Nitishastra Ke Iitihas Ki Ruprekha

Author(s): Henri Sizvik
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapeeth
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032622/1

Page #1
prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-59 tItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA KA hiMdI anuvAda) AhesA parama lekhaka - henarI sijavika WER anuvAdaka anuvAdaka eka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma. sA. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pa. pU. adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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prAcya vidyApITha graMthamAlA kraM. 59 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF ETHICS FOR ENGLISH READERS nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA hindI anuvAda lekhaka henarI sijavika kembrija vizvavidyAlaya ke nIti-darzana ke ma.pra. nAhaTa-brija prophesara evaM methaDsa Apha ithiksa ke lekhaka evaM isake pAMcaveM adhyAya ke lekhaka alabana DI viDagerI DyUka vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra ke bhUtapUrva prophesara evaM kembrija vizvavidyAlaya ke sTenaTana lekcarara anuvAdaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, ema.e., pIeca.DI. nidezaka- prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura mUla graMtha ke prakAzaka mekamilana kampanI landana, melaborna ToranTo, senTa mArTina presa nyUyArka prakAzaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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prAcya vidyApITha graMthamAlA kraM. 59 nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA kA hindI anuvAda lekhaka henarI sijavika kembrija vizvavidyAlaya ke nIti-darzana ke ma.pra. nAhaTa-brija prophesara evaM methaDsa Apha ithiksa ke lekhaka pAMcaveM adhyAya ke lekhaka alabana DI viDagerI DyUka vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra ke bhUtapUrva prophesara evaM kembrija vizvavidyAlaya ke sTenaTana lekcarara anuvAdaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, ema.e., pIeca.DI. nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura mUla graMtha ke prakAzaka mekamilana kampanI landana, melaborna ToranTo, senTa mArTina presa nyUyArka pustaka prApti sthAna 1. prAcya vidyApITha, dupADA roDa, zAjApura 2. motIlAla banArasIdAsa, buka selarsa, 41 yU.e.roDa. javAhara nagara, dillI-110007 3. sarasvatI pustaka bhaNDAra, hAthIkhAnA, ratanapola, ahamadAbAda-1 mudraka : AkRti oNphaseTa, naI peTha, ujjaina mUlya : 250/ prakAzana varSa : 2017

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 03 prakAzakIya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina AcAra zAstra ke vizeSa rupa se bhAratIya AcArazAstra ke adhikRta vidvAna haiN| unhoMne hamAre Agraha para sijavika ke grantha kA pUrva meM atyAdhika parizrama pUrvaka yaha anuvAda kiyA thaa| aba ve apane jIvana ke 85veM varSa meM cala rahe haiM, phira bhI jana sAmAnya ke upayoga ke lie unake dvArA anuvAdita yaha graMtha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| grantha kI bhASA pravAha yukta, sarala evaM subodha hai| hameM AzA hai ki darzana jagat isa kRti kA adhyayana kara darzana ke kSetra meM apane jJAna meM abhivRddhi kregaa| narendra jaina saciva prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/04 parivarddhita saMskaraNa ke sambaMdha meM do zabda - san 1886 I. meM apane prakAzana ke bAda se hI yaha pustaka nItizAstra ke saMkSipta aitihAsika sarvekSaNa kI dRSTi se aMgrejI bhASA meM eka sarvocca graMtha mAnI jAtI rahI hai| yadyapi isakI upayogitA ko banAe rakhane ke lie vigata pacAsa varSoM ke naitika vicAroM kA eka saMkSipta vivecana bhI isameM jor3a denA hameM Avazyaka lagA, phira bhI sijavika ke apane graMtha meM koI parivartana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isa aMtima atirikta adhyAya meM bhI maiMne apane ko (isa yuga ke) vicArakoM kI vivecanA zailI se yathAsambhava nikaTa banAe rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| pUrva adhyAyoM kI vivecanA ke anupAta ko dRSTigata rakhate hue una vicArakoM ke vicAroM ko bhI saMkSepa meM hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kembrija meM nIti-darzana ke nAITabrija prophesara ke isa adhyAya ke prathama prArUpa ko maine par3hA aura isake saMzodhana ke lie amUlya sujhAva bhI die, phira bhI isameM prastuta vicAroM ke lie ve uttaradAyI nahIM haiN| pro.je.esa. mekenjI ne bhI isa kArya ke prArambha meM hameM upayogI sujhAva die haiN| maiM ina donoM mahAnubhAvoM ko unake isa sahayoga ke lie aura mere snAtaka starIya adhyayana ke samaya se unake dvArA die gae protsAhana ke lie dhanyavAda detA huuN| - alabana DI biDagerI - DyUka vizvavidyAlaya Darahama ema.sI., yU.esa.e. janavarI 1931 I.

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 05 prAkkathana isa choTe se graMtha kA mUla svarUpa, nItizAstra para lie gae usa lekha meM hI bana gayA thA, jise maiMne kucha varSa pUrva insAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA ke lie likhA thaa| jinakI bAta kA mere lie kucha vajana hai, una vicArakoM ke vicAroM meM maiMne yaha pAyA ki yaha lekha una aMgreja adhyetAoM kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA thA, jo ki naitika vicAroM ke itihAsa kA sAmAnya jJAna prApta karanA cAhate the| isalie maiMne 'insAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA' ke prakAzaka mesarsa bleka se anumati prApta karake isakA alaga se eka pustaka ke rUpa meM punarmudraNa karavA diyaa| aisA karate samaya maiMne ise bahuta kucha parivartita evaM parivarddhita kiyA hai, kiMtu kucha saMkoca ke bAda bhI mere mUla lekha kI mukhya rUparekhA ko vaisI hI banAe rakhane kA nizcaya kiyaa| jisake anusAra adhyAya 5 ko mukhyataH Adhunika yuga ke AMgla nItizAstra taka hI sImita rakhA gayA hai aura videzI nIti-darzanoM para kevala unake AMgla vicAra dhArAoM para par3e prabhAva ke AdhAra para gauNa rUpa se hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| aMzataH maiMne aisA isalie kiyA ki mere lekha kI viziSTatA (yadi usameM koI viziSTatA hai to) naitika ciMtana kI gatividhiyoM kI eka nizcita saghana ekatA meM nihita hai aura yadi maiM isa adhyAya meM aMgreja nItivettAoM ke samAna hI jarmana aura phrAMsIsI nItivivecanoM ke vicAroM ko bhI sammilita karatA, to yaha ekatA anivArya rUpa se naSTa ho jaatii| isake sAtha hI maiMne jina bAtoM kI vivecanA ko chor3a diyA hai, jisakA bahuta kucha usa bAta se sambaMdhita hai| bhAga' jinake kAraNa baunIphosa RSabha kI mRtyu ke pazcAt IsAI dharmasaMgha (carca) ko naitika patana ke daura se gujaranA par3A thaa| usa samaya IsAI dharmasaMgha (carca) meM aisI keMdrIya sattA kI kamI thI, jo ki ina tIvra matabhedoM kA nivAraNa kara sakatI thii| ina matabhedoM ke kAraNa janasAdhAraNa anizcayAtmaka sthiti meM hotA thA aura svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha kisI bhI dhArmika evaM paramparAniSTha lekhaka kI usI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sakatA thA, jo ki use pAlana karane kI dRSTi se suvidhAjanaka pratIta hotii| isI prakAra eka nirbala naitika cetanA kisI bhI naitika niyama ke vAMchita apavAda ke lie sUkSmatA se zAstra (zruti) ke pramANa ko khojane kI dizA meM pravRta huii| yadyapi kaitholika carca ke dvArA saMsAra para apanA prabhutva banAe rakhane ke lie kie jAne vAle saMgharSa ke daurAna aba zAstra kI AjJAoM ke pAlana ke siddhAMta ko vaiyaktika nirNayoM para vizvAsa karane ke siddhAMta ke sAtha eka gahana evaM dIrghakAlika, kiMtu

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 06 saMtulita vivAda meM ulajhA diyA gayA, taba sudhAra yuga ke bAda taka isa saMkaTa ne apane durjeya aMzoM ko mAnya rakhA ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| jesyUTsa (zithilAcArI) aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prati-sudhAravAda ke agraNI jesyUTsa kI dRSTi meM zAstra (zruti) ko pramANa mAnane ke lie mUlataH Avazyaka yaha thA ki janasAdhAraNa ko isa prakAra prazikSita kiyA jAe ki ve apane nirNayoM ko apane mArgadarzaka dharmopadezakoM ke nirNayoM ke prati samarpita kara sakeM / isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki dharmasaMghIya ( carca ke ) naitika niyamoM meM sAMsArika AvazyakatAoM ko sthAna dekara pApa - prakAzana ( pazcAtApa ) ko AkarSaka banAyA jAe / sambhAvyavAda ke siddhAMta ne isa suvidhAoM ko sthAna dene ke lie eka lokapriya paddhati pradAna kii| yaha siddhAMta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki janasAdhAraNa se usa prazna para gahana samIkSA kI apekSA nahIM karanA cAhie, jisake lie vidvAnoM meM bhI mata - vaibhinya hotA hai| isalie janasAdhAraNa ko kisI aisI bAta ke lie doSI nahIM mAnanA cAhie, jise kisI eka bhI vidvAn ne pramANita mAnA ho| isalie usake aparAdhoM kA prAyazcitta dene vAle vyakti ko yaha adhikAra diyA gayA ki yadi usake ( aparAdhI ke) pakSa meM koI bhI aisA mata prastuta kara pAnA sambhava ho, jo ki use nirdoSa siddha kara de, to usa prAyazcitta dene vAle vyakti kA yaha karttavya hai ki vaha apanI svayaM kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla bhI yadi koI aisI mAnyatA ho, to use batAe, tAki vaha apanI aMtarAtmA ko AtmaglAni ke bhAra se mukta kara ske| jina bAtoM ke kAraNa isa sambhAvyavAda meM carca kI kaThoratA ko dUra karane kI saccI icchA se apanAyA gayA thA, unake pariNAma 17 vIM zatAbdI meM pAskala ke graMtha meM prakaTa hue haiN| sudhAravAda kiM karttavya mImAMsA ke vikAsa kI vivecanA karane meM hama usa mahAn saMkaTa se Age bar3ha gae, jisameM hokara 16 vIM evaM 17 vIM zatAbdI ke IsAI dharma ko gujAranA pdd'aa| sudhAravAda kA pravarttana lUthara ne kiyA thaa| yadi hama unake rAjanItika aura sAmAjika uddezyoM evaM pravRttiyoM, jinase yUropa ke kaI deza saMbaMdhi the, se alaga haTakara kevala unake naitika siddhAMtoM ko aura una siddhAMtoM ke pariNAmoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 07 ko dekhane kA prayAsa kareM, to unheM kaI pahaluoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama isa sudhAravAda ne caritrahIna dharmAdhyakSoM ke pramukha kI suvikasita vyavasthA ke viruddha roposTolika IsAIyata kI saralatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| sAtha hI dharmaguruoM kI (bAibila kI) TIkAoM aura carca kI paramparAoM ke viparIta bAibila ke AdarzoM ko, tathA dharmopadezakoM kI prAmANikatA ke viruddha vaiyaktika aMtarAtmA ke nirNaya kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| isI prakAra Atmazuddhi hetu kie jAne vAle prAyazcittoM ke lie pApa ke niyaMtraNa kI apekSA pratyeka mAnavIya AtmA ko Izvara ke prati uttaradAyitva para bala diyaa| kyoMki prAyazcitta vyavasthA ne dharmaguruoM (popoM) ko dhana ke lobha kI vikRta avasthA para lAkara khar3A kara diyA thaa| yahUdI niyamavAda aura IsAI dharma ke maulika virodha ko punarjIvita karate hue, sudhAravAda ne zAzvata jIvana ke lie karmo ke bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA AMtarika AsthA ko hI ekamAtra mArga svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra punaH AgasTina kI ora lauTate hue tathA AgasTina ke mUla maMtavyoM ko nae siddhAMtoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta karate hue sudhAravAda ne usa navapelegiyanavAda kA pratirodha kiyA, jo ki dhIre se carca ke AbhAsI AgasTinavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita ho gayA thaa| usane yaha bhI mAnA ki mAnava svabhAva ke pUre patana kA kAraNa usa samatA' ke virodha meM honA hai, jisake dvArA madhyayugIna dArzanikoM ke anusAra IzvarIya kRpA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| seMTapAla kI vinayazIlatA ko punarjIvita karate hue, usane IsAI dharma ke sabhI kartavyoM ko sArvabhauma evaM nirapekSa Adeza ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA tathA isa siddhAMta ke virodha meM yaha mata sthApita kiyA ki IsAI-dharma-pustaka kI zikSAoM ko akSarazaH pAlana ke dvArA hI samucita puNya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sampUrNa IsAI AkAritA ke aparihArya nikammepana ko prakaTa kiyaa| yadyapi ye parivartana bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa the, tathApi naitika dRSTi se vicAra karane para yA to niSodhAtmaka lagate haiM yA bilakula hI sAdhAraNa se lagate haiM, athavA mana kI usa abhivRtti se saMbaMdhita haiM, jisake anusAra pratyeka karttavya kA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| sudhAravAdI IsAI dharmasaMgha (carcoM) ke lekhana aura vyAkhyAnoM meM bhI sAdhAraNa manuSyoM ke AcaraNa sambaMdhI karttavyoM kA vidhAyaka tattva evaM sadguNa tathA adhikAMza niSedhAtmaka niyama bhI tattvataH aparivartita hI rhe| mAtra saMnyAsa mArga kA pUrI taraha se nirasana kara diyA gayA thA aura IsAI AcaraNa ke naitika Adarza ko saMsAra .. kI nissAratA kI dhAraNA se mukta kara diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi pahale IsAI dharma meM saMnyAsa

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zAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 08 mArga ko bahuta uttama mArga mAnA jAtA thaa| 16 vIM evaM 17 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kiMkarttavya mImAMsA kI purAnI paddhati ko mAnya rakhA gayA thaa| yadyapi svAbhAvika. buddhi ke prakAza ke dvArA vivecita aura usase anupUrita dharma graMtha hI aba ve saba siddhAMta prastuta karate the, jinake AdhAra para aMtarAtmA kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAnA thaa| Adhunika naitika darzana kI ora 17 vIM zatAbdI meM naitikatA kI isa arddhaAdhArita vivecanA ke prati ruci kramazaH kama hone lagI aura aneka zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt punaH nIti zAstra ke adhyayana meM naitika niyamoM ke lie svataMtra dArzanika AdhAra khojane hetu zikSita varga ke dvArA prayAsa kiyA jAne lgaa| nava jAgaraNa kA yaha prayAsa parokSa rUpa se sudhAravAda kAraNa huaa| ise prAcIna pegena saMskRti ( mUrti pUjA Adi) ke avazeSoM ke sAhasapUrNa adhyayana ke sAtha bhI jor3A jA sakatA hai, jo ki 15 vIM aura 16 vIM zatAbdI meM iTalI se prArambha hokara pUre yUropa meM phailI huI thI aura jo svayaM hI madhyayuga meM dharmazAstra ke prati vyApakaM vimukhatA ACT AMzika kAraNa aura AMzika kArya bhI thI / prathamataH isa 'mAnavatAvAda' ke prati romana dharma-zAsana (popa ke zAsana) kI apekSA bhI sudhAravAda kA rukha adhika virodhI rhaa| nava jAgaraNa ke nAma para popa ke zAsana ne kisI sImA taka mUrtipUjA Adi vidharmI tattvoM ( pegana saMskRti) ko grahaNa kara liyA thA, vaha bhI sudhAravAda ke roSa ko bhar3akAne kA eka kAraNa thaa| ketholika aura proTesTanTa dhAraNAoM ke samAna hI svataMtra naitika darzana ke vikAsa meM bhI sudhAravAda kA parokSa yogadAna kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| pANDityavAda ne dharmazAstra kI dAsI ke rUpa meM darzana ko jIvita rakhate hue usakI paddhati ko bhI usake svAmI ke anurUpa arthAt dharmazAstrIya banA diyA thaa| isa prakAra pANDityavAda ne jisa punarjIvita bauddhika kriyAzIlatA ko svayaM prerita . kiyA thA aura jisakA svayaM upayoga bhI kiyA thA, use arastavI darzana aura dharmasaMgha (carca) ke dohare baMdhana meM jakar3a diyA gyaa| jaba sudhAravAda ne pAramparika AptatA (carca kI prAmANikatA ) ke pakSa para coTa kI, to usakA dhakkA anivArya rUpa se dUsare para bhI laganA hI thaa| lUthara ke dvArA popa ke sambaMdha tor3ane ko bIsa varSa bhI na ho pAe the ki eka naujavAna rAmasa ne perisa vizvavidyAlaya ke sammukha yaha dhAraNA prastuta kara arastU ne jo bhI zikSA dI thI vaha galata thii| usake kucha varSoM ke bAda hI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 09 kArDAnasa, Telasiasa, peTrITiasa, kempenalA aura brUno ne Adhunika bhautika vijJAna ke udaya kI udghoSaNA kI aura jagat kI racanA tathA khoja kI samyak vidhi ke sambaMdha meM arastu - virodhI vicAroM ko prastuta kiyaa| yaha pUrva dRSTa hI thA ki aisI hI svataMtratA ke svara nItizAstra meM bhI sunAI deNge| rUr3ha dhAraNAoM ke sAtha saMgharSa ke kAraNa tathA vaiyaktika nirNayoM kI vibhinnatA aura sanmArga ke prati vimukhatA ke kAraNa sudhAravAda ke pazcAt IsAI dharma anekAneka zAkhA prazAkhAoM meM vibhAjita hotA gyaa| (aisI sthiti meM) vastutaH koI bhI ciMtanazIla vyakti svAbhAvika rUpa se eka aisI naitika paddhati kI khoja kA prayAsa karegA, jo ki pUrI taraha se mAnava jAti kI sAmAnya naitika anubhUtiyoM aura sAmAnya buddhi para nirbhara ho aura sabhI sampradAyoM ke dvArA sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta hone kA dAvA kara ske| iMglaiNDa meM isa khoja ke pariNAma 17 vIM zatAbdI meM aura usake bAda jo vicAra sAmane Ae una para hama agale adhyAyoM meM vicAra kreNge| saMdarbha - maiM 'bahuta kucha bhAga ' - ina tIna zabdoM para dhyAna dilAnA caahuuNgaa| kyoMki jina samAlocakoM ne isa vAkya ko tIvra AlocanA ke lie cunA hai, unhoMne ina zabdoM kI upekSA kI hai| unakI yaha upekSA unheM eka aisA vicAra detI hai, jisameM merI dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa una praznoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha gaI, jinake sambaMdha meM yaha asahamati thii|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/10 adhyAya 1 nItizAstra kI viSaya vastu kA sAmAnya vivecana nItizAstra kI sarvamAnya paribhASA de pAnA kaThina hai| kyoMki usake svarUpa evaM (jJAna kI anya zAkhAoM se usake) sambaMdhoM ko vibhinna dArzanikoM ne alagaalaga DhaMga se samajhA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa prAyaH zikSita vyakti bhI isa sambaMdha meM dvividhA kI sthiti meM rahate haiN| ataH yahI ucita hogA ki sabase pahale hama isa paricayAtmaka adhyAya meM kramazaH una vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA vivecana kareM, jinheM mAnavabuddhi ne naitika khojabIna kA viSaya mAnA hai| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa kara leM ki nItizAstra kA dharmazAstra, rAjanItizAstra evaM manovijJAna se kyA sambaMdha hai| tatpazcAt ina vibhinna tathyoM ke prakAza meM nItizAstra ke alaga-alaga vibhAgoM kA vargIkaraNa kareM aura yathAsambhava eka taTastha evaM vyApaka niSkarSa prastuta karane kA prayatna kreN| nItizAstra mAnava ke parama zubha ke adhyayana ke rUpa meM nItizAstra ke lie prayukta aMgrejI zabda 'ithiksa' kA vyutpattiparaka artha (ghAtvartha) usake vAstavika artha ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se kisI sImA taka bhrAMtijanaka hai, kyoMki ithiksa kA mUla artha viveka buddhi kI apekSA AcaraNa ke adhika nikaTa hai / arastU kI racanAoM meM bhI caritra kI ye vizeSatAeM, jinheM hama sadguNa yA durguNa kahate haiM, nItizAstra kI viSayavastu kA mAtra eka bhAga hai| arastU ke anusAra nIti sambaMdhI gaveSaNA kA prAthamika viSaya vaha saba hai, jo mAnavIya paramazubha se saMbaMdhita hai aura jisakA bauddhika cayana kisI sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM, varan svataH sAdhya ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| arastU kA uparokta dRSTikoNa grIka darzana meM sAmAnyatayA aura usake paravartI yuga meM vyApaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dharmazAstra se nItizAstra kA aMtara paramazubha ke sAtha mAnavIya' vizeSaNa kA prayoga nItizAstra 1. grIka bhASA meM ithIs jisase ithiksa zabda banA hai, kA mUla artha rIti rivAja yA rUr3hi hai| yaha artha isakI viSayavastu ko nirapekSa zubha yA vizva-zubha se alaga karane ke uddezya se kiyA gayA hai| yadi hama dharmazAstra ko vistRta artha meM grahaNa karate haiM, to nirapekSa zubha yA vizva-zubha (vizva kalyANa) dharmazAstra kI vivecanA kA viSaya hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 11 dharmazAstra apane isa vyApaka artha meM nirapekSa zubha yA parama sAdhya ke vicAra ko apane meM samAviSTa kara letA hai| dharmazAstra hameM yaha batAtA hai ki samagra iMdriyAnubhAvika jagat kI prakriyA isI nirapekSa zubha kI siddhi ke lie eka sAtha kArya kara rahI hai| usa sAdhya yA zubha se anivArya rUpa se jor3ane vAlA tattva nahIM hai| pleTo ke vicAroM meM nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra eka dUsare se pUrI taraha ghule mile the, kiMtu naitika ciMtana ke vikAsa kI prakriyA ke phalasvarUpa unakA aMtara dhIre-dhIre spaSTa hotA gyaa| yadyapi isa aMtara kA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki donoM eka dUsare se pUrI taraha pRthak haiM, varan isake viparIta tathya to yaha hai ki vizva ko kisI parama lakSya (uddezya) yA zubha se yukta mAnane vAlI pratyeka dArzanika vicAradhArA meM mAnavIya zubha ko usa nirapekSa zubha (vizva-zubha) se abhinna yA usake aMtargata mAnA gayA hai athavA apane srota yA svarUpa kI dRSTi se usake sannikaTa batAyA gayA hai| nItizAstra kA rAjanItizAstra se AMzika aMtara mAnavIya zubha yA kalyANa kI vivecanA kI dRSTi se nItizAstra aura rAjanItizAstra se koI spaSTa aMtara nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki rAjanItizAstra bhI rAjya ke sadasya ke rUpa meM manuSya ke kalyANa yA mAnavIya zubha se sambaMdhita hai| vastutaH kucha Adhunika lekhakoM ne nItizAstra ko itane vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai ki usameM rAjanItizAstra ke bhI eka bhAga kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| jahAM eka ora rAjanItika saMsthAnoM ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kI kasauTI kA nizcaya karanA nItizAstra kA viSaya hai, to vahIM dUsarI ora rAjya ke carama sAdhya yA paramazubha kA vicAra bhI manuSya ke kalyANa yA mAnavIya zubha ke usa pratyaya ke aMtargata hI ho jAtA hai, jo ki vastutaH nItizAstra kA viSaya hai| yadyapi apane saMkucita artha kI dRSTi se nItizAstra kA tAtparya vaiyaktika nItizAstra se hai| vaiyaktika nItizAstra vyakti ke vivekayukta AcaraNa se upalabdha usake nijI kalyANa yA zubha se sambaMdhita hai| Age kI jAne vAlI nItizAstra kI isa aitihAsika vivecanA meM nIti zabda kA prayoga isI dUsare artha meM kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi prastuta vivecanA meM nItizAstra aura rAjanItizAstra evaM unake pArasparika sambaMdhoM ke bIca kaThora vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki aneka vivecya vicAradhArAoM meM inheM eka dUsare ke atyaMta nikaTa aura Apasa meM ghaniSTa rUpa se sambaMdhita

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/12 mAnA gayA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki inake madhya koI vibhAjaka rekhA khIMca pAnA kaThina hai, cAhe vaha vibhAjaka rekhA nItizAstra kI dRSTi se khIMcI jAe yA rAjanItizAstra kI dRSTi se khIMcI jaae| kyoMki eka ora pratyeka vyakti kisI na kisI rAjanItika yA zAsita samAja kA sadasya hotA hai, to dUsarI ora jinheM hama vyaktigata sadguNa kahate haiM, ve vyakti ke mAnava jAti ke anya sadasyoM ke prati kie gae vyavahAroM ke dvArA hI prakaTa hote haiN| vyakti ke aneka sukha-duHkha, pUrNataH yA AMzika rUpa meM dUsare vyaktiyoM ke sAtha usake sambaMdhoM ke kAraNa hI utpanna hote haiN| isa prakAra jo loga sadguNa athavA sukha ko vyakti ke paramazreya kA mahatvapUrNa aMza yA usakA samagra mAnate haiM, ve bhI yaha svIkAra kareMge ki zubha kI upalabdhi samAja se alaga hokara ekAMkI jIvana meM aura sAmAjika kalyANa ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH ve bhI yaha mAneMge ki vaiyaktika nItizAstra kA eka rAjanItika pahalU hotA hai| dUsarI ora, sAmAnyatayA yaha bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki nAgarika kA parama sAdhya vartamAna evaM bhAvI nAgarikoM ke vaiyaktika kalyANa meM abhivRddhi karanA hI honA caahie| isa prakAra vaiyaktika kalyANa meM abhivaddhi karanA hI honA caahie| isa prakAra vaiyaktika kalyANa ke ghaTakoM kI khoja rAjanItizAstra ke aMtargata bhI hogI, tathApi vaiyaktika kalyANa ke lakSya kI prApti ke lie zAsana ke svarUpa evaM kAryoM ko nirdhArita karane vAlI paddhati para binA vicAra kie hI hameM bahuta kucha rUpa meM vyakti svayaM yA anya vyaktiyoM ke vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke dvArA prAptavya vaiyaktika zubha yA vaiyaktika kalyANa kI sImAoM aura usake ghaTakoM kA adhyayana karanA hI hogaa| agale pRSThoM meM hama rAjanItizAstra evaM dharmazAstra se alaga haTakara mukhya rUpa se nItizAstra para hI apanA dhyAna keMdrita kreNge| nItizAstra aura manovijJAna ___ jaba bhI hama naitika vivecanA ke lie vaicArika dRSTi se vyakti ko rAjya se pRthak mAnakara eka vyakti ke rUpa meM usa para vicAra karate haiM, to nItizAstra mukhyataH manovijJAna se sambaMdhita ho jAtA hai| manovijJAna mAnava mana yA mAnavIya cetanA adhyayana se ciMtana ke dvArA zIghra hI hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki manuSya kA parama zreya kinhIM kinhIM bAhya evaM bhautika tathyoM arthAt mAtra sampatti evaM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 13 zArIrika svAsthya meM nihita nahIM hai| hamArA anubhava hameM yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sampatti athavA zArIrika zakti kabhI-kabhI to durAcaraNa aura nirdayatA ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA kisI vyakti ko usake kAryoM ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI sAhasI, nyAyI evaM saMyamI Adi sadguNoM yA inake viparIta durguNoM se yukta, kiMvA acchA yA burA mAnA jAtA hai, kiMtu koI bhI prabuddha vyakti sAmAnyatayA isa bAta ko svIkAra karegA ki aise naitika nirNayoM meM asatyatA yA bhrAMti kI sambhAvanA rahI huI hai| vastutaH hameM yahI dRSTikoNa ucita pratIta hotA hai ki kartA kI manaHsthiti evaM usakA manovinyAsa tathA karma kA prayojana, uddezya evaM preraka hI naitika dRSTi se karma ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva ke nirdhAraka haiN| dUsarI ora, jaba hama bAhya pariNAmoM ke vizleSaNa ke dvArA bhI jinheM vastutaH zubha yA azubha kahate haiM, ve bhI karma ke bAhya pariNAma nahIM hokara kisI saMvedanazIla prANI yA manuSya kI bhAvanAoM para athavA mAnavIya saMkalpa yA caritra para karma kA par3ane vAle prabhAva hI haiN| isa prakAra naitika darzana ke lagabhaga sabhI sampradAya isa viSaya meM sahamata hai ki unakI gaveSaNA kA mukhya viSaya mAnavIya jIvana ke manovaijJAnika pahalU se bhI sambaMdhita haiN| cAhe (1) ve yaha mAnate hoM ki manuSya kA parama zreya usakI usa manovaijJAnika avasthA meM hai, jo kevala saMvedanazIla yA bhAvanAtmaka hai aura jisakA tAdAtmya vAMchanIya anubhUti yA sukha ke kisI na kisI prakAra se hai athavA sukha kI anubhUtiyoM kA yoga hai yA unhIM ke varga kA hai| kiMvA (2) ve yaha mAnate ho ki mAnavIya AtmA kA zreya yA zubha mukhyatayA athavA pUrNatayA sadguNa yA karttavyaparAyaNatA meM nihita hai| jaba hama uparokta donoM dRSTikoNoM ko pUrNa spaSTa evaM vyavasthita rUpa meM rakhane kA prayatna karate haiM, to hameM anivAryatayA punaH manovaijJAnika adhyayana kI ora agrasara honA hotA hai| hameM sukha evaM duHkha ke vibhinna prakAroM evaM unakI tIvratAoM ke vargIkaraNa ke lie athavA vibhinna sadguNoM evaM durguNoM ke svarUpa evaM unake pArasparika sambaMdhoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie manovaijJAnika adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| punazca, mAnavIya zubha vyakti ke lakSya yA bauddhika cayana kA viSaya hai| bauddhika cayana kA artha zubha ko una aindrika evaM sAMvegika udvegAtmaka tathyoM se alaga karanA hai, jo ki vyakti kI dRSTi meM usake vAstavika zubha se bhinna karma karane ke lie preraNA dete haiN| bauddhika cayana yA preraNA kA yaha pratyaya vaicArika kasauTI para aneka kaThinAiyoM ko utpanna karatA hai| kucha vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki karma karane kI icchA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/14 yA karma preraka buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, varan bhAvanAoM ke dvArA prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, isalie una bauddhika kAryoM meM buddhi ke sAmAnya yogadAna ko spaSTa karane ke lie aura vizeSa rUpa se icchA aura anicchA ke una sambaMdhoM ko samajhane ke lie sUkSma manovaijJAnika adhyayana Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai, jo ki aMzataH buddhi se svataMtra hokara utpanna hote haiM aura buddhi-virodhI hote haiN| jise manuSya kI vAstavika icchAeM sadaiva anubhUta karanA cAhatI haiM, vaha zubha yA vAMchanIya tattva kyA hai? aura usakA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai? isa sambaMdha meM nItivettAoM meM vivAda calA A rahA hai| mAnava ke lie vastutaH vAMchanIya kyA hai, isakA tAdAtmya manuSya kI svAbhAvika evaM sthAyI icchAoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra naitika prazna vibhinna rUpoM meM hameM manovaijJAnika vivecanA kI dizA meM le jAte haiN| vastutaH zubha evaM azubha tathA ucita evaM anucita ke mUla pratyayoM ko chor3akara, jo ki pratyakSa rUpa meM manovijJAna se sambaMdhita nahIM haiM, zeSa sabhI mahatvapUrNa naitika pratyaya manovaijJAnika pratyaya haiN| manovijJAna - kyA hai isakA adhyayana karatA hai kyA honA cAhie kA nahIM aura isalie zubha evaM azubha tathA ucita evaM anucita ke naitika pratyaya manovijJAna se pratyakSa rUpa se sambaMdhita nahIM haiN| nItizAstra karttavya yA ucita AcaraNa kA adhyayana nItizAstra karttavya yA ucita AcaraNa ke adhyayana ke rUpa meM sAdhAraNatayA zubha ko ucita kA aura azubha ko anucita kA samAnArthaka mAnatA hai| vastutaH sAmAnya rUpa se isa bAta se koI aMtara nahIM par3atA hai ki hama kisI ko ucita AcaraNa kaheM yA zubha AcaraNa kaheM athavA anucita preraNA kaheM yA azubha preraNA kheN| yadyapi ciMtana yaha spaSTa karegA ki yadi mAnavIya zubha ke sAmAnya vicAra ko, jo ki kisI anya sAdhya kA sAdhana nahIM hotA hai, parama zubha yA nirapekSa zubha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM, to vaha vaiyaktika karttavya aura aucitya ke pratyayoM se adhika vyApaka hotA hai| usameM vyakti ke hita yA sukha bhI samAviSTa hote haiN| niHsaMdeha sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vyakti ke lie apane kartavyoM kA samApana karanA hI usakA parama zreya hai aura yahI usake yathArtha AnaMda evaM hita kI abhivRddhi karatA hai, yadyapi usakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki karttavyoM evaM hitoM meM tAdAtmya hai aura na isase yaha samajhanA cAhie ki unake aviccheda sambaMdha ko vaijJAnika DhaMga se jAnA jA sakatA hai athavA abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika vicArakoM ne karttavya evaM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 15 hitoM ke isa sambaMdha ko AsthA kA viSaya batAyA hai| karttavya kA pAlana Atma-prema yA sva-hita kI gaNanA ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan karttavya kI bhAvanA se kiyA jA sake, ise jAna bUjhakara avivecita hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama nItizAstra ke eka dUsare pratyaya kI ora Ate haiM, jisakA sambaMdha karttavya yA ucita AcaraNa sambaMdhI sAmAnya niyamoM se hai aura jise kabhI-kabhI naitika vidhAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| ye sAmAnya naitika niyama sabhI manuSyoM para nirapekSa (nirApavAda) rUpa se lAgU hote haiM aura vyakti ko inakA pAlana apane vaiyaktika hitoM kA vicAra kie binA hI karanA hotA hai| naitika dRSTi se karttavya aura kartA ke vaiyaktika hitoM meM gauNa sambaMdha hI mAnA gayA hai| jaba karttavya ke niyamoM ko IzvarIya vidhAna mAna liyA jAtA hai to nItizAstra kA adhyayana eka dUsare prakAra se dharmazAstra se sambaMdhita ho jAtA hai| hama yaha bhI dekheMge ki nItizAstra kA amUrta vidhi-zAstra se bhI nikaTa kA sambaMdha hai| amUrta vidhizAstra aise buddhi saMgata vaidhAnika niyamoM se sambaMdha rakhatA hai, jinakI prAmANikatA svAbhAvika evaM sArvabhauma hotI hai| apane isa svarUpa ke AdhAra para ve nyAyika daMDa dene ke lie mAnavIya vidhAna para nirbhara nahIM hote haiN| kyoMki aise nyAyika niyama sadaiva hI sampUrNa naitika niyamoM kA to nahIM, kiMtu unake eka mahatvapUrNa bhAga kA nirmANa avazya karate haiN| yadyapi uparokta dRSTikoNa Adhunika nItizAstra ke virodha meM jAtA hai, kiMtu nItizAstra kI prArambhika avasthA meM grIka dArzanikoM ke dvArA ise svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|' nItizAstra aura nyAyazAstra kA eka dUsare meM saMkramaNa mukhyatayA IsAI dharma prabhAva ke kAraNa tathA AMzika rUpa se romana nyAya ke kAraNa huA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki alikhita nirdoSa IzvarIya vidhAna kA vicAra grIka ciMtana meM anupasthita nahIM hai, tathApi prAcIna naitika vicAradhArAoM meM ise aMtima evaM AdhArabhUta pratyaya nahIM mAnA gayA haiN| unakI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vivekazIla prANI hone ke nAte manuSya ko apane aihika jIvana ke parama zubha kI khoja svayaM karanA cAhie aura isalie koI bhI niyama, jisakA use pAlana karanA hai, usake isa zubha kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hI honA cAhie athavA zubha ke una vizeSa ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM honA cAhie, jinameM usa zubha ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba hama una logoM kI apekSA, jo IsAI dharma kI dhArmika bhAvanAoM se pUrNatayA prabhAvita haiM, janasAdhAraNa para usake prabhAva ko dekhate haiM, to isa sambaMdha meM IsAI dharma ke dvArA kiyA gayA parivartana adhika Azcaryajanaka lagatA hai| isa duniyA meM rahane vAle eka sacce IsAI saMta ke lie bhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/16 anya dharmI dArzanikoM ke samAna hI jo jIvana isa duniyAdArI ke sabhI rUpoM kI apekSA AMtarika rUpa se adhika vareNya mAnA gayA hai yaha pleTovAdI dArzanikoM ke anurUpa eka aisA jIvana hai, jisake vyAvahArika sadguNa bAhya abhivyakti ke rUpa meM adhika sArabhUta nahIM hote haiN| vaha saMta isa aihika jIvana ke sukha ko usa daivIya AnaMda kA eka apUrNa pUrvAbhAsa hI mAnatA hai jisakI vaha vastutaH apekSA karatA hai| eka sAmAnya IsAI kI dRSTi meM bhI IzvarIya AjJAoM ke pAlana se milane vAle bhAvI jIvana ke sukhoM kI anizcita cakAcauMdha meM manuSya kA parama zubha naitika samIkSA se dUra ho jAtA hai| sAmAnya IsAI ke lie naitika vidhAna bhI daNDa kI dhArAoM se yukta mAnavIya vidhAna ke atyAdhika nikaTa evaM lagabhaga usake samAna hI hotA hai kyoMki IsAI dharma ke sabhI yugoM meM manuSya ko durAcaraNa se rokane ke lie svarga ke sukhoM kI cAha kI apekSA nArakIya duHkhoM kA bhaya hI adhika prabhAvaka preraka rahA hai| donoM hI dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra manuSya kA paramasukha kiMvA duHkha hI eka aisI vastu hai jisakI kalpanA evaM zAbdika abhivyakti to sambhava hai kiMtu jise pUrNarUpeNa jAnA nahIM jA sakatA hai athavA jisakI vaijJAnika gavaiSaNA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra nItizAstra kI viSayavastu naitika niyama kA nirapekSatayA pratipAdita eka varga hai aura mAnavIya AcaraNa ke lie pUrI taraha mArgadarzana prastuta karatI haiN| tathApi ve niyama mAnavIya kalyANa kA eka pUrNa prakathana hone kA dAvA nahIM karate haiN| nItizAstra aura nyAyazAstra IsAI dharma ke itihAsa meM prArambhika yuga se hI yaha mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki naitika niyamoM kA sAmAnya-jJAna pUrNa rUpa se kevala buddhi ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| apitu mukhyatayA yaha jJAna zruti ke dvArA hotA hai, ataH isa IzvarIya vidhAna kI vyAkhyA svAbhAvika rUpa se dharmazAstriyoM ke adhikAra meM rahI aura isake pAlana karavAne kA kArya dharma-purohitoM ke hAtha meM rahA, kiMtu jaba paNDitoM ke dvArA nItizAstroM kI dArzanika vivecanA prArambha huI, to isa naitika vidhAna meM do tattvoM kI upasthiti spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI dene lgii| eka vizuddha rUpa se IsAI dharma se sambaMdhita thA aura dUsarA svAbhAvika buddhi ke dvArA jJAtavya thA evaM zruti se pare sabhI logoM para samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA thaa| isa dUsare bauddhika tathyoM para AdhArita siddhAMta kA pratipAdana saiddhAMtika nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa ke dvArA huA, jo ki 13vIM zatAbdI meM romana nyAya zAstra ke adhyayana ke punarjIvita hone para vikasita huA thaa| romana vidhi siddhAMta kI paravartI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 17 vivecanA meM svAbhAvika niyamoM kA pratyaya pramukha bana gayA aura ise saralatApUrvaka evaM svAbhAvika rUpa se naitikatA meM bauddhika tathya ke pratinidhitva ke hetu svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| yaha zruti evaM Agama se svataMtra thaa| yaha satya hai ki ve svAbhAvika niyama, jinakA sambaMdha dArzanika vidhivettA se hai, sivAya una kRtyoM ke, jo ki dUsare ke aucityapUrNa dAvoM kI pUrti ke lie apekSita haiM, ucita AcaraNa se sambaMdhita nahIM hai| ataH naitika niyamoM ke eka bhAga ko jor3a kara sabhI naitika niyamoM kA svabhAvika niyamoM se tAdAtmya karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| yadyapi svAbhAvika niyamoM kA yaha bhAga itanA adhika mahatvapUrNa evaM AdhArabhUta hai ki madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika yuga ke prArambhika vicArakoM ne aksara pUrvokta vibheda ko koI mahatva nahIM kiyA hai athavA use gauNa hI mAnA hai| sAmAnyatayA buddhigamya bAhyaAcaraNa ke niyAmaka svAbhAvika niyamoM kA pratyaya naitikatA kA nyAsI hI mAna liyA gayA thaa| naitikatA kA udgama mukhyatayA naitikatA ke isa vidhika dRSTikoNa ke sambaMdha meM naitika viveka zakti ke mUla srota kI khoja ne Adhunika yuga ke naitika ciMtana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta kara liyA hai| abhI taka manuSya meM nihita usa zakti ko, jo ki usakA niyamana karatI hai athavA jise manuSya kA niyAmaka honA cAhie, yathArtha zubha aura usake mukhya kArakoM evaM zartoM ko jAnane kI zakti mAnA jAtA rahA haiM jisa prakAra eka jyAmiti vijJAna-vettA ke lie dikke pratyaya ke mUlazrota kI khoja adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai usI prakAra eka nItivettA ke lie naitika viveka zakti ke mUla srota kI khoja bhI mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, kiMtu jaba naitika viveka zakti ko usa aMtarAtmA ke rUpa meM mAna liyA jAtA hai, jo ki kartA ke prakaTa hitoM se nirapekSa evaM nirapekSa rUpa se pAlanIya niyamoM kI jJAtA hai evaM jo mAnava meM nihita eka vidhi nirmAtrI zakti hai tathA jo samasta karma srotoM se Upara uThakara nirvivAda evaM nirUpAthika prabhutvakA dAvA karatI hai, to yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki usake dAve kI vaidhatA ko cunautI dI jAve aura usakI sUkSmatA se chAnabIna kI jaave| isa prakAra yaha samajha pAnA kaThina nahIM hogA, ki kisa prakAra vaidhatA naitika vivekazakti kI maulikatA para nirbhara karatI hai| vastutaH naitika viveka zakti usI yojanA kA eka aMga hai, jisase mUlataH mAnava prakRti kA nirmANa huA hai| isIlie asabhya manuSyoM, bAlakoM aura yahAM taka ki pazuoM kI naitika sthitiyoM kI khoja ko tathA Atmika vikAsa ke thor3e bahuta kAlpanika siddhAMtoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/18 ko bhI Adhunika naitika vivecanAoM kI pUrvapIThikA yA unakA eka Avazyaka aMga mAna liyA gayA hai| saMkalpa kI svataMtratA naitikatA ke vidhiparaka dRSTikoNa ke dvArA saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke pratyaya kI vivecanA pramukha evaM mahatvapUrNa bana gaI hai| eka sAmAnya vyakti, yadi use yaha jJAna bhI ho ki vaha zubha kyA hai aura usake aicchika kAryoM ke dvArA kisa prakAra prAptavya hai to vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se yaha vicAra nahIM karatA hai ki apane zubha ko prApta karane ke lie vaha svataMtra hai athavA nahIM hai| kiMtu jaba AcaraNa ko una vidhi-vidhAnoM ke AdhAra para parakhA jAtA hai jinakA ullaMghana karane para daNDa diyA jA sakatA hai to yaha prazna spaSTa evaM Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki jina vidhi-vidhAnoM ke AdhAra para usakA parIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai unake pAlana karane meM vastutaH vaha sakSama thA athavA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi unakA pAlana karane meM sakSama hI nahIM thA, to phira use daMDa denA nyAya pUrNa nahIM hogaa| upasaMhAra aMta meM adhika vyApaka rUpa se vicAra karane para nItizAstra kI viSaya vastu meM nimna bAtoM kA samAveza hotA hai - 1. manuSya ke vaiyaktika kalyANa yA zubha ke ghaTakoM aura sthitiyoM kI khojabIna karanA, jo ki pramukhatayA (a) sadguNa evaM (ba) sukha ke sAmAnya svarUpa evaM sukha ke vizeSa vargoM aura ina sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke pramukha sAdhanoM kI samIkSA kA rUpa le letI hai| 2. karttavya aura niyama (jahAM taka ki unakA sadguNoM se vibheda kiyA jAtA hai) ke siddhAMtoM aura unake mahatvapUrNa vivaraNoM kI chAnabIna krnaa| 3. jisake dvArA kartavya kA bodha hotA hai usa naitika viveka zakti ke svarUpa evaM malasrota ke sambaMdha meM vicAra karanA aura sAmAnya tathA mAnavIya kAryoM meM buddhi ke yogadAna ko spaSTa karanA evaM mAnava kI vibhinna vAsanAoM evaM kAmanAoM se buddhi ke sambaMdha ke bAre meM vicAra krnaa| 4. mAnavIya saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke prazna kI samIkSA krnaa| ___jahAM taka mAnavIya zubha ko vizva-zubha ke aMtargata mAnA jAtA hai yA usake samAna mAnA jAtA hai naitikatA ko Izvara nirmita vidhAna mAnA jAtA hai| nItizAstra dharmazAstra se sambaMdhita haiN| isI prakAra jahAM taka vaiyaktika kalyANa sAmAjika kalyANa ke sAtha jur3A huA hai nItizAstra rAjanItizAstra se sambaMdhita hai| punazca, yadi hama vidhizAstra ko rAjanItizAstra se alaga kare to jahAM taka naitikatA kA svAbhAvika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 19 niyamoM se tAdAtmya kiyA jA sakatA hai vaha vidhizAstra se bhI sambaMdhita hai| aMta meM naitika vivecanA kI pratyeka zAkhA AMzika rUpa meM manovijJAna kA eka aMga bhI hotI hai| naitika vivekazakti ke mUla srota evaM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA sambaMdhI sArI khojabIna manovaijJAnika hI hai, kiMtu jaba manovijJAna ko anubhavAzrita prayogamUlaka vijJAna mAnakara tattvamImAMsA se alaga kara diyA jAtA hai to saMkalpa kI svataMtratA sambaMdhI vivecanA ko tattvamImAMsA ke aMtargata rakhanA hogaa| aba hama prArambhika yuga se lekara aba taka ke yUropIya naitika ciMtana kA saMkSipta vivecana prastuta kreNge| yadyapi Adhunika yuga ke aMtima bhAga kI vivecanA meM hamane apane ko iMglaiNDa meM vikasita evaM usake ciMtana para mahatvapUrNa prabhAva DAlane vAlI vicAradhArAoM taka hI sImita rakhA hai| sAmAnyatayA mArala' zabda ithikala kA paryAyavAcI mAnA jAtA hai| hamane bhI agale pRSThoM meM ina donoM kA prayoga inheM paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI kiyA hai| saMdarbha1. vastutaH isa kathana ko spaSTIkaraNa ke hetu sTohakavAda para lAgU kie gae una kucha viziSTatAoM kI apekSA haiM jinake dvArA, jaisA ki pratIta hotA hai, AMzika rUpa se prAcIna vicAra paddhati kA Adhunika vicAra paddhati meM saMkramaNa huaa| dekhie- adhyAya 2, pR. 15 evaM 19 tathA adhyAya 5, pR. 11 /

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 20 adhyAya 2 grIka aura grIka - romana nItizAstra yUropIyana sabhyatA ke anya tathyoM ke samAna hI grIka naitika ciMtana kA tathA usI se vikasita yUropIya naitika ciMtana kA prArambha bhI Akasmika evaM anapekSita nahIM hai| IsA pUrva sAtavIM evaM chaThavIM zatAbdI ke grIka sUktikAvya grIka sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| unameM grIka RSiyoM ke AcaraNa sambaMdhI bikhare hue vicArakaNa evaM sahaja-prasUta udgAra sarvatra udIyamAna naitika ciMtana ko abhivyakta karate haiN| grIka sabhyatA ke vikAsa meM unake kathanoM ke mahatva kA mUlyAMkana unheM chaThavIM zatAbdI ke sapta RSi kahakara kiyA gayA hai| pleTo aura arastU ne ina kaviyoM evaM RSiyoM kI naitika paribhASAoM evaM sUktiyoM ko uddhRta kara naitika ciMtana para inake prabhAva ko pUrNatayA spaSTa kara diyA hai, kiMtu unake naitika ciMtana ko abhI ina udgAroM se naitika darzana ke nirmANa taka kA eka lambA mArga taya karanA thaa| yadyapi grIsa ke prathama bhautikavAdI dArzanika thelsa (640-560 I.pU.) ina sapta RSiyoM meM se haiM, phira bhI unakI vyAvahArika buddhi meM dArzanika kalyANa mAnane kA koI AdhAra nahIM dikhAI detA hai| sAdhAraNatayA thetsra se sukarAta ke yuga taka grIka darzana kI ruci kA sAmAnya keMdrabiMdu naitika samasyAeM na hokara bhautika evaM tAttvika samasyAeM hI rahI haiN| sukarAta ke pUrvavartI maulika ciMtakoM meM yadi hama sophisTa vicArakoM ko chor3a deM, to kevala tIna vicAraka zeSa rahate haiM, jinakI naitika zikSAeM hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI haiN| ye tIna vicAraka pAhathAgorasa, herAklAiTsa aura DemokriTasa haiN| yaha dRSTavya hai ki inameM se pratyeka vicAraka sukarAta ke bAda kI tIna pramukha vicAradhArAoM meM se kisI eka ke mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kI rocaka DhaMga se pUrva - avadhAraNA prastuta karatA hai| pAithAgorasa (580-500 I.pU.) yadi hama una daMtakathAoM ke gahana AvaraNa meM se, jinhoMne unakI aitihAsika paramparA ko DhaMka liyA hai, kisI nizcitatA ke sAtha unakI racanAoM kI rUparekhA prastuta kara sakeM, to sambhavatayA una sapta manISiyoM meM prathama pAithAgorasa hamAre lie sabase adhika rucikara siddha hoNge| pAithAgorasa ke sambaMdha meM upalabdha vizvasanIya pramANa unheM naitika darzana ke pravarttaka kI apekSA AtmA ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 21 punarjanma ke siddhAMta meM AsthA rakhane vAle naitika evaM dhArmika lakSyoM se yukta eka dharma saMgha ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM hI prastuta karate haiN| pAithAgorasa meM mitAcAra (saMyama), dhairya, maitrI sambaMdha meM vizvasanIyatA, zAsana kI AjJAoM evaM vidhAnoM kA pAlana, mRta-mAMsa kA tyAga, pratidina AtmAlocana tathA dharmAnuSThAna kI kriyAoM ko karane kI zikSAeM dI thiiN| unake ina upadezoM meM hama eka aisA prayAsa dekhate haiM, jo manuSya ke jIvana ko yathAsambhava Izvara ke anurUpa DhAlanA cAhatA hai aura jo apanI maulikatA evaM gambhIratA ke lie Azcaryajanaka hai, kiMtu ye upadeza yA zikSAeM bhI dArzanika paddhati kI apekSA Iza-dUta saMvAda kI paramparAgata zailI meM dI gaI haiM tathA unake ziSyoM ke dvArA apane guru kI bAta kA pUrNa avivekapUrNa zraddhA (aMdha zraddhA) ke sAtha binA usa bAta kI vivecanA kie hI vaisI kI vaisI svIkAra kara lI gaI hai ki ve kisI Thosa bauddhika AdhAra para sthita haiM yA kevala kAlpanika haiN|', tathApi pAithAgorasa kI zikSAoM ke ina bikhare hue vicAroM meM, jo ki hama taka pahuMca pAeM haiM, eka vAstavika dArzanika tattva ko khojA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi pAithAgorasa kI yaha mAnyatA ki 'nyAya kA sAra varga aMka hai' prathamataH hameM DarAvanI lagatI hai, tathApi yaha pAithAgorasa ke darzana ke pramukha lakSaNa gaNitIya dRSTikoNa ko AcaraNa ke kSetra taka vyApaka banAne ke eka gambhIra prayAsa kI sUcaka hai| niHsaMdeha varga saMkhyA ke pratyaya kA prayoga tyAga kI mAtrA ke anurUpa pratiphala ke vAstavika anupAta ko sUcita karane ke lie huA hai, jo ki prativAdAtmaka nyAya (badale ke siddhAMta) kA sArabhUta tattva mAnA jAtA hai| pAithAgorasa ke pramukha kathana haiM- sadguNa aura svAsthya meM sAmaMjasya hai, mitratA eka susaMgata samAnatA hai| usane ekatA, maryAdA, saralatA Adi guNoM ko zubha meM aura inake virodhI guNoM ko azubha meM vargIkRta kiyA hai| usakI uparyukta dhAraNA meM hama pleTo ke usa dRSTikoNa kA bIja pAte haiM, jisake anusAra mAnavIya AcaraNa meM bAhya jagat meM tathA kalAkRtiyoM meM zubhatva unake acche pariNAmoM ke mAtrAtmaka sambaMdhoM para nirbhara rakhatA hai, yaha samAnupAta ati yA kamI ke doSa se sarvathA rahita hai| herAklAiTsa (530 I.pU. se 470 I.pU.) yadi pAithAgorasa AMzika rUpa meM pleTovAda kI kinhI dhAraNAoM ke pUrva prastotA haiM, to herAklAiTsa ko sToikavAda kA pUrva pravaktA kahA jA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/22 sakatA hai| yadyapi hameM unake aMdha dArzanikIkaraNa meM upasthita naitika tathyoM se kisI pUrNa naitika darzana ke nirmANa kA koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM dikhAI detA hai, phira bhI IzvarIya, bauddhika evaM prAkRtika-ina tIna pakSoM se yukta eka vastuniSTha naitika niyama ke prati unakI aDiga AsthA hai| prathamataH ve yaha upadeza dete haiM ki manuSyoM ko usa IzvarIya niyama kA pAlana karanA cAhie, jo sabhI mAnavIya niyamoM kA AdhAra hai| IzvarIya niyama 'nyAya' kI sarvoparitA sthApita karate haiM, jisake adhIna devagaNa bhI haiN| dUsare ve yaha bhI nirdeza dete haiM ki manuSyoM ko viveka' (buddhi) se pUrNatayA anuzAsita honA caahie| yadyapi yaha vivekazakti (buddhi) sabhI manuSyoM meM upasthita hai, to bhI aneka vyakti aindrika pratAr3anA ke zikAra ho jAte haiM aura nimnatama kSudhAoM (vAsanAoM) kI saMtuSTi meM hI sukha mAna lete haiN| punaH ve yaha kahakara ki 'viveka' samajhapUrvaka prakRti ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA hai, naitika niyama meM IzvarIya aura bauddhika pakSoM ke sAtha sAtha tIsarA prAkRtika pakSa bhI svIkAra kara lete hai| herAklAiTasa ke naitika niyama ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa meM hameM sToikavAdI tattva kI pUrva - avadhAraNA spaSTatayA parilakSita hotI hai| yuddha evaM saMgharSoM se paripUrNa isa vizva meM pUrNa maMgalakArI niSpakSa evaM nyAyI Izvara kI kRpA ke unake AzAvAdI dRSTikoNa meM hama vizva pUrNatA ke vikasita pramANa kI vaha sarala pUrva avadhAraNA pAte haiM, jisakA vAda meM sToikoM ne nirmANa kiyA thaa| unake isa AzAvAdI dRSTikoNa meM AbhAsI nyAya (asamAnatA) kevala mAnava buddhi sApekSa hai, hama yaha bhI mAna sakate haiM ki IzvarIya Adeza ke prati AtmasamarpaNa meM herAklAiTsa usa Atma tuSTi ko prApta karate haiM, jise unhoMne parama zubha batAyA hai| paravartI sToika vicArakoM ne bhI IzvarIya AdezoM ke prati prasannatA pUrvaka mauna svIkRti ke lie isI pada kA upayoga kiyA hai| (yahAM kevala bhAvAnuvAda hI kiyA gayA hai|) DemokriTsa (460 I.pU. - 370 I.pU.) jisa prakAra herAklAiTsa sToikavAda se sambaMdhita hai, ThIka usI prakAra De mAkriTsa kA darzana pUrNatayA ipIkyUsiyanavAda se sambaMdhita hai| sAmAnyatayA hemAkriTasa ko sukarAta ke pUrvavartI vicArakoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai, yaha ThIka bhI hai, kyoMki unake darzana meM sukarAta kA prabhAva parilakSita nahIM hotA hai, jabaki grIsa ke naitika darzana ke bAda ke sabhI mukhya sampradAyoM kA prasthAna biMdu sukarAta kI zikSAeM haiN| DemAkriTsa sukarAta ke samakAlIna haiM, yadyapi

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 23 Ayu meM ve unase choTe haiN| unakI bhautikI kI vivecanA meM ipIkyUrIyanavAda kI pUrNa avadhAraNA spaSTatayA parilakSita hotI hai| ipIkyUrIyanavAda unake nItizAstra kI apekSA unake bhautikI ke siddhAMta se hI adhika prabhAvita hai, phira bhI unakI naitika vivecanA meM kucha aise tathya avazya haiM, jinakA svarUpa nizcita rUpa se ipIkyUriyanavAda jaisA hai| isa prakAra ye prathama vicAraka hai jo AnaMda yA praphullatA ko hI aMtima yA sarvocca zubha mAnate haiN| ve isa uccatama zubha kA tAdAtmya vikSobha rahita evaM samabhAva se yukta manodazA se karate haiM tathA adhikatama sukha kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM mitAcAra (saMyama) aura icchAoM ko sImita karane para bala dete haiN| ve mAtra daihika sukhoM ke sthAna para Atmika AnaMda ko prAthamikatA dete haiM, vizeSa rUpa se isa bhaya se ki maraNoparAMta kyA hogA? tathA svayaM mRtyu ke bhaya se mukti pAne ke lie ve aMtardRSTi yA prajJA ko mahatva pradAna karate haiN| unakI uparyukta sabhI zikSAeM ipIkyUrIyanavAda meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| yadi hama DemAkriTasa kI upalabdha naitika zikSAoM ke mukhya bhAga kA mUlyAMkana kevala unake kathanoM ke ina aMzoM ke AdhAra para kareM, to hameM inakA ciMtana vaisA hI avyavasthita lagatA hai, jaisA ki sukarAta ke pUrvavartI yuga ke dArzanikoM kA hotA thaa| unakI mukhya zikSAeM haiM - anyAya karane kI apekSA anyAya sahana karanA burA hai, kevala burAI karanA hI nahIM, varan burAI kA vicAra bhI ghRNita evaM anucita hai| unake uparokta upadezoM meM naitika bhAvanAoM ke unnayana ke prayAsa kI sahaja abhivyakti to hai, kiMtu unake parama zubha ke dRSTikoNa se unakI koI saMgati nahIM baiThatI hai| saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ho sakatA hai ki hemAkriTasa kI naitika zikSAoM kA jo bhAga hameM upalabdha hai, vaha yaha anumAna karane ke lie paryApta hai ki grIka darzana kisa pakAra nItizAstra kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai| vastutaH grIka darzana ko nItizAstra kI dezA meM mor3ane kA zreya sukarAta ko hai, yadyapi unake binA bhI yaha ho pAnA saMbhava thA, keMta unheM yaha zreya naitika dizA ko vaijJAnika banAne ke hetu Avazyaka aupacArikatAoM ko pUrA karane sambaMdhI prArambhika jJAna ke lie hI diyA jAtA hai| yaha sahI hai ki jaba taka jana sAdhAraNa ke sAmAnya naitika vicAroM kI aspaSTatA aura asaMgati kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA, taba taka kisI bhI naitika darzana kA saMtoSajanaka DhaMga se nirmANa saMbhava nahIM hai jaba bhI isa ora dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA dArzanikoM kA naitika vimarza anivAryatayA aspaSTatA aura asaMgati ke ina doSoM se yukta rhaa| cAhe unhoMne sAdhAraNa janatA kI kitanI hI avahelanA kyoM na kI ho|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/24 aspaSTatA aura asaMgati se bacane ke lie AcaraNa sambaMdhI samasyAoM para prathama zreNI kI dArzanika buddhi kA dhyAna keMdrita honA Avazyaka hai| sarvaprathama hama sukarAta meM AcaraNa ke prati sarvoparI rUci tathA jJAna kI eka aisI utkaTa abhilASA kA apekSita samanvaya dekhate haiM, jo tAttvika ciMtana ke pariNAmoM ke prati gahana asaMtoSa tathA bhautika vizva ke rahasyoM ko jAna lene kI sambhAvanA ke prati avizvAsa ke kAraNa una bhautika evaM Adhibhautika (tAttvika) gaveSaNAoM se vimukha ho cukI thii| jinhoMne usake pUrvavartI vicArakoM kA dhyAna apanI ora ba~TA liyA thaa| sukarAta ke anusAra ina pUrvavartI vicArakoM ke siddhAMta spaSTa rUpa se atarkasaMgata tathA paraspara itane virodhI the ki ve pAgala vyakti ke pralApa ke samAna lagate the| pUrvavartI samasta paramparAvAdI dArzanikoM ke prati eka aisA niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa gArgIasa ke atiraMjita saMdehavAda kI abhivyakti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| gArgIasa kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vastuoM ke usa tAttvika svarUpa kA, jisakI dArzanika khoja karate hai, koI astittva hI nahIM hai aura na use kisI prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai yadi usa tAttvika svarUpa ko jAnA bhI jA sake, to bhI usakI zabdAbhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| isI prakAra pAithAgorasa ne bhI apanI pramukha sthApanA meM yaha batAyA thA ki kyA hai aura kyA nahIM hai isakA ekamAtra pramANa mAnavIya endriya bodha hai| sukarAta ke vicAroM meM aise dRSTikoNa ko usakI usa sahaja dharmaniSThA ke AdhAra para adhika samarthana milA hai| sukarAta una vastuoM kI khoja ke prati anicchuka the, jinako jJAna devatAoM ne apane taka hI sImita rakha chor3A hai| dUsarI ora ve mAnavIya AcaraNa kA niyaMtraNa mAnavIya buddhi para chor3a dete haiN| (sivAya una kaThina avasaroM ke, jinheM zakuna yA deva vANI kI kRpA para chor3a diyA jAtA thaa|) sukarAta ne isIlie apane prayAsoM ko mAnavIya buddhi para keMdrita kiyaa| sophisTa vicArakoM kA yuga (450 I.pU. - 400 I.pU.) yadyapi zubhAcaraNa ke buddhisaMgata siddhAMta kA mArga mUlataH sukarAta kA nahIM, tathApi sadAcaraNa ke lie jJAna kI anivAryatA kI unakI dhAraNA ucca koTi kI thii| adhikAMza svataMtra ciMtakoM ke vicAra bhI apane yuga se nirdhArita hote haiN| hama sukarAta ke prayAsoM ko bhI AcaraNa kI kalA ko sikhAne ke vyAvasAyika prazikSaNa se alaga nahIM kara sakate haiN| yaha prazikSaNa vyaktiyoM ke eka aise varga ke dvArA kiyA jAtA thA jinheM sophisTa kahA jAtA hai| sophisTa kA udaya grIka sabhyatA ke usa yuga kI sabase adhika prabhAvazAlI ghaTanA thii| mAnavIya zreSThatAoM evaM sadguNoM ke ina

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 25 pezevara zikSakoM (vRttika zikSakoM) meM sabase adhika pratibhAzAlI evaM prabhAvazIla aivherA ke proTogorasa haiN| proTAgorasa __ proTAgorasa ke dArzanika vicArakoM kI carcA hamane abhI kI hai yaha sambhava hai ki vyAkhyAoM ke dvArA sadguNoM kA prazikSaNa dene kA mUla vicAra isa tejasvI evaM sAhasI ciMtaka ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hoN| yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki proTAgorasa bhI sukarAta ke samAna hI tatkAlIna sattA mImAMsAtmaka ciMtana ke prati apane niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa mAnavIya AcaraNa ke adhyayana kI ora jhuke ho| proTAgorasa, proDiksa, hippIjasa tathA sophi sTa vicArakoM ke dvArA pradatta prazikSaNa kisI dArzanika siddhAMta para AdhArita thA, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI kisI dArzanika viSaya kI apekSA adhika lokapriya thaa| usameM yaha parilakSita hotA thA ki sukha kI prApti tathA duHkha se bacane ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM saMsAra meM saphalatA prApta karane kI kalA ko kisI rUpa meM sArvajanika prazAsana kI kalA ke sAtha milA diyA gayA thaa| isI prakAra vibhinna sadguNoM kI prazaMsanIya abhivyakti ko sadguNoM ke tarkasaMgata aucitya sthApana ke sAtha sammilita kara diyA thaa| isa aMtima bAta kA sabase acchA udAharaNa proDIksa dvArA prastuta harakyUlasa kI pasaMdagI' nAmaka loka kathA meM milatA hai| sophisTa vicArakoM kI zikSAoM kA sthAna kitanA hI sAdhAraNa kyoM na rahA ho, eka naI sAmAjika AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie isa nae kArya yA vyavasAya kA udbhava bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| unake kArya kI maulikatA ko aura una kAryoM se utpanna sAmAjika prabhAva ko samajhane ke lie hameM usa yuga kI aisI kalAkRtiyoM ko samajhanA hogA, jo unake ciMtana se prerita evaM vikasita huI thI aura jo vizva kA Azcarya banakara rahI hai, kiMtu yaha sabhI naitikatA ke saMsthAgata yA rAjyastarIya prazikSaNa ke abhAva meM hI huaa| vaha samAja eka aisA samAja thA, jisameM 'homara' ke mahAkAvya ne 'bAibila' kA sthAna le liyA thaa| yadyapi homara ne apane mahAkAvya meM bAibila ke dasa dharmAdezoM jaisI koI bAta nahIM kI hai, phira bhI vaha vibhinna prakAra kI mAnavIya acchAiyoM evaM burAiyoM ke sambaMdha meM prabhAvazAlI vicAra prastuta karatA hai tathA caritra ke una lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa detA hai, jo pasaMdagI yA ghRNA ke udgAroM kA kAraNa hote haiN| homara ke iliyaTa nAmaka mahAkAvya ke usa yuga meM grIka nagara rAjyoM meM eka karmaTha evaM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/26 susaMgaThita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa huA thA aura IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM mukhya rUpa se aithensa meM apanI uccatA ke zikhara para pahuMca cukA thaa| usa sAmAjika jIvana meM prazaMsA aura niMdA ko aise guNoM se saMbaMdhita mAnA gayA, jinameM svAbhAvika rUpa se abhivyakti kI pUrNatA aura viveka kI sUkSmatA ho| mAnavIya acchAiyoM meM sadguNa aura naitika acchAI ko sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA thA, yadyapi unheM buddhi-kauzala aura pratibhA tathA sAmAjika vyavahAra kI ziSTatA se spaSTatayA alaga nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| koI bhI sabhya grIka nAgarika athavA nyAyI evaM sadAcArI vyakti isameM saMdeha nahIM karegA ki mAnavIya kalyANa yA acchAiyoM ke vibhinna ghaTaka yA to aise guNa hai, jo vAMchanIya hai, athavA ve viSaya haiM, jinheM prApta karanA mAnava jIvana kA uddezya honA caahie| yaha sambhava hai ki vyakti ko zubha evaM vAMchanIya ke varga meM unakI taratamatA yA sthiti kA nizcita bodha nahIM ho athavA use sadAcaraNa aura sukha, sampatti evaM zakti kI prApti ke bIca samaya-samaya para parilakSita hone vAle AbhAsI virodha ke kAraNa thor3I bahuta parezAnI ho use isa sambaMdha meM bhI saMzaya ho sakatA hai, ki zubha aura vAMchanIya mAne jAne vAle sadguNa kisI sImA taka sadaiva hI anya hitoM kI apekSA adhika mUlyavAna hoM, kiMtu aise saMdeha thor3e se vyaktiyoM ko kabhI-kabhI hote haiM aura ve bhI asthAI hote haiN| eka niSpakSa vyakti kI dRSTi meM viSayoM kI ora nirdiSTa mohaka icchAoM para vijaya pAne meM hI vyakti ke sadguNoM kA sauMdarya nikharatA hai| isa prakAra eka sAmAnya suzikSita aithesavAsI mAtra isI bAta se pUrNatayA Azvasta thA ki manuSya ke lie sadguNI honA acchA (zubha) hai aura adhika sadguNI honA adhika acchA hai| usake lie sadguNI honA ThIka usI prakAra acchA hai, jisa prakAra ki buddhimAn, svastha, suMdara aura samRddhizAlI honA acchA hai| isIlie jaba proTAgorasa athavA anya sophi sTa vicAraka sadguNa yA zreSTha AcaraNa kA upadeza dete haiM, to ve apane zrotAoM meM sadguNa aura vivekayukta svahita ke bIca kisI saMbhAvita virodha kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ko nahIM pAte haiN| acchA jIvana kisa prakAra jInA cAhie yA apane kAryoM ko kisa prakAra ThIka DhaMga se sampAdita karanA cAhie yaha sikhAne meM ve eka hI sAtha sadguNa aura svahita ke ina donoM hI dRSTikoNoM se samyaka jIvana jIne ke sambaMdha meM mArgadarzana dene kA dAvA prastuta karate haiN| yadyapi yaha prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai ki isa mArgadarzana kI upayogitA yA AvazyakatA ko sarvasAdhAraNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 2.7 se svIkRti kaise prApta ho gaI? sophisTo ko milane vAlI saphalatA hI isa sAmAnya . svIkRti kI sUcaka hai| jaba aneka zatAbdiyoM taka grIka loga niHsaMkoca bhAva se vizvAsapUrvaka prazaMsA aura niMdA karane meM apanI naitika dhAraNAoM kA upayoga karate rahe aura sadguNa kI prApti meM asaphalatA ke lie mithyAjJAna kI apekSA anya kAraNa ko mAnate rahe, to phira acAnaka hI unheM yaha vizvAsa kaise ho gayA ki zubhAcaraNa aisI koI vastu hai, jise vyAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se sIkhA jA sakatA hai| isa prazna kA AMzika uttara usa dRSTikoNa ke vilayana ke dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai, jisakA hamane abhI vivecana kiyA hai| ina donoM dRSTikoNoM ke vilayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa jIvana ko zakti evaM samRddhi pradAna karane vAlI anya upalabdhiyoM ko aise sadguNoM se spaSTatayA alaga nahIM kiyA gayA hai jinakI zikSA sophisTa vicAraka vyAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se pradAna karate the| vartamAna yuga ke samAna usa yuga meM bhI aneka vyakti yaha mAnate the ki unheM nyAya aura saMyama ke svarUpa kA samucita jJAna hai| yadyapi sAmAnya jIvana ko uttama banAne kI kalA kI jAnakArI ke sambaMdha meM ve pUrNa Azvasta nahIM the| punazca hameM usa yuga ke grIka nagara rAjyoM meM janme svataMtra aura ArAmapriya grIka nAgarikoM ke nAgarika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke mahatva kA bhI smaraNa rakhanA pdd'egaa| AcaraNa kI kalA kA unheM jisa DhaMga se upadeza evaM prazikSaNa diyA gayA thA, usakA mukhya tAtparya nAgarika jIvana kI kalAse thaa| vastuta: pleTo ke saMvAdoM meM proTAgorasa ne apanA kArya nAgarika guNoM kA prazikSaNa denA batAyA hai| nAgarika guNoM se unakA tAtparya vaiyaktika kAryoM ke samAna hI nAgarika kAryoM ko sampAdita karane kI kalA se thaa| yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai ki jana sAdhAraNa, vaiyaktika kAryoM kI vyavasthA kI apekSA zAsana prabaMdha sambaMdhI kAryoM ke lie bhI vaijJAnika prazikSaNa ko Avazyaka smjhe| ina pezevara zikSakoM ke dvArA jIvana jIne kI jisa kalA kA AvirbhAva huA, use grIka sabhyatA ke isa yuga kI sAmAnya pravRtti kI mahatvapUrNa upalabdhiyoM ke prakAza meM ThIka DhaMga se samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa yuga meM anubhavoM se vikasita yogyatA aura paramparAgata kAryapraNAlI kA sthAna takanIkI nipuNatA ne le liyA thaa| sophisTa vicArakoM ke isa yuga meM sarvatra hI jJAna prApti kI utkaNThA aura vyavahAra meM usake upayoga ke prayAsoM ke lie tIvra utsukatA parilakSita hotI hai| bhUmApana kI vidhi zIghratA se vaijJAnika svarUpa grahaNa kara rahI thii| meTana kI jyotiSavidyA meM kAla gaNanA meM sUkSmatA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/28 aura yathArthatA lA dI thii| hippohemasa sIdhI caur3I sar3akoM se yukta nagaroM kA nirmANa kara vAstu-zilpa meM krAMti kara rahe the| purAne sainika raNanIti ke nae pANDitya evaM kauzala se yukta hokara siMhanAda kara rahe the| saMgIta kalA meM navIna takanIkI mahatvapUrNa pragati kara rahI thii| saMgIta ke sAtha-sAtha grIka zikSA ke sAmAnya aMga zArIrika prazikSaNa meM bhI eka bahuta hI bar3A parivartana ho cukA thaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki zArIrika bala prakRti aura svaicchika vyAyAma se nahIM, apitu pezevara prazikSakoM ke dvArA nirdhArita vyAyAma niyamoM ke samyak paripAlana se prApta hotA hai, to yaha socanA bhI svAbhAvika hogA ki AtmA ke utkarSa ke lie bhI ina pezevara zikSakoM ke dvArA nirdhArita niyamoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM sivalI meM vikasita vaktRtvakalA bhI isI sAmAnya pravRtti kA eka vizeSa mahatvapUrNa udAharaNa thii| yahAM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki sAmAnyatayA vaktavya kA vyavasAya sophisTo ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| vastutaH sukarAta ke yuga meM loga sophisTo evaM dArzanikoM ke ucca dAvoM ko amAnya karate aura ve unheM zabdoM kI kalA sikhAne vAlA samajhate the| yaha kaise huA ise samajhanA AsAna haiM jaba AcaraNa kI kalA kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyA gayA, to usakI pUrti ke lie AcaraNa sambaMdhI mAnyatAoM tathA siddhAMtoM ko samajhane meM pravINa vaktRtva kalA ke zikSaka yA sAhitya zAstrI kA Age AnA svAbhAvika hI thA, kiMtu unheM aisA karane ke lie pAkhaNDI mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| unakI sthiti hamAre yuga ke vyAvasAyika patrakAroM ke samAna hai| vyAvasAyika patrakAroM ko mAnava jAti kA rAjanItika prazikSaka isalie nahIM mAnA jAtA hai ki unameM rAjanayika prajJA kI vizeSa yogyatA hai, apitu isalie ki unameM sAmayika lekhana kA kauzala hai| pleTo ne apane graMtha meM proTAgorasa ke dvArA yaha kahalavAyA hai ki sophisTa sadguNoM ke prazikSaNa ke dvArA sAdhAraNa jana jisa prakAra kArya karate haiM, usakI apekSA thor3e hI acche DhaMga se kArya kara sakane kA dAvA karate the| aise hI hama bhI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jaba sophisTa vicAraka sukarAta kI kasauTI para kase jAte haiM, to ve una truTiyoM (kamiyoM) meM, jinheM una mahAn anveSakoM (praznakartA) ne bhI pUrA nahIM pAyA hai, ve bhI dUsaroM kI apekSA kucha hI adhika utkRSTatA dikhA pAte haiN| sukarAta (janma lagabhaga 470 I.pU. - mRtyu 399 I.pU.) / sukarAta ne sophisTa vicArakoM aura unake anuyAyiyoM para jo Aropa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 29 lagAyA hai, usa para sAmAnyatayA do dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka ora yaha Aropa bilakula sahaja aura sarala hai, kiMtu dUsarI ora vaijJAnika vidhi meM yaha krAMti lA detA hai| usameM tAttvika paddhati ke bIja nihita haiN| sarala zabdoM meM to sukarAta kA AkSepa yaha hai ki sophisTa nyAya, saMyama, niyama Adi kI bAta to karate haiM, kiMtu unake vAstavika svarUpa ko nahIM batA pAte haiN| vivaza kara dene para ve inakA jo vivaraNa dete haiM, vaha bhI nyAya, vaidhAnikatA Adi ke vizeSa udAharaNoM meM unake apane hI nirNayoM se asaMgata siddha ho jAtA hai| sukarAta unheM ina asaMgatiyoM ko svIkAra karane ke lie bAdhya kara dete the| yadyapi apane hI dvArA prayukta padoM ke vAstavika artha kA yaha ajJAna' jise sukarAta ne apane samakAlIna vicArakoM meM dikhAyA hai, mAtra jJAna kI kamI kA paricAyaka nahIM thA, phira bhI yaha bahuta hI Azcaryajanaka thA aura usakA anAvaraNa bahuta hI adhika mahatvapUrNa thA tathA dArzanika upalabdhi thii| jisa prasiddha tarka paddhati ke dvArA unhoMne apane vAdiyoM ko unake ajJAna se avagata karAyA, vahIM tarka paddhati sAmAnya pratyayoM kI vAstavika paribhASAoM kI vaijJAnika AvazyakatA kA bhI pratipAdana karatI hai, isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vizeSa tathyoM kI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka tulanA ke dvArA hI paribhASAeM prApta kI jaae| sAtha hI arastU ke isa kathana kI sArthakatA bhI samajha meM A jAtI hai ki darzana ke kSetra meM sukarAta kA sabase mahA yogadAna Agamana paddhati aura paribhASAoM kA prastutikaraNa hai| yadyapi yaha mAnanA bhI sukarAta kI sarala tarka paddhati ke lie adhika jaTila hogA aura usake vidyAtaka prabhAvoM ko ThIka se nahIM batA pAegA, kyoMki pleTo ke una prArambhika saMvAdoM se, jinameM vAstavika sukarAta kI chApa kama se kama badalI huI hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ina apratirodhI tarkoM ke pariNAma mukhya rUpa se niSedhAtmaka hI the| Delphika kI divya vANI ne use jo sarvazreSTha prajJA pradAna kI thI, sukarAta ne usa prajJA ko ajJAna kI viziSTa cetanA ke rUpa meM hI mAnA thA, paraMtu pleTo kI racanAoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sukarAta kI zikSAoM meM eka vidhAyaka satya bhI upasthita hai, yadi aisA nahIM mAneMge, to phira sukarAta ke vyAkhyAnoM ko pratyakSa rUpa se UMcA uThAne ke jhenophona ke prayatna ko tathA bilakula paramparAvAdI uttarakAlIna dArzanika sampradAyoM kI unake prati jo zraddhA hai, usako samajha pAnA bilakula sambhava nahIM hogaa| sukarAta kI kRtiyoM meM ina do vidyAyaka aura vidyAtaka tattvoM ke saMyoga ne itihAsakAroM ke lie kucha kama ulajhana paidA nahIM kI hai| hama sukarAta ke siddhAMtoM kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/30 dArzanika saMgati kI taba taka pUrNa rakSA nahIM kara sakate haiM, jaba taka ki jhenophona dvArA unake nAma se prastuta siddhAMtoM ko kevala kAmacalAU tathA asthAI nahIM mAna lete haiM, phira bhI naitika siddhAMta ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se sukarAta ke vicAra vidhAyaka evaM mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve vidhAyaka niSkarSa na kevala unakI ajJAna kI svIkRti ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karate haiM, varan unakI janasAdhAraNa ke matoM kI jiraha ko samajha pAnA bhI AsAna banA dete haiN| sukarAta ke anusAra manuSyoM ko apane vAstavika zubha kA ajJAna hI unake durAcaraNa kA mUlabhUta kAraNa hai| sukarAta ke sabhI vidhAyaka niSkarSa unakI isI gambhIra dhAraNA meM nihita haiM yA zubha ke jJAna kI prabhAva kSamatA ke uccatama mUlyAMkana se nikAle gae haiM, yadyapi zubha ke jJAna kI prabhAva kSamatA kA patA lagA lenA kaThina hai| yadi sukarAta ke una svAbhAvika praznoM kA yaha uttara diyA jAe ki nyAya aura pavitratA ke svarUpa ko hama jAnate to haiM, kiMtu batA nahIM sakate haiM, to ve kaheMge ki phira nyAya aura pavitratA hai ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM hamezA se vicAra kyoM hotA rahA? sukarAta kA kahanA hai ki nyAya aura pavitratA kA saccA jJAna to ina vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kara degA aura manuSyoM ke naitika nirNayoM tathA AcaraNa meM ekarUpatA lA degaa| niHsaMdeha hamAre lie manuSya ke nyAya (ucita) sambaMdhI ajJAna ko hI usake anaitika AcaraNa kA ekamAtra kAraNa mAna lenA betukA virodhAbhAsa hai aura yaha saMbhava hai ki grIka mAnasa ko bhI yaha dRSTikoNa virodhAbhAsa yukta lagA hogA, kiMtu yadi hama na kevala sukarAta kI, varan sAmAnyatayA prAcIna darzana kI sthiti.ko samajhane kA prayAsa kareM, to hameM yaha mAnanA par3egA ki yaha virodhAbhAsa nimna AbhAsI svayaMsiddhiyoM kA lagabhaga akATya niSkarSa hai| jaise pratyeka vyakti apanA hita (zubha) cAhatA hai aura yadi vaha use prApta kara sakatA hai, to prApta karatA hai| zAyada hI koI bhI virodhI ise cunautI dene kA sAhasa kara skegaa| vaha isa bAta se bhI iMkAra nahIM kara sakegA ki nyAyazIlatA aura sadguNa zubha haiM tathA sabhI zubhoM meM sarvottama bhI haiN| usake lie yaha asvIkAra karanA bhI kaThina hogA ki jo loga yaha jAnate haiM ki nyAya aura ucita karma kauna se haiM ve unake atirikta anya kisI karma ko pasaMda bhI nahIM kareMge aura jo nyAya aura ucita karmoM ko nahIM jAnate haiM, ve cAhate hue bhI unheM nahIM kara skeNge| isase hama sIdhe sukarAta ke usa niSkarSa para pahuMceMge ki nyAya aura sabhI sadguNa prajJA yA zubha ke jJAna meM nihita haiN| Adhunika vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sadguNa sambaMdhI yaha dRSTikoNa naitika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 31 svataMtratA kA virodhI hogA, kiMtu isake viparIta sukarAta kI mAnyatA meM mAtra jJAna hI manuSya ko svataMtra banA sakatA hai| unakI mAnyatA yaha hai ki sadAcaraNa hI vastutaH aicchika hai| eka durAcArI to apane ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha karane ko bAdhya hotA hai, jo usakI vAstavika icchA kA virodhI hai, jabaki usakI vAstavika icchA hI usake lie sadaiva hI sarvocca zubha hai| mAtra jJAna hI vyakti ko apanI vAstavika icchA ko pUrNa karane ke lie svataMtra banA sakatA hai| yadyapi sukarAta aura sophisTa vicArakoM meM virodha hai, phira bhI usa AdhAra bhUta dhAraNA ke sambaMdha meM, jisa para sophisToM ke navIna dAve AdhArita the, sukarAta kI unase sArabhUta ekatA parilakSita hotI hai| unakI dhAraNA yaha hai ki manuSya ke lie jIvana jIne kI samucita paddhati kI prApti jJAna para nirbhara hai| samyakrUpeNa yogya buddhi paryApta prazikSaNa ke dvArA hI jIvana jIne kI saccI kalA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha mUlabhUta dhAraNA sukarAta ke bAda ke sabhI sampradAyoM ke vikAsa meM aura unakI vibhinnatAoM meM yathAvat banI rhii| sukarAta ke bAda grIka darzana sadaiva hI jIvana kI saccI kalA prakaTa karane kA mahatvapUrNa dAvA prastuta karatA rhaa| yadyapi bhinna bhinna sampradAyoM ne usake kSetra aura paddhatiyoM ko alaga-alaga DhaMga se paribhASita kiyA, tathApi hamezA yaha mAnA jAtA rahA ki jJAna ke dvArA hI acchA jIvana jIyA jA sakatA hai| isake sAtha hI apane ziSya pleTo ke samAna hI sukarAta rAjanIti ke kSetra meM bhI jJAna kI sarvoparitA ko kisI prakAra kama nahIM AMkate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki saccA senApati vaha hai, jo sainya saMgaThana kI kalA ko jAnatA hai, phira cAhe vaha senApati cunA jAe yA nhiiN| sabhI logoM ke matapatra kisI ajJAnI vyakti ko senApati ke pada ke yogya nahIM banA sakate haiN| yaha vastutaH pleTo kI AdarzavAdI kalpanA kI vizeSa ur3Ana nahIM thI, jisameM usane apane Adarza rAjya kA pUrNa niyaMtraNa dArzanikoM ke hAthoM meM sauMpane kI bAta kahI thI, apitu yaha to usake guru sukarAta ke mukhya siddhAMta kA sIdhA kriyAnvayana thA, ki jo manuSya vAstavika sAdhya yA zubha kA jJAna nahIM rakhatA hai, vaha anya manuSyoM para zAsana karane ke yogya nahIM hai| yadi hama sadguNa ke jJAna ko hita se bhinna mAneMge, to phira hamArA sukarAta dvArA nidarzita zubha kA jJAna bhrAMta hogaa| unake tarka kA bala sadguNa aura hita ke pratyayoM kI zubha ke akele pratyaya ke sAtha aviyojya ekAtmatA meM hai| svayaM sukarAta ne bhI inakI isa ekAtmatA kI khoja nahIM kI thI, apitu usane bhI sophisTo ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 32 samAna hI isa ekAtmatA kI dhAraNA ko usa yuga kI sAmAnya vicAradhArA se grahaNa kiyA thA, kiMtu sadguNa evaM hita kI isa ekAtmatA se vyAvahArika niSkarSa nikAlanA aura logoM ko ina niSkarSoM se paricita karAnA sukarAta kI tarkapaddhati kA prAthamika naitika kArya thaa| jaisA ki jhenophona ne batAyA hai ki sukarAta kI vidhAyaka naitika zikSAoM kA sAra unakI sat kI gambhIra dhAraNA aura mAnavIya zubha ke sAmAnyatayA svIkRta vibhinna ghaTakoM kI Avazyaka saMgati meM hai| sabhI loga yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti ke Atmika zubhoM ke sarvocca mUlyoM ke prati unakI aTala niSThA thii| Aja ke samAna hI usa yuga meM bhI vyakti ke lie ye Atmika zubha upalabdhi kI apekSA prazaMsA ke viSaya hI adhika the| samasta vyAvahArika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karane vAle eka ayuktisaMgata Adarza ke sAtha hI sAtha isa dhAraNA se guNoM kI aisI ekAtmatA utpanna hotI hai, jo sukarAta ke vyaktitva evaM zikSAoM, donoM ke dvArA abhivyakta hotI hai aura jinheM pleTo ke aneka saMvAdoM meM atulanIya prabhAvazIlatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yahAM hama AtmatyAga ko AtmasammAna ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, jo udAtta AdhyAtmikatA evaM svAbhAvika viveka ke sAtha mizrita hai / caritra ke udArIkaraNa ke lie eka adamya utsAha aura usa udAtta caritra ko svayaM meM aura dUsare meM prakaTa karane kI eka saccI lagana hai / yadyapi eka zAMta parihAsAtmaka vyaMgya ke kAraNa yaha bAta pUrNatayA spaSTa nahIM ho pAI hai| lokAcAra ke karttavyoM kI spaSTa evaM dRr3hatApUrNa svIkRti ke sAtha eka gahana evaM sUkSma saMdehavAda upasthita hai, yadyapi yaha saMdehavAda usa jhilamilAtI jyoti ke samAna hai, jo ki apane vinAzakArI guNoM ko kho cukI hai| hamArA sambaMdha sukarAta ke vyaktitva se nahIM, varan unake siddhAMtoM se hai, kiMtu vyakti aura usake siddhAMtoM ko alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika ciMtana ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI yaha mAnanA mahatvapUrNa hai| yadyapi sAdhya ke prati dRr3haniSThA kI AvazyakatA ko evaM aMtadRSTi kI pUrNatA ko sukarAta ke siddhAMtoM meM spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, tathApi guNa unake sAre jIvana meM adhika spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta hue haiN| vastutaH ye guNa unake jIvana meM itanI pUrNatA ke sAtha upasthita the ki jisake kAraNa ve inakI upekSA karane kI galatI kara baitthe| unake bAre meM yaha satya hai ki ve jisako suMdara evaM zubha mAnate the, usako anivArya rUpa se karate bhI the| jaba dUsare loga zubha ko jAnate hue bhI usake viruddha AcaraNa karate the, taba unake sambaMdha meM sukarAta kA saralatama nirNaya yaha hotA thA ki unheM vastutaH saccA jJAna nahIM hai| amUrta zubha kA koI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 33 bhI aisA vivaraNa de pAnA unake lie sambhava nahIM ho pAyA, jo ki unheM saMtuSTa krtaa| jaba ve eka bAra aisA uttara dene ke lie vivaza kara die gae, to unhoMne praznakartA ko yaha kahakara TAla diyA ki ve aise kisI bhI zubha ko nahIM jAnate haiM, jo kisI vizeSa ke lie zubha nahIM ho| zubha AtmasaMgata hotA hai, sauMdarya lAbhadAyaka hotA hai athavA sadguNI sukhI hotA hai Adi kathanoM ko ve vAstavika ghaTanAoM ke dvArA hI siddha karane kA prayAsa karate the| unake lie bhalAI karane kA artha sarvakArya karanA aura samunnata jIvana jInA-donoM hI thaa| unake sAtha pleTo aura arastU ke lie bhI yaha kevala zAbdika aspaSTatA nahIM, kiMtu eka AdhArabhUta satya kA prakaTana thaa| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna hI sadguNa hai| Atmika zubha hI saba zubhoM meM sarvopari haiaura ina bAtoM kA anusaraNa karane evaM inakA prasAra karane ke lie vyakti tanmayatApUrvaka ati kaThora kaSToM evaM abhAvoM (dAridratA) ko sahana karate haiM, to isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve isa bAta kA dRr3hatA pUrvaka pratipAdana kara rahe haiN| vilAsapUrNa jIvana kI apekSA aisA kaThora (kaSTamaya) jIvana adhika uttama hai| unhoMne apane deza ke kAnUna kA ullaMghana karane kI apekSA mRtyu kA varaNa kara isa bAta kA pUrNa pramANa prastuta kara diyA hai| sambhavatayA mRtyu kA AliMgana karane meM unakI abhiruci kA yahI kAraNa thaa| unake zubha sambaMdhI dRSTikoNoM kI vividhatA pariSkRta evaM apariSkRta sthAI bhAvoM ke usa vilakSaNa saMyoga ke dvArA adhika spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jo ki unake mitratA sambaMdhI kathanoM meM milatA hai| yadi zubhoM meM Atmika zubha hI sarvottama hai, to hamArI bAhya upalabdhiyoM meM acchA mitra eka sabase adhika mUlyavAn upalabdhi hogA aura aise mitra ko prApta karane kA koI bhI prayatna bahuta bar3I bAta nahIM hogii| isake sAtha hI acchI mitratA usakI upayogitA meM hI prakaTa hotI hai| eka aisA mitra, jo kisI kAma kA nahIM hai, nirarthaka hai| isa sevA sambaMdhI kArya ko sukarAta ne sAmAnya buddhi ke artha meM hI vivecita kiyA hai, tathApi ve yaha mAnate haiM ki naitika vikAsa karanA hI eka mitra kI dUsare mitra ke prati kI gaI sarvocca sevA hai| yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki sukarAta kI isa prasiddha AlocanA ke karane meM etheMsa ke nAgarika pUrI taraha galata nahIM the ki eka aisA tArkika hai, jisane yuvakoM kI naitikatA ko girAyA hai, kiMtu isake sAtha hI sukarAta ke anuyAyI bhI vahAM taka isa AkSepa kA AvezapUrNa nirAkaraNa karane meM pUrI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/34 taraha sahI the, jahAM taka ki unake guru kI vaiyaktika naitikatA yA usake dArzanika lakSyoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA prazna thaa| eka aura jaba hama jhenophona aura pleTo kI tulanA karate haiM, to hama Avazyaka rUpa se yaha anubhava karate haiM ki sukarAta ke tarkoM ke niSedhAtmaka pariNAma unake vidhAyaka pariNAmoM kI apekSA tArkika dRSTi se avazya hI adhika balavAn rahe hoMge, tAki ve kisI naitika utsAha se rahita, kiMtu bauddhika dRSTi se adhika sakriya evaM marma anveSaka mastiSkoM para apanA pUrNa prabhAva DAla sakeM / yadyapi isake sAtha hI ve apane vyAvahArika jJAna evaM AcaraNa ke dvArA likhita athavA alikhita naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke lie unheM protsAhita bhI karate haiN| unakA eka saccA anuyAyI yaha mAnane ke lie vivaza hogA ki unake AjJA pAlana sambaMdhI tarkoM meM vighAtaka tarkoM kI akATyatA kA abhAva hai| dUsarI ora sukarAtIya paddhati ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hogA ki jisa viziSTa sadehavAda ko vaha satat rUpa se vikasita karatI hai use mAnava kI sAdhAraNa buddhi meM upasthita sthAI evaM sAmAnya AsthA ke sAtha milA diyA jaae| yadyapi sukarAta sadaiva hI jana sAdhAraNa kI dhAraNAoM para kuThArAghAta karate haiM aura unakI asaMgatiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki unheM yathArtha jJAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, tathApi ve apane tarkoM ke AdhAra-vAkya ke rUpa meM sadaiva hI jana sAdhAraNa ke vicAroM ko lete haiN| aksara ve apane sAtha vAdavivAda karane vAle logoM se hI apane tarka kA AdhAra vAkya le lete haiM, sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki jJAna jana sAdhAraNa ke vicAroM ko ukhAr3a pheMkane vAlA nahIM, varan unameM saMgati baiThAne vAlA hai| yaha tathya satya kI prApti ke lie saMvAda kI anivAryatA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vicAra-vimarza (carcA) hI eka aisA mArga hai, jisake dvArA jJAna prApti kI AzA kI jA sakatI hai| jisa jJAna kA hamane ullekha kiyA, vaha jJAna manuSya ke prAraMbhika zubha kA jJAna hai aura yahI unakI dvandvAtmaka vicAra padvati kA mukhya evaM prAthamika viSaya hai, kiMtu hameM yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki unhoMne mAnavIya jIvana paddhati ko vivekapUrNa banAne ke lie kevala isa parama zubha ke jJAna ko hI paryApta mAna liyA hai| sukarAta na kevala zubha sadguNa aura sukha ko hamArI vAstavika icchA mAnate haiM, varan use karaNIya bhI mAnate haiN| sAtha hI vyAvahArika buddhi ke kSetra meM Ane vAle sabhI pratyayoM ko paribhASita karane kA prayAsa karate hai, cAhe

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 35 ve hamAre sAmAjika kriyAkalApoM se saMbaMdhita ho yA nhiiN| vaiyaktika jIvana ke kriyAkalApoM se saMbaMdhita athavA vaiyaktika jIvana ke kriyA-kalApoM se mAnavIya AvazyakatA kI pUrti meM sahAyaka sAdhAraNa-sI kalA ke prati bhI unake dvArA diyA gayA yaha jJAna unakI sabase mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai| jaisAki hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM, unhoMne bhautika vizva ke saMbaMdha meM mAtra kAlpanika vimarza ko vyartha aura anupayogI mAnA hai| yadyapi unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bAhya vastuoM ko mAnava ke lie upayogI banAne meM hamAre kriyA-kalApoM kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga laga jAtA hai aura isalie vastuoM aura unake guNoM kA jJAna, jahAM taka ki ve upayogI haiM, pUrNa bauddhika AcaraNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| vastutaH yaha jJAna bhI kisI dRSTi se zubha kA jJAna' hai| yaha usa sApekSika zubha kA jJAna hai, jo ki jIvana ke vAstavika sAdhya kA sAdhana hai| isa prakAra sukarAta kI dRSTi meM kisI bhI bauddhika evaM sArthaka mAnavIya zrama kA mahatva evaM mUlya tabhI hai jaba vaha sAmAnyatayA sabhya grIka nAgarikoM meM nimnakoTi ke yAMtrika evaM kaThina zrama ke prati pAI jAne vAlI ghRNA kA mUlataH virodhI ho| jhenophona ne sukarAta aura eka kavaca-nirmAtA ke bIca hue eka saMvAda ko vistArapUrvaka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisameM sukarAta kavaca banAne kI sUkSmatAoM kA patA lagAte haiN| yaha bhI dekhane meM AtA hai ki unake vArtAlApa yA saMvAdoM kA isalie upahAsa kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki ve sadaiva hI nimna koTi ke vyavasAyoM se apane udAharaNa prastuta karate haiN| ve hamezA camAra, sutAra, ThaThere aura gaDariyoM kA hI rAga alApate haiN| pleTo ne apane graMtha meM nyAyAdhIzoM ke sammukha sukarAta ko apane bacAva meM nimna tarka dete hue prastuta kiyA hai| sukarAta kahate haiM ki 'sAmAnya zilpI apane vyAvasAyika jJAna ke sambaMdha meM rAjanItijJoM aura prAdhyApakoM se bhinna hotA hai| mAnava jIvana ke rUpAMtaraNa ke mahAnkArya meM nizcita sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie pUrNatayA bauddhika sAdhanoM ke upayoga meM nimnakoTi ke zilpa ne mArgadarzana kiyA hai aura pragati kI isa daur3a meM ve Age nikala gae haiN| unheM jo kucha sIkhanA thA usakA bahuta bar3A bhAga ve sIkha cuke haiM, jabaki jIvana kI ucca kalAeM aura prazAsana abhI bhI apanI prArambhika avasthAoM meM hI saMgharSarata hai| isa prakAra yadi hama unakI zikSAoM aura caritra donoM para hI vicAra kareM aura hameM aisA karanA bhI cAhie, to naitika-darzana ke isa mahAn adhiSThAtA meM nimnalikhita aitihAsika mahatva kI vizeSatAeM parilakSita hotI haiM (1) eka aise jJAna ke prati tIvra jijJAsA, jo hame abhI prApta nahIM hai, kiMtu yadi vaha prApta ho jAegA, to mAnavIya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/36 AcaraNa ko pUrNa banA degaa| yahAM jJAna se tAtparya mukhya rUpa se carama evaM sArabhUta zubha ke jJAna se hai aura gauNa rUpa se una sabhI vastuoM evaM sAdhanoM ke jJAna se hai, jo sApekSika rUpa se zubha hai aura jinake dvArA manuSya ko usa parama zubha kI prApti hotI hai| (2) asaMgatipUrNa evaM jaTilatAoM se yukta zubha aura azubha kI jana sAdhAraNa kI mAnyatAoM ke prati aMtarima niSThA aura una mAnyatAoM ke vibhinna lakSyoM ke bIca sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kI avirata ttprtaa| isake sAtha hI Atmahita ke pramANaka ke AdhAra para durguNoM kI apekSA sadguNoM kI zreSThatA kA prdrshn| (3) vyAvahArika dhAraNAoM ke saMgatipUrNa paripAlana meM bAhya rUpa se sahaja, kiMtu vastutaH aparAjita vaiyaktika dRr3hatA, jise unhoMne apane jIvana meM prApta kara liyA thaa| jaba hama ina saba tathyoM ke prakAza meM unheM dekheMge, to yaha samajha sakeMge ki kisa prakAra sukarAta ke saMvAdoM se grIka naitika ciMtana kI vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kA udbhava huaa| sukarAtIya sampradAya cAra vibhinna dArzanika sampradAya arthAt megeriyana, pleTovAdI; sinika evaM sireneka sIdhe-sIdhe apanI utpatti kA nikaTatama mUlakeMdra sukarAtIya vicAradhArA ko mAnate haiN| yadyapi inameM eka ko dUsare se pRthak karane vAle vaicArika matabheda pAe jAte haiM, tathApi una sabhI para apane guru kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| ve sabhI isa sambaMdha meM ekamata haiM ki manuSya kI sabase mahatvapUrNa sampadA prajJA (viveka) yA jJAna hai aura jJAna meM zubha kA jJAna hI sarvopari hai, kiMtu yahIM unakI samAnatA samApta ho jAtI hai| sukarAtIya vicAradhArA ke mahatvapUrNa dArzanika pakSoM se vicArakoM kA jo varga nirmita huA, unameM megarA ke yUkliDasa agragaNya haiN| unhoMne zubha ko aparitoSIya anveSaNa kA viSaya mAnA aura nae sire se usakI rahasyAtmakatA kI gambhIratApUrvaka khoja prArambha kii| zubha kI rahasyAtmakatA kI isa khoja ne usakA tAdAtmya dRSTikoNoM ke rahasyoM ke sAtha kara diyA aura isa prakAra zubha kA anveSaNa nItizAstra ke kSetra kA atikramaNa kara tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM calA gayA, kiMtu jina vicArakoM kI jJAna pipAsA sahaja rUpa meM saMtuSTa ho cukI thI aura jo apane guru kI zikSAoM ke racanAtmaka evaM vyAvahArika pakSa se prabhAvita the, unhoMne zubha ke anuzIlana ko eka sarala kArya hI maanaa| vastutaH unhoMne zubha ko eka jJAta tathya mAna liyA thA aura ve zubha ke isa jJAna ko dRDhatA ke sAtha AcaraNa ke rUpa meM kriyAnvita karane ko hI dArzanika jIvana kA mukhya lakSya mAnate the| ina vicArakoM meM sinika ainTisthenIja aura sireneka erisTapasa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 37 pramukha the| mAtra paramparAoM yA AvegoM ke sthAna para kisI saMgatipUrNa siddhAMta ke dvArA jIvana ke karttavyoM kI spaSTa svIkRti, isa bauddhika viveka ke dvArA jIvana ko pradatta navAna mUlyoM kI anubhUti aura sukarAta ke samAna sahaja, zAMta, avicala evaM sthira manaH sthiti ko banAe rakhane ke lie unake prayatna hI ve AdhAra haiM, jinake dvArA hama eMTisthenIja aura erisTipasa ko sukarAtIya paramparA kA mAnate haiM, na ki vaha pUrNatA jisase ve gu. ke vidhAyaka siddhAMtoM ko do paraspara virodhI arddhavRttoM meM vibhAjita karate haiN| inake paraspara virodhI siddhAMtoM se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jahAM erisTipasa sukarAta ke upadezoM kI spaSTa saiddhAMtika ekatA ko nigamita karane ke lie asaMdigdha tArkika prakriyA ko apanAte haiM, vahAM ainTisthenIja sukarAta ke jIvana se svAbhAvika niSkarSa nikAlate haiN| erasTipasa evaM sireneksa erisTipasa kA kathana hai ki AcaraNa meM jo kucha suMdara aura prazaMsanIya hai, vaha usakI upayogitA ke guNa ke kAraNa hai aura upayogI hone kA tAtparya kisI agrima zubha kA utpAdaka honA hai| yadi sadkArya vastutaH vaha kArya hai, jo isa zubha ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM aMtardRSTi aura bauddhika viveka ke dvArA kiyA jAe, to nizcita hI yaha zubha 'sukha' hI hogaa| sabhI avikRta Avega vAle prANI isa sukha ko pAnA cAhate haiM aura isake virodhI duHkha se bacanA cAhate haiN| apane isa sukhavAda kI puSTi ke lie ve usa siddhAMta ke dvArA tAttvika AdhAra prastuta karate haiM, jisake anusAra bAhya vastuoM ke sambaMdha meM hama hamAre mana para par3ane para saMskAroM ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM jAna sakate haiN| proTAgorasa kA sApekSavAda unheM isa siddhAMta kI ora le gyaa| isa siddhAMta kA sIdhA niSkarSa yaha hai ki iMdriyoM kI nirbAdha gati, jise hama sukha kahate haiM, eka sajJeya zubha hai, cAhe vaha phira kisI bhI srota se AyA ho| kisI bhI prakAra kA sukha apaneApa meM dUsare sukha se zreSTha nahIM hotA hai (arthAt sabhI sukha samAna stara ke haiM), yadyapi sukhoM ke kucha prakAra apane duHkhada pariNAmoM ke kAraNa tyAjya mAne jAte haiN| erasTipasa zArIrika sukhoM evaMduHkhoM ko hI sabase mahatvapUrNa mAnate haiN| yadyapi ve apane bhautikavAdI siddhAMta ke AdhAra para yaha mAnate hoM, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki unhoMne vizuddha mAnasika sukhoM ke astitva ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha apanI mAtRbhUmi kI samRddhi ko dekhakara hone vAlA sukh| erasTipasa yaha mAnate haiM ki unake dvArA pratipAdita zubha kSaNika hai aura use kevala kramika rUpa se aneka aMzoM meM hI prApta

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/38 kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, ve anizcita bhaviSya ke lie apane ko parezAna nahIM karate hue, vartamAna ke sukha kI upalabdhi para hI adhika bala dete haiN| samaya-samaya para paristhitiyAM jina sukhoM ko prastuta karatI haiM, una sukhoM kA vAsanAoM, pUrvAgrahoM evaM aMdhavizvAsoM se avicalita rahakara zAMta, sunizcita evaM kauzalapUrNa cunAva karane meM prajJA (viveka) kI abhivyakti mAnI jA sakatI hai| paramparA ke anusAra unheM isa Adarza ko prabhAvaka avasthA prApta karane vAlA batAyA jAtA hai| unake anusAra sAmAnyatayA buddhimAn vyakti ko pUrvAgrahoM se mukta honA caahie| erasTipasa rUDhigata naitikatA ke prati Adara kI bhAvanA ko bhI pUrvAgrahoM meM sammilita karate haiN| yaha rUr3higata naitikatA sAmAnya naitikatA se bhinna hai kyoMki usake ullaMghana ke sAtha vAstavika daMDa kI dhAraNA jur3I huI hai| yadyapi ve isa bAta meM sukarAta se sahamata haiM ki ye daMDa vastutaH usake anumodana ko tarkasaMgata banA dete haiN| ainTisthenIja aura siniksa ainTisthenIja aura siniksa sampradAya ne sukarAta ke vicAroM ko erasTipasa aura sireneksa sampradAya se bhinna rUpa meM samajhA hai| yadyapi donoM hI samAna rUpa se yaha mAnate haiM ki zubha evaM sadguNa kI khoja evaM paribhASA ke lie ciMtanaparaka anuzIlana Avazyaka nahIM hai| ainTisthenIja ke anusAra jisa sukarAtIya prajJA ke kriyAnvayana meM mAnava kA kalyANa nihita hai, vaha kauzalapUrNa prayAsoM meM abhivyakta nahIM hotI hai, varan manuSya kI tuccha icchAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM ke viSayoM kI AMtarika nissAratA kI spaSTa anubhUti evaM sukhoM kI bauddhika upekSA meM abhivyakta hotI hai| vastutaH unakI dRSTi meM sukha eka burAI hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki sukhoM ke adhIna hone kI apekSA to pAgalapana acchA hai| ve nirdhanatA kaThora zrama aura anAsakti ko AdhyAtmika svataMtratA evaM sadguNoM kI ora pragati karane kA eka Avazyaka sAdhana mAnate haiM, vastutaH ve sukarAtIya Atmazakti ko bauddhika aMtardRSTi se anupUrita karanA cAhate haiN| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki aMtardRSTi aura aparAjeya AtmasaMyama ke saMyoga se eka aisI nirapekSa AdhyAtmika svataMtratA upalabdha kI jA sakatI hai, jisakI prApti para mAnava ke pUrNa kalyANa ke lie kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| kAlpanika aura paramparAgata AvazyakatAoM se Upara uTha jAne kI unakI isa sanaka' kI unake ziSya DAyojinasa ne atirajitatA ke sAtha prazaMsA kI hai aura isI AdhAra para unheM prAcIna grIka ke sAmAjika itihAsa kA viziSTa vyakti banA diyA hai| ve sukarAtIya paddhati ke usa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 39 AtmasaMyama kA eka suspaSTa prabhAva prastuta karate haiM, jo ki unakI sanaka ke kAraNa upahAsa kA viSaya bana gayA hai| unakI dRSTi meM eka vicAraka ke lie 'jJAna (prajJA)' aura sadaguNa ke atirikta kucha bhI mUlyavAn nahI hai| isa sinika mAnyatA kI vyAvahArika abhivyakti do rUpoM meM hotI hai (1) apanI una Avazyaka vAsanAoM (kSudhAoM) aura icchAoM kA damana, jinake kAraNa usa saba ke lie cintA aura zrama karanA hotA hai, jo ki prApta hone para nissAra pratIta hote haiN| (2) janasAdhAraNa ke abauddhika pUrvAgrahoM evaM paramparAoM ke prati upekssaa| isI dUsare pahalU meM sinika vicAradhArA kI maulikatA aura sukarAta se unakI vibhinnatA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| sinika vicAraka paramparAgata niyamoM aura rIti rivAjoM kA kevala isa AdhAra para pAlana karanA nahI cAhate hai ki ve paramparA se cale A rahe haiN| ve jIvana kA mArgadarzana karane ke lie kevala unhIM niyamoM ko svIkAra karanA cAhate haiM, jo ki prajJA se niSpanna hote haiM aura sabhI manuSyoM para kevala isalie lAgU hote haiM ki ve buddhimAn prANI hai| yadi sabhI manuSya buddhimAna hoge, to zAsana aura vidhi sambandhI vibhinnatAeM samApta ho jAeMgI, taba kevala eka hI rAjya hogA aura eka hI vidhAna hogaa| vaha vidhAna strI, puruSa, svAmI evaM dAsa sabhI ke lie samAna hogaa| taba gulAmI bhI nahIM rahegI, kyoMki usa Adarza rAjya meM jo kucha vivekapUrNa kArya hoMge, unheM karane ke lie dUsaroM kI AjJAoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hogI aura avivekapUrNa kArya karane ke lie koI bhI dUsaroM kI AjJA ko nahIM maanegaa| isa prakAra sinika vicAradhArA meM hama vizva nAgarikatA evaM vizvabandhutva kA vicAra pAte haiM, jo ki inake pazcAt sToika sampradAya meM adhika mahattvapUrNa bana gayA hai, phira bhI abauddhika icchAoM evaM rvAgrahoM se mukti pAne ke atirikta prajJA aura antardRSTi sambandhI sinika dhAraNAoM meM kisI nizcita vidhAyaka artha kI kalpanA karanA vyartha hogaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki abauddhika icchAoM evaM pUrvAgrahoM se mukti pAne para hI adhika bala dete hue unhoMne isa vataMtra buddhi ko kisI nizcita lakSya kI ora nirdezita nahIM kiyA, varan use vyakti kI svataMtratA para hI chor3a diyA hai| pleTo kA kathana hai ki yaha kahanA mUrkhatApUrNa hai ki jJAna hI zubha hai aura jaba yaha pUchA jAve ki kisakA jJAna zubha hai? to koI vidhAyaka uttara na dekara kevala yaha kahanA ki 'zubha kA jJAna', kiMtu sinika sampradAya ne isa asaMgati se bacane ke lie koI vAstavika prayAsa kiyA ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/40 pleTo ( 427 I.pU. se 347 I.pU.) ___ sukarAtIya paramparA kI hama donoM aikAntika vicAra-dhArAoM arthAt sinika aura sireneka sampradAyoM kI zeSa rahI huI samasyAoM para hama arastu ke paravartI sampradAyoM kI carcA karate samaya-vicAra kreNge| abhI hama sukarAtIya vicAradhArA rUpI bIja kisa prakAra pleTovAda rUpI rmajarI tathA arastUvAda rUpI phala meM vikasita huA, usakI jaTila prakriyA para vicAra kreNge| paravartI pIr3hI pleToM ke saMvAdoM meM jisa prasiddha pratyayavAda ko pAtI hai, usake udbhava meM pUrvavartI aneka tAttvika vicAraNAoM evaM sukarAta kA mizrita prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu usameM pratyeka vicAra kisa DhaMga se aura kitanI sugamatA ke sAtha eka dUsare se saMyojita huA hai, usakA anumAna kara pAnA bhI kaThina hai' prastuta vivecanA meM hamaneM pleTo ke dRSTikoNa para sukarAta kI zikSAoM ke saMdarbha meM hI vicAra kiyA hai, kyoMki pleTo ke pratyayavAda kA naitika pakSa, jo ki hamArI isa vivecanA se saMbaMdhita hai, nizcita hI usakA sukarAtIya paramparA se sambandha hai| pleTo kA naitika darzana eka avarUddha jala-pravAha nahIM hai, apitu vaha eka aisI satata pravAhazIla jaladhArA hai, jo ki sukarAta se prArambha hokara arastu kI pUrNa evaM suspaSTa vicAra zailI kI ora gatizIla hai, yadyapi pleTo kI zikSAoM meM kucha vairAgyavAdI aura rahasyavAdI saMketa upasthita haiM, jo ki arastu ke cintana meM kisI bhI rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hote haiM aura pleTo kI mRtyu ke sAtha hI grIka darzana se vilupta ho jAte haiM, tathApi unakI ye zikSAeM nava-pAithAgorasavAda aura nava-pleTovAda meM punaH atiraMjita rUpa meM vikasita evaM punarjIvita ho jAtI hai| sarvaprathama hama proTAgorasa nAmaka saMvAda meM pleTo ke naitika vicAroM se aMtara dekha sakate haiN| isa saMvAda meM pleTo jJAna ke viSaya ko paribhASita karane kA eka mahatvapUrNa, kiMtu spaSTa prAraMbhika prayAsa karate haiN| ve apane guru sukarAta ke samAna hI jJAna ko sabhI sadguNoM kA sAra batAte haiN| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki aisA jJAna sukha aura duHkha kA mApaka hai, jahAM sAmAnya vyakti bhaya yA icchAoM kA dAsa hokara vartamAna kI apekSA bhaviSya kI anubhUtiyoM kA kama mUlyAMkana karatA hai, vahAM buddhimAn vyakti isa galatI se bacatA hai| pleTo kA yaha sukhavAda pAThako ko parezAnI meM DAla detA hai| sambhavataH svayaM pleTo ne bhI isa sakhavAda ko AMzika satya kI abhivyakti se adhika svIkAra nahIM kiyA hogA, tathApi jaisA ki sirenaiksa sampradAya (ise yaha nAma bAda meM milA)ke aise hI dRSTikoNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 41 ke saMbaMdha meM yaha kahA gayA ki jaba bhI koI vyakti sukarAta ke usa sArabhUta siddhAMta ko sunizcita evaM suspaSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jo ki zubha ke sambaMdha meM pracalita vibhinna vicAroM arthAt jo suMdara, sukhada evaM upayogI meM tAdAtmya karatA hai, to vaha sukhavAda hI eka suspaSTa niSkarSa nikAlatA hai| sambhavatayA pleTo ne isa niSkarSa ko usa vaicArika prakriyA ko pUrNa karane ke pahale hI svIkAra kiyA hogA, jisake dvArA ve sukarAtIya cintana dhArA ko mAnavIya AcaraNa kI sImAoM ke pare le jAkara eka vyApaka tattvamImAMsA ke rUpa meM vikasita kara skeN| pleTo kI isa vaicArika prakriyA ko saMkSepa meM isa prakAra vivecita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sukarAta kA kathana hai ki 'yadi hama nyAya kyA hai, yaha jAnate haiM, to hama nyAya kI paribhASA de sakate haiM yA usakI sAmAnya vivecanA kara sakate haiM, isalie nyAya ke sambaMdha meM vAstavika jJAna una sAmAnya tathyoM evaM sambaMdhoM kA jJAna hai, jo ki una sabhI vyaktizaH udAharaNoM me pAe jAte haiM, jina para hama una sAmAnya jJAna ke prayatna ko lAgU karate haiN| punaH yaha kathana naitika tathyoM ke atirikta hamAre anuzIlana evaM vicAra-vimarza ke dUsare tathyoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI utanA hI satya hogA, kyoMki vizeSa dRSTAMtoM ke sAtha usa sAmAnya pratyaya ke isa saMbaMdha ko samagra bhautika vizva para lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina vizeSa tathyoM ke saMbaMdha meM vicAravimarza kevala una sAmAnya tathyoM ke mAdhyama se hI kara sakate haiM, jinheM jAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| kisI pratyaya kA saccA vaijJAnika jJAna sAmAnya jJAna hI hogA, jo prAthamika rUpa se vizeSoM se saMbaMdhita na hokara dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM prastuta una vizeSoM ke sAmAnya guNoM tathA tathyoM se saMbaMdhita hogaa| vastutaH jaba kisI vizeSa pratyaya kA vizleSaNa karate haiM, to use sAmAnya guNoM kA eka yoga hI pAte haiN| hamAre prAmANika jJAna kA viSaya vahI ho sakatA hai, jo ki vastutaH sattAvAna hai aura isalie vizva kI satyatA sAmAnya tathyoM yA saMbaMdho meM rahI huI hai, na kI una vizeSoM meM, jo ki sAmAnya ke dRSTAnta (abhivyaktiyAM) mAtra haiN| yahAM taka to prastutikaraNa kI yaha prakriyA kAphI sarala hai, kiMtu Age yaha samajha pAnA kaThina hotA hai ki yaha tArkika vastuvAda isa prakAra usa sArabhUta naitika lakSaNa ko grahaNa kara letA hai, jo ki hamArI abhiruci kA mukhya viSaya hai / yadyapi pleTo kA darzana saMpUrNa sattAvAn vizva se sambaMdhita hai, tathApi usake dArzanika anuzIlana kA carama - lakSya to 'zubha' hI hai| usake

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/42 darzana meM isa zubha ko saMpUrNa satya evaM jJAna kA aMtima AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI vizva ke isa sAratattva kA tAdAtmyakaraNa vizva ke sAdhya se kiyA gayA hai, jise arastu kI zabdAvalI meM AkArika kAraNa kA aMtima kAraNa se tAdAtmya kaha sakate haiM, kiMtu prazna yaha hai ki yaha kaise hotA hai? ___ sambhavataH isakI vyAkhyA mAnavIya kriyA-kalApoM ke saMbaMdha meM punaH sukarAtIya paddhati kA upayoga karake hI kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki sabhI bauddhika kriyAeM, jinameM mAnavIya zrama ko vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai, kisI na kisI lakSya se yukta hotI haiN| sabhI vibhinna kalAoM evaM vyavasAyoM ko unake lakSya evaM upayogoM ke dvArA hI svAbhAvika rUpa se paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra vibhinna kalAkAroM aura vyavasAyikoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane ke lie yaha batAnA Avazyaka hai ki unakA sAdhya kyA hai athavA unakI sArthakatA kisameM hai? vastutaH, jisa lakSya ke lie ve haiM, use prApta karane meM hI unakI sArthakatA hai| jo vyakti citra nahIM banA sakatA hai, vaha citrakAra kahalAne kA adhikArI bhI nahIM hai ( citrakAra hone kI sArthakatA citra banAne meM hai|) sukarAta kA vaha bahucarcita udAharaNa lIjie, ve kahate haiM ki eka vAstavika rAjA vahI hai, jo apanI prajA kA kalyANa karatA hai| yadi vaha apanI prajA kA kalyANa nahIM karatA hai, to use sahI artha meM rAjA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| sukarAtIya siddhAtoM para parinirmita eka suvyavasthita samAja meM pratyeka vyakti kA koI na koI upayoga avazya hogA aura usa vyakti ke jIvana kI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki vaha jisa kArya ke lie upayogI hai, usa kArya ko sampanna kreN| punaH yaha dRSTikoNa sampUrNa AMgika jIvana ke kSetra meM bhI lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi AMkha apane dekhane ke kArya ko nahIM kara pAtI hai, to vaha aisI sArthaka AMgika-saMracanA nahIM hai, jisameM pratyeka aMga apane lakSya kI dizA meM kAryarata hai, arthAt sAdhana sAdhyoM kI jaTila siddhi meM lage hue haiM, to hama pleToM ke isa kathana kA tAtparya samajha sakate haiM ki pratyeka vastu jisa sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie hai, usa vizeSa sAdhya yA zubha kI prApti jisa mAtrA meM karatI hai, usI mAtrA meM usake astitva kI sArthakatA hai, athavA hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki usane usa sImA taka apane Adarza ko caritArtha kiyA hai (apane pratyaya kI yathArtha rUpa meM abhivyakti kI hai), kiMtu yaha vizeSa zubha bhI vastutaH tabhI zubha ho sakatA hai, jabaki yaha param zubha yA pUrNa zubha se susambaMdhita ho| yaha vizeSa zubha eka sAdhana hai, jisameM yA jisake dvArA paramazubha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 43 AMzika rUpa se caritArtha hotA hai| yadi avayavI jagat ke pratyeka aMga kA sAratattva yA sat apane vizeSa sAdhya yA zubha meM nihita hai, to sampUrNa sattA kA mUlAdhAra vizva ke parama sAdhya yA vizvazubha meM hI upalabdha hogaa| yadi vizvazubha hI sampUrNa satya kA AdhAra hai, to isa vizvazubha kA jJAna hI mAnavIya jIvana kA mArgadarzaka hogA, kyoMki manuSya bhI vizva kA hI eka aMga hai aura svayaM meM eka choTA-sA vizva hai| usakI apanI na to koI aisI sattA hai aura na koI aisA zubha ho sakatA hai, jise usane vizvazubha aura vizvasattA se prApta nahIM kiyA ho| isa prakAra mAnavIya zubha ke adhyayana ke sambaMdha meM sukarAtIya darzana kI sImAoM kA ullaMghana kie binA hI pleTo ne mAnavIya zubha ke pratyaya kA utanI gaharAI taka anuzIlana kiyA ki usakI yaha khoja bAhya jagata ke tAtvika svarUpa ke prAraMbhika anveSaNa taka calI gaI thI, jahAM se sukarAta vApasa lauTa gae the| sukarAta kI bhautikI meM koI abhiruci nahIM thI, phira bhI unhoMne apane uccakoTi ke ciMtana ke dvArA bhautika vizva ke prayojanamUlaka dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana kiyaa| unake isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra bhautika vizva ke sabhI jaMga kisI IzvarIya sAdhya ko caritArtha karane ke lie IzvarIya prajJA ke dvArA suniyojita kie gae haiN| isa siddhAMta ke prastutikaraNa meM pleTo kA yogadAna yaha hai ki unhoMne IzvarIya sAdhya.kA tAdAtmya usa zubha se kara diyA, jisakA jJAna sukarAta ke anusAra mAnava jIvana kI sabhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna de detA hai| usane isa IzvarIya sAdhya ko svayaM IzvarIya sattA mAna liyA thaa| sambhavatayA dharma-mImAMsA ke sAtha AcAramImAMsA ko milA dene ke isa prayAsa se pleTo paricita ho cuke the| yukliTasa kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vAstavika saca eka hI hai, jise hama zubha, prajJA buddhi athavA Izvara Adi vibhinna nAmoM se pukArate haiN| pleTo ne sukarAta ke suMdara evaM upayogI ke tAdAtmyIkaraNa ko eka gahana artha pradAna kara isa sUcI meM param suMdara kA nAma aura jor3a diyaa| ve yaha batAte haiM ki manuSya kA saundarya prema kramazaH zarIra se AtmA kI ora, vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora agrasara hotA rahatA hai aura aMta meM sampUrNa satya evaM jIvana ke sAratatva tathA sAdhya ke prati AtmA kI utkaNThA ke rUpa meM apane Apako abhivyakta karatA hai| hameM yaha mAna hI lenA hogA ki pleTo ne vicAroM kI eka lambI chalAMga mArI hai| usane nItizAstra evaM sattAmImAMsA ke carama pratyayoM meM tAdAtmya kara diyA hai| aba hama yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki vaha kauna-sI abhivyakti thI, jo unheM usa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/44 vyAvahArika anuzIlana kI dizA meM le gaI, jahAM se unhoMne prArambha kiyA thaa| hameM yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki prajJA, sadguNa evaM sukha tathA inakA mAnava-kalyANa se sambaMdha hone ke bAre meM pleTo ke vicAra kyA haiN| vastutaH ina praznoM kA uttara de pAnA sarala nahIM hai| sarvaprathama to hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki pleTo ke samaya meM darzana bAjAra-carcA kA viSaya na rahakara vyAkhyAna-kakSa kA viSaya bana gayA thaa| sukarAta ne mAnava jAti ke eka aise sAdhAraNa-sadasya ke lie AcaraNa kI saccI kalA kA vikAsa kiyA thA, jo ki apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha eka vyAvahArika jIvana jItA hai, kiMtu yadi pleTo ke anusAra amUrta pratyayoM kA jagat hI vAstavika hai aura anekAneka vastuoM kA yaha vizva mAtra usakI praticchAyA hai, to phira uccatama aura sarvAdhika vAstavika jIvana, usa prathama amUrta pratyayoM ke jagata meM hI ho sakatA hai, isa dUsare mUrta jagat meM nhiiN| mUrta vastueM, jisakA aspaSTa prakAzana hai aura jisa prakAra yA Adarza kI ve apUrNa anukRti hai, usa amUrta saca ke ciMtana meM hI manuSya ke sacce vaicArika jIvana kI sArthakatA hogii| manuSya kI vAstavika manuSyatA usake apane vicAroM (manasA) ke anurUpa hI hotI haiN| pleTo sukarAta ke vicAroM kA anusaraNa karate hue yaha batAte haiM ki pratyeka jIvita prANI meM apane zubha kI icchA sthAyI aura mUlabhUta rUpa se rahI huI hai, jo ki jJAna kI dArzanika utkaNThA ke dvArA apane uccatama rUpa meM abhivyakta hotI hai| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki jJAna kI yaha utkaNThA aindrika AvegoM ke samAna hI kisI aise tathya ke abhAva kI anubhUti se utpanna hotI hai, jisakA kabhI bodha huA ho aura jisakI AtmA meM avyakta smRti rahI ho| isa utkaNThA kI prakharatA vyakti kI dArzanika kSamatA ke anurUpa hI hotI hai| vastutaH vaijJAnika prayogoM ke dvArA kisI amUrta satya kA jJAna prApta karane meM hama jise abhI taka avyakta rUpa se jAnate the, use aba spaSTa rUpa meM jAnane lagate haiN| yadyapi apanepana ke kAraNa AtmA bAhya zarIra meM kaida hai aura usakA vAstavika svarUpa bhAvanAoM aura AvegoM se yukta ho gayA hai, kiMtu isa patana ke pUrva AtmA sat aura zubha ko sAkSAt rUpa se jAnatA thaa| jJAna kI prApti kI isa prakriyA meM hama usa avasthA kI supta smRtiyoM ko hI punaH spaSTa cetanA meM lete hai| isa prakAra hama pleTo ke aneka mahatvapUrNa saMvAdoM meM prastuta isa virodhAbhAsa meM phaMsa jAte haiM ki mRtyu kI saccI kalA hI jIvana kI saccI kalA hai, arthAt paramazubha aura parama sundara ke sAtha ghaniSTha ekAtmatA ko prApta karane ke lie aindrika jIvana se Upara uThanA hotA hai (aindrika jIvana se pUrNatayA Upara uThane kA artha mRtyu hI hai) dUsarI ora sAmAnya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 45 mAnavIya abhiruciyoM se pUrNa dArzanika nirapekSatA (taTasthatA) kabhI bhI isa jIvana meM sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki dArzanika ko bhI isI mUrta aindrika jagat meM jIvana jInA hotA hai| pleTo ne sukarAta ke jJAna aura sadguNa ke tAdAtmya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jise zubha kI nirapekSa sattA kA bodha hai, kevala vahI vyakti mAnava jIvana meM siddhi ke yogya apUrNa evaM asthAyI zubhoM kA anusaraNa kara sakatA hai| yaha asaMbhava hai ki vyakti ko zubha kA yathArtha jJAna hote hue bhI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM vaha unakA AcaraNa nahIM kare / zubha kA saccA jJAna hone para jaba bhI vyakti ke sammukha bauddhika cayana ke hetu koI vikalpa prastuta hogA, to vaha anivAryatayA eka acchA vyAvahArika vyakti bhI hogaa| vaha manuSyoM meM lokapriya aura devatAoM ke sneha kA pAtra hogaa| sAtha hI yadi samAja use apanI rAjanItika yogyatA ko abhivyakta karane kA avasara pradAna karegA, to vaha eka acchA rAjanetA bhI siddha hogaa| pleTo kA sadguNa saMbaMdhI siddhAMta pleTo ke darzana meM vyAvahArika zubha ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM kA nirdhAraNa usake vizva saMbaMdhI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki manuSya kI AtmA ko apanI sAmAnya evaM zubha avasthA meM buddhi ke dvArA anuzAsita evaM saMgati pUrNa honA caahie| yahAM prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yaha anuzAsana kI zakti evaM saMgati sArarUpa se kisa tattva meM nihita hai? kiMtu isa prazna ke pleTo ke dvArA die gae uttara kI vivecanA karane ke pUrva yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki ve sukarAta ke isa siddhAMta ko svIkAra karate hai ki sarvottama sadguNa zubha ke jJAna se aviyojya hai, kiMtu jaise-jaise isa saMbaMdha meM pleTo kA jJAna adhika gahana aura vyApaka hotA gayA, ve yaha mAnane lage ki jo vyakti dArzanika nahIM haiM, unameM bhI apekSAkRta nimnakoTi ke sadguNa hote haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki yadi jisa zubha ko hameM jAnanA hai, vaha sabhI vastuoM kA aMtima AdhAra hai, to usa zubha ke jJAna meM dUsare sabhI jJAna bhI nihita hoMge, kiMtu isa zubha kA jJAna kucha viziSTa evaM suprazikSita vyakti hI prApta kara sakeMge, lekina hama sabhI sadguNoM ko kevala ina suprazikSita logoM se sImita nahIM mAna skte| aisI sthiti meM sAmAnya nAgarika ke sAhasa, saMyama aura nyAyazIlatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jaaegaa| yaha suspaSTa hai ki jo vyakti bhaya aura icchAoM se saMgharSa karate hue apane kartavya kA nirvAha karatA hai, yadyapi use mAnava jIvana ke zubha aura azubha kA jJAna nahIM hai, tathApi usakI dhAraNAeM samyak haiM, yaha to mAnanA hI par3egA, kiMtu use yaha samyak

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/46 dRSTikoNa kaise prApta ho gayA? pleTo kA kahanA hai ki AMzika rUpa se yaha prakRti kA varadAna hotA hai yA IzvarIya kRpA se prApta hotA hai, yadyapi isake pUrNa vikAsa ke lie paramparA aura abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hai, isalie mAnava jIvana meM ucca prakAra ke nAgarika sadguNoM ke prazikSaNa evaM anuzAsana kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| yadyapi sadguNa sambaMdhI isa prazikSaNa meM zArIrika evaM sauMdaryaparaka kalAoM kI zikSA kA sahayoga bhI apekSita hogA, kiMtu naitika saMskRti kI zikSA kevala unhIM logoM ke lie Avazyaka nahIM hai, jo ki sadguNa ke jana sAdhAraNa ke pramApaka se Upara nahIM uTha sakate haiM, apitu una logoM ke lie bhI utanI hI athavA usase adhika Avazyaka hai, jo ki dArzanika jJAna ko prApta kara lete haiN| vastutaH pleTo kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki AtmA meM 'prajJA' ko chor3akara sabhI sadguNoM kA vikAsa Adata evaM abhyAsa ke dvArA hotA hai| unheM apanA yaha siddhAMta sukarAta ke usa siddhAMta kA virodhI pratIta hotA hai, jisake anusAra zubha kA jJAna apane sAtha sabhI sadguNoM ko le AtA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sAdhanA se rahita AtmA ko jJAna bhI prApta nahIM hotA hai| jJAna ke lie sAdhanA apekSita hai, kiMtu yaha sAdhanA mAtra bauddhika prazikSaNa nahIM hai, apitu isase bahuta kucha adhika hai| prazna yaha hai ki yaha sAdhanA kisa prakAra kI hogI? pleTo yaha mAnate haiM ki abauddhika Avega (vAsanAeM) pathabhraSTa AtmAoM para apanA Adhipatya jamA lete haiM aura unheM bauddhika nirNayoM (viveka) ke virUddha kArya ko bAdhya karate haiN| jaba sAdhanA ke dvArA ina abauddhika AvegoM ko buddhi ke adhIna kara diyA jAtA hai, to AtmA ke vibhinna aMgoM meM saMgati utpanna ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra pleTosukarAta se bhinna manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI navIna dizA grahaNa karate haiN| unake anusAra ye abauddhika Avega AtmA ke do bhinna-bhinna pakSoM se sambaMdhita haiM, jinheM hama kramazaH kSudhAtmaka pakSa aura mAnasika yA gatyAtmaka pakSa kahate haiN| pleTo ne AMtarika anubhava meM saMgharSarata vAsanAoM (AvegoM) ke AdhAra para ina donoM pakSoM kI eka dUsare se tathA tIsare bauddhika pakSa se vyAvahArika bhinnatA ko spaSTa kiyaa| prathama kSudhAtmaka pakSa meM ye saba icchAeM hotI hai, jo ki zArIrika kAraNoM se utpanna hotI hai aura jinheM hama vizeSa artha meM kSudhAe kahate haiN| dUsare AvegAtmaka yA gatyAtmaka pakSa ko aise saMvega-samUha kA sAmAnya srota mAnA jAtA hai, jinakA sAmAnya lakSaNa sakriya evaM saMgharSAtmaka kriyAoM ko prerita karanA hotA hai| isa saMvega-samUha ke aMtargata krodha, sAhasa, lajjA, mAna-sammAna kI kAmanA evaM apayaza ke prati ghRNA Adi ke bhAva Ate haiM, yadyapi Adhunika manovijJAna ina

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 47 saMvegoM ko eka dUsare se vizeSa rUpa meM sambaMdhita nahIM mAnatA hai| uparokta donoM pakSoM kA naitika mUlya alg-al| hai| dUsarA mAnasika pakSa Atma-saMgharSa meM tIsare bauddhika pakSa kA svAbhAvika rUpa se sahayogI hai aura vizeSa abhyAsa ke dvArA apane (naitika) mahattva ko abhivyakta karane yogya hai, kiMtu pahalA kSudhAtmaka pakSa apekSAkRta rUpa se nimnastarIya hai aura bauddhika pakSa se anuzAsita hone ke atirikta usakA koI sadguNAtmaka (naitika) mUlya nahIM hai| AtmA ke isa trividha vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para pleTo ne grIka naitika cetanA meM mukhya rUpa se svIkRta aura paravartI yuga meM mukhya sadguNa ke nAma se jAnI jAne vAlI cAra prakAra kI acchAiyoM ko eka vyavasthita rUpa pradAna kiyaa| ye mukhya cAra sadguNa nimna haiN|| (1) prajJA', (2) sAhasa yA sahanazIlatA, (3) saMyama yA anuzAsana, (4) nyAya yA ImAnadArI / ina cAroM meM sabase mahatvapUrNa do haiM- 1. prajJA aura 2. nyAya (iimaandaarii)| prajJA apane sarvocca aura Adarza rUpa meM dArzanika ke lie apekSita sampUrNa jJAna kI dhAraka hai aura AtmA ke sabhI pakSoM kA niyamana karatI hai evaM una vividha pakSoM meM saMgati sthApita karatI hai| pleTo ke anusAra sAmAjika sambaMdhoM meM nyAya kA mUlAdhAra prajJA hai| isI AdhAra para use sAmAnya kahA gayA haiise hama nyAyaHbhI kahate haiN| isa pada kI vizeSa vyAkhyA sAmAjika sambaMdhoM meM abhiyukta guNoM ko hI prakaTa karatI hai| eka rAjanItika samAja aura usake ghaTaka vyakti ke pArasparika sambaMdha kI pleTo kI vyAkhyA AMzika rUpa se usake AtmA ke vividha pakSoM ke vizleSaNa para AdhArita hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki eka suvyavasthita rAjya meM prajJA se sambaMdhita eka zAsaka varga hogA to dUsarA sAhasa guNa se yukta kSatriya (saMgharSa karane vAlA) varga hogA, aura donoM hI varga vaNikoM ke sAmAnya samUha se alaga hoNge| samAja meM vaNika-varga kA sthAna vahI hai, jo vyakti ke jIvana meM kSudhAtmaka pakSa ke prAbalya ke dyotaka hai| isa varga kA kArya samAja kI bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanA hai| isa varga kA rAjya se sambaMdha kevala usakI AjJAoM ke pAlana karane taka hI hai| aise rAjya meM vyakti aura samAja kA hita rAjya ke uparokta vibhinna ghaTakoM kI una sAmaMjasya-pUrNa kriyAoM para nirbhara hai, jisameM pratyeka ghaTaka apanA ucita kArya karatA hai| sAmAjika kSetra meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ise nyAya kahA gayA hai| isake atirikta hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki pleTo ke darzana meM do AdhArabhUta sadguNa prajJA aura nyAya apane sarvocca rUpa meM kisa prakAra eka dUsare para nirbhara haiN| eka prAjJa AtmA anivAryatayA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 48 vahI hogA, jisake vibhinna pakSa eka dUsare ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa hokara kArya karate ho / yaha kriyA taba taka sahI DhaMga se nahIM ho sakatI hai, jaba taka ki tArkika evaM niyAmaka pakSa vastutaH prAjJa na ho| punaH zeSa do sadguNa isa saMzliSTa AtmA kI prajJA se niyaMtrita kriyA ke hI do bhinna pakSa haiN| sAhasa yA sahanazIlatA AtmA ke AvegAtmaka yA saMgharSAtmaka pakSa kI acchAI hai| jaba yaha guNa buddhi ke adhIna hotA hai, to hameM yaha batAtA hai ki jo vastutaH bhayAnaka hai usI se bhaya khAnA cAhie, jabaki saMyama yA anuzAsana ImAnadArI (nyAya) se ThIka vaise hI sambaMdhita hai, jaise ki usakA hI eka aMga ho| jahAM sAhasa yA sahanazIlatA ke guNoM kA AtmA ke abauddhika pakSa yA bauddhika pakSa ke prati samarpaNa hai, vahAM saMyama aura anuzAsana vibhinna sambaMdhita pakSoM meM saMgatipUrNa vyavahAra ko sUcita karatA hai| poliTiksa nAmaka saMvAda meM pleTo ne sAhasa aura anuzAsana ( saMyama ) ko dUsare DhaMga se vivecita kiyA hai| vahAM pleTo unheM mAnava ke maulika svabhAva kA virodhI batAte haiM, jinheM yadi aniyaMtrita chor3a diyA jAe, to ve nAgarikoM virodhI varga ke dvArA ativAditA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM, yadyapi eka prAjJa rAjanetA unheM ucita DhaMga se samanvita kara letA hai / punaH pleTo ne apane nIti sambaMdhI aMtima lekha 'di lAja' meM nAgarikoM ke yA lokapriya prakAra ke sAhasa kA sthAna nizcita rUpa se saMyama kI tulanA meM nimna mAnA hai| isa lekha meM AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM kA vizleSaNa paripArzva meM calA gayA hai aura kisI rUpa meM saMzodhita bhI kara diyA gayA hai| yahAM abauddhika AvegoM meM aMtara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yaha aMtara duHkha se pratyutpanna krodha, bhaya Adi AvegoM meM aura sukha ke pratyutpanna AvegoM meM kiyA gayA hai, tathApi pleTo cAroM sadguNoM ko apane sarvocca rUpa meM eka dUsare se avibhAjya tathA parasparAzrita mAnA hai aura sadguNoM ke caturvidha vargIkaraNa ko binA kisI AdhArabhUta parivartana ke svIkAra kiyA hai| punaH hameM yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki kevala sadguNa kA jJAna se tAdAtmya hI paryApta nahIM hai| vaha ajJAna ke atirikta durAcAra kA dUsarA kAraNa bhI hai| yaha kAraNa hai AtmA kA AMtarika saMgharSa aura jIvana kI astavyastatA, jisameM abauddhika Avega viveka ko kuNThita kara dete haiN| pleTo ne apanI paravartI naitika vivecanA meM ise spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| yadi hama bAhya AcaraNa ke una vizeSa rUpoM ko jAnanA cAheM, jinameM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 49 ye sadguNa abhivyakta hote haiM, to hameM ciMtana ke una kSetroM meM praveza karanA hogA, jinheM vartamAna meM nItizAstra aura rAjanItizAstra ke alaga-alaga nAmoM se jAnate haiM, yadyapi pleTo ne inheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kiyA hai| pleTo ke anusAra nAgarikoM ke kartavya ke vibhinna kSetroM kI vistRta vivecanA eka aisI prabuddha vyavasthA ke dvArA hogI, jo ki apanI prajA kI naitika acchAiyoM ke vikAsa ko hI prajA kA saccA kalyANa mAnatA hai| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki pleTo ne apane 'ripablika' nAmaka graMtha meM prastuta apanI Adarza rAjya kI kalpanA meM kramazaH utpanna bhAvanA aura jIvana kA vargIkaraNa chor3a diyA hai| sAtha hI laiMgika sambaMdha ko bhI kevala prajAti (nasla) ke sudhAra kI dRSTi se hI nizcita kiyA hai| kAryoM kA vibhAjana bhI yogyatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura rAjya zAsana ke dvArA nirUpita niyamoM ke pAlana ko hI naitikatA kA sarvasva mAna liyA hai| pleTo ne kevala dArzanikoM ko hI zAsana evaM zikSA ke sAmAnya kAryoM ke atirikta amUrta ciMtana ke ucca kSetra ke yogya mAnA hai| usake apane lAja nAmaka graMtha meM vikasita strI aura sampatti ke tyAga ke Adarza vyAvahArika rAjanIti ke lie bahuta hI UMce ho gae haiN| usa graMtha meM zikSA, vivAha tathA nAgarikoM kA bAlyakAla se lekara vRddhAvasthA taka kA sampUrNa jIvana (zAsakIya) niyaMtraNa kA mukhya viSaya mAnA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM sabhI prakAra kI upAsanAeM bhI zAsakIya niyaMtraNa kA viSaya mAnI gaI thIM, tAki ve nAgarikoM ko saMtoSaprada rUpa se vyApaka evaM pUrNa naitika mArgadarzana pradAna kara skeN| vastutaH pleTo isa sambaMdha meM sajaga thA ki yaha sUkSma niyaMtraNa pUrNa rUpa se kAnUnI bAdhyatA ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana ke kisI eka bhAga taka zAsana ko preraNA, protsAhana aura nyAyika daMDa kA upayoga karanA caahie| saMkSepa meM usake Adarza kA kArya Adhunika carca aura Adhunika rAjyadonoM ke kAryoM kA milAjulA rUpa hai, phira bhI vaha vaiyaktika jIvana meM jitanI adhika kaThoratA ke sAtha vaidhAnika niyaMtraNa lAnA cAhatA hai, vaha Adhunika pAThaka ke lie Azcarya kA viSaya hai| pleTo ne nAgarika kAnUna ke dvArA vyaktigata lAbha ke lie hastakauzala, phuTakara vyApAra evaM nyAyAlayoM meM vakAlata karane ke kArya para pAbaMdI lagA dI thii| nAgarika tIna varSa taka saMgIta sIkhane ke lie bAdhya the| isI prakAra 18 varSa taka kI umra ke nAgarikoM ke lie madyapAna sarvathA niSiddha mAnA gayA thaa| 40 varSa kI avasthA taka sabhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/50 ko dAvatoM ke sukhoM se vaMcita kara diyA gayA thA, isa umra ke pazcAt hI nAgarika yAtrA ke adhikArI mAne gae the| paiMtIsa varSa ke pazcAt avivAhita rahane ke lie unheM daMDita kiyA jAtA thaa| devatAoM ke astitva kA niSedha karanA yA yaha mAnanA ki devatA balidAna aura upahAra se saMtuSTa hote haiM, avaidhAnika mAnA gayA thaa| kAvya racanA aura saMgIta ko bhI kaThora zAsakIya niyaMtraNa (seMsarazipa) kA viSaya mAnA gayA thaa| mahAbhoja (dAvateM) kaThora vyaya-niyAmaka niyamoM ke adhIna mAne gae the| vidhAna aura pUraka Adeza- donoM hI nAgarikoM ke lie vidhAyaka evaM niyama rakSaka kI AptatA ke AdhAra para binA kisI ke svIkRta kie jAte the| kevala dArzanikoM ko hI vidhAnoM kI tArkika samIkSA ke yogya mAnA gayA thaa| pleTo kA sukha sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa aura usakA mAnavIya sukha se sambaMdha jaba hama yaha mAna leM ki hama nAgarika sadguNa aura darzana-donoM ke svarUpa kA pUrNarUpeNa vivecana kara cuke haiM, phira bhI yaha prazna zeSa raha jAtA hai ki hamArA yaha vivecana kahAM taka manuSya ke paramazubha kA pUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai| yahAM hameM galatI aura bhrama se bacane ke lie yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki sukarAta aura pleTo meM isa sambaMdha meM kabhI bhI koI vivAda nahIM rahA hai ki vyakti kA parama zubha usakA apanA hita yA kalyANa hai / vastutaH sukarAta evaM pleTo-donoM ne hI aneka bAra apane tarkoM ke dvArA isakA samarthana kiyA hai| donoM ke anusAra mukhya vyAvahArika prazna, jisa para avizvAsa aura virodha ho sakatA hai vaha yaha nahIM hai ki manuSya kA parama zubha usakA svayaM kA kalyANa yA hita hai, varan yaha hai ki prajJA, sukha, sampatti aura sammAna Adi vizeSa viSaya, jinheM zubha yA vAMchanIya mAnA jAtA hai, ve vyakti ke kalyANa meM kisa sImA taka sAdhaka haiN| sukarAta aura pleTo-donoM yaha mAnate haiM ki zubha se sambaMdhita anya praznoM ke samAna hI isa prazna kA bhI sahI uttara dene ke lie hameM zubha ke sAmAnya pratyaya kA yathArtha tAtparya evaM svayaM zubha kI vAstavika prakRti ko jAnanA hogA, kiMtu jaba pleTo kA pratyayavAda (AdarzavAda) usake svayaM ke mastiSka meM pUrNa spaSTa ho gayA aura vaha svataH zubha kA artha samajha gayA, to samagra susaMgaThita vizva kA sAdhya aura sAra-tattva tathA pratyeka vyakti ke parama zubha kI khoja kA viSaya anivAryatayA usa tattvamImAMsA sambaMdhI khoja, jisake dvArA vaha vizva kA rahasya pAnA cAhatA thA, se bhinna ho gyaa| yadi hama yaha bhI mAna leM ki svataH zubha yA nirapekSa zubha sabhI vastuoM kA aMtima AdhAra hai, to bhI vaha kyA hai| pleTo aura arastU-donoM hI aura yahAM taka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 51 ki sukarAta bhI 'zubha', jisake sambaMdha meM siniksa aura sireneksa meM vivAda rahA huA hai aura jisakA pleTo apane phileksa nAmaka saMvAda meM siniksa aura sireneksa ke sAtha vicAra vinimaya karatA hai, yaha koI adhika 'yathArtha' tathya hI hogaa| vastutaH vaha usa saMvedanAtmaka jagat kA hI koI tathya hogA jisameM manuSya vAstavika jIvana jItA hai| isa yathArtha mAnavIya zubha kI samucita paribhASA kyA hogI? kyA yaha prajJA yA sadguNa kI sAdhanA meM nihita hai ? athavA kyA sukha usa zubha kA eka ghaTaka hai aura yadi vaha sukha usa zubha kA eka aMga hai, to usakA mahatva kyA hai? rUpa ina praznoM para pleTo ke vicAroM meM hameM bahuta se utAra car3hAva dekhane ko mila haiN| proTAgorasa nAmaka saMvAda meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karane ke pazcAt ki sukha zubha hai, vaha eka dUsarI ati kI ora jAtA hai tathA phIDo aura goragijasa nAmaka saMvAdoM meM isa bAta ko mAnane se iMkAra kara detA hai ki sukha kisI bhI rUpa meM zubha hai mAtra itanA hI nahIM, spaSTa rUpa se to vaha sukha ko aisA vAstavika sArabhUta zubha hI nahIM mAnatA hai, jisakI eka dArzanika khoja karatA hai, varan sukha ko vaha eka bhautika, kSaNika evaM eka prakriyA mAtra mAnatA hai| ve anubhUtiyAM, jinheM aksara sukha mAna liyA jAtA hai ve duHkha ke sAtha jur3I huI hotI hai, jabaki zubha kabhI bhI azubha (burAI) ke sAtha nahIM raha sakatA hai| sukhada anubhUtiyAM kevala duHkhada AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti hai aura unake haTA dene para samApta ho jAtI hai, jahAM taka sAmAnya buddhi samyak rUpa se kucha sukhoM ko zubha ke meM svIkAra karatI hai, yaha unakI kisI agrima zubha utpAdana kSamatA AdhAra para hI mAnA gayA hai| pleTo ke lie yaha dRSTikoNa sukarAta ke paramparA meM rahate hue bhI usa paramparA ke prati vidroha thaa| sukha ko sArabhUta aura nirapekSa zubha nahIM mAnanA isa bAta kA pramANa nahIM hai ki use yathArtha mAnava jIvana ke vAstavika kalyANa meM sammilita nahIM kiyA jaae| aMtatogatvA vaha kevala sthUla evaM pAzavika sukha hI thA, jo AkAMkSA ke duHkha ke sAtha sthAyI rUpa se jur3A huA hai| 'ripablika' meM pleTo dArzanika yA sadguNI jIvana kI AMtarika sarvoccatA ke prazna para sukha ke pramApaka ke AdhAra para vicAra karane se koI virodha nahIM hai, aisA mAnatA hai unakA tarka yaha hai ki kevala acchA dArzanika vyakti hI sacce sukha kA upabhoga karatA hai| jabaki saMvedanazIla vyakti duHkhada AkAMkSAoM aura una taTastha duHkharahita avasthAoM ke bIca jhUlate hue apanA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai, jinheM vAstavika sukha mAna letA hai| lAja meM isase bhI adhika spaSTatA ke sAtha yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba hama devatAoM ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 52 nahIM, manuSya ke sambaMdha meM vicAra kara rahe hoM, to hameM yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhie ki jisa utkRSTa evaM ucca jIvana kI hama prazaMsA karate haiM, vaha jIvana vahI hai, jisameM duHkhoM kI apekSA sukhoM kI adhikatA hai| yadyapi pleTo ne utkRSTa (sarvottama) aura sukhaprada meM mahatvapUrNa, vAstavika evaM aviyogya sambaMdha mAnA hai, tathApi vaha sukha para yaha bala kevala jana sAdhAraNa ke lie hI detA hai| phileksa meM sukha aura prajJA ke dAvoM ke madhya dArzanika dRSTi se kI gaI tulanA meM usane sukha ko pUrI taraha se eka burAI yA nimna koTi kA batAyA hai| 14 yadyapi yathArtha mAnavIya zubha ke ghaTakoM ke pUrNa vivaraNa meM raMga, rUpa aura svara sambaMdhI sukhoM tathA bauddhika vyAyAma anya sukhoM evaM kSudhAoM kI Avazyaka saMtuSTiyoM kA sthAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu unheM nimnakoTi kA hI mAnA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI apane paravartI vicAroM meM vaha aindrika evaM sthUla saMtuSTiyoM sambaMdhI sukha ke ghanAtmaka guNoM kA niSedha karane sambaMdhI ativAditA se bhI bacatA hai| nizcita hI ve zarIra ke aMgoM ko apanI svAbhAvika dazA meM lAne ke lie kI gaI paripUrtiyoM kI avasthAeM haiM, jinameM sukhanihita hai / ve yaha mAnate haiM ki aindrika saMtuSTiyoM kA sukha sambaMdhI sAmAnya mUlyAMkana bahuta adhika sImA taka bhrAMtiyukta hI hotA hai| unameM sukha kI asat pratIti zArIrika aMgoM kI pUrvavarti yA sahacArI dukhada avasthAoM se unake virodhI hone ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai| yaha Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai ki zubha aura sukha ke sambaMdha ke bAre meM kisI prakAra kA pecIdA (ulajhana bharA) aura sUkSma (nAjuka) saMtulita dRSTikoNa pleTo ke sampradAya meM adhika samaya taka mAnya nahIM raha sakA aura jaisA ki hameM arastU ke khaMDana se jJAta hotA hai, pleTo ke uttarAdhikArI speyUsIyasa ke prabhAva se bAda meM pleTovAdiyoM ke mukhya varga sukhavAda virodhI dRSTikoNa apanA liyA thaa| pleTo aura arastU jaba eka adhyetA pleTo se arastU kI ora jAtA hai, to vaha tatkAla ina donoM dArzanikoM ke socane samajhane ke DhaMga aura unakI sAhityika rujhAna sambaMdhI virodha se avagata ho jAtA hai| yaha samajhanA sarala hai ki kyoM unakI vicAra praNAliyAM kI sAmAnya tathA vyavahArika rUpa meM eka dUsare kI virodhI mAnI jAtI hai| apane tattvamImAMsA evaM nItizAstra sambaMdhI graMthoM meM pleTo aura pleTovAdiyoM kI arastU ke dvArA kI gaI AlocanA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai, to bhI pleTo kI mRtyu ke do zatAbdI ke pazcAt eskAlana ke enTIokasa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 53 ne 'akAdamI' " ke nAma se jAnI jAne vAlI adhyayanazAlA, jisakA janmadAtA pleTo mAnA jAtA thA, ke adhyakSa ke rUpa meM usa saMdehavAda kA nirasana kara diyA, jo ki isa bIca ke kAla meM bahuta samaya taka pleTo ke pAramparika siddhAMta ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA rahA thaa| naitikatA ke sambaMdha meM usane jisa bAta (siddhAMta) kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA, usake sambaMdha meM pleTo aura arastU ekamata the, aisA usakA nizcita dAvA thaa| adhika gaharAI se usakA adhyayana karane para hameM jJAta hotA ki usake isa dAve kI puSTi ke kucha tAttvika AdhAra bhI the| yadyapi arastU apane guru (pleTo) se mAnavIya zubha ke siddhAMta kI rUparekhA ke sambaMdha meM pUrNa sahamata hai, tathApi cAhe hama usake nItizAstra kA dUsare zAstroM se sambaMdha ke viSaya meM vicAra kareM yA usake sadguNoM kI vyavasthA ke vistAra meM jAeM, arastU kA pleTo se matabheda spaSTa hai| ipIkyUrIyanoM kI paravartI kI dRSTi se ina donoM para dRSTipAta kareM yA vicAra kareM, to vyAvahArika rUpa se inakA yaha virodha bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| yahAM taka ki jisa mukhya vicAra biMdu para arastU pleTo ke virodha meM jAtA hai, vahAM bhI bAhara se jitanA virodha parilakSita hotA hai, vastuta: utanA virodha nahIM hai| apane guru kI mAnyatAoM ke jisa bhAga para arastU vastutaH AkSepa karatA hai, ve ciMtana se niSpanna na hokara kalpanA se prasUta hI haiN| pleTo kI vaicArika kalpanA arastU ke vizleSaNa ke mAdhyama se hI mukhya vidhAyaka pariNAmoM kI spaSTatA ko prApta hotI hai| jaisA ki hamane dekhA, pleTo ke anusAra eka parama vijJAna yA parama prajJA hai, jisakA aMtima viSaya nirapekSa zubha hai| isI nirapekSa zubha ke jJAna meM sabhI vizeSa zubhoM kA athavA jinheM hama bauddhika rUpa se jAnanA cAhate haiM, unakA jJAna nihita hai| sabhI yAvahArika sadguNa usI nirapekSa zubha ke jJAna meM aMtarbhUta haiM / koI bhI vyakti, jo vastutaH yaha jAnatA hai ki vaha zubha kyA hai, vaha usa zubha kI upalabdhi karane meM bhI asaphala nahIM ho sakatA hai, apitu usake dvArA vaha tAttvika ciMtana aura vyAvahArika buddhi meM tAdAtmya kara detA hai, isa dRr3ha dhAraNA ke bAvajUda bhI pleTo ke lekhanoM meM usa nirapekSa zubha ke jJAna ke dvArA mAnavIya kalyANa ke vyAvahArika niSkarSoM ko nikAlane kA koI gambhIra prayAsa dRSTigata nahIM hotA hai, sAtha hI usake graMthoM meM usa nirapekSa zubha ke AdhAra para viziSTa kalAoM aura vijJAnoM kA varNana to nagaNya hI hai| usakA kahanA hai ki jIvana vijJAna yA jIvana jIne kI kalA ko hI apane sAdhya ko spaSTa karanA hai| usake anusAra yaha jIvana jIne kI kalA eka rAjanIti hai, kyoMki arastU ke anusAra

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/54 mAnavIya kalyANa rAjanItika saMsthAoM para nirbhara rahatA hai, isalie nirapekSa zubha kA jJAna usameM bilakula upayogI nahIM hogA, jaise yaha jJAna viziSTa kalAoM aura hastakauzala meM upayogI nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra arastU jisa bAta kA pratiSedha karatA hai, use siddha karane ke lie pleTo ne koI nizcita tarka prastuta nahIM kie haiN| jaisA ki hama spaSTa kara cuke haiM, arastU ciMtana-vijJAna yA prajJA, jo ki zAzvata aura avyaya satya se sambaMdhita hai aura vyAvahArika buddhi yA rAjanItijJa ke Adarza, jisakA sAdhya mAnavIya yA vyAvahArika zubha hai, meM spaSTa aMtara karatA hai| yaha aMtara usa spaSTa rupa se svIkRta siddhAMta kA virodhI hai| pleTo 'phaleyasa' nAmaka saMvAda meM zubha sambaMdhI vivecanA ko pUrNatayA mAnavIya zubha se sambaMdhita karatA hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki kramazaH 'viveka' aura 'sukha' usa mAnavIya zubha ke nirmANa kA dAvA karate haiN| yaha kevala Izvara sambaMdhI vicAra' ke prasaMga meM hI vizva-zubha (susaMgaThita vizva ke zubha) kI sAMketika carcA karatA hai, jo ki vastutaH hamArI prastuta vivecanA kI sImA se pare hai| punaH, AcArika rAjanIti ke apane mahatvapUrNa graMtha di lAja meM usakI viziSTa tattvamImAMsA kahIM bhI parilakSita nahIM hotI hai| dUsarI ora, arastU ke dvArA prastuta mAnavIya zubha aura IzvarIya zubha kA sambaMdha itanA nikaTa kA hai ki hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate haiM ki pleTo ne unheM isase bhI adhika nikaTa hone kI kalpanA bhI kI hogii| arastU kI dRSTi meM jagat kA tAttvika zubha sAmAnya amUrta vicAra kI vizuddha kriyA hai| vaha eka sAtha viSaya aura viSayI donoM hI hai| vaha svataH aparivartanazIla (kUTastha) aura nitya hai, sAtha hI vAstavika jagat meM parivartana kI samagra prakriyA kA aMtima kAraNa evaM prathama srota bhI hai| arastU aura pleTo-donoM hI sAmAnya amUrta ciMtana kI prakriyA ke samAna hI yaha mAnate haiM ki vizuddha ciMtanAtmaka prajJA mAnavIya astitva kA sarvottama prakAra hai| dArzanika vyakti yathAsambhava aisA jIvana jInA hI cAhegA, yadyapi eka manuSya hone ke nAte use janasAdhAraNa ke jIvana ke AcAra vyavahAra se bhI sambaddha honA par3egA aura isa kSetra meM use pUrNa naitika acchAiyoM (prakarSa) kI upalabdhi ke dvArA hI apane sarvocca zubha kI prApti hogii| nissaMdeha arastU ke dvArA naitika acchAI ko devatAoM se asambaMdhita mAnane kA prayAsa pleTo ke isa siddhAMta ki nyAyI vyakti devatAoM kA priya hotA hai| virodhI hai, kiMtu yahAM bhI isa virodha kI dUrI ko kama kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama yaha dhyAna meM rakheM ki pleTo ke nyAya kA sAratattva saMgati pUrNa kriyA hai| nissadaiha arastU kA sukha ko daivIya sattA kA guNa mAnanA usake pleTo

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 55 se gambhIra evaM tAtvika virodha ko spaSTa karatA hai kiMtu yaha bhinnatA vyAvahArika mahattva kI nahIM hai| phira bhI yaha daivIya aura mAnavIya zubhoM kI tulanA ko kucha adhika bodhagamya hI banAtI hai| punazca pleTo ke samAna arastU kA bhI sukarAta ke isa siddhAMta se virodha hai ki sabhI sadguNa jJAna hai yadyapi yaha virodha pleTo kI apekSA mUlataH adhika vyApaka nahIM hai phira bhI arastU ne ise adhika spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kiyA hai| pleTo aura arastU donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti kI aicchika kriyA kA uddezya vahI hotA hai jo use zubha dikhAI par3atA hai aura vaha pUrNa sadguNa anivAryatayA vyAvahArika prajJA yA naitika aMtardRSTi se nigamita hotA hai| yadi vaha prajJA yA aMtardRSTi yathArtha yA kriyAtmaka ho / yadyapi donoM yaha svIkAra karate haiM, ki naitika aMtardRSTi kI yaha satyatA kevala buddhi kA kArya nahIM hai kiMtu vaha AtmA ke bauddhika aura abauddhika yA arddha bauddhika pakSoM ke madhya samyak sambaMdha sthApita karane para nirbhara hai aura usake anusAra sadguNa kI zikSA ke lie svAbhAvika azubhase nivRttiyukta mana para sajaga anuzAsana kI apekSA kevala zAbdika Adeza kama mahatvapUrNa hai| nissaMdeha yahI siddhAMta arastU ke ciMtana meM spaSTa evaM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| nizcita hI arastU apane guru pleTo kI apekSA yaha kahakara eka kadama Age rakhatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki satkArya kA mukhya guNa yahI hai ki vaha svataHsAdhya ke rUpa meM yA kevala (apane) sadguNAtmaka saundarya ke lie hI cunA gayA ho, kiMtu uparokta kathana meM vaha isa mAnyatA ko sUtrabaddha kara detA hai, jisakI usake guru ne adhika prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se use preraNA dI thii| aMta meM sukha aura mAnava kalyANa meM sambaMdha ke prazna para arastU kA dRSTikoNa pleTo ke una vicAroM se, jo ki usake paravartI saMvAdoM meM milate * bahuta adhika bhinna nahIM hai| yadyapi vaha sukhavAda virodhI hai aura usa aikAntika dRSTikoNa kA virodha karatA hai, jo ki spiyusIpasa ke prabhAva se pleTo vAda meM AyA thaa| arastU ke dRSTikoNa meM sukha mAnava kalyANa kA prAthamika ghaTaka nahIM hai, kiMtu usakA ka abhinna upalakSaNa (gauNa guNa) hai| mAnavIya kalyANa vastutaH kisI prakAra kI uttama kriyA ko kauzala pUrvaka sampAdita karanA hai cAhe usakA sAkSya yA lakSya amUrta satya ho yA sadAcaraNa ho| jJAna aura sadguNa, unase prApta hone vAle sukha ke AdhAra para bauddhika cayana ke viSaya nahIM hai to bhI sukha ina sabhI kriyAoM kA poSaNa karatA hai aura eka prakAra se unheM pUrNa karatA hai jo kisI anupAta meM kriyA kI uttamatA (acchAI) se bhI adhika zreSTha evaM vareNya hai| nissaMdeha arastU sukha kI prakRti ke sambaMdha meM pleTo

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 56 kI AlocanA karate haiN| unakA tarka yaha hai ki hama sukha ko mAtra eka 'prakriyA' yA saMtuSTi ke rUpa meM nahIM dekhate haiM saMtuSTi sukha ke bhautika pakSa ko hI batAtI hai na ki usake Atmika yA mAnasika pakSa ko / kiMtu isase donoM vicArakoM kI sAmAnya naitika sahamati prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| bhraSTa yA anaitika sukha, vAstavika evaM sacce sukha nahIM hai| isa mUlatayA pleTovAdI siddhAMta ko arastU ke vicAroM meM dekhakara hama Azcaryacakita . raha jAte haiN| mAnava kalyANa ke sambaMdha meM arastU kA dRSTikoNa jaba hama tInoM dArzanikoM ke naitika darzana kI tulanA karate haiM, to nimna niSkarSa nikalate haiN| hamArI dRSTi meM mAnavIya zubha ke pleTo aura arastU ke dRSTikoNoM meM yadi koI mahatvapUrNa aMtara hai, to vaha yaha hai ki tAttvika rUpa se arastU ke vicAroM kI sukarAta naitika zikSAoM ke vidhAyaka pakSa se adhika nikaTatA evaM samarUpatA hai, yadyapi unakA prastutikaraNa adhika zAstrIya evaM pANDitya pUrNa DhaMga se huA hai aura ve sukarAta ke AdhArabhUta virodhAbhAsa kA adhika spaSTa rUpa meM nirasana karate haiN| yadyapi sukarAtIya Agamana vidhi pleTo ke saMvAdoM kA mahatvapUrNa lakSaNa hai kiMtu unakI nItizAstra kI Adarza vidhi vizuddha rUpa se nigamanAtmaka hI hai| ve naitikatA ke kSetra 7 sahaja buddhi ko eka aisA asthAI caraNa aura prArambha-bindU mAnate haiM jisake dvArA mana nirapekSa zubha ke jJAna kI prApti kI dizA meM Age bar3ha ske| pleTo yaha mAnate haiM ki usI nirapekSa zubha ke jJAna ke dvArA hI vizeSa zubhoM ke pratyayoM ko sahI DhaMga se samajhA jA sakatA hai| arastU nItizAstra meM pleTo ke anubhavAtItatA ke siddhAMta ko samApta kara unakI zikSAoM meM maulika sukarAtIya Agamana vidhi " ko zeSa rakhate hai| yaha Agamana vidhi joki janasAdhAraNa ke dhAraNAoM se nirmita aura usI se satyApita bhI hai| vastutaH unake lekhana ke utAra car3hAva ko bhalI bhAMti taba hI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki jaba hama unakI lekhana zailI ko sukarAtIya parisaMvAda ke usa rUpa meM dekheM jo ki aba ekAlApI' hai aura vivAda carcA ke sthAna para vyAkhyAna kakSa kA viSaya bana gii| isa prakAra sukarAtIya Agamana praNAlI dvArA ve hame apane nItizAstra sambaMdhI graMtha meM mAnavIya zubha yA paramazubha kI ora le jAte haiN| pratyeka vyakti kisI bhI kriyAkalApa ko kisI pariNAma kI prApti kI apekSA ke sAtha hI karatA hai cAhe vaha pariNAma apane Apa ke lie ho (svataHsAdhya ho) yA kisI anya sAdhya kA eka anya sAdhana ho / kiMtu spaSTa bAta yaha hai ki sabhI kArya kevala kisI sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 57 kie jAte haiM, isalie koI bhI ho parama sAdhya avazya hI honA caahie| vaha vijJAna yA adhyayana jo ki isa carama sAdhya kI khoja karatA hai vaha una sabhI kalAoM kA niyAmaka hogA jinakI upayogitA hai yA jinakA koI vizeSa sAdhya haiN| hama dekhate haiM ki manuSya sAmAnyatayA kinhIM sAdhyoM ko svIkAra kara letA hai aura hama usa sAdhya ko kalyANa karane meM samartha hone ke bAre meM sahamata bhI ho sakate haiM18, kiMtu una sAdhyoM ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM manuSyoM ke vicAra bhinna bhinna hote haiM, to hama kisa prakAra sahI dRSTikoNa ko prApta kara sakate haiM? hama yaha jAnate haiM ki manuSyoM ko unake kAryoM ke AdhAra para vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai aura usI AdhAra para sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai jaise sunAra, luhAra AdisabhI prakAra ke manuSyoM aura manuSya zarIra ke sabhI aMgoM ke alaga-alaga vizeSa kArya haiM aura kArya karane vAle kA yA aMgoM kA mUlyAMkana bhI unake kAryoM ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai, ve apane kArya karane ke DhaMga para hI acche yA bure kahe jaaeNge| isa AdhAra para kyA hama yaha anumAna nahIM kara sakate haiM ki manuSya kA manuSya ke rUpa meM vizeSa kArya hai aura usakA kalyANa yA usake karmoM kA zubhatva manuSya ke lie niyata kArya ko mAnavIya astitva kI sAmAnya viziSTatA arthAt bauddhikatA ke dvArA samyak prakAra se sampAdita karane meM hai| yahI bauddhikatA hI manuSya kA viziSTa guNa hai| punazcadva janasAdhAraNa ke vicAroM ke prati sukarAtIya Adara kevala unhIM rUpoM meM hI prakaTa nahIM huA hai, jinake AdhAra para arastU apanI maulika dhAraNA para pahuMcatA hai, varan usane isa dhAraNA kI jisa DhaMga se vivecanA kI hai, usameM bhI samAna rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai, yadyapi prathamataH arastU kI dRSTi meM pUrNazubha (pUrNa kalyANa) manuSya kA apane divya-pakSa arthAt zuddha tArkika buddhi ke upayoga meM nihita hai| mAnavIya zubha kI isa dhAraNA ke aura kevala isI dhAraNA ke prastutikaraNa ke dvArA ve apane ko virodhAbhAsa se dUra rakhate haiN| unake graMtha ke eka bar3e bhAga meM una nimna zreNI zubhoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai, jinakI kSudhAtmaka yA vAsanAtmaka (arddha-bauddhika)pakSa kI kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA evaM buddhi ke niyaMtraNa meM vyAvahArika jIvana meM upalabdhi kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra karma-kauzala ko vyApaka banAyA gayA hai aura use sukha ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai| vastutaH sukha aise kauzalayukta kAryoM se abhinna rUpa se jur3A huA hai, phira bhI yaha usakA pUrI taraha se paryAyavAcI nahIM hai, jise grIka nAgarika mAnavIya kalyANa (zubha) ke lie anivArya jAnate the| vastutaH hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 58 arastU ke anusAra mAnavIya kAryoM ke samucita sampAdana ke lie anivAryatA evaM pUrva AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM bhautika sampadA kI sImita AvazyakatA ko apratyakSa rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai| isa prakAra arastU kA ciMtana yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki garIba vyakti ko koI bhI sukha nahIM hai, lekina sukha ke atirikta anya zubha bhI hai, jaise-saundarya, kulInatA, sanmati - kalyANa Adi, jinakI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kA mAnavIya kalyANa (zubha) ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNoM para prabhAva par3atA hai, yadyapi unheM apratyakSa rUpa se bhI sadAcaraNa ke lie mahatvapUrNa nahIM batAyA jA sakatA hai| arastU na to inheM apane zubha (zreyasa) kI dArzanika dhAraNA se bahirgata karate haiM aura na apanI aupacArika paribhASA meM unheM sammilita hI karate haiN| yaha suvicArita lacIlApana ( madhyama mArga) unake AdhArabhUta siddhAMtoM meM aura unakI samagra naitika vivecanA meM parilakSita hotA hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki yaha viSaya pUrNatayA vaijJAnika vivecana ke yogya nahIM hai / arastU kA uddezya mAnavIya zubha kA koI pUrNa nizcita siddhAMta denA nahIM hai, apitu unakA kArya mAnavIya zubha ke adhika mahatvapUrNa ghaTakoM kA vyAvahArika pUrNa vivaraNa denA hai| arastU kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki janasAdhAraNa ke lie zubha jIvana kA sabase mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka karma - kauzala meM nihita hai aura yaha karma kauzala vibhinna naitika uttamatAoM (prakarSoM) pratyayoM se nirdhArita hotA hai| arastU hamezA unakI vyAkhyA apane yuga kI sAmAnya naitika cetanA ke vizleSaNAtmaka nirIkSaNa ke dvArA nikAle gae pariNAmoM ke dvArA prastuta karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM jisa prakAra kI bhautika satyatA ko hama vizeSa bhautika nirIkSaNa ke Agamana ke dvArA prApta karate haiM, usI prakAra naitika satya ko vizeSa naitika dhAraNAoM kI sajaga tulanA ke dvArA hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| zubha aura azubha (burAI) ke sambaMdha meM mAnavIya nirNayoM kI vibhinnatA aura virodha ke kAraNa sabhI naitika praznoM ke pUrNa nizcita evaM spaSTa uttara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, tathApi ciMtana ke dvArA kucha virodhI dRSTikoNoM kA nirasana aura kucha kA samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai aura aMtatogatvA vaha ciMtana hameM naitika satya kA vyAvahArika rUpa se sAratattva pradAna karatA hai| sahaja buddhi ke prati isa niSThA ke kAraNa yadyapi arastU ke sadguNa sambaMdhI vivaraNa meM pUrNatA tathA gahanatA donoM kI kamI rahI hai, tathApi isake sAtha hI yahAM suMdara aura zubha jIvana ke tatkAlIna grIka Adarza " ke vizleSaNa ke rUpa meM aitihAsika abhiruci vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 59 arastU kA sadguNa sambaMdhI siddhAMta prArambha meM hama naitika uttamatA (prakarSa) yA sImita artha meM sadguNa kI sAmAnya paribhASA para vicAra kreNge| isa pada kA artha kevala svAbhAvika anubhUti yA anubhUtyAtmaka navAveza arthAt krodha, bhaya, ghRNA Adi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ? kyoMki mAtra isa rUpa meM ve prazaMsA yA niMdA ke viSaya nahIM hai| isakA tAtparya eka aisI paripakva Adata hai, jo aise niyama evaM anuzAsana ke aMtargata kisI kriyA ko bAra-bAra karane se nirmita hotI hai, aura jisameM anucita ke Adhikya aura anucita kI kamI se bacane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA ho aura jisameM pUrNa varNita svAbhAvika saMvegoM kA sImita evaM niyaMtrita rUpa se saMvedana kiyA gayA ho, tAki sadguNI vyakti binA kisI AMtarika saMgharSa ke karma-saMkalpa kara sake aura usa karma saMkalpa ko apane pariNAmoM meM prakaTa kara ske| sadguNa bhI tAMtrika kauzala (karmakauzala) ke samAna hI abhyAsa kA pariNAma hai, kiMtu sadguNa karma-kauzala se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki sadguNAtmaka kAryoM kA aicchika cayana unake AMtarika naitika sauMdarya ke lie hotA hai, kisI bAhya sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie nahIM hotA hai| sukarAta ke sadguNa sambaMdhI vicAroM meM pleTo dvArA kie gae saMzodhana aura vikAsa ke AdhAra para niSkarSa nikAlate hue arastU sadguNa sambaMdhI sAmAnya dhAraNA ko kramazaH Age le jAte haiN| arastU kI vizeSa sadguNoM kI sUci AMzika rUpa se pleTo ke AdhAra para banAI gaI hai aura pleTo kI usa sUci meM jana-sAmAnya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para vRddhi kI gaI hai tathA sahaja buddhi ke prati apanI niSThA ke AdhAra para unheM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu arastU aura pleTo mukhya sadguNa sambaMdhI vivecanA meM eka dUsare se bhinna ho jAte haiN| pleTo sAmAnyatayA svIkRta sadguNoM kI mUlabhUta ekatA tathA unakI pArasparika aMtarnihitatA ko svIkAra karate haiM aura apane vivaraNa meM pratyeka sadguNa ko itanA vyApaka banAte haiM ki use sAmAnya sadguNa mAnA jA sake, jabaki ve una padoM ko jana-sAdhAraNa kI dhAraNAoM se lekara bhI apanI vizleSaNAtmaka buddhi aura Agamana paddhati ke AdhAra para unheM saMkIrNa rUpa meM paribhASita karate haiN| prajJA tathA ImAnadArI ke pratyayoM ko svataMtra vivecanA ke lie chor3akara ve sAhasa aura saMyama se apanI vivecanA prArambha karate haiN| ve pleTo ke samAna sAhasa aura saMyama ko AtmA ke abauddhika pakSa kI acchAI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/60 (ucchamatA) mAnate haiN| sAhasa kI vaha adhika jAgarukatA evaM sUkSmatA se vivecanA karate haiN| pracalita prazaMsA aura niMdA ke AdhAra para ve unheM mahatva dete haiN| apane saMkucita evaM kaThora artha meM 'sAhasa' zabda kA samucita prayoga yuddha ke saMdarbha meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| jahAM mRtyu vareNya ho, aise prasaMgoM meM mRtyu kA nirbhayatApUrvaka sAmanA karane meM yaha abhivyakta hotA hai aura aise prasaMga mukhyatayA yuddha meM hI Ate haiN| nizcita hI samudrI tUphAna meM eka sAhasI vyakti nirbhaya hogA, kiMtu vaha sahI arthoM meM sAhasa' ko abhivyakta nahIM kara sakegA, kyoMki aisI saMkaTakAlIna mRtyu se vareNya yA mahAn kucha bhI nahIM hai| punaH, samyak sAhasa vahI hogA, jo ki eka sadguNa ho aura jisameM sAhasika kArya kA cayana usakI apanI AMtarika mahAnatA yA zubhatA ke lie huA ho| samyak sAhasa ko nAgarika sAhasa' se bhI pRthak karanA hogA, jisakA preraka apamAna yA pIr3A kA bhaya hai| isI prakAra use anubhava ke AdhAra para jAgrata AtmavizvAsa yA joza ke rUpa meM ajJAna mAtra bhautika sAhasa yA bhAvAveza se bhI pRthak karanA hogA, yadyapi bhAvAveza usakI kaccI sAmagrI hai, jise ucca lakSya se yukta karake sadguNa ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra sAhasa kA artha yuddha ke saMdarbha meM mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra usa samaya ke upayoga ke anusAra mitAcAra (saMyama) zabda kA prayoga bhUkha, pyAsa aura kAmavAsanA sambaMdhI sukhoM ke saMdarbha meM huA hai| mitAcArI (saMyamI) vyakti ina kSudhAoM yA vAsanAoM meM anucita rUpa se rata nahIM rahatA hai aura inake upabhoga kA ati AnaMda nahIM letA hai, cAhe vaha upabhoga evaM tajjanita saMtuSTi vaidhAnika hI kyoM na ho| na vaha anAvazyaka rUpa se una sukhoM kI cAha karatA hai aura na unakI anupalabdhi se du:khI hotA hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki arastU ke anusAra mitAcAra vastutaH usa sadguNa ke saMdarbha meM anucitatA ke abhAva pakSa kA sUcaka hotI hai| kSudhAtmaka (AvegAtmaka) sukhoM ke prati atyadhika saMyama manuSyoM meM muzkila se hI pAyA jAtA hai| vizeSa rUpa se mitAcAra ke saMdarbha meM punaH yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki apane sahI artha meM mitAcAra ke sadguNa meM Atma nirodha meM arastU ne mahatvapUrNa aMtara mAnA hai| sadguNa vaha hai, jisameM ucita kArya kA sampAdana binA AMtarika saMgharSa ke hotA hai, jabaki Atma nirodha meM kupathagAmI vAsanAoM se saMgharSa karanA hotA hai| mukhyatayA yaha dekhane meM AtA hai, grIka bhASA meM 'alpa nirodha'

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 61 aura usake virodhI zabda kevala zArIrika kSudhAoM ke saMdarbha meM hI prayukta kie jAte haiM, krodha Adi dUsare abauddhika AvegoM ke sambaMdha meM unakA prayoga gauNa athavA lAkSaNika rUpa meM hI kiyA gayA hai| sAhasa aura mitAcAra (saMyama) ke pazcAta, jo ki manuSya kI Adima yA pAzavika icchA aura anicchA ke niyamana se sambaMdhita hai, arastU sadguNoM kI eka dUsarI jor3I prastuta karatA hai, jo ki kramazaH manuSya kI susabhya evaM susaMskRta icchAoM aura sAdhyoM ke mukhya viSaya sampatti aura sammAna se sambaMdhita hai| inameM se pratyeka kA hameM una acchAiyoM se aMtara karanA par3egA, jinheM saba koI prApta kara sakate haiM aura jinheM kucha cune hue loga hI prApta kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra sampatti ke sambaMdha meM bhI samucita sAdhana vAlA vyakti hI udAra bana sakatA hai| udAratA ke sadguNa kA tAtparya hai, binA apavyaya kie yogya viSayoM para mukta hasta (khale dila se) vyaya karanA yA dAna denaa| yadyapi isameM sabhI prakAra ke asammAnajanaka sAdhanoM se dhana prApti ko varjita mAnA gayA hai, kiMtu jJAna evaM vaibhava kA yaha bhavya guNa kevala adhika sampatti aura ucca sAmAjika sammAna vAle vyakti ke lie hI prAptavya hai| unake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki ve devatAoM ko vahI bheMTa car3hAeM, zAnadAra (bhavya) dAvateM deM, acchI saMgIta maNDalI rakheM athavA yuddha-pota se sajjita rheN| niyama yA paramparA ke ina vyaya sAdhya kAryoM ko karanA aithensa meM eka anyatra sampattizAlI nAgarikoM para lagAyA gayA eka prakAra kA atirikta kara bhAra thA, kiMtu yaha spaSTa hai ki ve inheM dikhAve ke avasara hone ke kAraNa utsAhapUrvaka apanAte the| yaha ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM sampattizAlI vyakti ko zAdI kI dAvatoM meM tathA manoraMjana karane vAle samUha gAyakoM ko raMgIna vastroM se sajAne meM atiraMjita abhadratA se bacanA hotA thaa| isI prakAra manuSya kA sammAna yA yaza kIrti ke lie ucita prayatna bhI arastU ke dvArA viziSTa sadguNa kA kSetra mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi use isake lie tatkAlIna naitikatA ke zabdakoSa meM koI zabda nahIM milA hai| jaise ki dekhA jAtA hai vaha mahatvAkAMkSI vyakti aura amahatvAkAMkSI vyakti - donoM ko hI kabhI prazaMsA ke pAtra aura kabhI niMdA ke pAtra mAnatA hai, kiMtu uccamanA vyakti ke dvArA abhivyakta bAhya zubhoM meM mana kI isa sarvottama abhivRtti (rujhAna) kA citraNa karane meM vizeSa ruci rakhatA hai| uccamanA vyakti vaha hai, jo uccakoTi ke guNa dhAraNa karatA hai tathA apanI yogyatA ke anusAra apanA mUlyAMkana karatA hai| uccamanA hone kA yaha guNa sampAdita sadguNoM kA tAja (mukuTa) hai, kyoMki dUsare sadguNa isameM aMtarnihita hote hI haiM yA dUsare sadguNoM kA isameM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/62 sadbhAva hotA hai aura yaha unheM bar3hAvA detA hai| phira bhI isake aMtargata koI bhI vizeSa durguNa acchAI kI choTI sI bhI mAtrA kA virodhI ho jaaegaa| isa sadguNa kI pUrNatA se yukta uccamanA vyakti pratiSThita vyaktiyoM ke dvArA die jAne vAle bar3e sammAna ko pAkara bhI garvonmata nahIM hogA, kyoMki jo usakA prAptavya hai usakI apekSA se vaha kucha bhI nahIM hai| vaha jana sAdhAraNa kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai tathA usa sammAna se, jo ki ye use dete haiM pUrI taraha udAsIna rahatA hai, jina lakSaNoM ke dvArA arastU mahAn jIvana ke ina guNoM kI vistAra se carcA karatA hai, ve IsAI AdarzoM se apane virodha ke kAraNa adhika rocaka ho gae haiN| sAmAnyatayA uccamanA vyakti dhanI aura kulIna hogaa| vaha dUsaroM para kRpA-dRSTi karanA pasaMda karegA, kiMtu kisI kI kRpA-dRSTi (anugraha) prApta karane meM vaha zarmiMdA hogaa| kisI ne usa para anugraha kiyA hai, isa bAta kI yAda dilAI jAnA bhI pasaMda nahIM kregaa| vaha sabhI prakAra kI parAdhInatA se bacatA hai| jaba kabhI koI mahatvapUrNa kArya nahIM karanA hotA hai, to vaha niSkriya evaM pramAdI rahatA hai| vaha dostI aura duzmanI-donoM ke sambaMdha meM khule dila vAlA hotA hai, kyoMki vaha kisI se bhI DaratA nahIM hai| jana-sAdhAraNa ke prati usakA rukha vyaMgyAtmaka rahatA hai, ise chor3akara vaha sAmAnyatayA niSkapaTa evaM vidveSa se dUra hotA hai, gappabAja nahIM hotA hai, jIvana kI choTI-choTI AvazyakatAoM ke prati vaha ciMtita nahIM rahatA hai| kisI (Azcarya) se cakita nahIM hotA hai| usakI prazaMsA nahIM karatA hai| usakI cAla dhImI, svara gambhIra aura vANI vivekapUrNa hotI hai| sammAna se sambaMdhita sadguNoM ke pazcAt sajjanatA AtI hai| yaha naitika guNa sImita nArAjagI ke avasaroM meM abhivyakta hotA hai,arastU ke sadguNoM kI yaha sUcI sAmAjika vyavahAra kI acchAiyoM se sambaMdhita hai, arthAt maitrI (khuzAmada evaM rUkhe mana ke ruma meM bIca kA mAdhya) aura saccAI prabhAvazAlI pratyutpannamati se samApta hotI hai| apane aitihAsika mahattva ke atirikta bhI viSaya ke prati sthAI abhiruci utpanna karane kI dRSTi se sadguNoM aura durguNoM kA yaha vivaraNa eka prAmANika evaM sUkSma vizleSaNAtmaka anuzIlana prastuta karatA hai, kiMtu yaha mAnavIya AcaraNa para vyApaka dRSTikoNa se gaMbhIra vicAra karane ke prayAsa para AdhArita nahIM dikhAI detA hai| yaha mAtra jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM, kAryoM aura sambaMdhoM ke lie samucita zubhatA ke pratimAnoM ko prastuta karatA hai| yaha sAhasa kA kSetra yuddha ke saMkaTa taka aura mitAcAra kA sambaMdha daihika sukhoM taka sImita kara detA hai| isI prakAra udAratA kA artha svahita aura lokahita ke vyaya meM aMtara nahIM karanA, usake vivecana

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 63 kI apUrNatA aura satahIpana kA paricAyaka hai| isameM naitika pratyayoM ke sambaMdha meM jana sAdhAraNa kI dhAraNAoM kA vizleSaNa hI pramukha rahA hai| arastU kA sadguNa kA sAmAnya siddhAMta bhI usakI vivecanA ko vastutaH suvyavasthita banAne meM adhika upayogI nahIM hai| sadguNa kA svarNima mAdhya yA mAdhyAvasthA kA usakA siddhAMta bhI sadaiva hI sadguNa kI burAiyoM kI adhikatA aura alpatA ke madhya kahIM sthita hai| nissaMdeha kalAkRtiyoM ke samAna hI mAnavIya jIvana kA acchA pariNAma pAne ke lie niyamana aura maryAdA kI AvazyakatA ko abhivyakta karanA mahatvapUrNa tathya hai, kiMtu arastU kA sadguNa aura durguNa kA yaha mAtrAtmaka vivaraNa usa avasthA meM bhI bhrAMta hai, jahAM para asaMgati spaSTa nahIM hai / vaha kabhI - kabhI aise vivecanoM meM sanakIpana aura apane atarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa kA paricaya detA hai / udAharaNArtha - ghamaNDa aura banAvaTI vinamratA ke bIca eka yathAtathyatA kA mAdhya prastuta karate samaya vaha aisA paricaya detA hai| nyAya, mitratA aura vyAvahArika buddhi ke sambaMdha meM arastU ke vicAra arastU ne nyAya yA ImAnadArI ke mukhya sadguNa ko sadguNoM kI pUrvokta sUcI chor3a diyA hai aura usakA alaga se vivecana kiyA hai| unake ise chor3ane kA AMzika kAraNa to yaha hai ki pleTo kI sadguNa kI dhAraNA se mizrita aura jana sAdhAraNa dvArA prayukta isa zabda ke do bhinna-bhinna artha haiN| apane vyApaka artha kI dRSTi se yaha niyamoM ke ullaMghana kA virodhI hai arthAt niyama pAlana karanA hai, jise hamane ImAnadArI ke nAma se batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 22 isa prakAra sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha samagra sadguNoM kA hI AdhAra bana jAtA hai| apane saMkucita artha meM yaha nyAya kA sUcaka hai jo ki anucita AcaraNa yA zoSaNa kA virodhI hai| isa saMkucita artha meM nyAya ko vaha prathamatayA do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta karatA hai - 1. vitaraNa sambaMdhI nyAya jo ki sArvajanika sampatti, pada Adi ko varga ke sadasyoM meM hI unake yogadAna ke anurUpa samavibhAjana meM prakaTa hai| 2. pratipUrti nyAya jo jisakA ahita kiyA gayA usa vyakti ke lAbha ke lie usakI nukasAnI ke samAna anupAta meM nukasAna karane vAle vyakti se kSatipUrti karavAne se sambaMdhita hai| punaH yaha nyAya yaha bhI batAtA hai ki vastuoM ke vinimaya meM nyAya taba prApta hotA hai, jaba vinimaya kI do vastuoM meM unake mUlyoM kI apekSA se samAna anupAta hotA hai, arthAt eka ora kI guNAtmaka uccatA ko dUsarI ora kI mAtrAtmaka uccatA (adhikatA ) se saMtulita kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi yaha kathana

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/64 nidezanAtmaka hai, tathApi vizeSa sthiti meM nyAyocita bhAga kyA hogA? athavA nyAyocita nukasAnI tathA nyAyasaMgata mola tola kyA hogA? isakA nizcaya karane meM yaha koI bhI mArgadarzana nahIM detA hai| aba grIka naitika cintana meM bahucarcita isa prazna para bhI vicAra karanA apekSita hai ki nyAya prAkRtika hai yA paramparAgata hai? arastU kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki nAgarika nyAya meM ina donoM tattvoM kI upasthiti hai, jaisA ki rAjya ke nAgarikoM ko die gae vaidhAnika adhikAroM kI surakSA meM hama pAte haiN| cUMki una adhikAroM kI samyak paribhASA ke lie una bahuta sI bAtoM kA nirNaya karanA hotA hai, jinheM vaha prAkRtika nyAya ke rUpa meM anirNita hI chor3a detA hai, kiMtu arastU na to ina donoM pakSoM ko alaga karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura na prAkRtika (svAbhAvika) nyAya ke una sArabhUta siddhAMtoM ko pratipAdita karatA hai, jinase vaidhAnika rAjya ke nAgarikoM ke prAkRtika adhikAroM ko nirgamita kiyA jA ske| yadyapi yaha samAnatA kI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita karatA hai tathA usa samAnatA ko mAtra vaidhAnika niyamoM ke akSarazaH pAlana se prApta nyAya kI apekSA ucca prakAra kI mAnatA bhI hai| jaba likhita vaidhAnika niyamoM kI zAbdika vyAkhyA, una vizeSa apratyAzita ghaTanAoM ke sambaMdha meM dI jAtI hai, to ve apane prayojana kI siddhi meM asaphala ho jAtI haiM, taba samAnatA para AdhArita nyAya hI usakA nirdezana karatA hai| ____ arastU kI sadguNa sambaMdhI vivecanA meM Adhunika pAThaka ko yaha kamI sabase adhika khalatI hai ki usane apane lekhanoM meM aspaSTa rUpa se udAratA ke apUrNa svarUpa ke atirikta kahIM bhI paropakAra kA svataMtra ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| yadyapi kisI rUpa meM mAnava hRdaya ko eka dUsare se jor3ane vAle maitrI bhAva kI vivecanA ke dvArA isa kamI kI pUrti karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha pArasparika anugraha cAhe apane kaThora artha meM sadguNa na ho, kiMtu yaha mAnavIya kalyANa kA aviyojya aMga avazya hai| rAjya ke sadasyoM ko eka satratA meM sAdhane vAle ke rUpa meM yaha eka nyAyAdhIza kI apekSA eka vidhAyaka kA viSaya adhika hai| apane sImita evaM gambhIra artha meM jise hamane vizeSa rUpa se mitratA kI saMjJA dI hai, yaha mitratA AnaMda kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka hai, yahAM taka ki dArzanika kA AnaMda bhI usake binA pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| mitratA kA sahI AdhAra acchA hai ki pArasparika svIkRti hai| yadyapi aise bhI pArasparika sambaMdha hai jo mitratA ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM, kiMtu kevala (pArasparika) upayogitA yA sukhopalabdhi para nirbhara hote haiN| kiMtu inameM saccI mitratA ke lie Avazyaka lakSaNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 65 kI kamI hai| saccI mitratA kA lakSaNa dUsare kI bhalAI (hita) kI kAmanA unakI bhalAI ke lie hI karanA hai, isalie saccI mitratA kevala bhale logoM meM hI ho sakatI hai| mitratA unake AnaMda ko sahAnubhUti ke mAdhyama se aisI jIvana kI cetanA kA vikAsa karate hue pUrNa banAtI hai, jo ki svataH zubha hai| vizeSa rUpa se yaha unheM apane sadguNoM kI apekSA bhI vaicArika AnaMda detI hai| ve yaha socakara AnaMda prApta karate haiM ki yogyatama upalabdhiyAM unakI svayaM kI hai, yadyapi arastU mitratA ke AdhAra ke isa Adarza ke vivecana ko mAnavIya maitrI kI svAbhAvika avasthAoM kI vyAvahArika vivecanA ke dvArA adhika pUrNa banAtA hai|24 udAharaNArtha, paitRka sambaMdha meM mitratA bahuta kucha zArIrika ekatA kI bhAvanA se utpanna hotI hai| bAlaka ke prati vAtsalya bhAva vastutaH eka prakAra kA vikasita Atma prema hI hai| naitika acchAiyoM (prakarSoM) ke vivecana ke bAda arastU buddhi kA vizleSaNa karate haiN| isa vivecana meM mukhya prazna buddhi ke do prakAroM arthAt vimarzAtmaka prajJA aura vyAvahArika prajJA, jinheM pleTo ne eka hI pratyaya meM mizrita kiyA hai, ke pArasparika sambaMdha kA nirdhAraNa karanA hai| jaisA ki hamane dekhA, arastU kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vimarzAtmaka prajJA naitika praznoM kA samAdhAna karane meM koI mArgadarzana nahIM detI hai, tathApi yaha usI artha meM vyAvahArika mAnI jA sakatI hai, jahAM taka ki isakA abhyAsa mAnavIya kriyAoM ke sarvocca lakSaNa (arthAt bauddhikatA) ke rUpa meM hotA hai| yaha mAnavIya zubha ko paribhASita to nahIM karatI hai, kiMtu yaha usa zubha kA sarvottama aMga hai| dUsarI ora, jaisA ki pUrva meM batAyA jA cukA hai, yadi hama vyAvahArika buddhi ko naitika acchAiyoM se paripUrNa mAneM to vaha unameM aMtarnihita hai| kyoMki kisI bhI vizeSa sthiti meM bhAvanAoM evaM kArya kI usa samucita sImA, jisameM pUrNa sadguNa nihita hai, kA nirdhAraNa vyAvahArika buddhi ke dvArA hotA hai aura ise naitika acchAI se alaga astitvavAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| hama kisI vyakti ko kevala usake buddhi-cAturya, jise eka durAcArI vyakti bhI pradarzita kara sakatA hai, ke AdhAra prAjJa (samajhadAra) vyakti nahIM kahate haiN| vaha vyakti jise hama prAjJa (samajhadAra) vyakti mAnate haiM use kevala sAdhya ke lie sAdhanoM ko cayana karane meM hI catura nahIM honA cAhie tathApi arastU kI dRSTi meM jisase ucita kArya kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai, usa vyAvahArika nyAya ke sAmAnya svarUpa kA nirmANa karanA kaThina hai| vastutaH arastU ke lie bhI isa mudde ko saralatApUrvaka spaSTa kara denA taba taka sambhava nahIM thA, jaba taka ki vaha jana

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 66 sAdhAraNa ke vicAroM aura mAnava jAti ke vyavahAroM se, bauddhika kArya sambaMdhI apane dRSTikoNa ke gambhIra aMtara ke mahatva ko sthApita nahIM kara detA hai| sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa ke lie jisa tarka kI apekSA hai usakA eka hI rUpa hogaa| usameM sAdhya vAkya kisI sadguNa ke viziSTa lakSaNa kI sthApanA karatA hai aura eka yA eka se adhika pakSa vAle vAkya yaha batAte haiM, ki lakSaNa ina dI huI paristhitiyoM ke AcaraNa ke rUpa meM hotA hai| cUMki arastU kI dRSTi meM zubhAcaraNa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki usakA sAdhya usI meM nihita honA cAhie aura use (kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM varan ) svataH sAdhya ke rUpa meM cunA jAnA cAhie, kiMtu vaha use apanI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM karatA hai ki vyAvahArika tarka sAmAnyatayA isa prakAra kA nahIM hotA, apitu vyAvahArika tarka meM kArya kisI bAhya sAdhya ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hotA hai| jabaki vaha vizuddha vimarzAtmaka jIvana kI apekSA vyAvahArika jIvana yA rAjanItika jIvana kI nimnatA ko siddha karanA cAhatA hai, to usa samaya vaha use vyAvahArika yA rAjanItika jIvana ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM mAnane para bala detA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya buddhi yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki sadguNa zubhoM kA uttamAMza hai aura nizcaya hI vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki vyAvahArika buddhi (prajJA) kA upayoga mukhyataH una nimna zubhoM meM hotA hai / maiM, jinheM arastU ne mAnavIya kalyANa kI upalabdhi ke lie upayogI aura Avazyaka mAnate hue bhI alaga kara diyA thaa| usakA pariNAma yaha huA ki vyAvahArika buddhi ke pratyaya ko spaSTa karane ke prayAsa meM hama niraMtara jana sAdhAraNa ke vicAroM, jinheM pUrI taraha asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai aura una Adarza vicAroM ke madhya jhUlate rahate haiM, jo ki usake naitika darzana kI nIMva ke patthara ke rUpa meM Avazyaka haiN| saMkalpa ke sambaMdha meM pleTo aura arastU ke vicAra eka dUsarA bhI pahalU hai, jisameM naitika kArya aura buddhi ke saMbaMdha ke prazna para arthAt saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke prazna para arastU ke dRSTikoNa meM Adhunika pAThaka aspaSTatA pAtA hai| pleTo aura arastU donoM ke sambaMdha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unake manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa ke niSkarSa isa saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke prazna para eka virodhI siddhAMta kI sthApanA ke lie unheM bAdhya karate haiN| ve bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM aura (apane siddhAMtoM meM) lAgU bhI karanA cAhate haiM / nirdhAraNavAda unheM burAI (ke uttara) se bacane kA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 67 eka khataranAka bahAnA pratIta hotA hai aura ve usakA khaNDana aura pratiSedha karane kI bhI bahuta icchA bhI rakhate haiM, kiMtu unake manovaijJAnika siddhAMta meM naitika burAI (pApa) ke aicchika cayana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| yaha IsAI naitika cetanA meM bure saMkalpa kA prAthamika aura pramukha tattva hai aura isa prakAra ve durAcArI vyakti para usake kArya ke prati samagra evaM aMtima uttaradAyitva DAlane meM anivArya rUpa se asaphala ho jAtI haiN| mana kI ve avasthAeM, jinheM ve durAcaraNa kA avyavahita pUrvavartI (kAraNa) mAnate haiM, do haiM?' parAjita bauddhika nirNaya para abauddhika AvegoM kA varcasva aura binA vicAra kie hI kisI kArya hetu tatpara ho jAnA aura 2.zubha pratIta hone vAle azubha kA galata cyn| donoM hI sthitiyoM kA jo vivaraNa ina donoM vicArakoM ne prastuta kiyA hai, usase to kArya pUrva nirdhArita yA niyata hI pratIta hotA hai| jaisA ki pleTo ne spaSTa kahA hai ki kAla kI dRSTi se pariveza bure saMkalpa kA pUrvavartI hotA hai aura isa prakAra burA kArya apane kAraNa se niyata hotA hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki durAcaraNa ke aMtima kAraNa kI niyatatA kA nirasana karane ke lie pleTo ne svayaM athaka prayAsa kie haiN| ripablika ke aMta kI eka kathA meM tathA lAja meM usane dRSTikoNa kI ardhakAlpanika evaM arddhalokapriya abhivyaktiyoM meM vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki pratyeka AtmA apane durAcaraNa ke lie pUrNa uttaradAyI hai| kiMtu apane mAnavIya kAryoM ke vaijJAnika vizleSaNa meM pleTo saMkalpoM ko sadaiva hI yA tozubha kI pratyAzA kI buddhi se athavA AvegoM athavA kSadhAoM kI buddhi ke prati aMgha yA asta vyasta virodha se nirdhArita mAnatA hai| AvegoM (vAsanAoM) se nirdhArita hone kI avasthA meM buddhi ke apUrNa niyaMtraNa kI sampUrNa vyAkhyA vikRta AtmA kI mUlabhUta racanA hai aura jo una bAhya prabhAvoM ke dvArA hogI, jinhoMne usake vikAsa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| isI prakAra durAcArI vyakti ke kAryoM kI jisa saMkalpa svataMtratA' kA arastU vivecana karatA hai vaha bhI usake nirmita caritra aura upasthita bAhya prabhAvoM ke dvArA usa kSaNa meM hone vAle nirdhAraNa se mukta nahIM hai aura isalie Adhunika dArzanika artha meM use vastutaH svataMtra kartRtva nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| arastU ke anusAra durAcArI vyakti jahAM taka ki vaha kisI saMkalpita uddezya se kArya karatA hai, vaha use hI cunegA, jo usa samaya use zubha pratIta hogA aura yaha pratIti cAhe kitanI bhrAMta bhI kyoM na ho? tathApi usa para usakA koI niyaMtraNa nahIM hotA hai| jaisA ki arastU kA kahanA hai, hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki yaha usakA pUrva kA azubhAcaraNa hI hai, jisake kAraNa azubha bhI use zubha pratIta hotA hai, kiMtu yaha tarka kevala tabhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/68 taka sabala pratIta hotA hai, jaba taka ki hama pUrva durAcaraNa para apanA dhyAna keMdrita karate haiM aura usake kAraNa kI khoja karate haiN| arastU ke anusAra yadi yaha AcaraNa bhI uddezyapUrNa thA, to vaha bhI usI prakAra kisI uddezya se huA hogA jo ki zubha pratIta hote hue bhI vastutaH zubha nahIM thA aura yaha AbhAsa (pratIti) punaH usake pUrva ke kAraNa hogaa| isa prakAra jaise jaise uddezya pUrNa kAryoM kI zrRMkhalA ke prArambha kI khoja karate raheMge saMkalpa kI svataMtratA mRga marIcikA ke samAna Age bar3hatI rahegI aura hama kahIM bhI nahIM ruka sakeMge (tArkika dRSTi se yaha avasthA doSa hogaa)| yaha batA denA ucita hogA ki burI icchAoM kI utpatti ke sambaMdha meM pleTo ke siddhAMta meM jo asaMgati hama pAte haiM, ve kevala usake siddhAMta ke naitika pakSa kI dRSTi se hI hai, dhArmika pakSa kI dRSTi se nahIM hai, kiMtu isa dRSTikoNa ko apanAne meM aisI koI kaThinAI nahIM hai ki sAmAnya vicAra kI zuddha zAzvata sattA meM, jisakA pleTo ne aura bAda meM arastU ne IzvarIya sattA se tAdAtmya kiyA hai, na to koI burAI (pApa) hI hai aura na usakA koI kAraNa hI hai, isalie pApa pUrI taraha se vAstavika aindrika jagat kI aparihArya sthitiyoM meM hI utpanna hotA hai| maiM jo kahanA cAhatA hUM vaha kevala yaha ki pleTo saMgatipUrNa DhaMga se vaiyaktika AtmA meM pApa (burAI) kI utpatti ko nahIM mAna sakatA hai| yadi hama yaha bhI kahe, jaisA ki zAyada arastU kahatA thA ki durAcaraNa apane prArambha meM AvegAtmaka thA aura jaise jaise burI AdateM nirmita hotI gaI. vaise kramazaH aicchika (saMkalpika) banatA gayA, to bhI yaha batAnA aura bhI sarala hogA ki arastU kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa koI bhI dArzanika saMgati ko prastuta nahIM karatA hai, jisake AdhAra para AvegAtmaka azubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyitva kartA para DAlA jA ske| kyoMki jaba bhI vaha madhya kI usa avasthA kA vizleSaNa karatA hai, jisameM anucita kArya yaha jAnate hue ki yaha anucita phira bhI kiyA gayA, to usakI vyAkhyA yahI hogI ki usa kSaNa meM mana meM vastutaH aisA jJAna nahIM huA thaa| Avega yA kSudhA ke kAraNa vaha acetana avasthA meM hI ho gayA thaa| sToikavAda kI ora ___ sambhavatayA kula milAkara arastU ke kisI nItizAstra ke atirikta anya koI aisI adhikRta racanA nahIM milatI hai, jisameM nItizAstra sambaMdhI prAmANika aura sUkSma vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA ho| yadyapi pAThaka ko yaha racanA bhI eka prakIrNa aura apUrNa graMtha hI lagatI hai| Adhunika yUropIya ciMtana mora

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 69 ke nirmANa meM pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se usake prabhAva ko hama samyak prakAra se isI AdhAra para samajha sakate haiM ki usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt pAMca zatAbdiyoM taka usake ciMtana kA prabhAva banA rahA, jabaki sukarAta kI paramparA se utpanna aMdha-sampradAya grIka romana saMskRti para taba bhI hAvI the| nissaMdeha arastU ke isa saMkramaNaka sampradAya kA sImita prabhAva aMzataH vizuddha ciMtanAtmaka jIvana ko utperita karane ke AdhAra para hI hai, jo ki arastU ke nItizAstra ko dUsare paravartI sampradAyoM se alaga karatA hai| usa yuga meM jabaki darzana kA naitika prayojana punaH, mahatvapUrNa bana gayA thA, yaha jana sAdhAraNa kI naitika cetanA ke atyadhika pratikUla thaa| punaH, aMzataH arastU kI vizleSaNAtmaka suspaSTatA mAnava kI naitika AkAMkSA aura una siddhAMtoM ke samanvaya ke hetu sukarAta ke prayAsoM meM uThane vAlI kaThinAiyoM ko vizeSa pradhAnatA de detI hai, jinake AdhAra para jana-sAdhAraNa ke paraspara niMdA aura prazaMsA yA anumodana karane meM sahamata hote haiM tathA jisake dvArA unake vyAvahArika tarka sAmAnyatayA niSpAdita hote haiN| sahaja buddhi ke ina do pahaluoM ke bIca hone vAle saMgharSa kA nivAraNa bahuta hI gambhIra thA aura manuSya jAti kI naitika cetanA arastU kI apekSAbhI isake prabhAvazAlI samarthana kI apekSA karatI hai| usakI isa mAMga kI pUrti eka sampradAya ke dvArA kI gaI, jisane jIvana ke naitika evaM vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa kA kalpanA kI pahuMca se pUrNataH aura nizcitatA ke sAtha alaga kara diyA aura jo vyAvahArika acchAI ko manuSya kI Adarza prajJA kA sarvocca pariNAma aura abhivyakti mAnatA hai, sAtha hI jo sampUrNa mAnavIya jIvana ko samAviSTa karane vAle tathA niyamabaddha vizva prakriyA ke sAtha usake sambaMdha ko abhivyakta karane vAle siddhAMta ke dvArA karttavya ke sAmAnya pratyaya ko spaSTa rUpa se eka sampUrNa evaM saMgatipUrNa siddhAMta ke sAtha bAMdhatA hai| usa porca, jisameM isake mUla saMsthApaka jheno sadaiva upadeza diyA karate the, ke nAma para yaha sampradAya sToika isIlie kahA jAtA hai| isa sampradAya ke naitika siddhAMtoM kA bauddhika udgama siddhAMtataH siniksa ke mAdhyama se sukarAta taka khojA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi inake darzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa pahalU yaha hai ki ise akAdamIya-sampradAya ke prathA kA pariNAma mAnA jA sakatA hai| sToika aura sinika donoM hI isa maulika siddhAMta ko sUkSmatA ke sAtha pratipAdita karate haiM ki mAtra yaha vyAvahArika buddhi hI hai, jisakA ve sadguNa se tAdAtmya karate haiM aura jo AtmA kI hI eka sthiti hai yA usake aMtargata hai 27 / yahI mAnavIya kalyANa ke lie paryApta hai| yaha satya hai ki siniksa vairAgyamaya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/70 kalyANa ke niSedhAtmaka pahalU para adhika bala dete haiM, jo vairAgyayukta kalyANa zArIrika svAsthya evaM zakti, suMdaratA, sukha, sampatti, uttama janma aura yajJa (samarpaNa) kIrti kI upalabdhi se svataMtra haiM, jabaki sToika kalyANa ke vidhAyaka pahalU ko adhika mahatva dete haiN| unake anusAra dRr3ha kaSTa sahiSNutA (duHkhoM se AtmazAMti kA bhaMga nahIM honA) prasannatA aura AdhyAtmika AnaMda prajJA kI upalabdhi se anivAryatayA prApta ho jAte haiM. yadyapi yaha aMtara siniksa aura sToika vibheda kA AdhAra nahIM hai| vastutaH sToika bhI bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI sImA rekhA ko kaThoratApUrvaka kama se kama karane kI sinika mAnyatA kA jana sAdhAraNa kI icchAoM aura dArzanika lakSyoM ke mUlabhUta virodha ko prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se vyakta karane kA vicAra kie binA hI samarthana karate haiM, jo ki na to Avazyaka hai, na svAbhAvika hI, to bhI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM manISiyoM ke dvArA lAbhaprada rUpa se apanAyA jA sakatA hai|28 sToikavAda (nirvikAra manISI) taba vaha jJAna yA prajJA jo ki manuSya ko pUrNa aura svataMtra banAtI hai, isa bAta meM nihita hai aura jisa para sinika aura sToika-donoM hI isa bAta meM sahamata haiM, vahI mahattvapUrNa tathya hai, jisake AdhAra para vivekazIla aura avivekazIla meM aMtara kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vaha isa svIkRti para nirbhara hai ki manuSya kA sampUrNa zubha jJAna athavA prajJA meM hI nihita hai| hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki sToika aura sinika bhI sukarAta ke samAna hI yaha mAnate haiM ki zabha kA jJAna jIvana meM zubha kI upalabdhi se bhinna nahIM ho sakatA hai, yadyapi ve yaha mAnate haiM ki aise jIvana kI samayAvadhi adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hotI hai| koI bhI vyakti, jisane eka kSaNa ke lie bhI pUrNa prajJA kI upalabdhi kara lI hai, vaha mAnavIya kalyANa kI pUrNatA ko prApta kara legaa| usa alagAva ke pazcAt, jise pleTo se arastU ke vicAroM kI ora bar3hate hue dekhA thA, sToika kA punaH sukarAta kI aura lauTanA bahuta hI dhyAna dene yogya hai| yaha unake manovijJAna meM bauddhika AtmA kI ekatA para die gae bala para nirbhara hai| yaha bauddhika AtmA hI mAnavIya cetana kriyAoM kA mUla srota hai| yaha bauddhika AtmA kI ekatA hI unheM kAryoM kI preraNA ke usa pleTovAdI vizleSaNa ko svIkAra karane se rokatI hai, jisameM ki kAryoM kI preraNA kA vizleSaNa, niyAmaka tattva aura vaha tattva, jisake niyamana kI AvazyakatA hai, ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 71 AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki jise hama kahate haiM, vaha bhI usa bauddhika AtmA kI hI rUgNa evaM vikRta avasthA hai, jo zreya kyA hai aura azreya kyA hai? isake sambaMdha meM galata nirNaya detI hai| inhIM AvegAtmaka bhrAMtiyoM se eka sacce prAjJa manuSya ko mukta honA caahie| vastutaH prAjJa vyakti bhautika kSudhAoM ke pralobhana ke prati sajaga hogA, kiMtu vaha unheM vAstavika zubha kA viSaya mAnane kI galatI nahIM karegA aura isalie vaha una vastuoM kI upalabdhi kI AzA athavA unakI anupalabdhi ke bhaya se grasta nahIM hogA, kyoMki ina AvegoM meM yaha bhAva nihita hai ki ve hI zubha haiN| isI prakAra yadyapi vaha dUsare manuSyoM ke samAna hI daihika duHkhoM se yukta ho sakatA hai, kiMtu ve zArIrika duHkha use mAnasika duHkha athavA pIr3A nahIM deNge| bar3I se bar3I vedanA bhI usakI isa spaSTa mAnyatA ko vicalita nahIM kara sakatI hai ki ve zArIrika duHkha saccI bauddhika AtmA se pRthak haiN| ye sabhI viSaya, jo ki sAmAnyatayA manuSya kI AkAMkSA, bhaya evaM harSa-viSAda ke bhAva ko uttejita karate haiM, ve eka manISI meM ina avasthAoM ko utpanna nahIM kara sakate haiM, kyoMki vaha una viSayoM ko vastutaH zubha yA azubha nahIM mAnatA hai, isalie hameM yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki manISI pUrNatayA saMvegoM se rahita vyakti haiM, unameM bhI vAstavika zubha kI upalabdhi kI samucita gaurava bhAvanA hotI hai tathA buddhi jise vareNya athavA heya batAtI hai, usake prati AkarSaNa (rAga) athavA vikarSaNa (dveSa) hotA hai| kiMtu ve vAsanAeM, jinake prati sAdhAraNa manuSya ke mana meM lagAva hotA hai unheM prabhAvita nahIM karatI hai| kiMtu aise vAsanA se rahita, zAMta evaM nirAvegI manISI sAMsArika manuSyoM meM kaThinatA se hI pAe jAte haiM, isa tathya ko paravartI sToika vicAraka bhI svIkAra karate the| unhoMne yaha mAnA thA ki prAcIna yuga ke eka yA do mahAn naitika vyaktiyoM ne isa Adarza ko upalabdha kiyA thA, kiMtu isake sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM kiuna mahAn puruSoM ke atirikta bhI sabhI dArzanika usa Adarza kI dizA meM pragati kI ora unmukha haiN| yadyapi unakI yaha svIkRti prajJA ke vyApaka dAvoM ke prati unakI pUrNa zraddhA kI dhAraNA ko samApta nahIM karatI hai| usa prajJA meM nihita usake viziSTa mUlya kI AsthA hI una logoM ke lie dRr3ha niSThA kA AdhAra hai, jinhoMne use upalabdha kiyA hai| isa AsthA ke abhAva meM koI bhI kArya vivekayukta yA sadguNAtmaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAna kA abhAva hI pApa hai aura ucita aura anucita kA aMtara nirapekSa hai| yaha mAtrA kA aMtara nahIM hai| sabhI pApa samAna hI hai, yadi koI choTI sI AjJA kA bhI ullaMghana karatA hai, to vaha samagra niyama ko tor3ane kA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/72 doSI hai| isI prakAra prajJA kI kisI eka abhivyakti meM bhI, jise sAmAnyatayA kisI vizeSa sadguNa ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, sampUrNa prajJA sammilita rahatI hai| sToikI ne bhI vizeSa sadguNoM ke vargIkaraNa kI apanI yojanA ke AdhAra ke lie pleTo ke caturvidha vibhAjana ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi ye sadguNa eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM yA unameM vahI prajJA vibhinna sambaMdhoM meM upasthita rahatI hai?isa sUkSma prazna para ve sahamata nahIM hote haiN| sToikavAda meM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA aura nirdhAraNa kyA isa durlabha aura amUlya prajJA kI upalabdhi manuSya ke lie sambhava hai? athavA kyA mAnavIya kamajoriyAM vastutaH anaicchika haiM? burAiyAM anaicchika haiM, isa siddhAMta meM naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie eka spaSTa khatarA nihita hai| burAI kI anecchikatA kA yaha siddhAMta sukarAta ke jJAna aura sadguNa ke tAdAtmya kA svAbhAvika nigamana pratIta hotA hai, isIlie jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM dekhA thA, arastU ne bhI isa siddhAMta ke nirasana ke lie prayatna kiyA thA aura apane isa prayAsa meM usane isa virodhAbhAsa ko samApta karane meM nihita gambhIra kaThinAiyoM ko iMgita kiyA thaa| jahAM taka yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki koI bhI vyakti kisI aise aicchika uddezya kI upalabdhi ke virodha meM bhI kArya kara sakatA hai, jo ki use ucita pratIta hotA hai| arastU kA sukarAta se matabheda bhI use isa dhAraNA ko asvIkAra karane kI dizA meM nahIM le jA sakA, jabaki sToika ke lie, jo ki mUlabhUta sukarAtIya sthiti kI ora lauTe haiM yaha kaThinAI aura adhika spaSTa ho gaI hai| vastutaH jo dArzanika yaha mAnatA hai ki sadguNa hI jJAna hai, use isa virodhAbhAsa ke do vikalpoM meM se eka ko cunanA hotA hai| use yA to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki burAI anaicchika hai yA yaha mAnanA par3egA ki ajJAna aicchika hai| isa ubhayatopAza kA yaha dUsarA pahalU naitikatA kI dRSTi se kisI sImA taka kama khataranAka hai aura isIlie sToiksa ne ise cunA hai, kiMtu ve bhI apanI ulajhanoM se nahIM baca sake aura isa prakAra vicAra ke dUsare ora mAnavIya saMkalpa kI sImA kI ati vyApakatA kI ora cale ge| unake bhautika vizva ke dRSTikoNa meM bhI utanA hI kaTTara nirdhAraNavAda A jAtA hai| yadi kisI vyakti kI burAiyAM pUrI taraha pUrva nirdhArita haiM, to aisA pApI vyakti kaise uttaradAyI hogA? sToikoM ne usakA uttara yaha diyA hai ki yaha bhrAMti, jo ki durAcaraNa kA sAra hai, isa sImA taka aicchika hai ki yadi vyakti apanI buddhi kA upayoga karatA to use dUra kiyA jA sakatA thaa| niHsaMdeha yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 73 vyakti AtmA kI AMtarika zakti aura dRr3hatA para nirbhara hai " ki usakI buddhi kA aisA prabhAvapUrNa upayoga kiyA jA sake, kiMtu naitika uttaradAyitva kA anurakSaNa isa AdhAra para mAnA gayA ki anucita kArya kisI anya bAhya kAraNa se nahIM, varan vyakti svayaM hI prArambha hotA hai| sToika prajJA aura prakRti isa sabake AdhAra para hameM sToika prajJA ke vyAvahArika vidhAyaka tathyoM ke nirdhAraNa kA eka rAstA prApta huA hai| hama usa niSphala vRtta se kisa prakAra Upara uTheM ki (1) prajJA hI sampUrNa azubha hai aura (2) prajJA zubhAzubha yA jJAna hai ? hama zubha AcaraNa ke vibhinna ghaTakoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie kaunasI paddhati apanA sakate haiM? sToika vAda aura sinikavAda - donoM hI apane siddhAMtoM ko pUrNatA dene ke lie kisI aisI paddhati kI apekSA karate haiM, kyoMki donoM hI sampradAya yaha mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM the ki manISI jo kArya karane kA saMkalpa lete haiM, vaha utanA niSkAma hotA hai, jitanA ki jaba kisI kAma ko A par3ane para udAsIna bhAva se kiyA jAtA hai| zarta yaha hai ki vaha usa niSkAmatA kI pUrI jAnakArI rakhakara kArya kare, tathApi sinikoM ne isa AvazyakatA ke lie koI dArzanika prAvadhAna nahIM kiyA hai| ve sadguNa kA vahI artha samajhakara saMtuSTa haiM, jo ki sAdhAraNa vyakti samajhatA hai, phira bhI unakA svataMtratA kA vicAra unheM upalabdha pUrvAgrahoM aura niyamoM ke nirasana kI ora le gyaa| dUsarI ora sToikoM ne na kevala kartavyoM ke vistRta vivaraNa ke lie hI kArya kiyA, apitu unheM eka sAmAnya siddhAMta ke aMdara samanvita karane ke lie bhI vizeSa prayatna kiyaa| jIvana ke sabhI avasaroM ke lie saMyoga mila jAte haiM aura ve anukUla bana jAte haiM 32 / unhoMne ise kisI sAmAnya sUtra ke AdhAra para samajhane kA vizeSa prayatna kiyA thaa| unhoMne yaha kArya prakRti ke pratyaya ke vidhAyaka artha ke mAdhyama se kiyaa| siniko ne pramukhatayA una paramparAoM ke virodha ke rUpa meM, jinase ve apane jJAna ke dvArA svataMtra hue the isakA niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM upayoga kiyaa| prakRti ke pratyaya ke isa niSedhAtmaka upayoga meM bhI yaha bAta nihita hai ki manuSya meM jo sRjanAtmaka pravRttiyAM hai, ve svAbhAvika hai, arthAt ve sAmAjika paramparAoM aura rUr3hiyoM se svataMtra aura adUSita haiM aura abhivyakta kAryoM meM apanA samyak prabhAva DAlatI haiM, kiMtu yaha pratIta hotA hai ki bAla AcaraNa ke lie eka sAmAnya siddhAMta ke rUpa meM prakRti ke anurUpa jIvana kI svIkRti jheno kI akAdamI kI zikSAoM ke prabhAva ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/74 phalasvarUpa hI huii| yadyapi jo prAkRtika hai, vahI prAmANika hai, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai? jaba taka ki prakRti, jisakI ki vyavasthita sRSTi kA manuSya eka bhAga hai, svayameva kisI rUpa meM bauddhika na ho yA daivIya niyama aura prajJA kI abhivyakti na ho athavA usakA mUrta rUpa na ho? daivIya vicAroM se yukta evaM saMyojita sRSTi kI dhAraNA kisI na kisI rUpa meM una sabhI darzanoM meM pAI jAtI hai, jo ki sukarAta ko apane vicAra paramparA kA pravartaka mAnate haiN| ina dArzanikoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa varga isa dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra karatA hai ki yaha daivIya vicAra hI isa vizva kI vAstavika sattA hai yaha sarvezvaravAdI siddhAMta sToiko ke mAnavIya sukha se pUrI taraha saMgata hai, kiMtu ve dravya ko AdhyAtmika rUpa meM svIkAra karane meM akSama haiM - yaha mAnakara daivIya vicAra prAthamika evaM vizuddha atyaMta sUkSma Agneya zaktirUpI bhautika dravya kA hI eka kArya hai, ve apane sarvezvaravAda kA bhautika pakSa prastuta karate haiM, jise unhoMne herAklAiTsa ke siddhAMta se grahaNa kiyA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki bhautika vizva jyUsa se vikasita huA hai| vastutaH yaha vizva usa zAzvata dravya kA rUpAMtaraNa hai, jisameM aMtataH vaha utpanna hokara punaH mila jaaegaa| zAzvata dravya jyUsa kI daivIya AtmA kI nirmAtrI zakti se cAroM ora se ghirA huA hai aura usake dUradarzI niyamoM ke dvArA pUrNatayA vyavasthita hai| vizva ke isa prAthamika tattva ko apane bhautika pakSa kI dRSTi se mUlataH eka bahuta hI adhika locapUrNa piNDa mAnA gayA thA, jo ki bAda meM ghanIkaraNa ke pariNAma svarUpa asamAna ghanatva aura dabAva ke cAra tattvoM meM vibhAjita ho gyaa| sadguNa ke dUsare iMdriyAnubhava se jJAtaguNoM kI vyAkhyA pRthvI aura pAnI meM aura kucha sthitiyoM meM Aga aura havA meM bhI - ye donoM tattva sUkSma aura locapUrNa hai| vibhinna dabAva kI Ithara kI dhArA ke pravAha ke AdhAra para kI gaI sabase adhika betukI vaicArika aspaSTatA hameM yaha lagatI hai ki Ithara pravAhoM ke athavA arastU kI bhASA meM kaheM to ina AkAroM ke milane se bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke athavA arddha bhinna prakAra ke padArthoM kI racanA huii| isa prakAra vizva mUlataH daivIya hai aura samagra rUpa se apaneApa meM pUrNa hai| isake vibhinna vibhAgoM meM jo kamiyAM dikhAI detI haiM unheM usa parama prajJA kI dRSTi se kSaNika hI mAnanA caahie| ve yaha batAtI haiM ki kaise viSamatAoM ko sama, avyavasthita ko suvyavasthita aura apriya ko priya kiyA jAtA hai| bhautika vizva ke isa Izvara paraka dRSTikoNa kA sToika nItizAstra para doharA prabhAva pdd'aa| isase prathama to unakI yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 75 mAnyatA banI hai ki mAnavIya kalyANa ke lie prajJA pUrNatayA sakSama hai, jo ki brahmANDIya sattA kA mUla hai aura dUsare isameM dhArmika evaM sAmAjika bhAvanAoM ke lie eka vAtAvaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| prajJA kI sAdhanA (abhyAsa) ko IzvarIya dravya ke eka aMza ke vizuddha jIvana ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha satya hai ki vastutaH vyakti meM Izvara hai| buddhi, jisakI sarvoccatA ko unhoMne svIkAra kiyA thA, vaha jyUsa kI, sabhI devatAoM kI aura bauddhika manuSyoM kI buddhi thI, jo unakI apanI buddhi kI apekSA kama nahIM thii| isa prakAra usa buddhi (prajJA) kI kisI eka vyakti meM upalabdhi (siddhi) bhI sabhI bauddhika prANiyoM kA sAmAnya zubha thaa| eka sata yA manISI apanI eka aMgulI ko bhI samyak yA ucita rUpa se nahIM pasAra sakatA hai yadi usa prasAraNa se dUsare sabhI manISiyoM ko koI lAbha nahIM hotA hai aura na vaha yaha kaha sakatA hai ki vaha jyUsa ke lie usI prakAra upayogI hai, jaisAki jyUsa usake lie upayogI hai| hama yaha jAnate haiM ki bauddhika prANiyoM kI buddhi kI isa ekatA kI dhAraNA meM mitra tathA acchI saMtAna kA honA bhI manISI kA eka bAhya zubha mAnA gayA hai| punaH, isI buddhi kI ekatA ke pratyaya se mAnavIya jIvana ke ucca evaM bhinna pakSoM meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isase isa bAta kA spaSTa saMketa milatA hai ki abauddhika manuSya bhI apanI mUla racanA kI dRSTi se devI kRti hai| usakI cetana kriyAoM meM nihita bauddhika saMkalpa hI isakA saMketa hai| vastutaH, mAnavIya jIvana kI prathamAvasthA meM, jaba taka ki buddhi kA pUrNa vikAsa nahIM hotA hai, prAkRtika Avega hI hamArA nirdezana karate haiM, bAda meM buddhi nirdezana kA kArya karane lagatI hai| isa prakAra prakRti ke anurUpa jIvana jIne kA siddhAMta jaba manuSyoM ko eka buddhimAn prANI mAnakara lAgU kiyA jAtA hai to usa sthiti meM ise do rUpoM meM samajhA jA sakatA hai? eka to yaha ki buddhi ko zAsana karanA hai, dUsarA yaha ki zAsana vyAvahArika rUpa meM kisa prakAra kiyA jaae| dUsare prANiyoM ke samAna hI manuSya meM usake janma se hI prAkRtika Avega AtmarakSaNa ke lie evaM zArIrika sthiti ko apanI maulika ekatA meM banAe rakhane ke lie tatpara rahate hai| jaba buddhi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai aura jaba buddhi apane ko apane sampUrNa zubha ke rUpa meM jAna letI hai, taba bhI ye prAthamika prAkRtika sAdhya (AvazyakatA) aura inake pratyeka ke bAhya viSayoM ke rUpa meM bane rahate haiM, jinheM buddhi apanA lakSya banAtI hai| buddhi usI anupAta meM inheM apanA lakSya banAtI hai, jisa anupAta meM inheM varaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura inake virodhI kA nirasana kiyA jAtA hai| inakA apanA kucha mUlya bhI hai| vastutaH

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 76 isa 'cayana' yA asvIkRti ke yathocita susaMgata abhyAsa meM hI prajJA kI vyAvahArika upayogitA prakaTa hotI hai| isI AdhAra para svAsthya, zakti sampatti aura sammAna 5 Adi sabhI yA anekoM cIje sAmAnyata zubha mAnakara mAMga lI jAtI haiM aura ve manISI ke cayana ke sImA kSetra meM A jAtI haiN| yadyapi vyakti kA vAstavika zubha pUrNatayA cayana karane vAlI prajJA meM hI nihita rahatA hai, cayana kI jAne vAlI vastu meM nahIM, jisa prakAra ki eka dhanurdhArI cir3iyA kI AMkha ko apanA lakSya to banAtA hai, kiMtu vaha lakSya usakA sAdhya nahIM hotA hai, usakA sAdhya to usakA vaidha karake " apanI kalA kA pradarzana karanA hotA hai| uparokta aMtara kI udAharaNa sahita vyAkhyA hameM sToiko kI vyAvahArika zikSAoM ke eka udAharaNa meM milatI hai| yaha udAharaNa hai unake dvArA AtmahatyA ko diyA gayA protsAhana / unake dvArA AtmahatyA ke lie diyA gayA yaha protsAhana Adhunika pAThaka ko kabhI kabhI ulajhana meM DAla detA hai| prathamatayA sahanazIlatA sadguNa unakI anuzaMsA aura saMsAra kI daivIya vyavasthA meM unake vizvAsa se tulanA karane para hameM ise asaMgata pAte haiN| manuSya sAmAnyatayA duHkhoM se ubakara AtmahatyA kI ora pravRtta hotA hai, kiMtu eka manISI jisake lie duHkha koI burAI nahIM hai, kaise daivIya prajJA ke dvArA pradatta apane pada ko chor3akara AtmahatyA kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai ? isa sambaMdha meM sToika kA uttara yaha hai ki yadyapi duHkha burAI nahIM hai, kiMtu phira bhI yadi duHkharahita avasthA samyak tathA prAptavya hai to duHkha vaha vikalpa hai jisakA nirasana kiyA jAnA hai| dUsarI ora prajJA kI dRSTi se bhI jIvana zubha nahIM hai yadyapi jIvana kA rakSaNa sAmAnyatayA acchA mAnA jAtA hai kiMtu aise avasara bhI Ate haiM jaba manISI ko abhrAMta evaM svAbhAvika rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki jIvana kI apekSA mRtyu hI vareNya hai| sToika mAnate haiM ki aisA bodha vikalAMgatA, asAdhya roga aura ghora vipattiyoM yahAM taka ki atyadhika pIr3A kI avasthA meM bhI hotA hai| yadi aisA bodha spaSTa hai to prakRti yA Izvara ke (AtmahatyA) ina nirdezanoM ke pAlana meM buddhi aura zakti kI abhivyakti utanI hI ucita hogI, jitanI dUsare avasaroM para sukha evaM duHkha ke pralobhanoM kA pratirodha karane meM hotI hai| abhI taka hamane manuSya kI prakRti ke sambaMdha meM usake sAmAjika sambaMdhoM se alaga haTakara vicAra kiyA hai, kiMtu yaha spaSTa hai ki sadguNoM kA kSetra to sAmAnyatayA inhIM mAnavIya sAmAjika sambaMdhoM meM rahA huA hai aura yaha bAta sToikoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 77 ke karttavyoM ke vivaraNoM meM pUrI taraha svIkAra kI gaI hai| vastutaH unake dvArA nyAya ke svAbhAvika siddha karane kA AdhAra yaha hai ki manuSya kI mAnasika evaM daihika saMracanA meM isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki usakA janma svayaM ke lie nahIM varan manuSya jAti ke lie huA hai| sToikoM kI racanAoM meM vyAvahArika naitikatA ke sambaMdha meM mahatvapUrNa vivecana milatA hai| tathApi yahAM hameM mukhya rUpa se svAbhAvika zabda ke do artha dikhAI dete haiM prathama artha yaha hai ki jisakA astitva vastutaH sabhI jagaha yA adhikAMza bhAga meM hai aura dUsarA artha yaha hai ki jo astitva banA legA yadi manuSya ke jIvana kI mUlabhUta yojanA kA pUrI taraha pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki sToikoM ne ina do pahaluoM ke madhya spaSTa samanvaya karane kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| arastU ne hameM tAyA thA ki manuSya svAbhAvika rUpa se eka rAjanItijJa prANI hai| sToikoM ke svabhAva' ke Adarza dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki manuSya vizva-baMdhu hai, kyoMki yaha ekIkRta dRSTikoNa unakI vizva kI mAnyatA kA sIdhA niSkarSa thaa| sabhI bauddhika prANiyoM meM nihita samAna buddhi ke AdhAra para samAnatA hai aura ve svAbhAvika rUpa se sAmAnya niyama se yukta eka samAja kI racanA karate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki jyUsa ke isa nagara (vizva) ke sabhI sadasyoM ko apane saMvidAoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie, va eka-dUsare kA nukasAna nahIM karanA cAhie, paraspara hAni se bacAne ke lie ekatA se rahanA cAhie aadi| ye kathana spaSTatayA svAbhAvika niyama ko abhivyakta karate haiN| punaH, yaha bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA ki mAnava samAja ke astitva ko banAe rakhane ke lie usake sadasya Apasa meM laiMgika sambaMdha rakheM, saMtAna utpanna kare aura saMtAna kI zikSA-dIkSA evaM pAlana poSaNa kI ciMtA kareM, kiMtu mAnava svAbhAvika kAma pravRtti se Upara uThakara laiMgika sambaMdhoM ke nirdhArita karane kA koI prayatna nahIM karate haiN| isa prakAra hama jheno meM bhI pleTo ke samAna hI patnI-samudAya kI dhAraNA pAte haiN| jo ki jheno ke (kAlpanika) Adarza rASTra maMDala kI eka vizeSatA thii| dUsare sToikabhI usakI isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra karate rahe aura paramparAgata laiMgika naitikatA ke niyamoM kI rUr3hivAditA aura sApekSikatA kI kaTu evaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa AlocanA karate rhe| punaH yaha sampradAya kaThoratApUrvaka isa bAta ko bhI mAnatA thA ki sivAya manISiyoM ke zAsana ke koI bhI niyama sahI yA baMdhanakAraka nahIM hai| manISI hI saccA zAsaka yA rAjA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sTAikoM kI prakRti bhI rUso kI prakRti ke samAna hI krAMtikArI hone kA khatarA uThAtI hai, tathApi vyavahArika rUpa meM usakA yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/78 vidrohAtmaka pakSa adhikAMzatayA pRSThabhUmi meM hI rakhA gayA hai| eka Adarza samAja kA bauddhika-niyama, vidhAyaka-adhyAdezoM aura yathArthasamAja ke rItirivAjoM se avirodha pUrvaka evaM abhinna rahA hai| pratyeka vyakti ko parivAra, jAti, mAtRbhUmi aura sAmAnyatayA durbala vyakti, mAnavoM ko Apasa meM bAMdhane vAle svAbhAvika baMdhana kI eka rUparekhA prastuta kI gaI thI aura usake AdhAra para nyAya kI bAhyAbhivyakti kA rekhAMkana kiyA gayA thaa| punaH hama sTAiko ke sAmAjika maryAdA sambaMdhI kartavyoM ke dRSTikoNa meM aura lokamAnya dharma ke prati unakI abhivRtti meM, jo asvabhAvika rUr3higrastatA hai, usake nirAkaraNa kI pravRtti tathA jo svabhAvika evaM pracalita hai usake rakSaNa kI pravRtti ke bIca eka lacIlA samanvaya pAte haiN| unakI pratyeka pravRtti apane-apane DhaMga se prakRti ke anukUla jIvana ke siddhAMta ke prati apanI zraddhA abhivyakta karatI hai| sToika evaM sukhavAdI jinheM vyakti kI buddhi prAthamikatA detI hai, una prAkRtika sAdhyoM meM sToika zArIrika duHkhoM se mukti kA bhI samAveza karate haiM, kiMtu buddhi ke isa vyAvahArika kSetra meM bhI unhoMne sukha ko koI sthAna dene se iMkAra kara diyaa| unakI mAnyatA hai ki 'sukha' nirdoSa prAkRtika Avega kA viSaya nahIM hai, kiMtu prAkRtika AvegoM ke dvArA apane sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi kA pariNAma hai athavA unakA paravartI vikAsa hai| isa prakAra ye ipIkyUrIyanavAda kA isa AdhAra para bhI virodha karane kA sAhasa karate hai ki sabhI prANI svabhAvatayA sukhApekSI haiN| ipIkyUrIyanavAda pratyakSataH isI para bala detA hai| unake anusAra sukha kA artha mAtra zArIrika kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha krisIpasa arastU ke virodha meM yaha nirNAyaka tarka dete haiM ki vizuddha ciMtana bhI eka prakAra kA manoraMjana hai arthAt sukha hai| unake anusAra sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa se hone vAlI praphullatA aura prasannatA bhI kalyANa (zubha) kA Avazyaka aMga nahIM hai, apitu mAtra unakA aviyojya gauNa guNa hai| isa prakAra paravartI saMzodhana ke dvArA sToikavAda meM prasannacittatA yA mAnasika zAMti ko yathArtha parama sAdhya mAna liyA gayA aura sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa ko kevala usakA sAdhana batAyA gyaa| jheno ke darzana ke anusAra isa sAdhya kI upalabdhi usa bhAvanA meM nahIM, jo ki use prApta karatI hai varan usa zubha saMkalpa meM hai jo ki samyak jIvana kA sAratattva hai| cUMki kisI bhI prakAra kI sukhada anubhUti meM sadaiva kalyANa ke mukhya tattva kA samAveza hotA hai| prAjJa vyakti kI sadguNAtmaka AnaMda kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 79 prazAMta manaH sthiti aura kaThinatama duHkhoM meM mana kI nirAkulatA adhikAMza logoM ke lie sToikavAda kA pramukha AkarSaNa rahI hai| isa prakAra hama yaha bhalIbhAMti kaha sakate haiM ki eka hI prakAra ke 'AnaMda' ke lie sToiko evaM ipIkyarIyano ne mAnava jAti ko paraspara virodhI vicAra die hai| phi ra bhI jIvana meM Ane vAle parivartanoM evaM saMyogoM se Upara uThakara mana kI zAMta sthiti ke lie apekSita (mAnasika) svataMtratA ko banAe rakhane ke lie, icchA kI dArzanika vizeSatA donoM hI vicAradhArAoM meM samAna rUpa se pAI jAtI hai| yadyapi sToika isa sambaMdha meM adhika sabala dAvA prastuta karate haiM, 38 unake Adarza manISI kA zubha (kalyANa) na kevala bAhya vastuoM aura zArIrika sthitiyoM se hI svataMtra hai, varankAla kI sImA rekhA se Upara bhI hai| mAtra prajJA ke abhyAsa meM hI isa zubha kI sampUrNa siddhi nihita hai| use kAlAvadhi ke AdhAra para bar3hAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai / yadyapi yaha virodhAbhAsa tIvra hai, kiMtu yaha sToikavAda kI AtmA ke sAtha pUrNa saMgati rakhatA hai| hama yaha jAnakara aura bhI adhika Azcaryacakita hote haiM ki ipIkyUrIyana manISI bhI sToika manISI ke samAna hI saMkaToM meM bhI AnaMdita hogaa| usakA AnaMda bhI pUrI taraha se aMtardRSTi aura samyak vicAra para nirbhara rahatA hai| bhAgya kA usake sAtha kucha bhI sambaMdha nahIM hai, usakA mana jIvana kI svAbhAvika sImAoM ko jAna cukA hotA hai, ataH vaha samaya kI sImitatA meM bhI akSuNNa rahatA hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM mAnavIya astitva kI sthitiyoM se apUrNatA kA nirasana karane meM ipIkyUriyasa bhI jheno se koI kama kaThina prayAsa nahIM karate haiN| yahI vizeSatA ipIkyUrIyanavAda aura arisTIpAsa ke sthUla sukhavAda ke mukhya aMtara kI kuMjI hai| sthUla sukhavAda manuSya ke parama sAdhya ko gaveSaNA kA atyaMta sarala evaM spaSTa uttara detA hai| kiMtu isake atirikta jaba vaha abAdha gati se evaM samAna rUpa se vikasita hotA hai, to sAmAnya naitika cetanA para AghAta karane ke lie uttaradAyI hotA hai, vaha (naitikatA kI rakSA karane meM evaM use pUrNatA pradAna karane meM sarvasammati se asaphala ho jAtA hai| jaisA ki arastU ne kahA hai 'manuSya kA daivIyakaraNa hI usakA zubha hai| 39 grIka dRSTikoNa meM darzana ko zubha jIvana ke vijJAna ke sAtha hI sAtha zubha jIvana jIne kI kalA bhI mAna liyA gayA thA aura sukhavAdI darzana sukha ko sAdhAraNa artha meM grahaNa karane para sukha prApti kI anizcita evaM anAcAhI kalA hI siddha karatI hai| dArzanika ciMtana kI pravRtti ciMtaka kI Atma cetanatA ke vikAsa dvArA aksara isa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 80 sukha ke sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke virodha meM hI jAtI hai, tAki bAhya vastuoM ke usa sAmAnya sambaMdha ko, jisa para sAdhAraNa sukhoM kI ruci nirbhara rahatI hai, samApta kiyA jA sake, isIlie hama pAte haiM ki sirenika sampradAya ke paravartI vicAraka svataH hI isa maulika dhAraNA meM parivartana karane ke lie bAdhya hue| thijoDorasa ne zubha ko kevala sukha se bhinna prajJA para AdhArita prasannatA ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyaa| jabaki ziasa ne dAvA kiyA ki AnaMda aprApya hai aura buddhi (prajJA) kA mukhya kArya sabhI sukhada vastuoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakhakara duHkharahita jIvana jInA hai, kiMtu ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa isa darzana ke prati jana sAdhAraNa kI sukhAnveSI pravRttiyoM kA samarthana thA, vaha isane bhI diyaa| vastutaH, hegeziasa ke sAtha sukha kA sAdhya sukha ke virodha meM badala gyaa| kisI ko yaha jAnakara Azcarya nahIM hogA ki ye sukhavAdiyoM ke kathana Atma- hatyA ke preraka hone se varjita kara die gae the| yaha spaSTa hai ki yadi kisI vyApaka evaM Thosa AdhAra para dArzanika sukhavAda kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai, to vaha dArzanika sukhavAda apane zubha ke pratyaya ke sambaMdha meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM, sAdhAraNa vyakti svAbhAvika rUpa se kyA cAhatA hai aura darzana yathAsambhava rUpa se kyA de sakatA hai, isakA samanvaya hI hogaa| yaha yathArtha aura Adarza kA samanvaya ipIkyUrasa ke dvArA kucha adhika kaThoratA ke sAtha kAryAnvita kiyA gyaa| ipIkyUrasa ke darzana ne apane doSoM ke sAtha bhI samaya kI paribhASA meM lambe yuga taka jIvita rahakara apanI viziSTa zakti kA paricaya diyA hai| usakA darzana chaH zatAbdiyoM kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi taka apanI ziSya paramparA kI sampUrNa zraddhA kA keMdra banA rhaa| ipIkyUrasa (341-270 I. pUrva ) ipIkyUrasa parisTipasa ke samAna hI spaSTatayA yaha mAnate hai ki sukha hI eka mAtra parama zubha hai aura duHkha hI eka mAtra azubha hai| apane duHkhada pariNAmoM ko utpanna karane vAle sukha ke atirikta koI bhI sukha asvIkRta karane yogya nahIM hai aura sivAya una duHkhoM ke, jo ki adhika sukha ke sAdhana haiN| koI bhI duHkha varaNa kie jAne yogya nahIM hai| samasta niyamoM evaM rIti-rivAjoM kA pAlana unake ullaMghana ke sAtha jur3e hue daNDa para pUrI taraha nirbhara karatA hai / saMkSepa meM sabhI prakAra kA sadAcaraNa aura ciMtana kArya, yadi vaha kartA ke jIvana meM AnaMda kI abhivRddhi nahIM karatA hai to nirarthaka aura anupayogI hai| ipIkyUrasa yaha bAta bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki sukha se unakA tAtparya vahI hai, jo ki eka sAdhAraNa vyakti kA hai| yadi sukha meM se kSudhAoM evaM iMdriyoM kI saMtuSTi

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 81 ko alaga kara diyA hai, to sukha kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha darzana atyadhika viSayAsakti ke anukUla hai, kiMtu jaba hama yaha mAna lete haiM ki zArIrika athavA mAnasika sukha ke uccatama biMdu kI upalabdhi kevala pIr3AoMyA bAdhAoM ko haTAne se hI hotI hai, to hamArA sukha sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa hI badala jAtA hai| taba sukha meM kevala rUpAMtaraNa hI hotA hai, usameM vRddhi nahIM hotI hai, isalie zarIra jisase sarvAdhika saMtuSTi ko prApta kara sakatA hai, vaha bhautika sampadA hai, jo ki usa saMtuSTi ko prApta karane kA saralatama sAdhana hai aura usa bhautika sampadA kA upArjana pratyeka vyakti kara sakatA hai| yaha siddhAMta pleTo ke ripablika meM prastuta aindrika sukhoM ke prati apanAe gae hIna dRSTikoNa se kAphI nikaTatA rakhatA hai, kiMtu hameM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka usase isakI bhinnatA ko samajha lenA hogaa| pleTo kA kahanA thA ki aindrika sukhavAdiyoM ke dvArA kevala jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM se utpanna duHkha kI nivRtti ko sukha mAnane kI galatI usake duHkha virodhI hone ke kAraNa bhramavaza ho jAtI hai, kiMtu ipIkyUrasa kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI saMtuSTi se zAMta evaM mana ke anukUla anubhUti hotI hai, aisA duHkha jo AkAMkSAoM se avikSubdha nahIM hone vAle sAmAnya jIvana kA sahagAmI hai| yaha mana kI saMtulita avasthA (sthiramati) kA sukha hI vidhAyaka sukhoM ke guNa meM uccatama koTi kA hai| sthUla sukhavAda (manovAda) aura sireneka darzana se ipIkyUrIyanavAda kA dUsarA evaM sunizcita aMtara yaha hai ki yadyapi zarIra hI saba sukhoM kA mUla AdhAra hai tathApi mAnasika sukha evaM duHkha zArIrika sukha-duHkha kI apekSA adhika mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki unameM smRti aura prAgjJAna se utpanna bhAvoM kA saMcayana bhI hotA hai| yadi ina donoM sthitiyoM ko svIkAra kara liyA jAe to ipIkyUrasa bhI apane manISI ke lie AnaMda kI vaha nirApada avadhAraNA pradAna karane meM sakSama hai, jise sukha ke lie kie gae prayAsoM ke dvArA spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha apane anuyAyiyoM se yaha vAdA bhI nahIM karatA hai ki zArIrika sukhoM para zArIrika duHkhoM kI kabhI bhI pradhAnatA nahIM hotI hai, yadyapi vaha isa vicAra se ki sabhI daihika duHkha yA to kSaNika hote haiM yA unameM utanI tIvratA nahIM hotI hai, sAMtvanA dene kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki kSaNika samaya ke lie durvAsanAeM manISI ke mana meM bhI adhika duHkha paidA kara sakatI hai tathApi manISI ke lie hamezA yaha saMbhava hai ki vaha mAnasika sukhoM ke dvArA mana meM saMtulana ko banAe rakha sakatA hai tathA yadi usakA mana bhaviSya ke nirarthaka bhaya se utpanna vikSobhoM se mukta rakhA jAe, to vaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/82 vartamAna zubha kA yathArtha pariNAma prastuta kara sakatA hai| mana kI isa avikSubdha (prazAMta) avasthA kI prApti ke lie darzana mahatvapUrNa evaM aparihArya hai| kyoMki manuSya ko bhaviSya ke prati sarvAdhika bhaya apanI mRtyu kI AzaMkA se tathA devatAoM kI nArAjagI kI AzaMkA se utpanna hotA hai aura ina AzaMkAoM ke srota ko bhautika vizva aura usameM manuSya ke sthAna ke vAstavika jJAna ke dvArA hI samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| nItizAstra jisa mukti kI AvazyakatA batAtA hai, vaha bhautika zAstra ke dvArA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| ipIkyUrasa ne hemAkriTasa ke anusaraNa se ise khojA hai| hemAkriTasa ne isa bhautika vizva kI saMracanA ko kisI niyAmaka prajJA ke hastakSepa se rahita pUrI taraha yAMtrika batAyA hai| isa siddhAMta meM devatA sRSTi kI saMracanA ke dRSTikoNa se nirarthaka ho jAte haiM, kiMtu ipIkyUrasa nAstika nahIM hai| vaha jana sAdhAraNa kI isa dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai ki IzvarIya kRpA prApta evaM amara prANiyoM kA astitva hai| mAtra yahI nahIM vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki manuSyoM ko samaya samaya para jAgrata avasthA yA svapnoM meM unakI pratichAyA kA darzana hotA hai kiMtu vaha mAnatA hai ki unake krodha yA pratizodha se Darane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| puNyAtmA evaM pUtAtmA devatAoM ko koI kaSTa nahIM hai aura na ve kisI ko kaSTa dete hI haiN| ve na kisI para kupita hote haiM aura na kisI para prasanna hote haiN| isa prakAra, maraNoparAMta jIvana kI AzaMkA ko dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu mRtyu kI AzaMkA banI rahatI hai, paraMtu ipIkyUrasa kA kahanA hai ki yaha AzaMkA bhI kevala vaicArika bhrama ke kAraNa hai| mRtyu hame bhayAnaka isalie lagatI hai ki hama bhramavaza yaha mAna lete haiM, hameM mRtyu prApta hotI hai, kiMtu satya hai ki mRtyu anubhUta nahIM hotI hai| jaba taka hama haiM ki mRtyu nahIM hai aura jaba mRtyu hai, hama nahIM haiN| mRtyu kabhI bhI prApta nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki jaba taka hama hai, mRtyu hamase anupasthita hai aura jaba mRtyu hotI hai to hama nahIM hote haiM (jaba hama hote haiM, to mRtyu nahIM hotI aura jaba mRtyu hotI hai, to hama nahIM hote haiN)| isa prakAra vastutaH hamAre lie mRtyu hai hI nahIM, manISI mRtyu ke vicAra ko hI tyAga detA hai aura amaratA kI bhAvanA se jIvana jItA hai, vaha prazAMta evaM anudvigna astitva ke AnaMda se yukta jIvana jItA hai| aise jIvana kI sImAeM hotI haiN| yaha hama pUrI taraha jAnate haiM phira bhI ve sImAeM hamArI anubhUti kA viSaya nahIM hai| saMyama aura dhairya prajJA ke AdhAra para dRr3hatApUrvaka nirmita dArzanika jIvana

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 83 kI abhivyakti ke prakAra haiM, kiMtu yaha bAta itanI spaSTa nahIM hai ki ipIkyUrIyana manISI sadaiva hI nyAyI hogaa| zAyada vaha nyAya ko svataH zubha svIkAra nahIM kregaa| ipIkyUrasa kA kahanA hai ki svAbhAvika nyAya kevala nukasAna ko rokane ke lie svArthoM kA samajhautA hai| nissaMdeha manISI bhI apane sAthiyoM ke dvArA kie jAne vAle nukasAna se bacane ke lie isa samajhaute ko svIkAra karegA, kiMtu yadi vaha yaha pAtA hai ki chadma anyAya suvidhAjanaka evaM saMbhava hai, to vaha isakA pAlana kyoM karegA? ipIkyUrasa spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki unakA uddezya vyakti ko duHkhada ciMtAoM se mukta karanA hai, kyoMki ( vastuoM kI ) prApti kI satat AkAMkSA aparihArya hogI, kiMtu ve yaha mAnate haiM ki unakA yaha uddezya saMgatipUrNa hai aura nyAya vAstavika sukhada jIvana se aviyojya hai| isI prakAra kA eka saccA, kiMtu AMzika saphala prayatna apane svahitavAdI sukhavAda ko samAja virodhI niSkarSoM se mukta rakhane ke lie mitratA ke mUlya ke bahuta hI adhika unnayana meM milatA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki mitratA pUrI taraha se pArasparika upayogitA para nirbhara hai phira bhI eka manISI avasara Ane para mitra ke lie apanA jIvana de degaa| mitroM ke sahita zubhoM ke samudAya ko pUrNa karane meM unakI AMpatti yaha hai ki isa sujhAva meM pArasparika pUrNa vizvAsa ke mitratA ke guNa kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai| ye kathana adhika Azcaryajanaka haiM kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM pakyUrasa kA Adarza manISI mAnavIya sambaMdhoM se eka vivekapUrNa nirliptatA kA paricaya degA, vaha na prema hI karegA, na parivAra kA pitA hI banegA aura na kisI ApavAdika sthiti ke atirikta rAjanItika jIvana meM hI praveza kregaa| vastutaH vizuddha svahita para AdhArita niSThApUrNa mitratA kA yaha virodhAbhAsa ipIkyUrasa kI zikSAoM ke una vicAra biMduoM meM se eka hai, jina para ipIkyUrIyanoM meM matavaibhinya tathA asamaMjasa pAyA jAtA hai| yadyapi ipIkyUrIyanoM ne ipIkyUrasa ke isa siddhAMta ko pUrI taraha svIkAra kiyA, tathApi usakI bhinna bhinna vyavasthAeM kii|" ipIkyUrasa eka utsAhI, mamatAmaya aura vizeSa rUpa se AMtarika sahAnubhUtiyoM kA vyakti thaa| usake vyaktitva kI ina vizeSatAoM ne usakI zikSAoM kI tArkika saMgatiyoM meM jo kamI thI, usakI pUrti kI hai, aisA hama vizvAsa kara sakate haiN| usane dArzanika varga ke jisa sAmAjika bhAIcAre kA apane bagIce meM saMvarddhana kiyA thA, vaha usake sampradAya kA Azcaryajanaka tathya rahA hai| manISiyoM ke saMgatipUrNa evaM sucArU rUpa se calane vAle bhAIcAre ke jisa Adarza kA sTAiko aura ipIkyUrasa ne sAtha sAtha poSaNa kiyA thA, vaha ipIkyUrIyanoM ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/84 rAjanItika virAga, vAda vivAdoM se vimukhatA, sAdA jIvana aura avikSubdha vizrAnti ke AdhAroM para saralatApUrvaka upalabdha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sabakA anugamana Akasmika rUpa se aNuoM ke milana se nirmita isa duniyA se pare pRthak devatAoM ke zAzvata sukha ke anugamana ke samAna hai| paravartI grIka darzana samAnAntara rUpa se utpanna evaM vikasita jina do darzanoM kA hamane abhI vivecana kiyA hai, unhoMne jahAM taka ki nItizAstra kA savAla hai IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke aMta taka, jabaki sToikavAda pUrI taraha samApta ho gayA thaa| adhika prabhAva pUrNa DhaMga se prAcIna vizva kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA thaa| kiMtu ina donoM sampradAyoM ke sAtha hI sAtha pleMTo aura arastU ke sampradAya bhI apanI paramparA kI avicchinnatA tathA kama yA adhika rUpa meM sazakta jIvantatA ko banAe hue the| grIka romana saMskRti ke svIkRta tathya ke rUpa meM darzana ina cAroM zAkhAoM meM baMTA huA mAnA jAtA thaa| yadyapi ina cAroM sampradAyoM kA AMtarika itihAsa bhinna-bhinna thaa| hama arastU ke nItizAstra meM koI bhI dhyAna dene yogya vikAsa nahIM pAte haiN| arastU ke anuyAyiyoM kI dArzanika zakti apane guru kI vyApaka pratibhA ke uttarAdhikAra se kisI prakAra daba gaI thI+2 aura unake bahumukhI kriyAkalApoM ke udAharaNoM se vibhrAMta ho gaI thii| punaH, ipIkyUrIyanoM ke sampradAya apane pravartaka kI mAnyatAoM kI, binA kisI vikalpa ke svIkRti ke AdhAra para eka dArzanika sampradAya ke sthAna para dharma paMtha kahe jAne ke yogya banAe gae the| dUsarI ora, pleTo ke dArzanika sampradAya kI paramparA kA bAharI prArUpa parivartanoM ke kAraNa bahuta kucha rUpa meM vikRta huA hai, isIlie darzana ke itihAsakAra usake sampradAya ko eka dArzanika sampradAya (akAdamI) nahIM, varan aneka sampradAya (akAdamI) mAnate haiN| hameM purAnI akAdamI ke naitika siddhAMta ke do mukhya rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM, jinhoMne zIghra hI apane guru yAnI pleTo kI mukhya akAdamI kA sthAna le liyA3 - (1) spIyUsipasa ke mArgadarzana meM isa bAta ko asvIkAra kara diyA gayA ki sukha mAnavIya kalyANa kA eka aMga (ghaTaka) hai aura isake sAtha hI prakRti kI anurUpatA ko mukhya vyAvahArika siddhAMta mAna liyA thaa| ina donoM vicAroM ne purAnI akAdamI ko sToikavAda ke nikaTa lA diyaa| vastutaH ina do siddhAMtoM meM sunizcita aMtara yaha thA ki sToiko ne

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 85 jinheM vareNya' mAnA, akAdamI ke vidvAnoM ne use 'zubha' ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| akAdamI ke vidvAnoM ne zubha ke purAne trivargIya vibhAjana ko svIkAra kiyA, arthAt 1. AtmA kA zubha arthAt sadguNa, 2. zarIra kA zubha arthAt svAsthya evaM aMgoM ko kArya ke pUrI taraha yogya honA aura 3. bAhya zubha, jaise- sampatti, zakti, sammAna aadi| isa vargIkaraNa ke anusAra unhoMne yaha mAnA ki sadguNa mukhya zubha hai, kiMtu yaha zubha kA ekamAtra ghaTaka nahIM hai| jaba pleTo ke sampradAya kI tejasvitA sadehavAda (lagabhaga 275-100 I.pU.) meM tirohita ho gaI, taba eka dUsarA dRSTikoNa astitva meM AyA, jo isase bahuta adhika bhinna to nahIM hai, kiMtu bAhya paristhitiyoM ko adhika mahatva detA hai| ise arastU ke cakramaNa sampradAya ke dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| yaha cakramaNa sampradAya naitikatA aura kalyANa ke sambaMdha meM saMtulita paramparAgata dRSTikoNa ko jo sToika virodhAbhAsa ke virodha meM thA aura jo apane manISA ko hI nirapavAda rUpa se sabhI vAMchanIya guNa kA zreya pradAna karane para jora detA thaa| akAdamI kA saMzayavAda evaM samanvayavAda ___Arkasiliksa (315 I.pU. se 240 I.pU.) ke netRtva meM pleTo ke sampradAya ne dArzanika saMdehavAda kI mahatvapUrNa dizA grahaNa kii| yahAM hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki akAdamI ke vidvAn ciMtaka arastU ke paravartI yuga ke prathama saMdehavAdI nahIM the| inake pUrva bhI jheno evaM ipIkyUrasa ke samakAlIna ilisa ke pAyaro kA yaha siddhAMta thA ki paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko pUrNatayA tyAga denA evaM vAsanA rahita AtmA ke samatva kI upalabdhi hI sabase acchA mArga hai, jisakA guNagAna sToiko evaM ipIkyUrIyanoM ne bhI kiyA thaa| pAyaro aura ArkasIliksa meM kitanI samAnatA hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se jAna lenA kaThina hai, kyoMki jaba pleTo kI vaiyaktika zikSA kI paramparA samApta ho gaI thI, taba pAyaro ke siddhAMta ke prabhAva ke atirikta bhI pleTo ke bahuta se saMvAdoM meM sazakta rUpa se abhivyakta sukarAtIya paddhati ke niSedhAtmaka pahalU ne una vyaktiyoM ko, jinhoMne pleTo ke graMthoM ke mAdhyama se pleTo ke siddhAMtoM ko samajhA thA, sadaihavAda kI dizA meM kisa prakAra tIvratA se agrasara kiyA, yaha hama saralatApUrvaka jAna sakate haiN| yahAM taka ki ripablika jaise vidhAyaka saMvAda meM bhI pleTo ne isa iMdriyAnubhUti ke viSaya tathyAtmaka jagat ko jisameM dArzanika kA kArya karanA hotA hai, sahI artha meM jJAna kA viSaya na mAnakara dhAraNA kA viSaya mAnA hai, isalie

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/86 Arkesilaasa kA pleTo ko usa aindrika bodha kI paramparAgata nizcitatA kA niSedha karane vAlA mAnanA ThIka thaa| yaha sToika virodhAbhAsa hai, jise sToikoM ne grahaNazIla saMskAra mAnA thaa| Arkesilikasa kA yaha mAnanA bhI ThIka lagatA hai ki pleTo ne yaha zikSA dI thI ki saMbhAvyatA ko kalyANa kI dizA meM manuSya kA mArgadarzana honA caahie| Arkasiliasa ke naitika zikSAoM ke saMbaMdha meM vistAra se hama bahuta kama jAnate haiM, kiMtu usake vidvAna uttarAdhikArI kArneDisa (janma 213 I.pU. mRtyu 128 I.pU.) ne naitika dRSTi se usake sadehavAda kA upayoga eka khataranAka paddhati ke rUpa meM kiyaa| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki roma meM (155 I.pU.) dArzanikoM ke suprasiddha pratinidhitva ke avasara para eka dina nyAya ke pakSa meM tarka upasthita karate hue usane apane bhASaNa se romana yuvakoM meM eka joza paidA kara diyA thA, kiMtu dUsare dina apane khuda ke tarka kA hI saphalatApUrvaka pratiSedha bhI kara diyaa| AMzika rUpa se sambhavatayA saMdehavAda kI apekSA adhika mahatvapUrNa vyAvahArika sunizcitA prApta karane kI icchA ke kAraNa akAdamI ko apane sadaihavAda kI sthiti se punaH eka prakAra ke samanvayavAda kI ora lauTanA par3A, jisameM sToika siddhAMtoM ke sarvAdhika ucchRkhala tattvoM ko kama karake pleTo aura arastu kI naitika zikSAoM ke samAna hI kucha upadeza die gae the| eskAlana meM ainTiokasa' ne apane vyAkhyAnoM ke dvArA isa parivartana ko pUrNatA taka pahuMcAyA hai| usane ye vyAkhyAna san 91 I.pU. meM sisaro kI upasthiti meM akAdamI ke adhyakSa kI haisiyata se die the| isI prakAra kI samanvaya kI pravRtti hama sToikavAda meM, vizeSa rUpa se peneTiasa meM bhI dekhate haiM, jisane IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM ethensa meM isa sampradAya kI adhyakSatA kI thii| hameM yaha samanvayAtmaka pravRtti arastU ke caMkramaNa sampradAya meM bhI dikhAI detI hai| ina samanvayAtmaka pravRtti kA vyApaka prabhAva yaha huA ki sToika akAdamI ke sadasya aura arastU ke caMkramaNa sampradAya ke dvArA eka hI naitika siddhAMta samAna rUpa se svIkRta huA, jisake mukhya tatva apane udbhava kI dRSTi se sToika the| sToikavAda aura ina dUsare do sampradAyoM kI paramparAoM meM mukhya virodha kartavya aura sadguNa ke ghaTakoM ke nirdhAraNa ke AdhAra para nahIM, kiMtu sadguNa kisa sImA taka kalyANa (zubha) ke lie sakSama hai' isa prazna para thaa| donoM hI avasthAoM meM isa samanvayavAdI pravRtti kA grIka darzana ke roma meM vikasita vicAra vRta ke dvArA samarthana huA, kyoMki vyAvahArika romana cetanA sadehavAda aura sToikavAda

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 87 kI virodhAbhAsa yukta avasthAoM meM se kisI ko bhI ImAnadArIpUrvaka saralatA se vastutaH svIkAra nahIM kara sakI thii| roma kA darzana (roma meM darzana kA vikAsa) ___grIka-romana sabhyatA ke itihAsa meM helenika darzana kA helenikavAda ke anya tathyoM ke sAtha praveza eka yugAntakArI parivartana thA, lekina naitika siddhAMta ke vikAsa meM isakA mahatva gauNa hI thA, kyoMki grIka dArzanika ke siddhAMtoM kI pramukha dhArAoM ke prati sammAna kA bhAva rakhate hue bhI romana janatA ne grIka dArzanikoM ke ziSyatva ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| vastutaH romana prajJA meM darzana ke prati eka anicchA kI bhAvanA evaM nae vicAroM ko bahiSkRta karane kI pravRtti parilakSita hotI hai| 161 I.pU. sIneTa ne niyama banAkara dArzanikoM evaM sAhitya zAstriyoM kA roma meM nivAsa karanA varjita kara diyA thA aura isake cha: varSa bAda bhI plUTArca ne dArzanika dUtAvAsa ke dvArA bar3e keTo ke mana meM utpanna vidveSa bhAvanA kA varNana kiyA hai, jisake sambaMdha meM maiMne pahale ullekha kiyA hai, kiMtu isa virodha kA pratirodha nahIM ho skaa| sabase pahale ipIkyUriyanavAda ne romano meM nae vicAroM ko prasAra ke lie zrotAoM evaM anuyAyiyoM ko bttoraa| usake kucha samaya bAda hI peneTiasa ke dvArA roma meM sToikavAda kA praveza huaa| peneTiasa vahAM aneka varSa taka rahA aura usakI spio aura leliasa se mitratA sthApita ho gii| prathama zatAbdI ke prArambha meM hama vahAM jhilo ko akAdamI ke siddhAMtoM ke saMzayAtmaka pakSa kI zikSA dete hue pAte haiN| caMkramaNa sampradAya perIpeTikasa kA bhI roma meM abhAva nahIM thA, lyUkiTaasa kA kAvya romana sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa graMthoM meM se eka hai| roma ke nAgarikoM ke eka vizeSa varga ne hArdika bhAvanA evaM adhika utsAha ke sAtha ipIkyUrIyanavAda kA jo svAgata kiyA thA usakA isa graMtha meM vivecana milatA hai, kiMtu ipIkyUranavAda ke parama zubha ke sukhavAdI siddhAMta kI apekSA bhautika vizva kI aNuvAdI vyAkhyA ne hI lyUkriTisa ko AkarSita kiyA thA, kyoMki yaha vizva kI aNuvAdI vyAkhyA arddhamAnyatAoM ke bhayoM ko samApta kara AtmazAMti detI sisaro (106 I.pU. se 43 I.pU.) roma meM akAdamI evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana sisaro ke dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| yadi hama netika sAhitya ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karate haiM to sisaro ke graMtha hamAre dhyAna kA mukhya viSaya banane kA dAvA karate haiN| sambhavatayA usake graMtha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/88 DI-AphIsisa ko chor3akara anya koI aisI prAcIna kRti nahIM hai, jisane prAcIna naitika jJAna ko madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika yUropa taka pahuMcAyA ho, phira bhI, naitika siddhAMtoM ke vikAsa meM sisaro kA mahatva apekSAkRta kama hI hai, kyoMki usane kisI vastutaH svataMtra dArzanika vicAroM kA pratipAdana kabhI kabhAra hI kiyA hai| sAmAnyatayA vaha bahuta adhika vinamra hI rahA hai| usakA nimna kathana bhI usakI isa vinamratA kA hI samarthana karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki usane apane dezavAsiyoM ke samakSa rogI kI vezabhUSA meM grIka darzana ko prastuta kiyA hai| vaha apane Apa ko saMzayavAdI akAdamI kA anuyAyI mAnatA hai, kiMtu nItizAstra ke kSetra meM usakI niSThA yaha hai ki sadguNa sukha pradAna karane vAlA tattva hai| isa mAnyatA ke pUrNa yA AMzika virodha ko vaha Avazyaka nahIM mAnatA hai| uparokta racanA ke (bAhya) kartavya sambaMdhI bhAga kI viSayavastusToika vicAraka peneTiasa se lI gaI hai, jise sToikavAda ke samanvayAtmaka pakSa kI vyAvahArika zikSAoM kA pratirUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| aba hama isa siddhAMta ke mukhya lakSaNoM aura isake usa prArUpa kI carcA kareMge, jo ki cAra mukhya sadguNoM kI purAtana zailI ke AdhAra para prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (1) prajJA ke kSetra kI vivecanA karate hue arastU kI isa bAta ko mAna liyA gayA hai ki jJAna kA lakSya jJAna svayaM hI hai (arthAt jJAna svataHsAdhya hai), yadyapi use ciMtana kI kriyA ke adhIna hI mAnA gayA hai| (2) kaThora nyAya ko jo ki manuSyoM ko paraspara akAraNa nukasAna pahuMcAne se rokatA hai tathA sampatti kA sammAna aura saMvidAoM kA pAlana karanA sikhAtA hai, paropakAra yA udAratA ke samAnAMtara, kiMtu usase bhinna rakhA gyaa| yaha aisI sabhI sevAoM ke prastutikaraNa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, jo ki binA kisI tyAga ke ho sake aura yaha hameM deza ke nAgarikoM, kuTumbIjanoM, mitroM, zubha ciMtakoM aura rASTra ke sAtha adhika vyApaka rUpa se ghaniSTha ekatA ke sUtra meM bAMdhatA hai| (3) sAhasa (dhairya) yA Atma kI mahAnatA ke zIrSaka ke aMtargata do alaga-alaga guNa anukaraNIya mAne gae haiN| bAhya vastuoM evaM tathyoM ke prati dArzanika udAsInatA aura vaha Atmazakti, jo manuSya ko kaThina evaM sAhasika kAryoM kI ora le jAtI hai unake prati AkarSaNa utpanna karatI hai| (4) aMta meM cauthA sadguNa AtA hai, jo maryAditatA aura aucityatA kI upalabdhi meM pAyA jAtA hai aura jo vyApaka artha meM sabhI sadguNoM kA sahayogI hai aura unakA hI eka pakSa hai| punaH yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki nItizAstra kI sAmAnya vivecanA meM peneTiasa ke dvArA prastuta sToikavAda apanI naitika zubhatA se bhinna sAmAnya artha meM AcaraNa kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 89 svArthaparAyaNatA para carcA karane kI avahelanA nahIM karatA hai aura vizeSa rUpa se pArasparika anugraha ke kartavyoM ko kartA ke sAMsArika lAbha ke pariNAmoM kI abhivyakti ke dvArA lAgU karatA hai| yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kucha aisI sthitiyAM bhI hai, jinameM svahita (kArya sAdhakatA) aura sadguNa meM spaSTa virodha hotA hai| una sthitiyoM meM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai, tathApi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki sadguNa sadaiva hI kArya sAdhaka (hita sAdhaka) hote haiM, kiMtu yaha eka spaSTa bAta hai ki sadguNa kI siddhi ke lie kisa sImA taka kartA ko apane sAMsArika hitoM kA sAmAjika kartavyoM ke lie balidAna karanA hotA hai| yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai ki kahAM taka eka vyApArI bhAva mola karane meM una paristhitiyoM ko ujAgara karane ke lie bAdhya hai, jo ki bhautika dRSTi se usake vastuoM (saude ) ke mUlya ko prabhAvita karatI hai| mAnavIya ciMtana ke vikAsa meM darzana kI apekSA nyAyazAstra meM roma kA svataMtra yogadAna mahattvapUrNa hai, isalie sisaro ke vicAroM para sToika prabhAva kI sabase rucikara abhivyakti usakI naitika vivecanA ke nyAyika pahalU meM dekhane ko milatI hai| hama yaha bhI dekha cuke haiM ki sToikavAda kA mukhya lakSaNa usa niyama kI dhAraNA hai, jo sabhI manuSyoM para buddhimAna prANI hone ke kAraNa tathA buddhimAna prANiyoM ke jagat kA sadasya hone hotA hai| jo eka daivIya evaM zAzvata niyama hai tathA jo vizeSa rAjanItika saMsthAnoM ke niyamoM se prAmANikatA evaM mahAnatA meM adhika zreSTha hai| isa dhAraNA ko pramukhatA dene ke kAraNa sToikavAda ne nItizAstra ke prAcIna grIka dRSTikoNa kA isa Adhunika dRSTikoNa meM rUpAMtaraNa kara diyaa| nItizAstra ke prAcIna grIka dRSTikoNa sadguNa aura zubha ke pratyaya pramukha the, jabaki Adhunika dRSTikoNa meM - naitika niyama kA adhyayana pramukha mAnA gayA hai| isa rUpAMtaraNa meM sisaro ne jo bhAga liyA, vaha aitihAsika mahatva kA hai| usane Izvara, prajJA yA prakRti se prakaTa hone vAle isa aparivartanIya niyama ko una sabhI dArzanika pratyayoM kI apekSA, jinako usane grIka ciMtana se romIya ciMtana meM hastAMtaraNa karane kA pratyana kiyA thA, adhika yathArtha sAraNIkaraNa ke dvArA grahaNa kiyaa| naitika dRSTi se usake lekhanoM meM jo prabhAvapUrNa aMza haiM, ve vahI haiM, jinameM usane isa niyama kI carcA kI hai| karma ko vaha eka vastuniSTha niyama mAna letA hai jo ki deza aura kAla se pare hokara sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie pramANa hai aura usakI prAmANikatA kisI bhI vidhAna se, jo ki usake virodha meM jAtA hai, adhika hai| kabhI vaha use AtmaniSTha rUpa meM parama prajJA mAna letA hai jo ki pratyeka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 90 vyakti ke mana meM usake janma se hI upasthita hai aura jaba vaha pUrNa tathA vikasita ho jAtA hai to abhrAMta rUpa se vyakti kA mArgadarzana karatI hai aura yaha batAtI hai ki use kyA karanA hai aura kyA nahIM karanA hai| prathamataH sisaro ke dvArA aura bAda meM sToika lekhakoM ke dvArA spaSTa rUpa se isa prAkRtika niyama ke pratyaya kA pracalana romana nyAyavido bIca huA aura bAda meM yaha sabhI rASTro ke bIca pUrva sthApita una sAmAnya niyamoM sAtha mizrita ho gayA, jinako romana prajJA ne videzI logoM ke sAtha vyApAra sambaMdha kI AvazyakatAoM ke lie kramazaH vikasita kiyA thaa| yaha nyAyavidoM kI dRSTi meM romana niSpakSatA (samadRSTitva) kA eka sarvamAnya srota mAnA gyaa| aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda jaba romana nyAyazAstra kA adhyayana madhya yuga ke aMtima bhAga meM punarjIvIta huA, taba prAkRtika niyama ke isa pratyaya ko eka nayA artha evaM mahatva milA aura yaha Adhunika naitika ciMtana kI prathama avasthA kA eka pramukha evaM mahatvapUrNa pratyaya bana gayA, jisa para hamane bAda meM vicAra kiyA hai| romana sToikavAda grIka ciMtana kI sabhI vidhAoM meM sToikavAda hI aisI ciMtana praNAlI hai, jisakI roma kI naitika cetanA ke sAtha sabase adhika vAstavika ghaniSThatA ( samAnatA) hai| hameM isa dArzanika sampradAya meM grIsa se prApta siddhAMtoM ke prati romana cetanA kA eka spaSTa pratirodha parilakSita hotA hai, jisake pariNAmoM ko sToika ciMtana ke svAbhAvika AMtarika vikAsa se sUkSmatA ke sAtha alaga karanA kaThina hai| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thA ki prArambhika sToikoM ne Adarza prajJA evaM sadguNa ke AMtarika tathA bAhya lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane meM adhika ruci lI aura eka Adarza manISI aura sacce dArzanika ke bIca ke aMtara ko asvIkAra to nahIM kiyA kiMtu kisI rUpa meM usakI apekSA to avazya kI, kiMtu jaba manuSya kA zubha kyA hai? isa prazna kA uttara spaSTa vivecana ke mAdhyama se pUrNa prajJA ke dvArA diyA gayA, to dUsarA prazna arthAt manuSya saMsAra ke duHkha aura kaSToM se kisa prakAra mukta ho sakatA hai aura prajJA kI dizA meM kaise Age bar3ha sakatA hai, isane svAbhAvika rUpa se janatA kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyaa| taba vaijJAnika abhiruciyoM para naitikatA prabala huI, jo ki romana manasa kI eka viziSTatA thI aura tabhI yaha prazna adhika pramukha bana paayaa| yaha pramukhatA hameM una sAmrAjyavAdI lekhanoM meM milatI hai, jo ki sToika darzana ke adhyayana ke aparokSa sAdhana haiN|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 91 sInekA (mRtyu san 65 I.) udAharaNArtha, sInekA ke lekhanoM meM paravartI sToikavAda ke isI pakSa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| vaha apane ko eka manISI kahane kA dAvA to nahIM karatA, kiMtu prajJA kI dizA meM pragati ke mArga kA eka pathika avazya kahatA hai| yadyapi sadguNoM kI prApti ke mArga kI khoja sarala hai, kiMtu aisA jIvana jInA kaThina hai| yaha jIvana vAsanAoM aura pApoM se eka satat saMgharSa kA jIvana hai, eka aisA yuddha, jisameM kahIM vizrAma nahIM hai, jisakI taiyArI ke lie manuSya ko svecchA se hI svalpa evaM rUkhA sUkhA bhojana tathA moTA kapar3A lekara kaI dinoM taka saMnyAsa-jIvana kI sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| epIkaTeTasa isI prakAra epIkaTeTasa ne bhI isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki vAstavika rUpa meM eka sToika manISI ko khoja pAnA asaMbhava hI hai| vastutaH ve loga bhI bahuta hI kama haiM, jo apane Apa ko ImAnadArI ke sAtha prajJA kI dizA meM pragati ke lie lagAnA pasaMda karate haiM, athavA jo saMyama aura sahiSNutA ke mahattvapUrNa zabdoM ko hRdaya se svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra sInekA aura aipIkaTeTasa kA darzane manuSya ko apanI kamajoriyoM aura vikRtiyoM se svastha karane vAlA darzana hai| jisakA sambaMdha mAnavIya vikRtiyoM se hai, anya bAtoM se nhiiN| vaha prajJA, jisake dvArA darzana manuSya ko svastha banAtA hai eka aisA guNa hai, jisake lie lambe vAdavivAdoM yA sUkSma vivecanAoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, varan jo satat sAdhanA evaM Atma anuzAsana tathA AtmAlocana kI apekSA karatA hai| apane paravartI lekhanoM meM vicAra aura AcAra (siddhAMta aura tathya) kA yahI aMtara sToikavAda ke dhArmika pakSa ko eka naI zakti aura artha detA hai| apanI kamajoriyoM ke prati sajaga AtmA hI Izvara ke sAtha apane sambaMdha ke vicAra para adhika Azrita rahatA hai| sToika apane Apako Izvara kA paigambara yA devadUta mAnate haiN| bAhya ghaTanAoM ke prati Atma saMtulita sAkSI bhAva kA Adarza dRSTikoNa pavitra samarpaNa kI apekSA aba adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| prajJA para Atma nirbharatA kI prAcIna dhAraNA, jo ki manuSya ke svAbhAvika jIvana ko mAtra buddhi kA karmakSetra mAnatI thI, aba kramazaH kSINa hotI jA rahI thI aura AtmA kI zaktiyoM ko kuNThita karane vAlI evaM baMdhana meM DAlane vAlI vijAtIya vAsanAoM ke prati eka vidhAyaka vairAgya ke lie sthAna banatA jA rahA thaa| zarIra eka aisA piNDa hai, jise AtmA jIvita rakhatI hai| jIvana eka ajanabI dharatI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/92 para nivAsa athavA eka tUphAnI samudra meM yAtrA hai", jahAM ki mRtyu hI ekamAtra svarga (mukti) hai| marakusa Araliyasa (120-180 I.) paravartI sToikavAda kI dhArmikatA sToika sAmrAjya marakusa Araliasa, enTonInasTa ke ciMtana meM eka viziSTa bhAvanAtmakatA se anupramANita hotI hai| ve kahate haiM ki 'he vizvAtmA jo tere lie sAmaMjasyapUrNa hai, vaha mere lie bhI sAmaMjasya pUrNa hai, jo tere lie samayAnusAra hai vaha mere lie samayAnukUla hai, he prakRti tere Rtu jise lAtI hai ve sabhI mere lie phala hai| sabhI vastu tujhame hai aura tujhame hI lauTa jAtI hai|' kavi kahatA hai ki paramapriya sesaropa kA nagara kyA Izvara kA paramapriya nagara nahIM hai| marakusa Araliasa enTonIna ke sampradAya ke bhAvanAtmaka lakSaNoM kI ye bhAva pravaNa abhivyaktiyAM hai jo ki hameM upalabdha hai| Izvara ke sAtha apane sambaMdha kA smaraNa karanA aura usa Izvara se jor3ane vAle dhAgoM ko puSTa karanA jo ki pratyeka manuSya ke hRdaya meM vizvAtmA ke rUpa meM zAsana karatA hai aura yaha AtmA bhI jisakI hI eka aMza hai, devatAoM ke sAtha rahanA aura kevala vahI karanA, jisake lie Izvara anujJA detA hai, jo kucha Izvara detA hai, use prasannatApUrvaka grahaNa karanA, sabhI avasaroM para devatAoM ko AmaMtrita karanA aura Izvara kA vicAra karate hue eka sAmAjika kArya ke bAda dUsare sAmAjika kArya ko karate jAnA. ye hI ve zikSAeM haiM, jo usake Atma prabodhana meM bAra-bAra prakaTa hotI haiN| acche jIvana ko jIne kA sUtra hai- 'devatAoM ke prati zraddhA aura manuSyoM kI sahAyatA', isa sUtra ke donoM hIaMzaavibhAjya hai| prakRti dvArA pradatta zakti se dUsare buddhimAna prANiyoM kI sahAyatA nahIM karanA aura anyAya karanA apane-Apa meM eka apavitratA hai| marakusa Aliasa apanI lokopakAra kI dhAraNA meM asamartha ke prati sadayatA aura sahAnubhUti kI jitanI apekSA karatA hai, vaha prArambhika sToikoM ke gambhIra evaM nirapekSa vizvabaMdhutva meM nahIM kI gaI hai| sAmAjika evaM bauddhika prANiyoM kI vizva-vyavasthA ke sadasya ke rUpa meM vyakti kA sAdhya mAtra apanA kartavya karanA hI nahIM hai, varan sabhI manuSyoM ke prati hRdaya se prema karanA hai| itanA hI nahIM, yaha socakara ki jo ajJAna ke kAraNa galatI karate haiM, ve bhI hamAre sajAtIya haiM, burAI karane vAloM ko bhI prema karanA hai, sAtha hI usake niSpakSa evaM prabhAvakArI upadezoM ke prati anivAryatayA aMdhavizvAsa hamAre sAmane samanvaya sambaMdhI bhinna kaThinAI ko upasthita kara dete haiN| eka ora sampUrNa sRSTi ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 93 parama prajJA kI eka pUrNa racanA hone aura manuSya ko IzvarIya sRSTi kI sarvocca sattA hone ke prati dArzanika niSThA, to dUsarI ora duniyAdArI ke sabhI uddezyoM evaM icchAoM ke sabhI viSayoM ke prati eka dArzanika upekSA-vRtti aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa una sabhI manuSyoM ke prati, jinase hamArA dArzanika sRSTi se sambaMdha hai, ke prati 'paratA' kA aparihArya bhaav| eka ora marakusa Araliasa usa prajJApUrNa vyavasthA para vicAra karatA hai, jisameM sabhI vastueM pavitra baMdhana meM eka-dUsare se baMdhI huI haiM, nimna zreNI kI vastueM apane se ucca zreNI kI vastuoM ke lie hai aura eka dUsare ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa rUpa se rahI huI haiM, kiMtu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki sabhI indriya-gocara vastueM vinAzazIla aura tiraskAra ke yogya haiN| baccoM ke khela aura jhagar3oM ke samAna, cITiyoM ke zrama ke samAna yA kaThaputalI ke samAna ye sArI sAMsArika ghaTanAeM kSaNika evaM nirarthaka hai tathA parivartana ke pravAha meM baha rahI hai| athavA saMsAra eka aisI pracaNDa vega dhArA hai jisake bIca eka prajJAvAna manuSya usa aMtadvIpa ke samAna khar3A hai jise miTAne ke lie ve dhArAeM satat rUpa se saMgharSarata hai| sAre saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu evaM jIvana kA pratyeka aMza vaisA hI gaMdA, ghRNita aura adhama hai, jaisA ki snAna ke tela, pasIne, mala aura zarIra se nikalA huA paanii| vaha svayaM hI apane se kahatA hai ki mRtyu vareNya hai aura usase prakRti kI eka ghaTanA mAnakara usake AliMgana ke lie taiyAra rahanA cAhie, kiMtu vastutaH jo use mRtyu ke sAtha jor3atA hai, vaha hai vastuoM evaM caritra kA vicAra, jisase mRtyu usase alaga kara detI hai| yathArtha aura Adarza ke bIca kA yaha aMtarAla eka acche evaM suMdara saMsAra kI kalpanA ke dvArA bhI pUrA nahIM jA sktaa| yadyapi sToika sampradAya paramparAgata rUpa se mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI vaiyaktika jIvana ke astitva ko taba taka bane rahane kI dhAraNA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, jaba taka ki mahApralaya na ho, jisa mahApralaya ke dvArA pratyeka sRSTi ke yuga kA aMta hotA hai aura jisameM saMsAra kI sabhI vastueM punaH apane maulika dravya yA IzvarIya tattva, jisase ki ve utpanna huI thIM, ko prApta ho jAtI hai, tathApi unhoMne apanI isa dhAraNA ke AdhAra para naitika zikSAoM para koI bhAra nahIM diyaa| sToikavAda kI isa yuga meM yaha dhAraNA saMzayAtmaka rUpa se hI svIkAra kI jAtI rahI, yadyapi ise pUrI taraha samApta nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| marakusa Araliasa ne isa prazna ko nahIM uThAyA hai ki mRtyu kyA mAtra (zarIra) parivartana hai yA astitva kA samApta ho jAnA hai? kyA yaha dUsare jIvana meM saMkramaNa hai athavA eka saMvedanazIla avasthA hai? yadyapi kabhI-kabhI vaha eka niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa ke prati

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/94 jhukatA hai| vaha svayaM ke prati hI kahatA hai ki kucha hI kSaNoM ke pazcAta tU bhI heDrIjAnasa aura AgasTasa ke samAna kucha bhI aura kahIM bhI nahIM rhegaa| vaha apane eka mahatvapUrNa kathana meM Azcarya prakaTa karate hue kahatA hai ki yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ki yadyapi devatAoM ne sampUrNa vastuoM kI manuSya ke lie upakArI aura samyak hone kI vyavasthA kI hai, to bhI una puNyAtmA manuSyoM ko, jinameM se adhikAMza ne Izvara ke sAtha saMlApa kiyA ho, to bhI mRtyu ke bAda pUrI taraha samApta ho jAnA hai| ve apane ko isa kevala vicAra se saMtuSTa kara sakate haiM ki yadi yaha nyAyapUrNa hogA ki ve bace raheM, to sambhava ho sakatA hai ki ve bace rahe aura jahAM taka yaha prakRti ke niyamAnusAra hogA, to prakRti vaisA hI kregii| yaha aMtima vAkya sToikavAda ke viziSTa lakSaNa ko prastuta karatA hai| jisake anusAra isa saMsAra ko jaisA hai. vaisA hI svIkAra karanA hai aura kisI aise sukhada bhaviSya kI parikalpanA nahIM banAnA hai, jisameM ki vartamAna kI burAiyAM samApta ho jAegI, varan dRr3ha saMkalpapUrvaka vartamAna jaisA hai, vaisA hI ThIka hai, yaha mAnanA hai| vastutaH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki sToikavAda kA mukhya naitika siddhAMta Adhunika naitika dharmazAstra ke mukhya tarka ke viparyaya para AdhArita hai| Araliasa kA kahanA hai ki yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki isa vizva kI prakRti ko yA to zakti kI kamI ke kAraNa yA kuzalatA kI kamI ke kAraNa itanI bar3I galatI se yukta banAyA gayA hai ki acche aura bure logoM ke lie zubha aura azubha aMdharUpa meM hI hote hoN| yahAM taka to sToika aura IsAI dArzanikoM meM ekatA hai, jabaki IsAI mAnyatA yaha hai ki bhAvI jIvana meM vartamAna jIvana ke puNya aura pApa ko aMdhAdhuMdha vitaraNa sambaMdhI anyAya ThIka kiyA jaaegaa| kiMtu sToika kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki jIvana aura mRtyu, sammAna aura apamAna, sukha aura duHkha Adi vastueM vartamAna meM jisa avivekapUrNa DhaMga se baMTI huI haiM, ve na to zubha haiM aura na hI azubha haiN| paravartI pleTovAda aura navapleTovAda arastU ke bAda ke cAra mukhya sampradAyoM meM pleTovAdI samudAya aisA thA ki jisakI zikSAoM meM vaiyaktika AtmA kI amaratA ke siddhAMta ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta yaa| yaha apekSita thA ki sToikavAda meM tuccha evaM ghRNita bhautika parivartanoM se yukta isa vastugata jagat se mAMgane kI jo nivRttimArgI pravRtti pAI jAtI hai, vaha isa sampradAya ke paravartI itihAsa meM aura bhI adhika prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se spaSTa huI hai| vastutaH yaha apane guru (pleTo) kI zikSAoM ke eka aMga kA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 95 svAbhAvika vikAsa hI thaa| plUTArca (isvI san 48 se 120) ___ isa prakAra jaba hama plUTArca kI ora Ate haiM, taba hameM usake siddhAMtoM meM prAcIna akAdamI ke mAnavIya jIvana ke nimna aura ucca ghaTakoM ke bIca naitika saMgati banAne vAle pleTovAdI siddhAMta ko na pAkara Azcarya nahIM hotA hai? pleTo kI zikSAoM kA vaha pakSa, jo anubhUti ke vAstavika jagat kI aparihArya apUrNatAoM ko prakaTa karatA hai, punaH mahattvapUrNa ho gayA thaa| udAharaNArtha, plUTArca pleTo ke lAja ke una sujhAvoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura unakA vistAra karatA hai, jo yaha batAte haiM ki yaha apUrNatA usa azubha vizvAtmA ke kAraNa hai, jo ki zubha ke virodha meM hai| pleTo ke isa sujhAva para bIca ke isa aMtarAla meM koI dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA thaa| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki plUTArca ise jo mUlya detA hai, vaha mAtra bauddhika dharma ke poSaNa yA sAMtvanA ke lie nahIM hai, varan Adhibhautika saMvAdoM kI puSTi ke lie hai, jo vizeSa manuSyoM aura Izvara ke bIca vizeSa avasthA meM hotA hai, jaise svapna meM, camatkAroM ke dvArA yA viziSTa cetAvaniyoM ke rUpa meM aura jinheM dharmazAstra meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| aMtarviveka kI isa camaka ko pAne ke lie vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki AtmA ko saMyama ke mAdhyama se iMdriyaparatA se vimukha aura samAdhi kI avasthA ke lie taiyAra karanA hogaa| AtmA aura zarIra ke bIca dvaitabhAva aura zarIra se alagAva ke dvArA IzvarIya yA artha IzvarIya prabhAvoM kI vizuddha prApti ke lie nivRttimArgI prayatna pahalI aura dUsarI zatAbdI meM hokara punarjIvita pAithogoriyanavAda meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| vastuta: plUTArca evaM anya vicArakoM, jinakA vaha pratinidhitva karatA hai, ke vicAra pleTovAdI siddhAMtoM para nava pAithogoriyanavAda ke prabhAva ke sammizraNa se nirmita haiM, kiMtu vaha sAmAnya pravRtti jisakI hama carcA kara rahe haiM, eka buddhisaMgata dArzanika vyavasthA kI pUrNa abhivyakti ke sAtha taba taka nahIM milatI hai, jaba taka ki hama ke mahAn ciMtaka ploTInasa kI ora nahIM A jaate| ploTInasa (IsvI san 205 se 270) ___ ploTInasa kA darzana pleTovAda ke usa tattva kA Azcaryajanaka vikAsa hai, jisane madhyayuga evaM Adhunika yuga ke ciMtana ko sammohita kara rakhA hai, kiMtu jo

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/96 arastU ke paravartI sampradAyoM ke virodhoM ke kAraNa daSTi se parI taraha ojhala ho gayA thaa| isake sAtha hI usa zraddhAmaya niSThA ke kAraNa, jo ki navapleTovAda ke prati rakhatA hai. maulika pleTovAda aura isa nava pleTovAda ke bIca ke aMtara adhika mahatvapUrNa haiN| hama dekhate haiM ki pleTo ne zubha kA vastuoM ke vAstavika sAratattva ke sAtha tAdAtmya kiyA thA aura punaH zubha kA usase bhI tAdAtmya kiyA thA, jisameM vaha nizcita rUpa se kalpanIya evaM bodhagamya hai| yaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastuoM kI apUrNatA yA azubhatA inakI vAstavika sattA se bhinna hai aura isIlie ve nizcita rUpa se vicAra aura jJAna ke yogya nahIM haiN| tadanusAra hama pAte haiM ki pleTo ke pAsa isa yathArtha iMdriyagamya jagat meM usake lie koI takanIkI pada nahIM hai, jo ki use amUrta Adarza vizva kI pUrNa abhivyakti se rokatA hai aura jise arastU ke darzana meM pUrNatayA AkArahIna yathArtha ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai aura isIlie jaba hama pleTovAda kI tattvamImAMsA se nIti kI ora Ate haiM, taba hama pAte haiM ki ucca jIvana kI upalabdhi mAnavIya kriyAkalApoM aura una kriyAkalApoM ke bhautika pariveza se vimukha hone para hI saMbhava hai; phira bhI yaha indriyamaya jagat vidhAyaka naitika virAga kA viSaya nahIM hai| apekSAkRta rUpa se yaha eka aisI vastu hai, jise yathAsaMbhava saMgatipUrNa zubha evaM suMdara banAne ke lie dArzanika pUrI taraha se sambaMdhita haiN| kiMtu nava pleTovAda meM usa sthiti kI nimnatA kA, jisameM mAnavIya AtmA apane zarIra ke baMdhana meM pAtI hai, adhika tIvratA aura duHkhadatA ke sAtha anubhava kiyA gayA hai, isIlie prathama pApa ke rUpa meM AkArahIna padArtha kI, jisase dUsarA pApa zarIra utpanna huA hai aura jisake kAraNa AtmA kI upasthiti meM sabhI pApa hote haiM, kI spaSTa svIkRti thii| tadanusAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ploTInasa kA nItizAstra sToiko ke naitika AdarzavAda ko prakRti se alaga karake prastuta karatA hai| manuSya kA ekamAtra zubha zarIra se bhinna AtmA ke vizuddha bauddhika astitva meM hai| isa avasthA meM AtmA burAiyoM aura kamiyoM se pUrNatayA svataMtra hogaa| yadi vaha avasthA AtmA kI maulika sattA kI svacchaMda kriyAoM ke dvArA upalabdha hotI hai, to koI bhI bAhya yA zArIrika tathya usake pUrNa kalyANa ko vidhAyaka rUpa meM kSati nahIM pahuMcA sakate haiN| pleTo ke ripablika meM vivecita nAgarika sadguNoM kA kevala nimnatama rUpa prastuta hai| ye sadguNa una pAzavika vAsanAoM ko maryAdita karate haiM aura unakA niyamana karate haiM, jinakI AtmA meM upasthiti usake zarIra ke sAtha saMyukta hone ke kAraNa hai| dArzanika yA ucca prajJA, saMyama, sAhasa aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/ 97 nyAya vastutaH isa zarIra sambaMdha se zuddhi haiN| zubhatva kA sabase uccatama prakAra taba upalabdha hotA hai, jaba AtmA kA zarIra ke sAtha koI sambaMdha nahIM hotA aura vaha pUrI taraha buddhi kI ora mur3a jAtA hai aura Izvara kI samAnatA ko prApta kara letA hai| hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki ploTInasa svayaM bhI isa artha meM pleTovAdI hai, kyoMki ve bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie prAkRtika zArIrika kSudhAoM kA pUrNa vigalana Avazyaka hai, kiMtu yaha nivRttimArgI niSkarSa apanI pUrNa vyApakatA ke sAtha unake ziSya porakirI dvArA prastuta kiyA gyaa| __ yadyapi nava pleTovAda ke pudgala se Upara uThane kI dizA meM eka ucca bindu aura bhI hai, jisa para abhI pahuMcanA hai aura yahIM ploTinasa kI pleTo ke AdarzavAda se alaga honA kama Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha pleTo kI zikSAoM para niSThApUrNa ciMtana kA maulika pariNAma thaa| pleTo kI tatvamImAMsA kI pramukha mAnyatA yaha thI ki sat jitane aMza meM hai vaha sat hai, nizcita hI zeya evaM vicAra kA viSaya hai, tAki manas jaise hI iMdriyagamya padArthoM se amUrtatA kI ora evaM vAstavika sattA ko bodha ke lie pragati karatA hai, usake vicAra utane hI nizcita aura spaSTa hote haiN| ploTInasa kA kahanA yaha hai ki sabhI vicAroM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM vibheda yA dvaita kA bhAva rahatA hai aura vaha, jise hama Izvara kahate haiM, vizva kA prAthamika tathya nahIM ho sakatA hai| use avazya hI isa dvaita se pare anivArya tathA eka advaitatatva hI honA cAhie arthAt eka aisI sattA, jo binA vibheda aura binA nirdhAraNa ke sattAvAna ho| tadanusAra mAnavIya sattA kA sarvocca svarUpa, jisameM AtmA paramasattA kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai, advaya hogaa| usa bhAvAtireka yA samAdhi kI avasthA meM sArI AtmacetanA vilupta hogI aura sabhI vikalpayukta vicAroM kA atikramaNa ho jaaegaa| phoraphe rI kA kahanA hai ki usake guru ploTInasa ne isa sarvocca sthiti ko una chaha varSoM meM cAra bAra prApta kiyA thA, jabaki porapherI unake sAnnidhya meM thaa| nava pleTovAda mUlatayA yUnAnI hai aura prAcIna ethensa kI bhUmi para vikasita hone ke pUrva isake astitva kI lagabhaga eka zatAbdI se adhika vyatIta ho cukI thI, isIlie ise aksara yUnAnI kI apekSA yUnAna kA kahA jAtA hai| yaha prAcIna sabhyatA ke grIsa kI sabhyatA ke sAtha hue mizraNa kA pariNAma hai| yadyapi nivRttimArga aura dhArmikatA ke dRSTikoNoM se utsAhapUrvaka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/98 vyApta hone vAle isake ciMtana kA svarUpa kitanA hI prAcIna kyoM na ho, vicAra kA yaha svarUpa, jisake kAraNa ye dRSTikoNa dArzanika bana pAe the, anivAryataH grIka haiN| isa svAbhAvika vikAsa kI pUrNa bodhagamya prakriyA meM sToikavAda ke dvArA prastuta naitika cetanA kI gambhIratA eka mahatvapUrNa bhAga adA karatI hai| yUnAnI jJAna kA prayAsa bhAvAtireka kI vyavasthA kI taiyArI ke lie use carama utkarSa para pahuMcAtA hai| manuSya prAkRtika jIvana kA yUnAnI AdarzIkaraNa zarIra aura usake kAryoM ke prati vimukhatA ke rUpa meM samApta ho jAtA hai| isake sAtha hI yahAM hameM ploTInasa ke siddhAMta aura grIka evaM hIbU vicAroM ke usa mahatvapUrNa samAnatAoM ko nahIM bhUlanA cAhie, jise philojUDasa ne do zatAbdI pUrva vivecita kiyA thA, na to nava pleTovAda juDA se phailane vAle usa nae dharma ke sacetana virodha meM vikasita huA thA, jo ki ploTinasa ke graMtha racanAkAla meM grIka romana jagat kI viSaya ko cunautI de rahA thA aura na isane usa aMtima bhISaNa saMgharSa ko mukhya saiddhAMtika samarthana diyA, jo ki buliyana ke netRtva meM prAcIna bahudevavAdI pUjA paddhati ko banAe rakhane ke lie kiyA gayA thaa| aba hama isa saMgharSa ke asaphala hone ke pazcAta kiMtu inhIM prAcIna avazeSoM para nizcita rUpa se sthApita hone vAle vicAroM ke nae saMsAra kI ora mudd'eNge| saMdarbha - 1. yaha suprasiddha pada mUlataH pAithAgorIyana sampradAya ke lie hI prayukta kiyA jAtA hai| 2. tulanA kIjie - pratyakSamevapramANaM 3. jhenophona memoribiliyA adhyAya II (pleTo jArja, pRSTha 519) tulanA kIjie - yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki sAphi sTa kahe jAne vAle sabhI lokapriya vyAkhyAtAoM ke dvArA yaha kArya vyavasAya ke rUpa meM apanA liyA gayA thA, kiMtu unake eka mahatvapUrNa varga ke dvArA pramANapUrNa DhaMga se evaM spaSTa rUpa se ise eka vyavasAya mAna liyA gayA thaa| jaisA ki bAda meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai, sadguNa ke lie prayukta grIka zabda kA artha sadguNa se adhika vyApaka hai, isalie usakA bhASAMtara mAnavIya uttamatAoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai,

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 99 tathApi manuSya ke saMdarbha meM naitika uttamatAoM kA mukhya artha vahI hai, jise hama sadguNa kahate hai| 4. hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki isa kathana ko usI viziSTa artha meM samajhA jAnA hai, jo ki arastU ke lie prayukta hotA hai| arastU darzana ko mAnavIya jIvana kI acchAiyoM evaM burAI ke adhyayana se bhinna mAnatA hai / 1. usakI dRSTi se yaha adhyayana buddhi kA nimna koTi kA prayAsa hai, kyoMki darzana zAzvata satya kA ciMtana hai / arastU ke dRSTikoNa meM darzana jIvana jIne kI vidhi nahIM sikhAtA hai, lekina phira bhI mAnavIya buddhi kA ciMtana rUpa sarvazreSTha prakAra hai| 5. hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jhenojhona sukarAta ko AtmasaMyama kA upadeza dete hue prastuta karatA hai| mujhe usake AtmasaMyama kI vyAkhyA usake dUsare siddhAMta ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa DhaMga se karane meM koI kaThinAI pratIta nahIM hotI hai, yadi hama AtmasaMyama ko usa jJAna meM nihita yA usa jJAna kA anivArya pariNAma mAne, jo iMdriyAsakti ke nimna mUlyoM kI, unameM nihita hAniyoM kI tulanA karane se hotA hai| jJAna ke bhinna guNa ke rUpa meM sAdhAraNa artha meM AtmasaMyama kI AvazyakatA-usake dvArA svIkRta nahIM ho pAI thI / nizcita hI usakI zikSAoM ke sambaMdha meM yaha dRSTikoNa arastU kI nikomeziyana ithiksa nAmaka graMtha ke racayitA ke dvArA apanAyA gayA thaa| yaha apane graMtha ke dUsare adhyAya meM likhatA hai ki sukarAta ne isa siddhAMta ke sambaMdha meM tarka prastuta kie ki AtmasaMyama kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai| ( kevala bhASAnuvAda kiyA gayA hai ) / 6. dekhie - jenophona - memorebiliyA 7. kahA jAtA hai ki ve bhUmi para yA tambU meM sote the, eka DhIlA cogA hI unakI vezabhUSA thI, jise sardI meM doharA kara lete the, Aga kI bacata karane ke lie kaccA mAMsa khAte the| 8. sampatti kI paramparAgata dhAraNA kA isa sampradAya ne jAnabUjhakara jo tiraskAra kiyA, jisake kAraNa Aja sinikala zabda kA artha kiyA jAtA hai - paaglpn| vastutaH grIka yaha mAnate the ki isa sampradAya kA nAmakaraNa usa vyAyAmazAlA ke nAma para se huA, jahAM ainTisthenIja zikSA dete the / moTe rUpa se yaha zabda unakI kutte, jo

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/100 ki lajjAhInatA kA sUcaka hai, se nikaTatA batAtA hai| 9. kaThinAI yaha hai ki (1) arastupleTovAda ko herAvilaTasa ke aindrika anubhavoM kI niraMtara parivartanazIlatA ke siddhAta evaM pAithAgorasa ke saMkhyA ke caram sat hone ke siddhAMta ke sAtha hI sAtha sukarAta kI zikSA ke samanvaya se utpanna mAnatA hai, kiMtu negeriyana sampradAya meM paramainIDIja ke eka aparivartanazIla sattA kA tathya spaSTatayA sukarAtIya nahIM hai, jabaki vaha pleTo evaM yukviDasa ke maulika sambandha meM pUrI taraha se prAmANika hai| 10. pleTo ne una vibhinna prakAra ke adArzanika sadguNoM meM aMtara kiyA hai jinake naitika mUlya alaga-alaga hote haiM, yadyapi unhoMne ina aMtaroM ke sambaMdha meM koI suvyavasthita dRSTikoNa prastuta nahIM kiyA hai| ina sadguNoM meM sabase nimna stara para vaha sAdhAraNa viveka hai, jo ki aindrika burAiyoM kA virodha karatA hai, lekina yaha virodha anucitatA ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan sukhoM meM eka saMtulana lAne kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai| sabase ucca stara para ve uttejanAeM haiM, jo adArzanika manas ke dvArA abhivyakta hotI hai, kiMtu jinakA prazikSaNa darzana ke nirdezana meM hotA hai| ina aMtaroM kA rucikara vivecana hameM Aracarahinda ke dvArA sampAdita phiDo ke pariziSTa 1 meM milatA hai| 11. isa pada kA prayoga IsAI dharma meM huA hai| sarvaprathama yaha embresa ke grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| 12. vyAvahArika aura ciMtanaparaka prajJA meM arastU ne aMtara spaSTa kiyA hai, kiMtu pleTo ke darzana meM vyAvahArika aura ciMtanaparaka prajJA aviyojya rUpa meM saMyukta hai aura ripablika meM usane ina donoM pakSoM kA paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayoga bhI kiyA hai| 13. Adhunika yuga ke pratiSThita lekhakoM ne bhI isa bAta kA samarthana kiyA hai isa vizvAsa kA koI bhI AdhAra nahIM hai ki kalyANa yA hita ke pratyaya ko pleTo ke virodha meM arastu ne mAnavIya karmoM ke lakSya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA thaa| isa vizvAsa meM nihita bhrAMti bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM raha jAtI hai, yadi hama sukha zabda kA AnaMda ke rUpa meM bhASAMtara nahIM kreN| isa bhASAMtara ke pariNAmasvarUpa bahuta kucha nizcitatA ke sAtha sukhada anubhUtiyoM ke ghaTaka kA sarvasva mAna liyA gayA thA, jabaki pleTo satkarma ko kalyANa kA prAthamika ghaTaka mAnate haiN| (dekhie pR. 56, TippaNI 2)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/101 14. isa saMvAda meM vivecita viSaya mUlatayA sadguNa aura durguNa kA prazna hai, jo ki pleTovAda kI viziSTatA hai, jabaki apane AdhAra ke binA kisI svIkRta parivartana ke aMtima rUpa se yaha prazna dArzanika jIvana aura zuddha AkAMkSAmaya yA aindrika sukhabhoga ke jIvana ke bIca carcita rahA hai| 15. pleTo ke sukha evaM duHkha ke bhautika siddhAMta kA Adhunika evaM sarvAdhika vikasita rUpa usake graMtha TAimArasa ke pRSTha 64-65 meM pAyA jAtA hai| usameM saMvedanA kI vyAkhyA zarIra ke aMgoM meM mAMsapeziyoM kI gati ke rUpa meM kI gaI, jinake sUkSma aMga gatizIla avasthA meM rahate haiN| yadi gati tIvra aura yakAyaka vikSubdha karane vAlI hokara usa aMga kI svAbhAvika avasthA ko prabhAvita karatI hai, to duHkha yA pIr3A hotI hai, lekina jaba gati kI tIvratA yA aMga kI svAbhAvika avasthA meM jAne kI kriyA kramika hotI hai aura usakI spaSTataH anubhUti nahIM ho pAtI hai, to usake pariNAmasvarUpa binA paravartI sukha ke duHkha yA binA pUrvavartI du:kha ke sukha ho sakatA hai| 16. isakA yaha nAma usa vyAyAmazAlA ke AdhAra para par3A, jo ki usa bagIce ke samIpa thI, jisameM pleTo zikSA detA thA aura jo usake ziSyoM ke dvArA use samarpita kara dI gaI thI aura bAda meM isa saMsthA ke paravartI AcAryoM ko uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM prApta hotI rhii| 17. maiM Agamana zabda kA adhika vyApaka artha meM prayoga kara rahA huuN| Agamana kA tAtparya usa prakriyA se hai, jo vizeSa prakathanoM se prArambha hokara adhika sAmAnya niSkarSoM para pahuMcatI hai| 18. isa pada kA sAmAnyatayA aMgrejI anuvAda AnaMda ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki yaha bahuta hI svAbhAvika zabda hai, jise hama hamAre astitva ke lakSya kA uddezya kahane meM sahamata ho sakate haiM, lekina aMgrejI zabda jisa nizcitatA ke sAtha anubhUti kI jisa avasthA ko sUcita karatA hai vaha isa pada kI vyAkhyA meM nihita nahIM hai, jo arastU ne (pleTo aura sToraiko ne bhI) prastuta kI thI, isalie kisI bar3I galatI se bacane ke lie mujhe yaha Avazyaka pratIta huA ki isa zabda kA bhASAMtara pracalita zabda hita yA kalyANa ke rUpa meM kiyA jaae| (dekhie-pRSTha 48 kI TippaNI) 19. mujhe lagatA hai ki AcaraNa ke saMdarbha meM prayukta suMdara aura zubha ke pratyayoM meM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/102 tAdAtmya karane meM arastU pleTo aura sukarAta kA anusaraNa karate haiN| hama yaha dekha sakate haiM ki zubha zabda sadguNI vyakti kA paricAyaka hai aura sAmAnyatayA sAdhya kA paryAyavAcI hai, jabaki suMdara zabda sadguNAtmaka kArya ke guNa ko abhivyakta karane ke lie cunA gayA hai, jo kisI bhI sthiti meM sadguNI kartA kA sAdhya hotA hai| nissaMdeha arastU isake sambaMdha meM vicAra karate samaya grIka janatA kI sahaja buddhi kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| jahAM taka sadguNa sadguNI vyakti ke lie svataH zubha hai, vahAM taka vaha zubha ke usa varga kA sadasya hai, jise hama suMdara se alaga kara sakate haiM, bAda ke grIka darzana meM suMdara zabda naitika zubha ke pAribhASika zabda ke rUpa meM adhika rUr3ha ho gyaa| sadguNa 'ati Adhikya' aura 'ati abhAva' kI paraspara virodhI galatiyoM kA sapha latA pUrvaka nirasana karane meM abhivyakta hotA hai| svarNima mAdhya' yA anubhUti kI ucita mAtrA aura bAhya kriyA, jisameM sadguNa pAyA jAtA hai, kevala saMbhAvita vaikalpika aMtoM ke madhya gaNitIya ausata ke samAna nahIM hai, vaha pratyeka sthiti meM kartA aura kArya kI paristhiti ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotA hai| vastutaH yaha to anucita aMto meM aksara eka ke nikaTa hotA hai| udAharaNArtha sAhasa kAyaratA kI apekSA dussAhasa ke adhika nikaTa hai| samyak mAdhya kA asaMdigdha nirdhAraNa to vyAvahArika prajJA se yukta vyakti ke tarka evaM nirNaya ke dvArA hI diyA jA sakatA hai| 20. maiMne isa pada kA paramparAgata anuvAda kiyA hai| alaga haTanA ucita nahIM samajhA hai, lekina maiM yaha mAnatA hUM ki arastU kI isa pada kA paribhASA kI dRSTi se isakA anuvAda sAhasa kI apekSA zUravIratA kA vartamAna meM prayoga hai, jisakA prayoga kevala yuddha ke saMdarbha meM hI karate haiN| jaisAki hama dekhate haiM, arastU ne bhI isa pada kA isI saMdarbha meM upayoga kiyA hai| 21. maiM arastU ke nItizAstra ke bhAga 7, jisameM isa viSaya kI carcA kI gaI hai tathA bhAga 5 aura 6 ko usI artha meM arastU kI kRti nahIM mAnatA hUM, jisa artha meM usakA graMtha usakI kRti hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM inheM isa graMtha ke sampAdana karate samaya usake ziSyoM ne usake zuddha siddhAMtoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie jor3a diyA hai, tAki ve isa TippaNI se sambaMdhita anuccheda (perAgrApha) meM varNita arastU ke saMkSipta evaM sAmAnya dRSTikoNa ke aucitya ko siddha kara skeN| yahI bAta vAda ke nyAya, bauddhika acchAiyoM aura vyAvahArika buddhi ke sambaMdha meM bhI hai| 22. yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki pleTo kI zikSAoM ne unheM puna: apane sthAna para lA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 103 diyA / 23. yogadAna kA artha naitika mahatva nahIM samajhanA cAhie / vastutaH yaha yogadAna kA mahatva paristhitiyoM ke anusAra badalatA rahatA hai, isa prakAra, jaba sAmAjika dhanarAzi ke vitaraNa ke prazna para pratyeka nAgarika kA yogadAna sAmAjika koSa meM usake dvArA die gae yogadAna para nirbhara hogaa| 24. kyoMki vaha vidhAyaka niyamoM ke dvArA hI pArasparika vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai (anu.)| 25. 'saMkramaNaka sampradAya', yaha zabda ghUmate rahane se nikalA hai aura arastU ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie prayukta kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki arastU jisa vyAyAmazAlA meM vyAkhyAna detA thA, usake chAyAdAra kSetroM meM idhara-udhara ghUmate hue apane ziSyoM ko zikSA diyA karatA thaa| 26. maiMne 'mUla saMsthApaka' zabda kA upayoga isalie kiyA ki krisImasa (lagabhaga 280 se 206 I.pU.) ne sToika sampradAya ke vikAsa meM jo yogadAna diyA, vaha jheno kI apekSA kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM thaa| eka kavi kA kathana hai ki krisamasa ke binA porca kA sToikavAda nahIM hotA / 27. dekhie, pRSTha 83 28. sujhAva ke rUpa meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sToikavAda ke lie sinikavAda aisA hI thA, jaise prArambhika IsAI dharma ke lie saMnyAsavAda / yadyapi isa tulanA para adhika bala nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki kaTTara sToika sinikavAda ko adhika pUrNa mArga ke rUpa kabhI nahIM mAnate / yadyapi ve yaha mAnate haiM ki sinikavAda sadguNa kI prApti kA choTA rAstA hai aura eka sinika, jo manISI bana jAtA hai, use sinikavAda kA pAlana karanA caahie| hama yaha pAte haiM ki ipikaTaiTasa sukarAta aura dUsare naitika mahAn vyaktiyoM ko bhI sinika nAma detA hai| 29. pasaMda, zreya (pasaMdagI ke yogya) aura zubha ke aMtara ke lie dekhie pRSTha 78-79, 30. sToika isa bAre meM pUrNa sahamata nahIM haiM ki eka bAra prApta kara lene para sadguNa aparivartanIya hotA hai, kiMtu ve isa bAre meM sahamata haiM ki use svayaM buddhi se hI khojA jA sakatA hai| 31. cAroM sadguNoM kI sToikoM kI paribhASA meM bahuta kucha parivartana hue haiN| plUToz2a ke anusAra jheno ne nyAya ko vastuoM ke vitaraNa ke viveka ke rUpa meM, mitAcAra (saMyama)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/104 ko vastaoM ke canAva ke viveka ke rUpa meM aura sahanazIlatA ko sahana karane ke viveka ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| isa kathana ko isa sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka jAnA jA sakatA hai| 32. isa sampradAya ke sadasyoM ne sadguNa yA jJAna kI paribhASA ko svIkAra nahIM karate hue bhI use zakti aura bala ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyaa| sToikoM ne bhautika dRSTi se zakti ko Ithara kA eka tanAva maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM yaha bala hI AtmA kA tattva hai| dekhie, TippaNI 1, pRSTha 78 33. DyaTI nAmaka pada kA anuvAda karttavya ke rUpa meM karanA sambhavataH bhrAMtijanaka hogA, kyoMki karttavya ke nAma jAnA jAne vAlA koI bhI kArya jaba taka satpreraNA ke dvArA nahIM kiyA jAtA vaha satkarma nahIM kahalA sktaa| satpreraNA arthAt mana kI vizaddha vivekapUrNa avasthA hai, jisake abhAva meM satkarma mAtra bAhya samAyojana hI hogaa| 34. yaha paMkti klenathasa se uddhRta kI gaI hai, jisane jheno aura krisIMpasa ke bIca sToika sampradAya kI adhyakSatA kI thii| 35. yaza-kIrti ke sambaMdha meM sToiko ke dRSTikoNa meM matabheda pratIta hotA hai| jaba prArambha meM isa sampradAya para sinikavAda kA prabhAva thA, unhoMne isake prati AMtarika evaM bAhya-donoM dRSTi se udAsInatA prakaTa kI, kiMtu aMta meM unhoMne jana sAdhAraNa ke dRSTikoNa ko apanA liyA aura yaza-kIrti ko vareNya mAna liyA 36. yaha udAharaNa vibhinna sToika vicArakoM ne aneka bAra diyA hai, kiMtu mujhe usa mahatvapUrNa siddhAMta ke saMdarbha meM, jisase maiMne ise joDA hai, yaha adhika saMgata lagatA hai aura sisaro ke AdhAra para hameM yaha patA lagatA hai, isakA isa prakAra isa udAharaNa kA upayoga isa sampradAya ke dUsare sadasyoM ne bhI kiyA hai| 37. sAmAnyatayA svIkRta siddhAMta lagatA hai ki sToika manISI, jaba taka use koI vizeSa bAdhA rokatI nahIM hai, vaha sAmAjika jIvana meM bhAga letA hai| yadyapi isa sampradAya ke Alocaka yaha mAnate haiM ki sToika dArzanikoM ko vyavahAra meM aisI bAdhAeM aksara milatI haiN| 38. jahAM taka maiM jAnatA hUM, nizcita hI yaha parivartana sisaro ke pUrva nahIM AyA thaa| 39. siraneksa ke dvArA yaha mAna liyA gayA thA ki eka manISI bhI avicchinna AnaMda

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 105 kA jIvana nahIM jI sakatA hai| isa sampradAya ke sabase adhika spaSTavAdI vicAraka thiyoDorasa ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAyA hai ki kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM manISI bhI corI, vyabhicAra aura dharma virodhI AcaraNa kara sakatA hai| 40. hemAkriTasa ke bhautika zAstra meM jo mahatvapUrNa pariSkAra ipIkyUrasa ke dvArA kiyA gayA thA, vaha adhogAmI aNuoM ke sambaMdha meM thaa| vaha bhI hemAkriTasa ke samAna hI yaha mAnatA hai ki padArthoM ke mUlatattva atyaMta sUkSma rUpa se svataH vicalana karane kI pravRtti rakhate haiN| yaha kalpanA aNuoM ke saMghaTana ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka thii| aNuoM ke isa saMgaThana kA pariNAma hI sRSTiyoM kI racanA hai / punaH, isI dhAraNA kA upayoga manuSyoM meM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kI bhautika vyAkhyA ke lie kiyA gayA, jo ki ipIkyUrasa ke vicAra meM naitika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kI dhAraNA sToikavAda kI mAnyatA ke virodha meM thii| pUrva meM maiMne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki ipI kyUrasa ke isa naitika dRSTikoNa kI AMzika pUrva kalpanA hemAkriTasa bhI kI thii| usakA siddhAMta hemAkriTIyana aura sireneka tattvoM ke samanvaya se utpanna huA mAnA jA sakatA hai| 41. yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki vaha apanI dArzanika vyAkhyAoM meM dAsoM yA striyoM ke sahayoga kI avahelanA nahIM karatA hai| 42. arastU ke ziSyoM ke prati ipIkyUrasa kA aMtima Aropa yaha thA ki vaha aMdhavizvAsI hai| 43. hameM arastU ke dvArA yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaDokasasa ne, jo sambhavataH kisI samaya isa sampradAya kA sadasya raha cukA thA, apane mukhya nikAya ke virodha meM parama zubha kI vizuddha sukhavAdI vyavasthA apanA lI thI aura spIyU sipasa kA sukhavAda virodhI dRSTikoNa asthAyI rahA, kyoMki krAnTora ne apane zubhoM kI sUcI meM sukha evaM svAsthya ko bAda meM aura sampatti ko pahale sthAna de diyA thA / 44. yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki pleTo kI akAdamI ke sampradAya ne zIghra hI nItizAstra aura dharmazAstra ke aMtara ko tAttvika rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA, jisakA pleTo ke virodha meM arastU ne samarthana kiyA thaa| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, jhenokreTsa ne do prakAra kI prajJA ko alaga-alaga kiyA hai| eka vyAvahArika prajJA aura dUsarI vimarzAtmaka prjnyaa| vimarzAtmaka prajJA prathama kAraNa aura atIndriya sattA se sambaMdhita hai, yaha usakI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 106 zAbdika zraddhA hI hai, jo use pUrI taraha se arastUvAdI hone se rokatI hai| 45. isa saMtulana ke bhI vibhinna stara haiM, kiMtu kisI bhI sthiti meM yaha bahuta adhika saMtulita nahIM hai| yadi hama usa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, jisako arastU ke uttarAdhikArI thiyophresTasa ke dvArA mAnane ke kAraNa AlocanA kI gaI thI, vaha mAnatA thA ki pIr3A kI eka aisI mAtrA bhI hai, jo eka zubha vyakti ko bhI sukhI hone se rokatI hai| 46. Arkesiliasa kI naitika zikSAoM ke isa dRSTikoNa ke sambaMdha meM jhepara kA anusaraNa karanA, yaha aneka uddharaNoM para AdhArita hai, yadyapi maiM yaha kahanA cAhUMgA ki dUsare vicAraka Arkasiliasa ke sandehavAda ko pAyaro ke sandehavAda ke lagabhaga abhinna hI mAnate haiN| 47. enTIoksa ke guru evaM pUrvAdhikArI jhilo kI sthiti kArnaDIja aura enTIokasa ke bIca kI hai aura tadanusAra unheM caturtha akAdamI ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki enTIoksa ko pAMcavIM akAdamI kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAtA hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki ainTIokasa kucha sToika virodhAbhAsoM ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jaise sabhI burAIyAM samAna rUpa se pApa haiM, sadguNa pUrNa kalyANa ke lie sakSama hai| sisaro ke dvArA hama yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki sToiko ke sAtha hI jhilo bhI yaha mAnatA thA ki manISI hI saccA, sampanna, suMdara, svataMtra aura zAhI vyakti hai| 48. lagabhaga 130 se 110 I. puu.| 49. sToikoM ke paramparAgata virodhI akAdamI ke vidvAnoM yA cakramaNa sampradAyavAdiyoM ne na to kabhI sabhI pratispardhI icchita viSayoM kI apekSA sadguNa kI nirapekSa vareNyatA para aura na kabhI sadguNoM kI kalyANa ke hetu kisI sImA taka sakSamatA para vivAda hI kiyA / yadi unakA vivAda thA, to sadguNoM kI kalyANa ke hetu pUrNa sakSamatA para thaa| 50. sisaro apane ko sadaihavAdI akAdamI kA anuyAyI batAtA hai, kiMtu saMzayavAda AsthA adhika nyAya ke evaM adArzanika prakAra kI hI pratIta hotI hai| nItizAstra kI dRSTi se, jisase abhI hamArA sambaMdha hai, vaha sadaihavAdI na hokara samanvayavAdI hai| 51. hamaneM yahAM sukha-pradAtA yA sukha ke nirmAtA pada kA prayoga kiyA hai,

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/107 kyoMki yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki prArambhika sToikoM se bhinna sisaro sadguNAtmaka kAryoM se utpanna pariNAma mAnatA hai, na ki vaha tattva, jisakA sadguNAtmaka kArya ekamAtra evaM mukhya ghaTaka hai| 52. yahAM hamane AkarSaka 'byUTIphula' kA vyutpattimUlaka suMdara anuvAda nahIM karake usakA adhika spaSTa naitika artha, udAtta yA sammAnanIya hI kiyA hai| 53. sevasTI sampradAya ke saMsthApaka kyUinTasa sevasTIasa kA janma lagabhaga 70 I.pU. huA thaa| hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie, yahI eka aisA nItizAstra kA sampradAya hai, jo apanI janmabhUmi ke rUpa meM roma kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| yadyapi aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai ki kevala sarasarI taura para aura saMkSipta sarvekSaNa kI dRSTi se isakA koI svataMtra dArzanika astitva yA mahattva hai| mukhya rUpa se yaha pAithAgorIyana tattvoM ke mizraNa se sToikavAda kA eka rUpAMtaraNa hai, kiMtu naitika utsAha kI tejasvitA aura sUkSma tarka-vitarka ke prati tiraskAra kI bhAvanA ke rUpa meM isane apanI romIya utpatti ko abhivyakta kiyA hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/108 adhyAya - 3 IsAI dharma evaM madhyayugIna nItizAstra prastuta vivecanA meM hamArA sambaMdha na to IsAI dharma kI utpatti se hai aura na usake itihAsa se hii| IsAI dharma prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM meM nirvighna rUpa se vikasita hotA rahA aura usane grIka-romana dharma ke Upara aMtima rUpa se vijaya prApta kara lI, kiMtu vaha kAnsaTenTinopala meM keMdrita hai, lekina sabhyatA ke hAsa ko rokane meM asamartha rahA, sAtha hI vaha sAtavIM zatAbdI meM araba meM utpanna navIna dhArmika gatividhiyoM kI zakti ke sAmane dakSiNa evaM pUrva meM apane ko banAe rakhane meM saphala nahIM ho sakatA, phi ra bhI vaha barbara logoM ke pazcimI sAmrAjya kI sAmAjika durvyavasthA ko niyaMtrita karane meM saphala rhaa| usakA mukhya yogadAna usa durvyavasthA meM se eka aisI naI sabhyatA kA vikAsa karanA thA, jisameM hama loga Aja raha rahe haiN| IsAI dharma badalate hue evaM jaTila sambaMdhoM, rAjanItika vyavasthAoM, sAmAjika jIvana, vikAsazIla vijJAna aura hamAre vartamAna vizva kI sAhityika evaM kalAtmaka saMskRti ke sAtha taba se Aja taka khar3A rahA hai, kiMtu prastuta vivecanA meM hamArA sambaMdha uparokta bAtoM se nahIM hai aura na hameM una vizeSa siddhAMtoM kA adhyayana karanA hai, jinhoMne IsAI samudAyoM ko eka sUtra meM bAMdha kara rakhA hai| hamArA vivecya viSaya kevala usake siddhAMtoM kA naitika pakSa hai athavA una siddhAMtoM kA mAnavIya jIvana ke sAdhya evaM kriyAoM ko suniyojita karane meM usakA par3ane vAlA prabhAva hai, yadyapi yaha pahalU IsAI dharma kI vivecanA meM anivAryatayA pramukha honA cAhie thA, kiMtu yadi hama kevala Izvara dvArA pratipAdita usake dhArmika vizvAsoM kI hI vivecanA karate haiM, to isa pakSa para pUrNatayA prakAza nahIM DAlA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu vaha samagra manuSya ko zAsita karane kA dAvA karatA hai aura manuSya ke jIvana kA koI bhI bhAga usakI niyAmakatA aura saMkramita prabhAvoM se achUtA nahIM raha jAtA hai| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka aisA koI bhI prayAsa nahIM huA, jise IsAI naitikatA ko vyavasthita rUpa se abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kahA jA ske| punaH, kaitholika carca ke naitika siddhAMtoM ko pUrNatayA vaijJAnika rUpa dene ke lie mahAn grIka ciMtakoM ke gahana adhyayana ke dvArA prazikSita eka saccI dArzanika prajJA ko vikasita hone meM 900 varSa aura laga ge| thAmasa ekvinAsa meM apane paramabiMdu para

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 109 pahuMcane vAle naitika vicAroM ke vikAsa ke eka saMkSipta adhyayana ke pUrva yaha ucita hogA ki hama usa navIna naitika cetanA ke mukhya aMgoM kI samIkSA kareM, jo grIka romana sabhyatA ke dvArA vyApaka banakara dArzanika samanvaya kI pratIkSA meM thI / isa samIkSA ke lie sarvaprathama IsAI naitikatA ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM athavA usake nae svarUpa para vicAra karanA suvidhAprada hogaa| usake pazcAt sadguNa aura karttavya sambaMdhI una vizeSa bAtoM kI vivecanA karanA ucita hogA, jo ki nae dharma se prabhAvita haiM yA jinameM eka mahatvapUrNa vikAsa huA hai| IsAI evaM yahUdI IzvarIya niyama dharmataMtrIya samAja ke vidhAyaka niyama ke rUpa meM naitikatA ke vicAra meM sarvaprathama yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hogA ki yaha vidhAna Izvara ke dvArA nirmita evaM prabhAvazIla eka likhita niyama hai aura IzvarIya AzvAsana tathA bhaya ke dvArA naitika lakSya (aMkuza ) ko prApta karatA hai / yaha saca hai ki sukarAta ke bAda se hI prAcIna mAnyatAoM meM hameM eka anAdi evaM aparivartanIya IzvarIya niyama kA vicAra milatA hai, jo ki vAstavika mAnava samAja ke vibhinna parivartanazIla niyamoM evaM rItirivAjoM ke dvArA AMzika rUpa meM abhivyakta aura AMzika rUpa meM tirohita rhaa| kiMtu isa niyama kI bAdhyatAoM ko bar3e hI aspaSTa rUpa se aura adhikAMza rUpa meM durbala DhaMga se kalpita kiyA gyaa| isake siddhAMta mukhyatayA alikhita evaM aprasthApita the aura isa prakAra usa sarvazaktimAn kI bAhya icchA kI abhivyakti nahIM hai, jo ki zraddhApUrvaka samarpaNa kI apekSA karatI hai, apitu devatAoM aura manuSyoM meM upasthita prajJA hai, jisake abhyAsa se isa zAzvata niyama ko pUrNatayA jAnA aura paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi isa yuga meM prAcIna naitika vicAroM kI apekSA niyama kA pratyaya pramukha banA hai, phira bhI yaha naitikatA ko dArzanika vivecanA se bhinna nyAyika vivecanA kI ora nahIM le jA skaa| dUsarI ora, IsAI dharma meM naitika vivecanAoM meM zubhAcaraNa ke nirdhAraNa kI paddhati bahuta kucha usI prakAra kI milatI hai jisa prakAra eka vidhivettA kisI niyama kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| yaha mAna liyA gayA thA ki jIvana ke sabhI avasaroM ke lie avyakta rUpa se IzvarIya Adeza die gae haiM aura ve niyama vizeSa avasaroM meM AgamoM (dharma graMthoM) meM pratipAdita sAmAnya niyamoM ke dvArA athavA AgamoM meM prastuta samAna udAharaNoM ke dvArA nirUpita kie jA sakate haiN| yaha vidhAnAtmaka paddhati yahUdI dharmataMtra ke dvArA AI thI aura jisakA IsAI dharma meM samanvayIkaraNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/110 kiyA gayA thaa| IsAI dharma ke avyavasthita pUrvavartI yuga ke yahUdI vicArakoM ke anusAra naitika aMtardRSTi ko aisA devIya vidhAna kA jJAna mAnA gayA thA, jo ki mAnavIya buddhi se pare Izvara se utpanna hotA hai| mAnavIya prajJA kA kArya kevala una niyamoM kI vyAkhyA karanA hai aura unheM jaTila sthitiyoM meM lAgU karanA hai| isa niyama ke pAlana karane ke sAmAnya preraka IzvarIya vacana ke prati vizvAsa aura usa devIya vidhAna nirmAtA ke nirNaya kA bhaya hai, jisane ki isa zarta para yahUdiyoM kI rakSA kI pratIkSA kI thI ki ve usakI AjJA kA pAlana kreNge| niyama kA jJAna jisa srota ke dvArA upalabdha hogA, vaha jaTila hI rahA aura eka pragatizIla samAja ke vidhizAstra ke dvArA abhivyakta hotA rhaa| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki maulika yA AdhArabhUta niyama mosesa ke dvArA likhe gae evaM pravartita kie gae aura dUsare niyama paravartti paigambaroM (Izvara dUtoM) ke bhAvanApUrNa kathanoM ke dvArA abhivyakta hue| dUsaroM ne inheM bhautika rUpa se bahuta hI prAcInakAla se pAyA hai yA unheM mile haiN| isa prakAra niSedhAjJAoM aura vidhi-AjJAoM ke nikAya kI racanA yahUdI dharma ke dvArA IsAI dharma ko utpanna hone ke pahale hI ho cukI thI aura adhyayanazIla logoM tathA adhyetAoM kI aneka pIr3hiyoM ke dvArA unakI vyAkhyAoM tathA pUraka niyamoM kI racanA ke dvArA bAhya rUpa meM vikasita ho cukI thaa| IsAI dharma ne likhita IzvarIya vidhAna kA pratyaya sacce isarAila se uttarAdhikAra meM paayaa| vaha saccA isarAila, jo ki sambhavataH aba sampUrNa mAnava jAti yA saba dezoM ke kucha cune hue logoM ko apane meM aMtarnihita karatA hai, usakI ImAnadArIpUrvaka svIkRti para isarAila ke prati IzvarIya vacanoM kA mAna AdhArita hai| yadyapi purAne hindU-niyama ke karmakAMDAtmaka bhAga ko aura usakI pUraka paramparA evaM bahuzruta TIkAoM para AdhArita vidhizAstra ko pUrI taraha asvIkAra kara diyA gayA thA, tathApi yaha mAnA gayA ki Izvara kA niyama pavitra yahadiyoM kI pustaka meM maujada hai| isa Izvara ke niyama kI IsA kI zikSAoM ke ullekhoM aura usake paTaziSyoM ke dvArA eka saMgha vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA, jo ki mukhyatayA rAjya se bhinna thii| prArambhika IsAiyoM kI rAjanItika jIvana se alaga karake tathA rAjakIya bhakti ke rUpa meM thope gae mUrti pUjA sambaMdhI karmakAMDa kA nirNaya karake tathA jo loga aisA karate the, unake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA karake donoM ke aMtara ko spaSTa evaM kaThora banAyA gyaa| jaba eka aise saMgha kA prasAra hone lagA, jo ki prAcIna samAja vyavasthA kA spaSTa virodhI thA, to sAmrAjya-zAsana ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa khatarA utpanna ho gyaa| yaha vibheda kansaTenTine ke dvArA IsAI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/111 dharma ko rAjyadharma svIkAra kara lene para bhI nahIM miTAyA jA skaa| IzvarIya niyama aura usake vyAkhyAtA, romana sAmrAjya ke dharma nirapekSa niyama aura vidhivettAoM se bilakula alagahIrahe, phira bhI IzvarIya niyamasampUrNamAnavajAti ke lie pAlanIya thaa| IsAI dharma saMgha aise vyaktiyoM kA samudAya thA, jo ki usa IzvarIya niyama ko pAlana karane ke lie vacanabaddha thA tathA usake pAlana karane kA adhikArI apane ko mAnatA thA, eka aisA dharma-saMgha, jisameM pavitra saMskAroM ke AdhyAtmika janma ke binA praviSTa nahIM huA jA sakatA thaa| ___. isa prakAra naitikatA aura mAnavIya vidhAnoM kA mukhya aMtara naitikatA ke vidhika svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika vidhAna kI carama bAdhyatA (aMkuza) amara AtmA ko bhAvI meM jIvana milane vAle asIma puraskAra athavA daNDa ke rUpa meM mAnI gaI, lekina jaba ve AtmabalidAnI aura dharmavIra kI aparivartanIya niSThA meM abhivyakta hue isa AkArika evaM niyAmaka pazcAtApa kA dharmatyAga se lekara dUsare janma taka vistAra kiyA gayA jabaki choTe aparAdhoM ke lie saMgha ke sadasyoM ko sAmAnyatayA anujJA prApta sukhoM kA bhI tyAga karanA hotA thA, tathA sAtha hI sAtha vaiyaktika evaM sAmUhika dharma sAdhanA meM maukhika rUpa se pazcAtApa karanA hotA thaa| isa prakAra tapasyA naitika niyamoM kI giraje sambaMdhI kAlika bAdhyatA yA aMkuza ke rUpa meM aaii| ina naitika bAdhyatAoM kA vikAsa svAbhAvika rUpase adhika sUkSma evaM sajaga hotA gyaa| isake sAtha-sAtha hI aparAdhoM kA vistRta vargIkaraNa aura carca ke sAmAnya upavAsoM aura utsavoM sambaMdhI niyamoM kI vivecanA Avazyaka ho gaI thii| isa prakAra AcaraNa sambaMdhI vidhi-niSedhoM aura dhArmika vidhi-vidhAnoM kA giraje sambaMdhI vidhizAstra taiyAra ho gayA, jo ki usa yahUdI vidhizAstra ke bahuta kucha samAna hI thA, jise asvIkAra kara diyA gayA thaa| isI samaya isa bAhya kartavyoM kI sUcI ko pramukha banAne aura vikasita karane kI pravRtti kA IsAI dharma meM hI usake pravartaka kI yahUdI vidhAnavAda ke virodha kI avismRta smRti ke dvArA samAyojana evaM virodha kiyA gayA / vastutaH isa virodha kA prabhAva dUsarI evaM tIsarI zatAbdI ke gUr3ha jJAnavAdI sampradAya ke dvArA atiraMjita rUpa meM evaM betuke DhaMga se samajhAyA gayA jo ki bAhya karttavya sambaMdhI niyamoM ko eka khataranAka hAsa kI dizA meM le gyaa| kabhIkabhI (yadi paramparAgata virodhiyoM ke AkSepa pUrI taraha se amAnya na hoM) to AcaraNa kI sthUla anaitikatA aura usI ke samAna dUsarI pravRtti giraje ke itihAsa meM dUsare

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/112 yugoM meM pAI jAtI hai| yadyapi aisA virodhI dRSTikoNa sAmAnyatayA IsAI dharma kI naitika cetanA ke dvArA pUrI taraha se asvIkRta kiyA gyaa| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki yaha aMtarAtmakatA arthAt AtmA aura hRdaya kI samyaktA IsAI zubhatva kA mukhya evaM viziSTa lakSaNa hai| vastutaH yaha bhI nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki kevala bAhya kartavyoM kI pUrti ke atirikta kisI anya AvazyakatA ko paravartI yahUdI dharma ke dvArA bhulA diyA gayA thaa| guru hamavAdI pAMDitya bhI dasaveM Adeza meM burI icchAoM ke damana ko nahIM bhulA sakA thaa| paravartI paigambaroM ke dvArA vidhi vidhAnoM ke vivaraNa meM Izvara kI hArdika evaM premapUrNa sevA kI - AvazyakatA para athavA vinamratA aura zraddhA ko hRdaya meM dhAraNa karane para adhika jora diyA gyaa| talabhUta kA kahanA hai ki vastutaH evaM mAtra pherisI (pAkhaMDI) vaha hai, jo apane pitA kI AjJAoM kA anusaraNa isalie karatA hai, kyoMki vaha usa pitA se prema karatA hai| kiMtu yaha satya hai ki eka dharmazAstrI aura eka pAkhaMDI ke AcaraNa kI ucitatA ke virodha meM hamezAaMtarmukhatA kI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jo ki IsAI niyamoM kA eka viziSTa lakSaNa hai| aMtarmukhatA kevala niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai jo ki burI icchAoM aura bure kAryoM kA nirodha karatI hai kiMtu usameM AtmA kI AMtarika avasthA kI eka vidhAyaka sAdhutA bhI nihita hai| IsAI aura anya vicArakoM kI aMtarAtmakatA isa sambaMdha meM IsAI dharma kI tulanA sToikavAda se kI jAnA apekSita hai| yadi hama sukhavAdI sampradAyoM ko chor3a dete haiM to vastutaH yaha tulanA na kevala sToikavAda meM varan sajJI aMdha gaira IsAI naitika darzanoM se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| uddezya kI samyaktA aura sadguNa kA svataH sAdhya ke rUpa meM cunAva aura durvAsanAoM ko aicchika damana ko arastU-vAdiyoM ne nItizAstra kA mahatvapUrNa viSaya mAnA thaa| unhoMne apane sadguNa sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa meM sToikoM kI apekSA bAhya paristhitiyoM ko kama mahattva nahIM diyA thaa| ve sToika jinake lie samagra bAhya vastue mahattvahIna haiN| IsAI aura gaira IsAI nItizAstra ke bIca mRtyu aMtara hRdaya athavA uddezya kI samyavatA ke mUlya sambaMdhI vibheda ke AdhAra para nahIM hai, kiMtu isa AMtarika samyaktA kI vibhinna Avazyaka zartoM athavA usake vAstavika svarUpa sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para hai| donoM meM se kisI meM bhI, ise naitika sAdhutA ke rUpa meM sarala evaM vizuddhatayA prastuta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| gaira IsAI dArzanika ke lie yaha aMtarAtmakatA sadeva hI jJAna yA prajJA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI gii| sukarAta se utpanna hone vAle sabhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/113 sampradAyoM ke lie yaha bAta amAnya thI, ki eka vyakti vastutaH apane zubha ko jAnatA hai aura phira bhI usase viparIta anya kA aicchika cayana karatA hai| jaisI ki arastU kI mAnyatA hai yaha jJAna burI AdatoM ke dvArA sadaiva hI pratibaMdhita ho sakatA hai athavA vAsanAoM ke dvArA kSaNika rUpa se ise naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu yadi yaha mana meM upasthita rahatA hai to sadaiva hI uddezya kI samyaktA ko utpanna kregaa| kucha sToikoM ke dvArA bhI yaha mAnA gayA thA ki saccA jJAna vAstavika jIvana jIne vAle eka acche AdamI kI bhI pahuMca se bAhara haiM phira bhI yaha to pUrNa mAnavIya jIvana ke eka Adarza ke rUpa meM upasthita rahatA hai| yadyapi sabhI sAMsArika vyakti ajJAna evaM duHkhoM ke kAraNa pathabhraSTa hote haiM tathApi unake yathArtha svarUpa kI siddhi ke lie jJAna unakA lakSya hai jisakI ora dArzanika pragati karate haiN| dUsarI ora IsAI sadupadezakoM aura zikSakoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA satkarmoM kA AMtarika preraka tatva zraddhA athavA bhakti ko mAnA gyaa| zraddhA . uparokta pratyayoM meM jJAna kisI rUpa meM eka jaTila naitika artha ko prastuta karatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jJAna vibhinna mastiSkoM meM upasthita vibhinna pramukha ghaTakoM kA eka sammizraNa hai, isakA sarala aura sAmAnya artha zraddhA aura sahajabodha se isake virodha para bala detA hai| zraddhA aura sahajabodha meM IzvarIya vyavasthA ke prati vizvAsa hotA hai, jisakA pratinidhitva girajA (carca) karatA hai| yaha vizvAsa IzvarIya niyamoM, aura AzvAsanoM ke prati hotA hai| isake bAvajUda manuSya ke prAkRtika jIvana para hone vAle sabhI prabhAva Izvara ke prati vizvAsa ko tirohita karate haiN| isa virodha se aMta meM zraddhA aura jJAna athavA buddhi ke bIca eka anivArya virodha khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jisake anusAra nItizAstra kA dhArmika AdhAra usake dArzanika AdhAra kA virodhI bana jAtA hai| kabhI dharmazAstrI yaha mAnate the ki IzvarIya niyama vastutaH aicchika (icchA ke adhIna) haiM athavA saMkalpa kI abhivyakti haiN| ve buddhi kA pariNAma nahIM, unakI bauddhikatA ko jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| vAstavika mAnavIya prajJA ko apane Apa ko IzvarIya dUta (paigambara) kI vizvasanIyatA kI samIkSA taka hI sImita karanA cAhie. use IzvarIya AdezoM kI samIkSA nahIM karanA cAhie, kiMtu prArambhika IsAI dharma meM yaha paravartI prativAda bhI avikasita hI rhaa| vizvAsa kA artha naitika aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM se cipake rahanA thaa| cAhe unakA yathArtha bauddhika AdhAra kucha bhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 114 ho / IsAI cetanA meM upasthita isa dhAraNA ne unheM IsA ke prati vizvAsa aura zraddhA ke lie aviyojya se bAMdha diyA thaa| IsA, jo ki burAI ke prati lar3I jAne vAlI lar3AI netA thA aura sAdhyarUpI rAjya kA zAsaka thA (jisa rAjya kI upalabdhi kI jAnA hai)| yadyapi jahAM taka yahUdI IsAI athavA inake paravartI musalamAna dharma kA prazna hai, unake bIca koI naitika aMtara nahIM hai, sivAya isake ki IsAI dharma meM vyakti zraddhA kA keMdra mAnavIya aura daivIya guNoM se yukta IsA ko mAnA gayA hai aura karttavya kA niyama IsA ke pUrNatAmaya jIvana kI abhivyakti ke dvArA prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se sikhalAyA gayA hai, eka vAstavika IsAI aura eka naitika vyakti ke aMtara ko AsthA aura karma ke virodha ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yahAM AsthA kA tAtparya IzvarIya niyama kI niSThApUrvaka svIkRti aura niyama - pradAtA ke prati zraddhApUrNa samarpaNa se adhika hI hai| yaha eka aisI cetanA kI apekSA karatA hai, jo niraMtara rUpa se upasthita hote hue bhI niraMtara atikramaNa karatI rahatI hai, aisI cetanA, jo niyama ke mAnavIya anupAlana kI apUrNatAoM ke sAtha hI apUrNatA meM nihita tathyoM kI akSamya AlocanAMoM se banI ho| sAdhAraNa mAnavIya sadguNoM ko mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnane kI sToika dhAraNA aura yaha virodhAbhAsa ki sabhI pApI nirapekSa rUpa se doSI hone ke kAraNa, samAna hai, IsAI dharma meM bhI kucha rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, kiMtu IsAI dharma meM naitika pramApaka ke lie isa parizuddhatA ke Adarza ke sAtha hI sToikoM se bilakula bhinna eka bhAvanAtmaka cetanA ko bhI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI vaha zraddhA (AsthA) ke dvArA vyAvahArika ananyatA para vijaya pA letA hai| isa rakSaka vizvAsa ko do rUpoM meM vivecita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo ki bhinna-bhinna hote hue bhI sAdhAraNatayA eka dUsare se mile hue haiN| prathama dRSTikoNa ke anusAra zraddhA karane vAlA Izvara kI daivIya kRpA yA anugraha kA pAtra hotA hai, jo ki eka aisI zubhatA hai, jisake lie vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se ayogya hai| dUsare dRSTikoNa ke anusAra yaha eka aisA AzvAsana detA hai ki yadyapi vyakti svayaM tiraskAra kA pAtra evaM pApI hai, phira bhI pUrNa nyAyI paramAtmA IsA ke dvArA sahe gae kaSToM aura sevAoM ke AdhAra para usa para dayA kregaa| uparokta donoM dRSTikoNoM meM prathama dRSTikoNa IsAI ke itihAsa ke sabhI yugoM meM sAmAnyatayA upasthita rahatA hai aura adhika paramparAgata (kaitholika) hai, jabaki dUsarA dRSTikoNa pAulina ke dharmapatra meM vivecita IsA ke prAyazcitta ke rahasya ko adhika gaharAI ke sAtha upasthita karane kA dAvA karatA hai /

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/115 prema kiMtu, zraddhA (AsthA) IsAI dharma meM sadAcaraNa kA Avazyaka preraka siddhAMta hone kI apekSA usakA eka aviyojyatattva yA usakA pUrvavartI tathya hai| IsAI dharma meM isa preraka kI pUrti dUsare keMdrIya pratyaya prema ke dvArA kI gaI hai| prema ke pratyaya para IsAI kartavya kA sampUrNa naitika mUlya aura Adeza kA paripAlana nirbhara hai| prathama to vaha Izvara ke prati prema hai, jo apane pUrNa vikasita rUpa meM IsAI dharma ke prati AsthA se utpanna hotA hai aura dUsare, daivIya prema ke viSaya ke rUpa meM vaha samagra manuSyoM ke prati prema (mAnavIya prema) hai| Izvara ke avatAra ke dvArA yaha prema ko udAtta banAtA hai aura use mAnava jAti kA bhAgIdAra banatA hai| cAhe vaha utpanna mAnava-prema (lokopakAra kI bhAvanA) mAnava-jAti ke prati svAbhAvika rAgAtmakatA se yukta ho yA usase ghanIbhUta huA ho athavA usameM samAhita ho yA usakA rUpAMtaraNa kara rahA ho, AtmA ke usa lakSaNa ko abhivyakta karatA hai, jisameM IsAI dharma ke anusAra sAmAjika kartavyoM ko kiyA jAnA caahie| premapUrNa bhakti citta kI eka AdhArabhUta avasthA hai aura jise IsAI dharma ke anusAra jIvana paryanta banAe rakhanA hotA hai| pavitratA punaH, niyama ke viparIta (bure) karmoM aura una icchAoM, jo ki una karmoM ke lie prerita karatI haiM, se bacane ke lie hameM eka dUsare pratyaya ko dekhanA hogA, jisameM IsAI naitikatA kI aMtarmukhatA svataH hI abhivyakta hotI hai| yadyapi yaha aMtarmukhatA naitikatA se adhika bhinna nahIM hai, to bhI IsAI naitikatA kI grIka-romana darzana se tulanA karate samaya hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai vaha gahana vibhISikA, jisake sAtha IsAI dharma hai| pIr3A evaM pratirodhI devatA (zaitAna) ke pratyaya jur3e hue haiN| yaha batAtA hai ki sabhI duSkarma eka aisI bhAvanA se yukta hote haiM, jise hama dharmAnuSThAna kI nItikRta aruci kaha sakate haiN| eka aisI aruci, jo ki azuddhi evaM burAI kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| jaba yahUdI dharma aura dUsare prAcIna dharmoM meM bhautika (zArIrika) azuddhi ke prati ghRNA ko dhArmika bhAvanA ke rUpa meM vikasita kiyA gayA aura use dharmAnuSThAna kI pavitratA aura svAsthya sambaMdhI saMyama kI eka saMyukta paddhati kA AdhAra banAyA gayA, taba yaha pavitratA kA pratyaya yahUdI dharma meM naitika ghaTaka ke rUpa meM pramukha bana gayA aura dharmAnuSThAna ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 116 niyamoM meM eka naitika ekIkaraNa kI upasthiti ko anubhUta kiyA gayA aura isa prakAra yahUdI dharma ke prati aruci dhArmika evaM naitika bhAvanAoM kA AdhAra bana gii| jaba IsAI dharma ne mosesa ke dharma (yahUdI dharma) ke karma-kANDoM ko alaga kara diyA, taba dhArmika pavitratA ke lie naitikatA ke atirikta koI kSetra nahIM bacA thaa| AdarzAtmaka lakSaNa ke kAraNa yaha durvAsanAoM ke una vizeSa rUpoM ke nAma se svIkAra kara lI gaI, jise ki IsAI dharma apanA mukhya kArya mAnatA hai' IsAI naitikatA ke mukhya lakSaNa jaba hama IsAI-naitikatA ke vistAra meM jAte haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki usake bahuta se vizeSa lakSaNa svAbhAvika rUpa se pUrvokta sAmAnya lakSaNoM ke sAtha jur3e hue haiN| yadyapi unameM se kucha pratyakSa rUpa se svayaM IsA ke jIvana ke udAharaNoM se athavA usakI AjJAoM se sambaMdhita haiM aura kucha spaSTatayA ina donoM se aviyojya rUpa se sambaMdhita haiM / AjJAkAritA prathamataH hama dekhate haiM ki yadi naitikatA eka niyama ke rUpa meM aicchika nahIM hai, to use manuSya ke prati asaMdigdha samarpaNa se yukta mAnanA hogaa| isameM svAbhAvika rUpa se IzvarIya sattA ke prati AjJA-pAlana ko sadguNa mahattvapUrNa hogA, jisa prakAra zubhatva ke dArzanika dRSTikoNa meM prajJA (jJAna) kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM AtmanirdhAraNatA evaM svataMtratA kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa hameM dArzanikoM aura vizeSa rUpa se arastU ke bAda ke dArzanikoM meM, jahAM ki naitikatA rAjanIti se pRthak ho gaI thI, dekhane ko milatA hai| virakti punaH, prAkRtika vizva aura AdhyAtmika jagat ( IsAI - saMgha ), jisameM ki eka IsAI apanA nayA janma grahaNa karatA hai, kA virodha prArambhika evaM madhyayugIna girijA (carca) meM thaa| yaha virodha na kevala sToikoM ke samAna sampatti, kIrti, zakti, yaza Adi sAMsArika upalabdhiyoM kI avahelanA ke rUpa meM thA, apitu eka sAMsArika jIvana ke pArivArika evaM sAmAjika sambaMdhoM ke tulanAtmaka vivecana para bhI AdhArita thaa| yaha pravRtti carca ke itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla meM spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta huI thii| sAdhAraNatayA mAnava-samAja asthAI rUpa se zaitAna (vAsanAoM) ke prati samarpita hotA hai, jisakA Akasmika evaM satvara vinAza sannikaTa thaa|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/117 aise saMsAra meM una sabhI logoM ko, jo ki IsAI dharma kI nAva meM ekatrita hue haiM, koI hissA nahIM lenA hai| unheM isake prati yadi koI dRSTikoNa rakhanA hI hai to yaha niSkAmavirakti kA hI hogaa| dUsarI ora, sAMsArika jIvana kI AsthA kI utanI virakti vyAvahArika rUpa se kaThina thI, jitanI virakti kI pUrNatA ko uccatama IsAI-cetanA meM mAnI gaI thii| isa kaThinAI ke tIvra bodha ne zarIra ko bhI eka bAdhA yA avarodha mAnA, yahI dRSTikoNa hama kucha sImA taka pleTo meM bhI pAte haiN| punaH, isI dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa nava pleTovAda, nava pAithAgorasavAda aura prAcIna vicAroM se yukta grIka sampradAyoM meM pAte haiN| zarIra ko bAdhA mAnane kI isa bhAvanA ke kAraNa IsAI dharma ke prArambhika yuga se hI upavAsa Adi (deha-daNDana) ke mUlya ko mahatva diyA jAne lagA aura jo bAda ke saMnyAsavAda meM AtmapIr3ana ke carama biMdu para pahuMca gyaa| saMsAra vimukhatA aura iMdriya vimukhatA kI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa avivAhita jIvana evaM brahmacarya ke vicAra ko pramukhatA mila gaI, jo ki prArambhika IsAI lekhakoM meM sAmAnyatayA pAI jAtI hai| IsAI dharmasaMsthA aura saMsAra ke bIca isa virodha ke pariNAmasvarUpa IsAI sabhyatA kI grIkaromana-jagat kI dezabhakti, nAgarika karttavyapAlana tathA sAmAjika jIvana kI anya gauravamaya udAtta bhAvanAeM IsAI dharma ke prabhAva se yA to mAnava jagat ke kalyANa ke rUpa meM vikasita huIM athavA IsAI dharma saMgha taka sImita hokara raha giiN| taratUlIyana kA kathana hai ki isa saMsAra ko eka rASTra-maNDala ke rUpa meM aMgIkRta karate haiN| isI prakAra orijana kahate haiM ki Izvara ke vacanoM se nirmita (sampUrNa saMsAra hI) hamArA eka pitR-deza hai| sahanazIlatA IsAI dharma kI sAMsArika viraktatA kI sAmAnya dhAraNA se hama laukika saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa kI pravRtti kA nigamana kara sakate haiM, cAhe vaha saMgharSa kisI ucita kArya ke lie bhI kyoM na ho, isa prakAra jisameM ki kriyAzIlatA kA tattva pramukha thA usa prAcIna gaira IsAI sadguNoM sAhasa Adi kA sthAna eka niSkriya sahanazIlatA ke sadguNa ne le liyaa| yahAM hama IsA ke hiMsA ke prati hiMsaka pratirodha ke niSedha ke Adeza caritra evaM AcaraNa ke dvArA isa Adeza ko hRdayaMgama karane ke prayatna meM svAbhAvika vidveSa ko bhI jIta lene vAle prema kA prabhAva pAte haiN| isa sahanazIlatA ke ativAdI pariNAma ko taratUlIyana ke isa kathana meM dekhA jA sakatA hai ki koI bhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/118 IsAI eka laukika nyAyAdhIza kA aisA pada grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA, jisameM ki use mRtyudaMDa, hathakar3I ber3I athavA kaida kI sajA denA hotI hai| lekTenTIasa kA kahanA hai ki eka IsAI ko kisI ko bhI mRtyudaMDa kA doSI nahIM ThaharAnA cAhie, kyoMki zAbdika hatyA bhI utanI hI burI hai, jitanI ki vAstavika htyaa| embrosa jaise bhadra lekhaka kA to yahAM taka kahanA hai ki IsA kI lambI yAtanAeM isa bAta kI pratIka haiM ki apanI AtmarakSA ke hetu bhI hatyAre AkrAmaka kA hanana karanA hamAre lie sambhava nahIM hai| IsAI jana-sAdhAraNa kI sAmAnya buddhi kramazaH ina ativAditAoM ko dUra pheM ka detI hai, yadyapi khUna nahIM bahAne kI icchA banI rahI tathApi vidharmiyoM ke bar3hate hue bhaya ke kAraNa use pUrI taraha kriyAnvita nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI prakAra prArambhika IsAIyoM meM nyAyika kAryoM ke lie bhI saugaMdha khAne ke prati aruci thI aura isakA IsA ke kathanoM kI spaSTa vyAkhyAoM ke dvArA samarthana bhI kiyA gayA thA, phira bhI jabaki IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM carca, samAja ke dharma nirapekSa (laukika) saMgaThana ke sAtha aupacArika rUpa se Abaddha huA, to use janatA kI AvazyakatAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA paropakAritA IsAI dharma meM sabhI sadguNoM ke mUla meM prema kI pratiSThA karake vyAvahArika paropakAra ke sabhI rUpoM ke lie preraNA kI gaI hai| susaMskRta naitikatA ke sabhI pakSoM para IsAI dharma kA yahI mahatvapUrNa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, tathApi yahAM isa prabhAva kI sahI sthiti ko svIkRta kara lenA kucha kaThina hai, kyoMki yaha gaira IsAI naitikatA meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha vicAroM ke agrima vikAsa kA hI sUcaka hai| jaba hama sukarAta ke paravartI vibhinna naitika darzanoM kI tulanA karate haiM, to hameM yaha vikAsa spaSTatayA parilakSita hotA hai| pleTo ke dvArA prastuta vibhinna sadguNoM kI vyAkhyA meM paropakAra kI kahIM carcA nahIM hai, yadyapi usake lekhanoM meM dArzanika jIvana ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM maitrI ke mahatva kA gahana bodha upalabdha hotA hai, jo ki vizeSa rUpa se dArzanika jIvana ke guru aura ziSya ke bIca svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hone vAle gahana vaiyaktika anurAga ke rUpa meM hotA hai| arastU maitrI ke naitika mUlya ko svIkAra karake isase kucha Age jAte haiM, yadyapi ve yaha mAnate haiM ki maitrI ke uccatama svarUpa kI upalabdhi buddhimAna evaM bhale sahayogiyoM meM hI ho sakatI hai| phira bhI ve pArivArika prema ko usameM samAhita karane ke lie maitrI-vicAra ko vyApaka banAte hai

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/119 aura mAnava-samAjoM ko eka dUsare se nikaTa lAne ke lie pArasparika anugraha ke mahattva ko batAte haiM, tathApi arastU ke vizeSa sadguNoM ke AkArika vivaraNa meM vidhAyaka paropakAritA kI kevala udAratA ke pratyaya ke aMtargata hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa rUpa meM isakI acchAI ko AtmasammAna ke lie kie gae zAlIna apavyaya se muzkila se hI alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI ora sisaro bAhya karttavya sambaMdhI apane graMtha meM dUsare manuSyoM ke lie apanI vidhAyaka sevAoM ko prastuta karane ko sAmAjika karttavya ke eka mahattvapUrNa vibhAga ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karatA hai, jabaki paravartI sToikavAda meM vizvamaitrI aura manuSyoM ke pArasparika svAbhAvika dAyitvoM kI mAnyatA ko itane bhAvAveza ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki use IsAI paropakAritA se kaThinAI se hI alaga kiyA jA sakatA hai| sToikavAda kA mAnava-jAti ke prati yaha sammAna mAtra eka siddhAMta hI nahIM thA (varan vyavahAra meM bhI use sthAna diyA gayA thaa)| AMzika rUpa se sToika evaM anya grIka darzanoM ke prabhAva se aura AMzika rUpa meM mAnavIya sahAnubhUti ke sAmAnyatayA vyApakatA ke AdhAra para romana sAmrAjya ke vidhAnoM meM prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM taba svAbhAvika nyAya aura mAnavIyatA kI dizA meM eka dRr3havikAsa dikhAI detA hai| isI prakAra kI pragati sAmAnya naitika mAnyatAoM meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai, tathApi isa paropakAritA vicAra kA carama biMdu IsAI dAnazIlatA meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| IsAI dharma ke dvArA sAmAjika kartavyoM ke kriyAnvayana ke lie dI gaI isa atyadhika preraNA ne paropakAra ko IzvarIya sevA kA rUpa diyA aura pavitratA aura dayAlutA meM tAdAtmya sthApita kara diyA, paraMtu hama usakI gaharAI meM nahIM jAte hue mAtra usa yuga meM pracalita mAnyatAoM meM IsAI dharma ke dvArA kie gae nimna mahatvapUrNa parivartanoM kA ullekha kareMge- 1. baccoM ko anAzrita chor3a dene kI prathA kI atyadhika AlocanA kI aura use samApta kiyaa| 2. (manoraMjana ke lie) talavAra Adi zastroM se yuddha karane kI barbara paramparA ke prati eka prabhAvapUrNa tiraskAra kI bhAvanA utpanna kii| 3. dAsatA kI prathA ko tatkAla hI anaitika batAkara usakA damana kiyA aura dAsoM kI mukti ke lie sAhasika protsAhana diyaa| 4. garIboM aura bImAroM ke lie dAna kI paramparA ko vyApaka bnaayaa| IsAI dharma aura sampatti yadyapi hameM isa cauthe prazna para vicAra karanA hogaa| jarUratamaMda logoM ke lie

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/120 sampatti kA yaha nirbAdha vitaraNa IsAIyoM ke pArasparika bhAIcAre se utpanna prema kI abhivyakti nahIM thaa| yadyapi isa dRSTikoNa ke mahattva ne ise apanAne kI bhAvanA utpanna kI, jise aneka yUropIya bhASAoM meM ceriTI (dAna) ke sAmAnya nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha AMzika rUpa se sampatti ke parigraha se sambaMdhita una AdhyAtmika khataroM ko dekha lene ke kAraNa huA, jisakA ki IsA ne apanI vANI meM saMketa diyA thaa| ina donoM kAraNoM se IsA ke paTa-ziSyoM ke yuga meM jisa sAmyavAda kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thA, vaha prArambhika aura madhyayugIna carca meM bhI IsAI samAja ke eka Adarza ke rUpa meM mAnya rahA thA athavA vikasita hotA rahA thaa| yadyapi IsAI jagat kI sAmAnyabuddhi isake vyAvahArika saMzodhana ke lie samaya-samaya para sujhAva prastuta karatI rhii| yaha bAta vyApaka rUpa se svIkAra kI gaI ki mAtra sampatti kA svAmitva eka IsAI ko usake upabhoga kA naitika adhikAra pradAna nahIM karatA hai, upabhoga kA adhikAra to mAtra vAstavika AvazyakatA se hI milatA hai, yadyapi jaba carca ne isa AvazyakatA zabda ke sAtha samajhautA kiyA, to sAdhAraNa IsAI ke lie isa AvazyakatA kA nirdhAraNa sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika varga athavA vyAvasAyika varga, jisake ki sadasya haiM, ke rItirivAjoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gyaa| IsA ke usa dharmAdeza ki jo kucha tumhAre pAsa hai, use beca do aura garIboM ko bAMTa do, kA pUrNatayA pAlana kabhI bhI sAmAnyatayA svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki phira bhI dAnazIlatA para jora dekara IsAI dharma ne usa karttavya ko mAtra sArvabhaumika banAyA hai, jise yahUdI dharma ne kucha cune hue logoM taka sImita karake sampUrNa hArdikatA ke sAtha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA thaa| yahI bAta zoSaNa ke niSedha ke sambaMdha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, jise carca ne Adhunika yuga taka bhI kucha vizeSAdhikAroM aura suvidhAoM ke sAtha mAnya rakhA thaa| vizeSa artha meM pavitratA punaH, IsAI dharma meM jisa kaThoratA ke sAtha vibhinna liMgoM ke laiMgika sambaMdhoM kI aniyamitatAoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, vaha bhI usane yahUdI dharma se hI pAyA thaa| yadyapi navIna dharma ne ise mAnya rakhane tathA vaivAhika sambaMdhoM ke sthAyitva dene kI dizA meM eka kadama Age hI bar3hAyA aura mAtra bAhya zArIrika brahmacarya ke sthAna para hRdaya kI pavitratA para adhika bala diyaa|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/121 vinamratA IsAI dharma kA vinamratA kA viziSTa sadguNa grIka paramparA ke Atmagaurava kI bhAvanA kA virodhI dikhAI detA hai| kisI sImA taka isa vinamratA ko IsA ke upadezoM meM khojA jA sakatA hai| navIna dharma ke aMtargata isakI sarvAdhika pramukhatA kisI aMza meM IsA kI zikSAoM aura unake jIvana se sambaMdhita hai aura AMzika rUpa se yaha bAhya pada yA gaurava (pratiSThA) ke tyAga meM athavA laukika upahAroM aura upalabdhiyoM ke tyAga meM abhivyakta hotA hai| yaha bhI sAMsArika vimukhatA kA bhI eka pahalU hai, jisa para hama pUrva meM carcA kara cuke haiN| adhika gahana vinamratA yaha hai, jo vaiyaktika zreSThatA ke dAve kA damana karatI hai, cAhe ve dAve eka satapuruSa ke hI kyoM na hoN| kaThora AtmaAlocana, apUrNatA kA satat bodha aura usa (IzvarIya) zakti para parama vizvAsa, jo ki usakI svayaM kI nahIM hai, jo eka IsAI ke AMtarika naitika jIvana kA lakSaNa hai aura vinamratA ke kSetra ke aMtargata AtI hai| isa paravartI artha meM Izvara ke prati vinamratA sacce IsAI zubhatva kI eka Avazyaka iti hai| dhArmika karttavya AjJApAlana, sahanazIlatA, paropakAra, zuddhatA, vinamratA, saMsAra evaM bhogoM ke prati virakti Adi ve navIna evaM asAdhAraNa tathya haiM, jinheM AcaraNa kA IsAI Adarza prastuta karatA hai| isa sImA taka IsAI dharma ko grIka romana samAja ke dvArA sAmAnyatayA svIkRta siddhAMtoM ke sAtha-sAtha rakhA jAtA hai, kiMtu hameM abhI zrutiparaka dharma (IsAI dharma) se nItizAstra ke nae sambaMdha ke kAraNa vikasita usake kSetra ke vistAra ko bhI dekhanA hogaa| hAlAMki sAmAnya naitika dAyitvoM ke sAtha dhArmika zakti aura bAdhyatA ke naitikapakSa ko adhika nizcitatA ke sAthadhArmika vizvAsoM aura upAsanA kI ora pravRtta kara diyA gayA hai| vastutaH, manuSyoM ke prati karttavya kI dhAraNA se bhinna Izvara ke prati karttavya kI dhAraNA ko gaira IsAI nItivettAoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| na kevala pAithAgorasa tathA nava pAithAgorasavAda aura pleTo tathA nava pleTovAda ke sampradAyoM meM kiMtu, sToikavAda meM bhI kisI rUpa meM isa dhAraNA para bala diyA gayA hai, kiMtu sAmAnyatayA una anizcita aura mizrita sambaMdhoM ne, jinameM pracalita bahudevavAda ke sAtha dArzanika IzvaravAda khar3A thA, jisase kisI bhI dArzanika paramparA meM pavitratA ko usakA pramukha sthAna prApta karane se rokane kI ora pravRtta kiyA, IsAI zikSAoM meM evaM sToikoM ke anusAra AcaraNa ke aucitya ke lie prajJA anivArya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/122 tattva hai, yadyapi ve usa prajJA ke pratyaya ke aMtargata bhautika evaM naitika satya ke jJAna ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM, usI prakAra IsAI naitikatA meM AcaraNa ke aucitya ke lie aMtarmukhatA para bala diyA gayA hai| IsAI nItizAstra meM isa aMtarmukhatA ke kAraNa zAstrasammatatA evaM dhArmika vizvAsa kI samyaktA ko zubhatva ke lie anivArya mAnA gayA aura usa nAstikatA ko sabase bar3A pApa mAnA gayA, jo ki IsAI jIvana ke mUla AdhAra ko hI bhraSTa kara detI hai| yadyapi dArzanikoM ke anusAra adhikAMza loga apane ajJAna evaM mUrkhatA ke kAraNa hI apane sacce kalyANa (hita) se anivAryatayA vaMcita rahate haiN| sAdhAraNatayA ina burAIyoM se kevala bacA nahIM jA sakatA, kucha logoM ko hI dArzanika prazikSaNa dekara ina burAiyoM se bacAyA bhI jA sakatA hai| burAI se bacane kA yahI ekamAtra rAstA hai, kiMtu IsAI purohita varga, jisakA kArya samasta mAnava jAti ko zAzvata jIvana aura satya pradAna karatA thA, svAbhAvika rUpa se dharmazAstrIya mithyA vizvAsa ko ghAtaka viSaya mAnatA thaa| vastutaH IsAI parohita varga kA isakI ghAtakaMtA kA bodha itanA tIvra thA ki ve jaba kisI sImA taka laukika zAsana para niyaMtraNa karane ke yogya bane, to unhoMne (apane mithyA vizvAsoM ke prati) apanI isa ghRNA ko khUna kI holI khelakara parAbhUta kiyA aura dhArmika atyAcAroM kA eka lambA daura-daurA prArambha kiyA, jisakI tulanAIsAI sabhyatA ke pUrva kahIM bhI nahIM milatI hai| aisA nahIM thA ki IsAI lekhakoM ne aparAdhitA ko saccA ajJAna yA galatI kahane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava nahIM kiyA ho, kiMtu dharmazAstra ke lie yaha kaThinAI vastutaH bahuta bar3I nahIM thI aura dharmazAstrI sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnakara ki dRzya anaicchika vidharma yA pApa kisI avyakta yA pUrvavartI aicchika pApa kA pariNAma hai, isase chuTakArA pA lete haiN| kucha dArzanikoM ne nItizAstra ke kSetra meM bhI isI prakAra se isa ulajhana ko pAra kiyA aMta meM hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki jaba naitikatA kI niyamavAdI dhAraNA, jisameM niyama kA ullaMghana karane para IzvarIya daNDa kA bhAgI bananA hotA hai, naitikatA kI dArzanika (samatAvAdI) dhAraNA para, jo ki svAbhAvika AnaMda ko prApta karane kI paddhati hai, varcasva jamAtI hai| naitikatA ke vidhiparaka dRSTikoNa meM niyama ke pAlana ke lie mAnavIya svataMtratA kA prazna apekSAkRta anivArya rUpa se pramukha bana jAtA hai, kiMtu isake sAtha hI spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/123 nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsAI dharma saMkalpa-svAtaMtrya aura niyatatA ke tAttvika virodha meM koI nirNAyaka pakSa grahaNa karatA hai| jisa prakAra grIka darzana meM uttaradAyitva ke AdhAra para svataMtratA kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI gaI, kiMtu isake virodha meM yaha dhAraNA bhI thI ki koI bhI vyakti svecchA se apane ahita kA varaNa nahIM karatA hai, usI prakAra IsAI dharma kI naitikatA meM bhI saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kA virodha ina do mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, eka to yaha ki sabhI sacce mAnavIya sadguNa daivIya kRpA para nirbhara hai aura dUsare yaha vizvAsa ki Izvara ko pUrvajJAna hotA hai| yahAM hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki IsAI ciMtana ke vikAsa meM saMkalpa-svAtantrya aura niyatatA ke virodha ko adhika gahanatA se anubhava kiyA gayA aura isake nirAkaraNa yA atikramaNa karane ke lie gambhIra prayatna bhI kie gae haiN| IsAI dharma meM vibhinna matoM kA vikAsa IsAI dharma ke naitika vicAroM ke uparokta vivaraNa meM yaha saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki jina lakSaNoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai, ve sabhI lakSaNa samAna rUpa se yA pUrNa samarUpatA ke sAtha IsAI dharma-saMsthA ke sampUrNa jIvana meM apanI abhivyakti nahIM kara pAe haiN| isakA AMzika kAraNa to IsAI dharma kI bAhya paristhitiyoM kA parivartana aura jina samAjoM kA yaha pramukha dharma rahA, unameM sabhyatA ke vikAsa kI mAtrAgata aMtara thaa| isakA dUsarA AMzika kAraNa AMtarika vikAsa kI svAbhAvika prakriyA thI, jisameM samaya-samaya para bhinna-bhinna tathyoM ko pramukhatA pradAna kI gii| punaH, samaya-samaya para prakaTa hone vAle vicAradhArAoM ke pramukha saMgharSoM ne IsAI samAja meM Apasa meM hI tIvra matabheda utpanna kiyaa| ye matabheda kabhI-kabhI naitika praznoM ke sambaMdha meM bhI hote the, yahAM taka ki pUrvI carca meM cauthI zatAbdI taka matavAdoM ke nirmANa ke prayAsa hote rhe| isa prakAra isa nava-sthApita IsAI dharma kI loka-virodhI pravRttiyoM ko turatalIyana (160-224) ne ugra rUpa meM evaM kaThoratApUrvaka abhivyakta kiyA, jo monTAnisTa ke dharma meM atiraMjita rUpa se prakaTa huI aura aMta meM turatalIyana ne svayaM usa dharma ko svIkAra kara liyaa| dUsarI ora, sikandariyA ke klemensa ne usa yuga kI sAmAnya pravRtti ke virodha meM IsAI vizvAsa ko sacce jJAna ke rUpa meM vikasita karane ke lie gaira IsAI darzanoM ke mUlyoM ko bhI svIkAra kiyA aura IsAI jIvana kI sAmAnya pUrNatA ke lie vivAha ke mAdhyama se manuSya ke svAbhAvika vikAsa ke mahatva ko mAnyatA dii| isake pazcAt hama dekhate haiM ki jaba kansTenTIna ke dvArA nAgarikoM aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 124 carca kI eka AMgika ekatA ko svIkAra kiyA, to isake kucha utsAhI sadasyoM ne manuSya ke svAbhAvika jIvana se bhinna saMnyAsa mArga kI eka navIna dizA kA samarthana kiyA / saMnyAsamArgIya naitikatA saMsAra kI pUrNa tyAga aura iMdriya pravRttiyoM kA nirodha aba sabhI IsAIyoM ke lie mukti kA mArga nahIM mAne gae / yadyapi yaha mAnA gayA ki susamAcArasammata pUrNatA ke pravarttakoM ke dvArA inakA anumodana kiyA gayA hai, tathApi koI bhI IsAI vaiyaktika rUpa se isakA pAlana karane yA nahIM karane meM svataMtra hai| isa prakAra IsAI zikSAoM kI maulika saralatA se dhIre-dhIre eka doharI naitikatA vikasita huI aura sAdhAraNa IsAI sadguNa aura saMnyAsamArga ke sadguNa ke bIca eka aMtara prArambha huA, jo ki dArzanika aura sAmAjika acchAiyoM ke prAcIna gaira IsAI virodha se bahuta kucha samAnatA rakhatA hai, eka aisI samAnatA, jisa para prAcIna jIvana paddhati ko abhivyakta karane ke lie pavitra yA IzvarIya darzana jaise padoM kI dhAraNA ke dvArA pUrvIya saMnyAsavAda meM bala diyA gayA thaa| kaThora ekAkI jIvana, brahmacarya kA pAlana, AhAra evaM vezabhUSA meM bahuta adhika sAdagI, upavAsa prArthanA, AtmAlocana, aura vizrAma ke sambaMdha meM niyamita dinacaryA aura kabhI-kabhI AtmapIr3ana ke jaMgalI atiraMjita rUpoM (pUrvIya sAdhu-saMsthA, jisakA lokapriya udAharaNa hai) pUrvIya sAdhu saMsthA ke dvArA sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM ke AvaraNa evaM duniyAdArI kI ciMtA se mukta hone ke lie yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA ki sAMsArika jIvana kI apekSA apane ApakI Izvara kI nikaTatA aura pavitratA ke prati samarpita kiyA jAye pahale sAmAjika jIvana se pUrNatayA alaga hone ke lie ekAkI jIvana kI bhAvanA prabala huI aura bAda meM yaha mAna liyA gayA ki jo isa adhika pUrNa mArga kI abhilASA rakhate haiM, unameM se adhikAMza logoM ke lie aisI hI abhilASA rakhane vAle logoM ke eka vyavasthita samAja kA niyaMtraNa aura sahayoga karanA apekSita hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaba IsA kI 4thI zatAbdI meM pazcimI IsAI samAja meM saMnyAsavAda kA phailanA prArambha huA thA, to maTha ke jIvana ke Adarza kI anuzaMsA kI gii| yaha maThIya-jIvana pUrva kI apekSA pazcima meM vyAvahArika adhika aura ciMtana - paraka kama rhaa| prArambha meM jeneDikTa (lagabhaga 480 se 543 I.) ke nirdezana meM racanAtmaka sArthaka zArIrika zrama ko isake eka niyamita aMga ke rUpa meM sthAna milA, kiMtu bAda meM pAzcAtya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 125 sabhyatA ke itihAsa meM eka mahatvapUrNa dRSTikoNa ke vikAsa ke dvArA dharma nirapekSa (laukika ) graMthoM ke adhyayana ko bhI mAnyatA prApta ho gaI, yaha vyakti kI mAnavIya kamajoriyoM (pApa) se nirNAyaka aura kaThina lar3AI thI, jisake lie maTha eka yuddhabhUmi thaa| sabase pahale mukhya-mukhya pApoM kI eka sUcI banAI gaI, jisane bAda meM naitikatA kI madhyayugIna vivecanA meM mukhya sthAna le liyaa| prArambha meM sAmAnyatayA ye ghAtaka pApa ATha mAne gae the, madhyayugIna dharmazAstriyoM kI rahasyAtmaka maMtra-taMtra ke prati abhiruci ke kAraNa yaha sUcI sAta taka hI raha gaI / isake sambaMdha meM alaga-alaga lekhakoM ne alaga-alaga vivaraNa diyA hai - 1 ghamaNDa (garva), 2. dhana kI lolupatA, * 3. krodha, 4. ati-bhojana aura 5. vyabhicAra to sabhI kI sUciyoM meM pAe jAte haiM, zeSa do yA tIna kA cunAva nimnalikhita meM se kiyA gayA hai- 1. ghRNA, 2. jhUThA ghamaNDa aura apekSAkRta ekAkIpana, 3. nirAzA evaM 4. nirutsAhayukta udaasiintaa| saMnyasta jIvana ke naitika anubhavoM ko vizeSa rUpa se pratibimbita karane vAlI samagra sUcI se hama kyA anumAna kara sakate haiM, ise ye paravartI pratyaya batAte haiN| vizeSa rUpa se naitika avasAda yA patana kI avasthA ko nirutsAhayukta udAsInatA ke rUpa meM batAyA hai, jise eka mAnasika roga mAnA jA sakatA hai, jo ki kama se kama usa yuga kI duniyA meM eka maThavAsI ke lie vizeSa ghaTanA hI hogaa| naitika siddhAMtoM kA vikAsa jaba pUrva se AyA huA saMnyAsavAda pazcima meM phaila rahA thA aura zakti prApta kara rahA thA, taba zubhAcaraNa meM Izvara aura manuSya ke sambaMdha ke pratyaya ko lekara IsAI naitikatA meM eka bhinna prakAra kA vikAsa huA, jo ki IzvarIya kRpA kI nirapekSatA ke siddhAMta ke virodha kA pariNAma thA aura sAdhAraNatayA AgasTina ke naitika prabhAva ke kAraNa utpanna huA thaa| jasTina aura IzvarIya kRpA ke siddhAMta ke samarthakoM ne 'AsthA' 'kRpA' aura 'uddhAra' kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra kiyA, kiMtu ina pratyayoM para AdhArita dhArmika darzana saMkalpa - svAtaMtrya ke spaSTa virodha meM khar3A hone ke lie bhI pUrNa sakSama' nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| IsAI dharma kI zikSA kA adhikAMza to vastutaH una amara prANiyoM ke lie hai, jinheM cayana kI svataMtratA prApta hai aura isIlie galata cayana ke lie daNDa kI bhI pAtratA hai| yaha pratiphala yA daNDa ke niyamoM se anumodita AcaraNa ke sacce IzvarIya zAzvata vidhAna kI udghoSaNA thI / yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki isa kartavya ke bAhya niyamavAdI (vidhika) dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para IsAI aura gaira IsAI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/126 naitikatA meM aMtara kara pAnA kaThina hai| brahmacarya (saMyama) aura sevA ke niyamoM (karttavyoM) kA yaha dArzanika anumodana jisa sImA taka jAtA hai, vaha saMtoM ke anumodana se bhinna nahIM lagatA hai| yadi eka prAkRtika manuSya (janasAdhAraNa vyakti) ko una sabhI kartavyoM ko pUrNa karane ke yogya mAna liyA jAe, jinakA use bodha ho sakatA hai, to IsAI dharma meM ilahAma kA jo nayA prakAza diyA gayA, vaha pApa se pUrNatayA mukti kI saMbhAvanA ko batAtA hai, kiMtu pelegiyama kI zikSAoM meM vikasita yaha (karma-siddhAMta sambaMdhI) niSkarSa IzvarIya kRpA para pUrNa nirbharatA kI usa dhAraNA se asaMgata hai, jisase IsAI janamAnasa pUrI taraha cipakA huA hai| isalie AgasTina ke netRtva meM ise dharma virodhI mAnakara tyAga diyA gayA thaa| AgasTina (355-430 I.) ____ AgasTina ne manuSya ko IzvarIya naitika zakti kI kRpA ke binA daivI naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karane meM akSama mAnakara apane siddhAMta ko usa biMdu para pahuMcA diyA thA, jahAM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke sAtha usakI saMgati biThA pAnA kaThina thaa| AgasTina saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke saiddhAMtika mahatva se bhalIbhAMti paricita the, ve IzvarIya nyAya evaM mAnavIya uttaradAyitva ke sAtha rahe hue saMkalpa kI svataMtratA tArkika sambaMdha ko bhI jAnate the, kiMtu ve mAnate the ki ina praznoM ko tabhI pUrNatayA sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai, jaba hama kevala mAnavajAti ke prathama pUrvaja 'Adama' ke sambaMdha meM hI zubha aura azubha ke bIca cunAva karane kI vAstavika svataMtratA ko mAna lete hai, kyoMki vaha bIjagarbhita prakRti, jisase saba manuSya utpanna hue aura jo Adama meM bhI upasthita thI aura Izvara ke dvArA use dI gaI usa aicchika prAthamikatA ke kAraNa mAnava jAti ne eka hI bAra meM sadaiva ke lie burAI ko cuna liyA hai| janma se pUrva ke usa (vaMzAnugata) pApa ke kAraNa sabhI manuSya satat rUpa se pApAcAritA evaM tajjanita daNDa ke taba taka bhAgI hai| jaba taka ki Izvara kI anarjita kRpA ke lie cune jAkara IsA ke prAyazcita ke lAbha ke bhAgI nahIM banAe jAte haiN| binA isa kRpA ke manuSya ke lie yaha asambhava hai ki vaha Izvara ke prati prema ke usa mahAna Adeza kA pAlana kara ske| yadi yaha pUrA nahIM ho pAtA hai to yaha sampUrNa niyama ke lie doSI hai, manuSya kevala pApa kI vibhinna mAtrA meM hI cayana ke lie svataMtra hai| usake bAhya sadAcAra (sadguNoM)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/127 kA koI naitika mUlya nahIM hai, jabataka ki usameM AMtarika prayojana kI samyaktA kA abhAva hai| jo bhI zraddhA se udbhUta hai, vaha saba pApa hai| zraddhA aura prema kA paraspara aMtarbhAva hai aura ve eka dUsare se aviyojya hai| zraddhA Izvara pradatta prema ke usa bIja se utpanna hotI hai jo apanI pArI meM zraddhA ke dvArA apanI pUrNatA para pahuMcatA hai| jaba donoM ke saMyoga se AzA kI jyoti jala uThatI hai aura prema ke parama punIta phala ke prati AnaMda kI pUrNa lalaka utpanna hotI hai| senTapAla ke bAda AgasTina ina tInoM ko IsAI sadguNa ke tIna pramukha tattva mAnate haiM ina tInoM ke sAtha hI ve sadguNa ke prAcIna caturvidha vargIkaraNa arthAt prajJA (viveka), saMyama, sAhasa aura nyAya ko apanI paramparAgata vyAkhyA ke sAtha svIkAra karate haiN| kiMtu ina sadguNoM ke sambaMdha meM unakI apanI vyAkhyA yaha hai, ki ye sabhI sadguNa apane AMtarika evaM sacce svarUpa meM usI Izvara ke prema ke vibhinna pakSa yA usa prema kI prApti ke vibhinna prayAsa hI hai| saMyama svataH ko apane viSayoM se adUSita rakhane vAlA prema hai, sahanazIlatA eka aisA prema hai jo apane premI ke prati sabhI samarpita karane kI tatparatA ko sUcita karatA hai| nyAya kevala premI ke prati sevA kI kriyA hai aura isa prakAra samyak anuzAsana hai| viveka (prajJA) prema kA vaha rUpa hai, jo una vastuoM ko dUradarzitA ke sAtha cunatA hai, jo ki usa prema kI sAdhaka hai aura una bAtoM ko tyAga detA hai jo usa prema meM bAdhaka hai| yaha Izvaraprema, muktAtmA ke AnaMda kA mUla keMdra hai| isI Izvara prema ke dvArA mAnava kA Atmaprema apanA saccA vikAsa karatA hai aura apane par3osI ke prati prema bhI usI kA hI pariNAma hai| yaha saMsAra kA upabhoga nahIM varan upayoga karanA hai, IzvarIya-ciMtana AtmA ke vikAsa (urdhva pragati) kI aMtima sthiti hai| yahI mAtra jJAna hai aura yahI mAtra AnaMda hai| isa AgrahapUrNa rahasyavAdI dRSTikoNa ke virodha evaM samarUpatA kI tulanA sToikavAda kI dArzanika gambhIratA se kI jA sakatI hai| AgasTina ke isa siddhAMta meM Izvara-prema mAnavIya karmoM ke naitika mUlya kA nirapekSa (parama) evaM viziSTa tattva hai| AgasTina ke siddhAMta meM Izvara-prema kI sthiti vahI hai, jo sToikavAda meM zubha ke jJAna' kI hai| punaH yaha bhI samAnatA dekhI jAtI hai ki ina donoM meM koI bhI zubhatva ke mUlyAMkana ke lie vyAvahArika niyamoM ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se baMdhA huA nahIM hai| vastutaH eka nItivettA ke rUpa meM AgasTina kA mukhya yogadAna IsAI dharma ke vairAgyavAdI dRSTikoNa aura laukika sabhyatA ke madhya samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| udAharaNArtha hama use parvata para ke upadeza kI ati sAhityika vyAkhyA ke virodha meM sainika sevAoM aura nyAyika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/128 daNDoM kI vaidhatA kA samarthana karate hue pAte haiN| usane susamAcAra (bAibila) ke parAmarzoM aura AdezoM ke pUrvokta aMtara ko sthApita karane meM mahatvapUrNa bhAga liyA aura isa prakAra brahmacarya aura Atmanirodha ke aMdha samarthakoM ke AkramaNoM se vaivAhika jIvana aura prAkRtika zubhoM ke saMyata upabhoga kI rakSA kI, yadyapi vaha pApa ke dUSaNa se bacane ke lie brahmacarya aura AtmasaMyama kI paddhati kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| aimbrosa (340-397 I.) ____ AgasTina ke darzana ke pleTo kI sadguNoM kI sUcI ke IsAIkaraNa kA prayAsa sambhavatayA unake guru embrosa ke prabhAva ke kAraNa thaa| unake graMtha DI AphIkasa (D-officus) meM pahalI bAra IsA-pUrva kI nItivettA se lI gaI yojanA ke AdhAra para IsAI kartavyoM kA vyavasthita vivecana pAte haiN| yahA~ embrosa ke cAra mukhya sadguNoM ke vivaraNa kI tulanA unakI sIsaro meM dI gaI rUparekhA se karanA rucikara hogaa| embrosa kA cAra sadguNoM kA yaha vivaraNa sAmAnya vizeSa ke lie eka Adarza bana kara rahA hai| IsAI prajJA kA vimarzAtmaka svarUpa vastutaH dhArmika (dharmazAstrIya) hai| usakA mukhya viSaya Izvara hai, jise vaha sarvocca satya mAnatI hai aura isa prakAra vaha zraddhA para AdhArita hai| IsAI sahanazIlatA vastutaH sadbhAgya aura durbhAgya ke pralobhanoM ke prati dRr3hatA ke sAtha khar3A honA hai athavA nirdayatA ke prati binA bhautika hathiyAroM ke satat saMgharSa karate rahane meM dRr3hatA rakhanA hai, yadyapi embrosa purAne karAra' ko dRSTigata rakhate hue isa sadguNa ke sAmarika arthasAhasa ko pUrNatayA samApta nahIM karate haiN| saMyama aura mitAcAra kA artha sabhI AcaraNoM meM mAtrA ke aucityaM ko rakhanA hai| yaha artha to sisaroM ke graMtha meM bhI milatA hai, kiMtu ise vinamratA ke nae sadguNa ke sAtha mizrita kara isake artha ko saMzodhita kiyA gayA hai| aMta meM, IsAI nyAya kI vyAkhyA meM sabhI manuSyoM ke hitoM kI svAbhAvika ekarUpatA ke sToika siddhAMta ko su-samAcAra ke lokopakAra kI pUrNa UMcAI taka vikasita kiyA gayA hai| manuSyoM ko yaha smaraNa dilAyA gayA ki unheM Izvara ke dvArA nirmita isa jagat meM sabhI kA sAmUhika adhikAra hai, sAtha hI unheM yaha bhI Adeza diyA gayA hai ki ve apane sAdhanoM kA sAmUhika hitoM ke lie upayoga kare aura dUsaroM ko saharSa unakA upayoga karane de| sampatti kA apavyaya nahIM kare, kiMtu yadi sampatti ke dAna karane se koI garIba ho jAtA hai, to zarmiMdA na ho| hama dekheMge ki embrosa IsAI dharma meM ina vibhinna sadguNoM kI aviyojyatA para bala dete haiM, yadyapi ve AgasTina ke samAna unheM Izvara-prema ke eka kendrIya tattva ke aMtargata

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/129 nahIM lAte haiN| aMdhayuga kI samanvayavAdI naitikatA embrosa aura AgasTina ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa evaM cAra mukhya sadguNoM kI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para paravartI samanvayavAdI lekhakoM ke dvArA eka suvyavasthita naitika darzana kI vivecanA ke lie sAmAnyatayA svIkRta praNAlI prastuta kI gii| aksara AgasTina ke udAharaNa ke pazcAt zraddhA, AzA evaM prema rUpI IsAI anugraha kI trayI ko bhI apanA sthAna diyA gayA hai tathA IzahA ke dvArA pratipAdita AtmA ke sAta varadAnoM kA bhI samAveza kara liyA gayA jabaki mahAna naitika yuddha ke zubha pakSa meM sAta (yA ATha) ghAtaka pApoM ke netRtva meM pApa senA kI vyUha racanA kI gaI hai| jaisA ki hamaneM pUrva meM kahA thA, ina pApoM kI sUcI kA pratiropaNa IsAI saMtoM ke vizeSa anubhavoM ke dvArA eka sAdhAraNa IsAI kI dRSTi se naitikatA sambaMdhI vicAra ke kAraNa huA, kiMtu aMtatogatvA IsAI sAdhusaMsthA aura sAmAnya IsAI ke kartavyoM kA vibhAjana dharmAjJA ke ucca evaM nimna rUpa meM spaSTatayA rhaa| jaba madhyayugIna IsAI dharma saMsthA meM usakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA to, ise purohitavarga aura jIvana ke sAdhAraNa niyamoM ke bIca vibhinna srotoM evaM arthoM ke vargIkaraNa ke dvArA adhika jaTila banA diyA gayA, kiMtu dharma-purohitoM evaM saMnyAsiyoM ke lie IsAI samAja kI sAmAnya dhAraNA ke anusAra lAgU hone vAle naitika niyamoM meM kramazaH nikaTa Ane kI pravRtti usake pUrva bhI thI, jabaki 11 vIM zatAbdI meM IsAI dharma purohita ke lie brahmacarya kA niyama sarvasAmAnya rUpa se anivArya kara diyA gayA, yadyapi mahApApa' aura kSamya yA laghu pApoM kA aMtara dharma purohita aura jana-sAdhAraNa- donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA thaa| jaisA ki hamane dekhA, isameM IzvarIya anuzAsana kI artha evaM nyAyikavyavasthA kA zAstrIya (takanIkI) saMdarbha thA, jo ki carca kI eka pUrNa vyavasthita AdhyAtmika zakti ke rUpa meM dhIre-dhIre vikasita huA aura jisane pAzcAtya sAmrAjya ke patana se utpanna avyavasthA ke madhya apanI sthApanA kI aura eka dharmataMtra (dharmazAsana) ke rUpa meM vikasita hokara AMzika rUpa se madhya yUropa para zAsana kiyaa| mahApApa ve haiM, jinake kartA ko zAzvata naraka kI Aga se bacAne ke lie eka vizeSa prakAra kI kaThora tapasyA karanA hotI hai, jabaki laghu (kSamya) pApoM ke lie prArthanA, dAna aura niyamita upavAsa Adi ke dvArA kSamA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| hama dekhate haiM ki 7 vIM evaM 8 vIM zatAbdI meM AyaralaiNDa briTena, phrAMsa aura jarmanI sabhI meM pApa ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/130 svIkAra kara pazcAtApa karane vAloM ke upayoga ke lie pazcAtApa- pustikAoM kA pracalana pAyA jAtA hai| ye pazcAtApa pustikAeM AMzika rUpa se paramparAgata rItirivAja para aura AMzika rUpa se dharmasamAjoM ke suvyakta AdezoM para AdhArita thiiN| prArambha meM ve mAtra pApoM kI aisI sUciyAM thIM, jinameM pratyeka pApa ke lie samucita IzvarIya daNDa' kA vidhAna thA, kiMtu kramazaH aMtarAtmA kI samasyA para vicAra vimarza huA evaM nirNaya lie gae aura isa prakAra dharmAdharma vicAra yA kiMkartavyamImAMsA ke lie eka AdhAra prastuta kiyA gayA, jo ki 14 vIM aura 15 vIM zatAbdI meM apane pUrNa vikAsa para phuNcaa| IzvarIya nyAyazAstra kA yaha vikAsa dharmAdhyakSIya niyaMtraNa kA eka sazakta prayatna thA aura sambhavatayA madhyayuga ke artha-arAjakatA ke prArambhika kAla meM naitika vyavasthA banAe rakhane ke carca ke mahAna kArya kI pUrti kA aparihArya aMga thA, kiMtu isameM naitikatA ke anucita bAhya evaM vaidhAnika (niyamavAdI) dRSTikoNa kA prazraya dene kI bhayaMkara pravRtti nihita thI, tathApi isa pravRtti kA saMtulana AgasTina ke aMtarmukhatma ke jyotirmaya vicAra ke dvArA satat rUpa se kiyA jAtA rhaa| yahI aMtarmukhatA kA tathya yaha hai ki vyavasthita anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA ke isa yuga meM carca svayaM hI AMzika rUpa se krUra (jaMgalI) ho gyaathaa| pazcimI sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda aura pANDityavAda ke udaya hone ke pahale dArzanika aMdhatva ke yuga meM gregorI mahAna (mRtyu 604) kemAraliyA sevileke IsIDora (mRtyu 636) kesenTanziyA tathA elkyUna (mRtyu 804) haravansa myUrasa (mRtyu 856) Adi lekhakoM ke graMthoM ke mAdhyama se maMda evaM kSINa rUpa meM pANDityavAda ke yuga taka AyA thaa| pANDityavAdI-nItizAstra pANDityavAdI darzana ke samAna hI pANDityavAdI nItizAstrabhI thAmasa ekvinA kI zikSAoM meM apane pUrNa evaM viziSTa svarUpa ko prApta karatA hai kiMtu, isa mahAn vicAraka ke naitika-darzana kA saMkSipta vivecana karane ke pUrva yaha ucita hogA ki ciMtana evaM vimarza-prakriyA ke una vibhinna mukhya staroM para vicAra kara leM, jinake dvArA hameM ciMtana kA yaha stara prApta huaa| jAnsa erIjenA (810-877) hameM apanA vivecana madhyayuga ke prArambhika evaM mahAna dArzanika jAnsa skATa erIjenA se prArambha karanA hogaa| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki kevala pANDityavAda ke vyApaka artha kI dRSTi se unheM pANDityavAdI kahA jA sakatA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/131 hai, kyoMki pANDityavAdI vicAra paramparA se unakI kAlika dUrI kahIM adhika hai, jo ki unheM usase alaga karatI hai| jaba ve IsAI AsthA ke sAtha samAyojana karate hue apanI dArzanika vivecanA karate haiM to na to apanI tarka paddhati meM Aptavacana priya nahIM ke prati pUrNa AsthA prakaTa karate haiM aura na apane niSkarSoM meM pUrNatayA paramparAvAdI banate haiM, jabaki ye donoM apane kaThora artha meM pANDityavAda ke mukhya lakSaNa haiN| airIjenA ke darzana para pleTo aura ploTinasa kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, jo ki DAyanisiasa dA airIopegiTa nAmaka kisI ajJAta lekhaka ke mAdhyama se una para par3A thA, tadanusAra unake darzana ke naitika pahalU meM vahI niSedhAtmaka aura saMnyAsamArgI lakSaNa dikhAI dete haiM, jo ki nava pleTovAda meM milate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki mAtra Izvara hI sat hai, dUsarI pratyeka vastu kI sattA vahIM taka hai, jahAM taka ki Izvara usameM apane ko abhivyakta karatA hai| Izvara kI dRSTi se azubha ajJeya aura asat hai, vizva meM usakI mAtra bhrAmaka pratItI hai, jisameM manuSya par3A huA hai| manuSya ke jIvana kA saccA sAdhya to isa AbhAsI bhautika astitva se Upara uThakara Izvara ke sAtha pUrNatayA ekAtma ho jAtA hai| yaha siddhAMta usake samakAlIna vicArakoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| nizcita hI yaha siddhAMta zAstra-viruddha thA aura isalie popa honarIasa tRtIya ke dvArA isakI jo AlocanA kI gaI vaha ucita hI thI, kiMtu 12 vIM evaM 13 vIM zatAbdI ke bhAvapUrNa pAramparika rahasyavAda ke vikAsa meM kuMdanavezI hIyonisiasa ke sAtha erIjenA kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| navapleTovAdI paramparAoM se anuprANita pleTovAda athavA navapleTovAda madhyayugIna vicAroM se alaga banA rahA yadyapi paripakva pANDityavAda ke yuga meM arastU ke sarvAdhika prabhAva ke kAraNa tirohita-sA ho gayA thaa| enselma (1033-1109) __ apane sahI artha meM pANDityavAda kA prArambha zAstrIya IsAI dharma ke paramparAgata darzana ko yathAsambhava tArkika saMgati ke sAtha prastuta karane ke enselma ke vyApaka evaM gambhIra prayatnoM se hotA hai| yadyapi nItizAstra ke kSetra meM enselma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kevala saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kI samasyA ke sambaMdha meM hai| hama dekhate haiM ki AgasTina kA mUla pApa kI dhAraNA ko tathA manuSya ke lie anarjita prabhu-kRpA kI nirapekSa AvazyakatA ko usake mukti siddhAMta meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaha svataMtratA ko pApa nahIM karane kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 132 na zakti ke rUpa paribhASita karane meM bhI AgasTina kA anusaraNa karatA hai, kiMtu yaha kaha kara ki Adama apanI svecchA se athavA apane svataMtra cayana ke dvArA patita ho gae, ki apanI svataMtratA se patita ho ge| isa prakAra enselma meM avyakta rUpa se eka aMtara kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jise bAda meM pITara aura lembArDa ne pApa kI gulAmI se svataMtratA aura nirdhAraNatA se svataMtratA (arthAt anivAryatA kI virodhI svataMtratA) ke bIca spaSTa kiyA hai| enselma pUrva-nirdhArita bhAgyavAda kI AgasTina kI dhAraNA ko isa vyAkhyA ke dvArA mRdu banA dete haiM ki patita vyakti bhI jo ucita hai, usake saMkalpa karane kI svataMtratA se pUrI taraha vaMcita nahIM hotA hai, yaha (saMkalpa kI svataMtratA) to usake bauddhika svabhAva meM hI nihita hai, yadyapi Adama ke pApa ke pazcAta yaha saMkalpa kI svataMtratA manuSya meM aMdhakAra meM dekhane kI zakti ke samAna kevala bIja ke rUpa meM hI hai, sivAya usa sthiti ke, jabaki ise IzvarIya kRpA ke dvArA vAstavika nahIM banAyA gayA ho| ebelArDa (1079-1142 ) belArDa adhika Adhunika DhaMga se manuSya ke durdaNDa aura svataMtra cayana ke bIca pApa kI adhika spaSTa dhAraNA ke dvArA sambaMdha sthApita karate haiN| ve durAcaraNa ke prati mAtra jhukAva, jo ki patita manuSya ko vaMzAnukrama se prApta hotA hai aura bAhya kukarma, jo isa jhukAva kA pariNAma hotA hai, donoM se vAstavika pApa ko alaga karate haiN| durAcaraNa ke prati jhukAva, jahAM taka ki vaha anaicchika hai, pApa nahIM hai jaisA ki vaha batAtA hai| vastutaH usakA astitva hamArI mAnavIya sadguNa kI usa pUrva dhAraNA meM nihita hai jo ki durvAsanAoM ke viruddha saphalatApUrvaka saMgharSa meM banatI hai| hamAre kisI karma ke bAhya pariNAma ko bhI pApa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isa bAta ke bhI pramANa haiM ki ye bAhya pariNAma ajJAna yA bAdhyatA ke dvArA hamArI ora se binA kisI naitika aparAdha ke bhI niSpanna ho sakate haiM, ataH pApa mAtra Izvara yA usakI AjJAoM kI avahelanA meM hai, jo ki durvAsanAoM kI cetana svIkRti meM hI abhivyakta hotA hai| tadanusAra, burAI ke prati isa AMtarika svIkRti ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta kI yojanA kI jAnA cAhie, na ki kisI kArya ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para sacce prAyazcitta kA sAratattva to svayaM pApa se ghRNA hai, na ki usake pariNAmoM se| isa AdhAra para ebelArDa yaha niSkarSa nikAlane se bhI jhijhakatA hai ki AcaraNa kI ucitatA pUrNatayA abhiprAya para AdhArita hotI hai aura isalie sabhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/133 bAhya karma apane Apa meM na ucita hai, aura na anucita, kiMtu vaha isa virodhAbhAsa ke khataranAka pariNAmoM se apane siddhAMta bacAne ke lie tArkika saMgati kI kucha jokhima uThA letA hai| usakA kathana hai ki acche abhiprAya kA artha vastutaH ucita karma karane kA abhiprAya hai, na ki jo kartA ko acchA pratIta hotA hai, usa karma ko karane kA abhipraay| yadyapi vaha prAcIna darzana kA pUrNa jAnakAra nahIM thA aura prAcIna darzana se IsAI dharma ke sambaMdha ko bhI usane manamAne DhaMga se galata rUpa meM samajhA thA', phira bhI prAcIna darzana ke punarjIvita prabhAva ke kAraNa vaha yaha tarka detA hai ki prAcIna grIka naitika ciMtaka zubha ke prati niSkAma prema kI dhAraNA kI svIkRti ke AdhAra para vastutaH yahUdI vidhAnavAda kI apekSA IsAI dharma ke adhika nikaTa the| vaha bar3e sAhasapUrvaka yaha kahatA hai ki abauddhika icchAoM ke niyaMtraNa, sAMsArika vastuoM ke prati tiraskAra kI bhAvanA aura AdhyAtmikatA ke prati lagAva ke prati prAcIna dArzanikoM ne jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA, use dekhakara to adhikAMza bhikSu bhI lajjita ho jAte haiN| vaha IsAI dharma ke Izvara prema ke lie bhI niSkAmatA kI AvazyakatA para bala detA hai| Izvara prema tabhI zuddha mAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki vaha apane sukha kI kAmanA se rahita ho| sukha to prabhu detA hai| abelArDa ke vicAroM kI sAmAnya pravRtti ko usake samakAlIna paramparAvAdiyoM ne saMdeha kI dRSTi se dekhA tathA usake dvArA prastuta Izvara prema kI niSkAmatA kI mAnyatA kI usa yuga ke adhikAMza paramparAvAdI rahasyavAdiyoM ke dvArA bhI tIvra AlocanA kI gii| seMTa vikTora ke hyUgo (1077-1141) kA kathana hai ki sabhI prema anivAryatayA sakAma hai, kyoMki usameM apane priya se milana kI kAmanA to hotI hI hai aura zAzvata AnaMda bhI usa milana meM hI hai, ataH Izvara se alaga usa AnaMda kI koI icchA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, jabaki ke. barnADe (1091 se 1153 I.) adhika vistAra pUrvaka prema ke cAra staroM kA vargIkaraNa karate haiN| ina prema ke cAra staroM ke dvArA hI AtmA kramazaH Age bar3hatI hai| ye prema ke cAra stara nimna haiM- 1. duHkhoM meM Izvara kI sahAyatA kI vaiyaktika icchA ke lie prema karanA, 2. Izvara ko usake premamaya anugraha ke lie prema karanA, 3. Izvara ko usakI nirapekSazubhatA ke kAraNa prema karanA aura 4. mAtra usake prati kie gae isa prema kA kisI bhI kSaNa sarvavyApI prema bana jaanaa|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/134 pANDityavAdI-paddhati abelArDa kA barnArDa aura senTa vikTora ke hyUgo se jhagar3A kabhI vyakta aura kabhI avyakta rUpa se rahA hai| yaha usa virodha kA udAharaNa hai, jise hama madhyayugIna vicAroM meM dvaMdvAtmaka aura rahasyAtmaka prayatnoM ke bIca pAte haiN| dvaMdvAtmaka prayatna zAstrIya AsthA kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM dvArA niyata sImAoM ke aMtargata buddhi ko saMtoSa dene kA hI eka prayAsa thA, jabaki rahasyAtmaka prayatna unhIM mAnyatAoM meM bhAvanAtmaka evaM aMtarmukhI dhArmika cetanA ke lie pUrNa samarthana yA dhArmika DhAMce kI khoja kara rahe the| ye virodhI pravRttiyAM 13 vIM zatAbdI meM pANDityavAdI darzana ke udbhava ke pUrva bhI evaM usake pazcAt bhI saMgharSarata thIM, kiMtu pANDityavAda kA pradhAna uddezya to isa evaM anya aise hI virodhoM ko samApta karanA hI thaa| pITara dI lAmbarDa (mRtyu 1164) hameM pITara dI lAmbarDa ke libarI senTaM zima nAmaka graMtha meM eka samanvayavAdI saMgatipUrNa pravRtti milatI hai| yaha graMtha pazcimI yUropa meM eka lambe samaya taka vyApaka rUpa meM dhArmika zikSA kI pravezikA pustaka ke rUpa meM mAnya rhaa| isakA aitihAsika mahattva mukhyataH usakI paddhati evaM nirmANayojanA meM hai| isakA mukhya uddezya kaitholika carca meM vikasita IsAI dharmazAstra kI sAragarbhita, kiMtu vyApaka vyAkhyA denA hai| yaha dharmagraMthoM evaM dharmaguruoM kI vANI ke mahatvapUrNa kathanoM kA saMkalana hai| isameM pakSa-vipakSa kI mukhya yuktiyoM ke pratyeka mahatvapUrNa vAkya ko diyA gayA hai aura UparI taura se vidvAnoM ke dvArA prayukta padoM ke sUkSma artha bheda ke dvArA utpanna AbhAsI virodhoM kA samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| bAla kI khAla nikAlane kI isa pANDityavAdI kalA ke dvAra sadaiva hI kisI na kisI rUpa meM una AkramaNoM ke lie khule the, jo ki isake paravartI vikAsa para bekana aura dUsare vicArakoM ke dvArA kie gae, kiMtu yadi bhinna-bhinna srotoM se AI isa sAmagrI ke AdhAra para eka vyavasthita evaM saMgatipUrNa siddhAMta kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA, to pANDityavAda aparihArya bana jaataa| agalI zatAbdiyoM meM jaba arastU ko eka aise dArzanika ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, jisake siddhAMta mAnavIya buddhi ke kSetra meM Ane vAle sabhI viSayoM para nirvivAda mAne jAte the, to vizeSajJoM kI jaTilatA ke adhika bar3ha jAne ke kAraNa yaha aura bhI adhika aparihArya ho gyaa| arastU ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 135 siddhAMtoM ke adhyayana kA punaH prArambha araba aura yahUdI TIkAkAroM ke prabhAva evaM unake graMthoM ke kAraNa huaa| arastavI aura IsAI vicAroM kA mahatvapUrNa saMyojana 13 vIM zatAbdI meM huA aura jisane eka lambe samaya taka kaitholika sampradAya ke zAstrIyadarzana para apanA niyaMtraNa rkhaa| isakA prArambha albarTamahana ke dvArA huA aura thAmasa ekkInA ne ise pUrNatA para pahuMcAyA / thAmasa ekkInAsa (1225 - 1274 I.) thAmasa ekkInAsa kA naitika-darzana mukhyataH navapleTovAda se prabhAvita arastUvAda hai, jise mukhya rUpa se AgasTina ke IsAI siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para saMvarddhita evaM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki sabhI bauddhika aura abauddhika vastuoM kI gatiyAM yA kriyAeM kisI sAdhya yA zubha kI ora unmukha hotI haiM, jo ki bauddhika prANiyoM ke saMdarbha meM ye kriyAeM vicAra ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotI haiM, ye abhiprAya ke dvArA nizcita hotI haiM tathA vyAvahArika buddhi ke prabhAva ke dvArA saMkalpa ke rUpa meM unakI icchA kI jAtI hai| vastutaH vAMchita sAdhya aneka hote haiM, jaise - sampatti, sammAna, zakti, sukha Adi, kiMtu inameM se koI bhI na to saMtoSa de pAtA hai aura na sukha hI vaha to kevala paramAtmA svayaM hI de sakatA hai, jo ki sabhI prANiyoM kA AdhAra evaM prathama kAraNa hai aura sabhI parivartanoM kA aparivartita siddhAMta hai, isalie vaha tattva Izvara hai, jisakI ora sabhI vastueM vastutaH acetana rUpa se apanI zubha kI sAdhanA ke dvArA prayAsazIla hai, kiMtu Izvara ke prati yaha sArvalaukika prayAsa vastutaH buddhigamya hai, ataH yaha buddhimAn prANiyoM meM, usa Izvara ke jJAna kI jijJAsA meM hI, apane sarvocca rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, yadyapi aisA jJAna buddhi ke sAmAnya kriyA-kalApoM se pare hai aura manuSya meM kevala AMzika rUpa se hI prakaTa ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra manuSya kA sarvocca zubha vastuniSTha rUpa meM Izvara hai aura AtmaniSTha rUpa meM usa pUrNa prabhu kI premamaya dRSTi se prApta AnaMda hai, yadyapi dUsare nimna prakAra ke sukha bhI hai, jinakI upalabdhi laukika jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ke sambaMdha meM samyak prakAra se pUrI taraha prazikSita svastha mana aura svastha tana ke dvArA sadguNa aura maitrI ke sAmAnya -jIvana meM hotI hai| ucca prakAra kA AnaMda to Izvara kI mukta kRpA se upalabdha hotA hai, kiMtu yaha unheM hI upalabdha hotA hai, jinakA hRdaya pavitra hai aura jinhoMne anekoM satkAryoM ke dvArA apane ko usa yogya banA liyA hai| kauna-sA kArya satkArya hogA isa sambaMdha meM vicAra karate samaya hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki kisI karma kI mAnava

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/136 naitikatA kevala AMzika rUpa se hI usake vizeSa sAdhya yA preraka ke dvArA nirdhArita hogI aura AMzika rUpa meM usa karma kI naitikatA usa karma ke bAhya viSayoM aura paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hogii| sivAya una kAryoM ke, jo ki bAhya paristhitiyoM se taTastha hote haiM aura jinakI zubhAzubhatA kA nirdhAraNa pUrI taraha se preraka para nirbhara hotA hai, ye paristhitiyAM zeSa kAryoM ko yA to buddhi ke Adeza ke anukUla rakhegI yA pratikUla rkhegii| vizeSa sadguNoM aura durguNoM ke vargIkaraNa meM hama bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se una vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ke tathyoM ko alaga-alaga kara sakate haiM, jinheM thAmasa ekvInAsa ne AtmasAta kara liyA thaa| manuSya kI bauddhika prakRti ke aMtargata Ane vAle sadguNoM athavA una sadguNoM kI, jinheM abhyAsa yA prazikSaNa ke dvArA aMzataH prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai vivecanA meM vaha mukhyatayA arastUvAdI hai| prAkRtika sadguNoM ko bauddhika sadguNa evaM naitika sadguNa ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane meM tathA punaH bauddhika sadguNoM ko vimarzAtmaka sadguNa evaM vyAvahArika sadguNa ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane meM bhI vaha arastU kA anusaraNa karatA hai| punaH, vimarzAtmaka bauddhika sadguNa ko bhI buddhi, vijJAna aura prajJA meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| buddhi, jo siddhAMtoM kI jAnakAra hai, vijJAna jo niSkarSa nigamita karatA hai aura dUsare prajJA, jisakA sambaMdha lokottara vastuoM ke jJAna kI samagra prakriyA se hai| vyAvahArika prajJA yA viveka aviyojya rUpa se naitika sadguNa se sambaMdhita hai, isalie eka artha meM naitika haiN| ina sabhI vivecanAoM meM bhI vaha arastU kA anusaraNa karatA hai| punaH, jaba vaha naitika sadguNoM meM una sadguNoM se, jo ki prAthamika rUpa se svayaM kartA kI vAsanAoM se sambaMdhita hai nyAya kA, jo ki una kAryoM meM abhivyakta hotA hai, jisameM dUsaroM ko unakA haka milatA hai, aMtara sthApita karatA hai, to vaha mAtra arastU ke siddhAMta kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| usakI paravartI sadguNoM kI 10 taka kI sUcI pUrI kI pUrI arastU ke nItizAstra se lI gaI hai| dUsarI ora, AtmA ke abauddhika pakSa AvegoM kA vargIkaraNa vAsanAjanya Avega aura bAdhAjanya Avega ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jo ki arastU" kI apekSA pleTovAdI adhika hai| vAsanAjanya Avega ve haiM jo saMvedanIya zubha yA azubha ke sarala bodha se uttejita ho jAte haiM, jaise - prema, ghRNA, rAga, dveSa, harSa, zoka Adi, jabaki bAdhAjanya Avega meM ve Avega Ate haiM, jo ki vAMchita vastu kI upalabdhi ko mArga meM bAdhA par3ane se uttejita hote haiN|8, jaise-nirAzA, bhaya, sAhasa evaM krodha aadi| vaha vAsanAoM kA niyaMtraNa karane vAle apane sadguNoM kI sUcI ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/137 krama dene meM vaha pleTo aura sisaro ke mAdhyama se sToikoM se lie gae pracalita cAra mukhya sadguNoM se matavaibhinya rakhatA hai| arastUvI paramparA ke dasa sadguNa nimna zIrSakoM ke aMtargata Ate haiM (1) viveka (prajJA), jo ki AcaraNa ke hetu tarkasaMgata niyama pradAna karatA hai, (2) saMyama-jo pathabhraSTa karane vAlI icchAoM ko nirodha karatA hai, (3) sahanazIlatA - jo ki kaThinAiyoM aura khataroM ke bhrAMta (kAlpanika) bhaya kA niyamana karatI hai| yadyapi mukhya sadguNoM ke AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM se sambaMdha ke prazna ko lekara ekvInAsa kA dRSTikoNa pleTovAdI, arastUvAdI evaM sToikavAdI nahIM hai| AtmA ke tIna pakSa bauddhika, vAsanAtmaka aura AvezAtmaka haiM, viveka, saMyama aura sahanazIlatA jinake kramazaH viziSTa sadguNa hai| ina tInoM pakSoM ke sAtha-sAtha thAmasa ekvInAsa eka cauthe pakSa saMkalpa ko mAnate haiM, jisase sambaMdhita sadguNa nyAyazIlatA hai aura jisakA kSetra bAhya karma hai, tathApi ina AMzika rUpa se svAbhAvika' aura AMzika rUpa se arjita sadguNoM ke sambaMdha meM dArzanikoM' kA hI adhikAra pramukha rahA hai, yadyapi isake sAtha hI ina sadguNoM ko kramabaddha karane ke pUrva thAmasa zraddhA, prema aura AzAvAditA ke dhArmika sadguNoM kI trayI ko rakha dete haiM, jo ki Adhibhautika rUpa se Izvara ke dvArA pradatta hai aura jinakA aparokSa sAdhya Izvara hI hai| zraddhA ke dvArA Izvara ke jJAna kA vaha bhAga prApta hotA hai, jo ki prAkRtika buddhi yA darzana kI sImA se pare hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se hama Izvara ke astitva ko jAna sakate hai, kiMtu usakI tridhA meM ekAtmakatA (advayatA) ko nahIM jAna sakate haiN| yadyapi darzana isakI evaM dUsare prakAzita satyoM kI rakSA karane meM sahAyaka hai aura yaha AtmakalyANa kI upalabdhi ke hetu Avazyaka hai IsAI dharma ke samagra dharma-siddhAMta ko vyAvahArika buddhi ke dvArA alpatama rUpa meM hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, unakA jJAna to zraddhA ke dvArA sambhava hai| koI IsAI yadi kisI eka dharma niyama ko asvIkAra karatA hai, to vaha sampUrNa zraddhA yA Izvara ko kho detA hai| zraddhA IsAI naitikatA kA tAttvika AdhAra hai, kiMtu binA prema ke IsAIyata ke sabhI sadguNa AkArahIna hai| prema hI sabhI IsAI sadguNoM kA mUlabhUta AkAra' hai| AgisTana ke bAda se IsAI dharma kA prema apane prati parama zubha kI prANI kI svAbhAvika icchA se pare Izvara ke prati prema hai, jo ki samasta IzvarIya sRSTi se prANiyoM ke prati vyApaka ho jAtA hai aura aMtatogatvA jisameM Atmaprema bhI samAhita ho jAtA hai, kiMtu prANiyoM meM, unakI Izvara dvArA sRSTi hone ke kAraNa, jo pavitratA hai usake lie hI unheM prema karanA caahie| unameM jo kucha bhI apavitratA hai, vaha saba

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/138 apanI samApti taka ghRNA kA hI viSaya hai| thAmasa ekvInAsa ke durguNoM yA pApoM ke vargIkaraNa meM IsAI dRSTikoNa hI pramukha hai, tathApi usake graMthoM meM arastU ke ati aura kamI ke dargaNoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha usake graMthoM meM Izvara ke prati kie jAne vAle pApa, samAja (par3osiyoM) ke prati kie jAne vAle pApa aura svayaM ke prati kie jAne vAle pApoM kA Adhunika vargIkaraNa, mahApApa aura alpa (kSamya) pApa kA vargIkaraNa, kriyA sambaMdhI pApa aura niSkriyatA sambaMdhI pApoM kA vargIkaraNa tathA mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika pApoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI upalabdha hotA hai| ___pApa kI vaidhAnika dRSTi se vivecanA karane ke uparAMta thAmasa ekvInAsa svAbhAvika rUpa se niyama kI vivecanA karate haiN| isakA vivecana bhI bahuta kucha rUpa meM naitika sadguNa kI vivecanA se milatA julatA hai, kiMtu eka nae DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| thAmasa ke lekhoM meM isakI pradhAnatA usa romana nyAyazAstra ke adhyayana ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa hai, jisane iTalI meM 12 vIM zatAbdI meM tvarita gati se pragati kI thii| thAmasa ke ciMtana kA yaha pakSa adhika aitihAsika mahatva kA hai| dhArmika pratyayoM kA paravartI romana kAnUna ke amUrta siddhAMtoM se yaha saMyoga hI vartamAna yuga ke svataMtra naitika ciMtana kA prArambhika biMdu bnaa| kAnUna ke sAmAnya vicAra kI paribhASA nimna prakAra dI jA sakatI hai kAnUna sAmAnya zubha ke lie aise vyakti ke dvArA pravartita buddhi kA Adeza hai, jo ki sAmAjika dAyitvayukta hai, thAmasa ekvInAsa ne kAnUna ke sAmAnya vicAra kA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra se kiyA hai - (1) zAzvata niyama yA IzvarIya niyAmaka buddhi, jo IzvarIya sRSTi ke bauddhika evaM abauddhika sabhI prANiyoM kA niyamana karatI hai| (2) prAkRtika niyama, jo ki zAzvata niyama kA hI eka aMga hone se bauddhika prANiyoM para bhI lAgU hote hai| (3) mAnavIya niyama, jo ki vastutaH usI prAkRtika niyama se hI nirmita hote haiM, jise vAstavika samAja kI parivartita paristhitiyoM ke lie svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai yA jisakA vizeSIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| (4) IzvarIya niyama vastutaH jinakA prakAzana manuSya ke lie huA hai| prAkRtika niyama ke sambaMdha meM unakA kahanA hai ki Izvara ne mAnavIya mastiSka meM aparivartanazIla sAmAnya siddhAMtoM ke jJAna kA dRr3hatApUrvaka bIjAropaNa kara kiyA hai aura na kevala jJAna kA varan eka 'vinyAsa' kA bhI, jisake lie thAmasa ekvInAsa eka vizeSa pANDityavAdI pada sinDeresisa' kA upayoga karatA hai| jo ki nirdhAnta rUpa se

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/139 ina siddhAMtoM ko AcaraNa meM utArane ke lie prerita karatA hai aura unake bhaMga karane se bacAtA hai| prAkRtika sadguNoM se sambaMdhita sabhI kArya AMtarika rUpa se isI prAkRtika niyama ke kSetra ke aMtargata Ate haiM, kiMtu jaba inhIM prAkRtika niyamoM ko mAnavIya jIvana kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM lAgU karane ke aMtarviveka ke aMtargata lAyA jAtA hai, taba manuSya kA nirNaya bhrAMta ho sakatA hai isIlie kartavya kA pUrI taraha se abhrAMta jJAna nahIM ho pAtA hai, prAkRtika yA svabhAvika prakAza bure prazikSaNa evaMrItirivAjoM se tirohita yA vikRta ho jAtA hai| na kevala jahAM manuSya kA prAkRtika niyamoM kA bodha koI AMtarika mArgadarzana na de pAtA hai, vahAM spaSTa vivaraNa prastuta karane ke lie mAnavIya niyama Avazyaka haiM, apitu jo apUrNa manuSyoM ko bure kAryoM aura dUsaroM ke lie ahitakara kAryoM se rokane ke lie tathA vyAvahArika kArya karane ke hetu Avazyaka zakti pradAna karane ke lie anivArya haiM, ye kAnUna yA vidhAna ke niyama yA to prAkRtika niyama ke siddhAMtoM se nigamita kie jAte haiM yA una vizeSoM ke dvArA nirdhArita hote haiM, jinheM yaha niyama anirdhArita chor3a detA hai| ve dhArAeM, jo prAkRtika vidhAna kI virodhI ho eka niyama ke rUpa meM bhI kabhI bhI prAmANika nahIM ho sakatI haiM, yadyapi mAnavIya niyamoM kA saMbaMdha kevala bAhya AcaraNa se hai aura ve jitanI burAI rokate haiM, usase kahIM adhika burAI utpanna karate haiN| isa prakAra ve samasta burAI ke nirasana kA prayAsa bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM, jabaki prAkRtika niyama apane lAgU hone kI sthitiyoM ko aspaSTa aura anizcita banAne ke doSI hai, na to prAkRtika niyama aura na mAnavIya niyama hI usa AdhyAtmika sukha para vicAra karate haiM, jo ki mAnava kA parama zreya hai, isIlie ina prAkRtika evaM mAnavIya niyamoM ko Izvara niyama ke prakAzana se pUrita hone kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha prakAzana (Agama) bhI purAne susamAcAra aura nae susamAcAra- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai| inameM se bhI navIna susamAcAra vidhAyaka aura AdezAtmaka hai, kyoMki yaha usa IzvarIya kRpA se yukta hai jo ki usakI pUrNatA ko sambhava banAtI hai, yadyapi hama isa nae susamAcAra ko bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM - 1. nirapekSa Adeza aura 2. sujhAva (parAmarza), jo ki binA vidhAyaka Adeza ke saMta jIvana ke sadguNoM jaise aparigraha, brahmacarya, vinaya Adi kI bhautikatA icchAoM se parAGmukha hokara AdhyAtmika sukhoM kI prApti hetu, isakI sabase acche sAdhana ke rUpa meM anuzaMsA kI gaI hai| kiMtu, prazna yaha hai ki manuSya svAbhAvika yA IsAI dharmAnusAra pUrNatA ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/140 prApta karane meM kahAM taka yogya hai? thAmasa ekvInAsa ke darzana kA yaha pahalU kamajora pratIta hotA hai, jisameM usane vibhinna pakSoM ke samanvaya ke dvArA unameM Apasa meM saMgati biThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| vaha isa sambaMdha meM pUrNatayA satarka haiM ki IsAI dharma aura arastu ke darzana ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA yaha saMskaraNa do bhinna kaThinAiyoM ko isa mAnavIya yogyatA ke prazna ke sambaMdha meM sahA karatA hai| pahalI gaira IsAI kaThinAI ina do bAtoM meM saMgati biThAne kI hai ki eka ora saMkalpa yA uddezya vaha bauddhika icchA hai jo sadaiva hI dRzya zubha ke dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai, to dUsarI ora naitikatA ke vidhika dRSTikoNa ke lie zubha aura azubha ke madhya cunAva kI svataMtratA apekSita hai| dUsarIIsAI kaThinAI cunAva kI svataMtratA ke isa pratyaya kA dhArmika cetanA ke dvArA svIkRta IzvarIya kRpA para pUrNa nirbharatA kI dhAraNA ke sAtha samanvaya karane sambaMdhI hai| thAmasa pahalI para pUrI taraha vicAra hI nahIM karate haiN| dUsarI ke sambaMdha meM ve apane pUrvajoM ke samAna hI saMkalpa kI svataMtratA aura IzvarIya kRpA meM sahakAra mAnakara bacane kA prayAsa karate haiN| unake naitika darzana ke isI pahalU ke virodha meM Dansa skATsa ke dvArA unakI AlocanA kI gaI hai| Dansa skATsa (1266-1308) Dansa skATsa kA kahanA hai ki yadi saMkalpa buddhi se baMdhA huA hai, jaisA ki arastU ke pazcAt thAmasa ekvInA ne mAnA hai, to vaha vastutaH svataMtra nahIM ho sakatA hai, eka vAstavika svataMtra cayana kI buddhi aura Avega-donoM ko hI pUrNatayA anirdhArita honA caahie| skATsa ne sadaiva hI yaha mAnA hai ki IzvarIya Adeza samAna rUpa se buddhi se bhI svataMtra hai aura jagat kI IzvarIya vyavasthA bhI pUrNatayA yA precchika hai| isa sambaMdha meM viliyama okama kI kuzAgrabuddhi ne bhI usakA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai, yadyapi yaha mAnyatA spaSTatayA khataranAka hai, jo pUrNa tarkasaMgata naitikatA ke lie vizva kI naitika zAsana vyavasthA para AdhArita hai| viliyama okama (mRtyu 1347 I.) sAmAnyatayA okama aura usake anuyAyiyoM kA nyAyavAda parokSa rUpa se pANDityavAdI nItizAstra ke itihAsa se mahatvapUrNa hai| jaba sAmAnyoM kI vAstavikatA kA nirasana karake isa pula ko tor3a diyA, jise prArambhika pANDityavAda ne saMvaidha anubhUti ke vizeSa ghaTakoM (dRzya jagat) aura sampUrNa astitva ke aMtima AdhAra evaM sAdhya Izvara ke bIca banAyA thA, to jo

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/141 AsthA (zraddhA) ke lie adhika nizcita thI, vahI mAnavIya prajJA ke dvArA sabase kama saMjJeya mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra okama ke nAmavAda ne, apane -Apa ko jo kucha vizvAsa kA viSaya thA, usakI tArkikatA sthApita karane ke lie saMgatipUrNa nahIM hai, apitu svayaM vizvAsa kI tArkika saMgati ke sthApana ke lie apane Apako sImita kara liyaa| isakA pariNAma prathamatayA to zAstra-niSThA ke pratikUla pratIta nahIM huA, dharma-zAstra ne darzana kA upayoga kevala usI sImA taka karanA cAhA, jahAM taka ki vaha usake virodha se rahita ho| kiMtu yaha parivartana pANDityavAda ke patana kA bhI kama kAraNa nahIM thaa| yadyapi (dharma meM) dvandvAtmaka paddhati (tArkika paddhati) kA kAphI sthAna ho sakatA thaa| phira bhI usake lie jo kArya nizcita kiyA gayA thA, vaha ucca prakAra kI dArzanika prajJA ke prati niSThA ko abhivyakta nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra thAmasa ekvInAsa kA kArya nizcita hI madhyayugIna darzana ke lie viziSTa racanAtmaka prayAsoM kA zreSThatama pariNAma thaa| vastutaH, yaha prayatna asaphalatAoM ko pUrI taraha samApta karane ke lie hI thA, kyoMki isane zAstra, dharmAdhyakSoM, dharmasaMgha aura dharma-darzana ke dvArA pradatta asaMgatipUrNa sAmagrI ke AdhAra para eka saMgatipUrNa darzana ke sthApana kA prayAsa kiyaa| thAmasa ekvInAsa ke graMthoM meM jo bhI dArzanika guNa milate haiM, ve unakI paddhati ke kAraNa haiM, na ki unake niSkarSoM ke kAraNa, tathApi unakA kaitholika carca para prabhAva cirakAlIna aura mahAn hai aura parokSa rUpa se prosTesTanTsa para bhI hai| vizeSa rUpa se iglaiNDa ke hUkara kI ekaDesI ithikala poliTI nAmaka prathama prasiddha pustaka ekvInAsa kI sUmAthiyolAjiyA nAmaka pustaka kI RNI hai| madhyayugIna rahasyavAda hama pANDityavAda ke sAtha hI sAtha AMzika rUpa meM paNDitoM ke tArkika dvandvAtmaka saMgharSa aura unake pANDityapUrNa zrama ke virodha meM , unake nIti-dharma ke mukhya siddhAMtoM se adhika samAnatA rakhate hue bhI IsAI carca meM rahasyavAda kA vikAsa dekhate haiN| rahasyavAda se hamArA tAtparya usa pravRtti se hai, jo aMtarbodha, samAdhi kI avasthA yA Izvara ke darzana kI upalabdhi ke lie naitika prayatnoM aura bauddhika prayAsoM ko gauNa kara detI hai| isa vicAra dRSTi kA AMzika kAraNa vibhinna dhArAoM ke mAdhyama se Ane vAlA pleTovAdI aura navapleTovAdI ciMtana kA prabhAva thA, kiMtu spaSTatayA IsAI dharma saMsthA meM isakA vikAsa kleravyAvasa ke barnADe aura senTa vikTora ke hyUgo ke ciMtana se bArahavIM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 142 zatI ke pUrvArddha meM hotA hai| barnADe ke anusAra, jo IzvarIya satya ko pAnA cAhatA hai IsAI ko prema aura vinamratA ke dvArA ucca AdhyAtmika jIvana ke sopAnoM para car3hanA hogaa| prema aura vinamratA ke aneka staroM para use ArohaNa karanA hogA, usake bAda IzvarIya satya ke tarkamUlaka ciMtana dvArA use aMtarAtmaka manana kI ora Age bar3hanA hogaa| dhyAna ke viSaya ke prati bhAva-vibhora tanmayatA kI avasthA ke una kSaNoM meM use usa pUrNa Atma vismaraNa (ahaM ke pUrNa vigalana) kA asthAI pUrvAbhyAsa hogA, jise ki vaha ucca AtmA isa jIvana ke bAda upalabdha kregii| isI prakAra, senTa vikTora ke hyUgo ke adhika vyavasthita evaM pUrNa vikasita dharma-darzana meM bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki usa IzvarIya kRpA ke dvArA hI vaha Atmika cakSu khulatA hai, jisase ki Izvara kA usake yathArtha svarUpa meM darzana hotA hai, jo manuSya ke Izvara - prema ko usa avasthA taka uThA detA hai, jisameM vyakti apane ko aura apane par3osI ko mAtra Izvara prema karatA hai| AtmA ke bAhya cakSuoM ke dvArA vastuoM kA pratyakSIkaraNa aura aMtarvastu (aMtaHprajJA) ke dvArA Atma-darzana hI IzvarIya satya aura zubhatA ke sahaja bodha kI upalabdhi ke sopAna haiN| at-a-RT (1221-1274) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pragati kI prakriyA ko bonabendharA ke dvArA adhika vistRta evaM prabhAvakArI DhaMga meM prastuta kiyA gyaa| usake vivecana meM pANDityavAda ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa samanvaya ke rUpa meM pAe jAne vAle paramparAgata rahasyavAda ko namUne ke rUpa meM hamaneM cunA hai| bonabendharA ke dRSTikoNa ke anusAra mana ko chaH staroM ke dvArA aMtima vIjana kI ora Age bar3hanA caahie| sarvaprathama use vajana, saMkhyA, mApa Adi ke AdhAra para vargIkRta evaM vibhAjita vastuoM ke bAhya-jagat meM Izvara kI prajJA, zakti aura zubhatA kA darzana karanA caahie| isa vizva ke ghaTanAkrama ke saMcAlana meM usa Izvara kI ananta prajJA parilakSita hotI hai| isa vizva kI racanA se usa Izvara kI anantazakti kA hameM bodha hotA hai aura usake aMtima nyAya ke dvArA usakI pUrNa nyAyikatA prakaTa hotI hai| isI prakAra sRSTa vastuoM ke krama meM zuddha sattA ke jIvana aura jIvana se buddhi ke vikAsa dvArA bhI hameM usa Izvara kA darzana karanA caahie| dUsare hameM jagat se manuSya ke sambaMdha kA ciMtana karanA caahie| eka ora hameM yaha dekhanA cAhie ki bAhya vastueM kaise apanI pratikRti ke rUpa meM iMdriyoM ke mAdhyama se mana meM praveza karatI hai aura iMdriyoM aura unake viSayoM ke sambaMdha kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/143 vibhinna avasthAoM ke dvArA mana ko AnaMda pradAna karatI hai, to dUsarI ora buddhi kI kriyAoM ko jAgrata karatI hai| isa prakAra vyakti putra kI pitA se samAnatA kI zAzvata rUpa meM sRSTa praticchavi ko dekhegA aura pUrNa saundarya aura pUrNa AnaMda aura pUrNasatya ke bodha kI dizA meM pragati kregaa| tIsare bAhya-jagat se vimukha hokara Atmika zakti aura svarUpa para dhyAna keMdrita karate hue, use dekhanA cAhie ki kisa prakAra smRti bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ko joDatI hai tathA zAzvata sAmAnya tattva ke satyoM ke pratirUpoM ko surakSita rakhatI hai aura hameM usa ananya kI pratimUrti detI hai| sAtha hI yaha ise bhI dekhanA cAhie ki buddhi apanI kriyAzIlatA meM kisa prakAra sarvAdhika pUrNa nirvikAra aura avazyambhAvI sattA kI aparihArya dhAraNA ke dvArA niyaMtrita hotI hai aura bauddhika cayana kI prakriyA kisa prakAra apane meM sarvocca zubha kA pratyaya samAhita karatI hai| isake pazcAt yaha dekhakara ki kisa prakAra smRti svataH hI prajJA ko utpanna karatI hai aura phira ina donoM ke sahayoga se prema kI abhivRddhi hotI hai, use darpaNa ke pratibimba ke samAna Izvara kI traitatA kA darzana hogaa| yahAM taka to AtmA apanI svAbhAvika zaktiyoM ke dvArA vikAsa kara sakatI hai, kiMtu cauthe stara para use zraddhA, AzA aura dAna ke ati-bhautika sadguNoM se yukta IzvarIya-kRpA kI AvazyakatA hogii| isa IzvarIya kRpA ke dvArA use IzvarIya svabhAva kI aparokSa AdhyAtmika anubhUti hogI aura isase use bhakti, stuti aura AnaMda ke carama harSonmAda kI prApti hogii| isa prakAra vaha niSpApa, prakAzita aura atikrAma hokara zreNIbaddha devadUtoM ke pratibimba kA isa rUpa meM dhyAna kara sakegA ki sabhI meM Izvara kA nivAsa hai aura Izvara sabhI ko saMcAlita kara rahA hai| isake pazcAt AtmA kI vizuddha prajJA ke dvArA Izvara kA darzana na to darpaNa ke pratibimba ke rUpa meM hogA na AtmA meM Izvara kI praticchAyA ke rUpa meM hogaa| varan Izvara kA darzana usake apane yathArtha svarUpa meM hogA, arthAt niSedharahita vizuddha-sattA tathA samasta bodhagamya jagat ke mUla srota ke rUpa meM hogA, kiMtu isase bhI ucca-stara hai, jisameM sabhI manuSyoM meM kisI na kisI mAtrA meM upasthita Atmika zubha ke prati lagAva kA zAzvata evaM bhamrahIna tattva jise sAmAnyatayA aMtarAtmA kahate haiM, apane pUrNa vikAsa ko prApta hotI hai| isa zakti ke dvArA Izvara kA dhyAna nirapekSa sattA ke rUpa meM nahIM, kiMtu pUrNa zubhatA ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| jisakA sAratatva apane Apako pUrNatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa karatA hai, isalie isa stara para traitatA ke rahasya kA pratyakSajJAna ho jAtA hai| isa rahasya kA sAra IzvarIya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 144 zubhatA ke putra (IsA) ke aura pavitrAtmA ke dvArA diyA jAne vAlA saMdeza hai| mAnasika kAryoM ke ina chaH staroM ke pazcAt pUrNa AnaMdamaya vizrAnti kI sthiti AtI hai, jisameM sabhI bauddhika kriyAeM samApta ho jAtI haiM aura AtmA pUrNatayA niSkAma hokara paramAtmA ke sAtha akathanIya ekatA meM rahatA hai| bobe dharA paramparAniSTha IsAI dharma ke aMtargata madhyayugIna pleTovAda evaM navapleTovAda kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jabaki thAmasa ekkInAsa madhyayugIna arastUvAda kaa| isI paramparA kA eka zatAbdI se bhI adhika samaya taka gairasana ke dvArA pAlana kiyA gayA, jisakA rahasyavAda bhI vikTorinsa" aura bonabendharA kI paramparA kA nirvAha karatA hai, kiMtu gairasana ke pahale hI jarmanI meM ikkhArTa aura usake anuyAyiyoM kA adhika maulika aura sAhasapUrNa rahasyavAda vikasita ho gayA thA, jo ki na kevala pANDityavAdI mAnyatAoM ke jAla se mukta thA, varan dharmasaMghIya paramparA se bhI yukta thaa| ikkhArTa ikkhArTa kI zikSAoM meM bhI duniyAdArI ( nazvara vastuoM evaM saMsAra) se vairAgya kI tIvra icchA ko balavatI banAyA gayA hai| rahasyavAda kI sAmAnya vizeSatA hai, yaha usa ahaM se sarvathAmukti pAne ke lie hotA hai, jo ki IzvarIya sattA se vaiyaktika AtmA ko alaga karatA hai| usa ahaM ke pUrNa vigalana kI avasthA meM Izvara ke atirikta jAnane, icchA karane athavA vicAra karane kA anya koI viSaya nahIM raha jAtA hai| isa vaiyaktikatA ke ( maiM pana) aMza kI samApti meM hI ikkhArTa kI samagra naitikatA nihita hai, yadyapi vaha maulika siddhAMta ke AdhAra para nikAle jAne vAle palAyanavAdI aura anaitika niSkarSoM prati sajaga hai aura zubha kAryoM ko Atmatattva kI paramAtmA ke sAtha atikrAma yuti (alaukika milana) kA svAbhAvika pariNAma batAtA hai| kiMkarttavya-mImAMsA thAmasa ekkInAsa ke naitika vicAroM kI pUrva vivecanA meM unakI pustaka 'sUmA thiyolAjiyA' meM prastuta vizeSa karttavyoM kA vistAra se vivecana nahIM kiyA gayA hai, isameM alaga-alaga srotoM se prApta vibhinna sAmagrI ko sthAna diyA gayA hai aura aMtatogatvA isakA dRSTikoNa naitika utkarSa aura saMyama niyamoM arthAt donoM ko batAtA hai, yadyapi kucha praznoM para sUkSma evaM vistRta vicAra kA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/145 sAmpradAyika pANDityavAdI vivecana kI utkRSTatA ke anukUla nahIM hai| jaise hI pANDityavAda kI ciMtanAtmaka abhiruci samApta huI, 14 vIM evaM 15 vIM zatAbdI meM pAdarI lekhakoM ne nItizAstra ke isa vyAvahArika pakSa ko eka ora rakhakara apanI bauddhika sUkSmatA kA paricaya diyA tathA isa hetu hI parizrama kiyA aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa suvyavasthita 'kiMkartavya mImAMsA' kA udbhava huaa| aMtarAtmA kI saMzayAtmaka sthitiyoM kA samAdhAna hI pAdarI nItivettAoM ke graMthoM kI vivecanA kA viSaya rahA hai| IsAI dharmasaMgha ke prArambhika yuga se hI nItizAstra ke vibhinna vibhAgoM se sambaMdhita aneka samasyAeM aura unake samAdhAna jasTina mArTiyara, ethAna sIjasa aura AgasTina ke nAma se cale A rahe the| pAdarI varga ke nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa se, prAyazcita sambaMdhI pustakoM se aura madhyakAlIna dArzanikoM ke vyavasthita naitika niyamoM se, kiMkartavya mImAMsA ke lie niraMtara pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hotI rhii| yadyapi upalabdha niSkarSoM ko aise rUpa meM vyavasthita karane kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gaI jo gopanIya aparAdhoM ke prAyazcita karane ke lie suvidhAjanaka ho| isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie 14 vIM evaM 15 vIM zatAbdI meM vyAvahArika nItizAstra yA kiMkartavyamImAMsA kI aneka pustakoM ko praNayana kiyA gyaa| inameM sabase prAcIna pustaka ko pANDityavAdI paramparA ke nItizAstra kI pAThya pustaka ke rUpa meM sampAdita kiyA gyaa| dUsarI kucha pustakoM meM kiMkartavyamImAMsA sambaMdhI praznoM evaM uttaroM kA mAtra akArAdi krama se saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| jaise kiMkartavyamImAMsA kA uddezya thA, isameM vidhi-niSedha (yaha kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai) ke bIca eka sImA ko sunizcita rUpa se nirdhArita kiyA gayA aura saMzayAspada praznoM para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA aura unheM kAlpanika udAharaNoM dvArA spaSTa kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra naitikatA ke isa arddha-vidhika dRSTikoNa ke rUpa meM kiMkartavyamImAMsA ke isa vikAsa ke kAraNa sAmAnya manuSya kI naitika viveka kSamatA kA niSedha ho jAnA avazyambhAvI thaa| punaH, isa kAla meM IsAI dharma-saMgha (carca) meM svIkRta vibhinna paraspara viruddha Apta-vacanoM se niSkarSa prApta karane meM adhika zrama aura zakti vyaya kI gii| pariNAmasvarUpa, una praznoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha gaI, jinake sambaMdha meM yaha asahamati thii| bonIphosa RSabha kI mRtyu ke pazcAt IsAI dharmasaMgha (carca) ko naitika patana ke daura se gujaranA pdd'aa| usa samaya IsAI dharmasaMgha (carca) meM aisI keMdrIya sattA kI kamI thI, jo ki ina tIvra matabhedoM kA nivAraNa kara sakatI thii| ina

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/146 matabhedoM ke kAraNa janasAdhAraNa anizcayAtmaka sthiti meM hotA thA aura svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha kisI bhI dhArmika evaM paramparAniSTha lekhaka kI usI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sakatA thA, jo ki use pAlana karane kI dRSTi se suvidhAjanaka pratIta hotii| isI prakAra eka nirbala naitika cetanA kisI bhI naitika niyama ke vAMchita apavAda ke lie sUkSmatA se zAstra (zruti) ke pramANa ko khojane kI dizA meM pravRtta huii| yadyapi kaitholika carca ke dvArA saMsAra para apanA prabhutva banAe rakhane ke lie kie jAne vAle saMgharSa ke daurAna jaba zAstra kI AjJAoM ke pAlana ke siddhAMta ko vaiyaktika nirNayoM para vizvAsa karane ke siddhAMta ke sAtha eka gahana evaM dIrghakAlika, kiMtu saMtulita vivAda meM ulajhA diyA gayA, taba sudhAra-yuga ke bAda taka isa saMkaTa ne apane durjeya aMzoM ko mAnya rakhA ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| jejyUTsa (zithilAcArI) aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prati sudhAravAda ke agraNI jesyUTsa kI dRSTi meM zAstra (zruti) ko pramANa mAnane ke lie mUlataH Avazyaka. yaha thA ki janasAdhAraNa ko isa prakAra prazikSita kiyA jAe ki ve apane nirNayoM ko apane mArgadarzaka dharmopadezakoM ke nirNayoM ke prati samarpita kara skeN| isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki dharmasaMghIya (carca ke) naitika niyamoM meM sAMsArika AvazyakatAoM ko sthAna dekara pApa-prakAzana (pazcAtApa) ko AkarSaka banAyA jaae| sambhAvyavAda ke siddhAMta ne ina suvidhAoM ko sthAna dene ke lie eka lokapriya paddhati pradAna kii| yaha siddhAMta yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki janasAdhAraNa se usa prazna para gahana samIkSA kI apekSA nahIM karanA cAhie, jisake lie vidvAnoM meM bhI mata-vaibhinya hotA hai| isalie janasAdhAraNa meM kisI aisI bAta ke lie doSI nahIM mAnanA cAhie, jise kisI eka bhI vidvAna ne prAmANika mAnA ho, isalie usake aparAdhoM kA prAyazcitta dene vAle vyakti ko yaha adhikAra diyA gayA ki yadi usake (aparAdhI ke) pakSa meM koI bhI aisA mata prastuta kara pAnA sambhava ho, jo ki use nirdoSa siddha kara de, to usa prAyazcitta dene vAle vyakti kA yaha karttavya hai ki vaha apanI svayaM kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla bhI yadi koI aisI mAnyatA ho to use batAe, tAki vaha apanI aMtarAtmA ko AtmaglAni ke bhAra se mukta kara ske| jina bAtoM ko isa sambhAvyavAda meM (carca kI) trAsa kI kaThoratA ko dUra karane kI saccI icchA se apanAyA thA, unake pariNAma 17vIM zatAbdI meM pAskala ke amara graMtha leTaras proviMziyala meM prakaTa hue|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/147 sudhAravAda kiMkartavya-mImAMsA ke vikAsa kI vivecanA karane meM naitika vicAraka usa mahAn saMkaTa se Age bar3ha gae, jisameM hokara 16vIM evaM 17vIM zatAbdI ke IsAI dharma ko gujAranA par3A thaa| sudhAravAda kA pravartana lUthara ne kiyA thaa| yadi hama unake rAjanItika aura sAmAjika uddezyoM evaM pravRttiyoM, jinase yUropa ke kaI deza sambaMdhita the, se alaga haTakara kevala unake naitika siddhAMtoM aura una siddhAMtoM ke pariNAmoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa kareM, to unheM kaI pahaluoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama isa sudhAravAda ne caritrahIna dharmAdhyakSoM ke prabhutva kI suvikasita vyavasthA ke viruddha roposTolika IsAIyata kI saralatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| sAtha hI dharmaguruoM kI (bAibila kI) TIkAoM aura carca kI paramparAoM ke viparIta bAibila ke AdezoM ko tathA dharmopadezakoM kI prAmANikatA ke viruddha vaiyaktika aMtarAtmA ke nirNaya kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| isI prakAra Atmazuddhi hetu kie jAne vAle prAyazcittoM ke lie popa ke niyaMtraNa kI apekSA pratyeka mAnavIya AtmA ke Izvara ke prati uttaradAyitva para bala diyA, kyoMki prAyazcitta-vyavasthA ne dharmaguruoM (popoM) ko dhana ke lobha kI vikRta avasthA para lAkara khar3A kara diyA thaa| yahUdI niyamavAda aura IsAI dharma ke maulika virodha ko punarjIvita karate hue sudhAravAda ne zAzvata jIvana ke lie karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA AMtarika AsthA ko hI ekamAtra mArga svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra punaH AgasTina kI ora lauTate hue tathA AgasTina ke mUla mantavyoM ko nae siddhAMtoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta karate hue sudhAravAda ne usa navapelegiyanavAda kA pratirodha kiyA, jo ki dhIre se carca ke AbhAsI AgasTinavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita ho gayA thaa| isane yaha bhI mAnA ki mAnava svabhAva ke pUre patana kA kAraNa usa 'samatA' ke virodha meM honA hai, jisake dvArA madhyayugIna dArzanikoM ke anusAra IzvarIya kRpA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| seMTapAla kI vinayazIlatA ko punarjIvita karate hue usane IsAI dharma ke sabhI kartavyoM ko sArvabhauma evaM nirapekSa Adeza ke rUpa meM nirupita kiyA tathA usa siddhAMta ke virodha meM khar3e hue ki IsAI dharma pustaka kI zikSAoM ke akSarazaH pAlana ke dvArA hI samucita puNya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sampUrNa IsAI AjJAkAritA ke aparihArya nikammepana ko prakaTa kiyA gyaa| yadyapi ye parivartana bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa the, tathApi naitika dRSTi se vicAra karane para yA to niSedhAtmaka lagate haiM yA bilakula hI sAdhAraNa se lagate haiM athavA mana kI usa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/148 abhivRtti se sambaMdhita lagate hai, jisake anusAra pratyeka karttavya kA pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| sudhAravAda IsAI dharmasaMgha (carca) ke lekhana aura vyAkhyAoM meM bhI sAdhAraNa manuSyoM ke AcaraNa sambaMdhI kartavyoM kA vidhAyaka tattva, sadguNa tathA adhikAMza niSedhAtmaka niyama bhI tattvataH aparivartita hI rhe| mAtra saMnyAsa-mArga kA pUrI taraha se nirasana kara diyA gayA thA aura IsAI AcaraNa ke naitika Adarza ko saMsAra kI nissAratA kI dhAraNA se mukta kara diyA gayA thA, yadyapi pahale IsAI dharma meM saMnyAsa mArga ko bahuta uttama mArga mAnA jAtA thaa| 16vIM evaM 17vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kiMkartavya-mImAMsA kI purAnI paddhati ko mAnya rakhA gayA thA, yadyapi svAbhAvika buddhi ke prakAza ke dvArA vivecita aura usase anupUrita dharmagraMtha hI aba ve saba siddhAMta prastuta karate the, jinake AdhAra para aMtarAtmA kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAnA thaa| Adhunika naitika darzana kI ora 17vIM zatAbdI meM naitikatA kI isa arddhavidhika vivecanA ke prati ruci kramazaH kama hone lagI aura aneka zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt punaH nItizAstra ke adhyayana meM naitika niyamoM ke lie svataMtra dArzanika AdhAra khojane hetu zikSita varga ke dvArA prayAsa kiyA jAne lgaa| nava jAgaraNa kA yaha prayAsa parokSa rUpa se sudhAravAda ke kAraNa huaa| ise prAcIna pegena saMskRti (mUrtipUjA Adi) ke avazeSoM ke sAhasapUrNa adhyayana ke sAtha bhI jor3A jA sakatA hai, jo ki 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM iTalI se prArambha hokara pUre yUropa meM phailI huI thI aura jo svayaM hI madhyayuga meM dharmazAstra ke prati vyApaka vimukhatA kA AMzika kAraNa aura AMzika kArya thii| prathamataH isa 'mAnavatAvAda' ke prati romana dharma-zAsana (popa ke zAsana) kI apekSA bhI 'sudhAravAda' kA rukha adhika virodhI rhaa| nava jAgaraNa ke nAma para popa ke zAsana ne kisI sImA taka mUrtipUjA Adi vidharmI tattvoM (paigana saMskRti) ko grahaNa kara liyA thA, vaha bhI sudhAravAda ke roSa ko bhar3akAne kA eka kAraNa thaa| kaitholika aura proTesTanTa dhAraNAoM ke samAna hI svataMtra naitika darzana ke vikAsa meM bhI sudhAravAda kA parokSa yogadAna kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| pANDityavAda ne dharmazAstra kI dAsI ke rUpa meM darzana ko jIvita rakhate hue, usakI paddhati ko bhI usake svAmI ke anurUpa arthAt dharmazAstrIya banA diyA thaa| isa prakAra pANDityavAda ne jisa punarjIvita bauddhika kriyAzIlatA ko svayaM prerita kiyA thA aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/149 jisakA svayaM upayoga bhI kiyA thA, use arastavI darzana aura dharmasaMgha (carca) ke dohare baMdhana meM jakar3a diyA gyaa| jaba sudhAravAda ne pAramparika AptatA (carca kI prAmANikatA) ke pakSa para coTa kI, to usakA dhakkA anivArya rUpa se dUsare para bhI laganA hI thaa| lUthara ke dvArA popa se sambaMdha tor3ane ko bIsa varSa bhI na ho pAe the ki eka naujavAna rAmasane perisa vizvavidyAlaya ke sammukha yaha dhAraNA prastuta kara dI ki arastu ne jo bhI zikSA dI thI vaha galata thii| isake kucha varSoM ke bAda hI kADanisa, Telasiasa, peTrITiasa, kempenalA aura brUno ne Adhunika bhautika vijJAna ke udaya kI udghoSaNA kI aura jagat kI racanA tathA khoja kI samyak vidhi ke sambaMdha meM arastU-virodhI vicAroM ko prastuta kiyaa| yaha pUrva dRSTa hI thA ki aisI hI svataMtratA ke svara nItizAstra meM bhI sunAI deNge| rUr3ha dhAraNAoM ke sAtha saMgharSa ke kAraNa tathA vaiyaktika nirNayoM kI vibhinnatA aura sanmArga ke prati vimukhatA ke kAraNa sudhAravAda ke pazcAt IsAI dharma anekAneka zAkhA prazAkhAoM meM vibhAjita hotA gyaa| (aisI sthiti meM) vastutaH koI bhI ciMtanazIla vyakti svAbhAvika rUpa se eka aisI naitika paddhati kI khoja kA prayAsa karegA, jo pUrI taraha se mAnava jAti kI sAmAnya naitika anubhUtiyoM aura sAmAnya-buddhi para nirbhara ho aura sabhI sampradAyoM ke dvArA sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta hone kA dAvA kara ske| iMglaiNDa meM isa khoja ke pariNAma 17vIM zatAbdI meM aura usake bAda sAmane Ae, jina para hama agale adhyAya meM vicAra kreNge| saMdarbha1. yahAM pavitratA kA mukhya lakSaNa hRdaya kI pavitratA se hai| ise bhI vyApaka artha meM gRhIta kiyA gayA hai| 2. upavAsa apane vyApaka artha meM dhArmika karttavyatA hai| lekina IsAI dharma ke anusAra yahAM vizeSa dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ise IsAI dharma ke anusAra ise kramazaH hI anivArya banAyA gyaa| kyoMki yaha mUlataH eka yahUdI kAnUna thA aura IsAIyata isa sambaMdha meM sajaga thaa| 3. udAharaNArtha jasTina mAsTara kA taratUlIyana sAiyaperina 4. hameM isakA bAda ke kAla meM suriyasa smRti cinha milatA hai, jaba virodhiyoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/150 ne kahA ki use binA hatyA ke daNDa denA caahie| 5. maiM socatA hUM ki vyaktigata sampatti aura dAsatA ke sambaMdha meM prAcIna aura kisI sImA taka madhyayugIna IsAI dharma ke dRSTikoNa ko isI rUpa meM ThIka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| donoM hI manuSya jAti ke sabhI sadasyoM ke maulika adhikAroM kA ullaMghana hai, kyoMki manuSya janmanA svataMtra hai aura bhUmi kI upaja svAbhAvika rUpa se sAmUhika hai aura jaba IsA kA rAjya pRthvI para utaregA, donoM hI samApta ho jaaeNge| yadyapi donoM laukika samAja vyavasthA ke aMga svIkAra kara lie gae haiM, lekina donoM hI prakAra kI asamAnatAoM kI kaThoratA ko gulAmoM aura garIboM ke sAtha bhAIcAre ke vyavahAra ke dvArA kama kiyA jA sakatA hai| 6. pleTo ke isa sAmAnyIkaraNa kA eka mahatvapUrNa apavAda hai, jaisA ki vaha lAja meM na kevala sAmUhika upAsanA ke niyamana kI vyavasthA karatA hai, varan una aprAmANika rIti rivAjoM aura dhAraNAoM ke lie kaThora daMDa kI vyavasthA karatA hai, jo ki (pleTovAdI) paramparAoM ke virodhI thii| 7. yadyapi svayaM IsAiyata ke sAmrAjyavAdI atyAcAra bAhya dRSTi se isake samAna pratIta hote haiM lekina vahAM hamane jo dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai usake anusAra unheM samAna nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki usameM mithyA vizvAsa ko hI mUlabhUta pApa hone kI dhAraNA nahIM thii| 8. prArambhika IsAI dharma meM prAyazcita ke pratyaya kI krUratA ko batAne ke lie itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki eka se adhika lekhaka IsA kI isa prAyazcita vyavasthA kA virodha karate rahe haiN| 9. yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki isa (IsAI) dRSTikoNa aura gaira IsAI darzana ke sadguNa ko sadguNa ke lie mAnane ke prayAsoM ke bIca ke isa virodha ko eka se adhika prArambhika IsAI lekhakoM ne prasannatApUrvaka batAyA hai udAraNArtha-lekTeniksa (300 I.) batAtA hai ki pleTo aura arastU sadguNa ko isa laukika jIvana se sambaMdhita mAnakara, use eka mUrkhatA hI banA diyA hai| jaba ki vaha svayaM kSamya asaMgati ke sAtha yaha kahatA hai ki manuSya kA sarvottama zubha sukha meM nihita nahIM hai, apitu AtmA aura Izvara ke bIca putra sulabha sambaMdha kI cetanA meM hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/151 10. hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki AgasTina svataMtratA kA artha zubha yA azubha saMkalpa karane kI zakti nahIM varan zubha saMkalpa karane kI zakti mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM uccatama svataMtratA meM azubha saMkalpa karane kI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hotI hai| 11. unameM kucha sajAoM (daNDoM) kI carcA karanA sujhAvAtmaka diyA ho sakatA hai atimaujI aura zarAbI hone ke lie tIna se cAlIsa dina taka ke upavAsa kA prAyazcita niyata kiyA gayA hai| kAmavAsanA sambaMdhIpApoM ke lie pazcAtApa kI avadhi dinoM kI apekSA varSoM meM badala jAtI hai aura kucha ati kI sthitiyoM meM jIvana paryaMta taka ho sakatI hai| manuSya kI hatyA ke lie pazcAtApa kI avadhi preraNA aura paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para eka mahIne se dasa varSa taka ho sakatI hai| eka aura sAdhuoM aura pAdariyoM ke lie kaThora tapasyA kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai dUsarI aura pAdarI ko mArane vAle ke lie sajA duganI hotI hai| aMdhavizvAsa ke kRtya jaise jahAM koI AdamI marA vahAM kI Asa jagA denA- kA prAyazcita varSa bhara kI tapasyA ho sakatA hai| (tulanA kIjie?) 14. usane yaha siddha karane kA sAhasa kiyA ki prAcIna dArzanikoM ko triyeka paramezvara ke siddhAMta kA AMzika jJAna hI thaa| 15. usakI san 1121 aura 1140 kI do dharmasabhAoM meM AlocanA kI gii| 16. usakA preDensiyA ko bauddhika sadguNa aura naitika sadguNa donoM meM vargIkRta karane kA aucitya yaha hai ki ye bauddhika aura naitika donoM hI hai| yadyapi yaha arastUvI kI apekSA pANDityavAdI adhika hai| 17. yaha aMtara arastU ke dvArA aneka sthAnoM para mAnya kiyA gayA hai yadyapi yaha vaijJAnika vibhAjana na hokara jana sAdhAraNa kA hI vibhAjana hai| 18. 19. yaha pada 'se nikalA hai isI artha meM jeramI ne isakA prayoga kiyA hai| 20. vaha mAnatA hai ki meM jise vaha kahatA hai usakA bhI artha nihita hai| 21. yaha nAma senTa vikTora ke hyUgo aura usI maTha ke paravartI rahasyavAdI ricarDa donoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai| 22. yaha ' nAmaka graMtha kA hI eka bhAga hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/152 adhyAya-4 Adhunika nItizAstra (mukhyataH iMgliza) hAbsa ke pUrva kA Adhunika nItizAstra ciMtana kI madhyakAlIna vicAradhArA aura Adhunika yuga ke ciMtana kI vicAradhArA kI sadhivelA kI yojaka kar3I ke rUpa meM iMglaiNDa ke jisa mahAn lekhaka se hama paricita haiM, ve haiM phrAMsisa bekn| bekana ne apane graMtha 'eDavAnsamenTa Apha larniMga' meM naitika darzana kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| usameM mukhya rUpa se nyAya-saMgata samAlocanA aura sArthaka sujhAva die gae haiM, jo ki nItizAstra ke pratyeka vidyArthI ke lie paThanIya haiN| bekana ne adhika gaharAI taka jAnA yA una mUla kAraNoM para adhika bala denA lAbhaprada nahIM samajhA aura isake sthAna para svayaM prakRti' ke mArgadarzana ko hI adhika mahatva diyA prakRti ke nirIkSaNa se hI hameM yaha patA calatA hai ki pratyeka vastu meM zubha, kiMtu bekana ko vaijJAnika paddhati ke sudhAra karane ke mahatvapUrNa kArya ke kAraNa nItizAstra ko eka ora rakhanA pdd'aa| unhoMne apane naitika vicAroM ko eka saMgatipUrNa darzana ke rUpa meM prastuta karane kA kabhI bhI aisA koI gambhIra prayatna nahIM kiyA, jo ki apanI paddhati kI dRSTi se eka svataMtra AdhArabhUmi para buddhisaMgata rUpa meM khar3A ho| isa prakAra jisa rUparekhA ke sambaMdha meM maiMne kahA hai, vaha kabhI pUrNa nahIM ho paaii| aisA bhI pratIta nahIM hotA hai ki unakA naitika ciMtana ke paravartI vikAsa ke nirdhAraNa meM koI vAstavika prabhAva par3A ho| Izvara ke dvArA Adezita dharmazAstra ke svataMtra iMgliza nItizAstra kI ciMtanadhArA hAvsa kI una AlocanAoM se prArambha hotI hai, jinheM hAbsa ke vicAroM ke kAraNa vaicArika uttejanA milI thii| hAbsa bekana kI bauddhika saMtAna hai| isa bAta ko pratipAdita karane ke moha kA kisI bhI bhale itihAsavettA ko pratirodha karanA caahie| hamArI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vastutaH hAbsa ke naitika ciMtana kA prArambha biMdu bekana ke ciMtana se bahuta dUra arthAt prakRti ke niyama ke pracalita dRSTikoNa meM khojA jA sakatA hai| isa prAkRtika niyama ke rAjanItika pakSa ke prati hAbsa ke pahale kI saMkaTapUrNa zatAbdI kI navIna paristhitiyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se anapekSita dhyAna diyA gayA thA, kyoMki jaisA hamaneM batAyA hai, bahuta kucha rUpa se

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/153 sudhAravAda ke kAraNa rAjanItika sambaMdhoM ke kSetra meM svataMtra vyAvahArika siddhAMtoM kI AvazyakatA kA adhika tIvratA se anubhava kiyA gayA thaa| 16 vIM zatI meM dhArmika yuddhoM ke kAraNa rAjanItika aura vyAvahArika jIvana ke kSetra ke niyaMtraNa ko nimna do rUpoM meM bahuta hI adhika prabhAvita kiyA prathama tozAsaka ke adhikAra aura zAsita ke kartavyoM sambaMdhI zaMkAoM kI tIvratA aura AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM, jinheM zAsaka aura zAsita ke svIkRta vibhAjana ne aparihArya rUpa se uThAyA thA, dUsare, usa apUrNa kiMtu vAstavika niyAmaka prabhAva kA vinAza, jo ki IsAI dharma kI ekatA ke dvArA pahale pazcimI yUropa para lAgUthA / loka-niyama kI utpanna astavyasta avasthA ke pha lasvarUpa kaitholika aura proTesTanTa-donoM hI samudAyoM ke aneka lekhakoM ne niyAmaka siddhAMtoM ke isa abhAva kI pUrti ke lie prAkRtika niyama ke isa pratyaya ko vikasita kiyA, jise madhyayugIna dArzanikoM ne aMzataH sisaro evaM AgasTina kI paramparA se aura aMzataH romana nyAyazAstra ke AdhAra para punarjIvita kiyA thA, kiMtu thAmasa ekvInAsa ke anusAra yaha pUrI taraha se bauddhika AdhAra para nirmita hai aura prakAzanA arthAt zruti ke AdhAra para nikAle gae niSkarSoM se svataMtra hai| dUsare, paramparAgata dharmazAstrI nItivettAoM ke vicAroM kA vivecana karane meM bhI maiMne apanA dhyAna pUrI taraha se unhIM siddhAMtoM para keMdrita kiyA hai, jo ki unake racayitA kI dRSTi se vizuddha rUpa meM bauddhika AdhAra para khar3e haiN| ekvInAsa ke darzana meM prastuta prAkRtika niyama kA yaha pratyaya prathamataH nyAyazAstra yA rAjanItizAstra se sambaMdhita hai, kiMtu apane sImita artha kI apekSA yaha nItizAstra ko adhika vyApaka artha meM rakhatA hai| prAkRtika niyama kI paribhASA kA artha pArasparika AcaraNa ke ve niyama mAtra nahIM, jinheM pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko samyaktayA bAdhya kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu ve niyama haiM, jinakA pAlana karanA cAhie, jahAM taka ki ve AgamazAstrIya jJAna ke prakAza se bhinna mAnava ke prAkRtika jJAna ke prakAza se jAna sakate haiN| jisa prakAra nItizAstra aura nyAyazAstra ke kSetra meM spaSTa vibhAjaka rekhA kA abhAva hai usI prakAra prAkRtika niyamoM ke nItizAstrIya aura nyAyazAstrIya -donoM kSetroM ke sambaMdha meM bhI spaSTa vibhAjaka rekhA kA abhAva hai| groTIasa ke pUrva ke lekhakoM meM ina donoM ke madhya sAmAnyatayA spaSTa vibhAjana nahIM pAyA jAtA hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/154 groTIasa (1583-1645) yadyapi groTIasa ke yuga nirmANakArI leTina graMtha (1625) meM prAkRtika niyama ke nItizAstrIya aura nyAyazAstrIya kSetroM ke isa vibhAjana ko spaSTa rUpa se dRSTi meM rakhA gayA hai| usameM groTIasa ne yaha batAyA hai ki prAkRtika niyama kA siddhAMta mukhyataH aMtarrAjyIya sambaMdhoM ke lie lAgU hotA hai, phira bhI sAmAnya vivecana se vaha usake vyApaka naitika artha ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai| vaha prAkRtika niyama ko samyak jJAna ke anuzAsana ke rUpa meM paribhASita karatA hai, jo yaha batAtA hai ki koI bhI kArya naitika dRSTi se anucita hai yA naitika dRSTi se Avazyaka (ucita) hai, yaha usa kArya ke mAnava kI bauddhika evaM sAmAjika prakRti ke sAtha anukUla athavA pratikUla hone para nirbhara hotA hai| yaha paribhASA spaSTa rUpa se cAhe naitika karttavya sambaMdhI sabhI niyamoM para lAgU na ho, phira bhI sAmAjika AcaraNa se sambaMdhita naitika kartavyoM ke eka bar3e bhAga para lAgU hotI hai, sAtha hI vaha sAmAjika AcaraNa ke una niyamoM para bhI lAgU hotI hai, jo vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika dAyitva kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM, yadyapi groTIasa vizeSa rUpa se isa paravartI aMza se sambaMdhita hai| groTIasa aura usa yuga ke dUsare lekhakoM ke anusAra kisI bhI avasthA meM prAkRtika niyama, IzvarIya niyama kA hI eka aMza hai jo ki manuSya kI mUlabhUta pravRtti se anivAryatayA nirgamita hote haiN| manuSya pazuoM se isI rUpa meM bhinna hai| usameM apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha zAMti evaM sahayoga se rahane kI vizeSa abhilASA tathA sAmAnya siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para kArya karane kI pravRtti hai| gaNita ke satyoM ke samAna ye prAkRtika niyama Izvara se bhI aparivartanIya hai (yadyapi usake pariNAmoM ko kisI vizeSa avasthA meM IzvarIya AjJA se nirasta kiyA jA sakatA hai)| isa prakAra mAnavIya prakRti ke amUrta ciMtana ke dvArA usakA anubhava nirapekSa bodha hotA hai| yadyapi isakI mAnava samAja ke dvArA sAmAnya svIkRti hone se, isake astitvako anubhavAzrita evaM sApekSa rUpa meM bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai| romana nyAya-vido ke anusAra jinase prAkRtika niyama kA yaha vicAra grahaNa kiyA hai ye niyama vidhAyaka niyama (kAnUna) se alaga hokara vastutaH apanI koI tAttvika sattA nahIM rakhate haiN| prAkRtika niyama ve tathya haiM, jo ina astitvavAna vidhiyoM ke mUla meM aMtanirhita hai aura jinheM una vidhiyoM ke dvArA hI khojA jA sakatA hai| aMtatogatvA yaha apekSA kI jA sakatI hai ki vaha Izvara unase pare

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/155 hogaa| isake sAtha hI vaha Izvara eka Adarza mAnadaNDa prastuta karatA hai, jisake AdhAra para kAnUnoM meM saMzodhana hetu mArgadarzana prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kucha sthaloM para nyAyavidoM kI bhASA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki saMyoga se kucha zabda chor3a die gae the| mujhe yaha bAta saMdehAspada lagatI hai| maiM socatA hUM ki groTIasa ne apane usI adhyAya ke 9 veM bhAga meM jo kucha kahA usake anusAra 10 veM bhAga meM isa pada ko chor3a diyA gayA, jo ki sAmAnyatayA naitika kartavyoM para lAgU hotA hai| yadyapi ina zabdoM ke jor3a dene se paribhASA usake viSaya ke sAmAnya vivecana kI dRSTi se adhika saMgatipUrNa bana jAtI hai, isalie maiMne bhI ina zabdoM ko rahane diyA hai| spaSTatayA yaha bAta yaha abhivyakta karatI hai mAnava itihAsa meM sabhya samAja vyavasthA ke pUrva eka yuga aisA bhI thA jaba manuSya prAkRtika niyamoM se pUrNatayA zAsita hotA thaa| sinekA ke mAdhyama se hameM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sToika posIhoniasa ne isa yuga kA paurANika svarNayuga se tAdAtmya kiyA thaa| isa prakAra gaira IsAI srotoM se lie gae ye vicAra jenesisa ke AkhyAnoM se saMkalita vicAroM ke sAtha madhyayugIna vicArakoM ke mastiSkIya ciMtana se ghula mila gae / isa prakAra rAjanItika dRSTi se na sahI, kiMtu sAmAjika dRSTi se prAkRtika rAjya kI aba dhAraNA kI sthApanA evaM pracalana ho gayA, jisameM vyakti yA ekala parivAra mAtra una prAkRtika niyamoM ke sahAre hI sAtha-sAtha rahane lage, jo sabake samAna adhikAra kI pRthvI kI vastuoM para apane-apane upayoga se pArasparika hastakSepa evaM hAniyoM se roka sake jo saMtAna para mAtA-pitA ke prati, patnI kI svAmIbhakti ke dAyitva ko evaM svecchA se kie saMvidAoM ke pAlana ko sambhava banA ske| groTIasa ne aMtarrASTrIya kartavya evaM adhikAroM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie upAdeya prAkRtika niyama ke siddhAMtoM ke upayoga se isa vicAra ko grahaNa kiyA aura use atirikta zakti evaM Thosapana pradAna kiyA kyoMki nigama ikAiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRta svataMtra (niyama) abhI bhI rASTra kI prAkRtika avasthA kI dRSTi se eka dUsare para spaSTatayA nirbhara the| yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki Adima yuga ke svataMtra manuSyoM ke vyavahAra meM vartamAna rASTroM kI apekSA prAkRtika adhikAroM kA siddhAMta pUrI taraha caritArtha ho cukA thaa| vastutaH groTIasa sabase adhika prAthamika adhikAroM ke ullaMghana se utpanna hone vAle vyaktigata yuddhoM kA prAkRtika adhikAra ke dRSTikoNa se vizeSa rUpa se sambaMdhita hai| samyak jJAna ke anuzAsana ke rUpa meM pUrva meM uddhRta prAkRtika niyama kI paribhASA evaM usake pAlana kI sAmAnya pravRtti ko bhI apane meM samAhita karatI hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 156 ki saMvidAoM ke sAmAnya anupAlana ko svIkRta kara lenA groTIasa ke lie vizeSa rUpa se Avazyaka thA, kyoMki abhivyakta athavA mauna saMvidA ke dvArA kevala sampatti ke upayoga meM hastakSepa nahIM karane ke adhikAra se bhinna sampatti ke ( svAmItva ke) adhikAra kI dhAraNA ko usane mAnya kara liyA thaa| isI prakAra eka mUlabhUta saMvidA vaidha prabhusattA ke sAmAnya srota ke rUpa meM bahuta pahale hI sAmAnyatayA mAnya kara liyA gayA thaa| jaisA ki hamaneM kahA, uparokta vicAra groTIasa ke lie koI ajanabI nahIM the| usa samaya unakI pustaka kI tAtkAlika evaM mahatvapUrNa saphalatA ke kAraNa prAkRtika adhikAra kA yaha dRSTikoNa pramukha bana gayA thA aura ina praznoM para dhyAna keMdrita kiyA jAne lagA thA ki ina niyamoM ko pAlana karane ke lie manuSya kA aMtima tarka kyA hai ? usakI bauddhika evaM sAmAjika pravRtti se karttA taka isa anubaMdha kI saMgati hai ? kisa sImA taka aura kisa artha meM usakI prakRti vastutaH sAmAjika hai? hAsa (1588 se 1679 ) ina maulika praznoM kA hAvsa ne jo uttara diyA, vahI iMglaiNDa meM svataMtra naitika darzana kA prArambha biMdu bana gyaa| prathamataH, hAbsa kA manovijJAna spaSTa rUpa se bhautikavAdI hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki manuSya kI saMvedanAeM evaM kalpanAeM, usake vicAra evaM saMvega usake zarIra ke AMtarika aMgoM meM hone vAlI gati kI mAtra pratItiyAM (abhivyakti) haiN| tadanusAra hAvsa sukha ko naitika kriyAoM kI Avazyaka sahAyaka gati ke rUpa meM aura duHkha ko bAdhaka gati ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai / icchA kA viSaya sadaiva hI sukha ke rUpa meM yA duHkha kI anupasthiti ke rUpa meM hotA hai| isa siddhAMta kA uparokta manovaijJAnika dhAraNA se koI tArkika sambaMdha nahIM hai, kiMtu eka bhautikavAdI, eka manovaijJAnika-paddhati kA nirmANa karate samaya zArIrika AvazyakatAoM se utpanna hone vAle una kriyAzIla AvegoM ke prati vizeSa dhyAna denA svAbhAvika hI hai, ve Avega, jinakA spaSTa uddezya karttA ke avayavoM kA saMrakSaNa hai| saralIkaraNa kI dArzanika AkAMkSA ke sAtha yaha dRSTikoNa use isa niSkarSa kI ora le gayA ki sabhI mAnavIya preraNAeM samAna rUpa se svahita se sambaMdhita haiN| kisI bhI kImata para naitika manovijJAna meM hAbsa kA yaha mukhya siddhAMta hai ki pratyeka vyakti kI kSudhAeM evaM icchAeM yA to usake jIvana ke saMrakSaNa kI ora unmukha hotI haiM athavA jise vaha sukhada mAnatA hai',

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/157 usakI vRddhi kI ora nirdezita hotI hai, yahAM taka ki dveSa yA ghRNA bhI duHkha kI vimukhatA se isI prakAra saMcAlita hotI hai| hAvsa aicchika sukha kI khoja aura mUla pravRtyAtmaka sukha kI khoja meM koI aMtara nahIM karatA hai aura vaha bAhara se niHsvArtha pratIta hone vAle saMvegoM ko nizcita rUpa se svahita (svArtha) kA hI eka prakAra batAtA hai| dayA ko vaha dUsaroM ke saMkaToM ke lie hone vAlA aisA duHkha mAnatA hai, jo ki apane para Ane vAle aise hI saMkaTa kI kalpanA ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai| jisa nissapahatA ko hama acchI mAnate haiM aura prazaMsA karate haiM, vaha vastutaH sukha kA abhivacana hai| jaba manuSya vartamAna ke sukha ko tatkAla prApta nahIM karate haiM, to ve usakI bhAvI sukha ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM icchA karate haiM aura isa prakAra usa (bhAvI sukha dene vAlI) zakti kI kriyAnvita se kI gaI isa niSpatti meM sukha kA bodha karate haiM, jo ki una kAryoM ko protsAhita karatI hai, tathA samagra samAja racanA yA to lAbha ke lie hai yA pratiSThA ke lie| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki manuSyoM ko pArasparika sahayoga kI apekSA hai baccoM ko apane jIvana ke lie dUsare kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai aura vRddhoM ko bhI ThIka.prakAra se jIvana jIne ke lie aisI hI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kiMtu jahAM taka isa AvazyakatA kA sambaMdha hai yaha samAja-racanA kI apekSA eka anuzAsana hai, jise samasta bhayoM se trANa pAne ke lie eka manuSya avazya hI svIkAra kregaa| pArasparika bhaya se alaga haTakara manuSya meM apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha rAjanItika saMgaThana meM saMgaThita hone kI aura usase pratiphalita hone vAlI niSedhAjJAoM evaM vidhAyaka dAyitvoM meM svIkAra karane kI koI svAbhAvika pravRtti nahIM hai| yadi kisI ko manuSya kI svAbhAvika asAmAjikatA ke prati saMdeha ho, to hAvsa use yaha vicAra karane ko vivaza karatA hai ki usake aura usake sAthiyoM ke nimna kArya kyA batAte haiM? jaba vaha koI yAtrA karatA hai, to apane ko hathiyAroM se sajjita karatA hai, jaba sotA hai, to daravAje baMda karatA hai, apane svayaM ke ghara meM bhI apanI saMdUkoM, tijoriyoM para tAle lagAtA hai aura yaha bhI, jaba ki vaha jAnatA hai ki use pahuMcAI jAne vAlI pratyeka kSati kA badalA lene ke lie kAnUna evaM zAsana ke sazastra adhikArIgaNa haiN| taba apane sAmAjika svabhAva ke kAraNa anya prANiyoM ke sAtha rahane vAle isa svArthI evaM svAbhAvika rUpa se svahita kI apekSA rakhane vAle isa prANI ke lie AcaraNa kA buddhisaMgata rUpa kyA hai aura vaha AcaraNa kaunasA hai, jise use aMgIkRta kara lenA cAhie? prathamataH, cUMki manuSya ke sabhI aicchika kArya usake AtmarakSaNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/158 yA sukha ke bhAva se pravRtta hote haiM, icchA ke eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya kI ora satat pragati meM haiM, (sukha ke atirikta) kisI anya vastu kI kAmanA karanA buddhisaMgata nahIM hogaa| vastutaH, buddhi kI apekSA prakRti hI mAnavIya kAryoM kA sAdhya nizcita karatI hai| prakRti ke dvArA nizcita sAdhya ke lie sAdhana prastuta karanA hI buddhi kA kArya hai, isalie yadi hama yaha pUche ki kisI vyakti ke lie una sAmAnyatayA naitika kahe jAne vAle sAmAjika vyavahAra ke niyama kA pAlana karanA kyoM buddhisaMgata hai? isa prazna kA spaSTa uttara yaha hai ki ina niyamoM kA pAlana karanA vyakti ke svayaM ke AtmarakSaNa yA sukha ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM parokSatayA buddhi saMgata hai| yadyapi kevala isa prAcIna sireneksavAdI yA ipIkyUrIyanavAdI uttara meM hAvsavAda kI vizeSatA nahIM hai, apitu usakI vizeSatA isa siddhAMta meM hai, ki sarvAdhika maulika naitika niyamoM kI aparokSa buddhiyuktatA pUrI taraha unake usa sAmAnya nirIkSaNa para AdhArita hai, jise zAsana kI madhyavartitA ke binA nahIM pAyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha yadi mujhe yaha sAdhAra saMdeha ho ki dUsarA pakSa bAda meM saMvidA kA pAlana nahIM karegA, to mere dvArA usa saMvidA ke apane bhAga kA pahale pAlana karanA, mere lie buddhi saMgata nahIM hogaa| isa AdhArabhUta tarka saMprApta saMdeha kA nirAkaraNa kevala samAja kI usa avasthA meM hI pUrI taraha ho sakatA hai, jisameM vaha una niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM karane ke lie daNDita kiyA jAtA ho| isa prakAra sAmAjika vyavahAra ke sAmAnya niyama kevala sApekSika rUpa meM hI baMdhanakAraka hai| unakA kriyAnvayana eka aisI sAmAnya zakti ke nirmANa se hotA hai jo sAmAnya hita kI ora pravRtta niyamoM ko sabhI ke dvArA pAlana karavAne ke lie sabake sAdhanoM aura zakti kA upayoga kara ske| dUsarI ora naitika niyamoM ke sarvocca mahatva ko banAe rakhane ke lie hAvsa kisI ko jhukAnA nahIM cAhatA hai| nyAya sambaMdhI niyama, prasaMvidAoM kA pAlana, sabhI manuSya ko samAna samajhanA, hita karane vAle ko usakA pratiphala (puraskAra), sAmAjikatA, jahAM taka surakSA ko AghAta na pahuMce, vahAM taka aparAdha karane vAloM ke lie kSamA, ghamaNDa, ahaMkAra, avajJA (niMdA) ko rokane vAle niyamoM aura dUsare gauNa niyamoM ko hama eka sarala siddhAMta meM samAhita kara sakate haiN| vaha siddhAMta hai ki dUsare ke prati vaha mata karoM jise tuma apane lie nahIM cAhate ho| isa siddhAMta ko hI vaha prakRti kA aparivartanIya evaM zAzvata niyama batAtA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki yadyapi manuSya kAryoM ke kriyAnvayana ke lie nirapekSa rUpa se bAdhya to nahIM hai, tathApi eka buddhimAna prANI ke rUpa meM unakI siddhi kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/159 icchA yA uddezya rakhane ko bAdhya hai, kyoMki ye niyama zAMti kI prApti ke sAdhana hoMge aura jahAM taka manuSya apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha vibhinna sambaMdhoM se sambaMdhita hai| prakRti kA prAthamika evaM maulika niyama zAMti kI prApti karanA hai aura usako banAe rakhanA hai| kiMtu yadi zAMti kI sthApanA nahIM ho pAtI hai, to vaha buddhisaMgata yuddha kA varaNa kara sakatA hai, vaha yuddha kI sahAyatAle sakatA hai evaM usake lAbhoM kA upayoga kara sakatA haiN| yaha bAta AtmarakSaNa ke prAkRtika sAdhya ke viparIta hogI ki (1) dUsare ke hitArtha ekataraphA naitika niyamoM ke pAlana ke lie vyakti apane ko samarpita kara de aura svayaM dUsaroM kA zikAra bana jAe athavA (2) jabaki isa bAta kI pUrNa surakSA hai ki unakA pAlana dUsaroM ke dvArA kiyA jAegA vaha una niyamoM kA pAlana karane se iMkAra kara de aura isa prakAra zAMti ke sthAna para yuddha kA rAstA cune| vaha prAkRtika avasthA, jisameM zAsana (rAjya saMsthA) kI sthApanA ke pUrva manuSya rahatA thA aura rAjya ke samApta ho jAne para, jisameM manuSya ko rahanA par3egA, vastutaH naitika maryAdAoM se svataMtra avasthA hogI, kiMtu isalie vaha pUrI taraha duHkhoM se paripUrNa avasthA bhI hogI, yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM pArasparika sAdhAra bhaya ke kAraNa pratyeka vyakti kisI vastu para AdhArita rahegA, yahAM taka ki dUsaroM ke zarIra para bhI, kyoMki vaha bhI usake AtmarakSaNa meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai, yA jaisA ki hAvsa kahatA hai yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM ucita-anucita athavA nyAya-anyAya kI koI sthiti nahIM hotI hai, isalie yaha avasthA yuddha kI avasthA hotI hai jisameM pratyeka hAtha apane par3osI ke prati uThA hotA hai| buddhisaMgata Atmaprema kA prathama Adeza yaha hai ki itanI duHkhada evaM saMkaTapUrNa avasthA se nikalakara eka vyavasthAyukta rASTramaNDala kI zAMti meM praveza kreN| aise rASTramaNDala kA avirbhAva yA to prajAjanoM ke eka-dUsare ke prati kie gae isa saMvide ke dvArA hotA hai ki ve kisI vyakti yA nizcita ikAI ke rUpa meM kArya karane vAlI sabhA ko sArvabhauma sattA (prabhusattA) mAnakara usakI AjJAoM kA pAlana kareMge, athavA zakti ke dvArA prApta sattA se hotA hai, jisameM vyakti vijetA ke nirNaya ke prati samarpita ho jAtA hai, kiMtu donoM hI sthitiyoM meM pramukhatA kA adhikAra asIma aura apraznita honA caahie| prabhusattA svayaM bhI janatA ke zubha (kalyANa) ko prApta karane ke prAkRtika niyama se baMdhI hotI hai, jo ki usake svayaM ke hita se alaga nahIM hai, kiMtu vaha apane kartavyapAlana ke lie mAtra Izvara ke prati uttaradAyI hotI hai| usake Adeza prajAjanoM ke bAharI AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya ke aMtima

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 160 pramANaka hai aura pratyeka ke lie nirapekSa rUpa se pAlanIya hai, jaba taka vyakti usake saMrakSaNa kA lAbha uThAtA hai, use koI bhI kisI bhI bar3e nukasAna kI dhamakI nahIM de sakatA hai, kyoMki usake AdezoM ke prati uMgalI uThAnA usa arAjakatA kI ora prathama kadama hogA, jo ki vidhi nirmANa evaM prazAsana meM sabhI vizeSa kamajoriyoM ko paidA kara mahAna saMkaTa kA nirmANa kara degii| aba yaha samajhanA sarala hogA ki san 1640 I. kI saMkaTakAlIna avasthA meM jaba hAvsa kA nItiparaka rAjanItika darzana likhita rUpa meM sAmane AyA, saMgharSarata sampradAyoM ke kolAhala se ubA huA eka zAMtipriya dArzanika usa vaiyaktika aMtarAtmA ke dAvoM ko kaise svIkAra kara sakegA, ki mUlataH arAjaka hai aura sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie sabase adhika saMkaTapUrNa cunautI yadyapi vyavasthA ke prati manuSya kI icchA kitanI hI tIvra kyoM na ho, kiMtu (sAmAjika zAMti hetu) sAmAjika kartavyoM kA vaha dRSTikoNa, jisameM sabhI ora svArthavAditA ho aura asIma sattA, yahI to eka ghAtaka' virodhAbhAsa hI pratIta hotA hai, cAhe vaha aisA na ho yaha ghAtaka virodhAbhAsa ho yA nahIM ho tathApi hAbsavAda meM eka maulikatA, eka bala aura eka AbhAsI saMgati to hai, jo use nizcita rUpa se prabhAvazAlI banAtI hai| vastutaH do pIr3hiyoM taka dArzanika AdhAra para naitikatA ke nirmANa ke lie kie gae prayatna kisI na kisI rUpa meM hAbsa ke siddhAMta ke pratiuttara hI the| eka naitika dRSTikoNa se hAvsavAda apane ko svAbhAvika rUpa se do bhAgoM meM bAMTatA hai| ye donoM vibhAga kevala hAbsa ke vizeSa rAjanItika siddhAMtoM meM hI eka saMgatiyukta pUrNa ke rUpa meM hI jur3ate haiM, kiMtu dUsare rUpoM meM anivAryatayA eka-dUsare se sambaMdhita nahIM hai| eka ora usakI dhAraNA kA saiddhAMtika AdhAra svArthavAda hai, udAharaNArtha vaha kahatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti ke lie yahI svAbhAvika aura tarkasaMgata hai ki use pUrNarUpeNa apane svayaM ke saMrakSaNa yA sukha ke lie prayatna karanA cAhie, jabaki dUsarI ora kartavyoM kA taphasIla se vyAvahArika rUpa meM nirdhAraNa karate samaya usakA siddhAMta sAmAjika naitikatA ko pUrI taraha se samAja saMsthA para aura vidhAyaka niyamoM para nirbhara banAtA hai| isa prakAra vaha zubha aura azubha kI sApekSatA ko do arthoM meM svIkAra karatA hai| kisI bhI nAgarika ke lie eka dRSTikoNa se zubha aura azubha ko kramazaH usakI icchA athavA ghRNA ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai, kiMtu dUsare dRSTikoNa se ve vyakti ke lie usake saMprabhu zAsaka ke dvArA nirdhArita hote haiN| hAbsa ke siddhAMta kA yaha dUsarA pakSa hI usake AlocakoM kI prathama pIr3hI kI AlocanA kA -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/161 prAthamika viSaya bnaa| yaha hAbsa kI AlocanA athavA paramparAgata siddhAMtoM kI punaH prati-sthApanA kembrija ke nItivettAoM aura kambaraleNDa ke dvArA kramazaH bhinna-bhinna paddhatiyoM se kI gii| eka, kembrija nItivettAoM ke lie naitikatA prathamataH kevala niyama-saMhitA kI apekSA ucita aura anucita evaM zubha aura azubha ke jJAna kA eka aMgathI, jo ki kisI vidhAyaka saMkalpa se svataMtra apane nirapekSasvarUpa aura aMtarAtmA kI nizcitatA para bala detI hai, dUsarI ora, kambaraleNDa naitikatA ke vidhika dRSTikoNa se sahamata haiN| ve prAkRtika niyamoM ko buddhi para AdhArita sabake sAmAnya zubha ke ekamAtra sarvocca siddhAMta para AdhArita karate haiM evaM isI rUpa meM unakI pramANikatA sthApita karate haiN| isa prakAra sAmAnya zubha ke siddhAMta para AdhArita mAnakara bhI unheM IzvarIya aMkuza ke dvArA pUrNatayA samarthita dikhAne kA sAhasa karate haiN| kembrija ke nItivettAgaNa kaDavartha (san 1617 se 1688) kaDavartha nItizAstra ke eka aise pramukha vicAraka haiM, jo satrahavIM zatAbdI ke kembrija ke vicArakoM ke usa choTe samUha kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jise kembrija pleTovAdI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| yaha samUha navapleTovAda ke mAdhyama se jAne gae pleTovAdI siddhAMtoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, kiMtu isake sAtha hI DekArtha ke una nae vicAroM se prabhAvita hai, jinameM bauddhika dharmazAstra ko dhArmika-darzana se milAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| kaDavartha kA prasiddha graMtha zAzvata evaM aparivartanIya naitikatA hai| jo ki usakI mRtyu ke (1688) cAlIsa varSa bAda bhI prakAzita nahIM ho sakA thaa| isa graMtha meM usakA mukhya uddezya IzvarIya yA mAnavIya svecchika saMkalpa se svataMtra zubha aura azubha ke zAzvata evaM anivArya aMtara ko banAe rakhanA thaa| isa dhAraNA ko vaha na kevala hAvsa ke usa siddhAMta ke virodha meM mAnya karatA hai jisake anusAra zubha aura azubha kA nirdhAraNa zAsana ke dvArA hotA hai| ise vaha skATasa, okama aura dUsare paravartI dharmazAstriyoM ke bhI virodha meM svIkAra karatA hai, jo ki yaha mAnate the ki samagra naitikatA kevala Izvara ke saMkalpa yA vidhAyaka Adeza para nirbhara hai| kaDavartha ke anusAra zubha aura azubha ke vibheda kI eka vastugata sattA hai, jise dik yA saMkhyA ke sambaMdhoM ke samAna hI buddhi ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai| nissaMdeha mAnavIya mastiSka meM usakA jJAna Izvara ke dvArA AtA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/162 hai| kiMtu yaha mAtra Izvara ke saMkalpa ke rUpa meM nahIM varan usa IzvarIya prajJA se hotA hai jisake prakAza kA manuSya bhI apUrNa rUpa se bhAgIdAra hai| gaNitIya satyoM ke samAna naitika satya bhI mUla rUpa se aura samyak rUpa se iMdriyagamya tathyoM se sambaMdhita nahIM haiM, kiMtu ve vastuoM ke sAmAnya evaM buddhigamya svarUpa se sambaMdhita haiM, jo ki manasa ke samAna hI zAzvata haiM aura unakA astitva bhI manas se aviyojya hai, isIlie naitika tarkavAkya buddhimAn prANiyoM ke AcaraNa ke nirdezaka (siddhAMta) ke rUpa meM utane hI aparivartanIya evaM prAmANika haiM, jitane ki jyAmitI ke satya jisa rUpa meM hAbsa apane sApekSavAda ke bAvajUda bhI prakRti ke niyamoM ko zAzvata evaM aparivartanIya mAnatA hai, usa rUpa meM kaDavartha unheM zAzvata evaM aparivartanIya nahIM mAnatA hai| kaDavartha kA hAvsavAda kA virodha bhI hameM sAmAnyatayA prabhAvakArI yA asarakAraka pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vaha hAvsasAda, jise vaha novana TikyU philAsaphI ke artha meM kevala proTogorasa ke aNuvAda evaM sApekSavAda ke punarjIvita ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai, usakA mukhya khaNDanAtmaka tarka prativAdI ke nijI siddhAMtoM para AdhArita hai, jisake dvArA vaha yaha batAne kI koziza karatA hai ki hAvsa kA aNuvAdI bhautikavAda eka vastugata bhautika vizva ke pratyaya ko prastuta karatA hai| vaha aise niSkriya bodha kA viSaya nahIM hai, jo ki vyakti vyakti meM bhinna ho kiMtu vaha kriyAzIla buddhi kA viSaya hai, jo ki sabhI meM samAna hai| isI AdhAra para vaha yaha tarka karatA hai ki usI buddhi ko nIti ke kSetra meM kArya karane se rokanA svayaM tArkika dRSTi se asaMgata hai aura ucita evaM anucita kI bhI eka vastutaHgata duniyA hai, jise manas apanI sAmAnya kriyAoM ke dvArA jAnatA hai| mUra (1614 se 1687) ___ kaDavartha kI pUrvokta pustaka meM una naitika siddhAMtoM kI vyavasthita vyAkhyA nahIM milatI hai, jinakA bodha usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra aMtarAtmA ke dvArA hotA hai| kiMtu isa kamI kI pUrti usI vicAradhArA ke eka anya vicAraka henarI mUra kI nItizAstra sambaMdhI pustaka ke dvArA hotI jAtI hai| vaha una teIsa sadguNoM (zubhoM) kI sUcI detA hai, jinakI satyatA tatkAla hI spaSTa ho jAtI hai| unameM se kucha svahitavAdI dRSTikoNa samarthaka hai, aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka ne bhI unheM aisA hI samajhA hai| udAharaNArtha zubhoM meM guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha avadhi kA aMtara hotA hai| sarvottama zubha aura kama se kama burAI ko hamezA prAthamikatA dI jAnI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/163 caahie| yadi zubha kI anupasthiti mAtrA azubha kI upasthiti mAtrA ke barAbara hai, to zubha kI anupasthiti hI vareNya hai| yadi ve samAna rUpa se nizcita haiM aura karIbakarIba utane hI adhika saMbhAvya hai, to bhAvI zubha athavA azubha ko bhI utanA hI mahatva denA cAhie, jitanA ki vartamAna zubha yA azubha ko| ina mAnyatAoM kA AdhAra kucha bhI rahA ho, itanA spaSTa hai ki hAbsavAda aura Adhunika pleTovAda ke bIca kA gaharA virodha aise siddhAMtoM se sambaMdhita nahIM hai, kiMtu una bAtoM se sambaMdhita hai, jo vyakti ke dvArA usake sAthiyoM ke lie (vAstavika yA pratItyAtmaka) tyAga kI apekSA karatI hai| IsAI dharmagraMtha kI zikSAeM haiM ki jaisA tuma dUsaroM se cAhate ho, vaisA hI vyavahAra unake prati bhI karo yA pratyeka vyakti ko jo bhI usakA adhikAra hai, use do aura binA kisI bAdhA ke use upabhoga karane do| yaha nyAya kA siddhAMta hai aura mUra vizeSa rUpa se vaha paropakAra kA sAmAnya sUtra prastuta karate hue kahatA hai ki yadi yaha zubha hai ki eka vyakti ko samyak prakAra se jIvana jIne aura sukhI rahane ke sAdhana die jAeM to do vyaktiyoM ko aise sAdhana denA gaNita kA dviguNita zubha hogA aura isI prakAra Age bhI ki samAja ke thor3e logoM kI apekSA adhika logoM ko lAbha pahuMcAnA, yaha sAmAnya hita ke lie hai, yadyapi mAtra aise sUtra ke prastutikaraNa se hAbsa ke dvArA uThAI gaI samasyA kA pUrI taraha se nirAkaraNa nahIM ho pAtA hai| yaha mAnyatA vastutaH bahuta kucha rUpa meM eka sAmAnya prakathana hai| prazna abhI bhI zeSa rahatA hai ki eka vyakti ko isa athavA anya kisI sAmAjika siddhAMta ko mAna lene ke lie kauna-sI preraNA kArya karatI hai, jabaki aisA siddhAMta usakI svAbhAvika icchAoM aura vyaktigata ruci ke virodha meM hai| kaDavartha spaSTa rUpa se isa prazna kA koI uttara nahIM detA hai aura mUra kA uttara bhI adhika spaSTa nahIM hai| eka ora vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki yaha siddhAMta eka nirapekSa zubha ko abhivyakta karatA hai| ise bauddhika kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isakA sAratattva evaM isakI satyatA ko buddhi ke dvArA hI jAnA jAtA hai evaM paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai| isase hama yaha anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki nirNaya karane vAlI yaha buddhi svayaM hI saMkalpa kA samucita rUpa se evaM pUrI taraha nirdhAraNa karatI hai| buddhimAna prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya ko isI nirapekSa zubha ko svataHsAdhya mAnakara hI isakI siddhi yA prApti kA uddezya rakhanA caahie| yahI niSkarSa mUra kI sadguNa kI paribhASA meM bhI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| mUra ke anusAra, sadguNa AtmA kI vaha bauddhika zakti hai, jisake dvArA AtmA apane pAzavika AvegoM aura daihika vAsanAoM para pUrNa niyaMtraNa karatI hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/164 buddhi kI pratyeka kriyA meM AtmA saralatApUrvaka use prApta kara sakatI hai, jo ki sarala evaM nirapekSa rUpa meM sarvottama hai| yaha dRSTikoNa vastutaH mUra kA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| usakI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki yadyapi nirapekSa zubha prajJA ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu usakI madhuratA aura suvAsa ko prajJA nahIM jAna sakatI hai, apitu use usake dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai, jise hama antardRSTi kahate haiM aura isI madhuratA aura suvAsa meM sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa kA preraka nihita hai| nItizAstra samyak prakAra se evaM AnaMda se jIne kI kalA hai| saccA AnaMda usa sukha meM nihita hai, jise AtmA sadguNoM ke bodha ke dvArA prApta karatA hai| saMkSepa meM, mUra kA pleTovAda naitika kriyAoM ke carama preraka kI dhAraNA meM vastutaH hAbsa ke samAna hI sukhavAdI pratIta hotA hai| kevala aMtima preraka ke rUpa meM jisa bhAvanA ko yaha apIla karatA hai, usa bhAvanA kA apekSita nirNAyaka kSamatA ke sAtha viziSTa naitika vizuddhatA se yukta mana hI Adatana anubhava kara sakatA hai| naitikatA prakRti ke niyama ke rUpa meM yadyapi yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki mUra ne apane hI samAna apane par3osI ke kalyANa ke nirapekSa siddhAMta ko IsAI dharma meM darzita pUrNa vyApakatA ke sAtha upasthita kiyA hai aura paropakAritA kI vRtti ke uccatama svarUpa ko hI apane par3osI ke prati evaM Izvara ke prati prema mAnA hai, kiMtu jaba vaha sadguNoM kA vargIkaraNa evaM vivecanA karatA hai to vaha paropakAra ko udAratA ke paramparAgata rUpa ke sivAya svataMtra sthAna nahIM de pAtA hai| isa sambaMdha meM vaha pleTo aura arastU ke prabhAva se bahuta adhika prabhAvita hai| isa sambaMdha meM usakA ciMtana kambaralaiNDa kA spaSTa virodhI pratIta hotA hai| kambaralaiNDa (1632-1718) kambaralaiNDa kA nIti sambaMdhI graMtha (1672) bhI yadyapi mUra ke samAna hI leTina meM hI likhA gayA hai, phira bhI usake naitika vicAra pUrNatayA Adhunika hai| kambaralaiNDa eka kuzAgrabuddhi ke maulika ciMtaka haiN| unhoMne kisI prakhyAta nItivettA kI apekSA bhI adhika vicAra-sAmagrI prastuta kI hai, phira bhI unakI zAstrIya zailI, asaMgatatA evaM vistRtatA tathA zAstrIya-bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha tathyapUrNa vivecanA kI vistRta vyAkhyA zailI ke bAvajUda bhI spaSTatA kI kamI ke kAraNa unake graMtha lokapriya na ho paae| ___ sabakA sAmAnya zubha hI vaha paramasAdhya evaM naitika pramApaka hai, jisake AdhAra para anya samasta naitika niyama aura sadguNoM kA nirdhAraNa honA caahie| isa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/165 siddhAMta ko prAthamikatA dene vAloM meM kambaralaiNDa mukhya hai, isalie unheM paravartI upayogitAvAda kA agradUta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| unakA mukhya siddhAMta evaM prakRti kA sarvocca niyama, jisameM ki dUsare sabhI prAkRtika niyama aMtarnihita haiM, yaha hai ki pratyeka buddhimAna vyakti ke lie zeSa sabhI logoM ke prati sarvAcika sambhAvya paropakAra' apanI zakti ke anusAra sabhI logoM kI aura pratyeka vyakti kI AnaMda kI avasthA ko nirmita karanA hai, jo ki usake AnaMda ke lie anivArya rUpa se apekSita hai| isa prakAra, sAmAnya zubhasaMkalpahI sarvocca niyama hote, yadyapi yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ke zubha meM sAdhAraNa rUpa se kevala AnaMda hI aMtarnihita nahIM hai, varan pUrNatA bhI aMtarnihita hai| kambaralaiNDa ne pUrNatA ko itanI kaThoratA se paribhASita nahIM kiyA hai ki naitika pUrNatA kA vicAra usase bahirgata ho| isa prakAra vaha naitikatA kI vyAkhyA ko eka spaSTa tArkika cakra meM bacAtA hai, kiMtu vizeSa naitika niyamoM ke sUkSmatA-pUrvaka nigamana ke lie aisI apUrNa rUpa se nizcita kI gaI dhAraNA kA upayoga muzkila se kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, kambaralaiNDa aisA prayAsa bhI nahIM karatA hai| usakA mukhya siddhAMta sAmAnya naitikatA ko saMzodhita karane ke lie nahIM hai, apitu use samarthana dene evaM vyavasthita karane ke lie hai| jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai, nizcita hI yaha siddhAMta naitikatA ko eka niyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai aura isalie isa niyama ke nirmAtA Izvara kI ora saMketa karatA hai, sAtha hI isa niyama ke pAlana karane athavA isakA ullaMghana karane para kartA ke sukha ko prabhAvita karane kI bAdhyatA se yukta hai| kambaralaiNDa aneka AgamanAtmaka pramANoM kI samIkSA ke uparAMta manuSya kI zArIrika evaM mAnasika saMracanA meM abhivyakta sAmAjikatA ke dvArA yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa karatA hai ki isa niyama ke dvArA IzvarIya saMkalpa prakaTa hotA hai, yadyapi manuSya itanA bhAgyazAlI nahIM hai ki vaha ise janmanA pratyaya ke rUpa meM dhAraNa karatA hai| punaH, usakI naitika bAdhyatA (naitika aMkuza) kI vivecanA, jisameM ki sadguNa ke AMtarika evaM bAhya puraskAra tathA durguNa ke AMtarika evaM bAhya daNDa kA vicAra nihita hai, pUrNatayA bodhagamya haiN| paravartI upayogitAvAdiyoM ke samAna hI vaha bhI yaha batAtA hai ki naitika dAyitva prAthamika rUpa meM ina naitika bAdhyatAoM ke dvArA saMkalpa para DAle gae dabAva meM nihita rahatA hai| yadyapi vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki yaha svArthavAdI preraka aparihArya hai aura sAmAnyatayA eka sadAcArI manuSya ke dvArA naitikatA ke pAlana karane kI prArambhika avasthAoM meM karma kA sAmAnya cAlaka hotA hai tathA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 166 buddhimAna prANI isase Upara uThakara IzvarIya prema ke ucca preraka kI ora abhimukha hote haiM, usakA sammAna karate haiM aura sAmAnya sukha ke lie niSkAma bhAva se pravRtti karate haiN| kiMtu usake bhinna-bhinna kathanoM ke prati, jaise vaiyaktika zubha aura sAmAnya zubha ke bIca meM sambaMdha ke prati aura isa paddhati ke prati spaSTa aura saMgatipUrNa dRSTikoNa rakha pAnA kaThina hai, jisake anusAra donoM yA unameM se koI eka saMkalpa kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| lAka (1632-1704 ) jisa spaSTatA ko hamaneM kambaralaiNDa meM vyartha hI DhUMDhane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, vaha spaSTatA prasiddha lekhaka lAka meM apanI pUrNa vyApakatA ke sAtha pAI jAtI hai| lAka kI nIti sambaMdhI pustaka kI rUparekhA kambaralaiNDa graMtha ke prakAzita hone ke samaya taiyAra ho cukI thI, yadyapi lAka ke naitika vicAroM ko adhikAMzatayA galata rUpa meM samajhA gayA hai| Adhunika naitika vivecanAoM meM sAmAnyatayA pAI jAne vAlI janmajAta pratyayoM aura aMtaH prajJA ke bIca kI bhrAMti ke kAraNa yaha mAna liyA gayA ki AMgla anubhavavAda ke pravarttaka anivAryatayA aMtaHprajJAvAdI nItizAstra ke virodhI rahe haiM, kiMtu jahAM taka ki naitika niyamoM ke nirdhAraNa kA prazna hai, yaha pUrNatayA galata dhAraNA hai| yadyapi yaha nissaMdeha satya hai ki lAka isa dRSTikoNa ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jo yaha mAnatA ho ki kucha niyamoM ke naitika AbaMdhoM (dAyitvoM) kA bodha kevala buddhi ke dvArA ho jAtA hai yA buddhi kinhIM naitika niyamoM ke pAlana karane yA nahIM karane se vyakti para hone vAle pUrvAnumAnita pariNAmoM se alaga naitika AbandhoM ( dAyitvoM) ke pAlana kA eka sakSama preraka hai| zubha aura azubha anya kucha nahIM mAtra sukha aura duHkha hai, athavA sukha yA duHkha kI upalabdhi ke avasara yA bAdhAeM haiM, isa vyAkhyA meM vaha hAvsa se vAstavika sahamati rakhatA hai| lAka naitika zubha aura naitika azubha kI paribhASA kisI niyama ke prati hamAre saMkalpita karma ke anumodana ke rUpa meM karatA hai, jahAM hamAre lie zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirdhAraNa niyama kI mAnyatA aura saMkalpa - zakti se hotA hai, kiMtu lAka hAsa ke virodhiyoM se bhI isa sambaMdha meM pUrI sahamati rakhatA hai ki naitika niyama rAjanItika samAja se svataMtra hokara bhI AbaMdhAtmaka haiM aura aMtaH prajJA ke dvArA jJAna hone ke siddhAMta yA vaijJAnika AdhAra para khar3e hone meM sakSama haiM, yadyapi vaha inheM mAnava mana meM janmanA upasthita nahIM mAnate haiN| aise niyamoM kI sampUrNatA ko hI vaha IzvarIya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/167 niyama kahatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki vaha IzvarIya niyama hone se samucita puraskAra evaM daNDa ke aMkuza se yukta hogaa| vaha ise na kevala nAgarika niyama se, apitu janasAdhAraNa kI dhAraNAoM (mata) yA pratiSThA ke niyama se bhI spaSTa rUpa se alaga karatA hai| pratiSThA ke niyama kA tAtparya aise parivartanazIla naitika pramANaka se hai, jisake AdhAra para vastutaH, manuSya kI prazaMsA yA niMdA kI jAtI hai| vastutaH vaha isa daivIya niyama ke pUrNa prabhAvakArI hone ke vaijJAnika abhinizcaya kI bAta nahIM kahatA hai, apitu vaha usakI sambhAvanA ko dRr3ha evaM nizcayAtmaka bhASA meM svIkAra karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki parama sattA kA pratyaya anaMta zubhatva, anaMta zakti evaM anaMta prajJA se yukta hai| hama isI paramasattA kI kalAkRti haiM aura isI para nirbhara haiN| buddhimAna prANI ke rUpa meM hamArI sattA kA pratyaya hamameM itanA adhika spaSTa hai ki maiM samajhatA hUM ki yadi isa para samyak prakAra se vicAra kiyA jAe evaM isase preraNA lI jAe, to yaha hamAre kartavyoM ko AcaraNa ke niyamoM ke lie itanA sudRr3ha AdhAra prastuta karatA hai jisa para naitikatA ko pramANikaraNa ke yogya vijJAnoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| mujhe isameM saMdeha nahIM hai ki svataHpramANya tarkavAkyoM se zubha aura azubha ke mApana ke lie aise anivArya niSkarSa prApta kie jA sakate haiM, jo ki gaNita ke niSkarSa ke samAna hI akATya hoNge| Izvara kA zubhatva kevala sukha ko dene kI icchA ke atirikta anya kucha bhI saMgatipUrNa rUpa se nahIM samajhA sakatA hai| ataH yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki kAryoM ke aucityatA kA aMtima pramApaka kAryoM se prabhAvita hone vAle prANiyoM kA sAmAnya sukha hI honA cAhie, kiMtu isa uddharaNa ke AdhAra para jise ki hamane abhI uddharita kiyA hai, lAka spaSTa rUpa se isa pramApaka ko svIkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| ve kathana jinheM vaha udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM yA aMtaHprajJAtmaka naitika satyoM ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai, sAmAnya sukha ke siddhAMta kI prAmANikatA se sambaMdhita nahIM haiM jaise koI bhI zAsana pUrNa svataMtratA pradAna nahIM karatA hai tathA jahAM koI sampatti nahIM hai, vahAM anyAya bhI nahIM hai| punaH, apanI pustaka meM vaha prakRti ke niyama kI vivecanA karatA hai aura use zAsana kI zakti ke srota evaM nirdhAraNa ke lie mahattvapUrNa mAnatA hai, nirdhArita niyamoM kI usakI bauddhikatA sivAya kisI avyakta yA gauNa rUpa ke upayogitAvAdI nahIM hai| apane prAkRtika niyama ke vicAra ko usane pratyakSa rUpa se groTIasa se aura usake ziSya puphenDorpha se tathA parokSa rUpa meM sToIka aura romana vidhivettAoM se prApta kiyA hai| yaha prAkRtika niyama kA vicAra mukhyataH vaisA hI hai, yadyapi usameM eka yA do

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/168 mahatvapUrNa saMzodhana usake svayaM ke ciMtana kA pariNAma hai| yaha ki sabhI manuSya mUlatayA svataMtra aura samAna haiM, kisI ko kisI kA nukasAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kiMtu usake saMrakSaNa meM vahIM taka sahayoga karanA cAhie jahAM taka ki usake AtmasaMrakSaNa ko koI hAni nahIM pahuMcatI hai| saMvidAoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie, mAtA-pitAoM ko apane baccoM ke nirdezana evaM anuzAsana kA adhikAra hai aura sAtha hI unake zikSaNa evaM pAlana kA kartavya bhI hai, kiMtu yaha taba taka hI, jaba taka ki ve bauddhika paripakvatA kI umra ko prApta nahIM ho jaate| prathamatayA, saMsAra kI sampatti sabhI kI hai kiMtu jaba koI use apane parizrama ke sAtha prApta karatA hai to vaha vaiyaktika sampatti ho jAtI hai!2, yadi vaha paryApta evaM sarvopayogI hai to use sabake lie chor3a diyA jaae| uparokta siddhAMta lAka kI dRSTi meM pratyeka vyakti ke lie, jo ki mAnava sambaMdhoM para vicAra karatA hai, sAmAnya sukha ke paramAdarza ke bAhya saMdarbha ke binA bhI sarala aura bodhagamya hai| manuSya ko mUlatayA eka dUsare ke lie aura Izvara ke lie utpanna kiyA gayA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki Izvara ne manuSyoM ko prakRti aura zakti meM samAna banAyA hai aura isalie unheM eka dUsare se svataMtra mAnA jAnA caahie| punaH, Izvara ne manuSya ko apane AnaMda ke aMtima kSaNoM meM banAyA hai, isalie pratyeka vyakti apane aura dUsaroM ke jIvana ke rakSaNa ke lie bAdhya hai| isa prakAra lAka naitika niyamoM kI sAmAnya sukha ke pravarddhana kI pravRtti kA virodhI nahIM hai| use isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki manuSyoM meM sAmAnya sukha ke pravarddhana kI yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| vaha kisI sImA taka isa sambaMdha meM tarka bhI prastuta karatA hai, kiMtu tarka karane kI yaha dizA usake darzana kA mukhya nahIM hai, isalie yadi kisI artha meM usake dRSTikoNa ko karmoM ke aucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke AdhAra para, na ki kevala usa preraka ke AdhAra para, jise yaha siddhAMta sAmAnya rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai, yadi unheM upayogitAvAdI kahA jAe, to hameM yaha jor3a denA hogA ki bahuta-kucha rUpa meM usakA yaha upayogitAvAda avyakta aura acetana hI hai| klArka (1675-1729 I.) sivila gavarnamenTa nAmaka lAka ke graMtha ke 1705 I. meM prakAzita hone ke paMdraha varSa pazcAt klArka ne naitikatA ko gaNita ke samAna akATya svataHpramANya tarkavAkyoM ke dvArA pramANIkaraNa ke yogya mAnA aura isa (svayaMsiddhiyoM) prakAra ke nItizAstra ko vijJAna kI zreNI meM rakhane kA eka prabhAvakArI prayAsa kiyA, kiMtu usakA yaha prayAsa lAka kI apekSA kaDavartha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/169 kI tarka praNAlI para AdhArita hai| isa kAraNa usakA hAvsa aura lAka se isa bAta meM virodha banA rahA ki svataHpramANya vyAvahArika tarkavAkyoM kA jJAna sukha aura duHkha se svataMtra apane Apa meM hotA hai, usakI dRSTi meM yaha jJAna eka buddhimAn prANI ke lie tadanusAra AcaraNa karane ke lie eka paryApta preraka siddha hogA, jinameM ki klArka kI vicAradhArA abhivyakta huI hai, una vyAkhyAnoM kA mukhya uddezya IsAI-dharmazAstra kI buddhisaMgatatA aura nizcitatA ko siddha karanA thaa| apane isa dhArmika dRSTikoNa ke dvArA vaha eka ora manuSyoM para naitikatA ke zAzvata evaM aparivartanazIla AbaMdhoM kI anivAryatA ko vastuoM ke apane svarUpa evaM kAraNa ke AdhAra para siddha karatA hai tathA dUsarI ora binA kisI prabhAvakArI uddezya se athavA binA AtmA kI amaratA aura bhAvI jIvana meM milane vAle puraskAra evaM daMDa kI AsthA ke ina AbaMdhoM kA bacAva karanA yA inheM pUrI zakti ke sAtha lAgU kara pAnA asambhava mAnatA hai| jaisA ki hama Age dekheMge usake uddezyoM kA yaha doharApana usakI vivecanA ko sUkSma banAne kI apekSA ulajhA detA hai, jise hameM usakI vicAradhArA kI samAlocanA karate samaya sadA bayAna meM rakhanA hogaa| vaha nimna donoM hI bAtoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie Atura hai, eka to yaha ki ye naitika niyama IzvarIya vidhAna kI naitika bAdhyatA se svataMtra hokara bhI AbaMdhaka hai aura dUsare yaha ki ye niyama IzvarIya niyama haiM aura jinake pAlana karane athavA ullaMghana karane ke sAtha naitika bAdhyatA jur3I huI hai usakI vicAradhArA meM ye donoM tarka anivAryatayA eka dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| hama kevala samagra bauddhika saMkalpoM para nyAya kI nirapekSa bAdhyatA ke dvArA hI Izvara kI dArzanika nizcitatA kA anumAna kara sakate haiM, kyoMki Izvara vastutaH nyAyI hai aura isalie azubha arhatA ke lie daMDa aura zubha arhatA ke lie puraskAra degaa| usake tarka ke isa prathama evaM pUrI taraha se naitika bhAga kI samIkSA karate samaya yaha suvidhAjanaka hogA ki use do praznoM meM bAMTa diyA jAe (1) kyA naitikatA ke svataHpramANya evaM zAzvata siddhAMta haiM?aura (2) vaiyaktika saMkalpoM se unakA kyA sambaMdha hai? hameM jisa rUpa meM naitika siddhAMtoM kA bodha hotA hai, usakA sAmAnya vikalpa yaha hai ki vibhinna vastuoM ke eka-dUsare ke sAtha jo vibhinna prakAra ke anivArya evaM zAzvata sambaMdha haiM, unake kAraNa vibhinna vastuoM yA vibhinna sambaMdhoM meM eka dUsare ke sAtha upayoga kI upayuktatA aura anupayuktatA hotI hai| vastuoM kI prakRti athavA manuSyoM kI yogyatA ke anusAra kucha paristhitiyAM kucha manuSyoM ke lie upayukta evaM anukUla hotI hai aura ve hI paristhitiyAM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/170 dUsare manuSyoM ke lie anupayukta hotI hai| ina sambaMdhoM para vicAra karane ke hetu buddhi ke lie yaha upayuktatA yA anupayuktatA vaisI hI aMtaHprajJAtmaka rUpa meM pramANa hotI hai, jaise ki gaNita kI sama aura viSama sNkhyaaeN| klArka isa sAmAnya vicAra kI ucitatA ko cAra mukhya niyamoM kI svataHprAmANyatA ke AdhAra para spaSTa karatA hai| ye cAra mukhya niyama haiM- (1) Izvara ke prati pavitratA, (2) prANiyoM ke prati samAnatA, (3) paropakAritA aura (4) apanI AtmA ke prati kartavya kA niyama, jise vaha saMyama kahatA hai| ina niyamoM meM aMtima niyama ko klArka ne jisa DhaMga se paribhASita kiyA hai, usase yaha apane AbaMdha ke rUpa meM prAthamika aura svataMtra pratIta nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki yaha karttavya ke paripAlana kI dRSTi se AvegoM evaM kSudhAoM ke niyamana tathA jIvana ke saMrakSaNa ko svIkAra karatA hai, jo ki pUrva se hI nizcita hai aisA mAna liyA gayA hai| klArka pavitratA ke niyama kI apanI vivecanA meM muzkila se hI usa niyama spaSTatA ke lie prayAsa karatA hai jisakA nirdeza usake gaNitIya udAharaNa karate hai / vastutaH klArka ke siddhAMta meM samAnatA aura sArvabhaumika paropakAritA kA niyama hI aisA hai jo sAmAjika kartavyoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai jisameM usa gaNitIya samarUpatA kA artha evaM zakti prakaTa hotI hai| dUsare vyakti ne jisa kArya ko mere prati kie jAne para vivekayukta yA vivekarahita mAnatA hai, to mujhe bhI mere dvArA dUsaroM ke prati kie jAne vAle vaise hI kArya ko usI ke samAna paristhiti meM usI nirNaya ke AdhAra para vivekapUrNa yA vivekarahita ghoSita karanA caahie| nissaMdeha samAnatA kA yaha siddhAMta gaNitIya evaM siddhi se nizcita samAnatA rakhatA hai| yahI bAta usa siddhAMta ke sambaMdha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai ki nissaMdeha meM kama zubha kI apekSA adhika zubha kA varaNa karanA cAhie, cAhe vaha zubha (hita) hamArA ho yA anya kisI kaa| isa siddhAMta ko hama mUra ke graMtha 'niyomeTA mAraliyA' meM kucha bhinna rUpa meM dekha cuke haiN| yadi kisI dRSTi meM ina tarka vAkyoM ko svataHpramANya mAna bhI liyA jAe, to bhI yaha prazna vicAraNIya rahatA hai ki kahAM taka inakA aMtaHprajJAtmaka jJAna vyakti ke saMkalpa ke nirdhAraNa meM nirNAyaka hotA hai yA honA caahie| isa prazna para klArka ke kathana kI samIkSA hameM yaha batAtI hai ki isa sambaMdha meM jisa dRSTikoNa ko vaha mAnya rakhanA cAhatA hai, usa dRSTikoNa meM kisI bhI rUpa se na to itanI spaSTatA hI hai aura na itanI sunizcitatA hI hai, jitanI ki usake kathanoM ke sAmAnya tAtparya meM nihita hotI hai| prathama dRSTi meM vaha binA kisI apekSA ke yaha siddhAMta sthApita karatA hai ki eka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/171 buddhimAn prANI ko apane naitika satya ke bodha ke anusAra hI AcaraNa karanA cAhie, yadyapi isa bodha se hama nizcayapUrvaka yaha svIkAra karane ke lie yogya ho jAte haiM ki vizva kI niyAmaka parama prajJA arthAt Izvara apane prANiyoM kI niyati ko nyAya aura paropakAritA ke anusAra niyata karegA aura manuSya ko taba taka sukhI banAegA, jaba taka ki vaha duHkhI hone kI yogyatA ko arjita nahIM kara letA hai| isI AdhAra para hama yaha bhI mAna sakate haiM ki jaba taka sabhI manuSya vikRta, anuttaradAyI, galata mAnyatAoM se grasta aura bhayAnaka kaSToM evaM AdatoM ke dvArA asvAbhAvika rUpa bhraSTa nahIM ho jAte haiM, yaha utanA hI asambhava hai, jitanA ki do aura do cAra nahIM mAnanA asambhava hai| klArka hamezA hI gaNita aura nItizAstra kI samatulyatA para jora nahIM detA hai| jahAM taka vaha isa yukti kA upayoga karatA hai, vahAM taka vaha ucita hai aura honA cAhie. jaba taka buddha nIti aura gaNita ke bIca ke mUlabhUta vibheda ko na kevala dRSTi se ojhala karatA hai, apitu isa aMtara ke sambaMdha meM aspaSTa rUpa se vargAcchAdana bhI karatA hai, jaise-yaha kahanA hai ki vaha manuSya, jo nyAya ke viparIta AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha vastuoM ko isa rUpa meM cAhatA hai, jisa rUpa meM kI ve nahIM haiM aura nahIM ho sakatI hai| isa kathana se usakA jo tAtparya hai, use nimna sAmAnya prakathana ke dvArA alpa virodhAbhAsa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki mUlatayA aura vastutaH yaha itanA hI svAbhAvika aura naitika-dRSTi se anivArya hai ki pratyeka kArya meM saMkalpa kA nirdhAraNa vastu viveka aura paristhiti ke adhikAra ke AdhAra para honA cAhie, jaiseyaha svAbhAvika aura nirapekSa rUpa se Avazyaka hai ki viveka-buddhi ko nidarzanAtmaka satya ko prastuta karanA caahie| ina evaM anya samAna uddharaNoM ke dvArA hama yaha anumAna kara sakate haiM ki yadi manuSya sukha aura duHkha ke pralobhana ke kAraNa samadRSTitA aura sArvabhaumika paropakAritA ke niyamoM se vicalita hotA hai, to klArka kI dRSTi meM isakA artha yaha na hogA ki sadAcAra se vicalita hone kA koI Thosa kAraNa hai| paraMtu AMzika rUpa meM isakA kAraNa abauddhika AvegoM ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| kiMtu bAda meM jaba vaha bhAvI puraskAra athavA daMDa kA tarka detA haiM taba hama yaha pAte haiM ki naitikatA ke sambaMdha meM usake dAve Azcaryajanaka rUpa se nirbala haiN| aba vaha kevala itane se hI saMtuSTa hai ki sadguNoM kA cayana svataHsAdhya ke rUpa meM karanA cAhie aura durguNoM se bacanA cAhie, yadyapi eka vyakti apanI sthiti ke bAre meM nizcita hai ki unake abhyAsa se use na to kucha milane vAlA hai na to kucha hone vAlA hai| klArka pUrNa rUpa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/172 se yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki yaha prazna taya aura badala jAtA hai ki jabaki eka burA vyakti burAI ke dvArA sukha aura suvidhAoM ke yukta hotA hai aura sadguNI sadguNoM ke dvArA hAni aura kaSToM kA sAmanA karatA hai aura mAtra itanA hI nahIM hai| yaha vastutaH ucita nahIM hai ki sadguNoM kA pAlana karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko apane jIvana ke nirvAha se bhI vaMcita honA par3e sivAya isake ki ve svayaM hI apanI sadguNa niSThA ke kAraNa kisI bhI prakAra ke lAbha uThAne kI sambhAvanA ko svayaM hI na ThakarA deN| yadi mAnavajIvana kI kevala Anubhavika jJAna-avasthAoM ko hI hama apane vicAroM meM leM, to avyakta rUpa se klArka yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa se sadguNoM kI apekSA vaiyaktika hitoM ko prAthamikatA denA tarkasaMgata hai, yadyapi nirapekSa yA sArvabhaumika dRSTikoNa se yaha buddhisaMgata hai ki svahitoM kI apekSA sadguNoM kA varaNa kiyA jaae| ina donoM prakAra kI tArkika saMgatiyoM ke madhya kA virodhAbhAsa hai| nissaMdeha naitika satyoM ke anurakSaNa ke lie dharmazAstra kI AvazyakatA batAne hetu yaha suvidhAprada hai, kiMtu klArka kA dhArmika ciMtana yaha batAtA hai ki naitika satyoM ko dharmazAstra se svataMtra evaM akATya rUpa meM sthApita kiyA jAnA cAhie, tAki Izvara ke guNoM ko dArzanika rUpa se jAnA jA ske| phira bhI yaha virodhAbhAsa usake siddhAMta kI kamajorI kA mUla AdhAra hai| isane vyAvahArika buddhi ke sahajabodhoM ke virodha ko spaSTa kiyA hai, jabaki klArka ina sahaja bodhoM kI tulanA gaNitIya sahaja bodhoM se karatA hai, kiMtu gaNitIya sahaja bodhoM meM isake samAna kucha bhI nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, aMtatogatvA klArka ne apanI prabhAvazIlatA evaM ImAnadArI ke sAtha bauddhika naitikatA kA siddhAMta prastuta kiyA thA, kiMtu usane nItizAstra ko svataMtra dArzanika AdhAra para sthApita karane meM adhika kaThinAiyAM hI sahI hai| jahAM taka hAvsa ke manovaijJAnika svArthavAda ko pUrI taraha samApta nahIM kara diyA jAtA hai| vahAM taka aisA kara pAnA kaThina hI hai| jaba taka ki yaha nahIM kiyA jAtA, sAmAjika karttavyoM kI nirapekSa bauddhikatA kA nidarzana hameM nirapekSa buddhi aura manuSya kI kSudhAtmaka prakRti meM sAmAnyatayA nihita svahita ke dRSTikoNa ke madhya hone vAle virodha ko asamanvayAtmaka sthiti meM hI chor3a denA hotA hai| yadi hama yaha mAna leM ki anyAyapUrvaka kArya karane meM utanI hI bauddhika visaMgati hai, jitane ki do aura do cAra hote haiM isa bAta ko asvIkAra karane se hotI hai, to bhI eka vyakti ko jaba duHkha aura visaMgati meM se kisI eka ko cunanA ho, to vaha visaMgati ko hI cunegA, kiMtu jaisA ki hamane dekhA thA, klArka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/173 vastutaH yaha mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai ki aisA cayana abauddhika hai| zephTsa barI (1671 se 1713) zephTsabarI ke dvArA nIti-nirmANa ke lie kisI sImA taka svAbhAvika Atmaprema ke virodhI sAmAjika kartavyoM ke siddhAMta ko nirapekSa buddhi kI apekSA dUsare manovaijJAnika AdhAra para prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, jo ki manuSya ke sAmAjika sneha kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti ke rUpa meM sAmAjika-karttavyoM aura usake AtmasammAna (Atmahita) ke vicAra ke bIca sAmAnya saMgati ke nidarzana ke dvArA sambhava thaa| zepaTsabarI ne vicAra kI isI dizA ko grahaNa kiyaa| yadyapi svAbhAvika AtmIyatA (sahAnubhUti) manuSya ko apane sAthiyoM se jor3atI hai, isa tathya para jora dene vAlA vahI ekamAtra maulika vicAraka nahIM thaa| yadi pUrvayuga ke vicArakoM ko chor3a deM, to bhI kambaralaiNDa ne isa para kisI sImA taka vicAra kiyA hai aura klArka ne vizva-kalyANa kI nirapekSa bauddhikatA kI abhivyakti meM isakA sahArA liyA hai| kiMtu zepaTsabarI ke pUrva kisI bhI vicAraka ne ise apane ciMtana kA keMdra nahIM banAyA thA, na abhI taka kisI ne naitika rUci kA keMdra yaha mAnakara ki amUrta naitika aMtaroM yA IzvarIya vidhAna ke niyamoM kI jJAtA buddhi hai| buddhi se sAmAjika kartavyoM ke cAlaka saMvegAtmaka AvegoM para pUrI taraha sthAnAMtarita kiyA thA aura na kisI ne anubhUti ke sAvadhAnIpUrNa vizleSaNa ke dvArA hamArI kSudhAtmaka prakRti ke niSkAma aura svahitavAdI pakSoM kA spaSTa rUpa se vidhAna karane kA prayAsa yA ina donoM pahaluoM kI yathArtha saMgati ko siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| zepha TsabarI apanI nIti sambaMdhI pustaka (1771) kA Arambha hAvsa ke dvArA prastuta zubha kI usa svArthavAdI vyAkhyA kI AlocanA se karatA hai / hamane dekhA thA ki isa svArthavAdI vyAkhyA kA pUrI taraha bahiSkAra karttavya ke bauddhika aMtaHprajJAvAdI siddhAMta meM anivArya rUpa se nahIM huA thaa| vaha kahatA hai ki yaha vyAkhyA tabhI satya ho sakatI hai jabaki hama manuSya ko pUrNatayA eka asaMbaMdhita (samAja se kaTA huA) vyakti maane| nissaMdeha aise vyakti ko hama acchA vyakti kaha sakeMge, yadi usakI vAsanAoM (AvegoM) aura usakI vRttiyoM meM saMgati ho aura usakI svayaM kI sukhazAMti' kI upalabdhi ke lie svIkAra kI gaI ho, kiMtu hameM usa vyApaka vyavasthA ke sambaMdha meM bhI vicAra karanA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/174 hogA, jisakA vaha eka aMza hai aura hameM aisA karanA bhI cAhie / isI AdhAra para hama use acchA kaha sakate haiM, jaba ki usake Avega aura svabhAva usa vyApaka pUrNa ke hita ko Age bar3hAne meM saMtulita evaM kramabaddha ho| punaH, hama usa vyakti ko acchA kevala isalie nahIM kaheMge ki usakI bAhya-kriyAeM kalyANakArI pariNAmoM ko prastuta karatI haiN| jaba hama kisI vyakti ko acchA kahate haiM, to hamArA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki binA kisI bAhya dabAva ke usakA svabhAva aura AtmIyatA (sneha) aisI hai, jo ki svataH hI mAnava jAti ke sukha evaM kalyANa kI vRddhi ke lie abhimukha hai| hAbsa kA naitika vicAra yadi use zAsana ke niyama se mukta kara diyA jAe, to vaha apane sAthiyoM ke lie pratyakSa rUpa meM vinAzakArI hI siddha hogA, jise hama sAdhAraNatayA acchA vyakti kahane ke lie rAjI nahIM hoNge| zubhatva yA acchAI saMvedanazIla prANI meM prathamatayA usake anAsakta sneha yA niSkAma prema meM nihita hotI hai, jisakA ki sIdhA uddezya dUsaroM kA kalyANa hotA hai, kiMtu zephTsabarI kI mAnyatA hai ki aise paropakArI sAmAjika Avega sadaiva hI zubha nahIM hote aura dUsare, ye Avega eka vyakti ko acchA banAne ke lie Avazyaka nahIM haiN| isake viparIta, vaha yaha spaSTa karane ke lie utsuka hai ki kisa prakAra loka-maMgalakArI AtmIyatA arthAt karuNA yA vAtsalyabhAva itane mahAn hoM ki ve dUsare prakAra ke mamatvoM kI svAbhAvika kriyA evaM zakti kA AkarSaNa kara sakeM aura sAtha hI itane vyApaka hoM ki ve apane Atmaprema ko parAjita kara sake aura apane ko vaiyaktika hitoM kI upalabdhi se vaMcita rakha skeN| punaH, vaha yaha bhI batAtA hai ki AtmarakSaNa kI ora pravRtta AvegoM kA abhAva kisa prakAra jAti rakSaNa ke lie hAnikAraka ho sakatA hai aura isalie burA bhI ho sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM, acchAI yA zubhatva donoM hI prakAra ke AvegoM ke aise saha-astitva para nirbhara hai, jisameM pratyeka apane samucita anupAta meM sApekSika rUpa se upasthita ho, tAki vibhinna pakSoM ke madhya eka nyAyayukta samAnAnupAtikatA, saMtulana aura saMgati banI rhe| zubhatva mAnava jAti ke kalyANa kI abhivRddhi kI pravRtti ke rUpa meM samyak aMzoM aura anupAtoM kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isakI sthApanA ke pazcAt zephTsabarI kA mukhya tarka yaha siddha karanA hai ki yaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika prema ke saMtulana evaM mizraNa dvArA svAbhAvika rUpa se loka-kalyANa kI ora pravRtta hotA hai aura manuSyoM ke vaiyaktika sukha meM sahAyaka hotA hai| zephTsabarI AvegoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai- (1) svAbhAvika sneha - jo ki prema, Atma

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/175 saMtoSa, zubha saMkalpa aura jAti ke prati sahAnubhUti ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, (2) Atma prema - jisake aMtargata jIvana ke prati mamatva, zArIrika kSati se bacAva, daihika kSudhAeM, ruciyAM athavA sukha-suvidhAoM kI ve icchAeM AtI haiM, jinake dvArA hama sampanna hoN| (3) asvAbhAvika anurAga - jisake aMtargata na kevala AtmarakSaNa ko chor3akara sabhI akalyANakArI preraNAeM AtI haiM, apitu aMdhavizvAsa, asabhya rItirivAja, bhraSTa kSudhAeM aura kucha aisI AtmAvega (AtmavAsanAeM) AtI haiM, jinakI mAtrA atyadhika hotI hai| zephaTsabarI prathama varga kA mahatva isalie mAnatA hai ki ye una vyaktiyoM ke sukha ke sAdhana haiM jo ki unakA anubhava karate haiN| zarIra ke sukha kI apekSA mAnasika sukha zreSTha hai aura isa loka-maMgalakArI AtmIyatA se mAnasika saMtuSTi ke suMdaratama pha la kI nimna prakAra se prApti hotI hai- (1) lokamaMgalakArI bhAvanA - svataH hI AnaMdakAraka hai, (2) dUsaroM ke sukhoM kI sahAnubhUtijanya prasannatA, (3) unake prema aura Adara kI cetanA se utpanna hone vAlA sukh| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki sAmAjika sneha mAnava jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| sAmAjika sneha jIvana kA utanA hI aparihArya aMga hai, jitane hamAre viSaya-bhogoM ke aindrikasukha, jo sAmAnyatayA hamAre jIvana ke lie aparihArya mAne jAte hai| vaha aMta meM kahatA hai ki isa svAbhAvika aura kalyANakArI AtmIyatA ko sampUrNa rUpa se prApta karanA Atmika AnaMda kI prApti kA mukhya srota evaM sAdhana hai aura isakA abhAva nizcita hI duHkha evaM vedanA kI prApti hai| yadyapi dUsaroM ke kalyANa ke ina niSkAma AvegoM ke sambaMdha meM asvAbhAvika dRSTikoNa se aisA abhAsa hotA hai ki ye manuSya ko usake zubha se dUra le jAte haiM, kiMtu vastutaH ve use zubha kI ora hI le Ate haiN| dUsarI ora AtmAnurAga yA AtmavAsanAeM jo ki zephTsabarI ke anusAra Atmaprema kA nirmANa karatI hai, unakA sIdhA lakSya vyakti kA zubha pratIta hotA hai, kiMtu yaha kevala tabhI hI hotA hai, jabaki unheM kaThora maryAdA meM rakhA jAe, tAki ve vastutaH zubha kI vRddhi kre| ise batAne ke lie vaha ina bAtoM kA vistArapUrvaka nirUpaNa karatA hai ki krodha duHkhada hai, aindrika-kSudhAoM kI atipUrti ke dvArA aMtatogatvA sukha kA spaSTa rUpa se nAza hotA hai, prazaMsA pAne kI atyadhika icchA AkulatA aura azAMti ko janma detI hai aura atyadhika Alasya se aneka prakAra kI aniSToM kI prApti hotI hai| yahAM taka ki yadi jIvana ke prati bhI atyadhika mamatva hotA hai, to vaha usa vyakti ko, jo ki usameM anurakta hai duHkhadatA kI ora hI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/176 le jAtA hai| isalie vaha aMta meM yaha niSkarSa nikAlatA hai ki vaha Asakti jisase AtmavAsanAeM yA AtmAnurakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai usameM Asakta hone vAle vyakti ke lie taba aniSTa kAraka bana jAtI hai jabaki vaha samAja ke lie aniSTakAraka hone lagatI hai| kiMtu kabhI-kabhI ve vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI prakAra ke hitoM ke lie sahAyaka bhI hotI hai, yadyapi zephTsabarI ina donoM kI vAstavika saMgati yA samAnatA kisI bhI nikaTastha yA akATya tarka ke dvArA siddhi karane kA prayAsa nahIM karatA hai| __ asvAbhAvika anurAgoM se eka susaMtulita manas ko pUrNatayA mukta honA cAhie, yaha bAta bhI isI pratyaya meM hI nihita hai, kyoMki ye aise anurAga haiM, jo ki na to vaiyaktika hita aura na sAmAjika hita kI ora pravRtta hote haiN| yadyapi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pUrI taraha vinAzakArI icchAoM meM bhI sukha kA eka prakAra nihita hotA hai, isalie jabaki ve bahuta hI tIvra hotI haiM, to tiraskAra ke yogya hote hue bhI unakI saMtuSTi vyakti ke sukha ke eka ghaTaka kI nirmAtA pratIta hotI haiM, kiMtu zephaTsabarI isa dRSTikoNa ko pUrNatayA bhrAMta mAnatA hai| prema karanA aura dayAlu honA usake anusAra apane Apa meM hI vAstavika AnaMda hai jo ki anuvartI duHkha yA becainI se yukta nahIM hai aura anya kucha nahIM kevala saMtoSa ko utpanna karatA hai| dUsarI ora vidveSa, ghRNA aura kaTutA apane Apa meM hI duHkha aura pIr3A hai, jo ki kisI prakAra kA sukha yA paritoSa nahIM datI hai, sivAya isake ki usa asvAbhAvika icchA kI jisase pUrti hotI hai, usake dvArA kSaNika saMtuSTi ho jAtI hai| cAhe yaha sukha kitanA hI tIvra kyoM na pratIta ho isameM ise utpanna karane vAlI avasthA kA duHkha adhika mAtrA meM hI nihita hai| yadi hama isameM dUsaroM ke ahita kI cetanA kI duHkhadatA ko jor3eM, to usake lie yaha pUrI taraha spaSTa hai ki ina jaghanya trAsajanaka aura asvAbhAvika anurAga kI upasthiti hI uccatama biMdu kI duHkhadatA hai| isa prakAra hama punaH usa sAmAnya niSkarSa kI ora Ate haiM ki anuraktiyoM kI vaha saMtulitatA, vyavasthitatA evaM mitavyayatA, jo ki sAmAjika hita kI ora pravRtta hotI hai, vaha vaiyaktika hita kI ora bhI pravRtta hogii| abhI taka hamaneM naitika iMdriya ke usa siddhAMta ke sambaMdha meM kucha nahIM batAyA, jise kabhI-kabhI zephTsabarI ke pramukha siddhAMta ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi yaha siddhAMta vastutaH mahatvapUrNa aura viziSTa hai, kiMtu mukhya tarka ke lie Avazyaka 176

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 177 nahIM hai| yaha siddhAMta usakI naitika saMracanA ke mahala kI nIMva kA patthara hone kI apekSA usakA zikhara hai / aisA vyakti bhI, jise naitika bodha nahIM hai, zephTsabarI ke dRSTikoNa kI yaha bAta apane hita jIvana meM pAegA ki vaha apane jIvana meM sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika anuraktiyoM kA vAstavika saMtulana banAe rakhe, jo ki mAnavajAti ke hita meM bahuta hI adhika sahAyaka hai| yadi aisA vyakti kA astitva hai, to usake sambaMdha meM samyaktayA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usameM acchAI hai, yadyapi sadguNa nahIM hai, kiMtu zephTsabarI kA kahanA hai ki aisA vyakti vastutaH nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| na kevala una prANiyoM meM, jo ki apane Apako kevala aindrikatA (sukhoM) ke lie samarpita karate haiM varan buddhimAna prANiyoM meM bhI jo anurAga ke viSaya hote haiM, kiMtu ve kriyAeM, jo apane-ApameM aura dayA karuNA - kRtajJatA ke anurAga aura unake virodhI anurAga ciMtana ke dvArA jaba manasa ke samakSa prastuta hotI haiM anurAga kI viSaya bana jAtI haiM, tAki vaicArika bodha ke dvArA unhIM anurAgoM ke prati dUsare prakAra ke anurAga vahAM utpanna ho arthAt acchAI ke apane svAbhAvika saundarya aura mUlya ke lie acchAI ke prati prema aura usake virodhI ke lie ghRNA / vaha yaha asambhava mAnatA hai ki eka buddhimAna prANI isa naitika athavA prativarta saMvedanazIlatA se pUrI taraha zUnya ho, jabaki yaha saMvedanazIla zubhAcaraNa ke lie eka atirikta preraNA pradAna karatI hai aura isake dvArA sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika anurAgoM ke saMtulana kI kamI kI pUrti athavA unameM pariSkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka atirikta kRtajJatA kA jJApana isa saMgaNanA para vicAra karate samaya karanA hogA, jo ki vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hitoM meM anurUpatA ( sahabhAgitA ) ko siddha karatI hai| naitika iMdriya jaba vaha vizuddha ho to usakI kAryazIlatA ke lie zephaTasabarI kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaha sadaiva hI mAnavajAti ke lie kyA zubha hogA aura kyA azubha hogA, usake bauddhika nirNaya ke sAtha saMgati rkhegii| yadyapi usase aise nirNaya kI bAhya nirmiti kA nihita honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI bhI ciMtanAtmaka vicAra ( mata) aparokSarUpa se evaM tatkAla isa naitika iMdriya ko samApta karane yA isake bodha kA bahiSkAra karane meM sakSama nahIM hai, yadyapi yaha sambhava hai ki rIti-rivAjoM aura abhyAsoM ke dvArA ise bahuta-kucha rUpa se khoyA jA sakatA hai aura yaha bhI sambhava hai ki aise kisI mithyA dharma ke kAraNa, jo ki anaitika guNoM se yukta devatA ke prati zraddhA aura AdaroM se yukta hai| yaha naitika - indriya pUrI taraha se pathabhraSTa ho sakatI hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/178 zephTsabarI ke naitika darzana kI vizeSatAeM AMgla naitika ciMtana ke itihAsa meM eka naI dizA kA sUcaka hai| usake anuyAyI naitika vicArakoM kI pIr3hI meM amUrta bauddhika siddhAMtoM ke sambaMdha meM vicAra gauNa ho gayA thA aura mAnavIya bhaya ke Anubhavika adhyayana aura manojanya vibhinna AvegoM evaM sthAI bhAvoM kI vAstavika bhUmikA ke nirIkSaNa ne usakA sthAna le liyA thA, yadyapi yaha Anubhavika manovijJAna pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke dvArA bhI vastutaH upekSita nahIM thaa| dUsare kucha vicArakoM meM mUra ne apane bhAvAvezoM kI vivecanA meM dekArta kA anusaraNa kiyA thA aura lAka ke nibaMdhoM ne bhI isI dizA meM usase bhI adhika dRr3hatA se prayAsa kiyA thA, tathApi zephTsabarI vaha prathama nItivettA hai, jisane manovaijJAnika anubhUtiyoM ko spaSTa rUpa se nItizAstra kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| usake sujhAvoM kA hacIsana ke dvArA eka pUrNa vivecita naitika darzana ke rUpa meM vikAsa huaa| sAtha hI, aparokSa rUpa se hacIsana ke mAdhyama se ina vicArakoM ne hyUma ke ciMtana ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA thA aura isa prakAra ye apane paravartI vicArakoM se bhI sambaMdhita ho ge| isake atirikta zephTsabarI kI mukhya yuktiyoM ko baTalara ke dvArA bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA thA, yadyapi ye yuktiyAM usa samartha aura sajaga prajJA kI samAlocanA meM binA kisI mahatvapUrNa saMzodhanoM aura yoga ke sapha la nahIM ho skii| dUsarI ora, zephTsabarI kA naitika AzAvAda vastutaH tArkika na hote hue bhI vyApaka prabhAvakArI hai aura usa prAkRtika dharma se sambaMdhita thA, jisake lie ki IsAiyata anAvazyaka hai aura jisane use burA bhI batAyA hai| zephTasbarI ke isa naitika AzAvAda para paramparAgata dharmazAstriyoM aura svataMtra AlocakoM donoM ne hI AkramaNa kiyaa| meNDIvhile ina svataMtra AlocakoM meM meNDIvhile kA nAma bhI pAte hai|mennddiivhile eka viziSTa vyakti haiM, yadyapi ve prAtinidhika vyakti nahIM haiN| unheM muzkila se hI eka nItivettA kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi unake nItivirodhI vaktavyoM meM bAhya saMgati bhI nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM dArzanika vicakSaNatA kI kisI sImA taka upasthiti se iMkAra karanA bhI asambhava hI hai| ve mAnate haiM ki sadguNa vizuddha rUpa se asvAbhAvika yA kRtrima haiM, (jahAM ki ve eka dikhAve se adhika na ho)| kiMtu ve isa sambaMdha meM dRr3ha nizcayI nahIM hai| ye sadguNa una kSudhAoM aura AvegoM ke lie eka nirarthaka baMdhana hai, jo ki samAja ke lie lAbhadAyaka haiM, kiMvA ye sadguNa una rAjanItijJoM kA eka dhokhA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/179 hai, jinhoMne manuSya jaise nirIha prANI ke Atma-gaurava aura Atma-pradarzana para khelate hue inheM una para lAgU kiyA hai| yadyapi usane yaha dRSTikoNa nirbhIkatApUrvaka abhivyakta kiyA hai ki naitika niyamana prAkRtika manuSya ke lie vijAtIya tattva haiM aura bAhara se thope gae haiN| aisA lagatA hai ki yaha dRSTikoNa usake yuga ke vinamra samAja meM bahuta hI pracalita thA, jisakA anumAna barkale ke aura bATalara ke bahuprasiddha upadezoM se lagAyA jA sakatA hai| baTalara (1692 se 1752) baTalara ne mAnava prakRti ke sambaMdha meM jisa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA thA vaha na to meNDIvhile kA thA aura na use samyak rUpa se hAvsa kA hI kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi baTalara ise hAvsa ke manovijJAna ke dArzanika AdhAra ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai| aisA kaha sakate haiM ki hAvsavAda hI thA, jo bhItara se bAhara kI ora palaTa diyA gayA thA aura jo racanAtmaka hone kI apekSA arAjaka aura svecchAcArI ho gayA thaa| hAvsa ne kahA thA ki manuSya kI prAkRtika avasthA na to naitika thI aura na niymit| naitika niyama zAMti ke sAdhya ke sAdhana the aura yaha zAMti kA sAdhya bhI AtmarakSaNa ke lakSya kA sAdhana thaa| jahAM taka hAvsa naitikatA ke isa dRSTikoNa kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, vaha ise kRtrima (aupacArika) evaM apanI vAstavikatA ke lie usa sAmAjika AbaMdha para Azrita mAnatA hai, jo ki zAsana (rAjya) kI sthApanA karatA hai, jabaki baTalara ke anusAra yaha vastutaH manuSya para eka buddhimAna prANI hone ke nAte baMdhanakAraka haiM, kiMtu yaha eka adhArmika mAnyatA hI thI ki jo prAkRtika hai, use bauddhika bhI honA caahie| sambhavatayA, yaha una adhikAMza logoM ke mastiSkoM meM rahI huI thI, jo niraMkuza svArthavAda ko prAkRtika mAnate the| ina do vizvAsoM ke mizraNa se jo pariNAma utpanna hue, yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM ve zAMti ke vinAzaka nahIM the, tathApi sAmAjika- kalyANa ke lie khataranAka avazya the| baTalara bhI isa dRSTikoNa se AtmasaMtuSTa nahIM thA, jaisA ki asAvadhAnI se kabhI-kabhI use mAna liyA jAtA hai| usane kevala aMtarviveka kI prAmANikatA ke svAbhAvika dAve para jora diyA, jise ki usake virodhiyoM ne kRtrima kahakara tyAga diyA thaa| vaha eka sUkSma ora prabhAvaka tarka kA upayoga karatA hai| sabase prathama vaha zephTsa barI kA anusaraNa karate hue yaha batAtA hai ki sAmAjika anurAga bhI una kSudhAoM aura icchAoM kI apekSA. jo ki pratyakSa rUpa meM AtmarakSaNa kI ora pravRtta hotI haiM kama prAkRtika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/180 (svabhAvika) nahIM hai aura isase Age bar3hakara prAkRtika kSudhAoM ke prAthamika viSaya sambaMdhI sToikoM ke dRSTikoNa ko punarjIvita karate hue vaha yaha siddha karatA hai ki sukha prAthamika viSaya nahIM, yahAM taka ki Avega bhI prAthamika nahIM haiM, jinheM zephaTsabarI ne AtmAnurAga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thaa| kiMtu ye to unake prAkRtika sAdhya kA hI eka pariNAma hai| vastutaH, hameM Atmaprema arthAt vaha sAmAnya icchA ki pratyeka vyakti apanA AnaMda yA sukha cAhatA hai aura una vizeSa anurAgoM, bhAvAvezoM aura kSudhAoM meM aMtara karanA hogA, jo ki sukha kI apekSA dUsare viSayoM kI ora pravRtta hotI hai aura jinakI saMtuSTi se sukha nirmita hotA hai| kSudhAoM Adi ko ruci lene vAle prayatnoM ke pratyaya se anivAryatayA eka bhinna Avega mAnanA hogA, kyoMki yadi aisI koI pUrva astitvavAna icchAeM nahIM haiM, to Atmaprema ke lie unake pAne meM koI sukha nahIM hogaa| udAharaNArtha, bhUkha kA viSaya khAnA khAnA hai, na ki bhojana karane kA sukha, isalie sahI arthoM meM paropakAra kI apekSA bhUkha koI svArtha (Atmaprema) nahIM hai| aindrika sukha usa sukha kA eka aMza hai jisake lie Atmaprema ceSTA karatA hai, yaha mAnane para yahI bAta prema aura sahAnubhUti ke sukhoM ke sambaMdha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| daihika kSudhAeM (yA anya vizeSa icchAeM) Atmaprema ko apanA viSaya nahIM banAtI hai| ise isa tathyoM ke dvArA bhI batAyA jA sakatA hai ki unameM se pratyeka kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM Atmaprema ke viruddha ho sakatI hai| vastutaH manuSya ke lie apane sacce hitoM ke hetu AvegoM kA tyAga bahuta hI sAdhAraNa bAta hai| isake sAtha hI hama aise AcaraNa ko eka buddhimAna prANI manuSya ke lie svAbhAvika nahIM mAnate haiM, varan hama kSaNika AvegoM para usake dvArA kie gae niyaMtraNa ko svAbhAvika mAnate haiN| isa prakAra svAbhAvika aniyaMtrita svArthavAda eka manovaijJAnika kapola kalpanA ke rUpa meM badala jAtA hai, kyoMki (1) manuSya ke prAthamika AvegoM ko kisI bhI artha meM pUrI taraha svahitavAdI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, unameM se kisI kA bhI sIdhA lakSya vyakti kA sukha nahIM hotA hai| jabaki kucha kI spaSTa pravRtti sAmAjika kalyANa kI aura hotI hai ora kucha kI pravRtti AtmarakSaNa kI ora hotI hai| (2) eka vyakti satat rUpa se binA AtmasaMyamI hue svahitavAdI nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH, hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki eka svahitavAdI nizcita hI doharA AtmasaMyamI hogA, kyoMki bauddhika Atmaprema ko na kevala dUsare AvegoM para niyaMtraNa karanA hogA, varana apane-Apa para bhI niyaMtraNa karanA hogA, kyoMki sukha una AMtarika bhAvanAoM se banA hai, jo ki Atmaprema ke atirikta

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 181 dUsare AvegoM kI saMtuSTi kA pariNAma hai| Atma-prema kA atyadhika vikAsa dUsare AvegoM ko nirbala karate hue bhI usa sukha ko AnupAtika rUpa se kama hI nirbala karegA, jisake lie Atmaprema prayatna karatA hai| isa prakAra, zephTsabarI kI apekSA baTalara ke dRSTikoNa meM na kevala mAnava prakRti ko apane vyAvahArika pakSa meM adhika spaSTa aura prakaTa rUpa se AvegoM kI aisI eka vyavasthA mAnA gayA hai, jisameM eka apekSita saMtulana aura saMgati ko banAe rakhanA Avazyaka hai, tAki vaha acchI sthiti meM ho sake, sAtha hI use eka aisI vyavasthA bhI mAnA gayA hai, jisameM kucha kAryoM ke preraka zAsaka evaM niyaMtraka haiM, jabaki dUsare kucha svAbhAvika rUpa se usa niyaMtraNa ke adhIna hai| ina dUsaroM ke sambaMdha meM zephTsabarI ke samAna hI baTalara kI bhI spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki ve sabhI Avega, jinheM ThIka prakAra se svAbhAvika kahA jA sakatA hai aura ve sabhI tathya, jo ki mAnava prakRti kI yojanA aura nirmANa ke maulika tattva haiM, apanI kriyAzIlatA kA eka * samucita kSetra rakhate haiM / yaha bAta una AvegoM ke bAre meM bhI satya hai, jo ki hAnikAraka hai, vaha unheM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai - ( 1 ) kevala vaha mUla svAbhAvika roSa ( nArAjagI) jo ki usake anusAra kinhIM kAraNoM se udbhUta tAtkAlika aniSTa se AtmarakSaNa karane ke lie sahAyaka hotA hai aura (2) svecchika roSa ( nArAjagI), jisakA mukhya viSaya burAI aura anyAya hai, jo ki mAtra hAni pahuMcAne se bhinna hai| yaha aicchika roSa aprasannatA bhI jaba samyak prakAra se saMyamita ho, to sAmAjika dRSTi se eka upayogI Avega hai aura mAtra itanA hI nahIM varan nyAya ke prabhAvazIla prazAsana ke lie aparihArya hai| yadyapi yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki nyAyAdhIza aparAdhI ke abhiyoga para zAMtacitta se vivekapUrvaka vicAra kara nirNaya kareM, phira bhI anubhava yaha batAtA hai ki ve aisA nahIM karate haiN| sahI arthoM meM kisI prasaMga se pare roSa aisI koI cIja nahIM hai, jisake kAraNa eka vyakti ko dUsare vyakti ke prati durbhAvanAoM kA sUcaka ho, udAharaNArtha, IrSyA eka aisI zreSThatA kI icchA hai, jo apane sAdhya ke lie eka bure sAdhana ko grahaNa kara letI hai| saMkSepa meM, hamArI sabhI prAkRtika kSudhAeM, Avega aura anurAga yadyapi apane tAtkAlika lakSyoM kI dRSTi se alaga alaga hote haiM, phira bhI Atmahita aura paropakAra - donoM ke dvArA apane aMdara vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika hita kI kisI sImA taka abhivRddhi karane kI pravRtti rakhate haiN| yadyapi unakA eka varga, jisameM zArIrika kSudhAeM nihita haiM, prAthamika rUpa se vaiyaktika hita kI ora pravRtta

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/182 hotA hai, jabaki dUsarA varga arthAt zraddhA kI bhAvanA evaM sAmAjika prema, jo ki sAmAjika hita ke anurAga se bhinna haiM aura saphala durguNoM ke prati roSa, prathamatayA lokahita kI aura pravRtta hote haiN| yaha saba karma ke una prAkRtika prerakoM ke bAre meM hai, jinake niyamana kI AvazyakatA hai, kiMtu svabhAvika niyAmaka siddhAMtoM ke baTalara ke dRSTikoNa ko nizcita kara pAnA adhika kaThina hai| usake prathama upadeza (saramana) meM hameM aise tIna siddhAMtoM arthAt Atmaprema, paropakAritA aura aMtarviveka kI sUcanA milatI hai| inameM se prathama do, AvegoM ke una do vargoM para zAsana karate haiM, jinakI kramazaH Atmahita aura lokahita kI ora prAthamika pravRtti rahatI hai, jabaki aMtarviveka yA sada-asada kA viveka sarvocca rUpa se sabhI kA niyAmaka hai, kiMtu baTalara ke kathanoM kI nikaTatA se samIkSA karate hue yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki jise vaha paropakAra ke pratyaya ke aMtargata letA hai, vaha nizcita hI sAmAnya zubha kI icchA nahIM hai, apitu pratyeka vyakti ke prati anurAga kA eka prakAra hai| yadi mAnava jAti meM mitratA kI koI svavRtti hai, yadi paitRka yA pitRsulabha vAtsalya ke rUpa meM sahAnubhUti nAmaka koI cIja hai athavA mAnava pravRtti meM anurAga kA koI tattva hai, jisakA viSaya aura uddezya dUsaroM kA hita hai, to yahI paropakAritA bhI hai| sambhavatayA mAnava-jAti ke aise sAmAnya sukha yA lokahita ke astitva ke prati vaha saMdehazIla hai, jo ki eka ora vizeSa prakAra ke snehayukta anurAgoM se aura dUsarI ora aMtarviveka se bhinna haiM, adhika nizcita rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki apane samanas ke lekha ke samaya usakA jhukAva zephTsabarI ke isa dRSTikoNa ke prati nahIM thA ki sampUrNa samAja kA sukha yA hita hI AcaraNa kA parama sAdhya hai| isakA samarthana aMtarviveka karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki mAnava jAti eka birAdarI hai, hama saba eka-dUsare ke sambaMdhI haiM, hamArA eka sAmAnya sAdhya aura sAmAnya sAmAjika hita hai, jisake sampAdana evaM abhivRddhi kA dAyitva pratyeka sadasya para hai aura ina sabakA yoga hI naitikatA hai| kisI bhI prakAra se yaha hacIsana ke samAna eka sAmAnya niyAmaka siddhAMta ke rUpa meM sAmAnya sukha ke prati zAMtabhAva ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, jo ki usa vyaktigata sukha ke prati eka zAMtabhAva kA samAnAMtara hai, jise vaha Atmaprema kahatA hai| aba AtmA ke rAjya ke do prAdhikArI arthAt aMtarviveka aura bauddhika Atmaprema zeSa rahate haiN| jaisA ki Amataura para mAnA jAtA hai, baTalara kA yathArtha dRSTikoNa yaha nahIM hai ki Atmaprema svAbhAvika rUpa se hI aMtarviveka ke adhIna hai, kama se kama yadi hama ina donoM ke vyAvahArika sambaMdhoM kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 183 apekSA inake saiddhAMtika sambaMdhoM para vicAra kreN| vaha ina donoM ko svataMtra siddhAMta mAnatA hai aura jahAM taka ve prAdhikAra meM eka dUsare kA sahayoga karate haiM, usa sthiti meM bhI yaha svAbhAvika nahIM hogA ki unameM se koI bhI eka dUsare para zAsana kreN| bauddhika Atmaprema aura aMtarviveka mAnava pravRtti ke sarvottama aura mukhya siddhAMta hai| kyoMki koI bhI kArya dUsare siddhAMtoM kA ullaMghana karake bhI yadi ina donoM siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai to vaha mAnava prakRti ke anurUpa hI hogA, kiMtu yadi inameM se kisI bhI siddhAMta kA ullaMghana karake kiyA gayA hai, to vaha mAnava prakRti ke pratikUla ho jaaegaa| vaha isase bhI Age bar3hakara yahAM taka kahatA hai ki ina donoM ke bIca kabhI bhI koI asaMgati (virodha) honA asambhava hai aura yadi kabhI koI virodha hotA bhI hai, to aMtarviveka ke dvArA unameM samanvaya karanA hogA, kyoMki sukha aura duHkha vicAra dUsare saba vicAroM se hamAre lie nikaTastha aura adhika mahatvapUrNa haiM / yadyapi sadguNa yA naitika ImAnadArI yA ucita yA zubha ke prati anurAga, vastutaH aura prayatnoM meM nihita nahIM hai, tathApi jaba bhI hama zAMti se baiThakara vicAra kareMge, hama isa yA anya kisI prayatna ko apane Apa ke prati taba taka nyAyapUrNa siddha nahIM kara pAeMge, jaba taka ki hameM yaha vizvAsa na ho jAe ki yaha hamAre sukha ke lie hai yA kama se kama usakA virodhI nahIM hai 22, sAtha hI yaha bhI ki aMtima rUpa se vicAra vyakti ke hita ke lie hI hogaa| yaha bAta zephTsabarI ke tarkoM meM bhI mAna lI gaI thI, yadyapi aupacArika rUpa se usake dvArA aisA nahIM kahA gyaa| unakA sArA bala yadyapi sadguNa ke niSkAma Avega ke lie hai, tathApi yahAM vaha eka prazna uThAtA hai ki sadguNa ke lie kyA AbaMdha (naitika bAdhyatA) hai aura buddhi ko ise kyoM aMgIkAra karanA cAhie? taba usake lie svahitavAdI dRSTikoNa ke atirikta ina praznoM kA uttara de pAnA kaThina hai| usakA AbaMdha svahitaM kA AbaMdha hai aura usakI bauddhikatA bhI pUrI taraha Atmaprema ke lie hai 23, yadyapi baTalara kI mAnyatA hai ki usane aMtarviveka kI prAmANikatA ko sthAna dekara zephTsabarI ke dRSTikoNa kI kamiyoM ko dUra kara diyA hai, sAtha hI yaha saMzodhana una saMzayavAdiyoM ke lie bhI mUlatayA mahattvapUrNa hai, jo ki isa saMsAra meM sadguNa kI sukhAtmaka pravRtti ko nahIM mAnate haiM / baTalara kA vicAra hai ki yadi aMtarviveka kI svAbhAvika prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAe, to aisA saMzayI vyakti bhI dhArmika aMkuza se svataMtra sAMsArika hitoM kI apekSA kartavya ke varaNa ke lie bauddhika rUpa se koI saMzaya nahIM kara sakegA, kyoMki aMtarviveka ke nirdeza spaSTa aura nizcita

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 184 hote haiM, jabaki svahitoM kI gaNanA mAtra saMbhAvita niSkarSa hI de pAte hai aura jahAM do prabhu-sa -sattAoM meM virodha ho, to adhika nizcita AbaMdha (naitika bAdhyatA) kama nizcita AbaMdhoM (naitika bAdhyatAoM) ko pUrI taraha samApta kara deMge aura unakA sthAna le leMge 241 aba hama baTalara ke naitika siddhAMtoM ko surakSita AzAvAda para AdhArita kaha skeNge| vaha batAtA hai ki jaba taka ki unake viruddha koI pramANa prastuta nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka yaha mAnanA bauddhika hai ki do AMtarika prabhusattAeM, jinake aMtargata prakRti ne hameM rakhA hai saMgharSazIla na hokara saMgatipUrNa haiM aura aisA pramANa prastuta kara pAnA asambhava hai| usakA kAraNa svArthavAdI gaNanA kI aparihArya anizcitatA hai| usane sadguNa kI sadguNI vyakti ke sukha ke sAtha parama saMgati ko svIkAra karane ke lie eka manovaijJAnika kAraNa hamArI acchI aura burI icchAoM kI viveka buddhi ke rUpa meM khojA hai, jo ki eka nirvivAda prAkRtika sAhacarya ke rUpa meM hamAre naitika zubha aura azubha ke viveka kI sahagAmI hotI hai| mAnava prakRti ke niyAmaka siddhAMtoM ke dvaita ke sambaMdha meM baTalara kA kathana naitika ciMtana kI dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa kadama hai, kyoMki yaha hameM Adhunika AMgla naitika ciMtana aura prAcIna grIka romana naitika ciMtana ke bIca kahe hue usa mahatvapUrNa maulika aMtara ko spaSTa karatA hai, jo ki bahuta hI Azcaryajanaka hai| eka ora baTalara IT prakRti ke anusAra jIvana jIne kA sAmAnya siddhAMta sToikavAda se liyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora AvegoM para niyaMtraNa rakhane vAlI mAnava prakRti kI dhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se pleTovAdI hai| kiMtu pleTovAda, sToikavAda evaM sAmAnya rUpa se grIka naitika ciMtana buddhi kI niyAmaka zakti ko dekhA jA sakatA hai, tathApi vahAM buddhi ke aMtargata kevala eka hI niyaMtraka aura zAsana zakti ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki Adhunika naitika ciMtana meM buddhi do rUpoM meM kArya karatI hai, eka to yaha sarvamaMgalakArI buddhi ke rUpa meM aura dUsare svahitakArI buddhi ke rUpa meN| isa prakAra buddhi aMtarviveka aura Atmaprema- ina do rUpoM meM pAI jAtI hai| yaha dvaitavAda klArka ke vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke siddhAMta meM aspaSTa rUpa se dikhAI detA hai / isa dvaita ko zephTsabarI ke sadguNoM ke AbaMdha meM bhI avyakta rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu isakI spaSTa svIkRti baTalara ke siddhAMtoM meM milatI hai, jisakA pUrva anubhAva otsaTana ke (1722)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/185 graMtha meM adhika nikaTatA ke sAtha milatA hai| olasTana (1659 se 1722) olasTana ke graMthoM meM prathama bAra naitika zubha aura prAkRtika zubha (sukha) donoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM rakhane bauddhika prayAsa evaM khoja kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai aura una donoM ke bIca kI saMgati ko naitika jJAna kA viSaya na batAkara dhArmika AsthA kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| naitika burAI eka satya tarkavAkya kA vyAvahArika vyAghAta hai| olasTana kA yaha siddhAMta klArka ke siddhAMta ke sarvAdhika virodhAbhAsa-pUrNa bhAga se adhika samAnatA rakhatA hai| ise baTalara kI dRr3ha sAmAnya buddhi ke dvArA svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu olasTana kI sukha yA AnaMda kI eka aise nyAya evaM vAMchanIya sAdhya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA, jise pratyeka bauddhika prANI ko prApta karanA cAhie, svAbhAvika niyaMtraka Avega ke rUpa meM Atmaprema kI baTalara kI dhAraNA se pUrI taraha samAnatA rakhatI hai, jabaki usakA naitika gaNita, jisake dvArA vaha sukha aura duHkha kI tulanA karatA hai aura sukha ke pratyaya ko mAtrAtmaka batAne kA prayAsa karatA hai, benthama ke siddhAMta kA hI pUrvAbhAsa hai| yadi hama aMtarviveka aura bauddhika Atma-prema ke prAdhikAra ke dvaita kI nyAyaparakatA para, unakI pramANa sambaMdhI prAkRtika maryAdAoM se Upara uThakara vicAra kareM, to hama baTalara ke vicAroM ke eka aise pahalU para pahuMcate haiM, jo ki apUrNa rUpa se vikasita yA abhivyakta huA hai| vastutaH, Atma-prema kI yukti-yuktatA ke sambaMdha meM vaha kisI bhI vyAkhyA kI AvazyakatA ko zAyada hI svIkAra karatA hai| vaha kevala yaha kahatA hai ki yaha manuSya ke buddhimAn prANI hone ke nAte apane svayaM ke hitoM aura sukhoM ke sambaMdha meM vicAra karate hue usameM nihita hai aura isIlie svahita yA apanA svayaM kA sukha, eka AbaMdha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| aMtarviveka kI yukti yuktatA eka alaga prazna hai| yahAM usake sAmane klArka jaise nItivettAoM ke graMtha hai, jisameM naitika siddhAMtoM kA pUrI taraha se bauddhika sahajajJAna (svayaM siddhi) ke rUpa meM vivecita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai aura unheM gaNita kI svayaMsiddhiyoM (sahajajJAna) ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| baTalara ne tarka kI isa prakriyA ko pramANika mAnA hai| yadyapi usakA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai| yaha klArka ke sAtha isa bAta meM sahamata hai ki sabhI saMkalpoM ke pUrva bhI kAryoM meM naitika saMgati athavA asaMgati rahI huI hai, jo ki daivIya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/186 AcaraNa kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| naitika kartavya apanI paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para utpanna hote haiM aura naitika niyama ve niyama haiM jinameM buddhi parilakSita hotI hai| isIlie durguNa vastuoM kI prakRti aura vastu-viveka ke virodhI hai| yaha kArya usa artha se bilakula bhinna hai ki durguNa apane svayaM kI prakRti kA ullaMghana yA vinAza karatA hai, tathApi vaha naitika niyamoM kI isa saMdarbhita nirapekSa yukti-yuktatA ko siddha karane ke lie koI prayAsa nahIM karatA hai| usakI paddhati manovaijJAnika ciMtana ke dvArA aMtarviveka ke AdezoM ko jAna lenA hai, na ki ina AdezoM kI sahaja bodhatA yA naitika svayaMsiddhatA ko dikhAnA hai| aMtatogatvA usakI yaha paddhati use naitika saMkAya ke nirdezoM aura mAtra sAmAnya sukha ke preraka vicAra aura prApta niSkarSoM ke bIca eka viveka ke tattva ko svIkAra karavA detI hai| yahAM hamane aMtatogatvA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| kyoMki yaha jAna lenA rucikara hogA ki baTalara ke naitika vicAroM ke vikAsa meM sahajajJAnavAdI aura upayogitAvAdI naitikatA kA vaha virodha kramazaH spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisane tatkAlIna naitikatA sambaMdhI vAda-vivAdoM meM eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta kara liyA thaa| hameM dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki prArambhika lekhakoM meM yaha virodha pUrNatayA avyakta hI hai| klArka kambaralaiNDa ke sAtha pUrNatayA sahamata hai| zephTasbarI bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika iMdriya sAmAnya avasthA meM zubha yA prajAti ke sukha meM sahAyaka kAryoM ko tatkAla svIkAra kara letI hai| pUrva uddhRta baTalara ke nauveM saramana meM bhI aMtarviveka aura paropakAritA ke bIca ke vyAvahArika vibheda kI upekSA hI kI gaI hai, yadyapi usake bArahaveM saramana meM prArambhika rUpa meM isakA saMketa kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu saramansa ke dasa varSa bAda 1736 meM prakAzita eka graMtha ke sAtha saMlagna sadguNa sambaMdhI nibaMdha meM ise vyakta rUpa se aura balapUrvaka spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yahAM yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki paropakAra yA paropakAra kI anupasthiti para ekAkI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe, to vaha kisI bhI rUpa meM sadguNa aura durguNa kA samagra nahIM hai| kyoMki hama asatya, hiMsA aura anusaMcita hiMsA kI niMdA karane tathA dUsaroM ke prati kie gae paropakAra kI prazaMsA ke karane meM isa bAta kA vicAra nahIM karate haiM ki kaunasA AcaraNa sukha yA duHkha ke saMtulana ko utpanna karane meM sakSama hai| yahAM taka vaha eka bhrAMti ke rUpa meM aisA virodhI dRSTikoNa prastuta karatA hai, jisase adhika khataranAka anya kucha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha nizcita hai ki anyAya, vyabhicAra, hatyA, pravaMcanA aura yahAM taka ki atyAcAra kI dila dahalAne vAlI kucha ghaTanAeM bhI aneka saMbhAvita

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 187 sthitiyoM meM vartamAna meM bhI duHkha kA ati-Adhikya utpanna karane vAlI pratIta nahIM hotI hai, yadyapi kinhIM avasaroM para ve isakI virodhI bhI pratIti ho sakatI haiN| zephTsabarI ke siddhAMta kA vikAsa evaM vyavasthApana baTalara isa sambaMdha meM pUrNa Azvasta nahIM hai ki kisI bhI lekhaka ne sadguNa aura paropakAra ke bIca usa pUrNa saMgati ko svIkAra kiyA ho, jisakA usane pUrvokta uddharaNa meM khaNDana kiyA hai, apitu vaha yaha socatA hai ki kucha prakANDa vidvAnoM ne bhI ise isa prakAra se abhivyakta kiyA hai ki eka sAdhAraNa pAThaka ke lie khatare ke avasara utpanna ho sakate haiM aura vaha usa khataranAka galatI meM gira sakatA hai, jisakA ki isane nirdeza kiyA hai| hama yaha bAta mAna sakate haiM ki prakANDa lekhakoM kI ora kiyA gayA yaha saMketa sephTsabarI kI ora ho sakatA hai| isake sAtha hI hama isa saMketa kA dUsarA nirdeza hacIsana kI ora bhI mAna sakate haiN| sana 1694-1747 ) hasana ne apane graMtha meM sadguNa kA paropakAritA ke pUrNa tAdAtmya batAyA hai| hacIsana ke maraNoparAMta prakAzita isa graMtha meM ( 1975 I.) isa tAdAtmya ko kiMcit rUpa se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| usa graMtha meM sephTsabarI ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrI taraha se anya anekoM nae manovaijJAnika vibhedoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke dvArA vikasita kiyA gayA hai| zAMta paropakAritA kA evaM isake sAtha hI sAtha baTalara ke bAda se zAMtaAtmaprema kA bhI vaiyaktika yA sAmAjika bhAvAvezoM se aMtara kiyA gayA hai| hacIsana naitika iMdriya ke niyAmaka evaM niyaMtraka kArya para adhika bala dene meM baTalara kA anusaraNa karatA hai, kiMtu phira bhI vaha karuNAbhAva" ko naitika anumodana kA mukhya viSaya mAnatA hai| usane zAMta evaM vyApaka anurAga ko vikSubdha evaM saMkucita bhAvoM kI apekSA vareNya mAnA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki sarvottama mAnava svabhAva sarvAdhika anumodana ko svAbhAvika rUpa se prApta kara letA hai| vaha yA to zAMta evaM sthAyI sArvalaukIka sukha kA aisA saMkalpa hai, jisake dvArA eka vyakti saMvadenazIla prANiyoM ke uccatama saMbhAvita prakAra ke sarvocca AnaMda kI icchA karane hetu tatpara hotA hai| yaha naitika acchAI ke prati prema aura naitika acchAI kI icchA hai jo ki vyakti meM nihita usa sArvalaukika sukha ke saMkalpa se abhinna hai, jisakA ki vaha mukhya rUpa se anumodana karatA hai| ye donoM siddhAMta eka dUsare ke virodhI nahIM hai aura isalie inameM se kauna

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/188 ucca hai, isakA nizcaya karane kI koI vyAvahArika AvazyakatA nahIM hai| hacIsana ne inheM Apasa meM susaMgata mAnakara isa jhagar3e ko hI samApta kara diyA hai| kevala gauNa artha meM isakA anumodana kinhIM nizcita avadhAraNAoM se aura pratyakSa rUpa se isakA anumodana sadguNAtmaka anurAgoM se sambaMdhita yogyatAoM evaM svabhAvoM se hotA hai, jaisA ki niSpakSatA, satyavAditA, sahanazIlatA, vinayazIlatA Adi sadguNoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| yahAM nimna stara para vijJAnoM aura kalAoM ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kuzalatAoM aura upalabdhiyoM ko rakhA gayA hai| yaha anumodana apane vAstavika rUpa meM naitika nahIM hai, kiMtu yaha kevala ziSTAcAra aura zAlInatA ke bodha se saMbaMdhita hai, jise vinayazIlatA ke sAtha sAtha naitika iMdriya se alaga kiyA jAnA caahie| hacIsana kI mAnyatA meM zAMta-Atma-prema kAsvataH naitika anumodana niSpakSa nahIM hai| ve anurAga jo, ki pUrI taraha se Atmaprema se nikale haiM, to bhI inameM paropakAritA ke abhAva ko pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA hai| inakA dUsaroM para hAnikAraka prabhAva nahIM hai, ye naitika iMdriya se pUrNatayA bhinna hai| isake sAtha hI vaha AnaMda ke ghaTakoM kAsAvadhAnI pUrvaka vizleSaNa karane kA prayatna karatA hai| tAki yaha batAyA jA sake ki vyakti ke hitoM ke lie eka yathArtha sammAna sadaiva hI naitika iMdriya aura paropakAritA ke anurUpa hai| zephTsabarI kI svArtha (svahita) aura parArtha (lokahita) ke bIca saMgati kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI hacIsana paropakAra kI bhAvanA kI niSkAmatA ko pUrI taraha se sthApita karane ke lie adhika sajaga hai zephTsabarI kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki paropakAra kI bhAvanA sAdhAraNa artha meM svArthaparaka nahIM hai, kiMtu usane isa dhAraNA para bala diyA hai ki sukha kA sukhada kAryoM se aviyojya saMbaMdha hai| yahAM vaha eka sUkSma svahitavAdI siddhAMta kI ora nirdeza karatA hai, jisase vaha taba taka nahIM baca sakatA, jaba taka ki vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki AMtarika puraskAra hI paropakArI vyakti kI vAstavika preraNA kA sarjaka hai| isa sambaMdha meM hacIsana kA kahanA yaha hai ki nissaMdeha prema ke saMvega kI yaha prasannatA (AnaMda) hI isa paropakAra kI vRtti ko jArI rakhane evaM isakA vikAsa karane ke lie eka preraka hai, kiMtu yaha sukha kevala isakI icchA karane mAtra se, dUsare sukhoM kI apekSA adhika pratyakSa rUpa se prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kevala dUsaroM ke kalyANa kI niSkAma bhAvanA ke sRjana evaM anusaraNa kI apratyakSa (parokSa) prakriyA ke dvArA hI isako prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa niSkAma bhAvanA ko paropakAra ke karane ke lie milane vAle sukha kI kAmanA (icchA) se bhinna batAyA gayA hai| vaha isa bAta ko spaSTa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/189 karatA hai ki aksara mRtyu ke sannikaTatA hone para vyakti meM una logoM ke kalyANa kI icchA, jinheM vaha pyAra karatA hai, ghaTane kI apekSA bar3ha jAtI hai| yaha kaThina parIkSaNa prema kI niSkAmatA ko siddha karatA hai| isake sAtha sahamati paraka ve sAdhya jor3a dene se ki sahAnubhUti aura prazaMsA, jo sAmAnyatayA AtmatyAga ke AdhAra banate haiM, isa vizvAsa para AdhArita hai ki ye kevala pariSkRta Atmopalabdhi se bhinna vastu hai, aba isa bAta para vicAra karanA zeSa rahatA hai ki kyA bhAvanA (naitika) anumodana kA vAstavika viSaya hai? isa siddhAMta ke dvArA hama kisa prakAra bAharI kAryoM kA nirdhAraNa yA niSedha karane vAle naitika niyamoM kA yA prAkRtika niyamoM kA nigamana kara sakate haiM? yaha spaSTa hai ki sAmAnya sukha ke saMkalpa ke preraka sabhI kArya yadi niSkAma paropakAra kI bhAvanA se kie jAte haiM to ve hamAre uccatama anumodana kI apekSA karate haiN| kiMtu yadi ve (usa bhAvanA) se nahIM kie jAte, to prazna uThatA hai, kyoM nahIM kie jAte haiM? isa prazna kA uttara dene ke lie hacIsana vAstavika zubhatva aura AkArika zubhatva ke bIca vidvatApUrNa DhaMga se eka vibheda rekhA khIMcane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka kArya taba hI vAstavika zubha hogA, jaba ki vaha samAja vyavasthA ke hita meM vastutaH pravRtta hotA hai, jahAM taka ki hama usakI pravRtti kA mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiM athavA usa samAja taMtra ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa hone para vaha kucha aMza meM zubha hogA, phira cAhe kartA kI bhAvanAeM kucha bhI ho| eka kArya taba AkArika zubha hogA jabaki vaha yathArtha anupAta meM zubha bhAvanA se yukta hogaa| isa vibhAjana kI dhurI ke dvArA hacIsana zephTsabarI ke dRSTikoNa se paravartI upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa kI ora agrasara hotA hai| jahAM taka kisI kArya ke bhautika zubhatva kA prazna hai vaha spaSTa rUpa se pUrI taraha usa dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra karatA hai, jise bAda meM beMthama ne apanA mukhya siddhAMta banAyA hai, vaha yaha mAna letA hai ki vahI kArya acchA hai, jisase adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha kI prApti hotI hai aura vaha kArya burA hai, jisase adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama duHkha ke avasara upasthita hote haiN| yadyapi bAhya adhikAroM evaM kartavyoM ke sambaMdha meM usakA siddhAMta apanI paddhati meM spaSTatA aura sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se pele aura bethama se nizcita hI nimna stara kA hai, kiMtu maulika rUpa se unase bhinna nahIM hai| mAtra yahI ki vyaktiyoM ke sukha meM pratyakSa rUpa se sahAyaka kAryoM para adhika bala detA hai aura unakI sAmAnya zubha sambaMdhI pravRttiyoM kA anumodana kevala pUraka rUpa meM athavA pratibaMdhAtmaka rUpa se karatA hai| isameM yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki kyA vaha rAjya

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 190 ke nirmANa ke svAbhAvika DhaMga ke sambaMdha meM sAmAjika saMvidA ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra karatA hai aura yaha ki dUsare ke sAtha milAkara kucha bhI prApta nahIM kara sakate haiN| donoM ke prati AbaMdha (bAdhyatA) kA hamArA bodha samAna rUpa se samAja ke lie unakI mahatvapUrNa upayogitA ke AdhAra para sthita hai| naitika AbaMdha sambaMdhI isa niSkarSa meM hI hacIsana aura hyUma" ke naitika siddhAMtoM kA maulika aMtara nihita hai, hacIsana AnaMda kI prApti meM sahAyaka hone kI kSamatA ko hI maulika yA vAstavika zubhatva kA pramApaka mAnakara zephTsabarI ke usa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karatA hai jisake anusAra maulika anumodana ke vAstavika viSaya abhiruci hai na ki kArya kA pariNAma isake sAtha hI vaha kArya usake apane vaiyaktika guNoM meM paropakAra kI bhAvanA se yukta hai yA nahIM? yahI bAta Avazyaka rUpa se hameM kAryoM yA guNoM kI upayogitA yA vinAzaka pravRtti ke sambaMdha meM samucita nirdeza degI, kiMtu vaha kevala kisI bAta ke naitika anumodana yA niMdA ke lie paryApta nahIM hai| hyUma batAtA hai ki kisI aparAdha kA sAratatva kabhI bhI kisI aise rUpa meM nahIM hai ki use buddhi ke dvArA khojA jA sakeddha udAharaNArtha- jaba kRtaghnatA ( bhalAI ke badale burAI) kI niMdA karate haiM, to kevala acchAI aura burAI kA virodha hI hamArI asvIkRti kA AdhAra nahIM hai| yadi aisA ho, to hama burAI ke badale bhalAI ko bhI samAna rUpa se asvIkRta karate haiN| buddhi ke dvArA kisI kArya kI paristhitiyoM evaM pariNAmoM kA nizcaya kara liyA jAtA hai, to mana usake sambaMdha meM koI naitika nirNaya letA hai, kisI-kisI nae tathya yA sambaMdha ko khojane ke lie agrasara nahIM hotA hai| aksara hotA yaha hai ki una jJAna sambaMdhoM aura paristhitiyoM para dhyAna dene se mana meM zraddhA yA tiraskAra anumodana pasaMdagI yA nApasaMdagI ke bhAva kI anubhUti hotI hai| yaha mana meM ThIka vaise hI hotA hai, jaise prAkRtika saundarya bodha meM hotA hai| yadyapi kisI suMdara vastu kI suMdaratA usake aMgoM kI anUpatA, sambaMdha evaM sthitiyoM para nirbhara hotI hai, phira bhI koI vastu kisI samucita rUpa se pariSkRta saMvedanazIla bauddhika manas ke samakSa prastuta kI jAtI hai, to vaha suMdara vastu kisI aMga yA ghaTaka kA pariNAma na hokara usakI samagratA kA pariNAma hotI hai| prazna yaha hai ki kisa prakAra kI anubhUti naitika anumodana kA vAstavika mUlAdhAra hai? dArzanikoM ne isa mUlAdhAra ko pUrI taraha Atmaprema meM khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, kiMtu hyUma mAnatA hai ki isa dRSTikoNa ko hamArI naitika bhAvanAoM ke saMdarbha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/191 meM nirNAyaka prayogoM ke dvArA asvIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, udAharaNArtha- hama aksara dUrastha dezoM evaM sudUra atIta meM kie gae sadguNAtmaka kAryoM kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura eka virodhI dvArA kie gae kaThina durUha sAhasapUrNa kArya kA bhI anumodana karate haiM, yadyapi ho sakatA hai ki usake pariNAma hamAre vizeSa hitoM ke lie hAnikAraka ho| saMkSepa meM, hameM dUsare vyakti ke sukha yA duHkha ke sAtha eka sahacArI bhAva (sahAnubhUti) ko svIkAra karanA hogA, jo ki mAnava prakRti kA eka aisA siddhAMta hai, jisase alaga hokara hama kisI bhI adhika sAmAnya siddhAMta ko prApta karane kI AzA nahIM kara sakate haiN| yaha sahAnubhUti hI una vibhinna guNoM ke sambaMdha meM hamAre anumodana kI sampUrNa vyAkhyA prastuta kara sakatI hai, jo vaiyaktika sadguNa kA sAmAnya pratyaya banAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA sadguNoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita ina guNoM ke sarvekSaNa ke dvArA hyUma sahAnubhUti kI paddhati se ise siddha karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| vaha sadaiva hI ise sadguNI kartA yA dUsare logoM ke lie yA to upayogI yA pratyakSataH sahamati (anumodana) ke yogya mAnatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki lokahita aura upayogitA para vicAra vimarza usa naitika anumodana kA ekamAtra srota hai, jo ki kartavyaparAyaNatA, nyAya, satyavAditA, ImAnadArI aura dUsare mahattvapUrNa sadguNoM ko diyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI sAtha, sahAnubhUti rAjya-bhakti sambaMdhI kartavyoM kA mUla AdhAra bhI hai| vaha nyAya ke nidarzaka vAdoM meM yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai ki vidhi sambaMdhI AbaMdha mAnava prakRti meM nihita AvegoM ke yathArtha saMtulana aura una vizeSa avasthAoM aura sthitiyoM jinameM vyaktiyoM ko rakhA gayA hai, para pUrNatayA nirbhara hai, kyoMki isake viparIta kisI bhI vicAraNIya sthiti meM manuSya kI sthiti atibAdhyatA yA ati anivAryatA ko utpanna karegI athavA nyAya ko nirarthaka batAkara mAnava lakSya meM paryApta udAratA evaM sadayatA kA ropaNa yA pUrNa krUratA aura ghRNA kA ropaNa karegI isa rUpa meM Apa usake sAratatva ko pUrI taraha samApta kara mAnava jAti para se usakI AbandhAtmakatA ko samApta kara deNge| ___ isI prakAra yadi hama una vizeSa niyamoM kA parIkSaNa kareM, jinake dvArA nyAya kA nidarzana aura sampatti ke sthAyitva kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, to hama pAeMge ki lokopayogitA hI unakI pramANikatA kA AdhAra hai, udAharaNArtha-kauna isa bAta kA dhyAna nahIM rakhatA hai ki kisI manuSya kI kalA evaM parizrama se jo kucha bhI nirmita yA utpanna kiyA jAe athavA koI sudhAra kiyA jAe, usa vastu ko hamezA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/192 usake nirmANa lie surakSita rakhA jAnA cAhie, tAki aisI upayogI AdatoM evaM kauzala ko protsAhana diyA jA ske| isI prakAra ise kauna nahIM mAnatA hai ki upayogitA ke uddezya ke lie sampatti kA uttarAdhikAra vyakti ke baccoM ko evaM usake sambaMdhiyoM ko diyA jAnA hai cAhie yaha bAta bhI kauna nahIM mAnatA hai ki sahamati se sampatti kA hastAMtaraNa kiyA jA sakatA, jisase vANijya evaM vyApAra kA saMvarddhana ho, jo ki mAnava jAti ke lie bahuta hI upayogI hai, sAtha hI yaha ki saMvidAoM evaM pratijJAoM kA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pAlana kiyA jAe tAki pArasparika vizvAsa evaM niSThA banI rhe| jisase mAnava jAti ke sAmAnya hitoM kA bahuta adhika vikAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake viparIta yadi hama ina bAtoM ko chor3akara caleM, to sabhI yA adhikAMza sampatti yA nyAya sambaMdhI vidhiyAM kevala asvAbhAvika, sanakapUrNa aura aMdhavizvAsoM se adhika pratIta nahIM hoNgii| vastutaH, kabhI kabhI vizeSa niyama vivekAdhIna hote haiM, kyoMki jaba kabhI samAja ke hitoM ke lie kisI niyama kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, to hama yaha taya nahIM karate haiM ki kauna-sA vizeSa niyama banAyA jAnA cAhie, apitu usa paristhiti meM kucha sarasarI taura se kucha tattva le lie jAte haiM, tAki usa aspaSTatA tathA taTasthatA se bacA jA sake, jisake kAraNa satata rUpa se matabheda uTha sakate haiN| kevala isI rUpa meM hama nAgarika niyamoM meM hone vAle una parivartanoM kI ucitatA ko siddha kara sakate haiM, jo ki prAkRtika nyAya ke niyamoM ko pratyeka samAja kI vizeSa suvidhAoM ke anusAra vistRta evaM sImita karate haiM tathA pariSkRta evaM rUpAMtarita karate hai, hyUma yaha mAnatA hai ki usake siddhAMta ke sambaMdha meM usa suspaSTa tathya ke AdhAra para saMdeha ho sakatA hai ki hama anyAya kI taba bhI niMdA karate haiM jaba ki hama usake hAnikara pariNAma ke sambaMdha meM pratyakSa rUpa se sajaga nahIM hote haiM, kiMtu vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki isakI vyAkhyA zikSA evaM arjita AdatoM ke prabhAva ke AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai| vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki kinhIM sthitiyoM meM vicAra sahacarya ke dvArA ve sAmAnya niyama jinake AdhAra para hama prazaMsA yA niMdA karate haiM, jaba pahalI bAra banate haiM, to upayogitA ke siddhAMta se bhI adhika vyApaka hote haiM / ___yadyapi hyUma kI dRSTi aneka mahatvapUrNa sadguNa kA mUla AdhAra evaM dUsare vyaktiyoM se sambaMdhita acchAiyoM ke vizeSa bhAga kA mUla srota upayogitA hI hai phira bhI upayogitA naitika bhAvanAoM kA pUrNa AdhAra nahIM hai| praphullatA, bhadratA, vinamratA Adi aise dUsare bhI mAnasika guNa haiM, jo ki kisI upayogitA yA zubha meM sahAyaka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/193 hone kI pravRtti ke binA bhI unake dhAraka vyakti ko AkarSita karate hai, aura dUsare vyakti meM inake dvArA pradatta tAtkAlika sukha ke prati sahAnubhUti ke dvArA anumodana kI uttejanA pradAna karate haiN| cAhe koI guNa kitanA hI upayogI ho, paropakAra ke rUpa meM vaha aMzataH apanI pratyakSa anumodanazIlatA ke dvArA hI mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| jaisA ki niMdA kA mRdula tarIkA meM dekhA jAtA hai, jisameM jaba koI vyakti sImA ullaMghana kara dUsare kA bahuta adhika dhyAna rakhatA hai, to hama kahate haiM ki yaha bahuta hI bhalA hai aisI sthiti meM paropakAra upayogI kA virodhI hotA hai aura hama usakI niMdA karane se bAja nahIM Ate haiM, kiMtu usakI kriyAzIla sadayatA (komala hRdayatA) mana ko itanA jIta letI hai ki hama usakI AlocanA isa prakAra karate haiM ki usa AlocanA ke aMtara meM aneka prazastiyoM kI apekSA bhI adhika samAdara bhAva hotA hai| ___ punazca, upayogitA jo ki anumodana kA srota hai, Avazyaka rUpase lokahita nahIM hai| vastutaH, apane sAmAnya siddhAMta ke lie hyUma ke maulika evaM sUkSma tarka una guNoM se sambaMdhita haiM, jo unake dhAraka ke lie pratyakSa rUpa se upayogI hone se pasaMdagI ke viSaya hai| vaha kahatA hai ki saMsAra kA sarvAdhika mAnavadveSI vyakti, cAhe vaha kaise bhI aniSTakara saMdeha se yukta hokara sadguNoM ko eka pavitra DhoMga mAnate hue unheM asvIkAra kare, vaha bhI na to sAvadhAnI, sAhasa, parizrama, sAdagI evaM vivekabuddhi Adi guNoM ke anumodana se vastutaH iMkAra karatA hai aura na saMyama, madratA, dhairya, adhyavasAyitA, vicArazIlatA, yuktisaMgata-mArgadarzana, sajagatA, zIghra hI nirNayakSamatA (utpAda-buddhi) abhivyakti kI suvidhA Adi ke mahattva ko hI asvIkAra karatA hai| isase yahI pramANita hotA hai ki ina vizeSatAoM kI sadguNAtmakatA mukhyatayA hamArI dRSTi meM inameM apane dhAraka ke hitoM kI pUrti karane kI pravRtti ko dekha pAne ke kAraNa hI hai, isalie mAnava dveSI vyakti bhI inakI prazaMsA meM vastutaH usI niHsvArtha sahAnubhUti ko hI abhivyakta karatA hai, jisake astitva ke sambaMdha meM zaMkA karatA hai| jahAM taka naitika zakti ko kriyAnvita hone kI apekSA se vimarzAtmaka yA ciMtanaparaka mAnA jAtA hai, vahIM taka isameM vastutaH vahAM dRSTibiMdu prastuta hai, jisase hyUma ise mukhyatayA dekhatA hai| vaha bhI hacIsana ke samAna bAhya karttavyoM kI rUparekhA dene kA prayatna nahIM karatA hai aura na una vibhinna guNoM meM, jinako naitika bhAvanA anumodana karatI hai ke naitika mUlyoM meM zreNI yA krama kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa kI vAstavika niSkAmatA ke prazna para bhI hyUma kA dRSTikoNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/194 adhika spaSTa nahIM hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki apane prArambhika graMthoM meM vaha usa zAMta evaM sthAI sArvalaukika zubha saMkalpa kI jana sAmAnya meM upasthiti ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jise hacIsana ne sAmAnyatayA naitikatA kA sarvocca preraka mAnA thaa| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki vaiyaktika guNoM, sevAoM athavA sambaMdhoM se svataMtra mAnavatA ke prati prema kI aisI koI bhAvanA (Avega) mAnava mastiSka meM nahIM hai, na hI usa sukha ke prati sahAnubhUti hai, jise usakA paropakArI saMvega pradAna karatA hai', isalie lokopakAra (janakalyANa) yA mAnava jAti ke hitoM kA sammAna nyAya kA maulika preraka nahIM ho sktaa| apane paravartI graMthoM meM bhI vaha apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTatayA vApasa nahIM letA hai, kiMtu vaha yaha kahatA hai ki naitika anumodana (pasaMdagI) mAnavatA aura paropakAra se nigamita hai| baTalara ke pazcAt vaha spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra kara letA hai ki hamAre paropakArI AvegoM meM eka taTastha tatva nihita hai (jaise ki bhUkha, pyAsa, pratiSThA, prema Adi dUsare AvegoM meM hotA hai), dUsarI ora vaha isa bAta para bhI vicAra nahIM karatA hai ki kyA naitika bhAvanAeM yA ruciyAM kisI kArya kI preraka ho sakatI haiM? sivAya isake ki ve sukha yA duHkha detI haiM aura kisI prakAra se AnaMda yA saMkaTa kI nirmAtA haiM, yadyapi ina dRSTikoNoM kI saMgati baiThAnA kaThina hai, kiMtu kisI bhI kImata para hyUma pUrI taraha yaha mAnatA hai ki buddhi kisI karma kI preraka nahIM hai, sivAya isake ki yaha kSudhAoM yA ruciyoM se prApta bhAvAvegoM kA nidarzana karatI hai| apane paravartI graMthoM meM to nizcaya hI vaha sadguNoM ke prati sivAya kartA ke hita yA sukha ke atirikta kisI bhI naitika bAdhyatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, yadyapi saMkSepa meM vaha yaha batAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki usakA naitikatA kA siddhAMta jina karttavyoM kI anuzaMsA karatA hai, ve sabhI vyakti ke sacce hita hai| yadi vyakti svayaM ke AcaraNa para zAMta citta se kie gae vicAra se prApta AnaMda ke mahattva ko dhyAna meM rakhe, kiMtu yadi hama naitika cetanA ko kevala eka vizeSa prakAra kA sukhAtmaka saMvega mAneM, to hyUma ke naitika siddhAMta meM eka spaSTa prazna khar3A hotA hai, jisakA ki usane koI ThIka uttara nahIM diyA hai| yadi naitika ruci kA sAratattva dUsaroM ke sukha se yukta sahAnubhUti hai to yaha vizeSa saMvega sadguNoM ke atirikta una anya vastuoM se, jo ki aise sukha ko utpanna karane kI pravRtti rakhatI hai, kyoM uttejita nahIM hotA hai? isa prazna para hyUma apane Apako isa asaMtoSajanaka TippaNI se Azvasta karatA hai ki AvegoM aura sthAI bhAvoM ke aneka varga haiM, kiMtu prakRti kI mUlabhUta racanA ke AdhAra para vicArazIla buddhimAn

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 195 prANI usameM se kevala eka hI upayukta viSaya hai| isake atirikta bhI usakI naitika anumodana kI dhAraNA kI aspaSTatA upayogI aura rucikara guNoM kI usa sUcI se prakaTa ho jAtI hai, jise vaha anumodana ke yogya mAnatA hai, jisameM samIcIna naitika acchAiyoM ke sAtha kevala bauddhika upalabdhiyoM ko avivekapUrNa DhaMga se milA diyA gayA hai 32, isalie yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki usane naitika sthAIbhAvoM ke usa viziSTa guNa ko chor3a diyA, jisakI vyAkhyA kI AvazyakatA thii| isa samasyA kA maulika evaM uttama samAdhAna usake samakAlIna evaM mitra eDamasmitha ke dvArA diyA gayA / eDama smitha (1723 - 1790) ne eDamasmitha hyUma ke samAna hI sahAnubhUti ko aisA aMtima ghaTaka mAnatA hai, jisameM naitika sthAIbhAva kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha yaha bhI batAtA hai ki viziSTa naitika iMdriya ko svIkAra karane kA koI AdhAra nahIM hai| vaha sadguNa ke sukhada pariNAmoM meM nihita sahAnubhUtyAtmaka sukha kI vAstavikatA yA mahatva ke bAre meM vivAda meM bhI nahIM par3atA hai, jabaki hyUma isa para adhika bala diyA thA, phira bhI vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki kaThora parIkSaNa ke pazcAt sAmAnya rUpa se hama yaha pAeMge ki manas kA koI bhI guNa sadguNa ke rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM hai, jabaki aise guNa, jo vyakti svayaM ko yA dUsaroM ko upayogI yA rucikara haiM aura sadguNa ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, kiMtu unheM mAnya karane meM prakRti ne hamAre anumodana ke sthAIbhAvoM ko vyakti aura samAja donoM kI suvidhA ke sAtha AnaMdapUrvaka samAyojita kara diyA hai, taba bhI vaha mAnatA hai ki ye sthAIbhAva mUlatayA evaM Avazyaka rUpa se kisI upayogitA ke pratyakSIkaraNa se utpanna nahIM hote haiN| yadyapi nissaMdeha aisA pratyakSIkaraNa unheM vyApaka evaM sajIva banA detA hai, sAtha hI viveka nyAya aura paropakAra ke aneka mahatvapUrNa udAharaNoM meM sadguNa ke anukUla prabhAva kA bodha sadaiva hI hamAre anumodana (pasaMdagI) ke vizeSa evaM bahudhA bar3e bhAga kA nirmANa karatA hai, tathApi yaha asambhava hai ki usa upayogitA ke atirikta, jisake AdhAra para hama khAne vAlI saMdUka kI anuzaMsA karate haiM hamAre pAsa kisI vyakti kI prazaMsA karane kA koI dUsarA tarka ho / parIkSaNa ke uparAMta hameM yaha patA calegA ki kisI mAnasika svabhAva kI upayogitA kabhI kabhI hI prAthamika anumodana kA AdhAra banatI hai, sAtha hI yaha ki anumodana ke sthAIbhAva meM upayogitA ke pratyakSIkaraNa se

Page #198
nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/196 bilakula bhinna eka aucitya kA bodha hotA hai| yaha aucityabodha hamAre naitika nirNayoM kA sArabhUta evaM sAmAnya tattva hotA hai| prAthamika rUpa se ye naitika nirNaya dUsaroM ke caritra aura AcaraNa para hI die jAte haiN| aisI sthiti meM aucitya bodha apane saralatama rUpa meM sIdhA sahAnubhUti yA dUsaroM ke bhAvAvegoM ke sahagAmI bhAva se utpanna hotA hai, jisameM dRSTA svayaM apane ko bhI usI sthiti meM kalpita kara usa bhAva kA anubhava karatA hai| yaha dUsare manuSya kI bhAvanAoM ke sAtha hamArI bhAvanAoM ke sAhacarya kI cetanA sadaiva hI sukhada hotI hai| taba bhI, jabaki sahAnubhUti ko uttejita karane vAlA bhAva aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna hone vAlI sahAnubhUti kI bhAvanA svayaM bhI duHkhada ho, yaha tadanusAritA kA bodha hI usakA sAratattva hai| jaba hama bhI kisI bhAvanA evaM usakI abhivyakti kA anumodana karate haiM to vaha una karmoM kA sAratattva hotA hai, jo isake pariNAmasvarUpa hote haiN| dUsaroM kI bhAvanAoM ko unake lakSyoM kI dRSTi se upayukta mAnanA hI vaha vastu hai, jise hama sahAnubhUti kahate haiN| eka vyakti, jisakI sahAnubhUti mere duHkhoM ke sAtha hai aura kucha nahIM, varan vaha mere duHkhoM kI paryAptatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| isI prakAra eka darzaka eka bhAvanA ko kevala ati mAnakara taba nApasaMda karatA hai, jaba vaha itanI adhika mAtrA meM abhivyakta kI jAtI hai ki vahAM taka usakI sahAnubhUti pahuMca nahIM pAtI hai, athavA use taba doSapUrNa mAnatA hai, jabaki vaha usa darzaka kI sahAnubhUtyAtmaka kalpanA se pUrI taraha mela nahIM khA pAtI hai, yadyapi aisA kama hI hotA hai| isa spaSTa prativAda ke sambaMdha meM ki hama aksara binA sahAnubhUti ke bhI anumodana karate rahate haiN| yahAM yaha pratyuttara diyA gayA hai ki aisI avasthA meM hama isa bAta ke lie cetana hote haiM ki hameM usake prati sahAnubhUti rakhanA cAhie, yadi hama sAmAnya avasthA meM haiM aura usakI aura apekSita dhyAna dete haiN| yaha ThIka vaise hI hotA hai, jaise ki hama eka vyaMgya yA vinoda athavA mitramaMDalI kI aisI majAka kA anumodana taba bhI karate haiM, jaba ki hama gambhIra manodazA meM hone ke kAraNa svayaM haMsate nahIM hai, kyoMki hama isa sambaMdha meM saceta hai ki aneka avasaroM para aise hAsya-vinoda ke hama bhI sahabhAgI hote haiN| yahAM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki aucitya kA yaha biMdu vibhinna AvegoM (bhAvanAoM) meM vibhinna sthAnoM para sthira rahatA hai| kabhI vaha ati kI ora hotA hai, to kabhI kamI kI ora hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa biMdu kI vAstavika sthiti ke sambaMdha meM darzakoM meM adhika matabheda rahatA hai| vastutaH, bhAvanA anurUpatA ko prApta karane ke lie aksara

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/197 donoM pakSoM kI ora se prayatna apekSita hai| darzaka ko sambaMdhita vyakti ke sthAIbhAvoM (bhAvanAoM) meM praveza karanA hotA hai aura sambaMdhita vyakti ko apane saMvegoM ko isa prakAra prakaTa karanA yA kama se kama unakI bAhyAbhivyakti karanA hotI hai, tAki darzaka meM usake samAna bhAva ko jAgrata kara ske| darzaka ko prabhAvita karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko aisA prayatna usa sImA taka karanA hogA, jo ki darzaka ko Azcarya meM DAle evaM use prasanna kre| aise logoM ko hama AtmapIr3ana aura AtmasaMyama ke kaThora aura samAdaraNIya sadguNoM se yukta mAnate haiM, jabaki mAnavatA kA saumya sadguNa sahAnubhUti kI usa mAtrA meM nihita hotA hai, jo apanI anapekSita evaM ati saMvedanazIla komalatA evaM dayAlutA ke dvArA Azcaryacakita kre| yadyapi saumya sadguNa ke sambaMdha meM darzaka kA na kevala dayAlutA ke saMvega se yukta hokara sahAnubhUti pradAna karanA hai, apitu 1 usa sukha meM bhI, jo sadayatA apane pAtra ko pradAna karatI hai aura 2 (usa jJApita hone vAlI) kRtajJatA se bhI, jo usa (sadguNa) ko uddIpta karatI hai| sahAnubhUti kI isI aMtima prakriyA ke kAraNa hI hameM sadguNAtmaka kArya meM acchAI kA bodha hotA hai| hama taba hI kisI kArya ko yA kartA ko acchA mAnate haiM, jaba ki vaha kRtajJatA jJApana ke lie eka samyak evaM svIkRta viSaya pratIta ho| yaha ki jaba hama eka taTastha sAkSI ke rUpa meM usa kRtajJatA bhAva se, jise vaha kArya una logoM meM, jo usase lAbhAnvita hue haiM, uddIpta karatA hai yA sAmAnyatayA uddIpta karegA, sahamati rakhate haiN| kiMtu hama kRtajJatA ke bhAva se hRdaya se taba taka sahamati nahIM rakhate haiM, jaba taka ki hama usa kArya ke uddIpta karane vAlI preraNA se sahAnubhUti nahIM rkhe| isa prakAra acchAI kA bodha eka mizrita sthAI bhAva hai jo do bhinna-bhinna saMvegoM kA banA huA hai (1) kartA ke sthAI bhAvoM ke prati pratyakSa sahAnubhUti aura (2) kartA ke kAryoM se lAbhAnvita hone vAle vyaktiyoM kI kRtajJatA bhAvanA ke sAtha parokSa shaanubhuuti| yaha paravartI tattva hI prabhAvazAlI tattva haiM isI prakAra burAI kA bodha bhI burA karma karane vAle kI bhAvanA ke prati pratyakSa ghRNA aura usa burAI se pIr3ita hone vAle vyakti kI nArAjagI ke sAtha parokSa sahAnubhUti se banatA hai| yaha sahAnubhUtyAtmaka krodha hI usakA prAthamika ghaTaka hai, jo dUsare ko dI gaI pIr3A ke lie daNDa kI mAMga karane evaM daNDa kA anumodana karane ke lie hameM prerita karatA hai aura jise hama nyAya kA bodha kahate haiN| ___ sAmAjika vyavasthA ko banAe rakhane ke lie aise daNDa ke mahattva kA vicAra isa sthAIbhAva kA gauNa va dvitIyaka srota hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/198 abhI taka hama dUsaroM ke AcaraNa aura sthAIbhAvoM ke saMdarbha meM hI hamAre naitika nirNayoM ke mUla srota evaM AdhAra ke bAre meM vicAra kara rahe the| yadyapi jaba aise hI nirNaya hamAre svayaM ke AcaraNa ke sambaMdha meM denA hote haiM, to punaH unake mUla ghaTaka kI jaTilatA ko samajhane ke lie unakI vyAkhyA apekSita hotI hai| aMtarviveka kI isa prakriyA meM hama apane-Apa ko do vyaktiyoM meM vibhAjita kara lete haiM aura hamAre AcaraNa ko dekhane vAle usa kalpita dRSTA kI bhAvanAoM meM praveza karane kA prayatna karate haiN| vAstavika darzaka (arthAt dUsare vyakti) hamAre kAryoM aura prerakoM ke apUrNa jJAna ke kAraNa galata prazaMsA yA niMdA ke doSI ho sakate haiM, kiMtu galatI se die gae sammAna aura prazaMsA se hameM bahuta hI apUrNa evaM banAvaTI saMtoSa mila pAtA hai aura jaba inheM usa galatI se roka diyA jAtA hai, to hameM (usa) kAlpanika vAstavika jJAtA aura taTastha darzaka kI anuzaMsA se eka vAstavika sukha prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra, hamArI prazaMsA pAne kI icchA se alaga, prazaMsanIya hone kI icchA kA vikAsa hotA hai aura isI prakAra niMdA kI AzaMkA se alaga, niMdanIya hone kI AzaMkA kA vikAsa hotA hai| yadyapi yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki galata prazaMsA se saMtoSa prApta karane kI apekSA galata niMdA se uttejita hone kI kSamatA hamameM sAmAnyatayA adhika hai, kyoMki AMzika rUpa se hama yaha jAnate haiM ki aparAdha kI spaSTa svIkRti galata prazaMsA ko samApta kara sakatI hai, kiMtu galata niMdA se bacane ke lie yaha rAstA nahIM hai| tadanusAra isa dUsarI sthiti meM Adarza dRSTA aMtarAtmA kabhI bahirAtmA ke virodha evaM apamAna ke kAraNa bhaucakkA evaM hataprabha ho jAtA hai| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI mAna lenA hogA ki aMtarAtmA vAstavika darzakoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa prAyaH apane kartavya ke prati mana se sajaga rahane kI apekSA karatA hai| aba jaba vAstavika darzaka pakSapAtI aura Asakti se yukta hote haiM tathA niSpakSa-dRSTA udAsIna hote haiM, to naitika sthAI bhAvoM kA aucitya bhI dUSita ho jAtA hai, isIlie aMtarrASTrIya-naitikatA aura dalIya-saMgharSa jaisI naitikatA kI nimna avasthA kI tulanA sAdhAraNa vyaktigata-naitikatA se kI jAtI hai| punazca, aMtarAtmA kI sUcanA pratiSThA evaM vAsanA ke AMtarika-prabhAva aura usake sAtha hI bahirAtmA ke vicAroM ke dvArA satya se dUSita hone kI sambhAvanA bhI ho sakatI hai, kiMtu aisI AtmavaMcanA se bacane ke lie eka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/199 mUlyavAn upacAra naitikatA ke sAmAnya niyamoM ke rUpa meM prakRti ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu naitikatA ke ina sAmAnya niyamoM ko maulika pratimajJAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki aMtatogatvA ye hamAre una anubhavoM para nirbhara haiM, jinheM vizeSa avasthAoM meM hamArI naitika-zakti athavA acchAI aura aucitya kA hamArA prAkRtika-bodha pasaMda yA nApasaMda karatA hai| ina (prAkRtika) sAmAnya niyamoM ke prati niSThA ko hI karttavya-bodha kahA jAtA hai| isa niSThA ke binA koI bhI vyakti aisA nahIM hogA, jisakA caritra prasannatA kI usa asamAnatA para Azrita raha sakegA ki asamAnatA se sabhI vyakti yukta haiN| vastutaH, eDama smitha to yahAM taka kahanA cAhatA hai ki sAmAnya niyamoM ke prati vaha niSThA hI kevala ekamAtra aisA siddhAMta hai, jisake dvArA mAnava jAti ke adhikAMza vyakti apane kAryoM ke nidarzana meM sakSama hote haiM, kiMtu isa niSThA ko eDama smitha ke sAmAnya siddhAMta ke sAtha saMgati baiThA pAnA kaThina hai| vizeSa rUpa se, aneka sadagaNoM ke sambaMdha meM hamAre sAmAnya niyama adhikAMzatayA itane apUrNa evaM DhIle-DhAle hote haiM ki hamAre AcaraNa ko kinhIM saMkSipta siddhAMtoM kI apekSA kisI vizeSa ruci se nidarzita honA par3atA hai, yadyapi vaha mAnatA hai ki nyAya ke niyama uccatama koTi kI pUrNatA rakhate haiM, tAki apekSita kisI bhI bAhya-kArya kA nirdhAraNa sarvAdhika satyatA ke sAtha kara ske| eDama smitha hameM yaha vizvAsa dilAne kA prayAsa bhI karate haiM ki naitikatA ke sAmAnya niyamoM ko ThIka IzvarIya-niyamoM ke rUpa mAnA jAnA cAhie aura aMtarAtmA arthAt kalpita niSpakSa dRSTA kI AvAja ko yadi hama adhyavasAya evaM niSThApUrvaka dhyAna se suna sakeM, vaha hameM kabhI dhokhA nahIM degI, kiMtu usakA yaha siddhAMta ina niSkarSoM ke lie koI akATya tarka nahIM de pAtA hai| hyUma aura eDama smitha ke siddhAMtoM ko eka sImA taka sAtha sAtha lene para hameM naitika sthAI bhAva ke mUla srota kI usa vyAkhyA kA pUrvAnumAna ho jAtA hai, jo ki upayogitAvAdI-sampradAya meM abhI-abhI taka pracalita thI, lekina hyUma aura eDama smitha - donoM hI naitika sthAI bhAva kI jaTilatA kA kama mUlyAMkana karane kI galatI karate haiN| sAtha hI, ve isa bAta ko asvIkAra karane kI galatI bhI karate haiM ki aMtardarzanAtmaka rUpa se samIkSA karane para naitika sthAI bhAva dUsaroM ke AvegoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke sAtha mAtra sahAnubhUti se bhinna hai| yadyapi ye naitika sthAI bhAva usase utpanna ho sakate haiM, ye jaTila evaM mizrita haiM, ye jaTila isalie haiM ki inheM sIdhe-sIdhe sahAnubhUti ke sarala ghaTaka meM vizleSita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se hyUma aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/200 eDama smitha - donoM kI vyAkhyA karane kI paddhati kI tulanA hArTale kI paddhati ke niSedhAtmaka rUpa se kI jA sakatI hai| hArTale (1705-1757 I.) hArTale kI pustaka 'AbjaravezaMsa Ana mena (1749)' hyUma kI pustaka 'inkvAyarI inTU dI praMsIpalsa Apha mAralsa' se pahale prakAzita ho gaI thii| hArTale kA mahattva mukhyataH jaTila evaM pariSkRta saMvegoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie pratyayoM ke sAhacarya-niyama ke maulika evaM vyApaka upayoga meM nihita hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki sukha aura duHkha kI prAthamika-saMvedanAoM se sAhacarya ke punarAvartita evaM mizrita prabhAva ke dvArA kisa prakAra 1 kalpanA, 2 AkAMkSA, 3 svahita, 4 sahAnubhUti, 5 samAdhi aura 6 naitika-bodha ke sukha-duHkhoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| vastutaH, AMglalekhakoM meM vaha pahalA vyakti nahIM thA, jisane mAnasika ghaTanA-cakra ke pariSkAra meM sAhacarya ke mahattva kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA ho| sAhacarya ke kucha mahattvapUrNa prabhAvoM kI ora lAka kA dhyAna bhI gayA thA aura isI prakriyA ko hyUma ke tattvamImAMsA sambaMdhI siddhAMtoM meM mukhya keMdra banAyA gayA thaa| hyUma ne apane nyAya evaM dUsare kRtrima sadguNoM kI vivecanA meM isa siddhAMta kA upayoga kiyA hai| isake kucha varSa pahale meM hacIsana ke naitika evaM paropakArI AvegoM meM upasthita niSkAmatA ke pramANa ko svIkAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki (jJAna yA yaza kI icchA tathA par3hane, zikAra karane yA vRkSAropaNa ke AnaMda ke samAna hI) ye sadguNa bhI Atma-prema se hI sAhacarya kI zakti ke dvArA vyutpanna hote haiM, kiMtu naitika manovijJAna meM sAhacarya siddhAMta kA gahana evaM vyavasthita upayoga sarvaprathama hArTale kI racanA meM pAyA jAtA hai| vahI pahalA vyakti hai, jo isa bAta se pUrNa Azvasta hai ki sAhacarya meM mAnasika-ghaTanA-cakra kI mAtra sambaddhatA ke sthAna para eka aise arddha-rAsAyanika mizraNa ko utpanna karane kI zakti hai, jo ki usake ghaTakoM ke AbhAsI mizraNa se bhinna hotA hai| prAthamika rUpa se usakA siddhAMta manovaijJAnika hai aura mana evaM zarIra meM pUrNa saMvAditA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki saMvedanA ke grAhaka aMga meM utpanna hone vAle prAthamika-kampanoM se kisa prakAra majA- dravya meM mizrita prakampanoM kA nirmANa hotA hai aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa sAtatyapUrvaka yA avyavasthita anukramoM meM saMvedanAoM kI punarAvRtti kisa prakAra laghu citroM ke saMsakta samUhoM ko yA prAthamika bhAvanA-cihnoM ko utpanna karane kI pravRtti rakhatI hai, jo vastutaH jaTila, kiMtu sarala pratIta hone vAle saMvegoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/201 aura pratyayoM se eka rUpa ho jAte haiN| sukha aura duHkhoM ke chaha vargoM meM se pratyeka varga, jise sUcI meM anukrama se diyA gayA hai, vaha apane pUrvavartI kI apekSA adhika jaTila hai| isakA kAraNa paravartI vargoM kI mizrita prakriyA hai| tadanusAra, naitika-bodha kA sukha aMtima hone ke kAraNa sabase adhika jaTila hai| apane vikAsa kI prAthamika avasthA meM ve mukhyatayA usa pasaMdagI aura nApasaMdagI kI bhASA ke sAhacarya se nirmita hote haiM, jise bacce kramazaH sadguNI vyakti ke prasaMga meM sunate haiN| vyakti svayaM ke sadguNoM yA dUsaroM ke sadguNoM se upalabdha (nItivihIna) saMtuSTiyoM ke cihnoM ko kramazaH mizrita karatA hai| sAmAjikatA aura paropakAra ke vicAra jaba vikasita ho jAte haiM, to ve bhI isameM apanA yogadAna bhI karate haiM, usase agalA yogadAna sabhI sadguNoM kI pArasparikasaMgati evaM unakI vizva kI sauMdarya vyavasthA aura pUrNatA ke sAtha saMgati se utpanna sauMdaryAtmaka saMtuSTi ke dvArA prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| punazca, karttavya ke niSpAdana ke pazcAt milane vAle puraskAra kI satat AzA ke dvArA Adarza sukha svayaM ko kartavya ke pratyaya ke sAtha sambaMdhita karane kI pravRtti rakhatA hai| yaha bhI ina AzAoM ke prati binA kisI abhivyakta smRti ke aMta meM dhArmika saMvega mizrita sAmAnya sukhada vicAra aura cetanA ke sAtha eka anya tattva ko jor3a dete haiN| yaha tattva hamameM taba utpanna hotA hai, jabaki hama apane sadguNAtmaka abhiruciyoM (anurAgoM) evaM kAryoM para vicAra karate haiN| isI prakAra, duHkhoM kA mizraNa aparAdha aura pazcAtApa kA bodha utpanna karatA hai, vaha bhI taba utpanna hotA hai, jabaki hama svayaM apanI burAiyoM para vicAra karate haiN| hArTale kA vaha saMvedanAvAda use daihika-sukhoM se bahuta dUra le jAtA hai| vastutaH, usakI dRSTi meM tathya yaha hai ki daihika-sukha una zeSa sabhI kA AdhAra hai, jisake dvArA unakI nimnatA ke tarka ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki prakRti kI vyavasthA meM pUrvavartI apane paravartI kI apekSA hamezA AdhArabhUta aura apUrNa hotA hai| isI prakAra, kalpanAjanya sukhoM kI nimnatA kA bodha prakRti ke sauMdarya, kalA tathA vijJAna ke dvArA hotA hai| unakI nimnatA ke tarka kA AdhAra yaha hai ki ve hamAre bauddhika-sukhoM se bhI sAmAnyatayA prathama hai aura uccatama prakAra ke sukhoM kI utpatti evaM buddhi ke lie spaSTa rUpa se pravRtta hote haiN| aMtatogatvA hArTale yaha niSkarSa nikAlatA hai ki apane adhikatama sukhoM ko cAhane vAlA koI bhI vyakti endrika- sukhoM athavA kalpita yA akalpita sukhoM ko sarvopari viSaya nahIM banAnA caahegaa| ina nimna sukhoM kI adhikatama mAtrA tabhI upalabdha kI jA sakatI hai, jabaki inakI prApti ke prayAsa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 202 sahAnubhUti, dayA aura naitika-bodha ke siddhAMtoM ke adhIna hoN| jahAM taka ki dharma aura naitikatA ke pakSa meM tarkoM kA prazna hai, ve spaSTatayA svahita ke AdhAra para hI pratIta hote haiM, kiMtu isake Age hArTale yaha bhI mAnatA hai, ki bauddhika- svahita ko hI apane lakSya kA prAthamika-viSaya mAnane para bhI vaha lakSya Izvara evaM par3osI ke prati prema ke uccatama sukha ko nirUtsAhita evaM samApta hI kregaa| mAnava ke vikAsa meM usakA mukhya kArya to hameM paropakAra, dayA aura naitika bodha kI abhivRddhi utpanna karane hetu pravRtta karanA hai| tadanusAra, hamArA Adarza lakSya svahitoM kI isa dAsatA ko Age aura Age hI bar3hAte jAnA hai, jahAM taka ki hama ahaM kA pUrNa visarjana kara aura vizuddha prema taka nahIM pahuMca jAte haiM, yadyapi ise isa jIvana meM prApta kara lenA asambhava - sA hai, tAki bauddhika-Atmaprema svayaM kA visarjana karake apanI pUrNatama AtmasaMtuSTi ko prApta kara ske| sahAnubhUti, samAdhi aura naitika-bodha ke sukhoM ke lie nimna zreNI ke sukhoM se bhinna rUpa meM binA pArasparika saMgharSa aura binA ati ke bhaya ke prayAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| dayA aura bauddhika paropakAra paraspara eka dUsare ke sahayogI haiN| eka pUrNa paropakArI manuSya kI yahI icchA hogI ki vaha anaMta sArvalaukika-paropakAra ko kara ske| dUsarI ora, paropakAra kabhI bhI taba taka pakSapAta aura svArthaparAyaNatA se mukta nahIM ho sakatA, jaba taka ki hama apane ko IzvarIya - prakRti meM sthita na kara leM aura pratyeka vastu ko kevala usI IzvarIya - prakRti kI dRSTi se na dekheN| punazca, sahAnubhUtijanya sukha usa naitika-bodha ke dvArA pUrNatayA anumodita evaM puSTa hote haiM, jisake ki ve eka pramukha srota haiN| hArTale kA vyAvahArika - siddhAMta sthUla rUpa se zephTsabarI aura hacIsana ke sAtha saMgati rakhatA hai aura vaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki paropakAra hI prAthamika lakSya hai| apane siddhAMta meM vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki hameM pratyeka kArya isa taraha karanA cAhie ki usase hama hamArI zakti para kamase-kama duHkha aura adhika sukha utpanna kara skeN| yahI sAmAjika vyavahAra kA niyama hai, jise sArvalaukika asIma paropakAra hamAre mana meM utpanna karatA hai| isa niyama kI nissaMkoca svIkRti paravartI upayogitAvAda kA virodha to nahIM karatI hai, kiMtu paravartI upayogitAvAda ke pUrva kalpanA se hArTale bahuta dUra hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki hamAre kAryoM ke pariNAmoM kI gaNanA meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM aura ulajhanoM ke kAraNa bahudhA hama isa sAmAnya niyama ke sthAna

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/203 para dUsare kama sAmAnya niyamoM ko sthAnApanna kara lete haiM, jaise ki (dharmagraMtha kI AjJA-pAlana ke atirikta) apane svayaM ke aura dUsare logoM ke naitika-bodha ko sammAna denA aura dayA evaM zubhecchA ke prati hamArI svAbhAvika abhiruci, vyaktiyoM kI apekSA apane nikaTa saMbaMdhiyoM kI tathA paropakArI evaM dhArmika-vyaktiyoM kI prAthamikatA, satyavAditA ke prati niSThA rakhanA, nAgarika-anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Adi ye gauNa niyama mukhyatayA hamAre vicArapUrNa kAryoM kA nirdezana karate haiN| una ApadakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM jahAM vicAra sambhava hI nahIM hotA, naitika-iMdriya (naitika-aMtarbodha) hI hamArI mArgadarzaka hogI, kiMtu jaba ina do yA do se adhika siddhAMtoM meM Apasa meM virodha ho, jo ki aksara pratyakSataH dikhAI detA hai, to kisa paddhati kA prayoga kiyA jAe- isa sambaMdha meM hArTale spaSTa nahIM hai| vaha aspaSTa rUpa se yahI kahatA hai ki ve niyama bhI kisI sImA taka dUsare ko suvyavasthita, niyaMtrita evaM prabhAvita karate haiM tathA eka-dUsare kA artha nirdhArita karate haiM, sAtha hI, naitika-bodha kI utpatti kA jisa nizcayAtmakatA ke sAtha usane apane kathanoM meM nirUpaNa kiyA hai. unakA samucita AdhAra bhI nahIM milatA hai| manovijJAna aura nItizAstra aMtatogatvA hameM yaha kahanA hI hogA ki yadyapi jIvana ke niyama kA nirdhAraNa karane sambaMdhI apane prayAsoM meM hArTale spaSTatayA ImAnadAra rahe haiN| unakA suvyavasthita utsAha, apanI paddhati evaM vyAkhyA-sambaMdhI kamiyoM ke bAvajUda bhI, unakI manovijJAna meM abhiruci utpanna karatA hai, tathApi ve usakA upayoga ucita AcaraNa kI prabhAvakArI kasauTI ke prazna para nahIM kara pAe haiN| isa prazna para unakI vyAkhyA aspaSTa hai| ve vyAkhyAeM usa vizvAsa ke kAraNa dUSita ho gaI hai, jo ki unheM isa samasyA kI kaThinAiyoM kA mukAbalA karane se bacAtA hai| aisI hI eka kamI eDama smitha ke graMtha meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai| jaba eDama smitha manovaijJAnika-vizleSaNa ke mAdhyama se naitika siddhAMtoM ke nirmANa kI dizA meM Age bar3hate haiM, to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa yuga kI AMgla-naitika-ciMtanadhArA kI bauddhika-zakti kaThoratApUrvaka naitikatA kI dizA meM mur3ane kI apekSA manovijJAna kI dizA meM mur3ane kI eka sAmAnya pravRtti rakhatI hai| vastutaH, hyUma ke ciMtana meM to nItizAstra kA manovijJAna meM vilayana itanA pUrNa ho gayA ki vaha use bhASA ke bhrAMta prayoga kI dizA meM le

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/204 gayA vaha kevala eka yA do sthAnoM para hI manovijJAna se naitikatA ke vAstavika vibheda para AbhAsI rUpa se hI bala de pAyA hai, kiMtu isakI nikaTatama samIkSA yahI batAtI hai ki hyUma ise pasaMdagI aura nApasaMdagI ke vAstavika astitva se adhika kucha nahIM samajhatA hai, vaha pasaMdagI yA nApasaMdagI, jisakA manuSya eka-dUsare ke guNoM ke sambaMdha meM anubhava karate haiN| tathya yaha hai ki sepha TsabarI se prAraMbha hokara naitika-ciMtana kI dizA meM pramukha bane bhAvoM ke vivecana evaM vizleSaNa ke madhya ucita kyA hai aura kyoM hai? ye mukhya prazna naitikatA ke prati spaSTa khatare ko jAne binA hI paripArzva meM jAkara samApta se ho ge| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki pasaMdagI aura nApasaMdagI kA bodha pratyeka vyakti meM apanI ruci ke anusAra svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinna-bhinna hogA, aisI sthiti meM naitikaniyamoM kI AbaMdhAtmaka zakti lupta ho jaaegii| vastutaH, yaha hyUma ke usa siddhAMta ko pratipAdita karane kA dUsarA tarIkA hai, jisameM kAryoM ke lakSya se buddhi kA koI sambaMdha nahIM hai, kiMtu yaha kahanA hogA ki eka sthAI bhAva kI upasthiti apane-Apa meM naitikatA ke pAlana kA koI paryApta kAraNa nahIM hai| nItizAstra kA manovijJAna meM vilaya karane kI isa pravRtti kI pratikriyA kisI na kisI rUpa meM aparihArya thii| yaha suspaSTa thA ki yaha pratikriyA nimnalikhita vicAradhArAoM kI kinhIM do dizAoM meM se koI eka dizA grahaNa krtii| eka dizA klArka aura kambara-laiNDa kI vicAradhArA se avirodha-bhAva se sambaMdhita hone meM thI aura dUsarI baTalara aura hacIsana kI usa vicAradhArA se sambaMdhita hone meM thI, jo ki spaSTa rUpa se isa vilaya kI virodhI ho cukI thii| yaha pratikriyA yA to naitika-siddhAMtoM kI sAmAnya svIkRti kI ora evaM unakI vastugata satyatA ko mAnya karane kI dizA meM lauTa sakatI thI aura unheM parama naitika-satyoM ke eka pUrNa evaM saMgatiyukta prArUpa ke rUpa meM dikhAne kA prayAsa kara sakatI thI, athavA hyUma ke dvArA ullekhita naitika sthAyIbhAvoM kI utpatti ke lie sukha kI prerakatA yA upayogitA ko eka aisA aMtima pramApaka mAna sakatI thI, jisake dvArA sthAyIbhAvoM ko mApA jA sakatA hai yA sudhArA jA sakatA hai| pahalI dizA ko tAttvika-sahamati ke sAtha prAisa, rIDa, sTevArTa aura sahajajJAnavAdI dUsare vicArakoM ke dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA, jabaki dUsarI dizA kA apekSA se

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 205 adhika dRSTikoNa-bheda evaM paddhati-bheda ke sAtha pele aura beMthama ke dvArA nItizAstra aura rAjanItizAstra meM svataMtra evaM samAntara rUpa se upayoga kiyA gyaa| yahI vicAra - paddhati varttamAna yuga meM upayogitAvAda ke nAma se pracalita hai| paravartI sahaja jJAnavAda prAisa (1723 - 1791 ) eDamasmitha ke graMtha ke prakAzita hone ke do varSa pUrva hI san 1757 I. meM prAisa kA graMtha rivyU oNpha cIpha kyUzanasa eNDa DiphareMsa oNpha morahabsa prakAzita ho gayA thaa| prAisa ne satya ke sahaja jJAna yA buddhi ke dvArA vastuoM ke svarUpa ke aparokSa jJAna se naitika - pratyayoM kI utpatti ke kaDavartha aura klArka ke siddhAMtoM kA punaroddhAra aise kucha prakArAntaroM ke sAtha kiyA hai, jinakI vyAkhyA hameM naitika-ciMtana ke usa madhyavartI vikAsa se milatI hai, jisa para hama vicAra kara cuke haiN| prathamataH, prAisa kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki ucita aura anucita aise ekala pratyaya haiM, jo paribhASA yA vizleSaNa ke yogya nahIM haiN| ucita, ThIka cAhie, karttavya evaM naitika - AbaMdha ke pratyaya sampAtI haiM yA unase tAdAtmya hai| yaha kama-se-kama una saMdezoM ko dUra kara detA hai, jinake kAraNa klArka aura bolasTana naitika- gaNitIya evaM bhautika satyoM kI tulanA ke zikAra hue the| dUsare, naitika cetanA ke usa sAMvegika pakSa ko, jisa para zephTsabarI aura usake anuyAyiyoM ne apanA dhyAna keMdrita kiyA thA, aba spaSTa rUpa se bauddhika-aMtaH prajJA (aMtarviveka) kA sahacArI svIkAra kiyA, yadyapi vaha vastutaH usake adhIna hai| prAisa ke dRSTikoNa meM ucita aura anucita kAryoM ke vastugata guNa haiM, jabaki naitika - sauMdarya aura asauMdarya AtmaniSTha pratyaya haiN| ye una bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jo ki AMzika rUpa se bauddhika- prANiyoM meM ucita aura anucita ke pratyakSIkaraNa kA anivArya pariNAma hai aura AMzika rUpa se vikasita bodha yA parivartanazIla sAMvegikabhAvukatA ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra, buddhi aura naitika- iMdriya yA mUla pravRtti donoM hI sadguNAtmaka AcaraNa ke AvegoM ke prati sahayogI hai| yadyapi bauddhika tattva prAthamika evaM sarvocca hai, prAisa karttA meM pApa aura puNya ke pratyakSIkaraNa se usake sahagAmI vyakti ke kRtyoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyakSIkaraNa kA spaSTa aMtara karane meM yadyapi baTalara kA anusaraNa karatA hai / - -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/206 prathama kA jJAna kevala dUsare kA hI vizeSa varga hai| kyoMki kisI meM puNya (acchAI) kA darzana karane kA artha, yaha dekhanA hai ki vaha kArya puraskAra ke yogya hai| rIDa ke samAna hI vaha bhI yaha batAne meM sajaga hai ki kartA kI acchAI pUrNatayA prayojana para yA karma kI AkArika ucitatA para nirbhara hai| eka vyakti, jaba taka usakA prayojana burA nahIM hai, niMdA kA pAtra nahIM hai| yadyapi jAnabUjhakara kI gaI usa asAvadhAnI ke lie usakI AlocanA kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM usane apane vAstavika kartavya ke prati ajJAnatA utpanna kI hai| jaba hama sadguNa kI viSayavastu kI ora Ate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki prAisa nizcaya hI mara aura klArka kI apekSA prAthamika naitika siddhAMtoM kI svIkRti evaM unakI vivecanA ke prati lAparavAha hai| mukhyatayA vaha sephTsabarI aura hacIsana ke dRSTikoNa ke usa navIna virodha ke prasaMga meM lAparavAha hai, jisake kAraNa usakI virodhAtmaka sthiti adhika jaTila bana gaI hai| prAisa vizeSatayA jise spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai, vaha yaha hai ki sArvalaukika paropakAra ke siddhAMta ke atirikta bhI kucha parama naitika siddhAMtoM ko apanA astittva hai| vaha isa dUsare siddhAMta ke lie yA bauddhika Atma prema ke siddhAMta ke lie naitika AbaMdhoM kA nirasana karanA nahIM cAhatA hai| isake viparIta, vaha donoM kI hI svataH prAmANikatA ko siddha karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sukha, cAhe ve apane svayaM ke hoM yA dUsaroM ke ho, unakI abhivRddhi evaM unakA anusaraNa karanA ucita hai, isase bar3hakara aura koI aisI vastu nahIM hai, jisakA hameM adhika asaMdigdha rUpa se sahaja-jJAna (AMtarika pratyakSI-karaNa) hotA hai, kiMtu vaha baTalara se isa bAta meM sahamata hai ki niSThA, satyatA, vacanoM kA pAlana aura nyAya apanI sukha kI saMvarddhakatA se svataMtra hokara bhI AbaMdhAtmaka haiM / baTalara ke dvArA upekSita antaHprajJA se jJAta suspaSTa satyoM kI nikAya ke AdhAra para ina karttavyoM kI hamArI sAmAnya naitika cetanA ke kriyAnvayana ke isa kArya meM juTane ke lie, vaha naitika prAmANikatA ke nirNAyaka ke rUpa meM buddhi kI apekSA sahaja-bodha kA samarthana karane se kaThinAI meM par3a gyaa| isa prakAra satyavAdI hone kI AbaMdhakatA ko mAnya rakhane meM yaha spaSTatayA satya hI bolanA cAhie isa nirapekSa baMdhana kI svataH prAmANikatA ko siddha nahIM kara pAtA hai, varan sAmAnya naitika dhAraNA ke Agamika saMdarbha ke dvArA vaha yaha kahegA ki hama isa kathana se iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiM ki saccAI meM eka AMtarika aucitya hai| isa prakAra nyAya ke isa vivecana meM vaha kahatA hai ki nyAya sadguNa kA vaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/207 bhAga hai, jo sampatti kA sammAna karatA hai, vaha pUrI taraha se romana vidhizAstra ke pAramparika siddhAMtoM ko aMtima vaidhika satya mAnane ko taiyAra hai, jo sampatti ke adhikAra ko prathama svAmitva, zrama, uttarAdhikAra aura dAna se sambaMdhita karatA hai, isa prakAra vaha AMzika rUpa se acetana stara para nItizAstra ke aMtargata dArzanika paddhati meM usa eka sAmAnya parivartana kA pUrvAnumAna kara letA hai, jise hama sahajabodha ke darzana ke saMsthApaka rIDa ke nAma ke sAtha jor3ate haiN| __aMtatogatvA mAnava prakRti meM niSkAma AvegoM kI upasthiti kI baTalara aura zeTsabarI kI dhAraNAoM kI siddhi ke pazcAt prAisa kaDavartha aura klArka kI apekSA isa bAta para bala dene meM adhika spaSTatA aura sAhasa kA paricaya detA hai ki eka sadAcArI vyakti satkarmoM kA cayana unake aucitya ke kAraNa hI karatA hai| Age bar3hakara vaha to yahAM taka kaha detA hai ki eka kArya apane naitika mUlya ko usa anupAta meM kho detA hai, jisa anupAta meM vaha prAkRtika abhiruci se kiyA jAtA hai| rIDa (1710-1796) isI dUsare dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para rIDa apanI racanA- aiseja Ana di ekTiva pAyaras Apha hyUmana-mAiNDa (1788) meM eka aisA niSkarSa prastuta karatA hai, jo sahajabuddhi se adhika saMgati rakhatA hai| vaha likhatA hai ki koI bhI kArya isa artha meM naitika zubha nahIM ho sakatA, jaba taka ki vaha jisake lie ucita hai, usa para kucha prabhAva nahIM DAlatA hai| yaha bAta AMzika rUpa meM to isa kAraNa mAna lI gaI ki rIDa kA naitika manovijJAna prAisa kI apekSA adhika spaSTa rUpa se baTalara ke dvArA nirdhArita dizA meM vikasita huA hai| baTalara ke samAna vaha bhI mAnatA hai ki (1) kisI kArya ke bauddhika evaM niyAmaka siddhAMtoM meM aura (2) una abauddhika AvegoM meM, jinake niyamana kI AvazyakatA hai, eka maulika aMtara hai| isake sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki jahAM taka ye abauddhika Avega prAkRtika haiM, vahAM taka unake kriyA-kalApoM kA eka vaidha kSetra hai| ve samAna aura vyakti ke zubha kI ora pravRtta hote haiM aura manuSya meM nihita bauddhika siddhAMta ke vastutaH aviyogya pUraka haiM / kriyAoM ke abauddhika prerakoM ko vaha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai- (1) ve yAMtrika mUla pravRttiyA~ aura AdateM, jo ki binA kisI saMkalpa, prayojana yA vicAra ke kriyAzIla hotI haiM aura (2) ve prANIya vyavahAra ke siddhAMta jo saMkalpa aura prayojana se kriyAzIla hote haiM, kiMtu jisa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 208 lakSyoM kI ora ve pravRtta hote haiM, unakA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie buddhi aura nirNaya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| manuSya meM nihita maulika prANIya vyavahAra ke siddhAMtoM kA vargIkaraNa vaha baTalara kI apekSA adhika gaharAI se nimna rUpoM meM karatA hai - (a) ve kSudhAeM, jo niyata kAlika aura baicenI kI saMvedanAoM se yukta hotI haiM, jaise bhUkha, (ba) (apane sImita artha meM ) mukhyataH varcasva yA adhikAra kI icchA, sAtha hI Adara yA sammAna kI icchA aura jJAna prApti kI icchA aura (sa) ve manobhAva yA saMvega, jo upakArI aura apakArI donoM prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ke prati hote haiN| paropakArIabhiruciyoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa pasaMdagI kI bhAvanA aura paropakAra ke pAtra vyaktiyoM zubha kI icchA hai| isI prakAra, apakArI- abhiruci hAni ke pahuMcAne kI icchA ke sAtha aura azAMti se jur3I huI hai, to bhI rIDa dUsare sabhI mUlabhUta evaM prAkRtikaAvegoM ke prati Akasmika aura aicchika-nApasaMdagI ke aucitya aura upayogitA ko svIkAra karane meM baTalara kA anusaraNa karatA hai| dUsarI ora, arjita icchAeM sAmAnyatayA na kevala anupayogI hIM haiM, apitu hAnikAraka aura ghRNita bhI haiN| niyAmaka - siddhAMta kI dvaitatA ko mAnya karane meM rIDa punaH baTalara kA anusaraNa karatA hai| jaisA ki hamane dekhA, yaha dvaitatA baTalara ke siddhAMta kA keMdrIya tattva hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki apane svayaM ke sthApaka zubha ke prati niSThA ( baTalara kA Atma-pra - prema) aura karttavya-bodha ( baTalara kA sadsadviveka) vastutaH do alaga-alaga aura saMgatipUrNa bauddhika siddhAMta haiM, yadyapi akasara svAbhAvika rUpa se eka hI zabda viveka ke aMtargata samAviSTa haiN| vaha hyUma ke siddhAMta ke virodha meM prathama siddhAMta (Atma-prema) bauddhikatA kI sthApanA evaM vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna karatA hai| hyU kA siddhAMta yaha mAnatA hai ki una sAdhyoM kA nirdhAraNa karanA buddhi kA kArya nahIM hai, jinakA hameM anusaraNa karanA cAhie, yA jinheM dUsare sAdhyoM kI apekSA prAthamikatA dI jAnA cAhie, kiMtu rIDa kahatA hai ki aMtatogatvA zubha kA pratyaya aisA hai, jisakA nirmANa eka bauddhika-prANI hI kara sakatA hai, jisameM sabhI vizeSa icchAoM ke viSayoM se anyamanaskatA aura varttamAna bhAvanAoM kI bhUta aura bhaviSya se tulanA bhI nihita hai| usa sabake lie vyAvahArika rUpa se AnaMda ko dRSTigata rakhanA Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki aise bauddhika-prANI kI kalpanA karanA, , jisameM kula milAkara apane zubha kA vicAra binA usa zubha kI icchA ke upasthita ho, yaha paraspara virodhI hogA aura yahI zubha kI icchA aisI icchA hai, jo Avazyaka rUpa se sabhI vizeSa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 209 kSudhAoM evaM manobhAvoM kI niyAmaka hai| ise yuktipUrvaka naitika zakti ke adhIna bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, kisI vyakti kA yaha mAnanA ki sadguNa kula milAkara usake sukha kA virodhI hai - yaha yathArtha meM nIti se anuzAsita vizva kA udAharaNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| yaha to usa duHkhada ubhayatopAsa meM phaMsane ke samAna hai ki yA to dhUrta (beImAna ) honA acchA hai, yA mUrkha honA acchA hai| naitika-zakti ke prasaMga meM rIDa ke kathana mukhyatayA prAisa se saMgati rakhate haiN| rIDa karttA aura karma ke sambaMdhoM ko sarala aura avizleSaNIya mAnatA hai| usakA siddhAMta bauddhika aura kriyAtmaka- donoM hI hai| vaha na kevala kAryoM kI ucitatA aura naitikaAbaMdhAtmakatA para hI dhyAna detA hai, varan jise ucita samajhA gayA hai, use kriyAnvita karane ke saMkalpa kI preraNA bhI detA hai| rIDa evaM prAisa - donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki kisI karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA yaha pratyakSIkaraNa karttA meM acchAI aura burAI ke pratyakSIkaraNa ke sAtha aura vizeSa saMvegoM ke sAtha jur3A hai, kiMtu jahAM prAisa ina saMvegoM ko mukhyatayA sukha aura duHkha ke rUpa meM, athavA bhautika sauMdarya aura sauMdarya ke dvArA hamAre mana meM utpanna bhAvanAoM ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai, vahAM rIDa una saMvegoM ko mukhyatayA sadAcArI karttA kI upakArIbhAvanA, niSThA evaM sahAnubhUti ke rUpa meM yA inake eka durAcArI karttA ke inake viparIta guNoM ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai| jaba naitika-nirNaya vyakti ke svayaM ke kAryoM ke saMbaMdha meM ho, to vaha sukhada zubha saMkalpa eka zubha aMtarAtmA kA pramANa bana jAtA hai| yaha sukhada zubha saMkalpa sabhI mAnavIyasukhAnubhUtiyoM meM sarvAdhika mUlyavAn aura pavitra hai| rIDa apanI isa mAnyatA ke prati bhI sajaga hai ki naitika zakti apane bIja-rUpa ko chor3akara janmajAta nahIM hai| isake lie zikSA, prazikSaNa, abhyAsa aura Adata kI AvazyakatA hai, jisake lie samAja kA honA aparihArya hai, jo ise naitika - satya kI prApti ke yogya banA ske| rIDa prAisa ke anurUpa isa naitika-zakti ko naitika - iMdriya (naitika - bodha) kahane meM bhI koI Apatti kA anubhava nahIM karatA hai| mAtra yahI ki hama isa naitika-zakti ko bhAvanAoM yA vicAroM kA mUla srota na samajheM, varan ise carama satyoM kA mUla srota smjheN| yahAM vaha isa mahattvapUrNa prazna ko chor3a detA hai ki naitika tarkazakti kA kSetra sArvabhaumika nirNaya hai yA vyaktigata nirNaya hai| jahAM taka hama isake lie iMdriya zabda kA prayoga karate haiM, taba yaha dUsare vikalpa ko hI sUcita karatA hai / vastutaH, vaha isa prazna para apaneApako anizcayAtmaka sthiti meM hI pAtA hai| yadyapi vaha sAmAnyatayA naitika- paddhati -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/210 ko nigamanAtmaka rUpa se prastuta karatA hai, phira bhI vaha yaha kArya ucita hai yA vaha kArya anucita hai ke rUpa meM maulika nirNayoM ke bAre meM bhI batAtA hai| ___satya to yaha hai ki nItizAstra ke lie vaijJAnika paddhati kA nirmANa adhika vyAvahArika-mahattva kA viSaya nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki mAnava-AcaraNa meM kyA ucita hai aura kyA anucita hai? yaha jAnane ke lie mana kI zAMta aura anudvigna sthiti meM kevala aMtarAtmA ke AdezoM ko sunanA hI paryApta hai", yadyapi vaha nigamana ke dvArA prAthamika naitika-niyamoM kI eka sUcI prastuta karatA hai, jise manuSyoM kI sAmAnya naitika- dhAraNAoM se anumodita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi vaha usa sUcI kI pUrNatA kA dAvA prastuta nahIM karatA hai| sAmAnya sadguNoM se sambaMdhita siddhAMtoM ke atirikta siddhAMta hai- (1) AcaraNa meM ucita aura anucita ke tattva hote haiM, kiMtu (2) ye tattva kevala aicchika-AcaraNa meM hI hote haiM, sAtha hI (3) hameM apane karttavya ko samajhane kA prayatna karanA cAhie aura (4) una pralobhanoM se bacanA cAhie, jo hameM apane kartavyoM se vimukha karate haiN| rIDa naitikatA kI pAMca mukhya svayaMsiddhiyoM ko prastuta karatA hai, inameM pahalI kevala bauddhika-Atma-prema kI hai, arthAt hameM dUrastha hone para bhI apekSAkRta adhika zubha ko aura apekSAkRta kama burAI ko prAthamikatA denA caahie| yaha bAta rIDa ke dvArA mAnya naitika-zakti aura Atma-prema kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para aMsagata-sI hI lagatI hai| tIsarI svayaMsiddhi paropakAra kA sAmAnya niyama hai, jise sToika DhaMga se spaSTa rUpa meM hI rakhA gayA hai, arthAt koI bhI apane lie paidA nahIM huA hai| cauthI, punaH kevala eka akATya-siddhAMta hai, arthAt sabhI ke lie sabhI paristhitiyoM meM ucita-anucita vahI hoNge| yaha tathya vastuniSTha naitikatA ke sabhI siddhAMtoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| pAMcavIM svayaMsiddhi Izvara ke prati zraddhA evaM samarpaNa ke dhArmika-karttavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| isa prakAra, kevala dUsarI svayaMsiddhi hI aisI pratIta hotI hai, jo ki sAmAjika-karttavyoM ke lie nizcita mArgadarzana prastuta kara sakatI hai, isake anusAra, manuSyoM ke nirmANa meM prakRti kA jo uddezya parilakSita hotA hai, hameM usI uddezya ke AdhAra para AcaraNa karanA caahie| nigamanAtmaka-dRSTi se isakI anupayogitA' taba spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jabaki hama isakA vyavahAra meM prayoga karane lagate haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki ina sabhI siddhAMtoM ko eka sAtha lene para bhI ye hameM eka sAmAnya vyakti kI aMtarAtmA ke AdezoM ko kramabaddha karane meM bahuta adhika Age nahIM le jAte haiM aura na inakI apUrNatAoM kI pUrti paravartI adhyAyoM meM rIDa ke dvArA kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/211 gaI nyAya-sambaMdhI vivecanAoM ke dvArA yathArtha rUpa se kI jA sakatI hai| hyUma ke virUddha rIDa sAhasapUrvaka yaha tarka prastuta karatA hai ki (1) vyakti aura usake parivAra ko kaSTa pahuMcAnA kisI kI svataMtratA meM bAdhA DAlanA, kisI kI pratiSThA para AghAta pahuMcAnA, vacana bhaMga karanA Adi vibhinna prakAra kI nyAya-virUddha kriyAeM (hAniyAM) aMtarAtmA ke dvArA naisargika adhikAroM kA hanana pratIta hotA hai tathA jinakA sAmAjika sama se koI bhI vetana-sambaMdha nahIM hai aura (2) yadyapi sampatti kA adhikAra baMdhana nahIM, kiMtu arjita hai, phira bhI yaha jIvana jIne ke naisargika adhikAra kA anivArya pariNAma hai, isakA artha hai- jIvana jIne ke sAdhanoM para adhikAra aura svataMtratA bhI naisargika-adhikAra kA hI anivArya pariNAma hai| isakA artha hai- nirdoSa zrama kI upalabdhiyoM para adhikAra, kiMtu rIDa nyAya ke aise spaSTa aura sarala niyamoM ko prastuta karane kA koI prayAsa hI nahIM karatA hai, jinake dvArA vAstavika paristhitiyoM meM ina adhikAroM kA nirdhAraNa lokopayogitA ko aMtima pramApaka mAne binA bhI kiyA jA ske| DyUgAlDa sTevArTa (1753-1828) usake naitika-siddhAMtoM meM bhI sAmAjika-karttavyoM ke saMdarbha meM isI prakAra kI apUrNatA pAI jAtI hai| yadi hama rIDa ke bahuta hI adhika pratibhAzAlI ziSya iyUgAlDa sTevArTa kI ora Ate haiM, to usake graMtha philAsaphI oNpha ekTiva eMDa mArala pAvarasa meM baTalara, rIDa evaM kisI sImA taka prAIsa ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNa bhI upalabdha haiN| yaha graMtha suvyavasthita rUpa se, sUkSmatA ke sAtha evaM adhika surUcipUrNa DhaMga se likhA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM naitika-manovijJAna ke sambaMdha meM kucha choTe-moTe saMzodhana isameM koI mahattvapUrNa maulika parivartana yA parivarddhana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| sTevArTa paropakAra se bhinna nyAya kI AbaMdhAtmakatA para adhika jora detA hai, to bhI nyAya ko paribhASita karane meM vaha niSpakSatA ke sAmAnya vicAra se Age nahIM jAtA hai| yaha niSpakSatA kA vicAra una sabhI naitika-vicAradhArAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, jo naitikaniyamoM ke sArvalaukika-viniyoga kI sthApanA karatI hai, phira cAhe ve upayogitAvAdI hoM yA kisI anya siddhAMta para AdhArita hoN| niHsaMdeha, nyAya kI eka zikSA ke rUpa meM ImAnadArI yA satyaniSThA kA vizleSaNa karate hue vaha eka naitika-siddhAMta prastuta karatA hai| vaha siddhAMta yaha hai ki zramika apane svayaM ke zrama se utpanna vastu kA svAmI hai| yahI eka aisA siddhAMta hai, jisa para sampatti ke samasta adhikAra AdhArita haiN| vaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 212 yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki kevala AdhipatyatA (svAmitva ) upayoga karane kA asthAI adhikAra hI pradAna karatI hai| dUsare siddhAMta, jinakA vaha vivecana karatA hai, ve satyaniSThA aura apane vacanoM ke prati saccA honA (pratijJApAlana ) hai| unakI vivecanA meM usakA mukhya uddezya yaha batAnA hai ki mAnava-mana meM upayogitA kI gaNanA se svataMtra satya ke prati eka naisargika aura sahaja prema hotA hai| isake sAtha hI apane pArasparika vyavahAroM meM vizvAsa- pAtratA kA eka naisargika Avega bhI hotA hai| isI prakAra, pramANikatA ke prati eka svAbhAvika vizvAsa tathA yaha svAbhAvika - pratyAzA ki die gae vacanoM kA pAlana honA bhI pAI jAtI hai aura yaha bAta kI ImAnadArI meM sukhadatA aura pasaMdagI ke tattva bhI aura eka duniSThA meM eka anyAya svIkRti hai| ye tathya hameM aMtima pariNAmoM ke prati AsthA se dUra kara dete haiN| sTevArTa kisI bhI sthiti meM koI eka aisA siddhAMta prastuta karane kA prayAsa nahIM karatA hai, jo tatkAla spaSTatayA aura pUrNarUpeNa AbaMdhAtmaka ho aura vyAvahArika-mArgadarzana dene meM pUrI taraha sakSama ho" / isa prakAra, saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki rIDa aura sTevArTa- donoM ne hI eka aparyApta aura kAmacalAU siddhAMta ke atirikta nIti - zAstra ko aisA koI mahattvapUrNa siddhAMta nahIM diyA hai, jisake AdhAra para svataH pramANita prathama siddhAMtoM ko niyamita kiyA jA sake, jabaki unheM aisA siddhAMta prastuta kara dene kA vizvAsa thaa| vhIvela (1794 - 1866 ) isI dizA meM eka adhika mahatvAkAMkSI, kiMtu kama saphala prayAsa vhIvela dvArA apanI pustaka elImenTsa oNpha mAraliTI (1846) meM kiyA gayA hai| vhIvela kA sAmAnya naitika-dRSTikoNa apane skATa - pUrvajoM se bhinna hai| mukhyatayA yaha bhinnatA usa para kATa ke prabhAva ke rUpa meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| svataMtra bauddhika evaM niyAmakasiddhAMta ke rUpa meM Atmaprema kA usake dvArA kiyA gayA nirasana aura vyakti ke bauddhika sAdhya ke rUpa meM sukha ke sthAna para karttavya ke svIkRti - kSudhAoM usa para kATa ke prabhAva ko spaSTa karate haiN| naitika buddhi kI sarvoccatA ke AdhAra para vaha pAMca parama siddhAMtoM kI ghoSaNA karatA hai| ve siddhAMta - 1. paropakAra, 2. nyAya, 3. satya, 4. pavitratA aura 5. AjJA haiN| thor3e bala ke sAtha yaha kaha sakate haiM ki pAMcoM siddhAMta adhikAra ke pAMca mukhya vimArgoM, arthAt vaiyaktika - surakSA, 2. sampatti, 3. saMvidA ( anubaMdha), 4. vivAha, 5. zAsana ke samarUpa haiN| udAharaNArtha- vyakti surakSA ke vaiyaktika-ahita kA sAmAnya kAraNa durbhAvanA hai aura usakA virodhI paropakAra hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 213 pahalA, dUsarA aura cauthA siddhAMta kramazaH mAnavIya preraNA ke tIna vargoM arthAt bhAvanAoM, manojanya- icchAoM aura kSudhAoM ke niyAmaka haiN| isa prakAra, inameM do sAmAnya siddhAMtoM arthAt satyaniSThA aura naitika uddezya ko jor3a dene se yaha sUcI bahuta-kucha rUpa meM suvyavasthita evaM pUrNa ho jAtI hai| yadyapi jaba hama nikaTatA se dekhate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki AjJA kA siddhAMta yA zAsana ke AdezoM kA pAlana rAjanItika-nirapekSatAvAda ko lAgU karane meM gambhIratApUrvaka pravRtta nahIM hai, jaisA ki usase abhivyakta hotA hai aura jisakA AMgla- bauddhika cetanA balapUrvaka nirasana karatI hai, jabaki nyAya kA siddhAMta eka punarukti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, arthAt pratyeka vyakti ko apane svayaM ke adhikAra ko prApta karanA caahie| vastutaH, vhIvela yaha batAtA hai ki isa paravartI siddhAMta kI vidhAyaka niyama ke dvArA vyAvahArika rUpa se vyAkhyA kI jAnA caahie| yadyapi vaha asaMgata rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mAno isa siddhAMta ne niyamoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nizcaya karane ke lie eka pramApaka prastuta kara diyA ho / punaH, pavitratA kA siddhAMta, arthAt hamArI prakRti ke nimna aMzoM ko ucca aMgoM ke AdhIna honA cAhie, kevala aindrika - tArkika - AvegoM para buddhi kI pradhAnatA ko parilakSita karatA hai, jo ki naitikatA kI bauddhika dhAraNAoM meM nihita hai| isa naitikatA kI bauddhika - dhAraNA kA upayoga una prANiyoM ke lie hai, jinake Avega unheM apane bauddhika - karttavya se vimukha karate haiN| isa prakAra, yadi hama sukha ke vicAra ke atirikta kisI spaSTa, sunizcita evaM AdhArabhUta aMtaH prajJA kI apekSA karate haiM, to hameM kevala satyaniSThA (jisake aMtargata pratijJA pAlana bhI vihita hai) ke atirikta vhIvala ke siddhAMtoM meM kucha nahIM milatA aura isakI bhI svataH prAmANikatA kI vizeSatA adhika nikaTatA se dekhane para lupta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki yaha nahIM mAnA gayA haiM ki yaha niyama vyAvahArika rUpa se pUrNa hai, lekina kevala yaha ki isa niyama kI vizeSatAoM kA nirdhAraNa vyAvahArika rUpa se asaMbhava hai| - - varttamAna yuga meM jIvita naitika-aMtaHprajJA ke siddhAMta ko mAnane vAle lekhakoM ke sAtha isa vivAda meM utaranA isa pustaka kA viSaya nahIM hai| ye vicAraka moTe rUpa se baTalara aura rIDa ke siddhAMtoM se sambaMdhita haiM, kiMtu hamArI dRSTi se yaha svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki aMtaH prajJAvAdI se pradAya kA siddhAMta madhyayuga se lekara varttamAna zatAbdI taka apekSita saMgati aura jAgarUkatA ke sAtha vikasita nahIM ho pAyA hai, vizeSa rUpa se una mUlabhUta svayaM-siddhiyoM yA aMtaH prajJA ke dvArA jJAta naitika tarka ke AdhAra

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/214 vAkyoM ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM ho pAyA hai| aMtaHprajJAvAdI aura upayogitAvAdI-sampradAyoM kA vivAda aMtaHprajJAvAdI-sampradAya kA pele aura beMthama ke upayogitAvAda ke sAtha se jo vivAda hai, vaha mukhyatayA karttavya kI viSaya-vastu ke nirdhAraNa se sambaMdhita hai| isa bAta meM bahuta hI kama saMdeha hogA ki isa karttavya kI viSaya vastu ke nirdhAraNa ke lie una siddhAMtoM aura vidhiyoM ko pUrI taraha evaM asaMdigdha rUpa se paribhASita karane ke lie vyavasthita evaM sUkSma prayAsa kie gae, jina para ki vyAvahArika-niSkarSoM ke lie hama nigamanAtmaka- tarka karate haiM, kiMtu naitika-niyamoM kA taphasIla (byaurA) meM nirdhAraNa karane kI paddhati ke sambaMdha meM aMtaHprajJAvAdI aura upayogitAvAdI vicAroM kI bhinnatA vastutaH naitika-AbaMdha ke artha ke bAre meM mUlabhUta virodha ke kAraNa adhika jaTila ho gaI hai| pele aura beMthama ne naitika-AbaMdha ko naitika-niyamoM kA pAlana karane yA unheM tor3ane se utpanna hone vAle bhAvI sukhoM yA duHkhoM kA saMkalpa para par3ane vAlA prabhAva mAnA thaa| isI ke sAtha, ve donoM hacIsana ke vicAroM se sahamati rakhate hue yaha mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya sukha hI ina niyamoM kA aMtima sAdhya aura pramApaka hai| unhoMne sAmAnya sukha ke pratyaya ko spaSTa aura sahI rUpa meM rakhane ke lie use nimna prakAra se paribhASita kiyA, unake anusAra, sAmAnya sukha yA pratyaya duHkhoM ke Upara sukhoM kI adhikatA meM nihita hai| sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA aMtara kevala unake sAtatya yA tIvratA ke rUpa meM hai| unakA yaha siddhAMta apanI isa saralatA ke kAraNa AkarSaka bana gayA, kyoMki ucita kyA hai? aura hameM use kyoM karanA cAhie?Adi mUlabhUta naitikapraznoM kA uttara sukha aura usakI niSedhAtmaka mAtra duHkha ke eka spaSTa pratIta hone vAle pratyaya ke rUpa meM kI, kiMtu abhI taka vicAre gae ina uttaroM kA eka siddhAMta kI dRSTi se koI laukika sambaMdha nahIM thaa| isa AbhAsI ekatA aura saralatA ne vastutaH mUlabhUta virodhoM ko chipA liyA aura isa prakAra Adhunika naitika-vivecanA meM saMdigdhatA utpanna kii| upayogitAvAdI siddhAMta pele aura beMthama ke darzana kI maulikatA nae siddhAMtoM ke nirmANa kI dRSTi se apekSAkRta kama hai| unakI maulikatA vistRta yA taphasIla- pUrvaka vivecana karane kI paddhati meM nihita hai| pele ne ambrAhama TUkara uTapaTAMga aura astavyasta hue vicAroM se yukta kiMtu maulika evaM sujhAvAtmaka racanA ke prati

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/215 AbhAra prakaTa kiyA hai| TUkara (1766-74) TUkara ke isa graMtha meM hama yaha vicAra pAte haiM ki pratyeka vyakti kI apanI saMtuSTi yA adhika sahI artha meM saMtuSTi kI AkAMkSAeM yA saMbhAvanA hI eka aisI cAlanA hai, jo sabhI preraNAoM ko kriyAnvita karatI hai aura jo sAmAnya sukha se sambaMdhita hai, sAtha hI, vaha eka tanA hai aura AcaraNa ke hamAre sabhI niyama evaM sammAna kI bhAvanAeM usakI zAkhAeM haiN| TUkara prAkRtika-Izvara-mImAMsA ke dvArA sRSTi ke racayitA kI zubhatA ko siddha karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki nae jhukAva yA rujhAna sthAnAMtaraNa se utpanna hote haiM, arthAt hama kisI cIla kI pasaMdagI usake dvArA bAra-bAra dUsarI icchAoM ko pravRrtita karane ke AdhAra para karate haiN| vizeSa rUpa se naitika- bodha kA aura paropakAra kA nirmANa bhI aise hI hotA hai| vaha paropakAra ko karane vAlA kisI ko lAbha pahuMcAne meM sukha mAnatA hai, jo ki hameM zubha kAryoM ko karane ke lie protsAhita karatA hai, kyoMki hama unheM pasaMda karate haiM, kiMtu usakI dRSTi meM yaha sahI hai ki sukhoM yA saMtuSTiyoM ke yoga kI apekSA se eka vyakti kA apanA svayaM kA sukha hI usake kAryoM kA paramasAdhya hai| vaha bar3I satarkatA se yaha batAtA hai ki sabhI saMtuSTiyAM yA sukha eka hI prakAra ke haiM, yadyapi unameM mAtrA kA aMtara ho sakatA hai, phira cAhe vyakti se gIta sunakara, bhAvI jIvana meM unnati kI sambhAvanA para vicAra kara, suruci-pUrNa svAda lekara, prazaMsanIya kAryoM ko sampAdita kara yA saMgatipUrNa vicAroM ke dvArA yaha saMtuSTi prApta kare aura punaH sAmAnya zubha se usakA tAtparya sukha kI mAtrA se hai, jisameM apane par3osI ke prati kiyA gayA pratyeka sukha eka yogadAna hai| yahAM hama pele ke upayogitAvAda kI saba vizeSatAoM ko dekhate haiM (1) sukha kA vizuddha rUpa se mAtrAtmaka mUlyAMkana, (2) sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi ko hI naitika niyamoM kI kasauTI mAnanA, (3) vyaktigata sukha ko sAmAnya preraNA mAnanA, (4) preraNAoM aura niyamoM kA saMbaMdha sarvazaktimAna paropakArI sattA kA sNklp| yadyapi TUkara ne vaiyaktika aura sAmAnya-sukha ke bIca jisa IzvarIya-kar3I ko mAnA hai, usameM eka vizeSa prakAra kI avAstavikatA hai, jisa para pele kI sahaja buddhi ne vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi vyakti kI koI svataMtra icchA nahIM hai, to koI icchA hI nahIM hai, isalie IzvarIya samatA aMta meM sabhI ko sukha kA samAna bhAga hI pradAna karegI, isalie aMtima rUpa meM mujhe apane usa AcaraNa ke dvArA apane sukha meM abhivRddhi

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/216 karanA cAhie, jo usa sAmAnya sAmUhika hita (phaMDa) meM, jisakA prazAsaka Izvara hai, adhika yoga de| kiMtu, pele ke naitika-dRSTikoNa kI eka sarala rUparekhA usakI pUrvavartI pIr3hI ke eka vicAraka ge ke nibaMdha ke nimna aMza meM pAI jAtI hai| ge kA yaha nibaMdha kinTasa ke pApa kA udbhava meM jur3A hai| ge kA vaha aMza isa prakAra hai- 'sadguNa kA pratyaya jIvana ke niyama kA samarthaka hai, vaha sabhI bauddhikaprANiyoM ke kAryoM ko eka-dUsare ne sukha kI dizA meM nirdezita karatA hai| yaha sukha sabake lie sadaiva hI AbaMdhAtmaka hai| yaha AbaMdha sukhI hone ke lie kisI cIja ko karane yA chor3ane kI avazyatA (bAdhyatA) hai| jo sabhI sthitiyoM meM lAgU ho, aisA vyApaka evaM pUrNa AbaMdha to kevala vahI hogA, jo IzvarIya-Adeza ke dvArA lAgU kiyA jaavegaa| Izvara kA saMkalpa (jahAM taka vaha dUsare ke vyavahAra ko nirdezita karatA hai) avyavahita niyama yA sadguNa kI kasauTI hai, kiMtu Izvara ke svabhAva se yahI siddha hotA hai ki manuSya-gati ke nirmANa meM manuSyoM ke sukha ke atirikta usakI dUsarI koI yojanA nahIM hai aura isalie Izvara bhI manuSyoM ke AnaMda kI kAmanA karatA hai, ataH merA vyavahAra bhI aisA honA cAhie ki vaha mAnava-jAti ke sukha kA sAdhana ho sake, tAki mAnava jAti ke sukha ko punaH sadguNa kI kasauTI kahA jA ske| pele (1743 se 1806) yadyapi isa sukhavAdI-kasauTI ke AdhAra para nirmita yathAsaMbhava pUrNa naitika-darzana kA pratipAdana prathama pele ke graMtha naitika evaM rAjanItika-darzana ke siddhAMta meM pAyA jAtA hai| vaha apane graMtha kA prArambha AbaMdha kI paribhASA se karatA hai| AbaMdha (bAdhyatA) kA artha hai ki prANI kisI anya zakti ke Adeza se utpanna eka prabala preraka ke dvArA anudezita hotA hai| naitika-AbaMdha kI sthiti meM Adeza Izvara kI ora se hotA hai aura preraNA isa jIvana ke pazcAt milane vAle puraskAra athavA daMDa kI pratyAzA meM nihita hotI hai| Izvara ke Adeza ko dharmazAstra aura nisaMga kI racanAdonoM ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi pele yaha mAnatA hai ki dharmazAstra naitikatA kI zikSA dene kI apekSA use udAharaNoM ke dvArA abhivyakta karate haiM aura nae aMkuzoM ko adhika nizcitatA se lAgU karate haiN| prakRti (nisarga) kI racanA usa bAta ko spaSTa karatI hai ki Izvara kA saMkalpa apane prANiyoM kA sukha hai| isa prakAra, pele kI naitika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/217 paddhati naitika-praznoM ke samAdhAna ke hetu sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi athavA hAsa ke AdhAra para kAryoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai| mAnya aparAdhoM ke daNDa se utpanna hone vAle tAtkAlika sukha jaise kisI duSTa dhanI vyakti ke sira para prahAra krnaa| isa paddhati kI spaSTa AlocanAoM se bacane ke lie vaha kisI prakAra ke vidhAna ke rUpa meM sAmAnya niyamoM kI AvazyatA para bala detA hai, jabaki acchI AdatoM ke nirmANa aura banAe rakhane ko mahattva dekara vaha AMzika rUpa se vizeSa kAryoM ke pariNAma kI gaNanA karane kI ulajhana se bhI bacanA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra, pele kI upayogitAvAda-paddhati una vinAzaka pravRttiyoM se mukta hai, jinheM baTalara aura dUsare logoM ne usameM dekhA hai| pele svayaM batAtA hai ki vaha kevala pracalita naitika aura nyAyika- vizeSatAoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, kAnUna aura naitikatA ke adhikAMza niyamoM ke dvArA samarpita aucityatA ke spaSTa AdhAroM ko vyakta karatA hai aura kiMkarttavya mImAMsA ke kucha jaTila praznoM kA sahaja buddhi se saMgatipUrNa evaM sarala samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra, prAkRtika adhikAra aise adhikAra bana jAte haiM, jinakA sAmAnya pAlana nAgarika-zAsana-saMsthA se alaga rahakara bhI upayogI hogA aura jo una AbaMdhaka AnuSaMgika adhikAroM se, jinakI upayogitA isa nAgarika-prazAsana-saMsthA para nirbhara hai, bhinna hai| isa artha meM vaiyaktika sampatti apane zrama, apanI kuzalatA aura apanI surakSA ko protsAhita karane kI spaSTa upayogitA ke kAraNa svAbhAvika hai| yadyapi sampatti kA vAstavika adhikAra bhUmi ke niyama ke samAna hI una sAmAnya upayogitA para AdhArita hai, jisake dvArA ki ve niyama nirdhArita kie jAte haiN| isa prakAra, punaH ina karttavya ke AbaMdhoM ko svecchA se utpanna AkAMkSAoM (pratyAzAoM) ko saMtuSTa karane vAlI sAmAnya evaM vizeSa upayogitA para AdhArita karake ImAnadArI aura zubha niSThA ke kartavyoM se saMbaMdhita aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA jAtA hai, tAki unakI DhilAI ko dUra kiyA jA sake, jo ki aMdhavizvAsa para AdhArita dharma-saMkoca se kama nahIM hai, isIlie pracalita laiMgika-naitikatA ke sAmAnya upayogitAvAdI AdhAra ko bhI prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se pratipAdita kiyA gyaa| yadyapi hama dekhate haiM ki pele kI paddhati aksara prAcIna videzI vicAra-praNAlI ke tarkoM se yukta hai| udAharaNArtha, vaha garIboM ke dAna prApta karane kA adhikAra kA samarthana mAnava-jAti ke usa prayojana ke saMdarbha meM karatA hai, jisake anusAra manuSya sAmUhika sampatti ke baMTavAre ke lie sahamata hue the athavA eka vivAha kA samarthana puruSoM aura striyoM kI samAna saMkhyA kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/218 IzvarIya yojanA ke AdhAra para karatA hai| dUsare prasaMgoM meM, usake upayogitAvAdI vicAra asta-vyasta haiM evaM paddhati-vihIna haiM aura apekSAkRta ghise-piTe viSayoM para nibaMdha upadezoM ke rUpa meM vikRti kI ora agrasara hote haiN| beMthama aura usakA sampradAya (1748 se 1845) apanI paddhatigata viziSTatA tathA (saiddhAMtika) ekatA evaM saMgatipUrNatA meM beMthama kA upayogitAvAda nizcita hI pele ke upayogitAvAda se zreSTha hai| vaha sadaiva hI kAryoM ko unake vAstavika athavA saMbhAvita pariNAmoM kI sukhadatA yA duHkhadatA ke saMdarbha meM hI dekhatA hai| vaha ina pariNAmoM kI aisI vyApaka aura vyavasthita sUcI banAne kI AvazyakatA ko pUrI taraha svIkAra karatA hai, jo jana-sAdhAraNa kI prazaMsA evaM niMdA ke rUpa meM abhivyakta naitika-matoM ke prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA mukta ho, sAtha hI, jinake AdhAra para vaha caritra kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai, una pariNAmoM ko kevala anubhavAtmaka-rUpa meM hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jinakA adhikAMza vyakti anubhava karate haiM, aise sukhoM evaM duHkhoM kI anubhUti ko sabhI dekha sakate haiN| beMthama jisa paddhati ke AdhAra para sabhI rAjanItika aura naitika niSkarSoM ko prApta karatA hai, ve pratyeka sthiti meM vyAvahArika- anubhava ke parIkSaNa ke viSaya haiN| beMthama yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti yaha kaha sakatA hai ki usake lie bharaNa-poSaNa, kAma-vAsanA, sAmAnya iMdriyoM, sampatti, sattA, jijJAsA ke sukha inake abhAva ke duHkha kA kyA sahAnubhUti-mUlya hai| isI prakAra, vyakti yA samAja kI sadbhAvanAoM ke sukhoM aura unakI virodhI durbhAvanAoM ke duHkhoM evaM isake sAtha hI sAtha zrama aura zArIrika rogoM ke duHkhoM kA kyA mUlya hai? vaha bahuta hI acchI taraha se usa mUlya kA bhI anumAna kara sakatA hai, jisa rUpa meM dUsare vyakti unakA mUlyAMkana kisa prakAra karate haiM, isalie yadi eka bAra yaha mAna liyA jAe ki sabhI kArya sukhoM yA duHkhoM se nirdhArita hote haiM aura usI pramApaka (kasauTI) ke AdhAra para usakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai, to vaiyaktika AcaraNa aura vaidhAnika AcaraNa- donoM kI kalA ko spaSTa rUpa se eka vyApaka, sarala aura suspaSTa anubhavAtmaka-AdhAra para sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama kisI eka kArya kI acchAI yA burAI kI khoja karanA cAhate haiM, to hama unameM se kisI bhI eka vyakti se usa khoja ko prAraMbha kara sakate haiM, jisake hita pratyakSa rUpa se usa karma se prabhAvita hote haiM aura usa karma ke pariNAmasvarUpa usa vyakti meM utpanna hone vAle iMdriya-gocara pratyeka sukha yA duHkha anubhava ke AdhAra para

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 219 isa karma ke mUlya kA nirdhAraNa kara sakate haiN| yahAM hameM una anubhavoM kI tIvratA aura samayAvadhi- donoM kA vicAra karanA hogA aura sAtha hI nizcitatA aura anizcitatA kA bhI ", kiMtu tIvratA se bhinna kisI guNAtmaka - aMtara kI kalpanA nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki sukha kI mAtrA ke samAna hone ke lie puzapina kA khela bhI itanA hI zubha hai, jitanI eka kvitaa| usake pazcAt, hameM una prAthamika- pariNAmoM kI utpAdakatA aura vizuddhatA para bhI vicAra karanA hogaa| vizuddhatA kA artha hai- unakI vizeSa prakAra kI bhAvanAoM ke anusaraNa karane kI pravRtti aura virodhI prakAra kI bhAvanAoM se alaga rahane kI pravRtti, taba yadi hama isa prakAra samIkSita sabhI sukha aura duHkhoM ke mUlyoM kA yoga kareM, to sukha yA duHkha kI ora kI jamA rAzi hameM kisI vyakti-vizeSa ke dvArA karma kI acchI aura burI pravRtti ko sUcita kregii| taba hameM isI prakriyA ko una saba vyaktiyoM, jisake hita usase sambaMdhita pratIta hote haiM, ke lie doharAnA hogA aura isa prakAra hama karma kI sAmAnya zubha athavA sAmAnya azubha pravRtti kI ora pahuMca skeNge| vastutaH, beMthama isa bAta kI apekSA nahIM karatA hai ki pratyeka naitika nirNaya ke pahale isa prakriyA kA pUrI taraha anusaraNa kiyA jAe, kiMtu yaha mAnatA hai ki ise hamezA dRSTigata dRSTi meM rakhanA cAhie aura hama jitane hI isake nikaTa hoMge, hamAre naitika nirNaya (naitika tarka) utane hI yathArtha ho skeNge| mAno ki isa prakAra kisa paristhiti meM kauna - sA karma apane AcaraNa kI dRSTi se uttama hogA, isakA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake bAda hameM isa sambaMdha bhI khojabIna karanI hogI ki vyakti ko usa AcaraNa ko kisa preraNA se karanA hogaa| isa prazna ke nidarzanAtmaka uttara ko prApta karane ke lie hameM sukhoM aura duHkhoM ko eka bhinna dRSTikoNa arthAt nimitta kAraNa yA sAdhana ke AdhAra para vargIkRta karanA hogA yA unake lie isa sambaMdha meM beMthama ke mukhya AcaraNa ke niyamoM kI anuzAsti nAma naitika-aMkuza, jinake anusAra calane ke lie ve manuSya ko prerita karatI hai| svayaM ke sukha aura duHkha kI pratyAzA se manuSya upayogI niyamoM kA pAlana karane hetu jina tathyoM ke dvArA udyata hote haiM, ve yA to ( 1 ) sAmAnya prAkRtika avasthAeM hotI haiM, na ki kisI mAnavIya yA IzvarIya saMkalpa ke mAdhyama ke dvArA uddezyapUrNa DhaMga se rUpAMtarita avasthAeM, athavA (2) kisI prabhusattA ke saMkalpa ko pAlana karavAne ke lie niyukta nyAyAdhIzoM kI kAryavAhI hotI hai yA (3) pratyeka vyakti ke apane sahaja svabhAva ke anusAra samAja ke cune hue vyakti hote haiN| inheM beMthama kI zabdAvalI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/220 meM prAkRtika (bhautika) aMkuza, rAjanItika-aMkuza aura lokapriyatA kA aMkuza yA naitika aMkuza kahA gayA hai| inameM vaha dhArmika aMkuza ko bhI jor3a detA hai, arthAt ve duHkha aura sukha, jinakI prApti svayaM sarvocca adRzya sattA ke dvArA hotI hai| prathama dRSTi meM pAralaukika pariNAmoM kI yaha svIkRti prathama ke darzana ko usa laukika anubhava ke sarala aura iMdriya-gocara AdhAra se Upara uThA detI hai, jo ki vizeSa rUpa se hamAre dhyAna ko AkarSita karatA hai, kiMtu satyatA yaha hai ki vaha dhArmika-AzAoM aura bhayoM ko gambhIratApUrvaka svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, sivAya eka aise preraka ke rUpa meM, jo ki vastutaH mAnava mana ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura isalie yaha dhArmika-preraka bhI dUsare prerakoM ke sAtha-sAtha nirIkSaNa aura mApana ke viSaya haiN| beMthama svayaM sarvazaktimAn aura paropakArI sattA ke saMkalpa kA vyakti aura sAmAnya sukha ke pratyayoM ko tArkikarUpa se jor3ane ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM upayoga nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra, vaha nizcita hI apane darzana ko sarala banAtA hai aura pele ke darzana meM upasthita prakRti aura zAstra ke vivAdAspada niSkarSoM se svayaM ko bacA letA hai, kiMtu yaha upalabdhi eka mahaMgA saudA hai, kyoMki tatkAla hI yaha prazna uThatA hai ki jinake pAlana se manuSyoM ke sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi hotI hai, aise ina naitika-niyamoM ke aMkuzoM ko kaise una sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie ucita siddha kiyA jAve, jinase inakA pAlana apekSita hai| isa prazna kA pUrNa uttara dene ke lie beMthama ne apane dvArA racita graMthoM meM koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| apanI prArambhika-pustaka meM vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki kevala ve hI hita, jinheM manuSya hara samaya vicAra ke yogya preraka ke rUpa meM pAtA hai, usake apane haiM aura vaha yaha mAnane ke lie Age nahIM AtA hai ki pariNAmoM kA sampUrNa jJAna sAmAnya sukha ko sAdhya banAne ke lie sadaiva hI eka yathocita preraka prastuta kara skegaa| apanI vRhad racanAoM ke aneka bhAgoM meM kAnUnI aura saMvaidhAnikasiddhAMtoM ke prasaMga meM vaha yaha mAnatA huA dikhAI detA hai ki eka vyakti ke hita apane dUsare sAthiyoM ke hitoM se sadaiva hI saMgharSarata raheMge, jaba taka ki hama daNDoM ke punarsamAyojana ke dvArA vivekapUrNa gaNanA ke beleMsa ko badalate nahIM haiM, kiMtu spaSTa rUpa se isa mAnyatA ke AdhAra para taba taka yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki eka vyakti sadaiva hI adhikatama sAmAnya sukha ke dvArA apane sarvAdhika sukha ko prApta karegA, jaba taba ki kAnUnI aura saMvaidhAnika-sudhAra pUrNa nahIM kara lie jAte haiN| sambhavatayA, hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki beMthama apane prArambhika-yuga meM eka vyAvahArika-lokopakArI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/221 ke rUpa meM yaha mAnatA ho ki yaha usakA kArya nahIM hai ki vaha una Akasmika aura AMzika-saMgharSoM, jo ki vizva kI vartamAna apUrNa avasthA meM vyakti aura sAmAnya sukha ke bIca hote haiM, para nirbhara rahe, varan isakI apekSA vaha balapUrvaka manuSyoM para yaha prabhAva DAlanA cAhatA hai ki kisa sImA taka unake sukha vastutaH una tathyoM se abhivRddhi pAte haiM, jo ki sAmAnya sukha ko utpanna karate haiN| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kaise ImAnadArI sAmAnyatayA acchI nIti hai| kisa prakAra dUsaroM kI aicchika-sevA sAmAnya zubha saMkalparUpI baiMka (adhikoSa) meM lAbhapUrNa viniyojana hai| una sukhoM aura duHkhoM kA mUlyAMkana pratyeka sthiti meM kitanA bhrAMta hai, jinake AdhAra para vyAvahArika-rUpa meM svArthI aura duSTa manuSyoM ke kArya nirdhArita hote haiN| to bhI beMthama kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usakI pAMDulipiyoM se boriMga ke dvArA prakAzita graMtha meM vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki anubhavAtmaka-dRSTi se jJAta vAstavika mAnava-jIvana meM sAmAnya sukha kI sarvAdhika vRddhi karane vAlA AcaraNa sadaiva hI usakI samApti hai, jo ki kartA ke sukha kI sarvAdhika abhivRddhi karatA hai| yahAM burAI ko eka vizuddha ihalaukikadRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para saMyogoM kI galata gaNanA ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha saMbhava dikhAI detA hai ki beMthama ne apane bAda ke dinoM meM ise eka sacce siddhAMta ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA hogA, kyoMki vaha nizcita rUpa se yaha mAnatA hai ki sadaiva hI pratyeka vyakti ke lie kisI kArya ko karate samaya kArya kA vAstavika sAdhya apanA sarvAdhika vAstavika sukha arthAt usa kSaNa se jIvana ke aMta taka kA sukha hai| beMthama ise adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha kI apanI nirapekSa svIkRti se binA pIche haTe hI naitikatA ke kSetra meM kyA ucita yA anucita hai, isake eka sarala kiMtu vAstavika pramApaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| yadi jisa Anubhavika AdhAra para usake sAre tarka Azrita haiM, use mAnya rakhA jAe, to usakI yaha mAnyatA do dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke lie apekSita bhI hai, lekina mAnava samAja kI vAstavika paristhitiyoM meM hitoM kI isa sAmAnya saMgati kA anubhavAtmaka sahI pramANa de pAnA bahuta hI kaThina hai| yaha Azcaryajanaka nahIM hai ki beMthama ke bahuta-se anuyAyiyoM ne usake darzana kI isa riktatA se bacane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| beMthama ke sampradAya kA eka varga, jisake pratinidhi jAna AsTina haiM, punaH pele kI ora lauTate hue dikhAI detA hai aura upayogitAvAdI-naitikatAko IzvarIya vidhAna ke niyama ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| dUsarA varga groTe ke netRtva meM vyakti para sAmAnya sukha ke dvArA prastuta dAvoM kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/222 tIvratA ko kama karane se hI saMtuSTa hai aura upayogitAvAdI karttavya ko vyAvahArikarUpa meM pArasparika-hitoM taka sImita karate haiM, jabaki inake vipakSa meM sAmAnya sukha ke prati vaiyaktika-sukhoM kI pUrNa AdhInatA kI dhAraNA ko je.ena. mila ke dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| mila ne rAjanItizAstra aura nItizAstra- donoM kSetroM meM upayogitAvAda ko phailAne aura lokapriya banAne meM beMthama ke sampradAya ke kisI bhI dUsare sadasya kI apekSA sambhavatayA adhika kArya kiyA hai| je.esa. mila (1806 se 1873) mila ne apane choTe-se graMtha upayogitAvAda (1861) meM sAmAnya sukha ko vyakti kA parama sAdhya batAne ke lie jisa DhaMga se prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha kucha jaTila aura ulajhanapUrNa hai| prArambha meM vaha hyUma aura beMthama ke samAna yaha mAnatA hai ki paramasAdhya-sambaMdhI prazna apane sAdhAraNa artha meM pramANa kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai| yadyapi vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki aise vicAroM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo tarka ke AdhAra para isa siddhAMta ko apanI svIkRti dene meM tathA isakA nirdhAraNa karane meM sakSama hoN| isa sambaMdha meM usane vastutaH jo vicAra (cauthe adhyAya meM) prastuta kie haiM, ve saMkSepa meM nimna haiM- (1) pratyeka vyakti apane svayaM ke lie jo cAhatA hai, vaha duHkhoM kA abhAva yA sukha hai aura vaha hamezA sukhoM kI mAtrA yA unake vistAra ke anupAta meM unakI icchA karatA hai| (2) kisI vastu ke vAMchanIya hone kA ekamAtra sambhava pramANa yaha hai ki loga vastutaH usakI icchA karate haiN| (3) pratyeka vyakti kA sukha ko isalie vAMchanIya yA zubha hai| (4) isalie sAmAnya sukha sabhI vyaktiyoM kI samiSTi ke lie zubha hai| yadi samiSTi saMkalpa ke eka vAstavika sAmUhika kArya ko sampanna kara sake, to sambhavatayA uparokta vicAra vyakti ko apane saMkalpa meM sAmAnya sukha ko sAdhya mAnane ke lie prerita kara sake, kiMtu ye vicAra muzkila se hI kisI vyakti se yaha manavAne meM saphala hue hoM ki use apane svayaM ke sukha kI adhikatama mAtrA kI apekSA (sAmAnya) sukha kI adhikatama mAtrA ko apane vaiyaktika-AcaraNa ke sarvocca nirdezaka niyama aura pramApaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA cAhie, kyoMki jaba tIsare adhyAya meM spaSTa rUpa se vaha yaha prazna uThAtA hai ki upayogitAvAdI-naitikatA kA AbaMdhaka srota kyA hai? to usakA uttara pUrI taraha se beMthama ke arthoM meM naitika-aMkuza ke kathana meM nihita hotA hai, arthAt usa kartA ko, jo sAmAnya sukha ko sAdhya batAtA hai, apane vaiyaktika-sukhoM ko prApta karanA cAhie aura duHkhoM se bacanA caahie|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 223 yadyapi prerakoM ke apane isa vizleSaNa meM eka dUsare naitika-aMkuza para vizeSa bala detA hai, jise beMthama ne chor3a diyA thaa| vaha naitika aMkuza hai- apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha ekatA kI bhaavnaa| yaha ekatA kI bhAvanA eka samucita DhaMga se vikasita naitikaprakRti ke vyakti ke lie eka prAkRtika- mAMga upasthita karatI hai| vaha mAMga yaha hai ki usakA lakSya una dUsare logoM kI bhAvanAoM ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa honA caahie| mila kahatA hai ki yaha bhAvanA bahuta se vyaktiyoM meM unakI svArthaparaka bhAvanA kI apekSA bahuta hI kama balazAlI hotI hai, athavA aksara isakA pUrI taraha abhAva hotA hai, kiMtu yaha bhAvanA jina logoM ke mana meM svataH hI upasthita hotI hai, unake lie yaha eka aise guNa ke rUpa meM hotI hai ki jisake binA honA unake lie acchA nahIM hai aura yaha dhAraNA bhI adhikatama sukha kI naitikatA kA carama aMkuza hai| jina vyaktiyoM meM yaha bhAvanA hai, ve yaha mAnate haiM ki unake lie isakA nahIM honA acchA nahIM hai| yaha mAnane se mila kA prastuta tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki isa sambaMdha meM vaha Azvasta hai ki ve vyakti sAmAnya sukha meM jitanI abhivRddhi kareMge, usI anupAta meM apane vyaktigata sukha ko upalabdha kreNge| isake viparIta, vaha yaha kahatA hai ki vartamAna vizva - vyavasthA kI apUrNatA kI avasthA meM eka vyakti aksara dUsare logoM ko sukha kI prApti ho, isake lie apane svayaM ke sukhoM ke pUrNa tyAga ke dvArA hI aisA kara sakatA hai aura karatA hai, lekina vaha yaha socatA hai ki binA sukha kI bhAvanA ke kArya karane kI cetana yogyatA prAptavya sukhoM ko upalabdha karane kA acchA avasara pradAna karatI hai, yaha yogyatA vyakti ko jIvana ke saMyogoM se Upara uThAtI hai aura use apanI burAiyoM kI ciMtA kI adhikatA se mukta karatI hai| epIkyUrinavAda vyakti ke sukha kI paribhASA prastuta karatA hai aura sToikavAdI manaHsthiti usa zubha ko prApta karane kA sabase acchA avasara pradAna karatI hai| sToika aura epIkyUriyana-dhAraNAoM kA yaha vicitra sammizraNa mila kI usa sthiti ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai, jise vaha beMthama ke virodha meM svIkAra karatA hai| beMthama ke virodha meM mila sukhoM ke mAtrAtmaka - aMtara kI avahelanA karate hue mAtrAtmaka - aMtara se bhinna guNAtmaka - aMtara svIkAra karatA hai| sukha meM guNAtmaka aMtara kI yaha svIkRti sukha ko karttavya kI kasauTI mAnane hetu sahaja buddhi se samanvaya karane kI dRSTi se kucha prabhAvakArI hai, kiMtu yaha lAbha saMgati kA balidAna karake prApta kiyA gayA hai| cUMki yaha dekha pAnA kaThina hai ki jaba eka vyakti sukha ke do vikalpoM meM se guNAtmaka dRSTi se ucca hone ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/224 kAraNa kama sukhada vikalpa ko cunatA hai, to usane kisa artha meM varaNa ke adhikatama pramApaka ko cunA hai, lekina guNa ke isa bAhya-tattva ke praveza ke bAda bhI mila kA upayogitAvAda koI eka aisA samucita pramANa prastuta kara pAtA hai ki sabhI prakAra ke svabhAva aura prakRti ke manuSya isa jIvana meM vaiyaktika-sukha ke acche avasaroM para bhI sadaiva sAmAnya-sukha ke uddezya se nirdhArita hoMge, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vastutaH, usane aise pramANa ko prastuta karane kA koI prayAsa kiyA hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| aMta meM, jaba sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki samucita naitikaaMkuzoM kI mAMga hI aisA tathya hai, jise beMthama aura mila ke upayogitAvAda asaMgata kahakara yuktiyukta rUpa se asvIkAra nahIM kara sakate, tathApi yaha eka aisI mAMga hai ki jise vizuddha rUpa se apane Anubhavika-AdhAroM kA parityAga kie binA pUrI taraha se upalabdha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki aise dUsare mArga bhI haiM, jinameM upayogitAvAdI naitika-darzana kA prayoga usake sAtha jur3e hue naitikaaMkuza sadaiva hI samucita haiM, isa bAta para vicAra kie binA bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) ise una logoM ke lie eka vyAvahArika-mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo sAmAnya sukha ko apanA parama lakSya svIkAra karate haiM, cAhe ve ise dhArmika-AdhAra para svIkAra karate hoM athavA apane mana para chAI huI niSpakSa sahAnubhUti ke AdhAra para svIkAra karate hoM, athavA yaha mAnate hoM ki unakI aMtaraAtmA upayogitAvAda ke siddhAMtoM ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa rUpa se kAma karatI hai, athavA anya kinhIM dUsare kAraNoM se, athavA ina dhAraNAoM ke kisI sammizrita AdhAra para aisA mAnate hoN| (2) ise eka aise niyama ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo nirapekSa rUpa se pAlanIya nahIM hai, kiMtu jisa sImA taka vaiyaktika aura sAmAnya-hita (sAmAjika-hita) sampatti ho, vahAM taka pAlanIya hai| (3) aura punaH, ise eka aise pramApaka ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisake dvArA vyakti dUsare logoM ke AcaraNoM kI prazaMsA athavA niMdA karane ke lie bauddhika-rUpa se samartha ho sake, cAhe ve svayaM ko sadaiva hI isake anusAra AcaraNa karane ke lie yogya nahIM mAnate hoN| hama naitikatA ko eka aise pUraka vidhAna ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kara sakate haiM, jo samyak prakAra se jAgrata janatA ke dvArA lokahita ke AdhAra para nirmita janamata se samarthita hogaa| ___ isa aMtima dRSTi-biMdu se eka nayA prazna isa sambaMdha meM khar3A hotA hai ki

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/225 vaiyaktika-sukha kA sAmAnya sukha (sAmAjika sukha) se kyA sambaMdha hai, ise una saba bAtoM se, jina para hama vicAra kara rahe haiM, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka alaga kara lenA caahie| yaha mAna lene para ki sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi naitikatA kA parama sAdhya hai, nItivettAoM aura naitika-zikSakoM ko kahAM taka vyakti ke kAryoM meM paropakAra ko eka pramukha cetanapreraka-tattva banAne meM prayAsa karanA cAhie? kahAM taka usameM ina sAmAjikaAvegoM kA vikAsa karanA cAhie, jinakA sIdhA sambaMdha sAdhAraNatayA svArthavAdI kahe jAne vAle AvegoM kA vinAza kara dUsaroM ke sukhoM kI abhivRddhi karane se hai| svArthavAdI-AvegoM se hamArA tAtparya una AvegoM se haiM, jinakA uddezya dUsaroM ke sukhoM se milane vAle vaiyaktika-saMtoSa se bhinna prakAra kA saMtoSa hai| isa prazna para beMthama kA dRSTikoNa vizeSa rUpa se isa kathana meM abhivyakta hotA hai ki bhojana ke lie anya kucha nahIM kevala Atma-vizvAsa hI kArya kregaa| yadyapi eka icchA ke lie paropakAra eka bahuta hI mUlyavAn viSaya hai| yadyapi vAstava meM usase asahamata hote hue bhI komte ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mila kI zikSA vyAvahArika-svArtha aura parArtha ke bIca saMtulana ko bhinna rUpa se aura adhika acche DhaMga se banAtI hai| eka ora mila yaha mAnatA hai ki niSkAma loka-sevA kI bhAvanA sabhI upayogI sAmAjika-kAryoM ke karane meM eka pramukha preraka honA cAhie aura apane svAsthya Adi kA dhyAna bhI viveka ke AdhAra para nahIM, kiMtu kevala isalie rakhanA cAhie ki yadi hama apanA svAsthya kho deMge, to hama apane sAthiyoM kI sevA karane meM asamartha ho jaaeNge| dUsarI ora, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki mono meM jIvana itanA ucca nahIM ho pAtA hai ki vaha ina sabhI se iMkAra karane meM samartha ho sake, jo vyaktiyoM ko (tathAkathita) svArthI-pravRttiyoM se sambaMdhita karatA hai aura yaha ki naitika prazaMsA se bhinna naitika-niMdA ko dUsaroM ko nukasAna pahuMcAne vAle yA dUsare logoM ke svayaM ke sukha ke prayatnoM meM bAdhA DAlane vAle yA kartA ke dvArA vyakta yA avyakta rUpa se kI gaI pratijJAoM ko tor3ane vAle kAryoM taka sImita rakhanA caahie| isake sAtha hI, vaha avyakta pratijJA ke pratyaya ko itanA vyApaka banA detA hai ki usameM una sabhI zubha kAryoM aura niSkAma sevAoM ko samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo ki mAnava-jAti ke naitika-vikAsa ke lie pracalita rahI haiN| isa prakAra, vaha avyakta pratijJA ke vyApaka pratyaya ke eka aise pramApaka ko sthApita karatA hai, jo ki eka vikAsazIla samAja meM satata rUpa se adhika yathArthatA ke sAtha vikasita hotA rhegaa| isa siddhAMta se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki nyAyasaMgata AlocanA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/226 kI sImA yaha hai ki use niMdita vyakti ke sukha kI abhivRddhi ke lie prayukta nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| mila ke dRSTikoNa meM janamata kA naitika-bala eka prakAra kA sAmAjika-hastakSepa hai| samAja ke dvArA kevala apane saMrakSaNa ke lie hI isakA upayoga karanA ucita kahA jA sakatA hai| mila mAnatA hai ki kisI vyakti ke dvArA apane prati kI gaI galatI una logoM ko bhI bahuta adhika prabhAvita kara sakatI hai, jo sahAnubhUti yA hitoM kI dRSTi se usase sambaMdhita haiM aura kucha aMza meM sampUrNa samAja ko bhI, kiMtu mila yaha mAnatA hai ki yaha aisI asuvidhA hai, jise mAnavIya-svataMtratA ke bar3e zubha ke lie samAja usa sImA taka sahana kara sakatA hai, jahAM taka vaha yA to vyakti yA janatA ke lie nizcita rUpa se hAnikara nahIM ho yA hAnikara hone kI sambhAvanA nizcita hI nahIM ho| udAharaNArtha - hama sAmAnyatayA eka sAdhAraNa nAgarika kI AlocanA kevala usake madyapAna karane ke lie nahIM karate haiM, kiMtu yadi usakI yaha nazAkhorI yA madyapAna use apane karja kA bhugatAna karane meM yA apane parivAra kA pAlana-poSaNa karane meM ayogya banAtI hai, to vaha nizcita hI niMdA kA pAtra hai aura isI prakAra eka pulisa kA sipAhI, yadi vaha apane karttavya ke samaya madyapAna karatA hai, to niMdA ke yogya hai| sAhacaryavAda yadyapi mila yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika sthAyI-bhAvoM kA niyamana sajagatApUrvaka aura svaicchika rUpa meM abhI batAe gae anusAra honA cAhie, tAki unakA kriyAnvayana yathAsambhava sAmAnya sukha ke lie sahAyaka ho ske| vaha naitika-sthAyI bhAva kA sahAnubhUti yA bauddhika-paropakAra ke sAtha tAdAtmya nahIM karatA hai| isake viparIta, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki mana jaba taka sadguNa ko svataH hI vAMchita vastu ke rUpa meM binA usakI upayogitA ke cetana saMdarbha ke svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, taba taka vaha upayogitA susaMgati kI avasthA meM nahIM hai| mila mAnatA hai ki sadguNa ke prati aisA prema eka artha meM svAbhAvika hogA, yadyapi vaha mAnava-svabhAva kA carama aura avyAkhyeya tattva nahIM hogaa| vaha isakI vyAkhyA pratyayoM aura bhAvanAoM ke sAhacarya ke niyama ke dvArA karatA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM dekhA thA, sarvaprathama hArTale ne mAnasika prapaMca ke manobhautika siddhAMta ke lie isakA vyApaka rUpa se prayoga kiyA thaa"| mila ke dRSTikoNa ke anusAra, yaha niyama do rUpoM meM kArya karatA hai, jinheM alaga-alaga karanA Avazyaka hai| prathama to, maulika rUpa se sadguNa kA mUlyAMkana naitikatA se rahita sukhoM ke sahAyaka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/227 tathyoM ke rUpa meM, duHkhoM se rakSA karane vAle tathyoM ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| aisA sadguNa kA sukhoM ke pratyakSasrota se sAhacarya aura sadguNa-sambaMdhI niyamoM ke ullaMghana kA pazcAtApa ke duHkha se sAhacarya hone ke kAraNa hotA hai, isalie sadguNa naitikadRSTi se vikasita cetanA ke lie svata: apane lie hI icchA kA viSaya hotA hai| jahAM taka sadguNAtmaka kAryoM ke kriyAnvayana kA sambaMdha hai, ve kisI vyakti ke apane svayaM ke adhikatama sukha ko prApta karane kA eka vizeSa prakAra haiM, kiMtu mila mAnatA hai ki sadguNAtmaka-AcaraNa kI yaha arjita pravRtti itanI prabala ho sakatI hai ki usake saMkalpa karane kI Adata sadaiva banI rhe| yaha Adata usa avasthA taka banI raha sakatI hai, jaba taka vaha puraskAra, jise sadguNI vyakti apanI kalyANakArI cetanA ke dvArA prApta karatA hai, kama se kama usane jo duHkha uThAe haiM, yA jina icchAoM kA tyAga kiyA hai, usake barAbara kucha bhI ho| isa prakAra, jaba eka zUravIra yA AtmabalidAnI vyakti dUsaroM ke sukha kI abhivRddhi karane ke lie apane svayaM ke sukha ke pUrNa tyAga kA svaicchika rUpa se saMkalpa karatA hai, to vaha sivAya isake ki yaha bhaviSya meM isake tyAga ke sahI anupAta meM sukhada hogA aura kisI cIja kI icchA nahIM karatA hai, kiMtu apanI isI Adata ke dvArA vaha usakA bhI saMkalpa kara sakatA hai, jo kula milAkara duHkhada ho| yaha aisA usI niyama ke AdhAra para karatA hai, jisake anusAra eka kaMjUsa vyakti pahale sukha ke lie dhana prApta karatA hai, kiMtu bAda meM dhana ke lie hI sukha kA tyAga kara detA hai| ve naitika sthAyIbhAva jo ki aMta meM isa zakti ko prApta karate haiM, mila aura hArTale ke dRSTikoNa meM anekoM jaTila tathyoM se nirmita hote haiN| ve itane mizrita hote haiM ki aneka sthitiyoM meM unake pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAlI bhAvanA apane ghaTakoM ke yogase bilakula bhinna hotI hai| sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM meM unakI utpatti nizcita hI AMzika-rUpa se kRtrima hotI hai| AMzika-rUpa se ve jaisA ki bena ne kahA hai, vizeSajJoM yA zAsana ke adhIna aMtarviveka ke zikSaNa ke kAraNa hotA hai, jise ki bhrAMta hone kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai| isake dvArA utpanna hone vAle naitika-Avega kabhIkabhI bahuta hI bhadde aura zarAratapUrNa hote haiN| yadyapi kRtrima rUpa se utpanna hone vAle sthAyIbhAva bauddhika-saMskRti ke samAna vizleSaNa (alagAva) kI vinAzakArI zakti ko bhI utpanna karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiM, lekina jahAM taka naitika sthAyIbhAva upayogitAvAdI-niyamoM ke sAtha saMgati rakhate haiM, vahAM taka ve mAnava-jAti kI sAmAjika-bhAvanA ke jina prAkRtika-srotoM se AMzika-rUpase utpanna hote haiM, unake

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/228 sthAyI prabhAva ke dvArA isa vinAzaka-vizleSaNa ke viruddha apane astitva ko banAe rakhate haiN| mAnava-jAti kI ye sAmAjika-bhAvanAeM nimna do bAtoM se milakara banI haiM - (1) dUsaroM ke sukha-duHkhoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti tathA (2) pArasparika-sahayoga kI AvazyakatA aura hitoM kI pArasparika-samAviSTatA kI cetanA ke kAraNa dUsaroM ke kalyANa kI ciMtA karane kI aadt| hamAre nyAya aura anyAya ke pratyayoM se sambaMdhita viziSTa sthAyIbhAva kI eDama-smitha ke pazcAt vyAkhyA karate hue mila kahatA hai ki ve mUlataH bauddhika-svahita aura vyApaka sahAnubhUti ke dvArA nirmita eka naitika roSa hI haiN| anyAya se hama kyA samajhate haiM, yahI ki vaha eka adhinyAsI vyakti kA kiyA gayA aisA nukasAna hai, jo kisI niyama ko tor3akara kiyA gayA hai aura jisake tor3ane vAle ko hama sajA dete haiN| vaha sajA, jisa vyakti ko nukasAna pahuMcAyA gayA hai, usake aura sampUrNa samAja ke hita ke lie, jisameM hama bhI sammilita haiM, dI jAtI haiN| naitika-sthAyIbhAvoM kI utpatti ke sambaMdha meM sAhacaryavAdI-manovijJAna ke jIvita pratinidhi bane aura isI sampradAya ke anya lekhakoM kA dRSTikoNa moTe rUpa se mila ke samAna hai| naitika-sthAyIbhAva ke pUrva tathyoM ke saMyojana ke sambaMdha meM bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM ke dvArA alaga-alaga dhAraNAeM prastuta kI gaI haiN| vizeSa rUpa se, zrI bena vizuddha niSkAma sahAnubhUti kI kriyA para adhika bala dete haiM, lekina ve saMyojana kI prakriyA ke prastutikaraNa meM sAmAnyatayA isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki vaha eka aisI prakriyA hai, jo eka sAmAnya vyakti ke naitika-prayatnoM ko AkhirakAra usa samAja ke sAmAnya hitoM se saMgatipUrNa banAte haiM, jisakA ki vaha sadasya hai, tAki sAmAnya vyakti kI cetanA upayogitAvAdI-siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para yadyapi AcaraNa kI nirdhAMta mArgadarzaka to nahIM, kiMtu usameM upayogI mAnI jA sakatI hai aura vizeSa rUpa se vahAM, jahAM upayogitAvAdI-gaNanA kaThina aura anizcita ho| pracalita naitika virodha vikAsavAda evaM sAhacaryavAda ____ aMtarAtmA kI isa sAhacaryavAdI-vyAkhyA kI sAmAnya prAmANikatA yadyapi abhI bhI eka vivAdAspada viSaya hai| sahaja jJAnavAdI-lekhakoM ke dvArA niraMtara isakA virodha kiyA jAtA rahA hai| (hArTale ke viparIta) ve sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnate haiM ki bahuta hI Adima-bhAvanAoM se naitika-sthAyIbhAvoM kA yaha vikAsa prathama kI prAmANikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva hogaa| naitika-sthAyIbhAvoM kI isa utpatti ke sambaMdha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 229 mukhya tarka - prArambhika avasthA para AdhArita hai, jisameM ye sthAyIbhAva baccoM ke dvArA abhivyakta hote haiN| ve isa bAta para bala dete haiM ki yaha tarka ina sthAyIbhAvoM se sambaMdhita pariNAmoM ko utpanna karane hetu sAhacarya ke lie muzkila se hI samaya pradAna kara pAtA hai| isa tarka kA uttara varttamAna yuga meM vaMzAnukrama ke daihika siddhAMta ko mana para lAgU karake diyA gayA hai| isa siddhAMta ke anusAra, mAtA-pitAoM ke mastiSka yA mana meM vicAroM ke sAhacarya yA anya prakAra se utpanna parivartana unakI saMtAnoM meM saMkalita hone kI pravRtti rakhate haiM, tAki naitika - iMdriya yA anya kisI zakti yA varttamAna manuSya kI atisaMvedanazIlatA ke vikAsa kI utpatti kI kalpita paddhati ke parivartana ke binA parikAlpanika rUpa meM mAnava jAti ko prAk - aitihAsika jIvana taka le jAyA jA ske| varttamAna meM vaMzAnukrama-sambaMdhI yaha dRSTikoNa hArbina ke prAkRtika-varaNa ke siddhAMta se sAmAnyatayA sambaMdhita mAnA jAtA hai| isa siddhAMta ke anusAra, jIvita prANiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyAM apanI prajanana kI eka zrRMkhalA meM jina paristhitiyoM meM jIvana jItI haiM, unake anusAra kramazaH aise aMgoM, zaktiyoM evaM AdatoM se sampanna ho jAtI haiM, jo ki unake astitva ko banAe rakha sakatI haiN| isa siddhAMta ne naitika-sthAyIbhAvoM ke itihAsa meM eka nayA prANika tathya prastuta kiyaa| yadyapi yaha tathya kisI bhI rUpa meM prAthamika (Adima) bhAvanAoM ke sammizraNa ke dvArA naitikasthAyIbhAvoM ke nirmANa ke prAcIna manovaijJAnika siddhAMta se asaMgata to nahIM hai, phira bhI ise mAnava jIvana kA saMrakSaNa karane vAle sthAyIbhAvoM ke astitva ke samarthana ke dvArA evaM jIvana- -rakSaNa ke virodhI sthAyIbhAvoM ko bAdhita karake sAhacarya ke niyamoM ke prabhAvoM kA niyAmaka evaM pariSkAraka mAnA jAnA caahie| vikAsavAdI - nItizAstra naitika-vikAsa-sambaMdhI yaha dRSTikoNa DArvina ke siddhAMta ke vyApaka samarthana ke kAraNa varttamAna meM adhika pracalita hai, sAtha hI, isa siddhAMta ne naitika - ciMtana ko bhI adhika maulika rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA hai| isase na kevala naitika-sthAyIbhAvoM ke vikAsa kI sAhacaryavAdI - vyAkhyA kA pariSkAra kiyA hai, apitu isane kAryoM kI zubha aura azubha- pravRttiyoM ke nirdhAraNa kI beMthama kI praNAlI aura kasauTI ko bhI nimna AdhAroM para alaga rakha diyA hai - (1) prathamatayA, isane duHkha para sukha kI adhikatA ke lie mAnava-samAja yA mAnavajAti ke saMrakSaNa ke adhika vastuniSTha jaivika-pratyaya ko prastuta kiyA hai, athavA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/230 isase bhI adhika sAmAnya rUpa se jIvana kI mAtrA ko kAryoM aura caritroM kA mUlyAMkana karane vAlA preraka-sAdhya mAnA hai| dUsare, isane Anubhavika-upayogitAvAdI tarka ke sthAna para naitika-niyamoM ko jaivika evaM sAmAjika-niyamoM ke dvArA nigamita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha dUsarI prakriyA kabhI-kabhI naitikatA ko vaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kahalAtI hai| isa nigamana kI prakriyA meM jo sAdhya naitikaniyamoM ke lie vaijJAnika-kasauTI prastuta karatA hai, usa sAdhya ko vikAsavAdIsampradAya ke vibhinna vicArakoM ne alaga-alaga rUpa se paribhASita kiyA hai| isa vastuniSTha sAdhya kA sukha se kyA sambaMdha hai, isa sambaMdha meM unameM adhika maulika matabheda haiN| kucha vikAsavAdI-lekhakoM ne jIvana ke saMrakSaNa yA vistAra ke vAstavika paramasAdhya mAnA hai aura sukha yA AnaMda ko mAtra usakA eka sahayogI tattva mAnA hai, kiMtu ise vaijJAnika-rUpa se mahattvapUrNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi harbarTa speMsara ne, jo ki vikAsavAdI-nItizAstra ke eka prabhAvazAlI vicAraka haiM, isa dRSTikoNa kA virodha kiyA hai| vastutaH, unakA kathana hai ki sArvabhauma-AcaraNa kA sarvekSaNa arthAt sabhI prakAra ke jIvita prANiyoM ke kArya hameM yaha batAte haiM ki jIvana kI mAtrA ko cauDAI60 ke sAtha-sAtha lambAI meM bhI mApanA caahie| use eka aise sAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA cAhie ki jisase jIvana kA vikAsa hotA jAe, ve kArya usase adhikAdhika samAyojita hone kI pravRtti rakhane lage haiM, kiMtu vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana ke saMrakSaNa ke lie pravRtta hone vAlA AcaraNa hI kevala zubha hai aura sAmAnyatayA aisA mAnA jAtA hai, isa AdhAra para jIvana kI sahavartitA sukhada-anubhUtiyoM kI adhikatA se hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha nahIM kahatA hai ki sadaiva hI jIvana kI sahavarttitA sukha ke sAtha-sAtha hotI hai, tathApi vaha yaha mAnatA huA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika-uddezyoM ke lie jIvana kI adhikatama mAtrA kI upalabdhi ke sahAyaka kArya aura sukhadaanubhUtiyoM kI adhikatama mAtrA kI upalabdhi ke sahAyaka kArya sahagAmI mAne jA sakate haiN| isa sahagAmitA (samakAlInatA) ko svIkAra karane kI usakI tatparatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha naitika darzana ko prAthamika rUpa se eka yathArtha mAnava-prANI ke AcaraNa se sambaMdhita nahIM mAnatA hai| usake anusAra, naitika-darzana kA prAthamikakArya eka Adarza samAja meM sAmAnya AcaraNa kA nirmANa karanA hai| vaha samAja itanA Adarza hogA ki usameM sAmAnya AcaraNa taba kahIM duHkharahita sukha ko utpanna kregaa| speMsara ke dRSTikoNa ke anusAra, vahI AcaraNa nirapekSa rUpa se ucita kahA jA sakatA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/231 hai, jisake pariNAma duHkha se amizrita (rahita) hoN| aisA AcaraNa, jisake pariNAma suyaza hoM athavA du:kha ke sahacArI hoM, AMzika-rUpa se anucita hI hogA aura nIti-vijJAna prathamatayA nirapekSa rUpa se ucita kA bodha karAne vAle satyoM kI eka paddhati hai aura isalie yaha spaSTa hai ki aise satya pratyakSa rUpa se vAstavika AdamI ke kAryoM se sambaMdhita nahIM haiN| eka nirapekSa nItizAstra kAryoM aura unake pariNAmoM ke bIca anivArya sambaMdhoM kI svIkRti se sambaMdhita hai aura usameM nizcita siddhAMtoM ke dvArA yaha nigamana kiyA jAtA hai ki eka Adarza samAja meM kauna-sA AcaraNa hitakArI aura kauna-sA AcaraNa ahitakArI hogaa| jaba isa niSkarSa kA kriyAnvayana kiyA jAvegA, to yaha eka nimna stara se sambaMdhita hogA, jise speMsara sApekSa-naitikatA kahate haiM aura isa prakAra, nirapekSa aura sApekSa-naitikatA ko alaga karate haiN| sApekSanaitikatA sAdhAraNatayA anubhavAtmaka paddhati se yaha nirNaya karatI hai ki nirapekSa naitikatA ke niyama usa deza aura kAla meM mAnava prANiyoM para kahAM taka lAgU kie jA sakate haiN| mujhe yaha jAnakArI nahIM hai ki vikAsavAdI-dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para nItizAstra ke kisI anya lekhaka ne spensara ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa-naitikatA ke sambaMdhoM ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra kiyA ho, kiMtu dUsare anya vikAsavAdI-lekhaka bhI haiM, jinameM pratinidhi ke rUpa meM leslIsTIphana61 ko liyA jA sakatA hai| ve jahAM bauddhika AcaraNa ke paramasAdhya ke rUpa meM sukha ko svIkAra karate haiM, vahIM ve isa sAdhya ke lie kAryoM kI preraNA ko anubhavAtmaka-rUpa meM svIkAra karane kI beMthama kI paddhati ko asvIkAra bhI karate haiN| ve yaha jAnate haiM ki naitikatA kI eka adhika vaijJAnika kasauTI samAjarUpI zarIra kI kuzalatA hetu sahAyaka kAryoM kI khoja ke dvArA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| kuzalatA se tAtparya svayaM apane (samAja ke) saMrakSaNa se hai| isakI prAcIna upayogitAvAdI-dRSTikoNa se tulanA karate samaya yaha bAta mahattvapUrNa hogI ki virodha ko atiraMjita rUpa se prakaTa nahIM kiyA jaae| sambhavatayA, kisI bhI sampradAya kA koI bhI aisA nItivettA nahIM hogA, jo samAja ke saMrakSaNa ke niyamoM aura AdatoM ke maulika mahattva se iMkAra kre| nizcita hI koI bhI upayogitAvAdI nirAzAvAdI nahIM hai, ataH zAyada hI koI upayogitAvAdI aisA hogA, jo isa pariNAma kI upalabdhi ko naitikatA ke eka aparihArya kArya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kregaa| apane upayogitAvAdI-dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vaha yaha mAnegA ki naitika vikAsa ke prathama staroM para, jabaki jIvita rahanA hI mAnava-jAti ke lie sabase kaThina thA, taba yahI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/232 naitikatA kA mukhya kArya ho sakatA thA, isalie vicAra kA prathama prazna yahI hai ki kyA hama saMrakSaNa ko ekamAtra sAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM aura surakSita astitva ko adhika vAMchanIya banAne ke sthAna para kyA kevala mAnava-jAti ke sAmAnya astitva kI surakSA se hI saMtuSTa ho jAveM, athavA saMkSepa meM kalyANa ke pratyaya ko bhaviSya meM astitva ko banAe rakhane kI dhAraNA meM hI sImita kara de| samAja sabhI zarIra ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hone ko hI eka aisI kasauTI mAna le, jo naitikatA ke vaijJAnika punarnirmANa para pUrI taraha se lAgU hotI ho|62 AzAvAda aura nirAzAvAda __ yaha kahanA sarala nahIM hai ki jIvana aura sukha meM mAnane vAlA yaha dRSTikoNa, jo ki spensara aura sTIphana ke naitika-darzana kA Avazyaka aMga hai, kisa sImA taka kama yA adhika rUpa meM AjJAvAdI hai| ise ina adhyetAoM ke dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA, jinhoMne apane-Apako jIvana vijJAna aura samAja-vijJAna kI khojoM meM lagAyA thA aura jinakI saMkhyA meM abhivRddhi hotI rhii| yadyapi aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pracalita dRSTikoNa sAmAnyatayA jIvana ko kula milAkara duHkhoM para sukhoM ke Adhikya kA sahacArI mAnatA hai, yadyapi isa mAnyatA kI satyatA samaya-samaya para vicArapUrNa tarkoM ke prastutikaraNa se vivAdAspada banI rahI hai| aMzataH to yaha vivAdAspada evaM apane nirAzAvAdI darzana ke kAraNa thI, jisakA ki saMkSipta vivaraNa bAda meM diyA gayA hai| jina viSayoM para nirAzAvAdI-dArzanika adhika bala dete haiM, ve nimna haiM- (1) icchA kI avasthA kI duHkhadatA aura asaMtuSTa AkAMkSAeM, jo ki aba bhI jIvana-prakriyA kA eka vyApaka aura aparihArya aMga haiM, (2) sukha kI tulanA meM duHkha kI bahuta hI adhika tIvratA, vizeSa rUpa se zArIrika-duHkha kI aura vaha bhI manuSyoM ke sambaMdha meM, (3) vartamAna ke duHkhoM aura pIr3AoM se thor3e bahuta bacAva ke lie bhI adhikAMza logoM kA kaSTakara zrama karane hetu vivaza honaa| ina bAtoM para aura kucha dUsare AdhAroM para nikAle gae isa paramparAgata nikarSa kA iMglaiNDa se abhAva hI hai ki kula milAkara mAnava-jIvana sukhada hone kI apekSA duHkhada hI adhika hai| yaha eka vyApaka vicAra hai ki sabhya samAjoM meM bhI janatA ke dvArA upalabdha sukhoM kA ausata duHkha kI apekSA bahuta hI kama hai, sAtha hI yaha ki lokahita kA vartamAna uddezya mAnava-jIvana meM mAtrAtmaka-vRddhi kI apekSA guNAtmaka-vikAsa hI honA caahie|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/233 anubhavAtItavAda ____ anubhavavAdI-upayogitAvAdiyoM tathA vikAsavAdI-sukhavAdiyoM yA zuddha aura sarala vikAsavAdiyoM ke bIca ke jina virodhoM kA hamane abhI saMketa kiyA hai, ve virodha adhikAMza rUpa meM isa sAmAnya sahamati ke AdhAra para haiM ki mAnava-jIvana mUlataH samagra prANIya-jIvana kA hI eka aMga hai aura mAnava-jIvana ke kisI tathya kI acchAI yA burAI kA mUlyAMkana, kisI sImA taka isa samagra prANIya-jIvana para lAgU hone vAle siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para hI honA cAhie, yadyapi isakA spaSTa khaNDana vartamAna meM adhika pracalita eka vicAradhArA ke dvArA huA hai, jo yaha mAnatI hai ki eka buddhimAn prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya kA zubha mUlataH usakI AtmacetanA para nirbhara hai| yahI AtmacetanA mAnava-jIvana ko pazuoM ke mAtra saMvedanazIla jIvana se alaga karatI hai| jina jarmana-srotoM se yaha dRSTikoNa mukhyatayA vikasita huA hai, unakA vivecana agale adhyAya meM saMkSepa meM kiyA jaaegaa| iMglaiNDa meM isa siddhAMta kA pratipAdana grIna ke graMtha meM adhika vistAra aura mahattvapUrNa vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha pAyA jAtA hai| TI. eca. grIna (1836-1842) grIna ke anusAra, pratyeka vyakti kA zubha yA sAdhya apanI sattA kI zaktiyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hai| pratyeka vyakti aneka Atmacetana prANiyoM ke samUha ke rUpa meM eka ke rUpa meM apanI sattA rakhatA hai, usameM eka IzvarIya-manasa yA eka paramacetanA, jo ki vizva ke astitva meM nihita hai, AMzika-rUpa meM apane-Apa ko abhivyakta karatI hai| aisI pratyeka AtmA yA vyakti saMghaTaka-buddhi ke rUpa meM Atmacetana hokara anivArya rUpa se apane Apa ko eka aisI vastu ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai, jo prAkRtika-vizva se alaga hai aura jisakA nirmANa usakI saMghaTaka-buddhi ne kiyA hai, yadyapi eka dRSTi se usakA astitva isa prakRti kA eka aMga hai, kiMtu vaha kevala prAkRtika nahIM hai| tadanusAra, usake uddezya aura kriyAkalApa prAkRtika-niyamoM ke AdhAra para vivecanA ke yogya nahIM haiN| vaha svayaM prakRti se bhinna hai, isalie usakA saccA AtmasaMtoSa yA zubha na to una AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM pAyA jA sakatA, jo ki usake prANIya-zarIra ke kAraNa hai aura na una sukhoM kI kalpanIya zrRMkhalA meM hai, jo ki upabhoga ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH, usakA saccA zubha avazya hI zAzvata honA cAhie, jaisA ki usakA vaha rUpa hai, jise vaha saMtuSTa karatA hai| nizcita hI aise zubha ko Atmacetana prANiyoM ke sAmAjika-jIvana meM upalabdha kiyA jAnA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/234 caahie| isakA eka pUrNa evaM nizcita vivaraNa abhI taka nahIM diyA jA sakA hai, kyoMki hama kevala una zaktiyoM ko chor3akara, jinheM prApta kara liyA jAtA hai, manuSya kI zaktiyAM kyA-kyA haiM, yaha nahIM jAna skte| abhI taka prApta ve zaktiyAM bhI kevala AMzika hI haiM, lekina unakA AMzika-nirdhAraNa naitikatA ke pracalita niyamoM meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi pracalita naitika-niyamoM ko nirapekSa rUpa se aura nirvirodha rUpa se prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, tathApi ve saMgharSazIla AvegoM ke viruddha apratibaMdhita rUpa se baMdhanakAraka haiM, sivAya AcaraNa meM acchAI ke lie kI gaI usa icchA ke, jo ki naitika-vAtAvaraNa se utpanna hotI hai| eka zubha saMkalpa hI nirapekSa zubha hai| jaba hama apane Apa se pUchate haiM ki ye mUlabhata AkAra kauna-sai haiM, jinameM sacce zubha ke lie saMkalpa (jo ki zubha hone kA saMkalpa hai) ko prakaTa honA cAhie, to hamArA uttara bhI sadguNoM ke grIka-vargIkaraNa kI dizA kA hI anusaraNa kregaa| yadyapi hamAre dRSTikoNa ko sadguNoM kI vartamAna dhAraNAoM taka hI sImita nahIM honA cAhie, ise sadguNoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kalA evaM vijJAna ko tathA isake sAtha-hI-sAtha vizeSa rUpa se naitika-sadguNoM ko bhI samAhita karanA caahie| zubha saMkalpa mAnava samAja ke hita meM satya ko jAnane kA, suMdara ko nirmita karane kA, duHkhoM evaM bhayoM ko sahana karane kA tathA sukha ke AkarSaNoM kA pratirodha karane kA saMkalpa hai| aMta meM, hameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sacce zubha kA pratyaya svayaM ke zubha meM aura dUsaroM ke zubha meM koI aMtara svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| use una viSayoM kI upalabdhi se nahIM prApta kiyA jAtA hai, jinake lie samAja meM pratispardhA hotI hai, yadyapi sacce zubha kA vaijJAnika aura kalAtmaka-kSamatAoM kI upalabdhi meM kisa prakAra vastutaH aMtarbhAva hotA hai, ise spaSTa rUpa se vivecita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| svataMtra-saMkalpa hAvsa se lekara vartamAna samaya taka ke iMgliza-nItivettAoM ke vicAroM ke vikAsa kA jo vivaraNa hamane isa adhyAya meM prastuta kiyA hai, usameM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke prazna para vibhinna nItivettAoM ke dRSTikoNa ke vivecana ko chor3a diyA thaa| ise chor3ane kA kAraNa yaha thA ki unameM se aneka lekhakoM ne yA to isa kaThina aura ulajhanapUrNa prazna kA vivecana hI nahIM kiyA thA, yA inake naitika-mahattva ko bahuta hI nagaNya karake isakI carcA kI thii| yaha vivecana kA dUsarA rUpa mere dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati rakhatA hai| una pAThakoM ko, jinheM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/235 kisI dUsare dRSTikoNa ko apanAne ke lie taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa tulanAtmakaudAsInatA kA spaSTa kAraNa dene ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki una tIna vibhinna arthoM ko, jinameM svataMtratA ko saMkalpa yA manuSya kI aMtarAtmA ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai, alaga-alaga kara liyA jAve, udAharaNArtha (1) pahale artha meM svataMtratA kisI preraNA ke binAyA saMgharSazIla prerakoM ke pariNAmI-bala ke viruddha kArya ke vibhinna vikalpoM ke bIca cayana karane kI sAmAnya zakti hai, (2) dUsare artha meM, jaba kSudhAeM buddhi ke sAtha virodha meM hoM, taba buddhi aura una kSudhAoM (yA dUsare abauddhika-AvegoM) kI prerakoM ke bIca cayana karane kI zakti hai aura (3) tIsare artha meM, vaha kitane hI prabala evaM saMgharSazIla AvegoM ke hote hue bhI vivekapUrvaka kArya karane kA guNa hai| ise madhyayugIna dharmazAstriyoM ne kahA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki isa tIsare artha meM svataMtratA pahale aura dUsare arthoM kI svataMtratA se eka bilakula bhinna tathya hai aura vastutaH yahI eka aisI Adarza avasthA hai, jisakI kisI bhI naitika vyakti ko usa guNa kI apekSA abhilASA karanA cAhie, jisakA dhAraka mAnavIya saMkalpa kahA jAtA hai| punaH, svataMtratA kA prathama artha dUsare artha se bhinna hai, isameM prathama artha svataMtratA kI svIkRti kA koI naitika-mahattva pratIta nahIM hotA hai, sivAya isake ki yaha mAnavIya-AcaraNa ke sambaMdha meM hamAre sabhI anumAnoM kI sAmAnya anizcitatA ko sUcita karatI hai| apane dUsare artha meM bhI mAnavIya-saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ko uttamatA yA aucitya kA parIkSaNa karane vAlA tathya muzkila se hI kahA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi karttavya kI spaSTa dhAraNAeM bhI aksara nirarthaka hoMgI, yadi una karttavyoM ke karane hetu vyakti ko sakSama banAne ke lie manuSyoM meM paryApta Atma-saMyama nahIM ho| jaba hama yaha prazna pUchate haiM ki galatI karane ke lie kyA vyakti ko sajA denA ucita hai? taba yaha jAnanA mahattvapUrNa pratIta hotA hai ki kyA vyakti (jo kucha usane kiyA hai) usase bhinna kucha kara sakatA thA, lekina pratipha lAtmaka nyAya ke sambaMdha meM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ko vastutaH jo mahattva diyA jAtA hai, vaha sahI artha meM naitika hone kI apekSA dhArmika adhika hai, kama-se-kama isa yuga kI hamArI vivecanA ke adhikAMza bhAga meN| hama, 17 vIM zatAbdI ke proTesTeNTa dharmajJoM kI carcAoM meM isa prazna ko jo mahattva diyA gayA thA, usakA virodha nahIM karate haiM, phi ra bhI hAbsa se lekara hyUma taka iMgliza-nItivettAoM ne sAmAnya rUpa meM karttavya ke sAtha athavA vizeSa rUpa meM nyAya ke sAtha saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke sambaMdha para bala diyA ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| hAbsa kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki svecchA kevala pratiyogI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/236 icchAoM kA adala badala hai tathA aicchika-kArya aMtima kSudhA kA tAtkAlikaanusaraNa hai aura adhika nizcita lAka ke nirdhAraNavAda kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki saMkalpa vartamAna ke sabase bar3e tanAva se cAlita hotA hai, kiMtu donoM hI vicArakoM meM se koI bhI mAnavIya-uttaradAyitva meM AsthA rakhate hue kisI samanvaya kI apekSA karatA huA nahIM dikhAI detA hai| klArka ke usa darzana meM bhI, jisameM anirdhAraNavAda nissaMdeha eka mukhya pratyaya hai, saMkalpa-svAtaMtrya kA mahattva naitika-daSTi kI apekSA tAttvikadRSTi se hI hai| klArka kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki bhautika-vizva kI isa racanA meM AbhAsI aicchika-vizeSatA kI vAstavika vyAkhyA racanAtmaka-svataMtra saMkalpa (sRSTA ke saMkalpa) ke saMdarbha meM hI kI jA sakatI hai| zephTsabarI aura sAmAnyatayA sabhI sthAyIbhAvavAdI-nItivettAoM kI naitika-vivecanA meM to yaha prazna svAbhAvika-rUpa se hI dRSTi se ojhala ho jAtA hai| sajaga vicAraka baTalara isakI kaThinAiyoM ko yathAsambhava vyAvahArikadarzana ke dvArA dUra karane kI koziza karatA hai, yadyapi dArzanika-kveicana kI usa samagra paddhati ke prati rIDa ke dvArA pravartita mahattvapUrNa virodha ke kAraNa isa prazna kI dizA kucha bhinna ho jAtI hai, jo ki hameM aMta meM hyUma taka le jAtI hai| saMkalpa kI svataMtratA para rIDa ke vicAra kevala sahaja-jJAnavAdI dhAraNAoM meM saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kA pratyaya eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM rakhatA hai, apitu skATiza-sampradAya kI dRSTi meM bhI yaha darzana kA kArya thA ki vaha saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kI vivecanA kare aura usakA bacAva kre| isa sampradAya ke dvArA sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA gayA hai ki yaha naitika-vivecanA kA eka pUrNatayA Avazyaka viSaya hai aura acche aura bure ke puraskAra yA daMDa ke nirNaya se aparihArya rUpa se jur3A huA hai| ye nirNaya naitika-cetanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga mAne gae haiN| vastutaH, rIDa do mukhya tarkoM ke AdhAra para saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ko siddha karatA hai| 1. kriyAzIla zakti kI sAmAnya cetanA aura 2. uttaradAyitva kI sAmAnya cetnaa| rIDa prathama tarka yaha detA hai ki hamameM prArambha se hI yaha eka sAmAnya aura anivArya dhAraNA hai ki hama kArya karane meM svataMtra haiM, ataH ise hamArI racanA kA hI eka pariNAma honA cAhie aura ise avizvasanIya mAnanA hamAre racayitA kA hI nirAdara hogA aura yahI avizvasanIyatA sAmAnya saMdehavAda kA AdhAra prastuta karatI hai, kiMtu isa tarka kA bala rIDa kI isa bAta se kama ho jAtA hai ki asabhya rASTroM kI yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/237 mAnyatA svAbhAvika hai ki sUrya, caMdra, samudra aura havAeM sakriya zaktiyAM haiM, jabaki darzana kA vikAsa unheM jar3a aura niSkriya banAtA hai, lekina rIDa kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki sakriyatA ke sAmAnya vicAra kA kahIM-na-kahIM samyak upayoga honA cAhie, jabaki ciMtana hameM yaha batAtA hai ki yaha sakriyatA kA pratyaya kevala mAnavIya-saMkalpa kI svataMtratA meM hI samyak rUpa se prayukta ho sakatA hai| eka aisA tathAkathita kartA, jisake kArya apane kAraNoM ke anivArya pariNAma haiM aura jo saMkalpakartA se bhinna hai, vastutaH kartA hI nahIM hai| vaha kahatA hai ki karma prabala preraka se nirdhArita hote haiM, yaha kathana kisI bhI pramANIkaraNa ke yogya nahIM hai| yaha to jise siddha karanA hai, use hI pramANa ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA hogaa| yadi hama preraka ke bala ko usa pariNAma kevala ke dvArA mApe, jisakI vaha vastutaH icchA karatA hai, to nissaMdeha yaha siddha karanA sarala hogA ki prabala preraka sadaiva hI saphala hogA, lekina usa avasthA meM hamane vivAda ke mUla biMdu ko hI pahale se hI svIkAra kara liyA hai| yadi dUsarI ora, hama kartA kI cetanA ko hI hamArI kasauTI mAne aura preraka ke bala ko usa preraka ke pratirodha meM hone vAlI kaThinAI ke dvArA mApe, taba yaha mAnanA par3egA ki kAryoM ke AvegoM kA kabhI-kabhI saphalatApUrvaka nirodha hotA hai, kiMtu taba bhI kartA ko una AvegoM ke virodha kI apekSA unake prati samarpita hote jAnA sarala lagatA hai| vastutaH, naitika-dRSTi se prerakoM kI mahattvapUrNa pratiyogitA taba hotI hai, jabaki eka pAzavika (vAsanAtmaka)-dRSTi se prabalatama pratIta hone vAlA preraka eka dizA kI ora dhakelatA hai aura eka bauddhika-dRSTi se prabalatama preraka dUsarI dizA kI ora dhakelatA hai, arthAt jaba hama yaha mAnate hoM ki hamArI kSudhAoM yA vAsanAoM kA virodha hamAre hita meM hai yA hamArA kartavya hai aura unake prati samarpita hone kI apekSA unakA pratirodha karane ke lie adhika prayatna apekSita hai, aise saMgharSa meM AtmA ke viruddha vAsanAeM kabhI-kabhI saphala ho jAtI hai, kiMtu ve sadaiva hI saphala nahIM hotI haiN| naitika-svataMtratA taba zakti kI vaha anumati hai, jo hameM yaha batAtI hai ki yA to hama hamAre acchAI-sambaMdhI nirNaya ke anusAra AcaraNa kareM yA hama prabalatama vAsanA ke Adeza kA pAlana kreN| rIDa ke anusAra, bauddhika aura pAzavika-prerakoM ke bIca eka aisA hI sambaMdha hamAre uttaradAyitva ke sAmAnya-pratyaya meM aura sAmAnya naitika-nirNaya ke lie svIkRta uttaradAyitva kI vibhinna mAtrAoM meM nihita hai| eka apratirodhI-preraka (arthAt eka aisA preraka, jisakA nigraha sambhava nahIM hai) sAmAnyatayA nirdoSa mAnA jAtA hai| vivazatA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/238 ke prati samarpita hone ke lie yA jise rokanA usakI zakti meM nahIM, usake lie koI bhI doSI athavA daNDanIya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| punaH, sAmAnyatayA hama yaha nirNaya lete haiM ki una bure karmoM kI AparAdhikatA vAstavika rUpa se kama ho, jAtI hai jo ki bhaya-Avega yA tIvra yAtanA (pIr3A) kI avasthA meM kie jAte haiN| bhAvanAoM kA nirodha karane meM manuSya kI kArya-zakti kI sImitatA kI isa svIkRti meM, ina sImAoM ke aMtargata usake svataMtra rUpa se kArya karane kI yathArthatA ko bhI gauNa rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, kyoMki yadi sabhI kArya samAna rUpa se anivArya haiM, to eka vyakti, jo rizvata ke lie rASTra ke rahasyoM kA udghATana kara rASTra ke prati vizvAsaghAta karatA hai, vaha bhI eka apratirodhI preraka se utanA hI bAdhya hai, jitanA ki vaha vyakti, jo yAtanAoM ke kAraNa vizvAsaghAta karatA hai| yadi sabhI kArya samAna rUpa se anivArya haiM, to phira kyoM ina donoM ghaTanAoM ke hamAre nirNayoM meM itanI adhika bhinnatA hotI maiM socatA hUM ki sAmAnyatayA jina AdhAroM kI hamane abhI saMkSipta vivecanA kI, unhIM AdhAroM para rIDa ke samaya se hI saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ko sahajajJAnavAdI nIti-vettAoM ke dvArA sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta kiyA jAtA rahA hai, kiMtu kAMTa ke aparokSa prabhAva ke kAraNa yA viliyama hemilTana Adi dUsare vicArakoM ke dvArA saMkramita usake parokSa prabhAva ke kAraNa zakti kI cetanA ke usa tarka kA parityAga kara diyA gayA, jo ki vastutaH virodhI akalpanIyatAoM ke virodha yA saMgharSa kI ora le jAtI haiM aura usake sthAna para sArA bala karttavya yA puraskAra yA daNDa kI cetanA ke tarka para diyA gyaa| nirdhAraNavAdI (niyativAdI) nItizAstra dUsarI ora, upayogitAvAdI nIti-vettA sAmAnyatayA nirdhAraNavAdI (niyativAdI) rahe haiN| saMkalpa kI svataMtratA kA pratyaya bhautika-vijJAna ke sabhI adhyetAoM ke dvArA svIkRta kAraNa ke pratyaya kI sArvabhaumikatA se asaMgata hai| isa kaThinAI ko vaijJAnika-pragati ne apanI satata rUpa se bar3hatI huI zakti ke dvArA upasthita kiyA hai, kiMtu isake atirikta bhI upayogitAvAdiyoM ne saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke lie sAmAnyatayA uttaradAyitva tathA puraskAra evaM daMDa ke AdhAra para die gae tarka ko nirasta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yaha kArya unhoMne ina pracalita padoM ko eka nayA artha dekara kiyA hai| upayogitAvAda ke samarthaka nirdhAraNavAdiyoM ke anusAra, janasAdhAraNa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/239 ke daNDa-sambaMdhI nirNaya kevala sahAnubhUti aura prabuddha Atma-prema ke dvArA nItikRta svAbhAvika roSa kI abhivyakti haiN| aisA jisake prati prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai aura daNDa jise diyA jAtA hai, yaha usakI eka aicchika-burAI ke prati sahI aura tArkikapratikriyA hai| cAhe bure karma karane vAlA vyakti kucha svataMtra bhI ho, yadi aisA mAnA jAtA hai, to bhI ye roSa aura daNDa bhaviSya meM use punaH duSkarma karane se rokate haiM / nirdhAraNavAdI yaha mAnatA hai ki eka artha meM cAhie meM sakanA (samarthatA) nihita hai, kiMtu kevala manuSya kI sAmarthya meM nihita kAryoM ko nahIM karane para vyakti daNDa ke yogya yA naitika AlocanA ke viSaya mAnA jAtA hai, kiMtu nirdhAraNavAdI kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki 'sakanA' aura usakI sAmarthya meM kevala Avazyaka preraNA ke atirikta sabhI duratikrama bAdhAoM kI anupasthiti nihita hai| nirdhAraNavAdI kahatA hai ki aisI sthiti meM yahI nyAyasaMgata hai ki sadAcaraNa ke hetu preraka ke abhAva kI pUrti karane ke lie daNDa aura naitika-asukhada kI abhivyakti apekSita hai| yaha mAnane meM bhI nirdhAraNavAdI ko koI kaThinAI nahIM hai ki yadi koI kArya atyadhika bhaya yA prabalatama icchA ke adhIna hokara kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha sAmAnyatayA kama niMdanIya hotA hai, kyoMki beMthama ke anusAra, aise kAryoM meM abhivyakta abhivRddhi kama prabala prerakoM kI apekSA bhaviSya ke lie kama hAnikara hotI hai| yadyapi nirdhAraNavAdI (niyativAdI) yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki daNDanIyatA ke vartamAna nirNaya, jahAM taka ve vyavahAra ko prabhAvita karate haiM, vahAM taka saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke siddhAMta ke sAtha saMgati rakhate haiN| vastutaH, isa bAta se bhI iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki hama sAmAnyatayA aisI asAvadhAnI ke lie bhI daNDa dene kA samarthana karate haiM, jisase kisI kI bahuta hI adhika hAni hotI hai| isake lie usa pramANa kI bhI koI apekSA nahIM hotI hai ki yaha kArya pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se karttavya ke aicchika-asammAna kA pariNAma thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama vidrohI aura SaDayaMtrakArI ko kevala isalie kama daNDanIya nahIM mAnate haiM ki ve niHsvArtha rASTrIya-bhAvanAoM se yukta haiM, yadyapi hama nizcaya hI unakI durbhAvanA rahitatA para vicAra karate haiN| aMgrejI-nItizAstra para phrAMsIsI-prabhAva yahAM taka hamane iMglaiNDa ke naitika-ciMtana kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| isameM sambaMdhita viSayoM para samakAlIna yUropIya ciMtana se usake sambaMdhoM ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH, aisA karanA hamAre lie adhika suvidhAprada thA,

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/240 kyoMki hAvsa se lagAkara abhI taka vivecita lagabhaga sabhI vicArakoM ke darzana mUlataH iMglaiNDa meM hI utpanna hue the aura una para kisI videzI prabhAva ko dekha pAnA kaThina hI hai| yadyapi nItizAstra hI darzana kI eka aisI zAkhA hai, jisameM yaha prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| dekArta ke bhautikazAstra aura manovijJAna kA iMglaiNDa meM bahuta adhika adhyayana kiyA gayA aura usakA tAttvika-darzana nizcita hI lAka ke darzana kA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa pUrvavartI thA, kiMtu dekArta ke darzana meM vAstavika nItizAstra-sambaMdhI vivecanA muzkila se milatI hai| yadyapi klArka pahale spInobA ke siddhAMta se aura bAda meM vyaktigata rUpa se lAinIja se prabhAvita rahA hai, kiMtu yaha virodhAbhAsa tAttvikakSetra taka hI sImita thaa| kaitholika-phrAMsa vibhinna viSayoM meM aMgrejoM ke lie eka zikSA-kSetra thA, kiMtu nItizAstra meM nhiiN| bensenisTasa aura jesyUTsa ke bIca kA mahattvapUrNa saMgharSa iMglaiNDa ke lie bahuta hI parokSa ruci kA viSaya rahA thaa| 18 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha taka phrAMsa ke vidrohI-darzana kA prabhAva iMgliza-cainala ke isa pAra nahIM A pAyA thA aura taba bhI usakA prabhAva naitika-vicAroM ke kSetra meM adhika mahattvapUrNa bhI nahIM thaa| yaha satya hai ki rUsoM ne sabhyatA kI bali dekara bhI prAkRtikajIvana ke unnayana kA sAhasa kiyA thA tathA sukhada ajJAna kI prazaMsA kI thI, sAtha hI, usane nizchala vyavahAra aura asabhya vyakti ke sarala sadguNa ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA thA ye saba bAteM Adhunika samAja kI aprAkRtika, azakta evaM bhraSTa racanA kI virodhI thI aura phrAMsa ke sAtha-sAtha iMglaiNDa para bhI inakA kAphI prabhAva thaa| usane janatA kI asaMkrAmya (aharaNIya) prabhusattA ko hI kisI rAjanItika-vyavasthA kA eka nyAyapUrNa aura saMgatipUrNa rUpa maanaa| usakI isa arthapUrNa udghoSaNA se iMglaiNDa ke sAmAjika saMvide ke prAcIna siddhAMta ko vidrohAtmaka-dizA meM vikasita hone ke lie eka zaktipUrNa sahayoga prApta huA, phira bhI yaha dekhanA rucikara hai ki aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha ke una aMgreja-lekhakoM ne, jinhoMne, jo phrAMsa ke rAjanItika-ciMtana kI gatividhiyoM se bahuta hI adhika prabhAvita the, una naitika-AdhAroM ke lie, jisa para ki ve bauddhika aura samAna-svataMtratA kI naI sAmAjika-vyavasthA kA nirmANa karanA cAhate the, apane ko prAcIna iMgliza vicAra-praNAlI ke nikaTastha banAe rakhA, phira cAhe ve prAIsa ke samAna sahajagAna vAdI sampradAya se sambaMdhita rahe hoM, athavA unhoMne prIsTale aura gADavina ke samAna sarvAdhika sukha ko naitikatA ke sarvocca pramApaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA ho| kevala beMthamavAda kI nirUkti meM hI hameM helveTiasa nAmaka

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/241 phreMca lekhaka ke graMthoM kA vaha mahattvapUrNa prabhAva dekhane ko milatA hai, jisake sambaMdha meM beMthama svayaM hI pUrNa sajaga thaa| halveTiasa (1715 se 1771) helveTiasa se hI beMthama ne yaha sIkhA thA ki sAdhAraNataH manuSya pUrI taraha se Atma-prema se zAsita hai aura tathAkathita naitika-nirNaya vastutaH kisI samAja ke sAmAnya hitoM ke sAmAnya nirNaya haiM, isalie eka ora yaha nirarthaka hai ki sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi karane ke atirikta sadguNa ke lie koI dUsarA pramApaka prastuta kiyA jAve, dUsarI ora, manuSya ko karttavya ke lie kevala upadeza denA aura durAcAra ke lie usakI niMdA karanA bhI nirarthaka hai| nItivettA kA vAstavika kArya sadguNoM kI vyaktigata sukha se saMvAditA batAnA hai| tadanusAra, yadyapi prakRti ne manuSyoM ke hitoM ko aneka rUpoM meM eka-dUsare se bAMdha rakhA hai, phira bhI sahAnubhUti ke vikAsa tathA pArasparika-sahayoga kI Adata ke dvArA zikSA ina sambaMdhoM ko adhika vyApaka banA sakatI hai| vaha vidhi-nirmAtA hI sarvAdhika prabhAvazIla nItizAstrI hai, jo ki kAnUna ke aMkuzoM ke dvArA svahita ke lie kArya karate hue mAnavIya AcaraNa ko jaisA cAhatA hai, vaisA badala sakatA hai| ye kucha sarala siddhAMta hI beMthama ke athaka aura AjIvana kie gae prayAsoM kI sAmAnya AdhAra-bhUmi prastuta karate haiN| komta (1798-1857) punazca, je.esa. mila ke pariSkRta beMthamavAda meM phreMca-vicAraka agasta komta kA prabhAva eka mukhya pariSkAraka tattva ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai| mukhya rUpa se yaha prabhAva komta ke nimna do mahatvapUrNa phreMca graMthoM kA hai- (1) philAsaphI pAseTiva (1829-1842) aura naM. (2) sisTeme poliTikyU pAseTiva (1851-54) / jahAM taka usake dvArA rAjanItika-ciMtana se bhinna naitika-ciMtana ke prabhAvita hone kA prazna hai, usane prArambhika rUpa meM mAnava-pravRtti ke sAmAnya pratyaya ke dvArA ise prabhAvita kiyA hai| komte ke anusAra, mAnavI-pragati vizuddha rUpa se pAzavika-lakSaNoM se U para uThakara mAnavIya-guNoM kI satata vikAsazIla prabalatA meM nihita hai| mAnavIyaguNoM meM sAmAjikatA sarvocca guNa hai aura yahI sAmAjikatA mAnavIya-bhAvanAoM kI vyApaka avasthA kA sarvocca svarUpa tathA sampUrNa mAnavatA ke prati zraddhA hai| tadanusAra, yaha mAnava meM paropakAritA aura dUsaroM ke lie jIne kI Adata kA vikAsa hai| komte kevala sukhoM kI abhivRddhi kI apekSA ise mAnava vyavahAra kA parama Adarza aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/242 pramApaka svIkAra karatA hai| vastutaH, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki paropakAra aura sukha aviyojya hai aura yaha ki kisI vyakti kI bhAvanAoM ko aura kAryoM kI AdatoM ko jitanA adhika paropakArI banAyA jA sakegA, utanA hI adhika sukha kA lAbha use svayaM ko aura dUsare vyaktiyoM ko hogA, kiMtu vaha svArthavAda ke sambaMdha meM apaneApako tArkika-gaharAI meM nahIM utAratA hai aura na yathArtha rUpa se niyaMtrita svahitavAdI saMtuSTi kI kSamatA ke dvArA sAmAnyatayA upalabdha hone vAlI sukha kI mAtrA kA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka mUlyAMkana karatA hai| eka sarvocca nirvivAda AtmasamarpaNa hI usake naitika-Adarza kA mukhya lakSya hai, jisameM ki sabhI vaiyaktika-gaNanAeM daba jAtI haiN| yaha dRSTikoNa sAmAnya mAnavIya-astitva kI beMthama kI dhAraNA kA ThIka virodhI hai| mila kA nayA upayogitAvAda ina donoM atiyoM ke bIca eka samyak madhyama mArga ko khoja lene kA sAhasa karatA hai| hameM yaha dekha lenA hogA ki komte ke dRSTikoNa meM mAnavatA ke prati samarpaNa na kevala eka naitika-siddhAMta hai, apitu eka dhArmika-siddhAMta bhI hai, arthAt ise na kevala vyAvahArika-rUpa meM niyAmaka honA cAhie, apitu vaiyaktika aura sArvajanika jIvana meM niyamita rUpa se aura AMzika rUpa se pratIkAtmaka-abhivyakti ke dvArA poSita aura prakaTa honA caahie| komta ke darzana kA isa pahalU meM aura sAmAjikapunarnimANa ke usake Adarza ke vivaraNa meM yaha dharma eka mahattvapUrNa bhAga adA karatA hai| ina donoM kA iMglaiNDa meM aura anya dezoM meM prabhAva to rahA hai, kiMtu bahuta hI kama hai| dUsarI ora, vaijJAnika-paddhati ke sambaMdha meM usakI zikSAoM kA, vizeSa rUpa se samAjazAstra yA sAmAjika-vijJAna kI paddhati ke sambaMdha meM usakI zikSAoM kA, iMglaiNDa ke naitika-ciMtana para adhika evaM sthAyI prabhAva rahA hai| vaha ina zikSAoM ko svayaM ke dvArA racita mAnatA thA aura jinakA nirmAtA hone kA vaidhAnika-dAvA prastuta karatA thA aura pele aura beMthama ke upayogitAvAda meM naitika aura vaidhAnika-AcaraNa ke sahI niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa aise puruSa aura striyoM para unake hone vAle vibhinna kAlpanika-prabhAvoM kI tulanA ke dvArA hotA thA, jo ki vastutaH samAna aura aparivartanazIla prakAra ke pratinidhi mAne jAte the| yaha satya hai ki beMthama jalavAyu, jAti, dharma evaM rAjya ke una parivartanazIla prabhAvoM ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai, jo ki eka vidhi-nirmAtA ke vicAra ke lie mahattvapUrNa haiM, kiMtu sAmAjika-saMracanA-sambaMdhI usake graMtha aise vicAroM se pUrI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/243 taraha svataMtra haiN| beMthama kA sampradAya sAmAnyatayA aitihAsika-vibhinnatAoM ko dRSTigata rakhe binA hI sabhI kAloM aura sabhI dezoM ke vyaktiyoM ke hetu mahattvapUrNa naitika aura rAjanItika-samAdhAna prastuta karane meM apane ko sakSama mAnatA huA pratIta hotA hai, kiMtu komta ke sAmAjika-vijJAna kI dhAraNA meM samAja ke vikAsa ke niyamoM kA jJAna AdhArabhUta aura sahajarUpase vyaktigata mahattva kA hai| komta ke anusAra, rAjanIti aura nItizAstra- donoM hI sAmAjika-vijJAna ke vyAvahArika-upayoga haiN| usakI dRSTi meM mAnavatA vibhinna staroM se gujarI hai aura pratyeka stara para vibhinna prakAra ke niyamoM evaM saMsthAoM tathA AdatoM evaM rItirivAjoM kA eka bhinna prArUpa sAmAnyatayA ucita hotA hai| isa prakAra, vartamAna manuSya eka aisA manuSya hai, jise vigata itihAsa ke jJAna ke dvArA hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| komta kI dRSTi meM vizuddha rUpa se amUrta aura anaitihAsika-paddhati ke dvArA naitika aura rAjanItika-AdarzoM ke nirmANa kA koI bhI prayAsa anivAryatA aura Avazyaka rUpa se vyartha hogaa| vinAyaka-niyamoM aura naitikatA meM kisa samaya kaunase sudhAra apekSita hoMge, isakA nizcaya kevala sAmAjika-gatyAtmakatA kI sahAyatA se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha dRSTikoNa komta ke isa viziSTa sampradAya kI sImAoM ko bahuta hI vyApaka banA detA hai aura vastutaH vartamAna yuga ke zikSita vyaktiyoM ke dvArA sarvAdhika mAnya pratIta hotA hai| iMgliza-nItizAstra para jarmana-prabhAva phrAMsIsI-darzana ke samAna hI jarmana ke darzana kA pramANa bhI vartamAna yuga ke pahale taka apekSAkRta rUpa meM kama mahattvapUrNa hI rahA hai| vastutaH, 17vIM zatAbdI meM muphenaDArpha ke graMtha prakRti ke niyama' lA Apha necara meM groTiasa ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNa ko kucha pariSkAra ke sAtha punarsthApita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha graMtha hAvsa ke nae siddhAMta ke sAtha samanvaya karane kI dRSTi se likhA gayA thA aura isakA AksaphorDa meM aura anyatra kAphI adhyayana kiyA gyaa| lAka isa graMtha ko eka saMskAravAn vyakti kI pUrNa zikSA ke lie eka Avazyaka graMtha mAnatA hai, kiMtu AcaraNa ke siddhAMtoM kA jarmanI meM hone vAlA paravartI vikAsa aMgrejoM kI jana-cetanA se pUrNatayA alaga ho gyaa| yahAM taka ki jarmanI meM vistRta evaM pUrNa rUpa meM bahuta adhika samaya taka prabhAvazAlI bane rahane vAle kAMTa (mRtyu 1754) ke darzana kA jJAna bahuta hI adhika adhyayanazIla aMgreja lekhakoM ko bhI muzkila se hI thaa| kAMTa kI prabhAvazAlI prajJA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/244 aura vyApaka pratiSThAbhI aMgreja nItivettAoM ko usake naitika darzana ke gambhIra adhyayana ke lie 50 varSoM taka AkarSita nahIM kara pAI, jabaki usakA darzana ina 50 varSoM taka vizva ke sammukha pratiSThita banA rahA, yadyapi kAMTa ke mUlabhUta naitika-siddhAMta ko eka zatAbdI (19 vIM zatAbdI) ke prathama bhAga meM koleTipa nAmaka kavi evaM dArzanika ne utsAhapUrvaka sabase pahale grahaNa kiyA kolaTipa AMgla-ciMtana ke prabhAvazAlI logoM meM bahuta hI adhika prabhAvazAlI evaM lokapriya thaa| bAda meM kAMTa ke prabhAva ke vibhinna saMketa viveka aura sahajajJAnavAdI-sampradAya ke dUsare lekhakoM meM pAe jAte haiN| jarmana-ciMtana kI upalabdhiyoM ke prati pichale 40 sAloM meM aMgrejoM kI jo vyaktigata abhiruci rahI hai, usake kAraNa kAMTa ke graMthoM ko itane vyApaka rUpa se jAnA jAne lagA hai ki usake naitika-siddhAMta ke vivecana ke binA graMtha apUrNa hI raha jaaegaa| kAMTa (1724-1808) aMgreja-nItivettAoM meM prAIsa se kAMTa kI bahuta adhika nikaTatA hai| vastutaH, Adhunika yUropa ke naitika vicAroM meM kAMTa ke siddhAMta kA vahI mahattvaM hai, jo ki iMglaiNDa meM prAIsa aura rIDa ke siddhAMtoM kA hai| ina vicArakoM ke samAna hI kAMTa yaha mAnatA hai ki buddhimAn prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya buddhi ke nirapekSa AdezoM yA aucitya ke kinhIM niyamoM ko mAnane ke lie nirapekSa rUpa se baMdhA huA hai| prAIsa ke samAna vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI bhI kArya jaba taka zubha nahIM hotA, taba taka ki vaha zubha preraNA se nahIM kiyA jAtA hai aura isa preraNA ko kisI bhI prakAra ke prAkRtika-jhukAva se mUlataH bhinna honA caahie| karttavya vastutaH karttavya bana sake, isalie karttavya ko karttavya ke lie hI kiyA jAnA caahie| kAMTa prAIsa aura rIDa kI apekSA bhI adhika sUkSmatA se yaha tarka detA hai ki yadyapi sadguNI kartA ke lie sadguNAtmaka-kArya nissaMdeha sukhada hogA aura kisI bhI kartavya kA ullaMghana duHkhada hogA, yaha naitika sukha yA duHkha yathArthatayA kisI bhI kArya kA preraka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha kartavya ko karane ke lie hamAre AbaMdha kI svIkRti kA pUrvavartI hone kI apekSA usakA anuvartI hai| punaH, prAIsa ke sAtha vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki abhiprAya aura preraka kI ucitatA na kevala kArya kI ucitatA kI eka aparihArya zarta hai, apitu vAstava meM usake naitika-mUlya kA pUrI taraha nirdhAraNa bhI karatI hai, kiMtu adhika dArzanikasUkSmatA ke sAtha kAMTa ne jo niSkarSa prApta kiyA hai, usakI kalpanA aMgreja-nItivettAoM ne svapna meM bhI nahIM kI thii| vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AcaraNa kI bhautika-ucitatA ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/245 nirdhAraNa ke lie AcaraNa kI AkArika-ucitatA ke nirdhAraNa ke sivAya koI dUsarA bauddhika-siddhAMta nahIM ho sakatA aura isalie karttavya ke ve sabhI niyama, jo ki sArvabhaumika rUpa se baMdhanakAraka haiM, isI eka sAmAnya siddhAMta ke upayoga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kie jAne cAhie ki karttavya kA pAlana karttavya ke lie ho| isakA apekSatayA prAmANIkaraNa nimna rUpa meM prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAMTa batAtA hai ki buddhi ke Adeza sabhI bauddhika-prANiyoM para anivArya rUpa se lAgU honA caahie| merA abhiprAya taba taka ucita nahIM ho sakatA, jaba taka ki maiM isa siddhAMta ko, jisake anusAra kArya karatA hUM, sArvabhaumika-niyama ke rUpa meM saMkalpita karane ke lie taiyAra hotaa| isa prakAra, hama eka AdhArabhUta Adeza yA niyama pAte haiN| vaha yaha ki usa siddhAMta ke anusAra kAma karo, jisakA zubha sArvabhauma niyama ke rUpa meM saMkalpa kara sakate ho, sAtha hI, kAMTa yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki yahI niyama sabhI vizeSa kartavyoM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie apekSita kasauTI ko prastuta karegA, kyoMki yadi hama kisI bhI kartavya ke ullaMghana ke samaya apanI mAnasika-avasthA ko dekheM, to yaha pAeMge ki hama vastutaH apane usa siddhAMta ko eka sArvabhaumika-niyama banAnA nahIM cAhate haiN| hamArI abhilASA yaha hotI hai ki hama jo karanA cAhate haiM usakA virodhI siddhAMta sArvabhauma niyama rahe, kevala hama usameM apane lie eka apavAda rakhanA cAhate haiM, athavA usa prAsaMgika-sujhAva ko kevala eka samaya ke lie vaidha mAna lete haiN| yaha niyama apanI doharI tarka-saMgati se AcaraNa kA nirasana detA hai| anaitikatA ke kucha prakAroM ko hama sArvabhauma-niyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kara sakate haiM, jaise- pratijJA ko tor3ane ke abhiprAya se pratijJA krnaa| jaba taka pratyeka vyakti apane Apa ko pratijJA tor3ane ke lie svataMtra mAnegA, to phira koI bhI vyakti dUsaroM se kI gaI pratijJA ko nibhAne kI ciMtA nahIM karegA (isa prakAra pratijJA karane kA koI artha nahIM raha jaaegaa)| dUsare kucha aise niyama haiM, jinheM hama saralatA se sArvabhauma-niyama mAna lete haiM, jaise- logoM ko apane duHkhoM ko bhogane ke lie asahAya chor3a denA, lekina hama binA kisI Atma (asaMgati) ke aisA saMkalpa nahIM kara sakeMge, kyoMki jaba hama svayaM duHkha meM hoMge, to yaha soceMge ki yadyapi hama dUsaroM kI madada nahIM kara sakate haiM, kiMtu dUsaroM ko hameM madada karanA caahie| kAMTa ke siddhAMta kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA usake karttavya (dAyitva) aura saMkalpa kI svataMtratA ke bIca ke sambaMdha ke vikAsa meM hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki naitika-cetanA ke dvArA hI hama apanI svataMtratA kI bauddhika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 246 dhAraNA ko prApta karate haiN| mujhe jo ucita hai, use isalie karanA cAhie ki vaha ucita hai, na ki isalie ki maiM use pasaMda karatA huuN| isa jJAna meM yaha nihita hai ki aisA vizuddha rUpa se bauddhika-saMkalpa sambhava hai / merA kArya sukhAtmaka aura duHkhAtmaka - anubhUtiyoM ke prAkRtika uddIpakoM kI anivArya prakriyA ke dvArA yAMtrika-rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM - ho sakatA, apitu usakA nirdhAraNa merI saccI bauddhika - AtmA ke niyamoM ke sAtha saMgati rakhane se hogaa| buddhi kI siddhi yA bauddhika rUpa se mAnavIya - saMkalpa kI siddhi isa prakAra apane-Apa ko kartavya ke eka nirapekSa sAdhya ke rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai aura isa prakAra, mUlabhUta vyAvahArika - niyama kA eka nayA rUpa prApta karate haiM, jisake anusAra mAnavatA, cAhe vaha tumhAre aMdara ho yA dUsaroM ke, use sadaiva sAdhya mAnoM aura kabhI bhI sAdhana mata bnaao| jahAM hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki svataMtratA kA pratyaya nItizAstra ko nyAyazAstra ke sAtha eka sarala aura AkarSaka DhaMga se jor3a detA hai, yahAM eka aura nyAyazAstra kA mukhya uddezya dUsare vyaktiyoM ke saMkalpoM ke hastakSepa ke kAraNa kisI vyakti ke svataMtra kArya meM utpanna kI gaI bAdhAoM ko dUra karake bAhya-svataMtratA ko prApta karAnA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, nItizAstra vyakti kI svAbhAvika - abhiruciyoM ke virodha meM bauddhika - sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ke dvArA AMtarika-svataMtratA' kI prApti se sambaMdhita hai| yadi hama yaha pUcheM ki saMkSepa meM bauddhika-sAdhya kyA hai aura sAdhya se hamArA artha eka aise pariNAma se ho, jise kArya ke dvArA prApta karanA cAhate hai / - isa dUsare prakAra kI svataMtratA ko hI svataMtratA ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai, na ki pahale prakAra kI svataMtratA ko kiyA jAtA hai, to isake uttara meM kAMTa kA kathana yaha hogA ki apane jaise sabhI bauddhika-prANI pratyeka bauddhika-prANI ke lie apane-Apa meM sAdhya haiN| kAMTa kA yaha kathana muzkila se hI eka spaSTa uttara kahA jA sakatA hai, isakA artha yaha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vyAvahArika rUpa se prApta yaha pariNAma una sabhI bauddhika-mAnavoM kI bauddhikatA kA vikAsa karatA hai, jinakI bauddhikatA abhI bhI apUrNa rUpa meM hai, kiMtu kAMTa kA dRSTikoNa aisA nahIM hai| vastutaH, vaha yaha mAnatA hai - pratyeka vyakti ko apanI naisargika zaktiyoM aura apane naitika-svabhAva ke vikAsa ke dvArA apane-Apa ko yathAsaMbhava buddhi kA sarvAdhika pUrNa mAdhyama banAne kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, kiMtu isI taraha dUsare vyaktiyoM kI aisI pUrNatA ko bhI pratyeka vyakti ko sAdhya nirUpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa bAta se vaha spaSTatayA iMkAra karatA hai, vaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 247 kahatA hai ki dUsare vyaktiyoM kI bauddhika- pUrNatA ke vikAsa ko mere karttavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA eka virodhAbhAsa hai / usakA yaha kathana isalie sahI hai ki eka vyakti ke rUpa meM kisI manuSya kI pUrNatA isa bAta meM nihita hai ki vaha apanI karttavya kI dhAraNA ke anusAra apane sAdhya kA nirdhAraNa karane meM svayaM sakSama hai aura kisI kArya ko mere lie eka karttavya banAnA, jise dUsarA koI nahIM, kiMtu svayaM nahIM kara sakatA hai, AtmavirodhI hogA, taba kisa vyAvahArika artha meM dUsare bauddhika-prANiyoM ko merA sAdhya banA sakatA huuN| kAMTa usake uttara meM yaha kahatA hai ki dUsaroM ke sambaMdha meM jo bhI sAdhya banAyA jA sakatA hai, vaha pUrNatA nahIM, kiMtu sukha hai| hameM dUsaroM ke una vizuddha rUpa se AtmaniSTha sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie sahAyatA karanA cAhie, jo ki buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, apitu prAkRtika - abhiruciyoM ke dvArA nirdhArita kie gae haiM, kyoMki kAMTa kA kathana hai ki yadi dUsare vyaktiyoM kI svataH sAdhya kI dhAraNA mere para apanA pUrNa prabhAva rakhatI hai, to pratyeka vyakti ke sAdhyoM ko yathAsambhava mere bhI sAdhya honA caahie| anyatra vaha kahatA hai ki apane svayaM ke sukha kI upalabdhi ko eka karttavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha eka aisA sAdhya hai, jisake prati pratyeka vyakti prAkRtika abhiruciyoM ke kAraNa aparihArya rUpa se pravRtta hai, lekina yaha ucita hai kyoMki pratyeka vyakti anivAryatayA apane svayaM ke sukha kI icchA karatA hai aura isalie yaha icchA bhI karatA hai ki dUsare vyakti AvazyakatA ke samaya use sahayoga deM, isalie vaha dUsaroM ke sukhoM ko apanA naitika-sAdhya banAne lie bAdhya hai, kyoMki isa AbaMdha ko svIkAra kie binA ki samAna paristhitiyoM meM use bhI dUsaroM kI sahAyatA karanA hai, vaha naitika rUpa meM dUsaroM se sahAyatA kI apekSA nahIM kara sktaa| vaiyaktika sukhoM ko una sAdhyoM se alaga karane meM, jisake lie prayatna karanA eka kartavya hai, kAMTa ko baTalara aura rIDa ke dRSTikoNoM meM eka virodha dikhAI detA hai, kyoMki baTalara aura rIDa yaha mAnate haiM ki bauddhika- prANI ke rUpa meM manuSya apane hitoM (sukhoM) kI prApti ke lie eka suspaSTa AbaMdha ke adhIna hai| yadyapi yaha virodha utanA adhika nahIM hai, jitanA dikhAI detA hai, kyoMki kAMTa apane sarvocca zubha ke vivaraNa meM apane vaiyaktika - sukha kI ciMtA kI bauddhikatA ko nihitArtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara letA hai| kAMTa kI dRSTi meM kevala yaha sukha vaha nahIM hai, jise eka saccA bauddhika-Atma- prema prApta karanA cAhatA hai, apitu vaha sukha hai, jo ki naitika-dRSTi se usake yogya hone kI sthiti para nirbhara hai / yadyapi kAMTa ke anusAra, - -

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zAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 248 - karttavya ko karttA ke eka sukha ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM, varan mAtra karttavya ke lie karanA cAhie, tathApi vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki hama ise taba taka bauddhika rUpa se nahIM kara sakate, jaba taka ki hameM yaha AzA na ho ki isake karane se hameM sukha milegA, isalie manuSya ke lie sarvocca zubha" na to sadguNa hai aura na kevala sukha, apitu eka aisA naitika-saMsAra hai, jisameM satkArya samucita anupAta meM sukha se yukta hai| kAM ke anusAra, hama bauddhika rUpa se yaha mAnane ko bAdhya haiM ki hama anivAryatayA eka aise saMsAra ke nivAsI haiM, jo eka buddhimAn nirmAtA aura zAsaka ke adhIna hai, kyoMki binA aise saMsAra ko mAne naitikatA ke ucca Adarza vastutaH prazaMsA aura anumodana ke viSaya hoMge, na ki kAryoM evaM uddezyoM ke preraka / hameM jagat kI aisI vyavasthA kI adhimAnyatA ko svIkAra karanA hogA, jisameM sukha kI mAMga karttavya ke dvArA arjita puNya ke rUpa meM apanI saMtuSTi prApta karatI hai, jo ki paraloka evaM Izvara prati AsthA meM nihita hai, kiMtu usa AsthA kI nizcitatA kevala naitika-AdhAra para nirbhara hai, kyoMki kAMTa ke tAttvika siddhAMtoM ke anusAra, hamAre jJAna kA yaha prAkRtika jagat hai, mAnavIya grAhaka cetanA para hone vAle pratibimba yA saMskAroM kA prapaMca mAtra hai, jo ki isakI jJAtA AtmaprajJA ke dvArA samAvita - anubhUtiyoM ke viSayoM se saMsAra ke sAtha mizrita hai, isalie hama vastuoM ke nija-svarUpa kA na to anubhava kara sakate haiM aura na jAna sakate haiN| ( isa prakAra, vastu tattva apane-Apa meM kyA hai, isakA hameM na to koI anubhava ho sakatA hai aura na jJAna hI) isa prakAra, hama meM se pratyeka vyakti apanI naitika cetanA dvArA apane-Apa ko eka atIndriya-jagat ke sadasya ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai, yadyapi vaha usa jagat ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM kucha bhI nahIM jAnatA hai| vaha yaha jAnatA hai ki vaha kevala isa prapaMca ke atirikta bhI kucha hai, kiMtu vaha kyA hai, yaha nahIM jAnatA hai| tadanusAra, yadyapi mujhe yaha bauddhika-nizcitatA ho sakatI hai ki bhAvI - jagat aura Izvara hai, lekina kAMTa ke anusAra, yaha nizcitatA mujhe vimarSAtmaka - jJAna ke lie upalabdha nahIM hai| saiddhAMtika rUpa se maiM una vizvAsoM kA satya nahIM jAnatA hUM, lekina vyavahAra ke lie mujhe unheM AdhArabhUta mAnanA hogA, tAki jise maiM vyAvahArika buddhi ke nirapekSa rUpa se pradatta Adeza ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hUM, usakA buddhi-pUrvaka pAlana kara skuuN| kAMTa ke bAda kA nItizAstra kAM kI mRtyu (1804) ke pUrva hI AMgla- vicAraka kolarija ke dvArA kAMTa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/249 ke graMthoM kA adhyayana prArambha ho cukA thaa| kolarija iMglaiNDa meM jarmana-dArzanikaciMtana kI pravRttiyoM kA eka pIr3hI se adhika samaya taka pratinidhi rahA hai, lekina jaba kolarija kA kAMTIya-darzana kA adhyayana prAraMbha huA thA, tabhI tattva mImAMsIyapaddhati aura dRSTikoNa kA mahattvapUrNa evaM gatizIla vikAsa usa dUsare stara para pahuMca cukA thA, jisake tIna pramukha rUpoM kA pratinidhitva kramazaH phikTe, zolina aura hegala karate haiN| pUrva meM kAMTa ke dvArA pUrva meM asvIkRta phikTe ke AtmaniSTha pratyayavAdagraMthoM kI eka sirIja nikala cukI thI aura zeliMga kA darzana tattva-zAstra ke sabhI jarmana-adhyetAoM ke AkarSaNa kA keMdra hone kA dAvA kara rahA thaa| isakA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki kAlarija ke dvArA AMzika-rUpa se apanAyA gayA kAMTa vastutaH aisA kAMTa thA, jise zeliMga ke darzana ke mAdhyama se dekhA gayA thaa| vastutaH, kAMTa ke paramArtha yA vastu-nijarUpa ko mAtra zAbdika-abhivyakti se adhika nahIM samajhA gayA thaa| hameM yaha mAna lenA hogA ki usane apanI karttavya aura svataMtratA kI vyAvahArikadhAraNAoM ke dvArA mAnavIya-prakRti kI mUlabhUta AdhyAtmikatA kA vaha virmazAtmika jJAna prApta kara liyA thA, jisakA usakI bhASA khaMDana karatI huI pratIta hotI hai| yadyapi kolarija ke dvArA AMgla manasa para jarmanI ke ciMtana kA jo aspaSTa prabhAva par3A thA, vaha tattvamImAMsA kI dRSTi se dekhane para kAMTIyA hone kI apekSA kAMTa ke bAda kA adhika thA, kiMtu nItizAstra ke kSetra meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kolarija ke bikhare hue naitika-niyamoM meM jo jarmana-prabhAva dikhAI detA hai, vaha vizuddha rUpa se kAMTIya hai| iMglaiNDa ke naitika-vicArakoM meM phikaTe, zeliMga yA anya kisI kAMTa ke bAda ke jarmana-lekhaka ke viziSTa siddhAMtoM kA koI cihna mAnA jAtA hai, yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai, yadyapi vartamAna ke tIsare caraNa meM iMglaiNDa ke naitika-vicAroM para hegela kA spaSTa prabhAva par3A thaa| hegela (1770-1831) hegela ke naitika-vicAra mukhya rUpa se usake graMtha 1821 meM pAe jAte haiN| jahAM eka ora kAMTa ke naitika-vicAroM se hegela ke naitika-vicAroM kI nikaTatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, unameM Azcaryajanaka virodha bhI hai| kAMTa ke samAna heMgela yaha mAnatA hai ki karttavya yA zubhAcaraNa usa svataMtra bauddhika-saMkalpa ke cetana-kriyAnvayana meM nihita hai, jo ki sabhI bauddhika-prANiyoM meM mUlatayA samAna hI hai, lekina kAMTa ke dRSTikoNa meM isa saMkalpa kA sAmAnya tattva yaha sAmAnya zarta hai ki jisako jise sabhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/250 ke dvArA karane kI icchA kI jA sake, vahI karma kro| ise pratyeka bauddhika-kartA ke apane svayaM para atyadhika rUpa se lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai, jabaki hegela mAnatA hai ki sAmAnya saMkalpa niyamoM, saMsthAoM evaM usa pArasparika-samAja kI naitikatA, jisakA ki vaha sadasya hai, ke rUpa meM pratyeka vyakti meM vastuniSTha rUpa se upasthita hai| isa prakAra, hegela ke dRSTikoNa meM na kevala sukhoM kI ora prAkRtika-abhiruci kA yA vyaktigata-sukhoM kI icchA kA naitika-pratirodha Avazyaka hai, apitu vyakti kI aMtarAtmA arthAt jo ucita pratIta hotA hai| usako karane kI aMta:preraNA ko protsAhita karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| vaha samAja kI sAmAnya buddhi ke virodha meM AtI hai| yaha satya hai ki hegela kI mAnyatAeM haiM ki kevala sampatti-sambaMdhI nyAya ke niyamoM ko mAnya karanA, pratijJAoM kA pAlana karanA, aparAdhoM ke lie daMDa denA Adi kArya, jinameM ki sAmAnya saMkalpa sabase pahale hotA hai, kI apekSA zubha kI apanI svayaM kI dhAraNA ke kriyAnvayana ke cetana prayAsa naitika-vikAsa kI dRSTi se eka ucca avasthA hai, kyoMki aise bAhya niyamoM ke pAlana meM isa sAmAnya-saMkalpa kA vaiyaktika-saMkalpoM kI bAhya-sahamati ke dvArA kevala sAMyogika-kriyAnvayana ho pAtA hai aura usa sAmAnyasaMkalpa kI vastutaH upalabdhi unameM se kisI meM bhI nahIM ho pAtI hai| yadyapi vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki yaha aMtarAtmA kA prayAsa eka AtmavaMcanA hogI, sAtha hI, nirarthaka aura naitika-burAI kA mUla bhI hogA, yadi yaha apane siddhi yA kriyAnvayana meM ina vastuniSTha sAmAjika-sambaMdhoM ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhegA, jinameM ki vyakti apaneApa ko pAtA hai aura jaba taka ki vyakti apane svayaM ke sAra ke rUpa meM usa naitikatattva ko svIkAra nahIM kara letA, jo ki parivAra, nAgarika, samAja aura aMta meM rAjya ke rUpa meM use pradAna kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH, yaha rAjya kA saMgaThana vyavahAra ke kSetra meM sAmAnya buddhi kI uccatama abhivyakti hai| yadyapi hegelavAda vartamAna yuga ke iMglizanaitika-vicAroM meM bhinna rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai| hamane grIna ke jisa iMglizaanubhavAtItavAda kA pUrva meM vivecana kiyA hai, use kAMTIya-heMgelavAda kahA jA sakatA hai, lekina usa para kAMTa ke darzana kA pratyakSa prabhAva na hokara parokSa prabhAva hI hai| vaha parokSa prabhAva bhI mAnavIya ciMtana aura mAnava-samAja ke aitihAsika-adhyayana kI prabala preraNA ke kAraNa hI AyA thaa| hegela ke anusAra, vizva kA sAratattva amUrta se mUrta kI ora hone vAlI vicAra kI prakriyA hai aura isa prakriyA kA sahI jJAna hameM kAlakrama meM yUropIya-darzana ke vikAsa kI vyAkhyA kI kuMjI de detA hai| punaH,

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/251 hegela kI dRSTi meM mAnava-jAti kA itihAsa rAjanItika-saMgaThanoM ke vibhinna rUpoM ke dvArA svataMtra cetanA ke anivArya vikAsa kA itihAsa hai| una rAjanItika-saMgaThanoM ke vibhinna rUpoM meM sarvaprathama prAcIna rAjataMtra hai, jisameM svataMtratA kevala rAjya kI prApta hotI hai| dUsarA rUpa grIka-romana-prajAtaMtroM kA hai, jisameM gulAmI kI prathA ko mAnya rakhate hue svataMtra nAgarikoM kI eka cunI huI nikAya zAsana karatI thI, jabaki aMta meM patanazIla romana sAmrAjya para TyUyonika (jarmana) hamaloM ke kAraNa nirmita samAja Ate haiM, jinameM svataMtratA ko samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM kA naisargika-adhikAra mAnA jAtA hai| hegela ke itihAsa-darzana aura darzana ke itihAsa meM vivecita vyAkhyAnoM ne usake isa viziSTa sampradAya kI sImAoM ko kAphI vyApaka banA diyaa| vyavahAra ke siddhAMtoM ke sabhI kSetroM meM aitihAsika paddhati kA vartamAna mahattva apane prabhAva kI dRSTi se kucha kama nahIM hai| jarmana-nirAzAvAda hamane pahale yaha dekhA thA ki speMsara jaise lekhakoM ke vikAsavAdI-AjJAvAda ke virodha ko sampUrNa prANIya-jIvana aura usa prANIya-jIvana kI uccatama vikasita avasthA mAnava-jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM eka nirAzAvAdI-dRSTikoNa Adhunika iMglizavicAroM meM aspaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta huA thaa| eka dUsare prakAra ke vikAsavAdIAzAvAda kA aisA hI virodha zApanahAvara ke nirAzAvAda ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA thA, jo ki sAdhAraNatayA kAMTa ke paravartI pratyayavAda se aura vizeSa rUpa se hegela ke darzana se sambaMdhita hai| zApanahAvara (1788-1860) zApanahAvara kAMTa kA yaha siddhAMta svIkAra karatA hai ki hamArI anubhUti kA yaha vastuniSTha jagat pUrNarUpeNa mAnavIya-saMvedanazIlatA ke pradattoM evaM anubhavakartA manasa ke niyamoM se nirmita hai, phira bhI zApana hAvara hamArI saMvedanazIlatA ko prabhAvita karane vAle vastu-nijarUpa kI kAMTa kI dhAraNA ko eka bhinna dizA meM le jAtA hai| usake dRSTikoNa meM yaha vaha saMkalpa hai, jo ki pratyeka vastu kA aura sabhI vastuoM kA AMtarika-sAratattva hai| yaha saMkalpa apane svabhAva ke dvArA yAMtrika rUpa apanI abhivyakti ke lie saMgharSa karatA hai aura apane-Apa ko viSayaniSTha ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| jar3a-jagat kI yAMtrika aura rAsAyanika-zaktiyAM, nimnatama se lekara uccatama-zreNI taka ke jIvita-prANiyoM ke kAryakalApa isI viSayaniSThatA ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 252 vibhinna staroM kI abhivyakti haiN| mastiSka se yukta zarIra racanA isakA uccatama stara hai aura isalie cetanA se yukta hotA hai jIvita prANiyoM meM abhivyakta yaha saMkalpa, jo 'saMkalpa' ke rUpa meM yA jIvana ke prayAsa ke rUpa meM adhika viziSTatA ke sAtha jAnA jA sakatA hai| jIvana ke prati yaha mUla-pravRtyAtmaka Avega sabhI prANIya - prakRti kA gahanatama sAratattva hai, lekina isakA saMgharSarata honA anivAryatayA varttamAna avasthA kI apUrNatA aura usake prati asaMtoSa ko sUcita karatA hai| vaha jIvana, jise yaha saMkalpa nirmita karatA hai aura banAe rakhatA hai, mUlatayA eka duHkhada jIvana hai| ye kSaNika saMtoSa, jinake dvArA vyakti AnaMdita hotA hai, vastutaH vidhAyaka zubha nahIM haiM, apitu duHkhoM se (eka asthAI) chuTakArA mAtra haiM / isa jIvana ke sAtha aparihArya rUpa se jur3A yaha duHkha manuSya meM apanI adhikatama sImA para pahuMca jAtA hai, kyoMki manuSya isa saMkalpa kI uccatama abhivyakti hai, sAtha hI, yaha duHkha bauddhika-pragati ke dvArA anivAryatayA bar3hatA jAtA hai, yahAM taka ki jise zApana hAvara zuddhatama mAnavIyasaMtoSa arthAt zAMta sauMdaryAnubhUti kahatA hai, usameM bar3hatA hai| saMsAra kI isa duHkhadaavasthA meM manuSya kA darzana ke dvArA nirdezita karttavya spaSTatayA isa saMkalpa (tRSNA) kA uccheda hI hai aura isI meM sampUrNa saccI naitikatA nihita hai| isa saMkalpa (tRSNA) ke uccheda ke do stara haiN| eka, nimnatama sAdhAraNa sadguNa upalabdhi se pAyA jAtA hai| yaha sadguNa mUlatayA kisI AtmA (ahaM) ke dUsarI AtmA ke sAtha yathArtha tAdAtmya kI svIkRti para nirbhara prema aura sahAnubhUti ke rUpa meM hotA hai| sadguNI AdamI isa svArtha kA niSedha aura damana karatA hai, jo ki sabhI anyAyoM kA mUla hai, jo asamAnAtmaka rUpa se dUsare vyakti meM nihita usI saMkalpa ko abhivyakti para atikramaNa karane kI svIkRti kA saMkalpa hai, kiMtu sAdhAraNa sadguNa yA sahAnubhUtyAtmaka kArya jIvita rahane kI icchA kI mUlabhUta bhrAMti se yukta nahIM hai| isa icchA (tRSNA) kA pUrNa niSedha to usa vairAgyayukta Atma- damana ke dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo ki jIvana ke mithyA sukhoM se pUrNatayA dUra le jAtA hai 74 aura usa vAsanA (tRSNA) kA bhI damana karatA hai, jo jAti ke astitva ko banAe rakhane kI preraNA detI hai / hArTamena nirAzAvAda ke lie zApanahAvara kA prAthamika tarka saMkalpa ke mUla svarUpasambaMdhI vicAra para AdhArita hai aura mAnavIya - anubhUtiyoM ke sajaga aura niSpakSa nirIkSaNa ke dvArA svIkRta hai, kiMtu jIvana kI duHkhadAyitA kA eka anubhava-sApekSa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 253 tarka adhika pUrNa rUpa se I-vana- hArTamena nAmaka eka Adhunika lekhaka ke dvArA vikasita huA hai| hArTamena apanI bahuta kucha maulikatA ke hote hue bhI moTe taura se zApana hAvara ke ziSya mAne jA sakate haiN| hArTamena zApana hAvara ke sAtha yaha mAnate haiM ki isa yathArtha duniyA kA astitva acetana saMkalpa (icchA) ke abauddhika kArya kA pariNAma hai, lekina hArTamena zApana hAvara ke isa siddhAMta ko asvIkAra karatA hai ki sabhI sukha kevala duHkha se mukti haiM, lekina vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki duHkhoM kI samApti se hone vAlA sukha una sukhoM kI apekSA, jo ki isa prakAra duHkhoM se pratibaMdhita nahIM haiM, adhika prabala hotA hai, yadyapi una duHkhoM kI apekSA, jo ki isa duHkha kI samApti se hone vAle sukha ko pratibaMdhita hotA hai, bahuta hI kama tIvra hotA hai, jaise ki kisI prakAra kI bhAvanA ke dIrghakAla taka bane rahane ke kAraNa utpanna snAyavika - thakAna duHkha kI duHkhatatA ko bar3hAtI hai aura sukha kI sukhadatA ko kama karatI hai| saMtoSa sadaiva hI kSaNik hotA hai, jabaki asaMtoSa taba taka banA rahatA hai, jaba taka ki icchA banI rahatI hai| mAnavIya-prayAsoM kI mukhya dizAoM kA sarvekSaNa karate hue hArTamena kahatA hai ki aneka saMvega, jaise IrSyA, kur3hana, pazcAtApa aura ghRNA lagabhaga pUrNatayA duHkhada hai| svAsthya, yauvana, svataMtratA Adi jIvana kI aneka sthitiyoM kA mUlyAMkana kevala kinhIM duHkhoM kI anupasthiti ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai, jabaki prajanana evaM vivAha aisI burAIyAM hai, jo ki kinhIM bar3I burAiyoM se bacane ke lie svIkAra kI jAtI hai aura yaha ki samRddhi, zakti aura sammAna ke sAmAnya prayAsa taba taka bhrAMta hai, jaba taka ki unake viSayoM ko parama sAdhya mAna liyA jAtA hai, sAtha hI sukha, saMtAna, prema, mahattvAkAMkSA, sahAnubhUti Adi kI ora pravRtta karane vAle aneka Avega apane karttA ko duHkha kI apekSA adhika duHkha kI ora hI le jAte haiM, jabaki vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki dUsare aneka Avega karttA ke samAna hI karma, karttA ko AkhirakAra eka spaSTa prabala duHkha hI pradAna karate haiN| aMta meM, kalA aura vijJAna kI sarjanA ke kArya, jo adhika sukha dete haiM, kiMtu kevala thor3e-se loga hI unameM vastutaH rasa lene kI yogyatA rakhate haiM, ina thor3e-se logoM kI yaha ucca prajJA bhI inheM dUsare srotoM ke dvArA duHkha hI pradAna karatI hai| - ye saba vicAra hArTamena ko isa asaMdigdha niSkarSa kI ora le jAte haiM ki na sampUrNa vizva kI dRSTi se sukha kI apekSA duHkha adhika hai, apitu jinakI paristhitiyAM bahuta hI anukUla haiM, aise vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI duHkha kI mAtrA sukha kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/254 apekSA bahuta hI adhika hai| isase Age vaha yaha bhI mAna letA hai ki bhaviSya meM bhI duHkha kI abhivRddhi ke atirikta bhautika-sudhAra kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| vijJAna kI pragati bhI vidhAyaka-sukha nahIM de pAtI hai yA bahuta hI kama de pAtI hai, sAtha hI, yaha gati duHkhoM se surakSA pAne meM AMzika-abhivRddhi pAtI hai| vijJAna kI gati se mAnava-jAti jo kucha prApta kara sakegI, vaha bhI mAnavIya-prajJA aura sahAnubhUti ke vikAsa ke kAraNa duHkhoM ke bAhulya kI vyApaka cetanA kI tulanA meM bahuta hI kama hogaa| hArTamena kA vyAvahArika-niSkarSa yaha hai ki hameM vizva-prakriyA ke sAdhya, jo tathAkathita astitva ke niSedha kI dizA meM kAryarata hokara vyaktigata rUpa se hI nahIM, jaisA ki zApana hAvara mAnatA hai, sAmUhika-rUpa se jIne kI icchA ke niSedha ko lakSya banAnA caahie| saMdarbha1. dekhie - bekana naitika jJAna ke apane mukhya evaM prArambhika vargIkaraNa meM use do bhAgoM meM bAMTatA hai - (1) Adarza yA anukaraNIya zubha, (2) mana kI saMskRti yA mana kA anushaasn| vaha batAtA hai ki isa dUsarI zAkhA ke sambaMdha meM prAcIna nItivettA adhika nahIM jAnate the| ina prAcIna nItivettAoM ne mAnava prakRti ke vibhinna lakSaNoM evaM svabhAvoM, unake vibhinna anurAgoM tathA unako prabhAvita karane vAlI avasthAoM evaM avasaroM kA pUrNatayA evaM vyavasthita rUpa se vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| jahAM taka anukaraNIya yA Adarza zubha kA sambaMdha hai, yadi hama isa pRthvI para parama zAMti kI sambhAvita prApti ke lie dharma virodhI asaMyama kA parityAga kara de| bekana prAcIna nItivettAoM kI racanAoM ko adhika saMtoSajanaka mAnatA hai| unhoMne sadguNa aura karttavya ke sAmAnya rUpoM kA tathA unake vizeSa bhedoM kA samyak prakAra se vivecana kiyA hai aura unakI puSTi kI hai arthAt unakA bacAva kiyA hai, sAtha hI zubha ke aMza tathAzubha ke tulanAtmaka svarUpa kA bhalIbhAMti varNana bhI kiyA hai, yadyapi bekana yaha socatA hai ki prAcIna nItivettAoM meM zubha yA azubha ke mUla kAraNoM kI khoja sambaMdhI gaveSaNA kA doharA . svarUpa rahA huA hai| prathama to pratyeka vastu apane Apa meM hI sampUrNa hai yA svayaM meM hI sattAvAn hai, dUsare, pratyeka vastu kisI eka samUha (nikAya) kI sadasya hai yA usakA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/255 aMga hai aura yaha nikAya (samUha) hI aMga kI apekSA adhika mahAn aura mUlyavAn hai| hameM aise udAharaNa bhautika jagat meM bhI milate haiN| kiMtu yadi manuSya ise bhraSTa nahIM kare to usameM zubha kA yaha dveSa (doharA) svarUpa adhika viziSTatA se utkIrNa hai| jaba ise pUrI taraha se nizcita evaM sthApita kara diyA jAtA hai, to yaha bahuta se una virodhoM kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai, jinake sambaMdha meM naitika darzana adhika nipuNa hai| yahAM kambaralaiNDa aura zephTasbarI ke paravartI vicAroM kA kisI sImA taka pUrvAnumAna upasthita hai, kiMtu bekana dharma prastutikaraNa se svataMtra pUrNanaitika darzana ke nirmANa ke dAve ko asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki naitika vidhAna ke bahuta bar3e bhAga meM vaha pUrNatA upasthita hai, jahAM prakRti kA prakAza nahIM pahuMca sakatA hai| yadyapi prakRti kA yaha prakAza aMtarAtmA ke niyamoM ke anusAra AMtarika mUla pravRtti ke dvArA mAnavIya AtmA meM Alokita hotA hai, kiMtu yaha kevala durguNoM para niyaMtraNa karane ke lie hai, na ki karttavya kI sUcanA dene ke lie| 2. maiM yaha nahIM kahatA hUM ki jina vicArakoM ke siddhAMta yahAM saMkalita kie gae haiM, ve sabhI (Izvara dvArA) prakAzita dharmazAstra se pUrNa svataMtra haiN| varan klArka ke sambaMdha meM to isake viparIta sthiti hai (dekhie pR. 179), kiMtu klArka ke siddhAMta kA vaha bhAga, jisakA vivecana maiMne kiyA hai, lekhaka kA apanA dRSTikoNa hai, jo ki pUrNataH bauddhika AdhAra para khar3A hai aura IzvarIya Adeza para AdhArita nahIM hai| 3. yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai, groTIasa kI racanAoM meM pustaka 1 adhyAya 1 bhAga 10 meM dI gaI paribhASAoM ke mUla pATha meM usake apane zabda nahIM haiN| ve usake sampAdaka vArabereka ke dvArA jor3e gae haiM, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki ye vicAra usI adhyAya ke 12 veMbhAga se tulanA karane para lAgU hote haiN| 4. isa prakAra ke jisa bahuta hI sunizcita kathana ko maiM jAnatA hUM, vaha nimna hai- mUla kathana anya bhASA meM hone se yahAM usakA anuvAda nahIM ho pA rahA hai| 5. yaha prakaTa rUpa meM AMgika gati ko svIkAra karatA hai| jise vaha kSudhA kahatA hai aura jo ki una jaivika kriyAoM kA vikasita rUpa hai jo hameM prasannatA pradAna karatI hai yA sukhada lagatI hai| kiMtu yahAM eka vicitra aspaSTatA parilakSita hotI hai| yadyapi AbhAsI rUpa se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki abhilASA sukha kA avibhAjya aMga hai, tathApi isa bAta ke bhI pramANa hai ki aksara abhilASA (icchA) kI anubhUti sukha ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/256 binA hI hotI hai| svayaM hAvsa bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki upalabdhi sukha ke binA hI hotI hai| svayaM hAvsa kA bhI kathana hai ki upalabdhi ke vicAra ke abhAva meM kSudhA nirAzA hI hai, sukha nhiiN| isalie maiMne isa graMtha meM icchA aura sukha ke tAdAtmya ko chor3a dene kI eka suspaSTa bhUla kI hai, lekina hAvsa kA bala isa bAta para hai ki sukha meM icchA nihita hai| yaha hameM dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie, jaisA ki usake AnaMda yA sukha ke vivecana meM pratIta hotA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki sukha mana kI saMtuSTa avasthA meM nihita hai, jise hama paropakAra bhI kahate haiN| jaba hama manuSya kI gauravapUrNa sAmAjika abhiruciyoM para saMkucita rUpa se vicAra karate haiM, to unakA dUsare logoM se vyaktigata lAbha uThAne kI icchA meM yA pratiSThA prApta karane kI icchA meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| 6. yahAM hAvsa ke una sAdhyoM ke siddhAMtoM meM, jinheM manuSya prApta karatA hai aura unake prAkRtika adhikAroM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke usake pramANaka meM eka asaMgati dikhAI detI hai, yadyapi sambhavataH yaha acetana hI ho| yaha pramANaka kabhI bhI kevala sukha nahIM hai, apitu sadaiva hI surakSA kI bhAvanA hai, tathApi vaha eka sthAna para bacAva (surakSA) ke isa pratyaya ko jIvana kI surakSA ke rUpa meM vikasita karatA hai, tAki koI bhI isa sambaMdha meM nirutsAhita nahIM ho| yahAM usakA dRSTikoNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRtika avasthA meM adhikAMza manuSyoM ko mAtra sukha yA pratiSThA ke lie lar3anA, lUTanA Adi karanA par3atA thA aura isalie sabhI manuSyoM ko surakSA (bacAva) ke lie lar3ane, lUTane Adi kA asIma adhikAra diyA jAnA caahie| 7. yaha spaSTa hai ki hAvsa isa siddhAMta ko gAspe ke suprasiddha svarNima niyama se bhinna nahIM batAtA hai, tulanA kIjie - levhIthAna, adhyAya 15, pRSTha 79 tathA adhyAya 17, pRSTha 85, tathApi uparokta siddhAMta vidhAyaka sevA ke sthAna para saMyama yA tyAga kA vidhAna kara svarNima niyama kA niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM upayoga karatA hai| sambhavataH yaha adhika dhyAna dene yogya hai paphaphenDopha ne hAvsa ko uddhRta karate samaya ina do siddhAMtoM ke bIca ke aMtara ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| 8. hAvsa 'prAkRtika niyama' ke pada ko vyApaka naitika artha meM grahaNa karatA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnatA hai ki jo vastueM kisI vizeSa vyakti ko vinAza kI dizA meM le jAtI haiM, jaise madyapAna yA asaMyama ke vibhinna prakAra, ve una vastuoM meM haiM, jinakA prakRti ke niyama ne niSedha kiyA hai, kiMtu usakA sambaMdha kevala una niyamoM kI vyAkhyA se hai, jo sAmAjika AcaraNa kA niyamana karate haiM aura bhIr3a meM manuSya kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 257 surakSA kA prayatna karate haiN| 9. hAvsa ina donoM kathanoM ke bIca koI AkArika virodha nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki vaha adhikAra ko isa prakAra paribhASita karatA hai - (mUlabhUta adhikAra - svataMtratA - kinhI bAhya bAdhAoM kA abhAva, kiMtu vyAvahArika rUpa meM usakA bhI 'adhikAra' se vahI tAtparya hai, jo ki jana-sAdhAraNa kA hai, arthAt vaidha svataMtratA (nyAyapUrNa svataMtratA) eka aisI svataMtratA, jisakA anumodana evaM dAvA vyakti kA viveka karatA hai| kisI bhI sthiti meM yaha kathana ki prAkRtika avasthA meM ucita aura anucita kI dhAraNAoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, apane vAstavika artha kI apekSA bahuta hI adhika vyApaka hai, kyoMki hAvsa bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki prAkRtika jIvana kI avasthA meM bhI prakRti ke niyama ke dvArA bhI asaMyama kA niSedha (niyamana) kiyA jAtA hai| (dekhie isake pUrva kI TippaNI ) 10. kaDavartha yaha siddha karane kA vyartha zrama karatA hai ki aNuvAda aura sApekSavAda kA pratipAdaka hemAkriTasa nahIM varan proTAgorasa thA / 11. vaha batAtA hai, ki prabhAvazIla paropakAra se usakA tAtparya usa siddhAMta hai jo ki aisA nirjIva yA nisteja nahIM hai ki jisakA bAhya karmoM para asara hI nahIM hotA hai| 12. sambhavataH, nijI sampatti kI paribhASA ke saMdarbha meM yaha lAka kA bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa parivartana hai, jabaki groTIasa ke vicAroM meM nijI sampatti kA adhikAra vyakta yA avyakta samajhaute (saMvidA) para nirbhara mAnA gayA thaa| 13. maiM socatA hUM ki upayogitAvAda ke lAka ke kathana ko puphenDorpha kI una uktiyoM ke dvArA ThIka taraha se batAyA jA sakatA hai, jinameM usane apanI svayaM kI paddhati ko batAyA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki eka prAkRtika niyama ke lie kAraNa batAne yA tarka dene meM hama unase milane vAle lAbhoM kA nahIM, apitu usa sAmAnya svarUpa kA, jisameM ve pAe jAte haiM, sahArA lene ke AdI haiM / udAharaNArtha, yadi hameM isa bAta kA kAraNa denA ho ki manuSya ko dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM karanA cAhie, to hama yaha nahIM kaheMge ki pArasparika hiMsA se bacane ke lie yaha lAbhadAyaka hai (yadyapi adhikAMza rUpa meM vastutaH yaha aisA hI hai), apitu yaha kaheMge ki dUsare vyakti kI vaha AtmA svarUpataH hamase sambaMdhita hai, jisakI hama hiMsA karanA cAhate haiN| jisa DhaMga se lAka ne apane zikSA sambaMdhI nibaMdha meM puphenDorpha ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/258 uddhRta kiyA hai, usase hama yaha anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki prAkRtika niyamoM ke saMdarbha meM vaha usake dRSTikoNa se mUlataH sahamata hai| 14. yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki klArka kI AlocanA vastutaH kevala hAvsa ke viruddha thii| jahAM taka maiM jAnatA hUM, usane kabhI bhI lAka se apanA sambaMdha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| 15. jisa samucitatA yA saMgati ko vaha yahAM spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai, vaha saMgati (a) prazaMsA (Congruvity), bhaya AzA aura dUsarI mAnavIya bhAvanAoM tathA (ba) zAzvatatA, anaMtatA, sarvajJatA, zakti, nyAyazIlatA aura dayAlutA Adi ke IzvarIya guNoM ke bIca hai, kiMtu mAnavIya saMvegoM aura IzvarIya guNoM ke bIca yaha anizcita guNAtmaka anurUpatA usa mAtrAtmaka saMbaMdha ke samAna nahIM ho sakatI, jise hama gaNitIya samAnatA ke padoM ke bIca pAte haiN| 16. jaisA ki maine anyatra batAyA hai ki klArka ke dvArA prastuta yaha siddhAMta punarokti doSa se mukta nahIM hai (dekhie-methaDsa Apha ithiksa, khaNDa 3, adhyAya 13, anubhAga 4), kiMtu maiM mAnatA hUM ki yaha AkSepa usake tarkavAkya ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM hai, viSayavastu ke sambaMdha meM nahIM / maiM socatA hUM ki klArka ke una siddhAMtoM kI pUrNatA ke prati adhika tIvra AkSepa yaha hai ki samAnatA aura paropakAra ke ve niyama, jinheM vaha prastuta karatA hai, usake svataHpramANya naitika satya ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko muzkila se hI batA pAte hai, kyoMki ina niyamoM ke dvArA soce gae sambaMdha samAnatA ke sambaMdha haiM, jabaki naitika satya ke sAmAnya svarUpa ke prastutikaraNa ke pazcAt hama usase jo apekSA karate haiM aura vyAvahArika upayogoM ke lie jise batAne kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha yaha ki vyaktiyoM kI paristhiti aura unake sambaMdhoM ke anurUpa unake vyavahAra meM kaisI bhinnatA hotI hai| 17. yaha graMtha sarvaprathama 1699 I. meM mudrita huA thA, kiMtu kerekTarasTiksa ke dUsare khaMDa ke rUpa meM san 1711 I. meM isake punaH prakAzana ke pazcAt hI isake prabhAva ko mAnA jA sakatA hai| 18. apane adhikAMza tarkoM meM zephTsabarI vyakti ke zubha kI sukhavAdI vyAkhyA kA samAnArthI mAnatA hai| kiMtu yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki zubha sambaMdhI usakI dhAraNA sukhavAdI nahIM hai| prathamatayA hita yA zubha kA artha eka manuSya kI samyak (ucita) avasthA hai, jo ki use svabhAvataH prApta hai yA jise usake dvArA AMtarika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 259 rUpa se prApta kiyA gayA hai| eka sthAna para vaha aisI vizva vyavasthA ko mAnatA hai, jisakA eka lakSya zubha hai, kiMtu jaba vaha isa zubha zabda kA prayoga saMkucita artha meM manuSyoM ke lie karatA hai, to vaha acetana rUpa se usakI eka vizuddha sukhavAdI vyAkhyA kI ora calA jAtA hai, vastutaH, vaha svayaM darzana ko AnaMda ke adhyayana ke rUpa meM paribhASita karatA hai| mAralisTasa bhAga 3, anubhAga 3 meM yaha kaha sakatA hUM ki vaha jahAM taka maiM jAnatA hUM mAnava jAti ke zubha yA AnaMda aura vizva vyavasthA ke zubha bIca kisI saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| 19. svayaM zephaTsabarI ke dRSTikoNa ke anusAra bhI yaha vargIkaraNa kI yaha paddhati pUrI taraha se samIcIna nahIM hai| AtmAnurAga bhI utane hI svabhAvika haiM, jitane ki sAmAjika anurAga, yadyapi sAmAjika anurAga eka vizeSa artha meM hI svAbhAvika haiM, ve taba svAbhAvika hai, jabaki ve bRhada sAdhya arthAt mAnava jAti ke zubha ke lie abhimukha haiN| 20. zephTsabarI naitika pasaMdagI aura nApasaMdagI ke samucita viSaya ke rUpa meM kabhI anurAgoM aura kriyAoM kI bAta kahatA hai, to kabhI kevala anurAgoM kii| merI dhAraNA hai ki usakA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki vaha viSaya bAhya karma nahIM hai, jo ki naitika saMvedanA ko jAgrata karatA hai, apitu vaha karma hai, jo usakI bhAvanA kI prastuti hai| 21. jaisA ki hama dekheMge, hyUma sAdhAraNa mAnavIya saMvega ke rUpa meM lokakalyANa ke astitva se spaSTatayA iMkAra karatA hai| 22. saramana 9 vAM (sAtha hI saramana 12 veM kI TippaNI bhI dekhie ) tIsare saramana ke aMta meM / 23. 24. saramana 11 vAM 25. dUsarI ora baTalara naitikatA ke viSaya ko 'karma' ke rUpa meM paribhASita karatA hai| vaha karma, jisameM kevala niSkriya anubhUtiyoM meM, jahAM taka ki ve hamArI zakti se pare haiM aura unameM bhinna karma ke prayojana aura karma kI pravRttiyAM bhI nihita haiM / 26. yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki hacIsana Atmaprema ke lakSya kI suspaSTa paribhASA meM pUrNatA aura AnaMda ko bhI samAhita karatA hai, kiMtu apane naitika darzana kI sthApanA meM vaha vaiyaktika zubha ko AnaMda yA sukha se bhinna mAnatA hai| 27. hyUma kA naitika dRSTikoNa sabase pahale usake graMtha TresTIja oNpha hyUmana necara

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/260 meM abhivyakta huA hai (1739 I.), kiMtu usakA aMtima svarUpa hameM invayAvarI inTU dI pransIpals Apha mAralas (1751 I.) meM milatA hai| kyoMki prathama graMtha kI dhAraNAoM kA svayaM lekhaka ke dvArA spaSTa khaNDana kara diyA gayA thA, isalie maiMne apanA dhyAna usake paravartI graMtha para hI keMdrita rakhA hai, jisameM ki hyUma ke vicAra usake dUsare sabhI lekhanoM kI apekSA atulanIya rUpa se uttama haiN| yadyapi prajA ke zAsana ke prati kartavyoM ke saMdarbha meM ise san 1752 meM prakAzita graMtha 'aise Ana orIjanala kAnTrekTa' ke sAtha dekhanA ucita hogaa| maiM yaha bhI socatA hUM ki nyAya kI utpatti ke sambaMdha meM hyUma ke vicAroM ko akele usa paravartI graMtha ke mAdhyama se saralatApUrvaka nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| apane graMtha 'TresTIja Ana hyUmana necara' meM vaha nyAya evaM svahita ke mUlabhUta sambaMdha ke bAre meM moTe taura para hAbsa ke sAtha sahamata hai aura hAbsa ke samAna hI yaha mAnatA hai ki nyAya ke AbaMdha sthApita usa sAmAjika vyavasthA ke astitva para AdhArita haiM, jise vyakti ke hitoM kI rakSA karanI hai| prathama prazna isa sthApita sAmAjika vyavasthA kI utpatti se sambaMdhita hai| usake anusAra hAbsa kI prAkRtika avasthA kevala eka dArzanika kalpanA hai| vaha mAnatA hai ki nyAya kA pAlana kisI spaSTa samajhaute kA pariNAma nahIM hai, lekina yaha usI prakAra paramparAoM se kramazaH vikasita huA hai, jisa prakAra bhASA aura mudrA astitva meM AI hai| dUsarA prazna mUlataH nyAya ke niyamoM ke pAlana kI abhimukha Atmahita ke preraka ke dvArA nyAya ke naitika AbaMdha yA ucita aura anucita kI bhAvanA kA nyAyapUrNa yA anyAyapUrNa karmoM meM vibhAjita karane se sambaMdhita hai, ko prathama sthAna dekara ise ekamAtra sadguNa mAnane ke virodhAbhAsa se baca gayA hai aura satyaniSThA, vinayazIlatA, sakriyatA, adhyavasAyitA evaM dUradarzitA Adi guNoM ko bahuta kucha aparibhASita evaM avivecita guNoM kI zrRMkhalA khar3I kI hai| jise naitika iMdriya yA gaurava bodha kI bhAvanA ke dvArA aparokSatayA sadguNoM ke vibhinna aMzoM ke rUpa meM anumodita kiyA gayA hai| isane svAbhAvika rUpa se hyUma jaise vyakti ko, jo ki manovijJAna meM prAyogika vidhi ko lAgU karane ko utsuka thA, yaha sujhAva diyA ki vaiyaktika sadguNoM ke ina vibhinna ghaTakoM ke anumodana kI samasyA ko kisI sAmAnya siddhAMta ke AdhAra para sulajhAyA jaae| kaDavartha, klArka Adi vicArakoM ne yaha mAnA thA ki kevala buddhi hI aisA siddhAMta prastuta kara sakatI hai, kiMtu hyUma ne isa bAta se spaSTatayA iMkAra kara diyA, niHsaMdeha eka pUrNatayA abhrAMta buddhi yA nirNAyaka zakti hai| vaha nyAya ke naitika AbaMdha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/261 ko sahAnubhUti batAtA hai, jo ki anyAya ko nApasaMda karatI hai, phira cAhe vaha anyAya hamAre hitoM kA sAdhana hI ho, vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki yaha sahAnubhUti vRhad samAja meM Atmahita kI Avazyaka pUraka hai| 'invavAyarI inTU dI praMsIpalsa Apha mAralsa' nAmaka graMtha meM nyAya kI mUlabhUta utpatti Atmahita se huI hai, ise avazya hI pArzvabhUmi meM rakhA gayA hai, yadyapi koI bhI sajaga pAThaka yaha dekhegA ki hyUma ne isakA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| nissaMdeha usane sahAnubhUti ke kAryoM ko adhika mahatva diyA hai, phira bhI vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki nyAya kA kSetra sahAnubhUti ke Atmahita se parokSa sambaMdha se sImita hotA hai, udAharaNArtha vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki vastutaH hama bauddhika prANI hone ke nAte nyAya kI bAdhyatA meM nahIM ho sakate, hamameM vaha bauddhika prANI hamArI apekSA itanA adhika nirbala hai ki hameM usakI nArAjagI se Darane kA koI kAraNa nahIM 28. yadyapi yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai, apane prArambhika graMtha kI apekSA apane paravartI graMtha meM vicAroM ke sAhacarya ke dvArA rAma isa vyAkhyA ko bahuta hI kama sthAna detA hai| 29. jo lekhaka yaha batAte haiM ki hyUma upayogitA ko ucita aura anucita kA mAnadaNDa mAnatA hai, unhoMne isa bAta para kabhI dhyAna nahIM diyA ki hama upayogitA ke pada para prayoga kabhI bhI sukha kA sahAyaka hone ke usakA vyApaka artha meM nahIM karatA hai, jo artha beMthama aura pele kI naitika vivecanAoM meM sAmAnyatayA usa zabda ko pradAna kiyA thaa| vaha use sadaiva hI bAhya zubha kI pravRtti ke saMkucita artha meM hI prayukta karatA hai| vaha upayogI ko tAtkAlika pasaMdagI se bhinna mAnatA hai, jaisA ki sAdhAraNa bAtacIta meM unheM alaga-alaga mAnA jAtA hai| 30. yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki isa sadaya niMdA meM jo sahAnubhUti abhivyakta hotI hai, use hyUma paropakAra ke viSaya ko die gae tAtkAlika sukha ke prati sahAnubhUti kI apekSA kartA ke paropakArI bhAva ke prati sahAnubhUti mAnatA hai| isa tathya kA eka adhika gahana vizleSaNa use usa dRSTikoNa kI ora le gayA, jise bAda meM eDama smitha ne grahaNa kiyaa| vaha dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki aise prasaMgoM meM dRSTA kI sahAnubhUti paropakArI kartA ke kriyAzIla AvegoM ke prati sahAnubhUti hotI hai| 31. TrITAisa Ana hyUmana necara, pArTa sekaMDa pa.31 32. pRSTha 210 para uddhRta dhAraka ke lie upayogI guNoM kI sUcI dekhieM invavAyarI ke pahale saMskaraNa meM hyUma spaSTa rUpa se saba anumodita guNoM ko sadguNa ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 262 sAmAnya vicAra ke aMtargata letA hai, kiMtu bAda ke saMskaraNoM ke aneka anucchedoM meM vaha sadguNa ke sthAna para yogyatA zabda ke prayoga ke dvArA isa zabda ko die gae bala samApta kara detA hai athavA unake sthAna para vaha kucha aprazaMsanIya guNoM ko, jinheM sAdhAraNatayA pravINatA kahA jAtA hai, svIkAra kara letA hai, kiMtu phira bhI vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki hamAre sadguNa aura pravINatA ke AMtarika mUlyAMkana meM kucha aMtara rahatA hai| 33. 34. eDamasmitha isa sahAnubhUti ko kalpanA ke svataH prerita khela ke kAraNa mAnava prakRti kA maulika tattva mAnatA hai| vastutaH, vaha batAtA hai ki isa prakAra kabhI hama dUsare ke lie aise saMvega kA anubhava karate haiM, jo ki bhAvanAoM meM hotA hI nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha- pAgaloM ke prati hamAre mana meM karuNA paidA hotI hai, jabaki ve prasanna evaM masta rahate haiM athavA mRtaka ko ThaMDI kabra meM liTAne ke lie saMvedanA prakaTa karate haiN| isakI eDama smitha ke kathanoM se saMgati baiThA pAnA vizeSa rUpa se kaThina hai| vaha anyatra kahatA hai ki deza deza meM aura yuga-yuga meM naitika sthAI bhAva badalate haiN| 35. kiMgsa ke rAja ke niyama ke anuvAda meM pUrva meM jor3e gae eka adhyAya se (1731 ) 36. yaha zabda ekavacana hai tathA anupayukta hai, kyoMki isakI racanA dayA, sAmAjikatA tathA vidvAn evaM guNIjanoM ke prati Adara jaisI bhAvanAoM ko samAhita karane hetu kI gaI hai, dUsare, pazuoM meM ina guNoM ko svIkAra karane kA koI AdhAra nahIM hai| 37. hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki baTalara ke pazcAt jahAM prAisa aura sTevArTa Atma-prema ke viSaya kA sukha yA AnaMda se tAdAtmya karate haiM, vahAM rIDa aspaSTa rUpa se isa zubha meM pUrNatA aura AnaMda ko aMtarnihita mAnatA hai, yadyapi vaha kabhI-kabhI AnaMda aura zubha kA paryAyavAcI padoM ke rUpa meM upayoga karatA hai aura jise vaha Atma- prema kahatA hai| 38. 39. yadyapi vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki kisI vyakti kI aMtarAtmA galatI kara sakatI hai, sAtha hI, vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki usa aMtarAtmA kI galatI kI avasthA meM yadi vaha usa bhrAMta nirNaya ke anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, to vaha naitikadRSTi se ucita hai| 40. nibaMdha, sakriya zaktiyAM, khaNDa 4, adhyAya 1

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/263 41. udAharaNArtha- rIDa isa siddhAMta kA upayoga striyoM evaM puruSoM kI janma saMkhyA ke anupAta ke AdhAra para eka-patnI-prathA yA eka-pati-prathA ke pakSa meM karanA cAhatA hai| yadyapi vaha isakI koI vyAkhyA nahIM karatA hai ki yadi prakRti kA prayojana virala-bahuta-vivAha kA niSedhaka hai, to phira vaha virala-brahmacarya kA niSedhaka kyoM nahIM hogaa| 42. ela.sI., cepTara 5 vAM 43. sTevArTa kartavyoM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai - (1) daivIya kartavya, (2) sAmAjika-karttavya, (3) vaiyaktika-karttavya / tIsare varga ke aMtargata vaha mukhyataH AnaMda ke AMtarika srotoM aura avasthAoM tathA vizeSa rUpa se svabhAva, dRSTikoNa, kalpanA aura AdatoM ke AnaMda para par3ane vAle prabhAva para vicAra karatA hai| 44. ina sudhAroM meM yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki sTevArTa, zreSThatA kI abhilASA yA zreSThatA kI pratispardhA kA eka ora adhikAra-lipsA hai aura dUsarI ora IrSyA kI durbhAvanA, jisameM yaha kabhI-kabhI saMyukta rahatI hai, se aMtara karatA hai, jabaki rIDa isa zreSThatA kI abhilASA ko ina do alaga-alaga AvegoM meM se kisI eka ke sAtha mizrita karatA rahA hai| isa prakAra, yahAM sTevArTa rIDa ke dRSTikoNa ko ThIka karatA hai| isake sAtha hI AnaMda ko vyakti ke aMtima zubha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke sambaMdha meM bhI rIDa kI apekSA sTevArTa kA dRSTikoNa adhika nizcita evaM saMgatipUrNa hai| sTevArTa AnaMda ko bauddhika evaM karmoM ke niyAmaka-siddhAMta kA viSaya mAnatA hai, jise vaha baTalara ke pazcAt Atmaprema ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi usane isa Atma-prema kI kucha yathocita AlocanA bhI kI hai| naitika-zakti ke sambaMdha meM bhI usakI paddhati evaM vivecanA nizcita hI rIDa kI apekSA uttama hai| vastutaH, yaha vivecana gahana yA gambhIra to nahIM hai, phira bhI rokaTsabarI, eDamasmitha Adi sabhI apane pUrvavartI vicArakoM ke dRSTikoNoM meM nihita satya ko naitika cetanA para niSpakSa ciMtana ke dvArA samanvita evaM saMgatipUrNa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa kA eka subodha, vyApaka evaM vivekayukta prayAsa hai| 45. sTevArTa AMzika rUpase vyAvahArika-nItizAstra ke atisAmAnya viSayoM ko chor3a dene kI icchA rakhatA hai, kiMtu yaha kara pAnA kaThina hai| rIDa aura sTevArTa ke dvArA pratipAdita sahaja-buddhi para AdhArita koI nIti-vijJAna kisa prakAra vizeSoM kI itanI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 264 bar3I avahelanA kara sakatA hai| 46. hama yaha dekha sakate haiM ki kucha Adhunika vicAraka, jinheM sAmAnyatayA isa sampradAya ke aMtargata mAnA jA sakatA hai, bAhya- AcaraNa ke niyamoM ke nirdhAraNa karane kaThinAI se bacane kA vibhinna rUpoM meM prayAsa karate haiN| udAharaNArtha- mArTinyU yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika sahaja buddhi prathamatayA bAhya kriyAoM se sambaMdhita nahIM hai, balki usakA sambaMdha saMgharSazIla preraNAoM kI tulanAtmaka ucchamatA se hai| dUsare kucha yaha mAnate haiM ki sahajabuddhi ke dvArA jo kucha jAnA jAtA hai, vaha vyakti ke kAryoM kI ucitatA aura anucitatA hai| yaha eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika - tarka ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se spaSTatayA anAvazyaka mAnatA hai| - 47. yaha mAnanA hogA ki pele kA isa tarka yaha upayoga adhika yuktiyukta nahIM haiN| yaha hitakara nara-hatyA ke kisI kArya ke pariNAmoM aura aise kArya karane kI sAmAnya anumati ke pariNAmoM meM samucita prakAra se aMtara nahIM kara pAyA hai| 49. 48. isa sUcI meM beMthama ke dvArA prastuta karma - prerakoM ke caudaha prakAroM meM se bAraha prakAra die gae haiN| isameM dhArmika aMkuza (jise bAda meM jor3A gayA hai) aura Atmahita se sambaMdhita sukha-duHkhoM ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| yadyapi Atmahita se sambaMdhita sukha duHkhoM meM sahAnubhUti aura baira bhAva ko chor3akara sabhI dUsare prakAra samA jAte haiN| beMthama usameM nikaTatA aura dUrI ko bhI jor3a detA hai, kiMtu isase usakA tAtparya yaha ho ki kisI sukha kI tithi usake tarka - niSpanna mUlya ko prabhAvita karatI hai, sivAya isake ki samaya kI dUrI ke bar3ha jAne para usakI anizcitatA meM bhI Avazyaka rUpa se vRddhi ho jAtI hai, yaha samajha pAnA kaThina hai| 50. beMthama sukha-duHkha donoM ko samAhita karane ke lie aMkuza zabda kA prayoga karatA hai, kiMtu yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki usakA anusaraNa karane vAle AsTina aura (merI dRSTi se vidhivettAoM ke pUre sampradAya ne hI isa zabda ko duHkhoM taka sImita kiyA hai| aMkuza prerakoM kA hI eka prakAra hai aura isalie vidhi-nirmAtA aura nyAyAdhIza unase mukhyataH bAhya rUpa se hI sambaMdhita hote haiN| 51. vidhi evaM naitikatA ke siddhAMta nAmaka graMtha meM prastuta beMthama ke aMkuzoM ke prArambhika vargIkaraNa meM vaha spaSTa rUpa se naitika-bhAvanAoM ke sukha-duHkhoM ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| usakI paribhASA ke anusAra, unheM bhautika-aMkuzoM meM samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu sambhavatayA hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki vaha ina anubhUtiyoM ko

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/265 sAdhAraNa prerakoM kI tulanA meM adhika mahattva nahIM de pAtA hai, vizeSa rUpa se jabaki hama inheM eka ora pratiSThA aura usake pariNAmoM ke prati AdarabhAva se tathA dUsarI ora bhAvI-jIvana meM puraskAra kI pratyAzA aura daNDa ke bhaya se alaga kreN| yadyapi DyUmonTa ko san 1921 meM likhe gae paravartI patra meM vaha alaga se sahAnubhUtyAtmaka-preraka (aMkuza) aura vidveSAtmaka preraka (aMkuza) ko svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai, jinheM sAmAnyatayA naitika sthAIbhAva kahA jAtA hai| (tulanIya-vidhi aura naitikatA ke siddhAMta, vAlyUma 1 pR. 14 kA TippaNa) 52. ye DiAnTolAjI nAmaka graMtha ke pramukha viSaya haiN| 53. dekhie beMthama kI racanAeM, khaNDa 10, (jIvana) pRSTha 560, 561 evaM 79 54. yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki beMthama ke bAda AsTina naitika zabda kA prayoga 'vidhAyaka-naitikatA' ke artha meM karatA hai| vidhAyaka-naitikatA kA tAtparya niyamoM kI usa saMhitA se hai, jo ki kisI bhI samAja meM sAmAnyatayA svIkRta hotI 55. saMkSiptatA kI dRSTi se yaha aksara suvidhAprada hogA ki upayogitAvAda kI carcA spaSTa rUpa se kevala sukha ko sUcita karatI hai| duHkha sukha ke niSedhAtmaka guNa ke rUpa meM usameM samAhita hI mAnA jAnA caahie| 56. uparokta kaNDikA (paregrApha) meM varNita vicAra AMzika rUpa se mila ke AgasTa komse aura bhAvavAda nAmaka nibaMdha (bhAga 2) meM aMzataH usake svataMtratA nAmaka nibaMdha meM pAe jAte haiN| 57. isa siddhAMta ke mahatva ko je.esa. mila ne apane pitA jemsa mila se jaanaa| jemsa mila ne isa siddhAMta ko apane graMtha mAnava mana kA vizleSaNa meM adhika spaSTatA aura dRr3hatA se prastuta kiyA thA aura jo ki mUlataH hArTale ke samAna hI thA, kiMtu phi ra bhI hArTale ke zarIra-kriyA-vijJAna kI aspaSTatA (aparipakvatA) se mukta thaa| 58. bena sahAnubhUti kI isa kriyA ko usa sthiti kA eka vizeSa prasaMga mAnatA hai, jisake anusAra pratyeka karma karane kA vicAra svayaM ko kriyAnvita hone yA vastutaH ghaTita hone kI pravRtti rakhatA hai| usa karma karane ke vicAra kI aisI pravRtti isa AdhAra para nahIM hai ki isase sukha milegA yA duHkha dUra hogA, apitu usakI aisI pravRtti manasa kI eka svataMtra preraNA ke rUpa meM hai| 59. naitika-sthAyIbhAva kI utpatti ke sAhacaryavAdI siddhAMta kA eka rucikara

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/266 svarUpa hameM zrI harbarTa spensara ke graMtha 'nItizAstra kI viSayavastu' meM dekhane ko milatA hai (dekhie pR.44 se 47) / spensara ke anusAra, naitika-cetanA kA mukhya lakSaNa sahaja evaM nimna koTi kI bhAvanAoM kA jaTila evaM uccakoTi kI bhAvanAoM ke dvArA niyamana karanA hai, kiMtu yaha mukhya lakSaNa una dUsare anuzAsanoM kA bhI hai, jinheM sahI arthoM meM naitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| jaMgalI manuSyoM ke AvegoM kA sarvaprathama niyaMtraNa dUsare jIvita yA mRta manuSyoM kI nArAjagI ke aspaSTa bhaya se hotA hai| mRtakoM ke bhaya kA yaha vicAra pretAtmAoM meM vizvAsa ke kAraNa hotA hai| phira, inase kramazaH nyAyika-daNDa kA bhaya, IzvarIya-daNDa kA bhaya tathA sAmAjika-niMdA kA bhaya kA vikAsa hotA hai| inhIM bhaya-janita niyaMtraNoM (aMkuzoM) ke dvArA naitika-AbaMdha ke pratyaya kA udbhava huA hai| uparokta prasaMgoM meM ye bhayajanaka pariNAma sAyogika haiM, anivArya nahIM haiM, tathApi bure kAryoM ke dvArA utpanna una anivArya svAbhAvika aniSToM kI apekSA ina bhayajanaka pariNAmoM ko spaSTatayA svIkAra kara lenA AsAna hai, jinakA prastutikaraNa sahI naitika-bhAvanAoM aura naitika-niyaMtraNoM (aMkuzoM) kA ucita srota hai| tadanusAra naitika-bhAvanAoM yA naitika-niyaMtraNa kA vikAsa rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika-prAdhikAroM se utpanna niyaMtraNoM (aMkuzoM) kI apekSA tathA sAmAjika-saMgaThana kI una avasthAoM meM, jinakA nirmANa ye dUsare niyaMtraNa (aMkuza) karate haiM, dhIre-dhIre hotA hai| yadyapi naitika-bhAvanA ke isa prakAra se eka bAra vikasita ho jAne para cetana-anubhUtiyoM meM ye hamAre dUsare aMkuzoM se bilakula svataMtra hotI hai| spensara kA kahanA hai ki rAjanItika, dhArmika aura sAmAjika-anuzAsanoM (niyaMtraNoM) ke sAhacarya ke kAraNa vizuddha naitika-anuzAsana (aMkuza) kI yaha nigraha-zakti (niyAmaka-bala), jaise hI naitika-preraNA meM spaSTa evaM pramukha hotI hai, naitika AbaddhatA kama ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra, jitanI tejI se naitikatA kA vikAsa hotA hai, utanI tejI se naitika-AbaMdha yA karttavya-bodha kA hAsa hotA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra, naitikaAbaMdha yA karttavya-bodha eka asthAyI tattva hI raha jAtA hai| 60. caur3AI-bhinnatA se spensara kA tAtparya parivartana kI mAtrA ke una aMtaroM se hai, jinameM se eka hI samaya meM vibhinna jIvita prANI gujarate haiN| 61. dekheM-nItivijJAna nAmaka graMtha (1882) 62. usa samAja vijJAna ko, jisakA ki nirmANa ho cukA hai, kahAM taka mAnya kiyA jAe, isa prazna para vikAsavAdI-vicArakoM meM paryApta matabheda hone kI sambhAvanA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/267 ho sakatI hai| spensara yaha mAnate haiM ki pUrNa rUpa se sthApita ho jAne para samAja-vijJAna meM sudUra bhaviSya ke Adarza samAja kI nizcita bhaviSyavANI karane meM samartha hogaa| dUsarI ora, sTIphana kA kahanA yaha hai ki vartamAna meM samAja-vijJAna una asatyApita anumAnoM tathA aspaSTa sAmAnyatAoM kI arddha vaijJAnika zabdAvali ke rUpa hai| 63. yadyapi yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki kucha nirdhAraNavAdiyoM (niyativAdiyoM) ne isa tarka ko kucha bhinna artha meM liyA hai, unake anusAra, nirdhAraNatayA yA vivazatA ko burI icchAoM ke sambaMdha meM bhI mAnanA hogaa| unake anusAra daNDa tabhI ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki vaha, jise daNDa diyA jA rahA hai, usake lie hitakara ho, athavA ve yaha mAnate haiM ki zakti kA vaidhAnika upayoga arAjaka bala ke niyamana ke lie hai| 64. yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki beMthama kA rAjanItika siddhAMta DyUmAMTa ke phra sIsI-bhAvAnuvAda ke dvArA hI vikhyAta huA aura usake nAgarika-kAnUna ke siddhAMta se sambaMdhita bhAga anya kisI rUpa meM bhI saMsAra ke sammukha nahIM aayaa| 65. . kAMTa ke bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa naitika graMtha grauNDa seguMga avara meTAphi sike urasiTena eNDa di kriTika da Dara prekTisekena varNanaphe kramazaH 1785 I. evaM 1788 I. meM prakAzita hue the| san 1830 I. meM sara jemsa mekinTosa ne insAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA meM naitika darzana ke vikAsa para apane nibaMdha meM (kAMTa ke naitika-siddhAMta ko) prakAzita kiyaa| isa niSNAta lekhaka ne jisa bhASA meM kAMTa ke naitika siddhAMta ko prastuta kiyA vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vaha aMgrejoM kI vikasita prajJA meM bhI abhI taka apanA mArga prApta nahIM kara skii| san 1836 meM bhI sempala ke kAMTa ke pramukha naitikaracanAoM ke aMgrejI bhASAMtara se kAMTa ke vicAroM ko jAnane meM eka nae yuga kA sUtrapAta huaa| 66. aMgreja lekhakoM meM isa prazna para upayogitAvAdI-vicAraka gADavina ke apane graMtha rAjanItika nyAya' meM prastuta vicAra kAMTa ke sarvAdhika nikaTa lagate haiN| gADavina kI dRSTi meM sAmAnya sukha ke preraka kAryoM meM buddhi hI eka samyak preraka hai| buddhi hI mujhe yaha batAtI hai ki dUsare kinhIM logoM kA sukha mere svayaM ke sukha se adhika mUlyavAn hai aura isa satya kA darzana hI mujhe apane sukha kI apekSA dUsaroM ke sukha ke lie prayAsa karane hetu prerita karatA hai| isake vipakSa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha preraka vastutaH svArthaparaka vikalpa meM cunAva se utpanna pIr3A hai| gADavina uttara detA hai ki

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 268 saMkalpa kI prakriyA meM yaha pIr3A yadyapi satata rUpa se hotI hai, lekina yaha Akasmika hai| maiM paropakAra ke kArya kI apekSA karane para pIr3A kA anubhava karatA hUM, kyoMki maiM paropakAra ko eka AcaraNIya-vyavahAra mAnatA huuN| 68. uccatama nirapekSa zubha pUrNatayA zubha yA bauddhika - saMkalpa kI IzvarIya pUrNa kRpA se ekatA hai| vaha kRpA, jisase IzvarIya sattA yukta mAnI jAtI hai| 69. kolarija ke isa dRSTikoNa ko je. esa. mila ne usa para likhe gae eka nibaMdha (san 1940) meM spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta kiyA hai| usa nibaMdha meM kolarija aura jarmana tathA kolarijIya-jarmanI-siddhAMta kA bAra-bAra vyavahAra huA hai| 71. 70. dekheM kolarija- vibajogrAphiyAM liTarecariyA vAlyUma 1 pRSTha 145-146 isa prakAra, phrenDa ke prathama khaNDa ke pRSTha 340 ( sarvaprathama prakAzita 1809) meM vaha kAMTa ke isa maulika siddhAMta ke prati pUrNa zraddhA prakaTa karatA hai ki tuma isa prakAra kArya karo ki binA kisI virodha ke isa bAta kA saMkalpa kara sako ki tumhAre AcaraNa kA siddhAMta sabhI bauddhika- prANiyoM kA niyama bana sake, vaha eka sArvabhaumapUrNa siddhAMta tathA naitikatA kA mArgadarzaka ho / - 72. maiM mAnatA hUM ki galIyana - prabhAva kI abhivyakti zrI je. eca. sTaliMga ke mahattvapUrNa graMtha hegela ke prakAzana se prArambha hotI hai| 73. dekheM- pRSTha 258 74. yadyapi zApana hAvara se bhinna hArTamena ' acetana' ko mAnatA hai| usake anusAra, astitva kA aMtima AdhAra na kevala acetana saMkalpa hI hai, apitu acetana buddhi bhI hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/269 adhyAya - 5 Adhunika yuga ke naitika vicAra (mukhyatayA iMglaiNDa ke naitika vicAra) . 19vIM zatAbdI ke aMta ke 25 varSa aura 20 vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha ke 25 varSa, ina pacAsa varSoM meM AdarzavAdI, prakRtivAdI (nisargavAdI) aura upayogitAvAdI nItizAstra ke rUpa meM pracalita the, lekina usI samaya inake virodha meM eka nizcita AMdolana bhI thaa| yaha virodha nItizAstra ko pUrva-mAnya tAttvika-siddhAMtoM para yA galata rUpa se prayukta vikAsa ke siddhAMtoM para yA mithyA manovaijJAnika-dhAraNAoM para AdhArita karane ke sambaMdha meM thaa| samAjazAstrIya-siddhAMtoM ke aMtargata nItizAstra kI eka pUrNa vyAkhyA ko khojane ke prayAsa bhI kie jA rahe the| isI prakAra, nItizAstra kI racanAtmaka-pravRttiyoM ke dvArA nIti ko mUlyoM kI eka vyApaka pUrNatA ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM samajhA jA rahA thA, jisakA sAmAnya adhyayana isa yuga kI dArzanika-pravRttiyoM kA eka viziSTa pahalU thaa| nirapekSa-AdarzavAda isa yuga ke TI.eca. grIna ke AdarzavAdI-nItizAstra kA vyApaka prabhAva thA, lekina aneka kSetroM meM usake virodha meM yaha kahA jA rahA thA ki grIna ke tattvamImAMsAtmaka taka naitika-uddezyoM ke lie anupayukta hai| yaha bAta svayaM sijavika ne bhI kahI thii| alpharDa eDavarDa relara ne apane graMtha AcaraNa kI samasyA meM usakI AlocanA kA mukhya viSaya naitika-siddhAMta ko tattvamImAMsAtmaka pUrva-dhAraNAoM para AdhArita karane kI pravRtti thA, jisakA sambaMdha grIka se bhI AtA hai| AdarzavAdInItizAstra kA hI eka dUsarA rUpa phreMsisa harbaTa beDale ne apanI pustaka (1876) meM prastuta kiyA hai| breDale kA siddhAMta Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dhAraNA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA, jo ki tAttvika-tAtparyoM se bhinna naitika niSkarSoM meM grIna ke dRSTikoNa se bahuta hI nikaTa thaa| breDale (1846-1924) breDale likhatA hai ki hama jisa AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, vaha hamAre lie eka pUrNa hai| yaha AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA eka mAtra nahIM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 270 hai, yadyapi pUrNa AtmA apanI ina vibhinna avasthAoM meM upasthita rahatA hai aura Atma-sAkSAtkAra kevala kisI avasthA - vizeSa yA kinhIM avasthAoM kI apane meM anupasthiti mAtra nahIM hai, isalie Atma-sAkSAtkAra sambaMdha hI eka pUrNatA kA sAkSAtkAra hai| nItizAstra kA mUla prazna usa sacce pUrNa ko jAnatA hai, jisakI siddhi (upalabdhi) hai, saccI AtmA kI upalabdhi hogii| jJAna ke svarUpa para vicAra karate jaba breDale yaha batAne kA prayatna karatA hai ki AtmA kevala asIma (apUrNa) nahIM hai| isa prakAra, usake lie Atma sAkSAtkAra kA artha eka asIma pUrNa honA hai, maiM apUrNa hUM, sAtha hI, maiM apUrNa aura pUrNa - donoM bhI hUM aura isalie merA naitika jIvana eka satata pragati hai| mujhe pragati karanA hai, kyoMki maiM jaisA mujhe honA hai, vaisA nahIM hUM, yadyapi jaisA mujhe honA hai, vaisA maiM kabhI bhI nahIM ho sakatA aura isalie maiM eka Atmavirodha kI sthiti meM huuN| vaiyaktika sImita AtmA taba taka pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA, taka ki vaha pUrNa kA hI aMga nahIM ho jaataa| use apane-Apa ko eka pUrNa ke sadasya ke rUpa meM jAnanA cAhie aura saMkalpa karanA caahie| aMtima sAdhya, jisase ki naitikatA kA tAdAtmya hai yA jisameM naitikatA nihita hai, use Atma - upalabdhi ke atirikta kisI anya rUpa meM vyakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi Atmopalabdhi, usakA tAtparya apane-Apa ko eka asIma pUrNa ke Atma- cetana asadasya ke rUpa meM sAkSAtkAra karanA hai, arthAt usa pUrNa kA apane Apa meM sAkSAtkAra karanA hai| lekina, cAhe breDale spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko jAnatA yA na jAnatA ho, kiMtu vaha anaMta pUrNa ke pratyaya se naitikatA ke mUla tattva ko prApta nahIM kara sakA hai aura jahAM taka nItizAstra kA prazna hai, usakI isa prakAra kI tAttvika - vyAkhyA grIna kI apekSA adhika saphala nahIM ho pAI hai| use adhika Anubhavika aura aparokSa tathyoM kI ora mur3anA pdd'aa| isa prakAra, vaha akasmAt hI isa vicAra para A gayA ki vaha pUrNa, jisase vyakti ko eka Atmacetana sadasya ke rUpa meM AtmasAkSAtkAra karanA hotA hai, eka sAmAjika samudAya arthAt samAja hI hai| samAja hI yathArtha naitikapratyaya hai aura mujhe samAja meM apane sthAna aura usa sthAna ke karttavyoM ko jAnakara unakA pAlana karate hue unameM hI apanA Atma-sAkSAtkAra karanA hai / eka manuSya ko kyA karanA hai? yaha isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki usakA prabhAva meM sthAna kyA hai aura usa sthAna ke kArya kyA haiN| yaha usake sabhI karttavya samAjarUpI zarIra meM usakI sthiti para AdhArita haiN| merA sthAna aura usake karttavyoM se adhika acchA, adhika ucca aura -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/271 vastutaH adhika suMdara aura kucha bhI nahIM hai| kyA yaha bAta naitikatA ko samajhane aura usakA vivaraNa prastuta karane ke lie paryApta hai? kisI bhI aise samAja meM, jisameM ki vaiyaktika AtmA kA apanA sthAna aura usake karttavya ho sakate hai, vaha svayaM hI naitika anumodana aura anumodana kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| punaH, kyA vyakti kI naitika preraNA pUrNatayA samAja meM usake sthAna aura usa sthAna ke karttavya kI dhAraNA meM nihita hai? breDale ina kaThinAiyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, lekina inake nihitArtha ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadyapi usane yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki hama eka vyakti ko usake sthAna aura usa sthAna se bAMdha nahIM sakate haiN| punaH, usane yaha bhI anubhava kiyA ki hama yaha prazna pUcha sakate haiM ki vaha ucca pUrNa (samAja), jisameM vyakti ke karttavya Ate haiM aura hama yaha bhI pUcha sakate haiM ki vaha samAja kyA eka dRzya samAja hai yA ho sakatA hai| AdezAtmA kA sAratattva kisI samAja ke sImA meM nahIM AtA hai| saMkSepa meM, yaha Adarza kevala eka pUrNa sAmAjika-vyakti kA Adarza nahIM hai, phira bhI merA sthAna aura usake karttavya kI dhAraNA ke sambaMdha meM apane atiutsAha ke kAraNa breDale ko yaha kahanA par3A ki yaha dRSTikoNa hameM ati mAnavIya naitikatA ke vicAra se, Adarza samAja se aura sAmAnyatayA vyAvahArika-AdarzoM se vimukha kara detA hai| breDale apanI vivecanA meM naitika zabdAvalI meM sAdhAraNatayA pracalita do padoM AtmalAbha aura AtmatyAga ke dvArA abhivyakta AbhAsI-virodha kI carcA karane se baca nahIM skaa| yaha jana-sAdhAraNa ke jIvana kI eka sAmAnya avasthA hai ki vyakti ko aneka sthitiyoM meM nimna tathyoM ke bIca cunAva karanA hotA hai, eka vaha, jo ki apanA svayaM kA AtmalAbha (svahita) pratIta hotA hai aura dUsarA vaha, jo svayaM ke AtmatyAga ke dvArA dUsaroM ke zubha (parArtha) ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai| breDale ne isa virodha ko kevala pratItI maanaa| AtmatyAga svayaM hI AtmalAbha hai| AtmalAbha ke pratyaya se eka anaMta pUrNa kI upalabdhi ke pratyaya kI ora bar3hate hue aMtatogatvA breDale pUrNatA zabda kA upayoga karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM pUrNatA anaMta pUrNa ke atirikta anya kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai, jo ki naitika-guNoM ke rUpa meM sAmAnyatayA svIkRta caritra kI ucchamatAoM ke eka pUrNa aMgI ke viziSTa nihatArtha ko nyAyasaMgata ThaharatA ho| anaMta pUrNa hI eka aisI pUrNatA hai, kiMtu jahAM pUrNatA hai, vahAM naitikatA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki naitikatA apUrNatA ke viruddha saMgharSa meM nihita hai, isalie breDale ke anusAra, naitikatA kA vicAra kevala itihAsa kI prakriyA meM hI nihita hai

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/272 (arthAt deza-kAla sApekSa hai)| AtmA ke svarUpa kI carcA karate hue breDale kahatA hai ki AtmA kevala sasIma nahIM hai, asIma (pUrNa) bhI hai| isa para se yaha niSkarSa nikAla lenA saMbhava hai ki sat ke rUpa meM AtmA pUrNa hai aura naitikatA eka AbhAsa (bhrama) hai| Telara (1896 se) yadyapie.I. Telara ke paravartI vicAra usake graMtha AcaraNa kI samasyA meM varNita vicAroM se kisI artha meM mUlatayA bhinna haiM, phira bhI AcaraNa kI samasyA nAmaka pustaka meM usane apane zikSaka breDale ke kucha vicAroM kI eka rocaka AlocanA prastuta kI hai| Telara kI AlocanA-paddhati breDale ke samAna hI hai| vaha bhI yaha batAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki naitikatA meM eka virodha nihita hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha parama sat kA eka aMga (ghaTaka) nahIM ho sakatI hai, lekina jahAM breDale naitika-AcaraNa ke lie apUrNatA kI AvazyakatA para bala dete haiM, vahAM Telara ne usa asaMgati para mukhya rUpa se bala diyA, jise dekha pAne meM breDale asaphala rahA thaa| jahAM breDale ke lie AtmalAbha aura AtmasAt honA vaiyaktika-sukha aura sAmAjika-sukha AkhirakAra eka hI haiM, vahAM Telara ke lie ve aMtima rUpa meM paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiN| niHsaMdeha, naitikatA meM donoM kA hI sthAna hai aura isa prakAra naitikatA AtmavirodhI hai| Telara ne isa bAta para bhI bala diyA hai ki pasaMdagI aura nApasaMdagI ke prAthamika naitika-sthAyIbhAva apane saralatama rUpa meM na tosvahita haiM aura na lokahita haiN| anumodana kA sampUrNa kSetra eka ora vyakti aura usakI saMskRti ke sambaMdhoM se vikasita huA hai tathA dUsarI ora, vyakti aura samAja ke kalyANa ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM se vikasita huA hai| tathyoM ke binA vikRta kie AtmahitavAda aura lokahitavAda meM se kisI ko bhI naitikatA kA saMpUrNa AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| itanA hote hue bhI yaha kahanA ki Atmahita aura lokahita sahagAmI haiM, pramANoM kI dRSTi se virodhI hI pratIta hotA hai| kula milAkara, apane khuda kI bhalAI karane meM hameM apanI zakti para samAja ke sukha ke lie yogadAna karanA cAhie, lekina sahamati AkhirakAra pUrNatA ke vicAra se dUra hai aura kisI bhI samaya kisI bhI eka pakSa kI Adeza ke pAlana kI asAdhAraNa kaThora mAMga ke kAraNa samApta ho sakatI hai| mAnava-jAti ne AcaraNa ke ina donoM hI AdarzoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, lekina unameM kabhI bhI samanvaya nahIM kiyA gayA hai| merA sthAna aura usake karttavya kA siddhAMta aMtima rUpa se saMtoSajanaka nahIM kahA jA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/273 sakatA hai| vastutaH, aisA koI bhI AtmasaMgata uccatama varga nahIM hai, jisake adhIna naitika-jIvana ke vibhinna tathyoM ko saMtoSaprada rUpa se vargIkRta kiyA jA ske| vyaktigata-naitikatA ke keMdrIya-pratyaya ke rUpa meM Atma-sAkSAtkAra aura vyaktitva kI dhAraNAeM jina doSoM se grasta hai, unakI paravAha na karate hue vyaktitva kI dhAraNA naitikatA kA keMdrIya-tattva rahI hai aura bahuta-se vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM Aja bhI hai| udAharaNArtha, sImana lyorI ke graMtha kA mukhya pratipAdya viSaya svataMtratA ke dvArA bauddhika-AtmA kI Atmopalabdhi hai| jemsa seMtha ke graMtha (1894) kA mukhya viSaya svataMtra racanAtmaka vyaktitva kI Atmopalabdhi hai| thiyoDora lipsa kAMTIya-dRSTikoNa se lie gae apane graMtha (1899) meM yaha mAnate haiM ki naitika-vyaktitva hI parama zubha aura nirapekSa mUlya hai| yahAM taka ki pratyeka sukha kA mUlya vyaktigata sukha ke mUlya ke dvArA pratibaMdhita hai| AdarzoM ke rUpa naitika-mAMga usa vyaktitva kI naitika-cetanA kI abhivyaktiyAM haiM aura manuSya kI sArabhUta prakRti hai| haramana ne bhI apane graMtha (1896) evaM (1900) meM tathA dUsare kucha graMthoM meM mAnavIya-svataMtratA ke AdhAroM para eka aisA hI dRSTikoNa vikasita kiyA hai| meksa venTascara ne apane graMtha (1902-1905) meM pUrNa svataMtratA ke tAttvika-pratyaya ke AdhAra para batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki vyaktitva hI parama mUlya hai| ye likhate haiM ki apanI vAstavika sattA kI uccatama abhivyakti ke lie aura apanI pUrNa svataMtra icchA ke nizcita maulika niyamoM ke lie prayatna kro| apanI svayaM kI sattA kI isa svataMtra kriyAzIlatA kA sarvAdhika sazakta evaM vyApaka upayoga kro| phrAMsa mUlara leyara ne bhI pUrNa rAjya aura pUrNa vyaktitva kI dhAraNAoM ke sahayoga se pratyakSavAdI darzana ko kriyAzIla naitika mor3a diyaa| yadyapi vicAra karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vyaktitva kA pratyaya itanA jaTila aura anizcita hai ki use itanI saralatA ke sAtha pramukha naitika pratyaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vyaktitva eka tAttvika parama sAdhya hai, isa sujhAva kA virodha kiyA jA cukA hai aura vyaktitva kI tAttvika-avadhAraNA se naitikapratyayoM ke nigamana kI saMbhAvanA se bhI iMkAra kiyA jA cukA hai| sAmAnyatayA, naitikanirNayoM meM aise kathana nihita haiM ki jinheM AkArika-rUpa meM nimna prakAra se abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise- yaha vyaktitva acchA hai, vaha vyaktitva burA hai Adi kevala tAttvika-vyaktitva ke svatva ko naitika mUlyoM ke sAra ke rUpa meM mAnya nahIM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/274 kiyA jA sakatA hai| ve vyakti, jinakI naitika-dRSTi se prazaMsA kI jAtI hai aura ve vyakti, jinakI naitika-dRSTi se niMdA kI jAtI hai, apane nihitArtha meM tAttvikavyaktitva kI dRSTi se samAna haiN| eka pUrNa vyaktitva para die gae nirNaya una vizeSa nirNayoM se, jo ki vyakti ke kAryoM aura svabhAvoM para die jAte haiM, bhinna haiM aura unase adhika vyApaka ho sakate haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA vyaktitva para die gae naitika-nirNaya bahuta kucha rUpa meM aise vizeSa nirNayoM para nirbhara hote haiN| eka vyakti ko taba bhalA vyakti mAnA jAtA hai, jaba ki usake guNoM ko zubha aura usake kAryoM ko ucita kahA jA sake yA kama-se-kama usameM bure guNa kI apekSA acche guNa jyAdA hoM, yA usake kArya anucita kI apekSA ucita adhika hoN| punazca, vyakti kA astitva vaiyaktika-anubhUtiyoM kI dhArA ke rUpa meM jIvana-prakriyA hai aura mUlyAtmaka-nirNaya mukhyataH unase yA kinhIM prasaMgoM se inake viSaya meM die jAte hai| ataH, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki hamArA sambaMdha naitika-vyaktitva ke sAtha itanA nahIM hai, jitanA ki naitika-jIvana aura naitika-mUlya ke sAtha hai| vikAsavAdI-nItizAstra prAkRtika-vijJAnoM kI druta pragati ke sAtha-sAtha tAttvika-AdarzavAda ke prati asaMtoSa bhI bar3hatA gyaa| apane-apane kSetroM meM prApta saphalatAoM se preraNA pAkara bahuta se vicArakoM ne naitika-darzana kI usa vyAkhyA ko jArI rakhA, jise sijavika ne vikAsavAdI-nItizAstra kahA hai| Adhunika sabhI nItizAstra ke lekhaka naitikatA aura naitika-siddhAMtoM meM vikAsa ko svIkAra karate haiN| Adhunika yuga ke sabhI nItizAstra kisI artha meM vikAsavAdI haiM, lekina jise vikAsa kA nItizAstra yA vikAsavAdInItizAstra kahA jA sakatA hai, use yaha siddha karanA hotA hai ki jaivika-vikAsa kI prakriyA na kevala naitika-pragati kA itihAsa hai, apitu apane ghaTakoM aura pravRttiyoM ke naitika-guNoM kI kasauTI yA prabhAvaka bhI hai| yadyapi DArvinavAda ke aneka prArambhika vyAkhyAtAoM ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai, lekina isake kucha mahattvapUrNa apavAda bhI rahe haiN| thAmasa henarI haksale ne vikAsa aura nItizAstra para apane romanesa-vyAkhyAnoM (1893) meM prakRti kI vidhiyoM kA virodha kiyA hai| mAnavIya-naitikatA ke lakSyoM aura vidhiyoM se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki naitikatA prakRti kI vidhiyoM ke anusaraNa kI apekSA unake virodha meM hI nihita hai, yadyapi isameM usane naitikatA ke pracalita dRSTikoNoM kI maulika-pravRtti ko svIkAra kiyA hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 275 nItze (1844 se 1900 ) eka dUsarA vikalpa ina dRSTikoNoM ko galata mAnakara inheM asvIkAra karane ke lie bacA huA thaa| yaha vikalpa nItze ne grahaNa kiyaa| usake anusAra, naitikatA ke pracalita dRSTikoNoM ko nirasta kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki unake virodha meM bahuta kucha thaa| vikAsa kA siddhAMta sabhI mUlyoM ke mUlya ke atikramaNa kI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita karatA hai| naitika - sAdhya ko jisa rUpa meM hama jAnate haiM, vaha mAnava kI sthiti se pare evaM ati mAnavIya hai aura usakI paddhati nirbala ke vinAza ke dvArA sabala kI uttarajIvitatA arthAt saMgharSa kI hai, jabaki pracalita naitikatA meM pratyeka vastu sabala ke sthAna para nirbala kI uttarajIvitatA ko protsAhita karatI hai aura vaMzApakAraka hone ke kAraNa isakA parityAga kara denA caahie| pracalita paramparAgata naitikatA ko nItze ne IsAI- naitikatA ke rUpa meM liyA hai| yaha naitikatA nirbala karane vAle sahAnubhUti, vinamratA, AtmasamarpaNa Adi guNoM para AdhArita aura una logoM ke lie, jo ki usa balidAna ke yogya bhI nahIM hai, sabala ke balidAna kI samarthaka haiN| yaha naitikatA gulAmoM kI naitikatA hai aura svAmItva kI usa naitikatA kI virodhI hai, jisakI zikSA nItze ne dI hai| tArkika - saMkalpa satya kA saMkalpa hai| yahAM yaha pUchanA prAsaMgika hai ki kisa sAdhya athavA kisa prakAra ke mUlya kI upalabdhi ke lie isa zakti kA upayoga kiyA jAe ? nItze ke graMthoM meM ina praznoM ke uttara bahuta hI adhika anizcita aura aspaSTa haiN| yadyapi usakI sAmAnya ruci se asaMgata hote hue bhI usake graMthoM meM kucha aise pramANa milate haiM, jinake anusAra isa zakti kA upayoga sAmAjika-sAdhyoM ke lie kiyA jAe, lekina usakI vyAkhyA meM mukhya rUpa se sukhavAdI - lakSaNa milate haiN| usake anusAra, zakti sabala vyakti ke sukhoM kI abhivRddhi ke lie hai| manuSya ke naitika sAdhya kI isa dhAraNA ke atirikta bhI nItze kI ati mAnava ke vikAsa kI dhAraNA bhI zakti ke saMkalpa ke samAna hI manuSya ke lie zubha ke lakSaNa kI koI suspaSTa vyAkhyA dene meM asamartha hai| usakA zakti kA pratyaya mukhyatayA zArIrika zakti kA pratyaya hai| yadyapi isa bAta ke pramANa milate haiM ki aksara vikAsa kI prakriyA bauddhika-zreSThatA aura sAmAjika-sahayoga ke dvArA zArIrika dRSTi se sabala vyakti para nirbala vyakti kI viSaya para AdhArita hai, tathApi nItze ne vikAsa kI prakriyA meM vyaktiyoM ke sAmAjika sahakAra aura sAmAjika-samanvaya ke usa mahattvapUrNa -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/276 yogadAna para bahuta hI kama vicAra kiyA hai, jo ki sAmAjika naitikatA kI usa vaidhatA para nirbhara hai, jisakI jar3a khodane meM usakA siddhAMta sadaiva hI lagA rahA hai| isa sahayoga (saMskAra) ke mahattva kA aura isakI vyApakatA kA pITara aileksIvica ne vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| priMsa kopTokina' ne apane graMtha pArasparika sahayoga : vikAsa kA AdhAra (1902) meM tathyoM ke sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki pArasparika-sahayoga ke siddhAMta kA pramukha mahattva vizeSa rUpa se nItizAstra ke kSetra meM hI pUrI taraha dikhAI detA hai| yaha bAta ki pArasparika-sahayoga hI hamArI naitikadhAraNAoM kI vAstavika AdhAra-bhUmi hai, bahuta hI adhika prAmANika pratIta hotI hai| sArle (1855) evaM zarmana (1854) vikAsavAda ke nItizAstra kI samIkSA viliyasa ricI sArle ke graMtha prakRtivAdI-nItizAstra (1855) aura nItizAstra kI samakAlIna pravRttiyAM (1904) meM tathA jekava golDa zarmana ke graMtha DArvinavAda kA naitika-artha (1886) meM kI gaI hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM vikAsavAda ke siddhAMta kA upayoga usa sAdhya ke svarUpa kA prazna uThAtA hai, jisakI ora vikAsa kI yaha prakriyA bar3ha rahI hai| samasyA yaha hai ki vikAsa kI prakriyA, cAhe vaha bhUtakAla meM ho athavA cAhe vartamAna kAla meM ho, kyA hameM sAdhya ke svarUpa ke bAre meM svataH Azvasta kara sakatI hai? bahuta se vikAsavAdI nItizAstra ke samarthakoM ne mAnavIya-AcaraNa kA sAdhya sukha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, kiMtu kyA sukha ke sAdhya kA yaha dRSTikoNa naitika-AcaraNa ke Adarza ke rUpa meM mAnavIya-naitikacetanA aura buddhi ke samakSa apane-Apa ko nyAyasaMgata ThaharA pAtA hai? kyA vikAsa kI prakriyA isa sAdhya kI ora bar3ha rahI hai? kyA sukha ke lakSya se yukta AcaraNa sadaiva hI vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| sArle taba hI kahatA hai ki prAkRtika-varaNa kA prabhAva una kAryoM meM roka nahIM pAyA hai, jo sukhada saMvedanAoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa jIvana ke lie hAnikAraka haiN| jIvana ke vikAsa kA mukhya artha sadaiva hI sukha kI vRddhi nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaisA ki zarmana kA kathana hai ki DArvina kA jIva-vijJAna yaha batAne ke lie koI tathya prastuta nahIM kara pAtA hai ki sukhada kA tAdAtmya usase hai, jo ki uttarajIvitatA kI zakti detA hai, athavA jo jIvana-saMgharSa meM sahAyaka hai| jIvavijJAna se sambaMdhita dhAraNA kA eka rUpa yaha hai ki sAmAjika-saMtulana AcaraNa kA sAdhya hai, athavA use AcaraNa kA sAdhya honA cAhie, kiMtu yaha dhAraNA bhI hameM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/277 nItizAstra kI samasyA ke samAdhAna kI dizA meM Age nahIM le jAtI hai, kyoMki hameM yaha kahane ke pUrva ki AcaraNa kI zubhatA sAmAjika-vyavasthA svIkAra karane meM yA usake sAtha saMtulana banAe rakhane meM nihita hai, hameM usa vyavasthA ko zubha mAna hI lenA hogA, jo ki vikAsa kI dhAraNA se jo apekSA kI jAtI hai, utanI vaha use pUrA na kara pAtI hai, yA vaha apekSita vyAkhyA nahIM kara pAtI hai| asahayogI parivRtyoM ke nirAkaraNa kI prakriyA ke rUpa meM prAkRtika-varaNa (cayana) bauddhika-varaNa (cayana) nahIM hai, lekina vyakti cetanA rUpa se kArya karatA hai aura isalie usakA cayana AMtarikapreraNAoM ke kAraNa AtmaniSTha hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, manuSya ke kArya bahuta kucha rUpa se uddezyAtmaka haiM, unakA koI lakSya hotA hai| ve kevala AtmarakSaNa nahIM haiM, lekina unheM AtmavikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai| jahAM AtmarakSaNa meM pariveza (vAtAvaraNa) ke sAtha samAyojana nihita ho sakatA hai, vahAM AtmavikAsa pariveza ke hI samAyojana meM nihita hai, kiMtu prazna yaha hai ki hama kisa prabhAvaka ke AdhAra para isa vikAsa ko pAeMge? spensara (1820-1903) harbaTa spensara kI mAnyatA hai ki jIvana kI mAtrA apanI lambAI aura caur3AI ke rUpa meM sArvalaukika-AcaraNa kA parama lakSya hai| yadyapi vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki isa prasaMga meM hameM jIvana ke guNoM para bhI vicAra karanA cAhie, phira bhI vaha binA kisI nyAyika saMgati ke jIvana kI mAtrA se sukha kI mAtrA para calA jAtA hai, jabaki apane siddhAMta ke lie use jIvana kI mAtrA aura sukha kI mAtrA kI sahagAmitA ko batAnA cAhie thaa| jIva-vijJAna ke kSetra meM pahale astittva ke lie saMgharSa aura prAkRtika varaNa ke pratyaya vaiyaktika saMgharSa ke saMdarbha meM adhika pracalita rahe, kiMtu bAda meM samUha kI susambaddhatA ko adhika mahattva diyA gyaa| samUha kI ekatA kA tathya vikAsavAdI nItizAstra meM bahuta hI mahattva rakhatA hai| jaisA ki sArle kA kathana hai, yadi saMgharSa vyaktiyoM ke bIca hai, to jo bacatA hai, vaha apane bane rahane ke sukha kA anubhava karane vAlA mAnA jA sakatA hai, lekina samUhoM ke bIca bhI saMgharSa aura anya bAtoM ke samAna rahane para adhika saMgaThita samUha ke dvArA kama saMgaThita samUha ke Upara vijaya prApta karane kI bahuta adhika saMbhAvanA hotI hai, ataH samUha saMgaThita ho, isalie vyakti ko apanI icchAoM evaM sukhoM kA aksara niyamana yA niyaMtraNa karanA par3atA hai| isalie

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/278 isa bAta kA koI pratyakSa pramANa nahIM hai ki samUha kI uttarajIvitatA vyaktigata sukha athavA adhikatama vyaktigata sukha kI sahagAmI hai| isa prakAra vikAsavAdI nItizAstra ko isa saMpAtitA ke prazna kA athavA dUsare zabdoM meM vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kalyANa ke prazna kA sAmanA karanA par3A aura adhika se adhika dhyAna sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM diyA gayA, sAtha hI sadguNa ke aucitya ko sAmAjika upayogitA ke rUpa meM batAyA gyaa| zarmana kA kahanA hai ki vikAsavAdiyoM ke anusAra kyoMki sadguNa sAmAjika dRSTi se lAbhaprada hai, isalie vaha sAmAjika upayogitA se adhika kucha nahIM hai| isa dRSTikoNa ke anusAra naitika niyama usa sAmAjika samAyojana kI abhivyakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kie gae haiM, jo ki AkhirakAra athaka khoja ke pazcAt astitva ke saMgharSa meM mAnava ke samudAyoM kI rakSA meM bahuta hI upayogI siddha hue haiN| spensara mAnatA hai ki vikAsa ke mArga meM svArthavAda aura parArthavAda ke dAvoM ke bIca tAlamela karanA hogaa| vaha unakI pUrNa sahagAmitA ko svIkAra karatA hai, yadyapi usane unake bIca kisa AdhAra para tAlamela kiyA, isa sambaMdha meM koI bhI siddhAMta prastuta nahIM kie haiN| apane pramukha samarthakoM ke dvArA pratipAdita yaha vikAsavAdI nItizAstra upayogitAvAda ke kisI rUpa ke sAtha usa vimarzAtmaka tattvamImAMsA ke manamAne saMyoga ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM de sakA, jo ki bhautika yAMtrikatA meM aMtara AtmA aura mana ke AdhAra kI khoja karatI hai| naitikatA kA phrAMsIsI samAjazAstrIya siddhAMta __ svataMtra vicAroM ke udaya ke kAraNa phrAMsa meM kaitholika carca kA prabhutatva samApta ho gayA aura rAjya kI paramparAgata sattA kamajora ho gaI. isake pha lasvarUpa naitikatA ke do mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika aMkuzoM kI phrAMsa ke nItizAstra ke lekhakoM ko naitika vivecanA kA eka aisA DhaMga aura naitikatA kI rakSA kA eka aisA AdhAra khojanA par3A, jo dhArmika aura rAjanItika siddhAMtoM para nirbhara na ho| apane prArambhika varSoM meM lyusina levIkula ne apane 1884 meM likhita graMtha meM aura phreTrika rIDa ne apane 1891 meM likhita graMtha pAramparika tAttvika buddhiparatAvAda meM naitikatA kA AdhAra khojane ke prayAsa kie haiM, kiMtu bAda meM ina donoM ne tAttvika-dRSTikoNa kA parityAga kara diyA, phalasvarUpa isa sampUrNa yuga meM sAmAnyatayA naitikatA ke lie nirvivAda tAttvika AdhAra kI khoja kI AzA phrAMsa meM kramazaH vilupta ho gaI, jaisA ki aba mAnA jAtA hai| nItizAstra kI samasyAeM bAda kI pIr3hiyoM ke kie gae prayAsa

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/279 ke dvArA manuSya yA prakRti ke bAre meM vijJAna jo batAtA hai, usase niSkarSa nikAlakara cAhe eka vaijJAnika nItizAstra kA nirmANa nahIM kara naitikatA ke eka vijJAna kA nirmANa karane hetu eka aisA viziSTa adhyayana apekSita hai, jo ki naitikatA ke tathyoM ko apanI viSaya-sAmagrI ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| isa dizA meM sarvAdhika vyApaka evaM kAragara prayAsa AgasTa komTe kA thaa| aMta meM jisa paddhati kA sahArA liyA gayA, vaha mukhya rUpa se samAjazAstrIya thI, jisakA prArambha komTe ne kiyA thaa| levIbula isa samAjazAstrIya-paddhati kA upayoga karane vAlA pramukha vicAraka levIbula thaa| vaha apane graMtha (1903) meM samAjazAstra ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para naitika-tathyoM kI khoja karatA hai aura apane niSkarSoM ko samAjazAstrIya-DhaMga se prastuta karatA hai| nIti-vijJAna ko naitika AdarzoM ke ciMtana se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, apitu use aise ciMtana kA prArambhika-biMdu tathA AdhAra honA cAhie, phira bhI levIbula na to aise kisI ciMtana kI samucita dizA prastuta karatA hai aura na usakI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita karatA hai, isIlie vaha nItizAstra kI maulika samasyAeM vastutaH kyA haiM, isa para vicAra karane meM asaphala rahatA hai| vaha pUchatA hai ki nItizAstra ke vibhinna siddhAMtoM ke hote hue bhI svayaM para aura dUsare logoM para die gae naitika-nirNayoM ke sambaMdha meM vicAraka sadaiva hI sahamata kyoM ho jAte haiM? usakA uttara hai ki prabala sAmUhika-vicAra samAja ke kArya karane ke DhaMga para prabhAva DAlate haiM aura samAja ke logoM ke nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| vaha isa sambaMdha meM imila durkhiya ke Tasa dRSTikoNa kA anusaraNa karatA hai ki karttavya kI usa AdezAtmakatA kI vyAkhyA sAmAnya rUpa se samAja ke svIkRta vicAroM yA matoM kI zakti ke dvArA ho sakatI hai, jesa para kAMTa ne bala diyA thaa| kisI yuga kA nItizAstra anya kisI bAta se nahIM, apitu usa yuga ke sAmAjika-saMgaThana ke dvArA vikasita naitika-pratyayoM aura niyamoM pa prabhAvita hotA hai| ye niyama aura pratyaya samAja-sApekSa hote haiM aura usI samAja ke saMdarbha meM apanI prAmANikatA aura mUlya rakhate haiN| hama eka kArya kA AbaMdha (dAyitva) ke rUpa meM aura dUsare kA aparAdha ke rUpa meM vicAra aksara una vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para karate haiM, jinakI smRti hameM nahIM rahI hai aura jo ki eka Avazyaka paramparA ke rUpa meM aura sabala sAmUhika sthAIbhAvoM ke rUpa meM pracalita haiN| eka jIvita samAja samAja

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 280 nirapekSa nItizAstra se samajhautA nahIM karatA hai| koI bhI vyakti usase usI nIti ko mAnya karavA sakatA hai, jo ki usameM pracalita ho, yadi koI vyakti usase virodhI nIti prastuta karane kA sAhasa karegA, to vaha use svIkAra nahIM kregaa| prAcIna vicArakoM kI yaha kalpanA galata thI ki nIti kA nirmANa hotA hai| unakA kAma to usa nIti ke lie eka AdhAra khojanA thA, isalie samAjazAstrIyadRSTikoNa meM naitika-niyamoM ko svanirmita tathya mAnane ke atirikta koI prabhAvazAlI siddhAMta nahIM hai, kyoMki unakA vizleSaNa aura unakI vyAkhyA una aitihAsikaparisthitiyoM aura sAmAjika avasthAoM para hogI, jinhoMne inheM utpanna kiyA hai| unase kucha bhI nirapekSa yA anivArya nahIM hai / ve to bahuta hI adhika parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke utpanna hone ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna hote haiM, kabhI-kabhI eka dUsare ke virodhI bhii| (yahI kAraNa hai ki) sAmAjika - siddhAMta nItizAstra kI mUlabhUta samasyA ko sulajhAne meM asaphala ho jAte haiN| eka ora yaha ki hamAre naitika-nirNayoM aura vyAvahArika-naitika-niyamoM ke viziSTa rUpa usa yuga ke mAnava-samAja ke svarUpa para aura una paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hote haiM, jinhoMne unheM prAmANika banAyA hai, dUsarI ora, yaha bhI itanA spaSTa hai ki mAnava samAja kI saMracanA svayaM bhI naitika-pratyayoM se bahuta kucha prabhAvita hotI hai aura ye naitika-pratyaya aksara sAmAjika- rItirivAjoM ke virodha meM utpanna hote haiM aura samAja ke nava-nirmANa meM nirdezaka hote haiN| sabhI naitikapratyayoM ko varttamAna samAja aura usakI upaja ke rUpa se pUrI taraha mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH, sAmAnyatayA samAjazAstrI nItizAstra ko niyamoM ke eka prArambhikavidhAna ke rUpa meM mAnya karate haiM, kiMtu nItizAstra na to aisA mAnA gayA thA aura na mAnA gayA hai, usake lie niyama gauNa hai| yaha satya hai ki gauNa hone ke kAraNa ve parivartanazIla haiM tathA deza aura kAla kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI ve paraspara vyAghAtaka bhI pratIta hote haiN| yadyapi isa tathya ke AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve naitika-niyama jina maulika mUlyoM se sambaMdhita haiM, ve yaha batAte haiM ki acchAiyoM ko prApta kiyA jAnA cAhie aura burAiyoM ko samApta kiyA jAnA caahie| eka hI samAja yA paraspara saMgatipUrNa sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie niyamoM kA svarUpa, jisa paristhiti meM sAdhya kI siddhi ho sakatI hai, usake anusAra avazya hI bdlegaa| nItizAstra kI keMdrIya-samasyA yaha khoja karanA hai ki mUlabhUta naitika mUlya kyA haiM? vyakti aura samAja ke ve sAdhya kaunase haiM, jo unake lie adhikatama lAbhakAraka aura

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/281 adhika buddhisaMgata haiM aura jinake lie unheM prayAsa karanA caahie| isa samasyA para vicAra kara pAne meM asaphala hone ke kAraNa yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki phrAMsIsIsamAjazAstrI isa sambaMdha meM koI kAraNa nahIM batA pAe ki kyoM manuSyoM ko vaiyaktikarUpa se yA sAmAjika-rUpa se kartavya karanA caahie| ye vicAraka una mUlyoM ko mahattva nahIM de pAte haiM, jo ki vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-AcaraNa ke lakSya haiM aura jinakI upalabdhi se hI niyamoM kI sArthakatA rahI huI hai| upayogitAvAda pUrva avadhArita tattvamImAMsA, vikAsa ke jaivika-siddhAMta aura samAjazAstra Adi sabhI dhAraNAeM nItizAstra kI AdhAra-bhUmi ke lie samucita pratyayoM ko dene meM asaphala rahe, isalie punaH una siddhAMtoM aura paddhatiyoM kI ora jAnA Avazyaka huA, jinake vicArakoM ne apane Apa ko naitika-samasyA ke vidhivata adhyayana se saMlagna kara rakhA thaa| sijavika (1838-1900) briTena meM aise sabhI vicArakoM meM aMgreja henarI sijavika apane yuga kA pratinidhi thaa| bahuta kucha rUpa meM usake graMtha saMdhikAlIna the| jina samasyAoM se usane apane ko saMlagna kara rakhA thA aura jina paddhatiyoM kA usane upayoga kiyA thA aura jo niSkarSa usane prApta kie the, unake sambaMdha meM vaha bhUtakAla ke prabala prabhAvoM se prabhAvita thaa| usane svayaM ne nItizAstra ke vibhinna yugoM kI pragati kA aitihAsika-vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| isI aitihAsika-adhyayana ke AdhAra para usane apane siddhAMta kI mukhya vizeSatAoM kA nirmANa kiyA thA, jinakI vistRta vyAkhyA usane apane graMtha nItizAstra kI paddhati (1874) meM kI hai| jina naitika-niyamoM kA pAlana karane kI zikSA sijavika dvArA dI gaI thI, ve niyama use aspaSTa aura kisa sImA taka saMdehAtmaka, rUr3higrasta, atArkika aura asaMgata pratIta hue the, ina niyamoM ke niraMkuza aura bAhya-AbhAsI dabAva kA virodhI aura sahajajJAnavAdI-nItivettAoM kI nirbalatA ke kAraNa unase vimukha hokara vaha mila ke upayogitAvAda kI ora AkRSTa huaa| pahale usane karma ke prAkRtika-sAdhya evaM vaiyaktika-sukha aura karttavya ke sAdhya evaM sAmAnya sukha ke bIca ke mUlabhUta gaMbhIra aMtara ko dekhe binA hI mila ke manovaijJAnika aura naitika-sukhavAda- donoM ko svIkAra kara liyA aura unakI asaMgatiyoM para vicAra nahIM kiyA, lekina bAda meM usane yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 282 mAna liyA ki cAhe eka adArzanika vyAvahArika- AdamI ke hitoM aura karttavyoM kI sampAtItA-sambaMdhI saMdehoM ko paropakArI - AvegoM aura sthAyIbhAvoM ke saMdarbha meM udAra vicAroM ke dvArA saMtuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai, to bhI naitika-darzana kA kArya yaha hai ki vaha aise kAryoM ke lie bauddhika- AdhAra kI khoja kare aura usa AdhAra ko spaSTa kare / mere vAstavika hita kyA haiM aura kahAM taka usameM hita ke sAdhaka kAryoM ko jAnA jA sakatA hai? kahAM taka una kAryoM ke pariNAma karttavyoM (mAnava-jAti ke kalyANa) ke samarUpa hoMge? isa khoja ke pariNAmasvarUpa usane isa virodha ko virodha karane kI apekSA adhika spaSTatA ke sAtha anubhava kiyaa| aisA hI virodha mila aura usake pahale vAle upayogitAvAdiyoM ne sukhavAda evaM tathAkathita sahajajJAnavAda (aMtarviveka) yA naitika-iMdriyabodha ke siddhAMta ke bIca anubhava kiyA thaa| dhIre-dhIre anicchApUrvaka sijavika ne yaha niSkarSa svIkAra kara liyA ki mere sukha aura sAmAnya sukha ke bIca ke saMgharSa kA pUrNa samAdhAna isa sAMsArika - astitva ke AdhAra para sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki eka vyakti ko usa pUrNa (samAja) ke lie, jisakA vaha aMga (aMza) hai, apane sukhoM kA tyAga karanA caahie| usane isake lie kisI bauddhika - AdhAra kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI / vaha upayogitAvAdI - paddhati, jise usane mila se sIkhA thA, binA mUlabhUta naitika-aMtarviveka ke saMgatipUrNa nahIM banAI jA sakatI thI, kAMTa kI ora lauTate hue sijavika ke isa mUlabhUta siddhAMta, arthAt sadaiva usa siddhAMta ke anusAra kArya karo, jise hama sAmAnya niyama bana jAne kI icchA kara sakeM, ke mahattva aura saccAI se prabhAvita huaa| yadyapi usane kAMTa kI tattva - mImAMsA ke isa siddhAMta ko isa rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA ki jo mere lie ucita hai, vaha vaisI hI paristhitiyoM meM sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI ucita hogaa| yadyapi yaha dhAraNA siddhAMtataH nizcita hI satya hai, tathApi isameM vyAvahArika dRSTi kA abhAva hai| usane yaha anubhava kiyA ki yaha dhAraNA karttavyoM ke eka siddhAMta ke nirmANa ke lie akSama thI aura svahitoM ko karttavyoM ke adhIna hone ke prazna kA hala nahIM kara sakatI thI, jisase eka bauddhika-svahitavAdI isa siddhAMta ko svIkAra bhI kara sake aura eka svahitavAdI bhI raha ske| Atmahita kI bauddhikatA use paropakAra kI bauddhikatA ke samAna hI akATya pratIta huii| usane pAyA ki baTalara ne nizcita hI yaha mAnA thA ki hita arthAt merA svayaM kA sukha eka abhivyakta AbaMdha hai aura bauddhika- Atma-prema mAnava-prakRti nihita do pramukha siddhAMtoM meM se eka hai| baTalara ne niyAmaka zakti ke dvaita ko svIkAra ataH -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/283 kiyA thaa| sijavika ne ise vyAvahArika-buddhi kA dvaita kahanA ucita samajhA thaa| yaha pramANa, jisa para baTalara ne bala diyA thA sijavika ke pUrva hI buddhi ke pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA thaa| baTalara ke prabhAva ke adhIna usane asatya manovaijJAnika sukhadavA ke siddhAMta kA parityAga kara diyA aura karma kI niSkAmatA yA atisajagatA ke Avega ke astitva ko svIkAra karane ke hetu bAdhya huA, arthAt yaha mAnA ki karma ke preraka kartA ke sukha se hI nirdezita nahIM hote haiN| sahajajJAnavAdI-nItizAstra se apane siddhAMta ke sambaMdha para punarvicAra karate hue sijavika ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki vaha usa sImA taka sahajajJAnavAdI hai, jahAM taka ki vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnya sukha ke sAdhya ke lie eka sarvocca niyama maulika naitika sahajajJAna para AdhArita honA cAhie aura usa sahajajJAna ko baMdhanakAraka svIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| use apane siddhAMta upayogitAvAda ke lie jisa siddhAMta kI apekSA thI, vaha yaha ki eka bauddhika-kartA sAmAnya sukha ko sAdhya banAne hetu bAdhya hai| isa siddhAMta ko usane mUra, klArka aura dUsare prArambhika-AMglasahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI racanAoM meM paayaa| siddhAMta aura vyavahAra ke lie mUlabhUta naitika-sahajajJAna-pUrti, kAMTa ke siddhAMtoM se huI paramparAvAdI-sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kA yaha dRSTikoNa ki sahajajJAnoM kI eka pUrNa vyAkhyA hai, usane svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| isake viparIta, usane yaha samasyA uThAI ki ina sahajajJAnoM kI vyavasthA ko kaise jAnA jAegA? sAmAnya vyakti vAstavika rUpa se to nahIM, kiMtu maukhika-rUpa se usase sahamata pratIta hotA hai, isalie usane sAdhAraNa vyakti ke aMtarviveka kI saMgatipUrNatA ke baTalara ke dRSTikoNa ke prati saMdeha kiyaa| apane vicAroM kI isa avasthA meM punaH arastu ke graMthoM ko par3hA aura yaha dekhA ki arastu ne hameM jo kucha diyA, vaha eka sajaga vizleSaNa aura tulanA ke dvArA sahajabodha kI grIka-naitikatA kA eka saMgatipUrNa prastutikaraNa thaa| usane jo kucha diyA, vaha eka bAharI vastu nahIM thI, apitu usa yuga ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke ciMtana se niSpanna tathya thaa| sijavika yaha mAnatA thA ki arastu ke samAna hI apane yuga evaM paristhitiyoM kI naitikatA ke lie usane bhI vahI, phira cAhe vaha naitika sahajajJAna ke eka darzana ko prastuta kara pAyA yA na kara pAyA ho, naitika sahajajJAna ko svIkAra karane meM usane yahI yogadAna diyaa| isa samIkSA se sAmAnya bodha ke naitikatA ke siddhAMta (cAhe prabalatama aura kaThoratama arthAt ImAnadArI aura saccI niSThA) aura (dUsaroM ke prati karttavya se sambaMdhita)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 284 sahajajJAnoM, arthAt kAMTa ke siddhAMta aura upayogitAvAda ke mUlabhUta siddhAMta ke bIca kA virodha kama huaa| yaha bahuta hI spaSTa hai ki kevala isI niyama ko eka sArvabhaumikaniyama ke rUpa meM saMkalpa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI manuSya sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi ke lie kArya kro| isa prakAra, sijavika sahajajJAnavAda para AdhArita upayogitAvAda kA samarthaka thaa| ve svayaMsiddhiyAM athavA svataH pramANa, jinheM usane aMta meM svIkAra kiyA hai, nimna the - 1. viveka ( jisameM bauddhika - svahita nihita hai ), 2. nyAya yA samAnatA aura 3. bauddhika - lokahita (sijavika ke upayogitAvAda kA tArkika aadhaar)| sAmAnya-bodha kA naitika siddhAMta apane Apa ko niyamoM ke eka aise darzana ke rUpa meM abhivyakta karatA hai, jo ki sAmAnya-sukha kI abhivRddhi kA hotA hai, lekina sijavika ke pAsa apane upayogitAvAda ke lie aisA koI spaSTa aura svayaM-siddha siddhAMta nahIM thA, jo ki pUrNatayA saMgatiyukta ho| upayogitAvAda aura sahajajJAnavAda ke bIca kA virodha eka galata dhAraNA para AdhArita pratIta hotA thA, phira bhI sijavika ne yaha mAnA thA ki vyaktigata hita aura naitikatA ke dUsare siddhAMtoM ke bIca eka mUlabhUta virodha hai| vaha vizva kI naitika-zAsana vyavasthA kI dhAraNA- arthAt IzvarIya-zAsana ke sivAya isa virodha kA samanvaya karane ke lie dUsarI koI vizvasanIya paddhati kI khoja nahIM kara sktaa| isa sambaMdha meM usake vicAra kAMTa aura baTalara se sahamati rakhate haiM / punaH, upayogitAvAda - darzana kI samIkSA ke dvArA usane upayogitAvAda ke doSoM ko dekhaa| usane yaha dekhA ki bahuta sArI sthitiyoM meM upayogitAvAdI- - gaNanA hameM mArgadarzana dene meM akSama hai| isI kAraNa, vaha sAmAnyabuddhi ke nirdezanoM kA upayoga karane aura unakA sammAna karane ke lie Atura thaa| isakA AdhAra vikAsavAda kI vaha sAmAnya dhAraNA thI, jo yaha mAnatI hai ki naitikasthAyIbhAva aura naitika-mAnyatAeM sAmAnya sukha kI abhivRddhi karane vAle AcaraNa kI ora pravRtta karatI haiM, tisa para bhI usane isa dhAraNA ko upayogitAvAdI gaNanA se eka virodhI niSkarSa nikAla lene kI prabala sambhAvanA ko samApta karane kA AdhAra nahIM maanaa| sahajajJAnavAda-mArTinyU (1805-1900) jemsa mArTinyU kA nItizAstra bhI kisI rUpa se saMkramaNakAlIna hI thA, phira bhI vaha naitika vicAroM ke adhunAtana rUpoM kI apekSA sahajajJAnavAda ke prAcIna rUpoM kI dizA meM adhika jhukaa| usakA graMtha naitika siddhAMtoM ke prakAra (1885) -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/285 apane mukhya lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se briTiza-nItizAstra ke dhArmika-pRSThabhUmi lie hue paramparAgata rUpoM ke adhika nikaTa thaa| usane usa manovaijJAnika-siddhAMta ko nirasta kara diyA, jo ki sijavika ko sukha kI AcaraNa kA sAdhya mAnane kI dizA meM le gayA thaa| aMtarAtmA ke ghaTakoM kA prayAsa hone ke kAraNa usakI apanI paddhati bhI mukhyatayA manovaijJAnika hI thii| vastutaH, usake isa siddhAMta ke upayoga meM usa zikAyata ko lekara, jo sijavika ne kI thI, kucha aucitya bhI hai| vaha zikAyata yaha thI ki usane una-una bAtoM ko mAna liyA, jise usakI apanI naitika-cetanA ne svayaM apane bAre meM kahA thA aura usane yaha bhI mAna liyA ki ye sabhI logoM ke lie satya hogii| mArTinyU naitika-zakti ke srota kI khoja karate hue ise vyaktitva se bhinna anya kisI tathya meM svIkAra nahIM kara ske| karttavya kA pratyaya hama para baMdhanakAraka hai, lekina hama kisI bhI aisI vastu ko hamAre lie baMdhanakAraka (AbaMdhAtmaka) svIkAra nahIM kara sakate. jo ki hama se ucca nahIM ho, isalie naitika-AbaMdha kAsrota eka aise vyaktitva meM honA cAhie, jo hamase ucca ho aura kevala vaiyaktika-Izvara hI isa apekSA ko pUrNa kara sakatA hai| pratyakSa kI dRSTi se vaha Izvara AtmA aura prakRti hai, naitikatA kI dRSTi se vaha AtmA aura Izvara hai, jo ki hamAre samakSa upasthita hai| sijavika ne isa bAta para Apatti kI thI ki yadi mArTinyU isase iMkAra nahIM karate haiM ki anizvaravAdIgaNitajJoM ke lie mAtrAtmaka-sambaMdhoM ke prasaMga meM buddhi kI prAmANikatA satya hai, to vaha saMgatipUrNa rUpa se yaha mAnane ko bhI bAdhya hai ki eka anizvaravAdI-nItivettA ke lie aucitya ke saMdarbha meM aMtarAtmA kI prAmANikatA bhI usI prakAra satya ho sakatI hai tathA naitikatA ke lie IzvaravAdI-dRSTikoNa ko anivArya tathA lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mArTinyU ne isa bAta para bhI bala diyA hai ki eka saccA naitika-nirNaya ekAntika-rUpa se karma ke bAhya-pariNAmoM para na hokara usa karma ke AMtarika-srota arthAt preraka para hotA hai| nirNaya do prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. vaidhika, jo cAhie, aucitya aura kartavyoM ke pratyayoM kA upayoga karate haiM aura dUsare 2.sauMdayAtmaka, jo zubha aura azubha ke padoM kA upayoga karate haiN| usake anusAra, nirNayoM kA yaha dUsarA varga sAmAnyatayA naitikatA se rahita hai| usake anusAra, hamAre cayana kA srota sadaiva hI koI vizeSa preraNA yA vAsanA hotI hai, jo ki cayana ko sujhAtI hai| yaha dRSTikoNa use karmoM ke vAMchita pariNAmoM kI sArthakatA ko bhulA dene yA kama mahattvapUrNa samajhane kI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/286 dizA meM le gayA, phira bhI, sijavika batAtA hai ki eka sthAna para mArTinyU ne karmapariNAmoM ko kucha mAnyatA dI thii| usakA yaha kathana yaha hai ki parikalana yA saMgaNanA bahuta-kucha karma ke isa yA usa karma-preraka kI vareNyatA meM nihita hai, kyoMki jo karma kA preraka jitanA Atma-cetana hotA hai, utanA hI apane svayaM ke pariNAmoM kA ciMtana karatA hai aura una pariNAmoM para nirNaya detA hai, hamArI manovRtti para die gae nirNayoM meM nihita hai| yahAM yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kyA yaha kathana manovaijJAnika-daSTi se sahI hai| mArTinyU ne naitika-mUlya ke tAratamya kI dRSTi se AvegoM aura prerakoM ko eka krama meM rakhA hai| vaha karma-prerakoM ke mUlyoM kA nimna pramApaka prastuta karatA hai, kiMtu yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki na to sadaiva uccatama ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura na sadaiva nimnatama kA hI tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| kisI sImA taka hama sabhI kA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM jIvana meM sthAna hai, lekina unheM apane prabhutva evaM AdhInatA kI sApekSika-sthitiyoM meM unake apane-apane kSetroM taka sImita rakhanA hogaa| yaha na to anubhava-pUrva hai aura anubhava hI ise siddha karatA hai ki AvegoM ke kisI bhI yugatA ke bIca uccatara aura nimnatara kA eka sArvabhauma prAmANika-sambaMdha hai| AvegoM ke bIca saMgharSoM kI carcA karate hue mArTinyU ne avyakta rUpa se karma-pariNAmoM ke siddhAMta ko mAnya kiyA hai, aisA sijavika kA kathana hai| mArTinyU kI apanI ora se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlyoM ke mApadaNDa ke pratyaya ko karma-pariNAmoM para bhI lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai aura sijavika kA upayogitAvAdI-siddhAMta karma-pariNAmoM ke vibhinna vikalpoM meM naitikanirNaya lene ke lie eka AdhAra prastuta karane kI dRSTi se asaMtoSaprada hai| nItizAstra vijJAna ke rUpa meM uMTa (1832-1920) eka svataMtra vidyA nItizAstra ke svarUpa aura usakI samucita paddhati kA sarvekSaNa vila hema uMTa ke dvArA apane graMtha nItizAstra (1886) meM kiyA gayA thA aura usane jo dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA, use bahuta se paravartI nIti-sambaMdhI racanAoM meM bhI mAnya kiyA gyaa| nItizAstra na to vizuddha rUpa se anubhavAdhArita vidyA hai aura na vizuddha rUpa se vimarSAtmaka (bauddhika)- vidyA hai, lekina pratyeka sArvabhauma vijJAna ke samAna vaha bhI eka sAtha anubhavAtmaka aura ciMtanaparaka- donoM hI hai| hamAre ciMtana kI svAbhAvika-prakriyA meM ciMtana ke pUrva Anubhavika-prakriyA kA honA Avazyaka hai| nizcaya hI, hama nirIkSaNa ke dvArA usa viSaya-sAmagrI ko prApta karate haiM, jisa para ciMtana apanA DhAMcA khar3A karatA hai, anya vijJAnoM kI taraha yaha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/287 bAta nItizAstra para lAgU hotI hai| uMTa ke anusAra, nItizAstra kI yaha viSaya-vastu sAmAjika manovijJAna aura mAnava-sabhyatA ke itihAsa se prApta hotI hai| vaijJAnikaciMtana isa sAmagrI kA vizleSaNa karatA hai aura ise sAmAnya dRSTikoNoM ke aMtargata vargIkRta karatA hai| eka vaijJAnika-nItizAstra kI viziSTa samasyAeM ye haiM - (1) upalabdha tathyoM ke AdhAra para usa siddhAMta kA vikAsa karanA, jisa para naitika-mUlyoM ke sabhI nirNaya AdhArita haiM aura yaha dekhanA ki ye kaise utpanna hote haiM, sAtha hI, unake pArasparika-sambaMdhoM ko nirdhArita karanA hai| (2) naitika-jIvana ke mukhya kSetroM arthAt parivAra, zAsana, rAjya Adi meM ina siddhAMtoM ke lAgU karane ke sambaMdha meM vicAra krnaa| isa prakAra kA sarvekSaNa ciMtanaparaka-nItizAstra aura bhAvanAparaka-nItizAstra ke usa virodha kA atikramaNa karegA, jisane uMTa ke anusAra bhUtakAlIna naitikavijJAna se grasita kara rkhaathaa| yaha nRtRtvazAstrIya, aitihAsika, vaidhika aura ArthikatathyoM para bhI apekSita vicAra karane ke hetu kSetra pradAna kregaa| yaha aMtardazana ke dvArA prastuta aicchika-kAryoM kI AMtarika-sthitiyoM para bala dekara naitikatA ke AtmaniSTha pakSa tathA sAmAjika tathA aitihAsika-tathyoM se nItizAstra ke sambaMdhoM ke dvArA naitikatA ke vastuniSTha-pakSa meM samanvaya karatA hai| zubha eka AdhyAtmika-upalabdhi hai, jo yadyapi svayaM sukha nahIM hai, phira bhI apane sAtha sukha ko lAtI hai| isa AdhyAtmika-upalabdhi ko sAmAjika-jIvana se alaga mAtra vaiyaktika-jIvana ke dvArA pUrI taraha se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA hai| ise kevala mAnava-jAti ke sAmAjika-jIvana ke utpanna eka tathya ke rUpa meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| yaha mAnava-jAti ke sAmAjika-jIvana se hI utpanna hotI hai aura usI se hI sambaMdhita hai| Adarza eka aisA tathya nahIM hai, jo eka hI bAra meM sadA ke lie pradAna kara diyA gayA hai, apitu pratyeka jAti aura pratyeka pIr3hI usa Adarza ko apane svayaM ke mArga se Age bar3hAtI hai| jIvana eka sRjanAtmaka-samanvaya ko abhivyakta karatA hai| uMTa kA kathana hai ki yaha sRjanAtmaka-samanvaya AMzika rUpa se sAdhyoM ke samanvaya (paMcamela) ke dvArA hotA hai| vibhinna sAdhyoM kA yaha ekIkaraNa sAdhyoM se hone vAlI upalabdhi kI apekSA aisI upalabdhi ke lie hotA hai, jisakA mUlya una vaiyaktika-sAdhyoM kI upalabdhi se mahAn ho| naitika-jIvana yA naitika-zubhoM kI ghaTanAoM meM eka varddhamAn bahuvidhatA hai| uMTa yaha mAnatA hai ki mAnava-jAti kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga jina sAdhyoM ke lie kArya karatA hai aura kaSTa uThAtA hai, una dUrastha

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/288 sAdhyoM ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM nizcita dRSTikoNa ke binA hI jIvana jItA hai| uMTa ne apane nItizAstra meM sAmAnya saMkalpa kA jo pratyaya prastuta kiyA hai, vaha pUrNatayA aspaSTa hai aura usakI sthiti bhI bahuta hI vivAdAspada hai| naitikatA usa sAmAnya saMkalpa kI sAdhanA hai, jo ki una saba kriyAzIla pravRttiyoM se pAyA jAtA hai, jinheM sabhI vyakti samAna rUpa se karate haiM, tathApi vaha kisI samAja ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke saMkalpoM ke yoga mAtra se adhika hai| yadyapi yaha sAmAnya icchA svayaM meM eka vyaktitva nahIM hai, tathApi yaha una vyaktiyoM ke lie eka vastuniSTha lakSaNa se yukta hai, jinakI dRSTi meM yaha vAstavikatAoM meM eka sarvAdhika vAstavikatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa sAmAnya saMkalpa-pratyaya meM uMTa kI yaha bAta mAnya hai ki naitikatA kI pUrNa vyAkhyA samAjazAstra ke dvArA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai, arthAt isakI vastuniSThatA samAja kA bhI atikramaNa kara jAtI hai| samAja to svayaM naitika-pramApakoM ke dvArA naitika-rUpa se niSkrita hotA hai| yadyapi vaha vastuniSThatA kisI vaiyaktika sattA meM nihita hai, isa bAta ke nirNaya ke sivAya vaha isake astitva ke tAttvika-AdhAra ke sambaMdha meM koI sUcanA nahIM detA hai| yaha sAmAnya saMkalpa naitika-sArvabhaumikatA aura vastuniSThatA ke vicAra (pratyaya) ke vyaktikaraNa se adhika kucha pratIta nahIM hotA hai| nItizAstra aura mUlyoM kA siddhAMta nItizAstra ke prati eka bhinna prakAra kA dRSTikoNa AsTriyansa, phra ja-brenTAno, eleksiyasa vana minAMga aura krizciyana vana eharama phelsa ke dvArA apanAyA gyaa| isa sabane naitikatA ko mUlyoM kI aura mUlyAMkana kI paddhati kI sAmAnya khoja ke rUpa meM samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isako bhI naitika-viSayoM aura aindrika-pratyakSIkaraNa ke samAna hI eka gahana aura svataMtra khoja kI AvazyakatA thii| inhoMne isa khoja ko anubhavAtmaka -paddhati ke AdhAra para prArambha kiyA aura mUlyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAMta taka pahuMcane kA prayAsa kiyaa| brenTAno (1838-1917) brenTAno' ne yaha mAnA ki mAnava-jAti meM prema aura ghRNA kI eka zakti hai, jo ki utanA hI vAstavika hai, jitanA ki saiddhAMtika-nirNaya kA shkti| AMzika-rUpa se mUlya isa saraNa evaM avibhAjya-zakti ke hI utpAdana haiN| yaha hameM usI prAmANikatA ke sAtha AMtarika-mUlyoM kI satyatA ko prastuta

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/289 karatI hai, jaise ki tarkazAstra ke svayaMsiddha sty| yadyapi zubha sukhAtmaka nahIM hai, phira bhI usakA kSetra sArvabhauma hai arthAt sampUrNa vartamAna jaivika-jagat, yahAM taka ki bhAvI-jagat bhI usake vicAra kSetra meM lie jA sakate haiN| mInAMga mInAMga aura eharana phelsa vizleSaNa kI bahuta hI adhika gaharAI meM praviSTa hue| mInAMga ne isa bAta para bala diyA ki mUlya vaiyaktika-manobhAvoM (saMvegoM) se sambaMdhita haiN| mUlyoM ke isa kSetra meM saMvegoM kI sthiti ThIka vaisI hI hai, jaisI ki bhautika-vastuoM ke jJAna ke kSetra meM saMvedanAoM kii| vastuoM kA bhI vyaktiyoM ke saMvegoM se nirapekSa apane-Apa meM koI yathArtha mUlya nahIM hai, phira bhI mUlya kevala AtmaniSTha hI nahIM hai, kyoMki ve manobhAvoM se pare kisI vAstavika yA saMbhAvita tathya yA vastu se sambaMdhita haiM, phira bhI mUlya na to vyakti meM nihita haiM aura na vastu meM, varan vyakti aura vastu ke sambaMdhoM meM haiN| ve vyaktiyoM aura jinakA upayoga vyakti karate haiM, una vastuoM ke sambaMdhoM kI jaTilatA meM nihita haiN| isa prakAra mUlyAMkana eka astitva-sUcaka nirNaya ke sAtha anumodana kI mAnasika-avasthA hai| anukUla paristhitiyoM meM mUlya kA pratyeka viSaya mUlya kI bhAvanAoM ko jAgrata kregaa| mUlyoM ke eka sAmAnya niyAmaka-tattvakokhoja pAnA asambhava hai| mInAMga ne ativaiyaktikamUlyoM kI dhAraNA ke dvArA vaiyaktika-mUlyoM ke apane siddhAMta kI sApekSikatA se bacane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ye ati vaiyaktika-mUlya eka uccakrama ke viSaya haiN| vaiyaktika aura ativaiyaktika-mUlyoM kI khoja vyApaka evaM saMbhAvya sarvekSaNa ke dvArA kI jA sakatI hai| mukhya zubha pratyeka vyakti ke lie bhinna-bhinna nahIM hote haiM, sabake lie samAna hote haiM, unameM hI unakI vastuniSTha satyatA nihita rahatI hai| eharana phelsa (1859) eharana phelsa ne mUlyoM para abhilASAoM (icchAoM) ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA hai| mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai- abhilASita honaa| mUlya pUrNatayA abhilASAoM para Azrita haiN| vastuoM para mUlyoM kA Aropa isalie kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki hama unakI abhilASA karate haiN| hama vastuoM kI abhilASA isalie nahIM karate, kyoMki hamane una mUlyoM kA Aropa kiyA hai| abhilASA kA pratyeka sAdhya eka saMbhAvita tathya ke rUpa meM avazya hI cetana rUpa se svIkRta honA caahie| eharana phelsa ne yaha mAnA thA ki icchA sukha kI sApekSika-abhivRddhi kI saMbhAvanA se cAlita hotI hai| usane isa bAta

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/290 ko nimna sAmAnya niyama ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| sabhI aicchika-kAryoM kI zakti aura unake lakSya AnaMda kI sApekSika-abhivRddhi para nirbhara hote haiM, jise ve sambaMdhita vyakti ke saMvedanazIla manovinyAsa kI dRSTi se apane ko cetanA se praveza ke dvArA utpanna karate haiM aura cetanA meM apane sthiti-kAla se bane rahate haiN| AnaMda ko sukhavAdIsiddhAMtoM ke sukha ke artha meM nahIM samajhanA caahie| kisI vastu kI icchA kevala icchA ke lie athavA (sukha ke atirikta) kisI anya sAdhya ke lie bhI ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra, icchA meM AMtarika-mUlya aura bAhya-mUlya kA vibheda rahatA hai| yadyapi mUlyoM ko AMtarika-mUlya (svataH-mUlya) yA bAhya-mUlya (parataH mUlya) ke rUpa meM sunizcita DhaMga se vargIkRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vahI viSaya usI samaya AMtarikamUlya aura bAhya-mUlya - donoM kI hI dRSTi se mUlyavAn ho sakatA hai, athavA eka samaya vaha AMtarika mUlya vAlA ho sakatA hai aura dUsare samaya bAhya-mUlya vAlA ho sakatA hai| mUlyAtmaka-vastuoM ke do vyApaka varga haiM - 1. mAnavIya-mUlya aura 2. pazuoM aura vastuoM kA guNa evaM kaarykssmtaa| eharana phelsa, naitika-paMkSoM ke svabhAva (guNa) para vicAra karane kI apanI prArambhika-paddhati hai, unake nirdeza (vistAra) ke prazna kI ora mur3atA hai, arthAt una viSayoM kI ora, jina para ina naitika-padoM ko prAmANikatA ke sAtha lAgU kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAryoM para lAgU hone vAle naitikaAdezoM ko una manobhAvoM ke naitika-mUlyAMkana, jinase ki ve utpanna hote haiM, alaga kiyA jAnA caahie| naitika-mUlyAMkana apane utkRSTa rUpa meM vaiyaktika-nirNaya nahIM haiM, apitu ve sampUrNa samAja ke sAmUhika-nirNaya haiN| apane mUlyAMkana ko pAzcAtya aura mukhyatayA IsAI dRSTikoNa taka sImita rakhate hue vaha pAtA hai ki naitika-Adarza kevala mAnava-jAti ke prati sAmAnya prema nahIM hai, yadyapi yaha prema usakA keMdrIya evaM pramukha tattva ho sakatA hai| sadAcAra, niSThA, ImAnadArI, karttavyaparAyaNatA, saccAI, Atma-gaurava, udAratA, brahmacarya, saMyama, karmaThatA aura kAryaprema - ye sabhI, jisakA ki naitika-dRSTi se sarvAdhika mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai, icchA kI pravRtti ke aura svataH hI bhAvanA ke viSaya haiN| ve yA to prema ke alAvA icchA ke dRSTikoNa se paropakAra ke kisI rUpa ko nirUpita karate haiM yA anyathA inakA dUsare prANiyoM ke prati prema se koI sambaMdha hI nahIM hai| mUra (1873) keMdrIya-naitika-mUlya kI samasyA kA aura isa prakAra nItizAstra ke maulika

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/291 pratyaya kA vyavasthita rUpa se vivecana karane kA prayAsa jArja sTavarDa mUra ke dvArA apane graMtha (1903) meM kiyA gayA hai| mArTinyU ne eka prArambhika-sahajajJAnavAdI ke rUpa meM aucitya aura anaucitya ke pratyayoM ko naitika-prerakoM kA lakSaNa mAnane para bala diyA thAsijavika ne sAdhya ke pratyaya ko AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirNaya karane vAlA keMdrIya-tattva mAnA thA, lekina usane isa sAdhya ko sukha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA, kiMtu manovaijJAnika-khoja aura naitika-nirNayoM ke vizleSaNa ne isa dRSTikoNa ko amAnya kara diyaa| yadi zubha sukha nahIM hai, to phira usakA svarUpa kyA hai? mUra nItizAstra ke tAttvika-dRSTikoNa kI AlocanA karatA hai aura use asvIkAra karatA hai| mUra yaha mAnatA hai ki tattva-mImAMsA eka kalpita atIndriya sattA kI khoja karatI hai aura mUlabhUta naitika-praznoM ke uttara ke lie koI tArkika AdhAra prastuta nahIM kara pAtI hai| zubha svayaM meM kyA hai? mUra ke anusAra, isa prazna ke uttara meM bhrAMti ke aneka srota ho sakate haiM, jo ki sAmAnyatayA nItizAstra meM pAe jAte haiN| binA isa bAta kA vicAra kie ki ina padoM kA kyA artha hai? yaha pUchA jAtA hai ki kauna-sI bAteM sadguNa yA karttavya haiN| sAdhya yA sAdhana kA athavA yaha svayaM apane lie hai yA apane pariNAmoM ke lie, isa bAta kA vizleSaNa kie binA yaha pUchane kA pratyaya kiyA jAtA hai ki aba aura yahAM kyA karanA caahie| ucita yA anucita kI eka kasauTI kI khoja binA yaha bAta svIkAra kI jAtI hai ki eka kasauTI kI khoja ke lie hameM sabase pahale yaha jAnanA hogA ki kauna-sI vastueM ucita yA anucita haiN| isI prakAra, AMgika-ekatA ke siddhAMta kI bhI avahelanA kI gaI hai| mUra naitika-nirNaya ke sabhI sAmAnya viSayoM ke lie do prazna upasthita karatA hai - 1. kyA usa viSaya kA AMtarika-mUlya hai, 2.kyA yaha sarvotkRSTa saMbhAvanA kA eka sAdhana hai| isa prakAra, mUlya-pratyaya AMtarika-mUlya hai, jo ki svataH zubha hai aura jo AMtarika-mUlya yA svataH zubha para Azrita hai, vaha parataH mUlya (AzritamUlya) hai| yaha parataH mUlya yA bAhya-mUlya eka AMtarika-mUlya kA eka sAdhana hai| mila ne isa bAta para bala diyA thA ki parama-sAdhya kA parIkSaNa pratyakSa-pramANa ke dvArA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina phira bhI usane sukha ko sAdhya mAnane sambaMdhI apane dRSTikoNa ke lie pramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA thA, yadyapi usakA yaha pramANa vAMchanIya aura vAMchita ke bIca aspaSTatA ke kAraNa bhrAMtipUrNa thaa| anubhavAtmakakhoja yaha batAtI hai ki nizcaya hI sukha icchA kA ekamAtra viSaya nahIM hai aura yahAM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 292 taka ki yadi yaha hamezA icchA ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM upasthita rahatA hai, to bhI yaha tathya ise zubha mAnane ke lie apane-Apa meM sakSama nahIM hogaa| mujhe aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yadi hama apane sAmane spaSTatayA yaha prazna rakheM ki kyA sukha kI cetanA hI ekamAtra zubha hai? to isakA uttara avazya hI nakArAtmaka hogA aura isake sAtha hI sukhavAda ke aMtima bacAva kA yaha prayatna bhI dharAzAyI ho jAegA, taba svataH zubha ( AMtarika zubha) kyA hai ? yahAM eka aMtara ko spaSTa karane kI AvazyakatA hai| hama svataH mUlyoM ke carama naitika nirNayoM meM zubha kA eka vidheya ke rUpa meM upayoga karate haiN| aisA vidheya ke rUpa meM zubha aMtima hai| yaha apane svayaM ke atirikta kisI anya pada ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA kie jAne ke ayogya hai, saMkSepa meM, yaha aparibhASya hai| yaha vicAra ke dUsare anekoM viSayoM meM se eka viziSTa evaM sarala viSaya hai| zubha aparibhASya hai, isa dRSTikoNa ke dUsare vikalpa kevala ye haiM ki yA to zubha eka jaTila pratyaya hai, athavA nItizAstra ke lie koI viziSTa pratyaya nahIM hai| mUra mAnatA hai ki parIkSaNa ke dvArA donoM kA hI khaNDana kiyA jA sakatA hai| zubha aura azubha kA aneka vastuoM ke vidheya ke rUpa meM upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| bar3e-bar3e AMtarika - zubhoM aura bar3I-bar3I AMtarika-burAiyoM ke anekAneka varga haiN| ekAdha apavAda ko chor3akara inameM se saralatama bhI eka bahuta hI adhika jaTila ikAI hai, jo ki aMgoM se banI hai| ye aMga apane-Apa meM thor3A yA kucha bhI mUlya nahIM rakhate haiN| ina sabhI meM eka viSaya kI cetanA nihita hai aura lagabhaga ye sabhI isa viSaya ke prati eka sAMvegika dRSTikoNa rakhate haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra unameM kucha sAmAnya lakSaNa pAe jAte haiM, lekina guNoM kI eka bahuta bar3I saMkhyA aisI hai, jisameM ve eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM aura jo unake mUlyAMkana ke lie utanI hI Avazyaka hai| sabhI kA sAmAnya lakSaNa apane-Apa meM pUrNa zubha yA pUrNa azubha nahIM pratyeka sthiti meM apane guNa-doSa - donoM ko hI upasthiti meM pAte haiN| - tathya hai ki eka pUrNa (ikAI) kA mUlya apane aMgoM ke mUlyoM ke yoga se bhinna ho sakatA hai| yahI bAta AMtarika mUlyoM kI khoja ko jaTila banAtI hai| ina pUrNa ikAiyoM ko mUra AMgika-ekatA kA nAma detA hai| apanI mAnyatAoM ko sijavika ke siddhAMta para lAgU karate hue mUra usa para yaha AkSepa lagAtA hai ki vaha AMgika - eva. tA ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra karane meM asamartha rhaa| jana-sAdhAraNa kI naitikatA (sAmAnya buddhi-nIti aura sukhavAda ke nirNayoM ke bIca pAI jAne vAlI jisa samAnatA kA pratipAdana sijavika ne kiyA thA, vaha kevala sAdhanAtmaka nirNayoM se sambaMdhita -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/293 sAmAnya-buddhi isa bAta se iMkAra karegI ki tAtkAlika-rUpase adhika sukha-avasthAeM sadaiva hI uttama hoNgii| mUra sijavika ko bauddhika-svahita aura bauddhika-lokahita ke sambaMdha ke prasaMga meM bhI aspaSTatA kA doSI batAtA hai| yaha kahanA spaSTa hI virodhAbhAsa se yukta hai ki eka vyakti kA zubha ekamAtra zubha hogaa| isa virodhAbhAsa kA nirasana kevala yaha mAnakara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki vahI AcaraNa donoM sAdhyoM ko prApta kara legaa| mUra kA dRSTikoNa pratijJAnavAda (sahajajJAnavAda) se milatA hai, kyoMki usakA dRSTikoNa paramasAdhya ke rUpa meM svataH zubha ke aparokSa bodha para AdhArita hai, lekina usakI sthiti mUlatayA usa prAthamika-sahajajJAnavAda se bhinna hai, jo ki yaha mAnatA hai ki kAryoM ke niyama nizcita hI aMtaHprajJAtmaka haiN| vastutaH, karttavya se sambaMdhita koI bhI tarkavAkya (kathana) svataH upasthita ho, to naitika-nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, lekina vaha bhAvanA, jo ki naitika-nirNaya kA AdhAra hai, vizeSa rUpa se naitika yA uttama prakAra kI nahIM hai| razaDAla ne kisI vizeSa naitika saMvega kA astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| naitika-nirNaya bauddhika-vidyA kA upayoga karate haiM aura buddhi ke vividharUpoM meM bauddhika-vidyA to eka hI hogI, yadyapi vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM para usameM jJAna kI abhivyakti spaSTatA aura pUrNatA kI kama yA adhika mAtrA ho sakatI hai| parama zubha yA parama mUlya kisI rUpa meM aMtaHprajJA ke dvArA jJAta hai, yadyapi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki razaDAla yaha batA pAne meM samartha nahIM thA ki isa aMtaHprajJA kA svarUpa mukhyatayA bauddhika hai| razaDAla ke Adarza-upayogitAvAda kA mUla siddhAMta yaha hai ki ucitatA yA anucitatA usake kalyANa yA zubha, jo ki vibhinna ghaTakoM se nirmita hai aura jisakA sApekSika-mUlya aMtaHprajJA ke dvArA jJAta hai, kI abhivRddhi ke lie pravRtta hone yA nahIM hone para nirbhara hai| sAdhya sukha nahIM hai, yadyapi usameM sukha nihita hai, paraMtu kucha sukhoM ko zubha kI dRSTi se burA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| punazca, naitika-nirNaya aMtatogatvA sAdhyoM se sambaMdhita haiM aura eka asukhavAdI-dRSTikoNa ke lie sAdhanaavasara sAdhya ke aMga hote haiN| aneka zubha aise bhI haiM, jinheM nItizAstra ko avazya hI svIkAra karanA hotA hai aura jo binA eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita kie sAtha-sAtha nahIM rahate haiN| ye sabhI zubha eka Adarza zubha-jIvana ke aMga, ghaTaka yA pakSa haiN| isa Adarza zubha jIvana meM usake pratyeka aMga yA ghaTaka kA yaha karttavya hai ki vaha sabhI ke lie usa jIvana kI abhivRddhi kre| mUlyoM kA pRthakkaraNa amUrtikaraNa kA eka rUpa hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/294 mAnava-jIvana kA yaha Adarza mAtra vibhinna zubhoM kI sannidhi (nikaTatA) nahIM hai, apitu, eka aisI pUrNa ikAI hai, jisameM pratyeka zubha dUsare zubhoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa apanI alaga se sattA rakhatA hai, phira bhI kArya ke vibhinna vikalpoM kI upasthiti meM naitika nirNayana kI vAstavika-prakriyA kI samIkSA yaha batAtI hai ki vizeSa zubhoM evaM azubhoM tathA unake pArasparika-sambaMdhoM para tulanA aura vibhedIkaraNa paddhatiyoM ke dvArA avazya hI vicAra karanA caahie| kArya ke vibhinna vikalpoM ke pUrva anumAnita saMbhAvya pariNAmoM para kisI vizeSa saMdarbha meM vistArapUrvaka sAmAnya tulanA kI jAnA cAhie aura una vikalpoM ke sApekSika-dAvoM kA mUlyAMkana honA caahie| vAstava meM aisA karane para hameM yaha vidita hogA ki kisI rUpa meM sabhI mUlya AnupAtika haiM aura unake mahattva kA mUlyAMkana eka-dUsare ke saMdarbha meM hI kiyA jAnA caahie| kyA aisI prakriyA meM tulanA aura mUlyAMkana kA koI siddhAMta nihita hai? aura yadi vaha hai, to kyA hai? razaDAla kI dRSTi meM spaSTa rUpa se aisA koI eka siddhAMta nahIM hai| sAmAnya lokakalyANa ke vicAra ke AdhAra para hI aisA koI mUlyAMkana ho sakatA hai aura yaha mUlyAMkana bhI pramukha AdarzoM yA jIvana-paddhati aura mUlyAMkana karane vAle vyakti ke caritra se prabhAvita hogaa| usakA sambaMdha usase bhI hogA, jise jAna sTuarTa mekeMjI ne icchA kA vizva kahA hai| jina icchAoM meM se cayana kiyA jAtA hai, ve aksara AMzika-rUpa se vargAcchAdana karatI haiN| nizcaya hI, vaiyaktika-zubha aura dUsare logoM ke zubha meM koI asaMgati ho sakatI hai, lekina anubhavAtmaka-pramANa ke AdhAra para sAmAnya-zubha ke pratyaya kA samyak prakAra se abhyupagama nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, jabaki grIna aura dUsare logoM ne isa AdhAra para mAnA thA ki jo eka ke lie zubha hai, usakA dUsare logoM ke zubha ke sAtha bhI sadaiva hI tAdAtmya hogaa| vAstavika naitikatA kucha aise svayaMsiddha siddhAMtoM kI apekSA karatI hai, jo eka prabhAvazIla evaM vastutaH sarvazreSTha sthiti hone kA dAvA kara skeN| svayaMsiddha siddhAMta viveka, paropakAra aura samAnatA haiN| yaha bAta mere lie svataHsiddha pramANa hai ki mujhe apane adhikatama zubha kI abhivRddhi karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie (jahAM taka ki vaha zubha dUsaroM ke adhikatama zubha se nahIM TakarAtA hai), kula milAkara mujhe kama kI apekSA adhika zubha ko prAthamikatA denA cAhie aura eka vyakti ke zubha ko dUsare vyakti ke usI prakAra ke zubha ke samAna hI AMtarikamUlya vAlA mAnanA caahie| naitika-jIvana eka mUlyoM ke pratyakSa-bodha kI apekSA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/295 karatA hai, tathApi aMtaHprajJA ke dvArA pratyakSa rUpa se yaha jAna lenA bahuta hI kama sambhava hai ki kisa prakAra ke kArya ko karanA caahie| apekSita kArya kI aucityatA kI koI aMtaH prajJA nahIM hai| sacce naitika-nirNaya meM pariNAmoM kI kamI yA adhikatA evaM saralatA yA jaTilatA kI gaNanA ke kisI rUpa kI apekSA hai| aisI gaNanA ko kiMkarttavyamImAMsA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| nIti kA koI bhI siddhAMta, jo naitika-jIvana ke vAstavika tathyoM meM nikaTa hogA, avazya hI kiMkartavyamImAMsA ko na kevala saMbhAvita, apitu aparihArya maanegaa| pAlasana (1846-1903) __razaDAla ke bahuta pUrva phreTrika pAlasana ne bhI nItizAstra kI eka vivecanA prastuta kI thI, jo ki eka sAmAnya dRSTikoNa ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se razaDAla ke samAna hI thii| pAlasana kI pustaka nItizAstra phreMka ke dvArA (san 1899) meM anudita huI aura usakA vyApaka rUpa se prasAra huA pAlasana ke anusAra, nItizAstra una zubhoM kA siddhAMta hai, jo ki apanI ekatA meM pUrNa jIvana kA nirmANa karate haiM aura sadguNoM aura durguNoM tathA karttavyoM kA siddhAMta AcaraNa ke prakAroM ke rUpa meM pUrNatA ko prApta karane kA sAdhana hai| usakI paddhati mukhyatayA anubhavAtmaka hai| vaha naitikatA meM bhAvanA aura buddhi ke yogadAna ke saMdarbha meM razaDAla se matabheda rakhatA hai| zubha jIvana kyA hai? isa prazna kA nirAkaraNa apane aMtima vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se pratyakSa-nirvivAda bhAvanA ke dvArA hI hogA, jisameM sattA kA AMtarika-sAra-tattva svataH hI abhivyakta hotA hai| naitikatA meM buddhi kA sthAna kevala eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM hai| parama zubha ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vastutaH buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, apitu saMkalpa ke dvArA hotA hai| buddhi, jaisI kI vaha hai, nirapekSa rUpa se mUlyoM ke sambaMdha meM kucha bhI nahIM jAnatI hai| vaha satya aura asatya meM aura vAstavika aura avAstavika meM aMtara karatI hai, lekina zubha aura azubha (acchAI yA burAI) meM nhiiN| razaDAla ne bhAvanA ko naitika-nirNaya ke AdhAra ke eka aMga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA aura (dUsare aMga ke rUpa meM) aMtaHprajJA kI carcA bhI kI thI, lekina usane donoM ke sambaMdha para koI vicAra nahIM kiyA, arthAt yaha nahIM batAyA ki bhAvanA evaM aMtaHprajJA - ina donoM meM vastutaH aMtara hai| isa prakAra, gaMbhIra vicAra karane para pAlasana aura razaDAla meM matabhedoM kA samAdhAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra mUra kA kathana hai ki eka vidheya ke rUpa meM zubha aparibhASya hai, isI prakAra pUrNa jIvana (sarvottama jIvana) ke apane carama pratyaya ke

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 296 sambaMdha meM pAlasana kA bhI kathana hai ki jaise eka paudhe athavA prANI kI jAti kI paribhASA kara pAnA asambhava hai, vaise hI pUrNa jIvana ko paribhASita karanA bhI asaMbhava hai| yadyapi eka sArvabhauma mAnavIya - naitikatA ke pratyaya ke kisI prakAra kA nirmANa saMbhava hai, tathApi koI bhI vyakti usako upalabdha karane ke yogya nahIM hogaa| yadi vyakti ke lie parama zubha eka aisA jIvana hai, jisameM sabhI zArIrika aura mAnasikazaktiyAM pUrNatayA vikasita aura kriyAnvita hoM, to yaha pUrNatA vibhinna vyaktiyoM meM alaga-alaga hogii| kyoMki vyaktiyoM ke jIvana meM bhinnatA mAnava jAti kI pUrNatA ke lie Avazyaka hai, isalie naitikatA ke vizeSa niyama sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie nirapekSa rUpa meM prAmANika nahIM haiN| aMtaH prajJA aura aMtarAtmA kI sahAyatA se pratyeka vyakti ko sAmAnya niyamoM ko apekSita saMzodhanoM ke sAtha apanI-apanI vizeSa avasthAoM meM lAgU karanA hogaa| - sArale (janma 1855) mUlyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAMta ke dRSTikoNa se naitikatA ke AdhAra kI vyAkhyA rice, sArale ke graMtha naitika mUlya aura Izvara kA pratyaya (1918) meM kI gaI hai| sArale apane-Apa ko una vicArakoM kI zreNI meM mAnatA hai, jo pUrva avadhArita tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para naitika-darzana kI sthApanA ke prayAsa kA khaNDana karate haiN| vistArapUrvaka samIkSA karane ke pazcAt vaha vikAsavAdI - nItizAstra ke dAvoM ko bhI nirasta kara detA hai aura nItizAstra ko usa bhrAmaka manovijJAna se bhI mukta karatA hai, jisa para sukhavAdI-siddhAMta AdhArita hai| naitikatA svajAta vicAra kA eka prakAra hai (arthAt naitikatA kisI anya para AdhArita nahIM hai)| zubhatA kI svIkRti astitvasambaMdhI kisI svIkRti ke AdhAra para nigamana ke dvArA prApta nahIM kI jA sktii| zubhatA yA naitika mUlya vibhinna prakAra ke mUlyoM meM eka hai| mUlyavAn honA sukhada honA nahIM hai| punazca, yadyapi sukha pratyeka prakAra ke mUlya meM taba hotA hai, jabaki vaha apanI pUrNatA meM anubhUta kiyA jAtA hai aura kucha mAtrA meM mUlya kI pratyeka upalabdhi meM hotA hai, tathApi sukha mUlya kA mApaka yA mAnadaNDa nahIM hai| nItizAstra kI viziSTa viSayavastu ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI ora Ate hue sArale kucha mUlabhUta bAtoM ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki nItizAstra ke pradatta kisI pasaMdagI yA kinhIM vAstavika paristhitiyoM meM die gae acchAI aura burAI ke nirNaya haiN| zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se ye naitika-aMtaHprajJAeM haiM, kyoMki ye

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/297 aMtaHprajJAeM tarka kA pariNAma nahIM haiM, apitu aparokSAnubhUti aura pratyakSIkaraNa ke rUpa meM hotI haiM, lekina ye usa artha meM aMtaHprajJAeM nahIM, jisa artha meM pANDityavAdI yA aMtaHprajJAvAdI-sampradAya ke Adhunika nItivettA unheM samajhate haiM, kyoMki ye na to sAmAnya kathana haiM aura na unase niyama ke dvArA dUsarI naitika-zaktiyoM ko hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI, ye abhrAMta satya hone kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate haiN| dUsare prakAra ke nirNayoM ke samAna hI naitika-nirNayoM meM bhI galatI kI sambhAvanA hai, kiMtu isa galatI ko punaH pratyakSIkaraNa aura tulanA ke dvArA khojA jA sakatA hai tathA use sudhArA jA sakatA hai| sArale kI yaha paddhati bhI aindrika-pratyakSIkaraNa ke AdhAra para prAkRtikavijJAnoM ke vikAsa ke samAna hI hai| naitika-mUlyoM ke kucha viziSTa lakSaNa haiM, unakA AMtarika-jIvana se sadaiva hI kucha sambaMdha rahatA hai aura unheM AMtarika-prayojana aura preraka se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| una mUlyoM meM sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca kucha aMtara avazya rahatA hai| carama naitika-mUlya anivAryatayA AMtarika haiM, yadyapi sAdhya aura sAdhana kA yaha aMtara nizcita nahIM hai, anubhava batAtA hai ki sAdhya aura sAdhana eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hote haiM aura eka-dUsare se pRthak hokara kisI eka meM koI bhI mUlya nihita nahIM hai| yaha ho sakatA hai ki unameM se pratyeka kA apane-Apa meM mUlya ho, lekina unakI samaSTi (ikAI) meM jo mUlya anubhUta hotA hai, vaha usa samaSTi ke aMgoM ke alaga-alaga mUlyoM ke yoga se bhI adhika hotA hai| svataH mUlya ke aura usa prakriyA ke, jisake dvArA kisI vyakti ko mUlya kI cetanA hotI hai, aMtara ke bAre meM eka aspaSTatA hai, jo ki vicAraNIya hai| naitika-nirNaya jisa satyatA kA dAvA karate haiM, usameM yaha zubha hai, vaha azubha hai, aisI svIkRti nihita hai, kiMtu yaha svIkRti kisI icchA yA ghRNA athavA pasaMdagI yA nApasaMdagI kI bhAvanA ke astitva kI avasthA nahIM hai| yaha mana kI vaiyaktika yA AtmaniSTha mUlya kI upasthiti ko sUcita karatI hai| naitika-mUlyoM kI satyatA kisI eka ke lie nahIM, apitu sabake lie hai| do paraspara vidheyI naitika-nirNaya eka sAtha satya nahIM ho skte| vyAghAtakatA se rahita honA, Atmagata saMgati se yukta honA aura isa prakAra eka sambhAvita kramabaddhatA kA honA hI vaha kasauTI hai, jisake dvArA kisI bhI naitika-nirNaya kI satyatA kI parIkSA kI jA sakatI hai| yahAM eka sAvadhAnIpUrNa vizleSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki do naitika-nirNaya abhivyakti kI dRSTi se eka-dUsare ke vyAghAtaka hote hue bhI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/298 vastutaH vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM prayukta eka hI siddhAMta ko mUrtarUpa de sakate haiN| mAnava-jAti ke itihAsa meM vAstavika naitika-nirNayoM se sambaMdhita AbhAsI virodha meM se adhikAMza ko samyak pratipAdana ke dvArA dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| apane-Apa meM saMgatipUrNa naitika-nirNayoM ke siddhAMta bhI virodhI dikhAI de sakate haiM, isalie vyApakatA sambaMdhI parIkSaNa kA upayoga karanA Avazyaka hai aura isakA upayoga kevala isIlie nahIM karanA hai ki kauna-sA sambhAvita siddhAMta tathyoM kI adhikatama saMkhyA ko apane meM nihita kara sakatA hai| hameM eka aisA siddhAMta khojanA hogA, jo ki saMgharSarata donoM siddhAMta (vaMcoM) meM samanvaya sthApita kara sake aura unake virodha kI vyAkhyA ke dvArA unameM nihita satyatA kA aucitya siddha kara ske| mUlyataMtra kI isa dhAraNA ko mUlyoM kI eka mApanI (skela) ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| eka vyakti vaiyaktika-rUpa se mUlyoM kI vaisI tulanA nahIM kara sakatA, jaisI ki mUlyataMtra kI saMgati ke saMdarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| mUlyataMtra kI yaha dhAraNA kramazaH eka sabala dhAraNA ke dvArA zAsita hotI rahatI hai aura sarvAdhika mUlyavAn kyA hai, isa rUpa meM vyakti ke AcaraNa aura dRSTikoNa ko prabhAvita karatI rahatI hai| isa prakAra, jIvana ke vibhinna Adarza haiN| uccatama mUlyoM kI prApti kA prayAsa karane vAle jIvana-samudAya meM vibhinna Adarza eka dUsare se kisa prakAra sambaMdhita haiM, yaha mUla-avasthA nahIM hai, apitu yaha eka naitika-siddhAMta kA sarvocca kArya hai, to bhI hama isake dvArA mUlyoM kI mApanI (skela) kI samasyA kA saMtoSaprada samAdhAna prApta kara pAne meM saphala nahIM hoMge, kyoMki isa samasyA kA samAdhAna eka dUsarI samasyA meM hai, arthAt AMgika-ekatA kI samasyA yA kramabaddha ikAI samasyA meM hai, jisameM sabhI mUlya samAviSTa haiM aura unake sambaMdhoM ke dvArA AMzika-mUlyoM kI mAtrA aura sthAna kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| sArale batAtA hai ki naitika-nirNaya meM sadaiva hI astitva aMtarnihita hai| mAtra prema kA prema zubha hai, isa nirNaya kA artha vicAra nahIM hai| prema ko zubha hone ke lie eka mAnasika-dhAraNA se atirikta astitvavAn honA caahie| 'cAhie' zabda ko sambhavatayA hameM nimna hetu phalAzrita vAkya-rUpa meM rakhanA hogaa| yadi prema astitvavAn hai, to vaha zubha hai aura jo prema hai, to vahI zubha hai| vaha apane lekhanoM meM isa bAta ko sUcita karatA hai| isako mAnya karate hue ki naitika-mUlya vizeSoM meM pAe jAte haiM, phira bhI vaha isa bAta para bala detA hai ki jo bhI mUlyavAn hai, vaha vizeSoM meM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 299 upasthita sAmAnya hai| vastutaH, vizeSa meM sAmAnya kI upasthiti hI vaha tathya hai, jisase vizeSa kA anumodana hotA hai| mUlya kA vAhaka yA mUlya - viSaya (ise naitikamUlya kahanA kama vivAdAspada aura samucita hogA) sadaiva hI evaM aMtima rUpa se vyaktitva hI hai, yaha paravartI vyAkhyA eka astitvavAn evaM zAzvata vyaktitva kI eka parikalpanA karatI hai| yadyapi yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki sivAya kSaNika viziSTa vAstavika anubhavoM ke mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti ke lie kyA koI pUrNa pramANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki hama astitva kI svIkRti mAtra se isa kathana kI ora nahIM jA sakate haiM ki jo astitva rakhatA hai, vaha mUlyavAn bhI hai| sAmAnya se vizeSoM (anubhUta naitika mUlyoM) kI ora tathA usake zAzvata astitva evaM eka sarvocca vyaktitva meM unakI pUrNatA kI ora jAnA kAlpanika hI pratIta hotA hai| jIvana ke vistAra ke rUpa meM naitika - sAdhya para pichale pacAsa varSoM ke adhikAMza ciMtana meM anubhava ke gatyAtmaka - svarUpa para hI adhika bala diyA gayA hai| zubha ke svarUpa ke khoja ke hetu naitika-sAdhya-sambaMdhI prArambhika dhAraNAoM ko apUrNa mAnakara lekhakoM ne eka aisI ativyApaka dhAraNA ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jisameM AMtarika- zubha ke sabhI pakSoM ko samAhita kiyA jA sake aura jo anubhava ke gatyAtmaka-svarUpa ko mAnya kara ske| ise jIvana ke aMtargata khojane kA socA gayA hai| yuga prArambha meM hI jIna mereya ne apane graMtha (1885) yaha tarka kiyA hai ki vastutaH naitikatA ko IzvarIya sattA athavA nirapekSa- buddhi yA sAmAjikaparamparAoM para pUrNatayA AdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| apekSAkRta rUpa se yaha AvegoM se nikaTatayA sambaMdhita hamArI sattA kI AMtarika zakti kA hI utpAdana hai, yahI AcaraNa naitika hai, jo dI huI paristhitiyoM meM jIvana ko apanI sampUrNa sImAoM taka vyApaka banAtA hai / sampatti aura jIvana ke vistAra kI dhAraNAoM ko alavarTa svetaara ne apane graMtha (sabhyatA aura nIti) (1923) kA mUlabhata siddhAMta batAyA hai| rUDalpha yUkena (1846-1926) rUDalpha yUkena ke naitika-darzana meM jIvana ke svarUpa ke nirmANa kA eka aisA prayAsa dekhA jAtA hai, jo ki mAnavIya - prakRti kI sarvAdhika aura uccatama mAMgoM ke anurUpa hogaa| vaha jIvana ke gatyAtmaka - svarUpa para bala detA hai aura usakA darzana sakriyatAvAda kahalAtA hai, lekina kriyAeM una prerakoM para, jo ki unheM prerita karegA -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/300 aura una sAdhyoM para, jinakI ora ve gatizIla hoMgI, avazya hI nirbhara hoNgii| yadyapi kriyAoM kA eka lakSaNa aisA bhI hotA hai, jo kucha sAmAnya dRSTikoNa aura jIvanapaddhati para AdhArita hotA hai aura jo eka vizeSa vizva-dRSTi ko utpanna karatA hai yA usa vizva-dRSTi se sambaMdhita hotA hai| usake aneka graMthoM meM se mAnaka graMtha usakI paddhati aura niSkarSoM ko adhika spaSTa rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| naitika-saMgharSa AkhirakAra kAryoM ke vizeSa sambhAvita rUpoM ke bIca nahIM, apitu jIvana jIne ke vibhinna DhaMgoM ke bIca hai| . jIvana jIne ke vividha DhaMga una bAtoM meM itane adhika bhinna nahIM hote, jinheM ve svIkAra karate haiM, jitane ki una bAtoM meM bhinna hote haiM, jinheM ve upekSita karate haiN| yUkena jIvana jIne ke pracalita vibhinna DhaMgoM kI apUrNatAoM ko dUra karane kA sAhasa karatA hai aura eka racanAtmaka-AlocanA kI paddhati ke dvArA jIvana jIne ke eka sarvAdhika saMgatipUrNa DhaMga ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| jIvana jIne kA prakRtivAdIdRSTikoNa jIvana ko sarala aura pUrNa rUpa se prakRti kI yAMtrika-yojanA kA eka aMga mAnatA hai| yaha siddha hai ki manuSya bhautika-prakRti kI yojanA kA eka aMga hai aura vaha bhautika-prakRti usakI jIvana-paddhati meM nihita hai, kiMtu usake vicAra, usakI bhAvanAeM aura usake kriyA-kalApa isa bhautika-prakRti ke atikramaNa ko lakSita karate haiM aura unheM pUrNatayA usa bhautika-prakRti meM samAviSTa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sauMdaryaparaka vyaSTivAdI (vyaktivAdI) kA jIvana evaM Atma-saMskRti kA jIvana prAyaH asaphala hotA hai, kyoMki manuSya dUsaroM ke kalyANa ke lie prayAsa karatA hai aura usameM ruci letA hai| sAMskRtika-mUlya aksara dUsare vyaktiyoM se sambaMdhoM meM nihita hote haiN| yUkena jIvana jIne ke sAmAjika-DhaMga kI AlocanA isalie karatA hai ki vaha vyakti ko sAmAjika-kalyANa kA mAtra eka sAdhana mAnakara calatA hai, jabaki sAmAjikasamagratA meM aise koI bhI mUlya nahIM haiM, jo ki vaiyaktika-anubhUtiyoM ke aMtargata nahIM Ate haiN| samAja-paraka jIvana-dRSTi pariveza ke bAhya-sambaMdhoM para adhika bala detI hai, tAki AMtarika prerakoM aura AMtarika-saMtuSTiyoM ke mahattva ko upekSita kiyA jA sake yA unakA mUlya kama AMkA jA ske| dhIre-dhIre virodhI-darzanoM kI aisI AlocanA ke dvArA yUkena AdhyAtmikajIvana kI dhAraNA kI ora agrasara hotA hai| AdhyAtmika-jIvana bAhya-prakRti kA virodhI yA zatru nahIM hai, apitu prakRti kI yojanA meM hI nihita hai aura usI meM jIyA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/301 jAtA hai| yaha AdhyAtmika-jIvana usa vyakti meM keMdrita hai, jisakI AtmasaMskRti svayaM meM hI nihita hai, phira bhI usakI yaha AtmasaMskRti mAnava-samAja kI jaTilatA meM dUsaroM ke sAtha usake sambaMdhoM aura sahayoga para AdhArita hai| isa prakAra, AdhyAtmika-jIvana apane meM usa sabhI ko samAviSTa karatA hai, jisakA jIvana jIne ke saMkucita dRSTikoNa meM bhI thor3A-sA mUlya hai, lekina jIvana kI saMkucita dRSTi jina zubhoM ko prastuta karatI hai, ve manuSya para thope nahIM jA skte| unheM usakI AtmA kI kriyAzIlatA ke dvArA pUrNatayA AtmasAt honA hogA, isIlie AdhyAtmika-jIvana Atmanirbhara aura svataMtra kahA jAtA hai| jIvana eka aisI prakriyA hai, jo ki satata rUpa se apane ghaTakoM ke saMgaThana aura vistAra meM lagI huI hai| isa prakAra, yUkena ke naitika-darzana kI preraNA ko mUlatayA AdhyAtmikasvataMtratA aura vyApaka dRSTikoNa ke mUlabhUta prerakoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| eka naitikakartA kisI bhI samaya apanI paristhitiyoM se Upara uThakara pragati karane kI kSamatA aura svataMtratA rakhatA hai| ve saba bAteM vyakti ke lie sacce artha meM kucha bhI mUlya nahIM rakhatI haiM, jinheM vaha apanI kriyAoM ke dvArA AtmasAt nahIM kara sakatA hai| zubha saMkalpa vaha saMkalpa hai ki apanI sambhAvita sImAoM meM rahakara bhI mUlyoM ke eka vyApaka kSetra ko apanA uddezya banAtA hai, athavA mUlyoM ke vyApaka kSetra meM apane ko DhAla letA hai, athavA mUlyoM ke vyApaka kSetra ke samanvaya meM sahAyatA karatA hai, to bhI yUkena kI svataMtra AdhyAtmika-jIvana kI dhAraNA apanI vivaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNatayA aspaSTa hai| usane una vizeSa zubhoM kI, jo ki jIvana ke naitika dRSTikoNa meM Ate haiM, khoja karane kA na kucha prayAsa hI kiyA hai| isa jIvana ke vAhaka tathyoM ke lakSaNoM ko aspaSTa hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| kabhI-kabhI svataMtra AdhyAtmika-jIvana aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mAno vaha sArvabhaumika-AtmA kA anubhava ho, kiMtu kabhI-kabhI vaha prakRti kI vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM, jo ki apane-Apa meM AdhyAtmika nahIM hai, aneka AtmAoM ke anubhavoM, preraNAoM evaM pratikriyAoM ke prakAroM ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA lekina, yadi jIvana eka aisI prakriyA hai, jisane vartamAna bhUta se bhinna hotA hai, to kahAM taka vartamAna zubha kA nItizAstra bhUtakAla ke nItizAstra para AdhArita athavA usase samyakpe Na niyaMtrita ho sakatA hai? yaha to jIvana ke gatyAtmaka aura svecchika (sahaja) svarUpa para bala denA hai| yaha bAta jAna-DivI aura beneDeTokrose'

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/302 ke naitika-vicAroM ko prakaTa karatI hai, yadyapi anya bAtoM meM ina donoM dArzanikoM meM matabheda haiN| krose (janma 1866 I.) krose ke anusAra, naitika-AcaraNa jIvana kI abhivRddhi kI dizA meM pratispardhI dAvoM ke punaH samAyojana meM nihita hai, lekina vaha jIvana ke kucha pakSoM ko itanA adhika bar3hA-car3hA detA hai ki vaha apane ko una mUlyAtmaka-vicAroM se sambaMdhita nahIM kara pAtA hai, jo ki jIvana ko mUlyavAn banAte haiN| isake sAtha hI, vaha apane vicAroM ke dvArA eka aisA saMdeha utpanna kara letA hai ki kyA aisA koI mUlyAtmaka gahana vicAra ho sakatA hai, yA usakA honA Avazyaka hai? jaisA ki krose mAnatA hai, eka aisA dRSTi- biMdu ho sakatA hai, jisameM pratyeka naitika-paristhiti viziSTa hai, lekina yadi ciMtana kA koI artha hai aura vaha jIvana ke nirdezana meM kisI prakAra prabhAvazAlI siddha ho sakatA hai, to use mUlya athavA mUlyoM kI kucha aisI dhAraNAoM ke nirmANa karane ke yogya honA cAhie, jo vikAsa kI prakriyA meM hone vAle parivartanoM meM bhI kucha sthAyI tattva aura kucha saMgati rakhatI ho| jIvana ke niraMtara navanirmANa ke lakSaNa para bala dene ke kAraNa krose sAtatya, vyavasthA evaM usa AtmasaMyama ke lakSaNoM ke prati nyAya karane meM asaphala rahA, jisa para arastU ne bahuta pahale bala diyA thA, phira bhI vaha Anubhavika-vivecana ke mahattva ko svIkAra karatA hai, kiMtu yaha bAta usake vyAvahArika-darzana ke lie koI mahattva rakhatI ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki manuSya sukhoM kA bhoktA nahIM hai, apitu jIvana kA nirmAtA hai| yadyapi anubhava ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA adhika satya hai ki vaha donoM hI hai, lekina vyakti ko pratispardhI dAvoM ke punarsamAyojana kI dizA meM niyojita evaM nidarzita kauna karatA hai? krose aise kisI bhI prazna ko asvIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai| jIvana hI naitikasamasyA ko utpanna karatA hai aura vahI kevala usakA samAdhAna prastuta kara sakatA hai| vaicArika-dRSTi se naitika-samasyA ko prastuta karane kA pratyeka prayAsa athavA jIvanapaddhati yA jIvana-dRSTi kI gaveSaNA kA pratyeka prayAsa vastutaH kiMkartavya-mImAMsA hai, to yaha nizcita hai ki vicAra apanI pUrvagAmI aura pazcagAmI-dRSTi ke kAraNa apane vizleSaNa aura racanA ke kAraNa jIvana kA hI eka aMga hai| jIvana mAtra prakriyA nahIM hai, naitikatA sAmAnya (sarvavyApI) saMkalpa hai| vaha svayaM hI prazna pUchatA hai, yaha sAmAnya kyA hai? aura svayaM hI uttara detA hai ki yaha AtmA hai, yaha sattA hai tathA jahAM taka ki

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/303 vaha vastutaH satarhatayA vicAra aura saMkalpa kI ekatA hai| yaha jIvana hai, jahAM taka ki isakI apane-Apa kI ekatA ke rUpa meM apane gAMbhIrya ke sAtha sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai| yadi ise satata rUpa se vikAsazIla sRSTi evaM pragati mAnA jAtA hai, to yaha svataMtratA hai| naitika-vyakti meM samaSTi ke lie sakriyatA kI cetanA hotI hai| krose bhAvanAoM kI apanI vivecanAoM ke dvArA prArambha meM hI apanI-apanI asaMgati ko prakaTa kara detA hai| ve loga, jo darzana meM bhAvanAoM ko sthAna dete haiM, bahuta kucha rUpa meM apanI sthiti ko hAsyAspada banA dete haiN| yadyapi krose hameM bhAvanA-zUnyatA athavA atibhAvukatA kI- donoM hI bhrAMtiyoM se bacane ke lie sajaga karatA hai| vaha svayaM bhI tathAkathita rASTraprema, Izvara-prema aura mAnava prema kI bhAvanAoM meM bahuta hI kama aMtara spaSTa kara pAegA, lekina usakA darzana kauna-se mUlyoM ko svIkAra kara pAyA hai? aMta meM, usakA svayaM kA dRSTikoNa bhI bhAvazUnyatA ke dveSa se yukta pratIta hotA hai| DivI (janma 1859 I.) astitva evaM anubhava ke gatyAtmaka-svarUpa para jAna DivI ke dvArA bhI isI prakAra kA bala diyA gayA hai| DivI apane anekoM graMthoM meM jJAna kI sabhI zAkhAoM kI dRSTi se aparivartanazIlatA ke pratyaya kA virodha karatA hai| aisA usane svataMtratA aura svecchA ke pratyayoM kI svIkRti ke kAraNa kiyA hai| na to jJAna kisI atikrAmI aparivartanazIla sattA ko abhivyakta karatA hai aura na naitika-jIvana hI eka zAzvata aparivartanazIla Adeza hai| buddhi ke dvArA eka gatizIla aura aparivartanIya sAdhya kA parityAga naitikatA, svataMtratA aura pragatizIla nIti-vijJAna evaM padArthavijJAna kI eka Avazyaka pUrva zarta thii| parokSa aura amUrta bane-banAe mUlyoM se vijJAna ko mukti dilAnA, vartamAna meM adhika viziSTa mUlyoM ke nirmANa evaM svIkRti ke lie use sakSama banAne kI dRSTi se Avazyaka thaa| DivI kahatA hai ki bhUtakAla meM nItizAstra ke vividha sampradAyoM ne eka ekala-aparivartanIya parama zubha kI dhAraNA ke adhIna hokara kArya kiyA thA, kiMtu hameM parivartanIya, gatizIla evaM vyaktigata zubhoM aura sAdhyoM kI anekatA kI dhAraNA ke lie eka aparivartanIya aMtima zubha ke pratyaya kA parityAga karanA hogaa| naitika-mUlyoM ko nigamana ke dvArA sAmAnyoM se prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, apitu naitika-jIvana viziSTa paristhitiyoM kI vyApaka-khoja para, vizleSaNa para, kArya ke saMbhAvita prakAroM ke pariNAmoM ke anumAna para aura jaba taka Thana apekSita pariNAmoM kI vAstavika pariNAmoM ke sAtha tulanA nahIM ho jAtI, taba

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/304 taka unheM eka parikalpanAtmaka-nirNaya mAnane para nirbhara karatA hai| sAmAnya dhAraNAeM vaiyaktika-paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hotI haiN| vargIkaraNa una saMbhAvita lakSaNoM ko batA sakatA hai, jinheM kisI vyakti ko vizeSa ghaTanA ke adhyayana meM dekhanA caahie| isa prakAra, sAmAnya dhAraNAoM se cipake rahane kI pravRtti se dhyAna alaga haTAkara vaiyaktika-paristhitiyoM kI khoja kI vikAsazIla evaM prabhAvazIla paddhati ke prati keMdrita kiyA gyaa| hama sAmAnya ke dvArA svAsthya, sampatti, zikSA, nyAya evaM dayAlutA kI khoja yA upalabdhi nahIM kara skte| kArya sadaiva hI viziSTa, yathArtha vaiyaktika aura sakala hotA hai, ataH kAryoM ke prati nirNaya bhI isI prakAra viziSTa honA caahie| isa prakAra, buddhi kA kArya vivikta ke prati prayAsoM ke nirdezana aura eka sAmAnya naitika-Adarza kI khoja nahIM, apitu vartamAna AMtarika-zubhoM kA viveka aura unakI upalabdhi ke vibhinna aparokSa sAdhanoM kI khoja karanA hai| yahAM zubhoM ko vyApaka artha meM lenA caahie| DivI prAkRtika evaM sAmAjikazubhoM kI carcA karatA hai, kiMtu unameM naitika-mUlyoM kI dRSTi se koI vizeSa aMtara pratIta nahIM hotA hai| naitika-jJAna kA alaga-se koI pratipAdya viSaya nahIM hai aura isalie eka vivikta nItivijJAna jaisI koI vastu nahIM hai| ucita ke aMtima pramApaka para athavA manuSya ke aMtima sAdhya ke svarUpa para ciMtana karane kI apekSA kisI ko daihikazAstra, mAnavazAstra aura manovijJAna kA upayoga usa sabakI khoja ke lie karanA cAhie, jisake dvArA apanI AMgika-zaktiyoM aura kSamatAoM kI khoja kI jA ske| sAmAjika-kalAeM, kAnUna, zikSA, arthazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra kA upayoga sabhI ke bhAgya ke sudhAra kI eka bauddhika-paddhati ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM karanA cAhie, yadyapi vaha zubhoM ke sAdhyAtmaka aura sAdhanAtmaka-vargIkaraNa kI tIvra Alocaka hai| vaha use eka aisA vargIkaraNa mAnatA hai ki jisake vyAvahArika pariNAma bahuta hI khataranAka haiN| koI bhI vyakti yaha anumAna nahIM lagA sakatA hai ki AlocanIyabhautikavAda aura hamAre Arthika-jIvana kI nRzaMsatA kA kitanA aMza Arthika-sAdhyoM ko kevala sAdhanAtmaka mAnane ke kAraNa hai| jaba unheM bhI dUsare mUlyoM ke samAna carama mUlya aura svataHsAdhya svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, taba yaha dekhA jA sakegA ki ve AdarzIkaraNa ke yogya haiM aura yaha ki yadi jIvana mUlyavAn hai, to ve bhI avazya hI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/305 AdarzAtmaka aura AMtarika-mUlya se yukta hoNge| DivI isa bAta para bala denA cAhatA hai ki mUlyoM kI anubhUti eka prakriyA ke rUpa meM hotI hai| eka aisI satata prakriyA ke rUpa meM, jo ki saMgharSazIla aura upalabdhi ke lie prayatnazIla hai| koI bhI sthiti mAtra sAdhanAtmaka nahIM hai| sAdhya koI aisA aMtima chora yA sTezana nahIM hai, jahAM taka pahuMcanA hai| yaha astitvavAn paristhitiyoM ke parivartita hote rahane kI niyamita vyavasthA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| prathamataH, AvegoM aura mUla-pravRttiyoM para AdhArita AcaraNa vikasita hote hue sAmAjika-niyamoM aura sAmAnya dhAraNAoM ke prabhAva-kSetra ke adhIna AyA, aMtataH ise sat ke sAmAnya siddhAMtoM ke prakAza meM eka pUrNa ke rUpa meM dekhA gyaa| eka vicAra, jahAM taka anubhavoM kI eka saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai, vahAM taka satya hai, lekina kisI bhI sthiti meM aisA siddhAMta apane-Apa ko aMtima rUpa se pratisthApita nahIM kara sktaa| naitika-pratyaya ke sAmAnya lakSaNa ye haiM ki pratyeka vyakti eka uttaradAyI-kartA ke rUpa meM apane prati, dUsare vyaktiyoM ke prati aura sampUrNa samAja ke prati apane dAyitvoM ke aMtargata khar3A huA hai aura usake ye dAyitva sAmAnya zubha kI (AbaMdha) AvazyakatAoM ke dvArA paribhASita kie jAte haiN| naitika-pragati sahaja samUhoM kI mAMgoM kI svIkRti aura unake anupAlana se lagAkara eka vyApaka aura saMgatipUrNa Adarza se anuzAsita hone taka hai| bAhya-paramparAgata niyama naitika-vidhAnoM ke viziSTa lakSaNa se yukta nahIM haiN| dUsare yaha ki kucha naitikadAyitva (AbaMdha) mAnya kie gae haiM, lekina ve kisI sAmAnya naitika-siddhAMta para AdhArita nahIM hai| isa biMdu taka Adima-sAmAjika-rUr3hiyoM kI naitikatA kA prabhAva hai, jisameM prema aura ghRNA athavA sAmAjika aura asAmAjika-Avega mile hue haiN| tIsarI avasthA meM caritra aura AcaraNa ke naitika-siddhAMtoM aura AdarzoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, yahAM naitika-pragati usa saMgharSa ke dvArA hotI, jisameM jIvana kI sthitiyAM adhikAdhika AtmA ke prabhutva ke adhIna AtI haiN| yahAM naitika pragati pariveza kI prAkRtika-sthitiyoM kA aparihArya pariNAma nahIM hotI, lekina AMtarika aMtarnihita AdhyAtmika-zakti ke prakAra para nirbhara hotI hai| naitika-pragati (prAkRtika) aMdhazaktiyoM ke khela se prArambha hokara mAnavatA ke Atmacetana vikAsa taka jAtI hai| apane graMtha bauddhika zubha' (1921) meM hAbahAusa ne sAmAnya naitika-siddhAMta kI vaha rUparekhA prastuta kI hai ki jisa para usakA naitikatA ke itihAsa kA dArzanika-ciMtana

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/306 use le gayA hai| yaha AcaraNa (vyavahAra) para zAsana karane ke lie buddhi ke dAve kA prastutikaraNa hai| buddhi anubhUtiyoM ke AMtarika-sambaMdhoM se sambaMdhita hai, lekina jIvana eka prakriyA hai aura isa prakAra, buddhi kA kArya kabhI pUrA nahIM hotA hai| satya ko satata rUpa se vyApaka banAyA jAtA hai aura galatiyoM ko dUra kiyA jAtA hai| zubha-bhAvanA aura anubhava kI eka saMgati hai| bauddhika-zubha jahAM taka bhAvanAoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai, sabhI saMvedanazIla prANiyoM ke sabhI anubhavoM kI eka saMgati kA dAvA karatA hai| isa bauddhika-zubha meM mana kI svayaM se aura bAhya-vizva se eka saMgati rahatI hai| isa bauddhika-vyavasthA kA yaha sArvabhaumavAda vyakti ko samAhAra bhI karatA hai, lekina usakA atikramaNa bhI karatA hai| mUlabhUta naitika-siddhAMta sarvavyApaka saMgati kI ora eka arthAt sthAyI zaktiyoM kA eka aisA adhika pUrNa saMgaThana aura samAyojana hai, jo ki vizva kI gati kI acchAI ke lie banAyA gayA hai| samakAlIna nItizAstra ke lakSaNa nItizAstra ke jina siddhAMtoM kA isa adhyAya meM sarvekSaNa kiyA gayA hai, ve bahuta kucha rUpoM meM vyAvahArika-jIvana kI parivartita aura parivartanazIla abhivRttiyoM aura AdarzoM ko batAte haiN| yadyapi yaha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai ki yaha avasthA sabhI mUlyoM ke mUlyAMtaraNa kI sthiti hai yA ho rahI hai, phira bhI, isane pAramparika-naitika-AdarzoM aura AcaraNa kI vidhAoM ko nizcita hI lalakArA hai| vaiyaktika-anubhavoM, jaise ki ve haiM, ke mahattva vicAra karane kI dRSTi se yaha prakriyA sabhI logoM para baMdhanakAraka aise kisI sAmAnya siddhAMta kI svIkRti se dUra hai| vyAvahArika uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie una anubhavoM para vizeSa vidhAoM ke anusAra vicAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina vizeSoM ke mUlya ko eka aise Adarza ghaTaka ke rUpa meM anivAryatayA nahIM vicArA gayA hai, jo ki sabhI meM samAna rUpa se rahA huA hai| sAmAjika-dabAva ke bAvajUda bhI ekala vyakti ke jIvana para punaH bala diyA jA rahA hai| koI bhI bauddhika evaM aparihArya AbaMdha pratIta nahIM hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para isa pIr3hI ke vyakti ko apane svayaM ke AtmatyAga ke lie vartamAna yuga ke sambhAvita agrima vikAsa ke dUrastha pariNAmoM kI upalabdhi ko apanA sAdhya banAnA caahie| isI prakAra, isa bAta kA bhI koI pramANa nahIM hai ki aisA koI bauddhika yA aparihArya AbaMdha (dAyitva) hai, jisake AdhAra para vyakti svayaM ke hita kA vyApaka sAmAjikaikAI ke anizcita hita ke hetu samarpaNa kre| samAja meM pracalita naitika-niyamoM kA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/307 sammAna samAja ke sadasyoM ke bhUtakAlIna anubhavoM kI abhivyakti ke rUpa meM aura unake mArgadarzana ke lie upayogI hone ke kAraNa hI kiyA jAtA hai, na ki isalie ki ve niyama, naitika-pramANa haiN| vyakti svayaM ke lie ekamAtra svIkRta naitika pramANa anubhava ke naitika-guNa meM nihita hai| sArvabhauma rUpa se lAga kie jAne ke siddhAMta para pahale jo bala diyA jAtA thA, usake virodha meM aba ekala vyakti kI viziSTatA ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| isa dhAraNA meM yaha bAta bhI nihita hai ki vyakti apane svayaM ke viziSTa dRSTikoNa ke dvArA naitika-mUlyoM ke kSetra ko pratibimbita karatA hai| pratyeka ke lie aura sabhI ke lie nIti kI samAnatA (abheda) ke AkArika-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM vastuniSThatA aura sAmAnyatA ke sthAna para aba pratyeka vyakti kI naitikatA kI dUsare sabhI vyaktiyoM kI naitikatA ke sAtha saMgati yA sahagAmitA ko dekhA jAne lgaa| isa yuga ke prArambha meM pracalita naitika-AcaraNa ke vistRta vivaraNoM ke saMdarbha meM apanI bauddhika-abhivyakti kI dRSTi se ina dRSTikoNa ke vyAvahArika-kriyAnvayana ke pariNAmoM ke sAtha, jo ki abhI parIkSaNa kI avasthA meM hai, vartamAna jIvanapaddhati adhika sahamati nahIM rakhatI hai| nItizAstra kI samakAlIna pravRttiyoM ne kisI nirapekSa tattvamImAMsA ke AdhAra para nItizAstra ke kisI saMtoSajanaka siddhAMta kI sthApanA ke prayAsa kI kamajorI ko avazya prakaTa kiyA hai, cAhe ve aise prayAsa kI pUrNa asaphalatA ko siddha na kara pAI hoN| unhoMne jaivika-vikAsa ke tathyoM aura siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para naitika-jIvana aura naitika-mUlyoM ko samajhane ke prayAsa kI asamarthatA ko prakaTa kiyA hai| unhoMne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki sukhavAdI-siddhAMta eka nimnastarIya yA jhUThe manovijJAna para AdhArita hai| aba naitika-nirNayoM evaM unake viziSTa rUpoM tathA unake nihitArthoM ke svarUpake svataMtra adhyayana kA udaya huA hai aura nItivijJAna kA prathama kArya naitikatA ke ina Anubhavika-tathyoM kI samIkSA hai| jo kArya sabase adhika prAthamika hai, vaha vizeSa naitika-mUlyoM kI parigaNanA karanA (yA sUcI banAnA) hai| semuala alekjeNDara ne bahuta pahale san 1889 I. meM isakI AvazyakatA ko pratipAdita kiyA thA, kiMtu kisI ne abhI taka (1936 I.) isa kArya ke lie gambhIratApUrvaka prayAsa kiyA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| semuala ne taba hI kahA thA ki nItizAstra kA eka kArya una vibhinna naitika-nirNayoM kA eka susaMgata vargIkaraNa prastuta karanA hai, jo ki naitika cetanA ke vibhinna ghaTakoM kA nirmANa karate haiM, sAtha hI, jIvana ke naitika-anubhavoM kA eka kramabaddha evaM suvyavasthita vivaraNa prastuta karanA

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/308 hai| nItizAstra kA sambhavatayA sabase mahattvapUrNa aura zrama-sAdhya kArya yahI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki isakI pUrti ke lie vibhinna jAtiyoM, vibhinna kAloM aura vibhinna jalavAyuoM ke naitika-vicAroM (nirNayoM) kA vyApaka jJAna aura una paristhitiyoM kA vyApaka jJAna Avazyaka hai, jinameM una vicAroM (nirNayoM) kA janma huA, sAtha hI, yaha kArya ina sabake mUlabhUta nihitArthoM ke vAstavika samIkSAtmaka-parIkSaNa ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| naitika-mUlyoM kA sarvekSaNa eka aise avayavItaMtra (AMgika-nikAya) yA taMtroM (nikAyoM) kA nirdeza karegA, jisameM ina sabhI mUlyoM kA sthAna rhegaa| kisI bhI samaya vizeSa meM aisA taMtra anivArya rUpa se apUrNa hI hogA, kyoMki jIvanaprakriyA meM nae guNoM (mUlyoM) kI anubhUti hogI aura vikAsazIla sAmAjika-ikAI unako grahaNa karatI rhegii| nItizAstra se bhinna nIti-darzana kA kArya naitikatA ke lie kisI Adarza yA AdhAra kI khoja nahIM hai, lekina anubhavoM kI samagratA meM naitikatA ke sthAna kI khoja hai (naitika Adarza aura naitikatA kA AdhAra -donoM hI kevala svayaM naitikatA meM hI pAe jA sakate haiM), jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai| yaha bahuta kacha isa bAta meM nihita hai ki naitika-AbaMdha (bAdhyatA) ke AdhAra kI samasyA, jo ki pahale naitika-vivecanAoM kA keMdrIya-viSaya thI, aba paripArzva meM calI gaI hai aura una AnuvAMzika-praznoM se pUrNatayA svataMtra mUlyoM kI khoja ko hAtha meM le liyA gayA hai, jaise ki mUlyoM kA utpAdana kauna karatA hai aura kauna unakA upabhoga karatA hai| prArambhika-siddhAMtoM ne svayaM naitika-anubhavoM ke bAhara Izvara ke saMkalpa meM, rAjya kI prabhusattA meM yA buddhi ke nirapekSa Adeza meM naitika-AbaMdha ke AdhAra kI khoja kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| isa sarala satya ko aba svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki zubha ke lie prayAsa karane ke naitika-AbaMdha kA AdhAra zubha ke svayaM ke svarUpa meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, samucita rUpa se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki nItizAstra kI samakAlIna gatividhiyAM use ni:tika-nIti kI itara dhAraNAoM ke prabhutva se mukti dilAne kI dizA meM kAryarata haiM, aba nItizAstra apanI prakriyA meM adhika vizleSaNAtmaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi nItizAstra aba bhI use prApta nahIM kara pAyA hai, jisakI khoja kA vacana detA hai| vaha kevala jIvana ke sAmAnya dRSTikoNa aura naitika-mUlyoM ke vizeSa dRSTikoNa ko adhika vyApaka aura samRddha rUpa meM prApta kara pAyA hai, kucha samaya ke lie una vizeSa svataH zubhoM kI ekatA aura unake saMgaThana kI dizA meM Avazyaka gatividhiyoM

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/309 kA abhAva pratIta ho sakatA hai, jinakI ora isakA dhyAna keMdrita hai| samakAlIna nIti-darzana kisI bhI prakAra kI aisI sAmAnya dhAraNA kA virodhI hai, jo ki kisI bhI rUpa meM isakI kriyAzIlatA meM bAdhA DAla sakatI hai aura use mUlyoM kI satata rUpa se varddhamAna saMpadA kI dizA meM prayAsazIla hote hue roka sakatI nItizAstra ke adhyayana kA tattvamImAMsIya pUrva dhAraNAoM se mukta ho jAne kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki isa AdhAra para yaha sabhI tattvamImAMsA-saMdarbho ko chor3a sakatI hai aura sabhI tAttvika-nihitArthoM se baca sakatI hai, lekina pichale pacAsa varSoM kI anubhavAtmaka aura vizleSaNAtmaka-khoja ke kAraNa ina nihitArthoM kI khoja ke prati eka sAmAnya udAsInatA dekhI gaI hai, jabaki mUra jaise kucha lekhaka zubha ko sAmAnya ke samAna hI eka vidheya mAnate haiN| mUra ne yaha kahakara ki sAmAnya vyaSTi (vizeSa) meM nihita hai, unakI tattvamImAMsIya-sthiti para rahasyAtmakatA kA paradA DAla diyA hai| mUlyoM ke sambaMdha meM saMgaThana ke svarUpa para abhI taka jitanA vicAra kiyA gayA hai, usakI apekSA adhika vicAra kI AvazyakatA hai| abhI kucha paccIsa varSoM taka prArambhika-sampratyAtmaka-dRSTikoNa kA astitva banA raha sakatA hai| isa prakAra vilabara, mArzala, arabana apane graMtha mUlyAMkana, usakA svarUpa evaM niyama (1909) meM yaha prazna pUchatA hai ki kama-se-kama ciMtana kI dRSTi se kyA una anubhavAtmaka-sAdhyoM meM kucha sArabhUta AMtarika-mUlyoM (svataH mUlyoM) kI tArkika avadhAraNA nahIM hai, jinase eka carama pUrva avadhAraNA ke rUpa meM aneka nirNAyakasthitiyoM meM aMtarnihita mAnyatA evaM anubhavAtmaka uddezyoM ko tArkika-rUpa meM nigamita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta sAmAnyatayA eka tArkika-DhaMga ke saMgaThana ko sUcita karatI hai| yaha vicAra ki mUlya kucha aise lakSaNoM ke dvArA saMgaThita hai, jo ki sabhI meM sAmAnyatayA upasthita rahate haiM, eka AkArika-buddhiparatAvAda ko banAe rakha sakatA hai| aba jisa ekatA ko jAnA gayA hai, vaha eka dUsare prakAra kI hai| yaha eka saMgaThana hai, yaha bhinna-bhinna vizeSoM ko usa eka ikAI (samagratA) ke rUpa meM samanvita karanA hai, jo ki eka kramabaddha saMracanA yA avayavI-saMracanA hai| ise amUrta ciMtana ke dvArA utanA nahIM pAyA jA sakatA, jitanA ki vyAvahArika-saMgaThana kI paddhati hai| vaha siddhAMta, jo aise vyAvahArika-prayAsoM ke lie mArgadarzana de sakatA hai, eka anubhUta saMgati hai, na ki saMgaThita hone vAle sabhI zubhoM ke guNoM yA lakSaNoM meM samAna rUpa se upasthita kisI

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 310 sAmAnya tattva kA sArthaka pratyayeM kA saMgaThana aisI koI cIja nahIM ho sakatI, jo ki buddha kI khoja ke lie pahale se hI astitvavAn ho| hamAre pAsa hai, jo hai vaha saMgaThana kI eka prakriyA hai, jise kramazaH prApta kiyA gayA hai| nItizAstra aura IzvaravAda kucha lekhakoM ne IzvaravAdI darzana meM nItizAstra ke lie tattvamImAMsIya AdhAra kI khoja kI hai / varttamAna yuga meM yahI eka aisA nizcaya prayAsa pratIta hotA hai, jisane nItizAstra ke tAttvika - nihitArthoM para nItizAstra kI pratIti ke stara para lAe binA hI vicAra kiyA hai| yaha sArle ke graMtha naitika mUlya aura Izvara kA pratyaya kA keMdrIya-siddhAMta hai aura razaDAla ke anekoM graMthoM ke mukhya vivecyaviSayoM meM se eka hai / razaDAla ne isa tarka ko spaSTatayA aura saMkSepa meM nimna gadyAMza meM prastuta kiyA hai aura jise sArle ne udbhUta kiyA hai| vaha likhatA hai ki eka nirapekSa naitika-niyama yA naitika-Adarza na to bhautika vastuoM meM astitva rakhatA hai aura na isa yA usa vyakti ke mana meM astitva rakhatA hai| yadi hama sirfa eka aisI AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa karate haiM, jisane eka sacce naitika - Arda ko kisI artha meM upalabdha kara liyA hai, pahale se, aura yaha vizvAsa karate haiM ki yahI eka aisI AtmA hai, jo hamAre naitika-nirNayoM meM jo kucha bhI satya hai, usakA srota hai, to hI hama buddhipUrvaka eka aise naitika - Adarza ke sambaMdha meM soca sakate haiM, jo svayaM isa vizva kI apekSA kama yathArtha nahIM hai aura taba hI hama ucita aura anucita ke eka nirapekSapramApaka meM AsthA rakha sakate haiM, jo ki isa ora usa vyakti ke yathArtha vicAroM aura yathArtha icchAoM se utanA hI svataMtra hai, jitane ki bhautika - prakRti ke tathya ina vicAroM evaM icchAoM se svataMtra haiN| sat aura Izvara meM vizvAsa sakriya AtmA meM vizvAsa samAna naitikatA jaisI kisI vastu kA usameM astitva hai, isa bAta kA abhyupagama nahIM hai, apitu eka vastuniSTha aura nirapekSa- naitikatA kI tArkika pUrva dhAraNA hai| eka naitika - Adarza manasa ke atirikta kahIM bhI aura kaise bhI astitva nahIM rakha sktaa| eka nirapekSa naitika Adarza kevala aise manasa meM astitva rakha sakatA hai, jisase sampUrNa sattA niHsRta hotI hai 2 | hamArA naitika Adarza kevala taba hI vastuniSTha prAmANikatA kA dAvA kara sakatA hai, jahAM taka ki vaha buddhipUrvaka zAzvata rUpa se Izvara ke manasa meM astitvavAn naitika-Adarza ke prakAzana (zuddhi) ke rUpa meM mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| - -

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 311 arthara jemsa belaphora apane graMtha IzvaravAda aura mAnavatAvAda ( 1915) meM yaha batAne kA prayAsa karate haiM ki sAmAnya rUpa meM mUlya, jinameM naitika- - mUlya bhI nihita haiM, yadi sattA ke IzvaravAdI - dRSTikoNa se alaga kara lie jAte haiM, to ve apane mahattva aura prabhAva tathA hama para apane adhikAra kA bahuta-kucha bhAga kho deNge| kleiyeMTa sI, je. deba apane graMtha IzvarIya - vyaktitva aura mAnava-jIvana (1920) meM naitikatA ko eka vyakti ke prati zraddhA se jor3ate hue naitikatA meM AbaMdha ke pratyaya para sAmAnyatayA die jA rahe bala kI apekSA adhika bala dete haiN| ve kahate haiM ki AbaMdha meM hameM eka aise pakSa ko svIkAra karanA hogA, jo na kevala svAyattatA hai, varan AdhInatA bhI hai, jo ki vicAra karane para vastutaH IzvarIya-taMtra ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai| 'zubha' kA pratyaya ke sambaMdha meM Adhunika nItizAstra kA pichalA sarvekSaNa hameM zubhoM kI anekatA kI eka AMgika ikAI kI ora le jAtA pratIta hotA hai, lekina veba ke dvArA nimna padyAMza meM, jisameM ki vaha naitikatA ke viSaya meM apanI IzvaravAdI - sthiti spaSTa karatA hai, usakA isa artha meM prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vaha likhatA hai ki usa sarvocca sattA kI dhAraNA, jo ki na kevala zubha hai, apitu eka zubha sattA bhI hai, nItizAstra ke vidyArthI ke lie eka aisI kalpanA nahIM hai, jise eka pUrNa prajJA ke vicAra ko kriyAnvita karane kI icchA ke dvArA sUcita kiyA gayA hai ( phira cAhe vaha icchA kitanI hI tarkasaMgata aura aparihArya kyoM na ho), apitu svayaM naitika anubhavoM ke tathyoM para ciMtana karake jisakA anumodana kiyA gayA hai| mAnavIya svataMtratA - pichale 50 varSoM meM mAnavIya svataMtratA kI samasyA ke saMdarbha meM nItizAstra ke lekhakoM kA dRSTikoNa badala gayA hai / varttamAna kI apekSA prAcInakAla meM naitika - uttaradAyitva ke pratyaya para adhika dhyAna diyA jAtA thA aura use svataMtratA ke pratyaya se nikaTa rUpa se sambaMdhita mAnA jAtA thaa| aba, sAmAnyatayA naitika-cayana ke tathya ko svIkAra karanA hI paryApta samajhA jAtA hai| yAMtrika-nirdhAraNavAda aura ataMtratAvAda (anirdhAraNavAda) ke bIca AtmanirdhAraNavAda kI dhAraNA ke dvArA eka madhyamamArga khojane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, jo ki pUrvakathita sthiti kI apUrNatA para vijaya pAne meM sahAyaka hote hue bhI caritra ke sudhAra kI sarvAdhika kaThina samasyA kI vyAkhyA ke lie paryApta siddha nahIM ho sktaa| samakAlIna nItizAstra meM svataMtratA kA vicAra eka dUsare DhaMga meM bhI AyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie,

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/312 jAna DivI ke darzana meM aba yaha svataMtratA kA pratyaya nae mUlyoM aura unakI upalabdhi ke nae tarIkoM kI khoja meM kriyA kI svataMtratA ko bhUtakAlIna-vicAroM kI gulAmI se buddhi kI svataMtratA ko tathA sthira AdarzoM kI adhInatA se naitika-cetanA kI svataMtratA ko batAtA hai| isa prakAra, svataMtratA ke pratyaya ko mAnavIya-cetanA ke tAttvika-lakSaNa kI apekSA vyAvahArika-dRSTikoNa ke lie eka sArthaka pratyaya ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| yaha usa dRSTikoNa kA pratinidhitva karatA hai, jisake lie dUsare sabhI kSetroM ke samAna nIti-kSetra meM bhI vartamAna aura bhaviSya-navInatA ke lie mArga khulA rahatA hai aura isa artha meM yaha vikAsavAda kI navyotkrAMtavAdI Adhunika-vivecanA se sambaMdhita ho jAtA hai| (vikAsa ke) pratyeka stara para jo mUlya prakaTa hote haiM, ve na to pUrI taraha se bhUtakAla kI yAMtrika-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ke kAraNa hote haiM aura na ve eka aise Adarza ke kAraNa astitva meM Ate haiM, jisakI satyatA kisa rUpa meM bhaviSya ke garbha meM nihita hai yA zAzvatatA meM nihita hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, navyotkrAMta ke rUpa meM mUlyoM kI vyAkhyA na to unake nirmita kAraNoM ke prasaMga meM (jaisA ki bhautikavAda yA prAcIna prakRtivAda mAnatA hai) aura na unake aMtima kAraNoM ke prasaMga meM (jaisA ki prAcIna pAramparika-adhyAtmavAda mAnatA hai) kI jA sakatI hai| isa bAta para kucha kAraNoM se yaha Apatti kI jA sakatI hai ki navyotkrAMtavAdI-vikAsa ke rUpa meM mUlyoM ke vivecana kI yaha paddhati una aMtima samasyAoM ko apekSita kara detI hai, jo ki itanA hone para bhI mAnava-mastiSka ko kacauTatI rahatI hai, yadyapi nItizAstra meM mAnavIya-kriyAoM kI yathArthatA aura naitikapragati meM svaicchikatA ke tathya ko svIkAra kara lenA paryApta mAnA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA aura amaratA naitikatA ke lie amaratA ke pratyaya ke mahattva ko svIkAra karane ke lie razaDAla ke dvArA vizeSa rUpa se jora diyA gyaa| razaDAla yaha mAnatA hai ki amaratA kA pratyaya Izvara ke pratyaya kI apekSA bhI nItizAstra ke lie adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| naitika-AdarzoM kI tarkasaMgatatA, unakI upalabdhi sambhAvyatA se jur3I huI pratIta hotI hai aura naitika-AdarzoM kI yaha upalabdhi eka sAdhAraNa mAnavIya-jIvana kI kAlAvadhi meM ho pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, yadyapi samakAlIna ciMtana mukhyataH jIvana kI kAlAvadhi kI apekSA jIvana ke guNa se sambaddha hai| jIvana jIne meM naitika-zubha naitika-azubha kI apekSA vareNya mAnA jAtA hai aura yadi

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/313 jIvana pUrI taraha se samApta hotA hai, to bhI isa (vareNyatA) ko badalA nahIM jA sktaa| yaha sahI hai ki kucha logoM ke lie amaratA kA pratyaya vyakti ke vyaktitva kI bhAvInaitika-pragati ke lie avasara pradAna karatA hai, lekina aba jo jIvana jIyA jA rahA hai, usake prati naitika-dRSTikoNa ke lie amaratA kA pratyaya Avazyaka nahIM hai|

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA / 314 saMdarbha - dekhie - ethiksa (aMgrejI bhASAMtara 1924) jaisA ki semuala alekjeNDara ke graMtha 'naitika-vyavasthA aura pragati' meM hai| (1) dvitIyastarIya dveSa (mAtsarya, pratikAra, zaMkAlutA) (2) dvitIyastarIya zArIrika - pravarttaka (dabbUpana, kAmukatA) (3) prathamastarIya zArIrika- pravarttakaka - ( kSudhA ) (4) prathamastarIya pAzavika - pravartaka ( sahajakriyA aura ArAma) (5) lo ( kSudhA kA dvitIyastarIya vikAra) 1. 2. 3. (6) dvitIyastarIya rAga (bhAvukatA, sabhI bhAvoM kI Asakti) (7) prathamastarIya dveSa (vizeSa, krodha aura bhaya ) (8) dvitIyastarIya pAzavika - pravarttaka (mada, zakti - prema ) (9) dvitIyastarIya sthAyIbhAva (Atma-sudhAra, sauMdaryopAsanA aura dharma-niSThA) ( 10 ) kautUhala aura vismaya ke prathamastarIya sthAyIbhAva (11) vAtsalya aura samAja- prema ke prathamastarIya rAga ( 12 ) karuNA kA prathamastarIya rAga ( 13 ) zraddhA kA prathamastarIya rAga vizeSa rUpa se dekheM- sAikolAjie vana imprAijana sTeNDa puke 4. (1874) 5. sAikolAjIsika ithiske (1923) 6. sisTema Dara varatherika (1807-1897) 7. adhika vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekhie - hovarDa o eTana dI AsTre philAsaphI oNpha velyUsa 1930 tathA mUlyoM ke sAmAnya siddhAMta ke lie aMgrejI meM dekhie arabana kA graMtha mUlyAMkana kI prakRti evaM niyama / 9. philAsaphI oNpha prekTIkala ikAnAmiksa eNDa ethiksa (1908) 10. udAharaNa ke lie dekheM - dI inphlyUnsa oNpha DAravina Ana phila eNDa adara aiseja (1910) kriTikala thyorI oNpha ethiksa (1894) rikansTrakzana oNpha philAsaphI (1920) hyUmana necara eNDa kaNDakTa (1922)

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nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI rUparekhA/315 11. ethArala ADara eNDa pragesa 12. yA kama-se-kama jisase sampUrNa sattA kA niyamana hotA hai| 13. dekheM - esa.alekjeNDara spesa TAima eNDa DiTI (1920)

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prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| K isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| I zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA / satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana :49 pustakeM sampAdana 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka : jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra 1987 DipTImala puraskAra 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna 52003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e: 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) 12007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna 2011 samatA manISI sammAna 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa yU.esa.e. zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU. ke.) aura kAThamADUM (nepAla) Printed at Akrati Offset, UJJAIN Ph. 0734-2561720