Bhasarvagnya ke Nyayasara ka Samalochantmaka Adhyayana

Author(s): Ganeshilal Suthar
Publisher: L D Indology Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002638/1

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THE NYAYASARA OF BHASARVAJNA - A Critical and Analytical Study L. D. SERIES - 113 GENERAL EDITORS DR. H. C. BHAYANI DR. RAMESH S. BETAI BY, DR. GANESHILAL SUTHAR M.A., Ph.D. L. D. INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY, AHMEDABAD-380 009 For Private & Personal use only

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THE NYAYASARA OF BHASARVAJNA - A Critical and Analytical Study dalapata lapata The L. D. SERIES - 113 GENERAL EDITORS DR. H. C. BHAYANI DR. RAMESH S. BETAI bhAratIya tubes D ahamadAbAda Churne BY: DR. GANESHILAL SUTHAR M.A., Ph.D. L. D. INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY, AHMEDABAD-380 009

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Published by : Dr. R. S. Betai Hon. Prof. and Director-in-Charge L. D. Institute of Indology Ahmedabad-380 009. All rights reserved PRICB : RUPEES 150/Oct., 1991 FIRST EDITION Printed by: Shri Swaminarayan Mudran Mandir, Pro. K. Bhikbalal Bhavsar, 21, Purushottamnagar, New Wadaj, Ahmedabad-380 013.

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bhAsarvajJa ke 'nyAyasAra' kA. samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana krtaa| DA. gaNezIlAla suthAra ema.e., pIeca.DI. bhAratIya lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya prAcyavidyAmandira, amadAvAda-9

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FOREWORD We are so very happy to place in the hands of scholars and researchers, a critical and analytical study of the Nyayasara' of the renowned author Bhasarvajna who is one of the foremost authorities on Nyaya. He has raised and answered fully so many subtle questions. His style is fairly simple though deep in content. He rises to the highest philosophical heights, with Nyaya in which he reveals his full mastery. The present work is a Ph.D. Thesis. It was received by us for printing several years back but could not be taken up for printing due to several reasons. However, the present editors are happy the Thesis is being published. It is sincerely hoped that the work will be accorded a welcome that other research publications had in the world of scholars, researchers and academicians at large. Editors

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prAkkathana ema.e. (saMskRta) ke chAtra rUpa meM bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA adhyayana karate samaya nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke prati merI vizeSa maci jAgarita huii| tatpazcAt ema. e chAtroM ko 'nyAyabhASya' aura 'prazastapAdabhASya' par3hAte rahane se nyAyavaizeSika ke prati merI ruci itanI bar3hI ki isI darzana ke kisI viSaya para zodhakArya karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| ma. ma. gopInAtha kavirAja kA 'Gleanings from the History and Bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika Literature ' yaha prantha par3hate samaya nimnalikhita paMktiyoM ne merA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA-"As far as our present knowledge extends it may be said with justice that Bhasarvajna's Nyayasara stands unique in the history of the Mediaeval School of Nyaya Philosophy in India. But the work has not been thoroughly examined yet,......, ......" bhAratIya darzana ke anyAnya granthoM tathA lekhoM meM bhI AcArya bhAsarvajJa ke abhinava dRSTikoNa kI vizeSa carcA par3hane ko milI / isa adhyayanakrama ke pazcAt maiMne "bhAsarvajJa ke 'nyAyasAra' samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana" yaha viSaya zodha ke liye cunaa| jahA~ taka isa viSaya para kiye gaye adhyayana kA prazna hai, bhAratIya darzana tathA nyAyazAstra ke itihAsa-sambandhI granthoM meM nyAyasAra kI viSayavastu tathA bhAsarvajJa kA sAmAnya paricaya prApta hotA hai| pro. devaghara tathA zrI vI. pI. vaidya ne svasampAdita nyAyasAra ke saMskaraNoM meM 'noTsa' maMyojita kiye haiN| isake atirikta vibhinna patrikAoM meM prakAzita katipaya lekhoM meM bhAsarvajJa ke kAla tathA unakI kRtiyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kRta aura kriyamANa anusandhAnasambandhI prApya sUcanAoM aura nyAyavaizeSika ke vidvAnoM se vicAravimarza se mujhe vidita huA hai ki prastuta viSaya para isa rUpa meM koI anusandhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai| api ca, uparyukta lagabhaga samasta sAmagrI nyAyasAra kI svopajJa vivRti 'nyAyabhUSaNa' ke prakAzana se pahile likhI gaI thI, ataH bhAsarvajJa ke mata kA samyak vivecana nahIM ho sakA / 'nyAyabhUSaNa' ke prakAzana ke pazcAta isa viSaya para zodha kI mahatI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| isI dizA meM yaha laghu prayAsa hai| yaha zodhaprabandha nau vimarzo meM vibhakta hai| 'paricaya' nAmaka prathama vimarza meM AcArya bhAsarvajJa ke nAma, deza-kAla, jayanta bhaTTa, vAcaspati mizra tathA bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvAparakAlavartitva, vidyAsrota, vyaktitva para prakAza DAlane tathA kRtiparicaya dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai|

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[7] 'pramANamAmAnyalakSaNa' nAmaka dvitIya vimarza meM pramANalakSaNa, saMzaya tathA viparyaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isI vimarza meM Uha aMra anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva, pramANoM kA samplava tathA vyavasthA Adi viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 'pratyakSapramANa' nAmaka tRtIya vimarza meM bhAsarvajJasammana pratyakSalakSaNa, pratyakSazabda ke vyutpattinimitta tathA pravRtti namitta kA bheda. nirvikalpaka-savikalpa bheda, ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva, samavAya kA yauktika pratyakSatva, dravyAdipratyakSa Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 'anumAna pramANa' nAmaka caturtha vimarza meM anumAna ke sautra lakSaNa ke sambandha meM bha sarvajJamata kA pratipAdana karate hue bhAsarvajJasammata anumAnalakSaNa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isI vimarza meM vyAptisvarUpa, vyAptimahopAya, anumAna ke bheda, pratijJAdi pAMca avayava, dRSTAntAbhAsoM tathA hetvAbhAsoM kA vivecana karate hue bhAsarvajJa ke vaiziSTya kA digdarzana kiyA gayA hai / 'kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala- jAti-nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa' nAmaka paMcama vimarza meM vAda, jalpa, vinaNDA, aura chala kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa vimarza meM jAtibhedoM tathA nigrahasthAnoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / / ___ 'AgamapramANanirUpaNa' nAmaka SaSTha vimarza meM Agama pramANa ke lakSaNa, usake bheda Adi kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / isI vimarza meM bhAsarvajJamatAnusAra upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa prastuta kara usakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| __ 'prameyanirUpaNa' nAmaka saptama vimarza meM prameyavizeSa kA lakSaNa dete hue dvAdaza prameyoM kA saMkSepa meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAsarvajJasammata prameyacAturvidhyavibhAga tathA Atmasiddhi Adi kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| _ 'apavarganirUpaNa' nAmaka aSTama vimarza meM bhAsarvajJamatAnusAra apavargasvarUpa kA nirUpaNa tathA usakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| 'paravartI pranthakAroM para bhAsarvajJa kA prabhAva' nAmaka navama tathA antima vimarza meM paravartI dArzanikoM para bhAsarva ke prabhAva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM mAsarvajJAcArya kI vizeSatAoM kA digdarzana karate hae upalabdhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vaidika vijJAna, sAhitya, vyAkaraNa tathA bhAratIya darzana ke marmajJa vidvAna, parama pUjya guruvarya parivrAjaka zrI surajanadAsajI svAmI ke caraNoM meM maiM praNatipUrvaka kRtajJatAjJApana karatA hU~, jinakI preraNA se hI bhAratIya darzana ke adhyayana meM merI pravRtti huI / Apake kuzala nirdezana se ho maiM isa zodhakArya ko sampanna kara sakA huuN| vizvavidyAlaya-sevA se nivRtta hone ke pazcAta vaidikavijJAnasambandhI lekhanAtmaka kArya meM atyadhika vyasta hone para bhI apanA amUlya samaya dekara merI zodhakArya: sambandhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA hai / etadartha maiM unakA atyanta abhArI huuN|

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[8] vArANasI-pravAsa-kAla meM mujhe bhAratIya darzanazAstroM ke prakANDa vidvAn parama pUjya udAsInavarya svAmI yogIndrAnandajI ke caraNoM meM baiThakara nyAyasambandhI aneka samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA saubhAgya prApta huA hai / 'advaitasiddhi ke sampAdanakArya meM atyadhika vyasta hone para bhI unhoMne apanA amUlya samaya diyA / etadartha maiM pUjya svAmIjI mahArAja kA atyanta AbhArI huuN| nyAyazAstra ke udbhaTa vidvAn parama AdaraNIya pro. badarInAthajI zukla ke caraNoM meM baiThakara mujhe-'nyAyabhUSaNa', 'nyAyamuktAvalI,' 'nyAyatAtparyadIpikA' Adi granthoM ke kaThina sthaloM ke abhiprAya samajhane kA sundara avasara prApta huA hai / etadartha maiM unakA hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| api ca, prastuta zodhaprabandha ke liye sAmagrI-saMgraha hetu paTanA, kurukSetra Adi sthAnoM kI yAtrA karane tathA vahAM nyAyavaizeSika ke adhikArI vidvAnoM se vicAravimarza karane kA saubhAgya prApta huA hai| snehamUrti svargIya DaoN. dazaratha zarmA (bhUtapUrva prophesara, itihAsa-vibhAga, jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura), AdaraNIya DaoN. rasika vihArI jozI (hamAre bhUtapUrva adhyakSa tathA vartamAna prophesara, saMskRta-vibhAga, dillI vizvavidyAlaya) ne zodhakArya ke liye preraNA aura sujhAva diye / etadartha maiM unakA AbhArI huuN| zraddheya DA. nAgaramala sahala (adhyakSa, aMgrejI-vibhAga, jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya) tathA AdaraNIya DaoN. rAjakRSNa dUgar3a (prAdhyApaka, hindI-vibhAga, jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya) kI nirantara preraNA va sahayoga ke liye meM atyanta AbhArI huuN| kendrIya granthAlaya, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI pustakAlaya, zrI udAsIna saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI, zrI goyanakA saMskRta pustakAlaya, vArANasI, kendrIya granthAlaya, kAzI hindu vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI: zrI sumera sArvajanika puskAlaya, jodhapura, kendrIya granthAlaya, jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura tathA rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA-pratiSThAna, jodhapura meM zodhopayogI sAmagrI ke liye adhyayana kA avasara prApta huA hai| ina sabhI saMsthAoM ke adhikAriyoM ke sahayoga ke liye maiM unake prati AbhArI huuN| anta meM maiM una sabhI kalyANa-mitroM ke prate kRtajJatAjJApana karatA hU~ jinase mujhe zodhakArya vedhi meM sahAyatA prApta huI hai| - gaNezIlAla suthAra

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saMketa-sUcI nyA.bhU. nyA.mu. nyAyabhUSaNaM nyAyamuktAvalI myAyavArtika nyA.vA. nyA.sU. nyAyasUtra pA.sU. pANinisUtra pra.paM. prakaraNapabcikA pra.pA.bhA. prazastapAdabhASya JBRS The Journal of the Bihar Research Society

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anukramaNikA pRSTha ... 1-20 prAkkathana saMketa-sUcI prathama-vimarza-paricaya nAma deza kAla bhAsa aura jayanta kA paurvAparya vAcaspati aura bhAsarvajJa kA paurvAparya vAcaspati mAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI bhAsarvajJa vAcaspati ke pUrvavartI vidyAsrota vyaktitva kRtiparicaya nyAyabhUSaNa ::::::::::: ... 21-46 dvitIya vimarza-pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa pramANalakSaNavimarza saMzayanirUpaNa saMzaya ke bheda niSkarSa jaha kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva aha ke pRthak abhidhAna kA prayojana anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva niSkarSa viparyaya nirUpaNa svapna ke pRthagrahAnatva kA nirAkaraNa akhyAti Adi ATha khyAtiyA~ pramANa-saMkhyA pratyakSa pramANavAdI cArvAka ke mata kA khaNDana pramANasamalava tathA pramANaviplava pramANasampalatra-tatsaMbaMdhI boDo kI AzaMkA kA nirAkaraNa :::::::::::: 0 C0mm SCENG SM NAGM. ::

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pRSTha ...47-80 tRtIya vimarza-pratyakSa pramANa pratyakSalakSaNavimarza pratyakSa zabda ke vyutpatti-nimitta tathA pravRtti nimitta kA bheda pratyakSatvAdi ke jAtitva kI vyavasthA nyAyasUcakArakRta lakSaNa kA prayojana pratyakSabhedanirUpaNa ayogipratyakSa dravyapratyakSanirUpaNa ghaTAdigata jAti tathA guNAdi kA pratyakSa zabda tathA zabdatvAdi sAmAnya kA pratyakSa zabda kA dravyatvAnumAna aura usakA nirAsa zabda ke Azraya kA nirUpaNa bhAkAza kI zrotrarUpatA amAvapratyakSa saMyoganirUpaNa samavAyapratyakSa yogipratyakSa Aya'jJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva savikalpaka pratyakSa nirvikalpaka jJAna ...81-144 caturtha vimarza-anumAna pramANa bhaSinAmAva avinAbhAvanizcaya kI sAmagrI vyAptigrahaNa ke viSaya meM bhAsarvajJa kA svamata li vaividhya svArtha-parArtha bheda avayavanirUpaNa pratijJA-nirUpaNa hetunirUpaNa hetvAbhAsanirUpaNa asiddha visa hetvAbhAsa anakAntika madhyavasita

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(12) pRSTha ... 119 ... 125 ... 127 127 kAlAtyayApadiSTa prakaraNasama viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatvAzaMkA zaMkA-nirAsa udAharaNa udAharaNAbhAsa sAdhodAharaNAbhAsa vaidhamyodAharaNAbhAsa upanayanirUpaNa nigamananirUpaNa 134 ... 135 ... 138 paJcama vimarza-kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala-jAti-nigrahasthAna nirUpaNa ... 145-186 kathA-bAda-nirUpaNa 145 jalpanirUpaNa 150 vitaNDA 151 153 vAkchala ... 154 sAmAnyacchala ... 155 upacAracchala jAtilakSaNavimarza jAtibhedanirUpaNa nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa ... 175 156 ... 158 ... 187-204 ... 190 ... 191 ... 193 SaSTha vimarza-AgamapramANa nirUpaNa Agamadvaividhya varNanityatA kA nirAkaraNa arthApatti kA pramANAntarasvanirAkaraNa saMbhava kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa abhAva kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa aitiha ya kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa ceSTA kA pramANAntarasvanirAkaraNa upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa sUtravirodhaparihAra AlocanA 196 196 177 ... 201

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(13) pRSTha ... 205-222 saptama vimarza-prameyanirUpaNa prameNa vizeSalakSaNa zarIra indriya artha buddhi mana pravRtti doSa pretyabhAva phala 210 210 211 211 211 2 216 apavarga prameyoM kI mokSopayogitA . prameyoM kA heyAdicAturvidhyavibhAga AtmA Izvarasiddhi 211 aparAtmavicAra Atmanityatva Atmavibhutva AtmajJAna kA prayojana 220 paramAtmA aSTama vimarza-apavarganirUpaNa navama vimarza-paravartI granthakAroM para bhAsarvajJAcArya kA prabhAva upasaMhAra sahAyaka-grantha-sUcI 218 220 ... 222-230 231-243 ... 214-249 ... 250-256

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prathama vimarza paricaya kumakuma - kesara ko prarohasthalI kAzmIra pradeza jisa prakAra apanI anupama prAkRtika suSamA ke kAraNa paryaTakoM ke AkarSaNa kA kendra haiM, usI prakAra prAcIna kAla meM bauddha, brAhmaNa, nyAya, zaiva pratyabhijJAdarzana tathA anya darzanasampradAyoM ke paripakva cintana kI dRSTi se prajJAvAnoM ke liye spRhaNIya rahA hai / nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa ke madhyakAlIna yugameM vahAM bauddha aura brAhmaNa nyAya kI sAtha-sAtha samRddha hone lage / kAzmIra nyAyasampradAya ke naiyAyikoMne ekAntaH vAtsyAyana aura vArtitakAra kA anugamana nahIM kiyA hai, unameM svatantra cintanapravRtti kA vikAsa huA / usa sampradAya meM AcArya bhAjJa ke pUrvavartI naiyAyika bhaTTa sAhaTa, jayanta bhaTTa. vizvarUpa, pravara Adi the / unake sAtha AcArya bhAsarvajJa kA sambandha aba taka spaSTatayA parijJAta nahIM ho pAyA hai / na kevala kAzmIra nyAyasampradAya meM, apitu madhyakAlIna samasta naiyAyiko meM AcArya bhAsarvajJakA krAntikArI naiyAyika ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / guru, AcArya, paramAcArya tArkika sArvabhauma, 8 vArtikakRt *, bhUSaNakAra, " nyAyAlaGkaraNa, nyAyasAratarka sUtra vidhAyaka, ' zAkhakAracakracakravatI, pAzupatAcArya, 1 - ina sanmAnasUcaka 1. ( a )... ityAha no guruH / -- -nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR 23 (ba) samyak padAdi vadati sma guru: kRpAluH // - vahI, pR. 114 2. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 57,80,03, 176 ityAdi. 3. paramAcAryatArkika sArvabhaumazrImA sarvajJa praNIte nyAyasAraprakaraNe AgamaparicchedaH samAptaH nyAyasAra, nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa, 1910, pR. 32 4. tadetadvicArAsahatayA tituccha mitijJApanArtha pratijJAmAtramevAtra vArtikakRtA kRtaM samyagiti / -- nyAyasAravicAra, pR. 28. 5. bhUSaNakArastu tathAbhUtArthaM nizca" svabhAvatvaM samyaktvam / - nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 56. 6. nyAyAlaGakaraNa trilocanavacaspatyAhvayAn helayA / --jJAna zrInibandhAvali, pR. 156. 7. bhAsarvajJo nyAyasAratarkasUtra vidhAyakaH / - SaDdarzanasamuccaya ( rAjazekharakRta) 8. ...zAstrakAracakacakravartI zrIbhAsarvajJAcAryaH prathamapadyena pratijAnIte / -- nyAyatAtparyadapikA, pR 44. 9. pAzupatAcArya zrIbhAsarva jJapraNIta nyAyabhUSaNopalabdhyA anayA lokottaramAnandasandohamanubo mabItyayam / - ma.ma. gopInAtha kavirAja -- nyAyabhUSaNa kA upAdughAta, bhAnyA - 1

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nyAyasAra padoM se nyAyasAra ke TIkAkAra tathA anya tArkikoM ne unakA samAdara kiyA hai| paricaya nAmaka prathama vimarza meM unhIM ke nAma, deza, kala, vidyAstotra, vyaktitva aura kRtitva kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karane kA prayAya kiyA jA rahA hai| nAma bhAsarvajJa nAma atyanta vilakSaNa pratIta hotA hai / vAstava meM unakA pUrA nAma bhAvasarvajJa thA / gaNakArikA kI prastAvanA meM cimanalAla DI. dalAla mahodayane yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki vairAvala prazasti (balabhI saMvat 850). aura acalagar3ha zilAlekha meM ullikhita pAzupata AcAryo ke bhAvabRhaspati, bhAvajJa aura bhAvazaMkara Adi nAmoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki 'bhAva' zabda pAzupata AcAryoM ke nAma se pahile prayukta hotA thA / api ca, nyAyabhUSaNa ke prathama pariccheda ke anta meM bhAvasarvajJa nAma kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ataH yaha pratIta hotA hai ki bhA' bhAva kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| bhAsarvajJa nAma hI lokapriya hai, kyoMki nyAyasAra ke TIkAkAroM tathA anya granthakAroM ne isI nAma kA prayoga kiyA hai / deza saMskRta-vAGmaya ke adhikAMza prAcIna vidvAnoM kI yaha pravRtti rahI hai ki unhoM ne apane granthoM meM deza-kAla kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| bhAsarvajJa bhI unake apavAra nahIM hai| parantu unake deza ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM kI prAyaH sunizcita dhAraNA hai ki ve kAzmIra pradeza ke nivAsI the / unakI zivabhakti se bhI isakI puSTi 1. gaNakArikA, bhUmikA, pR. 1 2. iti zrImadAcAryabhAvasarvajJaviracite / nyAyabhUSaNe saMgrahavAti ke prathamaH pariccheda: samAptaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 187. 3. (a) The curtain rises with the appearance on the scene of Bhasarvajna, the author of Nyayasara, in Kashmir....Kaviraj, Gopinath. Glean. ings from the History and Bibliography of the Nyayavaiserika Literature, P. 2 (ba) He seems to me to have been a native of Kashmir. - Vidyabhusana, S.C. -A History of Indian Logic, P. 357. (sa) ...Bhasarvajna, who very probably belonged to Kashmir,... -Bhatta. ____charya, D.O. -History of Navya-Nyaya in Mithila. P. 37. (da) bhAsarvajJa prAyaH kAzmIrI brAhmaNa the / -nyAyadarzanaparicaya, prathamakhaNDa, 1 17. 4. (a) praNamya zamma jagataH patiM param |-nyaaysaar, maMgalAcaraNa- zloka (ba) tasmAcchivadarzanAnmokSa iti |-nyaaysaar, pR. 39,

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paricaya hai, kyoMki una dinoM kAzmIra meM zaivamata kA pracura pracalana thA / pro. rAdhAkRSNana ne unako kAzmIra zaivasampradAya se sambaddha batalAyA hai| unakI kAzmIra nivAsitA kI puSTi hetu pramANa dete hue pro. vidyAbhUSaNa ne kahA hai ki kAzmIra-nivAsI sarvajJamitra (775 I.) aura sarvajJa deva (1025 I.) ke nAma se atyadhika sAmya ke kAraNa bhAsarvajJa bhI kAzmIra nivAsI the, aisA pratIta hotA hai / yaha bhI mujhe jJAta huA hai ki eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA ke granthAlaya meM kisI grantha meM 'kAzmIra. jAtena' aisA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAsarvajJa kAzmIrI the / kAla bhAsarvajJa aura vAcaspati mizra ke pUrvAparakAlavartitva ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, jisakA ullekha Age kiyA jAyegA, parantu svayaM bhAsatrajJa kA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI hai, yaha ni sandigdha hai| pro. rAdhAkRSNana, mahAmahopAdhyAya satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa, pro. dinezacandra bhaTTAcArya, mahAmahopAdhyAya vindhyezvarIprasAda, zrI sI. DI. dalAla' Adi vidvAnoM ne bhAsarvajJa kA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| svAmI yogIndrAnanda ne bhAsarvajJa ke kAla ke viSaya meM ma.ma. vidyAbhUSaNa ke mata kA samarthana karate hue nimnalikhita tarka diye haiM -- (1) AcArya udayana kA samaya 984 I. hai| usake dvArA Alocita bauddha dArzanika jJAnazrI kA samaya 960 I. hai / jJAnazrI ke dvArA samAlocita bhAsarvajJa kA kAla 930 I. hai| 822 I. meM vidyamAna zrI maNDanamizra kA khaNDana karate hue karNakagomI kA samaya navama zatAbdI kA antima bhAga honA cAhie / kaNakagomo dvArA sAMkhyA cArya mAdhava ko diye gaye sAMkhyanAzaka vizeSaNa pada kA vivaraNa dete hue se bhAsarvajJa kahate hai- 'mAdhavamatAbhyupagame tu sAMkhyanAza eva' (nyAya bhUSaNa, pR. 569) / ataH usase paravartI yaha AcArya dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM honA cAhie / 1. (a) nyAyasAra, (madrAsa gavarnameNTa oriyaNTala sIrIja, 16.61) English Intro, P. 7. (a) He shows a marked Shaiva influence: and so it is further premised of him that he was a native of Kasbmir where Shaiva-belief was always strong --Nyayasara (Poona, 1922), Introduction, P. 4. 2. He is a Saivite, perhaps of the Kashmir Sect,... 3. A History of Indian Logic, P. 351.- Indian Phil., Vol. II. p. 40. 4. Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, P. 40. 5. A History of Indian Logic, P. 358. 6. History of Navya-Nyaya in Mitbila, P. 37. 7. gaNakArikA, bhUmikA, pR. 1.. 8. nyAyabhUSaNa, prAmbandha, pR. 6,7.

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4 nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyabhUSaNa meM diGnAga, dharmakIrti aura prajJAkaragupta ina bauddha dArzanikoM ke matoM kA vistArapUrvaka nirAkaraNa kiyA hai / mahApAla ke samaya, jinakA dehAvasAna 940 I. meM huA, prajJAkara gupta vidyamAna the / ' bhAsarvajJa ke siddhAntoM kA sarvaprathama khaNDana karanevAle bauddhoM meM jJAnazrI the / unako atIza athavA dIpaMkara zrIjJAna (982 - 1055 e. DI.) kA samakAlavartI batalAyA hai / " ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAsarvajJa ke kAla kI uttarasImA dasavIM zatAbdI se Age nahIM ho sakatI / bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsavidoM ke pUrvasaMketita matoM kA avalokana karane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki unameMse katipaya bhAsarvajJa kA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnate haiM aura kucha anya dasavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha / parantu itanA nizcita hai ki bhAsajJa kA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI hai aura isake madhyakAla meM ve vidyamAna the / bhAsarvajJa aura jayanta kA paurvAparya bhAsarvajJa jayantabhaTTa ke paravartI the / unake paravartitva ko pramANita karane ke liye aneka pramANa upalabdha haiM / unameM se katipaya yahAM prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM : 1. bhAsarvajJa yadi jayanta ke paravartI na hote, to jayanta tripramANavAdanirUpaNa ke prasaMga meM avazya bhAsarvajJa kA mata dekara khaNDana karate, parantu jayanta ne kevala sAMkhya kI carcA kI hai - trINi pramANAnIti sAMkhyAH / * B 2. dikkAla ke samarthana ke avasara para jayanta ne dikkAla kI bhAsarvajJakRta avahelanA kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai, ataH bhAsarvajJa paravartI the / 3. yadi bhAsarvajJa jayanta ke pUrvavartI hote, jayanta bhAsarvajJakRta upamAna pramANa kI avadhIraNA ke to upamAnanirUpaNa ke prasaMga meM aparAdha ko kSamA na karate / 4. 'nityaM sukhamAtmano mahattvavanmokSe vyajyate' (nyA bhA 111 / 22 ) isa nyAyabhASyakAra lakSita pakSa ko jayanta ne vedAntiyoM kA hI batalAyA hai - 'tatra vedAntavAdina Ahu:'" / mokSa meM nityasukhAbhivyakti pakSa ko mAnane vAle bhAsarvajJa ke mata kA jayanta ne nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai, ataH bhAsarvajJa kI parivartitA siddha hotI hai / 1. Vidyabhusana, S. C. - A History of Indian Logic, P. 336. 2. Bhattacharya, D. C. - History of Navya - Nyaya in Mithila, P. 36. 3. Ibid, P. 15. 4. nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 26. 5. tasmAdeko'vyayaM kAlaH kriyAbhedAdvibhidyate / etena sadRzanyAyAnmantavyA diksamarthitA // -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 127. 6. nyAyamaMjarI, uttarabhAga, pR. 77.

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paricaya 5 bhAsarvajJa ne aneka sthaloM para jayanta ke matavAdoM kA anuvAda kiyA hai / / udAharaNArtha eka prastuta hai| 'yathA bAhyakelipradezAdAbUlatvaviziSTadharmidarzanAt puruSeNAnena bhavitavyamiti pratyayaH / 1 'yathA bAhyAlipradeze puruSeNAnena bhavitavyamityUhaH / / bhAsarvajJa ne jayanta ke matavAdoM kA anuvAda hI nahIM kiyA hai, apitu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA hai / jaise-'tatpUrvaka matyAdi, anumAnamiti lakSya. nirdezaH, tatpUrvaka meti lakSaNama, 5 isa vArtikakArAdi tathA jayantamata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai- ' atra tatpUrvakamityetAvadevAnumAnalakSaNamiti na budhyaamhe|' 6. bhAsarvajJane jayantAbhimata sAmagrIkAraNatAvAda ko uddhRta kiyA hai, isase bhI bhAsarvajJakI parivartitA siddha hotI hai| vAcaspati aura bhAsarvajJa kA paurvAparya bhAsarvajJa vAcaspati ke pUrvavartI the yA paravartI, yaha vivAdAspada viSaya hai| isa viSaya ko lekara darzanetihAsavidoM meM do mAnyatAeM haiM / vAcaspati mizra dvArA 'nyAyasUcInibandha' meM ullikhita 'vasvaMkavasuvatsare (898) meM vatsara ko katipaya vidvAna zaka saMvat mAnate haiM aura kucha vikrama saMvat / vasvaMkavasuvatsara ke bAre meM ina do mAnyatAoM ke kAraNa vAcaspati ke kAla ko lekara do mAnyatAeM pracalita haiN| ina do mAnyatAoM tathA anya pramANoM ke AdhAra para bhAsarvajJa aura vAcaspati ke pUrvAparakAlavartitva ke viSaya meM bhI do mata pracalita haiN| paravartI darzanetihAsavidoM ke zodha ke anusAra vAcaspati bhAsavajJa ke paravatIM haiM, parantu abhI taka isa viSaya meM ve eka susthira mAnyatA nahIM banA pAye haiM / ataH donoM mAnyatAoM kA yahAM saMkSepa se alaga alaga ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai 1. vahI, pR. 145. 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 20. 3 nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 113. 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 19.. 5. anye tu vailakSaNyamAtreNa kArakANAm atizayAnupapatti manyamAnAH sAmagryA eva sAdhakatama tvamAhuH |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 60. 6. nyAyasUcInibandho'sAvakAri sudhiyAM mude / zrIvAcaspati mizreNa vasvaMkavasubatsare ||-nyaaysuuciinibndh,

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nyAyasAra vAcaspati bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI pro0 dAsagupta', mahAmahopAdhyAya satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa' pro0 raadhaakRssnnn| ma0 ma0 gopInAtha kavirAja, pro0 saryanArAyaNa zAstrI tathA pro0 kunhana rAjA,, pro0 sAtkAr3a mukhopAdhyAya, ddeN| dharmendra nAtha zAstrI' Adi vidvAnoM ne vAcaspati mizra dvArA ullikhita vatsara ko vikrama saMvat mAnA hai aura tadanusAra 841 i prApta hotA hai / bhAsarvajJa kA kAla dasavIM zatAbdI nizcita hai, ataH ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra bhAsarva vAcaspati se paravatI siddha hote haiN| ina vidvAnoM kA mukhya tarka yaha hai ki udayana ne lakSaNAvalI meM 'tarkAmbarAMka' aisA nirdeza kara lakSagAvalI kA racanAkAla 906 zaka saMvata batalAyA hai| vAcaspati ke vastraMkatrasuvatsara ko 898 zaka saMvat mAnane para donoM samakAlIna ho jAte haiM, jo kathamapi saMbhava nahIM / kyoMki udayanAcArya ne vAcaspati mizra kI nyAyavArtika. tAtparyaTIkA para parizuddhi TIkA likhI hai, a: donoM ke bIca paryApta samaya kA antarAla honA cAhie / (2) 898 vikrama saMvat mAnane para vAcaspati kA parivatI bauddha ratnakIrti udayana se lagabhaga 100 varSa prAcIna ho jaayegaa| udayana ne bauddha para A prahAra kiyA, paNDitoM meM pracalita isa mAnyatA ke bhI yaha anukUla par3atA hai / 10 (3) svAmI yogIndrAnanda kA kathana hai ki yadyapi bhAsarvajJa ne vAcaspati kA nAmollekha nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi unake matakI carcA kI hai| apanI isa mAnyatA kI sampuSTi meM svAmIjo ne nyAyabhUSaNa ko bhUmikA meM nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA aura nyAyabhaSaNa donoM se katipaya samAnaviSayaka uddharaNa diye haiN|11 nidazena 1. A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, P. 307. 2. A History of Indian Logic, P. 133. 3. Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, p. 40. 4. Gleanings from the History and Bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaise sika . Literature, P. 14. 5. The Bhamati of Vacaspati, Introduction, P. ix. 6. The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux, P. 33. 7. bhAratIya darzanazAstra-nyAyavaizeSika, pR. 119, 120. 8. tAmbarAMka miteSvatIteSu zakAstataH / varSeSadayanazca ke subodhAM lakSAvalIm ||-lkssnnaavlii, aMtima zloka. 9. The Bhamati of Vacaspati, Introduction, P. ix. 10. The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux, P. 33. 11. nyAyabhUSaNa, prAgbandha, pR. 10, 11.

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paricaya yahAM prastuta kiye jA rahe hai : 1. "lakSaNasya vyatirekihetutyaM pratipAditaM vAcaspatimizreNa-'lakSaNaM' nAma vyatirekihetuvacanam (tA TI. pR. 98) tadetadupanyasya nyAyabhUSaNe 'lakSaNasyApi nizcaya. sAdhanatvena pramANatvAt / atha lakSaNaM kiM pramANaparyAya uta pratyakSAdInAmanyatamAt, tadarthAntaraM kA ? kevalavyatirekItyeke (nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 9) / / 2. 'saMzayalakSaNe 'anavadhAraNAtmakazca pratyayazca' (nyA.vA. pU. 12) iti vArtikoktasya virodhaM mizra paryahArSIt -paramArthatastu pratyayazabdo jJAnapa yaH, jJAnavaM tu sAmAnyaM saMzayAdiSvapyastIti na virodha iti' (tA.TI , pR 244) / tanmanasi kRtvA proktama 'anavasAdhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH (nyA. sA. pR. 12) / tanna tameva virodhamudbhAvya tadeva samAdhAnamabhyadhAd bhAsarvajJaH -'anavadhAraNaM ca tajJAnaM ceti vyAghAtAnna yukta mati cen na; goza dAdivajjAtinimittatvAjJa zabdazyA...sA ca jJAnavajAtinizcayAnizca yasvabhAvAsu vyaktiSu vartate' (nyA bhU. pR 12) / ' bhAsarvajJa vAcaspati se pUrvavartI pro. dinezacandra bhaTTAcArya Adi vidvAnoMne vAcaspati ke vambaMkavasuvatsara ko 898 zaka saMvat mAnA hai / tadanusAra bhAsarvajJa vAcaspati ke jyeSTha samasAmayika siddha hote haiM / ina vidvAnoM ke mukhya tarka isa prakAra haiM 1. kAzbhIra nareza zaMkara varmA (882-902 I.) ke samakAlIna jayanta kA kAla sunicita hai| tAtparyaparizuddhi meM udayana ne likhA hai ki vAcaspati ne upamAnaphala ke sambandha meM vipratipati ke nirAkaraNArtha jayantamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isase yaha pramANita hai ki bAcaspati jayanta ke paravartI the aura aisI sthiti meM vAcaspati kA kAla 841 i. nahIM ho sakatA / ataH 898 zaka (saMvat 976 i) hI mAnanA hogA / tadanusAra vAcaspati kI apekSA kucha bhAsarvajJa pUrvavato ho jAte haiN| (2) yadyapi udayana kI lakSaNAvalI kA racanAkAla 606 (tarkAmbarAGka) zaka saMvat ekamAtra sarasvatIbhavana kI hastalipi meM ullikhita hai aura udayana ne tAtparyaparizaddhi meM tAtparyaTIkA ke pAThAntaroM kA vivecana kiyA hai| vAcaspati (976 I0) ko udayana (984 I) ke samakAlIna mAnane para yaha sambhava nahIM hotA / tathApi tarkasvarAGka pATha honA cAhiye / aisA mAnane para 70 varSa aura prApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra pro0 bhaTTAcAryane udayana kA janmakAla lagabhaga 1025 I. tathA unakA kAryakAla 1. vahI, pR. 10. 2. vahI, pR. 10, 11. 3. atropamAnasya phale vipratipadyamAnAn prati sAzaMka jarannaiyAyika jayanta prabhRtInAM parihAramAha ... / -tAtparyazuddha, - 116. 4. Bhattacharya, D, C. : History of Navya-Nyaya in Mithila, P. 2.

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nyAyasAra 1850-1100 I. mAnA hai| ataH vAcaspati kA kAla 676 I.) mAnane para bhI udayana ke samakAlIna hone ko Apatti kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| 3. jJAnazrI ke anusAra cAra vibhinna dikpradezoM se AnevAle nyAyazAstra ke diggaja vidvAna zaMkara, bhAsarvajJa, trilocana aura vAcaspati haiN| chandobhaMga na ho, isa dRSTi se nyAyabhUSaNa ke sthAna para paryAya zabda nyAyAlaMkaraNa kA trilocana se pahale prayoga kiyA gayA hai / parantu jJAnazrI ke kSaNabhaMgAdhyAya aura ratnakIti kI kSaNabhaMgasiddhi meM spaSTatayA nyAyabhUSaNa nAma diyA hai aura vaha bhI trilocana ke bAda tathA vAcaspati ke phle| isa nAmakrama ko etihAsika samajha kara bhAsarvajJa ko vAcaspati se pUrvavatI' mAnA jAtA hai| (3) bhAsarvajJa ne dvitva ke pRthagguNatva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| ataH zrI vallabhAcAryane nyAyalIlAvatI meM bhAsarvajJa kI AlocanA karate hue kahA hai - "tadidaM cirantanavaizeSikamatadUSaNaM bhUSaNakArasyAtitrapAkaram / tadiyamatAmnAtatA bhAsarvajJasya yadayamAcAryamadhyavamanyate / tathA ca tadanuyAyinastAtparyAcoryasya siMhanAdaH 'saMvideva hi bhagavatI'tyAdi / "" yahAM AcAryapada se udyotakara abhipreta haiM, jinakI dvitvasthApanA kA bhAsarvajJanane khaNDana kiyA hai / tAtparyAcArya vAcaspati mizra haiM, jinhoMne bhAsarvajJa kI AlocanA kA khaNDana tathA udyotakarapakSa kA samarthana karate hue kahA hai - 'saMvideva hi bhagavatI / ' tAtparyaTokA meM isI saMdarbha meM yaha paMkti mila gaI hai - 'saMvideva bhagavatI vastUpagame naH zaraNam / ' isa prakAra vAcaspatikRta bhAsarvajJamatakhaNDana se vAcaspati kA bhAsajJa kI apekSA paravartitva jJAta hotA hai| __ bhAsarvajJa trilocana ke paravatI the, kyoMki unhoMne udAharaNAbhAsoM ke prasaMga meM trilocanasammati kA ullekha kiyA hai, jaisA ki bhaTTa rAghava ke kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai / trilocana vAcaspati ke guru the, jaisA ki tAtparyaTIkA meM unhoMne spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai - 'trilocanagurUnnItamArgAnugamanonmukhaH / yathAnyAyaM yathAvastu vyAkhyAtamidamodRzam // ' isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhAsarvajJa trilocana ke kaniSTha samasAmayika the aura vAcaspati ke jyeSTha samasAmayika / 1. Ibid, P. 51. 2. lbid, P. 36. 3. lbid, P. 36. 4. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 41. 5. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, kalakattA, 1944, pR. 506. 6. anye tu sandehadvAreNAparAnaSTAvudAharaNAbhAsAn varNayanti |-nyaaysaar, pR. 13. 7. atrAdyAH SaDita ye tu dRSTAntadoSadvAreNAbhAsA abhihitAste yathA dRSTAntadoSanizcayAta nizcitAstathA tadoSasandehAt sandigdhA iti matsvamataM tatrilocanAcAryasammatamityAha / nyAyasAravicAra, pR. 59, 8. nyAyadarzana-prathama bhAga (mithilA vidyApITha, 1968), pR. 226.

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paricaya . kintu pro. dinezacandra bhaTTAcArya Adi ne bhAsarvajJa ko vAcaspati ke jyeSTha samasAmayika siddha karane ke liye jo tarka prastuta kiye haiM. ve grAhya nahIM haiN| prathama tarka meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki nyAyamaJjarIkAra jayanta bhaTTa kA kAla kAzmIra nareza zaGkara varmA (883 - 902 I.) ke samakAlika hone se sunizcita hai| upamAnakAla ke sambandha meM vipratipadyamAna puruSoM ke prati AzaGkaHpUrvaka jarannaiyAyika jayanta Adi kA parihAra 'yapi yatho gaurava gavayaH' ityAdi sandarbha ke dvArA batalAyA hai, etadarthaka tAtparyaparizuddhi meM udayanAcArya kI uki se siddha honA hai ki vAcaspati ne jayanta bhaTTa ke mata ko arthataH grahaNa kiyA hai| isa rIti se jaba vAcaspati mizra jayanta bhadra se paravatA haiM, taba vAcaspati kA kAla 898 vikrama saMvat arthAt 841 I. siddha nahIM hotA / yaha tarka isaliye asaMgata hai ki kevala tAtparyapArazuddhikAra kI uparyukta ukti se hI yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki tAtparyaTIkAkAra ne jayanta kA mata uddhRta kiyA hai| - nyAyamaMjarI ke upamAnaprakaraNa ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa hai ki nyAyamaMjarIkAra ne upamAna-phala ke viSaya meM do mata batalAye haiN| prathama yaha hai ki 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' yaha vAkya aprasiddha gavaya kA prasiddha go ke sAtha sAdRzya batalAtA haA aprasiddha gavaryApaNDa gavaya zabda kA saMjJI hai yaha batalAtA hai aura yaha upamAna kA phala hai / yadyapi yaha jJAna 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa vAkya se bhI ho sakatA hai, tathApi vaktA puruSa 'gavayapiNDa gavaya zabdavAcya hai' isake jJAna ke liye 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' ityAkAraka sAdRzyajJAna ko usakA upAya batalA rahA hai / ataH AraNyaka puruSa ke vAkya se gavaya zabda gavayapiNDa kA vAcaka hai isa artha ko nAgarika pratipattA nahIM jAnatA, kintu araNya meM gavayapiNDa ko dekhakara gAya ke sAtha usakA sAdRzya dekhatA hai aura 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa atideza-vAkyakA smaraNa kara usake dvArA hI uparyukta upamAnaphala kA jJAna karatA hai / upamAnaphala ke sambandha meM isa mata kA ullekha vRddha naiyAyikoM ke nAma se kiyA hai| upamAnaphala ke sambandha meM dUsarA mata jayanta ne yaha batalAyA hai ki 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa atidezavAkya ko sunanevAlA puruSa vana meM jAtA hai aura indriya dvArA aprasiddha gavayapiNDa meM prasiddha go ke sAdRzya kA jJAna karatA hai aura go ke samAna gavaya hotA hai isa atidezavAkyArtha kA smaraNa hotA hai / smaraNa hote hI yaha gatraya zabda gavayapiNDa kA vAcaka hai aisA saMjJAsaMjJisambandhajJAnarUpa phala utpanna ho jAtA hai / ataH indriyajanya gavaya meM gosAdRzyajJAna 'yahI gavayapiNDa gavayazabdavAcya hai' isa pratItirUpa phala kA janaka hone se upamAna hai| isa mata ko jayanta ne 'adyatanAstu' pada se batalAyA hai| 1. atra vRddhanaiya yikAstAvadevamupamA nasvarUpamAcakSate saMjJAsaMjJisambandhapratItiphalaM prasiddhatarayoH sArUpyapratipAdakamatidezavAkyamevopamAnam...ityAdi / -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 128-129 2. nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 129, bho.nyA--2

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10 nyAyasAra isa dvitIya mata kA 'pratyakSamayI ca (prasiddhaH), yathA gosAdRzyaviziSTo'yamIdRzaH piNDa iti / tatra pratyakSamayI prasiddhirAgamAhitasmRtyapekSA samAkhyAsambandhapratipattihetuH, ityAdi sandarbha ke dvArA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| kintu yaha mata jayanta kA hai, isameM koI pramANa nahIM / yadi jayanta kA svayaM kA hotA, to 'vayaM tu bramaH' rUpase ullekha karate / jayanta ne to upamAnaphala ke sambandha meM vRddha naiyAyikA tathA adyatanoM ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai / vastutaH yaha mata tAtparyaTIkAkAra kA hai| usIkA 'adyatanAstu' se jayanta bhaTTa ne ullekha kiyA hai, kyoMki yaha mata prathama vAcaspati ke dvArA hI tAtparyaTIko meM batalAyA gayA hai| jayanta bhaTTa vAcaspati ke paravatI the, yaha Age batalAyA jAnevAlA hai / ataH jayanta ke dvArA usakA ullekha upayukta hai| 2 kSaNabhaGgAdhyAya tathA kSaNabhaGgasiddhi meM vAcaspati se pUrva nyAyabhUSaNa (bhAsarvajJa) kA ullekharUpa dvitIya tarka bhI bhAsarvajJa ke vAcaspati se pUrva hone meM tAttvika pramANa nahIM ho sakatA, jaba taka kisI pramANa se bhAsarvajJa kA vAcaspati se pUrva astitva siddha nahIM ho jAtA / api tu vAcaspati mizra hI bhAsarvajJa se pUrvavartI haiM, jasA ki Age batalAyA jAnevAlA hai| tRtIya tarUpa saMkhyAnirUpaNa meM 'saMvi deva hi bhagavatI vastUpagame naH zaraNam' yaha vAcaspati kI ukti kevala udyotakAramatasamarthanArtha tathA saMkhyA ke pRthagguNatva kI svIkRti meM pramANarUpa se upanyasta hai| isake dvArA bhAsarvajJa ke mata kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hai| anyathA dvitvasaMkhyA ke khaNDana ke liye prastuta bhAsarvajJa ke tarkoM kA ve nirAkaraNa krte| nyAyalIlAvatIkAra zrI vallabhAcArya ne bhI dvitvasaMkhyAnirAkaraNa paraka bhAsarvajJamata kI AlocanA karate hue vAcaspati kI isa ukti ko dvitvasaMkhyAsiddhi meM prastuta kiyA hai| bhAmarvajJamata ke nirAkaraNArtha vAcaspati ne yaha tarka upanyasta kiyA haiM, yaha unhoMne nahIM kahA hai / ataH bhAsarvajJa ko vAcaspati se pUrva siddha karane ke liye prastuta sabhI tarka takAbhAsa haiN| vastutaH vAcaspati mizra nyAyamaJjarIkAra jayanta bhaTTa se bhI pUrvavartI haiM, kyoMki jayanta bhaTTa ne apanI nyAyamaMjarI meM do prakaraNoM meM spaSTarUpa se vAcaspati ke mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai| __pahilA prakaraNa vaha hai, jisameM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki indriyArthasannikarSotpanna AlocanAjJAna kA hAnopAdAnAdi phala nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pahale indriyajanya kapitthaviSayaka AlocanAjJAna, tadanantara pUrvAnumatakapitthAdi kI sukhasAdhanatA kA smaraNa, tataH yaha bhI kapitthajAtIya hai ityAkAraka parAmarzajJAna, tadanantara isa kapittha meM sukhasAdhanatA kA nizcaya, tadanantara usameM upAdeyatAjJAna hotA hai| ataH upAdAnajJAna ke 1. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, pR. 198. 2. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, pR. 198.

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paricaya samaya indriyasaMnikarSajanya kapitthAlocana ko sattA na hone se use upAdAnAdibuddhirUpa phala ke prati kAraNa kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai - isa AzaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue nyAyamaMjarIkAra ne kahA hai ki tAtparyAcArya ne isakA samAdhAna kiyA hai ki jJAnoM kA krama to uparyukta ho hai, kintu kapitthotpAdAna-buddhirUpa phala ke prati ve indriyasaMnikarSajanya AlocanajJAna ko pramANa nahIM batalA rahe haiM / vaha AlocanAjJAna indriyasaMnikarSAdirUpa pratyakSapramANa kA phala hI hai, smRttijanaka hone se svayaM pramANa nahIM, kintu usase utpanna hone vAlI sukhasAdhanatAsmRti svayaM pratyakSa pramANa hai, kyoMki 'yaha kapitthajAtIya hai' ityAkAraka parAmarza ko vaha indriyArthasaMnikarSasahakRta hokara utpanna kara rahI hai / pratyakSajanita vaha parAmarzajJAna bhI jisa prakAra pratyakSa janita dhUmajJAna parokSa agni kI sattA ko batalAne se anumAna pramANa hai, usI prakAra kapitthajAtIya padArtha sukhasAdhana hai, isakA janaka hone se anumAna pramANa hai| aura kapitthajAtIya meM AnumAnika sukhasAdhanatAjJAna bhI indriyasaMnikarSa kI sahAyatA se kapitthAdi meM upAdeyatAjJAna ko utpanna karatA huA pratyakSa pramANa hai| aura vaha pratyakSa pramANa kapittha meM upAdeyatAjJAnarUpa phala ko utpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra kapitthAdiviSayaka sukhasAdhanatAjJAnarUpa anumAna pramANa kapitthAdi meM indriyasaMnikarSa ke sAtha upAdeyatAjJAna ko utpanna karatA huA pratyakSa pramANa kahalAtA hai| yahAM nyAyamaMjarIkAra ne tAtparyAcArya ke mata ko arthataH uddhRta kiyA hai, zabdataH nahIM / tAtparyaTIkA meM yaha samAdhAna nyAyasUtra ke tRtIya sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM spaSTa upalabdha hai| dUsarA prakaraNa nyAyadarzana, dvitIya adhyAya, prathama Anika ke 'na caikadezopalabdhiravayavisada. bhAvAta 'Tha sUtrakI vyAkhyA meM aniSpanna avayavyAdi kA avayavAdika raNa se sambandha ho nahIM sakatA, kyoMki sambandha dviSTha hotA hai tathA kAryakI pUrvaniSpatti mAnane para avayava-avayavo meM yutasiddhatA A jAtI hai, isa doSa kA parihAra tAtparyAcArya ne 1. atrAcAryAstAvadAcakSate sAdhu codita satyAmIdRza svArtha jJAnAnAM kramaH, na vayaM prathamA. locanajJAnasya upAdAnAdiSu pramANatAM bramaH ..pratyAkSapramANaM bhavati / -nyayAyAmaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 62. 2 tatra toyAlocanamatha toyavikalpo'tha ca tajjAtIye dRSTacarapipAsopazamanahetubhAvasya smRti. bIjasaMskArobodha, atha tasya smaraNam atha liGgamarAmarzaH tajAtIya cedamiti / tadidaM liGgamarAmarzavijJAnaM sAkSAtkAravat lihe vinazyavasthavyAptismaraNasahakAri dRzyamAnasya salilasya pipAsopazamanahetutayA anumAnamukhenopAdAnabuddhirucyate / -nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, pR. 102, 3. nyAyasUtra, 2-1-33 .

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nyAyasAra 'jAtaM ca sambaddhaM cetyekaH kAlaH' isa ukti ke dvArA kara diyA hai| yaha jayanta bhaTTa ne kahA hai| tAtparyaTIkAne meM yaha ukti athAsambandhasya vidyamAnatvaM (yutasiddhiH), tatsatyapi pRthaggatimatve nAvayavino'sti, jAtaH sambaddhazcetyekaH kAlaH' isa rUpa se zabdataH upalabdha hotI hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa siddha hai ki jayanta bhaTTa ne 'AcAryAH' yA 'AcArya.' pada tAtparyAcArya ke lie prayukta kiye haiM ora bahuvacana dvArA vaha sammAna unake mata ko uddhRta karatA hai| nyAyamaJjarIgrandhabhaGga ke racayitA cakradhara kA 'AcAryAH' ke viSaya meM "iha ca sarvatrAcAryazabdena uddyotakaravivRtikRto rucikAraprabhUtayoM vivkssitaaH| yaha spaSTIkaraNa bhI prastuta niSkarSa meM bAdhaka : sAdhaka hai, kyoMki unake matAnusAra 'AcAryAH' pada se udyotakarIya nyAyavArtika ke vyAkhyAkAra rucikAra Adi abhipreta haiM aura udyotakarIya nyAyavArtika ke vyAkhyAkAroM maiM vAcaspati mizra bhI anyatama haiM / upamAnaprakaraNa meM bhI jayanta bhaTTa ne 'adyatanAstu' se vAcaspatimata kA hI arthataH pratipAdana kiyA hai, kyoMki usa mata kA pratipAdana tAtparyaTokA meM spaSTarUpa se upalabdha hotA hai / ataH vaha bhI vAcaspati mizra jayanta se pUrvavatI hai isI ko siddha kara rahA hai, na ki jayanta vAcaspati mizra se pUrvavartI hai isako / tAtparyaparizuddhikAra udayanAcArya kI 'atropamAnasya phale vipratipadyamAnAn prati sAzaGka jarannaiyAyikajayantaprabhRtInAM prihaarmaah'| yaha ukti sarvathA bhrAnta hai aura aiso bhrAnti prAyaH diggaja paNDitoM meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai| jaise, tattvacintAmaNi meM upamAnakhaNDa meM 'tasmAdAgamapratyakSAbhyAmanyadevedamAgamasmRtisahitaM sAdRzyajJAnamupamAnapramANam iti jarannaiyAyikajayantaprabhRtayaH' yaha likhA hai, kinta yaha udadharaNa nyAyamaMjarI meM upamAnaprakaraNa meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA, jabaki upamAnasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM tAtparyaTIkA meM akSarazaH milatA hai|' ___uparyukta antaHsAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki vAcaspati mizra jayanta se pUrvavartI haiM / ataH 'nyAyasUcInibandha' meM 'vasvaGkavasuvatsara' meM vatsara se vikramAbda kA grahaNa hI sarvathA upayukta hai, zaka saMvan nahIM / aura yaha bhI 1. nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 245. 2. nyAyabArtikatAtparyaTIkA, 2-1-32. 3. nyAyamajarIgranthimA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti nidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda, 1972, pR. 44 4. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, pR. 168 5. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 1-1-6. 6. tatvacintAmaNi, eziyATika sosAiTI, kalakattA, pR. 61. 7. tasmAdAgamapratyakSAbhyAmanyadevedamAgamasmRtisahitaM sAdRzyajJAnamupabhAna.khthaM pramANamAstheyam / . -nyAyavArtiktAtparyaTIkA, pR. 168. 8. This can not be Saka 898, for apart from the decisive use of vatsara, which by this time had come to signify the Samvat era. -Seal, B. N. The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus, p.51.

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paricaya sunizcita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM zakAbda ke ullekha ke abhAva meM vikramAbda kA hI grahaNa hotA rahA hai / udayanAcArya ke dvArA lakSaNAvalI meM ullikhita 'tarkAmbarAGka' meM zaka saMvat kA grahaNa to isaliye kiyA gayA hai ki unhoMne svayaM 'zakAntataH' kA spaSTa ullekha kara diyA hai / ataH vahAM zaka saMvat kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / ataH vAcaspati kA kAla nizcita rUpa se 841 I. hai aura jayanta tathA bhAsarvajJa donoM hI unake paravartI haiM, donoM ne hI aneka sthaloM meM unake mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai / jayanta ne 'AcArya' pada se unakA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu bhAsarvajJa ne unakA kisI bhI prakAra se ullekha na kara unake viSaya ko grahaNa kiyA hai, jaisAki pahale svAmI yogIndrA nandajo ke die hue do udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai / vAcaspati kA kAla 841 I. mAnane se udayana jo ki 984 I ke haiM, unake bIca meM paryApta samaya kA antarAla upapanna ho jAtA hai / vAcaspati ko jayanta kA pUrvavartI mAnane se vAcaspati kA kAla 841 I. mAnane para ve jayanta ke pUrvavatI ho jAyeMge, yaha dUSaNa bhI nahIM rahatA / ataH usa antarAla ke upapAdana ke liye tarkAmbarAGka' ke sthAna meM kAlpanika ata eva aprAmANika 'tarkasvarAGko' pATha kI kalpanA bhI anAvazyaka hai| uparyukta rIti se vAcaspatikAla 841 I. (navama zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha) jayantabhaTTa kA kAla 883 I. (navama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha) bhAsarvajJa kA kAla 930 I. (dazama zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha) udayana kA kAla 984 I. (dazama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha) isa prakAra sabhI samajasa va caturasna ho jAtA hai| vidyAsrota bhAsa ne apane granthoM meM kahIM bhI guru ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kevala 'nyAyasAra' ke anta meM bhAsarvajJa ne likhA hai ki akSapAda Adi pUjya AcAryoM ne devatAoM dvArA aprApya ratna (nyAyaratna) ko dekara samudroM ko bhI jIta liyA, tiraskRta kara diyA, kyoMki samudra dvArA devoM kA dIyamAna ratnabhoga se naSTa honevAle haiM tathA unase duHkhabhAvaviziSTa paramAnandarUpa mukti kI prApti nahIM hotI, 1. jitA: sumudrA gurubhirmadIyaH ratnaM dadadabhistridazaralabhyam / pradIyamAnaM satataM dvijebhyaH pravaddhate caiva karoti muktim / / AcAryamArAdhya mayApi labdhaM tannAyAyaratnaM svaparopakAri / utsargita svalpapadainibadhya, saMsAramuktye khalla sajjanAnAm ||-nyaaysaar (kalakattA, 1910), pR. 11.

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14 nyA. sAra kintu akSapAdAdi dvArA dvijoM ko dIyamAna ratna nirantara bar3hatA rahatA hai, kyoMki vaha unameM sutIkSNa buddha (tArkikaprajJA) kA AdhAna karatA hai aura tIkSNa buddhi se sampanna hokara ve anyAnya granthoM kI racanA karate haiM / tathA pramANAdi padArthoM ke tattvajJAna utpanna samyag jJAna dvArA midhyAjJAna kA nAza ho jAne se duHkhAbhAvaviziSTa paramAnandarUpa mukti kI bhI prApti hotI hai / akSapAdAdi pUjya guruoM ke dvArA prAdurbhAvita nyAyaratna ko maiMne bhI AcArya ( apane guru ) kI sevA dvArA prApta kiyA / svalpAkSara padoM se usakA nibandhana kara saMsAra se mukti prApta karane ke lie zreSTha adhikAriyoM ko pradAna kiyA arthAt usakA vitaraNa kiyA / 4 ina zlokoM meM 'gurubhiH' pada se nyAyazAstra ke pUjya prAcIna AcArya akSapAdAdi kA grahaNa hai, jaisAki ityevaM tatpUrvaka padameva kevalamanumAnalakSaNakSama miti guravo varga yAJcakruH " jayanta ke isa kathanameM 'guravaH' padase nyAyazAstra ke pravartaka prAcIna AcAryoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai / jayasiMha sUri ne 'gurubhi' pada kI 'adhyApakaiH " isa vyAkhyA ke dvArA bhAsarvajJa ke adhyApakoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai, vaha samucita nahIM, kyoMki bhAsarvajJa ne apane guru kA ullekha uttarazloka meM 'AcAryamArAdhya' AcAryapada ke dvArA kiyA hai / yadi bhAsarvajJa guruoMne bhI nyAyaratna kA prAdurbhAva kiyA hotA, to usa nyAyaratna kI una guruoM dvArA prApti ho jAne para tadbhinna AcArya kI ArAdhanA se usakI prApti kA ullekha nahIM hotA aura vastutaH nyAyaratna kA prArambhika pradAna arthAt AvirbhAva bhAsarvajJa ke guruoM dvArA na hokara unake pUrvavartI pujya nyAyasUtrakAra, bhASyakAra, vArtikakArAdi se hI huA hai / isalie 'gurubhiH' ityAkAraka bahuvacana kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / guruoM ne ratna ( nyAyaratna) ke pradAna dvArA samudroM ko jIta liyA hai, isa prakAra ratnapradAna ke dvArA samudra kA guruoM se sAmya batalAyA gayA hai / vaha sAmya nyAyazAstra ke udbhAvaka akSapAdAdi AcAryo ke sAtha hI upapanna hotA hai, kyoMki jaise samudra aneka ratnoM kA udbhavasthAna hai, usI prakAra akSapAdAdi pUjya pUrvaguru hI nyAyazAstrarUpI ratna ke udbhAvaka haiM, na ki bhAsarvajJa ke adhyApaka / yadyapi 'madIyaiH' vizeSaNa se yaha sandeha avazya hotA hai ki yahAM bhAsarvajJa sambandhita guruoM kA bodha hai aura akSapAdAdi bhI paramparayA bhAsarvajJa se sambandhita haiM hI, ataH 'gurubhiH' se akSapAdAdi AcAryoM kA grahaNa karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai / vyaktitva svatantra cintaka : mahAmbudhikalpa prauDhagrantha nyAyabhUSaNa unake vyaktitva kA pratibimba prastuta karane ke lie svaccha Adarzatulya hai / ve nyAyazAstra ke praur3ha aura udbhaTa vidvAn the / 1. nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 115. 2. nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 264.

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paricaya isIlie nyAyazAstra ke AdhArastambhabhUta naiyAyikoM meM unakI gaNanA kI gaI hai| nyAyazAstra meM nUtana aura krAntikArI vicAradhArA pravAhita karane ke kAraNa unake vyaktitva kI yaha vizeSatA vyakta hotI hai ki ve rUDhivAdI neyAyika nahIM the, unakI apanI svatantra vicAradhArA thiiN| prAcIna AcAryoM ke prati zraddhA rakhate hue bhI unhoMne 'bAbAbAkyaM pramANam' isa rUpa meM aparIkSaNapUrvaka unakA grahaNa nahIM kiyA, jaisAki nimna uddharaNa se spaSTa hai :-- "sUtrakRtaiva khalvevamupadiSTatvAditi cet, na khalu vai sUtrakAraniyogabhayAtpadArthAH svadharma hAtumarhanti / yadi cAvicAritameva sUtrakAravacaH pramAgaM, parIkSAsUtrANAM tAha vayathyaM syAt / " zuddha naiyAyika : nyAyabhASyakAra tathA unake anuyAyI sabhI naiyAyikoM ne vaizeSika darzana ke siddhAntoM kA koI virodha nahIM kiyA hai, apitu unako yathAvat apanAyA hai / kintu AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne vaizeSika-zAstra ke siddhAMto kA vistArapUrvaka khaNDana kiyA hai / ve zuddha naiyAyika the / unakA uddezya thA-nyAyazAstra kI vyAkhyA / ataH vaizeSika zAstra se virodha ko ve doSa nahIM mAnate, jaisA ki unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai 'nyAyazAstraM ca vyAkhyAtuM vayaM pravRttAstenAsmAkaM vaizeSikatantreNa virodho na doSAya / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAsarvajJa nyAyazAstra ke rUDhivAdI vyAkhyAkAra nahIM, pratyuta svatantra cintaka aura samAlocaka naiyAyika the / kRti-paricaya: AcArya bhAsarvajJane kula cAra pranthoM kI racanA kii| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM(1) nityajJAnavinizcaya (2) gaNakArikA (3) nyAyasAra aura (4) nyAyabhUSaNa / 1. nityajJAnavinizcaya yaha grantha aprApya hai| isakA ullekha AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyabhUSaNa meM kiyA hai-' yadatrAnuktaM paroktacodyapratisamAdhAnaM pratipakSabAdhanaM ca tat nityajJAnavinizcaye draSTavyam / " isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki nyAyabhUSaNa kI racanA se pUrva bhAsarvajJa ne 'nityajJAnavinizcaya' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI jo saugatasiddhAntarUpa parvata ke lie vajrapAta kI taraha thA / J. durmItAzramavedikADharastambhAnamUn zaMkara--- nyAyAlaharaNatrilocanavacaspatyAhayAn helayA / unmUlya kSaNabhaMga eSa vihito yatpuNyamAptaM mayA tena stAt parapAragastribhuvane jJAnadhiyo'yaM janaH / / --jJAnazrInibandhAvali, pR. 159. 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 18. 3 vahI, pR. 193. 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 166.

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nyAyasAra 2. gaNakArikA pAzupata pUtra aura paLavArtha bhASya ko taraha pagArakA bhI lakuloza pAzupatamata kA pramukha prAtha hai| gagahArika kI ratnaTIkA meM pAzupata-mata ke anya granthoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM anya darzanoM kI taraha pAzupatamata kA svarUpa bhI varNita hai| gaNakArikA meM kula ATha kArikAe~ haiM jinakI ratnaTIkA meM vistAra se vyAkhyA ko gaI hai / ina ATha kArikAoM meM gurusvarUpa Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa tathya kI aura saMketa karate hue sarvadarzanasaMgrahakAra ne bhI kahA hai -'gurusvarUpaM gaNakArikAyAM niruupitm'| yaha grantha gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja ke antagarta cimanalAla DI. dalAla mahodaya ke sampAdakatvameM sana 1966 meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| 3. nyAyasAra nyAyadarzana meM sarvaprathama sUtrAnusArI byAkhyApaddhati apanAyI gaI aura saugata. siddhAnta ke khaNDana hetu usa paddhati ke anusAra nyAyabhASya, nyAyavArtika, tAtparyaTIkA, nyAyabhASyavAtika TIkAvivaraNapajikA Adi grantha likhe gye| sUtrAnusArI vyAkhyA. paddhati ko chor3akara svatantra grantha-racanA kI paddhati prArambha meM nahIM thI, parantu dasarvI zatAbdI meM nyAyazAstra meM svatantra rUpa se prakaraNa granthoM kI racanA ko jAne lgii| nyAyadarzana meM AcArya bhAsarvajJa ko isa zailI kA pravartaka kahA jA sakatA hai| unake bAda meM anya naiyAyikoM tathA vaizeSikoM ne bhI prakaraNa grantha likhe / 'prakaraNa' eka pAribhASika zabda hai jisako lakSaNa parAzara upapurANa meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai 'zAstraika dezaptambaddhaM zAstrakAryAntare sthitam / AhuH prakaraNaM nAma granthabhedaM vipazcita // ' / arthAt jisa grantha meM kisI zAstra ke eka aMza kA pradhAnatayA pratipAdana hotA hai aura prayojanAnusAra anya zAstra ke upayogI aMza kA bhI samAveza kara kiyA jAtA hai. use prakaraNagrantha kahate haiN| nyAyavaizeSika ke prakaraNa pranthoM ke cAra vibhAga kiye jA sakate haiM--- (1) prathama prakAra ke ve prakaraNa haiM jinameM pradhAnatayA pramANa aura gauNa rUpa se prameya, saMzaya Adi pandraha padArtho kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| (2) dUsare prakAra ke ve prakaraNa grantha haiM jinameM nyAyadarzana ke pramANa, prameya Adi 1. tatkramazca saMskArakArikAyAM dRSTavyaH |-gnnkaarikaa, ratnaTIkA, pR. 9. 2. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR. 71 se 77 taka 3. vahI, pR. 71. 4. prastuta zodhaprabandha meM ma. ma. vidyAbhUSaNa-sampAdita nyAyasAra ke saMskaraNa kA mukhyatayA upayoga kiyA gayA hai|

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paricaya solaha padArthoM ke sAtha vaizeSika darzana ke dravyAdi padArtha bhI varNita hote haiM, parantu svatantrarUpa se nahIM, apitu unakA prameya meM antarbhAva kara diyA gayA hai| (3) tIsare prakAra ke ve prakaraNa grantha haiM jo mukhyata vaizeSika ke grantha haiM, parantu nyAya ke pramANa padArtha kA pUrNa rUpa se unameM samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| (4) cothe prakAra ke ve prakaraNagrantha haiM jinameM nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana ke katipaya viSayoMkA una darzanoM kI zailI se pRthak-pRthak varNana kiyA gayA hai / prakaraNa granthoM kI upayukta catumkoTi meM AcArya bhAsarvajJa kA nyAya sAra prathama koTe ke antargata AtA hai / isameM pramANa padArtha kA pradhAna rUpase pramANa paricchedoM meM yathAprasaMga pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya nyAyazAstra ke madhyakAlIna yuga meM bauddha aura jaina nyAya meM kramazaH diGnAga tathA siddhasena divAkara ne usa grantha zailIkA sampravartana kiyA thA / paravartIkAla meM bauddha tathA jaina nyAyazAstra meM isa zailI ke anusAra aneka prantha likhe gye| sUtrAnusArI vyAkhyApaddhati kA anusaraNa karanevAle kara, vAcaspati Adi brAhmaNa naiyAyika isa zailI se prabhAvita nahIM hue / brAhmaNa naiyAyikoM meM isa zailI se sarvaprathama prabhAvita honevAle AcArya bhAsarvajJa the, jinhoMne tadanusAra nyAyasAra kI racanA kI / ' bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasAra meM kevala pramANoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, pro. vidyAbhUSaNa ke isa kathana para Apatti uThAte hue ma. ma. gopInAtha kavirAja ne use nirAdhAra batalAyA hai, kyoMki pustaka (nyAyasAra) ke uttarabhAga meM prameyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaisA ki abhI kahA jA cukA bhAsana ne bauddha aura jaina nyAyapranthoM kI zailI apanAkara-pramANa padArtha ko pradhAnatA dI, parantu unhoMne nyAyazAstra ke anya padArtho kA bhI nyAyasAra ke pramANa paricchedoM meM pratipAdana kiyA hai| svayaM AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasAra ke maMgala-loka ke "zizupraboghAya mayAbhidhAsyate / pramANatabhedatadanyalakSaNam // " 1 (A)..and there is probably only one Hindu work of importance on Nyaya in the Buddhist style namely Nyayasara of Bhasarvajina. -Dasgupta S. N., A History of Indian Philoso phy, Vol. I, p. 309, (B) Among the Brahmans there was only one person who imbibed the influence of the Buddhist and Jain Logicians. This person was Bhasarvajna, the celebrated author of Nyayasara. -Vidyabhusana's Introduction to Nyayasara, p. 2. 2. nyAyasAra, prastAvanA, pra. 2. 3. Gleanings from the History and Bibliography of the Nyaya-vaisesika Literature. p. 2. bhAnyA-3

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nyAyasAra -isa uttarArdha meM spaSTa kara diyA hai| ataH bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasAra meM kevala pramANoM kA hI pratipAdana kiyA hai, yaha kathana saMgata pratIta nahIM hotaa| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ke isa prakaraNa grantha kA nyAyazAstra meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unhoMne ise 'saMgraha, 'nyAyasadarthasaMgraha' saMjJA se bhI vyavahRta kiyA hai| yaha grantha pratyakSa. anumAna aura Agama-ina tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isa grantha ke prArambha meM pAzupatAcArya bhAsarvajJa ne maMgalAcaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai 'praNamya zambhu jagataH pati paraM, samastatattvArthavidaM svabhAvataH / zizuprabodhAya mayA'bhidhAsyate, pramANa-tabhedatadanyalakSaNam // pramANoM ke trividha vibhAga (pratyakSa-anumAna-Agama) ke kAraNa yaha grantha sAMkhya' aura jaina darzana ke anurUpa tathA upamAna pramANa ke sAtha ukta tIna pramANa mAnanevAle akSapa gada-dazena tathA pratyakSa aura anumAna do hI pramANa mAnane vAle bauddha darzana ke viruddha hai| isa grantha meM prayojana aura siddhAnta ina do ko chor3akara anya sabhI akSapAdokta padArthA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| upanaya, nigamana. nirNaya, chala, jAti, nigrahasthAna kA nirUpaNa prAyaH satrakAra ke anusAra hI haiM / anya padArthoM ke nirUpaNa meM AcArya bhAsarvajJa kI aneka vizeSatAeM abhivyakta huI haiM jinakA vivecana. prastuta zodha-prabandha meM Age ke vimarzo meM kiyA jA rahA hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ke isa prakaraNa grantha para kula 18 TIkAe~ likhI gaI, aisA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki paravartIkAla meM isake adhyayanaadhyApana kI samRddha paramparA rahI hai / ye sabhI 18 TIkAeM upalabdha haiM unameM bhI kucha prakAzita haiM aura anya bhANDAgAroM meM mAtRkApi hata haiM / nyAyabhUSaNa 'nyAyabhUSaNa' 'nyAyasAra' kI prAcInatama tathA vistRta svopajJa vyAkhyA hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne ise 'saMgrahavArtika' nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA hai| dArzanika 1 saMgrahe svasyApyanabhidhAnaM vistaraparihArArtham |-yaaybhuussnn, pR. 3 4 5 2. pravakSyate nyAyasadarthasaMgrahaH [---nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 1. 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 1. 4. bhAsarvajJazca sAMkhyastritayam / - mAnameyodaya, pR. 10. 5. (a) nyAyasArAbhidhe taka TIkA aSTAdaza sphuTAH |-ssdddrshnsmuccy (rAjazekharakRta) (ba) mAsarvajJapraNIte nyAyasAre'STAdaza TIkAH - SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti, pR. 94. 6 nyAyabhUSaNe saMgrahavArtike -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 187

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19 paricaya jagat meM yaha grantha 'bhUSaNa' tathA 'nyAyabhUSaNa" nAma se vizruta hai / dArzanikoM ne nyAyasAra kI aThAraha TIkAoM meM isI ko mukhya tathA prasiddha batalAyA hai / isa para gadAdhara mizra ne 'nyAyabhUSaNaprakAza' tathA vAsudevasUri ne 'nyAyabhUSaNabhUSaNa' nAmaka TIkA likhI, aisA ullekha prApta hotA hai / * vAsudeva sUrine isako gambhIratA aura praur3hatA ko lakSita kara 'mahAmbudhi0 saMjJA dI hai / kaI zatAbdiyoM se yaha grantha lupta-sA thA / prAcInanyAya ke vizAla sAhitya meM isa grantharatna kA abhAva asahya thA, ataH jaradgavIgaveSaNA niSNAta vidvAn isakI khoja meM lage rhe| 'jina khojA tina pAiyA isa ukti ke anusAra bhUSaNa kI gaveSaNA meM satata saMlagna vidvAnoM ko saphalatA milI aura san 1968 meM pahalI bAra svAmI yogIndrAnanda ke sampAdakatva meM SaDdarzanaprakAzana pratiSThAna, vArANasI se isa grantha kA prakAzana ho gayA hai / vastutaH nyAyadarzana meM yaha ullekhanIya upalabdhi hai / 'nyAyabhUSaNa' AnvIkSikIvidyA kA bhUSaNa hai / isameM prAJjanTa bhASA meM viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne isameM apanI samasta abhinava mAnyatA oMkA yuktipuraHsara spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai / yahAM unakI dArzanika praur3hatA pUrNatayA parilakSita hotI hai / isameM maGgalAcaraNa karate hue AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai 2 umApatiM sarvajagatpati sadA, praNamya nirvANadamIzvaraM param / guruMzca sarvAnanumokSasiddhaye, pravakSyate nyAya sadarthasaMgrahaH // vastutaH nyAyazAstra meM yaha eka viziSTa grantha hai / nyAyazAstra ke paramparAgata siddhAMtoM kI nUtana tathA samAlocanAtmaka vyAkhyA isameM kI gaI hai / samAnatantra vaizeSikazAstra se virodha nyAyazAstra meM sabase pahale isI prantha meM prApta hotA hai / diGnAga, nAgArjuna dharmakIrti, prajJAkara Adi dhurandhara bauddha vidvAnoM ke siddhAMtoM kA prakharatara tarkoM se pracaNDa khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / jaina aura cArvAka Adi dArzanikoM ke matoM kA 1. bhUSaNe tvAcaSTe / -nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 19. 2. tathA ca nyAyabhUSaNaH / jJAnazrInibandhAvalI, pR. 87. 3. (a) tAsu mukhyA nyAyabhUSaNAkhyA / SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti, pR. 94. (ba) nyAyabhUSaNanAmnI tu TIkA tAsu prasiddhibhAk / SaDdarzanasamuccaya ( rAjazekharakRta) 4. ( a ) nyAyabhUSaNa prakAze'bhihita gadAdhara mizreNa / nyAyaratnadyutimAlikA, pR. 54. (ba) pratijJAvizeSaNahAnyAdayo'smAbhirnyAyabhUSaNabhUSaNe'bhihitAstatraiva jJAtavyAH / - nyAyasArapadapazcikA, 1. 81. 5. nyAyabhUSaNa mahAmbudhau budhA ye'lamAcarituM na jAnate / kRtA nyAyasArapaJcikA // nyAyasArapadapaJcikA, pR. 98. tatkRte kRtiriyaM mayA 6. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 1.

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20 nyAyasAra bhI khaNDana isameM hai| unake prati bhAsavaMjJAcArya ke kaTAkSapUrNa AkSepo ke katipaya uddharaNa yahAM nidarzanArtha prastuta haiM_ (1) "tasmAdimeM saugatAH zUnyatAbhidhAnenAsAratAM pradarzya buddhAya deyam, dharmAya deyam, saMghAya deyam, ityevaM lokAn pratArya miSTAnnapAnAdyupabhogaM kurvantaH pUrvasaMskArAvizeSe'pi amedhyabhakSaNAdikaM pariharantaH cakrabhramaNavadasmAkaM pUrvasaMskArAdeva pravRttirityevaM bruvANAzca dhUtatAmevAtmanaH prakaTayantIti / " ___(2) "ko hi jinasyAtizayo yaH kharoSTrAdau nAstyeva 1 ko vA kharoSTrAdenikRSTa bhAvo yo nAstyeva jine yataH kharoSTrAdiparihAreNa sa evopAsyate ?" (3) "nApratyakSa pramANamasti iti abhyupagamya parapratyAyanArtha zAstraM praNayan vAkyaM voccArayan svAmeva pravRtti svavAcA viDambayatItyaho bhadraM pANDityamAtmanaH prakaTitavAniti / "3 paravartI auta tathA aauta darzana-vAGmaya meM 'nyAyabhUSaNa' vizeSa carcA kA viSaya rahA hai / jJAnazrI, ratnakIrti, vAdideva sUri Adi dArzanika pUrI zakti lagAkara isake khaNDana meM pravRtta hue / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 152. 2. vahI, pR. 557. 3. vahI, pR. 80.

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dvitIya vimarza pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa pramANalakSaNavimarza yadyapi nyAyasUtrakAra maharSi akSapAda ne pramANasAmAnya kA lakSaNa nahIM diyA hai, tathApi nyAyabhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdAH pramANAni '' isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue 'pramIyate'nena' ityAkAraka pramANa zabda ke nirvacana se 'upalabdhisAdhanaM pramANam' yaha pramANasAmAnya kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai / isI kA spaSTIkaraNa unhoMne 'sa (pramAtA) yenArtha pramiNoti vijAnAti tat prabhANam' 4 yaha kiyA hai / vArtikakAra ne bhI 'upalabdhihetuH pramANam yaha pramANasAmAnya kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / uparyukta lakSaNoM kI pramAtA aura prameya meM atiprasakti isaliye nahIM hai ki pramAtA ora prameya to kartRtvena yA viSayatvena pramANa meM caritArtha ho jAte haiM, parantu pramANa acaritArtha rahatA hai, ataH vahI arthopalabdhi kA sAdhana hai / lakSaNa meM hetu pada sAdhakatama kA bodhaka hai aura upalabdhi meM prakRSTa upakAratvarUpa hetutA pramANa meM hI hai na ki pramAtA aura prameya meM, kyoMki pramAtA aura prameya ke vidyamAna hone para bhI pramANa ke abhAva meM arthopalabdhi nahIM hotI aura usake hone para ho jAtI hai / arthopalabdhi kabhI-kabhI bhramAtmaka athavA saMzayAtmaka bho ho sakatI hai / isalie jayanta bhaTTa ne vArtikakArokta lakSaNa kA pariSkAra karate huai avyabhicArI aura asandigdha ina do vizeSaNoM kA usameM sayojana kiyA haiM / " AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne bhI isI AdhAra para apane pramANasAmAnya ke lakSaNa meM samyak pada kA saMyojana kara 'samyaganubhava sAdhanaM pramANam" yaha pramANasAmAnya kA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA hai / 1. nyAyasUtra 1 / 113 2. upalabdhisAdhanAni pramANAnIti samAkhyAnirvacanasAmarthyAd boddhavyam / nyAyabhASya, 121/3 3. The Lacuna caused by the omission of general definition of 'Pramana' in the aphorist Aksapada's series of definitions was filled by Vatsyayana with his etymological interpretation of the word Pramana'. -- Sanghvi, Sukhlal, Advanced Studies in Indian Lcgic & Metaphysics, p. 34. 4. nyAyabhASya, 11111 5. nyAyavArtika, 111/1 6. avyabhicAriNom asandigdhAm arthopalabdhim ... / -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 12. 7. nyAyasAra, pR. 1.

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22 nyAyasAra isa lakSaNa meM bhI sAdhana pada pUrvavat sAdhakatama kA upalakSaNa hai / ataH pramAtA aura prameya meM pramANalakSaNa atevyApta nahIM hai| anya AcAryo ne 'pramAkaraNa pramANam' 'pramANaM hi pramAkaraNam' isa prakAra ke lakSaNa prastuta kiye haiN| ina lakSaNoM meM sAdhana yA hetu ke sthAna para karaNapada kA niveza kara dene se 'sAdhakatamaM karaNam isa pANinIya sUtra ke anusAra sAdhakatama artha kA svataH lAbha ho jAtA hai, sAdhana pada ko sAdhakatama kA upalakSaka nahIM mAnanA par3atA / loka aura zAstra donoM meM hI pramANa zabda prayukta huA hai| prapUrvaka mAG dhAtu se lyut pratyaya karane para pramANa zabda niSpanna hotA hai / lyud pratyaya bhAva, karaNa aura adhikaraNa tInoM artho meM hotA hai / ataH pramANa zabda kA yaugika artha pramA yA pramA kA sAdhana yA pramA kA Azraya hai| pramANalakSaNa meM sAdhana pada kA prayoga na karane para isa lakSaNa kI pramAtA, prameya tathA pramArUpa phala meM ativyApti hai, kyoMki 'anubhavati' isa vyutpatti se pramAtA, 'anubhUyate' isa vyutpatti se prameya tathA 'anubhUtiH' isa vyutpatti se pramArUpa phala bhI samIcIna anubhavarUpa haiM, ataH lakSaNa meM sAdhana pada diyA hai / pramAtAdi samIcIna anubhavarUpa haiM kintu usake sAdhana nahIM haiM, ataH unameM ativyApti nahIM hai| yadyapi sAdhana zabda kA prayoga karane para bhI pramAtAdi meM pramANalakSaNa kI ativyApti pUrvavat hI vidyamAna hai, kyoMki 'sAdhayati,' 'sAdhyate,' -ina vyutpattiyoM se pramAtA tathA prameya kramazaH pramAkartRtvena aura pramAviSayatvena samIcIna anubhava ke sAdhana haiM, tathApi zAbdikoM ke anusAra sAdhana zabda karaNavyutpattiparaka hI hai| ataH usIkA AzrayaNa hone se pramAtAdi meM ativyApti nahIM hai| karaNa kA artha pANini ne 'sAdhakatamaM karaNam' sUtra ke dvArA sAdhakatama mAnA hai, arthAt kriyAsiddhi meM prakRSTa upakAraka kAraNa karaNa kahalAtA hai| jisake avyavahita uttarakAla meM phala kI niSpatti ho, vahI prakRSTa kAraNa kahalAtA haiM / indriyAdivyApAra ke bAda hI pramArUpa phala kI niSpati hotI hai, ataH ve hI kAraNa haiM na ki pramotA aura prameya / pramANalakSaNa meM anubhava pada se ajJAnarUpa* yAgAdi karma tathA smRti kI vyAvRtti kI gaI hai, kyoMki ye donoM hI anubhavarUpa nahIM haiN| nyAyamatAnusAra smRti anubhavabhinna jJAna hai tathA saMskArajanya hai, jabaki anubhava pramANoM dvArA prasUta abhinava jJAna hotA hai / yAgAdi bho jJAnabhinna kriyArUpa hone se anubhava nahIM haiN| ___ lakSaNa meM samyak pada 'samyak cAsau anubhavaH' isa karmadhAraya samAsa ke dvArA anubhava kA vizeSaNa hai| yaha pada sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka saMzayajJAna tathA zuktirajatAdi 1. tarkabhASA, pR. 18 2. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 11/1 3. pA.sU. 114142 4. vidyAM cAvidyAM ca (IzAvAsyopaniSad, 11) / yahAM avidyA zabda se yAgAdi karma kA grahaNa hai| 5. smaraNAjJAnavyavacchedArthamanubhavamahaNam ! -nyAyasAra, pa. 2

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa zarU viparyayajJAna kI vyAvRtti ke liye diyA gayA hai| ye donoM samyak jJAna nahIM hai, ataH inake sAdhana indriyasaMnikarSAdi pramANAbhAsoM meM pramANalakSaNa kI ativyApti nahI, kyoMki pramANoM kA samyaktva tathA pramANAbhAsoM kA asamyaktva unase janya phala para ho AdhArita hai| saMzayanirUpaNa 'samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANam' isa pramAgalakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada se saMzaya aura viparyaya kI vyAvRtti batalAI gaI hai| ataH yaha siddha hai ki samyak jJAna tathA asamIcIna jJAna bheda se jJAna dvividha hai aura saMzaya asamyak jJAna hai / ataH prasaMgaprApta saMzaya kA svarUpajJAnArtha nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai, kyoMki binA rUrUpajJAna ke kisokA grahaNa athavA parityAga nahIM ho sakatA / bhASyakAra tathA vArtikakAra kA anusaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne 'anavadhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH' yaha saMzaya kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| yahAM 'anavadhAraNaM ca tajajJAnamaH - yaha karmadhAraya samAsa hai| arthAt anizcayAtmaka jJAna saMzaya kahalAtA hai / yadyapi yaha lakSaNa vyAghAta doSa se yukta pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki jJAnazabda 'jJAyate pramIyate'vadhAryate'rtho'nena' isa vyutpatti se tathA 'jJAnaM mokSakakaraNam, mokSe dhInim ityAdi vacanoM se nizcayajJAnaparaka haiN| tathApi yahAM jJAna zabda vyutpatti se nizcayajJAna kA bodhaka na hokara sAmAnyataH jJAnavajAtibhAn jJAnasAmAnva kA bodhaka hai, jaise ki go zabda vyutpatti se gamanazIla artha kA bodhaka na hokara gotvajAtimAna artha kA bodhaka hai / jJAnatva jAti nizcayAtmaka tathA anizcayAtmaka donoM jJAnoM meM samaveta hai| anizcayAtmaka jJAna saMzaya hotA hai - yaha saMzaya kA lakSaNa mAnane para nirvikalpaka pratyakSa meM bhI lakSaNa kI ativyApti nahIM hai, kyoMki nirvikalpaka pratyakSa bhI usase hone vAlI smRti ke nizcayAtmaka hone se nizcayAtmaka jJAna hai| 'yaha vastu vahAM nahIM hai, isake samAna hI vaha vastu hai' - ityAkoraka nizcayAtmaka smRti se yaha spaSTa hai ki jisa nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA yaha smaraNa hai vaha bhI nizcayAtmaka hai / yadyapi prathama kSaNa meM vizeSadarzanAdi nimitta ke binA indriyoM dvArA utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko saMzayAtmaka yA nizcayAtmaka kahanA saMbhava nahIM, ataH jJAna kI anavadhAraNAtmakatA kA nizcaya nahIM hone se 'anavadhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH' yaha saMzaya-lakSaNa anapapanna hai, tathApi vizeSadarzanAdi kAraNoM ke na hone para bhI adRSTAdisAmagrI ke kAraNa jJAna ko saMzayAtmaka yA nizcayAtmaka mAnanA par3atA hai| 1. samyaggrahaNa saMzayaviparyayApohArtham / -vahI, pR. 1. 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 1. 3. kolopaniSada, pR. 2, tAntrika Tekssa , kalakattA / 4. amarakoza, 185 / 6.

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24 nyAyasAra anyathA prathama jJAna ko saMzayAtmakatA yA nizcayAtmakatA ke liye vizeSa-darzana ko nimitta mAnane para usa vizeSa-darzana ko apanI nizcayAtmakatA athavA saMzayotmakatA ke liye dvitIya vizeSa-darzana kI tathA dvitIya vizeSa-darzana ko apanI saMzayAtmakatA athavA nizcayAtmakatA ke liye tRtIya vizeSadarzana kI apekSA hone se anavasthAprasakti hogI / ataH adRSTAdi nimitta se bhI jJAna kI saMzayAtmakatA athavA nizcayAtmakatA mAnanI hotI hai / isa prakAra prathama kSaNotpanna jJAna bhI adRSTAdi nimitta se saMzayAtmaka ho sakatA hai aura anavadhAraNAtmaka jJAna saMzaya hai, yaha lakSaNa upapanna ho jAtA hai| 'anavadhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH' isa lakSaNa meM kisI prakAra kA doSa nahIM hai, adhika kI AvazyakatA nahIM, tathApi isase sUtrakArakRta samAnAnekadharmopapattevipratipattarupalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAto vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH' isa sUtra ko anarthakatA siddha nahIM hotI, kyoMki yaha sUtra saMzaya ke vibhAga aura vizeSa lakSaNoM ke bodhana ke liye hai| bhAsavajJa ne bhI 'sa ca samAnadharmAnekadharmaviprati. pratyupalabdhyanupalabdhikAraNabhedAt paMcadhA bhidyate 5 yaha kahakara uparyukta tathya ko spaSTa kara diyA hai| samAnadharma yA aneka-dharmAdi kI upalabdhimAtra se saMzaya loka meM nahIM hotA, phira satra meM samAnadharmAdi kI upalabdhi ko saMzaya ko kAraNa kaise batalAyA gayA hai, isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki samAnadharmAdi saMzaya ke sAmAnya kAraNa nahIM, api tu inakA nirdeza saMzaya ke vizeSa kAraNa ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / arthAt saMzayasAmAnya ke ye kAraNa nahIM, kintu saMzayavizeSa ke kAraNa haiM aura ina asAdhAraNa kAraNoM kA nirdeza saMzaya ko samAnajAtIya anya saMzayoM se vyAvRtta karane ke liye hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki kisI bhI vastu ke asAdhANa kAraNa kA kathana usa vastu ko samAnajAtIya vastuoM se vyAvRtta karatA hai aura usake sAmAnyakAraNa kA kathana vijAtIya vastuoM se / jaise-indriyArthasannikarSAtpanna pramA pratyakSa pramA hai| yahAM para indriyArthasannikarSarUpa asAdhAraNa kAraNa kA kathana pratyakSa pramA ko sajAtIya anumityAdi pramAoM se vyAvRtta karatA hai tathA 'pramA' yaha sAmAnyalakSaNa pratyakSa pramA ko vijAtIya saMzayaviparyayAdi se pRthak karatA hai / anumityAdi jJAna pramAtvena pratyakSa pramA ke sajAtIya haiM aura saMzaya-viparyaya jJAna apramAtvena pratyakSa pramA ke vijAtIya haiN| isI prakAra saMzaya ke lakSaNa meM bhI 'anavadhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH' yaha sAmAnya lakSaNa saMzaya kA pramAjJAna se vyavaccheda batalAtA hai tathA samAnadharmAdi kI upalabdhirUpa vizeSa kAraNAdi kA kathana eka saMzayajJAna ko dUsare saMzayajJAna se bhinna batalAtA hai / 1. nyAyasUtra, 111123 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 1. 3. vahI, pR. 1. 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 14.

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 25 satrakAra ne 'upalamadhyanupalabdhyavyavasthA' ityAdi kA upAdAna kutarkarUpa AzaMkA kA parihAra karane tathA sahakAriyoM ke udAharaNa ke liye kiyA hai, na ki isake dvArA saMzaya kI sampUrNa sAmagrI kA upasthApana kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki inase bhinna bhI adRSTa, antaHkaraNAdi saMzaya ko sAmagrI hai, jisakA yahAM abhidhAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai, / jaise--koI vyakti yaha kahe ki samAnadharmopalambha saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM, kyoMki samAnadhopalambha hone para bhI rAste calate hue puruSa ko tRNAdi meM saMzaya nahIM hotA / isakA uttara yahI hai ki kevala samAnadharmopalabdhi hI saMzaya meM kAraNa nahIM hai, kintu vizeSa dharmoM ko smRtirUpa AkAMkSA bhI saMzaya meM kAraNa hai| samAnadharmopalabdhi vizeSAkAMkSA ke abhAva meM saMzaya kI janaka nahIM hai, to use kAraNa kaise mAnA jAyegA, yaha kathana upayukta nahIM, kyoMki aisA mAnane para sahakAri kAraNa ke abhAva meM kisI bhI kAraNa ke kArya kA janaka na hone se usameM akAraNatApatti doSa AyegA / isI prakAra dUrastha priyatamA meM samAnadharmopalabdhi tathA vizeSAkAMkSA hone para bhI saMzaya kyoM nahIM hotA? isa zaMkA ke nivAraNArtha 'upalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAtaH' yaha pada diyA gayA hai| arthAt kevala samAnadharmopalabdhi aura vizeSAkAMkSA hI saMzaya meM kAraNa nahIM hai, kintu upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi ko avyavasthA bhI kAraNa hai / dUrastha priyatamA meM ina kAraNoM ke na hone se saMzaya nahIM ho rahA hai, kyoM yadi vidyamAna priyatamA kI upalabdhi ke samAna avidyamAna priyatamA kI upalabdhi hotI, to upalabhyamAna priyA meM saMzaya ho sakatA thA / jaise-sajjala tathA mRgamarAcikArUpa asajjala donoM kI upalabdhi hone ke kAraNa sat kI hI upalabdhi hotI hai, isa vyavasthA ke na hone se vahAM saMzaya bana jAtA hai| isI prakAra vega se jAte hue manuSya ko panasAdi vRkSoM meM vRkSatva kI upalabdhi aura upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA hone para bhI vizeSakAMkSA na hone se saMzaya nahIM hotA hai| ataH sakalasahakAriyukta samAnadharma hI saMzaya meM kAraNa hai na ki eka sahakArI se yukta / yadyapi uparyukta sahakAriyoM se bhinna aSTAdi bhI saMzaya meM sahakArikAraNa haiM, tathApi ve sabhI kAryoM meM sahakArI haiM. unakA upAdAna na karane para bhI unameM sahakArikAraNatA prApta hai / ataH satra meM sahakArikAraNa rUpa se upAdAna nahIM kiyA gayA hai| saMzaya ke sAmAnyakAraNoM ke nirdeza ke pazcAt satra meM nirdiSTa saMzaya ke vizeSa kAraNoM ke nirdezapUrvaka saMzaya ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| 1 samAnadharmopalabdhi sUtra meM samAnadharmapada me 'samAnazcAsau dharmaH' tathA 'samAnAnAM dharmaH' isa prakAra karmadhAraya tathA SaSThI tatpuruSa donoM samAse kA avalambana hai / 'samAnazcAsau I. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 14. 2. vahI. bhAnyA-4

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26 nyAyasAra dharmaH' isa karmadhAraya samAsa se do vastuoM meM pRthak-pRthak vidyamAna sahaza pariNA. mAdi dharmoM kA grahaNa hai tathA SaSTho tatpuruSa se donoM vastuoM meM abhinnarUpa se vidyamAna sAmAnya avayavasaMyogAdilakSaNa dharmo kA grahaNa hai / jase - sthANurvA puruSo vA' isa saMzayodoharaNa meM sthANu tathA puruSa meM vibhinna rUpeNa vidyamAna samAna pariNAma Adi samAna dharmo kI tathA sthANu aura puruSa donoM meM vidyamAna eka hI avayava. saMyogAdirUpa sAmAnya dharma ko upalabdhi hai| 2 anekadharmopalabdhi anekadharmopalabdhi anavadhAraNa kA kAraNa hotI hai / anekadharma pada meM 'anekasmAd vyAvartako dharmaH, anekasyAsambandhI vA anekasmin pratiSiddho vA anekapratyaya. heturvA dharmaH 1 isa prakAra se anekadhA madhyamapadalopI samAsa hai / sabhI samAsoM dvArA vastu ke asAdhAraNa dharma kA lAbha hai / jaise-'AkAzavizeSaguNatva' zabda kA asAdhAraNa dharma hai, jo ki use anityapRthivyAdi se tathA nitya AtmAdi se pRthaka karatA hai| yadyapi yaha asAdhAraNa dharma saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM bana sakatA, kyoMki saMzaya meM vizeSa kI apekSA hai arthAta vizeSa smaraNa ko bhI kAraNa mAna gayA hai aura asAdhAraNa dharma yadi paraspara viruddhavizeSa prathivyAdi tathA AtmAdi padArtho ke sAtha rahatA ho, to usase unakA smaraNa hokara saMzaya meM vaha kAraNa bana sakatA hai, kintu vaha una viruddhavizeSoM ke sAtha rahatA nhiiN| ataH viruddhavizeSoM kA smAraka na hone se sazaya meM kAraNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki asAdhAraNa dharma se saMzaya ko nivRtti hotI hai na ki udbhava / yadi asAdhAraNa dharma saMzaya meM kAraNa hotA, to vaha saMzaya kA nivartaka kaise banatA? ataH asAdhAraNa dharma saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM bana sakatA, aisA prazastapAda kA kathana hai| - isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki asAdhAraNa dharma bhI virudvavizeSoM ko smRti karAkara saMzaya kA kAraNa bana sakatA hai / jaise-zabda AkAzavizeSaguNatva dharma ke kAraNa anitya ghaTAdi tathA nitya AtmAdi donoM se bhinna hai / ataH zabda nitya AtmAdi se vyAvRtta hone ke kAraNa ghaTAdi kI taraha anitya hai athavA anitya ghaTAdi se vyAvRtta hone ke kAraNa AkAzAdi kI taraha nitya hai| nityatva anityatva rUpa do virodhI dharmoM kA eka adhikaraNa zabda meM saMbhava nahIM, ataH uparyata rIti se AkAzavizeSaguNatva dharma zabda meM nityatva va anityatva rUpa saMzaya kA janaka ho jAtA hai| asAdhAraNa dharma ko saMzaya kA kAraNa mAnane para saMzaya kI nivRtti nahIM hogI-yaha kathana bhI saMgata nahIM kyoMki zabda meM kRtakatvAdi vizeSadharmo ke jJAna se saMzaya ko nivRtti bana sakatI hai| zrAvaNatvAdi kI taraha kRtakatvAdi vizeSadharma ko zabda ke nityatva-anityatva saMzaya meM kAraNa mAnanA saMgata nahIM, kyoMki kRtakatvAdi dharma loka meM nizcita rUpa se anityatva sahacArI ghaTAdi meM hI upalabdha hai| 1 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 15. 2. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 195.

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 27 athavA aneka dharma pada meM 'anekazcAsau dharmaH' yaha karmadhAraya samAsa mAnane para vastu meM viruddha aneka dharmoM kI upalabdhi sazaya kA kAraNa hai, yaha siddha hotA hai| jase mana kriyAvAn hone se kriyAvAn zarAdi kI taraha mUrta hai athavA asparzavAna hone se asparzavAn AkAza kI taraha amUrta hai, isa prakAra mana meM kriyAvatva tathA asparzavatva-ina viruddha dharmoM ko upalabdhi se usameM mUrtatva aura amUrtatva kA sandeha bana jAtA hai| kyoMki donoM viruddha dharmoM kA paraspara vyAghAta hone se unakI ekatra sthiti saMbhava nahIM / mana meM kriyAvatva tathA asparzavattva ina viruddha aneka dharmo kI upalabdhi ke sadA rahane se usameM mUrtatva aura amUrtatva kA sandeha sadA hI banA rahegA, yaha zaMkA bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki kevala vi ddha aneka dharmoM kI upalabdhi hI saMzaya meM kAraNa nahIM, kintu usake sAtha upalabdhi kI avyavasthA Adi bhI sahakAra kAraNa hai| usake na hone se sarvadA saMzaya nahIM ho sakatA / kriyAvattva tathA asparzavatva-ina do tulya bala vAle dharmoM kI prakti mana meM mUrtatva yo amUrtatva ke nirNaya kI anutpAdikA hai, na ki saMzaya kI utpAdikA -yaha prazastapAda kA kathana' bhI saMgata pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki nirNaya kA na honA hI saMzaya hai / nirNaya ke na hone para acetana vuDyAdi kI taraha manuSya baiThA nahIM rahatA, kintu usakA paryAlarocana karatA hai aura paryAlocana binA saMzaya ke nahIM ho sakatA / kisI bhI dharma kA nirNaya na hone para anadhyavasAya hotA hai, na ki saMzaya, yaha kathana bhI samucita nahIM / kyoMki jaise aneka dharmoM ke hone para nirNaya na hone se anadhyavasAya mAnA jAyegA, to do viruddha dharmo kI sthiti bhI vantu meM kisI eka dharma ke nirNaya kI anutpAdika hone se anadhyavasAya koTi meM hI AyegI na ki saMzayakoTi meM, jabaki viraddha dharmo kI sthiti ko prazastapAda bhI saMzaya kA kAraNa mAnate haiM / prazastapAda ne karmaprakaraNa meM yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki gamanatva dharma karmatva kA paryAyavAcI hai athavA karmatva se bhinna koI sAmAnya / utkSepaNAdi kriyAoM meM karmapratyaya kI taraha gamanapratyaya ke bhI samAna rUpa se hone ke kAraNa gamanatva karmatvaparyAyavAco hai, yaha pratIta hotA hai aura gamana ko utkSepaNAdi kI taraha gamanarUpa vizeSa saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai, isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vaha ukSepaNAdi kI taraha karmatva se bhinna apara sAmAnya hai / isa prakAra kA saMzaya viruddhadharmadvaya kI sthiti meM prazastapAda ne batalAyA hai tathA vakSyamANa rIti se anadhyavasAya bhI saMzaya hI hai, usase bhinna nahI / ataH viruddhadharmopalabdhi kI saraha anekadharmopalabdhi bhI saMzaya kA hetu hai yaha siddha ho jAtA hai / 1. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 193. 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 17. 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 17 5. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 252, 3. prazastapAdabhAdhya, pR. 192.

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28 nyAyasAra 3 vipratipatti vipratipatti arthAt paraspara viruddha dharmoM ke pratipAdaka vAkya bhI saMzaya ke kAraNa haiM / jaise - naiyAyika indriyoM ko bhautika mAnate haiM aura sAMkhya dArzanika abhautika / yahAM para indriyoM meM bhautikatva tathA abhautikatva-ina do viruddha dharmoM ke pratipAdaka-'bhautikoni indrayANi,' 'abhautikAni indriyANi-ye donoM vAkya indriyoM meM bhautikatva- abhautikatva rUpa saMzaya ke utpAdaka haiM / paraspara vyAhata vAkya ko sunane vAle sabhAsad ko vizeSApekSA tathA upalabdhi Adi kI avyavasthArUpa sahakArikAraNoM ke sadbhAva meM indriyA~ bhautika haiM athavA abhautika- yaha sandeha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AtmA zarIrAdi se bhinna hai athavA nahIM-ityAdi bhI vipratipatti ke udAharaNa haiN| upalabdhi __ upalabdhi bhI saMzaya meM kAraNa hai / jaise, taDAgAdi meM vidyamAna jala kI upalabdhi hotI hai tathA mRga marIcikArUpa avidyamAna jalAdi ko bhI / ataH jala kI upalabdhi se kyA yaha jala vidyamAna hai athavA avidyamAna-ityAkAraka saMzaya hotA hai| anupalabdhi isI prakAra anupalabdhi bhI saMzaya meM kAraNa hai / jaise, vidyamAna pizAca kI bhI upalabdhi nahIM hotI tathA avidyamAna zazazRMgAdi kI bhI / ataH bhUgarbha meM vidyamAna mUlaka, kIlaka, udakAdi kI anupalabdhi se anupalabhyamAna mUla kIlakAdi sat haiM athavA asat-yaha sandeha utpanna ho jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne saMzayasUtra meM upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi padoM kI tantra dvArA dviga. vRtti mAnakara upalabdhi ko pRthak saMzaya kA kAraNa mAnA hai tathA unako avyavasthA kA vizeSaNa mAnakara upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA ko saMzayasAmAnya kA sahakArikAraNa bhI mAnA hai| ataH upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA sabhI pAMca prakAra ke saMzayoM meM sahakArikAraNa hai| isI prakAra vizeSApekSA bho| isaliye 1. upalabdhyupapatterupalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAto vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH / 2 anupalabdhyupapattarupalabdhyavyavasthAto vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH / 3 samAnadharmopapatterupalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAtoM vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH / 4. anekadharmopapatterupalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAto vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH / 5. vipratipatterupalabhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAto vizeSApekSo vimarzaH saMzayaH /

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa saMzaya kI uparyukta paMcasUtrI kA nirdeza bhAsarvajJa ne kiyA hai| upalabdhi-anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA tathA vizeSApekSA-ye pAMca prakAra ke saMzayoM meM sahakArikAraNa haiM / ataH upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi ko saMzayavizeSa kA kAraNa mAnane para jo kucha vastu upalabdha athavA anupalabdha hogI, una sabhI meM saMzaya kI prasakti hai, aisA vAtikakAra kA kathana' asaMgata haiM, kyoMki kevala upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi hI saMzaya ke kAraNa nahIM haiM, apitu unake sAtha upalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthA tathA vizeSApekSA bhI saMzaya ke sahakArikAraNa haiM / ataH una sahakArikAraNoM ke na hone se sarvatra saMzaya kI prasakti nahIM hotii| upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi ko saMzaya kA kAraNa mAnane para upalabdhivinaya vasta meM jahAM satva tathA asatva kA sandeha hai, vahAM upalabdhitva tathA anapara sAmAnya dharma rahegA, ataH ina donoM kA samAnadharma meM hI antarbhAva ho jAyegA, pRthak saMzayakAraNa mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isa viSaya meM bhASyakAra kA kathana hai ki samAnadharma tathA aneka dharma jJeya vastu meM rahate haiM aura upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi jJAtA ke dharma haiN| isa prakAra jJeyasthatA tathA jJAtRsthatA ke bheda se unakA samAnadharma se pRthak upAdAna kiyA gayA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne yahAM apanA mata prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki kevala jJeyasthatA tathA jJAtRsthatA kA bheda hone se hI inakA samAna dharma se pRthaka pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai, kintu prayojanavazAt / ' cArvAkAdi dArzanika svarga, apUrva, devatAdi kI asattA unako anupalabdhimAtra se mAnate haiN| isI prakAra mImAMsaka upalabdhimAtra se zabda meM sthAyitva mAnate haiM aura cArvAka upalabdhimAtra se zarIra meM caitanya kI sattA mAnate haiM, bauddha upalabdhimAtra se sAmAnya Adi kA Azraya dravya se abheda mAnate haiM / ataH unake mata kA nirAkaraNa karane ke liye upalabdhimAtra aura anupalabdhimAtra ko sandeha kA kAraNa kahA hai / arthAt kevala upalabdhi-anupalabmiAtra se vastu kA nirNaya nahIM hoto, apitu sandeha hotA hai| niSkarSa bhAsarvajJasammata saMzayanirUpaNa se yaha niSkarSa prApta hotA hai ki sandeha kA pAMcavidhya nyAyabhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ke mata se batalAyA gayA hai / udyotakara ke matAnusAra saMzaya samAnadharmaja, anekadharmaja tathA vipratipattijanya bheda se trividha hI 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 18. 2. upalabdhyanupalabdhyavyavasthAnAt saMzayo bhavatIti bruvANo lokaM bAdhate / __ kathamiti ? yatkiJcityamupalabhate sarvAsya saMzayena bhavitavyam |-nyaayvaartik, 11 // 23. 3. nyAyabhAyA, 111 / 23. 4. nyAyabhuSaNa, pR. 18.

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nyAyasAra hai|' upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi se janya samdehaya samAnadharmajanya saMzaya meM anta. bhUta hai / rahasya yahI hai ki upalabdhi-anupalabdhi kA samAnadharma se bheda na hone para sUtrakAra ne 'samAnAne kadharmopapattevipratipatterupalabhyanupalabdhyavyavarathAtazca.............' isa sUtra meM prayojanavazAt upalabdhi kA pRthak kathana kiyA hai / sUtrakAra kA anusaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne bho inakA prayojanavazAta pRthak kathana kiyA hai aura vaha prayojana parapakSa kA pratikSepa hai, jisakA nirUpaNa pahile kiyA jA cukA hai| upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA ko saMzayasAmAnya meM kAraNa mAnanA bhAsarvajJa kI apanI vizeSatA hai, jisakA ullekha prAcIna bhASyakAra, vArtikakAra Adi ne nahIM kiyA hai tathA upalabdhi va anupalabdha kA samAna dharma se pRthak kathana ka prayojana parapakSapratakSepa bhI inakI apano vizeSatA hai| Uha kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva 'samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANam' isa pramANa sAmAnya ke lakSaNa meM samyak pada kA vyAvartya aha bhI hai / ataH vyAvaya'tvena prasakta hone se svarUpajJAnArtha Uha kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| Uha tarka kA apara paryAya hai, jaisA ki tarka ke 'avijJAtatattve'thai kAraNopapattitastattvajJAnArthamUhastakaM.' isa sautra lakSaNa se jJAta hotA hai / naiyAyikoM ne isa tarka ko pramANa kA bheda mAnA hai| nyAyasAra meM bhAsarvajJa ne Uha kA 'bAhyAlIpradeze puruSeNAnena bhavitavyamityUhaH' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai / jayanta ne bhI Uha kA yahI lakSaNa kiyA hai| saMbhavata bhAsarvajJa ne usI se prabhAvita hokara usI lakSaNa ko apanA liyA hai / uparyukta UhalakSaNa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne 'nyAya bhUSaNa' meM kahA hai ki saMzaya aura nirNaya ke madhyakAla meM hone vAlI 'bhavitavyama' ityAkAraka pratIti Uha hai| yaha Uha anavadhAraNAtmaka jJAna hone se saMzaya meM antarpata hai / 'samyaganubhavasAdhana pramANam' isa pramANalakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada kA upAdAna saMzaya aura viparyaya ke nirAkaraNa ke liye hai, yaha kahA hai, na ki Uha tathA anadhyavasAya kI nivRtti ke liye bhI, kyoMki vAhyAlI pradeza meM isa puruSa ko honA cAhiye' ityAkAraka Uha tathA isa vRkSa kA kyA nAma hai' ityAkAraka anadhyavasAya bhI anizcayAtmaka hone se 'anavadhAraNajJAnaM saMzayaH' isa saMzaya-lakSaNa 1. tatra samAnadharmopattoranekadharmopattovipratipattozca trividha eva saMzaya itarapadavizeSaNAd bhavatIti sUtrAtha: |--nyaayvaartik, 11 (23. . 2. nyAyasUtra, 140. 3 nyAyasAra, pR. 2. 4. yathA bAyakelipradesAdAbUyatvaviziSTadharmidarzanAta puruSeNAnena bhavitavyamiti pratyayaH / -nyAyamaMjarI, ettara bhAga, pR. 145. 5. RzvAyamUhaH? saMzayaniNayAntarAlamAvI bhavitavyAtmakaH pratyakSaH |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR 20,

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 31 se AkAnta haiM / ' nyAyasUtrakAra ne bhI isI kAraNa se saMzaya meM pramAtva kA vyAvartana karane ke liye pratyakSa - lakSaNa meM 'vyavasAyAtmaka' pada kA prayoga kiyA hai, Uha tathA anadhyavasAya kI vyAvRti ke liye kisI anya pada kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai. kyoMki unako bhI Ui tathA anadhyavasAya ke anizcayAtmaka jJAna hone se una donoM kI saMzayAntarbhUtatA abhipreta hai / yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki anavadhAraNajJAnarUpa samAnatA ke kAraNa Uha, anadhyavasAya tathA saMzaya - tInoM ko yadi eka hI mAnA jAyegA, to pratyakSAdi cAroM pramANoM ko bhI pramAsAdhanatArUpa samAnatA ke AdhAra para eka hI mAnanA cAhiye / isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki pratyakSAdi cAroM pramANa pramAsAdhanatvena eka hI haiM, kevala pratyakSa pramAsAdhanatvAdi avAntara vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa unameM bhedavyavahAra hai. usI prakAra sazaya, Uha tathA anadhyavasAya avadhAraNAtmaka hone se eka hI haiM, kevala avAntara bheda unameM hai / pramAsAdhanatvena pratyakSAdi pramANoM ke eka hone para bhI pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama kI bhinnatA kA vyavahAra samApta nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pratyakSa vyavahAra kA viziSTa nimitta indriyArthasaMnikarSa anumAna aura Agama meM nahIM hai, isaliye pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama ina pramANoM kA avAntara bheda banA rahatA hai | " Uha kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva svIkAra na karane vAle naiyAyikoM tathA vaizeSikoM kI yaha AzaMkA hai ki saMzaya 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka vikalpAtmaka koTidvaya kA avagAhana karatA hai, parantu Uha meM 'sthANurayaM puruSo vA' ityAkAraka padArthadvayAzrita vikalpAtmakatA kA abhAva hai / kyoMki azvavAhUyapradeza meM sthANu kI saMbhAvanA anupapanna hai" isa bAdhaka pramANa se sthANutva - koTi kI AzaMkA jaba nivRtta ho jAtI hai, taba 'puruSeNAnena bhavitavyam' ityAkAraka ekakoTika saMbhAvanAtmaka jJAna Uha kahalAtA hai / ata ise saMzaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA tathA puruSatvasAdhaka ziraHpANyAdirUpa sAdhaka pramANa ke abhAva se ise nirNaya bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki nirNaya ke liye pratipakSa kA niSedhamAtra hI apekSita nahIM hai, apitu svapakSasAdhana bhI jaisAki sUtrakAra ne batalAyA hai- saMzayAnantara svapakSa kI sthApanA tathA parapakSa ke nirAkaraNa dvArA jo arthavinizcaya hotA hai, use nirNaya kahate haiM / Uha meM kevala parapakSapratiSedha pratIta hotA hai, na ki puruSatvarUpa pakSa kA sAdhana / isaliye Uha nirNaya meM antarbhUta nahIM ho sakatA / isIliye sUtrakAra ne saMzaya tathA nirNaya se isakA pRthak kathana kiyA hai / 1. anavadhAraNatvAvizeSAdahA nadhyavasAyayornI saMzayAdarthAntarabhAvaH / nyAyasAra, pU. 2. 2 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 11. 3 turaMgamANAM gamane yogyadezAvamarzataH / zaithilyAt sthANukoTirhi naiva saMbhAvanAspadam // nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 22. 4. bAdhakapramaNAt koTayantarAzaMkAyAM nivRttAyAm / nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 20. 5. vimRzya pakSapratipakSAbhyAmarthAvadhAraNaM nirNayaH / nyAyasUtra, 111141.

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32 nyAyasAra upayukta AzaMkAoM kA samAdhAna bhAsarvajJa ne isa prakAra kiyA hai ki yaha niyama nahI ki saMzaya meM vikalpAtmaka do koTiyoM kA ullekha ho hI / vikalpAtmaka do koTiyoM ke ullekha ke binA bhI saMzaya hotA hai| jaise- jo janma letA hai, usakI mRtyu avazyambhAvI hai, yaha nizcaya kara apanI mRtyu ke viziSTa kAla ko na jAnatA huA koI sandeha karatA hai ki merI mRtyu kaba hogI ? Aja mRtyu hogI yA kalaye do koTiyAM yahAM arthataH prApta haiM, kintu 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' kI taraha usakA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai / ataH jisa prakAra 'mRtyumeM kadA bhaviSyati ?' yaha avikalpAtmaka, saMzaya hai, vaise hI 'puruSeNAnena bhavitavyama' yaha ekakodika Uha bhI vikalparahita saMzaya hI hai / isameM sthANvAdipakSa kI upekSA puruSapakSa meM adhika kAraNoM ke hone se draSTA puruSapakSa kI saMbhAvanA karatA hai, kintu pakSAntaroM kA sarvathA abhAva vahAM nahIM batalAyA gayA hai / ataH pakSAntara kI bhI AzaMkA saMbhAvita hai aura isa prakAra arthataH vahAM bhI saMzaya kI taraha dvikoTika jJAna hai / dUsarI koTi kA sarvathA nirAsa karane para to phira Uha saMzaya na rahakara nirNaya hI ho jAyegA kyoMki samasta pakSAntarAbhAvopalakSita UrdhvatvAdi paruSa kA vizeSa dharma hokara nirNaya kA nimitta bana jAtA hai / isaliye Uha meM koTyantara kA spaSTa kathana bhale hI na ho, parantu usakI AzaMkA to banI rahatI hai / antara itanA hI hai ki Uha meM eka koTi utkaTa hoto hai aura saMzaya meM donoM koTiyAM samAna / ' isI AdhAra para use saMzaya na mAnanA asaMgata hai| sUtrakAra dvArA Uha ko pRthak upAdAna bhI Uha kI saMzaya se pRthaktA kA sAdhaka nahIM, kyoMki pratijJAdi avayavoM ke pramANarUpa hone para bhI jaise parAnumitipratipatyartha unakA pramANa se pRthak kathana kiyA hai tathA jisa prakAra hetvAbhAso kA nigrahasthAnoM meM antarbhAva hone para bhI prayojanameda se unakA pRthak kathana kiyA haiM usI prakAra saMzaya me antabhUta hone para bhI prayojanavizeSa ke liye UharUpa tarka ko pRthak kathana hai| Uha ke pRthak abhidhAna kA prayojana vAtsyAyanaAdi pUrvAcAryoM ne Uha kA saMzaya se pRthak kathana kA prayojana pramANoM kA anugraha mAnA hai| bhAsarvajJa ke paravartI kiraNAvalIkAra udayana ne bhI tarka kI pramANAnugrohakatA kA nirdeza kiyA hai tathA aniyata jijJAsA ke viccheda se niyata 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 20. 2. satya, saMzayatAsAmye'pyantarAlikabhedabhAk / UhoDayamutkaTa: koTAvekasyA mastu kA kSatiH ||-nyaaymukkaablii, prathama bhAga, pR 22. 3. tarkavivikte viSaye pramANAni pravartamAnAni tarkeNa anugRhyante iti pUrvAcAryAH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 21,

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa jijJAsA kA janana hI tarka dvArA pramArNo kA anugraha batalAyA hai| kintu bhAsarvajJa ne vAdAdi meM vAdI, prativAdI kI pravRtti ko tarka ko prayojana mAna hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki katipaya dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki naiyAyika kI vAdAdi meM pravRtti ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki vicAraka kI nizcaya ke binA pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI aura isa sAdhana athavA dUSaNa se mujhe prativAdI ko parAjita karanA hai. aisA nizcaya vAdI ko vAdapravRtti se pUrva nahIM hotA, kyoMki dUsare ke abhiprAya ko jAnanA atyanta duSkara hai / parIkSita prajJA vAle puruSa meM bhI kadAcit upAdhyAya Adi dvArA samajhAye jAne para ajJAna yA viruddha jJAna dekhA jAtA hai, yaha vastusthiti hai / ataH nizcaya ke binA vAdI, prativAdI kI vAdAdi meM pravRtti nahIM ho sktii| isa AzaMkA kA parihAra karane ke liye bhAsarvajJa ne vAdAdi meM pravRtti ke liye tarka kI upayogitA mAnI hai / arthAt jinameM jayaparAjaya-hetutA pramANa se nizcita ho athavA tarka se susaMbhAvita (anugRhIta) ho, una sAdhanoM aura dUSaNoM kA naiyAyika ko vAdAdi meM prayoga karanA caahie| unhIM se vijayasiddhi aura parAjayaparihAra saMbhava hote haiN| arthAt vAdI tathA prativAdI svapakSasiddhi ke liye tathA parapakSakhaNDana ke liye jina sAdhanoM aura dUSaNoM kA prayoga karanA cAhatA hai, ve yadyapi pramANa dvArA nizcita nahIM haiM, tathApi tarka dvArA kAraNopapatti se saMbhAvita haiM, to unase bhI svavijaya tathA paraparAjaya saMbhAvita hai| isa prakAra tarka vAdAdipravRtti meM kAraNa hai / isIliye tarka kA pRthak kathana kiyA hai| isI tathya kA aparArka ne bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai / anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva vaizeSika saMzaya, viparyaya, anadhyavasAya, svapnabheda se cAra prakAra kI adhiyA mAnate haiN| unhoMne anadhyavasAya ko saMzaya se pRthak mAnA hai| kisI vRkSa ko dekhane para vRkSasAmAnya ke vyApya AmrapanasAdi vizeSa saMjJAoM kA smaraNa kara 'isa vRkSa kA kyA nAma hai', ityAkAraka jJAna anadhyavasAya kahalAtA hai, kyoMki usameM AmrAdi maMjJAvizeSa kA nizcaya nahIM hai| ise saMzaya meM antabhUta nahIM 1. aniyatajijJAsAvicchedena niyataM jijJAsAjananamanugrahaH / saiva saMbhAvanetyucyate / -kiraNApalI, pR. 171. 2. jayaparAjayahetutvena pramANanizcitau vA sAdhanopAlambhI tarkaviSayIkRtau vA vAdAdiSu nagAyike. nAbhidhAtanyo |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 22. 3. vayaM tu pratipadyAmahe-trAdAdipravRtti-vizeSaNArthaH taka: pRthgupdissttH|-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 21. 4. nyAyamukAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 23. 5. tatrAvidhA caturvidhA saMzayaviparyayAnadhyavasAyasvapnalakSaNA-pra.pA.mA.. pR. 137, bhAnyA-5 nAmi

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nyAyasAra kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki saMzaya meM sthANurvA puruSo vA' isa prakAra donoM vikalpa vizeSaviSayaka haiM, jabaki anadhyavasAya meM vizeSaviSayaka vikalpa na hokara 'isa vRkSa kI saMjJA kyA hai' aisA sAmAnyarUpa se anizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai| ise saMzaya se pRthak mAnane meM nimnalikhita yuktiyAM vaizeSika granthoM meM prApta hotI haiM :1. anadhyavasAya prasiddhArthaka tathA aprasiddhArthaviSayaka hotA hai, jabaki saMzaya prasiddhArtha viSayaka hI hotA hai| 2. prasiddhArtha kA jJAna hone para bhI anadhyavasAya dekhA jAtA hai| jaise. rAjA kA jJAna hone para bhI isa rAjA kA kyA nAma hai', aisA nAmaviSayaka anadhyavasAya hotA hai| 3. saMzaya sAmAnyadharmopalambha se utpanna hotA hai, jabaki anadhyavasAya sAmAnya dharmopalambha ke binA bhI hotA hai| 4, saMzaya ubhayollekhI hotA hai, jabaki anadhyavasAya ubhayollekho vikalpa ke binA bhI 'kiM saMjJako'yaM vRkSaH' ityAdirUpa se hotA hai / 5. anadhyavasAya meM kimityAkAraka ullekha hotA hai, jabaki saMzaya meM aisA ullekha nahIM hotA / ataH anadhyavasAya ko saMzaya se pRthak mAnanA caahiye| bhAsarvajJa ne vaizeSika mata ko nirAkaraNa karate hue Uha kI taraha anadhyavasAya kA bhI saMzaya meM antarbhAva batalAyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki anadhyavasAya udAharaNa 'kiM saMjJako'yaM vRkSaH' prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vahAM usa purodRzyamAna padArtha ko vRkSa isa sAmAnya saMjJA ke atirikta Amra, panasa, AmalakAdi meM se koI vizeSa saMjJA bhI hai| una vizeSa saMjJAoM meM se isa vRkSa meM kaunasI vizeSa saMjJA hai, usakA jJAna na hone se tadviSayaka sandeha hotA hai aura usI saMzaya ko 'kisaMjJako'yaM vRkSaH?' isa rUpa se vyakta kiyA gayA hai / padArthadvaya viSayaka saMzaya meM 'sthANurvAM puruSo vA' isa rUpa se vizeSa viSaya kA ullekha saMbhava hone para bho anekakoTika saMzaya meM vizeSaviSayaka uralekha saMbhava na hone se vahAM sAmAnyataH 'kimidam' isa prakAra kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / jaise, hajAroM gAyoM ke adhipati ko una gAyoM kI bhadrA, nandA Adi saMjJAo kA jJAna hone para bhI 'tumhArI eka gAya byAI hai' yaha kahane para 'katamA gauH prasUtA' arthAt kaunasI gAya byAI hai, ityAkAraka hI saMzaya hotA hai, na ki bhadA vyAI hai yA nandA ityAdi vizeSa vikalpollekhI saMzaya / ' anadhyavasAya ke sambandha meM prazastapAda aura vyomazivAcArya ke kathana kA khaNDana karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai-'etena vyAsaMgAdarthitvAcca iSukArAdInAmanadhyavasAyaH saMzayAntarbhAvito draSTavyaH / ' 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka 1. gauH prasteti gopAlasAmAnyavacanazruteH / ___ katamA gauH prasUteti sandeha iti laukikA. nyAyamuktAvalo, prathama bhAga, pR. 25. 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 23.

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa vikalpollekhI saMzayasthala meM bhI 'na jAnImaH kimidam' isa prakAra kA mAnasa ullekha hotA hI hai, ataH anadhyavasAya meM 'kimidam' ityAkAraka ullekha bhI use saMzaya se pRthak siddha nahIM kara sakatA / ' 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka saMzaya meM jisa prakAra sthANu va puruSa donoM meM Urdhvatva, pariNAhatvAdi sAmAnya dharmoM kA jJAna hai, usI prakAra 'kisaMjJako'yaM vRkSaH' isa anadhyavasAya meM bhI Amra, panasa, AmalakAdi vividha saMjJAviSayaka saMzayajJAna kA janaka parNazAkhAskandhatvAdi sAmAnyadharma kA jJAna vidyamAna hai| saMzaya sarvatra prasiddhArthaviSayaka hI hotA hai, yaha niyama bhI nahIM, kyoMki sthANupuruSasthala meM hI 'kyA yaha purodRzyamAna vastu sthANu hai yA etatsamAna koI anya vastu hai, aisA saMzaya hotA hai / ataH savikalpaka tathA nirvikalpaka donoM jJAnoM meM avAntara bheda hone para bhI jaise 'samyagaparokSAnubhavasAdhana pratyakSam' isa pratyakSalakSaNa ke anugata hone se unheM pratyakSa hI mAnA jAtA hai usI prakAra anavadhAraNatvarUpa samAnatA ke kAraNa anadhyavasAya bhI saMzaya se bhinna nahIM hai| niSkarSa : vaizeSika dArzanika ubhayollekhI vimarza ko saMzaya mAnate haiM, jaisA ki prazastapAdAcArya ne kahA hai-'ki syAt ityubhayAvalambI vimarzaH sNshyH| saMzaya kI taraha anadhyavasAya ubhayollekhI nahIM hotA, ataH vaizeSika use saMzaya se pRthak mAnate haiM / bhAsarvajJa ne tarka ke saMzayAntarbhAva-nirUpaNa meM hI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki saMzaya meM do koTiyoM kA ullekha anivArya nahIM hai| 'mRtyumeM kadA bhaviSyati' ityAkAraka koTidvayAnavalambI saMzaya bhI hotA hai| 'kimidama' ityAkAraka ullekha ke AdhAra para bhI anadhyavasAya ko saMzaya se pRthak nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki aisA mAnasa ullekha saMzaya meM bhI hotA hai| 1. nyAyamukkAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 25. 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 2. 3. bhAsajJa ke isa samAdhAna 12 prasna asthita hotA hai| nirvikalpaka tayA savikalpaka pratyakSa me pratyakSalakSaNa ke anugata hone para bhI donoM kI avAntara bheda ke AdhAra para bhinna bhinna saMjJA hai, usI prakAra saMzayalakSaNa kI anadhyavasAya tathA Uha me' vyApti hone para bhI avAntara bheda ke kAraNa Uha aura anadhyavasAya saMjJAbheda ucita kyoM nahIM? samAdhAnaavAntara bheda savikalpaka aura nirvikalpaka pratyakSa me hai, na ki pratyakSa va savikalpaka yA nirvikalpaka meM / ataH savikalaka va nirvikalpaka jJAnoM kA paraspara bheda hai, kintu pratyakSa se unakA bheda nhiiN| umI prakAra avAntara bheda uha tathA anadhyavAsaya jJAna meM hai, kintu saMzaya se una donoM kA bheda nahIM hai| donoM hI anavadhAraNatamaka hone se saMzayAntargata hai| ataH yaha zaMkA nirAdhAra hai| 4. prazastpAdabhASya, pR. 1...

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nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa ke paravartI vaizeSika dArzanika zrImadvallabhAcArya ne anadhyavasAya ke saMzayAntarbhAva kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai- 'saMzaya evAyamiti bhUSaNaH maitram | sAmAnyato'vagate vizeSato'jJAte jijJAsate vAcyavizeSe yadA kiM zabdAbhilApaH tadAnadhyavasAyaH / avyavasthitanAnAvAcakavAcyatvapratibhAse tu saMzaya iti' / ' lIlAvatIkArakRta anadhyavasAya ke saMzayAntarbhAva kA yaha pratyAkhyAna bhI nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki anadhyavasAya meM bhI saMzaya kI taraha vastu kA sAmAnyadharmapuraHsara jJAna hai tathA karacaraNAdimattvAdirUpa vizeSadharmapuraHsara nahIM | tathA 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka saMzaya meM bhI 'kimidam' ityAkAraka mAnasa ullekha hotA hai, ataH yaha bhedakathana nirAdhAra hai / 36 viparyaya-nirUpaNa maharSi gautama ne nimnalikhita nyAyasUtra meM viparyaya kA mithyAjJAna zabda se nirdeza kiyA hai ". 'du' khajanmapravRttidoSamithyAjJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tadanantarApAyAdapavargaH / "" AtmAdi apavargaparyanta prameyoM meM mithyAjJAna kI anekaprakAratA kA saMketa karate hue bhASyakAra ne usake svarUpaparicAyaka aneka udAharaNa diye haiM / jaise- ' Atmani tAvannAsti, 'anAtmani Atmeti ityAdi / vArtikakAra ne viparyaya kA svarUpa batalAte hue kahA hai- 'atasmiMstaditi pratyayaH / " arthAt bhinna vastu meM bhinna vastu kI pratIti viparyaya hai / jaise, sarpa-bhinna rajju meM sarpapratIti, rajatabhinna zukti meM rajata ko pratIti / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne viparIta artha ke nizcaya ko arthAt bhinna vastu meM bhinna vastu ke jJAna ko viparyaya kahA hai / jaise- - eka candra meM 'dvau candrau' ityAkAraka jJAna / candramA ke eka hone para bhI tarjanI se netraputtalikA ko niSpIDita karane se do candramAoM kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai / candramA ke uttarakAlabhAvI ekatvajJAna se candradvitvajJAna ke bAdhita hone ke kAraNa usakI viparyastatA sphuTa hai / yaha jAgradavasthA kA viparyaya hai / soye hue vyakti kA gajAdidarzana bhI viparyaya hai / yaha svapnAvasthA kA viparyaya hai / " ' dvau candrau' isa udAharaNa se viparyaya kA svarUpa spaSTa ho jAne para bhI soye hue puruSa kA gajAdidarzana1. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 57. 2. nyAyasUtra, 111/2. 3. nyAyabhASya, 1/1/2. 4. nyAyavArtika, 1|1|2. 5. midhyAdhyavasAyo viparyayaH / nyAyasAra, 12. 6. viparyayo dvidhA - anubhUyamAnAropaH smaryyamANAropazca / - nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 66.

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premANasAmAnyalakSaNa 27 yaha udAharaNAntara sabhI prakAra ke viparyayoM kA saMgraha karane tathA matAntara kA niSedha karane ke liye diyA gayA hai / arthAt eka candramA meM dvicandratvajJAna se jAgaraNakAlika viparyayoM kA saMgraha ho jAne para bhI svapnakAlika svapnarUpa viparyaya kA saMgraha nahIM hogA / ataH tatsaMprahArtha yaha udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / svapna ke pRthakjJAnatva kA nirAkaraNa vaizeSika svapna ko viparyayajJAna se bhinna mAnate haiM, jaisA ki prazastapAdabhASya meM kahA hai- 'avidyA caturvidhA saMzayaviparyayAnadhyavasAyasvapnalakSaNA' | kintu yahAM 'suptasya gajAdidarzanam' ko viparyaya ke udAharaNa rUpa meM prastuta karane se svapna gajAdi jJAna viparyaya hI hai, yaha siddha kiyA hai / kyoMki svapna meM gajAdi ke na hone para bhI gajAdijJAna honA viparItArthajJAna hI hai / itanA hI antara hai ki svapnagajAdijJAnarUpa viparyaya uparata indriya vAle tathA pralInamanaska puruSoM ko hotA hai aura loka meM savAdisaMmata rajjusarpAdi viparyayajJAnoM meM indriyoM kI uparati tathA mana kA pralaya nahIM hotA / avAntara vaidharmyamAtra ke hone para bhI viparItArtha kA jJAna jAmadviparyaya tathA svApnaviparyaya donoM meM samAna hai / ataH viparyayalakSaNAkrAnta hone se svapnajJAna bhI viparyaya hI hai / jina svapnajJAnoM meM nizcayAtmakatA nahIM hotI, una jJAnoM ke anavadhAraNAtmaka hone se unakA saMzaya meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / kArya saMzaya ko dekhakara kAraNa ke sAmarthya kA avadhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, ataH svApnasaMzaya meM samAnadharmAdi kA samyag jJAna na hone se bhrAnta samAnadharmAdijJAna ko bhI saMzaya meM kAraNa mAnanA par3atA hai / * isa prakAra anavadhAraNAtmaka svapnajJAna kA bhI saMzaya meM antarbhAva hai / avadhAraNAtmaka tathA viparIta nizcayAtmaka svapnajJAna se bhinna anubhUta artha kA prakAzaka svapnajJAna smaraNakoTi meM A jAtA hai tathA svapna meM uparyukta tInoM prakAroM se bhinna jo samyak anubhavAtmaka svapnajJAna hai, vaha pratyakSapramArUpa hone se pratyakSa 1. vaizeSikadarzana meM svapna ko viparyaya se pRthak mAnA gayA hai / kiraNAvalIkAra udayanAcAryane prazastapAdaprota viparyayalakSaNa meM' ' pratyayaH zabda se svapna ko vyAvRtti kI hai, kyoMki pratyaya pada jAgarAvasthA ke jJAna kA bodhaka hai aura svapnagajA dijJAna jAgarAvasthA kA jJAna nahIM hai / isIliye unhoMne kahA hai ' pratyaya iti jAgarAvasthAtvaM tena svapnavyavaccheda iti / etaduktaM bhavati ayathArtha nizcayAtmakaM jAgarAvasthAjJAnaM viparyaya iti, loke tathaiva prasiddheH' (kiraNAvalI, pR. 174 ) - 11 2. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 137 3. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 63 4. tacca samAnadharmAdijJAnaM samyagvA bhavatu bhrAntaM vA ityubhayathApi sahakArisahakRtaM saMzayakAraNatveneSyam, kAryadarzanAddhi kAraNasya sAmarthyamavadhAryata iti / - nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 25.

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38 nyAyasAra hai / jaise-sukhAdi kA saMvedana / isa prakAra sabhI svapnAdijJAnoM kA saMzaya, viparyaya, smRti tathA pratyakSa pramA meM antarbhAva ho jAne se svapnajJAna ko maMzaya, viparyaya, smRtyAdi se bhinna mAnanA asaMgata hai| uparyukta roti se viparyaya jAmatkAlika viparyaya tathA svApna viparyaya bheda se do prakAra kA hai| bAhya tathA AdhyAtmika nimittoM ke bheda se viparyaya ke aneka bheda ho jAte haiM1. rajju meM 'sarpa' ityAkAraka tathA sthANu meM 'puruSa' ityAkAraka viparyaya sAdRzya.... hetuka hai| 2 zukla paTa meM raktAdijJAna dravyAntarasaMsargahetuka hai| 3. sphaTikAdi meM raktAdijJAna japAkusuparUpa upAdhisaMnidhAnamAtra hetuka hai / 4 kramazaH hone vAle kAryoM meM yogapatha kA jJAna AzubhAvitAhetuka hai| 5. sthira padArtho meM calane kA jJAna nAvAdiyAnagatimUlaka hai| 6. indrajAlAdi kA jJAna mantra-auSadhAdisAmarthya hetuka hai| ye bheda bAhya-nimittapradhAna viparyaya ke haiN| 1. cazvarAde ke pittAdi se abhibhUta hone para zaMkhAdi meM pItimA kA jJAna, 2. timira doSa ke kAraNa kezAbhAva hone para bhI kezoNDuka (kezasamUha) kA jJAna tathA eka candra meM anekatva kA avabhAsa, 3. saMskArAtizaya ke kAraNa yuvati Adi viSaya ke abhAva meM bhI yuvati Adi kA avabhAsa, 4. asat zAkha ke abhyAsa se azreyas meM zreyastva kA tathA mAkSAAda ke anupAyoM meM upAyatvajJAna, 5. adRSTasAmarthya ke kAraNa digbhrama, 6. nidrAsahita saMskArAtizayAdi se svapnajJAna / se viparyayajJAna AdhyAtmika nimittahetuka haiN| smaryamANAropa viparyaya ke udAharaNa 'suptasya gajAdidarzanam' kA prayojana jayasiMhasari ne avivekakhyAti (smRtivipramoSa), akhyAti, asakhyAti, prasiddhArthakayAti. AmakhyAti, anirvacanIyakhyAti, alaukikArthakhyAti-ina sAta viparyayaprakAroM kA nirAsa tathA svamatAnusAra viparItArthakhyAti kA prasthApana mAnA hai| viparyayajJAna sabhI dArzanikoM ko svIkRta hai, kintu usake svarUpa meM dArzanikoM meM paraspara mahAn vaimatya hai / kyoMki viparyaya meM jisa vastu kI pratIti hotI hai. usa pratIyamAna vastu ke svarUpa ko lekara dArzanikoM kA matabheda hai aura usI ke kAraNa viparyaya ke svarUpa meM bheda ho jAtA hai| pratIyamAna vastu kisI ke mata meM 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 25-26 - 2. nyAyatAtparya dIpikA, pR. 67

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 39 asat , kisI ke mata meM sat , kisI ke mata meM alaukika, kisI ke mata meM prasiddha vastu tathA kisI ke mata meM anirvacanIya Adi hai / aura inhIM AdhAroM para asakhyAti Adi nAmoM se dArzanikoM ne unheM vyavahRta kiyA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne 'nyAyabhUSaNa' ke "viparyayaprakaraNa' meM 8 prakAra kI khyAtiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| uparyukta sabhI khyAtiyoM ko do pradhAna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-1 nirAlambana khyAti, 2 sAlambana khyAti / jisameM viparyaya kA koI Alambana nahIM hotA, apitu binA Alambana viparyaya kI pratIti hotI hai, use nirAlambanakhyAti kahate haiM / isa nirAlambanakhyAti ko mAnane vAle akhyAtivAdI mAdhyamika bauddha haiM / ve bhramajJAna kA koI Alambana svIkAra nahIM karate / dUsarI sAlambana khyAti hai| isameM bhramajJAna kA Alambana hotA hai, kyoMki nirAlambana jJAna nahIM hotA / kintu una AlambanoM kA bhinna-bhinna svarUpa hone se yaha sAlambana khyAti, asatakhyAti, prasiddhArthakhyAni Adi bheda se 7 prakAra kI hai / bhramajJAna kA viSaya asatpadArtha hai, aisA mAnane vAle asakhyAtivAdI mAdhyamikaikadezI bauddha haiM / bhramajJAna kA Alambana prasiddha pratIyamAna padArtha hai, aisA mAnane vAle prasiddhArthakhyAtivAdI cArvAka haiN| alaukika artha bhramajJAna kA Alambana hai aisA mAnane vAle alaukikArthakhyAtivAdI bhadra umbeka Adi haiN| tattAjJAnarahita rajata kA smaraNa bhramajJAna kA Alambana hai, aisA mAnane vAle prAbhAkaramImAMsaka haiN| rajatarUpa jJAnAkAra AtmA hI bhrama kA Arambana hai. aisA mAnane vAle AtmakhyAtivAdI sautrAntika vaibhASika bauddha haiN| sata aura asat se vilakSaNa anirvacanIya viSaya hI bhrama kA Alambana hai. aisA mAnane vAle anirvacanIya-khyAtivAdI vedAnto haiM / viSaya kI anya rUpa se pratIti bhrama meM hotI hai, aisA mAnane vAle nyAyanipuNa naiyAyika haiM / svarUpajJAnArtha ina sabhI khyAtiyoM ko yahAM saMkSepa meM nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai-- akhyAti mAdhyamika bauddhoM ke anusAra zuktirajatAdibhramajJAna kA koI bhI Alambana nahIM hai, kyoMki rajatasattA ko rajatajJAna kA Alambana mAnane para jala meM jalajJAna hone se vaha samyagajJAna hogA na ki bhramajJAna / rajatAbhAva kI vahAM pratIti nahIM, ataH vaha Alambana ho nahIM sakatA / zukti bhI Alambana nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki zukti kI pratIti mAnane para vaha jJAna zukti meM zuktiviSayaka hone se samIcIna jJAna hogA aura apratIyamAnazukti Alambana nahIM ho sakatI / rajatAkAra se zukti 1. Bhasarva jna discusses 8 different theories regarding the status of the contect of erroneous judgment. This is rather interesting because Vacaspati Misra, in a similar context in Tatparyatika, mentions only 5 different theories or Khyatis. - "The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers, Vol. II (Summary of Nyayabhusana by B. K. Matilal), Matilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1977, p. 411.

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myAyasAra kI bhrama meM pratIti hotI hai, yaha kathana bhI samIcIna nahIM, kyoMki bhinna vastu kA bhinnAkAra se grahaNa loka meM anubhUta nahIM hai, anyathA paTa kA bhI ghaTAkAra se grahaNa hone laga jAyegA / ataH zuktirajatAdi jJAna sarvathA nirAlambana hai / yahI akhyAti hai| kintu bauddhoM kA bhramasthala meM nirAlambanavAda sarvathA asamIcIna hai, kyoMki kisI padArtha ke Alambana na hone para usa jJAna meM rajatajJAna, jalajJAna ityAkAraka vizeSatA kI pratIti anupapanna hogo tathA bhrAntijJAna ko nirAlambana mAnane para suSuptidazA se isakA koI bheda na hogaa| pratIyamAna artha se bhinna koI Alambana nahIM hai, yaha mAnane para pratIyamAna artha ke Alambana hone se khyAti ko nirAlambanatA va akhyAtitva kA vighAta hogA / ataH akhyAtivAda anupapanna hai / asakhyAti bauddhaikadezI bhramasthala meM asatpadArtha ko Alambana mAnatA hai, kyoMki zukti. rajatAdibhramasthala meM zukti meM rajata artha kI pratIti hotI hai aura sat rajatarUpa artha kA zukti meM abhAva hai / ataH asat rajatarUpa artha ko zukti kA Alambana mAnane se ise asakhyAti kahanA ucita hai| kintu yaha mata bhI asamIcIna hai, kyoMki asat AkAzakusumAdi kI pratIti loka meM anubhUta nahIM hai / ataH asat kI prote mAnanA lohAnubhayaviruddha hai tathA asat artha ko bhrama kA Alambana mAnane para usameM kisI prakAra ke vaicitrya kI sattA na hone se bhrama-jJAnoM meM anubhUyamAna vaicitrya kI bhI anupapatti hogii| prasiddhArthakhyAti cArvAka asat ko pratIte kI anupapannatA ke kAraNa zuktirajatAdibhramasthala meM pramAgasiddha rajatAdi artha ko hI usakA Alambana mAnatA hai| kyoMki bhrama kI nivRtti ke bAda bhramasthala meM rajata ko pratIti na hone se bhramakAla meM bhramasthala meM rajatA de kI pratIti anubhavasiddha hai| ataH usa kAla meM usakI sattA mAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai, kyoMki padArthA kI sattA pratIti se hI siddha hotI hai| karatalAdi ke astitva meM bhI pratIti hI pramANa haiM / ataH pratItisiddha prasiddha artha ke bhrama kA Alambana na hone se vaha zuktirajatAdi bhramasthala meM prasiddhArtharUyAti mAnatA hai| kintu yaha mata bho avicAritaramaNIya hI pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki pramANasiddha artha kI bhramasthala meM pratIti mAnane para samIcIna jalAdijJAna kI taraha marIcijala meM bhI pramANa-siddha artha kI pratIti hone se vaha samIcIna jJAna kahalAyegA na ki bhramajJAna / tathA uttarakAla meM udaka kI pratIti na hone se udaka ke abhAva meM bhI pUrvakAla meM prasiddha jalajanya bhUsnigdhatA kA upalambha honA cAhie /

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa alaukikArthakhyAti cArvAkAbhimata prasiddhArthasyAti meM uparyukta doSa ke kAraNa bhaTTa umbeka bhramasthala meM alaukika artha ko pratIti mAnate haiN| unake matAnusAra bhramasthala meM zuktirajatAdijJAna meM laukika rajata to Alambana ho nahIM sakatA, kyoMki vahAM usakA astitva nahIM hai aura binA viSaya ke usakA mAna yA pratIti anapapanna hai| sthaloM meM alaukika artha kI pratIti mAnanA ucita hai / laukika rajata ke vahAM na hone para bhI alokika rajata kA astitva vahAM mAnA jA sakatA hai aura vahI bhrama jJAna kA Alambana hai / yahI alaukikArthakhyAti hai / kintu yaha mata bhI samIcIna nahIM, kyoMki vastu kA astitva pramANoM se siddha hotA hai| bhramasthala meM alaukika artha kisI bhI pramANa se siddha nahIM hai / pratyakSAdipramANoM se siddha na hone para bhI viparyaya pramANa se yaha siddha hai. kyoMki viparyayadazA meM hI alaukika artha kI pratIti hotI hai, yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki alaukikArtha ko pramANasiddha mAnane para samyag rajatAdijJAna kI taraha uttarakAla meM usake bAdha kI anupapatti hogii| tathA viparyaya ko alaukikArthasAdhaka pramANa bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha svayaM uttarakAla meM bAdhyamAna hai aura bAdhyamAna pramANa nahIM hotaa| smRtipramoSa alaukikArthakhyAti meM uparyukta doSoM kA sadbhAva hone se prabhAkara zuktirajatAdisthala meM smRtivipramoSa mAnatA hai ! arthAt zuktirajatajJAna rajata kA smaraNAtmaka jJAna haiM, kintu doSa ke kAraNa usa jJAna meM tattA kI pratIti nahIM hotI hai| arthAt 'tadarajatam' isa rUpa se usakI pratIti nahIM hotI, yahI smRtipramoSa hai| kintu yaha mata nirduSTa nahIM hai, kyoMki doSa ke kAraNa rajatasmaraNa meM tattAMza kA pramoSa ho jAne para bhI 'rajatam' ityAkAraka hI pratIti honI cAhiye na ki 'idaM rajatam' ityAkAraka / lezataH bhI apUrva aMza kI pratIti mAnane para smRtitva kI anupapatti hogI / isIliye 'so'yaM devadattaH' ityAkAraka apUrvAMzapratibhAsI jJAna ko pratyabhijJA mAnA jAtA hai na ki smRti / manodoSa ke kAraNa smRti zuktirUpa artha kI rajatAkAra. rUpa se pratIti karAtI hai, aisA mAnane para to anyathAkhyAti hI ho jAyagI, kyoMki anya vastu kI anyAkAratA se pratIti hI anyathAkhyAti hai| tathA bhrama saMskArahita kevala manodoSoM se bhI hotA hai / ataH viparyaya ko smRti mAnanA ucita nahIM / dUdha tathA jala ke mila jAne para jaise unakI bhedena pratIti nahIM hotI usI prakAra zukti ke idamityAkAraka anubhavajJAna tathA 'rajatam' ityAkAraka smRtijJAna kI bhedena pratIti na hokara 'idaM rajatam' isa rUpa se abhedena pratIti ko bhI smRtivipramoSa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki aisA mAnane para do bhinna jJAnoM kI bhAnyA-6

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42 nyAyasAra abhedena pratIti anyathAkhyAti hI ho jAyegI tathA donoM jJAnoM ke abhedajJAna ko smRtivipramoSa mAnane para 'idaM rajatam' isa jJAna ke uttarakAlabhAvI 'nedaM rajatam' isa jJAna kI bAdhakatA anApanna hogii| kyoM ke donoM jJAnoM ke abhedajJAna kA bAdhaka jJAna to donoM kA bheda karAne vAlA honA cAhiye, na ki rajata kA niSedha karAne vAlA / ataH smRtivipramoSa bhI bhramasthala maiM anupapanna hai| AtmakhyAti vijJAnavAdI, sautrAntika tathA vaibhASika baudva bhramasthala meM AtmakhyAti mAnate haiM / unakA kahanA hai ki 'rajatajJAnam,' 'jalajJAnam' ityAdi viziSTa vyavahArajJAna meM jJAnagata yA arthagata vizeSatA mAnane para hI ho sakatA hai / bhramasthala meM rajatAdi kI sattA na hone se unako usa vyavahAra kA pravartaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| smRtyupasthApita rajata pUrvakAlika anubhava kA hI vizeSaka ho sakatA hai, vartamAnakAlika 'iI rajatam' isa jJAna kA nahoM, kyoMki usakA pUrva anubhavAtmaka jJAna se hI sambandha hai, vartamAnakAlika rajatajJAna se nahIM / zuktikA ko bhI bhramajJAna kA vizeSaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoM ka usakI pratIti hone para rajata kI pratIti hI nahIM hogii| ataH artha rajatajJAnAdiviziSTa vyavahAra kA pravartaka nahIM ho sakatA / parizeSAt jJAna ko hI viziSTa vyavahAra kA pravartaka mAnanA hogA / bhramasthala meM jJAnAkAra antaHstha rajata hI anAdividyopaplavavazAt bAhya kI taraha pratIta hotA hai| cUMki yaha rajata jJAna se bhinna vastu nahIM, apitu jJAnAkAra ho hai aura kSaNika vijJAna hI bauddhamata meM AtmA hotA hai, isaliye jJAnAkAra rajata kI pratIti hI AtmakhyAti zabda se vyapadiSTa huI hai| yaha mata bhI anupapanna hai, kyoMki prathama to artha jJAna ke AkAravizeSa nahIM, apitu jJAna se bhinna svatantra haiM. yaha anubhavasiddha hai tathA uparyukta rIti se sabhI artho ke jJAnAkAra hone se jJAnAkAratA kA kisI bhI jJAna meM vyabhicAra na hone se jJAnoM meM bAdhyabAdhakabhAva ko anupapatti hogii| isI prakAra rajatAdi arthoM ko jJAnAkAra mAnane para jJAna kI sukhAdi kI taraha antaHsatto hone se bAhyatvena unakI pratIti tathA jJAtA kI rajatAdigrahaNa ke liye bahiHpravRtti nahIM bnegii| .. anirvacanIyakhyAti vedAntI mramasthala meM anirvacanIyakhyAti mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki binA viSaya ke jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisa jJAna meM jisa vastu kI pratIti hotI hai, vahI usakA viSaya hotA hai, jaise samIcIna jJAna meM / bhramasthala meM 'idaM rajatam' isa jJAna meM rajata kI pratIti hotI hai, ataH rajata ko hI usa jJAna kA viSaya mAnanA hogA / kintu vaha rajata sat nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki sat hone para vaha jJAna bhrama nahIM kahalAyegA aura uttarakAla meM usakA vAdha nahIM hogA / asat mAnane para

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 43 AkAzakusumAdi kI taraha usakA pratIti anupapanna hogo / virodhI vastuoM kA samuccaya tamaH prakAza kI taraha anupapanna hone se vaha pratIyamAna rajata sadasat svarUpa bhI nahIM hai / ataH usa pratIyamAna rajata ke svarUpa kA kisI bhI prakAra nirvAcana saMbhava na hone use anirvacanIya mAnA jAtA hai aura vaha anirvacanIya rajata hI zuktirajatabhramasthala meM rajatajJAna kA viSaya hai / isI liye bhramasthala meM anirvacanIya padArtha kI pratIti hone se ise anirvacanIyakhyAti kahA jAtA hai / yaha mata bhI samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki bhramasthala meM niyata deza, kAla, svabhAva vAle rajata kI sadrUpa se ho pratoti hotI hai / isIliye rajatArthI puruSa kI pravRtti usake grahaga meM hotI hai / sadasadvilakSaga vastu kI pratIti tathA usake grahaNa meM mAnava kI pravRtti nahIM hotI / viparItakhyAti uparyukta rIti se bhinna-bhinna dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta sabhI khyAtiyoM meM doSa hone se nyAyanipuNa naiyAyika bhramasthala meM viparIta khyAti mAnate haiM / viparIta khyAti kA tAtparyaviparIta artha kI pratIti nahIM hai, apitu purovidyamAna artha kI viparIta rUpa se pratIti hai / arthAt zuktirajatasthala maiM purovartI zukti kI zuktitva rUpa se viparIta rajatatvarUpa se pratIti viparIta khyAti hai / anya prakAra se pratIti hone ke kAraNa hI ise anyathAkhyAti bhI kahA jAtA hai / isa mata meM rajatajJAna kA Alambana to zukti hI hai jo ki sat haiM, kintu doSavazAta usakI pratIti rajatarUpa se hotI hai / mANasaMkhyA pramANAdi poDa padArtho ke tatvajJAna se apavarga kI prApti hotI hai aura jJAna ke liye pramANoM kA vivecana tathA parijJAna nitAnta apekSita hai, kyoMki pramANa hI samyak anubhava ke sAdhana haiM / tattvajJAna kI utpatti ke liye pramANAdi kI saMkhyA tathA unake vizeSa lakSaNa kI jijJAsA hone se pramANoM kI saMkhyA kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai, kyoMki pramANa ke sambandha meM saMkhyAdiviSayaka vipratipatti hone ke kAraNa pramANoM ke lakSaNa, saMkhyA, viSaya tathA phala kI jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai / dharmottara tathA zAlikanAtha ne bhI pramANoM ke sambandha meM uparyukta cAra prakAra kI vipratipattiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ' 1 (A) caturvidhA cAtra vipratipattiH saMkhyA - lakSaNa - gocara - phalaviSayA / - dharmottara pradIpa ( nyAya biMdu tayA nyAya biMduTIkA sahita), pR. 35. (B) svarU' saMkhyArtha phaleSu vAdibhiH / yato vivAda bahudhA vitenire // pra. pra., pR. 38.

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44 bhyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa ko tIna pramANa mAnya haiM - pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama, na inase nyUna aura na adhika / anya dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta upamAnAdi kA unhoMne ina tIna pramANoM meM hI antarbhAva kara diyA hai / pratyakSakapramANavAdI cArvAka ke mata kA khaNDana cArvAkamatAnusAra pratyakSa se bhinna anumAna pramANa na mAnane para itaravyAvRtti athavA vyavahAra lakSaNa kA prayojana hotA hai - isa siddhAnta kA vyAkopa hogA, kyoMki itaravyAvRtti va vyavahAra kI siddhi anumAna dvArA hI hotI hai tathA vipratipanna, apratipanna tathA saMdigdha vyaktiyoM ke bodhArtha prekSAvAn kI pravRtti bhI nahIM hogI, kyoMki parapuruSagata vipratipatti, apratipatti tathA sandeha ke jJAna ke binA unakA bodhana saMbhava nahIM aura unakA jJAna unake vacana, ceSTAdi liMgoM ke dvArA anumeya hI hai / ataH anumAna ko pramANa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| pramANasaMplava tathA pramANa viplava 'trividhaM pramANam' isa vAkya meM pramANa zabda meM ekavacana kA prayoga kahIMkahoM pratyakSAdi tInoM pramANoM kA viSaya eka hotA hai, isa prakAra pramANasaMplava kA bodhana karane ke liye kiyA gayA hai / jaise, atidUrastha parvatAdi pradeza meM Apta. vacana ke dvArA mAnava ko agni kA jJAna hotA hai / vahIM para kucha pApta Ane para parvata meM dhUma ko dekhakara anumAna dvArA bhI agni kA jJAna karatA hai tathA atisamIpa pahuMcakara vaha parvata-pradeza meM pratyakSa pramANa dvArA bhI agni kA jJAna kara letA hai / isa prakAra parvatapradeza meM agni kA jJAna pratyakSAdi tInoM pramANoM se hone se yahAM tInoM pramANoM kA saMplava hai / ' kintu 'pratyakSamanumAnamAgamaH' meM tInoM pramANoM kA vyastarUpa se abhidhAna kiyA hai| usase granthakAra yaha dhvanita kara rahe haiM ki kahIM-kahIM para tInoM pramANoM kA saMplava na hokara unakI vyavasthiti arthAt pRthak-pRthak viSayatA bhI hotI hai| jaise-'agnihotraM juhuyAt svargakAmaH' isa zrutivAkya meM agnihotra ke dvArA prAptavya svarga ko jJAna na pratyakSa se hotA hai aura na anumAna se, kyoMki svarga ke lokAntarastha tathA zarIrAntara dvArA prApya hone se vaha cakSurAdirUpa pratyakSapramANa ko viSaya nahIM hai tathA usake kArya kA yahAM pratyakSajJAna na hone se anumAna pramANa kA bhI viSaya nahIM hai| kintu zrutirUpa Agama pramANa ke dvArA hI agnihotrasAdhya svarga kA jJAna hotA hai / meghagarjanA sunane para usase megha kA jJAna na cakSurAdirUpa pratyakSa pramANa dvArA hI hotA hai aura na kisI AptavacanarUpa Agama pramANa se, api tu 1 nyAyasAra, pR. 2. 2 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 81-82. 3 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 82.

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 45 meghagarjanarUpa kArya ke dvArA anumAna pramANa se hI hotA hai| isI prakAra pratyakSa dRSTa karapAdAdi kA jJAna pratyakSarUpa pramANa dvArA hI hotA hai, kyoMki pratyakSa dvArA unakA jJAna ho jAne para anumAna va Agama pramANo kI AkAMkSA na hone se unakI vahAM pravRtti nahIM hai / isa prakAra pratyeka pramANa kA pRthak-pRthak vyavasthita viSaya bhI hotA hai| jayanta bhaTTa ne bhI bhASyakAra ke isa pramANasamplava tathA pramANa. vyavasthA kA ullekha kiyA hai / pramANasaMplavasaMbandhI bauddhoM kI AzaMkA kA nirAkaraNa bauddha do prakAra kA prameya mAnate haiM-svalakSaNa aura sAmAnya / unakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyakSa svalakSaNaviSayaka hotA hai, arthAt vastu kA asAdhAraNa svarUpa pratyakSa kA viSaya hotA hai / vastuoM kA samAropyamANa sAdhAraNa svarUpa sAmAnyalakSaNa hotA hai| sAmAnyalakSaNa anumAna ke dvArA grAhya hotA hai / isa prakAra prameyAnusAra pramANa vyavasthita viSayaka haiM, unakA kisI bhI viSaya meM saMplava nahIM / ataH bauddha vyavasthita prameyapramANavAdI kahalAte haiN| paramArthika aura sAMvRtika-do prakAra kI sattAoM ko lekara bauddhoM ne apanA samasta vAgvyavahAra mAnA hai| jaisA ki kahA hai-'dve satye samupAzritya buddhAnAM dharmadezanA' : pratyakSapramANa pAramArthika hai aura anumAna pramANa sAMvRtika hai / svalakSaNa tattva pAramArthika hai aura sAmAnya lakSaNa kAlpanika / pratyakSa kA viSaya svalakSaNa hone ke kAraNa use pAramArthika kahate haiM aura anumAna kA viSaya sAmAnya hone ke kAraNa use sAMvRtika kahate haiN| ise aise bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vastudRSTi se pramANa ekamAtra pratyakSa hai, anumAna nahIM, kyoMki anumAna kA viSaya kalpanA para Azrita hai, vastu para nahIM / 1 tadudAharaNaM tu bhASyakAra: prazita vAna......, agnirAptopadezAtpratIyate'mutreti pratyAsIdatA dhUmadarzanena anubhIyate pratyAsannatareNa upalabhyate ityAdi kvacitta vyavasthA dRzyate yathA agnihotraM juhuyAt svargakAma ityasmadA derAgamAdeva jJAnaM na pratyakSAnumAnAbhyAm..., svahasto dvau iti tu pratyakSAdeva pratItina zabdAnumAnAbhyAmiti, tasmAsthitametat prAyeNa pramANAni prameyamabhisaMplavante kvacittu prameye vyavatiSThante'poti |-nyaaymNjrii, pUrvabhAga, pR 33. 2 sAmAnyena lakSaNaM sAmAmyalakSaNam / sAdhAraNa ruupmityth:| samAropyamANaM hi rUpaM sabala. bahvisAdhAraNam / tat sAmAnya lakSaNam :-nyAyabinduTIkA, pR. 15. 3 mAdhyamikakArikA, 2418. 4 zAMkaravedAnta saMbhavataH inhIM vicAroM se prabhAvita hokara mahAvAkyoM ko ekamAtra paramArthika pramANa aura unase bhinna pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, laukika zabda aura arthApatti-inako vyAvahArika pramANa mAnatA hai / kyoMki ekamAtra brahma vastu avAdhita tattva hai / ataH mahAvAkya abAdhitaviSayaka hai aura pratyakSAdi bAdhitaviSayaka /

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nyAyasAra - inake viparIta naiyAyika avyavasthitapramANavAdI haiN| unake anusAra pramANoM kA kahIM samlaba tathA kahIM vyavasthA / ' pramANoM ke sambandha meM isa mAnyatA ke aucitya ke liye sUtrakAra kA avalamba lete hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai-'sUtrakRtA'pi pramANAnAM samastenaikapadenAbhidhAnAdabhinnaviSayatvaM sUcitam, bahuvacanenAbhidhAnAd vyavasthita viSayatvaM sUcitamiti' / arthAt sUtrakAra ne 'pramANa prameya ..' ityAdi daNDakasUtra meM pramANoM kA samasta ekapada se abhidhAna kara unakI abhinnaviSayatA ko sUcita kiyA hai tathA 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdAH pramANAni' isa sUtra meM bahuvacanAnta prayoga se pramANoM ko vyavasthitaviSayatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| Upara yaha batalAyA hai ki pramANoM ko saMkhyA va lakSaNa niyata haiN| kintu lokAyata sUtroM ke vyAkhyAkAra udbhaTa ne 'athAtastatvaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH,' 'pRthijyApaste jovAyuriti' ina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA anya prakAra se karate hue kahA hai ki pramANa prameyAdi kI saMkhyA va lakSaNa kA niyamana karanA zakya nahIM hai / 5AB ataH pRthivI, jala Adi cAra hI tacca cArvAka mata meM nahIM hai, kintu inase bhinna bhI mAne jA sakate haiM / dvitIya sUtra meM 'iti' pada pRthivyAdi cAra tattvoM se bhinna isI prakAra ke anya tattvoM kA bhI bodhaka hai| isa taraha pRthivyAdi prameyoM kI saMkhyA kA niyamana jaise azakya hai vaise pramANoM kI saMkhyA kA niyamana bhI azakya hai, isakA samarthana karate hue usane kahA hai ki andhakAra meM yA netroM kA nimIlana karane para mAnava kI virala aMguli vAle hAtha meM vakrAMgulitva kA jJAna hotA hai / isa jJAna ko pratyakSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki netra mUMda lene para hasta se cakSu kA sambandha nahIM hai tathA ghorAndhakAra meM bhI cAkSuSa pratyakSa saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki cAkSuSa pratyakSa meM AlokasaMyoga bhI kAraNa hai aura tvagindriyajanya pratyakSa isaliye nahIM mAnA 3 sakatA ki hastastha tvagindriya kA viSaya hasta nahIM', anyathA cakSu bhI apane kA pratyakSa karane laga jAyagI / ataH yahAM hasta meM aMgulivakratA ke jJAna ke liye kisI pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA hai| isI prakAra rAtri meM dUra se dIpazikhA ke dekhane para prAntabhAgoM meM phailI huI prabhAoM kI pratIti hotI hai aura vAyuprakampita kamalasamUha se dUrasthagandha kA jJAna hotA hai| yahAM bhI paryanta dezaprasRta prabhA tathA gandha ke sAtha cazmarAdi indriyoM kA sambandha nahIM hai| ataH inake jJAna ke liye bhI pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA hai, ataH pramANoM kI iyattA saMbhava nahIM / . 1. tasmAdasti kavacita saMplavaH kvacid vyabasthA ceti / -nyA. ma. pR. 83. nyA. mU ghR. 83. 2 nyA. sU / / 3. 3 (a) cArvAkadhUrtastu athAtastacvaM vyAkhyAsyAma iti pratijJAya pramANa rameyasaMkhyA lakSaNaniyamA zakyakaraNIyatvameva tatvaM vyAkhyAtavAn, pramANasaMkhyAniyamAzakyakaraNIyatvasiddhaye ca pramiti bhedAn pratyakSAdipramANAnupajanyAnIdRzAnupAdarzayata /-nyAyamaJjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 5.. (ba) cArvAkala stviti ubhaTaH,...! -nyAyamaJjarI granthibhaGga, pR. 13.

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pramANasAmAnya lakSaNa kintu jayanta bhaTTa kA kathana hai ki uparyukta donoM sthaloM meM kramazaH tvAca pratyakSa tathA anumAna dvArA hasta meM aMgulivakratA tathA prAntabhAgaprasRta prabhA meM kamalakhaNDa kA jJAna saMbhava hai| kyoMki netra mUMda lene para karasthatvaggata indriya kA hasta se saMyoga saMbhava na hone para bhI tvagindriya ke sarvazarIravyApi hone se zarIrAntargata svagindriya kA hasta se saMyoga upapanna hai aura tvagindriya zarIrAntargata bhI hai ata eva tuSArajala pIne para zarIra ke andara zaitya kA jJAna hotA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki aMguliyoga kA to tvagindriya se jJAna saMbhava hai, kyoMki vahAM tvagindriya kA aMli se sayoga hai, kintu aMgulivakratAjJAna viralAMgulisva ke kAraNa hotA hai aura viralAMgulitva aMgulisaMyogAbhAva hai, usake sAtha tvagindriya kA sambandha na hone se vakrAMtulitva-jJAna tvagindriya se kaise hogA, yahAM AzaMkA bhI samucita nahIM / kyoMki 'yo guNo yenendriyeNa gRhyate tenaiva taniSThA jAtistadabhAvazcApi gRhyate' isa nyAya ke anusAra aMguli saMyoga kI taraha aMgulisaMyogAbhAva kA bhI tvagindriya se grahaNa zakya hai| ataH viralAMgulitvarUpa aMgulisaMyogAbhAva kA jJAna tvak se ho jAtA hai| aMgulisaMyogAbhAva kA ghorAndhakAra meM tvagindriya dvArA uparyukta rIti se jJAna hone para bhI aMgulivakratA kA jJAna kaise hogA, kyoMki vakratA kevala saMyogAbhAvarUpa nahIM hai, yaha zaMkA bhI anupapanna hai, kyoMki aMguli. vakratA aMguligata kriyAvizeSa hai| ataH usakA bhI tvagindriya se jJAna zakya hai kyoMki tvak aura cakSu svasambaddha guNa kI taraha svasambaddha kiyA kA bhI pratyakSajJAna karatI hai| ataH santamasa meM aMgulivakatA kA jJAna tvAca pratyakSa se saMbhAvita hone se tadartha kiso pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA nahIM / isI prakAra dUrase dIpazikhA ko dekhane para prAntabhAgoM meM prasRta prabhA tathA pavanakampita kamala kA jJAna bhI anumAna pramANa se ho jAtA hai / ataH tadartha bhI pramANAntara kI apekSA nhiiN| isIliye sabhI padArtho kA jJAna niyata pramANoM se upapanna ho jAne ke kAraNa pramANagata saMkhyA kI azakyakaraNIyatA saMbhava nahIM aura pramANoM kI saMkhyA niyata hai|| 1. nyAyamaJjarI, pUrvabhAga. pR. 60.

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pratyakSalakSaNa - vimarza pratyakSa sabhI pramANoM kA mUla hone ke kAraNa sarvapramANopajIvya hai tathA jyeSTha bhI hai, ataH sarva prathama usIkA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / nyAyasampradAya meM pratyakSa kA itihAsa sudIrgha hai / akSapAdakRta pratyakSalakSaNa meM samaya-samaya para saMzodhana kiyA gayA / purAtana lakSaNa meM nUtana vicAroM kI udbhAvanA kI jAne lagI / bhAsarvajJAcArya ne purAtana paribhASA kA pUrNatayA parityAga kara pratyakSa pramANa kA 'tatra samyagaparokSAnubhavasAdhanam pratyakSam | yaha nayA lakSaNa kiyA hai / isameM 'pratyakSam ' lakSya hai aura zeSAMza lakSaNa / samyak padavad aparokSapadasyApyanubhavapadena karmadhArayaH 4. 1 " sarvajJa ke isa nirdeza ke anusAra 'aparokSAnubhava' meM 'aparokSazcAsau anubhava - ' ityAkAraka karmadhAraya samAsa hai / usa aparokSAnubhava ke sAdhana zrotra, rasana, tvak, cakSu, ghrANa tathA mana haiM, ataH unheM pratyakSa pramANa kahA jAtA hai / yAgAdi bhI sabhIcIna aparokSa vastu svargAdi ke sAdhana haiM, unameM pratyakSa lakSaNa kI ativyApti ke nivRttyartha lakSaNa meM anubhava zabda diyA gayA hai| dhUmAdi dvArA parvata meM vahUni jJAnarUpa anubhava kA sAdhana to vyAptijJAnAdirUpa anumAna bhI hai. usameM lakSaNa kI atiprasakti ke nivAraNArtha aparokSa zabda diyA gayA hai / saMzaya viparyayAdirUpa pratyakSAbhAsa meM ativyApti kI nivRtti ke liye 'samyakU' zabda diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra samyak aparokSAnubhava arthAt yathArtha sAkSAtkAra kI siddhi jisake dvArA hotI hai, use pratyakSa pramANa kahate haiM / C 'pratyakSam ' meM kauna sA samAsa hai, isa viSaya para vicAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa kahA hai ki bauddha dArzanika diGganAga ne akSam akSa prati vartate 25 aisA avyayIbhAva samAsa mAnA hai / kintu avyayIbhAva samAsa mAnane para paMcamI, tRtIyA tathA saptamI se bhinna vibhaktiyoM ko ' nAvyayIbhAvAdato'm tvapaMcamyAH tathA 1. (a) nyAyasAra, pR. 2 (ba) udayanAcAryane saMbhavata: isI se prabhAvita hokara pramA kA lakSaNa pariSkRta kiyA hai ' nitiH samyak paricchitti: ' ( nyAya kusumAMjali, caturtha stavaka, kArikA 5 ) / isakA khaNDanakAra ne khaNDana kiyA hai / 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 84. 3. nyAyapraveza, bhAga 1, pR. 7 4. pANini sUtra, 2/4 / 83 tRtIya vimarza pratyakSa pramANa 74

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pratyakSalakSaNa-vimarza 'tRtIyAsaptamyorvahulam 1 isa sUtradvayo se ambhAva kI Apatti hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM 'pratyakSasya lakSagam', 'pratyakSo ghaTaH', 'pratyakSA nArI' ityAdi vyavahAra nahIM hogaa| ataH 'pratigatamakSaM pratyakSama' yaha vyutpatti mAnakara 'kugatiprAdayaH sUtra se prAditatpuruSa samAsa ucita hai / prAditatpuruSa mAnane para bhI 'dviguprAptApannAlampUrvagatisamAseSu pratiSedho vAcya.' isa vacana dvArA parivalligatA kA pratiSedha ho jAne se 'pratyakSasya lakSaNam' 'pratyakSA purandhrI', 'pratyakSo ghaTaH' ityAdi sabhI prayoga upapanna ho jAte haiM / pratyakSa zabda ke vyutpattinimitta tathA pravRttinimitta kA bheda pratyakSa zabda 'akSaM pratigatam' isa vyutpatti se indriyajanya pratyakSajJAnarUpa phala, pratyakSasAdhanabhUta indriyasannikarSa tathA pratyakSajJAnaviSaya ghaTAdi ina tInoM kA bodhaka hai, kyoMki tInoM hI akSAzrita haiN| inameM pratyakSajJAna janyatva sambandha se, indriya saMnikarSa sahakAritva sambandha se tathA ghaTAdiviSaya viSayatva sambandha se akSAzrita haiN| pratyakSajJAna ke sAdhanabhUta pratyakSa pramANa maiM akSasahakAritveta pratyakSa pravRtti mAnane para indriya meM pratyakSapramANatA kI anupapatti hai, kyoMki sahakArI tathA sahakArya ke bhinna hone se pratyakSa pramANa hI pratyakSa pramANa kA sahakArI nahIM ho sakatA / pramANa-sahakArI padArtha pramANa se bhinna hotA hai kyoMki pramANa-sahakArI upakAraka hotA hai tathA pramANa-sahakRta upakArya hotA hai tathA pramAtA meM bhI akSasahakAritA ke kAraNa pramANatva kI atiprasakti hai| janyatvasambandha se tathA viSayatvasambandha se akSAzrita ko pratyakSa mAnane para mithyAjJAnatvena pratyakSapramAbhinna maMzaya, viparyaya tathA viSayatvena pramAbhinna sukhAdi ke bhI indriyajanya hone se unameM pratyakSapramANatva kI Apatti hai| isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJAcArya ne kahA hai ki 'akSa pratigatam' yaha pratyakSa kA vyutpattyarthamAtra hai. pravRttinimittarUpa artha nahIM / vyutpattyartha tathA pravRttinimittarUpa artha bhinna hote haiM, eka nhiiN| arthAt zabdoM kA vyutpattyatha' bhinna hotA hai aura pravRttinimitta artha bhinna / jaise, go zabda kA vyutpattyartha 'gacchatIti gauH' isa vyutpatti se gamanakartutva hai aura pravRttinimitta artha sAsnAdimatva yA gotva jAti hai| una donoM arthoM meM gozabdaprayoga kA kAraNa vyutpattilabhya artha nahIM, api tu pravRttinimittalabdha artha hotA hai| ataH AsIna go meM bhI gozabda kA prayoga hotA hai tathA calate hue puruSa meM bhI gozabda kA prayoga nahIM hotA, kyoMki go meM 1. pANinIsUtra 2/4/84 2. vahI, 2/2/18 3. kAtyAyanavArtika, 1545 4. kathaM punarakSa' pratigatam ! tajjanyatvena tatsahakAritvena tadviSayatvena ceti / phalaM tAvadakSajanyatvena I pratigatam, phalasAdhanaM ca tatsahakAritvena, tadarthastu tadviSayatveneti / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 84-85. bhAnyA-6

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50 nyAyasAra gova jAti hai, puruSa meM nahIM / isI prakAra akSa pratigatam ' arthAt kisI bhI sambandha se akSAzritatva pratyakSa zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai, vaha pratyakSa pramANa zabdakI pravRtti meM kAraNa nahIM / pratyakSa pramANa zabda kI pravRtti kA kAraNa to samyagaparokSAnubhava sAdhanatvarUpa lakSaNa hai, vaha indriya meM vidyamAna hai, saMzayAdi mithyAjJAna meM samyagaparokSAnubhavatva nahIM, sukhAdi meM bhI samyagaparokSAnubhavaviSayatva hai, samyagaparokSAnubhaktva nahIM / ataH kahIM bhI lakSaNa kI atiprasakti nahIM haiM / pratyakSatvAdi ke jAtitva kI vyavasthA udyotakara jJAna meM parokSatva aura aparokSatva jAti nahIM mAnate / kintu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki jJAnoM meM parokSatva aura aparokSatra jAti ko svIkAra na karane para parokSajJAna, aparokSajJAna isa vyavahAra kI anupapatti hogI / indriyArtha saMnikarSajanyatva aparokSatvavyavahAra kA upapAdaka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki jJAna meM aparokSatva jAti kI siddhi ke binA indriyArthamanika rSajanyatva kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / tAtparya yaha hai ki indriya ke atIndriya hone se indriyArthasannikarSa kA pratyakSa jJAna to ho nahIM sakatA, kintu jJAnagata aparokSatra jAti kA mAnasa pratyakSa hone se usake dvArA 'idama indriyArthasaMnikarSajanyam, aparokSAnubhaktvAn' isa prakAra se usakA anumiti-jJAna hotA hai / jo jo aparokSa anubhava hotA hai, vaha indriyArthasaMnikarSajanya hotA hai / isa prakAra aparokSAnubhavatva jAti ke dvArA hI indriyArtha saMnikarSa janyatva kI siddhi hotI hai / " ataH prathama aparokSAnubhavasva jAti mAnanA Avazyaka hai aura vahI aparokSatvavyavahAra kA pravartaka hai / api ca, pratyakSa AtmAnubhava aura laiMgika AtmAnubhava kA bheda jJAnagata parokSatva tathA aparokSatva jAti mAne binA utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / nirvikalpaka savikalpaka-bhedaviziSTArthAvabhAsitva ko jJAnagata dharma mAnakara usIse aparokSa vyavahAra ke upapanna ho jAne se aparokSatva jAti mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai, yaha kathana bhI samucita nahIM, kyoMki nirvikalpaka savikalpaka bheda viziSTArthAvabhAsatva bhI jJAnagata jAtirUpa dharma hI hai / " ise jAtibhinna jJAnadharma mAnane para bhI yaha aparokSa vyavahArakA nimitta nahIM bana sakatA, kyoMki isa lakSaNa kI nirvikalpaka savikalpakabhedarahina vizeSamAtra ke avabhAsaka aparokSajJAna meM avyAMpti hai / ataH aparokSatra jAti ko hI aparokSa vyavahAra kA nimaca mAnanA hogA / sUtrakAra ko bhI pratyakSalakSaNasUtrasya 'indriyArthasannikarSotpanna' pada se pratyakSa pramA kI anubhavatvaviziSTatA aura aparokSatvaviziSTatA ho abhipreta hai, kyoMki 'aparokSAnubhavatvajAtimattvaM pratyakSapramAtvam' aisA pratyakSapramA kA lakSaNa mAnane para 1 udUghotakara iti prAcInaTippaNam / - nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 85. 2 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 85. 3 nanu tamabhyavabhAsitvazabdavAcyaM jJAnasyajAtivizeSAdanya dharma na pazyAmaH / nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 86.

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa 51 usa jAti kA mAnasa pratyakSa hone ke kAraNa indriyArthanikarSotpannatva lakSaNa upapanna ho jAtA hai| anyathA pratyakSapramArUpa phala kI siddhi na hone para indriyArthasannikarSajasva ko asiddhi ho jAyegI, kayoMki indriyArthasanikarSa atIndriya hone se pratyakSa kA viSaya to hai nahIM, aparokSAnubhavatvarUpa jAti ke dvArA usakI anubhiti hotI hai| isaliye bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki jaise 'yo'yaM zukalo gacchati sa gauH'. 'yasyopari ayaM chatrI puruSo dRzyate, so'zvaH' isyAdi zabdaprayoga kara dene para bhI ananya. sAdhAraNa gotvAdi jAti ko ho gau kA lakSaNa mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki gmnkriyaa| viziSTa zukala guNavAlI vastu go se bhinna puruSAdivastu bhI ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra cakSurAdi indriya tathA ghaTAdi artha kA sambandha hone para 'ghaTo'yam' ityAkAraka jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai vaha pratyakSa hai, aisA kathana karane para bhI sannikarSajatvena upalakSita aparokSAnubhavatra ko hI pratyakSa kA lakSaNa mAnanA hogA, kyoMkI vahI lakSaNa avyApti, ativyApti doSa se rahita hai| ataH indriyArthasaMnikarSa janyatva ko pratyakSa pramA kA lakSaNa svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' nyAyasUtrakArakRta lakSaNa kA prayojana yadi aparokSAnubhavatva hI pratyakSa pramA kA lakSaNa hai, to sUtrakArane sAkSAt isa lakSaNa kA kathana na kara indriyArthasaMnikarSajanyatvarUpa upalakSaNa ke dvArA usakA bodhana kyoM kiyA, isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJane kahA hai ki pratyakSa ke yogipratyakSa va ayogipratyakSa ina do bhedoM kA upapAdana karane ke liye pratyakSapramo kA aparokSAnubhavatvarUpa lakSaNa na kara indriyAsaMnikarSotpanna jJAna yaha lakSaNa kiya hai| kyoMki yaha lakSaNa yogapratyakSabhinna asmadAdipratyakSa kA hI hai, ayogipratyakSa hI indriyArthasaMnikarSa se utpanna hotA hai / yogipratyakSa to binA indriyArthamanikarSa ke bhI hotA hai| isase yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki pratyakSa yogipratyakSa va ayogapratyakSa bheda se dvividha hai| aparokSonubhavatvarUpa lakSaNa ubhayasAdhAraNa hai| isIliye usake Age do bheda batalAye gaye haiN| pratyakSapramA ke aparokSAnubhavattvajAtimattvarUpa lakSaNa kA parityAga kara sUtrakAra dvArA 'indriyArthasanikarSotpannaM jJAnam' ityAdi lakSaNa karane kA anya kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki bauddha kSaNabhaMgavAda kI siddhi ke liye pratyakSa meM indriyArthasaMnikarSa ko kAraNa nahIM mAnate, kyoMki indriya aura artha kA sambandha mAnane para padArthoM kI sthiti do yA tIna kSaNoM taka avazya mAnanI hogI aura isa prakAra kSaNabhaMgavAdasiddhAnta upapanna nahIM hogA / ataH indriya rthasaMnnikarSa mAnane meM bauddhoMkI pratipatti hai| isa vipratipatti kA pradarzana kara parIkSA dvArA usa vipratipatti kA nirAkaraNa karane ke liye bhI yaha lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai| 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pU 93. 2. kimartha tarhi tadevA parokSAnubhavatvaM na sAjhAdukta mati ? pratyakSabhedajJAnAtha' yadasmadAdipratyakSa tadindriyAtha saMnikarSanameveti vakSyAmaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 94 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 94.

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52 pratyakSabheda nirUpaNa pratyakSapramANa ke lakSaNa ke nirUpaNa ke anantara bhAsarvajJane pratyakSa bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / unake anusAra pratyakSapramANa yogipratyakSa tathA ayogipratyakSa bheda se dvividha hai / " prakArAntara se bhI pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda haiM- eka nirvikalpaka tathA dUsarA savikalpaka | una bhedoM kA 'nyAyasAra' meM granthakAra ne Age ullekha kiyA hai / 'tad dvividham, yogipratyakSam, ayogipratyakSaM ceti' isa bhedanirUpaNaparaka vAkya meM 'ca' pada ke dvArA una bhedoM kA bhI saMgraha kara liyA gayA hai, aisA unhoMne svopajJa vyAkhyA bhUSaNa meM spaSTa kahA hai / " yogipratyakSa viziSTa aura prakRSTa hai, ataH usakA uddezya yadyapi ayogipratyakSa se pahile kiyA gayA hai, tathApi sAmAnyajanoM se sambaddha ayogipratyakSa kI siddhi hone para hI usake dRSTAnta ke balase yogipratyakSa ko siddhi ho sakatI hai ataH ayogipratyakSa kA nirUpaNa pahale kiyA gayA hai / " nyAyasAra ayogipratyakSa prakAza, deza, kAla tathA dharma Adi nimittoM se indriya tathA artha ke saMyoga, saMyuktasamavAyAdi sambandhavizeSa se sthUla artha kI grAhaka indriyAM ayogipratyakSa pramANa kahalAtI haiM / yahAM prakAza se pradIpAdiprakAza tathA abhISTa indriya ke sAtha manaHsambandha kA grahaNa hai / deza pada se avyavahita, purotrartI deza kA tathA kAla pada se vartamAna Adi kAla kA grahaNa hai / pradIpAdi ke atirikta dharma-adharmAdi bhI pratyakSa ke nimitta haiM / iSTa padArtha ke jJAnameM dharma nimitta hotA hai / ina kAraNoM ke atirikta mahattva, udbhUtattra, IzvarecchA Adi nimittoM kA bhI Adi pada se grahaNa hai / pratyakSa pramA meM indriya sAdhakatama ( prakRSTa sAdhana ) arthAt karaNa hai. zeSa kAraNa haiM / 'sAdhakatamaM karaNam isa pANinIya sUtra ke anusAra kriyAsiddhi meM prakRSTa upakAraka ko karaNa kahate haiM aura svavyApAra ke bAda kriyA kI avazyaMbhAvinI siddhi hI karaNa kI prakRSTatA hai / prakRta meM indriyAM indriyArthasaMnikarSa rUpa vyApAra ke bAda pratyakSapramArUpa kriyA ko avazya utpanna kara detI haiM, ataH ve karaNa kahalAtI haiM / isIliye 'vyApAravadasAdhAraNaM kAraNaM karaNam' aisA karaNa kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai / ' arthagrAhakam ' itanA mAtra kaha dene para to paramANvAdi artho meM pratyakSatA kI prasakti hogI, ataH sthUla pada diyA gayA hai / yahAM paramANu tathA dvayaNuka rUpa artha kI 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 2 2. ca zabdAtsavikalpanirvikalpakabhedenApi dvividhamiti pratyakSam / - vyAyabhUSaNa, 1.101. 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 102. 4. tatrAyogipratyakSa prakAradeizakA ladharmAdyanugrahAdindriyAtha 'sambandhavizeSeNa sthUlArtha prAhakam | - nyAyasAra, pR. 2 5. tarkasaMgraha, pR. 38

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53 pratyakSalakSaNa-vimarza apekSA se artha meM sthUlatA abhipreta hai, anyathA sUkSma rUpAdi kA bhI pratyakSa nahIM hogaa| sthUlArthagrAhakatA anumAna pramANa meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, ataH ayogipratyakSa pramANa kI anumAna pramANa meM honevAlI ativyApti ke nirAkaraNArtha lakSaNa meM indriyArthasaMnikarSa kA samAveza kiyA hai| anumAna pramANa bhI yadyapi sambandhavizeSa ke dvArA hI sAdhyadharma kI pratipatti karAtA hai, tathApi anumitisthala meM indriya aura sAdhyaviSaya kA sambandha sthApita nahIM hotA / ata: vahAM ativyApti nahIM hai| dravyapratyakSanirUpaNa pratyakSa pramANa indriya aura artha ke sambandhavizeSa ke dvArA sthUla artha kA grAhaka hotA hai, ataH jina sambandhoM se indriyAM artha grahaNa karatI haiM, ve sambandha saMyoga, saMyuktasamavAya Adi haiM / cakSu tathA tvam indriya saMyogasambandha se ghaTAdi sthUla draSoM ko grahaNa karato haiM / artha ko sthUlatA paramANusamUha se bhinna avayavI kI sattA mAnane para utpanna ho sakatI hai, ataH avayatrI ghaTAdi, aayavarUpaparamANuH samUha se bhinna hai, yaha batalAne ke liye TAdi pada diyA gayA hai| 'Adi' kA grahaNa sAmAnya janoM ke indiya ke viSayabhUta samasta azyavisamudAya kA saMgraha karane ke liye hai / ghaTAdi avayatrI kA rUpAdi se arthAntarabhAva jJApita karane ke liye dravya pada diyA gayA hai| arthAt indriya ke sambandha aura asambandha se 'ghaTo'yam' ityAkAraka avaya veviSayaka jJAna kA bhAva va abhAva sabako hotA hai, jo rUpAdijJAna se vilakSaNa hai| isa prakAra ghaTAdi kA rUpA da se bhinna rUpa meM grahaNa pratyakSa se hI ho jAtA hai / ghaTAdigata jAti tathA guNAdi kA pratyakSa ___ cakSurindriya se saMyukta ghaTAdi vyoM meM samaveta arthAt samavAya sambandha se vartamAna ghaTatvAdi sAmAnyoM, saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyogavibhAga, paratva, aparatva, dravatva, sneha, vega ina guNoM tathA karmo kA cakSu dvArA saMyuktasamavAya sambadha se cAkSuSa pratyakSa hotA hai| isI prakAra dravya ke sagindriya se saMyukta hone para tvaksaMyukta ghaTAdi meM samaveta uparyukta ghaTatvAdi tathA saMkhyAdi kA tvagindriya dvArA saMyuktasamakAyasambandha se spArzana pratyakSa hotA hai| isa prakAra ghaTatvAdi, saMkhyAdi kA jJAna donoM indriyoM se hotA hai, kintu rUpa, rUpatva tathA rUpAbhAva kA jJAna kevala cakSurIndriya se aura sparza, sparzatva, sparzAbhAva kA jJAna kevala tvagindriya se hotA hai| rUpAdi-pratyakSa niyatendriya janya hai / cakSu. rasana, ghrANa, sparzana, zrotra tathA mana se yuktasamavAya sambandha se kramazaH rUpa rasa, gandha, sparza, zabda tathA sukhAdi kA 1. ghaTAdi avayavI kI rUpAdi se arthAntaratA kA jJApana bauddhamata kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai| bauddha guNoM se bhinna dravya nahIM maante| unake matAnumAra pRthivI pAMca guNoM kA samUha hai| isa prakAra ve dravya ko guNAtmaka mAnate hai / guNoM se bhinna koI dravya nahIM hai, jaisAki prajJAkaragupta ne kahA hai-'tathA nAsti dravyaM guNavyatiriktam' (pramANavAtikAlaMkAra, pR. 544) /

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54 nyAyasAra pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai / niyatendriya se atirikta indriya se rUpAdijJAna kI utpatti ke niSedhAtha mUla meM cakSusaina Adi padoM meM eva kA upAdAna kiyA gayA hai / rUpAvijJAna meM yadyapi manovyApAra hone se manaH sambandha bhI rUpAdi ke jJAna meM kAraNa hai, ataH 'cakSuSava' ityAdi avadhAraNA kI anupapatti hai, tathApi cakSurindriya kA rUpa se sAkSAt sambandha hai, na ki mana kA / tathA rUpajJAna cAkSuSa hai na ki mAnasa, aisA zabda. vyavahAra hotA hai| ataH rUpajJAna meM cakSu kI pradhAnatA hone se 'cakSubIva' aisA avadhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| aisI sthiti rasAdi jhAnoM meM hai| bauddhoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jJAna va sukha-duHkhAdi donoM hI AtmanaH saMyogarUpa tulyakAragajanya hone se donoM abhinna haiM / ataH jaise jJAna svasaMvedya hai vaise sukhAdi bhI svasaMvedya haiM, isaliye unakA mana ke svasamavAya-sambandha se jJAna mAnanA ucita nahIM / pramANavAtika meM dharmakIrti ne isa siddhAntakA samarthana kiyA hai| sukhAdi svasaMvedya haiM, isa bauddhamata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue bhUSaNakAra ne kahA hai ki sukhAdi svasaMvedya nahIM haiM, kyoMki unameM jJAnarUpatA siddha nahIM hotii| Atmamana saMyogarUpa. samAnahetujanyatA jJAna aura sukhAdi kI abhedasAdhi kA nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki jo tulyahetu janya hoM, ve abhinna hoM isa niyama kA pAkaja rUpa, rasa gandha, tathA sparza meM vyabhicAra hai / pAkaja gandhAdi ke agni yogarUpa tulya hetu se janya hone para bhI unameM bheda svIkRta hai / svayaM bauddhamata meM bhI tulyahetujanyatA abhedasAdhikA nahIM hai, kyoMki ghaTAdibhaMgajanya zabda aura kapAlakhaNDoM ke ghaTAdibhaMgarUpa eka hetu se janya hone para bhI zabda kI kapAlAdikhaNDa se ekarUpatA bauddha bho svIkAra nahIM karate / tathA jJAna va sukhAdi ko sarvathA tulyahetujanyatA bhI asiddha hai| sukhAdi meM abhilASA aura anabhilASA Adi pratiniyata nimitta haiM, jabaki jJAna meM aisA koI pratiniyata nimitta nahIM / Ananda (sukha) va tApa (duHkha, kA bheda pratyakSasiddha hai, ataH unako jJAna se abhinna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / anyathA sukha va duHkha donoM ke jJAnarUpa hone se unameM bhI paraspara bheda nahIM hotA / saMzaya, viparyaya va nirNaya meM avAntara bheda hone para bhI unakI jJAnarUpatA kI taraha sukha va duHkha meM avAntara bheda hone para bhI unako jJAnarUpatA upapanna ho sakatI hai, yaha kathana bhI upayukta nahIM, kyoMki saMzayAdi meM saMzayo jJAnam', 'viparyayo jJAnam' ityAkAraka anugata pratIti ke kAraNa unako jJAnarUpa mAnane para bhI sukhAdi meM sukhaM jJAnam' ityAkAraka pratIti ke abhAva se unheM jJAna mAnanA nirAdhAra hai, pratyuta sukhAdi kI jJAnaviSayatvena pratIti hai / ataH sukhAdi jJAnarUpa 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 2. 2. tadatarUpiNo bhAvAstadatadra phetujaaH| ...tarasukha di kimajJAnaM vijJAnAbhinna hetujam // -pramANavArtika, 2/251. 3. tvanmate'pi ghaTAdibhaMgajaH zabdaH kAlakhaNDAditulya hetujo na ca tadrapa ityanekAntaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 15

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pramANasAmAnyalakSaNa nahIM haiM / sukhAdi ko jJAnaviSaya mAnane para unameM ghaTAdi kI taraha bAhyatA tathA sarvasAdhAraNatA ko pratoti kI AzaMkA bhI nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki sukhAdi jJAna-viSaya hote hue bhI ghaTAdi kI taraha bAhya pRthivyAdibhUtAtmaka yA unameM samaveta nahIM haiM, kintu AtmA meM samaveta haiN| saMkhyAdi meM samaveta saMkhyAtva, ekatvAdi sAmAnyoM kA pratyakSa saMkhyAdi ke Azraya kI grAhaka cakSurAdi indriyoM dvArA saMyuktasamavetasamavAya sambandha se hotA hai| arthAt 'eteSu AzritAnAM' itanA hI na kahakara 'eteSu saMkhyAdiSu AzritAnAm'1 kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki saMkhyAdi guNoM meM samaveta saMkhyAtvAdi sAmAnyoM kA hI saMyukta samavetasamavAya sambandha se cakSurAdi indriyoM se grahaNa hotA hai. na ki ghaTatvAdi meM samaveta sAmAnyoM kA, kyoMki anavasthA doSa ke kAraNa jAta meM jAtyantara nahIM mAnI jAtI / __'saMkhyAdiSu' meM prayukta Adi zabda ke dvArA sakhAdiparyanta sabhI kA grahaNa hai| arthAt saMkhyA da meM Adi pada se parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyoga, vibhAga, paratva, aparatva, dravatva, sneha, vega, karma rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, zabda tathA sukhAdi kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| saMkhyAdi meM samaveta sattA, guNatva, saMkhyAtva Adi sAmAnya tathA sukhAdi meM samaveta sukhatyAdi sAmAnyoM kA pratyakSa yahA~ gRhIta hai| inameM bhI saMkhyA se lekara karmaparyanta meM samaveta sAmAnyoM kA pratyakSa saMyuktasamavetasamavAya sambandha ke dvArA cakSu tathA tvagindriya donoM se hotA hai| arthAt ye dvIndriyagrAhya haiN| rUpa meM Azrita rUpatva sAmAnya kA cakSurindriya se hI pratyakSa hotA hai, sparza meM Azrita sparzatva sAmAnya kA sparzana se hI pratyakSa hotA hai. gandha meM samaveta gandhatva sAmAnya kA pratyakSa ghrANendriya se hI hotA hai, rasa meM Azrita rasatva sAmAnya kA rasanendriya se hI pratyakSa hotA hai aura sukhAdi meM samaveta sukhatvAdi sAmAgyoM kA pratyakSa mana dvArA hI hotA hai / isI prakAra saMkhyAdi meM rahane galI sattA aura guNatva jAti kA pratyakSa bhI cakSurAdi indriyoM se saMyukta samavetasamavAya sambandha ke dvArA hI hotA hai| ye donoM jAtiyAM sabhI guNoM meM Azrita rahatI haiM, ataH inakA jJAna (pratyakSa) sabhI indriyoM se hotA hai| sabhI guNoM, meM 'sat sat' isa anugata vyavahAra ke pratyakSa hone se guNoM meM sattA jAti pratyakSa se siddha hai, kintu rUpAdiguNoM meM 'guNaH' isa anugata vyavahAra ke abhAva meM pratyakSa pramANa se guNatva jAti kI siddhi na hone para bhI 'asparzavatve sati sAmAnyavattve ca sati dravyAzritatvarUpa anumAna' se guNatva jAti kI siddhi hai|' bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra karmavarga ke bhI guNAntabhUta hone se isa anumAna kI karma meM ativyApti mAnanA asaMgata hai / guNatva ke anumeya hone para bhI usakA pratyakSajJAna pUrvAcAryoM ke anusAra batalAyA gayA hai, kyoMki unhoMne guNasva kA pratyakSa mAnA hai| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 3 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 158 3. sandriya pratyakSaM tu guNatvaM pUrvAcAryairiSTam / tacca tathAstu mA bhUdU veti, nAtra nirbandho'. smAkam, prayojanAbhAvAt / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 158

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nyAyasAra zabda tathA zabdatvAdi sAmAnya kA pratyakSa zabda kI upalabdhi samatrAya sambandha se hotI hai, kyoM ke karNazaSkulyavacchinna AkAzarUpa zrotra meM zabda samavAya sambandha se rahatA hai / zabda meM Azrita zabdatva, varNava, kanvAdi sAmAnya kA pratyakSa samavetasamavAya sambandha se hotA hai, kyoMki zrotrarUpa AkAza meM samaveta zabda meM zabdatva jAti kA samavAya hai, kyoMki vaha zabda meM samavAya sambandha se rahatI hai| . AkAza pratyakSasiddha na hone para bhI 'kvacitsamavetaH zabdo guNatvAt , rUpAdivat' arthAt zabda guNa hone ke kAraNa rUpAdi ko taraha kahIM samaveta hai, jahAM samaveta hai, vahI AkAza hai -- isa anumAna pramANa se siddha hai| ataH cArvAkAdi kA AkAza ko na mAnanA ucita nahIM haiN| uparyukta anumAna meM hesvasiddhi nahIM hai, kyoMki 'guNaH zabdaH, sAmAnyatrattve sati sAmAnyavadanAdhAratvAt, rUpAdivaditi' ityAkAraka anumAna se zabda meM guNatva kI siddhi ho jAtI hai / vAsudeva sUri ne zabda kI guNatvasiddhi ke lie nimna hetu prastuta kiyA hai- 'zabdo guNaH, sAmAnyavattvAt sparzavatve sati aspadA dabAhyai kendriyagrAhyatvAt / / yahAM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki bhUSaNakAra dvArA prastuta zabda kA guNatvasAdhaka hetu varma meM bhI ativyApta ho jAtA hai| ataH unhoMne zabda meM guNatvasiddhi ke lie sAmAnyavattvAsparzakatve sati asmadAdibAyakendriyagrAhyatvAt', yaha hetu prastuta kiyA hai / bhUSaNakArokta guNa lakSaNa kI karma meM ativyApti kA nivAraNa karane ke lie vAsudeva sUri ne 'sAmAnyavattva karmavyatiriktatve sati sAmAnyavatAmanAdhAratvAd vA isa dUsare hetu meM 'karmavyatiriktatve sati' saMyojita kara diyA hai| kintu vAsudeva sUri kA yaha saMzodhana ucita nahIM. kyoMki bhUSaNakAra karmavarga vA guNasamudAya meM hI antarbhAva mAnate haiN| ataH vahAM ativyApti kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotA / kiraNAvalIkAra udayanAcArya ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue karmavarga ko guNavarga meM saMveSTita karane vAle guNalakSaNa kI racanA ke liye bhUSaNa kAra ko sAdhuvAda diyA hai-'varaM bhUSaNaH karmApi guNastallakSaNayogAta / zabda kA draSyatvAnumAna aura usakA nirAsa zabda kA pratyakSa samavAya sambandha se hotA hai, kyoMki vaha guNa hai aura karNazaSkulyavacchinna okAza meM samavAya sambandha se rahatA hai| isI prasaMga meM bhAsarvajJa ne zabda ke parAbhimata dravyatva kA bhI nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| anyathA usakA sambandha se pratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA / / 1. nyAyasArapadacikA, pR 13 / 2. bahI 3. karmavargo'pi paMcaviMzatitamo guNabhedaH evAstu na kaMcidatra vizeSa pazyAmaH / kimeSAM guNatva. miti cet , guNalakSaNameva, taccAsparzavatve sAmAnyavarave ca sati dravyAzritatva sarveSAmasti rUpAdInAm |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 158 4. kiraNAvalI, pR. 104.

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pratyakSa pramANa zabda meM dezAntaragamana kI pratIti ke kAraNa katipaya vidvAn za da ko dravya mAnate haiM, parantu unako yaha mAnyatA upayukta nahIM, kyoMki jaise chAyA meM gati na hone para bhI sUrya-kiraNoM kI gati ke kAraNa chAyA meM gati pratIta hotI hai, usI prakAra zabda meM gati na hone para bhI zabdotpattisantAna ke kAraNa zabda meM dezAntara gamana kI pratIti hotI hai| zabda ko dravya mAnane vAloM kA kathana hai ki zabdavizeSa duHkha kA kAraNa hotA hai| ataH vaha sparzavAna hai, kyoMki sparzavAn dravya ke sambandha se hI duHkha hotA hai / jaise, karakAdi se| ataH zabda bhI dravya hai| ___ isakA khaNDana karate hue bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki zabda duHkhavizeSa kA kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu zabda meM tIvratvAdavizeSa duHkha ke kAraNa haiM, ataH zabda ko sparzavAna mAnanA bhrAnti hai| zabda ko sparzavAn mAnane para vAtapratikUla dizA meM zabda kA Agamana nahIM hogA jaise vAtapratikUla dizA meM parNAdi kA Agamana nahIM hotA / tathA kuDyAdi-vyavadhAna meM uccArita zabda kA zravaNa nahIM hogo, kyoMki jaise sparzavAn bANAdi kA kuDyAdi-vyavadhAna hone para Agamana nahIM hotA isI prakAra yadi zabda sparzavAna hotA, to vegavAn dravya ke sambandha se jaise tRNAdi meM kriyA hoto hai, vaise hI vegavAn zabda ke saMyoga se bhI tRNAdi meM kampAdi kriyA hotI / ataH zabda sparzavAna nahIM hai, ata eva dravya bhI nahIM hai| 'zabdo guNaH sAmAnyavatve satyanityatve ca sati bAhyaniyataikendriyagrAhyatvAt' isa anumAna se prAcIna AcAryoM ne zabda meM guNAva kI hI siddhi kI hai| bhAsarvajJa ne isa hetu meM 'asparzavattve sati' kA saMyojana Avazyaka mAnA hai| anyathA isa hetu kI vAyu meM / ativyApti hone se yaha anaikAntika ho jAyegA / zabda ke Azraya kA nirUpaNa zabda kI guNatvasiddhi ke pazcAt zabdaguNAzrayatvena AkAza kI siddhi batalAI gaI hai / zabda pRthivI Adi kA guNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha zabdatva kI taraha zrotrendriyagrAhya hai, jabaki pRthivyAdi ke rUpAdi guNoM meM zrotramrAhyatA nahIM hai tathA zabda ko bheAdi rUpa pRthivI kA guNa mAnane para use bheryAdi meM Azrita mAnA jaayegaa| aisI sthiti meM bherI ke dUra deza meM yA vyavahita deza meM sthita hone para tajjanya zabda kA zrotrendriyasambandha ke abhAva se zrAvaNa pratyakSa nahIM hogaa| kyoMki Azraya ke binA indriya tadgagata guNa kA grahaNa nahIM krtii| campakAdi ke dUradezastha hone se unake sAtha ghrANendriya kA saMyoga na hone para bhI tadgata gandha kA grahaNa jisa prakAra hotA hai, vaise hI dUradezastha va vyavahita bherI ke sAtha zrotrendriya kA sambandha na hone para bhI zabda kA zravaNa pratyakSa bana jAyegA, 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 165 2. vahI bhAnyA-8

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58 nyAyasAra yaha samAdhAna bhI asaMgata hai, kyoMki vAyu dvArA ghrANapradeza meM AnIta gandha ke sAtha campaka puSpa ke sUkSma avayavoM kA Agamana hai, ata vahAM nirAzraya gandha kA grahaNa nahIM hai, kintu bherI ke avayavoM kA Agamana nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki campaka ke avayaco meM gandhasattA kI taraha bherI ke sUkSma avayavoM meM zabda kA abhAva hai| kyoMki sthUla bherI ke sAtha sthUla daNDAdi ke sambandha meM sthUla bherI meM zabdotpatti hai na ki usake sUkSma avayavoM meN| tathA pratikUla dizA meM vAyugati hone para vAyu dvArA bherI ke avayavoM kA Agamana na hone para bhI bherIzabda kA zravaNa hotA hai, vaha bhI anupapanna hogA / ata zabda ko bheryAdi pRthivI kA guNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / __dik tathA kAla kA bhI guNa zabda nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki bhAsarvajJa dizA aura kAla kI AkAza se bhinna sattA nahIM mAnate / / ataH parizeSAt zabdAzrayatvena AkAza kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| AkAza kI zrotrarUpatA ghrANAdi kI taraha zrotra hI AkAzIya indriya mAnane para samavAya sambandha se zabda kA pratyakSa saMbhava nhiiN| ataH zrotra ko AkAzarUpatA kA pratipAdana kiyA jA rahA hai| ___ AkAza hI zrotrarUpa hai, isakI siddhi zrotra ke pArthivAdirUpa na hone se pArizeSyAt hotI hai, kyoMki thotra gandha kA grAhaka na hone se pArthiva nahIM hai| jo gandha kA grAhaka nahIM hotI, vaha indriya pArthiva nahIM hotI / jaise, rasanAdi indriyAM / zrotra ke pArthivatva kA niSedhaka anumAnavAkya hai-'pArthivaM tAvanna zrotram, indriyatve sati gandhAgrAhakatvAta, rasAdivat / isI prakAra rasa, rUpa tathA sparza kA grAhaka na hone ke kAraNa zrotra ko jalIya, tejasa tathA vAyavIya bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / parizeSataH zrItra AkAzarUpa hI hai / jaise ghrANAdi indriyAM apane apane bhUtoM ke vizeSa guNa gandhA da kA hI grAhaka hone se pArthiva, Apya. taijasa va vAyavIya haiM, vaise zrotra AkAza ke vizeSa guNa zabda kA hI grAhaka hone se AkAzarUpa hai| jaise tattadguNa grAhaka ghrANAdi indriyoM meM samavAya sambandha se gandhAdiguNa rahate haiM, prakAra zabdagrAhaka zrotrendriya meM samavAya sambandha se zabdaguNa rahatA hai, jaisA ki "zrotraM bAhyendriyagrAhyaguNa samavAyi bAhyandriyatvAt, rasanAdivat" isa anumAna se siddha hai| ghrANAdi indriyoM ke sAmya se zrotra ko zabdAzraya mAnane para usase svaniSThazabdagrAhakatA ke abhAva kI Apatti hai, kyoMki jaise ghrANAdi svaniSTha gandhAdi guNa ke 1. dikAlo vA zabdasyAzraya iti cet, na saMjJAbhedamAtratvAta / yadi hi dikkAlau zabdA zrayAdabhinnau sAdhayituM zakSyAmaH tatastAvadabhyupagamiSyAmo no cettadA na tAbhyAM prayojanam / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 166. 2. nyAyabhUSaNam 1. 166. 3. vahI, pR. 165,

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pratyakSa pramANa grAhaka nahIM hai, apitu vastvantara meM vidyamAna gandhAdi ke grAhaka haiM, usI prakAra zrotra bhI svaniSTha zabda guNa kA grAhaka nahIM hogA / isa doSa kA parihAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki yadi sAmAnyataH arthAt 'indriyaM na svaguNagrAhakaM, bahirindriya tvAt' isa rUpa se bahirindriyamAtra meM svaguNagrAhakatA kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha svIkArya hai, kyoMki ghrANAdi svaguNapAhaka nahIM / kevala zrotrendriya meM svaguNagrAhakatA hone se virodha AtA hai, kintu vaha virodha eka zrojendriya meM hone se vizeSarUpa hai aura vizeSa virodha sAmAnya niyama kA vyAghAtaka nahIM hotA / ' tathA 'zrotra na svaguNagrAhakaM bahirindriyatvAt rasanAdivat' isa prakAra zrotra meM vizeSa rUpa se svaguNagrAhakatA kA niSedhAnumAna bAdhita hone se anupapanna hai, kyoMki otra kI sidvi hI zabdagrAhaka hone se hotI hai / zrotrendriya ko nirguNa mAnakara yadyapi svaguNAgrAhakatva-niyama ke doSa se bacA jA sakatA hai, tathApi niguNa mAnane para usake bhautika na hone se mana kI taraha zrotrendriya ko niyataviSaya: grAhakatA kI anupapatti hogI, kyoMki niyataviSayagrAhakatA pradIpa kI taraha bhautika padArtho meM hI hotI hai / zrotrendriya ko bhautika mAnane para yadyapi zrotra ke digarUpatvapratipAdaka 'dizaH zrotram' isa Agama kA virodha AtA hai, tathApi. uparyukta vacana kA anyArtha meM tAtparya mAnane se usa virodha kA parihAra ho jAtA hai / arthAt 'dik zrotram' isa vacana meM dik zabda se usakI adhiSThAtrI devatA gRhIta hai| jaise-'manazcandramA.' isa zrutikA tAtparya mana kA adhiSThAtA candramA hai. isa artha meM hai na ki mana candrarUpa hai|" zabda meM rahane vAlI zabdatva jAti kA pratyakSa zrotrendriya se samaveta-samavAya sambandha dvArA hotA hai, kyoMki zrotrarUpa AkAza meM samaveta zabda meM zabdatva jAti kA samavAya hai| zabdatva jAti kI siddhi 'zabdAH asAdhAraNaikasAmAnyavantaH bAhyakendriyaprAhyaguNatvAt rUpavaditi' isa anumAna se ho jAtI hai| abhAvapratyakSa saMyoga, saMyuktasamavAya, saMyuktasamavetasamavAya, samavAya aura samavetasamavAyaina pAMca sambandhoM se sambaddha artho (viSayoM ke sAtha abhAva tathA samavAya kA vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva nAmaka chaThA sambandha hai, ataH pratyakSayogya abhAva va samavAya kA saMyuktavizeSaNavizeSyabhAvAdi sambandha se pratyakSa hotA hai| 1. bAhyendriyamAhyaguNasamavAyi zrotraM bAhyendriyatvAt , rasanAdivat / tadvatsvaguNagrAhakatvasaMga iti ceta, na, vizeSavirodhasyAdUSaNatvAt / -nyAyabhuSaNa, pR. 167 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 167.

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60 nyAyasAra saMyuktavizeSaNabhAva sambandha se abhAvapratyakSa kA udAharaNa ghaTazUnyaM bhUtalam' hai| yahA~ cakSurindriyasaMyukta bhUtala ke sAtha ghaTAbhAva kA vizeSaNatA sambandha hai, kyoMki yahAM ghaTAbhAva kI pratoti indriyasaMyukta bhUtala ke vizeSaNarUpameM hotI hai aura 'bhUtale ghaTo nAsti' isa udAharaNa meM indriyasaMyukta bhUtala ke sAtha ghaTAbhAva kA vizeSyatA kA sambandha hai, kyoMki yahAM ghaTAbhAva bhUtalavizeSyatvena pratIta hotA hai / vizeSaNatA tathA vizeSyatA ke niyata na hone ke kAraNa donoM prakAra ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiN|' isI prakAra 'anuSNo'yaM sparzaH' isameM abhAvapratyakSa saMyuktasamavetavizeSaNabhAva samvandha se hotA hai / 'toyasparza nAstyoSNyam' isameM saMyuktasamavetavizeSyabhAva se auSNyAbhAva kA grahaNa hotA hai| isI prakAra 'azuklaM nIlatvasAmAnyama', 'nIlatve zauklya nAsti', .. 'atIvro vINAzabdaH', 'vINAzabde tIvratvaM nAsti,' 'bhedazUnyaM zabdatvam 'zabdatve bhedo nAsti' ityAdi bhI udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiN| vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva eka vizeSa sambandha hai aura vaha akhaNDa hai / saMyogAdi sabhI sambandha usI vizeSaNatA ke upalakSaNa haiM / upalakSaNa vastu kA bhedaka nahIM, api tu paricAyaka hotA haiM aura vizeSaNa bhedaka hotA hai / upalakSaNa se vastu meM antara nahIM hotA, vizeSaNoM se vastu meM antara hotA hai / jaise daNDI devadatta, kuNDalI devadatta, chatrI devadatta meM daNDAdi vizeSaNoM ke bheda se devadatta meM bheda mAnanA par3egA, kintu daNDopalakSita vastu meM antara nahIM AtA / saMyogAdi ko upalakSaNa mAnane para saMyogAdi sambandha vizeSaNatA aura vizeSyatA ke bhedaka nahIM mAne jA sakate / isI liye viziSTa ke viSaya meM do mata pracalita haiM 1. viziSTaM zuddhAt atiricyate 2. viziSTaM zuddhAt nAtiricyate / arthAt jahAM viziSTa vastu meM vizeSaNa hotA hai, vahAM para viziSTa aura zuddha kA bheda ho jAtA hai, kintu jahAM para vizeSaNa kevala upalakSaNa hai. vahAM viziSTa arthAt upalakSita vastu zuddha se bhinna nahIM hotI / saMyogAdi sambandhoM ko vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva sambandha kA vizeSaNa mAnane para saMyogAdighaTita vizeSaNatA 5 prakAra kI hotA hai aura saMyogAdighaTita vizeSyatA bhI 5 prakAra kI / isa prakAra kevala vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva sambandha 10 prakAra kA ho jAtA hai| ye bheda una logoM ne kiye haiM, jinako dRSTi meM vizeSyatAdi ke ghaTaka saMyogAdi ko vizeSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| bhUSaNakAra bhAsarvajJa isI bAta ko mAnane vAle haiM aura jo loga saMyogAdi ko kevala upalakSakamAtra mAnate haiM, vizeSaNatAdi unake mata meM daza prakAra kA nahIM ho sakatA / kevala vizeSaNatA aura vizeSyato-do bheda hI hoMge / isa dRSTi ko mAnane vAle anya naiyAyika AcArya haiM / vizeSaNatA-vizeSyatA ko pRthak-pRthak sambandha na mAnakara vizeSaNatA aura vizeSyatA anyatararUpa se sambandha kI vivakSA hone para vaha sambandha eka hI prakAra 1. vizeSaNavizeSyabhAvasyAniyatatvAdubhayathApyudAharaNaM yuktam |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 168.

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pratyakSa pramANa ko hogA / isa taraha 5 saMyogAdi sambandha tathA SaSTha vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva saMbhUya SoDhAsaMnikarSavAda sampanna hotA hai, aisA udyotakarAdi' prAcIna AcArya mAnate haiM aura uttarakAlika nyAyagranthoM meM isI pakSa ko svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| abhAva ke liye vizeSaNatA yA vizeSyatA sannikarSa mAnane para usI sambandha se zabda. rUpa Adi kA pratyakSa ho sakatA hai, ataH anya sambandhoM ke mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? kyoMki 'zabdavadAkAzam' meM zabda AkAzasvarUpa zrautra kA vizeSaNa hai| 'rUpavAn ghaTa:' meM rUpa ghaTa ke prati vizeSaNa hai / ataH vizeSaNatA sambandha se hI unakA pratyakSa saMbhava hai / isI prakAra parvatAdivRtti agni kA bhI saMyuktavizeSaNatA saMnikarSa se pratyakSa saMbhava ho jAtA hai| ataH tadartha anumAna kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA hai? isakA samAdhAna bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra yaha hai ki kisI roga ko dekhakara usake mala nidAna kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| kisI vyakti ko jvaragrasta dekhakara isa vyakti ne dadhi kA sevana kiyA hai, isa roti se usake kAraNa dadhisevana kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| parantu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM ki jo bhI vyakti dadhi kA sevana karatA hai, vaha jvara se avazya hI grasta ho jAtA hai / kyoMki kAraNa vyApaka hotA hai aura kArya vyApya / ataH jahAM jahAM kAraNa hotA hai, vahAM vahAM kArya kA rahanA Avazyaka nahIM / jahAM jahAM kArya rahatA hai, vahAM kAraNa kA rahanA Avazyaka hai| jahAM pratyakSa rUpa kArya hai, vahAM usake niyAmaka sambandha ko rahanA cAhiye, na ki vaha sambandha jahAM-jahAM hai, vahAM pratyakSa ko honA cAhiye / bhUtalAdi meM abhAva kA pratyakSa dekhakara jisa sambandhavizeSa kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, vaha eka viziSTa sambandha hai, parokSAdisthala para vaha sulabha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki saMyogAdighaTita vizeSaNatA indriyasaMnikarSajanya pratyakSa-sthala meM hI bana sakatI hai, parokSa sthala meM nahIM / 6 prakAra ke pratyakSabhedoM ko upapatti karane ke liye 6 saMnikarSa mAne gaye haiM / sabhI pratyakSoM kI upapatti eka sambandha se nahIM ho sakatI / abhAvapratyakSa meM dRzyAbhAva bhI vizeSaNa rUpa se upAtta haiM / dRzyAbhAva zabda meM 'dRzyasyAbhAvaH' tathA 'dRzye abhAvaH' ye donoM prakAra ke samAsa abhipreta haiN| ataH kahI dRzya ko abhAva aura kahIM dRzya meM abhAva abhAvapratyakSa meM kAraNa hotA haiM / arthAt vahIM abhAva ke pratiyogI kI dRzyatA (pratyakSayogyatA) apekSita hotI hai aura kahIM abhAva ke anuyogo kI / jaise-vRkSa meM pizAcAtyantAbhAva kA pratyakSa 1. (a) sannikarSaH punaH SoDA bhidyate / sapogaH, saMyuktasamavAyaH saMyuktasamavetasamavAyaH samavAyaH samavetasamavAyo vizeSaNavizeSyamAvazceti / -nyAyavArtika, 1/1/4 (ba) sannikarSastvindriyANAmathaiH saha SaTprakAraH / -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga pR. 68 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 3.

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62 nyAyasAra isIliye nahIM mAnA jAtA ki usa abhAva kA pratiyogI pizAca pratyakSayogya nahIM hai | ataH atyantAbhAva ke pratyakSa meM pratiyogI kI yogyatA apekSita hai / kintu 'vRkSo na pizAcaH ' isa anyonyAbhAva ke pratyakSa meM anuyogI vRkSa kI pratyakSa yogyatA apekSita hai aura vaha pratyakSayogya hai, ataH vRkSa meM pizAcAnyonyAbhAva kA pratyakSa hotA hai / 6 sambandhoM kI kalpanA jisa anvayavyatireka ke AdhAra para hotI hai, usI ke AdhAra para saMyogAbhAva, samavAyAbhAva Adi meM bhI ghaTAbhAvAdi ke prati kAraNatA siddha hotI hai / 'ghaTa saMyogasattve ghaTAbhAvapratyakSAbhAvaH, ' 'saMyogAbhAvasattve ghaTAbhAvapratyakSam ' - isa prakAra kA anvayavyatireka ghaTAbhAva kA saMyogAbhAva ke sAtha hai / saMyogAbhAva, samavAyAbhAva - ye viSaya nahIM, apitu ghaTAbhAvarUpa viSaya kI pratyakSatA ke niyAmaka sannikarSa haiN| saMyogAbhAva kA ghaTAbhAva ke sAtha sannikarSa hai - svapratiyogika sambandhAbhAvaprayuktatva sva zabda se indriya kA grahaNa hai, tatpratiyogika, ghaTAdi-anuyogika saMyoga ke na hone se ghaTAbhAva kA pratyakSa hotA hai / ghaTAbhAvapratyakSa kA janaka ghaTa saMyogAbhAva hai. ataH ghaTasaMyogAbhAva AlokasaMyogAdi se sahavRtta hokara ghaTAbhAvaniSTha vizeSaNatAdi sannikarSo kA sampAdakamAtra hotA hai / 'Ayurvai ghRtama' meM jaise AyuH sAdhaka ghRta ko Ayu kaha diyA jAtA hai, aise hI vizeSaNatAdisannikarSa ke sampAdaka saMyogAbhAvAdi ko bhI vizeSaNatA sannikarSa kaha diyA jAtA hai / aisA vyavahAra upacAra kahalAtA hai / saMyogAbhAva ko vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva kahane kA tAtparya saMyogAdi sambandhoM se usakA bhedabodhana bhI hai / ' saMyoga nirUpaNa cakSurAdi indriyoM kA ghaTAdi dravyoM ke sAtha saMyoga batalAyA hai, kyoMki dravyoM kA yutasiddhi ke kAraNa saMyoga sambandha hai / isI prasaMga meM sarvadravyAnugata saMyoga kA lakSaNa batalAyA jA rahA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne 'yuta siddhayoH saMzleSaH saMyogaH " yaha saMyoga kA lakSaNa kiyA hai ' tathA 'dravyayoH pAramparyeNa avayavAvayavibhAvarahitvaM yutasiddhi: yaha yutasiddhi kA svarUpa batalAyA hai / yaha yutasiddhi nitya tathA anitya donoM prakAra ke dravyoM meM ghaTita ho jAtI hai, kyoMki nitya dravyoM meM avayavAvayavibhAva hotA hI nahIM aura anitya dravyoM meM jahAM yutasiddhi hai, vahAM avayavAvayavibhAva kA prazna utpanna nahIM hotA, kyoMki ve donoM svatantra dravya haiM / prazastapAdAcArya ne anitya dravyoM meM pRthak 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 168 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 170 3. vahI

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pratyakSa pramANa Azraya meM AzrayitvarUpa yutasiddhi mAnI hai tathA nitya dravyoM meM pRthaggatimattArUpa yutasiddha / donoM meM se eka bhI yutasiddhi vibhu nitya dravyoM meM ghaTita nahIM hotI, kyoMki ve vibhu haiM, unakA koI Azraya nahIM hai aura vibhu hone se hI unameM gati kA prazna paidA nahIM hotaa| ataH prazastapAda ne vibhu dravyoM kA saMyoga svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| bhAsarvajJa dvArA paribhASita yutasiddhi vibhu dravyoM meM bhI ghaTita ho jAtI hai, kyoMki vibhu dravyoM meM na to paraspara aura na svayaM meM avayavAvayavibhAva hai / ata unakA saMyoga hotA hai / isa prakAra unhoMne vibhuoM kA saMyoga na mAnane vAle prazastapAdAcArya ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| zarIra se saMyukta hone ke kAraNa AtmA AkAza se saMyukta hai, kyoMki zarIra pAMcabhautika hai| "AkAzena saMyukta mAtmA zarIrasaMyuktatvAta, bhUtalAdivat" isa anumAna pramANa se vibhu dravya AtmA aura AkAza kA saMyoga siddha hai / saMyogAdijanaka karmAdi kI vibhu dravyoM meM sattA na hone se vibhuoM kA saMyoga nitya hotA hai / nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara ne IzvarasiddhiprasaGga meM-sambandhAbhAva ke kAraNa Izvara AtmAntara (jIva) ke dharmAdharma kA adhiSThAtA nahIM ho sakatA hai-isa 'pUrvapakSazakA' kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA hai ki katipaya dArzanika (eke) jIvAtmA kA Izvara ke sAtha ajasaMyoga mAnate haiM aura unhoMne (vArtikakAra ne) uparyukta zaGkA ke nirAkaraNa ke liye pratiSiddha na hone ke kAraNa ajasaMyoga kA upAdAna kiyA hai|' ajamaMyoga ke pratipAdana ke liye unake dvArA upanyasta pramANa ko bhI vArtikakAra ne uddhRta kiyA hai-"vyApakairAkAzAdibhiH sambaddha IzvaraH mUrtimadvyasambandhitvAd ghaTavaditi / vArtikakAra ne Age yaha bhI saGketa kiyA hai ki jinako ajasaMyoga abhISTa nahIM hai, unake mata meM aNumanaHsaMyoga kI upapatti hone se Izvara aura jIvAtmAoM kA paramparayA sambandha ho jAtA hai aura tadadvArA Izvara kA adhiSThAtRtva bhI upapanna ho jAtA hai| AcArya vAcaspati mizra ne bhI "saMyuktasamavAyo vA kSetrajJenezvarasya saMyogAt ajasaMyogasyApyupapAditatvAta" yaha kaha kara ajasaMyoga kI 1. vibhunAM tu parasparata: saMyogo nAsti yuta siddhyabhAvAt / sA punadvayoranyatarasya vA pRthagga. timA pRthagAzrayAyayitvaM ceti / / -prazastapAdabha sya, pR. 101 2. 'evaM yutasidhyabhAvAnnAsti vibhunAM saMyoga' ityayukta', detorasiddhatvAt / pramANasiddhazca vibhunAM saMyogaH / -nyAyabhuSaNa, pR. 170 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 170 / tulanA- 'AkAzamAtmasaMyogi, mUtadravyasaMyogitvAt , ghaTavadityanu mAnam / '- bhAmatI, 2.2.17. 4. nyAyavArtika, 4/1/21 5. tatraiva / 6. tatraiva / 7. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, 1/1/21.

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64 nyAyasAra upapatti svIkAra kI hai| bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI jayanta bhaTTa ne vibhu dravyoM kA aja. saMyoga svIkAra na karate hue kahA hai-"vibhUnAmapi sambandhaH parasparamasambhavA deva neSyate na paribhASaNAt , na saMyogasteSAma prApterabhAvAdaprAptipUrvikA hi prAptiH sNyogH"|' aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nyAya sampradAya meM ajasaMyoga ko svIkAra karane vAle naiyAyikoM meM bhAsarvajJAcArya prathama nahIM the, api tu unase pahile katipaya naiyAyikoM ne isakA pratipAdana kara diyA thaa| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aja saMyoga nyAyasampradAya me sarva sammata nahIM hai| bhAsarvajJAcArya ne to pUrvavartI ekadezIya naiyAyikoM ke dvArA pratipAdita ajasaMyoga kA samarthana kiyA hai| prophesara kArla ec. pATara ne ullekha kiyA hai ki ajasaMyoga ke prazastapAdakRta pratiSedha kA prAyaH sabhI naiyAyikoM aura vaizeSikoM ne anumaraNa kiyA hai, parantu aparArkadeva ne vibhu dravyoM meM saMyoga ko svIkAra karate hae vilakSaNatApUrvaka asahamati vyakta kI hai| prophesara pATara ne ajasaMyoga ke bAre meM bhAsarvajJa ke mata kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / vastusthiti yaha hai ki aparArka ne to apane guru bhAsarvajJa ke mata kA samarthana kiyA hai / nyAyalIlAvatIkAra zrIvallabhAcArya ne bhAsarvajJakRta yutisiddhilakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unake matAnusAra yadi avayavAvayavibhAva ke abhAva kI yutasiddhi mAnA jAyegA, to guNAdi meM bhI asamavAyitA ko Apatti ho jAyegI, jo ki sarvathA aniSTa hai| samavAyapratyakSa maharSi kaNAda ne samavAya kA 'ihedamiti yataH kAryakAraNayoH sa samavAyaH' yaha lakSaNa batalAyA hai| prazastapAda ke anusAra samavAya sambandha kAryakAraNabhUta padArthoM kA hI nahIM, api tu akAyakAraNabhUta padArtho kA bhI hotA hai, jaisAki unake dvArA dI gaI paribhASA se spaSTa hai- 'dravyaguNakarma sAmAnyavizeSANAM kAryakAraNabhUtAnAm akAryakAraNabhUtAnAM vA'yutasiddhAnAm AdhAryAdhArabhAvena avasthitAnAmihedamiti baddhiryato bhavati yatazcAsarvagatAnAmadhigatAnyatvAnAmaviSvagbhAvaH sa samavAyAkhyaH sambandhaH / ' bhAsarvajJa ne samavAya kI paribhASA 'ayutasiddhayoH saMzleSaH samavAyaH yaha kI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki unheM bhI kAryakAraNabhUta tathA akAryakAraNabhUta donoM padArtho kA samavAya abhISTa hai| 1. nyAyamajarI, prathama bhAga, pR. 285 2. He is followed in this by most of our philosophers Characteristi cally, however, Apararkadeva disagrees, allowing contact between two ubiquitous substances such as akasa and time. -- Karl H. Potter, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. II, p. 122. avayavAvayavibhAvAbhAva eva yutasiddhiriti cenna / guNAderasamavAyitvApattaH / eSAM svAtantrayeNA zrayAntarAsamavAyitvamayutasiddhiriti cenna / tulyatvAt |-nyaayliilaavto. pR 125 4. vaizeSikasUtra, 7/2/26 5. prazastapAdabhAStha, pR. 289 6. nyAyamUSaNa, pR. 170

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pratyakSa pramANa 65 samavAya kA pratyakSa hotA hai yA vaha anumeya hai, yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai / vaizeSika matAnusAra yogiyoM ko samavAya kA pratyakSa hotA hai, parantu asmadAdi janoM ke liye vaha anumeya hai / prazastadeva ne pratipAdana kiyA hai ki sattA Adi jAtiyoM kA pratyakSa ghaTAdi viSayoM meM unake samavAya sambandha se rahane ke kAraNa saMyuktasamavAya sambandha dvArA hotA hai. parantu samavAya kA pratyakSaviSayabhUta ghaTAdi dravya tathA rUpAdi viSayoM ke sAtha sambandha anya kisI sambandha se nahIM hai / yadi samavAya ke bhI samavAyiyoM ke sAtha sambandha ke liye sambandhAntara kI kalpanA kI jAyegI, to anavasthA doSa kI 'prasakti hogI ataH samavAya samavAyiyoM meM svarUpataH hI rahatA hai, sambandhAntara se nahIM / arthAt indriya jaba kisI bhAva padArtha kA pratyakSa karatI hai, taba indriya kA usa bhAva padArtha se saMyoga yA samavAya sambandha Avazyaka hai aura vaha sambandha sambandhiyoM se bhinna honA cAhie / jaise- cakSu dvArA ghaTAdi dravyoM ke pratyakSa meM ghaTa ke sAtha indriya kA saMyoga sambandha haiM, vaha ghaTa tathA cakSurindriya donoM se bhinna hai / yahI sthiti anya sambandhoM meM hai / kintu indriya dvArA samavAya kA grahaNa karate samaya gRhyamANa samavAya ke sAtha indriya kA na to saMyoga hai aura na samavAya / ataH grAhaka saMnikarSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa samavAya kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA | svAtmavRttitva aura vRttyantarAbhAva ke kAraNa hI vaha atIndriya kahalAtA hai / 1 isI viSaya kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue zrIdharAcArya ne bhI kahA hai- 'saMyogasamavAyApekSa syaiva indriyasya bhAvagrahaNasAmarthya mupalabhyate / yathA indriyeNa saMyogapratibhAso naivaM samavAyapratibhAso bhavati, saMbandhinoH piNDIbhAvena upalambhAt ' / ' ataH vaizeSikamatAnusAra sAmAnyajanoM ke liye samavAya 'iheti' buddhi se anumeya hai, pratyakSa nahIM / vyomazivAcArya ke anusAra savikalpakajJAna meM hI samavAya anumeya hotA hai, avayava - avayavI ke nirvikalpaka saMzleSajJAna meM samavAya kA pratyakSa hotA hai / " kintu naiyAyika abhAva kI taraha samavAya kI bhI vizeSaNa - vizeSyabhAva sambandha se sAkSAtkAriNI pramA mAnate haiM / indriyajanya pramA sAkSAtkAriNI pramA kahalAtI hai / ' indriyajanya pramA viSayagrahaNa ke liye na kevala indriya, apitu indriyArthasaMnikarSa kI 1. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 293 2. nyAyakandalI, pR. 787-786 3 nirvikalpa ke tvavayavavAkyavinoH saMzleSajJAne samavAyaH pratyakSa eva / - vyomavatI, pR. 699. 4. vedAnta zabdajanya pratyakSa bhI mAnatA hai, anupalabdhijanya pratyakSa bhI mAnatA hai aura arthApattijanya pratyakSa bhI / ataH indriyajanya jJAna hI pratyakSa hotA hai, aisA niyama unake anusAra nahIM ho sakatA / tathApi apanI-apanI paribhASAoM kI vyUharacanA pratyeka dArzanika ne kI hai| eka ke anusAra dUsare para doSAropaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / donoM ke mata meM pratyakSa kA svarUpa bhI kucha bhinnabhinna ho jAtA hai / ataH naiyAyikoM kI apanI paribhASA ke anusAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki ayogipratyakSa ( anIzvara jJAna ) indriyajanya hotA hai / bhAnyA- 9

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66 nyAyasAra 1 / unakA yaha jJAna " bhI apekSA rakhatI hai / kyoMki naiyAyikoM ne samavAya kA bhI pratyakSa svIkAra kiyA hai, ataH vahAM bhI indriyArthasaMnikarSa Avazyaka hai aura vaha hai - paMcavidhasambandhasambaddhavizeSaNavizeSyabhAva | 'yenendriyeNa yadgRhyate tenendriyeNa tadgataM sAmAnyaM, tadgataH samavAyaH, tadgato'bhAvazca gRhyate' isa nyAya se bhI nyAyazAstra meM samavAya kI pratyakSatvasvIkRti kA jJAna hotA hai / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne bhI samatrAya ke pratyakSa ke sambandha meM 'nyAyasAra' meM 'etatpaMcavidha sambandha saMbaddhavizeSaNavizeSyabhAvAd dRzyAbhAva samavAyayorgrahaNam / tadyathA ghaTazUnyaM bhUtalam, iha bhUtale ghaTo nAsti / evaM sarvatrodAharaNIyam / samavAyasya tu kvacideva grahaNam / yathA - rUpasamavAyavAn ghaTaH ghaTe rUpasamavAya iti / - yaha kahA hai / isakA Azaya bhAsarvajJa ne 'nyAyasAra' ko svopajJavRtti 'nyAyabhUSaNa' meM spaSTa kiyA hai Azaya hai ki samavAya kA pratyakSa hotA hai, kyoMki jaise 'daNDI puruSaH' daNDa aura puruSa ke saMyoga kA pratyakSa hone para hotA hai, isI prakAra zuklaH pada. isa rUpa se zuklaguNaviziSTa paTa kI pratIti bhI zukla guNa tathA guNI paTa ke samavAya sambandha ke pratyakSa ke binA anupapanna hai / isa prakAra bhAsarvajJa samavAya kA pratyakSa svIkAra karate haiM, parantu usakA pratyakSa abhAvapratyakSa kI taraha vizeSaNatvena yA vizeSyatvena akSajanya nahIM hotA, kyoMki vizeSaNatvena yA vizeSyatvena samavAya kA indriyajanya pratyakSa mAnane para usake viziSTa jJAna hone se aura viziSTa jJAna meM vizeSaNa, vizeSya va sambandha tInoM ke jJAna kI apekSA hone se samavAya tathA samavAyI ke sambandha kA jJAna bhI mAnanA hogA aura sambandha samatrAya se bhinna mAnanA hogA, kyoMki sambandha sambandhiyoM se bhinna hotA hai / jaise, daNDa tathA puruSa kA saMyoga daNDa tathA puruSa se bhinna hai aura samavAya se bhinna sambandha mAnane para anavasthAdoSa ko prasakti hogI / tathA jaise 'daNDapuruSayoH saMyogaH' yA 'puruSo daNDasaMyuktaH' yaha pratoti saMyoga tathA daNDa va puruSarUpa saMyogI ke sambandhajJAna kA AkSepaka hai kyoMki saMyoga tathA saMyogiyoM ke sambandhajJAna ke binA uparyukta viziSTa pratoti nahIM ho sakatI / usI prakAra yadi pratyakSa se 'ghaTarUpayoH samavAyaH' yA 'rUpaM ghaTe samavetam' ityokAraka viziSTa pratIti hotI, to usa pratIti ke ApAdaka samavAya tathA samavAyiyoM ke paraspara sambandha kA bhI AkSepa hotA hai, parantu aisI pratIti pratyakSataH nahIM hai / ataH samavAya ke pratyakSa na hone se usake upapAdaka sambandhAntara kA AkSepa bhI nahIM hotA | 2 8 yadyapi 'ghaTarUpayoH samavAyaH' ityAkAraka pratyakSajJAna na hone para bhI ghaTa tathA ghaTarUpa kA samavAya sambandha hai, aisA yauktika jJAna to hotA hI hai aura 'ghaTaH rUpasamavAyavAn' isa viziSTa jJAna kI upapatti ke liye bhI ghaTarUpa, samavAya tathA 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 3. 2. samavAyasya sambandhagrahaNAkSepakatvenApratibhAsanAt / na hi pratyakSAdanayoH samavAya iti idamantra samavetamiti vA samavAyyetaditi vA kasyacit pratItirasti, yathA bhUtale ghaTo nAsti iti sarveSAmasti pratIti: |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 169,

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pratyakSa pramANa inase bhinna sambandha ina tInoM ke jJAna kI apekSA hai, kyoMki viziSTa jJAna vizeSaNa, vizeSya tathA sambandha tInoM ke jJAna ke binA anupapanna hai / aisI sthiti meM ghaTarUpa tathA samavAya se bhinna sambandha ko sattA mAnane para yauktika pratyakSa meM bhI anavasthA doSa ko prasakti banI rahegI aura yadi yauktika viziSTa jJAna meM sambagdhajJAna kI apekSA nahIM mAnI jAtI hai, to viziSTajJAna vizeSaNa-vizeSyatatsambandhajJAnapUrvaka hotA hai, isa niyama kA vyabhicAra hotA hai| bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki jisa viziSTa jJAna kA indriyajanya pratyakSa hotA hai, yaha vizeSya, vizeSaNa tathA unake sambandha ke jJAna ke binA nahIM ho sakatA, kintu parokSa pratibhAsarUpa yauktika pratyakSa sambandhAnubhava kA vyApya nahIM hotA, vaha sambandhajJAna ke binA bhI ho jAtA hai aura samavAya kA yauktika pratyakSa mAnA gayA hai, ataH yauktika pratyakSa meM vizeSaNavizeSyabhAvasambandhapUrvakatvarUpa sAdhya ke vyabhicAra kA prazna upasthita nahIM ho sakatA / ' yadyapi 'daNDapuruSayoH sayogaH' ityAkAraka viziSTa jJAna jaise saMyoga tayA saMyogiyoM ke sambandhajJAna ke binA anupapanna hai, usI prakAra 'ghaTarUpayoH samavAyaH' yA 'ghaTe rUpaM samavetam' ityAkAraka yauktika viziSTa jJAna bhI samavAya tathA samavAyiyoM ke sambanyajJAna ke binA anupapanna hai| ata: unake sambandha kA AkSepa mAnanA hI hogA aura samavAyabhinna sambandha mAnane para anavasthAdoSa kI prasakti pUrvavata vidyamAna hai, tathApi samavAya tathA samavAyiyoM kA sambandhajJAna samavAya ke svarUpabheda ko mAnakara ho sakatA hai, isake liye sambandhAntara . -kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM / jaise eka hI sattA meM svarUpabhedakalpanA se dravyAdi meM sadvyavahAra satI sattA arthAt samavAya sambandha se sattA jAti kI sthiti se aura sAmAnya meM sadvyavahAra asatI sattA arthAt svarUpataH sattA jAti kI sthiti se mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra 'daNDaSuruSayoH saMyogaH' isa viziSTa jJAna meM saMyoga tathA saMyogiyoM ke sambandhajJAna ke liye usase bhinna samavAya sambandha kI apekSA hai, kintu 'ghaTarUpayoM samavAyaH' ityAkAraka viziSTa jJAna meM samavAya ko apane samavAyiyoM se sambandha ke liye samavAya se bhinna sambandha kI apekSA nahIM, apitu samavAya svayaM hI svarUpa se apane samavAyiyoM se sambaddha hai / arthAt aSTAdisahita pratyakSayogya ghaTa tathA rUpa ina donoM se sambandhita indriyasaMnikarSa dvArA hI samavAya sambandha kA jJAna ho jAtA hai, usake liye kisI pRthaka saMnikarSarUpa sambandha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 169 2. sattA ke do bheda kalpita kiye gaye hai-(1) svarUpata: sattA aura (2) satvena sattA / jaise - brahma sattA se sat nahIM, apitu svarUpataH arthAt sadrapa hone se sat hai / prakRtyatirekeNa pratyayArtho na gamyate / / satyatra tata: svArthastaddhito'tra bhavanbhavet // -bRhadAraNyakopaniSadabhASyavArtika, kA. 1688, pR. 1678 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. / 69

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nyAyasAra tAtparya yaha hai ki 'daNDapuruSayoH saMyogaH', 'puruSo daNDasaMyuktaH' ityAkAraka saMyoga. pratyakSa ke samAna 'ghaTarUpayoH samavAyaH', 'rUpaM ghaTasamavetam' ityAyAraka pratyakSajJAna nahIM hai / ataH samavAya kI vizeSaNatayA va vizeSyatayA pratIti na hone se unakA vizeSya. vizeSaNabhAva se pratyakSa nahIM hai, kintu ghaTa tathA rUpa ke samavAya sambandha kA jJAna anumAna se hotA hai| usIko bhAsarvajJa ne yauktika pratyakSa mAnA hai| samavAya kA vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva se akSaja pratyakSa unako mAnya nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM 'samavAyasya kvacideva grahaNam / yathA-rUpasamavAyavAn ghaTaH, ghaTe rUpasamavAyaH' isa ukti dvArA nyAyasAra meM vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva dvArA usakA jo pratyakSa batalAyA hai, vaha avicArita abhidhAna hI hai| arthAt 'bhUtale ghaTo nAsti' kI taraha pratyeka ko vizeSaNatayA yA vizeSyatayA usakA jJAna nahIM hotA, api tu asadupadeza se viparyasta buddhi vAloM ko hI aisA hotA hai| ataH samavAya kA vizeSaNavizeSya - bhAva se akSama pratyakSa na hokara yauktigata pratyakSa hI hotA hai aura vaha yukti 'zukla: paTa ityAdi pratyakSapratyayaH pratyakSeNa jJAyamAnasambandhapUrvakaH, pratyakSAtmakaviziSTa pratyayatvAd daNDo tepratya yavat' ityAkAraka anumAna hai, jisase samavAya ke pratyakSa kA anumAna hotA hai / . aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nyAyasAra kI racanA ke samaya samavAya kA vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva sambandha se pratyakSa bhAsarvajJa ko kvacit arthAt katipaya sthaloM (sthAnatraya) meM abhimata thA, parantu bAda meM cintAsantati ke phalasvarUpa unako mAnyatA parivartita ho gaI aura nyAyabhUSaNa meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki samavAya kA yauktika pratyakSa hotA hai na ki vizeSyatayA va vizeSaNatayA akSaja pratyakSa / yogipratyakSa deza ko dRSTi se viprakRSTa satyalokAdi, atidUrastha aura vyavahita nAgabhuvanAdi. kAla kI dRSTi se viprakRSTa atIta aura anAgata, svabhAvaviprakRSTa paramANu AkAzAdi-ina tIna prakAra ke viprakRSToM meM samasta athavA vyasta kA grAhaka pratyakSa yogipratyakSa kahalAtA hai / 1. ka) mameva vA skhalitametad, aparyAlocita granthakaraNAt |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 169 kha) AcArya: punarautra skhalita bAstvida mmetyvoct| -nyAyamuktAvalI (prathama bhAga), 1. 176 ga) bhAsarvajJastu kenAbhiprAyeNa mameva bAvaskhalitametaditi vyAkhyAtamiti cintyam / -nyAyasArabicAra, pR. 21 2. samavAyasya buddhau tathA grahaNaM kvacideva bhavati / arthAt asadupadezaviparyAsita-- buddhAveva samavAyam tathA gRhyate, na tu abhAvavat laukikabudvau sarvavyavahatR buddhau vA / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 169 3. tammAd yauktikameva samavAyasya pratyakSatvam |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 169 4. nyAyasArapadapaMcikA, pR. 16 5. (a) nyAyasAra. pR. 3 (ba) nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 170

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3 69 pratyakSa pramANa usakI do avasthAeM haiM - (1) yuktAvasthA aura (2) viyuktAvasthA / yuktAvasthA meM dharmAdisahita AtmA aura antaHkaraNAdi ke saMyoga se hI samasta viSayoM kA grahaNa hotA hai / azeSArthagrahaNa paramayogI kI dRSTi se batalAyA gayA hai, kyoMki yogisAmAnya ko azeSa arthoM kA grahaNa nahIM hotA hai / AtmA aura antaHkaraNa ke saMyoga se hI hotA hai, yaha avadhAraNa arthasannikarSa ke niSedha ke liye hai / isase sahakArimAtra kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki 'dharmAdisahitAt' ke dvArA usakA kathana kara diyA gayA hai / viyuktAvasthA meM arthasaMnikarSa hotA hai / sarvajJa ne ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM hI antarbhAva mAnA hai / ataH yahAM ArSajJAna ke yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva kA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai / ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva prazastadeva tathA unake anuyAyI vaizeSika AcAryoM ne pratyakSa, laiMgika, smRti aura ArSajJAna bhedabhinna caturvidha vidyA meM ArSajJAna ko mAnA hai / " vaizeSika isa AjJAna ko yogipratyakSa se bhinna mAnate haiM / ve prAtibhAparaparyAya ArSajJAna kI sattA mAnate haiM / sarvaprathama 'padArthadharmasaMgraha' meM zrI prazastapAda ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki veda-nirmAtA trikAladarzI RSiyoM ko atIndriya, atIta, anAgata, vartamAna viSayoM kA jJAna dharmavizeSa ke sAhAyya se AtmamanaHsaMyoga se hotA hai, use hI ArpajJAna kahate haiM / isa jJAna ko smRtijJAna kI taraha aprArUpa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha yathArthAnubhavarUpa hai / pramArUpa jJAna mAnakara bho use dhUmadarzanajanya vahUnijJAna kI taraha parokSa bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha jJAna liMgAnusandhAna ke binA hotA hai / aparokSa isaliye nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki atIndriya tathA atIta, anAgata vastuoM ke sAtha indriya kA sambandha nahIM hai aura aparokSajJAna viSayendriyasannikarSajanya hotA hai / AtmamanaH saMyogajanya isaliye nahIM ho sakatA ki bAhya viSaya meM antaHkaraNa kI pravRtti nahIM hotI / pramANAntara mAnane para pratyakSa, anumAna do hI pramANa haiM, isa vaizeSikasiddhAnta kA vyAghAta hotA hai / ataH isa ArSajJAna ko unhoMne dharmavizeSasahakRta AtmamanaH - saMyoga se janya pratyakSa mAnA hai / dharmavizeSa saMskRta antaHkaraNa kI pravRtti usI prakAra bAya viSaya meM saMbhava hai, jaise yogajadharma sahakRta antaHkaraNa kI / yogipratyakSa meM yogajadharmAnugRhIta antaHkaraNa kI bAhUya atIndriyaH atIta anAgata viSayoM meM 1. etacca paramayogivivakSayoktam, na tu yogimAtramyA zeSArthagrahaNaM bhavati / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 170 2. vidyApi caturvidhA / pratyakSa laiGgikasmRtyArSalakSaNA / -- prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 153 3. AmnAya vidhAtUNAmRSINAmatItAnAgatavartamAneSvatIndriyeSu dharmAdiSu granthopanibaddheSu anupanibadveSu cAtmamanasoH saMyogAd dharmavizeSAcca yatprAtimaM yathAtmanivedanaM jJAnamutpadyate tad 'Am' ityAcakSate / -- prazastapAdabhAdhya, pR. 208, 209 -

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70 nyAyasAra pravRtti sabhI mAnate haiM, usI prakAra AryajJAna meM bhI tapAsamAdhijanya-dharmAnugRhIta antaHkaraNa kI bAhya viSaya meM pravRtti saMbhava hai aura isa prakAra dharmavizeSAnugRhIta AtmanaH saMyoga se atIta, anAgata, Adi viSayoM kA pratyakSa hone se ArSajJAna pratyakSa hI hai| yaha jJAna bAhatyena devatA. RSi Adi ko hotA hai. kinta karma kabhI laukika vyaktiyoM ko bhI hotA hai / jaisa, koI kanyA kahatI hai-kala merA bhAI AyegA, aisA merA mana batalAtA hai aura kanyA kA yaha jJAna yathArtha nikalatA hai| yahAM kanyA ke isa jJAna meM isa janma ke kisI tapaHsamAdhijanya dharma ke anugrAhaka tathA anAgata viSaya ke sAtha indriya sambandha tathA kisI liMgAdi kA pratisandhAna na hone para bhI usa jJAna ko yathArthatA ko dekhakara janmAntarIya tapaHprabhAva-prabhAvita dharmavizeSa dvArA anugRhIta mana ke dvArA hI usako jJAna huA hai, yaha bAta mAnanI par3atI hai| ataH vaha bhI tapa Adi prabhAvaprabhAvita dharmavizeSa se janya hone se ArSajJAna hI hai| isI jJAna ko pratibhAjanya hone se prAtibha kahA jAtA hai| __ yaha ASajJAna yogipratyakSa se bhinna haiM, aisA prazastadeva ko abhimata hai| isIliye unhone pahile pratyakSanirUpaNa meM yogaja dharma se hone vAle yogipratyakSa kA nirUpaNa karane ke pazcAn pRthaka rUpa se ArSajJAna kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| kintu bhAsarvajJa isakA yo pratyakSa meM antarbhAva karate haiM / unakI mAnyatA hai ki yogipratyakSa ko taraha ArSajJAna bhI prakRSTadharmajanya hai, prakRSTadharmajanyatva donoM meM samAna dharma hai| ataH donoM eka haiM, pRthak nahIM / ASajJAna ko bhI dharmavizeSa janya mAnA hI jAtA hai, isa prakAra yogipratyakSa se ASajJAna saMgRhIta ho jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne yogiH pratyakSa kA lakSaNa 'yogipratyakSantu dezakAlasvabhAvaviprakRSTArthagrAhakam' yaha kiyA hai| 'nyAyabhUSaNa' meM isakA vizadIkaraNa karate hue kahA hai 'dezAdiviprakRSTeSvartheSu samyaga. parokSAnubhavo hi yogipratyakSasya lakSaNam' / vyAsa Adi ArSa puruSoM ko prakRSTa dharma se AIjJAnarUpa yogipratyakSa hotA hai / ataH yogipratyakSa aura ArSajJAna meM prakRSTa dharma sAdhana hai, vaha prakRSTa dharma cAhe yogAMgAnuSThAna se ho athavA tapaHprakarSa se athavA yajJAdi sAdhanoM ke prakarSa se / ina avAntara kAraNabhedoM se pramANabheda siddha nahIM hotaa| jaise paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne pratibhA ko anupahasanIya kAvya kA kAraNa mAnakara vilakSaNa vyutpatti, kAvyavyAkaraNAbhyosAdi meM kAvyakAraNatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai arthAt pratibhA cAhe devatA-mahApuruSa-prasAdAdijanya hoM, 1. prazastapAdabhAdhya pR 209 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 3 3. vahI 4 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 171 5. nyAyabhUSaNa. pR. 171

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pratyakSa pramANa cAhe vilakSaNa vyutpatti se yA kAvyavyAkaraNAbhyAsAdi kAraNa se janya ho, kintu kAvya ke prati kAraNa pratibhA hI hai, usI prakAra alaukika yogi-pratyakSa tathA Apa pratyakSa kA kAraNa prakRSTa dharma hai, vaha dharma cAhe yogaja ho yA tajanya, vidyAjanya ho yA samAdhijanya / isaliye aparArka ne nyAyayuktAvalI meM kahA hai 'sAdhanaM tu dharmaH samAdhisAdhyo vA, tapaHprabhRtisAdhanIyo vA'stu / naitAvatA pramANabhedaH ! kAraNAnAmAntagaNi kabhedena pramANAnantyaprasakteH / yonipratyakSa meM aneka Agamavacana pramANa haiN| yogisadbhAva kI AzaMkA kA nirAkaraNa karate hue AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne batalAyA hai ki ve zruti, smRti, purANa, itihAsa tathA aneka yogazAstroM meM prasiddha haiM / unakA apalApa pApAtizaya hI hai, jo narakAdi ananta yAtanAoM ko utpanna karatA hai / yogisadbhAva kA jJApaka anumAna isa prakAra hai-'dharmAdi keSAMcitpratyakSaM prameyatvAt karatalavaditi / " bhAsarvajJa ke paravartI udayanAcArya ne ArSajJAna ke yogipratyakSAntarbhAva kA khaNDana kiyA hai / udayanAcArya kA tarka yaha hai ki yogipratyakSa ke kAraNa yogajanya dharma tathA ArSajJAna ke kAraNa tapojanya dharma donoM ke prakRSTadharmazabdavAcya hone se prakRSTa dharmazabdavAcyatvarUpa se samAnatA hone para bhI una donoM dharmoM meM prakarSA kI pravRttinimittatA meM bheda hai| yogipratyakSa ke kAraNabhUta dharma meM usa prakarSa kA pravRttinimitta yoga hai tathA AjJAna ke kAraNabhUta dharma meM prakarSa kA pravRttinimitta tapa yA vidyA yA samAdhi Adi haiN| ataH donoM ke kAraNabhUta dharmo ke bhinna hone se tajjanya yogipratyakSa va ArSajJAna meM bhI bheda hai| yogipratyakSa meM bhI ArSajJAna kI taraha dharmavizeSa ko kAraNa mAnA nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki vahAM dharmavizeSa kI upalabdhi nahIM / kanyA ke jJAna meM anAgata bhrAtA ke sAtha indriyasambandha na hone se tathA usa jJAna ke yathArtha hone se anupalabhyabhAna janmAntarIya dharmavizeSa kI kalpanA samucita hai, kintu yogipratyakSa meM yogaja dharma ke dvArA atIta, anAgata, vyavahita, viprakRSTa vastuoM kA jJAna saMbhava hone se dharmavizeSa kI kalpanA nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / ataH dharmavizeSarUpa sAmAnyakAraNajanyatA ko lekara bhI yogipratyakSa va ArSa pratyakSa ko eka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ataH donoM pratyakSa bhinna haiN| ArSajJAna dharmavizeSajanya hai, jabaki yogipratyakSa yogajadharmajanya hai| kintu kiraNAvalIkAra udayana kA yaha bhedapratipAdana samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki yogi-pratyakSa va ArSa pratyakSa meM prakRSTa dharmarUpa kAraNa ke samAna hone se unakA kArya pratyakSa bhI samAna ho hogA / prakRSTa dharmarUpa kAraNa meM vizeSaNIbhUta prakarSa ke kAraNoM ke bhinna 1. tasya ca kAraNa kavigatA kevalA pratimA / ......... na tu trayameva / -rasagaMgAdhara, pR. 8 2. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, 179 3. vahI 4. kiraNAvalI, pR. 246 5. kiraNAvalI, pR. 246

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72 nyAyasAra bhinna hone para bhI tajjanya prakRSTa dharma meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / tathA jaise tapojanya, vidyAjanya, samAdhijanya dharma sabhI dharmavizeSa-- padavAcya haiM, usI prakAra yogajanya dharma bhI dharmavizeSa hI hai| ataH yogipratyakSa va Apa pratyakSa donoM meM dharmavizeSajanyatvarUpa samAnatA hone se donoM pratyakSa abhinna haiN| sUtrakAra kaNoda ne bhI ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva abhISTa hone ke kAraNa usakA pRthak kathana nahIM kiyA hai, jaisAki vaizeSikasUtropaskAra' meM zaMkara mizra ne kahA hai, 'ArSa jJAna sUtrakRnA pRthaG na lakSitaM yogipratyakSAntarbhAvitam' / prazastapAdAcArya ne ArSajJAna ko prAtibhajJAna arthAt pratibhAjanya jJAna mAnA hai aura prAtibhajJAna yogipratyakSajJAna ho hai, jaisA ki 'prAtibhAdvA' 'tataH prAnibhaprAvaNavedanA. darzAsvAdavArtA jAyante'* ina yogasUtroM se spaSTa hai / / bhAsarvajJa ke paravartI mAnamanoharakAra vAdivAgIzvarAcArya ne bho dharmavizeSa se prasUta hone ke kAraNa ApajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva kyoM nahIM ho sakatA-isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA hai ki ArSajJAna sarvatra dharmavizeSa se janita nahIM hotaa| yadi kisI eka ArpajJAna meM dharmavizeSajanyatA hone se usakA antarbhAva dharmavizeSajanyatva ke AdhAra para yogipratyakSa meM bhI mAna leM, taba bhI ArSajJAna meM sarvatra dharmavizeSajanyatA . na hone se ApajJAna ko yogipratyajJAntabhUta na mAnakara pRthaka hI mAnanA par3atA hai / ' . prazastapAda ne spaSTatayA dharmavizeSa ko ArSajJAna ke prati kAraNa batalAyA hai| kadAcit laukikoM ko hone vAle ( yathA kanyakA bayoti -zyo meM bhrAtA AgantA ) ArSAjJAna ke prati bhI dharmavizeSa ho kAraNatvena mAnA gayA hai / ' aisI paristhiti meM - mAnamanoharakAra kA yaha kathana ki ArSajJAna kahIM dharmavizeSajanya hotA hai, sarvatra nahIM, vicAraNIya hai| esA pratIta hotA hai ki dharmavizeSajatvarUpa sAmya se ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva karane vAle bhAsarvajJAcArya ke mata kA khaNDana karane kA unakA Agraha hai aura uparyukta roti se dharmavizeSajanyatva ke kAraNa usakA nirAkaraNa ho nahIM sakatA / ataH unhoMne ArSajJAna kA svakalpita nayA hI lakSaNa prastuta kiyA 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 11 2. vaizeSikasUtropaskAra, pR. 513 3. gegasUtra. 3/33 4. vahI, 3/36 5. dharmavizeSajatvAda yogiratyakSAnta ta miti cet, na dharmavizeSajatvA siddheH / dharmavizeSamAtrajanyatvasya dhyabhicArAt / avinAbhAvanirapekSaH samyak parokSAnubhava ArSaH / -mAnamanohara, pR. 90 6. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 208-209 kanyAyAzca jJAnasandarzanena kAraNAntarAnupalammena janmAntarIyatapa:prabhAvaprabhAvitadharmavizeSAnasmaraNaM nyAyayam |-kirnnaablii, pR. 246

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pratyakSa pramANa hai-'avinAbhAvanirapekSaH samyak parokSAnubhavaH ArSaH 1 jisase ki usakA yogi. pratyakSa meM antarbhAva na ho sake / yogipratyakSa aura ayogipratyakSa donoM savikalpaka-nirvikalpaka bheda se do prakAra ke hote haiM / yahAM prathama savikalpaka pratyakSa kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai savikalpaka pratyakSa bhAratIya darzana kI do mukhya dhArAeM haiM-vaidika aura avaidika / anya viSayoM kI taraha pratyakSa pramANa, usake bhedoM, svarUpa tathA lakSaNa ke viSaya meM bhI unameM paryApta matabheda prApta hotA hai / vaidika darzana paramparA meM nyAyavaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda mAne gaye haiM -nirvikalpaka aura savikalpaka / naiyAyika hone ke nAte AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne bhI pratyakSa pramAga ke do bhedoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| pratyakSa pramANa ke sambandha meM bauddhoM kA apanA viziSTa mata hai / ve kevala nirvikalpaka ko hI pratyakSa mAnate haiM / AcArya diGnAga ne 'pramANasamucya' meM kahA hai-'pratyakSaM' kalpanApoDaM nAmajAtyAdyasaMyutam / ' diGnAga kI taraha dharmakoti: Adi AcAryoM ne bhI kevala nirvikalpaka ko hI pratyakSa mAnA hai| bauddhamata meM arthajanya jJAna ho pramANa hotA hai| yahAM artha se unako paramArthasat artha abhipreta hai / svalakSaNa (vastumAtra ) hI paramArthasat hai / isa prakAra svalakSaNaviSayaka hone se nirvi- . kalpaka ho ekamAtra pratyakSa pramANa hai / nirvikalpaka kalpanApoDha arthAt kalpanAsvabhAva .. se rahita hotA hai / kalpanA kA svarUpa yahAM vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki savikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa kI yahI AdhArabhitti hai / nAmajAtyAdiyojanA athavA nAmAdisaMsarga ko kalpanA kahate haiN| kalpanA kI pAMca vidhAeM sodAharaNa prastuta haiM1 devadattaH - nAmayojanA jAtiyojanA 3 gacchati kriyAyojanA 4 zukla guNayojanA 5 daNDI dravyayojanA kalpanA kI yaha paMcavidhatA naiyAyikoM kI dRSTi se hai| bauddhamatAnusAra to yaha saba zabda (nAma) kalpanA hI hai, jaisAki zAntarakSita tathA dharmakIrti ne kahA hai '....................... abhilApinI / pratItiH kalpanA kluptihetutvAdyAtmikA || 'abhilApasaMsargayogyapratibhAsapratItiH kalpanA / 1. mAnamanohara, pR. 90 4. tattvasaMgraha, kArikA 1213 2. pramANasamuccaya, prathamAdhyAya, pR. 5. nyAyabindu, pR 1 3. nyAyabindu, pR. 1 bhAnyA-10 -

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74 nyA sAra bauddha mata meM zabdasaMsarga ki yogyatA se rahita nirvikalpakajJAna hI vAstava meM pramANa hai / savikalpaka pratyakSa nirvikalpaka pratyakSa dvArA upasthApita vastu ko nAma jAtyAdikalpita padArthoM se saMsRSTa karatA hai, vaha satya svalakSaNa vastu ko asatya padArtho se saMvRta kara grahaNa karatA hai / isIliye use saMvRtisatya kahate haiM / savikalpaka arthajanya na hone ke kAraNa apramANa hai| vaidika dArzanika savikalpaka zabda ke dvArA pramANa aura pramA donoM kA abhidhAna hotA hai| jaise indriya ko pratyakSa pramANa aura indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa pramA kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra savikalpaka artha ko savikalpaka pramANa aura usase janita jJAna ko saMvikalpaka pramA mAnA jAtA hai| savikalpaka pramA ko prAyaH vaidika matAbalambI dArzanika ekamata se pratyakSa hI mAnate haiN| aitihAsika krama kI dRSTi se sarvaprathama savikalpaka ke viSaya meM kumArila bhaTTa ke mata kA digdarzana kiyA jA rahA hai| AcArya kumArila ne savikalpaka ko nirvikalpaka se utpatti mAnate hue paramparayA usake akSajatva kI sthApanA kI hai| 'vastu' pada ke dvArA nirvikalpaka kI taraha savikalpaka kI arthotpannatA svIkAra kI hai / savikalpaka pratyakSa meM jAtyAdi dharmo se viziSTa artha kA buddhi ke dvArA nizcaya hotA hai| savikalpaka jJAna ke prAmANya meM usakA bodhakatva hetu hai aura yaha savikalpaka jJAna ke prAmANya meM usakA bodhakatva hetu hai| aura yaha savikalpaka jhAna bhI pratyakSa hai, isa bAta ko kumArila ne 'sApi pratyakSatvena sammatA' isa vacana se spaSTa kahA hai| ___'devadatto'yama'. sa evAyam' ityAdi savikalpaka pratyakSajJAnoM meM smaraNa ko apekSA hotI hai aura indriya kA smaraNa meM sAmarthya nahIM hotA, isa AzaMkA kA nivAraNa karate huo vArtikakAra ne AtmA meM smaraNasAmarthya batalAkara samAdhAna kiyA hai| isI prasaMga meM eka zaMkA uTha khar3I hotI hai ki AtmA kI smaraNAdi meM sAmarthya mAnakara vikalpasahita vastu kI pratyakSatA mAnane para nivRttendriyavyApAra vAle puruSa ko bhI zabdasmaraNa se 'gaurayama' ityAkAraka jo jJAna hotA hai. vaha bhI pratyakSa pramANa ho jAyegA / kumArila ne yahA~ spaSTa kara diyA hai ki isIliye to indriyArthasannikarSa se utpanna jJAna ko pratyakSa batalAyA hai| nivRttondriyavyApAravAle puruSa meM indridya kA gopiNDa se sambandha nahIM hai, ataH zabdasmaraNotpanna 'gaurayama' ityAkAraka jJAna meM pratyakSatvaprasakti nahIM hai / 1 tataH paraM punarvastu dharmarjAtyAdibhiryayA / / buSyAvasIyate sApi pratyakSatvena sammatA // - mImAMsAzlokavArtika, pR. 173 :sU 4, kA. 120) 2 tenendriyArthasambandhe vidyamAne smarannapi / vikalpayan svadharmeNa vastupratyakSavAn naraH // - pratyakSasUtra, kA. 123 taccatadindriyAdhInamiti taiyapadizyate / tadasambandhajAtaM tu neva pratyakSa bhiSyate ||-prtyksssuutr kA. 124, mImAMsAzlokavArtika. 173

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pratyakSa pramANa AcArya kumArila ne bauddhoM ke AkSepoM kA khaNDana karate hue savikalpaka kI pratyakSatA sthApita ko hai / sAmazyantara se utpanna hone para bhI artha kI asAdhAraNakAraNatA ke kAraNa jisa prakAra nirvikalpaka akSajanya hI hotA hai, usI prakAra savikalpaka bhI akSajanya hai / savikalpaka ke liye prayukta pratyakSa zabda cAhe yaugika ho athavA rUDha (avyutpanna), pratyakSa zabda kA prayoga to niHsandigdha hai, isaliye usakI pratyakSatA bhI niHzaMkA hai| . prabhAkaramatAnuyAyI zAlikanAtha ne sAkSAt pratIta ko pratyakSa kahA hai|' nirvikalpaka aura savikalpaka pratyakSa kI ina do vidhAoM kA nirdeza karate hue unhoMne batalAyA hai ki savikalpaka buddhi kA viSaya viziSTa padArtha hotA hai aura nirvikalpaka buddhi kA viSaya svruupmaatr| dUvya, jAti tathA guNa meM sarvaprathama indriyasaMnikarSajanya vastumAtra kA grAhaka vikalpAvasthA se pUrvavatI' nirvikalpaka jJAna utpanna hotA hai, vaha svAnubhavasiddha hai| viSayAntara ke anusaMdhAna se zUnya aura samAhita citta vAlA vyakti indiya saMyukta vastu kA sAkSAt jJAna karatA hai / isa prakAra svAnubhava ho nirvikalpa kajJAna ko sattA meM pramANa hai / mIsAMsAzlokavArtika meM isa prasaMga meM likhA hai 'asti hyAlocanAjJAna prathamaM nirvikalpakam / bAlamUkAdivijJAnasadRzaM zuddhavastujam // api ca 'Alocyate vastumAna jJAnenApAta janmanA / acetyamAno bhedo'pi cakAstItyatisAhasam // 5 nirvikalpaka se anantaravartI mavikalpakajJAna sAsAnya ko sAmAnya rUpa se aura vizeSa ko vizeSa rUpa se viSaya karatA hai| nirvikalpaka dvArA sAmAnya ora vizeSa kI pratipatti hone para bhI unake bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hotA / vastubhedapAtra se bhedabuddhi nahIM hotI, api tu paTatvAdi dharmAntara kA grahaNa bhI bhedabuddhi meM sahakArI hotA hai| 1. sarvathA pratyakSazaprayogAdasti pratyakSatvaM savikalpakasya / ___-tAtparyaTIkA (zlokavArtikavyAkhyA), pR. 153 2. sAkSAtpratAtiH pratyakSam / - prakaraNapaMcikA, pR. 5) 3. AdyA viziSTa viSayA svarUpaviSayetarA / - vahI, pR. 54 4. mImAMsAzlokavAtika, pU 168 (pratyakSasUtra, kA. 112) 5. brahmasiddhi, 2/27, pR. 70

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nyAyasAra sAmAnya va vizeSa meM bheda hone para bhI anuvRtti aura vyAvRtti kA grahaNa na hone ke kAraNa nirvikalpakajJAnadazA meM bhedabuddhi udita nahIM hotI hai| sAmAnya tathA vizeSa vastu se bhinna anuvRtti va vyAvRtti ke grahaNa meM indriyoM kA sAmarthya na hone ke kAraNa sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke anuvRtti tathA vyAvRtti aMza pratyakSaviSaya kaise ho sakate haiM, isa AzaMkA kA apAkaraNa karate hue zAlinAtha ne batalAyA hai ki indriyAM athavA jJAna hI yadi cetana hote, to yaha Apatti upasthita hotI. kintu aisI bAta nahIM / ataH samasta anubhavitavya kA anubhavitA AtmA saMskAra dvArA anya vastu kA anusaMdhAna karatA huA indriya ke dvArA sAmAnya vizeSa rUpa se vastu ko pratIti kara hI sakatA hai| paTAdi anya vastu ke anusandhAna ke pazcAt hI bhinnatA kA nizcaya hotA hai / yaha savikalpadazA meM hI saMbhava ho sakatA hai, nirvikalpaka meM nahIM / savikalpaka pratyakSa kI aindriyakatA kA spaSTatayA samarthana karate hue zAlikanAtha ne kahA hai 'na cedalamanindriyajaM jJAnam, indriyAdhInapravRttitvAt / aparokSAvabhAso hyayaM savikalpakapratyayaH / tAdRzo nendriyavyApAramantareNAsti / 1 anuvRtti aura vyAvRtti se anvaya aura vyatireka abhimata haiN| anvayavyatireka do prakAra kA hotA hai-eka tArkikasammata aura dUsarA mImAMsakAbhimata / tArkikasammata anvayavyatireka kAryakAraNabhAvagrahaNa meM upayogI hotA hai, kyoMki 'yatsatve yat sattvam' yaha anvaya kA svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai aura 'yabhAve yadabhAvaH' yaha vyatireka kA svarUpa / 'daNDasatve ghaTasatvam' 'daNDAbhAve ghaTAbhAvaH' isa prakAra anvayavyatireka daNDa aura ghaTa ke kAryakAraNabhAvagrahaNa kA upayogI hai / mImAMsakAbhimata, vizeSata: advaita vedAntiyoM ne jisakA upayoga kiyA hai, anvaya vyatireka bhedagraha kA upayogI mAnA jAtA hai / 'yasya anvaye yasya vyatirekaH, sa tato bhinnaH' isa paddhati ke AdhAra para ghaTatvajAti kA sabhI ghaTo meM anvaya aura ghaTavyaktiyoM kA parampara vyatireka yA bheda dekhakara yaha nizcita hotA haiM ki ghaTatva jAti aura ghaTavyakti donoM paraspara bhinna hai| isI prakAra ghaTasTAdijJAna sarvAnugata hone se anuvRtti kA viSaya hai aura ghaTapaTAdi viSaya paraspara vyAvRtta hone ke kAraNa vyAvRtti ke viSaya haiM / anuvRtta vyAvRtta se bhinna hotA hai, ataH jJAna aura viSaya kA bheda, AtmA aura anAtmA kA bheda sthira kiyA jAtA hai| evaM anvita vastu meM ekatA aura vyatirikta vastu meM anekatA bhI anvaya vyatireka se siddha kI jAtI hai| 2. nanu vastvantarAnusandhAne nendriyaM samartham / indriyasAmaryasamutthaJca pratyakSamiti kathaM sAmAnyavizeSAtmakaM pratyakSasya viSaya: |-prkrnnpNcikaa, pR. 164. 3. bhavedetadevaM yadindriyA yeva cetanAni syuH, jJAnAni vA / AtmA tveka: sarvAnubhavitavyAnubhavitA saMskAravazena vastvantaramanusandadhadindriyeNa sAmAnyavizeSAtmanA vastu zaknotyeva pratyetum / -prakaraNapaMcikA, pR. 164-165. 4. savikalpakantu vizeSaNavizeSyamAvamanugacchati / -vahI, pR. 55. 5. prakaraNapaMcikA, pR. 56.

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pratyakSa pramANa nyAyamaMjarIkAra jayanta jisa paMcavidha-kalpanAsmaka savikalpaka ko bauddhoM ne pratyakSa pramANa koTi se bahiSkRta kiyA hai, vahI nyAya-vaizeSika meM savikalapaka pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| jayantabhaTTa ne savikalpakajJAna kI pratyakSatA ko sthApita karate hue kahA hai ki samayasmaraNa kI apekSA hone para bhI savikalpavijJAna sannikarSajanya na hone ke kAraNa apratyakSa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vizeSaNa vizeSyajJAnAdi sAmagrI kI apekSA hone se adhika AyAsasAdhyattra ko savikalpaka ke aprAmANya kA prayojaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / jayanta ne isa dUSaNa ko bhUSa ga batalAne ke lie eka sundara tarka diyA hai ki girizikhara para car3hakara jo vastu kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha apratyakSa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vAcaspati mizra sarvadarzanakAnanapaJcAnana vAcaspati mizra ne bhI savikalpaka jJAna kI pratyakSatA kI surakSA ke liye yuktiyA~ dI hai| unakA kathana hai ki smaraNasahakRta indriyArthasannikarSa se utpanna hone ke kAraNa unakI indriyArthasannikarSajanyatA kA vilopa nahIM hotaa| isakI mAnasatvasiddhi kI apekSA indriyajatva meM hI prayAsa ucita hogaa| savikalapaka jJAna nirvikalpaka jJAna kI apekSA pazcAt utpanna hone para bhI indriyArthasannikarSajanya hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa to hotA hI hai / bhAsarvajJa savikalapaka pramA ke pratyakSatva ke viSaya meM bhAsarvajJa bhI sabhI ke sAtha hai| isIliye savikalpaka ko pratyakSa ke vibhAgoM meM sthAna diyA hai / savika paka kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI gaI hai 'tatra saMjJAdisaMbandhollekhena jJAnotpattinimittaM savikalpakam / yathA devadatto'yaM daNDItyAdi / 1 tadevaM emayasmaraNasApekSatve'pi nendriyArthasannivarSAtpannatAmativartate savikalpakaM vijJAnamiti kathamapratyakSam ? .. na hi vahuklezasAdhyatvaM nAma prAmANyamupahanti, uktaM ca na hi giri. zRMgamAruhya yada gRhyate tadapratyakSam | --nyAyamajarI, pUrvabhAga 1, pR. 89. 2 na ca tasmaraNasahakAriNendriyArthasannikarSaNopajanitaM tadindriyArthasannikarSaNotpanna na bhavati / yastu bhavatAma-ya mAnasatve prayAsaH sa varamindriyajatva eva bhavatu / tathA sati darzanavyApAratvamasya sAkSAtsamarthita bhavati |...pshcaajjaaymaanmpi indriyArthasannikarSaprabhavatayA pratyakSa bhavatyeva |-nyaayvaartiktaatpryttiikaa, 1.1.4...... 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 3-1.

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78 nyAyasAra eka hI nirvikalapaka vastu nAma Adi vikalpoM se sambandhita hokara vaise hI savikalpaka bana jAtI hai, jaise zukti rajatakalpanA se sambaddha hokara rajatatAdAtmyApanna ho jAtI hai| rajatasambandharahita zulka nirvikalpaka aura rajatasambandhaviziSTa savikalpaka jA sakatI hai| vikalpa. vizeSaNa yA prakAra kabhI yasta kA svAbhAvika arthAta anAropita dharma hotA hai aura kabhI aupAdhika arthAt Aropita / jaise 'raktaH paTaH' ityAdi sthAnoM para paTagata raktimA anAropita dharma hai, kintu 'raktaH sphaTikaH,' 'idaM rajatam' ityAdi pratItiyoM meM raktimA Adi dharma Aropita ho hotA hai / Aropita vastuviSayaka pratIti ko bhrama mAnA jAtA haiM / bhrama pratyakSajJAna kA hI eka prakAra mAnA jAtA hai| rakta sphaTika pratyakSAtmaka bhrama kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa Aropita yA mithyA kahalAtA hai / isa dRSTi se savikalpaka padArtha ke viSaya meM vicAra karane para yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki sat aura asat do bhAgoM meM padArthoM kA vargIkaraNa karane vAle vijJAnavAdiyoM ne svalakSaNa ko sata tathA sAmAnyalakSaNa yA savikalpaka ko asat mAnA hai| vahUnitva dhUmasahacaritattra Adi vikalpakoM se saMvalita vahanirUpa savikalapaka se janita anumAna jJAna ko bhramAtmaka isIliye mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha tadabhAvavati tatprakAraka rUpa hai arthAt nAma, jAti, guNa, dravya aura kriyA ina pAMca kalpanAoM se rahita agni meM nAmAdivaiziSTyAvagAhI hone ke kAraNa anumAna jJAna paise ho bhrama hai. jaise ki arajatabhUta zukti meM rajatAvagAho jJAna / yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki savikalpakatrastuviSayakanakajJAna aura savikalpakavastujanya jJAna ye do padArtha haiN| jaise zuktirajataviSayaka 'idaM rajatam' ityAkAraka jJAna tathA 'idaM rajatam' ityAkAraka zuktirajatajJAna se janita 'idaM madiSTasAdhanam' ityAkAraka iSTasAdhanatvAdijJAna / savikalpakaprastujanita jJAna savikalpaka pratyakSa hai, yaha sabhI dArzanika mAnate haiM / antara kevala itanA hai ki kucha loga use pramAtmaka mAnate haiM aura kucha loga bhramAtmaka, jaisA ki Upara batalAyA jA cukA hai| savikalpaka padArtha bhramAtmaka pratyakSa kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa Aropita mAnA jAtA hai, bauddhoM hI isa udghoSa gA ke tala meM praviSTa hokara AcArya bhAsarvajJa savikalpaka pramANa ko atIndriya kaha dete haiM 'taccAtIndriyatvAtsAkSAda udAhartuM na zakyate, tatphalameva udAhiyate - yathA devadattaH / unakA sIdhA prahAra bauddhasiddhAnta para hai / unakA kahanA hai ki kisI atIndriya vastu ko pratyakSa bhrama kA viSaya mAnakara Aropita kahanA kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai? ghaTAdi vastu kA pratyakSa karatA huA koI bhI vyakti usameM zabdasambandha kA pratyakSa nahIM kara sktaa| ataH use atIndriya kahA jA sakatA hai na ki Aropita / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 173.

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pratyakSa pramANa yahA~ eka avAntara vicAra anivArya-sA uTha khar3A hotA hai ki za dArthasambandha kA pramAtmaka pratyakSa kauna loga mAnate the, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara bauddhoM ne usake o bhramAtmaka mAnA hai| vicAra karane para spaSTa hai ki zabdArtha-sambandhako pramA mAnane vAloM meM jaiminidarzana aura vAkyapadIyakAra kA viziSTa sthAna hai| jaimini ne 'autpattikastu zabdasyAthana sambandhastasya jJAnamupadezo'vyatirekazcArthe'nupalabdhe tatpramANaM bAdarAyaNasyAnapekSatvAt' isa sUtra meM kahA hai ki zabda kA artha ke sAtha sambandha autpattika hotA hai / autpattika zabda kA artha karate hue zabarasvAmI ne likhA hai-'autpattika iti nityaM bamaH' / ve zabdArthasambandha ke jJAna ko avyatireka yA avyabhicArI batAte hue pramAtmaka mAnate hai. kyoMki vaha itarapramANa kI apekSA ke binA hI apane artha kA bodha karAtA hai / bAdarAyaNa kI sAkSI dekara yaha bhI siddha kara diyA hai ki brahmasUtra ke racayitA maharSi vyAsa ko bhI yaha sammata hai| yadyapi vaha sUtra dharmapramANaparaka hai, tathApi usake padavinyAsa se yaha spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai ki vaha zabdArthasambandhajJAna ko pramA bhI batalA rahA hai| ___ jAti aura AkRti donoM mImAMsakamata meM paryAya mAne jAte haiM, jabaki jAti aura AkRti ko tArkika bhinna-bhinna mAnate haiM / jaisA ki-- 'jAtimevAkRti prAhuH vyaktirAkriyate yayA / isa vacana se spaSTa ho rahA hai / go meM sAsnAdimatva AkAra sabhIko pratyakSasiddha hai aura zabda kA sambandha usakI jAti se mAnA jAtA hai / kriyA kA yoga 'brIhIn avahanti' aura guNa kA sambandha 'aruNayA piMgAkSyA ekahAyanyA...' ityAdi sthaloM para spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| ye hI ve vikalpa haiM, jinake viSaya meM bauddhoM kA kahanA hai ki ye svalakSaNa meM kAlpanika haiM, kintu mImAMsakoM ne unheM vAstavika aura pratyakSapramANa kA viSaya mAnA hai / kumArila bhaTTa ne spaSTa likhA hai 'lataH paraM punarvastu dhmerjaatyaadibhiryyaa / buddhyAvasIyate sApi pratyakSatvena sammatA / ' isa prakAra mImAMsakoM ne zabdasambandha ko pratyakSa mAnA hai / vAkyapadIyakAra bhartRhari ne bhI 'na so'sti pratyayo loke yaH zabdAnugamAd Rte / anuviddhamiva jJAnaM sarva zabdena bhAsate // " 1. jaiminisUtra, 5/1/5. 2 zAbarabhASya, 1/1/5. 3. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, AkRtivAda, kA0 3. 4. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, pR. 173 (sUtra 4, kA. 120) 5. bAkyapadIya (brahmakANDa), kArikA 123, pR. 102, fall

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nyAyasAra aisA kahakara pratyeka padArtha kA bhAna zabdasaMsRSTa mAnA haiM / ataH pradArtha kA pratyakSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha zabdasaMsarga kA bhAna bho pratyakSa se hI hotA hai / maNDana mizra ne brahmasiddhi meM 'sarvapratyayavedye'smin brahmarUpe vyavasthite' aisA kahakara pratyeka jJAna ko brahmasaMsRSTa padArthaviSayaka mAnA hai / unakA (maNDana kA) bhI brahma zabdAtmaka hI mAnA gayA haiN| zabdabrahma aura parabrahma kA tAda tmya mAnate hue unhoMne kahA hai ra 'sarvapratyayavedye vo brahmarUpe vyavasthite / prapacasya pravalayaH zabdena pratipAdyate / / 1 'akSaramiti zabdAtmatAmAha / ' isa sambandha meM bhAsarvajJa kA spaSTa matabheda jhalaka rahA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki zabdAdivikalpajAla kA sambandha yadyapi uparyukta rIti se pratyakSagrAhya hai, kintu vastutaH una vikalpoM kI sattA apane meM vaise hI nahIM hai, jaise ki zukti ko rajata meM / ataH savikalpajJAna bhramamAtra hai, bauddhoM kI isa vyavasthA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne use atIndriya mAnA hai| savikalpakajJAna jina zabdAdi vikalpoM ko apane meM sameTe hue pratIta hotA hai, unakA sambandha atIndriya isaliye hai ki ve anya indriyagrAhaya haiM aura dharmoM anya indriya se prAhma hai / ataH vaiziSTya kA grahaNa indriya se saMbhava na hone ke kAraNa atIndriya kahA gayA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki ghaTAdi vastu ko dekhakara jaise cakSu ghaTa evaM ghaTagata rUpAdi padArtho kA grahaNa karatI hai, vaise yabdasambandha kA bhAna padArthagrAhaka indriya se nahIM hotaa| nirvikalpakajJAna nirvikalpaka kA 'vastumAtrAvabhAsakaM nirvikalpakama' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai / arthAta vastumAtra kA avabhAsaka nirvikalpaka jJAna hotA hai / jaise, jo prathama netrasaMnipAta se jhAna utpanna hotA hai, vaha nirvikalpaka kahalAtA hai| yuktAvasthA meM yogijJAna bhI nirvikalpaka jJAna hotA hai| yoga se samAdhi (ekAgratA) abhipreta hai usameM sthita yogI ko nirvikalpaka hI pratyakSa utpanna hotA hai, kyoki vikalpatA meM ekAgratA kI upapatti nahIM ho sakatI / 1. brahmasiddhi, caturthakANDaH kArikA 3, pR. 157. 2. brahmAsiddhi, prathama kANDa, pR. 16. 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 4

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caturtha vimarza anumAna pramANa sA anumAnAdi pramANoM ke upajIvyatvena tathA jyeSThatvena pratyakSa nirUpaNAnantara uddezakamaprApta anumAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| sUtrakAra ke 'atha tatpUrvaka trividhamanumAna pUrvavaccheSavatsAmAnyatodRSTaM ca'1 isa anumAnasUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhASyakAra, vArtikakAra tathA jayanta Adi ne sUtrasya 'tatpUrvakam' ko anumAna ka lakSaNa tathA zeSa bhAga ko anumAna kA vibhAga mAnA hai / ' 'tatpUrvakama' meM satya pada kerala pratyakSa kA hI vodhaka nahIM, apitu 'te ca tAni ceti tAni' isa ekazeSa dvArA 'te' avinAbhAva-sambandhadarzana tathA liMgadarzana kA bodhaka hai aura 'tAni' pratyakSa, anumAna Adi sabhI pramAgoM kA bodhaka hai / ataH pratyakSajanita saMskAra va saMzayAdi jJAna meM anumAna-lakSaNa kI ativyApti nahIM, kyoMki ve avinAbhAvadazana tathA liMgadarzana se janya nahIM haiN| 'tAni' pada se sabhI pratyakSAdi pramAoM ke anumAnamalaka anumAna meM lakSaNa kI avyApti bhI nahIM hai| deza, kAla, jAti Adi ke bheda se ananta hone para bhI vaha (anumAna) tIna bhedoM meM hI vibhakta hai, yaha niyama batalAne ke liye sUtra meM trividha pada diyA gayA hai / anumAna ke tIna prakAra anya nahIM, kintu pUrvavat, zeSavat va sAmAnyatodRSTa haiM, isake liye pUrvavat Adi pada diye gaye haiN| kAraNa se kArya kI anumiti pUrvavata, kArya se kAraNa kI anumiti zeSavat tathA kAryakAraNa se anya avinAbhUna liMga se arthAntara kI anumiti sAmAnyatodRSTa hai athavA pUrvavat pada se kevalAnvayI anumAna kA, zeSavat se kevala vyatirekI aura sAmAnyatodRSTa pada se anvayavyatireko anumAna kA grahaNa hai / ____ bhAsarvajJa ne anumAnasUtra kI pUrvAcAryo dvArA pratipAdita uparyukta vyAkhyA kA ullekha kara kahA hai ki kevala 'tatpUrvakam' anumAna kA lakSaNa nahIM ho sakatA, 1 nyAyasUtra, 1/1/5 2. (a) nyAyabhASya, 1/1/5 (ba) tatpUrvakamanumAnamityanena samAnAsamAnajAtIyebhyo'numAnaM vyavacchidyate iti / ... tasmAda vyavasthitametat tatpUrvakamanumAnamiti / -nyAyavArtika, 1/1/5 (sa) anumAnamiti lakSyanirdezaH, tatpUrvakamiti lakSaNam / -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 133 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 160 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 160 bhAnyA-11

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82 nyAyasAra kyoMki pratyakSajanya saMskAra aura saMzayAdijJAna meM lakSaNa kI ativyApti hai| isake parihAra ke liye 'te ca tAni ca isa ekazeSa kA Alambana kara avinAbhAvasambandhadarzana tathA liMgadarzana kA jo grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki sarvanAma prakAnta ke parAmarzaka hote haiM aura avinAbhAvasambandha tathA liMga pUrvaprakAnta nahIM haiN| ataH unhoMne 'tarapUrvakam' ko anumAna kA lakSaNa na mAnakara sUtrastha anumAnam' pada ko hI 'anumIyate'nena' isa karaNavyutpatti se anumitikaraNa mAnakara lakSaNa mAnA hai / arthAt anumitijJAna meM jo bhI sAdhana hoM, ve saba anumAna haiN| isI abhiprAya se 'nyAyasAra' meM unhoMne 'samyagavinAbhAvena parokSAnubhavasAdhanaM anumAnam yaha anumAna kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / isa lakSaNa meM 'avinAbhAvena' meM sAdhakatama artha meM tRtIyA mAnakara tathA avinAbhAvarUpa viSaya se viSayI vyAptismaraNa kA grahaNakara samIcIna vyAptismaraNa rUpa asAdhAraNa kAraNa se janya jo parokSAnubhava hai, usakA sAdhana anumAna hai, yaha anumAna lakSaNa niSpanna hotA hai| isase parokSAnubhava. kAraNabhUta sabhI sAdhanoM kA saMgraha ho jAtA hai| yahA~ 'samyakU' pada avinAbhAva kA vizeSaNa hai| 'samyak cAsau avinAbhAvazca' isa rIti se karmadhArayasamAsa mAnate hue nyAyasAra ke vyAkhyAkAra jayasiMhasari tathA rAmabhaTa ne bhI isI tathya ko svIkRta kiyA hai| ataH jisa vyakti ko avinabhAvasmRti ke bAda bhI yadi kisI kAraNa se usameM saMzaya yA bhrAnti ho jAtI hai, to usa saMzaya athavA bhrAMtirUpa avinAbhAvasmRti se janya parokSAnubhava na anumiti kahalA sakatA hai aura na usakA sAdhana anumAna kahalAtA hai. etadartha samyak pada diyA hai| arthAt parokSAnubhava kA asAdhAraNa kAraNa avinAbhAvarUpa vyAptismaraNa samIcIna honA cAhiye, saMzayAtmaka nahIM / athavA bauddha anumitijJAna ko bhrAnta mAnate hai, kyoMki vaha jJAna arthabhinna svapratibhAsarUpa jJAna meM artha ke Aropa dvArA hotA hai / bhrAntajJAna hone para bhI bahanijJAnarUpa artha ke avisaMvAdI hone se ve anumAna ko pramANa mAnate haiN| bauddhAbhimata anumAna meM pramANatA ke nirAsa ke liye lakSaNa meM 'samyak pada diyA hai|' bauddhasammata anumAna bhrAntajJAna hone se pramANa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha samIcIna nahIM hai| 1. anumAnapadameva savyutpattikaM lakSaNArtham... / tathA'numIyate'neneti anumitiH kriyate yena tadanumAnamiti labhyate / --- nyA.bhU., pR. 161 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 164, 165 4. vahI, pR. 165 5. (ka) samyag bhinnAdhikaraNatvapratItirahitaH / sa cAsAvavinAbhAvazca tena / --nyAyatAtparya dIpikA, pR. 87 (kha) rAmabhaTTaprabhRtayaH vyavahitAnvayamasahamAnAH samyakcAsAvavinAbhAvazceti vyAkhyAtavantaH / 6. bhrAntaM hyanumAnam / svapratibhAse'nathe 'rthAdhyavasAyena pravRttatvAta / -nyAyabinduTIkA, pR. 8 7. athavA anumeyajJAnaM bhrAntamevetyAhuH zAkyA: / taduktam- 'bhrAntirapyarthasambandhAditi' tasya niSedhArtha samyaggrahaNam / -nyAyabhUSeNa, pR. 165

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anumAna pramANa avinAbhAva anumAnalakSaNa meM avinAbhAva kA svarUpa batalAte hue bhAsarvajJa ne sAdhya ke sAtha sAdhana kI svabhAvataH vyAdita arthAt sAdhya aura sAdhana meM sAdhya vyApaka hotA hai aura sAdhana vyApya ityAkAraka svAbhAvika (anaupAdhika) niyama ko avinAbhAva kahA hai| jaise bahUni tathA dhUma meM bahUni vyApaka hai aura dhUma vahUni kA vyApya hai, yaha svAbhAvika niyama dhUma aura vani kA avinAbhAva zabda bhI 'na vinA bhavatIti avinAbhAvaH' isa vyutpatti se vyApya kA vyApaka ke binA na rahanArUpa sAdhyasAdhana ke anaupAdhika sambandha ko hI batalA rahA hai| yaha avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti anvayavyatireka bheda se arthAt vidhi-pratiSedha bheda se do prakAra kI hai| vidhimukha se yA bhAvamukha se pratIyamAna vyApti anvayavyApti tathA pratiSedhamukha se arthAt abhAvamukha se pratIyamAna vyApti vyatirekavyApti hai / arthAt bhAvarUpa sAdhya-sAdhana kI vyApti anvayavyApti tathA abhAvarUpa sAdhyAbhAva va sAdhanAbhAva kI vyApti vyatirekavyApti hai / isI kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki sAdhya sAmAnya se sAdhana-sAmAnya kI vyArita anvayavyApti hai / jaise 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatrAgniH' isa rUpa se agnisAmAnya ke sAtha dhUmasAmAnya kA avyabhicArI sambandha anvaya-vyApti hai| isI prakAra sAdhanasAmAnyAbhAva ke sAtha sAdhya-sAmAnyAbhAva kA avyabhicArI sambandha vyatireka-vyApti hai / jaise 'yatra yanna vahUnyabhAvastatra tatra dhUmAbhAvaH' isa rUpa se dhUmAbhAvasAmAnya ke sAtha vahUnyabhAvasAmAnya kA avyabhicArI sambandha vyatirekavyApti hai| jaisA ki pahile kahA jA cukA hai, bhAsarvajJa ne avinAbhAva kA lakSaNa 'svabhAvataH sAdhyena sAdhanasya vyAptiravinAbhAvaH' yaha kiyA hai / vAcaspati tathA anya naiyAyikoM ko 'svAbhAvikaH sambandho vyAptiH' yaha vyAptilakSaNa abhipreta hai| vastutaH una donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai / khaNDanakAra ne svAbhAvika zabda ke artha ke viSaya meM aneka vikalpa prastuta karate hue una sabhI kA kramazaH yuktipuraHsara khaNDana prastuta kara svAbhAvika sambandharUpa vyApti ke lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai / jaise prathama pakSa : 'svAbhAvika' kA sambandhisvabhAva para Azrita artha mAnane para sambandhisvarUpa ke Azrita sambandha vyApti kahalAyegA tathA vyaptirUpa sambandha ke sAdhya aura sAdhana do sambandhI hone se sAdhya aura sAdhana ubhayAzrita sambandha vyApti hogii| aisI 1. svabhAvata: sAdhye na sAdhanastha byAptiravinAbhAvaH |-nyaaysaar, pR. 5 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 3. svAbhAvikastu dhUnAdInAM vahanyAdisambandhaH / -nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, 1/1/5 4. khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya, pR. 365-367

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84 nyAyasAra sthiti meM sAdhya aura sAdhana ke avyabhicArI sambandha ko taraha unake vyabhicArI sambandha ke bhI ubhayAzrita hone se vaha bhI vyApti mAnA jAyegA aura jaise dhUma ko agni kA vyApya mAnA jAtA hai. vaise agni ko bhI dhama kA vyApya mAnanA pddegaa| horakAdi meM vyabhicarita pArthivatva ke hone para loha lekhyatva ke na hone se pArthivatva aura lohalekhyatva ke vyabhicArIsambadha meM vyAptalakSaNa kI ativyApti hogii| dvitIya pakSa : . svAbhAvika zabda kA sambandhisvabhAvajanya artha mAnane para sambandhisvabhAva se janita kucha vyabhicArI sambandhoM meM rakSaNa kI ativyApta aura sambandhisvabhAva se ajanita nitya sambandharUpa vyApti meM avyApti hogii| tRtIya pakSa : svAbhAvika pada kA sambandhitvena vivakSita padArtho ke Azrita artha mAnane para bhI sAdhya-sAdhana ke vyabhicAro sambandhoM meM lakSaNa ko ativyApti aura sambandhi svabhAva ke anAzrita avyabhicArI sambandha meM avyApti hogii| caturtha pakSa : sambandhisvabhAvavyApta ko vyApti mAnane para AtmAzraya doSa kI prasakti hai, kyoMki vyApya kA artha vyApti kA Azraya hai aura isa prakAra vyApti ke nirUpaNa meM vyApti kI hI apekSA ho jAtI hai| sAdhya aura sAdhana ke sambandha ko vyApya mAnane para sAdhya aura sAdhana ke vyApyabhUta sambandha kI apekSA vyApaka adhikadezavRtti hone se vahAM eka sambandhI dhUma ke jJAna se apara sambandhI vani kI anumiti nahIM hogI kyoMki vyASya ke jJAna se vyApaka anumiti hotI hai aura isa pakSa meM dhUma tathA vahUni meM paraspara vyApyavyApakabhAva nahIM hai / paMcama pakSa : svAbhAvika kA yadi 'sarve zabdAH sAvadhAraNAH' isa nyAya ke anusAra 'svAbhAvika eva na tu asvAbhAvikaH' arthAta sambandhisvarUpa bhinna padArtha ke dvArA jo prayukta na ho, usa sambandha ko vyApti kahA jAtA hai| isa pakSa meM abhimata akRtaka mAnane para akRtaka sambandha ke kisI se bhI janita na hone ke kAraNa anyena na prayuktaH yaha kahanA nirarthaka hai tathA abhimata sambandha ko kRtaka mAnne para asaMbhava doSa AtA hai| kyoMki kisI bhI sambandha ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha apane saMbaMdhisvarUpa se bhinna aura kisI se prayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki adRSTAdi ke kAryamAtra ke prati kAraNa hone se sambandhisvarUpa se bhinna aSTAdi ke dvArA prayakta hI hai|

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anumAna pramANa 85 ____ yadi ina vikalpoM se atirikti koI aura vikalpa mAnA jAtA hai, to unakA nirvacana na ho sakane para unakA bodha hI nahIM hogaa| vyApti ke lakSaNa meM svAbhAvika pada kA prayoga karane para uparyukta rIti se vyApti ke lakSaNa ko anupapatti hotI hai, isa bAta ko AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne jAna liyA thA / ataH unhoMne vyApti ke lakSaNa meM svAbhAvika zabda kA prayoga na kara svabhAvataH pada kA prayoga kiyA, jisase vaha uparyukta vikalpa doSoM se baca sake / * avinAbhAvanizcaya kI sAmagrI sAdhyasAdhana ke avinAbhAva kA jJAna kisase hotA hai isa para vicAra karate / bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki kevala anumAna se avinAbhAva kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki avinAbhAvajJApaka anumAna meM avinAbhAvarUpa vyAptijJAna kI AvazyakatA hogI, unakA jJAna dUsare anumAna ro, dUsare anumAna meM bhI avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti jJAna ke liye tIsarA janumAna mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra anavasthA doSa hogaa|' kerala bora bora aneka sthAnoM para agni ke sAtha sAtha dhUmadarzanarUpa bhUyodarzana pratyakSa se bhI dhUpa aura agni kI avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti kA jJAna sambhava nahIM / kyoMki bhUyodarzana kA artha ya de dhUmAgniviSayaya aneka darzana hai, to ve anekadarzana dRSTa dhUmAgniviSayaka ho haiM athavA azeSa agnidhUmaviSayaka ? azeSaviSayaka mAnane para dezakalAbheda se ghUma va agni vyaktiyoM kI anantatA ke kAraNa sahasra kalpoM meM bhI samasta dhUmAgniviSayaka darzana saMbhava nahIM hogA tathA azepa dhUmAgni vyaktiyoM ke sambandha kA grahaNa na hone para ki pI dhUma kA agni se vinAbhAva bhI ho sakatA hai, isa vyabhicArAzaMkA kI nivRtti nahIM ho sakegI, kyoMki pa.thiva vastu meM haja bAra lohacchedyatA dekhane para bhI koI pArthiva vastu lohacchedya nahIM hai, ityAkAraka vyabhicArAzaMkA kI nivRtti nahIM hotI aura usake abhAva meM 'yatra yatra pArthivaM vastu tatra tatra lohacchedyatvama' ityAkAraka vyApti bana sktii| yadi pratyeka dhUma tathA agni ke sAhacarya kA darzana agni dhUmaviSayaka hai, to eka darzana se hI azeSa dhUmAgniviSayaka vyAptijJAna ho jAne se darzanoM ko sArthakatA nahIM rhegii|' vyAptigrahaNa ke viSaya meM bhAsarvajJAcArya kA svamata anya dA nikoM ke vyAptigrahaNa sambandhI matoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa hotA hai / 'yatra dhUmastatrAgniH, yatra agnyabhAvastatra dhUmAbhAvaH, yaha avinAbhAva kahalAnA hai aura isa avinAbhAva kA grahaNa agnisahita (mahAnasAdi) aura agnirahita (mahAnadAdi) dezoM se sambaddha, visphArita cakSurindriya ke dvArA prathama bAra hI ho jAtA hai / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 216 2. vahI, pR. 216-217 3. vahI, pR. 218

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nyAyasAra / kisI viSaya ke jJAna se janya saMskAroM kI paTutA ke liye Adarapratyaya, abhyAsa pratyaya tathA paTu pratyaya-ina tInoM meM se kisI eka kI apekSA hotI hai / jisa prakAra para, madhyama tathA alpa buddhi vAle puruSoM ko saMskArapATava ke lie granthAdi ke abhyAsa kI apekSA hotI hai, usI prakAra vyAptijJAna ke saMskAroM kI dRr3hatA ke liye bhUyodarzana kI apekSA hotI hai| dhUma aura agni ke vyApyavyApakabhAva ko avinAbhAva kahate haiM aura vaha sakala dhUma tathA agni vyaktiyoM meM vidyamAna eka hI hai| samasta dhUma tathA agmi vyaktiyoM kA grahaNa na hone para bhI tanniSTha vyApti (adhinAbhAva) kA grahaNa ekado dhUmAgni vyaktiyoM meM avinAbhAvadarzana se bhI usI prakAra ho jAtA haiM jaise ananta vyaktiyoM meM samaveta sAmAnya aura samavAya kA eka do sambandhiyoM kA grahaNa hone para bhI grahaNa ho jAtA hai| yahA~ antara yahI hai ki anumAna kA vyApyavyApakabhAva sambandha hotA hai, samavAya sambandha nahIM / donoM ke sambandhAtmaka hone para bhI svabhAva ko vicitratA ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai / avinAbhAva nikhila dhUma tathA agni vyaktiyoM meM vidyamAna hai| bhAsarvajJa ne yaha mAnA hai ki lasake grahaNa ke liye nikhila vyaktiyoM kA grahaNa apekSita nahIM, apitu eka, do yA tIna vyaktiyoM ke grahaNa se bhI usakA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / avinAbhAva ko eka samajha kara yaha kahA gayA hai, tabhI to adRSTa, anIta, anAgata dhUmadarzana se bhI vyAptismaraNa hotA hai, kyoMki vyaktiyoM meM to atIta aura anAgata bhI A jAte haiN| parantu jaisA ki kahA gayA hai 'sambaddha vartamAnaM ca gRhyate cakSurAdinA' cakSuda indriyoM dvArA bAhUya pratyakSa to indriyasambaddha aura vartamAna viSaya kA hotA hai / saMbhavataH isa vastusthiti ke kAraNa bhAsarvajJa sakala dhUmAgnivyaktiniSTha avinAbhAva ke grahaNa meM pratyakSa kI asamarthatA para vicAra kara anumAna pramANa para A jAte haiM arthAt sarvopasaMhAravatI vyApti kA grahaNa anumAna pramANa se ho jAtA hai / anumAnavAkya nimnalikhita haiM 1. sarve dhUmAH agnivyAptAH, dhUmatvAdupalabdhadhUmavat / 2. dhUmavantaH pradeza vAgnimantaH, dhUmavatvAt, tathopalabdhapradezavat / ' / prathama anumAna meM dhUma pakSa hai tathA dvitoya meM dhUmaviziSTa pradeza / isa rIti se sarvopasaMhAravato vyAptismRti bhI anumAnapUrvaka sampanna hotI hai| kintu sarvopa. saMhAravatI vyApti ke sAdhaka anumAna meM 'upalavdhadhUmavat' isa dRSTAnta ke siddha hone para sarvopasaMhAravatI vyApti kI siddhi hotI hai aura sarvopasaMhAravatI vyApti 1. prazastapAdabhAdhya, pR 222-223 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 218 3. zlokavArtika, pR0 160, (pratsakSasUtra, kA0 84) 4. sarvavyApyanyApakAgrahe katha' sarvopasaMhAreNa pratItiriti cet, na anumAnatastatsaMbhavAt / nyAyabhuSaNa, pR.216 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 216

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anugAna pramANa kI siddhi hone para 'upalabdhadhUmavat' dRSTAnta kI siddhi hotI hai isa prakAra anyonyAzrayadoSa kI prasakti hone se vyAptigrahaNa mAnasa prasyakSa se hotA hai, isa sidyonta kA pratipAdana bhAsarvajJa ne kiyA hai / liGgadvaividhya sAdhyajJApaka arthAt sAdhyAnumApaka sAdhana ko liGga kahate haiN| vaha dRSTa tathA sAmAnyatodRSTa bheda se do prakAra kA hai / bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra anumAnasUtra meM 'ca' zabda ina donoM bhedoM kA sUcaka hai|' unameM pratyakSayogya artha kA anumApaka liGga dRSTa kahalAtA hai| jaise dhUma pratyakSa yogya vaha nirUpa artha ko anumAna karAtA hai, ataH vaha dRSTa hai tathA svabhAvataH viprakRSTa arthAt adRSTa artha kA anumApaka liGga sAmAnyatodRSTa kahalAtA hai| jaise, rUpAdijJAna svabhAvataH adRSTa cakSurAdi indriya rUpa artha kA anumApaka hai, kyoMki cakSarAdi indriyAM svabhAvataH pratyakSa ke ayogya haiN| kintu rUpAdijJAnarUpa kriyA karaNa ke binA asaMbhava hai| jaise, kASTha kI chedanakriyA kuThAra Adi sAdhanoM ke binA anupapanna hai| ataH rUpAdijJAnarUpa kriyA dvArA usake sAdhanabhUta adRSTa cakSurAdi indriyoM kA anumAna hotA hai| svArtha -parArtha bheda bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI 'nyAyasUtra', 'nyAya bhASya', 'nyAyavArtika', 'nyAyamaMjarI' Adi nyAyagranthoM meM svArtha-parArtha bheda spaSTatayA prApta nahIM hotaa| anumAna ke dRSTa tathA sAmAnyato dRSTa bheda kI taraha ina do bhedoM ko bhI bhAsarvajJa ne prazastapAda se prabhAvita hokara mAnA hai / paropadezarUpa paMcAvayava vAkya kI apekSA na rakhane vAle anumAna ko svArthAnumAna kahate haiM aura paropadezApekSI anumAna ko parArtha kahate haiN|' svArtha tathA parArtha zabda bhI vyutpatti se isI artha kA bodhana kara rahe haiN| anumAna ke isa Traividhya se anumiti bhI do prakAra kI hotI hai| 1. vahI, pR. 220 2. sUtre tu dRSTAdiprakAreNa dvavidhyaM cazabdacitaM dRSTavyam / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 226 3. nyAyasAra. pR. 5 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 5. paMcAvayavena vAkyena svanizcitA pratipAdanaM parArthAnumAnam / paMcAvayaveva vAzyena saMzayita. viparyastAvyutpannAnAM pareSAM svanizcitAtha pratipAdanaM parArthAnumAna vijJeyam / -prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 184 6. tat punaH dvividham / svArtha parArtha ceti / -nyAyasAra, pR. 5 7. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 |

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nyAyasAra avayavanirUpaNa parArthAnumAna meM pratijJAdi avayavoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasUtrAnusAra pratijJAdi pAMca avayava mAne haiN| mImAMsakoM ko kevala tIna avayava hI svIkArya haiM aura vedAntiyoM ne prAyaH kevala do avayavoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| mAnamanoharakAra vAdivAgIzvarAcArya ne upanaya tathA udAharaNa-ina do avayavoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai / vedAntI citsukhAcAryane apane prabala pratidvandvI ke isa sujhAva ko hI apane siddhAnta kA AdhAra mAnakara kahA hai-'aMgaM dvayamevavyAptiH pakSadharmatA ceti taccobhayamudAharaNopanayAbhyAmevAbhihitamiti kima paramavaziSyate yadarthamuNadadIta' / nyAyabhASyakAra ne pratijJAdi avayavoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue unase bhinna pAMca aura avayavoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki unake pUrvavatI katipaya naiyAyika daza avayava mAnate the| vArtikakAra ne bhI dazAvayavavAdimata kA nirdeza kiyA hai / bhASyakAra ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki tattvArthasAdhana ke kAraNa pratijJAdi pAMca avayava sAdhaka vAkya ke aMgabhUta haiM, jijJAsAdi nahIM / jijJAsAdi kyApravRtti meM avadhAraNIya artha ke upakAraka hote haiN| bhASyakAra se sahamati vyakta karate hue udyotakara ne bhI kahA hai ki jijJAsAdi prakaraNa ke utthApaka haiM, avayava nahIM / bhAsarvajJa ne bhI jijJAsAdi ke avayavatva kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jisa zabda kI mahAvAkya ke sAtha ekavAkyatA hotI hai, vahI vAkya kA avayava ho sakatA hai| avayava vAkya ke ekadeza hote haiM, jijJAsAdi kI yaha sthiti nahIM hai| arthAta pratijJa di zabdAtmaka haiM aura jijJAsAdi jJAnAtmaka / kiso viSaya ko vizeSatayA jAnane kI icchA jijJAsA kahalAtI hai, viruddha dharmo kA upasthApaka jJAna saMzaya kahA jAtA hai / abhISTa pramANa kA saMbhava zakyaprApti kahalAtI hai aura abhipreta artha kA nizcaya prayojana hotA hai| parapakSa kA pratiSedha saMzayayudAsa kahalAtA hai| ye jijJAsAdi avayava vAkyAtmaka (vacanAtmaka) nahIM hai, ataH dazAvayaprasaMga nahIM hai| 1. aMge ca dve eva vyAptipakSadharmatve / na hi tato'dhikaM pravRttyaMgam / -mAnamanohara, pR. 85 2. citsukhI, pR. 401 3. nyAyabhApya, 1 / 1 / 32 4. eke tAbad bruvate dazAvayavaM vaakym...| -nyAyavArtika, 111132 5 nyAyavArtika, 1 / 1 / 32 6. na cate vacanAtmakAstanna dazAvayavaprasaGgaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 287

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anumAna pramANa pratijJA - nirUpaNa paMcAvayavavAkya paropadeza hai / abhISTa artha kA pratipAdaka padasamUha yahA~ paropadeza ke rUpa meM vivakSita hai / una padasamUhAtmaka vAkya ke ekadezabhUta pada avayavatvena abhISTa nahIM haiM, apitu pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya tathA nigamanarUpa parasamUha yahA~ atrayavatve / abhiprata haiM / hastapAdAdi avayavoM meM ativyApti kA nivAraNa karane hetu avayatroM ke pahile 'pratijJAdi' kA prayoga kiyA hai / yadyapi sAdhanAMga ke abhivAvaka pratijJAdi padakadambAtmaka hone se avAntara vAkya haiM, tathApi paMcAvayava mahAvAkya kI apekSA se avayava kahalAte haiM / paMcAvayaya mahAvAkya meM pratijJA prathama atrayatra hai | AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne 'pratipipAdayiSayA pakSavacanaM pratijJA" yaha pratijJA kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / yadyapi jijJAsu vyakti bhI sAdhana kI jijJAsA se pakSavacana kA uccAraNa karatA hai, tathApi usameM 'pratipipAdayiSA' kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa pratijJAlakSaNa kI ativyApti nahIM ho sakanI / ' dhAtUnAmanekArthatvAt' isa niyama ke anusAra ' pratipipAdayiSA ' kA yahAM artha 'sisAdhayiSA' abhipreta hai / aisA na karane para hetvAdi meM bhI pratijJAtra kI Apatti ho jAyegI, kyoMki unakA kathana bhI pratipipAdayiSApUrvaka hotA hai / 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA' isa sUtra meM bhI sAdhyanirdeza ke vizeSaNa rUpa se 'pratipipAdayiSA' pada kI AvazyakatA hai / anyathA 'anityaH zabdaH cAkSuSatvAt', 'nityaH zabdaH asparzavattvAt buddhivat' ina anumAnoM meM kramazaH cAkSuSatva hetu yathA buddhirUpa dRSTAnta asiddha haiM aura asiddha hone se sAdhya haiM tathA unakA uparyukta anumAnoM meM nirdeza bhI hai / ataH inameM bhI sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA ' isa lakSaNa ko ativyApti ho jAyegI / 'pratipipAdayiSA' yaha vizeSaNa dene para unameM ativyApti nahIM hai, kyoMki asiddhatvena unake sAdhya hone para bhI kisI sAdhana ke dvArA unakI siddhi nahIM kI jA rahI hai, ataH 'prapi dayiSA' se sAdhya kA nirdeza vahA~ nahIM hai / zrI vI. pI. vaidya ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki pratijJA ko gautamokta paribhASA 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA' atyanta saMkSipta hai aura pakSe pratipipAdayiSA' pada ke binA aspaSTa hai / " vastutaH sUtrakAra para yaha doSAropaNa ucita nahIM, kyoMki saMkSipta honA sUtra kA dUSaNa na hokara bhUSaNa hai / tathA pratijJAdi paMcAvayatravAkya samUharUpa parArthAnumAna meM sAdhyanirdeza pakSa meM usakI pratipipAdayiSA ke liye hotA hai, ataH sAdhya zabda se hI pakSAzrita pratipipAdayiSA dyotita ho jAtI hai / 6 89 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA' - isa sUtrakArokta pratijJAlakSaNa meM 'sarva' vAkyaM sAvadhAraNaM bhavati' isa nyAya ke anusAra 'sAdhyanirdeza eva pratijJA' ityAkAraka avadhAraNa mAname para yata evakArastato'nyatra niyamaH ' isa nyAya ke anusAra pratijJA kA niyamana hogA 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 2. nyAyasAra, noTsa, pR. 16 bhAnyA - 12

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nyAyasAra arthAt pratijJA sAdhyanirdeza hI hai, usase bhinna pratijJA nahIM hai isa rUpa se pratijJA kA kSetra niyamita hogA / aisI sthiti meM sAdhyanirdeza anavadhArita va aniyamita rahegA arthAt pratijJAvAkyarahita anya prakAra ke sAdhyanirdeza meM pratijJArUpa lakSya ke na hone para bhI sAdhyanidezarUpa lakSaNa kI sattA hone se pratijJAlakSaNa kI ativyApti hogI tathA 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJaiva' isa rUpa se avadhAraNa mAnA jAyegA, to ukta roti se yaha niyamana yA avadhAraNa sAdhyanirdeza kA hogA na ki pratijJArUpa lakSya kA / aisI sthiti meM pratijJA ke anirdhArita hone se laukika pratijJA meM pratijJArUpa lakSya kI sattA hone para bhI sAdhyanirdezarUpa lakSaNa ke abhAva se lakSaNa meM avyApti doSa hogaa| isandhiye uparyukta doSaparihArArtha udyotakAra ne 'sarva vAkyaM sAvadhAraNaM bhavati' isa nyAya ko sArvatrika nahIM mAnA hai| ataH pratijJAlakSaNa meM anAvazyaka hone se kisI prakAra kA avadhAraNa nahIM hai / yathA-'eSa panthAH cughnaM gacchati' isa vAkya meM kisI prakAra ko avadhAraNa nahIM hai / hA~, yadi kahIM lakSaNa kI atiprasakti Adi ho, to tannivAraNArtha avadhAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| udyotakarAcArya kI taraha bhAsarvajJa kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai ki yahAM avadhAraNA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA'--isa sautralakSaNa meM zabda ke sAmarthya se hI yaha siddha hotA hai ki sAdhyanirdeza hI pratijJA hai, asAdhya kA nirdeza nahIM, kyoMki zabdasAmarthya yA mImAMsakAbhimata liMgapramANa se hI yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai| yadi asAdhyanirdeza ko pratijJA kahanA abhISTa hotA hai, taba 'nirdezaH pratijJA' yaha lakSaNa kiyA jAtA / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne 'pratipipAdayiSayA pakSavacanaM pratijJA' isa svokta pratijJAlakSaNa tathA 'sAdhyanirdezaH pratijJA'--'isa sUtrakArokta pratijJAlakSaNa kI samAnArthakatA kA pradarzana karate hue kahA hai ki sAdhyadharmaviziSTa dharmI ho sUtra meM sAdhya zabda se abhipreta hai, ataH sAdhyanirdeza aura pakSavacana donoM samAnArthaka haiM / yahA~ bhAsarvajJa ne yaha saMketa kiyA hai ki vAtsyAyana tathA udyotakara ko dharmiviziSTa dharmanirdeza pratijJA ke rUpa meM abhISTa nahIM hai / parantu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki dhamiviziSTa dharma bhI sUtra meM sAdhya zabda 1. sarvasmin vAkye'vadhAraNamiti na budhyAmahe / tadyathA gopAlakena mArge'padiSTe 'eSa panthAH strughnaM gacchatIti' nAvadhAraNasya viSayaM pazyAmaH |...srvtr ca sAvadhAraNaM kurvANo lokaM bAdhate iti / yatra ca vizeSaNasyAvakAzastavAvadhAraNasyApoti / -nyAyavArtika, 111133 2. mImAMsAdarzana ke dvitIya adhyAya meM pati-liga-vAkya-prakaraNa-sthAna-samAkhyA ina pramANoM meM liMgapramANa kA lakSaNa diyA hai-'sAmathya sarvazabdAnAM liGgamityabhidhIyate / laugAkSibhAskara ne bhI kahA hai- 'zabdasAmathya' liGgam (arthasaMgraha, pR. 86) / 3. (a) prajJApanIyena dharmeNa dharmiNo viziSTasya parigrahavacanaM pratijJA sAdhyanirdezaH / -nyAyabhASya, 111133 (ba) na bramo dharmi mAtraM sAdhyam, api tu prajJApanIyadharmaviziSTo dharmI sAdhyaH / -nyAyavArtika, 111133

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anumAna pramANa 91 se gRhIta hai aura 'parvato vahUnimAn' ityAkAraka sAdhyadharmaviziSTa dharmI ke nirdeza kI taraha 'atrAgni' ityAkAraka dharmiviziSTa sAdhyadharmanirdeza bhI pratijJA hai / kyoMki 'atrAgniH' yaha kahane para agnimAn pradeza kI pratIti nahIM hotI, aisA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / 1 hetu nirUpaNa sAdhanatva ke bodhaka liGgavacana ko hetu kahate haiM / ' arthAt sAdhanatva ke prakAzaka paJcamyanta yA tRtIyAnta hetuvacana ko hetu kahate haiM / jaise 'anityaH zabdaH tIvrAdidharmopetatvAt ' isa anumAna meM tIvrAdidharmopetatva vacana / mukhyatayA to liGga hI hetu hotA hai, na ki hetuvacana, kyoMki liGga hI pakSadharmatvAdi rUpoM ke sadbhAva se sAdhya kA pratipAdaka hotA hai / hetu ke tIna bheda haiM (1) anvayavyatirekI, (2) kevalAnvayI aura (3) kevalavyatirekI / anvayavyatirekI hetu anvayavyatirekI hetu paMcarUpopanna hotA hai / ve pA~ca rUpa isa prakAra haiM(1) pakSadharmatva, (2) sapakSa sattva, (3) vipakSavyAvRtti, (4) abAdhitaviSayatva aura (5) asatpratipakSatva / yahA~ ina pAMca rUpoM kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA jA rahA hai1. pakSadharmatva : sAdhyadharmaviziSTa dharmI ko pakSa kahate haiM / usameM hetu kA vyApyavRttitva pakSadharmatva kahalAtA hai / 2. sapakSasacca : sAdhya (pakSa) ke samAna dharmA vAlA dharmoM sapakSa kahalAtA hai / usake samasta deza athavA ekadeza meM hetu kI sattA sapakSasattva kahalAtA hai / 3. vipakSa vyAvRtti : sAdhya se vyAvRtta dharma vAlA dharmI vipakSa kahalAtA hai ! samasta vipakSa se athavA usake eka deza se hetu kI vyAvRtti vipakSavyAvRtti kahalAtI hai / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 284 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 5 3. vahI 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 287 - 288

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nyAyasAra 4. abAdhitaviSayatva: pramANAvirUddha sAdhyaviziSTa pakSa meM hetu kI vRtti abAdhitaviSayatva hai| 5. asatpratipakSatva : sAdhya aura tadviparIta ke sAdhana meM jo atrirUpatva arthAt pakSadharmatvAdi rUpatraya kA abhAva hotA hai, vaha asatpratipakSatva kahalAtA hai| dvividha sapakSavRttitA ke kAraNa isake do bheda haiM-(1) sapakSavyApaka aura (2) sapakSaka dezavRtti / 1. sapakSavyApaka: jaise, 'anityaH zabdaH kAryatvAt' / kAryatva hetu samasta sapakSa ghaTAdi meM vidyamAna hai, ise sapakSavyApaka anvayavyatirekI hetu kahate haiN| 2. sapakSakadezavRtti: jaise, 'anityaH zabdaH sAmAnya sattve satyasmadAdibAhyendriyagrAhya vAn' / 'sAmAnyavattve satyaramadAdibAhyendriyagrAhyatva' hetu sapakSa ke ekadeza anitya ghaTAdi meM vidyamAna haiM, buddhyAdi meM nahIM, kyoMki buddhyAdi sAmAnyavAna hone para bhI ammadAdi -vAhya indriya se grAhya nahIM hote| kevalAnvayI hetu kevalAnvayI hetu kA lakSaNa bhAsarvajJa ne 'pakSavyApakaH sapakSavRttiravidyamAnavipakSaH kevalAnvayI1 yaha kiyA hai / jo hetu pakSa meM vyApta ho, sapakSavRtti ho aura jisako vipakSa na ho, vaha kevalAnvayI hetu kahalAtA hai| kevalAnvayI hetu ke lakSaNa meM yadyapi 'abAdhitaviSayatvAsatpratipakSatve sati' yaha vizeSaNa nahIM diyA gayA hai, tathApi usakI arthataH prApti ho jAtI hai| ukta hetu ke lakSaNa kA sarala zabdoM meM yaha nirvacana kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jahAM hetu kevala anvayavyApti se yukta hotA hai arthAt jahAM vyatirekavyApti kA abhAva hai, use kevalAnvayI hetu kahate haiM / anvayavyatirekI hetu kI taraha isakI bhI sapakSavyApakatva tathA sapakSakadezavRktitva ke bheda se do vidhAeM haiN| 1. sapakSavyApaka : ___ 'vivAdAspadIbhUtAnyadRSTAdIni kasyacit pratyakSANi prameyatvAt karatalAmalakarat' arthAt vivAdAspada adRSTAdi kisI ke pratyakSa ke viSaya haiM, prameya hone ke kAraNa, hastAmalaka kI taraha / mImAMsaka puNya, pApa, svarga, IzvarAdi adRSTa tattvoM kA pratyakSa 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 6 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 6

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anumAna pramANa 93 nahIM mAnate / unake prati naiyAyika uparyukta anumAna prastuta karate haiM / uparyukta anumAna meM prameyatvarUpa kevalAnvayI hetu sapakSavyApaka hai, kyoMki vaha samasta vastuoM ke prameya hone se kisI ke arthAt yogI Adi ke pratyakSaviSayIbhUta samasta sapakSoM meM rahatA hai / 2. sapakSaikadezavRtti : 'vivAdAspadIbhUtAnyadRSTAdIni kasyacit pratyakSANi mImAMsakAnAmapratyakSatvAt asmatsukhAdivat' / ' vivAdAspada adRSTAdi kA kisI ko pratyakSa hotA hai, mImAMsakoM ko apratyakSa hone se hamAre sukhAdi kI taraha | arthAt jaise hamAre sukhAdi kA hameM hI pratyakSa hotA hai, saba ko nahIM, kyoMki sukhAdi kA AtmamanaHsaMyoga ke dvArA pratyakSa hotA hai aura hamAre sukhAdi kA hamAre mana se sambandha hai na ki dUsaroM ke mana se / ataH unako hamAre sukhAdi kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA / usI taraha vivAdAspada aSTAdi kA kisI yogI Adi ko pratyakSa hotA hai / isa anumAna meM 'mImAMsakAnAmapratyakSatvam' hetu momAMsakoM ko adRSTAdi ke pratyakSa na hone se vahA~ hetu ke rahane para bhI ghaTAdi kA mImAMsakoM ko bhI pratyakSa hone se vahA~ hetu kI vRttitA na hone se sapakSaikadezavRtti kevalAntrayI hai / 'kasyacit pratyakSatva' sAdhya ke sarvatra vidyamAna hone se isa hetu kA vipakSa vidyamAna nahIM hai / haaraat ke nAstitva kI AzaMkA aura usakA parihAra bauddhoM kI mAnyatA hai ki sAdhya aura sAdhana ke avinAbhAva kA nAma vyApti hai aura hetu sAdhyavyAptimAn hotA hai / ataH kevalAnvayI hetu meM bhI sAdhya ke sAtha usakA avinAbhAva Avazyaka hai / avinAbhAva kA svarUpa vyutpatti dvArA 'tena vinA na bhavati' ityAkAraka hai arthAt sAdhyAbhAva meM sAdhana kA na honA hai / sAdhyAbhAvarUpa hI vipakSa hai aura usake na hone se sAdhyAbhAva va sAdhanAbhAvarUpa vyatireka ke na hone ke kAraNa hetu ko kevalAnvayI kahanA asaMgata hai | 2 bhAsarvajJa ukta pakSa kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM ki vyatireka ke abhAva meM avinAbhAva kA abhAva mAnanA ucita nahIM / vyApyavyApakabhAva hI avinAbhAva kA lakSaNa hai aura sAdhya tathA sAdhana kA vyApyavyApakabhAvarUpa avinAbhAva sAdhyAbhAvarUpa vipakSa se rahita kevalAnvayI meM bhI hai / avinAbhAva zabda kA 'tena vinA na bhavati' ityAkAraka vyutpattyarthaM mAnane para avinAbhAva meM vyatirekasApekSatA AtI hai, parantu tatra kA vinizcaya vyutpattyartha se na hokara lakSaNa se hotA hai / vyutpattyartha ko tattvavyavasthApaka mAnane para sthita gau meM 'gacchatIti gauH' isa vyutpantyartha kA samanvaya 1. nyAyasAra, nirNayasAgara saMskaraNa, 1910, pR. 5 2. nyAyasUSaNa, pR. 302

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94 nyAsAra na hone se govyavahAra nahIM hogaa| ataH lakSaNa kA sadbhAva hone para bhI zabda. vyutpatti ke asaMbhava hone mAtra se avinAbhAva kA pratiSedha ucita nahIM hai|' svayaM bauddhoM ke pakSa meM bhI aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hogA / anyathA manovijJAna, AtmA saMvedana aura yogijJAna-ina bauddhasammata mAnasAditraya meM pratigatamakSam ' isa vyutpattyartha ke saMbhava na hone se ve pratyakSa nahIM kahe jA skeNge| sAdhyAbhAva hone para sAdhana kA abhAva hI vyatireka hai| sAdhyAbhAvarahita kevalAnbayA meM usa vyatireka ko prasiddhi na hone se hetu meM saMdigdhAna kAntikatva ko to zaMkA bhI nirarthaka hai, kyoMki kevalAnvayI hetu meM sAdhyAbhAvarUpa vipakSa ke asambhava hone se vipakSa meM hetu ko sattA hai yA nahIM ityA kAraka sandigdhAnakAntikatva kI zaMkA anupapanna hai / kAlpanika naraviSANAdi ko pratItyabhAva ke kAraNa sattA na hone se unameM sAdhyAbhAvatvarUpa vipakSatva anupapanna hai| iso liye vipakSa ke lakSaNa meM 'sAdhyavyAvRttadharmA dharmoM vipakSaH' isa rUpa meM dharmI pada kA prayoga kiyA hai| api ca, pramANasiddha vastu hI vipakSa hotA hai aura usI meM hetu kI sattA va asattA kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai aura naraviSANAdi pramANasiddha nahIM haiM, ataH unako vapakSa mAnanA tathA unameM hetu ke sattva yA asattva kA vicAra hI anupapanna hai| prAmAyApalidra AkAza kusumAdi ko vipakSa mAnakara unameM hetu ke abhAva se kevalAnvayo hetu ko bhale hI patirekI kahA jAya, parantu 'sAdhyavyAvRttadharmA dharmI vipakSaH' isa lakSaga vAle vipakSa kA anAva hone se prameya hetu kevalAnvayI hI mAnA jotA hai| kevalavyatirekI hetu kA nirUpaNa kevalavyatirekI kA lakSaNa-pakSavyApako vidyamAnasapakSo vipakSAvyAvRttaH kevallayatirekI' hai| arthAt sapakSa rahita, pakSavyApaka tathA vipakSavyAvRtta hetu kevalavyatirekI kahalAtA hai| jaise, 'sarva kArya sarvavitkartRpUrvakaM, kAdAcikatvAt / arthAt sanastakArya sarvavikartRpUrvaka haiM, kadAcitka hone se / jo sarvavitkartapUrvaka nahIM hotA, vaha kAdAcitka bhI nahIM hotA, jaise -AkAzAdi / isI prakAra jIvita zarIra sAtmaka hai, prAgAdimAn hone se / jo sAtmaka nahIM hotA, vaha prANAdimAn bhI nahIM hotA, jaise-loSTAdi / prakArabheda se arthAt prasakti dvArA bhI prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaise-yaha jIvita zarIra nirAtmaka nahIM hai, aprANAdimatva-prasakti ke kAraNa, loSTa kA taraha / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 303. 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 5.

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anumAna pramANa yahAM jIvita zarIra ke nirAtmaka hone para aprANAdimatva kI prasakti dvArA prasaMgaviparyayarUpa prANAdimatva hetu abhipreta hai / ataH prasaMga (taka) ko dvAra banAnA nirarthaka hai| jaise-yadi jIvita zarIra nirAtmaka ho, taba aprANAdimattva kI prasakti ho jaayegii| isake viparIta jIvita zarIra kA prANAdimattva anubhUtisiddha hai| ataH jIvita zarIra nirAtmaka nahIM, apitu sAtmaka hI hai-isa prakAra prasaMgavAkya ke artha kA usake viparyaya meM paryavasAna kA nizcaya kiyA jAtA hai / niSkarSa yaha hai ki samasta prasaMga prasaMgaviparyaya meM paryavasita hokara pramiti meM upAdeya hote haiN| prasaMga. viparyaya kA anumAna prayoga isa prakAra hogA-jIvita zarIra sAtmaka haiM, prANAdimAn hone ke kAraNa / jo sAtmaka nahIM hotA, vaha prANAdimAna nahIM hotA / jaiseloSTAdi / yaha aprANAdimAn nahIM hai, ataH sAtmaka hai / / hetvAbhAsanirUpaNa nyAyazAstrAbhimata SoDaza padArtho meM hetvAbhAsoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yadyapi hetvAbhAsa nigrahasthAna nAmaka padArtha meM antarbhUta haiM, tathApi prayojanavaza unakA pRthak nideza kiyA gayA hai| nyAyabhASkArane nigrahasthAnoM se hetvAbhAsoM ke pRthak kathana kA prayojana vAdakathA meM unakI svIkRti batAyA hai| bhAsarvajJa ne vizeSa lakSaNa nirUpaNa dvArA hetvAbhAsa ke bhedaprapaMca kA parijJAna prayojana batalAyA hai, hetvAbhAsoM ke bhedaprapaMca kA jJAna anumAtA meM naipuNya kA janaka hai| gaMgezopAdhyAya ne hesvAbhAsasAmAnya kA nirvacana karate hue hetvAbhAsa zabda kI do prakAra se vyutpatti kI hai- hetorAbhAsaH' tathA 'hetuvad AbhAsate iti hetvAbhAsaH', jaisAki tArkikaziromaNi gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya ne gAdAdharI meM kahA hai-'nanu hetuvadA. bhAsante iti vyutpattyA hesvAbhAsapadasya duSTa hetuparatvAd,.. anyavidhavyutpattyA hetvA. bhAsapadasya hetudoSaparatvam ... / prathama vyutpatti se hetvAbhAsa hetu doSa kA tathA dvitIya vyutpatti se duSTa hetu kA bodhaka hai / dharmakIti Adi bauddhoM ke anusAra hetvAbhAsa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'asAdhanAMgavacanatvam' he athAt jo sAdhyasAdhana ke upayogI na ho, aise hetu kA kathana hetvAbhAsa hai| nyAyabhASyakAra ke anusAra bhAsarvajJa ne hetvAbhAsasAmAnya ko asaddhetuparaka mAnakara 'hetulakSaNarahitAH hetuvadAbhAsamAnAH hetvAbhAsAH'' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai| hetvAbhAsasAmAnya kA yaha lakSaNa prAcIna tathA madhyakAlika nyAyazAstrIya anya granthoM meM bhI prAyaH isI rUpa meM milatA hai| 1. nigrahasthAnebhyaH pRthagupadiSTA hetvAbhAsA: vAde codanIyA bhaviSyantIti |-nyaaybhaassy, 11111. 2. vizeSalakSaNaprapaMcadvAreNa hetvAbhAsAnAM bhedaprapaMcapratipattyarSa nigrahasthAnebhyaH pRthagupadeza iti mataM me| -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 71 3. gAdAdharI, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 1500-1581 4. nyAyasAra, pR.7.

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nyAyasAra ahetu hone para bhI hetusAmya ke kAraNa jo hetu kI taraha AbhAsita hote haiM, ve hetvAbhAsa kahalAte haiM / hetvAbhAsoM meM hetu kI taraha pratijJA ke pazcAt prayoga tathA pakSalava, sapakSasattva va virakSAsattva ina heturUpoM meM kisI eka kA honA hI unameM hetusAmya hai arthAt jisa prakAra hetu pratijJA ke pazcAta prayukta hote haiM, usI prakAra hetvAbhAsa bhI / tathA hetvAbhAsoM meM bhI pakSasattAdi meM se kisI na kisI heturUpa kI sattA rahatI hai / chala, jAti Adi meM hetvAbhAsoM kI taraha dUSaNatAsAmya hone para bhI pakSasattvAdirUpa hetu ke kisI bhI rUpa kI sattA na hone se unameM hetvAbhAsa-lakSaNa kI ativyApti nahIM hai| udyotakara ne saddhetu aura asaddhetu kA antara batAte hue kahA hai-'sAyakAsAdhakatve tu vizeSaH / hetoH sAdhakatvaM dharmaH, asAdhatvaM hetvAbhAsasya / kiM punastat ? samastalakSaNopapattiH asamastalakSaNopapattizca / / arthAta hetu sAdhya kA sAdhaka hotA hai aura hetvAbhAsa sAdhya kA asAdhaka, yahI ina donoM meM bheda hai| hetu meM sAdhyasAdhakatA hetu kA pakSasattvAdi pAMca dharmoM se yukta hotA hai tathA hetvAbhAsa kA una pAMca dharmo meM se kisI na kisI se ayukta honA hai| vArtikakAra kA Azaya yaha hai ki sodhyasAdhanakSama hetu meM pAMca rUpoM kA honA Avazyaka hai / ve pAMca rUpa (1) pakSasattva (2) sapanasattva (3) vipakSAsattva (4) asatpratipakSatra aura (5) abAdhitaviSayatva haiN| inameM se kisI eka dharma kA abhAva he ne se hetvAbhAmatA ghaTita hotI hai| sUtrakArasaraNi se kucha alaga hokara bhAsarvajJa ne 6 hetvAbhAsa svIkAra kiye haiN| unhoMne 'savyabhicAraviruddhaprakaraNasamasAdhyasamakAlAtItAH' isa nyAyaptatra kA anyathA vinyAsa karate hue 6 hetvAbhAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-'asiddhaviraddhAnakAntikAnadhyatrasitakAlAtyayApadiSTaprakaraNasamAH' / ' sUtra kA anyathA vinyAsa sUtrArthasaMgraha dvArA adhyetA kI vyutpatti ke liye hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki akSarazaH sUtrAnusaraNa karane para nyAya kA vidyArthI bhI chAndasa chAtra kI taraha bana jAyegA / usameM tArkikaprajJA kA udaya na hokara kevala zraddhAparakatA raha jaayegii| arthAta jisa prakAra zabdapradhAna veda kA zrotA veda ke zabdoM meM tathA krama meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kara sakatA, ataH veda AdezapradhAna bana jAyegA aura vyutpatti usako prayojana nahIM rahegI / arthAt vedoM meM jo jaisA kahA gayA hai, vaisA hI chAndasa chAtra mAna letA hai, usameM kisI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM karatA, usI prakAra naiyAyika adhyetA bhI bana jAyegA / ataH krama kA parivartana kiyA gayA hai / api ca, sUtrokta pAMca hetvAbhAsoM se atirikta anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kI upayogitA batalAnA bhI unakA prayojana hai| anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa ke nirUpaNa meM prasaMgataH unhoMne yaha spaSTa ullekha kara diyA hai ki nyAyasUtra hetvAbhAsoM kI paMcatva saMsthA ke avadhAraNa ke liye nahIM hai, apitu digdarzana ke liye / ataH sUtrakAra se virodha nahIM hai| 1. nyAyavArtika, 1 / 214 2. nyAyasUtra, 1 / 2 / 4 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 7 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 308 3. nyAyabhUSaNa pR. 309

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anumAna pramANa asiddha strakAra ne asiddha hetvAbhAsa ko sAdhyasama zabda se vyapadiSTa kiyA hai tathA 'sAdhyAviziSTaH sAdhyatvAt sAdhyasamaH' yaha usakA lakSaNa kiyA hai / arthAt jisa hetu kI pakSa meM sAdhya kI taraha siddhi apekSita hotI hai, vaha hetu sAdhya se aviziSTa (samAna) hotA hai, ata eva use sAdhyasama hetvAbhAsa kahate haiM / ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki jisa hetu kA pakSa meM rahanA sandigdha yA anizcita ho bahI sAdhyasama hai| bhASyakAra ne isakA udAharaNa-'chAyA dravyaM gatimattvAt' rAha diyA hai| isa anumAna meM gatimattva hetu sAdhyasama hai, kyoMki chAyA meM gatimattva siddha nahIM hone se sAdhanIya hai| isIliye vAtikakAra ne bhI kahA hai ki jaise chAyA meM dravyatva sAdhya hai, usI prakAra usameM gatimattva bhI sAdhya hai| vAtikakAra ne prajJA panIyadharma. samAna, AzrayAsiddha tathA anyathAsiddha bheda se asiddha tIna prakAra kA batalAyA hai| inameM prajJApanIyadharmasamAna asiddhabheda hI bhASyakAra kA svarUpAsiddha hai| vAcaspati mizra ne tAtparyaTIkA meM isa tathya kI aura saMketa kiyA hai| bhASyakAra ne svarUpAsiddha AzrayAsiddha tathA anyathAsiddha -tInoM asiddhoM kA 'chAyA dravyaM gatimattvAt' yaha eka hI udAharaNa upanyasta kiyA hai / isa udAharaNa meM chAyA meM gatimattva hetu ke svarUpataH asiddha hone se svarUpAsiddha hai| chAyA meM kumbhAdi kI taraha dezAntaradarzana ke dvArA gatimattA siddha hone para svarUpAsiddha kA udAharaNa na mAnane para yaha AzrayAsiddha kA udAharaNa hai, kyoMki chAyA ke prakAzAbhAvarUpa hone ke kAraNa usakI sattA na hone se yahAM Azraya asiddha hai tathA chAyA ke bhAvAbhAvarUpa hone se cAhe bhAvarUpa nahIM hai, tathApi dezAntaradarzanarUpa gatimattva chAyA meM vidyamAna hai, kyoMki dezAntaradarzana kA Azraya bhAva va abhAva donoM hote haiM, aisA mAnane para chAyArUpa Azraya ke asiddha hone se yaha AzrayAsiddha nahIM hai, aisA mAnane para yahI anyathAsiddha kA udAharaNa bana jAtA hai, kyoMki chAyA kA dezAntaradarzana svabhAvataH nahIM hai, apitu teja ke Avaraka dravya kI gati ke dvArA aupAdhika hai, kyoMki Avaraka dravya ke teja kA anidhAna hone para ho teja ke asaMnidhAna se yukta davya hI chAyA kahalAtI hai / ataH dezAntaradarzanarUpa gatimattva hetu kA dravyatvarUpa sAdhya ke sAtha svAbhAvika sambandha nahIM hai, api tu Avaraka dravyarUpa upAdhikRta hone se aupAdhika hai / aupAdhika sambandha ko hI anyathAsiddha kahate haiM / isI aupAdhika sambandha ke kAraNa hI udayanAcArya ne ise vyApyatvAsiddha saMjJA se vyavahata kiyA hai| uttarakAlika nyAyagranthoM meM asiddha ke ye tInoM bheda svarUpAsiddha, AzrayAsiddha tathA vyApyatvAsiddha nAmoM se vyapadiSTa kiye gaye haiN| 1. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/8 2. nyAyavArtika 1/2/8 3. atra bhASyakAreNa svarUpAsiddhAzrayAsiddhAnyathAsiddhAnAM sAdhAraNamudAharaNamuktam / -nyAyavArtikatAtparyarIkA, 1/2/8 bhAnyA-13

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nyAyasAra jayantabhaTTa ne sautra lakSaNa meM pariSkAra karate hue kahA hai ki 'sAdhyatvAt' isa pada se rahita 'sAdhyAviziSTaH' itanA hI asiddha kA lakSaNa ucita hai / sAdhyatva to ekamAtra anyatarAsiddha meM vyApta hai, samasta hai, asiddhabhedoM meM nahIM / asiddhatva hI samasta asiddhabhedoM meM anugata hai, ataH asiddhatva hI lakSaNatvena prApta hotA hai| ataH unhoMne asiddha kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai ki jo hetu pakSa meM arthAt sAdhyaviziSTa dharmI meM nahIM rahatA, vaha asiddha kahalAtA hai / jayanta bhaTTa kA anusaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne bhI asiddha kA 'tatrAnizcitapakSavRttirasiddhiH' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai| arthAt pakSa meM jisakI sattA sandigdha ho yA hetu pakSa meM nahIM rahatA isa prakAra se nizcita ho, vaha hetu asiddha hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai| jayanta bhaTTa ke anusAra bhAsarvajJa ne bhI 'nyAyabhUSaNa' meM asiddha ke sautra lakSaNa ko adhyApaka batalAte hue kahA hai ki sAdhyatva anyatarAsiddha meM hI ghaTita hotA hai| ataH sampratipayattyaviSayatvarUpa sAdhyAviziSTatva hI asiddha kA vyApaka lakSaNa hai jo ki sabhI bhedoM meM ghaTita hotA hai| 'sAdhyatva' kevala anyatarAsiddhi meM hI ghaTita hotA hai, anyathAsiddha Adi bhedoM meM nahIM / ataH 'sAdhyatva' ko anyatarAsiddha kA lakSaNa mAnanA cAhie / athavA isakA artha asiddhatva karanA cAhie, jisase vaha saba asiddhabhedoM ko vyApta kara sake / bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki yadyapi dezakAlabheda tathA svarUpabheda se hetvAbhAsoM ke sUkSma bheda ananta, haiM tathApi unhoMne sthUladRSTyA vyutpatti ke liye katipaya bheda prastuta kiye haiN| unhoMne asiddha ke svarUpAsiddha, vyAkaraNAsiddha, vizeSyAsiddha, vizeSaNAsiddha Adi 12 bheda mAne haiM, jinakA saMkSepa meM nirUpaNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai : 1. svarUpAsiddha : jisa hetu kA svarUpa asiddha ho yA jo hetu svarUpa se asiddha ho use svarUpAsiddha kahate haiM / jaise-'zabdo'nisyaH cAkSuSatvAt' / yahAM cAkSuSatva hetu meM svarUpa pakSasattva kA abhAva hai, ataH yaha svarUpAsiddha hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki prakRta meM svarUzabda se hetugata pakSasattva, sapakSasattva aura vipakSAsattva-ina tIna dharmoM kA grahaNa hotA hai| ina tInoM dharmoM kI asiddhi ekatra vivakSita hotI. to kathita cAkSuSatva hetu meM hI svarUpAsiddhi saMbhava nahIM hotI, kyoMki usameM kevala pakSasattva kA abhAva hai, sapakSasattva yA vipakSAsattva kA nahIM / ataH svarUpAsiddha pada se hetu kA 1. pakSadharmatvaM yasya nAsti dharmi Ni yo na vartate hetu: so'siddhaH / -nyAyamaMjarI, uttara bhAga, pR. 162 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 7 3. sampratipatyaviSayatvaM sAdhyAviziSTatvaM vyApaka lakSaNaM sAdhyatvAdityanyatarAsiddhasya lakSaNa. pramAdapATho vA'siddhatvAdityartho veti-nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 3.9 4. svarUpeNa asiddhaH, svarUpaM vA asiddha yasya so'yaM svarUpAsiddhaH |--vhii, pR. 311

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anugAna pramANa 99 ke uparyukta tInoM rUpoM meM kisI eka rUpa kI asiddhi abhipreta hai aura prakRta meM cAkSutva hetu kI zabdarUpa pakSa meM sattA nahIM hai / cAkSuSattra hetu kI pakSabhUta zabda meM vRttitA na hone ke kAraNa use svarUpAsidUdha kahA gayA hai| navInoM ne bhI kevala pakSAvRtti ko svarUpAsiddha kahA hai, jaisA ki gAdAvarI meM kahA hai- 'syAdetad vyAptipakSaghamaMtAbhyAM nizcayaH siddhistadabhAvo'siddhi: 1 arthAt vyApti tathA pakSadharmatA rUpa se nizcita hetu siddha kahalAtA hai tathA usakA abhAva asiddha hetvAbhAsa hai / inameM vyApti kA abhAva jisa hetu meM ho, use vyApyatvAsiddha kahate haiM tathA jisa hetu meM dharmatA kA abhAva ho use svarUpAsiddha kahate haiM / tarkabhASAkAra ne bhI svarUpAsiddha yI svarUpa mAnA hai / " AcArya prazastapAda ne svarUpAsiddha ko ubhayAsiddha zabda se vyavahRta kiyA hai / jaise- 'ubhayAsiddhaH - anityaH zabdaH sAvayavattvAt iti' / diGganAga ko bhI svarUpAsiddha hetvAbhAsa ubhayAsiddha ke rUpa meM mAnya hai, jaisA ki nyAyapraveza meM unhoMne kahA hai- ' tatra zabdAnityatve sAdhye cAkSuSatvAdityubhayAsiddhaH / jayanta bhaTTa ne bhI ise ubhayAsiddha kI koTi meM samAviSTa kiyA hai / kiraNAvalIkAra udayanAcArya ne bhAsarvajJa ke asiddhalakSaNa' se prabhAvita 'anizcitapakSadharmatAko'siddhaH " yaha asiddha kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai / 14 cAkSuSatva hetu kI zabdarUpa adhikaraNa se bhinna rUpAdi meM sattA hone se ise vyadhikaraNAsiddha mAnanA cAhie na ki svarUpAsiddha / isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki cAkSuSatva hetu yahA~ rUpAdikaraNa meM pratipAdita nahIM hai, api tu zabdarUpa dharmI meM pratipAdita hai aura usameM yaha hetu svarUpataH avidyamAna hai, ataH svarUpAsiddha kahanA hI ucita hai / athavA yaha janmAndha ke prati svarUpAsiddha hai / " usake liye rUpAdi adRSTa hone se vyadhikaraNAsiddhatva kI AzaMkA nahIM hogI / 2. vyadhikaraNAsiddha 'vyadhikaraNazcAsau asiddhazca' isa vyutpatti se spaSTa hai ki bhinna adhikaraNa meM rahane vAle tathA pakSa meM rahane vAle tathA pakSa meM na rahane vAle asiddha hetu ko vyavikaraNAsiddha kahate haiM / jaise- 'anityaH zabdaH paTasya kRtakatvAt / yahA~ kRtakatva 1. gAdAvarI ( ci.), pR, 1845 2. svarUna siddhastu sa ucyate yo heturAzraye nAvagamyate / 3. prazastapAdabhASya, pR 190 4. nyAyapraveza, bhAga 1, pR. 3 5. na cAkSuSatvAdebhaya siddhasya, na hi tasya sAdhyatva saMbhavatItyarthaH / 6 tatrAnizcita rakSavRttirasiddhaH / 7. kiraNAvalI, pR. 229 8. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 311 nyAyasAra, pR. 7 tarkabhASA, pR. 382 nyAyamaMjarI, uttarabhAga, pR. 162

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100 nyAyasAra hetu pakSa -bhinna paTarUpa adhikaraNa meM rahatA hai na ki zabda meM / ataH yaha vyadhikaraNA siddha hai / yadyapi zabda meM bhI kRtakatva hai, tathApi 'paTasya kRtakatvAt' hetu dvArA kRtakatA paTa meM pratipAdita hai, na ki zabda meM aura paTa ke kRtaka hone se zabda meM anityatA siddha nahIM ho sakatI / yadyapi 'caitro'yaM brAhmaNaH tatpitrorbrAhmaNatvAt ' isa anumAna meM 'taspitrorbrAhmaNatvAt' yaha hetu caitrabhinna mAtA-pitA meM brAhmaNa kA pratipAdana kara rahA hai na ki putra caitra meM tathApi yaha hetu putragata brahmaNatva kA sAdhaka hai, usI prakAra 'paTasya kRtakatvAt' hetu bhI zabdagata anityatA kA sAdhaka bana jAyegA, isa AzaMkA kA samAdhAna yaha hai ki vyadhikaraNa hetu ko anyatra sAdhya kA sAdhaka mAnane para 'naTo brAhmaNaH, caitrasya brAhmaNatvAt' yaha hetu bhI naTa meM brAhmaNatva kA sAdhaka hone lagegA / ataH vyadhikaraNa hetu ko sAdhyasAdhaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / 'ayaM caitraH brAhmaNaH tatpitrorbrAhmaNatvAt' isa anumAna meM tatpitrorbrAhmaNatvAt se 'brAhmaNajanyatva' hetu vivakSita hai aura vaha hetu pakSa meM rahatA hai, ve bhinna adhikaraNa meM nahIM / ataH usameM brAhmaNatva kA sAdhaka hai tayA naTa meM brahmaNajanyatva na hone ke kAraNa vaha usameM brAhmaNatva kI siddhi nahIM kara sakatA / ataH sAdhAraNa vyakti ke 'pitrorbrAhmaNatvAt ' aisA prayoga kara dene para bhI vidvAn pratibhA yA Uha zakti ke dvArA yahI samajhatA hai ki yaha hetu pakSasambandhI hai, pakSAsambaddha nahIM / hetu kA pakSa se sambandha sAkSAt ho yA paramparayA, vaha sAdhya kA sAdhaka hotA hai / prakRta meM mAtA-pitA kA sAkSAt brAhmaNya se sambandha hai, aura sAtA-pitA dvArA paramparayA putra se bhI usakA sambandha hai, ataH vaha hetu pakSarUpa putra se sambaddha hI hai, asambaddha nahIM / ataH asiddha hetvAbhAsa nahIM / 3. vizeSyAsiddha jisa hetu kA vizeSyabhAga asiddha ho, use vizeSyAsiddha kahate haiM / anityaH zabdaH sAmAnyatve sati cAkSuSatvAt' isa anumAna meM hetu viziSTarUpa hai / usake do aMza haiM- vizeSaNAMza aura vizeSyAMza / prakRta udAhaNa meM hetu kA vizeSyAMza 'cAkSu pattra' asiddha hai / ataH hetu kA vizeSyarUpa asiddha hone se yaha vizeSyAsiddhiprayukta asiddha hetvAbhAsa hai / 4. vizeSaNAsiddha jisa viziSTa hetu kA vizeSaNa aMza asiddha ho, use vizeSaNAsiddha kahate haiM / jaise - ' zabdo'nityaH cAkSuSatve sati sAmAnyavatvAt' / yahA~ hetu viziSTAtmaka hai / isa viziSTa hetu kA vizeSaNAMza 'cAkSuSatva' zabda meM asiddha hai, ataH yaha vizeSaNAsiddha vAbhAsa kahalAtA hai / zrI vI. pI. vaidya kA kathana hai ki cAroM udAharaNa svarUpAsiddha ke hI vibhinna pratirUpa haiM | 1 1. These first four instances are mere different shades of one and the same fallacy called svarUpAsiddha Nyayasara, Notes, P. 27

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anumAna pramANa 101 5. bhAgAsiddha yathA 'zabdo'nityaH prayatnAnantarIyakatvAt' zabda do prakAra kA hotA hai(1) prayatnasAdhya aura (2) aprayatnasAdhya / akArAdi varNAtmaka zabda prayatnasAdhya hotA hai aura vAyuvAdi zabda aprayatnasAdhya / zabda ke anityatva ko siddhi ke liye prayukta 'prayatnasAdhyatva' hetu vAyuvAdi-zabdoM meM nahIM hai / ataH pakSa zabda ke ekadeza vAvAdizabda meM na rahane ke kAraNa prayatnAnantarIyakatva bhAgAsiddha hai| yadyapi vAyUvAdi zabda bhI IzvaraprayatnasAdhya haiM, ataH bhAgAsiddhi kI upapatti nahIM hotI, tathApi prayatna ke tIvratva, mandatva ke anusAra zabda kI tIvratA aura mandatAdi hote haiM / ataH yahA~ 'prayatnAnantarIyakatva' se tIvratvamandatvAdiyukta prayatnasAdhyatva vivakSita hai / Izvaraprayatna nitya hai, usameM tIvratvAdi dharma ke na hone se vAyavAdizabda meM tIvratvAdidharmayukta prayatnasAdhya hetu bhAgAsiddha hI hai / isI abhiprAya se prayatna sAdhyatva' se 'jovaprayatnasAdhyatva' abhipreta hai, aisA aparArka ne kahA hai / athavA Izvara kA svIkAra na karane vAloM ke prati yaha bhAgAsiddha hai, kyoMki unake mata meM vAyavAdi zabda meM IzvarIyaprayatnasAdhyatA bhI nahIM hai| jayasiMha sUri ne 'nyAyatAtparyadIpikA' meM vaizeSikasammata zabdotpattikriyA kA nirUpaNa karate hue varNAtmaka tathA avarNAtmaka donoM prakAra ke zabdoM kI prayatna se utpatti batalAI hai / prayatnAnantarIyakatva kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue jayasiMha suri ne yaha pratimAdeta kiyA hai ki yaha Adya zabda meM hI hotA hai; dvitIya, tRtIya zabda meM nahIM, kyoMki dvitIya, tRtIya zabda zabdajanya hote haiM / zabdadhAga kA prathama zabda hI prayatnajanya hotA hai, dvitIyAdi nahIM / isa prakAra prayatnAnantarIyakatva' kI samasta pakSa meM sattA na hokara pakSakadeza meM hI hai / upayukta vivaraNa se yaha niSkarSa prApta hotA hai ki zabda ke prayatnAnatarIyakatva ke sambandha meM do mAnyatAeM haiM / eka to ve loga jo yaha mAnate haiM ki varNAtmaka zabda hI prayatnajanya hotA hai, vAyu Adi se janita dhvanyAtmaka zabda nahIM / dUsare logoM kA kahanA hai ki vAyu Adi zabda bhI prayatna se niSpAdita hote haiM, kintu zabdadhArA kA prathama zabda hI prayatnasAdhya hotA hai, dvitIya, tRtIyAdi nahIM / ataH prayatnAnantarIyakatva zabdarUpa pakSa ke eka deza meM hI hai / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR, 311 2. asyAsmadAdiprayatnApekSatvAt / - nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 218 3, nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 311 4. nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 115

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102 nyAyasAra 6 AzrayAsiddha (1) 'AzrayeNAsiddhaH', AzrayAsiddhaH (2) 'Azrayo'siddho'syeti saH tathoktaH arthAt jisa hetu kA Azraya asiddha ho, use AzrayAsiddha kahate haiN| jaise 'pradhAnamasti, vizvapariNAmitvAt ' arthAt pradhAna kA astittra hai, vizvapariNAmitva ke kAraNa / sAMkhyamanAnusAra yaha vizva pradhAnAtmaka hai / sukha, duHkha, moha svabhAvavAle satva, raja aura tamas kI sAmyAvasthA hI pradhAna athavA prakRti kahalAtI hai| yahA~ vizvaM pariNAmo'sya vizvapariNAmi, tadbhAvastattvaM isa vyutpatti ke dvArA vizvapariNAmitva' kA samasta vizva prakRti kA pariNAma hai yaha artha hai / vizvapariNAmitva' hetu se sAMkhya dArzanika pradhAna kA astitva siddha karanA cAhate haiN| kyoMki naiyAyikamatAnusAra vizva pradhAna kA pariNAma nahIM hai, pradhAna aura vizva kA sambandha yathArtha nahIM hai, ataH yaha hetu pradhAna kA astitva siddha nahIM kara sakatA / pradhAna ke asiddha hone se tanniSTha hetu 'vizvapariNAmitva' AzrayAsiddha ho jAtA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne sAMkhyadarzana se sambaddha ata eva vizeSa udAharaNa AzrayAsiddha kA diyA hai| kintu isa udAharaNa meM vizvapariNAmitva' sAdhana ko taraha pradhAnAstitvarUpa sAdhya bhI anizcita hai, ataH ekAntataH AzrayAsiddha kA udAharaNa nahIM hai / ata. uttaravartI naiyAyikoM ne 'gaganAravindaM surabhi aravindatvAt + yaha udAharaNa diyA hai| 7. AzrayaikadezAsiddha : jisa hetu ke Azraya kA eka deza asiddha ho, use AzrayaikadezAsiddha kahate haiM / 'nityAH pradhAnapu SezvarAH, akRtakatvAt' isa udAharaNa meM pakSIkRta pradhAnAdi kA eka dezabhUta pradhAna naiyAyikamatAnusAra asiddha hai, ataH hetu AzrayaikadezAsiddha hai| 8. vyarthavizeSyAsiddha : __ jisa hetu kA vizeSya bhAga vyartha jarthAt sAdhyasAdhana meM upayukta na ho, use vyarthavizeSyAsiddha kahate haiN| jaise 'anityaH zabdaH, kRtakatve mati sAmAnyatvAt / ' yahA~ kRtakatva hetu se hI zabda meM anityatva kI siddhi hai| sAmAnyavatva' vizeSya kA sAdhyasiddhi meM koI upayoga nahIM hai, ataH vaha vyartha hai| 9. vyarthavizeSaNAsiddhi : yadA 'anityaH zabdaH sAmAnyavattve sati kRtakatvAt yahA~ bhI pUrvavat sAmAnyavattva vizeSaNa vyartha hai, kyoMki kRtakatva se hI zabda kI anityatA siddha ho jAtI hai / 1. nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 116 2. nyAyamucAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 218 3 nyAyatAtparya dIpikA, pR. 116 4. tarkabhASA, pR. 125

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anumAna pramANa 103 yadyapi ina donoM asiddhoM meM asiddhalakSaNa kA abhAva hone se yaha asiddha nahIM haiM, kyoMki inameM vizeSya va vizeSaNa kA vyarthatva hI dUSaNa hai, na ki hetu kA / " tathApi momAMsaka vaiyAkaraNAdi ke mata meM zabda meM kRtakatva asiddha hai, unakI dRSTi se ise asiddha kahA gayA hai / " isaliye aparArka ne kahA hai 'gurumate tu vaiyarthya - mevAtra dUSaNam / atrAsiddhitvaM tu nAsti nizcitapakSavRttitvAt / yasya tu yade kRtakatvamasiddhaM taM pratyasiddhatvamucyate / 8 10. sandhigdhAsiddha : yaha eka mahattvapUrNa hetvAbhAsa hai / dhUma va bASpa ke bheda kI anizcayadazA meM koI vyakti kahatA hai 'agnimAnayaM pradezo dhUmatvAt' iti / arthAt yaha dhUma haiM yA bhApa - isa prakAra sAdhana kI anizcayadazA meM prayukta ghUmattva hetu sandigdhAsiddha kahalAtA hai / isase yaha avagata hotA hai ki nizcita sAdhana kA hI sAdhyasiddhi ke liye prayoga karanA cAhiye, anya kA nahIM / avayavaprayoga kI dRSTi se yaha dUSita pratIta nahIM hotA, parantu doSa kI utpatti sAdhanaviSayaka sandeha se hotI hai / vASpAdi meM prayukta 'Adi' zabda se mazakAvarta' kA grahaNa hotA hai / 11. sandigdhavizeSyAsiddha : jisa viziSTa hetu kA vizeSya aMza sandigdha ho, use sandigdhavizeSyAsiddha kahate haiM / jaise 'adyApi rAgAdiyuktaH kapilaH, puruSatve sati adyApyanutpannatattvajJAnatvAt' iti / yahA~ kapila meM 'rAgAdiyuktatva' sAdhya hai / kapila meM bhI kadAcit rAgAdisambandha saMbhava hai ataH siddhasAdhyatA ke parihArArtha pratijJAvAkya meM 'adyApi ' pada diyA gayA hai / pASANAdi meM hetu kI vyabhicAranivRttyartha 'puruSatve sati' pada diyA gayA hai / 'anutpannatattvajJAnAt' yaha kahane para mahAyogiyoM meM 'anutpannatatvajJAnatva' ke hone para bhI unakI nIrAgatA ke kAraNa vyabhicAra ho jAyegA / ataH vyabhicAranivRtti ke liye hetu meM 'adyApi pada diyA gayA hai / yahA~ hetu meM anutpanna - tattvajJAnatva' vizeSya aMza saMdigdha hai, kyoMki kapila ko tattvajJAna utpanna huA yA nahIM, isa saMzaya ke kAraNa hetu sandigdhavizeSyAsiddha hai / 12. sandigdhavizeSaNAsiddha : 'adyApi rAgAdiyuktaH kapilaH sarvadA tattvajJAnarahitatve sati puruSatvAt' / tatrajJAnarahitatva ke kadAcit rahane para rAgAdiyuktatva kI siddhi nahIM hogI, ataH 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 411,312 2 asiddhatvaM tu kRtakatvasya mImAMsakAbhiprAyeNa / - nyAyasArapadapaMcikA, pR. 38 3. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga pu. 218-219 4. vAdItyAdizabdena masakAvarta svIkAra: / -- nyAyasArapadapaMcikA, 1. 38.

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104 nyAyasAra sarvadA pada diyA gayA hai| yahAM hetu kA 'sarvadA tattvajJAnarahitasva' vizeSaNa aMza sandigdha hai, kyoMki kauna jAnatA hai kapila sarvadA tattvajJAnarahita hai athavA nahI ? ye bAraha asiddhabheda jaba 'anityaH zabdaH cAkSuSatvAt' ityAdi kI taraha vAdIprativAdI donoM kI dRSTi se asiddha hoM, taba ubhayAsiddha kahalAte haiM / jaba vAdI-prativAdI meM se eka ko dRSTi se asiddha hoM, taba anyatarAsiddha kahalAte haiM / anyatarAsiddha hetvAbhAsa ko na mAnane vAloM kA khaNDana katipaya dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki anyatarAsiddha hetvAbhAsa saMbhava nahIM hai| unakA tarka yaha ki prativAdI dvArA hetu meM asiddhi kI udbhAvanA karane para yadi vAdI usake sAdhaka pramAga ko nahIM batalAtA hai, taba pramANAbhAva ke kAraNa ubhayAsiddhi hogI / yadi pramANa prastuta karatA hai, taba pramAga ke hone se ubhayapakSa meM hetu siddha hogaa| anyathA anyatarAsiddha sAdhya kI kadApi siddhi na hone se usake liye pramANopanyAsa vyartha ho jAyegA / yadi prativAdI ke prati pramANa dvArA siddha na batalAne taka asiddha mAnA jAya, taba asiddha gauNa ho jAyegA, mukhya nahIM / __ api ca, hetvAbhAsa nigrahasthAna hai aura anyatarAsiddha bhI hetvAbhAsa hone se nigrahasthAna hai / anyatarAsiddha hesvAbhAsarUpa nigrahasthAna se vAdI yadi ekabAra nigRhIta ho jAtA hai, to nigRhIta kA bAda meM anigraha sabhIcIna pratIta nahIM hotaa| nigRhIta hone ke pazcAt to hetu kA samarthana hI ucita nahIM, kyoMki bAda tabhI taka calatA hai, jaba taka ki donoM meM se eka nigRhIta na ho / nigrahAnantara vAda hI samApta ho jAtA hai, ataH pazcAt hetu-samarthana kA prazna hI utpanna nahIM hotaa| samAdhAna yadi vAdI samyak hatutva ko svIkAra karatA huA bhI usakI samarthanapaddhati ke vismaraNAdi athavA prAznikoM ko pratibodhita karane meM samartha nahIM hotA hai aura asiddhatA ko bhI nahIM mAnatA, taba anyatarAsiddha se hI usakA nigraha hotA hai| svayaM bAdI dvArA svIkRta na hone se tathA paramata meM prasaddha hone se hI prastuta anyatarA siddha hetu nigrahasthAna kahalAtA hai / kahA bhI hai 'yo hi tAvatparAsiddhaH strayaM siddho'bhidhIyate / / bhavettatra pratIkAraH svato'siddhe tu kA kriyA / ' yo'pi tAvat svayaM siddhaH parAsiddho'bhidhIyate / bhavettatra pratIkAraH tato'siddho'bhidhIyate // 1. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 220 se udadhRta / 2. nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 116 se uddhRta /

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anumAna pramANa 105 bhAsarvajJAcArya ke paravartI jainatArkika prabhAcandra ne asiddha hetvAbhAsa ke bhAsarvajJasammata vizeSyAsiddha, vizeSaNAsiddha, AzrayAsiddha, AzrayaikadezAsiddha, vyarthavizeSaNAsiddha, vyadhikaraNAsiddha tathA bhAgAsiddha, nAmaka bhedoM kA mANikyanandI dvArA sUtrita asatsattAka nAmaka asiddha bheda meM1 tathA sandigdhavizeSyAsiddha Adi kA avidyamAnatizcaya nAmaka asiddhabheda meM antarbhAva kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne asiddha ke svarUpAsiddha tathA sandigdhAsiddha ye do bheda mAnakara bhAsarvajJasammata vizeSa gasiddha Adi-asiddhabhedoM kA vAdyasiddha, prativAdyasiddha tathA ubhayAsiddha ina asiddhaprabhedoM meM antarbhAva kiyA hai / viruddha hetvAbhAsa sUtrakAra ne viruddha hetvAbhAsa kA lakSaNa 'sidvAntamabhyupetya taddhirodhI viruddhaHyaha kiyA hai arthAta abhyupeta (svIkRta) siddhAnta ke virodhI hetu ko viruddha hetvAbhAsa kahate haiM / bhASyakAra ne isakA udAharaNa dete hue kahA hai-'so'yaM vikAro vyakterapaita, nityatvapratiSedhAt / yahAM hetu 'nityatvapratiSedha' mahadAdivikAra dharmalakSaNAdirUpAntara meM parivartita hote hue bhI san hote haiM, kyoMki unakA sarvathA vinAza nahIM hotA, isa sAMkhya-siddhAnta kA virodhI hone se viruddha hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki sAMkhya vikAroM ko rUpAntara meM pariNAmazIla mAnate hue bhI unheM sat arthAt vinAzarahita mAnatA hai aura vinAzarAhityarUpa sattva hI nityatva hai, kintu 'vikArovyaktezyeti nityatvapratiSedhAt' isa anumAna meM nityatvapratiSedharUpa hetu vikAroM ko anitya arthAta vinAzI batalAtA haA upayukta svIkata sAMsya-siddhAnta kA virodhI hai, ataH yaha hetu viruddha hetvAbhAsa hai / pratijJAvirodha nAmaka nigrahasthAna aura viruddha hetvAbhAsa kA pArthakya batalAne ke liye vArtikakAra ne viruddha hetvAbhAsa kA eka aura sphuTa udAharaNa diyA hai -'nityaH zabdaH utpttidhrmktvaat| yahAM utpattidharmakatva hetu nityatva ke sAtha vyApta na hokara tadviparIta anityatva se vyApta hai, kyoMki utpattizIla vastu anitya hotI hai na ki nitya / isa prakAra utpattidharmakatva hetu svIkRta siddhAnta zabda ke nityatva kA virodhI hai, ataH viruddha hetvAbhAsa hai| 1 ye ca vizeSyAsiddhAdayo'siddhaprakArA: pariSTAstate'sata sattAkatvalakSaNAsiddhaprakArAnnArthAntaram, ___ tallakSaNabhedAbhAvAta -prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pRSTha 632-633. 2 sandigdhavizeSyAdayopya vidyamAna nizcayatAlakSaNAtikamAbhAvAnArthAntaram |-prmeykmlmaanndd, 3. vizeSyAsidvAdInAmeSvevAntarbhAvaH |-prmaannmiimaaNsaa, 2/19 eveva' vAdiprativAzubhayAsiddheveva |-svopjnyvRtti, 2/19 4. nyAyasUtra, 1 / 216 5. nyAyabhASya, 1 / 26 6. nyAyavArtika, 11216 bhAnyA-14

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106 nyAyasAra nyAyasUtrakAra, bhASyakAra aura vArtikakAra ke viruddhahetvAbhAsa-sambandhI mata ke upayukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki viruddha hetu sapana meM na rahakara vipakSa meM nizcita rUpa se vyApta rahatA hai, jaisAki parizuddhikAra udayanAcArya ne kahA hai'viparyayavyAptatvena nizcito heturvirudvo hetvAbhAsa'1 / viruddha ke sautralakSaNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue jayanta bhaTTa ne kahA hai-'sapakSavipakSayovRttyavRttI hetorlakSaNamuktam , te yasya viparyaste dRzyete, yaH sapakSe na vartate vipakSe ca vartate / arthAna sapakSavRttitA tathA vipakSAvRttitA hetu kA svarUpa hai, kintu inakA jahAM vaiparItya ho jAtA hai arthAt hetu meM sapanAvRttitA va vipakSavRttitA ho jAtI hai, vaha hetu sAdhyaviparIta vastu kA sAdhaka hone se viruddha kahalAtA hai, isa ukti ke dvArA sAdhyaviparIta artha ke sAdhaka hetu ko virUddha batalAyA hai tathA sUtrAkAra kA abhiprAya isImeM hai, yaha bodhana kiyA hai| jayantabhaTTakRta isa sUtra-vyAkhyA se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki viruddha hetu meM vidyamAna sapakSavRttitva va vipakSavRttitva kA viparyAsa hotA hai, kintu hetu ke prathama svarUpa pakSavRttitva kI sattA isameM bhI rahatI hai| bhAsarvajJAcArya ne jayantabhaTTakRta vyAkhyAna kA anusaraNa karate hue nyAyasAra meM kahA hai-'pakSavipakSayoreva vartamAno viruddhaH' arthAta jo pakSa aura vipakSa meM rahe tathA sapakSa meM na rahe, use, viruddha hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN| bhAsarvajJa ne apane lakSaNa kI sUtrAnusAritA batalAne ke liye sUtragata siddhAntAbhyupagama kA artha sAdhyadharma mAnA hai |* tAtparya yaha hai ki pakSa meM kisI sAdhyadharma ko svIkAra kara jo hetu usakA virodhI ho arthAt sAdhyavirodhI svabhAva vAlA ho, use viruddha kahate haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra sUtra meM siddhAntAbhyupagama dvArA pakSasattva sUcita kiyA gayA hai / 'pakSavRttitve sati vipakSavRttitvam' yaha viruddha kA pUrA lakSaNa nyAyasArasammata hai / vizeSaNadala ke dvArA asiddha hetu kA nivAraNa kiyA hai aura vizeSyadala ke dvArA vyabhicArI hetu kA / isa prakAra vizeSaNa aura vizeSya donoM ke dvArA viruddha kA niSkRSTa lakSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| hetu meM pakSasattva dharma kA honA doSAdhAyaka nahIM, kintu vipakSavRttitva avazya doSa hai / isIliye anya AcAryoM ne viruddha ke lakSaNa meM sAdhyAbhAvavyAptatvamAtra kA niveza kiyA hai / vaizeSika AcAryo meM zivAditya ko bhAsarvajJamata se saMvAditA prApta hotI hai / prakRta hetvAbhAva ke viSaya meM bhI unakI bhAsarvajJamata se sahamati hai| kezava mizra, annaMbhaTTa, jagadIza tarkAlaMkAra Adi paravartI prakaraNagranthakAroM ne viruddha hetvAbhAsa ko vipakSavRtti hI batalAyA haiN| 1. tAtparyaparizuddhi 1 / 2 / 6 2. nyAyamaMjarI uttarabhAga, pR0 156 / 3. nyAyasAra, pR.7 4. nyayabhUSaNa pR. 309 5. saptapadArthI, pR. 74 6. (a) sAdhyaviparyayavyApto hetuviruddhaH |-tkbhaassaa, pR. 131. (ba) sAdhyAbhAvavyApto heturviruddhaH |-trksNgrh, pR. 61 (sa) sAdhyAbhAvavyApto heturviddhaH / - tarkAmRta, pR0 31

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anumAna pramANa bhAsarvajJa ne viruddha ke ATha bheda kiye haiN| ye bheda sapakSa kI vidyamAnatA aura avidyamAnatA para AdhArita haiM / 1 sarvaprathama sapakSa kI vidyamAnatA para AdhArita bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai :1. pakSavipakSavyApaka : udAharaNa hai-'zabdo nityaH kAryatvAt / yahAM kAryatra hetu pakSa zabda aura vipakSa ghaTAdi meM vidyamAna hai, kintu sapakSa AtmAdi meM kAryatva hetu kI sattA nahIM hai, kayoMki AtmAdi kArya nahIM hai| kAryantra hetu ke svarUpa para isakI hetvAbhAsatA kI vidhA nirbhara karatI hai / kAryatva para vicAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kAryatvakA kA lakSaNa 'svakAraNasamavAyaH'' batalAyA hai / isa prasaMga meM bhAsarvajJa ne udyotakara tathA vAcaspatimizra-sammata anityatva ke lakSaNa kI carcA kI hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki yahAM kAryatva kA artha janyatvamAtra mAnane para nityatvAbhAvavAn vipakSa pradhvaMsAbhAva meM janyatva kI sattA se yaha hetu anaikAntika ho jAtA hai / kAryatva kA artha 'svakAraNe samavAyaH' mAnane para vinAzI hone se anitya prAgabhAvarUpa vipakSa meM svasamavAyikAraNa-samavetatva kA abhAva hone se usameM kAryatva hetu kI vRtti na hone se vipakSavyApakatvarUpa viruddhatva kA abhAva hogA aura yaha viruddha hetvAbhAsa nahIM kahA jAyegA / ataH bhUSaNakAra ne kAryatva ke lakSaNoM kA parityAga kara udyotakara tathA vAcaspatimizrasammata ubhayAntopalakSita sattA ko anityatva kA lakSaNa mAnA hai arthAt jo prAgabhAva tathA pradhvaMsa donoM kA pratiyogI ho, jisakA prAgabhAva va dhvaMsa donoM ho, vaha anitya kahalAtA hai / prAgabhAva meM prAgabhAvapratiyogitva nahIM haiM arthAt prAgabhAva kA prAgabhAva nahIM hotA / ataH vaha nitya hai, ataH usameM kAryatva hetu kI sattA na hone para bhI hetu meM vipakSa. vyApakatra kI anupapatti nahIM hai aura pradhvaMsa meM prAgabhAvapratiyogiva hone para bhI dhvaMsapratiyogitva nahIM hai, ataH vaha bhI anitya hai, kintu nitya hai / ataH usameM kAryatva hetu ke rahane para bhI sAdhyAbhAvavadvRttitvarUpa anaikAntikatA doSa nahIM hai / 2. vipakSakadezavRtti pakSa vyApaka : __ yathA-'zabdo nityaH sAmAnyatve sati asmadAdibAhyandriyagrAhyatvAt / arthAt zabda nitya hai, kyoMki sAmAnyavAna hotA huA asmadAdi kI bAhyendriya se grAhya hai / dvathaNuka pRthivyAdi tathA antaHkaraNagrAhya sukhAdirUpa vipakSa meM 'sAmAnyavatve sati ahamadAdibAhyendriyagrAhmatva' hetu ke na rahane se yaha hetu vipakSa vyApaka nahIM, apitu vipakSakadezavRtti hai| 1. viruddhabhedAstu sapakSe satyasati ca bhavanti |-nyaaytaatprydiipikaa, pR. 119 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 313 3. ubhayAntopalakSitA sattAnityatvamitye ke 1--nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 313

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108 nyAyasAra 1 paramANu bhI yogijanoM kI bAhUyendriya se grAhya haiM / 'bAhyendriyagrAhyatva' hetu kI sapakSa paramANuoM meM sattA hone se viruddhatva kI nivRtti ho jAyegI, ataH isa viruddhatva kI upapatti ke liye hetu ke pUrva 'asmadAdi saMyojita hai / 'asmadAdi - bAhyendriyagrAhma nitya sAmAnya meM bhI haiM, ataH 'sAmAnyaktve sati' pada diyA gayA hai / sAmAnya meM sAmAnya mAnane para anavasthA hai / ataH sAmAnya meM sAmAnya ke na rahane se sAmAnya sAmanyavAn nahIM hai / aharthi meM kRtya ( Nyat) pratyaya mAnane se grAhyatva pada se grahaNa yogyatva abhISTa hai / 'grahaNayogyatva' (asmadA divAyendriyagrahagayogyatA) sabhA zabdoM meM hone se hetu kI pakSa vyApaktA niHsaMdigdha hai / " 3. pakSavipakSaikadezavRtti : 'zabdo nityaH prayatnAnantarIyakatvAt' / 'prayatnAnantarIyaktva' kA artha hai - prasAdhyatva | pakSIkRta sabhI zabdoM meM Adya zabda meM 'prayatnAnantarIyakatva' hai / dvitIya, tRtIya Adi zabdoM meM zabdajanyatva ke kAraNa 'prayatnAnantarIyakatva' nahIM hai / 'prayatnAnantarIyakatva' kA vipakSa ghaTAdi meM sadbhAva hai, parantu vanaspatyAdi meM u kI asattA hai, ataH pakSa tathA vipakSa donoM ke ekadeza meM rahane vAle viruddha hetvAbhAsa kA yaha udAharaNa hai / vanaspatyAdi meM bhI yadyapi IzvaraprayatnasAdhyatA hai, tathApi prayatnasAdhyatva para se tIvratAmandatAdidharmayukta prayatnasAdhyatA abhipreta hai aura Izvaraprayatna ke nitya hone se unameM tIvratAmandanAdidharmayukta prayatnasAdhyatA nahIM hai / 4. pakadezavRtti vipakSavyApaka : - pRthivI nityA, kRtakatvAt' / paramANu tathA kArya bheda se pRthivI do prakAra kI hai, jaisAki prazastapAda ne kahA hai- 'sA dvidhA nityA cAnityA ca / paramANu*lakSa gAnA kAryalakSaNAvaneityA' 15 paramANu pRthivI meM kAryatva nahIM hai aura kAryarUpA pRthivI meM hai, ataH hetu 'kRtakatva' pakSaikadezavRtti hai / vipakSabhUta samasta anityoM meM kRtakatra kI sattA hai, ataH sarvavipakSa vyApaka hai / ina cAroM bhedoM meM nitya AtmAdi samakSa ke hone para bhI hetu kI avidyamAnatA spaSTa hai / sapakSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa cAra bheda 1. pakSa vipakSavyApaka : - 'zabdaH AkAzavizeSaNaguNaH prameyatvAt' / yahAM 'AkAzavizeSaguNatva' sAdhya hai, jo zabda ke atirikta anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM, kyoMki AkAzavizeSaguNa zabda 1. nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 120 2. arhatya kRtyAbhidhAnAt grahaNayogyatAmAtraM grAhyatvamuktam tenAsyApi pakSavyApakatvam / - nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 314 3. prazastapAdamAdhya, pR 17.

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anumAna pramANa 109 hI hai, dUsarA koI nahIM / ataH prameyatva hetu zabdarUpa pakSa meM vyApaka hai tathA AkAzavizeSa guNatvarUpa sAdhyAbhAva vAle rUpAdi meM bhI prameyatva rahatA hai. ataH yaha hetu vipakSa kA vyApaka bhI hai / ataH yaha hetu pakSavipakSa vyApaka viruddha hetvAbhAsa hai, kyoMki yahAM sapakSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa sapakSa se vyApta na hokara vipakSa se vyApta hai / 2. pakSa vipakSaikadezavRtti : 'zabdaH AkAzavizeSaguNaH prayatnAnantarIyakatvAt' / zabda AkAza kA vizeSaguNa hai, prayatnAnantarIyaka hone se / 'prayatnAnantarIyakatva' hetu kI pakSaikadeza prathama zabda meM sattA haiM tathA zabdajanya anya zabdoM meM asattA hai / isI prakAra AkAzavizeSaguNatva ke abhAva vAle vipakSa ghaTAda meM hetu ke astitva tathA AtmAdirUpa vipakSa meM anastitva ke kAraNa yaha hetu pakSavipakSaikadezavRtti viruddha hetvAbhAsa hai / 3. pakSavyApaka vipakSaikadezavRtti : 'zabdaH AkAzavizeSaguNaH bAhyendriyagrAhyatvAt / arthAta zabda AkAza kA vizeSa guNa hai, bAhUyandraya dvArA grAhya hone se / sabhI zabdoM ke zrorasaha bAhUyendriyaprAya hone se yaha hetu pakSa vyApaka hai tathA ghaTAdi vipakSa meM bAyendriyagrAhyatva hone se tathA sukhAdi vipakSa meM usake abhAva ke karaNa hetu vika devRtti hai / 4. vipakSa vyApaka tathA pakSaikadezavRtti : 'zabdaH AkAzavizeSaguNaH apadAtmaka zabda AkAza kA vizeSa guNa hai. apadAtmaka hone se / zabda do prakAra kA hotA hai - padAtmaka aura apadAtmaka / meyryAdi zabdoM meM apadAtmakatva hetu kI sattA hai tathA varNAtmaka zabdoM meM apadA tmakatva hetu kI sattA nahIM / ataH yaha pakSaikadezavRtti hai tathA AkAzavizeSaguNatva. sAdhyAbhAva vAle sabhI vipakSoM meM apadAtmakatva hetu kIM sattA hone se yaha vipakSa vyApaka hai / bhAsarvajJa ne ina ATha viruddhabhedoM kA nirUpaNa karane ke pazcAt pUrvapakSa sambandhI eka mahatvapUrNa prazna uThAyA hai / jo pasavyApaka cAra hetu haiM, unheM hI vAstava meM viruddha ke bheda mAnanA cAhiye / pakSa ke ekadeza meM rahane vAloM ko asiddha ( bhAgA siddha) hetvAbhAsa kA bheda mAnanA ucita hai, kyoMki pakSa meM rahane vAle hetu kI tIna vidhAeM hotI haiM - hetu ( sadUghetu), viruddha tathA anaikAntika / kintu jo pakSai kadeza meM rahatA hai, vaha sakalapakSavRtti na hone se viruddha hetvAbhAsa nahIM ho sakatA / 1 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 314

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110 nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki yaha doSa ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra tulA suvarNAdi ke iyattAjJAna (iyattAvadhAraNa) kA sodhana hone se pramANa tathA tulAntaraparicchinna dravya dvArA yA pratyakSataH svarUpa se jJAyamAna hone ke kAraNa prameya kahalAtA hai, usI prakAra pakSaka dezavRtti hetvAbhAsa asiddhalakSaNokrAnta hone se asiddha tathA viruddha aura anakAntika Adi ke lakSaNa se yukta hone se viruddha yo anaikAntika bhI kahalAtA hai| ataH ekAntaH bhAgAsiddha yA viruddha ho, aisA niyA nahIM', pakSavRtti hetu saddhetu, viruddha yA anekAntika ho, yaha niyama nh|, kyoMki kAlAtyayA. padiSTa (bAdhita) tathA prakaraNasan (satpratipakSa) meM bhI hetu kI pakSa ttitA hai / prathama cAra viruddhabheda anvayavyatirekI hetu ko dRSTi meM rahate hue kiye haiM, jinameM sapakSa ko sattA hotI hai| dvitIya cAra bheda vyatireko ko dhyAna meM rakha kara kiye haiM, jinameM sapakSa kI sattA nahIM rahatI / jenatAkika prabhAcandra aura hemacandra ne bhAsarvajJasammata ina ATha viruddha bhedoM kA sakalana karate hue svasammata viruddha meM antarbhAva kiyA hai| anaikAntika prazastapAda ne sandigdha he vAbhAsa kA lakSa ga kiyA hai-'yastu sannanumeye tatsamonAsamrAnajAtIyayoH sAdhAraNaH sa sandeha janakatvAt sndigdhH| jo hetu pakSavRtti hotA huA sapakSa tathA vipakSa donoM meM rahanA hai arthAt sAdhyavAn tathA sAdhyAbhAvavAn donoM meM rahatA hai, vaha nizcita rUpa se sAdhya kA sAdhaka na hokara sandehajanaka hone se sandigdha kaha rAtA hai| naiyAyikoM ke anaikAntika kA yahI svarUpa hai, saMdigdha aura anekAntika meM saMjJAbhedamAtra hai / bauddha dArzanika diGnAga ne anekAntika hetvAbhAsa ko svIkAra karate hue usako 6 vidhAoM kA sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA hai| udyotakarAcArya ne anekAntika hatvAbhAsa ke sUtrAkArakRta 'anekAntikaH savya. bhicAraH lakSaga ko paryAyalakSaNa batalAne ke pazcAt prazastapAdakRta lakSaNa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai-'teSAm , anaikAntikaH savyabhicAraH / ekasminnante niyataH aikAntikaH, 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 314 2. Sanghvi, Sukhlal, -Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics, P. 102 3. ye cASTau viruddhabhedAH parairiSTAstepthetallakSaNalakSitatvAvizeSato'traivAntarbhavatItyudAhiyante / prame paka palamAnaNDa, pR. 636 4. anena ye rinye vidvA umAha maste'pi saGgRhItA: / --pramANamImAMsAsvoSajJavRtti, 220 5. prazasta pAdabhASya, pR. 191-192 6. nyAya praveza, bhAga 1, pR. 3 7. nyAyasUtra, 215

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anumAna pramANa 111 vipryyaadnkaantikH| kaH punarayaM vyabhicAraH ? sAdhyatajjAtIyAnyavRttitvam / yat khalu sAdhyatajjAtIyavRttitve sati anyatra vartate tad vyabhicAri / tavRttitvaM vybhicaarH''| arthAt jo hetu sAdhya aura tajjAtIyapakSa aura sapakSa meM rahane ke sAtha-sAtha anyatra vipakSa meM bhI rahatA ho, use savyabhicAra hetvAbhAsa tathA tad-(vipakSa) vRttitva ko ko vyabhicAra kahate haiM / dyotakarAcAra rAcAye kA anusaraNa karate hue AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne bhI anekAntika kA 'pakSasapakSavipakSavRttiranaikAntikaH' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne sUtrakArakRta lakSaNa ko 'buddhirUpalabdhiH ' isa buddhi lakSaNa kI taraha paryAya mAnA hai / arthAt jisa taraha buddhirupalabdhi......'isa buddhilakSaNa meM buddhi ke paryAyavAcI upalabdhi zabda ko upAdAna kara diyA hai, vaise hI 'anaikAntikaH savyabhicAraH' isa anaikAntikalakSaNa meM bhI anekAntika kA svarUpa na batalAkara kevala usake paryAyavAcI savyabhicAra pada kA upAdAna kara diyA hai| vastutaH savyabhicAra' zabda sAdhya. vyabhicArI arthAt sAdhyAbhAva meM rahane vAlA hetu anekAntika hai, kyoMki hetu ekAntataH sAdhya ke sAtha rahanA cAhiye na ki sAdhyAbhAva ke sAtha, isa prakAra hetu kI sAdhya ke sAtha aikAntikatA kA abhAva batalAtA huA anekAntika ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kara detA hai, ataH yaha kevala paryAyalakSaNa nahIM, apitu svarUpalakSaNa hai / udayanAcArya ne kiraNAvalI bhosarvajJokta rakSaNa ko AlocanA kI hai| yadyapi anaikAntika zabda ke dvArA kevala sAdhAraNa hetu kA lAbha hotA hai, navyanaiyAyika sammata samasta anaikAntikaparivAra kA nahIM / kyoMki 'ekasmin ante bhavaH aikAntikaH' isa vyutpatti se aikAntika zabda sAdhya kI bhAva tathA abhAva donoM koTiyoM meM se hetu kI eka koTivRttitA batalA rahA hai| arthAt sAdhya kI do koThiyAM mAnI jAtI haiM-bhAva koTi aura abhAva koTi / sAdhya kI bhAva koTi ke sAtha nizcita rUpa se rahane vAlA sadudhetu aura sAdhya ko abhAva koTi ke sAtha nizcita. rUpa se rahane vAlA hetu viruddha hotA hai-ina donoM ko aikAntika kahA jAtA hai| jo aikAntika na ho arthAt bhAva koTi tathA abhAva koTi donoM meM rahatA ho, use anekAntika kahA jAtA haiN| sAdhAraNa hetu bhAva-abhAva ubhaya koTi meM anusyUta hotA hai, ataH use anaikAntika kaha sakate haiM / kintu asAdhAraNa aura anupasaMhArI ko anekAntika pada se kahanA saMbhava nahIM / tathApi nyAyaparamparA meM anekAntika se tInoM kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, jaisAki tAtparyaparizuddhi ke 'etena sodhAraNA sAdhA raNonupasaMhAryAH saMgrahItA iti sphaTama' isa vacana se spaSTa hai| hetu kA bhAva tathA 1. nyAyasUtra, 1215 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 7 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 309 4. nyAyastra 1115 5. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 1 / 215 6. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 12

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112 nyAyasAra abhAva donoM koTiyoM meM rahanA jisa prakAra anekAntikatA hai, usI prakAra donoM koTiyoM se hetu kI vyAvRtti bhI anekAntiktA hai| / sAdhAraNa anaikAntika meM hetu kI bhAva va abhAva koTiyoM meM vRttitArUpa anekAntiktA hai tathA asAdhAraNa va anupamahArI meM donoM kA TayoM se vyAvRttirUpa anaikAntiktA hai| 'zabdo nityaH zrAvaNatvAt' isa asAdhAraNa aaukAntika meM zrAvaNatva hetu kevala zabda meM rahane ke kAraNa sapakSa AtmAdi tathA vipakSa ghaTAdi ina donoM koTiyoM se vyAvRtti hai tathA 'sarvamanityaM prameyatvAt' isa anupasaMhArI meM sarvamAtra ke pakSa hone se prameyatva hetu sabhI sapakSa va vipakSa dRSTAntoM se vyAvRtta hai, kyoM ka sapakSa va vipakSa dRSTAnta pakSa bhinna hote haiM / ataH vahAM bhI prameyatva bhAva va abhAva dogeM koTiyoM se vyAvRtta hai / itano ho antara hai ki asAdhAraNa hetvAbhAsa meM sapakSa-vipakSa donoM koTiyoM ke hone para bhI hetu donoM koTiyoM meM nahIM rahatA aura anupasaMhArI meM sapakSa vipakSa koTi kA abhAva hone se vahAM hetu nahIM rahatA, kyoMki sarvamAtra ke pakSa hone se nizcitasAdhyavAn sapakSa tathA nizcitasAdhyAbhAvavAn vipakSa kA vahAM abhAva hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ko anaikAntika ke ATha bheda abhipreta haiN| yahAM unakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai1. pakSatra yavyApaka : yathA-'anityaH zabdaH prameyatvAt / ' 'prameyatva' hetu zabdarUpa pakSa, ghaTAdirUpa sapakSa tathA AtmAkAzAdirUpa vipakSa-sabhI meM vidyamAna hai / 2, pakSavyApaka sapakSa-vipakSaukadezavRtti : ____jo hetu pakSa meM marvatra tathA sapakSa va vipakSa ke ekadeza meM rahatA hai, vaha pakSa-vyApaka sapakSavipakSakadezavRtti anekAntika hai / yathA- 'nityaH zabdaH pratyakSatvAt / ' isa anumAna meM pratyakSatva hetu zabdarUpa pakSa meM sarvatra rahatA hai ataH pakSavyApa hai tathA nityatvarUpa sAdhya vAle sapakSa ke ekadeza AtmA meM rahatA haiM, dimAkAzAdi meM nhiiN| isI prakAra nityatvarUpa sAdhya ke abhAva vAle vipakSa ke ekadeza ghaTAdi meM rahatA hai, na ki dvayaNukAdi pRthivI meN| ataH sapakSavirakSakadezavRtti hai| yahAM pratyakSatva se janasAmAnya kI indriya dvArA grahaNayogyatAmAtra abhiprata hai| ataH vIcItaraMganyAya se karNazaSgulIpradeza meM utpanna zabda se bhinna pUrvavartI zabdoM ke vastutaH pratyakSa na hone para bhI unameM bhI zrotrendriyagrahaNayogyatA hone se isa hetu meM pakSakadezavRttitva kA prasakti nahIM tathA sapakSa kviAlAlAkAzAdi va vipakSa dvathaNukAdi ke bhA yogipratyakSa kA viSaya hone se isa hetu meM pakSatrayavyApakatva kI bhI prasakti nahIM hai, kyoMki ve yogipratyakSa ke viSaya hone para bhI janasAdhAraNa kI indiya dvArA grAhya nahIM haiN| 1. athApIdaM syAdane kAntikalakSaNena na sarvo'nakAntiko vyApyate yathA asAdhAraNa iti / na, anenaiva saMgrahAtU / kamiti ? vyAvRttidvAreNAbhidhIyabhAno'yamubhayAntavyAvAcaranakAntikaH / -~-nyAyavAtika, 1/215

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anumAna pramANa 3. pakSasapakSavyApaka vipakSaikadevRtiH yathA - 'gaurayaM viSANitvAt' / vipANI piNDa hI yahAM pakSa hai aura usameM sarvatra viSANitra kI sattA hone se yaha hetu pakSavyApaka hai / samasta sapakSa gopiNDoM meM bhI viSANitva hetu kI sattA hai | golsa meM bhI viSANitva kI yogyatA hai. ataH sapakSa vyApaka hai / vipakSa ke ekadeza mahiSAdi meM viSANitva kI sattA hai, azvAdi meM nahIM / isaliye yaha vipakSaikadezavRtti bhI hai / 4. pakSa vipakSavyApaka sapakSekadezavRtti : yathA - 'nAyaM gauviSANitvAt' / yahAM bhI pUrvavata viSANI piNDamAtra pakSa hai, usameM sarvatra viSANitva kI sattA hone se yaha hetu pakSa vyApaka hai / gotvAbhAva rUpa sAdhya ke abhAva vAle gomAtra.. meM bhI viSANiva kI sattA hone se vipakSa vyApaka bhI hai tathA gotvAbhAvarUpa sAdhya vAle mahiSAdi meM hetu kI sattA aura azvAdi hetu kI sattA na hone se yaha hetu sapakSakadezavRtti hai / 5. 113 pakSa trayaikadevRtti : yathA - 'nityA pRthivI pratyakSatvAt' / yahAM pratyakSatva se ayogIndriyagrAhyatra hI abhipreta hai / ataH ayogIndriyagrAhyatva - rUpa pratyakSatva ke pakSabhUta paramANvAdi pRthivI meM, nityatvarUpa sAdhya vAle digAdi sapakSa meM tathA nityatvarUpa sAdhya ke abhAvavAle anitya dvayaNukajalAdi meM na rahane se pakSa, sapakSa, vipakSa tInoM ke ekadeza meM hI rahatA hai / 6. pakSasa pakSeka dezavRtti vipakSa vyApaka : yathA - 'dravyANi divakAlamanAMsya mUrtatvAt' / yahAM amUrtatva hetu dikkAlamanorUpa pakSa ke ekadeza dik va kAla meM hI rahatA hai, mana meM nahIM tathA dravyatvarUpa sAdhyavAle AkAza meM hI amUrtatva hai, pRthivyAdi meM nahIM / ataH yaha pakSasapakSaikadezavRtti hai aura dravyatvarUpa sAdhya ke abhAva vAle guNAdi meM sarvatra rahatA hai / ataH vipakSa vyApaka hai / 7. pakSavipakSaikadezavRtti sapakSa vyApaka : yathA - 'na dravyANi dikkAlamanAMsi, amUrtatvAt' / isa anumAna meM amUrtatva hetu dikkAlamanorUpa pakSa ke ekadeza dik va kAla meM rahatA hai, mana meM nahIM tathA dravyatvAbhAvarUpa sAdhya ke abhAvarUpa dravyarUpa vipakSa bhAnyA - 15

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114 nyAyasAra ke ekadeza AkAza va AtmA meM rahatA hai, pRthivyAdi meM nhiiN| aura dravyatvAbhAva rUpa sAdhya vAle guNakarmAdi meM sarvatra rahatA hai / ataH sapakSavyApaka hai / 8. sapakSavipakSavyApaka pakSakadezavRtti : ___ yathA--'na drabyANyAkAzakAladigAtmamanAMsi, kSaNikavizeSaguNarahitatvAt / yahAM 'kSaNikavizeSaguNarahitatva' hetu AkAza-kAla-digAtmamanorUpa pakSa ke eka. deza kAla, dik, mana meM rahatA hai aura AkAza tathA AtmA meM nhiiN| ataH pakSakadezavRtti hai / tathA dravyatvAbhAvarUpa sAdhya vAle sapakSa guNAdi meM sarvatra rahatA hai, isI prakAra dvavyatvAbhAva sAdhya ke abhAva vAle vipakSa pRthivI, jala, teja, vAyu saba meM rahatA hai| ataH sapakSavipakSa vyApaka bhI hai| yahAM kSaNikatva kA artha tRtIyakSaNavRttidhvaMsapratiyogitva hai, bauddhoM kA niranvayavinAzAtmaka kSaNikatva nahIM / jainanaiyAyika prabhAcandra tathA hemacandra ne ina anekAntika-bhedoM kA ullekha kara svasammata anekAntika meM antarbhAva mAnA hai| bhAsarvajJokta ina anekAntikabhedoM para vicAra karate hue zrI vI. pI vaidya kA mantavya hai ki bhAsarvajJa ne eka suvyavasthita tathA svAbhAvika paddhati ko apanAyA hai| gaNitIya vidhi se isa hetvAbhAsa ke saMbhAvita bhedoM kI parigaNanA kI hai| anadhyavasita bhAsarvajJa ne sUtrakArasammata pAMca hetvAbhAsoM se atirikta prazastapAdasammata anadhyavasita* ko SaSTha hetvAbhAsa mAnA hai| bhAsarvajJa ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prAcIna tathA navya naiyAyikoM ne sUtrakArokta pAMca hetvAbhAsoM ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra anadhyavasita sUtrakArokta anekAntika kA ho eka bheda hai, jo asAdhAraNa saMjJA se prasiddha hai| anadhyavasita kA lakSaNa nyAyasAra meM isa prakAra hai-'sAdhyAsAdhakaH pakSa eva vartamAno'nadhyatrasitaH' B arthAt jo hetu sAdhya kA sAdhaka na ho tathA kevala pakSa meM hI rahatA ho, use anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kahate haiM / yadi 'pakSa eva vartamAno'nadhyavasitaH'-yaha lakSaNa kiyA jAya, to kevalavyatirekI ke bhI pakSamAtravRttitva ke kAraNa vahAM lakSaNa kI atiprasakti ho jAyegI, ataH 'sAdhyAsAdhakaH' yaha pada diyA gayA hai / sahacArajJAna ke virodhI jJAna ko vyabhicArajJAna kahA jAtA 1 prameyakamalamArtaDa, pR, 638. 2. prAmANamImAMsAsvopajJavRtti, 2/20. 3. Bhasarvajna proceeds in a very systematic way and naturally by considering the position of hetu as to Paxa, Sapaxa, or Vipaxa makes as many divisions of the fallacy as could be made mathematically. - Nyayasara, Notes, P. 29, 4. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 194. 5. nyAyasAra, pR. 7.

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anumAna pramANaM hai / sahacArajJAna kA virodhI jaise hetu meM sAdhAraNatAjJAna hotA hai, vaise hI asAdhAraNatAjJAna bhI / jo hetu kevala pakSa meM rahatA hai, usako anya maiM sahacAragraha saMbhava nahIM / sahacAragraha kA adhyavasAya yA nizcaya na hone ke kAraNa use anadhyavasAya kahA jAtA hai / vArtikakAra udyotakara ne ise anekAntika hetvAbhAsa kA asAdhAraNa nAmaka bheda mAnA hai / ' bhAsarvajJa ne 'nyAyabhUSaNa' meM udyotakaramata ko upanyasta kara usakA khaNDana kiyA hai| udadyotakara kA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra hetu kI pakSa-vipakSa donoM anto (koTiyoM) meM vRtti vyabhicAra hai, usI prakAra donoM antoM se usakI vyAvRtti bhI vyabhicAra hai| jaise donoM antoM (koTiyoM) meM hetu kI vRttitA ke kAraNa sAdhAraNa anakAntika hotA hai, usI prakAra donoM antoM (koTiyoM) meM hetu kA vRttyabhAvarUpa vyabhicAra hone para asAdhAraNa anaikAntika hotA hai| ataH asAdhAraNa kA bhI anekAntika meM antarbhAva ho jAne se pRthak anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| uparyukta udyotakarapakSa ke prati asahamati vyakta karate hue bhAsarvajJa kahate haiM ki upayukta rIti se asAdhAraNa kA anaikAntika meM antarbhAva mAnane para bhI vipakSa ke abhAva vAle 'sarva kArya nisyajanmatvAta, sarvamanityaM prameyatvAt' ityAdi anupasaMhArI kA anaikAntika meM antarbhAva nahIM ho sakegA / ataH use pRthaka hetvAbhAsa mAnanA hI hogA ! asAdhAraNa aura anupasaMhArI kA prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa meM bhI antarbhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki unameM prakaraNasama ke lakSaNa kA samanvaya nahIM hai / usake lakSaNa se rahita asAdhAraNAdi kA usameM antarbhAva mAnane para sabhI ke prakaraNasama meM antarbhAva kI atiprasakti ho jAyegI / ataH bhAsarvajJa kA mata hai ki 'savyabhicAraviruddhaprakaraNasamasAdhyasamakAlAtItAH hetvAbhAsAH yaha nyAyasUtra hetvAbhAsoM kI paMcatva saMkhyA ke avadhAraNa ke liye nahIM, apitu nidarzana ke liye hai| jisa prakAra ye pAMca hetvAbhAsa hai, usI prakAra hetulakSaNa rahita tathA hetu kI taraha pratIyamAna anya bho hetu hetvAbhAsa ho sakatA hai| 1. athApIdaM syAdanakAntikalakSaNena na sarvo'nai kAntiko vyApyate yathA asAdhAraNa iti / na, anenaiva saMgrahAt / kathamiti ? vyAvRttidvAreNAbhidhIyamAno'yamubhayAntavyAvRttoranakAntika iti / --nyAyavArtika, 115 2. sAdhyavyabhicAre'syAntarbhAva itye ke |......ttraantrbhaave hyati prasaMgaH syAditi / ----nyAya. bhU. pR. 309 3. etena sAdhAraNA sAdhAraNAnupasaMhAryAH saMgRhItA iti sphuTam / -- tAtparyaparizuddhi, 112.5 4. nyAyasUtra, 1.2.4. 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 309,

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116 nyAyasAra yadyapi sa tu pakSasattva, sapakSasattva, vipakSAsattva, abAdhita viSayatva va asatprati pakSatva ina pAMca rUpoM yA dharmo se yukta hotA hai| ina pAMca rUpoM meM se pratyeka rUpa ke abhAva se pAMca hetvAbhAsa hote haiN| jaise, pakSa sattva dharma se rahita asiddha, sapakSamattvadharma se rahita viruddha, vipakSAsatva dharma se rahita anaikAntika, abAdhitaviSayatva dharma se rahita kAlAtyayApadiSTa tathA asatpratipakSava dharma se rahita prakaraNa-sama yA satpratipakSa / hetu ke ina pAMca rUpoM kA jo krama hai. usI krama se una dharmo se rahita hetvAbhAsoM kA krama apanAyA jAtA hai, to asiddha, viruddha, anaikAntika kAlAtyayApadiSTa va prakaraNasama yahI hetvAbhAsoM kA krama siddha hotA hai / ataH isa kAraNa se hetvAbhAsoM kA bhAsarvajJIya krama hai, yaha kahanA adhika upayukta hai, tathApi bhAsarvajJa ne hetvAbhAsoM kA sUtrakArakrama se viparIta krama apanAne meM isa kAraNa kA kathana na kara bhinna kAraNa kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, usameM yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha anadhpavasita hetvAbhAsa ko pRthak mAnakara chaH hetvAbhAsa mAnatA hai aura 6 hetvAbhAsa mAnane para paMcavidha hetu-svarUpoM ke krama ke anusAra tattat hetusvarUparahita hetvAbhAsoM kA bhI kama hai, yaha kathana upapanna nahIM hotA / bhAsarvajJa ke atirikta anya sabhI naiyAyikoM ne anadhyavasitakI svatantra hetvA bhAsatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura isakA anaikAntika meM samAveza kiyA hai| nyAya. vaizeSika darzana ke prAyaH sabhI prakaraNapranthakAroM ne ise anekAntika kA asAdhAraNa nAmaka bheda mAnA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne sAdhAraNa anekAntika ko anaikAntika mAnA hai aura asAdhAraNa tathA anupasaMhArya kA anadhyarasita meM samAveza kiyA hai / zrI vI. pI. vaidya kA kahanA hai ki hetvAbhAsoM meM yaha koI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna nahIM hai / anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa ke bhAsarvajJakRta 6 bhedoM kI samIkSA karate hue jayasiMha sUri ne kahA hai ki vaha avidyamAna sapakSa vipakSatA, vidyamAnapakSavipakSatA tathA avidyamAnavipakSavidyamAnasapakSatA bheda se mukhyatayA tIna prakAra kA hai| kintu ve tInoM bheda pakSa ke samasta deza meM vRttitA tathA ekadeza meM vRttitA bheda se do prakAra ke haiM, ataH anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa 6 prakAra kA ho jAtA hai / / 1. liGgam paJcalakSaNam / kAni puna: paJcalakSagAni, pakSadharmatvaM, sapakSadharmatvaM, vipakSAd vyAvRttira. bAdhitaviSayatvamasatpratiprakSatvaM ceti, eteH paJcabhilakSaNairupapanna liGgamanumApakaM bhavati / eteSAmeva lakSaNAnAmekaikApAgat paca hetvAbhAsAH / -nyAyamaMjarI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 102. 2. As it is, it is not a very important addition in the hetvAbhAsAH / -Nyayasara, Notes. p. 30. 3. anadhyavasitastredhA avidyamAnasapakSavipakSatayA vidyamAnasapakSavipakSatayA avidyamAnavipakSavidyamAnasapakSatayA ca / trividho'pi pakSasarvekadezavyAptibhyAM punadhA / evaM bhedAH SaTU bhavanti / .-nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR 126.

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anumAna pramANa asAdhAraNa tathA anupasaMhArI meM 'pakSatrayavRttiranaikAntikaH' isa anaikAntikalakSaNa kA samanvaya na hone se 'nityaH zabdaH zrAvaNatvAt zabdatvavat' isa asAdhAraNa tathA 'sarvamanityaM prameyatvAt' isa anupasaMhArI hetu meM hetvAbhAsatA kI upapatti ke liye bhAsarvajJa ne anabhyavasita nAmaka SaSTha hetvAbhAsa mAnA hai aura usakA 'sAdhyAsAdhakaH pakSa eva vRttiranadhyavasitaH' yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai / isa lakSaNa kA asAdhAraNa tathA anupasaMhAro donoM meM samanvaya hai| kyoM ka asAdhAraNa ke udAharaNa meM hetu 'zrAvaNatvAt' zabdamAtra pakSa meM rahatA hai, ataH vaha zabda meM nityatArUpa sAdhya ko siddha karane meM asamartha hai, kama se kama pakSasattva, sapakSasattva va vipakSAsattva ina tIna rUpoM se upapanna hetu hI sAdhya kA sAdhaka hotA hai| anupasaMhArI meM prameyatva hetu pakSamAtravRtti hai, kyoMki vahAM sarvamAtra ke pakSa hone se tathA vipakSa dRSTAnta ke na milane se sapakSa va vipakSa meM hetu kI vRttitA nahIM hai| ataH ye donoM anadhyavasitalakSaNAkrAnta hone se anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa haiM / samIkSA anadhyavasita kA pRthak hetvAbhAsatva anupapanna hai / kyoM ke jaise hetu kA sapakSa va vipakSa donoM meM rahanA vyabhicAra hai, usI prakAra sapakSa-vipakSa donoM se ta arthAta na rahanA bhI vyabhicAra hai| ataH sapakSa vepaznAvRtti pakSamAtravRtti asAdhAraNa va anupasaMhArI bhI anaikAntika-lakSaNa kA samanvaya hone se anaikAntika hI haiN| isa prakAra hetvAbhAsoM kI paMcatA ke upapanna hone se sUtrakAra kA bhI koI virodha nahIM hotA / anadhyavasitabhedanirUpaNa bhAsarvajJa ne anadhyavasita ke chaH bheda kiye haiN| yahAM unakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. avidyamAnasapakSaviSakSa, pakSavyApaka : ___ yathA-'sarvamanityaM sattvAt / yahAM sattva hetu sarvarUpa pakSa kA vyApaka hai, kyoMki sabhI padArtha sat hai / sapakSa va vipakSa pakSabhinna hote haiM, yahAM sabhI padArtho ke sarvarUpapakSAntargata hone se tabhinna sapakSa vipakSa kI sattA nahIM hai / ataH yaha hetu avidyamAnasapakSavipakSa hai / 2. avidyamAnasapakSavipakSa, pakSakadezavRtti : yathA -'sarvamanityaM kAryatvAt' / isa anumAna meM kAryatva hetu sarvarUpapakSAntargata ghaTapaTAdi meM hI rahatA hai, AkAzAdidravya tathA sAmAnyAdi padArtho meM nahIM rahatA, ataH pokadezavRtti hai / kAryatva hetu kI avidyamAnasapakSavipakSatA pUrvavat hai /

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118 nyAyasAra 3. vidyamAnasapakSavipakSa pakSavyApaka : yathA-'anityaH zabdaH AkAzavizeSaguNatvAt / zabda kA anityatva yahAM sAdhya hai / anitya ghaTAdirUpa sapakSa tathA nitya AtmAdi vipakSa yahAM vidyamAna haiN| ataH AkAzavizeSaguNatva hetu vidyamAna sapakSa vipakSa vAlA hai tathA sabhI zabda AkAza-vizeSa guNa haiM / ataH usakA pakSavyApakatva bhI sphuTa hai| 4. vidyamAnasapakSavipakSa, pakSakadezavRtti : ___ yathA--'sarva dravyamanityaM kriyAva tvAta' / pakSIkRta samagta dravyoM ke ekadeza AkAzAdi meM kriyAvatva kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa yaha hetu pakSakadezavRtti hai| dravyoM se anyatra isakA abhAva hai, ataH yaha asAdhAraNa hai| yahAM anityatva hai, ataH nizcita anityatva vAle guNakarma sapakSa haiM / tadviparIta nityatva dharma vAle sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya vipakSa haiM / 5. avidyamAnavipakSa vidyamAnasapakSa pakSavyApaka : yathA--'sarvakArya nityamutpattidharmakatvAt / yahAM nityatva sAdhya hai, tadabhAvavAna anitya ghaTAdi vipakSa haiM, kintu ve sabhI kArya hone se pakSakoTinikSipta haiM aura vipakSa pakSa se bhinna hotA hai, ataH yahAM vipakSa kA abhAva hai| nityatvarUpa sAdhyavAn AkAzAdi sapakSa haiM, ve pakSAntargata nahIM hai, kyoMki ve kArya nahIM haiM / ataH hetu vidyamAna sapakSa vAlA hai| sabhI kAryo ke utpatti dharma vAlA hone se yaha hetu pakSavyApaka hai / 6. avidyamAnavipakSa vidyamAnasapakSa pakSakadezavRtti : yathA-'sarva kArya nityaM sAvayavatvAt' / isa anumAna meM sAvayavatva hetu meM avidyamAnavipakSatA tathA vidyamAnasapakSatA pUrvavata hai lathA kArya zabda tathA budvayAdi meM sAvayavatva ke abhAva se yaha hetu pakSaukadezavRtti hai| ___ yahAM 'sAvayavatva' kA artha 'avayavena saha vartate, tasya bhAvaH' isa vyutpatti se pratIyamAna hai / avayavasAhitya kA artha kucha logoM ne avayavArabdhatva kiyA hai, jisakA tAtparya pariNAmavAda aura vivartavAda kI vyAvRtti kAte hue ArambhavAda kA grahaNa karanA hai / sAtha hI vauddha-avayavasaMghAta kI vyAvRtti karanA bhI hai| kintu yahAM avayava zabda naiyAyikoM kI apanI paribhASA ke anusAra ekadezamAtraparaka na hokara samavAyikAraNa kA bodhaka hai / ataH sAvayavatva kA artha hai-avayavasamavetatva / paramANusamUha ke pratyeka paramANu ko vaise hI samUha kA avayava kahA jAtA hai, jaise ki taNDularAzi ke pratyeka taNDula ko avayava / kintu vaha avayava samavAyi. kAraNAtmaka nahIM, apitu, vana meM vRkSa ke samAna ekadezamAtrarUpa hai / isa prakAra avayavasamavetatva artha mAnane para sautrAntika-saMghAtabAda meM sAmayavatva kI atiprasakti

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119 anugAna pramANa nahIM hotI tathA ArambhavAda kA grahaNa hone se pariNAmavAda va vivartavAda kI vyAvRtti bhI ho jAtI hai / sarvajJa ne avidyamAnasapakSa vidyamAnavipakSa pakSavyApaka kA kAlAtyayApadiSTa meM aura avidyamAnasapakSa vidyamAnavipakSa pakSaikadezavRtti kA bhAgAsiddha meM antarbhAva mAna kara una donoM ko anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kA pRthak bheda nahIM mAnA hai / kintu viruddha hetvAbhAsa ke paukadezavRtti cAra bhedoM ke asiddha koTi meM Ane para bhI viruddhalakSaNAkrAnta hone se pUrvokta tulAdRSTAnta se ubhayavyavahArayogya batalAkara unheM jaise viruddha kA bheda bhI mAna liyA hai, usI prakAra anadhyavasita ke lakSaNa kI upapatti se uparyukta do bheda anadhyavasita ke bhI kyoM nahIM mAna liye jAte, pUrvapakSa ke isa abhiprAya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhAsarvajJa kA kahanA hai ki uparyukta do bhedoM ko anadhyavasita mAnane meM unheM iSTApatti hI hai / yadi ye donoM bheda anadhyavasita haiM, to usake bhedoM meM unakA parigaNana kyoM nahIM kiyA, isa AzaMkA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki anadhyavasita ke samasta udAharaNoM parigaNana kI pratijJA nahIM kI hai / ' kAlAtyayApadiSTa maharSi gautama ne 'kAlAtyayApadiSTaH kAlAtItaH arthAt kAlAtyaya se apadiSTa hetu kAlAtyaya ke kAraNa kAlAtIta kahalAtA hai, yaha kAlAtyayApadiSTa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / bhASyakAra ne isakI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki apadizyamAna jisa hetu vA arthaikadeza kAlAtyaya se yukta ho, vaha kAlAtyayApadiSTa arthAt kAlAtIta kahalAtA hai / " jaise - 'nityaH zabdaH saMyogavyaGgyatvAt rUpavat' isa anumAna meM 'saMyogavyaGgyatva' hetu kAlAtIta hai, kyoMki isa hetu kA ekadeza saMyoga kAlAtyaya se yukta hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki yahAM mImAMsaka ghaTapradIpasaMyoga se vyaGgya rUpa ke dRSTAnta se merIdaNDasaMyogavyaGgya zabda meM nityatA siddha karanA cAhate haiM / arthAt abhivyakti se pUrva tathA uttarakAla meM vidyamAna rUpa kI jisa prakAra ghaTapradIpasaMyoga se abhivyakti hotI hai, usI prakAra abhivyakti se pUrva tathA uttarakAla meM vidyamAna zabda kI bhI merIdaNDasaMyoga se abhivyaktimAtra hotI hai, vaha merIdaNDasaMyoga se utpanna nahIM hotA / abhivyakti se pUrva tathA uttarakAla meM bhI vaha rahatA hai, ataH nitya hai / kintu naiyAyikoM kA kathana hai ki saMyogavyaGgyatva hetu rUpadRSTAnta se zabdanityatva ko siddha karane meM asamartha hai, kyoMki ghaTapradIpasaMyogakAla meM hI rUpa kA grahaNa hotA hai, pUrvakAla va uttarakAla meM nahIM / ataH use saMyogavyaGgya mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu zabdopalabdhi merIdaNDasaMyoga ko nivRtti ho jAne para bhI 1. anadhyavasitamedAvartI bhavetAm kutsnodAharaNasya cA'pratijJAtatvAt / - nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 316. 2. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/9. 3. nyAyabhASya, 11219.

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120 nyAyasAra dUrastha puruSa ke dvArA hotI hai| ataH zabdopalabdhi me daNDasaMyogakAla kA atikramaNa kara jAtI hai / arthAt zabdanityatvasiddhi ke liye apadizyamAna saMyogavyaGgya tva hetu meM vizeSaNatayA upAtta saMyogarUpa ekadeza zabdopalabdhikAla kA atikramaNa kA jAtA hai, kyoMki zabdopalabdhikAla meM saMyoga nahIM hai| ataH yaha hetu kAlAtIta hone se zabdanityatva ko siddha nahIM kara sakatA / vArtikakAra ne bhASyakArokta vyAkhyA kA hI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| kinta vAcaspati mizra ne bhASyakArokta vyAkhyAna kA vivecana karate hue kahA hai ki jisa apadizyamAna hetu kA arthaikadeza kAlAtyaya se yukta ho, yaha bhASyakara kA vyAkhyAna svaparamatasaMzliSTa hai arthAta isa vyAkhyAna meM svamata tathA paramata donoM kA saMzliSTa vivecana hai / bhASyakAra dvArA pradatta udAharaNa paramata vyAkhyAnamAra hai, jisakA vivecana pahile kiyA jA cukA hai| svamatAnusAra vyAkhyAna meM arthazabda se dharmaviziSTa dharmI kA grahaNa hai, kyoMki apadizyamAna hetu se dharmaviziSTa dharmI kI siddhi abhipreta hai aura usakA ekadeza sAdhyarUpa dharma hai / usakA kAra sAdhyasandehakAla hai, kyoMki anumAna kI pravRtti sandigdha artha meM hI hotI hai, nirNIta artha meM nhiiN| kintu sAdhyarUpa dharma kA vaha saMzayakAla balavAna pramANa ke dvArA sAdhyAbhAva kA nizcaya karA dene se sAdhya meM sandeha na rahane se atikrAnta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra bhASyakAra ke 'apadizyamAnasya yasya hetorathaikadezaH kAlatyayena yuktaH sa kAlAtyayApadiSTaH kAlAtItaH' isa vacana kA apadizyamAna hetu ke dharmaviziSTa dharmArUpa artha kA ekadeza sAdhyarUpa dharma pratyakSAdi balavAn pramANa ke dvArA sAdhyAbhAva kA nizcaya ho jAne se apane sAdhyasaMzayarUpa kAla kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai, ataH use kAlAtyayApadiSTa kahate haiM, yaha svamatAnusAra vyAkhyAna hai| isakA svamatAnusAra udAharaNa 'agniranuSNaH dravyatvAt' hai / isa anumAna meM dravyatva hetu kAlAtyayApadiSTa hai| yahAM dravyatva hetu se agni meM anuSNatva siddha karanA hai, kyoMki agni meM anuSNatvarUpa sAdhya kA sandeha hai, kintu balavAna spArzana pratyakSa dvArA agni meM uSNatvanizcaya dvArA anuSNatvasAdhya ke sandeha kI nivRtti ho jAne se isa hetu ke sAdhyasandeharUpa kAla kA atikramaNa ho cUkA hai| ataH kAlAtIta hone se yaha hetu agni meM anuSNatva siddha nahIM kara sakatA / 'bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna' meM DA. brajanArAyaNa zarmA kA yaha kathana ki bhASyakAra aura gatikakAra ne kAlAtIta hetu ke kAla kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA aura kevala vAcaspati mizra ne isa kAlanirdhAraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai, samucita nahIM ! 1. bhASyakAra: sUtraM mva paramatazliTaM vyAcaSTe - kAlAtyayena saMzayakAlAtyayena yukto yara ya hetora. padizyamAnasyArthaka deshH...| paramate ca kAlAtyayena yukto yasya hetorartharUpa ekadezo hetuvizeSaNa. miti yAvat . sa kAlAtyayApadiSTa iti yojanA / paramatenaiva nidarzanamAha-nidarzanamiti / ...-.tyAyavArtika.tAtparyaTIkA, 1/2/9. 2. bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pR. 345,

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anumAna pramANa 121 kyoMki bhASyakAra aura bAttikakAra ne apadizyamAna saMyogavyaGgyatva hetu kA ekadeza saMyoga zabdopalabdhikala kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai. yaha kahakara kAla kA spaSTa nirdhAraNa kara diyA hai / antara itanA hI hai ki bhASyakAra ne jo udAharaNa diyA hai, vaha paramata vyAkhyAnusAra hai, ataH usa udAharaNa ke anusAra upalabdhikAla kA nirdeza kiyA hai tathA vAcaspati mizra ne kAlAvyayApadiSTa ko svamatavyAkhyAnusAra anuSNatva. sAdhaka drAva hetu sadhyasaMzayaka la kA atikramaNa kara jAtA hai, isa kathana dvArA sAdhya saMzaya hAla ko kAla mAnA hai| yaha bheda kevala vyAkhyAbheda para nirbhara hai| nyAyamaMjarI meM prakRta hetvAbhAvivecana kA avalokana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki jayanta ne kAlAtyayApadiSTa ko bhASyakAra tathA vArtikakArakRta paramatAnusArI vyAkhyA ke anusAra prastata saMyogavyaMgyatva hetu ko asiddha hetvAbhAsa kI koTi meM nikSipta kara kAlAtyayApadiSTa kI paramatAnusArI vyAkhyA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| tathA pratyakSa athavA Agama se abAdhita pakSa kA parigrahakAla hI hetu kA prayogakAla hai. usa prayogakAla kA atikramaNa kara pratyakSa athavA Agama se bAdhita viSaya meM vartamAna hetu kAlAtIta kahalAtA hai, isa rUpa se svamatAnusAriNI vyAkhyA hI prastuta kI hai / jayanta ke isake do bheda mAne haiM1. pratyakSaviruddha : 'uSNo na tejo'vayatrI kRtakatvAt ghaTavat isa udAharaNa meM saurAdi teja kA uSNatva spArzana pratyakSa se siddha hai, ataH usakA anuSNatvasAdhaka kRtakatva hetu kAlAtyayApadiSTa arthAt bAdhita haiM / 2. Agamaviruddha : 'brAhmaNena suga peyA dravatvAt kSIrAdivat' isa udAharaNa meM dravatva hetu dvArA sAdhya brAhmaNa surApAna ke "surA va malamannAnAM pApmA ca malamucyate / tagmAd brAhmaNa rAjanyau vaizyazca na surAM pibet // "" isa Agama pramANa dvArA bAdhita hone se bAdhita hai aura sAdhya ke bAdhita hone se usakA sAdhaka hetu bhI bAdhita kahalAtA hai| prastuta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki kAlAtIta hetvAbhAsa kA vAcaspatimizra tathA jayanta bhaTTa ke dvArA nirUpita svarUpa nyAyamatAnusArI hai| bhASyakAra dvArA prastuta 1. apare Aha-"savizeSaNasya hetoH yujyamAnasya yasya vizeSaNa kAryakAlamatyeti na tatparyantabhavatiSThate sa kAlAtyayApadiSTa iti..." etadapi na saMgatamasiddhatvenAsya hetvAbhASAntaratvA. nupapatteH / -nyAyamaMjarI uttarabhAga, pR0 167. 2. nyAyamArapadapacikA se udhRta, pR. 16. bhAnyA-16

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122 nyAyasAra paramatAnusAro nidarzana (nityaH zabdaH saMyogavyaGgyatvAt ) meM 'saMyogavyaGgyatva' hetu kA gautamokta pAMca hetvAbhAsoM meM sAdhyasama (asiddha) nAmaka hetvAbhAsa meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| isIliye vAcaspatimizra ne kahA hai-.."sa punarayamasiddhavizeSaNatayA sAdhyasama eveti na pRthagvAcya iti sthUlatayA eSa doSo bhASyAkAreNa nodbhAvitaH" 11 AcArya bhAsarvajJa ko bhI kAlAtIta hetvAbhAsa kA jayantabhaTTasammata svarUpa hI abhISTa hai| isIliye unhoM ne nyAyasAra meM isakA 'pramANabAdhite pakSe vartamAno hetuH kAlAtyayApadiSTaH'' yaha lakSaNa diyA hai| arthAt pratyakSAdi pramANoM se bAdhita sAdhya vAle pakSa meM vartamAna hetu kAlAtyayApadiSTa hotA hai| yahAM pakSa se 'sandigdhasAdhyavAn pakSaH' isa paribhASA ke anusAra sandigdha sAdhyavAn dharmI kA grahaNa hai| sandigdhasAdhyavAn dharmI kA upanyAsakAla hI hetu kA prayogakAla hotA hai, kyoMki sandigdhalAdhyavAn pakSa meM sandigdha sAdhya kI siddhi hI hetuprayoga kA prayojana hai| usa pakSavRtti sAdhya kA bAdha yadi pratyakSAdi pramANa se ho jAtA hai, to pakSa ke sandigdhasAdhyavAn na hone se usa kAla meM prayukta hetu prayogakAla kA atyaya ho jAne para apadiSTa hone se kAlAtyayApadiSTa kahalAtA hai / arthAt sAdhya kA kAla taba taka rahatA hai, jaba taka ki pakSa meM sAdhya kI siddhi yA bAdha na ho| sAya kI siddhi ho jAne para nirdiSTa hetu ko siddhasAdhana aura pakSa meM sAdhya kA bAdha ho jAne para prayukta hetu ko bAdhita yA kAlatyayApadiSTa kahA jAtA hai| zrI vI. pI. vaidya kA kathana hai ki kAlAtyayApadiSTa bAdhitta athavA bAdha kaise hotA hai, yaha unake samajha meM nahIM AtA / kAlAtyayApadiSTa ke antargata bhAsarvajJa bAdhita kA udAharaNa dete haiM, yaha aura bhI adhika durbodhatA kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| zrI vaidya ke isa vicAra se yahI vyakta hotA hai ki unhoMne jayanta bhaTTa tathA vAcaspati mizra ke prakRta hetvAbhAsasambandhI vyAkhyAna kA avalokana nahIM kiyA hai / anyathA aisI AzaMkA nahIM karate / kyoMki tAtparyaTIkA meM vAcaspatimizra ne isa hetvAbhAsa kI svamataparaka vyAkhyA meM 'sa hi dhamiNi balavatA pramANe tadviparItadharmanirNayaM kurvatA saMzayakAlamatipAtitaH......" isa vAkya meM balavAn pramANa dvArA bAdha batalA kara isakI bAdhita saMjJA ko sUcanA dI hai| 'hetuprayogakAlamatItya yo heturapadizyate, sa kAlAtyayApadiSTaH,' 'hetoH prayogakAlaH pratyakSAgamAnupahatapakSaparigrahasamaya eva tamatItya prayujyamAnaH pratyakSAgamabAdhite viSaye vartamAnaH kAlAtyayApadiSTo bhavati' arthAt 1. nyAyatAtparyaTIkA, pR. 1/2/9. 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 7. 3. I fail to see how this is the same as bAdhita: or bAdhaH of the later writers. I am oven much more perplexed to see, that Bhasarvajna gives more instances of bAdhita: under the heading of kAlAtyayApadiSTaH. -Nyayasara, Notes. p. 32. 4. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, 1/2/9, 5. nyAyamanjarI, uttaramAga, pR. 167.

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anumAna pramANa hetuprayogakAla kA atikramaNa kara jisa hetu kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kAlAtyayApadiSTa hai / pratyakSa tathA Agama pramANa se abAdhita sAdhyaviziSTa pakSa kA parigrahakAla hI hetu kA prayogakAla hai / ataH pratyakSAdi pramANa dvArA bAdhita sAdhyaviSayaka hetu hetuprayogakAla kA atikramaNa karane se kAlAtyayApadiSTa kahalAtA hai, isa rIti se jayanta bhaTTa ne bhI kAlAtyayApadiSTa kA artha bAdhita hai, yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai| isIliye tadanusArI bhAsarvajJa ne kAlAtyayopadiSTa va bAdhita ke eka hone se bAdhita kA udAharaNa kAlAtyayApadiSTa ke udAharaNa rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai| bAdhika saMjJA kA spaSTa ullekha na karane para bhI balavAn pramANa dvArA bAdha batalAkara ina AcAryoM ne isakI bAdhita saMjJA ke liye apanI abhyanujJA dI hai| paMcarUpopapanna hetu ke abAdhitaviSayatva kA yaha vyAghAta (bAdha) karatA hai, ataH isakI bAdhitaviSaya saMjJA ucita hai / isIliye paravartI granthakAroM ne ise kAlAtyayApadiSTa ke atirikta bAdhitaviSaya, bAdha athavA bAdhita saMjJA bhI dI haiM / kAlAtyayApadiSTa kA bhAsarvasammata artha unake dvArA diye gaye prathama udAharaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne isa hetvAbhAsa ke jayantabhaTTakRta tona bhedoM ke atirikta 3 bheda aura kiye haiN| ve 6 bheda isa prakAra haiM1 pratyakSaviruddha 4. pratyakSakadezaviruddha 2. anumAnaviruddha 5. Agamaikadezaviruddha 3. Agamaviruddha 6. anumAnakadezaviruddha 1. pratyakSaviruddha : jisa hetu kA viSaya (sAdhya) pratyakSa pramANa se apahRta ho, use pratyakSaviruddha kAlAtyayApadiSTa kahate haiM / yathA-'anupNo'yamagniH kRtakatvAt / agnyAdi meM spArzana pratyakSa se uSNatva siddha hotA hai aura anuSNatva ke sAdhaka anusAna se uSNatvasAdhaka pratyakSa pramANa jyeSTha va upajIvya hone se adhika balavAn hai| 2. anumAnaviruddha : jaise-'anityAH paramANavaH mRtatvAn' / yadyapi kevala anumAna se anumAna kA bAdha saMbhava nahIM hotA, tathApi pratyakSa se anumAnabAdha kI taraha balavAn anumAna dvArA durbala anumAna kA bAdha saMbhava hai| prakRta meM paramANusAdhaka prabala anumAna se 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 11. 2. (a) tarkabhASA, pR. 393. (ba) tarkAmRta, pR0 30. (sa) tarkasaMgraha, pR. 66. (da) nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI, pR. 272. 3. nyAyabhUSaNa pR. 316.

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124 nyAyasAra paramANu kA nityatva siddha hai, ataH paramANu ke anityatva kA sAdhaka mUrtatva hetu kAlAtyayApadiSTa arthAt bAdhita hai / paramANu ke nityatva kA sAdhaka paramANvanumAna hI hai, vaha balavAn isaliye hai ki paramANusAdhaka anumAna kA aprAmANya mAnane para prakRta anumAna meM anityatva ke Azraya dharmI paramANu kA hI abhAva hone se bhUrtatva hetu AzrayAsiddha ho jAyegA / yadi paramANusAdhaka anumAna kA prAgaNya svIkAra kiyA jAya, to vahI paramANu ke nityatva kA bhI sAdhaka hai| ataH anityatva. sAdhaka mUrtatvAnumAna usase bAdhita ho jAyegA / paramANumAdhaka anumAnavAkya isa prakAra hai-aNuparimANa kA tAratamya kahIM vizrAnta hoto hai. parimANa kA tAratamya hone ke kAraNa, mahatparimANa ke tAratamya kI taraha / ata. jaise mahatparimANa ke tAratamya kI vizrAnti AkozAdi meM hai, usI prakAra aNuparimANa ke tAratamya kI vizrAnti jahAM hotI hai, use hI parama aNu hone ke kAraNa paramANu kahate haiM / usako nitya mAnane para usase bhI adhika aNuparimANa ke hone se aNuparimANa kI vizrAnti. dhAmarUpa se paramANu kI siddhi nahIM hogii| ataH paramANusAdhaka anumAna hI paramANu ke nityatva kA bhI sAdhaka hai| 3. Agamaviruddha : 'brAhmaNena peyaM surAdi, dubadravyatvAta, kSIravat / ' yahAM 'dravadravyatva' hetu dvArA sAdhyamAna brAhmaNakartRka surApAna "goLI mAdhvI ca paiSTI ca vijJeyA trividhA suga / yathaivekA na pAtavyA tathA sarvA dvijottamaH // surA vai malamannAnAM pApmA ca malamucyate / / tasmAd brAhmaNarAjanyo vaizyazca na surAM pibet // 1 isa Agama pramANa dvArA siddha brAhmaNakartaka surApAnaniSedha se bAdhita hai / yahAM pAnamAtra sAdhya nahIM hai, apitu peya surA kA pAna brAhmaNa ke liye pApa kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, yaha sAdhya hai / kSIrAdipAna meM bhI apApanimittatva kevala Agama se hI jJeya hai, na ki pratyakSa va anumAna pramANa se| ataH apane aviSayabhUta brAhmaNakartRka suropAna kI apApanimittatA meM pravRtta anumAna brAhmaNakartRka surApAna ke popanimittatva bodhaka Agama se bAdhita ho jAtA hai / AtmA ke rUparahitatva tathA vyApakatva kA kramazaH AtmA ke AdityavarNarUpa rUpavatva tathA aMguSThamAtratvarUpa parimitatva ke bodhaka 'AdityavarNa tamasaH parastAta," aMguSThamAtraH puruSaH' ityAdi AgamoM se bAdhita nahIM hotA, kyoMki usakA tAtparya AtmA ke jJAnamayatvAdi ke bodhana meM hai na ki AdityavarNatvarUpa rUpavatvAdi ke bodhana meM aura AtmA ke rUparahitatva va vyApakatva 1. nyAyasArapadapacikA se udhRta, pR. 46. 2. zvetAzvataropaniSad , 3/8. 3. vahI, 3/13

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125 ke anumAna kA svArtha meM tAtparya hai, ataH anumAna yahAM Agama se balavAn hai / pramANoM meM svArthaparatva tathA anyArthaparatva hI unake balAbalatva kA niyAmaka hai / anupAna ! pramANa 1 4. pratyakSaikadezaviruddha : 'sarva tejo'nuSNam rUpatvAt' / isa anumAna meM rUpetva hetu se sAdhyamAna sakala tejoniSTha anugatva sakala tejodravya ke ekadeza saurAdi teja meM spArzana pratyakSa se siddha hone se pratyakSaikadezaviruddha hai / 5. anumAnaikadezaviruddha 'nityAzrayAH sarve dravatvarUparasagandhasparzA nityA apradezavRttisamAna jAtyArambhakatve sati paramANuvRttitvAt tadgataikatvAdivat' / saMyoga, vibhAga samAnajAtIya guNa ke Arambhaka aura paramANu meM samaveta hote haiM. ataH hetu kI unameM ativyApti ke nivAraNArtha apradezavRtti diyA gayA hai / anekatva sakhyA asamAnajAtIya parimANa kI Arambhaka hotI hai / jaise, dvayaNukagata vitra saMkhyA yaNuka ke aNutvajAtIya parimANa se bhinna trasareNugata mahatparimANa ko utpanna karatI hai | ataH usakI vyAvRtti ke liye samAnajAtyArambhakatva' diyA gayA hai / isa anumAna se sAdhya nivyatva naimittika dravatva, pAkaja rUpAdi ke utpAdyatvahetuka anityatvAnumAna se viruddha par3atA hai, sAMsiddhika dravatva, anAdi paramANurUpAdi ke niyatra kA kisI anumAna se virodha nahIM hai / ataH yaha anumAnaikadezaviruddha kA udAharaNa hai / 6. Agamaikadezaviruddha : yathA- 'sarveSAM devarSINAM zazerANi pArthivAni zarIratvAdasmadAdizarIravat / varuNa, Aditya, vAyu Adi katipaya devoM ke zarIra jalIya, tejasa tathA vAyavIya sune jAte haiM / ataH sabhI devarSiyoM ke zarIroM ke pArthivatva kA sAdhaka prakRta anumAna Agamaikadezaviruddha hai / prakaraNasama sUtrakAra ne 'yasmAt prakaraNacintA sa nirNayArthamapadiSTaH prakaraNasamaH 1 yaha prakaraNasama kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / bhASyakAra ne isakI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA haiM ki saMzaya ke viSaya, anirNIta pakSa va pratipakSa 'prakriyate sAdhyatvenAdhikriyate' isa vyutpatti se pravarasama kahalAte haiM / saMzaya se lekara nirNaya se pUrva taka tattvAnupalabdhi ke kAraNa usa pakSa pratipakSarUpa prakaraNa kA saMzaya jisa hetu se banA rahatA hai, usa hetu kA yadi nirNayArtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai, to use prakaraNasama kahate haiM / jaise'zabdo nityo'nityadharmAnupalabdheH,' 'zabdo'nityo nityadharmAnupalabdheH ina anumAnaprayogoM 1. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/7 2. nyAyabhASya, 1/2/1

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126 nyAyasAra frees a anityatva ke nirNAyaka kisI vizeSa dharma kI anupalabdhi va anityatva kA saMzaya banA rahatA hai, ataH usa saMzaya kA pravartaka vizeSadharmAnupalambha arthAt anityadharmAnupabdhi tathA nityadharmAnupalabdhi hetu prakaraNasama hai / ' bhAsarvajJa ne isI AdhAra para pakSasava, sapakSasattva, vipakSAsatva- ina tIna rUpoM se yukta jo hetu pakSa va pratipakSa kI siddha meM sama hai arthAt kisI eka pakSa kI siddhi nahIM karatA, use prakaraNasama kahA hai / " jaise upayukta anumAna meM vizeSadharmAnupalambharUpa hetu prakaraNa - sama hai, kyoMki vahAM donoM hetuoM meM zabda meM niyatatva va anityatva ke nirNAyaka kisI vizeSa dharma kI upalabdhi nahIM hai / uparyukta donoM anumAnoM meM prayukta donoM hetu zabda meM vizeSadharmAnupalambha ko hI vyakta kara rahe haiM / ataH vastutaH hetu vizeSa dharmAnupalambharUpa eka hI hai, jo ki pakSa va pratipakSa meM arthAt zabdAnityatva tathA zabdanityala donoM meM samAna hai, donoM ko siddha karatA hai / ina pAMca prakAra ke hetvAbhAsoM se bhinna viruddhAvyabhicArI bhI hetvAbhAsa hai / mImAMsaka tathA diGnAga prabhRti bauddha dArzanikoM ne ise mAnA hai / ekadharmI meM rUpya ke kAraNa samAna lakSaNa vAle do viruddha hetuoM kA saMnipAta viruddhAvyabhicArI hetvAbhAsa hai / jaise- nityamAkAzamamUrtadravyatvAt Atmavat anityamAkAzamasmadAdibAhyendrimAhyaguNAdhAratvAt ' * ina anumAnoM meM eka hI AkAzarUpa dharmI meM nityatva tathA anityatva ke sAdhaka pakSasattra, sapakSasattva va vipaznAsattvarUpa rUpya ke kAraNa tulya lakSaNa vAle 'amUrtadravyatva' tathA 'asmadAdibAhyendriyagrAhyaguNAdhAratva' - ina do viruddha hetuoM kA saMnipAta hai / ataH yaha viruddhAvyabhicArI hai ! prakaraNasama meM do viruddha hetu nahIM hote, kintu eka hI hotA hai jo pakSa pratipakSa ko siddha karatA hai, kintu viruddhAvyabhicArI meM do viruddha hetuoM kA saMnipAta hai aura donoM meM avya bhicAritAjJAna hai / ata: vaha prakaraNasa se bhinna hai / prazastapAdAcArya ne isake svarUpa kA ullekha karate hue batAyA hai ki isameM do viruddha hetuoM ke saMnipAta se yaha sAdhya meM saMzaya kA utpAdaka hai, ataH yaha sandigdha hetvAbhAsa kA eka bheda hai, aisA katipaya dArzanika mAnate haiM, kintu vaha sandigdha nahIM, apitu asAdhAraNa hone se anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa hai / " bauddha AcArya diGnAga ko yaha anaikAntika ke eka prabheda rUpa meM abhISTa hai, kyoMki unhoMne anekAntika ke bhedoM ko pradarzita karate hue 'viruddhAvyabhicArI, yathA anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat / nityaH zabdaH zrAvaNatvAt zabdatvavaditi / " yaha 1. nyAyamaJjarI, uttara bhAga, pR. 158-19. 2. svapakSa parapakSa siddhAvapi trirUpo hetuH prakaraNasamaH / 3. anekAntikaH SaTprakAra: 5, virudvAvyabhicArI ceti / - 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 12. 5. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 192. 6. nyAyapraveza, bhAga 1, pR. 4-5. -nyAyasAre, pR. 7. * nyAyapraveza, bhAga 1,1.3.

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anumAna pramANa 127 virudvAvyabhicArI kA udAharaNa diyA hai / dharmakIrti ne viruddhAvyabhicArI ko pramANasiddha na hone se asambhava mAnA hai / ' nyAyamaMjarIkAra jayantabhaTTa ne viruddhAvyabhicArI anekAntika kA bheda hai, isakA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai / viruddhAvyabhicArI ho cAhe kathaMcit saMzaya kA janaka ho, kintu saMzayajanakatva anaikAntika kA lakSaNa nahIM, apitu pakSaddhavRttitva hai aura pakSaddhayavRttitA virudvAvyabhicArI meM nahIM hai, ataH use anaikAntika kA bheda nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / saMzayajanakatva ko anaikAntika kA lakSaNa mAnane para indriya ke bhI 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' ityAkAraka saMzaya yA janaka hone se usameM lakSaNa ko atiprasakti hogI | 2 viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatvAzaMkA yadyapi virudrAvyabhicArI ko hetvAbhAsa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, kyoMki yadi eka ho vyakti ina do pRthak-pRthak anumAnoM kA prayoga karatA hai, to eka hI dharmI meM do viruddha dharmo kA pratipAdana karane ke kAraNa vaha unmatta kahalAyegA / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki do vAdI eka sAtha uparyukta donoM anumAnoM kA prayoga karate haiM, eka vAdI nahIM, to eka sAtha prayoga karane ke kAraNa inase arthapratipatti nahIM hogI / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki do vAdI hI pRthak-pRthak anumAnoM kA prayoga karate haiM, vaha bhI eka sAtha nahIM, kramazaH karate haiM, ataH uparyukta doSoM kI AzaMkA nahIM ho meM sakatI / tathApi dUsare anumAna kA prayoga karane vAle ko prathama anumAna duSTatvajJAna hai athavA aduSTatvajJAna ? yadi duSTatvajJAna hai, to use avyabhicArI nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura aduSTatvajJAna hai, to prathama anumAna ke aduSTa hone se usase siddha sAdhya ke viSaya meM dvitIya anumAna kA utthAna nahIM ho sakatA / ataH viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatA nahIM bana sakatI / zaGkAnirAsa isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki jisa vyakti ko donoM anumAnoM meM kisI eka pakSa ke sAdhaka vizeSa dharma kA abhimAna na hone se sandeha hai aura kisI eka pakSa kA nizcaya nahIM hai, aise vyakti ke prati donoM anumAna avyabhicArI haiM aura paraspara viruddha bhI haiN| aise vyakti kI apekSA se yaha hetvAbhAsa hai / jaise, anyatarAsiddha eka ke mata meM asiddha hote se usI kI apekSA se 1. viruddhAvyabhicAryapi saMzayaheturuktaH / sa iha kasmAnnoka: 1 (nyAyabindu, 3 / 110 ) satyam | uktaM AcAryeNa / mayA tviha noktaH kasmAdityAha - 'anumAnaviSaye'sambhavAt / ( nyAyabindu, (3 / 111 ) - dharmottara pradIpa, pR. 224-225. " 2. viruddhAnyabhicAriNo vA yathA tathA saMzayahetutAmadhiropya kathyatAmanekAntikatA na tu saMzaya. janakatvaM tat ( anekAntika) - lakSaNam, indriyAderapi tajjanakatvena tathAbhAvaprasakterapi tu pakSadvaya vRttitvamanekAntikalakSaNam / asAdhAraNaviruddhAvyabhicAriNoH kathaJcit saMzayahetutve'pi pakSayavRttyabhAvAnAne kAntikavarge'ntarbhAvaH / -nyAyamaMjarI, uttarabhAga, pR. 156.

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128 nyAyasAra hetvAbhAsa hai. dUsare kI apekSA se nahIM / dusare anumAna kA prayoga karane vAle prativAdI ko vAdI dvArA prayukta prathama anumAna meM duSTatvajJAna yA adaSTatvajJAna hai, isa vikalpa dvArA isa hetvAbhAsa ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa nirarthaka hai. kyoMki mAdhya. siddhi ke liye prayukta prathama anumAna ke bAda prativAdI jo dvitIya anumAna kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha prathama hetu meM avizeSatApradarzanArtha hai. prathama hetu kI duSTatA batalAne ke liye nahIM / tAtparya yahI hai ki vAdI ne zabna meM nityatva ko siddha karane ke liye amUrtadravyatvarUpa hetu ko prayoga kiyaa| isake bAda prativAdI ne anityatvasAdhaka 'asmadAdibAiyendri grAhyatva rUpa' dUsare hetu kA prayoga kiyaa| vaha pUrva hetu ke duSTatva kA bodhana karane ke liye nahIM, apitu jaise prathama hetu 'amRtadavya' zabda meM nityatva siddha karatA hai, to dUsarA 'asmamAdibAhayendriya grAhyatva' hetu usameM anityatva siddha kara sakatA hai| ataH zabda meM nityatva va anityatva kA nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra donoM hI hetaoM meM se kimI bhI vyabhicAritA kA jJAna nahIM hai / ataH avyabhicArI haiM aura donoM hetu paraspara viruddha bhI haiN| ataH inakI viruddhAvyabhicAritA upapatra ho jAtI haiM / donoM hetuoM meM avyabhicAritA pratipattA ke abhipAya se hai ki use kipI bhI hetu meM vyabhicAritA pratipattA kA jJAna nahIM hai| vastutaH AkAzasAdhaka anumAna ke dvArA hI AkAza meM nityatva kA nizcaya hai. ataH donoM hetuoM meM avyabhicAritA nahIM hai, kevala nityatvasAdhaka hetu meM hI hai| bhAsarvajJa ne uparyukta rIti se viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatA siddha kI hai| yadyapi nyAyamaMjarIkAra jayanta bhaTTa ne viruddhAvyabhicArI ke hetvAbhAsatva kA pratyAkhyAna kiyA hai| unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki 'pratyakSo vAyuH sparzavattvAd ghaTavata', 'apratyakSo vAyurarUpatvAdAkAzavat' yaha virudvAvyabhicArI kA udAharaNa hai, kyoMki yahAM eka hI vAyurUpa dharmI meM pratyakSatva yA apratyakSatva ke sAdhaka sparzavatva va arUpatva ina do viruddha dharmo kA saMnipAta hai| kintu vAyu meM jaba sparzana pratyakSa ke dvArA pratyakSatva siddha hai, taba usameM anumAna ke dvArA pratyakSatva yA apratyajhatva ko siddhi sarvathA asaMgata hai / tathA ina donoM meM eka hetu avazya hI aprayojaka hai, kyoMki vastu meM dvairUpya saMbhava nahIM aura hetuoM se vAyu meM dvairUpya kI siddhi jI jA rahI hai / api ca, yadi vAdI ne kisI vastu ko siddha karane ke liye hetu kA prayoga kiyA hai, to prativAdI ko usa hetu ke guNa yA doSa para vicAra karanA cAhiye, na ki viruddha hetu ke upanyAsa dvArA usameM saMzayotpAdana yA avizeSato kA utpAdana / ataH sAdhyasAdhaka do viruddha hetaoM kA samAveza saMbhava nahIM. kyoMki una donoM meM se eka avazya vyabhicArI hai, ataH donoM hetuoM kA ekatra samAveza tathA donoM kI avyabhicAritA ke asaMbhava se viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatA saMbhava nahIM / tathApi isa taraha virudbhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatA kA nirAkaraNa karane 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 32. 2. nyAyamaMjarI. uttara bhAga, pR. 156.

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anumAna pramANa 129 para 'nityaH zabdo'nityadharmAnupalabdheH AkAzavat ,' 'anityaH zabdo nityadharmAnupalabdherghaTavat' yaha prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa bhI anupapanna hai, kyoMki zabdarUpI dharmI dravyAtmaka nahIM ho sakatA aura prakaraNa sama bhI viruddhAvyabhicArI kI taraha dravyAtmakatA batalA rahA hai, tathApi jaise prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa usa pramAtA ke prati hai, jo ki zabda meM kRtakatvAdi vizeSa dharma ke aparijJAna se zabda meM anityatvarUpa dharma kA nizcaya karane meM asamartha hai umI prakAra viruddhAvyabhicArI bhI usI puruSavizeSa ke prati hai to AkAza meM AtmA kI taraha vyApakatvarUpa dharmavizeSa ke ajJAna se usameM nityatvasAdhana karane meM asamartha hai / ataH viruddhAvyabhicArI ko hetvAbhAsatA akSuNNa hai| kintu vaha eka taraha se prakaraNasama kA hI nAmAntara hai, isIliye jayanta bhaTTane 'yadyevaMvidhasya prakaraNasamasya virudhAvyabhicArIti nAma kriyate tadapi bhavatu iti 1 isa ukti ke dvArA viruddhAvyabhicArI ko prakaraNasama kA hI nAmAntara batalAyA hai| prakaraNasama meM eka hI hetu hotA hai aura viruddhAvyabhicArI meM do viruddha hetu hote haiM, yA bheda bhI akiMcitkara hai, kyoMki bhAsarvajJokta prakaraNasama ke udAharaNa meM samAna hetu ke hone para bhI nityaH zabdaH anityadharmAnupalabdheH AkAzavat', 'anityaH zabdo nityadharmAnupalabdherghaTavat' isa uparyukta prakaraNasama ke udAharaNa meM do hI hetu haiM, na ki eka / aisA mAnane para 'ekatra tulyalakSaNavirudbhahetudvayopanipAtA viruddhavyabhicArItyeke isa pATha kA yahI Azaya mAnanA hogA ki katipaya vidvAn prakaraNasama ko hI virudvAvyabhicArI mAnate haiM / yadi isako prakaraNasama se bhinna mAnA jAyegA, to hetvAbhAsa kI SaDUvidhatA kA bhaMga hogA / ataH bhAsarvajJa ko viruddhAvyabhicArI kI hetvAbhAsatA abhISTa hote hue bhI usakA prakaraNasama se pArthakya abhipreta nahIM hai| udAharaNa anumAnavAkya ke pAMca avayavoM meM udAharaNa kA viziSTa sthAna hai| nyAyabhASyakAra ne udAharaNa kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai-'asatyudAharaNe kena sAdharmya vaidharmya vA sAdhyasAdhanamupAdIyeta? kasya vA sAdharmyavazAdupasaMhAraH pravarteta?" arthAt udAharaNa ke na hone para kisa ke sAtha sAdhyasAdhaka sAdharmya athavA vaidharmya kA upAdAna kiyA jAyegA ? kisake sAdharmya se pakSa meM upanaya tathA nigamana dvArA hetu aura sAdhya kA upasaMhAra hogA ? nyAyasUtrakAra maharSi gautama ne udAharaNa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-"sAdhyasAdhAttaddharmabhAvI dRSTAnta udAharaNama' 'udAhiyate'neneti udAharaNam' 1. nyAyamaMjarI, uttara bhAga pR 160. 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 12 3. nyAyabhASya, 1/1/39 4. nyAyasUtra, 1/1/36 bhAnyA-17

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nyAyasAra isa karaNa vyutpatti se karaNa kAraka kA parigraha hone se udAharaNa vacanAtmaka hai, kyoMki karaNa kAraka vacanAtmaka hotA hai, jaba ke dRSTAnta arthAtmaka hai| artha aura zabda kA sAmAnAdhikaraNya nahIM ho sakatA, ataH nyAyasUtra meM udAharaNa ke lakSaNa meM dRSTAnta aura udAharaNa kA sAmAnAdhikaraNya ucita nahIM hai. isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue vArtikakAra ne kahA hai ki yahAM dRSTAnta kA vacana ke vizeSaNarUpa meM upAdAna abhapreta hai / arthAta dRSTAntarUpa artha udAharaNa nahIM hai, apitu 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatra vahniH yathA mahAnase' ityAkAraka dRSTAntavacana udAharaNa hai / svatantra dRSTAnta udAharaNa nahIM hai, isIliye vArtikakAra ne sautralakSaNa kA pariSkAra karate hue kahA hai-'sAdhyasAdhAt taddharmAmAvitve sati abhidhIyamAna itiH|| arthAt vahnirUpa sAdhya vAle parvatarUpa dharmI meM vahnirUpa sAdhya vAle mahAnasa kA vacana udAharaNa hai| vArtikakAra ke samAdhAna kA vizadIkaraNa karate hue vAcaspati mizra ne bhI yahI niSkarSa prastuta kiyA haiM-'tena tAdRzadRSTAnteno glakSitaM tadviSayaM vacanamudAharaNam / vArtikakAra ke samAdhAna ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhAsarvajJAcArya ne bhI udAharaNa kA tadanusAra nirduSTa lakSaNa kiyA hai-' samyagdRSTAntAbhidhAnamudAharaNam' / nyAya pUtra meM dRSTAnta aura udAharaNa ke sAmAnAdhikaraNya ke upapAdana ke lie bhAsarvajJa ne do samAdhAna prastuta kiye haiN| prathama samAdhAna vArtikakAra Adi pUrvAcAryo kI rIti ke anusAra hai| abhidhIyamAna kA adhyAhAra karane para sAmAnAdhikaraNya ho jAtA hai athavA abhidhIyamAna ke sthAna para vacana kA adhyAhAra karake bhI sAmAnAdhikaraNya sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya samAdhAna kA Azaya yaha hai ki anya zAstroM meM 'dRSTAnta udAharaNam' isa rUpa se dRSTAnta tathA udAharaNa kA abheda-vyavahAra prasiddha hai| isa vyavahAra ko upapatti ke lie yahAM bhI upacArataH 'dRSTAntaH udAharaNam' aisA kaha diyA hai| upacAra kA prayojana yaha hai ki dRSTAnta ke guNa-doSoM se hI udAharaNavAkya meM guNadoSavattA siddha hotI hai / avayava anumAnavAkya ke ekadeza hote haiM aura udAharaNa bhI avayava hone ke kAraNa anumAnavAkya kA ekadeza hai, dRSTAntarUpa artha vAkya kA ekadeza nahI ho sakatA / ataH dRSTAnta udAharaNa nahIM, kintu mahAnasAdi artharUpa dRSTAnta kA vacana hI mukhyatayA udAharaNa hai| ___ udAharaNalakSaNa meM prayukta 'samyak vizeSaNa para vicAra karate hue bhAmarvajJa kA kathana hai ki 'dRSTAntAbhidhAnamudAharaNam' yaha kahane para bhI udAharaNAbhAsoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki ve dRSTAntavacana nahIM hote, tathApi avyAptyabhidhAnAdi 1. nyAyavArtika, 1/1/36 2. tAtparyaTIkA, 1/1/36 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 12 4. nyAyabhUSama, pR. 321 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 321 .

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anumAna pramANa vacanadoSoM kI nivRtti ke liye samyak zabda kA grahaNa hai|' jaise aninyaM manomUrtasvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna meM 'ghaTavat' dRSTAnta 'yanmUrta tada natyam' isa vyApti kA abhidhAna karane meM asamartha hai, kyoMki vati pratyaya yA to kriyAsAmya meM yA SaSThayanta yA saptamyanta se hotA hai / 'yathA ghaTaH' ityAkAraka dRSTAntavacana se 'yanmUrta tadanityam' isa vyApti kI spaSTa pratIti ho jAtI hai / ataH 'ghaTavat' ityAkAraka dRSTAntavacana ko vyApti kA abhidhAna na karane ke kAraNa udAharaNAbhAsa kahA hai| __udAharaNa do prakAra kA hotA hai - sAdhodAharaNa tathA vaidhodAharaNa / nyAyasUtrakAra ne 'sAdhyasAdhAt tadviparyayAdvA viparItam ' dvArA usake dvavidhya kI sUcanA dI hai / udAharaNa ko nidarzana zabda se vyavahRta karate hue prazastapAda ne bhI isake do prakAra batalAye haiM !' anvayI dRSTAnta kA kathana sAdhodAharaNa kahalAtA hai / jaise-'anityaH zabdastotrAdidharmopetatvAt / yadyattIvAdidharmopetaM tattadanityaM dRSTam, yathA sukhAdi / ' vyatirekamukhena dRSTAnta kA kathana vaidhodAharaNa kahalAtA hai / jaise-'yadanityaM na bhavati na tattIvAdidharmopetam yathAkAzam / sUtrokta udAharaNalakSaNa meM 'sAdhyasAdharmyAt' meM paMcamI vibhakti ke prayoga para vicAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa kahate haiM ki anitya dRSTAnta anya kAraNa se utpanna hote haiM, na ki sAdhyasAdharmya se aura nitya dRSTAnta kI utpatti kA prazna nahIM uThatA / sAdhyasAdharmya se dRSTAnta kI jJapti bhI nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, kyoMki vaha pratyakSa pramANa se athavA sAdhanAntara se jJAta hotA hai / ataH utpatti va jJapti donoM pakSoM meM 'sAdhyasAdharmyAt' meM paMcamyartha anupapanna hai| isakA samAdhAna prastuta karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki sUtrakAra ne yahAM dRSTAnta kA vizeSa lakSaNa diyA hai / dRSTAnta ke sAmAnya lakSaNa kA kathana to 'laukikaparokSakANAM yasminnarthe buddhisAmyaM sa dRSTAntaH' isa sUtra dvArA pahale hI batalA diyA gayA hai| yahAM dRSTAnta ke sAmAnya lakSaNa ke anuvAdapUrvaka sAdharmyadRSTAnta aura vaidharmyadRSTAnta kA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA hai / paMcamI kA prayoga to paraspara bhedasiddhi ke liye kiyA gayo hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki pUrvhakta dRSTAnta do prakAra kA hai - tadudharmabhAvI (sAdharmyavAn) aura ataddharmabhAvo (vaidharmyavAn) / sAdharmyadRSTAnta kA vaidharmyadRSTAnta 1. (a) vahI (ba) samyagityamidhAnavizeSaNaM bhinna padam / taccAvyAptyabhidhAnAdenirAsArtham / -nyAyasArapadapaJcikA, pR. 46 2. prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 197 3. nyAyamAra, pR. 12 4. bahI 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 320 6. nyAyasUtra, 1/1/25

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nyAyasAra se sAdhyasAdharmya ke kAraNa tathA vaidhaHdRSTAnta kA sAdharmyadRSTAnta se sAdhyavaidharmya ke kAraNa bheda hai / isa bhedakAraNa ke pradarzanArtha 'sAdhyasAdhAt' tathA 'sAdhya. vaidhAt' meM kAraNa rthaka paMcamI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dRSTAnta ke sAmAnya lakSaNa meM isa bAta ko na bata lAkara yahAM batalAne kA prayojana hai-bhedasahita udAharaNa lakSaNa kA pradarzana / ' udAharaNAbhAsa 'samyagdRSTAntavacanam udAharaNam' isa udAharaNalakSaNa meM 'samyak' pada udA. haraNAbhAsoM kI vyAvRtti ke liye hai, yaha kahA gayA hai| ataH udAharaNanirUpaNa ke pazcAt prasaMgataH vyAvartya udAharaNAbhAsoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| . bhAratIya darzanazAstra ke granthoM meM jisa prakAra hetvAbhAsoM kA vizada nirUpaNa prApta hotA hai, usI prakAra udAharaNAbhAsoM kA bhI / stravAkyoM meM parivarjana tathA parakIya vAkyoM meM unake udbhAvana ke liye udAharaNAbhAsoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| udAharaNAbhAsoM ke svarUpa tathA saMkhyA ke viSaya meM bhAsarvajJAcArya pUrvavartI AcAryoM se prabhAvita pratIta hote haiN| prazastapAdAcArya ne sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya donoM prakAra ke nidarzanAbhAsoM meM pratyeka ke 6 pramedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / bauddha dArzanika diGnAga ne donoM ke pA~ca-pA~ca prameda batalAye haiN| dharmakIrti ne donoM prakAra ke udAharaNAbhAsoM meM se pratyeka ke 9 prabheda kiye haiN| nyAyasUtra, nyAyabhASya tathA nyAyavArtika meM udAharaNAbhAsoM kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA / bhAsarvajJa se. pUrvavatI naiyAyikoM meM jayanta bhaTTa ne donoM prakAra ke udAharaNAbhAsoM ke 5-5 bhedoM kA sodAharaNa ullekha kiyA hai| jayanta bhaTTa ne prathama tIna bhedoM ko vastudoSakRta tathA zeSa do ko vacanadoSakRta mAnA hai / sUtrakAra dvArA udAharaNAbhAsoM kA ullekha na karane ke viSaya meM jayanta bhaTTa ne spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai-'ete ca vastuvRttena hetudoSA eva tadanuvidhAyitvAdata eva hetvAbhAsavatsUtrakRtA nopadiSTAH asmAbhistu ziSyahitAya pradarzitA eva' / ' tAtparyaTIkA meM vAcaspati mizra ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki 'sAdhyasAdhAt taddharmabhAvI dRSTAnta udAharaNam' isa sUtra meM 'sAdhyasAdharmya' ke grahaNa se sAdhana vikala kI udAharaNAbhAsatA jJAta hotI hai| jaise-'nityaH zabdaH amUrtatvAt paramANuvat' isa anumAna meM paramANurUpa dRSTAnta 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 321 2. prachastapAdabhA, pR. 198-199 3. nyAyapraveza, bhAga 1, pR. 5 4. nyAvabindu, pR. 7-8 . 5. nyAyamaMjarI, uttara bhAga, pR. 140 6. vahI, pR. 140

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anumAna pramANa udAharaNAbhAsa hai, kyoMki zabdarUpa pakSa meM rahane vAlA amUrtatva dharma paramANu meM nahIM rahatA / taddharmabhAvI' se sAdhyavikala kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| jaise nityaH zabdaH mUtvAt karmavat' isa anupAna meM karmarUpa dRSTAnta sAdhyavekala hai, kyoM ke zabdarUpa pakSa kA dharma nityatva karma meM nahIM hai / isase ubhayavikala kA bhI nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| jaise 'nityaH zabdaH amUrtatvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna meM ghaTa dRSTAnta sAdhyadharma arthAta pakSadharma amUrtatva tathA taddharma arthAt sAdhyarUpa pakSadharma nityatva donoM se vikala hai| yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jayanta bhaTTa tathA vAcaspati mizra ne prazastapAda. diGnAga tathA vizeSatayA dharmakIrti se prabhAvita hokara udAharaNAbhAsoM kA vibhAga kiyA hai / ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI udAharaNAbhAsoM kA vibhAga karane vAle AcAryoM meM prazastapAda, diGnAga tathA dhamakI jayanta bhaTTa Adi the| inhIM AcAyoM se prabhAvita hokara bhAsarvajJa ne donoM ke 6-6 bheda batalAye haiN| prathama tIna ke sAtha prazastapAda tathA daGanAga ne asiddha zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura dharmakIrti ne vikala zabda kA / bhAsarvajJa ne dharmakIti tathA jayanta bhaTTa ke anusAra prathama tIna ke sAtha bhI vikala zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM bhAsarvajJa dharmakIti se prabhAvita hai. yaha mAnyatA pro. dhruva tathA pro. devadhara ne abhivyakta kA, parantu prazastapAda ke prabhAva kA bhI pratiSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jayanta bhaTTa kI taraha bhAsarvajJa ne donoM vargo ke udAharaNobhAsoM meM prathama cAra ko arthadoSa aura antima do ko vacanadoSa kahA hai / navyayAya ke pravartaka gaMgezopAdhyAya ne bho inhoM bAraha bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, antara kevala yaha hai ki unhoMne antima cAra bhedoM ko anupadarzitAnvaya, viparIta upadarzitAntraya, anupadarzita. vyatireka aura viparIta upadarzitavyatireka ina nAmoM se vyapadeSTa kiyA hai| vAcaspati mizra, jayanta bhaTTa, bhAsarvajJa aura gaMgazopAdhyAya dvArA nirUpita udAharaNAbhAsa svalpa parivatana ke sAtha prazastapAda ke bAhara bhedoM kA hI vibhinna zabdAvalI meM ullekha hai| paraSkRta nAmoM ke atirikta inameM kisI tathya kA pratipAdana parilakSita nahIM hotaa| 1. tAtparyaTIkA, 1/1/36 2. Sanghavi Sukhlal, Advanced __Metaphysics, p. 107. 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 13 Studies in Indian Logic and 4. Dharmakirti's list is adopted in the Nyayasara of Bhasarvajaa .. -The Nyayapravesa, Part I, Notes, p. 77 5. Our author has closely followed Dharmakirti in this respect. --Nyayasara, Notes, p, 41

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224 udAharaNAbhAsa kA lakSaNa dete hue bhAsarvajJAcArya kahate haiMudAharaNalakSaNarahitAH udAharaNavadava bhAsamAnA udAharaNAbhAsAH / 1 hetvAbhAsalakSaNa kI taraha yahAM bhI 'tallakSaNarahitatva vizeSaNa diyA gayA haiM / samIcIna udAharaNoM meM udAharaNAbhAsa ke lakSaNa ko ativyApti ke nivAraNArtha isa vizeSaNa kI sArthakatA hai / AcArya bhAsarvajJa kI mAnyatA hai ki vaise to udAharaNAbhAsa aneka prakAra ke haiM, parantu sAdhyavikala, sAdhanavikala ityAdi ATha arthadoSa aura 4 vacanadoSa- inhIM 12 bhedoM ko hI aneka pUrvAcAryoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, ataH unhIM kA prArambha meM nAmollekha kiyA gayA haiM / unake bhedoM ko pratipatti ke liye udAharaNa bhI bAraha hI diye gaye haiM / granthagaurava ke parihArArtha bhAsarvajJa ne anityaM mano mUrtasvAt ' isa vAkyaprayoga meM hI samasta udAharaNAmAsoM ko udAhRta kara diyA hai / sAdharmyadAharaNAbhAsa 6 1. sAdhyavikala : 'anityaM mano mUrtasvAt paramANutrat' isa anumAna meM 'yanmUrta tadanityaM dRSTam yathA paramANuH' yaha paramANurUpa udAharaNa anityatvarUpa sAdhya se vikala hai / 2. sAdhanavikala : nyAyasAra * uparyukta anumAna meM hI karmarUpa dRSTAnta mUrtasvarUpa sAdhana se vikala hai, kyoMki karma mUrta nahIM hai / 3. ubhayavikala : 'yathAkAzam / ' yahAM dRSTAnta AkAza anityatva aura mUrtatva dInoM se vikala hai, kyoMki AkAza na anitya hai aura kriyArahita hone se na mUta hI hai / 4. AzrayahIna : 'khaviSANam / ' kharaviSANa kA atyanta asattva hai / ataH dharmirUpa Azraya ke abhAva meM sAdhya tathA sAdhana dharmoM ke vyApyavyApakabhAva kI pratIti usameM nahIM ho sakatI / 1. vyAyasAra, gR. 13 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 322. 5. avyAptyabhidhAna : 'anityaM mano mUrtatvAt ghaTavat / ' yahAM 'ghaTavat' ityAkAraka dRSTAntavacana 'yadyanmUrta tadanityam' yA 'yanmUrta' tatsarvamanityam' isa vyApti ko nahIM batalA rahA hai, kyoMki ' yadyanmUrta tadanityam yathA ghaTaH' ityAkAraka vacana se vyApti kI pratIti

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135 anumAna pramANa hotI hai / ataH 'ghaTavat' udAharaNa avyAptyabhidhAna doSa se yukta hai / avyAptyabhidhAna ko bhAsarvajJa zabdadoSa mAnate haiM / anya AcArya bhI aisA mAnate haiM, parantu katipaya anya AcArya ise doSa nahIM mAnate, kyoMki sabhI zAstroM meM' 'ghaTavat' isa rUpa se dRSTAntaprayoga pAyA jAtA hai / ataH yadi pratyakSAdi pramANa se mUrtatva va anityatva kI vyApti siddha hai, taba to 'anityaH zabda kAryatvAt ghaTavata' isa anumAna meM kAryatva va anityatva ko vyApti kI taraha mUrtatva tathA anityatva kI vyApti bhI vana sakatI hai / kintu pratyakSAdi pramANa dvArA mUrtatva tathA anityatva kI vyApti siddha na hone para kevala ' yadyanmUrta tatsarvamanityaM yathA ghaTaH' yaha vacana vyApti kA bodhana nahIM karatA / 6. viparItavyAptyabhidhAna : 'yadanityaM tanmUrta dRSTam | yaha viparIta vyAptyabhidhAnarUpa zabdadoSa hai, kyoMki 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatra agniH ' isa rUpa se sAdhanAnuvAdapUrvaka sAdhya kA vidhAna vyApti meM hotA hai, jisase ki sAdhyasiddhi meM sAdhana kA sAmarthya pratipAdita ho sake / 'yo yo'gnimAn sa dhUmavAn' isa prakAra vyApti kA viparIta abhidhAna karane para dhUma meM agni kI vyApti pratIta nahIM hotI aura usakI pratIti na hone para vyApta dhUma parvata meM agni ko siddha karane meM asamartha rahatA hai / isa prakAra pUrvokta sAdhyavikalAdi cAra arthadoSa tathA aJyAptyabhidhAna va viparItavyAptya bhidhAna rUpa do zabdadoSa milakara 6 sAdhamryodAharaNAbhAsa haiM / vaiSamyadAharaNAbhAsa 6 prakAra ke sAdharmyAdAharaNAbhAsoM kI taraha 6 prakAra ke hI sAdhanAvyAvRttAdi vaidhamryodAharaNAbhAsa haiM / unakA udAharaNa 'anityaM mano mUrtatvAt' hai / 1. sAdhanAvyAvRtta : ' yattu nityaM tanmUrtamapi na bhavati, yathA- paramANu: / ' yahAM sAdhanamUrtatva dRSTAnta paramANu se vyAvRtta nahIM hai / 2. sAdhyAvyAvRtta : " yat nityaM tat mUrtamapi na bhavati yathA karmeti / yahA~ sAdhya anityatva karma se vyAvRtta nahIM hai / 3. ubhayAvyAvRtta : yannityaM tanmUrtamapi na bhavati yathA ghaTaH / yahA~ sAdhana aura sAdhya donoM ho dRSTAnta ghaTa se vyAvRtta nahIM haiM / arthAt ghaTa meM mUrtatvarUpa sAdhana tathA anityatva rUpa sAdhya donoM kI sattA hai / f

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136 nyAyasAra 4. AzrayahIna : 'yannityaM tanmUrtamapi na bhavati yathA khapuSpam / ' yahA~ khapuSpa ke sarvathA asat hone se vaha na sAdhana kA tathA na sAdhya kA hI Azraya ho sakatA hai / katipaya dArzanika vaidha :-dRSTAnta meM dharmoM ke abhAva ko doSa rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM krte| unakA niSedha karane ke liye yahA~ bhI AzrayahIna kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / keralAnvayI ke nirUpaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jahAM vyatireka bala se siAddha iSTa ho, vahAM vaidharmya. dRSTAnta kA Azraya bhI avazya mAnanA hogA / anyathA vacanamAtra se vyAptisiddhi mAnane para atiprasaMga kI Apatti hai / 5. avyAvRttAbhidhAna : ___ 'yannityaM bhavati tanmUrtamapi na bhavati AkAzavata / ' yahAM mUrtatva aura anityatva donoM AkAza se vyAvRtta hai, kintu isa vyAvRtti kI pratIti 'AkAzavat ' zabda se nahIM hotI kyoM ke AkAzavatU meM tulyArtha meM vati pratyaya hai| ata usase vipakSa AkAza ke samAna amUrta va nitya haiM, isI artha kI pratIti ho sakatI hai| matatva va anityatva kI vyAtti usase saMbhava nahIM tathA 'yad yad' ityA kAraka bImA aura 'sarva' zabda ke binA sAdhya tathA sAdhana ko samasta vipakSoM se vyAvRtti ko pratIti bhI nahIM ho sktii| isaliye yaha udAharaNa vyAvRtti kA abhidhAyaka na hone se avyAvRttAbhidhAna doSa se prasta hai, ata eva avyAvRttAbhidhAna nAmaka udAharaNAbhAsa hai| 6. viparItavyAvRttAbhidhAna : __ 'yanmUrta na bhavati tadanityamapi na bhavati, yathAkAzam / ' sAdhya ko vyAvRtti ke anuvAda se sAdhana kI vyAvRtti vaidhodAharaNa meM batalAI jAtI hai jisase sAdhya kA sAdhanavyApakatva tathA sAdhanAbhAva kA sAdhyAbhAvavyApakatva pratIta ho sake / jaise jahAM vani kA abhAva hai, vahAM dhUma kA bhI abhAva hai / jaise, jalahUda meM / kintu jahAM dhUma nahIM hotA hai, vahAM sarvatra agni kA abhAva hotA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki tapta ayogolka meM dhUma ke na hone para bhI agni kI sattA vidyamAna hai| parantu yahA~ sAdhanavyAvRtti ke anuvAda se sAdhya kI vyAvRtti batalAyI gayI hai, ataH yaha viparItavyApyabhidhAna hone se sAdhanAMga nahIM hai| ___uparyukta 6 sAdharyodAharaNAbhAsoM tathA 6 vaidhodAharaNAbhAsoM kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa karane ke pazcAt bhAsarvajJa ne donoM vargo ke anya cAra-cAra bhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, kintu ina ATha bhedoM kA anya mata ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| 'bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna' ke lekhaka DaoN. brajanArAyaNa zarmA ne isa viSaya meM likhA hai "nyAyasAra meM sAdhamyavaidharmya dRSTAntabhAsoM ke prathama cAra bhedoM meM sandigdha pada jor3akara anya cAra cAra bhedoM kA bhI anya matAnusAra pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 1. anye tu sandehadvAregAparAnandAdAharaNAbhAsAn vaNeyanti |-nyaaysaar, pR. 23. ,

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anumAna pramANa 137 anya mata dvArA dharmakIrtimata saMbhAvita ho sakatA hai, kyoMki unake pUrvavartI granthoM meM sandigdha pada kA prayoga prAyaH upalabdha nahIM hotA aura ina ATha bhedoM kI vivecanApaddhati, udAharaNavinyAsa Adi bhI dharmakIrti ke vivecana ke samAna hI jAna par3ate haiN|" parantu 'nyAyasAravicAra' ke praNetA bhaTTa rAghava ne 'anye' se 'trilocanAcArya' kA grahaNa kiyA hai| una ATha udAharaNAbhAsoM kA yahAM nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| . 1. sandigdhasAdhya : 'mahArAjyaM kariSyatyayaM somayaMzobhUtatvAta , vivakSitarAjapuruSavat / ' isa anumAna meM vivakSita rAjapuruSa ke somavaMzobhUta hone se usameM sAdhana kI sattA hai, kintu rAjyakaraNa ke bhaviSyatkAlika hone se usakA usa rAjapuruSa meM nizcaya nahIM hai, ataH yaha sandigdha sAdhya udAharaNAbhAsa hai / 2. sandigdhasAdhana : 'nAyaM sarvajJo rAgAdimattvAt , rathyApuruSavat' isa anumAna meM rathyApuruSa dRSTAnta meM kisI upAya se asarvajJatva sAdhya kA nizcaya hone para bhI rAgAdimattva kA kisI pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcaya na hone se yaha sandigdhasAdhana udAharaNAbhAsa hai| ' 3. sandigdhobhaya : ___'gamiSyati svarga vivakSitaH puruSaH, samupArjitazukladharmatvAt , devadattavat / ' isa anumAna meM devadattarUpa dRSTAnta meM samupArjitazukladharmatvarUpa sAdhana tathA bhaviSyatkAlika svargagamana ke kisI nizcAyaka pramANa ke abhAva meM sandigdha hone se sandigdhobhaya (sandigdhasAdhyasAdhana) udAharaNabhAsa hai / 4. sandigdhAzraya: 'nAyaM sarvajJo bahuvaktRtvAd bhaviSyadevadattaputravat / ' isa anumAna meM bhaviSya meM hone vAle devadattaputra kI sattA meM koI pramANa na hone se usIke pakSarUpa Azraya hone se sandigdhAzraya udAharaNabhAsa hai| __uparyukta cAroM anumAnoM meM anvayavyAptimUlaka udAharaNabhAsa haiM / ataH ye sAdharmyamUlaka udAharaNabhAsa kahalAte haiM / 1 (a) bhAratIya darzana meM anumAna, pR. 399. (ba) Sanghvi, Sukhlal-Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics, p. 107. 2 anAthA: SaDiti ye tu dRSTAntadoSadvAreNa AbhAsA abhihitA: te yathA dRSTAntadoSanizcayAta nizcitAstayA tadoSasandehAt sandigdhA iti yatsvamataM tastrilocanAcAryasammatamityAhaanye tu sandehadvAreNa aparAn aSTAvudAharaNAbhAsAn varNeyanti |-nyaaysaarvicaar, pR.59. bhAnyA-18

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138 nyAyasAra 1. sandigdhasAdhyAvyAvRtta : 'yo mahArAjyaM na kariSyati sa somavaMzobhUto'pi na bhavati yathA'nyo rAjapuruSa / ' 'ayaM mahArAjyaM kariSyati somavaMzodbhUtatvAt' isa anumAna meM jo rAjya nahIM karegA vaha somavaMzodbhUta nahIM hogA, jase anya rAjapuruSarUpa udAharaNa meM rAjya na karane kA kisI pramANa dvArA nizcaya na hone se vaidharmyamUlaka sandigdhasAdhya udAharagAbhAsa hai arthAt sandigdhasAdhya se avyAvRtta hai / 2. sandigdhasAdhanAvyAvRtta : 'yastu sarvajJaH sa rAgAdirahitaH, yathA samastazAstrAbhijJaH puruSaH / ' 'nAyaM sarvajJo rAgAdimattvAt rathyApuruSavat' isa anumAna meM jo sarvajJa hotA hai, vaha rAgAdimAna hotA hai, jaise samastazAkhAbhijJa puruSa, isa vyatirekavyAptimUlaka sarvazAstrAbhijJa puruSarUpa udAharaNa meM rAgAdimattva sAdhana ko avyAvRtti ke pramANAbhAva ke kAraNa nizcita na hone se sandigdhasAdhanAvyAvRtta udAharaNAbhAsa hai| 3. sandigdhobhayAvyAvRtta : ___ 'yaH svarga na gamiSyati sa samupArjitazukladharmo'pi na bhavati yathA dusthaH puruSaH / ' 'ayaM svarga gamiSyati samupArjitazukladharmatvAt isa anumAna meM jo svarga nahIM jAyegA vaha samupArjita zukladharmavAlA bhI nahIM hotA, jaise duHstha puruSa-isa adAharaNa ke vyatirekavyAptimUlaka vaidhodAharaNa meM bhaviSyatkAlika svargagamanarUpa sAdhya tathA samupArjitazukladharmatvarUpa sAdhana donoM ke pramANAbhAva se sandigdha hone ke kAraNa yaha sandigdhobhaya-sAdhyasAdhana udAharaNAbhAsa hai| 4. sandigdhAzraya : 'yaH sarvajJaH sa bahuvaktApi na bhavati yathA bhaviSyadevadattaputraH / ' 'nAyaM sarvajJaH avadyavaktRtvAt' isa anumAna meM jo sarvajJa hotA hai, vaha avadyavaktA bhI nahIM hotA jaise bhaviSyatkAlika devadattaputra, isa vyatirekavyAptimUlaka vaidhodAharaNa ke bhaviSyatkAlika hone se usake kisI pramANa dvArA nizcita na hone se yaha sandigdhA zraya udAharaNAbhAsa hai| anye tu' pada ke dvArA bhAsarvajJa ne ina bhedoM meM apanI aruci pradarzita kI hai, kyoMki udAharaNa meM sAdhyAdi ke sandigdha hone para bhI antato gatvA sAdhyAdivikalatA hI siddha hotI hai / ataH pUrvokta bhedoM se inako pRthak mAnanA ucita nahIM / upanayanirUpaNa paMcAvayavopapanna anumAnavAkya kA caturtha avayava upanaya hai| upanaya kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue bhASyakAra vAtsyAyanane kahA hai-'upanayaM cAntareNa

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anugAna pramANa sAdhye'nupasaMhRtaH sAdhako dhamoM nAyaM sAdhayet' / arthAt upanaya ke binA pakSa meM sAdhaka dharma kA upasaMhAra nahIM ho sakegA aura pakSa meM anupasaMhRta hetu sAdhyarUpa artha kI siddhi nahIM kara skegaa| nyAyasUtrakAra ne upanaya kA lakSaNa 'udAharaNApekSastathetyupasaMhAro na tatheti vA sAdhyasyopanaya." yaha kiyA hai| ukta upanaya lakSaNasUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue vAtikakAra ne kahA hai ki yahAM 'yathA tathA' isa prakAra se pratibimbana batalAyA hai| pratibimbana kA svarUpa. spaSTa karate hue vAtikakAra ne kahA hai-'dRSTAntagatasya dharmasyAvyabhicAritve siddhe tena sAdhyagatasya tulyadharmatopadadarzanama, arthAt mahAnasAdi dRSTAntagata dhUmAdi hetu meM agnyAdi kA avinAbhAva siddha arthAt pratyakSa ho jAne para usakI samAnatA se parvatAdirUpa pakSa meM vidyamAna dhUmAdi hetu meM vahanyAdi ke avinAbhAva kA pradarzana upanaya hai| yahAM sAdhya zabda sAdhyavAn dharmI parvatAdirUpa pakSa kA bodhaka hai| vAtikakArokta isa pratibimbana ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhAsarvajJAcArya ne 'dRSTAnte prasiddhAvinAbhAvastha sAdhanasya dRSTAntopamAnena pakSe vyAptisthApakaM vacanamupanayaH " yaha upanaya kA lakSaNa kiyA hai arthAt dRSTAnta meM prasiddha avinAbhAva vAle sAdhana kA dRSTAnta kI samAnatA se pakSa meM sAdhana kA sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva rUpa vyApti kA pradarzaka vacana upanaya kahalAtA hai / 'vyAptisthApakaM vacanam' yaha kahane para mahAnasAdi sthala meM bahiAptisthApaka vacana bhI upanaya ho jAyegA, ataH 'pakSe' kA saMyojana kiyA gayA hai |dRssttaant se sAmya ke abhAva meM kevala pakSasambandha kA kathana upanayAbhAsa hotA hai, yaha sUcita karane ke liye dRSTAntopamAnena' kahA gayA hai| sUtrakAra kA anusaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne upanaya ke do bheda batalAye haiM-(1) sAdhopanaya aura (2) vaidhopanaya / yadyapi sAdhya sAdhana kI vyApti kA arthAt pakSa meM sAdhana kA sAdhya ke sAtha avanAbhAva kA pradarzaka vacana hI upanaya hai aura sAdhya tathA sAdhana kI isa avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti kI sidvi jaba 'yatra yatra sAdhanaM, tatra tatra sAdhyam yathA mahAnasam ' esa udAharaNavAkya se hI ho jAtI hai, punaH upanaya kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki udAharaNavAkya dvArA pakSabhinna mahAnasAdi meM hI sAdhya va sAdhana kA avinAbhAva siddha hotA hai aura AvazyakatA hai parvatAdirUpa pakSa meM, kyoMki pakSagata sAdhya va sAdhana kA avinAbhAva hI parvatAdi meM vahni kI anumiti meM samartha hai na ki mahAnasAdigata sAdhya va sAdhana kA avinAbhAva / kintu yaha kathana bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki 'dhUmAt' isa hetuvacana ke dvArA pakSa meM 1. nyAyabhASya, 111139 2. nyAyasUtra, 1138 3. nyAyavArtika, 1 / 1138 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 11 5. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 235.

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140 nyAyasAraM sAdhyasiddhi usa vyApti kI siddhi ho jAtI hai, kyoMki dhUma hetu parvatAdi pakSa ke liye upAtta hai na ki mahAnasAdi meM sAdhyasiddhi ke liye, vahAM vo pratyakSataH sAdhya kI siddhi hai / ataH usIse pakSagata sAdhyasAdhana kA avinAbhAva siddha ho jone para upanayavacana ko AvazyakatA nahIM, ' tathApi ghUmAdi hetu kA viSaya vahUni parvata meM abAdhita hai, isa tathya ko batalAne ke liye upanayavacana kI apekSA hai / arthAt jaise utpAdya ghaTAdi anitya haiM aura unake anityatva kA pratyakSAdi pramANa se bAdha nahIM hotA, isI prakAra kRtakatva hetu ke zabdAdipakSagata anityatva viSaya kA pratyakSAdi pramANa se bAdha nahIM hai, isakA jJApana upanayavAkya se hI ho sakatA hai / udAharaNavAkya to pakSabhinna ghaTAdi meM anityatva kA bAgha pratyakSAdi pramANa se nahIM hai, yaha batA sakatA hai, na ki zabdAtipakSagata anityatva kA / uparyukta rIti se jisa prakAra sAdhamryopanaya kRtakatvAdi sAdhana kA viSaya zabdagata anityatva pratyakSAdi pramANa se abAdhita hai, isa bAta kA prasthApaka hai, usI prakAra vaidhamryoopanaya bhI isa bAta kA prasthApaka hai / jaise, AkAzAdi nitya haiM, ataH akRtaka arthAt anutpAdya haiM aura unakA nityatva pramANa siddha hai / usa prakAra zabda anutpAdya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha utpAdya hai aura utpAdya vastu kabhI kisI pramANa se nitya siddha nahIM hai, ataH zabda meM kRtakatva anityatva se avinAbhUta hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai / nigamananirUpaNa " upanaya ke pazcAt nigamana kA nirUpaNa kramaprApta hai / nigamana paMcAvayavopapanna anumAnavAkya kA antima avayava hai / isake dvArA pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa aura upanaya eka viSaya se sambaddha kiye jAte haiM / isIliye bhASyakAra ne kahA hainigamyate aneneti pratijJAhetUdAharaNopanayA ekatreti nigamanam / nigamyante samarthyante sambaddhyante' (nyAyabhASya, 1|1|35 ) | nigamana ke abhAva meM pratijJAdi kA prakRta viSaya se sambandha abhivyakta nahIM ho sakatA, eka artha kI siddhi ke liye unakI pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI / " sUtrakAra gautama ne nigamana kA lakSaNa - 'hetvapadezAt pratijJAyAH punarvacanaM nigamanam " yaha kiyA hai / vArtikakAra ne isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA hai ki pratijJA ke viSayabhUta artha ko pratyakSAdipramANamUlaka pratijJAdivAkyoM ke dvArA siddhi hone para usa pratijJAta siddha artha kA sAdhyaviparIta prasaMga ke pratiSedhArtha jo punaH abhidhAna hai, vaha nigamana hai, na ki pratijJA kA hI 1. nanu copanayavacanamanarthakaM vyApterudAharaNenaiva pratipAditatvAt / antarvyAptisiddhyarthamiti cet, hetuvacanAttatsiddheH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 325 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 326 3. nigamanAbhAve cAnabhivyaktasambandhAnAM pratijJAdInAmekArthena pravartanaM tatheti pratipAdanaM kasyeti / - nyAyabhASya, 111/39 4. nyAyasUtra 1 / 1 / 39

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anumAna pramANa punarvacana, kyoMki pratijJA sAdhyanirdezarUpa hotI hai, jabaki nigamana siddhanirdezarUpa | arthAt pratijJAvAkya meM pratijJAta artha kA sAdhyarUpa se nirdeza hai jabaki nigamana meM usakA siddharUpa se nirdeza hotA hai / ataH nigamana kI pratijJA se gatArthatA nahIM hotI / tAtparyaTIkA meM vAcaspati mizra 'hetvapadezAt pratijJAyAH punarvacanaM nigamanam ' isa lakSaNa kA upapAdana karate hue kahate haiM ki yadyapi niyamana siddhanirdeza hai tathA pratijJA sAdhyanirdeza, tathApi jo artha pratijJA meM sAdhya thA, vahI artha nigamana meM siddha hotA hai / isa prakAra sAdhyatva va siddhatva avasthA vAle artha kI ekatA ke kAraNa nigamana meM pratijJA kA upacAra kara nigamana ko pratijJA kA punarvacana kaha diyA gayA hai / " , 8 isa prakAra upamA " , AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne sUtra meM 'pratijJAyAH punarvacanam iva mAnakara 'sahetukaM pratijJAvavacanaM nigamanaM 14 yaha nigamana kA lakSaNa mAnA hai / pratijJAvat' zabda kA prayoga kara unhoMne vArtikakArAdikRta pUrvokta vicAra ke liye avakAza hI nahIM rakhA hai| isase yaha spaSTa pratIta ho jAtA hai ki nigamana pratijJA ke tulya hai, pratijJA se abhinna nahIM / sUtrasya ' hetvapadezAt ' ke artha para vicAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki hetvapadeza zabda 'tammAt ityAkAraka hetvanuvAda kA bodhaka hai / " sUtra meM 'hetvapadezAt' pada meM hetvarthaka paMcamI hai / hetvarthaka paMcamI mAnane para hetvarthaka tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga kyoM nahIM kiyA gayA, isa AzaMkA kA nirAkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki yadyapi hetvartha meM tRtIyA va paMcamI donoM -vibhaktiyoM kA prayoga ho sakA hai, tathApi 'hetvapadezena ' ityAkAraka tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga karane para sahArtha meM yahAM tRtIyA hai, aisI bhrAnti saMbhava hai, tannirAkaraNArtha tRtIyA kA prayoga na kara paMcamI vibhakti kA prayoga kiyA hai / sahArtha meM tRtIyA mAnane para devanuvAda ke sAtha pratijJA kA punarvacana nigamana kahalAyegA aisI sthiti meM heturUpa avayava ke bAda hI hetvanuvAda ke sAtha pratijJA ke punarvacanarUpa nigamana kA prayoga honA cAhie, yaha AzaMkA saMbhAvita hai / tannirAkaraNArtha paMcamI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / " 1. nyAyavArtika, 13/39 2. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA, 1/1/39 3. pratijJAyAH punarvacanamivetyupamAtra draSTavyA / -- nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 327 141 4. nyAyasAra (pUnA, 1922), pR. 40 5. vayaM tu namastasmAdityayaM hetvanuvAdo hetvapadeza: 1-nyAyabhUSaNa, pU. 327 6. devapadezena saheti prAnte mohanivRttaye tRtIyAsthAne paMcamyuktA, anyathodAharaNAt prAgeva hetva dezena saha pratijJAyAH punarvvacanaM prayoktavyamityAzaMkApi syAt / nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 327

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142 nyAyasAraM nigamana-prayojana ___ bhAsarvajJa ne nigamana ke prayojana para bhI vicAra karate hue kahA hai ki katipaya vidvAn anumAnavAkya kI parisamApti ke liye nigamana kA abhidhAna Avazyaka hai, aisA mAnate hai, kintu yaha ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki vAkya-samApti ke liye nigamana ke kathana meM koI prayojana dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| yAtparya yaha hai ki jahAM anumAna ke dvArA artha kA pratipAdana abhISTa hotA hai, vahAM avinAbhUta liMga kA hI kathana uparyakta hai, usIse sAdhya kI avagati ho jAtI hai| isIliye kahA bhI hai'viduSAM vAcyo hetureva hi kevalaH / ' arthAt vidvAnoM ke liye kevala avinAbhAvi. 'liMgavacanarUpa hetu hI paryApta hai, kyoMki usase ho unako sAdhyasiddhi ho jAtI hai| avinAbhUta liMga kI pratIti hone para 'tasmAd idam ittham' ityAkAraka pratIti ho hI jAtI hai| ataH nigamana ko koI AvazyakatA nahIM / isa zaMkA kA nirAkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki nigamana nirarthaka nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha sAdhyaviruddha ko asattA ke pratipAdaka pramANa kA sUcaka hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki asatpratipakSatva kA pratipAdana na karane para avinAbhAva bhI asandigdha rUpa se apratipAdita ho raha jAtA hai, kyoMki pakSadharmatvAdi kI taraha asatpratipakSatva bhI hetu kA rUpa hai aura jisa prakAra pakSadharmatvarUpa hetusvarUpa kA pratipAdana hetuvAkya kA prayojana hai, usI prakAra asatpratipakSatvarUpa hetusvarUpa kA pratipAdana nigamana kA prayojana hai / jaise-'tasmAd anityaH' yaha nigamana 'anitya eva' isa niyama kA bodha karAtA hai / anityatva kA avadhAraNa karAne vAle isa nigamana se 'na nityaH' ityAkAraka pratipakSasaMjJaka sAdhyaviruddha ko asattA kA anumAna hotA haiM / asatprati. pakSatva ke avadhAraNa se yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki hetu na to viruddhAvyabhicArI hai aura na prakaraNasama / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki pratipakSAbhAva kI siddhi pramANAntara se ho sakatI hai, na ki vacanamAtra nigamana se / kyoMki vacanamAtra nigamana koI pramANa nahIM hai aura kisI vastu kI siddhi pramANa se hotI hai, na ki 'pratipakSa kA abhAva hai' ityA. kAraka vacanamAtra se isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki aisA mAnane para pakSadharmatva ke pratipAdanArtha bhI pramANAntara mAnanA hogA, kyoMki heturUpa vacana se pakSadharmatva kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| yadi isa doSa ke parihArArtha hetu, udAharaNAdi ko pakSadharmatva kA sAdhaka pramANa mAnA jAtA hai, to nigamana ko bhI pratipakSAbhAvasAdhaka pramANa mAnane meM kyA Apatti hai ?* 1. pramANavArtika, kA. 37, pR. 268 2. nyAyasUSaNa, pa, 325 3. yasmAnnedamanarthakaM sAdhyaviruddhAbhAvapratipAdakapramANasUcakatvAdasya / ----nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 327 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 328.

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anumAna pramANa 143 prAsaMgika sAdhyAvadhAraNa hI nigamana ke dvArA kiyA jAnA cAhie, sAdhyaviruddha abhAva ke pratipAdana se kyA prayojana pratipakSa kI yaha AzaMkA bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki pratipakSAbhAva ke pratipAdana binA sAdhya kA avadhAraNa upapanna nahIM hotA / isI tathya kA sUtrakArasammati se baDhIkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa kahate haiM- 'vimRzya pakSapratipakSAbhyAmarthAvadhAraNaM nirnnyH|'1 arthAt saMzayapUrvaka sAdhana tathA dUSaNa dvArA jo arthAvadhAraNa hotA hai, vaha nirNaya kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra sUtrakArasammati se bhI pratipakSAbhAvagrAhaka pramANa kA abhidhAna upayogI siddha hotA hai / ataH prati pakSAbhAvagrAhaka pramANa ko abhidhAna karane vAlA nigamana nirarthaka nahIM hai| vastutaH vimarzapUrvaka pakSapratipakSa dvArA arthAvadhAraNa hI nirNaya hotA hai, yaha niyama abhipreta nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyakSasthala meM indriyArthasannikarSa dvArA bhI arthAva. dhAraNa hotA hai / ataH nirNaya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa to arthAvadhAraNamAtra hai jaisA ki vArtikakAra ne kahA hai-'arthaparicchedaH avadhAraNaM nirNaya iti'|' sUtrakAra ne nirNaya-lakSaNa se pahile tarka kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| ataH prastuta nirNayalakSaNa tarkaviSaya ke anusAra hai, jaisAki vAtikakArane kahA hai-'etasmizca tarkaviSaye vimRzya pakSapratipakSAbhyAmarthAvadhAraNaM nirNaya iti sUtram / ' tarkaviSaya meM nirNaya vimarzapUrvaka pakSa-pratipakSa dvArA hI hotA hai / ataH tarkAnugRhIta anumAna pramANa se kiye jAne vAle nirNaya meM hI nirNaya kA ukta lakSaNa ghaTita hotA hai, anyatra nahIM / bauddha nigamana ke abhidhAna ko asAdhanAMga arthAt sAdhyasAdhanabhUta vAkya kA aMga nahIM mAnate haiM, api tu pratipakSAbhAvajJAnArtha bAdhaka pramANa kA prayoga karate haiN| kintu bhAsarvajJa kA tarka hai ki nigamana ko asAdhanAMga mAnane para bauddhoM ko Adi kI siddhi ke lie satva-kRtakatvAdi sAdhanoM kA hI prayoga karanA cAhiye, 'asanto kSaNikAstasyAM kramAkramavirodhataH' ityAdi rUpa se vipakSabAdhaka pramANa kA abhyupagama nahIM karanA caahie| tadartha bAdhaka pramANa svIkAra karane para bauddhapakSa meM nigrahasthAna kI prasakti ho jAtI hai, kyoMki saugatasammata vipakSabAdhaka pramANa nigamanArthaka hI hai| vipakSabAdhaka pramANa aura nigamana donoM kA prayojana 1. yadyapi 'avadhAraNaM nirNayaH' itanA hI nirNaya kA pUrNa lakSaNa hai tathApi niHzreyasopayogI AtmAdinirNaya ke vicAraka ke abhiprAya se lakSaNa meM 'pakSapratipakSAmyAm' kahA gayA hai| tatprakAraka nirNaya meM sAdhana tathA dUSaNa donoM kA upayoga batalAne ke liye vimRzya' kahA gayA hai / vipratipattinimittaka saMzaya ke pravRtta hone para vicAraka nirAsamukhena nirNaya karatA hai, sAdhanamAtra se nhiiN| ubhayapakSasAdhana kI upapatti hone para viruddhAvyabhicAritva kI prasakti ho jAtI hai / sAdhanAbhAva kI dazA me sAdhyasiddhi na hone se kevala dUpaNa se bhI nirNaya nahIM ho sakatA / isalie dUSaNasahita svapakSasAdhana se nirNaya honA yuktiyukta hai| 2. nyAyavArtika, 1 / 1141 3. vahI

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144 nyAyasAra eka hI hai aura vaha hai- viparIta prasaMga kA pratiSedha / pratipakSapratiSedha dvArA hetu ke avanAbhAva kA samarthana ho donoM se abhipreta hai / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki nigamana kA abhidhAna hone para bhI nigamanArtha ke prati vipratipattigrasta prativAdI ko bAdhaka pramANa dvArA hI pratipakSAbhAva kA bodhana karanA par3atA hai, isaliye vipakSa- bAdhaka pramANa kA hI sAkSAt kathana karanA ucita hai na ki nigamana kA / isa para bhAsarvajJAcArya kahate haiM ki nigamanArtha ke viSaya maiM vipratipati hone para vipakSa bAdhaka pramANa kA upanyAsa saMgata hotA hai / api ca, tadarthasAdhaka pramANa kA abhidhAna bhI nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki usa pramANa ke artha ke prati vipratipadyamAna puruSa ko jisa pramANAntara dvArA bodha pradAna kiyA jAyegA, usIkA prayoga karanA cAhiye / isa prakAra anavasthAlatAlUtA laga jAyegI / ataH nigamanArtha meM vipratipatti hone para hI pratipakSAbhAvasAdhakarUpa pramANa kA tathA devAdi dvArA pratipAdita artha meM vipratipatti hone para tatsAdhaka pramANAntara kA upanyAsa ucita hai, anyathA nahIM | 1 1. + tasmAdyadaiva yadavayavArtha prati vipratipadyate parastadava tadavayavArthasamarthanArthaM bAdhakaM sAdhakaM vA pramANAntaramucyata ityalaM prasaMgena / nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 328.

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pazcama vimarza kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala-jAti-nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa kathA vAda - nirUpaNa nyAyadarzana pradhAnarUpa se kathAzAstra hai| isameM kathA ke bhedoM, tadupayogI pramANoM, prameyoM tathA usake unnAyaka saMzayAdi padArthoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| pramANa se Arambha kara nirNayAnta kathopayogI sata padArtho ke nirUpaNa ke pazcAt aMgibhUta kathA ke vAda, jalapa tathA vitaNDArUpa bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| ye tInoM kathA ke avAntara bheda haiN| bhAsarvajJa ne kathAsAmAnya kA lakSaNa batalAte hue kahA hai - 'vAdiprativAdinoH pakSapratipakSaparigrahaH kthaa'| kathA cAhe kisI prakAra kI kyoM na ho, usameM do pakSa hote haiM - pakSa tathA pratipakSa aura vAdI tathA prativAdI bhI usameM hote haiN| unameM sAmAnyataH vAdI pakSa kI siddhi karatA hai aura prativAdI pratipakSa kii| isIliye jo apane pakSa kI siddhi karatA hai, use vAdI kahate haiM tathA usakA jo khaNDana karatA hai, use prativAdI kahate haiN| yaha niyama kathA meM hotA hai, aisA bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai / kevala pakSa tathA pratipakSa ko svIkAra karanA hI kathA nahIM hai, jaba taka ki usameM vAdI dvArA apane pakSa kA sAdhana aura prativAdI dvArA usakA khaNDana na ho / jaise, buddhi nitya hai athavA anitya-ina donoM pakSoM ko svIkAra karane mAtra se kathA kA nirvAha nahIM hotA, apitu bAdI dvArA 'buddhi anitya hai' - isa pakSa kA sAdhana tathA prativAdI dvArA upAlambha arthAt usakA nirAkaraNa kathA meM Avazyaka hai| isaliye 'pakSapratipakSaparigrahaH kathA' itanA hI kathA kA lakSaNa na kara 'vAdiprativAdinoH' aura kahA gayA hai| 'vAdiprativAdinoH' kahane se hI svapakSa kA sAdhana aura parapakSa kA khaNDana artha kI pratIti nahIM hoto, isaliye bhAsarvajJa ne isakI vyAkhyA karate hue spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jo pakSa kA sAdhana karatA hai, use vAdI kahate haiM aura jo usakA khaNDana karatA hai, use prtivaadii| vAdI, prativAdI yaha artha mAnane para vAdi-pratibAdI padoM se kathA meM svapakSa kA sAdhana tathA parapakSa kA khaNDana A jAtA hai| 1. nyAyamAra, pR. 15 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 329 bhAnyA-19

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146 nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa ne kathA ke vAdAdi tIna bheda na mAnakara prakArAntara se usake bheda kiye haiN| unhoMne pahile kathA ko votarAga -- kathA tathA vijigISu-kathA - ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| tadanantara vItarAgakathA ko vAda mAnA hai tathA vijigISukathA ke jalpa aura vitaNDA - ye do bheda kiye hai| vItarAga-kathA do vItarAgoM kI hI hotI hai aura unameMse eka pakSa kI sthApanA karatA hai tathA dUsarA usakA khaNDana, kintu isa khaNDana-maNDana meM vijaya kI icchA uddezya nahIM rahatA, apitu tattvanizcaya uddezya hotA hai / isI AdhAra para loka meM 'vAde vAde jAyate tattvabodhaH' yaha ukti pracalita hai / bhAsarvajJa ne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki 'vAda' tInoM kathAoM kA sAmAnya nAma hai, yaha bAta unhoMne laukika vyavahAra ko lekara kahI hai, kyoMki laukika vyavahAra meM pratyeka kathA ke liye vAda zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kintu isa zAstra meM 'vAda' zAstrasaMketita saMjJA hai aura isakA prayoga tattva. nirNaya ke liye hone vAlI vItarAgakathA meM hI hotA hai| .. daNDaka sUtra meM sAmAnya kathA kA nirdeza na karake usake bhedoM kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA bheda se tridhA vibhakta kathAbhedoM meM sarvaprathama vAda kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai / 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH siddhAntAviruddhaH paMcAvaya. vopapannaH pakSapratipakSaparigraho vAdaH '3 yaha vAda kA sautra lakSaNa hai| arthAt siddhAnta se aviruddha, paMcAvayava vAkyoM se yukta tathA pramANa aura tarka ke dvArA jisameM svapakSa siddhi aura parapakSa kA khaNDana kiyA jAtA hai, aisI kathA ko vAda kahate haiN| satra meM pakSa-pratipakSa zabda se eka hI dharmI meM vidyamAna do viruddha dharmo kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise-'anityaH zabdaH, nityaH zabdaH' / isa vAkya meM zabdarUpa eka hI dhamI meM vidyamAna nityatva tathA anityatva dharma kA nirdeza hai| eka dharmI meM sthita do dharmoM kA virodha unakA eka sAtha na raha sakanA hI hai aura vaha virodha loka yA zAstra meM jisa prakAra kA dekhA gayA hai, vaisA hI mAnanA cAhiye / jaise-mUrtatva tathA amUrtatva dharmo kI sthiti kolabheda se bhI eka dharmI meM nahIM bana sakatI, arthAt pRthivyAdi mUrto meM kisI bhI kAla meM amUrtatva nahIM rhtaa| ataH ye donoM dharma viruddha dharma kahalAte haiN| kintu ghaTAdi padArthoM meM sattva tathA asattva dharma kI ghaTAdi dharmI meM sthiti viruddha nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / bhinna dharmI meM sthita do dharmo kA paraspara virodha kabhI nahIM hotaa| jaise-AtmA nitya hai aura aura buddhi anitya-isa vacana meM nityatva kI sthiti AtmA meM hai aura anityatva kI sthiti buddhi meN| ataH bhinnadhamistha viruddha dharmoM kA pakSa pratipakSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ataH isako kathA bhI nahIM kaha skte| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 15 vItarAgakathA vAdasaMjJakaivocyate na tatra vizeSasaMjJAntaramasti / yathA vijigISukathAbA bAda iti sAmAnyasaMjJA jalpa iti vitaNDeti ca vizeSasoti / tatra kathAtrayepi bAda iti saMjJA vyahArata: prasiddhA, katheti saMjJA tu sUtrataH prsiddh| |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR. 329 3. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/1

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 147 eka dharmI meM viruddha dharmoM kI sthitirUpa pakSa-pratipakSatA tInoM hI kathAoM meM banatI hai| ataH jalpa tathA vitaNDA se vAda kA bheda batalAne ke liye satra meM 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH' yaha pada diyA gayA hai / vaitaNDika ko eka pakSa svIkRta hone para bhI na to vaha pratijJAvAkya ke dvArA apane sidvAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai aura na pramANa tathA tarka ke dvArA usakI puSTi karatA hai| jalpakayA meM yadyapi svapakSasiddhi aura parapakSa-nirAkaraNa donoM rahate haiM, tathApi usameM unakA pratipAdana kebala pramANoM aura tarka ke dvArA hI nahIM kiyA jAtA jabaki vAda meM pramANoM aura tarka ke dvArA hI yaha kArya hotA hai / ataH 'pramANatarkasAdhanopAlambhaH' pada dene se jalpakathA kI nivRtti ho jAtI hai| sUtrakArakRta vAdalakSaNa meM 'paMcAvayavopapannaH' vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai| paMcAvayava pada se pratijJAdi pAMca avayavavAkyoM kA grahaNa hai jo ki anumAna pramANa ke aMga haiM / isa prakAra paMcavAkyavopapanna pada se hI pramANopapanna artha kA lAbha ho jAne para bhI yahAM 'paMcAvayavopapanna' pada 'vAda' pratijJAdi avayavoM se yukta hotA hai, itane ho artha kA bodhaka hai na ki ve pratijJAdi avayava koI pramANa yA pramANa ke aMga haiM, isa artha kA bodhaka / ataH vAdakathA ko pramANayukta batalAne ke liye 'pramANopapannaH' pada kA upAdAna sArthaka hai| arthAt vAda meM nirdiSTa paMcAvayava pramANa ke rUpa meM yA pramANAvayava ke rUpa meM hI gRhIta haiN| kyoMki vAdakathA vItarAgakathA hai aura vItarAga puruSa paravaMcanArtha kathA meM pravRtta nahIM hote haiM, ataH vAdalakSaNa meM pramANopapanna' pada kI AvazyakatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki pratijJAdi avayava kevala anumAna pramANa ke aMga hote haiM, pratyakSAdi ke nahIM / paMcAvayavopapanna pada se anumAna pramANa kA lAbha ho jAne para bhI itara pratyakSAdi pramANoM kA lAbha nahIM hotA, isaliye bhI 'pramANopapannaH' kahA gayA hai| yadyapi jalpa kathA meM bhI pramANamUlatvena ajJAta hetvAbhAsAdi kA prayoga nahIM hotA hai, tathApi prArambha meM vaha jina hetvAbhAsoM kA prayoga karatA haiM, unhe', 'yaha hetu sabhIcIna hai', yaha jAnakara unakA prayoga karatA huA bhI prativAdI ke dvArA unhe duSTa siddha kiye jAne para vaha unheM duSTa ( asamIcIna ) jAnatA huA bhI unake samarthana ke liye pravRtta hotA hai, unase nivRtta nahIM hotA / kintu vAdakathA meM vAdI pratijJAdi avayavoM meM asamIcInatA kA jJAna hone para unakA prayoga nahIM karatA / api ca, jalpakathA me vAdI apanI parAjaya dekara nizcita parAjaya kI apekSA sandehasthiti utpanna karane ke liye duSTa hetuoM kA prayoga karane se nahIM' cUkatA / avaH sUtra meM pramANopapanna' kA upanyAsa kiyA gayA hai| isakA dUsarA phala bhI hai ki vAdI vAdakathA meM pratijJAdi avayavoM kA prayoga na kara svatantra pratyakSAdi pramANoM se bhI svapakSasiddhi aura parapakSakhaNDana kara sakatA hai| tarkAnugRhIta svArthAnumAna kA hI vAda kathA meM prayoga karanA cAhine, na ki cArvAkoM kI taraha svayaM anizcita svArthAnumAna kA / etadartha tarka grahaNa kiyA gayA hai|

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148 nyAyasAra isa prakAra nyAyabhASya ke anusAra vAdasUtra kI vyAkhyA prastuta kara granthakAra apane mata se sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki sUtra meM sAdhana pada kA artha svapakSasiddhi ke liye upAdIyamAna pratyakSAdi pramANoM meM se koI pramANa hai tathA pratipakSa kA niSedha karane ke liye pratyajJAdyanyatama pramANa kA grahaNa upAlambha pada kA artha hai / pramANa arthAt anumAna ke dvArA nizcita sAmarthya yukta tathA tarka ke dvArA pratiSedhasAmarthyayukta sAdhana aura upAlambha kA hI naiyAyika ko vAdakathA meM prayoga karanA cAhiye / etadartha pramANa va tarka kA grahaNa sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai / sUtra meM 'siddhAntAviruddha' pada kA upAdAna apasiddhAntarUpa nigrahasthAna ke saMgraha ke liye tathA 'paMcAvayavopapanna' pada pAMca hetvAbhAsoM tathA adhika aura nyUna -ina nigrahasthAnoM ke saMgraha ke liye hai arthAt apasiddhAntAdi ATha nigrahasthAnoM kA prayoga vAdakathA meM bhI anumata hai, aisA nyAyabhASyakAra kA abhimata hai / isa viSaya meM bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki apasiddhAntAdi ATha nigrahasthAnoM ke udbhAvana se yadi vItarAgitA kI nivRtti nahIM hotI, to anya nigrahasthAnoM ke udbhAvana se kaise ho sakatI hai? tathA apasidvAntAdi nigrahasthAnoM kI vAdakathA meM abhyanujJA mAnane para pratijJAhAni, apArthaka, nirarthaka ityAdi nigrahasthAnoM kA prayoga bhI vAdakathA meM doSa nahIM kahalAyegA / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki nirarthaka, apArthaka Adi nigrahasthAnoM kA kevala tyAga ke liye vAdakathA meM udbhAvana kiyA jAtA hai, anya ke nigraha ke liye nahIM. to apasiddhAntAdi nigrahasthAnoM kA udbhAvana bhI vAdakathA meM tyAga ke liye hotA hai, na ki gurvAdi ke nigraha ke liye / ataH siddhAntAviruddha pada se apasiddhAntarUpa nigrahasthAna kI ora paMcAvayavopapanna pada se paMca hetvAbhAsa aura nyUna tathA adhika - ina nigrahasthAnoM ke udbhAvana kI anumati vAdakathA meM mAnanA saMgata nahIM, kintu siddhAntAviruddha tathA paMcAvayavopapanna ina donoM padoM kA grahaNa udAharaNa ke liye haiN| arthAt siddhAntAviruddha pada se apasiddhAnta kI abhyanujJA aura paMvAvayavopapanna pada se paJcahetvAbhAsAdi nigrahasthAnoM kI abhyanujJA vAdakathA meM digdarzana ke liye hai| anya chala-jAti-nigrahasthAna--ina sabhI kI udbhAvanA vAdakathA meM kI jA sakatI hai| itanA hone para bhI jalpa tathA vitaNDA kathA se vAdakathA kA yahI bheda hai ki vAdakathA meM chala-jAti-nigrahasthAnoM kA prayoga tyAga ke liye hai aura unakA parityAga tabhI bana sakatA hai jaba unakA jJAna ho aura jalpa tathA vitaNDA meM chalAdi kA prayoga jaya-parAjaya ke liye kiyA jAtA hai| isIliye jalpalakSaNasUtra meM chala, jAti, nigrahasthAnoM ke prayoga kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| athavA vAdakathA siddhAntAviruddha tathA paMcAvayavopapanna honI cAhiye isa bAta kA ziSyoM ko jJAna karAne ke liye vAdakathA meM ina tInoM padoM kA 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 330 2. nyAyabhAra, 1/2/1 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 331

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 149 grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, kyoM ke kucha zuSka tArkika siddhAntaviruddha bhI bAda kara baiThate haiN| jaise-IzvarajJAna anitya hai, vibhu dravya kA vizeSa guNa hone se, aise siddhAnta - viruddha vAda kA niSedha karane ke liye sUtra meM siddhAntAviruddha pada diyA gayA hai / / isIliye manu ne kahA hai ki vedazAstrAvirodhI tarka' hI kAma meM lenA cAhiye, na ki zAstraviruddha / isI prakAra svapakSasAdhana, pratipakSadUSaNa, sAdhanasamarthana, dUSaNasamarthana, zabda. doSavarjana (nirarthaka, apArthaka apratItaprayoga va atidrutoccAraNAdidoSaparityAga) ina pAMca avayavoM se yukta vAda kathA honI cAhiye, jisase abhISTa artha kI siddhi ho sake / etadartha paMcAvayavopapanna pada diyA gayA hai| athavA vAda do prakAra kA hotA hai-(1) zAstrasvIkArapUrvaka tathA (2) usase viparIta / zAstra ko svIkAra kara jo vAda kathA kI jAtI hai, vaha vAda kathA siddhAnta se aviruddha honI cAhiye aura zAstra ko svIkAra na karake jo vAdakathA ko jAtI hai, vaha paMcAvayavayayukta honI cAhiye, usameM zAstravirodha kI udbhAvanA doSa nahIM mAnA jAtA, kintu jisase paMgavayavopapannatA meM koI virodha AtA ho, usI ko vahAM nigrahasthAna mAnA jAnA cAhie / vItarAga kathA do prakAra kI hotI hai-eka pratipakSayukta tathA dUsarI pratipakSa rahita, jaisAki pratipakSahInamapi vA prayojanArthamarthitve ' sUtra meM batalAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra vItarAgakathA ke do bheda mAnane para kathA ke bheda cAra ho jAte haiM na ki tIna / aisA hone para bhI uddezasUtra meM jo tIna bheda batalAye gaye haiM, ve kathA kI vizeSa saMjJAoM ko lekara haiM / bhAsarvajJa dvArA kiye gaye kathA ke isa vibhAjana ko nimnalikhita rekhAcitra se bhI spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai: kathA 2. vijigISukathA vItarAgakathA (vAda) 2. 1. sapratipakSa pratipakSarahita jalpa vitaNDA (pratipakSahInamapi vA prayojanArthamarthitve nyA.sU. 4 / 2 / 49] isa sUtra se samarthita hai|) vItarAgavitaNDA vijigISuvitaNDA 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 331 2 ArSa dharmopadezaM ca vedazAstrAvirodhinA / yasta NAnusandhatte sa dharma veda netrH|| -manusmRti, 12/1 . 6 . 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 331-332 4. nyAyasUtra, 4/2/49

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150 nyAyasAra athavA kathA ke bheda vAda--jalpa-vitaNDA-ye tIna hI haiM, kyoMki pratipakSahIna vAda vitaNDA kathA hI hai / vijigISukathA : vijigISu vijigISu ke sAtha lAbha, pUjA tathA khyAti kI icchA se apanI jaya tathA dUsare kI parAjaya ke liye pravRtta hotA hai, use vijigISukathA kahate haiN| yadyapi jaya-parAjayamUlaka tathA lAbhAdi kI icchA se pravRtta hone vAlI kathA mokSamArga ke viruddha hone se upayukta nahIM hai, tathApi vaha mumukSu ke liye nyAjya hai, svavijaya tathA paraparAjaya meM pravRtta saMsAro ke liye to upAdeya hI hai / mumukSu kI mokSa kI icchA se pravRtta hotA hai na ki vijayakAma puruSa / yadi vItaroga mumukSu bhI vijigISu dvArA AkSepa kiye jAne para dUsaroM ke anurodha se isa kathA ke parihAra meM samartha nahIM hai, to vaha bhI vijigISu ke sAtha prativAdI ke anugraha (mokSazAstrAdi meM zraddhotpAdana) ke liye aura jJAnAMkura kI rakSA ke liye usa kathA ko kara sakatA hai / yaha vijigISukathA vAdo, prativAdI, samApati tathA prAznika ina cAroM aMgoM se yukta hotI hai / vijigoSu-kathA jalpa, vitaNDA bheda se do prakAra kI hI hai| jalpanirUpaNa jalpa kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'yathoktopapannazyachalajAtinigrahasthAnasAdhanopAlambho jalpaH' isa prakAra kiyA hai / satra meM 'yathoktopapannaH' pada jalpa tathA vitaNDA kathA samastavAdalakSaNoM se yukta honI cAhiye-yaha batalA rahA hai| jalpa aura vAd ke samasta lakSaNoM se yukta hone para bhI chala-jAti-nigrahasthAna Adi aMgAdhikya ke kAraNa jalpa, vitaNDA kA vAda se bheda hai, isI bAta ko batalAne ke liye satra meM 'kalajAtinigrahasthAnasAdhanopAlambhaH' pada diyA hai| vArtikakAra 'yathoktopapannaH' meM eka upapanna pada kA nirdeza ora mAna rahe haiM arthAt 'yathoktopapannopapannaH / pada mAna rahe haiM / tAtparya yaha hai ki vAdakathA ke jo aGga jalpakathA aGga bana sakate haiM, unase yukta tathA chala, jAti, nigrahasthAna ke dvArA jisameM svapakSa-sAdhana tathA parapakSakhaNDana kiyA jAtA hai, aipI kathA ko jalpa kahate haiM / yadyapi chalAdi ke 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 332. 2 tattvAdhvavasAyasaMrakSaNArtha jalpavitaNDe bIjaprarohasaMrakSaNArtha kaNTakazAkhAvaraNavat / -nyAyasUtra, 4/2/50 3 nyAyasAra, pR. 16 4. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/2 5. athavA yathoktenoprapannenopapanno yathoktopapannopapanna iti prApte gamyamAnatvAdeka-yopapannazabdasya lopaH, yathA gau ratha iti |-nyaayvaartik, 11212

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 151 ayukta uttara hone se kisI pakSa kI siddhi yA khaNDana unase nahIM bana sakatA, tathApi vijigISu puruSa pratipakSI ko vyAmugdha karane ke liye loka meM chalAdi kA prayoga karate haiM aura chalAdi ke dvArA mandadhI puruSoM ko loka meM pakSasiddhi tathA pratipakSakhaNDana kI bhrAnti ho jAtI hai / isa lokasiddha bhrAnti ke anuvAda rUpa se hI satra meM chalajAtyAdi ko pakSasiddha tathA pratipakSakhaNDana kA sAdhana batalAyA gayA hai| katipaya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pratipakSa ke dvArA vyAkulacitta vAle naiyAyikoM ko bhI jaba taka samIcIna sAdhanoM kA sphuraNa nahIM' hotA hai, taba taka chalAdi kA prayoga karanA caahiye| anyathA aise avasara para chalAdi kA prayoga na karane vAle puruSoM meM apratibhArUpa nigrahasthAna kA udbhAvana kara asatpakSavAdI vijayI vana jAyeMge / ' satpakSavAdiyoM ko bhI 'nigRhNIyAta yathAzakti devatAcAryanindakAn'isa kathana ke anusAra pramANamUlaka samIcIna sAdhana kA sphuraNa na hone para chalAdiprayoga ke dvArA pratipakSI ke nigraha kI anumati pradAna kI gaI hai| bhASyakAra kA abhimata to yaha hai ki chalAdi sAkSAt pakSasiddhi tathA pratipakSakhaNDana meM kAma nahIM Ate haiN| yaha kArya to pramANa tathA tarko ke dvArA hI kiyA jAtA haiM, kintu pramANoM dvArA sAdhanopAlambha karane para yadi koI usake parihAra ke liye chalAdi kA prayoga karatA hai, to una chalAdi ke parihAra ke liye yadi pratyuttara meM chalAdi kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI jAyegI, to upanyasta pramANoM se dUSitatA kI pratIti hone para svapakSasiddhi tathA parapakSakhaNDana nahIM banegA, ataH pratipakSI dvArA prayukta chalAdi ke parihAra ke liye chalAdi kA prayoga vAdI ke liye Avazyaka hai| prativAdI dvArA udbhAvita chalAdi meM vAdI dvArA udbhAvita chalAdi se duSTatva kI pratIti ho jAne para nirduSTa pramANoM dvArA svapakSasiddhi tathA parapakSa-nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra vAdI chalAdi kA udbhAvana pramANoM dvArA svapakSasiddhi va parapakSakhaNDana kA aMga bana jAtA hai| vitaNDA vAda-jalpa-vitaNDA bheda se trividha kathA ke prasaMga meM vitaNDA kathA kA nirUpaNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne vitaNDA ke 'sa pratipakSasthApanAhIno vitaNDA' isa satra meM 'saH' pada se jalpa kA hI grahaNa hai, aisA nyAyabhASyakAra vAtsyAyana mAnate haiM / parantu bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra 'saH' pada se vAda aura jalpa donoM kA grahaNa hai arthAt pratipakSasthApanAhIna vAda tathA jalpa donoM hI vitaNDA kahalAte haiM / ataH vitaNDAkathA vijigISukathA tayA vItarAgakathA bheda se do prakAra ko hai| satrakAra ne bhI 'pratipakSahInamapi vA prayojanArthamathitve ' isa satra dvArA vItarAgavitaNDA kA nirdeza kiyA hai| 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 333 2 nyAyabhASya, 1/:/2 3. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/3 4. nyAyamAdhya, 1/2/3 . 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 334

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152 nyAyasAra vItarAgakathA meM vaitaNDika svapakSa kA sAdhana nahIM karatA, apitu prativAdI ke pakSa kA nirAkaraNa mAtra karatA hai| ataH svapakSasthApanAhIna kathA ko vitaNDA kahanA cAhie na ki pratipakSasthApanAhIna ko, kyoMki vaitaNDika pratipakSa kA to nirAkaraNa hI karatA hai, sthApana nahIM / isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki sUtra meM pratipakSa pada vaiNDika ke svapakSa kA hI bodhaka hai, kintu vaitaNDika ke svapakSa ko hI prativAdI ke pakSa kI apekSA se pratipakSa hone ke kAraNa pratipakSa kahA gayA haiN| udyotakarAcArya ne pratipakSa kA artha dvitIya pakSa' kiyA hai / usakA bhI tAtparya vaitaNDika ke svapakSa meM hI hai / isI liye vAcaspati mizra ne udyotakara ke abhiprAya kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA hai-'pUrvavAdipakSApekSayA vaitaNDikasya AtmIya eva pakSaH pratipakSaH' / votarAga vitaNDA kathA vahAM hotI hai jahAM guru ziSya ke durAgraha ke nivAraNArtha yukti dvArA usake pakSa kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| vahAM guru meM vijaya kI icchA nahIM hai, kintu tattvanirNayArtha hI ziSya ke pakSa kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, ataH use vItarAgakathA mAnA jAtA hai tathA guru svapakSa kA sAdhana nahIM karatA, ataH use vitaNDA kahA jAto hai / jahAM vAdI vijaya kI bhAvanA se svapakSa kI siddhi na karate hue prativAdI ke pakSa kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, vaha vijigISuvitaNDA kathA hai| . jaba vaitaNDika kisI pakSa kA sAdhana nahIM karatA, to usake apane pakSa, jo ki prativAdI ke pakSa kI apekSA se pratipakSa kahalAtA hai, kA abhAva hI hai, kyoMki sAdhana ke dvArA vyaktIkriyamANa hI pakSa hotA hai| sAdhana ke abhAva meM usakI abhivyakti na hone se vaha pakSa arthAt pratipakSa nahIM kahalA sktaa| ataH 'pratipakSahono vitaNDA' yahI vitaNDA kA lakSaNa mAnanA cAhiye, 'sthApanA' pada kA prayoga usameM nirarthaka haiM - yaha kathana ucita nahIM, kyoMki vAdI jise svIkAra karatA hai, vaha pakSa kahalAtA hai tathA usase viruddha yA prativAdisvIkRta pratipakSa kahalAtA hai, yahI pakSa, pratipakSa kI paribhASA hai| niyamAna ko hI pakSa mAnane para nirNIyamAna vastu ke eka hone se usameM kisI prakAra kA vivAda na hone ke kAraNa vAdIprativAdI kA vivAda hI anupapanna ho jAtA hai / ataH vAdI dvArA kisI vastu kA abhyupagama hI pakSa kahalAtA hai, yaha pakSa - paribhASA mAnane para vitaNDAkathA meM bhI vaitaNDika kA svapakSa siddha ho jAtA hai, jise ki prativAdI kI apekSA se pratipakSa kahA gayA hai / usakA abhAva vitaNDA meM anupapanna hai / kevala usakI sthApanA nahIM kI jAtI, ataH sUtrokta lakSaNa ho saMgata hai / 1. svapakSa eva vaitaNDikasya prativAddipakSApekSayAtra pratipakSa uktaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 324 2. nyAyavArtika, 1/2/3 3. tAtparyaTIkA, 1/2/3 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 334 For Private & Personal use only

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 153 jisa prakAra nirNaya ke lakSaNa meM pakSa zabda se svapakSasAdhana abhipreta hai, usI prakAra vitaNDA ke lakSaNa meM bhI pratipakSa zabda se pratipakSasthApanA artha ko pratIti ho jAne se sthApanA zabda kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJane kahA hai ki katipaya vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki vaitaNDika kA koI pakSa nahIM hotA, apitu parapakSa-dUSaNa mAtra hI vitaNDA kathA hai, usa mata kA niSedha karane ke liye sUtra meM sthApanA pada kI AvazyakatA hai / ' arthAta vitaNDA meM foss ke svapakSa kA abhAva anupapanna hai, kyoMki kisI ke dvArA prayojana ke viSaya meM pUchane para yadi vaitaNDika prayojana ko svIkAra kara letA hai, taba vahI usakA pakSa vana jAtA hai aura dUSaNamAtra vitaNDA hai arthAt vitaNDA meM svapakSa nahIM hotA, aisA mAnane vAloM ke mata se usameM ( vaitaNDika meM ) vaitaNDikatva nahIM rahegA / yadi prayojana svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, to vaha laukika parIkSaka donoM se bahirbhUta hokara unmatta kI taraha upekSaNIya bana jAyagA, kyoMki binA prayojana ke koI bhI laukika yA parIkSaka kisI viSaya meM pravRtta nahIM hotA / parapakSapratiSedha kA bodhana karanA hI vaitaNDika kA prayojana hai, yaha mAnane para bhI jo parapakSapratiSedha kA bodhana karatA hai, jo use jAnatA hai, jisa sAdhana ke dvArA jJApana karatA hai tathA jo jJApita kiyA jAtA hai, ina cAroM ko svIkAra karane para dUSaNa mAtra ko vitaNDA mAnane vAloM ke pakSa meM vaitaNDika meM vaitaNDikatva kI hAni hotI hai / yadi ukta cAroM ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, to unake binA aparapakSa kA jJApana na hone se aparapakSa-pratiSedhajJApanarUpa prayojana anupapanna ho jAtA hai aura vaha pUrvavat unmatta kI taraha upekSaNIya bana jAtA hai / sthApanAhIna vAkyasamUha vitaNDA hai, yaha pakSa bhI uparyukta pakSa kI taraha anupapanna hai, kyoMki yadi vAkyasamUha ke vAcyArtha ko vaitaNDika svIkAra karatA hai, to vahI usakA sthApanIya pakSa ho jAtA hai / yadi vAkyasamUha ke artha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, to usakA vacana anarthaka pralApamAtra ho jAtA hai / " chala aGgibhUta kathAbhedoM ke nirUpaNa ke pazcAt vAda kathA meM varjanIyatvena tathA jalpa va vitaNDAkathA meM svapakSasiddhyarthatvena va parapakSapratiSedhArthatvena upAdeya prasaMgaprApta chalAdi kA nirUpaNa Avazyaka hai / ataH unakA kramazaH nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai / anyArthakalpanA kI upapatti (saMbhava) se jahAM vacana kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai yA use dUSita ThaharAyA jAtA hai, use chala kahate haiM, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai - ' vacanavighAto'rthavikalpopapatyA chalam / hetvAbhAsoM kI taraha chalasAmAnya kA 2. vahI 1. nyAyasUSaNa, pR. 334 3. nyAyasUtra, 1/2/10 bhAmyA - 20

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nyAyasAra 154 udAharaNa bhI usake vizeSa lakSaNa meM draSTavya hai, kyoMki chalavizeSa ke udAharaNa se anya chalasAmAnya ke lakSaNa kA udAharaNa nahIM hotA / lakSaNatraividhya ke kAraNa chala tIna prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai - 'tat trividhaM vAkchalaM sAmAnyachalamupacAracchalaM ceta | '1 vAkchala kisI artha ko batalAne ke liye jahA~ anekArthavAcaka pada yA vAkya kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, usameM vaktA ke abhiprAya se bhinna artha kI kalpanA kara vaktA ke vacana ko dUSita ThaharAnA vAkchala kahalAtA hai / yadyapi tInoM hI chaloM meM vacana ke kAraNa hone se vAkchalatA kI Apatti AtI hai, tathApi anya challoM meM sAmAnyAdi nimitta pradhAna hai aura isameM anekArthAbhidhAyI pada yA vAkyarUpa vacana hI pradhAna kAraNa hai, ataH ise vAkcala kahA jAtA hai, anya ko nahIM / jaisekisI ne 'navakambalo'yaM mANavakaH isa vAkya kA prayoga kiyaa| yahAM vaktA kA abhiprAya navakambalapada se 'navIna kambala vAlA' hai, kintu 'nava' zabda anekArthAbhidhAyI hai / ataH prativAdI vakto ke abhipreta navIna artha se bhinna nau saMkhyA artha karake pAsa nau kambala nahIM, isa prakAra vaktA ke vacana ko nirasta karatA hai yA usameM doSa detA hai / yaha vAkchala hai / , yahAM prativAdI apratipattilakSaNa nigrahasthAna se grasta hai, kyoMki 'kuto'sya navakambalA: ' aisA kahane vAle prativAdI se yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usane vaktA ke artha ko jAnakara 'kuto'sya navakambalAH' yaha dUSaNa diyA hai athavA binA jAne / yadi jAnakara diyA hai, to prakaraNAdi kI sahAyatA ke binA sAmAnya zabda arthavizeSa kA jJAna nahIM karA sakatA / ataH arthavizeSa ke viSaya meM vaktA se hI pUchanA cAhiye thA ki usakA kyA abhiprAya hai / usake abhiprAya ko jAnakara usakA svIkAra yA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhiye, na ki svecchA se / vastu ke pratyakSa hone para jahAM zabda prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vahAM usa zabda ke artha kA niyAmaka vastudarzana hI hai / jaise- 'zveto dhAvati' yaha kahane para koI zveta vastu nahIM' dIkha rahI hai, apitu kuttA daur3atA huA dIkha rahA hai, to vahAM usa vAkya kA artha kuttA daur3a rahA hai' yaha hogA / isI prakAra navIna kambala ke dikhAI dene para vaktA dvArA prayukta 'navakambalo'yaM mANavaka: kA artha - ' isa baTu ke pAsa navIna kambala haiM ' yaha hogA | usako na samajhakara usameM doSodbhAvana karanA apratipattinAmaka nigrahasthAna hai / yadi usane 'nau kambala vAlA yaha artha samajhA hai, to viruddhArthapratipattirUpa vipratipattinAmaka nigrahasthAna hai| sUtra meM 'artha' pada kA grahaNa isaliye kiyA gayA hai ki prativAdI svarUpataH vacana kA pratiSedha nahIM kara rahA hai, apitu artha ke pratiSedha se usakA pratiSedha kara rahA hai / 6 1. nyAyasUtra, 1/2113

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... sAmAnyachala sAmAnyachala kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'sambhavato'rthasyAtisAmAnyayogAdasadbhatArthakalpanA sAmAnyacchalam'1 kiyA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne isakI vyAkhyA yaha kI hai ki brAhmaNa meM caturvedAbhijJatvAdi dharma bana sakatA hai, yahI satra meM saMbhavat' zabda se kahA gayA hai| isa dharma se rahita vrAtyAdi meM 'brAhmaNa' zabda kA prayoga kevala brAhmaNatva ko lekara hotA hai, kintu brAhmaNatvarUpa atisAmAnya dharma ke sambandha se vrAtyAdi meM bhI brAhmaNa zabda ke saMbhAvita caturvedAbhijJatvAdi artha kI kalpanA kara jo vaktA ke vacana kA vighAta kiyA jAtA hai, use sAmAnya chala kahate haiM / kyoMki yahAM arthAntara ko kalpanA brAhmaNatvarUpa sAmAnya dharma ke dvArA kI gaI hai, ataH ise sAmAnya chala kahate haiM / jaise- yaha brAhmaNa caturvedAbhijJa hai, yaha kisI ke kahane para nyAyavAdI kahatA hai ki isameM kyA Azcarya ko bAta hai, brAhmaNa meM caturvedAbhijJatva bana sakatA hai| isa para koI chalavAdo brAhmaNatva sAmAnya dharma ko caturvedAbhijJatva kA liMga mAnakara yadi kahatA hai ki tumhArA kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki brAhmaNa to vrAtya bhI hotA hai, kintu vaha caturvedAbhijJa nahIM / ataH tumhArA vacana anaikAntika hai| yahAM bhI vAkchala kI taraha prativaktA nigRhIta hai, kyoMki usane vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhakara vaktA ke vacana kA vidhAta kiyA hai athavA binA samajhe / yadi binA samajJa kiyA hai, to apratipattirUpa nigrahasthAna hai / yadi samajJakara kiyA hai, to usake yathArtha abhiprAya kA avavodha na hone se vipratipattirUpa nigrahasthAna hai, kyoMki vAdI ne brAhmaNatva ko caturvedAbhijJatva meM kAraNa nahIM batalAyA hai jisase ki vrAtya meM sAdhyavyabhicArodbhAvanA kI jAya aura na brAhmaNatva ko vedAbhijJatva kA utpAdaka hI batalAyA hai| kintu jahAM brAhmaNatva hotA hai, vahAM caturvedAbhijJatva bhI ho sakatA hai kyoMki loka meM bahudhA aisA dekhA jAtA hai| yadi brAhmaNa hone para bhI kisI kAraNavaiguNya se usameM vedajJatA nahIM hai, to vaha usa dharma ke ayogya nahIM hai| jaise-jahAM acchA kheta hotA hai, vahAM acchA dhAna upajatA hai| yahAM sukSetratva zAlisampatti kA liMga nahIM hai, kintu sukSetra meM zAlisampatti kI yogyatA hai, itanA hI abhiprAya hai| sukSetra hone para bhI vRkSAdi kAraNoM ke abhAva se zAlisampatti nahIM ho sakatI / upacAracchala vaktA dvArA goNa zabda kA prayoga karane para mukhyArthakalpanA ke dvArA usakA pratiSedha upacAracchala kahalAtA hai| sUtrakAra ne 'dharmAvikalpanideze'rthasadabhAva pratiSedha upacAracchalam --yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai| jaise, vAdI ne maMcastha puruSoM ke abhiprAya se lAkSaNika maM va zabda kA prayoga 'maMcAH krozanti' isa rUpa se kiyaa| 1. nyAyasUtra, / / 2 / 13 2. 11111

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nyAyasAraM yahAM vaktAne gauNArtha (maMcastha puruSa) ke abhiprAya ko lekara maMca zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu chalavAdI maMca zabda ke mukhyArtha ko lekara yadi yaha kahe ki maMcastha puruSa cillAte haiM, maMca nahIM, kyoMki maMca acetana hai| isa prakAra jo vAdo ke vacana ko pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha upacAra chala hai / yahAM bhI chalavAdI nigRhIta hai, kyoMki yadi prativAdI ke. abhiprAya ko na samajha kara usake vacana kA pratiSedha karatA hai, to apratipatti nigrahasthAna se nigRhIta hai| yadi samajha kara karatA hai, to vaktA ke abhiprAya se viparIta artha samajhane ke kAraNa vipratipattirUpa nigrahasthAna meM nigRhIta hai, kyoMki loka aura zAstra meM mukhya tathA gauNa donoM prakAra se zabdoM kA prayoga dekhA jAtA haiN| jahAM mukhyArtha ke abhiprAya se prayoga hotA hai, vahAM mukhyArtha kA hI svIkAra yA pratiSedha honA cAhiye tathA jahAM vaktA ne gauNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, vahAM usake gauNa artha kA hI svIkAra yA pratiSedha karanA cAhie / kintu yahAM vaiparItya hai / vaktA ne gauNArtha ke abhiprAya se zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura prativAdI mukhyArtha ke abhiprAya se usakA pratiSedha kara rahA hai| jAtilakSaNavimarza : bhAsarvajJa ne jAti kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 'prayukte hi hetau samIkaraNAbhiprAyeNa prasaMgo jAtiH'1 kiyA hai / arthAt kisI sAdhya-vizeSa kI anumiti ke liye vAdI dvArA hetu kA prayoga karane para prativAdI vAdI ke pakSa ke sAtha samAnatA (samIkaraNa') ke abhiprAya se jo doSobhAvana karatA hai, use jAti kahate haiN| jaise-vAdI naiyAyika athavA vaizeSika zabda ke anityatva ke sAdhaka zabdo'nityaH krata paTavat' isa anumAnavAkya kA prayoga karatA hai| isa para jAtivAdI mImAMsaka vAdI ke anumAnavAkya meM doSAnveSaNa karane meM asamartha hokara nirarthaka aniSTa ApattiyAM uThAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki jaise zabda paTa kI taraha kRtaka hone se anitya hai, usI prakAra zabda amUrta hone ke kAraNa AkAza kI taraha nitya honA cAhiye / isa prakAra zabda meM anityatvasiddhi ke liye vAdI dvArA kRtakatva hetu prayukta karane para prativAdI vAdI ke pakSa se sAmyapratipAdana kI dRSTi se zabda meM 'zabdo nityo'. mUrtatvAdAkAzavan' ityAkAraka anumAnavAkya kA prayoga kara nityatva kI siddhi ke li! amUrtatva hetu kA prayoga karatA hai / anityatva kA khaNDana karatA huA pratipakSI vAdI ke sAtha samatA siddha karatA hai| arthAt jaise naiyAyika paTAdidRSTAnta se kRtakatva hetu ke dvArA zabda meM anityatA siddha kara sakatA hai, to maiM mImAMsaka bhI AkAzadRSTAnta se amUrtatva hetu ke dvArA zabda meM nityatva siddha kara sakatA huuN| isa prakAra anityatvasAdhaka kRtakatva hetu meM doSodbhAvana karatA hai, ise hI jAti 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 17 2 (a) pratipakSaNA vizeSa pratipAdanaM samIkaraNam |-nyAyabhUSaNa, pra, 312 (ba) samIkaraNArthaH prayogaH smH|-nyaayvaartik, 5 / 2 / /

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157 kathA nirUpaNa tathA chala... kahate haiM / prayukta hetu meM samIkaraNAbhiprAya se vAdI kA doSobhAvana sAdharmya va vaidharmya donoM se hotA hai / isIliye sUtrakAra ne 'sAdharmyavaidhamrmyAbhyAM pratyavasthAnaM jAtiH ' yaha jAti kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai / ataH sUtralakSaNa kA hamAre jAtilakSaNa se koI virodha nahIM hai, kyoMki usameM jina prakAroM se vAdI ke pakSa kA pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai, unakA digdarzana hai / bhASyakArokta 'prayukte hi deto yaH prasaMgo jAyate sa jAtiH " isa jAtilakSaNa se samAnatA ke kAraNa bhAsarvajJa ne uparyukta jAtilakSaNa nyAyabhASya ke anusAra kiyA hai, yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai / api ca, jAti ke bhASyakArakRta sAmAnyalakSaNa kA pariSkAra karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne usameM 'samIkaraNAbhiprAyeNa' itanA aMza aura jor3a diyA hai / jAti ke bhASyakAra tathA bhAsarvajJakRta sAmAnyalakSaNa meM prayukta 'prasaMga' zabda meM sUtrakAra ke jAtilakSaNa kA artha samAviSTa ho jAtA hai / ' prasaMgo jAtiH' itanA hI jAti kA lakSaNa karane para pratyakSAbhAsa Adi meM jAtilakSaNa kI ativyApti ho jAyegI, etadartha lakSaNa meM ' hetau prayukte' yaha diyA gayA hai / asiddhatvAdi doSa kI udbhAvanA dvArA bhI prativAdI vAdI ke pakSa kA pratiSedha karatA hai aura vaha hetuprayoga dvArA hI hotA hai / isa prakAra jAtilakSaNa kI asiddhatvAdi doSoM meM ativyApti ho jAtI hai / etadartha 'samIkaraNAbhiprAyeNa ' pada diyA gayA hai / isake dene se ativyApti kA nivAraNa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki asiddhatvAdi kA udbhAvana parapakSakhaNDana ke liye kiyA jAtA hai, strapakSa kI parapakSa se samAnatA batalAne ke lie nahIM / aparArka kA kahanA hai ki kevala prasaMga jAti nahIM, isa prayojana se samIkaraNAbhiprAyeNa ' pada diyA gayA hai / arthAt pratipakSa se sAmya batalAne ke uddezya se kiyA gayA pratiSedhamAtra jAti nahIM hotI, kyoMki pratipakSa se sAmyapratipAdana ke abhiprAya se kiyA gayA samyak prasaMga jAti nahIM kahalAtA / ataH aparArka kA kathana hai ki yahAM samyak pada kA adhyAhAra kara lenA cAhiye aura isa prakAra asamIcIna prasaMga arthAt prasaMgAbhAsa jAti hai na ki samyakU prasaMga / parantu " 1 nyAyasUtra, 1/2/28 2. nyAyabhASya, 112/28 3. sa ca pralaMga: sAdharmyavaidhamyabhyiAM pratyavasthAnamupalambhaH pratiSedha iti / 4 sAdharmyamyabhyiAM pratyavasthAnaM jAtiH / nyAyasUtra 1 / 2 / 18 5. nyAyamukAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 253 -- nyAyabhASya, 1/2/18

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158 nyAyasAra vastusthiti yaha hai ki jAti asaduttara ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai, isaliye jAtivAdI dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA prasaMga prasaMgAbhAsa hI hotA hai na ki samyak prasaMga, kyoMki prativAdI apane abhimAna se sAmya batalAtA hai, vaha sAmya vAstavika nahIM ho sakatA / yadi asaduttararUpa jAti ke dvArA upasthApita sAmya vAstavika hogA, to nyAyazAstra meM prasiddha jAti kI asaduttarasvarUpatA vyAhata ho jAyego, jo ki abhISTa nahIM hai / ataH samyak prasaMga ko nivRtti ke liye asamyak pada kA adhyAhAra karanA nirarthaka hai / nyAyasAra ke TIkAkAra jayasiMha sUri tathA vAsudeva sUri kA kathana hai ki bhAsarvajJa dvArA prastuta jAtilakSaNa avyApti doSa se dUSita hai / prAptisama, aprAptisama Adi jAtiyoM meM isakI vyApti nahIM hai, kyoMki unameM samIkaraNa ke abhiprAya se pravRtti nahIM hotI / ataH vAsudeva kA mata haiM ki bahulatA kI apekSA se yaha lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai " arthAt adhikAMza jAtibhedoM meM yaha lakSaNa ghaTita ho jAtA hai / jAtibheda nirUpaNa 8 sUtrakAra ne 'tadvikalpAjjAtinigrahasthAnabahutvam isa sUtra dvArA jAtibhedoM kA bAhulya batalAyA hai| sUtra meM bahutva pada se asaMkhyAta artha vivakSita hai na ki kevala vahutva | anyathA sAdharmyasama, vaidhargyasama Adi jAtibhedoM ke ullekha dvArA hI bahutva kA lAbha ho jAne se uparyukta sUtra meM bahula pada kA nairarthakya ho jAtA / uparyukta rIti se jAtibhedoM ke asaMkhyAta hone para bhI jAti ke mukhya bhedoM kA parigaNana nyAyasUtra meM kiyA gayA hai- 'sAdharmya vaidhamryotkarSApakarSavatrayavikalpasAdhyaprAptya-prAptiprasaMgapratidRSTAntAnutpatti saMzaya prakaraNA hetvArthApatyavizeSopapattyupalabdhya nupalabdhinityAnitya kAryasamA iti I * dvandvAnte zrUyamANaM paraM pratyekamabhisaMbadhyate ' - isa niyama ke anusAra 'sama' zabda kA pratyeka ke sAtha sambandha hotA hai / jaise - sAdharmyasama, utkarSasama vaidharmyasama, apakarSasama Adi / (1) sAdharmyama tathA ( 2 ) vaidharmya sama sUtrakAra ne sAdharmyasama aura vaidharmyasama ina do jAtibhedoM kA sammilita rUpa se eka hI sUtra meM lakSaNa de diyA hai--' sAdharmya vaidharmyAbhyAmupasaMhAre taddharmaviparyayopapatteH sAdharmya vaidharmya samau' / ' sAdharmya arthAt anvaya se aura vaidharmya arthAt vyatireka se 1. ( a ) nyAyatAtparyadIpikA, pR. 167 (ba) nyAyasArapadapaJcikA 65 2. nyAyasArapadapaJcikA, pR. 65 3. nyAyasUtra 4. 28 1 1 / 2 / 20 5 / 181

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 159 dRSTAnta kA kathana karane para dRSTAntadharma ke viparyaya arthAt pratiSTAntadharma ke bhava se vAdipratipAdita dharma kA jo pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai, unhe kramazaH sAdharmyasama aura vaidhaya'sama kahate haiN| jaise-vAdI dvArA 'anityaH zabdaH kRtakatvAt paTavat' isa prakAra zabda meM anityatvasiddhi ke liye anyavyApti ke udAharaNa kA kathana karane para prativAdI usake pakSa kA khaNDana karatA hai ki yadi anitya paTa se samAnatA ke kAraNa zabda ko anitya mAnA jAtA hai, to nitya AkAza se amUrtatvarUpa samAnatA ke kAraNa zabda ko nitya kyoM na mAnA jAya ? anitya paTa se sAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda ko anitya hI mAnA jAya, nitya AkAza se sAdharmya hone para bhI zabda ko nitya nahIM mAnA jAya-isa prakAra zabda aura paTa ke kRtakatvarUpa sAdharmya ke AdhAra para zabda ko vAdI dvArA anitya batalAne para prativAdI zabda aura AkAza meM amUrtatvasAdharmya se zabda ko nitya batalAtA hai / sAdharmya se prayukta hetu kA sAdharmya he pratiSedha karane ke kAraNa yaha sAdharmyasama jAti kahalAtI hai| isI prakAra nitya AkAza se amUrtatva sAdharmya ke bala se jaba prativAdI zabda ke anityatva kA khaNDana karatA hai, to vAdI apane pakSa ko punaH sidva karane ke liye 'yannityaM tadakRtakaM dRSTaM yathAkAzam' isa prakAra vaidharmya arthAt vyatirekA vyApti se sAdhana kA prayoga karatA hai| taba prativAdI bhI zabda ko nitya siddha karane ke liye kahatA hai ki yadi nitya AkAza se vaidhamye ke kAraNa zabda ko anitya mAnate ho, to anitya ghaTa ke sAtha zabda ke nIrUpatva tathA amUrtatvarUpa vaidharmya ke kAraNa zabda ko nitya mAnanA cAhiye / prativAdI kA anumAnavAkya 'nityaH zabdo'mUrtatvAta, yadanityaM tanmUrta dRSTaM tathA ghaTaH' ityAkAraka hai| isa mAnyatA meM koI vizeSa hetu dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai ki niya AkAza se kRta. katvarUpa vaidharmya ke kAraNa zabda anitya hai aura anitya ghaTAdi se amUrtasvarUpa baidhayaM ke kAraNa nitya nahIM / isa prakAra nitya AkAza se vaidharmya ( kRtakatva) ke kAraNa vAdI dvArA zabda ko anitya siddha karane para prativAdI aniya ghaTa sa vaidharmya (amUrtatva) ke bala se zabda ke anityatva kA khaNDana karatA hai, ataH yaha vaidharmyasama jAti kahalAtI hai| ina do jAtiyoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai'avinAbhAvinaH sAdharmyasya vaidharmyasya ca hetutvAbhyupagamAdaprasaMgo dhUmAdivaditi ' / avinAbhUt arthAt paMcarUpopapanna hetu se hI kisI sAdhyavizeSa kI siddhi hotI hai, anya se nahIM / jaise-agnimAn samasta mahAnasAdi sapakSoM se sAdharmya ke kAraNa tathA agnihita samasta mahAnasAdi vipakSoM se vaidharmya ke kAraNa dhUma se hI parvatAdi pakSa meM agnimantra kI siddhi hotI hai| arthAt 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatra vahniH, yathA mahAnase' 'yatra vahvayabhAvastatra dhUmAbhAvaH yathA mahAdeH' -ityAkAraka 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 15

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160 nyAyasAra donoM vyAptayoM se dhUma kA vahni se avyabhicarita sAhacarya siddha hotA hai / parantu isake viparIta agnimAn tathA agnirahita donoM pradezoM meM vidyamAna vRkSAdi ke sambandha ko dekhakara yadi koI kahe-'parvato vahnimAna, vRkSAdisambandhAt, to yaha sarvathA apaMgata hogA, kyoMki 'vatra vRkSAdisambandhastatra bahUniH', 'yatra vaDhUnyabhAvastatra vRkSAdisambandhAbhAvaH' -ye vyAptiyAM kadApi nahIM bana sakatI / ataH samasta anityoM meM vidyamAna tathA samasta nityoM meM avidyamAna avinAbhUta kRtakatvAdi dharma hI anityatva ko siddha karane meM samartha haiM, na ki abhinAbhAvarahita amUrtatva Adi dharma, kyoMki amUrtatva ekAntataH nityoM meM na hoka : anitya budvi Adi meM hI rahatA hai| nitya AkAza se sAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda nitya nahIM hai tathA anitya paTa se sAdharmya ka kAraNa anitya hai-isa mAnyatA meM koI vizeSa kAraNa nahIM hai, jAtivAdI kA yaha kathana bhI asaMgata hai, kyoMki 'kRtakatva' hetu meM svasAdhya anityatva se avinAbhAvitva hai aura 'amUrtatva' hetu meM svasAdhya nityatva se avinAbhAvitva nahIM hai, ataH donoM hetuoM meM spaSTatayA jJAyamAna vizeSa ko nakAranA nirI mUrkhatA hai| utkarSasama. apakarSasama, varNyasama, avaryasama, vikalpasama tathA sAdhyasama ina 6 jAtibhedoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne sUtrakArokta lakSaNasatra hI nyAyasAra meM uddhRta kara diyA hai-'sAdhyadRSTAntayordharmavikalpAdubhayasAdhyatvAccotkarSApakarSaH baavrnnyviklpsaadhysmaaH'|' isa sUtra ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki yahAM 6 jAtibhedoM ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiM, ataH 6 vAkya samajhe jAne cAhiye / ' una chaha vAkyoM kA ullekha utkarSasamAdi jAtibhedoM kA udAharaNa dete hue kiyA gayA hai| (3) utkarSasama bhAsarvajJa ne utkarSasama kA 'sAdhye dRSTAntAdaniSTadharmaprasaMgaH utkarSasamaH" yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai arthAt sAdhyadharma vAle pakSa meM dRSTAnta kI samAnatA se avidyamAna dharma kA ApAdAna utyarSasama jAti kahalAtI hai| jaise, vAdI dvArA 'zabdo'nityaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna se zabda meM anityatva kA anumAna karane para prativAdI usakA khaNDana karatA huA kahatA hai ki yadi kRtakatva ke kAraNa ghaTa kI taraha zabda anitya hai, taba ghaTa kI taraha vaha sAvayava bhI honA cAhiye / isa prakAra dRSTAnta ghaTa kI samAnatA se pakSa zabda meM avidyamAna sAvayavatva dharma kA ApAdana utkarSasama jAti hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 14 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 34. 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 18

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 161 (4) apakarSasama yahAM bho utkarSasama kI taraha dRSTAnta kI samAnatA se pakSa meM aniSTa dharma kA ApAdana hotA hai. kintu utkarSasama meM dRSTAnta kI samAnatA se pakSa meM avidyamAna aniSTa dharma kA ApAdana hotA hai aura apakarSasama meM dRSTAnta kI samAnatA se pakSa meM vidyamAna iSTa dharma ke abhAva kA ApAdana / ataH vidyamAna iSTa dharma ko nivRttirUpa apakarSa ke kAraNa ise apakarSasama saMjJA pradAna ko gaI hai| jaise-yadi kRtakatva hone para bhI zabda meM sAvayavatva abhISTa nahIM hai, taba usameM anityatva bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / apakarSasama kA dUsarA udAharaNa hai-kRtaka ghaTa zravaNendriyagrAhya nahIM hai, isaliye zabda bho kRtakatva ke kAraNa zrAvaNa nahIM hai, to vizeSAbhAva ke kAraNa anitya bhI nahIM honA cAhiye / udAharaNa ke anusAra apakarSasama kA yaha lakSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai.--'sAdhye issttdhrmnivRttirpkrsssmH'| (5) varNyasama (6) avarNyasama zabda kI taraha ghaTa meM bhI kRtakatvAmanumAna se varNyatA kA ApAdana varNyasama jAti hai / jaise-'zabdaH anityaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna meM jaise zabda kRtakatva ke dvArA varNya hai vaise dRSTAnta ghaTa bhI kRtakatva ke dvArA hI varNya hogA aura aisA mAnane para vaha sAdhya ho jAyegA aura usakI siddhi ke liye anya dRSTAnta kA upAdAna karanA hogA / anya dRSTAnta bhI pUrva dRSTAnta kI taraha varNya hogaa| isa prakAra uttarottara dRSTAntoM ke kRtakatvAnumAna dvArA varNya mAnane para anavasthA doSa ko Apatti hogI / anavasthA doSa ke parihArArtha yadi ghaTa ko avarNya mAnA jAyegA, to zabda ko bhI ghaTa kI taraha avarNya mAnanA hogA aura taba avarNyasama jAti hogii| 'nyAyasAra' meM inake nirUpaNa na karane kA kAraNa ina donoM bhedoM kI vastutaH sAdhyasama se abhinnatA hai / / (7) vikalpasama samAna dharma vAle padArtho meM vidyamAna dharmabheda ke sAmya se prakRta meM bhI dharmabheda mAnakara aniSTa dharma kA ApAdana vikalpasama jAti hai| jaise, kRtakatva dharma se yukta sabhI padArtha eka jaise nahIM dekhe jAte haiM, kintu unameM dharmabheda dekhA jAtA hai| jaise-buddhi, paTa aura ghaTa tInoM kRtaka haiM, parantu buddhi amUrta hai, paTa mUrta aura ghaTa kaThina / isa taraha kRtaka padArthoM meM dharmabheda anubhavasiddha hai| isI prakAra ghaTa kI taraha zanda ke kRtaka hone para bhI unameM nityatva va anityatva avAntara dharmabheda mAnakara zabda meM kRtakatva ke avAntara dharma nityatva kA ApAdAna vikalpasama jAti hai| 1. etau ca sAdhyasamAduktiyedamAtreNa bhinno tena saMgrahe na vyaakhyaato| -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 345 bhAnyA-21

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162 nyAyasAra (8) sAdhyasama samAna dharma vAle padArtho meM eka ke sAdhya hone se tatsAmya se dUsare siddha padArtha meM bhI sAdhyatA kA ApAdana sAdhyasama jAti hai / jaise-yadi kRtaka hone se zabda aura ghaTa donoM anitya haiM. taba anitya hone se donoM ko sAdhya mAnanA cAhiye yA kisI ko nhiiN| yadi samAna rUpa se donoM ke kRtaka hone para bhI donoM meM sAdhyatva nahoM, kintu eka meM hai, to isI sAmya se donoM meM anityatva nahIM mAnanA cAhiye / isa rIti se zabda meM anityatvAbhAvarUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana sAdhyasama jAti hai| utkarSasamAdi 6 jAtiyoM kA uttara ina jAtiyoM kA uttara sUtrakAra gautama ne 'kiMcitsAdhAdupasaMhArasidbhavaidhAdapratiSedhaH" isa sUtra ke dvArA diyA hai| satra meM upasaMhAra zabda kramazaH adhikaraNavyutpatti se dRSTAnta tathA sAdhya kA bodhaka hai| siddhi kA artha nizcaya hai| mahAnasAdi sapakSoM meM tathA parvatAdi pakSoM meM dhUmavattvarUpa kiMcit sAdharmya hI hai, pUrNa sAdharmya nhiiN| kiMcit sAdharmya se inameM upasaMhAravyavasthA (sAdhyadRSTAntabhAvavyavasthA) ho jAtI hai / yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki parvatAdi pakSoM aura mahAnasAdi dRSTAntoM meM sabhI dharma samAna hoN| dharmavikalpa hone para bhI unameM sarvalokaprasiddha sAdhya dRSTAntabhAvavyavasthA dekhI gaI hai tathA mahAnasAdi ke samasta dharmo kI parvatAdi meM siddhi nahIM hotI, api tu agnimattva kI hotI hai aura mahAnasIya samasta dharmoM kI parvata meM siddhi na hone para bhI parvata meM agnimattva kA abhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura na parvatAdi meM dRSTa dharmoM kI mahAnasAdi meM anupalabdhimAtra se nivRtti hotI hai / na ghUmavAn mahAnasAdi pradezoM meM dharmabheda kI taraha agnimattva kA bheda hotA hai| isI prakAra sapakSa mahAnasAdi meM agni ke anumeya hone se mahAnasIya agni ko anumeya mAnA jA sakatA hai / yaha saba vyavasthA vyavahAra meM prasiddha hai tathA zAstroM meM svIkRta hai| isakA apalApa karane para loka aura zAstra se virodha hogA tathA samasta anumAna apramANa ho jAyege aura isa prakAra sabhI anumAnoM meM utkarSasama aura apakarSasamAdi jAtiyAM udbhAvita hone laga jAyeMgI / isaliye yaha mAnanA hogA ki sAdhya aura dRSTAnta meM kiMcit sAdharmya se sAdhyadRSTAntabhAvavyavasthA ho jAne para anya asamAnatAoM (vaidhayo) ke AdhAra para usa vyavasthA kA pratiSedha ucita nahIM / 'sAdhyAtidezAcca dRSTAntopapattaH '1 -isa nyAyasatra se bhI yaha siddha hai ki vAdiprativAdisammata jisa vastu ke dvArA pakSa meM sAdhya kA atideza kiyA jAtA hai, vaha dRSTAnta hI hotA hai, sAdhya nahIM / 1. nyAyasUtra, 5.116

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 163 (9) prAptisama (10) aprAptisama prAptisama aura aprAptisama kA rakSaNa prApya sAdhyamaprApya vA hetoH prAptyA viziSTatvAdaprAptyA sAdhakatvAcca prAptyaprAptisamau'1 isa nyAyasatra meM nirdiSTa hai / arthAt hetu sAdhya se sambaddha hokara sAdhya ko siddha karegA, to donoM meM prApti ke kAraNa samAnatA se sAdhyasAdhanabhAva nahIM hogA, yaha prAptisama hai aura asambaddha hetu se sAdhyasiddhi mAnane para asambaddhatA ke kAraNa vaha sAdhya ko siddha nahIM kara sakegA, yaha aprAptisama jAti hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki hetu sAdhya se sambandhita hokara sAdhya kI siddhi karatA hai athavA asambaddha hokara / asambaddha hokara sAdhya siddhi nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki sAdhya aura hetu donoM sambaddhatvena samAna haiN| aisI sthiti meM jaise saMyukta do aguliyoM meM sAdhyasAdhanabhAva nahIM ho sakatA, usI prakAra sambaddha hetu aura sAdhya meM sAdhyasAdhanabhAva nahIM upapanna hogaa| sAdhya se asambaddha hetu bhI sAdhya kI siddhi nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki jisa prakAra asambaddha kASTha ko agni jalA nahIM sakatA, asaMyukta ghaTAdi ko pradIpa prakAzita nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra asambaddha hetu sAdhyasiddhi meM samartha nahIM ho skegaa| ina do jAtiyoM kA uttara sUtrakAra ne 'ghaTAdiniSpattidarzanAt pIDane cA'bhicArAdapratiSedhaH isa satra ke dvArA diyA hai / isa satra ke prathamArdha meM prAptisama kA khaNDana hai aura uttarArddha meM atrAptisama kA / arthAt jaise yadyapi mRpiNDa aura kumbhakAra saMyukta haiM tathApi kumbhakArAdi dvArA mRtpiNDa hI ghaTarUpa se nirmita hotA hai na ki mRtpiNDa se kumbhakAra | tathA pradIpa aura ghaTasaMyukta haiM, parantu pradIpa ghaTa ko prakAzita karatA hai. na ki ghaTa pradIpa ko / isI prakAra bani aura dhUma donoM prApta (saMyukta) haiM, parantu sAdhakatva dhUma meM hI hai, vani meM nahI yaha lokavyavasthA haiM / bhicArAdi karma dUrastha puruSa se saMyukta na hotA huA bhI use pIDita kara detA hai| isaliye yaha koI aikAntika niyama nahIM ki hetu sAdhya se saMyukta athavA asaMyukta hokara hI usakI siddhi kare / padArthoM ke dharma vyavasthita hai, ataH dhUma tathA vahUni ke sambandha yA asambandha ke dono meM samAnarUpa se rahane para bhI dhUmAdi meM sAdhanAva hI hai aura vahnayAdi meM sAdhyatva dharma hI hai| ina dharmoM kI pratiniyata-padArthavRttitA kA apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki unakA apalApa yA nirAkaraNa karanA sarvapramANaviraddha hai| (11) prasaMgasama aura (12) pratidRSTAntasama prasaMgasama aura pratidRSTAntasama jAtiyoM kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'dRSTAntasya kAraNAna padezAt pratyavasthAnAcca pratidRSTAntena prasaMgapratidRSTAntasamau' isa sUtra ke dvArA batalAyA hai| kisI anumAna ke dRSTAntabhUta padArtha meM kAraNa arthAt dRSTAnta kA 1. vahI, 5117 2. nyAyasUtra, 5/118 3. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 11

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164 nyAyasAra kathana na karanA prasaMgasama hai / jaise-'zabdaH anityaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' isa zabdAnityatvasAdhaka anumAna meM dRSTAntabhUta ghaTa kI anityatA meM kisI dRSTAnta kA na batalAnA prasaMgasama jAti hai| kyoMki ghaTa kI anityatA meM kAraNa arthAt dRSTAnta batalAye binA ghaTa meM hI anityatA kI siddhi nahIM, taba usake dRSTAnta se zabda meM anityatA kaise siddha ho sakatI hai? pratidRSTAnta ke dvArA sAdhya kA pratiSedha prati dRSTAntasama jAti hai| jaise-vAdI 'zabdo'nityaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna dvArA ghaTa dRSTAnta upanyasta kara kRtakatva hetu se zabda meM anityatva siddha kara rahA hai| kintu 'zabdaH nityaH zrotra. grAhyatvAt' isa anumAna dvArA zabdatvarUpa pratidRSTAnta pUrva anumAna dvArA sAdhya anityatva kA pratiSedha karatA hai| kyoMki ghaTAdi dRSTAnta se zabda anitya hI ho aura zabdatvadRSTAnta se nitya nahIM, aisA mAnane meM koI vizeSa kAraNa nahIM diikhtaa| nyAyasAra meM prasaMgasama aura pratidRSTAntasama kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isa viSaya meM spaSTIkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyabhUSaNa meM kahA hai ki prasaMgasama meM sAdhyasama se koI vizeSatA nahIM / ' sAdhyasama kI taraha prasaMgasama meM bhI dRSTAnta ghaTa ko sAdhya hI mAna liyA jAtA hai| ataH kevala nAma kA bheda hai / isI prakAra pratidRSTAntasama sAdhyasama va vaidhaya'sama se aviziSTa hai, unameM nAmamAtra kA bheda hai| kyoMki sAdharmyasama va vaidharmyasama meM bhI pratidRSTAnta ke dvArA sAdhya kA pratiSedha yA abhAva batalAyA jAtA hai tathA jAti ke katipaya bhedoM ke nirUpaNa kI pratijJA kI hai na ki usake samasta bhedoM ke nirUpaNa ko| ataH inakA nirUpaNa na karane para bhI kisI prakAra pratijJA kI hAni nahIM hai| prasaMgasama jAti doSa kA uddhAra sUtrakAra ne 'pradIpopAdAnaprasaMgavinivRttivattaddhinivRttiH' isa sUtra dvArA kiyA hai / jisa prakAra ghaTAdi ke prakAzana ke liye upAdIyamAna pradIpa ke svaprakAza hone se unake prakAzanArtha anya pradIpa kA upAdAna apekSita nahIM hotA, usI prakAra dRSTAnta meM anityatvAdidharmasiddhi ke liye anya dRSTAnta kI apekSA nahIM, kyoMki usameM anityatA ko siddhi anya dRSTAnta ke binA pratyakSa pramANa se hI siddha hai aura pratyakSa meM kisI dRSTAnta kI AvazyaktA nhiiN| pratiSTAntasama doSa kA uddhAra sUtrakAra ne 'pratidRSTAntahetutve ca naahetrdRssttaantH'| isa sUtra ke dvArA kiyA hai / arthAt prativAdI ne vAdI ke anumAna meM pratidRSTAnta kA kathanamAtra kiyA hai, kintu dRSTAnta meM kisI prakAra ke doSa kA udbhAvana nahIM kiyA / ataH dRSTAnta nirduSTa hai aura vaha sAdhya kaH sAdhaka hai| pratidRSTAnta ke kathanamAtra se dRSTAnta sAdhya kA asAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA / 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 347 2. nyAyasUtra, 5/1/10 3. vahI For Private & Personal use only. |

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 165 (13) anutpattisama sUtrakAra ne 'prAgutpatteH kAraNAmAvAdanutpattisamaH'1 yaha anutpattisama jAti kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / arthAt utpatti se pUrva zabda kI anityatA kA koI kAraNa nahIM, ataH vaha nitya hai aura nitya kI utpatti nahIM / jaise, anutpatti ke dvArA zabda meM anityatvarUpa sAdhya kA pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai ataH ise anutpattisama kahA gayA hai / 'anityaH zabdaH kAryatvAt' isa anumAna meM kAryatva hetu anutpattisama doSa se grasta hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki kArya usI padArtha ko kahA jAtA hai, jo kisI ke prayatna se niSpAdita ho / jaba taka zabda ke utpAdana kA prayatna kisI ne nahIM kiyA, taba taka zabda ko kArya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ataH usameM kAryatva hetu kA abhAva hai| kAryatva na hone se netyatva nahIM, kintu nityatva hI hai / java apanI utpatti ke pahile zabda meM nityatA sthApita ho jAtI haiM, taba usameM kAryatva (utpAdyatva) hI saMbhava nhiiN| taba kAyatva se zabda kI anityatA kaise siddha huI ? ataH kAryatva hetu anutpattisama doSa se grasta hai| isa doSa kA udora sUtrakAra ne 'tathAbhAvAdutpannasya kAraNopapattarapratiSedhaH' isa satra dvArA kiyA hai / arthAt kisI vastu ko nitya yA anitya tabhI kahA jA sakatA hai, jabaki usakA svarUpa siddha ho| rava puSpa ke samAna jisakA svarUpa hI siddha nahIM, use nitya yA anitya kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakate / ataH utpatti se pahile zabdarUpa dharmI kI sattA na hone se usameM nityatva dharma kI sattA kaise kahI jA sakatI hai? prayatnapUrvaka uccArita zabda kA svarUpa jaba niSpanna hotA hai, taba usameM anityatA kA sAdhaka kAyava upapanna ho jAtA hai, ataH nitya zabda kI utpatti anupapanna hone se hetu ko anutpattisama batalAnA anucita hai| (14) saMzayasama saMzayasama kA lakSaNa satrakArane sAmAnyadRSTAntayorendriyakatve samAne nityAnityasAdhAt saMzayamamaH' isa sUtra dvArA kiyA hai| arthAt aindriyakatva hetu ke nitya sAmAnya aura anitya ghaTATi meM samAnarUpa se rahane ke kAraNa usa hetu ke nityatvAnityatvasAdhAraNa hone se zabda meM aniyatva kA sandeha banA rahatA hai| yadi saMzaya kA kAraNa hone para bhI saMzaya abhISTa nahIM. taba phira nizcaya kA kAraNa hone para bhI nizcaya nahIM hogA / isa prakAra yahA~ saMzaya dvArA aniSTApAdana saMzayasama jAti kahalAtI hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 9 / 12 2. vahI, 5 / 1 / 13 3. vahI, 5114

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166 nyAyasAraM isakA uddhAra satrakAra ne 'sAdhAtsaMzaye na saMzayo vaidhAdubhayathA vA saMzaye'. tyantasaMzayaprasaMgaH / nityatvAnabhyupagamAcca sAmAnyasyApratiSedhaH1 isa sUtra dvArA kiyA hai| kisI sAdharmya ke kAraNa saMzaya hone para vaidhayaM ke kAraNa sazaya kI nivRtti ho jAtI hai / sAdharmya tathA vaidharmya donoM se hI saMzaya mAnane para atyanta saMzaya hogA aura usakI nivRtti nahIM hogI tathA sAmAnya sarvadA saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM hogA arthAt vizeSa darzanakAla meM sAmAnyadarzana saMzaya kA kAraNa nahIM hotaa| anyathA ziraHpANyAdi-vizeSa darzana-kAla meM UrdhvatvAdi dharma puruSa meM sthANasaMzaya ke kAraNa ho jAte / tAtparya yaha hai ki sAmAnyadharmadarzana se saMzaya tamI taka hotA hai, jaba taka ki vizeSadarzana na ho / jaba sthANa meM puruSatvavyApya zira:pANyAdi vizeSa kA darzana ho jAtA hai, usa samaya UrdhatvAdi-sAmAnyasAmagrI saMzaya ko janma nahIM de sakatI, kyoMki vizeSAdarzana bhI usako eka sAmagrI hai| vizeSadarzana ke rahate vizeSAdarzanaghaTita sampUrNa sAmagrI kA sadbhAva nahIM ho sakatA / pravRtta meM kAryatvahetudarzana vizeSa darzana hai / ataH usake sadbhAva meM aindriyakatvarUpa sAmAnyadarzana' 'zabdo nityo na vA' isa prakAra ke saMzaya kA utpAdana nahIM kara sakatA / nyAyasAra me vistAra ke parihAra ke liye isakA pRthak abhidhAna nahIM kiyA hai| (14) prakaraNasama prakaraNasama kA 'ubhayasAdhAprakriyAsiddheH prakaraNasamaH' yaha sautra lakSaNa hai| satra meM ubhayasAdharmya zabda 'ubhayaM ca tat sAdharmyam' isa vyutpatti se sAdharmyadvaya kA bodhaka hai / 'prakriyata iti' isa vyutpatti se prakriyA zabda pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bodhaka hai / ataH sAdharmyadvaya se yA vaidharmyadvaya se pakSa aura pratipakSa kI siddhi prakaraNasama jAti hai, yaha satrArtha hai / anitya ghaTAdi ke sAtha kRtakatva sAdharmya ke kAraNa pakSa kI arthAt vAdI ke pakSa zabdAnityatva kI siddhi hotI hai aura nitya AkAzAdi ke sAtha amUrtatva sAdhamya ke kAraNa pratipakSa kI arthAt prativAdI ke pakSa zabdanityatva kI siddhi hotI hai| sAdharmya kA grahaNa vaidhayaM kA bhI upalakSaNa hai| arthAt jaise do sAdhoM se pakSa pratipakSasiddhi prakaraNasama hai, usI prakAra ubhayavaidharmya se bhI pakSa, pratipakSa kI siddhi hone para prakaraNasama hotA hai arthAta eka vaidharmya pakSa kI siddhi karatA hai, to dUsarA vaidhayaM pratipakSa kI / jaise, zabda meM paTAdi se anityatva sAdharmya ke kAraNa anityatva kI siddhi hai, to AkAzAdi meM vartamAna amUrtatva sAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda meM nityatvarUpa prativAdI ke pakSa kI siddhi hai, ataH yaha prakaraNasama hai / 1. nyAyasUtra, 5/1/15 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 349 3. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 116

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... bhAsarvajJa kI mAnyatA hai ki isa jAtibheda kA bhI sAdharmyasama aura vaidharmyasama nAmaka jAtibhedoM se nAmamAtra kA bheda hai / isa liye nyAyasAra meM isakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai, parantu nAmamAtra kA bheda batalAkara bhI bhAsarvajJa ne isakA sAdharmyasama va vaidhaya'sama se svalpa bheda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / viruddhAvyabhicArI ko taraha trirUpasAdharmya dvArA sAdhya prakaraNasama hotA hai aura sAdharmyamAtra se sAdhya kA pratiSedha sAdharmyasama hai-isa prakAra donoM kA svarUpa lakSaNya bhI hai| isI liye aparArka ne kahA hai ki AMzika vailakSaNya hone para bhI nyAyasAra meM isake akathana kA kAraNa abheda nahIM, apitu vistAramaya hI hai| jaba prativAdI ke stambhanArtha hI dvitIya hetuprayoga hotA hai, taba viruddhAvyabhicArI hetvAbhAsa hotA hai aura jaba dvitIya vAdI bhI svapakSa ke nizcaya kA abhisandhAna kara pratihetu kA pra prayoga karatA hai, taba prakaraNasama hotA hai / isa prakAra se bhI donoM kA bheda aparArka ne batalAyA hai / isa doSa yA uddhAra satrakAra ne 'pratipakSAtprakaraNasiddheH pratiSedhAnupapattiH prati pakSopapatteH' isa satra ke dvArA kiyA hai / arthAt vAdisammata prathama sAdhana se vAdipakSa kI siddhi ho jAne para usa hetu ko nirdoSatA ke kAraNa dvitIya pakSa kA utthAna nahIM hotA, ataH prakaraNasama nahIM bana sakatA / satra meM dvitIya pakSa kI apekSA se prathama sAdhana hI pratipakSa kahA gayA hai| ataH pratipakSa arthAta prathama sAdhana se prathama pakSa kI siddhi ho jAne para usake pratiSedha kI upapatti hI nahIM hoto arthAta dvitIya pakSa kA utthAna hI saMbhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki prathama sAdhana nirduSTa hai / ataH zabdAnityatva kA sAdhaka kRtakatva nirduSTa sAdhana hai, usase zabda meM anityatva siddha ho jAne para zabdanityatva ke sAdhaka amUrtatvAnumAna kA utthAna ho saMbhava nahIM hai / ata yahAM prakaraNa samadoSa se aniSTApAdana saMbhava nahIM ho sktaa| (16) ahetusama hetu kI tInoM kAloM meM asiddhi ahetusama hai, jaisAki satrakAra ne kahA hai'traikAtyAsiddheheMtorahetusamaH' / arthAt vartamAna, bhUta va bhaviSyat kisI bhI kAla meM hetu kI sattA upapanna na hone para ahetusama kahalAtA hai| yadi sAdhya se pahile hetu kI sattA mAnI jAya. to usa samaya sAdhyAbhAva kI dazA meM hetu kisakA sAdhana hogA ? sAdhya ke bAda sAdhana kI sattA mAnI jAya, to sAdhana se pUrva sAdhana ke binA sAdhya kI utpatti hI kaise hogI aura sAdhya ke samakAla meM avidyamAna 1. asyApi sAdhamyavadhamyasamAbhyAmaktimAtreNa bheda: |-nyaaybhuussnn, pR 349 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 349 3. nyAyamuktAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR. 263 4. nyAyasUtra, 5/1117 5. bahI, 5/1/18

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168 nyAyasAra hetu sAdhana kaise ho sakatA hai ? yadi sAdhya aura sAdhana kI yugapat sthiti mAnI jAya, to donoM ke ekakAla meM vidyamAna hone se tulyatA ke kAraNa kauna kisakA sAdhana hogA ? isa prakAra kAlatraya meM hetu ko ahetu arthAta sAdhya se aviziSTa aniSTApAdana ahetusama jAti kahalAtI hai| isakA samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne 'na hetutaH sAdhyasiddheH' isa sUtra ke dvArA kiyA hai| kAraka yA jJApaka hetu ke binA kisI kArya yA jJApya sAdhya kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / yadi lokasiddha sAdhyasAdhanabhAva kA kutarkavazAt apalApa kiyA jAyegA, taba phira sabhI hetu ahetu ho jAyeMge aura kisI ko kahIM pravRtti athavA nivRtti nahIM ho pAyegI / samasta jagat andhamUka kI taraha kriyAzUnya ho jaayegaa| ataH hetu se hI sAdhyasiddhi mAnanI hotI hai| sAdhyoM ke sAtha hetuoM kA pUrvabhAva, bhAva aura sahabhAva anubhava ke anusAra mAnA jAtA haiN| jaise-kAraka hetu sadA sAdhya kArya se pahile hI hotA hai aura jJApaka hetu koI sAdhya se parvamA hotA hai| jaise-jJAyamAna rUpAdi ko jJApaka cakSu, sayeM Adi hetu / koI jJApaka hetu sAdhya se pazcAAdhI hotI hai| jaise-agni, AkAza tathA AtmA ke jJApaka hetu dhUma, zabda va icchAdi guNa sAdhya agnyAdi ke kArya hone se pazcAdbhAvI haiN| koI jJApaka hetu sAdhyasahabhAvI hotA hai| jaise-rUpAdi sparzAdi ke jJApaka haiM aura ve jJApya jJApaka dravya meM sAtha utpanna hone se sahabhAvI haiM / ataH kRtakasvAdi hetu ko traikAlpAsiddhi na hone se usake hetu meM sAdhyatvarUpa aniSTApAdana saMbhava nahIM / tInoM kAloM meM pratiSedha ke anupapanna hone se bhI ahetusama nahIM bana sakatA, jaisAki sUtra meM kahA gayA hai-'pratiSedhAnupapattezca' / pratiSedha pratiya se pahile hotA hai yA pazcAt yA pratiSedhya ke sAtha arthAt ekakAla meM / yadi pahile hotA hai, taba pratiSedhya ke abhAva meM pratiSedha anupapanna hogA / yadi bAda meM hotA hai, to pratiSedhyakAla meM pratiSedha ke na hone se vaha pratiSedhya kaise kahalAyegA arthAt use pratiSedhya kahano anupapanna hogaa| yadi pratiSedha pratiSedhya kAla meM rahatA hai, taba jisa prakAra samAnakAlika gozaMgoM meM pratiSedhapratiSedhyabhAva ko anupapatti hai usI prakAra pratiSedha va pratiSedhya ke samAnakAlika hone se unameM pratiSedha-pratiSedhyabhAva kI anupapatti hogii| isa prakAra kAlyAsiddhi ke kAraNa pratiSedha kI upapatti nahIM hotI aura usakI anupapatti meM hetu kI nirdoSatA siddha hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 5119 2. . 51120

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 169 (17) arthApattisama arthApattisama kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'arthApattitaH prtipksssiddhraapttismH| isa prakAra kiyA hai arthAt arthApAtta ke kAraNa jahA~ pratapakSa arthAta sAzyarUpa dharma se viparIta dharma sAdhyAbhAva kA ApAdana hotA hai, use arthApattisama kahate haiM / jaise-yadi anitya ghaTAdi padArtho se kAryatvarUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda meM anityatva vAdI dvArA siddha kiyA jA rahA hai, vahAM arthAt prApta nitya dravya AkAzAdi ke sAtha asparzavatvarUpa sAdhamrya se zabda meM nityatva kA ApAdana arthApattisama hai| isI prakAra zabda meM nitya AkAzAdi padArthoM ke sAtha kAryatvarUpa vaidharmya ke kAraNa anityatva kI siddhi vAdI karatA hai, taba anitya padArtha ghaTAdi ke sAtha asparzavatvarUpa vaidhayaM ke kAraNa zabda meM anityatvAbhAvarUpa nityatva kI siddhi kA ApAdana bhI arthApattisama hai / / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasAra meM isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, kyoMki sAdharmyama aura vaidhaya'sama se isakA nAmamAtra kA bheda hai| parantu unhoMne sAdharmyasama aura vaidharmyasama se bheda bhI batalAyA hai / sAdharmya se vAdI dvArA zabda meM anityatva siddha karane para sAdharmya se hI prativAdI dvArA pratipakSasiddhirUpa aniSTa kA ApAdAna sAdhaya'sama hai tathA vaidharmya se vAdI dvArA anityatvarUpa pakSa kI siddhi karane para vaidharmya se hI prativAdI dvArA nityatvarUpa pratipakSa kA ApAdana vaidhamyasama hai / parantu vAdo dvArA vaidharmya se anityatvapakSa kI sidvi prastuna karane para sAdhayaM se pranivAdI dvArA pratipakSasiddhirUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana arthApattisama kahalAtA hai / jaise -AkAzAdi nitya padArthoM ke sAtha kAryatvarUpa vaidharmya se zabda meM anityatva siddha karane para nitya padArthoM ke sAtha asparzatvarUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda meM AkAzAdi kI taraha nityatva kA ApAdana arthApattisama hai| arthApattisama kA isa prakAra svarUpabheda hone para bhI nyAyasAra meM usakA anabhidhAna vistArabhaya se hI hai, jaisAki aparArka ne kahA hai-'tarhi sambhavatyevaMvidhe bhede vistarabhayAdanabhidhAnaM saMgrahe' / isakA samAdhAna satrakAra ne 'anuktasyArthApatteH pazahAnerupapattiranuktatvAta" isa sUtra se kiyA hai / anukta nityatvarUpa pakSa kI arthApatta dvArA siddhi cAhane vAle ke mata meM anukatvasAdharmya ke kAraNa nityatvarUpa pakSa kI hAni bhI prApta ho jAtI hai| arthAt jisa prakAra anukka nityatvapakSa kI middhi arthApatti se prApta ho jAtI hai usI prakAra anukta Anetyatva kI bhI middhi arthApatti se prApta ho jAtI hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jisake banA jisakI upapatti nahIM hotI, 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 1 / 21 2. asyApi sAdharmyavadharmyasamAbhyAmuktimAtreNa bhedaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 350 3. nyAyamuktAvalI, pUrvabhAga, pR. 265 4. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 1 / 21 bhAnyA-22

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nyAyasAra usa anupapadyamAna vastu kA upapAdana karanA arthApatti kA svarUpa hai| yadi AkAzAdi nitya padArtho ke sAtha asparzavatva sAdharmya se zabda meM nityatvasiddhi ke binA zabda ke anityatra kI upapatti na hotI to anupapadyamAna zabdAnityatva se usake upapAdaka zabdanityasva kA siddhi ho jAtI, kintu usake binA bho kRtakatva hetu se zabda meM anityatva upapanna hai / ataH arthApatti dvArA zabda meM nityatvarUpa pratipakSa kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / tathA zabda meM ghaTAdi padArthoM ke sAtha kAryatvarUpa sAdharmya se AkAzAdi nitya dravyoM ke sAtha aspazaMvarUpa sAdharmya kI bhI arthAt prAptirUpa jo vAkyArtha-viparyayarUpa arthApatti hai, vaha avyabhicAriNI nahIM, apitu vyabhicAriNI hai, kyoMki vAkyArthaviparyayarUpa arthAMpatti mAnane para 'dhana zilAdravya kA patana hotA hai' yaha kahane para dravadravyoM kA patana nahIM hotA, isa artha kI arthAt Apatti hotI hai aura yaha artha vyabhicArI hai, kyoMki jalarUpa dravadravya kA bhI patana anubhavasiddha hai / ataH aiso vyabhicAriNI arthApatti ko lekara aniSTApAdana saMbhava nahIM hai| isI abhiprAya se sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'anekAntikatvAccArthApatteH / / (18) avizeSasama kucha dravyoM meM eka dharma ke hone se unameM samAnatA mAnane para sattvena sabhI padArtho kI samAnatArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana avizeSasama jAti hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'ekadharmopapattaravizeSe sarvAvizeSaprasaMgAtsadbhAvopapattaravizeSasamaH' / jaise, ghaTa aura zabda meM kAryatva nAmaka eka dharma ke hone se donoM meM anityatvena samAnatA mAnane para sabhI padArtho meM sattvadharma ke sadbhAva se sabhI meM avizeSatA kA ApAdana avizeSasama hai| isakA samAdhAna nimna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai-sattArUpa eka dharma kI upapatti se samasta padArtho meM sarvathA sAmya siddha karane para pratyakSAdi se virodha upasthita hotA hai| yadi kisI rUpa se sAmya siddha kiyA jAtA hai, to prameyatvAdi dharma se sabhI padArthoM meM sAmya siddha hone se usakA sAdhana siddhasAdhana hai / ataH yaha siddha-sAdhana hai| yadi nityatva athavA anityatva se sabhI ke sAmya kA ApAdana kiyA jAya, to vaha anumAnAdi pramANa se viruddha hai| jaisA ki satrakAra ne kahA hai - 'kvAcattadharmopapatte kvaciccAnupapatteH pratiSedhAbhAvaH' / arthAt kahIM ghaTAdi meM a netyatva dharma kI upapatti hai kyoMki kAyasvarUpa pramANa se siddha hai aura kahIM AkAzAdi meM anityatva dharma kA saMbhava nahIM, kyoM ka AkAzAdi meM pramANa se anityatva siddha nahIM haiN| ataH sabhI padArthoM meM AMvazeSatArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana pramANaviruddha hone se sambhava nahI / athavA ghaTAdi tathA zabda meM anityatva ke 1. nyAyasUtra, 5.1 / 22 2. vahI, 5/1 // 23 3. vahI, 5/1124

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171 kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... sAdhaka kAryatva dharma kI kAraNatvena upapatti saMbhava hai, ataH unameM samatva kA ApAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu sabhI padArthoM meM avizeSatA ke ApAdaka kisI dharma kI kAraNatvena upapatti saMbhava nahIM, ataH unameM samatApAdanarUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana saMbhava nahIM / sabhI padArtho meM samatApAdaka sattArUpa hetu bhI saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki anavasthAdi doSoM ke kAraNa sAmAnyAdi meM sattA kI sthiti saMbhava nahIM hai / (19) upapattisama anityatva va nityatva donoM ke sAdhaka kAraNoM kI upapatti dvArA sAdhya kA pratiSedha yA sAdhyAbhAvarUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana upapattisama jAti hai, jaisAki satrakAra ne kahA hai-'ubhayakAraNopapatterupapattisamaH' 11 jaise, anityatva ke kAraNa kAryatva kI upapatti hone se zabda meM anityatva mAnane para nityatva ke kAraNa asparzatva dharma kI bhI upapatti hone se usameM sAdhya anityatva kA pratiSedha karanA yA sAdhyAbhAvarUpa nityatva ko ApAdana upapattisama hai / vastutaH isakA sAdharmyasama aura vaidharmyasama se nAmamAtra kA bheda hai / isaliye bhAsarvajJa ne isa jAti-bheda kA nyAyasAra meM nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA hai| upapattisamadoSa kA samAdhAna sUtrakAra ne 'upapattikAraNAbhyanujJAnAdapratiSedhaH' isa sUtra dvArA kiyA hai| arthAt zabda meM anityatva ke kAraNa kAryatva kI upapatti se anityatva anujJAta hai aura anujJAta kA pratiSadha ucita nahIM / ataH asparzavatva ke dvArA zabda meM anityatva kA pratiSedha saMbhava nhiiN| tathA asparzavatva ke AkAzAdi meM vyabhicArI hone se aspazavatva kA kAraNatva hI svIkRta nahIM hai, kyoMki avyabhicArI hetu ho hetu hotA hai, vyabhicArI nahoM / ataH asparzavatva ke nityatva kA sAdhaka na hone se usake dvArA zabda meM nityatvApAdana yA anityatva kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| (20) upalabdhisama nirdiSTa kAraNa ke na hone para bhI kAryatvarUpa sAdhya kI buddhayAdi meM upalabdhi hotI hai, ataH isa upalabdhi ke dvArA vaha kAraNa sAdhya kA sAdhaka nahIM, yaha AnaSTApAdana upalabdhisama hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'nirdiSTa kAraNAbhAve'pyupalambhA dupalabdhisamaH / jaise, pRthivyAdi meM kAryatva kA sAdhaka sAvayavatvarUpa hetu kAraNa. tvena nirdiSTa hai, kintu buddhayAdi meM sAvayavatva ke abhAva meM bhI kAryatva kI upalabdhi dekhI jAtI hai| ataH yaha sAvayavatva hetu kAryatva kA sAdhaka nahIM hai, yaha aniSTApAdana upalabdhisama kahalAtA hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 51 / 24 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 352 3. nyAyasUtra, 5/1 / 26 4. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 1 / 27 /

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172 nyAyasAra ___ isakA uddhAra bhAsarvajJa ne 'sapakSakadezasyApi dhUmAdergamakatvadarzanAdapratiSedhaH, isa vacana ke dvArA batalAyA hai / arthAt sarvasapakSavRtti hetu hI sAdhya kA sAdhaka ho, yaha niyama nahIM / tapta ayogolakA derUpa sapakSoM meM na rahane ke kAraNa mahAnasAdirUpa sapakSakadeza meM rahane vAle dhUmAdi hetuoM meM bhI parvatAdi meM vahanirUpa sAdhya kI sAdhakatA dRSTa hai / ataH prakRta meM bhI sAvayavatva hetu kArya budvathAdi meM na rahane ke karaNa sapakSakadezavRtti hai. phira bhI prathivyAdi meM kAryatra kA sAdha sakatA hai, ataH usameM aprayojakatva doSa nahIM hai / jisa prakAra sthAnarUpa nimitta se maMca kI maMcastha puruSoM meM lakSaNA hai, usI prakAra prakRta sUtra meM sapakSaka deza zabda lakSaNayA athavA 'sapakSasya ekadezo'styasya' isa bahuvrIhi samAsa se sapakSakadezavRtti hetu kA bodhaka hai| buddhayAdi meM sAvayavatva ke dvArA kAryatva kI siddhi yahA~ abhISTa nahIM hai / isa prakAra buddhayAdi ke pakSatvena abhISTa na hone ke kAraNa buddhadhAdirUpa pakSa meM sAvayavatva hetu ke na rahane se bhAgAsiddhatva kI prasakti bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| baddhayAdi meM sAvayavatva hetu dvArA kAryatva kI siddhi na hone para bhI 'buddhayAdikaM kAryam anupalabdhikAraNeSvasatsu prAgUz2a cAnupalabdheH' isa anumAnAntara se kAryatvasiddhi ho jAtI hai, ataH unameM kAryatva kI anupapatti nahIM hai| isI abhiprAya se sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'kAraNAntarAdapi taddharmopapatterapratiSedhaH' arthAt jisa prakAra tapta ayogolakAdi meM dhUma ke na hone para bhI spArzana pratyakSa athavA dAhakatvAdirUpa anumAnAntara ke dvArA agni kI siddhi hai, ataH nidhUma agni kI asiddhi nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, usI prakAra buddhayAdi meM anumAnAntara ke dvArA kAryatvasiddhi ho jAne se unheM akArya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / (21) anupalabdhisama buddhAdirUpa kArya ko anupalabdhi kA upalabha na hone se anupalabdhi kA abhAva siddha hone ke kAraNa tAMdvaparota buddhathAdi kI upalabdhi dvArA pUrvakAla yA uttarakAla meM budhyAdi kI sattArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana anupalabdhasama jAti hai| anupalabdhi kA anupalabdhi se isakA ApAdana huA hai, ataH ise anupalabdhisama saMjJA dI gaI hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai 'tadanupalabdheranupalambhAdabhAvasiddhI tadviparotopapattAnupalabdhisamaH / ' arthAt buddhyAdi kArya kI jo anupalabdhi hai, vaha bhI upalabdha nahIM hotI / yadi upalabdha ho, taba to vaha upalabdhi hI ho jAyegI / isaliye anupalAbdha ke anupalamma ke kAraNa anupalabdhi ke abhAva kI siddhi hotI hai aura anupalabdhyabhAva kI siddha hone para anupalabdhi se viparIta buddhyAdi kI sattA kA pUrvakAla va uttarakAla meM ApAdana ho jAtA hai, yahI anupalabdhisama hai| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 21 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 353 3. nyAyasUtra, 5/1/28 4. vahI, 5 / 1 / 29

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kathA nirUpaNa tathA chala ... 173 1 isa doSa kA uddhAra sUtrakAra ne 'anupalambhAtmakatvAdanupalabdherahetuH ' isa sUtra ke dvArA kiyA hai arthAt nAsti ityAkAraka jJAna hI anupalabdhi hai aura vaha jJAna abhAvatvena hI sarvAnubhavasiddha hai aura usI rUpa se sabako upalabdha hai / ataH anupalabdha kI anupalabdhi nahIM bana sakatI aura anupalabdhi kI anupalabdhi na hone se anupalabdhi kA abhAva siddha nahIM ho sakatA, ataH tadviparIta buddhyAdi kI sattArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana bhI saMbhava nahIM / (22) anityasama kisI sAdharmya ke kAraNa tattulya dharma kI upapatti mAnane para sabhI padArthoM meM anityatvarUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana anityasama hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai'sAdhamyat tulyadharmopapattaH sarvAnityatvaprasaMgAdanityasamaH / " jaise- zabda meM ghaTa ke sAtha kAryatvarUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa ghaTa ke anityatva dharma kI taraha zabda meM anityatva mAnane para sabhI padArthoM meM anityatva kI prasakti hogI / kyoMki zabda aura ghaTa meM jaise kAryatva sAdharmya hai. usI prakAra astitva rUpa dharma ko lekara ghara kA sabhI padArthoM meM ghaTatulya dharma anityatA kA ApAdana hone laga jAyegA, yahI anityasama hai / anityasama avizeSasama hI hai. kevala zabdamAtra kA bheda hai, ataH usameM jo samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA, vahI isakA samAdhAna hai / arthAt astitvamAtra sAdharmya ke kAraNa saba padArthoM meM ghaTa kI taraha anityatva kA ApAdana pratyakSAdipramANavirodha ke kAraNa saMbhava nahIM / 1 isa samAdhAna ke hone para bhI vyutpatyartha dUsarA samAdhAna bhI sUtrakAra ne ' sAdharmyAdasiddheH pratiSedhAsiddhiH pratiSedhyasAdharmyAt 8 isa sUtra dvArA prastuta kiyA hai arthAt ghaTa ke sAtha AstitvarUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa sabhI padArthoM meM anivatvApAdana kA prayojana kyA hai ? zabdAnityatvapratiSedha to bana nahIM sakatA, kyoMki sabhI padArthoM meM anityatva ke siddha hone para zabda meM bhI anityatva hI siddha hotA hai, tadviparIta nityatva nahIM / sAdhya ke asAdhaka vacanamAtra kAryatvarUpa ghaTamAdharmya se zabda meM anityatva mAnane para astitArUpa vacanamAtra ghaTasAdharmya ke sabhI padArtho meM hone se unameM bhI anatyatva kA ApAdana hogA | yaha mAnane para yahI niSkarSa AtA hai ki sAdhyAsAdhaka vacanamAtra sAdharmya ke kAraNa kisI dharma ko siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / arthAt asAdhaka vacanamAtra hetu nahIM kahalAtA / aisA mAnane para zabda meM dukta anityatva kA pratiSedha bhI anupapanna ho jAyagA, kyoMki pratiSedha kA pratiSedhya anityatva ke sAtha abhiSeyatvAdirUpa vacanamAtra hI sAdharmya hai, na ki sAdhyAsAdhaka sAdharmya | 1. nyAyasUtra, 5/1/30 2. vahI, 5 / 1 / 32 3. 5/1/33 "

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174 nyAyasAra (23) nityasama sUtrakAra ne nityasama kA 'nityamanityabhAvAda nitye nitytvoppttenitysmH| yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai arthAt zabda meM anityatva dharma ke sadA vidyamAna hone se anityatva dharma vAle zabda dharmI kI nitya sattA hogI, kyoMki dharmI ke binA dharma kI sthiti sambhava nhiiN| aura yadi zabda meM anityatva dharma kI sattA sarvadA nahIM mAnI jAya, to anityatA ke abhAva se usameM svataH nityatva siddha ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra zabda meM anityatva kA pratiSedha arthAt nityatvarUpa AnaSTa kA ApAdana nityasama hai| sUtrakAra ne isakA parihAra 'pratiSedhye nityama nityabhAvAdanitye nityatvopapatteH pratiSedhAbhAvaH' isa satra ke dvArA kiyA hai| arthAt prativAdI ne zabda meM anityatvarUpa dharma kI sadA sthiti mAnakara zabda kA anityatva svIkAra kara liyA, aba usakA pratiSedha nahIM bana sakatA, kyoM ke abhyupagata kA prataSedha anucita he| yadi sarvadA vaha zabda meM anityatva svIkAra nahIM karatA, to phira 'nityamanityabhAvAt' ko hetu batalAnA asaMgata hai, kyoka asAdhaka hetu nahIM hotaa| yadi vaha yaha kahe ki maiM zabda meM anityatva kA niSedha nahIM karatA. apita nityatva bhI batalAtA haM. to yaha kahanA sarvathA asaMgata hai, kyoMki eka hI zabdarUpa dharmI meM do virodhI dharmoM meM nityatva va anityatva kI sattA nahIM ho sakatI / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki zabdaprayaMsa hI zabda kI anityatA hai / zabdapradhvaMsa: kAla meM zabda kI sattA na hone se sarvadA zabda kI sattA kaise kahIM jA sakatI hai ? (24) kAryasama prayatnasAdhya kAryoM ke anekavidha hone se prayatna dvArA zabda meM utpattirUpa kArya kI taraha pUrvavidyamAna zabda meM prayatna dvArA abhivyaktirUpa kArya ke bhI saMbhava hone se abhivyaktirUpa kArya kI dRSTi se zabdanityatArUpa aniSTa kA ApAdana kAryasama jAti hai| arthAta jaise 'zabdo'nityaH prayatnAnantarIyakatvAt. ghaTavat' isa anumAna ke dvArA vAdI prayatnajanyatva hetu se zabda meM anityatva kI siddhi karatA hai kintu prativAdI kahatA hai ki prayatna se vastu kI kevara navIna utpatti nahIM hotI, apitu pUrva vidyamAna kI abhivyakti bhI hotI hai| jaise, dIpaka dvArA kamare meM pUrva vidyamAna ghaTa kii| sthAnaprayatnAdisaMyoga yA kriyArUpaprayatna se zabda meM AbhavyaktirUpa kArya mAnane para zabda meM anityatva kI middhi ke viparIta nityatva ho siddha hotA hai, ataH prayatnAnantaroyakatva hetu zabda meM anityatva siddha karane meM asamartha hai| yahAM prativAdI abhivyaktirUpa kAryavizeSa se zabda meM 1. nyAyasUtra, 5/1135 2. 5 / 1/36

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 175 anityatva kA pratiSedha karatA hai| ataH ise kAryasama kahA gayA hai| isI abhiprAya se sUtrakAra ne prayatnakAryAnekatvAt kAryasamaH'' yaha kAryasama kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| / satrakAra ne isa doSa kA parihAra karate hue kahA hai-'kAryAnyatve prayatnA. hetutvamanupalabdhikAraNopapatta.' / arthAt yadi vidyamAna zabda kI anupalabdhi ke kAraNa vyavadhAnAdi kI sattA hotI, to prayatna hetu zabda meM abhivyaktivyati rakta janyatArUpa kAryAnyatva kA sAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA thaa| kintu zabda kI anupalabdhi ke kAraNa vyavadhAnAdi kI sattA upalabdha nahIM hai| ataH parizeSAt prayatna zabda meM AtmalAbharUpa janyatA kA asAdhaka nahIM, apitu sAdhaka ho hai / / ___athavA zabda meM janmavyatirikta abhivyaktirUpa kArya ke prati prayatna kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vidyamAna zabda ko anupalabdhi kA kAraNa koI dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / jahAM vidyamAna vastu kI anupalabdhi meM koI kAraNa hotA hai, vahIM prayatna abhivyaktirUpa kArya kA hetu hotA hai, anyatra nahIM / api ca, prayatnatAratamya se zabda meM tIvramadhyamandAdibhAva upalabdha hote haiM. ve prayatna dvArA zabda kI utpatti mAnane para ho upapanna ho sakate haiN| abhivyakti meM prayatnatAratamya se kahIM tIvramandAdibhAva dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / ataH prayatna zabda meM utpattirUpa kArya kA hI hetu hai, na ki bhivyaktirUpa kArya kA / ____ uparyukta jAtibhedoM se bhinna anya bhI jAtibheda haiM / kintu unake ananta hone se saba jAtibhedoM kA udAharaNa pradarzita karanA zakya nahIM hai, ataH unakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| sUtra meM 24 hI jAtibhedoM kA ullekha dimAtra-pradarzanArtha hai, jAtibhedoM kI iyattA kA pradarzaka nahIM / ataH jAtibhedoM ke Anantya meM' savirodha upAsthata nahIM hotA / isIliye sUtrakArane pUrvapakSa pradarzita karate hue ananyasama, sampratipattisama, jAtiyoM kA bhI satroM meM ullekha kiyA hai| nigrahasthAnanirUpaNa vipratipatti arthAt viruddhajJAna aura apratipatti arthAt jJAnAbhAva nigrahasthAna kahalAtA hai, kyoMki vAdI dvArA kAthata kA prativAdI ko tathA prativAdI dvArA kathita kA vAdI ko jaba viruddha jJAna hotA hai yA jJAna nahIM hotA hai, taba vaha nigrahasthAna se nigRhIta ho jAtA hai| isIliye sUtrakAra ne 'vipratipattirapratipattizca nigrahasthAnam . isa satra ke dvArA viprAttapatti va apratipatti ko nigrahasthAna batalAyA hai| viprapAtapAtta va aprAtapatti ke bhedoM ke ananta hone se nigrahasthAnoM kI gaNanA nahIM kI jA 1. nyAyasUtra, 5/1137 2. vahI, 5 / 1138 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 356 4. nyAyasUtra, 1119

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176 nyAyasAra sakatI / ataH saMkSepa se unakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| saMkSepataH nigrahasthAna 22 prakAra ke haiM, jaisAki 'pratijJAhAniH pratijJAntaraM pratejJAvirodhaH pratijJAsanyAso hetvantaramarthAntaraM nirarthakama vejJAtArthakamaprAptakAlaM nyUnamadhikaM punaruktamananubhASaNamajJAnApratibhA vikSepo matAnujJA paryanuyojyopekSaNaM niranuyojyAnuyogo'pasidvAnto hetvAbhAsAzca nigrahasthAnAni'1 isa nyAyasatra meM kahA gayA hai| pratajJAhAne Adi vipratipatti tathA apratipatti ke kAraNa hone se parAjaya karA dete haiM ataH inheM nigrahasthAna kahA gayA hai| (1) pratijJAhAni 'sAdhye pratidRSTAnnadharmAnujJA pratijJAhAniH'' yaha pratijJAhAni kA lakSaNa hai| lakSa ga meM sAdhya zabda 'sAdhanamarhati' isa vyutpatti se sAdhyadharmavAn pakSa kA bodhaka haiN| isa prakAra pakSa meM pratidRSTAnta arthAta sAdhyaviruddha dharma kI svIkRti pratijJAhAni hai / jaise-'zabdaH anityaH kRtakatvAt ghaTavat' isa anumAna-prayoga ke dvArA vAdI ne zabdarUpa pakSa meM anityatva dharma kI pratijJA kI hai| yahAM prativAdI yaha kahe ki jaise ghaTAdi zabda kA anityatva-sAdharmya hone ke kAraNa use anitya mAnA jAtA hai, vaise hI AkAza ke sAtha amUrtatvasAdharmya ke kAraNa zabda ko nitya kyoM nahIM mAna liyA jAya ? isa prakAra ke jAtiprayoga athavA anya kisI kAraNa se Akula hokara vAdI yaha kaha de ki zabda ko nitya mAna liyA jAya, taba vAdI ne zabdarUpa pakSa meM pratidRSTAnta AkAza ke dhama nitvatva ko svIkAra kara apanI anityatvapratijJA kA bhaMga kara diyA, ataH vaha pratijJAhAnirUpa nigrahasthAna meM patita ho jAtA hai| / sUtrakAra ne yadyapi pratiSTAntadharmAbhyanujJA stradRSTAnte pratijJAhAniH' yaha pratijJAhAni kA lakSaNa kiyA hai| arthAt svadRSTAnta ghaTAdi meM pratidRSTAnta AkAzAdi ke nityatvadharma kI abhyanajJA pratijJAhAni hai| kintu pratijJAhAni kA yaha lakSaNa mAnane para svadRSTAnta ghaTAda meM pratidRSTAnta AkAzAdi ke dharma nityatva kI abhyanajJA mAnane se ghaTAdi ke anityatva sAdhya se vikala hone ke kAraNa sAdhya-vikalatva hI nigraha kA ni matta siddha hotA hai, na ki pratijJA-hAni / yadi yaha kahA jAya ke pratidRSTAnta AkAzAdi ke dharmo ko svIkAra karake vAdI svadRSTAnta ghaTAdi kA parityAga kara detA hai aura usa dRSTAnta kA parityAga karatA huA 'tasmAdanityaH zabdaH' isa nigamanAnta pakSa kA hI pa ratyAga kara detA hai, ataH pratijJAhAni upapanna ho jAtI hai, to yaha samAdhAna bhI ucita nahIM, kyoMki aisA mAnane para prakArAntara se arthAta upacAra se dRSTAntahAni hI pratijJAhAni hogii| ataH vArtikakAra udyotakara ne sUtrastha svadRSTAnta pada meM 'dRSTazcAsAvante vyavasthita iti dRSTAntaH svazcAsau dRSTAntazca'a 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / / 3. . 5 / 2 / 2 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 23 4. nyAyavArtika, 5 / 2 / 2

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... isa vyutpatti se svadRSTAnta zabda kA svapakSa tathA pratidRSTAnta zabda kA pratipakSa artha mAnakara svapakSa meM pratipakSa AkAzAdi ke dharma nityatva kI abhyanujJA pratijJAhAni hai, yaha samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai| kintu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki sUtra meM dRSTAnta zabda karaNatvasAmya ke kAraNa lakSaNA sehI pakSa kA tathA pratiSTAnta zabda pratipakSa dhaka ho sakatA hai| ataH uparyukta kliSTa kalpanA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? sahacaraNAdi sUtra meM sAdhanAdhikaraNatva kA lakSaNakAraNoM meM parigaNana na hone para bhI doSa nahIM, kyoMki sUtra meM sahacaraNAdi kAraNa udAharaNamAtra-pradarzanArtha haiM na ki iyattAbodhaka / prayojana ke binA lakSaNA kaise hogI, yaha bhI koI Apatti nahIM, kyoM ka 'maMcAH kozanti' ityAdi meM binA prayojana ke bhI maMcazabda kI maMcastha puruSoM meM lakSaNA dRSTa hai / yadi prayojana kA Agraha hI ho, to prakRta meM bhI pratidRSTAnta dharma ko na svIkAra karane para bhI pakSa meM pratipakSa dharma svIkAra karane para pratijJAta artha kI hAni se pratijJAhAni ho jAtI hai, yaha prayojana lakSaNAzrayaNa meM vidyamAna hai| dharmakorti ne yahAM eka zaMkA prastuta kI hai ki vAdI svayaM zabda ko anitya svIkAra kara use punaH nitya kaise mAna sakatA hai aura yadi svIkAra kara bhI letA hai, to zabda meM anityatva dharma kI upalabdhi se vAdI saMzayagrasta ho sakatA hai ki zabda nitya hai athavA anitya / ataH yahAM pratijJAhAni kA prazna upasthita nahIM hotA / ' bhAsarvajJa ne isakA parihAra karate hue kahA hai ki prativAdI kI ukti meM doSa kA parijJAna na hone se sidbhamAdhyatAdoSa se apahata citta vAlA vAdI nityatA kA svIkAra kara sakatA hai, kyoMki bhrAnti puruSa kA dharma hai, aura usakA koI nizcita kAraNa nahIM / zabda meM anityatva dharma ke darzana se vAdI yadyapi zabda nitya hai athavA anitya, aise saMzaya meM par3a jAtA hai, tathApi vijayAkAMkSI hone se vaha apane saMzaya ko prakaTa nahIM karatA / ataH zabda meM pratijJAta artha anityatva dharma kA parityAga karane se vaha pratijJAhAnirUpa nigrahasthAna kA bhAgI bana jAtA hai / (2) pratijJAntara pratijJAta artha kA pratiSedha ho jAne para dharmabheda se dUsarI pratijJA svIkAra karanA pratijJAntara hai jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai- 'pratijJAtArthapratiSedhe dharmavikalpAttadarthanirdezaH pratijJAntaram / ' jaise, vAdI ne zabda ko * anitya ddhi karane 1. vayaM tu bamaH- sAdhanAdhikaraNatvAdisAdhayAta pakSo'tra dRSTAntazabDenopacaritaH / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 358 2. nyAyasUtra, 2/2/61 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 358, 351 3. vAdanyAya, pR 71 5. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 3 bhAnyA-23

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178 nyAyasAra ke liye 'anityaH zabda aindriyakatvAt' yaha anumAna prastuta kiyaa| yahAM para indriyagrAhya sattA Adi jAti meM anityatva kA vyabhicAra hone se zabda meM pratijJAta artha anityatva kA prataSedha ho jAne para bAdI dharmabheda ke sAtha dUsarI pratijJA karatA hai / jisa prakAra ghaTa asavaMgata arthAt avyApaka hai, usI prakAra zabda bhI avyApaka hai / avyApaka hone se ghaTAdi kI taraha zabda anitya hai / yahAM sAdhyasiddhi ke liye vAdI meM asarvagatatva dharma kA zabda meM nirdeza kiyA hai, kintu jaise zabda meM anityatva kI pratijJA hI hai. vaise asatya ko bhI pra tejJA hI hai / eka pratijJA dusarI pratijJA ko siddha karane meM asamartha hai / isa prakAra asamartha vastu kA upAdAna karane se yaha nigrahasthAna hai, aisA bhASyakAra ne sUtra kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai, ' kintu yaha vyAkhyAna ucita nahIM hai, jaisAki dharmakArti ne kahA hai ki zabda asarvagata hai, yaha dUsarA hetu hai, na ki dUsarI pratijJA / " kyoMki asarvagatastra kA aindriyakatva hetu ke vizeSaNa rUpa se upAdAna hai / tathA eka pratijJA ko siddha karane ke liye kathyamAna pratijJA pratijJAntara nahIM kahalAtI, kyoMki pratijJAdi kI siddhi hetvAdi se hotI hai, na ki pratijJAdi se / isaliye bhAsarvajJa ne isa sUtra kI dUsarI vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai / unakI rIti se 'sarvamanityaM sattvAn' isa anumAna meM sarvamAtra ke pakSaniviSTa hone se pratijJAva kya meM tadubhinna dRSTAnta ke na hone se prativAdI dvArA pratijJAta artha kA uccheda kara dene para vivAdAspadI bhUtatvarUpa dharma ke bheda ke sAtha pratijJA kA punaH kathana pratijJAntara hai / arthAt pahile vAdI ne pratijJA ke vizeSaNarUpa meM vivAdAspadIbhUtatva dharma kA kathana nahIM kiyA thA, bAda meM kiyA hai / sUtra meM 'tadarthanirdezaH ' isa pada meM 'tat' zabda pratiSedha kA parAmarzaka hai aura artha zabda 'mazakArtho dhUmaH' kI taraha nivRtti kA vAcaka hai / ataH tadartha kA abhiprAya hai - pratiSedha kI nivRtti ke liye / nirdeza zabda vivAdAspadIbhUtatvarUpa vizeSaNasahita 'sarvam anityam' isa pratijJAntara kA bodhaka hai / niSkarSa yaha hai ki pahile vAdI ne sAmAnyataH saba anitya hai, yaha pratijJA kI thI, kintu isameM pakSabhinna dRSTAnta na milane se pratijJAta anityatva artha kA pratiSedha ho jAne para usake parihAra ke liye pratijJAvizeSaNa rUpa meM vivAdAspadI bhUtatvarUpa dharma kA nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai / ataH jaise sAmAnyataH kathita hetu kA prativAdI dvArA pratiSedha kara dene para usa hetu meM pazcAt vizeSaNa kA upAdAna karane vAlA vAdI hetvantararUpa freesthAna se grasta hotA hai, vaise hI sAmAnyataH pratijJA kA prativAdI dvArA pratiSedha kara dene para vizeSaNopAdAnapUrvaka viziSTa pratijJA kA kathana karane vAlA vAdI pratijJAntararUpa nigrahasthAna se grasta ho jAtA hai / 1. nyAyabhASya, 5/2/3 2. vAdanyAya, pR. 76 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pu, 359-360

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 179 (3) pratijJAvirodha pratijJA tathA hetu kA virodha pratijJAvirodha kahalAtA hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'pratijJAhetvorvirodhaH prtijnyaavirodhH| jaise, vAdI dravya ko guNa se bhinna siddha karane ke liye 'guNavyatiriktaM dravya bhedenA'nupalambhAt'-isa anumAna kA prayoga karatA hai, to 'guNavyatiriktaM dravyam' isa pratijJA-vAkya kA 'bhedenAnupalambhAt' hetu se virodha hai, ataH yaha pratijJA virodha nigrahasthAna hai / dharmakIrti ne yahAM prazna upasthita kiyA hai ki yadi vastutaH pratijJA aura hetu meM virodha ho to pratijJAvirodha nigrahasthAna ho sakatA hai, kintu do bhinna vastuoM kA bhI yadi kisI kAraNa se bhinna rUpa se upalambha na ho, to yaha nigrahasthAna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaise, kisI pavata ke pAsa vidyamAna pizAcAdi kA parvata se bheda hone para bhI usase bhinna upalambha nahIM hotA / isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki yadi vAdI ko dravya aura guNoM ke bheda ko parijJAna nahIM hai, to vaha dUsare ko samajhAne ke liye usakI pratijJA kyoM karatA hai ? kyoMki avyutpanna puruSa dUsare ko samajhAne vAlA nahIM ho sakatA aura yadi usako unake bheda kA upAlambha hai, to usakA 'bhedenAnupalambhAt' yaha hetuvAkya vyAghAtadoSagrasta hai| ataH pratijJA aura hetu kA virodha hone se pratijJAvirodha kI anupapatti nahIM hai| (4) pratijJAsaMnyAsa apane pakSa kA niSedha ho jAne para pratijJAta artha kA nihnaya karanA pratijJAsaMnyAsa nigrahasthAna hai| sUtrakAra ne bhI kahA hai-'pakSapratiSedhe pratijJAtArthApanayanaM pratijJAmanyAsaH " / sUtra meM apanayana pada apahanavArthaka hai / pratijJAhAni meM vAdI asAmarthya ke kAraNa pratijJAta artha kA parityAga karatA hai aura pratijJAsaMnyAsa meM 'maiMne aisI pratijJA nahIM kI' isa prakAra pratijJAtArtha kA apahanava karatA hai| ataH donoM meM bheda hai / jaise-'anuSNaH agniH' aiso pratijJA karane para agni meM anuSNatA kA spArzana pratyakSa dvArA bAdha hone se pratijJAta anuSNatA kA pratiSedha hone para yadi vAdI yaha kahatA hai-'he madhyastha va sAkSiyoM, dekho. maiMne agni anuSNa hai, aisA nahIM kahA / yaha prativAdI mere dvArA anukta vastu ko lekara doSa de rahA hai', aisA vAdI kA kathana pratijJAsaMnyAsa nigrahasthAna hai| (5) hetvantara vAdI dvArA sAmAnyataH kathita hetu kA prativAdI dvArA pratiSedha kara dene para vizeSaNaviziSTa hetu kA jahAM vAdI dvArA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vahAM hetvantara 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 2. vAdanyAya, pR. 79 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 360 4. nagayasUtra, 5/215

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180 nyAyasAra nigrahasthAna hotA hai, jaisAki satrakAra ne kahA hai-'avizeSokte heto pratiSiddhe vizeSamicchato hetvantaram' / jaise-kisI ne vedoM ko nitya siddha karane ke liye ammaryamANaka katva hetu kA upAdAna kiyA, kintu yaha hetu jIrNakUgadi meM vyabhicarita hai. kyoMki unake nirmANa karane vAle kA jJAna nahIM / ataH isa hetu ke prativAdI dvArA niSedha kara dene para sampradAyAvicchede sati' yaha vizeSaNa jor3akara vAdI dvArA punaH usa hetu kA upAdAna hetvantaranAmaka nigrahasthAna hai| (6) arthAntara prakRta artha se asambaddha artha kA kathana arthAntara nigrahasthAna hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'prakRtAdAdapatisambaddhArthamarthAntaram' / jaise---kisI ne zabda ko nitya siddha karane ke liye 'nityaH zabdaH asparzatvAt' isa prakAra asparzatva hetu kA upAdAna kiyA / yahAM para koI yaha kahe ki hetu zabda 'hi' dhAtu se 'tum' pratyaya karane para banatA hai aura yaha kRdanta pada hai / pada nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga, nipAta bheda se cAra prakAra ke haiN| nAma sasvapradhAna hotA hai, ityAdi kA kathana karatA hai, to vaha prakRta viSaya se asambaddha artha kA kathana karane ke kAraNa arthAntarUpa nigrahasthAna se grasta hai| dharmakIrti ne bhI isa nigrahasthAna ko svIkAra kiyA hai / (7) nirarthaka varNakramanirdeza arthAt siddhamAtRkA-pATha ke samAna kathana nirarthaka nigrahasthAna kahalAtA hai, jaisAki satrakAra ne kahA hai .- varNa karmAnadezavannirarthakam '1 arthAt jahAM prAznika aura prativAdI ko vAdo dvArA kathita vAkyoM ke padArthoM kA bhI jJAna nahIM hotA hai, use nirarthaka kahate haiM / jaise, kisI vAdI ne zabda meM nityatva siddha karane ke liye nityaH zabdaH kacaTatapAnAM jabagaDazatvAt, jhabhaghaDhadhaSavat' isa anumAnavAkya kA yadi prayoga kiyA, to prAznika (madhyastha) aura prativAdI kA hetvAdivAkyoM dvArA kisI artha kA parijJAna na hone se yaha nirarthakanAmaka nigrahasthAna hai| satra meM 'varNakramanirdezavat' pada meM tulyArtha meM vati pratyaya hai na ki 'tadasyAsti' isa artha meM matup pratyaya / ataH ka ca Ta ta pa Adi varNo kA bhI kisI prakaraNa meM artha hone se ise nirarthaka kaise kahA jA sakatA hai, dharmakIti kI isa AzaMkA kA parihAra ho jAtA hai, kyoMki kisI prakaraNa meM unakA artha hone para bhI yahAM jo hetu rUpa se ka, ca, Ta, ta, Adi vargoM kA prayoga hai, vaha sArthaka nahIM hai, apitu sarvathA nirarthaka hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 6 2. vahI, 5 / 27 3. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 28 |

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chalaM... 181 (8) avijJAtArtha vAdI ke dvArA tIna bAra kahe artha ko bhI yadi aprasiddha prayoga athavA anidruta uccAraNa ke kAraNa pariSat aura pratigadI nahIM samajha sakate haiM, to vaha vijJAtArthanAmaka nigrahasthAna hai, kyoMki bAdo vahAM apane ajJAna ko chipAne ke liye aprasiddhArthaka padoM kA prayoga karatA hai yA atidruta rUpa meM unakA uccAraNa karatA hai| avijJAtArtha kA yahI lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne bhI kiyA hai-'pariSatprativAdibhyAM trirabhihitamapyavijJAtArtham / __ avijJAtArtha aura nirarthaka nigraha sthAna meM dharmakArti dvArA AzaMkita abheda kA nirAkaraNa karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki nirarthaka meM vAkyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM hotA aura avijJAtArtha meM artha hote hue bhI aprasiddhArthakapadaprayoga tathA atidrutoccAraNAdi kAraNoM se usako pratIti nahIM hotI / yahI donoM kA bheda hai / (9) apArthaka jahAM aneka padoM athavA vAkyoM kA pUrvAparabhAva se sambandha nahIM hai, vahAM unake asambaddhArthaka hone se apArthaka nigrahasthAna hai, kyoM ka una padoM aura vAkyoM ke samudAya kA koI artha pratIta nahIM hotA, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai paurvAparyAyogAdapratisambaddhArthamapArthakam / jaise, 'daza dADimAni', 'SaDapUpAH', 'kuNDamajAjinaM', 'palalapiNDaH', 'raurukaM kumAryAH pAyyam', 'tasyAH pitA apratizInaH' ityAdi kA pryog| isI apArthaka ko asambaddhavAkya athavA asambaddhAbhidhAna kahate haiN| apArthaka meM adhikAMzataH padArthoM kA anusaMdhAna hone para bhI paurvAparya sambandha ke na hone se unake samudAya ke artha kI pratIti nahIM hotI aura AvajJAtArtha meM AtedrutoccAraNAAda ke kAraNa artha kI pratIti nahIM hoto, yaha donoM meM bheda haiN| (10) aprAptakAla pratijJAdi avayavavAkyoM kA artha ke kAraNa krama mAnA jAtA hai, unakA viparIta. krama se kathana aprAptakAlanAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai, jaisAka sUtrakAra ne kahA hai'avayavAvapayosavacenamaprAptakAlama' / (11) nyUna pratijJAdi avayavavAkyoM meM se eka bhI vAkya ko nyUnatA hone para nyUna nAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai, kyoM ke usa vAkya ke abhAva meM sAdhyasiddhi nahIM ho sktii| 1. vahI, 5 / 2 / 9 2. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 10 3. vahI, 54211

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182 nyAyasAra pAMcoM hI atrayavAkya sAdhyasiddhi meM kAraNa hai / isaliye sUtrakAra ne kahA hai'hInamanyatamenApi atrayavena nyUnam' / " (12) adhika isakA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne hetUdAharaNAdhikamadhikam 2 arthAt jisa vAkya meM do hetu aura do udAharaNa hote haiM, vaha adhika nigrahasthAna kahalAtA hai / eka hetu aura eka udAharaNa hI sAdhyasiddhi ke lie paryApta hai, ataH anya hetu va udAharaNa kA upAdAna nirarthaka hai / parantu yaha bhI niyamakathA meM hI nigrahasthAna kahalAtA hai, prapaMcakathA meM to niyamAbhAva ke kAraNa doSa nahIM hotA / niyamakathA meM bhI samplava kI svIkRti na hone para yaha doSa hotA hI hai / (13) punarukta binA kisI prayojana ke zabda kA punaH uccAraNa yA eka hI artha kA paryAyavAcI zabda se puna kathana punarukta nipaisthAna kahalAtA hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai - ' zabdArthayoH punarvacanaM punaruktamanyatrAnuvAdAt' / jaise, 'nityaH zabda., nityaH zabdaH / nityo dhvaniH avinAzI zabda:' / prathama udAharaNa meM eka zabda kA niSprayojana punaH uccAraNa hai tathA dvitIya meM eka hI artha kA paryAyavAcI zabda se punaH kathana hai / prathama zabdapunarukta tathA dUsarA arthapunarukta kA udAharaNa hai / jahAM kisI prayojanavaza zabda aura artha kA punaH kathana kiyA jAtA hai, vahAM punarukta niprahasthAna nahIM hotA / jaise, kathita vastu ke anuvAda meM / jaise, 'nityaH zabda:' isI pratijJAvAkya kA nigamana meM 'tasmAt zabdo nityaH isa prakAra anuvAdarUpa se punaH kathana doSa nahIM hai / nigamanavAkya meM 'tasmAd nityaH zabdaH' yaha hetvartha kA anuvAda hai / vodasA tathA paunaH punyAdi artho meM bhI dvirukti yA zabdamAtra kA anuvAda hotA hai / jaise- 'gauH gauH kAmadudhA, sarpaH sarpaH' Adi / yadyapi arthapunaruktarUpa eka nigrahasthAna se hI zabdapunarukta gatArtha hai, tathApi bAlavyutpatti ke liye usakA pRthak kathana kara diyA gayA hai / punaruktAntara isI punaruka ke avAntara bhedoM ke avadhAraNa kI icchA se punarukta kA dUsarA lakSaNa bhI sUtrakAra ne kiyA hai- 'arthAdApannasya strazabdena punarvacanaM punaruktam' | " jaise - 'parvato bahUnimAn dhUmAt' ityAdi sthala meM, 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatra vahUniH, yathA mahAnase' isa sAdhamryodAharaNa se vyApti kI siddhi ho jAtI hai / ataH tatpazcAt 'yatra yatraH bahUnyabhAvaH tatra tatra dhUmAbhAvaH, yathA jalahRde' isa vaidhamryodAharaNa kA abhidhAna punarukta nigrahasthAna hai / 1. nyAyasUtra 5/2/12 2. baddI, 52113 3. vahI, 5/2/14 4. nyAyasUtra, 5/2/15

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 183 (14) ananubhASaNa pariSat tathA prativAdI ke dvArA vijJAtAka vAkya kA tIna bAra kahane para bhI prativAdI dvArA usakA anubhASaNa (pratyuccAraNa) na karanA ananubhASaNa nAmaka nigraha sthAna hotA hai / yaha prativAdI kA hI nigrahasthAna hai arthAt isameM prativAdI kA hI nipraha hotA hai / kyoMki jaba vaha vAdo ke kathana kA pratyuccAraNa nahIM kara sakatA, to kisa AdhAra para vaha parapakSa kA pratiSedha kara sakatA hai ? dharmakIrti kA yaha kathana hai ki koI prativAdI aisA ho sakatA hai jo pratyuccAraNa meM samartha na hotA huA bhI vAdI kA uttara dene meM samartha ho aura vAdI ke kathana kA pratyuccAraNa na karate hue bhI usake diye hue samIcIna uttara se usakI amUDhatA kA parijJAna bhI pAriSadyoM ko ho hI jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM anubhASaNa ko nigrahasthAna kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki vAdI ke kathana kA pratyuccAraNa na kara saduttara dene para bhI usakA uttara niviSaya ho jAyegA / ataH anubhASaNa Avazyaka hai / hAM, vAdI ke sAre kathana kA pratyuccAraNa Avazyaka nahIM, kintu Avazyaka katipaya aMza kA pratyuccAraNa to Avazyaka hai / anyathA uttara meM niviSayatA doSa kA prasaMjana hogaa| (15) ajJAna vAdI ke jisa vAkya ke artha ko pariSat samajha jAtI hai aura tIna bAra uccAraNa karane para bhI prativAdI usake artha ko nahIM samajhatA, vahAM ajJAna nAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai, jaisAki satrakAra ne kahA hai :-'avijJAtArtha cAjJAnam' / / isakA antarbhAva ananubhASaNa nigrahasthAna meM nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vahAM prativAdI vAdI ke vAkyAtha' kA pratyuccAraNa karane meM asamartha hotA hai, cAhe vaha usakA samIcIna uttara dene meM samartha ho aura ajJAna nAmaka nigrahasthAna meM prativAdI vAdI ke vAkyA kA pratyuccAraNa to kara detA hai, kintu usake artha ko nahIM samajhatA / (16) apratimA kathA ko svIkAra kara vAdI yA prativAdI jahAM uttara kA sphuraNa na hone se maunAvalambana kara letA hai, vaha apratimA nAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai / yadyapi matrakAra ne 'uttarasya apratipattirapratimA' itanA hI lakSaNa kiyA hai, tathApi satra meM uttara pada pUrbopanyAsa kI arthAt vAdI ke upanyAsa ko apratipatti kA bhI bodhaka hai / iso abhiprAya se bhAsarvajJa ne apratimA kA 'kathAmabhyupagamyatUSNI bhovo'pratimA 1. nyAyasUtra, 5/2 / 17 2. vahI, pAza 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 26

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nyAyasAra yaha lakSaNa kiyA hai| sUtra meM 'uttarasya apratipattiH' se kevala uttara kA aparijJAna hI abhipreta nahIM hai, kintu vacana kA anadhyavasAya arthAt nizcita uttara kI apratIti bhI vivakSita hai / ataH yadi koI anadhyavasAyapUrvaka uttara de bhI detA hai, to bhI apratimA se bahirbhUta nahIM hotA / athavA uttara pada se prathama vAdI kA vacana bhI saMgRhIta hai| yadi pariSat vAdI se yaha pUcha baiThe ki tumhArA kyA pakSa hai ? kyA sAdhana hai ? tuma ho pahile apane pakSa aura sAdhana ko batalAo, to vahAM pakSAdi kA kathana bhI uttara hai| yadi vAdo pakSAdi ke kathana meM asamartha hokara cupa baiTha jAtA hai, vahAM vAdI apratimA nigrahasthAna se grasta ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha nigrahasthAna bAdI aura prativAdI donoM ke liye hai| (17) vikSepa kisI kArya ke vyAsaMga se arthAt mujhe Avazyaka kArya hai, yaha kaha kara jo kathA kA viccheda kiyA jAtA hai, vahAM vikSepa nigrahasthAna hotA hai| kisI durvara ke mithyA vyapadeza se kathA kA viccheda bhI isameM saMgRhIta hai| jaba kathA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai aura sabhya loga ekatra ho jAte haiM, usa samaya yadi koI kahe ki mujhe bahuta kAma hai, usa kArya ke samApta hone para uttara dUMgA, taba yaha doSa hai| - isakA arthAntara nAmaka nigrahasthAna se yaha bheda hai ki arthAntara meM sAdhana kA upanyAsa karane ke liye pravRtta puruSa anupayogI vastuoM kA upanyAsa karatA hai aura vikSetra meM vAdo yA prativAdI kathA ko svIkAra kara maiM bAda meM sAdhana kA upanyAsa karUMgA' yaha kahatA hai / (18) matAnujJA svapakSa ke doSa ko svIkAra kara jo parapakSa meM doSa detA hai, use matAnujJA nigrahasthAna kahate haiM, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'svapakSe doSAbhyupagamAt parapakSadoSo matAnujJA' / arthAt jo apane pakSa ke doSa kA parihAra bilakula bhI nahIM karatA aura dUsare pakSa meM doSa detA hai. vahAM matAnujJA nigrahasthAna hotA hai| jaisekiso ne kahA - 'tuma cora ho, to usakA uttara na dekara - 'tuma bhI cora ho', yaha kahatA hai / 'tvamapi coraH' - isa prakAra kahatA huA vaha dUsare dvArA kathita cauratva kI anujJA pradAna kara detA hai| paramata kI anujJA pradAna karane vAle vyakti ke prati hI yaha matAnujJA nAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai, kyoMki vaha svadoSa ko svIkAra kara letA hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 20

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kathAnirUpaNa tathA chala... 185 (19) paryanuyojyopekSaNa nigraha kA avasara prApta hone para prativAdI 'tuma nigRhIta ho aisA vAdI se nahIM kahatA, vahAM paryanuyojyopekSaNarUpa nigrahasthAna hotA hai| jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'nigrahaM prAptasya anigrahaH paryanuyojyopekSaNam / ' arthAta nigrahopapatti ke avasara para usakA kathana na karanA, usakI upekSA kara jAnA paryanuyojyopekSaNa nigrahasthAna hai| (20) niranuyojyAnuyoga adoSa meM doSa kA udbhAvana niranuyojyAnuyoga nAmaka nigrahasthAna hai, jaimAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai-'anigrahasthAne nigrahasthAnAbhiyogo nirnuyojyaanuyogH'| jaise, 'sAvayavatva' hetu ke dvArA pRthvI Adi ko kArya siddha karane para yadi pratipakSI kahe ki yaha hetu aprayojaka hetvAbhAsa hai, to mithyAbhiyoga ke kAraNa yaha niranuyojyA. nuyoga nAmaka nigrahasthAna hotA hai, kyoMki sAvayavatva hetu kAryatva sAdhya ko siddha karane meM samartha hai, apayojaka nahIM / (21) apasiddhAnta kimI siddhAnta ko svIkAra kara aniyama se kathA karanA arthAt svIkRtasiddhAntaviruddhakathana apasiddhAnta nigrahasthAna hai, jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai - " svasiddhAntamabhyupetyAniyamAtakathAprasaMgo'pasiddhAntaH' / / jaise-bhImAMsakasiddhAnta ko svIkAra kara yadi vAdI kahatA hai ki agnihotra svarga kA sAdhana hai, usa para yadi prativAdI yaha prazna kare ki agnihotra kriyA yahI naSTa ho jAtI hai, vaha uttarakAlabhAvI svarga kA sAdhana kaise ho sakatI hai? usake uttara meM vaha kahatA hai ki kriyA yadyapi naSTa ho gaI hai. to bhI usase ArAdhita paramezvara rAjAdi kI taraha svargAdi. rUpa phala pradAna karatA hai| to yaha usakA uttara apasiddhAnta nAmaka nigrahasthAna se grasta hai, kyoMki momAMsAdarzana meM Izvara kI sattA nahI mAnI jAtI, ataH vaha kaise pradAna kara sakatA hai ? (22) hetvAbhAsa pUrvokta chaH hetvAbhAsa bhI nigrahasthAna haiM, kintu unako nigrahasthAna mAnane ke liye pRthak lakSaNa mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, pahile jo unake lakSaNa batalAye 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 22 2. 5 / 2 / 21 3. 52 / 24 nyA-24

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186 nyAyasAra jA cuke haiM, unhIM lakSaNoM se inakA nigrahasthAnatva upapanna hai| isIliye satrakAra ne kahA hai-'hetvAbhAsAzca yathoktAH' / ' isa satra meM 'ca' zabda anya dRSTAntAbhAsAdi nigrahasthAnoM kA saMgrAhaka hai| nigrahasthAnoM kA parigaNana unakI iyattA kA nirdhAraNa karane ke liye nahI, apetu udAharagamAtrapradarzanArtha hai / ataH parigaNita nigrahasthAnoM se adhika nigraitthAna mAnane meM sUtravirodha nahIM hai / durva vana, kolavAdanAdi bhI sAdhyasiddhi meM anupayogI hone se nigrahasthAna hI haiN|' 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 25 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 375

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SaSTha vimarza AgamapramANanirUpaNa yadyapi vaidika matAnusAra vedoM kA jaisA prAmANya mAnA jAtA hai, vaisA pratyakSa Adi kA bhI nahIM | advaita vedAntiyoM kA to yahAM taka kahanA hai ki jaise bauddhasiddhAnta me nirvikalpAtmaka svalakSaNa tatva ko viSaya karane ke kAraNa pratyakSa hI paramArthataH pramANa hai aura anumAna avisaMvAdI arthamAtra kA grAhaka hone ke kAraNa vyavahArataH pramANa hai, vaise hI asandigdha, anadhigata, abAdhita, arthabhUta brahma tattva ko viSaya karane ke kAraNa mahAvAkyAtmaka zabdapramANa hI ekamAtra pAramArthika dRSTi se pramANa hai / usase bhinna pratyakSAdi pAMcoM pramANoM meM vyavahArasiddhi ke liye vyavahArataH prAmANya hai, paramArthataH nahIM, kyoMki unakA prameya padArtha brahmajJAna ke dvArA bAdhita ho jAtA haiM / ataH ve bAdhitArthaviSayaka hote haiM / kevala tadvati tatprakArakatvarUpa sAMvyavahArika pramANya unameM mAnA jAtA hai / 2 34 jaimini dharma meM vedoM kA prAdhAnya aura prAmANya svIkAra karate hue kahate haiM'codanAlakSaNo'rtho dharmaH " | zabara svAmI bhI zabda kA agAdha sAmarthya mAnate haiM'codanA hi bhUtaM bhavantaM bhaviSyantaM sUkSmaM vyavahitaM viprakRSTamityevaM jAtIyakamarthaM zakno tyavagamayituM nAnyatkiMca nendriyam ' / " yahAM 'codanA ' pada zabdamAtra kA bodhaka hai, jaisA ki kumArila bhaTTa kahate haiM- 'codanetyabravIccAtra zabdamAtravivakSayA 15 smRtikAra 'zrutiH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca priyamAtmanaH " - aisA udghoSa karate hue zrutiprAmANya para pUrNa vizvAsa prakaTa karate haiM / ataH vaidika dArzanikoM kI kakSA meM praviSTa naiyAyikoM ko bhI zabda kA prAdhAnya svIkAra karake zabda pramANa kA sarvaprathama nirUpaNa karanA cAhie thA, tathApi AnvIkSikI - zAstra ke pravartaka maharSi akSapAda ne 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdAH pramANAni 5 isa sUtra ke dvArA apane pramANoM kA krama nirdiSTa kara diyA hai / ataH nyAyasUtraparivAra ke kisI bhI prakaraNa yA zAstra ko yaha socane kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI ki hama kisa pramANa ko pradhAna tathA kise apradhAna mAneM / sUtrAnardiSTa krama ke anusAra hI prAyaH sabhI AcAryo ne pramANoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / 1. jaminisUtra, 111/2 2. mImAMsAdarzana, (zAvara bhASyasahita ), pR. 3 3. mImAMsA lokavArtika, codanAsUtra, kA. 7 4. manusmRti, 2112 5. nyAyasUtra, 11113

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288 nyAyasAra navya nyAya ke pravartaka AcArya gaMgezopAdhyAya ne bhI apane 'tattvacintAmaNi' nAmaka grantha meM kramazaH pratyakSa-khaNDa, anupAnakhaNDa, upamAnakhaNDa aura zabdakhaNDa kA kA nirUpaNa karate hue isI krama ko apanAyA hai| sUtranirdiSTa eka padArtha kA nirUpaNa ho jAne ke pazcAt uttarabhAvI padArtha ke nirUpaNa kA avasara sahaja sulabha ho jAtA hai, ataH avasarasaMgati kA sahArA lekara anumAna ke anantara zabda kA nirUpaNa nyAyasaMgata hai / upamAna pramANa anumAna ke anantara nirdiSTa hone para bhI bhAsarvajJa ne usakA prAmANya svIkAra nahI kiyA hai| ataH unakA kahanA hai'avasitamanumAnamAgasyedAnI lakSaNamucyate'1 (avsrsNgtyaa)| . bhAsarvajJAcArya ne samayabalena samyavaparokSAnubhavasAdhanagamAgamaH 1 yaha Agama pramANa kA lakSaNa kiyA hai / savyApAra kAraNa ko ho kArya kA nirvartaka mAnA jAtA hai| jaise-udyamana, nipAtanAdivyApArayukta kuThAra kASThAdi ke dvaidhIbhAva kA sampAdaka hotA hai| jaise indriyasannikarSarUpa vyApAra ke mAdhyama se cakSurAdi karaNoM meM pratyakSa jJAna kI janakatA AtI hai tathA jaise vyApti (avinAbhAva)-bAna ko vyApAra banAkara sAdhana apane sAdhya kI anumiti kiyA karatA hai, usI prakAra saMgAtagraha yA saMketajJAnarUpa vyApAra dvArA padajJAna parokSajJAna kA sAdhana banatA hai| usI sAdhana ko Agama pramANa kahA jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJokta Agama pramANa ke isa lakSaNa kA unake paravartI udayanAcArya ne bhI ullekha kiyA hai-'tatra samayabalena samyakparokSAnubhavasAdhanaM zabda iti eke' / padakRtya para vicAra karate hue unhoM ne kahA hai ki prathama, dvitIya, tRtIya caturtha tathA paMcama pada kamazaH anumAna, zabdAbhAsa, savikalpaka pratyakSa, padArthasmaraNa tathA kartA va karma ke nivartaka haiM / 'asmAt padAdayaH martho boddhavyaH'-isa prakAra kI IzvarIya icchA yA saMketa hI samaya kahalAtA hai| IzvarIya icchArUpa saMketa anAdi hotA hai aura vahI mukhya hai| pANini Adi kRta guNasaMjJA, vRddhisaMjJA Adi bhI Adhunika saMketa haiM, kintu ve amukhya haiN| sabhI sUtrakAroM ne apane granthoM meM pRthak-pRthak samaya mAne haiN| katipaya dArzanika jJAyamAna zabda ko karaNa mAnate haiM aura anya zabdajJAna ko* / isa prakAra zabda aura zabdajJAna donoM kA prahaNa Agama se hotA hai / AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne donoM mAnyatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue 'taccha dAtmakamazabdAtmaka vA karaNam' yaha kahakara vikalpa se donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra yaha niSkRSTArtha prApta hotA hai ki samaya -sAmarthya se parokSa pramA ke karaNIbhUta padArtha ko 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 29 2. vahI, pR. 29 3. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 117 4. padajJAnaM tu karaNaM dvAraM tatra padArthadhIH / -bhASApariccheda, kA. 81 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR 379

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 189 Agama kahA jAtA hai, cAhe vaha zabdAtmaka ho athavA jJAnAtmaka / 'parokSAnubhava - sAdhanamAgamaH'-yaha lakSaNa karane para anumAna pramANa meM ativyApti ho jAtI hai, isaliye 'samayabalena' saMyojita kiyA gayA hai| anumAna pramANa avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti kA sahArA lekara parokSajJAna ko janma detA hai, samaya yA saMketajJAna ke AdhAra para nahIM / zabda Agama pramANa hai, vaha samayapadAbhihita IzvarIya icchArUpa saMketajJAna ke dvArA parokSajJAna ko janma detA hai| yadi koI avinAbhAva aura samayarUpa dvAroM ko abhinna karanA cAhe, to usakA nirAkaraNa karane ke liye AcArya bhAsarvajJa kahate haiM ki ve donoM eka nahIM, apitu unameM bahuta bar3A antara hai / / sAdhya aura sAdhana ke svAbhAvika sambandha ko avinAbhAva kahA jAtA hai, kintu bodhaka aura bodhya ke puruSecchAjanita sambandha ko samaya kahA jAtA hai, bodhya tathA bodhaka meM avinAbhAva nahIM hotA / zabara svAmI zabdArtha ke sambandha kA spaSTIkaraNa AkSepa aura samAdhAna ke dvArA isa prakAra karate haiM - 'syAdetadevaM naiva zabdasyAthena sambandhaH / kuto'sya pauruSeyatA'pauruSeyatA veti / katham ? syAccedarthena sambandhaH kSuramodakazabdoccAraNe mukhasya pATanapUraNe gyAtAma yadi saMzleSalakSaNa saMbandhanabhi. pretyocyate kAryakAraNa-nimittanaimittikAzrayAyibhAvAdayantu saMbandhAH zabdasyAnupapannA eveti / ucyate / yo yatra vyapadezyaH saMbandhastamapyekaM na vyapadizati bhavAnpratyAyyasya pratyAyakasya ca saMjJAsaMjJilakSaNa iti / zabda aura artha kA saMjJA zisambandha zAbda pramA kA mAdhyama hai| anumAna pramANa kA mAdhyama avinAbhAva hai / parokSajJAna ke janaka anumAna pramANa aura zabdapramANa donoM hai. kintu dvAra bhinna-bhinna hai| samayasAmarthya se zabda kahIM-kahIM para saMzaya aura viparyaya tathA asadvastu kA bho bodhaka ho jAtA hai, parantu vaha pramA nahIM hai, jaisAki kumArila ne kahA hai 'atyantA'satyapi jJAnamarthe zabdaH karoti hi / tenotsarge sthite tasya doSAbhAvAtpramANatA // saMzaya tathA viparyaya meM ativyApti ke nirAkaraNArtha lakSaNa meM 'samyak' vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai| kha puSpa ityAdi zabdoM ke dvArA avazya kucha na kucha arthabodha hotA hai, kintu baha bAdhitaviSaya hone ke kAraNa apramA kahalAtA hai, pramA nahIM, kyoMki samyaka jJAna abAdhitaviSayaka hotA hai| ___ savikalpaka pratyakSa bhI samyak anubhava hotA hai, parantu parokSa nahIM / ataH 'parokSa' zabda savikalpaka pratyajJa meM AgamalakSaNa kI ativyApti kA nivartaka hai| yadyapi auSaniSada mata meM 'dazamastvamasi' ityAdi vAkyoM ke samAna 'tattvamasi' Adi 1. samayAvinAbhAvayorvalakSaNyaM pazyAmastenAnumAne prasaMga: samayagrahaNena na nivartitaH / , -nyA. bhU., pR. 396 2. mImAMsAdarzana (AnandAzrama saMskRta-pranthAvalI, 1929), pR. 43 3. mImAMsA lokavArtika, sUtra 2, kA. 6, pR. 46

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190 vyAyasAra mahAvAkyoM ko pratyajJa jJAna kA janaka mAnA jAtA hai, tathApi ukta sthaloM para jo vyavasthA AcArya maNDana mitra tathA unake anuyAyI vAcaspati mizra Adi ne dI hai ki mahAvAkyoM ke zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana se saMskRta hokara manarUpa Antara indriya usa pratyakSa jJAna kA janaka hotA hai, zabda pramANa nahIM ! vahI vyavasthA naiyAyikoM ko bhI svIkRta hai / Agamadvaividhya AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne 'sa dvividho dRSTAdRSTArthatvAt' isa nyAyasUtra kA anusaraNa karate hue Agama pramANa ke dRSTArtha tathA adRSTArtha bheda kA nirdeza kiyA hai- 'sa dviSTASTArthabhedAt / dRSTArtha aura adRSTArtha ke svarUpa kA nirvacana karate hue bhASyakAra ne kahA hai ki jisa zabda pramANa kA artha (viSaya) isa loka meM cakSurAdi indriyoM se pratyakSa jJAta hotA hai, vaha dRSTArthaka hotA haiM / tathA jisake viSaya kI paraloka meM siddhi hotI hai, vaha anuSTArthaka zabdapramANa kahalAtA hai / " vArtikakAra ne dRSTArtha aura adRSTArtha ko pravaktA ke pakSa meM ghaTita kiyA hai / pratyakSa pramANa kA lakSaNa kAraNasAmagrI aura viSaya ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / bhASyakArAdi ne zabda pramANa kA lakSaNa viSaya aura kAraNasAmagrI kI dRSTi se kiyA hai, kartA kI dRSTi se zabda kA lakSaNa pahile nahIM kiyA gayA thA / isakA kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ke sAdhAraNatayA veda meM puruSa- RtRtva nahIM mAnA jAtA thA / mImAMsakoM ne vedoM kA apauruSeyatva mAnakara unakA nityasva sthApita kiyA / mImAMsakasamnata zabdAMnatyatvapa naiyAyikoM ko svIkArya nahIM thA / unake anusAra kRtaka hone ke kAraNa zabda anitya hai / ataH mImAMsakoM ke zabdanityatva-pakSa ko parihAra kara zabdAnityatva pakSa ko sudRr3ha karane ke lie vArtikakAra ne zabda ke bhedoM ko kartRparaka batalAyA hai / vArtikakArAdi se pUrva bauddhoM aura mImAMsakoM kA vedaprAmANya ko lekara zAstrArtha pracalita thA / vedoM ko pramANa mAnane ke liye mImAMsakoM ne unakA apauruSeyatva svIkAra kiyA, bauddhoM ne apauruSeyatva kA prabala takoM se khaNDana kiyA / donoM ke saMgharSa ko dekhakara naiyAyikoM ne vedaprAmANya ke liye IzvarapraNItatva ko AdhAra banAyA / naiyAyika tarkoM dvArA viSaya kA parIkSaNa karate haiM / naiyAyikoM ko vedoM ke kartRvapakSa meM tarka saMgati dikhAI dI, apauruSeyatva meM nahIM / apauruSeyatA na mAnane se ve andhAlutA ke deSa se baca jAte haiM aura IzvarapraNItatva svIkAra karane se vedaprAmANya kI rakSA bhI ho jAtA hai / vArtikakAra ne naiyAyikoM ke pauruSeyatvapakSa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue dRSTArtha tathA aSTArtha pada kA tatyavaktRparaka nirvacana kiyA hai / 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 29 2. nyAyabhASya, 11118 3. nyAyavArtika, 11118

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 191 AcArya bhAsarvajJa ko haSTArtha kA artha bhASyakAra ke anusAra viSaya kI dRSTi se abhISTa hai, jaisAki unake 'tatra dRSTArthAnAM vAkyAnAm ima prayoga se jJAta hotA hai / dRSTArthaka tathA aSTArthaka dvividha vAkyoM meM se dRSTArthaka vAkyoM ke prAmANya kA nizcaya jJAtA puruSa ko saphala pravRtti se hotA hai| arthAt yadi kisI ne kahA hai ki ghara meM pAMca phala rakhe hue haiM, isa vAkya se ghara meM pAMca phaloM ke hone kA jJAna prApta kara puruSa ghara meM jAtA hai aura pAMca phala mila jAte haiM, to saphala pravRkti. dvArA 'gRhe paMca phalAni santi' yaha vAkya prAmANika hai, yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai| aura yadi ghara meM pAMca phaloM kI prApti nahIM hotI to jJAtA kI asaphala pravRtti se usa vAkya kA aprAmANyanizcaya ho jAtA hai| svargakAmo yajeta' ityAdi adRSTArthaka vAkyoM meM phala ke adRSTa hone se usakI prApti kI saMbhAvanA bhI nahIM hai / ataH saphala pravRtti dvArA usake prAmANya kA nizcaya na hone se AptoktatA hI usake prAmANya kI nizvAyikA hai| adRSTArthaka vAkyoM ke praNetA arthAta vaktA kA pratyakSa na hone se AptotaH tvena bhI prAmANya saMbhava nahIM hai, isa AzaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki 'putrakAmo yajeta' ityAdi vAkyoM ke phala ke dRSTa hone se putreSTi karane para putrarUpa phala kI prApti ho jAtI hai aura saphala pravRtti dvArA una vAkyoM kA prAmANyanizcaya ho jAtA hai / 'putrakAmo yajeta' ityAdi vAkyoM ke praNetA atIndriyArthadarzI hone se parama Apta puruSa haiM / ataH una atIndriyArthadarzI puruSoM dvArA praNIta sAre hI vAkya prAmANika haiM, isa prakAra Aptoktatvena sAre hI adRSTArthaka vaidika vAkyoM ke prAmANya kA nizcaya upapanna hai| isa rIti se vedoM ko Izvara puruSa se praNIta mAnane para bhI unameM Aptokta vena prAmANya kA jJAna saMbhava hai| varNanityatA kA nirAkaraNa mImAMsaka vedoM ko apauruSeya mAnakara nityatvena unameM prAmANya mAnate haiM, vaha saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki vAkyoM ke nitya hone meM koI pramANa nahIM milatA / abhiprAya yaha hai ki vAkya yA pada varNo se bhinna nahIM hai / varNasamUha pada tathA padasamUha vAkya kahalAtA hai aura samUha avayavoM se bhinna nahIM hotA / ataH vAkya varNarUpa haiM aura varNa utpAda-binAzazAlI hone se anitya haiN| yadi vargoM ko nitya bhI mAnA jAya, to bhI veda kA prAmANya siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki varNanityatvena veda kA prAmANya mAnane para sabhI laukika vAkya bhI pramANa hone laga jaayge| tAtparya yaha hai ki 'ya eva vede varNAH ta eva loke' isa pratyabhijJA ke bala se laukika va vaidika varNa eka haiN| yadi varNanityatva ke kAraNa veda kA prAmANya mAnA jAtA hai, to lokaka vAkyoM kA bhI prAmANya mAnanA hogA aura laukika vAkya sabhI pramANa nahIM haiM, 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 29

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192 nyAyasAra ataH varNanityatva ko vedaprAmANya kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vAkayanityatva kI apekSA vAkyoM kA anityatva hI 'vaidikAni vAkyAni anityAni vAkyatvAt laukikavAkyavat' isa anumAna se siddha hotA hai| isI prakAra nimtokta anumAnoM se bhI zabda meM anityatva hI siddha hAtA hai : 1 'anityaH zabdaH sAmAnyavattve satyasmadAdibAyendriyagrAhyatvAt ghaTAdivata', 2 'anityaH zabdaH tIvratvAdidharmayuktatvAt, sukhaduHkhAdivat / ' tathA zabda ko nitya mAnane para yadi AkAzAdi kI taraha usakA anupalabdhisvabhAva hai, to kabhI bhI zabda kI upalabdhi nahIM honI cAhie aura yadi usakA upalabdhi svabhAva hai to sarvadA hI upalabdhi honI cAhie / zabda ke nitya hone para bhI vyaMjaka dvArA usakI upalabdhi hotI hai, ataH vyaMjakakAla meM hI usakI upalabdhi hai, sarvadA nahIM / jaise, kakSa meM ghaTa ke vidyamAna hone para bhI pradIpAdirUpa vyaMjaka ke binA usakI upalabdhi nahIM hotI, yaha kathana bhI samIcIna nahIM, kyoMki zabda kA vyaMjaka koI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vAyuyoga ko nitya zabda kA vyaMjaka mAnane para sabhI zabdoM kI eka kAla meM abhivyakti ho jAnI cAhiye, kyoMki vAyusaMyoga ko kisI zabdavizeSa kA vyaMjaka mAnane meM koI kAraNa pratIta nahIM hotA aura jaise cakSurindriya avizeSeNa indiyasambaddha sabhI rUpoM ke grahaNa meM samatha haiM, usI prakAra zrotrendriya bhI vAyusaMyoga dvArA abhivyakta sabhI zabdoM ke grahaNa meM samartha haiN| na to zrotra ke kisI pratiniyata zabda ke saMskAra se yukta hone meM pramANa hai aura na zabdoM ke pratiniyata saMskAra se yukta hone meM koI pramANa hai| ataH vAyapayoga bhI zabdavyaMjaka hone se sabhI zabdoM ko abhivyakti karAne meM samartha hai tathA zrotrendriya bhI cakSurAdi indriyoM kI taraha apane viSayabhUta sabhI zabdoM ke grahaNa meM samartha hai| isaliye eka kAla meM sabhI zabdoM ko abhivyakti va zrotrandriya se unakA grahaNa honA caahie| kintu hotA nahIM / ataH vAyusaMyoga ko nitya zabda kA abhivyaMjaka nahIM mAna sakane / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zabdoM ko anitya mAnane meM bhI yaha doSa hai, kyoMki kakAroccAraNa ke liye prerita vAyu varNAntarotpAdaka vAyuoM ke samAna hone se eka kAla meM sarvavarNo kI utpatti kyoM nahIM karatA ? vidyamAna varNa kA vAyusaMyoga utpAdaka hai aura sabhI varga utpatti se pUrva samAnarUpa se avedyamAna haiM / ataH varNo ke utpattipakSa meM isa doSa kA jo parihAra hogA, vahI abhivyakti pakSa meM bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai / isIliye abhiyuktoM ne kahA hai 'yazcobhayoH samo doSaH parihArastayoH samaH / ' isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki kAraka aura vyaMjaka kAraNoM meM vaidharmya hai| mRtpiNDacakracIvarAdi utpAdaka kAraNoM kA samUha kulAla ke zarAvanirmANa ke abhiprAya se niyamita hokara zarAba Adi pratiniyata kArya kA hI utpAdana karatA hai,

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 193 ghaTAdi kA nhiiN| kintu pradIpAdivyaMjaka sAmagrI kisI ke abhiprAya se niyamita nahIM honI, ata eva pratiniyata gya kA hI vyaMjana nahIM karatI, apitu svasambaddha sabhI vyaMgyoM kA karatI hai / ataH varNAtpatti pakSa meM vAyupaMyoga utpAdayitA puruSa ke abhiprAya se niyamita hone ke kAraNa pratiniyata kakArAdi varNa kA hI utpAdana karatA hai, sabhI vaNoM kA eka kAla meM nhoN| kintu vAyu saMyoga ko zabdavyaMjaka mAnane para vaha puruSAbhiprAya se ataH vAya saMyoga ko zabda kA vyaMjaka na mAnakara utpAdaka mAnanA hI ucita hai / ata eva varNo kA anityatvapakSa hI saMgata hai, nityatva nahIM aura isI liye nityatvena zabdoM kA prAmANya na mAnakara AptIktatvena hI prAmANya mAnanA samucita hai| isa prakAra bhAsarvajJa ne pratyakSa, anupAna va Agama ye tIna hI pramANa mAne haiM, zeSa kA inhI pramANoM meM antarbhAva mAnA hai| arthApatti kA pramANAntaratva-nirAkaraNa anyathA anupapadyamAna artha ke dvArA usake upapadaka artha kI kalpanA arthApatti pramANa hai / jaise-dina meM bhojana na karane vAle devadatta kI pratyakSato jJAta ponatA dvArA usake upapAdaka rAtri-bhojana kI kalpanA arthApatti hai| pIna devadatta kA rAtribhojana pratyakSa pramANa se jJAta nahIM hai, kyoMki usake sAtha indriyasaMnikarSa nhiiN| tathA rAtribhojana ke bodhaka kisI AptavAkya ke na hone se vaha zabda pramANa se bhI jJAta nahI hai / sAdRzyajJAna ke dvArA rAtribhojana kA jJAna na hone se upamAna pramANa dvArA usakA jJAna nhiiN| ponatA ke sAtha rAtribhojana kA avyabhicArarUpa vyAptisambandha na hone se anumAna dvArA bhI usakA jJAna nahIM / isI prakAra jIvita puruSa kI gRhAsattA bahiH sattA ke binA anupapanna hai| ataH jIvI puruSa kI gRhAsattA ke upapAdaka bahiH sattva kI kalpanA bhI arthApatti hai / uparyukta roti se rAtribhojanAdi kA pramANAntara dvArA jJAna na hone se usake bodhaka arthApatti pramANa ko pRthaka pramANa mAnanA cAhiye / bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki anumAna pramANa se rAtribhojana ko yA bahaH sattva kI anumati hone se anumAna pramANa meM isakA antarbhAva upapamna hai / anumAna avinAbhAvarUpa vyApti ke bala se arthasiddhi karatA hai / jaise, dhUma vanyavinAbhAva se parvatAdi meM vahani ko siddhi karatA hai, kintu yahAM to anyathAnupapatti ke bala se rAtri-bhojana yA puruSa kI bahiH sattA siddha hotI hai| ataH ise anumAna kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai 1 tathApi 'anyathA nopapadyate' isa ukti kA tAtparya 'usake hone para hI hotA hai, isa avinAbhAva meM hI hai ataH dina meM bhojana na karane vAle puruSa bhAnyA-25

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194 nyArasAra ko pInatA tathA rAtribhojana kA avinAbhAva upapanna ho jAtA hai / 1 nimnalikhita anumAna bhI isI tathya ko siddha kara rahe haiM : 'devadatto rAtribhojanavAn divA'muMjAnatve sati pInatvAt' / 'caitro bahiH sattvavAn, jIvitve sati gRhAsattvAt' / gRhAsatva kA sattA ke sAtha virodha hone se vaha sattA ko kaise siddha karegA, . yaha AzaMkA bhI avicAritaramaNIya hai, kyoM ke gRhAsata kA gRhasattva se virodha hai na ki sattAmAtra se / ataH gRhAsattva bahiH sattA kA virodhI nahIM hai| jahAM visphoTAdi kArya kI anyathAnupapatti ke dvArA agni meM dAhakatvazakti kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai, vahIM anumAna hIM bana sakatA, kyoM ke kAraNa-sAkalya ke pratyakSaviSaya na hone se kAraNasAkalya maiM aura vahaniniSTha apratibaddha zakti meM anvayasahacArarUpa anvayavyApti nahIM bana sakatI / ataH tadartha arthApatti pramANa mAnanA par3egA, yaha kathana bhI samIcIna nahIM, kyoMki vahAM bhI vyatirekavyApti ke saMbhava se kevalavyatirekI anumAna meM arthApatti kA antarbhAva saMbhava hai / ' anvayavyA 8ta ke abhAva se yadi kevalavyatirekI ko anumAna na mAnane para vyatirekavyApti ke abhAva se kevalAnvayI hetu kA bhI anumAnatva nahIM hogA aura use bhI kevalavyatireko kI taraha pRthak pramANa mAnanA par3egA aura isI prakAra pratyakSAdi bhedoM meM bhI svalpa vaidharmya ke kAraNa pratyakSa na hone se pramANAntaratA ko Apatti hogI / ataH anvayavyApti ke vaidhurya se kevalavyAtarekI ko anumAna mAnanA ucita hai aura kevalavyatirekI anumAna meM hI arthApatti kA antarbhAva hai| saMbhava kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa sahastra saMkhyA meM zata saMkhyA ke sambhava se sahasra ke dvArA zatAdi saMkhyA kI pratipatti saMbhava pramANa hai / sahasra meM zatAdi saMkhyA kA jJAna pratyakSAdi pramANa kA viSaya nahIM hai, ata. ise pRthak pramANa mAnanA cA haie, aisA katipaya vicAraka mAnate haiM / kintu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki sahasra meM zatAdi saMkhyApratipatti anumAna pramANa se saMbhava hai / zatA de saMkhyA kA sahasra saMkhyA se avanAbhAva hai, kyoMki svalpa saMkhyA kA samAhAra hI adhika saMkhyA hai| svalpa saMkhyA ke abhAva meM adhika saMkhyA kI anupapatti hai / ataH 'sahasra zatAdisaMkhyAvinAbhUtaM sahasrasya svalpazatAdi. saMsthAsamAhArarUpatvAt, svalpasaMsthAbhAve prabhUtasaMsthAnupapatteH' ityayAkAraka anumAna dvArA hI sahana saMkhyA meM zatAdi sakhyA kA jJAna utpanna hone se saMbhava ke pRthakprAmANya kI apekSA nhiiN| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 32-33 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 33 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 430-431 :

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 195 abhAva kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa bhAha mImAMsaka bhUtalAdi meM ghaTAbhavajJAna ke liye anupalabdhi yA abhAva nAmaka pRthak pramANa kI sattA svIkAra karate haiM / unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki bhUtala meM ghaTAdyabhAva kA pratyakSa utpanna nahIM, kyoM ka ghaTAdyabhAtra kI indriya ke sAtha saMyogAdi sambandhoM kI anupapatti hai / abhAva ke dravya na hone se usake sAtha cakSurindraya kA saMyoga sambandha nahIM bana sakatA / abhAva ke guNa, karma va tadgata jAti na hone se saMyuktasamavAya tathA saMyuktasaveta pamavAya mambandha bhI bana sakate / abhAva ke zabda va zabdatvarUpa na hone se samavAya tathA samavetasamavAya sambandha bhI nahIM banate / vizeSyavizeSaNabhAva sambandha hI nahIM hai, kyoMki sambandha dviSTha. eka tathA sambandhiyoM se bhinna hotA hai| vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva meM vizeSaNatA vizeSaNa meM va vizeSyatA vizeSya meM hI rahatI hai| ataH vaha dviSTha nahIM hai tathA vaha donoM saMbaMdhiyoM se bhinna bhI nahIM hai / ataH indriya ke sAtha abhAva kA koI sambandha na hone se pratyakSa pramANa dvArA ghaTAdyabhAva kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| avyabhicArI liMgajJAna, sAdRzyajJAna tathA padajJAna ke abhAva se anumAnAdi pramANoM ko abhAvajJAna meM prasakti naho hai / ataH parizeSAt bhUtalAdi meM ghaTAbhAvAdi ke jJAna ke lie anupalabdhi arthAt upalabdhi ke abhAva ko pRthak pramANa mAnanA hogA / isase bhUtala meM ghaTAbhAvAdi kA jJAna utpanna ho jAtA hai. kyoM ka yadi bhUtala meM ghaTAbhAva hotA, to bhUtala kI taraha usakI bhI indriya se upalabdhi hotI hai / upalabdhi kA abhAva hai, ataH bhUtala meM ghaTAbhAva kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna ho jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki bhUtalAdi meM ghaTAdyabhAvajJAna indriyarUpa pratyakSa pramANa se hI hotA hai, kyoMki cajhurAdi indriya ke hone para hI ghaTAdyabhAvajJAna hotA hai, anyathA nahIM / ataH ghaTAdyabhAvajJAna kA indriya ke sAtha anvayavyatireka hone se indriya hI usameM kAraNa hai| - yadi yaha kahA jAya ki indriya kA anvayavyatireka bhUtalAdijJAna meM paryavasita hai na ki abhAva ke sAtha, to yaha kathana bhI yukta nahIM kyoMki jaise ghaTarUpa pratyakSa sthala meM ghaTAdi Azraya ke sAtha vidyamAna indriya kA sambandha rUpAda Azrita ke sAtha bhI mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra ghaTAbhAvAdi ke AdhAra bhUtala meM vidyamAna indriya sambandha ke tadAzrita ghaTAbhAvAdi ke sAtha bhI mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| ghaTAbhAvAdi ke sAtha indriya kA saMyoga, samavAya yA anya koI sambandha nahIM hai aura viSaya se asambaddha indriya viSayagrahaNa meM asamartha hai, yaha kathana bhI tarka saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki mImAMsakamata meM jaise ghaTarUpAdi kA indriya ke sAtha ghaTarUpAdi ke pratyakSarUpa kArya se anumeya yogyatArUpa sambandha hai, usI prakAra ghaTAbhAvAdi ke pratyakSa meM bhI ghaTAbhAvAdi ke pratyakSarUpa kArya se anumeyayogyatA sambandha indriya

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196 nyAyasAra kA ghaTAbhAvAdi ke sAtha vidyamAna hai aura nyAyamata meM jaise ghaTarUpAdi ke sAtha indriya kA saMyoga yA samavAya saMbaMdha na hokara saMyuktasamavAyAdi sambandha hai. jaise hI bhUtalaniSTha ghaTAbhAvAdi ke sAtha bhI indriya kA maMyukta-vizeSaNa vizeSyabhAvAdi sambandha vidyamAna hai / 'cakSuSA ghaTarUpaM pazyAmi' kI taraha 'cakSuSA ghaTAbhAvaM pazyAmi' pratIti bhI samAna hai| saMyoga-psamavAyAdi se bhinna vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva sambandha kI anupatti hai, yaha mAnyatA bhI tarkayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki 'bhUtalaM ghaTAbhAvavat' isa viziSTa pratIti ke bala se abhAva ke sAtha indriya kA saMyogAdi rahita vizeSaNa vizeSyabhAva sambandha mAnanA ho hogA / jaise-'gomAn' isa viziSTa pratIti ke bala se gomAn puruSamAtra ke sAtha indriya kA saMyoga sambandha hone se viprakRSTa dezasthita gAya ke sAtha indriyasambandha na hone para bhI usake sAtha saMyogAdirahita vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva mAnA jAtA hai anyathA 'gomAn ityAkAraka viziSTa pratIti anupapanna ho jAyegI / ataH indriya ke sAtha ghaTAbhAvAdi kA vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva sambandha hone se indriya dvArA hI bhUtalAdivartI ghaTAbhAvAdi kA jJAna ho jAtA hai, usake jJAna ke liye anupalabdhi arthAt upalabdhyabhAva ko pRthak pramANa mAnane ko AvazyaktA nhiiN| aitihaya kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa janazrutiparamparAgata 'isa kTa meM rAjJa hai' ityAkAraka jJAna ke liye katipaya vidvAna 'iha vaTeM yajJaH pratitrasati' isa anirdiSTavaktRka pravAdaparamparArUpa aitihaya ko pramANa mAnate haiM / yaha aitiya pRthak pramANa hai, kyoMki vaTa meM yakSajJAna indriyasambandha ke abhAva se pratyakSa pramANa dvArA siddha nahIM hai / kisI avyabhicArI liMgAsana ke abhAva se anumAna dvArA tathA sAhazyajJAna ke abhAva se upamAna pramANa dvArA va AptapuruSavaktRtva ke jJAna ke abhAva se AptavAkyarUpa zabda pramANa dvArA bhI usakA jJAna saMbhava nahIM / kintu bhAsarvajJa naiyAyika matAnusAra yaha kahate haiM ki 'iha vaTe yajJaH prativasati' yaha kisI Apta puruSa kA vAkya haiM, taba to AptavAkya dvArA vaTa meM yakSajJAna hone se vaha zabda pramANa hI hai aura yadi vaha vacana AptapuruSokta nahIM hai, to use pramANa mAnanA hI asaMgata hai| paramparAgata janazruti kA bhI koI ajJAta Apta puruSa mUla hotA hai, isa abhiprAya se bhAsarvajJa ne usakA Agama pramANa meM antarbhAva batalAyA hai / ceSTA kA pramANAntaratvanirAkaraNa zarIra va zarIrAvayavoM kI prayatnajanita kriyA rUpa ceSTA kA bhI pramANa hai, kyoMki usake dvArA nATya va loka meM bhinna puruSAbhiprAyoM kI pratIti hotI hai| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 33, 34 . 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 34

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AgamapramANanirUpaNaM 197 pratkSAdi pramANoM se apratipAdita puruSAbhiprAyavizeSa kI bodhikA hone se ceSTA pRthak pramANa hai aisA paurANika mAnate haiM / kintu ceSTA nATyazAstrAdi dvArA jJAta saMketa ke bala se hI satatpuruSAbhiprAya vizeSa kA bodhana karato hai / ataH saMketagraha dvArA arthabodhaka hone se usakA Agama pramANa meM antarbhAva hai / saMketabala se puruSAbhiprAyavizeSa kA bodhana karane para bhI vaha zabdarUpa nahIM hai, ataH ise Agama nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie, yaha Apatti nirmUla hai, kyoMki aisA mAnane para lipyakSaroM ke bhI zabdarUpa na hone se artha pratipatti kI anupapatti hogI / ataH zabdarUpa na hone para ceSTA saMketabala se arthabodhana karane ke kAraNa zabda - pramANarUpa hI hai / ' isa prakAra arthApatti Adi pramANoM meM anumAna zabdAdi pramANoM meM antarbhAva ho jAne se arthApatti Adi kA pRthak pramANatva nahIM hai / isA abhiprAya se sUtra - kAra ne kahA hai ' zabda aitihyAnarthAntarabhAvAdanumAne'rthApattisambhavAbhAvAnarthAntarabhAvAccApratiSedhaH ' / , " upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa 4 * yathA bhAsarvajJa naiyAyika hote hue bhI paramparAgata nyAyasiddhAnta ke viruddha sAMkhya, 8 yoga AyurvedAdi darzanoM kI taraha pratyakSa, anumAna va zabda ( Agama ) ina tIna pramANoM ko hI svIkAra karatA hai tathA prAcIna nyAyacAryo dvArA svIkRta upamAna pramANa kA zabda meM antarbhAtra mAnatA hai / unakA Azaya yaha hai ki gaustathA gavayaH' arthAt jaise gAya hotI hai, vaisA hI gavaya hotA hai ityAkAraka jJAna hI upamAna hai aura yaha vAkyarUpa hai / ataH isakA 'agnimAnaya ' ityAdi vAkyoM kI taraha zabda pramANa meM antarbhAva hai / yadi ' yathA gaustathA gatrayaH isa vAkaya ke anya vAkvoM se bhinna hone ke kAraNa upamAna ko pRthak pramANa mAnA jAyegA, to vidhi, arthavAda Adi vAkyoM ke bhI sAmAnya vAkyoM se bhinna hone ke kAraNa unameM bhI pRthak prAmANyApatti hogI / " mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki ' yathA gaustathA gatrayaH ' yaha jJAna to zabda pramANajanya hai, kintu vana meM gavaya ko dekhane para 'merI gAya isa gavaya ke samAna hai ' 1. nyAyasAra, pR 34 2. nyAyasUtra, 2/2/2 3. trivicaM pramANamiSTam... | - sAMkhyakArikA, 4 4. pratyakSAnumAnAgamAH pramANAni / nyAyasUtra, 197 5. etrametAni trINyeva pramANAni / - nyAyasAra, pR. 34 6 tatra gauriva patra ityukmAnaM zabde'ttarbhUtam / 7. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 417 vahI, pR. 30

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198 nyAyasAra arthAt go meM gavayasAzyajJAna hai vaha upamAna hai| usa samaya gAya kA pratyakSAdi dvArA jJAna na hone se usa jJAna ko pratyakSAdipramANajanya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ana upamAna ko pRthak pramANa mAnanA ucita hai| kintu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki gRhasthita gAya kA tathA sAdRzya kA pahile pratyakSa ho cuko hai| ataH vana meM gavaya ko dekhane para usameM go meM) gavaya-sAdRzyajJAna smRtimAtra hai, kyoM ke pahile ghara meM cakSurindaya dvArA gopiNDa ke pratyakSa ke samaya viSANAdipratyakSa ko taraha pratyakSayogya hAne se sAdRzya kA bhI pratyakSa ho cukA hai| ataH usakI smRti mAnane meM kesI prakAra ko Apatti nahIM hai| gopaNDa pratyakSakAla meM sAdRzyamAtra kA hI pratyakSa haA hai na ki gavayaptAdRzya kA / anyathA usI samaya gavayasAdRzya ko pratIti ho jAtI aura vartamAna meM anena sahazo madIyA gauH' isa rUpa se go meM gavayasAdRzyajJAna ho rahA hai, ataH ise smRti nahIM mAnA jA sakatA- yaha zaMkA bhI nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki gopiNDadarzanakAla meM nirvikalpaka pratyakSa dvArA sAdRzyamAtra kA jJAna hone para bhI yadi gAya gavaya ke sadRza na hotI, to gavaya bho gAya ke sadRza nahIM hotA, kintu yaha gavaya gopiNDa ke samAna hai, ataH yaha merI gAya bho gavaya ke samAna avazya hai, isa Apatti se gavaya-darzana-kAla meM gopiNDa meM gavayasAdRzya kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| nirvikalpaka anamava se arthAta go meM sAdRzyamAtra ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa se 'gava yasAdRzya vAlI yaha gAya hai, aisI savikalpaka smRti anupapanna hai, kyoM ke anubhavAnukAriNI ho smRti hotI hai, yaha AzaMkA bhI samucita nahIM / jaise abhAva, sAmAnya kA pUrva nirvikalpaka pratyakSa hone para bhI bAda meM pratiyogijJAnAdi sahakorikAraNoM ke sAmarthya se abhAgadi ko savikalpaka smRti hotI hai usI prakAra gau meM sAdRzyamAtra ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa se bAda meM gavaya ko dekhane para 'yaha gau gavaya sAdRzya vAlI hai, yaha savikalpaka smRti gavayadarzanasAmarthya se ho jAtI hai / jaisI gAya hai vaisA gavaya hai, yaha jJAna 'yathA gostathA gavayaH' isa vAkya se ho jAne para bhI 'gavaya zabda gavaya-piNDa ko vAcaka hai, yaha jJAna uparyukta vAkya se nahIM hotA aura upamAna kA phala gavaya zabda tathA gavayapiNDa meM saMjJAsaMjJisambandha kA jJAna hai / ataH tadartha upamAna ko pRthak pramANa mAnanA cAhiye. yaha nyAya. bhASyakAra, vAtikakorAdi kI mAnyatA hai| kintu bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki yaha saMjJAsaMjJisambandhajJAna bho AptavAkyarUpa zabdapramANa se hI upapanna ho jAtA hai| isIliye tumheM kase mAlUma huA ki yaha gavayapiNDa gavayazabdavAcya hai, aisA pUchane para vaha vyakti uttara detA hai ki 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa vanecara ke vAkya se 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 30 2 nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 418-419 3. samArUyAsabandhapratipattirupamAnArthaH / - nyAyabhASya, 11116

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AmagapramANanirUpaNa 199 mAlUma huA, na ki upamAna se / yaha praznottara saMjJAsaMjJisambandhajJAna ko AptaH vAkyarUpa zabda se janya hI batalA rahA hai / ' tathA 'pratyakSeNa ghaTaM pazyAmi. 'dhUmenAgniM jAnAmi, 'Agamena svargamavagacchAmi' kI taraha 'upamAnena saMjJAsaMjJi. sambandhaM jAnAmi' kA prayoga koI bhI laukika tathA terthika nahIM kahatA, ataH upamAna pRthak pramANa nahIM hai| yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa vanecaravAkaya se saMjJAsaMjJasambandha-jJAna anupapanna hai. kyoMki vanecaravAkyoccAraNa ke samaya gavaryApaNDa kA pratyakSa nahIM hai aura apratyakSa artha meM saMjJAsajJisambandhajJAna kaise ho sakatA hai, yaha zaMkA bhI nirmUla hai, kyoMki adRSTa zakAdizabdasambandhajJAna tathA kabhI kabhI adRSTa putrAdi meM nAmakaraNa roka meM anubhavasiddha hai / adRSTa zakAdi meM jaise zakrAdi-saMjJAgrahaNa meM netrasahasrAdi nimitta upalabdha hote haiM usI prakAra adRSTa gavayapiNDa meM gavayasaMjJAjJAna kA nimitta gavAdisAdRzya bhI upalabdha hai| 'gavayapiNu gavayazabdavAcya hai, 'isa sAmAnya saMjJAsaMjJisambandha-jJAna ke vanecara. vAkyarUpa zabda se upapanna hone para bhI yaha pratyakSa dRzyamAna arthAt purataH sthita gavayapiNDa gavayazabdavAcya hai, ityAkAraka vizeSa saMjJA jJasambandhajJAna ke liye upamAna ko pathaka pramANa mAnane kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha kathana bhI yaktiyakta nahIM, kyoM ka aisA mAnane para 'gaurayam' isa vAkya se bho isa purodRzyamAna vizeSa AkAra vAle vyakti kI gosaMjJA hai, isa artha ko pratipatti na hone se etadartha pRthak pramANAbhyupagama kI prasakti hogI / tathA eka gopiNDa meM 'gaurayam' ityAkAraka vizeSa saMketajJAna ho jAne para bhI vyaktyantara meM saMketajJAna na hone se tadartha pRthak pramANa mAnanA hogaa| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vyaktyantara meM 'gaurayam' ityAkAraka zabda kA prayoga na karane para bhI ekatra prayukta 'gaurayam' isa vAkya kA pratipAdaka tathA pratipattA donoM yahI abhiprAya samajhate haiM ki sabhI govyaktiyoM kI gozabda saMjJA hai, ataH tadartha pRthak zabdAbhidhAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM, to prakRta meM bhI 'gomahazo garayaH' isa vanecaravAkya kA uccAraNa karane vAlA vane cara tathA usase arthajJAna karane vAlA nAgAraka yahI samajhatA hai ki gosahazapiNDa kI gavayazabda saMjJA hai, kyoMki yaha bAkya usI artha ko batalAtA hai / ataH upamAna ko kisI bhI prakAra se pRthaka pramANa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| sUtra virodhaparihAra yadi upamAna pRthak pramANa nahIM hai, to sUtrakAra ne 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdAH pramANAni' isa pramAvibhAgasUtra meM usakA pRthak pramANatvena ullekha kyoM kiyA ? 1. nyAyasAra, 30-31 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 31 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 120 4. nyAyasAra, 31

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nyAyasAra isakA samAdhAna karate hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra haSTAnta pramANa ke antarbhUta hai, phira bhI dRSTAntAbhAsoM se usakA bhedajJApana karane ke liye sUtrakAra ne usakA pRthak ullekha kiyA hai tathA hetvAbhAsoM ke nigrahasthAnAntargata hone para hetvAbhAsoM ke svarUpavizeSabodhana ke liye unakA pRthak abhidhAna kiyA hai. usI prakAra upamAna ke zabdAntabhUta hone para bhI zabda ke prAmANyasAmarthana ke liye usakA pRthaka abhidhAna satrakAra ne kiyA hai / tAtparya yaha haiM ki kacha vidvAna zabda kA prAmANya svIkAra nahIM karate, kayoMki jahAM zabda pramANa kA viSaya pratyakSa yA anumAna pramANa se jJAta hai, vahAM zabda usa artha kA anuvAdakamAtra hai na ki apUrvArthabodhaka / ataH anuvAdakatvena vahAM use pramANa mAnanA anucata haiM aura jahAM zabda kA viSaya pratyakSa va anumAnAdi se jJAna nahIM hai, vahAM una padArtha ke ajJAna hone se usake sAtha zabda kA saMketajJAna nahIM ho sakatA aura ajJAta saMketa artha kA zabdabodha nahIM karA sakatA / pada dvArA padArtha ko jJAna mAnanA anyonyAzraya doSa ke kAraNa maMbhava nahIM aura vAkyArtha padArtho kA anvayamAtra hone se use bhI padArtha kA bodhaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ataH aprasiddha artha ke sAtha zabda kA saMketagrahaNa saMbhava na hone se saMketajJAna dvArA arthabodhaka zabda kA pramANa nahI mAnA jA sakatA isa zabdAprAmANya kA nirAkaraNa karane ke liye upamAna kA pRthak upAdAna kiyA hai / arthAt jisa nAgareka ne gavaya paNDa ko nahI dekhA hai, ata eva jisako gavaya padArtha kA jJAna nahIM hai, usa vyakti ko bhI 'gosadRzo gavayaH' ityAkAraka gosAdRzyarUpa upamAna ke dvArA ajJAta padArtha gavava prANI ke sAtha gavayazabda kA jJAna ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra pratyakSAdi dvArA ajJAta hone se aprasiddha padArtha kA bhI zabda ke sAtha sambandhajJAna upapanna ho jAtA hai aura sambandhajJAna dvArA usa padArtha kA bodhaka hone se zabda kA prAmANya akSata hai| zabdaprAmANyasamarthanArtha upamAna kA pRthak ullekha karane para bhI yadi vaha pRthaka pramANa nahIM hai, to usake lakSaNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? kintu sUtrakArane 'prAsaddhasAdhot sAdhyasAdhanamupamAnama isa rUpa se pRthak lakSaNa batalAyA hai| ataH usakA pRthak prAmANya sUtrakAra ko svIkRta hai, yaha zaMkA bhI nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki lakSaNanirdeza binA usako saprayojanatA va anya pramANoM meM antarbhAva kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA, etadartha usakA pRthak pramANa na hote hue bho lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakAra ne anya pramANoM kI taraha upamAna pramANa kI parIkSA kI hai yaha tarka bhI upamAna ko pRthak pramANa siddha karane meM asamartha hai, kyoM ka parIkSAsUtroM dvArA usameM pramANatA siddha kI gaI hai| yAda parIkSA na kI jAtI, to upamAna meM pramANatA siddha nahIM hotI aura usake abhAva meM anya pramANa meM usakA antarbhAva kaise batalAyA jA sakatA hai| 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 122, 423, 491 2. vahI, pR. 424

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 201 parIkSA meM pUrvapakSasUtra tathA uttarapakSasUtra bhI upamAna kI zabdarUpatA hI batalA rahe haiM / vistArabhaya se unakA ullekha yahAM nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| sUtrakAra ne uSmAna ke antarbhAva kA niSedha bhI anumAna pramANa meM hI batalAyA hai na ki zabda pramANa meM / ataH zabda pramANa meM isakA antarbhAva sUtrakAra ko saMmata hai / yadi upamAna kA pRthak prAmANya sUtrakAra ko abhISTa nahIM hai. to pramANoM ke tritvasaMkhyAviziSTa hone se 'na catuSTa-maitihya pattisaMbhavAbhAvaprAmANyAt', 'zabda aitihyAnrthAntarabhAvAdanumAne'rthApattimabhavAbhAvAnarthAntarabhAvAccApratiSedha ' / ina sUtroM ke dvArA pramANacatuSTayAtirikta aitihyAdi pramANoM kA zabda tathA anumAna meM antarbhAvapratipAdana dvArA catuSvasAdhana asaMgata hogA / ataH ina parIkSA sUtroM dvArA spaSTa siddha hai ki sUtrakAra ko pramANacatuSTava hI abhipreta hai / upamAna ko pRthak pramANa na mAnane para ina parIkSA satroM kA virodha spaSTa hai. isa AzaMkA kA parihAra karate hue bhAsajJa ne kahA hai ki satrakAra kA parIkSAsUtroM dvArA catuSTva. pratipAdana paMcatvAdi adhika saMkhyA ke parihArArtha hai na ki nyUna trista saMkhyA ke pratiSedhArtha kyoMki upamAna kA kada pramANa meM antarbhAva pramANa siddha hai / pramANa tritva ke sUtrakArAmita hone para bhI umakA abhidhAna satrakAra kI isa prakAra kI kvAcika zalI ke kAraNa hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki satrakAra svAbhimata siddhAnta kA bhI kahIM-kahIM kathana liye nahIM karate ki isa nyAyazAstra meM UhAdizakti ke atizaya se sampanna vyaktiyoM kA adhikAra hai, isa bAta ko ve batalAnA cAhate haiM / anaH anabhidhAna karane para bhI ve UhAdizaktyatizaya dvArA usa bAta ko samajha leMge / jaise. manamhita 6 indriyAM sUtrakAra ko abhipreta haiM, kintu satra meM indriyoM ke paMcatva kA hI ullekha hai na ki padava kA / ataH pramANa tritva kA abhidhAna na karane mAtra se satra kA pramANa tritva se virodha mAnA saMbhava thiiN| AlocanA sAMkhyAdi kI taraha upamAna kA zabda pramANa meM antarbhAva hA kara cAhe bhAsarvajJakRta pramANa tritva kI sthApanA saMgata kahI jAya, kintu use sUtrakArasammata siddha karanA samucita nahIM hai| sUtrakAra 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAnazabdAH pramANAni' 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 32 2. . 5 / 2 / 2 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 426-327 5. Here comes a hard nut to crack and we find in wbat a hopeless quandary our author finds himself in his anxiety to reconcile the view of the Sutrakara to bis own view. The ingenuity that our author shows simply amuses us and fails to produce any conviction-Nyaya. sara, Notes (Poona, 1922), p. 74, bhAnyA-26

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2.2 nyAyasAra ima vibhAgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se umko zabda pramANa se pRthaka ullekha kara rahe haiN| pratyakSA'da pramANoM ko raha prasiddhasAra ti ra sAdhanam manama' isa satra dvArA upamAna kA lakSaNa bhI unhoMne batAyA hai tathA 'Ayanta praayaikdeshsaadhaadupmaanaasiddhiH'| isa sUtra dvArA upamAnAsiddhibodhaka pUrvapakSa kA upanyAsa kara 'prasiddha. mAdhodupamA mddhayathokta doSAnupapattiH" isa sUtra ke dvArA upamAna middhi kA nirUpaNa dvArA aura 'upamAnAnumAnaM pratyakSeNA pratyakSasiddhaHisa sUtra se ukI anumAnAnna tatA ko AzaMkA kara tathetyapasaMhAgadupamA nasiddha vizeSaH 4 sUtra ke dvArA umake anumAna meM antarbhAva kA niSedharUpa parIkSA dvArA ve upamAna kI pRthaka pramANatA siddha karate haiM / ataH sUtrakAra uddeza lakSaNa, parIkSA nInoM ke dhArA jaba upamAna kI pRthak pramANatA siddha kara rahe haiM, taba upamAna kA pRthak prAmANya sUtrakAra ko abhimata nahoM, yaha kathana sAhasa mAtra hI hai| upamAnaviSayaka sUtroM kI anyathA yojanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai / bhAmarvajJa ne kahA hai ki dRSTAnta ke pramANa tathA hetvAbhAmoM ke nigrahasthAna hone para bhI prayojanavazAta unake pRthak abhidhAna kI taraha upamAna kA pRthak abhidhAna pramANa vibhAgasUtra meM kiyA gayA hai, yaha kathana samucita :hIM, kyoM ka dRSTAnta prathama to koI pramANa nahIM kyoMki pramANa prameya kA mAdhaka hai / parvatAdi meM ni kA sAdhaka avinAbhUta hetu hai. na ki dRSTAnta / parArthAnumAna meM dUmare vyakti ko 'parvata meM agni hai' isa bAta ko batalAne ke liye paJcAvayavavAkyarUpa mamadAya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, unhoM avayava-gakyoM meM anyatama hATAnta haiN| umkI kalpanA kevala pagarthAnumAna ke lie hai, vaha svatantra pramANa nahIM hai| isI prakAra hetvAbhAsa sAmAnya nigrahamthAna na hokara sAdhyamAdhaka hetu ke hI doSa haiM, jo ki hetu kI taraha pratIta hote haiM, kintu unakA prayoga karane para bhI AdI yA prativAdI nigRhIta ho jAtA hai, ataH * unako nigrahasthAna bhI mAna liyA gayA hai| upamAna kA pRthaka kathana zabdaprAmANya ke samarthana ke liye hai-yaha kthana bhI saMgata nahIM, kyoMki vyAkaraNa-kAdi dvArA prasiddha padArtha ke sAtha pada kA sambandhagraha ho jAne se upamAna ke binA bhI zabda prAmANya kA samarthana saMbhava hai| saMketa grAhaka vyAkaraNAdi to prasiddhArthaka padArtha vA pada ke sAtha raMketa bodhana karane ke lie hI haiM / upamAna ke sUtrakArakRta lakSaNa satra kA, alakSita pramANa ke antarbhAva 1. nyAyasUtra, 5 / 2 / 25 2. vahI, 21:15 3. , 2 / 1146 4. , 148 5.zaktigraha vyAkaraNIpamAnakozAptavAkyA vyavahAratazca / vAkyasya zeSAddhivRttavadanti sAMnidhyataH siddhapadasya vRddhAH / / -nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI, zabdakhaNDa, pR. 296

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AgamapramANanirUpaNa 203 kA saralatayA bodha nahIM ho sakatA, yaha jo abhiprAya batalAyA gayA hai, yaha bhI vyabhicArI hai| kyoMki arthApatti, saMbhava, abhAva, aitihya, ceSTA Adi ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa sUtrakAra ne kiyA hai, kintu kahI bhI unakA lakSaNa nahIM batalAyA / ataH jaise ina pramANoM ke antarbhAva kA jJAna binA lakSaNa ke ho sakatA hai, usA prakAra upamAna ke antarbhAva kA bodha bhI banA lakSaNa ke ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra prAmANAntara meM antarbhAva kiye jAne vAle arthApatyAdi pramANoM kI parIkSA to sUtrakAra ne pUrvapakSa kA udbhAvana karate hue nahIM kA, upamAna kA ho kyoM kI, isase spaSTa hotA hai ki sUtrakAra ko upamAna kA pRthak prAmANya abhISTa hai| ___ vibhAgasUtra nyUnAdhika saMkhyA kA vyavaccheda karate haiM, yaha niyama nahIM, jaise ki brANarasanacakSustvaka zrotrANondriyANi bhUtebhyaH '1 yaha indriyavibhAgasUtra indriyoM kI nyUna maMkhyA kA hI nyavacchedaka hai, adhika saMkhyA kA nahI / ataH mana bhI SaSTha indriya mAnI jAtI hai, usI prakAra 'pratyakSAnumAno. pamAnazabdAH pramANAni' yaha pramANavibhAga-sUtra bhI pramAgoM kA adhika saMkhyA kA vyavaccheda karatA hai, nyUna saMkhyA kA nahIM / ataH isa sUtra kA pramANa tritva se virodha nahIM hai -bhAsarvajJa kA yaha kathana bhI ucita nahI , kyoM. dRSTAnta meM indriyavibhAga-sUtra nyUna va adhika donoM saMkhyAoM kA vyavaccheda karatA hai| vahAM bhUtodbhUta bhautika indriyoM kA paMvatra bAlAyA gayA hai Ara bhautika indriyoM ghrAgAdi pAca hI haiM, na nyUna aura na adhaka / mana bhautika indriya nahIM hai, ataH usakA lekara Adhaka saMkhyA ke vyavaccheda kA vyabhicAra batalAnA nitAnta amaMgata hai| ataH yaha siddha hai ki vibhAgasUtra nyUnAdhikasakhyAvyavacchedaka hotA hai| isaliye pramANAvabhAgasUtra bhI pramANoM kA nyUnAdhika saMkhyA kA vyavaccheda karatA huA pramANacatuSTva kA pratipAdana kara rahA hai, na ki pramANatritva kA / sUtrakAra ne 'upamAnamanumAna pratyakSegApratyakSasiddheH' ke dvArA upamAna ke anumAna meM antarbhAva kI AzaMkA kara tathetyupamahArAdupamAnasiddhe vizeSaH' arthAta 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa prakAra upamAna kA upasahAra kiyA jAtA hai, tathA cAyam' arthAt 'parvato vahAnamAn ' isa rUpa se anumAna meM jaise pakSa-dharmatAAMda kA kathana hotA hai, vaise upamAna meM nahIM hotA, ataH usakA anumAna meM antarbhAva naho', isa prakAra upamAna ke anumAna meM antarbhAva kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai, zabda meM antarbhAva kA nahIM / ataH zabda pramANa meM upamAna kA antarbhAva sUtrakAra ko abhISTa hai yaha bhAsarvajJa kA kathana bhI AvacArita sAhasamAtra ho pratIta hotA hai, kyoM ke naiyAyikoM ko maMjJAsaMjJisambandhajJAna upamAnaprayojanasvena abhISTa hai aura vaha jJAna 'yathA gaustathA gavayaH' isa vAkya se ho nahIM sakatA, kyoM ka isa vAkya kA saMketa 'gavaya meM gosAdRzya hai' isa atha meM hI hai na ki 'gavayApaNDa gavayapadavAcya hai' isa artha meM / ataH zabdapramANa meM antarbhAva kA upapAdana asabhava hone se 1. nyAyasUtra, 111112

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204 nyAyasAra satrakAra ne zabdapramANa meM upamAna ke antarbhAva kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyaa| saMjJA. saMjJasambandhapratapatti kI dRSTi se upamAna kA antarbhAva anumAna meM hI saMbhAvita hai na ki zabda pramANa meM / isIliye dArzanika-sArvabhauma vAcaspati mizra ne 'sAMkhyatattva kaumudI meM 'yo'vyayaM gavayazabdo gosadRzasya vAcaka iti pratyayaH, so'pyanumAnameva'' isa ukta dvArA anumAna meM hI maMjJAsAjJasambandhajJAnarUpa upamAna kA antarbhAva batalAyA hai na ki zabda meM / ata zabda meM upamAna ke antarbhAva kA sUtrakAra dvArA nirAkaraNa na karane se yaha tAtparya nikAlanA ki sUtrakAra ko upamAna kA zabda pramANa meM antarbhAva abhISTa hai, yaha mamucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| ata. kisI bhI prakAra sUtrakAra ko upamAna kA pRthak prAmANyanirAkaraNa abhISTa nahIM, apitu uparyukta rIti se usakA pRthak prAmANya hI unako abhISTa hai / bhAmarvajJa ke upamAna pramANasambandhI vivecana kI atyanta vilakSaNatA kI ora saGketa karate hue prophepara kArla ec. pATara ne bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA haiM ki bhAmarvajJAcArya upamAna ke pRthak pramANatranirAkaraNa ko sUtrakArasammata siddha karane ke prayAsoM dvArA kisA ko prabhAvita nahIM kara sake haiN| 1. sAMkhyatatvakaumudI, pR. 185 2. Bhasarvajha's discussion of this instrument is very peculiar. His conclusion is that comparison is not an instrument of knowledge in addition to the others. contrary to what Gautama maintained. Yet he struggles to make it seem that he is not saying anything in conflict with the view of the Sotrakara. His apologies seem to have taken no one in. More unusual still, he has no firm alternative to offer.-The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. II (Delhi, 1977), p. 175.

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saptama vimarza prameyanirUpaNa pratyeka darzana kA nirupaNIya prameya tattva hotA hai, vahI usakA pradhAna pratipAdya hotA hai, kintu prameya kI siddhi pramANa ke binA anupapanna hai| pramANa hI pramesiddhi meM samartha hai, jaisAki abhiyuktoM ne kahA hai-' mAnAdhInA mesiddhiH, 'prameyamaddhiH prmaannaaddhiH| ataH prameya tattva ke pradhAnatayA pratipAdya hone para bhI dArzanikoM ne pramANa-nirupaNa ke pazcAt prameyanirupaNa kiyA hai| AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne bhI pramANa narUpaNa ke pazcAta nyAyasAra ke tRtIya pariccheda meM prameya padArtho kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| yadyapi 'pramAviSayatvaM prameyatvama' isa prakAra se prameya ke lakSaNa kA pratipAdana kiyA jA cukA hai tathApi vaha prameyasAmAnya kA lakSaNa hai| prameyavizeSa kA arthAt viziSTa prameya kA lakSaNa nahIM hai| ataH jo prameya tattvajJAna dvArA apavarga ke sAdhana haiM, una prapeyavizeSoM meM ghaTita hone vAlA lakSaNa yahA~ batalAyA jA rahA hai . yadviSayaM tattvajJAnamanyajJAnAnugyogitvena niHzreyasAGga bhavati, mithyAjJAnaM ca saMsAraM pratanoti, tat prameyam" arthAt jisakA tattvajJAna niHzreyasa kA sAdhaka hai tathA jisakA mithyAjJAna saMsAra kA janaka hai, vaha prameya hai| nyAyabhASyakAra tathA vArtikakAra ne bhI prameya vizeSa kA lakSaNa isI prakAra kiyA hai| uparyukta prameya kA hI tattvajJAna tathA usakI bhAvanA mokSa ke liye kartavya hai| __ kIThasaMkhyAdi kA tattvajJAna tathA usakI bhAvanA kI vyAvRtti ho jAtI hai, kyoMki unakA jJAna niHzreyasa ke liye upayogI nahIM hotaa| isIliye bauddha dArzanika 1. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR. 107 2. sAMkhyakArikA, 4 3. (a) nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 62 (ba) nyAyasAra, pR. 2 . 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 34 5. (a) asya tu tatvajJAnAdepavargo mithyAjJAnAt saMsAra ityata etadupadiSTaM vizeSeNeti / -nyAyabhASya, 1119 (ba) katamaM tat prameyaM yadanena pramANena yathAvat parijJAyamAnamapavargAya anabagamyamAnaM ca saMsArAyeti / -nyA.vA. 1119

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206 nyAyasAra dharmakIrtine kahA hai ' tasmAdanuSTheyagataM jJAnamatra vicAryatAm / kITasaMkhyA daparijJAnaM tasya naH kvopayujyate // 1 jina prameyavizeSoM kA yathArthasvarUpajJAna bhAvyamAna hone para mokSa ke liye upayogI hai, una AtmAdi 12 prameyoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-cetana aura jar3a / AtmA cetana hai aura usase itara zarIrendriyAda jar3a haiN| nyAyabhASyakAra ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai- 'cetano'yamAtmA / arthAt AtmA catanya kA Azraya hone se cetana hai zeSa zarIrAdi caitanya ke Azraya na hone se jar3a haiM / isase vedAntadarzana ke katipaya dArzanikoM ne naiyAyikoM para jo yaha lAchana lagAyA hai ki ve jaDAtmavAdI haiM, usakA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki saMsAradazA meM AtmA ko catanyAzraya sabhI mAnata haiN| mokSadazA meM bhI bhAsarvajJa AtmasaMvatsahita duHkhAtyantAnavRtti ko makSa mAnatA huA AtmA meM jJAnarUpa caitanya kA abhAva nahIM mAnatA / isameM AtmaviSayaka tattvajJAna ke sAkSAt mithyAjJAna nivRtti dvArA niHzreyasAGga hone se AtmA ke svarUpa tathA usake pAramANAdi kA vistArapUrvaka pratipAdana karanA hai, ataH usake svarUpa kA uddezakramAnusAra nirUpaNa na karake sUcIkaTAhanyAya se prathama zarIrAdi prameyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| (2) zarIra zarIra kA sautra lakSaga hai- ceSTendriyArthAzrayaH zarIram ' kriyAvizeSa ke liye loka meM bhI vaSTA zabda prayu hotA hai / yathA- dhAvati, laMghate Adi / vaha ceSTA jisa anya adhyayI meM samaveta hotI hai, use zarIra kahate haiM / indriyAzrayatva kA artha indriyasabhavAyitya nahIM hai, kyoM ka zarIra indrayoM kA samavAyakAraNa nahIM hai ataH vaha samavAya sambandha se indrioM kA Azraya nahIM hai / zarIrAnugraha aura zarIrApaghAta se indriyoM kA anugraha tathA upaghAta hone ke kAraNa zarIra ko indriyAzraya kahA hai| ayAtrayatva kA mA yahI AbhaprAya hai ki zarAra ka hone para hI tadarvAcchanna Atmapra daza meM sabhA artha sukha duHkhAdi ke janaka hAta haiN| (3) indriya 'indriyamindra liGganindrasRSTamindrajuSTamindradatta mati vaa'| isa pANinisatra ke anumAra indrAlagatva indriyasAmAnya kA lakSaNa hai| arthAt indriya AtmA kA anumApaka hetu hai| indriyoM ke dvArA AtmA kA anumAna honA hai / 'ghrANa rasanacakSustvak zrotrANIndriyANi bhUtebhyaH '' yaha nyAyasUtra ghrANAdi indriyoM kA vizeSa rUpa se nAmollekha nathA vyatpana se unakA vizeSa lakSaNa prastuta karatA hai| sUtrastha 1. pramANavAtika, 132 3. pANinistra, 5 / 2 / 93 2. nyAyasUtra, 111112 4. nyAyasUtra, 11 / 12

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207 prameyanirUpaNa ghrANAdi zabda 'jighratya neneti ghrANama', 'gsayanya neneti sanama', 'cATeneneti cakSuH', 'spRzyane neti parzanama', 'zRNotya ne neti oma isa prakAra vyutpatti se ghrANAdi indriyoM ke vizeSa lakSaNa kA pratipAdana kara rahe haiM / yahAM bhAsajJa kA kathana hai ki upayukta rIti se vizeSalakSaNArthaka pA~ca satra aura vizeSa deza ke liye eka sUtra, isa prakAra milAkara uparyukta satra meM 6 sUtra ho jAte haiM / ' sUtrantha 'bhUtebhyaH' pada indriyoM ke sAMkhyAbhimata AhaMkArikA' ke praniSedha ke liye hai| yadyapi. ahaGkAra bhI bhUnoM kI kRti pacatAmA AoM kA kAraNa hone se kAraNa meM kAryopacAra dvArA bhanazanavAnya hai aura trigaNatva ke kAraNa bahavacana meM bhI prayukta ho sakatA hai| ataH 'bhane gaH' se AhaMkArikava kI nivRtti saMbhava nahIM, tathApi yahAM bhUtoM se pRthivyAni bhUna hI abhipreta haiM na ki prathivyAnikAraNakAraNatvena ahaMkAra / isIliye sankAra ne 'pRthivyApamtejovAyugakA miti bhRtAni isa sUtra dvArA spaSTa kara diyA hai ki pRthivI. jala. teja vAya tathA AkA-ye pAMca bhUna hI bhUta zana se abhipreta haiM na ki sakhyamaMmata ahaMkAra / pAMca bhUtoM meM cAra indriyoM ke samagayikAraNa haiN| AkAza meM vastutaH zrotrendira kAraNava naha hai. kyoMka karNa zakalyavachinna AkAThA hI zrotrendriya kahalAtA hai| ata eva bhAsarvajJa ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki AkAThA ke viziSTa pradeza ko indriyamvabhAva (indriyasvarUpa' jJApita karane ke liye AkAza meM indriyaprakativa kA upacAra kiyA jAtA hai makhyavRtti se AkAza meM indriyakAraNatva nahIM hai / athavA kA zakulI se saMyoga kI apekSA se AkAThA meM bhI kAraNatva hai| isa prakAra 'bhUtebhya' ima pada meM nimitta paMcamI mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM / mAgamatAnamAra sabhI indriyoM kI ahaMkAra se utpatti mAnane para sabhI inniyoM kA ahaGkArarUpa eka kAraNa hone se samAnaprakRtitva ke kAraNa rUparasAdi-vyavasthitaviSayatA kI upapatti saMbhava nahIM hogii| samAnatantra zenisa meM bhI agara ko indriyoM kI prakRti na mAnakara bhUnoM ko hI prakrati batalAyA hai| isIliye prazastapAda ne 'padArtha-dharmasaMgraha' meM 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 467 2. abhimAno'haMkArastasmAd dvividhaH pravartate sargaH / sAvika ekAdazakastanmAtrapaMca caiva / sAtvika ekAdazakaH pravartate vakRtAdahaMkArAt / bhUtAdemtanmAtrastaujasAdubhayam // -- sAMsyakArikA, 24, 25. 3. prakRtema hA~stajo'haMkArasta to gaNazca ssoddshkH| tasmAdapi SoDazakAta paMcabhyaH paMca bhUtAni || -sAMkhyasArikA. 22 4. nyAyasUtra, 11113 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 438 6. vahI

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208 padArtho ke sAdharmyavaidharmya prakaraNa meM pRthivyAdi pAMca bhUtoM kA sAdharmya batalAte hue indriyaprakRtitva ko bhI unakA sAdharmya batalAyA hai / " (4) artha ghrANAdi pAMcoM indriyoM dvArA grAhUya gandha, rasa. rUpa, sparza, zabda ye pAMca artha kahalAte haiM jaisAki sarakAra ne kahA hai- 'gandharasarUpAparza-zabdaH pathivyAdiguNA stadarthA: 12 bhASyakAra ne 'pRthivyAdInAM yathAviniyoga gaNA indriyANAM yathAkramamarthAH viSayA iti ' isa prakAra SaSThIpamAma kA grahaNa kara pRthivyAdi ke gaNoM ko atha mAnA hai / vArnikakAra ne bhASyakArasammana isa SaSThI mAmapakSa kI upekSA kara 'pRthivyAdiguNAH ' zabda meM dvandva samAsa mAnA hai / " bhAsarvajJa ne bhI 'pRthivyAdayazca guNAzca' isa ukti dvArA vArtikakArokta pakSa kA hI samarthana kiyA hai / ataH pRthivyAdiguNAH' ke gandhAdi guNa hI artha nahIM kintu unake Azraya pRthivyAdi bhI artha haiN| guNagrahaNa se bhAsavaMjJa ke anusAra yahAM samasta AzritoM tathA vizeSaNa kA saMgraha kiyA hai / ataH bhAva tathA abhAva ina donoM prakAra ke indriyaviSyoM kA artha pada se grahaNa hai| sUtra meM guNa zabda se kevala bhAvarUpa guNoM kA hI grahaNa nahIM haiM. apitu abhAva kA bhI grahaNa hai, kyoMki vaha bhI saMyuktavizeSaNatA sambandha se indriya kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa artha hai / vaha guNoM kI taraha Azrita to nahIM hai. parantu vizeSaNa to hai hI kyoMki 'ghaTAbhAvabhUtalam' meM ghaTAbhAva kI vizeSaNatayA pratIti anubhavasiddha hai / guNa zabda se aba samasta AzritoM va vizeSaNoM kA grahaNa karane se ghaTAbhAva, rUpAbhAva Adi abhAvarUpa indriyaviSayoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / deha bhI indriyaviSayatvena artha hai kintu ceSTAzraya tathA sukhada khAdi-bhoga kA Ayatana hone se 'zarIra' isa vizeSa pada se vyavahRta kara diyA gayA hai / 2. nyAyasUtra, 111/14 3. nyAyabhASya, 111 / 14 4. pRthivyAdIni guNAzceti dvandvaH samAsaH / nyAyavArtika, 11014 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 438 6. nyAyasUtra, 111115. nyAyasAra (5) buddhi nyAyadarzana ke anumAra jJAna yA upalabdhi kA nAma buddhi hai. jaisAki sUtrakAra For haiM - 'buddhirupalabdhirjJAnamityanarthAntaram / " yahAM sUtra meM buddhi kA paryAyarUpa lakSaNa diyA gayA hai. arthAt buddhi ke paryAyavAcI upalabdhi va jJAna ko hI buddhi kA lakSaNa batalAyA hai / anya lakSaNa ko chor3akara paryAyalakSaNa batalAne kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti kA prathama pariNAma buddhi hai, puruSa kA pratibimbodayarUpa 1. pRthivyAdInAM paMcAnAmapi bhUtatvendriya prakRtitvaM bAhyakendiyagrAhyavizeSaguNavattvAni / - prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 11 B

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prameyanirUpaNa 209 bhoga upalabdhi hai tathA viSayAkArarUpa se buddhi kA pariNAma arthAta buddhi kA dharma jJAna hai isa prakAra buddhi. upalabdhi va jJAna kA bheda batalAyA gayA hai / buddha. upalabdhi va jJAna bhinna nahI haiM, apitu eka hI haiM. isa tathya ko batalAne ke liye paryAyalakSaNa hI buddhi kA diyA gayA hai / isI abhiprAya se bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne bhI sUtra ke prAraMbha meM ' acetanasya karaNamya buddharjJAnaM vRttiH cetanasyAkarturupalabdhariti yuknitrimartha pratyAcakSANaka evenmAha' aisA kahA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne yaha bhI spaSTa nirdeza kara diyA hai ki pratIti, avagama aura vijJAna ityAdi zabda bhA buddhi ke paryAyavAcI hI haiM / yaha jJAna pramakhyAna ke dvArA doSa nimuttoM ke nivRtta hone para apavarga kA hetu hotA hai aura nivRtta hone para saMsAra kA bhI kAraNa hai / (6) mana jJAna ke sAdhana AtmA indriya tathA viSayoM kA sambandha hone para bhI jisa vAraNa se eka kAla meM anekajJAna nahIM hote. vahI mana hai / ataH eka kAla meM aneka jJanoM kI anupanti mana kA liGga ( jJApaka anumApaka) hai / yahI mana kA lakSaNa hai. jaisAki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai- 'yugapajJAnAnutpatamanaso liMgama' | bhAjJa ne bayA hai ki AtmA kI taraha uparyukta liMga hI mana kA lakSaNa hai / ghrANAdi indriyoM kA bhI gandhAvijJAnarUpa liGga hI lakSaNa hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA vyApaka hone se sabhI indriyoM se sambaddha hai aura nidrArahita puruSa kI indriyAM bhI prekSAdi avasara para aneka arthoM se sambaddha hotI hai / isa prakAra jJAna ke sAdhana AmA indriya tathA arthoM ke sambandha hone para bhI eka kAla meM aneka jJAnoM kI utpatti inse atirivata kisI ko jJAna ke prati karaNa siddha kara rahI hai| AtmAdi se bhijJAna kA jo hai vaha mana hai / binA mana ke AtmAdijJAnasAdhanoM ke hone para bhI jJAna nahIM hotA hai / isIliye upaniSad meM hikhA hai- 'AyanA abhUvaM nadarrama manA abhUvaM nASma ityAdi / riTa kozikA meM bhI mano'nva sthAna se jJAna kA abhAva batAyA hai / * mana kyoMki uparimANa hai, raskA eka kAla meM aneka indriyoM se sambandha nahIM ho sakatA, ataH eka kAla meM aneva jJAna bhI nahIM ho sakate / bhAjJa ne eka kAla meM anevajJAnamanutpatti ke atirikta mana ke sAdhaka 'AtmedriyArthAdayaH yahi kAryantarApekSAH sannihitAnAmapi kAryotpAdakatvAt vastropakSita citrotpAdakA va varSa kAdayaH, ' 'skhAdayaH indriyaparicchedakAH pratyakSasa vedyatvAt rUpAdivat' ina anumAnoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai / B 1. nyAyabhASya, 11315. 2. nyAyasUtra, 111 / 16 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 429 4. sAMkhyakArikA, 7 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 44.0 bhAnyA-27

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21. nyAyavAra mana ke indiya hone para bhI use indriyarUpa prameya se pRthak mAnane ke kAraNa kA ullekha karate hue bhAmarvajJa ne kahA hai ki anya indriyAM eka-eka viSaya kA prahaNa karatI haiM jaise cakSa rUpa kA, ghrANa gandha kA. kinta mana zabdasparzAdi sabhI viSayoM kA grahaNa karatA hai| indriyAM bhautika haiN| jaise, ghrANa pArthiva, rasana jalIya cakSu tejasa Adi / kintu mana bhautika nahIM hai| ataH ina do vaidhayoM ke kAraNa mana kA indriyarUra prameya se pRthak kathana kiyA gayA hai / tathA sabhI indriyoM kI pravRtti manomUlaka hai, binA mana ke indriyoM kI pravRtti viSaya meM nahIM hotI aura mana ke jaya se sabhI indriyoM kA vazIkaraNa bana jAtA hai| ataH manovazIkaraNa meM yA manojaya meM mumukSa ko atizaya prayAsa karanA cAhiye isa bAta ko batalAne ke liye bhI anya indriyoM se mana kA pRthak prameya ke rUpa meM kathana kiyA gayA hai| (7) pravRtti vAcika mAnasa, kAyika vyApAra kA nAma pravRtti hai, jaisAki sutrakAra ne kahA hai:-'pravRttirvAgbuddhizarIrArambhaH / yadyapi sUtra meM mana pada nahIM diyA gayA hai, tathApi sUtrastha 'buddhi' pada 'budhyate'nena' ima karaNavyutpatti se jJAnasAdhana mana ko patalA rahA hai / bhASyakAra ne bhI yahI saMketa kiyA hai| yaha trividha pravRtti vihita tathA pratiSiddha bheda se do prakAra kI hai / vihita pravRtti kA phala puNya hotA hai aura pratiSiddha pravRtti kA phala pApa / arthAt 'svargakAmo jyotiSTome yajeta' ityAdi zAstra bahita pravRtti puNya ko tathA 'nAnRtaM badet' ityAdi zAstrapratiSiddha anUtabhASaNAdi pravRtti pApa ko utpanna karatI hai| (8) doSa vihita aura pratiSiddha karmoM meM puruSa ko pravRtta karane vAle rAga dveSa, moha doSa kahalAte haiM, jai ki sUtrakAra ne kahA hai 'pravartanAlakSaNAH doSAH / , sUtra meM 'lakSaNa' zabda svabhAvArthaka hai| bhASyakArAdi ne 'avatanAlakSaNAH doSAH' kI vyAkhyA anya prakAra se kI hai / unake anusAra pravartanA kA artha pravRttihetutva hai aura vaha rAmAdigata dharma hai. jo ki svasaMvedya hai / vaha jinakA lakSaNa arthAta cihna hai. ve doSa kahalAte haiM / isa vyAkhyA kA paryavamAna bhI upayukta pravRttisvabhAva rAga dveSa. moha doSa kahalA haiM. isI meM hai / ve pravartanAlakSaNa doSa rAga, dveSa, moha bheda se sIna haiM. kyoMki sUtrakAra ne 'tattrairAzyaM rAgadveSamohArthAntarabhAvAt ' isa sUtra ke dvArA inhoM tInoM ko doSa batalAyA hai| 1 nyAyasUtra, 1117 2. 'mano'tra buddhirityabhipreta', budhyate'nenetibuddhiH / -nyAyabhASya, 1 / 1 / 17 3. sAsUdha, 19110 4. nyAyabhAya, 11118 5. zyAmasUtra, 13

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prameyanirUpaNa 211 (9) pretyabhAva sUtrakAra ne 'punarutpattiH pretyabhAva'1 isa sUtra ke dvArA pUrvotpanna zarIrAdi kA parityAga kara punaH zarIrAntara ko prApta ko pretyabhAva batalAyA hai / sUtra meM punaH' pada se yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki yaha pratyabhAva eka anAdi paramparA hai| isakA avasAna apavarga ke dvArA hI hotA hai. isa bAta kA batalAne tathA janmamaraNarUpa dukha kI atizaya bhAvanA ke liye daha, indriyoM se pRthak pretyabhAva kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / (10) phala sUtrakAra ne phala kA lakSaNa ' pravRttidoSajanito'rtha. phalam 1 yaha kiyA hai| vihitapra taSiddharUpa dvivedha pravRtti tathA rAga dveSa-moharUpa doSoM se vyavAhatarUpa se utpanna artha phala kahalAtA hai / yaha phala heyopAdeya bheda se do prakAra kA hai / heya prathamataH mukhya-gauNa bheda se dviAvadha hotA huA aneka prakAra kA hai aura upAya phala ajJAniyoM ke liye mukhya tathA goNa bheda se do prakAra kA sukha hai| jJAniyoM ke liye koI bhI sukha upAdeya nahIM, kintu sabhI heya haiM, kyoMki unake liye lAkika sukha bho duHkha kA hI kAraNa hotA hai| isIliye yogadazana meM 'duHkhameva sarvavivekamaH / sUtra ke dvArA jJAnI ke liye sabhA lokika sukhoM ko duHkha rUpa hI banAyA hai| sukha aura duHkha donoM ho prANI ke kamo se upArjita haiN| ataH mAnava ko sanameM samatA kI bhAvanA karanI cAhiye / etadartha phalarUpa prameya kA duHkha se pRthak kathana kiyA hai| (11) duHkha duHkha kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'bAdhanAlakSaNa duHkham' yaha kiyA hai / lakSaNa meM 'lakSaNa' zabda svabhAva artha kA bodhaka hai / arthAt mukhya du kha bAdhanAsvabhAva hoto hai arthAt usakA pIr3A svabhAva hai| (12) apavarga apavarga kA lakSaNa sUtrakAra ne 'tadatyantavimokSo'pavargaH' yaha kiyA hai| mukhya sathA gauNa dukha se atyanta vimukti yA usakA Atyantika viccheda apavarga kahalAtA hai| bhAsarvajJasammata apavargasvarUpa kA vizada vivecana aSTama vimarga meM kiyA jaayegaa| isa prakAra lakSaNabheda se dvAdazavidha grameya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 1. vahI, 1/119 4. nyAyasUtra, 111 / 21 - 2. vahI, 1120 5. vahI, 29 3. yogasUtra, 2015

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212. nyAyasAra prameyoM kI maukSopayogitA AtmA, zarIra, indriya, artha Adi sabhI dvAdaza prameyoM kA jJAna mokSopayogI hai / AtmajJAna hone para paralokAkAMkSA hotI hai. anyathA nhiiN| AtmA se deha kI bhinnatA kA jJAna hone para deha meM maMbhAvya Atmabuddhi kI nivRtti ho jAtI hai, zarIrarakSA ke liye kriyamANa hiMsAdikarmoM se bhI puruSa nivRtta ho jAtA hai tathA zarora ke dukhAyatanatva kA jJAna hone para zarIraviSayaka ajJAna nivRtta ho jAtA haiN| doSanimittoM ke hone para bhI indrayoM kI apravRtti hone para doSotpatti nahIM hotI hai, isa prakAra indriya-svarUpa kA yathArthajJAna kara unake pratyAhAra ke liye mumukSu ko ranA cAhiye / jAti, Ayu tathA bhogarUpa phala vAle, pariNAma meM duHkhakArI indriyArthI meM upAdeyabuddhi kA tyAga kara vairAgya kI bhAvanA karatA hai / vithyAjJAna saMmAra kA hetu hai aura tattvajJAna apavarga kA hetu, yaha jJAta kara mithyAjJAna ko tirobhUta kara tattvabuddhi ko abhyAsa se paripuSTa karatA hai / isa rAti se ina prameyoM kA jJAna mokSopayogI hai / indriyoM kI viSaya meM pravRtti mana ke dvArA hotI aura doSavazAt indriyoM ko pravRtti hone para avazya doSotpatti hoto hai, manojaya se sabhI indriyoM kA vazIkaraNa ho sakatA hai| ataH mumukSu ko pradhAnarUpa se manojaya meM pravRtta honA cAhiye / dharmAdharmajanana dvArA pravRttiyoM ke duHkhamUlatva kA jJAna kara mumukSa unakA pArahAra karatA hai| 'na pravRttiH pratisandhAnAya kssiinnkleshsy'| isa sUtra ke anusAra jisa puruSa ke rAga, dveSa, moharUpa doSoM kA nAza ho cukA hai, usakI punarjanma ke liye pravRtti nahIM hotI / ataH doSa ke svarUpa ko jAnakara mumukSu kA doSanAza ke liye prayatnazIla honA cAhiye / anAdiparamparAprApta punarjanma kI samApti apavarga ke binA nahIM ho sakatI tathA usakI nivRtti ke liye usameM jananamaraNAdirUpa duHkhAtizaya kI bhAvanA karanI cA haye / isa prakAra pravRtti tathA doSa se janita sukhaduHkharUpa phala meM mumukSu ko samatA kI bhAvanA karanA cAhiye / isa rUpa se ina prameyoM kA jJAna mokSopayogI hai| __ isa prakAra mumukSu viSAnuviddha madhvAdi kI taraha brahmAdistambaparyanta samasta veza ko duHkhAnu baddha hone se duHkhakA jAnakara usase virata hA jAtA hai / apavarga ho sargotkRSTa, ananta, Ateninala hai ora vahI sadu.khoramasvarUpa hai, yaha jAnakara usake liye hI mumukSu ko prayatna karanA cAhiye / isa rUpa se apagasvarUpajJAna bhI prAptavya hone se mokSopayogI hai / uparyu ka rAti se samA AmAde name ya mAkSopayogI haiM, ataH unakA svarUpajJAna upAya hai / ataH ina dvAdaza prameyoM kA svarUpa nyAya. darzana meM batAlAyA gayA hai| 1. nyAyasUtra, 11164

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prameyanirUpaNa prameyoM kA heyAdicAturvidhyAvibhAga bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyasUtrokta dvAdaza prameyoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai(1) heya, (2 / usakA nivartaka, (3) Atyantika hAna aura (4) usakA upAya / / kyoMki uparyukta dvAdaza prameya heyAdi rUpa se cAra bhAgoM meM bhAvyabhAna hokara hI ni zreyasa ke janaka banate haiM. anyathA nahIM / yadi aisI sthiti hai, to sUtrakAra ne isa cAtuvidhya kA nirdeza kyoM nahIM kiyA ? isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki pAtaMjala' tathA bauddha dArzanika heyAdi cAra vibhAgoM ko mAnate haiM aura unako svarUpa nyAyadarzana se bhinna mAnate haiN| jaise-pAtaMjala meM rajovRttyAtmaka duHkha ko heya, draSTApuruSa tathA dRzyaM pradhAnAdi ke saMyoga ko heya kA kAraNa, avidyA ke draSTA aura dRzya ke saMyoga kA abhAva hAna tathA saMzaya-viparyayarahita vivekakhyAti hAna kA upAya-mAnA hai / iso prakAra baudvoM ne duHkha, samudaya. nirodha, mArga-ina caturvidha AryasatyajJAna ko mokSa kA kAraNa mAna kara saMjJAvedanAdi paMcaskandhoM ko duHkharUpa, zarIrendriyasthonAda meM AtmIyAbhiniveza se utpanna AgraharUpa tRSNA ko heya kA pravAna nimitta samudaya, tRSNArahita puruSa ko avidyA-kAma-karmAdi dvArA upanIta rajatarAjyAdi meM apravRtti ko duHkhahAnarUpa nirodha aura nairAtmyajJAna kA du:khanirodha kA upAyarUpa mArga mAnA hai / prameyoM kA heyahAnAdi caturvidha vibhAga karane para pAtaMjalasaMmata tathA bauddhasamata heya, hAnAdi ke svarUpa ke grahaNa kI AzakA bana jAtI hai| tatparihArArtha unhoMne upayukta catuvidha vibhAga rUpa se prameya kA vibhAga nahIM kiyA |kintu nyAyadazana meM AtmAdi prme| heyAdi rUpa se bama ka hokara bhAyamAna hone para ho ni.zreyasasAdhaka banate haiN| ataH AtmAdi prameyAM kA heyAdirUpa se cAtuvidhya bhAsarvajJa ne mAnA hai| nyAyadarzanAnu pAra dvAdaza prameyoM meM zarora, ghrANAdi 6 indriyAM, gandhAdi 6 viSaya, unake jJAna, sukha tathA duHkha heya haiM / inameM zarIra duHkha bhoga kA Ayatana hone se duHkharUpa hai, indriyAM, viSaya tathA unakA jJAna duHkhasAdhana hone se tathA sukha duHkhasabandha se duHkharUpa haiM aura svayaM duHkha bAdhanArUpa hone se mukhyatayA duHkharUpa hai / uparyukta duHkha ke utpAdaka asAdhAraNa kAraNa avidyA, tRSNA, dharma tathA adharma heyahetu haiM / inameM Astha, majA, mAMsa, zoNitAdi se yukta mUtrarASA debhAjana rogAdhiSThAna, Anatya zaropAda meM nityatvabuddharUpa viparItajJAna avidyA hai / punarjanma kI icchA tRSNA hai| sukha kA asAdhAraNa kAraNa dharma tathA duHkha kA kAraNa adharma hai| upayukta du kha kA Atyantika uccheda hAna hai / AtmaviSayaka tattvajJAna hAnopAya. hai| isa prakAra AtmAdi prameyoM kA cAturvidhya hai| 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 31 2. yogasUtra, 2 / 24, 25, 26, 27 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 412

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214 nyA.sAra dhAtmA jisa AtmA kA mukhyatayA tathA sAkSAt tattvajJAna Atyantika duHkhanivRttirUpa mukti kA yA ninya sukhAbhivyaktisahata atyanta duHkhAnavRttirUpa mokSa kA kAraNa hai, vaha AtmA para-apara bheda se do prakAra kA hai| unameM paramAtmA aizvaryAdi guNoM se viziSTa. maMsAradharma rAga, dveSa, moha se sarvathA asaM dRSTa, para, bhagavAn . mahezvara, sarvajJa tathA sampUrNa saMsAra kA racayitA mAnA gayA hai| indrAdi bhI mahaizvarya se yukta haiM, ataH usameM paramAtmatva kI vyAvRtti ke liye saMsAra dharmA se asaMspRSTa vizeSaNa diyA hai| saMsAradharmo se asa pRSTatA layastha yAgiyoM meM bhI hai, ataH unake vyavaccheda ke liye para pada diyA hai gayA hai / paratva sAMkhayAbhimata pradhAna meM bhI hai, usakA vyAvRtti ke liye bhagavAn pada diyA hai / bhagavatva vyAsAdi meM bhI hai. tavyAvRttyayaM mahezvara pada diyA gayA hai, kyoMki mahezvara kA abhiprAya dharma, jJAna, varAgya, aizvarya, yaza tathA zrA-isa SaDU vadha bhaga kI paripUrNatA hai| vyAsAdi meM eka-do bhagoM kA paripUrNatA hAte hue bhI ni:zeSa bhagoM kA pArapUrNatA nahIM hai| sarvajJatva yogiyoM meM bhI usapanna hai, tavyAvRttyartha sakalajagadvadhAtA pada diyA hai| yogabala se yogiyoM ke sarvajJa hone para bhI jagadracanAsAmartha unameM nahIM hai, jaisAki brahmasUtra meM likhA hai - jagadvyApAra rja prakaraNAdasaniAhatatvAcca / / Izvarasiddhi paramAtmA 'azabdamasparzamarUpamavyayam ityAdi zrutiyoM se zabdAdirahita hai, ataeva indriyAgocara hai / usakA pratyakSa pramANa se jJa na saMbhava nahIM, ataH usakI siddha anumAna tathA Agama pramANa se mAnI jAtI hai / bhAsarvajJa ne 'vivAdAdhyAsatam upalabdhimatkAraNakam, abhUbA mAvitvAt vastrAdivat' yaha anumAna paramAtmasiddhi ke liye prayukta kiyA hai / isa anumAna meM dhani vizeSa kA nirdeza na karane para bhI buddhimatpUrvakatvarUpa sAdhyavizeSa kA nirdeza hone se jina vastuoM meM vAdI buddhamapUrvakatva mAnatA hai aura prAtavAdA nahIM mAnatA hai, aise vivAdAspada kSityaM kurAdirUpa pakSavizeSa kA lAbha ho jAtA hai| ataH lakSaNa meM sAndagdhapakSatA doSa nahIM hai / dRSTAntabhUta vastrAAda kI racanA cetanaprerita zarArAdi ke dvArA hA ho| se dRSTAntAsiddhi arthAt dRSTAnta meM sAdhyAkalatA bhI nahIM hai| 1. sa dvivigha. | paravAparAce te / -nyAyasAra, pR.35 2. nyAyasAra, pR. 35 3. brahmamUtra, 1 / 4 / 17 4. kaThopaniSad, 1 / 3 / 15 5. nyAyasAra, pR. 36

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prameyanirUpaNa 215 upayukta anumAna se 'yathA vastrAdikaM prAgabhUtvA pazcAdabhakta buddhimattantuvAyapUrvakaM tadvata kSiya kudikamapi pralara kAle 'bhattA pazcAprAdurata buddhimApUrvakam' isa vyA pta ke bala se kSityaM kurAdi ke kartRtvarUpa se paramAtmamiddhi ho jAtI hai| uparyukta vyApti ke bala se yadyapi anumAna se kartR sAmAnya kI ho siddhi hotI hai, na ki paramAtmArUpa ka vizeSa kI. tathApi asmadAdi prANirUpa jIvoM ke alpajJa tathA alpazaktimAn hone se na to hameM kSityaMkurAdi ke upAdAna kAraNoM kA pUrNatayA jJAna hai aura na hamameM kSityAdi padArthoM kI racanA karane kI sAmarthya hai| ataH paramAtmAtirikta jIvoM meM nityAdi ke kartRtva kI asidvi ho jAne se parizeSAta sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAn paramAtmA hI usakA kartA hai. ataH paramAtmA kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| jagaduracanArUpa kAryavizeSa se bhI katRvazeSarUpa paramAtmA kI siddhi hotI hai. jaise-citrAdirUpa kAryavizeSa ke dvArA citrakArarUpa katR-zeSa kI siddhi hotI hai, kyoM ki jovoM meM jagadracanArUpa kArya karane kI zakti nahIM hai| 'eko hi rudro na dvitIyAya tasthurya imAllokAn Izate IzanIbhiH / " 'na tasya kArya karaNaM ca vidyate / na tatsamazcAbhyadhikazca dRzyate // paga'sya zaktirvividhaiva zrUyate / svAbhAvikI jJAnabalakriyA ca // " 'vizvatazcakSumata vizvanomakho vizvatovAhumata vizvatasyAta / saMbAhubhyAM dhamati sapanAvAbhUmA janayan deva eka // 'etasya vA akSarasya prazAsane gArgi! sUryAcandramasau vidhRtau tiSThana etasya vA akSarasya prazAsane gArgi! dyAvApRthivyo vidhRte tisstthn...|" 'prazAmitAraM sarveSAmaNIyAMsamaNorapi / rukmAnaM svapnadhIgamyaM vidyAttaM puruSaM param // 'eSa sarvANi bhUtAni paMcabhirvyApya mUtibhiH / janmavRkSayanityaM saMgrAbhayati cakravat // 8 ityAdi zrutismRtirUpa AgamoM se bhI Izvara kI siddhi hotI hai| 1. zvetAzvataropaniSada, 312 2. vahI, 618 3. bahI, 333 4. vAraNyakopaniSad , 3119 5. manusmRti, 12:12. 6.pahI, 124

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. 216 - nyAyasAra aparAtmavicAra sukha-duHkharUpa phala kA bhoktA jIva aparAtmA hai| vaha ananta arthAta avinAzI hai / aparAtmA kI siddha bhAsavajJane budhyAda ligoM ke dvArA kI hai arthAt buddha-sukha-duHkha-icchA dvaSa prayatna kisI na kisI dravya ke Azrita haiM, kyoM ka guNa dravyAzrita hI hote haiM / ata ina budhyAdi liMgoM ke dvArA tadAzraya bhUta jIva kI siddhi hotI hai| sUtrakAra ne bhI 'icchA dvaSa-prayatna sukhaduHkha-zanAni Atmano liMgAni 1 isa sUtra ke dvArA isI tathya kI abhivyakti kI hai| anumAna prakAra nimnalikhita hai-'buddhyAdayaH kvacita samavetAH kAryatvAd guNatvAdA rUpAdivat / uparyukta anumAna sAmAnyataH AzrayamAtrAzritatva ko siddha kara rahA hai, ataH rUpAdi guNoM ke Atmasamaveta na hone se dRSTAnta meM sAdhyavikalatA doSa nahIM hai| cakSurAdi indri yoM ko budhyAdi kA Azraya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / anyathA cakSu dvArA kisI vastu ko dekhane ke bAda cakSu ke naSTa ho jAne para umase dRSTa vastu kA smaraNa nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki usa vastu kA jJAna karane vAlI cakSu randriya ke na rahane para puruSa ke dvArA usakA smaraNa anupapanna hai| isaliye vizvanAtha paJcAnana ne kahA hai-'tathAsvaM cedindriyANAmupaghAte kathaM smRtiH ?' zarIra ko bhI buddhayAdi kA Azya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / kyoMki zarIra bAlya, kaumArya, jagadi bheda se bhina hai, ataH bAlyAvasthA meM nabhata Thasta kA yAvasthA meM bAruyazarIra ke na rahane se smaraNa nahIM hogA. kyoMki jo anubhavitA hotA hai, vahI gmartA hotA hai. bhinna nahIM / anyathA devadatta dvAga anubhUta vastu kA yajJadatta dvArA smaraNa kI pramakti hogii| isa prakAra buddha Azraya zarIra. indriyAdi ke na hone para parizeSAta AtmA hI unake ozrayarUpa se zeSa rahatA hai| ataH pRkti 7 namAna dvArA sAmAnyataH AzrayamAtra kI siddhi kAya vizeSa ke kAraNa tathA pArizeSya se Amamiti meM vizrAnta ho jAtI hai aura uparyukta anumAna meM siddhasAdhyatA doSa kI Apatti nahIM hai| bauddha kSaNika vijJAna ko AtmA mAnate haiN| unake mata kA bhI isI se nirAsa ho jAtA hai| kSaNika vijJAna ko AtmA mAnane para pratikSaNa vijJAna ke badalate rahane se pUrvavijJAna se anubhUta viSaya kA uttarabuddhi se smaraNa nahIM hogA kyoMki anya se anubhUta kA anya dvArA smaraNa nahIM hotA / pUrvabuddhi ko uttara buddhi ke prati kAraNa mAnane para bhI pUtrabuddha aura uttarabuddha meM bheda (anyatva) banA hI rahatA hai aura isa prakAra anyAnubhUta kA anya ke dvArA smaraNa nahIM hotA isa nyAya se pUrvabuddha se anubhUta vastu kI uttara buddhi se smaraNAnupapattirUpa doSa banA hI rahatA hai / yadi buddhibheda hone para bhI kAryakAraNabhAva ke kAraNa pUrvabuddhyanubhUta kA uttarabuddhi smaraNa karatI hai, to AcArya ke dvArA anubhUta viSaya kA ziSya . ko 1. nyAyasUtra, 111. 2. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR.187 3. bhASApariccheda, kArikA 18

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prameyanirUpaNa 217 smaraNa hone lagegA, kyoMki unameM kAryakAraNabhAva hai / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki lAkSArasa ke seka se Ahita saMskAra vAle kapAsa ke bIja se jaise kapAsa meM raktatA paidA ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra pUrvabuddhi apane saMskAroM kA AdhAna apane kArya uttarabuddhi meM kara detI hai, ataH usa saMskAra ke bala se uttarabuddhi dvArA pUrvabuddhi se anubhUta kA smaraNa ho sakatA hai, to yaha kathana bhI anucita hai| kyoMki kapAsa kI raktatA vAlA dRSTAnta na to 'pUrvabuddhi se anubhUta viSaya kA uttarabudri se smaraNa ho sakatA hai isa baudvamana ko siddha kara sakatA hai aura na' pUrvabuddha se anubhUta viSaya kA uttarabuddhi se smaraNa anupapanna hai, kyoMki anubhava aura smaraNa kA sAmAnAdhikaraNyaniyama hai,' isa hamAre pakSa ko dUSita kara sakatA hai| arthAt kAryAsaraktatA-dRSTAnta jahA~ kAryakAraNabhAva hotA hai, vahA~ anyAnubhUta kA anya ko smaraNa hotA hai ityAkAraka anvayavyApti yA jahA~ anyAnubhUta kA anya se smaraNa nahIM hotA hai va kAryakAraNabhAva nahIM hotA hai, isa vyAtareka-vyApti ko siddha. karane meM samartha hotA, to pUrvabuddhi va uttarabuddhi meM kAryakAraNabhAva hone se pUrNabuddha se anubhUta kA uttarabuddhi ko smaraNa ho jAtA hai isa bauddhamata kA sAdhaka ho sakatA thA, kintu kArpAsadRSTAnta se yaha siddha nahIM hotA aura yadi anya se anubhUta kA anya dvArA smaraNa anupapanna hai, kyoMki anubhava aura smaraNa kA sAmAnAdhikaraNya niyama hai, isa asmadabhimata meM asiddhi Adi doSoM kI udbhAvanA meM kArpAsaraktatA kA dRSTAnta samartha hotA, to hamArA pakSa dUSita ho jAtA / kintu yaha dRSTAnta isa kArya ko karane meM bhI asamartha hai| __kArpAsaraktatA kA dRSTAnta bhI viSama hai, kyoMki kArpAsa meM lAkSArasAvaseka ke dvArA usake patra-kusumAdi meM raktatA mAnane vAloM ke mata meM kArpAsa kA niranvaya vinAza nahIM hotA / aMkura se jahA~ bIjotpatti hotI hai, vahA~ bhI aMkura ke bAhyadaloM kA arthAta bojAvaraNa kA hI nAza hotA hai, sUkSma bIjarUpa kAraNa kA nahIM kyoMki sUkSma bIja hI vRkSarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, ataH kisI bhI vastu kA niranvaya vinAza nahIM hotA hai / isaliye kArpAsa ke bIja kI raktatA patra-puSpAdi meM A sakatI hai, kintu bauddha vijJAna kA niranvaya vinAza mAnate haiM / ataH vahA~ pUrvabuddha ke saMskAroM kA uttarabuddhi meM AdhAna kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai aura na pUrvabuddha se anubhata viSaya kA uttaravaddhi se smaraNa hotA hai| ataH kSaNika vijJAna bhI AtmA nahI hai| bauddhoM kA sabhI padArtho ko kSaNika mAnanA bhI sarvathA asaMgata hai, kyoMki ghaTAdi padArthoM meM 'sa evAyaM ghaTaH yo hyo mayA dRSTaH' isa pratyabhijJA pratyakSa ke dvArA padArtho meM kSaNikatva kA abhAva siddha hai| pradIpajvAlA pratikSaNa parivartanazIla hai, kintu vahAM bhI 'seyaM dIpajvAlA' yaha pratIti jisa prakAra sAdRzya ke kAraNa mAnI jAtI hai arthAt pUrvakSaNa meM vidyamAna dIpajvAlA se uttarakSaNavartanI bhAnyA-28

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218 nyAyasAra dIpajvAlA bhinna hai, phira bhI uttarakSaNavartinI dIpajvAlA pUrvakSaNavartinI dIpajvAlA ke samAna hai, isa sAdRzya ko lekara hI 'seyaM dIpajvAlA' yaha ekatva-pratyabhijJA ho rahI hai| usI prakAra ghaTAdi meM bhI sAdRzya ko lekara sa evAyaM ghaTaH' isa pratyabhijJA kI upapatti mAnane para padArthoM ko kSaNika mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai, yaha kathana bhI avicAravijRmbhita hai| pratyakSa dvArA dIpajvAlA kI kSaNikatA siddha hone para vahAM 'seyaM dIpajvAlA' isa pratyabhijJA ko bhrAnta mAnane para sarvajJa arthAt ghaTAdi sthala meM bhI pratyabhijJA ko bhrAnta mAnanA saMgana nahIM hai / anyathA pratyeka jJAna meM bhrAntatA kI prasakti hogii| isa prakAra buddhyAdi ke Azrayatvena zarIrAdi se bhinna AtmA kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| Atmanityatva yaha AtmA nitya hai, kyoMki vaha anAdi tathA bhAvarUpa hai / ataH 'AtmA nityaH, bhAvatve sati anAditvAt gaganavata' isa anumAna se AtmA meM nityatva kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| yadi AtmA ko nitya nahIM mAnA jAyegA, to sadyojAta bAlaka kI stanyapAna meM pravRtti anupapanna ho jAyegI; kyoMki iSTajJAna ke binA kisI bhI prANI kI kisI bhI kArya meM pravRtti nahIM hotI aura stanyapAna merA iSTajanaka hai', yaha jJAna sadyojAta bAlaka ko isa janma meM huA nahIM hai, ataH janmAntara kA anubhava hI isa viSaya meM mAnanA hogA, jisakA smaraNa kara usakI stanyapAna meM pravRtti hotI hai| ataH janmAntara meM aura isa janma meM eka hI AtmA mAnanA par3atA hai| anyathA anyAnubhUta kA anya dvArA smaraNa na hone se stanyapAna meM usakI pravRtti nahIM hogI / isI prakAra sadyojAta bAlaka kI harSa-bhaya-zoka Adi nimitta upasthita hone para unameM pravRtti yA nivRtti bhI AtmA ko nitya siddha kara rahI hai| Atmavibhutva bhAsarvajJa ne AtmA ke vaiSNavAbhimata' aNuparimANatva aura jainAbhimata zarIramAtra. parimANatva' kA khaNDana kiyA hai tathA usakA vibhuparimANatva siddha kiyA hai| 'nyAyasAra' meM jIva kI vyApakatvasiddhi ke liye bhAsarvajJa ne nimnalikhita hetu diye haiM - 'dharmAderAzrayasaMyogApekSasya gurutvAdivadAzrayAntare vAyavAdI kriyAkartRtvAt, aNimAdyupetasya yogino yugapadasaMkhyAtazarIrAdhiSThAtRtvAcca' / ' abhiprAya yaha hai ki 1. bAlAnazatabhAgasya zatadhA kalpitasya ca / ____ bhAgo jIvaH sa vijJeyaH sa cAnantyAya kalpate // -zvetAzvataropaniSad. 5 / 9 2. jIvo ubaogamao amutti kattA sadehaparimANo / bhottA saMsArattho siddho so vissasoiDhagaI // -dravyasaMgraha, 2 3. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 544 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 37

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prameyanirUpaNa 219 vAyu kA tiryaggamana aura agni ko Urdhvagvalana kriyA hone ke kAraNa avazya sahetuka hai aura anya hetu ke asambhava hone se dha dharma ho hetu haiM / "agnerUjvalana vAyostiyapavanamaNUna manasazcAdya karmAduSTakAritam"1 yaha vaizeSikasUtra bhI isameM pramANa hai / anumAnaprayoga isa prakAra hogA-vAyu Adi kI kriyA dharmAdharma se janita hai, kiyA hone ke kAraNa, sampratipanna (jJAta) kriyA kI taraha / vAyu Adi Azraya se asambaddha adRSTa (dharmAdharma) una kriyAoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, asambaddha se kArgotpatti kI upalabdhi na hone ke kAraNa / Atmasamaveta dharmAdharma kA dravyAntara ke sAtha sAkSAt sambandha nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH dharmAdharma nija Azraya se anya vAyu Adi ke nija Azraya (Atma) se saMyukta hone para hI unameM kriyA utpanna karate haiM, niravayava hote hue kriyAjanaka guNa' hone ke kAraNa, gurutvAdi guNoM kI taraha / gurutvAdi anya Azraya ke svAzrayasaMyukta hone para hI usameM patanAdi kriyA ke janaka hote haiM / dharmAdharma AtmA ke guNa haiM aura guNa guNI ko chor3akara kahIM bhI nahIM rahate haiN| vAyu Adi kI sarvatra hone vAlI kriyA ko dharmAdharma kI apekSA hotI hai aura dharmAdharma svAzrayasaMyukta meM hI kriyA ke janaka hote haiM / isa prakAra AtmA kA samasta mUrta dravyoM se saMyoga hone ke kAraNa usakA sarvamUrtadravyasaMyogitvarUpa vyArakatva siddha hotA hai| bhosarvajJAcArya ne isa sarvamUrtadravyasaMyogitvarUpa vyApakatva kI siddhi ke liye yaha anumAna bhI prayukta kiyA hai - " maccharIraM muktvA'nyAtimUrtadravyANi sarvANi madAtmanA saMyuktAni, mUrtatvAnmaccharIravat / api ca, aNimAdisiddhi ke prAdurbhUta hone para yogI kI AtmA asaMkhya indriyasahita zarIroM kA nirmANa kara unakA adhiSThAtA banakara eka sAtha bhogoM kA upabhoga karatA hai, aisA zAstroM meM batalAyA gayA hai aura yaha AtmA ke vibhu 1. vaizeSikasUtra, 5 / 2 / 13 2. gurutvadvatvavegaprayatnadharmAdharmasaMyogavizeSAH kriyAhetavaH / - prazastapAdabhASya (nyAyakadalI. sahita), sampUrNAnanda saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 1977, pR. 244 3. AkAzakAladigAtmanAM sarvagatatvaM paramamaharavaM sarvasaMyogisamAnadezatvaJca / --prazastapAdabhASya, pR. 58-59 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 544 5. Atmano vai zarIrANi bahuni manujezvara / prApya yogabalaM kuryAtazca sarvA mahI caret // bhuMjIta viSayAn kazcit kaizciduna tapazcaret / saMharecca punastAni sUryoM razmigaNAniva / / -mahAmArata, 12 / 300 / 26, 27

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220 nyAyasAra hone para hI upapanna ho sakatA hai, anyathA yogI kI AtmA eka kAla meM bhogArthanirbhita aneka zarIroM kA adhiSThAtA nahIM bana sktaa| "vibhurAtmA paramANuparimANAnAzrayatve sati nityadravyatvAt AkAzavat "1 isa anumAna se bhI AtmA meM vibhutva siddha hotA hai| AtmajJAna kA prayojana . samasta loka prayojanaprerita hai, jaisAki kahA gayA hai-'na hi prayojanamanuddizya mando'pi na samapravartate / ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai ki AtmajJAna prayojana hai jisakI siddhi ke liye itanA yatna kiyA gayA hai| isakA uttara dete hue bhAsarvajJa ne kahA hai ki paralokasiddhi ho AtmajJAna kA prayojana hai| AtmA kI siddhi na hone para paralokI arthAt paraloka meM gamana karane vAle tathA vahAM phala bhogane vAle puruSa ko siddhi nahIM hogI aura paralokoM ko siddha na hone para paraloka kI bhI siddhi nahIM hogI / Apa ca, prekSAvAn puruSa kI svarga ke liye pravRtta nahIM hogI, kyoMki paraloka meM phalabhoktA AtmA ke sadbhAva se paraloka kI sattA nizcita hotI hai aura paraloka meM mAnava kI pravRtti hotI hai aura tatpazcAt abhipreta artha kI siddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra paraloka meM pravRtti ke liye upayogI hone tathA adharmakSaya kA hetu hone ke kAraNa AtmajJAna niHzreyasa kA aMga hai| 'tarati zokamAtmavit ' (chA. u. 1143) ityAdi zrutiyoM se AtmA kA adharmakSayahetutva avagata hai| paramAtmA na kevala jIvarUpa aparAtmA kA jJAna paralokasiddhi va paralokapravRtti ke liye upayogI hone se aura adharmakSaya kA kAraNa hone se niHzreyasa kA aMga hai, apitu paramAtmA ke bhI upAsyatvena upAsanA kA aMga hone se usakA jJAna bhI niHzreyasa kA aMga hai| paramAtmA kI upAsanA se rAga-dveSa-moharUpa klezoM va karmo kA nAza hotA hai tathA mahezvaraviSayaka cittakAgrayarUpa samAdhi kI prApti hotI hai / isake atirikta yamaniyamAdi yogAMgoM kA anuSThAna klezakSayArtha tathA mahezvaraviSayaka samAdhiprAptyartha upAdeya hai| brahmAdisthAvarAnta viSayoM meM aneka prakAra kI duHkhabhAvanA se anabhiratisaMjJaka utkRSTa vairAgya utpanna ho jAtA hai| vairAgyapUrvaka yogAMgoM ke sevana se paramAtmaviSayaka parA bhakti kA udaya hotA hai aura zIghra hI anupama ziva tatva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai aura usake sAkSAtkAra se niratizaya zreyorUpa mokSa kI prApti 1. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 545 2. vahI, pR. 548

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prameyanirUpaNa 221 ho jAtI hai / 1 upAsanAvidhi kA yadyapi nyAyadarzana meM pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gayA haiM, tathApi pAtaMjalAdi zAstroM meM upadiSTa upAyoM kA hI avalambana 'paramatamapratiSiddhi manumatam' isa tantrayukti ke anusAra yahAM gRhIta hai| jaise sAMkhyadarzana meM AcAravidhi kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, ataH usameM yogazAstrapratipAdita aSTAMgayogavidhi kA kA mokSopAyarUpa se grahaNa hai| kucha vidvAn to aisA mAnate haiM ki sAMkhyayoga donoM milakara eka darzana hai / sAMkhya meM tattvamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA kA pratipAdana hai aura yoga meM mokSopayogI AcAramImAMsA kA / isI prakAra nyAyadarzana meM bhI mokSa. prApti ke liye svatantra AcArabhImAMsA kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu sUtrakAra ne 'yogAccAdhyAtmavidhyupAyaiH' isa sUtra se saMketa kara diyA hai ki mokSasAkSAtkAra ke liye paramAtmopAsanavidhirUpa AcAramImAMsA kA yogadarzana se grahaNa karanA cAhie / bhAsarvajJa ne tadanusAra hI paramAtmopAsana-vidhi ke upAyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| paramAtmA kI upAsanA kyoM kI jAtI hai, yaha batalAte hae bhAsarvajJa ne 'klezatanUkaraNArthaH samAdhibhAvanAthazca' isa yogasUtra ke anusAra klezakArI karmoM kA nAza tathA samAdhi ko prApta upAsanA kA prayojana batalAyA hai aura 'tapaH svAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAni kriyAyogaH' isa kriyAyoga ko hI upAsanAvidha kahA hai| 'samAdhibhAvanArthaH klezatanUkaraNArthazca isa pAtaMjala sUtra dvArA pradarzita krama meM bhAsarvajJa ne arthAnusAra parivartana kiyA hai, kyoMke pahile klezoM kA tanUkaraNa hotA hai, tabhI samAdhibhAvanA ho sakatI hai / 'tapaH svAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAnAni kriyAyogaH' kA nirUpaNa karate hue unmAda, kAma Adi kI nivRtti ke liye AdhyAtmikAdi duHkhoM kI sahanazIlatA ko tapa, IzvaravAcI praNava ke abhyAsa ko svAdhyAya tathA avicchedena paramezvara tattva ke cintana kA Izvara-prANidhAna kahA hai| yogadarzana meM avidyAsmitArAgadveSAbhinivezAH paMcaklezAH' isa sUtra ke anusAra jina klezoM kA nAza karanA hai, unakA avidyAdibheda se pAMcavidhya batalAyA hai, kintu bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyapaddhati ke anusAra kleza ke.saMkSepataH roga, dveSa, moha tIna bheda hI mAne haiM, kyoMki 'tat trairAzya rAgadveSamohArthAntarabhAvAt'' nyAyasUtra meM tIna klezoM kA hI parigaNana kiyA gayA hai / ye tInoM samAdhi ke virodhI haiM aura 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 39 2. nyAyasUtra, 42146 3. yogasUtra, 21 4. vahI, 212 5. nyAyabhUSaNa, pra. . .. .. 6. yogasUtra, 2 // 3........... 7. nyAyasUtra, 113 ..... . . ... . .

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222 nyAyasAra janmAdi dvArA punaH punaH saMmAraprApti karAne vAle haiM, ataH sUtrokta ina doSoM kA hI kleza kA kAraNa hone se kleza pada se abhidhAna kiyA hai| ina klezoM kI nivRtti upayukta kiyAyoga ke dvArA ho hotI hai / isake atirikta klezakSaya tathA samAdhiprArita ke liye yogasUtrota yamaniyamadi ATha aMgoM ko bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai| 1. samAsato rAgadveSamohAH klezA: samAdhipratyanIkatvena saMsArApattidvAreNa klezahetutvAt / -nyAyasAra, 1.38 2. yathA ca kiyAyogaH klezakSayahetustathA yogAMgAnyapi atastAnyapi atiprayatnena anuSTheyAni / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 787

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mokSasvarUpa ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM matabheda hai / adhikAMza dArzanika, jinameM vaizeSika tathA bhASyakArAdi naiyAyika, sAMkhya tathA yoga dArzanika haiM, ekAntataH duHkhanivRtti ko hI mokSa svIkAra karate haiM / vedAntI tathA bhAsarvajJa' aura unake matAnuyAyI naiyAyika nityasukhAbhivyakti ko mokSa mAnate hue mokSa dazA meM Atyantika duHkhanivRtti bhI svIkAra karate haiM / bhAsarvajJa ne mokSa kA nirUpaNa karate hue pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM 'eke' pada dvArA vaizeSikamata' kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki unake anusAra saMhArAvasthA meM AtmamanaHsaMyogajanya sabhI vizeSa guNoM kA uccheda ho jAne para AkAza kI taraha AtmA kA sarvadA avasthAna hI mokSa hai / " isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki mokSadazA meM duHkhanivRtti kI taraha sukha kI nivRtti bhI unako abhipreta hai, kyoMki sukha aura duHkha donoM avinAbhUta hai, eka ko chor3akara dUsare kA bhoga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vivekI puruSoM kI pravRtti sukha ke liye hI dekhI jAtI hai aura mokSa meM sukha kA abhAva mAnane para unakI pravRtti nahIM hogI - yaha AzaMkA nirarthaka hai; kyoMki kaNTakAdijanya duHkhAbhAva ke liye bhI prekSAvAn puruSoM kI pravRtti loka meM dekhI jAtI hai tathA adhyAtmazAstra viSayI puruSoM ke liye nahIM hai, jisase ki sukhAdirUpa viSaya ke abhAva meM manuSya kI pravRtti na ho / jo puruSa dukhoM se atyanta nirviNNa ho cuke haiM, unake duHkhoccheda ke liye hI adhyAtmazAstra kI pravRtti hai / isIliye sAMkhyakArikA meM bhI kahA haiM aSTama vimarza apavarganirUpaNa duHkhatrayAbhighAtAjjijJAsA tadapaghAtake hetau / Esc sA'pArthA cainnaikAntattato'bhAvAt // * arthAt vivekakhyAti ke dvArA duHkhatraya ke Atyantika tathA aikAntika abhAva ke liye hI vivekakhyAti ke janaka sAMkhyazAstranirUpita tattvoM ke samyagjJAna ke liye zAstra meM pravRtti hotI hai / 1. nyAyasAre punarevaM nityasaMvedyamAnena sukhena viziSTAtyantikI duHkhanivRtti: puruSasya mokSaH / - SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti, pR. 93-94 2. tadabhAve saMyogAbhAvo'prAdurbhAvazca mokSaH / - vaizeSikasUtra, 5/2/18 3. eke tAvad varNayanti - samastAtsavizeSaguNocchede saMhArAmyAyAmAkAzavadAtmano'tyantAvanyAyasAra, pR. 39-40 sthAnaM mAkSa iti / 4. sAMkhyasArikA, 1

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224 nyAyasAra nyAyabhASyakAra vAtsyAyanAdi ne bhI duHkha ke Atyantika uccheda ko hI mokSa svIkAra kiyA hai| 'tadatyantavimokSo'pavargaH1 isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhASyakAra ne duHkha kI atyanta vimukti ko hI mokSa batalAyA hai aura yaha duHkhAtyantavimokSarUpa mokSa hI duHkharUpa bhaya, mRtyu ke abhAva se abhaya, ajara, amRtyupad Adi zabdoM se vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai / bhASyakAra ne mokSa meM nitya sukha kI abhivyakti mAnane vAloM ke mata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA hai ki mokSa meM nitya sukha kI abhivyakti meM koI pramANa nahIM tathA usa sukha ko nitya mAnane para samAradazA meM bhI usa sukha kI abhivyakti honI caahie| yadi kAraNavizeSa se usako abhivyakta hotI hai, to kAraNajanya hone se vaha abhivyakti anitya hone se vinAzI hogI, sarvadA sthira nahIM raha skegii| kintu krAntikArI naiyAyika bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki mokSa meM duHkhAtyanta - nivRtti kI taraha sukha ko nivRtti mAnane para duHkha-sukha donoM kA jJAna na hone se vaha dazA mUvisthA ke samAna hogI aura usameM vivekiyoM ko pravRtti nahIM hogii| jaise saMsArAvasthA meM sukha sabhI ko iSTa hai aura dukhanivRtti bhI abhISTa hai, usI prakAra mokSadazA meM bhI dukha kI nivRtti sabhI ko iSTa ho sakatI hai, kintu sukha kI nivRtta nahIM / sukha ke liye ho sabhI vivekiyoM kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| kaNTakAdijanya duHkha kA parihAra bhI mAnava sukhopabhAga ke liye hI karatA hai, kyoMki kaNTakAdijanya duHkha ke hone para niravadya (duHkhadoSarahita) sukha kA upabhoga nahIM ho sakatA / ata. vaha usake parihAra ke liye ceSTA karatA hai| mokSa meM sukha kI nivRtti mAnane para mokSa ekAntataH puruSArtha nahIM hogA kyoMki jaise duHkhAnavRtti ke kAraNa vaha (mokSa) puruSa dvArA abhilapaNIya hogA, usI prakAra sakhAbhAva ke kAraNa vaha prekSAvAn puruSa ke dvArA anabhilaSaNIya bhI hogA / ataH mokSa meM duHkhAtyattanivRtti ke sAtha nitya sukha ko abhivyakti mAnanI ucita hai| mokSadazA meM nitya sukha hotA hai, isameM zrutismRtirUpa Agama pramANa vidyamAna haiM / 'sukhamAtyantikaM yad buddhigrAhyamatIndriyam / taM vai mokSaM vijAnIyAd duSprApamakRtAtmabhiH // 1. nyAyasUtra, 11122 2. nyAyabhASya, 1122 3. It is with the radical Bhasarvajna that a real change is wrought with in the system. He specifically denies that the purely negative - description of liberation ean be correct,....... No one wants such a state, says Bhasarwajna. - Karl H. Potter : The Encycopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. II, p. 29. 4. nyAyasAra se udhRta, pR. 10

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apavarga nirUpaNa 225 'Amanda brahmaNo vidvAn / na bibheti kadAcaneti / 1 'AnandaM brahmaNo rUpaM tacca mokSe'bhilakSyate / 'vijJAnamAnandaM brahma / uparyukta zrutismRtiyoM meM pratipAdita sukha ko 'bhArAdyapagame sukhI saMvRttaH' kI taraha lakSaNayA duHkhAbhAvaparaka mAnanA asaMgata hai, kyoMki lakSaNA mukhyArtha kA bAdha hone para hotI hai aura ina zrutiyoM meM mukhyArtha sukha kA bAdha nahIM hai| bhArAkAnta puruSa ke bhAra ke dUra ho jAne para zItala-manda-sugandhita vAyu ke samparka se hI usako sukha hotA hai, isI.laye vahAM sukhI zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, na ki duHkhAbhAva ke kAraNa / duHkhAbhAva hI sukha hai, yaha bhI saMgata nahIM / anyathA sAmAnya AhAra se bubhukSAjanya duHkha kI nivRtti ho jAne para AhAraviziSTa se vizeSa Ananda kI prApti puruSa ko nahIM honI cAhie / isIliye abhiyuktoM ne kahA hai "duHkhAbhAvo'pi nA'vedyaH puruSArthatayeSyate / na hi mUrchAdyavasthArtha pravRtto dRzyate sudhIH // 4 api ca, mokSadazA meM sukhAbhivyakti na mAnane para kevala duHkhAbhAva meM sukha zabda kA prayoga mAnanA hogA, jo ki gauNa prayoga hai aura asaMgata hai, kyoMki mukhyArthabAdha ke binA gauNa prayoga mAnane meM koI kAraNa nhiiN| tathA mokSadazA meM jJAnAdi sakala vizeSa guNoM kA abhAva mAnane para duHkhAbhAva kA bhI jJAna na hone se ajJAta artha meM gauNa prayoga bhI anupapanna hai / suSuptyavasthA meM jJAna na hone para bhI jaise 'sukhamahamasvApsam' isa prakAra duHkhabhAva meM sukha zabda kA prayoga hotA hai, usI prakAra mokSadazA meM bhI ho jAyegA, yaha kahanA bhI saMgata nahIM, kyoMki suSuptyavasthA meM jJAnAbhAva kI siddhi meM koI pramANa nahIM / pratyuta jAgaraNAnantara 'sukhamahamasvApsam' ityAkAraka smRti ke bala se suSupti meM sukha tathA sukhajJAna donoM mAname paDate haiM / suSuptyavasthA meM sukha kA jJAna mAnane para suSupti aura mokSa kA koI bheda nahIM rahegA, kyoMki mokSa meM nitya sukha ko abhivyakti mAnane vAloM ke mata meM mokSa meM bhI sukha aura sukhajJAna hai tathA suSupti meM bhI, yaha kathana bhI avicArisaramaNIya hai, kyoMki suSupta meM sukhamAtra kA jJAna hotA hai, cAhe vaha nitya ho athavA nidrAsahakRta dharmavizeSa se janya ho, kintu mokSa meM nitya sukha kA hA jJAna hotA hai, ataH donoM me bheda hai| mokSa meM nitya sukhAbhivyakti mAnane para sukha tathA jJAna donoM ke nitya hone se saMsArAvasthA meM bhI usa sukha kA bhAna honA cAhie aura aisA mAnane para 1. taittirIyopaniSaka, 3/4 2. nyAyasAra se udhRta, pR. 40 3. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 3/6/28 4. nyAyabhUSaNa se udhRta, pR. 596 bhAnyA-29

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226 nyAyasAra muktAvasthA tathA saMsArAvasthA meM koI bheda nahIM rahegA, yaha zaMkA bhI anupapanna hai, kvoMki jaise cakSu aura ghaTa ke bIca meM kuDyAdi kA vyavadhAna hone para una donoM ke vidyamAna hone para bhI ghaTa kA jJAna nahIM hotA, usI prakAra sukha sukhajJAna donoM ke nitya hone para bhI saMsAradazA meM una donoM ke viSayaviSayibhAva sambandha ke virodhI adharmAdi ke kAraNa duHkha hone se usakA bhAna nahIM hotA aura muktyavasthA meM usa sambandha ke pratibandhaka adharmAdi kA nAza ho jAne se bhAna ho jAtA hai / jaise, kuDyAdi kA vyavadhAna haTa jAne para cakSu aura ghaTa kA sambandha ho jAne se cakSu dvArA ghaTa kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| yadyapi adharmAdi amUrta hone se kuDyAdi kI taraha vyavadhAyaka vastu nahIM hai, ataH dRSTAnta meM viSamatA hai, tathApi jisa prakAra kuiya cakSu tathA ghaTa ke sambandha kA pratibandhaka hai, vaise hI nitya sukha va usake jJAna ke viSayaviSayibhAvasambandha ke adharmAdi pratibandhaka hai / ataH pratibandhakatvasAmya ke kAraNa kuDyAdi kA dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai| isalie mokSakAla meM nitya sukha tathA usake jJAna kA sambandha adharmAdi pratibandhakoM ke dvArA janya hai, kintu kitI vinAzakAraNa ke na hone se vaha naSTa nahIM hotA aura isa prakAra mokSadazA meM netya sukha kI abhivyakti sadA banI rahegI / mokSa meM nityasukhAbhivyakti ke saMbhava hone se tathA zrutismRtyAdi pramANoM dvArA usa dazA meM nitya sukha kI abhivyakti ke siddha hone se nityasukhAbhivyaktiviziSTa duHkhanivRtti hI mokSa hai, yaha nirvivAda siddha hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naiyAyika prArambha me mokSa meM nitya sukhAbhivyakti mAnate the, jaisAki upalabhyamAna kucha uktiyoM se siddha hotA hai| ve uktiyAM nimnalikhita haiM 'duHkhAbhAvo hi nAvedyaH puruSArthatayeSyate / na hi mUrchAdyavasyArtha pravRtto dRzyate sudhI / / ' arthAt ajJAyamAna duHkhAtyantanivRtti ko mokSarUpa puruSArtha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA; kyoMki kevala duHkhanivRtti ko mokSa mAnane para mokSakAla meM Atmamana:saMyogajanya sukha, duHkha, jJAna Adi sabhI vizeSa guNoM kA uccheda hone para mUrchAdisadRza sthiti ho jAtI hai / ataH ise mokSa mAnanA anucita hai| yaha eka prAcIna kArikA bhI milatI hai, jise nyAyabhUSaNa tathA sadAnandakRta advaitabrahmasidvi Adi meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai 'varaM vRndAvane ramye zRgAlatvaM vRNomyaham / __ na tu nirviSayaM mokSaM gautamo gantumicchati // '' a), ba) usa ukti se yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki sakalAtmaguNavizeSoccheda ko gautama mukti kabhI svIkAra nahIM karatA /

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apavarganirUpaNa 227 do prAcIna kArikAeM upalabdha hotI haiM, jinase yaha spaSTa siddha hai ki nyAyasUtra ke racayitA gautama samastavizeSaguNocchedarUpI mukti ko nahIM mAnate the / 'tatrApi naiyAyika AttagarvaH kaNAdapakSAccaraNAkSapakSe / muktavizeSa vada sarvaviccet no cet pratijJA tyaja sarvavitve // atyantanAze guNasaMgateryA sthitinabhovat kaNabhakSapakSe / / muktistvadIye caraNAkSapakSe sAnandavit sahitA vimuktiH // ' ina kArikAoM se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kisI naiyAyika ne zaMkarAcArya kI sarvajJatA para kaTAkSa karate hue yaha AkSepa kiyA ki yadi Apa sarvajJa haiM, to batalAiye ki kaNAdasammata mukti se nyAyasammata mukti meM kyA bheda hai ? aura yadi nahIM batalA sakate, to svayaM ko sarvavit kahanA chor3a dojiye / isa para zaMkarAcArya ne kahA ki kaNAdamata meM AtmA ke azeSa vizeSa guNoM kA uccheda ho jAne para AkAza kI taraha kevala mahattvAdi sAmAnya guNoM ke sAtha AtmA ko sthiti mokSa hai| kintu gautama ke mata meM AnandasaMvit-sahita arthAt nityasukhAbhivyaktisahita duHkhAtyantanivRtti mokSa hai| ___ yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki cAhe kitanI hI prAcIna kArikA yA vacana isa viSaya meM upalabdha hote hoM, kintu svayaM gautamane apane nyAyasUtra meM 'bAdhanAlakSaNa duHkham', 'tadatyantavimokSo'parvAH' ina sUtroM ke dvArA bAdhanAsvarUpa duHkha kI atyanta nivRtti ko ho mokSa spaSTa rUpa se batalAyA hai, taba yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki gautama nitya sukhAbhivyaktisahita duHkhAbhivyakti ko mokSa mAnate haiM / isakA yaha samAdhAna hai ki gautama ne yahI batalAyA hai ki pramANaprameyAdi SoDaza padArthoM ke tattvajJAna se mithyAjJAnanivRtti dvArA paramparayA mithyAjJAnajanya duHkha kI atyanta nivRtti ho jAtI hai, isI ko apavarga kahate haiN| sabhI dArzanika tattvajJAna se to mithyAjJAna kI nivRtti hI mAnate haiM, kyoMki tattvajJAna kA mithyA. jJAna se hI virodha hai / vedAntI jIvabrahmaikyarUpa samyajJAna se tathA sAMkhya va pAtaMjala vivekajJAna se ajJAna tathA aviveka kI hI nivRtti mAnate haiM / arthAt tattvajJAna se mithyAjJAna naSTa hotA hai aura usake nAza se paramparayA duHkha kI nivRtti hotI hai| ataH tattvajJAna kA sAmadhye mithyAjJAna tathA paramparathA tajjanya duHkha kI nivRtti meM hI hai, nitya sukha kI abhivyakti meM nhiiN| pratibandhakarUpa duHkha ko nivRtti ho jAne para nitya sukha to svataH abhivyakta ho jAtA hai / ataH zAstra kA tAtparya tattvajJAna se mithyAjJAna-nivRtti dvArA duHkhAtyantanivRtti meM hai, isI 1 (a) nyAyabhUSaNa se udhRta pR. 594 / (b) advattabrahmasiddhi, pR 176 2. zaGkaradigvijaya, sarga 16168-69 3. nyAyasUtra, 11 / 21 4. vahI, 1 / 122

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228 nyAyasAra abhiprAya se sUtrakAra ne 'tadatyantavimokSo'pavargaH'1 isa sUtra ke dvArA duHkhAtyanta. vimokSa ko apavarga kahA hai| aparga zabda kA prayoga bhI yaha siddha kara rahA hai ki sUtrakAra tattvajJAna se mithyAjJAna nevRtti dvArA apavarjanIya vastu kA nirdeza kara rahe haiM aura vaha apavarjanoya vastu duHkha hI hai / ataH sUtrakAra kA duHkhAtyantavimokSa ko aparga tathA tattvajJAna kA phala batalAnA sarvathA samIcIna hai| vedAnta ne bhI brahmAtmaikyajJAna se ajJAna kI nivRtti tathA tajjanya anartharUpa apaMca kI nivRtta hI zAstra kA prayojana mAnA hai, AtmarUpa sukha kI abhivyakti ko nahIM / Atmasukha to nitya hai, vaha ajJAna se abhibhUta rahatA hai / jJAna dvArA ajJAna ko nivRtti ho jAne se usakI AMbhavyakti nityAsaddha hAne se svataHsiddha hai| isI prakAra nyAyamata meM duHkhAtyantanivRtti ho jAne para nityasukhAbhivyakti ke pratibandhaka duHkha kI nivRtti ho jAne se nitya sukhAbhivyakti svataHsiddha hai| sUtrakAra ne kahIM bhI nitya sukhAbhivyakti kA mokSa meM niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| ataH sUtrakAra du.khAtyantanivRttisahita nitya sukhAbhivyakti ko ho mokSa mAnate haiN| gautama ne yaha bhI kaho nahIM batalAyA hai ki mokSadazA meM AtsA ke sakala vizeSa guNoM kA uccheda ho jAtA hai / ataH mokSadazA meM nitya sukhabhAna mAnane meM sUtrakAra kA kisI bhI ra kA virodha nahIM. apita uparyata upalabhyamAna mokSaviSayaka kArikAoM se nitya sukhAbhivyaktirUpa mokSa meM unakI sammati hI upalabdha hotI hai| sUtrakAra ke bAda kAlaprabhAva se vaizeSikamata ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nyAyabhASyakArAdi ne kaNAdamammata mokSasvarUpa apanA liyA aura mahAna saMrambha ke sAtha usI ko ekAntataH mokSa kA svarUpa mAnate hue nityasukhAbhivyaktirUpa mokSa kA pratyAkhyAna kiyaa| kintu AcArya bhAsarvajJa ne apanI pratibhA ke bala para usa mata kA punaH ujjIvana kiyA / ataH bhAsarvajJa ke nyAyasAra meM 'eke tAvad varNayanti sakalavizeSaguNocchede saMhArAvasthAyAmAkAzavadAtmano'tyantAvasthAna mokSaH' isa vAkya meM 'eke' pada se vaizeSikoM tathA tathA vaizeSikAnuyAyI bhASyakArAdi kA grahaNa ucita hai tathA 'mohAdyavasthAtvAnmUrchAdyavasthAvadatra vivekinAM pravRttine tyAhuranye' isa vAkya meM 'anye' pada se AcArya gautama tathA tanmatAnuyAyI bhAsarvajJAdi kA grahaNa hai / 'anye' pada se gRhIta AcAryo kA mata hI vAstavika nyAyamata hai / isaliye bhAsarvajJa ne 'anye' mata ko nyAya kA mata mAnate hue 'mokSe sukhAbhivyaktiriti nyAyamatam' vAkya kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yaho gautama ko abhipreta hai, isa tathya ko puSTi ke liye "varaM vRndAvaneramye zugAlatvaM vRNobhyaham / na tu niviSaya mokSa gautamo gantumicchAte // " yaha vacana uddhata kiyA hai| ataH bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra Anandasavitsahita duHkhAtyantanivRtti ho mokSa hai, yaha mata hI nyAyamata hai, na ki kevala duHkhAtyantanivRtti / 1. nyAyasUtra, 111122 2. tatsibamelas nityasaMvedyamAnena sukhena viziSTA AtyantikI duHkha nivRttiH puruSasya mokSa iti / -nyAyasAra, 3. 10 3. nyAyasAra, pR. 39-10 4. nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 594

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apavarganirUpaNa 229 bhAsarvajJa ne uparyukta rIti se AnandasaMvitasahita duHkhAtyantanivRtti ko mokSa mAnA hai / arthAt mokSadazA meM duHkharUpa pratibandha ke naSTa ho jAne se nitya sukha kI abhivyakti ho jAtI hai, jo ki saMsAradazA meM duHkharUpa pratibandha ke kAraNa tI thI. kinta nyAyadarzana kI rIta se yaha sarvathA anupapanna hai, kyoMki yaha mukti AtmA ko Ananda va jJAnarUpa mAnane vAloM ke mata meM hI bana sakatI hai| kintu nyAyadarzana AtmA ko jJAnarUpa va AnandarUpa nahIM mAnatA / vaha to AtmA ke sAtha mana saMyoga dvArA buddhyAdi vizeSa guNoM kI utpatti AtmA meM mAnatA hai / isIliye unhoMne AtmA ko 'jJAnAdyadhikaraNamAtmA isa rIti se jJAnAdi kA Azraya mAnA hai aura inhIM buddhyAdi liMgoM ke dvArA unhoMne AtmA ko anumati mAnI hai / yadyapi Izvara ke guNoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM nayAyakoM ke mata meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai, tathApi Izvara meM nitya jJAna, nitya icchA tathA nitya prayatna saba ko mAnya hai| parantu ve usameM bhI nitya sukha kI sattA nahIM mAnate haiM / hA~, jarannaiyAyika jayanta ne Izvara ko dharma tathA nitya sukha kA Azraya bhI mAnA hai| aiso sthiti meM AtmA meM muktidazA meM sukha va jJAna ke na hone se nitya sukha ko abhivyakti kisa prakAra bana sakatI hai ? unhoMne jo nitya sukha kI Abhavyakti ke viSaya meM 'Ananda brahmaNo vidvAn na bibheti kutazcana,' 'AnandaM brahmaNo rUpam' ityAdi jo zrutivacana upanyasta kiye haiM, ve brahma arthAt AtmA ko AnandarUpa batalA rahe haiM aura nyAyadarzana meM upakta rIti se AtmA jaba AnandarUpa nahIM hai, taba upayukta zrativacana kisa taraha nitya sukha ko abhivyakti meM pramANa ho sakate haiM / ataH duHkhAtyantAnavRtti hI nyAyadarzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa hai / isIliye zrIharSa ne gautama ke muktisiddhAnta para kaTAkSa karate hue kahA hai 'muktaye yaH zilAtvAya zAstramUce sacetasAm / gotamaM tamavekSyeba yathA vittha tathaiva saH // " isakA spaSTa abhiprAya hai ki buddhijIvI tathA prekSAvAnoM ko jaDatArUpa mukti kA upadeza karane vAlA gotama gotama hI hai arthAt nirA pazu hai / yadyapi gautama ne kahIM bho sakalavizeSaguNocchedarUpa mukti kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai, kintu 'tadatyantavimokSo'pavargaH'3 sUtra meM duHkhAtyantavimuktirUpa mukti kA to pratipAdana kiyA hI hai, ataH duHkhAtyantanivRtti hI nyAyamata meM mokSa kA svarUpa siddha hotA hai| 1. dharmastu bhUtAnumahavato vastusvAbhAvyA bhibanna vAryate tasya ca phalaM paramArthaniSpattireva, sukheM svasya nityameva nityAnandatvena AgamAt pratIteH, asuriktasya caivavidhakAryArambhayogyatAs. bhAvAt / -nyAyamaJjarI, pUrva bhAga (caukhambA, vArANasI, dvitIya saMskaraNa), pR. 185 2. naiSadha, sarga 17, zloka 74 3. nyAyasUtra, 122

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230 nyAsAra AtmA kI nityasukharUpatA kA kahIM bhI gotama ke dvArA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, api tu nyAya ke vaizeSika ke samAnatantra hone se jJAnasukhAdyAzrayatva hI AtmA kA svarUpa siddha hotA hai na ki nityasukharUpatA / nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana hI nahIM, SaDdarzanoM meM vedAnta ko chor3akara kisI bhI darzana ne AtmA kI sukharUpatA aMgIkAra nahIM kI hai / isIliye vedAntAtirikta sabhI darzanoM meM zabdabheda se duHkhAtyantanivRtti ko hI mokSa mAnA hai / SaD darzanoM meM kevala vedAntadarzana hI eka aisA hai jisane prapaJcanivRttipUrvaka nityasukhAbhivyakti ko mokSa svIkAra kiyA hai / vastutaH mokSa meM AtmA kI svarUpasthiti hotI hai / ataH AtmA ko nitya - sukhasvarUpa mAnane vAle vedAntamata ko chor3akara anya darzanoM meM nitya sukhasvarUpatArUpa mokSa ko mAnanA nitAnta asaMgata hai / isIliye jayantabhaTTa ne AtyantikI duHkhavyAvRtti ko ho mukti mAnA hai aura usako siddha bhI kiyA hai / 1 6 1. ... AtyantikI duHkhavyAvRttirapavargo na sAvadhikA dvividhaduHkhAvamarzinA sarvanAmnA sarveSAmAtma guNAnAM buddhisukhaduHkheccha / dveSaprayatnadharmAdhirma saMskArANAM nimU locchedo'pavarga ityuktaM bhavati / .... tadevaM navAnAmAtmaguNAnAM nim locchado'pavarga iti yaducyate tadevedamuktaM bhavati tadatyantaviyogo'pavarga iti / nanu tasyAmavasthAyAM kIhagAtbhAvaziSyate / svarUpaikatratiSThAnaH parityakto'khilairguNaiH // UrmiSaTkAtigaM rUpaM tadasyAhurmanISiNaH / saMsArabandhanAdhInaduHkhaka lezAdyadUSitam // -nyAyamaJjarI, uttarabhAga, pR. 77

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navama vimarza paravartI granthakAroM para bhAsarvajJAcArya kA prabhAva paraspara khaNDamaNDana kI paramparA ne zrauta tathA azrauta darzanoM ke siddhAntoM meM aneka parivartana, pariSkAra tathA parivardhana dvArA dArzanika vAGbhaya ko paryApta samRddha banAyA hai / darzanazAstra ke praur3ha granthakAroM se uttaravartI granthakAra avazya prabhAvita hue haiN| AcArya bhAsarvajJa bhI una granthakAroM meM anyatama haiM, jinakA bhUri prabhAva uttaravartI darzanazAstrIya vAGmaya para parilakSita hotA hai / nyAyazAstra ko paramparAgata vaizeSikaprabhAva se mukta kara usameM nUtana siddhAntoM kI udubhAvanA dvArA krAnti la ke kAraNa bhAsarvajJAcArya paravartI granthakAroM ke vizeSa carcA ke viSaya rahe haiN| unake 'nyAyasAra' para svopajJa vivRti 'nyAyabhUSaNa' ke atirikta satraha TIkAeM likhI gii| yaha unake prabhAvAtizaya tathA prasiddhi kA dyotaka prabala pramANa hai| ina TIkAkAroM meM jayasiMha sUri Adi jaina dArzanika bhI haiM / nyAyabhUSaNa para bhI do TIkAoM kI racanA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / ' vAsudeva sUri ne to nyAyabhUSaNa kI durbodhatA aura gahanatA se prabhAvita hokara use mahAmbudhi saMjJA dI hai| bauddha dArzanika jJAnazrImitra ne nyAyazAstra ke AdhArastambhabhUta pramukha naiyAyikoM meM bhAsarvajJa kI gaNanA kara unake mahatva kA aMkana kiyA hai|* hemacandra sUri, malliSeNa sUri, zrImadvallabhAcArya, udayanAcArya, kiraNAvalIprakAzakAra, zaMkaramizra, bhaTTa vAdIndra, varadarAja veMkaTanAtha, jJAnazrI, ratnakIrti Adi paravartI granthakAroM ne pramANasAmAnya, pratyakSa, anumAna, saMkhyA, karma, vibhAgaja vibhAga, mukti Adi aneka viSayoM se samvandhita bhAsarvajJa ke mantavyoM ke khaNDana athavA maNDana ke liye apanI lekhanI calAI hai aura unake mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai / bhAsarvajJa ke mana itane mahattvapUrNa haiM ki virodha hone para bhI paravartI dArzanika unako upekSA nahIM kara sake / 400500 varSoM kI sudIrgha kolAvadhi taka bhAsarvajJa ke matoM kI samAlocanA hotI rahI, isase yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki unakI mAnyatAeM nizcita rUpa se prabhAvazAlI aura mahattvapUrNa thI / jasAki purastAt kahA jA cukA hai, uttaravartI granthakAroM ne svamatasamarthanArtha yA bhAsarvajJamatakhaNDanArtha do rUpoM meM unake vicAroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yahAM donoM prakAra ke katipaya uddharaNa prastuta kara AcArya bhAsarvaza ke prabhAva kA avadhAraNa kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. draSTapya-prastuta zodha-prabandha, pR. 26 3. vahI 2. vahI 4. jJAnazrInibandhAvali, pR. 159

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232 nyAyasAra (ka) tarkabhASAprakAzikA ke praNetA cinnabhaTTa bhAsarvajJamata se prabhAvita pratIta hote haiN| unhoMne aneka sthaloM para bhAsarvana ke mantavyoM ko svamata ke samarthana ke liye udbhata kiyA hai| jaise-tarkabhASAkAra ne sAdhAraNa tathA asAdhAraNa bheda se anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa ke do bheda mAne haiN| isa prasaMga meM cinnaMbhaTTa ne vyabhicAra kA lakSaNa kiyA hai-'svocitasthalamatikramya anyatra vartanaM vybhicaarH| arthAta svocita sthala sapakSa ko chor3akara anyatra arthAt vipakSa meM hetu kA rahanA vyabhicAra hai| yahAM AzaMkA hotI hai ki anucita sthala vipakSa meM na rahane vAle pakSamAtravRtti asAdhAraNa hetvAbhAsa meM savyabhicAritA kaise sampanna hogI ? tarkabhASAprakAzikAkAra ne isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai-'anucitasthale vartamAna mivocitasthale'vartamAnamapi vyabhicAra eva' / ' arthAt hetu hI kI vipakSavRttitA kI kI taraha sapakSAvRttitA bhI vyabhicAra ho hai / ataH asAdhAraNa kA bhI grahaNa ho jAtA hai / upayukta ubhayavidha vyabhicAra ke samarthana meM cinnaMbhaTTa ne bhAsarvajJamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai 'taduktaM bhAsarvakSena hetorubhayatravRttiya'bhicArastathobhayato vyAvRttirapi vyabhicAra evaM' / (kha) api ca, cinnaMbhaTTa ne batalAyA hai ki nyAyavidyA meM saMzayAdi padArthoM kA pramANoM tathA prameyoM se pRthak kathana nyAyavidyA kA adhyAtmavidyA se bheda batalAne ke liye kiyA gayA hai| anyathA upaniSad kI taraha nyAyavidyA bhI adhyAtmavidyAmAtra ho jAtI / saMzayAdi padArthoM dvArA hI nyAyavidyA se pRthak prasthApita hotI hai| isake samarthana ke liye usane bhAsarvajJa ko pramANarUpa se uddhRta kiyA hai'tasmAt saMzayAdibhiH padArthaiH (nyAyavidyA) pRthak prasthApyata iti bhUSaNe'pyetatprati. pAditam' / (ga) nyAyazabda kI anumAnArthaparakatA kA nirdeza karate hue cinnaMbhaTTa ne kahA hai-'nIyate jJApyate vivakSito'rtho yeneti karaNavyutpattyA nya yo'numAnam' / apane isa kathana ke samarthana meM cinnaM bhaTTa ne bhAsarvajJa ke vaktavya ko pramANa rUpa meM upanyasta kiyA hai-'ataH evoktaM bhAsarvajJenAnumAnanirUpaNAvasAne-'so'yaM paramo nyAya' iti / (gha) anumAna ke do sAdhya hote haiM-(1) agnisAmAnya aura (2) parvatAdiniSTha agnivizeSa / isa sAdhyadvaya kI siddhi ke liye anumAna meM sAmarthyadvaya hotA haivyApti aura pakSadharmatA / vyApti se sAmAnyasAdhya kI siddhi hotI hai aura pakSadharmatA ke bala se abhimata vizeSa sAdhya kI siddhi / pUrva nyAyAcAryoM ko bhI yaha mAnya thA, isakI puSTi ke liye cinnaMbhaTTa bhUSaNakAra bhAsarvajJa ko uddhRta karate hai-'ata evAha bhUSaNakAraH-bahiryAptyantAptiprasAdAdubhayasiddhiriti pUrvAcAryAH 'pa 1. tarkabhASAprakAzikA, pR. 156 5. vahI, pR. 68 2. vahI 6. vahI 3. vahI 7. vahI, pR. 150 4. tarkabhASAprakAzikA, pR. 209

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paravatI granthakAroM... arthAt pakSabahirdeza mahAnasAdi meM gRhota agnisAmAnya ke sAtha dhUma kI vyApti ke bala se agnisAmAnya kI siddhi hotI hai aura pakSAntadeza meM upalabhyamAna vyApti se pakSavRtti agnivizeSa kI siddhi / (Da) vyApti kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue cinnaMbhaTTa ne kahA hai ki vyApti se vyApyavyApakabhAva batalAnA abhISTa hai / vyApyavyApakabhAva do prakAra kA hotA haianvayarUpa aura vyatirekarUpa / isa prasaMga meM cinnaMbhaTTa ne bhUSaNakAra bhAsarvajJa ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai-tathA ca bhUSaNe bhAsarvajJapranthaH / tatra sAdhanasAmAnya vyApyaM sAdhya sAmAnya vyApakamityaya vyApyamApakabhAvo'ndhayaH / sAdhyasAmAnyabhAvo vyApyaH sAdhanasAmAnyAbhAvo vyApaka ityayaM vyApyavyApakabhAvo vyatirekaH / " kirAvalIkAra udayanAcArya ne karma ke guNAntarbhAva ke liye bhAsarvajJa ko sAdhuvAda diyA hai-'tasmAd varaM bhUSaNaH karmANi guNastallakSaNayogAt' / ' bhAsajJa ne sUtrakArasaraNi se vilaga hokara mokSa meM nityasukhAbhivyakti mAnI hai| unakI yaha mAnyatA bhI paravartI granthakAroM kI vizeSa carcA kA viSaya banI / vAdideva sUri kahate haiM- bhUSaNo'pi mokSe sukhatatsaMvedanasanAthamAtmAnamAtiSThamAno'smadanucara evaM' / arthAt mokSadazA meM sukha va sukhajJAnasahita AtmA kI sthiti mAnate hue bhUSaNakAra bhAsarvajJa ne hamAre (jaina) mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai, kyoMki hama bhI mokSa meM AtmA kA sukha va sukhajJAnayukta sthiti mAnate haiN| tarkabhASAprakAzikAkAra ne bhAsarvajJa ke katipaya matoM kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa naiyAyikoM ko mAnya hai| bhAsarvajJa ke anusAra svapakSa tathA parapakSa kI siddhi meM trirUpa hetu prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai| parantu cinnaMbhaTTa ko yaha svIkArya nahIM, ataH asahamati vyakta karate hue kahate haiM-'svaparapakSasiddhAvapi trirUpo hetuH prakaraNasama iti bhUSaNakAro babhASe tadasaMbhavi / ekasya hetorubhayatra trairUpyAsaMbhavAt / tasmAt pratijJAtArtha vaparItArthajJApakahemAn hetuH prakaraNasamaH' / tArkikarakSAsArasaMgraha meM varadarAja ne bhI prakaraNasama hetvAbhAsa kA bhAsarvajJAbhimata lakSaNa udAhrata kiyA hai-'ekadezinastu svapakSaparapakSasiddhAvapi trirUpo hetuH prakaraNasama iti lakSayanti udAharanti c| yahAM 'ekadezinaH' zabda se bhUSaNakAra bhAsarvajJa hI abhipreta hai, jaisAki tAkikarakSA ke TIkAkAra mallinAtha ne 'atra bhUSaNoktaM lakSaNaM dUSayitumanubhASate'' isa kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 1 tarkabhASAprakAzikA, pR. 142 2 kiraNAvalI, pR. 104. 3. Thakur. A. L., Nyayabhasana ~A Lost Work on Medieval Indian Logic, JBRS. Vol, XLV, p. 97, Footnote No. 51. 4. nyAyasAra, pR. 7. 6. tArkikarakSA, pa. 223. 5. tarkabhASAprakAzikA, pR. 156. 7. vahI, pR. 212-223. bhAnyA-30

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234 nyAyasAra ___ bhAsarvajJa ne pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa-'samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANam'' yaha kiyA hai| isa pramANalakSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki naiyAyikaparamparA ke anusAra bhAmarvajJa ne bhI pramANa ko jJAnarUpa tathA jJAnabhinnasvarUpa mAnA hai / jaina dArzanika hemacandra ne vAtikakArAdi naiyAyikoM ke pramANalakSaNa kA khaNDana karate hue bhAsarvajJokta pramANalakSaNa ko uddhRta kara yaha kahA hai ki isa lakSaNa ke anusAra bhI jisake vyApAra ke avyavahita kAla meM phalaniSpatti ho, vaha sAdhakatama arthAt sAdhana kahalAtA hai aura jJAna ke uttarakAla meM hI pramArUpa phala kI niSpatti hotI hai, ataH jJAna va ajJAna donoM prakAra ke pramANasAdhanoM ko pramANa na mAnakara jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnanA cAhiye / ' syAdvAdamaMjarIkAra zrI malliSeNa sUri ne bhI mAsarvajJa ke pramANalakSaNa meM doSodbhAvana karate hue unake mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai / jaise-'yadapi nyAyabhUSaNasUtrakAreNoktaM samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANamiti tatrApa sAdhanagrahaNAt kartRkarmanirAsena karaNasyaiva pramANatvaM sidhyati / tathApyavyavahitaphalatvena sAdhakatamatvaM jJAnasyaiveti na tatsamyag lakSaNam / svaparavyavasAyi jJAnaM pramANAta tu tAttvika lakSaNam' / vastusthiti yaha hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANa ko ekAntataH jJAnarUpa mAnA hai, parantu bhAsajJa aisA nahIM mAnate / ApekSika dRSTi se 'arthopalabdhihetuH pramANam' isa vAtikakArokta pramANalakSaNa se bhAsarvajJokta pramANalakSaNa adhika pariSkRta hai, kyoMki vArtikakArokta pramANalakSaNa ativyApaka hai, usameM kartA, karma tathA karaNa tInoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| bhAsarvajJokta pramANalakSaNa meM sAdhana zabda kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa pramAtA aura prameya meM usakI atiprasakti nahIM hai / parantu ekAntataH jJAnarUpa na hone se jaina dArzanika use bhI svIkAra nahIM karate / / zuddha naiyAyika hone ke kAraNa bhAsarvajJa ne nyAyazAstra ko vaizeSikaprabhAva se mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA / unhoMne nyAyabhUSaNa meM spaSTa ghoSaNA kI hai ki unakA uddezya hai -nyAyazAstra kA vyArUyAna / ataH vaizepika-zAstra se nyAyazAstra kA virodha doSajanaka nahIM ho sakatA / pUrvavartI nyAyAcAryo dvArA svIkRta tathA anya vaizeSikasiddhAntoM kA unhoMne khaNDana kiyA hai| paravartI aneka vaizeSika AcAryoM ne bhAsarvajJakRta vaizeSika-khaNDana kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai / 1. nyAyasAra, pR. 1. 2. samyaganubhavasAdhanaM pramANam' ityatrApi sAdhana grahaNAt kata'karmanirAsena kAraNasya pramANatvaM sidhyati, tathApyavyavahitaphalatvena sAdhakatamatvaM jJAnasyaiveti tadeva pramANatveneSTavyam / -pramANamImAMsA, pR. 7. 3. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR. 57. 4. nyAyazAstraM ca vyAkhyAtuM vayaM pravRttAstenAsmAkaM zeSikatantreNa virodho na doSAya / -nyAyabhUSaNa, pR. 163.

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paravatI granthakAroM... 235 bhAsarvajJa ne saMkhyA ko pRthak guNa na mAnakara ekatva ko abhedarUpa tathA dvitvAdi ko bhedarUpa batalAyA hai| ataH mAnamanAharakAra kA kathana hai ki saMkhyA ko svIkAra na karane ke kAraNa bhUSaNamatAnusAra antaHkaraNa meM dvitva yA bahutva saMbhAvita nahIM hotA-'bhUSagasya saMkhyAnabhyupagamena manogatatvasya dUrApAstatvAt / '1 __ nyAyalIlAvatIkAra zrImadvallabhAcArya ne bhI prastuta bhAsarvajJamata ke prati ghora virodha pradarzita karate hue kahA hai-'tadidaM cirantanazeSikamatadUSaNaM' bhUSaNakArasya atitrapAkaram / tadi yamanAmnAtatA bhAsarvajJAcAryasya yadayamAcAryamapyavamanyate / tathA ca 'tadanuyAyinastAtparyAcAryasya siMhanAdaH saMvideva hi bhagavatI' ityAdi / udayanAcArya ne bhI kiraNAvI meM saMkhyA ke pRthagguNatva kI sthApanA karate hue bhA parvajJamata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai-'etena svarUpAbheda ekatvaM svarUpabhedastu nAnAtvaM dvitvamiti bhUSaNaH prtyaaruuyaatH|' 'svarUpAbhedo hi ghaTasya ghaTa ebocyate / ghaTAdipratyayasya svarUpapratyayasya ca ghaTAghekanibandhanatvAta ekAdipratyayasya ca ghaTapaTAdasAdhAraNatvAt, tathA ca tannibandhana ekAdipratyayaH taM vihAya paTaM nopasamet / evaM svarUpabheda eva yadi dvitvaM tadA zyAdiSvapi dvitvapratyayaH syAt, TAdAveva vA svarUpabheda iti paTAdau dvitvapratyayo na syAditi / bhAsarvajJa vibhAga ko saMyogAbhAvarUpa mAnate haiN| vibhAgaja vibhAga bhI unako mAnya nahIM hai / paravartI vaizeSika AcAryoM ne bhAsarvajJa ko uparyukta mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai / vaizeSikoM ke anusAra hastakuDyavibhAga se zarIra kuiyavibhAga utpanna hotA hai| vibhAgaja vibhAga ko svIkAra na karane para hastakuDyamaMyoga kA vinAza hone para bhI uttara vibhAgarUpa kAraNa ke abhAva meM zarIrakuDyasaMyoga kA vinAza nahIM hogA / bhAsarvajJa kI mAnyatA hai ki hastakuDsaMyoga se bhinna zarIrakuDyasaMyoga nAmaka koI vastu nahIM hai / yadi hastakuDyasaMyogadarzana se zarIrakuDyasaMyoga ko kalpanA kI jAtI hai taba phira hastakarmadarzana se zarIra meM karma kI kalpanA kyoM nahIM kI jAtI ? ataH bhAsarvajJa ko kathana hai ki hastakuDyasaMyoga ke nAza se hI zarIrakuDyasaMyoga kA nAza ho jAtA hai, usake nAza ke liye vibhAgaja vibhAga kI kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM / bhUSaNakAra kI isa mAnyatA ko uddhRta karate hue nyAyalIlAvatIkAra ne kahA hai-'tathA kAraNAkAraNajanyavibhAgaH / yathA aMgulitaruvibhAgAta paannitruvibhaagH| nanvatra kiM pramANam ? vibhaktabuddhirAMta cet, na, tadasiddheH / anyathA karmApi ki nAMgulikarmajaM syAditi bhUSaNaH' / 1. mAnamanohara, pR. 26 2. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 41 3. kiraNAbalI, pR. 124 4. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 127

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236 nyAyasAra ___ udayanAcArya ne bhI kiraNAvalI meM vibhAgasambandhI bhAsarvajJamata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue anta meM kahA hai-'vyadhikaraNamapi karmava vinAzakamastu / na cAtiprasaMgaH, AzrayAzrita. paramparAsaMyogasyaiva vinAzyatvAta / na, virodhinaH samAnAdhikaraNasyaiva vinAzakatvamityatra asati bAdhake saMkocAnupapattiriti bhaasrvjnymtniraasH| 1 arthAt aMgu lakriyA aMgutyadhikaraNa meM hone se aMgulitarusaMyoga kI nAzaka ho sakatI hai, hastatamsaMyoga kI nAzaka nhiiN| kyoMki karmajanya hastatarusaMyoga ke prati agulitamasaMyoga kAraNa nahIM aura akAraNa aMgulitarusaMyoga hastatarusaMyoga kA nAzaka nahIM, kyoMki samAnAdhi. karaNavartI virodhI hI apane virodhI kA nAza kara sakatA hai isa niyama meM saMkoca kA kAraNa na hone se aMgulyadhiraNa karma ke dvArA hastAdhikaraNa saMyoga kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA / ataH vibhAgaja vibhAga mAnanA hI hogaa| bhAsarvajJa ne karma kA guNa meM antarbhAva kiyA hai| unake anusAra va pacImabAM guNa hai| vaise karma kA guNa meM antarbhAva bhAratIya dArzanikoM ko atiprAcInakAla se jJAta thA / maNDanAmana praNIta bhAvanAviveka ko TIkA meM umbeka ne yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki bAdari nAmaka mImAMsakavRddha ne isa mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA thaa| parantu nyAyalolAvatIkaNThAbharaNa ke racayitA zaMkara mizra, nyAyAsaddhAntamuktAvalIprakAza ke racayitA bhaTTa dinakara aura tArkikarakSAAnaSkaNTakA ke praNetA mallinAtha ne karma ke guNAntarbhAva ko bhUSaNamata ke rUpa meM batalAyA hai, kyoMki unako bhUSaNakAra ke prantha se hI isakA jJAna prApta huA thA / bhaTTa vAdIndra ne bhI rasasAra meM bhUSaNakAra ke isa mata kA ullekha kiyA hai-'karma guNaH sAmAnyavattve sparzAnAdhAratve ca sati dravyAzreitatvAt / sAmAnyavattve sAta kAryAnAdhAratvAdityanumAnAcca karma guNa iti nyAyabhUSaNakAraH / jaisAki pahile kahA jA cukA hai ki vaizeSika dArzanika ArSajJAna ko yogipratyakSa se bhinna mAnate haiM aura bhAsarvajJa ne ArSajJAna kA yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva kiyA hai / paravata vaizeSika AcAryoM ne isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| mAnamanAharakAra vAdivAgIzvarAcArya ne kahA hai-'dharmavizeSajatvAd yogapratyakSAntarmutAmAta cet, na, dhrmvishessjtvaasiddheH| dharmavizeSamAtrajanyatvasya vyabhicArAt / avinAbhAvAnarapekSaH 1. kiraNAvalI, pR. 151-152 2. dravyaguNayoH vIyaruNimnoryAgakrayarUpayordhAtuvAmyasaMyogavibhAgarUpakriyayoH / -bhAvanAvivekaTIkA, pU 42. 3. Nyayabhusana-A Lost Work on Medieval Indian Logic, - A. L. Thakur, JBRS, Vol. XLV, P. 94, Footnote No. 27 4. Ibid, Footnote No. 28 5. kamApi guNa iti bhuussnnH...| -tArkikarakSA, pR. 141. 6. rasasAra, 1.4.

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paravatI granthakAroM... samyakaparokSAnubhavaH ArSaH / kiraNAvalI meM udayana ne bhI ArSajJAna ke yogipratyakSAntaH rbhAva kA khaNDana kiyA hai-'na ca yogipratyakSatva, yogadharmAjanyatvAt / na ca prakRSTadharmazabdavAcyatvena samAnatvam , prakRSTazabdapravRttAvekanimittavirahAta / unakA Azaya yaha hai ki ASajJAna ko yogipratyakSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kayoMki vaha yogajadharmajanya nahIM hai| prakRSTadharmajanyatva ArSapratyakSa va yogipratyakSa donoM meM samAnadharma hai, isase bhI yogipratyakSa meM ASapratyakSa kA antarbhAva saMgata nahIM, kyoMki donoM meM dharma ke prakarSa kA kAraNa eka nahI , apitu vibhinna hai / ataH donoM meM bheda mAnanA hI ucita hai| bhAsarvajJa ne anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva kiyA hai / paravato vaizeSikoM tathA vAdideva sUri Adi ne isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vAdidava ne bhAsarvajJamata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA hai-'nanvayamanadhyavasAyaH saMzayAnna viziSyate, vizeSAnavadhAraNAtmakatvAAdAta tu na tarkoyam, svarUpabhedAn / anavasthatAnekako TasparzitvaM hi saMzayasya svarUpam / sarvathA koTyasaMspazitvaM cAnadhyavasAyasyota mahAnanayorbhada / / arthAt saMzaya meM anizcita anekakATika jJAna hotA hai aura anadhyavasAya meM koI bhI koTi nahIM hotI / ataH anadhyavasAya kA antarbhAva saMzaya meM nahIM ho sktaa| nyAyalIlAvatIkAra zrIvallabha ne bhI anadhyavasAya ke saMzayAntarbhAva kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai - tRtoye tu saMzaya evAyamiti bhUSaNaH / maivam / sAmAnyato'vagate jijJAsate vAcyAvazeSa yadA ki zabdAmilApaH tadAnadhyavasAyaH / avyavasthitanAnAvAcakavAcyatvapratibhAse tu sazayaH / athAt asamuccita nAnAvastuviSayaka jJAna anadhyavasAya hai, yaha tRtAya vikalpa mAnane para anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva hai, kyoMki saMzaya meM bhI aisA ho jJAna hAtA hai, aisA bhUSaNakAra kA kathana hai, kintu vastusthiti aisA nahIM hai| kyoMki sAmAnyataH jJAta tathA vizeSataH ajJAta vastu meM kimidam' ityAkAraka vyavahAra kA viSaya anadhyavasAya hotA hai tathA ' sthANurvA puruSo vA' isa rUpa se avyavasthita nAnA vastuoM kI pratoti saMzaya hai| udayanAcArya ne bhI anadhyavasAya ko saMzaya se bhinnatA sthApita kI hai - 'anupalabdhasapakSAvapakSasaMsparzasya dharmasya darzanAt vizeSata upalabdhAnupalabdhakoATakaM jnyaanmndhyvsaayH| ata evAyaM saMzayAbhidyata sa dhupalabdhatapakSAvapakSasaspazavarmadarzanAdutpadyate / athAt sazaya meM sapakSa tathA vipakSa ubhayavRtti dhamoM kI upalabdha hotI hai jabaki anadhyavasAya meM sapakSavipakSobhayavRtti dhamI kA upalabdhi nahIM hotii| - - - ---- 1. mAnamanohara, pR. 9. 2. kiraNAvalA, pR. 206 3. Nyayabhasana-A Lost work on Medieval Indian Logic, -A. L. Thakur JBRS, Vol. XLV, P. 99. Footnote No. 71 4. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 57 5. kiraNAvalI, pR. 178

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nyAyasAra 238 ataH anadhyavasAya saMzaya se bhinna hai / yadyapi yahAM kiraNAvalIkAra ne bhUSaNakAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi yahAM bhUSaNakAra ke mata kA hI khaNDana hai, kyoMki unhoMne hI sarvaprathama anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAva kiyA hai / vaizeSika AcArya vAdivAgIzvara ne to bhAsarvajJa se sahamati vyakta karate hue kahA hai- viruddhakoTisaMspanizvayaH saMzayaH / viruddhakoTyasaMspara nizcayo'nadhyavasAyaH / aramA bharapyanavadhAraNatvasya saMzayAnadhyavasAyayorabhyupagateH / tena cAsmaduktAvAntarabhedasyAbhyupagatatvAd bhAsarvajJena sahAsmAkaM nAsti vipratipattiriti nAtra prapaMcyate / isa prakAra paravartI AcAryoM ne bhUSaNakAra kA paratva - aparatya - sambandhI mata bhI udhRta kiyA hai / nyAyalIlAvatIkAra kahate haiM- 'na ca paratvAparatvasiddhirapi / bahutaratapana parispandAntarita janmatvenaiva tadupapatteH / anyathA madhyatvasyApi svIkAraprasaMgAditi bhUSaNaH / arthAt bha'sarvajJa ne paratva - aparatva ko kramazaH pUrvotpannatva aura pazcAdutpannatvarUpa mAnA hai / isakA khaNDana karate hue nyAyalIlAvatIkAra ne bhUSaNamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai 'yattu bhAsarvajJoyaM mataM 'pUrvotpannatvaM paratva' pazcAdutpannatvamaparatrami'ti tatkagamakSa pakSAkSamAmAtra vijU mbhitam / pUrvapazcAdbhAvasya paratvAparatvAtiriktasya nirvaktumazakyatvAt / arthAt bhAsarvajJa ne paratva - aparatva ko kramazaH pUrvotpannasvarUpa va pazcAdutpannatvarUpa mAnakara paratva - aparatva kA jo nirAkaraNa kiyA hai usase kAmata ke prati asahanazIlatA hI vyakta hotI hai, kyoMki paratyaaparatva se bhinna pUrvotpannatva va pazcAdutpannatva kA koI nirvacana hI saMbhava nahIM hai / ataH prakArAntara se pUrvotpannatva va pazcAdutpannatvarUpa mAnane para bhI paratva - aparatva ko mAnanA hI par3atA hai / bhAsarvajJa ne lakSaNa cihna tathA liMga ko paryAya mAnA hai / isakA khaNDana karate hue udayana ne kahA hai-' yatpunarAha bhUSaNo 'lakSaNaM cihna liMgabhiti paryAyA' iti tadasat vyAvRttau vyavahAre vA sAdhye'nvAyano'navakAzAt / 14 veMkaTanAtha ne tantra muktAkalApa tathA nyAyaparizuddhi meM bhUSaNamata udhRta kiyA hai'nityAyA eva buddheH svayamabhidadhataH kecidadravyabhAvam / sambandhaM dharmato'syAH kRtakamathayan bhUSaNanyAya saktAH // 6 'ata eva hi bhUSaNamate nityasukhasaMvedanasiddhirapavarge sAdhitA / 9 Anandavardhana ne bhagavadgItA kI TIkA meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki bhUSaNamatAnusAra apavargaprApti 1. mAnamanohara, pR. 78-79 2. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 31 3. nyAyalIlAvatI, pR. 50 4. kiraNAvalI, pR. 30 5. tattvamukkA kalApa, pR. 656 6. nyAyaparizuddhi, prathama bhAMga, pR. 17

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paravartI granthakAroM... 239 ke liye tavajJAna aura abhyAsa donoM upAdeya haiM- 'tathA cAkSapAdAnAmapi nyAyabhUSaNe tRtIye paricchede paramAtmatattvajJAnaM ca tadupAsanAMgatvenApavargasAdhanam (3.123 ) ityetad vAkyavicAre tasya paramezvarasyopAsanamArAdhanam -- tasyAMgatvenopAyatvena kenacidupAyena klezAH rAgadveSamohAH kSIyante mahezvaraviSayaM cittaikAyaM ca prApyate / sa upAyaH anuSThIyamAnaH 'tapaH svAdhyAyezvaraprANidhAnAni kriyAyogaH' (yo.su. 2 / 1) / klezananUkaraNArtha H samAdhAbhArthazca ite vicAre karmaNo'Ggitvena jJAsya ca karmAMgatvena spaSTa eva samuccayapakSaH' / Anandavardhana ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki yogiyoM dvArA svIkRta kAyavyUha siddhAnta nyAyabhUSaNakAra ko bhI mAnya thA - ' kamabhogArtha nAnAzarIrastho'hamaka eva nyAyabhUSaNoktayuktyA / " mAnamanoharakAra vAdivAgIzvarAcArya ne bho bhAsavajJapratipAdita mukti kA vaizeSikI mukti se virodha hone ke kAraNa khaNDanArtha bhAsarvajJasammata mokSasvarUpa kA ullekha kiyA hai- 'atra kecit duHkhaparihArArthaM jJAnasukhayoH pUrva viSayaviSayibhAvo'nupapannaH pazcAdutpadyata iti brUyuH / tadasAmpratam, tatsadbhAve pramANAbhAvAta / yasya loke prasiddhiH, tasya prayojakatvamityapa durghaTameva / neha jJAnamasti viSayaviSayibhAvo nAstIti dRSTapUrvam jJAnasya vAkyenotpAdaka sAmagrayA eva vA tadutpAdakatvAt / " bhAsarvajJa kA mata hai ki sukha tathA sukhajJAna kA sambandha saMsAradazA meM duHkharAzi ke pratibandhaka hone se nahIM ho pAtA / jaise, cakSu tathA ghaTa ke hone para bhI bhitti Adi ke vyavadhAna se unakA sambandha nahIM hotA, kintu mokSadazA meM duHkharUpa pratibandhaka kA abhAva ho jAne se sukha tra sukhajJAna kA viSayaviSayibhAva sambandha bana jAtA hai / ataH mokSa meM sukha tathA sukhajJAna upapanna hai / kintu bhAsarvajJa kA yaha kathana saMgata nahIM kyoMka nitya sukha ke hone meM koI pramANa nahIM / nitya sukha jaba loka meM prasiddha nahIM hai, to vaha mokSa kA prayojaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? jJAna ho aura usakA viSaya ke sAtha viSayAvaSayibhAva sambandha na ho, aisA kahIM dekhA nahIM gayA hai, kyoMki jJAna kI utpAdaka sAmagrI ho viSayaviSayibhAva sambandha kI utpAdikA hai / vAdideva sUri ne cakSurindriya dvArA arthaprakAzana ke viSaya meM bhUSaNamata udghRta kiyA hai - ' yattu bhUSaNenAvabhAse kathanamanudbhUtarUpANAmartha prakAzakatvamiti cet, na pradIpaprakAzasaMhitAnAM tadupapatteH / ata eva yeSAmadRSTasAmarthyAdudbhUtarUpA nAyanA razmaya utpannAsteSAM bAhyaprakAzanirapekSA evArtha prakAzayanti / yathA - naktaMcarANAm / tathA ca keSAMcit naktaMcarANAM nAyanA razmayaH pratyakSeNa dRzyante / 1. Nyayabhusana - A Lost Work on Medieval Indian Logic-A. L. Thakur, JBRS, Vol. XLV. p. 99, Footnote No. 71 2. Ibid, Foot note No. 72 3 mAnamanohara, pR. 143-144 4. Thakur, A. L.. Nyayabhusana - A Lost Work on Medieval Indian Logic, JBRS, Vol. XLV, p. 97, Footnote No, 57

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240 nyAyasAra vaizeSikasUtra kI eka ajJAtakartRka vyAkhyA meM bhI bhUSaNamata uddhRta hai| prAbhAkara mImAMsaka tathA bhUSaNakAra guNatva ko sAmAnya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM krte| isIliye usane kahA hai-'prAbhAkaranyAyabhUSaNakArAdInAM guNatvAsiddhastadabhAvasyAprasiddha. tvAt / '1 udayana ne tAtparyaparizuddha meM adhikaraNasiddhAnta ke lakSaNasUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha sUcita kiyA hai ki bhUSaNakAra ne isakI do prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai-' etacca bhUSaNabhRtayo dvidhA vyAcakSAte / kiraNAvalIprakAzakAra ne bhI bhAsarvajJamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai-'lakSaNasya kevala vyatirekitvam viduSA bhUSaNena anyavavyatirekitvamabhyupetvApAditaM dUSaNamupanyasyati / nyAyazAstra ke vibhinna padArthoM para pramukha naiyAyikoM ke mata uddhRta karate hue tAkikarakSAkAra varadarAja ne bhUSaNamata kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| avijJAtArtha nigrahasthAna ke prasaMga meM bhUSaNamata ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai-'pariSadanujJopa. lakSaNaM trirabhidhAnamiti bhUSaNakAraH / ' viparyAsa nAmaka nigrahasthAnasambandhI bhUSaNamata ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai -' bhUSaNakArastu viparyayeNArthapratItisambhavAdapazabdavAnnayamakathAyAmevaitannigrahasthAnamiti manyate sma / ___ udyotakara ne apratibhA nigrahasthAna kA lakSaNa karate hue batalAyA hai-'zlokAdipAThAdibhiravajJAM darzayannottaraM pratipadyate iti tadapratibhAnigrahasthAnaM mUDhatvAt / / bhUSaNakAra ne yaha mAnA hai ki zlokAdipATha karane para arthAntara, apArthakAdi nigrahasthAna kI prasakti ho jAyegI / ataH tUSNobhAva hI apratibhA nigrahasthAna hai| prastuta bhUSaNamata ko uddhRta karate hue tArkikarakSAkAra ne kahA hai-'bhUSaNakArAdayastu zlokAdipAThe arthAntarApArthakAdeprasaMgAt tUSNAbhAvamevApratibhAnigrahasthAnamAhuH / " matAnujJA nigrahasthAna ke viSaya meM bhI bhUSaNamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai-'bhUSaNakAraH punarevaM vyAkhyAtavAn yastu svapakSe doSamanuddhRtya kevalaM parapakSe doSaM prasaMjayati sa tu parApAditadoSAbhyupagamAt paramanujAnAtIti matAnujJayA nigRhyata iti / ' varadarAja ne tAkikarakSAsArasaMgraha meM mAnasollAsa se nimnalikhita zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, 1. vaizeSika darzana (mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1957), pR. 11 2. tAtparyaparizuddhi, 11113. 3. kiraNA valA prakAza, pR. 197 4. tArkikarakSA, pR. 337 5. vahI, pR. 311 6. nyAyavArtika, 5 / 2 / 18 7. tArkikarakSA, pR. 351 8. vahI, pR. 153

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paravartI granthakAroM... 241 jinameM bhAsarvajJa tathA unake matAnuyAyI naiyAyikoM ko 'nyAyaikadezI' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai 'pratyakSamekaM cArvAkAH kaNAdasugatau punaH // 7 // anupAnaM ca taccAtha sAMkhyAH zabdaM ca te api| . nyAyaikadezinopyevamanumAnaM ca kecana // 8 // nyAyaikadezI ke rUpa meM bhAsarvajJa aura unake anuyAyI naiyAyika hI abhipreta haiM, jaisAki tArkikarakSAniSkaNTakA vyAkhyA ke praNetA mallinAtha sUri ke 'nyAyaka. dezino bhUSaNIyAH -" isa kathana se spaSTa hai / jaina dArzanika vAdirAja sUri ne 'nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa' meM aneka sthaloM para bhAsarvajJamata uddhRta kiyA hai| unake dvArA uddhRta sabhI aMza pratyakSa se sambandhita haiN| jJAna anya vastuoM ko prakAzita karatA hai, parantu vaha svaprakAzaka nahIM hotA / jJAna ke svaprakAzakatva ke viSaya meM saMbhAvita AzaMkA kA samAdhAna karate huai bhAsajJa ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra agni svayaM ko nahIM jalAtI, bhinna padArtha ko ja hai, dAtra ( dautarI) svayaM ko nahIM kATatA, apitu svabhinna vastu ko kATatA hai isI prakAra jJAna svayaM ko prakAzita na karane para bhI paraprakAzakara rUpa apane svabhAva se pracyuta nahIM hotA / isa bhAmarvajJamata ko uddhRta karate hue vAdirAja ne kahA hai'yaduktaM bhAsarvajJena-svAtmAvabodhakatvAbhAve kathamasau bodhasvabhAva iti ceta ?... svAtmadAhakatvAbhAve'pi yathA'gnidahanasvabhAvaH, svAtmadArakatvAbhAve'pi yathA dAnAdikaM dAtrAdisvabhAvam / ' jJAna svaprakAzaka na hone para anya vastuoM kA prakAzana nahIM kara sakatA-isa Apatti kA bhAsarvajJa ne samAdhAna kiyA hai ki jJAna dhUmAdi liMga kI taraha apane viSaya ko prakAzita nahIM karatA, jisase ki jJAna ke jJAta na hone para usase viSaya kA jJAna na ho, apitu grAhyatvena usako vyavahArayogya banA detA hai / ataH jJAna ke ajJAta hone se viSaya meM ajAtatApatti doSa nahIM / vAdirAja ne bhAmarvajJa ke isa samAdhAna ko uddhata kiyA hai-'uktaM tenaiva-tadaprasiddhau viSayasyApyaprasiddhariti cet ?...kiM kAraNam ? na hi tadupalambha svaviSayaM liMgavat sAdhayati, yena tadaprasiddhau viSayasyApyaprasiddhiH syAt / kiM tahiM 1 tadgRhIti (?) rUpatayotpAdamAtreNa taM viSayaM vyavahArayogyaM karoti / tadaprasiddhAvapi viSayaH prasiddha evetyucyata iti / bhAsarvajJa kA kathana hai ki jJAna ke utpanna hone para hI vastu kA pratyakSa saMbhava hai, pahile nahIM / vAdirAja sUri ne bhAsarvajJa ke isa kathana ko uddhRta kiyA hai'yata punaratra tasyaiva vacanama-utpAde hi sati pazcAdarthadRSTeH pratyakSatvaM yuktama, na pUrvameva / ' pratipakSa kI aura se yaha Apatti ho sakatI hai ki jJAna ko svaprakAza 1. tAkirakSA, pR. 56 3. nyAyavinizyavivaraNa, prathama bhAga, pR. 215 2. bahI 4. vahI nyAbhA-31 5. vahI

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242 nyAyasAra na mAnane para IzvarajJAna kI vyAkhyA nahIM ho skegii| Izvara eka hai aura usake jJAna ke yAthArya kA avadhAraNa karane vAlA dasarA koI nahIM hai| Izvara ko jJAna ajJAta nahIM raha sakatA / ajJAta rahane para usakI sarvajJatA kA hAna ho jAyegA / isa Apatti se bacane ke liye bhAsarvajJa ne tIna vikalpa diye haiN| vAdirAja sUri ne una tInoM vikalpoM ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai-'bhAsarvajJena pakSatrayamupanyastamanaikAntikatvaparihArArtha paramezvarasya jJAnadvayamabhyupagantavyam / taduvyAtarekeNa vA sarvajJatvam / anityatve sati iti vA hetuvizeSaNaM kartavyam / vAdirAja ne ise yoM bhI kahA hai- artha-jJAnaM tadantaravedyam , anityatve sati vedyatvAt kalazavat / mAhezvare ca jJAne tadviziSTasya hetorabhAvAta / ' naiyAyikoM ke anusAra jJAna sva. prakAza nahIM hai, vaha arthaprakAzana meM sahAyatA karatA hai| yahAM prazna hotA hai ki jaba jJAna svayaM jJAta nahI hai, taba yaha kaise nizcaya kiyA jAya ki isase vyavahAra pravRtta hotA hai / isa zaMkA ke bhAsarvajJokta samAdhAna ko vAdirAja ne uddhRta kiyA hai'yaduktaM bhAsarvajJena tadapravRttI tato'mI vyavahArAH pravRttA iti kuto'vagama iti cetatadvyavahAradarzanAdeva akuraduHkhAdidarzanAd bIjAdharmAdinisrayavat / ' bauddha avayavoM se bhinna avayavI kI sattA nahIM mAnate / vAdideva sUri ne bauddhamata ke upanyAsa rUpa meM dharmakIti ke avaryAvanirAkaraNaparaka 'pANyAdikampe sarvasya kampaprAptevirodhinaH / ekasmin karmaNo'yogAt syAt pRthaksiddhiranyathA / ekasya cAvRttI sarvasyAvRttiH syaadnaavRttau| dRzyeta rakte caikasmin rAgo'raktasya vA'gatiH / / nAstyekaH samudAyo'smAdanekatve'pi pUrvavat / ina zlokoM ko uddhRta kara baudvamata kI sthApanA kara bhAsarvajJa matAnusAra bauddhamata kA nirAkaraNa karate hue usake mata kA ullekha kiyA hai 'bhAsarvajJasya pratyavasthAnam-yat tAvannAstyeko'vayavI, tasya pANyAdikampe sarvakalpaprApte rati, tadayaktama. vyApteraprasiddhatvAta, na hi yasya pANyAdakanpe sarva. kampaprAptistasyAbhAvaH ityevaM vyAptiH kvacita gRhItA / nApi yasya sattvaM tasya na pANyAdikampe sarvakampaprAptirityevaM vyAptiH pareNa dRSTA / na ca dRSTAntAbhAve svapakSasiddhau parapakSAnarAkaraNe vA kvacidratoH sAmarthya dRSTama / ' inase AMtarikta anya dArzanikoM ne bhI bhAsavajJamata ko uddhRta kiyA hai, parantu vistArabhaya se unake udgharaNa yahAM nahIM diye jA rahe haiN| 1. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, prathama bhAga, pR. 222 2. vahI, pR. 221 3. vahI, pR. 227 4. pramANavArtika, kA, 86, 87.48 5. nyAyavinizrayavivaraNa, prathama bhAga, pR. 368

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paravatI' granthakAroM... 243 paravartI darzanavAGmaya para bhAsarvajJa ke prabhAva ke parijJAnArtha ye uddharaNa prabala pramANa haiM / tarkabhASAprakAzikAkAra cinnaMbhaTTa Adi granthakAroM ne katipaya viSayoM ke pratipAdana ke pazcAt bhAsarvajJamata ko pramANatvena upanyasta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki ve granthakAra bhAsarvajJamata se prabhAvita haiM, use mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| jina granthakAroM ne bhAsarvajJamatoM ko kevala uddhRta kiyA hai, usase bhI yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki bhAsarvajJAcArya eka praur3ha dArzanika ke rUpa meM unheM mAnya the / isIliye bhAsarvajJamata para unhoMne gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kiyA aura apane matavAdoM kI surakSArtha naye tarko kI udbhAvanA kii| bhAsarvajJakRta AlocanA se unheM apane pUrvaparIkSita siddhAntoM para punaH anvIkSaNa karane ke liye bAdhya honA pdd'aa|

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upasaMhAra bhAsarvajJa nyAyadarzana kI prAcIna tathA gaMgezopAdhyAya dvArA pravartita navya ina do dhArAoM ke madhyakAla meM hue haiN| navyanyAyadhArA kA bhAsarvajJa ke samaya taka prAdurbhAva nahIM huA thaa| kintu nyAyadarzana kI prAcIna dhArA arthAta prAcIna nyAya kA bhAsarvajJa ke samaya taka paryApta vikAsa ho gayA thaa| nyAyabhASyakAra vAtsyAyana, vArtikakAra udyotakara, tAtparyaTIkAkAra dArzanika-sArvabhauma vAcaspati mizra Adi ne apanI vaiduSyapUrNa va sAragarbhita vivecanAoM se isakA paryApta vikAsa kara diyA thaa| kintu ina vidvAnoM ne nyAyasUtrakAra gautama ke sUtroM kA kama apanAkara tadanusAra hI nyAyadarzana ke padArthoM kA vivecana kiyA. unake vivecana meM na navIna krama apanAyA aura na unake svarUpa para paramparA se haTakara svatantra samIkSaNa kiyA / arthAt nyAyasUtrakAra gautama ne pramANaprameyAdi padArthoM kA jo svarUpa batalAyA thA, usI kA vyAkhyAna dvArA vizleSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isakA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki vArtikakAra tathA tAtparya-TIkAkAra byAkhyAkAra hone ke nAte nyAyabhASya se ba~dhe hue the, ataH ve padArtho ke vivecana meM vaijJAnika abhinava krama nahIM apanA sakate the aura na padArthoM para svatantratayA UhApohAtmaka vicAra hI kara sakate the| ve itanA hI kara sakate the ki bhASyakArIya sUtravyAkhyAna meM sUtrArtha kA spaSTIkaraNa nahIM huA yA kahIM apavyAkhyAna pratIta huA to usakA saMzodhana ve apane vyAkhyAna meM prastuta kara deM / yadyapi bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavartI nyAyamaMjarIkAra jayanta bhaTTa ne gautamasUtroM kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhI kevala sUtroM kI vyAkhyA prastuta na kara svatantra UhApoha bhI kiyA, para pUrNatayA nhiiN| isI prakAra samAnatantra vaizeSika darzana ke Avazyaka tattvoM kA svIkAra karanA to 'paramatapratiSiddhamanumataM bhavati' isa nyAya ke anusAra Avazyaka thA, kyoMki unakA nirUpaNa nyAyadarzana meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai, tathA pa nyAyadarzana para vaizeSikazAstra kA itanA prabhAva chA gayA thA ki vaizeSika darzana ke katipaya tattvoM kA grahaNa unake aucityAnaucisya para kucha bhI vicAra na kara anAvazyaka va asaMgata hote hue andhAnukaraNa ke rUpa meM kiyA / bhAsarvajJa ne sarvaprathama nyAyadarzana ke padArtho ke vivecana meM sUtrakrama se bhinna vaijJAnika krama apanAgA, una tattvoM ke svarUpa para svatantra buddhi se vicAra kiyA tathA AvazyakatAnusAra unake svarUpa meM parivartana bhii| Uha tathA anadhyavasAya kA saMzaya meM antarbhAtra, pratyakSa lakSaNa meM parivartana, samavAya kA yauktika pratyakSatA kA pratipAdana, anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kA svIkAra, upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa Adi isake spaSTa nidarzana haiN| isa prakAra vaizeSika darzana ke anucita prabhAva se nyAyadarzana ko mukta bhI kiyA /

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upasaMhAra 245 Ananda saMktisahita duHkhAtyantanivRttirUpa mokSa kA svarUpa-pratipAdana, karma kA guNAntarbhAva, dik tathA kAla ke pRthak dravyatva kA asvIkAra, aparatva, saMkhyA, vega ina guNoM kA asvIkAra, sneha ko ghRtAdi pRthivI kA guNa mAnanA Adi isake udAharaNa haiM / nyAyadarzana para diGnAga, dharmakIrti Adi bauddhoM ke prahAroM kA prabala tarko se nirAkaraNa bho bhAsarvajJa ne kiyaa| isa prakAra nyAyadarzana ke zuddha svarUpa ko unhoMne pratiSThita kiyA / prakRta zodhaprabandha meM prasaMgataH bhAsarvajJa kI ina sabhI vizeSatAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa upasaMhAra meM unhIM vizeSatAoM kA saMkSepa se digdarzana kara isa zodhaprabandha ke niSkarSa tathA upayogitA ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai pramANasAmAnyalakSaNanirUpaNAtmaka dvitIya vimarza meM vaizeSikoM dvArA pRthaktayA avidyAbhedatvena svIkRta Uha tathA anadhyavasAya kA anavadhAraNAtmaka jJAna hone se saMzaya meM antarbhAva batalAyA hai| tarkAparaparyAyatvena Uha ko neyArikoM ne bhI apramA ke saMzaya va viparyaya bhedoM se bhinna mAnA hai, kintu bhAsarvajJa ne usako saMzaya meM antarbhAvita kara svatantra vicAraka hone kA paricaya diyA hai| isI vimarza meM pramANoM ke samplava va vyavasthA donoM kA sodAharaNa pratipAdana karate hue ekAntataH vyavasthitapramANavAdI bauddhoM ke mata kA sayuktaka nirAkaraNa kiyA hai aura pramANoM kI saMkhyA kA nirdhAraNa karate hue pramANoM kI iyattA na mAnane vAle cArvAkasUtroM ke vyAkhyAkAra udbhaTa ke mata kA bhI sapramANa pratyAkhyAna kiyA hai| jJa ne saMzaya narUpaNaparaka 'samAnadhamo...' isa sUtra ko bhASyakAra va vAtikakArasammata vyAkhyA meM parivartana kara upalabdhi tathA anupalabdhi kI AvRtti mAnakara unako saMzayavizeSa kA kAraNa mAnA aura upalabdhi tatho anupalabdhi kI avyavasthA ko saMzaya kA sAdhAraNa kAraNa mAnakara pAMcoM prakAra ke saMzaya ke lakSaNa meM unakA samAveza kara apanI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| vaizeSikasammata svapnajJAna kA bhI viparyaya, saMzaya, smRti tathA samIcIna jJAna meM antarbhAva kara pRthaktva nirAkRta kiyA hai| svapnajJAna kA uparyuka cAroM meM . antarbhAva isaliye kiyA hai ki koI svapnajJAna viparyayAtmaka, koI saMzayAtmaka, koI smaraNAtmaka tathA koI anubhavAtmaka hotA hai / ataH svapnajJAna jisa prakAra hai, usakA usI meM antarbhAva kiyA hai| isI vimarza meM bhAsajJapratipAdita vibhinna dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta akhyAti, asakhyAti Adi aSTavidha khyAtiyoM ke svarUpa kA bhI spaSTa vizleSaNa hai| yadyapi ye aSTavidha khyAtiyA~ vibhinna dAzanikoM dvArA apane apane zAstroM meM pratipAdita thI, kintu bhAsarvajJa se pUrva vAcaspati Adi ne prAyaH paMcavidha khyAtiyoM kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA hai, sabakA nahIM / bhAsarbajJa ne hI apane nyoyabhUSaNa prantha meM sarvaprathama saba khyAtiyoM kA spaSTa vivecana kiyA hai| 'pratyakSa pramANa' nAmaka tRtIya vimarza meM bhI bhAsarvajJa dvArA ubhAvita kitanI hI vizeSatAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jaise, sUtrakArakRta 'indriyArtha

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246 sannikarSotpannamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam isa paramparAprApta pratyakSa lakSaNa kA nirAkaraNa kara 'aparokSatvajAtimatvam pratyakSatvam ' isa lakSaNa kA svIkAra, 2 vArtika karamata kA pratyAkhyAna kara jJAnagata parokSatva va aparokSatva jAti kI sthApanA, vaizeSikasammata ArSa pratyakSa kA prakRSTadharmajatvarUpa sAdharmya ke kAraNa yogipratyakSa meM antarbhAva, samavAya ke paramparAprApta vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva sambandha se indriyajanya pratyakSatva kA nirAkaraNa va usake yauktika pratyakSa kI sthApanA ", nAma jAtyAdi -- da-- sambandha ke grAhaka savikalpaka pratyakSatva - pratipAdana karate hue bhI nAmajAtyAda ke sambandha ke indriyagrAhya na hone se usakA atIndriyatvapratipAdana / isake atirikta nitya AtmA, AkAza Adi tathA anitya ghaTapaTAdi padArtho meM lanugata saMyoga ko paribhASA kA vivecana, aja saMyoga ke viSaya meM bhAsarvajJa se pUrvatra naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA kA anusandhAna, zabda kA dravyatvanirAkaraNa, pratyakSa zabda ke vyutpattiviSayaka bauddhamata kA nirAkaraNa kara pratyakSa zabda ke vyutpattyartha kA pratipAdana Adi kA bhI isa vimarza meM samAveza kiyA gayA hai / " 6 anumAna pramANa nAmaka caturtha vimarza meM atha tatpUrvakamanumAnam, ityAdi sUtra meM bhASyakAra, vArtikakAra, jayanta bhaTTAdi dvArA pratipAdita 'tatpUrvaka manumAnam' isa anumAna - lakSaNa kA nirAkaraNa kara sUtra meM anumAnam' pada hI anumIyate'neneti' vyutpatti dvArA ' anumitisAdhanamanumAnam' isa anumAnalakSaNa kA pratipAdaka hai, isa bhAsarvajJa mata kA pratipAdana kara bhAsarvajJasammata 'samyagavinA bhAvena parokSAnubhavasAdhanamanumAnam 7 isa lakSaNa kA vivecana, vyAptisvarUpa, vyAptigrAhaka bhUyodarzana kA svarUpa, anumAna ke dRSTa, sAmAnyatodRSTa tathA kevalAnvayI, kevalavyatirekI, anvayavyatirekI bheda, parArthAnumAna ke pratijJAdi pAMca avayava, dRSTAntAbhAsa tathA anadhyavasitasahita asiddhAdi 6 hetvAbhAsoM kA spaSTa vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa vimarza meM hI anumAnalakSaNa, vyAptigrAhaka bhUyo darzana, SaSTha adhyavasita hetvAbhAsa, viruddhAvyabhicArI hetvAbhAsa Adi ke vivecana meM bhAsajJa kI vizeSatAoM kA digdarzana hai / d 1. nyAyasUtra 1 / 114 2. vraSTavya - zodhaprabandha, pR. 74-75 "1 3. vahI, pR. 73-74 4. vahI, pR. 101, 102, 103 " 'kathA nirUpaNa tathA chala-jAti - niprahasthAnanirUpaNa' nAmaka paMcama vimarza meM vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA kathAoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki bhAsarvajJa ne paramparA kA parityAga kara sa pratipakSasthApanAhIno vitaNDA isa nyAyasUtra meM 'saH' pada se vAda aura jalpa kA grahaNa kara vitaNDA kathA ke vItarAgavitaNDA tathA vijigISuH vitaNDA bheda se do bhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isI prakAra vAdakathArUpa vItarAga kathA ke bhI saratipakSa, apratipakSa bheda se do bheda batalAye haiM aura ina do hai ma nyAsAra 6 5. vahI, pR. 95-98 6 nyAyasUtra 1 / 115 7. nyAyasAra, pR. 5

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upasaMhAra 247 bhedoM meM svakapolakalpitattA kA nirAkaraNa karate hue pramANa rUpa meM 'pratipakSahInamapi vA prayojanArthamarthitve " isa nyAyasUtra ko uddhRta kiyA hai / jAtinirUpaNa meM 'sAdharmya kAryasamA iti' isa nyAyasUtra meM pratipAdita 24 jAtibhedoM meM prasagasama, pratidRSTAntasama, saMzayasama, prakaraNasama, arthApattisama, upapattisama, anityasama, kAyasama, ina ATha jAti-bhedoM kA nyAyasAra meM nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA, kyoMki unakI sAdharmyasamAdi ke sAtha samAnatA hai tathA sabhI jAtibhedoM kA nirUpaNa yahAM abhISTa nahIM hai / sUtrakAra ne digdarzanamAtra ke liye sUtra meM 24 bhedoM kA parigaNana kiyA hai, sabakA nahIM / aura bhI ananyasama, sampatipattisama, vyavasthAsama Adi jAtiyAM vidyamAna haiM jinakA sUtra meM parigaNana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, na unakA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai aura na usakA nirAkaraNa hI kiyA gayA hai / nigrahasthAnoM ke bhI asaMkhyAta hone se sUtrakAra ne sUtroM meM tathA bhAsarvajJa ne apane nyAyasAra meM pratijJAhIna Adi 22 nigrahasthAnoM kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA hai / isake atirikta asiddha, viruddha Adi hetvAbhAsoM kA hetvAbhAsaprakaraNa meM pratipAdana kara hI diyA gayA hai / inake nirUpaNa meM dharmakIrti kI AzaMkAoM ke nirAkaraNa ko chor3akara aura kisI vizeSatA kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai / 6 ' AgamapramANanirUpaNa' nAmaka SaSTha vimarza meM sapadakRtya AgamapramANa ke lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa, dRSTArtha - adRSTArtha bheda se Agama kA dvaividhya, vedoM ke prAmANya meM mImAMsakAbhimata apauruSeyatva kI kAraNatA kA nirAkaraNa kara IzvarapraNItatva kI kAraNatA kA nirUpaNa, varNanityatA kA nirAkaraNa, arthApatti, abhAva, sambhava, aitihya va upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa Adi viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / isa vimarza meM bhI zabdajJAna tathA jJAyamAna zabda donoM kA zAbda pramA kA karaNa mAnanA, upamAna ke pRthak prAmANya kA nirAkaraNa, upamAna ke pRthak pramANa na hone para bhI upamAna - lakSaNa kA sUtrakAra dvArA nirUpaNa zabdaprAmANya kI siddhi ke liye hai. isa tathya kA pratipAdana, upamAna pramANa ke uddeza, lakSaNa tathA parIkSAviSayaka sUtroM kA apane pakSa meM yojana Adi bhAsarvajJa kI vizeSatAeM ullekhanIya haiM / isa vimarza ke anta meM upamAna pramANa kA nirAkaraNa sUtrasaMgata nahIM hai, isakA pradarzanakara bhAsarvajJamata kI sapramANa samIkSA bhI kI gayI hai / 2 ' prameyanirUpaNa ' nAmaka saptama vimarza meM saMkSepa meM prameyavizeSa kA lakSaNa, zarIra, indriya, artha Adi dvAdaza prameyoM kA saMkSepa se nirUpaNa, apavargopayogitvena dvAdaza prameyoM kA heya, heyahetu, hAna tathA hAnopAya ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjana, Atmasiddhi, zarIra, indriya Adi kA AtmatvanirAkaraNa, Atmavibhutva, Atmanityatva kA pratipAdana, paralokopayogitvena aparAtmA kA svIkAra tathA klezanivRtti dvArA aparAtmA kI mokSAMgatA kA pratipAdana, paramAtmA ke astitva meM pramANa tathA upAsanAMgatvena usakI mokSopayogitA kA pratipAdana hai / 1. nyAyasUtra 4 / 2 / 49 1. draSTavya - prastuta zodhaprabandha, pR. 268

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248 nyAyasAra yaha bhI nyAyasAra meM prameyavizeSa AtmendriyAdi kA yogadarzanarIti se heya, heyahetu, hAna, hAnopAya bheda se cAtuvidhyavibhAga tathA yogadarzana aura bauddhadazana se bhinna unake svarUpa kA pratipAdana, aparAtmA, paramAtmA donoM ko apavargAGgatA kA pratipAdana, apavargaprApti ke liye yogadarzanokta yamAnayamAdi aSTAMgoM kA upAya rUpa se pratipAdana tathA paramAtmA kA zaiva pratyAbhajJAdarzanAnukUla svarUpanirUpaNa bhAsarvajJa kI vizeSatAe~ haiN| 'apavaga narUpaNa' nAmaka aSTama vimarza meM apavarga kA svarUpapratipAdana bhAsarvajJa kA sarvotkRSTa vizeSatA hai| prAcIna samaya meM nyAyadarzana AnandasaMvitaviziSTa duHkhAtyantAbhAvarUpa mukti kA mAnane vAlA thA, na ki kevala duHkhAtyantAbhAvarUpa mukti ko, jai lAki upalabhyamAna nimna uktiyoM se siddha hai "duHkhahAnAya no yuktA sukhaduHkhAtmakaM param / na hi kazcit padArthajJo mohAsaddhau pravartate / / varaM vRndAvane'raNye zugAlatvaM vRNomyaham / na tu niviSayaM mokSaM gautamo gantumicchati / atyantanAze guNasaMgateryA sthiti bhAvet kaNabhakSapakSe / muktistvadIye caraNAkSapakSe sAnandasaMvitsahitA vimuktiH // " kintu uttarakAla meM vaizeSikazAstra ke vardhamAna prabhAva ke kAraNa jaise anya nyAyadarzanAbhimata tattvoM kA samAveza nyAyadarzana meM ho gayA, usI prakAra Ananda. saMvit kA pAratyAga kara kevala duHkhAtyantIbhAvarUpa mukti kA hI pratipAdana kiyA / kintu bhAsarvajJa ne sarvaprathama yaha duHkhAtyantAbhAvarUpa mukti nyAyadarzana ko abhimata hai, isakA khaNDana kara AnandasaMvitsahita duHkhAtyantAbhAva hI mukti hai, isa prAcIna gautamasamata siddhAnta kA punarujjIvana va pratiSThApana kiyA / isa zodhaprabandha meM yaha batalAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki sUtrakAra ne vaizeSikadarzana kI taraha kahIM bhI mukti meM sakalAtmavizeSaguNoccheda kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA, kintu 'bAdhanAlakSaNaM duHkham 1 isa sUtra ke dvArA duHkha kA svarUpa batalAkara * tadatyantabimokSo'pavarga 3 isa sUtra ke dvArA usake atyantAbhAva ko apavarga batalAyA hai, kyoMki samyag jJAna ke dvArA 'duHkhajanmapravRttidoSamithyAjJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tdnntraapaayaadpvryH| isa sUtra meM prAtapAdita mithyAjJAnAdi ke apAya ke dvArA duHkha kA hI Atyantika uccheda hotA hai, Ananda kI prApti usase nahIM hotii| Ananda svataHsiddha hai, jo ki duHkhAdirUpa pratibandhaka ke dvArA saMsAradazA meM abhivyakta nahIM rahA hai, kintu samyagjJAna dvArA mithyAjJAnanivRttikama se duHkharUpa pratibandhaka kA nAza hone para usakI abhivyakti muktidazA meM ho jAtI hai| muktidazA meM svataH siddha Ananda kI hI abhivyakta hone se usakI prApti sUtra meM nirdiSTa nahIM hai| 1. nyAyasutra, 111121 1. nyAyamaca, 11122 2. 11112

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upasaMhAra 249 'paravatI pranthakAroM para bhAsarvajJa kA prabhAva ' nAmaka navama tathA antima vimarza meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki uttaravatI dArzanikoM ne bhAsarvajJa ke vaiduSya tathA nyAyadarzana kI svatantra samIkSApaddhati se prabhAvita hokara apane granthoM meM apane siddhAntoM ke samarthanArtha yA bhAsarvajJa ke siddhAntoM ke pratyAkhyAnArtha tatpratipAdita sAmagrI ko pracuramAtrA meM uddhRta kiyA hai / una vidvAnoM meM nyAya, vaizeSika tathA bauddha darzana sabhI ke vidvAn haiN| isase bhAsarvajJa kA prabhAvAtizaya spaSTa pratAta hotA hai / cAhe khaNDanArtha hI ullekha kiyA ho, to bhI ve usakI upekSA na kara ske| upalabdhi isa zodhaprabandha kI prathama upalabdhi yaha hai ki nyAyasAra ke samAsataH sabhI viSayoM kA vivecanapUrvaka samyak upasthApana hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhAsarvajJa ke pUrvavatA' bhASyakAra, vAtikakAra, jayanta bhaTTa ke tathA samAnatantrIya vaizeSika vidvAn prazastapAdAdi va bauddha dArzanikoM ke ttt|vssysmbndhii vicAra kA prastavana dvitIya upalabdhi hai| kitane hI sthaloM meM bhUSaNasambandhI samIkSA kA bhI ullekha tathA spaSTIkaraNa isakI tRtIya upalabdhi hai| isake atirikta kahIM-kahIM bhAsarvajJamata kI AlocanA jaise, anadhyavasita hetvAbhAsa kI pRthakatA kA nirAkaraNa, upamAnapramANAntarbhAva kI sUtrArakAnabhimatatA tathA AnandasaMvitasahita duHkhAtyantanivRttirUpa bhAsarvajJasammata mukti nyAyadarzana se viparIta hai isakA pratipAdana isa zodhaprabandha kI caturtha upalabdhi hai| nyAyadarzana kI abhinava zailI se svatantra vivecanA prastuta karane vAle isa grantha para, jahAM taka ki mujhe vidita hai, kisI ne bho samIkSAtmaka adhyayana prastuta vyA hai| ataH yaha zodhaprabandha isa viSaya para bhaviSya meM samIkSAtmaka apyayana karane bAloM ke liye kisI na kisI rUpa meM upayogI ho sakegA, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| iti zama bhAnyA-32

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sahAyaka grantha-sUci lekhaka-nAma. pustaka-nAma prakAzama-saMsthA cAya 1 advaitabrahmasiddhi sadAnanda-yati....... parimala pablikezans , dilhI, ahamadAbAda, sana 1981. 1a amarakoza amarasiMha zrI veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, san 1930. 2 arthasaGgraha laugAkSi bhAskara sAhitya-bhaNDAra, meraTha, san 2028. 3 IzAdidazopaniSatsaMgraha nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, bambaI, san 1932. (zvetAzvataropaniSada sahita) 1 IzAdiviMzottarazatopaniSad nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, bambaI, san 1948. 5 kAtyAyanavArtika : kAtyAyana nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, bambaI. 6 kiraNAvalI udayanAcArya gAyakavAda oriyaNTala sIrIja, baDaudA, san 1971. 7 kiraNAvalI udayanAcArya eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, san 191 1. (kiraNAvalIprakAzasahita) 7a ko lopaniSad . tAntrika TeksTsa , kalakattA. 8 khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya zrI harSa caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1970 9 gaNakArikA bhAsarvajJa gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja, baDaudA, (ratnaTIkA sahita) san 1966, 10 gAdAdharI gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1922 11 jaiminisUtra maharSi jaimini AbhandAzrama saMskRta granthAvali, pUnA, sana 1892. 12 jJAnazrInibandhAvali jJAnazrImitra kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, risarca insTITayuTa, paTanA, san 1959. 13 tatvacintAmaNi gaMgezopAdhyAya kendrIya saMskRta-vidyApITha, tirupati, san 1973 13a tatvacintAmaNi gaMgezopAdhyAya eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA. 14 tatvapradIpikA citsukhAcArya SaDdarzana-prakAzana-pratiSThAna, udAsIna saMskRta citsukhI) vidyAlaya, vArANasI, san 1956. 15 tattvamukkAkalApa veGkaTanAtha dezika meDikala hAla, vArANasI, 1900,

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sahAyaka grentha sUci 251 lekhaka-nAma pustaka-nAma prakAzana-saMsthA 16 tatvasaMgraha zAntarakSita bauddha bhAratI granthamAlA, vArANasI, san 1968. 17 takabhASA kezava mitha motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dilhI, san 1968. sampAdaka pro. badarInAtha zukla 18 tarkabhASA kezava mizra kAzI saMskRta granthamAlA, vArANasI, sana 1963. sampA. AcArya vizvezvara 19 tarkabhASA kezava mizra sara parazurAmabhAu kAleja, pUnA, san 1934. (saM. gajendragaDakara aura karamarakara) 20 tarkabhASA kezava mizra bAmbe saMskRta khaNDa prAkRta sIrIja naM. Lxxxv tarkabhASA-prakAzikA san 1937. sahita) tarkasaMgraha abhaTTa meharacandra lakSmaNadAsa, dillI, sam 1924. 22 tarkAmRta jagadIza tarkAlaGkAra gujarAtI nyUja mudraNayantrAlaya, bambaI, san 1925 23 tArkikarakSA varadarAja meDikala hAla, vArANasI, san 19.3, 24 dravyasaMgraha AcArya nemicandra zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, san 1166. 25 dharmottarapradIpa duveka mizra kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla risarca insTITayUTa, paTanA, (nyAyavindu tathA saM.-paNDita dalasukha. san 1971. nyAyabinduTIkAsahita) bhAI mAlavaNiyA 26 naiSadhIyacarita zrIharSa caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI san 1567. 27 nyAyakandalI zrIdharAcArya vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, san 1963. 28 nyAyakusumAJjali udayanAcArya / caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1957. nyAyakoza bhImAcArya pUnA, 1928. nyAyadarzana caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1970. 31 nyAyadarzana (prathama bhAga) mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, san 1967. (nyAyacaturgranthikA-samalaGkRta) .32 nyAyadarzana caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1925. (khadyota, bhASyacandra sahita) 33 nyAyadarzana (2 bhAga) kalikAtA saMskRta granthamAlA, kalakalA, san 1944

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252 nyAyasAra lekhaka-nAma pustaka-nAma prakAzana-saMsthA 34 nyAyaparicaya ma.ma.phaNibhUSaNa caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, san 1968. tarkavAgIza / hindI rUpAntarakAra-Do. kizoranAtha jhA 35 nyAyaparizuddhi veGkaTanAtha dezika caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1918. (prathama bhAga) 36 nyAyapraveza (bhAga 1, diGnAga gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja, baDoDA, san 1968 37 nyAyabindu- dharmakIrti nUtana saMskRta sIrIja, akolA, san 1952. (dharmottarapraNIta nyAya. binduTIkA sahita) 18 nyAyabhUSaNa bhAsarvajJa SaDdarzana-prakAzana-pratiSThAna, udAsIna saMskRta (se. svAmI vidyAlaya, vArANasI, san 1968. yogIndrAnanda) 39 nyAyamaJjarI jayanta maTTa caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1968. 39a nyAyama jarI cakradhara lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, granthimA ahamadAbAda, 1972. 4. nyAyaratnAtimAlikA nRsiMhayajvan madrAsa gavarnameNTa oriyaNTala sIrIz2a, madrAsa, san 1953. 51 nyAyalIlAvatI zrIvallabhAcArya nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, bambaI, san 1923. 12 nyAyavArtika uddyotakara caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1916. 43 nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA vAcaspati mizra caukhamvA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI san 1925. 5. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa vAdirAja sUri bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, san 1954. (do bhAga) 45 nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa nirNayasAgara mudraNayantrAlaya, bambaI, zaka saMvat 1832 (saM. vI.pI.vaidya) 46 nyAyasAra (nyAyasAra. bhAsarvajJa oriyaNTala buka saplAi ga ejansI, pUnA, padapachicakA sahita) (saM. pro. devadhara) san 1922. 57 nyAyasAra (nyAyasAra. bhAsarvajJa trivendram saMskRta sIrIja, naM. Cix, sana 193.. padapamcikAsahita) (saM. sAmbaziva zAstrI)

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sahAyaka prantha-sUci 253 lekhaka-nAma pustaka-nAma prakAzana saMsthA 48 nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa eziyATika sosAiTI kalakattA, san 1910. (nyAyatAtparya dISikA (saM. pro. vidyAbhUSaNa) nyAyasAra bhAsarvajJa madrAsa gavarnamenTa oriyaNTala sIrIja, madrAsa, (nyAyamuktAvalI tathA san 1969. nyAyakalAnidhi sahita 50 nyAyasAravicAra zrI raNavIra kendrIya saMskRta-vidyApITha, jamm , san 1976. 51 nyAyasiddhAnta vizvanAtha paMcAnana caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, san 1972. muktAvalI prakaraNapacikA zAlikanAtha caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1903. 53 pramANamImAMsA hemacandra tArA pablikezansa, vArANasI, san 1970. (svopajJavRttisahita) 54 pramANavArtika dharmakIti bauddha bhAratI granthamAlA, vArANasI, san 1968. 55 pramANavArtikAlaGkAra prajJAkara gupta ke. pI. jAyasavAla risarca insTITyUTa, paTanA, (saM. paNDita san 1953. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA) 56 pramANasamuccaya diGnAma maisura yunivarsiTI, san 1930. 56a prameyakamalamArtaNDa prabhAcandra nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, sana 1941. (parIkSAmukhasUtraTIkA) (saM. paM. mahendra. kumAra zAstrI) 57 prazastapAdabhAdhya prazastapAda caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1966. 58 prazastapAdabhASya prazastapAda caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, san 1924. (sUki Adi TIkA sahita) 59 pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI zrI rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa granthamAlA. saM. 23, sUtrapATha amRtasara, san 1957. 60 pAtajala yogadarsana zrI madanalAla lakSmInivAsa caNDaka, ajamera, san 1961. 61 bRhadAraNyakopaniSada- surezvarAcArya AnandAzrama manthAvalI, pUnA, san 1894. bhAdhyavAtika

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254 nyAyasAra lecaka-nAma pustaka-nAma prakAzana saMsthA 62 brahmasUtrazAGkarabhASya . govindamaTha, vArANasI, vi. saM. 2028. 63 brahmasiddhi maNDana mizra madrAsa gavarnamenTa oriyaNTala menyuskripTa sIrIja naM. 4, sana 1937. 64 bhAratI saM. sUryanArAyaNa thiyosophikala pabliziMga hAusa, aDyAra, san zAstrI aura 1933. kunhana rAjA 65 bhAratIya darzana baladeva upAdhyAya zAradA mandira, vArANasI, sana 1966 66 bhAratIya darzana pro. harimohana pustakabhaNDAra, paTanA, san 1964. paricaya (prathama jhA aura dvitIya khaNDa) 67 bhAratIya darzana meM DaoN. brajanArAyaNa madhyapradeza hindI grantha akAdamI, bhopAla, anumAna zarmA san 1973. 68 bhAratIya darzanazAstra pro. dharmendranAtha motIlAla banArasIdAsa, san 1953. nyAyavaizeSika zAstrI 69 bhAvanAvivekaTIkA bhaTTa umbeka sarasvatI bhavana TeksdasU, vArANasI, san 1922. (prathama bhAga) manusmRti zrI veGkaTezvara presa, bambaI, saMvat 1967. mahAbhArata zrI veTezvara presa, bambaI. 72 mAdhyamikakArikA nAgArjuna ke. ela. mukhopAdhyAya, kalakattA, sana 1962 mAnamanohara vAdivAgIzvara SaDdarzana-prakAzana-pratiSThAna, vArANasI, sana 1973. 71 mAnameyodaya nArAyaNa bhaTTa SaDdarzana-prakAzana-pratiSThAna, vArANasI, sana 1978. mImAMsAdarzana . caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1910. (zAbarabhASyasahita) 76 mImAMsAzloka-- kumArila caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1890. vAtika ratnakItinibandhAvali ratnakIti' ... ke. pI. jAyasavAla risarca : insTITyUTa, paTanA, san 1975. 78 rasagaMgAdhara . paNDitarAja nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, sana 1916... jagannAtha . 79 rasasAra bhaTTa vAdIndra sarasvatI bhavana TeksTsa , vArANasI, sana 1922. 80 lakSaNAbalI udayanAcArya nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, vi. saM. 1955.

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sahAyaka grantha-sUSi ..... lekhaka-nAma pustaka-nAma prakAzana saMsthA 81 vAkyapadIya bhata hari caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1937 .. 02 vaizeSika-darzana caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, sana 1966. 83 vaizeSika-darzana mithilA vidyApITha, dara maMgA, sana 1957... (ajJAtakatR'kavyAkhyA saMvalita) 831 vaizeSikasUtroskAra - zaMkara mizra cokhambA, vArANasI.zaMkaradigvijaya vidyAraNya AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvalI, pUnA, sana 1915. 85 lokavArtika-vyAkhyA bhaTTa umbeka madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya, (tAtparyaTIkA) sana 1971. 86 SaDdarzanasamuccaya maladhArI rAjazekhara yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, banArasa. 87 SaDdarzanasamuccayavRtti guNaratna eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, sana 1905. 88 saptapadArthI zivAditya ela. DI. insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda, sana 1963. 89 sarvadarzanasaMgraha mAdhavAcArya AnandAzrama granthAvalI, pUnA, sana 1966. 9. syAvAdamanjarI malliSeNasUri bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA, . sana 1933. .91 sAMkhyakArikA IzvarakRSNa nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI... -(sAMkhyatatvakaumudI sahita) . sana 1990 ENGLISH BOOKS and ARTICLES 2. 1. Bhattacharya. D. C. : History of Navya-Nyaya in Mithila, Mithila Research Institute, Darbhanga, 1958. Chattopadhyay, D. P., : Nyaya Philosophy (5 parts), . Gangopadhyaya, M. K. Indian Studies, Past & Present, Calcutta. 3. Dasgupta, S. N. A History of Indian Philosophy (Vols. I-II). The Cambridge University Press, 1969. 4. Gaur. J. P. : History of Indian Epistemology, Minshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1956. 5. Kaviraj, Gopinath : Gleanings from the History and Bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika Literature, Indian Studies, Past & Present, Calcatta, 1961.

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nyAyasAra 6. Potter, Karl H. 7. Radhakrishnan, s. 8. Sanghavi, Sukhlal 9. Satkari, Mookerjee 10. Seal, B. N. 11. Shastri, D. N. 12. Thakur, A. L. : The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. II, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1977. : Indian Philosophy (Vol 1 & II), George Allen & Udwin, London. : Advanced Studies in Indian Logic & Metaphysics, Indian Studies, Past & Present, Calcutta, 196). : The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux, Motilal Banarasidass. Delhi, 1975. : The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus, Motilal Banarasidass, Varanasi, 1958. Critique of Indian Realism, Bhartiya Vidya Prakashan, Delhi, 1976. ; Nyayabhusana - A lost work on Medieval Indian Logic, Article in the Journal of the Bihar Research Society. Volume XLV, January-December, 1959. : Peep in the less-known Nyaya Authors and Works, Article in A. D. Pusalker Commemoration, Volume, 1975. : Uddyotakar as a Vai esika, Paper pub. in Proceedings and Transactions of AJ.O.C.. Fifteenth Session, 1949. Porception in Nyaya Philosophy, Bharat Manisha Quarterly, Vol. I, 1975. Visvarapa the Naiyayika. The Journal of Oriental Research, Vol. XXVIII, 1958-59, Madras. : A History of Indian Logic, Motilal Banarasidass, Varanasi, 1971, 13. -- 14. Thakur, A. L. -- 17. Vidyabhusana, S. C.

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zuddhipatraka pannA azuddha kala kAla A: bhAsarvajJanane ataH mAsarvajJane gaNakArikA nyAyavArtika gaNakArika nyAMyavArtika prabhANam sayojana 0 pramANam 0 saMyojana asAdhANa asAdhAraNa viddha anupalanimAtra viruddha anupalabdhimAtra eka A dukhajanma duHkhajanma N sabhIcIna ___E kiya samIcIna kiyA nahIM nahA~ ityAyAraka ANA pramANasamucya savika paka za dArtha tAda tmya atirikti ityAkAraka pramANasamuccaya savikalpaka zabdArtha tAdAtmya atirikta dRSTa kAlAnvayI brAhmaNatva vizva sAmAnyavatve vr kevalAmvayA brAhmaNatva zvi 108 sAmAnyaktave

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[2] pannA paMkti azuddha zuddha 113 15 117 pakSatrayaikadevRtti kSavipakSa vinAma zaMGkA pakSatrayakadezatti pakSannipakSa diGanAga 126 127 198 zaGkA 130 pariSkAra dhatopadarzana pariSkAra dharma topadarzana 150 -papannachala 167 170 174 181 192 2.2 -pannazyacha nigRhagIyAta kAtyAsiddha dharmApapattaravi pra SedhAbhAvaH thite cakSurindraya kayoMka dasare nigRhaNIyAt traikAlyAsideH dharmopapattarabi pratiSevAbhAvaH sthite cakSurindriya kayoMki Mu09 9 dUsare 0 ki 0 0 0 233 samapravartate pakSa saddhAvapi baizepika cAtipragaH pacIsavAM kA dhamo kI sapravartate pakSasiddhAvapi vaizeSika cAtiprasaMga: pacIsavAM kI dharmoM kI 237

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