Gnatadharm Kathang Ka Sanskritik Adhyayan

Author(s): Shashikala Chhajed
Publisher: Agam Ahimsa Samta evam Prakrit Samsthan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023141/1

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bhI jagaha Agama saMsthAna graMthamAlA : 34 rAma camaka rahe bhAnu samAnI samiyAe dhamme AriehiM pavvaiye jJAtAdharmakathAMga sAMskRtika adhyayana DaoN. zazikalA chAjer3a (vartamAna meM sAdhvI zrI praNataprajJAzrIjI ma.sA.) savvatthesu samaM care savvaM jagaM tu samayANupehI piyamappiyaM kassa vi no karejjA sammattadaMsI na karei pAvaM sammatta dihi sayA amUDhe samiyAe muni hoi Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura: zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha -

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Agama saMsthAna graMthamAlA : 34 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana DaoN.zazikalA chaajedd'| (vartamAna meM sAdhvI zrI praNataprajJAzrIjI ma.sA.) sthAna, WWM Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha

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pustaka : jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana lekhaka : DaoN.zazikalA chAjer3a (vartamAna meM sAdhvI zrI praNataprajJAzrIjI ma.sA.) saMskaraNa : prathama 2014 mUlya : 100/ prakAzaka: Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura rANApratApanagara roDa, sundaravAsa, udayapura (rAja.) phona : 0294-2490717 mudraka : nyU yunAiTeDa prinTarsa, udayapura mo. : 98280 75628, 98294 33936

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prakAzakIya ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha dvAdazAMgI meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina darzana, saMskRti evaM samAja kA vyApaka vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| DaoN.zazikalA chAjer3a samprati sAdhvI zrI praNataprajJAzrIjI ma.sA. ne apane mumukSu kAla meM jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM se 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' viSaya para zodha prabandha likhA, jisa para unheM varSa 2004 meM pIeca.DI. kI upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| adhyayana ke sAtha hI Apa vairAgya avasthA meM thI, adhyayana pUrNa kara Apane ratnatraya ke mahAn ArAdhaka paramAgama rahasyajJAtA mahAvIra paramparA ke 82veM pATa para virAjita AcArya zrI rAmalAla jI ma.sA. se 28 janavarI, 2007 ko khirakiyA (ma.pra.) meM jaina bhAgavatI dIkSA aMgIkAra kii| Apake sAtha hI ApakI mAtuzrI zrImatI dhannIdevI chAjer3a ne bhI jaina bhAgavatI dIkSA aMgIkAra kii| samprati Apa dhanazrIjI ma.sA. nAma se jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA kara rahI hai| ___ Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura ne DaoN. zazikalA chAjer3a ke isa zodha prabandha ko janasAdhAraNa ke lie upayogI mAnate hue prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyaa| saMsthAna dvArA isa graMtha ke prakAzana kA uddezya jaina AgamoM meM sannihita vipula jJAna-saMpadA se zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM, jaina dharma evaM darzana para zodha karane vAle zodhArthiyoM evaM yuvA vidvAnoM ko avagata karAnA hai| saMsthAna dvArA aba taka jaina dharma evaM darzana kI vividha vidhAoM se saMdarbhita 33 pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA jA cukA hai| prastuta graMtha ke prakAzana ke lie hameM udAramanA zrImatI madhIdevI dharmapatnI sva. zrI mohanalAla jI dugar3a, nivAsI- jorAvarapurA, nokhA se sahayoga prApta huA hai, saMsthAna Apake sahayoga hetu sadaiva AbhArI rhegaa| graMtha prakAzana meM sahayogI rahe sabhI mahAnubhAvoM ke prati Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna AbhArI hai| ___ nivedaka Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha

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prakAzana sahayogI paricaya zrImatI maghIdevI dharmapatnI sva. zrI mohanalAlajI dugar3a jorAvarapurA, nokhA udAratA, dharma va saMskAra manuSya jIvana kI Adarza triveNI hai| jina vyaktiyoM meM yaha samanvaya pAyA jAtA hai unakA jIvana nizcita rUpa se dhanya hai| anaMta puNyavANI se manuSya jIvana prApta hotA hai lekina unhIM manuSyoM kA jIvana dhanya hai jo apane jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha apane parivAra, samAja meM lokakalyANa ke kAryoM se suvAsa utpanna karate haiN| mAravAr3a kI dharA sadaiva hI aise vIra-vIrAMganAoM kI RNI rahI hai va unako namana karatI hai jo apane kriyAkalApoM se dUsaroM kA jIvana dhanya karate haiN| aise saMskAroM kI dhanI zrImatI maghIdevI kA janma mAtA zrImatI takkudevI kI ratnakukSI se pitA zrI bhUrAlAlajI buccA, chIlA nivAsI hAla nokhA ke ghara-AMgana meM huaa| mAtA-pitA se pradatta saMskAroM kI dharohara ko Age lekara bar3hate hue maghIdevI kA zubhavivAha zrI jugarAjajI dugar3a-zrImatI gaMgAdevI ke suputra zrI mohanalAlajI dugar3a ke sAtha sampanna huaa| zrI mohanalAlajI dugar3a atyaMta hI dhairyavAna, saumya evaM haMsamukha pravRtti ke dhanI the| Apane dharmapatnI pada ko sArthakatA dete hue apane pati ke pratyeka kArya meM kaMdhe se kaMdhA milAkara saccI sahadharmiNI ke dAyitva kA nirvahana kiyaa| zrImatI maghIdevI ne apane jIvana meM aneka tapa-tyAga evaM tapasyAe~ sampanna kiye| Apane aba taka ke jIvanakAla meM do bAra aThAI, nau telA, belA, Ayambila, ekAsana Adi aneka tapasyAe~ kI tathA 2 bAra varSItapa kI tapasyA sampanna kii| Apane 50 varSa kI avasthA meM hI zIlavrata ke pratyAkhyAna le liye| Apane AjIvana rAtri bhojana va 5 tithi para harI tyAga ke pratyAkhyAna grahaNa kiye hue haiN| Apa sadaiva cAritrAtmAoM ke darzana, sevA lAbha hetu tatpara rahatI haiN| ApakI sadaiva yaha bhAvanA rahatI hai ki cAritrAtmAoM ke pravacanoM kA jitanA zravaNa kiyA jA sake yA unakA jitanA sAnidhya prApta ho vahI mahAlAbha hai| Apake parivAra se 4 mumukSuoM ne dIkSA grahaNa kI huI hai| ApakA sampUrNa

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parivAra pUrNa saMghaniSTha va zAsananiSTha hai| ApakA parivAra zrI sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha, nokhA ke gauravazAlI parivAroM meM ginA jAtA hai| Apa nokhA saMgha ke pratyeka kArya meM bar3ha-car3hakara hissA lete hue tana-mana-dhana se sahayoga pradAna karate haiN| ApakA parivAra sadAcAra va bhAIcAre kI ekatA kI mizAla hai| ' dhArmika susaMskAroM ke sAtha-sAtha ApakA sAmAjika jIvana bhI bahuta hI anukaraNIya evaM preraNAspada hai| Apa saMyukta parivAra kI dhanI mahilAratna hai| Apane apane kuzala vyavahAra se sampUrNa parivAra ko ekasUtra meM bAMdhe rakhA huA hai| Apake cAra putra va do putrI sahita bharA-pUrA parivAra hai| Apake prathama putra-putravadhu zrI bhaMvaralAla-sarojadevI ahamadAbAda meM nivAsarata haiN| jahA~ para Apake phAIneMsa va namakIna, pApar3a, rasagulloM kA vyApAra hai| dvitIya putra-putravadhu zrI mahAvIra prasAdajI-rAjUdevI guvAhATI meM nivAsarata haiN| Apake khilaune va Dresa maiTiriyala kA vyApAra hai| Apake tRtIya putra-putravadhu zrI rAjendrakumArajI-sarojadevI bhI guvAhATI meM hI nivAsarata haiN| Apake oNTo pArTsa kA vyApAra hai| caturtha putra zrI vinodakumArajI-samatAdevI guvAhATI meM nivAsarata haiM evaM ApakA bhI oNTo pArTsa kA vyApAra hai| ___Apake cAroM putra-putravadhue~ dharma ke prati agAr3ha AsthA rakhane vAle va hukmasaMgha ke prati sarvatobhAvena zraddhAniSTha evaM samarpita haiN| mAtA-pitA se pradatta saMskAroM kI pU~jI ko lekara Apa apane jIvana meM nirantara Age bar3ha rahe haiN| Apa apane mAtA-pitA kI bhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue nirantara sAmAjika kAryoM, aneka pravRttiyoM se saMgha va samAja ko lAbhAnvita karate rahate haiN| Apane mAtR-pitR kI sevA ke saMkalpa ko apane jIvana meM dhAraNa karate hue mUlamaMtra banAyA huA hai| Apane isI bhAvanA se ota-prota hokara prastuta kRti "jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana" ke prakAzana hetu apanI svIkRti pradAna kI hai| __Apake dvArA pradatta susaMskAroM kI dharohara ko lekara Age bar3hate hue ApakI donoM putriyA~-dAmAda ucchabadevI-suzIlakumArajI seThiyA jhajhU nivAsI hAla nokhA evaM snehalatA-prakAzacaMdajI baida-nokhA/guvAhATI bhI apane parivAra ke saMskAroM kI dharohara ko lekara Age bar3ha rahI haiN|

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Apa dvArA pradatta susaMskAroM kI chAMva Apake pautra-pautriyoM meM bhI samAhita hai| Apake pautra-pautravadhu paMkaja-samatA, manoja-caMcala, pavana, pravINa, aMjana, rAhula parivAra ke AdarzoM ko lekara Age bar3ha rahe haiM tathA saMgha ke pratyeka kArya meM bar3ha-car3hakara hissA lete hai| pautriyAM zrImatI urmilA-rAjezajI betAlA, zrImatI pramilA-manISajI dudher3iyA, komala, rozanI, zvetA, sabInA, varSA, dauhitra surendra, riSabha, abhiSeka, harSa evaM prapautra hemanta, maulika Adi sabhI parivAra kI yaza evaM kIrti ko Age bar3hA rahe vaTavRkSa kI bhA~ti phailA huA yaha sampUrNa parivAra zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zAsana ke prati pUrNa samarpita rahate hue samAja evaM saMgha kI isI prakAra sevA karatA rahe inhIM zubha bhAvanAoM ke sAtha..... /

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svakIyam Apta puruSoM kI amaravANI kI anAvila evaM avitatha abhivyakti kA nAma hai- Agama, jisameM parama satya yAnI carama lakSya (mokSa) kI prApti kA avasara prANimAtra ko pradAna kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkara dvArA artha rUpa meM bhASita evaM gaNadharoM dvArA graMtha rUpa meM graMthita evaM AgamakAroM dvArA sampAdita, saMzodhita, vijJApita evaM pracArita sAhitya Agama hai, jisameM do paramparAe~ haiM- zvetAmbara aura digmbr| zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha dvAdazAMgI meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai| sAhitya kI sarvapriya vidhA kA nAma hai- khaanii| merI bhI bacapana se hI kathAoM meM rUci rahI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga isI kAraNa mere adhyayana kA viSaya bnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ardhamAgadhI, prAkRta kI mizra gadya zailI meM viracita hai| vibhinna kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina darzana, saMskRti, samAja, rAjanIti Adi kA suspaSTa vivecana jaisA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM upalabdha hotA hai vaisA anyatra durlabha hai| mujhe isake paThana (zodha nahIM) ke pazcAt lagA ki isameM varNita vibhinna sAMskRtika AyAmoM ko janasAmAnya ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jAnA kAmya aura vAMkSya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' isI dizA meM uThA eka kadama mAtra hai| prabandha ke upazIrSakoM ko suspaSTa karane evaM pAramparika svarUpa ko anAvRta karane ke lie anya AgamoM evaM Agetara sAhitya kA bhI adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta kRti ko nau parivartoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama parivarta jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga' kA uddezya jainAgama paramparA evaM usameM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sthAna spaSTa karanA hai| isameM Agama zabda ke artha, vyutpati, paribhASAe~, Agama vAcanAe~, AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa va jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya parivarta 'saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga' meM tatkAlIna saMskRti ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane ke lie saMskRti zabda kA artha, vyutpati, paribhASA va tattvoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai|

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tRtIya parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa' kA hai| isameM deza, nagara, parvata, nadI, udyAna va vRkSAdi vanaspati kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| caturtha parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana' meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika sthiti kA varNana, parivAra, AcAra-vyahAra, vezabhUSA, utsava-mahotsava, lokavizvAsa, kurItiyA~ va burAiyA~, varNa vyavasthA tathA Azrama vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| paMcama parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana' meM kRSi, udyoga, parivahana, vyApAra, mudrA va mApa-taula Adi upazIrSakoM ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna Arthika sthiti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| SaSThama parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti' se saMbaMdhita hai| isameM rAjA, rAjA kA svarUpa, guNa, adhikAra, karttavya, rAjya kA svarUpa, rAja vyavasthA, rAjya ke adhikArI, Aya-vyaya ke srota, sainya saMgaThana va yuddhakalA tathA zastrAstroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| saptama parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA' meM zikSA kA artha, paribhASA, svarUpa, lakSya, adhyayana-adhyApana, viSaya, guru, ziSTa, guru-ziSya sambandha, anuzAsana vyavasthA va zikSAlayoM Adi ke saMdarbha meM tatkAlIna zikSA-vyavasthA kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| aSTama parivarta 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA' meM tatkAlIna kalAoM kI jhAMkI prastuta karane ke lie kalA zabda kI vyutpati, artha, paribhASAe~, tattva va prakAroM ko batalAte hue tatkAlIna jIvana para kalA ke prabhAva kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| navama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana' meM tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, AcAramImAMsA va karmamImAMsA ke Aloka meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana kA sAMgopAMga vizleSaNa karate hue tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita jainetara dharmadarzana kA bhI paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'upasaMhAra' meM graMtha kI mahattA va upayogitA ko ujAgara karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| prastuta kRti ke lekhana meM pratyakSa apratyakSa rUpa se sahayogI rahe sabhI mahAnubhAvoM ke prati AbhAra jJApita karane hetu mere pAsa utane zabda nahIM hai, phira

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bhI maiM sarvaprathama satyadRSTA zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM zraddhApraNata hU~ jinhoMne prANImAtra ko mukti kA patha dikhlaayaa| samatA vibhUti AcArya zrI nAneza evaM bahuzruta AcArya zrI rAmeza ke caraNoM meM zraddhAyukta namana karatI hU~, jinhoMne adhyAtma kA samyak saMbodha dekara mujhe sadmArga para Age bar3hane kA saMbala diyaa| isI zAsana paramparA ke Azu kavi ratna zrI gautama muni jI ko merA namana, jinhoMne adhyayana ke prati sadaiva jAgarUka rahane evaM pragati patha para Age bar3hane kA preraNA pAtheya pradAna kiyaa| jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna ke prathama anuzAstA gaNAdhipati gurudeva zrI tulasI, AcArya zrI mahAprajJa jI, sAdhvI pramukhA mahAzramaNI jI evaM samasta sAdhusAdhviyoM evaM samaNiyoM ko vaMdana, jinakA snehila AzIrvAda evaM mArgadarzana mere kArya kI gati-pragati meM sahAyaka bnaa| ___ jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna kI kulapati zrImatI sudhAmahI raghunAthana va kulasaciva DaoN. jagatarAma bhaTTAcAryA ke prati kRtajJa hU~ jinake AzIrvAda se yaha kArya pUrNa huaa| maiMne apanA zodha prabandha jaina vidyA evaM tulanAtmaka dharma darzana vibhAga, jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna ke sahAyaka AcArya DaoN. Ananda prakAza tripAThI ke nirdezana meM prastuta kiyaa| unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karane ke lie mere pAsa zabda nahIM hai yA yU~ kahUM ki 'mirA anayana nayana binUM bAnI' to koI atizayokti nahIM hogI, guru rUpa meM unhoMne jo snehAzIrvAda va prareNA dI, vaha cirasmaraNIya hai| merI kAmanA hai ki unakA sneha-AzIrvAda mujhe anavarata milatA rhe| prastuta kRti ke lekhana meM vizeSa sahayogI rahe pro. dayAnanda bhArgava, DaoN. azoka kumAra jaina, DaoN. harizaMkara pANDeya, DaoN. jinendra kumAra jaina, DaoN. baccharAja dugar3a, DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, zrI azoka jI corar3iyA evaM DaoN. nirmalA jI coraDiyA ko vizeSa rUpa se smaraNa karate hue unake prati bhI kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| prastuta graMtha ke praNayana meM mAtA-pitA kI vAtsalyamayI svarNima mahatvAkAMkSAe~ anirvacanIya haiM, jinhoMne mere komala hRdaya meM anavarata adhyayana kI pravRtti kA bIjAropaNa kiyaa| maiM apane pUjya pitAjI va mAtAjI ko zraddhAnata hokara praNAma karatI hU~, jinakA AzIrvAda isa kArya kI pUrNatA meM sahAyaka rhaa| Aja DaoN. vINA dIdI hamAre bIca nahIM rahI lekina unase jur3e ghaTanAkrama mere mAnasa paTala

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para Aja bhI aMkita haiN| unhoMne kaise mujhe mammI-pApA se jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna meM adhyayana ke lie jAne kI anumati dilavAyI, kaise unhoMne merA mArgadarzana va utsAhavardhana kiyaa| prastuta kRti maiM unhIM ko samarpita karatI huuN| apane bahana-bahanoI [zrImatI rAjU-zrI kamala baida tathA zrImatI candrakalA-DaoN. pradIpa kaTAriyA] evaM anya parijanoM ko bhI kaise vismRta kara sakatI haiM, jinake sahayoga evaM snehAsikta vacanoM ke binA yaha lekhana kArya pUrA karanA saMbhava nahIM thA, una sabhI ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatI huuN| prastuta kRti kI pUrNatA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM sahayogI bane mere sahapAThiyoM va sabhI jJAta-ajJAta sahayogiyoM ke prati hArdika AbhAra jJApita karatI huuN| -zazikalA chAjer3a lADanUM, varSa 2004

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prathama parivarta viSayAnukramaNikA jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga - Agama kA artha, paryAyavAcI, vyutpatti, paribhASA - racanAkAra, vAcanAe~, bhASA, viSaya-sAmagrI - digambara-zvetAmbara paramparA, vargIkaraNa, saMkhyA - jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA dvAdazAMgI meM sthAna, saMkSipta paricaya dvitIya parivarta saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga - saMskRti- vyutpatti, artha, paribhASA - saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~ - jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM saMskRti tRtIya parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa - saMsAra, naraka, adholoka va devaloka - dvIpa, mahAvideha va pUrva videha, mukhya nagara - jana sanniveza- grAma va nagara / vibhinna prakAra ke nagara va nagara vinyAsa / rAjabhavana-nirmANa, bhavana ke vibhinna aMga, samavasaraNa va pyAU - parvata, nadiyA~, samudra, udyAna-vana va caitya - vRkSAdi vanaspati, latAe~ va puSpa caturtha parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana - parivAra kI vizeSatAe~ . saMyukta parivAra va parivAra ke vibhinna sadasya - AcAra-vyavahAra va saMskAra . nArI kI sthiti - khAnapAna, vezabhUSA-vastrAbhUSaNa va prasAdhana 112 122 131 134

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# manoraMjana ke sAdhana, utsava - mahotsava - dhArmika va sAmAjika loka-vizvAsa # kurItiyA~ va burAiyA~ | varNavyavasthA va Azrama-vyavasthA paMcama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana # kRSi siMcAI, upakaraNa, surakSA # upaja, upaja kI kaTAI va bhaNDAraNa # upavana, udyAna - vATikA SaSThama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti # rAjA evaM rAjya # rAjA kA svarUpa, guNa, adhikAra va karttavya #* rAjya kA svarUpa 142 # rAjya vyavasthA # rAjya ke adhikArI ( pramukha karmacArI) # Aya-vyaya ke srota (rAjakIya koSa) # sainya saMgaThana, yuddha ke niyama, zastrAstra va anya sainya sAmagrI 148 151 154 # pazu-pAlana # pUMjI kA lenadena, zilpa- karma # udyogazAlAe~ - vastra, dhAtu, bartana, kASTha, citra, carma, madya, vAstu, prasAdhana, khAMDa, tela, kuTIra udyoga # vyApAra-vinimaya, parivahana # AjIvikA ke sAdhana- asi, masi, kRSi # mApa-taula va mUlya, mudrA-sikkA 166 166 167 168 169 170 173 177 181 182 188 188 189 192 193 194 198 199

Page #14
206 206 213 215 saptama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA - zikSA kA artha va paribhASA - zikSA kA svarUpa - zikSA kA lakSya - adhyayana-adhyApana, zikSA ke viSaya - guru ke guNa, guru ke prakAra, guru kA mahatva / ziSya kI arhatAe~, ziSya kI ayogyatAe~ - guru-ziSya sambandha - anuzAsana-vyavasthA va zikSAlaya 215 223 226 228 229 237 237 241 aSTama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA . kalA zabda kI vyutpatti artha va paribhASAe~ . kalA ke tattva - kalA ke prakAra va bheda - jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA . kalAoM kA jIvana para prabhAva 242 243 256 259 259 274 navama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana - jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tattva-mImAMsA - jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jJAna-mImAMsA . jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AcAra-mImAMsA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM karma-mImAMsA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jainettara dharmadarzana 280 318 319 326 upasaMhAra saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 336

Page #15
prathama parivarta jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga vizva kI prAcIna saMskRtiyoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA agraNI sthAna rahA hai| vaidika, jaina va bauddha Adi vibhinna paramparAe~ isI saMskRti meM pallavita-puSpita huii| vizva ke pratyeka dharma aura paramparA ke siddhAntoM aura AdarzoM ko pRthakpRthak graMthoM meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM 'veda', bauddhoM meM 'tripiTaka', IsAiyoM meM 'bAibila', pArasiyoM meM 'avestA' aura muslimoM meM 'kurAna' aise hI pavitra 'dharma-graMtha haiN| isI krama meM jaina dharmagraMthoM ko 'Agama' kahA jAtA hai| jJAna-vijJAna ke akSaya bhaNDAra jainAgama sAhitya bhAratIya sAhitya kI anamola upalabdhi, anupama nidhi aura akUta khajAnA hai| akSara pariNAma se vaha jitanA vizAla hai, usase bhI kahIM adhika usake ciMtana kI gaharAI hai| Agama kA artha Agama zabda 'A' upasarga evaM 'gam' dhAtu se nirmita huA hai| Agamyanteparicchidyante arthA anenetyAgamaH' jisake dvArA padArthoM ko jAnA jAtA hai, use Agama kahate haiN| AcArAMga meM 'Agama' zabda 'jAnane' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra va sthAnAMgasUtra meM Agama' zabda zAstra ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai| pAia-sadda-mahaNNao meM Agama kA artha zAstra yA siddhAnta ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| Apta puruSoM dvArA kathita gaNadharoM dvArA graMthita manISiyoM dvArA Acarita Agama hai Agama ke paryAyavAcI jaina paramparA meM prAcInatama graMthoM ko sAmAnyatayA Agama kahA jAtA hai, parantu atIta meM ye graMtha 'zruta' ke nAma se bhI prasiddha rahe haiN| sthAnAMga sUtra meM AgamajJAtAoM ko 'zrutakevalI' va 'zrutasthavira' kahA gayA hai| nandIsUtra meM 14

Page #16
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga AgamoM ke lie spaSTataH ' zruta' zabda kA ullekha huA hai / ' anuyogadvAra sUtra aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM Agama ko sUtra, graMtha, siddhAnta, pravacana, AjJA, vacana, upadeza, prajJApanA Adi zabdoM se sUcita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArtha meM zruta, Aptavacana, Agama upadeza, aitihya, AmnAya, pravacana evaM jinavacana Adi ko Agama kahA hai| isa prakAra 'Agama' zabda ke vibhinna paryAyavAcI zabda pracalita rahe haiN| Agama vyutpatti 12 AG upasarga pUrvaka bhvAdigaNIya gamlR gatau dhAtu se ac pratyaya karane para Agama zabda banatA haideg tathA AG upasarga pUrvaka gam dhAtu se karaNa artha meM ghaJ pratyaya karane para bhI Agama zabda banatA hai- 'Agamyate prApyate'nena' arthAt jisake dvArA prApta kiyA jAe, vaha Agama hai / " AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra'AgamoNAma attavayaNaM / "2 naMdI malayagiri vRtti ke anusAra A- abhividhinA sakalazruta viSaya vyAptirUpeNa maryAdayA vA yathAvasthita prarUpaNAyAgamyante paricchidyante'rthA yena sa AgamaH / arthAt Aptavacana Agama kahalAtA hai / samasta zrutagata viSayoM se jo vyApta hai, maryAdita hai, yathArtha prarUpaNA ke kAraNa jisase artha jAne jAte haiM, vaha Agama hai / Agama kI paribhASAe~ jaina paramparA ke zvetAmbara aura digambara sAhitya meM Agama ko vibhinna prakAra se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| sabhI graMthakAroM, vidvAnoM va AcAryoM kI paribhASAoM ko vyakta karanA yahA~ zakya nahIM hai phira bhI Agama kI nimnalikhita paribhASAe~ draSTavya haiM " 'Apta kA kathana Agama hai| 14 yaha paribhASA aneka graMthoM meM prApta hotI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne Avazyaka niryukti meM kahA hai tapa, niyama, jJAnarUpavRkSa ke Upara ArUr3ha hokara anantajJAnI, kevalI bhagavAna bhavya AtmAoM pratibodha ke lie jJAnakusumoM kI vRSTi karate haiM, gaNadhara apane buddhipaTa para sakala kusumoM ko jhelakara pravacana mAlA gUMthate haiM, vahI Agama hai / Avazyakaniryukti va dhavalA TIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara kevala artharUpa kA upadeza dete haiM aura gaNadhara use graMthabaddha yA sUtrabaddha karate haiM / " 15

Page #17
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gaNadhara ke samAna hI anya pratyeka-buddhoM dvArA nirUpita Agama bhI pramANa rUpa hote haiN| Aptavacana Agama mAnA jAtA hai, upacAra se Aptavacana se utpanna arthajJAna ko bhI Agama kahA gayA hai| pUrvApara virUddhAdi doSoM ke samUha se rahita aura sampUrNa padArthoM ke dyotaka __ Apta vacana ko Agama kahate haiN| . Apta ke vAkya ke anurUpa Agama ke jJAna ko Agama kahate haiN|20 jo tattva AcAra paramparA se vAsita hokara AtA hai, vaha Agama kahA jAtA hai| jisase sahI zikSA prApta hotI hai, vizeSajJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha zAstra Agama yA zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai| karmoM ke kSaya ho jAne se jinakA jJAna sarvathA nirmala evaM zuddha ho gayA ho, aise Apta puruSoM dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM kA saMkalana Agama hai| jo tIrtha kI sthApanA karate haiM, ve tIrthaMkara haiM aura tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI arthAt unake mukha se udbhASita vANI Agama hai| jisase padArthoM kA yathArtha jJAna ho, vaha Agama hai| paMcAstikAya tAtparya vRtti meM Agama ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki vItarAga sarvajJadeva ke dvArA kathita SaDadravya evaM saptatattvAdi kA samyak zraddhAna evaM jJAna tathA vratAdi ke anuSThAna rUpa cAritra, isa prakAra jisameM bhedaratnatraya kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, vaha Agama zAstra hai| Agama ke racanAkAra AgamoM kI racanA kisane kI? isa viSaya para sabhI AcAryoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| Agama evaM unake vyAkhyA sAhitya kA adhyayana karane para isa saMbaMdha meM hameM do vicAradhArAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM(1) prAcIna avadhAraNA- dvAdazAMgI ke kartA gaNadhara haiM aura upAMga Adi ke kartA sthavira haiN| arvAcIna avadhAraNA- aMga aura aMgabAhya samasta AgamoM ke nirmAtA gaNadhara haiN| uparyukta donoM vicArAdhArAoM meM se prathama vicArAdhArA ko hI samyak mAnA (2) 16

Page #18
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga jAtA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne Avazyaka niyukti meM likhA hai- tapa, niyama, jJAnarUpa, vRkSa para ArUr3ha hokara anantajJAnI kevalI bhagavAna bhavya-AtmAoM ke bodha ke lie jJAna-kusumoM kI vRSTi karate haiN| gaNadhara va sthavira apane buddhipaTa ke una kusumoM kA avataraNa kara pravacana mAlA meM gUMthate haiM "tavaniyamanANarUkkhaM ArUDho kevalI abhiynaannii| to muyai nANavuTuiM bhaviyajaNa vivohnntttthaae|| taM buddhimaeNa paDeNa gaNaharA giNiuM nirvsesN| titthayarabhAsiyAiM gaMthaMti tao pvynntttthaa||" tIrthaMkara kevala artharUpa meM upadeza dete haiM aura gaNadhara use graMthabaddha yA sUtrabaddha karate haiM atthaM bhAsai arahA, suttaM ganthanti gaNaharA niunnN| sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe tao suttaM pavattai / / arthAtmaka graMtha ke praNetA tIrthaMkara hote haiM, ataH jainAgama tIrthaMkara praNIta kahe jAte haiN| gaNadhara una arthAtmaka graMthoM se sUtrAtmaka rUpa meM dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiM aura sthavira aMgabAhya AgamoM kI racanA karate haiN| isa bAta ko aura adhika puSTa karate hue jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya kI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM likhA hai ki praviSTa zruta vaha hai jo gaNadharoM dvArA sUtra rUpa meM graMthita ho aura aMgabAhya zruta vaha hai jo sthavira kRta ho| Agama vAcanAe~ ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda unake upadeza zruta paramparA se surakSita rahe kintu kAlAntara meM zruta paramparA ko akSuNNa banAe rakhanA asaMdigdha nahIM rahA, ata: gaNadharoM ne unake upadeza-vacanoM ko Agama graMthoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| vartamAna meM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, unheM isa svarUpa ko prApta karane meM lambA samaya lagA, isake lie jainAcAryoM ne kaI Agama-vAcanAe~ kI, jinakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haipATaliputra vAcanA zvetAmbara AmnAya kI mAnyatA hai ki AcArAMga Adi bAraha aMgoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jaina muniyoM ne samaya-samaya para vAcanAe~ kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa se karIba 160 varSa bAda AcArya sthUlibhadra ne akAlagrasta 17

Page #19
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pATaliputra meM jaina zramaNoM kA sammelana bulaayaa| ekatra hue zramaNoM ne gyAraha aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA kintu unameM se kisI ko bhI dRSTivAda yAda nahIM thaa| mAthurI vAcanA dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa prajJA evaM dhAraNA zakti ke abhAva meM sUtra naSTa ho gyaa| bAraha varSa ke duSkAla ke bAda AryaskaMdila kI adhyakSatA meM sthavira madhumitrAcArya aura Arya gandhahastI pramukha 125 nirgranthoM kI upasthiti meM sAdhusaMgha mathurA meM ekatra huA aura jisako jo yAda thA, usake AdhAra para kAlika zruta ko vyavasthita kara liyA gyaa| mathurA nivAsI osavaMzIya zrAvaka polAka ne gandhahastI ke vivaraNa sahita una graMthoM (pravacana) ko tAr3apatra para likhavAkara muniyoM ke svAdhyAya ke lie samarpita kiyaa| yaha vAcanA mathurA meM hone ke kAraNa mAthurI vAcanA khlaaii| vallabhI vAcanA mathurA sammelana ke samaya arthAt vIra nirvANa 827-840 ke AsapAsa vallabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM bhI eka Agama saMkalana kA prayAsa huA, jo 'nAgArjunIya vAcanA' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| isakA ullekha bhadrezvara racita kahAvalI graMtha meM milatA hai| cUrNiyoM meM bhI nAgArjuna nAma se pAThAntara milate haiN| paNNavaNA jaise aMgabAhya sUtroM meM bhI isa prakAra ke pAThAntaroM kA nirdeza hai| AcArya devavAcaka ne bhI bhAvapUrNa zabdoM meM nAgArjuna kI stuti kI hai|" vAcaka nAgArjuna aura ekatra jaina muniyoM ko jo-jo Agama aura unake anuyogoM ke uparAnta prakaraNa graMtha yAda the, ve likha lie gae aura vismRta sthaloM ko pUrvApara saMbaMdha ke anusAra ThIka karake vAcanA dI gii| devardhigaNi vAcanA vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSoM ke bAda logoM kI smRti pahale se durbala ho gaI, ata: usa vizAla jJAna bhaNDAra ko smRti meM rakhanA kaThina ho gyaa| ata: vIra nirvANa 980 yA 993 (san 454 yA 466) meM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNa saMgha ekatra huA aura smRti meM rahe zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko saMkalita kiyA aura sAtha hI pustakArUr3ha bhI kara diyA gyaa| yaha pustakarUpa meM likhane kA pahalA prayAsa thaa| yogazAstra meM ullekha milatA hai ki AcArya skandila aura nAgArjuna ke samaya hI Agama pustakArUr3ha kara die gae the| 18

Page #20
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga vartamAna meM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI vAcanA ke haiM aura usake bAda unameM parivartana va parivarddhana nahIM huA, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| Agama kI bhASA Agama kI mUla bhASA arddhamAgadhI hai| jise sAmAnyataH prAkRta bhI kahA jAtA hai| samavAyAMga ke anusAra sabhI tIrthaMkara arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza dete haiN| yaha devavANI hai| deva isI bhASA meM bolate haiM / isa bhASA meM bolane vAle ko bhASArya bhI kahA gayA hai| jinadAsagaNi arddhamAgadhI kA artha do prakAra se karate haiM- prathama yaha bhASA magadha ke eka bhAga meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI kahI jAtI hai, dUsare meM yaha bhASA aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAe to mAgadhI aura dezaja zabdoM kA isa bhASA meM mizraNa hone se yaha ardhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai Agama kI viSayasAmagrI jainAgamoM meM kucha to aise haiM, jo jaina AcAra se sambandha rakhate haiM, jaiseAcArAMga, dazavaikAlika Adi, kucha upadezAtmaka, jaise- uttarAdhyayana, prakIrNaka Adi, kucha tatkAlIna bhUgola aura khagola Adi mAnyatAoM kA varNana karate haiM, jaise-jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aadi| cheda sUtroM kA pradhAna viSaya jaina sAdhuoM ke AcAra sambandhI autsargika aura ApavAdika niyamoM kA varNana tathA prAyazcitoM kA vidhAna hai| kucha graMtha aise haiM jinameM jinamArga ke anuyAyiyoM kA jIvana diyA gayA hai, jaise-upAsakadazAMga, anuttaropapAtika aadi| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAtha hue saMvAdoM kA saMgraha hai| kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra kA vistRta jIvana, jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nirgrantha pravacana kI bhAvapUrNa kathAoM, upamAoM aura dRSTAntoM kA saMgraha hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM dArzanika, sAhityika, sAmAjika va sAMskRtika sabhI tathya maujUda haiN| Agama sAhitya kA sarvAdhika mahatva isalie hai ki vaha jJAna-vijJAna, nyAya-nIti, AcAra-vicAra, dharmadarzana aura adhyAtma anubhava kA akSaya koSa hai| yaha mahAvIra-vANI kI anamola dharohara va nidhi hai| samagra rUpa se Agama-sAhitya meM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra, vratasaMyama, tapa-tyAga, gamanAgamana, roga-cikitsA, vidyA maMtra, upasarga-durbhikSa tathA upavAsa-prAyazcita Adi kA varNana karane vAlI aneka paramparAoM, janazrutiyoM, lokakathAoM aura dharmopadeza kI paddhatiyoM kA varNana hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA 19

Page #21
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana janma, unakI kaThora sAdhanA, sAdhu-jIvana, unake mUla upadeza, unakI vihAracaryA, ziSya paramparA, AryakSetroM kI sImA, tatkAlIna rAjA-mahArAjA, anya tairthika tathA matamatAntara aura unakI vivecanA sambandhI jAnakArI hameM yahA~ milatI hai| vAstuzAstra, vaidika zAstra, jyotiSa, bhUgola-khagola, saMgIta, nATya, vividha kalAe~, prANIvijJAna, vanaspati vijJAna Adi anekAneka viSayoM kA yahA~ vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina saba viSayoM ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna sAMskRtika itihAsa kI aneka truTita zRMkhalAe~ jor3I jA sakatI haiN| digambara paramparA aura jainAgama digambara matAnusAra vIra-nirvANa ke bAda zruta kA kramazaH hrAsa hote-hote 683 varSa ke bAda koI aMgadhara yA pUrvadhara AcArya nahIM rhaa| aMga aura pUrva ke aMzamAtra ke jJAtA AcArya hue| inhIM AcAryoM kI paramparA ke do AcAryoMpuSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA dUsare agrAyaNIya pUrva ke aMza ke AdhAra se kI aura AcArya guNadhara ne pA~caveM pUrva-jJAna-pravAda ke aMza ke AdhAra se kaSAyapAhur3a kI racanA kii| ina donoM graMthoM ko digambara AmnAya meM Agama kA sthAna prApta hai| usI prakAra bhUtabali ne AcArya mahAbandha kI racanA kii| bAda meM ina graMthoM para AcArya vIrasena ne 'dhavalA' aura 'jayadhavalA' TIkA rcii| ye TIkAe~ bhI digambara paramparA kA mAnya hai| digambara paramparA kA sampUrNa sAhitya AcAryoM dvArA racita hai| AcArya kunda praNIta graMtha- samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, niyamasAra evaM aSTapAhuDa diga. paramparA meM Agamavata mAnya hai| AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta catuvartI ke graMtha-gommaTasAra, labdhisAra aura dravyasaMgraha Adi bhI utane hI pramANabhUta evaM mAnya haiN| AcArya kundakunda ke graMthoM para amRtacandrAcArya ne atyanta praur3ha evaM gaMbhIra TIkAe~ likhI haiN| aise hI mUlArAdhanA, bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAkAra, tiloyapaNNatti padmapurANa, harivaMza purANa Adi graMtha bhI isa paramparA meM Agamatulya stutya graMtha haiM / digambara matAnusAra aMga aura aMgabAhya Agama lupta ho cuke haiN| aisA bhI paramparA meM pracalita hai ki aMgoM kA jJAna lupta ho gayA hai aura pUrvo kA aMza vidyamAna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA aura jainAgama zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa saM. 160 varSa pazcAt pATaliputra tathA 840 varSa bAda mathurA meM aura isI samaya ke AsapAsa vallabhI meM hue saMgha 20

Page #22
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga sammelanoM meM jina gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana huA thA, unake chinna-bhinna ho jAne se mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 varSa bAda vallabhI meM devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH jo saMgha sammelana huA usameM 45-46 graMthoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA, jisake aMtargata gyAraha aMga, bAraha upAMga, cha: cheda sUtra, cAra mUla sUtra, dasa prakIrNaka aura cUlikA sUtra Ate haiN| ina Agama graMthoM se saMbaddha aneka paravartI racanAe~ bhI haiM, jinakA lakSya AgamoM kI viSayavastu ko saMkSepa yA vistAra se samajhAnA hai, ye racanAe~ nimnokta cAra prakAra kI haiM- (i) niyukti, (ii) bhASya, (iiii) cUrNi aura (iv) ttiikaa| kAlAntara meM inake AdhAra para anya vividha sAhitya kI bhI racanA huii|46 AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa / anuyogadvAra meM Agama ke do vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiM- prathama vargIkaraNa meM Agama tIna prakAra ke mAne gae haiM- (i) sUtrAgama, (ii) arthAgama aura (iii) tadubhayAgama" / zvetAmbara va digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa alagaalaga prakAra se kiyA gayA hai, jise hama tAlikA rUpa meM vyakta kara sakate haiN| (ka) zvetAmbara paramparA- nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa agrAMkita tAlikA dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai48 ___ zruta aMgapraviSTha aMgabAhya Avazyaka Avazyaka se bhinna kAlika utkAlika AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga sthAnAMga samavAyAMga bhagavatIsUtra jJAtAdharmakathAMga upAsakadazAMga sAmAyika caturviMzatistava vandanA pratikramaNa kAyotsarga uttarAdhyayana dazAzrutaskandha kalpa dazavaikAlika kalpikAkalpika cullakalpazruta 21

Page #23
nandI jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana antakRtadazAMga pratyAkhyAna vyavavahAra mahAkalpazruta anuttaropapAtikadazAMga nizItha aupapAtika praznavyAkaraNa mahAnizItha rAjapraznIya vipAkasUtra RSibhASita jIvAbhigama dRSTivAda jambUdvIpaprajJapti prajJApanA dvIpasAgaraprajJapti mahAprajJApanA candraprajJapti pramAdAprasAda kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti mahAllikAvimAnapravibhakti anuyogadvAra aMgacUlikA devendrastava vargacUlikA taMdulavaicArika arUNopapAta candrakavedhyaka varUNopapAta sUryaprajJapti garUDopapAta paurUSImaMDala dharaNopAta maNDala praveza vezravaNopapAta vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya velandharopapAta gaNividyA devendropapAta dhyAnavibhakti utthAnazruta maraNavibhakti samutthAnazruta Atmavizodhi nAgaparitApanikA* vItarAgazruta niriyAvalikA saMlekhanAzruta kalpikA vihArakalpa kalpAvataMsikA caraNavidhi puSpikA AturapratyAkhyAna puSpa cUlikA vRSNidazA * pAThAntara- nAgaparijJApaNikA, naagpryaavlikaa| noTa : isa prakAra zrImad nandIsUtrAnusAra 12, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika va 29 utkAlika sahita kula 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai kintu inameM se Aja aneka graMtha upalabdha nahIM haiN| 22

Page #24
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga (kha) digambara paramparA- tattvArthasUtra vRtti meM digambara matAnusAra AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai Agama aMgapraviSTha aMgabAhya AcArAMga sAmAyika sUtrakRtAMga caturviMzatistava sthAnAMga vandanA samavAyAMga pratikramaNa vyAkhyAprajJapti vainayika kRtikarma jJAtAdharmakathAMga dazavaikAlika upAsakadazAMga uttarAdhyayana antakRtadazAMga kalpavyavahAra anuttaropapAtikadazAMga kalpAkalpa praznavyAkaraNa mahAkalpa vipAkasUtra puMDarIka mahApuMDarIka azItikA + nizIthaiti pAThAntara noTa : tattvArtha sUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda akalaMka vidyAnandI Adi AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi graMthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai balki kAlika va utkAlika rUpa se vargIkaraNa kA nirdeza bhI tattvArtha 1/20 meM kiyA hai| harivaMza purANa va dhavalA TIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa milatA hai| usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhya graMthoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| aMgabAhya meM sarvaprathama 6 AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika uttarAdhyayana, kalpa, vyavahAra, kappakappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka evaM nizItha kA ullekha hai| dhavalA meM jahA~ 12 aMga va 14 aMgabAhya kI gaNanA kI hai| vahA~ kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA eka hI graMtha mAnA hai| digambara paramparA meM nandIsUtra mAnya AgamoM meM mAtra puNDarika aura mahApuNDarika do nAma bhinna hai| yoM zrImad sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM puNDarika nAmaka adhyayana kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI bhASA- anya aMga sAhitya kI apekSA zrImad jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI bhASA adhika praur3ha, sAhityika evaM jaTila hai| isameM aneka sthala aise bhI haiM jahA~ AlaMkArika bhASA kA hRdayasparzI DhaMga se prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jise par3hate hue kahIM-kahIM to aisA lagatA hai mAnoM kamanIya kAvya kA hama rasAsvAdana kara rahe haiN| yathA-aSTama adhyayana meM aharnaka zrAvaka kI samudrI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM tAla-pizAca ke upasarga aura naukA ke DUbane-utarane kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha rocaka hai| sthAna-sthAna para manohArI UpamA-alaMkAra kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| 23

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dRSTivAda parikarma sUtra anuyoga mUlaprathamAnuyoga gaMDikAnuyoga pUrvagata utpAda agrAyaNIya vIryAnupravAda astinAstipravAda jJAna- pravAda 24 satyapravAda AtmapravAda karmapravAda pratyAkhyAnapravAda vidyAnupravAda kalyANa prANavAya kriyAvizAla lokabindusAra cUlikA jalagatA sthalagatA mAyAgatA AkAzagatA rUpagata AgamoM kI saMkhyA jaina Agama sAhitya kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM aneka matabheda haiM / zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI va terApaMtha sampradAya battIsa Agama mAnatA hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya paiMtAlIsa Agama mAnate haiM, inameM hI kucha gaccha caurAsI Agama bhI mAnate haiM / digambara paramparA Agama ke astitva ko svIkAra to karatI hai, parantu unakI mAnyatAnusAra sabhI Agama vicchinna ho gae haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga : dvAdazAMgI meM sthAna aMga sAhitya meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai / isake do zrutaskaMdha haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jJAta yAnI udAharaNa aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dharmakathAe~ haiM isalie isa Agama ko 'NAyAdhammakahAo' kahA jAtA hai| AcArya abhayadeva ne apanI TIkA meM isI artha ko spaSTa kiyA hai / tattvArthabhASya meM 'jJAtAdharmakathA'

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga nAma AyA hai| bhASyakAra ne likhA hai- udAharaNoM ke dvArA jisameM dharma kA kathana kiyA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM prastuta Agama kA nAma 'jJAtRdharmakathA' milatA hai| AcArya malayagiri va AcArya abhayadeva ne udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathA ko jJAtAdharmakathA kahA hai| unakI dRSTi se prathama adhyayana meM jJAta hai aura dUsare adhyayana meM dharmakathA hai| ___paM. becaradasa dozI, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI kA abhimata hai ki jJAtaputra mahAvIra kI dharmakathA kA prarUpaNa hone se prastuta aMga ko ukta nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vaMza kA nAma 'jJAta' thaa| kalpasUtra", AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga", bhagavatI, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika meM unake nAma ke rUpa meM 'jJAta' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| vibhinna bauddhapiTakoM meM bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ullekha "nigaMThanAtaputra" ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| _NAha dhammakahA kA artha nAtha dharmakathA kiyA jAtA hai| jisakA tAtparya hai- nAtha- tIrthaMkara dvArA pratipAdita dhrmkthaa| samavAyAMga aura naMdIsUtra meM AgamoM kA jo paricaya diyA gayA hai usake AdhAra se 'jJAtavaMzI mahAvIra kI dharmakathA' yaha artha saMgata nahIM lgtaa| vahA~ para yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathA meM jJAtoM (udAharaNabhUta vyaktiyoM) ke nagara, udyAna Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| Alocya Agama ke prathama adhyayana kA nAma 'ukkhittaNAe' (utkSiptajJAta) hai| yahA~ para jJAta kA artha udAharaNa hI sahI pratIta hotA hai| isameM udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathAe~ haiN| ina kathAoM meM una dhIrodAtta sAdhakoM kA varNana hai jo bhayaMkara parISaha upasthita hone para bhI sumeru kI taraha akaMpa rhe| isameM parimita vAcanAe~, veDha, chanda, zloka, niyuktiyA~, saMgrahaNiyA~ va pratipattiyA~ saMkhyAta-saMkhyAta haiN| isake do zrutaskaMdha haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdha meM unnIsa adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dasa varga haiN| donoM zrutaskaMdhoM ke 29 uddezana kAla haiM, 29 samuddezana kAla haiM, 573000 pada haiM, saMkhyAta akSara haiM, anaMtagama, anaMta paryAya, parimita trasa, ananta sthAvara Adi kA varNana hai| isakA vartamAna meM pada parimANa 5500 zloka pramANa hai| prathama zrutaskaMdha meM kitanI hI kalAe~-aitihAsika vyaktiyoM se saMbaMdhita 25

Page #27
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiM aura kitanI hI kathAe~ kalpita haiN| prathama adhyayana kA mukhapAtra meghakumAra aitihAsika vyakti hai| tuMbe Adi kI kucha kathAe~ rUpaka ke rUpa meM haiN| ina rUpaka-kathAoM kA uddezya bhI pratibodha pradAna karanA hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dasa varga haiN| unameM se pratyeka dharmakathA meM 500-500 AkhyAyikAe~ aura eka-eka AkhyAyikA meM 500-500 upa-AkhyAyikAe~ haiM aura eka-eka upa-AkhyAyikA meM 500-500 AkhyAyikopAkhyAyikAe~ haiN| para ve sArI kathAe~ Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| vartamAna meM prathama zruta skaMdha meM 19 kathAe~ aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM 206 kathAe~ haiN| _ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se pratibodha pradAna kiyaa| Alocya Agama meM Atma unnati kA mArga, isa mArga ke avarodha aura ina avarodhoM ko dUra karane ke upAyoM kI sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| mahilA varga dvArA utkRSTa AdhyAtmika utkarSa, AhAra kA uddezya, saMyamI jIvana, zubha pariNAma, anAsakti va zraddhA kA mahatva Adi viSayoM para kathAoM ke mAdhyama se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ye kathAe~ vAda-vivAda ke lie nahIM, jIvana ke utthAna ke lie haiN| inameM anubhava kA amRta hai| yaha amRtapAna isa kathAsAgara meM gote lagAkara hI kiyA jA sakatA haiprathama adhyayana : utkSiptajJAta isa adhyayana meM zreNika putra meghakumAra kA varNana hai| vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ojasvI vANI ko zravaNa kara saMyama mArga para agrasara hotA hai lekina saMyama jIvana kI prathama rAtri ko hI arati pariSaha se khinna hokara saMyama se vicalita hone lagatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA use pUrva bhava sunAkara saMyama meM punaH sthita karane kA vivecana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| mahAvIra kI preraNAspada vANI usakA hRdaya badala detI hai aura vaha apanA sampUrNa jIvana zramaNoM kI sevA ke lie samarpita kara detA hai| meghakumAra ke samAna hI navadIkSita nanda kA varNana bauddha sAhitya suttanipAta, dhammapada, aTThakathA, jAtakakathA evaM theragAthA' meM prApta hotA hai| navavivAhitA patnI kA parityAga kara dIkSA grahaNa karane vAlA nanda apanI patnI ke rUpa-sauMdarya ke smaraNa meM khoyA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra meghakumAra ko pUrvabhava kI dArUNa vedanA 26

Page #28
jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga aura mAnava jIvana kA mahatva batAkara saMyama sAdhanA meM sthira karate haiM, usI prakAra tathAgata buddha nanda ko eka kubja baMdarI evaM AgAmI bhava ke raMgIna sukha batAkara sthira karate haiN| jAtaka sAhitya se yaha bhI parijJAta hotA hai ki naMda apane prApta bhavoM meM hAthI thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para megha kA jIvanavRtta adhika prabhAvaka hai| kyoMki usameM pUrvabhava meM bhI adhika sahanazIlatA va asIma karUNA thI tathA muni jIvana meM bhI vaha pratiSThA evaM ghamaNDa se Upara uTha cukA thaa| kitanA samarpaNa kara diyA apane Apako muni saMgha ke prti| donoM ke pUrvabhava meM hAthI kI ghaTanA bhI bahuta kucha sAmyatA lie hue hai| prathama adhyayana meM Ae hue aneka vyakti aitihAsika haiN| samrATa zreNika kI jIvanagAthAe~ jaina sAhitya meM hI nahIM, bauddha sAhitya meM bhI vistAra se AI haiN| abhayakumAra ko jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ apanA anuyAyI mAnatI haiN| dvitIya adhyayana : saMghATa isa adhyayana meM vijayacora aura dhannAsArthavAha ke udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se yaha pratipAdana kiyA hai ki seTha ko vivazatA se putrahantA ko bhojana denA par3atA thaa| vaise hI sAdhaka ko bhI saMyama nirvAha hetu zarIra ko AhAra denA par3atA hai, kintu usameM zarIra ke prati kiMcita bhI Asakti nahIM hotii| zramaNa kI AhAra ke prati kisa taraha se anAsakti honI cAhie, kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha sajIva ho uThatA hai "avi appaNo vi dehammi, nAyaraMti mamAiyaM" munijana apane zarIra para bhI mamatA nahIM rkhte| mAtra zarIra kI sahAyatA se samyaka-jJAna-darzana aura cAritra kI rakSA evaM vRddhi ke uddezya se hI usakA pAlana-poSaNa karate haiN| tRtIya adhyayana : aMDaka isa adhyayana meM udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai- 'tameva saccaM NIsaMka jaM jiNehiM paveiyaM' arthAt vItarAga aura sarvajJa ne jo tattva jJAna pratipAdita kiyA hai, vahI satya hai, usameM zaMkA-saMzaya nahIM karanA caahiye| isameM rUpaka ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai- 'saMzayAtmA vinazyati' aura zraddhAvAn labhate jJAnam' isa kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki 27

Page #29
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana usa yuga meM pazu-pakSiyoM ko bhI prazikSaNa diyA jAtA thaa| prazikSita pazu-pakSI apanI kalA ke pradarzana se darzakoM kA mana moha lete the| caturtha adhyayana : kUrma isa adhyayana meM do kachuoM ke udAharaNa ye yaha bodha diyA gayA hai ki jo sAdhaka apanI indriyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se vaza meM rakhatA hai usako kiMcita bhI kSati nahIM hotI aura jo sAdhaka apane mana aura indriyoM ko vaza meM nahIM rakhatA usakA patana avazyaMbhAvI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI saMkSepa meM kUrma ke rUpaka ko sAdhaka ke jIvana se jor3A gayA hai| zrImad bhagavadgItA meM bhI 'sthitaprajJa' ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karate hue kachue kA dRSTAMta diyA gayA hai| paJcama adhyayana : zailaka isa adhyayana meM varNita thAvaccA nAmaka seThAnI mahAna pratibhA sampanna nArI thI jo pUrNa svataMtra, nirbhIka, sAhasI evaM putra vatsalA thii| usake ikalaute putra thAvaccAputra ko ariSTanemi kA pravacana sunakara vairAgya utpanna ho gyaa| vAsudeva kRSNa ne unakI dIkSA kA samucita prabandha kiyaa| arddhabharatakSetra ke adhipati hote hue bhI kRSNa vAsudeva meM ahaMkAra nahIM thA, ve prajAvatsala evaM prajA kA pUrNa dhyAna rakhane vAle adhyAtmapremI rAjA the| isa adhyayana meM aneka dArzanika gutthiyoM ko bhI sulajhAyA gayA hai| zaucadharma kI avadhAraNA ko rekhAMkita karate hue jainadharma sammata zaucadharma kI sarala dArzanika prastuti kI gaI hai| zailaka rAjarSi kA roga parISaha ke kAraNa upacAra prakriyA ke daurAna zithilAcArI hone aura ziSya paMthaka dvArA unake pramAda kA parihAra karake unheM punaH saMyama ke prati jAgRta karane kA mArmika vivecana ziSya ke kartavyoM kA Adarza svarUpa prastuta karatA hai| SaSThama adhyayana : tumbaka isa adhyayana meM darzana jagat ke gaMbhIra aura sarvAdhika carcita viSaya karmavAda kA rUpaka ke mAdhyama se varNana kiyA gayA hai| tUMbe ke rUpaka dvArA jIva 28

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA halke aura bhArI hone kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra miTTI ke lepa se bhArI banA huA tUMbA jala meM DUba jAtA hai aura miTTI kA lepa haTa jAne para Upara tairane lagatA hai, usI prakAra karma baMdhana se baMdhI huI AtmA saMsAra samudra meM DUbatI hai aura baMdhana kaTa jAne para halkI hokara bhavasAgara ko pAra kara letI hai| saptama adhyayana : rohiNI jJAta isa adhyayana meM dhannA sArthavAha apanI cAra putravadhuoM kI parIkSA ke lie unheM pA~ca-pA~ca zAli (cAvala) ke dAne detA hai| una dAnoM ko prathama putravadhU pheMka detI hai, dUsarI prasAda samajhakara khA letI hai, tIsarI saMbhAlakara rakhatI hai aura cauthI khetI karavAkara unheM hajAroM gune kara detI hai| vaise hI guru pA~ca mahAvratarUpI zAli ke dAne ziSyoM ko pradAna karatA hai| eka use bhaMga kara detA hai| dUsarA use khAnapAna aura vilAsa meM gaMvA detA hai| tIsarA use surakSita rakhatA hai aura cauthA use sAdhanA ke dvArA vikasita karatA hai| isa kahAnI meM nArI yogyatA kA AMkalana saMyukta parivAra kA mahatva, mukhiyA dvArA gRha-vyavasthA Adi aneka bAtoM kA bodha milatA hai| ___pro. TAimana ne apanI jarmana pustaka- 'buddha aura mahAvIra' meM bAibila kI maithyU aura lUka kI kathA ke sAtha prastuta kathA kI tulanA kI hai| vahA~ zAlikaNoM ke sthAna para TeleNTa zabda AyA hai| TeleNTa usa yuga meM pracalita eka sikkA thaa| eka vyakti videza jAte samaya apane do putroM ko dasa-dasa TeleNTa de gayA thaa| eka ne vyApAra dvArA unakI abhivRddhi kI, jabaki dUsare ne unheM jamIna meM gAr3a diyaa| lauTane para pitA prathama putra ke kRtya para prasanna huaa| aSTama adhyayana : mallI isa adhyayana meM tIrthaMkara mallIbhagavatI kA varNana hai, jinhoMne pUrvabhava meM mAyA, chala-kapaTa kA sevana karake apane AdhyAtmika utkarSa meM bAdhA upasthita kI, pariNAmasvarUpa unake strI nAmakarma kA baMdha huaa| tIrthaMkara sabhI puruSajAti ke hote haiM lekina 19veM tIrthaMkara mallI bhagavatI strI paryAya the| __arhannaka zrAvaka kI sudRr3ha dharmaniSThA kA ullekha bhI isa adhyayana meM dekhane ko milatA hai| ina donoM ke mAdhyama se yaha pratibodha milatA hai ki apane jIvana ko sArthaka dizA pradAna karane ke lie manuSya ko kabhI bhI chala-kapaTa-mAyA kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie evaM apane dharma ke prati pUrNa zraddhAvAna rahate hue kisI 29

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhI paristhiti meM usase cyuta nahIM honA caahie| navama adhyayana : mAkandI isa adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai ki vAsanA se caMcala citta hone vAlA sAdhaka jinarakSita ke samAna apane prANa gaMvAtA hai aura sthiracitta rahane vAlA sAdhaka jinapAlita kI taraha sadA surakSita rahakara apane carama lakSya ko prApta karane meM saphala hotA hai| yaha kathA mAtA-pitA kI AjJA kA pAlana karane kI bhI preraNA detI hai| isa adhyayana meM AjJA kI avahelanA karane ke pariNAma kA bhayAvaha citraNa kiyA gayA hai| ___ isa kathA meM zakuna-apazakUna kI bAta AI hai| 12vIM bAra samudrayAtrA ko apazakuna mAnA hai, kisI eka hI kArya ko 12 bAra karanA bhI anucita mAnA gayA hai| dazama adhyayana : candra isameM candra ke udAharaNa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jaise kRSNapakSa aura zuklapakSa kA candra kramazaH hAni-vRddhi ko prApta hotA hai, vaise hI candra ke sadRza karmoM kI adhikatA se AtmA kI jyoti maMda hotI hai aura karmoM kI nyUnatA se jyoti jagamagAne lagatI hai| ekAdaza adhyayana : dAvadrava isa adhyayana meM sahiSNutA ke mahatva ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| vyakti ko saphalatA prApta karane ke lie sahanazIla honA caahie| jo paristhitiyoM ko sahana kara letA hai vaha saphala ho jAtA hai arthAt bhava ko pAra kara letA hai| isa pATha meM ArAdhaka-virAdhaka kI carcA kI gaI hai| dvAdaza adhyayana : udaka jJAta isa adhyayana meM jala-zuddhi kI vidhi ke mAdhyama se pudgaloM ke nirantara pariNamana kI bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| maMtrI aura rAjA ke vArtAlApa ke mAdhyama se batalAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra kA koI bhI padArtha ekAntarUpa se zubha yA azubha nahIM hai| saMsAra kA pratyeka padArtha zubha se azubha meM aura azubha se zubha meM parivartita hotA hai| ataH eka para rAga aura dUsare para dveSa nahIM karanA caahie| 30

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga trayodaza adhyayana : dardura jJAta isa adhyayana meM mukhya rUpa se do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiM(i) sadguru ke samAgama se Atmika guNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| (ii) isake abhAva meM aura mithyAtva kA prakaTIkaraNa ho jAne para jIvana kA adha:patana hotA hai| nandamaNikAra kI pUrvApara avasthAe~ isakA pramANa hai| isa adhyayana meM samAja sevA, rogoM kA nidAna va upacAra, Ayurveda aura devoM kI Rddhi kA bhI savistAra varNana huA hai| caturdaza adhyayana : tetaliputra isa adhyayana meM bhI sadguru ke samAgama kA mahatva pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai ki sadguru ke abhAva meM vidyamAna sadguNoM kA bhI hrAsa hotA jAtA hai| isalie jIvana nirmANa meM ucita mArgadarzana mila jAne para vikAsa kA patha sarala bana jAtA hai- jaisA ki isa adhyayana meM varNita hai ki tetaliputra ke dvArA rAjA kanakaratha ke putra kI rakSA kI gaI evaM poTTilA ke dvArA tetaliputra ko ucita mArgadarzana milaa| tAtkAlika rAjA kanakaratha dvArA atyanta rAjya-lipsA vaza niSThuratApUrvaka putroM ko vikalAMga karane jaise amAnavIya kRtya kara itihAsa ke pRSThoM ko kalaMkita karanA hai| lobha ke bhUta jisake sira para savAra hotA hai usakI viveka vikalatA kaisI hotI hai isakA yathArtha evaM mArmika citraNa isa adhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai| kanakadhvaja rAjA dvArA apamAnita tetaliputra ne AtmahatyA ke vividha prayAsa kie, jo vartamAna pariprekSya meM bhI yatra-tatra dRSTigocara hote rahate haiN| paMcadaza adhyayana isa adhyayana meM vyApArArtha samudrayAtrA ke daurAna pArasparika sahayoga kI bhAvanA kA udAttIkaraNa darzAyA gayA hai| naMdIphala' ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jisa kArya ko karane ke lie iMkAra kiyA jAtA hai usa kArya kI ora logoM kA AkarSaNa adhika hotA hai, jisakA pariNAma bahuta burA hotA hai| sAdhanA patha para calane vAle sAdhaka kA mana mohana aura ramaNIya indriya viSayoM se sAvadhAna rahane kA saMketa kiyA hai| nirgrantha zramaNa saMskRti kA yaha mUla svara isa 31

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Agama meM zurU se aMta taka anuguMjita ho rahA hai| kintu use hRdayaMgama karane hetu saralatama udAharaNoM dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai| SoDaza adhyayana : draupadI isa adhyayana meM bhavaparaMparA kA mArmika citraNa karate hue batAyA hai ki durbhAvanA ke sAtha jahara (tuMbA) kA dAna dene se nAgazrI kI bhava paramparA bahuta bar3ha jAtI hai| draupadI ke pUrvabhava, kutsita kAryoM se (nAgazrI, sukumAlikA), krUra karmoM kA baMdha, sthiti va unake dArUNa pariNAma ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyayana se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna brAhmaNa samAja meM zramaNoM ke prati virodha kI jar3eM kitanI gaharI thii| isameM zatapAka, sahasrapAka, jar3IbUTiyoM se nirmita tela aura auSadhiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| gaMgA kI vizAlatA evaM navIna nagara-nirmANa jaisI kalA kA varNana bhI AyA hai| isameM kacchula nArada kI karatUta, prAkrAmyani (gagana gAminI) vidyA dvArA vizvabhramaNa, zIladharma kI rakSA ke liye pativratA satI draupadI kI sUjhabUjha, saMkaTa ke samaya parijanoM kA sahayoga, apanA kartavya samajhakara krnaa| bar3oM se zarAratI majAka svayaM ke liye kitanI hAnikAraka hotI hai| saptadaza adhyayana : AkIrNa AkIrNa se tAtparya hai- uttama jAti kA azva / azvoM ke dRSTAMta ke mAdhyama se rAga va Asakti ko baMdhana kA hetu batalAyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA hai viSayAtmaka sAdhanA bhI kisa prakAra pathabhraSTa ho jAtI hai aura dIrghakAla taka bhavabhramaNa bar3hA lete hai| anAsakta sAdhaka hI svAbhAvika asIma Ananda (mokSa) ko prApta kara sakatA hai| prakaraNa ko spaSTa karane ke lie azvoM kA evaM indriyoM ke vividha viSayoM kA isameM vistRta nidarzana kiyA gayA hai| aSTAdaza adhyayana : suMsumA isa adhyayana kI mukhya pAtra suMsumA dhannA sArthavAha kI putrI thii| pratizodha kI Aga ko apane bhItara dabAe~ cilAta ne eka dina susumA kA apaharaNa kara liyA taba dhanya zreNi nagara-rakSakoM va apane pA~coM putroM ko sAtha lekara cilAta Adi 500 coroM kA pIchA karatA hai| 500 cora bhayabhIta ho idhara-udhara bhAga jAte haiN| cilAta bhI ghabarAhaTa meM cora pallI kA rAstA bhUlakara anyatra rAste para bar3hatA hai| aMta meM cilAta apane bacAva ke liye suMsumA kA sira kATakara sAtha meM le 32

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga jAtA hai| suMsumA ke dhar3a ko dekhate hI 5 putroM sahita dhanya cilAta kA pIchA chor3a karUNa rudana karatA hai, nirantara bhAgamabhAga se dhanya bhUkha-pyAsa se vyAkula punaH rAjagRha AnA kaThina lagatA hai taba unhoMne susamA kI mRtadeha kA bhakSaNa kara apanI prANarakSA kii| suMsumA ke zarIra kA bhakSaNa karate samaya kevala prANarakSA hI unakA dhyeya thaa| isI prakAra sAdhaka ko bhI rAga rahita hokara AhAra karanA caahie| AhAra dvArA zarIra rakSA kA lakSya 'AtmasAdhanA' hI hai| ___mRtakanyA kA mAMsa bhakSaNakara jIvita rahane kA ullekha bauddhagraMthoM" meM bhI milatA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra' va bodhAyanadharmasUtra'' meM saMnyAsiyoM ke AhAra saMbaMdhI carcA isI prakAra milatI hai| navadaza adhyayana : puNDarIka prastuta adhyayana kA kathAnaka mAnava jIvana meM hone vAle utthAna aura patana kA tathA patana aura utthAna kA sajIva citraNa upasthita karatA hai| mahAvideha kSetra sthita puNDarIkagiri nagarI ke to rAjapuruSa/rAjA, jisameM kaNDarIka kA saMyama tyAga, apazya AcaraNa, ArtadhyAna va asAdhyaroga ke sAtha saptama naraka pRthvI meM gamana yAni utthAna se patana kI kahAnI hai to puNDarIka acAnaka kaNDarIka ko rAjya dekara saMyama grahaNa va ugra sAdhanA evaM prazasta vicAra, anuttara sukhoM kI prApti patana se utthAna kI kahAnI, mAnava ko satyaM zivaM sundaraM athavA zreSTha AcAra ke zreSTha vicAroM kI ora prerita karane vAlI hai| sukha zAMti maya jIvana kA rAja isameM nihita hai| isa kathA ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jo zramaNa cirakAla paryanta saMyama pAlana kara pathabhraSTa ho jAtA hai vaha kaNDarIka kI taraha sAMsArika duHkhoM meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai aura jo aMtima kSaNoM taka ucca vairAgya bhAvoM se saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai vaha puNDarIka kI bhAMti svalpakAla meM hI siddhi prApta karatA hai| __ bhAI-bhAI kA aTUTa prema aura bhAI ke lie sarvasva nyauchAvara karane jaisI udAtta bhAvanAoM kA nirUpaNa isa adhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya zrutaskaMdha isa zrutaskaMdha ke 10 varga aura 206 adhyayana haiM, jinameM mAnava, deva aura vyaMtara Adi kI sAmAnya ghaTanAe~ nirUpita haiN| 33)

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana isameM puNyazAlI nAriyoM kI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate hue batAyA hai ki puNya ke prabhAva se vyaMtara, jyotiSa evaM kalpavAsI devoM kI agramahiSiyoM ke rUpa meM janma letI haiN| isameM varNita adhikatara kumAriyA~ bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke zAsana meM dIkSita hokara uttaraguNoM kI virAdhanA karane ke kAraNa deviyoM ke rUpa meM utpanna huiiN| una sAdhikAoM ke deviyoM ke rUpa meM utpanna hone para bhI jo nAma unake mAnavabhava meM the, unhIM nAmoM se unakA paricaya diyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sampUrNa Agama sAhitya meM apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai| tatkAlIna saMskRti kA vizad vivecana isa graMtha kI viziSTa vizeSatA hai / samAja-utsava, zikSA, rItirivAja, manoraMjana, dhArmika vizvAsa - maMgalakarma, zakunaapazakuna, pUjA paddhati aura darzana, rAjanIti, artha, bhUgola aura saMskRti se jur3e sabhI pahaluoM kA siMhAvalokana isa graMtha ke mAdhyama se kiyA jA sakatA hai| dravya-mImAMsA, tattva - mImAMsA va AcAra - mImAMsA jaise gaMbhIra viSayoM ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se janabhogya banAyA gayA hai| AtmA zarIra kA bhedavijJAna, indriya- saMyama, punarjanma, tapa, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa Adi vividha viSayoM kA spaSTa vivecana isa graMtha meM nibaddha hai / isa prakAra isa graMtha meM jainadarzana jaise gaMbhIra viSaya ko bhI janasAmAnya kI mAnasika yogyatA ke karIba lAkara biThA diyA gayA hai| 34

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga saMdarbha1. ka. "AgamettA ANavejA" - AcArAMgasUtra, 1/5/4 ___ kha. "lAghavaM AgamamANe" - AcArAMgasUtra, 1/6/3 2. bhagavatIsUtra 5/3/192 3. sthAnAMgasUtra 338 4. pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo, pR. 11 5. sthAnAMgasUtra, sUtra-150 6. nandIsUtra-sUtra-150 7. "suyasutta graMtha siddhaMtapavayaNe ANavayaNa uvaese paNNavaNa Agame yA egaTThA pajjavAsutte" - anuyogadvArasUtra -4 8. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA-8/97 9. "zrutaMmatipUrvadvayaneka dvAdazabhedam" -tattvArthasUtra 1/20 10. saMskRta dhAtu koza, pR. 34 11. vAcaspatyam khaNDa prathama, pR. 614 12. Avazyaka cUrNi 1, pR. 28 13. naMdI, mayalagirIyA vRtti patra 249 14. (i) AcArAMgasUtra 1/6/4 (ii) uttarAdhyayanasUtra-193 (iii) niyamasAra-8 (iv) nandIsUtra- 40-41 (v) pramANanayatattvAloka 4/1 (vi) nyAyasUtra 1/1/7 (vii) Avazyaka (vRtti) malayagiri, patra-48 15. 'tava niyama nANa rUkkhaM- tao pavayaNaTThA' - Avazyaka vRtti, gAthA- 89-90 16. (i) 'atthaM bhAsai arahA, suttaM ganthanti gaNaharA NiuNaM / sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe tao suttaM pavattai / / ' Avazyaka niyukti gAthA- 192 (ii) dhavalA TIkA, bhAga-1, pR. 64 va 72 17. 'suttaM gaNaharakathidaM taheva patteyabuddhakathidaM c|' sudakevaliNA kathidaM abhiNNaM dasapuvvakathidaM c||' - mUlAcAra 5/80 18. "AptavacanAdAvirbhUtamartha saMvedanamAgamaH / upacArAdAptavacanaM c|" - syAdvAdamaMjarI TIkA, zloka-38 19. pUrvAparavirUddhAdervyapeto dosssNhte| dyotakaH sarvabhAvanAmAptavyAvatirAgamaH / / - -dhavalA 3/1, 2, 2/9, 11/12 20. AptavAkyanibandhanamarthajJAnamAgamaH / - nyAya dIpikA 3/73/112 21. "AgacchatyAcAryaparamparayA vAsanAdvAreNetyAgamaH" _ -siddhasenagaNi kRta bhASyAnusAriNI TIkA, pR. 87 22. sAsijjai jeNa tayaM satthaM taM vA visesiyaM naannN| Agama eva ya satthaM Agama satthaM tu suyanANaM / / - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA-559 23. "AptavacanAdAvirbhUtamartha saMvedanamAgamaH" - pramANanayatattvAloka 4/12 35

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 24. "tassa muhaggadavayaNaM puvvAparadosa virahiyaM suddhaM / Agamidi parikahiyaM teNa du kahiyA havaM tcctthaa||" -niyamasAra mUlagAthA-8, pR. 19 25. Agamyante maryAdayA'vabuddhayanate'rthAH anenetyAgamaH / - ratnAkarAvatArikA 4/1, pR. 81 26. paMcAstikAya tAtparyavRtti gA. 173, pR. 255 (kundadundAcArya) 27. Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA- 89-90 28. vahI, gAthA- 192 29. nandIsUtra, sUtra-40, pR. 153 30. (i) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, pR. 149 (ii) sarvArthasiddhi, 1-20, pR. 85 (A. pUjyapAda) 31. gaNahara therakayaM vA AesA mukka-vAgaraNAo vaa| dhruva-cala visesao vA aMgANaMgesu nANattaM / / -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA- 550 pR. 149 32. A. (i) tithogAlI, gAthA- 714 (ii) Avazyaka cUrNi bhAga-2, pR. 187 B. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 651 33. A. (i) nandI cUrNi (jinadAsamahattara kRta), pR. 8 ___ (ii) ittha dUsahadubbhikkhe duvAlasavArisie niyatte sayalasaMgha meliA AgamANaogI pavittio ___ khaMdilAyariyeNa' - vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 19 B. himavanta sthavirAvalI 34. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pR. 55 35. jainadarzana kA AdikAla, pR. 7 36. vahI, pR. 7 37. (i) nandIsUtra, gAthA 35 (ii) yogazAstra, prakAza-3, pR. 207 38. sthAnAMgasUtra (prastAvanA), pR. 27 39. "jinavacanaM ca duSSamAkAlavazAducchinna-prAyamitimatvA bhagavadbhirnAgArjunaskandilAcArya prabhRtibhiH sapustakeSa nystm|" -yogazAstra, prakAza-3, pR. 207 40. dazavaikAlika bhUmikA- AcArya tulasI, pR. 27 41. nandImalayagirivRtti, patra-83 42. (i) bhagavaMcaNaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammamAikkhai'- samavAyAMga 34/22 (ii) "goyamA! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti, sAviyaNaM addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visissai" - bhagavatIsUtra - 5/4/20, pR. 56 43. "bhAsAriyA jeNaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAseMti" -prajJApanAsUtra- 1/62, pR. 56 44. "magaddhavisaya bhASANibaddhaM addhamAgahaM, aTThArasa desI bhAsANimayaM vA addhamAgahaM" -nizIthacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi 45. (i) jaya dhavalA- pR. 87 (ii) dhavalA pu. 1, prastAvanA, pR. 71 46. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna, pR. 72-73 47. anuyogadvAra, sUtra-550 36

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jainAgama evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 48. nandIsUtra (saM) muni madhukara, sUtra 82, pR. 165 49. tattvArthasUtra-zrutasAgarIvRtti, 1/20 50. 'jJAtA dRSTAntAH tAnupAdAya dharmoM yatra kathyate jnyaatdhrmkthaaH|' -tattvArthabhASya 51. tattvArthavArtika pR. 1/20, pR. 72 52. jJAtAni udAharaNAni tatpradhAnA dharmakathA jJAtAdharmakathAH athavA jJAtAnijJAtAdhyayanAni prathamazrutaskaMdhe ___ dharmakathA dvitIya zrutaskandhe yAsu graMthapaddhatiSu (tAH) jJAtAdharmakathAH / - naMdIvRtti, patra- 230-231 53. samavAyAMga, patra-108 54. bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dharmakathAoM, TippaNa- pR. 180 55. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa- pR. 80 56. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa- pR. 172 57. kalpasUtra-110 58. (i) AcArAMga- zru.2, a.15, sU. 1003 (ii) AcArAMga- zru.1, a.8, u.8, sU. 1003 59. (i) sUtrakRtAMga- u. 1, gA. 22 (ii) sUtrakRtAMga- 1/6/24, 2/6/19 60. bhagavatI 15/79 61. uttarAdhyayana 6/17 62. dazavaikAlika a. 5, u. 2, gA. 49 63. (i) vinayapiTaka mahAvagga pR. 242 (ii) sUttanipAta-subhiyasutta pR. 108 (iii) majjhimanikAya hindI upAti-suttanta pR. 222 64. kaSAyapAhur3a, pR. 125 65. samavAyAMga prakIrNaka, samavAya sUtra, 94 66. naMdIsUtra-85 67. naMdIsUtra (mumbaI), sUtra 95, pR. 37 68. suttanipAta- aTThakathA, khaNDa-1 pR. 59-105 70. jAtaka saM.-182 71. theragAthA-157 72. saMgamAvatAra jAtaka, saM. 182 (hindI anu. khaM. 2 pR. 248-254) 74. (i) bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti, Avazyaka cUrNi, dharmaratna prakaraNa aadi| ___ (ii) therIgAthA aTThakathA 31-32, majjhimanikAya-abhayarAjakumAra sutta-dhammapada aTThakathA 75. jahA kummesaaMgAI, sae dehe smaahre| ___ evaM pAvAiM mehAvI, ajjhappeNa smaahre|| -sUtrakRtAMga 76. yadA saMharate cAyaM kUrmogAnIva srvshH| __indriyANIndriyArthebhyastasya prajJA prtisstthitaa|| - zrImad bhagavadgItA 2-58 77. saMyukta nikAya- 2, pR. 97 78. ApastambadharmasUtra 2/4/9/13 79. bodhAyanadharmasUtra 2/7/31/32 80. zrI jJAtAdharmakathAMga yoga (yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni jI ma.sA. pR. 510) 37

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dvitIya parivarta saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga I ko bhAratIya saMskRti anAdi - ananta rahI hai / isake itihAsa ke ora-chora pakar3anA aura use zabda - citra kA rUpa denA atyanta duSkara kArya hai / mAnava aura saMskRti kA sambandha colI-dAmana svarUpa hai / inako eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| apanI zaizavAvasthA meM kaMda-mUla-phala khAne vAlA mAnava zanai: zanai: bhojana pakAkara khAne lagA aura phira Aja vaha yuga bhI A gayA hai ki mAnava aMtarikSa para basane kI taiyArI karane lagA hai| prArambha meM mAnava apane jIvikopArjana ke lie zikAra para nirbhara thA, phira usane pazupAlana aura kRSi kArya prArambha kiyA aura Aja vaha vyavasAya meM bhI rata hai| mAnava ke vikAsa kI kahAnI kA pravAha kramazaH zArIrika, bhAvanAtmaka aura mAnasika staroM kI ora agrasara rahA hai / ' mAnava ne bhautika unnati ke sAtha-sAtha apane dharma tathA darzana ko bhI samunnata karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| usakI jijJAsA ne usake vikAsa mArga ko prazasta kiyaa| saundarya kI khoja meM usane saMgIta, sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa para bhI dhyAna diyaa| jIvana ko sukha-suvidhApUrvaka calAne ke lie usane anekAneka sAmAjika, Arthika aura rAjanItika saMgaThana banAe / isa taraha mAnasika kSetra meM unnati kI sUcaka pratyeka samyak kRti saMskRti kA aMga banatI calI gii| isameM mukhya rUpa se dharma, darzana, jJAna-vijJAna, kalA, sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika pariveza, arthavyavasthA aura zikSA Adi ko samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa taraha mAnava saMskRti kA svarUpa anavarata nikharatA aura pariSkRta hotA jA rahA hai / 2 jaina dharma ne mAnava saMskRti ko navIna rUpa hI nahIM diyA varan usake amUrta bhAva tattva ko prakaTa karane ke lie sabhyatA kA vistAra bhI kiyaa| Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva isa mAnava saMskRti ke sUtradhAra bane / unase pUrva yugaliyoM kA jIvana kalpavRkSoM ke AdhAra para calatA thaa| prakRti se sarala aura bhadra hone ke kAraNa mAnava kI karma aura karttavya kI bhAvanA suSupta thI / usa samaya ke loga kRSi aura vyavasAya se aparicita the / unameM sAmAjika cetanA aura loka vyavahAra ke aMkura nahIM phUTe the / nAbhinandana 38

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga RSabha ne bhogamUlaka saMskRti ke sthAna para karmamUlaka saMskRti kI prANa pratiSThA kii| per3a-paudhoM para avalambita rahane vAle logoM ko khetI karanA sikhaayaa| Atmazakti se anabhijJa logoM ko akSara aura lipi kA jJAna dekara unameM puruSArtha aura parAkrama kA nUtana saMcAra kiyaa| jisase daivavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI mAnyatA saMpuSTa hone lgii| unhoMne anyAya aura atyAcAra ke viruddha lar3ane ke lie logoM meM bhujabala kI pratiSThApanA kii| jar3a saMskRti ko karma kI gati se anuprANita kiyaa| cetanAzUnya jIvana kI sAmAjikatA kA bodha aura sAmUhikatA kA zaMkhanAda kiyaa| kalA-kauzala aura udyoga-dhandhoM kI vyavasthA kara niSkriya jIvanayApana kI praNAlI ko sakriya, sakSama aura sudRr3ha bnaayaa| tIrthaMkara paramparA ke aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka Ate-Ate isa saMskRti meM kaI parivartana aae| saMskRti ke vizAla mahAsAgara meM vibhinna matAvalambiyoM kI vicAradhArA rUpI nadiyoM kA sammizraNa huaa| lekina carama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samaya isa sAMskRtika samAgama kA kutsita aura vIbhatsa rUpa sAmane aayaa| saMskRti kA jo pAvana-nirmala, madhura aura lokakalyANakArI rUpa thA vaha aba dhUmila-vikAragrasta hokara canda vyaktiyoM ke hAthoM kI DugaDugI bana gyaa| dharma ke nAma para kriyAkANDa kA pracAra bddh'aa| yajJa ke nAma para mUka aura niraparAdha pazuoM kI bali dI jAne lgii| samAja meM krUratA isa kadara bar3ha gaI ki azvamedha hI nahIM naramedha bhI hone lge| sAmAjika jIvana meM anekAneka vikRtiyA~ pA~va pasArane lgii| striyoM kI dazA dayanIya-zocanIya bana gii| zUdra tathA nArI ko nimnatama aura adhama samajhA jAne lgaa| inako Atma-cintana aura sAmAjika pratiSThA kA koI adhikAra nahIM rhaa| saMyama kA galA ghoMTakara bhoga aura aizvarya kA nazA kilakAriyA~ mArane lgaa| sAMskRtika aura sAmAjika jIvana lar3akhar3Ane lagA, isase mAnavatA ko ubAranA Avazyaka thaa| ___ jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne karttavya aura dAyitva ke prati saMvedanazIla vyakti kI bhAMti isa gaMbhIra sthiti kA anuzIlana aura parIkSaNa kiyaa| sAr3he bAraha varSoM kI ghora evaM kaThina tapa-sAdhanA ke bAda, mAnavatA ko isa saMkaTa se ubArane ke lie, unheM pIyUSa ghaTa hAtha lgaa| unhoMne AhvAna kiyA- sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| yajJa ke nAma para kI gaI hiMsA adharma hai, pApa hai| saccA aura vAstavika yajJa AtmA ko pavitra banAtA hai, isakI pUrNAhuti ke lie krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, matsara Adi kI bali denI hogii| .39

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mahAvIra ne prANimAtra kI rakSA karane kA udbodhana diyaa| dharma ke isa ahiMsAmaya rUpa ne saMskRti ko atyanta sUkSma aura vistRta banA diyA / ' prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti yA Arya saMskRti sacamuca itanI vizAla aura udAra hai ki usameM vizva saMskRti ke sabhI mahatvapUrNa aMza samAhita haiN| bhAratIya kA Adarza vAkya 'vasudhaiva kuttumbkm'| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki hamAre pUrvajoM ne apanI saMskRti ko bhaugolika sImAoM meM bA~dhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA, apitu bhAratetara meM bhI isakA pracAraprasAra kiyaa| bhArata ke vaidezika vyApAra tathA prAcIna bhAratIyoM kI dharma-pracAra vRtti ke kAraNa isa saMskRti kA vizvavyApI prabhAva-prasAra saMbhava huaa| rASTra kI utkRSTatama thAtI saMskRti hI hotI hai / saMskRti hI rASTra kA prANa hotI hai / rASTra kA AdyopAnta jIvana arthAt usakA jIvana-maraNa, sukha-duHkha, pratiSThA-apratiSThA, unnati- avanati Adi saba kucha usakI saMskRti para hI AdhArita rahatA hai| zreSTha aura udAtta saMskRti Ane vAle yuga kI saMskRti aura samAja kI nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya prabhAvita karatI hai / rASTra ke prANa usa samaya kI sAhityika kRtiyoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se samAhita rahate haiN| sAhitya se saMskRti ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, saMskRti phUla aura sugandha ke samAna ekameka hai / vAstava meM sAhitya kisI deza kI vaha sampatti hai jisameM usa deza kI gauravagAthA aura pUrvavartI janajIvana ke vividha sAMskRtika AyAma nihita hote haiM / vaha apane yuga kI paramparAoM, AdarzoM, mUlyoM va gatividhiyoM kI patha - draSTA hai / vastutaH saMskRti usa surabhi ke samAna hai jo samIra ke sAtha maMda gati se cahu~ ora phailatI rahatI hai, use bAdhita karanA yA rokanA atyanta kaThina kArya hai, ThIka isI prakAra saMskRti ko zabdoM kI kArA meM kaida karane se usakI pravAhazIlatA meM ThaharAva A jAegA, jo kisI dRSTi se zreyaskara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Atmattva bhAMti saMskRti kA svarUpa bhI zabdoM meM vyakta karanA duSkara hai| 'saMskRti' kI vyutpatti 'saMskRti' eka vyApaka zabda hai jisakI dhArmika, sAmAjika, aitihAsika, Arthika evaM sAhityika Adi vibhinna saMdarbhoM meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ke anusAra 'saMskRti' zabda 'sam' upasargapUrvaka 'kR' dhAtu se 'suT' kA 40

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Agama karake 'kti' pratyaya lagAkara banA hai / artha saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga saMskRti kA artha uttama banAnA, saMzodhana karanA, pariSkAra karanA', parimArjita karanA hai / saMskRti zabda meM ziSTatA evaM saujanya Adi arthoM kA bhI antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| 'saMskRti' zabda manuSya kI sahaja pravRttiyoM, naisargika zaktiyoM tathA unake pariSkAra kA dyotaka hai / " aMgrejI meM ' saMskRti' kA paryAyavAcI 'kalcara' (Culture) zabda hai, jo leTina bhASA ke 'kalaturA' (Cultura) zabda se niHsRta hai aura 'kalcara' meM bhI vahI dhAtu hai jo Agriculture meM hai / ataH kalcara kA artha bhI paidA karanA - sudhAranA hai|" siMcana Adi kRSi sambandhI samasta Avazyaka saMskAroM kA saMsparza pAkara jaise dharatI zasyazyAmalA banatI hai, ThIka vaise hI mAnava kI mAnasa bhUmi meM phalita sadsaMskAra use mahAmAnava saMjJA se vibhUSita kara dete haiM / saMskRti : dharmAcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM ( paribhASAe~) aneka vidvAnoM ne saMskRti kI vividha paribhASAe~ dI haiM, jo usake svarUpa ko abhivyakta karatI hai - paM. javAharalAla neharU " sampUrNa saMsAra meM jo bhI sarvottama mAnI yA kahI hai unase apane Apako paricita karanA saMskRti hai| 12 prastuta paribhASA saMskRti ko Adarza rUpa meM vyakta karatI hai / yaha paribhASA saMskRti ke svarUpa ko vizleSita karane vAlI nahIM hone ke kAraNa ise saMkSipta paribhASA kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina sAragarbhita paribhASA nahIM / AcArya caturasena ke anusAra " AdhyAtmika aura Adhibhautika zaktiyoM ko sAmAjika jIvana ke lie upayogI tathA anukUla banAne kI kalA ko saMskRti kahate haiM / "13 saMskRti ko sirpha sAdhana mAnA gayA hai jabaki saMskRti to sAdhana aura sAdhya donoM hai / AdhyAtmika aura Adhibhautika zaktiyoM kA yoga bhI saMskRti kA hI svarUpa hai / DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke anusAra " vyakti ke antara kA vikAsa saMskRti hai / " 41

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kevala vyakti ke Antarika vikAsa ko hI saMskRti mAna lene se saMskRti kA kSetra atyanta saMkucita ho jAegA, kyoMki saMskRti meM to vyakti ke bAhya vikAsa ko bhI zAmila kiyA jAnA caahie| mailinovaskI ke anusAra "saMskRti meM paitRka nipuNatAeM, zreSThatAeM, kalAgata priyatA, vicAra, AdateM aura vizeSatAe~ sammilita rahatI haiM, ataH saMskRti kA sambandha darzana aura dharma se lekara sAmAjika saMsthAoM tathA rIti-rivAjoM taka mAnava jIvana kI samasta mahatvapUrNa vicAra praNAliyoM se hai| 15 saMskRti sirpha paitRka nipuNatA yA vizeSatAoM kA nAma nahIM hai, kyoMki saMskRti samaya, sthAna evaM paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa badalatI rahatI hai| DaoN. rAmajI upAdhyAya ke anusAra "saMskRti vaha prakriyA hai jisase kisI deza ke sarvasAdhAraNa kA vyaktitva niSpanna hotA hai| 16 saMskRti eka vyApaka avadhAraNA hai ise kisI deza vizeSa se nahIM jor3A jA sakatA hai| kanhaiyAlAla muMzI ke anusAra "saMskRti jIvana ke una sama toloM kA nAma hai jo manuSya ke andara vyavahAra, jJAna aura viveka paidA karate haiN|''17 ___ yaha paribhASA ekapakSIya hai kyoMki vyakti ke kevala Antarika guNoM ko hI nahIM apitu usake rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna tathA cAla-calana Adi bAhya tattvoM ko bhI saMskRti kA avibhAjya aMga mAnA jAtA hai| alabarTa AinsaTAina ke anusAra "saMskRti vaha hai jo vyakti kI AtmA ko mAMjhakara dUsaroM ke upakAra ke badale (evaja) meM use namra aura vinIta banAtI hai arthAt vyakti kA sAMskRtika mahatva isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki usane apane aham se apane ko kitanA bandhana mukta kara liyA hai|"18 AinsaTAina ne saMskRti ko mAtra AdhyAtmikatA ke Aine meM dekhA hai, unhoMne saMskRti meM se bhautikatA ko pUrNataH darakinAra kara diyA hai, jo upayukta 42

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga nahIM kahA jA sktaa| svAmI satyadeva ke anusAra "saMskRti mAnava ko antarmukhI karake usake sAttvika guNoM ko prakaTa karatI hai|''19 svAmI satyadeva ne saMskRti ke AdhyAtmika pakSa ko hI ubhArane kI koziza kI hai jabaki saMskRti vyakti ko antarmukhI aura bahirmukhI banAne ke sAtha-sAtha usake sAttvika aura anyAnya guNoM ko bhI abhivyakta karatI hai| nikolAI rorika ke anusAra ___ "saMskRti prakAza kI ArAdhanA hai, mAnava kA prema hai, vaha sugaMdha hai, jIvana aura saundarya kI ekatA hai| vaha U~cA uThAne vAlI bhAvanAtmaka yogyatAoM kA samanvaya hai| vaha mukti hai, preraka zakti hai, vaha hRdaya hai| saMskRti kriyAtmaka ziva, jJAna kI vedI aura racanAtmaka saundarya hai|''20 nikoloI ne bhI saMskRti ko sirpha hRdaya se jor3ane kI koziza kI hai jabaki saMskRti hRdaya aura mastiSka kA saMgama hai| yaha satyam, zivam aura sundaram kA samanvita rUpa hai| DaoN. rAmamUrti caudharI ke anusAra "mAnava samAja ke vividha kriyAkalApoM tathA unake preraka mUlyoM evaM mAnyatAoM kI saMjJA ko saMskRti kahate hai|''21 DaoN. rAmamUrti kI prastuta paribhASA meM saMskRti ke tIna mahatvapUrNa tattvoM mAnava ke sAmAjika kriyAkalApoM, mUlyoM aura mAnyatAoM ko hI saMskRti kahA gayA hai, isa kAraNa prastuta paribhASA saMkSipta lekina sAragarbhita kahI jA sakatI hai| E.B. Tylor ___ "Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."22 ___TAyalara ne saMskRti ko vistAra se paribhASita kiyA hai unhoMne saMskRti ko janmajAta na mAnakara arjita mAnA hai aura isakI hastAntaraNIyatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| DaoN. vhAiTaheDa ke anusAra- ... "mAnasika prayAsa, saundarya aura mAnavatA kI anubhUti kA nAma saMskRti 43 43

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| 23 prastuta paribhASA ke anusAra saMskRti kA svarUpa pUrNataH adhyAtma para hI AdhArita hotA hai, ata: yaha paribhASA ekAMgI hai| piDiMgaTana ke anusAra "saMskRti una bhautika tathA bauddhika sAdhanoM yA upakaraNoM kA sampUrNa yoga hai jinake dvArA mAnava apanI prANizAstrIya evaM samAjika AvazyakatAoM kI saMtuSTi karatA hai tathA apane Apako apane paryAvaraNa ke anukUla banAtA hai|''24 AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM kI saMtuSTi kI bAta na kahane ke kAraNa isa paribhASA ko bhI pUrNa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra "saMskRti viveka buddhi kA jIvana bhalI prakAra mAna lene kA nAma hai| 125 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne saMskRti ko atyanta saMkucita artha meM paribhASita kiyA hai| saMskRti ko sAmAjika pariveza meM nahIM dekhA gayA hai jabaki saMskRti aura samAja kA colI-dAmana kA sambandha jagajAhira hai| DaoN. rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ke anusAra "saMskRti jindagI kA eka tarIkA hai aura yaha tarIkA sadiyoM se jamA hokara usa samAja meM chAyA rahatA hai, jisameM hama janma lete haiN|''26 uparyukta paribhASA meM saMskRti meM navAcAra ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo ucita nahI lgtaa| aisA karane se saMskRti eka tAlAba ke samAna ho jAegI, jabaki saMskRti to eka bahatI huI nadI ke pAnI ke samAna hai, jo navAcAra ko saharSa svIkAra karatI hai| DaoN. satyaketu ke anusAra "manuSya apanI buddhi kA prayoga kara vicAra aura karma ke kSetra meM jo sRjana karatA hai yA cintana dvArA apane jIvana ko satyam, zivam aura sundaram banAne ke lie jo prayatna karatA hai, usakA pariNAma saMskRti ke rUpa meM hotA hai yA usI ko saMskRti kahate hai|"27 satyaketu ne saMskRti ko vyaktiniSTha dRSTikoNa se dekhA hai jo upayukta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki saMskRti ke astitva kI kalpanA sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke binA karanA divAsvapna ke samAna hai| vAcaspati gairolA ke anusAra "samasta mAnava samAja ke vikAsa kI vyaSTimaya aura samaSTimaya upalabdhiyA~ hI saMskRti hai|'28 __ kevala upalabdhiyA~ hI saMskRti nahIM hai, kamiyA~ yA burAiyA~ bhI saMskRti hai, bhale hI hama unheM apasaMskRti kA nAma kyoM na de deM, lekina hameM unheM saMskRti ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| E.A. Hocbel "Culture is the sum total of integrated behavior patterns which are characteristics of the member of a society and which are therefore, not the result of biological inheritance."29 uparyukta paribhASA saMkSipta aura sAragarbhita paribhASA kahI jA sakatI hai lekina isa paribhASA meM saMskRti ko arjita hI mAnA gayA hai jabaki saMskRti janmajAta vikasita bhI ho sakatI hai| zyAmAcaraNa dube ke anusAra "saMskRti ke mAdhyama se vyakti apane jIvana kI pUrNa pRSThabhUmi meM apanA sthAna pAtA hai aura saMskRti ke dvArA use jIvana meM racanAtmaka saMtoSa ke sAdhana upalabdha hote haiN|''30 prastuta paribhASA meM saMskRti ko sirpha vyakti ke dRSTikoNa se dekhA hai, sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se nhiiN| saMskRti sirpha saMtoSa kA hI nahIM balki kaI bAra asaMtoSa kA bhI kAraNa banatI hai| AcArya devendra muni zAstrI ke anusAra "saMskRti vaha hai jisameM nAnAvidha dharma-sAdhanA, kalAtmaka prayatna, yogamUlaka anubhUti aura tarkamUlaka kalpanA zakti hai, jisase mAnava virATa satya ko prApta karatA hai| saMskRti eka prakAra se vijaya yAtrA hai, asat se sat kI ora, aMdhakAra se prakAza kI ora, mRtya se amRta kI ora bar3hane kA prayAsa hai|''31 prastuta paribhASA adhyAtma kendrita hone ke kAraNa ekAMgI kahI jA sakatI hai| saMskRti meM bhautika pakSa kA adhyayana bhI zAmila hai| laoNvela ke anusAra "saMskRti una vastuoM ke Ananda se sambandhita hai, jinako saMsAra sundara 45

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mAnatA hai, yaha usa jJAna kI rUci se saMbaMdhita hai, jisako mAnava mUlyavAna samajhatA hai| saMskRti una siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa karatI hai, jinako samUha ne satya mAna liyA hai|''32 ___ saMskRti sirpha sakArAtmaka bhAvoM kA hI nAma nahIM hai balki yaha sakArAtmaka aura nakArAtmaka donoM prakAra ke bhAvoM kA yoga hai| DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI ke anusAra ___ "kisI deza yA samAja ke lie vibhinna jIvana-vyApAroM athavA sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM meM mAnavatA kI dRSTi se preraNA pradAna karane vAle una AdarzoM kI samaSTi hI saMskRti hai|'33 DaoN. zAstrI ne saMskRti ko Adarza ke paryAya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, jo sahI nahIM hai, kyoMki vyavahAra ke dharAtala para utare binA 'Adarza' saMskRti nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| pro. e.ke. cakravartI ke anusAra"Culture of a people means the way of life of that people."34 yaha paribhASA atyanta saMkucita paribhASA hai| isa paribhASA meM samAja ko saMskRti se pUrI taraha alaga rakhA hai| AcArya vidyAnandajI ke anusAra __ "saMskRti Atmika saundarya kI jananI hai| isI ke anuzAsana meM susaMskAra sampanna mAnava jAti kA nirmANa hotA hai| sampannatA aura saMskRti meM bahiraMga aura aMtaraMga kA aMtara hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki loka mAMgalika bhAvanA kI chAyA meM jo vicAra aura AcAra niSpanna hote haiM, saMskRti unhIM kI samaSTi hai|''35 AcArya vidyAnandajI kI yaha paribhASA saMskRti ko adhyAtma anuprANita siddha karatI hai| paribhASA saTIka aura sundara hote hue bhI saMpUrNa nahIM kahI jA sakatI, kyoMki bhautikatA ke dAmana ko chor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai| AcArya tulasI ke anusAra "AcAra aura vicAra kI rekhAe~ banatI haiM aura miTatI haiN| jo banatA hai, vaha nizcita miTatA hai parantu miTakara bhI jo amiTa rahatA hai, apanA saMsthAna chor3a jAtA hai- vaha hai sNskRti|''36 AcArya tulasI ne saMskRti ke saiddhAntika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha vyAvahArika 46

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga pakSa ko bhI samAna mahatva dete hue AcAra aura vicAra ke samanvaya-samAnatA ko saMskRti mAnA hai| AcArya tulasI saMskRti ko zAzvata mAnate haiN| unhoMne saMskRti ko korI AdhyAtmikatA yA korI bhautikatA ke sAMce meM DhAlane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRti anavarata pravAhamAna rahane vAlI saritA ke samAna gatimAna rahatI hai| jJAna aura karma donoM ke prakAzapuMja kA nAma saMskRti hai| jIvana rUpI viTapa ke puSpa ke rUpa meM saMskRti kA paricaya diyA jA sakatA hai| saMskRti jIvana vikAsa kI yukti kA prakaTa rUpa hai| saMskRti ke saurabha evaM saundarya meM hI sampUrNa rASTrIya jIvana kA yaza aura saundarya nihita hai| saMskRti jIvana kA paryAya hI nahIM apitu vaha to jIvana kI kuMjI hai| vAstava meM saMskRti kisI vyakti vizeSa se saMbaMdhita na hokara sAre samudAya, samAja aura rASTra se sambandhita hotI hai| saMskRti samAja ke pratyeka pahalU meM vyApta rahatI hai| pratyeka samAja ko kucha na kucha AnuvAMzika rUpa meM jo bhI apane pUrvavartI logoM se arjita hotA hI hai| saMskRti mAnavIya vyaktitva kI vaha vizeSatA hai jo usa vyaktitva ko eka viziSTa artha meM mahatvapUrNa banAtI hai| saMskRti kI vicAradhArA ko aura adhika spaSTa evaM grAhya banAne ke lie isake artha aura svarUpa kI jAnakArI ke sAtha isakI vizeSatAoM kA nirUpaNa aparihArya ho jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecana ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ jo hamAre samajha meM AtI haiM, unakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haisaMskRti kI vizeSatAe~ saMskRti kI vizeSatAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TanA spaSTatA kI dRSTi se zreyaskara rahegA (a) sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ (ba) viziSTa vizeSatAe~ (bhAratIya saMskRti ke saMdarbha meM) sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ aisI vizeSatAe~ jo sabhI saMskRtiyoM meM vidyamAna rahatI haiM, unheM hama sAmAnya vizeSatAoM kI zreNI meM zAmila kara sakate haiN| saMskRti kI katipaya 47

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ agrAMkita ho sakatI haiM1. mAnava nirmita sampUrNa sRSTi meM mAnava hI eka aisA prANI hai jo apane Apa saMskRti se jur3A rahA hai aura nirantara saMskRti ke nirmANa - pariSkAra meM saMlagna rahA hai / mAnava apanI zArIrika saMracanA, bauddhika kSamatA tathA vAkzakti ke kAraNa hI saMskRti kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai I isI zArIrika saMgaThana, bauddhika cetanA ke kAraNa usane nae-nae AviSkAra kie haiM tathA una AviSkAroM kA niraMtara parivartana evaM parivarddhana bhI karatA rahatA hai / saMskRti hI eka aisA tattva hai jisake kAraNa manuSya isa prANijagata meM apane Apako zreSTha prANI kahalAne kI kSamatA rakhatA hai / 2. sIkhane kI prakriyA kA pariNAma hai saMskRti manuSya paidA hote samaya saMskRti ko sAtha lekara paidA nahIM hotA apitu dhIre-dhIre vaha sAmAjika pariveza ke anurUpa saMskRti ko sIkhatA hai, sAmAjika viziSTatAoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| inhIM guNoM ke vikasita hone para hI vaha saMskRti ko sampUrNa rUpa se sIkhane meM samartha ho sakatA hai| yadyapi AcAra-vyavahAra ko sIkhane kI kSamatA pazu meM bhI hotI hai, lekina vaha pazu apane usa saMskRtiniSTha vyavahAra ko lekara pazujagata meM nahIM jA sakatA, vaha apane Apa taka hI sImita rahatA hai / pazu dvArA sIkhA gayA vyavahAra mAnava kI taraha sAmUhika vyavahAra kA aMza nahIM haiM apitu kevala pazu taka hI sImita hai, jabaki mAnava dvArA sIkhA gayA vyavahAra usake akele kA nahIM apitu samUha kA hotA hai / usI vyavahAra se prathAe~, rIti-rivAja, paramparAe~ aura rUr3hiyA~ janma letI haiM, jinakA pariSkRta svarUpa saMskRti hai / isa prakAra saMskRti ke viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isakA pravAha AnuvAMzika nahIM hotA apitu ise to sIkhanA hotA hai| 3. saMskRti hastAMtaraNIya hai vaise to sAmAnya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRti ko mAnava ko sIkhanA par3atA hai, lekina kucha sAMskRtika vizeSatAe~ aisI hotI haiM jo manuSya kI eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI aura eka samAja se dUsare samAja ko hastAMtarita kI jAtI hai / 48

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga saMskRti kI isa hastAMtaraNIyatA meM bhASA mahatvapUrNa mAdhyama hai, kyoMki bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI manuSya apane vicAroM ko dUsaroM taka pahu~cAne kA kArya karatA hai| naI pIr3hI apanI pUrvavartI pIr3hI ke jJAna kA lAbha letI hai, isI hastAMtaraNa ke kAraNa hI saMskRti kA koSa nirantara bar3hatA jA rahA hai| 4. saMskRti kI viziSTatA pratyeka samAja kA apanA alaga itihAsa, apanI viziSTa paramparAe~ evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ hotI haiM aura ye paramparAe~ aura paristhitiyA~ hI una samAjoM ko eka-dUsare se pRthaka karatI haiN| isI kAraNa yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka samAja kI AvazyakatAe~ bhI bhinna-bhinna hotI haiN| ina bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa hI sAMskRtika bhinnatA hameM dRSTigocara hotI hai, lekina muraDaoNka, bIlsa aura hAijara Adi samAjazAstriyoM kA mAnanA hai ki hameM saMskRtiyoM meM jo bhinnatA dikhAI detI hai, vaha bhinnatA kevala bAharI hI hai| mUla rUpa meM aise tattva bahuta kama hote haiM, jo sabhI samAjoM evaM vyaktiyoM meM samAna rUpa se dikhAI dete haiN| vyApaka rUpa meM jo viziSTatAe~ dikhAI detI haiM, eka-dUsare se bhinna hotI haiN| ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti evaM samAja kI apanI viziSTa saMskRti hotI hai| 5. sAmAjikatA se avaguMthita saMskRti kabhI bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dena nahIM hotI apitu vaha to samAja kI dena hotI hai| samAja ke kAraNa hI saMskRti meM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai| samAja ke abhAva meM saMskRti kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| saMskRti ke abhAva meM samAja aMdhA hotA hai aura samAja ke abhAva meM saMskRti apaMga hotI hai| rIti-rivAja, paramparAe~, AcAra-vyavahAra, dharma, kalA Adi aise tattva haiM jo kisI vyakti kA nahIM balki samAja kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAja aura saMskRti kA Apasa meM anyonyAzrita sambandha hai| 6. saMskRti-AvazyakatAoM kI sampUraka saMskRti manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM sahAyaka hai| manuSya kI kaI AvazyakatAe~ hotI haiM, jinameM sAmAjika, zArIrika evaM mAnasika pramukha haiN| inakI pUrti ke lie hI saMskRti kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| saMskRti kA eka bhI tattva aisA nahIM hotA hai ki jisase AvazyakatA kI pUrti nahIM hotI hai| koI bhI sAMskRtika tattva tabhI taka astitva meM raha pAtA hai 49

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jaba taka vaha manuSya kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA ho, jaba vaha isa prakAra kA kArya nahIM karatA to manuSya use tyAga detA hai aura vaha tattva samApta ho jAtA hai| 7. anukUlana kI kSamatA jisa prakAra nadI bahate samaya apane anukUla mArga kA nirmANa kara letI hai aura mArga ke anurUpa apanA AkAra bhI nirdhArita kara letI hai, ThIka usI prakAra saMskRti bhI samaya, sthAna evaM paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa Dhala jAtI hai, ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRti meM anukUlana kI kSamatA hotI hai| 8. saMtulana evaM saMgaThana saMskRti apane Apa meM koI eka pUrNa tattva nahIM hai apitu kaI ikAIyoM se milakara saMskRti kA nirmANa hotA hai| vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki 'saMskRtitattva' aura 'saMskRti-saMkula' milakara hI saMskRti kA nirmANa karate haiN| vibhinna ikAIyoM meM ekatA kI jo pravRtti hotI hai, usa ekarUpatA kI ora khiMcAva hI saMskRti ko samagratA pradAna karatA hai| ina vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRti mAnava jAti kI sarvocca upalabdhi hai| vAcaspati gairolA ne apanI kRti 'bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA' meM likhA hai ___ 'jisa prakAra harI miTTI ko saMskRta karane se bhAsvat tAmra mila sakatA hai, vaise hI manuSya jAti rUpI sthUla dhAtu ko saMskRti dvArA bhAvita karane se uttama mAnasika evaM sAmAjika guNa prAdurbhUta hote haiN| mAnavatA ko saMskAra sampanna banAne vAlI zikSA-dIkSA, rahana-sahana aura paramparAe~ hI saMskRti ke udbhAvana haiN| saMskRti eka sAmAjika virAsata hai|'38 viziSTa vizeSatAe~ ( bhAratIya saMskRti ke saMdarbha meM) ____ mAnava ko susaMskRta karanA na to ekAeka saMbhava hai aura na hI itanA sarala hii| isameM kisI eka vyakti, dharma, saMskAra, samaya athavA paristhiti kA yogadAna athavA prabhAva hI nahIM hotA apitu satata pravAhita hone vAlI paramparA kA yogadAna hotA hai, jisake ye sabhI aMga haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| yaha kitane hI dharAtaloM aura sthaloM ko pAra karake bhI apane mUla rUpa se jur3I rahI aura nirantara pravAhita bhI hotI rhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki ise sanAtana saMskRti kA nAma diyA gayA aura bhArata kA dharma-sanAtana dharma hai| 50

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 'bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti' meM likhA hai- "apane sudIrgha itihAsa meM bhArata ke nivAsiyoM ne eka aisI sAmAjika vyavasthA evaM saMskRti kA vikAsa kiyA, jo apane Apa meM maulika, anUThI aura vizva kI anya saMskRtiyoM evaM sAmAjika vyavasthAoM se bhinna hai| isa deza ke mahApuruSa, tIrthasthAna, prAcIna kalAkRtiyA~, dharma, darzana aura sAmAjika saMsthAe~, bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti ke sajaga praharI rahe haiN| unhoMne isa deza kI saMskRti ko ajara-amara evaM jIvanta banAe rakhane meM yoga diyA hai|''39 bhArata kI bhaugolika sImAe~ vizAla evaM samRddha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki isakI saMskRti bhI itanI vizAla, vividhatA se paripUrNa, vyApaka evaM samRddhazAlI hai|* bhArata kI bhaugolika sImAoM kA paricaya viSNu purANa meM milatA hai "uttaraM yatsamudrasya himAdrescaiva dkssinnm| varSa tadbhArataM nAma bhAratI yatra sntti||''40 bhAratIya saMskRti apanI vividhatAoM ke kAraNa kabhI bhI chinna-vichinna nahIM huI apitu ina vividhatAoM ko apane meM samAhita kara aura adhika samRddhazAlI huI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM bhaugolika, rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika ekatA ne mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke dhArmika graMthoM yathA jainAgamoM, vedoM, purANoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi meM isa mahAn bhAratIya saMskRti kA citraNa huA hai, jisakA pratyeka bhAratIya ke jIvana para gaharA prabhAva hai| hamAre RSi-muniyoM va AcAryoM ne isa saMskRti kA vyAvahArika rUpa hamAre samakSa prastuta kiyA, jo vibhinna jAtiyoM tathA sampradAyoM ke AcAra-vicAroM, vizvAsoM aura AdhyAtmika samanvaya se banI hai| isI bhAratIya saMskRti kI pramukha vizeSatAoM kA nirUpaNa isa prakAra hai1. prAcInatama saMskRti ___bhAratIya saMskRti vizva kI prAcInatama saMskRtiyoM meM se eka mAnI jAtI hai| vaise cIna va misra kI sabhyatAe~ bhI prAcIna rahI haiM, lekina siMdhu ghATI kI sabhyatA sarvAdhika prAcIna saMskRti mAnI jAtI hai| jaina saMskRti anAdi-ananta hai| anya dezoM kI saMskRtiyA~ avazeSa rUpa meM dekhane ko milatI hai| bAharI saMskRtiyoM ke AkramaNoM ke bAvajUda hamArI saMsakRti akSuNNa banI huI hai, * bharatakSetra kI vistRta jAnakArI ke lie dekheM 'jambUdvIpa'- prakAzaka- zrI a.bhA.sA. jaina saMgha 51

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hAlAMki anyAnya saMskRtiyoM ke prabhAva se hamArI saMskRti meM parivartana avazya hue haiM, lekina hamArI saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra jyoM ke tyoM vidyamAna hai| Aja bhI hamArA jIvana prAcIna saMskRti ke anusAra hI saMcAlita ho rahA hai| 2. Atmavat sarvabhUteSu bhAratIya saMskRti vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA se otaprota rahI hai| jaina saMskRti meM to kevala mAnava kalyANa hI nahIM apitu jIvamAtra ke kalyANa kI bAta kahI gaI hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "prspropgrhojiivaanaam|''43 sarvakalyANa kI bhAvanA ko vyakta karate hue kahA gayA hai "sarve bhavantu sukhinaH, sarve santu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhabhAg bhvet||"44 isa sArvajanIna kalyANa bhAvanA kA mUla AdhAra yaha hai ki samasta jIvoM meM hamArI taraha hI caitanya tattva kI sattA vidyamAna hai jo samasta carAcara jagata ko kriyAzIla banAe hue hai| hamArI taraha sabhI meM sukha-duHkha se vedana hotA hai kintu sabhI ko sukha priya, du:kha apriya hai| vizvakalyANa kI yahI bhAvanA sampUrNa vizva ko parivAra kA rUpa detI hai| tabhI to yahA~ kI saMskRti meM 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI bhAvanA phalavatI ho rahI hai| 3. sahiSNutA __ bhArata meM anekAneka jAtiyoM, dharmoM aura saMskRtiyoM kA Agamana huA, bhAratIya saMskRti ne ina sabhI ko AtmasAt kara liyaa| hamane una bAhya saMskRtiyoM ko na kevala svIkAra kiyA balki unheM phUlane-phalane kA avasara bhI diyaa| yahA~ kisI bhI saMskRti kA damana nahIM kiyA gayA aura na hI kisI samUha para hamane apanI saMskRti thopane kA prayAsa hI kiyaa| isa sadaMrbha meM zuka parivrAjaka evaM thAvaccAputra kI carcA mananIya hai| jainAgama meM kahA gayA hai ki-"samaNa vaha hai jo puraskAra ke puSpoM ko pAkara prasanna nahIM hotA aura apamAna ke halAhala ko dekhakara khinna nahIM hotA, apitu sadA sama rahatA hai|''46 4. samanvaya kI saMvAhaka bhAratIya saMskRti kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai- smnvy| virodhI tattvoM, vicAroM, sampradAyoM, ghaTakoM tathA vyaktiyoM ke bIca samanvaya kI bhAvanA rakhakara 52

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga bhAratIya saMskRti ne rASTra aura samAja ko khaNDa-khaNDa hone se bacA liyaa| yaha bhAratIya saMskRti kI udAratA rahI ki usane vibhinna dharmAvalambiyoM ke bIca sadbhAva rakhate hue vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ko apane meM samanvita kara liyaa| bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti meM samanvaya kI mahAna zakti hai aura usI zakti ke bala para adyatana bhAratIya saMskRti vidyamAna hai| samanvaya kI isI bhAvanA para apanI sahamati prakaTa karate hue DaoN. rAmadhArI siMha dinakara ne likhA hai "samanvaya kA udAharaNa cITiyA~ bhI upasthita karatI haiM, parantu bhArata meM samanvaya kI prakriyA cIMTiyoM kI nahIM, madhumakkhiyoM kI prakriyA rahI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti aneka saMskRtiyoM se banA huA madhu hai aura usake Upara yadyapi AryoM kA lebala bahuta spaSTa hai, kintu AryoM kA mahatva utanA hI hai jitanA madhunirmANa meM madhumakkhiyoM kA hotA hai|''48 samanvaya kI isI vizeSatA kA paricaya dete hue paM. javAharalAla neharU ne likhA hai "IrAnI aura yUnAnI loga, pArthiyana aura vaikTrina loga, sIthiyana aura hUNa loga, musalamAnoM se pahale Ane vAle turka aura IsA kI prAraMbhika sadiyoM meM Ane vAle IsAI, yahUdI aura pArasI, ye saba ke saba, eka ke bAda eka bhArata meM Ae aura unake Ane se samAja ne eka kampanna kA bhI anubhava kiyA, magara anta meM ve saba bhAratIya saMskRti ke mahAsamudra meM vilIna ho gae, unakA koI alaga astitva nahIM bcaa|''49 Aja bhI bhAratIya saMskRti vibhinna dharmoM, sampradAyoM, jAtiyoM va varNoM ko samanvita kie hue hai| 5. dharmonmukha saMskRti ____bhAratIya darzana meM kabhI bhI hindU, musalamAna, jaina yA bauddha ke rUpa meM dharma kA prayoga nahIM huaa| dharma kA vAstavika svarUpa vahI hai jise manuSya apanAtA hai athavA dhAraNa karatA hai- 'dhArayati iti dharmaH' arthAt jo dhAraNa karane yogya hai athavA jise dhAraNa kara hama apane jIvana ko anuzAsita rUpa meM Age bar3hA sakeM, use hI dharma svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dharma ke cAra dvAra haiM- kSamA, saMtoSa, saralatA aura nmrtaa| ina sabhI guNoM ko dharmonmukha bhAratIya saMskRti meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa mAnava ke karttavya ko hI dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| .53

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ve arjuna ko kahate haiM ki manuSya kA jo karttavya hai, vahI usakA sabase baDA dharma hai, vahI usakI saccI upAsanA hai| pratyeka vyakti apane kartavya kA nirvAha karate hue Izvara ko prApta kara sakatA hai- "svakarmaNA tamaya'caH siddhi vindati maanvaaH| 52 ___ aba pratyeka karma ko hI dharma kA svarUpa de diyA gayA hai taba yaha bAta ekadama nizcita hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti pUrNarUpeNa dharmaparAyaNa-dharmonmukhI saMskRti 6. karma kI pradhAnatA bhAratIya saMskRti meM kathanI aura karanI kI samAnatA para bala diyA gayA / hai| kevala bhAvanAoM yA AdarzoM se vikAsa ke zikhara para ArohaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vahI mAnava zreSTha mAnava svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jisake hAtha meM karmaThatA kI kulhAr3I ho| asatya kahanA yA kahakara na karanA bhI mAnava kI durbalatA mAnI gaI hai| satkarma para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| saMskRti sammata AcaraNa ko hI upayukta mAnA gayA hai tathA yaha nirdeza bhI diyA gayA hai ki jahA~ saMzaya hai vahA~ usI mArga kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie jisakA anukaraNa pUrvakAla meM kiyA gayA hai| karmaphala ko varNita karate hue kahA gayA hai- "acche karma kA phala acchA hotA hai| bure karma kA phala burA hotA hai|''53 jo vyakti apane niyata karma ke anusAra Age bar3hatA hai, jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM use dakSatA, pUrNatA evaM saphalatA prApta hotI hai| jisakA ullekha bhagavAna zrIkRSNa gItA meM karate haiM "svesve karmaNyabhirataH saMsiddhi labhate nrH| svakarma nirataH siddha yathA vindati tcchnn||''54 niSkAma karmayoga ko bhI bahuta uccatA pradAna kI gaI hai| karma meM rata rahane vAle vyakti ko hI karmayogI kahA gayA hai| isI ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya darzana meM cAra puruSArtha svIkAra kie gae haiM- dharma, artha, kAma aura mokss| manuSya kA pratyeka karma ina cAra puruSArthoM para AdhArita hotA hai| 7. ahiMsA paramodharma:55 __ bhAratIya saMskRti meM ahiMsA ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| hiMsA ko hara dRSTi meM tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| hiMsA cAhe sUkSma rUpa meM ho yA vyApaka rUpa meM use kisI bhI stara para svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| sabhI dharmoM meM ahiMsAmaya jIvana ko sarvocca mAnyatA dI gaI hai| jainAgama meM ahiMsA ke AdhAra ko spaSTa .54

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga karate hue kahA gayA hai- "sabhI jIvoM ko apanA AyuSya priya hai, sukha anukUla hai aura duHkha pratikUla hai| vadha sabhI ko apriya lagatA hai aura jInA sabako priya lagatA hai|"56 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aThAraha dharmasthAnoM (1. prANAtipAta viramaNa, 2. mRSAvAda viramaNa, 3. adattAdAna viramaNa, 4. maithuna viramaNa, 5. parigraha viramaNa 6. rAtri bhojana tyAga, 7. pRthvIkAya rakSaNa, 8. apkAya rakSaNa, 9. agnikAya rakSaNa, 10. vAyukAya rakSaNa, 11. vanaspatikAya rakSaNa, 12. trasakAya rakSaNa, 13. akalpanIya vastu grahaNa na karanA, 14. gRhastha ke bartana meM nahIM khAnA, 15. palaMga kAma meM na lenA, 16. gRhastha ke ghara nahIM baiThanA, 17. snAna kA tyAga, 18. zobhA (zRMgAra varjana) meM prathama sthAna ahiMsA kA kahA hai| ise unhoMne sUkSmatA se dekhA hai| saba jIvoM ke prati saMyama rakhanA ahiMsA hai| 7 bhAratapAkistAna ke bIca atyanta tanAvapUrNa sthiti hone ke bAvajUda yuddha na hone kA kAraNa bhAratIya saMskRti kA ahiMsA pradhAna yA ahiMsA-AdhArita honA hai| 8. saMskAra sampanna saMskRti bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti kI eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA isakI saMskAra sampannatA hai| yahA~ yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki manuSya kA jIvana saMskAroM kA puJja hai aura usakA sampUrNa jIvana AzramoM kI bhAMti hI ina saMskAroM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| ina saMskAroM kI saMkhyA 16 svIkAra kI gaI hai tathA mAnava jIvana SoDSa saMskArayukta mAnA gayA hai| ye sampUrNa saMskAra manuSya ke janma ke pUrva se lekara mRtyu paryanta calate rahate haiN| ina saMskAroM ko sampanna kie binA jIvana ko pUrNatA nahIM milatI hai| azubha zaktiyoM ke prabhAva se vyakti ko pUrNatA nahIM milatI hai| azubha zaktiyoM ke prabhAva se vyakti ko bacAnA, saMskArya vyakti ke hita ke lie abhISTa prabhAvoM ko AmaMtrita evaM AkarSita karanA, sAMsArika samRddhi prApta karanA, vyakti ko AtmAbhivyakti ke avasara pradAna karanA tathA isake atirikta svarga evaM mokSa kI prApti, naitika guNoM kA vikAsa, vyaktitva kA nirmANa aura vikAsa athavA sAmAjikIkaraNa tathA bhAratIya jIvana meM AdhyAtmikatA ke mahatva ko prakaTa karanA bhI saMskAroM kA uddezya kahA jA sakatA hai| solaha saMskAroM meM Aja sirpha janma, vivAha aura aMtyeSTi sambandhI saMskAra hI vizeSa rUpa se pracalana meM haiM, anya saMskAra pAzcAtya saMskRti ke bar3hate prabhAva aura vaijJAnika yuga kI cakAcauMdha meM guma hote jA rahe haiN| saMskRti ke 55

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nikhAra va rakSaNa ke lie saMskAroM kA saMrakSaNa anivArya hai / 9. atithi devo bhava: " mAtA-pitA aura guru ke pazcAt jise devasvarUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha atithi hI hai arthAt ghara para jo mehamAna AtA hai, usakA sammAna bhI mAtApitA va guru ke samAna hI kiyA jAnA caahie| eka loka kahAvata meM Agantuka ko sahodara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue kahA gayA hai- " ghara Ayo mAM jAyau barAbara huvai|" jaina saMskRti meM 'atithi' zabda ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai- atithi yAnI jisake Ane kI tithi taya na ho yA jo binA pUrva sUcanA ke AtA hai| jaina saMskRti meM zramaNa ko bhI atithi kahA gayA hai| AvazyakasUtra meM atithi saMvibhAga kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / 1 10. zaraNAgata vatsalatA zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA mAnava mAtra kA parama karttavya hai, yaha bhAratIya saMskRti kA saMdeza hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM zaraNAgata vatsalatA kI parAkASThA ko chUte hue kahA hai ki yadi zatru bhI zaraNa meM A jAtA hai to usake prANoM kI rakSA karanA mAnava kA dAyitva hai / zaraNAgata vatsalatA udAratA va kSamA para AdhArita avadhAraNA hai| jaina kathAoM+- meM rAjA megharatha ko isa guNa kI dRSTi se Adarza rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / rAjA megharatha ne zaraNa meM Ae kabUtara kI rakSA ke lie apanA mAMsa kATakara bAja ko de diyA para usa kabUtara ko giddha ko nahIM diyA aura use bacA liyA / zaraNAgata vatsalatA se abhiprAya kevala Azraya denA hI nahIM hai, balki apane jIvana ko balidAna karake bhI zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA, usa para vAra nahIM karanA yAnI yena-kena-prakAreNa usakI rakSA karanA hI zaraNAgata vatsalatA mAnA gayA hai| 11. RNa kA bhAva jainAgamoM meM tIna prakAra ke RNa se uRNa honA kaThina mAnA hai yathA- 1. mAtA-pitA kA, 2. svAmI kA, 3. dharmAcArya kA / bhAratIya saMskRti meM pA~ca prakAra RNoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai| 64 inase uRNa hue binA mukti kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| ye RNa haiM- 1 - 1. deva RNa, 2. RSi RNa, 3. pitR RNa, 4. atithi RNa, 5. bhUta RNa / 56

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44 saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga RNa kI isa avadhAraNA kI pRSThabhUmi yaha rahI hai ki pratyeka vyakti apane sAmAjika naitika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane meM sadaiva sajaga rahe / isa sambandha meM 'bhAratIya samAja evaM sAmAjika saMsthAe~' nAmaka pustaka meM kahA gayA hai ki'vyakti dUsaroM kA isa dRSTi se RNI hai ki unhoMne usake vikAsa meM aneka rUpoM meM yoga diyA hai| una sabake prati karttavyoM kA pAlana karake hI vibhinna prakAra ke RNoM se uRNa ho sakatA hai| ina RNoM kI avadhAraNA ke dharAtala para mAnava meM aneka sadguNoM, yathA- prema, sahAnubhUti, dayA, udAratA, tyAga, Adara bhAvanA, karttavya parAyaNatA kA vikAsa huA hai| 65 mere dRSTikoNa se ina RNoM meM mAtR RNa ko zAmila na kiyA jAnA eka bahuta bar3I visaMgati kahI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki vyakti ke nirmANa meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA mAtA kI hotI hai 12. punarjanma " 1 bhAratIya saMskRti aura darzana meM karma ke pariNAma - prabhAva ko bahuta adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai lekina zarIra vibhinna yoniyoM ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai, karmoM ke anusAra janma kI prApti hotI hai / uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki saMsArI jIva vividha prakAra ke karmoM kA arjana kara vividha nAma vAlI jAtiyoM meM utpanna ho, saMsAra meM bhinna-bhinna svarUpa kA sparza kara saba jagaha utpanna ho jAte haiN| 7 yaha jIva apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra kabhI devaloka meM, kabhI naraka meM to kabhI asuroM ke nikAya meM utpanna hotA hai 168 13. dharma yuddhoM kI paramparA" yuddha meM dharma kA pAlana karanA atyanta kaThina kArya hai| pAzcAtya jagata kI to yaha dhAraNA hai ki- "Everything is fair in love and war. " yAnI prema aura yuddha meM kiyA jAne vAlA pratyeka kArya ucita hI hai kintu bhAratIya saMskRti ise sahI nahIM mAnA gayA hai, cUMki hamAre yahA~ yuddha bhI dharma kI vijaya ke lie athavA satya kI rakSA ke lie hue, ataH dharma yuddhoM kI paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti kI viziSTa pahacAna kahI jA sakatI hai / nihatthe, bAlaka, strI, brAhmaNa, vRddha, gau aura pITha dikhAkara bhAga jAne vAle vyakti para kabhI bhI vAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / sUryodaya ke pUrva aura sUryAsta ke pazcAt yuddhoM kA nahIM honA, gherakara AkramaNa nahIM karanA, lalakAre binA yuddha nahIM karanA Adi Adarza siddhAntoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yuddha kie jAne kI 57

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana paramparA rahI hai| hAlAMki abhimanyu-vadha, droNAcArya-vadha, bAlI-vadha Adi apavAdajanaka ghaTanAe~ bhI bhAratIya itihAsa meM dekhane ko milatI hai lekina sAmAnyatayA kSaNika vijaya sA unmAda meM bhI dharma yuddha kI paramparAoM ko bhaMga nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| 14. nArI kA sammAna bhAratIya saMskRti meM nArI ko bahuta sammAnIya sthAna diyA gayA hai| vaha mAtA, bahana, patnI aura sakhI ke rUpa meM preraNA kA srota banI rahI hai| nArI jagatajananI hai, durgA hai| hamAre samAja meM mAtA kA tyAga pitA se bhI adhika mAnA gayA he, ataH usakA sthAna sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki nArI kA svarUpa sarvatra pUjya hai| jahA~ nArI kI pUjA kI jAtI hai, vahA~ devatA ramaNa karate haiM ___ yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devtaaH| yatraitAstu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyaaH||" bhAratIya samAja meM aisI nAriyA~ bhI huI haiM jinhoMne apane svarUpa kI sArthakatA ko siddha kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nArI ko nara kI khAna mAnA gayA hai| satI sItA, sAvitrI, damayaMtI, maitreyI, padminI, ahilyA, satI aMjanA, jhAMsI kI rAnI, lakSmIbAI, bhAmati Adi aisI nAriyoM ke udAharaNa hamAre itihAsa meM milate haiM, jinase bhAratIya samAja gaurava kA anubhava karatA hai| tIrthaMkara kI mAtA ko svayaM devendra namaskAra karatA hai| bhAratIya nArI ne parivAra aura samAja ke prati hI nahIM apitu sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati apane kartavya kA nirvAha kiyA hai| vaha hamAre RSiyoM-muniyoM tathA AcAryoM kI patniyoM ke rUpa meM jJAna kI vAhinI banI, samAja ko sanmArga kI ora prerita kiyA, usane apane tapa, yajJa aura sAdhanA se sampUrNa vizva ke zuddhikaraNa kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| 15. varNAzrama vyavasthA __ bhAratIya saMskRti meM varNAzrama vyavasthA ko sarvAdhika mahatva prApta hai| Rgveda ke eka zloka meM isa vyavasthA kA paricaya isa prakAra milatA hai 'brahmaNo'sya mukhamAsId, bAhurAjanya kRtH| udarasyAsyA yaddezyaH, pdbhyaaNshuudo'jaaytH||73 58.

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga arthAt brAhmaNa mAnava zarIra ke mukha se, kSatriya bAhu se, vaizya peTa se tathA zUdra pairoM kI upamAoM se paricita karAe gae haiN| brAhmaNa ko buddhi tathA zikSA pratIka mAnA gayA, kSatriyoM ko zakti kA pratIka, vaizyoM ko bharaNa-poSaNa tathA zUdroM kA sampUrNa samAja kI sevA kA dAyitva sauMpA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM bhI varNAzrama vyavasthA kA ullekha milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hotA hai / kammuNA bambhaNo hoI, kammuNA hoI khattio / isA kammuNA hoi, suddo havai kammuNA / / 16. Azrama vyavasthA 74 1 bhAratIya darzana meM manuSya kI Ayu 100 varSa svIkAra kara use cAra AzramoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / ye Azrama isa prakAra haiM- brahmacarya Azrama, gRhastha Azrama, vAnaprastha Azrama aura saMnyAsa Azrama / pratyeka ke lie 25-25 varSa niyata kie gae haiN| Azrama vyavasthA ko vyakti kI Ayu ke anusAra niyata kiyA gayA hai tathA isameM pUrNa vaijJAnikatA dRSTigocara hotI hai 1 brahmacaryAzrama meM adhyayana, gRhasthAzrama meM gRhastha kI sevA, vAnaprasthAzrama samAja evaM parivAra se dUra rahakara sAdhanA ko mahatva diyA gayA, vahIM saMnyAsAzrama meM sabhI baMdhanoM se chUTakara jIvana kA AdhAra sAdhanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jo ki jIvana kA aMtima aura carama lakSya hai / Azrama vyavasthA kA nirdhAraNa vyakti kI zArIrika aura mAnasika sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara bar3e hI vaijJAnika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM Azrama vyavasthA kA spaSTa ullekha to nahIM milatA lekina kathAvastu ke AdhAra para Azrama vyavasthA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai yAnI usa samaya Azrama vyavasthA kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna avazya thI / 17. vividhatA meM ekatA 75 bhArata eka virAT rASTra hai| isakI bhaugolika sImAe~ dUra-dUra taka phailI haiM ataH yahA~ sahasroM vibhinnatAe~ pAI jAtI haiM / ye vibhinnatAe~ dharma, jAti - prajAti, sampradAya, bhASA, saMskRti, bhaugolika racanA evaM rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhI parilakSita hotI haiM lekina bhAratIya saMskRti kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki usane ina sabhI vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI usameM ekatA banAe rakhI hai| ina sabhI vibhinnatAoM 59

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ke hote hue bhI usameM eka hI AtmA kA saMcaraNa hai- bhaartiiytaa| sArAMzataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI bhArata yuga-yugAntara taka vizvaguru rahA hai aura vizva itihAsa meM apanI viziSTa asmitA se vizva gaganamaNDala ko Alokita kara rahA hai| sArA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM saMskRti jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAe~ kevala tattva darzana ko samajhane ke lie hI nahIM apitu tatkAlIna samAja aura saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| Agama graMthoM kA koI eka racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda vallabhI meM sampanna huI Agama-vAcanA ke samaya se ina AgamoM kA svarUpa nizcita huA hai sudIrgha atIta kA janajIvana ina AgamoM meM varNita huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prApta samAja, saMskRti, arthavyavasthA, bhaugolika sthiti evaM rAjanaitika sAkSya kama upalabdha haiM, ata: usa samaya kI saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie inhIM sAhityika sAkSyoM para nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai| Agama graMthoM meM tatkAlIna sAMskRtika sthiti kA yathArtha citraNa milatA hai jisase saMskRti kA mUlyAMkana AsAnI se kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhArata ke gaurava graMthoM meM jaina AgamoM kA sthAna sarvopari hai, unameM bhI kathAoM vAle Agama jo ki sabhI kI rUci kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa apanA vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| yadi hama mahAvIrakAlIna evaM usase pUrva kI saMskRti ko jAnanA cAhate haiM to hameM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sUkSma adhyayana karanA hogA tathA samakAlIna anya paramparAoM ke sAhitya kI jAnakArI rakhanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita saMskRti kA binduvAra saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haisAmAjika jIvana ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga taka caturvarNa vyavasthA vyApaka ho cukI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdroM ke ullekha haiN| brAhmaNa ke lie 'mAhaNa' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| mahAvIra ko bhI mAhaNa aura mahAmAhaNa kahA gayA hai| kSatriyoM ko apanI evaM prajA kI rakSA karanI hotI thii| usa samaya ke rAjA kSatriya kula ke hote the| ina kathAoM meM aneka kSatriya rAjakumAroM kI zikSA evaM dIkSA kA varNana hai|" vaizyoM ke lie ibhya, zreSThI, kauTumbika, gAhAvai 60

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga (gAthApati) Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna pArivArika jIvana sukhI thaa| rohiNI kI kathA saMyukta parivAra ke Adarza ko upasthita karatI hai, jisameM pitA mukhiyA thaa| pitA ko Izvara tulya mAnakara prAtaH unakI caraNavandanA kI jAtI thii| saMkaTa upasthita hone para putra apane prANoM kA utsarga bhI pitA ke lie kara dene ko taiyAra ho jAte the| apanI saMtAna ke lie mAtA ke aTUTa prema ke kaI dRzya ina kathAoM meM haiM yathA- meghakumAra kI dIkSA kI bAta sunakara usakI mAtA kA aceta ho jaanaa|92 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM meM vibhinna sAmAjika janoM kA ullekha hai| yathA- talavara, mAMDalika, kauTumbika, ibhya, zreSThI, senApati, sArthavAha, mahAsArthavAha, mahAgopa, sAyAMtrika, nauvaNika, suvarNakAra, citrakAra, gAthApati, sevaka, dAsa, gaNikA Adi / 83 janmotsava manAne kI paramparA bhI thI, usameM upahAra bhI diyA jAtA thaa| rAjakumArI mallI kI janmagAMTha para zrIdAmakANDa nAmaka mAlA dI gaI thI, janmagAMTha ko vahA~ saMvatsarapaDilehaNayaM kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra snAna Adi karane ke utsava bhI manAe jAte the| cAturmAsika snAna-mahotsava prasiddha thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM meM yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja sevA ke aneka kArya kie jAte the| naMdamaNikAra kI kathA se spaSTa hai ki usane janatA ke hitArtha eka aisI puSkariNI arthAt pyAU-vApI banavAI thI, jahA~ chAyAdAra vRkSoM ke vanakhaNDa, manoraMjaka citrasabhA, bhojanazAlA, alaMkAra sabhA, cikitsAzAlA Adi bhI banavAe, jisase spaSTa hai ki samAja kalyANa kI bhAvanA usa samaya vikasita thii|86 jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM meM zreNika, meghakumAra, dhanyasArthavAha, thAvaccAgAthA patnI, rAjA jitazatru, mAkandI sArthavAha, nandamaNiyAra, drupadarAjA va kAlI devI Adi ke apAra vaibhava kA varNana milatA hai|87 rAjavyavasthA jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM meM rAjavyavasthA sambandhI sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| campA ke rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru) the| rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNika kI (utkSiptajJAtakathA) samRddhi aura rAjakIya guNoM kA patA calatA hai| 61

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rAjA kA pada vaMzaparamparA se prApta hotA thA / rAjA dIkSita hone se pUrva yA apane jIvanakAla ke aMta se pUrva apane putra ko rAjagaddI para AsIna kara detA thA / 1deg jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM meM rAjabhavanoM evaM rAjA ke aMtaH puroM ke bhItarI jIvana kI jhAMkI bhI dekhane ko milatI hai / " rAjyavyavasthA meM rAjA, yuvarAja, maMtrI, senApati, guptacara, purohita, zreSThI, dUta, saMdhipAla Adi vyakti pramukha hote the| 2 rAjya- rakSA ke lie caturaMgiNI senA va vibhinna prakAra ke astra-zastroM kA ullekha milatA hai / dhArmika mata-matAntara jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM meM jainadharma evaM darzana ke vividha pahalU to udghATita hue hI haiM, sAtha hI anya dharmoM evaM matoM ke sambandha meM inase vividha jAnakArI bhI prApta hotI hai, yathA- zailaka kI kathA meM zuka parivrAjaka kA ullekha huA hai, jo sAMkhya matAvalambI thA / " dhanya sArthavAha kI kathA meM vibhinna dharmoM ko mAnane vAle parivrAjakoM kA ullekha hai, jaise- caraka, cIrika, carmakhaMDika, bhikSAMDa, pAMDuraMka, gautama, gauvratI, gRhidharmA, aviruddha, viruddha, brAhmaNa, zrAvaka, parivrAjaka, nigrantha Adi / " AThaveM adhyayana 'mallI' meM cokkhA parivrAjikA evaM mallI kA saMvAda bhI anya dharma evaM jainadharma kI tulanA karatA huA pratIta hotA hai|% ina sabakI mAnyatAoM ko yadi vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta kiyA jAe to kaI naI dhArmika aura dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA patA cala sakatA hai / saMkaTa ke samaya meM tathA saMtAna prApti ke lie loga kaI devatAoM kA smaraNa karate the / unake nAma ina kathAoM meM milate haiN|" ina kathAoM meM sAdhucaryA va zrAvakacaryA" kA spaSTa va vistRta vivecana milatA hai| jainadarzana ke kaI gUr3ha pahaluoM kA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se atyanta sarala aura grAhya nidarzana dekhane ko milatA hai| 100 vibhinna prakAra ke devavimAnoM va devalokoM kA sajIva varNana milatA hai / arthavyavasthA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna kathA pAtroM ke mAdhyama se usa samaya ke logoM kI Arthika sthiti kA sajIva citraNa dekhane ko milatA hai / usa samaya dezI vyApAra ke atirikta videzI vyApAra bhI unnata avasthA meM thA / 102 samudrayAtrA evaM sArthavAha jIvana ke sambandha meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai| 103 jJAtAdharmakathAMga AjIvikA ke vibhinna mAdhyamoM ke rUpa meM vyApAra vANijya, kRSi 104 va anya 62

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga hastakalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| usa samaya sone ke sikkoM kA pracalana thaa|06 mApa taula kI vibhinna ikAIyoM kA ullekha milatA hai|107 yAtrA ke lie yAna-vAhana ke rUpa meM vibhinna sAdhana bailagAr3I108, ratha109, zivikA10, naukA11 Adi kA varNana AtA hai|12 vyApAra jala113 aura thala14 se hotA thaa| bhaugolika sthiti jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM kA vistAra kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM apitu bAhara ke dezoM taka bhI rahA hai, yathA-draupadI kA apaharaNa kara jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke hastinApura nagara se dhAtakIkhaNDa nAmaka dvIpa ke bharata kSetra ke amarakaMkA nAmaka rAjadhAnI taka pahu~cAne yA le jAne taka kA varNana milatA hai|115 ina kathAoM ke kathAkAra svayaM sAre deza ko svapadoM se nApate rahe haiM ataH unhoMne vibhinna janapadoM, nagaroM, grAmoM, vanoM evaM aTaviyoM kI sAkSAt jAnakArI prApta kI hai aura use hI apanI kathA-kahAniyoM meM varNita kiyA hai| kucha paurANika bhUgola kA bhI ullekha hai, kintu adhikAMza vivecana deza kI prAcIna rAjadhAniyoM, pradezoM, janapadoM, nagaroM evaM udyAnoM Adi sambandhita hI hai| aMgadeza, kAzI, ikSvAku, kuNAla, kuru, pAMcAla, kauzala Adi janapadoM, ayodhyA, campA, mithilA, vArANasI, dvArikA, hastinApura, zrAvastI, rAjagRha, sAketa Adi nagaroM evaM vahA~ ke nAgarika jIvana kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI ina kathAoM meM nagara saMracanA, bhavana-nirmANa, graha, Rtu, samaya, mAha, dizAe~, pazu-pakSI, jIva-jantu, parvatanadiyA~ va maMdiroM Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| zikSA evaM kalA ___ ina kathAoM meM kucha kathA-nAyakoM kI gurukula zikSA kA varNana milatA hai| meghakumAra16 aura thAvaccAputra17 donoM ko ATha varSa se kucha adhika vaya hone para gurukula meM zikSA prApti hetu bheje jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| ina kathAoM se spaSTa hai ki usa samaya guru-ziSya saMbaMdha atyanta pragAr3ha aura madhura the| guru kA samAja meM sammAnajanaka sthAna thaa| guru bhI ziSya ko putravat samajhatA thaa| zikSA kevala saiddhAntika kama hI nahIM vyAvahArika jyAdA bhI thii| meghakumAra kI kathA meM 72 kalAoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 18 ina 72 kalAoM meM bhI saMgIta, lekha, vAdya, nRtya, citrakalA Adi pramukha kalAe~ haiN| mallI kI kathA meM citrakalA aura mUrtikalA kA bar3A jIvanta varNana milatA 63

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai|'' sthApatya kalA kI vyApaka sAmagrI meghakumAra kI kathA evaM nandamaNiyAra'21 kI kathA meM prApta hotI hai| maTha, sthAnaka, upAzraya Adi zikSA ke mukhya kendra the| zikSArthI ko mukhya rUpa se veda-vedAMga tathA anya vibhinna darzanoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thii|122 darzana ___jaina vicAradhArA ne jJAna-siddhAnta, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, ahiMsA, punarjanma Adi ke vicAroM ko puSTakara bhAratIya dArzanika cintana ko adhika taTastha aura gauravapUrNa banAne meM yogadAna diyaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra pratyeka jIva kI AtmA jJAnayukta hai aura sAMsArikatA kA pardA usake jJAna-prakAza ko prakaTa nahIM hone detaa| ataH prANimAtra ko isa parde ko haTAkara jJAna ko samajhanA caahie| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke aneka pAtra yathA- meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra, zailaka, zukra parivrAjaka Adi 2500 sAdhu, mallI bhagavatI, 6 mitra rAjA 3200 sAdhu Adi, pA~coM pANDava, tetalIputra Adi apane jJAna para lage AvaraNa ko haTAkara sAdhutva ko grahaNakara paramapada ko prApta karate haiN| dhanya sArthavAha, draupadI, nandamaNiyAra, puNDarika Adi kaI AtmAe~ bhaviSya (AgAmI janma) meM parama pada prApta kreNgii|23 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vicAra samanvaya ke lie anekAnta-darzana kI zailI 'zukathAvaccAputra-saMvAda' meM spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| 24 saMskRti ke rakSaNa aura prasAra meM jainadharma ke anekAntavAda' aura 'syAdvAda' ke siddhAnta atyanta mahatvapUrNa ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahuta sUkSma rUpa se dekhane ko milatA hai| meghakumAra ne apane pUrvabhava meM zazaka aura anya vanyaprANiyoM kI rakSA kii|25 punarjanma kI carcA jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI bahuta-sI kahAniyoM meM milatI hai| yathA- meghakumAra kA pUrvabhava'26, nandamaNiyAra ke jIva kA meMDhaka ke rUpa meM utpanna honA 27 aura usa bhava meM use jAtismaraNa jJAna ke dvArA apanA pUrvabhava jAnanA, aneka pAtroM kA devaloka meM jAnA28 draupadI ke pUrvabhava ke jIva kA aneka bAra naraka aura matsyayoni meM paidA honaa| 29 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke dUsare bhAga meM sabhI rAniyoM ke pUrvabhava kA evaM devaloka meM janma lene kA ullekha punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko puSTa karatA hai|130 sAhitya va bhASA 64

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saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga brAhmaNoM ke dhArmika pracAra aura sAhitya sRjana kI bhASA saMskRta thii| bauddhoM ne saMskRta ke sthAna para pAli bhASA ko apnaayaa| sampUrNa prArambhika bauddha sAhitya pAli bhASA meM nibaddha hai| paravartI yuga meM bauddha dArzanikoM aura pracArakoM ne saMskRta ko bhI apanA liyA, kintu jaina AcAryoM ne dharma pracAra ke lie aura graMtha lekhana ke lie saMskRta ke sAtha hI vibhinna pradezoM meM pracalita tatkAlIna loka bhASAoM kA hI prayoga kiyaa| isa prakAra tatkAlIna loka bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM jaina dharma kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hai| usa yuga kI bolacAla kI bhASAoM ko jaina sAdhuoM ne sAhityika rUpa diyaa| svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI meM upadeza die the| isI udAra pravRtti ke kAraNa madhyayugIna vibhinna janapadIya bhASAoM ke mUla rUpa surakSita raha sake haiN| Aja jaba bhASA ke nAma para bhArI vivAda aura matabheda haiM, taba aise samaya meM jaina dharma kI yaha udAra dRSTi abhinandanIya hI nahIM, anukaraNIya bhI hai aura isase hama apanI sAMskRtika ekatA ko kAyama rakhane meM adhika saphala hoNge| __ina vibhinna lokabhASAoM ke sAhitya ko samRddha karane ke sAtha-sAtha kAlAntara meM jaina AcAryoM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, kannar3a, tamila, gujarAtI Adi aneka bhASAoM meM sAhitya racanA kii| vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, kAvya, kathA, nATaka, gaNita, kAvyazAstra, nATyazAstra, stotra, cikitsAzAstra Adi vividha sAhityika kSetroM meM jaina lekhakoM kI utkRSTa koTi kI saMskRta racanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga prAkRta bhASA meM racita samAsa zailI ke kathA-sAhitya kI zreNI meM AtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM ke kaI nAyakoM ko bahubhASAvid kahA gayA hai|131 meghakumAra ko aTThAraha vividha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM kA vizArada kahA gayA hai| 132 kintu ina bhASAoM ke nAma Agama graMthoM meM nahIM milate haiN| vijJAna jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pudgala arthAt paramANu ke guNa va svarUpa kA vivecana milatA hai| Alocya graMtha meM batAyA gayA hai ki pudgala meM jIva ke prayatna se aura svAbhAvika rUpa se pariNamana hotA rahatA hai|133 isa graMtha meM cikitsA vijJAna ke rUpa meM Ayurveda kA vizad vivecana milatA hai| nandamaNikAra seTha ne rAjagRha nagarI meM cikitsAzAlA (auSadhAlaya) 65

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA nirmANa krvaayaa| isa cikitsAzAlA meM vibhinna prakAra ke solaha maraNAMtaka rogoM kI cikitsA-suvidhA upalabdha thii|35 isase spaSTa hai ki Adhunika yaMtroM ke abhAva meM bhI Ayurveda khUba vikasita ho cukA thaa| __ jalazuddhikaraNa ke lie bhI pUrNataH vaijJAnika vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| subuddhi amAtya ne jala meM se azuddhiyoM ko pRthakakara vizuddha jala rAjA jitazatru ko pilaayaa| yuddha sAmagrI ke rUpa meM Ayuddha (zastra) va praharaNa (astra) Adi kA ullekha137 bhI isa kSetra meM vaijJAnika pragati ko vyakta karatA hai| svapnamanovijJAna kA ullekha bhI jJAtA meM milatA hai| rAnI dhAriNI ke svapna kA phalAdeza svapna pAThakoM dvArA batalAyA gayA hai|38 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM vijJAna apane pUrNa yauvana/utkarSa para thaa| uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna saMskRti atyanta samRddha thii| samAja bhaugolika, Arthika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika dRSTi se sudRr3ha thaa| samAja meM dharmAcaraNa vaMdanIya thaa| zikSA evaM kalA kI dRSTi se bhI samAja unnata avasthA meM thaa| vijJAna kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ vistAra pA rahI thii| samAja meM darzana, sAhitya va bhASA kA sthAna bhI ucca thaa| ina sabhI sakArAtmaka paristhitiyoM meM vyakti kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa svAbhAvika thaa| 66

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saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA - pR. 65 vahI, pR. 65-66 RSabhadevaH eka parizIlana- pR. 15-16 jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa - bhAga - 1 pR. 41-43 jaina darzana aura manana - mImAMsA - pR. 73 aitihAsikakAla ke tIna tIrthaMkara T. 197-198 bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA - pR. 62 saMskRta hindI koza - pR. 1051 bhArgava hindI zabdakoza - pR. 620 bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa - pR. 2-3 bhAratIya saMskRti kI rUparekhA - pR. 1 saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya - pR. 1 bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa - pR. 1 (i) hajArI prasAda dvivedI graMthAvalI - 9, nibandha-sabhyatA va saMskRti pR. 195 (ii) vicAra aura vitarka pR. 181 enasAiklopiDiyA oNpha soziyala sAiMseja- khaNDa 3-4 pR. 621 prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA- pR. 1 (bhUmikA) mAnava saMskRti - pR. 1 (bhUmikA) vahI, pR. 9-10 vahI, pR. 17 17. 18. 19. 20. vahI, pR. 3 21. harivaMzapurANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 22. Primitive Culture, Page 1 23. bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa pR. 2 24. vahI, pR. 2 25. svataMtratA aura saMskRti - pR. 53 26. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya- pR. 98 27. 28. 29. 30. mAnava aura saMskRti - pa. 71 31. sAhitya va saMskRti - pR. 182 bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa - pR. 11. bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA - pR. 44 Man is the primitive world, P-7 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 67 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 63. 64. saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga samAjazAstra pR. 228 bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa - pR. 3-4 Ancient Indian culture- Page 10 sAMskRtika cetanA aura jaina patrakAritApR. 3, 4 eka bUMda eka sAgara (khaNDa-4), pR. 1420 rAjasthAnI bhASA-sAhitya, saMskRti - pR. 338-41 bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA - pR. 145 bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti 18 (i) viSNu purANa - 2/3/1 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. hindU dharmakoza- pR. 645 60. 61. 62. (ii) vAyu purANa - 45/75 bhAratIya samAja va saMskRti - pR. 15 bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR. 13 tattvArtha sUtra- 5/21 manusmRti zrI jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra, adhyayana 5 dazavaikAlika niyukti - gAthA - 156 bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra - pR. 5 saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya- pR. 650 vahI, bhUmikA - ( neharU) bhAratIya samAja va saMskRti - pR. 13 sthAnAMga 4/4 gItA - 18/46 aupapAttika sUtra - 56 gItA- 18/45 bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra - pR. 9 AcArAMga sUtra - 2/2/3 dazavaikAlika - 6/8 rAjasthAnI bhASA, sAhitya, saMskRti pR. 351 bhAratIya samAja va saMskRti - pR. 14 Avazyaka sUtra 6/11 jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa (bhAga - 1), pR. 186-187 zrI sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 3, uddezaka 1 (i) bhAgavata purANa- 10/84/39 (ii) mArkaNDeya purANa - 16/56

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 65. bhAratIya samAja evaM sAmAjika saMsthAe~- 102. vahI- 1/8/53-55, 1/9/8 pR. 92-93 103. vahI- 1/15/4, 1/9/8 66. bhAratIya saMskRti- pR. 14 104. vahI- 1/7/9 uttarAdhyayana 3/2 105. vahI- 1/8/35, 40, 96 68. vahI 3/3 106. vahI- 1/1/138, 1/8/159 69. rAjasthAnI bhASA, sAhitya, saMskRti pR. 353 107. vahI- 1/7/12, 1/8/54 70. vahI pR. 351 108. vahI- 1/3/6 71. manusmRti 3/56 109. vahI- 1/1/149, 1/5/22, 2/1/21 72. bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa- pR. 14 ___ 110. vahI- 1/8/55 73. Rgveda 10/90/12 111. vahI- 1/1/69, 2/1/10 74. bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra- pR. 8 __ 112. vahI- 1/16/175, 1/1/3 75. vahI, pR.5 113. vahI- 1/15/4, 8 76. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/16, 1/14/27 114. vahI- 1/15/4, 8 77. vahI 1/1/98; 159, 1/5/6, 24 115. vahI- 1/16/151-152 78. vahI- 1/5/5, 21, 1/7/4 116. vahI- 1/1/98 79. vahI- 1/7/4 117. vahI- 1/5/6 80. vahI- 1/1/116, 1/5/13 81. vahI- 1/18/37, 38 118. vahI- 1/1/99 82. vahI- 1/1/119 119. vahI- 1/8/97, 98, 1/8/35 83. vahI- 1/1/30 120. vahI- 1/1/17, 102, 103 84. vahI- 1/8/49 121. vahI- 1/13/12-18 85. vahI- 1/8/80-84 122. vahI- 1/5/31 86. vahI- 1/13/12-18 123. vahI- 1/1/208, 210, 1/5/52, 1/2/52 87. vahI- 1/1/30, 142, 1/2/6, 1/12/4 124. vahI- 1/5/44-50 88. vahI- 1/1/3 125. vahI- 1/1/183 89. vahI- 1/1/14 126. vahI- 1/1/164-187 90. vahI- 1/16/219, 1/19/5 127. vahI- 1/13/23-25 91. vahI- 1/1/16-17 128. vahI- 1/1/175, 187, 214 92. vahI- 1/1/30 129. vahI- 1/16/29-33 93. vahI- 1/1/82, 1/2/28, 1/8/128 130. vahI- 2/1/7, 12, 30, 2/2/37, 2/3/41 94. vahI- 1/5/30 131. vahI- 1/1/101, 1/5/6 95. vahI- 1/15/5 132. vahI- 1/1/101 96. vahI- 1/8/110-115 133. vahI- 1/12/8 97. vahI- 1/2/12, 1/8/64 134. vahI- 1/13/17 98. vahI- 1/1/162, 190-192 135. vahI- 1/13/21 99. vahI- 1/1/113, 115, 1/8/53 ___136. vahI- 1/12/15-19 100. vahI- 1/1/69, 1/13/33, 2/1/10 ___137. vahI- 1/2/28 101. vahI- 1/1/214, 1/8/23, 1/13/33 138. vahI- 1/1/17, 35 68

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tRtIya parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa vyakti ke jIvana para sthAna vizeSa kI bhaugolika sthiti kA pratyakSa prabhAva par3atA hai| saMskRti kI dazA aura dizA ko nirdhArita karane vAlA mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka hai, bhaugolika sthiti| zikSA, arthavyavasthA, rAjanaitika sthiti, sAmAjika sthiti Adi vibhinna ghaTaka bhaugolika pariveza se prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha skte| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tatkAlIna bhaugolika sthiti ke vividha rUpoM kA anAvaraNa huA hai| vividha dRSTAMtoM ke mAdhyama se usa yuga meM vidyamAna dvIpa, parvata, nagara, adholoka, devaloka, naraka, nadiyA~, grAma, udyAna-vana, vanaspati Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tatkAlIna bhaugolika sthiti se sambaddha kucha pahulaoM para vicAra yahA~ iSTa haisaMsAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra caturgati rUpa sAMsArika jIvana-cakra ko saMsAra kahate haiN|' hindU dharmakoza meM saMsaraNa gati arthAt jo gatimAna athavA nazvara hai use saMsAra kahA hai| naiyAyikoM ke anusAra mithyA jJAna se utpanna vAsanA ko saMsAra kahate haiM (saMsArazca mithyAdhIprabhavA vaasnaa)| martyaloka athavA bhUloka ko sAmAnyataH saMsAra kahate haiN| saMsaraNa karane arthAt janma-maraNa karane kA nAma saMsAra hai| sarvArthasiddhi ke anusAra- 'saMsaraNa saMsAra parivartanamityartha' arthAt saMsaraNa karane ko saMsAra kahate haiM, jisakA artha parivartana hai| rAjavArtika ke anusAra, "karma ke vipAka ke vaza se AtmA ko bhavAntara kI prApti honA saMsAra hai|"4 naraka jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bure kArya karane vAle arthAt pApakarma karane vAle jIva ko naraka meM utpanna honA batAyA hai| vijaya cora evaM nAgazrI brAhmaNI apane kukarmoM ke kAraNa naraka meM utpanna hue| unhoMne vahA~ aneka prakAra ke (gaMbhIra, lomaharSaka, bhayAvaha, trAsa-janaka, atyanta azubha) kaSTa arthAt vedanA ko anubhava kiye| pracura rUpa se pApakarmoM ke phalasvarUpa aneka asahya duHkhoM ko bhogane vAle jIva vizeSa nArakI kahalAte haiN| unakI gati ko naraka gati kahate haiM aura unake rahane ke sthAna naraka kahalAte haiM, jo zIta, uSNa, durgandha Adi asaMkhya 69)

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana atyanta duHkhoM kI tIvratA ke kendra hote haiN| vahA~ para jIva biloM meM utpanna hote haiM aura paraspara eka-dUsare ko mArane-kATane Adi ke dvArA atyanta duHkha bhogate rahate haiN| rAjavartika meM naraka ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai-"zItASNAsadvedyodayApAditavedanayA narAna kAyantIti zabdAyanta iti naarkaaH|" athavA "pApakRtaH prANitaH AtyantikaM duHkhaM nRNanti nayantIti naarkaanni|" jo nArakoM ko zIta, uSNa Adi vedanAoM se zabdAkulita kara de vaha naraka hai athavA pApI jIvoM ko Atyantika duHkhoM ko prApta karAne vAle naraka haiN| eka anya paribhASA ke anusAra 'narakeSu bhavA nArakAH' arthAt narakoM meM janma lene vAle jIva nAraka dhavalA meM naraka gati ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki jisa gati kA udaya sampUrNa azubha karmoM ke udaya kA sahakArIkaraNa hai, use narakagati kahate haiM- "yasyA udayaH sakalAzubhakarmaNAmudayasya sahakArIkaraNaM bhavati sA narakagatiH'' adholoka jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM adholoka kA ullekha milatA hai|' adholoka meM madhyaloka se lagatI huI sabase pahale ratnaprabhA pRthvI hai| isase kucha kama eka rAjU nIce zarkarAprabhA hai| isI prakAra se eka-eka rAjU nIce bAlukAprabhA Adi pRthviyA~ haiN| adholoka kI U~cAI sAta rAjU jhAjherA pramANa batAI gaI hai| devaloka jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM devaloka kA ullekha milatA hai| jisa kSetra meM devagaNa rahate haiM use devaloka kahate haiN| devaloka meM atipuNyazAlI jIva janma lete haiN| vahA~ sabhI prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAe~ rahatI haiN| devoM kA AyuSya bahuta lambA hotA dvIpa 'dvIpa' zabda kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kaI sthAnoM para huA hai| bhUmi kA vaha bhAga jo cAroM ora jala se ghirA ho, TApU kahalAtA hai| saMskRta hindI koza meM kahA gayA hai ki dvirgatA dvayordizorvAgatA Apo yatra dvi+ap, apa Ipa arthAt TApU kA artha hai- zaraNa sthAna, AzrayagRha, utpAdana sthAna, bhUloka kA eka bhaag| ye dvIpa madhyaloka meM sthita tathA samudroM se veSTita jambUdvIpAdi 70

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa bhUkhaNDoM ko dvIpa kahate haiN| eka ke pazcAt eka ke krama se ye asaMkhyAta haiN| lavaNa samudra meM antara-antara para dvIpa hone se antarvIpa kahalAte haiM (jIvAjIvAbhigama sUtra 3/108) / inake atirikta sAgara meM sthita choTe-choTe bhUkhaNDa antarvIpa kahalAte haiN| yahA~ yugalika manuSya rahate haiN| lavaNa samudra meM ye 56 haiN| anya samudroM meM nahIM hai| asaMkhyAta dvIpoM meM se madhya ke ar3hAI dvIpoM meM manuSyoM ke nivAsa sthAna haiN| vahA~ sabhI bharata va airAvata kSetroM meM rahaTa-ghaTa nyAya athavA zukla pakSa ke samAna utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI Araka (kAlacakra) kA krama se parivartana hotA rahatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita dvIpoM kA ullekha milatA haijambUdvIpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vibhinna kathAoM meM jambUdvIpa kA nAmollekha milatA hai| jaina bhUgola ke anusAra yaha jambUdvIpa saba dvIpa-samudroM meM Abhyantara hai| samagra tiryakloka ke madhya meM sthita, sabase choTA aura gola hai| apane gola AkAra meM yaha eka lAkha yojana lambA-caur3A hai| isakI paridhi tIna lAkha, solaha hajAra, do sau sattAIsa yojana, tIna kosa, eka sau aTThAIsa dhanuSa aura sAr3he teraha aMgula se kucha adhika hai| isake cAroM ora eka vajramaya dIvAra hai| usa dIvAra meM eka jAlIdAra gavAkSa hai| jambUdvIpa ke vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta aura aparAjita- ye cAra dvAra haiN|" madhyaloka meM sabase pahalA jambUdvIpa hai jo himavaMta, mahAhimavaMta, niSadha, nIla, rUkmi aura zikharI- ina cha: varSadhara (sImAkArI) parvatoM ke kAraNa bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airAvata nAma ke sAta kSetroM meM vibhAjita haiN| ina cha: varSadhara parvatoM se gaMgA, sindhu, rohita, rohitAMsA, hari, harikAntA, sItA, sItodA, nArIkAntA, narakAntA, suvarNa kUlA, rUpyakUlA, raktA aura raktavatI nAma kI caudaha nadiyA~ nikalatI haiN| jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM sumeru parvata hai aura aura jambUdvIpa ko ghere hue lavaNa samudra hai| ratnadvIpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra saMbhavatayA lavaNa samudra ke aMdara jo dvIpa haiM, una dvIpa pradezoM meM ratnadvIpa bhI eka hai| yaha ratnadvIpa aneka yojana lambA-caur3A aura aneka yojana ghere vAlA thaa| isa dvIpa kI yaha vizeSatA thI ki yaha aneka 71

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prakAra ke vRkSoM ke vanoM se yukta, sundara suSamAvAlA thA / " dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa lavaNa samudra ke cAroM ora 400000 yojana meM vistRta yaha dUsarA dvIpa hai| isake cAroM tarapha bhI eka jagatI (koTa / dIvAra ) hai / isa dvIpa meM bharata Adi sabhI kSetra himavaMta Adi sabhI parvata, sabhI nadiyA~, kUTa Adi do-do kI saMkhyA meM haiM | 20 nandIzvara dvIpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nandIzvara dvIpa kA ullekha milatA hai| 21 aSTama dvIpa nandIzvara dvIpa hai / isa dvIpa ke aMtarAla meM sAta dvIpa aura sAta samudra kahe gae haiM (ThANAMga-7/110) / isakA kula vistAra eka sau tiresaTha karor3a caurAsI lAkha yojana hai| 22 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra tIrthaMkara ke janma se lekara nirvANa paryanta paMcakalyANakoM ke aSTAhnikA mahotsava bhavanapati, vyaMtara, jyotiSka aura vaimAnika devoM dvArA nandIzvara dvIpa meM bar3e harSollAsa ke sAtha manAyA jAtA hai|23 kAlika dvIpa I jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha dvIpa lavaNa samudra meM avagAhita hai arthAt andara avasthita hai / isa dvIpa kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM vividha prakAra kI khAneM thIM, yathA- sonA, cA~dI, hIre, ratna Adi bahumUlya dhAtu / isa dvIpa ke AkIrNa jAti ke ghor3e bahuta prasiddha haiM | 24 mahAvideha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mahAvideha kSetra vizeSa kA nAmollekha milatA hai 125 digaMbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvideha kSetra kA vistAra 336844, yojana hai| meru kI cAroM hI vidizAoM se saMlagna evaM donoM tarapha niSadha- nIlavaMta varSadhara parvata se saMlagna cAra gajadaMta haiM / niSadha varSadhara parvata se zItodA evaM nIlavaMta varSadhara se zItA nadI nikalakara pazcima-pUrva videhoM meM gaI hai / zItA - zItodA ke pUrva, pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa meM pA~ca-pA~ca sarovara haiN| zItA - zItodA ke pUrva-pazcima kinAroM para do-do yamakagiri haiM / inhIM zItA-zItodA kI cAroM dizAoM meM donoM kinAroM para eka-eka diggaja parvata hone se ATha diggajendra parvata haiM / pUrva-pazcima videha meM solaha vakSAra, bAraha vibhaMga nadiyA~, battIsa kSetra, battIsa vijayArtha, battIsa vRSabhAcala evaM battIsa rAjadhAniyA~ haiN| donoM tarapha do-do devAraNya aura I 72

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa bhUtAraNya vana haiN| pratyeka kSetra kI gaMgA, siMdhu evaM raktA, raktodA Adi jaisI 64 nadiyA~ haiM / zItA, zItodA kI parivAra nadiyA~ 168000 haiN| vibhaMgA meM pratyeka kI parivAra nadiyA~ 28000 haiN| gaMgA, sindhu Adi meM pratyeka kI parivAra nadiyA~ 14000 haiN| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra mahAvideha kSetra niSadha-nIla varSadhara parvata ke kramazaH uttara-dakSiNa meM, pUrvI lavaNa samudra ke pazcima meM, pazcimI lavaNa samudra ke pUrva meM jambUdvIpa ke aMtargata hai| yaha pUrva-pazcima meM lambA tathA uttara-dakSiNa meM caur3A hai, palaMga ke AkAra ke samAna saMsthita hai| yaha donoM ora se lavaNa samudra kA sparza karatA hai| jisakI caur3AI 3368441, yojana hai, isakI pUrva-pazcima bAhA yojana 3376771 tathA dhanupRSTa (uttara-dakSiNI paridhi) 158113 1640 yojana haiN| mahAvideha kSetra ke 4 bhAga batAye haiM- 1. pUrva videha, 2. pazcima videha, 3. devakuru tathA 4. uttrkuru| pUrva-pazcima mahAvideha ke manuSyoM kI lambAI 500 dhanuSa (2000 hAtha jitanI) tathA antarmuhUrta se lekara kror3a pUrva taka kA AyuSya (umra) hotI hai| devakuru-uttarakuru ke manuSyoM kI lambAI karIba 6000 dhanuSa (3 gAU) tathA 3 palyopama kI umra hotI hai| prakArAntara se 4 bhAga mahAvideha ke bIcoMbIca meru parvata A jAne se pUrva tathA pazcimI videha ye do bheda tathA donoM ke madhya meM zItA-zItodA mahAnadI kramazaH A jAne se unake uttarI va dakSiNI meM do-do bhAga ho jAte haiN| ina cAroM bhAgoM meM se pratyeka meM kramaza: 8-8 vijaya (eka-eka cakravartI dvArA jItA jA sakane vAlA kSetra) 4-4 vakSaskAra parvata, 33 antarnadiyA~ tathA pUrva-pazcima ke aMtima choroM para zItAmukha vana Adi hai| meru kI cAroM vidizAoM meM 2-2 kosa kI dUrI para tathA nIlavaMta va niSadha parvata se saMlagna 4 gajadantAkAra parvata hai| devakuru kSetra ke madhya meM citra-vicitra parvata tathA uttarakuru kSetra meM yamaka saMjJaka parvata haiM jo ki kramaza: zItA va zItodA nadiyoM ke pUrvI va pazcimI taTa para rahe hue haiN| uttarakuru kSetra ke madhya jambUsudarzanA nAmaka vRkSa para jambUdvIpa kA adhipati (svAmI) anAhata nAmaka deva nivAsa karatA hai| nIlavaMta varSadhara parvata para sthita kesarI draha se mahAvideha ke zItAprapAta kuNDa meM girakara zItA mahAnadI uttarakuru kSetra ke madhya meM bahatI hai| vahA~ kucha-kucha dUrI para usa mahAnadI meM 5 draha haiM tathA unake donoM kinAroM para 10-10 kAMcanagiri parvata haiM tathA isI prakAra niSadha parvata se devakurU kSetra ke zItodA prapAta kuNDa meM girakara Age bahane vAlI zItodA mahAnadI para bhI 5-5 draha haiM unake donoM taToM 73

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana para 10-10 kAMcanagiri parvata haiN| mahAvideha kI uttara-dakSiNa caur3AI ke kSetra ke bIca 10000 yojana vistRta meru parvata kA samatala bhU-bhAga va usase pUrva-pazcima meM 2200 yojana tathA uttara-dakSiNa meM kramaza: 250 yojana vistRta bhadrazAla vana hai jo bar3A ramaNIka evaM manohArI hai| ina sabhI kA vistRta varNana zrImad jambUdvIpa prajJapti sUtra ke 4 vakSaskAra meM milatA hai| isa kSetra ko mahAvideha isalie kahA jAtA hai kyoMki yaha bharata, airAvata, hemavata, hairaNyavata, harivAsa, ramyakavAsa kSetra kI apekSA lambAI, caur3AI, AkAra evaM paridhi meM vistIrNatara, ati vistarNa, vipulatara, ati vipula, mahattara, ativizAla, ati vRhat pramANayukta hai| mahAvideha meM ati mahAn-vizAla dehayukta manuSya nivAsa karate haiN| pUrvavideha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pUrvavideha kA nAmollekha huA hai| yaha sumeru parvata ke pUrva meM sthita hone se mahAvideha kSetra kA pUrvI hissA pUrva mahAvideha yA pUrvavideha kahalAtA hai| yaha 33684% yojana vistRta hai| maMdara parvata ke pUrva bhAga meM pUrvavideha nAmaka solaha kSetra evaM pazcima bhAga meM pazcimavideha nAmaka solaha kSetra sthita hai| ina donoM ke madhya bhAga meM videha kSetra hai| isa videha kSetra ke bIcoMbIca/madhya meM sumeru sthita hai| sumeru parvata ke sudarzana, meru, mandara parvata Adi aneka nAma haiN| isa sumeru parvata ke kAraNa se videha kSetra ke do bheda ho gae haiMpUrvavideha aura pazcimavideha / punaH zItA nadI aura zItodA nadI ke nimitta se pUrva videha ke bhI dakSiNa uttara ke bheda se do bheda ho gae haiM aura pazcima videha ke zItodA nadI ke kAraNa tIna bheda haiN|" vijaya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahuta se cakravartI vijayoM kA nAmollekha yA vistRta vivecana milatA hai, jinakA digdarzana isa prakAra haipuSkalAvatI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM puSkalAvatI vijaya kA ullekha milatA hai| jambUdvIpa meM pUrvavideha kSetra meM, zItA nAmaka mahAnadI ke uttarI kinAre, nIlavaMta varSadhara parvata ke dakSiNa meM uttara ke zItAmukha vanakhaNDa ke pazcima meM aura eka zaila vakSAra parvata ke pUrva meM mahAvideha kSetra ke antargata puSkalAvatI nAmaka vijaya hai| isa 74

Page #76
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa vijaya meM puSkalAvatI nAmaka deva nivAsa karatA hai| isa kAraNa vaha puSkalAvatI vijaya kahA jAtA hai| salilAvatI vijaya jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra jambUdvIpa meM mahAvideha kSetra meM, meru parvata se pazcima meM, niSadha nAmaka varSadhara parvata se uttara meM, zItodA mahAnadI se dakSiNa meM, sukhAvaha nAma vakSAra parvata se pazcima meM aura pazcima lavaNa samudra se pUrva meM salilAvatI nAmaka vijaya hai| salilAvatI vijaya kI rAjadhAnI vItazokA nau yojana caur3I, yAvat (bAraha yojana lambI) sAkSAt devaloka ke samAna thii|4 puNDarIkiNI ___yaha nagarI puSkalAvatI vijaya kI rAjadhAnI hai| puSkalAvatI vijaya jambUdvIpa meM, pUrvavideha kSetra meM, sItA nAmaka mahAnadI ke uttarI kinAre, nIlavaMta varSadhara parvata ke dakSiNa meM, uttarI zItAmukha vanakhaNDa ke pazcima meM aura eka zaila vakSAra parvata se pUrva dizA meM vidyamAna hai| usa puSkalAvatI vijaya kI yaha puNDarIkiNI nagarI bAraha yojana lambI aura nau yojana caur3I sAkSAt devaloka ke samAna hai| yaha ramaNIya nagarI suvarNamaya prAkAra se yukta, divya vajra, indranIla, marakata, karketana evaM padamAga maNimaya gRhasamUha se yukta, kAlAgarU kI gaMdha se vyApta aura jinabhaktoM se vibhUSita hai| vItazokA yaha salilAvatI vijaya kI rAjadhAnI hai|" jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM die gae salilAvatI vijaya ke varNana ke anusAra vItazokA jambUdvIpa meM mahAvideha nAmaka kSetra meM, meru parvata se pazcima meM, niSadha nAmaka varSadhara parvata se uttara meM, zItodA mahAnadI se dakSiNa meM, sukhAvahanAmaka vakSAra parvata se pazcima meM aura pazcima lavaNa samudra se pUrva meM sthita hai| vItazokA nagarI dakSiNa-uttara meM bAraha yojana lambI aura pUrva-pazcima meM nau yojana caur3I suvarNamaya prAkAra se veSTita hai| yaha nagarI eka hajAra gopura dvAroM, pA~ca sau alapa dvAroM tathA ratnoM se vicitra kapAToM vAle sAta sau kSudra dvAroM se yukta hai| isa nagarI meM eka hajAra catuSpatha aura bAraha hajAra ratha mArga haiM, ye avinazvara nagarI anya kisI ke dvArA nirmita nahIM hai, apitu prAkRtika hai| yaha nagarI devaloka ke samAna thii| 75

Page #77
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana camaracaMcA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM camaracaMcA nagarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 11 jambUdvIpa ke sumeru parvata ke dakSiNa meM ratnaprabhA pRthvI kA 40 hajAra yojana bhAga avagAhana karane para vahA~ asura kumAroM ke indra rAjA camara kI rAjadhAnI camaracaMcA hai| camaracaMcA kI lambAI-caur3AI eka lAkha yojana kI hai / 142 AmalakalpAnagarI jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM AmalakalpA nAmaka nagarI thii| 43 amarakaMkA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM amarakaMkA nagarI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa milatA hai / yaha nagarI dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa meM pUrva dizA kI tarapha dakSiNArtha bharata kSetra meM sthita thI 144 alakApurI indra kI nagarI ko alakApurI kahA jAtA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra ise kubera nirmita yA kubera kI nagarI bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa nagarI kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha samacaukoNa aura suvarNayukta koTa vAlI hai / isa nagarI ke cAroM ora arthAt pratyeka dizA meM azoka, saptaccha, campaka tathA AmravRkSoM ke vana samUha sthita haiM / isa nagarI ke prAsAda suvarNa, cA~dI va ratnoM se yukta haiM / yahA~ indra apane parivAra ke sAtha vividha prakAra kI vibhUtiyoM se krIr3A karate rahate haiM / " dvArakAnagarI alakApurI ke samakakSa thii| 7 bhAratavarSa yA bharata kSetra jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vividha kathAoM meM bhAratavarSa yA bharatakSetra kA nAmollekha milatA hai|48 yaha jambUdvIpa kA 190vA~ bhAga arthAt arthAt 52619 ,yojana caur3A hai / bharata kSetra pUrva-pazcima meM lambA aura uttara - dakSiNa meM caur3A hai| isa bharatakSetra kI tIna sImAe~ lavaNa samudra ko sparza karatI haiN| gaMgA mahAnadI, sindhu mahAnadI tathA vaitADhya parvata hone ke kAraNa yaha kSetra dakSiNArdha bharata tathA uttarArddha bharata ke nAma se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA hai 19 isa deza kA prAcIna nAma bhArata hai| isa nAmakaraNa kI kaI paramparAe~ haiM / 76

Page #78
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa eka bahupracalita paramparA ke anusAra duSyanta kumAra aura cakravartI rAjA bharata ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhArata athavA bhAratavarSa pdd'aa| lekina jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra yahA~ bharata kSetra meM mahAna RddhizAlI, paramadyutizAlI, eka palyopama AyuSya yukta bharata nAmaka deva nivAsa karatA hai| isa kAraNa yaha kSetra bhAratavarSa yA bharatakSetra kahA jAtA hai| isake alAvA bhAratavarSa yA bharatakSetra zAzvata hai| yaha tInoM kAloM meM kabhI bhI na miTane vAlA nitya, dhruva, niyata, zAzvata, akSaya, avyaya evaM avasthita hai| hastinApura jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM hastinApura nagara kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha kuru janapada kI prasiddha nagarI thii| jaina AgamoM meM varNita dasa rAjadhAniyoM meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra RSabha ke sau putra the| unameM eka kA nAma 'kuru' thaa| usake nAma se 'kuru' janapada prasiddha huaa| kuru ke putra kA nAma 'hastI' thaa| usane hastinApura nagara bsaayaa| yaha nagara gaMgA nadI ke taTa para thaa| pANini ne ise hastinApura kahA hai| kuru janapada jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kuru janapada kA ullekha milatA hai|" isake do pramukha nagara indraprastha aura hastinApura the| kuru rASTra, kurukSetra aura kuru jAMgala- ye tInoM eka-dUsare se jur3e hue the| thAnezvara-hastiAnapura-hisAra athavA sarasvatI-yamunAgaMgA ke bIca kA pradeza ina tIna bhaugolika bhAgoM meM baMTA huA thaa| gaMgA-yamunA ke lagabhaga madhya meM meraTha kamiznarI kA ilAkA asalI kuru rASTra thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI hastinApura thii| pANini ne vizeSa rUpa se 'kuru gArhapatam' (6/2/42) rUpa isakI siddhi kI hai| isa vizeSa zabda kA artha kuru janapada kA vaha dhArmika aura naitika dRSTikoNa thA jisake anusAra gRhastha jIvana vyatIta karane vAle sadAcAra aura dharma kA pUrA pAlana karate the|" hastIkalpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM hastIkalpa kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha grAma zatruJjaya ke sannikaTa honA cAhie kyoMki pAMDavoM ne haththakappa meM sunA ki bhagavAna ariSTanemi giranAra (ujjaMyata) parvata para nirvANa prApta hue haiM, to pAMDava hastIkalpa se nikalakara giranAra kI tarapha ge| isa samaya saurASTra meM talAjA ke pAsa meM 77

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hAthapa nAma kA gA~va hai, jo zutraJjaya se vizeSa dUra nahIM hai| yaha hAthapa hI haththakappa/hastIkalpa honA caahie| inameM bhASA va nAma kI dRSTi se bhI adhika sAmya hai| haththakappa aura hastavapra ina donoM zabdoM kA apabhraMza rUpa hAthapa ho sakatA hai| devavijayajI ne pAMDava meM hatthikappa ke sthAna para hastIkalpa nAma diyA hai aura use raivataka se bAraha yojana dUra batAyA hai|62 dvArakA (vAravatI) jaina Agama meM sAr3he paccIsa AryadezoM meM dvArakA ko saurASTra janapada kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| yaha saurASTra kI mukhya nagarI thii| isakA dUsarA nAma kuzasthalI thaa| yaha nagarI nau yojana caur3I aura bAraha yojana lambI thii| isake cAroM ora suvarNa evaM paMcaraMgI nAnA maNiyoM se yukta zreSTha prAkAra thaa| vaha alakApurI ke samAna sundara thI arthAt sAkSAt devaloka ke samAna thii| isake uttarapUrva meM gaganacuMbI raivataka parvata thaa| dvArakA nagarI ko aMdhakavRSNi" aura kRSNa kA nivAsa sthAna batAyA gayA hai| dazavaikAlika kI TIkA meM ullekha hai ki jarAsaMgha ke bhaya se bhayabhIta ho harivaMza meM utpanna dazArha varga mathurA ko chor3akara saurASTra meM ge| vahA~ unhoMne dvAravatI nagarI basAI / 69 | mahAbhArata meM bhI isI prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jarAsaMgha ke bhaya se yAdavoM ne pazcima dizA kI zaraNa lI aura raivataka parvata se suzobhita ramaNIya kuzasthalI nagara meM jA base aura kuzasthalI durga kI marammata krvaaii| bhAgavata aura viSNupurANa meM ullekha hai ki jaba kRSNa dvArakA ko chor3akara cale gae taba vaha samudra meM DUba gaI, kevala kRSNa kA rAjamaMdira bacA rhaa| dazavakAlika meM bhI usake naSTa hone kA ullekha milatA hai| isI nagarI ke raivataka parvata para bhagavAna ariSTanemi ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki prAcIna dvArakA raivataka parvata ke pAsa thii| raivataka parvata saurASTra meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| saMbhava hai ki prAcIna dvArakA isI kI talahaTI meM basI ho aura parvata para eka raMgIna durga kA nirmANa huA ho| zuktimatI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zuktimatI nagarI kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha nagarI cedi (78

Page #80
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa (bundelakhaNDa kA uttarI bhAga) kI rAjadhAnI thii| bAMdA jile ke AsapAsa ke pradeza ko zuktimatI kahA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| bauddha zramaNoM kA yaha kendra thaa| isakA rAjA zizupAla thaa| mathurA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mathurA nagarI kA ullekha milatA hai| mathurA zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI thii| mathurA uttarApatha kI eka mahatvapUrNa nagarI mAnI gaI hai| isakA nAma indrapura thaa|" yahA~ svarNa stUpa hone kA ullekha hai, jise lekara jaina aura bauddhoM meM jhagar3A huA thA aura aMta meM isa para jainoM kA adhikAra ho gyaa| raviSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza meM ise devanirmita stUpa kahA hai| mathurA meM aMtima kevalI jambUsvAmI kA nirvANa huA thA, ataH siddhakSetroM meM isakI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| IsvI san kI cauthI zatAbdI meM jaina AgamoM kI yahA~ saMkalpanA huI thI, isa dRSTi se bhI isa nagarI kA mahatva samajhA jA sakatA hai| prAcInakAla se hI aneka jaina bhikSuoM kA yaha kendra rahA hai| 2 mathurA pramukha vyApArika kendra thA aura baccoM ke lie yaha vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha thaa| mathurA ke rAjA 'dhara' dropadI ke svayaMvara meM zAmila hue the|4 mathurA kI pahacAna mathurA se dakSiNa-pazcima meM sthita maholi nAmaka grAma se kI jAtI pANDu mathurA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pANDu mathurA nagarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai| pANDavoM ne zrIkRSNa ke Adeza para dakSiNArtha bharatakSetra ke belAtaTa (samudra kinAre) para pANDu-mathurA nAmaka nagarI kI racanA kI aura phira pANDava usI nagara meM rahane lge|86 virATanagara jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vairATa yA virATanagara kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha nagarI (vairATa, jayapura ke pAsa) matsya kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahA~ ke rAjA virATa kI rAjadhAnI hone ke kAraNa ise vairATa yA virATa kahA jAtA thaa| pAMDavoM ne yahA~ ajJAtavAsa bitAyA thaa| bauddha maThoM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa yahA~ upalabdha hue haiN| yahA~ ke loga apanI vIratA ke lie prasiddha the| virATanagara kA rAjA kIcaka thA, jise draupadI ke svayaMvara meM padhArane ke lie AmaMtrita kiyA gyaa| 79

Page #81
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kAzI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kAzI kA nAmollekha milatA hai / isakA rAjA zaMkha thaa|" yaha madhyapradeza kA prAcIna janapada thA / isakI rAjadhAnI aura pramukha nagarI vArANasI thI / kAzI ke vastra aura candana kA ullekha bauddha jAtakoM meM milatA hai| kAzI aura kauzala ke aThAraha gaNarAjAoM kA ullekha prAcIna jaina sUtroM meM milatA hai| kAzI ko jItane ke lie kauzala ke rAjA prasenajIta aura magadha ke rAjA ajAtazatru meM yuddha huA thA, jisameM ajAtazatru kI vijaya huI aura unhoMne kAzI ko magadha meM milA liyA thA | 24 isa janapada meM vArANasI, mirjApura, jaunapura, Ajamagar3ha aura gAjIpura jile kA bhU-bhAga sammilita hai / jainadharma ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janma isI janapada kI prasiddha nagarI vArANasI meM huA thA / jaina - sAhitya meM kAzI janapada kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai 195 kAkandI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kAkandI nagarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai / " kAkandI ke azva vyApArI prasiddha the / ye vyApArI vyApArArtha anya nagaroM meM apane azva lekara jAyA karate the / " kAkandI nagarI jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM sthita thI / kAkandI nagarI ke dhanya aNagAra ne utkRSTa tapa sAdhanA se apane zarIra ko zuSka- nIrasa banA liyA, ve ghora tapaspI - mahAnirjarA kAraka the / " 1 kAkandI kAMpilya ke Asa-pAsa thI / kAMpilya kI pahacAna uttarapradeza ke pharrUkhAbAda jile meM sthita kAmpilya nAmaka sthAna se kI jAtI hai / pazcAtvartI anusaMdhAna aura utkhanana se kAkandI kI sthiti uttarapradeza ke devariyA jile meM mAnI jAne lagI hai| nonakhAra sTezana se lagabhaga tIna mIla dakSiNa meM khukhundU nAmaka grAma se isakI pahacAna kI jAtI hai| 100 Adhunika kokaMda deza kA purAnA nAma kAkaMdI thA / 101 paMcAla janapada jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM paMcAla janapada kA ullekha milatA hai| 102 paMcAla eka samRddha janapada thaa| mahAbhArata meM paMcAla kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha milatA hai| paMcAla meM janma lene ke kAraNa draupadI pAMcAlI kahI jAtI thI / 103 Adhunika eTA, badAyU~, mainapurI, pharrUkhAbAda aura usake AsapAsa ke pradeza ko paMcAla mAnA 80

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa jAtA hai| paMcAla janapada rAjya kA vistAra rUhelakhaNDa aura gaMgA-yamunA dvAba ke eka bhAga para thaa| isakI uttarI aura dakSiNI do zAkhAe~ thiiN| uttara paMcAla kI rAjadhAnI ahicchatrA aura dakSiNa-paMcAla kI kAMpilyapura thii|105 __ paMcAla ke prAcIna rAjAoM meM se dummukha (durmukha) nAmaka rAjA atyanta prabhAvazAlI thaa|06 pANini vyAkaraNa meM isake tIna vibhAga milate haiM- (1) pUrva paMcAla, (2) apara paMcAla aura (3) dakSiNa paMcAla / " hemacandrAcArya ne abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi meM paMcAla kA dUsarA nAma pratyagratha aura usakI rAjadhAnI ahicchatrA batAyA hai|108 kAMpilyapura jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kAMpilyapura kA nAmollekha milatA hai|109 yaha dakSiNa paMcAla kI rAjadhAnI thii| kAMpilyapura athavA kAMpilyanagara (kaMpila, jilA pharrUkhAbAda) gaMgA ke taTa para avasthita thaa|10 draupadI kA svayaMvara bhI yahA~ bar3I dhUmadhAma se racA gayA thaa| kAMpilyapura kA rAjA jitazatru mallI bhagavatI para Asakta ho gayA, usane mallI bhagavatI se rAnI rUpa meM maMganI karane kI icchA vyakta kI, lekina jaba rAjA kumbha aisA karane se iMkAra kara detA hai to jitazatru usa para AkramaNa kara detA hai| 12 kaniMghama ne kAmpila kI pahacAna uttarapradeza ke pharrUkhAbAda jile meM phatehagar3ha se 28 mIla uttara-pUrva, gaMgA ke samIpa meM sthita 'kAMpila' ke rUpa meM kI hai|13 ahicchatrA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra ahicchatrA nagarI campAnagarI ke uttara-pUrva dizA meM thii|114 campA ke sAtha isakA vyApAra hotA thaa| yaha nagarI dhanadhAnya se paripUrNa thii|15 isakI gaNanA aSTApada ujjayanta (giranAra), gajAgrapadagiri, takSazilA aura rathAvarta nAmaka tIrthoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai| yaha nagarI zaMkhavatI'17, pratyagratha18 evaM zivapura' nAma se bhI prasiddha thii| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra dharaNendra ne yahA~ apane phaNa (ahicchatra) se pArzvanAtha kI rakSA kI thii| 81

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana surASTra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM surASTra nagarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai| 120 ise saurASTra bhI kahA gayA hai| isakI gaNanA mahArASTra, AMdhrapradeza, kuDukka ke sAtha kI gaI hai| 121 Alocya graMtha ke anusAra surASTra eka janapada thA jo paMcAla deza aura dvArakA nagarI ke madhya sthita thaa| 22 saurASTra janapada kI rAjadhAnI vallabhI thI aura isa vallabhI nagarI meM cauthI aura aMtima Agama vAMcanA devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna huI thii| 123 kauzala jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kauzala nagara kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 124 kauzala athavA kauzalapura (avadha) jainasUtroM meM eka prAcIna janapada mAnA gayA hai| kauzala kA prAcIna nAma vinItA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ne vividha kalAoM meM kuzalatA prApta kI thI, isalie loga vinItA ko kuzalA kahane lge| 125 kauzala kI rAjadhAnI zrAvasti thI / isase pahale kauzala kI rAjadhAnI sAketa aura ayodhyA raha cukI thI / kauzala aura kAzI ke rAjA paraspara prAyaH lar3A karate the / 126 pANini ne kauzala deza ko buddhakAlIna solaha janapadoM meM eka mAnA hai| 127 saugadhiMkA taitalipura hastIzIrSanagara campA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM saugaMdhikA nagarI kA nAmollekha milatA hai| 128 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM taitalipura nagara kA ullekha milatA hai| 129 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM hastIzIrSa nagara kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 130 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM campAnagarI kA ullekha milatA hai / campAnagarI kA rAjA kUNika thA / campAnagarI ke uttara- - pUrva / IzAnakoNa meM pUrNabhadra nAmaka caitya thA / 131 Arya dezoM meM campAnagarI sammilita thI aura yaha aMga deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| 132 sthAnAMga sUtra meM 10 rAjadhAniyoM meM eka rAjadhAnI campA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 133 campAnagarI toraNa, dhavalagRha, koTa Adi se yukta thI / 134 kuvalayamAlAkahA ke anusAra kAkandI se eka yojana dUra kosamba vana thA tathA 82

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa usa vana meM eka kosa dUra campApurI thii| 35 vartamAna meM yaha bihAra ke bhAgalapura se pazcima kI ora cAra mIla dUra sthita hai / 136 campA vyApAra vANijya kA pramukha kendra thii| vahA~ vyApArI mAla lekara vyApAra hetu dUra-dUra se Ate aura vahA~ se dUsarA mAla lekara jAte the / 1 37 campAnagarI campA ke puSpoM se ghirI hone ke kAraNa caMpAmAlinI kahalAtI thI / 138 roma pAda ke prapautra caMpa ne isa nagarI ko basAyA thaa| 139 prAcInakAla meM isa nagara meM kaI nAma the- campAnagara, caMpAvata, caMpApurI, caMpA aura cNpaamaalinii| usa yuga ke sAMskRtika jIvana meM caMpA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / buddha, mahAvIra aura gozAlaka kaI bAra caMpA Ae the / 12veM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya kA janma aura nirvANa donoM hI caMpA meM hue the / yaha jainiyoM kA pramukha tIrthasthAna thA / zayyaMbhava ne dazavaikAlika sUtra kI racanA yahIM kI thii| caMpA itihAsa, saMskRti, rAjanItika vyavasthA, sAmAjika vyavasthA, kalA Adi vyavasthAoM kI dRSTi se samunnata thI / 140 I campAnagarI vaibhavazAlI surakSita aura samRddha thI / vahA~ ke nAgarika aura janapada ke anya bhAgoM se Ae vyakti prasanna rahate the / vahA~ janasaMkula thA / vahA~ Ikha, jau, dhAna kI phasala bahuta hotI thI, jisase vahA~ kI bhUmi lahalahAtI huI suzobhita hotI thI / campA meM pazuoM kI bharamAra thI / vahA~ zilpakalA yukta sundara caitya the| campA zAntimaya evaM upadrava zUnya sthAna thI, kyoMki vahA~ cora, DAkU, rizvatakhora, baTamAra aura cuMgI vasUla karane vAloM Adi kA koI khatarA nahIM thA / campA meM vibhinna zreNiyoM ke kauTumbika pArivArika logoM kI ghanI bastI evaM saMyukta parivAra the| bhikSuoM ko zuddha aiSaNIya bhikSA sukhapUrvaka mila jAtI thI / vahA~ ke loga zuddha aiSaNIya prAsUka AhAra dekara pramudita hote aura svayaM ko dhanya-dhanya, kRta-kRta mAnate the / campA naTa, nartaka, jalla, lAsaka, plavaka, malala, vidUSaka, mukkebAja, kathA kahane vAle, zubha-azubha zakuna batAne vAle, vINA, tUNa, pUMgI Adi bajAkara logoM kA manoraMjana karane vAle logoM se yukta thI / ye sabhI apanI kalA kA pradarzana kara AjIvikA calA rahe the / vaha nagarI nandanavana sI thI / vaha U~cI, vistIrNa aura gaharI khAI se yukta thI, usake cAroM ora vizAla parakoTA thaa| parakoTe ke madhya bane hue ATha hAtha caur3e mArgoM, usameM bane hue choTe dvAroM- vAtAyanoM, gopuroM, nagara dvAroM, toraNoM Adi se vaha nagarI suzobhita ho rahI thI / vaha vyApAra - vANijya, bAjAra Adi ke kAraNa tathA bahuta se zilpiyoM, 1 83

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kArIgaroM se yukta hone ke kAraNa sukha-suvidhApUrNa thii| tirAhoM, caurAhoM, tikone sthAnoM evaM jahA~ se cAra se adhika rAste milate hoM aise sthAnoM se vaha yukta thii| vahA~ rAjA kI savArI nikalatI thii| vahA~ uttama ghor3e, madonmatta hAthI, ratha, pAlakiyA~, yAna Adi bahutAyata se the, unakI savAriyA~ nikalatI rahatI thii| vahA~ ke jalAzayoM meM kamala khile rahate the| usa nagarI meM uttama bar3e-bar3e, saphedI kie hue vizAla bhavana darzanIya, prekSaNIya the| vArANasI ___ kAzI, kauzala Adi solaha prAcIna mahAjanapadoM meM kAzI eka prasiddha janapada rahA hai jo vartamAna meM banArasa yA vArANasI ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vArANasI ke sthAna para vANArasI' zabda AtA hai|42 usa kAla meM kAzI nAmaka janapada meM vArANasI nAmaka nagarI thI, usameM kAzIrAja zaMkha nAmaka rAjA thaa|43 'vANArasI' meM 'vA' ke bAda 'NA' hai aura banArasa meM bhI 'ba' ke bAda 'na' hai, ataH isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki vANArasI' se 'banArasa' zabda kI utpatti huii| prAkRta bhASA meM isa pravRtti ko varNa vyatyaya kahate haiN| 44 yaha pavitrabhUmi cAra tIrthaMkaroM (supArzvanAtha, candraprabhu, zreyAMsanAtha aura pArzvanAtha) kI janmabhUmi hai| rAjagRha rAjagRha nAmaka nagara jambUdvIpa ke bhAratavarSa ke dakSiNArtha bharata meM sthita thaa|'45 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjagRha kI nagara vyavasthA kA vivecana karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki yahA~ juAghara, madirAlaya, vaizyAghara tathA coroM ke aDDe the| yahA~ nAmadeva ke gRha, bhUta-gRha, yakSagRha Adi bhI the| vibhinna AkAra-prakAra ke mArga bane hue the|146 magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha thii| rAjagRha kI gaNanA bhArata kI dasa rAjadhAniyoM meM kI gaI hai| 47 magadha kA mukhya nagara hone ke kAraNa rAjagRha ko magadhapura bhI kahA jAtA thaa| jaina graMthoM meM ise kSitipratiSThita, caNakapura, RSabhapura aura kuzAgrapura nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki kuzAgrapura meM prAyaH Aga laga jAyA karatI thI, ataeva magadha ke rAjA bimbisAra ne usake sthAna para rAjagRha nagara basAyA thaa|48 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahA~ sarvAdhika 14 cAturmAsa 84

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa kiye| rAjA bimbasAra kI 23 rAniyA~, kaI putra, pautra aura gaNamAnya janoM ne yahA~ se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa saMyama grahaNa kiyA / navavivAhita 8 patniyoM sahita 527 vyaktiyoM ke sAtha jambUkumAra jaise yuvaka dIkSita hue| mithilA videha (videha deza kI mithilA nagarI ) jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mithilA videha kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 149 videha arthAt mithilA nagarI meM 19veM tIrthaMkara 'mallI bhagavatI' kA janma huA / 150 yaha nagarI vyApAra aura vANijya ke lie prasiddha thI / campAnagarI kA arhannaka zramaNopAsaka vahA~ se becane yogya vastuoM ko mithilA nagarI lAyA aura mithilA se campAnagarI le gayA / 151 mithilA videha janapada kI rAjadhAnI thI / 152 videha rAjya kI sImA uttara meM himAlaya, dakSiNa meM gaMgA, pazcima meM gaMDakI aura pUrva meM mahAnadI taka thii| 53 surUci jAtaka ke anusAra isa rASTra kA vistAra tIna sau yojana thaa|'54 isameM solaha hajAra gA~va the / 15 yaha eka samRddha rASTra thA / yahA~ kA pratyeka ghara 'kadalI-vana' se suzobhita thA / sthAna-sthAna para vApI, kUpa aura tar3Aga milate the / khIra yahA~ kA prasiddha bhojana thA / yahA~ kI sAmAnya janatA bhI saMskRta meM vizArada thI aura ve dharmazAstroM meM bhI nipuNa the| mithilA kA dUsarA nAma 'janakapurI' thaa| isake pAsa hI mahArAja janaka ke bhAI 'kanaka' kA nivAsa sthAna 'kanakapura' basA huA thA / 156 vartamAna meM nepAla kI sImA ke aMtargata, jahA~ mujaphpharapura aura darabhaMgA jile milate haiM, choTe nagara 'janakapura' ko prAcIna mithilA kahA jAtA hai| 157 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahA~ chaH cAturmAsa kie| 158 pratyekabuddha nami ko kaMkaNa kI dhvani se yahIM vairAgya huA thaa| 159 jaina AgamoM meM varNita dasa rAjadhAniyoM meM mithilA kA nAma hai / 160 sAketa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha kauzala deza kI viziSTa nagarI thii| isake uttarapUrva meM (IzAna) eka bahuta bar3A caitya thA / 161 pataMjali ne ise uttara kauzala kI rAjadhAnI kahA hai / unake anusAra yaha nagarI pUrvI aura pazcimI bhArata ko jor3ane vAle mArga para sthita thI / 162 kuNAla jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kuNAla janapada kA ullekha milatA hai / 163 kuNAla janapada 85

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ko uttara kauzala ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| sarayU nadI ke madhya meM hone ke kAraNa kauzala janapada uttara kauzala aura dakSiNa kauzala do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thaa| 164 kuNAla deza kI rAjadhAnI zrAvastI nAmaka nagarI thii| usa kuNAla deza meM rUkmi nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / usane apanI putrI subAhukumArI kA majjana mahotsava khUba utsukatA se manAyA / 165 zrAvastI kuNAla janapada meM zrAvastI nagarI thI / 166 yaha isa janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha nagarI acirAvatI nadI ke kinAre basI thI / jaina sUtroM meM ullekha hai ki isa nadI meM bahuta kama pAnI rahatA thaa| isake aneka pradeza sUkhe the aura jaina bhikSu ise pAra karake bhikSA ke lie jAte the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahA~ eka cAturmAsa kiyA thaa| zrAvastI bauddhoM kA kendra thA / 167 pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI kezIkumAra aura mahAvIra ke ziSya gaNadhara gautama ke bIca cAturyAma aura paMca mahAvrata ko lekara yahA~ aitihAsika carcA huI thii| 168 jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra yahA~ samudravaMzIya rAjA rAjya karate the, jo buddha ke parama upAsaka the| yahA~ kaI kisma kA cAvala paidA hotA thA / zrAvastI maheThi nAma se kahI jAtI thI / 169 Ajakala yaha nagarI saheTa-maheTa, jilA goMDA meM sthita hai| yahA~ buddha kI eka vizAla mUrti hai, jisake darzanArtha bauddha upAsaka zrIlaMkA Adi dUra-dUra sthAnoM se Ate haiN| jana- sanniveza yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jana-sanniveza ke svarUpa evaM prakAroM kI koI vistRta evaM vizad vivecanA prApta nahIM hotI hai lekina unakA nAmollekha hone ke kAraNa anya graMthoM ke saMdarbhoM se inakA vivecana yuktisaMgata hogA / grAma jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'grAma' zabda kA ullekha to milatA hai, 17deg lekina usakI vistRta jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| bhAratIya samAja meM grAma kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhArata kI AtmA gA~voM meM basatI hai / 'grAma' zabda 'grasa- grahaNe' dhAtu se graserAt (uNAdi sUtra 1/142) sUtra se man aura dhAtu ko AkAranta hokara 'grAma' banatA hai| amarakozakAra 171 ne grAma aura saMvasatha ko paryAya mAnA hai, aTTAdi (mArkeTa) Adi se rahita sthala ko grAma kahate haiM / 86

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa jaina purANoM meM kahA gayA hai ki jinameM bAr3a se ghire hue ghara hoM, jinameM adhikatara zUdra aura kisAna nivAsa karate hoM tathA jo upavana aura tar3AgoM se yukta hoM, unheM grAma kahate haiN|172 prAkAra, parikhA Adi se rahita sAmAnya janasamudAya kI AvAsa bhUmi ko grAma kahA jAtA hai| vahA~ kRSi, pazupAlana Adi jIvikopArjana kI pradhAnatA hotI jahA~ para kara lagate haiM, vaha grAma hai|73 nagara 'naga' zabda se nagapAMsu pANDubhyazca ke anusAra 'ra' pratyaya hokara nagara zabda banatA hai|74 bahuta logoM kA nivAsa sthAna jahA~ hotA hai, vaha nagara hai| jahA~ para aSTAzata grAmya logoM kA vyavahAra sthAna ho- nyAyAlaya ho, use nagara kahA jAtA hai| AcArAMga cUrNi ke anusAra jahA~ para kisI prakAra kA kara nahIM lage, vaha nagara hai|176 AcArya mahAprajJa bhI likhate haiM- 'nAtra karo vidyate iti ngrm|' (uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 408) / nagara meM prAyaH sabhI prakAra ke loga nivAsa karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra rAjagRhanagara meM naTa, nartaka, jalla, malla, mauSTika, vidUSaka, kathAkAra, tairAka, nRtyakartA, jyotiSI, citrakAra, baMdIjana, rAjaparivAra, kumbhakAra Adi aThAraha prakAra kI zreNiyA~upazreNiyA~, striyA~, dAsa-dAsI, vidyArthI, cora-DAkU, munigaNa Adi sabhI prakAra ke vyakti nivAsa karate the| vibhinna prakAra ke nagara jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke sthaloM kA nAmollekha milatA hai, jinakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haidroNamukha bandaragAha ke kinAre kA vaha zahara jahA~ jala aura thala donoM mArgoM se vyApAra kI vastue~ AtI rahatI hoN| (sacitra arddha mAgadhI koSa, bhAga 3, pRSTha 228) jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'droNamukha' kA nAmollekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai, lekina isakI bhaugolika sthiti kA varNana nahIM milatA hai| nadI ke kinAre 87

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana base hue nagara ko droNamukha kahate haiN| AdipurANa meM aise ApaNaka kendra ko, jo kisI nadI ke taTa para basA ho, droNamukha kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga cUrNi meM droNamukha use kahA gayA hai jahA~ jala aura thala donoM se AvAgamana hotA thA, jaise- tAmralipti aura bhruukcch| kauTilya arthazAstra meM isakI sthiti cAra sau grAmoM ke madhya kahI gaI hai|182 paTTana vizAlanagara jahA~ nAnAdezoM se aneka padArtha vikrayArtha Ate hoN| (sacitra arddhamAgadhI koSa, bhAga 3, pR. 407) jala aura thala mArga meM se jahA~ eka mArga se jAyA jaae| (kalpasUtra pR. 119) jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM paTTana' zabda kA nAmollekha milatA hai| 83 vibhinna saMdarbho meM kie gae 'paTTana' zabda ke prayoga ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'paTTana' usa nagara ko kahate haiM, jo samudra taTa para sthita hoM, jisameM vaNika evaM vibhinna jAti ke loga rahate hoM, vastue~ kraya-vikraya kI jAtI hoM tathA vANijya evaM vyavasAya kA bolabAlA ho aura bAharI dezoM se kraya-vikraya ke lie lAI gaI sAmagrI se paripUrNa ho| vyavahArasUtra ke anusAra jahA~ naukAoM dvArA gamana hotA hai use 'paTTana' kahate haiM evaM jahA~ naukAoM ke atirikta gAr3iyoM evaM ghoDoM se bhI gamana hotA hai, use 'pattana' kahA gayA hai|184 puTabhedana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'puTabhedana' zabda kA prayoga ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai|185 bar3e-bar3e vyApArika kendroM ke lie amarakoza meM 'puTabhedana' zabda kA ullekha milatA hai, yahA~ para rAjA ke naukara Adi basate the| bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM thoka mAla kI gAMThe muharabaMda AtI thI aura muhara tor3akara mAla ko phuTakara vyApAriyoM ko beca diyA jAtA thaa| muharoM ke isa prakAra tor3ane ke viziSTa vyApArika kendra ko puTabhedana saMjJA se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai, aisI muhareM purAtattva kI khudAI se prApta huI haiN|187 karvaTa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'kabbaDa' zabda AyA hai|188 ise kharvaTa bhI kahate haiN| kauTilya arthazAstra ke anusAra isakI sthiti do sau grAmoM ke bIca hotI hai, yahA~ ise khATika kahA hai|189 AdipurANa meM ise parvatAcchAdita mAnA hai| 10 88

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa kheTa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para 'kheTa' kA nAmollekha milatA hai| pANini ne kheTa ko garhita nagara kahA hai|192 maTamba ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para 'maDamba' kA ullekha AyA hai|193 AdipurANa meM usa bar3e nagara ko maDamba kahA gayA hai jo pA~ca sau grAmoM ke madhya vyApAra Adi kA kendra ho|194 jisake cAroM ora Adhe yojana taka koI grAma na ho, use maDamba kahate hai| Akara ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'Akara' (Agara) kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai|15 kAlikadvIpa meM sone-cAMdI, ratna va hIroM kI khAneM (Akara) thii| saMvAha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'saMvAha' kA nAmollekha milatA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra jahA~ cAroM vargoM ke logoM kA ati mAtrA meM nivAsa ho, vaha saMvAha hai|198 samabhUmi meM jahA~ kisAna kRSi karake dhAnya kI rakSA hetu dhAnya rakhatA hai| (kalpasUtra, pR. 119) Azrama 'Azrama' kA ullekha bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| ukta saMdarbha ke AdhAra para kahA jAtA hai ki Azrama usa sthAna ko kahA jAtA hai jahA~ sAdhu, muni, tApasa Adi nivAsa karate the| nigama jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'nigama' kA ullekha milatA hai|200 AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra 'nayantIti nigamAH' arthAt vaha nagara jahA~ para bahutAyata vyApAra ho yA vyApArika loga nivAsa karate hoM, use nigama kahA jAtA thaa|201 sanniveza ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'sanniveza' kA ullekha milatA hai|202 ukta saMdarbha ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yAtrA se Ae hue manuSyoM ke rahane kA sthAna 'sanniveza' kahA jAtA thaa| 89

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nagara-vinyAsa prAcInakAla se vAstukalA meM nagara-nirmANa kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vAstupAThakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| dvArikAnagarI kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yaha nagarI pUrva se pazcima nau yojana caur3I aura dakSiNa se uttara bAraha yojana lambI thI, jo devaloka ke samAna utkRSTa sampadAoM se paripUrNa thii|204 aupapAtika sUtra ke anusAra nagaroM meM tirAhe, caurAhe, catvara aura rAjamArga Adi bane hote the| nagara ke cAroM ora vizAla koTa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| koTa ke cAroM ora gaharI khAI khodI jAtI thii| nagariyA~ rAjamArgoM, aTTAlikAoM, gumaTiyoM, carikAoM, dvAroM, khir3akiyoM, gopuroM-nagaradvAroM, toraNoM Adi se suzobhita thii| nagara meM krIr3AvATikA, udyAna, bagIce, kueM, tAlAba, bAvar3I, khAI Adi hote the|205 rAjabhavana nirmANa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna rAjabhavanoM kA ullekha milatA hai| meghakumAra ke bhavana kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai- vaha aneka staMbhoM para banA huA thaa| usameM lIlAyukta aneka putaliyA~ lagI huI thii| usameM U~cI aura sunirmita vajraratna kI vedikA thii| usa bhavana meM IhA-mRga, vRSabha, turaMga, manuSya, makara Adi ke citra citrita kie hue the| usameM suvarNa, maNi evaM ratnoM kI stUpikAe~ banI huI thii| usakA pradhAna zikhara nAnA prakAra kI pA~ca vargoM kI ghaMTAoM sahita patAkAoM se suzobhita thaa| vaha atyanta manohara thaa|06 dhAriNI rAnI kA bhavana maNiyoM-ratnoM se yukta zikhara, kapota-pAlI, gavAkSa, ardha-candrAkAra sopAna, nirmUhaka, kanakAlI tathA candramAlikA Adi ghara ke vibhAgoM kI sundara racanA se yukta thaa| bAhara se usameM saphedI kI gaI thI, komala pASANa se ghisAI kI gaI thI, ataeva vaha cikanA thaa| svarNamaya AbhUSaNoM, maNiyoM evaM motiyoM kI laMbI laTakane vAlI mAlAoM se usake dvAra suzobhita ho rahe the|207 ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhavana ke sabhI pramukha aMgoM kA pUrNa vivaraNa to nahIM milatA, lekina unakA nAmollekha evaM kucha jAnakAriyA~ milatI haiN| ina jAnakAriyoM aura anya graMthoM ke saMdarbho ke AdhAra para una aMgoM kA vivecana isa prakAra haidvAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dvAra kA nAmollekha208 tathA inakI sAja-sajjA kA varNana 90

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai / dhAriNI devI ke bhavana ke dvAra para uttama putaliyA~ banI huI thii| usake dvAra-bhAgoM meM candana - carcita, mAMgalika ghaTa sundara DhaMga se sthApita kie hue the|209 dvAra para yavanikA bhI lagAI jAtI thI, jo vibhinna citroM se citrita hotI thii| 210 rAjabhavana meM Age-pIche saba tarapha dvAra hote the| jaba eka rAjA kI bAta svIkAra nahIM hotI to usake dUta kA apamAna karake use apadvAra se nikAlA jaataa| rAjA kumbha ne mallI kA hAtha mAMgane Ae cha: vibhinna rAjAoM ke dUtoM ko phaTakAra kara apadvAra se bAhara nikAla diyA / 211 padmanAbha rAjA dvArA kRSNa ke dUta ko apamAnita kara apadvAra se bAhara nikAlane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai 1212 stambha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhavana ke pramukha aMga ke rUpa meM stambha kA ullekha vibhinna sthAnoM para milatA hai / 213 nandamaNiyAra kI citrasabhA, mahAnasazAlA, cikitsAzAlA aura alaMkArasabhA saiMkar3oM staMbhoM para banI huI thI / 214 meghakumAra ke bhavana ke staMbhoM ke nirmANa meM svarNa tathA ratnoM ke prayoga kA ullekha milatA hai 1215 garbhagRha bar3e-bar3e bhavanoM meM garbhagRha hone kA ullekha milatA hai, jo bahuta bar3e hote tathA inake cAroM ora jAlagRha lagAe jAte the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra mallI ne azoka vATikA meM mohanagRha kA nirmANa karavAyA, jisameM jAlagRha bhI lagavAe gae, jisase bhItara kI vastu bAhara vAle dekha sakate hoM 1216 agAsI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ' agAsI' zabda kA ullekha ekAdhika bAra AyA hai 1217 jisakA artha bhavana ke Upara banI huI chata, jo saMbhavatayA bAlakanI ke rUpa meM rahI hogI, se hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM poTTilA 218 aura sukumAlikA 219 ke svarNa geMda agAsI yAnI bAlakanI meM khelane kA ullekha milatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM chata ke lie ulloca (ulloya) zabda bhI AyA hai, 220 jisakA artha saMskRta koza meM vitAna, zAmiyAnA, caMdovA aura tirapAla Adi ke rUpa meM milatA hai / 221 aTTAlikA/ gavAkSa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjabhavanoM meM aTTAlikAe~ (jharokhe) hone kA ullekha 91

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana milatA hai / 222 gavAkSa ke lie jAlagRha zabda bhI AyA hai|23 citrakAra ne mallI ke paira kA aMgUThA jAlI meM se dekhA aura mallI kA sampUrNa citra banA diyaa|24 pramadavana bhavanoM meM pramadavana (krIDodyAna) bane hote the| una udyAnoM meM citrasabhA, nATyazAlA Adi bhI banI hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki malladinnakumAra ne kauTumbika puruSoM ko apane pramadavana meM eka bar3I citrasabhA nirmita karane kA Adeza diyaa|25 tetalipura nagara ke bAhara bhI IzAnakoNa meM pramadavana nAmaka udyAna thaa| maNDapa maNDapa se tAtparya aise macAna se hotA hai jisake cAroM tarapha stambha hote haiM aura usake Upara bane macAna para baiThA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita prakAra ke maNDapoM kA ullekha milatA haii. latAmaNDapa : udyAna ke madhya meM latAmaNDapa kA ullekha huA hai, jisameM do sArthavAha devadattA gaNikA ke sAtha ghUma rahe the, krIr3A kara rahe the|226 sthUNAmaNDapa : yaha saMbhavatayA vRkSa kI lakar3I se nirmita eka maNDapa ___ hotA hogA, jisake cAroM ora vastra lagAkara use AcchAdita kiyA jAtA thaa|27 devadattA gaNikA ke sAtha do sArthavAhoM ke sthUNAmaNDapa meM krIDA karate hue vicaraNa karane kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai|28 puSpamaNDapa : jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM puSpamaNDapa kA ullekha milatA hai, jo vanakhaNDa meM hote the| puSpamaNDapa meM vividha prakAra ke puSpa hote the| vahA~ para loga bhramaNa karake Ananda lete the| puSpoM kI mahaka se maNDapa mahakatA rahatA thaa|29 puSpamaNDapa ko eka sthAna para puSpagRha bhI kahA gayA hai|230 iv. vallimaNDapa : jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM valliyoM arthAt bailoM ke maNDapa kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|31 jisa maNDapa ke cAroM ora beleM lagI hotI thI, vaha vallimaNDapa kahalAtA hogaa| svayaMvaramaNDapa : svayaMvara vidhi se hone vAle vivAhoM ko sampanna karAne ke lie eka vizeSa prakAra kA maNDapa taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA, jise svayaMvaramaNDapa nAma diyA gayA hai| isameM aneka prakAra ke staMbhoM se yukta maMca bane hote the, jina para Agantuka rAjakumAra apane-apane Asana para -: iii. 92

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa AsIna hote the| isa maNDapa meM vara-vadhU ke baiThane ke lie eka svataMtra maMca banA hotA thaa| draupadI ke svayaMvaramaNDapa meM krIr3A/lIlA karatI huI putaliyA~ lagAI gaI thiiN|232 upasthAnazAlA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahuta se sthAnoM para 'upasthAnazAlA' zabda rAjA ke sabhA bhavana ke lie AyA hai|33 isa sabhA bhavana yAnI upasthAnazAlA meM rAjA aneka gaNamAnya logoM ke sAtha baiThakara vicAra-vimarza karate the| devakula devamaMdira ArAma daMpattiyoM ke ramaNopayogI nagara ke samIpavartI bgiicaa| (kalpasUtra) udyAna khelakUda yA logoM ke manoraMjana ke nimitta nirmita baag| (kalpasUtra, puSkara muni) dIrghikA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kaI sthAnoM para 'dIrghikA' kA ullekha milatA hai|34 dIrghikA eka lambI bAvar3I hotI thii| udyAnoM ke madhya sthita ye dIrghikAe~ aneka prakAra ke kamala ke phUloM evaM vividha raMgIya puSpoM se yukta hotI thii|235 antaHpura rAjabhavana kA eka pramukha aMga rAjA kA antaHpura hotA thA, jahA~ rAniyA~ nivAsa karatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM antaHpura ke lie 'ranivAsa' (ranavAsa) zabda prayukta huA hai|236 zayanAgAra ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para zayanAgAra (vAsagRha) kA ullekha milatA hai|37 dhAriNIdevI ke zayanAgAra meM sugaMdhita aura zreSTha puSpoM se komala aura roMedAra zayyA bichI huI thii| kapUra, lauMga, malayaja candana, kRSNaagara Adi anekAneka sugaMdhita dravyoM se bane hue dhUpa ke jalane se utpanna huI gaMdha se zayanAgAra mahaka rahA thaa| maNiyoM kI kiraNoM ke prakAza se vahA~ kA aMdhakAra gAyaba ho gayA thaa|38 sAgaraputra aura sukumAlikA vAsagRha meM zayana karate haiM / 239 93

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana snAnAgAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM snAnAgAra ke lie majjanagRha240 zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| rAjA zreNika ke majjanagRha kA pharza vicitra maNiyoM aura ratnoM se nirmita thaa| usake cAroM ora jAliyA~ lagI huI thii| usa majjanagRha meM ratna aura maNiyoM se yukta eka pITha bAjauTha bhI banA thaa|241 bhojanazAlA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra rAjAoM ke rAjagRha meM bhojanazAlA bhI hotI thii| vizeSa Ayojana para vizAla bhojanamaMDapa banatA thA, jahA~ para mitra, bandhu Adi jJAti, nijakajana, parijana evaM rAjaparivAra ke sadasyoM Adi ke sAtha bhojanazAlA hone kA ullekha milatA hai| una bhojanazAlAoM meM pratidina cAra prakAra kA bhojana (asaNaM-pANaM-khAima-sAima) taiyAra hotA thaa|243 nandamaNikAra seTha ne eka vizAla bhojanazAlA banavAI, jo saiMkar3oM khambhoM vAlI thii| usa bhojanazAlA meM aneka loga jIvikA, bhojana aura vetana dekara rakhe gae the| bhojanazAlA ke lie 'mahAnasazAlA' zabda kAma meM liyA gayA hai|244 bhojana banAne vAloM arthAt pakAne vAloM ko 'mahANasa' (mahANasi) kahA jAtA thaa|245 prasUtigRha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasUtigRha yA prasUtibhavana Adi kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai, lekina meghakumAra246, devadatta247, mallI248, kanakadhvaja249 aura poTTilA putrI50 kA janma eka alaga kakSa meM honA yaha saMketa karatA hai ki usa samaya prasUtigRha jaisA koI alaga kakSa rahA hogaa| bhANDAgAra yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhANDAgAra kA ullekha nahIM milatA lekina bhANDAgAriNI (bhaNDArI) kA ullekha milatA hai, jisake AdhAra para bhANDAgAra ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| dhanya sArthavAha ne apanI putravadhU rakSikA ko apane ghara ke AbhUSaNoM, kAMsA Adi bartanoM, dUSya-rezamI Adi mUlyavAna vastroM, vipula dhana-dhAnya, kanaka, ratna, maNi, muktA, zaMkha, zilA, pravAla, lAla ratna Adi sampatti kI bhANDAgAriNI niyukta kara diyaa|251 zrIgRha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'zrIgRha' yAnI rAjakoSa kA ullekha ekAdhika bAra 94

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa AyA hai|52 meghakumAra kI dIkSA ke samaya zrIgRha se tIna lAkha svarNa mohareM nikAlane kA saMketa milatA hai / 253 cArakazAlA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kArAgAra ke lie 'cArakazAlA' zabda kAma meM liyA gayA hai| yahA~ para baMdiyoM ko rakhA jAtA thaa| kUTAgAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kUTAgAra kA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para AyA hai| kUTAgAra eka kUTa (zikhara) ke AkAra kI zAlA thii| vaha bAhara se gupta thI, bhItara se lipI-putI thii| usake cAroM ora koTa thaa| usameM vAyu kA bhI praveza nahIM ho pAtA thaa| usake samIpa bahuta bar3A janasamUha rahatA thaa| megha, AMdhI-tUphAna Adi kisI prakAra kA prakopa hone para loga usameM surakSita ho jAte the|256 prAsAda 'prAsAda' zabda prAyaH rAjAoM ke bhavanoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra bar3e bhavana ko prAsAda kahA jAtA thaa|57 meghakumAra ke lie eka bahuta bar3A sundara-sA prAsAda banavAyA gayA thA, jisameM vaha apanI ATha patniyoM ke sAtha sukhapUrvaka bhoga vilAsa karatA huA rahatA thaa| usa prAsAda meM sabhI taraha kI sukha-suvidhAe~ upalabdha thii|258 samavasaraNa tIrthaMkara bhagavAna kI sabhA, jisameM virAjamAna hokara ve dharmopadeza dete the, samavasaraNa kahalAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mallI259, araSTinemi260, pArzvanAtha261 tathA mahAvIra262 Adi cAra tIrthaMkaroM ke samavasaraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke samavasaraNa meM cAra tIrthoM (sAdhu-sAdhvI, zrAvaka-zrAvikA) ke alAvA deva aura tiryaJca ke jIva bhI hote haiM aura ve saba eka sAtha baiThakara dharmadezanA sunate haiN| gRha yA geha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gRha aura geha eka hI artha meM AyA hai| saMbhavataH sAdhAraNa gharoM ko gRha yA geha ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thaa| somadatta Adi brAhmaNoM ke ghara ke lie 'gihesu' zabda AyA hai|63 nAgagRha, yakSagRha, kadalIgRha, latAgRha264, vaizramaNagRha265 Adi kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| ghara meM daravAje, khir3akiyA~, 95

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana cher3iyA~ va moriyA~ Adi bhI hotI thii| 266 prapA / pyAU jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para pyAU kA ullekha milatA hai 1267 ukta saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye pyAU nagaroM, udyAnoM, vanakhaNDoM ke sAtha-sAtha mArgoM para banAI jAtI thI / inake nirmANa ke pIche janakalyANa kI bhAvanA thI / ina sabakI nirmANa prakriyA meM kauna-kaunasI nirmANa sAmagrI prayukta hotI thI, sIdhe taura para kucha bhI kaha pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai, lekina uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhavanoM Adi meM zilAoM va prastarakhaNDoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hogA / bahumaMjile AvAsoM ke ullekha se yaha anumAna karanA yuktisaMgata hogA ki chata ko miTTI, lakar3I va prastara khaNDoM se banAyA jAtA hogaa| inakI nIMva aura dIvAroM ko majabUta banAne kI dRSTi se unameM prastarakhaNDa aura IMToM kA prayoga bhI hotA hogA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke AdhAra para yaha avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya ke bhavanoM Adi meM vividha prakAra ke ratna, maNiyA~, zaMkha, pravAla, mUMgA, motI, svarNa, rajata Adi kA prayoga pracUra mAtrA meM hotA thA / cUMki jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM grAmoM kI bhAMti hI grAmINa AvAsoM ke viSaya meM sUcanA kA bhI abhAva hai, ataeva yahA~ para nagarIya AvAsoM para hI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nagaroM ke varNana ke saMdarbha meM vibhinna parvatoM kA varNana milatA hai revataka jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra dvArikA ke uttara-1 - pUrva meM raivataka parvata thA 1268 antakRtadazAMga meM bhI yahI varNana hai / 269 triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra ke anusAra dvArikA ke samIpa pUrva meM raivataka giri, dakSiNa meM mAlyavAna zaila, pazcima meM saumanasa parvata aura uttara meM gaMdhamAdana giri haiN| 270 mahAbhArata ke anusAra raivataka kuzasthalI ke samIpa thA / 271 vaidika harivaMzapurANa meM raivataka parvata kI sthiti spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yAdava mathurA chor3akara sindhu meM gae aura samudra kinAre 96

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa raivataka parvata ke sannikaTa dvArikA basAI / 72 yaha parvata saumya, subhaga, dekhane ke priya, surUpa, prasannatA pradAtA, darzanIya, abhirUpa tathA pratirUpa thaa|73 bhagavAna ariSTanemi ne raivataka parvata para nirvANa prApta kiyaa|74 rAjImatI saMyama lekara dvArikA se raivataka parvata para jA rahI thii| bIca meM varSA se bhIga gaI aura kapar3e sukhAne ke lie vahIM eka guphA meM ThaharI,75 jisakI pahacAna Aja bhI rAjImatI guphA se kI jAtI hai| raivataka parvata saurASTra meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai, saMbhava hai prAcIna dvArikA isI kI talahaTI meM basI ho|76 jaina graMthoM meM raivataka, ujjayaMta, ujjvala giriNAla aura giranAra Adi nAma isa parvata ke Ae haiN|277 mahAbhArata meM bhI isa parvata kA dUsarA nAma ujyaMta AyA hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra raivataka parvata kI candraguphA meM AcArya dharasena ne tapa kiyA thA aura yahIM para bhUtabali aura puSpadanta AcAryoM ko avaziSTa zrutajJAna ko lipibaddha karane kA Adeza diyA thaa|79 vaibhAra parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vaibhAra parvata kA nAmollekha milatA hai|280 vaibhAra parvata para aneka jar3I-bUTiyA~, sundara-sundara jharane, uSNa aura zItala jala ke kuMDa vidyamAna haiN| sarasvatI nadI kA udgama sthala bhI yahI hai| pahAr3I kI talahaTI meM rAjagRha nAmaka sundara nagarI basI huI hai|281 vindhyAcala jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha parvata jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM dakSiNArtha bharata meM gaMgA mahAnadI ke dakSiNI kinAre para sthita hai|282 yaha parvatamAlA sAmAnya rUpa se bihAra prAnta kI pazcimI sImA se prAraMbha hokara aneka zAkhAoM-prazAkhAoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM gujarAta (kAThiyAvAr3a) taka pahuMcatI hai aura isa prakAra yaha parvatamAlA sampUrNa madhyapradeza meM phailI huI hai| vartamAna meM mirjApura zahara se 6 ki.mI. dUra sthita pahAr3I, jahA~ vindhvAsinI devI kA eka mahimAzAlI maMdira hai, vindhyAcala ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai|283 nIlavanta jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha parvata jambUdvIpa ke mahAvideha kSetra ke uttara meM sthita hai / 284 yaha parvata ramyakvarSa kSetra evaM mahAvideha kSetra ke bIca sImA 97

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nirdhAraNa karane vAlA hai| yaha vaiDUrya ratna (nIlama) maya hai| niSadha jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha parvata jambUdvIpa ke mahAvideha kSetra dakSiNa tathA meru parvata kI dakSiNa dizA meM sthita hai / 285 jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke anusAra niSadha evaM nIlavanta parvata kA vistAra 16842210 yojana hai| isakI U~cAI cAra sau yojana, gaharAI 400 kosa evaM varNa tapAe hue svarNa ke samAna hai| isa parvata ke donoM pArzva bhAgoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke uttama vRkSoM se yukta aura totA, koyala, mayUra Adi pakSiyoM se yukta ramaNIya vanakhaMDa haiN|286 yaha parvata mahAvideha kSetra evaM harivarSa kSetra ke madhya varSadhara (sImAkArI) ke rUpa meM rahA huA hai| maMdara/sumeru jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isakA nAmollekha milatA hai|287 jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra videha kSetra ke madhya donoM kuru kSetroM ke samIpa ninyAnaveM hajAra yojana U~cA sumeru parvata hai| isakI nIMva eka hajAra yojana nIce hai| isa meru kA vistAra nIMva ke tala bhAga meM 10090 194, yojana pramANa hai| Upara bhadrazAla vana ke pAsa meM isa meru parvata kA vistAra dasa hajAra yojana hai|288 yaha sarvaratnamaya hai| cAroM tarapha eka padmavara vedikA aura eka vanakhaNDa se ghirA huA hai| isameM bhadrazAla, nandana, saumanasa va pANDaka nAmaka cAra vana haiM tathA pANDaka meM rahI huI zilAoM para jo siMhAsana haiM una para sadyajAta tIrthaMkara prabhu kA janmAbhiSeka devoM dvArA manAyA jAtA hai| aMjanagiri jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aMjanagiri kA nAmollekha milatA hai|28 yaha parvata aMjana (kAjala) ke samAna zyAma aura bahuta U~cA hai|290 jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra dizAhastikUTa (zikhara) mandara parvata ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM nairRtya koNa meM tathA dakSiNa dizA ke zItodA nadI ke pazcima meM hai| aMjana giri nAmaka usakA adhiSThAyaka deva hai| ekazaila parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra mahAvideha ke puSkalAvatI cakravartI-vijaya ke pazcima meM nIlavAna varSadhara parvata ke dakSiNa meM sItA mahAnadI ke uttara meM ekazaila nAmaka parvata batalAyA gayA hai|292 .98.

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giranAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM giranAra kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 293 giranAra parvata dvArikA nagarI ke pAsa thaa| jaina dharma ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi isI parvata para siddhabuddha aura mukta hue / 294 raivataka parvata ko saMbhavatayA giranAra kahA jAtA hai 1295 sukhAvahavakSAra parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra mahAvideha kSetra ke meru parvata se pazcima meM tathA zItodA mahAnadI ke dakSiNI taTa para sukhAvahavakSAra parvata sthita hai / 296 mahAvideha kSetra kI nalina vijaya meM yaha parvata sthita hai / isa vijaya kI azokA nAmaka rAjadhAnI hai / 297 puNDarIka jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra puNDarIka aura zatruJjaya parvata eka hI hai / 298 jinaprabhasUri ne vividha tIrthakalpa meM zatruJjaya ke 21 nAma batAe haiM, unameM se eka puNDarIka nAma bhI hai 1299 vaitADhya parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isakA nAmollekha milatA hai / 300 jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke anusAra jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM vaitADhya parvata pUrva-pazcima lambA aura uttaradakSiNa caur3A hai| isakI caur3AI dasa yojana hai| donoM ora pA~ca-pA~ca yojana Upara jAne para vaitADhya parvata kA zikhara - tala hai 1301' loka prakAza' ke anusAra isake pUrva pazcima meM lavaNa samudra hai / isa parvata se bharata kSetra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA hai jinheM uttara bharata aura dakSiNa bharata kahate haiM 1302 zatruJjaya parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa parvata kA nAmollekha milatA hai / thAvaccAmuni isI parvata para siddha-buddha aura mukta hue the| 303 zatruJjaya prAcInakAla se hI jainoM ke eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa tIrtha ke rUpa meM vikhyAta rahA hai| zatruJjaya parvata vartamAna meM pAlItAnA ke pAsa sthita hai| isakI talahaTI meM avasthita pAlItAnA nagarI meM choTe-bar3e 800 se adhika jaina maMdira haiM / cAlukya aura vaghela zAsakoM ke samaya yahA~ aneka jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA, parantu musalamAnoM ne yahA~ ke adhikAMza jinAlayoM ko naSTa kara diyaa| bAda meM 15vIM se 19vIM zatI taka yahA~ aneka maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA, jisase sampUrNa parvatamAlA aura ghATI 99

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana maMdiroM se hI r3haka gaI hai| yahA~ ke jaina maMdiroM meM aneka prAcIna pratimAe~ bhI haiM, unameM se kucha para lekha bhI utkIrNa haiM / ye lekha vi.saM. 1034 se lekara 20vIM zatI taka ke haiN|304 jinaprabhasUri ne 'vividha tIrthakalpa' meM isa tIrtha kI prAcInatA, vibhinna nAma, paurANika va aitihAsika ghaTanAoM Adi kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai|305 vipulAcala ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vipulAcala parvata kA nAmollekha milatA hai| megha anagAra ko vipulAcala parvata para ArUr3ha hone kA adhyavasAya utpanna huaa|06 sammedazikhara jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa parvata kA ullekha milatA hai| mallI arahanta madhyapradeza se vihAra karate hue sammedazikhara para padhAre aura vahA~ unhoMne anazana aMgIkAra kiyaa|307 himavanta parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa parvata kA vibhinna sthAnoM para nAmollekha milatA hai,308 lekina vistRta vivecana nhiiN| jambUdvIpa meM bharata kSetra va himavaMta kSetra meM AyA huA eka prvt| jambUdvIpa prajJapti sUtrAnusAra vaha 25 yojana gaharA, 100 yojana U~cA, 1052124 yojana caur3A tathA 24932 yojana se kucha adhika lambA hai| svarNamaya hai| (jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/89) cArU parvata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa parvata kA nAmollekha milatA hai| bala rAjA ne pravrajyA grahaNa kI aura bahuta varSoM taka saMyama pAlakara vaha cArU parvata para gae jahA~ unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huI aura anazanapUrvaka siddha bne|309 nadiyA~ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita vibhinna nadiyoM kA vivecana isa prakAra haigaMgA mahAnadI __jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki yaha nadI dakSiNArtha bharata meM vindhyAcala parvata ke samIpa bahatI hai|10 banArasa ke bAhara (kinAre) uttara-pUrva dizA meM yaha nadI bahatI hai|11 jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra yaha uttarArddha bharatakSetra 100

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa se lekara dakSiNArddha bharatakSetra taka phailI huI hai| isa mahAnadI kI caudaha hajAra upanadiyA~ haiM, jo cAroM dizAoM meM phailI huI haiN|312 Adhunika gaMgA nadI himAcala se nikalakara baMgAla kI khAr3I meM giratI sItodA mahAnadI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sItodA mahAnadI kA ullekha milatA hai|13 jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra mahAvideha kSetra meM niSadha parvata ke tigiMchadraha ke uttarI toraNa se sItodA nAmaka mahAnadI nikalatI hai, yaha uttara meM niSadha parvata para 74211/10 yojana bahatI hai| sItodA mahAnadI apane udgama sthAna meM pacAsa yojana caur3I hai, eka yojana gaharI hai, lekina jaba vaha 532000 nadiyoM ke parivAra se samudra meM milatI hai to pA~ca sau yojana caur3I ho jAtI hai|14 yaha pazcima mahAvideha kSetra ke bIcoMbIca bahatI huI pazcima mahAvideha kI uttara va dakSiNa do bhAgoM meM bAMTatI hai| sItA mahAnadI jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha nadI jambUdvIpa ke pUrva videha kSetra meM nIlavanta varSadhara parvata se nikalatI hai|315 lavaNa samudra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lavaNa samudra kA ullekha to kaI sthAnoM para huA hai,316 lekina isakI vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| lavaNa samudra meM adhipati deva 'susthita' hai|317 udyAna-vana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita udyAnoM evaM vanoM kA nAmollekha vibhinna sthAnoM para bhinna-bhinna saMdarbho meM milatA hai aTavI (1/15/12, 1/17/29), azokavATikA (1/8/34), AmrazAlavana (2/1/3/8), ArAma (1/2/10), indrakuMbha udyAna (1/8/3), kAntAra (1/15/ 12, 1/17/23), kAmamahAvana (2/3/54), guNazIla (1/1/13, 1/6/2, 2/1/ 36), candrAvatasaMka (2/8/75), jIrNodyAna (1/2/3), nandanavana (1/5/4), nalinIvana (1/19/2), nIlAzoka (1/5/30), pramadavana (1/14/2), mAlukAkaccha- mAlUkA vRkSa kI saghana chAyA vAlA sthAna (sacitra arddha mAgadhI 101

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana koSa bhAga 4 tathA dekhiye yuvA zrI madhukara muni vAle jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra pR. 163) meM ukta sUtra kA vivecana (1/2/3), sahasrAmravana (1/8/91, 1/16/221), subhUmibhAgodyAna (1/3/28, 1/16/2, 1/7/2, 1/5/53) / ukta prasaMgoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya loga bhramaNa karate the| utsava-mahotsava evaM parva Adi para ekatra hokara Anandotsava manAte the| jaba vicaraNa karate hue koI sAdhu-munirAja padhArate to ve prAyaH udyAna evaM vana Adi meM Thaharate aura vahA~ unakA dharmopadeza hotA thaa| use sunane ke lie gA~va evaM nagaravAsI sabhI Ate the| rAjA apanI pariSad ke sAtha darzanArtha va dharmadezanA sunane hetu jAte the| caitya caitya zabda ke aneka artha haiM yathA- udyAna, vRkSa, jJAna, devakula aadi| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caityoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai- AmrazAlavana nAmaka caitya (2/1/12), kAmamahAvana nAmaka caitya (2/3/4), koSThakanAmaka caitya (2/2/ 49), guNazIla caitya (1/2/2, 1/250, 1/10/2, 2/3/53), nAgagRha caitya (1/8/ 37), pUrNabhadra caitya (1/1/2, 1/9/2, 1/12,25, 1/15/2), sahasrAmravana nAmaka caitya (2/5/67) / caityoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA bhI prAcInakAla se rahI hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM caitya nAma se koI upalabdha nahIM hotA kintu Agama sAhitya meM aneka prakAra ke caityoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| vRkSAdi vanaspati jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nimnalikhita vRkSAdi-vanaspati ke nAma Ae haiM arjuna vRkSa (1/9/22), azoka vRkSa (1/8180, 1/14/54, 1/19/17), Amra vRkSa (1/8/180), kadamba (1/13/20), kuTaja (1/9/22), girISa (1/9/ 25), koraMTa (1/13/31, 1/16/14), campaka vRkSa (1/18/33), dAvadrava (1/ 11/5), nandIphala (1/15/9), nAriyala (1/8/54), niura vRkSa (1/9/22), nIma (1/16/6), punAMga (1/8/27), bakula, tilaka vRkSa (1/9/25), sana vRkSa, saptacchada (1/9/23) / 102

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa isake alAvA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vanaspati ke vibhinna aMgoM kA ullekha milatA hai- mUla, kaMda, chAla, patra, puSpa, phala, bIja (1/15/9) aadi| latAe~ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita latAoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai- kaMdala (1/9/22), kadalI (1/13/19), caMpakalatA (1/16/36, 83), mallikA, vAsantikA (1/9/22) / puSpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita puSpoM kA ullekha vibhinna saMdarbho meM milatA AmrapuSpa (1/925/), alasI (1/14/48), azoka (1/8/27), kamala (1/9/38), kiMzuka, karNikAra (1/9/25), kuMdapuSpa (1/16/187), koraMTa (1/ 8/27), campaka (1/16/21), campA (1/8/27), candravikAsI (1/13/12), kumuda, kuvalaya (1/9/54), pATalA, mAlatI, punAMga, marUvA, damanaka, zatapatrikA (1/8/27), bakuza, zirISa (1/9/25), sana, saptacchada, nIlotpala, padma, nalina (1/9/23), zvetakunda (1/9/25), tilaka, bakula, mallikA, vAsantikI (1/9/ 25), subhaga (1/9/38), padma, sUryavikAsI, nalinI, saugaMdhika, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka, sahasrapatra (1/13/12), pA~cavarNoM ke puSpa (1/14/55), saptavarNa (1/16/21), mAlatI, sinduvAra (1/16/187) / ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tatkAlIna nagaroM, parvatoM, udyAnoM, nadiyoM, vanaspatiyoM Adi kA udAtta citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| ina sabhI ke vizleSaNa se usa samaya kI bhaugolika sthiti kA anumAna sahajatA se lagAyA jA sakatA hai| 103

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saMdarbha jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/48 2. hindU dharmakoza, pR. 645 3. sarvArthasiddhi, 2/10, pR. 164 4. rAjavArtika 2/10/1/124/15 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/48 jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-2, pR. 570 rAjavArtika 2/50/2/156/13, 2/50/3/ 156/17 (/suu/vaa/p/pN)| thavalA 1/1/1, 24/201/6 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/30 10. zrI bhagavatI sUtra za. 2, u. 10 va trilokasAgara, pR. 110-112 11. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/68, 1/2/52, jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/171, 1/9/12 13. bhArgava Adarza hindI zabdakoza- pR. 297 14. saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 485 15. tilloyapaNNatti 4/1614, padmapurANa 3173 16. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/13, 171, 1/8/2 17. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 1/3, 4, 7 18. vahI 6/2 19. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/9/12 20. vahI 1/16/144, 194 21. vahI 1/8/30 22. triloka bhAskara, pR. 199 23. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/30, 185, 195 24. vahI 1/17/3, 7-9, 12-14, 17 25. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/217 26. triloka bhAskara, pR. 148-149 27. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 4/102, pR. 207 (yuvAcArya zrI mudhakara munijI) 28. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/19/2 29. triloka bhAskara, pR. 108 30. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/14/53, 1/19/2 31. vahI 1/19/2, jambUdvIpaprajJapti sUtra 4/121 32. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/121 33. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/2 34. vahI 1/8/3 35. vahI 1/19/2 36. jaMbUdvIpapaNNattisaMgaho 8/72-74, . - pR. 140-144 37. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/3 38. vahI 1/8/2 39. triloka bhAskara, pR. 147 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/3 41. vahI 2/1/7 42. vyAkhyAprajJapti (yuvAcArya zrI madhukara munijI) - 2/8/1, pR. 235-236 jAtAdharmakathAMga 2/1/12-13,38 44. vahI 1/16/144 45. vahI 1/5/2 46. triloka bhAskara, pR. 66 47. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/2 48. vahI 1/1/13, 1/5/5 49. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 1/10 50. hindU dharmakoza, pR. 474 51. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3/88 52. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/95 vahI 1/8/94 sthAnAMga 10/3/719 55. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 27 56. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 6/1/101 57. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/94 58. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR. 69 59. pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, pR. 69 60. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/223 61. vahI 1/16/223-225 62. bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa : eka anuzIlana, pR. 378 63. bRhatkalpa (bhAga-3), pR. 912, 914 64. mahAbhArata (sabhAparva) 14/53 65. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/2 66. vahI 1/5/3 67. antakRtadazAMga-1, pR. 5 68. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/5 69. dazavaikAlika (hAribhadrIyaTIkA), patra 36 104

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa 70. mahAbhArata (sabhAparva) 14/49-51, 67 101. mAnaka hindI koza- prathama khaNDa, pR. 500 71. (i) bhAgavata purANa 11/31/23 102. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/109, 1/16/80 (ii) viSNu purANa 5/27/36 103. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 72. dazavaikAlika (hAribhadrIya vRtti), pR. 470 patra 36-37 104. dI enziyaMTa jyogrAphI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 73. Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA-307 412, 705 74. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/98 105. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 75. mahAbhArata 3/22/50 pR. 470 76. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 106. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR. 66 pR. 481 107. pANini aSTAdhyAyI (vyAkaraNa) 7/3/13 77. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/98 108. pratyagrathAstvahichatrA:sAlvAstu 78. vahI 1/16/100 kArakukSIyAH 79. Avazyaka cUrNi- 2, pR. 193 -abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi-4/26 80. vyavahAra bhASya 5/27 (hemacandrAcArya) 81. bRhatkathA koza (raviSeNa)- 12/132 109. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/109, 1/16/80 82. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 110. (i) aupapAtika sUtra 39 pR. 483-484 (ii) jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/108 83. Avazyaka TIkA (haribhadra), pR. 307 111. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/108 84. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/100 112. vahI 1/8/123, 131, 133 85. vahI 1/16/214 113. dI enziyaMTa jyogrAphI oNpha iNDiyA, 86. vahI 1/16/215 pR. 413 87. vahI 1/16/103 114. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/15/3 88. mahAbhArata 18/6/61 115. vahI 1/15/4 89. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 116. AcArAMga niyukti 335 pR. 477 117. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 14 jAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/103 118. abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi 4/26 91. vahI 1/8/24 119. kalpasUtra TIkA 6, pR. 167 92. vahI 1/8/86 120. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/89 93. jAtaka 121. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 94. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 472 pR.467 122. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/89 95. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 53 123. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 96. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/9/34 pR. 473 97. vahI 1/9/34 124. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/37 98. vahI 1/9/34 125. Avazyaka TIkA (malaya giri) pR. 214 99. aNutaraupAtika dazA 3/4-16 126. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR. 65 100. yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, 127. pANini aSTAdhyAyI vyAkaraNa- 4/1/171 pR. 284 128. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/30 105

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 129. vahI 1/14/2 130. vahI 1/17/2 131. vahI 1/1/2-3 132. upAsakadazAMga aura usakA zrAvakAcAraDaoN. subhASa koThArI, pR. 217 133. sthAnAMga sUtra - 10/717 134. iheva jambudvIpe bhAravahAse dANi majjhimakhaMDa campANAmaNayari - kuvalayamAlAkahA 103/3 135. atthi io joyaNappamANa bhUmibhAe baNAma vaNaM . vahI, 223/6 136. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 421 137. uvAsagadasAo - muni madhukara, 1/3 138. prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti, koza, pR. 112-113 139. hindI vizvakoza (khaNDa- 4), pR. 145 140. vahI, pR. 145 148 141. aupapAtika sUtra (muni madhukara ) 1/1, pR. 3-4 142. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/4/2, 1/8/86 143. vahI 1/8/86 144. hemazabdAnuzAsana 8 /2 /116 145. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/13, 1/2/2 146. vahI 1/2/28 147. (i) sthAnAMga 10-717, (ii) nizItha sUtra 9/19 148. AvazyakacUrNi - 2, pR. 158 149. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8 /25 150. vahI 1/8/29 151. vahI 1/8/72-75 152. vahI 1/8 /51 153. uttarAdhyayana- eka samIkSAtka adhyayana, pR. 371 154. surUci jAtaka (saM. 489), bhAga - 4, q. 521-522 155. jAtaka - 406 (bhAga-4), pR. 27 156. 157. 158. 159. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 9/4 160. sthAnAMga, 10/717 161. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/37 162. pataMjalikAlIna bhArata, pR. 123-124 163. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/79 164. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 32 dI enziyaMTa jyogrAphI oNpha iNDiyA, pR. 718 kalpasUtra, sUtra 122, pR. 41 pR. 485 165. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/79-83 166. vahI 1/8/79 167. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 485 168. uttarAdhyayana- 23/2 169. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 70 170. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135, 1/14/30, 1/ 171. 172. 16/104 amarakoza 2/3/19 106 (i) mahApurANa 16/164 (ii) harivaMza purANa - 2/3 (iii) padmapurANa 3/318-327 173. (i) AcArAMga cUrNi, pR. 281 (ii) nizItha cUrNi (bhAga 3), pR. 346 174. pANinisUtra 5/2/107 (vArtika) 175. 'yatrASTazatagrAmIya vyavahArasthAnaM madhyavarti tat nagaram' zabdakalpadruma (bhAga-2), pR. 817 176. 'Na ettha karA vijjatIti nagara' AcArAMga cUrNi pR. 281 177. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/30, 90 178.1/1/135, 1/14/30, 1/16/104 179. harivaMza purANA 2/3 180. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR. 78 181. drohiM gammati jaleNa vithaleNa vi droNamukhaM / jahA bharUyacchaM tAmalitti evamAdi / / - AcArAMgacUrNi, pR. 282 -

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa 182. 'catuHzata grAmyA droNamukham' 212. vahI 1/16/182 - kauTilyam arthazAstram 2/1 213. vahI 1/8/34, 1/16/108 183. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/54, 1/17/10 214. vahI 1/13/14, 16, 17, 18 184. patanaM zakaTairgamyaM TakainAbhireva ca / nAbhireva 215. vahI 1/1/103 tu yad gamyaM paTTanaM ttprcksste|| 216. vahI 1/8/34 -vyavahArasUtra, bhAga-3 217. vahI 1/14/5, 1/16/38 185. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135, 1/14/30 218. vahI 1/14/5 186. amarakoza (dvitIya khaNDa), pR. 116 219. vahI 1/16/38 187. (i) sArthavAha (motIcandra), pR. 16 220. vahI 1/8/41 (ii) amarakoza (haradatta zarmA) pR. 74 221. saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 219 188. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135, 1/14/30 222. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/189 189. 'dvizatagrAmyA khArvaTikam' 223. vahI 1/8/34 - kauTilyaM arthazAstram 2/1 224. vahI 1/8/98 190. 'kevalaM girisaMrUddhaM khaTaM tatprayakSate' 225. vahI 1/8/95, 1/14/2 - AdipurANa 16/171 226. vahI 1/3/13 191. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135, 1/14/30 227. vahI 1/3/8 192. 'celakheTa kaTukANDaM garhAyAm' 228. vahI 1/3/12 -- pANini aSTAdhyAyI 6/2/126 229. vahI 1/9/22 193. jJAtAdharmakathAMga- 1/1/135, 1/14/30 230. vahI 1/3/13 194. AdipurANa 16/172 231. vahI 1/9/22 195. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135, 1/17/9 232. vahI 1/16/108 196. vahI 1/17/9 233. vahI 1/1/30, 1/8/133, 1/16/119 197. vahI 1/1/135 234. vahI 1/2/10, 1/13/10 198. uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, 235. vahI 1/1/166, 1/2/10 pR. 427 236. vahI 1/1/180, 1/8/111, 119 199. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135 237. vahI 1/1/17, 28, 1/14/48, 1/16/50 200. vahI 1/1/135 238. vahI 1/1/17 201. uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, 239. vahI 1/16/47 pR. 408, 424 240. vahI 1/130, 80, 1/2/42, 1/16/94 202. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/135 241. vahI 1/1/30 203. vahI 1/13/12 242. vahI 1/1/94 204. vahI 1/5/2 243. vahI 1/2/33, 1/7/6, 1/8/54 205. aupapAtika sUtra -1 244. vahI 1/13/16 206. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/103 245. vahI 1/7/22,1/13/16 207. vahI 1/1/17 246. vahI 1/1/87-89 208. vahI 1/2/10, 28, 1/8/132 247. vahI 1/2/19 209. vahI 1/1/17 248. vahI 1/8/29 210. vahI 1/1/31 249. vahI 1/14/18 211. vahI 1/8/125 250. vahI 1/14/18 107

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 251. vahI 1/7/26 281. vahI 1/13/10 252. vahI 1/1/138, 1/16/189, 201 282. vahI 1/1/171 253. vahI 1/1/138 283. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana, 254. vahI 1/1/90, 1/2/30, 32 pR. 110-111 255. vahI 1/13/5, 2/1/11 284. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/19/2 256. vahI 1/13/5 (vivecana) 285. vahI 1/8/2 257. vahI 1/16/103 286. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/100-101 258. vahI 1/1/107 287. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/2 259. vahI 1/8/189-190 288. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/132 260. vahI 1/5/7 289. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/94 261. vahI 2/1/14 290. vahI 1/16/94 262. vahI 1/1/111, 1/13/29 291. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/132 263. vahI 1/14/11, 1/16/5 292. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/19/2 264. vahI 1/3/13 293. vahI 1/5/7 265. vahI 1/2/15 294. vahI 1/16/224 266. vahI 1/2/9-10, 28, 1/18/9 295. vahI 1/5/3 267. vahI 1/2/9, 1/18/9 296. vahI 1/8/2 268. vahI 1/5/3-4 297. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/131 269. antakRdazAMga 1/1/5 298. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/52 270. tasyAH puro raivatako'pAcyAmAsItu 299. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 1 mAlyavAn 300. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/5 saumanasau'driH pratIcyAmudIcyAM 301. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 1/16 gaMdhamAdanaH / / 302. lokaprakAza 16/35 - triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra- 8/5/418 303. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/52 271. mahAbhArata (sabhAparva) 14/50 304. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana, 272. harivaMza purA 2/55 pR. 256 273. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/3 305. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 1-5 274. (i) deva-maNussa-parivuDo sIyArayaNaM tao 306. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/204 smaaruddho| nikkhamiya bAragAo, revayammi 307. vahI 1/8/94 TThio bhgvN|| ___308. vahI 1/1/14, 1/2/2, 1/14/41 ___- uttarAdhyayana 22/22 309. vahI 1/8/6 (ii) jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/224 ___310. vahI 1/1/171 275. uttarAdhyayana 22/33 311. vahI 1/4/2 276. vividha tIrthakalpa, pR. 13, 15 312. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 4/91 277. bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dharmakathAo, pR. 216 313. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/2 278. mahAbhArata 3/88/21 314. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 4/101 279. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, 315. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/19/2 pR. 473 316. vahI 1/5/5, 1/8/2, 1/9/4, 1/17/3 280. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/44,56, 82 317. vahI 1/9/28 108

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caturtha parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tatkAlIna saMskRti se jur3e vibhinna AyAmoM kA anAvRtta svarUpa dekhane ko milatA hai jinameM se eka mahatvapUrNa AyAma hai- sAmAjika sthiti / saMskRti aura samAja kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai / saMskRti ke binA samAja aMdhA hai aura samAja ke binA saMskRti paMgu hai / sAmAjika sthiti kI samIkSA ke lie tatkAlIna samAja kI pArivArika sthiti, rIti-rivAja, saMskAra, khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, vastrAbhUSaNa aura utsava - mahotsavoM se paricita honA iSTa hai / prastuta adhyAya meM sAmAjika sthiti se jur3e vibhinna pahaluoM ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM ujAgara kiyA gayA hai parivAra sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukha AdhArabhUta saMsthA hai- parivAra / parivAra kA janma saMbhavataH vyakti ke janma ke sAtha hI huA kyoMki parivAra hI eka aisI AdhArabhUta ikAI hai jo vyakti kI amAnuSika pravRttiyoM kA parizodhana kara use samAjIkaraNa kI ora pravRtta karatA hai / vyakti kA astitva parivAra meM hI saMbhava hotA hai| vyaktitva kA vikAsa parivAra meM hI hotA hai| parivAra se hI vaha samAja ke rIti-rivAjoM, vyavahAroM, mAnyatAoM, AdarzoM tathA vizvAsoM ko sIkhatA hai aura unake anukUla apane vyavahAra ko DhAlane kI koziza karatA hai / sampUrNa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki parivAra meM pati-patnI ke alAvA mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, putra-putrI Adi rahate the| sAmAnyataH pArivArika sambandha madhura the| parivAra kA mukhiyA vayovRddha sadasya yA pitA hotA thA aura saba parijana usakI AjJA kA pAlana karate the / usakI patnI gRha svAminI hotI thI, jo parivAra ke sabhI kriyA-kalApoM ko niyaMtrita karatI thI / kauTilya ke anusAra parivAra ke sadasyoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie parivAra kA mukhiyA hI uttaradAyI hai| parivAra meM bAlaka, strI, mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana aura vidhavA striyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| parivAra ke saba loga eka hI sthAna para 109

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1 rahate, eka hI jagaha pakAyA huA bhojana karate tathA sarva sAmAnya jamInajAyadAda kA upayoga karate / striyA~ char3ane-pichAr3ane, pIsane - kUTane, rasoI banAne, bhojana parosane, pAnI bharane aura bartana mA~jane Adi kA kAma karatI / parivAra kI vizeSatAe~ parivAra kI vizeSatAoM ke vivecana se pUrva isakI vyutpatti jAnanA prAsaMgika hogA- 'parivAra' zabda pari upasargapUrvaka 'vR' dhAtu se 'ghaJa' pratyaya kA niSpanna rUpa hai, jisakA artha hai samUha arthAt parivAra vyaktiyoM kA samUha yA saMgaThana hai| vizva ke hara kone meM parivAra kA svarUpa bhinna-bhinna pAyA jAtA hai lekina kucha sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM, jo prAyaH sabhI parivAroM meM nyUnAdhika pAI jAtI hai| kaikAivara tathA peja' ne aisI ATha vizeSatAe~ batalAI haiM, inakA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haiM 1. sArvabhaumikatA parivAra sabhI samAjoM aura sabhI kAloM meM pAyA jAtA hai arthAt isakA saMgaThana sArvabhaumika hai| parivAra kA astitva mAnava jAti ke astitva se jur3A huA hai / bhAvanAtmaka AdhAra parivAra kA mahala bhAvanAoM kI nIMva para khar3A kiyA jAtA hai| parivAra yauna-sambandha, vAtsalya, lAlana-pAlana, prema, sahayoga, mAtA-pitA kI surakSA Adi aneka svAbhAvika bhAvanAoM para AdhArita hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha kI bhAryA bhadrA una mAtAoM ko dhanya, puNyazAlinI aura vaibhavazAlinI batalAtI hai jinhoMne putra yA putrI ko janma diyaa| cUMki usake koI saMtAna nahIM hai, ataH vaha bhAvanAoM ke atireka meM Akara apane Apako pApinI aura kulakSaNA mAnane lagatI hai| 2. 3. racanAtmaka prabhAva parivAra kA racanAtmaka prabhAva bhI sadasya para par3atA hai| parivAra sadasya ke caritra-nirmANa va vyaktitva vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAtA hai| bAlaka para parivAra meM jo saMskAra par3ate haiM ve amiTa hote haiM aura usakA 110

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana bhaviSya inhIM saMskAroM ke sAe meM pallavita-puSpita hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM thAvaccA gAthA patnI apane putra ko saMskArita karane aura jJAnavAna banAne ke lie kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejatI hai| sImita AkAra parivAra apane AkAra meM sImita hotA hai| isake ve hI sadasya hote haiM jinameM kisI na kisI prakAra kA rakta sambandha hotA hai aura jo mUlapravRttiyoM kI pUrti ke lie paraspara sahAyaka siddha ho sakate haiN| lekina jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika prasaMgoM meM isake ThIka viparIta bAta sAmane AtI hai yAnI rakta-sambandha ke alAvA karmacAriyoM-sevakoM ko bhI 'kauTumbikajana' kahakara sammAna diyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kauTumbikajana use mAnA gayA hai jo parivAra yA rAjya ke saMcAlana meM pratyakSa sahayogI banatA thaa| sAmAjika DhAMce meM kendrIya sthiti parivAra sAmAjika jIvana kI vaha mahatvapUrNa ikAI hai jisa para sampUrNa sAmAjika DhAMcA AdhArita hai| vAstava meM parivAra sAmAjika DhAMce kI dhurI hai| Adima samAja meM to parivAra atyanta mahatvapUrNa ikAI thA, yadyapi jaTilatAoM meM jakar3e Adhunika samAja meM isake bikharAva kI sthitiyA~ bana rahI haiM phira bhI isakI sattA ko kamatara karake nahIM AMkA jA sakatA hai| sadasyoM kA uttaradAtvi uttarAdAyitva kA prathama paricaya karAne vAlA parivAra hI hai| parivAra kA sadasya jIvana paryanta parivAra kI samRddhi ke lie apane sukhoM kA balidAna karatA hai| anya kisI saMgaThana meM aisI bhAvanA Adarza mAnI jAtI hai, jise vAstavikatA kA dharAtala kama hI mila pAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki mAkandIputra jinapAlita aura jinarakSita apane parivAra kI Arthika samRddhi ke lie bArahavIM bAra lavaNa samudra kI yAtrA karane kA nizcaya karate haiN|' sAmAjika niyaMtraNa sAmAjika niyaMtraNa kA eka pramukha upakaraNa hai- parivAra / paramparAoM va 110

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rIti-rivAjoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti para sAmAjika niyaMtraNa kiyA jAtA hai / parivAra ke niyaMtraNa kA upakaraNa prema aura bhAvanA para AdhArita hotA hai 1 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jinapAlika aura jinarakSita ko unake mAtA-pitA lavaNa samudra kI yAtrA para jAne se premapUrvaka rokane kA prayAsa karate haiM aura na mAnane para apanA prema pradarzita karate hue unheM lavaNa samudra kI yAtrA para jAne kI anumati de dete haiM / " parivAra kA sthAyI va asthAyI svabhAva saMgha athavA samiti ke rUpa meM parivAra kI prakRti bahuta kucha asthAyI hai jabaki saMsthA ke rUpa meM isakI prakRti sthAyI hai| eka saMgha yA samiti ke jisa rUpa meM parivAra pati-patnI, baccoM yA kucha anya nikaTa sambandhiyoM kA samUha mAtra hai, jisameM vivAha viccheda, mRtyu, saMtAna ke vivAha, naI saMtAna ke janma Adi ke kAraNa parivartana AtA rahatA hai, lekina eka saMsthA ke rUpa meM parivAra ke kucha niyama haiM, usakI nizcita kAryapraNAlI hai| niyamoM va kArya-praNAliyoM kI vyavasthA ke rUpa meM parivAra kI prakRti sthAyI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM janma, vivAha va dIkSA Adi ke vibhinna prasaMga parivAra ke parivartanazIla svarUpa ko vyakta karate haiM / " saMyukta parivAra saMyukta parivAra bhAratIya saMskRti ke paricAyaka haiN| 'eka sabake lie aura saba eka ke lie' vAlA svarNima svarUpa ina parivAroM kI pahacAna hai / saMyukta parivAra sAmAjika virAsata ke rUpa meM AdikAla se calA A rahA hai| saMyukta parivAra kI kalpanA pUrvavaidika yuga se hI kI jA sakatI hai| isake svarUpa kI jAnakArI Rgveda meM apratyakSa rUpa se milatI hai / purohita vivAha ke samaya varavadhU ko AzIrvAda dete hue kahatA hai- "tuma yahIM ghara meM raho, vimukta mata hoo, apane ghara meM putroM aura pautroM ke sAtha khelate aura Ananda manAte hue samasta Ayu kA upabhoga kro|''"" yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki tU sAsa, sasura, nanada aura devara para zAsana karane vAlI rAnI bana 112 112

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI aise saMyukta parivAroM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane pArivArika sadasyoM ke sahayoga aura sahAyatA se calate the| manu ne pArivArika vighaTana yA pRthak-parivAra ko dharmAnukUla mAnA hai| ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI 'rohiNI jJAta'15, 'mAkaMdI'', 'draupadI'7 kI kathAoM meM saMyukta parivAra kA nidarzana milatA hai| saMyukta parivAra kI vizeSAe~ ApasI sahayoga karttavyabodha aura vizvAsa para TikI hai saMyukta parivAra kI imaart| saMyukta parivAra kI kucha aisI viziSTatAe~ hotI haiM jo ise parivAra ke anya svarUpoM se pRthak karatI haiM vRhad AkAra saMyukta parivAra kA AkAra sadasya saMkhyA ke AdhAra para vRhad hotA hai| sAmAnyataH aise parivAroM meM tIna-cAra pIr3hiyoM ke rakta-sambandhI aura vivAha-sambandhI eka sAtha rahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanyasArthavAha kA saMyukta parivAra vRhad thaa| sAmAnya nivAsa isakA Azaya hai ki sArA ghara parivAra ke pratyeka sadasya ke lie khulA rhe| sAmAnya nivAsa se tAtparya aise sthAna se hai jo pratyeka sadasya ke kAma aae| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha bhojana maMDapa (sAmAnya AvAsa) meM apane sabhI parijanoM va sambandhiyoM ke sammukha apanI cAroM putravadhuoM kI parIkSA lene ke lie unheM cAvala ke pA~ca-pA~ca dAne sauMpatA hai| sammilita sampatti sammilita sampatti meM kisI eka vyakti vizeSa kA adhikAra nahIM hotA apitu usa sampatti para parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM kA saMyukta adhikAra hotA hai| saMyukta parivAra meM sammilita sampatti kI dekharekha aura saMcAlana parivAra kA mukhiyA yA usake dvArA niyukta parivAra kA yogya vyakti karatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha apanI putravadhuoM kI yogyatA jA~cakara unheM unake anukUla kArya bhAra sauMpatA hai / 20 dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kartavyoM kA sAmUhika nirvAha saMyukta parivAra ke sabhI sadasya dhArmika va sAmAjika kAryoM ko eka 113

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5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dUsare ke sahayoga se paripUrNa karate haiN| saba milakara utsava aura tyauhAra manAte haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra kA janmotsava, dhanya sArthavAha dvArA bhoja kA Ayojana tathA pANDurAjA dvArA kalyANakaraNa mahotsava kA Ayojana sAmuhika rUpa se karane kA ullekha milatA hai| kartA kI sarvoccatA saMyukta parivAra meM kartA sarvesarvA hotA hai| pArivArika kriyA-kalApoM kA saMcAlana isI mukhiyA ke nirdezana meM hotA hai| mukhiyA kA pramukha kArya parivAra ko ekasUtra meM bAMdhe rakhanA aura usakA bhaviSya ujjvala aura nicita karanA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha apane parivAra kA saMcAlana kuzalatApUrvaka karatA hai tathA bhaviSya meM parivAra ke kuzala saMcAlana ke lie apanI putravadhUoM ko kasauTI para kasatA hai|24 saMyukta upArjana parivAra ke sadasya saMyukta rUpa se kRSi yA vyApAra kA kArya karate haiN| apanI-apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke anusAra sadasya sahayoga karate haiM tathA vikAsapatha para caraNa nyAsa karate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mAkandI putroM- jinapAlika aura jinarakSita dvArA dhanopArjana ke lie bAraha bAra lavaNa samudra kI saMyukta yAtrA karane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| samAjavAdI vyavasthA saMyukta parivAra samAjavAda kA hI eka sUkSma rUpa hai| pratyeka sadasya ko kSamatA, sthiti tathA yogyatA ke anusAra kArya karane kA avasara prApta hotA 6. hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI rohiNI nAmaka kathA meM dhanya sArthavAha dvArA apanI putravadhuoM ko yogyatAnusAra kArya sauMpanA samAjavAdI prakRti kA namUnA hai| viSama paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA saMyukta parivAroM kA sthAyitva anya parivAra kI tulanA meM adhika rahA hai| parivAra ke ekAdhika sadasya kI mRtyu, berojagArI, ayogyatA Adi se parivAra para adhika prabhAva nahIM par3atA aura usakI saMracanA vighaTita nahIM hotI hai| vibhinna pIr3hiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ke eka sAtha rahane se anubhava aura 114

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana joza kA bejor3a saMgama ho jAtA hai jo parivAra kI mAna-maryAdA ko bar3hAtA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jinarakSita kI mRtyoparAnta bhI jinapAlita apane mAtApitA ke sAtha sukhapUrvaka rahatA hai| isI prakAra mahApadmarAjA dvArA dIkSA grahaNa kara lene ke bAda usake putra puMDarIka dvArA rAjya ke kuzala saMcAlana kA ullekha bhI milatA hai / 28 saMyukta parivAra kI uparyukta vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki isake dvArA vyakti ko AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika surakSA bhI prApta hotI hai tathA vyakti hara prakAra se saMrakSita anubhava karatA hai| itanA saba kucha hote hue bhI saMyukta parivAra meM strI puruSa sambandhoM kA samucita vikAsa nahIM ho pAtA hai jisase jIvana bikharane lagatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMyukta parivAra vyavasthA dinoM-dina TUTatI jA rahI hai| saMyukta parivAra meM aneka sadasya hote haiN| mAtA-pitA, pati-patnI, putraputrI, putravadhU Adi kI eka saMyukta kar3I hai- saMyukta privaar| inake ApasI sambandhoM kI chAyA meM phalatA-phUlatA hai- saMyukta privaar| parivAra meM ina sadasyoM kI bhUmikA kA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haipitA parivAra meM sabase bar3A puruSa sadasya hI saMcAlaka aura sampatti kA vyavasthApaka hotA hai| parivAra kA sampUrNa dAyitva usI para mAnA jAtA hai, jo kartA kahA jAtA hai| yaha pada prAyaH pitA ko hI milatA hai| raghuvaMza meM vinaya, rakSaNa aura bharaNa ke tIna kArya batAe gae haiN| pitA ke lie putra prIti-sadRza hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra jaba mAtA-pitA se dIkSA kI AjJA mAMgatA hai to ve use aneka prakAra ke gRhastha sukhoM ko samajhAte haiM tathA gRhastha jIvana meM rahane ke lie preraNA karate haiN| isase pitA kI putra ke prati prIti sahaja hI dekhI jA sakatI hai| putra ke lie pitA sarvasva hai, isalie meghakumAra apane mAtA-pitA ke kahane para eka dina kA rAjapada svIkAra kara letA hai| kuTumba kA sarvocca vyakti hone ke kAraNa pitA sadasyoM ke prati sahRdaya, jAgarUka aura bar3e se bar3A tyAga karane ke lie tatpara rahatA thaa| 115

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mAtA saMtAna kA janma, bharaNa-poSaNa, zikSA aura vivAha kA kArya mAtA hI karatI thii| 2 mAtA kA utkRSTa svarUpa prAcInakAla se calA A rahA hai| nirmANa aura saMvRddhi se mAtA kA anyonyAzrita sambandha thA / jaba brahmacArI apanA adhyayana samApta kara ghara lauTatA thA taba AcArya use mAtA kI pUjA devatA kI taraha karane kA nirdeza dete the | 3 1 bacce kI prathama guru mAtA hI hotI hai / mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki AcArya sadA dasa zrotriyoM se bar3hakara hai| pitA dasa upAdhyAyoM se adhika mahatva rakhatA hai aura mAtA kI mahattA dasa pitAoM se bhI adhika hai / vaha akelI hI apane gaurava dvArA sArI pRthvI ko gauravAnvita kara detI hai / ataH mAtA ke samakakSa koI dUsarA guru nahIM hai / 34 mAtA ke lie kahA gayA hai ki usakI jaisI chAyA, Azraya-sthala, rakSA-sthala aura priya vastu koI nahIM hai| smRtikAroM ne bhI mAtA ko 'paramaguru' mAnakara parivAra aura samAja meM usakI mahimA kA guNagAna kiyA hai 136 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mAtA ke prati AsthA evaM zraddhA mAtA dhAriNI aura putra meghakumAra ke madhya saMvAda (vairAgya, dIkSA kI AjJA ) 37 putra meghakumAra ke prati snehAtireka va mAtA ke vAtsalya ko hI ujAgara karatA hai| mAtA dhAriNI ke kahane para meghakumAra dvArA eka dina kA rAjapada bhogane kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA mA~ ke vaiziSTaya ko ujAgara karatA hai / 39 saMtAna kI icchA sabhI mAtAe~ rakhatI haiM / vaMdhyA strI ko kula meM acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA hai, usakA mu~ha dekhanA bhI burA mAnA jAtA hai| saMtAna kI prApti na hone para vaha udAsa, khinna evaM aprasanna rahatI hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanyasArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA saMtAna na hone kAraNa apane Apako adhanya, puNyahIna, kulakSaNA aura pApinI mAnatI hai| saMtAna kI prApti ke lie vaha aneka devI-devatAoM kI manautI karatI hai, jisase use putra kI prApti hotI hai| 41 saMtAna kA viyoga mAtA ke lie asahya hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya . sArthavAha ke putra devadatta, putrI suMsamA " kA apaharaNa aura unakI hatyA mAtA ko zokavihvala kara dete haiM / putrahantA vijayacora ko jaba dhanya sArthavAha majabUrana apane hisse kI khAdya sAmagrI detA hai aura jaba isa bAta ko bhadrA sunatI hai to vaha apane pati dhanya sArthavAha se nArAja ho jAtI hai / yaha bAta mAtA kA putra ke prati 116

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana moha hI prakaTa karatI hai| mAtA sadaiva apane putra kA hita cintana karatI hai| vaha hamezA usakA utkarSa dekhanA cAhatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI 'zailaka' kathA meM thAvaccA gAthA patnI ke thAvaccAputra nAmaka eka hI putra hote hue bhI vaha use saharSa AjJA pradAna kara dIkSA kA satkAra karatI hai| yaha mAtA kA apane putra ke prati ahobhAva hai, usake vAtsalya kA utkarSa hai| rAjA kanakaratha apanI navAgantuka saMtAna ko vikalAMga kara detA thaa| eka bAra jaba usakI patnI padmAvatI garbhadhAraNa karatI hai taba bhaviSya kI cintA kara vaha amAtya taitaliputra ke sahayoga se apanI saMtAna ko bacA letI hai aura vahI Age calakara rAjA kanakaratha ke bAda rAjagaddI para AsIna hokara prajA kA pAlaka banatA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki pratyeka mAtA apanI saMtAna ko svastha-sundara, balavAna, rUpavAna, utkarSamaya dekhanA cAhatI hai| pati hindU saMyukta parivAra meM pati kI vizeSa prabhutA thii| strI kI AjIvikA aura usakI Arthika sthiti pati para hI nirbhara karatI thI, isalie pati ko 'bhartA' kI saMjJA bhI dI gii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pati kA vyavahAra patnI ke prati sadaiva sahRdayatApUrNa, udAra aura prazaMsanIya rahA hai| patnI kuTumba kI sammAnita aMga thI, jo mAnavIya, pUjanIya, arcanIya aura gRha kI zobhA thii| saMtAna kI utpatti paripAlana aura sAMsArika jIvana meM prIti patnI se hI hotI thii| meghakumAra aura devadatta ke prasaMga bhI isI bAta kI puSTi karate haiN| __prAyaH sabhI dharmazAstrakAroM ne nArI ko ucca sthAna pradAna karate hue usake sAtha pati ko sarvottama vyavahAra karane kA nirdeza diyA hai kintu vyavahAra meM pati apanI vizeSa sthiti ke kAraNa patnI ke prati kaTu, kaThora aura niraMkuza rahA hai, apane adhikAroM kA durupayoga karatA rahA hai, prabhutva ke mada meM vaha apane vAstavika karttavyoM se cyuta hotA rahA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kanakaratha rAjA ko bhaya thA ki kahIM usakI saMtAna bar3I hokara use sattAcyuta nahIM kara de, isa prakAra sattA meM Asakta kanakaratha rAjA apane navajAta putra ko vikalAMga banA detA thaa| isI prakAra taitaliputra apanI patnI poTTilA kA nAma sunanA bhI pasaMda nahIM karatA thA- darzana aura paribhoga kI to bAta hI kyA?54 zreNika kA dhAriNI ke prati aura 117

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhanyasArthavAha kA bhadrA ke prati jaisA vyavahAra thA vaisA vyavahAra karane vAlA pati hI apane dAmpatya jIvana ko sarasa, sukhamaya aura premapUrNa banAtA hai| patnI vaidika yuga meM patnI parivAra kI anivArya aMga thii| patnI kI parivAra meM mahimA thI, vaha ghara kI rAnI thii| vAstava meM patnI hI ghara kI AtmA aura prANa thii| pati ke sAtha milakara vaha sAmAjika aura dhArmika kAryoM ko sampanna karatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA putra kI kAmanA ke lie devatAoM kI pUjA dhanya sArthavAha kI anumati se hI karatI hai| __ zreSTha patnI vahI hotI hai jo pati ke anukUla, mRdubhASI, dakSa, svAmibhakta, sAdhvI, AtmaguptA, vinamra aura pati ke citta kI bAta jAnane vAlI hotI hai| snehazIla, aduSTA aura zreSTha AcaraNa karane vAlI strI hI pativratA hai| patnI na kabhI ucca svara meM bole, na kaThora svara se aura na bahuta adhika bole| ye sabhI guNa rAjA zreNika kI patnI dhAriNI rAnI meM zreNika ko svapna sunAte samaya aura dohada' kI bAta batAte samaya dekhe jA sakate haiN| manu aura yAjJavalkya jaise smRtikAroM ne guNI patnI ke lie kahA hai ki vaha sarvadA haMsamukha rahe, gRha kI samasta vastue~ sundara DhaMga se rakhe, gRhakArya ko dakSatApUrvaka kare, apavyaya na kare, pati ke priya kAryoM ko kare, sAsa-sasura kI sevA kare tathA saccaritra aura saMyamapUrvaka rahe / jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI aisI patiniSThAoM ke udAharaNa milate haiM jo apane pati meM anurakta thii| __pati ke anucita kArya se patniyA~ nArAja, kupita bhI ho jAyA karatI thI aura vaha apane pati se bAta nahIM karatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki dhanya sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA apane pati se isalie nArAja ho jAtI hai ki dhanya sArthavAha ne apane putrahantA vijayacora ko apane bhojana meM saMbhAgitA dii|2 isa prakAra patnI apane dhArmika aura sAmAjika kAryoM dvArA parivAra kA vikAsa karatI rahI hai aura gRhiNI ke rUpa meM usakA sAmAjika mahatva aura sammAna rahA hai| putra parivAra meM putra kA bahuta adhika mahatva rahA hai kyoMki usase kula aura vaMza kA varddhana aura utkarSa hotA hai| parivAra kA prArambha vivAha se hotA hai aura 118

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana vikAsa saMtAna se| niHsaMtAna dampatti apane Apako apUrNa aura abhAgA mAnate haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki jaba dhanya sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA ke koI saMtAna nahIM huI to vaha apane Apako apUrNa aura abhAgina mAnane lagI aura una mAtAoM ko dhanya mAnatI thI jo baccoM ko janma detI, unakA lAlana-pAlana karatI 13 saMtAna prApti kI abhilASA se bhadrA ne aneka devI-devatAoM kI manautI kI, lekina bhadrA kI yaha vizeSatA rahI ki usane saMtAna kI to kAmanA kI lekina putra hI ho aisA nahIM kahA, isase siddha hotA hai ki usane putra-putrI ko samAna samajhA 104 tatkAlIna samaya meM putra apane mAtA-pitA kA pUrNa sammAna aura Adara karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM putra kA mAtA -1 -pitA ke prati svAbhAvika sammAna abhayakumAra, meghakumAra", thAvaccAputra' 7 aura dhanya sArthavAha ke putroM" ke prasaMgoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai / abhayakumAra mAtA dhAriNI ke dohada prasaMga se cintita pitA zreNika kI cintA dUra karane evaM mAtA kA dohadapUrNa karane kA saMkalpa hI nahIM karatA balki pUrNa prayAsa ke dvArA use pUrA bhI karatA hai / " jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke hI eka anya prasaMga meM dhanya sArthavAha aura usake putra suMsumA kI khoja karate hue bhUkha-pyAsa se klAnta ho jAte haiM taba pitA ke dvArA apane zarIra kA utsarga kara usase bhUkha-pyAsa zAnta karane ke lie kahA jAtA hai, lekina putra yaha kahakara inkAra kara dete haiM ki Apa hamAre pUjanIya aura devatulya haiM, ataH Apa isa kArya ke lie hamAre zarIra kA upayoga kreN|" isase putroM kA apane pitA ke prati Adara aura ahobhAva prakaTa hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM putra ko kulaketu, kuladIpa, kulatilaka, kulavRkSa aura kula kA AdhAra usakI mahimA prakaTa kI gaI hai|" putrI putrI athavA kanyA hindU saMyukta parivAra meM putra kI tulanA meM upekSita rahI hai, kintu jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM donoM (putra aura putrI) kA samAna mahattva aneka prasaMgoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai- bhadrA dvArA devapUjA meM putra yA putrI kucha bhI hone para unakI (devatAoM) pUjA karane kI pratijJA kI jAtI hai|2 mallI kA janmAbhiSeka devatAoM dvArA karanA bhI lar3akI ke prati prItibhAva darzAtA hai / dhanya sArthavAha apanI putrI ko utanA hI cAhatA hai jitanA putroM ko, isIlie vaha putrI kA apaharaNa ho jAne para tathA usakA vadha ho jAne para cintita aura duHkhI hI nahIM 119

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hotA hai balki lar3akI ke apaharaNa kI phariyAda karate samaya bahumUlya bheMTa dete hue kahatA hai ki- 'he devAnupriyoM! vipula dhana va kanaka vApisa mile vaha samaba tumhArA hogA aura suMsumA dArikA merI hogii| (1/18/26)' kavi bANa ne likhA hai ki putrI utpanna hote hI pitA ko cintA meM DAla detI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA drupada apanI putrI draupadI ke vivAha ko lekara cintita hotA hai- kisI rAjA athavA yuvarAja kI bhAryo ke rUpa meM tujhe dUMgA to kauna jAne vahA~ tuma sukhI rahogI yA duHkhI? yadi duHkhI huI to mujhe jindagI bhara hRdaya meM dAha hogaa| putrI ke duHkha-darda ko pitA dvArA dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| parityaktA sukumAlikA ko pitA sAgaradatta karma kI vicitra gati ko premapurvaka samajhAte hue use cintA mukta karatA hai tathA use dharmAbhimukha karane ke lie usake lie dAnazAlA kI vyavasthA karatA hai|" mallIkumArI ke kahane para mohanagRha, jAlagRha, maNimaya pIThikA Adi kA banavAnA hI isa bAta ko spaSTa kara detA hai ki putrI ko bhI aneka suvidhAe~ aura adhikAra prApta the| mallIkumArI jaba rAjA kuMbha ko jitazatru prabhRti Adi chahoM rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha meM hAra jAne para cintita dekhatI hai, taba vaha kahatI hai ki- "tAta! Apa cintA mata kIjie aura una chahoM rAjAoM ke pAsa gupta rUpa se alaga-alaga dUta bhejakara kahalA dIjie ki maiM apanI kanyA tumheM detA huuN|" mallIkumArI ke kahane para kumbha rAjA ne aisA hI kiyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki putrI kI bAta ko bhI mahatva diyA jAtA thaa| niSkarSataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki kahIM putrI kI upekSA avahelanA hai to kahIM mAna-pratiSThA aura sammAna bhI, lekina yaha bilkula satya hai ki putrI kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai jitanI putra kI, kyoMki putrI-kanyA ke abhAva meM parivAra kI paramparA kAyama nahIM raha skegii| putravadhU ___parivAra meM putravadhU kI bhI ahaM bhUmikA hotI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha kI cAra putravadhue~ thii| dhanya sArthavAha dvArA parivAra-saMcAlana ke lie putroM ko nahIM cunakara putravadhuoM ko cunanA bahU kI mahattA ko ujAgara karatA hai| isake lie dhanya sArthavAha pA~ca-pA~ca zAlikaNa dekara unakI parIkSA karatA hai, parIkSA meM sabane apanI buddhi eMva nAmAnurUpa pradarzana kiyA aura unheM usI ke anurUpa kAryabhAra sauMpA gyaa| 120

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana meghakumAra aura thAvaccAputra 2 ne jaba dIkSA kI AjJA mAMgI taba unakI mAtAoM ne unakI bhAryAoM ke lie cintA vyakta karate hue kahA- "ye samAna zarIra, vaya, lAvaNya, rUpa, yauvana aura guNoM se sampanna tathA rAjakuloM se lAI huI haiM ataeva tumheM inakA khyAla rakhate hue inake sAtha manuSya sambandhI kAmabhoga bhoganA caahie|" isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki putravadhuoM ko putroM ke samAna mahatva, adhikAra evaM sammAna prApta thA, jo honA bhI caahie| bhAI-bhAI kA sambandha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhAI-bhAI kA madhura sambandha aneka sthaloM para dRSTigocara hotA hai| bhAI-bhAI meM pragAr3ha prema hone ke kAraNa hI mAkandI putra-jinapAlita aura jinarakSita bAraha bAra samudra yAtrA sAtha-sAtha karate haiN| amarakaMkA (dovaI) kathA meM tIna brAhmaNa-bandhu Apasa meM prIti hone ke kAraNa pratidina bArI-bArI se eka-dUsare ke yahA~ bhojana karate haiN| puNDarIka kathA meM puNDarIka aura kaMDarIka do bhAI the| puNDarIka rAjA thA, kaMDarIka yuvarAja / kaMDarIka ne dIkSA le lii| kucha samaya zramaNa paryAya meM rahane ke bAda vaha zramaNa dharma ke kaThina parISahoM se ghabarAkara gRhastha meM AnA cAhatA thA, isa para puMDarIka ne kaMDarIka ko rAjapada sauMpa diyA aura svayaM usake sthAna para dIkSita hokara parISahoM ko sahana karate hue vicarane lgaa| isI prakAra dhanya sArthavAha ke pA~coM putroM ko eka-dUsare ke lie prANotsarga karane hetu tatpara dekhakara kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAIyoM ke pArasparika sambandha atyanta pragAr3ha aura madhura the| bhAI-bahana kA sambandha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki jaba suMsumA kA apaharaNa huA to pA~coM bhAIyoM ne use cilAta cora se chur3avAne kA bharasaka prayAsa kiyA aura jaba cilAta ne susumA ko mAra diyA taba una bhAIyoM meM gaharA zoka-sA chA gayA arthAt unheM apanI bahana kI mRtyu asahya lgii|" anya sambandhI aura mitra ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthaloM para svajana va sambandhiyoM Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| janmotsava, vivAha va yAtrA Adi sabhI kAryakramoM se mitra, jJAti, nijaka, svajana, saMbaMdhI aura parijanoM kA AnA, milanA, bulAnA Adi dekhA jAtA hai aura unake sAtha milakara Anandotsava Adi manAe jAte haiN| 121

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke uparyukta vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki pati-patnI ke madhura sambandha, mAtA-pitA aura putra kA Adarza sambandha, pitAputrI kA sambandha, bhAI-bhAI kA sambandha, bhAI-bahana kA sambandha, zvasura-bahU kA sambandha aura anya pArivArika sambandha Adarza rUpa meM parilakSita hote haiN| AcAra-vyavahAra (Adara-satkAra) AcAra-vyavahAra bhI kisI deza athavA kAla kI saMskRti ko samajhane kA mahatvapUrNa mAdhyama hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMgakAlIna samAja ko bhI isI AdhAra para parakhA jA sakatA hai| sabhya-ziSTa vyavahAra, madhura saMvAda, vinamra-vyavahAra aura ucca ziSTAcAra usa yuga kI vizeSatA thii| sAmAjika ziSTAcAra meM atithi-satkAra ko atyadhika mahatva diyA jAtA thaa| mithilA ke rAjA kumbha ne aneka sthAnoM para bhojanazAlAe~ banavAIM, jahA~ AhAra Adi kI vyavasthA se usa deza ke pathikoM ko saMtuSTa kiyA jAtA thaa|" rAjagRha ke naMdamaNiyAra ne bhI eka bahuta bar3I bhojanazAlA banavAI, vahA~ para vipula azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima AhAra banatA thA, jisakA upayoga brAhmaNa, atithi, daridra, zramaNa va bhikhArI Adi karate the| sabhI ko bar3e satkAra ke sAtha bhojana karavAyA jAtA thaa| bar3oM kA abhivAdana karanA usa samaya ke ziSTAcAra kA eka aMga thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki sira jhukAkara vinayapUrvaka caraNoM meM namaskAra karanA, hAtha jor3akara praNAma karanA, mastaka para Avarta karake, aMjali karake sammAna karanA, caraNoM meM vaMdanA karanA, jayajayakAra karanA, khar3e hokara mAna-maryAdA karanA, Asana Adi dekara sammAna karanA', pairoM meM giranA, vaMdanA karanA, namaskAra karanA", jaya-vijaya zabdoM se abhinandana karanA-badhAnA, mAna-sammAna ke lie Asana se uThanA, satkAra karanA, baiThane ke lie apanA Asana denA, tIna pradakSiNA denA va donoM hAtha jor3akara dasoM nakhoM ko ikaTThA karake mastaka para ghumAkara aMjali jor3akara vinayapUrvaka rAjAjJA ko svIkAra karanA Adi sammAna prakaTa karane kI zailiyA~ thii| ___ AliMgana karane kI usa samaya paramparA thii| AliMgana vAstavika sauhArda kA pratIka mAnA jAtA thA, jisa samaya dhanya sArthavAha ko kArAgAra se nijAta 122

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana milI usa samaya usake parijana khuzI se jhUma uThe aura sabhI ne dhanya sArthavAha se gale milakara apanI prasannatA prakaTa kI / 101 1 loga milane para sabase pahale eka-dUsare kI kuzalakSema pUchA karate the dhanya sArthavAha se bhI sabhI ne kuzalakSema puuchii| 102 cokkhA parivrAjikA ne bhI jitazatru rAjA se rAjya sahita antaHpura ke kuzala samAcAra puuche| 103 isI prakAra kacchulla nArada ne bhI pANDu rAjA se antaHpura sahita samasta rAjya ke kuzala samAcAra puuche| 104 bar3e loga choToM ko " he jambU ! 105, he megha ! 10%, he nanda ! he bhadra! he jagannanda ! 107, he putra !108, he devAnupriya ! 109, he putrI ! 10" Adi sammAnasUcaka zabdoM se saMbodhita karate the / isI prakAra bar3oM ke lie " he tAta! 111, he devI! 112, he deva ! 113, he nAtha ! Arya!, he pitAmaha!, he bhrAta !, he mAmA ! he bhAgineya ! 114 he svAmina ! he pUjya ! 115 11 Adi sammAnajanaka sambodhanoM se saMbodhita karake bAtacIta kI jAtI thii| choTebar3e sabhI vizeSa rUpa se 'devAnupriya' zabda kA prayoga karate the jo ki bahuta hI karNapriya zabda hai / bar3oM kI AjJA mAnanA tathA unake prati vinaya kA bhAva rakhanA usa samaya ke ziSTAcAra kA mahatvapUrNa aMga thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prAyaH pratyeka vyakti ko AjJA svIkAra karate hue evaM vinayazIla dekhA jA sakatA hai, cAhe ve rAjA zreNika ke kauTumbika puruSa hoM 16, cAhe zrIkRSNa ke rAjakarmacArI hoM 17, cAhe guru ke ziSya hoM 18, pitA kA putra ho, pitA kI putrI ho 120 aura cAhe rAjA kA maMtrI ho 21, sabhI ko AjJApAlana karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| bar3oM ko vidA karane ke lie kucha dUra taka unake sAtha jAne kI paripATI thii| nadI yA tAlAba taka pahu~cAnA zubha aura paramparAnukUla mAnA jAtA thaa| jaba arhannaka vyApAra ke lie ghara se ravAnA ho rahA thA taba unake parijana use samudrakinAre taka pahu~cAne aae| 122 kisI mahApuruSa yA zramaNa ke Ane para unake darzanArtha sabhI loga jAte the / kacchulla nArada ke Ane para rAjA pANDu 123 aura padmanAtha rAjA 124 unake sammAna ke lie sAta-ATha kadama Age jAkara agavAnI karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| draupadI ke svayaMvara meM Ae sabhI rAjAoM ke satkAra 123

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sammAna ke lie rAjA drupada sAmane jAte haiM25 aura isI prakAra pANDu rAjA bhI sabhI rAjAoM kI sasammAna agavAnI karate haiN|126 saMskAra zarIra evaM vastuoM kI siddhi aura vikAsa ke lie samaya-samaya para jo karma kie jAte haiM, unheM saMskAra kahate haiN| yaha vizeSa prakAra kA adRSTa phala utpanna karane vAlA karma hotA hai| zarIra ke mukhya solaha saMskAra haiN| 17 janma se lekara mRtyuparyanta saMskAroM kA vidhAna bhAratIya saMskRti meM rahA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM saMskAroM se jur3e utsavoM kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai| janma, rAjyAbhiSeka, dIkSA, vivAha va nAmakaraNa Adi saMskAroM kA vistRta vivecana isa graMtha meM dRSTigocara hotA hai-- 1. garbhAdhAna saMskAra yaha saMskAra striyoM ke garbhadhAraNa ke samaya garbha kI zuddhi ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa saMskAra kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| 2. sImanatonayana saMskAra isa saMskAra ko garbhAdhAna ke bAda tIsare mahIne meM sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita dhAriNIdevI128 aura bhadrAsArthavAhI ko garbhAdhAna ke tIsare mAha utpanna hone vAle dohada kI tulanA isa saMskAra se kara sakate haiM, kyoMki donoM kA uddezya garbha saMrakSaNa aura strI ko prasanna rakhanA hai| 3. jAtakarma saMskAra hindU saMskAroM ke anusAra hI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM janma ke pahale dina hI isa saMskAra ko sampanna karane kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjA zreNika kI patnI dhAriNI devI ne jaba eka bAlaka ko janma diyA to janma ke pahale dina jAtakarma yAnI nAla kATane kA saMskAra sampAdita kiyA gyaa|130 dUsare dina jAgarikA31 (rAtri jAgaraNa) kA Ayojana kiyA gayA aura tIsare dina sUrya-caMdra ke darzana karAe ge|132 4. nAmakaraNa saMskAra saMtAna utpanna hone ke bAraha dinoM ke bAda nAmakarma saMskAra hotA hai| isa saMskAra kI paramparA prAcInakAla se calI A rahI hai| manu ke anusAra brAhmaNa kA nAma maMgalasUcaka, kSatriya kA balasUcaka, vaizya kA dhanasUcaka, zUdra kA jugupsA 124

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana sUcaka honA caahie| gRhya sUtra ke anusAra nAma do yA cAra akSaroM kA aura vyaMjana se prAraMbha honA caahie| bAlakoM ke nAma meM akSara sama aura bAlikAoM ke viSama saMkhyA AkArAnta meM hoN| yaha nAma uccAraNa-sukhada aura zruti-sukhada honA caahie|133 ____ AgamakAlIna nAma vyaktitva ke kisI vizeSa aMza ko ujAgara karane vAle hote the| nAma kI sArthakatA kA zubha saMkalpa Adarza ke rUpa meM bhI sAmane rahatA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM samprayojana nAmakaraNa ke vividha dRSTAMta upalabdha haiM dohada ke AdhAra para- garbhavatI kI prazasta yA aprazasta padArtha vizeSa kI tIvra icchA dohada kahalAtA hai| akAla megha sambandhI mAtA dhAriNI ke dohada ke AdhAra para meghakumAra34 aura mAtA kI phUloM kI mAlAoM kI zayyA para sone kI icchA ke AdhAra para mallI kumArI135 nAmakaraNa kie ge| deva dvArA pradatta putra kA nAma devadatta rakhA gyaa|36 mAtA-pitA ke nAma ke AdhAra para bhI saMtAna kA nAma rakhA jAtA thaa| yathA- thAvaccAputra'37, mAkaMdIputra'38, kanakadhvaja', draupadI140 aadi| nagara ke AdhAra para bhI nAmakaraNa kara diyA jAtA thA, jaise- taitalipura nagara ke nAma ke AdhAra para taitaliputra / 41 guNAnurUpa nAma- guNa ke anurUpa nAmasaMyojanA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatI hai| yathA- ujjhitA, bhogavatI, rakSitA, rohiNI'42, jitazatru, subuddhi143, dharmarUci anngaar| pUrva janma para AdhArita nAma bhI hote the| jaise- dardura deva145, poTTila deva / / 46 Adarza ke AdhAra para- isa dRSTi se nAma nirdhAraNa meM Adarza kA saMyojana kiyA gayA hai jaise- dhanapAla, dhanadeva, dhanagopa, dhanarakSita'47, jinapAlita, jinarakSita 48 / isa prakAra alaga-alaga dRSTiyoM se alaga-alaga nAmoM kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| 5. bahiryAna yA niSkramaNa saMskAra saMtAna kA janma ke do-cAra mAha bAda kisI dina zubhavelA meM pahalI bAra prasUtigRha se bAhara le jAne kA niyama hai, ise bahiryAna kriyA kahate haiN| Ajakala ise mAsavAM kahA jAtA hai, jisake anusAra saMtAnotpatti ke eka mahIne yA 40 125

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dinoM bAda bacce ko ghara se bAhara le jAte haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa saMskAra kA spaSTa ullekha to nahIM hai, lekina pA~ca dhAyoM ke dvArA meghakumAra ko grahaNa kara usakA lAlana-pAlana kiyA jAtA hai|49, use isa saMskAra meM samAhita kara sakate haiN| mahApurANa meM bhI isa kriyA kA ullekha milatA hai| 50 6. pAlane meM zayana kA saMskAra'51 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa saMskAra kA nAmollekha hI milatA hai| 7. pairoM se calane kA saMskAra'52 isa saMskAra kA bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nAmollekha mAtra hI milatA hai, vistRta vivecana nhiiN| 8. cUDAkarma saMskAra cUDAkarma saMskAra kA abhiprAya muNDana se hai| yaha saMskAra janma ke prathama, tIsare, pA~caveM yA naveM varSa meM sampanna hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ke coTI rakhane yAnI muNDana saMskAra ko bar3I Rddhi aura satkArapUrvaka sampanna karane kA ullekha milatA hai|153 9. vidyArambha saMskAra aneka zAstrAcAryoM ne isa saMskAra ko vidyArambha, akSarAmbha, akSarasvIkaraNa va akSaralekhana Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA hai|154 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki meghakumAra jaba ATha varSa kA huA to use vidyAdhyayana ke lie kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejA gyaa|155 10. kezAnta (godAna ) saMskAra isa saMskAra meM solahaveM varSa meM brahmacArI ke sira, dAr3hI evaM mUMcha ke bAloM kA kSaraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| isa saMskAra meM brahmacArI guru ko gau kA dAna karatA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gAya na dekara kalAcArya ko satkAra-sammAna ke sAtha bahuta-sA prItidAna dene kA ullekha milatA hai156, jo isa saMskAra ke anurUpa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| 11. samAvartana saMskAra vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta snAna-karma tathA guru-gRha se lauTane ke samaya meM saMskAra ko snAna yA samAvartana kahA jAtA hai| yaha saMskAra vidyArthI-jIvana yAnI brahmacarya-jIvana kI samApti kA sUcaka hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhI ullekha milatA hai 126

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana ki jaba meghakumAra kalAcArya se bahattara kalAe~ sIkhakara lauTA to usake mAtApitA ne use vivAha yogya jAnakara usakA vivAha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| 157 12. pANigrahaNa saMskAra bhAratIya saMskRti meM vivAha ko eka dhArmika saMskAra mAnate hue anivArya mAnA gayA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra bhogabhUmikAla meM strI-puruSoM kA yugala sAtha-sAtha utpanna hotA thA, sAtha-sAtha bhoga bhogane ke uparAnta eka yugala ko janma dekara sAtha-sAtha mRtyu ko prApta karatA thA | 158 'vivAha' zabda 'vi' upasargapUrvaka 'vah' dhAtu evaM ' dhaJa' pratyaya se niSpanna hotA hai / 159 isakA artha hai- gRhasthAzrama ke karttavyoM kA vizeSa rUpa se vahana karanA, jimmedArI nibhAnA / isakA paryAyavAIca zabda lagna hai| jisakA tAtparya haipati-patnI donoM kA eka-dUsare se saMlagna honA, milanA, lIna honaa| pati aura patnI arthAt dampatti ke premamaya milana kA nAma hI 'lagna' hai| (Adarza grahasthAzrama, pR. 13) vivAha kA sambandha sthApita karane meM vara-vadhU ke kula kA nirdhAraNa sabase pahale kiyA jAtA thaa| uttamakula aura parivAra kA honA vara-vadhU ke nirvAcana meM Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ke mAtA-pitA dvArA meghakumAra ke yuvA hone para apane kula ke samAna zreSTha rAjakuloM kI ATha kanyAoM ke sAtha usakA pANigrahaNa saMskAra karavAne kA ullekha milatA hai / 16deg isI prakAra thAvaccAputra kA vivAha bhI ibhya kula kI battIsa kanyAoM ke sAtha hone kA ullekha milatA hai / 161 ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki samAja meM kula aura kuTumba kA mahatva nirantara bar3hatA gayA, vastutaH kula kA nirdhAraNa prajanana ke AdhAra para hotA thA aura yaha mAnA jAtA thA ki santAnotpatti kula aura vaMza ke anurUpa hotI hai| 1 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vara-vadhU kA vivAha yauvana prApti ke bAda yAnI yuvA hone aura adhyayana pUrNa hone para evaM mana se eka-dUsare kI icchA kara sakane meM samartha hone para hI kiyA jAtA thA / 162 prAcIna bhAratIya dharmazAstroM meM vivAha ke ATha prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM samAja meM pracalita rahe haiM, jaise- brAhma, daiva, ArSa, prajApatya, Asura, gAndharva, rAkSasa evaM paizAca vivAha Adi / 163 127

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke vivAhoM ke dRSTAnta milate haiM, jo isa prakAra haiMi. taitaliputra kalAda mUSikAdAraka kI putrI ko pasanda karatA hai aura apane abhyantara sthAnIya puruSoM ko vahA~ bhejakara kanyA kI mAMga usake mAtApitA se karatA hai164 isI prakAra jinadatta sArthavAha sukumAlikA ko pasanda karake apane putra sAgaradatta ke lie usakI maMganI karatA hai| 65 ina donoM avasaroM para kanyA ke lie zulka dene kI bAta bhI pUchI jAtI hai| isa prakAra ye donoM vivAha ArSa vivAha kahe jA sakate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM suMsumA kA cilAta putra dvArA balapUrvaka apaharaNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai| hAlAMki vaha usase vivAha nahIM kara sakA, lekina isa prakAra kA vivAha rAkSasa vivAha kahA jAtA hai| iii. pUrva saMgatika deva dvArA draupadI kA apaharaNa kara rAjA padmanAtha ke samakSa bhoga ke lie prastuta karanA'67, paizAca vivAha kA udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| iv. apane hI varNa, jAti, samUha, prajAti aura dharma meM vivAha karanA, antarvivAha kahA jAtA hai| meghakumAra 68, thAvaccAputra69 draupadI kI zAdI isI vivAha ke aMtargata Ate haiN| U~ce varNa ke puruSa aura nimna varNa kI strI kA vivAha anuloma vivAha kahA jAtA hai| taitaliputra amAtya kA svarNakAra kI putrI poTTilA ke sAtha vivaah| anuloma vivAha kA pratIta hai| vi. U~ce varNa kI kanyA kA nimna varNa ke vara ke sAtha vivAha pratiloma vivAha kahalAtA hai| sAgaradatta apanI putrI sukumAlikA kA punaHrvivAha eka bhikhArI ke sAtha karatA hai, jo isa vivAha ke aMtargata AtA hai| vii. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanya sArthavAha kI bhadrAnAmaka eka hI patnI thii|73, dhanapAla, dhanadeva, dhanagopa aura dhanarakSita kI bhI eka-eka patnI hI thii|74 aisA vivAha 'eka-vivAha' yAnI 'eka patnI-eka pati vivAha' kahalAtA hai| viii. draupadI pA~ca pANDavoM kA varaNa karatI hai|75, ise bahupati vivAha kahA jAtA hai| 128

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana ix. meghakumAra", thAvaccAputra', zreNika rAjA78 aura kRSNa vAsudeva ke ekAdhika patniyA~ thI, jo bahupatnI vivAha ke udAharaNa haiN| x. draupadI dvArA svayaMvara meM pA~ca pANDavoM kA varaNa80 svayaMvara vivAha kA udAharaNa hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAMga kAla meM pANigrahaNa saMskAra kI vibhinna praNAliyA~ vidyamAna thii| 13. rAjyAbhiSeka saMskAra isa saMskAra meM rAjA apane rAjya ko putra ko sauMpakara svayaM rAjakArya se nivRtta ho jAtA hai| jJAAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA zreNika meghakumAra ko dIkSA se pUrva eka dina ke lie rAjagaddI sauMpate haiN|181 isI prakAra mahApadmarAjA apane putra puNDarIka ko rAjya sauMpakara svayaM dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lete hai|182 14. abhiniSkramaNa saMskAra pravrajita hone ke lie ghara se prasthAna ko abhiniSkramaNa kahA jAtA hai| pravrajjA se pUrva isa saMskAra ko dhUmadhAma se manAe jAne kI paramparA rahI hai| viziSTa citroM se citrita aura hajAra puruSoM dvArA vahana kI jAne vAlI zivikA para dIkSArthI ko baiThAkara abhiniSkramaNa kriyA sampanna kI jAtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa183, thAvaccAputra ne ariSTanemi ke pAsa184, jitazatru Adi chahoM rAjAoM ne tIrthaMkara mallI ke pAsa185, pA~ca pANDavoM ne dharmaghoSa sthavira ke pAsa186, draupadI se suvratA AryA ke pAsa, mahApadmarAjA aura kuMDarIka ne bhI dharmaghoSa sthavira ke pAsa188 pravrajjA aMgIkAra kii| 15. pravrajjA saMskAra asaMyama se virata ho saMyamI jIvana kA prArambha pravrajA saMskAra se hotA hai| jaina pravrajA saMskAra meM paMcamuSTi hu~cana, vaMdanA-namaskArapUrvaka bhagavAna se pravrajjA kI prArthanoparAnta pravrajjA kA abhilASI nivedana karatA hai- bhaMte! Apa mujhe pravrajita kreN| merA loca kreN| pratilekhana Adi sikhaaveN| sUtra aura artha pradAna kara zikSA deN| jJAna Adi AcAra evaM vinaya Adi dharma btaaeN| bhagavAna svayaM prArthI ko pravrajita kara saMyamI jIvana kI zikSA pradAna karate haiN|189 tIrthaMkara svayaM hI tIrtha kA pravartana karate haiN| ataH siddhoM ko vaMdanA karate hue ve svayaM hI locakara pravrajjA kA saMkalpa svIkAra karate haiM / luMcita kezoM ko 129

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana devendra apane vastroM meM grahaNa kara kSIrasAgara meM prakSipta kara dete haiM / 90 16. aMtima saMskAra yaha mAnava jIvana kA aMtima saMskAra hai, ise eka vyakti kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usake putra yA nikaTa sambandhI pUrA karate haiN| isa zarIra ko tyAgakara jo tIrthaMkara siddhAvasthA meM avasthita ho gae, unake zarIra kA aMtima saMskAra, zakrendra kI AjJA se hotA hai| agnikumAra deva agni kI vikurvaNA aura vAyukumAra deva vAyu kI vikurvaNA karate haiN| citA para zarIra bhasma hone para meghakumAra deva use kSIra sAgara ke jala se zAnta kara dete haiN| aMtima smRti cihna ke rUpa meM zakrendra, IzAnendra dvArA kramazaH dAyIM-bAMyI Upara kI dAr3ha, camarendra, balIndra dvArA kramazaH dAyIM-bAMyI nIce kI dAr3ha aura anya devoM dvArA anyAnya aMgopAMga kI asthiyA~ grahaNa karane kI paramparA thii| tIrthaMkara mallI197, rAjA jitazatru, amAtya subuddhi evaM taitaliputra, draupadI va sabhI sAdhviyA~ jo parvata para saMthArA nahIM karate haiM unakA aMtima (dAha) saMskAra hotA hai, ariSTanemi94 ke aMtima saMskAra kA isI rUpa meM varNana milatA hai / meghakumAra, pANDava Adi ne do pahAr3oM para jAkara saMthArA kiyA ata: unakA aMtima saMskAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| dhanya sArthavAha apane putra devadatta ke mRta zarIra ko agni saMskAra ke lie zmazAna ghATa le jAtA hai| 7 isI prakAra mRta dArikA ke pIche rAjA kanakaratha198 aura dhanya sArthavAha'11 mRtaka ke pIche kie jAne vAle aneka laukika kArya saMpAdita karate haiM / ina laukika kAryoM kA vistRta vivecana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| saMyamI avasthA meM zarIra sAdhanA kA sAdhana thA, niSprANa hone ke bAda zeSa saba sAdhu parinirvANa prApta muni kI smRti meM mAdhyastha bhAva kI puSTi ke lie kAyotsarga karate haiM / antarmuhurta bAda usa deha ko zeSa sAdhu gRhasthoM ko sauMpa dete haiN| gRhastha loka paramparA ke anurUpa hI aMtima saMskAra karate haiN| usake nizrA meM jitane bhI pAtra-upakaraNa Adi hote haiM, zeSa sAdhu inheM grahaNa kara guru ke sAmane upasthita ho jAte haiN| saMyamI kI smRti meM pramodabhAva ke sAtha usake guNoM kA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM munimegha200, AryA poTTilA27, dharmarUci aNagAra202, draupadI203 va puNDarIka ke prasaMga isI tathya ko puSTa karate haiN| 130

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana nArI kI sthiti jIvana ratha ke do pahiyoM- strI aura puruSa ke samanvaya se hI jIvana Anandamaya banatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI paridhi meM Abaddha nArI vividha rUpoM meM hamAre samakSa upasthita hotI hai| mAtA ke rUpa meM vaha atyanta sammAnanIya thii| tIrthaMkara kI mAtA kA devatA bhI sammAna karate haiN|205 mAtA apane putra se atyanta sneha karatI thii| mAtA dhAriNI putra meghakumAra kI dIkSA kI bAta sunakara mUrchita ho gii|206 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vimAtA ke prati bhI saumya vyavahAra kA Adarza rUpa sAmane AtA hai| apanI vimAtA dhAriNI kI icchApUrti ke lie putra abhaya devatAoM se prArthanA karatA hai|207 ___ bahupatnI vivAha ke kAraNa patnI kA jIvana apekSAkRta kama sukhamaya thaa| pati yadA-kadA patnI se rUSTa bhI ho jAyA karatA thA, lekina patnI sadaiva usase snehapUrNa vyavahAra kiyA karatI thii| pati kA prema punaH prApta karane ke lie vaha jAdU-Tone kA Azraya bhI letI thii|208 pati apanI patnI kI hara icchA ko yathAsaMbhava pUrNa karanA apanA karttavya samajhatA thaa| zreNika ne dhAriNI20 aura dhanya sArthavAha ne bhadrAsArthavAhI10 kI icchA pUrNa kii| garbhiNI nArI kI sampUrNa kAmanAoM ko pati dvArA pUrA kiyA jAtA thaa|211 ___ usa samaya puruSa dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya apane mAtA-pitA kI AjJA lenA Avazyaka samajhate the, lekina patnI se AjJA lenA athavA maMtavya jAnanA unake lie Avazyaka nahIM thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki meghakumAra, dhanya sArthavAha aura thAvaccAputra ne apanI-apanI patniyoM se AjJA lenA to dUra unheM sUcita karanA bhI ucita nahIM smjhaa|212 pati ke prabhAva meM nArI apane zvasuragRha meM rahatI thii| vahA~ para zvasura kA pUrNa niyaMtraNa rahatA thaa| yogya vadhU ko vaya meM choTI hone para bhI parIkSaNa para kharA utarane para gRhasvAminI banAnA nArI kI pratiSThA kA paricAyaka hai| dhanya sArthavAha ne apanI choTI putravadhU rohiNI ko gRhasvAminI pada para pratiSThita kiyaa|13 kanyA ke rUpa meM nArI mAtA-pitA, bhAI va sabhI parijanoM ke sneha kI pAtra 131

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana thii| kanyA kA janma mAtA-pitA ke lie abhizApa na hokara prIti kA kAraNa hotA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita hai ki mAtA-pitA apanI kanyAoM kA lAlana-pAlana, zikSA-dIkSA putroM ke samAna hI kiyA karate the| mallI bhagavatI214, sukumAlikA15, draupadI16 aura suMsumA217 kA lAlana-pAlana isa bAta ko puSTa karatA hai| kanyA ke vivAha yogya hone para mAtA-pitA ko usake vivAha kI cintA satAne lagatI thii|18 yuvAvasthA meM kanyA kA vivAha pitA usake yogya vara se karatA thaa|19 isake atirikta kanyAoM dvArA svayaMvara kA cayana karane kI svayaMvarapaddhati bhI pracalita thii|20 kanyA ke vivAha ke samaya sasurAla pakSa aura mAtRpakSa donoM hI kanyA kI sukha-suvidhA ke lie use prItidAna dete the|21 kanyAoM ke lie pRthak aMta:pura hotA thaa|22 vaha dAsiyoM ke sAtha223 aura svataMtratA pUrvaka akelI224 bhI geMda Adi se khelakara apanA manoraMjana karatI thii| yuddha jaisI bhISaNa sthiti meM bhI kumbha rAjA dvArA apanI putrI kI salAha ko na TAlanA225 parivAra meM kanyA kI mahattA kA paricAyaka hai| sampanna kuloM meM nijI sevA yA bAlaka kA pAlana-poSaNa karane ke lie dhAya rakhane kI paramparA bhI pracalita thii| meghakumAra-26, draupadI227 tathA mallI kA lAlana-pAlana pA~ca dhAyoM ke dvArA huaa| dhAya kA sthAna anya paricArikAoM se adhika sammAnapUrNa thaa| draupadI ke svayaMvara meM sAtha jAne vAlI dhAya par3hI-likhI thI228, isase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya kI dhAeM bhI par3hI-likhI aura hoziyAra thii| usa samaya nArI kA eka rUpa 'dAsI' bhI pracalana meM thaa| dAsiyA~ sadaiva apane svAmI kI sevA meM ke lie tatpara rahatI thii|29 dAsiyA~ bheMTa athavA daheja meM bhI jAtI thii| meghakumAra kI patniyoM30 aura draupadI31 ko dAsiyA~ daheja meM dI gii| rAniyoM ke lie dAsiyoM kA prAvadhAna thA, jo unakI sevA meM rata rahatI thI aura saMga paricArikAe~ zarIra mardana karatI thii| rAnI ke udAsa hone para rAjA ko usakI manaHsthiti se avagata bhI karAtI thii|32 svadezI ke sAtha-sAtha videzI dAsiyoM kA pracalana bhI thaa|233 rAjA ko putra prApti kI sUcanA dene vAlI dAsI ko dAsatva se mukta karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| isa avasara para dAsI ko puraskAra svarUpa vipula dhana-sampadA bhI 132

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana pradAna kI jAtI thii|234 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra jAti, varNa, liMga Adi kA bhedabhAva dIkSA ke lie kiMcita bhI nahIM thaa| draupadI235, mallIbhagavatI236 (kSatriya), kAlI (vaizya)237 aura zUdra Adi vibhinna jAtiyoM kI striyA~ binA kisI bhedabhAva ke dIkSita huiiN| svarNakAra kI kanyA poTTilA ne bhI dIkSA grahaNa kii|238 kanyA39 aura vivAhitA strI240 ko dIkSA ke lie kramazaH apane mAtApitA yA pati se AjJA lenI paDatI thii| kabhI nArI zakti Azcarya ke rUpa meM ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai| aisA hI eka Azcarya mallI bhagavatI (19veM tIrthaMkara) kA hai| mallI bhagavatI dvArA anya tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna svayaM dIkSita hokara anya puruSoM aura nAriyoM ko dIkSita karane kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai|241 jahA~ nArI pavitratA ke kAraNa Adarza kI pratimUrti thI aura janasAmAnya kI ArAdhya thI, vahA~ vaha apanI udarapUrti ke lie kAmukatA kA pradarzana karake bhI AjIvikA calAtI thii| usake svarUpa ko 'gaNikA' kI saMjJA dI gii| pAli-aMgrejI zabdakoza meM gaNikA zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue batalAyA gayA hai ki gaNamAnya vyaktiyoM dvArA bhogI jAnI vAlI gaNikA hai tathA sAmAnya varga dvArA bhogI jAne vAlI nArI vaizyA kahalAtI hai|242 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM devadattA nAmaka gaNikA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha dhana sampanna thI aura koI bhI usako tiraskRta karane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA thaa| vaha cauMsaTha kalAoM kI jJAtA thii| vaha kAmazAstra meM pravINa thii| vaha atyanta sundara thii| vaha eka hajAra rUpae zulka svarUpa letI thii| rAjA ne use chatra-cAmara Adi pradAna kie the| vaha eka hajAra gaNikAoM kI adhipati thii|243 gaNikA ke sAtha ratha para AsIna ho nagara bhramaNa karanA bhI sammAnasUcaka mAnA jAtA thaa|244 isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita nArI jahA~ eka ora apanI zIlAcAra aura satItva ke kAraNa puruSa to kyA devatAoM taka kI ArAdhyA hai, lekina dUsarI tarapha vaha vyabhicAriNI strI ke rUpa meM bhI prakaTa huI hai| vaha sAdhvI ke rUpa meM mAnava mAtra ko AtmakalyANa ke patha para unmukha karatI hai to gaNikA ke rUpa meM janamAnasa ke bIca kalA kI upAsikA banakara ubharatI hai| nArI apane vividha vAMchanIya-avAMchanIya rUpoM meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita hai| 133

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana khAnapAna jIvana ke lie bhojana (AhAra) prAthamika AvazyakatA hai| jaina darzana meM AhAra ko paribhASita karate hue AcAryoM ne kahA hai- "audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka zarIra aura chahoM paryAptiyoM ke yogya pudgaloM ke grahaNa ko AhAra kahate haiN|245" jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vividha prasaMgoM meM azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAdya bhojana kI carcA huI hai|46 asaNaM, pANaM AhAra meM Ane vAlI kucheka khAdya vastuoM ke nAma bhI milate haiM- kakar3I, phUTakakar3I (mAlUka)247, sarisavayA (sarasoM)248, kulatha nAmaka dhAnya249, dhAnyamAsa (ur3ada)250, arasa (hIMga Adi saMskAra se rahita)5), zAli-akSata (cAvala)252, taMDula (cAvala), ATA, gorasa253, ghI, tela, guDa, khaaNdd|254 rasa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rasa ko atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai| kaTurasa, tikta rasa, kaSAya, amla va mIThA-madhura rasa kA ullekha milatA hai / 255 arasa (hIMga Adi saMskAra se rahita) aura virasa (svAdahIna) kA ullekha bhI AyA hai| peya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aneka prakAra ke pAnI (peya padArthoM) kA ullekha milatA hai| yathA-sajjI ke khAra kA pAnI257, gur3a kA pAnI, khAMDa kA pAnI, pora (Ikha) kA pAnI Adi258 draupadI ke svayaMvara meM aneka prakAra kI madirA bhI rAjAoM ke khAne-pIne kI sAmagrI ke sAtha rakhI gaI thI, yathA- surA, madya, sIdhu aura prasannA Adi- ye madirA kI hI jAtiyA~ haiM |25subuddhi amAtya aura jitazatru ke prasaMga ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya nAlI ke gaMde pAnI ko svaccha banAne kI vaijJAnika vidhi pracalita thii|260 zarkarA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM khAMDa, gur3a, zakkara, matsaMDikA (viziSTa prakAra kI zakkara), puSpottara evaM padmottara jAti kI zarkarA261 Adi kA ullekha isa bAta kI ora iMgita karatA hai ki usa samaya miSTAnna kA bhI khUba pracalana thaa| tela-masAle jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zAka-sabjI banAne ke lie tela aura masAle262 prayukta 134

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana kie jAne kA ullekha bhI milatA hai kintu masAloM meM Ane vAle padArthoM kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| prAtaHrAza jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke eka prasaMga se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya subaha ke nAzte kA pracalana thaa| dhanya sArthavAha jaba sAmudrika yAtrA ke lie jAtA hai to saba sahayAtriyoM ke sAtha subaha kA nAztA karatA hai|263 bhojana rakhane kA pAtra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM eka sthAna para bhojana rakhane ke piTaka-pAtra (bAMsa kI chAbar3I) kA tathA ghar3e kA ullekha milatA hai|264 anya kisI bhI pAtra kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| lhAvaNI bAMTanA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke eka prasaMga se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki usa samaya bhI lhAvaNI bAMTane kI prathA thii| tyauhAra Adi vizeSa prasaMgoM para svajanoM ke ghara jo miThAI bAMTI jAtI hai, use lhAvaNI bAMTanA kahA jAtA hai / 265 Aja bhI lhAvaNI bAMTane kI prathA samAja meM pracalita hai| garbhavatI kA AhAra AhAra kI sAmAnya varjanAoM ke sAtha kucha vizeSa avasthAoM meM kie jAne vAle AhAra kA nirdeza bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai / 26 garbhavatI ko ati zIta, uSNa, tIkhA, kaTuka, kaSailA, khaTTA aura madhura AhAra nahIM karanA caahie|67 deza-kAlAnusAra garbha ke lie hita, mita evaM pathyakAra268 tathA garbhapoSaka AhAra karanA caahie|269 sAmUhika bhojana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmUhika bhojana kA pracalana bhI dekhA jAtA hai| soma, somadatta aura somabhUmi brAhmaNa Apasa meM vicAra-vimarza kara pratidina bArI-bArI se pratyeka ke ghara eka sAtha baiThakakara bhojana karane kA nirNaya karate haiN|7deg isase pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya sAmUhika bhojana karane kI vyavasthA pracalita thii| bhojanazAlAe~ ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhojana banAne ke sthAna ke rUpa meM bhojanazAlAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| bhojanazAlA (mahAnasazAlA) saiMkar3oM khaMbhoM vAlI evaM atyanta 135

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhavya thI aura yahA~ para aneka prakAra ke azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima arthAt pakavAna banate the| bhojana banAne ke lie pAka sthAna (cUlhA) kA prayoga hotA thaa|272 i. vezabhUSA kisI bhI vyakti kA prathama paricaya usakI vezabhUSA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vividha vargoM se jur3e pAtra haiM- usI ke anurUpa unakI vezabhUSA meM bhI vividhatA ke darzana hote haiN| unakI vezabhUSA kA vizleSaNa-nidarzana tIna binduoM1. vastra, 2. AbhUSaNa aura 3. prasAdhana ke AdhAra para prastuta haivastra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pAtrAnurUpa agrAMkita vastroM kA ullekha milatA haikSauma- yaha atyanta mahIna aura sundara vastra thA, jo alasI kI chAla tantu se nirmita hotA thaa| kSauma kAzI aura puNDradeza kA prasiddha thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki kasIdA kAr3hA huA kSauma dukUla kA caddara dhAriNI rAnI ke uttama bhavana meM lagA huA thaa|74 prAvaraNa- isakA artha or3hane ke vastra se hai / 275 iii. kambala- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kaMbala, ratna kaMbala kA ullekha milatA hai|76 amarakoza meM bhI kambala zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura use rallaka bhI kahA hai|277 dUSya vastra- yaha mUlyavAna rezamI vastra hai|78 ThANAMga sUtra meM devadUSya vastra kA ullekha milatA hai, jise bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dhAraNa kiyA thaa|279 v. dukUla- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caddara ke rUpa meM isakA prayoga huA hai / 280 vi. uttarIya- isakA upayoga dupaTTe ke rUpa meM hotA thaa| ise kaMdhe para dhAraNa ___karate the|281 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ise or3hane kA vastra batAyA hai / 282 vii. valkala- ye vastra vRkSoM kI chAla se bane hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kacchulla nArada ne valkala vastra dhAraNa kara rakhe the|283 viii. aMzuka (aMsuyaM)- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhAriNI devI ne AkAza aura sphaTikamaNi ke samAna prabhA vAle vastroM ko dhAraNa kiyA, jinake lie 'aMsuyaM' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|284 136

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana ix. tauliyA- rAjA zreNika ne apane zarIra ko komala, sugaMdhita aura kaSAya raMga se raMge hue vastra (tauliyA) se poNchaa|285 isI prakAra eka anya sthAna para pratimA ko poMchane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|286 isase spaSTa hai ki usa samaya zarIra Adi poMchane ke lie tauliyA kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa| sAr3I- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mallI bhagavatI kI mAtA prabhAvatI ne haMsa ke cihna vAlI sAr3I pahana rakhI thI, jisameM unhoMne mallI arahaMta dvArA tyAge gae AbharaNoM ko grahaNa kiyaa|87 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki sAr3I pahanane kA rivAja thA aura saMbhavataH sAr3I ke sAtha pahane jAne vAle anya vastroM kA bhI pracalana thaa| xi. anya vastra- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM eka sthAna para aise vastra kA ullekha hai jo nAsikA ke ni:zvAsa se ur3a jAtA thA aura ghor3e ke mukha se nikalane vAle phena se bhI adhika komala aura halkA thaa|288 sAgaradatta sArthavAha ne sukumAlikA ke sAtha dramaka ke vivAha ke avasara para use haMsalakSaNa vAle zveta vastroM se sajjita kiyaa|289 nirgrantha zramaNiyA~ jisa vastra ko upayoga meM letI thI use 'saMghATI' kahA jAtA thaa|290 bhikhArI galI meM paDe cithar3oM ko pahanate the, jinheM cIrika kahate the aura kucheka camar3e kA Tukar3A pahanakara bhI apanA jIvana nirvAha karate the, jise carmakhaMDika kahA jAtA thaa| dhAriNI devI kI zayyA malaka, navata, kuzakta, limba aura siMhakesara nAmaka AstaraNoM se AcchAdita thii| usa para lagI masaharI kA sparza Ajinaka (carma kA vastra), rUI, bUra nAmaka vanaspati aura makkhana ke samAna narama thaa|292 koyataka (rUI yA Una se banA), masaga (camar3e se mar3hA) aura haMsagarbha nAmaka zveta vastroM kA bhI pracalana thaa|93 upapradhAna (gaddA), takiyA, Astaraka (khola)294, bhadrAsana va javanikA (pardA)296 Adi kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| yuddha meM jAte samaya rAjA kavaca dhAraNa karate the|297 AbhUSaNa zArIrika saundarya kI abhivRddhi ke lie strI aura puruSa donoM hI AbhUSaNoM kA prayoga karate the| manuSya ke alaga-alaga aMga ke lie alaga-alaga AbhUSaNa the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita AbhUSaNoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1. mukuTa- mukuTa rAjAoM ke rAjatva kA dyotaka thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA 137

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3. ka jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zreNika298, meghakumAra299 va thAvaccAputra dvArA mukuTa dhAraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai| cUr3AmaNi- cUr3AmaNi prAyaH svarNa kI khola meM jaTita padmarAga (lAlamaNi) hotI thii| ise mukuTa, sAphe aura naMge sira vAle bhI pahanate the|301 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjaputra meghakumAra ne cUr3AmaNi dhAraNa kI 1302 karNAbhUSaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM karNAbhUSaNa ke rUpa meM aneka sthaloM para 'kuNDala'303 zabda kA hI prayoga huA hai| arhannaka dvArA prApta divya kuNDala rAjA kuMbha ne mallI rAjakumArI ko die|304 kaNThAbhUSaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gale meM pahane jAne vAle vibhinna AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jisakA prasaMgavAra byaurA isa prakAra haii. mAlA- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM cAra prakAra kI mAlAoM- sUta se guMthI huI, puSpa se ber3hI huI, bAMsa kI salAI se banAI huI aura vastu ke yoga se paraspara saMghAta kI huI, kA ullekha milatA hai / 05 dohadapUrti, rAjyAbhiSeka, dIkSA mahotsava va svayaMvara309 Adi vizeSa avasaroM para mAlA pahanane-pahanAne kA pracalana thaa| muktAvalI- rAjaputra meghakumAra ne gale meM muktAvalI phnii|310 ratnAvalI- ratnAvalI nAnA prakAra ke ratna, suvarNa, maNi, motI evaM mANikya se nirmita mAlA ko kahA gayA hai|11 meghakumAra ne ratnAvalI dhAraNa kii|312 iv. ekAvalI- amarakoza meM motiyoM kI eka lar3I kI mAlA ko ekAvalI kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai| 13 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAvalI kA nAmollekha mAtra milatA hai|14 v. kanakAvalI- sone se bane hAra ko kanakAvalI kahA gayA hai| dIkSA se pUrva meghakumAra ko kanakAvalI dhAraNa karavAI gii|315 vi. hAra- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke hAroM kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjA zreNika ne aThAraha lar3oM ke hAra, nau lar3oM ke arddhahAra, tIna lar3oM ke choTe hAra Adi dhAraNa kie|16 isI prakAra meghakumAra ko dIkSA se pUrva prAlaMba (kaMThI) aura padA pralamba (pairoM taka laTakane vAlA AbhUSaNa) dhAraNa karavAe ge|17 138

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5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana karAbhUSaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga kAlIna samAja meM pracalita karAbhUSaNoM kA varNana isa prakAra haii. aMgada-keyarU-bAjUbaMda- jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra inheM strI puruSa donoM pahanate the| rAjA zreNika pratidina snAnAdi karake sabhI AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karatA thA, unameM yaha bhI eka thaa|18 rAnI dhAriNI ne taiyAra hokara uttama prakAra ke bAjUbaMda dhAraNa kie|319 rAjakumAra megha ko bhI dIkSA se pUrva sabhI alaMkAroM ke sAtha keyuraaMgada ko bhI dhAraNa karate hue batalAyA gayA hai|320 ye svarNa, maNi aura ratnajar3ita hote the|321 ii. kaTaka/tuTika (kar3A)- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM svarNa aura maNiyukta kar3oM kA ullekha hai|322 rAjagharAne meM inheM pahanane kA pracalana adhika thaa| vizeSa prasaMgoM para strI-puruSa donoM sabhI AbhUSaNa pahanakara nikalate the|323 iii. vIravalaya- yaha bhI hAthoM meM pahanA jAne vAlA vizeSa AbhUSaNa thA, jo saMbhavataH rAjA Adi viziSTa logoM dvArA hI dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zreNika dvArA nAnA bhAMti kI maNiyoM, suvarNa aura ratnoM se nirmita mahAmUlyavAna, suracita aura prazasta vIravalaya dhAraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai|324 iv. mudrikA- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM strI-puruSa donoM ke dvArA dasoM aMguliyoM meM mudrikA (aMgUThI) dhAraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai|325 kaTi AbhUSaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita kaTi AbhUSaNa agrAMkita haiMi. kaTisUtra- rAjA zreNika326 aura meghakumAra327 dvArA kaTisUtra arthAt kaMdorA dhAraNa kie jAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| ii. mekhalA- jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI dhAriNI rAnI ne maNijaTita28 aura kacchulla nArada meM mUMja29 kI mekhalA yAnI karadhanI dhAraNa kara rakhI thii| padAbhUSaNa- pairoM ke AbhUSaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekamAtra nUpura kA ullekha huA hai|30 dhAriNI rAnI uttama vastra dhAraNakara pairoM meM uttama nUpura sahita sabhI alaMkAra dhAraNa kara dohadapUrti ke lie gaI / 331 svayaMvara 6. 7. 139

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana meM jAte samaya draupadI ne bhI zreSTha nUpura dhAraNa kara rakhe the|32 pahanane ke ina AbhUSaNoM ke alAvA sone-cAMdI ke kalaza333, ratna nirmita mUlyavAna DibbiyA~34, mUlyavAna sArabhUta dravya ke rUpa meM hiraNya, kanaka, ratna, maNi, muktA, zaMkha, zilA, pravAla, lAla ratna va mUMgA Adi kA ullekha bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai|35 ina dravyoM ko rakhane ke lie maMjUSA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|336 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM suvarNakAroM kA ullekha huA hai, jo sabhI prakAra ke AbhUSaNa banAne meM kuzala the|37 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya suvarNakAroM kI zreNI hotI thI, jinase AbhUSaNa banavAe jAte the| prasAdhana- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasAdhana sAmagrI aura usake prayoga kA varNana milatA hai| strI aura puruSa donoM hI prasAdhana priya the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasAdhana-zrRMgAra se pUrva mardana, unmardana, majana aura lepana Adi kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA haii. mardana (saMbAdhana)- mardana kA artha mAliza karane se hai| rAjA zreNika ne zatapAka tathA sahasrapAka Adi zreSTha sugaMdhita tela aura cAra prakAra ke saMbAdhanA (asthiyoM ko sukhakArI, mAMsa ko sukhakArI, tvacA ko sukhakArI evaM romoM ko sukhakArI) se mAliza karavAI 1338 isI prakAra eka bhikhArI kI mAliza karane kA ullekha bhI AyA hai|39 ii. unmardana- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM suvAsita gaMdha dravya se zarIra para ubaTana karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|340 isase zarIra kA maila dUra hotA hai| iii. majjana- majjana yAnI snAna krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki snAna karane ke lie aneka prakAra ke jala kA prayoga hotA thaa| snAna ke lie zubha jala, puSpa mizrita jala, sugaMdha mizrita jala, zuddha jala341, uSNodaka, gaMdhodaka, zItodaka.42 prayukta hote the| snAna sAmAnya tAlAba Adi meM jalakrIr3A karate hue bhI kiyA jAtA thA343 aura viziSTa snAnAgAra, jo manohara jAliyoM, citroM, vicitra maNiyoM aura ratnoM ke pharza vAle the, meM bhI zubha yA sukhajanaka sugaMdhita jala se uttama mAMgalika vidhi se bhI kie jAne kA ullekha milatA hai|344 140

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana iv. lepana- zarIra ko sugaMdhita evaM saundaryapUrNa banAne ke lie aneka prakAra ke viziSTa dravyoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gozIrSa candana va kesara Adi se lepana karane kA ullekha milatA hai|345 v. zekhara- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki devadattA gaNikA ke mastaka para puSpoM kA zekhara racA gayA arthAt jUr3A bAMdhA gyaa|346 vi. mahAvara- yaha pairoM ko raMgane kI eka prasAdhana sAmagrI hai| ise alAta bhI kahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM devadattA gaNikA ke pairoM meM mahAvara lagAne kA ullekha AyA hai|347 vii. puSpamAlA- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasAdhana ke lie puSpamAlAoM ko dhAraNa karane kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai|348 viii. aMjana/kAjala- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aMjana yA kAjala zabda kA upamA ke rUpa meM prayoga huA hai|49 isase pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya aMjana kA pracalana thaa| ix. kautuka- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kautuka karane kA saMketa bhI milatA hai| snAna karane ke pazcAt balikarma Adi karake strI-puruSa donoM hI kautuka (prAyazcita) karate the|350 x. darpaNa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki jaba draupadI svayaMvara meM gaI to usake sAtha calane vAlI dhAya ke hAtha meM eka darpaNa thA, jo svAbhAvika gharSaNa se yukta aura tarUNajanoM meM utsukatA utpanna karane vAlA thA aura usakI mUTha vicitra maNiratnoM se jaTita thii|351 isa prasaMga se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki loga prasAdhana se nikhare rUpa ko nihArane ke lie darpaNa kAma meM lete the| xi. alaMkAra sabhA- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zarIra-zRMgAra hetu nAI kI dukAna -alaMkAra sabhA kA varNana milatA hai, jahA~ hajAmata banavAnA, nAkhUna kaTavAnA Adi prasAdhana kArya hote the|352 prAcInakAla se lekara Aja taka alaMkAra sabhA pracalana meM hai, hAlAMki Adhunika yuga meM ye byUTI paoNrlara ke rUpa meM sAmane A rahe 141

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kevala zarIra kI hI nahIM apitu vAtAvaraNa kI sAja-sajjA paryAvaraNa zuddhi ke prati bhI logoM kI pUrNa jAgarUkatA dekhI jAtI hai| kapUra, lauMga, gozIrSa- caMdana, sarasa, raktavaMdana, sugaMdhita phUla, kAle agara, zreSTha kundarUka, turUSka (lobhAna) Adi se bane dhUpa, sugaMdhita puSpa va zreSTha sugaMdha ke cUrNa se vAtAvaraNa ko saurabhayukta kiyA jAtA thaa| 353 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki usa samaya prasAdhana kI paramparA thI aura prasAdhana kA mukhya uddezya zarIra kI kamanIyatA evaM paryAvaraNa zuddhi meM vRddhi karanA thA / manoraMjana manoraMjana yAnI mana kA raMjana / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai- (i) krIr3A yA khela (ii) utsavamahotsava / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM manoraMjana ke ina donoM rUpoM ke vividha prasaMga Ate haiM, jinakA saMkSipta nidarzana isa prakAra hai I. krIr3A - jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM adholikhita krIr3AoM ke prasaMga Ate haiMjalakrIr3A jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jalakrIr3A kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai / strI aura puruSa donoM isa krIr3A dvArA manoraMjana karate the / dhAriNI devI apane dohada kI cintA meM jalakrIr3A kA parityAga karatI hai / 354 bhadrA sArthavAhI apane dohada kI pUrti hetu puSkariNI meM jalakrIr3A karatI huI apane manoratha ko pUrNa karatI hai / 355 nandApuSkariNI meM rAjagRha ke loga jalakrIr3A karate the1356 vanakrIr3A rAjA evaM anya dhanADhya vyakti apanI patnI ke sAtha prakRti kA Ananda lene evaM manorathoM ko pUrNa karane ke lie vana / udyAna meM jAyA karate the| 357 sArthavAha putroM kA devadattA gaNikA ke sAtha subhUmibhAga meM bane Ali nAmaka vRkSoM ke gRhoM, kadalI gRhoM, latA gRhoM, Asana-gRhoM, prekSaNa gRhoM, maMDana gRhoM, mohana 142

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana (maithuna) gRhoM, sAlavRkSoM ke gRhoM, jAlIvAle gRhoM aura puSpagRhoM meM krIr3A karane ke prasaMga vanakrIr3A ke svarUpa ko abhivyakta karate haiM 1358 dyUtakrIr3A jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dyUtakrIr3A meM Asakta rahane vAle vijayacora 359 aura dAsaceTaka cilAta 360 kA ullekha milatA hai / kandukakrIr3A prAcInakAla meM kandukakrIr3A kA vizeSa pracalana thA, jo Aja bhI kAyama hai| (phuTabaoNla duniyA kA sabase jyAdA lokapriya khela hai, sarvAdhika logoM dvArA khelA jAtA hai) isa krIr3A meM choTe aura bar3e donoM prakAra ke kanduka (geMda) prayoga meM lAe jAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ADoliyA (geMda) aura teMdusae (bar3I geMda, dar3A) kA ullekha milatA hai| 361 isake alAvA bacce kauDiyoM aura vartaka (lAkha ke gole ) se bhI khelA karate the / 362 poTTilA dArikA sone kI geMda se khela rahI thii|1363 parvatArohaNa krIr3A prAcIna samaya meM loga parvatArohaNa ke premI hote the / tIrthasthaloM kA parvatoM para honA isa manoraMjana kI mahattA kA paricAyaka hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhAriNI rAnI apanI dohada pUrti ke lie vaibhAragiri kI talahaTI meM jAtI hai / vahA~ para krIDAMcala bane hue the |364 yuddha krIr3A jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM utsava mahotsava ke avasaroM para mallayuddha, muSTiyuddha Adi krIr3AoM kA pradarzana kie jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / 365 muSTiyuddha kI tulanA vartamAna meM pracalita 'baoNksiMga' se kI jA sakatI hai| ghur3asavArI ghur3adaur3a aura ghur3asavArI bhI manoraMjana kA eka sAdhana yA prakAra thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA jitazatru bhaToM-subhaToM ke sAtha ghur3asavArI ke lie nikalatA hai| 366 rAjA kanakaketu kAlika dvIpa ke azvoM ko maMgavAkara azvamardakoM ke dvArA prazikSita evaM vinIta karavAtA hai| 367 vezyAgamana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vezyA ke sthAna para gaNikA zabda AyA hai| usa samaya 143

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gaNikAe~ bhI manoraMjana kA sAdhana thii| sArthavAha putra gaNikA devadattA ke sAtha vipula kAma-bhoga bhogate haiN| 68 vijayacora369 aura dAsaceTaka378 vezyAgamana karate haiN| kaumudI bherI kI AvAja sunakara kRSNavAsudeva ke darabAra meM hajAroM gaNikAe~ upasthita ho jAtI haiN|371 nRtya, gIta va nATaka jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM janmotsava, vivAhotsava va rAjyAbhiSeka Adi ke avasara para apsarAoM ke nRtya tathA gaMdharvo ke sumadhura gIta Ayojita kie jAne kA ullekha milatA hai|72 naMdamaNikAra ne apanI citrasabhA meM nRtyakAroM ko logoM ke manoraMjanArtha vetana para rakhA thaa|373 rAjA zreNika ne meghakumAra ke janmotsava evaM rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para aneka nATaka krvaae|74 naMdamaNikAra kI citrasabhA meM bhI nATaka karane vAle rakhe hue the| U~ce bA~sa para car3hakara khela dikhAne vAle naTa bhI logoM kA manoraMjana kiyA karate the|75 anya uparyukta manoraMjaka krIr3AoM yA sAdhanoM ke alAvA viDaMvaka (vidUSaka), kathAkAra, palavaka (tairAka), vAdya bajAne vAle, tAliyA~ pITane vAle76, cAraNamuni va vidyAdhara377 va rAsalIlA dikhAne vAle athavA bhAMDoM78 kA ullekha bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| alaukika krIr3Ae~ uparyukta laukika krIr3AoM ke alAvA ekAdhika alaukika krIr3AoM kA ullekha bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| kacchulla nAmaka nArada AkAzagamana, saMcaraNI (calane kI), AvaraNI (DhaMkane kI), avataraNI (nIce utarane kI), utpatanI (U~ce ur3ane kI), zleSaNI (cipaTa jAne kI)- aisI vidyA ki jisake prabhAva se sAmane vAlA AdamI apane Asane hilane-DUlane na paave| (arddhamAgadhI koza bhAga 4, pR. 292), saMkrAmaNI (dUsare ke zarIra meM praveza karane kI)- eka prakAra kI vidyA jisase rUpAntara kiyA jA sake (arddhamAgadhI koza bhAga 4, pR. 577), abhiyoginI (sonA-cAMdI Adi banAne kI), prajJapti (parokSa vRttAnta ko batalA dene kI), gamanI (durgama sthAna meM bhI jA sakane kI) aura staMbhinI (stabdha kara dene kI)- staMbhana vidyA (arddhamAgadhI koza bhAga 3, pR. 92) Adi bahuta se alaukika vidyAoM kA jAnakA thaa| pUrvasaMgatika deva avasvApinI 144

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana vidyA dvArA draupadI ko nIMda meM sulAkara use apahRta kara amarakaMkA le gyaa|380 II. utsava/mahotsava - utsavoM se jIvana kI ekarasatA vinaSTa hotI hai aura AMtarika AnandAnubhUti se navollAsa kA saMcAra hone se jIvana meM navInatA AtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM janmotsava, vivAhotsava va paMcakalyANaka mahotsava Adi ekAdhika mahotsavoM kA ullekha huA hai, jinakA nidarzana do bhAgoM- (i) dhArmika utsava aura (ii) sAmAjika utsava meM bAMTakara karanA adhika yuktisaMgata hogaa| (i) dhArmika utsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita dhArmika utsavoM kA ullekha milatA haigarbhakalyANaka mahotsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM garbha mahotsava kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai lekina sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke paMcakalyANaka mahotsava eka samAna hone ke kAraNa tIrthaMkara mallI kA garbhakalyANaka jaina purANoM meM varNita RSabhadeva ke garbhakalyANaka ke samAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| padmapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna RSabha ke garbhAvasthA meM Ane para mAtA marudevI kI sevA meM devakanyAe~ tatpara rahatI thii| ve unase AjJA prApta karanA, guNagAna karanA, gIta gAnA, pA~va dabAnA, tAmbUla denA, caMvara DulAnA, vastrAbhUSaNa denA, zayyA bichAnA va lepa karanA Adi kArya indra ke Adeza se sampanna karatI thii|381 janmakalyANaka mahotsava devoM ne mallI kA janmAbhiSeka karane nandIzvara dvIpa meM jAkara (aTThAI) mahotsava kiyaa|382 dIkSAkalyANaka mahotsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhavanapati, vyantara, jyotiSka aura vaimAnika devoM dvArA mallI kA dIkSA mahotsava karane kA ullekha milatA hai|383 kevalajJAna kalyANaka mahotsava bhagavAna mallI ko jaba kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana utpanna huA usa samaya saba devoM ke Asana calAyamAna hue| ve saba deva vahA~ para Ae, sabane dharmopadeza zravaNa kiyA aura apane-apane sthAnoM para lauTa ge|384 145

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nirvANa kalyANaka mahotsava mallI bhagavAna ke nirvANa prApti para indrAdi devatA upasthita hokara nirvANa kalyANaka mahotsava sampanna karate haiM- jisameM agni saMskAra karane aura asthiyA~ Adi grahaNa karanA pramukha hai|385 aSTAhnika mahotsava tIrthaMkaroM ke pratyeka kalyANaka mahotsava ke bAda devatAoM dvArA nandIzvara dvIpa meM jAkara aSTAhnika mahotsava manAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai|386 (ii) sAmAjika utsava Adhunika sabhya samAja meM jisa prakAra sAmAjika utsavoM kA Ayojana hotA hai, usI prakAra prAcInakAla meM bhI sAmAjika utsavoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kucheka sAmAjika utsavoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinakA digdarzana prastuta haijanmotsava prAcIna bhArata meM putra janma kA bar3A utsava manAyA jAtA thA, kyoMki sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vyakti ko putra janma se prasannatA utpanna hotI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki meghakumAra ke janma kA samAcAra aMga paricArikAoM ne rAjA zreNika ko diyA taba usane atyanta prasanna hokara unheM madhura vacanoM, puSpa, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAra pradAna kie aura apane sira ke mukuTa ko chor3akara sabhI alaMkAra unheM bheMTa svarUpa de die| rAjA ne unheM dAsatva se mukta kara diyaa| rAjA ne sabhI kaidiyoM ko mukta karane kA Adeza diyaa| nagara ko puSpa aura mAlAoM se sajjita kiyA gyaa| vastuoM ke dAma ghaTA die gae aura 18 zreNI-prazreNI ko dasa dina taka sthitipatikA utsava manAne kA Adeza diyaa| nagara ko zulka rahita aura kara rahita karane kI ghoSaNA kara dI gaI aura sarvatra mRdaMgoM kI dhvani ke sAtha aneka sthAnoM para gaNikAoM Adi ke sundara nRtya hone lge|387 putra janmotsava kI khuzI meM vizAla bhoja kA Ayojana bhI kiyA jAtA thaa|388 janmagAMTha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjakumArI mallI kI janmagAMTha manAne kA ullekha milatA hai| usa samaya janmadina manAne ko saMvatsavara pratilekhana utsava kahA jAtA thaa|389 146

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana vivAhotsava sAmAjika vyavasthA ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke lie vivAha anivArya mAnA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vivAhotsavoM kI bhavyatA kA vivaraNa ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai| suhAgina striyoM dvArA kie gae maMgalagAna aura dadhi-akSata Adi mAMgalika padArthoM ke prayoga dvArA meghakumAra kA pANigrahaNa karavAyA gyaa|390 vivAhotsava ke avasara para abhyaMtara evaM sthAnIya puruSoM kA vipula azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima aura puSpa, vastra, gaMdha, mAlA aura alaMkAra se satkAra aura sammAna kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka utsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra kA rAjyAbhiSeka harSollAsa evaM sarvasamRddhi se karane kA ullekha milatA hai|392 dIkSA mahotsava dIkSA se pUrva utsava Ayojita karane kI paramparA thI aura dIkSA ko mahotsava mAnA jAtA thaa| meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra aura rAjaputra kaNDarIka35, mallI arahanta (1/8/185), pANDavoM kA (1/16/219) va dUsare zrutaskandha meM lagabhaga sabhI dIkSA mahotsava kA ullekha milatA hai| indra mahotsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa utsava kA nAmollekha mAtra milatA hai| harivaMzapurANa meM ise mAgha kRSNA dvAdazI ko manAne kA ullekha huA hai| isa utsava meM indra ke pratIka ke rUpa meM indra dhvaja banAyA jAtA thA, jise dekhane dUra-dUra se loga Ate the| nagara kI striyA~ bhI indradhvaja kI pUjA-vaMdanA ke lie vAhanoM se jAtI thii|397 kArtikeya mahotsava __ kArtika pUrNamAsI ke dina manAyA jAne vAlA tyauhAra kArtikeya mahotsava kahalAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isakA nAmollekha mAtra hI AyA hai| ise kaumudI parva bhI kahA jAtA hai| madana trayodazI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM madanotsava kA vizeSa varNana to nahIM milatA lekina vijayacora ke prasaMga meM isa utsava kA nAmollekha milatA hai / 400 147

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana majana mahotsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yaha bhI eka utsava thA, jise cAturmAsika snAna (jalakrIr3A) kA utsava kahA jAtA thaa| isa utsava para rUkmirAjA ne rAjamArga ke madhya meM jala aura thala meM utpanna hone vAle pAMca varSoM ke phUla lAne aura zrIdAmakANDa (suzobhita aura surabhita mAlAoM kA samUha) chata meM laTakAne kA Adeza apane kauTumbika puruSoM ko diyaa|401 isI prakAra se mallI ke snAna mahotsava kA saMketa bhI milatA hai / 102 kalyANakaraNa mahotsava jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasaMga AtA hai ki jaba draupadI pAMDavoM se vivAha kara apane pitA ke ghara se vidA hokara pANDurAjA ke ghara pahuMcI taba pANDurAjA ne hastinApura meM pA~ca pANDavoM aura draupadI kA kalyANakaraNa mahotsava (mAMgalika kriyA) kA Ayojana kiyaa|103 yaha utsava saMbhavatayA zAdI hone ke pazcAt jaba kanyA apane sasurAla jAtI thI taba sasurAla vAle bahu Ane kI khuzI meM karate the, jise Ajakala ke 'bahubhoja' yA 'risepzana' ke samakakSa kahA jA sakatA hai| anya utsava sAmAjika utsavoM meM indra pUjA, skanda pUjA, rUdra, ziva, vaizravaNa, nAga, yakSa, bhUta, nadI, tAlAba, vRkSa, caitya va parvata Adi kI pUjA kA bhI viziSTa sthAna rahA hai| loka vizvAsa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna loka vizvAsoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinakA vizleSaNa-saMzleSaNa agrAMkita binduoM dvArA spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA haizubhAzubha zakuna __jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhadrAsArthavAhI ne Ardra vastroM se yukta hokara nAga Adi devatAoM kI pUjA arcanA karane ko bhI zakuna mAnA hai|105 vizeSa zubha avasaroM para vINA06, bherI07 va zaMkha Adi kI dhvani ko zubha zakuna ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| 14 mahAsvapnoM ko bhI zubha zakuna mAnA gayA hai tathA svapna darzana ke bAda jAgaraNa ko mahatva diyA gyaa|09 bArahavIM bAra samudra yAtrA karane ko azubha mAnA gayA hai|410 148

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana deva ArAdhanA manoratha kI siddhi ke lie manautI mAnane kI paramparA rahI hai| nAga va ziva Adi devAyatanoM para jAkara pUjA kI jAtI thii|" nAgadhara ke saMdarbha meM vizvAsa thA ki yahA~ jo bhI kAmanA kI jAtI hai, vaha pUrI hotI hai / 112 vRkSa-vizvAsa caityavRkSa, zAla, pIpala va azoka ke vRkSa jJAna ke pratIka va sAdhanA ke yogya mAne jAte the| ariSTanemi bAravatI nagarI meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce Thahare 413 dIkSArtha jAte samaya mallI kI zivikA ko bhI azoka vRkSa ke nIce ThaharAyA gyaa| 14 mallI bhagavatI ko azoka vRkSa ke nIce kevalajJAna huA | 415 dizAoM se jur3e vizvAsa pratyeka dizA - vidizA kA apanA vizeSa mahatva hotA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vividha prasaMgoM ke sAtha vividha dizAoM kA cayana bhI kiyA gayA hai| dizAoM se jur3e kucheka prasaMga isa prakAra haiM- caitya Adi kA nirmANa nagara ke bAhara IzAnakoNa meM kiyA gayA / 16 deva bhI vaikriya samudghAta ke lie IzAnakoNa kA cayana karate haiN|417 uttara vaikriya kI vikurvaNA karane zailaka yakSa bhI IzAnakoNa meM gyaa| 418 IzAnakoNa meM nirmita nAgagRha sabakI manokAmanA pUrNa karane vAlA thaa|479 pravrajyA kA saMkalpa aura svIkaraNa bhI IzAnakoNa meM hotA huA dekhA jAtA hai 1420 kula milAkara IzAna koNa kA mahatva jainAgamoM meM adhika mAnA hai jainettara AgamoM meM nahIM / naMdamaNikAra ne bAvar3I Adi kA nirmANa vAstuzAstriyoM dvArA nirdiSTa sthAna para krvaayaa| 21 viziSTa vicAroM ke pudgaloM ke AkarSaNa ke lie pUrva dizA kA AlaMbana lie jAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai / dhAriNI devI ke dohadapUrti sambandhI upAya kI khoja ke lie cintana hetu rAjA zreNika pUrvAbhimukha baiThA / upasthAnazAlA meM zreNika ne 122, zivikArUDha megha ne 123, anazana ke lie bhI megha ne pUrvAbhimukhakatA 124 svIkAra kI / rAjA rUkmI puSpamaNDapa meM 25 aura mallI siMhAsana para 26 pUrvAbhimukha baiThe / lakSaNa aura vyaMjana se jur3e vizvAsa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lakSaNa aura vyaMjana se jur3e vizvAsa bhI dekhe jAte haiM / jo zarIra ke sAtha utpanna ho ve lakSaNa aura jo bAda meM utpanna ho ve vyaMjana 149

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 1 kahalAte haiN| zarIra kI zubha-azubha sthiti ko zarIragata svastika, cakra Adi cihna rUpa lakSaNoM aura maSa, tila Adi vyaMjanoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / zarIra ke mAna-unmAna, pramANa Adi bhI lakSaNa hai / dhAriNI ke zarIra ke lakSaNa, vyaMjana ke guNoM se yukta va mAna-unmAna, pramANa se yukta batAyA gayA hai|427 zreNikaputra abhaya ko bhI ukta lakSaNoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai / 1428 maMgala saMbaMdhI vizvAsa maMgala ke nimitta aSTamaMgala pracalita the / svastika, zrIvatsa, naMdAvartta, vardhamAna, bhadrAsana, kalaza, matsya va darpaNa aSTamaMgala mAne gae haiN| dIkSArtha jAte megha kI zivikA se Age ina aSTamaMgaloM ko rakhA gayA / 129 svapna pAThakoM ke lie rAjA zreNika ke dvArA zveta vastrAcchAdita sarasoM ke mAMgalika upacAra se zAMtikarma kie gae aura ATha bhadrAsana maMgala ke rUpa meM lagAe gae 430 dhAriNI devI aura prabhAvatI devI dvArA kramazaH megha 131 aura mallI 132 ke bAloM ko zveta haMsa cihna yukta vastra meM grahaNa karanA bhI maMgala kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai / arhantraka Adi sAyAMtrikoM ne bhI maMgala ke lie naukA meM puSpabali, sarasa raktacaMdana kA chApA lagAyA, dhUpa kiyA, samudra kI vAyu kI pUjA kI, zveta patAkAe~ phaharAI, vAdyoM kI madhura dhvani kI, isa prakAra vijayakAraka sabhI zakuna ho jAne para unhoMne yAtrA prArambha kI 1433 graha-nakSatra se jur3e vizvAsa samasta grahoM kA ucca sthAna para honA, sabhI dizAoM kA saumya - utpAta se rahita, aMdhakAra se rahita, vizuddha-dhUla Adi se rahita va azvinI nakSatra kA candra ke sAtha yoga honA graha nakSatra kI dRSTi se zubha mAnA gayA hai| aise samaya meM hI mallI kA jIva devabhava tyAgakara prabhAvatI devI ke garbha meM avatarita huaa| usa samaya kAka Adi pakSiyoM ke zabda rUpa zakuna bhI vijayakAraka the / sugandhita, dhanadhAnyayukta vAtAvaraNa hRdaya ko zAMta va mana ko praphullita karane vAlA thA / dakSiNAvarta hokara bahatI havA surabhita, maMda aura zItala hone se anukUla mAnI gaI hai| aise zubha saMketoM ke sAtha Ane vAlA jIva nizcita rUpa se ati bhAgyazAlI hogA, aisA lokavizvAsa thA 1434 taMtra-maMtra se jur3e vizvAsa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika aise prasaMga milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya ke logoM kA taMtra-maMtra meM vizvAsa thA / jaba 150

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana taitaliputra ko poTTilA apriya lagane lagI taba poTTilA ne suvratA AryA se kahA ki Apake pAsa koI cUrNayoga (staMbhana Adi karane vAlA), maMtra yoga, kAmaNayoga, hRdayoDDAyana (hRdaya ko harane vAlA), kAyA kA AkarSaNa karane vAlA, Abhiyogika (parAbhava karane vAlA), vazIkaraNa, kautuka karma, saubhAgya pradAna karane vAlA snAna, bhUtikarma (maMtrita kI huI bhabhUta kA prayoga), koI sela, kaMda, chAla, vela, zilikA (eka prakAra kI ghAsa), golI, auSadha yA bheSaja Adi ho jisase maiM taitaliputra ko phira se prApta kara skuuN| 135 isI prakAra kI bAta sukumAlikA dArikA ne sAgaradAraka ko punaH prApta karane ke lie gopAlikA nAmaka bahuzruta AryA se kahI 1436 anya vizvAsa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM uparyakta laukika vizvAsoM ke alAvA balikarma (snAna Adi ke pazcAt kuladevatA kI pUjA karanA), kautuka (kAjala kA TIkA Adi lagAnA) aura maMgala (sarasoM, dahI, akSata aura dUrvA Adi kA upayoga) Adi ke prasaMga bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM sAmAnyatayA ye sabhI kriyAe~ snAna ke bAda kI jAtI thIM / rAjA zreNika svapna pAThakoM ko bulAne se pUrva 437, svapna pAThaka apane ghara se nikalane se pUrva 138, dohadapUrti ke lie jAtI huI dhAriNI rAnI 139, dhanya sArthavAha jela se mukta hone 440 aura sthavira ke darzanArtha jAte hue 141, sArthavAha putra gaNikA ke yahA~ jAne se pUrva 442 aura mallI rAjakumArI chahoM rAjAoM ko sabaka sikhAne se pUrva ye sabhI kriyAe~ karatI haiN| 443 isI prakAra bhojana se pUrva rAjA jitazatru 144, dIkSA ke lie jAte hue poTTilA445, rAjasabhA meM jAte hue taitaliputra 146, draupadI ke pAsa jAne se pUrva padmanAbha 147, digbhrAnta hone para naukAvaNika 48 evaM corI ke lie jAne se pUrva cilAta cora449 dvArA bhI ina kriyAoM ko karane kA ullekha milatA hai| isI prakAra bhujA para truTita pahanane ke pIche bhI dRSTidoSa ke nivAraNa kA vizvAsa thA 1450 sAmAjika kurItiyA~ aura burAiyA~ AgamakAlIna samAja meM jahA~ aneka acchAiyA~ thIM vahIM aneka kurItiyA~ bhI vidyamAna thIM, jo samAja meM vikRti utpanna kara rahI thI / prastuta grantha meM bhI kurItiyoM kA ullekha yatra-tatra dekhane ko milatA hai, jo isa prakAra hai 151

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bahupatnIvAda- samAja meM eka puruSa dvArA patnI rUpa meM aneka striyoM ko rakhane kI kurIti pracalita thii| rAjA zreNika'51, meghakumAra'52, thAvaccAputra, zrIkRSNa454 va padmanAtha rAjA'55 Adi pratyeka ke eka se adhika patniyA~ thiiN| vezyAvRtti- usa samaya samAja meM vezyAvRtti pracalita thii| vezyA ko gaNikA kahA jAtA thaa| devadattA gaNikA cauMsaTha kalAoM meM niSNAta thI456, aisA ullekha milatA hai| dAsaprathA'57- usa samaya dAsaprathA kA pracalana bahuta jyAdA thaa| rAjAoM ke rAja meM aneka prakAra ke dAsa-dAsI rahate the aura inake alaga-alaga kArya hote the|458 rAjA ko zubha sUcanA dene vAle dAsoM ko dAsatva se mukta kara diyA jAtA thaa|59 meghakumAra ke janma kI sUcanA lekara jaba dAsiyA~ zreNika ke pAsa pahu~cI to rAjA ne unheM apanA mukuTa chor3akara zeSa sabhI alaMkAra bheMTa kie aura dAsatva se mukta kara diyaa|460 daheja prathA- rAjakanyAoM va zreSThI kanyAoM ke vivAha meM ghor3e, hAthI va dhana Adi daheja meM die jAte the| 61 drupada rAjA ne draupadI ko bahuta-sA daheja diyA jo sAta pIr3hiyoM taka khatma nahIM hone vAlA thaa|62 __ taMtra-maMtra-DhoMga63 tathA ADambara-64- samAja para taMtra-maMtra tathA DhoMga ADambara kA prabhAva thA 165 loga svapna aura usake phaloM para vizvAsa karate the|466 zakuna-apazakuna kI satyatA para vizvAsa ke prasaMga bhI prApta hote haiM 167 bhadrA sArthavAhI ko putra prApti ke lie aneka devI-devatAoM ke pAsa manautI mAMgate dekhA jAtA hai168 aura usake lie vaha aneka prakAra kA ADambara karatI hai|69 apaharaNa470- Alocya grantha meM apaharaNa ke bhI prasaMga milate haiN| apahRtA choTe baccoM tathA kanyAoM kA apaharaNa kara dUra bhagA le jAte the| unake gahane/alaMkAra chIna lete the aura unheM prANarahita taka bhI kara dete the| corI-lUTa- jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM cora, DAkU va taskara Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| 71 pA~ca-pA~ca sau cora eka sAtha rahate the| coroM ke rahane ke sthAna kA corapallI kahA hai|72 vijaya cora sArthavAha putra devadatta ke sabhI gahane lUTa letA hai73 aura cillAta cora Adi dhanya sArthavAha kA ghara lUTa 152

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana te haiM 174 nirdhanatA evaM bekArI bhikSAvRtti - jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke kucheka saMdarbhoM se samAja meM vyApta nirdhanatA kA spaSTa AbhAsa hotA hai| nirdhanatA kI mAra se malina, gaMde, maile-kucaile cIthar3e pahane hue evaM hAtha meM sikAre evaM ghar3e kA Tukar3A lie hue eka bhikhArI kA ullekha milatA hai| 75 loga yAcakoM ko dAna dete the aura dAnazAlAe~ khulavAte the, jahA~ unheM bhojanAdi die jAte the 1476 madyapAna - aneka prasaMgoM meM madyapAna kA pracalana sUcita hotA hai| surA, madya, sIdhu aura prasannA Adi nAnA prakAra ke madyoM kA ullekha hai / 477 madana trayodazI Adi aneka utsavoM para loga madyapAna karate the / 178 draupadI ke svayaMvara meM Ae rAjAoM ke lie bhojana vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha madyapAna kI vyavasthA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / 479 dhanya sArthavAha kA cilAta dAsa ceTaka bhI madirApAna meM Asakta rahatA thA / 480 cillAta cora apane anya cora sAthiyoM ke sAtha bahuta adhika madirA kA sevana karatA thA / 481 dyUta 2 - nagaroM meM dyUtakrIr3A arthAt juA khelA jAtA thaa| dAsa ceTaka 483 aura cilAta cora484 juA khelane meM Asakta ho gae the I ajJAnatA evaM abhimAna- usa samaya samAja meM ajJAnatA evaM usake kAraNa daMbha vidyamAna thA / rAjA kanakaratha apanI sattA meM itanA adhika Asakta thA ki usakI sattA koI chIna na le isalie vaha apane sabhI putroM ko utpanna hote hI avayavavikala (vikalAMga) kara detA thA / yaha karanakaratha rAjA kI ajJAnatA va abhimAna hI thA / 185 zAyada vaha nahIM jAnatA thA ki isa saMsAra meM koI zAzvata rahane vAlA nahIM hai, sabhI ko eka dina yahA~ se jAnA hai / mAMsa bhakSaNa-parastrIgamana - usa samaya samAja meM mAMsa ko bahuta zauka se khAyA jAtA thaa| bhale-bure sabhI loga samaya-samaya para mAMsa bhakSaNa karate the / vizeSa utsavoM evaM prasaMgoM para isakA pracalana adhika dekhA jAtA hai 1986 dhanya sArthavAha aura usake pA~coM putra mRta suMsumA kA mAMsa khAkara apane jIvana kI rakSA karate haiN|487 cora Adi vyabhicArI puruSa parastrIgamana bhI karate the 1488 jhUTha - chala-kapaTa evaM chadmaveza- samAja meM jhUTha bolane vAle loga bhI 153

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana the| jhUTha bolakara apanA prabhAva jamAne kI koziza karate the| vijaya cora dUsaroM ko Thagane, dhokhA dene, mAyA/kapaTa karane, taula-nApa ko kamajyAdA karane aura veSa aura bhASA ko badalane meM ati nipuNa thaa|489 mahAbala kapaTapUrNa tapasyA karane ke kAraNa hI strI gotra kA baMdha karate haiN|190 jo loga bAlaghAtaka, vizvAsaghAtaka, juArI, khaNDarakSaka, manuSyoM ke hAtha-paira Adi avayavoM ko chedana-bhedana karate the una logoM ko cora senApati vijaya zaraNa detA thA arthAt protsAhita karatA thA jJAtAdharmakathAMga se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki cora vidyAe~ pracalita thI aura sikhAI bhI jAtI thii|492 anyAya-atyAcAra- usa samaya samAja meM anyAya-atyAcAra Adi bhI khUba pracalana meM the| aneka prakAra ke atyAcAroM kA bolabAlA thaa| atyAcArI loga seMdha lagAte, khAta khodate, RNa lene ke bAda punaH na lauTAte, logoM ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta karate evaM avayava viccheda aura pazughAta karane meM nahIM sakucAte the|93 isa prakAra usa samaya samAja meM aneka sAmAjika vikRtiyA~ thii| varNa vyavasthA jaina purANoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki AdikAla meM varNa vyavasthA nahIM thii| padmapurANa aura harivaMzapurANa 95 meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ne sukha-samRddhi ke lie samAja meM suvyavasthA lAne kI ceSTA kI thI aura isa vyavasthA ke phalasvarUpa kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra- ye tIna varNa utpanna hue| RSabhadeva ne jina puruSoM ko vipattigrasta manuSyoM ke rakSArtha niyukta kiyA, ve apane guNoM ke kAraNa loka meM 'kSatriya' nAma se prasiddha hue| jinako vANijya, khetI evaM pazupAlana Adi ke vyavasAya meM lagAyA gayA thA, ve loka meM 'vaizya' khlaae| jo nIca karma karate the aura zAstra se dUra bhAgate the, unheM 'zUdra' kI saMjJA pradAna kI gii| prajJApanA sUtra meM AryoM kI nau jAtiyA~ batAI gaI haiM- kSetra Arya, jAti Arya, kula Arya, karma Arya, zilpArya, bhASArya, darzanArya aura cAritrArya96 jaina AgamoM meM varNoM kA ullekha avazya huA hai lekina una varNoM kA vyavasthAgata ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| inameM baMbhaNa (mAhaNa), khattiya, vAissa 154

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana aura suddha nAma ke cAra varNoM kA ullekha milatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke saMdarbha meM inakA digdarzana isa prakAra hai brAhmaNa jaina AgamoM meM brAhmaNa ke lie 'mAhaNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika bAra 'mAhaNa 497 zabda prayukta huA hai / 'mAhaNa' zabda kA artha mAhana, brAhmaNa, hiMsA se nivRtta, ahiMsaka - muni, sAdhu, RSi, zrAvaka, jaina upAsaka se hai / 498 brAhmaNa kA karma brAhmaNa veda tathA anya brAhmaNazAstroM (zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirUkta, chaMda, jyotiSa, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dharmazAstra Adi) meM pravINa the 1499 rAjA zreNika ne aSTAMga mahAnimitta ( jyotiSa ke sUtra aura artha ke pAThaka) tathA kuzala svapna pAThakoM ko dhAriNI ke svapnaphala batAne ke lie AmaMtrita kiyA 500 aura unheM prItidAna dekara sasammAna vidA kiyA 501 yAtrA prAraMbha karane se pUrva bhI brAhmaNoM se tithi, karaNa, nakSatra aura muhUrta pUchA jAtA thA 1502 kSatriya jaina AgamoM meM kSatriya ke lie 'khattie' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| 503 kSatriya kA karma prANiyoM kI rakSA karanA, zastra dvArA AjIvikA karanA, sajjanoM kA upakAra karanA, dInoM kA upakAra karanA aura yuddha se vimukha se nahIM honA - ye kSatriyoM ke karma haiN|504 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kacchulla nArada dvArA draupadI kA apaharaNa karake padmanAtha rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cA dene para draupadI kI rakSA kara punaH lAne ke lie kRSNa mahArAja ne kSatriya dharma kA pAlana karate hue padmanAtha rAjA se yuddha kiyA / Sos vaizya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vaizyoM ke lie sArthavAha, zreSThI aura gAthApati zabdoM kA prayoga bahulatA se huA hai 1506 vaizyoM kA karma jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra sArthavAha vyApArArtha eka nagara se dUsare nagara taka to jAte hI the, lekina kaI bAra arthAt sAmudrika yAtrA bhI karate the / 507 dhanya sArthavAha kI putravadhU rohiNI dvArA cAvaloM kI khetI karavAne kA ullekha bhI 155

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana milatA hai|508 ye samAja sevA meM bhI bar3ha-car3ha kara hissA lete the / nandamaNiyAra zreSThI ne bahuta-sA dhana vyaya karake puSkariNI, vanakhaNDoM, citrasabhA, mahAnasazAlA, cikitsA kendra aura alaMkAra sabhA kA nirmANa karavAyA, inameM aneka berojagAroM ko rojagAra milA 1509 zUdra aura unakA karma tIna varNoM aura bhikSuoM kI sevA zuzrUSA karanA evaM unake Azraya se AjIvikA calAnA, bar3haIgirI Adi kArya karanA, nRtya gAna Adi karanA evaM zilpakarma hI inake mukhya kArya haiN| 10 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kuMbhakAra Adi aTThAraha jAtiyA~, naTa, nartaka, jalla, malla, mauSTika, viMDavaka, kathAkAra, plavaka, nRtyakartA, citrapaTa dikhAne vAle, tUNa - vINA bajAne vAle, tAliyA~ pITane vAle, tAlAcAra", prekSaNakAri, peSaNakAriNI 2, nApita 13, mayUra poSaka 14, khivaiyA (naukA calAne vAle ) 15, suvarNakAra 16, citrakAra 17, kubjA Adi dAsiyA~ 18, vAstuzAstra ( zilpa) ke jJAtA 19, karoTikA (kAvar3a uThAne vAle), ghasiyAre, lakar3ahAre 20 Adi zUdra karma vAlI jAtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / Azrama vyavasthA vaidika paramparAnusAra jaina AgamoM meM Azrama vyavasthA kA ullekha to nahIM milatA lekina prakArAntara se ina AzramoM kA mahatva jIvana ke virAma sthala taka uttarottara adhika vizuddhi prApta karane ke rUpa meM parilakSita ho hI jAtA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM Azrama vyavasthA kA nidarzana isa prakAra haibrahmacarya Azrama isa Azrama meM jJAna kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra ATha varSa kI avasthA meM rAjakumAroM ko jIvanopayogI kalAe~ sIkhane ke lie AcArya ke pAsa bhejA jAtA thA / 521 AcArya lekhana, gaNita, artha saMbaMdhI jJAna, annapAna vidhi, pazu-pakSiyoM saMbaMdhI jJAna, jyotiSa, astra-zastra kA jJAna, yuddha, vyUha racanA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha lalita kalAoM kA jJAna apane ziSya ko ravA 1522 gRhasthAzrama manusmRti meM sabhI AzramoM meM isa Azrama ko zreSTha kahA gayA hai kyoMki 156

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana vyakti yahA~ tInoM AzramoM kA pAlanakartA hotA hai| 23 gRhasthAzrama meM praveza kA prathama sopAna vivAha hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vidyAdhyayana ke bAda meghakumAra24 aura thAvaccAputra25 kA gRhasthAzrama meM praveza dekhA jAtA hai| vAnaprasthAzrama vaidika paramparA kI taraha gRhatyAga karake patnI ke sAtha vana meM cale jAne kI paramparA to jaina dharma meM nahIM milatI, kintu vratI zrAvaka gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karatA huA AtmavikAsa ke patha para dhIre-dhIre agrasara hotA thA aura phira kaThina abhigraha aura tapasyA karatA huA gyAraha pratimAoM ke pAlana dvArA gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue bhI bhikSu jaisA jIvanayApana karatA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aise vratI zrAvakoM kA ullekha milatA hai- jitazatrurAjA 26, nandamaNiyAra27 aura kanakadhvaja rAjA ne zrAvaka vrata aMgIkAra kie| saMnyAsAzrama jaina paramparAnusAra zramaNAcAra hI saMnyAsa Azrama hai, jisameM sAdhaka pA~ca mahAvratoM kA AjIvana pAlana karatA huA kramazaH AdhyAtmika patha para agrasara hotA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA, mahArAjA evaM sampanna loga zubha tithi, muhUrta dekhakara, dAna, mahAdAna, pUjA Adi karane ke bAda dIkSA lete hue arthAt saMnyAsa Azrama meM praveza karate hue dekhe jAte haiN|529 isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM cAroM AzramoM kA pratyakSa ullekha to nahIM milatA lekina vibhinna prasaMgoM ke AdhAra para Azrama vyavasthA ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se siMhAvalokana karane se usa samaya kI sAMskRtika utkRSTatA parilakSita hotI hai| parivAra, pArivArika sambandha, vivAhAdi saMskAra, vezabhUSA, khAnapAna, manoraMjana va loka vizvAsa Adi kA samRddha rUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai| hAlAMki samAja meM vyApta vibhinna kurItiyoM aura burAIyoM ko najaraaMdAja nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI apratyakSarUpa se varNa vyavasthA para AdhArita sAmAjika prANI brahmacarya (vidyAdhyayana), gRhastha, vAnaprastha (zrAvaka) Adi jIvana kI kramAgata avasthAoM se gujaratA huA apane parama lakSya mokSa prApti kI dizA meM saMlagna thaa| isI pavitra lakSya ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana sukhI aura samRddha thaa| 157

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saMdarbha 33. mAtRdevo bhvH| - taitIrIya upaniSad 1. arthazAstra 2/1/19/34, pR. 93 (ekAdaza anuvAdaka pR.70-71, 11/2 2. vRhatkalpabhASya- 4/5147 sAnuvAda zAMkarabhASyasahita) 3. saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 589 34. dazavai tu sudA''cAryaH zrotriyAnatiricyate 4. sosAyaTI, pR. 240-241 dazAcAryanupAdhyAya upAdhyAyan pitA dsh|| jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/11 pitRRna daza tu mAtaikA sarvA vA pRthiviimpi| vahI 1/5/6 gurutvenAbhibhavati nAsti mAtRsamo guruH / / vahI 1/1/26, 1/7/10, 1/8/47 -mahAbhArata (zAMtiparva), 109/15-16 8. vahI 1/9/6 35. nAsti mAtRsamA chAyAnAsti mAtRsamA 9. vahI 1/9/7 gatiH / nAsti mAtRsamaMRNaM nAsti mAtRsamA priyaa|| 10. vahI 1/1/87, 102, 159, 210 11. Rgveda 10/85/42, pR. 1726 -mahAbhArata, 12/258/29, pR. 1370 12. vahI 10/85/46 36. (i) upAdhyAyAndazAcArya AcAryANAMzataM 13. jAtaka- 3, pR. 150-180, 321-340 pitaa| sahastraM tu pitRnmAtA 14. eva saha vasemuvI pRthagvA dhrmaakaamyyaa| gaurvennaatiricyte|| pRthaka vivardhate dharmastasyAddhA --manusmRti 2/145 pR. 35 pRthkriyaaH|| (ii) ebhyomAtA griiysii| -manusmRti, 9/111, pR. 249-250 -yAjJavalkya smRti, 1/35, pR. 66 15. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/3 37. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/120-130 16. vahI 1/9/3 38. vahI 1/1/119 17. vahI 1/16/3 39. vahI 1/1/131-132 18. vahI 1/7/2-3 40. vahI 1/2/11 19. vahI 1/7/6 41. vahI 1/2/15-16 20. vahI 1/7/20, 22, 26, 30 42. vahI 1/2/21-23 21. vahI 1/1/90-93 43. vahI 1/18/25, 30 22. vahI 1/7/5-6 44. vahI 1/2/40-41 23. vahI 1/16/129 45. vahI 1/5/13-16 24. vahI 1/7/4 46. vahI 1/14/17-22 25. vahI 1/9/4-5 47. "upapannA hi dAreSu prabhutAsarvatomukhI" 26. vahI 1/7/20, 22, 26, 30 -abhijJAnazAkuMtalam 5/26, pR. 177 27. vahI 1/9/63-65 48. tamutsRSTaM tadAgarbhaM rAdhAbhartA mhaayshaaH| 28. vahI 1/19/5 -mahAbhArata 1/104/14, pR. 576 29. prajAnAM vinayAdhAnAdakSaNAda bhrnnaadpi|s 49. jJAtAdhamakathAga 1/1/20-21, 55-57 pitA pitarastAsAM kevalaM jnmhetvH|| 50. vahI 1/1/87, 96, 1/2/45, 1/8/29 -raghuvaMza 1/24. pa. 10 51. vahI 1/1/88-90 30. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/121-126 52. vahI 1/2/19-20 31. vahI 1/1/133-135 ___53. vahI 1/14/15 32. vahI 1/5/6 54. vahI 1/14/26 158

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana 55. vahI 1/1/56-57 80. vahI 1/7/5, 10, 16-26 56. vahI 1/2/47 81. vahI 1/1/23 57. vahI 1/2/14-15 82. vahI 1/5/13 58. vahI 1/1/18-19 83. vahI 1/9/4 59. vahI 1/1/56 84. vahI 1/16/4-5 60. (i) sadAprahRSTayA bhAvyaM gRhakAryeSu dkssyaa| 85. vahI 1/19/9, 21-23 susaMskRtatopaskarayA vyaye caamukthstyaa|| 86. vahI 1/18/38 -manusmRti 5/150 pR. 138 87. vahI 1/18/29, 30, 34 (ii) saMyatApaskarA dazAhasTA vypraangmukhii| 88. vahI 1/1/93, 133, 12/20, 1/7/5 kuryAcchavazurayoH pAdavandanaM bhrtRttpraa|| 89. vahI 1/8/160 patipriyahite yuktA svcaaraasNytendriyaa| 90. vahI 1/13/16, 1/14/27 iha kIrtimavApnoti pretyacAnupamaM sukhm|| 91. vahI 1/1/58, 1/8/134 -yAjJavalkya smRti, 1/83, 87, pR. 107-109 92. vahI 1/1/60, 1/13/32 61. (i) jAtaka saM. 239, pR. 466 (dvitIya 93. vahI 1/1/60 khaNDa) 94. vahI 1/2/43 (ii) jAtaka saM. 267, pR. 65-66 (tRtIya 95. vahI 1/1/60 khaNDa) 96. vahI 1/2/43 62. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/41 97. vahI 1/2/51 63. vahI 1/2/11 98. vahI 1/8/117, 1/16/139 64. vahI 1/1/15 99. vahI 1/1/113, 1/13/32 65. vahI 1/1/60 100. vahI 1/1/32 66. vahI 1/1/118 101. vahI 1/2/44, 47 67. vahI 1/5/13 102. vahI 1/2/43, 47 68. vahI 1/18/37 103. vahI 1/8/118 69. vahI 1/1/61-74 104. vahI 1/16/141, 146 70. vahI 1/18/37 105. vahI 1/1/9 71. vahI 1/1/21 106. vahI 1/1/163 72. vahI 1/2/15 107. vahI 1/1/135 73. vahI 1/8/30 108. vahI 1/1/136 74. vahI 1/18/33-34 109. vahI 1/1/71, 1/16/147, 1/16/39 75. udvegamahAvarte pAtayati payodharonnayana kaale| 110. vahI 1/16/58, 85, 1/8/135 saridiva taTamanuvarSa vivardhamAnA sutA 111. vahI 1/1/76 pitrm|| 112. vahI 1/1/22 -harSacarita 4/3/39 pR. 296 113. vahI 1/1/32 76. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/85 114. vahI 1/8/56 77. vahI 1/16/66 115. vahI 1/1/36, 38, 1/12/20 78. vahI 1/8/34 116. vahI 1/1/32, 1/1/77-78, 90 79. vahI 1/8/36-37 117. vahI 1/5/11-12, 21 159

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 118. vahI 1/1/160, 1/1/7, 1/1/190 156. vahI 1/1/100 119. vahI 1/1/58, 60, 132 157. vahI 1/1/101-102 120. vahI 1/8/136 ___ 158. yugmamutpadyate tatra palyAnAM trymaayussaa| 121. vahI 1/12/21-24, 1/14/17, 20, 21 premabaMdhanabaddhaM ca mriyate yugalaM smN|| 122. vahI 1/8/56 -padmapurANa 3/51 (prathama khaNDa), pR. 34 123. vahI 1/16/140 159. saMskRti hindI koza, pR. 954 124. vahI 1/16/145 160. jJAtArdhakathAMga 1/1/104 125. vahI 1/16/110 161. vahI 1/5/6 126. vahI 1/16/134 162. vahI 1/1/101, 1/5/6, 1/16/85 127. hindU dharmakoza pR. 645 163. (i) aSTAveva samAsena vivAhA dharmataH 128. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/82 smRtaa|| brAhmodaivastathaivArSaH 129. vahI 1/2/17-18 prAjApatyastathAsuraH / / 130. vahI 1/1/93 -mahAbhArata 1/67/8-9 131. vahI 1/1/93 (ii) brAhmo daivastathaivArSa 132. vahI 1/1/93 prajApatyastathAsuraH / gAMdharvarAkSasau cAnyo 133. bhAratIya saMskRti koza, pR. 486 paizAcASTamo mataH / / 134. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/95 _ -viSNu purANa 3/10/24 135. vahI 1/8/31 164. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/14/9 136. vahI 1/2/20 165. vahI 1/16/41-42 137. vahI 1/5/6 166. vahI 1/18/21, 25 138. vahI 1/9/5 167. vahI 1/16/151-152 139. vahI 1/14/25 168. vahI 1/1/105 140. vahI 1/16/82 169. vahI 1/5/6 141. vahI 1/14/3 170. vahI 1/16/124 142. vahI 1/7/3 171. vahI 1/14/12 143. vahI 1/12/2 172. vahI 1/16/59, 64 144. vahI 1/16/10 173. vahI 1/2/6 145. vahI 1/13/33 174. vahI 1/7/3 146. vahI 1/14/50 175. vahI 1/16/124 147. vahI 1/7/3 176. vahI 1/1/104 148. vahI 1/9/3 177. vahI 1/5/6 149. vahI 1/1/96 178. vahI 1/1/14, 16 150. mahApurANa 38/87-89 179. vahI 1/16/168 151. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/97 180. vahI 1/16/124 152. vahI 1/1/97 181. vahI 1/1/134 153. vahI 1/1/97 182. vahI 1/19/5 154. hindU saMskAra, pR. 137 183. vahI 1/1/144, 159 155. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/98 184. vahI 1/5/22, 24 160

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185. vahI 1/8/175, 190 186. vahI 1/16/ 217, 219 187. vahI 1/16/20 188. vahI 1/19/5-10 189. vahI 1/1/149 190. vahI 1/8/181 191. vahI 1/8/195 192. vahI 1/12/29 193. vahI 1/14/58 194. vahI 1/16/224 195. vahI 1/16/227 196. vahI 1/19/5 197. vahI 1/2/31 198. vahI 1/14/24 199. vahI 1/18/41 200. vahI 1/1/210-211 201. vahI 1/14/37 202. vahI 1/16/20 203. vahI 1/16/ 228 204. vahI 1/19/29 205. vahI 1/8 /28 206. vahI 1/1/119 207. vahI 1/1/66-70 208. 209. vahI 1/1/82 210. vahI 1/2/17-18 1/14/30, 1/16/67 211.1/1/82, 1/2/17-18, 1/8/27-28 212. vahI 1/1/115, 1/5/13 213. vahI 1/7/30 214. vahI 1/8/34 215. vahI 1/16/36 216. vahI 1/16/83 217. vahI 1/18/27 218. vahI 1/16/85 219.1/14/12, 1/16/45 220. vahI 1/16/86 221. vahI 1/16/84 222. vahI 1/16/84 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana 223. vahI 1/2/21 224. vahI 1/14/7, 1/16/38 225. vahI 1/8/136 226. vahI 1/1/96 227. vahI 1/16/83 228. vahI 1/16/119-122 229. vahI 1/1/50 230. vahI 1/1/105-106 231. vahI 1/16/128 232. vahI 1/1/46-51 233. at 1/16/38, 52, 1/1/96 234. vahI 1/1/105 235. vahI 1/16/220 236. vahI 1/8/183 237. vahI 2/1/23 238. vahI 1/14/35 239. 240. vahI 1/14/35 241. vahI 1/8/183 242. pAli- aMgrejI koza, pR. 241 243. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/3/6 1/8/166, 2/1/20 244. vahI 1/3/12 245. savArthasiddhi - 2/30, pR. 136 246. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/93, 1/2/33, 1/7/ 161 4, 1/8/35, 1/12/4, 1/14/10 247. vahI 1/2/5 248. vahI 1/5/47 249. vahI 1/5/48 250. vahI 1/5/49 251. vahI 1/5/59 252. vahI 1/7/4 253. a 1/8/55, 1/17/16 254. vahI 1/8 /55, 1/15/4 255. vahI 1/17/30 256. vahI 1/5/59 257. vahI 1/5/38 258. vahI 1/17/20 259. vahI 1/16/112

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 260. vahI 1/12/16-18 261. vahI 1/17/15 262. vahI 1/16/6 263. vahI 1/15/8 264. vahI 1/2/33 265. vahI 1/7/22 266. vahI 1/5/59 267. vahI 1/5/62 268. vahI 1/18/39 269. vahI 1/1/86 270. vahI 1/16/4-5 271. vahI 1/8/160, 1/13/16, 1/16/11 272. vahI 1/5/38 273. prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA - pR. 5,9 274. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/17 275. vahI 1/17/15 276. vahI 1/17/15 277. amarakoza (paM. vizvanAtha jhA ) - 2/6/116, 9/62, .678 280. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/17 281. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 150 282. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/23 283. vahI 1/16/139 284. vahI 1/1/80 pR. 157 278. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/26 312. 279. ThANAMga sUtra (yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni) 313. 285. vahI 1/1/30, 1/16/63 286. vahI 1/2/15 287. vahI 1/8/180 288. vahI 1/1/44 295. vahI 1/1/31 296. vahI 1/1/31 297. vahI 1/8/128 298. vahI 1/1/30 299. vahI 1/1/142 300. vahI 1/5/15 301. padmacarita aura usameM pratipAdita saMskRti, pR. 78 302. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/142 289. vahI 1/16/63 290. vahI 1/16/70 291. vahI 1/15/5 292. vahI 1/1/17 293. vahI 1/17/15 294. vahI 1/1/17 303. 304. vahI 1/8/73 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 1/1/30, 142, 1/2/6, 1/16/119 vahI 1/1/143 vahI 1/1/80 vahI 1/1/134 vahI 1/1/142 vahIM 1/16/124 vahI 1/1/142 AdipurANa 16/50 (AcArya jinasena kRta), pR. 350 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/142 162 amarakoza 2/6/106, pR. 153 314. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/142 315. vahI 1/1/142 316. vahI 1/1/30 317. vahI 1/1/142 318. vahI 1/1/30 319. vahI 1/1/80 320. vahI 1/1/142 321. vahI 1/1/30 322. vahI 1/1/30 323. vahI 1/1/80, 142, 1/16/119 324. vahI 1/1/30 325. 326. vahI 1/1/30 327. vahI 1/1/142 328. vahI 1/1/80 329. vahI 1/16/139 330. vahI 1/2/6 1/1/30, 80, 142, 1/16/119

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331. vahI 1/1/80 332. vahI 1/16/119 333. 334. vahI 1/1/141 1/1/142, 1/8/83 335. 336. vahI 1/1/141 337. vahI 1/8/81 338. vahI 1/1/29 339. vahI 1/16/63 340. vahI 1/16/63 341. vahI 1/1/30 342. vahI 1/16/63 343. vahI 1/2 / 15, 1/13/10 1/7/26, 1/16/128, 1/18/21 344. 1/1/30, 80, 1/16/94 345. vahI 1/1/30, 142 346. vahI 1/16/73 347. vahI 1/16/73 348.1/1/30, 142, 1/8/139 349. 1/1/44, 1/2/5, 1/8/62, 1/9/26 350. vahI 1/2/47 351. vahI 1/16/122 352. at 1/2/42, 1/13/18, 1/16/63 1/1/90, 1/3/8, 1/16/115 353. 354. vahI 1/1/145 355. vahI 1/2/15 356. vahI 1/13/19 357. vahI 1/1/82 358. vahI 1/3/13 359. vahI 1/2/9 360. vahI 1/18/9 361. vahI 1/18/4 362. vahI 1/14/7 363. vahI 1/14/7 364. vahI 1/1/82 365. vahI 1/1/90, 1/13/15 366. vahI 1/12/10 367. vahI 1/17/27 368. vahI 1/3/12 369. vahI 1/2/9 370. vahI 1/18/9 371. vahI 1/5/11 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana 372. 373. 374. 375. vahI 1/13/15 376. vahI 1/1/90 377. vahI 1/5/3 378. vahI 1/13/15 379. vahI 1/16/139 380. vahI 1/16/152 381. 382. 1/1/90, 134, 1/16/111-113 vahI 1/13/15/ vahI 1/1/90, 134 padmapurANa 3/112-120, pR. 39-40 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/30 383. vahI 1/8/185 384. vahI 1/8/186-187 385. vahI 1/8/195 386.1/8/25, 30, 185, 187, 195 387. vahI 1/1/88-91 163 388.1/1/94-95, 1/2/20, 1/14/25 389. vahI 1/8/48 390. vahI 1/1/104 391.1/14/10, 13, 1/16/47, 128, 136 392. vahI 1/1/133-134 393. vahI 1/1/151-159 394. vahI 1/5/23-24 395. vahI 1/19/10 396. vahI 1/1/110 397. harivaMzapurANa 24/41-45, pR. 347 398. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/110 399. vahIM 1/2/9 400. vahI 1/2/9 401. vahI 1/8/80 402. vahI 1/8/84 403. vahI 1/16/129 404. vahI 1/2/15, 1/8/45 405. vahI 1/2/15 406. vahI 1/1/90

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 407. vahI 1/5/11 408. vahI 1/16/195 409. vahI 1/1/25, 36, 1/8/26 410. vahI 1/9/5 411. vahI 1/2/15, 1/8/64 412. vahI 1/8/37 413. vahI 1/5/7 414. vahI 1/8/180 415. vahI 1/8/186 416. vahI 1/1/2, 1/2/2 417. vahI 1/1/68 418. vahI 1/9/41 419. vahI 1/8/37 420. vahI 1/5/23, 1/14/37 421. vahI 1/13/12 422. vahI 1/1/57 423. vahI 1/1/145 424. vahI 1/1/207 425. vahI 1/8/82 426. vahI 1/8/170 427. vahI 1/1/116 428. vahI 1/1/15 429. vahI 1/1/153 430. vahI 1/1/31 431. vahI 1/1/158 432. vahI 1/8/180 433. vahI 1/8/57 434. vahI 1/8/25, 29 435. vahI 1/14/30 436. vahI 1/16/67 437. vahI 1/1/30 438. vahI 1/1/33 439. vahI 1/1/80 440. vahI 1/2/42 441. vahI 1/2/51 442. vahI 1/3/10 443. vahI 1/8/139 444. vahI 1/12/4 445. vahI 1/14/36 446. vahI 1/14/44 447. vahI 1/16/154 448. vahI 1/17/6 449. vahI 1/18/20 450. nAyAdhammakahAo (TippaNa-112), pR. 83 451. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/14, 16 452. vahI 1/1/104 453. vahI 1/5/6 454. vahI 1/5/5 455. vahI 1/16/144 456. vahI 1/3/6, 11-12, 1/16/94 457. vahI 1/1/105, 1/5/6, 1/16/119, 120 458. vahI 1/1/89 459. vahI 1/1/34 460. vahI 1/16/138 461. vahI 1/2/32 462. vahI 1/2/23 463. vahI 1/16/11-18 464. vahI 1/18/30 465. vahI 1/18/12-15 466. vahI 1/1/19-25, 31-35, 1/8/26 467. vahI 1/1/36, 1/2/15 468. vahI 1/2/12-15 469. vahI 1/14/48 470. vahI 1/2/23-24, 1/18/25-26 471. vahI 1/2/24, 1/18/13 472. vahI 1/18/10-11 473. vahI 1/2/23 474. vahI 1/18/25-26 475. vahI 1/16/59 476. vahI 1/8/159, 1/14/27, 1/15/5 477. vahI 1/16/112 478. vahI 1/2/9 479. vahI 1/16/112 480. vahI 1/18/9 481. vahI 1/18/20 482. vahI 1/5/64 164

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483. vahI 1/2/9 484. vahI 1/18/9 485. vahI 1/14/15 486. vahI 1/2/9, 1/18/9 487. vahI 1/18/40 488. vahI 1/2/9, 1/18/9 489. vahI 1/2/9, 1/18/11 490. vahI 1/8/13-14 491. vahI 1/18/12 492. vahI 1/18/16 493. vahI 1/18/11-12 494. padmapurANa 3/256-258, pR. 50 495. harivaMzapurANa 9 / 39, pR. 168 496. prajJApanA sUtra, prathama khaNDa- 1/101-138, prathama pada, pR. 89-103 497. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/16, 1/14/27 498. pAi asadyamahaNNavo (prAkRta - zabda - mahArNava), pR. 687 499. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/3 500. vahI 1/1/31 501. vahI 1/1/40 502. vahI 1/8/54 503. (i) bhagavatI sUtra 1/9/25 (ii) uvAsaMga dazAMga - 7/37 (iii) aMgasuttANi, bhAga-3 pR. 499 504. varNa, jAti aura dharma, pR. 177 505. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/173 506. 1/2/6, 1/3/6, 1/5/6, 1/7/2 507. a 1/8/53, 1/9/8, 1/15/4-7 508. vahI 1/7/10-15 509 vahI 1/13/13-19 510. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana 511. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/90-91 512. vahI 1/1/105 513. a 1/1/138, 1/2/42 514. vahI 1/3/22 (i) varNa, jAti aura dharma, pR. 177 (ii) yAjJavalkya smRti: 1/120, pR. 162 515. vahI 1/8 /58 516. vahI 1/8/87 519. 520. 517. vahI 1/8/96 518. vahI 1/8/134 521. 522. vahI 1/13/12 vahI 1/13/19 vahI 1/1/98, 1/5/6 vahI 1/1/99 523. manusmRti - 6/88-89 524. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/104 165 525. (i) vahI 1/5/6 (ii) vahI 1/5/29, 39 526. vahI 1/12/24 527. vahI 1/13/8 528. vahI 1/14/57 529. a 1/1/159, 1/2/52, 1/5/24, 1/14/ 54, 1/16/219, 1/19/5, 2/1/24

Page #167
paMcama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana sAmAjika jIvana kI dhurI hai- Arthika smpnntaa| artha jIvanarakta ke samAna hai, isake binA sAMskRtika abhyutthAna kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| arthAbhAva ke kAraNa mAnava-jIvana abhizApa bana jAtA hai| AvazyakatA (mAMga) aura utpAdana (pUrti) ke sAmaMjasya-saMtulana para TikI hai Arthika samRddhi kI niiNv| ____ AgamakAlIna bhAratavarSa Arthika dRSTi se samunnata thaa| kRSi, udyoga, vyApAra, pazupAlana, zilpakarma meM bhI yaha AryakSetra pracura pragati kara cukA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki nivRttimUlaka jaina darzana ke pratipAdaka manISiyoM va cintakoM ne bhI sadkAryArtha arthArjana para bala diyA hai| Alocya-graMtha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM upalabdha arthavyavasthA viSayaka vivaraNa kA nidarzana isa prakAra haikRSi kRSi sampUrNa artha jagata ke lie AdhAra stambha hai| isase manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke lie bhojana aura udyogoM ke lie kaccA mAla upalabdha hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kRSi prAcInakAla se utpAdana ke pramukha srota ke rUpa meM pratiSThita rahI hai| ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma meM bhI kRSikarma nindya nahIM hai| sthAnAMga meM kampAjIve arthAt kRSi Adi se AjIvikA calAne vAle ko bhI AjIvaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pANini ne khetI kI bhUmi, jo alaga-alaga khaNDoM meM vibhakta rahatI thI, ko kheta kahA hai|' siMcAI-vyavasthA acchI phasala prApta karane ke lie siMcAI-vyavasthA kA vikasita honA Avazyaka hai| tatkAlIna samaya meM kisAna siMcAI ke lie varSA para adhika nirbhara the phira bhI kRtrima siMcAI ke lie puSkariNI, bAvar3I, kuMA, tAlAba, sarovara Adi nirmita kie jAte the| nandamaNiyAra seTha dvArA nagara ke bAhara eka bar3I puSkariNI banavAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| kRSi upakaraNa praznavyAkaraNa sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki uttama phasala ke lie kRSi ke vividha upakaraNoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| inameM hala, kuliya, kudAla, kaiMcI, 166

Page #168
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana sUpa, pATA, mer3hI Adi pramukha haiN| khetoM kI surakSA jAnavaroM se phasaloM kI surakSA ke lie bhAMti-bhAMti ke upAya kie jAte the| khetoM ke cAroM ora kAMTedAra bAr3a lagAI jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki rohiNI ne kauTumbika puruSoM ko khetI ko surakSA ke lie usake cAroM ora bAr3a lagAne kA Adeza diyaa| pramukha upaja jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zAli' (cAvala), sarisavayA (sarasoM), dhAnyamASa (ur3ada), arasa (hIMga), canA, aneka prakAra ke phala (nAmollekha nahIM hai), mAluka" (kakar3I), taMDula", Ama, kiMzuka, karNikAra (kanera), bakula, nAriyala, nandIphala, kar3avA tumbA, mIThA tumbA'", zAka, masAle" Adi phasaloM kA ullekha milatA hai| ____ AcArAMga meM zAka-sabjI ke kheta, bIja pradhAna kheta aura zAli, brIhi, mASa, mUMga, kulattha Adi dhAnyoM kI khetI kA ullekha milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM zAli, brIhi, kodrava, kaMgu, paraka, rAla Adi dhAnyoM kI khetI kA ullekha AyA hai|" upaja kI kaTAI jaba dhAnya paka jAtA thA to use kATane kA prabandha kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM phasala kATane ke kArya ko 'luNeti' kahA gayA hai| prAyaH kRSaka phasala kATane kA kArya svayaM hI karate the| ve bar3I sAvadhAnI se dhAnya ko pakar3akara tIkSNa dhAravAlI asiyaehiM (drAMti, haMsiyA) se kATate the| kATane ke bAda dhAnya ko khalihAna meM, jise 'khalavAr3A' (koThAra, palya) kahate the, ekatra karate the| paMktibaddha bailoM se dhAnya kI mar3AI kI jAtI thI, jise 'malana' kahA jAtA thaa| dhAnya ko bhUse se alaga karane ke lie sUpa se phaTakA jAtA thA24 athavA vAyu kI dizA ko dekhate hue dhAnya ko Upara se nIce girAyA jAtA, jisase dhAnya aura bhUsA alaga-alaga ho jaate| (dhAnya kI alpa mAtrA ko hI sUpa se phaTakA jAtA hai adhika mAtrA hone para havA kI dizA meM uparoktAnusAra uphaNA jAtA hai Aja ye sabhI kArya thresara yA Tresara se eka sAtha ho jAte haiN|) 167

Page #169
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhAnya-bhaNDAraNa jaina AgamoM meM dhAnya ke vaijJAnika bhaNDAraNa kA ullekha milatA hai| isa vidhi se dhAnya dIrghakAla taka surakSita rakhA jA sakatA thaa| vyAkhyAprajJapti se jJAta hotA hai ki zAli, vrIhi, godhUma, yava, kalAya, masUra, tila, mUMga, mASa, kulattha, AlisadaMka, tuara, alasI, kusumbha, kodrava Adi dhAnyoM ko bAMsa ke chabar3e, macAna yA pAtra vizeSa meM rakhakara usakA mukha gobara se lIpa diyA jAtA thA, phira unheM mudrita aura cihnita karake rakhA jAtA thaa| isase dhAnyoM kI aMkuraNa zakti dIrghakAla taka banI rahatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhI aisA hI ullekha milatA hai ki rohiNI ke kauTumbika janoM ne zAli-akSatoM ko navIna ghar3e meM bhraa| bharakara usake mukha para miTTI kA lepa kara diyaa| lepa karake use lAMchita-mudrita kara sIla lagA dI aura unheM koThAra meM rakha diyaa| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM bhI aise bhaNDAraNa kA ullekha hai| ye U~ce sthAnoM para banAe jAte the aura itane dRr3ha hote the ki varSA aura AMdhI se bhI aprabhAvita rahate the|" upavana-udyAna-vATikA kRSi ke sahakArI dhandhe ke rUpa meM phala-phUloM ke upavanoM kA udyoga bhI pracalita thaa| usa samaya ke loga udyAnoM ke vardhana aura poSaNa meM pravINa the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRhI kA guNazIla nAmaka udyAna aise vRkSoM se yukta thA jo sabhI RtuoM ke phala-phUloM se lade rahate the| nandamaNikAra seTha ne bhI rAjagRha ke bAhara eka nandA puSkariNI khudavAI thI, jisake cAroM ora vanakhaNDa (bhinna-bhinna jAti ke vRkSoM vAlA sthAna) aura udyAna (jisameM eka hI jAti ke vRkSoM kI pradhAnatA ho - ardhamAgadhI koSa bhAga-4, pR. 333) bane hue the| udyAnoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke phala-phUloM ke vRkSa the| AlocyagraMtha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna jIvana meM upavanoM va udyAnoM kA vizeSa mahatva thaa| upavanoM meM vizeSa utsava manAe jAte the| jahA~ para nAgarika nRtya Adi ke dvArA apanA manoraMjana karate the|" janasAmAnya ke lie nagara ke bAhara sArvajanika ujANa (udyAna) hote the, jahA~ para ve ghUmate-phirate, manoraMjana evaM krIr3A karate hue vicarate the| udyAnoM meM bhramaNa ke lie Ane vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie vizrAmagRhoM kI bhI vyavasthA hotI thii| jaba meghakumAra garbha meM thA taba usakI mA~ dhAriNI ko rAjagRha kI sImA para bane udyAna meM bhramaNa kA 168

Page #170
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana dohada utpanna huaa| udyAnoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI latAe~ aura phUla lagAe jAte the, jinameM campA ke phUla, sana ke phUla, koraMTa ke phUla, kamala, zirISa kusuma, kunda puSpa, pATalA, mAlatI (Spanish Jasmine), campA, azoka, punAMga, maruA, damanaka" (ArTimisiyA iMDikA) evaM vibhinna jAti ke kamala" (kumuda, nalina, subhaga, saugaMdhika, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka, sahasrapatra), priyaMgulatA, azokavRkSa, azokalatA", vanalatA, padmalatA Adi kA ullekha hai| koI bhI utsava yA samAroha puSpoM ke binA saMbhava nahIM thaa| pA~ca vargoM kI puSpamAlA prasiddha thii| prajAnana utsavoM para phUloM ke AbhUSaNa, vilepana, aMgarAga aura mAlAoM kA upayoga karate dekhe jAte haiN| vizeSa utsavoM para rAjamArgoM sahita sabhI mArgoM ko puSpajaloM, sugaMdhita jaloM evaM puSpoM se sajAyA jAtA thaa| rAjyodyAna ke mAliyoM kA samAja meM vizeSa sthAna thaa| ve divya evaM viziSTa mAlA banAne meM nipuNa hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAtA hotA hai ki 'zrIdAmakAMDa' mAlA viziSTa aura divya hotI thI 43 antakRdazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki arjuna rAjagRha kA eka pratiSThita tathA sampanna mAlI thii| usane apanI viziSTa puSpavATikA meM pA~ca raMga ke puSpa lagA rakhe the| prAta:kAla vaha apanI puSvATikA se puSpa-cayana hetu jAtA aura vahA~ se puSpacayana karake puSpoM se bharI TokariyA~, bAjAroM, hAToM meM becakara dhana arjita karatA thaa| jaina AgamoM meM gA~voM aura nagaroM ke nikaTa aise vanoM, upavanoM ke ullekha milate haiM, jinameM vibhinna prakAra ke svAsthyavarddhaka auSadhayukta phala hote the| ina upavanoM meM Ama, zAla, jambUphala, polU, zelU, akharoTa, sallakI, mAlUka, bakula, karaMja, palAza, mocakI, sIsama, ariSTa, baher3A, harar3a, bhilavA, azoka, dADima, lUkaca, zirISa, mAtuliMga, candana, arjuna, kadamba Adi ke vRkSa hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sahasrAvana aura AmrazAlavana' kA ullekha hai| AlocyagraMtha se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya udyAna-upavanoM kI rakSA evaM dekhabhAla ke lie mAliyoM ko rakhA jAtA thA, jinheM vetana bhI diyA jAtA thaa| pazu-pAlana ___samAja meM dUsarA prAthamika udyoga pazupAlana thaa| Arthika dRSTi se pazuoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| kRSi tathA yAtAyAta mukhya rUpa se pazuoM para hI 169

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana AdhArita the| pazuoM ko sampatti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| jisa vyakti yA parivAra ke pAsa jitane adhika pazu hote vaha utanA hI adhika dhanavAna aura sampanna samajhA jAtA thaa| upAsakadazAMga ke dasoM zrAvakoM ke pAsa hajAroM pazu the, jinameM godhana pramukha thA pazupAlana grAmINa kSetroM taka hI sImita nahIM thA, nagaroM meM bhI unakA Adhikya thaa| rAjagRha nagara meM rahane vAle dhanyasArthavAha aura dvArakA nagarI meM rahane vAlI thAvacyA gAthApatnI ke pAsa bahusaMkhyaka pazu the|" pazupAlana kRSi, dUdha, yAtAyAta, camar3e aura mAMsa ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| kRSi meM pazuoM kA bahuvidha upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| baila hala calAne, rahaTa calAne, kolhU calAne tathA zakaTa va ratha khIMcane ke upayoga meM Ate the| dUdha se dadhi, navanIta, takra aura ghI kI prApti hotI thI, inheM gorasa kahA jAtA thA, jo pauSTika mAnA jAtA thaa| vyApArArtha jAte samaya arhannaka gorasa Adi pauSTika padArthoM ko bhI apane sAtha lekara gyaa| jaina AgamoM meM yAtAyAta ke lie bhI pazuoM kA bar3A mahatva batAyA gayA hai| mAla aura savArI vahana karane ke lie hAthI, ghor3e aura baila ke prayoga kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| kAlika dvIpa ke ghor3e bahuta prasiddha the| ve jAtimAna ghor3e ke samAna AkIrNa, vinIta, prazikSita va sahanazIla tathA vividha raMgoM ke the| pazuoM ke cAre ke lie gA~va kI bAhya sImA para cArAgAha the|" kukkuTa-mayUrapAlana ___ AlocyagraMtha meM kukkuTa va mayUrapAlana kA vyavasAya ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| jinadatta va sAgaradatta ne mayUrI ke aMDoM ko murgI ke aMDoM ke sAtha rakhA, tatpazcAt mayUrI ke bacce ko nRtya Adi kalA meM pAraMgata karane ke lie mayUra poSakoM ko de diyA, isase spaSTa hai ki kukkuTa va mayUrI-pAlana eka vyavasAya ke rUpa meM pracalita the| pUMjI kA lena-dena (byAja para lena-dena) udyoga aura vyavasAya ko prAraMbha karane aura usakA saphalatApUrvaka saMcAlana karane ke lie pUMjI kI pracuratA anivArya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki kSetra, vAstu, hiraNya, suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dvipada, catuSpada, dAsa-dAsI, kupya (gRha sambandhI upakaraNa), dhAtu, pazu Adi manuSya kI sampatti mAne jAte the| antakRdazAMga meM pUMjI ke AdhAra para dhanavAna logoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra se 1170

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana jJAta hotA hai ki tuMgiyA nagarI ke zramaNopAsaka vRddhi ke lie dhana ko byAja para dete the|(2 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki rAjagRha nagarI meM dhanya sArthavAha pU~jI ke lena-dena kA bar3e paimAne para vyavasAya karatA thA / dvArakA nagarI meM thAvaccA gAthApatnI bhI lena-dena kA vyavasAya karatI thI 104 zilpa-karma jainAgamoM meM zilpakarma kA ullekha vibhinna sthAnoM para milatA hai| dazavaikAlika cUrNi meM zilpakarma se arthopArjana kA ullekha hai / " Avazyaka cUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba bhogayuga ke bAda karmayuga kA prArambha huA to RSabhadeva ne apanI prajA ko vibhinna prakAra ke zilpa sikhaae| unhoMne sarvaprathama kumbhakAra kA karma sikhaayaa| usake bAda paTakAra - karma aura vardhakIkarma (vAstuzilpa) sikhAyA, tatpazcAt citrakarma, phira roma, nakha vRddhi hone para nApitakarma Adi sikhaae|" kalpasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki nagara udyogoM ke kendra the| rAjA siddhArtha ke yahA~ nagarazilpiyoM dvArA nirmita sundara aura bahumUlya vastuoM kA bAhulya thA / 17 zilpakalAoM meM nipuNatA prApta karane hetu loga zilpAcArya ke pAsa jAte the / jAtaka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA brahmadatta kA putra eka hajAra mudrA lekara guru ke pAsa zilpa sIkhane gayA thA / 9 prAyaH sabhI prakAra ke zilpI apane-apane vyavasAya ke saMvardhana ke prati saceSTa the / isI kAraNa ve nigama, saMgha, zreNI, pUrA jaise saMgaThanoM meM saMgaThita the 170 saMrakSaNa aura aura nikAya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kumbhakAra Adi aTThAraha zreNiyoM aura upazreNiyoM kA ullekha mAtra huA hai, lekina ve 18 zreNiyA~ - upazreNiyA~ kaunasI haiM, isakA vistRta ullekha nahIM miltaa| kevala yahI ullekha milatA hai ki rAjakIya utsavoM para rAjA ina zreNiyoM kA sammAna kiyA karate the / rAjA zreNika ne putrajanma ke avasara para 18 zreNiyoM aura upazreNiyoM ko AmaMtrita kara sammAnita kiyA thA / " jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM zilpiyoM kI 18 zreNiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai/2 1. kumbhakAra- (kumhAra - miTTI ke bartana banAne vAle) 2. paTaillA - (taMtuvAya, paTelA - rezama banAne vAle) 3. suvaNNkArA- (svarNakAra- sone kA kAma karane vAle) sUvakArA- (rasoiyA) 4. 171

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in o co 10. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 5. gandhavA- (gandharva gAyaka) 6. kAsavagA- (nAI) 7. mAlAkArA- (mAlA banAne vAle) 8... kacchakArA- (mAlI) tamboliyA- (tAmbUla- pAna becane vAlA) cammarU- (carmakAra) jaMtapIlaga- (kolhU Adi calAne vAle) 12. gaMchiya- (aMgoche banAne vAle) 13. chipAya- (kapar3e chApane vAle) kaMsavAre- (ThaThere- bartana banAne vAle) 15. sIvaga- (darjI) 16. guAra- gopAla (gvAle) 17. bhillA- (vyAghra, zikArI) 18. dhIvara- (machuAre) -dekheM jambUdvIpa prajJapti sUtra 2/37 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM inake atirikta naTa, nartaka, rassI para khela karane vAle bAjIgara, mallayuddha karane vAle, muSTiyuddha karane vAle, viduSaka, bhAMDa, kathAvAcaka, rAsa gAyaka, vaidya Adi pezevara kalAkAroM kA bhI ullekha huA hai, jo logoM kA manoraMjana karake apanI AjIvikA calAte the| -dekheM jambUdvIpa prajJapti sUtra 1/1/153 vizeSa zilpoM athavA vyavasAyoM meM lage hue logoM ke alaga gA~va hI basa jAte the, yathA-vANijyagrAma, niSAdagrAma, kumhAragrAma, brAhmaNagrAma, ksstriygraam|' jIvikA kI khoja meM ye zilpI grAmAnugrAma ghUmate rahate the| suvarNakAroM kI zreNiyA~ AvazyakatAnusAra nyAya kI mAMga ke lie rAjasabhAoM meM bhI jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba yuvarAja malladina ne krodhita hokara eka citrakAra ko mRtyudaNDa diyA to zreNI use samucita nyAya dilAne hetu rAjasabhA meM gaI phalataH rAjA ne mRtyudaNDa ke sthAna para citrakAra kA saMDAsaka (aMgUThA va usake pAsa kI aMgulI) kATakara use rAjya se nirvAsita kara diyaa| apane ke anurUpa kArya na karane vAlI zreNI ko daNDa bhI milatA thaa| 172

Page #174
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana rAjA kumbha ne kuNDala yugala kI jor3a (saMdhi) sAMdhane meM asamartha suvarNakAra zreNI ko nirvAsita kara daNDita kiyA thaa|" udyogazAlAe~ udyogoM ke lie bhUmi kA koI abhAva nahIM thaa| nagaroM aura gA~voM ke bAhara paryApta bhUmi thI, jahA~ zilpazAlAe~ athavA karmazAlAe~ banAI jAtI thIM aura vahA~ zilpI apanA kArya karate the| nandamaNiyAra seTha ne bhI nagara ke bAhara citrasabhA, mahAnasazAlA, cikitsAzAlA aura alaMkAra sabhA kA nirmANa krvaayaa|" nagara kA vAtAvaraNa dUSita na ho isalie udyogazAlAe~ nagara ke bAhara huA karatI thii| isase spaSTa hai ki loga paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke prati sajaga the| vastra-udyoga jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yadyapi vastra udyoga kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA, lekina vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM ke ullekha ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM vastra udyoga atyanta unnatAvasthA meM thaa| dhAriNI devI ke zayanakakSa meM kasIdA kAr3he hue kSauma-dukUla kA caddara bichA huA thaa| vaha Astaraka, malaya, navata, kuzakta, limba aura siMhakesara nAmaka AstaraNoM se AcchAdita thaa| usa para lagI masaharI kA sparza Ajinaka (carma kA vastra), ruI, bUra nAmaka vanaspati aura makkhana ke samAna narama thaa| zreNika rAjA ne pakSI ke paMkha ke samAna atyanta komala, sugandhita aura kaSAya (kaSaile) raMga ke raMge hue vastra se zarIra kA poMchA / 32 dhAriNI devI ne cintana kiyA ki ve mAtAe~ dhanya haiM jinhoMne aisA vastra pahanA ho jo nAsikA ke nizvAsa kI vAyu se bhI ur3a jAe arthAt atyanta bArIka ho, uttama varNa aura sparza vAlA ho, ghor3e ke mukha se nikalane vAle phena se bhI komala aura halkA ho, jisakI kinAriyA~ suvarNa ke tAroM se bunI gaI hoM tathA sphaTika ke samAna ujjavala ho| aisA hI vastra meghakumAra ne apanI dIkSA se pUrva dhAraNa kiyaa| ___ meghakumAra kI mAtA dhAriNI thAvaccA sArthavAhI aura prabhAvatI rAnI ne kramazaH apane putra va putrI ke AbharaNa haMsa ke cihnavAlI sAr3I ke grahaNa kie| kanakaketu ke kauTumbika puruSa AkIrNa azva lene ke lie kAlika dvIpa jAte samaya apane sAtha koyataka (ruI ke bane vastra) , kambala (ratna kambala), prAvaraNa (or3hane ke vastra), navata-jIna, malaya (malaya deza ke bane vastra), 173

Page #175
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana masaga (carma se mar3he vastra) lekara ge| kAlI AryA ke deva ke rUpa meM utpanna hone ke sadaMrbha meM devadUSya vastra kA ullekha milatA hai| bahattara kalAoM ke saMdarbha meM navIna vastra banAne, raMgane, sIne evaM pahanane kA ullekha milatA hai / 83 dhAtu-udyoga kAlika dvIpa meM sonA, cA~dI, ratna aura hIroM kI khAneM thI, isase patA calatA hai ki khanana dvArA dhAtu nikAle jAte the aura dhAtu udyoga vikasita avasthA meM thaa| nizItha cUrNi ke anusAra khAna khodane vAle zramika "kSiti khanaka" kahe jAte the| kRSi ke upakaraNa", hala-kudAla, pharasA, drAMtiyA~, haMsiyA, yuddha ke upakaraNa?- bhAlA, bI, talavAra Adi evaM gRhopayogI vastue~suI, kaiMcI, nakhachedanI Adi kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhAtu nirmANa ko eka kalA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pItala aura kAMse ke bartanoM ke ullekha se TIna aura jaste ke prayoga kA saMketa milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sone-cA~dI aura maNiyoM ke vividha kalApUrNa AbhUSaNoM tathA vibhinna AkAra-prakAra ke maNiratnoM ke ekAdhika bAra Ae ullekha isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki svarNakAroM kA vyavasAya utkarSa para thaa| rAjA zreNika aura dIkSA se pUrva meghakumAra ne hAra, arthahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, truTita, keyUra, bAjUbaMda, aMgada, mudrikAe~, kaTisUtra, kuMDala, cUDAmaNi, mukuTa Adi AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa kiyaa| mahilAoM ke AbhUSaNoM meM nUpura (pAyala) kA bhI nAma AtA hai| svarNakAroM ne unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara 'mallI' kI atyanta jIvanta svarNa-pratimA nirmita kI thii| isI prakAra eka bAra mallIkumArI kA eka divya kuMDala TUTa gyaa| usake pitA kumbha ne svarNakAroM ko jor3ane kA Adeza diyaa| rAjAoM ne Asana, yAna, pITha, bhavana, zayyA Adi sone-cA~dI ke banAe jAte the aura unheM maNijaTita kiyA jAtA thaa| meghakumAra kA mahala" tathA dhAriNI devI kI zayyA00 sone-cA~dI se nirmita the aura unameM maNiyA~ jar3I huI thii| azvoM aura hAthiyoM ko bhI sone-cAMdI ke AbhUSaNoM se sajAyA jAtA thaa| sArthavAhaputroM dvArA bailoM ko svarNAbhUSaNoM se sajjita karavAne kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai|102 ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke ratnoM kA ullekha milatA hai|103 sphaTika ke ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki sphaTika udyoga bhI pracalita thaa|104 174

Page #176
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana bhANDa - bartana udyoga tatkAlIna samaya meM miTTI ke bartanoM kA prayoga bahutAyata se hotA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para isake spaSTa saMketa milate haiN| meghakumAra ke janmotsava ke avasara para rAjA zreNika ne kuMbhakAra Adi aTThAraha zreNiyoM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa|'' subuddhi amAtya ne jala ko vizuddha karane ke lie kuMbhakAra kI dukAna se ghar3e maMgavAe | 106 meghakumAra ko rAjyAbhiSeka se pUrva 864 kalazoM meM jala bharakara snAna karavAyA gayA, jinameM 108 kalaza miTTI ke the| 17 mallI kI abhiSeka sAmagrI meM 1008 miTTI ke kalazoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 108 kumhAra kA karma sthAna kurmArazAlA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra sakaDAla kI kumhArazAlA meM rUke the| 109 kASTha udyoga $110 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kASThakarma ke lie 'kaTThakamma' 'zabda kA ullekha milatA hai, isase kASTha udyoga ke pracalana kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| bhadrA ne apane pati dhanyasArthavAha ke lie bhojana 'piDayaM' arthAt bAMsa kI chAbar3I meM rakhakara kArAvAsa meM bhijavAyA / " citra - udyoga 1 citrakAra bhI eka prakAra ke zilpI the / ve apanI citrakArI kA pradarzana bhavanoM, vastroM, rathoM aura bartanoM Adi para kiyA karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM citrakalA ke aneka uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / dhAriNI deva ke ' zayanAgAra' kI chata latAoM, puSpAvaliyoM tathA uttama citroM se alaMkRta thI / 12 zreNika kI sabhA meM lagI yavanikA (pardA) meM bhI aneka prakAra kI citrakArI kI huI thI / 113 malladinnakumAra ne apane pramadavana meM eka citrasabhA banavAI aura usameM citrakAra zreNI ko bulavAkara citrAMkana kA Adeza diyaa| citrakAra tUlikA aura raMga lAkara citra racanA meM pravRtta ho gae, unhoMne bhittiyoM kA vibhAjana kiyA, bhUmi ko lepoM se sajAyA aura nAnA prakAra ke citra banAne lge| 14 ina citrakAroM kI zreNI meM eka citrakAra itanA pravINa thA ki kisI vyakti ke eka aMgamAtra ko dekhakara hI vaha vaisI kI vaisI pratikRti banA sakatA thA / 15 zreSThI nandamaNiyAra ne bhI eka citrasabhA banavAI jise vibhinna prakAra ke citroM se sajAyA gyaa| vahA~ saiMkar3oM citrakAra vetanabhogI ke rUpa meM kAryarata the / 116 carma udyoga AgamakAla meM carma tathA usase nirmita vastuoM kA pracalana thA / 175

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM eka sthAna para jUtoM kA ullekha AyA hai| dhanya sArthavAha ahicchatrAnagarI vyApArArtha jAne se pUrva yaha ghoSaNA karavAtA hai ki jisake pAsa jo vastu nahIM hogI usako vaha vastue~ dilavAegA, jinameM jUte bhI zAmila the| 17 camar3e se bane vividha vAdyoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| dhAriNI devI ko mRdaMga, jhAlara, paTaha Adi kA dohada utpanna huaa| 118 cora senApati cilAta ne camar3e se banI mazaka se pAnI piyaa|" camar3e se cAbuka banAe jAte the| vijaya cora ko cAbuka se pITA gyaa| 120 prajJApanA meM cammakAra (camAra) kA ullekha milatA hai| 121 vAstu-udyoga 122 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM siMghADaga-tiya- caukka - caccara (zRMgATaka- trika- caukacaurAha) Adi kA varNana milatA hai| 123 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya nagaranirmANa yojanAbaddha rUpa se vAstuzAstra ke anusAra kiyA jAtA thaa| 24 nandamaNiyAra ne vAstuzAstra vizeSajJoM kI salAha ke anusAra puSkariNI, mahAnasazAlA, cikitsAzAlA, citrasabhA Adi kA nirmANa krvaayaa| 125 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki vAstukalA bhI eka udyoga ke rUpa meM pracalita thii| prasAdhana- udyoga zrRMgArapriyatA aura vilAsapriyatA prasAdhana udyoga kI unnati ke paricAyaka haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya bAla, nAkhUna Adi kaTavAne ke lie alaMkArasabhA hotI thI, jahA~ para nApita (nAI) bAla kATane, hajAmata banAne, mAliza karane Adi kA kAma karate the / 126 nandamaNiyAra kI alaMkArasabhA meM bahuta se AlaMkArika puruSa jIvikA, bhojana aura vetana para rakhe hue the|127 kesara Adi sugaMdhita padArthoM se lepa kiyA jAtA thA / 128 vizeSa utsavoM para rAjamArgoM ko sugaMdhita banAyA jAtA thA / 129 alaMkAra sabhA ko hama Adhunika byUTIpArlara kaha sakate haiN| khAMDa- udyoga usa samaya khAMDa udyoga atyanta mahatvapUrNa udyoga thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki. kanakaketu rAjA ke kauTumbika puruSa 'kAlika dvIpa' jAte samaya anya vastuoM (mAla) ke sAtha cInI, gur3a, zakkara Adi bhI lekara ge| 130 dhanya sArthavAha bhI vipula mAtrA meM khAMDa, gur3a Adi lekara vyApArArtha ahicchatrAnagarI gayA thaa| 131 puSpottara aura padamottara jAti kI viziSTa zarkarA hotI thI / 1 32 176

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana tela-udyoga jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tela ke upayoga zAka banAne33, auSadhi ke rUpa me34, lepana, vilepana aura mAliza135 ke rUpa meM karane kA ullekha milatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki tela udyoga bhI vikasita avasthA meM thaa| kuTIra-udyoga uparyukta udyogoM ke atirikta kucha kuTIra udyoga bhI pracalita the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bAMsa kI chAbar3I136, sUpa'37, phUlamAlAe~ (mAlAkAra)138, vividha prakAra ke paMkhoM139 Adi kA ullekha milatA hai, jo kuTIra udyogoM kI vidyamAnatA ke pramANa haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki kRSi ke sAtha-sAtha audyogika vikAsa bhI carama para thA tathA isake sAe meM kuTIra udyoga bhI panapa rahe the| vyApAra-vinimaya vinimaya Arthika jagata kA kendra bindu hai| lena-dena, AdAna-pradAna athavA eka vastu ke badale meM dUsarI vastu lenA vinimaya kahA jAtA hai| vastu vinimaya meM kaI prakAra kI vyAvahArika kaThinAiyA~ AtI thI, pariNAmasvarUpa kraya-vikraya paddhati apanAI gaI, jo vyApAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gii| AgamakAla meM kRSi ke sAtha-sAtha vyApAra-vinimaya bhI unnata avasthA meM thaa| vyApArI vyApAriyoM ko mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai- (i) sthAnIya vyApArI (ii) sArthavAha / 40 sthAnIya vyApAriyoM kI tIna koTiyA~ thI- vaNika 41, gAthApati142 aura shresstthii|43 ye gA~voM va nagaroM meM vyApAra karate the| ye vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha dhana ke lena-dena kA vyavasAya bhI karate the|144 asurakSita mArgoM kI kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa akele yAtrA karanA saMbhava nahIM thA, ataH 'sArtha' banAkara calate the| milakara yAtrA karane vAle samUha ko 'sArtha' kahA jAtA thA aura 'sArtha' kA netRtva karane vAlA 'sArthavAha' kahalAtA thaa|45 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki sArthavAha yAtrA para jAte samaya apanA mAla gAr3I-gAr3e yAnI chakar3A-chakar3I meM bharakara le jAte the|146 177

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___ 'sArtha' kA prasthAna karanA vyApArika kSetra meM eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yAtrA prAraMbha karane se pUrva aneka prakAra kI taiyAriyAM kI jAtI thii| yAtrA ke lie khAdya sAmagrI sAtha lI jAtI thI, sevakoM ko taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| zubha nakSatra, tithi aura muhUrta dekhakara sArtha-prasthAna kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI thii| yAtrA se pUrva sage-sambandhiyoM aura zreSThajanoM ko dAvata dI jAtI thii|147 kucha dhArmika vicAroM vAle sArthavAha apane sahayAtriyoM ko aneka prakAra kI suvidhAe~ dete the|148 puruSoM ke samAna striyA~ bhI kuzala vyApArI hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dvArakA nagarI ke thAvaccA nAma gAthApatnI (gRhastha mahilA) aura devadattA gaNikA kA ullekha AtA hai, jo vyApAra kArya meM nipuNa thii|149 sArthavAha ko yAtrA prAraMbha karane pUrva rAjA se anumatipatra prApta karanA hotA thaa| jisa deza se vyApAra karanA hotA thA usa deza ke rAjA se bhI vyApAra kI anumati lekara zulka denA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI rAjA prasanna hokara vyApArI ko zulka-mukti bhI pradAna kara dete the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki arhanaka Adi sAMyatrika vaNikoM ne apanA mAla mithilA meM becA aura vahA~ se dUsarA mAla kharIdA aura use becane ke lie campAnagarI kI ora prasthAna kiyaa|52 isase spaSTa hai ki vyApArI ekAdhika dezoM meM vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya kara adhikAdhika lAbhArjana kA prayAsa karate the| isake AdhAra para antarrASTrIya vyApAra ke astitva ko svIkArA jA sakatA hai| AyAta-niryAta vyApAra AgamakAla meM AyAta-niryAta vyApAra kI vidyamAnatA ke saMketa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yatra-tatra milate haiN| hastIzIrSa nagarI ke rAjA kanakahetu ne kAlikadvIpa se AkIrNa nAmaka uttama jAti ke azvoM kA AyAta kiyaa|53 zreNika rAjA ke antaHpura meM videzI dAsiyA~ thii|154 rAjya dvArA Ayojita vastuoM para zulka lagAyA jAtA thA lekina niryAta para kisI prakAra ke zulka kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| isase spaSTa hai ki rAjya niryAta saMvarddhana ko bar3hAvA dekara vyApAra saMtulana kI nIti kA anukaraNa karate the| parivahana vinimaya meM parivahana kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| rASTra kI Arthika samRddhi yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM para nirbhara rahI hai| kRSi aura udyoga se utpAdita 178

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana vastuoM kA vyApAra yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM saMbhava nahIM hai| prAcIna jaina vAGgamaya meM upalabdha saMdarbho se spaSTa hai ki sampUrNa bhArata jala aura sthala mArgoM se jur3A huA thaa| 25Arya deza [magadha, aMga, vaMga, kaliMga, kAzI, kauzala, kuru, kuzAvarta (sultAnapura), paMcAla, jAMgaladeza, saurASTra, videha, vatsa, saMDibbA (saMDIla), malayA (hajArIbAga prAnta), vaccha (matsya), acchA (bidilapura), dazArNa, cedi, sindhu, sauvIra, zUrasena, baMga, parivarta, kuNAla, lADha aura kaikayArddha] jala aura sthala mArgoM dvArA paraspara jur3e hue the||56 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mukhyataH sthala aura jala mArgoM kA ullekha huA hai lekina eka-do sthAnoM para vAyumArgoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| parivahana ke vibhinna mArgoM kA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai1. sthalamArga prAcInakAlIna nagara aura gA~va donoM hI nyUnAdhika rUpa se parivahana suvidhAoM se yukta the| nagaroM meM vyavasthita aura prazasta mArga nirmita the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina mArgoM ko do rUpoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai- (i) 'patha' aura (ii) 'mahApatha'157 bhagavatI sUtra meM sAdhAraNa aura kama yAtAyAta vAle mArga ko 'patha' aura adhika yAtAyAta vAle mArga ko 'mahApatha' kahA gayA hai / 158 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina mArgoM kA zrRMgATaka (siMghAr3e ke AkAra ke), trika (tirAhA), catuSka (caurAhA) aura pravaha (jahA~ chaH mArga milate hoM) ke rUpa meM bhI nAmollekha milatA hai|59 grAmoM ko zaharoM se jor3ane vAle samparka mArgoM para ratha, hAthI, ghor3e, gAr3I, pAlakI Adi sAdhanoM se yAtrA kI jAtI thii|160 __jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki nagaroM aura gA~voM ke mArgoM kI samucita dekhabhAla kI jAtI thii| dhUla-miTTI ko dabAne ke lie pAnI kA chir3akAva kiyA jAtA thaa| utsavoM aura vizeSa avasaroM para sar3akoM ko toraNoM aura patAkAoM se sajAyA jAtA thA aura sugaMdhita dravya DAlakara unheM suvAsita kiyA jAtA thaa| meghakumAra ke janmotsava ke avasara para rAjA zreNika ne kauTumbika puruSoM ko rAjamArgoM ko siMcita kara dhvajAoM aura patAkAoM se sajAne tathA caMdana, lobAna va dhUpa Adi se suvAsita karane kA Adeza diyaa|61 sthala-vAhana sthala mArgoM ke lie ratha, zakaTa, bailagAr3I, hAthI, ghor3A Adi vAhana hote 179

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana the| 62 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se prakaTa hotA hai ki devadattA gaNikA, dhanya sArthavAha'64 tathA thAvaccA gAthApatnI ke pAsa bahuta se yAna-vAhana the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM hajAra puruSoM dvArA vahana kI jAne vAlI zivikA kA ullekha milatA hai|166 isase spaSTa hai ki yaha bahuta bar3I aura bhavya zivikA thii| zreNika rAjA ke pAsa savArI ke liye hAthiyoM meM zreSTha secanaka nAmaka gaMdhahastI thaa|67 kRSNa vAsudeva vijaya nAmaka gaMdhahastI para savAra hokara ariSTanemi ke darzanArtha gae the|168 parivahana ke lie ghor3oM kA bhI bahuvidha upayoga thaa| ghor3oM ko svataMtra savArI ke atirikta rathoM meM bhI jotA jAtA thaa| unheM AbhUSaNa aura sunaharI jInoM se susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| vyApArika sthala-mArga - deza ke vibhinna vyApArika kendra sthala mArgoM se eka-dUsare se jur3e hue the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra eka mArga campA se ahicchatra taka jAtA thaa| isI mArga se campA kA sArthavAha dhannA vyApAra ke lie gayA thaa|70 eka sthala-mArga campA se gaMbhIra-potapaTTana ke samIpa taka jAtA thaa| prasiddha potavaNika arhannaka isI mArga se gaMbhIra-potapaTTana taka apanI gAr3iyoM aura zakaToM ke sAtha pahuMcA thaa|71 2. jalamArga vyApArika dRSTi se jalamArgoM kA bahuta mahatva thaa| deza ke bar3e-bar3e nagara jalamArgoM se jur3e hue the| jalamArgoM se kevala deza ke aMdara hI nahIM apitu videzoM meM bhI yAtrA kI jAtI thii| logoM kI yaha dhAraNA thI ki samudra yAtrA se adhika dhanArjana hogA, isalie vyApArI dhanArjana kI maMzA se samudrI mArgoM se vibhinna dvIpoM kI yAtrA karate the|72 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jalayAnoM meM vividha prayojanoM ke lie sthAna niyata hote the, yathA- yAna ke pichale bhAga meM niyAmaka kA sthAna, agrabhAga meM devatA kI mUrti, madhyabhAga meM kAma karane vAle karmacAriyoM aura pArzva bhAga meM nAva khene vAle kukSidharoM kA sthAna hotA thaa| samudra yAtrA kI nirvighnatA anukUla vAyu para nirbhara hotI thI, ataH samudrI havAoM kA jJAna rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka thaa| pramukha pota-vaNika arhannaka ne anukUla havA hone para gaMbhIrapatana se campA hetu prasthAna kiyA thaa|74 180

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana prAcInakAla meM jalayAna Aja jaise sudRr3ha nahIM hote the / mAkandI putroM kA potavahana tUphAna meM phaMsa gayA aura kucha hI dera meM bhagna hokara DUba gayA / 175 jala-vAhana naukA, pota aura jalayAna jalamArga se yAtrA ke sAdhana the / samudra meM calane vAle jalayAna ke lie jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'potavaha' (potavahana) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 176 jalapota lakar3I ke takhtoM se nirmita hote the / inameM patavAra, rajju aura DaMDe lage rahate the| 77 jalapotoM meM kapar3e ke pAla lage rahate the jinakI sahAyatA se havA kama hone para bhI jalapota tIvra gati se calatA thA / 78 vyApArika jalamArga deza kI nadiyA~ pramukha vyApArika nagaroM ko paraspara jor3atI thI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki hastIzIrSa nagara ke potavaNika kAlikadvIpa taka gae the|79 campA ke mAkandI putra jalamadhya naukA ke bhagna ho jAne para paTiyA ke sahAre ratnadvIpa taka pahu~ca ge| 180 3. vAyumArga saudharmakalpavAsI deva apane ratnamaya vimAna se nikalakara pRthvItala para apane mitra abhayakumAra ke pAsa AtA hai| 181 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AkAza meM ur3ane vAle devayAnoM aura vimAnoM kA varNana to milatA hai 182 lekina vyApAra athavA kisI Arthika lAbha hetu isa mArga ke upayoga ke sambandha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM milatA hai| uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya dezIya aura antardezIya ke lie mukhyataH do hI mArga the 183 - jala aura sthala / jala aura sthala ke vibhinna sAdhanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyApAra va udyoga unnatAvasthA meM thaa| 184 AjIvikA ke sAdhana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM manuSya kI AjIvikA hetu chaH sAdhanoM kA ullekha milatA hai 185, jinameM asi ( zastrAstra yA sainika vRtti), masi ( lekhana yA lipika vRtti), kRSi ( khetI aura pazupAlana), zilpa ( kArIgarI evaM kalA kauzala), zikSA va vyApAra vANijya haiN| ina chahoM sAdhanoM meM sAmAjika jIvana ke prAyaH sabhI vyavasAya zAmila ho jAte haiM / 181

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana asivRtti jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM ke anusAra samAja meM kucha loga zastrAstra ke mAdhyama se apanI AjIvikA calAte the| isake antargata sainika, pulisa187, rakSaka188 Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| yuddha ke samaya sainikoM kI evaM Antarika vipattiyoM ke samaya pulisa aura rakSakoM kI tatparatA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dekhI jAtI hai|89 72 kalAoM meM kaI prakAra kI yuddha kalAoM kA varNana milatA hai| dhyAna se dekhane para inameM yuddha sambandhI bArIkiyA~ bhI parilakSita hotI haiN| masivRtti __ isa varga ke aMtargata lekhaka Ate haiN| ye loga rAjAoM ke yahA~ sarakArI likhA-par3hI kA kArya sampanna karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM draupadI jaba svayaMvara maNDapa meM jAne lagI taba rAjAoM ke paricaya likhane vAlI lekhikA bhI usake sAtha giiN|190 kRSNa vAsudeva ne padmanAbha rAjA ko lekhaka ke sAtha patra bhejaa| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM inake viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai kintu itanA sunizcita hai ki rAjya meM inakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM meM lekhana' ko sarvaprathama mAnA hai| kRSivRtti jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM eka sthAna para cAvaloM kI khetI kA ullekha milatA hai12, lekina khetI se sambandhita vistRta jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| kRSaka kheta meM bIja vapana karane ke uparAnta siMcAI kara usakI nirAI-gur3AI karate the| isake bAda punaH siMcAI kI jAtI thii| phasala ke paka jAne para usakI kaTAI kara use khalihAna meM ekatra karate the| mApa-taula aura mUlya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mApa-taula kI ikAI ke rUpa meM mAna, unamAna aura pramANa kA ullekha milatA hai|194 usa samaya kraya-vikraya kI suvidhA hetu mApataula aura mUlya nirdhAraNa kI cAra prakAra kI paddhatiyA~ pracalita thIM- gaNima, dharima, meya aura paricchedya / gaNima ginakara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ 'gaNima' kahalAtI thii| eka, dasa, sau, 182

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana hajAra, lAkha, karor3a Adi gaNanA ke parimANa mAne jAte the| dharima tulA para taula kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ ' dharima' kahalAtI thii| ardhakarSa, karSa, pala, ardhapala, tulA, ardhabhAra Adi taula ke mAnaka pracalita the| meya mApa kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ meya' kahI jAtI thii| mApa tIna prakAra ke the- dhAnyamAna, rasamAna aura avmaan|98 paricchedya guNa kI parIkSA karake becI jAne vAlI vastue~ 'paricchedya' kahalAtI thii| inameM sonA, cA~dI, maNi, muktA, zaMkha, pravAla, ratna Adi mAne gae the| inako taulane ke lie guMjA-rattI, guMjA-kAMkaNI, niSpAva, maMDala, suvarNa pratimAna the|199 samaya mApane ke lie AvalikA, zvAsa, ucchvAsa, stoka, lava, muhUrta, ahorAtra, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga-varSazata se lekara zIrSa prahelikA kA upayoga hotA thaa|200 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mUlya nirdhAraNa siddhAntoM kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA aura na hI rAjya ke niyaMtraNa kA saMketa milatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki mUlya nirdhAraNa pUrNataH kretA-vikretA ke viveka aura ApasI samajha ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thA, isameM kisI prakAra kA sarakArI hastakSepa nahIM thaa| mudrA-sikkA prAcInakAla se hI bhArata meM vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya aura vinimaya hetu sikkoM kA pracalana thaa| jaina graMtha sUtrakRtAMga meM 'mAsa', 'ardhamAsa' aura 'rUvaga' ko kraya-vikraya kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai|201 piMDaniyukti ke anusAra dAsa-dAsI ko unakA pArizramika sone-cAMdI aura tAMbe meM diyA jAtA thaa|202 jaina graMthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para hiraNya aura suvarNa ke ullekha Ae haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai ki hiraNya aura suvarNa usa yuga ke pracalita sikke the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kaI sthAnoM para inakA ullekha milatA hai|203 sone aura cAMdI ke mAze kA nAmollekha bhI milatA hai / 204 rAjA zreNika ne apanI putravadhUoM ko ATha karor3a 'hiraNya' aura ATha karor3a 'suvarNa' pradAna kie the|205 183

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki sikkoM kA pracalana sImita mAtrA meM thaa| lena-dena vastu-vinimaya paddhati se parisampanna hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sikkoM kI DhalAI, AkAra-prakAra, mUlya Adi ke bAre meM koI saMketa nahIM milatA hai| saMbhavataH sikkoM ke rUpa meM bahumUlya dhAtuoM- sonecAMdI Adi ke nizcita bhAra ke Tukar3e pracalana meM the aura una para kisI prakAra kA rAja-cihna yA mUlya Adi aMkita nahIM hotA thaa| niSkarSa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke Arthika anusaMdhAna ke pazcAt kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM arthavyavasthA asi, masi va kRSi kendrita thii| kRSi logoM kA mukhya dhaMdhA thaa| kRSi pUrNataH vaijJAnika vidhi se vibhinna upakaraNoM kI sahAyatA se kI jAtI thii| pazupAlana bhI AjIvikA kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana thaa| zilpakarma, vastra, dhAtu, bhAMDa-bartana, kASTha, citra, carma, madya, vAstu, prasAdhana, khAMDa va tela Adi ke udyogoM kA arthavyavasthA meM pramukha sthAna thaa| kahIM-kahIM vibhinna prakAra ke kuTIra udyogoM ke saMketa bhI milate haiN| vyApAra sirpha sthAnIya hI nahIM apitu aMtarrASTrIya stara para bhI hotA thaa| vyApAra mukhyataH sthala aura jalamArga se hI hotA thaa| parivahana ke vibhinna sAdhana- ratha, bailagAr3I, hAthI, ghor3A, naukA, pota, jalayAna (potavahana) Adi pracalita the| mApa-taula kI praNAliyoM ke rUpa meM- gaNima, dharima, meya aura paricchedya pracalana meM thii| sikkoM kA calana sImita thaa| adhikAMza lena-dena vastu vinimaya ke mAdhyama se hote the| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki arthavyavasthA sudRr3ha aura vikAsonmukha thii| 184

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saMdarbha 1. 2. aSTAdhyAyI 5/2/1 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 19. 10. 11. 12. 13. vahI 1/9/25 14. vahI 1/15/4 15. vahI 1/16/6 16. vahI 1/16/7 17. vahI 1/16/6 18. 2 2 2 2 2 N N 0 1 2 3 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 30. - sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/698 20. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/12 (i) vahI 1/7/12 (ii) bhagavatI 14/7/51 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/15, 1/1/15 prazna vyAkaraNa 1/17, 2/13 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/12 58. 59. vahI 1/3/22 vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra - 6/7/1 (madhukara muni) 60. vahI 1/2/6, 1/5/6 antakRtadazAMga 1/5 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/13 61. arthazAstra - kauTilya 25/41 62. bhagavatIsUtra 2/5/11 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/13 63. 64. 65. 31. sthAnAMgasUtra 5/1/71 32. Avazyaka cUrNa 1/556 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/3/12 29. vahI 1/2/3-5 33. prazna vyAkaraNa 1/17, 18, 28 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/10 vahI 1/7/4 vahI 1/5/47 vahI 1/5/59 vahI 1/5/4 vahI 1/2/5 vahI 1/8/55, 1/17/16 253545 AcArAMga 2/10/166 sAlINi vA vIhINi vA koddhavANi vA guNa vA paragANivA rAlANi / 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. vahI 1/13/13 vahI 1/2 / 10, 1/13/19 vahIM 1/3/7-8, 1/2/10 (i) vahI 1/3/13 (ii) aupapAtika sUtra - 2 (iii) prajJApanA sUtra 1/40 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/44 vahI 1/1/44 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana vahI 1/8/27 vahI 1/8/44 vahI 1/1/44 vahI 1/8/180 vahI 1/8 / 180 vahI 1/1/30, 1/2 / 15, 1/8/44-46 vahI 1/1/26, 1/1/90, 1/8/42 vahI 1/8/41, 48 185 antakRtadazAMga 6/3/4 (i) aupapAtikasUtra - 2 (ii) prajJApanA 1/40 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/180 vahI 2/1/38 vahI 1/13/13 (i) jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/6, 1/5/6 (ii) prazna vyAkaraNa 5/1 upAsakadazAMga 1/12, 2/14 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/6, 1/5/6 vahI 1/3/9 dazavaikAlika 7/24/, 26 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1 /8 /55 vahI 1/3/9, 1/8 /54, 1/15/4 vahI 1/17/9 (i) vahI 1/17/9 (ii) AcArAMga sUtra 2/3/3/127 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/3/16 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/6 vahI 1/5/6 sippeNa atthouvajjiNijjaI / - dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR. 102 Avazyaka cUrNi 1/156 kalpasUtra - 63 dazavaikAlika sUtra 9 / 13, 14 jAtaka kathA 3/8 ( tilabhuvita jAtaka ) (i) bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga- 2 gAthA - 1091,

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana bhAga - 4, gAthA - 3959 (ii) AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-2, pR. 81 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/91 71. 72. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 3/10 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/14 -19, 1/10/90 (i) bhagavatI sUtra 9 / 13 / 180, 24/11/11 (ii) upAsakadazAMga 1/4 (iii) vipAka 8/6 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/91 at 1/8/103-104 vahI 1/8/90 ' jattha kammavijjati sA kammaMtasAlA - nizIthacUrNi bhAga - 2, pR. 433 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/ 14-18 "saddhAlaputtassa polAsapurassanagarasyabahiyA paMcakuMbhakArAvaNasayA" -upAsakadazAMga 7/8 81. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/17 82. vahI 1/1/30 83. vahI 1/1/44 vahI 1/1/142 vahI 1/1/158, 1/5/23, 1/8/180 vahI 1/17/15 vahI 2/1/30 vahI 1/1/99 vahI 1/17/10 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. nizIthacUrNi bhAga-3, gAthA - 3720 91. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/7/12 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/19/16, 43, 1/18/22 vahI 1/16/ 28, 1/2/42, 1/13/18 vahI 1/1/99 AcArAMga 2/6/1/152 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/30, 1/1/142 vahI 1/8/35 vahI 1/8/87 vahI 1/1/102-103 99. 100. vahI 1/1/17 101. aupapAtika sUtra - 41 102. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/3/9 103. vahI 1/1/69, 1/1/149, 1/13/7-10 104. vahI 1/1/44 105. vahI 1/1/91 106. vahI 1/12/16 107. vahI 1/1/134 108. vahI 1/8/167 109. upAsakadazAMga 7/19 110. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/17/15 111. vahI 1/2/33 112. vahI 1/1/17 113. vahI 1/1/31 114. 115. 116. vahI 1/13/14 117. vahI 1/15/5 118. vahI 1/1/44 119. vahI 1/18/23 120. vahI 1/2/29 vahI 1/8/95-96 vahI 1/8/97 121. prajJApanA sUtra 1/106 122. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/122 123. vahI 1/5/64 124. vahI 1/1/77, 90 125. vahI 1/13/12 126. vahI 1/1/29, 1/2/42, 1/13/18 127. vahI 1/13/18 128. vahI 1/1/30 129. vahI 1/1/77, 90, 1/16/115 130. vahI 1/17/15 131. vahI 1/15/4-5 132. vahI 1/17/15 133. vahI 1/16/6 134. vahI 1/1/29 135. vahI 1/1/30 136. vahI 1/2/33 137. vahI 1/7/12 138. vahI 1/8/41 139. vahI 1/1/120 140. vahI (i) 1/15/4-5 186

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(ii) upAsakadazAMga 1/12 141. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/8 142. vahI 1/5/6 143. vahI 1/2/8 144. vahI 1/216, 1/5/6, 1/3/6 145. 'satthaM vAheti so satthavAho' ___ -nizIthacUrNi bhAga-2, gAthA-1785. 2502 146. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/54, 1/15/8 147. vahI 1/8/54, 1/15/7 148. vahI 1/15/5-7 149. vahI 1/5/6, 1/3/6 150. vahI 1/8/57 151. vahI 1/8/74, 1/15/15-16, 1/17/10 152. vahI 1/8/75 153. vahI 1/17/25 154. vahI 1/1/96 155. vahI 1/15/16 156. (i) vahI 1/1/2, 13, 1/8/52, 1/8/24 (ii) prajJApanA sUtra 9/102 (iii) bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga-3, gAthA-3263 157. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/82, 1/5/21 158. bhagavatI sUtra 2/5/96 159. (i) jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/77, 82 (ii) bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga-3, gAthA-2300 160. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/82, 1/5/11 161. vahI 1/1/90 162. (i) vahI 1/1/82, 1/3/9 (ii) sUtrakRtAMga 1/3/2/197 163. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/3/6 164. vahI 1/2/6 165. vahI 1/5/6 166. vahI 1/5/152, 1/5/22 167. vahI 1/1/78 168. vahI 1/5/12, 1/16/92-93 169. (i) vahI 1/1/112, 1/12/10, 1/14/6 (ii) aupapAtika sUtra-49 170. vahI 1/15/8 171. vahI 1/8/54 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana 172. vahI 1/9/4 173. vahI 1/8/58 174. vahI 1/8/75 175. vahI 1/9/10-11 176. vahI 1/9/11-12 177. (i) vahI 1/9/10 (i) AcArAMga 2/3/1/119 178. (i) jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/59 (ii) aupapAtika sUtra- 32 179. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/17/3 180. vahI 1/9/14 181. vahI 1/1/69 182. vahI 1/7/72 183. vahI 2/8/75 184. vahI 2/9/77 185. vahI 2/10/79 186. vahI 1/5/5, 1/8/128-129, 2/16/174 187. vahI 1/5/5 188. vahI 1/2/26, 1/18/26 189. vahI 1/2/26, 1/8/128-129 190. vahI 1/16/119 191. vahI 1/16/180 192. vahI 1/7/9 193. vahI 1/7/9-14 194. vahI 1/1/15 195. (i) vahI 1/8/54, 1/9/8, 1/15/4 (ii) nizIthacUrNi bhAga-1 gAthA-242 196. anuyogadvAra 17/90 197. vahI 14/189 198. (i) vahI 14/188, 14/190 (ii) jJAtAdharmakathAMga- 1/17/12-15 199. anuyogadvAra- 14/191 sUtra 132 200. kauTilya arthazAstra 2/20/38, pR. 241 201. sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/7/3 202. piMDaniyukti gAthA- 405 203. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/2/105, 1/5/6 204. vahI 1/5/49 205. vahI 1/1/105 187

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ini mi SaSThama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti samAja va deza kI rakSA, utthAna va vikAsa ke lie zreSTha rAjA va sudRr3ha rAjya kA honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| usI rAjya kA kalyANa ho sakatA hai, jisa rAjya kA rAjA balavAna ho| rAjA ke binA rAjya kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM rAjA rAjya kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa vyakti thaa| usake Adeza ke binA rAjya meM pattA bhI nahIM hila sakatA thaa| kauTilya ne to rAjA ko hI rAjya svIkAra kiyA hai|' rAjA aura rAjya ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna rAjAoM aura unake rAjyoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai, jinheM agrAMkita sAraNI dvArA nirdezita kiyA jA rahA haikra.saM. rAjA kA nAma rAjya kA nAma kuNika rAjA campA nagarI zreNika rAjA rAjagRha nagarI meghakumAra rAjagRha nagarI zailaka zailakapura balarAjA vItazokA mahAbala' vItazokA balabhadra vItazokA pratibuddhirAjA ikSvAku deza candracchAyA aMgadeza zaMkharAjA" kAzIdeza rukmi kuNAladeza adInazatru kurudeza jitazatru paMcAla kumbha rAjA mithilA jitazatru w o n o o o E ma campA 188

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti kanakaratha17 taitalipura kanakadhvajA taitalipura jitazatru campAnagarI kanakaketu ahicchatrA nagarI drupadarI kAmpilyapura pANDu rAjA hastinApura sellaka campA nagarI zizupAla24 zuktimatI nagarI damadaMta hastIzIrSa dhara rAjA mathurA sahadeva rAjagRha rukmi rAjA kauNDinya nagara kIcaka virATanagara padmanAbha amarakaMkA pANDusena pANDumathurA kanakaketu hastIzIrSa mahApadma puNDarIkiNI puNDarIka puNDarIkiNI kaMDarIka puNDarIkiNI naMdirAjA campAnagarI kRSNa vAsudeva rAjA dvAravaMtInagarI ugrasena rAjA dvAravaMtInagarI yudhiSThara rAjA kapila vAsudeva rAjA pUrvArdha dhAtakI khaNDIya campAnagarI ye sabhI rAjA apane-apane rAjya ke sarvocca adhikArI the| rAjA kA svarUpa, guNa, adhikAra evaM kartavya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nAmAMkita rAjAoM ke svarUpa va guNoM kA ullekha karate hastinApura 189

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hue aupapAtika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki ye rAjA sarvaguNasampanna the, kSatriya the, janatA ko AkramaNa tathA saMkaTa se bacAne vAle the| ve mahAhimavAna parvata ke samAna mahattA tathA malaya, meru evaM mahendra parvata ke samAna viziSTatA se yukta the| ve rAjA rAjyocita lakSaNoM se sampanna the| ve sammAnita, karuNAzIla, kSemakara, kSemadhara, pitRtulya, pratipAlaka, hitakAraka, kalyANakAraka, narapravara, narazreSTha, puruSavara Adi guNoM se sampanna the| kaThoratA va parAkrama meM siMhatulya, raudratA meM bAghatulya, apane krodha ko saphala banAne meM sarpatulya the| sukhArthI, sevAzIla, virodhI rAjA rUpI hAthiyoM ke mAnabhaMjaka rUpa gaMdhahastI ke samAna, samRddha, suprasiddha evaM Rddhi sampanna, koSavardhaka, kalyANamaya, nirupadrava, tattvavettA, dharmAnurAgI, zramaNopAsaka, kuzala prazAsaka, nyAyapriya evaM dUradarzI the|" padmapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki rAjA dvArA hI dharma kA abhyudaya hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki thAvaccA gAthApati putra ke dIkSotsava ke liye chatra, cAmara Adi mAMgane kRSNa mahArAja ke pAsa gaI to unhoMne kartavya parAyaNatA kA tathA 16 hajAra rAjAoM ke rAjA arddha bharata ke adhipati zrI kRSNa kA thAvaccAputra kI parIkSA hetu sahajarUpa se thAvaccA ke ghara jA pahu~canA unakI asAdhAraNa mahattA aura niraMkAritA kA dyotaka hai| logoM ko pravrajA ke lie prerita karane hetu kRSNa vAsudeva ne dvArikA meM ghoSaNA karavAyI ki jo bhI vyakti pravrajyA grahaNa karegA, usake parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA dAyitva kRSNa vAsudeva vahana kreNge| pariNAmasvarUpa eka hajAra logoM ne thAvaccAputra ke sAtha dIkSA aMgIkAra kii| isase unakI dharma zraddhA, dharma dalAlI, kathanI-karanI kI ekarUpatA, dharmAnurAga kI jhalaka milatI hai jo ki sAmAnya rAjAoM meM durlabha hai| rAjA nyAya ke tarAjU meM sabako barAbara samajhatA thaa| zreNika rAjA ne kisI aparAdha ke kAraNa dhanya sArthavAha ko bhI kArAgAra meM vijayacora ke sAtha ber3I meM bAMdhakara rkhaa| vAsudeva kRSNa ne pANDavoM kI sahAyatA kara zaraNAgata vatsalatA kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyaa| usa samaya ke rAjA ke sambandha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki- "nehila najaroM se nihArA nihAla ho gae, jinase najareM phirAlI va kaMgAla ho ge|" rAjA kanakaketu ne kAlika dvIpa se AkIrNa ghor3e lAne vAle naukAvaNikoM kA satkArasammAna kara unheM puraskRta kiyaa| rAjA kI dRSTi kaThora ho gaI to vaha kucha bhI 190

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti sajA de sakatA thaa| mallI ke bhagna svarNa-kuNDala na jor3a pAne ke kAraNa kuMbharAjA ne svarNakAra ko deza nirvAsana kI AjJA dI tathA mallI kA citra dekhakara kupita hue rAjakumAra malladina ne citrakAra ke dAhine hAtha ke aMgUThe aura usake pAsa kI aMgulI kA chedana karavAkara use deza se nirvAsita kara diyaa| pada kA vyAmoha mAnavIya saMvedanA kI bali mAMgane lagatA hai| isI taraha kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM- jaba rAjA kanakaratha apanI pratyeka saMtAna kA aMga chedana mAtra isalie karavA detA hai tAki vaha pada kA adhikArI na bana ske| rAjA nirvAsana Rgveda aura atharvaveda ke kaI sUktoM meM prajA ke dvArA rAjA ke nirvAcana kA ullekha hai, lekina jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aisA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| rAjA vaMza paramparA se banate the| balarAjA ke bAda usakA putra mahAbala aura mahAbala ke bAda usakA putra balabhadra vItazokA nagarI ke rAjA bne|18 rAjyAbhiSeka vaidikakAla meM rAjatva ke lie rAjyAbhiSeka honA anivArya thaa| anabhiSikta rAjA nindanIya evaM avaidha samajhA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra, maNDukakumAra, kanakadhvaja, pANDusena aura kaMDarIka Adi ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjyAbhiSeka samAroha kI bhavyatA pratipAdita karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki meghakumAra ne dIkSA lene kA nizcaya kiyA, lekina mAtA-pitA ke atyadhika Agraha para vaha eka dina ke lie rAjasampadA kA upayoga karane ke lie tatpara ho gyaa| aneka gaNamAnya, daMDanAyaka, kauTumbika Adi puruSoM se parivRtta ho unheM sone-cAMdI, maNi-muktA Adi ke ATha sau causaTha kalazoM se snAna karavAyA gyaa| mRttikA, puSpa, gaMdhamAlya, auSadhi, sarasoM Adi se unheM paripUrNa karake sarva samRddhi, dyuti tathA sarva sainya ke sAtha, duMdubhi ke nirghoSa kI pratidhvani ke zabdoM ke sAtha uccakoTi ke rAjyAbhiSeka se abhiSikta kiyaa|54 vaikalpika vyavasthA dIkSita rAjaputra kabhI-kabhI saMyama dhAraNa karane meM apane Apako asamartha pA dIkSA tyAgakara lauTa AtA to usakA jyeSTha bhrAtA use apane Asana para biThA detA aura svayaM usakA sthAna grahaNa karatA yAnI saMyama aMgIkAra kara letaa| 191

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki puNDarIkiNI nagarI ke do rAjakumAroMpuNDarIka aura kaNDarIka meM se kaNDarIka ne pravrajyA grahaNa kara lI, lekina kucha samaya bAda saMyama pAlana meM asamartha ho, dIkSA chor3akara lauTa aayaa| yaha dekhakara usake bhrAtA puNDarIka ne kaNDarI ko rAjya sauMpa diyA aura svayaM zramaNadharma meM pravrajita ho gyaa| kisI rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI (putra) ekAdhika hone para jyeSTha putra ko rAjA banAyA jAtA thA aura usase kaniSTha putra ko yuvarAja banA diyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki mahApadma rAjA ne dIkSA aMgIkAra karane se pUrva apane jyeSTha putra puNDarIka kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA aura kaniSTha putra kaNDarIka ko yuvarAja banA diyaa| rAjA ko upahAra ____ adhInastha rAjA, sAmanta, RSi evaM prajA apane rAjA ko yathAzakti upahAra pradAna karate the| digvijaya, vivAhotsava, rAjyAbhiSekotsava, vijayotsava yA anya kisI zubhAvasara para upahAra pradAna karane kI prathA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aneka sthaloM para dekhane ko milatI hai| hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala, ratna, vastra, kaNThAhAra, kavaca, bAjUbanda, kar3A, karadhanI, puSpamAlA, kaTisUtra Adi aneka vastue~ rAjA ko upahAra svarUpa dI jAtI thii| rAjA ke prakAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita prakAra ke rAjAoM kA ullekha milatA hai - 1. jo bAda meM arihanta bane- ariSTanemi (1/5/7), mallI (1/8/181) 2. cakravartI- bharata (1/1/35) 3. vAsudeva- kRSNa vAsudeva (1/5/5), kapila vAsudeva (1/16/195) 4. mAMDalika- meghakumAra (1/1/131) 5. kSatriya- zreNika (1/1/14), kuNika (1/8/181) 6. dazArha- samudravijaya Adi 10 bhAI (1/16/86), mahAvIra (1/16/186), yuvarAja (1/16/86) rAjya kA svarUpa eka samaya aisA thA jaba na rAjA thA aura na hI rAjya, sabhI kArya dharma ke anusAra svataH hote the| vaha samaya kalpavRkSoM kA thaa| dhIre-dhIre kalpa vRkSoM kA 192

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti hrAsa huA, AparAdhika vRttiyA~ bar3hane lagI, taba logoM ko rAjya aura rAjA kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| isa prakAra dhIre-dhIre rAjya paramparA prArambha huI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga kAla taka Ate-Ate yaha paramparA sudRr3ha ho cukI thI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vibhinna saMdarbhoM meM campAnagarI", rAjagRha 2, zailakapura, vItazokA", ikSvAkudeza, aMgadeza", kAzIdeza 7, kuNAladeza", kurudeza", paMcAla, mithilA, tetalipura " ahicchatrA", kAmpilyapura", hastinApura, zuktimatI", hastIzIrSa 7, mathurA, kauNDinya", virATanagara, amarakaMkA", pANDumathurA ?, puNDarIkiNI, dvArikA Adi rAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / rAjya ke saptAMga jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjya ke saptAMga ke rUpa meM - 1. rAjya (zAsana), 2. rASTra, 3. koSa, 4. koThAra ( anna bhaNDAra), 5. bala (senA), 6. vAhana, 7. pura (nagara) aura 8. anta: pura kA nAmollekha milatA hai / abhayakumAra rAjagRhanagara ke ina saptAMgoM kI dekhabhAla karatA thA / 85 1. rAjya kA artha zAsana, 2. rASTra kA artha deza hai, 3. koSa zabda kA artha lakSmI kA bhaNDAra hai, 4. dhAnyagRha kA nAma koThAra hai, 5. hastI, azva, ratha evaM padAtiyoM ke samudAya kA nAma bala hai, 6. zivikA Adi va bhAra ko Dhone vAle khaccara - gadhA Adi kA nAma vAhana hai, 7. nagara kA artha pura hai, 8. rAja - strIjana jahA~ nivAsa karatI hai, usa sthAna kA nAma antaHpura hai 186 rAja vyavasthA jJAtAdharmakathAMga kAla meM rAjA hI rAjya kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA thA, ataH rAjavyavasthA rAjA ke irda-girda ghUmatI thI / rAja-vyavasthA meM vikrendrIkaraNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhraSTAcAra va anaitikatA kA bolabAlA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki dhana aura kanyA kA apaharaNa hone ke pazcAt jaba dhanyasArthavAha nagara-rakSakoM ke samakSa phariyAda karane jAtA hai to use bahumUlya bheMTa lekara jAnA par3atA hai| isake sivAya use yaha bhI kahanA par3atA hai ki coroM dvArA lUTA gayA mAla tumhArA hogA, mujhe kevala apanI putrI caahie| dhanya sArthavAha ke aisA kahane para nagara-rakSaka astra-zastra se susajjita hokara jAte haiM aura coroM ko parAsta karate hai, magara curAyA huA dhana jaba unheM mila jAtA hai to vahIM se vApisa lauTa Ate haiN| suMsumA kanyA ko chur3Ane ke lie ve kucha nahIM karate, mAnoM unheM dhana kI hI cintA thI, lar3akI kI nahIM / " isI taraha dhanya sArthavAha apane putra devadatta 193

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kI khoja ke lie nagara rakSakoM ko rizvata (bahumUlya bheMTa) detA hai|88 dhanya sArthavAha koI sAmAnyajana nahIM thaa| sArthavAha kA samAja meM ucca aura pratiSThita sthAna hotA hai| jaba usa jaise pratiSThita vyakti ko bhI bheMTa (rizvata) denI par3I to sAdhAraNajanoM kI kyA sthiti hogI, yaha samajhanA kaThina nahIM hogaa| nyAya ke tarAjU meM rAjA aura raMka ke sAtha koI bhedabhAva nahIM thaa| anIti kA daNDa sabako diyA jAtA thA, cAhe vaha phira rAjA hI kyoM na ho| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki padmanAtha rAjA kI anIti ke kAraNa kapila vAsudeva ne use deza nirvAsana kA Adeza diyaa| rAjadaMDa se mukti ke lie jurmAnA bharane kA bhI ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai| dhanya sArthavAha ko parivAra vAloM ne jurmAnA cukAkara rAjadaMDa se mukta kraayaa| aparAdhiyoM ko kArAgAra (cArakazAlA) meM bAMdhakara rakhA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki vijayacora ko ber3iyoM meM bAMdhakara cArakazAlA meM DAla diyA gyaa|" dhanya sArthavAha ko choTA-sA rAjakIya aparAdha karane para kArAgAra meM baMda kara diyA gyaa| cArakazAlA nagara ke bAhara (kinAre) hone kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjaparivAra ke viziSTa utsavoM ke avasara para kaidiyoM ko kArAgAra se rihA kara diyA jAtA thaa| nagararakSakoM ne vijaya cora ko mAlukAkaccha meM paMcoM kI sAkSI meM pkdd'aa| isase spaSTa hai ki aparAdha ko siddha karane ke lie sAkSI kA honA anivArya samajhA jAtA thaa| rAjya ke adhikArI (pramukha karmacArI) rAjavyavasthA ko saMcAlita karane ke lie rAjA dvArA vibhinna adhikAriyoM yA karmacAriyoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna prakAra ke rAjya karmacAriyoM yA adhikAriyoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo rAjakArya meM rAjA kI sahAyatA karate the| inakA vivecana isa prakAra haiamAtya kisI bhI rAjA kI saphalatA aura rAjya kI sudRr3hatA bahuta kucha amAtya para nirbhara karatI hai| amAtya kI kuzalatA rAjya ko sudRr3hatA aura samRddhi kI ora 194

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti le jAtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM maMtrI, mahAmaMtrI" aura amAtya zabda samAnArthI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| kauTilya ke vicArAnusAra jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM cala sakatA, usI prakAra binA maMtriyoM kI sahAyatA ke rAjA svataH rAjya kA saMcAlana nahIM kara sktaa| rAjA zreNika apane putra abhaya se vibhinna viSayoM para maMtraNA karatA thaa| rAjA zreNika ke lie abhayakumAra mer3hIbhUta, pramANabhUta, AdhArabhUta, AlambanabhUta, cakSubhUta ke rUpa meM thaa| zreNika gopanIya kAryoM va nirNayoM meM usakI rAya letA thaa|100 isI taraha amAtya subuddhi101 aura amAtya taitalIputra102 ne apane vyaktitva aura kartRtva se rAjA va prajA ke madhya apanI viziSTa pahacAna bnaaii| amAtya abhayakumAra cAra buddhiyoM- autpattikI, vainayikI, karmajA aura pAriNAmikI se yukta thaa| amAtya taitaliputra sAma, dAma, bheda aura daMDa- ina cAroM nItiyoM kA prayoga karane meM niSNAta thaa|104 maMtrI subuddhi zramaNopAsaka aura jIvaajIva Adi tattvoM kA jJAtA thaa|105 zailaka rAjA ke paMthaka Adi 500 maMtrI/amAtya the|106 usa samaya ke maMtriyoM meM rAjA ke prati kitanI samarpaNA thI, vaha isa bAta se spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaba zailakarAjA dIkSA lene ko tatpara hotA hai to usake paMthaka Adi 500 maMtrI bhI dIkSA lene ko tatpara ho jAte hai|07 isake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki maMtrI rAjA ke prati hRdaya se samarpita the, Aja kI taraha ve rAjA ko padacyuta karane aura svayaM gaddI har3apane kA prayAsa nahIM karate the, pariNAmasvarUpa rAjanItika sthiratA kA mAhaula thaa| senApati caturaMgiNI senA ke adhipati ko senApati kahate haiN|108 senApati kA pada mahatvapUrNa hotA thaa| rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra vyakti athavA rAjakumAroM meM se senApati kA cayana kiyA jAtA thaa| deza kI rakSA aura yuddha meM vijaya kA uttaradAyitva usa para hotA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM senApatizabda kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai, lekina isakA samagra paricaya nahIM milatA hai| anya prAcIna graMthoM meM senApati ke guNoM kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki senApati ko kulIna, zIlavAna, dhairyavAna, aneka bhASAoM kA jJAtA, gajAzva kI savArI meM dakSa, zastrAstra kA jJAtA, zakunavida, prArambhika cikitsA kA jJAtA, vAhana vizeSajJa, dAnI, mRdubhASI, 195

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana buddhimAna, dRr3hapratijJa va zUravIra honA caahie|110 zreSThI (nagara seTha) rAjA se prApta zrI devatA ke cihna se aMkita pttttevaalaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para 'zreSThI111 kA ullekha hai| uparyukta saMdarbho meM zreSThI kI paribhASA to nahIM milatI lekina aisA saMketa milatA hai ki yaha prAyaH amAtya, senApati, kauTumbika, mAMDavika (cAroM ora nagara Adi se zUnya, maDamba aura usakA adhirAja 'maaddaambik'| maDamba kI vyavasthA karane vAlA, kalakTara, cUMgIvAlA, nAkAdAra, sAmaravAlA, kara ekatra kartA adhikaarii|- sacitra arddha mAgadhI koSa, bhAga-4), ibhya Adi ke sAtha hI rahatA thaa| ___ 'zreSThI' ko paribhASita karate hue anuyogadvAra cUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki abhiSeka karatI huI lakSmI devI kA citra jisameM aMkita ho, vaisA veSTana bAMdhane vAlA aura saba vaNikoM kA adhipati zreSThI kahalAtA hai / 112 lekhavAha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lekhavAha/patravAha zabda to prayukta nahIM huA hai, lekina kRSNa vAsudeva dAruka sArathI ke hAthoM eka patra padmanAbha rAjA ko bhejatA hai, jisameM draupadI devI ko lauTAne kI bAta likhI rahatI hai| 13 isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya patravAhaka hote the, jinakI niyukti patra lAne-le jAne ke lie kI jAtI thii| nagararakSaka jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'nagararakSaka' kA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para milatA hai| inakA mukhya kArya cora Adi ko pakar3anA aura nagara kI surakSA karanA thaa| ye bhraSTAcAra meM AMkaTha DUbe the|14 talavara jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAja karmacArI ke rUpa meM talavara' zabda prayukta huA hai| talavara use kahA hai jinheM rAjA ke dvArA svarNa ke paTTe die jAte the|15 mahAbhArata meM 'talavara' zabda kA prayoga kotavAla arthAt nagararakSaka ke lie huA hai|16 ___ eka rAjya jisa vyakti ke mAdhyama se dUsare rAjya ko rAjanItika saMdeza bhejatA hai, usa vyakti ko dUta kahate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para 196

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti 'dUta' kA ullekha milatA hai|17 rAjA apane virodhI rAjya meM athavA kisI anya rAjya kI kanyA ke sAtha maMganI karane kA prastAva dUta ke mAdhyama se bhejate the|118 dUta anya deza ke rAjA se vArtA meM apane svAmI ke kathana ke alAvA kucha bhI nahIM kahatA thaa| yadi vaha saMdeza rAjA ko svIkAra hotA to vaha usa dUta kA khUba Adara-satkAra karate aura rAjA ke pratikUla samAcAra hone para use phaTakArakara pichale dvAra se bhagA diyA jAtA thaa|21 dUta ko rAjanIti meM avadhya mAnA jAtA thaa|22 dUta ke lie vizeSa pozAka kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| draupadI ke svayaMvara kA saMdeza lekara jaba dUta anya rAjAoM ko nimaMtraNa dene jAtA hai taba vaha aMgarakSA ke lie kavaca dhAraNa karake, dhanuSa lekara aura bhujAoM para carma kI paTTI bAMdhakara, grIvA rakSaka dhAraNa karake, mastaka para gAr3hA baMdhA cihnapaTTa dhAraNa karake astra-zastra se yukta hokara jAtA hai / 23 amAtya24 va sArathI25 dvArA dUta kArya (dautyakarma) karane kA ullekha milatA hai| kauTumbika puruSa kuTumboM ke svAmI kA nAma kauTumbika hai / 26 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kauTumbika puruSoM dvArA nagara meM rAjAjJA kI ghoSaNA hotI thii|27 isake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki kauTumbika puruSa udghoSaka ke rUpa meM kAma karate the| dAsa-dAsiyA~ svAmI-sevaka bhAva hara yuga meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya vidyamAna rahA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga bhI isase achUtA nahIM hai dhanya sArthavAha ke dAsa (dAsIputra), preSya (kAmakAja ke lie bAhara bheje jAne vAle naukara), bhRtaka (jinakA bAlyAvasthA meM pAlana-poSaNa kiyA ho) Adi kaI prakAra ke dAsa the|28 meghakumAra kA lAlana-pAlana karane ke lie pA~ca dhAe~ (dAsiyA~) niyojita kI gaI thI-(1) kSIradhAtrI- dUdha pilAne vAlI, (2) maMDanadhAtrIvastrAbhUSaNa pahanAne vAlI dhAya, (3) majanadhAtrI- snAna karAne vAlI dhAya, (4) krIr3ApanadhAtrI- khela khelAne vAlI dhAya, (5) aMkadhAtrIgoda meM lene vAlI dhaay| inake atirikta cilAta, barbara, bakuza, yonaka, palhavika, Isinika, dhorUkina, lhAsaka, lakuza, dravir3a, siMhala, araba, puliMda, pakkaNa, bahala, murUMDa, pArasa, zabara Adi aThAraha dezoM kI dAsiyA~ aharniza meghakumAra ke lAlana-pAlana meM niyukta kI gaI thii|129 197

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dhAriNI devI kI sevA meM aMga paricArikAe~ (zarIra kI sevA zuzrUSA karane vAlI) tathA AbhyaMtara dAsiyA~ niyojita thii| draupadI kI sevA meM lekhikAdAsI-likhane vAlI137 tathA preSaNakAriNI dAsI132 (idhara-udhara Ane-jAne kA kAma karane vAlI) thii| antaHpura kI surakSA va vahA~ ke kArya kI cintA rakhane vAle vizeSa dAsa- kaMcukI, mahattaraka Adi huA karate the|133 prasanna hone para rAjA dvArA dAsa-dAsiyoM kA bahumUlya upahAra dene aura hamezA ke lie dAsatva se mukta karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| zreNika rAjA ne putra janma kA zubha saMvAda dene vAlI dAsiyoM ko vipula dravya dekara sammAnita kiyA aura unheM dAsIpana se mukta kara diyaa|134 anya karmacArI uparyukta rAjakarmacAriyoM ke alAvA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kucheka karmacAriyoM kA nAmollekha aura milatA hai jinameM se pramukha haiM- jyotiSI, dvArapAla, ceTa (pairoM ke pAsa rahane vAle sevaka), pITha marda (sabhA ke samIpa rahane vAle sevaka mitra)135, svapna pAThaka136 aadi| ye sabhI karmacArI rAjA kI sevA meM tatpara rahate the| __ sabhI karmacAriyoM ko bhojana va vetana dene kA ullekha nahIM milatA, lekina bhojanazAlA meM bhojana banAne vAle karmacAriyoM ko bhojana va vetana dene kA ullekha milatA hai|137 karmacAriyoM kI sthiti prAcInakAla meM sevakoM yAnI karmacAriyoM ko samAja meM kitanA sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thA, yaha bAta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kaI sthAnoM para dRSTigocara hotI hai| unheM 'kauTumbika puruSa' arthAt parivAra kA sadasya samajhA jAtA thA aura mahAmahima magadha samrATa zreNika jaise puruSa bhI unheM 'devAnupriya' kahakara saMbodhita karate the|138 Aya-vyaya ke srota (rAjakIya koSa) kisI bhI rASTra kI rAjanItika sudRr3hatA ke lie Arthika-vyavasthA kA sudRr3ha honA paramAvazyaka hai| ArcAya cANakya ne rAjya aura artha ke sambandha ke viSaya meM spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma kA AdhAra artha hai aura artha kA AdhAra rAjya hai|139 ataH rAjA ko apane yahA~ eka koSa rakhanA caahie| 198

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM koSa rakhane ke sthAna yAnI khajAne ke lie 'zrIgRha' zabda AyA hai| 40 AcArya kauTilya ne Aya ke sAdhanoM ko sAta bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai- durga, rASTra, khani, setu, vana, vraja aura vaNika-patha (vyApAra sambandhI kArya)141 inameM kucha vizeSa ullekhanIya Aya ke sAdhana ye haiM- zulka (cuMgI), daNDa (jurmAnA), telaghI Adi ke vikretAoM se kara, chUta, vAstuka (zilpI), bar3haI, luhAra, sunAra Adi se kara lenA, khetI-dhAnya kA chaThA aMza, upahAra kara, vyApAra kara, taTa kara, khanijoM para kara, phala-phUla para kara, sthalamArga aura jalamArga para yAtAyAta kara aadi| 142 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra usa samaya Aya ke srota ke rUpa meM cuMgI, kara, begAra, daMDa (aparAdha ke anusAra liyA jAne vAlA dravya) evaM RNa Adi kA pracalana thaa|43 kara Adi mApha karane kA ullekha bhI ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai| rAjA zreNika ne putra janmotsava ke avasara para kauTumbika puruSoM ko bulAkara kahA- dasa dinoM taka zulka (cuMgI) lenA baMda kiyA jaae| gAyoM vagairaha kA prativarSa lagane vAlA kara mApha kiyA jAe, kuTumbiyoM-kisAnoM Adi ke ghara meM begAra Adi lene ke lie rAjapuruSoM kA praveza niSiddha kiyA jAe, daMDa na liyA jAe, kisI ko RNI na rahane diyA jAe, kisI denadAra ko pakar3A na jAe- aisI ghoSaNA karavA do|44 vaNika vyApAra karake Ate taba rAjAoM ko bahuta-sI bheMTa dete the, jisase unakA zulka mApha kara diyA jAtA thaa|45 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke zodhaparaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya rAjya meM Aya ke srota nizcita aura suvyavasthita nahIM the| na to koI vyavasthita kara-praNAlI thI aura na hI kara-saMgraha ke lie karmacArI niyukta karane kA ullekha milatA hai| Aya ke srota ke sAtha-sAtha vyaya ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM sArvajanika nirmANa kAryoM kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai|146 sainya-saMgaThana ___ ahiMsA pradhAna jainadharma ne sainyavRtti ko rAjya kA eka Avazyaka aMga mAnA hai| deza kI Antarika va bAhya surakSA ke lie senA rakhanA anivArya thaa| sainyavRtti kI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate hue mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa vyakti kI yuddha meM mRtyu hotI hai, use svarga kI prApti hotI hai|147 199

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jJAtAdharmakathAMga adhyAtma kendrita graMtha hai phira bhI isameM sainya saMgaThana ko eka rAjya ke anivArya aMga ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai senA aura usake vibhAga vAstava meM rAjA aura rAjya kA astitva hI senA para nirbhara hai| zukranIti meM astroM tathA zastroM se susajjita manuSyoM ke samudAya ko senA saMjJA se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai| 148 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caturaMgiNI senA hAthI, ghor3A, ratha tathA paidala kA ullekha ekAdhika sthAnoM para milatA hai| 149 hastisenA hamAre deza meM prAcInakAla se hI hastisenA kA prAdhAnya rahA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gaMdhahastI 150, secanaka 151, vijaya nAmaka gaMdhahastI 152 Adi vibhinna prakAra ke hAthiyoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai| azvasenA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ekAdhika sthAnoM para azvasenA kA ullekha milatA hai|153 azva yuddhasthala meM viSama paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karane meM nipuNa hote haiM / bhArata meM ghor3e prAyaH anya dezoM se maMgavAe jAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kAlika dvIpa se AkIrNa prajAti ke azva maMgavAne kA ullekha milatA hai| 154 rathasenA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rathasenA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 155 paidalasenA sainya saMgaThana meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa paidala senA hotI thI / vijayazrI kI upalabdhi meM isakI bhUmikA nirvikalpa thI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caturaMgiNI senA eka aMga ke rUpa meM isakA nAmollekha milatA hai 1 156 1 sainyAdhikArI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caturaMgiNI senA kA ullekha huA hai lekina kahIM bhI sainya padAdhikAriyoM kI koI sUcI nahIM miltii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sainya padAdhikArI ke rUpa meM kevala senApati 157 kA hI ullekha milatA hai, zeSa sabhI yoddhA yA vIra kahe jAte the| harivaMzapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki isa pada para prAyaH rAjakula ke raNakuzala loga hI niyukta kie jAte the| 158 yuddha kI viSama paristhiti meM rAjA 200

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti svayaM hI isa pada ko sambhAlatA thaa|59 sArathI ratha ko saMcAlita karane vAlA sArathI kahalAtA hai| yoddhA kI saphalatAvijaya bahuta kucha sArathI ke kauzala para nirbhara karatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kRSNavAsudeva ke sArathI ke rUpa meM dArUka nAmaka vyakti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|160 yuddha ke kAraNa prAcIna itihAsa ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yuddha ke mukhya rUpa se cAra kAraNa the- (1) zreSThatA kA pradarzana, (2) kanyA, (3) sAmrAjya-vistAra, (4) svAbhimAna kI rakSA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM do yuddhoM kA ullekha AyA hai, donoM kA kAraNa strI yA kanyA rahI hai| jitazatru Adi cha: rAjAoM ne kumbha rAjA kI putrI mallI ko prApta karane ke lie mithilA para AkramaNa kiyaa|61 pANDava va vAsudevakRSNa draupadI ko punaH prApta karane ke lie padmanAbharAjA se yuddha karate haiN| 62 yuddha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yuddha kI pUrva taiyArI tathA raNakSetra ke paridRzya ko rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai| yuddha prArambha hone se pUrva kaumudI bherI163, zaMkha164 aura sAmarika bherI165 bajAI jAtI thii| rAjA yuddha meM jAte samaya koraMTa ke phUloM kI mAlA vAlA chatra dhAraNa karatA thaa| rAjA kavaca dhAraNa karatA thaa|67 ___kRSNa vAsudeva ne padmanAbharAjA se yuddha karane ke lie jAne se pUrva pAJcajanya zaMkha phUMkA, usa zaMkhanAda se padmanAbharAjA kI senA kA tihAI bhAga hata ho gyaa| usake bAda kRSNa ne sAraMga nAmaka dhanuSa para pratyaMcA cddh'aaii| pratyaMcA kI TaMkAra sunakara padmamanAbha rAjA kI senA kA dUsarA tihAI bhAga hata ho gyaa| isa prakAra sAmarthyahIna-balahIna padmanAbha kRSNa ke prahAra ko sahana nahIM kara sakatA aura raNakSetra se bhAga khar3A huaa|168 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM azva yuddha, ratha yuddha, bAhu yuddhA69, malla yuddha aura muSThi yuddha", sAmAnya yuddha, viziSTa yuddha, asthi yuddha, latA yuddha Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| yuddha aura manovijJAna yuddha sirpha hathiyAroM yA bAhubala se nahIM jIte jAte balki vijaya ke lie manobala kI majabUtI anivArya hai, jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yaha tathya ubharakara sAmane AyA hai| jaba pANDava padmanAtha se yuddha zurU karate haiM, taba kahate haiM- 'Aja hama haiM yA padmanAtha rAjA hai|' pANDavoM kI hAra hotI hai aura padmanAtha rAjA vijayI 201

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hotA hai| taba kRSNa vAsudeva pANDavoM ke samakSa yaha manovaijJAnika tathya rakhate haiMhe pANDavoM! tumheM aisA kahanA cAhie thA ki 'hama haiM, padmanAbha rAjA nahIM, to tumhArI jIta hotii|' kRSNa ne aisA hI kahakara yuddha kiyA jisase padmanAtha rAjA burI taraha parAjita huaa|72 yuddha ke niyama jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yuddha ke niyamoM kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai lekina jaina purANoM meM yuddha ke kucha niyamoM kA varNana milatA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra yuddha dina meM huA karate the parantu yadA-kadA rAtri meM bhI zatru kA AkramaNa ho jAtA thA, lekina yaha atyadhika heya mAnA gayA thA isalie 'rAtriyuddha' kA niSedha kiyA gayA thaa|73 harivaMzapurANa meM nidrita evaM vighna bAdhAoM se pIr3ita vyakti, strI tathA baccoM ko mArane kA niSeddha kiyA gayA hai|74 zastrAstra va anya sainya sAmagrI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita zastrAstroM kA ullekha milatA hai- dhanuSa, churA", praharaNa", talavAra", barchiyA~, bhAle"", mUsalA0, khaDga 1 | zastrAstroM se rakSA ke lie kavaca dhAraNa karane tathA bhujAoM para paTTA bAMdhe jAne kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|182 uparyukta zastrAstroM ke alAvA yuddha meM prayukta hone vAle anya sAjosAmAna kA ullekha bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milatA hai- kaumudIbherI183, duMdubhi184, sAmudAyika bherI185, sAmarika bherI186 tathA pAJcajanya zaMkha187 aadi| ___ isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM rAjA kA rAjanIti meM sarvocca sthAna thaa| vaha vibhinna rAjya karmacAriyoM ke mAdhyama se rAjya kI Antarika vyavasthA kA saMcAlana karatA thA aura sImA kI rakSA ke lie sudRr3ha sainyavyavasthA bhI usake jimme thii| rAjA vaMza paramparA se hone ke kAraNa rAjanaitika asthiratA apekSAkRta kama thii|nyaaypaalikaa aura kAryapAlikA donoM hI pratyakSaapratyakSarUpa se rAjA meM hI nihita thI, ata: janatA rAjA ko devatulya mAnatI thii| 202

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti saMdarbha 37. aupapAtika sUtra-11, pR. 13 38. dharmANAM prabhavastvaM hi ratnAnAmiva saagrH| 1. 'rAjA rAjyamiti prakRti saMkSepaH' -padmapurANa-66/10 __-kauTilya kA arthazAstra 8/2 39. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/21 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/3 40. vahI 1/5/24 vahI 1/1/14 41. vahI 1/2/32 vahI 1/1/135 42. vahI 1/16/186, 191 vahI 1/5/28 43. vahI 1/17/25-26 vahI 1/8/3 44. vahI 1/8/90 7. vahI 1/8/7 45. vahI 1/8/102, 104 8. vahI 1/8/11 46. vahI 1/14/21 9. vahI 1/8/24 47. (i) Rgveda 10/173/1-6, 1/5/6 10. vahI 1/8/24 (ii) atharvaveda 3/4/1-7, 6/87/1-3 11. vahI 1/8/24 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/3,7,9,11 vahI 1/8/24 taittarIya brAhmaNa 13/4/2/17 13. vahI 1/8/24 jAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/133, 1/5/56 14. vahI 1/8/24 51. vahI 1/14/41 15. vahI 1/8/25 52. vahI 1/16/219 16. vahI 1/12/2 53. vahI 1/19/21 17. vahI 1/14/3 54. vahI 1/1/134 18. vahI 1/14/41 55. vahI 1/19/5 19. vahI 1/15/2 56. vahI 1/19/5 20. vahI 1/15/3 57. vahI 1/5/14, 1/8/72,75,91,104,150 21. vahI 1/16/80 58. vahI 1/1/82 vahI 1/16/95 vahI 1/1/144,153 23. vahI 1/16/97 60. vahI 1/5/12 24. vahI 1/16/98 61. vahI 1/1/3, 1/12/2, 1/15/2 25. vahI 1/16/99 62. vahI 1/1/14, 1/16/101 26. vahI 1/16/100 63. vahI 1/5/28 27. vahI 1/16/101 64. vahI 1/8/3 28. vahI 1/16/102 65. vahI 1/8/24 29. vahI 1/16/103 66. vahI 1/8/24 30. vahI 1/16/144 67. vahI 1/8/24 31. vahI 1/16/219 68. vahI 1/8/24 32. vahI 1/17/2 69. vahI 1/8/24 33. vahI 1/19/3 70. vahI 1/8/24 34. vahI 1/19/5 35. vahI 1/8/25 .71. vahI 1/19/21 ___72. vahI 1/14/41 36. vahI 1/16/97 203

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 73. vahI 1/15/3 110. (i) arthazAstra 2/33 74. vahI 1/16/80 (ii) mahAbhArata (zAntiparva) 85/11-32 75. vahI 1/16/95 (iii) matsya purANa 2/5/8-10 76. vahI 1/16/98 (iv) mAnasollAsa 2/2/10-12 77. vahI 1/16/99 111. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/5, 21, 1/8/47 78. vahI 1/16/100 112. "abhiSicmAnazrIveSTanakabaddhaH 79. vahI 1/16/102 savvavaNiyAhivo setttthii|" 80. vahI 1/16/103 _ - anuyogadvAra cUrNi, pR. 11 81. vahI 1/16/144 113. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/180 82. vahI 1/16/219 114. vahI 1/2/26, 1/18/26-28 83. vahI 1/19/3 115. vahI 1/1/30 84. vahI 1/5/2, 1/16/89 116. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva 5/94-95 85. vahI 1/1/15 117. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/30, 1/8/50 86. zrI jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtrama, pR. 77-78 118. vahI 1/8/50,78,85 87. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/18/26-28 119. vahI 1/8/124 88. vahI 1/2/26 120. vahI 1/16/90 89. vahI 1/16/203 121. vahI 1/8/125, 1/16/182 90. vahI 1/2/42 122. vahI 1/16/82 91. vahI 1/2/30 123. vahI 1/16/89 92. vahI 1/2/32 124. vahI 1/8/47 93. vahI 1/2/41 125. vahI 1/16/179,180 94. vahI 1/1/90, 1/14/25 126. (i) vahI 1/1/30 95. vahI 1/2/29 (ii) "kauTumbikaH katipaya kuttumbprbhuH|" 96. vahI 1/1/15 -anuyogadvAra hAribhadrIya vRtti, pR. 16 97. vahI 1/1/30 127. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/31,77, 1/5/8 98. vahI 1/14/3 128. vahI 1/12/43 99. arthazAstra 1/3 129. vahI 1/1/96 100. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/15 130. vahI 1/1/46 101. vahI 1/12/2 131. vahI 1/16/119 102. vahI 1/14/25,27 132. vahI 1/16/128 103. vahI 1/1/15 133. vahI 1/1/96 104. vahI 1/14/3 134. vahI 1/1/89 105. vahI 1/12/2 135. vahI 1/1/30 106. vahI 1/5/28 136. vahI 1/1/31 107. vahI 1/5/54-55 137. vahI 1/8/160, 1/13/15 108. 'cauraMgiNIe seNAe ahivosennaavii|' 138. vahI 1/1/26 (vivecana) -anuyogaddhAra cUrNi, pR.11 139. dharmasya mUlamarthaH / arthasya mUlaM raajym| 109. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/30, 1/5/3, 1/8/47 -cANakya sUtra 2 aura 3 204

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti 140. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/138 163. vahI 1/5/10 141. samAhartA durgaM rASTra khaniM setu vanaM vrajaM 164. vahI 1/16/187 vaNikyathaM caaveksset| - arthazAstra, pR. 119 165. vahI 1/16/172 142. zulkaM daNDa: sItA bhAgo baliH karaH, 166. vahI 1/8/128,129 suvrnn-rjt-vjr-mnni-muktaa| 167. vahI 1/8/128 puSpa phala.sthalapatho vAripathazca.iti 168. vahI 1/16/187-188 aayshriirm| - vahI 119-120 169. vahI 1/1/101 143. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/91 170. vahI 1/13/15 144. vahI 1/1/91 171. vahI 1/1/99 145. vahI 1/8/73-74, 1/17/25 172. vahI 1/16/185-188 146. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/12, 173. (i) padmapurANa 89/56 aupapAtika 1/8/160 (ii) harivaMzapurANa 62/18 147. mahApurANa 44/232 (iii) mahApurANa- 44/272 148. zukranItisAra 4/864 174. harivazaMpurANa 62/8 149. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/44,78,82 1/5/11 175. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/64, 1/2/28 150. vahI 1/1/44 176. vahI 1/2/9 151. vahI 1/1/78 177. vahI 1/2/27, 1/18/22 152. vahI 1/5/12, 1/16/92,94 178. vahI 1/8/62, 1/18/22, 1/16/46,48 153. vahI 1/1/44, 1/5/11, 1/16/117 179. vahI 1/18/22, 1/16/180-181 154. vahI 1/17/14, 1/16/170,173,174 180. vahI 1/1/66 155. vahI 1/1/44, 1/5/11, 1/16/170 181. vahI 1/18/15 156. vahI 1/1/82, 1/5/11, 1/16/117 182. vahI 1/2/28 157. vahI 1/1/30 183. vahI 1/5/10 158. harivazaMpurANa 51/12-13 184. vahI 1/8/128 159. vahI 52/1-91 185. vahI 1/16/91 160. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/179 186. vahI 1/16/72 161. vahI 1/1/131 187. vahI 1/16/187 162. vahI 1/16/184 205

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saptama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA prAcInakAla se mAnava jIvana meM zikSA kA sthAna sarvopari rahA hai| Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai- 'udu jyotirmataM vizvajanyam' arthAt jJAna kI jyoti amara aura lokahitakArI hotI hai| jainAgamoM meM bhI jJAna kI mahimA svIkAra kI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke nimnalikhita saMvAda se jJAna ke mahatva para prakAza par3atA hai, ziSya ne pUchA- "he pUjya! jJAna sampannatA se jIva ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ?"guru ne uttara diyA- "he bhadra! jJAna sampanna jIva samasta padArthoM kA yathArthabhAva jAna sakatA hai| yathArthabhAva jAnane vAle jIva ko caturgatimaya isa saMsAra rUpI aTavI meM kabhI duHkhI nahIM honA pdd'taa| jaise- dhAge vAlI sUI khotI nahIM hai usI prakAra jJAnI jIva saMsAra se pathabhraSTa nahIM hotA aura jJAna, darzana, caritra, tapa tathA vinaya ke yoga ko prApta hotA hai tathA sva-paradarzana ko barAbara jAnakara asatya mArga meM nahIM phNstaa| hamAre pUrvajoM ne zikSA kI isa AvazyakatA ko samajhate hue sudUra atIta meM zikSA kI prabhAvI vyavasthA kI thii| pratyeka yuga meM darzana, nyAya, gaNita, jyotiSa, vyAkaraNa, kalA Adi vividha zAstroM evaM jJAna ke kSetra meM aise maulika vicAraka aura vidvAna utpanna hue, jinase hamArA deza gauravAnvita rahA hai| yadyapi prAcya zikSA paddhati kA maulika svarUpa to samasta prAcInakAla meM eka samAna hI rahA lekina vibhinna kAloM, dharmoM aura saMskRtiyoM ke prabhAva se isameM yatkiMcita parivartana avazya hotA rhaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA ke vividha pahaluoM se sambandhita vivaraNa yatra-tatra vidyamAna hai| zikSA kA artha evaM paribhASA zikSA kA artha kevala kitAbI jJAna nahIM, varan bAlaka kA sarvatomukhI vikAsa karanA hai| bAlaka ko samAja kI mAnyatAoM, rItioM aura rUr3hiyoM se paricita karAkara usake AcaraNa ko Adarza rUpa pradAna karanA tathA usameM apekSita vyavahAragata parivartana lAnA hai| yadi zikSA vidyArthI ke AcAra-vicAra arthAt vyavahAra meM koI parivartana nahIM lA pAtI to vaha 'zikSA' kahalAne kI adhikAriNI nahIM hai| 'zikSA' zabda (strI) (zikSa+a+TAp) zikS dhAtu meM TAp pratyaya lagakara niSpanna huA hai, jisakA artha kisI vidyA ko sIkhane evaM sikhAne kI kriyA yA 206

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA tAlIma se hai| guru ke nikaTa vidyAbhyAsa karanA athavA vidyAgrahaNa karanA zikSA hai| dakSatA, nipuNatA, upadeza, maMtra, salAha Adi bhI zikSA ke paryAyavAcI zabda hai|' zikSA ko vibhinna vidvAnoM ne bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM se paribhASita kiyA hai| ina paribhASAoM kA digdarzana isa prakAra haiRgveda meM kahA gayA hai 'apo mahi vyayati cakSase tamojyotiSkRNoti" arthAt zikSA ajJAnAndhakAra dUra kara jJAna jyoti prajvalita karatI hai| gItA ke anusAra 'sarvabhUteSu yenaikaM bhaavbhvyymiiksste| avibhaktaM vibhakteSu tajjJAnaM viddhi saatvikm|| arthAta jisake dvArA saba prANiyoM meM kevala evaM nirvikAra bhAva dekhA jAtA hai tathA vividhatA meM jahA~ ekatA dikhAI detI hai, usI ko sAtvika jJAna kahA jAtA hai| gItA meM jJAna ko hI zikSA mAnA gayA hai tathA zikSA meM kevala sAtvika jJAna ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha paribhASA yatkiMcita ekapakSIya uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM zikSA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai _ 'sikkhAte zikSyanate vA tamiti zikSA" arthAt jo sikhAtI hai vaha zikSA hai yA jisase vidyA kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha zikSA hai| kauTilya ke matAnusAra "zikSA mAnava ko eka suyogya nAgarika bananA sikhAtI hai tathA usake hRdaya meM jAti evaM prakRti ke prati prema utpanna karatI hai|" cANakya ne isa paribhASA meM zikSA ko jAti va prakRti kendriya banAte hue suyogya nAgarika nirmANa karane vAlI batAyA hai jabaki zikSA ke AdhyAtmika kSetra ko pUrNataH achUtA chor3a diyA hai| sukarAta ke anusAra ___ "zikSA kA artha hai saMsAra ke una sarvamAnya vicAroM ko prakAza meM lAnA jo ki pratyeka mAnava ke mastiSka meM svAbhAvataH nihita hote haiN|'' 207

Page #209
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta paribhASA meM sarvamAnya vicAroM kI bAta kI gaI hai jo asaMbhava-sA pratIta hotA hai| pleTo ke anusAra "zikSA bAlaka ke zarIra tathA AtmA meM usa saba saundarya evaM pUrNatA ko vikasita karatI hai, jisake vaha yogya hai|" ___ pleTo guNoM ko janmajAta nahIM balki arjita mAnatA hai jabaki kucha guNa AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNa hote haiM jinheM sirpha abhivyakti kA mArga dikhAnA hotA arastu kI dRSTi meM "zikSA manuSya kI zakti kA, vizeSa rUpa se mAnasika zakti kA vikAsa karatI hai jisase vaha satyaM, zivaM aura sundaram kA cintana karane yogya bana ske|"10 ___ satyaM, zivaM aura sundaram kI prApti mAtra mAnasika vikAsa se saMbhava nahIM hai isake lie zArIrika, bauddhika aura bhAvanAtmaka vikAsa bhI apekSita hai| sarvAMgINa vikAsa ke binA satyaM-zivaM-sundaram kI kalpanA nirarthaka hai| maharSi aravinda ke matAnusAra ___ "antarnihita jyoti kI upalabdhi ke lie zikSA vikAsazIla AtmA kI preraNAdAyinI zakti hai| prastuta paribhASA meM zikSA ko Antarika zaktiyoM yA guNoM kI udghATaka mAnA gayA hai jabaki zikSA ina guNoM ke udghATana aura vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bAhya guNoM ke vikAsa meM bhI yogabhUta banatI hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ke kathanAnusAra "zikSA se merA abhiprAya bAlaka aura manuSya ke zarIra, mana tathA usakI AtmA ke sarvottama guNoM ko vyakta karanA hai| sAkSaratA na to zikSA kI aMtima avasthA hai aura na hI prAraMbhika hI, yaha to strI-puruSa ko zikSita karane kA kevala eka sAdhana hai|"12 prastuta paribhASA meM gAMdhIjI ne zikSA va sAkSaratA meM aMtara ko spaSTa karate hue Antarika guNoM kI abhivyakti ko hI zikSA mAnA hai| vistRta dRSTikoNa se sAkSaratA bhI zikSA kA eka aMga hai| 208

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA jaina muni kalyANasAgara ke matAnusAra 44 'zikSA kA vAstavika lakSya ajJAna ko dUra karanA hai| munaSya meM jo zarIrika, mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika zaktiyA~ maujUda haiM aura jo dabI par3I haiM, unheM prakAza meM lAnA hI zikSA kA yathArtha uddezya hai, parantu isa uddezya kI pUrti taba hotI hai jaba zikSA ke phalasvarUpa jIvana meM saMskAra utpanna hote haiM / kevala zAnti ke vikAsa meM zikSA kI saphalatA nahIM hai apitu zaktiyA~ vikasita hokara janajIvana ke sundara nirmANa meM prayukta hotI haiM tabhI zikSA saphala hotI hai / ' 113 uparyukta paribhASA zikSA kI eka samagra paribhASA kahI jA sakatI hai| isameM zikSA ke kSetra kA sampUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura zikSA kI saphalatA ke lie janajIvana se jur3Ava ko aparihArya batalAyA gayA hai, jo akSarazaH satya hai| svAmI vivekAnanda kA mantavya "hameM usa zikSA kI AvazyakatA hai, jisake dvArA caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai, mastiSka kI zakti bar3hatI hai, buddhi kA vikAsa hotA hai aura manuSya apane pairoM para khar3A ho sakatA hai / ' "114 prastuta paribhASA vartamAna yuga meM bhI prAsaMgika hai kyoMki isameM svAvalambana kI bAta kahI gaI hai / yadi svAvalambI banAne vAlI zikSA ho to berojagArI kI samasyA se nijAta pAI jA sakatI hai / DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra " zikSA kA uddezya na to rASTrIya kuzalatA hai na sAMsArika ekatA, balki vyakti ko yaha anubhUta karanA hai ki buddhi se adhika gaharAI kA koI tattva hai, jise cAho to AtmA kaha sakate haiN| 15 yaha paribhASA zikSA ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA bodha karAne vAlI hai| isa paribhASA meM zikSA ke anya kAryoM kI upekSA kI gaI hai, jise ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| humAyUM kabIra ke zabdoM meM "yadi vyakti ko samAja kA racanAtmaka sadasya bananA hai, to use kevala apanA hI vikAsa nahIM karanA cAhie, varan samAja ke vikAsa meM bhI yogadAna karanA cAhie / ' 1116 209

Page #211
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana prastuta paribhASA meM zikSA ko vAtAvaraNa tathA sAmAjika pariveza ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| humAyUM kabIra vyakti ke vikAsa aura samAja ke vikAsa ko alaga-alaga mAnate haiM jo ki tarkasaMgata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki vyakti aura samAja kA vikAsa to paraspara avaguMthita hai| DaoN. jagadIza sahAya ke anusAra "zikSA ke dvArA hI manuSya apane AdhyAtmika svabhAva kI siddhatA ko prApta karatA hai, jo vAstavika rUpa meM sAmAjika evaM sArvabhauma hai| manuSya kA vyaktitva usakI viziSTatA meM nahIM hai balki usakI sAmAjikatA aura sArvabhaumikatA meM hai, jo manuSyoM ko eka-dUsare se pRthak na karake eka-dUsare se sambaddha karatI hai|"17 prastuta paribhASA meM zikSA ko sAmAjika aura sArvabhaumika batalAte hue isase manuSya kI vaiyaktika viziSTatAoM ko pRthak rakhA gayA hai| altekara ke matAnusAra "vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirmANa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA, caritra kA saMgaThana evaM sAmAjika-dhArmika kartavyoM ko pUrNa karane ke lie bhAvI pIDhI ko prazikSita karanA hI prAcya zikSA paddhati kA dhyeya thaa|"18 altekara ne zikSA ko eka prazikSaNa pravidhi ke rUpa meM paribhASita karate hue isake dhyeya ko spaSTa kiyA hai| harabarTa spensara ke anusAra ___ "zikSA vartamAna sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie bAlaka ko taiyAra karane kI prakriyA ke rUpa meM hI hamAre sAmane upasthita hotI hai|''19 vAtAvaraNa anuprerita isa paribhASA meM bAlaka ke janmajAta guNoM ko dhyAna meM nahIM rakhA gayA hai| TI. remaoNNTa "zikSA vikAsa kA vaha krama hai jisase vyakti apane Apa ko dhIre-dhIre vibhinna prakAra se apane bhautika sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla banA letA hai| jIvana hI vAstava meM zikSita karatA hai| vyakti apane vyavasAya, pArivArika jIvana, mitratA, vivAha, pitRtva, manoraMjana, yAtrA Adi dvArA zikSita kiyA jAtA hai| 120 210

Page #212
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA prastuta paribhASA eka vyAvahArika paribhASA kahI jA sakatI hai, jisameM zikSA ke kSetra aura abhikaraNoM kI vyApaka prastuti dI gaI hai| eDisana ke anusAra "zikSA ke dvArA mAnava ke aMtara meM nihita una sabhI zaktiyoM tathA guNoM kA digdarzana hotA hai, jinako zikSA kI sahAyatA ke binA aMdara se bAhara nikAlanA asaMbhava hai|'27 prastuta paribhASA meM eDisana ne janmajAta zaktiyoM ke vikAsa aura udghATana kA ekamAtra vikalpa zikSA ko mAnA hai, yaha zikSA kA ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hai| milTana ne kahA "maiM pUrNa aura udAra zikSA usako kahatA hU~ jo kisI vyakti ko isa yogya banA detI hai ki vaha nijI evaM sArvajanika tathA zAnti evaM yuddhakAlIna kAryoM ko dakSatA se, sundaratA se evaM nyAyocita DhaMga se kara ske| 22 milTana ne vyAvahArika zikSA ko udAra zikSA mAnate hue usakI prAsaMgika upayogitA kA mUlyAMkana kiyA hai| vArDa ke anusAra___ "zikSA vaha prakriyA hai jisake dvArA mAnava kI abhyAsa se parivartanazIla zaktiyoM ko acchI AdatoM dvArA kalAtmaka DhaMga se nikAle gae sAdhanoM dvArA pUrNatA pradAna kI jAtI hai tathA jina sAdhanoM kA prayoga koI bhI vyakti apane lie yA dUsare kI sahAyatA ke lie nirdiSTa uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue karatA hai|''23 prastuta paribhASA meM zikSA ko eka kalAtmaka prakriyA batalAyA gayA hai aura ise mAnava kI janmajAta zaktiyoM ko pUrNatA pradAna karane vAlI batalAyA hai| rUso ke anusAra "zikSA koI aisI vastu nahIM, jo bAhara se lAdI jA sake, apitu bAlaka kI svAbhAvika zaktiyoM tathA yogyatAoM ke AMtarika vikAsa ko zikSA kahate haiN| "24 ___ rUso ne bAhya zaktiyoM ko pUrNataH nakAra diyA hai, jo saMkIrNatA kA paricAyaka hai| jaoNna DivI ke anusAra "zikSA una saba zaktiyoM kA vikAsa hai, jo vyakti ko isa yogya banAtI hai ki vaha vAtAvaraNa ko niyaMtrita kara sake aura apanI saMbhAvanAoM kI pUrti kara 211

Page #213
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ske| 25 jaoNna DivI ke vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha samanvaya kI bAta karate hue zikSA ko Antarika aura bAhya donoM zaktiyoM kI udghATaka batalAyA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke anusAra "zikSA zrutasya adhyayanamiha shikssaabdenocyte|''26 arthAt zAstroM kA adhyayana hI zikSA hai| yaha zikSA kI atyanta saMkucita paribhASA hai| Taigora kA mantavya thA "zikSA aisI honI cAhie jo buddhi, bhAvanA aura icchAzakti kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa karane meM sahAyaka ho aura sAtha hI jo prakRti se sAmaMjasya aura adhyayana ke vicitra viSayoM meM saMtulana paidA kara ske|''27 prastuta paribhASA pUrNa paribhASA kahI jA sakatI hai lekina 'vicitra viSaya' zabda eka prazna cihna chor3a jAtA hai, jisako Taigora ne samAdhAyita karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| vinobA bhAve ke anusAra "zikSaNa kabhI jIvana se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jIvana se vimukha 'kevala zikSaNa' saccA zikSaNa ho hI nahIM sktaa| pratyakSa jIvana ke kSetra meM jIvana jIte-jIte, jIvana kI jimmedAriyA~ nibhAte hue jo savAla paidA hue, unake javAba pAnA hI saccA zikSaNa hai|"28 prastuta paribhASA meM vinobA ne zikSaNa aura jIvana meM samavAya ko spaSTa kiyA hai| unhoMne zikSA ko pUrNataH anaupacArika prakriyA mAnA hai| AcArya tulasI ke anusAra "zikSA hI vaha mAdhyama hai, jo vyakti-cetanA aura samUha-cetanA ko sAMskRtika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM se anuprANita karatI hai|' '29 prastuta paribhASA meM zikSA ko samagra rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai| zikSA ko vyakti va samUha-cetanA se jor3akara usake dvArA sAMskRtika va AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bAta kara zikSA ke vyApaka svarUpa ko abhivyakta kiyA gyaa| jainendra kumAra ke anusAra "zikSA milatI hai, dI nahIM jA jAtI arthAt saccI aura upayogI zikSA 212

Page #214
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA vaha hai jo jIvana aura jagat meM se vyakti ko haThAt prApta hotI rahatI hai|''30 prastuta paribhASAnusAra zikSA sahaja prakriyA hai, isake lie kisI aupacArika abhikaraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAna vyakti ko sajjIvana kI ora prerita karatA hai, vahI zikSA hai| jJAna cAhe sAMsArika ho yA dhArmika athavA vyAvasAyika, yadi vaha vyakti tathA samAja ke lie hitakArI hai to use zikSA kA aMga mAnA jAegA, anyathA nhiiN| vaha sabhI jJAna upayogI hai, jo manuSya ko saccaritratA kI ora prerita kre| uparyukta paribhASAoM ke vivecana ke pazcAt kahA jA sakatA hai ki zikSA satata calane vAlI eka aisI prakriyA hai jo manuSya ko manuSya banAtI hai| isake lie kisI pAThazAlA yA madarase kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai yaha to vaha gItA hai jo kurukSetra ke samAna hI jIvana raNa meM dI jA sakatI hai| prakRti kA hara kriyAkalApa zikSA detA hai| zAlA ke adhyApaka kA kAma chAtra kI A~kheM kholanA hai, vaha isalie ki use hara vastu sApha-sApha dikhAI de aura vaha viveka kI pagaDaMDI para nirbhaya hokara agrasara ho sake, jIvana ke carama lakSya 'mukti' ko prApta kara ske| zikSA kA svarUpa zikSA-mAdhyama ke viSaya meM vaidika aura jaina zikSA paddhati lagabhaga samAna rahI hai| donoM meM hI zikSA-pravidhi upadezamUlaka thI, antara itanA hI thA ki jaina manISiyoM ne apane upadeza loka-bhASA meM die, kisI bhASA vizeSa ke prati unakA Agraha nahIM thaa| yadyapi vaidika prabhAva ke kAraNa khaNDana-maNDana Adi ke lie nyAya-graMthoM tathA purANoM Adi kI racanA saMskRta meM bhI kI jAne lagI parantu jaina vAGmaya ke adhikatara graMtha apane yuga kI lokabhASA meM hI likhe ge| jainoM tathA bauddhoM ne laukika vibhUtiyoM ko tilAMjali dI aura saMnyAsI jIvana apanAkara jJAna kA arjana aura vitaraNa kiyaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vibhinna kathAoM meM meghakumAra, dhanya sArthavAha, thAvaccAputra, mahAbala34 aura mallI bhagavatI Adi pAtroM ne bhI saMnyAsI jIvana apanAkara jJAna kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| ve apane jJAna kA bhaNDAra jana-sAmAnya meM muktahasta se luTAte the| 213

Page #215
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana janasAdhAraNa meM zikSAprasAra kA kArya bhikSu bhikSuNiyA~ karate the / rAjagRha nagarI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma dezanA dii| rAjagRha nagarI meM dharmaghoSa sthavira ne saMyama kI preraNA dI / " bhagavAna mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko dharmopadeza dete hue sonA, uThanA, baiThanA va bolanA sikhAyA tathA ahiMsA kA pAlana karate hue saMyama meM pravRtta hone kI preraNA dI / 7 dazavaikAlika sUtra meM bhI aisA dharmopadeza milatA hai| bhagavAna ariSTanemi dvArA dvArikA nagarI meM janasAdhAraNa ko dharmopadeza dene kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| bhagavAna ne thAvaccAputra ko sAmAyika va caudaha pUrvoM Adi kI zikSA dI / deg zailaka rAjA ko thAvaccAputra ne dharma kA upadeza diyA / " zuka parivrAjaka ne saugaMdhikA nagarI ke lAgoM ko sAMkhyamata kA upadeza diyA / 12 thAvaccAputra ne anya matAvalambiyoM ko jaina dharma kI zikSA dI / 13 dharmaghoSa sthavira ne mahAbala Adi sAta rAjAoM ko gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana karavAyA / 4 cokkhA parivrAjikA ne mithilA nagarI meM dAnadharma, zaucadharma aura tIrthasthAna kA upedaza diyaa| mallI arihanta ne mithilA nagarI kI pariSad tathA kumbharAjA va jitazatru Adi chaH rAjAoM ko dharma kA upadeza diyA 146 I jaina dharma meM deva, guru aura zAstra kA samAna mahatva hai / arihanta aura siddha ko parama guru (devasvarUpa) mAnA gayA hai| AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu guruoM ke krama meM tIna stara haiN| jaina sAdhusaMsthA meM AcArya kA sthAna sarvopari hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AcArya ke chattIsa guNoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai|" upAdhyAyoM yA zikSakoM ko prazikSita karane ke lie svataMtra saMsthA nahIM thI / ziSyavRnda apane AcArya kI adhyApana vidhi dekhakara adhyApana kI kalA sIkhate the / Azrama meM guru kI anupasthiti meM sarvAdhika medhAvI chAtra adhyApana kA kAma karatA thA / isa prakAra vaha guru ke Azrama meM hI prazikSaNa pAtA thA / vidyArthI vividha viSayoM ke jJAnArjana ke lie vibhinna viSayAdhyApakoM arthAt kalAcArya 18, zilpAcArya, dharmAcArya Adi ke pAsa jAtA thaa| meghakumAra jaba lagabhaga 8 varSa kA huA to usake mAtA-pitA ne zikSA prApta karane ke lie kalAcArya va zilpAcArya ke pAsa bhejA / vaidika yuga meM sahazikSA kI prathA thI, jisameM strI aura puruSa samAna rUpa se zikSA grahaNa karate the / atreyI ne vAlmIki Azrama meM lava-kuza ke sAtha zikSA prApta kI thI / 1 Alocya graMtha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sahazikSA praNAlI kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai 1 - 214

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA zikSA kA lakSya zikSA ke dvArA hI manuSya kI Antarika zaktiyA~ ujAgara hotI hai| altekara ke anusAra- "prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA kA uddezya sadAcAra kI vRddhi, vyaktitva kA vikAsa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kartavyoM kI zikSA denA thaa|"52 viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai- 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye' arthAt vidyA vahI hai jo mukti mArga ko prazasta karatI hai| mukti ke lie AMtarika daivI zaktiyoM kI abhivyakti Avazyaka hai| isalie manuSya meM antarnihita sarvottama udAtta mahanIya guNoM kA vikAsa karanA hI zikSA kA parama lakSya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vibhinna kathAoM meM mahAvIra, dharmaghoSa sthavira, ariSTanemi va thAvaccAputra se kramazaH meghakumAra, dhanyasArthavAha, thAvaccAputra va zuka parivrAjaka zikSA prApta kara dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM aura mukti ke mArga para caraNa nyAsa karate haiN| isI prakAra mallI bhagavatI bhI muktipatha para Age bar3hatI hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki Alocya graMtha jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke adhikAMza pAtra mukti kI ora satat prayatnazIla haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne zikSA kA lakSya Atma-svAtantrya lAbha mAnA hai| Atmonmukha karane vAlI zikSA hI vAstava meM upAdeya hai| atharvaveda meM zikSA kA lakSya zraddhA, medhA, prajJA, dhana, Ayu aura amaratva kI prApti batalAyA gayA hai| vidyA kI adhiSThAtrI devI sarasvatI ke lie kahA gayA hai ki usake lie vividha vrata haiN| usakA udaya sukha aura zAnti kA dAtA hai| yaha jIvana ko madhura banAtI hai| sarasvatI kI eka mAtA ke rUpa meM prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai ki sukha dene vAlI, kalyANa karane vAlI, suMdara va dAnI hai| vaha sabhI manorathoM ko pUrA karatI hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki zikSA kA lakSya vyakti ko usake carama lakSya yAnI mukti kI ora agrasara karanA aura antataH use usake lakSya taka pahuMcAnA yAnI mukti pradAna karanA hai| adhyayana-adhyApana AgamakAla meM zikSA kevala mAnasika hI nahIM apitu vyAvahArika bhI thii| zikSArthI bhautika jagat ke kriyAkalApoM, vaiyaktika AcaraNa tathA sAmAjika 215

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vyavahAroM kI vyAvahArika zikSA grahaNa karatA thaa| zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana zikSA prakriyA ke tIna mahatvapUrNa aMga the| zravaNa ke mAdhyama se chAtra guru kI vANI kA bAhya svarUpa grahaNa karatA, manana ke dvArA isa svarUpa ke hArda ko pahacAnatA aura nididhyAsana se ise AtmA taka pahu~cAne kA sArthaka prayAsa krtaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se dharma ke svarUpa sambandhI upadeza ko sunakara aura hRdaya meM dhAraNa karake samyak prakAra se use aMgIkAra kiyaa| thAvaccAputra, mallIbhavagatI, tetaliputra va draupadI Adi kI kathAoM meM bhI zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke dvArA zikSA grahaNa karanA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| jaina-zikSaNa kI vaijJAnika zailI ke pAMca aMga the- 1. vAcanA, 2. pRcchanA, 3. anuprekSA, 4. AmnAya tathA 5. dharmopadeza / upaniSad meM bhI zravaNa, manana tathA nididhyAsana- ina tIna prakriyAoM kA vivecana milatA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki zravaNa, grahaNa, tarka aura pariprazna dvArA chAtra viSaya ko samajhakara usako smRta kara letA thaa| isa prakAra zikSA vyaktitva kA abhinna aMga bana jAtI thii| zikSArthI kA upArjita jJAna 'gadhe kA bojha' nahIM thA, jise Adhunika vidyArthI parIkSA-kakSa meM utArakara apanI pITha halkI kara lete haiN| cUMki usa samaya sampUrNa zikSA maukhika aura smRti ke AdhAra para calatI thI isalie use yAda rakhane kI dRSTi se cune hue zabdoM meM sUtra rUpa meM kahA jAtA thA, jisase zikSArthI use jyoM kA tyoM smaraNa rakha skeN| isI kAraNa prArambhika sAhitya sUtra rUpa meM milatA hai| isI prakAra laukika dRSTAMtoM yA jIvana ke vibhinna prasaMgoM ke sAtha tulanA karake viSayavastu ko pratipAdita kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhI viSayavastu ko pratipAdita karane ke lie hAthI, dhanyasArthavAha va vijayacora'', mayUrI ke aMDe'', kachuA, zailaka, tUMbA', rohiNI, kAlI Adi vibhinna rUpakoM va dRSTAMtoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| zikSaNa viSaya ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kahA jAtA thA, jisase kathA prasaMgoM ke sAtha mUla vastu tattva ko yAda rakhanA AsAna ho jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke to nAma se hI spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna zikSA-praNAlI meM 'kathA' atyanta mahatvapUrNa zikSaNa-pravidhi thii| 216

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI vibhinna kathAoM meM zikSaNa kI vibhinna pravidhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaMbU-sudharmA ke bIca adhyayana-adhyApana praznottara pravidhi se calatA hai|" thAvaccAputra-sudarzana ke madhya saMvAda, mallI va cokkhA parivrAjikA ke madhya vAda-vivAda bhI zikSaNa pravidhiyoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN|' sAMkhya matAvalaMbI zuka parivrAjaka saugaMdhikA nagarI kI pariSada meM dharmopadeza detA hai|80 cokkhA parivrAjikA ne bhI mithilA nagarI kI pariSad meM sAMkhyamata kA upadeza diyA, isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki zikSaNa vidhi ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAna pravidhi bhI pracalita thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lekhana-kalA kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| jaba draupadI apane svayaMvara maNDapa meM jAtI hai taba lekhikA dAsI bhI usake sAtha maNDapa meM jAtI hai| isase tatkAlIna samaya kI lekhana-kalA ke astitva kA AbhAsa to hotA hai lekina lekhana sAmagrI ke saMdarbha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| ___ abhayadevasUri ne apanI TIkA meM aTThAraha lipiyoM kA nAmollekha kara tatkAlIna samaya kI lekhana-kalA ke astitva kI dhAraNA ko paripuSTa kiyA hai| prAcInakAla meM maukhika zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| tadantara lekhana upakaraNoM kA upayoga kiyA jAne lagA jisameM bhojapatra, kamalapatra Adi pramukha the jina para mayUrapaMkha se likhA jAtA thaa| Aja bhI bhAratIya pAThazAlAoM meM anekAneka navIna lekhana upakaraNoM ke bAvajUda kAlikha putI huI kATha kI paTTI para khaDDiyA miTTI se likhA jAtA hai| zikSA ke viSaya prAcIna jaina sUtroM meM Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda kA ullekha milatA hai| AcAraMgacUrNi meM dvAdazAMga ko hI veda kahA gayA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti maiM vaidika graMthoM ke nimnAMkita zAstroM kA ullekha hai- cAra vedoM meM- Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda, chaH vedAMgoM meM- zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nirUkta aura jyotiSa, cha: upAMgoM meM-vedAMgoM meM varNIta viSaya aura SaSTi taMtra (sAMkhya zAstra) uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI TIkA meM caturdaza viSayoM kA ullekha milatA hai- chaH vedAMga, cAra veda, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dhrmshaastr|88 chAMdogyopaniSad meM itihAsa, purANa, vyAkaraNa, zrAddha, kalpa, gaNita, utpAta jJAna, 217

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vidhi zAstra, nIti, daivavidyA, brahmavidyA, bhUtavidyA, nakSatravidyA, nirUkta, dhanurveda, jyotiSa, saMgIta aura zilpa kA ullekha milatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA ke agrAMkita viSayoM kA pratyakSa-parokSa rUpa se vivaraNa milatA hai vAstuzAstra 190 bhavana-nirmANa evaM zilpa-vijJAna kA nAma vAstukalA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ' vatthuvijjaM " zabda vAstukalA ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| naMdamaNikAra zreSThI ne vAstupAThakoM kI salAha se naMdA puSkariNI, vanakhaNDa, citrasabhA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsAzAlA, alaMkAra sabhA Adi kA nirmANa karavAyA / " sainya zikSA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita 72 kalAoM meM cakravyUha, sainya saMcAlana, asthiyuddha, muSTiyuddha, bAhuyuddha, latAyuddha Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / " meghakumAra ne rathayuddha, azvayuddha, bAhuyuddha Adi yuddhakalAoM kA prazikSaNa prApta kiyaa| nagararakSaka ne vijayacora ko asthi, muSTi va kohanI Adi ke prahAra se pachAr3A | 24 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM sainya zikSA kalAoM ke sAtha hI dI thii| usa samaya vartamAna yuga kI sainya akAdamiyoM kI taraha sainya zikSA ke lie koI viziSTa saMsthAna nahIM the / tarkazAstra 195 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 'jaNavAyaM 5 zabda kA ullekha milatA hai, jisakA artha hai logoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda karanA / isa saMdarbha meM tarkazAstra ko eka viSaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA upayukta hogA / thAvaccAputra sudarzana" aura zuka - thAvaccAputra" saMvAda se bhI isa bAta ko bala milatA hai ki tarkazAstra kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI / darzanazAstra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA ke viSaya ke rUpa meM darzana kA nAmollekha nahIM milatA hai lekina vibhinna kathAoM ke mAdhyama se janasAmAnya ko darzana kI gaharAIyoM se sahajajAva se jor3ane kA, samajhAne kA sArthaka prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| mallI bhagavatI ne apanI svarNa pratimA ke mAdhyama se jitazatru Adi chaH rAjAoM ko pudgala ke svabhAva arthAt AtmA va zarIra kI bhinnatA se paricaya krvaayaa| punarjanma", jAti - smaraNa, AtmA, loka-paraloka 102 Adi darzana ke vibhinna viSayoM ko bhI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| 218

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA mUrtikalA yadyapi zikSA ke pRthak viSaya ke rUpa meM mUrtikalA kA ullekha nahIM milatA lekina mUrtikAroM dvArA mallI bhagavatI kI svarNamayI pratimA kA nirmANa 03 tatkAlIna mUrtikalA kI utkRSTatA kA paricAyaka hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUrtikalA kI zikSA apane carama para thii| saMgItakalA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM naTTa (nATaka), gIyaM (gAyana), vAiyaM (vAdya bajAnA), saragayaM (svara jAnanA), pokkharagayaM (puSkara nAmaka vAdya bajAnA), samatAlaM (samAna tAla jAnanA) Adi kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai104, jo saMgIta ke hI vibhinna aMga kahe jAte haiN| meghakumAra ke janmotsava para naToM, nRtyakAroM, vAdya bajAne vAloM Adi ne apanI kalA kA pradarzana kiyaa|05 naMdamaNikAra kI citrasabhA meM nATaka va nRtya karane vAle, tUMbe kI vINA bajAne vAle va tUNa nAmaka vAdya bajAne vAle puruSa savaitanika kArya karate the|106 citrakalA ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pRthak viSaya ke rUpa meM citrakalA kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| malladinna kumAra dvArA citrasabhA nirmANa karavAnA tathA citrakAroM kI zreNI ko bulavAkara unase bhAvapUrNa citrAMkana karavAne kA ullekha milatA hai| sabhI citrakAra apane sAtha tUlikAeM aura raMga lekara aae|107 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki citrakalA bhI zikSA ke eka viSaya ke rUpa meM pratisthApita thii| pAkakalA meghakumAra va devadatta ke nAmakarma ke avasara para azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima vastuoM kA nirmANa kara parijanoM ko bhojana karavAyA gyaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pAkazAlAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAkakalA ke zikSaNa kI bhI vyavasthA rahI hogii| cikitsAzAstra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA ke pRthak viSaya ke rUpa meM cikitsAzAstra kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai lekina cikitsAzAlAoM tathA cikitsAkarmoM kA vivecana yatra-tatra milatA hai| nandamaNiyAra ne rAjagRha meM vizAla cikitsAzAlA kA nirmANa krvaayaa|11 nandamaNiyAra ke zarIra meM solaha prakAra ke maraNAMtaka roga utpanna hue| usakI cikitsA ke lie vibhinna vaidyoM ne prayAsa kie| unhoMne udvalana, 219

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana udvartana, snehapAna, vamana, virecana, svedana, avadahana, apasnAna va anuvAsanA Adi vidhiyoM dvArA roganidAna ke prayAsa kie|12 ina vidhiyoM se siddha hotA hai ki usa samaya Ayurveda cikitsAzAstra kI pradhAnatA thii| jyotiSa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM graha-nakSatra, muhUrta, svapnaphala Adi jyotiSa se saMbaMdhita viSayoM kA ullekha milatA hai| meghakumAra ko zubha tithi, karaNa, nakSatra aura muhUrta meM kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejA gyaa|13 meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra15 aura sukumAlikA kA vivAha zubha nakSatra meM kiyA gyaa| thAvaccAputra17 kI dIkSA bhI zubha tithi, nakSatra va muhUrta meM huii| arhannaka'18 aura mAkandI putra'' ne vyApArArtha prasthAna zubha nakSatra va muhUrta dekhakara kiyaa| uparyukta udAharaNoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna zikSA meM jyotiSazAstra kA bhI eka viSaya ke rUpa meM adhyayanaadhyApana kiyA jAtA thaa| bhUgola ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke eka prasaMga meM hastazIrSa nagara ke sAMyAtrika naukAvaNikoM kI samudra yAtrA ke samaya akasmAt tUphAna Ane ke kAraNa nAvika dizA vimUDha ho gayA, phira tuphAna zAnta hone para usakI dizAvimUDhatA vinaSTa ho gaI aura ve apane gantavya kAlika dvIpa pahu~ca ge|120 isa prasaMga se spaSTa hotA hai ki dizAoM kI zikSA bhI dI jAtI thI, jo bhugola kA hI eka aMga hai| vijJAna jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vijJAna kA nAmollekha eka pRthaka viSaya ke rUpa meM to nahIM milatA, lekina kucha prasaMga aise hai jo vijJAna viSaya kI upasthiti darja karavAte haiN| campAnagarI ke maMtrI subuddhi ne khAI ke pAnI ko vaijJAnika vidhi se zuddha kara apane rAjA jitazatru kA pilaayaa|21 bhASA va vyAkaraNa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita 72 kalAoM meM mAgadhI aura prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana kA ullekha milatA hai|122 draupadI ko krIr3A karavAne vAlI dhAya sphuTa (prakaTa artha vAle), vizada (nirmala akSaroM vAle), vizuddha (zabda evaM artha ke doSoM se rahita), ribhita (svara kI gholanA sahita), gaMbhIra tathA madhura bolane vAlI thii| isase spaSTa hai ki zabda ke vibhinna rUpoM aura unake uccAraNa kI jAnakArI upalabdha thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita kalAoM meM gItichaMda banAnA 220

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA tathA zloka banAnA (anuSTupa chanda)124 bhI zAmila hai, jo kAvyazAstra kI praur3hatA ko abhivyakta karate haiN| meghakumAra aTThAraha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM tathA gIti saMracanA meM nipuNa ho gyaa|25 vyAkaraNa ke lie 'vAgaraNAI' zabda kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNita jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gaNita ke lie 'gaNiyaM' zabda kA ullekha milatA hai|26 aMkoM kA jJAna bhI zikSA kA eka viSaya thaa| isako siddha karane ke lie agrAMkita prasaMga prastAvita hai- meghakumAra mRtyoparAnta jyotiSacakra se bahuta yojana, bahuta saiMkar3oM yojana, hajAroM, lAkhoM, karor3oM tathA kor3Akor3I yojana lAMghakara anuttara mahAvimAna meM deva ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa|27 mApa-taula kI asaI, pasaI, setikA, kur3ava tathA prasthaka28 ikAiyA~ gaNita viSaya kI zikSA ko pramANita karatI haiN| mApa-taula kI ikAI ke rUpa meM mAna, unmAna va pramANa kA ullekha bhI AyA hai| daivIvidyA kacchulla nAmaka nArada AkAzagAmI, saMcaraNI, AvaraNI, avataraNI, utpatanI, zleSaNI, saMkrAmaNI, abhiyoginI, prajJapti, gamanI, staMbhinI Adi bahuta-sI vidyAoM meM pravINa thaa|129 padmanAbha ke mitra pUrva saMgatika deva ne draupadI ko avasvApinI vidyA se nidrA meM sulA diyaa|30 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki vibhinna prakAra kI daivI vidyAoM kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| vANijyazAstra jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vANijyazAstra kA ullekha kisI pRthak viSaya aura usakI aupacArika zikSA ke rUpa meM nahIM milatA hai, lekina vibhinna uddharaNoM meM dezI va videzI vyApAra tathA samUha ke rUpa meM vyApArika yAtrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| dhanya sArthavAha caMpAnagarI se vyApArArtha apane nagara ke vibhinna jAtisamudAya ke logoM ko lekara ahichatrA nagarI kI ora prasthAna karatA hai tathA sahagAmI logoM ko Avazyaka nirdeza-Adeza detA hai|31 isI prakAra arhannaka caMpAnagarI se mithilAnagarI vyApArArtha apane jJAtIjanoM ke sAtha jAtA hai|132 isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna vyApArI-samudAya Adhunika caimbara oNpha kaoNmarsa ke samAna saMgaThita thaa| ve apanI vyApArika yAtrAe~ va kriyAkalApa sAmUhika rUpa se karate the| 221'

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana anya viSaya uparyukta viSayoM ke alAvA gyAraha aMgoM, caudaha pUrvo kA jJAna33, taskara vidyA, cora vidyA34 va tAlA kholane kI vidyA35 Adi vividha viSayoM kI zikSA bhI dI jAtI thii| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki chAtroM ke pAThya viSaya kevala graMthoM taka hI sImita nahIM the apitu unheM vyAvahArika zikSA bhI dI jAtI thii| pAThyakrama kA nirdhAraNa zikSA ke parama lakSya 'mukti' ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jAtA thaa| guru kI arhatAe~ prAgaitihAsika kAla se guru ko sAmAjika vikAsa kA niyaMtA mAnA jAtA rahA hai| samAja kI AkAMkSAoM va AdarzoM ko kAryarUpa meM pariNita karane kA mahatI uttaradAyitva guru ko hI nibhAnA par3atA hai| jagat guru kahalAne vAle bhArata ne sampUrNa vizva se ajJAnarUpI aMdhakAra ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa nirantara kiyA hai, isI kAraNa jaba bhI zikSA kI carcA hotI hai to hama apane guruoM ko Adarza rUpa meM pratiSThita karate haiN| cAhe vaha adhyApana kA viSaya ho yA caritra nirmANa athavA jJAna ke AviSkAra kA, sabhI kSetroM meM hameM guru kI AvazyakatA par3atI hI hai| 'guru' kA zAbdika artha 'guru' zabda kI utpatti 'gR' dhAtu meM 'ku' aura 'utva' karane se hotI hai|36 AcArya pANini ke anusAra bhvAdigaNIya 'gR' secane dhAtu se guru zabda niSpanna hotA hai| tudAdigaNIya gR-nigaraNe' dhAtu se guru zabda kI siddhi hotI hai, jisakA artha hai- ajJAnAndhakAra vidaark| jaina vAGmaya meM guru zabda kA vivecana karate hue kahA hai- 'gRNAti zAstrArthamiti guruH' arthAt jo zAstroM ke artha ko batAtA hai vaha guru hai|137 Avazyaka niyukti meM guru ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- 'gRNanti zAstrArthamiti guravaH, dharmopadezAdi dAtAraH ityarthaH / ' arthAt jo zAstroM ke rahasyoM ko batAte haiM aura dharma Adi ke upadeza pradAna karate haiM, unheM guru kahate haiN|138 'gRNAti yathAvasthitaH pravacanArthamiti guruH' arthAt yathAvasthita padArthoM ke upadezaka 222

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA ko guru kahate haiM / (prajJApanA mahalavRtti-7, pR. 3) / __ abhayadevasUri ne kahA hai- jo sUtra aura artha donoM ke jJAtA hoM, utkRSTa koTi ke lakSaNoM se yukta hoM, saMgha ke lie mer3hi ke samAna hoM, jo apane gaNagaccha athavA saMgha ko samasta prakAra ke saMtApoM se pUrNataH vimukta rakhane meM sakSama hoM tathA jo apane ziSyoM ko AgamoM kI gUDhArtha sahita vAcanA dete hoM, unheM AcArya kahate haiN|139 manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vipra niSeka (garbhAdhAna) Adi saMskAroM ko yathA vidhi karatA hai aura anna se poSaNa karatA hai vaha guru kahalAtA hai| 140 isa paribhASA ke anusAra pitA prathama guru hai, tatpazcAt purohita, zikSaka aadi| guru ke guNa jIvana-nirmANa meM guru kI bhUmikA nirvikalpa hai| aisI sthiti meM usa mahAn vibhUti kA yogya honA bhI nitAnta Avazyaka hai| prazna uThatA hai ki zikSaka kI yogyatA kyA honI cAhie? kauna vyakti guru banane kA adhikArI hai ? kyA sabhI loga yathecchA AcArya yA guru bana sakate haiM? jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM uparyukta sabhI praznoM ko samAdhAyita karate hue kahA hai ki guru kulasampanna, vinayasampanna, jJAnavAna, ojasvI, tejasvI, vacasvI, yazasvI, tapasvI, saMyamI, Arjava pradhAna, mArdava pradhAna, lAghava pradhAna, nirlobhI, laukika va lokottara AgamoM meM niSNAta, cAritra pradhAna, udAra, karaNa pradhAna, caraNa pradhAna, bala sampanna, satya pradhAna, zauca pradhAna, maMtra pradhAna, naya pradhAna va niyama pradhAna honA caahiye|41 ____ Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki adhyApakoM meM bhI vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA dene ke lie pUrNa yogyatA honI caahiye| jo prazna vidyArthiyoM dvArA pUche jAeM unakA uttara apanA bar3appana pradarzita kie binA denA cAhie tathA kabhI asambaddha uttara nahIM denA caahie|42 vyavahArasUtra meM AcArya pada ko prApta karane kI yogyatAoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki kama se kama pA~ca varSa kI dIkSA paryAya vAlA, zramaNAcAra meM kuzala, pravacana meM pravINa, prajJA buddhi meM niSNAta, AhArAdi ke upagraha meM kuzala, akhaNDAcArI, sabala doSoM se rahita, bhinnatA rahita AcAra kA pAlana karane vAle, ni:kaSAya caritra vAle aneka sUtroM aura AgamoM Adi meM pAraMgata zramaNa AcArya athavA upAdhyAya pada ko prApta karane ke yogya haiN|143 mUlAcAra meM AcArya ke guNoM para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai ki AcArya ko saMgraha-anugraha meM kuzala, 223

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sUtra ke artha meM vizArada, kIrti se prasiddhi ko prApta tathA caritra meM tatpara honA caahie|44 sAtha hI grAhya aura Adeya vacana bolane vAlA, gaMbhIra, durdharSa, zUra, dharma kI prabhAvanA karane vAlA, kSamAguNa meM pRthvI ke samAna, saumyaguNa meM candramA ke samAna aura nirmalatA meM samudra ke samAna honA caahie|'45 upAdhyAya amara muni ke anusAra- 'pA~ca indriyoM ke vaiSayika cAMcalya ko rokane vAlA, brahmacarya vrata kI navavidha guptiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA, krodhAdi cAra kaSAyoM se mukta, ahiMsA Adi pA~ca mahAvratoM se yukta, pA~ca AcAra kA pAlana karane meM samartha, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA zreSTha sAdhu hI guru hai| 46 jIvandhara campU meM guru kI nirlobhavRtti kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki guru bhautika vastuoM kI AkAMkSA nahIM karate the| apane upadeza ko ziSya dvArA mAnane ko guru dakSiNA mAna lete the|47 upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki prAcInakAla meM AcArya athavA adhyApaka apane viSaya kA pUrNa jJAnI aura vidvAna hotA thaa| vaha ziSya ko mukti ke mArga kA digdarzana karAne vAlA sujJAnI hotA thaa|48 guru ajJAna ke timira se chAtra ko jJAnarUpI sUrya ke prakAza meM lAtA thaa|49 mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki guru vAkpaTu, pratyutpannamati sampanna, tArkika aura rocaka kathAoM meM dakSa tathA graMthoM kA artha karane meM Azu paNDita hotA thaa|50 guru ko zAMta, samadarzI, jJAnI, vidvAna, zAstrapAraMgata evaM svAdhyAyazIla honA caahie|151 use kSamAzIla, saMyamI, satyavAdI, Rju tathA anya sadguNoM se sampanna honA caahie|52 zikSaka ke lie kAlidAsa ne kahA hai ki vaha vidvAna hI nahIM hotA apitu ziSTa kriyAyukta sAdhuprakRti vAlA hotA hai|153 guru ke prakAra jainAgamoM meM AcArya ke kaI prakAra batAe gae haiN| sthAnAMga meM guNa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara AcArya ke agrAMkita bheda/prakAra batalAe gae haiMguNoM ke AdhAra para154i. Amalaka-madhura (AMvale kI taraha mIThA) ii. mRdavIkA-madhura (dAkha kI taraha mIThA) iii. kSIra-madhura (dUdha kI taraha mIThA) iv. khaMDa-madhura (zakkara kI taraha mIThA) dIkSA kI dRSTi se155i. pravrAjanAcArya 224

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11. 111. iv. dharmAcArya jJAna evaM kArya kI apekSA se 156 - i. : utthApanAcArya pravrAjanotthApanAcArya iii. iv. uddezAcArya vAcanAcArya uddezanAcArya-vAcanAcArya na uddezanAcArya na vAcanAcArya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AcArya ke do prakAra batalAe gae haiM (i) dharmAcArya (ii) kalAcArya meghakumAra apane dharmAcArya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nikaTa sampUrNa prANAtipAta kA pratyAkhyAna karatA hai|157 meghakumAra 158 aura thAvaccAputra 159 ko nizcita vayoparAnta kalAcArya ke pAsa zikSArtha bhejA gayA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA rAjapraznIya sUtra meM tIna 60 prakAra ke AcArya batalAe gae haiM(i) kalAcArya (ii) zilpAcArya (iii) dharmAcArya jo bahattara kalAoM kI zikSA dete haiM, ve kalAcArya, jo vidvAna Adi kA jJAna karAte haiM, ve zilpAcArya tathA jo dharma kA pratibodha dene vAle haiM, ve dharmAcArya kahalAte haiM / guru kA mahatva guru kA sthAna hamAre samAja meM sadaiva pUjanIya rahA hai| guru muktipatha pradarzaka hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra 161, thAvaccAputra 162, zailaka 163, jitazatrurAjA 164, draupadI 165 va puNDarIka 166 Adi ko guru ne mukti patha dikhalAyA aura ve usa patha para agrasara hue| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM AcArya kI garimA para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai - 'jisa prakAra prAtaH kAla dedIpyamAna sUrya samasta bharatakhaNDa ko apane kiraNa samUha se prakAzita karatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya zrI zruta, zIla aura buddhi se yukta ho upadeza dvArA jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa ko yathAvat prakAzita karatA hai tathA jisa prakAra svarga se devasabhA ke madhya indra zobhatA hai, usI prakAra sAdhusabhA ke madhya AcArya zobhatA hai| 167 isI prakAra candramA kI upamA dete hue kahA 225

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gayA hai- "jisa prakAra kaumudI ke yoga se yukta tathA nakSatra aura tAroM ke samUha se ghirA huA candramA, bAdaloM se rahita atIva svacda AkAza meM zobhita hotA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya bhI sAdhu-samUha meM samyaktayA zobhita hote haiN| 168 brahmANDa purANa meM kahA gayA hai ki guru sAkSAt ziva hai, jo jJAna ke vitaraNArtha pRthvI para vicaraNa karate haiM / 169 guru kI mahattA ko zabdoM meM vyakta karanA mAno sUrya ko dIpaka dikhAnA hai| jaina darzana meM guru kI mahattA ko jAti, kula yA varNa se nahIM AMkA gayA hai balki usakI mahattA guNoM ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kI gaI hai, udAharaNArtha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM cANDAla ko bhI zikSA pAkara maharSi bananA batAyA gayA hai| 170 ziSya kI arhatAe~ zikSaNa kArya taba taka saphala nahIM ho sakatA jaba taka ziSya yogya nahIM ho / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ziSya ke lie 'antevAsI' evaM 'ziSya 171 zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ziSya ke guNoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha vinayavAn, tapasvI, tejasvI, zarIra ke prati sarvathA mamatvahIna, kaThina brahmacarya meM lIna aura udAra vRtti vAlA honA caahie| use guru se na bahuta dUra, na bahuta samIpa arthAt ucita sthAna para, pUrNa zraddhA ke sAtha mastaka jhukAkara dhyAnarUpI koSTha meM sthita hokara saMyama aura tapa se AtmA ko bhAvita karate hue baiThanA caahie| 72 usa samaya ke ziSyoM meM sevA bhAvanA pramukhatA se parilakSita hotI hai, ise agrAMkita udAharaNa dvArA pramANita kiyA jA sakatA hai- paMthaka anagAra zailaka rAjarSi kI zayyA, saMstAraka, uccAra, prasravaNa, zleSma- saMghANa ke pAtra, auSadha, bheSaja, AhAra, pAnI Adi se binA glAni, vinayapUrvaka vaiyAvRtya karane lgaa| 173 AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jaina saMskRti ke vidyArthI Una, rezama, tAr3apatra Adi se bane vastroM ke lie gRhastha se yAcanA karate the / ve camar3e ke vastra aura bahumUlya ratnajar3ita alaMkRta vastroM ko grahaNa nahIM karate the / haTTe-kaTTe vidyArthI kevala eka aura bhikSuNiyA~ cAra vastra pahanatI thii| 174 uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki koI suyogya ziSya apane zikSaka ke prati kabhI aziSTa vyavahAra nahIM karatA, kabhI mithyA bhASaNa nahIM karatA aura eka jAtimanta azva kI bhAMti vaha usakI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai / apane priya vacanoM se guru ke kopa ko zAnta karatA hai aura apane pramAdapUrNa AcaraNa ke lie kSamA mAMgatA huA bhaviSya meM ise na 226

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA doharAne kA vacana detA hai| vaha na kabhI AcArya ke barAbara na usake sAmane aura na usake pIche baiThatA hai| kabhI Asana para baiThakara vaha prazna nahIM pUchatA, balki yadi kucha pUchanA ho to apane Asana se uThakara, pAsa meM Akara, hAtha jor3akara pUchatA hai| yadi kabhI AcArya kaThora vacanoM dvArA ziSya ko anuzAsana meM rakhanA cAhe to to vaha krodha na karake zAntipUrvaka vyavahAra karatA hai aura socatA hai ki isase usakA lAbha hI hone vAlA hai, jaise kisI avinIta ghor3e ko calAne ke lie bAra-bAra kor3A mArane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai vaise hI vidyArthI ko apane guru se karkaza vacana sunane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI balki jaise koI vinIta ghor3A apane mAlika kA kor3A dekhate hI daur3ane lagatA hai vaise hI AcArya kA IzArA pAkara suyogya vidyArthI satkArya meM pravRtta ho jAtA hai| vAstava meM vahI vinIta ziSya kahA jAtA hai jo apane guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, usake samIpa rahatA hai aura unakA IzArA pAte hI kAma meM laga jAtA hai| 175 jo sadA gurukula meM vAsa karatA hai, jo samAdhiyukta hotA hai, jo upadhAna (zruta adhyayana ke samaya tapa) karatA hai, jo priya karatA hai, jo priya bolatA hai- vahI zikSA prApta kara sakatA hai|76 vidyArthI ko sahanazIla, indriyanigrahI, madhurabhASI, rasoM meM alolupa, akrodhI, zIlavatI aura satyabhASI honA caahie|17 Avazyaka niyukti meM acche ziSya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vaha AcArya ke par3hAe hue viSaya ko hamezA dhyAnapUrvaka sunatA hai, prazna pUchatA hai, praznottara sunatA hai, usakA artha grahaNa karatA hai, usa para cintana karatA hai, usakI prAmANikatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, usake artha ko yAda rakhatA hai aura tadanusAra AcaraNa karatA hai|78 kauTilya ke anusAra ve hI vidyA prApti ke yogya haiM jinameM zuzrUSA, zravaNa, grahaNa, dhAraNa, vijJAna, UhApoha, viveka buddhi Adi guNa haiN| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki chAtroM ko paranindA, asatya bhASaNa, cugalakhorI, paracarcA, asaMskRta dRzya-darzana tathA kusaMgati Adi durguNoM se dUra rahanA par3atA thaa| unheM guru nindA nahIM karanI hotI thI tathA bhakSyAbhakSya evaM peyApeya kA bhI vicAra karanA par3atA thaa|180 sAmAnyataH vidyArthI ke lie saMdhyA-vaMdana, pUjA-pATha, snAna, saccaritratA Adi dharma ke aMtargata zAmila kie gae the| satya bhASaNa bhI pramukha mAnA gayA thA aura yaha kahA gayA thA ki satya na bolane se bhI dharma kA kSaya ho jAtA hai|181 raghuvaMza meM chAtra niyama-saMyama kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha mRgacarma pahanakara chAtra-jIvana vyatIta karatA thaa| paridhAna ke rUpa meM vaha 'uttarIya' aura 'vAsa' dhAraNa karatA thaa| 227

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 'vAsa' ko vaha kaTi pradeza ke nIce sarvadA pahane rahatA thaa| gurukula meM vaha kuza kI caTAI para sotA thaa| RSi ke Azrama meM rahakara chAtra aneka prakAra ke niyama-saMyama se paricita ho jAtA thaa|82 prAyaH chAtra ko jUte, chAte aura ratha Adi ke upayoga kI anumati nahIM dI gaI thii|83 ziSya kI ayogyatAe~ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ziSya kI ayogyatAoM ke bAre meM spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai lekina agrAMkita ghaTanA se spaSTa hai ki zarIra ke prati Asakta rahane vAlA vyakti ziSya banane kA adhikArI nahIM hai, gopAlikA AryA tathA puSpacUlA AryA ne kramazaH sukumAlikA aura kAlI AryA ko zarIrAsakta (sarIra vAusiyA) ho jAne ke kAraNa ziSyatva se pRthak kara diyaa|184 uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM vidyArthI kI ayogyatA kA vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ahaMkAra, krodha, pramAda, roga aura Alasya ina pA~ca durguNoM se yukta ziSya zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI nahIM hai|185 avinIta ziSyoM kI tulanA galiyAra bailoM (khalaMka) se kI gaI hai, jo dhairya na rakhane ke kAraNa Age bar3hane se javAba de dete haiN| aise ziSyoM ko yadi kisI kArya ke lie bhejA jAe to ve icchAnusAra paMkha nikale hue haMsa zAvakoM kI bhAMti idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate haiN| aise kuziSyoM ko atyanta kutsita gardabha (galigaddaha) kI upamA dI gaI hai| AcArya aise ziSyoM se taMga Akara unheM unake bhAgya para chor3a dete aura svayaM vana meM tapa karane cale jaate|186 manu ne kahA hai ki jisa ziSya meM dharma tathA artha na ho athavA zikSAnurUpa sevAvRtti na ho, use Usara samajhakara vidyArUpI bIja kA dAna nahIM karanA caahie|187 guru-ziSya sambandha guru-ziSya sambandhoM para hI TikI hai- zikSaNa-adhigama kI niiNv| inake sambandhoM kI pragAr3hatA zikSA kI saphalatA ke lie anivArya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusaMdhAna se spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya guru-ziSya sambandha atyanta snehapUrNa the| ziSya guru ke ghara para jAkara adhyayana karatA thaa| meghakumAra ne kalAcArya ke ghara para rahakara bahattara kalAoM kA jJAna kiyaa|188 guru use apane parivAra ke sadasya ke samAna sneha detA thaa| ziSya meM vinaya bhAvanA vidyamAna thii| jambU, meghakumAra va sudarzana Adi ziSya guru se vArtAlApa 228

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA karate samaya vinayapUrvaka apane Asana se uTha jAte aura hAtha jor3akara mastaka para aMjali karate phira atyanta anuzAsita aura vinayapUrvaka DhaMga se guru ke samakSa apanI jijJAsA rkhte| arhat ariSTanemi kA ziSya (zramaNopAsaka) kRSNa trikhaNDAdhipati thA lekina phira bhI usane vinayapUrvaka unakA vaMdana-namaskAra kiyaa|2 ziSya kI sArI suvidhAoM kA prabandha karanA guru kA dharma thA ataH aneka ziSya guru ke sneha tathA sadvyahAra se apane ghara taka ko bhUla jAte the tathA AjIvana guru ke sAtha rahate the|193 AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki vidyArthI aura zikSaka kA sambandha tabhI madhura raha sakatA hai, jaba vaha sambandha sneha, mamatA aura niHsvArtha bhAva para avalambita ho| jaina graMthakAroM ne AcArya kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA194, DAMTa par3ane para bhI cupacApa saha lenA, bhikSA meM svAdiSTa bhojana na lenA, sUryodaya se pUrva uThakara zAstrAbhyAsa aura guru kA abhivAdana karanA, rAtri ke tIsare prahara meM alpa nidrA lenA va kama bhojana karanA vidyArthI ke Avazyaka niyama batalAe haiN|95 yogya chAtra vahI hai jo apane AcArya ke upadezoM para pUrNa dhyAna detA hai| vaha prazna kara artha ko samajhane ke lie vItarAga kI carcA karatA hai| kAlidAsa ne guru ziSya ke pArasparika sambandha ko 'guruvo guru priyama' kahA hai|97 guru-ziSya sambandhoM kI pragAr3hatA vyakta karate hue ApastambagRhasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki guru kI truTiyoM ko ziSya atyanta vinayapUrvaka ekAnta meM use batAtA thaa|98 guru kI ziSya ke prati sadA abhinnatA rahatI thii|99 paMthaka nAmaka ziSya ne guru zailaka ke sAtha abhinnatA banAe rkhii|20 prAyaH ziSya AcArya ko brahmA kI mUrti ke samAna mAnatA thaa| AcArya ke samIpa Ane vAle sabhI ziSya atithi ke samAna the| ye ziSya apane AcArya kI devatA ke rUpa meM sevA karate the| kabhI-kabhI ina sevaka ziSyoM meM se kucha ziSya manda buddhi ke bhI hote the, kintu AcArya unakI sevA aura vinamratA se prasanna hokara unheM bhI jJAnArjana karAtA thaa|02 anuzAsana-vyavasthA zikSaNa-adhigama prakriyA ko nirbAdha gati se saMcAlita karane ke lie sudRr3ha anuzAsana vyavasthA anivArya hai| prAcInakAla meM guru ziSyoM ko zilpa meM nipuNa banAne ke lie vividha prakAra se upAlambha, tAr3anA aura tarjanA dete the| rAjakumAra bhI isake apavAda 229

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nahIM the| sAMkala se bAMdhanA, cAbuka Adi se pITanA aura kaThora vANI se bhartsanA karanA- ye vidhiyA~ adhyayanakAla meM adhyApaka varga dvArA vihita mAnI jAtI thii|203 jJAtArdhakathAMga meM meghakumAra saMyama kI prathama rAtri meM apane sahavartI sAdhuoM ke pAdAdi ke sparza se nIMda nahIM le pAtA hai aura usakA mana saMyama se vicalita hone lgaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne use mRdu upAlambha dete hue punaH saMyama meM sthira karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyaa|24 sukumAlikA AryA ke zarIrabakuza arthAt saMyama se zithila ho jAne para usakI guru gopAlikA AryA ne prAyazcita karane ko kahA aura aisA na karane para use saMgha se alaga kara diyaa|205 isI prakAra ke aparAdha para puSpacUlA AryA ne kAlI AryA ko prAyazcita aMgIkAra karane ko kahA, aisA na karane para use saMgha se alaga honA pdd'aa|206 Apastamba meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki zikSaka aparAdhI ziSya ko apane sAmane se alaga kara deM athavA upavAsa nirdhArita kara deN|207 prAyazcita ke dasa bheda batAe haiM- AlocanA, pratikramaNa, tadubhaya, viveka, vyutsarga, tapa, cheda, mUla, upasthAna va pArAMcika / 208 vaidika yuga meM AcArya vidyArthI ko prathama dina hI Adeza detA thA ki, "apanA kAma svayaM karo, karmaNyatA hI zakti hai, agni meM samidhA DAlo, apane mana ko agni ke samAna ojasvitA se samRddha karo, soo mt| 209 gautama halke zArIrika daNDa kI anumati dete haiM, kintu yaha sApha kara dete haiM ki kaThina daNDa dene vAle zikSaka rAjA ke dvArA daNDita hoN|10 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki daNDa kisI bhI rUpa meM kaThora yA amAnaSika nahIM thaa| vidyAlaya kA jIvana sAmAnyataH snigdha tathA snehamaya rahA karatA thaa| zikSArthI aura zikSaka ke sambandha kA Adarza hI itanA utkRSTa thA ki anuzAsana bhaMga kI saMbhAvanA hI atyalpa thii| zikSAlaya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita zikSaNa abhikaraNoM kA pratyakSa aura apratyakSa rUpa se ullekha milatA hai1. gurukula usa samaya ziSya zikSArtha guru ke nivAsa sthAna arthAt gurukula meM jAte the| meghakumAra11 aura thAvaccAputra12 jaba ATha varSa ke hue to unheM zubha muhUrta meM 230

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA kalAcArya ke pAsa bhejA gyaa| vaidika kAla meM prAyaH pratyeka vidvAna gRhastha kA ghara vidyAlaya hotA thaa|13 mahAbhArata meM kaNva, vyAsa, bhAradvAja aura parazurAma Adi ke AzramoM ke varNana milate haiN|14 rAmAyaNakAlIna citrakUTa meM vAlmiIki kA Azrama thaa|15 2. maTha zikSArthI adhyayana karane ke lie maTha meM bhI jAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM maTha ke lie Avasahe' zabda AyA hai| zuka nAmaka parivrAjaka saugaMdhikA nagarI sthita maTha meM aayaa|216 3. caitya/upAzraya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSAlaya ke rUpa meM caitya aura upAzraya kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra dharmopadeza dene ke lie rAjagRhanagara ke guNazIla caitya meM padhAre / 217 dharmaghoSa nAmaka sthavira rAjagRhanagara meM yathAyogya upAzraya kI yAcanA karake saMyama aura tapa se apanI AtmA ko bhAvita kara vicarane lge|218 Arya sudharmA dharmopadeza dene ke lie guNazIla caitya meM padhAre / 19 sAdhuoM ke nivAsa sthAna arthAt upAzrayoM meM bhI vidyAdhyayana huA karatA thaa| aise sthAnoM para ve hI sAdhu adhyApana ke adhikArI hote the, jo upAdhyAya ke samIpa rahakara Agama kA pUrNa rUpa se abhyAsa kara cuke hote the|220 3. zreNiyA~ zreNiyoM kA mahatva zikSA kendra ke rUpa meM bhI thaa| zreNiyoM kA saMgaThana mukhya rUpa se vyApAriyoM dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zreNiyoM kI saMkhyA aTThAraha batalAI gaI hai|221 kumbhakAra222, suvarNakAra223, citrakAra224, sArthavAha225 va naukAvaNika226 Adi zreNiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bauddha graMthoM se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki surpAraka kI nAvika zreNI ne apane sadasyoM ko nau-parivahana meM prazikSaNa dene kI vyavasthA kI thii|27 4. cala vidyAlaya (zramaNa, sthavira, parivrAjaka) sAdhu apane AcArAnusAra eka sthAna para sthAyI vAsa nahIM kara sakatA pratyut vibhinna nagara-grAmoM meM padayAtrA karatA huA tattvopadeza detA hai tathA apanI sAdhanA karatA hai| vaha varSAkAla ke cAra mAha eka sthAna para sthira hokara rahatA hai| zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra grAmAnugrAma se vihAra karate hue rAjagRha nagara ke (231

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana guNazIla caitya meM padhAre aura pariSad ko dharmopadeza diyaa|228 thAvaccAputra aNagAra ne eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha janapadoM meM vicaraNa karate hue zailakapura nagara ke subhUmibhAga nAmaka udyAna meM dharmopadeza diyaa| 229 ariSTanemi nandanavana nAmaka udyAna meM apanI ziSya sampadA ke sAtha padhAre aura janamedinI ko dharmopadeza diyA 1230 jaina zikSA saMsthAna ke rUpa meM layana yA guhAgRha kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| jaina muniyoM yA sAdhuoM ko nagara grAmAdi bahujana saMkIrNa sthAnoM se dUra parvata va vana kI janazUnya guphAoM va koTaroM Adi meM nivAsa karane kA vidhAna hai| isI kAraNa prAcIna samaya meM muni prAkRtika rUpa se banI guphAoM meM jAkara sAdhanA karate the| kAlAntara meM zrAvaka samudAya ne kRtrima layana yA guphAoM kA viziSTa tarIke se nirmANa karanA prAraMbha kara diyaa| ina muniyoM-sAdhuoM ke kAraNa ye guhAgRha sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha zikSA ke bhI kendra bana ge| 231 uparyukta prAcIna zikSaNa abhikaraNoM ke alAvA pariSad, caraNa, agrahAra, yajJasatra tathA rAjasabhA Adi kI gaNanA bhI zikSaNa saMsthAoM ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai 1232 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke maMthana se prApta uparyukta vivaraNa ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna zikSA Aja kI bhAMti sirpha saiddhAntika hI nahIM thI apitu vyAvahArika bhI thI / zikSA ke viSayoM meM vibhinna kalAoM ke samAveza ke kAraNa zikSA rojagAronmukhI thI / yadyapi usa samaya Aja kI taraha bar3e-bar3e zikSA-saMsthAna nahIM the, zikSA gurukuloM meM dI jAtI thI, lekina isa prakAra kI zikSA jahA~ eka ora zikSArthI meM anuzAsana-bhAvanA kA vikAsa karatI thI, vahIM dUsarI ora use jIvana - raNakSetra meM do-do hAtha karanA sikhAtI thI / zikSaNa zrutajJAna para AdhArita thA aura praznottarapravidhi mukhya zikSaNa - vidhi ke rUpa meM pracalita thI / ziSya guru ke samparka meM Aja kI taraha sirpha pA~ca-chaH ghaMTe hI nahIM apitu dina-rAta yAnI caubIsa ghaNTe rahatA thA, isase unake sambandhoM meM pragAr3hatA AtI thI, pariNAmasvarUpa anuzAsanahInatA kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI thI / zikSArthI sirpha cikitsaka, zilpakAra, saMgItakAra Adi hI nahIM apitu Adarza nAgarika bhI banatA thA / zikSA vyakti kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa karane vAlI thii| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna zikSA vyakti ko Atmanirbhara hI nahIM banAtI thI balki use AtmakalyANa ke mArga para bhI agrasara karatI thI / 232

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- paM 3 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA saMdarbha 35. vahI 1/8/182 Rgveda 7/76/1 36. vahI 1/2/50 uttarAdhyayana 37. vahI 1/1/191 3. saMskRta zabdArtha- kaustubha- pR. 1152 38. dazavaikAlika sUtra-4 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/7 Rgveda 7/81/1 40. vahI 1/5/25 gItA adhyAya-18, zloka 20 41. vahI 1/5/28-29 6. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR. 165 42. vahI 1/5/33 7. zikSA kI AvazyakatAe~, pR. 13 43. vahI 1/5/135-150 8. vahI pR. 13 44. vahI 1/8/11 9. vahI pR. 12 45. vahI 1/8/110 10. vahI pR. 11 46. vahI 1/8/189 11. vahI pR. 11 vahI 1/1/4 12. vahI pR. 12 48. vahI 1/1/98 13. (i) zikSA aura samAja- pR. 2 (ii) zikSA 49. vahI 1/1/98-99 samasyA aura samAdhAna, pR. 101 vahI 1/1/207, 1/5/43 14. zikSA ke sAmAnya siddhAnta- pR. 3 15. zikSA kI AvazyakatAe~- pR. 12 51. uttara rAmacarita, aMka-2 Education in Ancient India, p.326 16. vahI pR. 13 17. samAja darzana kI bhUmikA, pR. 90 53. viSNupurANa 1/19/41 18. ejukezana ina aiMziyaMTa iNDiyA, pR. 326 54. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/159, 1/2/52 vahI 1/8/183 19. bhAratIya zikSA kA samAjazAstra - pR. 30 jo vedadi vedijjadisamae samae viNassahe 20. zikSA ke sAmAnya siddhAnta- pR. 5 21. zikSA kI AvazyakatAe~- pR. 12-13 ubhayaM / taM jANago du vANI ubhayaMpiNa kaMkhai kyaapi|| 22. zikSA ke mUla siddhAnta- pR. 17 ___-samayasAra-gAthA 213, pR.325 23. vahI -pR. 18 57. atharvaveda-11/3/15 24. zikSA zAstra- pR. 5 58. vahI 7/68/1-3 25. vahI - pR. 5 59. vahI 7/68/3 26. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 67/194/6 (uddhRta 60. vahI 7/10/1 jainendra siddhAnta koza-4, pR. 28) 61. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/159-160, 191 27. zikSA aura samAja- pR. 51 28. zikSA vicAra-vinobA bhAve pR. 8 62. vahI 1/5/25. 57 29. eka bUMda : eka sAgara (khaNDa-4), 63. vahI 1/8/186 vahI 1/14/53 pR. 1341 30. zikSA aura saMskRti (lekhakIya) 65. vahI 1/16/228 31. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/3 66. (i) sthAnAMgasUtra 5/3/220 (madhukara muni) (i) "vAcanApracchanAnuprekSAmnAya32. vahI 1/2/52 -dharmopadezAH" -tattvArthasUtra 9/25 33. vahI 1/5/24 67. zravaNaM tu guroH mananaM tdntrm| 34. vahI 1/8/9 233

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nididhyAsanamityetatpUrNa bodhasya kaarnnm|| 100. vahI 1/1/175 -zukarahasyopaniSad 3/13 101. vahI 1/1/162 68. mahAbhArata- (bhISmaparva) 26/4 102. vahI 1/2/53 69. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/164 103. vahI 1/8/34-35 70. vahI 1/2/53 104. vahI 1/1/99 71. vahI 1/3/26 105. vahI 1/1/90-91 72. vahI 1/4/13 106. vahI 1/13/15 73. vahI 1/5/71 107. vahI 1/8/95-96 74. vahI 1/6/7 108. vahI 1/1/93 75. vahI 1/7/31 109. vahI 1/2/20 76. vahI 2/1/38 110. vahI 1/8/159-160, 1/13/16 77. vahI 1/1/8-9 111. vahI 1/13/17 78. vahI 1/5/35 112. vahI 1/13/21-22 79. vahI 1/8/111-115 113. vahI 1/1/98 80. vahI 1/5/33 114. vahI 1/1/104 81. vahI 1/8/110 115. vahI 1/5/6 82. vahI 1/16/119 116. vahI 1/16/44 83. jJAtAsUtra navAMgITIkA- pahalI kathA 117. vahI 1/5/23 (abhayadevasUri), pR. 45 118. vahI 1/8/55 84. prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, 119. vahI 1/9/8 pR. 510 120. vahI 1/17/4,7 85. (i) sthAnAMga sUtra 3/3/398 121. vahI 1/12/16-18 (ii) jJAtAdharmakathAMga sUtra 1/5/31 122. vahI 1/1/99 86. AcArAMgacUrNi, pR. 185 123. vahI 1/16/122 87. vyAkhyA prajJapti 2/1/12 124. vahI 1/1/99 88. uttarAdhyayanasUtra TIkA-3 (zAntidevasUri), 125. vahI 1/1/101 pRSTha 56 126. vahI 1/1/99 89. chAndogyopaniSad 7/1/2 127. vahI 1/1/214 90. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/99 128. vahI 1/17/12 (vivecana) 91. vahI 1/13/10-18 129. vahI 1/16/139 92. vahI 1/1/99 130. vahI 1/16/152 93. vahI 1/1/101 131. vahI 1/15/5-11 94. vahI 1/2/29 132. vahI 1/8/53-72 95. vahI 1/1/99 133. vahI 1/5/25, 1/16/219, 1/16/227 96. vahI 1/5/35-39 134. vahI 1/18/16 97. vahI 1/5/44-50 135. vahI 1/18/23 98. vahI 1/8/138-141 136. saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 349 99. vahI 1/1/164, 187 137. nandI (hAribhadrIya vRtti), pR. 5 234

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA 138. Avazyaka niyukti (hAribhadrIya vRtti) 155. sthAnAMgasUtra 4/3/422 -179 156. vahI 4/3/423 139. bhagavatI sUtra 1/1/1 (abhayadeva vRtti) 157. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/207-208, 1/19/29 140. niSekAdIni karmANi yaH karoti ythaavidhi| 158. vahI 1/1/100 sambhAvayati cAnnena sa vipro gururuucyte| 159. vahI 1/5/6 - manusmRti- 2.142 160. rAyapaseNaiya-suttaM, sUtra-191, pR. 329 141. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/4 161. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/114,159 142. Avazyaka niyukti --136 162. vahI 1/5/13-24 143. vyavahAra sUtra 3.5 163. vahI 1/5/53,68 144. saMgahaNuggahakusalo suttatthavisArao 164. vahI 1/8/138,190 phiykitto| kiriAcaraNasujuto 165. vahI 1/16/219,228 gAhuyaAdejavayavo y|| 166. vahI 1/19/23,29 -mUlAcAra -158, pR. 133 167. jahA nisaMte tavaNaccimAlI pabhAsaI kevala 145. gaMbhIro duhariso sUro dhmmpphaavnnaasiilo| bhArahaM tu| evAyario suasIlabuddhie, khidisasisAyarasarao kameNa taM so du virAMyaI suramajjheva iNdo|| sNptto|| -dazavaikAlika- 9/1/14 ___ -mUlAcAra -159, pR. 133-134 168. jahA sasI komuijogajutto, nakkhattatArAgaNa 146. 1. paMciMdiya-saMvaraNo, taha navaviha pribuddppaa| khe sohaI vimale abbhamukke, bNbhcer-guttidhro| cauviha-kasAya evaM gaNI sohai bhikkhumjjhe|| mukko, ia aTThArasaguNehi sNjutto|| -vahI 9/1/15 2. paMcamahavvaya-jutto, paMcavihAyAra- ___ 169. manuSyacarmaNA baddha sAkSAtpara zivaH svayaM / paalnnsmttho| paMcasamio tigutto, -brahmANDapurANa 4/43/68 chattIsaguNo gurumjjh|| 170. sovAgakulasaMbhUo, guNattaradharo munnii| -sAmAyika sUtra 3/1/,2, pR. 161 hariesabalonAma, Asi bhikkhU 147. jIvandhara campU, pR. 257 jiindio|| 148. kaThopaniSad 1/2/9 - uttarAdhyayana 12/1 149. yAjJavalkya smRti 1/212 171. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/6, 2/1/2-3 150. mahAbhArata (udyoga parva) 33/28 172. vahI 1/1/6 151. vahI -33/28 173. vahI 1/5/65 152. mahAbhArata (virATa parva) - 53/4-6 174. AcArAMgasUtra 2/14/1/6, zobhAcandra bhArilla 153. mAlavikAgnimitra -1 175. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 1/2, 9, 22, 27, 41 154. cattAri phalA paNNatatA, taM jahA - ___ 176. vase gurukule nicca jogavaM uvhaannvN| Amalagamahure, muddiyAmahure, khIramahure, piyaMkare piyaMvAI se sikkhaM ladbhumarihaI / / khaMDamahure / evAmeva, cattAri AyariyA -vahI 11/14 paNNattA, taMjahAAmalagamahuraphalamANe, 177. (i) aha aTThahiM ThANehiM sikkhAsIle ti jAva (muddiyAmahura-phalasamANe, vuccii| ahassire sayA dante na ya khiirmhurphlmaanne)| -sthAnAMgasUtra 4/3/...- mmmmudaahre|| 411 pR. 341 (madhukara muni) - vahI 11/4 235

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (ii) nAsIle na visIle na siyA ailolue 204. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/162, 188 akohaNe sa saccarae sikkhAsIle ti 205. vahI 1/13/76-78 vuccii| 206. vahI 1/2/26-29 ___- vahI 11/5 207. Apastamba 1,2,8,30 178. Avazyaka niyukti, 22 208. zrI sthAnAMga sUtra 10 179. kauTilya arthazAstra 1/4 209. zatapatha brAhmaNa- 11/5/4/5 180. (i) mahAbhArata (droNaparva)169/10 210. shissyshissttirvdhen| (ii) mahAbhArata (anuzAsanaparva) 131/25 ashktorjjuvennuvidlaabhyaam| anyena 181. amRta maMthana 15/4 dhvan raajaashaasyH| 182. raghuvaMza 3/31, 1/95 -nyAyasUtra, 1,2/48,53 183. jAtaka, saMkhyA 252 211. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/98 184. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/75, 2/1/25 212. vahI 1/5/6 185. 'aha paMcahiM ThANehiM jehiM sikkhA na 213. chAndogyopaniSad 8, 15, 1, 4, 9, 1 labbhaI' thambhA kohA pamAeNaM 214. mahAbhArata (Adiparva) 70 rogeNA'lassaeNa y|| 215. rAmAyaNa 2/56/16 - uttarAdhyayana satra 11/3 216. jAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/31 186. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 27/8, 13, 16 217. vahI 1/1/111, 2/1/6 187. manusmRti 2/112 218. vahI 1/2/50 188. jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra 1/1/100 219. vahI 2/1/2 189. vahI 1/1/7 220. lAipha ina enzayeMTa iMDiyA eja DepikTeDa 190. vahI 1/1/113 ina dI jaina kainansa, pR. 173-174 191. vahI 1/5/35 221. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/91 192. vahI 1/5/12 222. vahI 1/1/91 193. vahI 1/1/190 223. vahI 1/8/81 194. vahI 1/5/24 224. vahI 1/8/96 195. vahI 1/5/70 225. vahI 1/15/5 196. AcArAMgasUtram 2/14/1/6 226. vahI 1/8/53, 1/17/3 197. raghuvaMza 3/29 227. supArIka jAtaka -463, pR. 338 198. ApastambagRhasUtra 1/2/6/13 228. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/108, 111, 114 199. mahAvagga 1/32/1 229. vahI 1/5/28 200. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/64-68 230. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/7 201. matsyapurANa 211/21 231. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, 202. prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR. 306 pR. 517 232. bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana, 203. dazavaikAlika eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 67 pR. 217 236

Page #238
aSThama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA kalA mAnava saMskRti kI upaja hai| prakRti meM vicaraNa karate hue mAnava ne zreSTha saMskAra ke rUpa meM jo kucha saundaryabodha prApta kiyA hai, 'kalA' usI kI pratidhvani hai| paristhitiyoM ko icchita AkAra dekara hI manuSya ne mAnava-saMskRti ko janma diyA aura use vikAsa ke zikhara kI ora agrasara kiyaa| pazu aura manuSya meM mukhya antara UomukhI cetanA kA hai, jo use prakRti para vijaya prApta karane aura paristhiti ko icchita svarUpa dene meM samartha banAtI hai| AhAra-bhayamaithunAdi sAmAnya pazu-kriyAoM se Upara uThakara manuSya ne jaba Atmacaitanya prApta kiyA, taba usameM eka naI dIpti kI prasphuraNA huii| jIvana-saMgharSa se thor3A avakAza milate hI mAnava apane anubhavoM se lAbha prApta karatA huA suvidhAvAda kI ora mukhAtiba hotA hai| parNakuTI se prAsAda taka bar3hate hue manuSya ne apanI anavarata vRddhimAna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI nahIM kI, balki apane antas meM utkRSTa saundarya-cetanA kA vikAsa kiyA aura zArIrika AvazyakatAoM se Upara uThakara mAnasika saMtRpti ko apanA dhyeya bnaayaa| pakavAna aura sugaMdhita dravyoM kA AviSkAra, raMgolI kI kalA, sone-cAMdI ke AbhUSaNoM kA vaicitrya, citra aura mUrti kA nirmANa, iSTa-mitroM ke hAsa-vinoda, kathA aura kAvya, nRtya aura saMgIta, ye saba mAnava kI satata vikAsonmukha kalA-cetanA ke hI vibhinna AyAma haiN| mAnasika jagat kI ye AhlAdakArI ceSTAe~ manuSya ke bhAva-jagata ko sundaratA aura snigdhatA sampreSita karatI rahI hai| ___ 'kalA' zabda bahucarcita-bahupracalita aura ati prAcIna zabda rahA hai| kalA kI nAnAvidha paribhASAe~ evaM vyAkhyAe~ kI gaI haiN| kalA zabda kI vyutpatti 'kalA' zabda kI aneka vyutpattiyA~ upalabdha haiM1. 'kal' dhAtu se vyutpanna hone ke kAraNa 'kalA' zabda kA artha hotA hai karanA, sRjana, racanA, nirmANa yA niSpanna krnaa|' 2. 'kaM sukham lAtIti kalA' arthAt jo sukha ko lAne vAlI, pradAna karane 237

Page #239
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vAlI ho, vaha kalA hai| 2 curAdigaNIya 'kala AsvAdane' dhAtu se 'kalA' zabda niSpanna hotA hai, jisakA artha hai 'kalayati AsvAdayati iti kalA' arthAt jo AsvAda kA viSaya ho vaha kalA hai, jisameM Ananda rasa kI upalabdhi ho use kalA kahate haiM / 3. 4. 5. 6. bhvAdigaNIya 'kaDamade' dhAtu (prasanna karanA, madamasta karanA) se kalA ko saMbaMdhita mAnate haiM. arthAt jisase prasannatA kI prApti ho, vaha kalA hai / " curAdigaNIya dhAraNArthaka 'kal' dhAtu se bhI kalA zabda kI niSpatti ho sakatI hai, jisakA artha hai- sukha ko dhAraNa kare, mana yA citta ko dhAraNa kare, vaha kalA hai / kucha vidvAna ise 'kaM' arthAt Ananda ko lAne vAlA mAnate haiM- 'kaM AnandaM lAti iti kalA' / 'kalA' zabda kA artha bhAratIya vAGmaya meM 'kalA' zabda kA prayoga lagabhaga bIsa arthoM meM huA hai, jisameM mukhya haiM - 16vA~ bhAga, choTA bhAga, candramA kA 16vAM bhAga, kAla kA eka pramANa vizeSa, mUla- byAja, rAzi ke 30veM bhAga kA 60vA~ bhAga, kauzala, cAturya, kapaTa, sundara, komala, naukA, hunara, vidyA, yukti, zilpa, zobhA Adi / ' bhAratIya paramparA meM 'kalA' zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama bharata nATyazAstra meM upalabdha hotA hai / nATyazAstra meM aisA koI jJAna nahIM, koI zilpa nahIM, koI vidyA nahIM kalA nahIM ho| 'kalA' kA loka pracalita artha hai- kisI bhI kArya ko sarvottama DhaMga se karane kA tarIkA / kalA kI paribhASAe~ * vRhadAraNyaka 44 'brahma - paramAtmA mUrta aura amUrta donoM haiM, amUrta brahma ke mUrta rUpa kI anubhUti-cetanA hI kalA hai| paramAtmA kI mUrtatA - -vyaktatA hI kalA hai| kalA kA rkA saundarya sRjana hai, saundarya kI vijJapti kalA hI karatI hai, kalA saundarya kI 238

Page #240
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA mApikA hai|'' ) dhvanyAloka locanA kaumudI "kalA prastuta yathArtha kI yathAvat nakala nahIM utAratI balki vaha use AdarzIkRta karatI hai aura AdarzIkaraNa kI isI prakriyA meM usa kalA kA rahasya chipA rahatA hai|" ) hindI sAhitya koza "kalA meM kSobha aura zrama kA parihAra hai, mana kA raMjana aura udbodhana hai, vigata anubhavoM kI sukhada punarAvRtti hai, yaha saba manuSya ne jAnA tabhI to AkAMkSA-madhura kalA-nimiti aura kalAnanda kA janma huaa|"10 arastu "svabhAva ke mAdhyama se manuSya vibhinna vastuoM kA anukaraNa karatA hai| kucha kalAkAra raMgoM aura mUrtiyoM ke dvArA anukaraNa karate haiM tathA anya zabdoM dvaaraa| ataH kalA ko prakRti kA anukaraNa-mAtra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, ise hama prakRti kI punakRti kaha sakate haiN|''11 ) "Man creates more adequate forms of beauty than he finds already in poetry existing in the world about him. Art is superior to Nature." 12- Hegal arthAt mAnava apane cAroM ora sRSTi meM jo saundarya pAtA hai, vaha usase bhI utkRSTa saundarya kalpanA ke sahAre nirmita karatA hai aura isa prakAra kalA prakRti se zreSTha hai| TAlsaTAya __"bhAvoM ko kriyA, rekhA, raMga, dhvani yA zabda dvArA isaprakAra abhivyakta karanA ki use dekhane yA sunane vAle meM bhI vahI bhAva jaga jAe, vahI kalA phrAyaDa "kalA avacetana mana kI atRpta vAsanAoM kA samunnata rUpa hai|"14 / Taigora "kalA kI mUla preraNA saundarya-bhAvanA hai| saundarya kA bodha hameM vizva kI vibhUtiyoM meM Ananda kI pratIti dekara hamArI kalA ko sundara aura sampanna banAtA 239

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai| jaba hama AtmA ke saundarya kA bodha karate haiM, to vizvAtmA ke paramAnanda kA anubhava, hamArI kalA ko kalyANa aura prema ke mArga se asIma kI ora le jAtA 1715 * eDIsana " prAkRtika jagat ke usa zArIrika aura naitika saundarya kA, jisase hameM vastu-jagat meM Ananda prApta hotA hai, hama bArambAra sAkSAtkAra aura anubhava karanA cAhate haiM; ataeva hama use doharAte rahanA cAhate haiM- vaise hI jyoM kA tyoM nahIM, balki jisa rUpa meM hamArI kalpanA hameM usakA mAnasa-sAkSAtkAra karAtI hai| isa kriyA se manuSya ke samakSa eka maulika aura sArthaka kRti utpanna ho jAtI hai, jise kalAtmaka kRti kahate haiN| 16 * prasAda 44 'nava-nava svarUpa prathollekhazAlinI saMvit vastuoM meM yA pramAtA hai sva ko, AtmA ko parimiti rUpa meM prakaTa karatI hai, isI krama kA nAma kalA hai| 17 * bhojarAja "vyaMjayati karttRzaktiM kaleti teneha kathitA sA arthAt Izvara kI kartRtva zakti kA saMkucita rUpa jo hamako bodha ke lie milatA hai, vahI kalA hai| 18 "Art is a faithful mirror of the life and civilization of a period."'9- Nehru * jainendra 44 'kalA zabda manuSya ne banAyA isalie ki usake dvArA vaha apane bhItara anubhUta satya ko prakaTa karanA cAhatA thA / 1120 * AcArya tulasI " jisa karma se jIvana kA antara saMpRkta hotA hai, adhyAtma zakti kA vikAsa hotA hai, vaha karma hI kalA hai| kalA na to par3hane kI cIja hai aura na abhyAsa kI vastu hai / vaha to jIvanagata tattva hai, isalie vaha jIvana ke unmeSanimeSoM se saMyukta hai / ' 1121 - AcArya rAmacandra zukla "jisa prakAra bAhya prakRti ke bIca vana, parvata, nadI, nirjhara kI rUpavibhUti se hama saundarya magna hote haiM, usI prakAra aMtaH prakRti kI dayA, dAkSiNya, 240

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA zraddhA, bhakti Adi vRttiyoM kI snigdhatA, zItalatA meM saundarya laharAtA huA pAte haiN| yadi kahIM bAhya aura AbhyaMtara donoM saundarya kA yoga dikhalAI par3e to phira kyA kahanA hai, yaha yoga hI kalA hai|''22 ____ kalA kI anekAneka paribhASAe~ vizva sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM, kintu sAra rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'kalA' AtmAbhivyakti bhI hai aura racanAtmaka prakriyA bhii| kalA eka aisI prakriyA hai, jisameM mAnava-cetanA aura bAhya sRSTi ke rUpoM kI saMzliSTa abhivyaMjanA hotI hai| vyApaka artha meM 'kalA' mAnava kI kartRtva kSamatA kA kisI bhI mAnasika aura zarIrika upayogI yA AnandadAyI vastu ke nirmANa ke lie kiyA gayA kauzalayukta prayoga hai aura vaha zivatva kI upalabdhi ke lie satya kI saundaryamayI abhivyakti hai| kalA ke tattva sAmAnyataH pratyeka kalA kI apanI-apanI viziSTatAe~ hotI haiM, lekina kucha aise tattva hote haiM jo pratyeka kalA meM yatkiMcita vidyamAna rahate haiM, jinheM hama kalA kI sAmAnya vizeSatAe~ kaha sakate haiM, jinakA saMkSipta nidarzana isa prakAra hai 1. 2. pratyeka kalA kisI na kisI rUpa meM saundarya se anuprANita hotI hai| pratyeka kalA kA koI na koI mUrta AdhAra hotA hai, bhale hI kucha mUrta patthara, IMToM kI bhAMti sthUla hoM aura kucha nAda yA zabda kI bhAMti atyanta sUkSma yA virl| saundarya bodha cakSurindriya aura karNendriya se hotA hai| jJAnendriyA~ madhyastha kA kAma karatI hai| inake dvArA kalAkAra ke manobhAva darzaka yA zrotA ke mana meM preSita aura gRhIta hote haiN| sabhI kalAkRtiyA~ pratIkAtmaka hotI hai arthAt ve una saundarya-tattvoM, bhAvoM yA arthoM ke vAhaka mAtra haiN| bhAratIya kalAkAra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha kevala zArIrika anuraMjana ko hI kalA kA viSaya na mAnakara sAMskRtika, mAnasika, bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA dhyAna rakhakara kalA kA sRjana karatA hai, usa kalA kI aMtima pariNati paramAnanda meM hI hotI hai| ukti prasiddha hai 5. 6. 241

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vizrAnti yasya saMbhoge sA kalA na kalA mtaa| lIyate paramAnande yayAtmA sA praaklaa| kalA ke prakAra aura bheda bhAratIya vAGmaya ke aneka graMthoM meM puruSoM va striyoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna kalAoM ke parijJAna kA ullekha milatA hai| 'kalA' zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama bharata ke nATyazAstra meM hI milatA hai, unhoMne likhA na tajjAnaM na tacchiyaM na sA vidyA na sA klaa|| kAmasUtra aura zukranIti meM bhI isakA varNana milatA hai|24 pramukha rUpa se rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, vAkyapadIya, kalAvilAsa (kSemendra), dazakumAra carita, brahmANDa purANa, bhAgavatapurANa kI TIkA, mahimna stotra TIkA, zrRMgAra prakAza, kAvyAdarza, zaivatanaya, saptazatI TIkA, saubhAgya bhAskara Adi hindU graMthoM meM kalA ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prAyaH sabhI meM 72 evaM 64 kalAe~ hI varNita haiN| kevala kSemendra ne 'kalAvilAsa' meM kalA ke bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA kI hai aura unakI saMkhyA 100 se bhI adhika ginAI hai| jaina sAhitya meM jahA~ kahIM bhI adhyayanIya viSayoM kI carcA huI hai vahA~ para kalAoM kA varNana vistAra se huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga, samavAyAMgasUtra, aupapAtikasUtra, rAjapraznIyasUtra, kalpasUtra, vipAkasUtra, samarAditya kathA, kuvalayamAlA, prabandhakoza, prAkRtasUtra ratnamAlA Adi graMthoM meM 72 kalAoM aura jambUdvIpa prajJapti Adi meM 64 kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| haribhadrasUri ne yadyapi 89 kalAoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, parantu jaina sAhitya meM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke lie 72 -'vAvattarikalApaMDiyA vipurirA' evaM striyoM ke lie 64 kalAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| NAyakumAra cariu evaM yazastilakacampU Adi kucha graMthoM meM yadyapi kalAoM kI saMkhyA nahIM ginAI gaI hai, phira bhI sabhI kalAoM kA prakArAntara se varNana milatA hai| bhAratIya manISiyoM ne ina kalAoM kA sthUla rUpa se do vargoM meM vibhAjana kiyA hai (1) lalita kalAe~, (2) upayogI kalAe~ yA yAMtrika klaaeN| upayogI kalA vyavahArajanita aura suvidhAbodhI hai tathA lalitakalA mana ke saMtoSa ke lie 242

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA hai, usameM usa viziSTa mAnasika saundarya kI yojanA hai, jo upayogitAvAda se bhinna vastu hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kathAzailI meM saMgrathita dharmakathAnuyoga kA eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai| kathAoM ke mAdhyama se Atmabodha karAnA hI isa graMtha kA lakSya hai / isa krama meM isa graMtha meM vibhinna bhAratIya kalAoM ko ukerA gayA hai, jinameM vAstukalA, citrakalA, mUrtikalA, saMgIta-nRtyakalA, sthApatyakalA, Ayurveda, yuddhakalA, pAkakalA Adi pramukha hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agrAMkita bahattara kalAoM kA nAmollekha milatA hailehaM - lekhana gaNiyaM * gaNita rUvaM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. jUyaM 11. jaNavAyaM 12. pAsayaM 13. aTThAvayaM 14. porekacca 15. dagamaTTiyaM 16. annavihiM 17. pANavihiM na gIyaM vAiyaM saragayaM pokkharagayaM samatA - - - - - - juA vAda-vivAda karanA * pAsoM se khelanA - caupar3a khelanA nagara kI rakSA karanA jala aura miTTI ke saMyoga se vastu kA nirmANa dhAnya nipajAnA nayA pAnI utpanna karanA, pAnI ko saMskAra karake zuddha evaM uSNa karanA 243 - - - - - rUpa badalanA nATaka gAyana vAdya bajAnA svara jAnanA puSkara nAmaka vAdya bajAnA samAnatAla jAnanA -

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gIiyaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 18. vatthavihiM - nae vastra banAnA, raMganA, sInA aura pahananA 19. vilevaNavihiM - vilepana kI vastu ko pahacAnanA, taiyAra karanA 20. sayaNavihiM - zayyA banAnA, zayana karane kI vidhi jAnanA 21. ajaM . - AryA chaMda ko pahacAnanA aura banAnA paheliyaM - paheliyAM banAnA aura bUjhanA mAgahiyaM - mAgadhikA arthAt magadha kI bhASA meM gAthA banAnA 24. gAhaM - gAthA banAnA - gIti chaMda banAnA siloyaM __ - zloka banAnA 27. hiraNNajatiM - hiraNya banAnA 28. suvannajutiM - suvarNa banAnA 29. cunnajutiM - cUrNa, gulAla, abIra Adi banAnA aura unakA upayoga karanA 30. AbharaNavihiM - AbhUSaNa banAnA aura pahananA Adi 31. tarUNIpaDikammaM - taruNI kI sevA karanA, prasAdhana karanA itthilakkhaNaM - strI ke lakSaNa jAnanA 33. purisalakkhaNaM - puruSa ke lakSaNa jAnanA 34. hayalakkhaNaM - azva ke lakSaNa jAnanA gayalakkhaNaM - hAthI ke lakSaNa jAnanA 36. goNalakkhaNaM - gAya-baila ke lakSaNa jAnanA 37. kukkuDalakkhaNaM - murgoM ke lakSaNa jAnanA 38. chatalakkhaNaM - chatra ke lakSaNa jAnanA 39. DaMDalakkhaNaM - daMDa ke lakSaNa jAnanA asilakkhaNaM - khaDga ke lakSaNa jAnanA 41. maNilakkhaNaM - maNi ke lakSaNa jAnanA 42. kAgaNilakkhaNaM - kAkaNI ratna ke lakSaNa jAnanA 43. vatthuvijaM - vAstu vidyA 44. khaMdhAramANaM - senA ke par3Ava ke pramANa Adi jAnanA 32. 244

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45. nagaramANaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA - nagara-nirmANa - vyUha banAnA - virodhI ke vyUha ke sAmane apanI senA kA morcA 47. paDivUhaM banAnA 48. cAraM - sainya saMcAlana karanA 49. paDicAraM ___ - praticAra yAnI zatru senA ke samakSa apanI senA ko calAnA 50. cakkavUhaM - cakravyUha banAnA 51. garulavUhaM - garur3a ke AkAra kI vyUha racanA 52. sagaDavUhaM - zakaTa vyUha racanA juddhaM - sAmAnya yuddha karanA 54. nijuddhaM - vizeSa yuddha karanA juddhAtijuddhaM - atyanta vizeSa yuddha karanA aTThijuddhaM - asthi se yuddha karanA 57. muTThijuddhaM - muSTi yuddha karanA 58. bAhujuddha - bAhuyuddha karanA 59. layAjuddhaM - latAyuddha karanA - bahuta ko thor3A aura thor3e ko bahuta dikhalAnA 61. charUppavAyaM - khaDga kI mUTha Adi banAnA dhaNuvveyaM - dhanuSa-bANa sambandhI kauzala hirannapAgaM __- cA~dI kA pAka banAnA 64. suvanapAgaM - sone kA pAka banAnA 65. suttakheDaM - sUtra kA chedana karanA vaTThakheDaM - kheta jotanA 67. nAliyA kheDaM - kamala ke nAla kA chedana karanA 68. pattacchejjaM - patra-chedana karanA kaDagacchejjaM - kar3A-kuNDala Adi kA chedana karanA 70. sajjIvaM _ - mRta ko jIvita karanA 245 IsatthaM

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 71. nijIvaM - jIvita ko mRta krnaa| 72. sauNaruamiti - kAka-ghUka Adi pakSiyoM kI bolI pahacAnanA uparyukta kalAoM meM se kucha kalAoM kA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratyakSa aura apratyakSa rUpa se vistRta vivecana milatA hai, jinakA ullekha isa prakAra hailehaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM lekhikA kA varNana milatA hai| jaba draupadI apane svayaMvara maNDapa meM jAtI hai taba lekhikA dAsI bhI unake sAtha maNDapa meM jAtI hai|" kRSNa vAsudeva ne sArathI dAruka ke sAtha padmanAtha ko patra (lehaM) bhejaa| gaNiyaM ___ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gaNita viSayaka vibhinna tattvoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinameM mApa-taula kI ikAiyA~ va aMka haiN| rUvaM __ apanI vimala prabhA se jIvaloka tathA nagaravara rAjagRha ko prakAzita karatA huA divya rUpadhArI deva abhayakumAra ke pAsa A phuNcaa| kacchulla nAmaka nArada saMkrAmaNI arthAt dUsare ke zarIra meM praveza karane kI vidyA jAnatA thaa| yaha vidyA rUpa badalane kI kalA kI upasthiti prakaTa karatI hai| naTuM meghakumAra ke janmotsava para zreNika rAjA ne naTa (naDa) Adi ko apanI kalA prastuta karane ke lie bulaayaa|" devadattA gaNikA nRtya, gIta aura vAdya meM masta rahatI thii| naMdamaNikArI kI citrasabhA meM nATaka karane vAle vetana para rakhe hue the| naDa (naTa) zabda kA ullekha nATyakalA kA paricAyaka hai| gIyaM meghakumAra gIti meM prItivAlA, gIta aura nRtya meM kuzala ho gyaa| meghakumAra ke janmotsava va vivAhotsava para maMgalagAna gAe ge| lokAntika deva tIrthaMkara mallIbhagavatI ke dIkSAmahotsava se pUrva nRtya-gItoM ke zabdoM ke sAtha divya bhoga bhogate hue vicara rahe the|36 lavakuza ko svara jJAna se sampanna" batAkara vAlmIki ne svara-saMgIta ke pracalana kI ora iMgita kiyA hai| saMgIta ke sAhacarya meM nRtyu kA bhI paryApta sevana kiyA jAtA thaa| isakA 246

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA samarthana uttarakAMDa se hotA hai, jahA~ rAvaNa ko nRtya aura gAna ke sAtha bhagavAna zaMkara kI ArAdhanA karate hue citrita kiyA gayA hai| vAiyaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna vAdyayaMtroM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinameM pramukha hai- zaMkha, paNava, paTaha", bherI, jhAlara", kharamukhI', huDukka, mRdaMga", duMdubhi , taMtrI, tala, tAla, ghana, truTika", vividha prakAra kI vINAe~, baaNsurii| arhat ariSTanemi ke Agamana para dvArakA nagarI ke kauTumbika puruSoM ne kaumudI bherI bajAkara logoM kA AhvAna kiyaa| padmanAbharAjA se yuddha ke samaya vAsudeva kRSNa ne pAJcajanya zaMkha bajAkara usakI eka tihAI senA ko hata kara diyaa| dhAriNI devI ko vibhinna vAdyoM kI dhvani sunate hue vanabhramaNa kA dohada utpanna huaa| kanakaketu ke kauTumbikoM ne ghor3oM ko prazikSita karane ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vINAe~ bjaayii| saragayaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke uparyukta saMdarbho meM varNita vAdyayaMtroM se spaSTa hai ki usa samaya svara jAnane kI kalA (saragayaM) bhI vikasita avasthA meM thii| devadattA gaNikA vibhinna prakAra ke nRtya, gIta aura vAdyoM meM masta rahatI thii| pokkharagayaM uparyukta saMdarbho meM varNita vibhinna vAdyayaMtra bajAne kI kalA se spaSTa hai ki usa samaya vAdyayaMtra sudhArane kI kalA bhI rahI hogii| jUyaM . jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jue se saMbaMdhita vibhinna tathya milate haiN| vijayacora dyUta meM Asakta thaa| vaha jue ke akhAr3oM ko dekhatA phiratA thaa| dhanyasArthavAha kA dAsa ceTaka bhI jue meM Asakta thA aura vaha juAgharoM meM maje se bhaTakatA thaa| vijayacora juAriyoM kA AzrayadAtA thaa| jaNavAyaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para vAda-vivAda kA ullekha milatA hai| zuka parivrAjaka aura thAvaccAputra aNagAra ke madhya nIlAzoka udyAna meM dhArmika viSayoM para vAda-vivAda huaa| videharAjavara kanyA mallI aura cokkhA parivAjikA ke bIca bhI vibhinna dhArmika viSayoM para vAda-vivAda huaa| 247

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aTThAvayaM dhAriNI devI ne apane dohadapUrNa na hone para caupar3a khelane kA parityAga kara diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki caupar3a khelane kI kalA rAjaparivAroM meM vikasita thI / porekaccaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nagara rakSA ullekha vibhinna rUpoM meM milatA hai| dhanyasArthavAha ke putra devadatta kA apaharaNa hone para usane apane putra ko khoja nikAlane ke lie nagararakSakoM se phariyAda kii| 1 dagamaTTiyaM dagamaTTiyaM kA artha hai pAnI aura miTTI ke saMyoga se kisI vastu kA nirmANa karanA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa kArya ke lie kumbhakAra zreNI kA ullekha milatA hai|2 zreNika rAjA ne meghakumAra ke janmotsava para kuMbhakAra Adi aTThAraha prakAra kI zreNiyoM ko bulaayaa| subuddhi amAtya ne kumhAra kI dukAna se nae ghar3e lie 164 annavihiM annavihiM kA artha hai dhAnya nipajAnA / meghakumAra ke janmotsava ke avasara para zreNikarAjA ne kisAnoM Adi ko begAra se mukta kara diyA / " dhanyasArthavAha kI putravadhU rohiNI ne apane kulagRha ke puruSoM ko dhAnya nipajAne kI kriyAvidhi batalAI 16 pANavihiM pANavihiM kA artha hai nayA pAnI utpanna karanA, pAnI ko saMskAra karake zuddha karanA evaM uSNa karanA / subuddhi amAtya ne pAnI ko vaijJAnika vidhi se zuddha karake apane rAjA jitazatru ko pilAyA 17 uSNa jala se kapar3e prakSAlita karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai vatthavihiM vatthavihiM kA artha hai nae vastra banAnA, raMganA, sInA aura pahananA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para vastra nirmANa, raMganA aura pahanane kA ullekha milatA hai| 248

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA dhAriNI devI ke zayana kakSa kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki usameM kasIdA kAr3he hue kSaumadukUla kA caddara bichA huA thaa| vaha Astaraka, malaka, navata, kuzakta, limba aura siMhakesara nAmaka AstaraNoM se AcchAdita thaa| zreNika rAjA ne pakSI ke paMkha ke samAna atyanta komala, sugaMdhita aura kaSAya raMga se raMge hue vastra se zarIra ko poNchaa| dhAriNI devI ne dohada utpanna hone para vicAra kiyA ki ve mAtAe~ dhanya haiM jo nAsikA ke nizvAsa kI vAyu se ur3ane vAle arthAt atyanta bArIka vastra dhAraNa karatI hai|' rakSikA ko dUSya-rezamI Adi mUlyavAna vastroM kI bhANDAgAriNI niyukta kiyaa| nAgazrI ne Tukar3e-Tukar3e sAMdhe hue vastra pahana rakhe the| kachulla nArada ne kAlA mRgacarma uttarAsaMga ke rUpa meM vakSasthala para dhAraNa kara rakhA thaa| kanakaketu rAjA ke kauTumbika puruSa AkIrNa nAmaka vizeSa azvoM ko lAne ke lie apane sAtha koyataka, kaMbala, prAvaraNa, navata, malaya, masaga, zilApaTTaka (zveta vastra) lekara ge| __yudhiSThara ke rAjasUya yajJa meM kamboja ke rAjA ne jo vastra upahAra meM die the, ve sarvotkRSTa mAne gae the| bhaiMsa ke rooM se banA banA aurNa' cUhoM Adi ke rooM se banA 'vaila' evaM biDAla ke rooM se banA 'vArSadaMza' Adi bahumUlya vastra ve upahAra meM lAe the| ___ uttarakuru jItane para arjuna Adi ko bhI kAphI cIjeM milI thii| unameM bhI bahumUlya vastra, AbharaNa, kSauma, carma Adi the|" vilevaNavihiM isakA artha hai vilepana kI vastu ko pahacAnanA, taiyAra karanA va lepa krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para vilepana kA prayoga milatA hai| zreNika rAjA ne zatapAta tathA sahasrapAka Adi zreSTha sugaMdhita tela aura gozIrSa caMdana kA vilepana aura kezara kA lepana kiyaa| sayaNavihiM __ isakA artha hai zayyA banAnA, zayana karane kI vidhi jaannaa|" isa kalA kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna rUpoM meM milatA hai| dhAriNIdevI apane uttama bhavana meM sugaMdhita, komala, roeMdAra zayyA para so rahI thii| sAgaraputra sukumAlikA ke sAtha zayanAgAra meM aayaa| zayanAgAra kA ullekha zayana karane kI kalA kA paricAyaka hai| draupadI ke svayaMvara meM samAgata vibhinna rAjAoM ke zayana ke lie zayyAoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| 2 249

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gIiyaM isakA artha hai gIti chaMda bnaanaa| meghakumAra gIti meM prIti vAlA, gIta aura nRtya meM kuzala ho gyaa|3 --- cunnajutiM cunajutiM kA artha hai- cUrNa, gulAba, abIra Adi banAnA aura unakA upayoga krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna sthAnoM para isa kalA kA vividha rUpoM meM ullekha milatA hai| zreNika rAjA ne kauTumbika puruSoM se kAlA guru, kuMdurukka, turuSka (lobhAna), zreSTha sugaMdha ke cUrNa tathA dhUpa Adi jalAna ke lie khaa|34 drupada rAjA ne bhI uparyukta padArthoM se svayaMvara maNDapa ko surabhita karane kA Adeza diyaa| AbharaNavihiM AbharaNavihiM arthAt AbhUSaNa banAnA aura phnnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita isa kalA ke kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM- zreNika rAjA ne nipuNa kalAkAroM dvArA nirmita maNiyoM aura suvarNa ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kie 186 dhAriNI devI ko vibhinna AbharaNa pahanane kA dodaha utpanna huA jisakI pUrti ke lie usane napura, maNijaTita karadhanI, hAra, kar3e, aMgUThiyAM aura bAjUbaMda dhAraNa kie| dIkSA se pUrva meghakumAra ko aTThAraha lar3oM kA hAra, nau lar3oM kA arddhahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, prAlaMba (kaMThI), pAda pralamba (pairoM para laTakane vAlA AbhUSaNa), kar3e, tuTika, keyUra, aMgada, mudrikAe~, kaMdorA, kuMDala, cUDAmaNi tathA mukuTa Adi gahane dhAraNa krvaae|88 taruNIpaDikamma ___ isakA artha hai taruNI kI sevA karanA aura prasAdhana krnaa| antaHpura kI striyoM dvArA draupadI ko saba alaMkAroM se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa|" purisalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai puruSa ke lakSaNa jaannaa|2 hayalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai azva ke lakSaNa jaannaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kAlikadvIpa ke AkIrNa azvoM ke lakSaNoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ve vizuddhanirdoSa, vinIta, prazikSita, sahanazIla aura vegavAna the| 250

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA gayalakkhaNaM ___ gayalakkhaNaM arthAt hAthI ke lakSaNa jAnanA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM caturaMgiNI senA meM hAthI ko bhI zAmila kiyA gayA hai, isase spaSTa hai ki loga hAthI ke lakSaNoM se paricita the| zreNika rAjA kA secanaka nAmaka gaMdhahastI aura kRSNa vijayanAmaka gaMdhahastI para ArUr3ha hone kA sthAna-sthAna para varNana milatA hai| ye gaMdhahastI uttama gajalakSaNoM ke samAna the| goNalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai gAya-baila ke lakSaNa jAnanA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM gAya-baila Adi kA nAmollekha milatA hai| dhanya nAmaka sArthavAha va thAvaccAgAthA patnI ke pAsa gAya, bhaiMsa va bakariyAM thii|" sArthavAha ke putroM ke pAsa haSTa-puSTa baila the| kukkuDalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai ki murgoM ke lakSaNa jaannaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki sArthavAha putroM ne mayUrI ke aMDoM ko murgI ke aMDoM ke sAtha milA diyaa| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM loga murgI Adi pAlate the aura unheM prazikSita kara apanI AjIvikA calAte the| chattalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai chatra ke lakSaNa jaannaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM chatra kA ullekha vibhinna sthAnoM para milatA hai| zreNika rAjA ko koraMTa vRkSa ke puSpoM kI mAlA vAlA chatra dhAraNa karAyA gyaa| rAjA ne devadattA gaNikA ko chatra, cAmara aura bAla vyaMjana pradAna kie| arhat ariSTanemi ke atizaya meM chatrAtichatra kA ullekha aayaa|02 pratibuddhirAjA ke mastaka para chatra dhAraNa kiyA gyaa|03 yuddha kSetra ke varNana meM saba vIroM ke sira para sapheda raMga kA chatra pAyA jAtA hai| hAthI evaM ratha ke Upara zveta chatra suzobhita hotA thaa|04 . DaMDalakkhaNaM isakA artha hai - daMDa ke lakSaNa jaannaa| meghakumAra ke samIpa do taruNiyAM vicitra daMDI vAle cAmara dhAraNa karake khar3I huI 1105 asilakkhaNaM asilakkhaNaM kA artha hai- khaDga ke lakSaNa jaannaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki dhanyasArthavAha ke ghara ko lUTane jAte samaya cilAta cora 251

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana senApati talavAra Adi zastroM se sajjita hokara gyaa|06 maNilakkhaNaM ___ maNilakkhaNaM kA artha hai- maNi ke lakSaNa jaannaa| zreNika rAjA ne maNiyoM aura svarNa ke alaMkAra dhAraNa kie|07 abhayakumAra ke mitra deva ne maNiyoM, suvarNa aura ratnoM se zobhita kaTisUtra dhAraNa kara rakhA thaa|108 dhAriNIdevI ne maNijaTita karaghanI dhAraNa kara rakhI thii|09 rAjA zreNika ne meghakumAra ke lie eka aisI zivikA banAne kA Adeza diyA jo kuzala kArIgaroM dvArA nirmita dedIpyamAna maNiyoM aura ratnoM kI dhuMgharUoM ke samUha se vyApta ho / 10 dhAriNIdevI ke zayana kakSa kA pharza paMcaraMgI maNiyoM se jar3A huA thaa|11 vatthuvijaM __vatthuvijaM kA artha hai- vaastuvidyaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna jagahoM para vAstukalA kA pratyakSa-parokSa rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| nandamaNikAra seTha ne zreNika rAjA se AjJA prApta kara vAstuzAstra ke pAThakoM kI salAhAnusAra naMdApuSkariNI, vanakhaMDa, citrasabhA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsAzAlA aura alaMkArazAlA kA nirmANa krvaayaa|12 ___ sthApatya ke kSetra meM rAmAyaNakAlIna AryoM ne Azcaryajanaka pragati kara lI thii| mahaloM meM kaI stambha huA karate the, sahasra stambhoM vAle prAsAdoM kA rAmAyaNa meM do sthaloM para ullekha huA hai|113 'padma' nAma ke bhavana kamalAkAra hote the| jina makAnoM meM pUrva kI ora dvAra nahIM hotA thA, ve 'svastika' kahalAte the aura jinameM dakSiNAbhimukha dvAra nahIM hotA thA, ve 'vardhamAna' kahalAte the|14 laMkA meM vajra aura aMkuza ke AkAra ke bhI gRha bane the| suMdarakAMDa (sarga 6-7) meM rAvaNa ke rAjabhavana kA vistRta varNana hai| kisI nae nagara kI nIMva DAlate vakta bhI purI nApa-jokha kI jAtI thI, zAntipATha karake kAma zurU kiyA jAtA thaa| yudhiSThira ke sabhA-maNDapa kA varNana bhI atyanta manomugdhakArI hai| sabhAgRha vAstukalA kA utkRSTa namUnA thaa|16 khaMdhAramANaM khaMdhAramANaM kA artha hai- senA ke par3Ava ke pramANa Adi jaannaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita yuddha prasaMgoM meM senA ke par3Ava kA ullekha milatA hai| kumbha rAjA apane deza kI sImA ke bAhara senA kA par3Ava DAlakara jitazatru Adi cha: rAjAoM se yuddha karane ke lie tatpara huaa|17 kRSNa tathA pA~ca pAMDavoM ne 252

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA apanI senA kA par3Ava DAlakara pauSadhazAlA meM praveza kiyA aura kRSNavAsudeva susthitadeva kA mana meM anucintana karane lage / 118 nagaramANaM nagaramANaM se tAtparya nayA nagara basAne se hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki pANDavoM dvArA dakSiNI velAtaTa para pANDumathurA nagarI kA nirmANa kiyA gayA / 119 vUhaM vUhaM kA artha hai - vyUha racanA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vyUha racanA kA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai lekina caturaMgiNI senA ke prasaMgoM se yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samaya meM vyUha racanA kI kalA vidyamAna thI / 120 paDivUhaM isakA artha hai virodhI senA ke vyUha ke sAmane apanI senA kA morcA bnaanaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isakA bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA lekina sainya par3Ava 121 ke saMdarbha meM isa kalA ko bhI svIkArA jA sakatA hai / cAraM cAraM kA tAtparya sainya saMcAlana se hai| sainya saMcAlana meM senApati kA viziSTa mahatva hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sainya saMcAlana kA to spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA lekina senApati kA ullekha milatA hai jo isa kalA kI vidyamAnatA kA paricAyaka hai| 122 kumbharAjA aura padmanAbha rAjA ne apane-apane senApati ko bulAkara senA ko susajjita karane ko kahA | 123 paDicAraM praticAra kA artha hai - zatrusenA ke samakSa apanI senA kA saMcAlana karanA / isakA vivecana bhI uparyuktAnusAra samajhA jA sakatA hai| cakkavUhaM cakkavUhaM kA artha cakravyUha banAne se hai| guruvara droNAcArya ne isa vyUha kI racanA kI thI / 124 daityaguru zukrAcArya mahAbhAratakAra ke hI cakravyUha ke lakSaNa kI puSTi karate hue kahate haiM ki jo cakrAkAra gola ho, madhya meM ATha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kuNDalI - AkAra ke bane ho, usake andara ghusane ke lie eka hI mArga ho to aisI senA paMkti ko cakravyUha kahate haiN| 125 253

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sagaDavUha sagaDavUhaM kA artha hai zakaTa vyUha racanA krnaa| karNa ke sAtha vIra jaba vArtAlApa karate hue jA rahe the taba droNAcArya ne apanI senA ke dvArA zakaTa vyUha kI racanA kii|126 juddhaM juddhaM kA tAtparya sAmAnya yuddha karane se hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prasaMga AtA hai ki mithilAnagarI kI sImA para kumbharAjA aura jitazatru Adi chaH rAjAoM ke madhya yuddha huaa|27 pAMDavoM ne vAsudeva kRSNa ke samakSa padmanAbharAjA se yuddha karane kI icchA vyakta kii|128 aTThijuddhaM aTThijuddhaM se tAtparya hai- asthi se yuddha krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aTThijuddhaM kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai lekina 'aTThi' zabda kA ullekha milatA hai| nagararakSakoM ne vijayacora ko asthi Adi se piittaa| isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki aTThijuddhaM kI kalA pracalita rahI hogii| muTThijuddhaM muTThijuddhaM kA artha hai- muSTiyuddha krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isakA ullekha vibhinna rUpoM meM milatA hai| meghakumAra ke janmotsava ke avasara para mauSTika (mukkebAja) Adi ko apanI kalA pradarzita karane ke lie bulAyA gyaa|130 nagararakSakoM ne vijayacora ko muSTi se piittaa|31 naMdamaNikAra kI citrasabhA meM muSTiyuddha karane vAle bhojana evaM vetana dekara rakhe hue the| 32 bAhujuddhaM __ isakA tAtparya hai- bAhuyuddha krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki meghakumAra bAhuyuddha kalA meM nipuNa ho gyaa|133 IsatthaM IsatthaM kA artha hai- bahuta ko thor3A aura thor3e ko bahuta dikhlaanaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki vijayacora nyUnAdhika mApa-taula karane vAlA thaa|134 dhaNuvveyaM isakA artha hai- dhanuSabANa saMbaMdhI kauzala honaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha 254

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA milatA hai ki zrIkRSNa kA dhanuSa zuklapakSa kI dvitIyA ke acira-udita candramA aura indradhanuSa ke samAna vakra thA, atIva dRpta madamAte uttama maSi ke dRr3ha aura saghana zRMgoM ke agrabhAgoM se banAyA gayA thA, kRSNa sarpa, zreSTha bhaiMse ke sIMga, uttama kokilA, bhramara-nikara aura nIla kI golI ke sadRza ujjvala snigdha-kAlI kAnti se yukta usakA pRSTha bhAga thA, kisI kuzala kalAkAra dvArA ujAle gae camakAe hae-maNiratnoM kI ghaMTiyoM ke samUha se veSTita thA, camakatI bijalI kI kiraNoM jaise svarNa-cihnoM se suzobhita thA, dardara aura malayaparvata zikharoM para vicaraNa karane vAle siMha kI gardana ke bAloM (ayAla) tathA camaroM kI pUMcha ke kezoM ke evaM arddhacandra ke lakSaNo-cihnoM se yukta thaa| kAlI, harI, lAla, pIlI aura zveta varNa kI nasoM se usakI jIvA (pratyaMcA) baMdhI thii| vaha dhanuSa zatruoM ke jIvana kA aMta karane vAlA thaa|135 nagararakSakoM ne vijayacora ko pakar3ane ke lie jAne se pUrva apane Apa ko AyuddhoM se sajjita kiyA aura dhanuSarUpI paTTikA para pratyaMcA car3hAI / 136 vaTTakheDaM __vaTTakheDaM yAnI kheta jotnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki rohiNI ne apane kauTumbikajanoM ko cAvala nipajAne ke lie kheta jotane ko khaa|137 kaDagacchejjaM isase tAtparya hai- kar3A-kuNDala Adi kA chedana krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki kumbharAjA ne suvarNakAra kI zreNI ko bulAkara mallI ke kuNDala-yugala ke jor3a ko sAMdhane kA khaa|138 sauNaruaM sauNaruaM isakA artha hai kAka-ghUka Adi pakSiyoM kI bolI phcaannaa| meghakumAra ne kalAcArya se yaha kalA bhI siikhii|139 bahattara kalAoM meM sammilita zeSa kalAoM-samatAlaM, pAsayaM, ajaM, paheliyaM, mAgahiyaM, gAhaM, siloyaM, hiraNNajuti, suvanajuti, itthilakkhaNaM, kAgaNilakkhaNaM, garulavUhaM, nijuddhaM, layAjuddhaM, charuppavAyaM, hirannapAgaM, suvanapAgaM, suttakheDaM, nAliyAkheDaM, pattacchejaM, sajjIvaM, nijjIvaM kA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sirpha nAmollekha 40 hI milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina bahattara kalAoM ke alAvA varNita citrakalA'47, (255

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mUrtikalA'42, kASTha zilpa'43, carma zilpa144 Adi kalAoM kA vistRta vivecana prastuta kRti ke 'arthavyavasthA' nAmaka adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| kalAoM kA jIvana para prabhAva kisI bhI kArya ko sarvottama DhaMga se karane kI pravidhi kA nAma kalA hai| usa yuga meM vividha kalAoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa| puruSoM ke lie bahattara kalAe~ aura striyoM ke lie cauMsaTha kalAe~ thii| kevala graMthoM se hI nahIM, unheM artha aura prayogAtmaka rUpa se bhI sikhAyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra tatkAlIna jIvana kA hara kSetra kalA para avalambita yA kalA dvArA saMcAlita thaa| vAstukalA va sthApatya kalA Adi ne jahA~ eka ora nagara vinyAsa ko prabhAvI banAyA vahIM dUsarI ora inase logoM ko rojagAra bhI milatA thaa| citra, saMgIta va nRtya Adi kalAoM dvArA logoM kA manoraMjana bhI hotA thA tathA ve inake dvArA apanA Antarika aura bAhya saundarya nikhArate the, jisase sAmAjika jIvana meM sarasatA banI rahatI thii| kheta jotane va dhAna upajAne kI kalAoM ne kRSi kArya ko vaijJAnika svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| vibhinna prakAra kI vastue~ banAne kI kalAe~ udyoga dhandhoM ko pallavita karane meM yogabhUta bniiN| talavAra, vyUha racanA, dhanuSa-bANa va vibhinna prakAra ke yuddha Adi se sambandhita kalAoM ne yuddha ke pariNAma ko prabhAvita kiyaa| tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita kalAoM se anupramANita vyakti ne apane carama lakSya kI prApti ke lie eka sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa kalA- marane kI kalA (saMlekhanA-samAdhipUrvaka maraNa) vikasita kI, jisakA digdarzana anya kisI darzana ke graMtha meM durlabha hai| __isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna saMskRti kI dizA aura dazA kI nirdhAraka 'bahattara' aura 'cauMsaTha' kalAe~ hI thiiN| inhIM kI dhurI para tatkAlIna sAMskRtika jIvana kA cakra calAyamAna thaa| ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita kalAe~ tatkAlIna sAMskRtika samRddhi kI paricAyaka haiN| ye kalAe~ vyakti ke jIvana ko eka nayA mor3a detI thI, inake adhyayana se jahA~ eka ora jIvana meM paripUrNatA AtI thI vahIM dUsarI ora saMskRti ko vikAsa kA eka nayA AyAma upalabdha hotA thaa| 256

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA saMdarbha jagau prasArya hastAnpraNavarta cAgrataH / / 1. saMskRta hindI koza, pR. 256 -uttarakANDa- 7/31/44 2. sAhitya taraMga- pR. 2 39. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/44 3. pANinIkRta dhAtu pATha- pR. 9 40. vahI 1/1/44, 1/16/91, 172, 1/5/8 vahI, pR. 51 vahI 1/1/44 samIkSA zAstra, pR. 124 vahI 1/1/44 vahata hindI paryAyavAcI zabdakoza, pR. 46 23. vahI 1/1/44 'na tajjAnaM na tacchiyaM na sA vidyA na sA kalA' -bharata kA nATyazAstra, pR. 1/116 44. vahI 1/1/44,91, 1/3/6, 1/8/163 45. vahI 1/1/44,134, 1/8/128 vRhadAraNyaka 2/3/1 - pR. 179 dhvanyAloka locanA, kaumudI, pR. 102 vahI 1/3/6, 1/8/163 10. hindI sAhitya koza- pR. 172 47. vahI 1/8/163 11. kalA evaM sAhitya : pravRtti aura paramparA, pR.5 48. vahI 1/17/14 12. vahI, pR. 6 49. vahI 1/17/30 13. vhATa ija ArTa, pR. 123 50. vahI 1/5/8 zAstrIya samIkSA ke siddhAnta- pR. 34 vahI 1/16/87-88 15. kalA evaM sAhitya : pravRtti aura paramparA, pR.8 52. vahI 1/17/14,17 16. vahI pR. 4-5 53. vahI 1/17/14,17 17. kAvya aura kalA tathA anya nibandha, pR. 15 54. vahI 1/3/6 18. tattvaprakAza 55. vahI 1/2/9 Wit and Wisdom of Gandhi, Nehru 56. vahI 1/18/9 & Tagore, page-37 20. sAhitya kA zreya aura preya, pR. 41 57. vahI 1/18/12 21. eka bUMda : eka sAgara (bhAga-2). pa.491 58. vahI 1/5/44-50 22. kalA evaM sAhitya : pravatti aura paramparA.pa.3 59. vahI 1/8/112-115 23. nATyazAstra 1/6 60. vahI 1/1/45 hindI vizvakoza khaNDa-2, pR. 378 61. vahI 1/2/26 bhAratakoza (bhAga-3) 62. vahI 1/18/26 26. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/99 63. vahI 1/1/90-91 27. vahI 1/16/119 64. vahI 1/12/16 28. vahI 1/16/180 65. vahI 1/1/91 29. vahI 1/1/69 66. vahI 1/7/9 30. vahI 1/16/139 67. vahI 1/12/16-18 31. vahI 1/1/90-91 68. vahI 1/5/38. 32. vahI 1/3/6 69. vahI 1/1/17 33. vahI 1/13/15 34. vahI 1/1/101 70. vahI 1/1/30 35. vahI 1/1/90, 104 71. vahI 1/1/44 36. vahI 1/8/163 72. vahI 1/7/26 'svara sampannau' vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 1/4/5. 73.-- vahI 1/16/28 38. tataH satAmArtiharaM paraM varaM vara pradaM candra 74. vahI 1/16/139 myuukhbhuussnnm| samarcayitvA ca nizAcarA 75. vahI 1/17/15 257

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 76. aurNAn vailAna vArSadaMzAn 77. jaatruupprisskRtaan| prAvArAjina mukhyAMzca 110. kAmbojaH pradadau bahUn / / 111. 112. - mahAbhArata (sabhAparva) 53/3 tato divyAni vastrANi divyAnyAbharaNAni ca / kSaumAjinAni divyAni tasya te pradaduH karam / / -vahI, 28/16 78. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/29-30 79. vahI 1/1/142 80. vahI 1/1/17 81. vahI 1/16/47 82. vahI 1/16/111 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. vahI 1/1/101 vahI 1/1/26, 90 vahI 1/16/115 vahI 1/1/30 vahI 1/1/45, 80 vahI 1/1/142 vahI 2/1/8 vahI 1/18/75 vahI 1/16/119 vahI 1/3/6 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. vahI 1/3/16 100. vahI 1/1/30 vahI 1/17/9 vahI 1/1/78, 1/5/11 vahI 1/1/78 vahI 1/5/12 vahI 1/2/6, 1/5/6 vahI 1/3/9 101. vahI 1/3/6 102. vahI 1/5/12 103. vahI 1/8/46 104. 'zvetacchatrASyazobhante vAraNeSu ratheSu ca' -mahAbhArata (bhISmaparva) 50 / 58 105. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/148 106. vahI 1/18/22 109. vahI 1/1/81 vahI 1/1/144 vahI 1/1/17 vahI 1/13/12-18 107. vahI 1/1/30 108. vahI 1/1/69 113. 114. 115. rAmAyaNa 5/15/16, 6/39/22 vahI 5/4/7-8 ' tataH puNye zive deze zAntiM kRtvA mhaarthaaH| nagaraM mApayAmAsurddheSAyanapurogamAH / / ' (i) Adi. 207/29,134/8 (ii) azva. - 84 / 12 mahAbhArata (sabhAparva), 1/13, 3/28 116. 117. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/130 118. vahI 1/16/174 119. vahI 1/16/215 120. vahI 1/8 / 130, 1/16/174, 1/1/44 121. vahI 1/8/133, 1/16/117 122. vahI 1/1/30, 1/5/5 vahI 1/8/129, 1/16/184 123. 124. droNaparva 34/13-23 125. zukranIti 4/7 pra. 265 126. mahAbhArata (droNaparva) 7/23-24 127. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/130-131 128. vahI 1/16/185 129. vahI 1/2/29 130. vahI 1/1/90 131. vahI 1/2/29 132. vahI 1/13/15 133. vahI 1/1/101 134. vahI 1/2/, 1/18/11 135. vahI 1/16/188 136. vahI 1/2/28 137. vahI 1/17/9 138. vahI 1/8/87 139. vahI 1/1/98 140. vahI 1/1/99 141.1/1/17,31, 1/8/97,99, 1/17/15 142. vahI 1/8/35 143. vahI 1/17/15 144. vahI 1/17/15 258

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navama parivarta jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana jIva-jagat, AtmA-paramAtmA, saMyoga-viyoga, janma-maraNa, sukha-duHkha tathA heya-upAdeya kI mImAMsA kA nAma hI darzana hai| darzana kA artha hai dekhanA, gahare utarakara dekhanA, tattva kA sAkSAtkAra krnaa| darzana ke mukhyata: tIna aMga haitattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM nItimImAMsA yA aacaarmiimaaNsaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke saMdarbha meM dharma-darzana ke inhIM vibhinna pahaluoM kA vivecana agrAMkita zIrSakoM meM kiyA gayA hai jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tattvamImAMsA mAnava ne sarvaprathama jaba prakRti kI goda meM A~kheM kholI to usakI A~kheM cuMdhiyA gii| usake samakSa adbhuta aura camatkArI vastue~ aura ghaTanAe~ upasthita huii| sarvaprathama usakI dRSTi Upara par3I- usane dekhe- sUrya, candramA aura taaraamnnddl| jaba usakI dRSTi nIce par3I to usake samakSa the parvata, samudra aura ndiyaaN| ina sabako dekhakara usake mAnasapaTala para prazna ubhare ki ye saba kyA haiM? kyoM haiM? kaise haiM ? kaba se haiM ? aadi| jisa prakAra mAnava ke mastiSka meM bAhya vizva ke sambandha meM prazna ubhare ThIka usI prakAra AMtirika jagat ke gUr3ha aura ati sUkSma svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI usake mana meM jijJAsAe~ utpanna huIM- jagat kyA hai ? AtmA kyA hai ? paramAtmA kyA hai? aadi| ina praznoM kI utpatti hI tattva jJAna kI dizA meM prathama caraNanyAsa hai| tattvamImAMsA kA vivecya viSaya 'sat' hai| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI darzana hai| 'sat' kI mImAMsA bhI jaina darzana meM isI dRSTikoNa se kI gaI hai| isalie tattvamImAMsA ke aMtargata anekAnta kI vivecanA sarvaprathama karaNIya hai| anekAnta __ anekAnta ko jaina darzana kA paryAya mAnA jAtA hai| aneka' aura 'anta' ina do zabdoM ke yoga se anekAnta zabda banA hai| anta kA tAtparya yahA~ dharmasvabhAva se hai| jisameM aneka virodhI dharmoM kA saha avasthAna ho, vaha anekAnta 259

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana hai / ' saptabhaMgItaraMginI meM kahA gayA hai- "anekeantA dharmAH sAmAnyavizeSaparyAyA guNAyasyeti siddho'nekAnta" (30/2) arthAt jisake sAmAnya vizeSa paryAya va guNa rUpa ke aneka anta yA dharma haiM, vaha anekAnta rUpa siddha hotA hai / eka dravya meM aneka dharma hoM, yaha koI mahatvapUrNa svIkRti nahIM hai, kintu eka hI vastu meM, eka hI kAla meM ananta virodhI dharma eka sAtha rahate haiM, yaha anekAnta darzana kI mahatvapUrNa svIkRti hai / jaina darzana kI cintana zailI kA nAma anekAnta va pratipAdana zailI kA nAma syAdvAda hai / anekAnta jJAnAtmaka aura vicArAtmaka sthiti hai, syAdvAda vacanAtmaka sthiti hai| eka hI vastu ko, zabda ko kitanI dRSTiyoM se pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kina apekSAoM se svIkAra yA asvIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita aneka saMvAda anekAnta kI AtmA ko ujAgara karate haiN| zuka parivrAjaka aura thAvaccAputra kA saMvAda isa saMdarbha meM dRSTavya hai'sarisavayA te bhaMte! bhakkheyA abhakkheyA ?" 'suyA ! sarisavayA bhakkheyA vi abhakkheyA vi / " isa anekAntika vArtAlApa ko syAdvAda zailI meM Age bar3hAyA gayA hai 'sarisavayA' ke do prakAra haiM- (1) mitra, ( 2 ) dhAnya (sarasoM) / mitra sarisavayA ke tIna prakAra haiM- (1) sAtha janme hue, (2) sAtha bar3he hue, (3) sAtha-sAtha khele hue| ye tIna prakAra ke mitra sarisavayA zramaNa nirgranthoM ke lie abhakSya haiM / dhAnya sarisavayA ke do prakAra haiM- (1) zastra pariNata, aura (2) azastra pariNata / zastra pariNata bhI do prakAra ke haiM- (1) prAsuka, (2) aprAsuka / aprAsuka abhakSya hai| prAsuka do prakAra ke haiM- (1) yAcita, (2) ayAcita / ayAcita abhakSya haiN| yAcita do prakAra ke haiM- eSaNIya aura aneSaNIya / aneSaNIya abhakSya haiM / eSaNIya ke do prakAra haiM- (1) labdha, (2) albdh| alabdha abhakSya haiN| jo labdha haiM, ve nirgranthoM ke lie bhakSya haiN| isa abhiprAya se sarisavayA bhakSya bhI haiM aura abhakSya bhI haiM / 1 isI prakAra ke vikalpoM kI zRMkhalA 'kulatthA' ke saMdarbha meM bhI kahI gaI hai, jise agrAMkita rekhAcitra dvArA spaSTa kara sakate haiM 260

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana kulatthA strI dhAnya - _ kulavadhU kulamAtA kulaputrI kulatthanAmaka dhAnya tInoM abhakSya zastra pariNata azastra pariNata prAsuka aprAsuka abhakSya yAcita ayAcita abhakSya eSaNIya aneSaNIya abhakSya labdha alabdha abhakSya bhakSya abhakSya uparyukta vikalpa zrRMkhalA (syAdvAda zailI) se spaSTa hai ki 'kulatthA' bhakSya bhI hai aura abhakSya bhI hai| eka sAmAnya se prazna para vibhaktipUrvaka itane sAre vikalpa prastuta karate cale jAne se spaSTa hai ki jaina darzana advaitavAdI nahIM hai| vaha aneka bAhya padArthoM kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai| jaina darzana meM vastu kA svarUpa anekAntAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| satya ke 261

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana anveSaNa meM anekAnta kA koI vikalpa nahIM hai| ekAnta AgrahapUrNa dRSTikoNa se satya ke eka aMza ko to jAnA jA sakatA hai, sampUrNa saccAI ko nhiiN| pUrNa satya ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta, anAgrahI dRSTikoNa anivArya hai| kisI bhI padArtha, dravya, tattva, sat ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta hI AdhAra hai| isa tathya ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahuta hI sahajatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ anekAnta hI AdhAra hai| isa tathya ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bahuta hI sahajatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ anekAnta ke hArda ko AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| dravya AgamoM meM dravya kI sat saMjJA nahIM thii| jaba anya darzanoM meM 'sat' zabda ko samAviSTa kiyA gayA to jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa bhI prazna ubharA ki sat kyA hai ? vAcaka umAsvAti ne kahA ki dravya hI sat hai arthAt sat dravya lkssnnm| sat ko paribhASita karate hue unhoMne kahA- 'utpAdvyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat" yAnI sat vahI hotA hai jo utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyayukta ho tathA vahI dravya kahalAtA hai| unhoMne dravya kI paribhASA dI- 'guNaparyAyavad drvym| jaina darzana ke anusAra hamArA jJAna jaba saMzleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba dravya upasthita rahatA hai aura paryAya gauNa ho jAtA hai / jaba jJAna vizleSaNAtmaka hotA hai taba paryAya pradhAna evaM dravya gauNa ho jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM thAvaccAputra zukaparivrAjaka ko dravya-paryAya sambandha anekAnta ke Aloka meM samajhatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM saMkSepa meM jIva-ajIva - ina do tattvoM kA vizeSa tathA nava tattvoM kA pratyakSa-apratyakSa ullekha prApta hotA hai| koI bhI vyakti jIvaajIva Adi tattvoM ko jAnakara va zraddhAkara zrAvaka banatA hai| jitazatru rAjA ke saMdarbha meM kahA gayA hai- "...........samaNovAsae jAe abhigayajIvAjIve (jAva ubaladdhapuNNapAve Asava-saMvara-nijara-kiriyA-ahigaraNa-baMdha-mokkhakusale asaheje.......)'' isa prakAra ye tattva saMyama kI AdhArazilA haiN| dravya ke vibhinna bhedopabhedoM ko tIna dRSTiyoM se agrAMkita rekhAcitroM dvArA pradarzita kiyA jA sakatA hai| 262

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana tavya jIva ajIva ___- arUpI pudgala - dharma -adharma AkAza kAla (ba) dravya - astikAya anastikAya jIva kAla pudgala dharma adharma AkAza 263

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rUpI I pudgala (sa) dravya arUpI jIva dharma adharma AkAza kAla samagra dRSTi se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dravya mUlataH do hI haiM- jIva tathA ajIva / nava tattvoM kI avadhAraNA ke anusAra inakA vivecana isa prakAra hai1. jIva cetana jIva kA svarUpa hai aura upayoga usakA lakSaNa hai| vaha sukha-duHkha ke prati saMvedanazIla hotA hai| apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA karttA - bhoktA vaha svayaM hai / jIva arUpI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jIva ke lie prANa, bhUta, jIva va satva zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| tIna vikalendriya vAle jIva 'prANa', vanaspatikAyika jIva * 'bhUta', sabhI paMcendriya prANI 'jIva' aura zeSa cAra sthAvara (pRthvI, pAnI, agni va vAyu) jIva 'satva' kahalAte haiM / SaTjIvanikAya - svarUpa para zraddhA rakhane se hI saMyama yAtrA apane carama taka pahu~ca sakatI hai|' SaTjIvanikAya haiM- pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya tathA trasakAya / 2. ajIva jisa padArtha meM jJAna - darzana rUpa caitanya nahIM pAyA jAe use ajIva kahate haiN| yaha jIva kA virodhI bhAvAtmaka padArtha hai / isake pA~ca bheda haiM- dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla / dharma jIva aura pudgala jisa dravya se gati karate haiM, use dharma dravya kahA jAtA 264

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana hai| yaha akhaNDa rUpa se sAre saMsAra meM vyApta hai| adharma jIva aura pudgala dravya ko Thaharane yAnI sthiti meM sahAyatA karane vAlA dravya vizeSa adharma kahA jAtA hai| yaha akhaNDa dravya hai, isake asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM, yaha sampUrNa lokAkAza meM vyApta hai| AkAza ___ jo dravya, pudgala, dharma aura adharma ko sthAna detA hai vaha AkAza hai| yaha sarvavyApI, eka aura amUrta hai| pudgala jisa padArtha meM sparza, rasa, gaMdha, rUpa tathA zabda pAyA jAe use pudgala kahate haiN| pudgala pariNAmI nitya hotA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi karane vAlA prasaMga jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AyA hai| amAtya subuddhi rAjA jitazatru se kahatA hai evaM khalusAmI! subbhisaddA vi puggalA dubbhisaddattAe pariNamaMti, dubbhisaddA vi poggalA sunbhisaddA prinnmNti| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki pudgala kI amanojJatA, manojJatA Adi para kisI prakAra ke vismaya kA avakAza nhiiN| __ amAtya subuddhi parikhA ke jala ke saMdarbha meM prayoga va svabhAva se pariNamana svIkAra karatA hai| vaha viziSTa prakriyA dvArA usa durgandha vAle amanojJa jala ko sphaTikamaNi ke samAna manojJa tathA AsvAdana karane yogya banA detA hai| usa udaka-ratna ko pAna kara rAjA atyanta prasanna huaa| rAjA dvArA pUchane para amAtya subuddhi ne kahA- 'he svAmI! yaha vahI pAnI hai|' ___ yahA~ durgandhayukta pAnI kA vinAza, surabhiyukta jalaratna kI utpatti va pAnI padArtha kI dhruvatA spaSTa hotI hai| kAla parivartana kA jo kAraNa hai use kAla kahA jAtA hai| 3. puNya _ 'puNati-zubhI karoti punAti vA pavitrI karotyAtmAnam iti puNyam' arthAt jo AtmA ko zubha karatA hai athavA use pavitra banAtA hai, vaha zubha-karma hai| ThANAMga meM puNya nau prakAra ke batAe gae haiM- anna puNya, pAna puNya, vastra puNya, layana puNya, zayana puNya, mana puNya, vacana puNya, kAya puNya tathA namaskAra 265

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana punny| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki jaba bhI zramaNa padhArate the to prajA va rAjA unako vaMdana-namaskAra karane jAte the, jo puNya kA hetu hai| isI prakAra zramaNoM ko gocarI dene kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| 4. pApa jisa azubha pravRtti ke dvArA azubha karma kA baMdhana hotA hai, upacAra se usa azubha pravRtti ko pApa kahA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jIva ke naraka gati meM jAne kA kAraNa aThAraha prakAra ke pApa batAe gae haiN| ye isa prakAra haiMprANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, maithuna, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, kalaha, abhyAkhyAna, paizunya, paraparivAra, rati-arati, mAyA-mRSA aura mithyaadrshnshly| 5. Azrava jisa pariNAma se AtmA meM karmoM kA praveza hotA hai, use Azrava kahA jAtA hai| mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga- ye Azrava ke pA~ca bheda haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM thAvaccAputra kRSNavAsudeva se kahatA hai- 'ajJAna, mithyAtva, avirati aura kaSAya dvArA saMcita karmoM kA kSaya karane ke lie maiM saMyama lenA cAhatA huuN| 6. saMvara ____ AtmA se saMbaddha hone ke lie Azrava-dvAroM se karma samUha Ate haiM, unheM jina vRttiyoM ke mAdhyama se roka diyA jAtA hai, vaha saMvara tattva hai| saMvara ke pA~ca bheda haiM- samyaktva, vrata, apramAda, akaSAya tathA ayog| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM inakA spaSTa ullekha to nahIM milatA, lekina vibhinna pAtroM kI gatividhiyoM ke mAdhyama se unakI saMvara vRtti kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| sudharmAsvAmI samyaktva saMvara kI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM- "nannatva NANadaMsaNa-carittANaM vahaNayAe....... / / " thAvaccAputra", mahAbala tathA poTTilA" Adi ke dvArA pravrajyA aMgIkAra karanA sarva vrata saMvara kA udAharaNa hai| isI prakAra dardura bhI jIvanaparyanta ke lie samasta prANAtipAta kA pratyAkhyAna karatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tiryaMca gati meM adhika se adhika pA~ca guNasthAna ho sakate haiM, ataH dezavirati to saMbhava hai, kintu sarvavirati-saMyama kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai, to phira naMda ke jIva dardura ne sarvavirati rUpa pratyAkhyAna kaise kara liyA? yadyapi prastuta graMtha meM 266

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana TIkAkAra kI 2 gAthAe~ uddhRta kara tiryaMca meM mahAvrata svIkAra kI bAta kahI hai| kintu zrImad bhagavatIsUtra ke zataka 8 uddezaka 5 meM zrAvaka vrata grahaNa karane ke karaNa yoga kI apekSA 49 vikalpa (bhaMga) batAye haiN| unameM se prathama 3 karaNa 3 yoga se tyAga ko sarvazreSTha vikalpa batAyA hai isase zrAvaka 11vIM upAsaka pratimA evaM mAraMNitiki saMlekhanA svIkAra karane kA ullekha AtA hai| isameM karaNa yoga kI apekSA bhale hI chuTa na ho para mahAvrata meM va isameM aMtara hai| ata: yaha mahAvrata rUpa cAritra nahIM hai apitu dezavirati cAritra kA hI eka vikalpa hone se tiryaMca zrAvaka ke vrata grahaNa ke aMtargata hai na ki mahAvrata rUpa sarvavirati ke aNtrgt| mUla pATha meM jisa prakAra se isakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai usase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki AgamakAra ko bhI usake pratyAkhyAna meM koI anaucitya nahIM lgtaa| thAvaccAputra tathA suvratA AryA pA~ca samiti va tIna gupti kA pAlana kara saMvara ke mAdhyama se karmoM ko rokate the| 7. nirjarA tapasyA ke dvArA karmoM kA viccheda hone para AtmA kI jo ujjvalatA hotI hai, vaha nirjarA hai| tapa ke 12 bheda hI nirjarA ke 12 bheda haiN| ina bhedoM kA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke saMdarbha meM vivecana isI adhyAya ke AcAra-mImAMsA' zIrSaka meM kiyA gayA hai| 8. baMdha Atma-pradezoM kA karma pudgaloM ke sAtha kSIra-nIra kI taraha mila jAnA baMdha tattva hai| prakRti baMdha, sthiti baMdha, anubhAga baMdha aura pradeza baMdha- ye baMdha ke cAra prakAra haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke mUla pATha meM baMdha ke saMdarbha meM 'nibaddhAue' aura 'baddhapaesie' ina do padoM kA prayoga huA hai| TIkAkAra ke matAnusAra baddhAue' pada se prakRti, sthiti aura anubhAga baMdha sUcita kie gae haiM aura 'baddhapaesie' pada se pradeza baMdha kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| 9. mokSa AtmA kA saba prakAra ke karmoM se sampUrNa rUpa meM sadA ke lie chUTa jAnA mokSa tattva hai|" samyak darzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa kI ArAdhanA se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mokSamArga kA nirvacana karate hue thAvaccAputra 267

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 44 aNagAra sudarzana se kahate haiM, .....viNayamUlaeNaM dhammeNaM aNupuvveNaM aTThakammapagaDIo khavettA loyaggapaiTThANe bhvNti| 28 isI bAta ko prakaTa karate hue sudharmA svAmI kahate haiM- "jo zramaNa pA~ca indriyoM ke kAmabhogoM meM Asakta nahIM hotA aura anurakta nahIM hotA, vaha isI bhava meM bahuta se zramaNoM, zramaNiyoM, zrAvakoM aura zrAvikAoM kA pUjanIya hotA hai aura paraloka meM bhI duHkha nahIM pAtA hai..... use anAdi ananta saMsAra - aTavI meM caturazIti zata sahasra yoniyoM meM bhramaNa nahIM karanA pdd'taa| vaha anukrama se saMsAra - kAntAra ko pAra kara jAtA haisiddhi ko prApta kara letA hai| 29 lezyA jisake dvArA jIva apane ko puNya aura pApa se lipta kare usako lezyA kahate haiM |3deg tattvArthavArtika meM kaSAya ke udaya se anurakta yogapravRtti ko lezyA kahA hai / " kRSNa, nIla, kApota, pIta, padma aura zukla - ye lezyA ke chaH prakAra haiN| prathama tIna azubha tathA aMtima tIna uttarottara zubha hotI hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ko zubha pariNAmoM evaM prazasta adhyavasAyoM evaM vizuddha hotI huI lezyAoM ke kAraNa jAti smaraNa jJAna hotA hai| 32 dharmarUci aNagAra ke pAsa tejolabdhi thI lekina ve usakA upayoga nahIM karate the / kaSAya jo AtmA ko kaSe arthAt cAroM gatiyoM meM bhaTakAkara duHkha de, kaSAya hai | 34 krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- ye cAra kaSAya haiN| jisakI kaSAya jitanI adhika maMda yA patalI- kRza hogI vo utanA hI jaldI mokSagAmI hogA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghamuni maMda kaSAya vAle the| ataH meghakumAra atizIghra saMsAra yAnI bhava bhramaNa ko samApta karane vAle haiN| paryApta AtmA kI eka zakti vizeSa ko paryApti kahate haiM / vaha zakti pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatI hai aura unheM zarIra, indriyAdi ke rUpa meM pariNata karatI hai / jIva apane utpatti sthAna para pahu~cakara prathama samaya meM jina pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai aura tadantara bhI jina pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai unako zarIra, indriya, zvAsocchvAsa, bhASA aura mana ke rUpa meM parivartita karatA hai| pudgaloM ko isa rUpa meM pariNata karane kI zakti ko hI paryApti kahA jAtA hai / 36 paryAptiyA~ chaH prakAra kI hotI haiM - AhAra paryApti, zarIra paryApti, indriya paryApti, zvAsocchvAsa 268

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana paryApti, bhASA paryApti va mana paryApti / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki kAlI devI sUryAbhadeva kI taraha bhASAparyApti aura manaparyApti Adi pA~ca prakAra kI paryAptiyoM se yukta thii| devatAoM ke bhASA aura mana paryApti eka sAtha hotI hai ataH yahA~ pA~ca paryApti kahA gayA hai| zarIra paudgalika sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti ko jo sAdhana hai, vaha zarIra hai| zarIra ke prakAra batAte hue tattvArtha sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- 'audArikavaikriyaAhArakataijaskArmaNANi zarIrANi'39 1. audArika zarIra audArika zarIra kI niSpatti sthUla pudgaloM se hotI hai| isakA chedanabhedana ho sakatA hai| videharAjavarakanyA mallI jitazatru Adi rAjAoM ko pratibodha dete hue kahatI hai- 'audArika zarIra to kapha ko jharAne vAlA hai, kharAba ucchvAsanizvAsa nikAlane vAlA hai, amanojJamUtra evaM durgandhita mala se paripUrNa hai, sar3anA, par3anA, naSTa honA aura vizvasta honA isakA svabhAva hai|'40 2. vaikriya zarIra ___ vaikriya zarIra meM vividha prakAra kI kriyAe~ ghaTita hotI haiN| yaha zarIra choTA, bar3A, sthUla, sUkSma, AkAzacArI, pRthvIcArI, dRzya-adRzya kaisA bhI banAyA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM abhayakumAra kA mitradeva vicitra vikriyA se divya rUpa dhAraNakara abhayakumAra ke pAsa pahu~catA hai| isa vikriyatA ke lie vaha vaikriya-samudghAta karatA hai yAnI uttara vaikriya zarIra banAne ke lie jIvapradezoM ko bAhara nikAlatA hai aura phira sArabhUta pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai|" grahaNa karake uttara vaikriya zarIra banAtA hai| 3. AhAraka zarIra viziSTa yogazaktisampanna, caturdazapUrvadhara muni viziSTa prayojanavaza eka zarIra kI saMracanA karate haiM, use AhAraka zarIra kahA jAtA hai| samavAyAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba kabhI caturdazapUrvapAThI muni ko kisI sUkSma viSaya meM saMdeha ho jAtA hai aura jaba sarvajJa kA sannidhAna nahIM hotA, taba ve apanA saMdeha 269

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana nivAraNa karane ke lie audArika zarIra se kSetrAntara meM jAnA asaMbhava samajhakara apanI viziSTa Rddhi kA prayoga karate hue jo hasta-pramANa choTA zarIra nirmANa karate haiM, vaha AhAraka zarIra kahalAtA hai| 4. taijas zarIra jo zarIra tejomaya hone ke kAraNa grahaNa kie hue AhAra Adi ke paripAka kA hetu aura dIpti kA nimitta ho, vaha taijas zarIra hai| 5. kArmaNa zarIra kSaNa-pratikSaNa grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA karma kA samUha hI kArmaNa zarIra kahalAtA hai| tejas tathA kArmaNa zarIra pratyeka saMsArI jIva ke hote haiN| gati gati nAma karma ke udaya se jIva kI paryAya vizeSa ko athavA jIva kI saMsArI avasthA vizeSa ko gati kahate haiN| gati cAra hotI haiM, jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke saMdarbha meM inakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai1. naraka gati ghora pApAcaraNa karane vAle jIva apane pApoM ko bhogane ke lie adholoka ke jina sthAnoM meM paidA hote haiM, una sthAnoM ko naraka kahate haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki nAgazrI brAhmaNI ko apane pApAcaraNa ke kAraNa arthAt mAsakhamaNa kA pAraNA karane vAle dharmarUci aNagAra ko kar3ave tumbe kA zAka dekara unake prANoM kA haraNa karane ke kAraNa use kaI bAra naraka kI yAtanAe~ jhelanI pdd'ii| 2. tiryaJca gati jisake tiryaJca gati nAma karma kA udaya ho ve tiryaJca kahalAte haiN| jo jIva jhUTha bolate haiM, chala karate haiM, vyApAra Adi meM dhokhA karate haiM, ve marakara / ekendriya, pazu-pakSI Adi rUpa meM tiryaJca bhava meM jAte haiN| nandamaNiyAra kA jIva puSkariNI meM Asakta hone ke kAraNa tiryaJca yoni meM janma letA hai| isI prakAra nAgazrI kA jIva naraka kA AyuSya pUrNakara tiryaJca gati kI matsyayoni va uragayoni meM janma letA hai| tiryaJca ke ar3atAlIsa bheda batAe gae haiN| prANa, bhUta, jIva, satva" meM 270

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana tiryaJca ke sabhI bheda A jAte haiN| 3. manuSya gati manuSya gati nAmakarma ke udaya vAle jIvoM ko manuSya kahate haiN| jo jIva svabhAva se bhadra, vinayavAna, dayAlu tathA kisI dUsare se IrSyA nahIM karate haiM, ve marakara prAyaH manuSya gati meM Ate haiN| meghakumAra ne apane pUrva ke hAthI bhava meM anukampA bhAva ke kAraNa manuSyAyu kA baMdha kiyaa|48 4. deva gati deva gati nAmakarma ke udaya vAle jIvoM ko devatA kahate haiN| deva ke cAra bheda haiM- bhavanapati, vANavyaMtara, jyotiSI aura vaimaanik| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki megha nAmaka aNagAra candra, sUrya, graha, nakSatra aura tArA (sabhI jyotiSka) rUpa jyotiSacakra se bahuta yojana dUra jAkara saudharma, IzAna, sanatkumAra, mAhendra, brahmaloka, lAntaka, mahAzukra, sahasrAra, Anata, prANata, AraNa aura acyuta devalokoM tathA tIna sau aThAraha navagraiveyaka ke vimAnavAsoM ko lAMghakara vijaya nAmaka anuttara mahAvimAna meM devarUpa meM utpanna huaa| isI prakAra laukAntika devoM kA nAmollekha bhI milatA hai| jisa samaya arahanta mallI ne tIna sau aTThAsI karor3a assI lAkha jitanI arthasampadA dAna dekara 'maiM dIkSA grahaNa karUM', aisA mana meM nizcaya kiyA usa samaya sArasvata, vahni, Aditya, varuNa, gardatoya, tuSita, avyAbAdha, Agneya va riSTa Adi ne nau lokAntika deva nRtya-gIta ke zabdoM ke sAtha divya bhoga bhogate hue vicara rahe the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kucha devoM kI sthiti yAnI Ayu kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai', yathA- brahmaloka nAmaka svarga kI sthiti dasa sAgaropama, vijaya nAmaka anuttara vimAna kI taiMtIsa sAgaropama aura jayanta nAmaka anuttara vimAna ke devoM kI sthiti battIsa sAgaropama4 batAI gaI hai| ___bhavanapati, vANavyantara, jyotiSka aura vaimAnika devoM ne tIrthaMkara mallI kA janmAbhiSeka kiyaa| devoM ke sAtha manuSyoM kA samparka jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vibhinna prasaMgoM meM deva jAti ke astitva ko svIkAra to kiyA hI hai aura sAtha hI una devoM kA manuSya jAti ke sAtha samparka honA yA karanA bhI batalAyA gayA hai| 271

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ___ vyaMtara jAti ke deva manuSya ke adhika nikaTa samparka meM haiN| ye apane AvAsoM ke alAvA parvatoM, giri-kaMdarAoM, samudroM Adi sthAnoM meM rahate haiN| inheM prasanna karake manuSya apane iSTa ko prApta karatA hai lekina jaba ye kupita ho jAte haiM to aniSTa bhI kara DAlate haiN| mAkaMdIputra jinarakSita aura jinapAlita ratnadvIpa kI devI ke Adeza kI avahelanA kara dakSiNa vana meM cale jAte haiN| devI yaha jAnate hI kupita ho unheM mArane ko udyata ho jAtI hai| jinarakSita devI ke hAthoM mArA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se yaha bhI puSTi hotI hai ki vizeSa rUpa se unakA AhvAna kara sahayoga bhI liyA jA sakatA hai| mahArAnI dhAriNI ke mana meM garbha ke prabhAva se akAla-megha sambandhI icchA (dohada) utpanna hotI hai| isa dohada kI saMpUrti ke lie abhayakumAra viziSTa vidhipUrvaka tIna dina taka apane mana meM mitradeva kA cintana karate hue anuSThAna karatA hai| mitradeva apane jJAna se jAnakara apane divya rUpa meM prastuta ho abhaya kI icchA jAnate haiM aura usI ke anurUpa vAtAvaraNa utpanna kara mahArAnI ke dohada kI pUrti karate haiN|" isI vidhi se zrIkRSNa bhI susthita deva ko lavaNa samudra meM mArga dene arthAt usakA pAra karane kI icchA se yAda karate haiM aura susthita deva usI rUpa meM unakI sahAyatA karatA hai| isI prakAra vacana pratibaddhatA ke kAraNa poTTiladeva taitaliputra ko pratibodha dene ke lie upasthita hote haiM aura use dharma meM pratiSThita karake cale jAte haiN|" isI prakAra darduradeva evaM kAlI devI bhI apane divya parivAra ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra ko vaMdanA karane ke lie upasthita hote haiM tathA apanA nAma-gotra batAkara aura aneka prakAra ke nATaka dikhAkara lauTa jAte haiN| tIrthaMkara tIrthaMkara sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI hote haiN| ye saba prakAra ke doSoM se rahita hote haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki ve dharma kI Adi karate haiM aura tIrtha kI sthApanA karate haiN| tIrtha' ke aMtargata sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAra prakAra ke vratiyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| mAnava jIvana kI ye cAra avasthAe~ mukti-prApti meM sahAyaka hotI haiN| tIrthaMkara apanI mAtA ke garbha meM jisa dina praveza karate haiM usa rAta unakI 272

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana mAtA ko 14 prakAra ke svapna dikhAI par3ate haiN| tIrthaMkara mallI kI mAtA prabhAvatI dvArA caudaha svapna dekhane kA ullekha jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AyA hai, ye caudaha svapna haiM2-1. gaja, 2. vRSabha, 3. siMha, 4. abhiSeka, 5. puSpamAlA, 6. candramA, 7. sUrya, 8. dhvajA, 9. kumbha, 10. padmayukta sarovara, 11, sAgara, 12. vimAna, 13. ratnoM kI rAzi, 14. dhUmrarahita agni| tIrthaMkara kaise banate haiM? tIrthaMkaratva kI upalabdhi sahaja nahIM hai| hara eka sAdhaka Atma sAdhanAkara mokSa to prApta kara sakatA hai, para tIrthaMkara nahIM bana sakatA hai| vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA se anuprANita sAdhaka jaba lokakalyANa kI sudRr3ha bhAvanA bhAtA hai tabhI tIrthaMkara jaisI kSamatA ko pradAna karane meM samartha tIrthaMkara nAmagotra karma' kA baMdha karatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa karmabaMdha ke bIsa kAraNa batalAe gae hai3- 1. arihanta, 2. siddha, 3. pravacana-zrutajJAna, 4. guru-dharmopadezaka, 5. sthavirajAtisthavira, zrutasthavira va paryAya sthavira, 6. bahuzruta tathA 7. tapasvI- ina sAtoM ke prati vatsalatA dhAraNa karanA yAnI inakA yathocita satkAra-sammAna karanA, guNotkIrtana karanA, 8. bAraMbAra jJAna kA upayoga karanA, 9. darzana samyaktva kI vizuddhatA, 10. jJAnAdika kA vinaya karanA, 11. chaH Avazyaka karanA, 12. uttara guNoM aura mUla guNoM kA niraticAra pAlana karanA, 13. kSaNalava yAnI kSaNa-eka lava pramANakAla meM bhI saMvega, bhAvanA evaM dhyAna kA sevana karanA, 14. tapa karanA, 15. tyAga- muniyoM ko ucita dAna denA, 16. nayA-nayA jJAna grahaNa karanA, 17. samAdhi- guru Adi ko sAtA upajAnA, 18. vaiyAvRtya karanA, 19. zruta kI bhakti karanA aura 20. pravacana kI prabhAvanA krnaa| mahAbalamuni ne inhIM kAraNoM se tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA upArjana kiyaa| ___tIrthaMkara cauMtIsa prakAra ke atizaya yAnI vaiziSTya se yukta hote haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM atizaya zabda kA nAmollekha karate hue ariSTanemi ke kucheka atizayoM kA saMketa mAtra kiyA gayA hai| samavAyAMga meM sabhI cauMtIsa atizayoM kA ullekha milatA hai 1. sira ke keza, dAr3hI, mUMcha, roma aura nakhoM kA maryAdA se adhika na bar3hanA, 2. zarIra kA svastha evaM nirmala rahanA, 3. rakta aura mAMsa kA gAya ke dUdha ke samAna zveta honA, 4. padmagaMdha ke samAna zvAsocchvAsa kA sugandhita honA, 5. AhAra aura zauca kriyA kA pracchanna honA, 6. tIrthaMkara deva ke Age AkAza meM 273

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dharmacakra rahanA, 7. unake Upara tIna chatra rahanA, 8. donoM aura zreSTha caMvara rahanA, 9. AkAza ke samAna svaccha sphaTika maNi kA banA huA pAdapITha vAlA siMhAsana honA, 10. tIrthaMkara deva ke Age AkAza meM indradhvaja kA calanA, 11. azoka vRkSa kA honA, 12. pIche mukuTa ke sthAna para tejomaMDala kA honA tathA aMdhakAra hone para dasa dizAoM meM prakAza honA, 13. bhUbhAga kA samatala honA, 14. kaMTakoM kA adhomukha honA, 15. RtuoM kA anukUla honA, 16. saMvartaka vAyu kA eka yojana paryanta kSetra kA zuddha ho jAnA, 17. megha dvArA raja kA upazAnta honA, 18. puSpoM kI vRSTi honA, 19. amanojJa zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza kA na honA, 20. manojJa zabda, rUpa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza kA honA, 21. yojanaparyanta sunAI dene vAlA hRdayasparzI svara honA, 22. ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza karanA, 23. ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA upasthita, Arya, anArya, dvipada, catuSpada, mRga, pazu-pakSI aura sarisRpoM kI bhASA meM pariNata honA tathA unheM hitakArI, sukhakArI evaM kalyANakArI pratIta honA, 24. adayA kA abhAva honA, 25. anyatIrthikoM kA natamastaka hokara vaMdanA karanA, 26. arihaMta ke samIpa Akara anyatIrthikoM kA niruttara honA, 27. paccIsa yojana paryanta cUhe Adi kA upadrava na honA, 28. plega Adi mahAmArI kA upadrava na honA, 29. svasenA kA viplava na karanA, 30. anya rAjya kI senA kA upadrava na honA, 31. adhika varSA na honA, 32. varSA kA abhAva na honA, 33. durbhikSa na honA, 34. pUrvotpanna utpAta tathA vyAdhiyoM kA upazAnta honaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vartamAna kAlika caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se cAra tIrthaMkaroM (19veM mallInAtha, 22veM ariSTanemi, 23veM pArzvanAtha va 24veM mahAvIra) kA ullekha milatA hai| mallInAtha ke zAsanakAla meM cAlIsa hajAra sAdhu, pacapana hajAra sAdhviyA~, eka lAkha caurAsI hajAra zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha paiMsaTha hajAra zrAvikAe~ thii| ariSTanemi ke zAsanakAla meM aThAraha hajAra sAdhu, cAlIsa hajAra sAdhviyA~ thii|" pArzvanAtha ke samavasaraNa meM solaha hajAra sAdhu aura ar3atIsa hajAra sAdhviyA~ thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jJAna-mIsAMsA jJAna AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai| jJAna ke abhAva meM AtmA kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki vyavahAranaya se AtmA 274 274

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana aura jJAna meM bheda hai kintu nizcayanaya se AtmA aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM hai / 9 ataH AtmA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie jJAna kA svarUpa samajhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| AgamoM meM jJAna sambandhI jo vicAradhArAe~ milatI haiM ve bahuta prAcIna haiM / saMbhavataH ye mAnyatAe~ bhagavAna mahAvIra se pahale kI hoN| rAjapraznIya sUtra meM zramaNa zakumAra apane mukha se kahate haiM - hama zramaNa nirgratha pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna mAnate haiM- AbhinibodhikajJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, mana:paryayajJAna, kevalajJAna / deg jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM yadyapi jJAnamImAMsA kA spaSTa svarUpa to nahIM milatA hai lekina jJAna ke vibhinna prakAroM va unake bhedoM-prabhedoM kA nAmollekha milatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke saMdarbha meM jJAna ke vibhinna prakAroM kA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai 1. gatimAna jaina pAribhASikI meM mananAtmaka avabodha ko matijJAna kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / umAsvAti ne mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA evaM abhinibodha ko ekArthaka batAyA hai / " indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA hone vAle isa jJAna ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai / 2 abhayakumAra ke vyaktitva ko vizleSita karate hue kahA gayA hai- 'IhApoha - maggaNa - gavesaNa - atthasatthamaI visArae 73 yAnI IhA, apoha, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA tathA cintana meM usakI gati prakhara thI / sUtrakAra ne matijJAna ke mUlataH do bheda batAe haiM (1) zrutanizrita - jo matijJAna zrutajJAna ke pUrvakAlika saMskAra ke AdhAra se utpanna hotA hai kintu vartamAna meM zruta nirapekSa hotA hai, vaha zrutanizrita matijJAna kahA jAtA hai| isake cAra prakAra haiM - (a) avagraha- yaha pahalA jJAna hai / indriya aura vAstu kA sambandha hote hI sAmAnya avyakta jJAna vyaMjanAvagraha hai / vyaMjanAvagraha kI apekSA kucha vyakta kintu jAti, guNa Adi kI kalpanA se rahita artha kA grahaNa arthAvagraha hai / (ba) IhA - avagRhItArtha ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane kI IcchA IhA hai | S avagraha ke bAda saMzaya hotA hai, saMzaya ke bAda 'yaha honA cAhie' - isa prakAra 275

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kA pratyaya IhA hai| (sa) avAya - IhitArtha kA vizeSa nirNaya avAya hai / " nirNayAtmaka jJAna avAya hai jaise- 'yaha zabda hI hai / ' (da) dhAraNA - avAya ke bAda dhAraNA hotI hai / dhAraNA meM jJAna itanA dRr3ha ho jAtA hai ki vaha smRti kA kAraNa banatA hai / dhAraNA ko smRti kA hetu kahA gayA hai|" avagraha - IhA - avAya - dhAraNA - indriya pratyakSa prakriyA ke cAra caraNa haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki svapnapAThakoM ne dhAriNI ke svapna kA phalAdeza isI prakriyA se btaayaa| 78 (2) azrutanizrita - jisameM zrutajJAna ke saMskAra kI tanika bhI apekSA nahIM rahatI, vaha azrunizrita matijJAna kahalAtA hai| isake bhI cAra prakAra haiM(a) autpattikI buddhi- sahasA utpanna hone vAlI sUjhabUjha / (ba) vainayikI buddhi - vinaya se utpanna hone vAlI buddhi / (sa) kArmikI buddhi- koI bhI kArya karate-karate, cirakAlIna abhyAsa se jo dakSatA prApta hotI hai vaha karmajA, kArmikI yA karmasamutthA buddhi kahI jAtI hai| (da) pAriNAmikI buddhi- umra ke paripAka se jIvana ke vibhinna anubhavoM se prApta hone vAlI buddhi / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina cAroM buddhiyoM kA ullekha vibhinna prasaMgoM meM AyA hai| abhayakumAra autpattikI, vainayikI, kArmikI va pAriNAmikI buddhi se saMpRkta thA / " rAjA zreNika dhAriNI ke dohada kI sampUrti hetu ina cAroM buddhiyoM se cintana karatA hai|8deg rAjA zailaka ke paMthaka Adi pA~ca sau maMtrI ina cAroM buddhiyoM se sampanna the|" mallI ke TUTe kuNDala jor3ane ke lie videharAja kumbha dvArA bulavAe gae svarNakAra bhI uparyukta cAroM prakAra kI buddhiyoM ke dhAraka the| yuddha meM parAjita rAjA kumbha, mithilA rAjadhAnI ko ghirI jAnakara, jitazatru Adi chahoM rAjAoM kI sAmarika kamajoriyoM kA patA lagAne ke lie ina cAroM buddhiyoM kA sahArA letA hai 13 jAtismaraNa jJAna pUrvajanma va punarjanma kI prAmANikatA kA eka sazakta mAdhyama hai jAtismRti 276

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana jnyaan| yaha jJAna matijJAna kA hI eka bheda hai / isa jJAna ke mAdhyama se vyakti isa jIvana kI sImA pAra kara isa jIvana se pare eka yA aneka janmoM ko jAnane va dekhane lagatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra koI jIva apane atIta ke aneka saMjJI janmoM taka lauTa sakatA hai arthAt apane pichale aneka janmoM ko dekha va jAna sakatA hai| bIca meM yadi usakA koI asaMjJI bhava A gayA to usase Age vaha nahIM dekha sktaa| sAtha hI pUrva ke saMjJI bhavoM meM yadi use kahIM jAtismRti yA avadhijJAna huA ho to usa AdhAra para asaMkhyAta janmoM kI ghaTanAoM kA bhI vaha sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai 184 jAtismRti kA upAdAna kAraNa dhAraNA hai| dhAraNA jitanI cirasthAyI hotI hai, pratiSThA aura koSThA buddhi kA jitanA vikAsa hotA hai, jAtismRti kI saMbhAvanAe~ utanI hI adhika ho jAtI hai| pUrva janma meM anubhUta vastuoM, paricita vyaktiyoM Adi ko dekhakara, tatsadRza ghaTanAoM ko dekhakara yA sunakara jaba vyakti IhAapoha-mArgaNA- gaveSaNA karatA hai to lezyA vizuddhi, citta kI ekAgratA evaM saMskAra - prabodha se jAtismaraNa jJAna ho jAtA hai / zrI bhikSu Agama viSaya koSa meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba vyakti apanI buddhi viziSTa prayoga karate hue apane atIta meM praveza karatA hai taba atIta ke jIvana ko, atIta ke jIvana se jur3I ghaTanAoM ko pUrNataH yathArtha rUpa meM jAna, dekha sakatA hai, ise jAtismRti kahA jAtA hai arthAt jaba vyakti kI cittavRtti saghana rUpa se ekAgra ho jAtI hai, vikalpa zAnta ho jAte haiM aura mana kI UhApoha zAnta ho jAtI hai taba vyakti ko jAti-smaraNa jJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai / 25 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke aneka prasaMga jAti-smaraNa se jur3e hue haiN| meghakumAra jaba apane atIta meM praveza kara spaSTa rUpa se jAna letA hai ki isa zarIra se pahale vaha kisa rUpa meM merUprabha va sumerUprabha hAthI ke rUpa meM apanI jIvana yAtrA taya kara rahA thA / " megha ke jAtismaraNa kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki megha ko apane pUrva bhavoM ko mahAvIra se sunakara, zubha pariNAma, prazasta adhyavasAya, vizuddha hotI lezyAoM va jJAnAvaraNIya darzanAvaraNIya ke kSayopazama se usa viSaya meM IhA, apoha, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA karate hue jAti-smaraNa jJAna huA 187 isI prakAra poTTila deva kA nimitta pAka taitaliputra ko bhI zubha pariNAma utpanna hone se jAtismaraNa jJAna kI prApti huI 18 277

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana jAtismRti jJAna kI yaha sthiti jaina darzana ke anusAra kevala manuSyoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| tiryaMJca prANI meM bhI kucha vizeSa kAraNoM se IhA-apohamArgaNA-gaveSaNA Adi karate hue isa atIndriya kSamatA kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke eka prasaMga se yaha spaSTa bhI hotA hai ki eka tiryaMJca prANI ko kisa prakAra zubha adhyavasAya se jAtismaraNa jJAna hotA hai- nandA puSkariNI ke pAsa sthita dardura eka hI dizA meM jAte hue logoM ko dekhatA hai, mana meM vicAra utpanna hotA hai- saba eka hI dizA kI ora kyoM jA rahe haiM? Ate-jAte logoM kI bAtacIta se samAdhAna milatA hai ki saba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana evaM vaMdanA karane jA rahe haiN| bhItara eka tIvra pratikriyA utpanna hotI hai| cintana eka hI dizA meM vizeSa gaharAI meM calA jAtA hai aura dardura (mer3haka) atIta kI smRti prApta kara letA hai| apane pUrvabhava ke rUpa meM naMdamaNikAra kI sthiti, bhagavAna mahAvIra Adi kI smRti pratyakSa ho jAtI hai aura vaha usI samaya zrAvakocita vratoM ko aMgIkAra kara letA hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ko vandanArtha prasthAna karatA hai|' 2. zrutajJAna zabda, saMketa Adi dravyazruta ke sahAre hone vAle, dUsaroM ko samajhAne meM samartha jJAna ko zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai| kevala zrutajJAna hI vacanAtmaka hai, parArtha hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra zruta jJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai aura isake do bheda haiMaMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa / aMgabAhya aneka prakAra kA hai jabaki aMgapraviSTa ke bAraha bheda haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ise 'maipuvvaeNaM' zabda se prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| rAjA zreNika rAnI dhAriNI ke svapna kA phalAdeza apane svAbhAvika matipUrvaka buddhi vijJAna arthAt zrutajJAna se batalA detA hai|" ___ Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki jitane akSara hai aura unake jitane vividha saMyoga haiM utane hI zrutajJAna ke bheda haiM, ata: usake sAre bheda ginAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| zrutajJAna ke caudaha mukhya prakAra haiM- akSara, saMjJI, samyak, sAdika, saparyavasita, gamika aura aMgapraviSTa- ye sAta tathA anakSara, asaMjJI, mithyA, anAdika, aparyavasita, agamika tathA aMgabAhya ye sAta inase viparIta haiN|" isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki samUce bhASAtmaka vyavahAra kI sArthakatA kA merUdaNDa hai- zrutajJAna / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita sampUrNa Agama 278

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana vAGmaya zrutanidhi hI hai| sudharmAsvAmI, thAvaccAputra", jitazatru Adi cha: rAjA va mahApadmarAjA" caudahapUrvo ke jJAtA the jabaki meghakumAra, amAtya subuddhi", poTTilA, draupadI, kaMDarIkA2 tathA kAlI AryA103 ne gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| caudaha pUrva va gyAraha aMga zrutajJAna ke hI aMza haiN| 3. avadhijJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA sUkSma aura sthUla, vyavahita aura avyavahita, dUrastha aura nikaTastha padArthoM ko sAkSAt karane kI jJAnazakti kA nAma avadhijJAna hai| avadhi kA artha hai 'sImA' athavA 'vaha jo sImita hai|' avadhijJAna kI kyA sImA hai? avadhi kA viSaya kevala rUpI padArtha hai|104 jo rUpa, rasa, gaMdha aura sparzayukta hai vahI avadhi kA viSaya hai, isase Age arUpI padArthoM meM avadhi kI pravRtti nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to cha: dravyoM meM se kevala pudgala hI avadhijJAna kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| isa jJAna ke do prakAra haiM- bhavapratyanika evaM gunnprtynik| nairayika evaM devatAoM kA avadhijJAna bhavapratyanika hai jabaki manuSya aura tiryaJca kA avadhijJAna guNapratyanika hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM avadhijJAna ke upayoga se jur3e aneka prasaMga haiN| abhayakumAra dvArA smaraNa kie jAne para usake pUrva mitra saudharmakalpavAsI deva ne apane avadhijJAna kA upayoga lagAkara abhayakumAra kI sthiti ko jaanaa|05 isI prakAra arhannaka zraddhA se vicalita hotA hai yA nahIM, ise jAnane ke lie deva ne106, mallI ke pravrajyA saMkalpa ko jAnane ke lie lokAntika devoM ne107 tathA mAkandI patroM ko dekhane ke lie ratnadvIpa kI devI108 ne tathA zailaka ne apanA avadhijJAna lgaayaa| dardura deva ne apane avadhijJAna se sampUrNa jambUdvIpa ko dekhaa| mallI bhagavatI kI samaNa sampadA meM do hajAra avadhijJAnI sAdhu the| 10 4. manaHparyavajJAna mana eka prakAra kA paudgalika dravya hai| jaba vyakti kisI viSaya kA vicAra karatA hai taba usake mana kA vividha paryAyoM meM parivartana hotA hai| mana:paryayajJAnI una paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| usa sAkSAtkAra ke AdhAra para vaha yaha jAna sakatA hai ki yaha vyakti isa samaya amuka bAta soca rahA hai| manaHparyayajJAna ke do prakAra haiM- Rjumati aura vipulmti|| 279

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati kA jJAna vizuddhatara hotA hai kyoMki vipalumati Rjumati kI apekSA mana ke sUkSmatara pariNAmoM ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki Rjumati pratipAtI hai kintu vipulamati naSTa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha kevalajJAna kI prApti paryanta athavA jisa bhava meM utpanna huA usa bhava paryanta avazya rahatA hai|12 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki pravajita hote hI mallI bhagavatI ko, sAdhAraNa manuSyoM ko na hone vAlA manaHparyayajJAna utpanna ho gyaa|13 mallI bhagavatI kI ziSTa sampadA meM ATha sau sAdhu manaHparyayajJAnI the|114 5. kevalajJAna yaha jJAna vizuddhatama hai| mati, zruta, avadhi aura mana:paryaya kSAyopazamika jJAna hai| kevalajJAna kSAyika jJAna hai| kSAyikabhAva pUrNata: akhaNDa evaM sakala hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA hai ki kevalajJAna kA viSaya sarvadravya aura sarvaparyAya hai|15 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mallI bhagavatI prasaMga se kevalajJAna ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai- arihanta mallI ko ananta arthAt ananta padArthoM ko jAnane vAlA aura sadA kAla sthAyI, anuttara- sarvotkRSTa, nirvyAghAta- saba prakAra ke vyAghAtoM se rahita- jisameM deza yA kAla sambandhI dUrI Adi koI bAdhA upasthita nahIM ho sakatI, nirAvaraNa- saba AvaraNoM se rahita, sampUrNa aura pratipUrNa kevalajJAna kI utpatti huii|16 meghakumAra jaba pravrajyA ke lie jAte haiM to sampUrNa janamedinI maMgalakAmanA karatI hai- ajJAnAndhakAra se rahita sarvottama kevalajJAna ko prApta kro|"7 thAvaccAputra", zuka parivrAjaka, zailaka29, taitalIputra Adi ke prasaMga meM unake kevalajJAna-kevaladarzana kI prApti kA ullekha hai| mallI kI zramaNa sampadA meM tIna hajAra do sau kevalajJAnI the 1122 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AcAramImAMsA AcAra, vicAra kI khAna se nikalane vAlA hIrA hai| AcAra jaba vicAra se samanvita yA sampRkta hotA hai taba jIvana meM viveka prakaTa hotA hai| sabhI prANiyoM meM mAnava zreSTha hai aura sabhI mAnavoM meM jJAnI zreSTha haiM tathA sabhI jJAniyoM meM AcAravAn zreSTha hai| AcAra muktimahala meM praveza karane kA bhavya dvAra hai| jaina graMthoM meM AcAra zabda ko aneka rUpoM meM paribhASita kiyA hai 280

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana " AcAlbhyate'nenAtiniviDaM karmAdItyAcAlaH " arthAt jisake dvArA atisaghana karmoM ko AcAlita yAnI prakampita kiyA jAtA hai vaha AcAla athavA AcAra hai| 123 AcArya haribhadra ne ziSTa vyaktiyoM dvArA AcIrNa jJAna-darzana Adi ke AcaraNa - abhyAsa kI vidhi ko AcAra kahA hai| 124 sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samyakdarzana kA sthAna pahalA hai| darzana ke binA jJAna, jJAna ke binA cAritra aura cAritra ke binA mokSa prApti asaMbhava hai / isalie AcAramImAMsA kI pIThikA ke rUpa meM samyakdarzana kI vivecanA karaNIya haisamyakdarzana - 1 pratyeka saMsArI jIva duHkhI hai aura duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai, para use mokSa-mArga kA jJAna na hone se vaha duHkhoM se mukta nahIM ho pAtA hai / samasta jaina vAGmaya meM mokSa-mArga batalAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / tattvArtha sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- " samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSa mArgaH / 125 jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki zaMkA, kAMkSA yA vicikitsA se rahita hokara tattvoM para zraddhA karanA, samyagdarzana hai| 126 samyaktva ke abhAva meM jIva mokSa kA varaNa kara sakatA hai| mithyAtva kI carcA karate hue jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki nandamaNikAra zreSThI, sAdhuoM ke darzana na hone se, unakI upAsanA na karane se, unakA upadeza na milane se aura vItarAga ke vacana sunane kI icchA na hone se samyaktva ke paryAyoM kI kramazaH hInatA hotI calI jAne se aura mithyAtva ke paryAyoM kI kramazaH vRddhi hote rahane se, mithyAtvI ho gayA / 127 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM samyakdarzana arthAt tattvoM para zraddhA se saMbaMdhita aneka prasaMga Ae haiM- aMDaka nAmaka tIsarI kathA to pUrI taraha samyakdarzana kA bodha karAne vAlI hI hai| jinadattaputra apanI dRr3ha zraddhA ke kAraNa hI mayUrI-bAlaka prApta kara skaa|128 meghakumAra ne apane merUprabha (hAthI) ke bhava meM prANAnukampA se saMsAra parimita kiyA / 129 jitazatru rAjA kA amAtya subuddhi jIvAjIvAdi tattvoM kA jJAtA thA, samyagdRSTi zramaNopAsaka thA / 130 usane rAjA jitazatru ko bhI samyagdarzana kA bodha karAkara zrAvaka pada para pratiSThita kiyA / 131 rAjagRha nagara kA nandamaNikAra bhI zramaNopAsaka thA, kAlAntara meM vaha mithyAtvI ho gayA lekina meMr3haka ke bhava meM usane punaH samyaktva ko prApta kiyA aura apane bhavabhramaNa ko kama kara liyA / 132 samyagdarzana para AdhArita AcAra hI apanI maMjila yAnI mokSa ko prApta 281

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kara sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AcAra AcaraNa kI apekSA se dharma ke do bheda haiM (a) gRhastha dharma (agAra dharma), (ba) zramaNadharma (anagAra dharma) / inheM do Azrama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| vratapAlana ke dRSTikoNa se dharma do prakAra kA hotA hai- (a) mahAvratagRhatyAgI muniyoM ke lie aura (ba) aNuvrata - saMsAravartI gRhasthoM ke lie / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM agAra aura anagAra donoM dharmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| sAgAra avasthA meM zramaNopAsaka banakara agAra dharma kA pAlana aura anagAra avasthA meM municaryA kA pAlanakara apane lakSya kI ora bar3hate hue kramazaH vibhinna zrAvakoM va muniyoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai / donoM dharmoM kA AcaraNa-mImAMsA ke pariprekSya meM vivecana isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai - gRhasthadharma yA zrAvakAcAra agara dharma kI ArAdhanA kA AdhAra samyaktva sahita bAraha vrata haiM / agAra dharma ko dezavirati bhI kahA gayA hai| 133 pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata, cAra zikSA vrata- ina bAraha vratoM ko dhAraNa kara zramaNopAsaka banane ke vibhinna udAharaNa jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM milate haiM / 134 pA~ca aNuvrata aNuvrata kA artha hai - choTe-choTe vrata yA niyama / zrAvaka ke vratoM meM muni kI taraha pUrNa tyAga kI apekSA aMza (deza) tyAga ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| ise eka deza saMyama bhI kahA jAtA hai| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya va aparigraha- ye pA~ca aNuvrata haiM, jinakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai (1) ahiMsANuvrata apane svArtha kI pUrti ke lie rAgadveSapUrvaka kisI niraparAdha jIva ko mana-vacana-karma se pIr3A pahu~cAnA hiMsA hai| isa prakAra kI hiMsA ke sthUla-tyAga ko ahiMsANuvrata kahate haiM / (2) satyANuvrata gRhastha ke lie jhUTha kA sarvathA tyAga saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH usake lie 282

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana sthUla jhUTha kA tyAga karanA hI zreyaskara hai| jisa jhUTha se samAja meM pratiSThA na rahe, prAmANikatA na rahe, prAmANikatA khaNDita hotI ho, logoM meM avizvAsa utpanna hotA ho tathA rAjadaNDa kA bhAgI bananA par3e, isa prakAra ke sthUla jhUTha kA mana, vacana va kAya se sarvathA tyAga karanA satyANuvrata hai| (3) acauryANuvrata ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke lie corI kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| jisa vastu para apanA svAmitva nahIM hai, aisI kisI bhI vastu ko binA anumati ke grahaNa karanA corI hai| vaha mArga meM par3I huI, adhika mUlya vAlI kisI bhI vastu ko grahaNa nahIM krtaa| acauryANuvratI uparyukta sabhI prakAra kI coriyoM kA parityAga kara detA hai| (4) brahmacaryANuvrata kAma pravRtti ke tyAga ko brahmacarya kahate haiN| (5) parigraha-parimANa vrata dhana-dhAnyAdi bAhya padArthoM ke prati mamatva, mUrchA yA Asakti ko parigraha kahate haiN| apanI AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa dhana-dhAnyAdi padArthoM ko sImA meM bAMdhakara usase adhika kA tyAga karate hue unake prati mamatva kA visarjana karanA parigraha-parimANavata hai| __tattvArthasUtra meM- "kSetravAstuhiraNyasuvarNa dhanadhAnyadAsIdAsakupya pramANatikramAH"135 kahakara parigraha-parimANavrata ke pA~ca aticAra batalAe haiN| tIna guNavrata jina vratoM se aNuvratoM kA vikAsa hotA hai, unheM guNavrata kahate haiN| guNavrata tIna haiM- digvata, bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata, anarthadaNDa virmnnvrt| (1) digvrata (dizAvrata) __ jIvanaparyanta ke lie dasoM dizAoM meM Ane-jAne kI maryAdA banA lenA digvrata hai| lobha ke zamana ke lie digvrata liyA jAtA hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM isake pA~ca aticAra batalAe gae haiM- Urdhva-vyatikrama, adhovyatikrama, tiryag-vyatikrama, kSetra vRddhi, vismrnn|36 (2) bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata bhojana-pAna Adi eka hI bAra upayoga meM Ane vAlI vastu ko bhoga 283

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kahate haiM tathA vastrAbhUSaNa Adi bAra-bAra upayoga meM Ane vAlI sAmagrI upabhoga kahalAtI hai| 37 bhoga-upabhoga ke sAdhanoM kI jIvanaparyanta ke lie maryAdA karanA bhogopabhoga parimANavrata kahalAtA hai|'38 dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to ina vastuoM kI anantatA ko samApta kara vyakti unakI nizcita maryAdA sthita kara le, yahI upayoga - paribhoga parimANavrata hai / upabhoga - paribhoga- parimANavrata ke pAlana meM kucha doSa ho jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI hai, ataH inake prati zrAvaka ko jAgarUka rahanA caahie| ye doSa yA aticAra agrAMkita haiM- sacittAhAra, sacitta pratibaddhAhAra, apakvAhAra, duSpakvAhAra, tucchoSadhibhakSaNa | (3) anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata isake do vAcyArtha haiM- niSprayojana hiMsA se dUra honA aura anarthakArI pApa se dUra honaa| eka zrAvaka para yaha dAyitva AtA hai ki vaha binA prayojana koI galata kAma nahIM kre| prayojanavaza koI upAya AcaraNa karanA par3e to usameM bhI usa pravRtti se apanA bacAva kare, jo kisI vyakti, samAja yA rASTra ke lie aniSTa athavA ahitakara ho / zikSA yahA~ 'zikSA' zabda ke loka pracalita artha ke sthAna para viziSTa artha prakaTa huA hai, yahA~ zikSA kA artha hai, abhyAsa / vaha kriyAkalApa, jisakI vyakti dvArA nityaprati punarAvRtti kI jAtI hai, zikSA kahA gayA hai| zikSAvrata cAra haiMsAmAyikavrata, dezAvakAzikavrata, pauSadhopavAsavrata, atithi sNvibhaagvrt| (1) sAmAyikavrata AtmA ke guNoM kA cintana kara samatA kA abhyAsa karanA sAmAyika hai / zabda saMracanA ke anusAra yaha do padoM- 'sama' aura 'Aya' kA yoga hai| sama kA artha hai- samatA kA bhAva aura Aya kA Azaya hai- lAbha yA prApti / vAstava meM sAmAyika aisI kriyA hai jisake dvArA kartA ko samabhAva kA lAbha hotA hai| isameM doSa yA pApapUrNa prakRti kA tyAga evaM dharmamaya pravRttiyoM kA AcaraNa hotA hai / anya vratoM kI bhAMti sAmAyika ke bhI pA~ca aticAra haiM- manoduSpraNidhAna, 284

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana vacanaduSpraNidhAna, kAyaduSpraNidhAna, smRtyakaraNa, anvstittaa| (2) dezAvakAzikavrata isa vrata meM zrAvaka pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM amuka sImA-kSetra-bhUbhAga se Age bar3hakara koI pravRtti nahIM kruuNgaa| jitane kSetra kI maryAdA kI jAtI he, kartA usake bAhara nahIM jAtA, kisI ko usake bAhara se bulAtA bhI nahIM aura na hI usa kSetra ke bAhara kisI ko bhejatA hI hai| vaha kSetra ke bAhara se lAI gaI vastu kA upayoga bhI nahIM krtaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki nirdhArita maryAdA ke bAhara vaha kisI prakAra kI pravRtti nahIM krtaa| isa vrata ke bhI pA~ca aticAra haiMAnayana prayoga : maryAdita kSetra se bAhara kI vastu mNgaanaa| preSya prayoga : maryAdita kSetra se bAhara koI vastu bhejnaa| zabdAnupAta : jisa kSetra meM svayaM na jAne kA niyama grahaNa kiyA ho, vahA~ saMdezAdi zabda-saMketoM ke mAdhyama se kArya krnaa| rUpAnupAta maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara koI vastu Adi bhejakara usake mAdhyama se kAma krnaa| pudgala-prekSapa : maryAdita kSetra se bAhara ke kisI vyakti kA dhyAna yenakenaprakAreNa apanI ora AkarSita krnaa| (3) pauSadhopavapAsavrata jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pauSadha va pauSadhazAlA kA ullekha kaI bAra AyA hai| 39 'pauSadha' kA Azaya hai- dharmasthAna meM rahanA athavA dharmAcAryoM ke saMga rhnaa| pauSadhopavAsa kA artha hai- dharmasthAna meM rahakara upavAsa rkhnaa| pauSaNa kA eka anyArtha- 'poSaNa' bhI hai| pauSadhavrata dvArA AtmA ko poSaNa prApta hotA hai| isa vrata meM kAyA ko nirAhAra rakhakara AtmA kA tRpta karane kI vyavasthA hai| zrAvaka isa vrata ko grahaNakara dharmasthAnoM meM dharmaguruoM ke sAnnidhya meM dharmacintana karatA hai, vaha tattva jijJAsA, svAdhyAya Adi meM vyasta rahatA hai| AhAra ke sAtha-sAtha hiMsaka pravRttiyoM, kAyika zRMgAra, abrahmacarya Adi kA pUrNa rUpa se tyAga karate hue zrAvaka isa vrata ke adhIna zramaNa ke samAna ATha prahara sAdhanAzIla rahatA hai| pauSadhavrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiMapratilekhita-duSpratilekhita - pauSadha hetu upayukta zayyA 285

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana zayyAsaMstAraka saMstAraka (bichAne kI vastu) kA bhalI prakAra se nirIkSaNa na krnaa| apramArjita-duSpramArjita zayyAsaMstAraka - pauSadha hetu upayukta zayyA saMstAraka Adi kA bhalI prakAra sApha kie binA yA dekhe binA upayoga krnaa| apratilekhita-duSpratilekhita uccAra- - mala-mUtra tyAgane ke sthAna kA prasravaNa bhUmi nirIkSaNa na krnaa| apramArjita-duSpramArjita uccAra- - mala-mUtra Adi tyAgane kI bhUmi prasravaNa bhUmi ko svaccha kie binA athavA acchI taraha sApha kie binA upayoga krnaa| pauSadhopavAsa-samyagananupAlanatA - pauSadhopavAsa kA samyak rIti se pAlana na krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM abhayakumAra40 va nandamaNikAra ne aSTamabhakta upavAsa pauSadhayukta evaM aticAra rahita kiyaa|42 pauSadha meM devatA ko namaskAra yA vArtA nahIM krte| isIlie abhayakumAra ne pauSadha pAlakara (pUrNakara) phira apane mitra-deva se bAtacIta kii|43 (4) atithi saMvibhAgavata yaha vrata ni:svArtha tyAga aura satkArasevA kA pratIka hai| zrAvaka gRhastha hI hotA hai, jisake yahA~ atithiyoM kA Agamana svAbhAvika hI hai| zramaNoM kA Agamana sahasA, Akasmika hotA hai yA ye binA pUrva nizcita tithi ke hI pahu~ca jAte haiM- isI kAraNa ye 'atithi' hote haiN| gRhastha apane ghara meM apane upayogArtha yA nimitta jo bhojana banAtA hai, usa bhojana kA atithi (zramaNa) ke Agamana para saMvibhAga karatA hai arthAt kucha hissA zramaNa ko dAna karatA hai, ise hI atithi saMvibhAgavata kahate haiN| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra haiMsacitta nikSepa : acitta vastu (AhAra) ko sacitta vastu para rkhnaa| 286

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana sacittapidhAna : sacitta vastu se Dhakakara rkhnaa| kAlAtikrama : samaya para dAna na denA, asamaya meM dAna ke lie khnaa| paravyapadeza : dAna na dene kI bhAvanA se apanI vastu ko parAI batA denA yA parAI vastu ko apanI vastu batAkara denaa| mAtsarya : IrSyA va ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA se dAna krnaa| pratyeka zrAvaka kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha pUrI jAgarUkatA ke sAtha uparyukta aticAroM se apane AcaraNa ko surakSita rakhakara atithisaMvibhAga kA pUrNataH pAlana kre| yaha vrata zrAvaka ke vyavahAra ko mAnavIyatA, sadAzayatA, tyAga aura vinaya ke sadguNoM se sajjita kara detA hai| zrAvaka ke dvAra se koI nirAza nahIM lauTanA caahie| use sahAyatA ke pAtra vyakti kI yathAzakti sahAyatA karanI caahie| jaina paramparA meM dAna do prakAra ke batAe gae haiM- anukaMpAdAna aura supaatrdaan| bhUkhe-pyAse dInaHdukhI ko dekhakara karuNA kI apekSita sahAyatA karatA hai, yaha anukampAdAna kahalAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa anukampAdAna se prerita hokara rAjA kumbhA44, nandamaNikAra45, taitaliputra146 va sAgaradatta'47 dvArA bhojanazAlAe~ aura dAnazAlAe~ banAne kA ullekha milatA hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko diyA jAne vAlA dAna supAtradAna kahalAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki poTTilA148 va sukumAlikA ne AryAoM ko AhAra dAna diyaa| zramaNa ko ucita AhAra nahIM dene yA akhAdya AhAra dene para zrAvaka kA bhava bhramaNa bar3ha jAtA hai|150 poTTilA zramaNopAsikA sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko caudaha prakAra kA dAna detI thI'51- (1) azana (2) pAna (3) khAdima (4) svAdima (5) vastra (6) pAtra (7) kambala (8) pAda proMchana (9) auSadha (10) bheSaja (11) pIr3hA (12) pATA (13) zayyA-upAzraya (14) sNstaark| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM uparyukta bAraha vratadhArI aneka zramaNopAsakoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo niSThApUrvaka ina vratoM kA pAlana karate the| zramaNopAsaka zrAvaka jIva-ajIva tattvoM ke jJAtA hote haiM / arhanaka zrAvaka zrAvakatva kI kasauTI para kharA utaratA hai aura apane dharma ke prati gaharI zraddhA evaM zrAvakatva meM majabUta rahane ke kAraNa devatA ko bhI jhukA letA hai|152 subuddhinAmaka amAtya ne bhI apane zrAvakatva se rAjA kA mana jIta liyA aura use bhI zramaNopAsaka banA diyaa|154 isake alAvA arhantraka', sudarzana seTha, rAjA kumbhA, rAjA 287

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ajitazatru, nandamaNikAra'5", kuMbha rAjA, rAjA kanakadhvaja va rAjA puNDarIka'62 Adi bhI zramaNopAsaka the| striyA~ bhI zramaNopAsikA thiiN| rAnI prabhAvatI'63, poTTilA'64 tathA sukumAlikA'65 Adi zramaNopAsikA zrAvikAe~ thiiN| nandamaNikAra ke jIva meMr3haka166 dvArA bAraha vrata dhAraNa karane ke prasaMga ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki sannI tiryaMca bhI zramaNopAsaka ho sakatA hai| abhigama zrAvaka ko dharma sthAna meM jAne se pUrva jina bAtoM kA viveka rakhanA cAhie ki ve abhigama hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pA~ca prakAra ke abhigamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| meghakumAra67 va kRSNa vAsudeva168 ne kramaza: bhagavAna mahAvIra aura arhat ariSTanemi ke darzanArtha jAte samaya pA~ca abhigamoM kA pAlana kiyaa| ye pA~ca abhigama isa prakAra haiM(1) sacitta kA tyAga jIvayukta aprAsuka vastue~ jo sacitta haiM, unheM dharma sthAna meM nahIM le jAnA, jaise- puSpa, pAna aadi| (2) sacitta viveka ahaMkAra sUcaka vastue~- vastra, alaMkAra, char3I, belTa, ghar3I, jUte, pagar3I, chatra Adi dharma sthAna meM nahIM le jaanaa| (3) uttarAsaMgadhAraNa eka dupaTTA mu~ha para lagAnA jisase gurujanoM Adi se bAta karate samaya apanA thUka Adi dUsaroM para na par3eM aura vAyukAya ke jIvoM kI rakSA bhI ho jaae| (4) dRSTivaMdana guru Adi zramaNoM para dRSTi par3ate hI donoM hAtha jodd'naa| (5) mana ko ekAgra karanA evaM vidhivat vaMdana mana ko ekAgra karake vidhipUrvaka tIna bAra pradakSiNA- dakSiNa kI ora se Arambha karake vaMdanA namaskAra karate haiN| ina pA~ca abhigama aura bAraha vratoM ke alAvA zrAvaka rAtri bhojana evaM samasta kuvyasana- juA, mA~sa, zarAba, corI, zikAra, parastrI/puruSa, vezyAgamana Adi kA bhI tyAga karatA hai| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina kuvyasanoM ko zrAvaka 288

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana vratoM meM to zAmila nahIM kiyA gayA hai lekina inakA sevana karane ke kAraNa vijaya cora 169 aura cilAta dAsaceTaka 170 ko avratI, adharmI, vratahIna aura guNahIna batalAyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina sapta kuvyasanoM se dUra rahanA zramaNopAsaka ke lie anivArya thA / zramaNAcAra jaisA ki kahA jAtA hai ki zramaNAcAra moma ke dA~toM se lohe ke cane cabAne ke samAna hai| jaina dharma meM jIvana kA carama lakSya mokSa-prApti batalAyA gayA hai| mokSa-mArga atyanta duSkara hai| isake lie mumukSu ko dIkSA se lekara mokSamaMjila taka pahu~cane ke lie kaThora zramaNAcAra kA pAlana karanA hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zramaNAcAra ke vividha aMga yatra-tatra milate haiN| ina sabhI kA zodhaparaka samucita siMhAvalokana isa prakAra hai 1 dIkSA saMsAra ke viSayoM se nirAsakta evaM mukti kA abhilASI pratyeka vyakti jAti, kula, Ayu aura liMga ke bhedabhAva ke binA dIkSA aMgIkAra kara sakatA hai| saMsAra ke viSaya-bhogoM meM Asakta vyakti zreSTha jAti va kula meM utpanna hokara bhI isake ayogya hai jabaki sadAcAra pAlana karane kI sAmarthyavAlA pratyeka vyakti jo saMsAra ke viSayoM se virakta hokara mukti kI abhilASA rakhatA hai, dIkSA lene adhikArI hai| dIkSA ke lie anumati meghakumAra Adi sabhI mumukSu dIkSA lene se pUrva mAtA-pitA va sambandhIjanoM se anumati lete haiM / 171 mahAbala Adi chahoM rAjA, pANDava va mahApuNDarIka ne ghara jyeSTha putrAdi ko saMpatti Adi sauMpakara dIkSA lii| 172 yadi mAtA-pitA putra ko dIkSA ke lie anumati na dekara bhoga-vilAsa kI ora prazasta kareM to dIkSA lene vAle kA sarvaprathama karttavya hai ki vaha mAtA-pitA ko samajhAne kA prayatna kare aura unako saMtuSTa karane ke pazcAt hI dIkSA le / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM eka bhI vyakti aisA dikhAI nahIM detA jisane binA AjJA dIkSA lI ho| yaha eka bahuta hI sundara aura sAmAjikatA - AdhyAtmikatA ke saMbaMdha ko puSTa karane vAlI paramparA rahI hai, jisakA pAlana Aja bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| 289

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana dIkSArthI kI parIkSA dIkSArthI ke abhibhAvaka usake vairAgya ko kasauTI para kasate aura isa bAta kA patA lagAte ki kahIM usakA vairAgaya haldI ke raMga kI taraha to nahIM hai jo kaSToM kI jarA-sI dhUpa lagate hI ur3a jaay| isake lie dIkSArthI ko pahale zraNamadharma kI kaThoratA batalAI jaatii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra73 ko usake mAtA-pitA tathA thAvaccAputra ko kRSNa-vAsudeva74 saMyamI jIvana kI kaThinAiyA~ batalAkara usake vairAgya kI utkRSTatA jA~cate haiN| ___ zramaNa jIvana kI kaThoratA batAne ke pazcAt mumukSu ko bhautika pralobhana die jAte haiM / meghakumAra75 va thAvaccAputra ko apanI navavivAhita patniyoM ke sAtha vipula kAma-bhoga bhogane kA pralobhana diyA gyaa| meghakumAra kI mAtA dhAriNI A~khoM se A~sU bahAkara usake vairAgya ke raMga ko dhulAne kA prayAsa karatI hai| kaI bAra mAtA-pitA yA bhAI dIkSA kI bhAvanA rakhane vAle ko rAjasiMhAsana para biThAkara kahate haiM- 'tU rAjA hai, hama terI prajA haiN| 178 zAyada aisA karake ve dekhanA cAhate haiM ki sattA moha se isakA vairAgya DigatA hai yA nahIM? isa prakAra jaba abhibhAvakagaNa ko yaha vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki usakA vairAgya utkRSTa hai to ve use dIkSA kI anumati pradAna kara dete haiN| Alocya graMtha ke sAMgopAMga adhyayana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhibhAvaka dIkSArthI kA parIkSaNa avazya karate the, kintu koI bhI abhibhAvaka yaha nahIM kahatA ki dIkSA lenA anucita hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ve saMyama kI mahattA se paricita the| abhiniSkakramaNa mahotsava va dharma dalAlI jaba sAdhaka dIkSA grahaNa karanA cAhatA thA to vaha gupacupa dIkSA nahIM letA thA apitu vyavasthita rUpa se abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava manAyA jAtA thaa| jaba thAvaccAputra bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke pAvana upadeza ko zravaNa kara dIkSA lenA cAhatA hai to usakI mAtA vAsudeva kRSNa ke darabAra meM upasthita hokara abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava ke lie chatra-cAmara Adi kI yAcanA karatI hai| zrIkRSNa thAvaccAputra ke dRr3ha vairAgya ko jAnakara AhlAdita hote haiM aura svayaM kI dekharekha meM dIkSA mahotsava kA Ayojana karate haiN|79 290

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana isa prakAra ke mahotsavoM meM jana-jana ke hRdaya kI apAra zraddhA abhivyakta hotI hai aura logoM ko saMyamapatha para bar3hane kI preraNA bhI milatI hai| vastrAbhUSaNa-tyAga va keza loca jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki dIkSita hone vAlA sAdhaka apane vastrAbhUSaNoM ko tyAgakara apane sira para dAr3hI ke bAloM ko muTThiyoM se svayaM hI ukhAr3atA hai180, jise keza loca yA paMcamuSTi loca (pA~ca muTThiyoM se ukhAr3ane ke kAraNa) kahA jAtA hai| meghakumAra kA muNDana pahale nApita karatA hai181 phira meghakumAra svayaM paMcamuSTi loca karatA hai|82 isase prazna uThatA hai ki do bAra keza loca kI AvazyakatA kyoM huI? zuka parivrAjaka dvArA zikhA loca183 karane ke prasaMga ke AdhAra para anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki parivrAjaka eka zikhA ko chor3akara anya sAre nApita se kaTavAte the aura pratIka-luMcana ke rUpa meM zikhA kA loca karate the| uparyukta prakriyA se gujarane ke pazcAt sAdhaka zramaNa jIvana meM praveza karatA hai aura usakA AcaraNa zramaNAcAra kahA jAtA hai jisakA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke Aloka meM nidarzana isa prakAra haibAhya upakaraNa yA upadhi jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAdhu ke bAhya veSa va upakaraNa Adi ke viSaya meM jo saMketa milate haiM unase patA calatA hai ki sAdhu dIkSA lete samaya apane ghara se yA gRhastha se pAtra evaM rajoharaNa Adi upakaraNa lAte the| meghakumAra kI dIkSA se pUrva rAjA zreNika apane kauTumbika janoM ko kutrikApANa (vartamAna samaya ke DipArTameMTala sTora ke samAna) se do lAkha svarNa mohareM dekara pAtra evaM rajoharaNa maMgavAtA hai| 184 isa sthala para vastra yA sAdhuoM ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI anya vastu kA koI saMketa nahIM milatA lekina sthavirakalpI muniyoM kI vidhi ke anusAra meghakumAra ne vastroM kA upayoga kiyaa| eka anya prasaMga meM zramaNopAsikA poTTilA dvArA vastra, pAtra, kambala Adi caudaha prakAra kI vastue~ sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko dAna dene kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|185 vasati yA upAzraya jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAdhu ke Thaharane ke sthAna ko vasati yA upAzraya kahA 291

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gayA hai| ye upAzraya prAyaH nagara ke bAhara udyAna Adi ke rUpa meM hote the| sabhI zramaNa sarvaprathama upAzraya kI yAcanA karate aura mAlika kI AjJA milane para hI vahA~ pravAsa karate the| sAdhu kisI eka sthAna yA upAzraya meM sthAyI rUpa se nivAsa nahIM karate the apitu unake lie varSAkAla ko chor3akara zeSakAla meM eka grAma se dUsare grAma meM indriyanigrahapUrvaka vicaraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai|186 AhAra __ bhojana ke binA koI bhI kArya karanA saMbhava nahIM hai kyoMki bhojana se hI indriyA~ puSTa hokara dekhane, sunane aura vicAra karane kA sAmarthya prApta karatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jJAna-darzana-cAritra kI ArAdhanA ke lie AhAra karanA batAyA hai na ki zarIra ko moTA-tAjA karane ke lie|137 bhagavAna mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko pramANayukta evaM kSudhA vedanAdi nivAraNArtha bhojana karane kI zikSA dii|188 sthAnAMga189, uttarAdhyayana19 evaM mUlAcAra191 meM AhAra grahaNa aura tyAga ke cha:-cha: kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| AhAra-grahaNa ke chaH kAraNa (1) kSudhAvedanA kI zAnti ke lie, (2) vaiyAvRtya (sevA) ke lie, (3) IryAsamiti ke pAlana hetu, (4) saMyama ke lie, (5) prANa rakSA ke lie, (6) dharma cintana ke lie| ina cha: kAraNoM se jo zramaNa azana, pAna, khAdya, svAdya- ye cAra prakAra ke AhAra grahaNa karatA hai vaha cAritra dharma kA pAlana karane vAlA hai| AhAra-tyAga ke chaH kAraNa (1) bhaMyakara roga ho jAne para, (2) Akasmika saMkaTa (upasarga) A jAne para, (3) brahmacarya vrata kI rakSA ke lie, (4) jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie, (5) tapa karane ke lie, (6) saMlekhanA-saMthArA karane ke lie| ina cha: kAraNoM meM se kisI eka ke bhI upasthita hone para AhAra kA tyAga kara denA caahie| sudharmA svAmI jambU ko kahate haiM ki zramaNa ko saMyama pAlane aura mokSa prApta karane ke lie AhAra karanA cAhie, indriyAsakta hokara nahIM karanA caahie|12 kuNDarIka sarasa evaM pauSTika AhAra karane ke kAraNa indriyoM meM Asakta hokara saMyama se cyuta ho gayA thaa|93 nirgrantha zramaNoM ko AdhAkarmI, auddezika, krItakRta, sthApita, racita, 292 292

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana durbhikSabhakta, kAntArabhakta, vardalikA bhakta, glAnabhakta Adi dUSita AhAra grahaNa karanA nahIM kalpatA hai| isI prakAra mUla kA bhojana, kaMda kA bhojana, phala kA bhojana, zAli Adi bIjoM kA bhojana athavA harita kA bhojana karanA bhI nahIM kalpatA hai| sAdhu ke lie sAmAnya rUpa meM dina kA tIsarA prahara bhojana-pAna ke lie niyata kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa ko madhukara vRtti se thor3A-thor3A AhAra saba gharoM se lenA caahie|195 grahaNa kie gae AhAra kA bhI pratilekhana kiyA jAtA thaa|96 sAdhu ke upayoga meM na Ane vAlI vastu yadi pAtra meM A jAe to use ekAntaAvAgamana rahita ucita bhUmi meM paraThane kA vidhAna bhI hai|197 pA~ca mahAvrata zramaNa kA hara kriyAkalApa dezavirati se sarvavirati kI ora bar3hane kI dizA meM kendrita hotA hai| sarvavirati arthAt sarvatyAga ke lie vaha mahAvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai| mahAvrata pA~ca haiM- sarvaprANAtipAta, sarvamRSAvAda, sarvaadattAdAna, sarvamaithuna, sarvaparigraha se viramaNa / ina pA~coM mahAvratoM kA pUrNata: tyAga tIna karaNa aura tIna yoga se kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke tyAga ko navakoTi- pratyAkhyAna kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isameM hiMsA Adi karanA, karAnA aura anumodana karanA rUpa tIna karaNoM kA mana, vacana aura kAya rUpa tIna yogoM se pratiSedha kiyA jAtA hai| ina mahAvratoM kA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vizeSa pariprekSya meM vivecana agrAMkita hai(1) ahiMsA mahAvrata kisI bhI jIva ko mana, vacana, kAya se pIr3A pahu~cAnA hiMsA hai| isa hiMsA kA pUrNatayA parityAga karanA ahiMsA mahAvrata hai| ___ pA~ca mahAvratoM kI sthiratA ke lie pA~ca-pA~ca bhAvanAe~ haiN| 98 jaise kisI bIja ko dharatI meM bone ke bAda samaya-samaya para use sIMcanA aura khAda-pAnI dete rahanA anivArya hai tabhI una bIjoM kA samyak pallavana hotA hai, usI prakAra gRhIta mahAvratoM kI sthiratA ke lie kucha viziSTa prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ bhAyI jAtI haiN| ye bhAvanAe~ sAdhaka ko una tamAma bhautika aura mAnasika paristhitiyoM se bacAtI haiM, jo vratoM ko malina banAtI haiN| ahiMsA mahAvrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAe~ vacana gupti, manogupti, IryAsamiti, AdAna nikSepaNa samiti aura Alokita 293

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pAna bhojana- ye ahiMsA mahAvrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAe~ haiM / mukha se acche bure kisI prakAra ke zabda na bolakara mauna rahanA vacana guti hai / mana ko azubha bhAvoM se bacAkara AtmahikArI zubha vicAroM meM lagAnA manoti hai / kisI jIva ko kleza na ho isa prakAra sAvadhAnIpUrvaka cAra hAtha Age kI bhUmi dekhakara calanA IryAsamiti hai / apane upakaraNoM ko uThAte - rakhate samaya avalokana va pramArjana karake rakhanA aura uThAnA AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti hai / prAkRtika prakAza meM bhalI-bhAMti dekha - zodhakara khAnA-pInA Alokita - pAna bhojana hai| (2) satya mahAvrata asatya vacana tathA dUsaroM ko saMtApa dene vAle satya vacana kA tyAga karanA satya mahAvrata hai| satya mahAvrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAe~- krodha tyAga, lobha tyAga, bhaya tyAga, hAsya tyAga aura anuvIci (nirdoSa vacana ) bhASaNa haiM / krodha, lobha, bhaya aura haMsI majAka meM asatya vacana kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, ataH satya mahAvrata kI rakSA ke lie krodha, lobha, bhaya aura hAsya kA tyAgakara nirdoSa vacana bolanA caahie| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM satya mahAvrata kA pAlana adhikatara muniyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, lekina eka prasaMga aisA bhI AtA hai jisameM zailaka rAjarSi krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara apane ziSya paMthakamuni ko bhalA-burA kahate haiM / " yaha AcaraNa ke pratikUla hI kahA jaaegaa| ( 3 ) acaurya mahAvrata binA dI huI vastu ko grahaNa karanA corI hai, isake paripUrNa tyAga ko acaurya mahAvrata kahate haiM / asteyavrata kI dRr3hatA evaM surakSA ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAe~ haiM- socavicArakara vastu kI yAcanA karanA, AcArya Adi kI anumati se bhojana karanA, parimita padArtha svIkAra karanA, punaH punaH padArthoM kI maryAdA karanA, sAdharmika (sAthI zramaNa) se parimita vastuoM kI yAcanA karanA 1200 (4) brahmacarya mahAvrata maithuna karma ko kuzIla kahate haiN| isakA mana, vacana, kAya se tyAga karanA brahmacarya mahAvrata hai / sAdhu bAla, yuvA evaM vRddha sabhI prakAra kI nAriyoM se dUra rahate 294

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana haiM tathA sAdhviyA~ sabhI prakAra ke puruSoM se dUra rahatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, ve kisI bhI prakAra ke kAmottejaka athavA indriyAkarSaka padArtha se apanA sambandha nahIM jor3ate / brahmacarya mahAvrata ke pAlana ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAe~ nimnokta haiM- strIkathA na karanA, strI ke aMgoM ko avalokana na karanA, pUrvAnubhUta kAma-krIr3A Adi kA smaraNa na karanA, mAtrA kA atikramaNakara bhojana na karanA, strI Adi se sambaddha sthAna meM na rahanA / 201 jisa prakAra zramaNa ke lie strIkathA Adi kA niSedha hai, usI prakAra zramaNI ke lie puruSakathA Adi kA niSedha hai / (5) aparigraha mahAvrata mUrcchA ko parigraha kahate haiM / dhana-dhAnya, kuTumba - parivAra aura apane zarIra ke prati utpanna Asakti parigraha hai / isa parigraha kA pUrNatayA tyAga karanA aparigraha mahAvrata hai| saMyama nirvAha ke lie vaha jo kucha bhI alpatama upakaraNa apane pAsa rakhatA hai, una para bhI usakA mamatva nahIM hotA 1 202 aparigraha mahAvrata kI pA~ca bhAvanAe~ ye haiM- saMsAra meM aneka prakAra ke viSaya haiM, unameM se kucha manojJa tathA kucha amanojJa padArtha haiM / manojJa viSayoM ke prApta hone para rAga bar3hatA hai aura amanojJa viSayoM ke milane para dveSa bar3hatA hai / rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hI unake saMcaya aura tyAga kI bhAvanA AtI hai, ataH aparigraha mahAvrata kI rakSA ke lie manojJa aura amanojJa sparza, rasa, gaMdha, rUpa aura zabda indriyoM ke ina pA~coM viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa kA tyAga karanA cAhie, jisase ki unake grahaNa aura tyAga kA vikalpa hI na bace 1203 rAtribhojana viramaNavrata dazavaikAlika ke tIsare adhyayana meM nirgranthoM ke lie auddezika bhojana, krIta bhojana, AmaMtraNa svIkAra kara kiyA huA bhojana yAvat rAtri bhojana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| 204 SaDjIvanikAya nAmaka caturtha adhyayana meM pA~ca mahAvratoM ke sAtha rAtribhojana viramaNa kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai evaM use chaThA vrata bhI kahA gayA hai 1205 AcAra - praNidhi nAmaka AThaveM adhyayana meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki rAtri bhojana hiMsAdi doSoM kA janaka hai| ataH nirgrantha sUryAsta se lekara sUryodaya taka kisI prakAra ke AhArAdi kI icchA na kareM 1206 isa prakAra jaina AcAra graMthoM meM 295

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana sarvavirati ke lie rAtribhojana kA tyAga anivArya mAnate haiN| aSTa pravacana mAtA pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyA~- ye ATha pravacana mAtA kahalAtI hai| ye mAtA kI taraha muniyoM kI pratipAlaka haiN| unheM rAga-dveSa, Asrava-baMdha rUpa saMsAra se bacAtI haiM aura cAritra kI rakSAkara unheM mokSa-prApti meM sakSama banAtI haiM, ataH inheM aSTa pravacanamAtA kahate haiN| paJca samitiyA~ samiti kA tAtparya hai samyak prvRtti| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM isakA artha hai- ananta jJAnAdi svabhAva vAlI AtmA meM lIna honA, usakA cintana krnaa|207 saccA muni samiti ke pAlana meM antarmukhI ho jAtA hai| IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAna nikSepaNa aura utsarga- ina pA~ca samitiyoM se uparyukta pA~ca mahAvratoM kI rakSA hotI hai| (1) IryA samiti kisI bhI jIva-jantu ko kleza na ho, isa prakAra sAvadhAnIpUrvaka cAra hAtha Age kI bhUmi dekhakara calanA IryA samiti hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra meghakumAra ko dIkSA dene ke bAda samiti-gupti kA jJAna karavAte haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra megha ko IryA samiti kA bodha karavAte hue kahate haiM ki pRthvI para yugamAtra dRSTi rakhakara calanA, nirjIva bhUmi para khar3A honA AcAra saMgata hai|208 (2) bhASA samiti nindA va cApalUsI Adi dUSita bhASAoM ko tyAgakara saMyata, nape-tule, hitakArI vacana bolanA bhASA samiti hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra megha ko hita, mita aura madhura bhASA kA prayoga karane kA upadeza dete haiN|209 (3) eSaNA samiti udgama, utpAdana Adi AhAra sambandhI bayAlIsa doSoM se rahita prAsUka annAdi kA grahaNa svAdhyAya aura dhyAna kI siddhi ke lie karanA 'eSaNA' samiti hai| meghakumAra ke mAtA-pitA meghakumAra ko saMyama kI kaThinAIyoM kA bodha karavAte hue kahate haiM ki zramaNa ko AdhAkarmI, audezika Adi dUSita AhAra grahaNa karanA nahI kalpatA hai / 10 dharmaghoSa sthavira dharmarUci anagAra ko prAsUka aura eSaNIya azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAdya grahaNa karake usakA AhAra karane ke 296

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana lie kahate haiN|217 (4) AdAna nikSepaNa samiti __ zAstra, pAtra, vastra Adi upakaraNoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka parirmAjana kara uThAnA-rakhanA AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti hai| (5) pariSThApanA samiti bhalI-bhAMti dekhakara zuddha aura nirjantuka sthAna para apane mala-mUtra tathA anya tyAjya vastuoM evaM sthaMDila bhUmi kI pratilekhanA-pramArjanA karanA pariSThApana samiti hai| dharmaghoSa sthavira ne dharmarUci anagAra ko kahA ki vaha nAgazrI dvArA baharAe gae tikta tumbe ke zAka ko ekAnta, AvAgamana rahita, acitta bhUmi meM paraTha de|12 dharmarUci anagAra ne sthaMDila bhUmi kI pratilekhanA kii|13| ina pA~coM samitiyoM kA pAlana karane se muni SaTkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA se baca jAtA hai tathA saMsAra meM rahatA huA pApoM se lipta nahIM ho paataa|214 tIna guptiyA~ pApa kriyAoM se AtmA ko bacAnA gupti hai| mana ko rAga-dveSa se aprabhAvita rakhanA manogupti hai| asatya vANI kA nirodha karanA athavA mauna rahanA vacana gupti hai| zarIra ko vaza meM rakhakara hiMsAdi kriyAoM se dUra rahanA kAya gupti hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra meghakumAra ko punaH pravrajita karane ke pazcAt use tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana kA upadeza dete haiN|15 suvratA nAmaka AryA tIna guptiyoM kA pAlana karatI thii|16 paMcendriya vijetA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra muni megha ko saMyama meM sthira karane ke lie kahate haiM ki he megha! tuma indriyoM kA gopana krnaa|17 Alocya graMtha meM indriya saMyama ko karma ke zarIra ke gopana ke samAna batAyA hai jo jIva apanI indriyoM ko jIta letA hai, vaha isa saMsAra-sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai aura yadi isa saMsAra-sAgara meM rahatA hai to vaha vaMdanIya, pUjanIya.... devasvarUpa evaM caityasvarUpa tathA upAsanIya banatA hai|218 jo indriyoM ke viSayoM-kAmabhogoM meM lipta hotA hai usakA yaha bhava aura parabhava donoM bigar3a jAte haiM jaise jinarakSita ne apanI indriyoM meM Asakta hokara durlabha mAnava jIvana ko barbAda kara diyaa| lekina jinapalika ne indriya saMyama kA paricaya dete hue apanA janma-maraNa sudhAra liyaa|20 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM AkIrNa ghor3oM ke samAna indriyoM meM Asakta, gRddha, 297

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana mugdha hotA hai vaha isa loka meM bahuta zramaNa - zramaNiyoM, zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM kI avahelanA kA pAtra hotA hai 221 aura jo nirgrantha inameM Asakta nahIM hotA vaha isa saMsAra aTavI ko pAra kara jAtA hai, sukhI ho jAtA hai / 222 spaSTa hai ki indriyoM aura kaSAyoM ke vaza meM rahane vAlA sAdhu nizcita hI apane saMyama se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| usakA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra nirarthaka ho jAtA hai / indriya saMyamI honA sAdhu kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai anyathA vaha saMyama aura AcAra se patita ho jAtA hai| SaDAvazyaka avazya karane yogya kriyAe~ Avazyaka kahalAtI haiN| Avazyaka cha: haiM:sAmAyika, stuti, vandanA, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna tathA kAyotsarga / 1. sAmAyika - sama kI Aya karanA arthAt samasta prANiyoM ke prati samatA dhAraNakara Atmakendrita honA sAmAyika hai / ise samatA bhI kahate haiM / caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke guNoM kA stavana karanA stuti hai / arihanta, siddha evaM AcAryAdi ko mana, vacana, kAya se praNAma karanA vaMdanA hai / 2. stuti - 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa - pratikramaNa kA artha hai- punaH lauTanA / apanI maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa karake apanI svabhAva dazA se nikalakara vibhAva dazA meM cale jAne para punaH svabhAva sImAoM meM pratyAgamana karanA pratikramaNa hai- jo pApa mana, vacana aura kAyA se svayaM kie jAte haiM, dUsaroM se karavAe jAte haiM aura dUsaroM ke dvArA kie hue pApoM kA anumodana kiyA jAtA hai, una sabhI pApoM kI nivRtti hetu AlocanA karanA, nindA karanA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai zubha yogoM se azubha yogoM meM gae hue apane Apako punaH zubha yogoM meM lauTA lAnA pratikramaNa hai 1223 - pratikramaNa traikAlika parizuddhi kI vidhi hai / atIta meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA to pratikramaNa meM kI jAtI hai| vartamAna kAla meM sAdhaka saMvara sAdhanA meM lage rahane se pApoM se nivRtta 298

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kAla kI dRSTi se pratikramaNa ke bheda 234 kala kI dRSTi se pratikramaNa ke pA~ca prakAra batAe gae haiM- daivasika, rAtrika, pAkSika, cAturmAsika aura sAMvatsarika 1235 ka. daivasika- dina ke aMta meM kie jAne vAlA pratikramaNa daivasika hai / rAtrika- rAtri ke aMta meM kiyA jAne vAlA pratikramaNa / rAtri meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA karanA / kha. pAkSika- pakSa (pandraha dina) ke aMta meM pApoM kI AlocanA karanA / cAturmAsika- cAra mAha ke pazcAt kArtikI pUrNimA, phAlgunI pUrNimA, ASAr3hI pUrNimA ke dina cAra mAha meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA karanA / sAMvatsarika- ASAr3hI pUrNimA ke 49veM yA 50veM dina varSa bhara meM lage doSoM kA pratikramaNa krnaa| yaha sahaja jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki jaba hama pratidina prAtaH - sAyaM niyamita pratikramaNa karate haiM to phira pAkSika, cAturmAsika evaM sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? samAdhAna hai- pratidina makAna kI saphAI karate haiM tathA parva Adi avasaroM para vizeSa rUpa se saphAI kI jAtI hai| vaise hI pratidina pratikramaNa meM aticAroM kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai kintu parva ke dinoM meM vizeSa rUpa se jAgarUka rahakara jIvana kA nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa aura pApoM kA prakSAlana kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / kAyotsarga- zarIra ke mamatva ko tyAgakara paMca parameSThiyoM kA smaraNa ga. gha. jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana rahatA hai| sAtha hI pratikramaNa meM vaha pratyAkhyAna grahaNa karatA hai jisase bhAvI doSoM se bhI baca jAtA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM muni meghakumAra 224, dhanya sArthavAha 225, thAvaccAputra, paMthakamuni zailaka 226, mallI bhagavatI 227, poTTilA 228, dharmarUci aNagAra 229, dhanya 230, pANDava, draupadI 231, puNDarIka 232 Adi saMyama aMgIkAra karane vAle sabhI pAtra jaba-jaba doSa utpanna hotA hai usa samaya aura jIvana ke aMtima samaya meM, vratoM meM huI skhalanAoM ke lie, AlocanA-pratikramaNa karate haiM lekina sukumAlikA va kAli Adi uparyukta prasaMga upasthita hone para bhI pratikramaNa nahIM karatI haiM 1223 Da. 5. 299

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana athavA AtmasvarUpa meM lIna honA kAyotsarga hai| pratyAkhyAna- bhaviSya meM laga sakane vAle doSoM se bacane ke lie ayogya vastuoM kA tyAga karanA pratyAkhyAna hai| avirati aura asaMyama ke pratikUla rUpa meM maryAdA svarUpa AgAra ke sAtha pratijJA grahaNa karanA pratyAkhyAna hai|36 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki dardura ne apane pUrva janma kA smaraNa karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samIpa samasta prANAtipAta, parigraha aura cAra prakAra ke AhAroM kA pUrNa pratyAkhyAna kiyaa|37 dasa pratyAkhyAna __ bhagavatI sUtra, sthAnAMga vRtti, Avazyaka niyukti aura mUlAcAra meM dasa pratyAkhyAnoM238 kA varNana isa prakAra milatA hai:(1) anAgata __paryuSaNa Adi parva meM jo tapa karanA cAhie vaha tapa pahale kara lenA jisase ki parva ke samaya vRddha, rUgNa, tapasvI Adi kI sevA sahaja rUpa se kI jA ske| (2) atikrAnta jo tapa parva ke dinoM meM karanA cAhie vaha tapa pUrva ke dinA meM sevA Adi kA prasaMga upasthita hone se na kara sakeM to use aparva ke dinoM meM karanA caahie| (3) koTi sahita __jo tapa pUrva meM cala rahA ho usa tapa ko binA pUrNa kie hI agalA tapa prArambha kara denA, jaise- upavAsa kA binA pAraNA kie hI agalA tapa prArambha krnaa| (4)niyaMtrita jisa dina pratyAkhyAna karane kA vicAra ho usa dina roga Adi vizeSa bAdhAe~ upasthita ho jAe~ to bhI una bAdhAoM kI paravAha kie binA jo mana meM pratyAkhyAna karane kA lakSya dhAraNa kiyA hai tadnusAra pratyAkhyAna kara lenaa| (5) sAgAra pratyAkhyAna karate samaya mana meM vizeSa AgAra ki amuka prakAra kA koI kAraNa vizeSa upasthita ho jAegA to maiM usakA AgAra rakhatA hU~- isa prakAra mana 300

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana meM apavAda kI kalpanA karake jo tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAgAra pratyAkhyAna hai| (6) nirAgAra yaha pratyAkhyAna binA kisI prakAra ke apavAda kI chUTa rakhe kiyA jAtA hai| nirAgAra pratyAkhyAna meM dRr3ha manobala kI apekSA hotI hai| (7) parimANakRta zramaNa bhikSA ke lie jAte samaya yA AhAra grahaNa karate samaya yaha pratijJA grahaNa karatA hai ki maiM Aja itanA hI grAsa grahaNa karUMgA yA bhojana lene ke lie gRhastha ke yahA~ para jAte samaya mana meM yaha vicAra karanA ki amuka prakAra kA AhAra prApta hogA to hI maiM grahaNa karUMgA, jaise- bhikSu pratimAdhArI zramaNa datti Adi kI maryAdA karake hI AhAra lete haiN| (8) niravazeSa __asana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima- cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA pUrNa rUpa se parityAga krnaa| (9) sAMketika jo pratyAkhyAna saMketapUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai, jaise- muTThI bA~dhakara, kisI vastra meM gA~Tha lagAkara- jaba taka meM muTThI yA gA~Tha nahIM kholUMgA taba taka kucha bhI vastu mu~ha meM nahIM ddaaluuNgaa| isa prakAra yaha pratyAkhyAna sAMketika hai| isameM sAdhaka apanI suvidhA ke anusAra pratyAkhyAna karatA hai| vartamAna meM aMgUThI ke pratyAkhyAna yA namo arihaMtANaM bolakara khAnA Adi pratyAkhyAna isI ke aMtargata haiN| (10) addhA samaya vizeSa kI nizcita maryAdA ke anusAra pratyAkhyAna krnaa| isa pratyAkhyAna ke navakArasI, porasI, pUrvArddha, ekAsana, ekasthAna, AyaMbila (AcAmla), upavAsa, divasacarima, abhigraha, nirvikRtika- ye dasa pratyAkhyAna addhA ke aMtargata Ate haiN| addhA' kA artha 'kAla' hai| pratyAkhyAna meM AtmA mana, vacana aura kAyA kI duSTa pravRttiyoM ko rokakara zubha pravRttiyoM meM pravRtta hotI hai| Asrava ke nirUndhana hone se sAdhaka pUrNa nispRha ho jAtA hai aura amuka padArthoM kA parityAga karatA hai| jo padArtha vaha grahaNa karatA hai unameM bhI Asakta nahIM hotaa| isa kAraNa usameM vizeSa guNa samutpanna hote haiN| 301

Page #303
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana ye SaDAvazyaka muniyoM dvArA nitya kie jAte haiN| bAIsa parISaha parISaha kA tAtparya hai- jo sahe jaaeN| karmoM kI saMvara aura nirjarA prApta karane kA mArga prazasta karane ke lie parISahoM ko muni apane samyaka jJAna, samyaka darzana, samyak cAritra ke AdhAra para sahana karatA hai| ina parISahoM ko sahana karane se sAdhaka sAMsArika bhogoM se nirAsakta banatA jAtA hai aura sAdhanAvasthA meM manuSyakRta, tiryaJcakRta athavA devakRta upasargoM ko sahana karane kA usakA sAmarthya bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki meghakumAra ko usake dIkSA prasaMga para zubhakAmanAe~ dete hue janasamudAya kahatA hai- parISaha rUpI senA kA hanana karake, parISahoM aura upasargoM se nirbhaya hokara zAzvata evaM acala paramapada rUpa mokSa ko prApta kro|39 parISahoM kI saMkhyA bAIsa batAI gaI hai240- 1. kSudhA, 2. pipAsA, 3. zIta, 4. uSNa, 5. daMzamazaka, 6. acela, 7. arati, 8. strI, 9. caryA, 10. niSadhA, 11. zayyA, 12. Akroza, 13. badha, 14. yAcanA, 15. alAbha, 16. roga, 17. tRNa-sparza, 18. mala, 19. satkAra-puraskAra, 20. prajJA, 21. ajJAna, 22. adrshn| sAdhu ina sabhI prakAra ke parISahoM ko zAnti aura dhairya se sahana karatA hai| use eka sAtha adhikatama unnIsa parISaha sahana karane par3ate haiM / zIta aura uSNa meM se koI eka tathA zayyA, caryA aura niSadhA meM se koI eka parISaha hotA hai| dezakAla Adi ke bheda se ina parISahoM kI saMkhyA aura bhI adhika ho sakatI hai| jJAnAvaraNa ke sadbhAva meM prajJA aura ajJAna parISaha hote haiN| cAritramoha ke sadbhAva meM acela, arati, strI, niSadhA, Akroza, yAcanA aura satkAra-puraskAra parISaha hote haiN| aTThAraha pApasthAna jisa azubha pravRtti ke dvArA azubha karma (pApa) kA baMdhana hotA hai, upacAra se usa azubha pravRtti ko pApa kaha diyA jAtA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghamuni apane jIvana ke aMtima samaya meM aTThAraha pApasthAnoM kA pratyAkhyAna karate haiM, ye aTThAraha pApasthAna241 haiM 1. prANAtipAta, 2. mRSAvAda, 3. adattAdAna, 4. maithuna, 5. parigraha, 6. 302

Page #304
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana krodha, 7. mAna, 8. mAyA, 9. lobha, 10. rAga, 11. dveSa, 12. kalaha, 13. abhyAkhyAna, 14. paizunya, 15. paraparivAda, 16. rati-arati, 17. mAyAmRSA, 18. mithyaadrshnshly| sAdhu ko ina aTThAraha pApasthAnoM kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, inase bacakara rahanA caahie| bAraha bhikSu pratimAoM (viziSTa pratijJAe~) kI sAdhanA ___bAraha bhikSu pratimAe~ sAdhu-jIvana meM nirAhAra, alpAhAra, svAvalaMbana aura svAzrayatva siddha karane tathA Atmazakti bar3hAkara karmakSaya hetu puruSArtha karane kI pratijJAe~ haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM muni meghakumAra242 aura mahAbala Adi sAtoM muniyoM243 ne bhikSu pratimAoM ko na kevala dhAraNa kiyA apitu nirvighna rUpa se unakA pAlana bhI kiyaa| thAvaccAmuni bhI sudarzana ko aNagAra kA svarUpa batalAte hue bhikSu pratimAoM kA ullekha karate haiN|244 ye bAraha bhikSu pratimAe~ isa prakAra haiMprathama pratimA eka datti anna kI aura eka datti pAnI kI lenaa| isakI avadhi eka mAha kI hotI hai| dvitIya pratimA se saptama pratimA taka dvitIya pratimA meM do datti AhAra kI aura do datti pAnI kI, isI prakAra tIsarI, cauthI, pA~cavIM, chaThI aura sAtavIM pratimA meM kramazaH tIna, cAra, pA~ca, cha: aura sAta datti anna kI aura utanI hI pAnI kI grahaNa krnaa| inameM se pratyeka pratimA kA samaya eka mAsa kA hai| AThavIM pratimA yaha sAta ahorAtri kI hotI hai| inameM ekAntara cauvihAra upavAsa karanA tathA gA~va ke bAhara uttAnAsana (AkAza kI ora mu~ha karake leTanA), pAzrvAsana (eka karavaTa se leTanA) yA niSadhAsana (pairoM ko barAbara karake baiThanA) se dhyAna lagAnA evaM upasarga Ae to zAntacitta se sahanA Adi prakriyAe~ haiN| nauvIM pratimA yaha pratimA bhI sAta ahorAtri kI hotI hai| isameM cauvihAra bele-bele pAraNA karanA, grAma se bAhara ekAnta sthAna meM daNDAsana, laguDAsana athavA 303

Page #305
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana utkaTukAsana se dhyAna karanA Adi prakriyAe~ haiN| dasavIM pratimA yaha pratimA bhI sAta ahorAtra kI hotI hai| isameM cauvihAra tele-tele pAraNA karanA, grAma ke bAhara goduhAsana, vIrAsana yA AmrakubjAsana se dhyAna karanA Adi prakriyAe~ haiN| gyArahavIM pratimA yaha pratimA eka ahorAtri yAnI ATha prahara kI hotI hai / cauvihAra bele ke dvArA isakI ArAdhanA hotI hai| isameM nagara ke bAhara donoM hAthoM ko ghuTanoM kI ora lambe karake daNDAyamAna rUpa meM khar3e hokara kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| bArahavIM pratimA yaha pratimA eka rAtri kI hotI hai| isakI ArAdhanA kevala eka rAta kI hai| isameM cauvihAra telA karake gA~va ke bAhara nirjana sthAna meM khar3e hokara mastaka ko thor3A-sA jhukAkara kisI eka pudgala para dRSTi rakhakara nirnimeya dRSTi se nizcalatApUrvaka kAryotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| upasargoM ke Ane para samabhAva se sahana kiyA jAtA hai| pratilekhana/pramArjanA vastra-pAtra Adi ko acchI taraha se kholakara cAroM ora se dekhanA, pratilekhanA kahalAtI hai aura rajoharaNa Adi ke dvArA acchI taraha sApha karanA pramArjanA hai| pratilekhanA aura pramArjanA donoM paraspara sambandhita haiN| pahale pratilekhanA hotI hai aura bAda meM prmaarjnaa| oghaniyukti ke anusAra zarIra, upAzraya, upakaraNa, sthaMDila-mala-mUtra vijarsana kI bhUmi, avastaMbha (sahArA) aura mArga ye pratilekhanIya haiN|245 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM abhayakumAra246 dvArA aSTamabhakta tapa grahaNa karane se pUrva pramArjana-pratilekhana karane kA ullekha milatA hai| isI prakAra muni megha247 tathA thAvaccAputra anagAra248 ne saMlekhanA dhAraNa karane se pUrva pRthvI zilApaTTaka Adi kA pratilekhana kiyaa| pratilekhana kI vidhi kA varNana karate hue uttarAdhyayana sUtra249 meM likhA hai- ukaDU Asana se baiThakara vastra ko bhUmi se U~cA rakhakara pratilekhana karanA, vastra ko dRr3hatA se sthira rakhanA, upayogayukta hokara jaldI na karate hue pratilekhana 304

Page #306
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana karanA, vastra ke tIna bhAga karake use donoM ora se acchI taraha dekhanA, dekhane ke bAda yatanA se dhIre-dhIre jhar3akanA, jhar3akane ke bAda vastrAdi para lage hue jIva ko yatanA se pramArjita kara hAtha se lenA aura ekAnta meM pariSThApana karanA / brahmacarya kI navavAr3a 250 jisa prakAra kisAna apane boe hue kheta kI rakSA ke ora bAr3a lagatA hai, vaise hI AcArya yA brahmacArI puruSa dharma ke kI rakSA karane ke lie nau prakAra kI bAr3a (gupti) lagAte haiM yAnI nau prakAra kI brahmacarya guptiyoM se apane brahmacarya ko surakSita rakhate haiM / ye nau brahmacarya - guptiyA~ isa prakAra haiM lie usake cAroM bIja rUpa brahmacarya 1. vivikta zayyAsana - strI, pazu, napusaMka rahita vivikta sthAna, 2. manorama strI kathA varjana, 3. striyoM kA atisaMsarga varjana, 4. striyoM ke aMgopAMga nirIkSaNa varjana, 5. striyoM ke kAmavardhaka zabda - gIta smaraNa varjana, 6. pUrvabhukta kAmabhogoM ke smaraNa kA niSedha, 7. kAmottejaka bhojana - pAna varjana, 8. atyadhika bhojanapAna varjana, 9. snAna- zRMgAra varjana / sAdhu ina navavAr3oM ke saMrakSaNa meM dRr3hatA se niSThApUrvaka brahmacarya kA pAlana karate haiN| abrahmacarya ko adharma kA mUla, mahAdoSoM kA srota samajhakara mana se bhI pAsa meM nahIM Ane dete / tIna zalya jo kA~Te kI taraha andara hI andara cubhatA hai use zalya kahate haiM / manovijJAna kI bhASA meM manuSya kI Antarika kuNThA aura granthiyoM ko zalya kaha sakate haiN| zalya tIna prakAra kA hotA hai- mAyAzalya, mithyAzalya, nidAnazalya / 1. mAyA zalya AtmavaMcanA pUrvaka tapazcaraNa yA vratAcaraNa karanA mAyA zalya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mahAbala muni ne tapazcaraNa meM mAyA kA sevana kiyA jisase unako strI paryAya kA baMdha huA / 251 2. mithyA zalya samyagdarzana se virahita dhArmika pravRtti mithyAzalya hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM nandamaNiyAra apane samyaktva se bhraSTa hokara mithyAtva ko prApta ho gayA aura usI ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane lagA 1 252 305

Page #307
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 3. nidAna zalya bhAvI bhogoM kI AkAMkSA se vratAcaraNa yA tapazcaraNa karanA aura usameM hI dattacitta rahanA nidAnazalya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sukumAlikA AryA ne apane tapa, niyama aura brahmacarya ke phala ke rUpa meM pA~ca patiyoM kA nidAna kiyaa|53 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghamuni ne ina tInoM zalyoM se rahita hokara samAdhimaraNa kA varaNa kiyaa|254 ___ zalya manuSya ke mana meM AkulatA, tanAva aura kuNThA utpanna karatA hai| niHzalya vyakti kA hI vratAcaraNa yathArtha hotA hai, ataH ina tInoM zalyoM se rahita hokara hI vratAcaraNa karanA cAhie- "nizalyo vratI" (tattvArthasUtra 7/18), yahI vratI kA lakSaNa hai| tapa icchA ke nirodha ko tapa kahate haiN| aihika AkAMkSAoM se Upara uThakara karmakSaya ke lie deha, indriya viSayoM kI pravRtti aura mana ko rokakara unheM tapAnA tapa hai| tapa vahI hai jisameM viSayoM kA nigraha ho| tapa ke bheda tapa ke bAraha bheda haiN| anazana, UnodarI, bhikSAcaryA, rasa parityAga, kAyA kleza, pratisaMlInatA- ye chaH bAhya tapa haiN| bAhya dravyoM ke AlambanapUrvaka hone tathA bAhara pratyakSa dikhane ke kAraNa inheM bAhya tapa kahate haiN| prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura kAyotsarga- ye chaH bheda Abhyantara tapa ke haiN| manonigraha se sambandha hone ke kAraNa inheM Abhyantara tapa kahate haiN| bAhya tapa bhI Abhyantara tapa kI abhivRddhi ke uddezya se hI kie jAte haiN| Abhyantara tapa sAdhya haiM, bAhya tapa unake sAdhaka haiN| I. bAhya tapa bAhya tapa chaH prakAra kA hotA hai| bAhya tapa sAmAnyatayA zarIra kI bAhya kriyA se sambaddha hotA hai| vastutaH bAhya kA uddezya Abhyantara tapa ke samyak pAlana hetu paristhiti utpanna karanA hai| sarvaprathama muni apanI bAhya zArIrika kriyAoM ko saMyamita karatA hai, tatpazcAt vaha apane Abhyantara ko saMyamita evaM parizuddha karane kA prayatna karatA hai| 306

Page #308
jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana 1. anazana tapa anazana kA tAtparya hai, AhAra grahaNa na krnaa| yaha alpakAlika evaM dIrghakAlika athavA sAvadhika aura niravadhika do prakAra kA hotA hai| (i) sAvadhika tapa isa tapa meM eka nizcita samaya ke bAda bhojana grahaNa kara liyA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNataH isake chaH prakAra batalAe gae haiM:(ka) zreNI tapa isa tapa ke aMtargata upavAsa isa krama meM rakhA jAtA hai ki usakI eka zreNI bana jAe arthAt do, tIna, cAra dinoM kA kramika upavAsa / (kha) pratara tapa zreNI tapa kI AvRtti ko pratara tapa kahate haiN| yathA- 1,2,3,4-2,3,4,13,4,1,2-4,1,2,3=4x4=16 koSThaka meM aMka Ave aisA tp| (ga) ghana tapa zreNI tapa aura pratara tapa ke guNaka ko ghana tapa kahate haiM arthAt 16x4464 koSThaka meM aMka Ave, aisA tp| (gha) varga tapa jaba ghana tapa ghana tapa se hI guNita ho jAtA hai, to usake pariNAma ko varga tapa kahate haiM arthAt 64x64=4096 koSThakoM meM aMka Ave, aisA tp| (5) varga-varga tapa ___ varga tapa ke varga ko varga-varga tapa kahate haiM arthAt 4096x4096=1677216 koSThakoM meM aMka Ave, aisA tp| (ca) prakIrNa tapa jaba sAdhaka binA kisI upavAsa saMkhyA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara apanI zakti ke anusAra vrata rakhatA hai, to use prakIrNa tapa kahA jAtA hai| isake kanakAvatI Adi aneka prakAra haiN| (ii) niravadhika/maraNakAla tapa isa tapa ko niravakAMkSa yA sthAyI tapa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM sAdhaka kisI bhI prakAra ke AhAra kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatA hai| yaha tapa sAdhAraNataH mRtyukAla ke nikaTa Ane para zarIra tyAga hone taka kiyA jAtA hai| zArIrika 307

Page #309
jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kriyA ke AdhAra para maraNakAla anazana tapa ke do bheda haiM savicAra - isa tapa meM zarIra hila-Dula sakatA hai| avicAra - yaha tapa kisI bhI prakAra kI zArIrika ceSTA se rahita hotA hai| maraNakAla anazana tapa ke nimnalikhita prakAra bhI uttarAdhyayana sUtra 255 meM milate haiM (i) saparikarma isa tapa meM sAdhaka dUsaroM dvArA sevA karA sakatA hai| (ii) aparikarma isameM kisI bhI prakAra kI sevA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| (iii) nirhArI (iv) anirhArI - - yaha tapa grAma-nagara Adi meM kiyA jAtA hai| isameM mRtyu ke pazcAt zava ko bAhara nikAlanA hotA hai| yaha tapa sthAna se saMbaMdhita hai arthAt parvata, guphAoM evaM kandarAoM meM kie jAne vAle maraNakAla tapa ko nirhArI kahA jAtA hai| isameM mRtyu ke pazcAt zava ko haTAnA nahIM pdd'taa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghamuni dvArA upavAsa, belA, telA, colA, paMcolA, arddhamAsakhamaNa, mAsakhamaNa 256 tathA guNaratna saMvatsara tapa257 tathA mahAbala Adi sAtoM anagAroM dvArA kSullaka siMha niSkrIr3ita 258, laghusiMhaniSkrIr3ita - tapa259 aura mahAsiMha niSkrIr3ita tapa260 karane kA ullekha milatA hai| 2. UNodarI tapa bhUkha se kama khAnA, UNodarI tapa hai| adhika khAne se mastiSka para rakta kA dabAva bar3ha jAtA hai| pariNAmataH sphUrti kama ho jAtI hai aura nIMda Ane lagatI hai| isake atirikta adhika khAne se vAyuvikAra Adi aneka prakAra ke roga ho jAte haiN| UnodarIta bahuta upayogI hai| isase brahmacarya kI siddhi bhI hotI hai tathA yaha nidrA vijaya kA sAdhana hai| ise avamaudarya bhI kahate haiM / isake dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura paryavacaraka kI dRSTi se pA~ca bheda haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM muni zailaka 261 rUkhA-sUkhA AhAra evaM sahaja rUpa se jitanA milatA hai utanA hI AhAra karate hue dekhe jA sakate haiM 1262 3. bhikSAcaryA tapa bhikSA dvArA prApta vastu se hI jIvana-yApana karanA bhikSAcaryA tapa hai / 263 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM madhukara vRtti se thor3A-thor3A AhAra saba gharoM se lenA batAyA 308

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana hai| 4. rasa-parityAga tapa svAda rahita AhAra grahaNa karanA hI rasa-parityAga tapa hai| rasa kA artha hai prIti bar3hAne vAlA, jo bhojana meM rUci paidA karatA hai arthAt usameM Asakti ke bhAva paidA karatA hai| ghI, dUdha, dahI, tela, mIThA aura namaka- ina chaH prakAra ke rasoM ke saMyoga se bhojana svAdiSTa hotA hai tathA adhika khAyA jAtA hai| inake abhAva meM bhojana nIrasa ho jAtA hai| indriya vijaya ke lie inameM se kisI eka, do yA sabhI rasoM kA tyAga karanA rasa parityAga tapa hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mahAbala Adi rAjA265 vibhinna prakAra ke tapa karate hue rasa parityAga arthAt pA~ca vigayoM kA tyAga karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| 5. kAyakleza tapa ___ yaha tapa zArIrika nizcalatA evaM apramattA prApta karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| isa tapa ke lie ugra arthAt kaThina AsanoM kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai, jisase Atmasukha kI prApti hotI hai| __ jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghamuni266 vibhinna prakAra ke AsanoM se indriya vijayI/ AtmaniSTha hone meM sahAyaka hote hue dekhe jAte haiN| 6. pratisaMlInatA/vivikta zayyAsana brahmacarya, dhyAna, svAdhyAya Adi kI siddhi ke lie ekAnta sthAna para zayana karanA tathA Asana lagAnA evaM apanI indriyoM kA nigraha karanA hI pratisaMlInatA tapa hai| ye chahoM tapa bAhya vastu kI apekSA ke kAraNa tathA dUsaroM dvArA pratyakSa hone ke kAraNa bAhya tapa kahalAte haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ina sabhI prakAra ke tapoM ko aneka pAtroM ke dvArA Asevita karate hue evaM apane lakSya taka pahu~cate hue dekhA jAtA hai| II. Abhyantara tapa chaH prakAra ke Abhyantara tapa batAe gae haiM1. prAyazcita tapa svayaM dvArA sampAdita kAryoM tathA AcAragata doSoM kI parizuddhi ke lie 309

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pazcAtApa karanA hI prAyazcita tapa hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM muni meghakumAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa prAyazcita karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| ve saMyama kI prathama rAtri meM saMyama se vicalita ho jAte haiM aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samajhAne para saMyama-sthira ho jAte haiM aura AtmaglAni se abhibhUta hokara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa prAyazcita karate haiN|267 isase aparAdhoM kA zodhana ho jAtA hai| 2. vinaya tapa guru Adi ke prati vinamratA kA vyavahAra karanA vinaya tapa hai| isake cAra bheda haiM- (1) jJAna vinaya (jJAna-grahaNa, abhyAsa aura smaraNa), (2) darzana vinaya (jinopadeza meM niHzaMka honA), (3) cAritra vinaya (upadeza ke prati Adara prakaTa karanA), (4) upacAra vinaya (AcArya ko vandanAdi krnaa)| guru ke samakSa khar3e honA, hAtha jor3akara namaskAra karanA, Asana denA, guru ke prati bhakti rakhanA tathA hRdaya se guru kI sevA karanA Adi 'upacAra vinaya' tapa ke prakAra hai| muni meghakumAra66 evaM muni paMthaka269 Adi aneka sAdhaka isa tapa meM lIna dekhe jAte haiN| 3. vaiyAvRtya tapa AcArya, upAdhyAya, tapasvI, zaikhya, glAna, gaNa, kula, saMgha-sAdhu Adi para yadi kisI prakAra kI vyAdhi yA parISaha Ae to unakI aglAna bhAva se sevA zuzrUSA karanA vaiyAvRtya tapa hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM muni paMthaka dvArA apane guru zailaka kI aglAna bhAva se sevA karake unakI manovRtti ko punaH saMyama meM sthira karane kA ullekha milatA hai| 4. svAdhyAya tapa jJAnArjana hetu zAstra Adi kA adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya tapa hai| isase manuSya ke jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya hotA hai / yaha tapa pA~ca prakAra kA hotA hai71(i)vAcanA vAcanA kA tAtparya adhyayana evaM adhyApana se hai| vAcanA se jIva ke karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai| (ii) pRcchanA pUrva paThita zAstra ke sambandha meM zaMkA nivRtti ke lie guru se prazna pUchanA tathA sUtra aura artha meM utpanna saMzaya ko dUra karanA pRcchanA hai| 310

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana (iii) parivartanA paThita pATha ko aneka bAra duharAnA, jisase pATha sthira hotA hai evaM pAThaka ko eka-eka zabda ke samAnArthI aneka zabdoM kA jJAna hotA hai| (iv) anuprekSA sUtrArtha kA cintana evaM manana karanA anuprekSA tapa hai| (v) dharmakathA prApta jJAna ko pravacana dvArA vyakta karanA dharmakathA hai| 5. dhyAna tapa citta kI ekAgratA hI dhyAna tapa hai| gamana, bhojana, zayana aura adhyayana Adi vibhinna kriyAoM meM bhaTakane vAlI cittavRtti ko eka kriyA meM roka denA 'nirodha' hai aura yahI nirodha dhyAna kahalAtA hai| dhyAna ke cAra bheda haiM(i) ArtadhyAna saMyoga-viyoga, aniSTa evaM sAMsArika klezoM kA manana karanA ArtadhyAna hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhAriNI apane putra se dIkSA kI bAta sunakara ArtadhyAna meM lIna ho jAtI hai / 272 (ii) raudradhyAna hiMsA se sambandhita vicAroM kA dhyAna raudradhyAna hai| (iii) dharmadhyAna ekAgra hokara svAdhyAya karanA tathA dharma kA cintana karanA hI dharmadhyAna hai| (iv) zukladhyAna zuddha Atma-tattva kA dhyAna karanA zukladhyAna hai| 6. vyutsarga/kAyotsarga vyutsarga kA artha hai- tyaag| vaha do prakAra kA hai- bAhya aura aabhyntr| zayana karane, baiThane, khar3e hone meM vyartha kI zArIrika ceSTAoM kA tyAgakara zarIra ko sthira karanA bAhya vyutsarga tapa hai aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, mithyAtva Adi Abhyantara doSoM kI nivRtti Abhyantara vyutsarga hai| ise kAryotsarga nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| zarIra ko sthira rakhakara dhyAna meM lIna hone se sAdhaka atIta aura vartamAna ke prAyazcita yogya aticAroM kA vizodhana karatA hai| 311

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana saMlekhanA/samAdhimaraNa yaha eka viziSTa tapa hai, jisameM zarIra, kaSAya va AhAra ko uttarottara kRza kiyA jAtA hai| zarIra, kaSAya Adi ke yathAvidhi kRzIkaraNa kA nAma hI saMlekhanA hai| jaba upasarga, roga aura durbalatA ke kAraNa zarIra dhArmika kriyAe~ karane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai to sAdhaka zAnti evaM dRr3hatApUrvaka zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA bhAva chor3a detA hai| AhAra ke sAtha laukika aura pAralaukika kAmanAoM ko chor3akara AtmasAkSAtkAra kI ora gatimAna hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Ae lagabhaga sabhI sAdhakoM ne mRtyu samIpa jAnakara anazana svIkAra kara liyaa| meghamuni73, dhanyasArthavAha274, thAvaccAputra anagAra75, zuka anagAra76, mahAbala Adi sAtoM anagArA, poTTilA278 va dharmarUci anagAra279 Adi ne zuddha bhAvanA aura utsAha ke sAtha saMlekhanA-saMthArApUrvaka mRtyu kA varaNa kara liyaa| isI prakAra upasarga ko nikaTa jAnakara arhannaka zrAvaka ne sAgArI saMthArA svIkAra kiyaa|280 meDhaka (nandamaNiyAra kA jIva) ne apanA aMtima samaya samIpa jAnakara samAdhimaraNa kA varaNa kiyaa|281 saMlekhanA ke aticAra - saMlekhanA vrata ke pA~ca aticAra kahe haiM1. ihalokAzaMsA prayoga ___ isa loka meM kucha pada Adi pAne kI abhilASA se saMlekhanA krnaa| 2. paralokAzaMsA prayoga paraloka meM kucha pada Adi pAne kI abhilASA se saMlekhanA krnaa| 3. jIvitAzaMsA prayoga saMlekhanA meM pravRtta hone para logoM ke dvArA pUjA, satkAra se AkRSTa hokara jIne kI abhilASA krnaa| 4. maraNAzaMsA prayoga duHkhI hone para jaldI marane kI kAmanA krnaa| 5. kAmabhogazaMsA prayoga bhAvI jIvana meM kinhIM bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko prApta karane kA nizcaya 312

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana krnaa| ina aticAroM kA parityAga karake azubha saMsAra paribhramaNa, janma-maraNAdi svarUpa duHkhamaya saMsAra kA cintana karanA caahie| samAdhimaraNa anazana ke prakAra (i) bhakta pratyAkhyAna jisa samAdhimaraNa meM sAdhaka svayaM zarIra kI sAra-saMbhAla karatA hai aura dUsaroM kI bhI sevA svIkAra kara sakatA hai, vaha bhaktapratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| (ii) iMgita karaNa ise svIkAra karane vAlA svayaM to zarIra kI sevA karatA hai kintu kisI anya kI sahAyatA aMgIkAra nahIM krtaa| bhaktapratyAkhyAna kI apekSA isameM adhika sAhasa aura dhairya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| (iii) padopagamana samAdhimaraNa ___ yaha sAdhanA kI carama sImA kI kasauTI hai| isameM zarIra kI sAra-saMbhAla na svayaM ke dvArA kI jAtI hai aura na dUsaroM ke dvArA karAI jAtI hai| ise aMgIkAra karane vAlA sAdhaka samasta zArIrika ceSTAoM kA parityAga karake pAdapa-vRkSa kI kaTI huI zAkhA ke samAna nizceSTa, nizcala, nispaMda ho jAtA hai| atyanta dhairyazAlI, sahanazIla aura sAhasI sAdhaka hI isa samAdhimaraNa ko svIkAra karate haiN| samAdhimaraNa sAdhanAmaya jIvana kI carama aura parama pariNati hai, sAdhanA ke bhavya prAsAda para svarNa-kalaza Aropita karane ke samAna hai| jIvana-paryanta Antarika zatruoM ke sAtha kie gae saMgrAma meM aMtima rUpa se vijaya prApta karane kA mahAn abhiyAna hai| isa abhiyAna ke samaya vIra sAdhaka mRtyu ke bhaya se sarvathA mukta ho jAtA hai| megha aNagAra tathA thAvaccAputra aNagAra ne isI prakAra ke samAdhimaraNa kA varaNa kiyaa|282 anuprekSA/bhAvanA anuprekSA kA tAtparya hai- bArambara cintana krnaa| cintana karane ke lie sAdhaka ke samakSa aise bAraha viSaya rakhe gae haiM jina para use sadaiva vicAra karate rahanA caahie|83 vairAgya kI sthiratA ke lie ina para cintana karate rahanA nitAnta 313

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Avazyaka hai| bahirbhAva se antarbhAva meM ramaNa karanA hI anuprekSA hai| anuprekSA meM mAnava jIva aura jagat ke sambandha meM gaharAI se cintana-manana karatA hai| anuprekSA ke artha meM hI jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAvanA zabda vyavahata huA hai| vairAgya ko udbuddha karane vAlI jitanI bhAvanAe~ haiM, una sabhI kA samAveza vairAgya bhAvanA meM hotA hai| vairAgaya kA varNana Agama sAhitya meM sarvatra mukharita huA hai| ina bhAvanAoM ke cintana se vairAgya bhAvanA paripuSTa hotI hai aura usakI preraNA prApta hotI hai| AcAryoM ne vairAgya bhAvanA ke bAraha prakAra batAe haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM1. anitya bhAvanA saMsAra ke padArtha anitya aura kSaNabhaMgura haiM, ata: unake viyoga meM duHkhI honA vyartha hai- aisA cintana karanA, anitya bhAvanA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra jaba apane mAtA-pitA se dIkSA kI anumati mAMgate haiM aura mAtA-pitA unheM saMsAra ke sukhoM ko bhogane ke lie prerita karate haiM taba meghakumAra yahI kahate haiM ki saMsAra ke padArtha anitya haiM, azAzvata haiM, kSaNabhaMgura haiM, adhruva haiM, pAnI ke bulabule ke samAna haiM, ataH Age kA pIche avazya hI tyAga karane yogya hai| meghakumAra aisA bAra-bAra anucintana karatA huA unheM samajhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai / 284 2. azaraNa bhAvanA ___saMsAra ke duHkhoM se bacAne vAlA koI nhiiN| mAtra vItarAgI dvArA prarUpita dharma hI zaraNa hai- isa prakAra kA vicAra karanA, azaraNa bhAvanA hai| isase sAMsArika bhAvoM se mamatva haTa jAtA hai| jJAtArdhakathAMga meM dharmaghoSa sthavira apane pravacana meM isI bhAvanA, 'jinazAsana ke sivAya anyatra koI saMsAra sAgara se pAra lagAne vAlA nahIM hai', kA upadeza dete haiM 285 kRSNavAsudeva ke yaha kahane para ki tuma dIkSA na lekara merI bhujAoM kI chAyA ke nIce rahakara manuSya sambandhI kAmabhAgoM ko bhogoM taba thAvaccAputra kahate haiM ki yadi Apa mere jIvana kA aMta karane vAle maraNa ko roka deM aura zarIra ke rUpa-saundarya kA vinAza karane vAlI jarA ko roka sakeM, to maiM ApakI bhujAoM ke nIce rahakara manuSya sambandhI vipula kAma-bhoga bhogatA huA vicarU~- isa prakAra kahane para kRSNa vAsudeva ne thAvaccAputra se kahA- he devAnupriya! maraNa aura 314

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana jarA kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, taba thAvaccAputra kahate haiM ki saMsAra ke daHkhoM se bacAne vAlA dharma ke alAvA koI nahIM hai| saccA zaraNabhUta dharma hI hai aura thAvaccAputra usI kI zaraNa ko grahaNa karatA hai|286 3. saMsAra bhAvanA karmoM ke kAraNa janma-janmAntara grahaNa karanA saMsAra hai| yaha jIva anantAnanta yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA huA sahasroM duHkha pAtA hai| isa saMsAra meM na to koI svajana hai aura na koI parajana, kyoMki pratyeka jIva ke sAtha taraha-taraha ke sambandha janma-janmAntara meM hue haiN| yaha saMsAra harSa-viSAda, sukha-duHkha Adi dvandvoM kA sthAna hai aura sacamuca kaSTamaya hai- isa prakAra kA gahana cintana karanA saMsArAnuprekSA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa bhAvanA ko muni meghakumAra287 evaM mallibhagavatI aura unase pratibodha pAe chahoM rAjAoM288 ne bhAyA thaa| mallIkumArI ne apane pichale bhava kA vRttAnta sunAkara unheM byAhane Ae chaH rAjAoM ko pratibodha diyA aura unheM bhI jAti smaraNa jJAna ho gyaa| unhoMne bhI saMsAra kI viSamatAoM kA cintana kiyA aura mukta hue|289 5. ekatva bhAvanA AtmA ke akelepana kA cintana karanA ekatva anuprekSA hai| bandhujana zmazAna taka ke hI sAthI hote haiN| dharma hI ekamAtra zAzvata sAthI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM taitaliputra kA jaba koI bhI Adara-satkAra nahIM karate taba vaha AtmahatyA karane kA prayatna karatA hai lekina jaise hI poTTilA deva pratibodha dete haiM to use jAti smaraNa jJAna ho jAtA hai aura vaha mana hI mana cintana karatA hai ki isa saMsAra meM apanA koI nahIM hai, apanA to AdhAra kevala eka dharma hI hai| 5. anyatva bhAvanA zarIra se AtmA ke anyatva kA cintana karanA anyatva anuprekSA hai| isakI prApti ke lie zarIra aura AtmA kI bhinnatA para cintana krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhanyasArthavAha aura vijayacora ke vRttAnta ke mAdhyama se AcArya sudharmA svAmI jambUsvAmI ko AtmA aura zarIra kI bhinnatA ko batAte hue anyatva bhAvanA kI ora prerita karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| 315

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. azuci bhAvanA ___ zarIra kI apavitratA kA cintana karanA azuci bhAvanA hai| zarIra kA AdikAraNa vIrya aura raja hai, jo svayaM atyanta apavitra hai| zarIra mala-mUtra, rakta, pIpa Adi kA bhaNDAra hai| isa prakAra zarIra kI azucitA para cintana krnaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra apane mAtA-pitA ke samakSa isa bhAvanA ko prakaTa karate hue kahate haiM ki zarIra azucimaya hai| isameM vamana-pitta-kaphazukra-zoNita jharatA hai, mala-mUtra aura pIva se paripUrNa hai| yaha pahale yA pIche avazya tyAga karane yogya hai| mANussagA kAmabhogA asuI asAsayA vaMtAsavA pittAsavA khelAsavA sukkAsavA soNiyAsavA durussAsanIsAsA duruyamutta-purIsa-pUya bahupaDipunA uccArapAsavaNa-khela-jalla-vaMta-pitta-sukka soNitasaMbhavA adhuvA aNiyayA asAsayA saDaNa-paDaNa-vidvaMsaNadhammA paccchApuraM ca NaM avssvippjhnnijjaa|92 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM mallI ne jitazatru Adi rAjAoM ko bhI isa anuprekSA ke dvArA mArgadarzana diyaa| mallI ne kahA yaha audArika zarIra to kapha ko jharAne vAlA hai, kharAba ucchvAsa aura nizvAsa nikAlane vAlA hai, amanojJa mUtra evaM durgandhita mala se paripUrNa hai, sar3anA, galanA, naSTa honA aura vidhvasta honA isakA svabhAva hai, to isakA pariNamana kaisA hogA? orAliyasarIrassa khelAsavassa vaMtAsavassa pittAsavassa sukkasoNiyapUyAsavassa durUvaUsAsa-nIsAsassa durUva-mUtapUtiya-purIsapuNAssa saDaNa-paDaNacheyaNa-vidvaMsaNadhammassa kerisae pariNAme bhavissaI 193 7. Asrava bhAvanA karmoM kA AnA Asrava hai| Asrava ke doSoM kA vicAra karanA AsavAnuprekSA hai arthAt Asrava ke aniSTa pariNAmoM kA cintana karanA Asrava anuprekSA hai| 8. saMvara bhAvanA karmoM ke Agamana ke kAraNoM ko banda kara denA saMvara hai| yaha Atmanigraha se hI ho sakatA hai| Asrava ke dvAroM ko banda karane ke lie sadvRtti ke guNoM kA cintana karanA saMvara bhAvanA hai| 9. nirjarA bhAvanA AMzika rUpa se karmoM kA khiranA (AtmA se alaga honA) nirjarA kahalAtI 316

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana hai arthAt vedanA ke vipAka ko nirjarA kahate haiN| navIna karmoM kA saMcaya na honA aura purAne karmoM kA nAza ho jAnA mokSa kA kAraNa hai| nirjarA se hI ye donoM kAraNa prApta hote haiN| parISahajaya, tapa Adi se nirjarA hotI hai| isake cintana se citta nirjarA ke lie tatpara ho jAtA hai| 10. loka bhAvanA loka ke svarUpa para cintana karanA loka bhAvanA hai| 11. bodhidurlabha bhAvanA AtmajJAna athavA samyaktva ko bodhi-bIja kahA jAtA hai| isa bodhibIja kI prApti atyanta durlabha hai| yaha jIva anantakAla taka aneka yoniyoM meM mithyAtva rUpa gahana aMdhakAra meM par3A rahA hai| jaba ananta puNya rAzi kA udaya hotA hai, taba vaha nigoda avasthA se nikalakara kramazaH nirantara beindriya se yAvat navagraiveyaka taka bhI pahu~catA hai, lekina samyaktva ke abhAva meM saba kriyAe~ usI taraha nirarthaka hai, jaise aMka ke binA shuuny| bodhi-bIja yA samyaktva kI prApti hone para hI ratnatraya kI ArAdhanA ho sakatI hai, anyathA nhiiN| isa prakAra bodhibIja kI durlabhatA kA cintana karanA bodhidurlabha bhAvanA hai| 12. dharma bhAvanA __ yathArtha dharma ke svarUpa para cintana karanA aura usakI prApti kaise kI jAe, isakA bAra-bAra vicAra karanA dharma bhAvanA hai| jinadharma niHzreyasa kA kAraNa hai, aisA vicAra karane se dharma ke prati anurAga bar3hatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dharmarUci aNagAra ne isa dharma bhAvanA kI ArAdhanA kii| nAgazrI brAhmaNI ne dharmarUci anagAra ko kar3ave tumbe kA zAka baharAyA thaa| vaha AhAra lekara jaba apane guru ke pAsa Ae aura unheM vaha AhAra batAyA to gurujI ne use viSAkta (viSailA) jAnakara niravadya sthAna para paraThAne kI AjJA dii| dharmarUci anagAra ne sthaMDila bhU-bhAga meM usa zAka kI eka bUMda pRthvI para ddaalii| usI samaya aneka cIMTiyA~ vahA~ A gaI aura zAka khAkara mara gii| dharmarUci anagAra se yaha nahIM dekhA gyaa| unhoMne apane peTa ko sarvottama niravadya jagaha mAnakara vaha AhAra kara liyaa| usase sAre zarIra meM vedanA utpanna ho gii| munirAja jIvarakSA ke lie usa vedanA ko samabhAva se sahate rhe| isa prakAra ve dharmabhAvanA bhAte hue sarvArthasiddhi ko prApta hue| ve agale bhava meM karmoM kA aMta 317

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana karake mokSa meM jaaeNge| ina bAraha bhAvanAoM meM se eka-eka bhAvanA kA avalambana lene se bhI aneka AtmAoM kA kalyANa huA hai| anuprekSAoM ke cintana se mana ekAgra hotA hai aura indriyA~ vaza meM hotI haiN| mana ke ekAgra hone se sva saMvedana ke dvArA AtmA kI anubhUti hotI hai| usI AtmAnubhUti ke dvArA jIva-mukta dazA aura aMta meM parama mukti prApta hotI hai| darzana ke tIna AdhArabhUta aMgoM kI mImAMsA ke bAda karma-mImAMsA kA ullekha Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM karmamImAMsA prANI kI apanI zubha aura azubha pravRtti ke dvArA AkRSTa pudgala skaMdha (karmavargaNA), jo AtmA ke sAtha ekIbhUta ho jAtA hai, karma kahalAtA hai| karma ke ATha prakAra batalAe gae haiMjJAnAvaraNIya karma- AtmA kI jJAna cetanA ko AvRtta karane vaalaa| darzanAvaraNIya karma- AtmA kI darzana cetanA ko AvRtta karane vaalaa| vedanIya karma- sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM hetubhUta banane vaalaa| mohanIya karma- cetanA ko vikRta yA mUrcchita karane vaalaa| AyuSya karma- kisI eka gati meM nizcita avadhi taka bAMdhakara rakhane vaalaa| nAma karma- zarIra-saMracanA kI prakRSTatA yA nikRSTatA kA kaarnn| gotra karma- jIva ko acchI yA burI dRSTi se dekhe jAne ke nimitta banane vaalaa| antarAya karma- Atma-zakti kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vaalaa| ina karmoM meM se cAra karma aghAti tathA zeSa cAra ghAtikarma kahalAte haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki mallI arahanta vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotraina cAra aghAtikarmoM ke kSINa hone para siddha hue| zeSa cAra jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya tathA aMtarAyakarma ghAti karma hai| taitaliputra ko ina ghAti karmoM kA kSaya hone para hI kevalajJAna tathA kevaladarzana kI prApti huii|296 pUrvajanma aura punarjanma janma ke sAtha maraNa kA aTUTa riztA hai| vijJAna Aja bhI mRtyu para vijaya nahIM pA sakA hai| janma lene ke bAda mRtyu avazyaMbhAvI hai, usako koI bhI TAla 318

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana nahIM sakatA (kevala siddhAvasthA ke jIvoM ko chodd'kr)| prazna uThatA hai ki kyA mRtyu ke bAda jIvana hai aura mRtyu ke pUrva jIvana thA? isakA samAdhAna jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vibhinna prasaMgoM meM milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karma se yukta AtmA saMsAra meM bhava-bhramaNa karatI rahatI hai aura karmamukta AtmA siddhAvasthA ko prApta ho jAtI hai, bhava aTavI kI paramparA se mukta ho jAtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke kaI udAharaNa pUrvajanma aura punarjanma kI puSTi karane vAle haiMsumeraprabha hAthI- merUprabha hAthI-rAjakumAra megha-anuttara vimAna kA deva-manuSya jnm-siddhaavsthaa|98 dhanyasArthavAha- saudharma devaloka meM deva-manuSya bhv-siddhaavsthaa| mahAbala- mlliibhgvtii-siddhaavsthaa|300 nandamaNikAra- drdur-drdurdev|301 nAgazrI- sukumAlikA-draupadI-drupadadeva-manuSya kA jnm|02 kAlI- kAlIdevI-mahAvideha meM janma-siddhatva kI prApti / 303 yaha sArA bhavabhramaNa karma-baMdha ke kAraNa hotA hai, jaba karma dalikoM kA nAza hotA hai to AtmA halkI hokara Urdhva sthAna arthAt muktAvasthA ko prApta ho jAtI hai aura use punarjanma se sadA-sadA ke lie mukti mila jAtI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa bAta ko tumbe ke udAharaNa se samajhAyA gayA hai| jIva rUpI tumbA 8 karma rUpI miTTI ke ATha lepoM se bhArI bana saMsAra rUpI jalAzaya meM DUbatA hai| karma lepa ke dUra hone para Urdhva gati meM jAtA hai| jainettara dharma-darzana jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jainettara dharma-darzana ke rUpa meM sAMkhya mata ke katipaya siddhAntoM kA nidarzana zuka parivrAjaka tathA cokkhA parivrAjikA305 nAmaka caritroM ke irda-girda hI milatA hai| zuka parivrAjaka Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharthaveda tathA SaSTitantra (sAMkhya zAstra) meM niSNAta thaa| yaha pAMca yamoM (ahiMsA Adi pAMca mahAvrata) tathA pA~ca niyamoM (zauca, saMtoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya aura Izvara dhyAna) kA pAlana karatA thaa| sAMkhya matAnusAra dharma kA mUla zauca hai, jo do prakAra kA hotA hai- dravya zauca aura bhAva shauc| dravya zauca jala aura miTTI se hotA hai jabaki bhAva zauca 319

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana darbha aura maMtra se hotA hai- jisa prakAra azuci vastu ko miTTI se mAMjakara tathA jala se dhokara zuci kiyA jA sakatA hai ThIka usI prakAra jIva bhI jala-snAna se apanI AtmA ko pavitra karake nirvighna rUpa se svarga prApta karatA hai| parivrAjaka dAnadharma, zaucadharma aura tIrthasthAna kA upadeza aura prarUpaNa karate the| inake pravAsa sthala ko maTha kahA jAtA thA / sAMkhya mata ke parivrAjaka va parivrAjikAe~ gerU se raMge hue vastra dhAraNa karate the| tridaNDa, kuNDiyA (kamaMDalu), mayUrapiccha kA chatra, channAlika (kASTha kA eka upakaraNa), aMkuza (vRkSa ke patte tor3ane kA eka upakaraNa), pavitrI (tAmra dhAtu kI banI aMgUThI) aura kesarI (pramArjana karane kA vastra), upakaraNa unake hAtha meM rahate the / sAta cAra vedoM kA ullekha tathA homa karavAne 306 kA saMdarbha vaidika dharma kI upasthiti mAtra darja karavAtA hai / isa saMdarbha meM anya kisI prakAra kA vivecana nahIM milatA hai / uparyukta anveSaNAtmaka vivecana ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki samyakdarzana parikalpanA hai, samyakjJAna prayoga vidhi hai aura samyakcAritra prayoga hai / tInoM ke saMyoga se satya kA pUrNa sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| jJAna kA sAra AcaraNa hai aura AcaraNa kA sAra nirvANa kI upalabdhi hai| -320

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana saMdarbha 37. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/1/31 1. saptabhaMgagItaraMgiNI, pR. 2 jaina tattva vidyA (khaNDa-1), pR. 21 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/47 39. tattvArtha sUtra 2/39 3. vahI 1/5/48 40. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/141 tattvArtha sUtra- 5/29 41. vahI 1/1/68-69 vahI 5/37 42. jaina tattva vidyA (khaNDa-1), pR. 21-22 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/50 43. samavAyAMga, sUtra 152 vahI 1/12/24 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/16/29-32 vahI 1/16/15 45. vahI 1/13/23 46. vahI 1/16/30-33 vahI 1/13/26, 1/5/45 47. vahI 1/1/183 10. vahI 1/12/8 48. vahI 1/1/183 11. vahI 1/12/16-20 49. vahI 1/1/214 12. jiNadhammo, pR. 420 13. ThANAMga 9/676 50. vahI 1/8/162-163 14. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/7,12, 1/19/5 51. vahI 1/16/228 15. vahI 1/14/27,33, 1/16/66 52. vahI 1/2/52 16. vahI 1/6/5 53. vahI 1/1/215 17. vahI 1/5/20 54. vahI 1/8/22-23 18. jiNadhammo, pR. 83 55. vahI 1/8/31 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/24 56. vahI 1/9/58 vahI 1/8/9 57. vahI 1/1/69 21. vahI 1/14/37 58. vahI 1/16/175-178 22. vahI 1/13/32 59. vahI 1/14/50-52 23. vahI 1/5/24 60. vahI 1/3/4, 2/1/10 24. vahI 1/14/28 61. vahI 1/1/203, 1/5/7 25. jiNadhammo, pR. 83 62. vahI 1/8/26 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/23 63. vahI 1/8/14 27. jiNadhammo, pR. 83 64. vahI 1/5/12 28. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/35 65. samavAyAMga, sama.- 34 29. vahI 1/15/12 66. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/192 30. gommaTasAra (jIvakAMDa), gAthA-488 67. vahI 1/5/7 31. tattvArthavArtika 2/6vAM sUtra, vArtika saM. 8 68. 68. vahI 2/1/14 32. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/175, 189, jaina dharma / 69. samayasAra, 6-7 kA maulika itihAsa, bhAga-2, pRSTha 405 70. evaM khu paesI amhaM samaNANaM samaNANaM 33. vahI 1/16/10 niggaMthANaM paMcavihe nANe paNNatte, 34. mokSazAstra, pR. 16 taMjahA-abhiNi vohiyanANe, suyanANe, 35. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/212 ohiNANe, maNapajjavaNANe kevlnnaanne| 36. jiNadhammo, pR. 295 -rAjapraznIya sUtra-165 321

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 71. matiHsmRti saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha 104. ruupissvvdhaiH| -tattvArthasUtra 1/28 itynrthaantrm| 105. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/68 -tattvArtha sUtra 1/13 106. vahI 1/8/11 72. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/15, 1/5/2, 107. vahI 1/8/164 73. vahI 1/1/15 108. vahI 1/9/16,57 nandIsUtra 109. vahI 1/13/4 'avagahItAvizeSakAMkSaNamIhA' 110. vahI 1/8/192 -pramANanayatattvAloka- 2/8 111. RjuvipulamatI manaHparyAyaH / iihitvishessnirnnyo'vaayH| -tattvArthasUtra, 1/24 -pramANamImAMsA- 1/1/28 112. vahI 1/24 / smRtiheturdhaarnnaaH| 113. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/182 __ -pramANamImAMsA 1/1/29 114. vahI 1/8/192 78. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/35 115. sarvadravyaparyAyayeSu kevlsy| 79. vahI 1/1/15 -tattvArthasUtra, 1/30 80. vahI 1/1/57 116. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/186 81. vahI 1/5/28 117. vahI 1/1/154 82. vahI 1/8/88 118. vahI 1/5/52 83. vahI 1/8/33 119. vahI 1/5/58 84. jaina darzana-manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 260 120. vahI 1/5/71 85. zrIbhikSu Agama viSaya koza, pR. 275 121. vahI 1/14/54 86. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/175 122. vahI 1/8/192 87. vahI 1/1/189 123. AcArAMga TIkA, pR. 46 88. vahI 1/14/53 124. ziSTAcarito jJAnAdyosevanavidhi: 89. vahI 1/13/25-30 -naMdI hAribhadrIyavRtti, pR. 75 90. zrutaM matipUrvaM dvayaneka dvaadshbhedm| 125. tattvArthasUtra 1/1 -tattvArthasUtra 1/20 126. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/3/26 91. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/20-21 127. vahI 1/13/9 92. Avazyaka niyukti, 17-19 128. vahI 1/3/21 93. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/10 129. vahI 1/1/183 94. vahI 1/1/4 130. vahI 1/12/2 95. vahI 1/5/25 131. vahI 1/12/24 96. vahI 1/8/190 132. vahI 1/13/8, 9, 27 97. vahI 1/19/5 133. vahI 1/5/29, 1/8/189, 1/13/8 98. vahI 1/1/193 134. vahI 1/1/61 99. vahI 1/12/29 135. tattvArthasUtra 7/24 100. vahI 1/14/37 136. 'UrdhvAdhastiryagvyatikrama 101. vahI 1/16/220 kSetravRddhismRtyantardhAnAni' - 102. vahI 1/19/10 tattvArthasUtra 7/25 103. vahI 2/1/24 322

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137. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 83 138. sarvArthasiddhi 7/21, pR. 280 139. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/66, 1/13/10 140. vahI 1/1/66, 67 141. vahI 1/13/10 142. vahI 1/16/174 143. vahI 1/1/70-72 144. vahI 1/8/160 145. vahI 1/13/16 146. vahI 1/14/27 147. vahI 1/16/67 148. vahI 1/14/29 149. vahI 1/16/67 150. vahI 1/16/27-33 151. vahI 1/14/33 152. vahI 1/8/60-71 153. vahI 1/12/23 154. vahI 1/1/14 155. vahI 1/8/71 156. vahI 1/5/39 157. vahI 1/8/189 158. vahI 1/12/23 159. vahI 1/13/8 160. vahI 1/8/189 161. vahI 1/14/57 162. vahI 1/19/6 163. vahI 1/8/189 164. vahI 1/14/57 165. vahI 1/16/68 166. vahI 1/13/28 167. vahI 1/1/113 168. vahI 1/5/12 169. vahI 1/2/9 170. vahI 1/18/9 171.1/1/118, 1/5/13, 1/8/166 1/8/148, 1/16/219, 1/19/5 172. a 173. vahI 1/1/128 174. vahI 1/5/20 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana 175. vahI 1/1/123 176. vahI 1/5/13 177. vahI 1/1/120 178. vahI 1/1/135 179. vahI 1/5/15-23 180.1/1/159, 1/5/24, 1/8/181 181. vahI 1/1/140 182. vahI 1/1/159 183. vahI 1/5/51 184. vahI 1/1/138 185. vahI 1/14/33 186. a 187. vahI 1/2/53 188. 189. 1/1/4,203, 1/2/50, 1/5/46 vahI 1/1/190-191 sthAnAMga 6/41 190. uttarAdhyayana 26/33-35 191. mUlAcAra 6/60-61 192. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/18/43 193. vahI 1/19/15 194. vahI 1/1/129 195. vahI 1/14/29, 1/19/27 196. vahI 1/16/12 197. vahI 1/16/13 44 198. 'paJca mahAvratasthairyArtha bhAvanAH paJca 323 paJca " 199. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/66 200. AcArAMga 2/3 201. vahI 2/3 202. - tattvArthasUtra 7/3 dazavaikAlika 6/20 203. AcArAMga 2/3 204. dazavaikAlika 3/2 205. vahI 4/16 206. vahI 8/28 207. uttarAdhyayana 24/26 208. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/60 209. vahI 1/1/60 210. vahI 1/1/129 211. vahI 1/16/13

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 212. vahI 1/16/13 (ii) sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 472, 473 213. vahI 1/16/13 (ii) Avazyaka niyukti, a. 6 214. (i) bhagavatI ArAdhanA- 1194-1195 (iv) malAcAra, gAthA- 140-141 (ii) uttarAdhyayana 24/4-13 239. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/154 215. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/191 240. vahI 1/1/208 216. vahI 1/14/28 241. vahI 1/1/208 217. vahI 1/1/192 242. vahI 1/1/195-196 218. vahI 1/4/10 243. vahI 1/8/15 219. vahI 1/9/56-57 244. vahI 1/5/35 220. vahI 1/9/59 245. oghaniyukti, gAthA 263 221. vahI 1/17/29 246. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/67 222. vahI 1/17/30 247. vahI 1/1/204 223. 'pratIyaM kramaNaM pratikramaNa ayamarthaH 248. vahI 1/5/52 zubhayogebhyo'zubhayogAntaraM krAntasya zubheSu 249. uttarAdhyayana sUtra- 26/23-24 eva kramaNAtpratIyaM kramaNam' -yogazAstra, 250. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/192 (vivecana) tRtIya prakAza, (svojJavRtti)-patra 247 251. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/13 224. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/190, 210 252. vahI 1/13/9 225. vahI 1/2/52 253. vahI 1/16/72-74 226. vahI 1/5/52, 66, 71 254. vahI 1/1/210 227. vahI 1/8/194 255. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 30/13 228. vahI 1/14/37 256. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/193 229. vahI 1/16/18,23 257. vahI 1/1/198 230. vahI 1/18/42 258. vahI 1/8/16-17 231. vahI 1/16/227,228 259. vahI 1/8/19 232. vahI 1/19/29 260. vahI 1/8/20 233. vahI 1/16/79, 2/1/30 * 261. vahI 1/5/59 234. paDikamaNaM desiyaM rAiyaM ca 262. vahI 1/16/156 ittriymaavkhiyNc| 263. vahI 1/14/29, 1/19/27 pakkhiyacAummAsiya saMvacchara utimttey| 264. vahI 1/1/198 -Avazyaka niyuktirevacUrNi (bhAga-2) 265. vahI 1/8/16-21 gAthA-1261 patra saM. 62 266. vahI 1/1/199 235. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/5/66 267. vahI 1/1/190 236. 'avirati svarUpa prabhRti pratikUla tathA A 268. vahI 1/1/196 maryAdayA AkArakaraNasvarUpayA AkhyAnaM- 269. vahI 1/5/66-67 kathanaM pratyAkhyAnam' 270. vahI 1/5/67-68 -pravacanasAroddhAravRtti patra-43 271. (i) vahI 1/1/161 237. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/13/32 (i) uttarAdhyayanasUtra-29/20-24, 30/24 238. (i) bhagavatI sUtra 7/2 272. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/119 1324

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273. vahI 1/1/208 274. vahI 1/2/52 275. vahI 1/5/52 276. vahI 1/5/58 277. vahI 1/8/22 278. vahI 1/14/37 279. vahI 1/16/18 280. vahI 1/8/65 281. vahI 1/13/32 282. vahI 1/1/204, 1/5/52 283. tattvArthasUtra 9/7 284. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/1/122 285. vahI 1/2/51 286. vahI 1/5/17-20 287. vahI 1/1/159 288. vahI 1/8/9 289. vahI 1/8/145-149 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharma-darzana 290. vahI 1/14/49-52 291. vahI 1/2/53 292. vahI 1/1/159 293. vahI 1/8/141 294. vahI 1/16/11-18 295. vahI 1/8/195 296. vahI 1/14/45 297. vahI 1/6/5-6 298. vahI 1/1/164, 172, 187, 214, 217 299. vahI 1/2/7, 52 300. vahI 1/8/7, 25, 195 301. vahI 1/13/7, 23, 33-34 302. vahI 1/16/6, 29, 30, 34,79,81, 229 303. vahI 2/1/13, 30, 33 304. vahI 1/5/31-50 305. vahI 1/8/110-116 306. vahI 1/16/45 325

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana upasaMhAra pAzcAtya aura paurvAtya anusaMdhAnakartA bhAratIya dharma, darzana, sAhitya aura saMskRti kA mUla vedoM meM nihArate the para mohanajodar3o-har3appA ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM meM prApta sAmagrI ke pazcAt cintakoM kI cintana-dizA hI badala gaI aura aba yaha pramANita ho cukA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se pRthak hai| vaidika saMskRti meM Izvara ko sRSTi kA nirmAtA mAnA hai, jabaki zramaNa paramparA ne vizva kI saMracanA meM jar3a aura cetana ina donoM ko pradhAnatA dI hai| jar3a aura cetana ye donoM tattva hI sRSTi ke mUla kAraNa haiN| sRSTi kI koI Adi nahIM hai, vaha to anAdi hai| cakra kI taraha vaha sadA calAyamAna rahatI hai| vizva ke pratyeka dharma aura paramparA meM sRSTicakra ke vibhinna pahaluoM kA nirUpaNa pRthak-pRthak granthoM meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM 'veda', bauddhoM meM 'tripiTika', IsAiyoM meM 'bAibila', pArisiyoM meM avestA' aura muslimoM meM kurAna' aise hI pavitra dharma-grantha haiN| isI krama meM jaina dharmagraMthoM ko 'Agama' kahA jAtA hai| kisI bhI racanA kI zAzvata prAsaMgikatA kA nirdhAraNa usameM satyAMza ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo racanA sanAtana satya ke jitanI jyAdA samIpa hogI, usakI prAsaMgikatA utanI hI jyAdA dIrghajIvI hogii| sanAtana satya se anuprANita Agama 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga' isI kAraNa Aja bhI jIvana kI vividha saccAIyoM ko prakAzita kara rahA hai| kathA pradhAna Agama hote hue bhI isameM darzana, artha, rAjanIti, samAja, saMskRti Adi vibhinna viSayoM ko anAvRta kiyA gayA hai| kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yaha Agama pAThaka ke hRdaya ko chUne meM samartha hai| isa dRSTi se jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prayukta dRSTAnta sAdhya kI siddhi ke sAdhana banakara sAmane Ate haiN| aMgAgamoM meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai| isameM udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathAe~ haiN| ina kathAoM meM una dhIra-vIra sAdhakoM kA varNana hai jo bhayaMkara upasarga Ane para bhI meru kI bhAMti aDiga rhe| isameM parimita vAcanAe~, anuyogaddhAra, veDha, chanda, zloka, niyuktiyA~, saMgrahaNiyA~ va pratipattiyA~ saMkhyAta-saMkhyAta haiN| isake do zrutasakaMdha haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdha meM unnIsa adhyayana haiM aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dasa varga haiN| 326

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upasaMhAra isa Agama meM Atma unnati kA mArga, isa mArga ke avarodha aura ina avarodhoM ko dUra karane ke upAyoM kI sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| mahilA varga dvArA utkRSTa AdhyAtmika utkarSa, AhAra kA uddezya, saMyamI jIvana, zubha pariNAma, anAsakti va zraddhA kA mahatva Adi viSayoM para kathAoM ke mAdhyama se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa Agama kI bhASA kliSTa, sAhityika va samAsa pradhAna hai lekina viSaya-vastu kI sarala prastuti ke kAraNa isa para vyAkhyAe~ bahuta kama likhI gaI haiN| abhayadevasUri ne isa graMtha para zabdArtha pradhAna vRtti saMskRta bhASA meM likhI haiN| 3804 zloka pramANa vAlI isa vRtti kI prazasti se patA calatA hai ki isakI aneka vAcanAe~ vRttikAra ke samaya pracalita thii| lakSmI kallola gaNi ne vi.saM. 1596 meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga vRtti kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| Adhunika yuga meM zrI ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja ne saMskRta meM savistAra TIkA likhI hai| dharmasiMha muni ke likhe Tibbe bhI milate haiN| AcArya zrI amolaka RSi va paM. zobhAcandra bhArilla ke hindI anuvAda bhI prakAzita haiN| paM. becaradAsa dozI kA gujarAtI chAyAnuvAda bhI prakAzita huA hai (jJAtAdharmakathAMga, madhukaramuni, bhUmikA, pR. 59) / isa graMtha kA rAjasthAnI bhASA meM anuvAda 'jJAtA kI jor3a' (AcArya bhikSu va jayAcArya) nAma se kiyA gayA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa dvArA viracita isakA saTippaNa anuvAda uparyukta vyAkhyA sAhitya se aneka dRSTiyoM se viziSTa hai| isameM aitihAsika va pAramparika tathyoM kA vaijJAnika va manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| yuvAcArya madhukara muni dvArA sampAdita 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga' kI prastAvanA meM veda aura Agama, jJAtAsUtra, paricaya, meghakumAra va sauMdarananda kI tulanA, rAjagRha, svapna, dohada, kalA-eka vizleSaNa, siddhi aura bhASA, kathA paricaya, zakuna, vyAkhyA sAhitya Adi ke saMdarbha meM vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA hindI anuvAda karate samaya isa graMtha meM vizeSa TippaNiyA~ bhI kI gaI haiM, jo pAThaka ko viSayavastu kA talasparzI jJAna karAne meM sahAyaka haiN| kRtakAryoM ke sarvekSaNa se yaha patA calatA hai ki jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko AdhAra banAkara, vizeSa rUpa se isa saMdarbha meM koI zodha kArya nahIM huA hai, ata: jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vAMchanIya hai| Aja hamArA cintana va karma pAzcAtya saMskRti ke raMga meM raMgatA jA rahA hai, 327

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana phalataH prAcIna dharmagraMthoM meM chipe hue zAzvata mUlyoM aura vastu satya ko prAcIna bhASA, zailI va anubhUti sApekSa prayogoM se samajhanA kaThina va arUci utpAdaka kArya ho gayA hai| ata: mujhe lagA ki AgamoM ke rahasyoM ko udghATita kara pAzcAt saMskRti se AI vikRtiyoM ko dUra kiyA jaae| pAzcAt saMskRti ne jisa bhautikavAda kI pracaNDa AMdhI ko bar3hAvA diyA hai usase samAkrAMta bhAratIya jana-jIvana ke samakSa apane Agamika sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko prastuta karanA Avazyaka hai| ataH maiMne apanI rUci aura kSayopakSama ke anurUpa jJAtAdharmakathAMga ko apane zodha kA viSaya banAyA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kathAoM meM antarnihita sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko janabhogya banAnA prastuta kRti kI racanA kA pramukha uddezya hai| prastuta kRti ko jainAgama, saMskRti, bhaugolika, sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanIti, zikSA, kalA, dharma-darzana Adi viSayoM para AdhArita pRthak-pRthak nau adhyAyoM meM bA~TA hai| aMta meM upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM niSpati ko prastuta kiyA gayA prathama adhyAya 'jainAgama aura jJAtAdharmakathAMga' meM Agama zabda kA vyutpattiparaka artha, paribhASA aura paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA vivecana kara jainAgamaparamparA kA saMkSipta nidarzana prastuta kiyA gyaahai| Agama-paramparA ke aMtargata jainAgamoM kI pATalIputra, mAthurI, vallabhI aura devardhigaNi vAcanAoM kA saMkSipta varNana kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt jainAgoM kI bhASA aura viSaya sAmagrI batAte hue zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA ke pariprekSya meM Agama-vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 'Agama' zabda 'A' upasargapUrvaka 'gam' dhAtu meM 'ghaba' pratyaya lagane para banatA hai| paramparA se prApta siddhAnta aura zabda ke artha ko Agama kahA gayA hai| isIlie AgamakAra ne guru-paramparA se jo calA A rahA hai, use Agama kahA hai| Apta vacana ke lie Agama zabda prayukta huA hai, ata: kozakAra ne zabda athavA zAstra ko Agama kI saMjJA dI hai| isa adhyAya meM jaina AgamoM evaM vyAkhyA graMthoM sahita prAcIna graMthoM se Agama kI lagabhaga teraha paribhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jo Agama ko gatyarthaka evaM jJAnAtmaka siddha karatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM janakalyANArtha jo upadeza die unheM gaNadharoM ne guMphita kiyA, vahI guMphita-saMkalita rUpa Aja jaina AgamoM ke rUpa meM svIkArya hai| 328

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upasaMhAra isa adhyAya meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA dvAdazAMgI meM sthAna nirdhAraNa karane evaM isake nAmakaraNa para vimarza karane ke sAtha-sAtha isakI viSaya sAmagrI ko bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / aMga - sAhitya meM jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA chaThA sthAna hai| isake do zruta skaMdha haiN| prathama zrutaskaMdha meM jJAta yAnI udAharaNa aura dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM dharmakathAe~ haiM, ataH isa Agama ko 'NAyAdhammakahAo' kahA jAtA hai| Alocya graMtha meM udAharaNoM va kathAoM ke mAdhyama se Atma unnati kA mArga, isa mArga ke avarodha aura ina avarodhoM ko dUra karane ke upAyoga kI sAMgopAMga carcA kI gaI hai| ye kathAe~ vAda-vivAda kA viSaya na hokara ke utthAna ke lie haiN| inameM anubhava kA amRta hai / yaha amRtapAna isa kathAsAgara meM gote lagAkara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja pAzcAtya apasaMskRti hamArI sanAtana saMskRti ko dUSita kara rahI hai / prAcIna saMskRti kI prastuti se preraNA lekara hI apasaMskRti se vimukha huA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tatkAlIna saMskRti kI mahaka maujUda hai / prastuta kRti ke 'saMskRti ke tattva evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga' nAmaka dvitIya adhyAya meM isI mahaka ko Ama pAThaka taka pahu~cAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita sAmAjika - jIvana, rAjyavyavasthA, dhArmika matamatAntara, Arthika jIvana, bhaugolika sthiti, zikSA, kalA tathA vijJAna Adi viSayoM kA saMkSipta vivecana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jahA~ sukhI pArivArika jIvana ke sUtra milate haiM, vahIM uttaradAyI zAsana vyavasthA kA utkarSa bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / samAja sevA ke vividha prasaMga tatkAlIna saMskRti ko 'parahita sarisa dharma nahIM bhAI' kI bhAvanA ke samIpastha prastuta karate haiM / kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina dharma aura darzana ke vividha pahaluoM ke sAtha-sAtha anya dharmoM evaM matoM ke sambandha meM bhI saMkSipta jAnakArI dI gaI hai| zreNika, meghakumAra, dhanyasArthavAha, thAvaccAgAthApatnI, rAjA jitazatru, drupada rAjA va kAlI rAnI Adi ke apAra vaibhava se tatkAlIna Arthika sthiti kA anumAna sahaja hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| ina kathAoM se spaSTa hai ki guru-ziSya sambandha tatkAlIna saMskRti kA ujjvala pakSa thA / zikSA kevala saiddhAntika hI nahIM vyAvahArika bhI thI / amAtya subuddhi dvArA jalazuddhi karavAne, megha dvArA pUrvabhava meM vanya prANiyoM kI rakSA karane aura dharmarUci aNagAra dvArA jahara ke samAna kaTu tumbe kA zAka udarastha karane ke prasaMga tatkAlIna saMskRti ko 'ahiMsA paramodharma' se anuprANita siddha karane vAle 329

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana haiN| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna saMskRti apane zikhara para thii| vaha pratyeka prANI ko jIvana ke carama lakSya kI ora bar3hane ke lie abhiprerita karatI thI / zikSA, arthavyavasthA, rAjanaitika va sAmAjika sthiti Adi saMskRti ko prabhAvita karane vAle vibhinna ghaTaka bhaugolika pariveza se aprabhAvita nahIM raha skte| tatkAlIna bhaugolika sthiti se sambaddha vibhinna pahaluoM- dvIpa, nagara, parvata, nadiyA~, grAma, udyAna, vana, vanaspati Adi kA ullekha 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA bhaugolika vizleSaNa' nAmaka tRtIya adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM saMsAra, naraka, adholeka, devaloka, jambUdvIpa, ratnadvIpa, ghAtakIkhaNDa, nandIzvara dvIpa, kAlika dvIpa, mahAvideha va pUrvavideha Adi kI bhaugolika sthiti ko vibhinna saMdarbhoM ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| droNamukha, paTTana, puTabhedana, karvaTa, kheTa, maTamba, Akara, saMvAha, Azrama, nigama va sanniveza Adi vibhinna prakAra ke sthaloM kA saMkSipta vivecana karate hue rAjagRha, campA Adi mahatvapUrNa nagaroM kI bhaugolika sthiti ko isa adhyAya meM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| nagaroM kA nirmANa vAstuzAstra ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thaa| nagara pUrI taraha yojanAbaddha rUpa se banAe jAte the| usa samaya ke bhavanoM Adi meM vividha prakAra ke ratna, maNiyA~, zaMkha, pravAla, mUMgA, motI, svarNa, rajata Adi kA prayoga pracura mAtrA meM hotA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vibhinna rAjamahaloM kA ullekha AyA hai, unhIM ke saMdarbha meM bhavana nirmANa kalA kA varNana karate hue bhavana ke vibhinna pramukha aMgoM- dvAra, stambha, garbhagRha, agAsI, aTTAlikA, pramadavana, maNDapa, upasthAnazAlA, dIrghikA, aMtaHpura, zayanAgAra, snAnAgAra, bhojanazAlA, prasUtigRha, bhANDAgAra, zrIgRha va cArakazAlA Adi kI sthiti vyakta kI gaI hai| tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita vAstuzAstra kI vartamAna meM prAsaMgikatA va pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA hai| prakRti ke vaibhava va ramya sthaloM se preraNA lekara paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA se nijAta pAI jA sakatI hai| saMskRti aura samAja kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai / saMskRti ke binA samAja aMdhA hai aura samAja ke binA saMskRti paMgu hai| saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie 330

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upasaMhAra tatkAlIna samAja kI pArivArika sthiti, rIti-rivAja, saMskAra, khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, vastrAbhUSaNa aura utsava-mahotsavoM se paricita honA iSTa hai| 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM sAmAjika jIvana' nAmaka caturtha adhyAya meM sAmAjika sthiti se jur3e vibhinna pahaluoM ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM batalAyA gayA hai ki tatkAlIna parivAra meM pati-patnI ke alAvA mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, putra-putrI Adi rahate the| sAmAnyataH pArivArika sambandha madhura the| parivAra kA mukhiyA vayovRddha sadasya yA pitA hotA thA aura saba parijana usakI AjJA kA pAlana karate the| usakI patnI gRhasvAminI hotI thI, jo parivAra ke sabhI kriyAkalApoM ko niyaMtrita va saMcAlita karatI thii| sabhya-ziSTa vyavahAra evaM madhura-saMvAda usa yuga ke sAmAjika jIvana kI vizeSatA thii| sAmAjika ziSTAcAra meM atithi-satkAra ko atyadhika mahatva diyA jAtA thaa| janma se lekara mRtyuparyanta vividha saMskAroM kA vidhAna bhAratIya saMskRti meM rahA hai| janma, nAmakaraNa, rAjyAbhiSeka, vivAha va dIkSA Adi saMskAroM kA varNana isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita nArI jahA~ eka ora apane zIlAcAra aura satItva ke kAraNa puruSa to kyA devatAoM taka kI ArAdhyA hai lekina dUsarI tarapha vaha vyabhicAriNI strI ke rUpa meM prakaTa huI hai| vaha sAdhvI ke rUpa meM mAnava ko AtmakalyANa kA patha dikhalAtI hai to gaNikA ke rUpa meM janamAnasa ke bIca kalA kI upAsikA banakara ubharatI hai| vibhinna prakAra ke bhojya padArtha, vastra, AbhUSaNa, prasAdhana, manoraMjana ke sAdhana, utsava-mahotsava evaM loka vizvAsoM kA citraNa bhI isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| samAja apratyakSa rUpa se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra cAra varSoM meM vibhakta thaa| bahupatnIvAda, vezyAvRtti, dahejaprathA, dAsaprathA, hatyA, apaharaNa, lUTapAtha Adi burAiyA~ samAja ke bhAla para kalaMka thI, vahIM dUsarI ora samAja meM pracalita Azrama-vyavasthA vyakti ko carama lakSya-mokSa kI ora bar3hane ke lie abhiprerita karatI thii| Aja AdhunikatA kI Ar3a meM hamArA pArivArika DhAMcA caramarAne lagA hai| sAmAjika sambandhoM ke hArda ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga se grahaNakara svastha samAja kI punarsthApanA kI jA sakatI hai| Adhunika nArI ke lie thAvaccAgAthApatnI Adarza 331

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana rUpa meM pradarzita kI gaI hai| usakI pratibhA se prerita ho nArI sAmAjika netRtva kI naI bulaMdiyA chU sakatI hai| ___ 'artha' jIvana rakta ke samAna hai, isake binA sAMskRtika abhyutthAna kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| prastuta kRti ke 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM Arthika jIvana' nAmaka paMcama adhyAya meM tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA kI dizA aura dazA kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| kRSi arthavyavasthA kI dhurI thii| kRSi pUrNata: vaijJAnika DhaMga se kI jAtI thI, lekina kisI prakAra ke rAsAyanika urvarakoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jo svAsthya ke prati unakI jAgarUkatA kA pramANa hai| siMcAI ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM puSkariNI, tAlAba, sarovara, bAvar3I Adi the| cAvala, sarasoM, ur3ada Adi mukhya phasaleM thii| kRSi, dUdha, yAtAyAta, camar3A aura mAMsa ke lie pazu pAle jAte the| apratyakSa rUpa meM vastra, dhAtu, bartana kASTha, carma, madya va prasAdhana Adi udyogoM kA ullekha milatA hai| loga zilpAdi vibhinna kalAoM ke dvArA bhI arthopArjana karate the| tatkAlIna samRddhi ke zikhara puruSa-zreNika, megha, jitazatrurAjA, dhanyasArthavAha, nandamaNikAra Adi Adhunika Arthika jagat ke Adarza bana sakate Adhunika vitta-vyavasAya kI bhAMti usa samaya bhI pUMjI ke lena-dena kA vyavasAya pracalana meM thaa| dezI-vyApAra sthalamArga se aura videzI-vyApAra jalamArga se hotA thaa| parivahana ke vibhinna sAdhana- ratha, bailagAr3I, hAthI, ghor3A, naukA, pota, jalayAna Adi the| mApa-taula kI praNAliyoM ke rUpa meM gaNima, dharima, meya aura paricchedya pracalana meM thii| sikkoM kA calana sImita thaa| adhikAMza lena-dena vastu vinimaya ke mAdhyama se hote the| rAjanItika jIvana ke vibhinna pahaluoM ko jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjanaitika sthiti' nAmaka SaSThama adhyAya meM ukerA gayA hai| rAjya ke saptAMga ke rUpa meM rAjya, rASTrakoSa, koThAra, bala (senA), vAhana, pura (nagara) aura antaHpura kA nAmollekha milatA hai| rAjA rAjya kA sarvesarvA hotA thaa| rAjA rAjyocita-guNa sampanna the| unameM kSatriyocitta sabhI guNa vidyamAna the| rAjA vaMza paramparA se hI banate the| rAjyAbhiSeka samAroha atyanta bhavyatA se manAyA jAtA thaa| sAmAnyataH jyeSTha putra ko rAjA banAyA jAtA aura kaniSTha putra ko yuvarAja banA diyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi rAjavyavasthA vikendriya nahIM thI, lekina rAjya kA saMcAlana karane ke lie rAjA 332

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upasaMhAra apane anucaroM ke rUpa meM amAtya, senApati, zreSThI, lekhavAha, nagararakSaka, talavara, dUta, kauTumbika puruSa, dAsa-dAsiyA~ va dvArapAla Adi rakhatA thA / rAjA aura rAjya kA astitva sainya saMgaThana ke hAtha meM surakSita rahatA hai / caturaMgiNI senA, senApati, sArathI aura vIra yoddhA meM mukhya bhUmikA nibhAte the / dhanuSa, talavAra, bhAlA, mUsala Adi hathiyAra pracalana meM the / rAjya ke Aya srota ke rUpa meM cuMgI, kara, jurmAnA, RNa Adi pracalana meM the| rAjya dvArA arjita adhikAMza bhAga rAjakoSa meM jamA rahatA thA aura kucha dhana sArvajanika nirmANa kAryoM para vyaya kara diyA jAtA thA / usa samaya ke rAjanetA Ama janatA ke sukha-duHkha meM sahabhAgI banate the / aitihAsika puruSa zrIkRSNa vAsudeva ke antarmAnasa meM apanI janatA ke prati lagAva thaa| eka sAdhAraNa mahilA bhI unake pAsa AsAnI se pahu~cakara apanI vyathA sunA sakatI thI aura ve pratyeka vyakti kI bAta ko zAnti se sunate aura samasyA kA samAdhAna karate the| Aja ke rAjanetA yadi isase preraNA grahaNa kareM to rAjanIti 'ghRNita' kahalAne ke kalaMka se chuTakArA pA sakatI hai| prAcIna kAla se mAnava jIvana meM zikSA kA sthAna sarvopari rahA hai| 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zikSA' nAma saptama adhyAya meM zikSA se jur3e vividha pahaluoM kA saMzleSaNa - vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / 1 bAlaka ATha varSa kA hone para jJAnArjana ke lie guru ke pAsa bhejA jAtA thA jahA~ vaha bahattara kalAoM kI zikSA prApta karatA thA / zikSA ke viSaya mukhyataH adhyAtma kendrita the / inake alAvA vAstuzAstra, tarkazAstra, darzanazAstra, saMgIta, citrakalA, vANijyazAstra Adi viSayoM kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI / zikSaNa kI vaijJAnika zailI ke pA~ca aMga the- vAcanA, pRcchanA, anuprekSA, AmnAya tathA dharmopadeza / zikSaNa ko rocaka banAne ke lie kathAoM kA sahArA liyA jAtA thA / samAja meM guru kA sthAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa thA / guru jJAnavAna, ojasvI, nirlobhI va cAritra sampanna hote the / vinayavAna, tapasvI, zarIra ke prati anAsakta va brahmacArI ziSya guru kI sevA meM sadaiva tatpara rahate the| guru-ziSya ke sambandhoM para hI TikI hai saphala zikSaNa vyavasthA kI nIMva / bhAratIya saMskRti meM guru ko govinda se bar3A batAyA gayA hai| guru hI ziSya ko bhavasAgara se pAra lagAte haiN| mahAvIra - megha aura zailaka-paMthaka jaise prasaMga kramaza: 333

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana vAtsalya va samarpaNa ke pratimAna hai| jahA~ eka ora guru ziSya ko DUbane se bacAtA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora ziSya guru ko apanI garimA kA bhAna karavAtA hai| vartamAna zikSA jagata meM yadi isa prakAra ke sambandhoM kI bayAra calane lage to sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI phasala punaH harI-bharI ho sakatI hai| _ 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kalA' nAmaka aSTama adhyAya meM bahattara kalAoM kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| utsava-mahotsava Adi ke avasara para naranArI apanI kalAoM kA pradarzana kara logoM kA manoraMjana karate the| loga saundarya premI the, ataH prasAdhana se jur3I vibhinna kalAe~ bhI pracalana meM thii| puSkariNI, prAsAda, citrasabhA, bhojanazAlA, mArga, nagara Adi kA ullekha vAstukalA ke astitva ko pramANita karatA hai| usa samaya ke loga yuddha kalA meM bhI pAraMgata the| devadattA gaNikA cauMsaTha kalAoM meM nipuNa thii| vartamAna zikSaNa pAThyakrama meM kalAoM kA samAveza avazya kiyA gayA hai lekina sirpha pustakoM meM hii| unheM prayoga kI bhUmi upalabdha nahIM karavAI jAtI pariNAmasvarUpa aisI'kalA' vidyArthI ke lie bojha banakara raha jAtI hai| yadi ina kalAoM ko prAyogika dharAtala upalabdha karavAyA jAe to vyakti kI jJAnendriyoM aura karmendriyoM donoM kA vikAsa hogA, tabhI zikSA jagata meM camatkRti paidA hogii| tatkAlIna kalAoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRti meM kalAoM kI pradhAnatA thii| logoM kA jIvana kalAoM se anuprANita hone ke kAraNa sarasa thaa| prastuta kRti kA navama adhyAya 'jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM pratipAdita dharmadarzana', dArzanika mUlyAMkana se sambandhita hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana svataMtra evaM pRthak meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai lekina vibhinna prasaMgoM meM apratyakSa rUpa se tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, AcAramImAMsA aura karmamImAMsA kA ullekha milatA hai| graMtha meM jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa kA ullekha pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa meM huA hai| graMtha meM adhikAMza pAtra zramaNopAsaka ke rUpa meM citrita kie gae haiM, ata: unake jIvana meM anekAntika dRSTikoNa dRSTigocara hotA hai| ina tattvoM ke alAvA lezyA, kaSAya, paryApti, zarIra, gati Adi kA vivecana bhI isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| manuSyoM dvArA devoM se samparka 334

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upasaMhAra tathA tIrthaMkara kA svarUpa bhI isI adhyAya meM vivecita hai| jJAnamImAMsA ke rUpa meM pA~coM jJAnoM kA saMkSipta vivecana karate hue jAtismRti jJAna kI vyAkhyA bhI jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM kI gaI hai| navama adhyAya ke tRtIya upazIrSaka 'AcAra mImAMsA' meM zrAvakAcAra ke rUpa meM pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata, cAra zikSAvrata rUpI bAraha vratoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa upazIrSaka meM zramaNopAsaka zrAvaka kI carcA karate hue use AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM kI ora bar3hate hue darzAyA gayA hai| sAtha hI zramaNAcAra kI kaThora caryA ke rUpa meM dIkSA, vastra, AhAra, nivAsa, pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti, SaDAvazyaka, bAIsa parISaha, bAraha bhikSu pratimAe~, pratilekhana, brahmacarya kI navavAr3a, zalya, tapa va usake bheda, anuprekSA Adi kA saMkSipta vivecana isameM kiyA gayA hai| karmamImAMsA kA sAMgopAMga citraNa tumbe ke udAharaNa dvArA kiyA gayA hai| pUrvajanma aura punarjanma ko bhI karma ke saMdarbha meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM jainettara dharma-darzana kI bhI katipaya vivecanA kI gaI hai| prastuta kRti isa viSayaka mere dvArA vidyA vAcaspati kI upAdhi hetu prastuta zodha prabandha kA prakAzana hai| prastuta graMtha prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke sAmAjika, dhArmika, dArzanika, rAjanaitika, zaikSika, kalA, bhaugolika va Arthika avadAnoM ko spaSTa kara sakegA, jisase hamArI purAtana aura sanAtana saMskRti ko navajIvana milegaa| yadi prastuta kRti se preraNA pAkara isa jagata kA eka kadama bhI hamArI sAMskRtika virAsata ke saraMkSaNa-saMvarddhana kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai to maiM apane prayAsa ko saphala maanuuNgii| 335

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kra.saM. graMtha 1. arthavaveda (khaNDa-1,2) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. abhidhAna zAkuntalam (kAlidAsa) saMdarbha graMtha sUcI lekhaka/saMpAdaka paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya abhidhAna cintAmaNi (hemacandrAcArya) paM. haragovinda zAstrI amarakoza (amarasiMha) amRta maMthana ( vidyA mArtaNDa) anuttaropapAtikadazA anuyogadvAra cUrNi (hAribhadrIyavRtti) AcArya haribhadra anuyogadvAra sUtra aSTAdhyAyI (bhASya) tRtIya bhAga AcArAMga cUrNi AcArAMga TIkA AcArAMga niyukti AcArAMga sUtra (bhAga - 1, 2) AcArAMga sUtra | Adarza hindI zabdakoza (bhArgava) nArAyaNa bAlakRSNa goDabola AdipurANa (jinasenAcArya) bhAga 1, 2, 3 paM. vizvanAtha jhA DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni | amolaka RSi sahAya kR. prajJAdevI zrI jinadAsa gaNi zIlaMkAcArya A. bhadrabAhu yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni zobhAcanda bhArilla paM. rAmacandra pAThaka paM. pannAlAla sAhityAcArya 336 prakAzaka saMskRti saMsthAna barelI (u.pra.), san 1969 tukArAma jAvajI, nirNayasAgara presa, mumbaI cokhambA vidyA bhavana, banArasa, san 1964 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, san 1991 caukhambA vidyA bhavana, banArasa, san 1956 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, san 1990 zrI RSabhadevajI | kezarImalajI zve. saMsthA, ratalAma, san 1928 jvAlAprasAda jauharI, haidarAbAda, vIra saM. 2446 rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa, bahAlagar3ha, sonIpata, hariyANA, san 1989 zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zve. saMsthA, san 1941 | siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935 Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1916 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, vi.saM. 2046 zrI amolaka jaina jJAnAlaya, dhUliyA, san 1960 bhArgava buka Dipo, vArANasI, 1994 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, saMskaraNa 1963, 1988, 1993

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 17. Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata nemIcanda zAstrI zrI gaNeza prasAda varNI | graMthamAlA, vArANasI, 1968 18. ApastambadharmasUtra DaoN. umezacandra pANDeya caukhambhA, saMskRta sIrija, vArANasI, 1969 19. AyAro taha AyAracUlA AcArya tulasI, muni nathamala | jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA (Agama sAhitya prakAzana samiti), kalakattA, 1967 20. AvazyakacUrNi (bhAga 1,2) jinadAsa gaNi mahattara zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929 21. Avazyaka TIkA malayagiri Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1928 22. Avazyaka niyukti (A.bhadrabAhu) | zrImad vijayakarpUra sUrizvara / lAkhAbAvala-zantipurI, saurASTra, 1989 23. Avazyaka niyuktirevacUrNi haribhadrasUri | motIcanda maganabhAI cokasI| (A.zrI bhadrabAhu) mumbaI, 1965 AvazyakavRtti (A. bhadrabAhu) |(1) malayagiri, (2) haribhadra | Agamodaya samiti, mumbaI, 1928 AvazyakasUtra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 26. uttara purANa (A. guNabhadra) | paM. pannAlAla jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, 1968 27. uttarAdhyayana-eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana AcArya tulasI, muni nathamala jaina zve. terApaMthI mahAsabhA, Agama sAhitya prakAzana samiti, kalakattA, 1968 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1991 29. uttarAdhyayana sUtra TIkA A. zAMtyAcArya devacandra lAlabhAI jaina, pustakoddhAra phaNDa, bambaI, 1917 upaniSad bhASyam (khaNDa-1) esa. subrahmaNyama zAstrI maheza anusaMdhAna saMsthAna, muNDakopaniSad mAuNTa AbU, 1979 upAsakadazAMga aura usakA DaoN. subhASa koThArI Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM zrAvakAcAra (eka parizIlana) prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 32. uvAsagadasAo yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, san 1989 33. Rgveda (caturtha khaNDa) paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba, barelI (u.pra.), 1969 337

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 34. RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana / | AcArya devendra muni zrI tAraka guru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura, saMskaraNa-2001 35. eka bUMda : eka sAgara (khaNDa 4) samaNI kusumaprajJA . jaina vizvabhAratI prakAzana, lADanUM, 1991 36. aitihAsika kAla ke tIna tIrthaMkara AcArya zrI hastImala jI jaina itihAsa samiti, AcArya zrI vinacandra jJAna | bhaNDAra, jayapura, 1971 37. oghaniyukti bhASya (A. bhadrabAhu) | dorNAcArya vRtti | Agamodaya samiti, mumbaI, 1919 38. aupapAtika sUtra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 39. aMgasuttANi | AcArya tulasI,yuvAcArya mahAprajJA jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, | vi.saM. 2031 40. | aMtakRtadazAMga yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981 41. aMtagaDadasAo vyA. AcArya zrI nAneza zrI a.bhA.sA. jaina saMgha, samatA bhavana, bIkAnera, 1999 42. kaThopaniSad (bhAga-1) zAMkara bhASya motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, saMskaraNa-1991 kalpasUtra | zrI puSkaramunijI mahArAja zrI amara jaina Agama zodha zrI devendra muni zAstrI | saMsthAna, sivAnA, 1968 kalpasUtra sukhabodhikA TIkA upAdhyAya zrImad nagIna bhAI thelAbhAI javerI, (A. bhadrabAhu) vinayavijayagaNi saMskaraNa-1911 kalA evaM sAhitya : pravRtti aura pro. vizvanAtha prasAda bihAra hindI graMtha akAdamI paramparA sammelana bhavana, paTanA kaSAya pAhur3a (guNadharAcArya) | paM. phUlacandra, paM. mahendrakumAra | bhA.di. jaina saMgha graMnthamAlA, | paM. kailAzacanda caurAsI, mathurA kAdambarI (bANabhaTTa) paM. zrI kRSNamohana zAstrI caukhambhA saMskRta sIrija oNphisa, vArANasI, 1971 48. kAdambarI: eka sAMskRtika adhyayana | DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, saMskaraNa-1988 49. kAvya aura kalA tathA anya nibandha |jayazaMkara prasAda bhAratI bhaMDAra, lIDara presa, ilAhAbAda, saMvata. 2026 |50. kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika DaoN. premasamuna jaina | prAkRta jaina zAstra evaM adhyayana ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, 1975 51. kauTilya arthazAstra DaoN. vAcaspati gairolA caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, | vArANasI, sana. 1977 ] 8 338

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI |52. gA~dhI ke zaikSika vicAra 53. gommaTasAra (jIvakAMDa) | nemIcanda siddhAnta cakravartI |54. chAndogyopaniSad (upaniSadbhASyam) | zrImad mahezAnandagiri khaNDa-2 55. jaMbUdIva paNNatti saMgaho pro. A.ne. upAdhye pro. hIrAlAla jaina anu.- paM. bAlacandra 56. jambUdvIpa prajJapti yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni |57. jAtaka (khaNDa 2,3,4) bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana 58. jiNadhammo AcArya zrI nAneza 59. jIvandhara campu paM. pannAlAla jaina (mahAkavi harizcandra) jaina Agama sAhitya : manana aura zrI devendra mani zAstrI mImAMsA jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jagadIzacandra jaina rASTrIya adhyApaka zikSA pariSad, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1999 zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, vi.saM. 2041 maheza anusaMdhAna saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1982 zrI gulAbacanda hirAcanda dozI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1958 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, ilAhAbAda, saMskaraNa-1985, 1971, 1982, 1990 zrI a.bhA.sA. jaina zrAvaka saMgha, samatA bhavana, bIkAnera bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, saMskaraNa-1958 zrI tAraka guru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura, saMskaraNa 1977 caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1951, 1965 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA saMskaraNa-1974 Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU, 1991 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-2002 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU, 1995 lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, 1980 zrI tAraka guru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura, vi.saM. 2038 62. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina jaina aMgazAstra ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa jaina tattva vidyA | AcArya tulasI 64. jaina tattva vidyA muni pramANa sAgara 65. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana |DaoN. zivaprasAda 66. jaina darzana aura manana-mImAMsA AcArya mahAprajJa 67. jaina darzana kA AdikAla dalasukha mAlavaNiyA 68. jaina dharma zrI rAjendramuni zAstrI 339

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 69. jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa (bhAga1) | balabhadra jaina maisarsa kezarIcandra zrIcandra cAvalavAle, nayA bAjAra, dillI, vIra ni. saM. 2500 70. jaina purANoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana | devIprasAda mizra hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAbAda, san 1988 71. jinendra siddhAnta koza jinendravarNI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, | 1998 72. jaimIni sUtra zabara kI TIkA 73. jJAtAdharmakathAMga yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni | Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, vIra ni.saM. 2516 74. jJAtAdharmakathAMga (navAMgI TIkA) abhayadevasUri zrI siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, mumbaI, san 1952 75. jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtrama (vyAkhyA) ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja a.bhA.zve.sthA. jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, vi.saM. 2020 76. tattvArtha bhASya (umAsvAti) paM. khUbacandra jI zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgarA, 1992 77. tattvArtha sUtra rAjavArtika | muni mahendrakumAra bhAratIya jJAnapITha, (bhaTTAkalaMka viracita) saMskaraNa-1990 78. tattvArtha sUtra, (AcArya umAsvAti |paM. sukhalAla saMghavI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala hindU vi.vi., banArasa, saMskaraNa-1952 79. tattvArtha sUtra, zrutasAgarIvRtti mahendrakumAra jaina, nyAyAcArya bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-2002 80. taittarIyopaniSad (zAMkarabhASya sahita) gItApresa, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2040 81. triloka bhAskara (AryikA jJAnamati) saM. motIcandra ravIndrakumAra jaina | digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, hastinApura (meraTha), saMskaraNa-1974 82. trilokasAra (nemIcanda siddhAnta siddhAntabhUSaNa bra.ratanacaMda jaina | zrI zAntivIra digambara jaina cakravartI viracita) (hindI TIkA saMsthAna, zrImahAvIrajI, vIra AryikA zrI vizuddhamati mAtAjI) ni.saM. 2501 triSaSTIzalAkA puruSa caritra | anu.eca.esa. jaoNnasana jaina dharma pracAriNI sabhA, (bhAga-1,2,3) (AcArya hemacandra) bhAvanagara, bambaI, vi.saM. 1965 84. theragAthA ena.ke. bhAgavata bambaI vizvavidyAlaya, bambaI, san 1939 85. dazavaikAlika (A. zrI bhadrabAhu) hAribhadrIya vRtti jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa, bambaI, 1974 viracita) - 83. 340

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI dazavaikAlika- eka samIkSAtmaka AcArya tulasI, muni nathamala 87. dazavaikAlika niyukti (zrI bhadrabAhu | zrI harSa vijaya svAmI viracita) 88. dazavaikAlika sUtra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni |89. dhammapada-aTThakathA dharma rakSita 90. dharma-darzana | lakSmI sinhA 91. dharma darzana kI rUparekhA DI.Ara. jATava 192. dharmazAstroM se nyAya vyavasthA kA svarUpa | zazi kazyapa dhavalA (AcArya vIrasena) hIrAlAla jaina 94. dhvanyAloka locanA kaumudI AnandavardhanAcArya jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, saMskaraNa-vi.saM. 2023 devacanda lAlabhAI jaina, pustakoddhAra bhaNDAgAra saMsthA, bambaI, san 1918 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, saMskaraNa-1993 khelAr3I lAla eNDa sansa, banArasa, 1953 IsTarna buka liMkarsa, javAhara nagara, dillI, saMskaraNa1998 malika eNDa kampanI, caur3A | rAstA, jayapura nyU bhAratIya buka kaoNrporezana, dillI, saMskaraNa-2001 sitAvarAya lakhamIcanda jaina sAhitya phaNDa, amarAvatI motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI, 1963 prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, 1966 Agamodaya samiti, sUrata, 1917 rUpacandra navamala, indaura Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1991 banArasa, 1929 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM, 2003 zrI kundakunda kahAna digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa, bApUnagara, jayapura, san 1984 zrI harSa puSpAmRta jaina graMthamAlA, lAkhAbAvala, zAMtipurI (saurASTra) saMskaraNa-1989 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM saMskaraNa-1984 95. nandIcUrNi (jinadAsa mahattara) | muni zrI puNyavijaya 96. naMdI (vRtti) malayagiri 97. naMdI hAribhradIya vRtti 98. naMdIsUtra haribhadra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni 99. nATyazAstra (bharata viracita) 100. nAyAdhammakahAo baTukanAtha zarmA AcArya mahAprajJa 101. | niyamasAra AcArya kundakundAcArya |102. niyukti saMgraha (bhadrabAhu svAmI) zrI vijayAmRta sUrizvara 103. nirUkta koza AcArya tulasI yuvAcArya mahAprajJa 341

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana | 104. nizItha cUrNi jinadAsagaNi sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1960 |105. nizIthasUtram | upAdhyAya amara muni sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala' | 1962 |106. nyAya dIpikA paM. darabArIlAla jaina vIra sevA maMdira, dariyAgaMja, dillI, 1968 107. nyAya sUtra (gautama RSi) | zrI nArAyaNa mizra caukhambhA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1970 108. |paMcAstikAya kundakundAcArya sAhitya prakAzana evaM pracAra vibhAga, jayapura, 1990 |109. paMcAstikAya (tAtparyavRtti), anu.- pannAlAla jaina zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, (AcArya kundakunda) zrImad rAmacandra Azrama, AgAsa, 1986 110. pataMjalikAlIna bhArata prabhudayAla agnihotrI bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad | paTanA, 2019 11. padmacarita aura usameM pratipAdita ramezacandra jaina zrI bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina saMskRti mahAsabhA, kendrIya graMthAgAra, koTA, saMskaraNa-1983 112. padmapurANa (bhAga 1,2,3) paM. pannAlAla jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, saMskaraNa-1959 113. parIkSAmukha baijanAtha jaina khemacanda sarrApha, zahajAnaMda zAstramAlA meraTha, san 1969 |114.pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo paM. haragovinda seTha | motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI |115. pANDava purANam e.ena. upAdhye, hIrAlAla jaina | jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, (zrI zubhacandrAcArya) solApura, saMskaraNa-1954 116. pANini aSTAdhyAyI sUtrapATha paM. brahmadatta jijJAsu rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa, bahAlagar3ha (sonIpata hariyANA), san 1989 117. pANini aSTAdhyAyI sUtrapATha paM. brahmadatta jijJAsu rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa, amRtasara, san 1989 |118. pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa vAsudevazaraNa agravAla caukhambA vidyAbhavana, (aSTAdhyAyI kA sAMskRtika adhyayana) vArANasI, 1996 119. pAli-aMgrejI koza T.W. Rhys Davids Motilal Banarsidass, William Stede Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 1993 |120. pAli-hindI koza bhadanta AnaMda kauzalyApana rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, saMskaraNa-1975 | 121. paurANika dharma evaM samAja siddhezvarInArAyaNa rAya sukhadevarAja kAliyA paMcanada| pablikezaMsa, ilAhAbAda, saMskaraNa-1968 342

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 127. 122. prajJApanA sUtra yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1995 123. |pramANanaya tattvAloka (vAdidevasUri) anu. zobhAcandra bhArilla Atma jAgRti kAryAlaya, zrI | jaina gurukula zikSaNa saMgha, byAvara, saMskaraNa-1942 124. pramANa mImAMsA paM. sukhalAla saMghavI saMcAlaka- siMdhI jaina (hemacandrAcArya) graMthamAlA, ahamadAbAda, 1939 125. pravacanasAroddhAravRtti nemicandrasUri nirNayasAgara yaMtrAlaya, mumbaI, 1922 126. prazna vyAkaraNa anu. paM. zrI zobhAcandra bhArilla | zrI amola jaina jJAnAlaya, dhuliyA, 1988 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA paM. nemicanda zAstrI | tArA buka ejensI, AlocanAtmaka itihAsa vArANasI, 1988 128. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya / | DaoN. kRSNakAnta trivedI |kizora vidyA niketana, samAja bhadainI, vArANasI, 1987 129. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa DaoN. ramAzaMkara tripAThI naMdakizora eNDa bradarsa, banArasa saMskaraNa 1951 130. prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa | DaoN. jayazaMkara mizra bihAra hindI graMtha akAdamI, premacanda mArga, paTanA, saMskaraNa-1986 131. prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA motIcandra bhAratI bhaMDAra, prayAga saMskaraNa-2007 132. prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti koza haradeva bAharI vidyA prakAzana mandira, naI dillI 133. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1985 134. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI |DaoN. rAmajI upAdhyAya | ilAhAbAda, 1966 sAMskRtika bhUmikA 135. buddhacaritam (azvaghoSa viracita) mahaMta zrI rAmacandradAsa zAstrI caukhambhA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1993 136. bRhatkalpa bhASya (saMghadAsagaNi) muni puNyavijaya AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1933 137. bauddhayugIna bhArata (rASTrIya saMgoSThI DaoN. sItArAma dube DaoN. rAdhezyAma zukla pratibhA zodha lekha saMgraha) prakAzana, zaktinagara, dillI 138. baudhAyanadharmasUtram DaoN. narendrakumArA AcArya vidyAnidhi prakAzana dillI, saMskaraNa-1999 | 139. brahmANDa purANa maharSi vedavyAsa veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1913 - 343

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 140. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (A. zivArya) |paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI |141. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (A. zivArya) vijayodayA TIkA 142. bhagavatI sUtra | A. zrI aparAjita sUri paM. kailAzacanda yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni 143. |bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI A. devendra muni zrIkRSNa : eka anuzIlana 144. bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana | zrI devendra muni zAstrI jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1990 bA.bra. zrI hIrAlAla khuzAlacaMda dosI, 1990 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara zrI tAraka guru jaina graMthAlaya, | udayapura, 2001 zrI tAraka guru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura, 1974 gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda, 1950 gItApresa, gorakhapura, 1953 145. bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dharmakathAoM paM. becaradAsa 146. bhAgavata purANa 147. bhArata koza 148. bhAratIya zikSA kA samAjazAstra surezacandra bandhopAdhyAya satyapAla rUhelA rAjasthAna hindI graMtha akAdamI, saMskaraNa-1983 [149. bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti [150. bhAratIya samAja va saMskRti ema.ela. guptA, DI.DI. zarmA ravindranAtha mukharjI | viveka prakAzana javAhara nagara, dillI, 1987 |151. bhAratIya samAja va sAmAjika sNsthaaeN| ema.ela. zarmA, DI.DI. zarmA 152. bhAratIya saMskRti prItiprabhA goyala 153. bhAratIya saMskRti | baladevaprasAda mizra | 154. bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA vAcaspati gairolA 155. bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa 156. bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa A. caturasena kAlurAma zarmA, prakAza vyAsa 157. bhAratIya saMskRti koza lIlAdhara zarmA rAjasthAnI graMthAgAra, jodhapura rAmanArANa lAla benImAdha, saMskaraNa-1968 uttarapradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, 1985 meraTha, 1958 paMcazIla prakAzana, jayapura, saMskaraNa-1997 rAjapAla eNDa saMsa, dillI, saMskaraNa-1996 zrI sarasvatI sadana, saphadaragaMja enakleva, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1996 paritoSavardhana jaina kaoNleja buka senTara, jayapura ratirAma zAstrI sAhitya bhaNDAra, meraTha madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSad, bhopAla, 1962 158. bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra 159. bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla AdhAra ema.esa. maMDota esa.pI.esa. saina DaoN. sukhabIra siMha 160. bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla tattva 161. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna hIrAlAla jaina 344

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 162. mahApurANa (jinasena) pannAlAla jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 163. mahAbhAratakAlIna samAja sukhamaya bhaTTAcArya lokabhAratI prakAzana, anu. puSpA jaina ilAhAbAda, 1966 164. mahAvagga jagadIza kazyapa bihAra rAjakIya pAli prakAzana maNDala, san 1956 165. mahAbhArata paM. zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara basaMta zrIpAda sAtavalekara svAdhyAya maMDala, pAraDI, gujarAta, saMskaraNa- 1968, 1969, 1975, 1977, 1979 evaM 1980 166. majjhimanikAya rAhula sAMskRtyAyana mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, saMskaraNa-1933 167. matsyapurANa (maharSi vedavyAsa) zrI jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara guru maNDala graMthamAlA, bhaTTAcArya kalakattA, 1954 168. manusmRti paM. rAmateja pANDeya paNDita pustakAlaya, kAzI, vi.saMvat 2004 169. mAnaka hindI koza (prathama khaNDa) | rAmacandra varmA hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, vi.saM. 2019 | 170. mAnava aura saMskRti zyAmacaraNa dube rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, 1998 171. mAnava saMskRti bhagavAnadAsa kelA dArAgaMja, ilAhAbAda, 1953 172. mAnasollAsa (bhAga-1 se 3) somezvara datta bar3audA, 1939 173. mArkaNDeya purANa paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (u.pra.), sana. 1967 174. mAlavikAgnimitram kAlidAsa bambaI saMskRta sIrija, (prathama aMka) 1889 175. mUlAcAra (A. vaTTekara) anu. manoharalAla anantakIrti graMthamAlA, mumbaI 176. maiM : merA mana : merI zAMti AcArya mahAprajJa | Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU |177. mokSazAstra (A. umAsvAti) | pannAlAla bAkalIvAla madanalAla mohanalAla bAkalIvAla jaina graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI, vi.saM. 1996 [178. yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana gokulacandra jaina sohanalAla jaina dharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara, 1967 179. yAjJavalkya smRti (bhAga 1,2) harinArAyaNa ApTe Ananda Azrama mudraNAlaya, (aparArka) 1903 . 180. yogazAstra (svopajJavRtti) hemacandrAcArya jaina sAhitya vikAsa maMDala DaoN.amRtalAla kAMtidAsa dosI mumbaI, vi.saM. 2025 345

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 181. yogazAstra prakAza (hemacaMdrAcArya) 182. raghuvaMzam (kAlidAsa) | (mallinAthakRta saMjIvanI TIkayA) 183. ratnAkarAvatArikA (bhAga-2) (zrI ratnaprabhAcArya) 184. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 185. rAjasthAnI bhASA sAhitya saMskRti 186. rAmAyaNa ( vAlmiIki) 187. rAmAyaNakAlIna saMskRti 188. rAyapaseNIyasuttaM 189. varNa, jAti aura dharma 190. vAcaspatyam 191. vAyupurANa (bhAga-1, 2) 192. vicAra aura vitarka 193. vipAkasUtra 194. vinayapiTaka 195. vividha tIrthakalpa | (zrI jinaprabhasUri racita) 196. vizva ke pramukha dharma 197. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (jinadAsa gaNi kSamAzramaNa ) 198. viSNupurANa (bhAga 1,2) 199. vRhatkathA koza muni zrI yazobhadra vijaya nArAyaNarAma AcArya paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA paM. ugrasena jaina kalyANasiMha zekhAvata anu. paM. rAmanArAyaNa datta zAstrI 'rAma' zAntikumArA nAnUrAma vyAsa zrI tArAnAtha tarka vAcaspati paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI, saMskaraNa - 1971 paM. becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI gurjara graMtha ratna kAryAlaya, ahamadAbAda, vi.saM. 1994 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, paM. phUlacanda zAstrI 1989 caukhambhA saMskRta sIrija oNphisa, vArANasI, 1969 saMskRti saMsthAna, barelI (u.pra.) saMskaraNa - 1969 hajArI prasAda dvivedI yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni anu. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana anu. agaracaMda bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, san 1935 zrI jaina zve. nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara, san 1978 esa. ela. nAgaurI, kAMtA nAgaurI zrImatI kiraNa paranAmI, rAja pabliziMga hAusa, jayapura paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya zrI vijaya vallabha mizana, ludhiyAnA (paMjAba), 1985 nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, mumbaI, saM. 1948 lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, 1968 maMtrI, jaina mitra maNDala, dharmapurA, dillI, 1940 AcArya raviSeNa rAjasthAnI graMthAgAra, jodhura, saMskaraNa 1989 346 gItApresa, gorakhapura, saMskaraNa - 2024 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba (vedanagara), barelI, 1969

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI |200. vRhat hindI paryAyavAcI zabdakoza govinda cAtaka 201. vRhadAraNyakopaniSad zrI esa. subrahmaNyama zAstrI takSazilA prakAzana, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI, san 1985 | maheza anusaMdhAna pariSad jJAnapura, 1998 | vizvabhAratI anusaMdhAna pariSad, jJAnapura, 1998 jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM, san 1999 202. vedoM meM rAjanItizAstra DaoN. kapiladeva dvivedI 203. vyavahAra bhASya (bhadrabAhu svAmI) gaNAdhipati tulasI AcArya mahAprajJa samaNI kusumaprajJA muni zrI amolaka RSi 204. vyavahAra sUtra 205. vyAkaraNa mahAbhASya (pataJjali) anu.- cArUdeva zAstrI sukhadevasahAya jI, jvAlA prasAda jI jauharI, sikaMdarAbAda, vI.saM. 2446 narendra prakAza jaina, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, saMskaraNa-2000 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, saMskaraNa-1991 acyuta graMthamAlA kAryAlaya, kAzI, saMskaraNa-1997 yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni 206. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra (bhAga-1 se 3) 207. zatapatha brAhmaNa baMzIdhara zAstrI 208. zAstrIya samIkSA ke siddhAnta 209. zikSA aura samAja govinda triguNAyata DaoN. manojakumAra siMha 210. zikSA aura saMskRti jainendra kumAra lalita zukla DaoN. nareza kumAra 211. zikSA kI AvazyakatAe~ 212. zikSA kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi lakSmIlAla ke. or3a Aditya pablizarsa, bInA (ma.pra.), saMskaraNa-2000 samAnAntara prakAzana, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1983 vikrama prakAzana, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1999 rAjasthAna hindI graMtha akAdamI, jayapura, saMskaraNa-1990 | vinoda pustaka maMdira, AgarA, saMskaraNa-1986 vinoda pustaka maMdira, AgarA, saMskaraNa-1991 sarva sevA saMgha prakAzana, rAjaghATa, vArANasI, san 1991 bihAra hindI graMtha akAdamI, | paTanA, san 1975 213. zikSA ke mUla siddhAnta DaoN. rAmazakala pANDeya 214. zikSA ke sAmAnya siddhAnta jI.esa.DI. tyAgI 1215. zikSA vicAra (vinobA bhAve) mIrA bhaTTa 216. zikSAzAstra DaoN. vaidyanAtha prasAda varmA 347

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 217. zukarahasyopaniSad 218. zukranItisAra (zukrAcArya) 219. zrI kalpasUtram (bhadrabAhu svAmI) 220. zrI dazavaikAlika sUtra (TIkAkAraupA. zrI AtmArAmajI mahArAja) 221. zrI bhikSu Agama viSaya koza 222. zrImad bhAgavad gItA 223. zrImad bhAgavata kA sAMskRtika adhyayana 224. zrImad jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra 225. zrI viSNu purANa (prathama khaNDa) 226. zrIsiddha hemacandra zabdAnusAnam (prathama khaNDa) 227. zrI sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi 228. saMyukta nikAya 229. saMskRta dhAtukoza 230. saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha 231. saMskRta hindI koza 232. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya gItApresa gorakhapura svAmI jagadIzvarAnaMda sarasvatI RSidevI rUpalAla kapUra dharmArtha TrasTa, bahAlagar3ha, hariyANA, saMskaraNa 1983 samayasundara gaNi viracita kalpalatA vyAkhyAyA amaracandra jI mahArAja AcArya tulasI, AcArya mahAprajJa jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM, 1996 zrI madhusudana sarasvatI DaoN. madanamohana agravAla javAharalAla zarmA zobhAcandra bhArilla paM. zrIrAma zarmA AcArya | hemacandrAcArya zrI jinadAsa gaNi anu. bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa yudhiSThara mImAMsaka dvArakAprasAda zarmA paM. tAriNIza jhA zivarAma vAmana ApTe rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara zrI jinadattasUri jJAna bhaMDAra, mumbaI, saMskaraNa - 1939 seTha jvAlAprasAda mANakacaMda jaina jauharI, mahendragar3ha (paTiyAlA) saMvat 1989 348 caukhambhA saMskRta pratiSThAna, dillI, 1996 rAjasthAna hindI graMtha akAdamI, jayapura, 1984 zrI tiloka ratna sthAnakavAsI jaina dhArmika borDa, pAtharDI (ahamadanagara), san 1964 saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba, barelI (u.pra), saMskaraNa - 1969 zrI amRta jaina sAhitvavardhaka sabhA, mumbaI, 1969 | mohanalAla maganalAla bAdAmI, saMskaraNa - 1941 mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, saMskaraNa - 1954 rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa, bahAlagar3ha (hariyANA), fa.i. 2046 rAmanArAyaNalAla, benIprasAda, ilAhAbAda, saMskaraNa 1975 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, saMskaraNa- 1981 udayAcala, paTanA, saMskaraNa - 1970

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 233. satabhaMgItaraMgiNI (vimaladAsa) ThAkura prasAda zarmA zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, vi.saM. 2033 234. sabhASya tattvArthadhigamasUtra paM.khUbacandajI siddhAnta zAstrI A. vyavasthApaka paramazruta (umAsvAti) prabhAvaka jaina maNDala, jhaverI bAjAra, muMbaI, 1932 235. samayasAra (kundakundAcArya) gaNinI 105 AryakAratna digambara jaina triloka zodha zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI |saMsthAna, hastinApura (meraTha), 1990 236. samarAiccakahA DaoN. ramezacandra jaina bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, (A. haribhadrasUri) saMskaraNa-1993 237. samavAyAMga yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1991 1238. samAcArI zataka samayasundarIgaNi viracita | jinadatta sUri jJAna bhaNDAra, javherI mUlacanda hIrAcanda, bambaI, san 1939 239. samAja darzana kI bhUmikA jagadIzasahAya zrIvAstava 240. samAjazAstra satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra zrI sarasvatI sadana, saphadarajaMga enakleva, naI dillI, 1997 241. samAdhi taMtra-iSTopadeza TIkA zrI akalaMka deva zAntisAgara jaina siddhAnta prakAzinI saMsthA, zrImahAvIrajI, saMskaraNa vIra saM. 2494 242. samIkSA zAstra sItArAma caturvedI kRSNAdAsa akAdamI, vArANasI, saMskaraNa-1983 243. sarvArthasiddhi (A. pUjyapAda) | paM. phUlacandra zAstrI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1991 244. sAMkhyakArikA (mAThara vRtti) dhAnezacandra caukhambA saMskRta pratiSThAna, vArANasI, 1990 245. sAMskRtika cetanA aura jaina patrakAritA DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata siddha zrI prakAzana tilakanagara, jayapura, 1990 246. sAgAra dharmAmRta AzAdhara mANakacanda digambara jaina graMthamAlA, mumbaI 247. sAmAyika sUtra amaramuni upAdhyAya sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaMDI, AgarA, saMskaraNa-1969 248. sAhitya aura saMskRti / | devendra muni zAstrI bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, saMskaraNa-1970 dharmAmRta 349

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAMskRtika adhyayana | 249. sAhitya kA zreya aura preya jainendra kumAra pUrvodaya prakAzana, netAjI subhASa mArga, naI dillI, san 1961 250. sAhitya taraMga 251. suttanipAta sadguruzaraNa avasthI bhikSu dharmaratna 1252. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi jinadAsa mahattara mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, san 1957 zrI RSabhadevajI kezaramala jI, zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma landana, 1962 Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, saMskaraNa-1992 gurumaNDala graMthamAlA, kalakattA, saMskaraNa-vi.saM. 253. sosAyaTI 254. sthAnAMga sUtra mekAivara eNDa peja yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni |255. smRti saMdarbha (prathama bhAga) manmaharSi 2009 256. syAdvAda maMjarI TIkA malliSeNasUri paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, mumbaI, 1935 sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNan hajArI prasAda dvivedI 257. svataMtratA aura saMskRti 258. hajArI prasAda dvivedI graMthAvalI (bhAga-9, nibaMdha) |259. hamArI paramparA viyogI hari 260. haribhadra sAhitya meM samAja evaM saMskRti | kamala jaina rAjakamala prakAzana prA.li. naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1981 sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI, saMskaraNa 1967 pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI, 1994 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, saMskaraNa-1962 261. harivaMza purANa paM. pannAlAla jaina (A. jinasena) 262. harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana | rAmamUrti caudharI sulabha prakAzana, lakhanaU, saMskaraNa-1989 263. harSacarita-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana | vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 264. harSacarit (bANabhaTTa) zrI mohanadevapaMta 265. hindI vizvakoza dhIrendra varmA bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, saMskaraNa-1964 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, san 1984 nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vArANasI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vArANasI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vArANasI 266. hindI vizvakoza rAmaprasAda tripAThI 267. hindI vizvakoza sudhAkara pAMDeya 350

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saMdarbha graMtha sUcI 268. hindI sAhitya koza (bhAga-1) |dhIrendra varmA jJAnamaMDala limiTeDa, pAribhASika zabdAvalI vArANasI, saMskaraNa-1985 269. hindU dharma koza rAjabalI pANDeya uttarapradeza hindI saMsthAna, hindI samiti prabhAga, lakhanaU, saMskaraNa-1988 270. hindu dharma : jIvana meM sanAtana kI vidyAnivAsa mizra rAdhAkRSNa prakAzana prA.li., khoja | naI dillI, saMskaraNa-1991 271. hindU saMskAra rAjabalI pANDeya caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, saMskaraNa-1985 272. hemazabdAnusAna AcArya zrI candrasAgara surivarya | | zrI RSabhadevajI chaganIrAma (zrI siddha hemacanda) jI, peDhI, ujaina, vi.saM. 2007 273. |ejyUkezana ina enasieMTa iNDiyA |altekara banArasa, 1948 274. International David L. Sills The Macmillan Co. Encyclopedia of the social & Teh Free Press, sciences, volume III, IV New York lAIpha ina aiMziyaMTa iNDiyA eja |DaoN. jadIzacandra bambaI, 1947 DipikTeDa ina kenansa 276. Man is th Primitive World E.A. Hocbel 277. Primitive Culture E.P. Tayler 278. |The Ancient Geography of India| Cunninghan | Calcutta, 1924 279. vhATa isa ArTa TAlsaTaoNya landana, 1946 351

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saMsthAna-paricaya Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna AcArya zrI nAnAlAla jI ma.sA. ke 1981 ke udayapura varSAvAsa kI smRti meM janavarI 1983 meM sthApita kiyA gyaa| saMsthAna kA mukhya uddezya jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta ke vidvAna taiyAra karanA, aprakAzita jaina sAhitya kA prakAzana karanA, jaina vidyA meM ruci rakhane vAle vidyArthiyoM ko adhyayana kI suvidhA pradAna karanA, jaina saMskRti kI surakSA ke lie jaina AcAra darzana aura itihAsa para vaijJAnika saMskaraNa taiyAra kara prakAzita karavAnA evaM jaina vidyA-prasAra kI dRSTi se saMgoSThiyA~, bhASaNa, samAroha Ayojita karanA hai| yaha saMsthAna zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha kI eka mukhya pravRtti hai| saMsthAna rAjasthAna sosAyaTIja ekTa 1958 ke aMtargata rajisTarDa hai evaM saMsthAna ko anudAna rupa meM dI gayI dhanarAzi para Ayakara adhiniyama kI dhArA 80jI ke aMtargata chuTa prApta hai| jaina dharma aura saMskRti ke isa punIta kArya meM Apa isa prakAra sahayogI bana sakate haiM1. vyakti yA saMsthAna eka lAkha rupayA yA isase adhika dekara parama saMrakSaka sadasya bana sakate haiN| aise sadasyoM kA nAma anudAna tithi krama se saMsthAna ke laiTarapeDa para darzAyA jAtA hai| 51,000/- rupayA dekara saMrakSaka sadasya bana sakate haiN| 25,000/- rupayA dekara hitaiSI sadasya bana sakate haiN| 11,000/- rupayA dekara sahAyaka sadasya bana sakate haiN| 1,000/- rupayA dekara sAdhAraNa sadasya bana sakate haiN| saMgha, TrasTa, borDa, sosAyaTI Adi jo saMsthA eka sAtha 20,000/rupaye kA anudAna pradAna karatI hai vaha saMsthAna pariSad kI saMsthA sadasya hogii| apane bujurgoM kI smRti meM bhavana-nirmANa hetu va anya Avazyaka yaMtrAdi hetu anudAna dekara Apa isakI sahayatA kara sakate haiN| apane ghara para par3I prAcIna pANDulipiyA~, Agama sAhitya va anya upayogI sAhitya ko pradAna kara sakate haiN| ApakA yaha sahayoga jJAna-sAdhanA ke ratha ko pragati ke patha para agrasara kregaa| mudraka : nyU yunAiTeDa prinTarsa, udayapura phona : 09828075628