatA nahIM, paNa dUrathI tenI phajetI thatI joI AnaMda mAnatA, ane game teTaluM nukasAna thAya to paNa lAlInuM mAnabhaMga karavAmAM moTI AbarU meLavI hoya tema gaNatA. lAlInA A svabhAvane lIdhe ja kenya sattAne bhAre dhakko pahoMcatAM te A dezamAMthI nirmaLa thaI senApatimAM jAti kauzalya keTaluM joIe, ane te zodhavA mATe uparI adhikArIoe kevA prakAranI dakSatA vAparavI joIe te A uparathI vyakta thAya che. marAThAonA ItihAsamAM paNa evAM udAharaNa puSkaLa maLI Ave che. ema chatAM lAlInI pheja ati utkRSTa hatI, ane te je eka varSa pahelAM ahIM AvI hatI te enuM kAma ghaNuM kharuM pAra paData. hiMdustAnamAM lazkara mokalavAno TharAva kranya sarakAre 1755 mAM karyo, ane te anavaye sane 1756 mAM yuddha zarU thatAMja kAnsathI te nIkaLI zakyuM hota te aMgrejonI muzkelIne prasaMge te A dezamAM AvI pahoMcata. e varSanA juna mAsamAM navAbe aMgrejone baMgALAmAMthI hAMkI kahADyA hatA, ane akaTobaramAM madrAsanuM saghaLuM lazkara laI kalAIva te prAMtamAM gayo hato. Ave vakhate aMgrejoe jevI cAlAkI batAvI tevI phrenca loke batAvI zakyA nahIM. hukama maLavA bAda kaMI paNa vakhata gumAvyA vinA lAlI TrAnsathI nIkaLI paDyo hato te sane 1757 nA AraMbhamAM te piDIcarI pahoMcI zakata. vakhate AvI lAlIe kinArA uparathI ane busIe haidrAbAda taraphathI madrAsamAMnA aMgrejo para saMpta humalo karyo hota te A thakavI nAMkhanArA temaja kaMTALA bharelA jhagaDAne aMta tAbaDatoba AvI jAta. lAlIe gumAvele vakhata aMgrejone anukULa paDe. te pUrva kinArA upara AvI lAge te pahelAM teoe baMgALAmAM potAnI sattA besADI hatI, ane nANuMnI temaja mANasanI puSkaLa madada temane maLI hatI. baMgALAmAMthI kalA kenca lekene hAMkI mukyA hatA, ane karnala phorDane mokalI dakSiNamAM temane gheryA hatA. malipaTTaNanuM uttama baMdara kenyanA

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57. prakaraNa 19 muM.] karnATakamAM trIjuM yuddha hAthamAMthI pharDa laI levAthI busIne maLanArI madada jatI rahI, nijhAmanA darabAramAM tenI beAbarU thaI ane dakSiNamAMthI kenyane paga kAyamane nIkaLyo. A saghaLuM nakAmo vilaMba karavAnuM ja pariNAma hatuM. | lAlInA svabhAvane lIdheja DAzee tene madada karI nahIM, teNe ahIMnA lekenI temaja pradezanI khabara meLavavA tajavIja karI nahIM, ane maLelI mAhitI taracheDI kahADI hatI, kharca khuTavAthI akaLAI jaI game tevAM karyo te karavA lAge. A sthitimAM aMgrejonA kAphalAe phrenca vahANone nAza karyo tyAre haidrAbAdathI busIne ekadama bolAvI maMgAvavA tene jarUra paDI. tenI sAthe lAlIe regya vartaNuka calAvI hatI te harakata nahatI. paNa tenuM apamAna thatAM lAlIne saghaLo AdhAra jato rahyo. bhAre muzkelIothI te gherAI gayA, tenA hAthamAM bacAvanuM eka paNa sAdhana rahyuM nahIM; mANase vipharyA hatAM. lazkarane tenA upara avizvAsa hato. AvA saMkaTamAM akaLAI jaI teNe madrAsa upara humale karyo; emAM tene kaMI phateha maLI nahIM. pinDIcerImAM sarvatra udAsInatA ane nirAzAnI chAyA prasarI rahI, ane Akhare vAMDIvaoNzanI laDAIe saghaLI vAtano aMta ANyo. 6 phrencanI paDatI upara vivecana-sane 1761 mAM pinDIcerI aMgrejone zaraNe jatAM A be pAzcAtya prajA vaccenA hiMdustAnamAMnAM yuddhane aMta Avyo. sane 1725 thI sane 1769 mAM phrenca kaMpanI baMdha paDI te daramiyAnanAM cALIsa varSamAM 37 karoDa 60 lAkha kAMka ekale sumAre vIsa karoDa rUpIA phrenca sarakAre hiMdustAnamAM vepAra karavA mATe kaMpanIne vyAje dhIryA hatA. e rakamamAMthI lagabhaga dasa karoDa rUpIA nukasAna thayuM hatuM. e kheTa mATenI je kacATa pAchaLathI rahI teja mAtra A saghaLA. pracaMDa prayAsane phAyade kAnsane thaye ema vaMTera jaNAve che. sane 1763 nA pArIsanA tahanAmAnI rUe agAunAM be cAra saMsthAne kenyanA tAbAmAM AvyAM kharAM, paNa e ThekANe killebaMdhI karavAnI temaja lazkara rAkhavAnI manAI hovAthI phrenca sattAne sadaMtara nAza thayela lekhI zakAya. yuddha mATe kiMvA vepAra mATe kinArA upara taTabaMdhI karelI jagyA

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pa28 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. joIe, ane yuropiyana AramArathI tene bacAva karavo joIe, paNa e banne bAbatamAM phrenca leke pAse anukULa sAdhana nahotAM. ekAda be vyaktinA nAlAyakapaNAne lIdhe phrAnsane hiMdustAnamAM khamavuM paDayuM hatuM te te mATe jogavAI karavAnuM kaMI muzkela nahatuM, paraMtu e uparAMta bIjAM asaMkhya sAmAnya ane prabaLa kAraNe hatAM. eka arvAcIna phrenca lekhakanA vicAra pramANe anya sarakAre ApelA hukame lAlIe bAju mukyA heta, ane tenI rAjanIti svIkArI busInI salAha mAnya karI hota te hiMdI bAdazAhIne mugaTa Aje vIkaTorIA rANIne mAthA upara bIrAjate nahIM. AvuM pratipAdana karavuM e ghaNuM jokhama bhareluM che. kulenI kalpanA zakti ane busInI hoMzIArI game teTalI hoya chatAM temanI vyavasthAne saghaLo AdhAra dezI rAjAonA darabAra mAM pitAne lAgavaga cAlu rAkhavA upara, eTale pitAnI hIlacAlanI temaja vyavahAranI maryAdA bane teTalI vadhAravA upara hatA. hiMdustAnanA rAjAo upara lazkarI karaba besADI rAjyavistAra karavAnuM temane mATe zakya hatuM, paNa ethI rAjyane mULa pAyo taiyAra thaI zakato nathI. Aje paNa evI kaMIka sthiti ApaNane dRSTigocara thAya che. pitAnA mulakanI sarahada uparanA temaja tenI AsapAsanA sattAdhIzonA pradezamAM dakhala karI aMgrejoe pitAnuM rAjya vadhAryuM ane hajI paNa vadhAre che. e aMgrejI rAjyane mULa pAye ane tene mukhya AdhArasthaMbha yuropamAM che. jyAM sudhI yuropamAM samartha che, tyAM sudhI A rAjyavistArane aDacaNa AvavAnI nathI. rAjyanA AvA vistArane lIdhe rASTrIya AramArane puSTi maLe che ene InakAra thaI zakatuM nathI. A nyAya tatkAlIna phrenca rAjyane barAbara lAgu paDe che. mULamAMja jyAre kenca rAjya zaktihIna hatuM, te hiMdustAnamAMnA becAra rajavADAo sAthe yuktithI kiMvA jabarAIthI karela sneha saMbaMdha zuM upagane hate? hiMdamAMthI aMgrejone bahAra kahADavAnuM kAma kenca mATe azakya hatuM. lAlInI jagyAe phule athavA bIjA kaI divya purUSanI

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prakaraNa 19 muM. ] karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha. 529 nimaNuka thaI hatI te paNa, te samayanI paristhitinuM aitihAsika daSTie avakana karatAM, e kAma temane mATe ati durdhaTa mAlama paDe che. kensa sattAnI paDatI Akasmika, kAlpanika athavA daivika kAraNone lIdhe thaI hatI e jemano abhiprAya hoya temaNe itihAsanuM adhyayana karavAnI jarUra nathI. A pheraphAra mAnavI zakitathI utpanna thAya che ane tene AdhAra mAnavI buddhi upara hoya che ema samajanArAne ja e adhyayana upayegI thAya che. phrenca sarakAre plene aNu vakhate belAvI levAthI, lAkhune ane DAzenA pitAnAM vahANa laI ekadama cAlyA javAthI, athavA lAlInA utAvaLIA tathA haThIlA svabhAvane lIdhe, agara evAMja bIjAM kAraNane lIdhe hiMdustAnamAMthI phrenca sattA adrazya thaI evuM kaMI nahatuM. A kAraNonuM pariNAma thoDA vakhatanuM heya, paNa AkharanuM pariNAma e kAraNathI khAsa karI badalAI zakate nahIM. bIjA keTalAka lekhake evuM pratipAdana kare che ke dUranA pradezamAM jaI moTAM moTAM rAjakIya parAkrama karavAnI akkala tathA sAhasa phrAnsamAM na hovAthI tenI sattA hiMdustAnamAM sthApana thaI nahIM. e kahevuM paNa uparanA jevuM ja aprAjaka che. sAhasa, kalpanAzakti ItyAdI guNamAM kAnsa anya dezo karatAM bIlakula utaratuM nahotuM. sattaramA ane aDhAramA saikAmAM amerikA ane eziyA khaMDamAM phrenca lokee aneka DahApaNa bharelAM temaja sAhasika kAmo karyA che. paraMtu phrenca rASTranI nyunatA bIjI bAbatemAM hatI. paMdaramA luInI kArakirdImAM DAnsane kArabhAra DahApaNathI calAvavAmAM Avyo nahota; rAjyamAMnA moTA meTA banAvo cAlAka pradhAne mAraphata nahIM, paNa rAjAnI marajI saMpAdana karelI rakhAya tathA maskarAo mAraphata thatA. aDhAramA saikAmAM kenca sattAne nAza thavAnAM bIjAM aneka kAraNe che te sarva ahIM ApavAnuM prayojana nathI. "sAta varSanAM yuddhamAM kAnsane hiMdustAnamAM ja apayaza maLe ema nahotuM, paNa eja yuddhamAM uttara amerikAmAMnAM tathA AphrikAmAMnAM saghaLAM vasAhata tenA hAthamAMthI jatAM rahyAM, utkRSTa vesTa InDIAnA TApue tene choDI devA paDyA,

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530 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. jarmanImAM tenI purI phajetI thaI samudra upara jyAM tyAM teNe hAra khAdhI. A yuddhamAM kAnsane A saghaLAM pariName bhegavavAM paDyAM te pachI hiMdustAnamAMnI phrenca sattA mAtra lAlInI kamaakkalane lIdhe athavA Duplene pAche belAvI levAne lIdhe nAza pAmI ema kema kahI zakAya? have A yuddhamAM phrenca lekane parAjya thavAnAM ane aMgrejone yaza maLavAnAM khAsa kAraNe kyAM hatAM te ApaNe joIe. baMgALAnA navAbane parAbhava thatAM (1) baMgALa prAMta aMgrejone maLavAthI paisA, lazkara vagere yuddhanI sarva sAmagrI temane AtI taiyAra maLI, ane yuddha karavA mATe bahAra javAnI sattA ApanArI jagyA utpanna thaI AvI svasattAnI phrenca lekonI jagyA merIzIasa hatI, paNa te dUra hovA uparAMta baMgALa prAMta jeTalI samRddhi nahotI. (2) bIjI mukhya bAbata e hatI ke subhAgye aMgrejone kalAIva sarakhe advitIya purUSa maLyo hato. phrenca saradAra lAlI pratyeka bAbatamAM lAIva karatAM utarato hato. A tAtkAlika kAraNe thayAM; paNa phrenca zakti nirmaLa thavAnAM sAmAnya kAraNa heThaLa pramANe hatAM-(3) phenca IsTa IDIA kaMpanInI sAMparika sthiti ghaNI kharAba hatI; (4) yuropamAM temaja hiMdustAnamAM tene kArabhAra vyavasthita cAlatuM nahotuM; (5). yuropamAMnA rAjyakArabhAranI sagavaDa mATe hiMdustAnamAMnA vepAra tathA vasAhatane durUpayoga karavAmAM AvatA. (6) phrAnsanA kAphalAnI sattA adazya thaI javAthI te dUranA pradezonuM rakSaNa karavAmAM azakya nIvaDayuM; ane (7) aMgreja rAye A jhagaDAmAM aMtaHkaraNapUrvaka tathA ullAsathI lakSa ghAlyuM. temanI taraphathI yuddhanuM sutra halAvanArA gRhastho ghaNuM hoMzIAra hatA, temanA yuddha khAtAnA mukhya viliama piTa jevA cAlAka mANase Aja sudhImAM ghaNuM thaDA utpanna thayA che. dezamAMnA sAhasika ane himatavAna lekene sAre Teko ApI temanI mAraphata rAjyanuM kAma uttama prakAre piTe karAvI lIdhuM. bIjI tarapha phrAnsanA rAjA paMdaramAM luInI tathA tenA nItibhraSTa salAhakAronI tulanA piTa sAthe kevI rIte thaI zake? beu deza vaccene A bheda dhyAnamAM rAkhavA joga che. (8) ubhaya dezanAM zikSaNamAM temaja pragatimAM

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prakaraNa 19 muM. ] karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha 53 phrAnsanI avadazAnuM prarAvartana thAya che. uparAcAparI apayaza maLavAthI dUranA pradezamAM vasAhata sthApI rAjya vadhAravAnuM yaMgya che ke nahIM e prazna phrAnsamAM AgaLa Avyo. meMTezya jevA vidvAne pratipAdana karyuM hatuM ke dezamAMnAM sArAM sArAM mANaso AvA kAmamAM bahAra dezAvara javAthI dezanuM moTuM nukasAna thAya che. e pachI vaoNTare paNa evA ja vicAre jAhera karyA. anya dezomAM jaI vasAhata karavA virUddha tene abhiprAya hevAthI te spaSTa rIte kahevA lAgyo ke keneDAne prAMta hAthamAMthI ja rahyo ethI kAnsane meTa phAyado thaze. baraphavALA ane nirUpayogI pradeza sArU jIva evAthI zuM hAMsala thAya? pArIsa ane laMDananA lekanI mojamajAha mATe kaoNphI, tapakhIra ane masAlA ANavAnA kAmamAM kanya prajAnuM rakta zuM kAma kharacavuM? e pachI thayela rUse ezaArAma ane te samayanA sudhArAne khare verI hata. phrAnsamAM dharmAdhikArIone asIma lAgavaga hatA, te jaDamULathI ukheDI nAMkhavA mATe voTera ane rU jevA purUSoe athAga prayatna karyA. A prakAranAM zikSaNane pariNAme pArakA mulakamAM vasAhata ane rAjya sthApanA karavA virUddha vicAravaMta phrenca purUSano abhiprAya baMdhAyo hate. ethI ulaTuM IglaMDamAM dharmanI bAbatanI takarAre baMdha paDI, lekamAM vicArasvAtaMtratAne ane dareka prakArano sudhAro karavAnI kalpanAne phelAvo thavA lAgyo hato. vyApAranI vRddhi mATe vicArasvAtaMtra avazya jarUranuM che. phAve tyAM bhaTakavuM, joIe te khAvuM, jarUra paDe tevA AcAra vicAra rAkhavA, evA prakAranI sAmAjIka, dhArmika ane naitika svataMtratA lekamAM hayA sivAya temane hAthe vepAra jevAM kAmo pAra paDI zake nahIM. iMglaMDamAM A prakAranA navIna vicAra zarU thavAthI tenA vepAra tathA rAjyane asIma vRddhi maLI. A jAtanI vicArasvAtaMtratA parTugala, spena athavA phrAnsamAM te vakhate utpanna na thayelI hovAthI te te dezanA vyApAraddhinA temaja rAjya vistAranA prayatna siddha thayA nahIM. iMglaMDamAM sAmAjIka, dhArmika vagere bAbatamAM aprojaka baMdhanemAMthI vicArI ane vidvAna lokonAM mana mukta thavAthI, temanAmAM cokkasa prakAranI buddhi utpanna thaI hatI, ane sagavaDa

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532 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. bhareluM tathA upayogI hoya te karavAmAM keIne aDacaNa karavI nahIM, evo vicAra sAmAnya rIte AkhA dezamAM pracalita thayA hatA," evuM IgleMDane vidhAna itihAsakAra lekI pratipAdana kare che. AvA vicArasvAtaMtrane gati maLatAM, aDhAramA saikAnA madhya bhAgamAM vepAra tathA rAjya vRddhinA kAmamAM aMgrejoe jhakAvyuM, ane te sarva rIte phattehamaMda thayA. pArTagala tathA pene A udyoga zarU karyo, tyAre uparanA vicArasvAtaMtratAne abhAve te udyoga Akhare niSphaLa gayo. phrAnsanI sthiti saghaLI rIte spena porTugala sarakhI nahotI te paNa ghaNI kharI bAbatamAM tene maLatI AvatI hatI. kAnsamAM dharmakhAtAMne kAbu bIjI rASTrIya caLavaLa upara puSkaLa hate. karnATakamAM lAlI jhanunathI laDate hatuM tyAre tene utArI pADI TrAnsanI rAjakIya zakitane hAnI pahoMcADavA mATe penDIcerImAM jeyITa pAdarI lAhuranA mahAna prayatna cAlu hatA. tAtparya ke amuka eka dharma saMbaMdhI durAgraha pAra pADavA mATe rASTranI bIjI bAbatamAM upayoga mAM AvatuM sAmarthya hIna karavA dharma khAtAnAM mANaso hamezA tatpara hatAM. pAzcAtya prajA anya dezomAM dAkhala thaI tyAre paradezI lekane jerajulamathI khristI dharmamAM vaTalAvavAne temaNe sapATo calAvyo. dharma saMbaMdhI A durAgraha manamAMthI jAte rahetAM mutsaddI lekane vyavahAra nirvidhane cAle che; evI svataMtratA vinA temanAM kAma pAra utarI zakatAM nathI. aMgrejone hiMdustAnamAM pitAnA dhArmika jussAne mULathIja dabANamAM rAkha paDyo hatuM. aMgreja IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe upADele udyoga hiMdustAnamAM phaLIbhUta thavAnAM je naitika kAraNo hatAM temAM aMgrejonA manamAMnA vyavahArika vicAro ane dhArmika durAgrahane abhAva e be prabaLa hatAM. karnATakamAM aMgreja senca vacce je traNa jhagaDA thayA temAMnA pahelA ane bIjAmAM beu pakSa ghaNuMkharA barAbaraja hatA. bIjAmAM kadAcita phrenca sattA theDI ghaNI jora upara hatI ema kahI zakAya. trIjA ane chellA jhagaDAmAM phrAnsanI A dezamAMnI sattAne nAza thayo, ane e pachI kAnsa pitAnuM mAthuM pharIthI uMcuM karI zakyuM nahIM. vIsa varSa pachI sane

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prakaraNa 19 muM.] karNATakamAM trIjuM yuddha 533 1781 mAM teNe hiMdustAna tarapha kAphele mokalI gumAvele vaibhava pAcho meLavavA prayatna karyo. e kAphalAne mukhya adhipati sana (Suffren) atyaMta kuzaLa ane advitIya purUSa hato, chatAM hiMdI kinArA upara svasattAnuM eka paNa majabUta ThekANuM kAnsanA hAthamAM na hovAthI te kaMI mahatvanuM kAma karI zakyo nahIM. e veLA sarva bAjuthI zatruo IglaMDanI sAmA uThyA hatA chatAM teNe te saghaLAnI sAmA yuktithI pitAne bacAva karyo, ane phrAnsane yaza maLyo nahIM. AthI sane 1763 nuM varSa hiMdustAnane lagatA pAzcAtya prajAnA ItihAsamAM vizeSa smaraNaya che. te varSathI iMglaMDanA saghaLA yuropiyana pratispardhIo nAza pAmI tipitAne sthAne svastha besI gayA ane iMglaMDanI sattA niSkaTeka thaI yuropiyana zatruo dUra thavAthI iMglaMDane ahIM dezI rAjAonA sAthe bAtha bhIDavAnI rahI. sane 1763 pachI je jhagaDA dezI ane aMgreja vacce uThavAne have temAM yaza kone maLaze e bAbata saMzaya rAkhavAne kAraNa nahatuM, ane aneka sujJa purUSoe tenuM acuka bhaviSya agADIthI bhAkhyuM hatuM. prakaraNa 20 muM. surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA sane 1756. 1. bagALAnA navAba. 2. alivadyakhAna. 3. jakAta mArIne durUpayega. 4. surAja-uda-daulAne gusse uzkeravAnAM kAraNe. 5. kAsIma bajAranI vakhAranI paDatI. 6. kalakattAmAMthI aMgrejone uThAva. 7. bleka hola" urphe aMdhArI koTaDIne banAva.8. aMgrejoe kalakattA pAchuM meLavyuM. 1, baMgALAnA navAba (sa. 1701-42) -baMgALAmAM aMgrejonAM saMsthAna kevI rIte sthApana thayAM tenI hakIkata 10 mA prakaraNanA 4 thA * A tathA enI pachInAM prakaraNamAMnI mAhitI samajavAmAM nIcenAM bhUgalika sthAne dhyAnamAM rAkhavAM joIe. bhAgIrathI paTanAthI agnikoNamAM vahe che tene rAja

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534 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. vibhAgamAM temaja 12 mAM prakaraNanA 3 jA tathA 4 thA vibhAgamAM AvI gaI che. hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjyanI sthApanAnI zarUAta baMgALAmAM thaI ane e prAMta prathama temanA kabajAmAM AvavAthI bhaviSyamAM rAjyavistAra karavAnuM temane sAmartha maLyuM. A kAraNane lIdhe baMgALAmAM aMgrejone dezI adhikArIo sAthe saMbaMdha kevI rIte baMdhAte gaye te jANavuM avazya che. lAMbA kALa sudhI A prAMtamAM pararAjya hatuM. teramA saikAnA prathama ardha bhAgamAM baMgALa prAMta musalamAnonA tAbAmAM gaye, tyArapachI pAMca varSa thaI gayAM chatAM temane kAbu DhIle paDyo hate nahIM. megala bAdazAhanA amalamAM e prAMtane vahivaTa calAvavA mATe bAdazAha pitAne subedAra mekala. auraMgajebanA maraNa bAda e subedAra svataMtra thaye, ane tene adhikAra vaMzaparaMparAno thayo. upara kahelA pAMca varSanA kALamAM bahAranA navA musalamAne dezamAM puSkaLa AvyA, tathApi ahIM hiMdIonI bharatI vizeSa rahI ane hajI paNa che. mukhya adhikArI musalamAna hatuM chatAM hAlanI mAphaka te samaye paNa saghaLo kA kArabhAra hiMdI nAkaronA hAthamAM hatuM. lazkaramAM hiMduonI saMkhyA vizeSa hatI; hisAbanuM kAma tathA vepAra e sarva hiMdu mATe nirmANa thayelAM hatAM. amIcaMda ane nagarazeTha u jagatazeTha vagere dhanADhaya vepArIone lAgavaga rAjyamAM asIma hevAthI, temanI saMmati vinA eka pAMdaDuM paNa hAlI zakatuM nahIM. ema chatAM sAmAnya janasamuhane rAjakIya pheraphAranI paravA nahotI. sAdhAraNa rIte hiMduo nirvyasanI, AdarazIla ane dhArmika hatA. strIo bhAre mamatALu ane patiniSTha hatI. temanA sAmAjIka, dhArmika mahAlanI nIce eka phATe kare che. tene hugalI nadI kahe che. A nadI ghaNIkharI dakSiNa tarapha vahetI hovAthI kalakattAnI nIce samudrane maLe che. ene kAMThe murzidAbAda, kAsImabajAra, plAsI, khaTavA, hugalI, cinasurA, caMdranagara, kalaktA ane tenA mukha AgaLa kuTA karIne zahere che. upara bhAgIrathIne kAMThe bakasAra, paTanA, meMgIra, bhAgalapUra, rAjamahAla tathA gherIA che, ane e saghaLAM hugalIne phAMTe nIkaLe che te pahelAM sAmasAmI bAjue AvelAM che.

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prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAjauda-daulA ane baMgALA. 535 ane audyogika viSayomAM rAjyakartA taraphathI upadrava thatuM na hovAthI teo ghaNuMkharuM pararAjyanI bAbatamAM bephIkara hatA. te samayane eka aMgreja grahastha lakhe che ke "ame pAzcAtya lekanAM mana vikAravaza hevAthI sukhaduHkhanA pracaMDa pheraphAre amane bhogavavA paDe che, tevuM hiMdustAnamAM thatuM nathI. nAnapaNamAM lagna thavAthI raMDIbAjI tathA laMpaTa5NAmAM leke sapaDAtA nathI. dharmane lIdhe samAdhAnavRttinuM poSaNa thatuM hovAthI mahatvAkAMkSA, hoMsAtasI ItyAdi duHkhada lAgaNIo temanAmAM ratI nathI; temane madyapAnanI khabara na hovAthI tatsaMbaMdhI tathA strIviSayaka durAcAra temanAmAM udbhavatA nathI. A saghaLAnuM eka ulaTa pariNAma evuM dekhAya che ke pAzcAtya prajA pramANe doDadhAma, caMcaLatA, irSA ItyAdi mAnasika zaktio hiMdumAM tIvra thatI nathI. temanI sAdI raheNI tathA dezanI uSNa havAne lIdhe tIvra zaktine avarodha thate temaja temanI draSTi aMkezamAM rahevAthI aihika bAbatamAM temanAmAM saMkaDe varSa thayAM kaMI pharaka paDele dekhAtuM nathI.' - pAMca varSanA musalamAnI amala daramiyAna A sthitimAM bhAgye ja pheraphAra thayA hatA. e lAMbA kALamAM hiMduo rAjyanika hatA, ane temanA upara koI paNa prakArane julama thatuM nahIM. hIla sAheba kahe che ke, aDhAramA saikAnA prathama ardha bhAgamAM baMgALAnA khetIkAranI sthiti, phrAnsa athavA jarmanInA kheDutonA pramANamAM ghaNI sArI hatI." mogala bAdazAhInA paDatInA kALamAM mahArASTranI peThe baMgALAmAM paNa hiMduonAM mana musalamAna sAmA uzkerAyAM hatAM, ane ghaNuM lekonA manamAM svarAjyanA vicAre ghoLAtA hatA. surAja-uda-dalAnI kArakirdImAM hiMdu lokene A gusse puSkaLa vadhI gayo hato. vepAra tathA udyoga dhaMdhe hiMduonA hAthamAM hovAthI, ane aMgreja, kenca tathA valaMdA leke kevaLa vepAra calAvatA hovAthI, A pAzcAtya prajAne * Scrofton's Reflections on the Gvernment of Hindustan in Hill's Bengal P. XXI.

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. saghaLe vyavahAra bahudhA hiMduo sAthe cAlate. vepArane paravAno meLavavA puratI ja temane musalamAna adhikArIonI jarUra paDatI. kalakattA, caMdranagara ane cinasurAmAM anukrame aMgreja, phenca ane valaMdAonAM moTAM saMsthAna hevAthI te zahere sArI AbAdI bhogavatAM hatAM. tyAMnA sArA baMdobastane lIdhe surAja-uda-daulAnI vhIkathI puSkaLa hiMdu vepArIo pitAne mAla ane delata yurepiyananI hadamAM laI jaI mukatA hatA. auraMgajebanI Akhara avasthA sudhI baMgALAne vahivaTa vyavasthitapaNe cAlyo hate. sane 1696 mAM bAdazAhe pitAnA pitra ajIma-ujJAnane baMgALAne kArabhAra hate. 1701 mAM murzidakullIkhAnanI navAba ajIma-usthAnanA hAtha heThaLa baMgALAnA dIvAna tarIke nimaNuMka thaI. e asala brAhmaNa hate paNa pAchaLathI vaTalI gayo hato. ene ajIma-ukzAna sAthe banAva rahyo nahIM. ajIma-ujJAna paisAne moTo bhI hatuM, tenI meherabAnI meLavI aMgrejoe tene najarANuM vagere ApI khuza karyo, ane tenI pAsethI baMgALAmAM sutanaTTI, goviMdapura ane kAlIkoTa nAmanAM traNa gAmaDAM kharIda karyA (sa. 1698). e mATe darasAla 1195 rUpIA aMgrejone jamIna mehesula tarIke bharavA paDatA hovAthI A kharIdIthI teone jamInadAranI paddhI prApta thaI. bIjA jamInadAre mAphaka lekene daMDa karI, phaTakA mArI, kedamAM purI, temaja bIjI aneka rIte emaNe te gAma upara pitAne amala calAvyo. paNa A vAta hugalInA mogala adhikArIne pasaMda nahIM paDavAthI emanI virUddha teNe pharIAda karI. pharIthI aMgrejoe ajImausthAnanuM maheNuM dAbavAthI A pharIAda nakAmI gaI, ane dhIredhIre kalakattA AbAda thatuM gayuM. e veLA baMgALAnuM mukhya thANuM DhAkAmAM hatuM, paNa murzidakullIkhAna ahIMthI musadAbAda cAlyo gayo hate. e jagyA prAMtanA madhya bhAgamAM hovAthI thaI paDaze, rAjyakArabhAra mATe sagavaDa bharelI tathA lazkarI baMbasta rAkhavA tathA vasulAta ekaThI karavAmAM te jagyA atyaMta anukULa paDaze ema jANI, murzidakullI khAne tyAM banAvI, rAjadhAnI karI, sane 1704 mAM

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537 prakaraNa 20 muM. surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. te zaheranuM asala nAma badalI teNe pitAnA nAma uparathI murzidAbAda nAma ApyuM. sane 1713 mAM murzidanI subedAranI jagyAe nimaNuka thatAM AkhA prAMtane mukhya kArabhAra tenI pAse AvyA. aMgreja jevA paradezI vepArIo tenA kArabhAranAM lakSaNa jANI gayA hatA. sane 1706 mAM temane kAsImabajAramAM kaThI ghAlavA paravAnagI ApI te mATe teNe pacIsa hajAra rUpIA lIdhA. bahArathI ANelI cAMdInAM nANuM murzidAbAdanI TaMkazALamAM pADI levA mATe A vakhAra aMgrejoe mudAma te zahera nI pAse rAkhI hatI. sane 1713 mAM murzidakulIne aMgrejo upara ghaNe julama thavA lAge tyAre temaNe pitAnA vakIlane dilhI mokalI bAdazAha pAsethI navuM pharamAna meLavyuM, te AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. e pharamAna sane 1717 mAM subedArane tyAM raju thayuM. paraMtu teno artha murzidakullIkhAne aMgrejone phAyado thAya tevI rIte karyo nahIM. chatAM teNe karIne aMgrejonA vepArane mogala kAyadAne Azraya maLavA uparAMta phrenca ane valaMdA karatAM temane puSkaLa savaLatA maLI. murzidakullIkhAne jamAbaMdhImAM puSkaLa pheraphAra karavAthI bAdazAhanI Avaka vadhI, paNa hiMduo upara tene amala ati dusaha nIvaDyo. pitAnI rAjadhAnImAMnAM saghaLAM deherAM eNe pADI nAkhyAM. jagata zeTha karIne eka dhanADhathe vepArI kuTuMba enAja samayamAM murzidAbAdamAM udaya pAmyuM hatuM. A kuTuMbane sthApaka mANekacaMda nAmane eka jaina vepArI hatuM. tenA bhatrIjA phohacaMdane tyAMnI mukhya sarakArI peDhIne sarva adhikAra tathA jagatazeThane khItAba maLyo. mANekacaMda sane 1732 mAM tathA phatehacaMda sane 1744 mAM maraNa pAmyA pachI phatehacaMdanA be patra zeTha mahatAbarIye tathA mahArAjA svarUpacaMde khyAti meLavI. emane viSe vadhu hakIkata AgaLa Avaze. jagatazeTha pAse sarakArI tIjorIne kArabhAra hovAthI, temaja sarakAranI saghaLI levaDa devaDa tenIja mAraphate cAlatI hevAthI, vepAramAM tene sAro phAyado thato. vArSika nidAna cALIsa lAkhane khe naphe tene maLate. murzidakullIkhAna sarva bAbatamAM kuzaLa ane

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538 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pahoMcele hato, teNe prAMtamAM utkRSTa debasta rAkhI vasula puSkaLa vadhAryuM; tethI lazkara vagerene saghaLo kharca kApatAM darasAla dasa lAkhathI vadhAre rakama te dilhI ravAnA kare. navAba murzidakullIkhAna sane 1725 mAM maraNa pAmyA pachI baMgALAne kArabhAra tenA jamAI sujAkhAnanA hAthamAM AvyA. enA amalamAM be aphaghAna saradAre hAjI ahamada ane alivaddakhAna rAjyakArabhAramAM pramukha banyA. sane 1739 mAM avirdIkhAnane bahAra prAMtane kArabhAra maLyo. sanauddIna nAmanA enA pitarAI bhAI sAthe alivadakhAnanI karI paraNI hatI, tene peTe thayele mahamada pAchaLathI surAja-uda-daulA tarIke prasiddhImAM AvyA. mahamada upara alivadakhAnanI puSkaLa maherabAnI hatI. sujAkhAne cauda varSa zAMtapaNe pitAno vahivaTa calAvI sane 1739 mAM deha choDI, tyAre navAbagirInuM kAma tenA putra sarAjakhAnane soMpAyuM, ane prAMtane saghaLo kArabhAra hAjI ahamada ane alivadakhAna pAse rahyA. sarAjakhAna vyasanamAM nimagna rahetuM hovAthI alivadakhAna rAjayanAM kAmamAM mukhyAra thaze. pAchaLathI sarkarAjakhAna sAme baMDa uThAvI alivadakhAne tene sane 1741 mAM laDAImAM mArI nAkhyo, ane tenI pAsethI maLI AvelI Asare eka karoDa rokaDa ane teTalI ja kimatanuM javAhara dilhI mekalI bAdazAhane khuza karyo, eTale bAdazAhe tene baMgALAnA navAbapada upara kAyama karyo. 2, alivadakhAna (sa. 1742-56).--alivada khAnanA amalamAM marAThAoe baMgALa upara svArI zarU karI. A svArIo daza varSa lagI uparAcAparI cAlI hatI. rAghucha bhoMsale ane tenA dIvAna bhAskarapatane prathama alivadakhAna sAme laDavA mATe maiyata navAbanAM mANasoe madadamAM lAvyA hatA. e uparathI bheMsalenI ja sane 1742 mAM baMgALAmAM dAkhala thaI alivadakhAnane parAbhava karI murzidAbAdamAMthI sumAre aDhI karoDa rUpIAno aveja laI gaI pharIthI sane 1744 mAM bhAskarapate baMgALA upara svArI karI tyAre alivardIe yuktithI tenuM khUna karAvyuM. A khunanuM vera levA

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prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 538 rAhujIe baMgALA upara eka sarakhI caDAI karI. alivadakhAnane eTalo herAna kayo, ke sane 1751 mAM orisA prAMta marAThAone kAyamane ApI tathA vArSika bAra lAkhanI khaMDaNI kabula karI, game tema karI tene pitAne bacAva karavo paDyo. A pramANe marAThAone ThaMDA pADyA pachI alivadakhAne pAMca varSa zAMtimAM gujAryo, paNa e daramiyAna surAjauda-daulAne lAgavaga ghaNo vadhI gaye. have pachInI mArAmArI barAbara samajavA mATe surAjauda-daulAnA kuTuMbanI heThaLa ApelI vaMzAvaLI upayogI thaI paDaze mIrajhA mahamada. hAjI ahamada. mR. 1747, alivadakhAna. putrI zAhakhAnama navAba. mR. 1756. =mIrajApharaallIkhAna navAba, sa. 172-60 mIrAna mR. 1760. 1. navAjhIsa mahamada 2. saiyada mahamada 3. raina-udIna u zAhamata jaMga urpha sIkata jaMga ahamada urphe DhAkAne kArabhArI. purniyAno kArabhArI, kairbata jaMga, 5mR. 1755. mR. 1747. TaNane kArabhArI. 1. ghasITA begama. 3. amInAbegama. A traNe putrInA lagna anukrame hAjI ahamadanA traNa putra sAthe thayAM hatAM. mIrajhA mahamada urphe phajhalakullIkhAna, mIrajhAM mahAdI. surAja-uda-daulA, navAba sa. 1756-57. mAnA bApanA lADamAM ucharelo hevAthI surAjauda-daulAne svabhAva ghaNe leharI banyA hatA. vaLI tenAmAM keTalAMka durbasane praveza thavAthI lekenI bIlakula bhakti temanA upara nahatI. keTalAka musalamAna graMthakAre jaNAve che ke tenuM mana ThekANe nahetuM. enI A sthiti joI alivaIkhAnanA mukhamAMthI evA uddagAro bahAra paDAyA hatA ke AnA hAthamAM kArabhAra Avyo te dezamAM kaMIka avanavI uthalapAthala thayA vinA raheze nahIM.

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540 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. maraNa agAu alivadakhAne surAja-uda-daulA pAse segana levADyA hatA ke "huM dArUne hAtha lagADIza nahIM." e sogana teNe akSaraza: pALyA hatA. alivadakhAnanAM maraNa pahelAM aneka saMkaTo utpanna thavAthI surAjauda-daulA sivAya baMgALAne kArabhAra calAvavA bIje kaI lAyaka Isama bacyo nahIM. dilhInI bAdazAhI maraNa pathArIe paDelI hatI. baMgALAmAM surAjane dAda ane jhena-udInane bApa hAjI ahamada sa. 1747 mAM maraNa pAmyA. navAjhIsa mahamada tathA tene dattakaputra phajhalakullIkhAna e bane 5 purUSo hatA, paNa teo sane 1755 agAu A dunIAmAMthI cAlyA gayA hatA. pitAnA bIjA saghaLA pratispardhIone surAje nAza karyo hato. A banAvo banatA hatA tyAre pAzcAtya vepArIo zAMta rIte pitAnuM kAma karyA jatA hatA. alivaddakhAnanuM maraNa nipajatAM rA jyanI ImArata tarataja jamIna desta thaze ema teo mAnatA hovAthI teo aneka tarkavitarka tipitAnI sarakArane lakhI mokalatA hatA. surAjauda-daulAne navAbagirI maLe e aMgrejone azakya lAgatuM hatuM. mAtra thoDAM varSa agAu aphaghAnistAnane amIra abadula rahemAna maraNa pAmyo tyAre te tarapha tephAna phATI uThavAnI yuropiyana prajAe aTakaLa karI hatI, tevAja kaMIka gapATA te samaye baMgALamAM cAlavAthI pAzcAtya vepArI upara A uUkhala surAja-uda-daulA cIraDAI gaye. AvI muzkelImAM rAjyamAM kaMIka vajanadAra gRhastha beu jagata zeTha hevAthI temane bhaktibhAva alivardI tarapha vizeSa hate. senApati mIra jAphara allIkhAnanA hAtha heThaLa mukhya amaladAra rAyadurlabha nAmane hiMdu grahastha ' hatA. A beu jaNanI bahAdurInAM ghaNAM vakhANa thatAM hatAM. A sagha LAo pAsethI surAja-uda-daulAne madada karavAnuM alivadakhAne vacana lIdhuM; temaja teNe ghasITa begama ane surAja vacce salAha karAvavA mATe puSkaLa prayatna karyA, paNa te phohamaMda thayA nahIM. ema chatAM saghaLI bAbatanuM nirAkaraNa karI alivadakhAna sane 1756 nA eprila mAsanI 10 mI tArIkhe maraNa pAme. e veLA enI vaya 82 varSanI hatI. aMgreja graMtha

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prakaraNa 20 muM, ] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 541 kAra orma lakhe che ke, "alivadakhAna sArvajanika kAmamAM hazIAra hatA paNa khAnagI vartanamAM te atyaMta vhIkaNuM hatuM, tenAmAM kaI paNa prakAranuM vyasana nahotuM, ane tenA eka patnivRtane kadI bhaMga thayo hate nahIM." alivadakhAnane kArabhAra aMgrejone pasaMda paDyo nahIM. e temanI sAthe anyAyathI kadI vatya nahote, ema teo pote kabUla kare che; paraMtu mukarara thayelA karAra akSarazaH amalamAM mukAvavA te dakSa hovAthI tenAM kaDakapaNAne lIdhe teo nAkhuza hatA. marAThAonA hallA AvatA hatA tyAre kalakattAne killebaMdha karavAne teNe aMgrejone chUTa ApI hatI eTale teoe "marAThAkhADI" pitAnA killAnI AsapAsa bAMdhI. A lake sAthe laDavAmAM khAnane bhAre kharca thaI javAthI ane tema karavAmAM aMgrejonuM paNa saMrakSaNa thayeluM hovAthI sane 1744-45 mAM teNe aMgrejo pAsethI sADAtraNa lAkha rUpIA lIdhA. e sivAya alivadakhAne temane vizeSa trAsa Apyo nahIM, chatAM bAdazAhane saMpUrNa adhikAra pitA pAse hoya tema te vartate hato. killA bAMdhI tathA lazkaramAM vadhAro karI aMgreje pitAnA bacAvanI tajavIja karavA lAgatA ke turata navAba taraphathI temane pratibaMdha thate, kemake khoTI savaLatA karI ApavAthI teo enI upara caDI beThA vinA raheze nahIM ema te pUrNapaNe jANatA hatA. navAba temane vAraMvAra jaNAvate ke, "tame vepArIone killA bAMdhavAnuM zuM kAma ? tamAruM rakSaNa karanAre huM chuM; tamAre dhAstI rAkhavAne kAraNa nathI. dakSiNa hiMdustAnamAM aMgreja tathA phrenca lokee moTuM maMgala uThAvyuM hatuM ane dezI rAjAone putaLAM mAphaka nacAvyA hatA tenI tene saghaLI mAhitI hatI. agrene gherIAne killo klAIve sara karyo te paNa navAbane pasaMda paDavuM nahIM. AvA banAvo pitAnI hadamAM na thavA pAme evI tenI IcchA hevAthI te kevI rIte pAra pADavI e vicAra tenA manamAM gheLAyA karate hate. aMgrejone teNe ekadama hAMkI kahADyo nahIM, enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke vepAranA kAmamAM teo ghaNuM upayogI thaI paDaze ema te samajato hate. paraMtu prasaMga AvatAM te pitAne hakka pUrNapaNe bajAvavA acakAte nahIM.

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para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je, sane 1749 mAM aMgrejoe kaMI uzkeraNI karI tyAre nukasAna bharapAI thAya tyAM sudhI temane saghaLo vepAra teNe baMdha karyo, ke tarataja teo zaraNe AvyA. ubhaya vacce hameza adekhAI thatI. aMgrejone ema lAgatuM ke "navAba ApaNuM upara vinA kAraNe julama kare che, sane 1717 mAM pharUkhazIara bAdazAhe ApelAM pharamAnanI kalame te barAbara pALatuM nathI, ane kalamane artha marajImAM Ave tema pitAnA phAyadAne kare che.'' enA javAbamAM navAbanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke, "aMgrejone ghaNI sagavaDatA karI ApavAmAM AvI che; teTalAthI saMtoSa mAnI teo svastha besI rahetA nathI, paNa maLelI savaLatAne durUpayoga karI dezI vepArIonuM temaja AkhA rAjyanuM nukasAna kare che." marachamAM Ave te navAbane herAna karatuM ane aMgrejone Azraya letuM. AvA banAvo vAraMvAra banatA hovAthI navAba svAbhAvika rIte gusse tha. 3. jakAta mAphIne durUpayegA,-sane 1615 mAM sara Tomsa e megala bAdazAha pAse vepAranI savaLatA meLavavA upADelI khaTapaTa se varSa lagI temanI tema cAlu hatI. e mATenuM jAzukanuM ane upayogI pharamAna sane 1716 mAM pharUkhazIara bAdazAhanA amalanI aMdhAdhuMdhImAM aMgrejone maLyuM. A vakhatanA nAmadhArI bAdazAhe paDatI bAdazAhI saMbhALavA mahenata karatA hatA. bahAdUrazAhanI ane jahAMdArazAhanI sattA barAbara jAmI nahIM, eTale saghaLA duzmananAM maheDAM baMdha karI pitAne bacAva karavAne pharUkhazIare vicAra karyo. Aja arasAmAM teNe marAThAone cothAIne ane saradezamukhIne haka Ape, ane aMgrejo pAsethI darasAla levAnI rakama karAvI AyAta ane nikAsa vepAranI saMpUrNa chUTa temane ApI. nakkI karelI jakAta bharI hiMdustAnamAM vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI megala bAdazAhe sarva prakAranA lekene ApI hatI. jakAtanI mAphI athavA vepArane mate amuka ekaja prajAne kadI ApavAmAM Avyo nahote. A sthiti auraMgajebanA amalanA aMta sudhI cAlI. tenuM maraNa thatAM

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prakaraNa 20 muM.] suraja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 543 rAjyamAM cAlelI gerarItIne pariNAme paradezI vepArIo upara julama thavA mAMDyA, tyAre aMgrejoe pitAnA be vakIla na sarmana (John Surman) ane kogI sarahauDa (Cogee Serhoud)ne sane 1715 mAM dilhImAM pharUkhazIara bAdazAha pAse mokalyA. aMgreja vepAra mATe jAthakanI yogya vyavasthA karAvI levAne temane hukama hatuM. A prayatna phohamaMda thatAM megala rAjyamAM aMgrejone keTalIka sarate bAdazAhe hameza mATe jakAtanI mAphI karI ApI. jakAta mAphInA A pahelA pharamAnane hetu e hatuM ke, "aMgrejoe suratamAM koThI ghAlI tyArathI kaI veLA sADAtraNa TakA, keAI veLA aDhI TakA ane kaI veLA traNa TakA pramANe jakAta judA judA bAdazAhe temanA upara nAMkhI hatI. sthAnika amaladAronA trAsane lIdhe teoe suratanI vakhAra Aja traNa varSa thayAM baMdha karI che. bahAra ane orisA prAMtamAM temane jakAta ApavI paDatI nathI. baMgALAmAM darasAla teo traNa hajAranI rakama udhaDa Ape che. Avo bhinna prakAra baMdha karI pitAnI pAsethI eka TharAvelI rakama laI AkhA rAjyamAM eka sAmAnya kAyade TharAvI ApavAnI aMgrejonI mAgaNI che. sababa evuM TharAvavAmAM Ave che ke suratamAM temanI pAsethI pezakaza tarIke dasa hajAra rUpiA levA, ane temane marachamAM Ave tyAM jakAta bharyA sivAya vepAra karavAnI saMpUrNa chUTa ApavI. navI vakhAra ughADavAmAM tathA mAlanI kharIdI ane vecANa karavAmAM rAjyanA adhikArIoe temane madada karavI; cerI thAya te corene pakaDI zikSA mAM temane koIe herAna na karatAM, yogya vyavahAra cAlyo hoya tema nikAla kare; vinA kAraNe julama kare nahIM. A pharamAnanI ekaja prata temanI pAse hovAthI tenI nakala niranirALe ThekANe teo batAve te amArA adhikArIoe mAnya karavI. aMgrejomAMnA koIe kaMI uzkeraNI karavA mATe tene parabhArI zikSA nahIM karatAM te ThekANunA mukhya aMgreja

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544 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tyAre temane cALIsa vIghAM jamIna maphata ApavI," (tA. 6 jAnevArI sane 1717 ). A pharamAna keTaluM moghama ane vyApaka che te sahaja dekhAI Ave che. kaI kaI jaNa upara jakAta mApha hatI te judA judA ThekANunA amaladAronI jANa mATe aMgrejone mukhya adhikArI pitAnI sahI sAthenA kAgaLa upara lakhI vepArIone Apate. e kAgaLa jene dastaka kahetA temAM aMgrejI ane phArasI bhASAmAM jaNasanAM nAma lakhAtAM ane te kyAMthI kyAM javAnI che te batAvAtuM. vakhata jatAM AvA dastake khAnagI vepArIone temaja A dezamAM pAkelA ane ahIMja khapanArA hareka prakAranA mAla mATe ApavAmAM AvyA. AraMbhamAM A jakAtamAphIthI vizeSa nukasAna thayuM nahIM, paNa saghaLA khAnagI vepArIone suddhAM evI mAphI maLatAM dezI vepArIonuM asIma nukasAna thavA lAgyuM. uparanAM pharamAnanI rUe sthAnika amaladArenI marajI tathA dhunane lIdhe aMgrejone je trAsa pahocate te baMdha thayo. pitAnA bacAva mATe mogala bAdazAhe A pramANe marAThAone temaja aMgrejone kAyamanA haka bakSisa ApyA. A pharamAnane durUpayoga karI dezamAne saghaLe vepAra aMgrejone buDAvatA joI murzidakullIkhAna ane alivadakhAna jevA navAbane puSkaLa vaiSamya lAgyuM, ane pharamAnanI sarane anusarI bane teTalI kheMcatANa karI pitAnA vepAranuM rakSaNa karavAne temaNe prayatna karyo. A jhagaDAe surAja-uda-daulAnA samayamAM ugra rUpa dhAraNa karyuM. pharUkhazIara bAdazAhe aMgrejone je jakAtanI mAphI ApI hatI tene anusarIne teo dastaka ApatA. hiMdustAnamAMthI bahAra jatI amuka jaNasonA saMbaMdhamAM ja mAtra A mAphI bakSavAmAM AvI hatI. dastakamAMnI A maryAdA cheDI kaMpanInA vepArIo nikAsa kiMvA AyAta mAlane vepAra jakAta bharyA sivAya karavA lAgyA. vaLI kaMpanIne nAme mAla vecanArA game te mANasa mATe jakAtanI mAphI mAgavA lAgyA, ane kaMpanInA amaladAre A dastaka marajImAM Ave tene ApavA lAgyA, jakAtanAM nAka upara

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prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 545 dastaka batAvatAM adhikArI te mAla bInajakAte javA dete. dhIme dhIme A aniSTa prakAra eTale hada sudhI vadhyo ke keTalAka banAvaTI dastake raju thavA lAgyA. AthI dezIone saghaLe vepAra nAza pAme, ane baMgALAnuM utpanna chekaja ghaTI gayuM. A hakIkata mATe navAbe aMgrejonA kAna ughADavA ghaNuM prayatna karyA paNa saghaLuM niSphaLa gayuM. A jakAta mAphInA saMbaMdhamAM kaMI paNa takarAra thatI te navAbanA adhikArIone thaMDI ghaNuM lAMca ApI aMgreje pitAnuM kAma karyA jatA. A yuktine temaNe Dagale Dagale upayoga karyo che, ema kaMpanIne te veLAne patravyavahAra sAkSI pure che. hugalIne kejadAra, DhAkAne nAyaba tathA khuda subedAranI gAdIne bhaviSyane hakadAra e saghaLAne vakhatevakhata saMtuSTa karI kaMpanInA vepArIo potAne nibhAva karI letA. vakhatanA kahevA sAthe A anIti atizaya vadhI gaI alivadakhAna navAbapada upara hatuM tyAM sudhI A kaMTAe ugrarUpa dhAraNa karyuM nahIM. te cAlAka hovAthI turatAturata sarva TaMTAne gya nikAla karate, paNa lAMcakhAu kAmadAro upara AdhAra rAkhI svastha besate nahIM. aMgrejonI bhUla sAbIta thAya che te temane zikSA karavAne vilaMba karate nahIM. ema chatAM marAThAo sAthe laDavAmAM tene ghaNekhare vakhata vyaya thavAthI aMgrejonI sAthenI takarArane kaMI paNa Akhara nikAla te karI zakyo nahIM. aMgreja vepArIne dastakane durUpayoga karI dhIme dhIme potAnI sattA vadhArate joI tene ghaNe udvega thaye hate. mI. haiala kahe che ke, maraNa samaye teNe pitAnA pAtrane chevaTane saMdezo e kahyuM hatuM ke, "A aMgrejonI lazkarI zakti game tema karI tamAre teDavI." aMgrejonI A lazkarI zakti dhIre dhIre vadhatI gaI hatI. zarUAta mAM vakhAra tathA tyAMnA mAlanI saMbhALa levA mATe temaNe ceDAM thIArabaMdha mANaso mukyAM. prasaMgopAta eka nAnI hathIArabaMdha TukaDI teoe ubhI karI. pAchaLathI cAlelI dhAmadhumanA vakhatamAM navAbane aMgrejonuM saMrakSaNa karavAnuM kaThaNa lAgyAthI temane svarakSaNa mATe lazkarI baMdobasta

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pa46 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. karI levAnI paravAnagI ApavAnI navAbane jarUra paDI. ATaluM meLavIne teo svastha beThA nahIM. temaNe kalakattAmAM pherTa viliyamane kille bAMdhe, kAsImabajhAranI vakhAranI killebaMdhI karI, marAThA khADI durasta karI ane kavAyata zIkhavI teoe pitAnAM lazkara taiyAra karyo, topa tathA baMdukathI teo saja thayA, ane kAnsa sAthe yuddha karavAno prasaMga Avaze e sababa upara baMdaramAM kAyamane kAle rAkhe. karnATakamAM paNa temanI zakti vadhelI hatI. A saghaLuM thatuM joI navAba alivadakhAnane bhAre dhAstI upajI hatI, paraMtu te dUra karavA te jIvyA nahIM. mAtra maraNa samaye bhaviSyamAM kevAM kRtya karavAM te teNe pitAnA pAtrane jaNAvyuM. , e arasAmAM baMgALAnA aMgrejonI sthiti kaMI vilakSaNa thatI hatI. navAba taraphathI teone dhamakInA patra temane manasube jema bane tema lazkarI debasta vadhAravA mATe thatuM hatuM, paNa IgleMDanI sarakAra taraphathI temane vAraMvAra te mATe Thapake AvatuM hatuM. "navAbanI mAraphata tamAro bacAva karI le; pitAne lazkarI baMdobasta karavAnA lobhamAM paDatA nahIM," e spaSTa hukama temane maLyo hato. A hukamane khullI rIte anAdara karavAnI temanAmAM himata nahatI, chatAM bane teTale pitAnA bacAva mATe baMbasta temaNe karyo. dviarthI mutsaddIpaNuM laDAvI pitAnuM kAma kahADI levAne temane IrAde hato. A mutsaddIpaNuM pUrvamAM heya kiMvA pazcimamAM hoya to paNa tatkAlIna vyakta thatI paristhitimAM te anivArya hoya ema teo samajatA.* aMgrejonA mAla upara jakAta mApha hatI; paNa marachamAM Ave tevA svajAtinA mANasane athavA dezI vepArIne jakAta mArInA dastaka teo ApatA, ethI navAbanuM jakAta utpanna ghaNuM kharuM nAza pAmyuM hatuM, dezIone vepAra nirmaLa thayA hatA, ane temaNe pitAnI hadamAM keTalAka kara besADyA hatA. e saghaLuM navAbane kema rUce? sane 1717nuM pharUkhazIaranuM pharamAna vAMcI jotAM te ghaNuM vicitra jaNAya * Plassey by Akshay Kumar Mitter, Modern Review, July 1997.

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prakaraNa 20 muM. ] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 547. che. pUrvanA bAdazAhane karaba e vakhate cAlu heta te AvuM pharamAna nikaLavA pAmate nahIM; chatAM ATalI moghama ane udAra kalamathI aMgrejone saMtoSa thayo nahIM. A saghaLA uparathI kharUM kahIe te aMgreja tathA navAba vacce jhapAjhapI thavAnI sarva sAmagrI surAjauda-daulAnA gAdIe beThA agAu taiyAra thaI hatI. khuda aMgrejone paNa e mATe vasavase thayA karate hevAthI eka vakhata jhapAjhapI thAya te sAruM ema temane lAgatuM. sane 1752 mAM thayelA ormanAM lakhANa uparathIja A saghaLuM puravAra thAya che. bicArA valaMdA ane phrenca lekenI sthiti kaMIka nirALA prakAranI hatI. temane bAdazAha taraphathI kaMI pharamAna maLyAM hatAM nahIM, valaMdA leke vepAra sivAya bIjA koI paNa nAdamAM paDyA nahatA; phrenca lekanI sattA ghaNuM hatI, ane temane ekaMdara vyavahAra dezIone priya hate. baMgALAnI AvI sthiti hatI tyAre alIvardIkhAna maraNa pAme. e veLA bhaviSyamAM je rAjyakrAnti thavAnI hatI ane jene surAja-uda-daulA kAraNarUpe hatA ema ItihAsakAre lakhe che, te rAjyakrAntinI saghaLI taiyArI agAuthI ja thaI cukI hatI. surAja-ula-daulA mAtra nAmanoja kAraNarUpa hato. saghaLI taraphathI kalAIva jevA niraMkuza purUSanA AvavAnI ja rAha jovAtI hatI. 4 surAja-uda-daulAne gusso uzakeravAnAM kAraNe navAba alivadakhAna maraNa pAmatAM tenA vArasAmAM baMgALAnI gAdI mATe Te thayo. tenI traNa chokarInAM lagna tenA bhAInA traNa chokarAo sAthe thayAM hatAM. e jamAIone teNe niranirALA prAMtamAM meTA eddhAo ApyA hatA.+ maraNa samaye surAjauda-daulAne dattaka laI tene alivadakhAne navAbagirI suprata karI hatI paNa tenuM maraNa nIpajatAM tenA pautra mAMhomAMhe vaDhavA lAgyA. teo maLelA kArabhArathI gabara thayA hatA, ane * baMgALAmAM thayelI rAjyakrAnita tathA te veLAnAM kAvatrAne aMgrejone patra vyavahAra sarakAra mAraphata prasiddha thayo che te uparathI A prakaraNamAMne majakura lakha9141 2410341 9. Hill's Bengal Records, 1757, Vols 1-3. + vaMzAvaLI juo. (pRSTha-539).

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548 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. temane koI paNa veLA kevA prakArane dage surAja-uda-delA deze tene bharose nahotuM. temanI pAse bahAra bahAra je vasula jamA thatuM hatuM tene barAbara hisAba temanI pAsethI maLatuM nahIM; vaLI temaNe karelA saMcaya upara surAjane DALe hato. A kauTuMbika kalahane lIdhe aMgreja jevA paradezI vepArIone vakhatane anusarI vartavuM paDatuM. je adhikAra upara Ave tenI marajI saMpAdana karavAnI temane jarUra hatI; ema chatAM tene adhikAra kyAre baMdha paDaze ane bIjo ke, tenI jagyA leze e bAbataniyama na hovAthI bIjA hakadArane khIjavavAnuM aMgrejone egya lAgatuM nahIM. khullI rIte teo surAja tarapha bhalI nichA batAvatA, paNa bIjAo sAthe aMdarakhAnenI masalate calAvatA hatA. e vAta navAbanI jANamAM AvatAM te gusse thayo. navAsijha mahamada maraNa pAme tyAre kAkAne kArabhAra tenI strI ghasITA begama pAse AvyA, ane rAjavallabha nAmane hiMdu prahastha tene mukhya kArabhArI . ene sarakArI hisAbanI tapAsaNI karAvavA mATe surAja-uda-daulAe murzidAbAda bolAvyo, paNa hisAba barAbara raju nahIM karavAthI navAbe tene aTakAvamAM mukyA. rAjavallabha pAse puSkaLa paise hatA, ane Ama karI tenI pAsethI te kaheDAvavA navAbane vicAra hovo joIe. A hakIkatamAM pitAnI lata saMbhALavAnI rAjavallabhane muzkelI naDI, eTale teNe pitAnA putra kisanadAsane delatane moTo bhAga soMpI kalakata meka. DhAkAmAM aMgrejonI vakhAra hovAthI temanA vepArIone rAjavallabha taraphathI puSkaLa madada maLI hatI, sababa tenI aDacaNane vakhate tene sahAya karavAnI aMgrejonI pharaja hatI, ane tethI ja temaNe tenI dalata pitAnA tAbAmAM rAkhI tenA kuTuMbane Azraya Ape. kisanadAsanI strIne prasutikALa najadIka hovAthI kAsIma bajAranI vakhAranA mukhya adhikArI veTasanI sIphArasathI aMgrejoe ene kalakattAmAM amIcaMdanA gharamAM rahevAnI jagyA ApI. jAsusa mAraphata A saghaLuM navAbanI jANamAM AvyuM. jenA upara pitAnI avakRpA thayelI tevA gahasthane tathA tenAM kuTuMbane aMgrejoe A

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prakaraNa 20 muM. ] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. - 549 pramANe Azraya Apelo joI te cIraDAI gayo. eja arasAmAM ghasITA begama, saMtajaMga vagere sAthe aMgrejone gupta patra vyavahAra cAlatuM hovAthI pitAnI virUddha teo khaTapaTa kare che ema tene lAgyuM. baMgALAmAM A banAva banatA hatA tyAre yuropamAM iMgleMDa ane phrAnsa vacce thaDA vakhatamAM laDAI jAgI uThavAnI khabara hiMdustAnamAMnA aMgreja phrenca lokone maLI, ane pitapatAnAM saMsthAnanI durastI karI gya vyavasthA karavA mATe ubhaya prajAne hukama maLyo. A uparathI nadInI bAjuethI killebaMdhI karI teoe pitAnI vakhArane baMdebasta kyo. alivardIkhAna A veLA jIvate heta te te emane pitAnI hadamAM laDavA detA nahIM. paraMtu tenA maraNa bAda navAbanuM vajana teTaluM rahevAnuM nathI ane ApaNane marajI mAphaka vartavAnuM banaze ema yurepiyane samajatA hatA. pitAnA upara keAIne saMzaya Ave nahIM tevA hetuthI teo eka bIjA upara navAba virUddha uzkeraNI karavAne Arepa mukatA. A vicAra ane beta khullI rIte cAlatA hovAthI te saghaLA navAbane kAne pahoMcyA eTale tenuM aMtaHkaraNa atizaya vyagra thayuM, ane banne pAzcAtya vepArIo mATe tene ghaNI cIDa AvI. aMgrejo upara najara rAkhavA sArU navAbe mInApuranA kArabhArI rAjArAmane muddAma kalakatte mokalyA. kAsImabajAranI vakhArane mukhya amaladAra veTasa ghaNe cAlAka, sAhasika, tathA kAvatrAMkhora hatA, ane te navAbanA darabAranI tathA hIlacAlanI bAtamI hamezAM tAbaDatoba kalakatte lakhI mokalate hate. vaLI dareka bAbatamAM AgaLa zuM karavuM e prazna kalakattA kaunsila rUbarU AvatAM teo prathama veTasanI salAha laI tenA vicAra mujaba kAma karatA. eka tarapha e gRhastha navAbanA darabAramAM aMgrejone jAsusa hato, ane bIjI taraphathI te navAbane tyAM temane vakIla hate ema kahI zakAya. navAbane gusso ApaNuM tarapha uzkere che evI bAtamI veTale kalakattAmAM gavarnara Dekane lakhI jaNAvI, ane kisanadAsane aMgrejI hadamAMthI hAMkI kahADavA mATe AgrahapUrvaka vinaMti karI. A salAha mAnya nahIM

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550 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. karatAM ulaTuM rAjArAma jevA kalakattAmAM rahelA navAbanA aneka bAtamIdArane ke aTakAvamAM nAMkhyA. surAja-uda-daulAnA hAthamAM adhikAra AvatAM ja prathama ghasITa begamanI saghaLI saMpatti teNe kheMcI levAthI tene karaba jyAM tyAM sAre beThe. e pachI teNe pitAmahanA vakhatanA kAmadArone kahADI mukI tenI jagyAe navAnI nimaNuka karI, ane je kaMI navI killebaMdhI karavAmAM AvI hoya te teDI pADavA mATe aMgrejone temaja phrenca lekene hukama karyo. A bAbatamAM phrenca lekee tene samajAvI lIdhe paNa aMgrejo virUdha paDyA. " kalakattAnI killebaMdhI karI che te tamee hukama virUddha karyuM che, ema karavA agAu amArI paravAnagI meLavavI joIe evuM spaSTa rIte jAhera karavA mATe navAbe pitAnA vakIlane aMgrejo pAse meka. A vakIlanuM kahevuM nahIM gaNAkArI temaNe tene pitAnI hadamAMthI bahAra kahA, kAraNa ke kAsImabajAranI vakhAranA mI. veTase temane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "surAja-uda-dalAnI nimaNuka kAyamanI na hovAthI ghasITI begamano putra thoDAja vakhatamAM navAba thavAne saMbhava che." | surAja-uda-daulAe kahADelA hukamane Azaya e hato ke, "hAlamAM aMgrejonuM vartana duHsaha thayuM che. kalakattA najadIka navI killebaMdhI teo kare che chatAM te mATe teoe amArI paravAnagI meLavI nahIM, temaja amane te bAbata kaMI jaNAvyuM paNa nahIM. A banAva durlakSa karavA jevo nathI. kAraNa e kevaLa vepArI che, ane vepArI tarIke ja teo rahe te teo amane anukULa che. A dezanuM rAjyasutra amArA hAthamAM hovAthI ame ema pharamAvIe chIe ke temaNe ubhI karelI navI killebaMdhI ekadama pADI nAMkhavI." A hukama veTaleja prathama kalakatte jaNAvyuM, ane sAthe navAbanI DAmADoLa sthiti jAhera karavAthI konsile navAbanA vakIlanuM moTuM apamAna karI tene kahADI mukyo, ane veTasane lakhI jaNAvyuM ke "navAba sAthe patra vyavahAra rAkhI ApaNane kaMI nukasAna thAya nahIM evI tajavIja karavI.' A uparathI aMgrejonuM vartana jANI bujIne akasa hatuM ema khulluM thAya che. A saghaLuM meM varNavyuM che.

Page #568
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 551. rAjArAmane bhAI nArAyaNadAsa navAba taraphathI khabara meLavavA kalakare game te veLA gavarnara ka ane amIcaMda vacce kaMIka bhinnabhAva thayo hatA. amIcaMda ane nArAyaNadAsa Dekane maLavA gayA tyAre nArAyaNadAse ANelA navAbanA patrane asvIkAra karI ke nArAyaNadAsane pitAnI hadamAMthI bahAra kADhyo, ane killebaMdhInI bAbatamAM pitAnI jokhamadArI upara kaunsilanI salAha vinA navAbane javAba mokalyo. e javAba hAlamAM maLI Avato nathI; ema chatAM DekanuM AgaLa upara evuM kahevuM thayuM hatuM ke aMgrejo Aja se varSa thayAM ahIM vepAra kare che, temane mATe saMzaya levAnuM kaMI kAraNa nathI. navI killebaMdhI kaMI paNa karavAmAM AvI nathI. phrenca leke sAthe yuddha thavAno saMbhava hovAthI mAtra junAM bAMdhakAmanAM DAgaLaDugaLa puryA che." A vicitra uttara vAMcI navAbane gusso Avyo, ane teNe kahyuM ke "mArA rAjyamAM jhagaDA karanAra e koNa? temanA upara paradezI humale Ave te temanuM rakSaNa karavAne amArAmAM sAmartha nathI ke zuM ?" uparanA patranI sAthe ja potAnA vakIla nArAyaNadAsane kedamAM puravAnI khabara navAbane maLI, eTale tarata ja saghaLI yuropiyana prajAne baMgALAnI bahAra kahADavAne teNe nizcaya karyo, ane prathama aMgrejo sAthe laDAI karavAnuM TharAvyuM. A pramANe aMgrejonI bAbatamAM navAbanuM jhanuna uzkerAvavAnA aneka kAraNe maLyAM. temane vepAramAM puSkaLa savaLatA maLe evuM pharamAna maLeluM hevAthI, temaja navAbane kArabhAra jeTale durbaLa, teTalI ja temane vadhAre sagavaDatA maLatI hovAthI teonA manamAM navAbanI sattAne aMta lAvavAno vicAra cAlatuM hatuM. e bAbata alivadakhAnane paNa khabara hevAthI teNe maraNa agAu karelA upadeza anvaya A tAjA damavALA tarUNe te upadeza ekadama amalamAM mukavAnI taiyArI calAvI. A vAstavikarIte bhAvI rAjyakrAntinI taiyArI lekhI zakAye, A sivAya bIjAM aneka tAtkAlika kAraNe upasthita thayAM hatAM, ane tenuM svarUpa upara varNavAyuM che. aMgrejonI vakhAra jevAnI navAbane IcchA hatI, paNa teoe tene te batAvI nahIM, kemake teo

Page #569
papara hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pitAnI vakhAramAM koIne dAkhala thavA detA nahIM. baMgALAmAMnA phrenca amaladAra laoNe paNa AvuM ja varNana ApyuM che. aMgrejo bhAre ThAThathI rahetA ane temanI kalakattAnI koThI ghaNI AbAda sthitimAM hatI, eTale temanI pAse puSkaLa saMpatti che ema navAba samajo ane taka maLatAM te laI levA tene manasube hate. khuda surAja-uda-dalAnA lekhamAM A kaMTAnAM kAraNe evAM namuda karyo che ke - 1. sthAnika kAyadAne anAdara karI aMgrejoe navI kille- baMdhI karI che. 2. pharamAnene durUpayoga karI temaNe vepAramAM bhaLatIja varta zuMka calAvI che. . navAba pitAnA kArabhArIo pAse hisAba mAMge che te nahIM ApatAM kArabhArI temanI pAse nAsI jAya ane tene teo Azraya Ape che. A trIjA kAraNanA saMbaMdhamAM surAja-uda-daulAe gavarnara Deka mATe bhAre gussAthI bharelA ugAre kahADyA che. aMgrejoe khADI bAMdhI che te bharI kahADI, taTabadhI toDI pADI, murzidakullIkhAnanA vakhatamAM cAlu hatA te vepAra hamaNuM calAvo; e pramANe je teo nahIM kare te kaMI paNa kAraNa sAMbhaLyA vinA amArA dezamAMthI temane hAMkI mukIzuM." navAbanI paravAnagI lIdhA vinA aMgrejoe killebaMdhI karI hatI e temanAja lekha uparathI siddha thAya che. pharamAnamAM ApelI nahIM hoya tevI vepArI sagavaDatA teo bhagavatA e paNa teone kabala che. kisanadAsanA saMbaMdhamAM aMgrejonuM dhAravuM evuM hatuM ke navA navAbanI sattA rAjyamAM jAmyA pachI te mATe vicAra karavAmAM Avaze. kAraNa kadAcita navAbanA pratispadhIo baMDa kare te banne bAju upara AdhAra rAkhI yogya jaNAya tema vartavA temane vicAra hato. navAbane A sthiti rAjyane jaDamULathI ukheDI nAMkhavA jevI lAgI emAM navAI nahatI. A saghaLuM kharuM hoya chatAM te

Page #570
prakaraNa 20 muM. ] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 553 mATe navAbane ATalA badhA gusse thavAnuM temaja ATalA sama IlAja levAnuM kAraNa nahotuM ema aMgrejonuM kahevuM che. navAbanA julamathI trAsI gayelA hiMdIo ukata banAvo ghaNI utsukatAthI jotA hatA. 5. kAsImabajAranI vakhAranI paDatI (juna 1 lI, sane 1756)-uparanA banAvo banatA hatA tyAre surAja-uda-daulA murzidAbAdanI uttare traNa mAIla upara rAjamahAlamAM hatA. ahIMthI teNe be hukama kahAvyA. pahele kAsImabajAramAMnI aMgrejI vakhAra kabaje levAne, ane bIje kalakattAnA aMgrejone nAsI javAne mArga baMdha karavA mATe tathA nIcethI bIjI madada temane maLatI aTakAvavA mATe darIA tarapha nadI kinAre AveluM temanuM makabAnuM thANuM hastagata karavAne. kAsImabajAranI vakhArane mukhya adhikAra bhogavanAra tathA ahIMnA vahivaTathI sArI rIte vAkephagAra thayelA mI. veTasanI ummara A vakhate 38 varSanI hatI. navAbanAM pharamAna mujaba tA. 24 mI me, sane 17pa6 ne dIne tene senApati mIrajhA umarabega lazkara laI kAsIma bajAranI vakhAra upara Avyo. umarabegane khuda navAbanAM mananA vicAro mAlama na hevAthI teNe aMgreja, valaMdA tathA kenya traNenI vakhArane ghero ghAlyA, paNuM veTasane anasAmagrI vagere meLavavAmAM kaMI pratibaMdha karyo nahIM. A uparathI veTasane lAgyuM ke A saghaLI dhAmadhuma mAtra paisA kaheDAvavA mATe hatI. paNa vaLate dine valaMdA tathA kenca vakhAro paDatI mukI saghaLI phAja aMgrejo upara AvI tyAre veTasa gabharAyo, ane kalakattethI ekadama madada maMgAvI. teNe navAba sAthe salAha saMpathI vartavA gavarnarane jadIvyuM; te pramANe kansile kalakattA navAbane patra lakhyuM paNa te tene pahoMcyo nahIM, ane veTasane khabara karI ke "vadhAre madada mekalI zakAtI nathI. tamArI pAse je mANaso che teTalAthI comAsA sudhI sahelAIthI nibhAva thaze." e patra veTasane paNa maLyo nahIM. eTalAmAM ahIM veTasa ghaNI ja bhayaMkara muzkelIthI gherAI paDyo hato. tenI pAse phakta 50 mANaso hatA, ane temAMnA mAtra aDadhAja yuropiyana hatA; tapa taddana nirUpayogI hatI. A hakIkatamAM laDAImAM tene TakAva thavAne nahote, ane temAM yaza na maLyo te

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554 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kaMpanI taraphathI tene Thapake maLaze, ema dhAstI hatI. enI sAthe enI strI hatI, ane tene prasuti samaya samIpa hevAthI te navAbanA svAdhInamAM javAnI vATa jete hate. tA. 1 lI jAne surAja-uda-daulA murzidAbAda Avyo, tarataja pitAnA senApati rAyadurlabhane kAsImabajArane kille levA meka, ane pote paNa tenI pAchaLa nIkaLe. rAyadurlabhe veTasane navAbanI mulAkAte belA, tyAre saghaLAnI salAha pramANe te tyAM gaye. paNa navAbe tene tyAM keda karyo, ane bIjA keTalAMka mANase paNa kedamAM purAyAM. bAkInAM mANase nAsI javAthI kille navAbanA hAthamAM gaye. A pariNAma mATe leke veTasane doSa kahADe che, paNa ghaNukanuM kahevuM evuM che ke kille sahajamAM navAbane hastagata thAya evo hato. tA. 5 mI june veTasane sAthe laI navAba kalakatte javA nIkaLyA. rastAmAM kAsImabajAramAMnI tepa tathA dArUgoLo teNe potAnI sAthe lIdhAM, paNa e sivAya vakhAramAMthI teNe kaMI lIdhuM nahIM. veTasanI khaTapaTa gaTa gaI, ane navAbe lazkara mokalI kAsama bajAranI vakhArane ghere ghA e sAMbhaLI kalakattAnI kaunsila gabharAI uThI. game tevI sarate kabUla karI navAbane samajAvI levA temaNe veTasane lakhyuM, tethI teNe heThaLa lakhelI sarate navAbane karAra lakhI Ape - (1) kalakattAnA killAmAM perInsa AgaLa bAMdhelo buraja teDI pADavo; (2) navAbanA tAbAnA leke kalakattAmAM nAsI Ave tene Azraya nahIM ApavAM pAchA mekalI devA; (3) chellAM keTalAMka varSamAM kaMpanIe lekene kevA dastaka ApyA che tene hisAba Apavo; (4) ayogya dastaka ApyAnuM puravAra thAya che te mATe nukasAnI bharI ApavI, ane (5) haoNvelane kalakattAmAM jamAbaMdhIne adhikAra Apela hovAthI navAbanI raiyatane nukasAna thAya che, sababa te adhikAra kahADI nAMkho. A sarate saghaLI rIte yogya hatI, paNa ethI ayogya mArga paisA meLavavAnI aMgrejone baMdhI thavAnI hatI. e kAraNasara ukta karAra kAgaLa uparaja rahyo ane te pramANe aMgreje kadI varyA nahIM. ulaTA teo navAbane aneka rIte

Page #572
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 555 khIjavavA lAgyA. navAbane AthI ghaNuM beTuM lAgyuM, ane dAdAe DuM kele kAnamaMtra tene barAbara yAda Avyo. e maMtra tenA manamAM rAta divasa gheLAvA lAgyA, ane upara pramANe lakhI ApelA karArane aMgreja pAse amala karAvavAne teNe nizcaya karyo. tarataja lazkara laI teNe kalakattA upara svArI karI. e vakhate tenI sAmA thavAnI aMgrejonI tAkAta na hovAthI DhAkA, jagadiA, bAlAsara vagere ThekANAnI vakhAranA amaladArene bane teTale aveja sAthe laI vakhAra choDI nIkaLI javA kensile jaNAvyuM. A tarapha keTalAka sAhukAranI mAraphata navAba sAthe temaNe saMdezA calAvyA, ane game tema karI "uparanA karAranAmAmAMthI ApaNane mukta kare, ane lAMca laI navAba pAcho jAya, " evI khaTapaTa aMgrejoe upADI. 6, kalakattAmAMthI aMgrejone uThAva ( juna 1756).-surAjauda-daulA kalakattA upara ghaNIja tvarAthI Avyo. eka sATha mAIlanuM aMtara ATalAM lazkarasahita bhara unALAmAM rastA paNa maLe nahIM evA bhAgamAMthI teNe agIAra divasamAM kApyuM. valaMdA tathA kenca lokonI madada meLavavA teNe prayatna karyo, paNa te saphaLa thayo nahIM. koI tene maheDe aMgrejonI laDAI karatuM te te cIraDAI uThate. ema chatAM upara kahelI sarata aMgrejoe kabula karI hota te temanI kabulAta laI te pAcho pharata. kenca lekenI paNa khAtarI thaI hatI ke navAba aMgrejothI ghaNeja hIte hate. murzidAbAdamAM khvAjA vAjIda karIne eka moTo sAhukAra hate tenI mAraphate aMgrejo sAthe salAha karavAne teNe prayatna karyo hate. te veLA paNa kAsImabajAranI TapAla kalakattAmAM sattAvIsa kalAkamAM AvatI hovAthI bIjI tArIkhanA veTasane patra vaLate divase kalakattAmAM AvyA. khvAjA vAjIde salAha karAvavAno upakrama paMdaramI soLamI tArIkhe upADe, paNa tema karavAmAM thayelI DhIlathI lazkara pAchuM belAvI levAnuM navAba mATe azakaya hatuM. kAsImabajAra navAbane hAtha javAnI khabara tA. 7 mI june kalakatte pahoMcI. ANI tarapha kalakattA Unsile tA. 20 mI methI pitAne baMde basta karavAnI tathA lazkaranI vyavasthA karavAnI taiyArI calAvI hatI. valaMdA tathA

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556 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. kenca lekene teNe madade bolAvyA, tathA A prasaMga saghaLA yuropiyane upara AvI paDyo che, ane sarvee ekatra thaI tenuM nivAraNa karavuM joIe ema temaNe AgrahapUrvaka jAhera karyuM. valaMdAoe pitAnI hamezanI vepArI maryAdA cheDavAnI sApha nA pADI, ane kenca lekee joke bahArathI sahAnubhUti batAvI, to paNa prasaMga AvatAM tame amArA killAmAM AvI rahe" eTaluM kahevA karatAM vadhAre temaNe kaMI karyuM nahIM. kenca lekee navAbane kaMIka dArUgoLo Apyo hate ema aMgrejo kahe che, paNa te vAta kenca nAkabUla kare che. aMgrejoe kalakattAnA bacAvanI je navI gaThavaNa karI hatI te ghaNuM sArI nahotI. sAtamI tArIkhe khvAjA vAjIdane patra tenA dIvAna ziba bAbu sAthe kalakate Avya; tene majakura evo hato ke, - navAbane cIDavavAnuM saghaLuM kAma amIcaMde karyuM che." gavarnare uttara vALI navAbanI samajuta karavAno prayatna karyo. ANI taraphathI bacAvanAM kAme utkRSTa che ema batAvavA aMgrejoe paMdara sipAIone mokalI kalakattAnI heThaLa sukhasAgaramAM bhAre gaDabaDa macAvavA mAMDI. AnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke navAbanA lazkare temane khAdhAkhorAkI pahoMcatI baMdha karI. tA. 11 mIe lazkaranI gaNatrI karatAM aMgrejonAM kulle pAMcase paMdara mANaso mAlama paDavAM; emAMnI aDadhI saMkhyA yuropiyanenI hatI. tepa sArI nahatI; tene vyavasthita rIte gaThavavAmAM mahenata paDe tema hatuM. dArU hato paNa te ghaNe kharo havAI javAthI nirUpagI thaye ho. kalakattA zaheranA traNa bhAga hatAH pahele jyAM vakhAra vagere hatAM te kerTa viliamane kille, bIje yuropiyana vastIne bhAga, ane trIjo dezIonI vastIne bhAga. chellA be bhAga choDI daI mAtra killAne bacAva karavAne aMgrejoe TharAva karyo. kalakattAnAM ghaNuM kharA vepArIo tathA leke pitAnI dhanadolata tathA kuTuMbane bahAragAma makalI pitAne bacAva karavAmAM rokAyA hatA. goviMdarAma mitra nAmane eka kalakattAne gRhastha aMgrejo ta ekasarakhI khaTapaTa karato hato. navAba kalakattA tarapha jatA hatA tyAre veTasa tenI sAthe hatA. tene tA. 12 mIne patra evI matalabane Avyo ke, "Deka daMDa bharaze

Page #574
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 557 tathA navAbanI mAgaNI kabula karaze, te hajI paNa pitAne upakrama choDI daI navAba pAcho jaze.' javAbamAM kensile jaNAvyuM ke, " kAsImabajAra AgaLa thayeluM apamAna basa che. have pachI navAbanuM mana manAvavAnuM amane bIlakula pasaMda nathI." kharuM te e hatuM, ke pite kalakattAne bacAva sahelAIthI karI zakaze ema cheka magarUra thato hato. aMgrejone je kaMI bahIka hatI te mAtra navAbanA tapakhAnAnI hatI, kemake temAM pirTugIjha tathA phrenca leko hatA. te pakhAnA uparanA A lekanAM mana pAdarIonI mAraphate bagADavAne aMgrejoe prayatna karyo, paraMtu te saphaLa thaze nahIM. aMgrejo ema mAnatA hatA ke anya lekanA kahevA uparathI navAbanuM mana uzkerAI gayuM hatuM. temanI ane navAba vacce madhyastha tarIke saMdezA calAvanArAM beja mANaso hatAM, eka khvAjA vAjIda tathA bIje amIcaMda. e beu meTA vajanadAra vepArIo hatA, ane beu mATe niSkAraNa eone saMzaya Avyo hate. tA. 1 mIe aMgrejoe amIcaMdane ghera kAja mokalI tene pakaDI maMgAvI killAmAM pUryo temaja kisanadAsa kadAcita nAsI jAya e vhIke tene paNa pakaDI maMgAvyo. e be jaNuM thAkI jhapAjhapI thatAM raktapAta thayA vinA zaraNe AvyA nahIM. amIcaMdane aMgrejoe kedamAM nAMkhe e khvAjA vAjIdane pasaMda paDavuM nahIM. tA. 16 mI june navAba kalakatte AvI pahoMcyuM, ane amIcaMdanA bAgamAM utaryo. amIcaMda keda pakaDAvAthI tenAM saghaLAM mANaso aMgrejo taraka nArAja thayelAM hevAthI, ane temaNe kalakattA viSenI upayukata mAhitI navAbane ApI. tA. 17 mI june navAbanuM saghaLuM lazkara tyAM AvI pahoMcyuM; te ja divase aMgrejo pAsethI eka hajAra majure nekarI choDI nIkaLI gayA. vaLI aMgrejI lazkaranAM mANasanAM strI chokarAo jeo atyAra lagI zahera bahAra hatAM te have tyAM killAmAM ghusavAthI bhAre gaDabaDa thaIrahI! tA. 18 mIe laDAI zarU thaI te dahADe aMgrejonI tape navAbanI pharajamAM bhAre trAsa vartAvyo, te paNa saMdhyAkALe temane pitAnAM tapakhAnAnI jagyA choDI pAchaLa haThavuM paDayuM. pahelA divasanI A jhapAjhapIthI aMgrejonI magarUrI puSkaLa utarI.

Page #575
558 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je. e dine rAtanA have pachI zuM karavuM ene vicAra karavA killAmAM konsila bhegI maLI. ghaNAM mANase jakhamI thayAM hatAM, annasAmagrI hatI paNa khorAka taiyAra karanAra koI nahotuM. adhikArIonA hukama tAbAnA leke pALatA nahIM tethI killAne Aga lagADI nadImAMthI vahANa mAraphata nAsI javAnuM nakkI thayuM. nANuMnI kothaLIo temaja keTalAka sAmAna vahANa upara caDAvavAmAM Avyo. adhikArI vargane A vicAra cAlatuM hatuM tevAmAM ekadama tepane eka geLo temanI sAmA AvI paDyo ke tenI sAthe ja saghaLAMnAM mana vicaLa thayAM. temanAmAM havela karIne eka gRhastha hate teNe amIcaMdane maLI navAba pAse jaI game te rIte nikAla karavAnI tene vinaMti karI. amIcaMda pahelethI ja gusse thaI gayo hato tethI temaja kadAcita navAba ApaNe saMdeza sAMbhaLaze nahIM ema dhArI teNe e vAta kAna upara lIdhI nahIM. tA. 19 mIe sahavAre daza vAgata gavarnara Dekane mAlama paDayuM ke dArUgoLAnI sillaka bIlakula rahI nahotI. A vAtanI strImaMDaLamAM jANa thatAM temaNe vahANa tarapha deDa mukI. A gaDabaDamAM ghakkAmukI thatAM eka mANase DubI gayAM. eTalAmAM killAmAMthI beTa upara caDavAnuM nAkuM kabaje karavAne navAbanAM mANaso Ave che ema khabara AvI. AthI gaDabaDATane pAra rahyo nahIM, gavarnara Deka dI mUDha banI gaye; teija pAchaLa rahI ekale navAbanA hAthamAM sapaDAze tathA navAbane che pitAnA upara vizeSa che evuM tene khulluM jaNAvavA lAgyuM. ghaNA divasanI athAga mahenata tathA ujAgarAthI te thAkI gayA hatA. AvI muzkelImAM game tema karI Akhare bhuske mArI te vahANa upara caDa. vahANe nadInAM mukha tarapha laI jaI ubhAM rAkhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. pAchaLa rahelA lekane bacAvavA mATe te pAchAM lAvavAM joIe paNa khalAsIoe tema karavA himata karI nahIM, ane temanAmAM dhIrajavALe eka paNa mANasa na hovAthI pAchA pharavAne vicAra cheDI daI saghaLAo vahANa haMkArI nIkaLI gayA. sArAMza, keTalAMka mANasane pAchaLa mukI pitAne jIva bacAvavA mATe atyaMta adhIrA thaI aMgrejo A pramANe nAsI gayA ethI temanA nAma upara

Page #576
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 559 nAmozI AvI che. vahANe nadImAM ghaNe dUra utarI eka divasa vyAM; tyAMthI AgaLa vadhI tA. 26 mI june teo darIA kinAre kulTA AgaLa AvI pahoMcyAM. A ThekANe valaMdA lokoe temane Azraya ApavAthI temane bacAva thayo. navAbanuM tapakhAnuM sArI sthitimAM hota to aMgrejonuM eka paNa vahANuM surakSitapaNe nAsI jaI zakate nahIM. ahIM A yuddharUpI nATakane pahele aMka samApta thaye. 7"bleka hela? u aMdhArI keTarIne banAva (ravivAra tA. 20 mI juna, 1756)-pAchaLa rahelAM aMgreja maMDaLanI kevI avadazA thaI te have ApaNe joIe. ka vahANe laI nIkaLI gayAnI khabara maLatAM e maMDaLamAM meTo hAhAkAra thaI rahyo. gussAnA AvezamAM teo cheka gAMDA jevA banI gayA. te paNa prasaMga ghaNe bArIka hevAthI manano gusse dabAvI AgaLa zuM karavuM tene vicAra karavAnI temane pharaja paDI. piorTugIjha tathA Aminiyane maLI laDavAne gya 170 mANase rahyAM hatAM, te saghaLAM DekanA cAlyA javA pachI ekaThAM thayAM, ane temaNe ka tathA bIjA kaunsilone kAma uparathI dUra karI haoNvelane mukhya amaladAra nIme. haoNvela konsilane ghaNo jAne sabhAsada hovA uparAMta kalakattAne jamInadAra eTale mejIsTreTa hato tethI tene sarva loke bAbata sArI mAhitI hatI. paNa te jAte bedarakAra hovAthI koIne te pasaMda paDate nahIM, chatAM tene ja saghaLAe turta veLA gavarnaranI paddhI ApI. pahelAM te sarvAnumate jIva bacAvI nAsI javAno TharAva thayo, paNa misa nAmanuM vahANa je pAchaLa rahyuM hatuM te temane maLI zakyuM nahIM. AthI sarva mANase bahAranAM ghara choDI daI killAmAM jamA thayA, ane kaMI thAya te maraNa paryata laDI killAne bacAva karavAne haoNlTele nizcaya karyo. bIjI taraphathI teNe vahANe pAchAM belAvavAne vAvaTe caDAvyo, paNa tenuM kaMI phaLa nipajyuM nahIM. tA. 19 mIe killAnI AsapAsanAM gharamAMthI navAbanAM lazkare baMduke choDI aMdaranAM mANasone ghaNuM herAna karyA. rAte te gharamAM Aga lAgavAthI jyAM tyAM bhayaMkara dekhAvo jaNAyA. herAna thayelA leke nAIlAja thaI game

Page #577
560 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. te gharamAM dAkhala thaI marajI mAphaka madyapAna karavA lAgyA. rAtanA 56 AsAmIo aMgrejone pakSa choDI navAbane jaI maLyA; emAMnA ghaNAkharA valaMdAo hatA. ravivAra tA. 20 mI junane divasa ugatAM navAbane mAre vadhAre sakhata AvavA lAgyo, killAnAM mANanI dANAdANa thavA mAMDI; eka buraja upara aMgrejonAM 40 mANase jamA thayAM, dArUge saghaLe khapI gaye, zatrune zaraNe javAne saghaLAo hailanI AjIjI karavA lAgyA, paNa teNe te mAnya karI nahIM. bapora thatAM aMgrejonAM kulle 25 mANasa muA ane 70 jakhamI thaI paDyAM. topakhAnAM AgaLa phakta 14 mAse ja rahyAM. sahavAranAja holvale kedamAM paDelA amIcaMdanI mulAkAta lIdhI, ane tene navAbanI marajI saMpAdana karelA amaladAra mANekacaMdane patra lakhI aMgrejo taraphathI saMdezA calAvavA kahyuM. amIcaMdane A patra savAramAM ja gaye. berinA be vAgatAM killAnI sAmenA eka gharamAMthI eka mANasa lekene khuna nahIM karavA tathA laDavAnuM baMdha karavA jaNAvate hate. hele killAmAMthI tene je tyAre "laDAI baMdha karazo te taha karIzuM' e uttara tene maLyo. A pariNAma amIcaMdanA patranuM haze ema samajI hele laDAI baMdha karI. e pachI cAra vAgate navAbanI pheja killAmAM dAkhala thaI. temane aTakAvanArAone A je kApI nAMkhyA tyAre game te karatAM maraNa samaya sukAvAto nathI ema joI holvale laDAI karI maravAne nizcaya karyo. eTalAmAM navAbane eka adhikArI AvI pahoMcatAM tenI AgaLa zastra mukI saghaLA tene svAdhIna thayA. A pachI havele keTa upara caDI sAmI bAju upara beThelA navAbane salAma karI. navAbe tenI salAma svIkArI eTale laDAI tahaba thaI ane phAlatu leke suddhAM saghaLA zaraNe thayA. navAba pAlakhImAM besI killAmAM pharyo. helanA hAtha bAMdhI tene navAbanI hajuramAM lAvyA tyAre navAbe tenA hAtha choDAvyA, ane "tamane IjA thaze nahIMevuM vacana ApyuM. "ame ahiMnA adhikArI chIe, amArA upara tamAre za calAvavAM joItAM nahotAM. vaLI ahiMnAM moTAM

Page #578
prakaraNa 20 muM] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. meTAM kArakhAnAM tathA suMdara ghare tame bALI nAMkhyAM, e ghaNuM kharuM thayuM.' A pramANe navAbe pitAne saMtApa jAhera karyo. ATaluM thayA pachI kilAnI bahAra veDarabarnanAM gharamAM navAbe mukAma karyo. teNe porTugIjha ane ArTiniyanane bahAra javA dIdhA, tema bIjA keTalAka yuropiyane lAga phAvyo tema nIkaLI gayA. navAbanI je yuropiyananAM ghara lUTayAM, paNa temane bIje kAMI trAsa Apyo nahIM. saghaLAo aMgrejone prajAne zodhavAmAM tathA rAtrInI tajavIja karavAmAM guMthAyA hatA evAmAM keTalAka yuropiyana sojo dArU pI daMga karavA lAgyA, ane gaDabaDamAM temaNe navAbanAM keTalAMka mANasane ThAra mAryA. A hakIkta navAbane kAne jatAM teNe jaNuvyuM ke, "ATalA yuropiyanane AkhI rAta chuTA rAkhavA salAha bhareluM nathI, teo marajImAM Ave te daMga karaze, mATe tophAnIone aTakAvamAM rAkhavAnI jagyA hoya te jevI, ane tyAM AkhI rAta temane baMdobastathI rAkhavA.' vAstavikarIte A hukama phakta tophAnIo mATeja hovAthI, te sadhaLAone eka sarakhe lAgu pADavAne nahote ema dekhAya che. paNa navAbanA amaladAre aMgrejo sAme uzkerAI gayA hatA. Akho divasa temanI sAthe laDavAmAM temanAM sumAre sAta hajAra mANaso mu hatAM, eTale gussAnA AvezamAM temaNe saghaLAne eka nAnI koTaDImAM kheMcI kheMcIne bharyA. A khelI 18 puTa lAMbI ane 18 phuTa pahoLI hatI, ane temAM daMgAkhora kedIone puravAno praghAta hato. rAtanA masAla laI adhikArIoe killAmAMnI oraDIo tapAsavA mAMDI tyAre ATalI ekaja kholI temane majabUta mAlama paDI. temanI pAse kulle 146 kedIo hatA, temAM eka strI tathA bAkInA saghaLA purUSa hatA. pratyeka AsAmIne Asare 2-3 corasa phuTa eTale 1 phUTa nA Ica lAMbI tathA teTalIja paheALI jagyA maLI zake, eTale A kholIne vistAra hato. sAMjanA AThathI sahavAranA cha vAgatA sudhI A kholImAM 146 mANaso purAI rahyAM. e oraDImAM phakta eka nAnI gajIAvALI bArI hatI. juna mahinAnA sakhata garamInA divase A lekenI kevI bhayaMkara dazA thaI haze tenuM varNana sAMbhaLI zarIra

Page #579
562 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. uparanAM rUvAM ubhAM thayA vinA rahetAM nathI. kedI lekanA prANa guMgaLAI jatAM teo gAMDA jevA thaI gayA; teoe eka bIjAnA paga AgaLa TuTI paDI atizaya gaDabaDa macAvI. paherAvALA pAse pANI mAgatAM ghaNI mahenate thoDuMka pANI bArInA gajamAMthI temane maLyuM. te upara ekadama sadhaLA evA TuTI paDyA ke be cAra TIpAM paNa pANI paNa darekane maLyuM nahIM. "amane DucA mArI ThAra kare, nahIM te navAbane kahI amane chUTA kare" vagere aneka vinavaNa teoe karyo paNa te tarapha keIe lakSa ApyuM nahIM. "navAbanI uMgha khalela karI zakAtI nathI" eTaleja javAba paherAvALAe Ave, ane pite A lekonI hAlata joI majAha mAratA svastha besI rahyA. A banAvanuM bArIka varNana haile ApyuM che te vAMcatAM baMgALAmAMnA A prakaraNa mATe manamAM tiraskAra upaje che. savAra paDatAM 146 mAMthI phakta 23 AsAmI adhamuA thayelAM bahAra AvyA, temAM pelI eka bAI jIvatI hatI. aMgrejoe killAmAM puSkaLa paisA dATI mukyA che evI khabara navAbane ghaNA divasa thayAM maLI hatI, ane e paiso meLavavA tenI meTI AkAMkSA hatI. atizaya mahenata pachI tene aMgreja tIjorImAMthI phakta pacAsa hajAra rUpiAne aveja maLyo, eTale savAra thatAM ja teNe helvelane pitAnI mulAkAte belA. hole pitAne e bAbata kaMI paNa khabara hevAne InakAra karavAthI tene tathA bIjA be AsAmIone navAbe mIramadana nAmanA pitAnA adhikArInA havAlAmAM sevA. bahudhA A saghaLuM amIcaMdanA kahevA uparathIja thayuM haze, kAraNa amIcaMda ane kisanadAsa bane have kedamAMthI chUTI navAbanA meTA mAnItA thaI paDavA hatA, ane navAbe temane pizAka vagere ApI khuza karyA hatA. mIramadana A kedIone eka baLadanI gADImAM ghAlI amIcaMdanA bAgamAM laI gayA. tyAM eka divasa rAkhyA bAda temane sakhata tApamAM calAvatA godIne nAke lAvavAmAM AvyA. eTalAmAM temane sarvAge garamIthI goDa phUTI nIkaLyAM. tA. 24mIe ghaNuM karIne navAbanA hukama anvaye temane vahANa

Page #580
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 563 upara caDAvI murzidAbAda mekalavAmAM AvyA. teo tyAM tA. 7 mI julAI e pahoMcyA, ane navAba paNa tA. 11 mIe AvI lAge. tA. 16 mIe temanI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre temanI bhayaMkara durdazA joI navAbanuM kaThera hadaya paNa pIgaLyuM. tarata ja teNe beDI teDI pADI temane chUTA karyA, ane "temane choDI devA, ane joIe tyAM javA devA, ane rastAmAM koI temane herAna kare nahIM evI tajavIja karavA " spaSTa hukama teNe pitAnA adhikArIone Ape. hajI temane kedamAM rAkhavAthI chupAvele aveja kethethI paNa teo batAvaze mATe temane atyAramAM choDI nahIM devAnuM ghaNAkAe navAbane sUcavyuM, paNa teNe te bIlakula mAnyuM nahIM. A pramANe chUTake thatAM te traNe jaNuM valaMdAonI TaMkazALamAM gayA. ahIM keTalAka divasa ArAma laI teo hugalI nadI mArge puTAmAM rahelA bAkInA aMgrejone tA. 12-13 mI ogasTe AvI maLyA. - tA. 21 mI june savAre killAmAMthI uparanA traNa aMgrejo sivAya bIje 20 mANase jIvatAM pakaDAyAM temane navAbe cheDI mukyA pachI teNe kalakattA zahera kabaje karI tene alInagara evuM nAma ApyuM, ane tyAM eka navI masIda bAMdhI. chUTelA lekamAMthI jeo page cAlavA samartha hatA, teTalA cAlatA AvI nadImAM ubhA rahelAM vahANamAMnA aMgrejone maLyA. temanI durdazA joIne paNa Deka vagerenA manamAM navAba upara caDAI laI javAne vicAra Avyo nahIM. A vhIkaNapaNuM mATe tene atizaya Thapake ApavAmAM Ave che. bAkInA je leke killAmAM rahyA hatA, temane amIcaMda tathA bIjA aneka dezI grahasthAe sArI madada karI. vaLI jakhamI thayelAM ghaNuM mANaso cadranagara AvI phrenca lekane Azraya laI rahyA. A duHkhadAyaka banAvamAM aMgrejonAM ekaMdara Asare traNaso mANaso mAryA gayAM. kalakattAmAM aMgrejonuM mukhya thANuM hatuM, te pramANe bAlAsara, TAkA vagere ThekANe temanAM vasAhatanAM saMsthAna hatAM, te suddhAM navAbe svAdhInamAM lIdhAM, eTale tyAMnI prajA rakSaNa arthe jyAM tyAM nIkaLI gaI. emAMthI

Page #581
hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. be traNa khubasurata aMgreja strIo navAbanA hAthamAM sapaDAI hatI, paNa temane surAje pitAnI pAse nahIM rAkhatAM choDI dIdhI. DhAkAnI vakhAramAMthI kaDa tathA mAla maLI cauda lAkhano aveja tene maLe. A banAvane lIdhe aMgrejone ekaMdara nukasAna sumAre paMcANuM lAkhanuM thayuM hoya ema aDasaTTo karavAmAM Avyo che. e sivAya temane vepAra aTakI paDyo e juduM. khAnagI vepArIone be karoDanuM nukasAna thayAnuM kalAIve IglaDa lakhI me kahyuM hatuM. kalakattAnA killAmAMthI navAbane upara kahelA pacAsa hajAra sivAya bIjuM kaMI paNa maLyuM nahIM. A saghaLI gaDabaDamAM aMgrejonAM strI chokarAone bIlakula trAsa pahoMcyo nahIM, ane temanAM puSkaLa strI chokarAMo maraNa pAmyAnA lekha khoTA kare che. aMdhArI koTaDInA A prakaraNa mATe nAnA prakAranA tarkavitarka thAya che, chatAM adyApi kharI hakIkata leke sArI peThe samajI zakyA nathI, e uparathI te saMbaMdhI sarva pakSanAM mana kevAM ane keTalAM uzkerAI gayAM hatAM e vyakta thAya che. banelI hakIkata kharI che ema ke maLI AvelA purAvAthI niHsaMzaya sAbIta thAya che, to paNa temAM keTalAka aMgreja lekhakae A bAbatamAM tavArIkhanA satyamAM nATakanA ThAThanuM svarUpa dAkhala karyuM che emAM saMzaya nathI. koI paNa bInAne khoTuM mahatva ApavAthI aitihAsika satya dabAI jAya che tathA kAryakAraNabhAva adazya thAya che, ema laI mela jevA vidvAna graMthakAra pitAnA TIkAgraMthamAM lakhe che, tevuMja kaMI A aMdhArI keTarInA banAvanA saMbaMdhamAM banyuM hoya ema lAge che. A pachI kalAIva jevA aMgrejoe je kaMI paNa mahatva vinAnAM kAme karyA, tathA amAnuSa apahArabuddhi pragaTa karI tenuM samarthana karavA mATe aMgreja lekhake A banAvanuM atizayokti bhareluM varNana Ape che, ane pAchaLathI thayelA banAvo nyAyI hatA ema batAvavAne athAga mahenata kare che ema lAgyA vinA rahetuM nathI. ekaMdara hakIkatane zAMta mane vicAra karatAM A banAva aMgrejoe jANI joIne pitAnA upara vaherI lIdhuM hatuM ema kahevuM paDe che. dareka bAbatamAM temaNe navAbane vinAkAraNuM khIjava

Page #582
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 565 lAgaNI batAvatA hoya, te paNa navAbanI tathA tenI vacce sahajamAM kalakattAmAM salAha thaI gaI. e uparathI paNa kisanadAsane aMgrejonI karaNI pasaMda paDI na hoya ema spaSTa thAya che. vaLI amIcaMdane temaNe vinA kAraNe keda karyo hate. navAba baMgALAne rAjyakArabhAra calAvatA hatA tyAre dareka bAbatamAM tenI avagaNanA karavAno aMgrejoe prayatna karavAthI kalakattA upara svArI karavAnI tene jarUra paDI. temaNe yogya mArge raMTa patAvavAnI IcchA darzAvI hatI te temane dezamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAno vicAra navAbane bIlakula sujhate nahIM. vaLI karnATakanI mAphaka A paradezI lokonI madada sivAya khuda ApaNI sattA jokhama rahIta nathI e te jANatA hatA. navAba kalakattAmAM AvI pahoMcyA pachI paNa aMgrejoe tene samajAvI levAnuM anucita dhAryuM hata, te kaMI paNa nikAla karI, valaMdA tathA kenya lokone teNe jema jIvatA javA dIdhA hatA tema emane paNa javA deta. rAjyane mAlika huM pita chuM, aMgrejoe zirajora thaI mArA upara hakumata calAvavI nahIM, eTaluM ja jAhera karI pAchA pharavAnI navAbanI IcchA hatI. paraMtu kalakatte AvatAMvAra jyAre aMgrejoe tenI sAme zastra upaDyAM, tyAre te nAIlAja thaze. be divasa laDAI cAlI temAM asaMkhya prANanI hAnI tathA bIjuM bhAre nukasAna thavAthI, navAbanA karatAM tenA saradAra tathA sipAIo aMgrejo upara vizeSa gusse thayA. keTalAka aMgrejo nAsI javA pachI paNa hala tathA bIjA pAchaLa rahelAM mANasoe laDAI baMdha karI nahIM. sarjanA teone navAbanI rUbarUmAM abhaNavAmAM AvyA tyAre temanA upara vera levAnI athavA temane herAna karavAnI IcachA heta temane ekadama kApI nAMkhavAne te hukama ApatuM. emaNe dArU pI tephAna karyuM na hatuM te temane aTakAvamAM rAkhavAne paNa prasaMga kadAcaja Avata, ane bIje dIne teNe jema bIjAone marajI pramANe javuM hoya tyAM javA dIdhA, tema kadAcita veTasa, haidhela vagere mukhya mukhya mANasane pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI bAkInAone choDI dIdhA hatA. strI chokarAone te aDakyo paNa nathI eTalA uparathI tenA manamAM verabhAva nahote e

Page #583
hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. spaSTa thAya che. paraMtu keda thayA pachI paNa aMgrejoe bahAranI magarUrI batAvavAno prayatna karavAthI tA. 20 mI junanI rAtane bhayaMkara prasaMge temaNe pitA upara vaherI lIdhe ema kahI zakAya. navAbanA adhikArIoe A kAmamAM vadhAre dakSatA rAkhavI joItI hatI, paNa Akho divasa laDavAmAM temanAM pAMca sAta hajAra mANaso mAryA gayAM hatAM, ane rAtanA je te suvAnI tathA khAvApIvAnI tajavIjamAM rokAvAthI, rAtorAta game tema A phAnIone baMdobastamAM rAkhavA tathA ajavALuM thayA pachI bIje vicAra karavAnuM dareka jaNa gya mAnatuM hatuM. vaLI temane kabajAmAM rAkhavA lAyaka jagyA sahajamAM kema maLe? masAle laI jagyA joI temAM majabUta dekhAI te khAlI teoe pasaMda karI. khullAmAM aMgrejo cha mahinA rahyA, te daramiyAna tyAMthI temane hAMkI kahADavAnuM navAbathI bane tema hatuM, paNa teNe tema karyuM nahIM e uparathI paNa temane pitAnA rAjyamAMthI bahAra kahADavAne navAbane vicAra bIlakula nahete ema siddha thAya che. vera levAnuM tenA manamAM heta te tema karavAnI tenAmAM zakti tathA savaDa bane hatAM. aMgrejo laDIne nAsI gayA hatA te kalakattA navAbanA hAthamAM jAta nahIM, ane mAlamatAnuM je nukasAna thayuM te thAta nahIM. mukarara thayelA karAra pramANe teo cAle eTalI ja navAbanI IcchA hatI; je teo ema varyA hatA te kalAIvanA kharAba kAmane Teke maLata nahIM ane have pachInI rAjyakAnti ATalI jhaDapathI thaI na heta. 8. kalakattA aMgrejoe pAchuM meLavyuM (tA. 2 jI jAnevArI, 1757)-kalakattA pAchuM meLavavA mATe aMgrejoe zI tajavIja karI te have ApaNe joIe. cheka tathA kansilaro pUlTAmAM AvyA pachI tarataja temaNe kalakattA paDavAnI hakIkata madrAsa mokalI, ane e khabara hAla iMglaMDa mekalavI nahIM; kille pAcho sara karyA pachI beu hakIkata sAmaTI jaNAvavAmAM Avaze. AthI A prasaMganI hakIkata hiMdustAnanI bahAra keIe mokalI ja nahIM. A saMbaMdhamAM haoNlvale mokalelA be traNa patra upalabdha che. tene pahele patra julAI tA. 18 mIne, bIje oNgasTano tathA trIjo

Page #584
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 567 navembarane che. A traNa patra temaja evA bIjA putra uparathI A banAvanI upara kahelI hakIkata bharosA lAyaka Thare che. hAlamAM baMgALI bhASAmAM "surAjauda-daulA' nAmanuM pustaka prasiddha thayuM che temAM "aMdhArI koTaDI'nI saghaLI hakIkata banAvaTI hevAnuM pratipAdana karavAmAM AvyuM che, paNa te kharuM lAgatuM nathI. kalakattAnAM sarakArI daphataranI cAravaNuM karI te samayane saghaLe patravyavahAra hiMdustAna sarakAranA hukama anvaye mI. hIle chapAvyo che, te vAMcavAthI "aMdhArI koTaDI' ne banAva khare hovA viSe zaka raheze nahIM. e banAva tA. 20 mI june banyo, tyAra pachI 18 mI julAI sudhI eTale sumAre eka mahinA lagI haoNlvale te mATe kaMI lakhyuM nahIM, teTalAja kAraNathI e banAva khoTe Tharate nathI. haoNlanI prakRti sArI na hovAthI temaja patra lakhavAnAM sAdhane na maLavAthI teNe A hakIkata tarata lakhI mokalI nahIM haze. vaLI musalamAna ItihAsakAra e viSe kaMI lakhatA nathI teTalA uparathI paNa te khoTuM mAnI zakAtuM nathI. kalakattAnI hakIkata madrAsa tA. 16 mI oNgasTa, I. sa. 1756 ne roje, tathA laMDana tA. 12 mI juna 1757 ne dIne pahoMcI. laMDana gayelI bAtamI, pArIsa tathA AyarlenDamAM gayelA khAnagI patro uparathI maLI hatI. laMDanamAM maLelI khabara uparathI ekadama hAhAkAra thAya nahIM tathA vepArI levaDadevaDa ghoTALAmAM paDe nahIM e hetuthI adhikArIo ghaNI sAvacetIthI varyA. kalakattA parata lIdhAnI vAta teoe phelAvI, ane A bhAMjagaDamAM kaMpanIne ghaNuM nukasAna thayuM nathI ema bApakAra jAhera karyuM. Deka tathA bIjA keTalAka mANasone pAchAM bolAvI levA sivAya temaNe kaIne kaI paNa prakAranI zikSA karI nahIM, tema e banAva mATe vizeSa tapAsa paNa karI nahIM. thoDA ja vakhatamAM saghaLo Te maTI javAthI tathA mIrajAphara pAsethI joIe teTalA paisA kaheDAvavAmAM AvyAthI saghaLA pakSanI samajuta thaI madrAsathI madada AvatAM ApaNe chaTake thaze ema kulTAmAM rahelA aMgrejone lAgatuM hatuM, paNa tema na thavAthI temanI ghaNI avadazA thaI. madrAsamAM A khabara pahoMcavAthI je gabharAmaNa thayuM tene lIdhe AgaLa

Page #585
568 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. zuM karavuM tenuM keIne bhAna rahyuM nahIM. madrAsa kansilanA sabhAsada e A prasaMganuM varNana ApyuM che. mekole kahe che ke madrAsamAM "kalakattethI khabara AvyA pachI uDatALIsa kalAkanI aMdara madada mekalavAne TharAva thayo." Ama kahevA mATe enI pAse che AdhAra hato te koNa jANe. kharuM jotAM kansilamAM be mahInA takarAra tathA vivecana thayAM tyAre madada ravAnA karavAne nizcaya thayo hato. kalakattA hAthamAM AvavAthI navAba puSkaLa pulAI gayA hatA. vijayanA jomamAM agADIne baMdebasta nahIM karatAM pitAnA ghamaMDapaNAmAM bephIkara rahyo. vahivaTanI vyavasthA karavAnuM teNe mANekacaMdane soMpyuM. chuTAmAM aMgrejo vahANa upara rahetA hatA temane teNe hAMkI mukyA nahIM, eTale tyAMthI bhaviSyanA saMgrAmanI tajavIja teo sahaja karI zakyA. AvA hIcakArA lekethI zuM parAkrama thavAnAM che? e bhAre daMDa ApI zaraNe Avaze ema teo dhAratA hatA. "varasAda pure thatAMja ame sarasAmAna laI madrAsa cAlyA jaIzuM" evI aphavA lekamAM calAvI tUrtaveLA teo ulTAmAM nizciMta rahyA. kenyA ane valaMdA leke A saghaLe tamAro svasthapaNe joyA karatA hatA, temane aMgrejone Ama nAsI jatA joI AnaMdaja thaze, kAraNa ethI vepAramAM temane eka pratispadhI bahAra bahAra nAza pAme teo mAnatA. junanI 14 mI tArIkhe kalakattA choDI navAba hugalI gayA. tyAM valaMdAo pAsethI sADAcAra lAkha tathA kenya pAsethI sADA traNa lAkha rUpIA teNe killA bAMdhavA mATenA daMDa tarIke lIdhA. AthI vizeSa temane trAsa ApavAmAM temaja hAMkI kahADavAmAM te rokAyo nahIM. e pachI teNe veTasa ane keleTane kedamAMthI chuTA kIdhA, ane pite tA. 11 mI julAIe murzidAbAda AvI pahoMce. ahIMthI A sarva parAkramanI hakIkata teNe bAdazAhane lakhI mokalI. " eTalAmAM navAbanA sAvakAbhAI sAktajaMge baMDa karyuM. rAjamahAla AgaLa navAba ane tenI vacce laDAI thatAM seMkatajaMga mAya gaye. (tA.

Page #586
569 prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 16 akaTobara) murzidAbAda pAchA pharyA pachI navAbe pitAnI lata gaNuM joI te jaDa javAhara bAda karatAM te kulle 68 karoDa rUpIA thaI ema eka ThekANe noMdha thayelI maLI Ave che. Deka ane tene kAphalo tA. 26 mI june phaTAmAM dAkhala thayo. ahIM temane valaMdA lekAe annasAmagrI vagere puruM pADyuM, paNa phrenca taraphathI kaMI madada maLI nahIM. teone vahANa upara khullI havAmAM tApa tathA varasAda khAtAM paDI rahevuM paDayuM. vaLI garamI ghaNI sakhata hovAthI teo ghaNAja herAna thayA. AvI sthitimAM temanAM mana zAMta nahatAM; banelA banAvane deSa eka bIjA upara DhaLI pADI, eka bIjAnI khoDa kahADavAmAM teo mazagula rahetA. A sthitimAM teo chuTAmAM zuM kAma paDI rahyA te samajAtuM nathI. dhIme dhIme AsapAsanA dezI leke pAsethI temane dhAnya vagere maLavA lAgyuM. bIje ThekANethI nAsI AvelA mANase paNa temane ahIM maLyAM. e pachI temaNe navAbanA darabAramAMnA mukhya amaladArane eka patra veTasanI mAraphate mokalAvyA, paraMtu tene kaMI upayoga thayo nahIM. kulTAmAM DekanI sattA koI paNa aMgreja kabUla karate nahIM. pahelo gavarnara tathA kaunsilara te pote ja che ema te kahe, paNa tenuM kahevuM koI sAMbhaLatuM nahIM. tA. 13 mI julAIe maeNniMgahama ane lebamane teNe madrAsa mokalyA, ane kalakattAnI saghaLI hakIkata jaNAvI have pachI zuM karavuM tene vicAra karavA vinaMti karI. A graha tA. 12 mI oNgasTe vizAkhApaTTaNa AvyA. temanA javA pahelAM madrAsamAM khabara pahoMcavAthI mejara kIpeTrIka baso mANase laI darIA mArga tA. 31 mI julAIe kulTA AgaLa AvI pahoMcyA. tA. 13 mI oNgasTa lagImAM veTasa, haidhela vagere kansilanAM saghaLAM mANaso ahIM ekaThAM thayAM tyAre ja ekaMdara zuM banyuM tenI kharI hakIkata sAMbhaLatAM saghaLAnI AMkha ughaDI. kIpeTrIkanA AvavAthI vizeSa phAyado thayo nahIM. tenI sAthe AvelAM temaja bIjAM ghaNuM mANase kulTAnA sakhata tApamAM AjArI paDyAM, tethI eka vahANane davAkhAnA tarIke ja juduM rAkhavuM paDyuM. saghaLAonA

Page #587
570 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ekatra thavA pachI kansilane kArabhAra agAu mAphaka cAlavA lAgyo. temaNe navAbane DAhyA DAhyA kAgaLo lakhyA paNa pite vera levAnI tajavIja karatA hatA tenI tene khabara paDavA dIdhI nahIM. tA. 25 mI okaTobare balarAmagaDhanuM thANuM temaNe kabaje karyuM, ane tyAM saghaLe vahivaTa pitAnA hAthamAM laI kArabhAra zarU karyo. e thANuM khulTAthI thoDeka dura bAlAsaranajIka pUrva kinArA upara che. A veLA vaeNna hesTIMgsa murzidAbAdamAM hato eTale te tyAMnI saghaLI hakIkta lakhI mekalate hate; paraMtu tA. 10 mI akabare navAbe tene hAMkI kahALyo eTale te taraphanI bAtamI maLatI baMdha thaI. AthI have pachInA kAmanI tajavIja karavAmAM ghaNuM divasa nIkaLI gayA. DIsembara mAsamAM iMgleMDathI AvelA hukama avaya saghaLo kArabhAra tathA vyavasthA karavA mATe eka navI silekaTa kamiTI nImavAmAM AvI, temAM ka, veTasa, phalecara, meDaeNima ane haidhela hatA. A kamiTI hastImAM AvatAM pUrvanI kansila baMdha paDI. baMgALa prAMta chatI saghaLI rAjyakrAnti pAra utAravAnuM kAma A kamiTIe ja karyuM. kaeNrIna DIpArTamenTa (Foreign Department) eTale pararAjya saMbaMdhI khAtuM, e nAmanI hiMdustAna sarakAranI eka sAkhA AsilekaTa kamiTImAMthIja banAvavAmAM AvI. baMgALA upara saMkaTa AvavAnI khabara madrAsamAM maLatAMja mejara kIdheTIka thoDAM mANase laI $TA Avyo te upara jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che, paNa mAMdagInA sababe batrIsa mANasa maraNa pAmyAM. kAsImabajAranI vakhAra hAthamAMthI gayAnI bAtamI tA. 3 jI oNgasTe tathA kalakattA paDavAnI bAtamI tA. 17 mI ogasTe madrAsamAM maLI. tyAM anubhavI laoNrensa senApati hatA, paNa te zarIre ghaNe azakta hata; gavarnara pigaTa laDavaiyo nahate; eDamIrala vaoNTasana kAphalAne mukhI hatuM, paNa te kaMpanIne nokara nahate; te te IMglaDa sarakArano hiMdustAnamAM rahetA kAphalAno saradAra hatA. varasAdanA divasa hevAthI madada mokalavAnI ekadama utAvaLa nahIM karavI ema vaoNTasananuM tema bIjAonuM kahevuM hatuM. Aja arasAmAM yuropamAM iMglaMDa tathA kAnsa vacce yuddha zarU thavAne raMga jAmyo hato, ane tethI

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prakaraNa 20 muM. ] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. 571 iMgleDathI hiMdustAnamAM madada AvatI hatI. tA. 19 mI sapTembare igleMDathI be vahANo AvI pahoMcatAM, karnala lAIva tathA eDamIrala Tasanane baMgALAmAM mokalavAno TharAva thayo. lAIva kaMpanIno nekara hovA uparAMta IgleMDa sarakAranA lazkaramAM tenI nimaNuka thaI hatI. AthI madrAsamAM rahetI kaMpanInI temaja sarakAranI bane phejanuM uparIpaNuM svIkAravAne kalAIva yogya hate. ekaMdara ghaNuM moTuM lazkara baMgALA tarapha ravAnA thayuM, emAM cha yuropiyana hatA. tA. 16 mI akaTombara sane 1756 ne reje vaiTisananAM vahANa madrAsathI upaDyAM. "navAba sAthe nakAme raMTa karavo nahIM, salAha karI vepAra zarU kare " evA AzayanA saphArasa patro madrAsamAMnA aMgrejoe nijhAma tathA ArkaTanA navAba pAsethI laI kalAIvanI sAthe mokalyA hatA, ane baMgALA prAMtamAM kaMpanInA vahivaTanI kAyamanI suvyavasthA karavAno nizcaya karyo hato. A kAmamAM yaza maLyA vinA raheze nahIM ema saghaLAnI khAtarI hatI. lAlI madrAsa AvI pahoMce te agAu sarva kAma phateha karI kalAiva madrAsa pAcho Ave evI tyAM sarvanI IcchA hatI. A lazkarane hugalI pahoMcatAM deDha mahine lAgyo. tA. 13 mI DIsembare vaeNTasana, Deka ane halanI mulAkAta thaI ane be divasa rahI tA. 15 mIe kalAIve navAba sAthe patra vyavahAra zarU karyo. emAM navAba sAmA yuddha karavAne aMgrejane Azaya jAhera thaye, kemake vaiTasana ane kalAIve tene lakhelA patra sakhata dhamakInA hatA. navAbe A patrone kaMI javAba vALyo nahIM. vahANone nadImAMthI agADI laI javAno mArga dekhADanAra ke mAhitagAra aMgrejo pAse nahotuM. temanAM ghaNuM mANaso mAMdagIne bIchAne paDelAM hatAM ane keTalAkane TADhIo tAva AvatuM hatuM. ema chatAM A vahANo thoDe upara gayAM eTale acAnaka navAbanI phejamAMthI be mAIlanA TappAne bhAga nIkaLI Avyo. ahIM ubhaya vacce jhapAjhapI thaI temAM banene bhAre nukasAna thayuM. kalakattAmAM rahete navAbane adhikArI mANekacaMda baMdukane avAja sAMbhaLatAMja murzidAbAda nAsI gayo. tA. 2 jI jAnevArIe kalakattAne pherTa viliamane kille vadhu mahenata

Page #589
572 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. vinA aMgrejonA tAbAmAM Avyo. e divase vaeNTasane jAte e kille keka tathA kansilanA havAlAmAM so. A veLAe aMgrejomAM nAnA prakAranI takarAra tathA aMdarakhAnenA kalaha cAlu hatAM; kalAIva sarvane apriya thaI paDyo hata; hola ane tenI vacce aNabanAva hatuM, ane vAsana sarakArI nokara ane kalAIva kaMpanIne nokara hovAthI banne vacce caDasAcaDasI cAlatI hatI. kalakattAnuM thANuM aMgrejonA tAbAmAM AvyuM tyAre tyAMnI saghaLI moTI moTI imArata tathA bacAvanAM kAmo paDI gayAM hatAM. gharamAne sAmAna, bArIo, daravAjA vagere kahADI laI navAbanAM mANasoe baLataNa tarIke vAparyA hatAM. zaherane dezIonI vastIvALo bhAga aMgreja tema navAba banee bALe hato, ane ghaNuMka ghara luTI teno nAza karyo hate. ema chatAM aMgrejo puTTAmAM je avadazA bhogavatA hatA tenA karatAM kalakattA temane vadhAre ArAmIatanI jagyA lAgI, ane eka mahinAnI aMdara saghaLAe tyAM potAnI vyavasthA karI lIdhI. dhanadhAnyanI samRddhi hovAthI punaH sarvanI agAu mAphaka mejamajAha cAlavA mAMDI. navAba sAthe thayelI jhapAjhapImAM jema kaMpanInuM nukasAna thayuM tema pratyeka mANasanuM thoDuM ghaNuM khAnagI nukasAna thayuM hatuM, te navAba pAse bharI levA mATe darekanI haTha cAlu hatI. A hAne pariNAme ja AgaLa jatAM mIrajAphara pAsethI dareka mANase marajImAM Ave tema paisA kaheDAvavAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM. tA. 3 jI jAnevArIe killo aMgrejonA tAbAmAM AvyuM ke tara. taja temaNe navAba sAthe yuddha zarU karavAnuM jAheranAmuM kahADayuM. A jAhe. ranAmAmAM navAbe karelI uzkeraNInuM varNana hatuM, tathA je koI navAbane pakSa choDI temane AvI maLe temanuM saMrakSaNa karavAnuM abhivacana ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. vaLI teo potAnAM bacAvanAM kAmo majabUta karavA lAgyA, ane nadImAMthI laDAI karatAM AgaLa vadhI navAbanuM hugalInuM thANuM kabaje karavA mATe tA. 8 mI jAnevArIe nIkaLelI phoje tyAM kille sara karyo, ane jatAM AvatAM nadInA kAMThA uparanAM tathA tenI pelI meranA pradezamAMnAM

Page #590
prakaraNa 20 muM.] surAja-uda-daulA ane baMgALA. pa73 aneka ThekANuM bALI nAza karyo. A vakhate aMgrejoe valaMdA kenI vakhAro. suddhAM lUTI hatI. tA. 18 mIe navAbanA saghaLA killA tathA anAjanA pAka bALI aMgreja pheja kalakatta pAchI pharI. AthI karI agAunA vhIkaNa aMgrejo teo nahotA evI lekenI khAtarI thaI tathA temanAM vahANa uparanI bhayaMkara topanI bhAre dahezata temanAmAM upajI. aMgrejonA dezI sipAIo paNa pitAnA aMgreja maLatIAnA jevAM ja parAkrama karatA hatA, ane kalAIvane saghaLo AdhAra temanA upara hatA. navAbane A khabara maLatAM te murzidAbAdathI nIkaLI dakSiNa tarapha vaLe. tenI pharaja bIlakula tenA kahevAmAM nahatI, eTale kenca tathA valaMdA sAthe sneha joDavA mATe teNe aMdarakhAnethI kArastAna calAvyAM. kalAIvanI sAthe paNa taha karavAnA hetuthI teNe patravyavahAra zarU karyo. A kAma mATe phrencanA be vakIlo kalakattA kaunsila pAse AvyA, tyAre kaunsile heThaLanI sarate taha karavA jaNAvyuM-(1) aMgrejone thayeluM saghaLuM nukasAna bharI ApavuM, (2) baMgALa prAMtamAM temane saghaLo vyavahAra agAu peThe cAlavA devo, (3) temane pitAnI marajI mAphaka pitAnAM saMsthAnane killebaMdhI karavA devI, ane (4) kalakattAmAM pitAnI eka TaMkazALa bAMdhavAnI temane paravAnagI ApavI. A sarata eTalI kaDaka che, ke jANe aMgrejoe navAbano parAbhava karyo hoya, ema enA uparathI dekhAya che. ema chatAM pahelI traNa sarate navAbe kabUla karI, ane ethI TaMkazALanI bAbata pitAnA adhikAranI nathI, tene mATe bAdazAhanI paravAnagI joIe ema jAhera karyuM. te paNa game tevAM kAraNe kahADI kalAIve tahanA saMdezA taracheDI kahADyA, kemake laDavAnI IMtejArI tene vizeSa hovAthI tene taha karavI nahatI. pelImera navAba paNa gusse thaI gayo hate pharIthI ekavAra aMgrejone mAra mAravAnA uddezathI te phebruArInI zarUAtamAM kalakattA upara caDI Avyo, ane amIcaMdanA bAgamAM chAvaNI nAkhI paDaze. raratAmAM hugalIthI navAbe nIcene patra aMgrejone lakhyo. "tame hugalI zahera kabaje karI lUTayuM che, ane amArI raiyata sAthe laDAI karI vepAra

Page #591
574 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 ja. nI saratano bhaMga karyo che. sababa ame murzidAbAdathI hugalI AgaLa AvelA hovAthI have nadI utarI tamArI chAvaNa upara halle karanAra chIe. paNa te pahelAM salAhanA saMdezA calAvI tamAre vepAra pUrvavat cAlu kare. heya te te bAbata vicAra calAvavA vakIla mokalavA.' kalAIvane vicAra taha karavAne nahote, ema chatAM tahanAmAM mATe vicAra calAvavA aMgreja vakIla AvyuM, te paNa banne pakSa laDavA mATe utsuka hovAthI taha na karatAM, tA. 5 mI phebruArI sane 1757 ne dIne kalAIva tathA navAba vacce eka ghaNI sakhata laDAI thaI emAM ubhaya pakSanAM puSkaLa mANase mAryA gayAM. jeTalI khUnarejI ahIM cAlI teTalI lAsInI laDAImAM paNa thaI nahatI. A laDAI thayA bAda baMne pakSa vacce tahanI sarato TharI, ane teoe sahI sikkAvALA karAranA dastAveja eka bIjAne karI ApyA hatA. 9 phebruArI, sa. 1757). e karAranI rUe upara kahelI aMgrejonI saghaLI mAgaNIo navAbe kabula karI. A alInagaranuM tahanAmuM kahevAya che. vAstavika rIte A TaMTAne aMta ahIMja Avavo joItuM hatuM, paNa aMgrejonA manamAM atizaya vasavaso hovAthI tema thayuM nahIM. navAbe temanuM nukasAna bharI ApavAnI eka kalama hatI, paNa temAM lekenA khAnagI nukasAna bAbata kaMI ulekha nahato. aMgrejonI dhana tRSNa hadapAra hevAthI, ane dareka jaNa pitAnuM khIsuM tara karavAnI utAvaLamAM paDeluM hovAthI karAranI zarate barAbara pALavAnuM temanA manamAM bIlakula nahotuM. temAM vaLI khuda kalAIvanI mahatvAkAMkSAnI maryAdAja nahotI. tene bIjA saghaLA sAthe aNabanAva hovAthI kevaLa svachaMdI rIte marajI mAphaka vartavAne te utsukta the. A samaye teNe pitAnA pitAne lakhelA patra vAMcavAthI tenI mahatvAkAMkSA tathA hetu vize khAtarI thAya che. che,

Page #592
prakaraNa 21 muM. ] palAsI-baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 575 prakaraNa 21 muM. plAsI-baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala, sane 1757-1760. 1. caMdranagaranuM aMgrejone hAtha javuM. 2. navAbane padabhraSTa karavAnI goThavaNa 3. plAsInI laDAI (tA. 23 juna, 1757). 4. plAsI tathA aMgrejonA subhAgyanI carcA. 5. aMgrejonA vijaya tathA dezIonI durba 6. mIrajApharane udvega. latA vize vivecana. 1, caMdranagaranuM aMgrejone hAtha javuM (mArca 1757).-baMgALAmAMnuM kAma pUruM thatAM kalAIve tyAMthI pAchA pharavuM joItuM hatuM, paNa hamaNuM aMgreja phrenca vaccenuM yuddha zarU thavAthI caMdranagaramAMthI phrenca lekene uThAva na thAya te pAchaLathI teo kevA ghoTALA kare tene niyama na hovAthI uThAvelI mahenata saghaLI phogaTa javAnI vhIke te tyAM rahyo. upara kahyA pramANe navAba sAthe taha thaI te paNa te ghaNe vakhata Takaze ema lAIvane bharoso nahato. navAbanI ekaMdara paristhitine tene je anubhava thayo hate te uparathI thoDe prayatna karavAthI samagra baMgALA prAMta aMgrejonA kabajAmAM Avaze ema teNe aTakaLa karI hatI. AthI phrenca sAthe laDAI zarU thayAnI khabara AvI hatI, ane madrAsamAM bIlakula lazkara nathI e tene mAhita hatuM chatAM hiMmata karI baMgALAmAMja rahevAne teNe nizcaya karyo. ahIM rahIne ja e vadhAre sAruM kAma karI zako. kAnsa sAthe iMglaMDane laDAI jAhera thayAnI bAtamI maLI gayelI hevAthI ekadama baMgALAmAMnuM kenya saMsthAna caMdranagara kabaje karavAne vicAra kalAIvanA manamAM AvyuM. vAstavika rIte navAba sAthe cAlelI takarAramAM phrenca lekee aMgrejo virUddha kaMI paNa kRtya karyuM nahatuM; ulaTuM teo temane upayogI thaI paDyA hatA. sane 1741 mAM Duple kAnsa pAcho pharyo tyAra pachI caMdranagaranI AbAdI ochI thavA lAgI hatI. hamaNAM sane 1756 mAM tyAM renoTa nAmane phrenca lekene mukhya kArabhArI hate.

Page #593
576 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tenI pAse lazkaramAM phakta 150 yuropiyana tathA 300 dezAoja hatA. eTale eka taraphathI aMgreja tathA bIjI taraphathI navAba sAthe game tema karI ne rAkhI renalTa pitAno bacAva karato hato. navAbe kalakattA upara svArI karI te veLA aMgrejoe kenyanI madada mAMgI hatI paNa te temaNe ApI nahIM, paNa aMgrejone caMdranagaramAM Azraya ApavAne renabe kabUla karyuM hatuM. eTalAmAM yurepamAM IgleMDa ane phrAnsa vacce yuddha zarU thavAnI khabara suratathI sane 17pa6 nA DIsembara mAsamAM kalakattAmAM maLI. rernolTanI nAnI phoja vyavasthita hatI temaja caMdranagara kilo ghaNo majabUta hato. ema chatAM aMgrejo sAthe sneha karavAne teNe vicAra karyo, ane teno svIkAra karavAne kalAI prathama kabUla karyuM. jAnevArI sane 1757 nA AraMbhamAM kalAIva ane vaiTasana kalakattethI hugalI AvyA tyAre tyAM temane phrenca vakIla maLe. tahanAmA saMbaMdhI temanI vacce vAtacIta thaI paNa kaMI niSpanna thayuM nahIM. temaNe ekadama yuddha zarU karyuM hota, paNa banene eka bIjAnI vhIka hatI. navAba sAthe thayelA karAramAM evI eka kalama hatI ke jeo aMgrejonA dasta athavA zatru hoya tene navAbe pitAnA dosta athavA zatru gaNavA. taha karI navAba kalakattathI pAcho pharyo tyAre caMdranagaranA phrenca leke sAthe mitrAcArI karI aMgrejone karI ApelI savaLatA temane paNa karI ApI navAba rAjadhAnImAM gaye. A prasaMge navAba tathA kenca vacce kaMI gupta TharAva thayo hate ema aMgrejone lAgavAthI temanA manamAM hema AvyA, ane tethI e be pAzcAtya prajA vacce sneha baMdhAvavAnuM muzkela thaI paDavuM. navAba sAthe aMgrejone salAha thaI tyArathI temaNe pitAnA vakIla tarIke mI. DeTasane navAbanA darabAramAM goThavyo hato. enI sAthe amIcaMda paNa aMgrejo taraphathI raheto hovAthI te ja aMdarakhAnethI saghaLAM kArastAnI vada aMgrejone Apato hato. evI ja rIte phrenca lokonA vakIla tarIke lo muzibAdamAM rahete. aMgreja kenya vacce taha karyuM nahIM eTale temanI vacce laDAI jAgavAnuM nizcita thatAM phrenca lekone madada karavA mATe navAbe pitAnI pheja ravAnA karI. AthI aMgrejo ghaNuM

Page #594
577 prakaraNa 21 muM. ] palAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. gusse thayA. A veLA ekeeka pakSanAM mananI sthiti evI te gheTALA bharelI thaI hatI ke temAMthI khare prakAra zodhI kahADavAnuM kAma muzkela lAge che. je te pitAnI matalaba kevI rIte sAdhI zakAya te jotuM hatuM, ane bhaviSyamAM kaMIpaNa bhayaMkara banAva banyA vinA raheze nahIM tathA hamaNAnI uddhIpta, utkaMThita tathA saMsayagrasta avasthA ghaNuM divasa TakI zakaze nahIM e dareka AzAmI samajato hato. navAba ghaNuM sakhata sANasAmAM sapaDAyo hato. bAdazAha baMgALA upara caDI Ave che evI khabara maLavAthI te paTanA javA nIkaLyo, ane kalAIne lazkara sahita pitAnI madade : AvavA AmaMtraNa karyuM. kalAIvane e ja joItuM hatuM, eTale te navAbanI madade javA mATe nIkaLyo, ane patradvArA tene jaNAvyuM ke, ApaNe banne paTanA jaIe te ApaNI pAchaLa phrenca sarakhA zatrune emanAema rahevA devA gya nathI. mATe pahelAM phrenca lekeno sAro bobasta karI huM pAchaLathI AvuM chuM." Aja arasAmAM aMgrejonI madade IgleMDathI ghaNuM navuM lazkara AvI pahoMcyuM, ane game tevAM saMkaTa AvI paDe to paNa TakI zakAya evI temanI sthiti thaI kalAIvanA sAhasika guNe sarvatra vakhaNAyelA che. ekAda muzkela prasaMga AvI paDatAM tenuM mana atyaMta yAkuLavyAkuLa thaI jatuM. tenI aMdagInA saghaLA meTA bane evA sAhasikapaNathI ja pAra paDyA che. aNIne vakhate teNe jAta hiMmata upara manane nizcaya karI parAkrama karyuM heya evuM kadI banyuM nathI. aMgrejonuM ghaNuMkharuM lazkara baMgALAmAM AvavAthI, A veLA je phrenca yoddhA busI pitAnI pheja laI nijhAmanA darabAramAMthI madrAsa upara Avyo hota, te te taraphane saghaLo mulaka tenA hAthamAM jaI paData ema kalAIvanI paNa khAtarI hatI. ema chatAM tA. 24 mI mArce te phejasaha caMdranagara AvyuM. A prasaMge navAba taraphathI phensane kaMI paNa madada AvI nahIM; ulaTA temanI AsapAsanA amaladAro aMgrejone jaI maLyA. e pachI nadImAM thaIne voTasananAM vahANo AvyAM tene te uparanA eka phIturI thayelA phrenca baMdaramAM AvavAne mArga dekhADaze. AnA

Page #595
pa78 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. pariNAmamAM tA. 23 mI mArce caMdranagara aMgrejonA havAlAmAM AvyuM. A prasaMge vaoNTasananAM vahANe AvI pahoMcyAM na hota te kalAIvane saMpUrNa nAza thAta. A jhapAjhapImAM jeTalAM nya lekonAM mANasa paDyAM teTalAM ja aMgrejonAM paDyAM. renaoNlTa suddhAM saghaLA phrenca laDavaiyAone aMgrejoe kalakattA laI jaI kedamAM puryA, ane bAkInAne choDI mukyA. alInagaranA taha anvaya phrenca sAthe AvA prakAranuM yuddha karavAnI manAI hatI. navAbe aMgrejone AgrahapUrvaka jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "amArA mulakamAM AvI laDAI calAvavAnI nathI; tame salAha karI phrenca sAthe kAyamanI mitrAcArI bAMdhe." paNa vaTasane A kahevuM bIlakula gaNakAryuM nahIM, ane caMdranagara upara svArI karI. tene AgaLa vadhatA aTakAvavA mATe naMdakumAra navAbanI pheja laI Avyo. phrenca lekene madada karavAne tene hukama hatuM, paNa te pramANe nahIM vartatAM te kejasahita bAjue khasI gaye, ane tema karI aMgrejone caMdranagara kabaje karavAnuM saheluM karI ApyuM. A kAma lAMcane jore thayuM hatuM. kalAIva jaNAve che ke "kalakattAnA dhanavAna vepArI amIcaMdane kaMpanI upara hamezano upakAra thayo che. hugalInA senApati dIvAna naMdakumAranI ApaNane madada maLI te amIcaMdane lIdhe hatI. amIcaMdanI salAha mAnI naMdakumAra je pitAnuM lazkara laI bAjue go na hota te caMdranagara ApaNuM hAthamAM Avate nahIM." A amIcaMdane upakAra kalAIve AgaLa kevI rIte ke te jagajAhera che. caMdranagara aMgrejone kabaje jatAM baMgALAmAM phrencanI sattA TurI, ane navAbane zikSA karavAnuM aMgrejone sulabha thayuM. vaLI temane puSkaLa yuddhasAmagrI AyatI maLI. ahIM phrencano vepAra ghaNo sAro cAlate hevAthI piDIcerIne je madada maLatI hatI te havethI baMdha thaI ane pariNAmamAM te zaheranuM mahatva ghaTI gayuM. caMdranagara sara thayAnI bAtamI IgleMDamAM maLatAM kaMpanInA zeranA bhAva ekadama saMkaDe 12 TakA caDI gayA. e pachI kalAiva pitAnAM lazkara sahita caMdranagaramAM be mahinA lagI chAvaNuM nAMkhI paDI rahyo.

Page #596
prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. pa79 2. navAbane padabhraSTa karavAnI goThavaNa (me, 157)-caMdranagara paDatAM navAbane bhayaMkara dhAstI paDI, ane kalAIva ekadama murzidAbAda upara caDI Ave che ke kema ema tene lAgyuM. nAnA tarehanA patra lakhI teNe kalAIvane samajAvavA mAMDyo. "bAdazAhanuM lazkara pAchuM gayuM che tethI have amArI madade AvavAne tamane kAraNa nathI," ema paNa teNe lakhI jaNAvyuM. kalAIva tevAja javAba mekalI pitAne mATe navAbanA manamAM kaMI saMzaya rahe nahIM evI mIThI mIThI vAta karI tene bhUlAvAmAM nAMkhI vakhata lete hati. tA. 9mI phebruArIe tahanAmuM thayA pachI aMgrejonI mAMgaNuM eka sarakhI vadhatI ja cAlI hatI. saratane bhaLatA ja artha uThAvI teoe navAbane gherI levA mAMDyuM hatuM, tathA tene marajI mAphaka artha karI tenA adhikArIone zikSA karavA lAgyA hatA. navAbanI raiyatanuM je karaja aMgrejoe ApavuM joItuM hatuM te teoe ApyuM nahIM. temanI mulAkAta navAbe najarANuM lIdhA sivAya tathA vilaMba vinA levI, kalakattA lagI teNe pitAnI pheja lAvavI nahIM, ItyAdI aneka tarehanI mAMgaNIo emaNe karI hatI, kemake temane pratinidhi veTasa moTe dhUrta tathA svArthasAdhu hatuM. A prakAranI game tevI mAgaNIo khuda oNTasanane paNa pasaMda nahotI, paNa saghaLuM sutra kalAIva ekale halAvatAM rahevAthI te A bAbatamAM lAcAra hatA. nakAmA besavAne kaMTALe AvavAthI game tevAM nhAnAM kahADI, tvarAthI saghaLuM svAhA karavAnA vicAramAM kalAIva magna thayo hato. navAbanA mulakamAM ThekaThekANe kenca lekenI vakhAre hatI te saghaLI japta karI pitAne svAdhIna karavA eNe navAbane mAgaNI karI. navAbe te kabula karI nahIM, ane phrenca keDIone nAza thayA pachI bAdazAhane vasulanuM nukasAna thAya che evuM sabaLa kAraNa jaNAvyuM. A prasaMge khuda navAbanA darabAramAM veTasa ane lai vacce jabaradasta kheMcatANa cAlu thaI marajImAM Ave te rIte darabAranAM mANasone teo pitAnI tarapha kheMcavA lAgyA. hugalImAne navAbane senApati naMdakumAra mATe pratiSThita grahastha hote te tathA amIcaMda aMgrejonA pakSamAM hatA. veTasa

Page #597
580 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je, ane lo vaccenI takarAre ugrarUpa dhAraNa karatAM laine darabAramAMthI cAlyA javAnI pharaja paDI. paTanA jatI veLA teNe navAbane dhamakI ApI ke "sAvadha rahejo, have tamArI ane mArI mulAkAta thavI zakya nathI." A kahevAnI chuTake nathI. A veLA paTanAnA kArabhArI rAmanArAyaNe UMne sarva bAbatanI tajavIja karI ApI hatI. tenA cAlyA javA bAda murzidAbAdamAM saghaLI arajaka sthiti zarU thaI. lekee AvI potapotAnA hetu anusAra navAbane nAnA prakAranI bAtamIo ApavAne lIdhe tathA pitAnA utAvaLIA svabhAvane lIdhe te tadana bebAkaLo thaI gayo. leke aneka tarka karavA lAgyA, ane AgaLa jatAM kaMI paNa bhayaMkara banAva banaze evA dareka jaNane vicAra AvavA lAgyA. jagatazeTha tathA aMgrejo vaccenA aNabanAvanuM kAraNa e hatuM ke zeTha nya loko sAthe maLI gayo hate. te dhanADhaya hovAthI navAba tene mATe zakamaMda hatuM, ane tene paNa navAbanI vhIka hatI. AthI te aMgrejonA pakSamAM dAkhala thavAnI apekSA karavA lAgyo. navAba pAsethI bhAre mAMga. NIo karavAne te aMgrejone uzkeratuM hatuM, ane bIjI taraphathI te mAMgaNIo dhutakArI kahADavAnI salAha navAbane Apate. navAbe nukasAnI peTe aMgreje. ne trIsa lAkha rUpIA ApyA, paNa teTalAthI teo tRpta thayA nahIM. e uparAMta tahanI kalamomAMnI keTalIka bAbatomAM lAIve navAba sAthe takarAra uThAvI. AkhA baMgALA prAMtamAM kaMpanInA vepAra sArU ApavAnI paravAnA tathA bIjI keTalIka bAbatonI teNe navAbane dhamakI ApI mAMgaNI karI. thoDAja vakhatamAM busI pitAnI madade AvI pahoMcaze e AzA upara teNe A mAMgaNI pratye bIlakula lakSa ApyuM nahIM. tA. 20 mI eprile teNe veTasane darabAramAMthI hAMkI kahALyo tyAre darabAramAMnA vajanadAra gRhasthAnI salAha uparathI navAbane padabhraSTa karavAne te vicAra karavA lAge. rAjayamAM pheraphAra karavAnuM zakya temaja jarUranuM che ema teNe kalAIvane lakhI jaNAvyuM, ane sUcanA karI ke "ApaNuM lazkaranI kyAre jarUra paDaze te nakkI nathI, mATe lazkara taiyAra rAkhavuM.

Page #598
prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 581 caMdranagaranA paDavA sAtha navAba tathA nya vacce sneha joDAyo hato, ane busI tenI madade AvatuM hovAnI vAta cAlatI hatI. vaLI lAlI madrAsa upara svArI lAvanAra hatA tyAre madrAsa javuM ke baMgALAmAM ja rahevuM e muzkelImAM lAIva paDyA hatA. evAmAM navAbane padabhraSTa karavAno tenAja saradAre e ghaDele ghATa tenA jANavAmAM Avyo, ane te ja pramANe tAbaDatoba amala karavAnI teNe tajavIja calAvI. ANI tarapha surAjauda-delA ekale paDI gayuM hatuM, tathA te aneka aDacaNothI gherAI gaye hato. tenA tAbAnA saghaLA adhikArIo phIturI banI tene gAdI uparathI uThADI mukavA utsuka thayA hatA. AthI phrenca lekenI madada laI aMgrejo sAthe laDavA, athavA aMgrejone meLavI levA sivAya anya upAya tene mATe rahyA nahato. AvI hakIkatamAM teNe kenyane cheDI daI aMgrejo sAthe salAha karI. te ekale ane asahAya hate te paNa tenI ja uttama prakAranI hatI. ema chatAM lazkaranA adhikArIoe phItura uThAvI aMgrejonI madadathI mIrajApharane gAdIe besADavAne udyoga calAvyo. mIrajAphare aMgrejo sAthe guma tahanAmuM karyuM, ane e bAbata eTalI te chUpI rAkhI che te vize koIne paNa khabara paDI nahIM. saghaLI vaNa kalAIve kalakattAmAM tathA veTase murzidAbAdamAM rahI calAvI, paraMtu veTasanI hIlacAla upara navAbanA jAsuse tapAsa rAkhatA hevAthI, kalakattAnA dhanADhya tathA pratiSThita vepArI amIcaMdanI teNe madada lIdhI. prasaMga AvatAM taha tathA segana saghaLuM bAjue mukavAmAM Ave che, te pramANe alinagaranAM tahanAmA pachI traNa mahinAmAM ja aMgrejoe navAbane gAdIethI uThADI mukavAna ghATa ghaDe. paNa e gaThavaNa khullI rIte pAra paDavI zakya na hovAthI kalAIve mIThI mIThI bhASAmAM patra lakhI navAbane khuza rAkhe, ane cAlatA kapaTa viSe tenA manamAM kaMI paNa saMzaya AvavA didhe nahIM. je TapAlavALe A patra laI jato hato tenI ja pAse veTasa upara lAIvana heThaLanA majakurane patra hata-mIrajApharane kahevuM ke blIvuM nahIM. pAMca hajAra zuravIra mANase laI huM tamane AvI maLuM chuM.

Page #599
582 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. huM rAtane divasa banAvI AvyA vinA rahIza nahIM, ane prANa jatAM paNa tamane choDIza nahIM." A bAbata viSe vahIlara lakhe che ke, "A saghaLA kelakarAre kharuM jemAM moTI rAjyakrAtinI pUrve karelAM taha che. aMgre. jene joIe te mAgavuM evI temanI zakti hovAthI, navAba mIrajAphara joIe te ApavA taiyAra hate. nA kahevAnI tenI zakti ja kyAM hatI?"* jagatazeTha vagere maMDaLe mIrajApharane navAbapada upara sthApavAnuM kAvatru racyuM hatuM, tyAre aMgrejo karArano anAdara karI baMgALA upara caDI AvavAne vicAra kare che evI bAtamI surAjauda-daulAne cAre taraphathI maLavA lAgI, eTale mIrajApharane teNe plAsI AgaLa aMgrejone seha batAvavA mATe mokalyo. aMgrejoe mIrajApharane pakSa dharyo, kemake navAbanA manamAM taha pALavAne vicAra na hovAthI, te phrenca vagerenI madadathI karAre tarachoDI nAMkhavAnI taka jete hatuM, ane saghaLA leke tenAthI kaMTALelA hovAthI rAjyamAM pheraphAra thavAnuM nizcita hatuM, te prasaMge navA thatA navAba sAthe pahelethI ja saMdhAna rAkhavAnuM kalAIvane avazya lAgyuM. A bAbata teNe silekaTa kamiTInI samajuta karI tathA tenI paravAnagI laI mIrajApharane madada karavAnI zarate lakhI jaNAvI. mu. dAbAdanA amIcaMda ane veTasa A kAvatrAmAM sAmIla hatA. paNa veTasane tenA upara vizvAsa nahe, ane jagatazeTha tathA amIcaMda vacce aNabanAva hovAthI baMne jaNe pitAnI matalaba sAdhavA utsuka thayA hatA. A veLA pratyeka mANasa potAnA kAvAdAvA evI cAlAkIthI calAvatA hatA ke darekane aMtastha hetu bahAra paDavAnuM azakya hatuM; ane te jANavAnuM kaMI arthanuM rahetuM. mIrajApharane aMgrejo navAbapada meLavI Ape te teNe temane upakAra kevI rIte ke e mATe lekhI TharAva ghaTasananI mAraphata nakkI thatuM hatuM. amIcaMda mAraphata kadAca A saghaLI hakIkata phuTI javAnI aMgrejone dhAstI lAgavAthI, A TharAva gupta rAkhavA mATe amIcaMda trIsa lAkha rUpIA mAMgavA lAgyo. paraMtu AvI * Wheeler's Early Records of British India.

Page #600
583 prakaraNa 21 muM. ] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. aDacaNonI darakAra rAkhe evo lAIva nahe. amIcaMdane sahejamAM phasAvavAne teNe nizcaya karyo. A TharAva lakhavA mATe eka kerA kAgaLa upara mIrajApharanI sahI laI te teNe veTasane kalakatte mokalyA, ane temAM amIcaMda mATe joIe te kalama dAkhala karavA jaNAvyuM. pitAnA kAmamAM amIcaMda aDacaNa nAMkhate hale e kalAIvathI sahana nahIM thaI zakavAthI tene acAnaka phasAvavAnI teNe eka camatkArika goThavaNa karI. amIcaMdanA hAthamAM sarvanI muDI hovAthI te je A saghaLe gupta beta navAbane jaNAve te bhayaMkara pariNAma AvyA sivAya rahe nahIM. AthI tene zAMta pADI Akhare karI, eka sapheda tathA eka lAla kAgaLa upara lakhI, ane temAM amIcaMdane trIsa lAkha rUpIA ApavAnI kalama lAla kAgaLamAM dAkhala karI, paNa saphedamAMthI te bAtala rAkhI. sapheda kAgaLa upara TharAva kharo tathA lAla uparane khoTo evI yojanA lAIva rAkhI hatI. sapheda kAgaLa upara sarva aMgreja adhikArIoe sahI karI, paraMtu rAtA kAgaLa upara eDamIrala ghaTasane sahI sikake karavA nA pADI tyAre kalAIvanA hukama anusAra lyusiMgaTane te kAgaLa upara tenI banAvaTI sahI karI, AvI rIte taiyAra thayelo lAla kAgaLa amIcaMdane batAvI tenI samajuta karavAmAM AvI. khoTo dastAveja taiyAra kare tathA te upara banAvaTI sahI karavI e be ghora pApa kalAI karyA te paNa te mATe te kadI paNa zaramAyo karIza." paNa e samarthana tene jAtabhAIone pasaMda paDayuM nahIM. mIla, melIsana jevA graMthakAree tene A niMdya vartana upara puSkaLa TIkA karI che. aMgrejI rAjyane pAyo AvI rAjanIti upara racavAmAM Avyo hato ethI vadhAre TIkA A bAbata upara karavAnI AvazyakatA jaNAtI nathI. amIcaMdanA manamAM aMgrejonA satyAgrahI guNo upara moTe bharoso hate. navAbane temanI vartaNuka mATe vahema AvatAM amIcaMde tene jaNAvyuM, "huM Aja cALIsa varSa thayA aMgrejonA Azraya heThaLa rahyo chuM. eTalA

Page #601
584. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. vakhatamAM temaNe pitAnuM vacana teDavAne eka paNa dAkhale banyuM nathI. IgleMDamAM kaIka upara khoTuM bolavAne aparAdha sAbIta thatAM tenI apratiSThA thAya che." A viSe navAba AgaLa amIcaMde brAhmaNane page hAtha mukI segana khAdhA. A rIte tenI samajuta thavAthI navAba aMgrejonA saMbaMdhamAM tadana nizciMta rahyo. phrenca tathA bIjA leka aMgreje viSe nAnA prakAranAM kAvatarAM racatA hatA, paNa navAbe te tarapha lakSa ApyuM nahIM, ane mIrajApharane plAsIthI pAcho bolAvI lIdho. me mahinAmAM karAranI saghaLI goThavaNe saMpUrNa thaI. mIrajAphara tathA aMgrejo vacce thayelA TharAvanI mukhya kalamo heThaLa pramANe hatIH-(1) surAja-uda-daulAe aMgrejone ApelA sarva haka tathA savaLatA mIrajAphare kabUla karI aMgrejo sAthe haraeka rIte dastI rAkhavI. (2) phrenca lokone baMgALAmAMthI hAMkI kahADI temanI saghaLI mAlamatA aMgreje. ne ApavI; tathA nukasAnI badala mIrajAphare kaMpanIne eka karoDa, kalakattAnA yuropiyana rahevAsIone pacAsa lAkha, hiMdu rahevAsIone vIsa lAkha, Aiinayana vepArIone sAta lAkha tathA amIcaMdane vIsa lAkha ApavA. (3) kalakattAnI khADI bahAra saghaLI bAjue cha yArDane, tathA kalakattAthI heThaLa kinArA sudhIne saghaLo, pradeza mIrajAphare kaMpanIne Apo. (4) mIrajApharanA bacAva sArU aMgreja ja rahe tyAre tene saghaLo kharca teNe Apa, ane badalAmAM sarva zatru sAme temaNe tenuM rakSaNa karavuM. A pramANe mIrajAphara sAthe karavAmAM AvelA gupta tahanAmAnI rUe aMgrejone puSkaLa phAyado thavAnuM hatuM. A tahanAmuM pAra pADavA mATe eka sAkSInI jarUra hatI. evA sAkSInA dekhatAM kurAna upara hAtha mukI tahanI kabUlAta mIrajAphara pAsethI meLavavAnI kalAIva taraphathI veTasane tAkIda thaI hatI. paraMtu murzidAbAdamAM A taha upara kabalAta levAmAM keTalI keTalI aDacaNe Avaze e kalAIvane khabara nahatI. mIrajApharane mATe navAbane saMzaya AvavAthI tenI saghaLI hIlacAle upara sakhata dekharekha hatI, ane veTasa upara paNa tevo ja pahero hato. eka divasa veTasa eka

Page #602
prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 585 janAnI myAnamAM besI mIrajApharanA janAnakhAnAmAM gayA. tyAM mIrajAphare karAra upara pite sahI karI, ane " jIvamAM jIva che tyAM sudhI A karAra huM pALIza, e bAbata Izvara ane pegaMbara sAkSI che." ema lakhI ApyuM. e pachI zikAre javAnuM nimitta kahADI tA. 12 mI junane dIne veTasa murzidAbAdathI nIkaLyo. tA. 14mIe kalAIvane AvI maLe, ane amIcaMda paNa te arasAmAM kalakatte AvI pahoMcyA. tarataja veTasa nAsI gayAnI bAtamI navAbane maLI, ane saghaLA banAvanA mULamAM mIrajAphara hevAnI tenI khAtarI thaI. paraMtu mIrajApharane ekadama nekarI uparathI dUra karavAnuM mulatavI rAkhI, ulaTI tenI vinavaNuM karI pitAne saMpUrNa rIte madada karavAnuM navAbe tenI pAsethI vacana lIdhuM. bhAvI saMkaTane isAre laeNe aneka prakAre navAbane pahoMcADyo hate; paNa IzvarecchA baLavAna che e nyAyane anusarI navAbe kaMI paNa vizeSa sAvacetI rAkhI nahIM. paraMtu aMgrejonuM juThANuM te barAbara samajI gayo. "tamee karArane anAdara karyo che " evuM teNe kalAIva tathA vaoNTasanane lakhI me kahyuM, ane pite 50,000 lazkara laI plAsI tarapha kuca karavA mAMDI. 3. plAsInI laDAI ( tA. 23 juna, 1757).-upara kahela gupta karAra sahIsikakA sAthano taiyAra thaI aMgrejonA hAthamAM paDatAM lAive have pachI karavAnuM kAma upADayuM. zarUAtathI Akhara lagI tenAM mananI guMcavaNa cAlu hatI, koIne paNa tene bharoso nahoto, ane kAyamana nizcaya tarIke teNe kaMI paNa kadI TharAvyuM nahotuM. mIrajApharane te atyaMta dhIraja ApatA hatA, chatAM tene pitAne bIlakula dhIraja nahetI. kalakattethI plAsI lagInA zatrunA tAbAnA mulakamAMthI tene potAnuM lazkara laI javAnuM hatuM; mArgamAM hugalI, agradvIpa, khaTavA ItyAdi ThekANe navAbanI phejanAM thANuM hatAM. A ThekANanA navAbanA adhikArIone amIcaMda mAraphata pitAnA pakSamAM meLavI levAnA hatA, ane temanA bolavAmAM keTaluM kharApaNuM che tenI ajamAyaza karavAnI hatI. jyAre kayAM vizvAsa ghAta thaze tene niyama nahote. dareka ThekANe juhe hallo karI zatrune

Page #603
586 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. bdIvaDAvavAnA hatA. khuda mIrajApharane tathA tenA sAthIone suddhAM tene bharese nahe. A saghaLI aDacaNo sAme Takkara jhIlI lAsInI raNabhUmI upara tene javAnuM hatuM. racele beta TuTe te eka paNa mANasa jIvate pAcho AvI zakavAne nathI ema paNa te samajato hato. enI pAse ghoDesvAra pharaja bIlakula na hovAthI, teNe bardavAnanA rAjA pAsethI svAranI eka TukaDI madadamAM lIdhI. vaLI teNe khaTavA AgaLa khAsa sabhA bharI saghaLAonI salAha lIdhI. A samaye nirAkaraNa mATe mukhya prazna eja hatA ke aMgrejoe ekadama bhAgIrathI utarI navAbanI pheja upara hale kare athavA AgaLa zuM bane che te upara najara rAkhI stabdha besI rahevuM. AvA prakAmI masalatamAM vaye nAnA hoya tene mata prathama levAya che, ane te pachI vRddha purUSone mata levAya che te pramANe kalAIve pitAne abhiprAya prathama jAhera karyo. e vicAra mIrajApharane ApelI salAhanI virUddha hato. ekadama hallo karI javuM nahIM, zuM thAya che te jotAM ahIMja thobhavuM e A vakhate kalAIvane mata hato. enA anumodanamAM bIjA agIAra amaladAronA mata paDyA. mejara Ayara kuTane mata duzmana upara ekadama hallo laI javAnuM hatuM, ane e vicAranAM bIjAM pAMca AsAmIo hatAM. e pachI mIrajApharane patra AvavAthI kalAIve pitAne vicAra pheravyuM ane hallo ekadama karavAno nizcaya karyo. enA lazkaramAM 350 aMgreja pAyadaLa ane topakhAnAnAM mANaso hatAM, ane emAMnAM 50 mANaso kAphalA uparanAM hatAM. e uparAMta 2100 dezI sipAio tathA keTalAka pirTugIjha hatA. saghaLA maLI 3000 mANaso kalAI pAse hatAM. mIrajApharane pAMca hajAra lazkara lAvavAnuM eNe vacana ApyuM hatuM paNa teTaluM lazkara te ekaThuM karI zake nahIM. tenI pAse phakta che tepa hatI. plAsI gAma hugalI nadIne pUrva tIre AveluM che. A jagyAe eka vistIrNa medAna upara khAkharanAM puSkaLa jhADe AvelAM hovAthI tenuM nAma palAsI' paDayuM che. tA. 13 mI june navAbanA AvelA patrane javAba mokalI lAIva pitAnAM lazkara sahita murzidAbAda AvavA nIkaLyo. cha

Page #604
prakaraNa 21 se. plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala , 587 divasa rahI tA. 19 mIe teNe khaTavAnuM thANuM kabaje karyuM. A majabUta jagyA ene ghaNI upayogI thaI paDI kemake te veLA varSARtu zarU thatI hatI, ane lekone aneka saMkaTo bhegavavAM paDatAM hatAM. mIrajApharane dama kayAM sudhI cAle che e mATe lAivane kaMI paNa kalpanA nahetI. tA. 22 mIe savAramAM enI ja khaTavAthI nIkaLI saMdhyAkALe palAsImAM lakSabAga nAmanI AMbAvADImAM AvI pahoMcI. ahIM AzrayanI jagyA sArI hovAthI navAbanI tepane mAre aMgrejone lAge ema nahatuM. tenI pAse cALIsa tapa, paMdara hajAra svAra, tathA trIsa hajAra pAyadaLa lazkara hatuM. lAsI AgaLa AvyA pachI pitA upara eka mahAna prasaMga AvI paDyA hoya ema lAIvane lAgyuM, AkhI rAta cAlI tenAM mANasa thAkI gayAM hatAM; savAranAja temane mukAma plAsInI AMbAvADImAM thayo hato. sUryodaya thatAM navAbanuM lazkara paNa tyAM AvI lAgyuM. e phejanA mukhya cha amaladAra hatA, ane temAMnA mIramadana, mehanalAla tathA kepTana sinDe (Captain Sinfray) navAbanA hukama pramANe vartatA hatA. mIrajAphara, yAralatIpha tathA rAyadurlabha e traNe phIturI banI khAlI zobhA ApavA mATe AvyA hoya evuM temanuM vartana hatuM. navAbanuM AkhuM lazkara AMbAvADI AvyuM hota to aMgrejonuM eka paNa mANasa jIvatuM raheta nahIM. pahelA traNa saradAree temanA upara eka jhanunI humale karyo. kalAIva tathA amIcaMda vacce A veLAe cAlele eka saMvAda eka musalamAna itihAsakAre Apyo che. duzmana taraphane humale AvatAM kalAI amIcaMdane jaNAvyuM. 'amane tame ThIka phasAvyA che ! tame kahetA hatA ke navAbanI pheja laDaze nahIM evo baMdobasta karavAmAM Avyo che. pachI A zuM ? have amAre nibhAva kema thaze ?" navAbanI pacAsa tepane mAre aMgrejo upara evo te sakhata cA ke bacAva mATe nadInA bhAThAmAM uMcA kAMThAnA rakSaNa heThaLa teone AvI rahevuM paDayuM. najadIkamAM zikArInI eka jhuMpaDI hatI temAM kalAive pitAne mukAma rAkheH ahIM rAtrInA zramane lIdhe kalAiva uMghI gayuM hatuM ema kahevAya che.

Page #605
588 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. trIje pahere mIramadanane gaLI vAgatAM te paDyo ke tarataja AsapAsanAM phIturI maMDaLe ja pAchI belAvI murzidAbAda cAlyA javAnI navAbane salAha ApI. navAbe tarataja te pramANe hukama cheDatAM avyavasthA thaI ane eka humalAmAMja aMgrejone anAyAse jaya maLe. palAsInI laDAI nI gaNanA hiMdustAnanA ItihAsamAM thayelI nizcita pariNAmavAnI laDAiomAM pramukhapade thAya che. laDAImAM navAbanAM pAMcaso mANaso mAryA gayAM, ane aMgrejonAM bAvIsa paDyAM tathA pacAsa jakhamI thayAM. plAsInA medAnamAM AvelAM ubhaya pakSa vacce kaMIpaNa jANavAjoga laDAI thaI nahotI ema khuda kalAIve kabala karyuM che. "A laDAImAM ghaNo thoDo raktapAta thavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke eka te nadInA uMcA kAMThAne amane Azraya hate. tathA bIjI eke navAbanI phoja mana mukIne laDI nahIM." vaLI navAbanA lazkaramAM eka bIjA upara bIlakula vizvAsa nahato. mIrajAphara, rAyadurlabha tathA yAralatIpha sahaja paNa laDyA nahIM ane majhA jetA dUra ubhA rahyA hatA. teoe je mana upara lIdhuM heta te temane game te eka jaNa aMgrejonI ghaNI sakhata khabara laI zakata. vaLI navAbe gabharAI jaI ekAeka nAsavA mAMDyuM na hota to paNa tene hetu pAra paData. savArathI ja tene apasukana thayA hatA, tene jIva ThekANe nahote, ane have himata raheze nahIM ema tene lAgyuM hatuM. zAMta paNe mana kabajAmAM rAkhI te besI rahyA heta te tene vhIvAne kaMI kAraNa nahatuM, paNa mIramadana paDatAMja te saghaLI rIte nAhiMmata thaI gayo. teNe tarataja mIrajApharane bolAvya, pitAnI pAghaDI kahADI tenA hAthamAM mukI, ane ghaNI AjIjIthI te kahevA lAgyo ke "mArI temaja A rAjyanI saMbhALa rAkhavAnuM kAma have sarvasva tamAruM che." A zabdanI mIrajAphara upara bhAre asara thaI, ane tethIja khullI rIte aMgrejo sAthe nahIM bheLAtAM te bAjue rahyo hato, mIrajAphara tathA rAyadurlabhane svastha ubhelA joI have pitAne bacAva thaze nahIM ema samajI navAba uMTa upara svAra thaI nAsI gayo. murzidAbAda AvyA pachI surAja-uda-daulA gabharAI gayo; tenI koIe darakAra karI nahIM. janAnA

Page #606
prakaraNa 21 muM.] lAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. pa89 khAnAmAMnI strIone vilApa sAMbhaLI tene have zuM karavuM te sUjhayuM nahIM. lai javAya teTalA daradAginA hAthI upara lAdhI te veza badalI pitAnI eka vahAlI strI tathA eka vizvAsu nokarane sAthe laI haDImAM besI paTanA gaye, kemake tyAM phrenca grahastha hai maLaze evI tene AzA hatI. tenI hoDI rAta divasa eka sarakho nevuM mAIlane pravAsa karI chaThe divase rAjamahAla AvI pahoMcI. ahIM kAMThA upara kaMIka vizrAMti levA te utaryo eTale dAnAzAha nAmanA eka phakIre tene oLakhe, ane mIrajApharanA bhAI mIradAudanA svAdhInamAM tene Ape. murzidAbAda tarapha Avate hata tene tephAnane lIdhe eka be kalAka moDuM thayuM na heta te te surAjauda-daulAne rAjamahAlamAM maLI zakate. surAja-uda-dalAe upara kahelA dAnAzAha phakIranA kAna eka varSa agAu kapAvyA hatA tenuM vera vALavAnuM te phakIra A prasaMge cukyo nahIM. mIradAude navAbane pakaDI murzidAbAda meka. tA. 2 jI julAIe tene mIrajAphara rUbarU lAvavAmAM Avyo te veLAne dekhAva atyaMta hRdayadrAvaka hato. pitAne jIva bacAvavA mATe surAje mIrajApharanI aneka prakAre vinavaNI karI. paNa mIrajApharane chokare mIrAna ADo paDe, ane tene eka rAta pitAnA tAbAmAM mAgI lIdhe. pachI zuM thayuM te kahevAnI jarUra nathI paNa teja rAtanA surAjanuM khuna thayuM. vaLate divase tenA zarIranA TukaDA hAthI upara nAMkhI lekene batAvavAmAM AvyA. devano khela vicitra che ! laDAIne bIje divase, eTale, tA. 24 mIe savAramAM kalAIve mIrajAphara pAse jaI tene navAba tarIke saMbodhI tenuM abhinaMdana karyuM, ane tene ekadama murzidAbAda javA kahyuM. te pramANe te ja divase nIkaLI mIrajAphara saMdhyAkALe murzidAbAda pahoMcyA. navAbanA manasUragaMja nAmanA vADAmAM teNe pitAne mukAma rAkhe. kalAIva paNa tarataja nIkaLyo. bIje dine madanApuramAM mukAma karI, tyAMthI veTasane mIrajAphara pAse mokalI TharAvyA mujaba saghaLA lekanI bakSisanI rakama ApavA mATe mAMgaNI karAvI. e rakama kulle sumAre be karoDa vIsa lAkha thavA jatI hatI, paNa khajAnAmAM

Page #607
59 0 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. ekaMdara aveja doDha karoDathI vadhu nahI, balake tethI paNa ocho hate. AthI mIrajAphara gabharAI gayo, ane zuM karavuM te tene sujhayuM nahIM, tyAre rAyadurlabha tathA jagatazeThe evo teDa kahA ke teNe hAla tarata aDadhI rakama rokaDa tathA aveja maLI bharI ApavI tathA bAkInI nimmA bhAganI rakama traNa haphate traNa varSamAM purI kare. Avo TharAva nakakI thatAM kalAiva jAte murzidAbAda AvI murAdAbAganA vADAmAM utaryo. e pachI darabAra bharI bhAre ThAThamAThathI mIrajAphare navAbapada dhAraNa karyuM. chelle navAba pite nAsI gaye hato eTale mIrajAphara anAyAse gAdI upara caDI beThe. tenI virUddha keIe takarAra karI nahIM. eja vakhate aphaghAnistAnane ahamadazAha abadallI dilhIne kabaje laI beThe hato, eTale baMgALAnI A bhAMjagaDamAM mAthuM mAravAnuM dilhInA bAdazAhane phAvyuM nahIM. ema chatAM A banAva bAdazAhane bIlakula pasaMda paDaze naheAte, ane e pachI pitAnI hakumata cAlu karavA mATe teNe baMgALA upara aneka svArIo karI hatI. mIrajAphara baMgALAnI gAdI upara navAba tarIke sthApana thaye eTale saghaLI taraphathI tenA khajAnA upara dhADa paDavA lAgI. khajAnAmAM cALIsa karoDanI aveja che ema loko mAnatA hatA, paNa kharuM jotAM deDha karoDa thAya te meTuM nasIba ! navAbanI phejane pagAra caDI gayuM hatuM te ApavAnI jarUra hatI. vaLI aMgrejonI tarata veLAnI mAMgaNI bhAre hatI, eTale sarAsarI nikhkhA bhAganI saghaLI saMpatti moTA ADaMbarathI traNa hoDIomAM bharI kalakatta ANavAmAM AvI. vAstavika kone keTalIka rakama maLI tenI barAbara aTakaLa karI zakAtI nathI. kalAIvane aDasaTTa evo che ke pratyeka aMgrejane nidAna trIsa hajAra rUpIA maLyA. A paisAnI vaheMcaNI mATe IgleMDamAM moTo vAdavivAda zarU thaye, chatAM te kareluM kAma beThuM hatuM ema tene kadI paNa lAgyuM nahIM. A pUrve aMgrejo mATe dezIonAM manamAM je pujyabuddhi hatI te saghaLI kalAIvanAM A kRtyathI sadaMtara nAza pAmI, ane teo ApaNuM zarIranI tathA mAla

Page #608
prakaraNa 21 muM. ] lAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 59 matAnI saMbhALa karavA mATe Ave che evuM je sAmAnya janasamUhanuM mAnavuM hatuM te kSaNamAtramAM uDI gayuM. mIrajApharane baMgALAno navAba banAvavA mATe tathA evA bIjA prasaMgo upara aMgrejoe je bhAre rakame bakSisa tarIke athavA nukasAnI peTe meLavI hatI tene kaMIka khyAla vAcakavargane ApavA mATe sane 1873 mAM hiMdustAnanA kArabhAranI tapAsa karavA mATe nImAyelI pArlAmenTanI silekaTa kamiTInA rIporTamAM bakSisanA je AMkaDA ApavAmAM AvyA che tenuM ahIM tAraNa karavuM asthAne gaNaze nahIMsa. 1757 mAM mIrajApharanA navAbapadaupara AvavAne prasaMge rU. 1,26,10,750 sa. 1760 mAM mIra kAsamanA. ... ... rU. 20,02,690 sa. 1763 mAM punaH mIrajApharanA. ... ... rU. 3,74,990 sa. 1764 mAM manarenAM kuTuMba tathA pheja maLI. rU. 8,28,880 sa. 1765 mAM navIna navAbanA rAjyArohaNa prasaMge. rU. 13,93,570 sa. 1765 mAM kArageMkane. ... ... ... rU. 9,09,990 kulle vaheMcAyelI rakama. rU. 2,21,20,870. A sarva rakamanI IsamavAra tapasIla ApavAmAM AvI che, te ahIM ApavAnuM prayojana nathI. phakta udAharaNa mATe pahelI rakamanI tapasIla atre ApI che. gavarnara Dekane. ... ... ... *** 2, 3,15,000 kalAIvane ... . . . rU. 23,40,000 silekaTa kamiTInA sabhAsada tarIke, rU. 2,80,000 senApati tarIke. . *** rU. 2,00,000 khAnagI bakSisa tarIke. . rU. 18,60,000 veTasane... ... .. ... ... rU. 10,40,000 silekaTa kamiTInA sabhAsada tarIke. rU. 2,40,000 khAnagI bakSisa tarIke. .rU. 8,00,000 kilpathIkane, , , rU. 6,07,500

Page #609
para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa, [bhAge ke je. senApati tarIke. ... ... rU. 2,70,000 khAnagI bakSisa tarIke. . rU. 3,37,500 manaMgsAma ane becara darekane rU. 2,70,000... rU. 5,40,000 kaunsilanA cha sabhAsada darekane eka lAkha rU. 6,00,000 vaoNlsane... . . . . rU. 5,82,500 phaTanane. .. * 2,25,000 lyuziMgaTanane * * * rU. 58,250 grAMTane. ... rU. 1,12,500 lazkara tathA AramAra maLIne. . 60,00,000 kule. rU. 1,26,10,750. aMgrejoe pitAne thayeluM nukasAna bharapAI karI lIdhuM te mATe nIcenI rakamanI noMdha dAkhala thaI che. sa. 1757 mAM mIra jAphara pAsethI bharapAI karelI rU. 2,15,00,000 IsTa InDIA kaMpanI mATe. rU. 1,20,00,000 yuropiyana nekara mATe rU. 60,00,000 Arbhiniyana nokarI mATe rU. 10,00,000 hiMdI nokarI mATe. rU. 25,00,000 sa. 1760 mAM mIrakAsame kaMpanIne bharapAI karelI rU. 16,25,000 sa. 1763 mAM mIrajAphare.... .. . rU. 37,50,000 sa. 1763 mAM yuropiyana tathA dezI nokarone rU. 60,00,000 sujA-uda-daulA pAsethI bharapAI. . rU. 58,33,330 kulle nukasAna peTe. rU. 3,87,08,30 kule bakSisa. .. rU. 2,21,20,870 kulle nukasAnane badale. rU. 3,87,08,330 ekaMdara. rU. 6,08,29,200 A pramANe cha karoDanI rokaDa rakama aMgrejoe baMgALAmAMthI lIdhI che.

Page #610
53 prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. mIrajAphara gAdI upara goThavAye tyAra pachI amIcaMdane phasAvavA mATenAM nATakane chevaTane aMka zarU thayuM. mIrajApharanuM darabAra purUM thatAM lAIve tenI pAse jaI jAhera karyuM ke "rAte kAgaLa kheTe che, tamane kaMIpaNa maLanAra nathI." A zabda sAMbhaLatAM pitAnA mAthA upara AkAza TurI paDayuM hoya tema amIcaMda bezuddha thaI paDaze. tyAMthI nekaree uMcakI tene pAlakhImAM besADo. ghera gayA pachI te gAMDA jevo thaI gaye. keTalAka divasa bAda lAIvanI tathA tenI mulAkAta thatAM kalAIve tene tIrthayAtrAe javAnuM kahyuM, te pramANe te tIrthayAtrAe gayo, paNa tevI ja bhUmiSTa sthitimAM te aDhAra mAsa rahI maraNa pAme. rAte kAgaLa ke kema thaye e viSe teNe kalAIvane puchayuM hota te tene zuM uttara maLate? AvI rIte khoTo dastAveja banAvI amIcaMdane phasAvavAne upakrama karavAnI kalAIvane kaMI paNa jarUra nahatI. be karoDa gayA temAM bIjA vIsa lAkha jAte te temAM klAIvane kaMI nukasAna na hatuM, tema tenA paisA paNa jatA hatA. ema chatAM jyAre lAIve A kAma upADa ne tene Akhara lagI cIvaTAIthI te vaLagI rahyo tethI tene duSTa svabhAva vyakta thAya che. AvAM durvartana mATe aneka aMgreja graMthakAree kalAIva upara sakhata TIkA karI che. amIcade aMgrejo virUddha kaMI paNa khaTapaTa calAvI nahotI; ulaTuM temanI bAjI pAra utAravAmAM te ghaNo upayogI nIvaDyo hato. rAjyakrAnti thayA bAda pratyeka aMgreja amaladAre lIdhelI rakama jotAM amIcaMdanA vIsa lAkha kaMIja vIsAtamAM nahetA ema kahevuM paDe che. AvI meTI rAjyakrAnti sahajamAM kevI rIte pAra utarI. zakI tenAM kAraNe AgaLa tapAsavAmAM Avaze. paraMtu hAla jANavuM avazyanuM thaI paDaze ke navAbane hAthe tenA svabhAvane lIdhe je aneka cuke thaI hatI temAM paisA saMbaMdhI muzkelIo umere karyo hato. tenuM rAjya che ke sadhana hatuM, tepaNuM nANuM saMbaMdhI saghaLI vyavasthA sAhukArenA hAthamAM hovAthI tene hamezAM marajI upara avalaMbI rahevuM paDatuM. sAhukAra vipharatA te temanI sAmA tenuM kaMI cAlatuM nahIM. te samayanI ekaMdara paristhitine lIdhe kahe,

Page #611
pa94 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga ke je. agara khuda navAbanAM mUrNapaNane lIdhe kahe, paNa navAbane saghaLo AdhAra anya purUSo upara hate. pratyeka bAbata pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhI, pitAnI buddhi anusAra tathA javAbadArI upara teNe saghaLuM kAma karyuM hatuM te bIjAne hAthe phasAI paDavAne prasaMga tene Avyo na hota. A bAbatamAM zivAjI, ahamadazAha abadalI athavA haidaraalIne kArabhAra vizeSa anukaraNIya lAge che. svAvalaMbanane Teke bhAre che. hiMdustAnamAM aMgreja loka rAjya sthApatA gayA tene lagatA niranirALA banAvo ekaMdare dhyAnamAM letAM mAlama paDaze ke marAThA tathA sIkha leke aMgrejo sAthe khullI rIte laDatAM parAjaya pAmyA pachI ja temanA aMgrejonA tAbAmAM gayA hatA, paNa baMgALA, ayodhyA tathA karNATakanA navAbo temaja khuda megala bAdazAha kevaLa yuktithI, pitAnI durbaLatA tathA bheLapaNamAM temane hAthe phasAI paDyA hatA. je aphaghAna, megala, paThANa vagere zuravIra musalamAnee mahAna parAkrama karI A dezamAM rAjya saMpAdana karyA hatAM te have taddana nirmAlya thaI paradezIonA hAthamAM sapaDAyA hatA. A musalamAnanI agAunI temaja hAlanI sthitimAM keTale moTo taphAvata paDI gayo che ! ekaMdara vicAra karatAM aMgrejanI talavAra karatAM tenAM mutsaddIpaNane lIdhe ja A rAjya ghaNe aMze temane prApta thayuM che. 4. plAsI tathA aMgrejonA subhAgyanI carcA-rAjyamAM pheraphAra karanArI hiMdustAnamAM je keTalIka laDAIo thaI temAM plAsInI laDAI nI agrasthAne gaNanA thAya che. A laDAIthI kalakattAnI aMdhArI koTaDInuM vera aMgrejoe lIdhuM, tathA talavAranA jora upara temAM jIta meLavI ema sAmAnya rIte pAzcAtya graMthakAro lakhe che. paraMtu A abhiprAya bhUla bharelo che. tenAM pariNAma viSe matabheda hoI zake, paNa temAM aMgrejone je ja maLyo te mAtra lekhaNanAM jera upara hatA, nahIM ke talavAranA. lasInAM medAna uparanI talavArabahAdarI mATe 38 mI palaTaNane hiMdustAnanA lazkaramAM paheluM mAna maLe che, ane bIjAone paNa te pramANe mAna ApavAmAM Ave che, te saghaLuM phegaTa che. e laDAImAM hathIArane upaga ghaNe cheDe

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prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 55 thayo hate. ane je kaMI thayuM te yuddhanIti anusAra thayuM nahIM. eTaluM nirvivAda che ke plAsInI laDAIthI hiMdustAnamAM musalamAnI rAjyane aMta AvatAM briTiza riyAsatane AraMbha thayo. A draSTIe avalokana karatAM plAsInuM mahatva asIma che. A yuddhathI aneka bAbatono nikAla thaye. lAivane hAthe hiMdustAnamAM briTiza rAjyane pAye majabUta , ane hiMdI rAjyakartAo pAsethI pitAnuM kAma kahADI levAne aMgrejone avakAza maLe. hiMdI prajAnI durbaLatA tathA tenA svabhAvanA deva temanI najare spaSTapaNe paDyA hatA. acAnaka thayelAM ekAda mahAna kRtyathI A dezanA loko guMcavAI jAya che, ane temanAM mana upara amuka bAbatanuM pariNAma satvara thAya che, ItyAdi have saghaLuM pragaTa thayuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM rAjya sthApana karatAM aMgrejone be zatru maLyA hatA. eka yuropiyana tathA bIjA dezIo. emAMthI "sAta varSanAM yuddha" ne aMte yuropiyana zatrune nikAla AvI gayuM, paraMtu dezIonI virUddhatA nirmULa karI ahIM kAyamanuM rAjya sthApatAM temane sumAre so varSa lAgyAM. sane 1757 nI tAsInI laDAIthI A rAjya sthApanAnI zarUAta gaNutA, tyArathI so varSe eTale sane 1857 mAM A kAmanI samApti thaI ema kahI zakAya. e so varSamAMnAM pahelAM pacAsa varSamAM rAjya sthApanAnuM kAma samApta thayuM, ane te pachInAM pacAsa varSamAM AkhA deza upara te rAjya ekachatrI, akhaMDa tathA draDha thayuM. aMgrejonuM A parAkrama akalpa hevAthI te ATalI sulabha rItIe pAra paDavuM e mATe keIne paNa Azcarya lAge. yuropa khaMDanA vAyavya khuNa uparanA nAnA beTamAM besI jyAre aMgreja leke pitAnAM A parAkramanA svarUpa upara manana kare che tyAre svAbhAvika rIte te mATe temanAmAM dhanyavAdanI lAgaNI phurI Ave che, kemake dunIAnA itihAsamAM A banAva kadI banyo nathI. navIna rAjya jItavAnA je sAmAnya upAya pracAramAM che, te saghaLA A prasaMge bAjue rahyA hatA. ekAda aNadhArI rIte keInuM nasIba ughaDI jAya che tema koInA

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59 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. dhyAnamAM ke manamAM na hoya tevo banAva A aMgrejI rAjya sthApanA thaye ema mAnavuM sAhajIka che. sIlIkRta "IMglaDa dezanA vistAra nA pustakamAM evAja vicArano anuvAda karavAmAM Avyo che. aitihAsika draSTIe jotAM A samaja sarvathA bhUla bharelI che. yuddha kalAmAM vadhAre pravINa leke taraphathI A deza sahajamAM jItavAmAM AvyA che, ane pAchale ItihAsa tapAsatAM aneka veLA paradezI lekee te jItI lIdhAnuM mAluma paDe che. bAbare bAra hajAra phoja sahita A deza upara svArI karI, ane IbrAhIma ledInAM eka lAkha lazkarane pANIpattanAM medAnamAM harAvI mogala bAdazAhInI sthApanA karI. kharuM jotAM aMgrejonI zakti AgaLa bAbaranI zakita kaMIja nahatI ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI, ane bAbare harAvelI pheja jevaDI moTI pheja aMgrejonI sAme kadI ja AvI nahotI. mAtra paMjAbanA sIkha leke sAthe ja emane keTalIka jhanunI laDAIo thaI hatI, te bAda karIe te temane ahIM khAsa karIne laDavAne kharekhara prasaMga AvyAja nahote. ema kahI zakAya. TuMkAmAM bAbare tathA bIjAoe je A deza sahajamAM cha hati te arADhamA saikAmAM mogala bAdazAhI DagamagavA lAgI tyAre have bIje koIpaNa AvI A deza cho, kadAcita ahIM vepAra arthe AvelA pAzcAtya prajAomAMnI ekAda prajA A dezanI mAlIka thaze evo saMzaya puSkaLa vicArI purUSonA manamAM AvavA lAgyo hate. prasiddha nya pravAsI baniyara auraMgajeba pAse Avyo hato, teNe hiMdustAna deza sahelAIthI jItI zakAze ema bhaviSya bhAkhyuM hatuM. ane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "phrAnsane ekAda senApati vIsa hajAra lazkara sahita A deza tarata jItI leze." karnala jemsa mila nAmane eka aMgreja grahastha visa varSa lagI hiMdustAnamAM hatuM, teNe baMgALa prAMta jItavAnI yukti sTiAnA bAdazAhane sane 1746 mAM lakhI jaNAvI hatI. be karoDa vasulAtane baMgALa prAMta kaI bhaLatAja navAbe dabAvI beThe che te samudranI bAjuethI sahajamAM Seeley's Expansion of England.

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prakaraNa 21 muM.] lAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 597 khuMcavI levAze, evo tene mata hevAthI te tatkAlIna sthitinAM kharAM kAraNo sarvottama samajI gayo hato, ane have pachI zuM banI zakaze tenuM acuka bhaviSya joyuM hatuM ema mAnavA kAraNa maLe che. tevI ja rIte eka veLA e pradeza aMgrejone hAtha AvatAM Akho deza dhIme dhIme temanA tAbAmAM jaze, e vAta taddana anivArya banI temAM paNa kaMI Azcaryacakita thavA jevuM nathI, kemake e vicAra paNa te veLA anekanA manamAM pUrNapaNe ramI rahyo hate. 5. aMgrejonA vijaya tathA dezIonI durbaLatA viSe vivecanaplAsInI laDAIthI hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI bAdazAhIne udaya thayo. IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe jAhera rIte hiMdI sattAdhIkArIonI sAmA thavAne A pahele prasaMga hovAthI te veLA dezIonAM lazkaranI vyavasthA kevI hatI, ane aMgrejone AvI sulabha rIte plAsInAM medAnamAM ja kema maLe e praznane jarA bArIkAIthI vicAra kare jarUra che. arADhamA saikAmAM aMgrejoe dezIo sAthe laDavAne upakrama zarU karyo tyAre hiMdI lazkara ghaNuMja avyavasthita hatuM, ane rAjyakartA paNa akuzaLa hatA. A kAraNathI ja aMgrejone sahaja jaya maLate gaye. A deza sadhana ane susthitimAM hato paNa tenA rAjyA~ durbaLa tathA vhIkaNa hatA. vaLI aMgrejone praveza samudranI bAjuethI ane rAjadhAnIthI atizaya dUra AvelA baMgALA jevA prAMtamAM prathama thayo hato. bAdazAhInI mULa sattA narama paDavAthI rAjyanA dUradUranA pradeza taddana nirAdhAra thaI paDyA hatA. baMgALAnA leke dezanA anya bhAge karatAM yuddha kaLAmAM ghaNuMja utaratA hatA, ane surAjauda-daulAne kArabhAra prajAne sukhakara no, tethI paNa aMgrejone puSkaLa phAyado thaze. auraMgajebanAM maraNa bAda maMgala lazkara zAMta beDuM nahatuM, tepaNuM tenA je kAbela senAdhipati A veLA jIvate heta te tenI sAmA aMgrejo TakI zakata ke nahIM. e eka prazna che. kemake thoDAM varSa pachI haidaraalI athavA marAThAonI sAmA thavAne aMgrejone prasaMga AvatAM temane nibhAva thaI zake nahotuM. AthI plAsInI laDAIne apayaza

Page #615
598 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. surAja-uda-delAne tenA dubaLa ane akuzaLa kArabhArane lIdhe khama pa ema kahevuM paDe che. AraMbhamAM thayelA saMgrAmamAM aMgrejone jaya maLate gayo te AvA kAraNane lIdhe hatuM. emanI sAmA thatI phoja mAtra bhADutI hatI, tene pitAnA zeTha upara nichA nahotI. AvAM bhADutI lazkare te veLA sahaja jamA karI zakAtAM kemake tephAnI, luTArU tathA peTa sArU bhaTakatA A dezanA agara bahAranA hajAre lekathI Akho deza ubharAI gayo hate. pagAra maLe teTale vakhata te leke joIe tenI nokarI karatA. yuropiyanenI temane mAro yathAsthita rIte temanA upara AvavA lAge eTale te sAme teo TakAva karI zakyA nahIM. evAM lazkaranA uparI amaladAre paNa dhaNIne hukama nahIM mAnatA, prasaMga maLe te pramANe zatru sAthe mitrAcArI karI svArtha sAdhavAne utsuka rahetA. AvI phAjanI tathA te uparanA amaladAronI tenA mAlikane hameza meTI dhAstI rahetI, kAraNa e kyAre gaLuM kApaze tene niyama nahote. bhADutI sipAIone ekaThA karI aneka dhUrta tathA sAhasika purUSo hiMdustAnamAM arAtamA saikAmAM niranirALA prAMtamAM pitAnI rAjyasattA sthApatA hatA. baMgALAne navAba, ayodhyAne vajhIra, haisurane haidaraalI, dakSiNane nijhAma e sarva AvI ja rIte bhADutI sipAIonAM ToLAM ekaThAM karI te dhAmadhumanA vakhatamAM udaya pAmyA hatA. e vakhatanA saghaLA aphaghAna saradAromAM ahamadazA abadallI A prakAranAM kAmamAM sarva rIte pravINa hatuM ema mAlama paDe che. A jhagaDAmAM yuropiyana leke sAmela thatAMja aphaghAnane dhaMdho Dubate hoya tema lAgavA mAMDayuM. zAstra rItI anusAra yuddhakaLAnuM zikSaNa maLelA yurepiyane AgaLa A bhADutI lazkarano nibhAva lAge nahIM. sarvae maLI vyavasthitapaNe pahelethI saghaLI bArIka bAbato nakkI karI avvalathI Akhara lagI TharAveluM kAma binacUka karyA javAnI sudharelI yuddha paddhati yuropiyane A dezamAM lAvyA te avyavasthita, azikSita ane bhADutI sipAIo kevI rIte TakI zake ? eja prakAra karnATakamAM tathA baMgALAmAM aMgreja, kenyA ane dezI phoja vaccenA yuddhamAM jAhera

Page #616
prakaraNa 21 muM.] lAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. palsa thayo hato. yuropiyane jarA sakhata mAro calAvatA te tarataja A bhADutI lazkara raNakSetra choDI nAsI jatuM, kAraNa eka nAnA pagAra mATe prANa ApavAne koNa taiyAra thAya ? AvI sthitimAM A dezamAM je koI laDavaiyA leke hatA te saghaLA yuropiyananI bAjue AvI laDavA lAgyA. temanI taraphathI vakhatasara pagAra maLatA, ane temane laDAImAM jaye maLavAnI khAtarI hatI eTaluM ja nahIM paNa saMgrAma vakhate barAbara yuropiyananI mAphaka sarvanI AgaLa rahI teo laDatA hevAthI temanuM mAna jaLavAtuM hatuM. kSatriya athavA laDavaiyA varga karIne A dezamAM hamezA eka moTe bhaTakate lokasamudAya hato. A varganI saMkhyA vIsa lAkhanI haze evo keTalAkee aDasaTTa kahADyo che. temane laDavAnI taka maLI ane te mATe pagAra maLyo eTale temane saMtoSa thata: paNa teo kone mATe laDe che ane temAMthI temane zuM maLavAnuM che e vicAra temanAM aMtaHkaraNamAM ghaNe Avate nahIM. Aja varganA lakemAMthI yuropiyanoe ane vizeSa karIne aMgrejoe pitAnAM lazkara ubhAM karyA hatAM. te samaye eka doDha mahinAnA arasAmAM joIe teTaluM pAyadaLa lazkara ane utkRSTa svAre jamA karI zakAtA evo ullekha maLI Ave che. madhya eziyAmAMthI aphaghAna lekanAM jhuMDanAM jhuMDa AvatAM ane teo judA judA prAMtanA lazkaramAM karI rahetA. yuropiyananI phejamAM AraMbhamAM teo ghaNuM nahetA, kemake uddAma ane mUrkha aphaghAne karatAM temane A dezamAMnA narama svabhAvanA, vizvAsu ane sAdA hiMduo pAyadaLamAM vadhAre anukULa paDatA. so varSa lagI A hiMdu pAyadaLe aMgrejonI nokarI sarvottama rIte bajAvI che. topakhAnA uparanA lokoe paNa potAnuM kAma yathAgya karyuM che, ane thoDA yurepiyananI dekharekha heThaLa dezI ke je aMgrejo karatAM Aja sudhI atyaMta mahatvanAM kAma karyA che. A uparathI aMgrejone zarUAtamAM jaya kema maLato gayo e vyakta thaze. temanA zarUAtanA saMgrAma kinAre kinAre thayA. e pachI prathama baMgALa prAMta temaNe che. tyAMne navAba agAuthI ja apriya ane paradezI hatA, ane tenuM lazkara kevaLa bhADutI tathA viphareluM hatuM. aphaghAna

Page #617
600 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa [bhAga 3 je. tathA marAThA svArene lIdhe A deza herAna hatuM, ane khetI tathA vepAra ghaNI ja adhama avasthAe pahoMcyAM hatAM. AthI aMgrejone kinArA uparanA pradezamAM sahelAIthI jaya maLate gaye. paraMtu A prakAra lAMbe vakhata Takyo nahIM. jema jema pradeza chatatAM teo aMdaranA bhAgamAM dAkhala thatA gayA tema tema temanI gati dhImI paDI gaImarAThAoe temane draDha rIte aTakAvyA hatA, kemake temanI ja bIjAonI mAphaka bhADutI nahatI, temanAmAM rASTraya abhimAna ghaNuM jAgRta pAmyuM hatuM, ane rAjyakArabhAramAM paNa teo kuzaLa hatA. aMgrejoe baMgALAne kabaje lIdhe te ja vakhate marAThAo hiMdu ' kistAnanA ghaNAkharA bhAga upara pharI vaLyA hatA ane pitAnuM sAmrAjya sthApavAnA vicAramAM mazagula hatA. teonAM A katyane aMgrejone Ayateja phAyado maLe. mahaisuranA rAjA, nijhAma ane khuda mogala bAdazAha tathA tenA prAMtakAMtanA navAbane marAThAoe herAna karI mukavAthI aMgrejone te kAma karavAnI jarUra rahI nahIM. teo vacamAM AvyA na hatA te hiMdustAnamAM marAThAonuM rAjya thavAnA saghaLA saMjoge anukULa banyA hatA. aMgrejonuM e subhAgya hatuM ke AraMbhamAM marAThAo sAthe laDavAne temane prasaMga Avyo nahIM, ane jyAre tevo vakhata AvyuM, tyAre temanuM rAjya kaMIka sthira heI temanI zakti paNa vadhI hatI. hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI rAjya sthApavAmAM je koIe paNa sakhata virUddhatA batAvI hoya te te marAThAo ja hatA, ane A dezamAM aMgrejone jhanunI laDAIo temanI sAtheja thaI hatI. ATalA uparathI sudevanA mAnI lIdhelA jorathI aMgrejone hiMdustAnanuM rAjya maLI gayuM, agara hiMdustAnanA lokoe jAte rahI A deza chatI aMgrejone havAle karyo, ema kahevuM kharuM nathI. keTalAke ema pratipAdana kare che ke hiMdustAnanA kharA kSatriya athavA laDavaiyA leke aMgrejo sAthe kadI sAmela thayA nahotA; cera, rAmezI, gharabAra vinAnA peTa mATe bhaTakatA pharatA ane halakA varganA lekane pitAnI nokarImAM rAkhI temaNe A deza jI. ha, paNa A kAmamAM hiMdustAnanA kharA yoddhAo temanI

Page #618
prakaraNa 21 muM.] lAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 601 sAthe joDAyA nahatA. A kahevuM kharuM che ke khoTuM te nakkI karavA aMgre. jenI phejanA jAtavAra AMkaDA tapAsI jevA joIe. ema chatAM keTalAMka spaSTa pramANe uparathI uparanuM kahevuM khoTuM kare che. nIca jAtinA lokone nokarImAM rAkhI aMgrejoe A deza jItavAnuM eka vakhata kharuM mAnIe te paNa temanI sAme ahIMnA lazkarI dhaMdhAnA lake svadezanuM rakSaNa karavA bahAra paDyA nahIM e nirvivAda che. je temaNe pitAnA dezanuM rakSaNa karyuM heta te dakAca aMgrejonA tAbAmAM A deza gayo hata nahIM. vaLI musalamAnoe A dezamAM praveza karyo te vakhata pachIne, balake tenI pahelAMne, ItihAsa avalokatAM ahIMne lekomAM rASTrIya abhimAna bIlakula hatuM nahIM ema kahevuM paDe che. paradezI lo ke eka sarakhA deza upara caDI AvatA hatA, paNa svarATTAbhimAnane abhAve temane aTakAva karavA teo bahAra paDyA nahIM. eka prakAranuM prAMtika abhimAna ApaNA lekamAM hatuM paNa te eTaluM te saMkucita hatuM ke eka prAMta bIjA prAMtane kadI madada suddhAM karI nahotI. ulaTuM tenI virUddha zatrune madada karyAnA dAkhalA maLI Ave che. rajaputa tathA marAThAo chuTA chuTA musalamAna sAme laDayA, paNa te banne kaI paradezI zatru sAme laDavAmAM kadI ekaThA thayA nahIM. rajaputa marAThAone pitAnA zatruja samajatA. aMgreja marAThAonAM yuddha thayAM tyAre puSkaLa rajapute aMgrejone jaI maLyA hatA. kahevAnI matalaba ke adyApi hiMduone svabhAva prAMtika tathA ekalapeTe, eTale atyaMta AkuMcita tathA anudAra che. vistRta, udAra, ane ekarASTrIya samadraSTi ApaNuM lekamAM na hovAthI AkhA dezane keTaluM khamavuM paDayuM che e ApaNe ekaMdara ItihAsa uparathI ApaNane uttama rIte dekhAI Ave che. DaeNTalanDanA hAInDarsa ane leleMDarsanI vacce ghaNuM divasa virodha rahevA bAda bannenuM hita ekaja che ema temane mAlama paDatAM tarataja teo ekatra thaI gayA hatA. narmana lekee iglaDa deza cho tyAre sekasana prajA sAthe zarUAtamAM temane atyaMta verabhAva rahevA pachI so deDha varSamAM bannenuM aikya thaI gayuM. arthAta kaI be jAti vacce prema utpanna

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602 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. thavA mATe beunuM hita ekaja che ema teonI khAtarI thavI joIe, hitArtha eka he e svarATTAbhimAnanuM eka mUkhya aMga che. 6, mIrajApharane udvega, plAsInI laDAIthI baMgALAmAM rAjyakAnti thatAM aMgrejonI aDacaNe maTI jaze ema sarvanuM mAnavuM hatuM, paNa tema banyuM nahIM. mIrajAphara rAjya karavAne nAlAyaka hatA. bhAMga pI te aharaniza sukha cenamAM paDI rahe, ane zarIra upara dAgInA paherI ezaArAmamAM nimagna rahe. enA putra mIrAne pitAnAM kurapaNane parAkASTAe pahoMcADayuM hatuM. AthI mIrajAphara sAmA jyAM tyAM asaMtoSa ane pharIAda unna thayAM. tenI pAse paisA bIlakula nahotA; darabAramAM saghaLA saradAre nAkhuza thayA hatA. eka bAjue dravyathI bharelAM seMkaDe vahANe kalakattA tarapha haMkAratAM hatAM tyAre bIjI bAjue mIrajApharane kharcavAne paisA nahatA e joI ghaNuM lekene tenAM kRtya mATe gusso Avyo. tenAM vhIkaNapaNAnI hada na rahevAthI kalAIvanAM dudu' ne nAme saghaLA tenI mazkarI karavA lAgyA. agAu aMgreja leke navAba pAse AjIjI karatA AvatA hatA, paNa have teo tenA zeTha thaI beThA hatA, ane navAbane temanuM mana manAvavuM paDatuM hatuM. varSa be varSanA TuMka samayamAM pitAnI najara AgaLa A pheraphAra thayelo joI saghaLAone mIrajAphara pratye ghaNuM mahIDa AvI. mIrajAphara jAte paNa agrejone kyAM cAha ha ! aneka rIte temanI magarUrI teDavAne teNe prayatna AraMbhe hato; paNa kaI yukti phaLIbhUta na thavAthI pharIthI muMge mahADe kalAIvane zaraNe javAnI tene pharaja paDI hatI. vaLI eNe pitAnA Ama varganA mananuM samAdhAna karavA mATe agAunA ghaNAkharA kAmadArone nekarI uparathI kahADI mukI pitAnA sagA saMbaMdhIone temanI jagyAe dAkhala karyA hatA tethI paNa te apriya thayA hatA. upalA varganA lekenI jyAre AvI sthiti thaI hatI tyAre bIcArA halakA varganA kheDuta vagere jAtionI kevI avadazA thaI haze tenI kalpanA karI zakAze. gAdIe beThA pachI be mahinAmAM mahA mahenate mIrajAphare eka karoDa pAMca lAkhanuM paheluM bharaNuM aMgrejone karyuM. ethI pahelAja haphatAmAMthI sumAre

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prakaraNa 21 muM.] plAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. cha lAkha ApavAnA bAkI rahyA. mIrajApharane navAbagirI maLI kharI paNa tIjorI taddana khAlI mAlama paDavAthI te bhAre muzkelImAM AvI paDyo. phakta aMgrejone samajAvI levAmAM ja khajAne khAlI thaI javAthI tenA aneka dezI sAthIdArone ApavA mATe tenI pAse kaMI paNa rahyuM nahIM. mane navAbagirI maLaze te huM tamane bakSisa ApIza" ema teNe puSkaLa lekene vacana ApyAM hatAM, paNa have temane thoDuM ghaNuM ApI kaI rIte samajAvI levA azakta hatA. prathama aMgrejonI madada levAnuM tene sAruM lAgyuM, paNa have saghaLI sattA temanA hAthamAM javAthI te nacAvaze tema nAcavuM paDaze tathA temanA hAthamAMthI chuTavAne mArga maLaze nahIM e vicAra tenA manamAM AvatAM tenA uddegane pAra rahyo nahIM. paisA kahaDAvavA mATe thayelA julamathI leke teo khaLabhaLI uThyA, rAjA durlabharAya nekarImAMthI chuTe thaI ghera beThe, prAMte prAMtanA adhikArIo baMDa karavA lAgyA. AvI muzkelIomAM pharIthI tene madada mATe kalAiva pAse mAMgaNI karavI paDI. kalAIvane e te joituM ja hatuM. kAraNu baMgALAne kArabhAra sarva rIte potAnI marajI anusAra cAle tevI yojanA tene karavI hatI. mIrajAphara taraphanI mAgaNI thatAM Ayara kuTanI saradArI heThaLa kalAIve tene mATe phoja ravAnA karI. laoNnI puTha pakaDI kuTa paTanA gaye, kemake tyAM kArabhArI rAmanArAyaNa mIrajApharanA hukamane anAdara karavA lAgyuM hatuM. keTalAka divasa pachI kalAIva pite lazkara laI AvyA, ane mIrajApharane laI upara rAjamahAla ga. vaLI mIrajApharane muzkelImAM paDele joI kalAIve pAchalI bAkI ApI devA tenA upara ekadama tagAde karyo, tyAre mIrajAphare bIje karAra karI kalakattAnI dakSiNa taraphane savA be lAkha pAMDanI utpanane mulaka teNe kaMpanIne svAdhIna karyo, (jAnevArI sane 1758). e pachI mIrajAphara ane lAIva paTanA gayA. ahIM cAlatA surokhAranA moTA vepArane mata darasAla lIlAmathI vecavAmAM Avate te mane have kAyamane kaMpanIne ApavAnI kalAive mAMgaNI karI. hAlanA saMjogomAM e mAMgaNI kabUla karavAnI

Page #621
104 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je. mIrajApharane jarUra paDavAthI bahAra prAMtane surAkhArane saghaLe vepAra jAthukane aMgrejonA hAthamAM Avyo. e pachI A saghaLuM maMDaLa paTanAmAM traNa cAra mahinA rahyuM. ahIM mIrajApharane navAbapada upara kAyama karavA mATenuM temaja lAIvane cha hajAranI manasabagirI ApavA mATenuM bAdazAhanuM pharamAna AvyuM, tyAre bhAre ThATha tathA samAraMbha karavAmAM AvyA. A saghaLI vyavasthA saMpUrNa karI lAIva kalakatte sane 1758 nA me mAsamAM pAcho pharyo tyAre kAsImajAra AgaLa teNe pitAnA lazkarane Te. bhAga gaThavI dIdha. mIrajAphare kaMpanIne je jAgIra AyAnuM AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che te vArSika utpanna kaMpanIne sumAre vIsa lAkha rUpIA AvatuM, ane temAMthI traNa lAkha navAbane jamIna mahesula tarIke bharavA paDatA. A sivAya bAdazAhe lAIvane manasaba ApavAthI te amIra banyA hatA. A manasIbanA badalAmAM teNe cha hajAra pAyadaLa tathA pAMca hajAra svAra rAkhavAnA hatA ane tenA kharaca peTe bAdazAha taraphathI tene nimaNuka maLavAnI hatI. kalAIve kaMI paNa lazkara rAkhyuM nahIM, chatAM mIrajAphara pAsethI nimaNuka mAgI. javAbamAM paisA nathI ema mIrajAphara kahI zake nahIM. tyAre kaMpanInI jAgIranA vasulamAMthI dara sAla je traNa lAkha rUpIA navAbane ApavAnA hatA te parabhAryA kaMpanI taraphathI kalAIvane maLe evI goThavaNa mIrajAphare karI ApI. A traNa lAkhanI nimaNuka mATe AgaLa jatAM kaMpanI ane lAIva vacce meTe 8 upasthita thayo hate. kalakatte AvyA pachI lAve tyAMnA killAnI uttama prakAranI duraratI karI hameza mATe yogya baMdobasta karyo. presiDanTanI jagyA upara tenI nimaNuka thaI hatI. eTalAmAM kAunTa lAlI maTI phoja laI piDIcerI AvavAthI, tene karnATaka tarapha satvara javA mATe AmaMtraNa thayuM. paraMtu mogala bAdazAhImAM nAnA tarehanI bhAMjagaDo cAlu hatI, ahamadazAha te abadallI ane marAThAonA jhagaDAe ugrarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM, ane game vakhate zuM banaze te nakkI nahotuM. baMgALAmAM sarvatra asvasthatA hatI.

Page #622
prakaraNa 21 muM.] brAsI baMgALAmAM aMgrejI amala. 605 sane 1758 mAM bAdazAhanA putra zAhajAdA alIgehare baMgALa prAMta upara svArI karI tyAre tene ayodhyAnA vajhIra tathA phrenca grahastha baeNnI madada hatI. le A vakhate bhAre khaTapaTa karI megala bAdazAhImAM paDelAM bhaMgANane samAravAno prayatna karatA hatA, paNa tene kaMI yaza maLyo nahIM. saghaLA leke aMdarakhAnethI aMgrejo virUddha kArastAna racatA. temanA kabajAmAMthI chuTavA mATe mIrajAphare marAThAone baMgALA upara svArI lAvavA teDuM karyuM. AvI sthitimAM lAIvane baMgALa prAMta choDI javAnuM zakya nahotuM. jo te gaye hota te upADele saghaLe zrama vyartha jAta. ethI teNe karnala pheDane uttara sarakArane prAMta jItavA mokalyo. e bAbatanI hakIkata AgaLa AvI gaI che. zAhajAdAe mIrajAphara upara svArI karI tyAre tene madada karavA mATe eprila 1759 mAM kalAIva paTanA gayA; paNa te Ave che ema sAMbhaLatAMja zAhajAde tyAMthI nIkaLI nA. A kAmanA badalAmAM mIrajAphare lAIvane upara kahelI traNa lAkhanI bakSisa ApI hatI. aMgrejonI A vadhatI jatI AbAdIthI cInasurAmAM valaMdA lekene bhAre Azcarya lAgyuM. temanuM sarvoparIpaNuM ghaTADavA mATe navAbe valaMdA loko sAthe gupta rIte saMbaMdha rAkhyo hato, ane pariNAmamAM jAvA beTamAMnI temanI mukhya rAjadhAnI baTeviAthI Daca AramAra hiMdustAna AvI aMgrejone A dezamAMthI hAMkI kahADavAnuM hatuM. A saghaLe beta khAnagI rIte racAye hatA, paNa lAiva ghaNe sAvadha hatA. A pramANe thayelI goThavaNu mujaba sane 1759 nA akaTobaramAM sAta Daca vahANe lazkara laI hugalI nadImAM dAkhala thayAM tyAre temane hAMkI kahADavA mATe klAIve mIrajApharane ghaNI sakhata tAkIda karI. ' mIrajAphara hugalI game tyAM tenI ane valaMdA leke vacce mulAkAta thaI. A veLA kalAIva pAse ghaNuM lazkara mahetuM chatAM te Dagamage nahIM; ceDA ja vakhatamAM karnala pherDa ane kepTana nekasa (Knox) tene AvI maLyA. valaMdAoe laDAI zarU karI, tyAre kalAive hAtha * prakaraNa 9 muM, vibhAga 2 ne jue

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606 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 2 je. heThaLanA keTalAka cAlAka amaladAranI madadathI jamIna upara temaja pANImAM temane parAjaya karyo aMgrejonA hAravAnI navAba vATa jete have, paraMtu temane jaya thayelo sAMbhaLI te nirAza thaI gayo. kalAIye valaMdA loko sAthe kAyamane karAra karI teo pharIthI mAthuM uMcakI na zake evI vyavasthA karI. ATaluM kAma karyA pachI tenuM mana svastha thatAM. have pitAnuM kAma thaI raheluM jANuM vizrAMti levA mATe IgleMDa javAne te vicAra karavA lAge. kalAIve oNnsiTArTa (Vansittart ) pitAne adhikAra ane lazkaranI saradArI keliDane ApI. mIrajAphara sAthe e lokonI oLakhANa karAvI teNe tenI rajA lIdhI tyAre pitAne moTo AdhAra jAya che ema navAbane lAgyuM. sane 1760 nA phebruArI mAsamAM kalAiva IMglaMDa javA upaDyo. prakaraNa rara muM. baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma, sane 176 0-176 5. 1. mIrakAsamanI navAbapada upara thApanA. 2. mIrakAsamane aMgrejo sAthe Te. 3. mIrakAsama tathA aMgrejo vacce yuddha. 4. rAja sItAparAya. 5. klAIvane igleMDamAM mAnapUrvaka satkAra. 1. spensare karelI navAnavAbanI nimaNuka 7. rAjyakAntinAM pratyakSa pariNAma. 1. mIrakAsamanI navAbapada upara sthApanA sane 159 nA phebruArImAM lAIva IgleMDa gaye tyAre baMgALAne kArabhAra pitAnI pAchaLa ghansiTAIne soMpavA mATe teNe saphArasa karI hatI. e sUcanA IgleMDathI maMjura thaI AvatAM lagI baMgALAne vahivaTa tUrta veLA halvelane soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. surAja-uda-daulAne hAthe aMdhArI koTaDImAM purAyelA A helvale sumAre deDha varSa vahivaTa calAvI sane 1760 nA julAI mAsamAM vaeNnsiTArTane havAle karyo. havela ane mIrajAphara vacce

Page #624
prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 607 bIlakula banAva na hovAthI mIrajApharane gAdIethI uThADI mukavAne upakrama haile calAvyuM hatuM temAM te sahajamAM pAra paDyo hato, paNa eTalAmAM dilhInA bAdazAhanuM khuna thatAM zAhajAde alIgehara zAhaAlama nAma dhAraNa karI bAdazAha thayo. zarUAtamAM ja teNe hAthamAMthI gayele baMgALa prAMta pAcho meLavavA mATe ayodhyAnA vajhIra sujA-uda-dailAnI madadathI svArI karI. AvI svArIo rahelI moDI thayA vinA raheze nahIM ema kalAIva mULathI mAnate hevAthI teNe te mATe tajavIja karI rAkhI hatI. karnala kaeNliDa tathA mIrajApharane cheka mIrAna bane keja laI bAdazAha sAme laDavA AvyA. paTanAmAM rAmanArAyaNa karI navAbane kArabhArI hatI te prathama bAdazAhanI sAmA thayo, paraMtu tene parAjaya thatAM paTanA zahera bAdazAhanA hAthamAM paDavAnI aNI upara hatuM, eTalAmAM kaeNlioNDa tathA mIrana AvI pahoMcyA, paNa emane cukAvI bAdazAha AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM. eNe marAThAo sAthe saMdhAna karI madada mAMgI hatI, paNa teo A prasaMge pANapattanA yuddhamAM guMthAyelA hevAthI teone bAdazAhanI madade AvavAnuM anukULa paDayuM nahIM. e pachI keliDa pharIthI bAdazAhanI ADe AvavAthI bAdazAha murzidAbAdathI pAchA pharyo ane paTanAne ghere ghAlyo. e vakhate kenya grahastha hai tathA purniAno navAba tenI madade AvyA hatA. sAmI tarapha kepTana naukasanI saradArI heThaLa bIjI eka aMgreja pheja kaeNliDanI madade AvI, eTale bAdazAha parAbhava pAmI pAcho pharyo. tenI puTha pakaDI aMgreja lazkara dhasatuM hatuM tevAmAM eka rAte mIrAnanA tuMba upara vIjaLI paDavAthI te maraNa pAme. mIrAnanA gujarI javAthI navAbanA kArabhAramAM bhAMjagaDa upasthita thaI. AthI ema TharatuM nathI ke te eka uttama purUSa hatA. ulaTuM te svabhAve atyaMta duSTa tathA beImAnI hata; manuSya svabhAvanA sarva kaMI durgaNe tenAmAM hatA. te dhITa nahIM paNa utAvaLe, kaMI paNa phAyado na hoya chatAM vizvAsaghAta karanAre, lebhI temaja uDAu, tathA atyaMta vyasanI ane anupakArI hate. AvA grahasthanAM maraNathI keneja nukasAna na hatuM.

Page #625
608 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa, [ bhAga je. ema chatAM ethI mIrajAphara pachI navAba koNa thaze e prazna utpanna thaye. navAba vyasanI tathA mahArogathI pIDAtA ho, tathA tene bIjo putra nAnI umarane hate. AvI hakIkatamAM bhaviSyanI vyavasthA karavAnI jokhama dArI aMgrejo upara AvI paDI, kAraNa plAsInI laDAI pachI temanI salAha vinA navAbanA darabAramAM eka pAMdaDuM paNa hAlI zakatuM nahIM. eTalAmAM kalakata vaoNnsiTArTa gavarnara tarIke kArabhAra calAvavA lAge. teNe have pachI zuM karavuM te nakakI karavA mATe keliDane pitA pAse belA. eNe thoDe vakhata agAu bAdazAha sAthe nahi mATe je saMdezA calAvyA hatA te uparathI eTaluM te dekhAI AvyuM hatuM ke navAba baMgALA prAMtane saMpUrNa mAlika hevAnuM Ajaparyata je samajavAmAM AvatuM hatuM te khuda kaMpanIne nukasAnakAraka hatuM. navAba mAtra hAtha heThaLa amaladAra hatA, ane teja darajaja upara tene ANI mukavo joIe ema vicAra nakkI thatAM, te pramANe goThavaNa karavAnI hatI. eTalAmAM murzidAbAdathI mIramahamada kAsImakhAna urphe mIrakAsIma taraphathI saMdezA calAvavA eka elacI aMgrejo pAse AvyA. A mIrakAsIma mIrajApharane jamAI hatA, ane te ghaNe magarUra tathA dhUrta hatA. tenI vaya cALIsa varSanI hatI. chellAM becAra varSamAM musalamAnI amalanI je durdazA thaI hatI te teNe lakSapUrvaka avalokana karI hatI, ane yathAzakita khaTapaTa karI navAbanI sattA pharIthI sthApana karavAne tene vicAra sujho hate. phejane pagAra na maLavAthI teNe karele gillo eNe maTADyuM hatuM. e pachI kalakattAnA adhikArIone lAMca ApI pitAne anukULa paDe tevI vyavasthA karavA mATe te kalakatte gaye. tyAM aMgrejo sAthe teNe evo TharAva karyo ke (1) mIrajAphare sarva kArabhAra choDI daI mIrakAsImane havAle karo, ane tenA mRtyu pachI mIrakAsamane navAbagirI maLe; (2) mIrakAsama tathA aMgreja vacce kAyamanI dastI thatAM aMgreja lazkare tene madada karavI; (3) A madadanA badalAmAM tathA lazkaranA kharaca peTe baradvAna, cItAgAga ane midanApuranAM paragaNAM hameza mATe aMgrejone soMpI ApavAM; (4) traNa varSa paryata

Page #626
prakaraNa 22 muM. ] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 6 09 silahaTa prAMtane cune navAbe aMgrejone levA devA, ane (5) heThaLanI rakame bakSisa tarIke ApavIH-vansiTAIne pAMca lAkha rUpIA, be lAkha sattara hajAra havelane, sammara tathA megAra e darekane aDhI lAkha; karnala kaeNliDane be lAkha, ane bIjA be isamene pratyekane eka lAkha trIsa hajAra. sapTembara, tA. 27 mI sane 1760 A TharAva karI mIrakAsama murzidAbAda gaye, ane tenI pachI be divasa rahI vaeNsiTArTa paNa tyAM Avyo. bannee maLI mIrajApharane penzana ApI kalakatte Apyo, ane mIrakAsama navAba banI gaye. A rIte rAjyakrAnti pAra utaratAM aMgrejonAM khIsAM bharavAnI plAsInA samayanI paDelI paddhati punaH upayogamAM AvI. uparanI hakIkatanI IMglaMDamAM jANa thatAM lAMca levA mATe konsilanA traNe sabhAsade haoNvela, sammara tathA mekagAyarane nokarI uparathI baratarapha karavAmAM AvyA, ane temanI jagyAe elisa, smitha, vaharalasTa tathA vairna hesTiMgsa sabhAsada thayA. AthI kaunsilamAM vansiTArTane pakSa dabAI gaye, kAraNa vaoNrna hesTiMgsaja mAtra tenA pakSane hatuM, ane bAkInA saghaLA tenA virodhI hatA. baMgALAnI A navIna rAjyakrAti kevaLa paisAne lobhe aMgrejoe karI hatI. "A sarva vyavahAra aMgrejone mATe atyaMta beImAnI tathA lAMchanakAraka che. ethI kaMpanInI kaMI paNa navI sagavaDa sacavAvAnI nahatI. baMgALAne khare mAlika-dilhIne bAdazAha-pitAne amala te prAMtamAM besADavAno prayatna karate hatA, tevAmAM aMgrejoe tyAMnuM navAbhapada ekanA hAthamAMthI chInavI laI lAMca laI, bIjA bInahakadArane vecyuM. pitAne phAyado meLavI letAM kaMpanIne phAyado karIe chIe e temaNe TaeNga karyo. jeone paisA maLyA nahIM teo bIjAonI virUddha paDyA ane kansilamAM bhAre Ti zarU thaze. Aje A banAvane se varSa thaI gayAM che tyAre zAMta mane te viSe vicAra karatAM, te veLA kaMpanInA amaladAree bAdazAhane pakSa kema dhavo nahIM te samajAtuM nathI. bAdazAha takarArI mulAkane khare mAlika hatA, ane kaMpanI tenI pAsethI navAba karatAM puSkaLa

Page #627
610 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. phAyado karI laI zakata.* mIrajAphara bhAre kaSTa veThI kalakatte AvI rahyo. AvAM beImAnapaNuM mATe ghaNuM sakhata gussA sivAya tenA manamAM bIjuM kaMI paNa nahatuM. vaeNnsiTArTa pite kaMI kharAba nahote. vhIlara kahe che ke teNe lAMcamAne pitAne hisso lIdho nahote. tenA vicAra yuga hatA, tathA nyAya karavAnI tenI IcchA hatI, paNa pitAnA vicAranI kansila upara chApa besADavAnI tenAmAM himata nahotI, tenI bahumatIne te anAdara karI zakate nahIM, ane sarva hakIkata iMglaMDa lakhI melI hukama maMgAvavA jeTalo avakAza nahote. navAbagirI maLatAMja mIrakAsame aMgrejonuM agAunuM saghaLuM karaja ekadama pagAra karyuM, ane navA karAra pramANenI saghaLI mAMgaNIonuM deNa patAvyuM. lazkarano caDI gayela pagAra ApI pitAnAM mANasane teNe saMtuSTa karyA. evAmAM bAdazAhe punarapi baMgALa upara svArI karyAnI bAtamI AvavAthI mejara kaknakanI madada meLavI mIrakAsama uttara tarapha gaye, ane temaNe ceDA ja vakhatamAM bAdazAhane harAvyo. A prasaMge laiM tathA tenA nya sAthIdAre aMgrejonA hAthamAM sapaDAyA. bAdazAhane AvI rIte parAjaya thatAM tene pitAnA kAmamAM upayoga karI levAnuM aMgrejonA manamAM AvavAthI mejara karnake bAdazAhane maLI tene paTanA AvavA samajAvyuMahIM teNe bAdazAhane khItAba dhAraNa karyo; ema chatAM koI paNa pitAne laI jaI dilhInA takhta upara surakSita besADe evI tenI IcchA hatI. paTanAmAM aMgrejo pAse AvavAne tene uddeza Aja hate. ahIMnI temanI vakhArane teoe aneka rIte zaNagArI madhya bhAge jamavAnA Tebala upara eka takhta taiyAra karyuM, ane zAhaAlamane meTa. samAraMbha karI te upara besADyo. mIrakAsame AvI tene eka hajAra eka maheranuM najarANuM karyuM. hiMdustAnanI mahAna bAdazAhInA mAlikane takhta upara besADavA mATe aMgrejone kSaNabhara dhanyatA lAgI, zAhaAlama pAsethI mIrakAsamane navAbapada upara kAyama karavAnuM pharamAna temaNe meLavyuM, ane ..Meadows Taylor. - - - - - - -

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611 prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. tenA badalAmAM mIrakAsame darasAla baMgALAmAMthI chavIsa lAkhanuM vasula bAdazAhane bharavAnI kabUlAta ApI. A bAbata je kaMIka camatkAra che te eTalo ja che ke je prAMtamAMthI alivadakhAne pratyeka varSa eka karoDa rUpIAnuM vasula bAdazAhane ApyuM hatuM te prAMtamAMthI vArSika chavIsa lAkha maLavAthI ghaNuM maLyuM hoya ema zAhaAlamane lAgyuM. baradavAna, cItAgAMga, ane madanApura pitAne ApelAM hatAM te mATe aMgrejoe bAdazAhanuM pharamAna mAgyuM, paraMtu te prAMtanuM vasula darasAla bAdazAhI tIjorImAM aMgrejo Ape te temanI mAMgaNuM kabUla karavAnuM jyAre teNe jaNAvyuM tyAre teo nirAza thayA. vaLI zAhaAlame pitAne dilhI pahoMcADavA mATe aMgrejone Agraha karyo, paNa atyArathI AvA bhagIratha prayatna upADavA mATe teo hiMmata karI zakyA nahIM. vizeSamAM bAdazAhe aMgrejone baMgALAnI divAnI ApavA jAhera karyuM, paNa mIrakAsama sAthe TaTa thavAnI hI ke vansiTArge tene svIkAra karyo nahIM. - 2, mIrakAsamane aMgrejo sAthe To:-mIrakAsama bhAre abhimAnI purUSa hatuM ema AgaLa kahevAmAM AvyuM che. tenAmAM surAjauda-daulAnA jevI himata hatI, ane nizcaya tathA dhUrtatA e guNa vadhAre hatA. sane 1761 nA juna mAsamAM bAdazAhanI sAthe cAlelI bhAMjagaDamAMthI mokaLA thatAM ja teNe aMgrejonuM uparIpaNuM kahADI nAMkhI navAbanI pUrvanI svataMtratA meLavavA prayatna calAvyo. aMgrejone anukULa hoya tevA paNa pitAnI virUddhanA je amaladAre rAjyamAM hatA tene game te sababe, kiMvA temanA upara game tevA Aropa mukI te dUra karavA lAge, ane temanI jagyAe pitAnA bharosAnA ane prasaMga paDatAM draDhatAthI kAma karanArA Isame teNe nImyA. murzidAbAda zahera kalakattAnI pAse hovAne lIdhe tyAM navAba upara aMgrejone seha sahelAIthI besI zake ema hovAthI ahIMthI sumAre traNa mAIla AvelA gIranA majabUta zaheramAM teNe pitAnuM thANuM karyuM, ane tyAM killebaMdhI karI pitAne badabasta pAke karyo. raiyata pAsethI sakhatAIthI te vasula ugharAvavA lAgyo, teNe pitAne kharca kamI karyo,

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612 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. jamInadAro pAsethI caDI gayelI mahesula ekaThI karI, lazkaramAMnAM saghaLAM nakAmAM mANasane kahADI mukI phrenca, jarmana, Aiinayana vagere aneka lekene nekarI rAkhI phejamAM yuropiyana paddhati upara sudhAraNA karI. A kAmamAM AbheMsa prAMtanA kreko-jarmana jAtine renADa (Reinhard) nAmane Isama tene ghaNo upayogI thaI paDyo. eNe lenA hAtha heThaLa lazkarI tAlIma lIdhI hatI, ane deDha varSanI aMdara aneka veLA aMgrejo tathA kencanI nekarInI adalAbadalI karI hatI. tenA kadarUpA caherAne lIdhe tene "bara" (Sombre) nA aMgrejI nAmathI leke oLakhatA hatA. pAchaLathI "seMbara" zabdanuM hiMdustAnI rU5 "samarU thayuM, ane e nAme e grahastha prasiddhimAM Avyo. enI sucanA tathA salAha anusAra mIrakAsame eka utkRSTa pheja taiyAra karI, ane topa banAvavAnuM kArakhAnuM ughADI te uttama prakAranI topa taiyAra karavA lAge. paTanAnA kArabhArI rAmanArAyaNe aMgrejonI maherabAnI meLavI hatI, ane aneka vikaTa prasaMge temane pakSa teNe saMbhALyo hato. A hakIkatamAM tenA upara mIrakAsamane DaLe hevAthI rAmanArAyaNe aMgrejonI madada mAMgI, paraMtu te tene maLI nahIM eTale mIrakAsame tenI saghaLI saMpatti chInavI lIdhI. AvI rIte cAlatA aMgreja tathA mIrakAsama vaccenA TaMTAne ugrarUpa ApavAmAM jakAtanI mAphIe sahAnubhUti ApI. A jakAta mAphIne itihAsa vakhate vakhata AgaLa ApavAmAM AvyuM che. prathama e mAphI kaMpanInA paradeza jatA tathA tyAMthI AvatA mAla mATe hatI, paraMtu pAchaLathI ahIMnA ghaNuM khAnagI vepArIone mAphIne dastaka nAmano paravAne aMgrejo ApavA lAgyA. temaNe A dastakane vahivaTa dezamAMnA sthAnika vepArane paNa lAgu karavAthI baMgALA prAMtamAMnA ghaNAkharA nadI mArge cAlatA vepAramAMthI ThekaThekANAnAM nAkA upara pUrve navAbane moTuM utpanna maLatuM te have baMdha paDayuM hatuM, ane tene temaja dezI vepArIone sarva rIte nukasAna thayuM hatuM. karelA hukama pramANe aMgrejo varte che te karAra pAra pADavAne navAba taiyAra hatuM, paNa temane paisAne eTale badhe lebha lAgyuM hatuM ke upara kahelA

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prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 613 dastake suddhAM teo paisA laI vecavA lAgyA. vakhata jatAM leke AvAM dastake banAvaTI karavA tathA vecavA lAgavAthI saghaLA ghoTALe bahAra paDyuM. A prasaMge aMgrejonA hiMdI gumAstAo pitAnA zeThane nAme marajImAM Ave teTale julama karavA lAgyA. je lekene keDe paheravAne eka paMcIyuM suddhAM meLavavAnI muzkelI paDatI teo aMgreja sipAIone pizAka sajI temanAM nizAna tathA dastaka lokone batAvI navAbanA rAjyamAM pharavA lAgyA, ane tenA adhikArIone dhamakAvI tathA temanA hukama kAne nahIM dharI, leke upara julama karI mana mAne tema mAlanI kharIdI karavA lAgyA. eka taraphathI prajAne ane bIjI taraphathI pitAnA zeThane A pramANe phasAvI teo pitAnAM khIsAM bharatA hatA. rAjyamAM navAbanA amaladArenI hakamata baMdha paDI, ane raiyatanI najaramAM navAbane adhikAra mAtra bALaceSTAnI paMktie utarI paDyA (Bolt). A sthitine pariNAme dezI vepArIone dhaMdho samULa beThe; navAbane jakAtamAMthI maLatuM utpanna bIlakula baMdha paDyuM. teNe kansilane A vAta jaNAvI tene samajAvI levA mathana karyuM, paNa tenI tarapha keIe lakSa ApyuM nahIM; vaeNnsiTArTa tathA hesTiMgsa tenI phariyAda dUra karavA banyo teTale prayatna karyo, paNa nsilanA bIjA sabhAsadoe temanuM kahevuM gaNakAryuM nahIM. navAbane rUbarU maLI A bAbata vicAra karavA mATe vasiTArTa sane 1763 nA jAne vArImAM maeNgIra gaye, tyAre banne vacce vAtacIta thatAM navAbe ema TharAvyuM ke "aMgrejoe sarva prakAranA dezI mAla upara seMkaDe nava TakA jakAta ApavI, dezI vepArIoe pacIsa TakA ApavI ane vakhAranA mukhya pratinidhinI sahI sivAya aMgrejoe dastaka ApavA nahIM. " agrejo A sarata pALaze evI navAbane khAtarI nahotI, paNa "ekavAra chevaTanA upAya tarIke A vAta huM kabUla karuM chuM, paNa je aMgrejoe pitAne karAra nahIM pALe te ame sarvane jakAta mApha karIzuM, ane te pachI dezI tathA aMgreja vepArIo eka sarakhA thaI jaze,' ema navAbe vaeNnsiTATane spaSTapaNe jaNuvyuM. ema chatAM kalakattAnA aMgrejone A upAya rUo

Page #631
14 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. nahIM. dezI lekenI kaMI kimata ja nahIM hoya ema teoe jaNuvyuM ke "ame eka pe paNa jakAta ApanAra nathI. amArA upara jakAta nAMkhanAra navAba kANuM thAya che?" ahIM navAbe nakakI thayelo TharAva rAjyamAM jAhera karI te amalamAM lAvavA viSe sakhata hukama choDyA, paNa eka mahinAmAMja te samajI gayo ke kalakattA kansile te karAra maMjura rAkhe nahIM. AthI navAbe tarataja nizcaya karI saghaLA prAMtamAM sarvane jakAtanI mAphI bakSi, kAraNa ke tene lAgyuM ke "ApaNuM sarvasva nukasAna thAya te khamAya, paNa A rIte maheNuM baMdha karI muge mAra nahIM joIe.' A kaMTAnA mULamAMja ubhaya pakSane sAlanAruM eka tatva dAkhala thayuM hatuM. navAba pitAne baMgALAno svataMtra adhikArI samajAte hatA, ane ghaNuM thAya te pitAnA upara bAdazAhanI hakumata cAle ema Icchate. ethI ulaTuM aMgrejone ema lAgatuM ke navAbane temaNe adhikAra upara besADela hevAthI teNe temanA hukamamAM rahevuM joIe. AvI sthitimAM sarvane mATe navAbe jakAta mApha karyAnuM sAMbhaLI kalakattA kansilane pagathI mAthA sudhI gusso lAgyuM. ane teNe jAhera karyuM ke "AvI mAphI ApavAne tene adhikAra nathI, ane ema karI teNe amane khullI rIte yuddha karavA AmaMtraNa karyuM che." vaoNnsiTArTa silane ekadama ATalI utAvaLa nahIM karavAne Agraha dharavAthI teNe navAba sAthe bhAMjagaDa karavA mATe be mANasane mAMgIra mokalyAM. emAMne amiATa ghaNo cAlAka tathA himatavAna gRhastha hate. moMgIramAM AvI lAgatAM temane mAlama paDayuM ke navAba pitAne hukama pAcho kheMcI levA taiyAra nahote. tenuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke, "bhAMjagaDa karavA sarakhuM A bAbatamAM kaMI nathI; meM karele hukama yathAyogya che.' ema chatAM teNe aMgreja vakIleno bhAre mAnathI satkAra karyo, ane temane mIjabAnI tathA bakSisa ApI. surAja-uda-daulAnA samayane banAva smaraNamAM rAkhI, kadAca teo potAnA adhikArIo sAthe gupta rIte maLI jAya e hakathI navAbe temanA upara sakhata tapAsa rAkhI, vaLI jagatazeThanA be sagAone pakaDI teNe magara mekalyA, ane hamaNAnI sarva

Page #632
prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 615 hakIkatanI bAtamI ayodhyAnA vajhIrane temaja bAdazAhane jaNAvI bhAvI saMkaTa vakhate taiyAra rahevA sUcanA ApI. sArAMza e ke, mIrakAsama meTe dhUrta purUSa hevAthI aMgrejoe tenuM rAjya laI lIdhuM che e jANuM, ekavAra chevaTane prayatna karI musalamAnI amala kAyama karavAnA hetuthI teNe khaTapaTa karI. aMgrejonA kAvAdAvA samajI jaI temane parAjaya karanAra chelle musalamAna saradAra eja hate. vaeNna hesTiMgsa khulle khulluM jaNAvyuM ke navAbane pitAnI saiyatanuM sukhaduHkha tapAsavAno pUrNa akhatyAra che, "te pachI tene jakAta mApha karavAne adhikAra nathI ema kema kahI zakAya ? tenI sAthe yuddha karavAthI te kaMI pitAne hukama kheMcI laI zakanAra nathI." AnA javAbamAM kaeNnsilane bIjA sabhAsadoe hesTiMgsane kahyuM ke "tamane navAbane eTale badho pakSa kheMcavAnuM kema yogya lAge che? ema bolavuM navAbanA vakIlaneja zebhe." A takarAramAM kansilamAM mArAmArI thaI te paNa teNe pitAne vicAra pheravyo nahIM. bIjI taraphathI aMgrejonI bAMkIpUranI vakhAranA mukhI tarIke elIsa nAmane eka uddhAma grahastha hatA teNe yuddhanI taiyArI calAvI, kemake paTanA upara muddAma halle laI javAne teNe vicAra karyo hatuM. A hakIkata navAbanI jANamAM AvI te ja vakhate dArUgeLAthI bharelAM keTalAMka vahANe kalakattethI bAMkIpUra AvatAM hatAM tene teNe meMgIra AgaLa aTakAvyAM ane bAMkIpUranA aMgrejone kaMTe karavA nahIM detAM paTanA ravAnA karavA kosilane jaNAvyuM. kalakattAvALAoe tenA lakhANanI kaMI darakAra karI nahIM eTaluM ja nahIM paNa ulaTuM bahAranA aMgrejoe navAbanA adhikArIone pakaDI uparAcAparI kalakatta mokalavA mAMDyA. e pachI aMgrejoe amiATane mAMgIrathI pAcho belAvI lIdho. A hukama elIsane paTanAmAM maLe. elIsa ane amiATa vacce patravyavahAra cAlu hato te uparathI elIsane mAlama paDayuM hatuM ke amiATanA kalakatte pahoMcyA pachI tarataja aMgrejo navAba sAthe yuddha zarU karaze. bAMkIpUramAM temanI vakhAra hatI,

Page #633
616 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ane bhAgIrathInI pelImera paTanA zahera hatuM. yuddha zarU thatAM paTanAthI navAbanI pheja AvI bAMkIpUra tarataja kabaje karaze evI elIsane vhIka lAgavAthI peTanA kabaje karI tyAMnA majabUta kilAmAM pitAnA bacAva mATe baMbasta karI levAne elIse nizcaya karyo, ane tadanusAra teNe tA. 25 mI juna, 1763 ne roje te zahera upara hallo karyo. A veLA rAmanArAyaNe tyAM nahe. aMgrejoe tene pitAnA AzrayamAMthI dUra karatAM navAbe tene pakaDI ThAra mArI gaMgA nadImAM pheMkI dIdho hate, kemake pitAnI virUddha aMgrejo sAthe guptapaNe kArastAne karavAne navAbane tenA upara zaka hatA. rAmanArAyaNanI AvI avasthA thayelI joI navAbanAM bIjAM mANaso upara sAre dhAka be, ane teo saghaLA cupa rahyA. paTanA zahera hastagata thayuM, te paNa kille aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvyuM nahIM. emanA dezI sipAI paTanAnuM bajAra lUTatA hatA, ane yuropiyana selara dArU pI nizAmAM cakacura paDI rahyA hatA, evAmAM navAbanuM nAsI gayeluM lazkara mAMgIrathI madada meLavI pAchuM pharyuM, ane teNe sahajamAM zaherane kabaje lIdho. Ama thavAthI aMgreje camakI uThyA, ane gabharATamAM vahANumAM besI nAsavA lAgyA. temane navAbanI je nadI taraphathI paNa aTakAvyA tyAre keTalAka laDatAM mAryA gayA, ane bAkInA jeo zAMta rIte svAdhIna thayA temane meMgIra mokalavAmAM AvyA. bIjI taraphathI navAbe kAsImabajAranI vakhArane kabaje laI tyAMnA aMgrejone keda karI mAMgIra AkyA. A pramANe pitAne vijaya thayele jaInavAbane AnaMda thaye, ane pakaDAya teTalA aMgrejone keda karI meMgIra mekalI ApavA AkhA rAjyamAM jAheranAmAM kahADyAM. eja arasAmAM amiTa kalakatte jate te tene kAsImabajAra AgaLa aTakAvI navAbanA adhikArIoe vahANa parathI kinAre bolAvyA. te pramANe te nahIM Avyo eTale navAbanAM mANasoe geLIbAra zarU karI tenAM vahANa upara caDI gayA. AthI amiA be hAthamAM pIstola laI kinArA upara utaryo, eTale sarva ke tenA upara TuTI paDyA, ane tenA TukaDe TukaDA karI nAMkhyA. A bAtamI kalakatte pahoMcatAM saghaLAo atizaya uzkerAI gayA,

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prakaraNa 22 muM] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 617 navAba upara ekadama vera levA mATe konsilanA sabhAsadoe Agraha karyo, paraMtu vansiTArTa aNuvyuM ke elIsa vagere bIje mANase navAbanA hAthamAM sapaDAyelA che temane choDAvI lAvavA sudhI temanI sAthe salukAIthI saMdezA calAvavA. bIjAone A vicAra pasaMda nahIM paDavAthI mIrakAsama upara vera levAne temaNe nizcaya karyo. mahArogathI pIDAte mIrajAphara pAseja hovAthI teo tenI pAse gayA, ane navAbapada tene ApyAnuM jAhera karyuM. mIrajApharane pitAnuM nasIba Ama ughaDI javAthI atizaya AnaMda thaye, ane teNe nisalanI saghaLI mAMgaNIo kabula karI. aMgrejone tathA tenA saghaLA nekarane thayeluM saghaLuM nukasAna bharI ApavAnuM, mIrakAsama sAthenA yuddhane kharca bharapAI karavAnuM, jakAtanA saMbaMdhamAM mIrakAsame karele hukama rada karI agAu mAphaka sthAnika mAla upara aMgreja vepArIone mAphI bakSi dezIo pAse jakAta levAnuM, ItyAdI bAbate mIrajAphare kabUla karI. e bAda aMgreja lazkara mIrajApharane laI murzidAbAdathI nIkaLyuM. aMgrejo pAse A veLA kaeNpTana naisa ane mejara eDamsa karIne be hoMzIAra senApatio hatA. 3. mIrakAsama ane aMgreja vacce yuddha (sane 1763-64) - mIrakAsame saghaLI bAbatene khulAse kalakatte lakhI mokalyo, ane thayelI uzkeraNa mATe aMgrejone ja jokhamadAra gaNyA. vaLI bakSisa ApelAM barahAna vagere traNa paragaNuM teNe parata mAMgI pitAne thayelI nukasAnI temanI pAsethI bharI levAnI mAMgaNI karI. javAbamAM aMgrejoe laDAI zarU karI. temanuM ane navAbanuM lazkara khaTavA AgaLa sAmasAmA thaI jatAM navAbane parAjaya thayo (tA. 19 julAI 1763). bIjI laDAI gherIA AgaLa thaI, tyAM paNa mIrakAsama hArI gayo, ane tenI tapa aMgrejonA hAthamAM paDI. A hakIkata sAMbhaLI navAba ghaNe gusse thaI gaye, ane pitAnAM ghaNAM mANaso aMdarakhAnethI aMgrejone maLelAM hovAne saMzaya laI teNe upara kahyA pramANe rAmanArAyaNane gaMgA nadImAM pheMkI dIdho. murzidAbAdanA banne nagarazeTha mAMgIramAM hatA temane tathA rAjA rAyadurlabhane sarva

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628 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kuTuMba sahita teNe ThAra mAryA. aMgreja phoja tvarAthI gIra tarapha AvatI hatI tevAmAM mArgamAM rAjamahAlanA DuMgaramAM udhanavA nAmanA nALA AgaLa bIjI eka jhanunI laDAI thaI ane temAM paNa tene vijaya maLe. AgaLa vadhatAM magara zahera aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvyuM, paNa teo ahIM AvI lAge te agAu saghaLA aMgreja kedIone sAthe laI mIrakAsama paTanA tarapha upaDI gaye. ahIM mAMgIra paDavAnI khabara maLatAM vAraja saghaLA aMgreja kedIone ThAra mAravAne teNe samarUne hukama karyo. A kedIone paTanAmAM alivadanA bhAI hAjI mahamadanA vacamAM ekavALA moTA vADAmAM rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. temanI pAse jamavAnA charI kAMTA hatA te mIjabAnI sArU jaIe chIe ema bhUlathApa ApI samarU temanI pAsethI kaheDAvI laI gayo. bIje dIne navAbanAM lazkare vADAne ghere ghAlyo. elIsa, he ane lyuziMgaTana e traNa jaNane samarUe prathama bahAra bolAvyA. teo bahAra AvatAM ja temanuM khuna thayuM. e pachI navAbanA sipAIo chAparA upara caDI gayA, ane teoe aMdaranA lake upara goLIne varasAda varasAvavA mAMDyo. kedIoe je hAthamAM AvyuM te sipAIonA upara nAMkhI laDAI zarU karI, tyAre e hathIAra vinAnA leke upara geLIbAra karavAnuM navAbanA sipAIe nA pADI, ane jaNAvyuM ke "ame sipAI chIe, khunI nathI." e sAMbhaLI samarUne gusso Avyo, ane teNe pitAne hAthe mukhya mukhya takarArI mANasane ne mArI nAMkhyA. AthI bAkInAo dabAI gayA, ane temaNe niHzastrI aMgreja kedIo upara geLA choDI sarvane prANa lIdhe ( tA. 5 akabara, 1763). A katalamAM sumAre dejo mANasono vadha thaye, tethI kalakattAnI aMdhArI koTaDInA banAva karatAM A banAve vadhAre zecanIya che, AvAM kara kRtyathI aMgrejo zaraNe Avaze evI navAbane AzA hatI, paNa te pAra paDI nahIM, ulaTuM teoe have pUrepUruM vera levAno TharAva karyo. navembara mAsamAM temaNe paTanA zahera kabaje karyuM, eTale mIrakAsama ghaNIkharI vastuo laI sahakuTuMba ayodhyAnA vajhIra pAse nAsI gayo. tenI sAthe

Page #636
619 prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. samarU paNa hatA. tyAM bAdazAha, vajhIra tathA mIrakAsame masalata calAvI baMgALA prAMta aMgrejo pAsethI jItI levAnuM TharAva karyo. paTanAmAM rahelI aMgreja pheja pitAnA amaladAre virUddha asaMtuSTa banI hatI, kemake Aja sudhI laDAImAM kahi maLatAM temane moTAM moTAM inAmo tathA lUMTa maLatAM hatAM te A veLA na maLavAthI pagAra karatAM vizeSa kaMI paNa vAmAM temane bhAre saMkaTa veThavAM paDyAM hatAM. AthI teonAM mana caLavicaLa thatAM sAmI pakSa sAthe maLI javAne teo vicAra karavA lAgyA. A uparathI mejara hekaTara manare vadhArAnuM lazkara laI kalakattethI paTanA Avyo, ane mukhya mANasane sakhata zikSA karI lazkaranI ye vyavasthA karI. ema karavAmAM cAra pAMca mAsa nIkaLI gayA, ane uparanAM traNa jaNane yuddhanI taiyArI karavAne joIe tevo avakAza maLyo. temaNe sane 1764 nA eprilamAM paTanA upara svArI karI. ahIM thayelI laDAImAM kaMIpaNa Akhara nikAla na thavAthI teone varasAdane lIdhe pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. sapTembaramAM varasAda baMdha paDatAM manaree vajhIranA mulaka upara svArI karI. tA. 23 mI akabare bakasara AgaLa chevaTanI eka jhanunI laDAI thaI ane aMgrejone jaya maLyo. plAsInI laDAI mAphaka A laDAInuM mahatva paNa vizeSa che. A laDAIthI musalamAnI sattA kAyamanI TuTI, ane pUrva hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonuM uparIpaNuM sthApana thayuM. e pachI manaree vajhIranI rAjadhAnI lakhane zahera upara svArI karI, tyAre vajhIra nAsI rehalakhaMDamAM bharAyA, ane bAdazAha aMgrejonA svAdhInamAM AvyA. hamaNAnAM saghaLAM bacAva karI lIdho. vajhIre rohIla tathA marAThAonI madada meLavavA khaTa calAvyA. paraMtu mIrakAsama ane samarU temane svAdhIna thayA sivAya temaNe tenA kahevA upara lakSa ApyuM nahIM. mIrakAsama nAsI vAyavya dizA tarapha ya te tyAMja bhayaMkara vedanA khamI maraNa pAmyA. samarU vajhIranI pAse hatuM paNa te aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvyuM nahIM. vajhIra tene aMgrejone

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120 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. havAle karI deze ema tenI jANamAM AvatAM te keTaluMka lazkara bheguM karI bharatapUrane jATa rAjA pAse gayo ane tyAM nokarIe rahyo. ahIM lAMbo vakhata tene phAvyuM nahIM, eTale te vakhate dilhImAM kArabhAra calAvatA rehIlA saradAra najIba-uda-daulA pAse jaI teNe bAdazAhanI nokarI svIkArI. ahIM teNe eka vezyA sAthe lagna karyo. e bAI AgaLa jatAM begama samarUne nAme prasiddhimAM AvI. bAdazAhanI nokarImAM samarU ghaNo AbAda thaye, teNe puSkaLa saMpatti meLavI ane tene sirANuM prAMtanI jAgIra prApta thaI. sane 1778 mAM tenuM maraNa thatAM tenI saghaLI delata ane jAgIra begama samarUne maLI. 4. rAjA sItAparAya -Aja arasAmAM rAjA satAparAya nAmane eka hiMdu grahastha prasiddhimAM AvyuM. te prathama dilhImAM kArakunI karate ha, paNa dhUrtatA tathA vizALa ane cAlAka buddhine lIdhe judA judA pakSe vacce bhAMjagaDa tathA vakIlAta karavAnuM kAma svIkArI te yogya padavIe caDyA. AvA guNavALA aneka hiMdu graha musalamAnonA trAsamAMthI mukta thaI A dhAmadhumInA vakhatamAM jAti akkalathI prasiddhimAM AvatA hatA. aMgrejonI dhartatAthI cakita thaI teone madada karavAne sItAparAye TharAva karyo. prasaMgAnusAra temaNe ene rAjAne khItAba ApI sujA-uda-daulA sAthe tahanA kelakarAra karavA mATe mokalyo hate. vajhIranA pakSamAM banArasane rAjA baLavaMtasiMga karIne te tene te pakSamAMthI lalacAvI sItAparAye aMgrejone mitra banAvyA. baLavaMtasiMganI mAphaka vajhIranA pradezamAM je moTA moTA hiMdu jamInadAre hatA te sarvanAM mana manAvI temane dhIme dhIme aMgrejonA pakSamAM te ANavA lAgyo. AvI khaTapaTane lIdhe aMgrejone te ghaNA priya thaI paDaze. tenIja salAhathI temaNe vajhIranA mulakane moTe bhAga kabaje laI te upara pitAnA adhikArIo nImyA, ane teno saghaLo kArabhAra sItAparAya tathA baLavaMtasiMgane soMpe. ema chatAM navAba tathA vajhIranA aMgrejo sAthenA kelakarAra nakkI nahIM thavAthI temaNe marAThA ane rehIlAnI madada meLavI. rehalA pratyakSa laDAImAM sAmela thayA nahIM, paNa marAThA saradAra malhArarAve

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" kAriba vAmakuma. 21 prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. helakara temanI sAthe laDavA Avyo. helakara zuravIra hatA, paNa te vyuha racanAmAM goThavAI laDanAre na hevAthI, temaja aMgrejonI tapa AgaLa tene kaMI IlAja nahIM cAlavAthI te nIkaLI gayA. pariNAmamAM sItAparAye vajhIrane samajAvI pacAsa lAkha rUpIA daMDa bharI aMgrejone zaraNe javAnI ane temaNe e daMDa laI navAbane mulaka tene pAcho ApI tyAMthI nIkaLI javAnI tajavIja karI. A arasAmAM gavarnara laeNnsiTArTe pitAne edhe che ane te jagyAne kArabhAra spensara pAse AvyA. bAdazAha aMgrejonA tAbAmAM hevAthI pitAne dilhI laI jaI megala masanada upara besADavA mATe te temanI vinaMti karyA karate hate. A veLA najIba-uda-daulA dilhIne saghaLe kArabhAra calAvatA hatA. eTale aMgrejo ayodhyA prAMta vajhIra pAsethI laI tene Ape te bAdazAhane dilhI laI javAnA kAmamAM temane madada karavA najIbauda-daulA taiyAra hatuM, ane te mujaba tenI khaTapaTa cAlu hatI. A navI goThavaNa spensarane pasaMda paDI, ane IMgleMDathI tene Take maLyo hota te teja vakhate baMgALAnI mAphaka dilhInI bAdazAhI paNa aMgrejonA kabajAmAM Avata. paNa A guMcavaNa bharelA ane muzkela sAhasamAM lekenI sahAya kyAM lagI maLaze enI aMgrejone khAtarI na hovAthI, temaja kalakattAthI dilhI sudhIne lAMbe pradeza tAbAmAM levA puratuM daivata te veLA temanAmAM na hovAthI, jo ke tema karavA mATe temanA heDAmAM pANI chUTavuM hatuM, paNa e prayatna temaNe hAtha dharyo nahIM. 5. kalAIvane iMDamAM mAnapUrvaka satkAra (sane 176 - 1764)-sane 1760 mAM bIjI vakhata kalAIva IgleMDa gaye tyAre te pitAnI sAthe apAra saMpatti laI gaye hate. navAba taraphathI tene ekaMdara sumAre trIsa lAkha rUpiAne aveja maLyuM hatuM te uparAMta jAgIranuM utpanna dara sAla aDhIthI piNuM traNa lAkha tene maLatuM; e sivAya karnaTakamAM teNe meLaveluM dravya hatuM te juduM. iMglaDa pahoMcyA pachI ATalI saMpatti hAthamAM AvyAthI pitAnA aMtaHkaraNane khare mane ratha pUrNa karavAno vicAra

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622 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. teNe mArgamAM ja karavA mAMDyuM hatuM. svadeza pAchA pharatAM oNrDanI padavI meLavavAnI tene apekSA thaI hatI, paNa te tarata phaLIbhUta thaI nahIM. rAjAe tathA DAyarekaTaroe tene sAre satkAra karyo khare, to paNa teNe mokalelA keTalAka patramAMnI bhASA mATe pradhAna maMDaLa temaja DAyarekaTare kharekhara gusse thayA hatA. ghaNe kALa vityAbAda tene AyaralaMDanA eka lairDanI padavI maLI, paNa tethI tene hAusa oNpha leDarsamAM besavAne haka prApta thaze nahIM. hiMdustAnamAMthI nIkaLyA pUrve lAIve be patra iMglaMDa mokalyA hatA, temane eka DAyarekaTaranI korTa upara hatuM, ane bIjo mukhya pradhAna piTa mATe hate. e beumAM baMgALAmAM utpanna thayelA gheTALAnuM varNana ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, ane vizeSamAM dezI sattAdhIzenA kArabhArane aMta Avela hovAthI have AkhA baMgALa prAMtanuM rAjya IMglaMDanA rAjAe ekadama pitAnA hAthamAM levuM joIe evI sUcanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. Ane eka rIte evo artha thatuM hatuM ke IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA adhikArIo ahIMne kArabhAra calAvavAne nAlAyaka tathA asamartha hatA. A kAraNathI saghaLA DAyarekTara klAIve upara cIraDAI gayA. hiMdustAnanAM rAjyanI maTI jokhamadArI horI levA piTa taiyAra nahote. kadAcita tema karavAthI puSkaLa muzkelIo dUra thAta, paNa e vicAra saMpUrNa rIte phaLIbhUta thavAmAM hajI se varSane vilaMba hate. TuMkamAM kalAIvanA patranuM viparIta pariNAma AvatAM tenI virUddha vajanadAra lekanAM mana uzkerAI gayAM hatAM. DAyarekaTaroe kalakatte evo spaSTa hukama mokalyo hato ke ene maLelI jAgIra upara tene kaMI paNa khAsa haka na hovAthI bhaviSyamAM tenuM utpanna tene na ApatAM Aja paryata tene pahoMcelI rakama parata levAnI tajavIja karavI. A mATe klAIve kaMpanI upara nyAyanI adAlatamAM pharIAda karI, ane e bAbata AgaLa ghaNI laMbAI heta, paNa baMgALAmAM gaDabaDATa zarU thatAM tyAMne badabasta karavA mATe ene pharIthI hiMdustAna mokalavAne DAyarekTaroe vicAra calAvyuM. AthI keTalAka divasa pachI temane kalAIvanI puTha choDI devI paDI. sane 1761 mAM teNe hAusa oNpha kaoNmansamAM praveza karyo tyAre laI

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prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. nyuTanA pradhAna maMDaLa virUddha te ghaNe sakhata hate. vaLI te grevUilane anuyAyI hovAthI enA lAgavagathI prenvilanA pakSane ghaNuM majabUtI maLI. e veLA DAyarekaTarenI koIne adhyakSa lairensa sulIvAna hai nyuTanA pakSane hate. hiMdustAnamAM puSkaLa divasa rahyA bAda te sane 1758 mAM kaMpanIne presiDanTa thayo hato. svabhAve nispRhI ane pitAne abhiprAya khullI rIte dekhADanAre hovAthI te lekene sAmAnya rIte pasaMda paDate nahIM. dareka bAbata upara lAMbo vicAra karI sarvanA hitanI vyavasthA karavA mATe te AgrahI hate. lAsInI laDAI pachI kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM je avyavasthA utpanna thaI te dUra karI tene yogya rItI upara mukavAne teNe mathana karyuM hatuM. hiMdustAnanI dareka bAbatanuM tene sAruM jJAna hovAthI tenI AgaLa koInI laTapaTa cAlatI nahIM. teNe "yuddhanI gupta kamiTI" e nAme eka navuM maMDaLa sthApyuM hatuM. hiMdamAMnA saghaLA meTA meTA adhikArIo sAthe tene patravyavahAra cAlu hovAthI te pratyeka bAbata upara AgrahI hukama mokalo. joke tenI maherabAnI meLavavA mATe Atura hatA, ane tenA ThapakAnI temane vhIka hatI. ekaMdara sulIvAne kaMpanInA vahivaTamAM pitAnuM nAma prasiddhimAM ApyuM che. AraMbhamAM tenI ane lAIva vacce sArI mitrAcArI hatI, paNa banne sarakhI rIte kartutvavAna ane AgrahI hovAthI te lAMbe vakhata TakI nahIM. klAIvanI jAgIra saMbaMdhI, temaja bIjI aneka bAbatamAM je kaMTA pAchaLathI utpanna thayA te ghaNuMkharA sulIvAne uzkeryA hatA. sane 177ra mAM kaMpanInA kArabhAra bAbata thayelI bhAMjagaDamAM mukhya bhAga teNeja lIdhe hato. sane 1763 mAM laoNrDa byuTanuM pradhAnamaMDaLa sattA uparathI utaratAM prenvila mukhya pradhAna thaye, tyAre kalAIve sulIvAnane utArI pADavA mATe ghaNI mahenata karI, paNa temAM tene yaza maLe nahIM. sulIvAna pharIthI ddhA upara AvatAM kalAIva upara vera levA mATe tenI jAgIra chInavI levAne udyoga teNe AraMbhyo. ATale lagI vAta AvanAM banne vacce cakamaka uDavAnI aNI para mAmalo Avyo hato eTalAmAM mIrakAsama

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624 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. ane aMgrejo vacce aNabanAva thavAnI khabara AvavAthI kaMpanInA bhaMDeraLamAM zera lenArA lokonAM mana avyavasthita thayAM. mIrakAsamane dAva kharo hatA, ane te ghaNo zUravIra tathA cAlAka hevAthI baMgALAmAM aMgreje TakI zake che ke nahIM evI ciMtA kSaNabhara utpanna thaI. aDacaNane prasaMge tvarAthI nizcaya karI gya purUSane vyavasthA karavAnuM kAma soMpavAne aMgrejone sAmAnya vahivaTa aneka veLA dekhAI Ave che te pramANe A prasaMge kaMpanInA bhAgIdArae, pArlAmenTanA sabhAsadoe, ane sAmAnya loke suddhAM tarataja lAIva tarapha AMgaLI karI. DAyarekaTaroe vinA ghoMdhATe tenI jAgIra tene pAchI ApI tathA hiMdustAnanA kArabhArane saMpUrNa haka bakSi tene hiMda pAchA javAnI vinaMti karavAno TharAva karyo. te ahIM AvavAne ghaNe khuzI nahotuM. tene saghaLo AdhAra hAtha heThaLanA keTalAka zuravIra sipAIo upara hato. karnala pharDa ane kaeNliADa temaja bIjA oe aneka parAkramo karavAthI hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejo sarasAI bhagavatA thayA hatA. AvAM mANasone uttejana ApI AgaLa vadhAre ApavA mATe kalAIve igleMDa siphArasa lakhI mokalI hatI, chatAM te tarapha koIe lakSa ApyuM nahotuM. AthI kaMpanInAM lazkaramAMnAM ghaNuM kharAM mANasa nArAja thayAM hatAM, ane lazkarI lekanI madada sivAya game tevuM kAma pAra paDavAnuM rahetuM e lAIva jANate hate. ema chatAM sulIvAnane adhyakSapaNAM uparathI dUra karavAmAM Ave te hiMdustAna javAnuM teNe kabUla karyuM. te pramANe kaMpanIe sulIvAnane kArabhAra uparathI uThADe, ane kalAIvanI jAgIra dasa varSa lagI tenI pAse rahevA devAne TharAva karyo. "baMgALAnA gavarnara, presiDenTa ane kamAnDara-ina-cIphane adhikAra ApI tathA bIjA cAra mANasonI eka silekTa kamiTI nImI kaMpanIe kalAIvane ahIM mokalyo. baMgALAmAMnI kansilano adhikAra chInavI laI gya jaNAya te vahivaTa karavAne A silekaTa kamiTIne pUrNa sattA ApavAmAM AvI hatI. AvI taiyArIthI tA. 4 thI juna, 1764 ne dIne kalAIva A dezamAM AvavA iMgleDathI nIkaLe te tA. 3 jI me, 1765 ne roje kalakatta AvI pahoMcyo.

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prakaraNa 22 muM. ] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 25 daspensare karelI navA navAbanI nimaNuMka-kalakatte AvatAM klAIva mArgamAM thoDA divasa madrAsamAM thobhe hatA. ahIM tene mIrakAsamane parAjaya thayAnI, mIrajAphara maraNa pAmyAnI tathA sujA-uda-daulA aMgrejone zaraNe AvyAnI khabara maLI. A uparathI have pachI baMgALAnI zI vyavasthA karavI te viSe madrAsathI kalakatta jatAM vATamAM teNe nakkI vicAra karI rAkhyA. kalakattA utaratAM ja aMgrejonuM nAma jyAM tyAM halakuM paDI gayeluM tene mAlama paDayuM. sarva prakAranI aDacaNothI tathA kalakattA kensilanI paisA mATenI cAMpatI ugharANIthI mIrajAphara akaLAI gayo hato. lAsInI laDAI agAu pitAnA zeTha tarapha beImAna thaI teNe aMgrejonI maitrI saMpAdana karI, paNa tethI tene kaMI paNa phAyado na thatAM sarvatra tenI beAbarU thaI, ane aneka saMkaTo tenA upara AvI paDyAM te judAM. Akhare mIrakAsamane gAdIethI uThADI pharIthI teNe aMgrejo sAthe navA karAra karI anAyAse jatI rahelI navAbagirI pitAne mAthe herI lIdhI tethI paNa tenuM mAna ghaTI gayuM. aMgrejonA baMgALAmAM dAkhala thavA pahelAM je prAMta dhanADhaya ane sukhI hevA uparAMta mogala bAdazAhInA mukhya AdhAra sthaMbha tarIke jANIta hate tenI chellAM ATha varSamAM bhayaMkara durdazA thayelI joI saghaLA lekee mIrajApharane te mATe jokhamadAra gaNuM Thapako Ape tyAre jIvavA karatAM maravuM bahetara che ema tene lAgyuM! mIrajAphara maraNa pAme tyAre paisA okAvavAnI pharIthI taka prApta thaI hoya ema kalakattAnA aMgrejone lAgyuM. ahIMnI yogya vyavasthA karavA mATe pUrNa adhikAra sahita lAIvanA AvavAnI temane khabara hatI. vaLI 'no navAba nahIM nImatAM baMgALAnI dIvAnI eTale vasulAtanI saghaLI vyavasthA tame tamArA tAbAmAM le' e pramANe bAdazAha AgrahapUrvaka aMgrejone kahete hato, ane mIrajApharanA kuTuMbane baMgALAnI gAdI uparathI dUra rAkhavA samajAvatA hatA. A hakIkatamAM navo navAba nImavA kaMI paNa utAvaLa nahotI. e nimaNuka karyA vinA AkhA prAMtanI dIvAnI aMgrejoe hAtha karI hatI te lekene herAna karanArA be pakSa paikI eka

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626 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. kamI thAta, paNa ema utAvaLa karyA vinA khIsAM kema bharAya? AthI kalAIvanA AvavA agAu kensile na navAba besADavAnuM kAma bhAre utAvaLamAM ATopI lIdhuM. gAdI mATe mIrajApharane aDhAra varSanI vayane najama-uda-daulA nAmano putra tathA tenA sagA mIrAnane cha varSane putra ema be hakadAra hatA. pUrva vahivaTane anusarI e nimaNuka kalakattA kensileja karavAnI hatI. spensara kaunsilane presiDanTa hatuM, ane tenI sAthe bIjA paMdara sabhAsada hatA. e sarvanuM lakSa phakta eka ja vAta eTale, paisA meLavavA tarapha hatuM; baMgALa prAMtanA rAjyakArabhAranI paravA kAIja nahotI. A hakIkata cha varSanA chokarAne gAdIe besADavAmAM Ave te tenI pAsethI bakSisa kevI rIte kaheDAvI zakAya ? ulaTuM te vace Ave tyAM sudhI tene kArabhAra saMbhALavo paDe ane paie paine hisAba Apavo paDe (Mill). AthI aDhAra varSane najama-uda-daulAne navAba banAvavAmAM Ave teja ApaNuM kArya thAya ema manamAM vicAra karI kaunsile tene ja gAdI upara besADyA. mIrajAphara sAthe kalAI navAbapada mATe gupta TharAva karyo tyAre amIcaMda sarakhA dezI madhyasthI tene jarUra lAgI hatI; paNa te pachInAM sAta varSamAM AvI daramiyAnagirInAM kAmamAM aMgrejo jAte ghaNuMja nipuNa thayA hatA. jaoNnsTana nAmane eka gRhastha kaunsilamAM hatuM, tenA bhAIe najamauda-daulA sAthe karAra karI saghaLI bAbatane nikAla karyo. najama-udadaulAne kArabhArI mahamada rIjhAkhAna ghaNe hoMzIAra ane prasaMganusAra vartanAra hatuM. A mahamada rIjhAkhAna sAthe jonsTane masalata calAvI karAranI sara karI te navAba thayo. navIna navAbe ekaMdara vIsa lAkha rUpIA judA judA aMgrejone bakSisa ApavA, ane saghaLe kArabhAra mahamada rIjhAkhAne calAve ema TharAva thayo. tA. 25 mI phebruArIe TharAva pUrNa thaI amalamAM AvatAM najamA-uda-daulAe subAgirI dhAraNa karI. A vyavasthA thayelI joI lAIvane atizaya gusso upa. mIrajApharanA maraNanA tera divasa agAu iMgleDathI e hukama Avyo hato, ke kaMpanInA karo paikI koIe najarANuM athavA bakSisa levAM nahIM. A

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prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. 27 hukama kalakattAmAMnA amaladAroe chupAvI rAkhe, ane navA navAba pAse aDhaLaka nANuM kaheDAvyuM. kalAIve temane puchayuM tyAre paisA levAnuM merI zekhAithI kabUla karatAM temane zarama lAgI nahIM. A paisA teoe lIdhA temaNeja ATha TakAne vyAje kaMpanIne rakama dharI hatI. e bAbata khAsa navAI eja hatI ke nekaree bakSisa tarIke paisA kaheDAvavA ane teja paisA jabara vyAje kaMpanIne karaje ApavA. paNa kalAIva vaeNnsiTArTanI mAphaka sahajamAM dabAI jAya te nahato. pahele ja divase kansilanI beThakamAM sabhAsadoe maLatAMja kutaka calAvavA mAMDyAM eTale "tame sarva rIte mukhatyAra che" ema klAIve temane spaSTapaNe jaNAvyuM. e pachI tarata ja teNe pitAnI silekaTa kamiTInI sthApanA karI, ane agAunI kansila tahakuba rAkhI. A kamiTImAM kAbeMka, harasTa, sAIkasa ane sakhtara e bIjA be vizeSa kartRtvavAna na hovAthI lAIva pitAnuM dhAryuM karyo gayo. prathamamAM navIna navAbane gAdIe besADatAM levAyelI lAMcane prazna nIkaLyo. mIrajApharane gAdIe besADatAM tame je karyuM hatuM te karatAM vadhAre kharAba ame karyuM nathI." klAIve javAba Apyo ke "te veLA te vAta kAyadesara hatI, paNa have kAyadAnI rUe tene aTakAva karavAmAM Avyo che. vaLI te samaye baMgALAmAM asIma delata hatI, paNa have Akhe deza dina avasthAmAM AvI paDyo che. navAba pAsethI vAraMvAra lAMca laI ApaNeja lakone avadazAmAM utAryA che. vaLI, surAja-uda-dailAne gAdIethI uThADI tenI jagyAe mIrajApharane besADavAnuM kAma A dezanA vatnIoe karyuM hatuM, ane aMgrejoe mAtra chupI rIte temane madada karI hatI, paNa hamaNAnuM kAma pitAnuM ja hoya ema aMgrejoe khullI rIte varyo che. chevaTanuM A vacana kahADatAM kalAIvane amIcaMda kema yAda AvyA nahIM te samajAtuM nathI. teNe vaLI ema kahyuM ke "mIrajApharane padabhraSTa karI mIrakAsamane navAba banAvavAnuM

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128 hiMdustAnano arvAcIna ItihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. kaMIpaNa prayajana nahotuM. ema chatAM mIrakAsamane gAdI soMpyA pachI tenI sAthe karela Te tadana aprayojaka ane anyAyI hatIagAu banAva game te hatuM chatAM pharIthI thoDA ja vakhatamAM navA navAbane gAdIe besADavAnI utAvaLa karavAnuM zuM prayojana hatuM ? navAbagirI lIlAmathI vecI utpanna thayelI rakama khIsAmAMja nAMkhavA sivAya bIjuM kaMI kAma hatuM?" kalAivane cAMpIne uttara ApavAnI koIe hiMmata karI nahIM. tene uttara sAMbhaLavAja nahote. 7A rAjakAntinAM pratyakSa parINAma-plAsInI laDAImAM aMgrejone upakrama pAra paDatAM temanI dhanatRSNa eTalI te tIvra thaI ke te AvezamAM teo uparAcAparI rAjyakAnita karavA lAgyA. eka navAbane uThADI bIjA navAbane tenI jagyAe sthApana karavAne jANe teoe vepAraja calAvyuM. mIrajAphara pAsethI vadhAre dhana prApta karavAnI AzA dekhAI nahIM tyAre traNa varSamAM tene kahADI mukI mIrakAsamane temaNe navAba banAvyA, ane mIrajApharane kalakatte lAvI rAkhe. mIrakAsama sAthe tA. 27 mI sapTembara 1760 ne roje thayelAM pahelAM tahanAmAnI rUe sumAre sATha lAkhanI vArSika utpannanAM barahAna, citAgAga ane madanApUranAM traNa paragaNAM kaMpanIe lIdhAM, ane zAhajAdAne baMgALAmAM rahevA devo nahIM evI eka khAsa kalama temAM dAkhala karI. mIrakAsama paNa aMgrejone thoDAja vakhatamAM apriya thayA. svataMtra thavAnI tenI IcchA dekhAI AvatAM tene gAdIethI uThADI mukavAne udyoga temaNe AraMbhe. paraMtu te ghaNe draDha ane abhimAnI hevAthI yuddha karyA sivAya e kAma pAra paDayuM nahIM. tene laDAImAM harAvI pharIthI mIrajApharane aMgrejoe navAba banAvyuM. tarataja be taha navAM thayAM, eka tA. 10 mI julAI, 1763nuM ane bIjuM tA. 16 mI sapTembara 1764 nuM. A tahanI rUe pUrva bakSisa thayelA saghaLA haka kAyama thayA, navAba aMgrejone vadhu tAbedAra thayo, ane kaMpanIe pitAnA eka amaladArane jAzukane te darabAramAM goThavI dIdho. AthI darabAranI hIlacAla aMgrejone jANavAmAM AvatAM tenA upara temanuM

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prakaraNa 22 muM.] baMgALAmAM rAjyakArabhAranI dhAmadhuma. ra9 sakhata dabANa cAlyuM. mIrajAphara tA. 5 mI phebruArI 176pane dIne maraNuM pAmyo tyAre bhaviSyanI goThavaNa karavAmAM navAbanA hAthapaga vadhAreja bAMdhI levAno temaNe prayatna karyo. A kAma mATe kalakattethI eka kamizana murzidAbAda gayuM, ane teNe mIrajApharanA vaDIla putra najama-uda-daulAne navAba banAvyuM. pitAnA vakhatanA saghaLA junA moTA moTA kAmadAra tathA salAhakArone tene kahADI mukavA paDayA, ane temane badale aMgrejoe pitAnI taraphanA bIjA amaladAra nImI ApyA. mukhya dIvAnane temaNe keda karI kalakata ravAnA karyo. paraMtu A saghaLI gaThavaNathI navAbanI saghaLI svataMtrAne nAza the, tenA hAthamAM keja rahI nahIM, ane pitAnA amaladAre nImavAnI paNa sattA tenI pAsethI jatI rahI. A tahanAmuM tA. 25 mI phebruArI 176pa ne roje thayuM te avazya vAMcavA jevuM che. AvI rIte navAbanI gAdI upara navI nimaNuMka karatI veLA dara khUpe aMgreja adhikArIoe navAba pAsethI bane teTalA paisA kaheDAvyA hatA. ATaluM thaI gayA pachI lAIva hiMdustAna AvI pahoMcyo. teNe A navAbagirI bAbatane Akho savAla punaH upADI no upayAya zarU karyo. agAu thayelA saghaLA karAre hareka rIte kAyadesara hovAthI te bAjue mukavAnI agara rada karavAnI vAta lAIvanI marajInI nahotI. tathApi pitAne yogya lAge te karavAne tene adhikAra heya evI rIte teNe A upakrama upADe hate. julAI 1765 mAM eNe najama-uda-daulAne navAbapada uparathI uThADI tene vArSika trepana lAkhanI nimaNuMka karI ApI, ane bAdazAha pAsethI divAnI meLavI tene darasAla chavIsa lAkha ApavAno TharAva karyo. e TharAva keTalo anyAyI che te vAMcavAthI sahaja mAlama paDe che. te badala pratyakSa kalAIvanAja evA udgAra che ke, "atyAra lagI navAba upara bIna harakate aneka tarehane julama gujAravAthI ApaNe lobha anahada vadhe che, ema tene lAgyA vinA raheze nahIM. tenA upara ApaNe hamezane dhAka raheze te ja te ApaNuM sAthe namra rIte vartaze. baMgALAnA saghaLA navAbee temaja ArkaTanA navAbe paNa ApaNI sattA urADI mukavA

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630 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mATe banyA teTalA prayatna karyA che. jyAM sudhI ApaNuM lazkarane dAba majabUta che tyAM sudhI ApaNe A khela nIbhaze. nahIM te yuropiyanene namI cAlavAne tene zuM kAraNa che? baMgALAne hAlane tarUNa navAba vyasanI ane durbaLa che; AsapAsanAM mANasonI uzkeraNIthI te kyAre zuM karaze te kaLI zakAtuM nathI, ane tethI ja tenA hAthamAM yatkiMcita adhikAra muko bIlakula upayogI nathI. prAMtanI mahesula tathA pheja e banne bAbate saMpUrNapaNe ApaNuM hAthamAM rAkhavI joIe. e vize sahaja paNa durlakSa karavAthI ApaNane ahIMthI nIkaLI javuM paDaze." kalAInA udgAra uparathI te vakhatanA banAvo khullI rIte jAhera thAya che. sana 1765 nA julAI mahinAmAM teNe navAbane 53 lAkhanI nimaNuMka bAMdhI ApI, ane traNa mahinA rahI te ghaTADI betALIsa lAkha karI. bIcArA najama-udadaulAe paMdara mahinA kArabhAra karI tA. 28 mI me, 1766 ne dIne deha choDI. enI pachI tene bhAI saipha-uda-delA navAba thayo tyAre tenI nimaNuka chatrIsa lAkha TharAvavAmAM AvI. cAra varSa pachI A saMka-uda-daulA 1770 nA mArganI tA. 10 mIe gujarI jatAM tenA nAnA bhAI mubAraka-uda-dailAne aMgrejoe batrIsa lAkhanI nimaNuka bAMdhI ApI, paNa DAyarekaTaroe ekadama te seLa lAkha jeTalI ghaTADI dIdhI, ane tevI ja rIte tenA dIvAna mahamada rIjhAkhAnanI nava lAkhanI nimaNuMka pAMca lAkhanI karI. "A mubArakane paNa dunIAmAMthI thoDAja vakhatamAM gAMsaDA bAMdhavA paDaze, ane tenA maraNa pachI gajazALAmAMthI ekAda moTA hAthIne navAbanI jagyA upara besADaye te te paNa cAlI zake ema che; kemake bhapakAja batAvavAnuM hoya te hAthInA jevuM bIjuM kaI prANa te kAma mATe yogya nathI; tenuM AyuSya lAMbuM hoya che, tene tAbAmAM lAvatAM ghaNI muzkelI paDatI nathI; ane mAnavI navAba karatAM tene kharca paNa ghaNuM kamI Avaze.* * Bolt's considerations,

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kalAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 631 prakaraNa 23 muM. kalAivanI rAjyavyavasthA, sane 1765-1766, 1. kalAIvane mAlama paDela ghoTALo. 2. dezanI paristhitinuM samAcana. 3. kalAI karelI vyavasthA. 4. baMgALAnI dIvAnI ane Dabala-gavarnamenTa, 5. aMgreja lazkaranuM baMDa. 1, kalAivane mAlama paDele ghoTALA, -blAsInI laDAI pachI baMgALAnA kArabhAramAM vakhatovakhata thatA gayale pheraphAra dhyAnamAM rAkhI rAjyanI kAyamanI vyavasthA TharAvavAnuM kAma saheluM nahotuM. samudra mArga hiMdustAnamAM dAkhala thaI tyAM rAjya sthApavAne navIna prayoga aMgreja leke karI batAvatA hatA, paraMtu te pramANe kaMI nizcayapUrvaka amala thatAM temane ghaNI aDacaNa naDI emAM kaMI navAI nahatI. kharuM kahIe te plAsInI laDAI bAda baMgALAmAM aMgrejonI saMmati vinA eka pAMdaDuM paNa hAlI zakatuM nahIM, topaNa vepAra dhaMdhAne burakha kahADI nAMkhI khullI rIte saghaLuM rAjya tAbAmAM levAnuM temane mATe zakya nahotuM, temaja hamaNe temanI IcchA paNa nahatI. eka taraphathI dezI sattAdhIzonuM mAna jALavI, bIjI taraphathI temane pitAnI muThImAM rAkhavA evAM be virUddha kAme temane karavAnAM hatAM. A sthitimAM rAjyakArabhAra avyavasthita tathA aniyamita thAya temAM kaMI vizeSa nahetuM. vaLI navAbanI tIjArI jovAI gaI hatI. karnATakanA yuddhamAM madada karavA mATe baMgALAmAMthI nANuM mekalavuM paDeluM hovAthI kaMpanIne saMcaya paNuM khalAsa thayo hato. baMgALAmAM raheluM cha hajAra mANasanuM lazkara navAbanuM saMrakSaNa karavA samartha hatuM, paNa te pitAnI phejane rajA ApavA khuzI nahe. A phejane vakhatasara pagAra nahIM maLavAthI te hamezAM baMDakhora vRttimAM macelI rahetI. rAjyanA jamInadAre paNa tephAnI thayA hatA, pazcima taraphathI marAThAo hallo lAvatA hatA, ane khuda zAhajAdA pitAne . adhikAra besADavA mATe navAbanA mulaka upara bhamyA karato hato. bIjI

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632 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tarapha aMgreja kaMpanIne pitAnI AMTa jALavI rAkhavA mATe niyamita rakama iMglaMDa mokalavI paDatI hatI, ane e nANuM ubhuM karavA mATe baMgALAne saghaLo sthAnika vepAra hAtha karavAnI tene jarUra paDI hatI. AvI rIte eka taraphathI saghaLo vepAra svAhA karavAthI tathA bIjI tarapha dezanA sarva rAjyakArabhAranI javAbadArI pitAne mAthe horI levAthI, je apUrva ghoTALe utpanna thayo tethI baMgALAmAM koI paNa bAbatamAM TakI zakavAnuM temane mATe durlabha thayuM. sane 1760 thI 1766 parvatanAM cha varSamAM aMgrejanAM nAma upara bhayaMkara ane akSamya TIlI lAgI che. te samaye emanI pAse kaI paNa bahAdUra ane cAlAka mANasa nahoto, je koI hatA te anubhavanya tathA nAlAyaka hatA. baMgALAne kArabhAra hAthamAM lIdhA sivAya dezamAM vyavasthA thanAra nathI evuM sane 1759 mAM lAIve piTane lakhI mokalyuM hatuM, tathA e pramANe vyavasthA na karavAthI gheTALa utpanna thayA vagara raheze nahIM e paNa te samajatA hatA. tenA IgleMDa gayA pachI thayelA gerabaMdobastanuM varNana agAu AvI gayuM che. temAM vaLI kalakattAnI konsilamAM ekavAkyatA na hovAthI dareka bAbatamAM gussA bharelI takarAra cAlatI. hamaNAM baMgALAmAM kaI paNa jokhamadAra adhikArI nahote; aMgreja pheja niranirALe ThekANe rahI prAMtanuM rakSaNa karatI hatI, kemake te phejane pagAra ApI rAjyakArabhAra calAvavAnI javAbadArI navAbane mAthe hatI. te be taraphathI muzkelImAM sapaDAya hate; hAtha heThaLanA loke nArAja hatA, ane aMgreja kaMpanI hAMkI kahADaze evI tene dhAstI hatI. A dezamAM AvatA aMgreja leke bIjI bhAMjagaDamAM nahIM paDatAM pitAnuM gajavuM bharI cAlatA thatA. je kAI ahIM rahetA, teone nahIM janasamAjanI zarama hatI, ke nahIM kAyadAnI ADakAThI naDatI. teo vepAranAM bahAnA heThaLa AkhA prAMtamAM marachamAM Ave te pramANe khuzIthI ane vinA aDacaNe luMTa calAvatA. dhanatRSNa ane te pUrNa karavAne sulabha upAya najadIka * Sir Alfred Lyall,

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kalAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 633 hevAthI kharAM kheTAne kaMI vicAra temane Avyo nahIM ane teo variSTha amaladAronA hukamane pratyakSa anAdara karavA lAgyA. AvI amaryAda lUTa cAlatAM rAjyakArabhAra aTakI paDyo, ane kaMpanI temaja navAba beunI atyaMta avadazA thaI presiDanTa mIrakAsamane gAdIethI uThADI mIrajApharane navAba banAvyo tethI vizeSa sudhAre thavAnuM zakya nahotuM. aMgrejoe khAnagI vepArane je nukasAna pahoMcADayuM hatuM, ane dezamAM cAlate sthAnika vepAra pitAnA hAthamAM laI jakAta mAphInA nAma heThaLa je atyaMta anucita vartana zarU karyuM hatuM tene niSedha lAyela sarakhA nyAyI tathA vidvAna lekhake pUra josathI karyo che. paTanAnI katala utAvaLIA aMgrejonAM mUI bharelAM kRtyanuM pariNAma hatuM. sane 1735 mAM mIrajAphara maraNa pAmatAM ne navAba besADavAnI bhAMjagaDa maTI gaI ane eja arasAmAM kalAIva A dezamAM pAchA pharI rAjyanI navI vyavasthA karI. ema chatAM baMgALA prAMtamAM hamezanI zAMti prasaratAM ghaNo kALa vyaya thaI gayo. - 2. dezanI paristhitinuM samAlocana-klAIvanA A dezamAM Agamana prasaMge ahIMnI sthiti kevI hatI te tapAsavI avazya che. auraMgajebanAM maraNa pachInAM pacAsa sATha varSamAM uttara hiMdustAnanI sthiti kevI thaI hatI tenI kaMIka mAhitI vAcakane pAchalAM prakaraNamAMthI maLI haze. musalamAna riyAsatamAM tenuM vizeSa varNana ApeluM che. paMjAba, dilhI, AgrA, doAba, ayodhyA, alAhabAda ane tyArapachI banArasathI nIce paTanA thaI kalakattA sudhIne ekaMdara pradeza uparathI heThaLa lagI sapATa ane khulle che. temAM aneka nadIo hevAthI lazkarane pharavA mATe saghaLI saMgavaDatA maLe che. A pradezane dezanA mAMhenA bhAganA baMDakhera taraphathI temaja paradezIo taraphathI hamezAM trAsa khamavo paDyo hato, ane auraMgajeba bAdazAhanA maraNa bAda temAM vilakSaNa prakArane gaDabaDATa macI rahyo hate. basa varSanA julamI amalamAMthI cAlatI aMdhAdhudhI baMdha pADI dezamAM zAMti karavAne samartha e koI sthAnika saradAra bacavA pAmyo nahoto. dakSiNamAMthI marAThAonA ane uttarethI aphaghAnenA eka sarakhA humalA A

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634 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 jo. pradeza upara AvyA hatA. mogala bAdazAha mAtra nAmaneja rahyo hato, ane tenI sattAnAM oThAM heThaLa aneka beImAna adhikArIo tathA mahatvAkAMkSI saradAro marachamAM Ave teTale julama varasAvatA hatA, ane je te svataMtra rAjya sthApI tenI maryAdA bane teTalI laMbAvavAmAM guMthAyelA hatA. nijhAme jevI rIte dakSiNamAM svataMtra rAjya sthApyuM hatuM te mAphaka ayodhyA prAMtamAM eka aphaghAna saradAre pitAnI sattA besADI hatI. teNe keTaleka vakhata dilhInA bAdazAhanA vajhIra tarIke kArabhAra kareluM hovAthI te hajI paNa pitAne vajhIra tarIke oLakhAvate hato. gaMgA jamanAnI vacamAM AvelA hIla khaMDa nAmanA mulakano kabajo rehIlA aphaghAnoe lIdho hato. A aphaghAnamAM najIbakhAna rehalA mukhya hatuM. bharatapuramAM surajamala jATe svataMtra rAjya ubhuM karyuM hatuM; paMjAbamAM gayelA subedAre tyAM pitAno amala besADyo hato. TuMkamAM te samaye jenA zarIramAM vizeSa juse tathA je. koI vizeSa parAkrama karI batAvatuM te tarataja AgaLa AvatuM. paisA kiMvA AMTa hoya te bAdazAha pAsethI joIe te prAMtane kArabhAra sahajamAM meLavI zakAte. bAdazAhanuM pharamAna meLavI ekAda prAMtano kArabhAra hAthamAM levA pachI, tyAMnI prajAne dhAkamAM rAkhI temanI pAsethI niyamitapaNe vasula ekaThuM karavAnuM muzkela kAma je kaI sArI rIte banAvI zake tenI chApa sarva kaI upara besatI. ethI ulaTuM je kaI prAMtamAMne ekAda mANasa baLavAna thaI jAya to tenI pahelAnAnuM kaMI nAma nizAna rahetuM nahIM, ane bIjAne adhikArI jayajayakAra thato. aMgrejI rAjya sthira thayA pachI jamInanA hakanI tapAsa karI vasulAtanI vyavasthA TharAvavAmAM AvI, te veLA pAchalI aMdhAdhuMdhI tathA baMDakhorapaNunA avazeSa tathA purAvA bahAra AvyA te uparathI te samayanI arAjakartAnI kaMIka aTakaLa ApaNe bAMdhI zakIe chIe. plAsInI laDAI pachI aMgrejo pitAnI sattA baMgALAmAM sthAna pana karatA hatA, tyAre bIjI tarapha marAThAo dezanA ghaNAkharA bhAga upara pharI vaLyA hatA. emanAM parAkrama musalamAne sahana na karI zakavAthI

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] lAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 635 teoe ahamadazA abadallIne hiMdustAnamAM belAvyo hato. marAThA virUddha cAlelA A kArastAnamAM najIbakhAna rehIlAe mukhya bhAga lIdho hatA. beu prajA vacce A jhagaDo traNa cAra varSa ghaNuM jhanunathI cAlyA bAda Akhare pANIpattanA medAna upara marAThAoe ahamadazA abadallIne hAthe sakhata mAra khAdhe, paNa tethI musalamAnone Icchita lAbha the nahIM, kemake temane chevaTanA saMgrAmamAM jaya maLyo te paNa lAMbA kALa sudhI cAlelA A ghanaghora yuddhamAM ubhaya pakSane sarakhI rIte nAza thayA hatA, ane tethI ja aMgrejone pitAnuM rAjya sthApavAmAM 5 savaLatA maLI hatI. pANIpattanI laDAImAM ahamadazA abadallI vijayI thayo. topaNa rAjya sthApana karavA jeTalI tenAmAM zakti rahI nahotI. tenuM rAjya thayuM hota te aMgrejonA kAmamAM vikSepa paDavAno vizeSa saMbhava hato. temane subhAgye, je dasa varSamAM marAThA ane musalamAne eka bIjA sAthe laDI ni:satva thayA, teja dasa varSamAM eTale sane 1757 thI 1767 sudhI temane pitAnAM rAjyanI zarUAta karavA mATe yogya taka maLI. pANIpatanA saMgrAmanuM A eka apratyakSa pAraNAma hatuM. AthI te aitihAsika raNakSetra upara musalamAnene maLelA jaya mATe garva levA kaMI kharuM kAraNa nahatuM ema jaNAI Avaze. ahamadazA abadallIe mAtra paMjAba prAMta pitAnA aphaghAnistAnamAMnA rAjya sAthe joDI dIdhuM heta paNa A dezane have pachIne itihAsa ghaNe aMze badalAI jAta. ahamadazAnA pAchA pharavAthI uttara hiMdustAnane upara kahela saghaLo pradeza koI paNa jokhamadAra sattAdhIza nA derathI chUTo thaI gaye, kemake dilhIne nAmadhArI bAdazAha, ayodhyAne vhIkaNu vajhIra ane baMgALAne niHsava navAba eTalAja kaMIka mahatvanA dezI adhikArIo bAkI rahyA hatA. A adhikArIone pitapatAne sthAne cupa besADavA jeTaluM sAmarthya aMgrejomAM hatuM emAM kaMI navAI nahatI. ATaluM chatAM paNa marAThAo sarvoparI thaI aMgrejone aDacaNarUpa thaI paDatuM. temanA khAsa denI gaNanA nahIM karIe te paNa temanA kAmamAM Sir Alfred Syall.

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636 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. uttara hiMdustAnane musalamAnonI temaja rajapUta tathA bIjI hiMdu jAtenI kaMI paNa sahAnubhUti nahotI. bAjIrAve AkhA dezamAM marAThA svArI mokalavAnuM zarU karyuM tyArathI uttaranA rajapUta leka temanAthI atizaya kAMpatA hatA. ethI ulaTuM aMgrejoe dezI prajA tarapha vinaya tathA madhura bhAva darzAvyAthI aMgreja ane marAThAmAMthI je kaI A dezamAM sarvoparI thavAnuM hoya te aMgrejo vadhAre anukULa thaI paDaze. evo abhiprAya ahIMnA lekene thayo hato. A mata aMgrejone ghaNo upayogI nIvaDe. kalAIvanA iMglaMDa javA pachI baMgALAmAM je aneka pheraphAra aMgrejo sahelAIthI karI zakayA tenuM kAraNa eja hatuM. jeone marAThAne amala jeya nahote, ane jeo pahelethI ja julamI musalamAnothI trAsI gayA hatA te saghaLAne aMgreja aneka rIte anukULa paDyA. baMgALAmAM dareka hiMdu jamInadAra ane zAhukAra, tathA navAbanI marajI upara avalaMbI rahelI maMDaLI sivAya bAkInA ghaNAkharA musalamAne temanA maLatIA thayA hatA. jagatazeTha, rAmanArAyaNa, sItAparAya, ityAdi kartutvavAna purUSanuM te veLAnuM vartana lakSamAM letAM upalAM lakhANanI satyatA jAhera thAya che. musalamAnomAM thoDo ghaNo lAgavaga mAtra ayodhyAnA vajhIrane rahyo hato. traNa cAra vakhata baMgALA upara karelI svArImAM tene apayaza maLatAM te paNa aMgrejone zaraNe Avyo. megala bAdazAhane koIne AdhAra na rahevAthI te temane Azraye gayo hato. AvI sthitimAM lAIva trIjI vakhata hiMdustAna AvyuM. paristhiti oLakhI levAnI buddhi, te jANyA pachI prasaMgane anusAra kartavya karavAno nizcaya karI te pramANe amala karavAnI bahAdurI, ane svarASTra temaja pitAne phAyado meLavI levAnI AturatA, e traNa guNanA jora upara lAIve ahIM AvI zuM karyuM haze tenI kalpanA thaI zakaze. baMgALAnuM rAjya ekadama tAbAmAM levAne tene hukama nahotuM. ema chatAM Avela mulaka hAthamAMthI javA devA te khuzI na hovAthI, jAte e prAMtane kabaje levAne paNa te vize IgleDathI Thapake nahIM Ave evI kaMIka tajavIja karavAne teNe kaMI prayatna karyo. vaLI Aja lagI je kaMI thayuM te thayuM paNa have pachI ekaMdara nekaramaMDaLanuM

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137 prakaraNa 23 muM. ] klAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. lAMcI ApaNuM, ane variSTha adhikArIonA hukamane bAjue mukI manamAM Ave tevI vartaNuka calAvavAnI khoTI Teva, e kaMpanInA kArabhAranA khAsa deSa dUra karavA klAIve nizcaya karyo. e deSa satvara nAza karavAmAM na Ave te thoDA ja samayamAM anya rAjyonI peThe aMgrejonuM rAjya adazya thaI jaze ema sArI peThe jANato hato. 3, klAIve karelI vyavasthA-baMgALA, bahAra, ane rIsA e traNe prAMtane kArabhAra kaMpanInA tAbAmAM levAne kalAIve nizcaya karyo hato. tenA abhiprAya pramANe agAu thayelI vyavasthA badalI nAMkhI mukhya hakumata aMgrejonA hAthamAM rAkhavAnI hatI, eTale vasulAta saMbaMdhI temaja lazkarI hakumata sarvathA pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhI, yuddha kiMvA taha karavAnI temaja lazkaranI hIlacAla bAbatanI saghaLI sattA kaMpanInA amaladArene soMpavAne teNe mana sAthe TharAva karyo hato. bAdazAhanI sattAne anAdara karI khullI rIte saghaLA prAMtane kArabhAra kaMpanInA hastakamAM levAnI tene paravAnagI nahotI, paNa navAbane tenA sthAna upara besADI mukavAne hatuM. bAdazAha ane vajhIra bane alAhabAda hatA tyAM temane maLavA javA sArU tA. 25 mI june kalAIva kalakattethI nIkaLyo. bakasaranI laDAI pachI ayodhyAne ghaNekhare mulaka aMgrejoe jItele hevAthI, bAdazAhane AzA hatI ke teo tene dilhI laI jaI mogala takhta upara besADaze. kalAiva prathama murzidAbAda gaye, ane tyAMnA navAbane samajAvI tenI pAse bAdazAhane kArabhAra kaMpanIne soMpavAnI kabulAta lIdhI. agAu dareka prAMtamAM nijhAma ane dIvAna evA be adhikArIo bAdazAha taraphathI nImavAmAM AvatA hatA. prAMtane lazkarI debasta, nyAya, kAyadA tathA polIsa e saghaLI bAbate nijhAmane soMpavAmAM AvatI. vasUlAtanI saghaLI vyavasthA dIvAna pAse rahetI. emAMthI nijhAmanAM kAmo paikI lazkarI tathA dIvAnI bAbate kaMpanInA tAbAmAM ApI, nyAya tathA kAyadAnI bajAvaNInuM kAma nijhAme eTale halanA navAbe javuM, e pramANe goThavaNa karavA kalAI navAbane sUcanA karI. tema karavA navAba kabUla thayo nahIM, tyAre kalAIve

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638 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. tene samajAvyo ke tame jo saghaLo kArabhAra tamArA hAthamAM rAkhaze te tamArA jAta kharcane mATe paNa tamArI pAse paisA raheze nahIM, ane adyApi je pramANe nANuM saMbaMdhI gheTALo thayo hato tema thatAM vadhAre avyavasthA thaze; tema na karatAM aMgrejone vahivaTa oNpavAmAM Ave te tamArA upara vizeSa javAbadArI paDaze nahIM ane ulaTuM trepana lAkhanI rakama vinAaDacaNe tamane maLyA karaze." A kahevAnI yogya asara thaI, ane navAbanI samajUta thatAM te pitAnAM lazkarane vikherI rajA ApavA taiyAra thayo. ATaluM karI lAIva paTanA thaI banArasa gayo. ahIM vajhIra sujAuda-daulA ane kAnaoNka sAthe tenI mulAkAta thatAM teo saghaLA alAhabAda gayA, kemake bAdazAhane mukAma te vakhate tyAM hatA. baMgALa prAMta aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvyA pachI kaMpanInA mulakanI vAvya sarahada kyAM aTakAvavI te kalAIvane mATe eka meTe prazna hatuM. bAdazAhane madada karavA mATe dilhI javuM te pachI kalakattAthI dilhI sudhIne saghaLo pradeza saMbhALavAnI lazkarI javAbadArI svIkAravI joIe. e javAbadArI kaMI nAnI nahatI. vaLI aphaghAna ane marAThAo mugA beThA nahotA. teo taiyAra thaI aMgrejo sAthe laDavA Ave te yuddha kyAM sudhI laMbAya ane tenuM pariNAma kevuM aniSTa Ave enI kalpanA sahaja karI zakAze. kalakattAnA mULa pAyAnI saMbhALa rAkhI tyAMthI dilhI sudhInA laMbANa pradeza upara lazkarI kabaje rAkha e ghaNuM ja muzkela kAma hatuM. vaLI vajhIrane mulaka sahelAIthI kaMpanInA tAbAmAM Avyo te te uparane aMgreja kAbu rehIlA aphaghAnane pasaMda paDaze nahIM. temaja sujA-uda-daulAe marAThA tathA aphaghAne sAthe aikya karI temanI virUddha paDe te temanAM ekatra baLa sAme aMgreje TakI zake nahI, TuMkAmAM baMgALa prAMtanI bahAra jaI AkhA hiMdustAnamAMnA virodhIo sAthe laDavAnI A samaye kaMpanInI jarApaNa zakti nahotI ema koIpaNa kabula karaze. rAjya meLavavAnA nAdamAM lAgelA aneka mahatvAkAMkSI lokonI AvIja cuke vAraMvAra thAya che. pitAne mULa pAyo majabUta karI cheDA pradezanI uttama prakAranI vyavasthA karavI, ane Aju

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kalAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. bAjunA mulaka karatAM potAnI rAjyavyavasthA uttama prakAranI che evI raiyatanI sAmAnya rIte khAtarI karavI emAMja navIna rAjyakartAnI hoMzIArI hamezAM dekhAI Ave che. A bAbatamAM marAThA ane aMgreja jevI mahatvAkAMkSI prajAe upADelA udyoganI tulanA karI jotAM, e tulanA moraMjaka jaNAI AvyA vinA raheze nahIM. A samaye potAnA hAtha kheMcI pakaDI kalAive uttama prakAranI dhUrtatA vyakta karI hatI. aMgrejoe pitAnuM have pachInuM kAma bahuja dhImethI tathA sAvadhapaNe upADayuM; eka paga barAbara ThAma paDyA sivAya temaNe bIjo paga kadI paNa upADa nahIM, ane tethI ja AkhA hiMdustAnane potAnA kAbUmAM letAM temane paNa varSa thayAM. laoNrDa DelahausI jevAe kaMIka utAvaLAM pagalAM bharyA kharAM paNa tarataja tene aTakAvavAno prayatna thaye. aMgreja amalanA AraMbhamAM temanuM dhUrta vartana tathA lekanAM mana saMtuSTa karavAnI temanI IcchAne lIdhe temanA rAjyanI sthApanA ghaNI sahelI thaI hatI temAM saMzaya nathI. pezvAe rAjya sthApanAnA kAmamAM AmAMnI ghaNI bAbatonI avagaNanA karI hatI ema vicArI manuSyone avazya jaNAze. upara varNavelAM kAraNone laIne bahAra prAMtanI pelImera paga nahIM mukatAM sujA-uda-dailA sAthe mitrAcArI rAkhI tene pitAnA mulakanI vAyavya sarahada upara eka Azrita tarIke rAkhavAnuM kalAIvane iSTa jaNAvyuM ane teNe sUcavelI ghaNIkharI sarato vajhIre kabUla rAkhI. banArasanI naiRtye sumAre vIsa mAIla upara bhAgIrathIne dakSiNa tIre Avela cunAragaDhano killo aMgrejoe levo. kAra ane alAhabAdanAM paragaNuM bAdazAhane ApavAM, yuddhanA kharca peTe pacAsa lAkha rUpIA aMgrejone ApavA, mIrakAsama ane samarUne pitAnA rAjyamAMthI hAMkI kahADavA. A saghaLI mAMgaNuM vajhIre mAnya karI. paraMtu tenA rAjyamAM kaThI ughADI vepAra calAvavAnI kalAI mAgelI paravAnagI ApavAne teNe sApha nA pADI. teNe kahyuM ke "tamane baMgALAmAM kAThI ghAlavAnI paravAnagI navAbe ApI; pachI tenI ane tamArI vacce TaTe thatAM Aje tame eka bIjAthI

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140 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. keTalA dUra nA che tene vicAra kare. mArA rAjyamAM tamArI vakhAre AvatAM mArI paNa avasthA tevI ja thaze." A tIrNa javAba maLatAM kalAIve potAno muddo choDI dIdho. paramulakamAM vakhAra ughADI te mulaka kabaje karavAnI yuktinI hada have aMgreje kudAvI gayA hatA, eTale bIjAno mulaka levAmAM te yukti upara avalaMbana karavAnI tene jarUra rahI nahotI, e bIcAre vajhIra samajI zake nahIM. upara kahelI sarata uparAMta vajhIra ane kalAIva vacce evo paNa TharAva thayo hato ke jarUra prasaMge temaNe eka bIjAne madada karavI, ane vajhIrane lazkaranI jarUra lAgatAM kharca laI aMgrejoe pitAnuM lazkara tenI madade mokalavuM. A goThavaNa anvaya alAhabAda, cunAgaDha ane bAMkIpUramAM temaNe pitAnI phejane ekaeka bhAga goThavI dIdhe. vajhIranI sAthe A pramANe kalakarAra thatAM lAIve tarataja bAdazAha pAse heThaLa lakhyA pramANe kabUlAta karAvI lIdhI -bAdazAhe baMgALA, bahAra ane orIsAnA traNa prAMtanI dIvAnI, eTale tyAMnI vasulAta ekaThI karavAne haka aMgrejone Apavo, ane enA badalAmAM temaNe bAdazAhane darasAla chavIsa lAkha rUpIA ApavA, tathA vajhIra taraphathI maLelA karA ane alAhabAda prAMtanuM rakSaNa bAdazAha vatI temaNe karavuM. kalAve evo aMdAja kahA hatA ke dIvAnI meLavelA uparanA traNa prAMtanI vArSika vasula sumAre cAra karoDa hovAthI te vadhI thaDA ja samayamAM pAMca karoDa upara jaze. temAMthI navAbane trepana lAkha ane bAdazAhane chavIsalAkha ApatAM, ane lazkara tathA nekaranA kharca mATe eka karoDa bAda karatAM, kaMpanIne bAra mahine cekho phAyade doDhathI be karoDano thaze. ukta vyavasthA atyaMta jarUrI ane kaMpanInA phAyadAnI che, bIjI koIpaNa rIte tenA kArabhAramAM zAMti prApta thavAnI nathI, tathA nekara lekenI bhraSTatA kamI thavAnI nathI, evA prakArane majakura tA. 30 sapTembara, sana 1765 nA patramAM kalAIve IglaDa lakhI mokalyo hate. melIsIna kahe che ke, "ATha varSamAM ja plAsInI laDAinuM A pariNAma AvyuM. mIrajApharane pitAnA

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kalAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. * zeTha tarapha vizvAsaghAtI thavA mATe yathAyogya zikSA thaI." alAhabAdathI banArasa jaI kalAIve lazkarane bobasta karyo te bAbata have pachI kahevAmAM Avaze. banArasathI kalakatte jaI nokarInA lAMcI ApaNane aTakAva karavAnA hetuthI eNe keTalAka upAya karyA. sane 1766 nA eprilamAM e pAcho kalakattethI nIkaLI murzidAbAda gaye, ane navA maLelA prAMtanI vasula kevI rIte ane keTalI levI te viSe baMdobasta karyo. A hiMdustAnamAM thayeluM paheluM revenyu seTalamenTa hatuM. murzidAbAdamAM darabAra bharAyuM te veLA maiyata navAba mIrajAphare potAnA mRtyupatramAM kalAIvane pAMca lAkha rUpIA bakSisa tarIke ApavAnuM navAbe jAhera karyuM. A vartamAna sAMbhaLI te bhAre vimAsaNamAM paDyo. A nANuM svIkAravAthI lAMca vagere na levAnA niyamanuM poteja ullaMghana kare che ema thAya; nahIM le to lakSamI cAle karavA Ave tyAre hovuM dhevA javA barAbara thAya. A muzkelI game tema dUra karI kalAIve te rakama lIdhI, te vaDe eka navuM phaMDa ubhuM karyuM, ane kaMpanInA lazkaramAMnuM je kaI mANasa laDAImAM, agara havAne lIdhe pravRtti bagaDavAthI, kAma karavA asamartha thAya tene temAMthI madada karavAnI yojanA racI. A phaMDane so varSa nibhAva thayo hato, ane tene kaMpanInAM mANasone sAro phAyado maLyo hato. sane 1858 mAM kaMpanInuM rAjya aMgreja sarakAre pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhuM, tyAre kalAIvanA vArasee pharIAda karI A rakama pite laI lIdhI. - tA. 29 mI me, 1766 ne dIne navAba najama-uda-daulA behestanazIna thayo. kalAIve karelI vyavasthAne lIdhe navAbanA hAthamAM sattA athavA dravya kaMI rahyuM nahotuM te vakhate marahuma navAbane soLa varSanI ummarane bhAI saipha-uda-daulA navAbapada upara dAkhala thayo. A takano lAbha laI kalAIve tenI nimaNuMka trepana lAkha uparathI betALIsa lAkha jeTalI ghaTADI nAMkhI. AvI rIte navA navAbane gAdIe besADatAM nimaNuMka ochI karavAno A dAkhala kaMpanIe sArI peThe lakSamAM rAkhyo hato, kemake sane 1770 mAM e rakama batrIsa lAkha TharAvavAmAM AvI, ane sane 1793 mAM te rakama

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142 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. soLa lAkha jeTalI ghaTI gaI. A soLa lAkha sumAre se varSa lagI navAbanA kuTuMbane cAlu maLyA karyA te mATe keTalAka aMgreja graMthakArone bhAre Azcarya upaje che. ATalI raksamAMthI eka utkRSTa yunivarsiTI sthApAI hota te ALasu ane svachaMdI navAbane mojazokhamAM e nANuM uDAvI devAne avakAza maLate nahIM, ema vhIlara (Wheeler ) jevA keTalAka lekhake pitAne abhiprAya jAhera che. navAbanA soLa lAkhamAM yunivarsiTI calAvI zakAta e kharuM, paraMtu kaMpanIe darasAla be karoDa jeTale phAyade baMgALAmAMthI meLavya, te rakama je A dezanA lokonA upayogamATe vyaya thaI hota te baMgALAnA pratyeka zaheramAM yunivarsiTI sthApI zakAte tene teoe bhAgye ja vicAra karyo che. vasulAta bhegI karavA mATe lAIve navAbanAja agAunA nokarone kAyama rAkhyA, paNa temanA upara dekharekha rAkhavA mATe keTalAka aMgreja adhikArIonI nimaNuka karI. A pramANe teNe karelI vyavasthA jAzukanI heya tema tene lAgyuM. baMgALa prAMtanI bahAra nIkaLavuM nahIM, ane vadhAre mulaka kabaje karavAno vicAra rAkhe nahIM, evo abhiprAya eNe AgrahapUrvaka IglaMDamAM kaMpanInA adhikArIone jaNAvyo hato, paNa te dasa varSa paNa nIbhI zakyo nahIM. A goThavaNathI hiMdustAnane kArabhAra vyavasthita rIte cAlatAM kaMpanIne atizaya phAyado thaze evI tenI dhAraNuM hatI. te je pAra paDI hatI te kaMpanInI sAMpattika sthiti AkhI pRthvI upara apUrva thaI jAta. tene vepAra cIna deza sAthe paNa cAlatuM hovAthI, tenA saghaLA vepAra mATe jarUrane bhaMDoLa A dezamAMthI ja meLavI zakAya te IMgleMDathI lAvI ane vecavAmAM AvatA mAlanAM saghaLAM utpanna jeTalo cekho phAyado thAya. A sthiti lAMbA vakhata sudhI tadana gupta rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI, ane ahIMthI ravAnA thatA patromAM lokone nahIM samaja paDe tevA aneka hiMdI zabdo vAparavAmAM AvyAthI IMglaMDamAM kaMpanInI bahAranAM mANasane ahIMnI kharI hakIkatanI khabara paDI nahIM. 4. baMgALAnI dIvAnI ane Dabala gavarnamenTa-megala bAdazAhanI rAjyavyavasthAmAM pratyeka navAbanI sAthe eka dIvAnanI nima

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kelAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 643 NuMka karavAmAM AvatI, ane tene rAjyanI vasulAta bhegI karavAnuM kAma soMpAtuM. kharuM jotAM dIvAna navAbathI svataMtra ha. vakhata jatAM navAba svataMtra thayo tyAre teNe pote vasulAtanuM kAma jovA mAMDavAthI rAjyamAM dIvAnanI jarUra rahI nahIM. zarUAtamAM dIvAne AkhI subAgirInI vasulAtane hisAba bAdazAhane sAdara karavAnuM hatuM. paraMtu rAjyamAM avyavasthA thatAM dIvAna ane navAba e beue ekatra thaI bAdazAhane hisAba ApavAnuM baMdha karyuM; ane teo jo ke jAte raiyata upara dabANa calAvI saghaLuM vasula moTuM karatA te paNa aneka kAraNothI vasula AvyuM nathI ema bAdazAhane jaNAvatA. AvAM kAraNone lIdhe baMgALAnI dIvAnInuM kAma kaMpanIe svIkAravA mATe bAdazAha zAhaAlamano ghaNuM divasano Agraha hatuM, paNa dezIonA kArabhAramAM dAkhala karavAnuM AraMbhamAM kalakattAmAM temaja iMglaMDamAMnA kaMpanInA adhikArIone yogya lAgyuM nahIM. ema chatAM kalAIvane A TharAva nahIM rUcatAM teNe bAdazAha pAsethI baMgALAnI dIvAnI kaMpanIne nAme pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI, ane tema karavA mATe nIcenAM kAraNe darzAvyAM-navAbanAM ane ApaNAM mANaso vacce bhAre adekhAI utpanna thaI che, ane kAmadAronI nIti atyaMta bhraSTa thaI che. AthI saMpUrNa vicAra pachI ame evA TharAva upara AvyA chIe ke AkhA baMgALA IlAkAnI dIvAnI ApaNe lIdhI hoya to A aMdhAdhuMdhI dUra thaze, ane ApaNuM sattA ane ApaNuM rAjya kAyama thatAM, ApaNane trAsa devAnuM sAdhana navAbanA hAthamAM raheze nahIM. ekaja ThekANe benI hakumata cAlavI azakaya che. navAbe mukhya sattAdhIza thavuM agara ApaNe thavuM. A be paikI ApaNuM phAyadAnI vAta kaI che te khulluM dekhAya che. ( tA. 30 sapTembara sane 1765). AthI karI eka samRddha ane prabaLa rAjyanA ApaNe dhaNI thayA chIe e lakSamAM rAkhavuM. have ApaNe dIvAna nahIM paNa khuda mAlika thayA chIe.' A pramANe kalAIve rAjya ane vepArano hetu sAdhI lIdhe. A bAbatamAM eTaluM dhyAnamAM rAkhavAnuM che ke baMgALAnA dIvAnanI nimaNuMka atyAra Agamaja baMdha paDI hatI, ane je bAdazAhe te nimaNuMka

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644 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. aMgrejone soMpI tene te pramANe karavAnI sattA nahatI. vaLI jemaNe bAdazAhanI bakSisa svIkArI hatI temaNeja bIjI bAbatamAM tenI sattA mAnya karI nahotI. A saghaLI khaTapaTa kalAIvanI pitAnI hatI, ane tema karI teNe A dezanA lokonI AMkhamAM temaja IgleMDanA tenA uparI sattAdhIzenI AMkhamAM dhuLa nAMkhI hatI. ahIMnA sattAdhIzonI bAbatamAM prasaMgopAta teo upayogI thaI paDaze evo bhAva aMgrejo jAhera kare che. sane 1762 mAM kaMpanI virUddha valaMdA lekenI pharIAda AvI tyAre IgleMDamAMnA DAyarekaTaree rAjAne jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "baMgALAne navAba e ja kharo mAlIka che. bAdazAhanuM kaMI ThekANuM nathI, ane tenI hakumata baMgALa prAMta upara bIlakula nathI." vaLI bAdazAhanI darakAra na rAkhatAM navAba mIrajAphara pAsethI aMgrejoe marajImAM Ave tevA TharAva karAvI lIdhA hatA. baMgALa sAthe bAdazAhane saMbaMdha AgaLa karavAmAM Avate te valaMdA lekenI pharIAdane uttara daI zakate nahIM. kalAI paNa IglaMDamAM eja abhiprAya Apyo hato. paraMtu pAchaLathI nAba ane aMgrejo vacceno saMbaMdha bagaDavAthI, ane hiMdustAna pAchA pharatAM bAdazAha pAsethI dIvAnI haka meLavavA kalAIve nizcaya karavAthI, teNe pitAne abhiprAya badalyo, ane navAbane kaMI paNa haka nahote, mAtra bAdazAha kare te kharuM ema te kahevA lAgyo hato. kharuM kahIe te A saghaLA TharAvo temaja sarva rAjyakrAti taravAranA jora upara thayAM che, temAM nyAyAkhyAyano kaMI paNa vicAra karavAmAM Avyo nathI. kaMpanInI saghaLI mAMgaNIo svIkArI tene joIe teTaluM ApI de evA navAba ane bAdazAha nAdAna nahatA. aMgrejone pite pacAvI pADelA mulakanI hakIkata jema bane tema chupAvavAnI hovAthI navAba athavA bAdazAha pAsethI teo game tevA TharAva karAvI letA hatA. je bAdazAha kiMvA navAbane rAjyapada upara teo besADatA tevA pAsethIja AvA TharAva karAvI levAmAM AvatA. vaLI AvI rIte prapaMca ramavAmAM kalAIvanA manamAM bIjo eka aMtastha hetu hovo joIe. tene traNa lAkhanI

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] lAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 64pa. jAgIra maLelI hatI, ane svadeza pAchA pharyA bAda A rakama kaMpanI mAraphata ghera beThAM tene cAlu maLyA kare evI tenI IcchA hatI. tenA aneka zatru hatA, ane A jAgIra tene pacavA nahIM devA mATe teo mathana karI rahyA hatA. kaMpanIne vicAra paNa A jAgIranuM utpanna tene ApavAne nahote. hiMdustAnamAM kalAIva mAtra nekara hovAthI teNe upADelAM kAmathI thayelo naphe kaMpanIne maLavo joIe. temAM tene khAnagI saMbaMdha hoya nahIM eTale tene kaMI paNa ApavuM nahIM ema kaMpanIe TharAva karyo hato. paNa ethI ulaTuM pitAnI jAgIranI Avaka vinA aDacaNe pitAne maLyA kare ane temAM bIje keI vAdha lAve nahIM evI tajavIja agAuthI karI mukavA klAIvane vicAra hate. A hetuthI ja teNe sane 1765 mAM hiMdustAna AvatAM bAdazAhanI sarvoparI sattA kabUla karI, tenI pAsethI kaMpanIne mATe dIvAnI tathA pitAne mATe jAgIra meLavI, ane tatsaMbaMdhI svataMtra lekhI TharAva karAvI lIdhA. paraMtu tenI A vyavasthAthI kaMIpaNa phAyado na thatAM aneka navIna bhAMja gaDe utpanna thaI ane kaMpanIne nANuM saMbaMdhI nukasAna khamavuM paDavuM ema ghaNuMka lekhakono abhiprAya che. * * baMgALAmAM zarU thayelI A rAjyavyavasthAne keTalAka taraphathI Dabala-gavarnamenTa " eTale " bevaDI rAjyavyavasthA " evI saMjJA ApavAmAM Ave che, kemake lazkara ane vasula e be bAbatonI javAbadArI aMgrejoe pitAnI pAse rAkhI hatI, ane nyAyapUrvaka TaMTAne nikAla karI raiyatanuM rakSaNa karavAnuM kAma navAbe mAthe lIdhuM hatuM. AvI rIte vaheMcAyelI sattAne lIdhe deza upara bhaviSyamAM bhayaMkara anartha gujaryA, ane raiyatanI sthiti ghaNI kaphoDI thaI paDI. jyAM sudhI aMgrejone vasulAta nirvine AvatI tyAM sudhI adhikArIo raiyata upara kevo julama kare che te tarapha teo lakSa ApatA nahIM. AvAM pariNAma mATe kalAIva - upara keTalI javAbadArI Ave che e eka moTo savAla che. baMgALa prAMta aMgrejoe ekadama pitAnA tAbAmAM levAnI tenI sUcanA upalA adhikArI. * W. Bolt's Considerations on Indian Affairs Ch. VI.

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646 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. e mAnya karI nahIM. mIrakAsamanA vakhatamAM aMgrejoe gheTALo. karavAthI gaDabaDATa thaI rahI, tyAre dezIonA kArabhAramAM dakhala nahIM karavA kaMpanI taraphathI tAkIda thaI thatI. e uparathI paTanAmAM sItAparAya tathA murzidAbAdamAM mahamada rIjhAkhAnane saghaLo vahivaTa calAvavA kalAIve nImyA, ane e beu ThekANe aMgreja resiDanTa mukI temanI mAraphate utpanna ekaThuM karavA goThavaNa karI. paNa prAMtanI vasula lenArA upara reyatanI saMbhALa rAkhavAnI javAbadArI che e vAta kalAIve lakSamAM rAkhI nahIM. gAme gAma musalamAna jamInadAra hatA teo raiyata pAsethI vasula bhegI karI paTanA tathA murzidAbAdanI tIjorImAM bharatA. A jamInadAro pAseja phojadArI nyAyAdhIzane adhikAra rahe ane dareka bAbatamAM chevaTane vivAda navAba rUbarU tha; paNa lAIvanI vyavasthAnI rUe khuda navAbanI mahattA ghaTI javAthI raiyatane vivAda karavAnuM kaMIpaNa ThekANuM rahyuM nahIM. mahamada rIjhAkhAna ane sItAparAya e banne pita pitAnA hastakanA mulakanA namunedAra gRhastha hatA. khAna bhAre majAsI tathA DoLaghAlu hato, paNa sItAparAya dhUrta, ughogI ane aMdarathI lucco hate. eka vakhate eka aMgreja vakIla sItAparAyano kArabhAra kevo cAle che tenI tapAsa karavA sArU paTanA gayo, tyAre sItAparAyanA zatruo puSkaLa hevAthI, temaNe aMgreja vakIlane maLI tenI virUddhanI saghaLI karI tene kahevAno manasa karyo. sItAparAya te vakIlane levA sAme gaye, ane tene pitAnA hAthI upara besADI zaheramAM phero. sarva hisAbanI temaja bIjI bAbatanI tapAsa veLAe teNe zAMtapaNe saghaLA praznanA ghaNuM cokhA uttara ApyA, ane takarArI kAgaLo raju karI pitAnAM vartananuM vAjabIpaNuM siddha karI batAvyuM. kaMI paNa AnAkAnI athavA chupAmaNI na karatAM saraLa ane spaSTa javAba ApavAthI tenA pramANikapaNe temaja DahApaNa vize aMgreja vakIlanI khAtarI thaI ane tenA mananI saghaLI zaMkA dUra thatAM te sItAparAya tarapha moTI mitrAcArIthI ane sanmAnathI vartavA lAge. prajA tarapha sItAparAyanI vartaNuMka ghaNI DahApaNa bharelI hovAthI te zatrune kanaDyA vinA pitAnuM dhAryuM

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] kalAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 647 karyo ja hatuM. te pitAnA kAmamAM atizaya niyamita hatuM eTale puSkaLa kAma AvI paDatAM te kaMTALate nahIM. koIpaNa pratiSThita grahastha paTanAmAM AvatA tene sItAparAya taraphathI satkAra thayA vinA rahete nahIM. tene kharca bhAre hato eTale joItuM nANuM ubhuM karavAmAM keTalIka veLA tenI taraphathI anyAya thato. aMgrejone te sadA khuza rAkhatA, ane temanI tarapha hamezAM atizaya pujya buddhithI jete. A dezamAM hiMdu tathA aMgrejo zarUAtamAM kevA samAgamamAM AvatA, ane tyAra pachI sumAre se varSa sudhI temane saMbaMdha ke saMtoSakAraka cAle tenuM kaMIka anumAna A hakIkta uparathI bAMdhI zakAze. hiMdu leke moTA katRtvavAna hatA, eTale aMgrejoe temane pitAnA kAma mATe upayoga karI lIdho. temaja aMgrejo moTA bhAgyazALI, sAcA tathA pitAnuM hita joDanArA hatA ema hiMduo samajatA, ane tethI ja banne pakSa vacce se varSa lagI mitrAcArI TakI rahI. mahamada rIjhAkhAnane mATe gulAma husena nAmanA ItihAsakAre - kharAba abhiprAya darzAvyo che, chatAM teNe sItAparAyanA guNa upara pramANe varNavyA che. - pa. baMgALAmAM aMgreja lazkaranuM baMDa-baMgALAmAM yuddha prasaMga zarU thatAM aMgrejoe te tarapha lazkara goThavI dIdhuM hatuM ane tene pagAra TharAvI paNa mULasthAna choDI A lazkarane bahAranA pradezamAM javuM paDatuM tyAre tene pagAra thaDe hovAthI, bahAranI kAmagirI mATe dararojanI karAvelI rakama pramANe dareka mANasane vadhArAnuM bhaththu maLe evo praghAta paDyo hato. e ApaNe pAchaLa prakaraNomAM vAMcI gayA chIe. mIrajAphara baMgALAno navAba thayo tyAra pachI tenI madade je aMgreja pheja AvI tene saMtuSTa karavAnA hetuthI kalakattA kaunsilanI maMjurIthI lazkarane bevaDuM bhaththu ApavAmAM AvyuM. Ama keTaloka vakhate cAlyA pachI mIrakAsame lazkaranA kharca peTe barahAna vagere traNa paragaNAM aMgrejone svAdhIna karyo tyAre aMgreja phejanA pagAra tathA bhaththu kaMpanInI tIjorImAMthI ApavAmAM AvyAM. A vAta iMglaMDamAM kaMpanInA adhikArIonI

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648 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa [bhAga 3 je. jANamAM AvatAM temaNe bevaDuM bhathuM baMdha karI AkhA lazkarane TharAveluM ekapaTa bhaththu ApavAne hukama karyo. paNa te pramANe kalakattA kensile amala nahIM karatAM tema karavAmAM aneka harakato upasthita thaze ema igleMDa lakhI mekahyuM. kalAIva ane tenI silekaTa kamiTI ahIM AvI tyAre temaNe lazkaranuM bevaDuM bhaNuM baMdha karI ekapaTa bhaththu ApavA mATe tAkIdane hukama kahA. AvA hukama ApavAmAM kArDa opha DAyarekaTarsanI hamezAM eka bhUla e thatI ke ahIMnI kharI hakIkta temanI jANamAM barAbara AvatI nahIM, ane pahela kahelAM je bAju upara teo DhaLatA teja teo haThathI Akhara lagI pakaDI rAkhatA. bhaththAnI bAbatamAM paNa tevuM ja kaMIka thayuM hatuM. ahIM lazkara mIrakAsama sAmA laDatuM hatuM, khuda bAdazAha ane vajhIra sAthe aMgrejo laDAImAM utaravAnI taiyArImAM hatA te vakhate bevaDuM bhavyuM baMdha karavA mATe igleDathI hukama AvyuM hatuM. bakasaranI laDAI hamaNAja thaI gayelI hovAthI A hukama pramANe amala karavAnuM azakya hatuM; thaDA vakhatamAM lAIva hiMdustAna AvanAra hovAthI kalakattA kaunsile e kAma tene mATe rahevA dIdhuM. lekinI pharIAda tarachoDI kahADavAne kalAIvane svabhAva na hevAthI, tA. 1 lI jAnyuArI, sane 176 6 thI teNe evuM pharamAvyuM ke mULa sthAna upara lazkara hoya tyAre temAMnA sarva prakAranA nekarene sarakAramAMthI rahevAnI jagyA maphata ApavI, paNa kaI bhaththu ApavuM nahIM. meMgIra ane paTanAmAM lazkarane aDadhuM bhaththu maLe, tyAMthI AgaLa jatAM puruM bhaththu ane mAtra alAhabAdamAM rAkhelI lazkaranI TukaDIne bevaDuM bhaththu ApavuM. A hukama bahAra paDatAM lazkaramAM asaMtoSa utpanna thaye, te paNa leke ekadama uzkerAI gayA nahIM. temaNe sarakArane arajI mAraphata pitAnI saghaLI aDacaNo vidita karI, paNa kalAIve te upara vicAra calAvavA nA pADI. lazkaranA upalA varganA amaladArane mIThAnA vepAramAM bhAga levAthI bhaththAnuM vepAra temaja bhaththu bane javAthI ghaNuM gusse thaI gayA. A asaMtoSa tarataja bIjI TukaDIomAM prasaryo. Aja arasAmAM marAThAoe uttara

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prakaraNa 23 muM.] lAIvanI rAjyavyavasthA. 49 hiMdustAnamAM svArI karelI hatI, eTale ekatra thaI nekarInuM rAjInAmuM ApavAthI sarakAra ApaNI mAgaNI kabUla karaze ema saghaLAe dhAryuM, A hetuthI teoe chUpAM maMDaLo ubhAM karyA, ane saghaLAoe sogana laI eka bIjAnuM rakSaNa karavA ane pitAne gupta hetu bahAra nahIM pADavAne TharAva karyo. saghaLAe maLI eka moTuM phaMDa jamA karyuM. A rakamamAMthI mANasone thatuM nukasAna bharI ApavAnuM hatuM. cAra mahinA lagI A beta gupta rIte cAlu rahyo, te paNa lAIvane te vize kaMIpaNa khabara maLI nahIM. sane 1766 nA eprila mAsamAM te murzidAbAdamAM hatuM tyAre meMgIra ane paTanAnA adhikArIo taraphathI tene jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM ke agAunuM bevaDuM bhathuM na maLavAthI lazkaranA amaladAre me mahinAnA AraMbhathI pitAnI nokarI choDI devAnA che. A veLA kalAIvane mAthe ghaNe vikaTa prasaMga AvyuM hatuM ema chatAM game tevI bhayaMkara aDacaNAnI darakAra na rAkhatAM teNe je apratima dhairya dAkhavyuM tethI tene AkhA deza taraphathI atizaya sanmAna maLyuM. teNe prathama A baMDanA agresare zodhI kahADayA, ane temane ekadama mArI nAMkhavAno TharAva karyo. ema karavA pahelAM temanI jagyA laI zake tevAM bIjo AdamI eNe taiyAra karyA, ane madrAsathI navAM mANase maMgAvyAM. murzidAbAda ane kalakattAnAM mANasone samajAvI laI temane kAma upara lagADI dIdhAM; paNa megIra, bAMkIpura ane alAhabAdamAM samajAvaTanuM kaMI phaLa nipajayuM nahIM. tyAM ghaNAkharAoe TharAva pramANe nokarI choDI dIdhI. bAMkIpuramAM lazkarane mukhya adhikArI bArkara hato, ane moMgIramAM phalecara hato. bArkare mukhya baMDakhorane pakaDI kalakatta mokalAvI dIdhA, eTalAmAM kalAIva jAte meMgIra gayo, ane tyAMnI dezI phejanI madada vaDe agresara baMDakherene pakaDI kalakattA tarapha mokalyA, ane pite paTanA gaye. tyAM paNa A pramANe baMDa dAbI daI te AgaLa janAra hato, paNa eTalAmAM alAhabAdanuM baMDa dabAI javAnI bAtamI maLatAM te keTalAka divasa paTanA mAMja rahyo. kalakatte mokalAvelAM mANase taraphathI pitAnAM kAmane pastAvo batAvanArI arajI AvI tyAre teNe keTalAkane baratarapha karyA, keTalAkane

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hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pAyarI utArI nekarI ApI, ane pharIthI baMDa thAya nahIM te arthe nokarI, nA navIna niyamo TharAvyA. vizeSamAM teNe keTalAkane pakaDI IMglaMDa caDAvI dIdhA. beDaranA mukhI sara robarTa phalecarane nokarI uparathI dUra karyo. ane tvarAthI saghaLuM tephAna dAbI dIdhuM. prakaraNa 24 muM. briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAno AraMbha, sane 1767-1773. 1. vepAranI tathA rAjyakArabhAranI 2. mIThuM taMbAku ane mArIne navo avadazA. IjAro. 3. kalAIvanuM IgleMDa pAchA pharavuM, tenI herAnagatI tathA tenuM maraNa. 4. hiMdustAnamAMnA kArabhAranI tapAsa, pa. regyuleTiMga eMTa (sane 1773) 6. vasulAtanA tathA vepAranA keTalAka AMkaDA. 1vepAranI tathA rAjyakArabhAranI avadazA-IsTa InDIA kaMpanIe ahIMnA saghaLA vepArane IjAre pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhyo hato, ane yuropamAMthI bIjI koI A dezamAM AvI svataMtra rIte vepAra karavA mAMDatuM te tene tenI taraphathI pratibaMdha karavAmAM AvatuM. tenA kare agara khAnagI vepArIo TharAvelI rakama bharatA te temane dhaMdhe calAvavA paravAno ApavAmAM AvatuM, ane te pharamAve teTaleja ThekANe vepAra karavAnI temane chaTa maLatI. kaMpanInA tAbAmAM rAjyanI lagAma AvI tyAM sudhI A goThavaNa vinA harakata cAlI. paNa baMgALAne kabaje tene maLatAM rAjyakArabhAra ane vepAra e beu bAbatamAM atyaMta ghoTALo thayo, ane banne ekabIjAne naDatararUpe jaNAvavAM lAgyAM. kaMpanI taraphathI marajImAM Ave te mANasane vepAra jabarAIthI baMdha karAvavAmAM Avyo hato, ane dezane saghaLe kArabhAra pitAnA hAthamAM levAnI tene IcchA thaI hatI. mAtra meTAM moTAM baMdaramAMja nahIM, paNa dezanA dUra sudhInA mAMhelA bhAganAM gAmaDAomAMthI kIsabI ane kArIgara leke pAse sarva prakArane

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAno AraMbha. 651 taiyAra thayele mAla teNe sakhatIthI vecAte levA mAMDyo eTale kArIgaronI avadazA thaI. daMDa karavo, kedamAM nAMkhavA, phaTakA mAravA, jorajulamathI rokaDa rakama mATe dastAveja lakhAvI levA, vagere aneka tarehathI vaNakara upara julama thavAthI ghaNAkharA kArIgaroe ane khAsa karIne vaNakaroe pitAne vaMdhe cheDI dIdhuM. AthI dezane je nukasAna thayuM che tenI kalpanA karI zakAtI nathI. kaMpanInA vepArIo mAlanuM vecANa ane kharIdI kevA dhoraNe calAvatA e bAbata TuMkamAM jaNAvatAM ahIMnA leke upara kevo julama vartato hato te dhyAnamAM Avaze. aneka ThekANe kaMpanInI vakhAre hatI, ane mukhya vakhAronI zAkhArUpI bIjI nAnI vakhAro hatI. vakhAramAM eka mukhya ejaMTa ane tenA hAtha heThaLa kAmanA pramANamAM bIjA aMgreja vepArIo rahetA. pratyeka vakhAramAM eka vANIo rahe ane tenI mAraphate dezI loka sAthene aMgrejone vepAra cAla. dubhAzIAnA kAma ane uparAMta tene hisAba, dalAlI, paisAnI levaDadevaDa vagere saghaLuM kAma karavuM paDatuM. vakhAramAM mukhya sekreTarI tarIke A vANIo rahe, ane tenI mAraphate kArakuna, sipAI, majura, bhaI, masAlacI vagere sarva prakAranA nokara rAkhavAmAM AvatA, ane temanAM vartana mATe teja javAbadAra rahete. bIjA aneka vyavahAre tenI mAraphata cAlatA. vakhAranA mukhya adhikArI dezI bhASAthI ajJAna hovAthI, koIne kaMIpaNa kAma hoya to te vANI ane vacamAM rAkhyA sivAya thaI zakatuM nahIM. AthI vANIAnuM mahattva keTaluM hatuM tenI sahaja kalpanA karI zakAze. lokoe taiyAra karele mAla eka karavA mATe, ane bahArathI Avele mAla vecavA mATe mAsika pagAra TharAvI A vANuonA hAtha heThaLa keTalAka gumAstA nImavAmAM AvatA. eka gumAsta, eka kArakuna, eka khajAnacI, keTalAka sipAIo ane varataNIAnI ToLIo gAmegAma jatI. evI dareka TeLIne vakhAranA mukhya adhikArI taraphathI paravAno ApavAmAM AvatuM, ane temAM sthAnIka amaladArane A ToLIonA kAmamAM harakata nahIM nAkhatAM temane dareka prakAranI

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para hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. madada karavA sUcanA karavAmAM AvatI. musApharIe jatI veLA jarUra jeTalI rakama A ToLIvALAo potAnI sAthe rAkhatA, ane je gAmamAM vaNakaronuM kAma vizeSa cAlatuM hoya tyAM jaI utaratA. dalAla tathA vaNakarane ekaThA karI vaNakarone amuka muddatamAM amuka kAma karI ApavAnI sarate keTaluMka nANuM teo Aga upara dhIratA, ane te badala teo pAse lekhI karAra karAvI letA. A veLA gumAstA ane dalAle pitAnA phAyadA sArU vaNakaro sAthe phAve te prakArane chaLa ramatA. koI paNa bAbatanI vaNakaro nA pADI zakatA nahIM, ane lAgata kharacanuM nANuM laI kAma karavAnI temane pharaja paDatI. vaLI pitAne mAla bIjA koIne teo vecI zakatA nahIM. temaNe taiyAra karele mAla ekAda vakhAramAM eka karyA bAda sagavaDa pramANe saghaLA vaNakarane jamA karI mAlanI kimata TharAvavAmAM AvatI, tyAre gumAstA temaja dalAla vaNakarone sarvasva nIcavI laI pitAnAM khIsAM tara karatA. khullI rIte bajAramAM je mAlanI kimata vaNakarene eka rUpIo maLatI tevAja mAla mATe kaMpanI pAsethI ghaNuM thAya te ATha AnA tenA hAthamAM AvatA. A hakIkatamAM mAlanI kimata barAbara upajAvavA mATe vaNakara leke guptapaNe pitAne mAla phrenca, valaMdA vagere lekanA gumAstAone vecI detA. AthI aMgrejanA gumAstAo gusse thaI vaNakare upara pahere mukatA ane sALa uparathIja kApaDa kApI letA. pariNAmamAM vaNakara lekenI keTalI avadazA thaI haze te vicArI levuM. alivadakhAna jyAM sudhI navAbapada upara hato tyAM sudhI to vaNakarone bacAva tenA taraphathI thato. temanA upara koIpaNa prakArane dAba nahevAthI, bajAramAM khullI rIte pitAne mAla game tene vecI paisA ubhA karavAnI temane chaTa hatI, ane tethI teo pitAne joIe teTale bhaMDoLa ekaTho karI zakatA. surAja-uda-daulAne amala baMdha paDatAM kaMpanIne hAthamAM sattA AvI tyAre upara kahyA pramANe gAme gAma pharI tenA vepArIoe lekamAM chaTe hAthe nANuM veravA mAMDyAthI vaNakarone dhadha pukhe ane teo lAcAra avasthAmAM AvI paDyA. pAMca dasa varSamAM kaMpanIne julama leke upara eTale

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prakaraNa 24 muM. ] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 653 besumAra vo, ke pitAne mAla khAnagI rIte vecavA mATe vaNakarone, athavA temane madada karavA mATe dalAlane kaMpanInAM mANase beDI ThekI turaMgamAM nAkhatA ane hAtha mucarakA lakhAvI letA. teo daMDa bharavAne azakta hoya te temane saghaLe mAla A vepArIo japta karatA. rezamanA tAra kahADanArA halakI varNanA leke upara paNa eja julama thatA. A tAra teo aMguThAvaDe kahADatA hovAthI, zikSA tarIke kaMpanI taraphathI temanA aMguThA kApI nAMkhavAmAM AvatAM. teo haMmeza mATe pitAne dhaMdhe. calAvavAmAM nirUpayogI thatA. sane 1765 mAM kalAIvanI navI vyavasthA amalamAM AvI tyAre A anyAya hadapAra vadhyo. mIThuM, taMbAku, ane sopArIne khAsa IjAro TharAvI dezamAM utpanna thato saghaLo mAla kaMpanIe kharIdI laI marachamAM Ave te dare vecavAnI klAIve karelI goThavaNa bAbata upara vivecana karyuM che. AthI eka tarapha sarakAranI Avaka jatI rahI, ane lokonA nirvAhanI cIjo moMghI thatAM te meLavavA temane bhAre kimata ApavI paDI. mIThAnA karane lIdhe je herAnagatI khamavI paDI che te ApaNa sarvane mAhita che. rUnA vepAranI paNa evI ja kaMIka avadazA thaI. baMgALAmAMno ThekaThekANAno saghaLe vepAra, temaja hiMdusthAnanA ane eziyA khaMDanA bIjA bhAganA kinArA uparane sadhaLe vepAra aMgrejonA tAbAmAM jatAM dezI vepArIoe ahIMne mAla vecAte levo nahIM, athavA eka jagyAne mAla bIjI jagyAe laI jaIvece nahIM evo sakhata baMdobasta karavAmAM AvyuM. A goThavaNanI rUe game teTalI kiMmata ApatAM dezamAM taiyAra thayele mAla aMgrejo sivAya bIjA koIne maLato baMdha thayo. hajAro varSathI eziyA khaMDanA sarva bhAgamAMthI vepArIonAM ToLe ToLAM hiMdustAnamAM jude jude ThekANe utarI paDatAM ane chUTathI vepAra karatAM teo have baMgALAmAM paga mukI zakyAM nahIM. vaLI puSkaLa kheTAM nANuM prajAnA vaparAzamAM AvyAM. aMgrejone sikkA pADavAne adhikAra maLyo hatuM, ane A sikkAnAM vajana ane kimata TharAvI ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. hiMdustAnanI meharane bhAva ghaNuM kharuM sonAcAMdInI kiMmata upara

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654 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. AdhAra rAkhata, paNa aMgrejonI meharamAM ochuM ane halakI jAtanuM tenuM AvavAthI vepArIone bhAre nukasAna pahoMcyuM. AvAM kAraNone lIdhe baMgALAmAM thatA anartha tarapha IgleMDanA rAjyadvArI purUSanuM lakSa kheMcAyuM, ane A dezanA vahivaTamAM thoDe ghaNe sudhAro karavAnI zarUAta thaI kharuM jotAM A saghaLuM arAjaka sthitinuM pariNAma hatuM. baMgALAmAM koI jokhamadAra sattAdhIza nahe. mULa mAlIkane nAza thatAM keInavIna mAlIka ryo nahoto. kalAIva jevo sAhasika mANasa potAnI marajI mAphaka vyavasthA karato hato, ane ema karavAmAM uparIonA hukamane anAdara thato, ane nyAyAkhyAyane kaMI vicAra thato nahIM. A variSTha adhikArIo, eTale IMglaMDamAMnA kaMpanInA DAyarekaTaromAM paNa keTalIka avyavasthA hatI. ahIM paisA meLavI sadhana thaI gayelA be cAra AsAmIe A maMDaLamAM agADI paDato bhAga laI manamAM Ave tema kArabhAra karatA. AvA bIna jokhamadAra mANasenA hAthamAM cAra pAMca karoDanI vastIvALA prAMtano vahivaTa calAvavAno adhikAra hato. iMglaMDamAM temaja hiMdustAnamAM kAma karanArA saghaLA nekaronI nimaNuka, tathA kAphalA, lazkarI temaja dIvAnI ItyAdI khAtAMnI saghaLI vyavasthA temanA hAthamAM hatI. ATale bhAre adhikAra temanI pAse hovAthI koI paNa bAbatamAM bedarakAra rahevuM e temane mATe salAmatI bhareluM nahotuM. kaMpanIne bhaMDoLa saMpUrNa rIte temanA tAbAmAM hovAthI nAnI nokarImAMnAM saghaLAM mANasanuM nasIba temanI marajI upara laTakI rahyuM hatuM. A du:saha prakAra uttarottara vadhata cAlyo hato, te AvAM maMDaLa taraphathI nIkaLelA hukama pAMca hajAra mAIlane aMtare kevI rIte paLAI zake ? kalAIve pitAnI marajI pramANe calAvelA kArabhAramAM hajAro anyAya thayA, paNa temAMnA ekanI dAda IblaDa pahoMcI nahIM. vaLI kaMpanIne IgleMDamAM eka vilakSaNa adhikAra maLyo hato. yuropamAMthI je kaI vepArI A dezamAM AvI kaMpanIno paravAno meLavyA vinA vepAra upADe, agara game te prakAranI caLavaLa zarU karI hiMdustAnamAM ke iMglaMDamAM cAlelA anyAya ughADo pADavAno prayatna kare te tene daMDa kara

Page #672
prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 655 vAnI, kedamAM puravAnI, athavA jorajulamathI vahANa upara caDAvI yurepa tarapha ravAnA karavAnI sattA ahIMnA amaladArane ApavAmAM AvI hatI. AthI je kaI ahIMthI patra mekalI, athavA ahIMnA anyAya vizenuM pustaka prasiddha karI, IglaMDamAM lekamata jAgRta karavA prayatna karatuM te tenA upara bhayaMkara julama varasate. hiMdustAnamAM tenI levaDa devaDa cAlatI hoya te kaMpanInA virodhane lIdhe tene temAM bhAre nukasAna khamavuM paDatuM. kaMpanInA nekarane pitAnI kSemakuzaLatAnA samAcAra sivAya bIjI kaMIpaNa hakIkata iMglaMDamAM patradvAra jaNAvavAnI manAI hatI. jeo nokarImAM na hoya ane pitAnI javAbadArI upara A dezamAM AvyA hoya temanuM paNa kaMpanI AgaLa kaMI cAlatuM nahIM. AvA grahasthAe iMglaMDamAM pustakadvArA te samayane bhayaMkara julama ughADo pADyo che, te uparathI tatkAlIna sthitine Abehuba citAra ApaNI draSTIe paDe che. te vakhate thatA anyAyanI bAbatamAM nAmAMkita aMgreja vakIlee ane dhArAzAstrIoe pitAnA abhiprAya ApyA che te paNa upalabdha che. mULa kaMpanInI sthApanA vepAra mATe thaI hatI. paNa tenA nokaroe vepAra cheDI rAjya meLavavAno lobha karavAthI banne kAmo bagADayAM hatAM. khAnagI vepAra uttejIta thatAM kaMpanInA vepAranI koIe para karI nahIM. rAjyanuM vasula ahIMne ahIM AMdhaLA kharcamAM vyaya thavA mAMDayuM ane kaMpanI devAmAM DubatI gaI. keI anyAya karatuM to tene baratarapha karavAmAM AvatuM, paNa A zikSA koIne bhAre paDatI nahIM. kAraNa thoDA vakhata marajI mAphaka dhaMdhe karI nANuM bheguM thatAM iMglaMDa jaI koInI paNa vhIka rAkhyA vinA moja majAha uDAvavAnuM temane maLatuM. hiMdustAnamAM nyAyanuM dhoraNa navAbanI marajI upara avalaMbI rahyuM hatuM. aMgreje taraphanI sUcanA maLatAM vAjabI geravAjabIpaNane kaMIpaNa vicAra karyA vinA navAba taraphathI tene amala karavAmAM AvatuM. AvI rIte saghaLe anyAya kaI jANI joIne karatuM nahIM te paNa tenuM mULa kAraNa igleMDamAMnI kaMpanInA DAyarekaTarenI sabhAnuM aniyamita paNuM hatuM. kerTa opha

Page #673
656 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. prAyaTarsa vAraMvAra badalAtI hovAthI hiMdustAna mATe eka kAyamanI paddhati TharAvI ApavA kAje kaIpaNa jokhamadAra nahotuM. ghaNI gaDabaDa thAya te tyAMthI thoDI tapAsa thatI, paNa temane hAthe jAthano baMdobasta thavuM muzkela hatuM. A anyAya baMdha karavA mATe keTalAka taraphathI judA judA upAye sUcavavAmAM AvyA hatA. iMglaMDanA rAjAe baMgALAnuM rAjya pitAnA tAbAmAM laI levuM thatA pArlAmenTa saghaLI vyavasthA upara dekharekha rAkhavI, evo eka mukhya upAya sUcavAyo hato. bIjA upAya tarIke hiMdustAnane vepAra sarva koI mATe khulluM mukavAnuM hatuM. A vepAramAM hiMdI lokone bIjAonI mAphaka chuTa maLatAM temanI pAsenI gupta paDI rahelI aDhaLaka delata pharatI thaze ane tethI karI ubhaya rASTrane phAyado thaze evI sUcanA thaI hatI. vaLI nyAyanA kAmamAM kaMpanIe gaDabaDa karavI nahIM. koIne gerakAyade pakaDI keda athavA hadapAra karavA nahIM, vepAra saghaLA mATe khulluM muka, ane hiMdustAnamAM jaI vasavA mATe dareka aMgrejane paravAnagI ApavI, evI eka yojanA hatI. AvI kaMI kAyamanI yojanA karavAmAM AvatAM hiMdustAnanuM rAjya ekaMdara briTiza sAmrAjyanA mugaTa uparanuM ratna thaze, ane tethI briTiza rAjayanI sattA ane saMpatti vadhaze evI matalabanuM lakhANa sane 177ra mAM beTasa (Bolts) nAmanA gRhastha prasiddha karyuM hatuM. 2, mIThuM, taMbAku ane sopArIne navo ijAre-kaMpanInA nekarane pagAra TuMke hevAthI A dezamAM kinAre kinAre thoDe ghaNe khAnagI vepAra calAvavAnI paravAnagI temane kaMpanI taraphathI maLI hatI. kaMpanInAM 300-400 TananAM moTAM vahANe hamezAM vaparAsamAM rahetAM paNa Asare 100 Tana AkAranAM nAnAM vahANe ghaNuM hovAthI temAMnAM keTalAMka cInathI IrAna sudhI pharatAM, ane bAkInAM nakAmAM paDI rahetAM te A nekarane bhADe ApI kaMIka phAyade meLavavAno TharAva kaMpanIe sane 1710 nA arasAmAM karyo hato. vepAra vadhatAM A khAnagI vepAra mATe pharIAda karavAnuM koIne kAraNuM rahyuM nahIM. A pramANe

Page #674
prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 657 surAja-uda-daulAnA amala sudhI cAlyA karyuM, ane te pachInI keTalIka hakIkta upara AvI gaI che. mIrakAsamanA vakhatamAM A khAnagI vepAranuM tephAna asahya thaI paDavAthI te baMdha karavAne lAIvane hukama maLyo hate. "lAMca agara bakSisa levI nahIM' evI matalabanuM karAranAmuM dareka nekara pAse lakhAvI levA maLelI sUcanAnusAra lAIva amala karI saghaLA nekare pAse karAra karAvI lIdhA, ane puSkaLa navA sudhArA athAga mahenate dAkhala karyA. mIrakAsama sAthe thayelA yuddhanuM mULa kAraNa kaMpanInA nekarenuM ekalapeTApaNuM ja hatuM. khAnagI vepAra calAvavAne DhoMga karI teoe navAbane phasAvyo hato, ane kaMpanIne eka penI paNa prApti thavA dIdhI hatI nahIM. saghaLAoe pitApitAnA phAyadA tarapha lakSa rAkhavAthI kaMpanIne hamezano vepAra aTakI paDe hate. khAnagI vepAranA TAmAM khapanI mukhya traNa jaNa mIThuM, taMbAku ane sopArI mATe takarAra hatI. A vastuo hameza vAparanI hovAthI temAMthI navAbane jakAta rUpe bhAre Avaka maLatI. paNa aMgreja vepArIo gAme gAma pharI jakAtanI mAphIne lIdhe anya vepArIo karatAM te vadhAre sastI vecavA lAgavAthI dezIone vepAra kukhe, ane navAbanI Avaka adrazya thaI be cAra varSamAM ghaNuMkharA aMgrejoe janmojanma cAle eTalI delata bhegI karI. pariNAmamAM teo eTalA te lobhI banyA ke navAba sAthe yuddha karI kaMpanIne nAza karavAne taiyAra thayA; kemake yuddhamAM mIrakAsamane jaya maLe te baMgALAmAMthI kaMpanIne paga nIkaLI jAya evo prasaMga Avyo hate. AvA lAMcakhAu ane lUTArU nekare sAthe kalAIvane hamaNA laDavAnuM hatuM. temane TuMkA pagArane lIdhe khAnagI vepAranI je savaLatA temane maLI hatI tethI be cAra varSamAM teo vipharI gayA hatA, Ane je ekaja upAya hato te pramANe kalAIve nekaronA pagAra vadhArI khAnagI vepAra baMdha karAvavAnI sUcanA karI, paNa kerTa oNpha DAyarekaTarsane te rUcI nahIM. kalAIvanI hIkamatathI trAjavAne badale rAjadaMDa temanA hAthamAM AvI paDe che e vAta IgleMDamAM kaMpanInA mana upara hajI spaSTa rIte ThasI hatI nahIM, ane tethI ja

Page #675
658 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. pagAra vadhAravA jevo yogya upAya teoe maMjura karyo nahIM. AthI kalAIvanA hAtha baMdhAI gayA. tenA vicAra pramANe khAnagI vepAra baMdha karyA vinA ahIMne kArabhAra sudharI zakavAne nathI,paNa e vepAra aTakAvavA upari adhikArIonI paravAnagI nahAtI eTale AvI paDelI muzkelImAMthI nIkaLavA teNe bIjA upAya yojyA. e paNa niSphaLa javAthI pUrvane gheTALo kamI thaye nahIM. hiMdustAnamAMnI avyavasthA mATe vadhAreja bUmATe thaze. keTaleka vakhata bAda A avyavasthA mATe pArlAmenTa taraphathI tapAsa thaI hiMdustAnanA kArabhAra tarapha vadhAre lakSa apAvavA lAgyuM, chatAM A khAnagI vepAra baMdha paDatAM ghaNe vakhata nIkaLI gayo. prathama klAIve jakAtanI mAphInA paravAnAnuM khokhuM taiyAra karI amaladareeja te ApavA mATe hukama kahADe, ane tema karI game teNe paravAne ApavAne vahivaTa baMdha karyo. teNe karelI bIjI aneka tajavIjene pariNAme kaMpanInA temaja khAnagI vepAra upara sarakAranI dekharekha nakkI thaI khAnagI vepAra mATenI navI gaThavaNanI rUe mIThuM, taMbAku ane sopArIne vepAra kaMpanInA nekaree calAvavAnuM hatuM, ane temAM saghaLAe maLI batrIsa lAkha bhaMDaLa eka karavAnuM hatuM. A bhaMDoLa upara darasAla seMkaDe pacAsathI se TakA naphe thaze evI aTakaLa hatI. A rakamane amuka saMkhyAnA bhAgamAM vaheMcI daI dareka amaladAre pitatAnA darajjA pramANe keTalA bhAga levA te kalAive nirdiSTa karyuM, ane bhAgIdArane pahele, bIjo ane trIje evA traNa varga pADyA. A yojanAthI dareka kansilarane bAra mahine ochAmAM oche sattara hajArane naphe thavAnI teNe gaNatrI karI hatI. upalI traNe cIjono makate TharAvavAmAM AvyAthI sarakAre paravAnagI ApelA mANase sivAya bIjA keIthI te pakAvI tema vecI zakAtI nahIM; taiyAra thayele mAla vepArI bhAve ekadama vecAte le, ane te nakkI karele ThekANe amuka dare lekene veco e nibaMdha hatuM. A kAma mATe saghaLA khAnagI vepArIonI eka sAmAIka maMDaLI klAIve banAvI, ane tene "kamiTI opha TeDa" evuM nAma ApyuM. IjArAne lIdhe

Page #676
prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 19 mIThuM atizaya mevuM thavAthI raiyata upara vinA kAraNe bhAre kara po. sAmAnya rIte saghaLI sAdhAraNa khapanI vastuo upara bhAre kara mukAvAthI arthazAstrInI draSTIe jotAM A dezane mATe anyAya thayo hato. A saMsthAmAM bhAga dharAvanArA grahastha kaMI paNa nahIM karatAM AnaMdamAM ghera beThAM daravarSe soe se TakA naphe meLave e A dezanI prajAnA saMbaMdhamAM kaI draSTIe nyAyI. gaNAya. batrIsa lAkhane ubhe karele bhaMDoLa te samayanA dhanADhya lakee jamA karelI saMpattinA pramANamAM cheka ja na hatuM, ane koI paNa tavaMgara pitAnA hAthanA mela tarIke eTalI rakama kahADI nAkhatAM acakAya ema nahotuM. kalAIve nImelI uparanI maMDaLImAM vepAranA kAma upara tapAsa rAkhavAnI kaMI paNa goThavaNa nahotI. mIrakAsamanA vakhatamAM jakAta mADInA paravAnAthI raiyata upara thayele bhayaMkara julama aTakAvavAnA hetuthI kalAIve je vyavasthA karI hatI tethI sthiti sudharI ke bagaDI te have pachInI hakIkatathI puravAra thaze. e muzkelImAM hatuM e kharuM, paNa teNe eka patramAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, bahAra bumATe karyA vinA kaMpanInA nokarone phAyade kareja heya te mIThAnA vepAra upara pratibaMdha mukavA sivAya bIje upAya nathI. AthI nirvivAda eTaluM te Thare che ke jAheramAM amATe nahIM thAya evI rIte pitAnuM kAma sAdhavAnI tenI IcchA hatI. teNe ukta goThavaNa navAbanI mAraphate amalamAM mukI. "ame amArI hadamAM pAkatuM saghaLuM mIThuM navI nImAyelI kamiTIne vecIzuM bIjA keIne vecIzuM nahIM" evA prakArane karAra lakhI ApavA mATe teNe navAba mAraphata prAMtamAM hukama mokalI saghaLA jamInadArone kalakatta belAvI maMgAvyA. je navAbane lAIve uThADI mukyo hato tene ja vakhata Ave te potAnA upayogamAM kevI rIte lete te A uparathI jAhera thAya che. lake pAse lakhAvI lIdhelA aneka karAra beTase pitAnA pustakamAM ApyA che. mIrakAsamanA vakhatamAM khAnagI vepArane nimitte aMgreja vepArIonA gumAstA gAmegAma pharI leke upara je julama karatA hatA te aTakAvavAne upADelI yojanA tadanaja niSphaLa gaI. gAmaDAmAM pharatA dalAlee marajI mAphaka vartavA mAMDayuM, ane

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660 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kalAIve agAunA aniyamitapaNAne uttejana ApyuM hoya tema jaNAvavA lAgyuM. vaLI TuMkA bhaDALa upara je anahada phAyade bhAgIdAre meLavatA te uparathI prajA taraphanI vartaNuka vize ApaNane anumAna karavAne kAraNa maLe che. naphAmAM kalAIva ekalAne hisso be lAkha rUpIAne hate. TUMkamAM eka jAtane vepAra baMdha karI eNe bIjI jAtane vepAra zarU karyo, ane je bAbata anya lokone te deza dete hatuM tene ja te bhegA thaI paDyo. korTa oNpha DAyarekaTarsane A yojanA pasaMda paDI nahIM, ane temaNe sane 1766 nA phebruArImAM e vyavasthA ekadama baMdha karavA hiMdustAnamAMnA adhikArIone tAkIda karI, ane e pramANe amala karavAnI lekane khabara ApI, korTanA hukamano phArasImAM tarajumo karAvI navAbane mokalavA jaNAvyuM. tame rAjyakArabhAranI game tevI vyavasthA karI , athavA game tevI aDacaNe udvavI hoya te paNa tame TharAvele mIThuM, taMbAku ane sopArIne IjAre ame kabUla karatA nathI * AvI manAI vAraMvAra iMgleMDathI AvatI, paNa javAbamAM kalAIva aneka kAraNe darzAvI hukama uThAvavA tajavIja karate. A navI vyavasthAthI lokonI AbAdI vadhavAnuM teNe DAyarekaTarsane A samaye jaNAvyuM hatuM. "mArA upara Apane bhAre haze teja sUcavelI vyavasthA Ape maMjura karavI. e vyavasthA agAuthI ja amalamAM AvelI hovAthI te ekadama baMdha karavAmAM aneka aDacaNa naDaze. ema chatAM Apa je hukama pharamAvazo te ame mAnya karIzuM.' AvAM kAraNe jaNAvI klAIva pitAnA variSTanA hukamano anAdara kevI rIte karate te sahaja jaNAze. bIje varSe A vepAramAM rokAyelA 24 lAkha upara 19 lAkha na thaye, ane temAM kalAIvano hisso deDha lAkhano thayo hate. vepAranI A navIna paddhatithI aneka bhAMjagaDe tathA TaMTA upasthita thayA. kaI paNa jaNasane IjAro karavAthI temAM judANAne uttejana maLatuM. lokee cerI karI mIThuM vecavA vagerenA aneka jAtanA gunhA daraja thavA lAgyA, eTale tenA nikAla mATe eka navI nyAyAdhIzI sthapAI. A * Bolts.

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 661 saMsthAnI rUbarU dareka tarehanI trAsadAyaka pharIAda ane muzkela savAla AvatA. A beThavaNu karatI veLA kalAIve IMglaDa lakhI jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "megalenA amalamAM mIThuM, taMbAku vagere jaNanA makatA ApavAne dhAre paDele hovAthI ApaNe kaMInavI vyavasthA utpanna karI nathI, paNa cAlatI AvelI paddhatisara kAma karIe chIe, ane leke upara kaMI julama karatA nathI." A vepAramAM sane 1766 ane 1767 ne be varSamAM mAtra sATha aMgreja bhAgIdAranA phAyadA mATe navAbanI sattA heThaLanI ramatane bharavA paDatA karamAM sattara lAkha rUpIA be vacce hatA, e hisAba pUrNa tapAsa pachI mI. besTase pitAnA pustakamAM prasiddha karyo che. A traNa vastunA IjArAne lIdhe baMgALA prAMta je lAcAra avasthAmAM AvI paDe te dazA mIrakAsamanA samayamAM paNa tene khamavI paDI nahatI, evuM silekaTa kamiTInI tapAsa uparathI puravAra thayuM che. mI. belTasanA kahevA mujaba A vepAra baMdha karavAne IMgleDathI sakhatAIne je hukama AvyuM hatuM te nahIM gaNakAratAM, te cAlu rAkhavAne ane variSTha sAthenI takarAramAM game te nukasAna khamavuM paDe te saghaLAoe vahecI levAne gupta TharAva kalAiva karyo hate. - nokare lAMca ApaNuM aTakAvavAnA prayatna -upara pramANe khAnagI vepAranI vyavasthA karyA pachI kalakattA kansilanI sudhAraNanI bAbata lAIve silekaTa kamiTI rUbarU raju karI. kensilamAM te vakhate eka adhyakSa ane soLa sabhAsada hatA. A sabhAsadene judA judA prAMtanI ejansInuM kAma karavuM paDatuM hovAthI kalakattAmAM temAMnA phakta sAta ATha mANaso hAjara rahetA. kaI ejanTa pitAnA vahivaTamAM game tevuM bhaLatuM kAma karI kansila pAse te maMjura karAvI le te tene khAnagI vepAra calAvavAnI ane paisA khAvAnI joIe tevI savaLatA hatI. AthI ejanTamAM kRtya upara kensilanI jevI dekharekha joIe tevI rahetI nahIM. kalAI A beThavaNamAM pheraphAra karI ejanTane kansilamAM besatA baMdha karyA. kansilanA bAra sabhAsada TharAvI temaNe bIjuM kaMI paNa kAma karavuM nahIM,

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162 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. phakta senApatie pitAnuM lazkarI kAma saMbhALavuM evuM nakkI thayuM. A gaThavaNathI kalAIva virUddha bhAre duzmanAvaTa utpanna thaI. tenA zatruoe tenI sAmA kevA kAvA dAvA racyA te prasaMgopAta kahevAmAM Avaze. A karyA pachI kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM je aniyamitapaNuM tathA lAMcIA paNuM vadhI gayA hatAM tenI tapAsa karI cAlatI gerarItI aTakAvavAnI kalAIve zarUAta karI. lAMcI ApaNuM eTaluM vadhI gayuM hatuM ke neka nAnA tarehane julama karI leke pAsethI paisA kaheDAvavA acakAtA nahIM. udAharaNa tarIke, barahAna paragaNuM aMgrejone maLyuM hatuM. tyAMnA rAjAnA darabAramAM salAhakAra kansila sahita eka aMgreja vakIla rahe. A sabhAsadene kaMpanI taraphathI pagAra maLate te uparAMta barahAnanA rAjA pAsethI teo dara sAla bakSisa tarIke eMzI hajAra rUpIA kaheDAvatA. prAMtanuM vasula rAjA ugharAvate temAMthI TharAvelI rakama kaMpanIne ApI bAkInuM pitAnA gujarAna mATe rAkho. temAM kArabhArI maMDaLano bhAga hate. midanApUra, cItAgAga vagere anya prAMtanI sthiti paNa AvI ja hatI. A bAbata DAyarekaTare taraphathI sakhatInA upAyo levA vAraMvAra hukama AvatA hatA. A nAlezI aTakAvavA mATe kevA IlAje levA tene vicAra karavA mATe navAba najama-uda-dailAnA dIvAna mahamada rIjhAkhAna, kalAIvanA junA mitra rAjA durlabharAya, ane jagatazeTha e sarvane kalAIve murzidAbAdathI kalakattA bolAvyA. ahIM masalata cAlatAM e niMdya prakAra kalAIvane kAne AvyA ke teNe tarataja kalakattA kansilanA be cAra sabhAsadane nekarI uparathI dUra karyo, ane bIjA keTalAkane kamI karI temanI jagyAe madrAsathI mANase belAvyAM. AthI kalAiva virUddha bhayaMkara bumATe uThe. tenA saghaLA zatruoe ekatra thaI pitAnuM eka maMDaLa sthApyuM, ane tenI temaja tenA pakSanAM koI paNa mANasa sAthe kaMI paNa prakArane saMbaMdha nahIM rAkhavAne TharAva karyo. navAba najama-uda-daulA taddana nAlAyaka hevAthI kalAIvanA vicAra pramANe goThavaNa karavAmAM bhAre muzkelI naDI. tenA dIvAna mahamata rIjhAkhAna mATe paNa kalAIvane abhiprAya sAro nahe. navAba

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prakaraNa 24 muM. ] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 663 pAse naMdakumAra karIne eka bIje grahastha hate. kalAI caMdranagarane kabaje lIdhe te veLA surAja-uda-daulA e phrenca lekenI madade hugalI taska je pheja jokalI hatI tene e naMdakumAra vaDe hate. mIrajAphara bIjI vAra baMgALAne navAba thayo tyAre tene vahivaTaeja naMdakumAra calAvatA hatA. mIrajApharanA maraNa pachI navAbanA kArabhAramAM naMdakumAra ane mahamada rIjhAkhAna mukhya hatA. rIjhAkhAna karatAM naMdakumAra kArabhAra calAvavA vadhAre gya che e kAranakane mata hate. kalAIve tenI sUcanA nAmaMjura karI rIjhAkhAnane rAjyanI lagAma saMpI rAjA durlabharAya ane jagatasiMhane tenI madadamAM ApyA ema chatAM nekaronI lAMca tathA bakSisa saMbaMdha kalAIvane prayatna ghaNo phatehamaMda nIvaDe nahIM. IMgleDathI tenI sAthe AvelA silekaTa kamiTInA sabhAsada suddhAM tenI virUddha khaTapaTa karavA lAgyA. khAnagI vepAra aTakAvI nekanA pagAra vadhAravAnI sUcanA rada thavAthI te bIjI kAyamanI kaMI paNa vyavasthA karI zakyo nahIM. aMgrejone kapALe cuMTelI kALI TIlI joI nAMkhavA teNe pracaMDa prayatna upADyA, paNa te sahelAIthI phaLIbhUta thanAra nahatA. tenI sAmAM uThelA asaMkhya duzmanoe IgleMDamAM eTaluM bumarANuM karI mukayuM ke DAyarekaTaree suddhAM tenA vicArane anumodana ApyuM nahIM. atyAra lagI kalA aneka sAhasika janAo sahajamAM pAra pADI hatI, paNa baMgALAnA nekarenI nIti sudhAravA sarakhuM bIjuM muzkela kAma tene mAthe paDayuM nahotuM. tenA prayatnanuM saMtoSakAraka pariNAma AvyuM nahIM tepaNu IMgleMDa pAchA pharyA bAda vairabhAvathI te pAra pADavA teNe bhAre khaTapaTa upADI hatI. mIThAM vagerene je na maLe klAIve TharAvyA hatA te phakta be varSa cAlyo. IgleMDathI AvelA sakhata hukama anvaya te rada karavAmAM Avyo tyAre tene badale baMgALa prAMtanI kula vasulAtamAMthI seMkaDe aDhI TakA pramANe je rakama thAya te nokarImAM vaheMcI ApavAne TharAva thayo. AnuM pariNAma klAIve bhaviSya bhAkhyuM hatuM temaja AvyuM. jokee khAnagI vepAra choDo nahIM, ane kaMpanIne aDhI TakAnuM nukasAna thayuM. A kAraNone lIdhe pAMca varSamAM kaMpanIne ekaMdara doDha karoDa rUpIAnI kheTa gaI

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164 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. 3klAIvanuM igleMDa pAchA pharavuM, tenI herAnagatI ane tenuM maraNa, (sane 1767)-upara varNavelAM kAma sivAya lAIve bIjI asaMkhya bAbatamAM mAthuM mArI aMgrejI rAjanIti sudhAravA mATe mahenata karI. navI maLelI rAjasattAne lIdhe uddhavelA navIna praznone teNe satapakAraka khulAse karyo, lazkaramAM dezI palaTaNe ubhI karI, dezI pilIsanI sthApanA karI, ane lazkaramAM baLa phATI uThe nahIM te artha ghaNuM sakhata niyama ghaDyA. kAmanA AvA asahya bejA heThaLa tene bIlakula vizrAMti nahIM maLavAthI sane 1765 mAM uparI adhikArIone pitAnI prakRti sArI na cAlatI hovAne sababe kAma uparathI cheDavavA teNe vinaMti karI. A patrane mArca 1766 ne javAba kalAIvane cheka DIsembaramAM maLe, temAM DAyarekTaree tenA kAma bAbata bhAre stuti karI hatI, ane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "tame dareka bAbatamAM kaMpanInA kharA hita mATe eTalI dakSatA dAkhavI che, hareka bhAMjagaDano nikAla eTalI jhaDapathI karyo che, ane jyAM tyAM zAMti ane vyavasthA eTalI tvarAthI karyo che ke te mATe tamArI jeTalI stuti karIe teTalI ochI. game tema karI bIjuM eka varSa hiMdustAnamAM rahI hAtha dharelAM kAma ATopI nAkhaze te amArA upara meTo upakAra thaze. A patranI pratyeka lITImAM eTale vinaya ane AjIjI darzAvavAmAM AvyAM che ke kaI paNa kalAIvane mATe dhanyavAdanA uddagAre kahADyA vinA raheze nahIM. A patra kalAIvane maLe tyAre upADelAM ghaNuMkharAM kAma purAM thaI gayAM hatAM, ane te veLAnI paristhiti jotAM vadhAre karavAnuM tene mATe zakya nahotuM. A veLAnA kArabhAramAM jevI rIte teNe keTalAkanI duzmanAvaTa baherI lIdhI hatI, tema teNe ghaNukenA guNanI parIkSA karI temane AgaLa ANyA hatA, ane tethI have pachInA kArabhArane puSTI maLI hatI. hiMdustAna cheDI javA pahelAM teNe lakhelA chevaTanA lekhamAM bhaviSyanAM rAjyakArabhAranuM dheraNa namuda karyuM hatuM, ane temAM AgrahathI jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "mAtra hukama karI besI rahevAthI kaMI kAma thaze nahIM, paNa te DhatAthI amalamAM mukAvo joIe." vaLI teNe tAkIda karI hatI ke

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 665 dIlhInA nAmane bAdazAha tathA teja baMgALAne navAba aMgrejone ghaNuM upayegI thaI paDavAne saMbhava hovAthI temane nAza kare nahIM. e lekhamAM marAThAo sAthe salukAI bharelA kela karavAnI, nAgapuranA rAjAne darasAla cUMthAI hanI khaMDaNI bharavA chatAM kAbu heThaLa rAkhavAnI, teNe IcchA jAhera karI hatI. ahIM AvyA bAda je silekaTa kamiTI teNe nImI hatI teja teNe kAyama rAkhI, ane temAM keTalAka satya purUSane dAkhala karyA. tA. ra9, jAnevArI, 1767 ne dIne klAIva briTAniA vahANa upara svAra thaI svadeza pAcho pharyo, ane tenI jagyAe gavarnara tarIke varlasTa (Vereist) nI nimaNuMka thaI. | lAIva rastAmAM hatA te samaye IglaMDamAM kevA banAvo banyA te tarapha ApaNe lakSa pheravIe. e hiMdustAnamAM hatA tyAre tene dastA mI. rUsa DAyarekaTarene adhyakSa hevAthI tenI virUddha kaMI paNa khaTapaTa cAlI zakI nahIM. tenA kArabhAranI je vAkhAvAnI vAraMvAra IgleMDamAM thatI teNe karI kaMpanInA bhAgIdAree atizaya dravyalAbhanI AzA bAMdhI hatI. paraMtu pUrvanI aMdhAdhuMdhIne kAraNe temaja navA vadhelA kharcane lIdhe e phAyado ekadama thI muzkela hata; lAIvanI vyavasthAnuM pratyakSa pariNAma nIpajatAM ghaNe kALa lAgavAne hate. vaLI baMgALAnI vyavasthA amalamAM AvatAM madrAsa tarapha muzkelIo ubhI thaI hatI. navAba mahamadaallIne moTI rakama vyAje ApavAthI, navI killebaMdhI karavAthI, ane kensa kedIone nirvAha karavAthI madrAsanI tIjorI khAlI thaI gaI hatI. sane. 1762-63 mAM philipAIna beTamAMnuM manIlA zahera kabaje karavAnuM kAma kaMpanI taraphathI madrAsanA adhikArIone soMpavAmAM AveluM hovAthI te ja paNuM kharca puSkaLa vadhI gayuM hatuM. jIteluM zahera spenane pAchuM ApI devAnI mane pharaja paDI hatI. madrAsanA kharca mATe kalakattAthI nANuM maMgAvavuM paDatuM, chatAM IgleMDamAM kaMpanIe sane 1766 mAM pitAnA bhaMDoLa uparane naphAne dara, je pahelAM 6 TakA hatuM, te vadhArI 10 karyo hato, ane bIje varSe 1rA TakA karyo hate. A saghaLuM mukhya pradhAna, Dayuka oNpha eNTana, sahana

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666 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. na karI zakavAthI, koI paNa vakhate naphe 10 TakAthI vadhu nahIM ApavAnuM, ane hiMdustAnamAM rAjya prApta karavA mATe darasAla 50 lAkha rUpIA sarakAramAM bharavAnuM kaMpanI pAse nakkI karAvyuM. A goThavaNathI kaMpanInA bhAgIdAre nArAja thayA, ane temAM kalAIvanA zatruoe tela reDayuM. hiMdustAnamAM rahI dhanADhya thayelA paNa kalAIve nekarImAMthI baratarapha karelA, puSkaLa purUe IgleMDa jaI kaMpanInA zera vecAtA laI tenI virUddha ghaNuM mata meLavyA. tA. 14 mI julAI sane 1767 ne dIne kalAIva IMglaDa pahoMcyo. zarUAtamAM tene sAro satkAra thayo, rAjArANIe sanmAnathI tenI mulAkAta svIkArI, kerTa opha DAyarekaTaroe khAsa sabhA bharI tene abhinaMdana ApyuM, ane pAyaTarsanI sAmAnya sabhAe tenI jAgIra agAu TharelI mudata karatAM bIjA dasa varSa vadhAre tenI pAse rahe evI matalabane sarvAnumate TharAva karyo. A jAgIranI vAta AgaLa ANI, pAMca karoDa utpananuM navuM rAjya teNe meLavyuM hatuM tene ullekha sabhAmAM koIe nahIM karavAthI lAIvanA magarUra svabhAvane bhAre khaTake lAgyo. pite karelAM mahAna parAkramanI yogyatA virUddha pakSa na samajI zakavAthI A pramANe teNe karyuM haze ema tene lAgyuM. chatAM khaTapaTa nahIM karatAM te svastha beThe heta te tene mATe sAruM hatuM, paNa tema besavAthI tene cena paDavAnuM nahatuM. dhIme dhIme lekene tenA deSa dekhAvA lAgyA. khuda tenuM kAma na hoya chatAM bIjAoe karelAM duSka loke tene mAthe DhaLavA lAgyA. mekolenA jaNAvyA mujaba, "kalAIva sarva durguNanuM kevaLa putaLuM hoya ema leke samajavA lAgyA. e saMtAnane pratyakSa avatAra hoya evA ugAro aneka purUSane moDethI nIkaLelA ame sAMbhaLyA che. jonsana lAIvane mATe evI ja bhASA vApare che. sare paragaNumAM lAIve bAMdhelA makAnanI bhIMta ghaNI ja jADI hevAthI tyAMnA kheDute suddhAM ema kahetA ke kaI bhUta AvI pitAne acAnaka uMcakI jAya e vhIke teNe bhUtane aMdara AvatuM aTakAvavA mATe dIvAla jADI rAkhI che'.

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 667 sane 1758 nA jAnevArImAM kuTuMba sahita lAIva havAphera karavA kAnsa gayo. thoDA vakhatamAM tabIetasudhArIigleMDanA rAjyakArabhAramAM dAkhala thaI hiMdustAnanI nekarI banAvavA mATe pAchA AvavAnI tene moTI umeda hatI. enA vinA e dezano kArabhAra barAbara cAlavAno nathI ema te samajato hato. "hiMdustAnanA vahivaTa mATe rAjAe mArI salAha puchI che, DAyarekaTerenuM mArA sivAya kSaNabhara cAlavAnuM nathI evA udagAro tenA patramAMthI maLI Ave che. have pachInAM kAmanI ciMtA karavA karatAM tabIta sudhAravAmAM maMDyA rahevAnuM tene mATe hAlane prasaMge vadhAre yogya hatuM, chatAM ATha mahinA bahAra rahI te IgleMDa pAcho pharyo. eTalAmAM pArlAmenTanI navI cuMTaNI thatAM, te ane tenA sagA snehIo maLI cha jaNuM hAusa opha kaeNmansanA sabhAsada cuMTAyA. eja arasAmAM tenA zatruoe tenI puTha pakaDI; sara raoNbarTa phalecare enI virUddha eka copaDI prasiddha karI. sane 1770 mAM kalAIvane pakSapAtI mukhya pradhAna je grenvila maraNa pAme. laoNrDa naoNrtha pradhAna pada upara Avyo tyAre kalAIva tathA tenA sabatIo kaI pakSamAM dAkhala nahIM thavAthI temanI keAIe gaNanA karI nahIM. AvI rIte apamAna thavAthI kalAIvanuM magaja pharavA lAgyuM. je manuSyae mATe adhikAra bhegavyo hoya te, te adhikAra javA pachI, leke sAthe kara joDIne vartavA taiyAra thatuM nathI. "kare te hukama, nahIM te kAMI nahIM, evI tenA magajanI sthiti hatI. ApaNuM kaheluM sarakAre nahIM sAMbhaLavAthI hiMdustAnanuM rAjya khacita hAthamAMthI jatuM raheze ema tene lAgatuM hovAthI, ane ATalA divasanI uThAvelI khaTapaTa te niSphaLa gayelI mAnate hevAthI enA jevA haThIlA purUSane kevI rIte cena paDe? evAmAM hiMdustAnamAMthI nirAzI bharelI hakIkata AvavA mAMDI. haidaraalIe madrAsa upara svArI karI tyAMnA aMgrejone trAhe trAhe pikarAvI pachI choDayA,eTale lAIvanI sAmA paDelA pakSane jera AvyuM. tene keIe koI bAbatamAM puchyuM nahIM. sane 1772mAM pArlAmenTa nTanI beThaka zarU thavAnI hatI te TAMkaNe kerTa opha DAyarekaTarsa taraphathI kalAIvane eka patra maLyo, jemAM tenA upara e Aropa mukavAmAM

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668 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 je. Avyo hato ke hiMdustAnathI maLelI khabara uparathI kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM bhAre avyavasthA thavAnuM kAraNa te pitaja hatuM, ane e bAbatamAM tene zo javAba hatuM te tAbaDatoba lakhI mokalavA tene jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. AdhAra tathA purAvAnA saghaLA kAgaLa e patra sAthe AvelA hovAthI kevA prakAranuM vAdaLa tenA mAthA upara bhamatuM hatuM tenI tene sahaja kalpanA AvI. kalAI eka TuMkA paNa sakhata javAba mokalya, ane temAM khAsa muddo e ubho karyo ke "mArAM apakRtya bahAra AvatAM sADAcAra varSa kema lAgyAM ?" tA. 22 mI jAnevArI 1772 ne dIne pArlAmenTanI beThaka zarU thaI te veLA rAjAnA bhASaNamAM hiMdustAnanA kArabhAra mATe navo kAyado ghaDavAne ullekha hate. kalAIvane lAgyuM ke have tenA kahevA pramANe saghaLuM kAma thaze. tene zatru saMlivAna DAyarekaTaranI sabhAne upAdhyakSa hovA uparAMta pArlAmenTane sabhAsada hatuM. eNe tA. 30 mI mArca A dezanA rAjya kArabhAra saMbaMdhI kAyadAno musaddo raju karyo. temAM dAkhala karelA sudhArA ghaNuM upayogI hatA, ane keTalAka kalAIveja sUcavelA hatA. paraMtu saMlivAne te veLA karelA bhASaNamAM tenI prasaMzArUpe kaMI kahevAmAM AvyuM nahIM paNa ulaTuM tenI niMdAthI ja te bharavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. karene zikSA karavAno adhikAra DAyarekaTarane na hovAne lIdhe ja AvI avyavasthA thAya che, evo salivAnanA bhASaNano mukhya Azaya hate. kalAIve tene javAba vALI pitAnAM saghaLAM kRtyanuM evuM uttama samarthana karyuM ke saghaLA sabhAsadenAM mana upara tene mATe ati uttama chApa paDI. eTaluM karIne je te svastha beThe hatA te tenuM kAma sarate pratyakSa yuddhamAM te game te kuzaLa hoya te paNa vAgyuddhanA dAvapecamAM te pravINa na hovAthI zatru sAmA pitAne vijaya ke vagADavAnI A yogya taka AvI che ema samajI, teNe bIjuM bhASaNa karI kerTa oNpha DAyarekaTarsanA ekaMdara kArabhAranA vAvaTA uDAvyA, ane gussAne AvezamAM pratipAdana karyuM, ke AvI bInaanubhavI kaMpanInA ane hiMdustAna viSe taddana ajJAna vepArIonA hAthamAM jyAM sudhI A vyavasthA che, tyAM sudhI hiMdustAnane vahivaTa kadI sudharavAne nathI. e bhASaNamAM teNe

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 669 iMglaMDanI sarakAranI paNa ghaNuM sakhata jhATakaNI karI. teNe jAhera karyuM ke, sarakAre yogya vakhate pitAnuM kartavya karyuM hatuM, te Aje A vAdavivAdamAM pArlAmenTane vakhata nakAme jate nahIM. A aprAjaka tathA anavizyaka hallAne lIdhe kalAIve kaMpanInA ekeeka sabhAsadonI ja nahIM paNa sarakArI pakSanAM mANasonI paNa duzmanAvaTa pitA upara herI lIdhI. vAta game tevI kharI hoya te paNa adhikArathI saja thayelA grahasthane te jaNAvatI vakhate ghaNu cAlAkI rAkhavI paDe che. koIne paNa potAnI bhUla sAMbhaLavA gamatuM nathI. - e divasathI kalAIvanI herAnagatI zarU thaI. mekolenI uttama lekhaNathI lakhAyalo gALothI bharelo lekha kalAIvanAM have pachInAM vartana upara thI sUcavAye haze. salivAnanuM bIla pasAra karavA pahelAM pArlAmenTa hiMdustAnanA vahivaTanI tapAsa karavA mATe eka kamiTI nImI. judAM judAM mANasee aDhaLaka delata kavI rIte pedA karI hatI te bAbata A kamiTIe prathama tapAsa calAvI sane 1757 thI kalAivanAM saghaLAM kAmanI teNe tapAsa lIdhI. saghaLAne DoLo enA upara hevAthI e tapAsaNI ghaNI sakhata ane bArIkaIthI cAlI. pratyeka bAbatamAM tene kaMI aMtastha svArthane hetu hatuM, evuM batAvavAne tenA zatruoe prayatna karyA. kamiTInA ghaNuM kharA sabhyo lAIvanA virodhI hovAthI, tenA zatraja nyAyAdhIza thayA hatA ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI. teNe atyaMta dhIrajathI tathA gaMbhIrAIthI dareka kAmamAM uttama prakArane bacAva karyo. Akhare kamiTIno rIporTa chapAI pArlAmenTa AgaLa temaja prajA AgaLa raju thatAM lAIvanAM ane bIjAonAM apakRtye jAheramAM AvyAM, ane tenI sAtheja kerTa eka DAyarekaTarsa rAjya kArabhAra calAvavA atyaMta nAlAyaka che evI saghaLAnI khAtarI thaI. kalAiva viSe kaMI navI vAta prasiddhImAM AvI nahIM je vAta teNe jAte agAu lekIne jaNAvI hatI te ja saghaLI bahAra AvatAM jANakAra lekane tene mATe sAro abhiprAya thayo. rAjAe suhA teo satkAra karI tene "nAITa opha dhI bAtha" ne kAba Apo, sane

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67. hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa, [bhAga 3 je. 1773 mAM pArlAmenTanI beThaka pharIthI zarU thatAM mukhya pradhAna jorDa the hiMdustAnanA kArabhAranI tapAsa karavA mATe bIjI be kamiTIo nImI. A saghaLI tajasusane pariNAme vadhAre ne vadhAre gheTALA bahAra AvyA. Akhare pArlAmenTa AgaLa evo TharAva mukAyo ke, baMgALa prAMtamAMthI kaMpanIe tathA tenA nekaroe puSkaLa delata sarakArI lazkarane upayoga karI meLavelI hevAthI te saghaLI sarakAramAM jame thavI joIe. A TharAva kamiTInA adhyakSa karnala bargeIne ( Col, Bargoyne) raju karyo, ane tenI puSTImAM karelAM bhASaNamAM kalAIvanAM dareka kRtya upara vivecana karyuM. kalAIve tene ghaNo sakhata javAba Apyo. chatAM te TharAva maMjura thayo e pachI bargeIne bIje TharAva raju karI klAIve jude jude vakhate maLI ekaMdara vIsa lAkha rUpiAnI lAMca laI sarakAra viruddha gunho karyo che evuM tehamata tenA upara mukayuM. ene paNa kalAive ghaNI tikSaNa bhASAmAM javAba ApI pitAnA duzmananI dANadANa karI. puSkaLa vAdavivAda thayA bAda bageInane TharAva rada thaye, ane kalAIvane hAthe bhUle thaI heya chatAM "robarTa oNrDa lAIve ApaNuM dezanI bhAre ane stutya sevA bajAvI che" e navo TharAva pArlAmenTa pasAra karyo. A pramANe A tikSaNa ane lAMbA kAma cAlelAM vAgyuddhane aMta Avyo. paNa A yuddhamAM klAIvane pitAne deha arpaNa karavo paDaze. tenI prakRti pahelethI ja bagaDI hatI, temAM pArlAmenTamAM cAlelAM prakaraNe tenA mananA udvegamAM umere karyo. ane te nAsIpAsa tathA udAsa thaI gaye. tabIeta atizaya bagaDatAM havA phera mATe te kAnsa gayo, paNa tyAM kaMI guNa ne jaNAvavAthI te pAcho pharyo. jyAM tyAM tenI phajetI thayelI hovAthI tene ghaNuM duHkha uparyuM, ane tenuM mana kSaNavAra paNa svastha rahyuM nahIM. AvI sthitimAM tA. 22 navembara,sane 1774 ne roje teNe AtmahatyA karI. kalAIvanAM caritranI hamaNA sudhI je hakIkata AvI gaI che te uparathI tenI ekaMdara gyatA vize jene tene pitAnuM anumAna bAMdhavAnuM anukULa paDaze. tenI yogyatA mATe sAmasAmA abhiprAyo uccArAyelA

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prakaraNa 24 muM] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha ka71 che. hiMdustAnamAM teNe aMgrejonuM rAjya sthApana kareluM hovAthI aMgrejo tene puSkaLa mAna Ape temAM navAI nathI; A dezanA lekenAM rAjya teNe laI lIdhAM tethI ahIMnA leke tene tucchakArI kahADe temAM paNa kaMI vizeSa nathI. eka pakSa tenAM bhAre vakhANa kare ane virUddha pakSa tene doSa de, e bane vicAro svAbhAvika hovA uparAMta temAM kaMIka vilakSaNa vikAra bheLA hoya ema draSTigocara thAya che. AvA ane vikAra dUra rAkhI aitihAsika satya zodhI kahADavuM jarUranuM che. eka jaNe bIjAnuM rAjya lIdhuM temAM kharuM jotAM keinI prazaMsA karavA ke doSa devA jevuM kaMI nathI. jene pitAnuM rAjya rAkhatAM AvaDatuM nathI tenI pAsethI levAnuM jenAmAM sAmarthya hoya te te leze, e eka prakArane jagatane vyavahAra che; jyAM sudhI te saraLa mArge cAlyA kare che tyAM sudhI temAM Azcarya thavAnuM kAraNa nathI. aMgrejoe ja hiMdustAnanuM rAjya lIdhuM evuM nathI. temanI agADI aneka prajAe e rAjya jItI lIdhuM che. yuropamAM eka prajAe bIjI prajAnuM rAjya levAnA aneka banAvo banyA che. paraMtu jevI rIte yuddhanA keTalAka niyamo nItizAstrane anusarI ghaDavAmAM AvyA che tevA kaMIka niyamo eka bIjAnuM rAjya levA mATe karyA che. e niyamo pALI je kaI pitAnuM kAma pAra utAre che tenA loko vakhANa kare che; jeo tene bAjue mukI varte che teone deza kahADavAmAM Ave che. khoTuM bolavuM, khoTA dastAveja karavA, vizvAsaghAta karI bIjAone phasAvavA e uparanA niyamanI virUddha che. A gerarItIne kalAIve prasaMgopAta De ghaNe upayoga karavAthI e lake tene deSa de che; tenA jAtabhAIoeja tene Thapake Ape che. enA vakhatamAM Duple hiMdustAnamAM phrenca rAjya sthApana karatA hatA, paraMtu tene viSe ahIMnA lokonA manamAM je pUjyabhAva hato te kalAIvane mATe nahote. Duplena zabda upara lekane ghaNe bharose ho te kalA IvanA belavA upara nahe, ane e kAraNathI ja kalAivane doSa kahADavAmAM Ave che. kalAiva alaukika buddhivALe purUSa hato emAM saMzaya nahIM. A buddhinA jera upara teNe aneka mahAna kRtye sahajamAM pAra utAryA. paNa emAM paTanuM

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67ra hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [ bhAga 3 jo. tatva teNe umeryuM na hatuM te tenI gaNanA mahAna purUSonI paMktImAM avazya thatuM. vidyAno saMskAra tene thayela na hovAthI tene azikSita ane jaMgalI gaNI tenI haiyAtImAMja tenI jAtanA leke suddhAM ghaNuM mAna ApatA nahIM. jAti bAMdha tene bhAre tiraskAra kema kare che, ane kAnsa deza jeTalA vistIrNa pradezanuM rAjya svadezane meLavI ApyuM chatAM tenI kimata aMkAtI nathI e mATe pArlAmenTamAM temaja anya ThekANe bhASaNa karatI veLA kalAIve pitAnuM Azcarya pragaTa karyuM che, paNa pitAnI ulaTI bAju tenAthI dekhAIja nahotI. nItitatvasaMbaMdhI te atyaMta bephIkara hovAthI tenI najara mAtra pariNAma uparaja hatI. rAjya maLyuM, pachI te kevI rIte maLyuM e vicAravAnuM zuM prayojana, ema tene lAgatuM. vAstavika rIte hiMdustAnanuM rAjya aMgrejonA hAthamAM jaze e vAta TharI cukyA jevI hatI. pharaka mAtra pAMca dasa varSane hate. kalAIve nItitatva bAjue mukI utAvaLa na karI hatI te paNa saraLa upAyathI hiMdustAnanuM rAjya Akhare aMgrejonA kabajAmAM jAte, ane klAIvanI vilakSaNa vyavasthAthI pAchaLathI je gheTALe utpanna thayA te kadAcita thAta nahIM. lAIvane hamezAM moTA pheraphAro karavAnI bhAre hoMsa hatI. svastha besI rahevAthI tene cena paDatuM nahIM. tenI kaMI paNa gaDabaDATa hara niza cAlu rahetI. aDacaNa agara saMkaTa AvatAM te meTI yuktithI temAMthI te chaTakI ja. pite kare te ja kharuM, pitAnA vicAra mujaba saghaLAe cAlavuM, evI tenI AkAMkSA hevAthI, e AkAMkSAnA jora upara muzkela prasaMge teNe jaya meLavyo hato. hiMdustAnane kArabhAra ATopI iMglaMDa pAchA gayA bAda le ke tene doSa devA lAgyA tyAre tene jIMdagI dusaha thaI paDI. pArlAmenTanA nyAyAsana AgaLa teNe pitAnI kIrti jALavavA karelA prayatna niSphaLa javAthI, ane Atma hatyA karI pitAnA duHkhane aMta ANa pa. melIsane jaNAve che ke "mahAna vijayI thavAnI tenAmAM gyatA hatI, paNa tenI anItibharelI vartaNukane lIdhe te saghaLI phagaTa gaI.' e saghaLuM chatAM hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejonuM rAjya sthApana karanAre pahela purUSa kalAIva hate.

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha.' 673 4. hiMdustAnanA kArabhAranI tapAsa-klAIve karelI goThavaNa mujaba kaMpanInA hAthamAM baMgALAnI hakumata AvI. have navAbanA be dIvAne saghaLuM vasula kaMpanInI tIjorImAM jame karavA lAgyA hatA, chatAM aMgrejoe kAcA kArabhAramAM paDavuM nahIM evI temane IgleMDathI sakhata tAkIda hatI. kalAiva pachI baMgALAnA gavarnara tarIke AvelA varlasTe sane 1772 mAM te jagyA choDavAthI kArTara gavarnara thaye, tenI pachI be varSa rahI sane 1772 mAM vana hesTIMgsa baMgALAne kArabhAra hAthamAM lIdhe. ene cAlu vyavasthA pasaMda paDI nahIM. vasulAta kaMpanIne maLatuM paNa mulakane saghaLo kArabhAra navAbanA tAbAmAM rahevAthI raiyatanI, pradezanI temaja vepAranI avadazA thaI, mulaka verAna thayo, khetI nAza pAmI, ane vepArane bhAre dhake lAge. dezamAMthI saghaLe paise bahAra javAthI nANuM draSTie paDatuM baMdha thayuM; navAbanA adhikArIone koI puchanAra na hovAthI tenI prajA upara julama karavA lAgyA, chatAM lekenI pharIAda upara navAbe lakSa ApyuM nahIM. varlasTe tapAsaNI kAmadAra nImyA paNa tene kaMI upaga thaye nahiM. A saghaLI hakIkata pArlAmenTane kAne pahoMcI. A agAu hiMdustAnamAM zuM cAle che te jovAne prasaMga te sabhAne maLe nahe. kaMpanIe dezI rAjAonI sattA bane teTalI chInavI levAno prayatna karyo hatA. paraMtu tenAM saghaLAM kAme mAtra vepAra mATe ja thAya che athavA thatAM haze evuM iglaDa sarakAra samajatI hevAthI, te pramANenA hukame tenA taraphathI A dezamAM AvatA. hiMdustAnanI te samayanI paristhitimAM ema banavuM zakya na hovAnuM kalAIva sarakhA purUSoe aneka veLA IMglaMDanI sarakArane spaSTa rIte jaNAvyuM hatuM; te paNa hiMdustAnanuM rAjya pitAnA svAdhInamAM lIdhA sivAya chUTake nathI, mAtra vepArane jere saghaLuM kAma thavAnuM nathI, e bInA pArlAmenTanAM mana upara ThasAvatAM pAMca sAta varSa nIkaLI gayAM. e daramiyAna pArlAmenTa aneka tapAsa karI, tathA ahIMnA kArabhAra mATe puSkaLa carcA calAvI chevaTe sana 1773 mAM hiMdustAnanA vahivaTa mATe pahele kAyado pasAra karyo. A bAbatanI savistara hakIkata ApaNe joIe.

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674 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. sAmAnya rIte IgleMDamAM sarakAranuM valaNa evuM hoya che, ke e pitAne vyavahAra marajI pramANe calAve, ane game te thAya te paNa pote temAM dakhala karavI nahIM. A vakhate rAjyakArabhAramAM temaja dharma saMbaMdhI bAbatamAM iMglaMDanI prajAnI svataMtratAnI hada vyavasthitapaNe nirmANa thaI hatI. evI sthitimAM lekene pAMca hajAra mAIlane aMtare paDelA tathA hareka rIte atyaMta bhinna prakAranA dezanA kArabhAranI vyavasthA karavAnI hatI. AthI AraMbhamAM temanA taraphathI ghaNI cuke karavAmAM AvI emAM navAI nahatI. kAnsa jeTalA vistirNa ane sadhana baMgALA prAMta kaMpanInA tAbAmAM AvyA hatuM, tyAMnI dolata marajI mAphaka uDAvavAnuM kAma muThIbhara vepArIonA hAthamAM hatuM, e vAta pArlAmenTamAM mAnya thaI nahIM. kArabhAra niyamita cAle te lAIvanA aDasaTTA pramANe saghaLo kharca bAda jatAM kaMpanIne deDhathI paNa be karoDa rUpIA sudhI vArSika na thAya. AthI kaMpanInA hemAM pANI chUTayuM, ane tenA zerane bhAva 262 thayo. kaMpanI pitAnA bhAgIdArone agAu darasAla saMkaDe cha TakA lagI nake ApatI te have paMdara TakA jeTaluM vadhAravAne DAyarekaTaroe TharAva karyo, ane sane 16 67 mAM teNe seMkaDe 12aa. TakAnI vaheMcaNI jAhera karI. hiMdamAMthI aparaMpAra saMpatti meLavI IgleMDa pAchA pharelA leke paisAne jere pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thavA lAgyA. ne dezanA leke devAmAM garakAva thaI gayelA che te baMgALAnI aDhaLaka devatamAMthI e karaja phITADavA, tathA prajAnI sAMpattika sthiti sudhAravA bAbatanI sUcanA pAlana menTamAMnA temaja tenI bahAranA meTA saMbhAvita gRhasthA taraphathI thavA lAgI. e vAta sarakArane anukULa lAgI. tenuM karaja puSkaLa vadhI gayuM hatuM, kaMpanInI sanadanI mudata vadhArI ApatI veLA tenI pAsethI vyAje rakama levAne tene krama pUrvanI mAphaka cAlu hatuM. sane 1698 mAM ATha TakAne vyAje vIsa lAkha pAMDa teNe kaMpanI pAsethI lIdhA hatA; pharIthI sane 1702 mAM bIjA dasa lAkha vyAje lIdhA hatA. sane 1730 mAM cAra lAkha, tathA sane 1744 mAM kaMpanInI sanada vadhArI ApatI veLA bIjA dasa lAkha pAMDa seMkaDe traNa TakAne vyAje levAmAM AvyA hatA. A

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 675 savaLuM devuM sane 1750 mAM betALIsa lAkha paDa jeTaluM thayuM, ane e rakama upara traNa TakA lekhe vyAja ApavuM ema karyuM. sane 1793 mAM dezanA ekaMdara karajamAM kaMpanInuM devuM paNa sAmIla karavAmAM AvyuM. TuMkamAM, kaMpanI jyAre ATalo moTo naphe kare che te tenA phAyadAne kaMIka bhAga ApaNane maLavo joIe, ane sanadanI muddata thoDI thoDI vadhAravAthI A phAyade vAraMvAra maLyA karaze, evo vicAra iMglaDa sarakAranA manamAM Avyo. hiMdustAnanI saMpattivaDe IglaDanI muzkelIo dUra karavAne saghaLA mutsaddIone hetu hato. A saghaLuM kaMpanIne rUgyuM nahIM, chatAM sarakAra taraphathI paisAnI mAgaNa thatAM sane 1766 mAM teNe muge maheo dara sAla cAra lAkha pAMDa kevaLa naphA tarIke ApavA kabUla karyuM. paraMtu pAchaLathI tapAsa thatAM sane 1773 mAM evuM mAluma paDayuM ke kaMpanIne hiMdustAnamAM kharca sane 1765 mAM vArSika sattara lAkha hatA te sAta varSamAM eka kareDa sattara lAkha rUpIA thayo hato, ane te ja vakhate cAra lAkha piDa naphAnA, jakAtanuM utpanna, cAha uparanI jakAtanI chUTa vagere maLI dara sAla sumAre be karoDa rUpIA kaMpanI pAsathI IMglaDa sarakArane maLatA hatA. kaMpanIe ahIM game tevo anyAya karI paisA meLavyA hoya te paNa tene keTaloka bhAga IMglaDa sarakArane maLyA hatA. TUMkamAM, kaMpanIne hiMdu stAnamAM kArabhAra karavA devAnI cokhkhI paravAnagI mATe sarakArane pitAnA hakanI rakama bharapUra maLatI gaI. sane 1767 pachI kaMpanIe hiMdustAnamAMnA pitAnA vepAranI paddhati badalI. atyAra agAu te IlathI bhaMDoLa lAvI te vaDe ahIM mAla kharIda karatI. paraMtu baMgALa prAMtamAMthI AvatI vasulAta tene vAparavA maLavAthI teNe IgleMDathI juduM nANuM maMgAvavAnuM baMdha karyuM. barka kahe che ke, "bIjA dezamAM vepArathI rAjAne Avaka thAya che, paNa baMgALAmAM kaMpanIe e viparIta prakAra calAvyo che ke rAjyanA vasulamAMthI teNe vepAra zarU karyo che." A vyavasthAthI ghAMTALA utpanna thayA. lAIva hato te parvata tene karaba ghaNe

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176 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kaDaka rahyA. paraMtu hiMdustAna tarapha tenI pITha pharatAM aMdhAdhuMdhI puna: cAlu thaI sarakArI paisA uDavA lAgyA; panInA karone khAnagI vepAra cAlu rahyA. vizeSamAM karnATakamAM haidaraallI sAthenA yuddhamAM puSkaLa nANuM kharacAyuM. sane 1770 mAM baMgALAmAM bhayaMkara duSkALa paDavAthI mulaka verAna thayo, ane temAM ekaMdara loka saMkhyAmAMthI seMkaDe pAMtrIsa ane kheDuta vargamAMthI saMkaDe pacAsa TakA jeTalA leke maraNa AdhIna thayA. iMglaMDamAM kaMpanInA DAyarekaTare dara sAla badalAtA hovAthI pakSapAta tathA mahemAMhenA aNabanAve ugrarUpa lIdhuM. A saghaLuM chatAM pArlAmenTanuM lakSa A sthiti tarapha dorAyuM nahIM. pAchaLathI kaMpanIe jaNAvyuM ke darasAla naphAnA 40 lAkha rUpIA sarakArane bharavAnI zakti tenAmAM nahevAthI sarakAre tene keTaluMka nANuM dhIravuM joIe. arthata kaMpanI pAse nANuM meLavavAnuM bAjue rahyuM, ane ulaTuM kaMpanIne pArlAmenTa pAse paisA mAgavAnI jarUra paDI. Ama thatAM pArlAmenTanI tathA pradhAna maMDaLanI najara khulI. kaMpanIe devALuM kahADeluM joI temane acaMbo lAgyo, ane ekadama kaMI rAmabANa upAya karyA sivAya chuTako nathI evI temanI khAtarI thaI. A vakhate IMglaDa sarakAranI sthiti ghaNI kaDhaMgI thaI hatI. chellAM yuddhane aMte puSkaLa no pradeza temanA tAbAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paNa tenI vyavasthA kevI rIte calAvavI te vize kaMIpaNuM TharAva thayenahe. paradezI leke pitAnA tAbA heThaLa AvyA tenI javAbadArI samajavAnuM IglaMDane hajI zIkhavAnuM hatuM. ATale lAMbe aMtare bhinna jAti tathA dharmanA leke upara rAjya calAvavAnA dAkhalA ItihAsamAMthI maLI zake ema nahotuM. sane 1763 pachI A prazna tarapha iMglaDa sarakAranuM lakSa gayuM; ane nAnA sarakhA vepArI maMDaLanA hAthamAM rAjya sutra rahevA devA yogya nathI evI tenI dhIme dhIme khAtarI thaI. dareka dizAmAMthI bumATe thatAM pArlAmenTane kaMpanInI bhAMjagaDamAM paDavuM paDayuM. kaMpanI jAte paisA saMbaMdhI muzkelImAM sapaDAyelI hovAthI," "amArI vyavasthAmAM zuM kAma hAtha ghAle che" evuM kahevAnI tenAmAM hiMmata rahI nahatI. ame dilhIne bAdazAhane javAbadAra chIe, tene ame javAba ApazuM,

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prakaraNa 24 muM] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 677 tamane amAre kArabhAra tapAsavAne akhatyAra nathI," evuM lAIve nakkI kareluM dhoraNa svIkArI, pArlAmenTane nahIM gaNakAravAne kaMpanIe prayatna karyo, paNa te niSphaLa gayo. baMgALAmAM tenuM lazkara agIAra hajAra hatuM, tene kharca hadapAra vadhatAM vepAra mATe paisA bacI zakayA nahIM, ane pariNAme zeranA bhAva utarI gayA ane kaMI paNa bhayaMkara prasaMga najIka Ave che ema tene paNa lAgyuM. sane 1767 pachI pArlAmenTamAM temaja kaMpanInI sAdhAraNa sabhAomAM tenA vahivaTa bAbata sakhata vAdavivAda zarU thayuM. emAM kharuM kahIe te kharI sthiti oLakhI tathA gya vicAra karI belanArA ghaNuM ceDA mANaso hatA. pariNAmamAM sabhAomAM atizaya tephAna thatuM tathA vAraMvAra mArAmArIne prasaMga paNa Avate. te varSamAM kalAIvanI jAgIra bAbata eka nAne nATaka prasiddha thayo hato, temAM kAlpanika nAme ApI A sabhAnI khuba mazkarI karavAmAM AvI hatI. jAta upara jokhamadArI na hovAthI game tevuM babaDayA te cAlyuM evI sthiti A sabhAnI thaI hatI. AthIja laoNrDa northanA kAyadA anvaya janarala keTene adhikAra saMmecavAmAM Avyo hatA. cedhama kAma karavAne gya heta te teNe kaMpanIne sArI vyavasthA karI ApI hata. A vyavasthA kevI rIte karavI te kaIne paNa sujhe nahIM. pratyekanA vicAro judA hevAthI darekanA mata pramANe kaMIne kaMI yogya jaNAtuM. melee A gheTALAnuM hAsyajanaka varNana AvyuM che. " A kaMpanI eka vilakSaNa dhImukhI rAkSasaNuM dekhAya che. eziyA khaMDamAM te rAjapada bhogave che; yuropamAM prajAjana sivAya koine tenuM mahatva jaNAtuM nathI. koI paNa nyAyAdhIza mAraphata kAyadA anvaya tene aMta lAvI zakAya ema nathI." sane 1769mAM pArlAmenTamAM kaMpanInA vahivaTa bAbata cAlelI takarAramAM evuM dekhAI AvyuM ke, bhaMDaLa upara vAjabI lAge teTale naphe laI je bAkI rahe te sarakAramAM jame karAvavuM evo sarakArane manasube hate. te sAlamAM kaMpanInI hiMdustAnamAMnI tathA igleMDamAMnI kule mAlamatAnI kimata

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178 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. AMkavAmAM AvatAM te sumAre 15 kareDa thaI hatI, ane tene 8 karoDanuM devuM hatuM. bhaMDoLa chUTuM laIe te te sumAre traNa karoDa thavA jatuM hatuM ane tenA upara vArSika napho savA karoDa jeTalo thatuM hatuM. arthAta kaMpanI pitAno vepAradhaMdhe vecI nAMkhatA te tene Asare 15 karoDa rUpIA upajyA hota. ema chatAM te pitAnI sthiti ghaNI sArI lAgI nahIM. rAjyanI pheMsarI mAthe herI lIdhA pachI ApaNuM nukasAna thatuM jAya che, eTale rAjyanI bhAMjagaDamAM nahIM paDatAM mAtra vepAra cAlu rAkhavAthI temAM ApaNane atizaya phAyade thaze ema sAmAnya rIte bhAgIdArone abhiprAya the hatA. sane 1768 nA juna mAsamAM salIvAnanI korTa opha DAyarekaTarsamAM pharIthI nimaNuka thaI eja arasAmAM ArkaTanA navAbe pitAnA upara kaMpanIe karele julama pArlAmenTane jAhera karavA eka vakIlane IMglaDa mokalyo. teNe pradhAna maMDaLane ekaThuM karI kaMpanInA rAjyakArabhAra virUddha puSkaLa caLavaLa karI, te uparathI kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM hAtha ghAlavAne iMglaMDanI sarakAre TharAva karyo. A nizcaya svataMtrapaNe kAma karatI puSkaLa saMsthAne rUe nahIM, kemake ethI temane pitAnI svataMtratA naSTa thavAno bhaya upa. IgleMDamAM te vakhate evI jokhamadAra saMsthA be hatI. eka IsTa InDIA kaMpanI ane bIjI laMDananI myunisipAlITI. A myunisipAlITIe IsTa InDIA kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM dakhala nahIM karavA sarakArane arajI karI tethI sarakAra upara meTI jokhamadArI AvI paDI. sane 1769 mAM amerikAmAM AyAta thatI cAha upara aMgreja sarakAre karI nAMkhyo kemake evI rIte kara besADyA vinA te kharca nIkaLate nahIM. A kara amerikAvAsIoe mAnya karyo nahIM. amerikAmAM AyAta thatI cAhane ghaNokharo vepAra IsTa InaDIA kaMpanInA hAthamAM hato. uparanI takarArane pariNAme sane 1773 mAM 1 kareDa 70 lAkha ratala cAha kaMpanInI amerikAnI vakhAromAM vecAyA vinAnI paDI rahI hatI. je ema na banyuM hota ane cAha saghaLI vecAI gaI hatI te kaMpanIne vyAje

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 679 nANuM levAnI pharaja paDate nahIM. amerikana lekee cAhane bahiSkAra karavAthI te vecAI nahIM, tyAre kaMpanIe amerikAnAM judAM judAM zaheromAM chupI rIte pitAnA ejaMTa mokalI cAha vecavA mATe bhAre prayatna karyo, kAraNa ke cAha vecAya te iMglaMDamAMthI bahAra laI jatAM je kara tenA upara Apavo paDate te sarakAre kaMpanIne mApha karyo hato. AthI agAunA karatAM ghaNeja sasta dare cAha vecavA kaMpanI taiyAra thaI bahiSkAranI bAbatamAM keTalAka ghaNuM nigrahI hatA, paNa je DAkanuM vartana anizcita hatuM. temane potAnA tarapha vALI laI temanI mAraphate kaMpanIe corI chupIthI cAha vecavAno AraMbha karyo. A kAmamAM paDelA anizcita lokone bhAre kamAI thavA lAgI. thoDA vakhata bAda kaMpanI khullI rIte cAhavecavA lAgI tyAre hAtha AvelI kamAI ekadama jatI rahevAnI chupI rIte cAha vecanArAne dhAstI upajavAthI teo paNa pahelAnA bahiSkAravAdIo sAthe maLI gayA. AvA vicAranAM sumAre 50 mANasoe sana 1773 nA DIse mbara mahinAmAM besTananAM baMdaramAM paDelAM cAhanAM bharelAM kaMpanInAM traNa vahANe upara caDI te uparanI 342 peTIo samudramAM nAkhI dIdhI. A banAva bIjAM be traNa baMdaromAM paNa banavAthI IMglaDa ane tenAM amerikana vasAhata vacce yuddha zaruM thayuM ane tenI aMte amerikAnAM saMsthAna IMgleMDathI svataMtra thayAM. TuMkANamAM, amerikAne svataMtratA meLavI ApavAmAM ApaNuM hiMdustAnane vepAra eka rIte kAraNabhUta thayo ema kahevAmAM harakata nathI. upara kahyA pramANe cAha na vecavAthI kaMpanIne bhAre khoTa AvI. hiMdustAnane saghaLo vepAra beThe hate, lAMcakhAu amaladArone lIdhe vasulAta ochuM thayuM hatuM ane temAM duSkALa umero karyo hato. sane 1771 mAM paDelA bhayaMkara dukALamAM lAkho mANasone nAza thayo ane rAjyanI Avaka kaMI paNa thaI nahIM, tyAre kaMpanInI avasthA ghaNuja mAThI thaI. vaLI darasAla aneka grahasthane lakSAdhIza thaI hiMdustAnathI IgleMDa AvatA joI tyAMnA lokone kaMpanInA vahivaTa mATe atizaya gusse upajyA. dhAnyanA dukALathI paDelA saMkaTamAM nANunA dukALe umere karyo. sane 1767 thI 1770 sudhInAM traNa varSamAM 5 karoDa rUpIAnI cAMdI baMgALA

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680 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna ItihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mAMthI nikAsa thaI, ane phakta 50 lAkhanI cAMdI AyAta thavAthI e prAMtamAM nANAne meTo dukALa paDe. rUpIAnI kiMmata vadhI agAu be zIlIMga hatI te aDhI zIlIMga upara gaI. baMgALa prAMtamAMthI je Avaka thatI te saghaLI pitAnAM vahANa upara bharI kaMpanI cIna dezamAM mAla kharIdavA mATe ravAnA karatI tethI paNa nANunI taMgI vadhI. agAu kaMpanI mAla kharIdavA mATe IMgleDathI rekaDa nANuM ANatI paNa tene badale have baMgALAnA rAjyamAMthI maLatI Avaka te pitAnA bhaMDaLa tarIke vAparavA lAgavAthI A pariNAma AvyuM ema sahaja jaNAze. bAdazAhane khaMDaNI bharavAne temaja nokaronA pagAra ApavAne paNa paisA silakamAM rahetA nahIM. AthI hiMdustAnanI saMpattine jhare kadI aTakanAra nathI ema aMgrejo samajatA hatA te samajuta have naSTa thai. nANAnI A tANane lIdhe vorna hesTIsanA amalamAM ghaNe gheTALo thayo. AvI sthitimAM kaMpanIe pradhAna maMDaLa pAse nANAnI ugharANI karavAthI sane 1772 nA jAnevArImAM e bAbata pArlAmenTa rUbarU AvI. tarataja pArlAmenTe tapAsa calAvavA mATe be kamiTI nImI. Aja sudhI e maMDaLe ekAda TharAva pasAra karavA sivAya kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM vizeSa dakhala karI nahotI. " kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM hAtha ghAlavAne ApaNane adhikAra nathI' ema pArlAmenTa paNa pahelAM kahetI hatI. sane 176ra mAM phrenca sarakAre hiMdustAnamAMnAM pitAnAM saMsthAne pAchI mAgyAM tyAre pArlAmenTe tene eja javAba Ape hate. barka nAmanA nAmAMkita vidvAna mutsaddIne paNa uparanA jevo ja abhiprAya hato. pArlAmene A vakhate je tapAsa karI te kaMI kAyadAe tenA upara nAkhelI javAbadArI oLakhIne athavA hiMdustAnanA lekenI pharIAda uparathI karI hatI evuM nahotuM. game tema karI kaMpanI upara pitAnI seha besADI paisA kaheDAvavA purateja tene hetuM hatuM, ema barka kahe che. A vAta kharI ja hatI. kaMpanI taraphathI sarakArane je paisA maLe tenA badalAmAM tene kaMI phAyade karI ApavAnA IrAdAthI tene amerikAmAM vecAvavAnI cAha

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prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 681 upara pArlAmenTa jakAta mApha karI hatI. mukhya pradhAna hai northanuM pArlAmenTamAM bhAre vajana hatuM, paNa te kaMpanIne pratikULa hevAthI tathA kamiTIne rIporTa tenI virUddha AvyAthI pArlAmenTa evo TharAva karyo ke, kaMpanIe hiMdustAnamAM lazkaranI madadathI agara paradezI rAjA sAthe taha karI je kaMI meLavyuM hoya te upara saMpUrNa mAlikI aMgreja sarakAranI che. - 5 regyuleTIMga ekaTa (sana 1773) -sane 1773 mAM pArlAmenTa be kAyadA ghaDyA, ane tene rAjAnI saMmati maLatAM prasiddha karyA. emane pahele kAyade, jo northane regyuleTIMga ekaTa e nAme prasiddha che. e kAyade tA. 1 lI akaTobara sane 1773 ne dIne iMglaMDamAM jAhera thayo, ane hiMdustAnamAM tA. 1 lI ogasTa sane 1774 ne divase amalamAM AvyA. agAuM kalakattAmAM eka presiDanTa tathA bAra sabhAsadanI eka kaeNnsila hatI, tene badale A kAyadAnI rUe eka gavarnara tathA cAra mANasonI eka madadanIza kansila nImavAmAM AvI. e cAra sabhAsado pAse bIjuM kaMI kAma hovuM joIe nahIM, ane temanI nimaNuka prathama pArlAmenTa karavI, ane te pAMca varSa cAlu rahe ema TharyuM. have pachI e sabhAsadonI nimaNuka DAyarekTaroe pradhAna maMDaLanI maMjurIthI karavAnI hatI. A pAMca jaNAe maLI bahumatIthI baMgALA IlAkAne dIvAnI, mulakI, lazkarI vagere saghaLo vahivaTa calAvavAne hato. yuddha tathA taha karavAnI bAbatamAM madrAsa ane muMbaI upara kalakattA kaunsinI hakumata cAle ema kareluM hovAthI kalakattAnA gavarnarane gavarnara janarala'nI padavI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. kaunsilamAM gavarnara janaralane svataMtra mata nahote, paNa kaI bAbatamAM samAna mata thatAM tene vizeSa mata ApavAno adhikAra hatuM. A sarva amaladAroe kerTa oNpha DAyarekaTarsanA hukama pALavAnA hatA. covIsa DAyarekaTara dara sAla navA cuMTI kahaDAtA hatA, te vyavasthA badalI, evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke dara varSe cha cha DAyarekaTarenI cuMTaNI thAya, ane teo cAra varSa adhikAra bhogave. agAu kaMpanInI sAmAnya sabhAmAM 500 pAMDane bheLa dharAvanArane eka mata hato. koI paNa ekathI vadhAre mata ApavAne adhikAra nahote. ene badale have eka hajAra pAMDavALAne eka mata, traNa hajAravALAne be

Page #699
682 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. mata, cha hajAravALAne traNa mata ane dasa hajAravALAne cAra mata ApavAne adhikAra maLe; cArathI vadhAre mata keIne ApavAmAM AvyA nahatA. hisAbI tathA rAjyakArabhAra saMbaMdhI dareka bAbatano patravyavahAra hiMdustAna mAMthI IMglaDa AvI pahoMcyA pachI vaida divasanI aMdara te pradhAna maMDaLa AgaLa raju karavAnI pharaja A kAyadA anvaye DAyarekaTarone mAthe nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. kaMpanInA tAbAnI kalakattAmAM eka meyaranI korTa hatI tene badale nyAyanI eka suprima korTa sthApI temAMnA eka mukhya nyAyAdhIza tathA traNa bIjA nyAyAdhIza IMglaDamAMthI nImAyelA hevA joie ema nakakI thayuM. vaLI ema paNa karyuM hatuM ke temane akhatyAra divAnI, jadArI, vagere dareka bAbatamAM gavarnara janarala tathA kAnsilanA sabhAsada sivAya bIjA saghaLA leke upara cAle. kaMpanInA rAjyamAM lazkaranA temaja bIjI koI paNa jAtanA nekare A dezanA vatanIo pAsethI kaMI paNa bakSisa levI nahIM, kiMvA khAnagI vepAra karavo nahIM evo pratibaMdha mukavAmAM Avyo hato. regyuleTIMga ekaTanI A mukhya kalame hatI. e kAyadAnI rUe gavarnara janaralane vArSika pagAra aDhI lAkha rUpIA tathA pratyeka konsilarano eMzI hajAra rUpIA karyo hato. bIjA kAyadA anvaya pArlAmenTa kaMpanIne cauda lAkha pAMDa vyAje ApavAnuM tathA karaja phITe tyAM sudhI kaMpanIe seMkaDe cha TakAthI vadhAre napho nahIM levAnuM TharyuM. A kAyadAnI rUe hiMdustAnamAMnA kaMpanInA rAjyakArabhAra upara pArlAmenTane akhatyAra maLe, topaNu rAjyanI mAlakI kaMpanI pAse ja rahI. hiMdustAnane kArabhAra kansilanI bahumatIthI calAvavAno hato, eTale koI paNa agatyane prasaMge ekaja zakhasanI avibhAjya hakumata binatakarAre cAle nahIM evI goThavaNa rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu eka mANasanA hAthamAM e saMpUrNa adhikAra ApyA sivAya rAjya TakI zakavAnuM nahatuM. kAyadA ghaDavAnA adhikAranI tathA hamezane rAjyakArabhAra calAvavAnA adhikAranI vibhAgaNI thaI nahotI. gavarnara janarale karelA

Page #700
prakaraNa 24 muM] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. 183 kAyadA nyAyAdhIzee pALavA ja joIe evo TharAva nahato, temaja rAjyane mAlIka kaMpanI ke rAjA e savAlanuM nirAkaraNa thayuM nahotuM. AthI AgaLa jatAM aneka ghAMTALA utpanna thayA, eTale A navIna nyAyAdhIzIthI lekene phAyade maLavAne badale temanA upara puSkaLa julama varasya. ema chatAM A navA kAyadAnI rUe aMgrejI rAjyanA vyavasthita kArabhAranI pahelI zarUAta thaI, paNa e sivAya bIje kaMI phAyado thayo nahIM. sane 1708 mAM kaMpanInI sanadanI mudata sane 1726 sudhI vadhArI ApavAmAM AvI hatI. e pachI sane 1726 mAM pahelA jyorja rAjAe e muddata vadhArI, ane madrAsa, muMbaI tathA kalakattAmAM myunisipAlITI sthApana karI tene mATe kAyadA tathA niyama taiyAra karavAnI paravAnagI kaMpanIne ApI. sane 1730 mAM e mudata sane 1769 lagI pharIthI vadhAravAmAM AvI. sane 1744 mAM iMgleDane phrAnsa sAthe laDAI zarU thaI tyAre sarakArane nANunI jarUra hovAthI kaMpanIe meTI rakama dhIrI pitAnI sanadanI mudata bIjAM cauda varSa eTale sane 1769 thI sane 1783 sudhI vadharAvI lIdhI. e muddatane aMte sane 1783 mAM pArlAmenTa kaMpanInI sanadamAM dasa varSane umere koM; ane te pachI eTale sane 1793 mAM dara vIsa varSe kaMpanInA vepAranI tapAsa pArlAmenTa karavI evuM karyuM. tyArathI sane 1793, 1817, 1837 tathA 1453 mAM kaMpanInA vepAranI tathA sanadanI ' pArlAmenTamAM tapAsa thaI hatI. sane 1858 mAM kaMpanI baMdha paDI. iMglaMDamAM kaMpanI tathA sarakAra vacceno saMbaMdha kevA prakArano rahe, ane kaMpanInA kArabhAramAM hAtha ghAlavAne sarakArane kyAM sudhIne adhikAra maLe, e be praznane ghaNe vakhata lagI nikAla na thayo hovAthI puSkaLa gheTALe utpanna thayA hatA. uparanA regyuleTIMga ekaTathI e saghaLAne samULo nAza thayo nahIM paNa tethI ubhaya pakSanuM samAdhAna thatAM cAlu kAma vyavasthi tapaNe karavA mATe bannene eka mata thayuM hatuM. A gheTALo ghaNo lAMbo kALa cAlyo hate. eka paNa prazna upasthita thatAM agAunA sarva adhikArIo te pitAnA aMga uparathI uDAvI vakhata kahADatA. A kAyadAthI tema thatuM baMdha

Page #701
684 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. paDayuM ane kaMpanInA vahivaTane na mArga maLe. A goThavaNa sAme kaMpa nInAM mANasoe game teTale bumATe kya, paNa rAjA tathA pradhAne pitAne haka sthApana karavAmAM pAchA haThakyA nahIM. have pachI kaMpanInA kArabhAranI marajI mAphaka vyavasthA karavAnI pArlAmenTane sattA che ema siddha thayuM. kaMpanInI sthApanA vepAra mATe thaI hatI, jyAre vepAra karatAM tene rAjya prApta thayuM tyAre pitAnA adhikAranI hada te kudAvI gaI. AthI kaMpanIe meLaveluM rAjya iMglaMDa sarakAranuM che, ane te barAbara cAle che ke nahIM te jovAnuM kAma tenuM che, ema A kAyadAthI sAbIta thayuM. A sivAya ukta kAyadAnI pratyakSa kalame ghaNI upayogI thaI nahIM. anubhava uparathI te ghaNIkharI badalavI paDI hatI. ema chatAM hiMdustAnanA rAjya saMbaMdhamAM IglaDa sarakAre karelA A pahelA kAyadAnI legyatA upara kahelAM kAraNone lIdhe puravAra thAya che. eDamaMDa barka A kAyadAnI virUddha hate. hiMdustAnanuM rAjya hAthamAM AvatAM iMglaMDanA rAjAnI sattA atizaya vadhaze, tene paisAnI prApti thatAM te pArlAmenTane gaNakAraze nahIM, paisAnA jora upara tathA nimaNuMka karavAnI sattA hAthamAM AvatAM, rAjA tathA pradhAnamaMDaLa leke upara julama karI pitAnI sattA kAyama rAkhI zakaze, ane tema thatAM pArlAmenTanI svataMtratAne dhake lAgaze evuM te mahAna naranuM kahevuM hatuM. - navA kAyadA pramANe baMgALanA gavarnara vairna hesTIMgsanI gavarnara janaralanI jagyAe nimaNuka thaI janarala kalevarIMga (Clavering), maeNnsana ( Monson) tathA philipa phensisa ( Philip Francis ) e traNa hiMdustAnamAMja hate. suprIma korTanA nyAyAdhIza tarIke sara ilIjA ImpI ( Sir Elijah Impey ) al, 1411 Hz (Le Maistre ), hAIDa ( Hyde), tathA cembarsa (Chambers)nI bIjA nyAyAdhIza tarIke, nimaNuka thaI hatI. 6 vasulAtanA tathA vepAranA keTalAka AkaDA- 1. sane 1766 thI 1773 sudhInAM ATha varSamAM kaMpanIe IMglaMDanI bahAra mAla mokalyA tenI

Page #702
685 prakaraNa 24 muM.] briTiza rAjyanI sthApanAne AraMbha. darasAla sarAsarI kimata (pAMDanA 10 rUpiAne bhAve ) mAla rU. 55,03,930 tathA rokaDa cAMdI senuM rU. 12,12,390 maLI ekaMdara rU. 67,17,320 2. sane 1770-1773 nAM cAra varSamAM kaMpanIe bahArathI IMglaMDamAM ANelA mAlanI darasAlanI . sarAsarI kimata ( kharIda bhAve ) ... ... rU. 1,57,38,560 3. sane 1768 thI 1773 sudhInAM cha varSamAM iMglaMDamAM mAlanA thayelAM vecANanuM sarAsarI vArSika utpanna *** * rU. 3,42,33,970 4. sane 1772 mAM kaMpanInAM bahAra rokAyelAM vahANe 55 tathA tene AkAra ... Tana 38,836 vahANo iMglaMDamAM rahelAM 30 ne AkAra Tana 32,000 kule 85 vahANane AkAra ... Tana 71,836 5. sane 1666 thI 72 daramiyAna bhAgIdArone darasAla vaheMcI Apele sarAsarI naphe saMkaDe. 11 TakA. 6. sane 1772-73 tathA te pachInAM bIjAM keTalAMka varSa lagI seMkaDe naphe * 6 TakA. 7. sane 1774 mAM baMgALa ilAkAnuM vajule ... rU. 2,48,14,040 emAMthI kulle mulakI tathA lazkarI kharca rU. 1,48,84,350 bAkI cokhkho naphe . . * rU. 99,29,690 8. sane 1774 mAM madrAsa ilAkAnuM vasUla ... rU. 52,47, 20 ArkaTa ane tAMjoranI khaMDaNuM ... ... rU. 36,25,450 e maLI madrAsanuM kulle vasUla ... ... rU. 88,73,070 temAMthI kharca . .. . rU. 81,49,920 mulakI rU. 5,11,040 lazkarI rU. 67,71,140 bAMdhakAma rU. 8,67,740

Page #703
686 hiMdustAnane arvAcIna itihAsa. [bhAga 3 je. kharca bAda jatAM cekhe naphe . * rU. 11,76,180 9. sana 1774 mAM muMbaInuM ekaMdara vasUla ... rU. 21,91,630 , , ne kharca . rU. 34,73,870 bAkI khoTa .. .. rU. 23,82,240 10. baMgALA tathA muMbaInI silakamAMthI muMbaInI - khoTa bAda karatAM bAkI * rU. 87,23,30 11. lazkara baMgALAnuM, sane 174 mAM, mANase 27,000 madrAsanuM, sane 1772 mAM, , ... 19,975 che , muMbaInuM, sane 1774 mAM, i . 6,400 53,375 emAMnAM Asare traNa caturthAza dezIo tathA eka catuza yurepiyana hatA.

Page #704
sucI. A sUcInA nIce pramANe cAra bhAga karyA che - 1. purUSa tathA vyaktinAM nAmanI neMdha. 2. mukhya zahera, nadI, parvata vagerenAM nAmanI noMdha. 3. rASTra agara lekAnAM nAmanI noMdha. . 4. mukhya viSayonI neMdha. 1 purUSa tathA vyaktinAM nAmanI noMdha ajavIDa-131. [ AdilazAha-111, 112, 124, ajIma-ujJAna-pa36. 126, 128, 134. attara khvAjA (Armajhana)-17 | Ayara, sara cArlasa-345. avarUddIna-428,430, 437-453. ArabakhAna-323. arphonsa De narenA-126. AlabargArIA (porTugIjha gavarnara)aphaoNnsa Da sujhA-124. 119. abadula rajhAka, pravAsI-75. Abukarka, seDa (. gavaabbAsa (IrAnane zAha)-266. nara)102, 105-118. udeza, 108.gevAvize ene mata-114, abhisAra-17. 138, 143-143, 154, 164, amicaMda-557, 578, 582-83,. 191. 593. Abukarka, krAnsisake Da-102. amiATa-614-16. | methIAsa Da-131. amIra husena (IjIpta)-104. AbhIDA, kAnsisake (5. gavarnara)amerige vespacI, vahANavaTI-198, 103-6, 154. ardezIra (ArTIkasarasisa)-30. AsadakhAna-386. alivadakhAna-pa38, 540. AsaphakhAna (vajhIra)-253-54, ahamadazAha abadallI-635. 352, 450-51. azoka-26, 60. aMgre-508. . AIsAbelA (spena)-86. | ItimAda-ud-daulA-253, 35ra,

Page #705
688 . sUcI. IbrAhimakhAna-363, 369. abaTa, sara morisa-ra97. Imenyuala-88, 103, 116, orma-45ra. 120, 141. olDavartha-249. IlIjhAbetha,(iMglaDa)-129, 175, kasenDana-310, 315, 346. 204, 214, 216, 218, 222, oNgasTasa-29. 229, 237, 250, 37pa. oreliana-31. IlIjhAbetha (kesTAIla)-78. alphonsa kesTa-131. IlIjhAbetha (spena)-51. Alphonsa pAMcame-81, 83. IsmAIla (IrAnane zAha)-117. elaphensa, henarI-79. IsmAIla (vijApUra)-112. jIara,(muMbaIne gavarnara-311-12 ekabATe, kehera viMbaka-484. 316-19, 346-47, 390-91 eDavarDa cho-203. phIsa-10, , trIje-38, ka75. auraMgajeba-309, 342, 384-87 , pahelo-79. 391. eDavaDarsa-251. kaDIpAne navAba-458, 461. ena (iMglaMDa)-389. kamensa, porTugIjha kavi-1ra7. 163. enTonio Da narenA-127, 130. enTonio bereTo-129. kajIna, (phenca senApati)-478 epeleniasa TAeniasa-14. kalAIva reba-383, 441, 465, ebrahAma-12. 480, 501, 50,57, 65. erisToTala-23. kalArka (baTeviAne kArabhArI) 181. erIana-9, 24, 29. kilaopeTrA-29. elIsa-615. kalemanTa, sAtame pipa-37. elekajhAnDara, sikaMdara jue. kArTara-673. elekajhAnDara chaThThA popa-83, 87. | kArTarAITa-284. elekisasa menesisa-7 kAlaeNTana, sara DaDalI-187. eTana, jena-216. kAsama khvAjA-101, evarI-376. kiDa-376. evelina-332. kIliMga, kaeNpTana-240, 245. eNDama smItha-392.. kIsanadAsa-548-49, 565. eNDamsa, viliama, kepTana-246. | kuka, kepTana-314,

Page #706
sUcI. kuTa, Ayara-para3, kromavela, olIvara-245. kegvina (aMgreja vepArI )-315. | khalIpha umara-33, - - ketherAIna (porTugalanI rANuM)-127. | khAphIkhAna-368. ketherAina (pe. nA rAjanI chokarI)- khurrama-251-58, 261. 3-8, khuzarU-253. ke, vahANavaTI-107. gAjI-uda-dIna-451, 480, 481. ke, sabe ana-203, gArsiA Da neronA-123 kebrala, jyorja-17 gAziA De sA-126 kebala, pe-85-47, 148, 14, giovAnI-37, kerija, kaeNpTana-244, 267. gipha, viliama-370. kerona, krAnsisa-402-3. gilabarTa, sara haMkI-207-8. Da -501, 607. geyara, sara jona-383-84, 340, phoTarAsa-18, 20 gerI-310. kevaDaza, jona-208-8. grenAvala, sara ricarDa-208 kesTI-148. goDaeNhine-341. koInAsa-18. gadehu-45, 486, 48. ke ena-170-80, 190-91. caMdragupta-24, bIje 26. kokena, viliama-278, 283-85. caMdA sAheba-416, 448, 455, kogana-282. 471-77. cAIlDa, sara jozuA-246, 319, konoka-267. kepa, kepTana-448, 465. 333, 337, 356, 35, 373, 376-80, kepaniMkama144. cAi95, sara jona-318, 34, 350, koriA (porTugIjha)-101. 355, 358, 381. korTana-ra72, 276. cAIlDa, sara ricarDa-373. kAlaaTaeN-387, 401-2. cArloka, jeba, 357-35e. kolambasa-50, 84-87, 186. cAlukaya-60. kolinsa, eDavarDa-183. cArlsa, pahelo-184, 268, 276. kavilo-84. cArsa, bIje-326-27, 342, 373, kokasa248. 375, 381kausTaMnTIne 3 bragenjhA-127, cinApA, caMdragirIne nAyaka-282. kaleTa-370. caramANu rAjA-68. kasmA-37. censalara, ricarDa-203, kaeNmesa-49, jagata zeTha-537, 582.

Page #707
600 sUcI. jasTiniana-31. DAImekasa-24. jAphara vAjA-125. DAuTana, kaeNpTana-244, 248, 276. jena, kaeNpTana-465. DAyAniziesa-26. jeDIjha-334, 374-75, 378. DAze, kAunTa-507, jemsa komoDara-510. DAMTI-38. jemsa, pahele, (iMgleDa)-175, 178, DilerI-488, 500. 185, 26, 307. DIAga Da menejhisa-128. jemsa, bIje, (IMglaDa)10, 240,ii DIAga DIAsa-88. 248, 250, 307, 334, 356, | DIAsa bArtheleme-85. _373, 378, 380, 341. DI sUjhA kuTI-130. jensa, philipa-200, phuTe-78,. jaina oNpha ghaunTa (yuka opha veke. | DuArTa Da menejhisa-130, sTara)-74. Duple-345, 348, 406, 426, jona kenTe-123-124. 433, 443-500. jana, ce-135, 245. DumAsa-388, 410. na, trIjo-10, 127. Denisa (porTugala)-7, jona pahelo (jana dhI greTa'-chaTa. 3, kAnsisa-281, 285. jaina, pITa-385-86. DerIasa-23. 30. jana, presTara-84. DevanAnTa, sara cArlsa-384. jaina, bIje-82, 84, 88. DeviDa (yahudIrAjA)-11. jonsana-183. Devisa, jona-208, 220, 224 jhAmorina (sAmurI)-70 76, 81, Dreka, sara krAnsisa-130, 175, 108. _204-6 jhulaphIkArakhAna251, 371-2. Dreka, gavarnara-558. jheviara, kAnsisa-157. DaTIla-453,455,465,476,501 TerI, eDarvA-263. Dama ethe-128. Tevarniara-151. DaoNma limA-126. TrebI, sara je-375. tarIka, Araba saradAra-7, TelemI, philADelphasa-25. tArAbAI-508. TAvarsane-183, 185-87, 242. tAhArA-131. DaDale, sara robarTa-248. timacA-48, 10, 113. Danakana, jenAdhana-6, 7ra. trimpArA-6, 101 DinevA-Ta9. taimuralaMga-47, 50, Dayukita-454. na, robarTa-23,

Page #708
sUcI. dAudakhAna pI-415. pArIka-102. dAvane-88. pAMDaya-27. dostaalI-416, 420, 451. pigaTa-468, 520. najama-uda-daulA-626-27, 628. [ piTa, thomasa, madrAsano gavarnara-770, najIba-uda-daulA-621. 376-37. 385. 381. najIbakhAna-634. piTara-41. nabukeDanagara-8. ' | piTara dhI greTa-216, narasiMgarAva,vijayanagarane rAjA-108 piMDara-ra72.. naMdakumAra-588. pIra mogala-451nyune ! kunA-122. piTana komoDara-433, nAITe, jena-233. perika, vairnara-370. nArAyaNa, cisurAne vepArI-285. nArAyaNadAsa-papa1. parUjhI-38. nAsIrajaMga-451-58, 480. pimALa-60. niArkasa-15, 21. pavA-84. nikalasana, kepTana. 356. paeNvela, kaeNTana-261. nikenera-16. paipilena-33-4, 378. nikeyA-16. pimpI-28. nikolasa, pAMcamo-83, 87. pirasa-14. 16. nijhAma-ula-mulka-451. piorTara-ra7ra. ninAcatu-113. parTI, pAdarI-158, 161 nima pArekha-311. pilAdakhAna-113, nibAlakara, jAnabA-487, pilo Da gAmA-88. nUra jahAna-253, pratApasaMga (tAMjora)-448-48. nepoliana-384. prAIsa-182. naukasa-kepTana preTi, vahANavaTI-220. nArisa, sara viliama-372, 3- | ptinI-27, 30. 85-88. pharDanAnDa (eregonane rAjA)-78. pareDIsa-438. pharanAnDiA-74, paDakAsa-16. phalyuarI-431. pavijha-252, 261. phalecara, sara robarTa-650, 67, parIjha-Tara. phAhiA (cinAI musAphara-60 pAunDa, thomasa-210. krAnsisake kuTIne-127,

Page #709
692 sUcI. kAnsisake Da gAma131, 164. besTa, kaeNpTana-243. krAnsisako bereTa-127. beharIMga, kaeNpTana-233. kAyara, 326-335. eNphIna, viliama-220 233. ucca, rAja-208,212-13, 216, L baeNreTa, viliama-168. 220, baeNre, sara jaoNna-215. philipa, cothe-133. blekavela, olDaramena-237, philipatrI (spena-78, 133,206 | bAtha, pITara, Daca gavarnara-176. , bIjo (spena porTugala-129. | bApha, Dayuka oNpha-383, philiMgsa, (sikaMdarane saradAra-20. | bobIjhA-101 phera, semeTikasa-8. bAmaTa-183 phorDa, karnala-183. bevalie-407. bIzara. mArTina-206-08. bAskevana, eDamIrala-443. barle, lorDa Tejharara-238. bhAskara, ravivarmA-64. balavaMtasiMga (banArasa)-620. manaro, sara hekaTara-16, 619, bahAdurazAha (gujarAtanAM sulatAna)- manavikrama sAmurI-76, 122, marIno menyuDo-46. bAuTana, gebriala-284. makarA-402. bAbAsAheba, gAvaloDane sanApati- malika AyAjha-104. 370. malika-inta-dinAra-68. bArDa-38. malhArarAva ( govAne kArabhArI )bArthelAmAM DIAsa-83, 45. | 112-13. bAbeMjhA (po. vahANavaTI)-86, 2013 mahamadaalI (karnATakane navAba)bAboA (spe. vahANavaTI)-19, 453-54, 458, 463-64, 468bAlAjI bAjIrAva-462, 483. 71, 4 , 512. bIaMrDa, jaina-384, 86, 381, | mahamadaalI (nAyara)-64, briTa-173. mahamada begaDo-105. buziyara ricarDa-504, mahamada (mAlika khvAjA)-99. busI-453, 456, 480, 486, mahamada zarIpha-451. 500, 510. mahamadazAha(gujarAtano sulatAna) 123, myurI, janarala-442. mahamuda (khaMbhAtane sulatAna)-1ra4. chuTasa-28, maMkojI-476. bana, AIjheka-188. maMDe -322, brusa-348. mAIkala naranA-133. bekAviTa-216, mAIkalaborna-238.

Page #710
62 sUcI. mANekacaMda-537. maiArya bAdazAha-26. mAnI, IrAnI dharmasudhAraka-31. yAkubakhAna-361. bhADujhakhAna-438-30, 442,453. | yula, sara henarI-344. bhAra sopAra-64. yusupha AdilazAha-11111. mAkapole-46-48, 74. | yusupha guga-110. mArTina-403-6. raghucha bhoMsale-pa38. mAlI, enTanI-242. raghunAthadAsa, juo rAmadAsa ta. bhAskarInA-124, 128, rasulakhAna, vijApUrane saradAra-114, mAsTara, sara Trensama-343, 323, rahimakhAna-364. 370, rANejI ziMde-484. ' miDalTana, kepTana-20,224, 238, rAjArAma-371, 548, 241. rAjAsAheba-71. milDanahaeNla-218, 242. rAmadAsapaMta-485-86, mIrakAsama-617, rAmanArAyaNa-607, 616-17. mIrajAphara-540, 582, 580. rAmase, prophesara-pa6. mIrajumalA-342, 348, 35ra. rAya durlabha-540, 554, mIrAna-607. rAle, sara volTara-56. bhIla, jemsa-52. rASTrakuTa-60, 44. mukarabakhAna-251,258. riAla, lorensa-Daca gavarnara, 177. mujaphapharajaMga-450-62. ricarDa kevina-315. muna-para. rIjhakhAna, mahamada-626, murArarAva ghorapaDe-455-56, 472. rIzelyu 37-401. mukhtAjamahAla ( khurramanI strI )- | rUbukI-46-47. 253, 35ra. rUyIkhAna 125-26. murtajhAallI-16, 478. sa, adhyakSa-665. muziMdakullIkhAna-364, 537. renTa, jerArDa-19. mekole-378. renauTa-575-76. magAsthanIsa-24, reDa, kaeNTana-208, 213. meolDa, kepTana-277-78. raeNTela, Tomasa-277. menejhIsa, Dema henarI Da, gavarnara)- rAlTa-318, 347. 120-21. re, sara Tomasa-178, 244-66, merI, iMglaMDanI rANI-2034. 273, 386, 388, 542. melIsana-464. lATuza-458. maursa-434, 467. | lAbune-66, 406, 430-433-37.

Page #711
644 sUcI. lAlI, kAunTa-501, pIpa. || vela, jena183. lAhura-532, vematha, kepTana-232. lio, popa-37. vaiTisana, eDamIrala-501,510,572, liTalaTana, sara eDavarDa-384-85 576, 3810 vaisTiArTa-600, 621. linsakaTana-168 216. vairna hesTIMgsa-108, 615, 673. siMgApA nAyaka-353, 31. valasiMgahAma-223 benTIsa-384. sadaraallI-41, 423, 426. laI ethe-128, 164. saphena-533. luI 14-384,384, 387, 38. sabezciena-127, 164. laI 15 mo-30, 401. samarU-618. legahana, sara viliama-370. salAbata jaMga-462, 478, 480, lencesTara, kaeNpTana-213, 220, 224, salImarUmasAmane sulatAna-117. 237, 314. salImazAha, turka bAdazAha-50, 53, lenthora-388, 407. 121. lopejha sekvIrA-118. salIvAna-623, 668. la, phrenca senApatI-465, 471,417pa.. saMbhAjI-323, 353. lerensa, mejara-448, 455, 468, | -30, 475, 505. sAtulA-415. laoNrenso-37. sArIsa, keTa-247. lorDa henarI, suratane gavarnara-ra75. | sADAnA-102, 131. vakojI-417, 461, sikaMdara (elekajhAnDara)-8, 9, 11, vaharalasTa-608, 13-24, 394. vAo Da gAmA-7, 51, 88-85, | sikaverA-113, 165. _87-101, 120, 146, 156. | sijhara,juliesa-8,28,384-85. vinTara, sara eDavarDa-342, 3para. sitAparAya-620 64. viliama, trIje-380, 384, sirA-123. vIrarAghava cakravartI-64. silAsTIsa-10. vilobI, sara hyu-273. sujA-323, 353 vaDa, kaeNTana benjAmIna-217. surAja-uda-daulA-pa36,547,550, veITa, sara nIlasa-383, 384, 560-63.. , 386-88, sulemAna, turka sulatAna)-121. veTasapapara-54, 582. seTasa, cotho-83. veDala, kepTanara76. senTa TAmAsa-70, 13.

Page #712
sUcI. senTa luI-47. zAhajahA-74, 34ra. serAne-201. zAhujI-448-49, 508. selyukasa-14. zivAjI-363, 404, saiDisa, thomasa-374, zrIraMgarAya, caMdragirine nAyaka-281. se-Ta8. haDasana, henarI-208, 233. sebina-501. hAne (kArbeja)-26. soma, sara sTIphana-220 hAhubala-78. sore-164. hirinsasa-348. selisa-200. hipAna, kepTana-234, 278, sepiyo, lopa vAjha Da-121-122. hipAlasa-28: senDarsa-468-68, 498-500. hiphesTIana-16, 18. solomana-11, 13. hirAma-12 saiyada lazkarakhAna-445, 488-80. hIroDaTasa-8. sthANuravigupta-64. humAyu-122. sTIphane, phAdhara Tomasa-204, 101ra. hIana-50. sTIphe Da gAmA-124. hemilTana, kepTana-71. sTIla, vepArI-267 henarI, AThamA (IglaDa)-202. sTepara, ricarDa-218, 220. henarI, AkasenDana-318. sTebala-8, 24, 30. , trIje-401 yulsa, haramana paeNna-181-84, 186, , cothe-01spensa-21, 25-26. sAtama (iMgle)-190. smitha, vinsenTa itihAsakAra)-15 henarI, rAjaputra (porTugala)-79-80. smitha, sara Tomasa, 218, 220, 82-214. 224, 249, 243. homara-8. zastakhAna-343, 348, 354. haikInsa, kaeNpTana-242. zarale, sara enTanI-266-68. haikInsa, jona-204, 273 , sara raoNbarTa-266-68. helavela-546 558, 606. zaMkarAcArya-61. helTa-375 zApurI (sApAra)-30. haioTamana, keliesa-18-17. ra mukhya zahera, nadI, parvata vagerenAM nAmanI neMdha, akAbAnuM akhAta-11-12. aTaka, juo takSazilA. aMge jA-106. aDIAra-438. ejadIpa-104. aMbara-453.

Page #713
sUcI. amadAvAda-104, 25 elekajhAnDrIA, 14, 25, 34, amacchI-36. 43, 52. amerikA-21, 148, 385, 386, elepa-44, para. 388, ekasasa-5. amUdaryA-216, eNgsabarga-45. araNI-474. phIra-12. asine baMdara-25. Armajha-84, 107, 115, 133, AphrikA-385. 145, 267. AmasTarDama-177 auraMgAbAda-462. ArkaTa-344, 450,470,474,6ra0. hiMda u uMda-17. ArabI samudra-7. kaMdahAra-pa5. ArmAgAma-281. kaDara-441, 442, 517. ArAbelA-23. karnATaka-388, 406, 418, 425, AlgoAne upasAgara-85, kala-461. Askalana-4, kabubA-147, ijIpta athavA misara deza-7, 10,384. kalakattA-358, 388, 501, 555. ijhajIbara-1ra. kAMcI-60. iDAma-5. kAnAnura-18, 84, 104, 183. IrAna-376. kAphI-50, irAnI akhAta-7, 274, 387, kAbula-55. IlAtha-12. | kArIkala-418, 420, 460, ispahAna-267. kAryeja-9, 10, 78. udhanavAnI laDAI-618, kAverIpAka-475. eIlAzApela-443, 463. kAsArageDa-68. ekara-5. kAlpI ane samudra-5, 204, ekIna-173, kAsIma bajhAra-286, 343, 537, ejhora-81, 87. 546, 553, enTavarSa-46, 208, 214. kALo samudra-5, 6. eMTIoka-35. krimIA6. e yanA-174, 177, 179, kihavA-104. 180, 237. kivarlena urphe kalama-64, 68, 100, emejhona-250. 145. emaiya-143. kenTana (katAna)-37. eregana-143. kepa oNpha guDa hopa-86, 314.

Page #714
sUcI. kerala-juo malabAra. ciMgalapaTa-478, kerI-55, 47. citAgAga-622, kaeNlikaTa-51, 63, 70, 74, 84, cittazAma-356, 358, 88,48, 28, cisurA-285. kesTAIla-78. cIna-jApAna, 5, 6, 24624 koMgo-83. cAla-104, 128. kecIna-70, 75, 76, 86, 193, jaMjIrA-274. 216. jakAtrA-173. DuMgalura (kAnAnura)-60, 68, 143, jAphanApaTTaNa-127 konTeTIne pala-6,34, 35, 30, jAlA-172. 40, 43, 47, 50, 55, 184. jAska-267, kohesa-25, 28. jIjI-371, 456, 458. kemere-251. jIA-40 44. karegAma-484, juliopolisa-28, kevelaMga-478 jerUsalama-12, 40, kalama-vilana juo. jehAra-173. kelana-45. TarneTa-173, 205. khaMbhAta-101, 242, TAyara-5, 7, 11, 12, 35. khaTavAnI laDAI-617, rAzisa-12, khAIbaraghATa-14, 131. Tiphilasa-pa. khADImA-5 TIbeTa-17. garasapA-1110 zrIcInApalI-417, 454, 464gelAbaMdara-28, 65, 474. govalakonDA-278, 27, 313, | TelicarI-62. 356 371, 403. | TAnkavIna-143, gobarUna-268. DamAskasa-5, 12, 43, 44. gevA-84, 10-111, 136. . | DAnyuba-6. gherIA-617, | DAbhola-28, 126. ghoghA-85. Duplenphateha-AbAda-461, 475. caMdragirI-281. DeTapharDa-304. caMdranagara-348, 404, 517, Deriana-18. 575, 578. taLegAma-484. canApaTTaNa-madrAsa juo 282. takSazilA-14, 16, 17. ciMbInI khINa-57. tAMjora-388, 17, 448,

Page #715
sUcI tADamura urphe pAlamarA-5, 12,27, pesIphIka mahAsAgaranI zodha-188 tArApura-23, 201, tAlIkeTa-108, 279, pinDIcarI-388, 406, 418, timora-172. [444, 44che. tirUnAvAyI-60, 7ra. pirTa luI-437, tirUvAdI-456. | lAsI-548,588. trAvaNakara-60, phalAnsa-37. thANu-123, phalorisa-172, thioDaziA-5. phireDA baMdara (jApAna)-246. damaNa136. phIlIpAIna beTa-201.. damalacerI u aMbara-453, phorTa viliama-384. 546, 571. devIkeTA-448, 49, 518. phorTa senTa DeviDa-441, 442, dIva-123. 488, 518. nananI bhUzira-8, korTa senTa jyorja-385, 434, nAIla nadI-14. 521, nAgApaTaNa-47ra. phArmosA-183. nAtAla-88. bakasaranI laDAI-10. nAnakIna-32, bagadAda-1, 4. navAjhemabalA-204. baMgALA-376, 382, 284, 388, paMjIma-110, 150. 31. 388 paTanA-286, 607, 618. baTevi-181, 173 178. paTala-20, barAvAna-662. panAmAnI saMgIbhami-19, banisa-25, 28. pANIpatanI laDAI-635. barahAnapura-23. pAlamAyarA-juo tADamura. basarA-8, 33. pIsA-36, bahura-438, 478. pulArUna-181. bAku-5. pikIna-48,55, 131. bAMkIpura-615. pigu-113. bATama-5. peTa puli (nijAmapaTTaNa)-243, 26. brAjhIla-200. pirA-43. bA -174. perIsanA kolakarAra-447 bAbalamAMDaba-12, parU-10, bAlAsAra-285, 343, pelesTAina-5. brisTala-186.

Page #716
sUcI. bukhArI-4, | mIlAna-40, burbona-430, 443. muMbaI-123, 373, 382, 383, bujIsa-214. * 384, 386, 380, 301, 388 beTIA-16, murzidAbAda-pa37, 637, 638, maikAsara-183. baeNTama-131, 143, 237. mIsa-25. benDasTenDa bAga-ra73. bebIlona-21, 64. mojhAMbika-88, 128, mombAsA-104, 148, berUTa-44. merI-106, 125. blekaTAuna (madrAsa)-282, moske-103. bokaphelI-18. bajADAra-81. yukreTa-374, 301 rAjApura-276. beni-172, 201, rAtA samudra-374, 387, bospharasa-50, rAbA-12, bhaTakaLa-48. bharUca-24, rioleTA nadI-2000 bhUmadhya samudra-9, rUmazAma-117, bhakkA-33, 35, 40, 384, 183. lakana-618. siMgalura-68. lAleTA-200, machalIpaTTaNa-280, 386,456,514. lAminA-83. bhadrAsa-ra78, 282, 373, 382, liana-51, 12, 136. 385, 388, 388, 403, 435, | lubeka-45. 436, 438, 443, 488, para1. vaDodarA-24, madIrA-81. varDanI bhUzira-81, 87. madurA-27, vasaI-123, malabAra-56, 7pa. | hAITa TAuna, madrAsa-282, malAkkA-112, 172, vAMDIaza-para3. malinda-88. vAtApI (badAmI) 60. vAMdarA123. maskata-107. mADAgAskara-84, 376, 388, | vAlaDaranI killo -460, 401-402. vijayadurga (gherIyA-501, 508, mAhIma-123. mAMDavagaDha-262, vijayanagaranuM rAjya-75, 98, 108, mIdanApura-12. 278. * 510.

Page #717
sUcI. vinDasaranuM tAhanAmuM-78, surata-242, 387, 384, 386. vizAkhApaTTaNa-513. 387,388, 380. venIjhulA188. suvarNadurga-510. venisa-38-38, 51, 84. suMvALI-243, 244, 251, 320. vilakoMDA-465. senTa jyorja-282. vilagA nadI-204. senTa me-32, 143, 323, 370, satArA-388, 44ra. 403, 438, 440. sArAgAjhA-202, senTa luI-433, 443. sAOA50. senTa helInA-3, 314, 388. sAvAnura-461. senTAjha-85. sASTIbeTa-130. salibiMka beTa-187, siAma-113, 103, 356, sophAlA-12, 84. siDana-5. 11. spaTA-80, siAraA-4, 6. jhanuM akhAta-11. silona-104, 11, 11, 143, zahara (arabastAna)-68. sIrAlIona-83. zrIraMgabeTa-464, 476. kaTa1. suDAnI sAmudradhunI-173. hasanaabadAla-16, sumAtrA-113, 172. haidarAbAda-450, 3 rASTra agara lekenAM nAmanI nedha. Araba musalamAna-10, 32, jano vijaya, paTa7, vadhumATe AgaLa 34-35, 5ra, 53, 56-5, juo isTa iMDiA kaMpanI. 67, 10,74, 88, 81,96, 28, Daca-134-135.pUrvakrama,160-170. 103, 104, 106, 107-113, pirTugIjhanI salAha, 17-17ra. 11, 17, 312-318. ! rAjya vistAra,171-174.eoiTAlInAM prajAsattAka saMsthAna- yunAnI katala, 180-185. jula36-40, manI parAkASTA, 188-19ra. purvaaMgreja-anukULa bhUsthiti 3-4 vairya ane dIpasamuha, 182. paDatInAM kAraNo. prasaMgAnusAra buddhi 183-84; bahA- 182-184.nokarane pagAra, 184. dura vahANavaTIo 204-208. piorTa jApAna tarapha prayatna 248, takarAra, gIjhane anubhava, 165-166. zarU- rU08.baMgALAmAM yuddha, 605. AtanA prayatna, 196-187. jaLa- turka musalamAna-49, 53, 122, mArga,ra30. rAjA, 243; hiMdustAna 128, 143-144. jItavA vizenuM Azcarya, 384. e. nAyara loka-10, 12, 6.

Page #718
78 sUcI. poTaeNgIjha-para-pa6, 74-76, rAjA, zaArAma, 148, bhula, 163-17. 77, 118, 126, 133, 135, | aMgrejone jhagaDe, 243-145. e 138, 147, 141. udaya, 77-78, | grejone Azraya ane salAha, 27382, 84,86, 84, 104. hiMdustA- | 285 ane 373. namAM porTugIjhano itihAsa, 115 | phiniziyana-7, 10, 11. dharma prasAra, 115, 116, 121, phrenca loko-306. aMgreja ane ke 128, 156-163. hiMdustAnamAM | nya vacce pharaka, 386. vepAra, 387. piorTugIjha rAjyane vistAra, 114. | rAjA, 400, aMgreja jeDe yuddha, rAjya vyavasthA, 130. vepArane | 411 vijaya, 455. aMta, 124. utaratI kaLA, 131- ' marAThA-33, doSa, 634. 134. avyavasthA, 131. rAjyakA- malabAramAnA musalamAna-67- rabhAranuM dhoraNa 135-138. Ara| 70, mAra, 136-137. zaurya, 138. vyA- yAhadI-11. "Ara, 138, 145, 14-144. e- | remana leAke-26-30, 138. mukhya viSayenI neMdha, AramAra-136, 101, 23,245- | bhaMDoLanI paddhata, 241. suratanI 246, 270, 272, 312-314, keDI 273, karaja, saMkaTa,271-72. 318, 444, kromavele karelI vyavasthA,286-242, isTa InDIA kaMpanI (aMgreja)- | korTana kaMpanI sAthenuM joDANa, 288. sthApanA, prakaraNa 8 muM. sthApavAne navI sanada ane niyamo, 281-292. upakrama, 213. pahelI beThaka, 217- karene pagAra tathA aMtarthyavasthA, 221. regyuleTeDa kaMpanI,218. sanada 283-302. rUpAMtara, 286. racanA, meLavavAnI khaTapaTa, 221-226. 286-288, pagAra, 285, 248. sanadarUe maLelI sattA, 224- nimaNuka, 288. kharca, 249-300. 226. uganI carcA 226 bhaMDe- | niti tathA raheNI, 301. khAnagI LanA zera, 227-22. pahelI pagAra, 302-305. muMbaInI sthA saphara, 226-227, 236-238. panA, 306-315. maLelI khAsa nakara lokanI raheNI, 233. sattA, 307. nekara lekenI raheNI, niyamita saphara, 236, 242-246, 320, 321, 325. niti ane bIjI ane trIjI saphara, 22-241. niyama, 325. vyavasthA, 343. pAMcamI ane chaThThI saphara, 242. ThATha, 320-321. bhASA, 322. pirTugIjha sAtheno jhagaDe, 243, daMDa, 322, 325. vakhAramAM cAlatA suratanI laDAI, 244 sAmAika | anAcAra, 32, adhikAra, 336.

Page #719
sUcI. phAyadA thavAnAM kAraNo, 336. kaMpanI, 25, 374, maskevI kaMpanI, virUddha takarAra, 337. jakAta tapA- 207, 215 tarka kaMpanI, 374. saNa, 366, kArIgara, 346. rAjya livenTa kaMpanI, 215-216, 217, sthApavAnI IcchA, 367-368. phenTa kaMpanI, 235. karTana kaMpanI, auraMgajeba sAthe yuddha, 35-368. | 276-278, 288. koI lagI gaele khAnagI vepArI kaphAyata, dara vagere (vepAra sabaMdhI) Ta, 373. navI virUddha kaMpanInI 43, 147, 145-148, 163 sthApanA, 377. beu kaMpanI vacce 164. napho nukasAna, vahANanI hiMdustAnamAM virodha, 382. beu saMkhyA, 236-43. pahelI sapharanI kaMpanInAM joDANa mATe bhAMjagaDa, kiphAyata, 237-238, 245-46. 388, saMmelana, 388381, geDI- nANAnI kiphAyata, 247, 275- phinane cukAda, 382. rAjya sthA 27, 281, 300, 02-305. pavAnI siddhatA, 33. hiMdustAna AbAdI, 328-340. daridratAnuM jItavAne hetu, 384, kaMpanInI sArI kAraNa, 341-342. bakSisa vagere, sthiti,411. aMgreja phrencayuddha,428. 588-pa8ra. dIvAnInI kiphAyata, kaMpanInI sanada, 221-226, 230, 640, 64-143. navA makatAnI 242, 307, 342, 374, 280, | kiphAyata, 660, 661,666.vepAra 384, 381. vepArI bhAla ekaTho | tathA rAjakArabhAranA AMkaDA, 185. kare, 368-38. kharIdI ane khristI dharmane prasAra-115, vecANa, 366, 651. jakAta bhArI, 111, 121, 128, 15-163. 454, 455. aMgreja lekanI phateha, | kaseDasa athavA dharmayuddha-8, 547. sAMparika sthiti, 643. kaMpa* 35, 40, 47. nIne adhikAra ane julama,654. | gulAma ke vepAra-nigro, vaNakara lekanI duradazA, 65-653. vagere 61, 81, 152, 181, 328mIThuM, taMbAku, sopArIne navA 328. bhakta, 65. pArlAmenTanI tapAsa cAhane vepAra ane amerikAane navI vyavasthA, 661, 673 678-79. 678, karaja ane Ayapata, 674- { cAMcIA-89-90, 348, 37280. be kAyadA, 1681-84. sanada 376. ane mudata, 674, 683. citrakaLA-258-25. kaMpanI-pArTugIjha, 134-135. Daca IsTa inDIA kaMpanI, 235. e- jakAta tapAsaNI-335, 34, ziATIka kaMpanI, 235. eNsTenDa 353-354, 366. kaMpanI, 235. skoTiza isTa inDIA jakAta mAphI-542, 612,

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sucI. 542 jAtrA-46. pazcimAtya kavAyata-503. TeDa gIlDasa athavA vepArI saMgha-218 pipanuM pharamAna (paradezanI vaheMcaNI Dabala bhaththu-145. 1 badala)-83-86-87. DhAkAnI malamala-338. ' | prAgya praznonI karacI-54. tulanA-aMgraja ane porTugIjhanI bAdazAhanuM pharamAna-pa34-538, 115-116, 176-177. Daca ane | DAd tamAmuM- 308. piorTugIjhanI, 171-174, 188, marakI, laMDanamAM-238,37ra. 182. aMgreja isTa InDIA kaMpanI mahAmakha samAraMbha-71. nAtathA mogalanokaranI 3ra0-3ra7.| meDI tahanAmu-274. aMgreja ane Daca kaMpanInI, 217 muMbaIne ghera-361. 218, aMgreja ane phrencanA udyoga regyuleTIMga ekaTa-681-82. nI 36-348.vilAyatI ane dezI | doSa ane pariNAma-683-84. phejanI, 43-441. kule ane rAjyakAntinAM pratyakSa pariNAmakalAIvanI, 46-470. 628. tainAtija-45, 453, 461. rezama-5-6, 28-28, dastaka-542, 612. laMDanatahanAmuM-308. dukALa, gujarAtamAM-275. vakIla (aMgreja taraphathI hiMdustA che. suratamAM, 281. stAnamAM AvelA )-bhilDanahola dIvAnI ane nijhAmI-637-64ra. ! 216-217 kepTana haiokinsa, 242. dharmamatasaMzodhaka paddhati ( InakavI. kepTana kerija, 244. sara Temsa re jhIzana-155. 248. sarajana bAuTana, 284. sara viliamane rIsa, 385. je samana nevIgezana ekaTa-288, 280. ane kegI sarahada, 543. nANuM-ponDIcerI 410, khATuMnANuM | vakhAra-44-45. 653, nANunI taMgI. nakara lekene lAMca ane bakSisa vaTavelI prajAnI utpatti-116, ja ! 118, 15ra-53, 166-67. vagere-661. pahelI 6, 282. nokAzAsa, rAja putra henarI-78. | vaNakara lekenI hADamArIpahelI pRthvI-pradakSiNA 200. | 65ra-pa3,

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704 sUcI. vasAhata-44-45, 190, 2017. vepAranI jaNasa-7-8, 44, vepAra-dhanasaMpannatAnuM bIja 1-4. * 55-56, kaeNlikaTanI, 84-80, 87, yuropa aziAmAMnA prAcIna vepA- 14pa-149, 20, 236-237, ranA rAjamArga, 4-6. prAcI- 242-243, 21-72, 280, na itihAsa, 6, vaNajAra, 5. 328-331, 334-335, 342, venIsanI AbAdI, 51. yu | rApanI nAkAbaMdhI, 48. levaDa | sAmAika bhaDALanI paddhati devaDa, Apale, 5-86. piorTugIjhane ilAja ne tenI kamAI, 138, 288-281,332, saMkaTa,268305 163-1che. sthityaMtaranI jarUra 311, 334, 381-383. 143-194. khAnagI vepAra, 302. suratanI kaThI-3ra1-323. IsTa inDIA kaMpanInI AbAdI,! surata presIDensI-277. 23. niyamita ane aniyamita surekhAra-ra05, 351, 354. vepAra vacce jhagaDe, prakaraNa 13 muM 174-382. vepArane bhAla ekaThA ! kare, 386-387. kharIdI ane ka. 5 mI. paTa7. svadezahi, charavecANa, 650-65ra. vepAra khulle 473, rASTrIya vRddhInuM kAraNa, parasTamuka,655-656, cAhane vepAra ! 533. ane amerikA, 678-80. | haMsa saMdha-45-para, 218. chaRI .

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