Samanya Pandulipi Vigyan

Author(s): Mahavirprasad Sharma
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002693/1

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sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA mANujjazI jovo banaviSAvasthAmA alliAPS apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna

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sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna lekhaka DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA pUrva upAcArya rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, bAr3amera 4 majjA nariNAma PIravAra prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna

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prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI zrI mahAvIrajI-322 220 (rAja.) prAptisthAna 1. jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrI mahAvIrajI 2. sAhitya vikraya kendra digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura-302 004 * prathama bAra, 2003, prati 1,100 * mUlya : 150/- ru. mudraka : jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. ema. AI. roDa, jayapura-302 001 phona : 2373822, 2362468

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Arambhika va prakAzakIya DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA dvArA likhita pustaka 'sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM samarpita karate hue harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai|| digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI dvArA jayapura meM san 1988 meM 'apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI' kI sthApanA kI gii| deza kI yaha pahalI akAdamI hai jahA~ mukhyata: patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se 'apabhraMza bhASA' va usakI mUla 'prAkRta bhASA' kA adhyApana kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki sAhitya evaM saMskRti kI surakSA ke lie pANDulipiyoM ke mahattva ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hamAre pUrvapuruSoM kA cirasaMcita jJAna-vijJAna pANDulipiyoM meM surakSita hai| apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI' ne apane uddezya ke anurUpa 'sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' nAmaka pustaka ko prakAzita karane kA nirNaya lekara pANDulipiyoM ke adhyayana ko sugama banAne kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| 'sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' ko viSaya-praveza sahita ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| viSaya-praveza meM pANDulipivijJAna viSayaka sAmAnya jAnakArI dI gaI hai| isake bAda prathama adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi-grantha-racanAprakriyA', dvitIya adhyAya meM pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna', tRtIya adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi ke prakAra', caturtha adhyAya meM lipi-samasyA aura samAdhAna', paMcama adhyAya meM 'pAThAlocana', SaSTha adhyAya meM 'kAla-nirNaya', saptama adhyAya meM 'zabda aura artha : eka samasyA' tathA aSTama adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi saMrakSaNa' viSayaka sAmagrI kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai|" DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA ne apanI 'sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' pustaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI ko prakAzana ke lie sauMpI, isake lie akAdamI apanA AbhAra vyakta karatI hai| hameM sUcita karate hue harSa hai ki DaoN. zarmA apabhraMza ( iii )

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sAhitya meM akAdamI kI DiplomA parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt kaI varSoM se zrI mahAvIrajI meM laganevAlI prAkRta-apabhraMza kI samparka kakSAoM meM pANDulipivijJAna par3hAne kA kArya karane meM saMlagna haiM / vidyArthiyoM va anya pAThakoM ke lie yaha sugama pustaka likhakara DaoN. zarmA ne eka bahuta bar3e abhAva kI pUrti kI hai| isake lie akAdamI DaoN. zarmA kI AbhArI hai| 'sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' pustaka ke prakAzana meM sahayogI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI ke kAryakartA evaM jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura dhanyavAdAha haiN| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI saMyojaka jainavidyA saMsthAna samiti narezakumAra seThI narendra pATanI adhyakSa maMtrI prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jayantI caitra zukla 13, vIra nirvANa saM. 2529 15.4.2003 ( iv )

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Atmanivedana yoM to pANDulipivijJAna ke kSetra meM deza-videza ke aneka vizvavidyAlayoM meM bahuta kucha kArya huA hai; kintu hamAre deza meM isa kSetra meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kama kArya huA hai| hindI-kSetra meM DaoN. satyendra jI dvArA likhita 'pANDulipivijJAna' nAmaka kRti hI adhikAMza vidyArthiyoM kI mArgadarzaka rahI hai; kintu vidvatApUrNa isa kRti ko sAmAnya pAThaka ke lie samajhanA atyanta durUha hai / yahI samajhakara hamane sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna' nAmaka isa kRti ko Apake samakSa prastuta karane kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH san 1965 I. meM jaba maiM rAja. vizvavidyAlaya ke hindI-vibhAga meM prAdhyApaka thA, tabhI pUjya guruvara DaoN. satyendrajI ke sannirdezana meM 'mevAtI kA udbhava aura vikAsa' viSaya para pIeca.DI. upAdhi hetu zodha-kArya bhI kara rahA thaa| isI daurAna maiM aneka prakAra kI pANDulipiyoM ke samparka meM bhI aayaa| sAtha hI sva. DaoN. rAmacandra rAya, prAdhyApaka, hindI-vibhAga, rAja. vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura ke nirdezana meM maiMne rAjasthAna ke prastaralekha evaM zilAlekhoM ke par3hane kA bhI abhyAsa kiyaa| isa sambandha meM merA eka vistRta zodha-lekha 'DIDavAnA meM prApta prastaralekha' nAma se zodha-patrikA, udayapura ke julAI-sitambara, 1968 ke aMka 3 meM prakAzita huaa| isake bAda maiM rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, DIDavAnA se sthAnAntarita hokara rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, koTapUtalI (jayapura) meM A gyaa| yahA~ Akara maiM torAvATI kSetra meM upalabdha pANDulipiyoM ke sarvekSaNa kArya meM laga gyaa| isa daurAna lagabhaga eka hajAra pANDulipiyoM ko dekhA-parakhA tathA unameM se kucha kI khoja-riporTa pariSada patrikA, paTanA; zodhapatrikA, udayapura; sammelana patrikA, prayAga; marubhAratI, pilAnI Adi patrikAoM meM prakAzita kii| isa prakriyA meM kucha pANDulipiyoM ko par3hane-samajhane hetu maiM pUjya guruvara DaoN. satyendrajI, adhyakSa, hindI-vibhAga, rAja. vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura se vicAravimarza karatA rahA tathA unake dizA-nirdeza meM apanA kArya karatA rahA aura

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'sadAcAra prakAza' nAmaka eka pANDulipi kA san 1972 meM sampAdana-prakAzana kiyaa| isake bAda san 1976 meM merA 'mevAtI kA udbhava aura vikAsa' zodhaprabandha prakAzita huaa| san 1978 I. meM DaoN. satyendrajI kI prasiddha kRti 'pANDulipivijJAna' prakAzita huii| isa dIpaka ke prakAza meM maiM Age bar3hane lgaa| san 1980 I. meM merI koTapUtalI upakhaNDa kA itihAsa', 1982 I. meM 'torAvATI kA itihAsa' nAmaka do pustakeM prakAzita huIM, jinake lekhana ke samaya maiMne aneka prAcIna paTTe-paravAne, tAmrapatra, prastara-lekhAdi pddh'e| phira san 1984 I meM vi.saM. 1855 meM lipibaddha 'zrIrAma paratvam' evaM san 2000 meM 'santa lAladAsa evaM lAladAsI sampradAya kI vANI' kA sampAdana kiyaa| isI bIca san 1994 I. meM merA samparka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura ke nidezaka DaoN. kamalacanda saugAnI se huaa| unakI preraNA aura protsAhana ke pariNAmasvarUpa maiMne apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura se apabhraMza bhASA meM sarTIphikeTa aura phira DiplomA parIkSAe~ uttIrNa kii| akAdamI kI prAkRta-apabhraMza DiplomA parIkSA meM 'pANDulipivijJAna : vyAvahArika evaM saiddhAntika' kA eka prazna-patra hotA hai| 'pANDulipivijJAna' meM merI abhiruci ko dekhate hue mujhe zrImahAvIrajI meM lagane vAlI samparka kakSAoM meM 'pANDulipivijJAna' par3hAne kA avasara milaa| isa daurAna maiM chAtroM kI samasyAoM ko rekhAMkita karatA rhaa| unhIM samasyAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara maiMne 'sAmAnya pANDulipi-vijJAna' sahaja, sarala evaM bodhagamya zailI meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| AzA hai, pAThakoM ko yaha pustaka 'pANDulipi-vijJAna' jaise jaTila viSaya ko samajhane meM sahAyaka siddha hogii| 'sAmAnya pANDulipi-vijJAna' ko viSaya-praveza sahita ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| viSaya-praveza meM pANDulipivijJAna viSayaka sAmAnya jAnakArI dI gaI hai| isake bAda prathama adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi-grantha-racanAprakriyA', dvitIya adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna', tRtIya adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi ke prakAra', caturtha adhyAya meM lipi-samasyA aura samAdhAna', paMcam adhyAya meM pAThAlocana', SaSTha adhyAya meM 'kAlanirNaya', saptam adhyAya meM 'zabda aura artha : eka samasyA' tathA aSTam adhyAya meM 'pANDulipi saMrakSaNa' viSayaka sAmagrI kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| (vi)

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isa pustaka meM prayukta sAmagrI evaM saMdarbha granthoM ke vidvAnoM ke prati maiM apane hRdaya ke gahanAtigahana tala se AbhArI huuN| saca to yaha hai ki ina prakAzastambhoM ke sannirdezana meM hI maiM yaha pustaka Apake samakSa prastuta kara sakA huuN| mere isa prayAsa ko sAkAra karane meM DaoN. kamalacandajI saugAnI kA varadahasta rahA hai| merA 'maiM' ApakA hRdaya se AbhAra vyakta karatA hai| isake sAtha hI zrI mahAvIrajI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra ke adhyakSa, saciva evaM kAryakAriNI kA bhI AbhArI hU~ jinakI sadAzayatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa yaha kRti Apake hAthoM meM hai| maiM samparka kakSAoM ke apane sahayogiyoM kA evaM akAdamI meM kAryarata sahayogiyoM kA AbhArI hU~, jinakA sahayoga mujhe sadaiva milatA rahA hai| anta meM, maiM apane isa prayAsa meM tanika bhI saphala rahA hU~ to isakA zreya samasta pAThakoM ko hI jAtA hai| sAtha hI sudhI pAThakoM se prApta sujhAvoM kA svAgata kruuNgaa| jaya bhAratI DaoN. ema. pI. zarmA 11 akTUbara, 2002 indauriyA niketa choTA bAjAra, koTapUtalI (jayapura) (vii)

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vivaraNikA sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 1-22 1. viSaya-praveza, 2. pANDulipivijJAna : nAmakaraNa kI samasyA, 3. pANDulipi ke bheda, 4. pANDulipivijJAna kyA hai?, 5. pANDulipi vaijJAnika se apekSAe~, 6. pANDulipivijJAna ke pakSa, 7. pANDulipivijJAna kI AvazyakatA, 8. pANDulipivijJAna kA anya vijJAnoM se saMbaMdha, 9. pANDulipi-pustakAlaya (AgAra), 10. Adhunika pANDulipi pustkaaly| adhyAya 1 23-69 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA : 1. pANDulipi-graMtha-racanA ke pakSa, 2. lekhaka aura lipikartA, 3. lekhaka-lipikartA ke guNa, 4. lipikartA kA mahatva, 5. lipikAra ke prakAra, 6. pratilipi meM kI gaI vikRtiyA~ aura unake pariNAma, 7. pANDulipi kI bhUloM ke nirAkaraNa kA uddezya, 8. pratilipi meM vikRtiyA~ : kyoM aura kaise?, 9. 'uddezya' kyoM likhA jAtA hai?, 10. 'uddezya' ke kAraNoM se honevAlI pATha-saMbaMdhI vikRtiyA~, 11. lekhana-prakriyA (lipi), 12. lekhana-paramparAe~, 13. anya viziSTa paramparAe~, 14. zubhAzubha, 15. syAhI, 16. syAhI banAte samaya kI sAvadhAniyA~ evaM niSedha, 17. anya prakAra kI syAhiyA~, 18. citra-racanA aura raMga, 19. citralikhita pANDulipiyoM kA mahatva, 20. kAvyakalA aura citrakalA, 21. pANDulipi-racanA meM prayukta anya upkrnn| adhyAya 2 70-87 pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna : (a) pustakAlaya stara para, (ba) nijI stara para, 1. anusaMdhAnakartA, 2. kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ke guNa, 3. kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA kA karaNIya, 4. prApta pANDulipi kA vivaraNa, 5. pANDulipi-vivaraNa-prastutIkaraNa-prArUpa, 6. pANDulipi-vivaraNa meM anya apekSita bAteM, 7. graMtha kA Antarika paricaya, 8. pANDulipi-vivaraNa (riporTa) ( ix )

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kA prArUpa, 9. lekhA-jokhA, 10. tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 11. jAlI yA nakalI hastalikhita grNth| adhyAya 3 88-107 pANDulipi : prakAra : pANDulipi, lipyAsana ke AdhAra para pANDulipi : prakAra, 1. kaThora lipyAsana, 2. komala lipyAsana, pANDulipiyoM ke anya prakAra, 1. AkAra ke AdhAra para, 2. lekhana-zailI ke AdhAra para, 3. citra-sajjA ke AdhAra para, 4. sAmAnya syAhI se bhinna syAhI meM likhita AdhAra para, 5. akSaroM ke AkAra-AdhArita prakAra, zilAlekhIya prakAra, zilAlekhoM kI chApa lene kI vidhi, chApa lene kI saamgrii| adhyAya 4 108-139 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna : 1. pANDulipivijJAna aura lipi, 2. lipi kA vikAsa-krama, 3. lipi kA itihAsa, 4. devanAgarI lipi aura pUrvavartI lipiyA~, 5. kharoSThI lipi, 6. brAhmIlipi, 7. brAhmI kI utpatti, 8. brAhmI bhAratIya lipi hai, 9. brAhmI varNamAlA, 10. bhArata meM pracalita lipiyA~, 11. devanAgarI lipi : samasyAe~, 12. viziSTa varNa cihna, 13. udAtta-anudAtta dhvni-vrnn| adhyAya 5 140-154 pAThAlocana : 1. mUlapATha, 2. lipika kA sarjana, 3. pANDulipi : vaMza-vRkSa, 4. mUlapAThetara pratilipi aura pAThAlocana, 5. pAThAlocana : zabda-artha kA mahatva, 6. pAThAlocana kI praNAliyA~, 7. pAThAlocana-prakriyA, 8. mUlapAThapratiyA~, 9. mUlapATha : tulanA, 10. tulanA ke AdhAra, 11. bAhya evaM antaraMga sambhAvanAe~, 12. 'artha-nyAsa' kA pAThAlocana meM mahatva, 13. muulpaatth-nirmaann| (x)

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adhyAya 6 155-178 kAla-nirNaya : 1. kAla-nirNaya, 2. kAla-saMketa ke prakAra, 3. kAla-nirNaya kI samasyAe~, 4. bhArata meM pracalita san-saMvat, 5. kAlagaNanA meM AnevAlI ar3acaneM, 6. kAla-saMketa rahita graMtha ke kAla-nirNaya kI paddhati, 7. kavi-nAma nirdhAraNa kI smsyaa| adhyAya 7 179-191 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA : 1. zabda samasyA, 2. pANDulipi meM prApta zabdabheda, 3. arth-smsyaa| adhyAya 8 192-204 pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa : 1. AvazyakatA evaM mahattva, 2. Adhunika yuga ke vaijJAnika prayatna, 3. pANDulipiyoM ke zatru, 4. pANDulipi kI ucita dekhbhaal| - (xi )

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samarpaNa zraddheya guruvara DaoN. satyendrajI sAdara mahAvIraprasAda zarmA

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sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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// zrI gnneshaaynmH|| zrIgurave nmH|| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 1. viSaya-praveza ___ 21vIM zatAbdI ko kaMpyUTara kI zatAbdI kaheM to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| isa atyAdhunika vaijJAnika pariprekSya meM pIche mur3akara dekhanA atyadhika kaThina ho rahA hai| hamAre pUrva-puruSoM kA cirasaMcita jJAna-vijJAna, jina hastalikhita graMthoM, pANDulipiyoM meM surakSita hai vaha Aja saMkaTa kI ghar3I se gujara rahA hai| isake pratyakSata: do kAraNa haiM - prathama, prAcIna hastalikhita sAmagrI ke par3hane kI samasyA aura dUsare, usake artha ko samajhane kI kaThinAI / ye donoM hI bAteM do taraha ke vicArakoM kI apekSA rakhatI haiM - prathama, pANDulipi yA hastalekha ke pAThaka kI tathA dUsare, usa pATha ke artha ko samajhane-samajhAnevAle vidvAn bhASAvid kii| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki Aja AvazyakatA hai prAcIna sAmagrI ko, jo Aja se hajAroM varSoM pUrva caTTAnoM, dhAtupatroM, tAr3apatroM, carmapatroM, kapar3A evaM kAgajoM para lipikRta hai, use samajhane vAle pANDulipi vaijJAnikoM kI aura dUsare, bhASA ke prAcIna svarUpa evaM vyAkaraNa ko samajhanevAle bhASA vaijJAnikoM kii| hamArA lakSya yahA~ pANDulipi ke vidyArthI ke lie kucha sAmAnya nirdeza dene kA hai, jo use isa kSetra meM Age bar3hane ke lie sahAyaka siddha ho ske| yoM to pANDulipivijJAna ko lekara deza-videza meM aneka vidvAnoM ke prayAsa cala rahe haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM pazcima meM adhika kArya huA hai / hamAre deza meM isa saMdarbha meM socane-samajhane vAle bahuta kama vidvAna hI hue haiM, phira bhI jinhoMne isa kSetra meM mArgadarzana karavAyA hai, unameM DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ke nAma ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| gujarAta meM bhI muni puNyavijaya Adi aneka jaina vidvAnoM ne isa saMbaMdha meM bahuta kucha likhA hai / hindI meM DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta, paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, DaoN. satyendra, DaoN. hIrAlAla mAhezvarI Adi vidvAnoM ne pichale lagabhaga 2-3 dazakoM meM atyadhika prazaMsanIya sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kArya kiyA hai| ina sabhI ke kArya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue DaoN. satyendra dvArA san 1978 I. meM prastuta 'pANDulipivijJAna' hI Aja vizvavidyAlayI pAThaka ke lie prakAza stambha hai / 2. pANDulipivijJAna : nAmakaraNa kI samasyA vastutaH hajAroM varSa pUrva manuSya ne lekhana kalA kA AviSkAra kiyA thA / taba se vartamAna taka manuSya dvArA lipibaddha sAmagrI aneka rUpoM meM prApta hotI rahI hai / sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha lekhana - kalA kA bhI vikAsa huA hai| prAraMbha meM vaha guphAoM, IMToM, pattharoM aura zilAlekhoM para likhatA rahA / bAda meM momapATI, camar3A, tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, tAmrapatra tathA kapar3e Adi para bhI isa kalA kA vikAsa karatA rahA / ataH yaha lekhanIbaddha yA lipibaddha sAmagrI hI pANDulipivijJAna kA viSaya hai / itihAsakAroM ne isa prakAra kI sAmagrI kA purAbhilekha, zilAlekha, prastaralekha, tAmralekha Adi nAmoM se apane-apane itihAsa graMthoM meM ullekha kiyA hai; kintu jisa pANDulipivijJAna kI hama carcA kara rahe haiM, usakA viSaya pustaka-lekhana kalA se saMbaddha hai| AMglabhASA meM ise 'mainyuskripTsa' kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra hastalekha, pANDulipi yA mainyuskripTsa eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta hote rahe haiM / 1 'mainyuskripTsa' laiTina bhASA kA zabda hai, jisakA artha 'hAtha kI likhAI ' yA likhAvaTa hai / artha-vistAra kI dRSTi se jo sAmagrI chapI huI yA TaMkita nahIM hai, vaha saba mainyuskripTsa hI kahalAtI hai / kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki chApAkhAne kI chapAI se pUrva kI vaha samasta sAmagrI jo pepIrasa, pArcamaiNTa ( camar3A), dhAtu, patthara, miTTI, lakar3I, kapar3e, vRkSoM kI chAla, camar3A, bhojapatra yA kAgaja Adi para likhI gaI ho, vaha mainyuskripTsa hI kahalAyegI / 3. pANDulipi ke bheda vikAsa-krama se pANDulipi ke nimnalikhita bheda kahe jA sakate haiM (1) guhAlekha yA bhitti citra : prArambha meM sabhyatA ke vikAsa-krama meM manuSya apanI Adima-avasthA meM guphAoM meM rahatA thA / vahA~ rahate hue usane apanI smRti ko sthAyI rUpa dene ke lie guhAlekha yA bhitti citra aMkita kiye| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 2 -- -

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isa prakAra ke saMketa 3 lAkha varSa I. pU. ke milate haiN| isa kArya ke sampAdana meM usane pattharoM kA upayoga kiyaa| ataH isa prakAra ke abhilekhoM ko guhA yA zailAzraya abhilekha kahate haiN| (2) mRdA (Clay) abhilekha : prastara-upayoga ke bAda manuSya ne dhIre-dhIre mRdA (miTTI) kA upayoga karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| isake pramANasvarUpa aneka purAtAtvika mahattva kI IMToM para abhilekha prApta hue haiN| (3) pepIrasa abhilekha : mRdA-IMToM ke pazcAt pepIrasa kA prayoga prAraMbha huaa| pahale pepIrasa ke kharar3oM (Rolls) para graMtha lipibaddha kiye jAte the| ye pepIrasa ke kharIte (Rolls) yA kuNDaliyA~ bahuta lambe-lambe hote the| ina lambelambe kharItoM kI sAja-samhAla karanA kaSTaprada evaM asuvidhAjanaka hone ke kAraNa, inheM duharA-tiharA kara pRSTha yA panne kA rUpa diyA jAne lagA hogaa| pariNAmataH bAda meM pRSTha-lekhana kA vikAsa huaa| (4) kASTha-paTTI abhilekha : dhIre-dhIre likhane kI prakriyA kA vikAsa huaa| isake lie likhane, miTAne aura phira likhane kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se kASThapaTTI yA lakar3I kI pATI kAma meM lI jAtI thii| pazcima meM isake sthAna para moma kI pATI kA prayoga milatA hai| kabhI-kabhI ina momapATI ke AvaraNa paTaloM kA prayoga kuNDaliyoM ke pRSThoM kI rakSArtha jilda kI taraha kAma meM liyA jAne lgaa| (5) carma-patra yA pArcamaiNTa : pahalI zatAbdI se hI purAbhilekha kI aneka sAmagriyA~ lipyAsana ke lie pepIrasa kI bajAya carma-patra para lipibaddha kI jAne lagI thiiN| isa prakAra pArcamaiNTa para upalabdha sAmagrI ko lipivijJAna meM koDaiksa (Codex) kahA jAtA hai| Ajakala ke jilda-banda bar3e-bar3e granthoM ke pUrvaja ye koDaiksa hI kahe jA sakate haiM, jo IsA kI caturtha zatI se vizeSa rUpa se pracalita the| isa prakAra vikAsa-krama se pANDulipi ke uparyukta pA~ca bheda kie jA sakate haiN| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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4. pANDulipi vijJAna kyA hai? vigata hajAroM-lAkhoM varSoM se manuSya guhA-jIvana se Aja taka saMskRti evaM itihAsa kA nirmANa karatA huA nirantara Age bar3ha rahA hai / isake pramANa prAcIna kAla ke bhavanoM ke khaNDahara, samAdhiyA~, mandira tathA anya vastue~, jaise - mRdabhANDa, mudrAe~, mRNmUrtiyA~, IMTeM, astra-zastra Adi ke dvArA dekhe jA sakate haiN| inake atirikta zilAlekha, caTTAnalekha, tAmralekha evaM bhitticitra bhI usakI pragati ke sUcaka kahe jA sakate haiM / ye hI ve avazeSa haiM, jinake mAdhyama se manuSya apane itihAsa kA tAnA-bAnA bunatA hai| udAharaNArtha - alTAmIrA kI guphAoM ke ve citra, jinheM tatkAlIna mAnava ne ukerA thA, use usake tatkAlIna jIvana kA sAkSAt itihAsa hI kahanA caahie| dhIre-dhIre itihAsa aura saMskRti ke vikAsa-krama meM Adima mAnava eka aise bindu para A TikatA hai, jahA~ eka ora vaha citroM se 'lipi' kI ora bar3hatA hai aura dUsarI ora 'bhASA' kA vikAsa karatA hai| isa prakAra lipi aura bhASA ke sahAre AdikAla se Aja taka manuSya apane ko hI pratibimbita karatA A rahA hai| ye sabhI bAteM - citra se lekhana kalA taka pANDulipi ke antargata hI mAnI jAtI haiN| 'lekhana kalA' meM kaI tatva eka sAtha kAma karate haiM, jaise - svayaM lekhaka (usake antarjagata sahita), lekhanI, lekhana kA AdhAra (kAgaja, syAhI) Adi haiN| inameM se pratyeka kA apanA mahatva hai, itihAsa hai| lekhaka yA lipika jaba koI racanA likhate haiM, to aneka samasyAe~ bhI unake sAtha utpanna hotI haiN| ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA ekamAtra upAya pANDulipi vijJAna hI hai| eka pANDulipi ko taiyAra karane meM aneka pakSoM kA sammilita yogadAna hotA hai| isameM eka pakSa lekhana aura racanA-viSayaka hotA hai, jo graMtha-lekhana-kalA kA viSaya hai, dUsarA pakSa lipi hai, jo lipivijJAna' kA viSaya hai, tIsarA bhASAviSayaka pakSa hai, jo bhASAvijJAna kA viSaya hai, cauthA usa graMtha meM kI gaI jJAnavijJAna kI carcA kA viSaya hai, jo kAvya zAstra yA anya jJAna-vijJAna se saMbaMdhita haiM evaM graMtha meM citrita citra citrakalA ke viSaya haiN| graMtha-lekhana kA AdhAra - camar3A, IMTa, chAla, kapar3A, kAgaja Adi ke apane-apane viSaya haiM aura anta sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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meM syAhI aura lekhanI kA nirmANa bhI alaga adhyayana ke viSaya haiM / ina sabake sammilita prayAsa se eka graMtha taiyAra hotA hai| phira usa graMtha kI lipiyoM aura pratilipiyoM kA silasilA zurU hotA hai| usakA apanA mahatva hai| ina sabhI pratilipiyoM se mUlapATha kA sampAdana karanA pAThAlocana-vijJAna kA viSaya hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki eka pANDulipi meM aneka viSayoM kA sammilita yogadAna hotA hai, tabhI vaha pANDulipi kahalAtI hai| mUla lekhaka dvArA likhita lekha bhI pANDulipi kahalAtA hai tathA usakI pratilipi bhI pANDulipi kahalAtI hai| 5. pANDulipi vaijJAnika se apekSAe~ pANDulipivijJAna ke dvArA pANDulipi se saMbaMdhita sabhI praznoM kA prAmANika samAdhAna prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyataH jina viSayoM para eka pANDulipi vaijJAnika se prazna kiye jA sakate haiM, unheM DaoN. satyendra apane 'pANDulipi vijJAna' nAmaka graMtha meM isa prakAra prastuta karate haiM - 1. pANDulipi kI khoja aura prakriyA (kSetrIya anusaMdhAna shit)| 2. bhaugolika evaM aitihAsika praNAlI se pANDulipiyoM ke prApti-sthAna kA nirdesh| 3. pANDulipi prApti sthAna saMbaMdhI sampUrNa jaankaarii| 4. pANDulipiyoM ke vividha pAThoM ke saMkalana ke kSetroM kA anumAnita nirdesh| 5. pANDulipi ke kAla-nirNaya kI vividha paddhatiyA~ / 6. pANDulipi ke lipyAsana, jaise - kAgaja, syAhI, lekhanI Adi kA pANDulipi ke mAdhyama se jJAna evaM kAla-jJAna ke anusaMdhAna kI pddhti| 7. pANDulipi kA lipi-vijJAna evaM aitihAsika pRsstthbhuumi| 8. pANDulipi ke viSaya kI dRSTi se usakI nirUpaNa zailI kA svarUpa / 9. pANDulipi ke vividha prakAroM kA aitihAsika pariprekSya evaM bhaugolika siimaa-nirdesh| 10. pANDulipi kI pratilipiyoM ke prasAra kA mArga evaM kssetr| 11. pANDulipiyoM ke mAdhyama se lipi ke vikAsa kA itihaas| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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12. lipikAroM ke vyaktitva kA paricaya / 13. lipiyoM ke vaiziSTyoM kI aitihAsika evaM bhaugolika vyAkhyA / 14. pANDulipiyoM kI prAmANikatA kI parIkSA / 15. pAThAlocana praNAlI / 16. pATha - punarnirmANa praNAlI / 17. zabda - rUpa, artha tathA pATha / 18. pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA ( rakha-rakhAva ) kI Adhunika vaijJAnika paddhatiyA~ / 19. pANDulipi - saMgrahAlaya evaM unake nirmANa kA prakAra / 20. pANDulipiyoM ke upayoga kA vijJAna / 21. pANDulipi aura alaMkaraNa / 22. pANDulipi ke citra / 23. pANDulipi kI bhASA kA nirNaya / 24. pANDulipi - lekhaka, pratilipikAra, citrakAra aura sajjAkAra / 25. pANDulipi, pratilipi - lekhana- sthAna, prApta suvidhAe~ tathA pratilipikAra kI yogyatAe~ / 26. graMtha-lekhana evaM pratilipi - lekhana ke zubha-azubha muhUrta / 27. pANDulipi ke lipyAMkana meM haratAla-prayoga, kAvya-prayoga tathA saMzodhanaparivardhana kI paddhatiyA~ / 6. pANDulipi vijJAna ke pakSa sAmAnyata: pANDulipi zabda ke antargata sabhI prakAra kI pANDulipiyA~ samAhita hotI haiM, jo aba taka likhI gaI haiM, likhI jA rahI haiM yA likhI jAyeMgI / isIlie pANDulipi vijJAna kisI vizeSa pANDulipi kA hI adhyayana nahIM karatA, apitu sabhI prakAra kI pANDulipiyoM kA adhyayana karatA hai, jisase tatsaMbaMdhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra pANDulipi vijJAna ke tIna pakSa haiM - 1. lekhana, 2. pANDulipi kA prastutIkaraNa, 3. sampreSaNa / sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 6

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lekhana se abhiprAya hai - graMtha-racanA-prakriyA, jisase vaha pAThaka taka pahu~ca ske| lekhana ke dvArA mAnava-abhivyakti yuga-yugoM taka surakSita rahatI hai| lekhaka, apane kathya ko bhASA meM lipibaddha kara lekhanI se lipyAsana para aMkita kara, use pANDulipi kA rUpa pradAna karate hue pAThaka taka pahu~catA hai / isa prakAra lekhaka aura pAThaka ke madhya uThI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA eka mahatvapUrNa sAdhana hai - paannddulipi| isI meM pANDulipi vijJAna kI upAdeyatA nihita hai| 7. pANDulipivijJAna kI AvazyakatA 'AvazyakatA AviSkAra kI jananI hai' - isa siddhAnta ke dvArA aba yaha siddha ho gayA hai ki deza bhara meM purAne aura nae aneka hastalipi bhaNDAra phaile hae haiM, jinakI pANDulipiyoM ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lagI hai| jisa prakAra bhASAvijJAna, pAThAlocana, peliyogrAphI aura aipIgrAphI ke vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI AvazyakatA ke kAraNa hI ve vijJAna kahalAe, usI prakAra 'pANDulipi vijJAna bhI vaha vijJAna hai jo adhyetA ko, pANDulipi ko pANDulipi ke rUpa meM samajhane evaM tadviSayaka samasyAoM ke vaijJAnika nirAkaraNa meM sahAyaka siddha hotA hai|' 8. pANDulipivijJAna kA anya vijJAnoM se sambandha / __ pANDulipivijJAna ko samajhane ke lie anya kaI sahAyaka vijJAnoM ke samajhane kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| isa prakAra ke vijJAna nimnalikhita haiM : 1. DiplomaiTiksa 2. peliyogrAphI 3. bhASAvijJAna 4. jyotiSa 5. purAtatva 6. kAvya-zAstra (sAhitya-zAstra) 7. pustakAlaya vijJAna 8. itihAsa 9. zodha-prakriyA vijJAna 10. pAThAlocana vijnyaan| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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1. DiplomaiTiksa : 'DiplomaiTiksa' zabda kA nirmANa grIka bhASA ke 'DiplomA' zabda se huA hai| DiplomA zabda kA yUnAnI (grIka) bhASA meM artha hotA hai - 'mur3A huA kaagj'| aisA kAgaja prAya: sarakArI kAma-kAja meM patroM, cArTaroM Adi ko taiyAra karane meM kAma AtA thaa| dhIre-dhIre yaha zabda artha-vistAra pAkara paTTe, paravAne, anujJA yA DigrI ke kAgaja ke artha se jur3a gyaa| isI DiplomA zabda se bAda meM DiplomaiTiksa zabda banA jo vijJAna ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA gyaa| 'DiplomaiTiksa' ke antargata aitihAsika paTTe-paravAne (Documents), pramANapatra (Diploma), cAraTara, buloM ke lekha Adi ko udghATita karanA AtA hai| isa prakAra isa vijJAna kA saMbaMdha peliyogrAphI se bhI hai| DaoN. satyendra ke anusAra, "DiplomeTiksa vijJAna itihAsa ke una srotoM kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana karatA hai, jinakA saMbaMdha abhilekhoM (Archive Documents) se hotA hai / ina abhilekhoM meM cAraTara, mainaDeTa DIDa (sabhI prakAra ke) jajameNTa (nyAyAlayAdeza) Adi sammilita haiM / ina paTTe-paravAnoM ke lekha ko samajhanA, unakI prAmANikatA para vicAra karanA, unake jArI kiye jAne kI tithiyoM kA anveSaNa aura nirdhAraNa karanA, sAtha hI unake nirmANa kI pravidhi ko samajhanA tathA yaha nirdhArita karanA ki ve ina rUpoM meM kisa uddezya ke lie upayoga meM lAye jAte the - ina sabhI bAtoM ko Aja isa vijJAna ke kSetra meM mAnA jAtA hai|" 2. peliyogrAphI : 'peliyogrAphI' vaha vijJAna hai jo pepIrasa, pArcamaiNTa, momapATI, lakar3I yA kAgaja para likhe prAcIna lekhana ko par3hane kA prayatna karatA hai, tithiyoM kA Akalana evaM unakA vizleSaNa karatA hai| da enasAiklopIDiyA amerikA, ke grantha 2, pR. 163 para likhA hai - "Palaeography, Seience of reading, dating and analyzing ancient writing on Papyrus, Parchment. Waxed Tablets, Postherds, Wood or Paper". isa vijJAna ko lipi-vijJAna bhI kahate haiM / isa vijJAna ke dvArA una kaThinAiyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke upAya batAnA hai jo kisI ajJAta lipi ko par3hate samaya 1. pANDulipi vijJAna, pR. 14-15 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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sAmane AtI haiN| isI ke dvArA hama vizva kI samasta lipiyoM ke svarUpa se paricita hote haiM / vyAvahArika dRSTi se peliyogrAphI ( lipi - vijJAna) ke do bheda haiM (1) aipIgrAphI (Epigraphy) arthAt abhilekha lipi - vijJAna, (2) peliyogrAphI (Palaeography) arthAt lipi - vijnyaan| aipIgrAphI ke dvArA hama prAcIna kaThora lipyAsana para likhita abhilekhoM kA adhyayana karate haiM, jo zilAoM, dhAtuoM tathA miTTI se banI sAmagrI para khodakara, kATakara yA DAlakara prastuta kiye jAte haiN| isake dvArA ajJAta lipiyoM kA udghATana (Decipherment) tathA unakI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai / peliyogrAphI ke dvArA hama komala lipyAsana para citrita lekhana ko adhyayana karane kA prayatna karate haiM; jaise - kAgaja, camar3A, pepIrasa, linena aura momapaTTa (Postherds) para aMkita kiyA gayA hai yA utArA gayA hai / yaha kriyA zalAkA, kU~cI, seMTA yA kalama ke dvArA kI jAtI hai / ina donoM vijJAnoM meM moTA antara kevala lipyAsana ke komala yA kaThora hone meM hI nihita hai / 3. bhASA - vijJAna : bhASA - vijJAna se tAtparya bhASA ke vijJAna se hai / pANDulipi ke vizleSaNa ke bAda usakI bhASA ko samajhanA bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / bhASA - vijJAna ke dvArA lipi kA udghATana karane meM atyadhika sahAyatA milatI hai / pANDulipi kI viSaya-vastu kA jJAna bhASA ke binA nahIM hotA hai / bhASAvijJAna ke dvArA sarvathA ajJAta lipi evaM usakI ajJAta bhASA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi aisI lipi jisake likhane ke DhaMga aura usakI bhASA kA patA na ho, udghATita nahIM kI jA sktii| hA~ eka udAharaNa avazya hai, mAikela beMTrisa ne krITa kI lAiniyara bI kA, jo krITa kI eka bhASA thI, kA udghATana avazya kiyA thaa| bhASA - vijJAna ke dvArA hI pANDulipi meM prayukta bhASA kA jJAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake dvArA usa graMtha kI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa, zabdarUpa, vAkyavinyAsa evaM zailI kA jJAna bhI hotA hai| bhASA jJAna hone ke uparAnta hama pANDulipi ke kSetra kA bhI patA lagA sakate haiN| kaI bAra pANDulipi kI bhASA bhI bhASA - vijJAna sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 9

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kI kisI samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta kara sakatI hai| isa prakAra bhASA-vijJAna aura pANDulipi vijJAna eka-dUsare ke sahAyaka kahe jA sakate haiN| 4. jyotiSa : kisI bhI pANDulipi ke kAla-nirNaya kI samasyA kA saTIka hala jyotiSa ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| jyotiSa ke paMcAMga, kalaiNDara, jaMtriyA~ Adi isa viSaya meM bahuta sahAyaka siddha hote haiM / dina, tithi, saMvat, san, muhUrta, nakSatra, graha, karaNa Adi kA nidAna jyotiSa ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai| pANDulipi vijJAna evaM itihAsa ke lie jyotiSa kA jJAna paramAvazyaka hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki kisI prAcIna lipi ke kAla-nirNaya kI jaTila se jaTila samasyA kA nidAna jyotiSa ke dvArA saMbhava hai| 5. purAtatva : purAtatva kA vijJAna vartamAna sadI meM atyadhika mahatvapUrNa ho gayA hai / ise aMgrejI meM AryolojI (Archaelogy) kahate haiM / isake adhyayana kSetra meM zilAlekha, caTTAnalekha, mudrAlekha, tAmrapatrAdi aneka prakAra kI sAmagrI AtI hai jisakA upayoga pANDulipivijJAna bhI karatA hai / purAtatva dvArA udghATita bahuta-sI prAcIna sAmagrI kA upayoga pANDulipi vaijJAnika ko bhI karanA par3atA hai| aise bahuta se prAcIna mahatvapUrNa hastalekha hameM purAtatva se hI prApta hue haiN| mizra ke pepIrasa, sumeriyana sabhyatA ke IMTa-lekha, mohanajodar3o kI mudrAe~, azoka ke zilAlekha, aMgaI kher3e se prApta IMToM ke brAhmI lekha Adi purAtatva ke dvArA hI udghATita hue haiM / isa prakAra pANDulipi vijJAna aura purAtatva ekadUsare ke atyadhika sahAyaka haiN| ... 6. kAvyazAstra (sAhityazAstra) : kAvyazAstra ke cAra aMga haiM - zabdArtha, rasa, chaMda evaM alaMkAra / pANDulipi vijJAna ke adhyetA ke lie ina cAroM kA hI jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| inameM prathama zabdArtha hai / bhASA-vijJAna aura lipi-vijJAna meM zabdArtha kA jJAna atyAvazyaka hai| kAvyazAstra meM artha taka pahu~cane ke lie zabdazaktiyoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| dUsarA rasa hai| yadyapi pANDulipi vijJAna meM isakA sthAna gauNa hai phira bhI kAvya meM navarasoM kI pratiSThA hai| isalie sAhityika pANDulipi ke lie 'rasa' kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| tIsarA chanda hai| prAcInakAla meM graMtha-racanA padya meM hI hotI thii| padya racanA ko par3hane ke lie chanda-jJAna Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| cauthA alaMkAra hai| kAvyazAstra meM to isakA mahatva hai hI, kintu - - - 10 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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pANDulipiyoM meM bhI isakA itastaH prayoga milatA hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pANDulipi vijJAna meM kAvyazAstra vahIM taka sahAyaka hai jahA~ taka vaha pANDulipi kI viSaya-vastu ko samajhane-samajhAne meM sahAyaka hai| ____7. pustakAlaya vijJAna : prAcInakAla meM rAjakIya yA vyaktigata pustakAlayoM meM pANDulipiyoM kA hI bhaNDAraNa hotA thaa| nAlaMdA, takSazilA, alekajeNDiyA Adi sthAnoM para prasiddha hastalikhita yA pANDulipiyoM kA atula bhaNDAra thaa| chApAkhAne ke pracalana ke bAda bhI pANDulipiyoM kA rakha-rakhAva pustakAlayoM meM hotA rahA hai / Ajakala 'Adhunika hastalekhAgAroM' kA eka nayA Andolana calA hai| ina pustakAlayoM meM sarakArI, audyogika, mahAna vyaktiyoM ke kisI bhI prakAra ke hastalekha, jaise - patra, DAyarI, vivaraNa, natthiyA~ Adi surakSita rakhe jAte haiN| bhAratIya svataMtratA Andolana se saMbaMdhita vyaktiyoM kI likhita sAmagrI aise graMthAgAroM meM surakSita rakhI gaI hai, jo samaya-samaya para zodhakartAoM ko upalabdha karavAI jAtI hai| ataH pANDulipi vijJAna kI dRSTi se pustakAlaya vijJAna kA atyadhika mahatva hai| bar3e-bar3e saMgrahAlayoM evaM abhilekhAgAroM ke lie bhI isa vijJAna kA mahatva svayaMsiddha hai| ata: DaoN. satyendra ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki - "hastalekhoM aura pANDulipiyoM ko kisa prakAra vyavasthita kiyA jAe, kaise unakI paMjikAe~ rakhI jAyeM, kaise unakI sAmAnya surakSA kA dhyAna rakhA jAe, kaise unheM par3hane ke lie diyA jAe Adi bAteM vaijJAnika vidhi se pustakAlaya-vijJAna hI batAtA hai|" DaoN. rutha bI. bordina evaM rAbarTa ema. vArmara ne apanI pustaka 'da maoNDarna mainyuskripTa lAibrerI' meM kahA hai - "mainyuskripTa yA pANDulipi pustakAlaya kA astitva hI anusaMdhAtA aura vidyArthI kI sevA karane ke lie hotA hai|'' 8. itihAsa : itihAsa kI AvazyakatA prAyaH pratyeka jJAna-vijJAna ko hotI hai| isa dRSTi se lipi-vijJAna kA bhI itihAsa se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai; kyoMki pratyeka pANDulipi kI pRSThabhUmi kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie itihAsa kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| 1. pANDulipi vijJAna, pR. 14 2. da maoNDarna mainyuskripTa lAibrerI, pR. 14 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 11

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prAyaH pANDulipiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM lekhaka, lipikartA, jisa samaya meM lipyAMkana kiyA gayA hai usa samaya ke zAsaka yA jisa zAsaka athavA rAjyAzraya meM pANDulipi likhI gaI hai usa zAsaka kA nAma, samaya Adi bhI lipibaddha kiye jAte haiN| ina puSpikAoM ke dvArA aneka aitihAsika bhUloM kA sudhAra bhI hotA hai| dezakAla ke anusAra lipyAsana yA kAgaja kA bhI eka itihAsa hotA hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki itihAsa kI bahuta-sI sAmagrI prAcIna pANDulipiyoM se prApta hotI hai| ata: itihAsa aura pANDulipi vijJAna kA gaharA saMbaMdha hai| 9. zodha-prakriyA-vijJAna (Research Methodology) : vartamAna kAla meM pANDulipiyoM ko prApta karane ke lie zodha-prakriyA-vijJAna kA atyadhika mahatva hai| zodhArthI jaba pANDulipiyoM kI khoja meM nikalatA hai to use isa vijJAna kA sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai| binA khoja kie pANDulipiyA~ prApta nahIM ho sktiiN| khoja-vijJAna ke dvArA hameM pANDulipi khoja karane ke siddhAntoM kA hI jJAna nahIM hotA, apitu usase hameM zodha-kSetra meM kArya karane kA vyAvahArika jJAna bhI prApta hotA hai| pANDulipi bhaNDAroM, pustakAlayoM ke atirikta aneka pANDulipiyA~ itasta: bikharI rahatI haiM, jinheM prApta karanA, unakA vivaraNa taiyAra karanA, yA anya prakAra se unakA udghATana karanA atyanta mahatvapUrNa kArya hai| pANDulipiyoM ko prApta karane ke lie do prakAra ke prayatna kiye jA sakate haiM - (1) vyaktigata, (2) sNsthaagt| (1) vyaktigata : pANDulipi vijJAna kI dRSTi se vyaktigata prayatna kA bahuta mahatva hai| isa prakAra kA prayatna karane vAle aneka vidvAnoM - karnala TaoNDa, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, TaisITarI, DaoN. raghuvIra, rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, muni jinavijaya, agaracaMda nAhaTA, DaoN. hIrAlAla mAhezvarI Adi ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| hamane bhI isa dRSTi se aneka khoja-riporTa, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad kI pramukha patrikA 'pariSad patrikA' ke mAdhyama se prakAzita kI haiN| ina vyaktigata prayatnoM ke phalasvarUpa aneka zilAlekha, sikke, tAmrapatra, pANDulipiyA~ Adi prakAza meM AI haiM / isa dRSTi se DaoN. TesITarI ne vizeSa rUpa se rAjasthAnI sAhitya kI khoja kara aneka mahattvapUrNa pANDulipiyoM kI jAnakArI dii| isI prakAra 12 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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DaoN. sAMskRtyAyana evaM DaoN. raghuvIra ne bhI aneka kaThinAiyoM evaM viparIta paristhitiyoM ke bAvajUda tibbata aura maMcUriyA se aneka mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyA~ prApta kI thiiN| (2) saMsthAgata : pANDulipi-saMgraha ke kArya meM aneka saMsthAoM ke prayatna bhI sarAhanIya kahe jA sakate haiM / kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI kI 1900 I. se prakAzita khoja riporToM ke dvArA yaha vidita hotA hai ki kitanI hI sAmagrI abhI gA~vagA~va aura DhANI-DhANI meM baste-bugacoM meM par3I apane uddhAra kA iMtajAra kara rahI hai| aneka saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, hindI Adi ke mahatvapUrNa graMtha, jinakA Aja sAhityetihAsa meM ullekha milatA hai, ve aise hI saMsthAgata prayatnoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa prakAza meM A pAe the| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki hastalikhita graMthoM ke saMgraha ke sAtha hI unakA vivaraNa bhI pANDulipi vijJAna ke lie atyadhika sahAyaka siddha hotA hai| ___uparyukta donoM hI prakAra ke prayatna taba adhika kAragara siddha hote haiM; jaba anusaMdhAnakartA Adhunika vaijJAnika zodha-kSetrIya prakriyA se bhalibhA~ti paricita ho| Aja bhI aneka jaina mandiroM, maThoM tathA saMgrahAlayoM meM isa prakriyA se kArya kiyA jAye to aneka mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyoM kA udghATana saMbhava hai| 10. pAThAlocana vijJAna (Text Criticism) : pAThAlocana vijJAna bhI pANDulipi vijJAna ke lie sahAyaka vijJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| prArambha meM yaha sAhitya ke kSetra meM kAvya ke mUla-pATha taka pahu~cane kA sAdhana rhaa| bAda meM bhASAvijJAna kI eka prazAkhA ke rUpa meM pallavita huA, kintu vartamAna meM yaha svataMtra vijJAna kahalAtA hai / vastuta: kisI racanA ke deza-kAla bheda se aneka pAThoM ke upalabdha hone para unameM se mUlapATha ko khoja nikAlane vAlA vijJAna hI pAThAlocana vijJAna hai| pAThAlocana vijJAna ke dvArA mUla pANDulipi se anya prApta pAThoM kA milAna karane para pAThAntaroM aura pAThabhedoM meM lipi, vartanI evaM zabdArtha ke rUpAntara meM hone vAlI prakriyA kA patA calatA hai| sAtha hI mUla hastalekha ke kAgaja, syAhI, pRSThAMkana, citra, tithilekhana, hAziyA, AkAra, har3atAla Adi kA prayoga Adi kI bahuta-sI mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika jAnakAriyA~ prApta ho sakatI haiN| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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pAThAlocana vijJAna ke dvArA eka hI racanA kI aneka pratiyA~ prApta hone para unake tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dvArA mUlapATha ke samIpa pahu~cane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| prAcInakAla meM mudraNAlayoM ke abhAva meM aneka lipikoM ke dvArA kisI graMtha kI pratilipiyA~ karavAI jAtI thIM, jinameM pratilipikAra kI ayogyatA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra kI pATha kI azuddhiyA~ ho jAyA karatI thiiN| isIlie pAThAlocana vijJAna ke dvArA una sabhI pratiyoM kA adhyayana kara mUlapATha kI khoja kI jAtI hai| aura isa prakAra pAThAlocana vijJAna pANDulipi ke lie atyadhika sahAyaka siddha hotA hai| 9. pANDulipi-pustakAlaya (AgAra) prAcInakAla meM vizva meM jo kucha jJAna-vijJAna kI pragati huI thI, vaha pANDulipiyoM ke mAdhyama se prAcIna pustakAlayoM, jinheM pANDulipi AgAra bhI kahate haiM, meM surakSita rakhI jAtI thiiN| ina pANDulipi pustakAlaya kA itihAsa lagabhaga 3000 I. pU. se prArambha hotA hai| mizra meM prApta pepIrasa ke kharIte (Scrolls), jinheM valayitAe~ kuNDaliyA~ yA kharar3A bhI kahate haiM - I.pU. 2500 se prApta hote haiN| ye hI prAcInatama pANDulipi ke rUpa meM kahe jAte haiM / inake bAda miTTI kI IMTeM (Clay Tablets), pArcamaiNTa (carma patra), kAgaja, chAla, dhAtupatra, bhojapatra, tAr3apatrAdi lipyAsanoM kA prayoga milatA hai| DaoN. satyendrajI ne apane 'pANDulipi vijJAna' nAmaka graMtha meM deza-videza ke aneka prAcIna pustakAlayoM kI eka sUcI pariziSTa meM dI hai|' unameM se kucha nimna prakAra haiM - kra. varSa (lagabhaga) sthAna graMtha sthApanakartA lipyAsana 6 | 2 3 4 5 pepIrasa 12500 I.pU. 2 | 2300 I.pU. IMToM para lekha - | gijeha aible (taillamAraDikha ke pAsa) | amarnA 3|1400 I.pU. emahoTopa | pepIrasa tRtIya 1. pANDulipi vijJAna, pariziSTa -- eka, pR. 362-373 14 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kra. varSa (lagabhaga ) 1 2 41250 I. pU. 5600 I.pU. 6 600-500 7500 I.pU. 8324 I. pU. se pUrva I.pU. ke madhya 9 246 I. pU. se pUrva 10237 I. pU. 11 13 140 I.pU. 1280 I. pU. T sthAna 3 thIvIja ninhebeha (asIriyA) ura, nippara, kisI, vello ethensa (yUnAna) alekjeNDriyA takSazilA pATalIputra (paTanA) idaphira (prAcIna idaphula horesa ke mandira meM ) kAzmIra, sarasvatI maMdira kAzmIra laMkA sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna laMkA - haMguranaketa, bihAra graMtha 4 1000 IMTeM kharoSThI lipi meM likhA svarNa-pa - patra 5 lAkha kharIte alekjeMDara | TAlamI prathama pataMjali kA vyAkaraNa graMtha bauddha graMtha lipibaddha kiye gaye the | sthApanakartA lipyAsana 5 6 pepIrasa bauddha-siddhAnta | ajAtazatru graMtha cA~dI ke patroM para vinayapiTaka, | remeja asurabenIpAla IMTeM (Clay Tablets) IMTeM abhidhamma evaM dIrghanikAya gar3havAe gaye the pijisTreTasa pepIrasa pepIrasa pANDulipiyoM kA pustakAlaya thA, jo sikandara ke AkramaNa ke samaya naSTa ho gayA thaa| pepIrasa cA~dI ke patra 15

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6 kra. varSa (lgbhg)| sthAna graMtha sthApanakartA lipyAsana 2 3 5 14/ - peiciG (cIna) 8000 kharIte 1541 I.pU. se 200000 kharIte sikandara ke | pepIrasa evaM pargemama pUrva uttarAdhikArI | pArcamaiNTa (dUsarI zatI (carmapatra) I.pU. kA pahalA caraNa) 16 | 126 I. | ujjaina pANDulipi azoka, AgAra vikramAditya, bhartRhari kI karmasthalI 17| 160 I. | ADibIsAM bauddha graMtha nAgArjuna (ur3IsA) 18| 160 I. dhAnyakUTa bauddhagraMtha evaM nAgArjuna bauddha vizvavidyAlaya evaM pustakAlaya kI sthApanA 19 222 I. madhyabhArata 'pAti mokkha' dharmapAla kA anuvAda 20| 241 I. bU kA rAjya bauddhagraMthoM kA saMga huruI anuvAdazramaNa lopAMga (cIna) bauddha graMthoM kA 'tunahvAG' ke - anuvAda zramaNa dharmarakSa tunahvAG 30000 (madhya eziyA) valitAe~ kubhA cInI meM dharma zramaNa graMtha kA anuvAda saMghabhUti caMga-ana bauddha graMthoM kA gautama saMgha (cIna) anuvAda deva sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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- - - pUrva kra. varSa (lagabhaga) sthAna graMtha sthApanakartA lipyAsana 2 3 6 25 | 383 I. ga-pAu bauddha graMthoM kA kumAra jIva (cIna) anuvAda zramaNa 26500 I. se thAnezvara mahArAja harSa zrIharSa vizvavidyAlaya evaM bANabhaTTa Adi ke graMtha 27500 I. seMTa kaitharAina koDeksa kI sinAI parvata (pArcamaiNTa) sthita maunesTrI 28/568 I. se duDDA bauddha-vihAra bauddha graMtha - koDeksa pUrva | (valabhI) 29 600 I. se saiMTa gele koDeksa (sviTjaralaiNDa) 30/630 I. se nAlaMdA bauddha-zikSA hvenasAMga ke kA kendra bhArata Agamana ke samaya yaha prasiddha vizva vidyAlaya thA 31 800 I. ethosa parvata para - koDeksa yUnAna meM 32 8vIM zatI I. vikramazilA dharmapAla (vihAra) 33 | 10vIM zatI se sarasvatI mahala (taMjaura) 34 | 1010 I. dhAra. bhoja bhoja bhANDAgAra 35 | 11vIM zatI se jaina bhaNDAra vipula pANDupUrva jaisalamera lipiyoM kA graMthAgAra hai 36 | 1140 I. bhoja bhANDAgAra siddharAja (anhilavAr3A) jayasiMha pUrva | pUrva sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 17

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kra. varSa ( lagabhaga 1 2 37 38 39 40 41 43 1200 I. ke bAda 45 1242 1262 I. 1367 I. 42 16vIM zatI I. kA pUrva 1447 I. 18 1520 I. se kucha pUrva | (Adima yuga) 44 1556 I. ke lagabhaga 1540 I. 46 1592 I. ke lagabhaga sthAna 3 laureMjo De maiDisI kA pustakAlaya phloresa, iTalI cAlukya bhANDAgAra anhilavAr3A bibliyothIka nezanala (nezanala | lAibrerI) perisa, phrAMsa veTikana pustakAlaya, | veTikana siTI takSakoko (prAcIna maiksiko) yukAtAna (prAcIna maiksiko) malUkazAha kA pustakAlaya, badAyU~ AgarA | sAmyevihAra pustakAlaya, tibbata Amera jayapura pothIkhAnA graMtha 4 ha.li. graMtha saMgraha maya jAti kI hajAroM pANDulipiyoM kA bhaNDAra hemU ne naSTa kiyA sthApanakartA lipyAsana 5 6 cAlukya vIsaladeva | haranaMdI kArTeja spena ke ne 30 hajAra graMtha akabara zAhI pothIkhAnA | disambara 1520 meM vijaya | prApta kI | saMskRta-tibbatI pada sambhava bhASA ke granthoM kA bhaNDAra | koDeksa | koDeksa | 10000 durlabha rAjA bhAramala graMthoM kA saMgraha pArcamaiNTa sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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rASTrIya kra. varSa (lagabhaga) sthAna / graMtha sthApanakartA lipyAsana 1 2 3. 5 47 | 19vIM zatI astAkhAna pANDulipi se pUrva (rUsa) bhaNDAra 48 1871 I. se pUrva bukhArA khuttana, kAzagara, ha.li. graMtha daMdAuilika bhaNDAra prAcya vidyA pANDulipi maMdira, bar3audA bhaNDAra bhAratIya saMskRti pANDulipi vidyA maMdira bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda 52 | 1891 I. | pANDulipi abhilekhAgAra, bhaNDAra naI dillI 53 |1891 I. khudA baksa | 12000 pANDu- muhammada baksa - oriyaMTala, lipiyA~ haiM pustakAlaya, arabI-phArasI paTanA ke graMtha bhI 54 | 1904 I. | bhAratI bhaNDArAgAra - yA zAstra bhaNDAra 55/siMdhiyA pustakA- 10000 graMtha tAr3apatra, bhojapatra laya, ujjaina kAgaja 56 | 1912 I. bharatapura, gopAla |4 hajAra | gopAlanArAyaNa tAr3apatra, nArAyaNasiMha pANDulipiyA~ siMha bhojapatra nijI pustakAlaya dezI kAgaja nepAla, darabAra 448 nepAla nareza tAr3apatra pustakAlaya pANDulipiyA~ nepAla yunivarsiTI 5000 tAr3apatra pustakAlaya pANDulipiyA~ 59 - pUnA, bhaNDArakara | risarca iMsTiTyUTa 601801 I. | iNDiyA oNphisa | 2000 briTiza tAr3apatra, lAibrerI, laMdana hastalipiyA~ sarakAra bhojapatra, kAgaja hvalara sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 19

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kucha bhAratIya pANDulipi-saMgrahAlaya kra.saM. nAma sthApanAkAla vivaraNa 1 madrAsa saMgrahAlaya 1851 I. aitihAsika mahala ke 400 tAmrapatra | nAgapura saMgrahAlaya 1863 I. nAgapura ke bhauMsale rAjavaMza kI pANDulipiyA~ lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya 1863 I. sacitra evaM kuNDalI prakAra kI pANDulipiyA~ 4 | sUrata bicesTara saMgrahAlaya | 1890 I. jaina kalpasUtroM kI pANDulipiyA~ ajamera saMgrahAlaya 1909 I. pANDulipiyoM ke sAtha zilAMkita nATaka surakSita hai| 6 | bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI 1920 I. rAmacaritamAnasa kI sacitra prati 7 madhya eziyAI saMgrahAlaya | 1929 I. AracesTIna dvArA khoja kara lAI gaI tunahADa kI 'sahasrabuddha guphA' se prApta aneka pANDulipiyA~ evaM rezamI par3a Adi 1937 I. 8 AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya, kalakattA gaMgA svarNa jayantI saMgrahAlaya, bIkAnera 10 alavara saMgrahAlaya 1105 I. meM lipibaddha, kAgaja para likhita, nepAla se prApta pANDulipiyA~ sacitra durlabha pANDulipiyA~ 1937 I. 1940 I. 11 koTA saMgrahAlaya 7000 saMskRta, phArasI, arabI, hindI kI pANDulipiyA~ tathA hAthIdAMta ke lipyAsana para likhita 'haphta vada kAzI' pustaka kuNDalI evaM muSTI prakAra kI aneka pANDulipiyA~ sacitra-mUlyavAna pANDulipiyA~ sacitra pANDulipiyA~ mullA dAUda kRta 'loracaMdA' kI pANDulipi kA kucha aMza upalabdha hai 18veM kakSa meM durlabha pANDulipiyA~ 12 | prayAga saMgrahAlaya 13 | rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya 14 | zimalA saMgrahAlaya | sAlArajaMga saMgrahAlaya haidarAbAda | kutubakhAnA-e-saiyadiyA ToMka arabI, phArasI, urdU kI pANDulipiyA~ 20 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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yadyapi dezI-videzI pANDulipi saMgrahAlayoM kI yaha sUcI pUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki pANDulipiyoM kI surakSArtha bahuta prAcInakAla se hI pustakAlayoM-graMthAgAroM kI sthApanA kI jAtI rahI hai / vartamAna samaya meM hamAre deza ke pratyeka pradeza meM pANDulipi saMgraha kI vyavasthA rAjya sarakAroM dvArA kI gaI hai| rAjasthAna sarakAra ne 'prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna' nAma se jodhapura, jayapura, bIkAnera, bUMdI, bA~savAr3A, sirohI, sIkara, alavara, ajamera, koTA, jhAlAvAr3a, udayapura, bharatapura, ToMka Adi sthAnoM para apane pratiSThAna khola rakhe haiN| saMsthAgata saMgrahAlaya bhI aneka haiN| zrImahAvIrajI meM digambara jaina atizaya kSetra meM eka 'pANDulipi saMgrahAlaya' sthita hai| bIkAnera, udayapura, jayapura Adi sthAnoM para aneka vyaktigata pANDulipi pustakAlaya bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN| rAjasthAna meM aneka zvetAmbara hastalikhita 'jJAna-bhaNDAra' pAye jAte haiN| akele bIkAnera meM hI vividha jJAna-bhaNDAroM meM eka lAkha hastalikhita graMtha saMgRhIta haiM / inameM kucha saMsthAoM kA nAma yahA~ liyA jA sakatA hai| zrI abhaya jaina graMthAlaya, anUpa saMskRta lAibrerI, govinda pustakAlaya, seThiyA jaina lAibrerI, kSamAkalyANajI kA jJAna bhaNDAra, hemacandrasUri pustakAlaya, kuzalacanda gaNi pustakAlaya, pannIbAI ke upAzraya kA jJAna-bhaNDAra, chatibAI upAsarA jJAna bhaNDAra, kocaroM ke upAzraya kA jJAna bhaNDAra, jeThIbAI jJAna-bhaNDAra aadi| bIkAnera ke atirikta jodhapura meM rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, rAjasthAnI zodha saMsthAna, caupAsanI, mahArAjA pustaka-prakAza Adi jJAna-bhaNDAra haiM / jayapura meM mahArAjA kI lAibrerI, digambara jaina mandiroM ke zAstra bhaNDAra, lAla bhavana (caur3A rAstA) kA vinayacandra jaina jJAna-bhaNDAra, kharataragaccha upAzraya kA jJAna bhaNDAra Adi pramukha haiN| rAjasthAna ke hI saradArazahara, cUrU, sujAnagar3ha, ratanagar3ha, bIdAsara, lADanUM, pAlI, bAlotarA, bAr3amera, osiyAM, phalaudI, mer3atA, sirohI, koTA, jaisalamera, phatehapura, kizanagar3ha, Ahora, pIpAr3a, alavara, bUMdI, AvAM, ToDArAyasiMha, udayapura, basavA, DUMgarapura, karaulI, narAyaNA, khaMDAra, mahAvIrajI, alIgar3ha (ToMka) Adi nagaroM meM aneka pANDulipi saMgrahAlaya sthita haiN| 1. pariSad patrikA, varSa 18, aMka 3, akTUbara 1978, pR. 128, zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA kA lekha - rAjasthAna ke zvetAmbara hastalikhita 'jnyaan-bhnnddaar'| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 21

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aMta meM, pANDulipi vijJAna kI dRSTi se ye saMgrahAlaya-sUcI zodhakartA ko nizcita rUpa se sahAyaka siddha hogii| 10. Adhunika pANDulipi pustakAlaya Ajakala prAyaH tIna prakAra ke saMgrahAlaya pAye jAte haiN| DaoN. Ara.bI. borDina evaM DaoN. Ara.esa. vAranara ne apanI pustaka 'da mADarna mainyuskripTa lAibrerI' meM ina tIna prakAra ke saMgrahAlayoM meM antara batAte hue likhA hai - (1) rakSAgAra (Archives) (2) ajAyabaghara (Museum) (3) pANDulipyAgAra yA hastalipi bhaNDAra rakSAgAra prAyaH rAjakIya hote haiN| inameM sarakArI kAgaja-patroM kA saMrakSaNabhaNDAraNa hotA hai / hamAre deza meM rASTrIya lekhA rakSAgAra' (National Archives) isI prakAra kA saMgrahAlaya hai| rAjasthAna meM bIkAnera meM rAjya sarakAra kA purAlekha saMgrahAlaya hai| ajAyabaghara meM darzanIya vastuoM yA pANDulipiyoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA hai| ina pANDulipiyoM meM kalAtmaka saundarya evaM vaiziSTya darzanIya hotA hai| ye kevala dekhane ke lie hI darzanArthI ko upalabdha rahatI hai| lekina vastuta: pANDulipyAgAra yA hastalekhAgAra kA mukhya uddezya adhyetAoM evaM zodhArthiyoM ke lie upayogI hotA hai| inameM jJAna-vijJAna kI aneka mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyA~ hotI haiM jo zodhArthI ke lie upayogI hotI haiN| isa prakAra pANDulipi vijJAna kA mahattva svayaMsiddha hai| isake jJAna se hama apane pUrvajoM kI apAra jJAnarAzi se sAkSAtkAra kara sakate haiN| isI ko raskina mahodaya ne 'rAjasI sampadAkoSa' (Kings Treasuries) meM praveza pAnA kahA hai| 1. da mADarna mainyuskripTa lAibrerI, pR. 1 22 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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adhyAya 1 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA mAnava-sabhyatA ke AdikAla se rekhAMkana se lipi - vikAsa aura lipivikAsa se graMtha-racanA prakriyA taka ke lekhana meM Adima AnuSThAnika dhArmika bhAvanA kA hI prAdhAnya rahA hai| bhArata ke veda aura mizra kI 'mRtakoM kI pustaka ' mAnava-sabhyatA ke prAcInatama graMtha mAne jAte haiM / veda to hajAroM varSoM taka guruziSya paramparA se maukhika bhI rahe ; kintu mizra ke kharIte, jo pepIrasa para lipibaddha hote the, samAdhiyoM meM mRtaka ke sAtha daphanA diye gaye the, aise aneka pramANa mile haiM / isa prakAra ye donoM hI prAcIna graMtha mAnava kI dhArmika evaM AnuSThAnika bhAvanA se saMbaddha rahe haiM / isI prakAra anya dezoM ke prAcIna graMthoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI yahI bAta dekhI jA sakatI hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pANDulipi - racanA ke samaya zubhAzubha kI dhAraNA sadaiva vidyamAna rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki graMtha-racanA se sambaddha pratyeka sAdhana yA mAdhyama isa zubhAzubha dhAraNA se yukta rahA hai| 1. pANDulipi - graMtha - racanA ke pakSa pANDulipi-graMtha - racanA ke tIna pakSa pradhAna hote haiM 1. lekhaka, 2. bhautika sAmagrI, 3. lipi aura lipikartA / 1. lekhaka : graMtha-racanA - prakriyA kA sabase mahatvapUrNa pakSa hotA hai lekhaka / 'lekhaka' zabda kA prayoga prAcInakAla se lekhana-kriyA ke kartA ke lie hotA AyA hai| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM bauddha-sAhitya (pAli) ke 'vinayapiTaka', mahAvagga evaM jAtakoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga aneka bAra huA hai| isase lagatA hai ki usa samaya taka lekhana-kalA pratiSThA prApta kara cukI thI, jise loga lekhaka honA gaurava kA viSaya mAnate the| taba taka lekhaka honA eka 'vyavasAya' kA rUpa le cukA thA / use lekhana-vyavasAya- vizeSajJa mAnA jAtA thA / pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA - - 23

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prAraMbha meM lekhaka kA kArya maukhika lokavArtA, jo 'apaurUSeya' mAnI jAtI thI aura vAkavilAsa - 'maMtra' - ko lipibaddha karanA thaa| isa kArya meM lekhaka vyAsajI kI taraha eka sampAdaka mAtra mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu; dhIre-dhIre isa zabda kA artha 'mUla-graMtha-racanA-kartA' mAnA jAne lgaa| pANinikAlIna bhArata meM 'lekhaka' ko kina bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie, yaha nizcita ho cukA thaa| DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke anusAra maulika kRti ke kRtikAra ko 'tantra yukti' arthAt saMgata rUpa-vidhAna kA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| isake lie nimnalikhita bAteM dhyAna dene yogya haiM - 1. abhikAra yA saMgati (arthAt AMtarika vyavasthA yA vijnyaan)| 2. maMgala - maMgala kAmanA se praarNbh| 3. hetvartha - varNya viSaya yA aadhaar| 4. upadeza - lekhaka yA kRtikAra ke vyaktigata nirdesh| 5. apadeza - khaNDana-maNDana ke lie dUsaroM ke mata kA udAharaNa denaa| kabhI-kabhI lekhaka evaM lipikartA eka hI hone se unake madhya lekhaka ke sAtha pAThavaktA yA vAcaka bhI apanA sthAna rakhatA thaa| 2. bhautika-sAmagrI : graMtha-racanA meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa pakSa hai - bhautiksaamgrii| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI meM racita 'rAjaprazrIyopAMga sUtra' ke AdhAra para apane 'bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA' nAmaka graMtha meM bhautika sAmagrI ke antargata nimnalikhita vastuoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai :____ 1. lipyAsana - 'lipyAsana' kaI prakAra ke hote haiM / vaha vastu jisa para likhA jAtA hai, use lipyAsana kahate haiM - jaise - pepIrasa, IMTa, zilA, patthara, tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, dhAtupatra, carmapatra, kapar3A, kAgaja aadi| 2. masi - syaahii| 3. lekhanI - kU~cI, kalama, TA~kI, kIla aadi| 4. ddoraa| 5. kASTha-paTTikAe~ (kAmbikA) 24 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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6. veSThana - chaMdaju (AcchAdana) 7. graMthi - TikulI yA gA~Tha prAyaH tAr3apatrAdi kI pANDulipiyoM meM bIca meM cheda kara DorI piroI jAtI hai| isa DorI ke donoM choroM para lakar3I, hAthIdA~ta, sIpa yA nAriyala kI gola TikulI meM DorI pirokara gA~Tha dI jAtI hai / yaha gA~Tha hI TikulI yA graMthi kahalAtI hai / 8. haratAla yA har3atAla - pANDulipi meM hue galata lekhana yA asAvadhAnIpUrNa hue lekhana ko miTAne ke lie 'har3atAla ' yA ' haratAla' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / 3. lipi aura lipikartA : yaha pANDulipi-graMtha-racanA-prakriyA kA tIsarA mahatvapUrNa pakSa hai / kabhI-kabhI lekhaka aura lipikartA eka hI hote haiM / taba lipikartA yA lipikAra evaM lekhaka paryAyavAcI mAne jAte haiM; lekina donoM ko hI lipi kA pUrNa jJAna evaM usakA abhyAsa avazya honA caahie| prAcIna kAla meM aise lekhaka yA lipikartAoM ke lie nirdeza - graMtha bhI likhe milate haiM; jaise - lekha paMcAzikA, kSemendra vyAsa dAsa kRta loka - prakAza, vatsarAja suta haridAsa kRta lekhaka muktAmaNi evaM san 1418 meM racita mahAkavi vidyApati kRta 'likhanAvalI' aise hI nirdeza graMtha haiM / 2. lekhaka aura lipikartA 'lekhaka' zabda kA prayoga likhanevAle ke artha meM prAcInakAla se vyavahRta hotA AyA hai / aneka prAcIna graMthoM meM 1 isakA ullekha huA hai| sAMcI stUpa ke eka zilAlekha meM 'lekhaka' zabda kA prAcInatama ullekha prApta hotA hai / yadyapi yahA~ 'lekhaka' zabda se 'lekhana - vyavasAya meM lage' vyakti kA hI abhiprAya hai; kintu DaoN. bUhara ne isa zilAlekha kA anuvAda karate samaya isa zabda kA artha 'kApIisTa oNva mainyuskripTsa' (Copyist of Mss.) yA rAiTara, klarka hI diyA hai| vastutaH prAraMbha meM 'lekhaka' zilAlekhoM para utkIrNa kiye jAne vAle prArUpa taiyAra karate the| bAda meM lekhaka ko pANDulipi taiyAra karane kA kArya bhI diyA jAne lagA thA / lekhana - vyavasAya meM adhikAMzataH brAhmaNa yA kAyastha varga hI saMlagna rahatA thA / prAcIna mandiroM yA graMthAgAroM meM ina lekhakoM kI niyukti graMthalekhana hetu kI jAtI thI / hamAre saMgraha meM aisI aneka pANDulipiyA~ dekhane meM AI haiM, jinakA lipikartA yA lipikAra 'brAhmaNa indramaNI' rahA hai / vi.saM. 1855 ke pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 25

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AsapAsa kI 'zrIrAmaparatva graMtha kI TIkA' (brahmadAsa kRta), rAmopAsanA Adi graMthoM ke lipikartA brAhmaNa indramaNi hI rahe haiM / ' I bhAratIya paramparA meM isa zabda (lekhaka) kA prayoga cauthI zatI IsA pUrva meM milatA hai / isake anya paryAyavAcI zabda haiM- lipikAra, libikAra yA dipikAra / azoka ke abhilekhoM meM yaha zabda do arthoM meM prayukta huA hai 1. lekhaka, 2. zilAoM para lekha utkIrNa karane vAlA manuSya / amarakoSa meM lekhaka aura lipikAra ko paryAyavAcI mAnA hai / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke AdhAra para DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 'lipi' kA artha 'lekhana' aura 'lekha' batalAte haiM / isa prakAra pANini ne graMtha, lipikAra, yavanAnI lipi Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / 'India as known to Panini' meM DaoN. agravAla vizvAsapUrvaka kahate haiM. "Thus it is certain that lipi in the time of Panini meant writing and script."" ww 112 3. lekhaka - lipikartA (lipikAra) ke guNa bhAratIya prAcIna purANoM meM lekhaka ke guNoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / matsyapurANa, adhyAya 189 meM kahA hai sarva dezAkSarAbhijJaH sarvazAstra vizAradaH / lekhaka: kathito rAjJaH sarvAdhikaraNeSu vai // 26 isI prakAra 'garur3a purANa' meM kahA hai - medhAvI vAkapaTuH prAjJaH satyavAdI jitendriyaH / sarvazAstra samAlokI hyeSa sAdhuH sa lekhakaH // uparyukta zlokoM meM lekhaka ke do mahattvapUrNa guNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai - 'sarvadezAkSarAbhijJa: ' - arthAt samasta dezoM ke akSaroM (lipi) kA jJAna aura sAtha hI 'sarvazAstra samAlokI' - arthAt samasta zAstroM meM lekhaka kI samAna gati honI caahie| eka pANDulipi vaijJAnika meM ye guNa kisI na kisI mAtrA meM hone hI cAhie / 'zArGgadhara paddhati' meM bhI yahI bAteM kahI gaI haiN| ' patrakaumudI' 1. zrIrAmaparatvam : mahAtmA brahmadAsa kRta, sampA. DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA, koTapUtalI 2. India as known to Panini, Dr. V. S. Agarwal, Vol. II, Ch. 5, pp 311. sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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ke anusAra jahA~ eka ora eka rAja-lekhaka meM aneka guNa hone cAhie, vahIM usakA brAhmaNa honA bhI Avazyaka batAyA hai| isakA kAraNa usa samaya kI sAmAjika sthiti meM brAhmaNa kA kArya par3hanA-par3hAnA mAnA gayA hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki eka rAja-lekhaka (lipikAra) ko maMtraNAbhijJa, rAjanItivizArada, aneka lipiyoM kA jJAtA, medhAvI, aneka bhASAoM kA jAnakAra, nItizAstra-vizArada, saMdhi-vigraha ke bheda ko jAnanevAlA, rAjakAja meM dakSa, rAjA kA hitaiSI, kArya aura akArya kA vicAra karane vAlA, satyavAdI, jitendriya, dharmajJa aura rAja-dharma kA jJAtA honA caahie| prAcIna bhArata meM lekhaka kA sthAna rAja-samAja meM AdarzapUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| prAcInakAla meM lekhaka hI pANDulipi lekhaka bhI hotA thA, kyoMki mudraNa-kalA ke abhAva meM lekhaka jo kucha likhatA thA, vahI mainyuskripTa (pANDulipi) kahalAtI thii| usa mUla pANDulipi kI pratiyA~-pratilipi karavAkara maTha-mandiroM Adi meM surakSita rakhI jAtI thiiN| Aja hindI meM mala racanAkAra ko lekhaka kahA jAtA hai, lekina vizeSa artha meM likhiyA yA lipikAra, lipikartA bhI kaha sakate haiN| 4. lipikartA kA mahatva prAcInakAla se hI lipikartA (lipikAra) ke mahatva ko vizva meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / romana sAmrAjya ke bAda vahA~ kI graMtha-sampadA ko kucha to vidvAnoM ne apane adhikAra meM le liyA thA aura kucha pAdariyoM (Monks) ke hAtha par3a gaI thii| isa yuga meM pratyeka monesTrI (dharma-vihAra) meM eka skripToriyama (pANDulipi-kakSa) hotA thaa| isa kakSa meM pAdarI loga prAcIna graMthoM kI pANDulipiyA~ bar3I sAvadhAnIpUrvaka svayaM taiyAra karate the| unake prayAsa se pANDulipi-lekhana eka uccakoTi kI kalA mAnI jAne lgii| una pANDulipiyoM ko aneka prakAra ke citroM se susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| Aja bhI jaina mandiroM evaM bauddha vihAroM meM isa prakAra kA pracalana vartamAna hai| prAcInakAla meM roma meM pANDulipiyoM ke lipikAra ve gulAma hote the, jinakI lekhanakalA sundara hotI thI, unheM mukta kara diyA jAtA thaa| roma meM kucha striyA~ bhI vyAvasAyika lipikAra hotI thiiN| ve lipi-sulekhana (kailIgrAphI) kI jAnakAra hotI thiiN| san 231 I. meM jaba origena ne bAibila ke 'olDa pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 27

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TaisTarAmaiNTa' kA sampAdana-saMzodhana prArambha kiyA to saMta ambroja ne lipi sulekhana meM vijJa kucha kuzala adhikArI evaM kumAriyA~ (Nuns) bhejI jAtI thiiN| prAcIna dharma vihAroM (Monastery) meM jahA~ graMtha-lekhana kakSa hotA thA, lipikartAoM kI sahAyatArtha pATha-vaktA (Dictator) bhI hote the, jo graMtha kA pATha bola-bola kara likhAte the| isake bAda vaha pANDulipi eka saMzodhaka ke pAsa jAtI thI, jo Avazyaka saMzodhana kara use citrakAra (minieTara) ke pAsa bheja detA thA, jo usameM Avazyaka citra-sajjA kara sundara banA detA thaa| isI prakAra hamAre deza meM bhI prAcIna dharma-vihAroM, mandiroM, sarasvatI evaM jJAna-bhaNDAroM meM lekhakazAlAoM kA varNana milatA hai / muni puNyavijayajI kahate haiM ki 'kumAra pAla prabandha' meM ina lekhakazAlAoM kA varNana milatA hai / "ekadA prAtargurUna sarvasAdhUMzca vanditvA lekhakazAlA vilokanAya gtaaH| lekhakA: kAgadapatrANi likhanto dRssttaaH|" jainadharma meM to lekhana-kArya ko eka mahatvapUrNa evaM pavitra kArya mAnA jAtA hai| jaina saMtoM-muniyoM dvArA cAturmAsa meM likhI gaI pustakeM isI ora saMketa karatI haiN| prAcInakAla meM bhArata meM graMtha-lekhana kA kArya pahale brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM hI thA, kintu bAda meM yaha kArya kAyasthoM ke hAtha meM calA gyaa| isa prakAra kAyastha varga vyAvasAyika lekhakoM kA hI varga thA, jo bAda meM calakara jAtigata ho gyaa| mugalakAla meM to kAyastha lekhaka bahuta mahatvapUrNa ho gayA thaa| mauryakAla meM rAjakIya sacivAlaya (Secretariate) ko 'kAya' kahA jAtA thaa| usa 'kAya' meM sthita vyakti ko kAyastha kahate the| kAyastha-lekhaka kA lekhana kArya bahuta sundara mAnA jAtA thaa| kAyastha zabda ke atirikta lekhaka ke lipikAra, dipikAra yA divira paryAyavAciyoM ke sAtha bhArata meM karaNa, karNin, zAsatin tathA dharmalekhina paryAyavAcI bhI pracalita the| zilAlekhoM para lekha utkIrNa karane vAle lekhaka yA lipikAra ko zilpI, rUpakAra, sUtradhAra tathA zilAkUTa kahA jAtA thaa| 5. lipikAra ke prakAra isa prakAra pANDulipi vijJAna kI dRSTi se lipikAra kA atyadhika mahatva hai| usake prayatnoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hameM pANDulipiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| ye 28 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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lipikAra daza prakAra ke hote haiM / pANDulipivijJAna' ke lekhaka DaoN. satyendrajI ne DaoN. hIrAlAla mAhezvarI ke havAle se lipikAra ke dasa prakAra batAe haiM, jo nimnalikhita haiM - 1. jaina zrAvaka yA muni| 2. sAdhu yA aatmaanNdii| 3. gRhsth| 4. par3hAnevAlA (koI bhI ho)| 5. kAmadAra (rAjagharAne kA klarka yA lipik)| 6. daphtarI - anya kAryoM ke sAtha pratilipi bhI karatA thaa| 7. vyakti vizeSa ke lie likhI gaI pANDulipi kA lipik| 8. avasara vizeSa ke lie likhI gaI prati kA lipik| 9. graMtha-saMgraha ke lie likhI gaI prati kA lipik| 10. dharma vizeSa ke lie likhI gaI prati kA lipik| 6. pratilipi meM kI gaI vikRtiyA~ aura unake pariNAma kisI lipikartA ke asundara lekhana yA azuddha lekhana ke dvArA kabhI-kabhI bar3I bhayaMkara bhUleM ho jAyA karatI haiN| jo kucha lipikartA ne likhA use yadi pAThaka sahI DhaMga se nahIM samajhatA hai to kaI bAra artha ke anartha ho jAyA karate haiN| maurya-zAsanakAla meM lekhaka yA lipikartA prazAsakIya taMtra kA eka pramukha sadasya huA karatA thaa| vaha Ajakala ke pI.e. yA sTenoM kI taraha kA vyakti thaa| sAtavIM sadI ke eka Adeza-lekha (nirmANDa tAmrapatra abhilekha) ke anusAra lekhaka rAjA ke nijI sacivoM meM sammilita thA aura usake adhikAra aura kartavya bhI bar3he hue the| rAja-kAja se Ane-jAne vAle patroM kA par3hanA aura vyAkhyA kara artha batAnA usakA kArya thaa| isa kArya meM jarAsI asAvadhAnI se, cAhe lekhaka se huI ho yA pAThaka se, bahuta bar3I gar3abar3a ho jAtI hai| hariSeNa ne apane kathAkoSa kI 24vIM kahAnI meM likhA hai ki eka lekhaka mahArAnI aura maMtriyoM ke sAtha rAjabhavana meM rahatA thaa| usakI upasthiti meM mahArAjA ke jo patra Ate 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 25 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 29

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unheM par3hakara lekhaka unakA abhiprAya batAtA thaa| eka bAra eka rAjA ne kisI upAdhyAya ke bAre meM patra likhA thA ki use sugaMdhita ubale cAvala, ghI tathA maSI (dAla) bhojana meM dI jaaye| lekhaka ne patra par3hate samaya 'maSI' kA artha kAlI syAhI liyaa| arthAt koyale kI kAlI syAhI ghI meM gholakara cAvala ke sAtha khAne ko dI jAye / isa prakAra artha kA anartha ho gyaa| lekhaka yA lipika ke asAvadhAnIpUrNa lekha kA eka udAharaNa aura dekheN| eka bAra eka seTha ke munIma ne unake ghara para likha kara bhejA ki - "Aja seThajI ajamera gaye haiM, bar3I bahI ko lete aanaa|" isa paMkti ke pAThaka ne ise yoM par3hA - "Aja seThajI mara gae haiM; bar3I bahU ko lete aanaa|" Apane dekhA ki ajamera gaye ko 'Aja mara gaye' evaM 'bahI' ko 'bahU' par3hane se kyA se kyA ho gayA? 7. pANDulipi kI bhUloM ke nirAkaraNa kA uddezya kisI pANDulipi meM prApta lipigata vikRtiyoM kA saMbaMdha lipikartA se hI hotA hai| ataH pANDulipi vaijJAnika ko pANDulipi sampAdana karate samaya una sabhI saMbhava-bhUloM kA nirAkaraNa karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| ina bhUloM kA nirAkaraNa mukhyatayA mUla prati ke uddezya' se kiyA jAtA hai| pAThAlocana vijJAna meM ina pATha-saMbaMdhI bhUloM yA samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA hotA hai| 8. pratilipi meM vikRtiyA~ : kyoM aura kaise? DaoN. satyendra ke anusAra kisI pANDulipi meM lipigata vikRtiyA~ lipikartA dvArA nimna prakAra se kI jAtI haiM : (ka) jAnabUjhakara (yA saceSTa) (kha) anajAne meM (yA nisceSTa) (ga) ubhayAtmaka isa prakAra kI vikRtiyA~ nimna kAraNoM se kI jAtI haiM - (a) mUlapATha meM kucha vRddhi karane ke lie| (A) mUlapATha meM kucha kamI darzAne ke lie| (i) mUlapATha ke sthAna para svaicchika pATha rakhane ke lie| 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 26 30 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(I) mUlapATha ke krama-parivartana hetu| (u) mUlapATha meM mizrapATha kI prati kA aMza svecchA se grahaNa karane hetu / (U) mizra pATha kI prati kA kisI eka paramparA kI prati se svecchA se milAna karate hue| aisA karane ke lie koI na koI kAraNa yA bhUla hotI hai, jo nimna meM se eka ho sakatI hai : (ka) lipibhrama athavA lipisAmya ke kaarnn| (kha) varNasAmya ke kaarnn| (ga) zabdasAmya ke kaarnn| (gha) lipikartA dvArA likhita saMketa-cihnoM kI nAsamajhI ke kaarnn| (Ga) kisI zabda kA ThIka-ThIka anvaya nahIM kara sakane ke kaarnn| (ca) zabda yA paMkti kI punarAvRtti ke kaarnn| (cha) apanI smRti ke dvArA likhane ke kaarnn| (ja) vAcaka se sunakara likhane ke kAraNa (samAna dhvani hone ke kaarnn)| (jha) hA~ziye meM likhita pATha ko pratilipi karate hue sammilita kara lene ke kaarnn| yadi lipikartA yA vaktA kisI kSetra vizeSa kA huA aura dUsarA kisI dUsare kSetra kA, to lekhana meM vikRti hone kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai| prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke par3hate yA pratilipi karate samaya anajAne meM yA ThIka se nahIM par3ha pAne ke kAraNa lipikartA dvArA aneka vikRtiyoM yA azuddhiyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se bhArata meM, vizeSa rUpa se gujarAta aura rAjasthAna ke pANDulipi bhaNDAroM meM 15vIM se 20vIM zatAbdI taka kI nAgarIlipi meM likhita pANDulipiyoM kA adhyayana karate hue zrI lakSmaNabhAI hIrAlAla bhojaka ne jo azuddhiyA~ pAIM, unheM 'prAkRta sAhitya stavaka : dvitIya bhAga' meM prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki - pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 31

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prAcIna pANDulipiyoM evaM Adhunika mudraNa meM prayukta 'nAgarIlipi' kI varNamAlA meM jo parivartana hue haiM, unheM Age darzAe gaye do cArToM meM samajhAne kA yatna kiyA hai| prathama cArTa meM tIna khAne haiM - jinameM prathama khAne meM svara, anusvAra aura visarga die gae haiN| inameM pahalA varNa yA akSara Adhunika mudraNa meM prayukta hone vAlA hai aura usake sAmane 15vIM se 20vIM zatAbdI ke madhya likhita pANDulipiyoM meM prayukta akSara haiN| dUsare cArTa meM pahale ghara (dhA) diyA gayA hai / yadyapi zirorekhA ke binA koI bhI akSara hotA hai to vaha nikAlA huA mAnA jAtA hai, para isameM (dha) kevala apavAda hai| zirorekhA ke binA meM A kI mAtrA ghA isa taraha tirachI rekhA ke dvArA jor3I jAtI thI aura jaba cha kI zirorekhA bananI zurU huI taba dhA isa taraha ho jAne para pahalI tirachI rekhA bhI prayukta hotI rhii| akSaroM meM hrasva i kI mAtrA jor3ane kI tIna vidhiyA~ haiM - ki ki ki| dIrgha I kI mAtrA kI isa vidhi se jor3I jAtI hai| repha ke sAtha dIrgha I kI mAtrA 'rkI' jor3ate samaya kI isa prakAra likhA jAtA hai| 'ka' meM hrasva 'u' kI mAtrA tIna prakAra se jor3I jAtI hai - ku ku ku| daMDavAle akSaroM meM yaha mAtrA rakha 77 isa vidhi se bhI jor3I jAtI hai| kitane hI akSaroM meM hrasva tathA dIrgha 'u' 'U' kI mAtrA jor3ate samaya unake rUpa badala gae haiM / udAharaNasvarUpa 'tu' = 3, 'tU' = tU, 'du' = du, 'dU' - 5, 'zu' = bhu, 'zU' - bhU, 'hu' = 5, 'hU' - kU aadi| dIrgha 'U' kI mAtrA isa vidhi se bhI jor3I jAtI hai - 'kU' = lU, 'sU' = sU , 'vU' = tU / ___'R', 'R kI mAtrA jor3ate samaya 'ta' isa rIti se likhA jAtA hai - 'tR' = 2, 'tR' / 'e' kI mAtrA akSara ke pahale likhI jAtI hai aura yaha 'pRSTha mAtrA' yA 'paDimAtrA' kahalAtI hai - 'ke' = (C / usI prakAra se kai' = (ke, 'ko' = (kA, kau = (ko likhA jAtA hai / akSara ke pahale do mAtrAe~ kabhI bhI nahIM likhI jAtI haiM / eka pahale aura eka Upara isa taraha se likhI jAtI haiM - kai = (ke| 32 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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akSara meM anusvAra 'kaM' ka isa vidhi se bhI likhA jAtA hai / visarga ke do binduoM ke sthAna para khar3I paMkti kI taraha do Tukar3e bhI kie gae milate haiM - 'ka: ' ka = saMyuktAkSara - isake bAda krama se nimnAnusAra saMyuktAkSara likhe gae haiN| eka hI varga ke akSaroM ke jor3ane kA jo badalA huA svarUpa hai, vaha likhA gayA hai / tIsare khAne meM 'la' aura 'va' ko Upara nIce jor3anA, 'ta' ke sAtha saMyuktAkSara, 'yakAra' aura 'rakAra' jor3anA, 'la' aura 'va' ke sAtha saMyukta honevAle akSara, tIna varNoM ke saMyukta hone para parivartana ko prApta prayoga, jaise ki 'kSa', 'SNa', 'stha', OM, hrIM zrIM Adi kA prAcIna rUpa batAyA gayA hai / isake bAda pustakoM ke prAraMbha meM Ane vAlA 'bhale mIMDu' (maMgala kA pratIka cihna) = ||6|| aura aMta meM pUrNatA kA sUcaka 'cha' hai / = 1. koI zabda do bAra likhanA ho to zabda ke bAda do kA aMka (2) likhane meM AtA hai / 'bAra bAra' likhanA ho to = vAra 2 isa vidhi se likhA jAtA hai / 2. lekhaka kI bhUla se raha gaI A kI mAtrA, hrasva i aura dIrgha I kI mAtrA kramaza: isa prakAra banAyI jAtI hai, 'vA' = rva', pati = patte, bhIma = lama 1 3. yadi akSara Age-pIche likhA gayA ho to akSara ke Upara krama se par3hane ke lie aMka banAyA jAtA hai kamala kale me I = L 4. akSara yA pATha yadi bhUla se nahIM likhA gayA ho to AXV inameM se koI bhI eka cihna banAkara, bAhara mArjina meM vaha akSara yA pATha likhA jAtA hai| bahudhA usa pATha ko likhane ke bAda naM 04 (olI 4) yA paM. 4 (cauthI paMkti) likhA jAtA hai| yadi Upara vAlI mArjina meM olI 4 yA paMkti 4 likhA ho to Upara se paMkti kI ginatI karanI caahie| yadi nIce kI mArjina meM ho to paMkti ko nIce kI tarapha se ginanA cAhie / 5. chUTA huA pATha x isa prakAra kA cihna banAkara nIce kI paMkti meM bhI likhA jAtA hai aura usa pATha ke donoM tarapha x - isa prakAra kA cihna hotA hai| pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 33

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6. akSara nikAlane (delete karane) kI vidhi - 1. akSara ke Upara ke ke isa prakAra kA cihna banAyA jAtA hai| 2. akSara zirorekhA se rahita chor3a diyA jAtA hai = kaalm| 3. akSara ke Upara haratAla (pIlA raMga) yA saphedA lagA dete haiN| 7. adhika akSara yA pATha nikAlanA (delete karanA) ho to una akSaroM/pATha ke Adi aura aMta meM isa prakAra teNaMkAleNaM, kA cihna banAyA jAtA hai| 8. paMkti ke aMta meM yadi thor3I jagaha baca gayI ho to vahA~ para isa prakAra ke daMDa kA cihna banAte haiM / usako nikAlA huA (delete kiyA huA) hI samajhanA caahie| phudar3I kI zobhA bar3hAne ke lie bhI isa prakAra ke daMDa kA cihna banAyA jAtA hai| 9. / isa prakAra hrasva ikAra paMkti ke anta meM banAkara usakA akSara dUsarI paMkti meM bhI likhA jAtA hai aura 'A' kI mAtrA dIrgha I paMkti ke bAhara mArjina meM athavA dUsarI (=agalI) paMkti meM bhI likhI jAtI hai| 10. pUrNavirAma ke lie isaprakAra kA = / ' daMDa hotA hai| 11. gAthA yA zloka ke pUrNa ho jAne para isa prakAra = -- // ' do daMDa hote haiN| 12. graMtha ke Adi meM e 60' yA da0' jo cihna rahatA hai vaha maMgalasUcaka hai (= Adi maMgala kA sUcaka) aura usako bhalI mIMDu' kahate haiN| 13. graMtha kI samApti yA prakaraNa kI samApti para "I !" isaprakAra cha' kA cihna likhA jAtA hai jo ki graMtha yA prakaraNa kI samApti kA sUcaka hai| 14. 'ta' au '' = (cha) ke yoga/saMyukta hone para usako 'tya' par3hA jAnA caahie| 15. 'sa' aura 'cha' jaba saMyukta ho to use 'stha' par3hA jAnA caahie| 16. prAcIna pustakoM meM jisa akSara ke Upara repha = S, AtA hai usa akSara kA dvitva kara dete haiM - 'dharma' = 'dhrm'| 34 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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17. hrasva ukAra ko jaba agramAtrA ke rUpa meM jor3ate haiM taba ukAra ke UparavAle bhAga para zirorekhA nahIM hotI hai - 'ku' = 'ka', 'tu' = 'ta', 'mu' = 'mA, 'su' = 'saa'| 18. yadi kevala mAtrA nikAlanI (delete karanA) ho to usa mAtrA ke Upara isa prakAra kA cihna banAte haiM - 'ti', 'kI', 'te' aadi| 19. gerU lagAyA huA bhAga dhyAnAkarSaNa kA cihna hai, nikAlane kA nhiiN| 20. purAnI pustakoM meM yadi pada chUTA huA dikhatA hai yA bIca meM kahIM para jagaha chor3I gayI dikhatI hai to vaha lipi kI sundaratA bar3hAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| 21. prAcIna pustakoM meM anunAsika (*) ke sthAna para anusvAra (') kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 22. akSara yadi azuddha likhA gayA ho aura lekhaka ke dhyAna meM A jAe to usa azuddha akSara ke Upara usI samaya zuddha akSara likha kara sukhA detA hai aura jo bhAga nahIM cAhie usa bhAga ke Upara har3atAla (pIlA raMga) lagA kara zuddha akSara banA detA hai, para yadi haratAla lagAnA raha jAe to vaha akSara isa prakAra dikhAI detA hai - 'mama','pa'ca, 'ha', 'da'' aadi| 23. pahalI paMkti ke Upara khAlI jagaha hone ke kAraNa katipaya lekhaka hrasva aura dIrgha ikAra isa prakAra banAte haiM 'ji' = ja, 'si' = siM, 'zrI' = zrI aadi| 24. akSara ko do prakAra se saMyukta karate haiM / (i) purAnI vidhi se Upara nIce, jaise 'kva' = 'va' aura (ii) Adhunika vidhi se agala-bagala meM, jaise 'kv'| 25. halanta akSara ko darzAne ke lie akSara ke nIce eka mAtrA kI taraha cihna banAyA jAtA hai, jaise 't', 'm'| 26. avagraha kA cihna '5' athavA '6' isa taraha kA hotA hai| pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 35

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27. katipaya hastalikhita pratiyoM meM saMzodhakoM ke dvArA kiye hue cihna bhI milate haiM :1) 'tena jAnanti' isa vidhi se pada ke aMtima akSara ke Upara khaDI rekhA milatI hai| yaha khar3I rekhA ( / ) isa ora saMketa karatI hai ki 'tena' aura 'jAnanti' - ye donoM pada alaga haiN| (ii) 'kha', 'ka', Sa yA 'ja', 'ya' athavA 'za', 'Sa', 'sa' - ina akSaroM meM se kisI akSara ke Upara yadi ' ' isa taraha kA cihna kiyA gayA ho to vaha ucita akSara par3hane kA saMketa karatA hai| (iii) TippaNa kA pATha jaba bAhara likhate haiM taba ' = ' yA '--' isa prakAra kA cihna banAte haiN| (iv) 'a' yA 'A' kI saMdhi darzAnevAle sthala para 'a' ke eka avagraha kA cihna (5) aura 'A' ke lie do avagraha (55) kA cihna banAte haiN| 28. akSara truTita hone ke kAraNa kharAba huA bhAga khAlI chor3a diyA jAtA hai athavA usa bhAga ko 'tha tha tha tha' yA '55555' isa prakAra kA cihna banAkara pUrA kiyA jAtA hai| ThIka taraha se nahIM par3ha pAne ke kAraNa hastalikhita pustakoM kI nakala karate samaya nimna prakAra kI azuddhiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM :1. katipaya lipika zirorekhA kA prAraMbha bindu se karate haiM, jaise ki 'sa''ma' isase 'bha' aura 'na' kA 'sa' ho jAtA hai| 2. 'A' kI mAtrA kA daMDa (virAma cihna) aura daMDa 'A' kI mAtrA ho jAtI hai| dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki daMDa hamezA zirorekhA se rahita hotA hai aura 'A' kI mAtrA zirorekhA se jur3I hotI hai, jaise - 'mA' ca / ' aadi| 3. 'A' kI mAtrA bAda vAle akSara kI paDimAtrA' (pUrva meM Ane vAlI - 'e' kI mAtrA) bana jAtI hai aura paDimAtrA pahale akSara kI 'A' kI mAtrA bana jAtI hai| jaise ki 'rAma' (rAma) kA rame (rAma) athavA rame (rAma) kA rAma (raam)| dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie 'A' kI mAtrA kA nicalA sirA sIdhA 36 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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a a ka ka dhA AyA kha vaSa nana iii ga ga pa pa IIi ghapapha pha bha bhattana DI aHH / pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 37

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thA ghara ghara ki ki ki kI kI rkI kI du phu kU za ka Ja vva cha eka kAkA nAtka ka barakha raka rakha zva tta ta ku ku ku jaggA gra khu raka gcha gya tna na ratna tya tu u tva va tva dudu tsa sa kta ktakta hva nta na pta sta sa gya gra rya sva tU 7 sU sU nU bu vra' koko kon ka ko kA kau ko 38 kaMka 7:771 cca ca ccha ba jja jaja jjha jja aSThadhU jJa jJajJa Jca ca TTa ha daha DDa hu jha geulro paNa nta tta tya ddha da nna na bba cha na sya ya mya mya kra kra R chra dra 55 dra 5 lka cuka paisA kla lla bla blU sta lA kva ke ka jva jva jJa da dva va w to nvava lva tvava cchU tsya jhya kSaksa da hama sva zrI / / // 11211 ktravatra ka sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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lipi sAmya hone ke kAraNa akSaroM ko samajhane meM bhrama hotA hai, ve nimna prakAra haiM : rAya // pe ye vavadyagha 26Da hara | jajJa sa sa sa raka Ihaha Tanada / namana maga sa | cha(ja) dya rakaka ur3a ya para haha pa paya pA rAga rAga ha haddha nattava va baca eya eya nanana ka) kaba manA dava 7 bA karutaka papa khakha sva nana sama gamasarA paya ha63 ga((ga) Na | pu-47 ph| kuku pappa pha pu sUkta padagdha | bava ca | kakakaka usavabaca bhamaraka khu E Nepy b pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 29

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hotA hai aura paDimAtrA (pUrva meM AnevAlI 'e' kI mAtrA) kA nicalA sirA akSara kI ora mur3A huA hotA hai 1 4. hrasva ikAra kI do mAtrA evaM do mAtrAoM ke sthAna para hrasva ikAra bhI ho jAtA hai / jaise - mi (ma) kA mai (- mi) aura mai (-) kA mi (= mi) / I 5. kitane hI lipika dIrgha IkAra ke cihna ko isa prakAra se jor3ate haiM ki 'A' kI mAtrA kA bhrama ho jAtA hai| jaise ki mI (mI) kA mA (mA) kI taraha dikhanA / 6. par3imAtrA kA hrasva ikAra (f) aura hrasva ikAra kI paDimAtrA bana jAtI hai / jaise ki ve (va) kA vi (va) aura usI bhA~ti vi (vi) kA ve (kh)| 7. kitane hI lipika akSara kA khar3A daMDa nIce se patalA aura mur3A huA banAte haiN| jaise ki 'ka', 'ca'ma' / inakI nakala karate samaya ye akSara halanta se yukta ' k" c'm' kA bhrama utpanna karate haiM / yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki halanta hamezA akSara se alaga hotA hai / I 8. 'a' ke sthAna para kabhI-kabhI '5' bhI likha dete haiM / 9. 'rya' ke sthAna para 'ya' isa prakAra kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / 10. akSara ke Upara do repha kA cihna 'A' kI mAtrA kA cihna hai / jaise ki kAma (= kema ) parantu isako repha () par3hane kI galatI ho jAtI hai / 11. dIrgha IkAra jaba repha ke sAtha AtA hai taba isa prakAra likhA jAtA hai ma (7), para isako 'mI' par3hane kI galatI ho jAtI hai / kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki uparyukta sabhI bhUloM kA nirAkaraNa prati ke 'uddezya' se ho sakatA hai / uddezya kA patA hameM (1) prati ke prathama patra ke prathama pRSTha para likhA milatA hai, (2) yA prati ke anta meM (puSpikA ke aMta meM ) antima patra para likhA hotA hai, (3) yA yadi guTakoM- pothiyoM meM kucha racanAe~ eka hastalekha meM hoM aura kucha bhinna meM, to prAya: eka prakAra ke hastalekha ke anta meM milatA hai / ataH adhyetA ko guTakA yA pothI ke madhya aMza ko dekhanA - sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 40

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caahie| kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI likhA milatA hai ki 'uddezya' likhA to prAraMbha ke panne para hai; kintu samApti puSpikA ke anta meM kI gaI hai| 9. 'uddezya' kyoM likhA jAtA hai? niruddezya koI prati nahIM likhI jAtI hai| ataH dekhanA yaha hai ki uddezya meM kyA likhA rahatA hai? yA pratilipikAra 'uddezya' kyoM likhatA hai? isase jAnabUjhakara yA saceSTa kI gaI vikRtiyoM kA patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| uddezya' nimna kAraNoM se likhA jAtA hai - (ka) lipikartA kisakA ziSya hai? (kha) lipikartA ne kisa gA~va yA ghara yA nivAsa sthAna para prati likhI hai? (ga) lipikartA ne kisa Dere yA sAMtharI yA deza (kSetra-vizeSa) meM prati likhI? (gha) lipikartA ne kisa samaya meM yA yAtrA meM yA maMdira meM yA kisake sAnnidhya meM, yA kisa avasara (akSaya tRtIyA, gaNeza caturthI, dazaharA Adi) para prati likhI? (Ga) lipikartA ne kisake Adeza yA kahane yA prArthanA karane para prati likhI? (ca) lipikartA ne kisake lie yA kise bheMTa karane ke lie yA pATha karane ke lie yA par3hane ke lie yA saMgraha ke lie yA sunAne ke lie prati likhI? (cha) lipikartA ne svapaThanArtha yA saMgraha ke lie prati likhii| (ja) lipikartA ne kisa jarjara yA naSTaprAyaH prati ke badale meM prati likhI? (jha) lipikartA kisa prakAra ke guru ke ziSya the? pitA, dIkSA guru yA sampradAyagata guru? eka udAharaNa dvArA ina kAraNoM ke uttara DhU~r3hane kA prayAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| lAladAsI sampradAya kI vANI' (mUlavANI) (sampAdaka DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA evaM DaoN. rAkezakumAra zarmA) kI puSpikA meM lipikartA ne apanA 'uddezya' isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai - "iti zrI lAladAsajI kA nukatA sASI bhajana saMpUrNa samApitau pothI lISataM rUparAma virAmaNa alavara ga(Dha) madhye rAjAdhirAjya rAva vaSatAvara siMgha mItI caita pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA

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vadi 12 sukara vA (ra) saMvat 1861 pothI lISataM rUparAma paThanArtha rUparAmajI veTo coSA virAmaNa ko / " isa prakAra kisI bhI prati ke pATha - sampAdana ke samaya uparyukta prakAra se uddezya jAnanA Avazyaka hai, jisase prati kI tulanAtmaka vizvasanIyatA kA patA laga skegaa| 10. 'uddezya' ke kAraNoM se honevAlI pATha-saMbaMdhI vikRtiyA~ 'uddezya' likhane ke uparyukta kAraNoM se honevAlI bhUloM kI saMbhAvanA nimna prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai 1. yadi prati, pratilipikartA ke guru se saMbaMdhita yA guru kI hI hai to usameM zraddhAvaza yA sAmpradAyika bhAvanA ke anusAra pratilipikartA kucha nayA yA jor3a-tor3a pUrNa likha sakatA hai| 2. prati kisa gA~va yA ghara meM lipibaddha kI gaI hai isase bhI lipikartA apanA koI saMbaMdha jor3a letA hai, jaise- usa gA~va meM rahane vAle adhisaMkhyaka loga kisI eka hI jAti ke haiM aura lipikartA bhI usI jAti kA hai to vaha kavi yA racanAkAra vizeSa ko bhI usI jAti kA likha sakatA hai / 3. kisa Dere yA sAMtharI kI ziSya paramparA se saMbaMdhita bhUleM bhI svAbhAvika haiM / yAnI 'Dere' se gaddIdhArI mahanta, unake guru evaM sampradAya kI mAnyatAoM kA jikra hogaa| 'sAMtharI' vAlI sthiti meM pahale guru aura unake ziSya kA nAmollekha hogA aura 'deza' kA nAma likhane vAlA kisI dUsare prAnta kA hogA / 4. samaya, yAtrA, mandira Adi se abhiprAya yaha hai ki inake saMdarbha meM bhAvuka lipika mUlapATha ko tor3a-maror3akara likha sakatA hai| 5. kisake Adeza yA kahane se abhiprAya yaha hai ki isa bahAne kahanevAle kI pUrvaja - paramparA kA samAveza bhI lipika kara sakatA hai / 6. kisake lie yA bheMTa karane ke lie taiyAra prati meM lipika durUhatA ko kama karane evaM sarala karake likhane kI pravRtti ke kAraNa jAnabUjhakara yA saceSTa vikRtiyA~ prastuta kara sakatA hai / 42 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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7. svayaM paThanArtha yA saMgraha hetu taiyAra prati meM bhI saceSTa vikRtiyoM kI saMbhAvanA banI rahatI hai / 8. badale meM likhI prati meM apekSAkRta kama vikRtiyA~ hotI haiM, kyoMki isameM lipikartA makSikA sthAne makSikA hI likhane kA prayAsa karatA hai 9. lipikartA guru paramparA kI dRSTi se adhika vizvasanIya prati taiyAra karatA hai / I vizeSa mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki jaba lipikartA svayaM bhI racanAkAra ho aura usake pAsa kAphI racanAe~ hoM aura sampradAya vizeSa kA ho to ImAnadArI se kArya karanA kaThina rahatA hai / kyoMki vaha apanI racanAoM ke aMza bhI kabhI-kabhI samAviSTa karane kA prayAsa kara sakatA hai / 11. lekhana - prakriyA (lipi) sAMskRtika dRSTi se yUnAna, mizra, roma aura bhArata kI saMskRtiyA~ sabase prAcIna haiM / sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha lekhana (lipi) kA janma evaM vikAsa bhI inhIM saMskRtiyoM kI thAtI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN. Devisa DiriMjara apane 'da alphAbeTa' nAmaka graMtha meM kahate haiM, "prAcIna mizravAsiyoM ne lekhana kA janmadAtA yA to thautha (Thoth) ko mAnA hai, jisane prAyaH sabhI sAMskRtika tatvoM kA AviSkAra kiyA thA, yA yaha zreya Aisisa ko diyA hai| bevIlonavAsI mAIka putra nebo (Nebo) nAmaka devatA ko lekhana kA AviSkAraka mAnate haiM / yaha devatA manuSya ke bhAgya kA devatA bhI hai| eka prAcIna yahUdI paramparA meM mUsA ko lipi kA nirmAtA mAnA gayA hai| yUnAnI purANagAthA (mizra) meM yA to harmIja nAmaka devatA ko lekhana kA zreya diyA gayA hai, yA kisI anya devatA ko / prAcIna cInI, bhAratIya tathA anya kaI jAtiyA~ bhI lekhana kA mUla daivI hI mAnate haiN| isI daivI - siddhAnta ko svIkArate hue DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA apane bhASAvijJAna' nAmaka graMtha meM kahate haiM 4 44 asala bAta to yaha hai ki brAhmI lipi' bhAratavarSa ke AryoM kI apanI khoja se utpanna kiyA huA maulika AviSkAra hai| isakI prAcInatA aura sarvAGga suMdaratA se cAhe isakA kartA brahmA devatA mAnA jAkara isakA nAma brAhmI par3A cAhe sAkSara samAja brAhmaNoM kI lipi hone se yaha brAhmI kahalAI ho' aura cAhe pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA - 43

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brahma (jJAna) kI rakSA ke lie sarvottama sAdhana hone ke kAraNa isako yaha nAma diyA gyaa| isa deza meM isakI videzI utpatti kA sUcaka koI pramANa nahIM miltaa|'' isalie sabhI prAcIna bhASAe~ aura unakI lipiyoM kI utpatti daivI mAnI gaI hai tathA unameM likhita unake Adi graMtha yA racanAe~ bhI daivI (apauruSeya) mAnI gaI haiN| hamAre veda isIlie 'apauruSeya' kahalAte haiN| hamArI bhASA 'devavANI' evaM lipi 'devanAgarI' kahalAtI hai| vastutaH prAcIna bhArata meM lekhana-kArya kA atyadhika dhArmika mahatva thA tathA isa kArya ko atyadhika pavitra kArya mAnA jAtA thaa| zAyada isI kAraNa hamAre aneka prAcIna graMthoM ke anta meM hastalikhita kI rakSA karane kI kAmanA kI jAtI thii| 'pANDulipi vijJAna' meM DaoN. satyendra isa prakAra ke kucha zloka pramANasvarUpa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - jalAd rakSet sthalAd rakSet, rakSet zithila baMdhanAt, mUrkha haste na dAtavyA, evaM badati pustikA // " agne rakSet jalAd rakSet, mUSake bhyo vizeSataH kaSTena likhitaM zAstraM, yatnena paripAlayet / udakAnila caure bhyo, mUSake bhyo hutAzanAt kaSTena likhitaM zAstraM, yatnena pripaalyet|' arthAt bar3e kaSTapUrvaka zrama se likhe zAstra kI prayatnapUrvaka rakSA karanI caahie| vizeSa rUpa se pAnI, miTTI, zithila baMdhana, mUrkha vyakti ke hAthoM se, agni, vAyu, mUSaka aura cora se bhI rakSA karanI caahie| 12. lekhana-paramparAe~ hamAre deza meM pANDulipi-lekhakoM ke dvArA tIna prakAra kI paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai - 1. sAmAnya, 2. vizeSa, 3. shubhaashubh| 1. sAmAnya ke antargata nimnalikhita paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai : (ka)lekhana-dizA : pANDulipiyoM meM lekhana kI aneka dizAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| cInIlipi meM Upara se nIce kI ora, kharoSTI evaM phArasI lipi meM 1. pANDulipi vijJAna, pR. 32 44 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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dAe~ se bAIM ora, nAgarI lipi (brAhmI) meM bAe~ se dAhinI ora, aura kahIMkahIM brAhmI lipi meM bAe~ se dAe~ aura punaH dAe~ se bAe~ likhane ke prayoga bhI milate haiN| svAta ke eka lekha meM kharoSThI lipi nIce se Upara kI ora likhI gaI bhI milatI hai| (kha) paMktibaddhatA : paMktibaddhatA se artha hai lipi ke akSaroM kI maap| mauryakAlIna zilAlekhoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki prAyaH pratyeka akSara lambAIcaur3AI meM samAna mApa kA hotA hai tathA sabhI akSara bAe~ se dAe~, paMktibaddha, sIdhIpar3I rekhAoM meM likhe jAte the| (ga) milita zabdAvalI : prAcInakAla meM hastalikhita graMthoM meM sabhI zabda eka dUsare se milAkara eka hI paMkti meM likhe jAne kI paramparA thii| yUnAna meM bhI yahI paramparA thii| alaga-alaga zabdoM meM likhane kI paramparA kA prAraMbha 11vIM zatAbdI kI pANDulipiyoM se dekhane ko milatA hai| (gha) virAma-cihna : prAya: milita zabdAvalI kI paramparA meM virAma-cihnoM kA abhAva rahatA hai| hamAre deza meM pA~cavIM zatAbdI I.pU. se IsvI san taka kevala eka virAma-cihna - daMDa yA eka Ar3I lkiir(|) - kA prayoga milatA hai / isake atirikta bAda meM nimnalikhita virAma-cihnoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai - I,1,T, 10,1,HI,mT,"-,,),02,00. kucha pANDulipiyoM meM virAma-cihnoM ke sAtha maMgalacihna evaM aMka kA bhI prayoga virAma-cihna kI taraha kiyA gayA milatA hai| (Ga) pRSTha saMkhyA : prAcIna hastalikhita graMthoM meM pRSTha kI banisbata panne ke aMka die jAne kI paramparA milatI hai / tAmrapatroM meM bhI yahI paramparA thii| yaha saMkhyA panne kI pITha vAle pRSTha para (sAMka pRSTha para) aMkita kI jAtI thii| yaha pRSTha saMkhyA kisa rUpa meM DAlI jAtI thI? ise spaSTa karate hue munizrI puNyavijaya jI kahate haiM - "tAr3apatrIya jaina pustakoM meM dAhinI ora Upara hAziye meM akSarAtmaka aMka aura bAyIM ora aMkAtmaka aMka diye jAte the| jaina cheda AgamoM aura unakI cUrNiyoM meM pATha, prAyazcitta, bhaMga Adi kA nirdeza akSarAtmaka aMkoM meM karane kI paripATI thii|" 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 62 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 45

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muni puNyavijayajI ne akSarAMkoM ke lie jo sUcI dI hai, vaha isa prakAra 1-1.ma.na.ma.zrI. zrI 2-2,na,si,si,zrI. 3-3,ma.,zrI, zrI,zrI 48,ka, dha, phA, I.o.ka, kA.ma.kA.ra 5-6,,,. " ,"na,nA,tA.kA.mA, 6-pha,rpha,phA,, prA.,phrA.A.phu.,phu , para 7-gra.grI gA. 6-5,5,kara la. (V,.I.I. daka aMka 1.tR.rnu 1-sursa 2-gha,vA 2-sU,sta,sa 3 .lA 3-sAnA,sA 4pta,prApta 4ganA,snAsA 4%C,G,6,60 5sto ,so.so 6.cu.Su 6-straM ,straM ,sU 7-ka. gha... 7 - straH, snaH saH 8.7,87 ( 4.4.63.8 030 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 63 46 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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mahAmahopAdhyAya gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA jI kI sUcI isa prakAra hai' : 1. e. kha aura UM 2.dvi. sti aura na 3. tri. zrI aura ma 4-Gka., I, GkA, rAka. 5. tU, rtR, rtA, nR. hR aura nR 6- phra, phre, phre. ghra, bhra, pu, vyA aura phla 7 - gra, grA, gra, garbhA, urgA, aura bhra 8-hU, rha, hu, aura da . 6= o, u~, rDa, uM, jaM, a aura nu 10 - lR, lR . La, rATa, 31, a aura rsA 20 = tha, thA. rtha, rthA, gha, rgha, pva aura va 30 = la.lA. le aura rlA 40 pra, parla, ptA, sI aura pra rArka. Ska. ke. (eka. (pke). kai. ke. phre aura pu 50 = 6, 8, 7, 6,0 aura Na 60 - cu., vu, ghu, dhu, rtha. dhU. rtha, dhuM. ghu aura ghu 70 = cu., cU. thU. dhUM. ghUM aura rmsa 80 = 97,6,7,00 aura pu 60= 41, 63, 4, 4 aura 100 = su, sU, lu aura aM 200= su.su... A. lU aura ghU 300 = stA, sAlA, sA, su. suM. aura sU 400 = sUre, sto, aura stA 1. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 107 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA - prakriyA 47

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'bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA' ke lekhaka DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA jI apane graMtha ke pR. 108 para ina aMkoM ko zilAlekhoM, dAnapatroM evaM pANDulipiyoM para kisa prakAra likhe jAte the, kA ullekha karate hue kahate haiM - ____ "prAcIna zilAlekhoM aura dAnapatroM meM saba aMka eka paMkti meM likhe jAte the, parantu hastalikhita pustakoM ke patrAMkoM meM cInI akSaroM kI nAI eka dUsare ke nIce likhe milate haiN| --- pichalI pustakoM meM eka hI panne para prAcIna aura navIna donoM zailiyoM se bhI aMka likhe milate haiM / panne ke dUsarI tarapha ke dAhinI ora ke Upara kI tarapha ke hAziye para to akSara saMketa se, jisako akSara-pallI kahate the, aura dAhinI tarapha ke nIce ke hAziye para navIna zailI ke aMkoM se, jinako aMkapallI kahate the|" nepAla, rAjapUtAnA, gujarAta Adi se prApta 16vIM zatAbdI taka kI pANDulipiyoM meM yaha akSarakrama dekhane ko milatA hai| yathA - 33% lura , 150 sa, 102:21, 141 - 1 , 150 : 4, 506 aadi| (ca) saMzodhana : pANDulipi-vijJAna meM saMzodhana kI paramparA se abhiprAya lipikartA dvArA pramAdavaza kI gaI asAvadhAniyoM se hai jo pAThAlocana-vijJAna ke adhyetA ke lie samasyA bana jAtI haiN| sAtha hI pANDulipi meM lekhana kI truTiyoM ko ThIka karane hetu lipikartA dvArA saMzodhana karane hetu apanAI gaI cihnapraNAlI se hai| aise 16 prakAra ke cihnoM kI sUcI 'pANDulipivijJAna" meM isa prakAra prastuta kI gaI hai - 1. pANDulipivijJAna, DaoN. satyendra pR. 38-40 48 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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truTinAma cihnanAma cihna n.v.v.x.x 1. patita pATha (kahIM kisI patita pATha darzaka cihna akSara yA zabda kA chUTa ko 'haMsa paga' yA 'mora jAnA 'patita pATha' hai) paga' kahA gayA hai / hindI meM 'kAka pada' kahate haiN| 2. patita pATha vibhAga patita pATha vibhAga darzaka cihna , y my 3. 'kAnA' (mAtrA kI bhUla) kAnA darzaka cihna 'repha ke samAna hone se bhrAnti ke kAraNa yaha bhI pATha-bhrAnti meM sahAyaka hotA hI hai| 4. anyAkSara : [kinhI prAyaH anyAkSara vAcana darzaka samAna-sI dhvani vAle cihna akSaroM meM se anupayukta akSara likha diyA gyaa|] W jisa akSara para yaha cihna lagA hogA, usakA zuddha akSara usa sthAna para mAnanA hogaa| yathA : W satru / jahA~ sa para yaha cihna hai| W ata: ise 'za' par3hanA hogA, khatriya par3hA jAyegA 'kSatriya 5. ulaTI-sulaTI likhAI pAThaparAvRtti darzaka cihna 2, 1 likhanA yA 'banacara' likha gaye 'vacanara' to ise ThIka karane ke liye va ca ra likhA jaaygaa| ca na kA artha hogA ki 'na' pahale 'ca' dUje par3hA jaaygaa| adhika ulaTa sulaTa ho to krama se 3, 4 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 49

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truTinAma cihnanAma aura anya aMkoM kA prayoga bhI ho sakatA hai| 6. svara-saMdhi kI bhUla svara saMdhyaMzadarzaka cihna a%DS, A-7-7.55. i.C''36 I-I...365. * 3, * ra e:e. ai." o, au ama aM 7. pATha bheda* pATha bheda darzaka cihna pra. prA., pratyaM pAThAM. pratyantareM pAThAMtaram pAThAnusaMdhAna darzaka cihna 3.... 33.paMna naM.nI.paM.nI 8. pATha bheda 9. milita padoM meM bhrAnti padaccheda darzaka cihna yA vAkyArtha samApti darzaka cihna yA pAda vibhAga yaha milita padoM ke Upara lagAyA darzaka-cihna jAtA hai| 10. vibhAga-bhrAnti* vibhAga darzaka cihna 11. padaccheda bhrAMti* ekapada darzaka cihna aise do cihnoM ke bIca meM prastuta pada meM padaccheda-niSedha sUcita hotA hai| 12. vibhakti vacana* bhrAnti vibhakti vacana darzaka 11, 12, 13, cihna 23, 32, 41, 53, 62, 73, 82 50 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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truTinAma cihnanAma cihna ye cihna vibhakti aura ye jor3e se aMka Ate haiM, jinameM vacana meM bhrAMti na ho se pahalA aMka vibhakti dyotaka isalie lagAye jAte haiN| (1= prathamA 6= SaSThI Adi) tathA dUsarA vacana-dyotaka hotA hai| (1 = ekavacana, 2 = dvivacana 3 = bahuvacana) jaise 11 kA artha hai prathamA ekvcn| 13. padoM ke anvaya meM bhrAMti* anvayadarzaka cihna zirobhAga para anvaya krama 3 1 dyotaka aMka yathA na tato'rthAntaraM 4 2 svasaMvedana pratyakSam yahA~ 1 saMkhyA vAlA pada pahale; 2 kA usake bAda, 3 usake bAda tathA usake bAda 4 aMka vAlA isa krama meM anvaya hotA hai| ThIka anvaya huA; tato'rthAntaraM pratyakSaM na svsNvednm| 14. vizeSaNa-bhrama vizeSaNa vizeSya saMbaMdha U, vizeSya-bhrama* darzaka cihna kabhI-kabhI vAkyoM meM, prAyaH lambe vAkyoM meM vizeSaNa kahIM aura vizeSya kahIM par3ha pAtA hai taba ziropari lagAye gaye ukta cihnoM se vizeSaNa-vizeSya batAye jAte haiM, isase bhrAnti nahIM ho paatii| 15. TippaNI 16. kisI zabda kA kisI dUsare pada se viziSTa saMbaMdha dikhane kA cihna Upara ke cihnoM meM ___puSpAMkita cihna pAThaka kI suvidhArtha lagAe gae haiN| pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA

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(cha) chUTe hue lipyAMza kI pUrti ke cihna : yaha prathama prakAra ke saMzodhana - patitapATha - jaisA hI hai / ise haMsa-paga, mora-paga yA kAka-pada bhI kahate haiM / jahA~ lipikartA se bhUlavaza koI pada, zabdAMza yA vAkyAMza likhane se chUTa gayA hai; aise pANDulekha evaM zilAlekhoM meM patita - pATha ke cihna likha kara chUTA huA aMza paMkti ke Upara yA hAziye meM likha diyA jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM ina cihnoM ke alAvA yA +, athavA svastika cihna bhI banAe jAte haiM / jina zabdoM kA artha pratilipikAra ko spaSTa nahIM hotA hai taba 'kuMDala' ( 0 ) kA cihna banA diyA jAtA hai yA kuMDala se usa aMza ko gherA lagA diyA jAtA hai / (ja) saMketAkSara yA saMkSipta cihna (Abbreviations ) : hamAre deza meM AMdhroM aura kuSANa kAla se pANDulipiyoM evaM zilAlekhoM meM saMketAkSaroM ke prayoga kI paramparA dekhane ko milatI hai| ye saMkSipta cihna yA saMketAkSara nimnalikhita 17 batAye gaye haiM, jo nimnaprakAra haiM 1. samvatsara ke lie samva, saMva, saM yA sa. 2. grISma-grI. (gR.) gai. gi. yA gighana 3. hemanta - he. 4. divasa - di. 5. zukla pakSa dina - su. sudi. yA suti. / zukla pakSa ko zuddha bhI kahA jAtA hai / 6. bahula pakSa dina - ba., ba. di., yA bati. 7. dvitIya-dvi. 8. siddham - o. zrI. si. 9. rAuta - rA. 10. dUtaka - dU. (saMdezavAhaka yA pratinidhi) 11. gAthA - gA. 12. zloka - zlo. 13. pAda- pA. 14. Thakkura - Tha. 15. eda. // yA erda. // 'oMkAra' (OM) kA cihna 'oM. ' 52 - sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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16. 11, // - ina cihnoM kA prayoga graMtha kI samApti para diyA jAtA hai| 17. kabhI-kabhI pANDulipiyoM ke anta meM pUrNakuMbha' yA 'maMgala vastu' ke nimna saMkSipta cihna dekhane ko milate haiM -23. ke0, 4. kinhIM-kinhIM hastalikhita pothiyoM meM adhyayana, uddezya, zrutaskaMdha, sarga, ucchavAsa, pariccheda laMbhaka evaM kANDa kI samApti para vibhinna prakAra ke citra banAne kI paramparA bhI hai| (jha)aMka muhara (Seal) : pANDulipiyoM ke atirikta dAnapatroM-zilAlekhoM ko prAmANika banAne hetu aMka muhara (Seal) lagAne kI paramparA thii| () lekhaka dvArA aMka-lekhana (zabdoM meM bhI) : prAyaH pANDulipi ke lekhaka puSpikA meM samaya-sUcaka chanda likhate rahe haiM / ina chandoM meM aMkoM ke sthAna para usake sUcaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA karate the| isa prakAra racanAkAroM ne racanAkAla-lipikAla Adi kA dyotana karane ke lie zabdoM se aMkoM kA kArya liyA hai| saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA anya dezI bhASAoM kI pANDulipiyoM meM zabdoM se aMka sUcita karane kI paramparA milatI hai| muni puNyavijayajI evaM DaoN. gaurIzaMkara ojhA ne isa prakAra ke aMka-sUcaka zabdoM kI sUcI prastuta kI hai| ye zabda prAyaH dAe~ se bAe~ pahale ikAI kI saMkhyAsUcaka, phira dahAI, saikar3A evaM hajAra kI saMkhyA ke bodhaka hote the| jaise - 7 8 4 1 (1) muni vasu sAgara sitakara mita varSe samyakatva kaumudii| arthAt saMvat 1487 kI sAla meN| / 4 1 8 1 (2) veda indu gaja bhU ganita saMvatsara kvivaar| zrAvana zukla trayodazI racyau graMtha suvicaari|| arthAt 1814 vi. samvat kintu kahIM-kahIM isake viparIta bAe~ se dAe~ ikAI-dahAI Adi kI saMkhyA-sUcaka zabda bhI likhe milate haiN| jaise - pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 53

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18 8 5 caMdra nAga basu paMca gini, saMvata mAdhava maas| sukla su tratiyA jIva juta, tAdina graMtha prkaas| arthAt saMvat 1885 vi. kahIM-kahIM do-do zabdoM kA aMka-yugma banAkara bhI samaya kI sUcanA dI gaI hai jaise - terasa zuklA pauSa guru, kavina kiau nirdhaar| 6 1 1 9 SaTa zazi zazi rasa samajhikai, suratA soc-vicaar|| arthAta vikrama saMvat 1961 aMka-sUcaka zabdoM kI sUcI - 0. zUnya, kha, gagana, AkAza, ambara, abhra, viyat, vyoma, antarikSa, nabha, pUrNa, randhra aadi| + bindu, chidr| 1. Adi, zazi, indu, vidhu candra, zItAMzu, zItarazmi, soma, zazAMka, sudhAMzu, abja, bhU, bhUmi, kSiti, dharA, urvarA, go, vasuMdharA, pRthvI, kSamA, dharaNI, vasudhA, ilA, ku, mahI, rUpa, pitAmaha, nAyaka, tanu, aadi| + kali, sitaruca, nizeza, nizAkara, auSadhIza, kSapAkara, dAkSAyaNI-prANeza, jaivaatRk| 2. yama, yamana, azvina, nAsatya, dasra, locana, netra, akSi, dRSTi, cakSu, nayana, IkSaNa, pakSa, bAhu, kara, karNa, kuca, oSTha, gulpha, jAnu jaMghA, dvaya, dvandva, yugala, yugma, ayana, kuTumba, ravicandrau aadi| + zruti, shrotr|| 3. rAma, guNa, triguNa, loka, trijagat bhuvana, kAla, trikAla, trigata, trinetra, sahodarA, agni, vahni, pAvaka, vaizvAnara, dahana, tapana, hutAzana, jvalana, zikhina, kRzAnu, hota aadi| + tripadI, anala tatva, traita, zakti, puSkara, saMdhyA, brahma, varNa, svara, puruSa, artha, gupti / 1. hammIrarAso : jodharAja, nA. pra. sabhA kAzI 2. bhImavilAsa : zaMkararAva kRta, sampAdaka DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA, pR. 54 54 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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4. veda, zruti, samudra, sAgara, abdhi, jaladhi, udadhi, jalanidhi, ambudhi, kendra, varNa, Azrama, yuga, turya, kRta, aya, Aya, diza, dizA, bandhu, koSTha, varNa aadi| + vArddhi, nIradhi, nIranidhi, vAridhi, vArinidhi, aMbunidhi, aMmodhi, arNava, dhyAna, gati, saMjJA, kssaay|| 5. bANa, zara, sAyaka, iSu, bhUta, parva, prANa, pANDava, artha, viSaya, mahAbhUta, tattva, indriya, ratna aadi| + akSa, varNa, vrata, samiti, kAmaguNa, zarIra, anuttara, mahAvrata, shivmukh| 6. rasa, aMga, kAma, Rtu, mAsArtha, darzana, rAga, ari, zAstra, tarkakAraka, aadi| ___ + samAsa, lezyA, kSamAkhaMDa, guNa, guhaka, guhvktr| 7. naga, aga, bhUbhRta, parvata, zaila, adri, giri, RSi, muni, atri, vAra, svara, dhAtu, azva, turaMga, vAji, dvandva, dhI, kalatra aadi| + haya, bhaya, sAgara, jaladhi, lok| 8. vasu, ahi, nAga, gaja, daMti, diggaja, hastin, mAtaMga, kuMjara, dvIpa, sarpa, takSa, siddhi, bhUti, anuSTubha, maMgala, aadi| + nAgendra, kari, mada, prabhAvaka, karmana, dhI guNa, buddhi guNa, siddha gunn| 9. aMka, nanda, nidhi, graha, randhra, chidra, dvAra, go, pavana aadi| + khaga, hari, nArada, rava, tattva, brahma gupti, brahmavRtti, graiveyk| 10. diza, dizA, AzA, aMguli, paMkti, kukubha, rAvaNaziraM, avatAra, karmana ___aadi| + yatidharma, zramaNadharma, praann|| 11. rudra, Izvara, hara, Iza, bhava, bharga, hUlina, mahAdeva, akSauhiNI aadi| ___+ shuulin| 12. ravi, sUrya, arka, mArtaNDa, dhumaNi, bhAnu, Aditya, divAkara, mAsa, rAzi, vyaya aadi| + dinakara, uSNAMzu, cakrina, bhAvanA, bhikSu pratimA, yati prtimaa| 13. vizvadevAH, kAma, atijagatI, aghoSa Adi / + vizva, kriyA sthAna, ykssH| 14. manu, vidyA, indra, zakra, loka aadi| + vAsava, bhuvana, vizva, ratna, guNasthAna, pUrva, bhUtagrAma, rajju / pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 55

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15. tithi, ghara, dina, ahna, pakSa Adi / + paramArthika / 16. nRpa, bhUpa, bhUpati, aSTi, kalA, Adi / + indukalA, zazikalA / 17. atyaSTi / 18. dhRti, + abrahma, pApasthAnaka / 19. atidhRti / 20. nakha, kRti / 21. utkRti, prakRti, svarga / 22. kRti, jAti, + parISaha / 23. vikRti / 24. gAyatrI, jina, arhat, siddha / 25. tattva / 27. nakSatra, uDu, bha, ityAdi / 32. danta, rada + radana / 33. deva, agara, tridiza, sura / 40. naraka / 48. jgtii| 49. tAna, pavana / +64. strI kalA / +72. puruSa kalA / yaha dhyAna rahe ki eka hI zabda kaI aMkoM ke paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai / ataH lekhaka evaM pAThaka ko usakA ucita artha tarka-saMgata saMdarbhoM meM svayaM hI lagAnA caahie| jaise - tattva zabda ke lie 3, 5, 9, 25 Adi aMkoM kA prayoga hotA hai / kAvya yA sAhitya meM bhI kavi samaya athavA kAvya- rUr3hi ke rUpa meM aMkoM ko zabdoM meM likhane kI paramparA dekhI jA sakatI hai / 'kAvya kalpalatAvRtti' sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 56

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nAmaka graMtha meM kAvya-zAstra meM prayukta hone vAlI zabda aura unake paryAya aMkoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai| jaise - saMkhyA padArtha eka - Aditya, meru, candra, prAsAda, dIpakhaNDa, kalaza, khaMga, hara, netra, zeSa, svardaNDa, aMguSTha, hastikara, nAsA, vaMza, vinAyaka-danta, patAkA, mana, zakrAzva, advaitvaad| bhuja, dRSTi, karNa, pAda, stana, saMdhyA, rAma-lakSmaNa, zrRMga, gajadanta, prIti-rati, gaMgA-gaurI, vinAyaka-skanda, pakSa, nadItaTa, rathadhurI, khaMga-dhArA, bharata-zatrughna, rAma-suta, rvi-cndr|| tIna - bhuvana, bali, vahni, vidyA, saMdhyA, gaja-jAti, zambhunetra, trizirA, mauli, dazA, kSetrapAla-phaNa, kAla, muni, daNDa, triphalA, trizUla, puruSa, palAza-dala, kAlidAsa-kAvya, veda, avasthA, kambugrIvArekhA, trikUTa-kUTa, tripura, triyAmA, yAmA, yajJopavIta sUtra, pradakSiNA, gupti, zalya, mudrA, praNAma, ziva, bhavamArga, zumetara / cAra - brahmA ke mukha, veda, varNa, haribhuja, sUra-gaja-rada, caturikA stambha, saMgha, samudra, Azrama, go-stana, Azrama kaSAya, dizAe~, gaja jAti, yAma, senA ke aMga, daNDa hasta, dazaratha-putra, upAdhyAya, dhyAna, kathA, abhinaya, rIti, govaraNa, mAlya, saMjJA, asura, bheda, yojanakroza, lokpaal| pA~ca - svara, bANa, pANDava, indriya, karAMguli, zambhumukha, mahAyajJa, viSaya, vyAkaraNAMga, vrata-vahni, pArzva, phaNi-phaNa, parameSThi, mahAkAvya, sthAnaka, tanuvAta, mRgazira, paMcakula, mahAbhUta, praNAma, paMcottara, vimAna, mahAvrata, marut, zastra, zrama, taaraa| chaH - rasa, rAga, braja-koNa, trizirA ke netra, guNa, tarka, darzana, guhmukh| sAta - samudra, traya, saptaparNa-parNa, vivAha, pAtAla, zukravAha-mukha, durgti| ATha - dizA, ahikula, deza, kumbhipAla, kula, parvata, vasu, yogAMga, vyAkaraNa, brahma, zruti, zambhU-mUrti / 1. lipi vijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 44 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 57

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nau daza gyAraha bAraha teraha caudaha sahasra rasa, vyAghrI - stana, sudhA - kuNDa, jaina- pajha, gupti, adhigraha / rAvaNa-mukha, a~gulI, dizAe~, avasthA - daza, aMgadvAra, yati-dharma / paMdraha solaha satraha aThAraha unnIsa - jJAtAdhyayana | bIsa zata - 58 rudra, astra, netra, upAMga, dhruva, jinopAsaka, pratimA, jinamatokta aMga / rAziyA~, mAsa, saMkrAntiyA~, Aditya, cakra, rAjA, sabhAsad, cakri, guha ke netra / prathama jina, vizvedeva / vidyA - sthAna, svara, bhuvana, ratna, puruSa, svapna, guNa, mArga, rajju, sUtra, kula, kara, piNDa, prakRti, jIvAjIvopakaraNa, srotasvinI / dhArmika tithiyA~, candrakalAe~ / zazikalA, vidyA- deviyA~ / saMyama / purANa, dvIpa, smRtiyA~, vidyAe~ / zambhu, karNa, karazAkhA, rAvaNa ke netra evaM bhujAe~, sakala - jana-nakha evaM a~guliyA~ / zatamukha, kamala-dala, rAvaNAMguli, jaladhi-yojana, zata - patra, kIcaka, Adima jina-suta, dhRtarASTra ke putra, jayamAlA, maNihAra, sraja / gaMgAmukha, ahipati-mukha, paMkaja dala, ravikara, indranetra, arjunabhuja, vizvAmitrAzrama varSa, sAmaveda kI zAkhAe~, puNya-nara-dRSTi cndr'| 13. anya viziSTa paramparAe~ uparyukta daza sAmAnya paramparAoM ke atirikta kucha anya viziSTa paramparAe~ bhI haiM / inakA saMbaMdha racanAkAroM meM pracalita dhAraNAe~, vizvAsa yA mAnyatAoM se hai / inameM se kucha AnuSThAnika bhAvoM, TonoM yA dhArmika saMdarbhoM se saMbaMdhita haiM / 1 isa prakAra kI kucha paramparAe~ nimnalikhita haiM 1. bhAratIya sAhitya (aprela, 1957), pR. 194-196 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(1) maMgalAcaraNa yA maMgala pratIka, (2) alaMkaraNa, (3) namokAra, (4) svastimukha, ( 5 ) AzIrvacana, ( 6 ) prazasti, (7) puSpikA yA upasaMhAra, (8) varjanA ( 9 ) lipikAra pratijJA, ( 10 ) lekhana samApti zubha / 1. maMgalAcaraNa yA maMgala pratIka : bhArata meM maMgalAcaraNa yA maMgala pratIka kI paramparA I. san ke prAraMbha se prApta hotI hai jisameM pANDulekha, zilAlekha Adi meM lekhana prArambha karane se pUrva maMgalacihna yA pratIka, jaise svastika yA zabdabaddha maMgala Adi likhane kI prathA thii| prAraMbha meM sarvaprathama 'siddham' zabda likhA jAtA thaa| bAda meM isa hetu 15 cihna kI kalpanA kI gii| kabhI-kabhI ina donoM kA sAtha-sAtha aura kabhI-kabhI alaga-alaga prayoga bhI hotA thA / vAstava meM yaha cihna D ' oM' kA sthAnApanna thaa| kabhI-kabhI 'om' ke lie '1' aMka kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / pA~cavIM zatAbdI se 'svasti' zabda kA prayoga maMgala pratIka ke rUpa meM prayukta hone lgaa| dhIre-dhIre isa 'svasti' ke sAtha 'oma' zabda lagAkara 'oma svasti' bhI likhA jAne lagA thA / zilAlekhoM se aise aneka maMgala-cihna prApta hue haiM, jaise svasti jayatyAviSkRtam, om svasti jayatyAviSkRtam, oma namaH zivAya, om om namo vinAkAya, om namo varAhAya, om namaH sarvajJAya, Adi / sAhityika pANDulipiyoM meM 'jina' yA saMpradAya pravartaka om nimbArkAya kA smaraNa milatA hai| sAmAnyataH 'zrI gaNezAya namaH' kA prayoga hotA hai| inake atirikta rAma-sItA, rAdhA-kRSNa, pArvatI - paramezvara Adi ko bhI smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| ina maMgalasUcaka zabdoM kA koI nizcita kAla nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ' 2. alaMkaraNa (Illumination) : pANDulipikAra dvArA likhita graMtha ko sundara sAja-sajjA hetu kisI citrakAra se alaMkaraNa karavAyA jAtA hai / phUlapattI, belabUToM, citroM Adi se sajjita racanA ko alaMkaraNa kahA jAtA hai / 3. namaskAra ( Invocation) : namaskAra yA namokAra ko aMgrejI meM inavokezana (Invocation) kahate haiM / vastuta: jisa maMgala- pratIka meM 'namo 'kAra lagA ho vaha invokezana yA namokAra hI hotA hai| isa 'namokAra' kA sabase prAcIna ullekha khAravela ke hAthI - guphA abhilekha meM 'namo arhatAnAm' evaM 'namo sarva siddhAnAm' ke rUpa meM huA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM muni puNyavijayajI kahate haiM 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 45-46 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 59

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"bhAratIya Arya saMskRti nA anuyAyiyoM koI paNa kAryanI zuruAta kAMI na kAMI nAnuM ke modUM maMgala karIne jeja kare che / o zAzvata niyamAnusAra graMtha lekhanatA Arambha mAM hareka lekhakoM meM nama aiM nama: jayatyanekAMtakaNThI khaH, namo jinAya, namaH zrI gurubhyaH, namo vItarAgAya; OM namaH sarasvatyai, OM namaH sarvajJAya, namaH zrI siddhArthasutAya ityAdi aneka prakAranA deva guru dharma iSTadevatA Adi ne lagatA sAmAnya ke vizeSa maMgalasUcaka namaskAra karatA lgtaa...|' zilAlekhoM meM dharma, saMkarSaNa, vAsudeva, candra, sUrya, mahimAvatAnAma, lokamAtA, yama, varuNa, kubera, vAsava, aha~ta, vardhamAna, buddha, saMbuddha, bhAskara, viSNu, ketu (viSNu), garur3a, pinAkI, ziva, zUlapANI, brahmA Adi ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| ___4. svastimukha (Intiation) : vastutaH isakA artha pravartana, upakrama, sUtrapAta yA prAraMbha hotA hai| 5. AzIrvacana yA maMgalakAmanA (Benediction) : azoka ke zilAlekhoM prAraMbha hokara yaha paramparA bAda meM bhAratIya itihAsa aura sAhitya meM kAphI lokapriya huI hai| 6. prazasti (Laudation) : prazasti ke antargata lekhaka kisI ke kie gae kArya kI prazaMsA yA usake zubha phala kI kAmanA karatA hai| prAcIna lekhoMabhilekhoM meM kisI ke naitika, dhArmika kAryoM kI prazaMsA meM kahI gaI nimnalikhita 'prazasti' aba eka paramparA bana gaI hai - gehe gehe kalau kAvyaM, zrotAtasya pure pure| deza deze rasajJAtA, dAtA jagati durlbhH| 7. puSpikA yA upasaMhAra : pANDulipi ke anta meM racanAkAra yA pANDulipikartA dvArA puSpikA yA upasaMhAra meM nimnalikhita bAtoM kA ullekha karane kI paramparA rahI hai - (1) racanAkAra yA lipikartA kA nAma, (2) racanAkAla, (3) svastivacana, (4) kisa nimitta, (5) samarpaNa, (6) stuti, (7) nindA, (8) kisa rAjA kI AjJA se lekhana kArya huA aadi| 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 57-58 2. kIrtilatA : saM. DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pR. 4 . 60 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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8. varjanA (Imprecation) : varjanA kA artha hai kisI duSkarma kI nindA yA bhartsanA krnaa| vastuta: varjanA ke dvArA azobhanIya evaM avAMchita kAryoM ke na karane ke lie kahA jAtA hai| isa nindA yA varjanA ke bIja azoka ke abhilekhoM meM dekhane ko milate haiM / bAda meM 13vIM zatI ke Ate-Ate to yaha eka paramparA kA rUpa grahaNa kara cukI thii| isI ke prabhAvasvarUpa madhyayugIna sAhitya meM 'khalanindA' kI paramparA cala par3I thii| 9. lipikAra pratijJA : koI-koI lipikAra apane nimitta kI gaI pratijJA kA ullekha karate haiN| __10. lekhana samApti zubha : isake antargata lipikartA pAThaka-zrotA kI maMgala-kAmanA karatA hai| jisameM kahA jAtA hai ki jo ukta racanA ke prati zraddhAvizvAsa vyakta karegA usakA zubha-maMgala hogaa| yaha kAmanA bhI eka paramparA bana gaI thii| 14. zubhAzubha ___ jaba hama lekhana meM paramparA kI bAta karate haiM to kucha bAteM zubha aura kucha azubha mAnI gayI haiN| yaha zubhAzubha kI paramparA racanA ke AkAra evaM lekhana ke guNa-doSoM se adhika prabhAvita hai| ye nimna prakAra kI haiM - (1) zubhAzubha AkAra, (2) lekhanI, (3) lekhana ke guNa-doSa, (4) lekhana-virAma meM zubhAzubha kA vicaar| (1) AkAra : pustaka kA parimANa kyA ho? AkAra kyA ho? isa bAta kI paramparA se yaha mAnyatA calI A rahI hai ki parimANa yA AkAra meM pustaka hAthabhara, muTThIbhara, bAraha a~gulIbhara, daza a~gulIbhara yA ATha aMgulIbhara kI ho sakatI hai| isase kama yA jyAdA AkAra racanA 'zrIhInatA' ke azubha phaladAyI hotI hai| isI prakAra racanA kA patra kaisA ho? isa saMbaMdha meM bhI kahA hai ki bhojapatra, tejapatra, tAr3apatra, svarNapatra, tAmrapatra, raupyapatra, baTapatra, ketakIpatra, mArtaNDapatra Adi para likhI racanA hI zubha phaladAyI mAnI gaI hai| anya kisI patra para likhane se durgati hotI hai| hastalikhita 'veda' ghara meM rakhanA azubha mAnA jAtA hai| (2) lekhanI : lekhanI kaisI ho? isa saMbaMdha meM bhI zubhAzubha vicAra kI paramparA rahI hai / muni puNyavijayajI, DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, DaoN. vhUlara pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 6)

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phala zyAma evaM DaoN. satyendra Adi vidvAnoM ne lekhanI ke saMbaMdha meM vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| ina sabhI ne lekhanI ke raMga, usase likhane ke DhaMga, lekhanI meM gA~The, lambAI Adi ke zubhAzubha phala batAe haiM / lekhanI ke raMga ko lekara caturvarNa kI kalpanA taka kI hai| jaise - lekhanI kA raMga varNa zveta brAhmaNI sukha lAla kSatrANI daridratA pIta (pIlA) vaizyavI puSkala dhana-prApti AsurI dhana-nAza kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki nirdoSa lekhanI se hI lekhana-kArya karanA caahie| kisI prakAra ke lipyAsana para likhane ke kArya meM prayukta sAdhana ko sAmAnyataH lekhanI kahA gayA hai| tUlikA, zalAkA, varNavartikA, varNikA, varNaka, kU~cI, kalama Adi lekhanI ke hI paryAya haiN| DaoN. bUhalara kA kahanA hai ki - __ "The general name of 'an instrument for writing' is lekhani, which of course includes the stilus, pencils, brusher, reed and wooden pens and is found already in epics."| narasala (Reed) kI kalama, jise 'iSIkA' kahA jAtA hai, kA hamAre deza meM vizeSa pracalana rahA hai| ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne bhI narasala kI kalama se sulekha hetu takhtI (pATI) khUba likhI hai| khuracakara, kuredakara yA khodakara likhane kA sAdhana - 'chainI' (Chisel) yA lohe kI kalama bhI lekhanI kA hI paryAya hai| (3) lekhana kA guNa-doSa : bhAratIya paramparA meM lekhana-prakriyA se saMbaMdhita sabhI vastuoM ke sAtha zubhAzubha yA guNa-doSa kI mAnyatA rahI hai| kaunasA yA kisa prakAra kiyA gayA lekhana zubha hotA hai aura kisa prakAra kA ashubh| isa para prAcIna kAla se hI vicAra hotA AyA hai| spaSTa, sundara, kalAtmaka evaM cittAkarSaka lekhana sadaiva prazaMsanIya rahA hai| (4) lekhana-virAma meM zubhAzubha : lekhaka yA pratilipikartA ko AvazyakatAvaza likhate-likhate bIca hI meM uThanA par3e to lekhana-virAma karate 1. India Palaeography : Dr. G. Buhler, P. 147 - 62 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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hue zubhAzubha kA dhyAna rakhane kI paramparA rahI hai| isa paramparA ke anusAra use ka, kha, ca, cha, ja, Tha, Dha, Na, tha, dha, da, pha, bha, ma, ya, ra, Sa, sa, ha, kSa aura jJa varNoM para virAma nahIM karanA caahie| aisA karanA azubha mAnA jAtA hai| zeSa varNoM para rukanA zubha mAnA jAtA hai / ina zubhAzubha akSaroM yA varNoM kI phalazruti isa prakAra hai - azubha akSaroM kI phalazruti - 'ka' kaTa jAve, 'kha' khA jAve, 'ga' garama hove, 'ca' cala jAve, 'cha' chaTaka jAve, 'ja' jokhima lAve, 'Tha' ThAma na baiThe, 'Dha' Dhaha jAye, 'Na' nukasAna kare, 'tha' sthiratA kare, 'da' dAma na de, 'dha' dhana chur3Ave, 'na' nAza kare, 'pha' phaTakAre, 'bha' bhramita kare, 'ma' maMda yA dhImApana lAve, 'ya' punaH na likheM, 'ra' rove, 'Sa' khiMcAve, 'ha' hIna kare, 'kSa' kSaya kare, 'jJa' jJAna na ho| ___zubha varNoM kI phalazruti - 'gha' gharur3I lAve, 'jha' jhaTa kare, 'Ta' TakAvI rakhe, 'Da' Dige nahIM, 'ta' turanta lAve, 'pa' paramezvara, 'ba' baniyA hai, 'la' lAve, 'va' vAve, 'za' zAMti kre| mAravAr3I-paramparA meM 'va' varSA para kiyA gayA lekhanavirAma bhI zubha mAnA jAtA hai|' 15. syAhI lekhana-kalA meM syAhI kA mahatva kitanA hai, yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai| prAcIna kAla se hI syAhI (kAlI syAhI) kA pracalana dekhane ko milatA hai| saMskRta meM 'maSI' yA 'masi' kA artha kajjala hotA hai| isI kajjala se kAlI syAhI kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| isI kA sarvAdhika pracalana milatA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna AdinAtha RSabhadeva ne manuSyoM ko tIna prakAra ke karmoM meM sarvaprathama pravRtta kiyA - 1. asikarma (yuddha vidyA), 2. masikarma (lekhana vidyA), aura 3. kRSi karma / inhIM karmoM se varNa-vyavasthA kA vikAsa huaa| masi karma' kI prAcInatA kA isI se patA calatA hai| antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa vi. saM. 470 varSa pUrva tathA IsA se 526 varSa pUrva huA thaa| isa prakAra Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha dvArA pracArita 'masikarma' kI prAcInatA kA anumAna svataH hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 49 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 63

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prAraMbha meM syAhI, jala aura kajjala ke mizraNa se hI banatI thii| bAda meM to yaha syAhI dIpaka ke kAjala yA dhue~ se hAthIdA~ta ko jalAkara bhI banAI jAtI thii| isameM koyale kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| sAtavIM zatI ke bAda kAlI ke atirikta lAla, nIlI, harI, pIlI, sunaharI aura cA~dI kI syAhI kA prayoga bhI hone lagA thA / tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, kapar3A aura carma patrAdi para likhane ke kAma Ane vAlI syAhI meM bhI bhinnatA hotI thii| 'syAhI' ke prayoga kI prAcInatA kA bodha 9vIM zatI ke puSpadanta viracita mahimna stotra ke zloka se lagAyA jA sakatA hai asitagirisamaM syAt kajjalaM surataruvarazAkhA - lekhanI likhati yadi gRhIttvA zAradA tadapi tava guNAnamIza pAraM bhAratIya pANDulipiyoM ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki syAhI yA melA (mela se banI ) kA raMga bahuta pakkA hotA thA / taraha-taraha kI syAhI banAne ke nuskhe pracalita the| muni puNyavijayajI ne apane graMtha ' bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA' ke pR. 38 para aneka aise nuskhoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| mukhya rUpa se kAlI syAhI banAne meM nIma kA goMda, kAjala, niyAjala ko jala meM eka sAtha tA~be ke pAtra meM ghoTa kara taiyAra kiyA jAta thA / isa prakAra syAhI banAne kI bhI aneka vidhiyA~ pracalita thIM / 1. na bAda meM, isI bAta ko madhyakAla ke kisI kavi ne isa prakAra kahA hai dharatI saba kAgada karoM, lekhanI saba vanarAya / sAta samaMda kI masi karoM, hari guNa likhA na jAya / 16. syAhI banAte samaya kI sAvadhAniyA~ evaM niSedha 64 sindhupAtre, patramurvI / sarvakAlaM, yAti // jitanA kAjala utanA bola, te thI dUNA gUMda jhakola / je rasa bhAMgarAno par3e, to akSare akSare dIvA jale / The Encyclopaedia Americana, (Vol. 18), P. 241 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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arthAt kajjala, bIjAbola samAna mAtrA meM lekara unase dugune goMda ko pAnI meM gholakara nIma ke ghoTe se tAmrapatra meM ghuTAI karanI caahie| bhAMgarA DAlane se syAhI meM camaka A jAtI hai| aisI syAhI se kAgaja aura kapar3e para likhA jA sakatA hai / syAhI meM lAkSArasa yA kSAra kA prayoga bhI ThIka nahIM hai; kyoMki inakI mAtrA kI kamI-besI syAhI ko acchA nahIM rahane detii| syAhI banAte samaya tila ke tela kA diyA jalAkara kAjala taiyAra karanA caahie| goMda bhI nIma yA khaira kA hI prayoga meM lenA caahie| syAhI meM rIMgaNI DAlane se usameM camaka A jAtI hai| tAr3apatra para likhane ke lie lAkha, katthA aura lohakITa kI syAhI kAma meM lenI caahie| aisI syAhI kA kapar3e aura kAgaja para prayoga nahIM karanA caahie| kaccI aura pakkI syAhI ke kAraNa kucha pANDulipiyA~ prAcIna hone para bhI naI lagatI haiM, aura kucha naI hone para bhI gaMdI aura dhUmila ho jAtI haiM / pANDulipiyoM ko bA~dha kara rakhate samaya bhI yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki pratiyA~ alaga-alaga kAgajoM meM lapeTa kara rakhanI caahie| isake bAda kArDaborDa ke samAkRti gattoM meM prati ko rakha kara bA~dhanA caahie| 17. anya prakAra kI syAhiyA~ (1) raMgIna syAhI - bhArata meM kAlI syAhI ke bAda anya aneka prakAra kI syAhiyoM kA vivaraNa bhI milatA hai| kAlI ke bAda sarvAdhika prayoga meM Ane vAlI lAla syAhI thii| lAla syAhI ke do prakAra the - (1) alatA nirmita (2) hiMgalU nirmita / isake prayoga ke saMbaMdha meM DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA kA kathana hai ki - "hastalikhita veda kI pustakoM meM svaroM ke cihna aura saba pustakoM ke pannoM para kI dAhinI aura bAyIM ora kI hAziye kI do-do khar3I lakIreM alatA yA hiMgalU se banI huI hotI haiM / kabhI-kabhI adhyAya kI samApti kA aMza evaM bhagavAnuvAca', 'RSiruvAca' Adi vAkya tathA virAmasUcaka khar3I lakIreM lAla syAhI se banAI jAtI haiN| jyotiSI loga janma-patra tathA varSaphala ke lambe-lambe kharar3oM meM khar3e hAziye, Ar3I lakIreM tathA bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI kuNDaliyA~ lAla syAhI se hI banAte haiN| isa prakAra kAlI ke bAda lAla syAhI kA hI prayoga hotA thaa| phira to lAla ke bAda nIlI, harI aura pIlI syAhI 1. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 156 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 65

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upayoga bhI bar3ha gayA / azuddhiyoM ko miTAne ke lie pIlI har3atAla kA prayoga bhI hotA thA / 1 (2) sone-cA~dI kI syAhI ( sunaharI evaM rUpaharI ) : pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya prAcIna graMthoM meM sunaharI evaM rUpaharI syAhI kA upayoga dekhane ko milatA hai / ye syAhiyA~ sone-cA~dI ke varkoM se banatI thIM / prAyaH ina syAhiyoM kA prayoga citra-sajjA meM adhika hotA thA / 15vIM zatI kA ' yaMtrAvacUri' nAmaka graMtha cA~dI kI syAhI meM hI likhA gayA thA / 200-250 varSa prAcIna racanAe~, jo alaMkaraNa evaM citroM se susajjita thIM, hameM bhI dekhane ko milI thI / ( 3 ) aSTagaMdha evaM yakSakardama kI syAhI : prAcInakAla se hI anuSThAnAdi evaM tAMtrika tAbIja Adi banAne ke liye aSTagandha evaM yakSakardama kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| muni puNyavijayajI ne 'aSTagandha' kI syAhI kI do vidhiyA~ batAI haiM (1) agara, tagara, gorocana, kastUrI, raktacandana, candana, siMdUra aura kesara ko milAkara banAI jAtI hai, jisakA bhojapatra para likhane meM upayoga hotA hai / (2) kapUra, kastUrI, gorocana, sidarapha, kesara, candana, agara evaM gehUlA ko milAkara banAte haiM / inake atirikta 'yakSakardama' meM 11 vastue~ milAI jAtI haiM - candana, kesara, agara, barAga, kastUrI, maracakaMkola, gorocana, hiMgalo, rataMjaNI, sone ke varka evaM aMvara ko milAkara banAI jAtI haiM / 18. citra - racanA aura raMga pANDulipiyoM meM citra - racanA kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai| sacitra pANDulipi usa hastalikhita pustaka ko kahate haiM, jisake pATha ko vividha citrAkRtiyoM se sajAyA gayA ho aura sundara banAyA gayA ho / ' yaha sajjA sunaharI yA rUpaharI syAhI se kI jAtI thI / pazcima meM 14vIM zatI se aisI citra-sajjA kA ullekha milatA hai / hamAre deza meM 11vIM se 16vIM zatI taka bane apabhraMza zailI ke citra pANDulipiyoM meM milate haiM / mukhyataH ye citra jaina-dharma-saMbaMdhI pothiyoM meM bIcabIca meM chor3e hue caukora sthAnoM meM bane hue milate haiM / inameM pIle aura lAla raMgoM kA adhika prayoga huA hai / Encyclopaedia Americana, Vol. 18, P. 242 1. 66 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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DaoN. rAmanAtha kA yaha kathana paThanIya hai - "gujarAta ke pATana nagara meM bhagavatI-sUtra kI eka prati 1062 I. kI prApta huI hai| isameM kevala alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| citra nahIM haiN| ------ sabase pahalI citrita kRti tADapatra para likhita nizIthacUrNi nAmaka pANDulipi hai jo siddharAja jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM 1100 I. meM likhI gaI thI aura aba pATana ke jaina bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai / isameM bela-bUTe aura kucha pazu AkRtiyA~ haiN| 13vIM zatAbdI meM devI-devatAoM ke citraNa kA bAhulya ho gyaa| aba taka ye pothiyA~ tAr3apatra kI hotI thiiN| 14vIM zatAbdI se kAgaja kA prayoga huaa|" 14vIM zatI meM likhe gae jaina dharma graMtha prAyaH sacitra hI likhe jAte the| dakSiNa bhArata meM 980 I. kI 'pAla zailI' meM likhita bauddhadharma viSayaka pANDulipi bhI milI hai| dhIre-dhIre citrakalA laukika rUpa grahaNa karane lgii| aneka premagAthA-viSayaka racanAe~ laukika zailI meM likhI jAne lgiiN| inameM vividha raMgoM evaM syAhiyoM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| 19. citralikhita pANDulipiyoM kA mahattva sacitra pANDulipiyA~ nimnalikhita kAraNoM se mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI haiM - (1) aitihAsika mahattva : sacitra pANDulipiyoM se vibhinna kAlakhaNDoM meM mAnava apanI anubhUtiyoM ko kina-kina raMgoM aura citroM meM abhivyakta karatA thaa| isase sAMskRtika pariveza bhI ujAgara hotA thaa| (2) alaMkaraNa kalA kA itihAsa : sacitra pANDulipiyoM se alaMkaraNa kalA ke itihAsa ko samajhane meM sahayoga milatA hai| (3) citrakalA kI pravRttiyA~ evaM svarUpa kA adhyyn| 20. kAvyakalA aura citrakalA kavitA aura citrakalA kA colI-dAmana kA sAtha hai| ye donoM lalita kalAe~ eka dUsare kI pUraka haiM / kabhI-kabhI kAvya-paMkti ko citra ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai to kabhI citra ke bhAva ko kAvya-paMkti se spaSTa kiyA jAtA thaa| rItikavi bihArI kI sacitra 'satasaI' kA bar3A mahatva hai| isI prakAra bArahamAsA aura SaDRtuparaka kAvyoM meM bhI sundara-sundara prAkRtika citra dekhane ko milate haiN| 1. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya kalAe~ aura unakA vikAsa, pR. 6-7 pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 67

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viSNudharmottara purANa evaM bhojakRta 'samarA~gaNa-sUtradhAra' nAmaka racanAoM meM citrakarma ke ATha aMgoM kA varNana milatA hai| ve isa prakAra haiM - (1) vartikA - baratA yA peNsil| (2) bhUmi bandhana - lekha kA AdhAra, jaise - kASTha paTTikA, tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, kapar3A, kAgaja) (3) lekhya yA lepya karma - citra ke lie pRSThabhUmi kA lepana yA aalekhn| (4) rekhAkarma - (khAkA) kU~cI se rekhAMkana kara citra kA prArUpa taiyAra krnaa| (5) varNakarma - raMga bharanA; lAla, pIlA, harA Adi raMga kAma meM lie jAte the| (6) vartanIkarma - vartanI yA kU~cI se raMgoM ke halke yA bhArIpana ko ThIka kiyA jAtA hai| (7) lekhakarma - citra meM kiyA jAne vAlA antima rekhaaNkn| (8) dvikakarma - kabhI-kabhI mUlarekhA ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie rekhA ko doharA banA diyA jAtA thaa| 21. pANDulipi-racanA meM prayukta anya upakaraNa (1) rekhApATI : ise samAsapATI yA kAMbI bhI kahA jAtA hai| samAnAntara rekhAe~ khIMcane ke lie rekhApATI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yaha eka lakar3I kI paTTI hotI hai| DoriyA~ lapeTa kara aura sthira kara samAnAntara rekhAe~ banAI jAtI haiM, jisa para lipyAsana (kAgaja) rakha kara dabAne se rekhAe~ ubhara jAtI haiN| (2) DorA-DorI : tAr3apatra kI pANDulipi ke bIcoM-bIca chedakara eka DorA piro diyA jAtA thaa| isase sabhI patra vyavasthita rahate the| bAda meM kAgaja kI pANDulipiyoM meM yadyapi DorA nahIM DAlA jAtA thA, parantu bIca meM caukora jagaha chor3ane kI paramparA bana gaI thii| (3) graMthi : pANDulipi kI surakSArtha, use DorI yA Dore se sUtrabaddha karake, graMtha ke AkAra kI kASTapaTTikAoM meM cheda kara, unameM se piroyA jAkara donoM ora gA~Tha lagAI jAtI thii| ina DoroM ko kAThapATI se nikAla kara graMthi yA gA~Tha 68 . sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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dene ke lie vizeSa praNAlI apanAI jAtI thI - lakar3I, hAthIdA~ta yA nAriyala kA Tukar3A lekara use gola capaTI-cakarI banA lete the| phira usameM cheda kara DorI piro kara bA~dhI jAtI thii| isase yaha cakarI hI graMthi yA gA~Tha kahalAtI thii| (4) har3atAla : azuddha lekhana ko miTAne ke lie har3atAla phirA diyA jAtA thaa| isase pIlI syAhI bhI banAI jAtI thii| (5) parakAra : pANDulipi kI samApti para syAhI se kamala Adi banAne kI paramparA rahI hai| sUkSma gole kI AkRti banAne ke lie parakAra kI sahAyatA lI jAtI hai| - pANDulipi-graMtha : racanA-prakriyA 69

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adhyAya 2 pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna pANDulipivijJAna kA prAraMbha pANDulipi prApti ke prayatnoM se prArambha hotA hai| pANDulipivijJAna meM ye prayatna hI kSetrIya anusaMdhAna' kI AdhArazilA hote haiN| kSetrIya anusaMdhAna sAmAnyata: do staroM para kiyA jAtA hai - (a) pustakAlaya stara para : pustakAlaya stara para kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko tIna prakAra ke pustakAlayoM se samparka karanA par3atA hai - (ka) dhArmika : ye pustakAlaya dhArmika maMdiroM, maThoM, vihAroM meM sthita hote haiN| (kha) zAsakIya : ye pustakAlaya rAjya-zAsana dvArA paricAlita hote haiN| prAcIna rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke dvArA saMcAlita pustakAlaya isI zreNI meM Ate haiN| Ajakala ke prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna bhI isI zreNI meM Ate haiN| (ga) vidyAlIya : ye pustakAlaya prAyaH sArvajanika vidyAlayoM - mahAvidyAlayoM evaM vizvavidyAlayoM meM hote haiN| (ba) nijI stara para : pANDulipi prApta karane kA dUsarA kSetra nijI hotA hai| hamAre deza meM prAcInakAla se hI pANDulipiyoM-pothiyoM ke prati apAra zraddhA rahI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa ghara-ghara meM hastalikhita graMthoM kA honA gaurava aura pratiSThApUrNa mAnA jAtA rahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pothiyoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| aneka aise mata yA sampradAya rahe haiM, jahA~ 'guruvANI' kI hI pUjA-arcanA kI jAtI hai| pANDulipiyoM kI khoja yA anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se bIsavIM zatI atyadhika 70 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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mahatvapUrNa rahI hai| isa mahAyajJa meM kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ne 1900 I. se hI apanA yogadAna prAraMbha kara diyA thaa| vizeSa rUpa se hindI-sAhitya kA itihAsa to isI kSetrIya-anusaMdhAna kI nIMva para khar3A kiyA gayA thA, jisameM uttarottara vRddhi hotI rahI hai| hastalikhita graMthoM, nijI graMthAgAroM kI dRSTi se rAjasthAna aura gujarAta atyadhika dhanI kSetra rahe haiN| isakA bahuta-sA zreya jaina-graMthAgAroM ko jAtA hai| rAjasthAna ke ajamera, bIkAnera, jodhapura, udayapura, jayapura, alavara, ToMka Adi sthAnoM ke nijI-pustakAlayoM kA atyadhika mahatva rahA hai| gujarAta meM ahamadAbAda aura pATana ke nijI pustakAlaya bhI mahatvapUrNa rahe haiN| bihAra meM 'khudAbaksa pustakAlaya' prArambha meM nijI pustakAlaya hI thA, aba vaha sArvajanika pustakAlaya kahalAtA hai, jahA~ lagabhaga 15,000 pANDulipiyA~ sthita haiN| isI prakAra bihAra ke hI bharatapurA gA~va ke zrI gopAlanArAyaNasiMha kA saMgrahAlaya bhI nijI hI thA, jahA~ 4000 pANDulipiyA~ surakSita thiiN| san 1912 I. meM yaha pustakAlaya sArvajanika ho gyaa| rAjasthAna meM ajamera ke seTha kalyANamala DhaDDA evaM bIkAnera ke seTha agaracaMda nAhaTA ke pustakAlaya bhI nijI kSetra meM mUlyavAna evaM prAcIna pANDulipiyoM se sampanna rahe haiN| vartamAna meM to aneka zodhakartAoM ne apane-apane nijI saMgraha banAne zurU kara diye haiM / Aja bhI rAjasthAna meM yadi pUrI par3atAla kI jAye to ghara-ghara meM baste-bugacoM meM aneka ajJAta prAcIna pANDulipiyA~ apane uddhAra kI AzA meM kisI na kisI kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA kI pratIkSA meM haiN| 1. anusaMdhAnakartA pANDulipivijJAna kI dRSTi se kSetrIya-anusaMdhAna kA pUrA zreya anusaMdhAnakartA ko jAtA hai / vastutaH vaha pANDulipivijJAna kI dhurI hai| aise anusaMdhAnakartA tIna prakAra ke hote haiM - prathama prakAra ke anusaMdhAnakartA uccakoTi ke vidvAna hote haiM, jo aitihAsika, purAtAtvika evaM hastalikhita sAmagrI saMkalana meM vyasta rahate haiN| aise vidvAnoM meM karnala TaoNDa, hArnale, sTena kono, veDela, TesiTarI, Arela sTAina, DaoN. griyarsana, mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI, DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, kAzI prasAda pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 71

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jAyasavAla, muni puNyavijayajI, muni jinavijaya jI, DaoN. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, DaoN. raghuvIra, DaoN. bhaNDArakara, DaoN. vhUlara, agaracaMda nAhaTA, DaoN. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA, DaoN. pItAmbara bar3athvAla, bhASkara rAmacandra bhAlerAva Adi ke nAma lie jA sakate haiN| ye vidvAna pANDulipi ke sambaMdha meM svayaM nirNaya lete the, kyoMki ye apane viSaya ke vidvAna hote the| dUsare prakAra ke anusadhAnakartA ko khojakartA yA ejeNTa kahA jA sakatA hai| ye kisI vyakti yA saMsthA kI ora se pANDulipiyoM kI vivaraNa sahita khoja riporTa prastuta karate haiN| inheM usa kSetra-vizeSa kI jAnakArI bhI denI hotI hai, jahA~ se aura jisase pANDulipiyA~ prApta huI haiN| tIsare prakAra ke anusaMdhAnakartA vyAvasAyika vRtti ke hote haiN| ve prAyaH pANDulipiyoM ke mahatva ko svIkArate hue itasta: kSetra meM jAkara pANDulipi saMbaMdhI jAnakArI ekatra kara viziSTa vidvAnoM se unake mahatva kI jAnakArI prApta kara kucha lAbha prApta karane ke lie unakA saMgraha karate haiM aura phira samaya-samaya para unheM becate rahate haiN| kabhI-kabhI isa vRtti ke anusaMdhAnakartAoM ke mAdhyama se hamAre deza kI vipula-mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyA~ videzoM meM calI jAtI haiN| 2. kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ke guNa eka kuzala anusaMdhAnakartA meM kyA-kyA guNa yA khUbiyA~ honI cAhie, isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM - "isake lie graMtha-khojakartA meM sAdhAraNa tatpara buddhi honI cAhie, usameM samAjapriya yA lokapriya hone ke guNa caahie| usameM vividha vyaktiyoM ke manobhAvoM ko tAr3ane yA samajhane kI buddhi bhI honI cAhie jo sAdhAraNa buddhi kA hI eka pakSa hai| phira, usake pAsa koI aisA guNa (hunara) bhI honA cAhie jisase vaha dUsaroM kI kRtajJatA pA ske| jahA~ graMthoM kI Toha lage vahA~ ke logoM kA vizvAsa pA sakane kI kSamatA bhI honA apekSita hai / vizvAsapAtratA prApta karane ke lie usa kSetra meM prabhAva rakhane vAle vyaktiyoM se paricaya-patra le lene caahie| aise kSetroM meM mukhiyA, paTavArI, jamIMdAra yA pAThazAlA ke adhyApaka apanA-apanA prabhAva rakhate haiM / ina vyaktiyoM se milakara hama acchI taraha graMthoM kA patA bhI lagA sakate haiM tathA sAmagrI bhI juTA sakate haiM / jyotiSa yA hastarekhA vijJAna aura vaidyaka 72 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kI kucha jAnakArI graMtha-khojakartA ko sahAyaka siddha huI hai| inake kAraNa loga usakI ora sahaja rUpa se AkRSTa ho sakate haiM / isI prakAra pazu-cikitsA kA kucha jJAna ho to kSetrIya kArya meM upayogI hogA tathA dainika jIvana meM kAma Ane vAlI aisI anya cIjoM ko yadi vaha jAnatA hai, jinake na jAnane se manuSya duHkhI rahate haiM to ve usakI sahAyatA karane ke lie sadA prastuta rheNge| vyutpannamati aura tatpara buddhi bhI bar3I sahAyaka siddha huI hai|" inake atirikta prastuta paMktiyoM ke lekhaka kA yaha anubhava rahA hai ki jyotiSa, hastarekhA aura kucha sAmAjika-naitika kahAnI-kissoM kA jJAna bhI pANDulipi anusaMdhAnakartA ko hastalikhita graMtha prApta karane meM bar3A sahAyaka siddha hotA hai / use eka caritravAna, Adarza, dhairyavAna, vizvasanIya evaM bhale insAna ke rUpa meM apane-Apako prastuta karanA caahie| pANDulipiyoM ke saMgraha karane ke do kAraNa spaSTa haiM - 1. sAmAnya, 2. sAbhiprAya / sAmAnya kAraNa to spaSTa hai hii| sAbhiprAya khoja meM kisI vizeSa pANDulipi kI pratilipiyoM kI khoja kI jAtI hai| isameM bar3e dhairya kI AvazyakatA hai| eka kar3I se dUsarI kar3I milAte hue hI khojakartA abhipsita pANDulipi taka pahu~ca pAtA hai| DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM ki isa prakAra kI khoja meM sUtra se sUtra milAne meM bhI kitane hI anumAna aura unake AdhAra para kitane hI prakAra ke prayatnoM kI apekSA rahatI hai| bar3e dhairyapUrvaka eka ke bAda dUsare anumAna karake unase sUtra milAne ke prayatna kiye jAte haiN| 3. kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA kA karaNIya uparyukta guNoM se yukta anusaMdhAnakartA ko cAhie ki vaha eka anusaMdhAna DAyarI, paina, phuTA, rabara Adi apane pAsa rkhe| isa DAyarI meM kSetrIya kArya kA dainika vivaraNa likhanA caahie| udAharaNa ke lie - jisa gA~va yA kasbe meM vaha jAye usakA nAma, usa vyakti kA nAma jisake pAsa pANDulipiyA~ upalabdha haiM, usakI jAti evaM sAmAnya vaMza-paricaya ke sAtha usa ghara meM graMtha-vizeSa kI upasthiti kA vivaraNa bhI deN| isa yAtrA ke daurAna kitane graMtha dekhe? kitane ba~dhe 1. pANDulipi vijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 68-69 2. vahI, pR. 70 pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 73

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hue (veSTana) the aura kitane khule patroM meM the? racanAkAra evaM lipikartA kA paricaya tathA racanAkAla yA lipikAla Adi use DAyarI meM likhane caahie| isake bAda anusaMdhAnakartA ke vyavahAra Adi ke anusAra use prApta graMthoM ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| koziza isa bAta kI karanI cAhie ki graMtha dAna yA bheMTa meM nirmUlya mila jaaye| lekina yadi koI bahumUlya pANDulipi le-dekara bhI lenI par3e to use prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| kisI pANDulipi ke mUlya kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya usakA racanAkAla, lipikAla, varNita-viSaya kA mahatva, lekhana-zailI kI vizeSatA, citra, alaMkaraNa, kAgaja, syAhI Adi kI utkRSTatA kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA caahie| mUlya dekara kharIdI gaI pustaka kA eka pramANa-patra bhI vikretA se prApta kara lenA cAhie, tAki usa pustaka ke corI kI hone yA corI hone kI avasthA meM vaha pramANa-patra kAma A ske| usa graMtha kA pUrNa vivaraNa bhI apane pAsa rakhanA caahie| 4. prApta pANDulipi kA vivaraNa kSetrIya anusaMdhAna meM kisI bhI pANDulipi kA vivaraNa do dRSTiyoM se lenA cAhie : prathama - bahiraMga vivaraNa, dUsare - antaraMga vivrnn| (1) bahiraMga vivaraNa : isake antargata, sarvaprathama jyoMhi graMtha Apake hAtha meM AtA hai usake AkAra-prakAra para nigAha par3atI hai| ataH graMtha kA AkAra kyA hai? kitane pRSTha haiM ? likhe evaM rikta pRSTha kitane haiM? pRSThoM kI lambAI, cauDAI aura dAe~-bAe~ ke hAzie kitane aura kaise haiM? syAhI kA raMga kyA hai? chanda saMkhyA kitanI hai? kRti pUrNa hai yA apUrNa hai| prati pRSTha kitanI paMktiyA~ haiM aura prati paMkti kitane zabda haiM? graMtha kA kAgaja kaisA hai? Adi jAnakAriyA~ bahiraMga vivaraNa meM likhI jAnI caahie| (2) aMtaraMga : antaraMga kI dRSTi se anusaMdhAnakartA ko yaha dekhanA cAhie ki kyA racanA ke Adi (prAraMbha) meM racanAkAra ne kisI devatA, rAjA, guru yA iSTadeva kI stuti kI hai? kyA racanAkAla-sUcaka koI sUcanA bhI dI gaI hai? yadyapi graMtha ke aMta meM puSpikA meM racanA yA lipikAla dene kI paramparA hai, phira bhI kisI-kisI graMtha ke Adi meM bhI ye sUcanAe~ mila jAyA karatI haiM / yadi prastuta graMtha, mUlagraMtha kI pratilipi hai to bhI, vaha racanA, bhASA-vijJAna evaM pAThAlocana 74 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa ho sakatI hai / isake bAda graMtha-bhASA; prayukta-chanda, chandoM kI saMkhyA aura graMtha ke viSaya kA vivaraNa evaM puSpikA meM aMkita lipikAla, tithi, vAra Adi kA vivaraNa bhI lenA Avazyaka hai| yadi anusaMdhAnakartA prabuddha hai to use usa pANDulipi kA kAvya-rUpa-prabandha, muktaka Adi aura zailI kA byaurA bhI denA caahie| pANDulipi meM yadi likhAvaTa kA bheda dekhane meM AtA hai to use bhI aMkita karanA apekSita hai| 5. pANDulipi-vivaraNa-prastutIkaraNa-prArUpa kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA jaba kSetra-vizeSa meM pANDulipiyoM taka pahu~ca jAtA hai taba use prApta pANDulipiyoM kA vyavasthita vivaraNa taiyAra karanA caahie| hamAre deza meM samaya-samaya para pANDulipiyoM kI jo khoja riporTa prastuta huI haiM, unameM anusaMdhAnakartAoM ne jisa paddhati yA prArUpa kA anusaraNa kiyA hai unameM se kucha ke vivaraNa prastuta karane ke svarUpa kI bAnagI yahA~ prastuta karanA caaheNge| racanA kA nAma 'kubjikaamtm'| (1) mahAmahopAdhyAya hara prasAda zAstrI kI paddhati' : san 1898-99 meM zAstrI jI ne eziyATika sosAyaTI oNpha baMgAla ke lie nepAla ke darabAra pustakAlaya ke hastalikhita graMthoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hue jisa paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyA usakA namUnA dekhie - (ka) (29/kAM) - graMtha kI pustakAlayagata saMkhyA (kha) kubdhikAmatam (kulAlikAmnAyAntargatam) - pustaka kA nAma usakI upavyAkhyA sahita (ga) 10x17, inches - pustaka kA AkAra batAne ke lie pRSTha kI lambAI 10" aura caur3AI 17," hai| (gha) Folio, 152 - pRSTha saMkhyA batAI gaI hai| (Ga) Lines 6 on a page - pratyeka pRSTha meM paMkti saMkhyA kitanI hai| (ca) Extent 2,964 slokas - pANDulipi parimANa kula zloka sNkhyaa| 1. Shastri, H. P. - A Catalogue of palm leaf and selected papers MSS belonging to the Darbar Library, Nepal - pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 72-73 se sAbhAra / pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 75

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(cha) Charactor-Newari - lipi prakAra / (ja) Date, Newar Era 229 - tithi-saMvat kA ullekh| (jha) Appearence - old - rUpa kA vivaraNa - yaha prati dekhane meM prAcIna lagatI hai| (Ja) Verse - racanA padyabaddha hai| Beginning OM namo mahAbhairavAya saMkartA maNDalAnte kramapadanihitAnandazaktiH subhiimaa| dhRSTakSADhyaM catuSkaM akulakulanataM paMcakaM cAnyaSaTkam // 1 // Colophon - iti kulAlikA bhAMye zrImat kubjikAmate samasta sthAnAvabodhazcaryA nirdezo (2) nAma paMcaviMzatimaH paTala smaaptH| saMvat 299 phAlguna kRssnnaa| viSaya ... (1 se 25 paTala taka ke) isa prakAra samasta sUcanAoM ke dene ke bAda graMtha ke Adi aura anta ke kucha aMza ke udAharaNa bhI diye gaye haiN| isake bAda Colophon (puSpikA) dekara viSaya-sUcI bhI de dI gaI hai| (2) DaoN. ela. pI. TesiTarI kI paddhati : san 1914 I. meM DaoN. TesiTarI ko eziyATika sosAyaTI oNva baMgAla ne 'vAraDika eNDa hisTorIkala sarve oNva rAjapUtAnA' kA supariMTeMDeNTa bnaayaa| unakI yaha sarvekSaNa riporTa san 1917-18 ke madhya prakAzita huii| usa riporTa ke graMthAMka 6 ke vivaraNa kA anuvAda isa prakAra hai - graMthAMka-6 - nAgaura ke mAmale rI bAta nai kavitA guTake ke rUpa meM choTA-sA graMtha, patra 132, AkAra 5"x512", pR. 21 ba26 ba, 45 ba - 96 ba tathA 121 ba - 132 ba khAlI haiM / likhita patroM meM se 13 se 27 akSaroMvAlI 7 se 16 taka paMktiyA~ haiM / pR. 100-125 para sAdhAraNa (nausikhie ke banAe citra) citra pAnI ke raMgoM meM 'rasUla rA dUhA' ko citrita karane ke lie banAe gae haiN| graMtha koI 250 varSa purAnA lipibaddha hai| pR. 7 ba para lipikAla 76 ___ sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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saM. 1696 jeTha suda 13 zanivAra aura lekhaka kA nAma raghunAtha diyA gayA hai| lipi mAravAr3I hai aura Da tathA Ga meM bheda nahIM kiyA gayA hai| graMtha meM nimna kRtiyA~ haiM - (ka) parihA~ dUhA vagaire phuTakara vAtAM, pR. 1 a - 11 b| (kha) nAgaura rai mAmalai rI kavitA, pR. 12 a - 21 a (isameM tIna prazasti kavitAe~ haiN)| (ga) nAgaura re mAmalai rI bAta, pR. 27 a - 45 b| prArambha kA aMza : bIkAnera mahArAjA zrI karanIsiMha jI rai rAja ne nAgaura rAu amarasiMha gajasighauta ro rAja su nAgaura bIkAnera ro kAMkar3a gAMva (0) / jASapIyo su gAMva bIkAnera ro huto ne nAgaura rA kahe nu gAMva mAharo dvIvahIja asaraco huto ..... aadi| anta kA aMza : isar3o kAma muhate rAmacandra nu phabIyo bar3o nAMva huyo pAtasAhI mAhe badIto huvo isar3o bIkAnera kAhI kAmadAra huyo na ko husii| isa vivaraNa meM DaoN. TaisiTarI ne graMtha ke AkAra ko batAne ke lie hI ise guTakA kahA hai| isake sAtha hI vesTana kA bhI ullekha karate haiM - "394 pannoM kA camar3e kI jilda meM baMdhA vRhadAkAra grNth| aura phira sabhI vivaraNa DaoN. zAstrI jaisA hii| hA~, citroM ke sambaMdha meM atirikta jAnakArI dI gaI hai| (3) DaoN. motIlAla menAriyA kI paddhati : 'rAjasthAna meM hindI ke hastalikhita graMthoM kI khoja' prathama bhAga ke pR. 64-65 para DaoN. menAriyA 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI eka prati kA vivaraNa nimna prakAra prastuta karate haiM - (ka) prati saM. 5, (kha) sAija 10x11 iMca, (ga) (1) pustakAkAra, (2) apUrNa, (3) bahuta burI dazA meN| (gha) isake Adi ke 25 aura anta ke kaI panne gAyaba haiM jisase Adi parva ke prAraMbha ke 67 rUpaka aura antima prastAva (vANavedha samyoM) ke 66veM rUpaka ke bAda kA samasta bhAga jAtA rahA hai| isa samaya isa prati ke 786 (26-812) panne maujUda haiM / bIca meM sthAna-sthAna para panne kore rakhe gaye haiM jinakI saMkhyA kula milAkara 25 hotI hai / prAraMbha ke 25 pannoM ke naSTa ho jAne se isa bAta kA anumAna to lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki anta meM bhI itane hI panno gAyaba hue haiN| pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 77

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(Ga) (1) para anta ke ina 25 pannoM meM kauna-kauna se prastAva likhe hue the, inameM kitane panne khAlI the; isa prati ko likhavAne kA kAma kaba pUrA huA thA aura (2) yaha kisake lie likhI gaI thI? ityAdi bAtoM ko jAnane kA ina pannoM ke gAyaba ho jAne se aba koI sAdhana nahIM hai| lekina prati eka-do varSa ke alpakAla meM likhI gaI ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA; kyoMki (ca) isameM nau-dasa taraha kI likhAvaTa hai aura (cha) prastAvoM kA bhI koI nizcita krama nahIM hai| jJAta hotA hai rAsau ke bhinna-bhinna prastAva jisa krama se aura jaba-jaba bhI hastagata hue ve usI krama se isameM likha liye gaye haiN| (ja) 'sasivratA samyau', 'salaSa yuddha samya' aura 'anaMgapAla samyau' ke nIce unakA lekhana-kAla bhI diyA huA hai| ye prastAva kramazaH saM. 1770, saM. 1772 aura saM. 1773 ke likhe hue haiM, lekina 'citrarekhA', 'durgAkezara' Adi do-eka prastAva isameM aise bhI haiM jo kAgaja Adi ko dekhate hue inase 25-30 varSa pahale ke likhe hue dikhAI par3ate haiN| vibhinna hAthoM kI likhAvaTa ke kAraNa prati ke sabhI pRSThoM para paMktiyoM aura akSaroM kA parimANa ekasA nahIM hai| kisI pRSTha para 13, kisI para 15, kisI para 25 tathA kisI-kisI para 27 paMktiyA~ haiM / likhAvaTa sabhI lipikAroM kI supAThya haiM / pATha bhI adhikatara zuddha hI hai| do-eka lipikAroM ne saMyuktAkSaroM ke lekhana meM asAvadhAnI kI hai aura khkha, ga, tta Adi ke sthAna para kha, ga, ta Adi likha diyA hai| isase kahIM-kahIM chandobhaMga dikhAI detA hai| isa prati meM 67 prastAva haiM / uparyukta prati saMkhyA 2 ke mukAbale meM isameM tIna prastAva (vivAha samyau, padmAvatI samyau aura reNasI samyau) kama aura eka (samarasI dillI sahAya samyau) adhika hai| udAharaNa - saM. 1770 kI prati ke 'sasivratA samyau' se| dUhA - Adi kathA zazivRta kI kahata aba samUla / dillI vai patisAha gRhi kahi lahi unamUla // 1 // arilla - grISama Rtu krIDaMta suraajn| Siti ukalata Seha nabha chAjana // viSama bAya tappita tanu bhaajn| lAgI zIta sumIra surAjana / / 18 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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isakI prati mevAr3a ke prasiddha kavi rAva bakhtAvara jI ke pautra zrI mohanasiMha jI rAva ke pAsa hai| (4) DaoN. hIrAlAla mAhezvarI kI paddhati : DaoN. mAhezvarI ne apane zodhaprabandha 'jAmmojI, viSNoI sampradAya aura sAhitya' meM hastalikhita graMthoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyaa| isake pR.saM. 41-42 se nimna udAharaNa prastuta hai - ___81 pothI, jildabaMdhI (ba, prti)| yatratatra khnnddit| ekAdhapatra-aprApta / apekSAkRta moTA dezI kaagj| patra saM. 152 / AkAra 10x7 iNc| hAziyA - dAe~-bAe~ : pauna iNc| tIna lipikAroM dvArA saM. 1832 se 1839 taka lipibddh| lipi sAmAnyataH pAThya / paMkti prati pRsstth| (ka) harajI likhita racanAoM meM 23-29 taka paMktiyA~ haiN| (kha) tulachIdAsa likhita sabada vANI meM 31 paMktiyA~ haiM, tathA (ga) dhyAnadAsa likhita racanAoM meM 24-25 paMktiyA~ haiM / akSara prati paMkti kramazaH (ka) meM 18 se 20 taka, (kha) meM 24 se 25 taka tathA (ga) meM 23 se 25 tk| gA~va 'mukAma' ke zrI badarIrAma thApana kI prati hone se isakA nAma ba. prati rakhA gayA hai / isameM ye (14) racanAe~ haiM - (racanAnAma, racanAkAra evaM chaMda saMkhyA sahita) ..... samat 1832 mitI jeTha vada 13 liSate vaNibAla harajI liSAvataM atita, rAsAjI lAlAjI kA celA pothI gAMva jASAMNIyA majhe liSI chai subhamasatu klyaannN|| kathA caturadasa me likhI araja karUM kara dhaari| ghaTya badhi akSara jo huvai / santo lyauha sudhAri // 1 // (5) hamArI paddhati' : (3) pothI - 91 pannoM kI isa pothI kA AkAra 937x631 iMca hai / isa pothI ke lipikartA mahAjana DAlU haiM tathA lipikAla vi.saM. 1758 tadanusAra san 1701 I. hai| pothI ke patra saM. 1 se 85 taka 'dazama skandha 1. zodha-patrikA, varSa 32/aMka 2, aprela-jUna 1981, pR. 68-72, brajabhASA ke hastalikhita graMthoM kI khoja; DaoN. ema.pI. zarmA / pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 79

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bhASA' evaM patra saM. 86 se 91 taka 'paMcAdhyAyI', nandadAsa kRta lipibaddha haiN| dezI kAgaja kI isa pothI ke pratyeka patra meM 18 paMktiyA~ evaM pratyeka paMkti meM 20 se 24 taka akSara haiN| lipi supAThya hai| lAla evaM kAlI syAhI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| donoM racanAoM ke namUne - ka. zrI dasama skaMdha bhASA : nandadAsa, lipikAla 1701 I. Adi - zrI rAdhAvallabho jyte|| zrI gurubhyo nmH|| atha zrI dasama (skaMdha) nandadAsa kRta liisste| dohA - nava lakSaNa kari lakSa jo dasaye Asirai ruup| nanda vandi lai prathama tihi zrI kRSNAkSi anuup||1|| caupAI - parama vicitra mitra ika rahai / kRzna caritra sunyoM so chai| tinha kahI dasamasakaMdha ju aahi| bhASA kari kachu barananu tAhi // anta - dohA - aSTaviMsati adhyAi iha lIlA sava suSa kNd| muktina mAMni mani jahA~ phiri vraja Ae nnd|| iti zrI dasama sakaMdhe bhASA nandadAsena kRte aSTaviMse adhyAI / / 28 / / puSpikA - iti zrI dasama sakaMdha nandadAsa jI kRta sampUrNa subhaM bhavata saMvata 1758 ke bhAdrapada mAMse sukla pakSe tithi ekAdazI vAra caMdravAra zubha pothI svAmI jI zrI rAmadAsa jI paThanArtha likhataM mahAjana DAlU catarA kA veTA sarva saMtani ko sevaga vAcai jinako jai zrIkRSNa baMcyajyo pothI gAMva nAthUsara maiM likhi pUrNa krii|| jAdRsaM pustakaM dRSTavA tAdRsaM likhite myaa| sudhama asudhaM vA mama doSo na diiyte|| (kha) zrI paMcAdhyAyI : nandadAsa kRta, lipikAla san 1701 I. Adi - harilIlA rasa matta mudita niti vicarata jaga meN| adbhuta gati kahuM nahi na aTaka hai nikasai maga meM // 1 // aMta - adhaharanI manaharanI sundara prema vitrnii| zrI naMdadAsa ke kaMTha basau nita maMgala karanI // 201 // 80 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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iti zrI paMcAdhyAyI bhASA zrI naMdadAsa viraMcitAyAM saMpUrNoyaM graMtha subhamastu kalyANamastu // savat 1758 ke asuni mAse kRSNapakSe tithi 12 vAra guru saMpUraNa lipi pUrana bhayo parama gopya graMtha anaMta vaktavya nAMhI parama haribhakta zrI bhAgavata mata parAyaNa hoy| tinasau praphUlita hoi kahai tau atyanta suSa hoy| dohA - saMta sajAtI rasika jana milaiM upAsika aai| tava iha ratana maMjUsikA Solira tU dikharAya // 1 // shrii|| prApti-sthAna : zrIrAma bhavana, pustakAlaya, koTapUtalI (jypur)| ina pA~ca prakAra kI paddhatiyoM ke adhyayana se anusaMdhAnakartA apanA rAstA AsAnI se taya kara sakegA, aisI hamArI mAnyatA hai| 6. pANDulipi-vivaraNa meM anya apekSita bAteM ye nimnalikhita haiM - graMtha kA 'atirikta pakSa' hai - (1) pANDulipi kA rakha-rakhAva : kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ke hAtha meM pANDulipi Ane ke bAda usake rakha-rakhAva (surakSA) para dRSTi jAtI hai| surakSA kI dRSTi se yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki vaha pANDulipi kisa prakAra ke 'vesTana' meM surakSita hai? vaha vesTana kAgaja kA hai, kapar3e kA hai, camar3e kA hai yA kisI anya vastu kA? kabhI-kabhI pANDulipi'vesTana' kI banisbata 'piTaka' (peTI) meM rakhI milatI hai| vaha piTaka dhAtu kA hai yA kASTha kA? graMtha kI 'jilda' kaisI hai? jildI kAgaja, kapar3A yA camar3e kI hai, yaha bhI dekhanA caahie| prAcIna tAr3apatrIya graMtha prAyaH kASThapaTTa' yA 'puTThoM' meM, Upara-nIce lagAkara bA~dhakara rakhI jAtI hai| jainadharma kI zabdAvalI meM ise 'kaMThikA yA kAMbI' kahA jAtA hai| yaha kAMbI yA paTTikAe~ DorI se bA~dha kara gA~Tha lagAI jAtI haiN| dekhanA yaha bhI hotA hai ki DorI meM gA~Tha lagAne kI graMthiyA~ haiM yA nhiiN| ye graMthiyA~ kisa vastu kI aura kaisI haiM? yaha bhI dekha leM ki paTTikAoM para citrAMkana yA alaMkaraNa ho to usakA bhI ullekha honA caahie| (2) graMtha kA svarUpa : pANDulipi kA 'svapakSa' hai usakA svruup| isameM prathama to yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki hastalikhita graMtha kI hAlata kaisI hai? hAlata batAte samaya usake bAhya rUpa-raMga kA paricaya denA hotA hai| jaise - graMtha kA pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 81

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kAgaja gala gayA hai, tir3aka rahA hai, syAhI phailI huI hai, cikanAI ke dhabbe haiM, dhUla-miTTI jamI hai, kIr3e-makor3e yA dImaka ne khA liyA hai aadi| dUsare, usake 'AkAra-saMbaMdhI' vivaraNa kA ullekha bhI honA caahie| hastalikhita graMthoM ke nimnalikhita AkAra-prakAra ho sakate haiM - (ka) pothI, (kha) guTakA, (ga) bahI, (gha) pothA, (Ga) khulepatra, (ca) pAnAvalI aadi| (3) lipyAsana (kAgaja): 'lipyAsana' se abhiprAya pANDulipi kA AdhAra hotA hai / yaha lipyAsana sAmAnyata: do prakAra - kaThora evaM komala - ke hote haiM / kaThora lipyAsanoM meM miTTI kI IMTeM, zilAe~, dhAtue~ Adi AtI haiM aura inheM 'janaka' kahate haiM / kyoMki inase lipyAsana janma lete haiM / komala lipyAsanoM meM carma, patra, chAla, vastra evaM kAgaja Ate haiM aura inheM 'janita' kahA jAtA hai| inameM bhI 'kAgaja' mAnavanirmita hone ke kAraNa pUrNata: janita' hai| kAgaja banAne meM bahuta taraha kI sAmagrI kAma meM AtI hai aura usase kaI prakAra ke kAgaja banAye jAte haiN| jaise - dezI kAgaja, moTA, patalA, madhyama moTA aura mshiinii| inake nirmANa ke samaya vividha raMgoM kA prayoga kara kAgaja vividha raMgoM meM bhI banAye jAte the| muni puNyavijayajI ke anusAra hamAre deza meM kaI jagaha kAgaja banAne ke kArakhAne the, jaise - kAzmIra, dillI, paTanA (bihAra), zAhabAda, kAnapura, ghosuMDA (mevAr3a), ahamadAbAda, khaMbhAta, kAgajapurI (daulatAbAda ke pAsa) Adi jgh| ina jagahoM ke nirmANa-sthala ke nAma se kAgaja bhI aneka nAmoM se jAnA jAtA thA, jaise - kazmIrI, mugaliyA, AravAla, sAhevakhAnI, khaMbhAtI, ahamadAbAdI, zaNIA, daulatAbAdI aadi| inameM kazmIrI kAgaja komala, cikanA evaM majabUta mAnA jAtA thaa| kazmIrI syAhI kI bhI tArIpha kI jAtI thii| kazmIrI kAgaja para likhita eka hastalikhita prati 'bhASA yoga vAziSTha' kI hameM zrI kisanadatta zarmA, baharor3a (alavara) ke saujanya se dekhane ko milI thii| usakA kAgaja evaM likhAvaTa sundara evaM cittAkarSaka thii| graMthavivaraNa isa prakAra hai? - 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 29-30 / 2. pariSad patrikA, paTanA, varSa 20, aMka 4, janavarI, 1981, pR. 78, pANDulipiyoM kI khoja : DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA (khoja riporTa) 82 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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1. bhASA yoga vAziSTha : bhASA sNskRt| kRti puurnn| kula prakaraNa 10 haiN| lipikAla saM. 39 tathA lipikartA zrI zivarAma ne mahAdevagiri para kazmIra meM svapaThanArtha isa kRti kA lipyaMkana kiyA thaa| racanA kI puSpikA meM likhA hai - "iti zrI sarva vidyAnidhAna kavIndrAcArya sarasvatI viracitaM bhASA yoga vAziSTha sAre jJAna sArAparanAmni tatva nirUpaNaM nAma dazamaM prakaraNa // 10 // samAptoyaM graMthaH // saMvat / / 39 // kazmIra mdhye| zivarAma likhitaM mahAdeva girI paThanArthe / zubhaM bhavatuM // nirNjnii||" akabara ke zAsanakAla meM syAlakoTa meM 'mAnasiMhI' kAgaja banAyA jAtA thaa| rAjasthAna meM bhI prAcIna kAla se hI kAgaja banAne ke aneka kArakhAne kAryarata the| DaoN. satyendra jI kahate haiM - "rAjasthAna meM bhI mugalakAla meM jagaha-jagaha kAgaja aura syAhI banAne ke kArakhAne the| jayapura, jodhapura, bhIlavAr3A, goguMdA, bUMdI, bAMdIkuI, ToDAbhIma aura savAImAdhopura Adi sthAnoM para aneka parivAra isI vyavasAya se kuTumba pAlana karate the| jayapura aura AsapAsa ke 55 kArakhAne kAgaja banAne ke the, inameM sAMgAnera sabase adhika prasiddha thA aura yahA~ banA huA kAgaja hI sarakArI daphtaroM meM prayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| 200 se 300 varSa purAnA sAMgAnerI kAgaja aura usa para likhita syAhI ke akSara kaI bAra aise dekhane meM Ate haiM mAnoM Aja hI likhe gaye hoN|" sAMgAnerI moTe kAgaja ko 'pAThA' kahate haiM, jo saMbhavataH 'patra' kA hI rUpAntara hai| yaha 'syAhI-pAThA' prAcInakAla se hI seTha yA paTavArI kI likhApar3hI kA mAdhyama rahA hai / ata: eka kSetrIya pANDulipi anusaMdhAna karane vAle ko kAgaja ke saMbaMdha meM kucha jAnakAriyA~ rakhanI cAhie, jaise - kAgaja kA raMga kaisA hai? kyA kAgaja kurakurA ho gayA hai? kyA dImaka, kIr3e-makor3oM ne khA rakhA hai? kyA pUrI pothI kA eka hI prakAra kA kAgaja hai yA bhinna prakAra kA? Adi kAgaja viSayaka samasta vizeSatAoM kI jAnakArI honI caahie| isake bAda 'pannoM kI lambAI-caur3AI' kA mApa lenA caahie| yaha mApa 'lambAI x caur3AI' iMca ke rUpa meM dI jAtI hai, kintu Ajakala seNTImITara meM bhI dI jAne lagI hai| anusaMdhAnakartA ko 'pANDulipi ke rUpa vidhAna' kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA caahie| isake lie sarvaprathama pANDulipi kI lipi ko jAna lenA 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 84 pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 83

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Avazyaka hai| phira pratyeka pRSTha meM kitanI paMktiyA~ haiM? aura pUre graMtha meM kitane patra haiM? TesITarI mahodaya prAya: apanI khoja riporTa meM kula pannoM kI saMkhyA dete the| sAtha hI yaha bhI dekha lenA cAhie ki samasta pannoM kI likhAvaTa eka hI lipikartA kI hai yA bhinna lipikartA kii| likhAvaTa sApha hai yA aspaSTa hai yA syAhI phUTI huI hai, yaha bhI dekhanA caahie| hastalikhita graMtha meM 'alaMkaraNa yA citra-sajjA' kA bhI vizeSa mahatva hai| citroM yA alaMkaraNa se sajjita racanA kI kImata bar3ha jAtI hai / vaha mUlyavAna mAnI jAtI hai| anusaMdhAnakartA ko citroM kI viSayAnukUlatA aura unakI saMkhyA kA ullekha bhI karanA apekSita hai| kalAtmakatA kI dRSTi se citroM kA mUlyAMkana bhI karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| citroM meM prayukta vividha raMgoM kA ullekha bhI karanA ThIka rhegaa| graMtha meM prayukta 'syAhI' kA vivaraNa bhI denA caahie| syAhI ke kaccI-pakkI hone kI sthiti bhI darzAnI caahie| prAyaH lAla syAhI meM NamokAra, hAzie evaM puSpikA likhane kA pracalana rahA hai| isase itara bhI yadi koI syAhI prayukta huI hai to usakA bhI ullekha honA caahie| yahA~ taka pANDulipi ke rUpa kA bAhya vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| 7. graMtha kA Antarika paricaya pANDulipi ke bAhya vivaraNa ke bAda kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko apanI khoja riporTa meM graMtha kA saMkSipta antaraMga paricaya bhI denA cAhie, jisameM sAmAnyataH nimna binduoM ko rekhAMkita karanA apekSita hai - (1) racanAkAra kA nAma - racanAkAra ke nAma ke sAtha anya bAteM, yathA - nivAsa-sthAna, vaMza-paricaya Adi denA caahie| (2) racanAkAla - yadi racanAkAla racanA meM diyA gayA hai to vahI likhanA cAhie anyathA ajJAta likhanA caahie| hA~, pAristhitika pramANoM ke AdhAra para anumAnita racanAkAla kA saMketa bhI diyA jA sakatA hai| (3) graMtha-racanA kA uddezya (4) racanA kA sthAna (5) AzrayadAtA kA nAma-paricaya (6) racanA kI bhASA - saMskRta, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI Adi evaM usakI vizeSatA 84 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(7) lipi evaM lipikartA kA nAma evaM paricaya, yathA - guru-ziSya paramparA, vaMza-paricaya, lipikartA kA AzrayadAtA, pratilipi karane kA abhiprAya evaM pratilipi kA svAmitva aadi| (8) pratyeka adhyAya ke anta kI puSpikA (9) racanA ke Adi, madhya evaM anta ke aMza ke uddharaNa bhI prastuta kreN| 8. pANDulipi ( hastalikhita graMtha) - vivaraNa (riporTa) kA prArUpa ____ aba taka ke adhyayana se eka kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko pANDulipiyoM kI khoja ke saMdarbha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI prApta ho jAnI caahie| inhIM sampUrNa jAnakAriyoM ko prArUpa ke rUpa meM nimna prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jise TaMkita yA mudrita karavAkara kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA apane sAtha rakha sakate haiM / isase eka lAbha to yaha hogA ki anusaMdhAna ke kArya meM ekarUpatA rahegI tathA ekAdhika riporToM ke prArUpa se tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI ho skegaa| yahA~ yatkiMcita parivartana ke sAtha kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartAoM dvArA prayukta prArUpa ko prastuta kara rahe haiM - vivaraNa (riporTa) kA prArUpa kramAMka pANDulipi kA prakAra - guTakA, pothI Adi 1. pANDulipi kA nAma 2. racanAkAra yA kartA kA nAma 3. racanAkAla - yA anumAnita racanAkAla 4. kula patra saMkhyA - likhita evaM kore 5. graMtha kA AkAra - lambAI iMca x caur3AI iMca (seNTImITara meM bhI) 6. prati pRSTha paMkti saMkhyA - 7. prati paMkti akSara saMkhyA - 8. graMtha kA lipyAsana - kAgaja, kapar3A, camar3A, tAr3apatra, bhojapatra Adi 9. lipi prakAra - devanAgarI, kaithI, phArasI Adi 10. likhAvaTa - eka hI hAtha kI yA aneka hAthoM kI 11. lipikartA - nAma, sthAna, lipyaMkana-tithi - 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 89-90 / pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 85

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12. racanAkAra ke AzrayadAtA kA paricaya 13. lipikAra ke AzrayadAtA kA paricaya 14. racanA kA uddezya - svapaThanArtha yA anyArtha 15. pratilipi kA uddezya -- svapaThanArtha yA anyArtha 16. graMtha kI surakSA (rakha-rakhAva) - buMgacA, bastA, veSTana, paTTe, DorI Adi 17. graMtha kA viSaya - pratyeka adhyAya kA saMkSipta viSaya-paricaya 18. Adi kA udAharaNa 19. madhya kA udAharaNa 20. anta kA udAharaNa 21. graMtha meM prayukta sabhI puSpikAe~ aadi| 9. lekhA-jokhA (prApta ha. li. graMthoM kA hisAba-kitAba) ___yadyapi pANDulipi kI khoja meM vyasta kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko prApta racanAoM kA lekhA-jokhA rakhanA Avazyaka nahIM hai, phira bhI kisI saMsthA yA vyakti vizeSa ke lie kArya karane vAle anusaMdhAnakartA ke lie sahAyaka siddha ho sakate haiM / lekhe-jokhe kI koI nizcita kAlAvadhi (3 mAha, 6 mAha, 9 mAha, eka varSa Adi) meM prApta graMthoM ke saMdarbha meM nimnalikhita jAnakArI likhI jAnI cAhie - (1) kSetra-kArya meM AnevAlI prAraMbhika kaThinAiyA~ evaM unakA samAdhAna (2) kSetra-vizeSa kA bhaugolika paricaya (3) bhaugolika kSetra ke vividha sthAnoM se prApta sAmagrI kI alaga-alaga saMkhyA (4) kula prApta graMtha jinakA vivaraNa isa kAlAvadhi meM aMkita kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra prApta sampUrNa sAmagrI kI kaI tAlikAe~ bana sakatI haiM - (1) graMtha nAmAnukramaNikA kI dRSTi se (2) racanAkAra - nAmAnukramaNikA kI dRSTi se (3) kAla vibhAjana kI dRSTi se - bhaktikAla kI, rItikAla kI Adi (4) zatAbdI krama kI dRSTi se - 10vIM zatI meM prApta graMthoM kI saMkhyA, 12vIM zatI meM prApta graMthoM kI saMkhyA Adi (5) ajJAta racanAkAra yA lipikAroM kI racanAe~ - sNkhyaa| . 86 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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10. tulanAtmaka adhyayana yadyapi prApta pANDulipiyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pAThAlocana evaM bhASAvijJAna ke vidvAnoM kA viSaya hai, phira bhI eka kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko bhI isakI saMkSipta jAnakArI honA apekSita hai| isa saMdarbha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM, "hameM kSetrIya kArya karate hue aura vivaraNa taiyAra karate hue kucha kavi prApta hue| aba hameM yaha bhI jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki kyA eka hI nAma ke kaI kavi haiM? unakI pArasparika bhinnatA, abhinnatA aura unake kRtitva kI sthala tulanA karake apanI upalabdhi kA mahattva samajhA yA samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / ise eka udAharaNa se spaSTa karanA hogaa| caMdakavi' nAma ke kavi ke Apako kucha graMtha mile| Apane aba taka prakAzita yA upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para unakA vivaraNa ekatra kiyaa| taba tulanApUrvaka kucha niSkarSa nikaalaa|" 11. jAlI yA nakalI hastalikhita graMtha aba eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki kSetrIya anusaMdhAnakartA ko khoja karate. samaya jAlI yA nakalI graMthoM ke prati sAvadhAnI rakhanI hogii| Aja ke bhautikatAvAdI yuga meM ina jAlI graMthoM kI saMbhAvanA adhika ho gaI hai| prAyaH prAcIna graMthoM kI taskarI apane deza meM aura videzoM meM bar3ha gaI hai| cUMki prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke vyavasAya meM acchAkhAsA munAphA hai, isalie asalI kI nakala bAjAra meM dhar3alle se calatI hai / kabhI-kabhI to kuzala evaM jAnakAra vyakti bhI isa jAlasAjI ke zikAra ho jAyA karate haiM / yaha to sabhI jAnate haiM ki pro. vhUlara ne 'pRthvIrAja rAso' ke eziyATika sosAyaTI ke dvArA kiye jA rahe prakAzana ko 'jAlI aura bhaTTa bhaNanta' kaha kara prakAzana se rukavA diyA thaa| isI prakAra mahatvapUrNa evaM prAcIna racanAkAroM ke graMthoM kI nakalI pratiyA~ taiyAra kara, becane kA vyavasAya cala rahA hai isase sAvadhAna rahanA caahie| ataH pANDulipivijJAna ke vidyArthI ko hastalikhita graMtha kI bAhya evaM Antarika parIkSA bhali-prakAra karake usake asalI hone para Azvasta honA caahie| use yaha dhyAnapUrvaka dekhanA hogA ki kahIM racanA nakalI yA jAlI to nahIM hai| 1. vizeSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie - pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 96-124 / - pANDulipi-prApti ke prayatna aura kSetrIya anusaMdhAna 87

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adhyAya 3 pANDulipi : prakAra 'pANDulipi' zabda kA artha-vistAra ho jAne ke kAraNa usake antargata 'pANDulipi' ke aneka prakAra samAhita ho gaye haiM / aneka prakAra ke lipyAsanoM para likhita racanAe~, graMtha, rAjyAdeza, ciTThI-patrI Adi aneka prakAra kI pANDulipiyA~ isI meM samAvezita haiM / isalie pANDulipivijJAna ke samyak jJAna hetu usake sabhI prakAra-bhedoM se paricita honA Avazyaka hai| sAmAnyata: unheM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai - pAMDulipi rAjakIya laukika (gaira-rAjakIya) graMtha rAjyAdeza ciTThI-patrI kAryAlayI natthiyA~ graMtha anya rAjakIya laukika (gaira-rAjakIya) moTe rUpa se 'pANDulipi' ke do prakAra hI mAnate haiM - rAjakIya kSetra meM rAjA ke dvArA bhI, rAjyAzrita bhI racanAe~ likhI jAtI rahI haiM / isa prakAra kI sAmagrI abhilekhAgAroM meM aura zilAlekhAdi kI sAmagrI 'rASTrIya purAtatva saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita rakhI jAtI haiM / inake atirikta lipyAsana kI dRSTi se bhI 'pANDulipi' ke aneka bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - 1. 'pANDulipi : prakAra' meM prAyaH 'pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra' kI sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| saabhaar| 88 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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lipyAsana ke AdhAra para pANDulipi prakAra kaThora lipyAsana, (utkIrNa karane hetu ) lekhanI likhita 1 12 3 14 15 6 7 pASANIya mRNmaya sIpa - dA~tikI tAmrapatrIya svarNapatrIya rajatapatrIya | anya dhAtuoM kI (prastarAMkita ) ka tor3a patrIya kha ga bhoja -- agarupatrIya patrIya ( yA samUcIpatrIya) (vastra para) dhAtu - zalAkA korita ka kha caTTAnIya zilApaTTIya gha peTIya komala lipyAsana (lekhana hetu) 1. kaThora lipyAsana kaThora lipyAsana para ukerI gaI yA khodI gaI pANDulipiyA~ sAmAnyataH 7 prakAra kI batAI gaI haiM / inake bhI aneka bheda haiM / ina prakAroM ke bhI nimna prakAra haiM 1. pASANIya (zilAlekhAdi ) stambhIya Ga ca cha carmapatrIya kASThIya kAgajIya gha mUrtIya (ka) caTTAnIya : pahAr3a kI kaThora caTTAnoM para utkIrNa graMthoM ko caTTAnIya pANDulipi kahA jAtA hai| san 1170 I. meM utkIrNa 'unnata zikhara purANa' (digambara jaina samudAya kI kRti) rAjasthAna ke bhIlavAr3A jile ke bijauliyA gA~va kI caTTAna para khudA huA hai / Ga anya (kha) zilApaTTIya : prAcInakAla meM zilApaTToM para lekha utkIrNa kiye jAne ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| aisA hI eka vistRta lekha rANA kumbhA ke samaya meM mevAr3a ke kumbhalagar3ha ke kuMbhi-svAmin yA mAmAdeva ke mandira meM pA~ca zilApaTToM para khudavAkara lagAe gaye the / isI prakAra mevAr3a ke hI rAjasamudra pANDulipi: prakAra 89

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tAlAba kI puztoM para rAjakavi raNachor3a kRta 'rAja prazasti' 24 khaNDoM meM, 24 zilApaTToM para ukera kara jar3I gaI haiN| aise hI bhoja paramAra kA kUrmazataka' (prAkRtabhASA kAvya), madana kI 'pArijAta maMjarI' (saMskRta nATaka), ajamera ke zAsaka vigraharAja caturtha (1153-54 I.) kA harakeli nATaka tathA unake rAjakavi soma zekhara kA 'lalitavigraha nATaka' zilApaTTIya lekha hI haiN| (ga) stambhIya : prastara stambhoM para lekha khudavAne kI paramparA bhI atiprAcIna hai| ye stambha lekha kaI prakAra ke ho sakate haiM, jaise - (1) zilAstambha : samrATa azoka (272-232 I. pU.) kAlIna zilAstambha lekha sambhavataH prAcInatama zilAlekha stambha haiM / ina para utkIrNa lipi meM inheM zilAstambha hI kahA gayA hai| (2) dhvajastambha : prastarAMkita ye lekha prAyaH maMdiroM ke sAmane sthApita kiye jAte haiM; jaise - holiyo-Dorasa kA garur3adhvaja, dillI ke pAsa maharolI ke prasiddha viSNudhvaja ke abhilekha bhI isI koTi ke haiN| (3) jayastambha : kisI yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane para vijetA rAjA kI prazasti prastarAMkita kara sthApita kI jAtI thI, jaise - samrATa samudragupta kA eraNa kA aura yazovarmana kA mandasaura (ma.pra.) ke jayastambha haiN| (4) kIrtistambha : kisI vyakti ke dhArmika, sAmAjika puNyakAryoM kI kIrti ko ujAgara karane ke lie khar3A kiyA jAtA hai| (5) vIra-puruSa stambha : yuddha meM apAra zauryapUrNa kArya karate hue vIragati ko prApta kisI sAmAnya vyakti kI smRti meM aise stambha khar3e kiye jAte haiM / ina para deva pratimAoM ke sAtha lekha bhI utkIrNa hotA hai| aise hI eka vIra-puruSa smAraka stambha ko gA~va amAI (koTapUtalI) se uddhAra kara rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, koTapUtalI ke prAMgaNa meM hamane sthApita karavAyA thaa| gujarAtI meM aise vIra-puruSa stambhoM ko 'pAliyA~' kahate haiN| (6) satIstambha : prAcInakAla meM apane pati ke mRtaka zarIra ke sAtha satI hone vAlI nAriyoM kI smRti meM satIstambha smAraka-rUpa meM sthApita kiye jAte the| ina para bhI lekha hote haiN| 1. nA. pra. patrikA, aMka 3-4, varSa 71, saMvat 2023, pR. 401-408 / 90 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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. (7) dharmastambha : aise stambha prAya: dharma sthaloM para sthApita kiye jAte the| vizeSa rUpa se bauddha evaM jainadharma-sthaloM para aise salekha stambha milate haiM / mahAkUTa kA dharmastambha aisA hI prAcIna lekhayukta dharmastambha hai| (8) smRtistambha : kisI pArivArika yA svagotrI vyakti kI smRti meM utkIrNa kara khar3e kiye jAte haiN| inheM gotra-zAlikA bhI kahate haiN| (9) chAyA stambha : yaha bhI smRti stambha kA hI eka prakAra hai; kintu isa para smRta-vyakti kI AkRti ukerI jAtI hai| (10) yUpa-stambha : prAyaH yajJabhUmi meM yajJoparAnta bali-pazu ko bA~dhane ke lie salekha stambha sthApita kiye jAte the, jinheM yUpa-stambha kahA jAtA thaa| 2. mRNmaya - pakAI huI miTTI para bhI kaI prakAra ke lekha milate haiM; jo isa prakAra haiM - (ka) miTTI kI IMToM para : kaccI-pakkI - donoM prakAra kI IMToM para bhI prAcIna lekha prApta hue haiN| ina IMToM para graMtha bhI likhe mile haiM aura abhilekha bhii| bhArata meM kucha bauddha-dharma graMtha IMToM para ukere yA ubhAre gae mile haiN| dAmamitra aura zIlavarmana jaise rAjAoM ke azvamedha saMbaMdhI abhilekha IMToM para likhe milate haiM / eka aisA hI 'isTaka khaMDa' DaoN. jagadIza gupta ko aMgaI kher3e (ma.pra.) kI eka purAnI nIMva se prApta huA thaa| ve kahate haiM - "eka vRhadAkAra isTaka khaMDa para paryApta prAcIna avasthA ke brAhmI akSaroM meM tatijaso iTAku' aMkita milatA hai, jo I.pU. prathama zatI lagabhaga kA anumAnita kiyA gayA hai|" isI prakAra ke bauddha kAla ke dhArmika sUtra Adi IMToM para khude hue mile haiM, jinake namUne mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| (kha) ghoMghe : kabhI-kabhI IMToM ke atirikta miTTI ke DheloM para bhI lekha aMkita kara unheM Aga meM pakA liyA jAtA thaa| prAyaH aise ghoMghe dhArmika manautiyoM kI smRti meM salekha pakAye jAte the| 1. dhIrendra varmA vizeSAMka, hindI anuzIlana, bhAratIya hindI pariSad, prayAga, varSa 13, aMka 1-2 (jana.-jUna) 1960 I. DaoN. jagadIza gupta kA lekha 'madhyapradeza kA ajJAta sAMskRtika kendra aMgaIkher3A', pR. 242-246 / pANDulipi : prakAra 91

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The tot aMgaIkher3e kI purAnI nIMva se prApta IMTa para aMkita brAhmI akSara jo apanI AkRti se I. pU. kI prathama zatAbdI se bhI adhika prAcIna pratIta hote haiN| nAlandA kI mRNmaya muhara aur.se AAMANAR Faapy mohanajodar3o se prApta muhara Stor ESH 92 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(ga) muhara - mudrAe~: mohanajodar3o aura nAlaMdA kI purAtAtvika khudAI meM aisI aneka mudrAe~ prApta huI haiM, jina para lekha aMkita the| (gha) ghaTa : purAtAtvika khudAI meM prApta prAcIna mRdbhANDoM yA ghar3oM ke Upara athavA unake DhakkanoM para bhI lekha utkIrNa hue prApta hote haiM / 3. sIpa-dAMtikI : sIpa, zaMkha, hAthIdA~ta Adi kI banI mudrAoM evaM lakar3I kI lATa yA stambhoM para bhI prAcIna lekha aMkita prApta hue haiM, jaise kirArI se prApta kASTha-stambha evaM bhaja kI guphA kI chatoM kI kASTha maharAboM para lekha aMkita mile haiM / 4. tAmrapatrIya : bhArata meM utkIrNa lekhoM kI dRSTi se samasta dhAtuoM meM tAmra dhAtu ke patroM kA sarvAdhika prayoga huA hai / aneka prAcIna ullekhoM se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai / tAmrapatroM para kaI prakAra ke lekha milate haiM / inakA vivaraNa nimna prakAra se diyA jA sakatA hai| patrarUpa meM graMtha zAsana prazasti tAmra vastu mUrtirUpa meM yaMtra tAmrapatra para graMtha aMkita karAne kA ullekha hvenasAMga ne bhI kiyA hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki kaniSka ne bauddha dharma-graMtha tAmrapatroM para aMkita karAye the / isI prakAra tirupati meM sthita telugu meM racita 'tAllayA kamavarI' bhI tAmrapatroM para hI likhI gaI hai| anyarUpoM meM (jaise camace para ( takSazilA) dIpaka para (jamAlagar3ha) kar3AhI Adi para prAcIna rAjyAdeza bhI prAyaH tAmrapatra para hI kiye jAte the / isa prakAra ke akabara aura zAhajahA~kAlIna tAmrapatra hamane khUba dekhe haiN| nArAyaNapura (alavara) ke rAjA balabhadra zekhAvata jhajjara se lekara ToMka prAnta taka ke zAhI sUbedAra evaM dIvAna the / 7 pharavarI san 1628 I. ko bAdazAha zAhajahA~ ne unheM hajArI jAta pANDulipi: prakAra 93

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aura 600 savAroM kA manasaba diyA thaa| yaha rAjA balabhadra paramadAnI the / hameM bArahaThajI kI DhANI (turkiyAvAsa) meM cAraNa giradharadAsa ko 1857 bIdhA z2amIna dAna meM diye jAne bAbata balabhadra zekhAvata kA tAmrapatra rUr3adAnajI ke pAsa dekhane ko milA hai| tAmrapatra ke donoM ora likhAvaTa hai tathA pUrNataH surakSita hai / 18 paMktiyoM ke isa tAmrapatra kA mUlapATha isa prakAra hai 1. zrIrAmajI 2. rAma: sahI: 3. sidhI zrI mahArAja zrI balabhadra 4. jI dIvAna vacanAtha moje giradharadA 5. sa cAraNa nai UdIka gAMva turakavAsa 6. dIyo paraganAM kula kasavaiha harasolhI 7. dharatI bIdha 1857 aMke bIdha o 8. ThArai sai satAvana zrI paramesara jI nIma 9. tI kara dIyA so neramIyala dInu jo 10. koI ahakI Secala karai to jahana jakA dha 11. rama kI so chai hidunai hIMdvA kA dharama kI so 12. chai musalamAna na musalamAna kA dharama 13. kI so cha sIraloka apadA.... te 14. meTaMta vAsaMdharAta narA narake ja.... tau 15. laga caMda dabAkara saMvat (10657) ko 16. mitI baisASa sada 12 dasakata 17. harabasa kAyatha kA hukama hajura 18. laSau bAdazAha akabarakAlIna isa tAmrapatra meM lipi vijJAna ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie aneka mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe~ mila sakatI haiM / isI prakAra zAhajahA~kAlIna vi.saM. 1704 (san 1647 I.) kA mahArAja rAjasiMha, nArAyaNapura tathA rAjA vijayasiMha (nArAyaNapura) kA saMvat 1767 (san 1710 I.) kA tAmrapatra bhI dekhane ko milA' / 1. torAvATI kA itihAsa : DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA, dvi saMskaraNa 2001, pR. 158-160 1 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 94

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tAmrapatroM para utkIrNa prazastiyoM ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / tAmrapatrAMkita yantra prAcIna devAlayoM evaM maMdiroM meM Aja bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN| anya tAmra-vastuoM meM camace (takSazilA kI khudAI meM prApta), dIpaka (jamAlagar3ha meM prApta), kar3hAhI Adi kahe jA sakate haiM / dakSiNa bhArata se aneka aisI dhAtu-nirmita ghaNTiyA~ prApta huI haiM, jina para 10vIM-11vIM sadI ke lekha utkIrNa haiN|" ____5. svarNapatrIya : svarNapatrIya utkIrNa lekha mUlataH do prakAra ke pAe jAte haiM - (1) svarNapatra para : svarNapatra para eka graMtha DhAkA (baMgalAdeza) ke dhAmadaha tAla se prApta huA thA, jo 24 svarNapatroM para aMkita thaa| isI prakAra bhArata se bAhara bauddha dhAraNI bhI svarNapatroM para aMkita milI hai| aneka prAcIna abhimaMtrita maMtra bhI svarNapatroM para aMkita milate haiN| inake atirikta aneka rAjapatra evaM vyApArika patra bhI prApta hote haiN| (2) svarNanirmita vastuoM ke lekha : svarNapatra ke atirikta svarNanirmita aneka vastuoM, jaise - pyAle-kaTore, surAhI, laTakana evaM deva-pAlakiyoM para bhI lekha milate haiN| briTiza myUjiyama meM prApta kucha pANDulipiyA~ yadyapi likhI to tAr3apatra para gaI haiM kintu unheM svarNa maMDita kiyA gayA hai| 6. rajatapatrIya : svarNapatra kI taraha rajatapatra para bhI aneka prakAra ke abhilekha mile haiN| inameM takSazilA kI khudAI meM prApta sAmagrI vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| yahA~ abhilekha, pyAle-kaTore, taztariyA~, rakAbI, calanI Adi prApta hue haiM / briTiza myujiyama meM rajata maMDita tAr3apatroM para khacita aneka graMtha upalabdha haiM / san 79 I. kA eka rajata abhilekha jo takSazilA se kuNDalI AkAra meM prApta huA hai, bhI ullekhanIya hai| 7. anya dhAtuoM para : inake atirikta kAMsya, lauha, pItala evaM paMcadhAtu yA aSTadhAtu nirmita aneka sAmagriyA~ prApta hotI haiM, jina para lekha utkIrNa haiM; jaise - kAMsya pIThikA (mUrti), kAMsya piTaka, phalaka, kAMsya mudrAe~, lauha stambha (dillI), lauha trizUla (AbU) evaM pItala kI ghaMTiyA~ Adi jo maMdiroM meM prApta hotI haiN| 1. The Researcher, Vol. VII-IX. 1966-68, Jaipur, pp. 47-50. - pANDulipi : prakAra 95

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2. komala lipyAsana (ka) tAr3apatrIya : tAr3apatrIya lekha do prakAra ke prApta hote haiM - (1) lekhanI-likhita, (2) shlaakaa-korit| prathama prakAra ke uttara bhArata meM adhika prApta hue haiM, jabaki dUsare prakAra ke dakSiNa bhArata meM 15vIM zatI pUrva ke milate haiM / tAr3apatra ko lipyAsana banAne se pUrva use ubAlakara zaMkha yA kaur3I se ghisa kara cikanA kiyA jAtA thaa| phira lohe kI zalAkA yA kalama se usa para kuredate hue akSara likhe jAte the| isake bAda una para syAhI lepa kara akSara ubhAre jAte the| isa prakAra kI lekhana-paramparA dakSiNa bhArata meM prAcInakAla se rahI hai| uttara bhArata meM lekhanI dvArA likhane kI paramparA rahI hai| yadyapi tAr3apatrIya lekha dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika likhe jAte the; kintu garma jalavAyu hone ke kAraNa ve jaldI naSTa ho jAte the| kazmIra, nepAla, gujarAta aura rAjasthAna Adi ThaNDe evaM sUkhe jalavAyu vAle pradezoM meM tAr3apatrIya lekhoM kI adhikatA milatI hai| tAr3apatrIya lekhoM ko kapar3e Adi meM na bA~dha kara mukta rUpa se hI rakhA jAtA thaa| tADapatrIya prAcIna lekha - pro. gairolA vAcaspati ke anusAra pAzupata mata ke AcArya rAmezvaradhvaja dvArA likhita 'kusumAJjali TIkA' tathA 'prabodhasiddhi' pahalI-dUsarI sadI ke AsapAsa likhI gaI prAcInatama tAr3apatrIya pANDulipiyA~ haiN| isI prakAra DaoN. lUDarsa ne bhI dUsarI zatI kI syAhI se likhI huI tAr3apatrIya nATaka kI prati ke truTita aMza ko chapavAyA thaa| isake bAda jApAna ke horimUji maTha meM, madhya bhArata se le jAye gae do bauddha graMtha - 'prajApAramitA hRdaya sUtra' evaM uSNaSavijayadhAriNI' - chaThI zatAbdI meM likhita tAr3apatrIya racanAe~ rakhI huI haiN| nepAla meM bhI 'skaMdapurANa' (7vIM sadI) aura laMkAvatAra (906-7 I. meM likhita) tAr3apatrIya graMtha surakSita haiN| kaimbrija ke pANDulipi saMgrahAlaya meM paramezvara taMtra' kI tAr3apatrIya prati 859 I. meM likhita surakSita hai| rAjasthAna ke jaisalamera ke graMtha bhaNDAra to aisI racanAoM ke lie prasiddha hI hai| vahA~ vi.saM. 924, 1139, 1109, 1115 evaM 1160 vi. kI racanAe~ syAhI se likhI huI surakSita haiN| isI prakAra gujarAta ke khaMbhAta aura pUnA ke saMgrahAlayoM meM bhI vi. 1164, 1181 evaM 962 kI pratiyA~ tAr3apatra para likhi huI pAI jAtI haiN| 1. akSara amara rahe : gairolA vAcaspati, pR. 4 2. pANDulipivijJAna, DaoN. satyendra, pR. 146 / 96 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(kha) bhojapatrIya graMtha : bhUrja nAmaka vRkSa kI chAla para likhI huI racanAe~ hI bhojapatrIya racanAe~ kahalAtI haiN| isa prakAra ke graMtha uttara bhArata ke kazmIra kSetra meM adhika pAe jAte haiN| bhUrjapatra para likhita sarvAdhika prAcIna graMtha khotAna se prApta 'dhammadada' (prAkRta) kA kucha aMza hai| yaha IsA kI dUsarI zatI kA mAnA jAtA hai| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM likhita dUsarA bhojapatrIya bauddha graMtha DaoN. sTAina ko khotAna ke khablika sthAna se milA thaa| misTa bAbara ko prApta pustakeM chaThI zatAbdI kI haiM tathA bakhzAlI kA aMkagaNita 8vIM zatAbdI kA hai| 15vIM, 16vIM zatAbdI meM likhita bhojapatrIya graMtha rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura evaM mahArAjA saMgrahAlaya, jayapura meM bhI surakSita milI haiN| rASTrIya abhilekhAgAra, dillI meM bhI 5-6 zatI ke bhojapatrIya guptakAlIna lipi-likhita bauddha-graMtha bhaiSajya guruvaidUrya prabhAsUtra surakSita haiN| (ga) agarupatrIya [yA sAMcI (samUcI) pAtIya ] : pUrvI bhArata ke AsAma meM agaruvRkSa kI chAla se taiyAra patroM para graMtha likhane aura citra banAne kI paramparA thii| atyadhika kaSTa se prApta agarupatra para mahatvapUrNa graMtha yA rAjAmahArAjAoM ke lie likhe jAne vAle graMtha hote the| likhe hue patroM para saMkhyAmUlaka aMka dUsarI ora 'zrI' akSara likhakara aMkita kiyA jAtA thaa| pratyeka patra ke madhya meM chidra banAyA jAtA thA, jisameM pirokara DorI bA~dhI jAtI thii| likhita patroM kI surakSA ke lie Upara-nIce lakar3I ke paTTe yA agaru ke hI moTe patra lagAe jAte the, jinheM 'beTI patra' kahA jAtA thaa| likhAvaTa yA citra banAne se pUrva ina patroM ko mulAyama evaM cikanA banAne ke lie 'mATImAha' kA lepa kiyA jAtA thaa| isake bAda kRminAzaka haratAla (pIle raMga) se raMga dete the| dhUpa meM sUkhane ke bAda agaru chAla ke ye patra cikane ho jAte the| aise patroM ko AsAma meM 'sAMcIpAta' kahA jAtA hai| komalatA aura cikanepana ke kAraNa ye patra dIrghAyu bhI hote the| __bhArata meM 7vIM zatI ke 'harSa carita' meM bANabhaTTa ne 'agarapatroM' ke prayoga karane kI bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki kAmarUpa ke rAjA bhAskara varmA ne samrATa harSavardhana ke darabAra meM agaru chAla para likhe hue graMtha bheMTasvarUpa bheje 1. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA : ojhA, pR. 1441 pANDulipi : prakAra 97

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the| "agaruvalkala-kalpita - saJcayAni ca subhASitabhAJji pustakAnI isase pUrva bauddha-tAMtrika graMtha bhI sAMcIpAta yA agaruvalkala patroM para likhe jAte the| mahArAjA saMgrahAlaya, jayapura meM bhI 'sAMcIpAta' para likhita mahAbhArata ke kucha parva prApta hue haiM I (gha) paTIya ( vastra - patra ) : prAcInakAla meM pANDulipi likhane, citra banAne evaM yaMtra-maMtrAdi likhane hetu sUtI kapar3e kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / sUtI kapar3e ke chidroM ko bharane ke lie ATA, cAvala kA mAMDa, lhAI yA moma lagAkara usakI parata banAkara sukhA lete the| sUkhane para AkIka, patthara, zaMkha, kaur3I yA kasauTI ke patthara se ghoTakara use cikanA banAyA jAtA thaa| isake bAda usa para lekhana yA citrAMkana kiyA jAtA thaa| aise paTIya graMtha 'paTa-graMtha' tathA paTIya citra 'paTa - citra' kahalAte the| aise paToM para yaMtra-maMtrAdi likhe jAte the / jaina matAvalaMbI usa para aDhAI dvIpa, tIna dvIpa, teraha dvIpa, jambU dvIpa tathA solaha svapna Adi ke citra evaM nakze bhI banAte the| dhIre-dhIre maMdiroM meM pratimA ke pIche kI dIvAra para laTakAne ke sacitra paTa bhI banane lge| inheM pichavAI kahate haiM / rAjasthAna meM isa prakAra kI pichavAI banAne kA kendra nAthadvArA rahA hai, jahA~ zrInAthajI kI bahumUlya evaM sundara - sundara pichavAiyA~ banAI jAtI haiN| rAjasthAna ke lokadevatAoM, jaise- pAbUjI, rAmadevajI, devanArAyaNajI Adi kI ' par3eM' bhI aise hI paToM para citrAMkita kI jAtI rahI haiM / mahArAjA saMgrahAlaya, jayapura meM 17vIM - 18vIM zatAbdI ke paToM para likhita evaM citrita aneka tAMtrika nakze, devacitra evaM vAstucitra upalabdha haiN| moma lage 'momiyApaTa' para prAyaH bar3I-bar3I janmapatriyA~ banAI jAtI thIM / saMvat 1711 se 1736 vi. ke madhya likhI mahArAja rAmasiMhajI ke putra kRSNasiMhajI kI aisI hI janmapatrI 456 phITa lambI evaM 13 iMca caur3I surakSita hai| isa para jayapura ke itihAsa ke sAtha-sAtha aneka sama-sAmayika citra bhI likhe yA banAye gaye haiM / prAcIna paMcAMga (jyotiSa) bhI kapar3oM para likhe milate haiM / vyyn jaina dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA 'paryUSaNa parva' ke antargata aneka sAmUhika kSamApana patra bhI aise hI paToM para likhe jAte the / inheM 'vijJapti - patra' bhI kahA jAtA thA / isa prakAra ke patroM kI khoja jaina-graMtha-bhaNDAroM meM apekSita hai / 1. harSacarita : bANabhaTTa, sAtavA~ ucchavAsa / 98 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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dakSiNa bhArata meM, vizeSakara AMdhrapradeza meM imalI ke cIyoM kI leI banAkara kapar3e para lapeTa kara paTa banAyA jAtA thA, jisakI bahiyA~ banAkara vyApArI apane kAma meM lete the| aise paToM se banI bahI ko 'kaditam' kahA jAtA thaa| 300 varSa prAcIna aisI aneka bahiyA~ zRMgerI maTha meM upalabdha haiM / sUtI-paToM ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM rezamI-paToM kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| albarUnI ne nagarakoTa ke kile kI eka 'rAjavaMzAvalI' kA varNana kiyA hai, jo rezama ke paTa para likhI hai| (Ga) carmapatrIya : carmapatrIya pANDulipiyoM kI upasthiti to bahuta prAcInakAla se hI mAnI jAtI hai, kintu bhArata meM dhArmika kAraNoM se carmapatra para lekhana kA kArya bahuta kama huA hai| hA~, pustaka kI jildabaMdI meM carmapatra kA prayoga avazya kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke ullekha kAlIdAsa ke graMthoM aura subandhu kRta 'vAsavadattA' meM bhI Aye haiN| DaoN. vhUlhara ko jaisalamera ke hastalikhita-graMtha bhaNDAroM meM kucha carmapatra bhI prApta hue the| isase kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki mAno unakA upayoga likhane meM yA graMtha ko AveSTita karane meM avazya kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| bhArata ke alAvA yUnAna, araba, yoropa aura madhya eziyA ke dezoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI pArcamaiNTa (camar3e se nirmita) ke carmapatra para lekhana kArya hotA thaa| sokreTIja ne bher3a ke carma-patra kA ullekha kiyA hai| 11vIM zatI taka islAmI kAla meM mRgacarma para likhita kurAna kI arabI pratiyA~ taiyAra kI jAtI thiiN| mizra aura IrAna meM bhI pArcamaiNTa para graMtha likhane kI bAta milatI hai| palhavI bhASA meM camar3e ko 'pusta' kahate haiN| isI se IrAnI samparka ke kAraNa 'pusta' zabda se bhArata meM 'pustaka' zabda kA prayoga huaa| mRcchakaTika nATaka meM zUdraka ne pustaka ke prAkRta rUpa 'potthama' yA 'pothA' kA prayoga kiyA hai| 7vIM zatI se 'pustaka' zabda bhAratIya graMthoM meM prayukta hone lagA thaa| bANabhaTTa ne 'zrIharSacarita' meM 'pustaka' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga kiyA hai| isI graMtha meM pujArI ke varNana meM kapar3e para likhita 'durgAstotra' kA varNana bhI milatA hai| (ca) kASThIya : kASThIya yA kASThapaTTIya graMtha likhane kI paramparA bhI ati prAcIna hai| vigata 50 varSa pUrva taka vidyAlayoM meM vidyArthI kA sulekha sudhArane ke lie kASThapaTTI para kAlI syAhI se likhAI karane kA rivAja thaa| use multAnI pANDulipi : prakAra 99

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miTTI yA khar3iyA se pota kara punaH likhA jAtA thaa| vastutaH pATI para potI jAnevAlI mulatAnI ko 'pANDu' kahA jAtA thaa| isalie prAraMbha meM mUlalekha ko 'pANDulipi' kahA jAne lagA thaa| bauddha jAtaka kathAoM meM chAtroM dvArA kASThaphalakoM para likhe jAne kA vivaraNa milatA hai / jainoM ke 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra' kI TIkA kI racanA saM. 1129 meM nemicandra nAmaka vidvAna dvArA kI gaI thii| usameM bhI kASThIya yA pATI se nakala karane kA ullekha milatA hai| kharoSThI lipi meM likhita kucha kASThapaTTIya graMtha khotAna meM bhI upalabdha haiN| kabhI-kabhI to graMtha kI surakSArtha Upara-nIce lagAe gae kASTha phalakoM para bhI lekha milate haiM / kASTha phalakoM para lekhanakalA kI taraha citrakalA kA bhI aMkana huA hai| citrakalA upAdAnoM meM kASTha phalaka ke citra sabase jyAdA TikAU aura raMga camakIle rahate haiN| jaina jJAna bhaNDAroM meM tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke kASThaphalaka lagabhaga 900 varSa prAcIna milate haiN| ina citroM meM prAcInatama citra zrI jinaballabha sUri aura zrI jinadatta sUri jI ke haiN| unake thor3e samaya bAda kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandrAcArya kumArapAla va vAdideva sUri kumudacaMda ke zAstrArtha ke bhAva citrita kASTha phalaka bhI pAye jAte haiN| citra kalAtmaka kASTha phalakoM kI dRSTi se rAjasthAna meM jaisalamera ke graMtha bhaNDAra apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhate haiM / kASTha stambhoM evaM bhaja kI guphA kI chatoM kI kASTha meharAboM para bhI lekha prApta hue haiN| (cha) kAg2ajIya : hamAre deza meM prAcIna kAla se hI tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, kapar3e para likhane evaM citrAMkana kI paramparA rahI hai| isI prakAra kAgaja bhI yaMtramaMtra evaM graMthAdi likhane ke kAma meM AtA thaa| kAgaja banAne kA sarvaprathama prayAsa san 105 I. meM cIna meM kiyA gyaa| sikandara mahAna ke bhArata AkramaNa (san 327 I.pU.) ke samaya bhArata meM rUI se bane kAgaja kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha kAgaja rUI evaM cithar3oM kI kUTa-kUTa kara lugadI banAkara banAyA jAtA thaa| lekina isa para graMtha likhane kA rivAja kama thaa| isase itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya IsA se cAra zatAbdI pUrva bhI eziyA aura yoropa ke anya dezoM kI tulanA meM kAgaja banAne kI vidhi jAnate the| hamAre deza ke kazmIra, dillI, daulatAbAda, ahamadAbAda, zAhAbAda, paTanA, kAnapura, ghosuNDA (mevAr3a), khaMbhAta evaM sAMgAnera meM prAcIna kAla se hI kAgaja 1. The Researcher, Vol. VII-IX, 1966-68. pp. 69. 100 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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banAne ke udyoga pracalita the| ina jagahoM para kazmIrI, mugaliyA, aravAla, sAhabakhAnI, zaNiyA, khaMbhAtI, daulatAbAdI evaM ahamadAbAdI Adi aneka prakAra evaM raMga ke kAgaja nirmita hote the| ina kAgajoM para likhita prAcIna graMtha vividha graMthAgAroM meM surakSita haiN| ___ bhArata meM vi.saM. 1181 (san 1124 I.) kI bhAgavatapurANa kI kAgaja para likhita prAcIna prati vArANasI ke saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM sarasvatI bhavana pustakAlaya meM surakSita hai| isake bAda vi.saM. 1204 (1146 I.) meM likhita Anandavardhana kRta dhvanyAloka kI prAcInatama TIkA rAjasthAna, prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna, jodhapura meM hai| jIrNa-zIrNa isa graMtha kI phoTo prati surakSita hai| isI prakAra vi.saM. 1326 kI pajha prabhasUri racita 'bhuvanadIpaka' para unhIM ke ziSya siMha tilaka kRta vRtti bhI 'pothIkhAnA' jayapura meM surakSita hai| aura bhI aneka prAcIna pANDulipiyA~ rAjasthAna-gujarAta ke jaina graMthAgAroM, jinAlayoM evaM vyaktigata pustakAlayoM meM surakSita haiM / isake bAda to hajAroM pANDulipiyA~ dezI kAgaja para taiyAra hone lgiiN| vi. saM. 1609 (san 1552 I.) kI 'zrIbhagavadgItA saMbodhi TIkA' dayAladAsa dvArA lipikRta zrIrAma bhavana pustakAlaya, koTapUtalI (jayapura) meM bhI surakSita hai| pANDulipiyoM ke anya prakAra 1. AkAra ke AdhAra para muni puNyavijayajI ne AkAra ke AdhAra para pANDulipiyoM ke 5 prakAra batAe haiM - (ka) gaNDI, (kha) kacchapI, (ga) muSTI, (gha) sampuTa phalaka, (Ga) chedapATI (chivAr3I yA sRpaattikaa)| inameM pratyeka kA vivaraNa nimna prakAra hai : (ka) gaNDI : tAr3apatrIya AkAra ke kAgajoM yA tAr3apatra para likhI huI aisI pANDulipi jo moTAI aura caur3AI meM samAna hote hue lambe AkAra kI hotI hai, gaNDI kahalAtI hai| 1. zodha-patrikA, varSa 32, aMka 2, aprela-jUna, 1981, DaoN. ema.pI. zarmA kA lekha 'brajabhASA ke hastalikhita graMthoM kI khoja', pR. 68-72 2. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 22 pANDulipi : prakAra 101

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(kha) kacchapI : kachue ke AkAra kA aisA graMtha jo kinAroM para saMkarA tathA bIca meM caur3A hotA hai| inake kinAre yA chora yA to golAkAra hote haiM yA tikone| isa prakAra ke AkAra kI pANDulipi kacchapI kahalAtI hai| (ga) muSTI : cAra aMgula AkAra kI, muTThI meM pakar3I jAne vAlI laghu pANDulipi ko muSTI kahate haiN| haidarAbAda ke sAlArajaMga saMgrahAlaya meM eka iMca mApa kI pANDulipiyA~ surakSita haiM / hamane apane hastalikhita graMthoM kI khoja karane ke silasile aisI muSTI AkAra kI 'gItA' bhI kahIM dekhI thii| (gha) sampuTaphalaka : sacitra kASTha paTTikAoM para likhita pANDulipi ko sampuTaphalaka kahate haiN| (Ga) chedapATI : lambe-caur3e, parantu saMkhyA meM kama (moTAI kama) patroM kI pANDulipi ko chedapATI yA chivAr3I kahate haiN| 2. lekhana-zailI ke AdhAra para lekhana-zailI kI dRSTi se pANDulipi ke nimnalikhita cAra prakAra hote haiM - (1) pRSTha ke rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se, (2) citra-sajjA kI dRSTi se, (3) sAmAnya syAhI (kAlI) se bhinna syAhI meM likhita, (4) akSarAkAra kI dRSTi se| (1) pRSTha ke rUpa-vidhAna kI dRSTi se pANDulipi ke tIna bheda kiye jAte haiM - (ka) tripATa, (kha) paMcapATa, (ga) zuMDa (shRNdd)| __ (ka) tripATa - jaba pANDulipi kA pRSTha tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta kara likhA gayA ho, use tripATa kahA jAtA hai| jisa pANDulipi meM pRSTha ke Upara-nIce choTe akSaroM meM TIkA yA artha likhA jAye aura madhya bhAga meM mUlagraMtha ke zloka Adi moTe akSaroM meM likhe gaye hoM, use tripATa pANDulipi kahate haiN| (kha) paMcapATa - tripATa kI taraha paMcapATa meM bhI pRSTha ke 5 bhAga kara likhA jAtA hai| tripATa zailI ke atirikta dAe~-bAe~ ke hAziyoM meM bhI kucha likhakara paMcapATa banAyA jAtA hai| (ga) zuMDa - zuMDa yA zRMDa AkAra kI pANDulipiyA~ likhI to jAtI thIM, kintu ve Ajakala upalabdha nahIM haiN| isa prakAra kI pANDulipi meM lekhaka dvArA 102 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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likhita pRSTha hAthI kI saiMDa ke AkAra kA dikhAI detA hai / isameM Upara kI paMkti sabase bar3I hotI hai aura bAda vAlI kramazaH donoM ora se choTI hotI jAtI hai| antima sabase choTI paMkti ke likhane ke bAda pUrA pRSTha hAthI kI zRMDa ke AkAra kA dikhane lagatA hai| 3. citra-sajjA ke AdhAra para prAyaH pANDulipi meM citra-sajjA do dRSTiyoM se kI jAtI hai - (ka) sajAvaTa ke lie, (kha) saMdarbhagata upayoga ke lie| ye donoM hI prakAra eka syAhI meM bhI ho sakate haiM aura vividha raMgoM kI syAhI meM bhii| bhArata meM pANDulipiyoM meM citrAMkana kI prAcIna paramparA rahI hai| 11vIM zatI se 16vIM zatI ke madhya pANDulipi-citrazailI kA adhika vikAsa huaa| isa citrazailI ko vidvAnoM ne 'apabhraMza zailI' nAma diyA hai| paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI kahate haiM - "jaina tAla pothiyoM ke citra apabhraMza zailI ke haiM, jinameM kahIM-kahIM pratIta hotA hai ki ye apanI AraMbhika zailI meM haiM para pAlapothiyoM (pAla rAjAoM ke rAjyakAla kI) ke citra nizcaya hI ajantA zailI ke pratIta hote haiN| DaoN. rAmanAtha kA bhI yahI mata hai| ve kahate haiM - "mukhyata: ye citra jaina saMbaMdhI pothiyoM (pANDulipiyoM) meM bIca-bIca meM chor3e hue caukora sthAnoM meM bane hue milate haiN| isa dRSTi se rAjasthAna meM jaisalamera ke graMtha bhaNDAra vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / vahA~ kI sacitra 15vIM zatI kI eka kalpasUtra evaM kAlakAcArya kathA kI prati kA vivaraNa sArAbhAI navAba ne prakAzita kiyA hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza zailI kI citra kalA meM jaina dharmagranthoM kA bar3A bhArI yogadAna rahA hai| bAdazAha akabara ke zAsanakAla meM citra-sajjA zailI kA vizeSa vikAsa huaa| isa prakAra aba taka citrakalA kI tIna zailiyA~ sAmane A gaI thIM - (1) apabhraMza zailI, (2) rAjasthAna zailI, (3) mug2ala shailii| jaina graMthoM ke mAdhyama se vikasita apabhraMza zailI ke do rUpa milate haiM - ekamAtra alaMkaraNa sambandhI - 1062 I. ke 'bhagavatI sUtra' nAmaka graMtha meM kevala alaMkaraNa hI haiN| 1. anusaMdhAna ke mUla tatva, AgarA, pR. 57 2. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya kalAe~ evaM unakA vikAsa, pR. 43 3. zodha-patrikA, varSa 32, aMka 2, pRSTha 67 pANDulipi : prakAra 103

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1100 I. kI 'nizItha-cUrNi' se dUsare rUpa kA vikAsa hotA hai, jisameM belabUToM ke sAtha pazuoM kI AkRtiyA~ bhI citrita haiN| 13vIM zatAbdI meM devIdevatAoM ke citraNa adhika dekhane ko milate haiN| ye sabhI pANDulipiyA~ tAr3apatrIya thiiN| 1100 se 1400 I. ke madhya citrita graMthoM meM aMgasUtra, kathA saritsAgara, triSaSThi-zalakA-puruSa-carita, zrI neminAtha carita, zrAvakapratikramaNa-cUrNi Adi pramukha haiN| ___ 14vIM se 16vIM zatI ke madhya kAgaja kA upayoga hone lagA thaa| isa samaya kI citrita pANDulipiyoM meM kalpasUtra, kAlakAcArya kathA kI aneka pratilipiyA~ pramukha haiN| lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM 1451 vi. kI 'basaMta-vilAsa' nAmaka kRti meM 79 citra prApta hote haiN| alavara saMgrahAlaya meM bhI aneka mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyA~ haiM, jo arabI-phArasI zailI kI behatarIna pANDulipi mAnI jAtI haiM / san 1840 I. meM nirmita 'gulistAM' aisI hI kRti hai| aisI sajAvaTI evaM upayogI pustakeM bahumUlya hotI haiN| ata: yaha vizeSa surakSA kI apekSA rakhatI hai| 4. sAmAnya syAhI se bhinna syAhI meM likhita AdhAra para sAmAnya syAhI se abhiprAya kAlI yA kabhI-kabhI lAla syAhI meM likhita graMthoM se hai| inake atirikta svarNa yA rajata kI syAhI se likhita varNoM vAlI pANDulipi bahuta mUlyavAna mAnI jAtI hai / yadyapi svarNa evaM raupya yA rajatAkSaroM meM likhita pANDulipiyA~ kama hI hotI haiM, phira bhI pANDulipiyoM kA yaha varga vizeSa dekhabhAla kI apekSA rakhatA hai| 5. akSaroM ke AkAra-AdhArita prakAra sUkSma athavA sthUla akSaroM ke AkAra ke AdhAra para bhI pANDulipiyoM kA prakAra nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra sUkSmAkSarI pANDulipiyA~ prAyaH tripATa yA paMcapATa kI hotI haiM / arthAt jitane choTe (sUkSma) akSaroM kA prayoga kiyA jAvegA, pANDulipi meM utanI hI adhika sAmagrI kA samAveza ho skegaa| isa prakAra sUkSmAkSarI pANDulipi ko par3hane meM AtizI zIze kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| 1. pANDulipi vijJAna; DaoN. satyendra, pR. 161 2. The Researcher, Vols. XII-XIII. 1972-74. pR. 35-38, alavara saMgrahAlaya ke kucha nAdira makhatUtAta : e. epha. usamAnI (lekh)| 104 __sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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isI prakAra sthUlAkSarI pANDulipi meM moTe yA bar3e akSaroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jo maMdadRSTi pAThakoM ke liye par3hane meM suvidhAjanaka rahatI hai| ina prakAroM ke atirikta kucha anya prakAra bhI haiM jinakA Ajakala anusaMdhAnakartA apanI khoja riporToM meM ullekha kiyA karate haiM, jaise - (1) patrAkAra pANDulipiyA~ : khule patroM ke rUpa meN| (2) pothI : kAgajoM ko bIca meM mor3akara silI huii| (3) guTakA : AkAra meM choTe pannoM kI pothI ko sIkara banAyA jAtA hai| (4) potho : bIca se silI huI bRhadAkAra pothI, jisameM aneka pANDulipiyA~ lipibaddha ho sakatI haiM, potho kahalAtI hai| (5) pAnAvalI : adhika lambI evaM kama caur3I bahInumA pothI ko pAnAvalI kahate haiN| uparyukta prakAroM ko do vargoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM - (1) patra-rUpa meM, (2) jilda ke rUpa meN| guTakA, potho, pothI dUsare varga kI pANDulipiyA~ haiN| zilAlekhIya prakAra __pANDulipiyoM ke prakAroM ke bAda kucha bAteM zilAlekhIya hastalekhoM ke sambandha meM bhI vicAraNIya haiN| zilAlekhoM kI dRSTi se prAyaH samrATa azoka ke zilAlekha sabase prAcIna mAne jAte haiN| ye cAra prakAra ke haiM - 1. staMbha lekha 2. caTTAna para khude hue lekha 3. guphAoM ke bhItara khude hue lekha 4. phuTakara lekha ina zilAlekhoM kI lipi (brAhmI) ke akSara sIdhe-sAde evaM alaMkaraNa rahita hone ke kAraNa, ye lipi kI prAraMbhika avasthA ke dyotaka kahe jA sakate haiN| kucha zilAlekha kharoSTI lipi meM bhI prApta hote haiN| aitihAsika mahattA vAle ina zilAlekhoM ke varNita viSaya nimna prakAra ho sakate haiM - 1. anusaMdhAna ke mUla tatva, AgarA, pro. udayazaMkara zAstrI kA lekha 'zilAlekha aura unakA vAcana, pR. 681 pANDulipi : prakAra 105

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(ka) rAjAjJA-viSayaka (kha) dAna - viSayaka (ga) kisI sthAna nirmANa ke abhiprAya evaM kAla-viSayaka (gha) ghaTanA - vizeSa ke smaraNa lekha Adi / zilAlekhoM kI chApa lene kI vidhi jisa zilAlekha (yA prastaralekha - tAmralekha Adi) kI chApa lenI ho to pahale use pAnI se bhali prakAra dho lenA cAhie tAki akSaroM meM ghusI dhUla-miTTI sApha ho jAye, phira kAgaja (jUnAgar3hI ho to bahuta acchA hai) ko pAnI meM bhigokara jisa lekha kI chApa lenI hai usa para cipakA denA cAhie / phira halke hAtha se use mulAyama bruza se dhIre-dhIre pITanA cAhie, tAki kAgaja akSaroM meM prakAra cipaka jaae| yadi kahIM kAgaja para bulabule uThate hoM to unheM bruza se pITa-pITa kara kinAre kara denA caahie| yadi pITate samaya kahIM se kAgaja phaTa jAye yA kaTa jAye to usa sthAna para eka kAgaja kA Tukar3A bhigokara lagA denA cAhie aura use pITa-pITa kara usa kAgaja meM milA denA caahie| isake bAda kAlI syAhI ( Ajakala presa ke kAma meM lI jAne vAlI syAhI bhI kAma meM lI jA sakatI hai) ke ghola se Daibara ( yA papha) kI sahAyatA se lekha kI paMktiyoM ko syAhI lagA denI caahie| kahIM dhabbA na lage isakA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| jaba pUre lekha para syAhI laga jAye taba dhIre-dhIre kAgaja ko lekha se utAra kara sukhA lenA caahie| basa Apa kI chApa taiyAra hai / chApa lene kI sAmagrI eka thaile meM nimna sAmagrI honI cAhie - 1. bruza do (eka mulAyama tathA eka kaThora - garma kapar3e sApha karane vAlA) 2. vAMchita sapheda kAgaja (jUnAgar3hI) 3. syAhI milAne kA Daibara - 1 4. bar3A Daibara 1 - lekha para syAhI lagAne ke lie 5. cAkU 6. skela yA kapar3e kA phItA 106 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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yadi Daibara prApta na ho to eka rUmAla meM thor3I rUI lekara usakA paiDa-sA banA leN| usa para syAhI lagAkara cipake hue kAgaja para dhIre-dhIre usa paiDa se dabAnA caahie| prAyaH sabhI konoM para isakI dAba samAna honI caahie| basa ApakI chApa taiyAra ho jaayegii| isa taraha kisI bhI prakAra ke lipyAsana para likhI racanA pANDulipi kI zreNI meM mAnI jaayegii| pANDulipi ke aura bhI aneka prakAra ho sakate haiN| hamane yahA~ ciTThI-patrI athavA anya adbhuta lekhoM kA vivaraNa jAna-bUjha kara nahIM diyA hai| kyoMki pANDulipivijJAna ke vidyArthI ko sAmAnya jJAna ke lie itanA hI Avazyaka hai| pANDulipi : prakAra 107

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adhyAya 4 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 1. pANDulipivijJAna aura lipi pANDulipivijJAna meM lipi kA mahatva sarvavidita hai / lipi ke kAraNa hI koI lekha pANDulipi kahalAtA hai| lipi ke mAdhyama se hI kisI bhASA ko cihnoM meM bA~dhakara, use dRzya yA pAThya banA pAte haiM / isI kAraNa hajAroM varSoM pUrva pracalita bhASAe~ Aja bhI apane pUrva rUpa meM surakSita haiM / sthAna-bheda se vizva meM aneka bhASAe~ evaM lipiyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| pANDulipivijJAna ke vidyArthI ko aneka bhASAoM aura lipiyoM se paricita honA Avazyaka nahIM to apekSita avazya hai| DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM - "vastutaH viziSTa lipi kA jJAna utanA Avazyaka nahIM jitanA usa vaijJAnika vidhi kA jJAna apekSita hai jisase kisI bhI lipi kI prakRti aura pravRtti kA patA calatA hai / isa jJAna se hama viziSTa lipi kI prakRti aura pravRtti jAnakara adhyetA ke lie apekSita pANDulipi kA aMtaraMga paricaya de sakate haiN| ata: lipi kA mahattva nirvivAda hai| phira vaha prAcIna ho yA arvaaciin| ___ itanA hI nahIM "apauruSeya zruti ko chor3akara anya sabhI zabdoM ko sunane ke lie vaktA aura zrotA ke samakAlatva aura samadetva kI apekSA hotI hai| aisI paristhiti meM apanI bAta aura bhAvanA ko yadi uttarakAlIna yA bhinnadezastha manuSya taka pahu~cAnA abhISTa ho to kisI anya upAya kA avalambana karanA caahie| manuSya apane samaya kI vizeSa ghaTanAoM kI smRti chor3a jAnA cAhatA hai| unakA ullekha vaha apane putra-pautroM se kara de aura ve apane nAtI-potoM se, to paramparA 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 174 108 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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meM smRti bAkI raha sakatI hai| para sadA yaha saMbhava nahIM ki usake nikaTastha saMbaMdhI usake pAsa hoN| yadi usane koI bAta antastala meM chipA rakkhI hai aura usake bacce choTe-choTe haiM to vaha apanI bAta kI sthiti kisa prakAra chor3a jAye?" isa kAraNa bhI lipi kA mahatva bar3ha jAtA hai| yaha hama saba jAnate haiM ki vyAkaraNa aura lipi kA janma bhASA ke janma ke bAda hotA hai / jaise baccA bolanA to pahale sIkhatA hai, lekina likhanA aura par3hanA bAda meM hI saMbhava hotA hai| duniyA meM aneka bhASAe~ haiM aura unakI aneka lipiyA~ haiM; kyoMki lipi kA saMbaMdha cihnoM se hai| 'cihna' ko hI akSara yA aMgrejI meM 'alphAbeTa' kahate haiN| ye 'akSara' bhASA kI kisI dhvani ke cihna hote haiM / ataH lipi ke janma se pUrva bhASA-bhASiyoM ko bhASA ke vizleSaNa hetu usa bhASA meM kula kitanI dhvaniyA~ haiM, jinase zabda kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai, kA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| bhASA kA janma vAkya rUpa meM hotA hai| vizleSaka buddhi ke vikasita hone para bhASA ko alaga-alaga avayavoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai| una avayavoM meM phira zabdoM ko pahacAnA jAtA hai| 'zabda' arthavAna hokara hI bhASA ke avayava banate haiM / kAlAntara meM artha meM vikAra bhI utpanna hote rahate haiM / taba zabda mahatvavAna ho uThatA hai| zabda kI ikAiyoM se 'dhvanitatva' taka pahu~cA jAtA hai| 'dhvani' (zravya) ko dRzya banAne hetu cihnoM (lipi cihnoM) kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| kyoMki mUlasvarUpa se bhASA zrotendriya kA viSaya hai| 2. lipi kA vikAsa-krama ___alphAbeTsa yA varNamAlA se pUrva lipi kA AdhAra 'citra' hI the| citroM ke mAdhyama se mAnava apanI bAta dhvani-nirbhara varNamAlA se pUrva kahane lagA thaa| kyoMki citralipi se bhAva kA vyaktIkaraNa adhika AsAnI se ho jAtA thaa| 'citra' kA saMbaMdha dhvani yA zabdoM se nahIM varan vastu se hotA hai / vastutaH citra vastu kI pratikRti hote haiM / bhASA se pUrva manuSya bhAvAbhivyakti ke lie saMketoM' se kAma letA thaa| saMketa se abhiprAya hai, manuSya jisa vastu ko cAhatA hai usa ora, usakA saMketa kara batAtA hai| gUMge kI bhASA aisI hI vastu-saMketa bhASA hotI hai| hameM yAda hai, bacapana meM jaba apane mitroM meM kisI gupta saMdeza ko denA hotA 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, bAbUrAma saksenA, san 1965, pR. 245 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 109

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thA, taba eka gupta (koDa bhASA) bhASA kA saMketoM dvArA prayoga karate the| isa saMdarbha meM pracalita kAvyAMza isa prakAra hai - ahiphana kamala cakra ttNkaaraa| taruvara pavana yuvA suskaaraa|| aMgulina acchara cuTakina maatraa| kaha hanumaMta sunahu saumitraa|| (kahIM-kahIM "rAma kahe lakSmaNa se vArtA" bhI bolA jAtA hai|) arthAt hAtha ke dvArA sA~pa ke phana kA AkAra banAo, jisakA artha saMpUrNa svara evaM aM aH hotA hai| phira hAtha se kamala ke phUla kA saMketa karo, jisakA artha ka varga, cakra kA artha ca varga, TaMkAra kA artha Ta varga, taruvara kA artha ta varga, pavana kA artha pa varga, yuvA kA artha ya ra la va, suskAra kA artha samasta USma dhvaniyA~, a~guliyA~ uThAkara dikhAne kA artha varga kA kauna akSara aura cuTakI bajAkara-hasva mAtrA ho to eka aura dIrgha mAtrA ho to do cuTakI mAtrA kA bodha karavAyA jAtA hai| yaha sArI prakriyA saMketoM ke dvArA hI dUra baiThe dosta se karate rahate haiM / uttarI amarIkA meM bahuta bAda taka saMketoM ke dvArA saMdeza diye jAte the| sarvaprathama apanI Adima avasthA meM manuSya ne guphA aura kandarAoM meM citra banAnA hI sIkhA thaa| isake bAda citroM ke mAdhyama se vaha anya bAteM bhI darzAne lagA hogaa| isa prakAra sarvaprathama 'citra-lipi' kA prAraMbha huaa| arthAt bhASA se pUrva citralipi kA AdhAra vastubimba hI thaa| isa prakAra citra lipi hI sabase prAcIna lipi hai| itihAsa sAkSI hai ki prAraMbha meM mAnava ne AnuSThAnika Tone ke citroM se Age bar3hakara usane citralipi ke mAdhyama se vastubimboM kI rekhAkRtiyA~ paidA kii| mizra kI citralipi isakA acchA udAharaNa kahI jA sakatI hai| "mizra deza meM pracalita citralipi se bhAva kA vyaktikaraNa adhika AsAnI se ho jAtA thaa| daur3ate hue bachaDe ke pAsa hI pAnI kA bhI citra, pyAsa ke bhAva kA udabodha karAtA thaa|" ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki mizra kI prAcIna lipi do prakriyAoM ke yoga se apanA rUpa grahaNa kara rahI thii| citroM se vikAsa pAkara dhvani-pratIkoM ke rUpa 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA, pR. 245 110 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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meM lipi kA vikAsa eka jaTila prakriyA hai| kyoMki 'citra' dRzya vastubimba se jur3e hote haiM / ina vastubimboM kA dhvani se sIdhA saMbaMdha nahIM hotA hai / vastu ko nAma dene para citra dhvani se jur3atA hai| itanA hone para hI dhvani aura lipi-varNa paraspara sambaddha ho sakeMge aura Age calakara mAtra eka dhvani kA pratIka ho skegaa|' DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA kahate haiM - "isa taraha prathama sampUrNa bAta yA vAkya kA bodha karAne vAle eka citra, phira vAkya ke vibhinna sthUla bhAvoM ke alagaalaga citra, phira ina citroM se vikasita hue unake udbodhaka saMketa, aura inase akSara, lipi ke vikAsa meM yaha krama rhaa| 2 ataH lekhana aura lipi ke vikAsa krama meM pahalA caraNa hai - bimba aMkana, dUsarA hai - bimbalipi, tIsarA hai - rekhAkAra citralipi, cauthA hai - bimbalipi aura rekhAcitra lipi kA samanvaya, arthAt citralipi, pA~cavA~ hai - pratIka citrAkRti tathA chaThA hai - dhvani (varNa) / aba lipi pUrNataH dhvanimUlaka ho gaI hai / vastuta: citralipi kA udaya mizra meM 3100 I.pU. huA hogaa| mizra meM isa lipi ko 'hiaroglAphika' (pavitra aMkana) lipi kahate haiM / yUnAna meM ise 'daivI - zabda' (Gods Words) kahA jAtA hai / yaha mizra kI prAcIna lipi hai / isakA upayoga dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM hotA rahA hogaa| mizra ke alAvA hiTTAiTa, prAcIna krITa, aiskimo jAti aura amerikana iNDiyanoM kI prAcIna lipi citralipi hI thI / dhvanimUlaka citralipi kI varNamAlA ke do bheda haiM (1) akSarAtmaka (Syllabic) - jaise devanAgarI lipi kA 'ka' (k + a) / cInI bhI / (2) varNAtmaka (Alphabetic), jaise- romanalipi kA 'K' Aja vizva meM lipiyA~ prAyaH tIna rUpoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| (1) dAyeM se bAe~ likhI jAne vAlI- phArasI (2) bAe~ se dAe~ likhI jAne vAlI devanAgarI, romana / (3) Upara se nIce kI ora likhI jAne vAlI - cInI lipi / 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 177 2. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR. 247 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 111

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kisI bhI pANDulipi vaijJAnika ko prathama dRSTayA lipi ke likhane ke prakAra ko dekha-samajhakara hI usa lipi ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karanA caahie| 3. lipi kA itihAsa ____ pANDulipivijJAna kI dRSTi se 'lipi' kI khojabIna meM bhAratetara aneka vidvAnoM kA sahayoga rahA hai / aneka lipi vaijJAnikoM evaM itihAsakAroM ke prayAsoM se hI vizva kI prAcIna lipiyoM kA itihAsa prakAza meM aayaa| 19vIM zatI ke prAraMbha se hI ajJAta lipiyoM ke par3hane ke prayAsa hote rahe haiN| unake pariNAmasvarUpa vizva kI aneka ajJAta lipiyoM kA udghATana ho sakA hai| cIna aura mizra ke alAvA lipi kA vikAsa prAcInakAla meM mesopoTaimiyA meM sumerI jAti dvArA kiyA gayA; kyoMki yahA~ bhI bhAvavyaktIkaraNa citroM dvArA hI pAyA gayA hai| lekina jahA~ mizra meM adhikatara ye citra pattharoM para khude hue mile haiM, mesopoTemiyA ke citra narama IMToM para kIloM se khode jAte the| tala kI narmI ke kAraNa kevala lAineM khiMca sakatI thIM, golAI Adi ke pradarzana kA koI sAdhana na thaa| jaise machalI kA citra kevala 3-4 paMktiyoM se khIMcA jA sakatA thaa| isa taraha ye citra prAraMbha se hI saMketa cihna ho gaye aura bAda meM bhAvoM ke vyakta karane vAle / sAmI par3osiyoM ne inheM akSarAtmaka banA diyaa| bAda meM IrAna meM bhI inakA prayoga zurU ho gayA, jisakA eka rUpa hameM dArA ke prAcIna kIlAkSara lekhoM meM milatA hai| sAmI lipi meM kevala 22 varNa the| yadi dekhA jAye to citralipi kA AdhAra vANI, bolI yA bhASA nahIM, vastu bimba hI hai / vastu bimba ko rekhAoM meM anukUla karane se citra banatA hai / Adima avasthA meM ye rekhAcitra sthUla pratIka ke rUpa meM the| usane dekhA ki manuSya ke sabase Upara gola sira hai, ataeva usakI anukRti ke lie usakI dRSTi se cihna eka vRtta 0 hogaa| yaha sira gardana se jur3A huA hai, gardana kaMdhe se jur3I hai| yaha use eka choTI sIdhI khar3I rekhA sI lgii| kaMdhA bhI use par3I sIdhI rekhA ke samAna dikhAI diyA '--' / isake donoM choroM para do hAtha jo kuhanI se mur3a sakate haiM aura chora para pA~ca a~guliyA~ arthAt prastuta citr| dhaDa ko usane do rekhAoM se bane DamarU ke rUpa V 7 meM samajhA kyoMki kamara patalI, vakSa aura uru caur3e = dhdd'| kabhI-kabhI dhar3a 112 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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ko vargAkAra yA AyatAkAra bhI bnaayaa| nIce paira 4 aura ttaaNgeN| inheM banAne ke lie do Ar3I khar3I rekhAe~ ' / / ' aura eka dizA meM mur3e paira kI dyotaka do par3I rekhAe~'-', '-' / mAnava ke bimba kA rekhAnukRti ne yaha rUpa liyA : - - citra-1 yaha rekhAcitra to prakriyA ko samajhAne ke lie hai yaha rekhAMkana kI prakriyA hai jisameM citra banAne vAle kI kuzalatA se rUpa meM bhinnatA A sakatI hai para jo bhI rUpa hogA, vaha spaSTata: usa vastu kA bimba prastuta karegA, yathA - RAM citra-2 Adima mAnava ke banAye citra haiN| vargAkAra char3a dRSTavya hai| * 1*1 Ut ky v Ev tv krte * wro not * ofoot citra-3 citralipi meM manuSya ke vividha rekhAMkana sindhughATI kI muharoM kI chApoM se nIce diye gaye haiN| ye vAstavika lipi-cihna haiN|' 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 176 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 113

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citra - Adi mAnava ne pahale citra banAe / ye citra usane guphAoM meM banAe / ina citroM ko banAte samaya yaha bhAva vikasita huA ki vaha inase kisI bAta ko surakSita rakha sakatA hai| isa prakAra ye citra 'lipi' kA kAma dene lge| yaha lipi 'bimbalipi' thii| aura yaha citralipi kI AdhAra bhUmi mAnI jA sakatI hai| ata: lekhana aura lipi ke lie prathama caraNa hai bimba aMkana aura dUsarA caraNa hai usase saMpreSaNa kA kAma lenaa| ise hama - 2. bimbalipi kA nAma de sakate isa citra se spaSTa hai ki svastika pUjA aura chatra-arpaNa ke pUre zAntimaya bhAva ko preSita karane ke lie, pUjA-bhAva meM pazuoM ke Adara ke samAveza kI kathA ko aura pUjA-vidhAna ko hRdayaMgama karAne ke lie citra-lekhaka isa citra ke dvArA bimboM se saMpreSita karanA cAhatA hai| ata: yaha lipi kA kAma kara uThA hai| yaha lipi dhvaniyoM kI nahIM, bimboM kI hai| chatradhArI manuSya kitane hI haiM, ata: ve laghu AkRtiyoM meM haiN| 'bimba' dhIre-dhIre rekhAkAroM ke rUpa meM parivartita ho uThatA hai / taba hama ise 3. rekhAkAra citralipi kaha sakate haiN| sahanartana, jambUdvIpa (pacamar3hI) ArohI nartaka, kuppagallu (belArI, rAyacUra, da. bhA.) 114 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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4. taba, Age bimbalipi aura rekhAcitralipi ke saMyoga se 'citralipi' prastuta huii| 11. [airijonA (amerikA) meM prApta citralipi, jo prAcInatama lipiyoM meM se eka hai|' EFITNANEEY Royr.. 7 " Pr .. REE / .- - IHF - rAja najArA mata sa ma An- V . yUropa kI samasta lipiyoM kA vikAsa grIka lipi se huA hai| therA dvIpa meM prApta huye I.pU. 9vIM zatI ke prAcIna lekha isake pramANa haiN| inameM se kucha dAe~ se bAe~ aura kucha bAe~ se dAe~ likhe hue haiN| isake bAda 7vIM I.pU. sadI ke uttarI mizra ke abU simbela nAmaka sthAna para prApta lekha Ate haiN| isI zrRMkhalA meM 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 180 2. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra se sAbhAra pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 115.

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korintha evaM athena ke I.pU. chaThI sadI ke lekha haiM / I.pU. cauthI sadI taka AteAte ina lekhoM ke pUrvI aura pazcimI - do vibhAga milate haiN| grIka lipi ke vargoM ke nAma sAmI haiM / roma ke utthAna ke pUrva iTalI aura Asa-pAsa ke pradezoM meM etruskI bhASA kA prayoga milatA hai / isake kucha prAcIna lekha bhI upalabdha hue haiM / isa lipi ke saMbaMdha meM lipi vaijJAnikoM kA mata hai ki yaha iTalI meM 9vIM sadI I.pU. meM eziyA mAinara se AI thI aura eziyA mAinaravAsiyoM ne ise grIsa se prApta kiyA thaa| roma se prApta miTTI ke bartanoM para laiTina bhASA ke purAne lekha I.pU. cauthI sadI ke prApta hue haiN| inakI lipi grIka aura etruskI lipi kA milAjulA rUpa hai| bAda meM ise romanalipi kahA jAne lgaa| prAraMbha meM romanalipi meM 23 varNa the jo 14vIM-15vIM sadI taka Ate-Ate 26 ho gye| yUropa ke uttarI pradezoM kI rUnI lipi para kAle sAgara para base hue kisI grIka upaniveza ke vAsiyoM kA I.pU. 600 meM prabhAva par3A thaa| isase hI kelTI kI ogha lipi (5vIM sadI) kA vikAsa huaa| grIka lipi se 9vIM sadI meM sirilI evaM glegolithI lipi kA vikAsa mAnA jAtA hai| __ AramInI lipi ke pramANa cauthI sadI se prApta hote haiN| kucha loga ise IrAkI yA grIka srota kI batAte haiM / aramI lipi ke sabase purAne lekha lagabhaga 800 I.pU. ke uttarI sIriyA ke sindalI nAmaka sthAna se prApta hue haiM / yaha uttarI sAmI kI pradhAna lipi thii| isase hebrU lipi kA vikAsa huaa| arabI lipi bhI aramI se hI vikasita huii| isake 5vIM sadI I.pU. taka ke pramANa milate haiN| 7vIM-8vIM sadI taka Ate-Ate isake kUfI aura naskhI - do rUpa ho gye| vartamAna arabI lipi naskhI kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| IrAna meM harakhmAnI bAdazAhoM ne kIlAkSara lipi kA prayoga kiyA thA, kintu sikandara kI vijaya ke bAda vahA~ aramI A gii| sAsAnI zAsakoM kI lipi 'pahalavI' khlaaii| isa prakAra DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA ke anusAra sAmI jAtiyoM ne lipi kA prayoga mizra dezavAsiyoM se sIkhA aura sAmI se anya jAtiyoM ne| anumAna hai ki I.pU. prathama yA dvitIya sadI meM kucha sAmI jAtiyA~ mizra deza ke dakSiNI bhAga meM nivAsiyoM ke samparka meM AIM aura unhIM se lipi kA vyavahAra siikhaa|" 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR. 252 116 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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bhArata meM brAhmI aura kharoSThI lipiyA~ vikasita huIM / samrATa azoka ke I.pU. tIsarI sadI se lekara tIsarI sadI I. taka ke kharoSThI ke lekha isake pramANa haiN| ye pazcimottara bhArata meM prApta hue haiN| tIsarI sadI I. meM kharoSThI cInI turkistAna meM bhI pahu~ca gaI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki aramI lipi kA bhAratIya rUpAntaraNa hI kharoSThI lipi hai / brAhmI lipi se bhArata kI prAyaH sabhI lipiyA~ vikasita huI haiN| 4. devanAgarI lipi aura pUrvavartI lipiyA~ bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie pracalita devanAgarI lipi se pUrva bhArata meM nimnalikhita lipiyA~ pracalita thIM - (1) kuTilalipi : chaThI zatAbdI se 10vIM zatI tk| (2) guptalipi : sAmAnyataH isakA samaya gupta-vaMza kA rAjatvakAla mAnA jAtA hai / azoka ke abhilekha isI lipi meM likhe gaye the| isa lipi kA samaya 500 I.pU. se 350 I. taka mAnA jAtA hai| (3) brAhmIlipi : mohanajodaDo aura har3appA kI khudAI meM prApta sAmagrI, jo IsvI san se pUrva kaI hajAra varSa pahale kI hai, meM bhI kucha lekha jahA~-tahA~ aMkita haiM / ye aisI lipi meM hai jo brAhmI aura kharoSThI se mela nahIM khAtI aura usase ekadama bhinna hai| isa lipi meM citralipi evaM dhvanilipi donoM hI prayukta haiM / adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki "yaha sArI sAmagrI aisI sabhyatA kI dyotaka hai jisakA vaidika Arya sabhyatA se koI saMbaMdha nhiiN|" kyoMki Aja taka bhI mohanajodar3o kI lipi kI bhASA kA kucha bhI jJAna nahIM hai| isalie ise ThIka-ThIka udghATita nahIM kiyA jA skaa| saca to yaha hai ki "aba ye parikalpanAe~ (hAipothIsisa) hI haiN| abhI taka bhI hama sindhughATI kI lipi par3ha sake hoM, aisA nahIM lgtaa|''2 isa sabakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha sabhyatA AryoM ke bhArata Agamana se pUrva kI dravir3a sabhyatA hai| AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva dravir3a sAre bhAratavarSa meM base hue the| aba AryoM ke Agamana kA siddhAnta tathA dravir3oM kA AryoM se bhinna nasla kA hone kA nRtAtvika siddhAnta, ye donoM hI pUrNata: siddha prameya nahIM mAne jA 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA, pR. 253 2. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 194 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 117

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sakate, na akATya pramANoM se puSTa haiM / ' eka aura bAta - siMdhu lipi meM mizra kI citralipi tathA sumera kI lipi ke sAtha brAhmIlipi ke sAmya bhI haiM / isase kalpanA kI gayI ki isameM mizra aura samera ke udhAra lie zabda aura varNa haiN| isakA kAraNa nimnalikhita aitihAsika paramparAe~ ho sakatI haiM - (1) prAcIna mizra kI sabhyatA ke loga pazcimI eziyA se Aye the| (2) yUnAnI pramANoM se phoneziyansa, jo ki prAcInakAla ke mahAna sAmudrika yAtrA-dakSa aura saMskRti-prasAraka loga the, tyara (Tyr.) meM upaniveza banAkara rahate the, jo ki pazcimI eziyA kA bar3A bandaragAha thaa| (3) sumeriyana loga svayaM bhI samudra ke mArga se bAhara se Aye the| (4) prAcIna bhAratIya paramparAoM ke anusAra AI jAtiyA~ uttara-pazcimI bhArata se uttara kI ora aura pazcima kI ora gayI thiiN| ina paristhitiyoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yA to Arya loga yA unake asura nAma ke bandhuoM ne siMdhughATI kI lipi kA nirmANa kiyaa| ve hI use pazcimI eziyA aura mizra meM le gaye the| isa prakAra saMsAra ke una bhAgoM meM lipi ke vikAsa ko protsAhita kiyaa| lekina siMdhughATI-sabhyatA viSayaka vividha samasyAe~ abhI samasyAe~ hI banI huI haiN| yaha sabhyatA bhI kevala siMdhughATI taka sImita nahIM thI, aba to madhyapradeza aura rAjasthAna kI khudAiyoM meM bhI isake aneka pramANa mile haiN| lagatA hai yaha kisI mahAna jalaplAvana se pUrva kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA thii| aitihAsika kAla kI sAmagrI meM azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke pUrva ke kevala do choTe-choTe zilAlekha prApta hue haiM ; eka ajamera ke bar3alI gA~va meM aura dUsarA nepAla kI tarAI meM gorakhapura ke pAsa piprAvA nAmaka sthAna pr| "pahalA eka stambha para khude hue lekha kA Tukar3A hai, jisakI pahalI paMkti meM 'vIra () ya bhagava (ta)' aura dUsarI meM 'caturAsiti va (sa)' khudA hai / isa lekha kA 84vA~ varSa jainoM ke antima tIrthaMkara vIra (mahAvIra) ke nirvANa saMvat kA 84vA~ varSa honA caahie| yadi yaha anumAna ThIka ho to yaha lekha I. pUrva (527-84) 1. Cultural contacts between Aryon & Dravodians : Nilkanth Shastri, P. 2 2. Indian Paleography : Dr. R.B. Pandey, P. 34 118 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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443 kA hogaa| isakI lipi azoka ke lekhoM kI lipi se pahale kI pratIta hotI hai| isameM 'vIrAya' kA 'vI' akSara hai| ukta 'vI' meM jo 'I' kI mAtrA kA cihna hai vaha na to azoka ke lekhoM meM aura na unase pIche ke kisI lekha meM milatA hai, ataeva vaha cihna azoka se pUrva kI lipi kA honA cAhie, jisakA vyavahAra azoka ke samaya taka miTa gayA hogA aura usake sthAna meM nayA cihna vyavahAra meM Ane laga gayA hogaa| dUsare arthAt viprAvA ke lekha se prakaTa hotA hai ki buddha kI asthi zAkya jAti ke logoM ne milakara usa stUpa meM sthApita kI thii| isa lekha ko bUlara ne azoka ke samaya se pahale kA mAnA hai| vAstava meM yaha buddha ke nirvANa-kAla arthAt I. pUrva 487 ke kucha hI pIche kA honA caahie| ina zilAlekhoM se prakaTa hai ki I. pUrva kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM likhane kA pracAra isa deza meM koI naI bAta na thii|'' ___"bUlara isa anumAna ko mAnate haiM ki vaidika samaya meM likhita pustakeM maukhika zikSA kI madada ke lie kAma meM lAI jAtI thiiN| yahA~ tADapatra, bhojapatra Adi likhane kI sAmagrI prAcInakAla se hI prakRti ne pracura mAtrA meM de rakkhI thI aura I.pU. cauthI sadI meM ruI se kAgaja banAyA jAne lagA thaa| isa vivaraNa se yahI eka niSkarSa saMbhava hai ki bhAratIya Arya logoM ko likhane kI kalA kAphI prAcInakAla se mAlUma thii| yadi Rgveda ke antima maMDala ke sUktoM ko I.pU. 1200 kA bhI mAna liyA jAe to usa samaya bhI yaha kalA bhAratIyoM ko jJAta thii| 2 5. kharoSThI lipi ___bhArata meM prAcInalipiyoM meM eka lipi kharoSThI bhI hai| azoka ke zahabAjagar3hI aura manaseharA vAle lekha kharoSThIlipi meM haiN| isa lipi kA koI dUsarA lekha, jo azoka se pUrva kA ho, upalabdha nahIM hotaa| azoka ke pUrva isa lipi kA eka-eka akSara IrAnI sikkoM para milatA hai, jo I.pU. cauthI sadI ke mAne jAte haiN| brAhmI lipi kI tulanA meM kharoSThIlipi ke lekha bahuta kama haiN| ye bhI bhArata ke pazcimottara pradeza aura paMjAba meM hI pAe gae haiM, zeSa bhAga meM 1. prAcIna lipimAlA : DaoN. gau. hI. ojhA, pR. 2,3 2. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA, pR. 255-56 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 119

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brAhmI ke lekha haiM / kharoSThI dAe~ se bAe~ ko calatI hai / isake 11 akSara - ka, ja, da, na, ba, ya, ra, va, Sa, sa, ha - samAna uccAraNa vAle aramaika akSaroM se milate-julate haiM / aramaika meM 22 akSara the| isalie anumAna hai ki "IrAniyoM ke rAjatva kAla meM unake adhIna ke hindustAna ke ilAke meM unakI rAjakIya lipi aramaika kA praveza huA ho aura usI se kharoSThIlipi kA udbhava huA ho|" aramaika meM bhI svaroM kI apUrNatA tathA hrasva aura dIrgha mAtrAoM ke bheda kA abhAva thaa| bAda meM kisI kharoSTha nAmaka AcArya (zAyada takSazilA ke) ne ise saMzodhita kara pracArita kiyA, jisase yaha kharoSThI khlaaii| isa lipi kA pracAra paMjAba meM tIsarI sadI I. taka rhaa| bAda meM vilupta ho gii| 6. brAhmI lipi bhArata meM brAhmI lipi ke lekha pA~cavIM sadI I.pU. prApta hote haiM / bhArata meM yahI sarvazreSTha lipi samajhI jAtI hai / jainoM ke pannavaNAsUtra tathA samavAyaga sUtra meM jina 18 lipiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM unameM kharoSThI kA bhI nAma hai| 'lalita-vistara' meM ullekhita 64 lipiyoM meM prathama brAhmI aura dvitIya kharoSThI hai| lekina zuddhatA aura sampUrNatA kI dRSTi se brAhmI kharoSThI se zreSTha hai| brAhmI ko, dillI ke azoka-stambha para aMkita brAhmI ko, eka vyakti ne yUnAnI lipi mAnate hue alekjeMDara kI vijaya kA lekha mAnA thaa| kAzI ke kisI brAhmaNa ne eka managaDhanta bhASA aura usakI lipi batAI; kisI ne use taMtrAkSara to kisI ne pahalavI mAnA / lekina bAda meM DaoN. prinsepa Adi vidvAnoM ke prayAsa se brAhmI akSaroM ke par3he jAne para pichale samaya ke sabhI lekha par3hanA AsAna ho gyaa| kyoMki bhArata kI samasta prAcIna lipiyoM kA mUla yahI brAhmI lipi hai| 7. brAhmI kI utpatti brAhmIlipi kI utpatti ke bAre meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ milatI haiN| prathama vicAradhArA ke vidvAnoM ne ise kisI videzI lipi se utpanna mAnA hai, to dUsarI vicAradhArA ke vidvAnoM ne ise bhArata kI apanI upaja mAnA hai| 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA, pR. 256 2. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA : DaoN. ojhA, pR. 39-40 120 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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videzI lipi se utpatti mAnanevAle vidvAna - DaoN. vilsana, priMsepa, AphaiDamUlara, senArTa Adi vidvAnoM ne brAhmI kI utpatti grIkalipi yA fonIzI lipi se mAnI thii| DaoN. DIke ne brAhmI kI utpatti asIrI kIlAkSaroM se kisI dakkhinI sAmI lipi dvArA huI mAnA hai| lekina aba koI bhI vidvAn asIrI yA cInI lipi se brAhmI kI utpatti nahIM maante| viliyama joMsa, vebara, Telara, bUlara Adi vidvAnoM ne brAhmI kI utpatti sAmI ke uttarI-dakkhinI rUpa se batalAI hai| isameM bhI ve (bUlara) uttarI sAmI se hI brAhmI kI utpatti mAnate haiN| lekina isa prakriyA meM bhI bUlara ne aTakaleM hI lagAI haiM, jo mAnya nhiiN| Telara dakkhinI sAmI se brAhmI kI utpatti mAnate haiN| lekina yaha mata bhI mAnya nahIM huaa| 8. brAhmI bhAratIya lipi hai| isa mata ke mAnane vAle vidvAnoM meM eDavarDa TAmasa, DAsana, kaniMghama, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA aura DaoN. tArApuravAlA Adi vidvAna haiN| ina vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki brAhmIlipi "bhAratavarSa ke AryoM kI apanI khoja se utpanna kiyA huA maulika AviSkAra hai / isakI prAcInatA aura sarvAMga sundaratA se cAhe isakA kartA brahmadevatA mAnA jAkara isakA nAma brAhmI par3A, cAhe sAkSara samAja brAhmaNoM kI lipi hone se yaha brAhmI kahalAI ho| aura cAhe brahma (jJAna) kI rakSA ke lie sarvottama sAdhana hone ke kAraNa isako yaha nAma diyA gayA ho| isa deza meM isakI videzI utpatti kA sUcaka koI pramANa nahIM miltaa|'' ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI bhI jJAta videzI lipi se brAhmI kI utpatti nahIM huii| 9. brAhmI varNamAlA priMsepa Adi vidvAnoM ke prayAsa se azokakAlIna brAhmIlipi kI jisa varNamAlA ko khoja nikAlA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai - a A i I u U e ai o aM sa .. - AA 1 y' mAtrA / / - - - - - 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA, pR. 259 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 121

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K 4 8 + W ke A | phalaka 1 hy raa 122 H 5 shi : 8 u pha mR 4 9 album in U : + Bu ka 2 w 1 dA WW 1915 7m 15/02/2012 12/12/2 2 P5000 3 kha 6 dha ja hi ha 5 KBWM I La A kai prakA* gu* kA* brAhmI brAhmI kuTila TAkarI 12vIM zatI 13 vIM zatI (14vIM zatI 12 vIM zatI guramukhIpUrvI pazcimI 16vIM zatI 17vIM zatI 18vIzatI hindI zra zra ma a zra Chou gwis a bhA Wu Xian Xian ma Fa Ling H a Ri A m Ta 5 5 5 ja S ga i 5 5 dii za i 3 i 3 u 3 u u ra JJ ASD P Mika U - a a 036 2 193 KC57 u U pa va va P ga ga 10. b pa ta Da C Ke 6 5 W 3 r *A* ka. ka ka va hastalekhoM kI varNamAlA 1 ga t 61 20 gha patra . 3 U.. e e e Te e e A ya | A da ka kha ga gha G G u << G TRSw (paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI kA cArTa ) zra m ya ra la va bad ba ka } Paw zrau mi 2 kh ga ra i a sa ca ji a k A e 1005 & phra I 3 3 u Wu U U phrU phrU Da 5 Qie ka ka pa kha kha ga ga 37 gha gha Ia a Tong cha cha a Tha 9. e 1. paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI ke cArTa se sAbhAra- pANDulipi vijJAna se, pR. 199 ka 22 ga 2 vra 3 Wo la lu e ai o zrI f aH ka kha ga gha i P cha sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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phalaka 2 ha U h O l D 1 | E C 1 Dha mi OM 0 O m ta 4 n 7 0 8 0 5 u LO phalaka 3 l pii Ta 6 0 A ma dha l@ u y t 1 & ld r 2 0 Ta M l tha 6 Q ka 0 S a t a tha T va va ba U C " ee TU + C 0 5 4 At 3 Sa pa na papa 65 Tha Tha bha ya T la va ma bha 5 & tra Ta Tha Z 6 8 sa ta Ia Ta d > y a a 171 1 Da ra la ca Telr na ma kh ya ya hastalekhoM kI varNamAlA 5. ru " 2 Tha 3 2 ela l 6 la a za 3 gha st sa }) / 4 // waar na 2 pa pha a D } 313 012 C ja ~ Ta 2 5 G la 313 ta dha 2 gha na loks 0 pha ta R EX la dha za Mei ha .. 5 ha la khu 2 cha na 17 5. ha 16 athlin H y Bai a 916 91610 3 B rlf ^ 1 1 1 A 3 STa Ta Ta Da Tha 5 Ta "" ( paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI kA cArTa ) gha la buu pa Dha Ia ha 3 ta ti P tha tha ra 5 E di ma y mAtrAyeM kaisI brAhmI AhmI kuTila rAkarI 12 vIM zAta 13vIM zatI 18 ko zAlI svoM gato pUrvI pazciko 19 jo jhalI 10 meM dila 18 purapurako hindI T TTa gha gha 3 ch m ma thii Ya a ME 2 A 27 t ya a " ku pANDulipi kI lipi: samasyA aura samAdhAna OCTOBE 2 dddyd ( ja Ta Ta Tha 3 kha 6 a na , * sii r na la la va va ya 2 pa pa LU pha va a ja ha " T 2 3 5 Dha off 1 1 ? 1 la l Bai da cha r * " 9 w ma ya 2 la la a a 6 U ha ka gha cha sa ma ha da Ta a De ma e) 1 s a z gha 55 r pa z d < yA ba la d ya J tra ma ha ha ha (paM. udayazaMkara zAstrI kA cArTa ) . If f 1 1 9 6na na 2 Tha ma na na. 8 ga ti a 2 a na da rA a 3 kha va za ja ma a Ta 5 Da da rama ta gha da dha na pa pha ba th ma ya ra la bha za Sa 123

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(paM. udaya zaMkara zAstrI kA cArTa) phalaka4 nAgarIaka 12vIM zatI (mezAtI| 1 vI zatI 11vIM zatI M tA| vazatA pAla podhiyoM jaane| zAradA al TAkarI kaithI maithilI | hindI 712 11 22 233 22] 33333 | 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8Jay555 2866 77 3317 18SSC 4 8 | ( DNVE | 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra se sAbhAra (22 eka bAta aura hai| madrAsa prAnta (tamilanADu) ke kRSNA jile se prApta bhaTTiprolu ke stUpa ke lekhoM kI lipi viprAvA, bar3alI evaM azoka kI lipiyoM se bhinna hai| lagatA hai yaha dakSiNa kI lipi kisI pUrvavartI brAhmIlipi ke parakAlIna rUpa se nikalI drAvir3a lipi hai, jisakA ullekha 'lalitavistara" nAmaka graMtha meM bhI huA hai| isalie I.pU. 500 se I. 350 taka ke lekhoM ko brAhmIlipi ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai| 1. mUla lalitavistAra' graMtha saMskRta meM hai| isameM bhagavAna buddha kA caritra varNita hai / isake racanAkAla kA ThIka-ThIka patA nahIM calatA, parantu cInI bhASA meM anuvAda 308 I. meM haA thaa| DaoN. rAjavalI pANDeya ne 'iNDiyana peliyogrAphI', pR. 26 para batAyA hai ki yaha kRti apane cInI anuvAda se kama se kama eka yA do zatAbdI pUrva kI to honI hI caahie| pANDulipivijJAna, DaoN. satyendra, phuTanoTa, pR. 200 124 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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10. bhArata meM pracalita lipiyA~ prAcIna bhArata meM, prasiddha bauddha graMtha 'lalita vistAra' ke AdhAra para paM. gopAlanArAyaNa bahurA jI ne 64 lipiyoM ke pracalita rahane kI bAta kahI hai| ve nimnalikhita haiM - 1. brAhmI, 2. kharoSThI, 3. puSkarasArI, 4. aMgalipi, 5. baMgalipi, 6. magadhalipi, 7. maMgatyalipi, 8. manuSyalipi, 9. aMgulIyalipi, 10. zakArilipi, 11. brahmavallI, 12. drAvir3a, 13. kanAri, 14. dakSiNa, 15. ugra, 16. saMkhyAlipi, 17. anuloma, 18. Urdhvadhanu, 19. daradalipi, 20. khAsyalipi, 21. cInI, 22. hUNa, 23. madhyAkSara lipi, 24. puSpalipi, 25. devalipi, 26 nAgalipi, 27. yakSalipi, 28. gaMdharvalipi, 29. kinnaralipi, 30 mahoragalipi, 31. asuralipi, 32. garur3alipi, 33. mRgacakralipi, 34. cakralipi, 35. mAyumarulipi, 36. bhaumadevalipi, 37. antarikSa devalipi, 38. uttara buddhadvIpalipi, 39. apara gaur3Adilipi, 40. pUrvavidehalipi, 41. utkSepalipi, 42. nikSepalipi, 43. vikSepalipi, 44. prakSepalipi, 45. sAgaralipi, 46. vrajalipi, 47. lekha pratilekha lipi, 48. anudrutalipi, 49. zAstravartalipi, 50. gaNAvartalipi, 51. utkSepAvartalipi, 52. vikSepAvarta, 53. pAdalikhitalipi, 54. dviruttarapada saMdhi likhita lipi, 55. dazottarapadasaMdhi likhita lipi, 56. adhyAhAriNI lipi, 57. sarvaruta saMgrahaNI lipi, 58. vidyAnulomalipi, 59. vimizritalipi, 60. RSitapastaptalipi, 61. dharaNIprekSajAlipi, 62. sarvoSadha niSyandalipi, 63. sarvasArasaMgrahaNI lipi, 64. sarvabhUtarud grahaNI lipi| uparyukta lipiyoM meM bahuta se nAma to lipidyotaka na hokara lekhana prakAra ke haiM, kitane hI kalpita aura kitane hI nAma punarAvRtta bhI haiM, kintu DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya kI mAnyatA kucha bhinna prakAra kI hai, ve kahate haiM ki - "Upara kI sUcI meM bhAratIya tathA videzI una lipiyoM ke nAma haiM jinase usa kAla meM, jabaki ye paMktiyA~ likhI gaI thIM, bhAratIya paricita the yA jinakI kalpanA unhoMne kI thii| pUrI sUcI meM se kevala do hI lipiyA~ aisI haiM jinheM sAkSAt pramANa ke AdhAra para pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| ye do lipiyA~ brAhmI aura kharoSThI haiM / cInI vizvakoSa phA-vana-suliva (668 I.) isa prasaMga meM hamArI sahAyatA karatA hai| isake anusAra lekhana kA AviSkAra tIna daivI zaktiyoM ne kiyA thA, inameM pahalA devatA pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 125

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thA phana (brahmA), jisane brAhmI lipi kA AviSkAra kiyA, jo bAyeM se dAyeM likhI jAtI hai, dUsarI daivI zakti thI kiyA lU (kharoSTha) jisane kharoSThI kA AviSkAra kiyA, jo dAyeM se bAyeM likhI jAtI hai, tIsarI aura sabase kama mahatvapUrNa daivI zakti thI tsAma-kI (Tsamki) jisake dvArA AviSkRta lipi Upara se nIce kI ora likhI hai| yahI vizvakoSa hameM Age batAtA hai ki pahale do devatA bhArata meM utpanna hue the aura tIsarA cIna meM .... / '' 'lalitavistAra' meM varNita 64 lipiyoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra kara sakate haiM - 1. bAhmI - bhArata kI akArAdika (Alphabetic) praNAlI kI prAcIna evaM pracalita lipi| 2. kharoSThI - bhArata ke uttara-pazcima kI lipi, kintu varNamAlA brAhmI ke samAna thii| 3. videzI lipiyA~ - (bhArata meM jJAta) (ka) yavanAnI (yavanAlI) - yUnAnI (grIka) lipi se vyApAra ke mAdhyama se bhArata isa lipi se paricita thaa| yaha kuSANakAlIna sikkoM para bhI aMkita milatI hai| (kha) daradalipi (darada logoM kI) (ga) khasyAlipi (khazoM aura zakoM kI) (gha) cInI lipi (cIna kI) (Ga) hUNalipi (hUNoM kI) (ca) asuralipi (asuroM kI - jo pazcima eziyA meM AryoM kI zAkhA ke hI the| (cha) uttara kurudvIpa lipi - (uttara kuru, himAlaya aura uttara kSetra kI lipi) (ja) sAgaralipi - (samudrI kSetroM kI lipi) 1. Indian Palaeography : R.B. Pandey, PP 25-26 126 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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4. prAdezika lipiyA~ - 1. pukharasArIya -- (puSkarasArIya - pazcimI gAMdhAra meM pracalita) 2. pahAraiya - (uttara pahAr3I kSetra kI lipi) 3. aMgalipi (aMga, uttara-pUrva bihAra kI) 4. baMgalipi - (baMgAla meM pracalita lipi) 5. magadhalipi 6. dravir3alipi (damili - dravir3a pradeza kI) 7. kanArIlipi 8. dakSiNalipi 9. apara gaur3AdriDa-lipi (pazcimI gaur3a pradeza kI) 10. pUrva videhalipi (pUrva videha kI) 5. janajAtiyoM (Tribal) kI lipiyA~ (a) gaMdharva lipi (himAlaya kI jnjaati)| (A) pauliMdI (puliMdo-viMdhyakSetra ke logoM kI lipi) (i) ugralipi (ugralogoM kI) (I) nAgalipi (nAgoM kI) (u) yakSalipi (yakSa-himAlaya kI janajAti kI) (U) kinnalipi (kinnaroM-himAlaya kI janajAti kI) (e) garur3alipi (garur3oM kI lipi) 6. sAmpradAyika lipiyA~ (ka) mahesarI (mAhezvarI-zaivoM meM pracalita lipi) (kha) bhaumadeva lipi [bhUmi ke devatA (brAhmaNa) dvArA prayukta lipi] 7. citrarekhAnvita lipiyA~ (ka) maMgalya lipi (eka maMgalakArI lipi) (kha) manuSya lipi (mAnava AkRtiyoM ke upayoga vAlI lipi) pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 127

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(ga) aMgulIya lipi (a~guliyoM ke AkAra kI lipi ) (gha) urdhva dhanu lipi ( car3he hue dhanuSAkAra kI lipi ) (Ga) puSpalipi (puSpAMkita) (ca) mRgacakra lipi (pazuoM ke cakroM kA upayoga kiyA jAne vAlI lipi) (cha) cakralipi (cakrAkAra rUpavAlI) (ja) vajralipi (vajra ke samarUpa vAlI lipi) 8. smaraNopakarI lipi (Mnemonic ) (a) aMkalipi (saMkhyAlipi) (A) gaNitalipi (gaNita ke mAdhyama vAlI lipi) 9. ubhArI yA khodI huI lipi 128 Adaza yA Ayazalipi (kutarI huI lipi) 10. zailIparaka lipiyA~ (1) utkSepa lipi (Upara kI ora ubhArakara yA uchAlakara likhI gaI lipi) / (2) nikSepa lipi ( nIce kI ora bar3hAkara likhI gayI ) (3) vikSepa lipi ( saba ora se laMbita lipi) (4) prakSepa lipi (eka ora vizeSa saMvarddhita) ( 5 ) madhyakSara vistAra lipi (madhya akSara ko vizeSa saMvardhita kiyA gayA ho) 11. saMkramaNa sthiti dyotaka lipi ise vimizrita lipi bhI kahate haiM / isameM citrarekhA, akSara evaM varNa kA vimizraNa hotA hai / 12. tvarA lekhana (ka) anudruta lipi (zIghragati se likhI jAne vAlI ) 13. pustakoM hetu viziSTha zailI - zAstrAvarta lipi 14. hisAba-kitAba hetu viziSTa zailI - gaNAvarta lipi (gaNita mizrita koI lipi) - sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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15. daivI yA kAlpanika lipiyA~ (1) deva lipi (2) mahoraga lipi (urga-saroM kI lipi) (3) vAyumaru lipi (havAoM kI lipi) (4) antarikSa-deva lipi (AkAza ke devatAoM kI lipi) antima, daivI yA kAlpanika lipiyoM ke alAvA zeSa sabhI bheda bhArata kI vividha bhAgoM kI lipiyoM meM, par3osI dezoM kI lipiyoM meM, prAdezika lipiyoM yA anya citrarekhAnvayI yA AlaMkArika lekhana Adi meM mila jAtI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI lipi vimizrita kahalAtI hai, jisameM saMkramaNasUcaka citra rekhaka, bhAvacitra rekhika tathA dhvani cihnaka (akSara) rUpa mile hote haiN| kintu anyatra 18 lipiyoM kA ullekha kaI graMthoM meM huA hai / jainoM ke varNaka samuccaya', pannavaNA sUtra, jaina samavAyAMga sUtra, vizeSAvazyaka sUtra nAmaka graMthoM meM 18 lipiyoM kA ullekha huA hai|' DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA ne bhArata kI samasta lipiyoM ko I.pU. 500 ke nikaTa se I. 350 taka ke lekhoM meM vyavahata lipi ko brAhmI lipi kahA hai| isake bAda isa lipi ke likhane meM do pravAha dikhAI dete haiM, uttarI aura dkkhinii| uttarI zailI kA pracAra prAyaH vindhyaparvata ke uttara meM aura dakkhinI kA usake dakSiNa meM rhaa| uttarI se nimnalikhita lipiyA~ vikasita huIM - (1) guptalipi - cauthI-pA~cavIM zadI meM pracArita, guptavaMzI rAjAoM ke lekhoM kI lipi| (2) kuTilalipi - gupta lipi se nikalI chaThI se navIM sadI I. taka pracArita lipi| isake akSaroM (mAtrAoM) kI AkRti kuTila hone se ise kuTila lipi kahate haiN| (3) nAgarIlipi - AThavIM se 16vIM sadI ke pichale bhAga taka vikasita nAgarI lipi kI pUrvI zAkhA se baMgalA lipi kA vikAsa huaa| isI se hI kaithI, 1. Indian Palaeography : R.B. Pandey, P. 25-28 2. vahI, pR. 29 3. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 203-4 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 129

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mahAjanI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI lipiyA~ bhI nikliiN| dakkhina meM isako naMdinAgarI kahate haiN| (4) zAradA - bhArata ke uttara-pazcima (paMjAba-kazmIra) meM pracArita 18vIM sadI taka vahA~ pracArita kuTila lipi se hI bAda meM zAradA lipi kA vikAsa huaa| isa lipi kA prAcInatama lekha 10vIM sadI I. kA milatA hai| vartamAna kazmIrI, TAkarI, gurumukhI lipiyoM kA vikAsa isI se huA hai| (5) baMgalA - 10vIM sadI ke Asa-pAsa nAgarI lipi se vikasita huii| isase bAda meM nepAlI, vartamAna baMgalA, maithilI aura ur3iyA lipiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| __(6) uttarI ke atirikta, brAhmI kA pazcimI rUpa - yaha lipi kAThiyAvAr3a, gujarAta, nAsika, khAnadeza, haidarAbAda, koMkaNa, maisUra Adi ke lekhoM meM 5vIM se 9vIM sadI taka milatI hai| pA~cavIM sadI ke Asa-pAsa isakA kucha prabhAva rAjasthAna evaM madhyabhArata para bhI pdd'aa| bhArata ke pazcimI pradeza meM milane ke kAraNa hI yaha pazcimIlipi kahalAtI hai| (7) madhyadezI - yaha lipi madhyapradeza, haidarAbAda ke uttarI bhAga aura buMdelakhaNDa meM 5vIM se 8vIM sadI taka milatI hai / isa lipi ke akSara prAya: caukora hote haiN| ___(8) telagU-kannar3I - vartamAna telagU evaM kannar3a isI se nikalI hai / yaha haidarAbAda, maisUra, madrAsa, bambaI ke dakkhinI bhAga meM 5vIM sadI se 14vIM sadI taka pracArita rahI hai| (9) graMthalipi - vartamAna tamila, malayAlama isI se vikasita huii| yaha lipi madrAsa meM 7vIM se 15vIM sadI taka pracArita rhii| saMskRta graMthoM ko isalipi meM likhane ke kAraNa yaha graMthalipi kahalAtI hai| (10) kaliMgalipi - 7vIM se 11vIM sadI taka isake lekha milate haiM / prAcIna lekha madhya pradezI lipi se aura pichale nAgarI, telagU, kannar3I tathA graMthalipi se milate hai| 130 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(11) tamilalipi - yaha 7vIM sadI se vartamAna taka, graMthalipi se vikasita lipi hai| tamila kA hI ghasITa kA eka rUpa Teluttu hai, jisakA 14vIM sadI taka pracAra rhaa| inake alAvA hamAre deza meM urdU aura romana lipiyA~ bhI pracalita haiM, jo do vibhinna rAja-sattAoM kI dena haiM, jinase vartamAna sattA bhI chuTakArA nahIM pA skii| bhArata kI rASTralipi devanAgarI hai| 11. devanAgarI lipi : samasyAe~ - aitihAsika dRSTi se lipi ke svarUpa evaM vividha lipiyoM kI varNamAlA para vicAra karane ke bAda devanAgarI lipi ke akSaroM para vicAra karate haiN| DaoN. satyendrajI ne pANDulipivijJAna ke pR. 207 para viziSTa akSaroM kI eka akSarAvalI dI hai| vaha akSarAvalI nIce dI jAtI hai| u a o au cha ja jha ja,U, , , , Ga,#, . hai . bha la za sa ha kha 3 bha la ya sa 4 ka0ke, (ke ke,kAskI, korakI , on-ku,kAkU saMyukta varNa -ja.. kaka, kapha, m, P ASC,REE .4lla jamata sada rAta 6 ma .. isa akSarAvalI para dRSTi DAlane se eka bAta to yaha vidita hotI hai ki 'u U o au' cAroM svaroM meM 'mUla svara' kA eka rUpa hai / 'u U' meM bhI aura 'o 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR. 60-62 pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 131

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au' meM bhI vaha hai 3: / isameM zirorekhA dekara 'u' banAyA gayA hai| isI meM 'U' kI mAtrA lagAkara 'U' banAyA gayA hai| yaha 'U' kI mAtrA hai - '2' aura yaha azokakAlIna brAhmI kI 'U' kI mAtrA kA hI avazeSa hai jo Aja taka calA A rahA hai| o au meM 2 kI rekhA ko 3 kI bhA~ti vRttAMvitta yA ghuNDIyukta kara diyA gayA hai| phira 3 para zirorekhA meM azoka lipi kI paramparA milatI hai| donoM ora'-'yaha lagAne se au' banatA hai| ye 'au' kI mAtrAe~ haiN| au' kI mAtrA meM bhI eka rekhA (U) kI mAtrA ke sira para car3hAI gaI hai| ye brAhmI ke avazeSa haiM / yahI pravRtti ku-kU meM bhI milatI hai| ke, ke, ko, kau meM baMgalA lipi kI mAtrAoM se sahAyatA lI gaI hai| ___ aba yahA~ kucha vistAra se rAjasthAna ke granthoM meM milane vAlI akSarAvalI yA varNamAlA para vistAra se vaijJAnika vizleSaNapUrvaka vicAra DaoN. hIrAlAla mAhezvarI ke zabdoM meM diye jAte haiM : rAjasthAnI kI aura rAjasthAna meM upalabdha pratiyoM ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM unakI varNamAlA viSayaka jJAtavya bAteM nimnalikhita haiM - 1. (ka) rAjasthAna meM upalabdha granthoM meM prayoga meM AyI devanAgarI kI varNamAlA kI kucha vizeSatAe~ kahIM-kahIM milatI haiN| unheM hama ina vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM : (a) vivAdAspada varNa (A) bhrAnta varNa (i) pramAda se likhe gaye varNa (I) viziSTa varNa cihna, unakA prayoga karanA athavA na karanA tathA (u) udAtta-anudAtta-dhvani varNa / pahale pratyeka ke ekAdha udAharaNa dekara inako spaSTa karanA hai - (a) vivAdAspada (Controversial) vargoM ke udAharaNa tha> 6 / 6 tha za (saM. 1887 poha sudi 1 ko likhe gae bIkAnera paravAne se) anya ca / a ca / , paravAnoM meM bhI aise hI rUpa donoM tha cha ke milate haiM, saM. 1907 tk|) 132 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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prayoga ke udAharaNa thApa > bApa / > theka thA >dA /bar3I 7 thar3I tho > cho/chuNajhuNo zuNathuNoM 2. ra > da / da > r| dAgara 18 (ye rUpa sabhI pratiyoM aura paravAnoM meM) cavarA > cvdaa| cavadA > cavarA (4) (14) 3. tha> v| ba> th| (ba) thovar3o > bovdd'o| (A) 1. cha / b| ba ) cha churI > burii| (paranArI ) baMda > chNd| (paranArI "burI) padghar3iyA chd| chApa > bApa > au to mhAre chApa kaa| au to mhAre bApa kaa|| 2. Ta > ddh| baTa baTa gayA ivAMNI (ajJAnI pRthak-pRthak ho gae) / (mela-milApa na rakhakara) baDha baDha gayA ivAMNI (ajJAnI kaha bar3ha gae) 3. bha > m| bharer3I > marer3I 4. sa ) m| sisiyara > misiyara (candramA) (kAlA, kAle varNa kA, kAle varNa ke samUha kA) 5. cha > dh| chamachama karatI aaii| dhamadhama karatI aaii| gaNDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 133

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6. ca > va cAMdaNo > bAMdaNo 7. ja > t| jANyo tero jt| naja, jANyo tero tt| ja na ta 8. Nya ) Na NA pa ya jANyo paNa ANyo nahIM -- (jAnA kintu lAyA nahIM) jANo paNa ANo nahIM -- (jAnate ho kintu lAte nahIM) 1. ta > tt| ta ra tUTego > TUTego ta 10. dha > gh| dhaNa joM yAM kAI milai / (striyoM ko dekhane se kyA milatA hai) ghaNa joM yAM kAI milai| [adhika (AturatA) dikhAne se kyA milatA hai] 11. na , t| na na ta nAto terai nAma ro| (tere nAma kA nAtA hai) tAtau terai nAma ro| (tere nAma kA premI hU~) 12. pa > m| pa pa ma, par3e par3a tAla samaMdA paarii| (samudroM ke pAra taka khabara hotI hai) maDai mar3a gAla samaMdA pArI (sarovaroM, samudroM ke pAra tara lAzeM hI lAzeM haiM) 13. pha > k| pha pha pa. phara pharar3ATo Ayo kara karar3ATo Ayo 14. ya > m| jaya kuMNa jaaNnnai| jama kuMNa jaaNnnai| pa 134 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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15. ma> s| mAna nihorA kita rhyaa| sAna nihorA kita rhyaa| 16. ha > dd| 3. ha.ha. 17. Da > d| haDUkiyo > DadUkiyo Delha > delha (suprasiddha kavi kA nAma) (A) bhrAmaka varNa 1. ) |tr ) tra trapatapata / napata / trapata 2. halant 'ra' ke lie do akSaroM ke bIca "-" cihna bhI likhA milatA hai (aneka pratiyoM meN)| satrahavIM zatAbdI kI pratiyoM meM apekSAkRta adhik| udAharaNArtha : ghAkhA dhAnya mAraNa >> mAnyA isase ye bhrama ho sakate haiM :(a) sambhavataH dhA aura yA ko milAyA gayA hai (dhAkhyA > dhaa-yaa)| (ba) sambhavataH ina donoM ke bIca koI akSara, mAtrAdi chUTa gayA hai| (sa) sambhavataH isake pazcAt zabda samUha yA ola (paMkti) chUTa gaI hai| isako koI cihna-vizeSa na samajhakara 'ra' kA halanta rUpa (-) samajhanA caahie| yaha (-) antima akSara ke sAtha jur3e hue rUpa meM milatI hai, pRthak nhiiN| (i) pramAda se likhe gaye varNa - isa zIrSaka ke antargata ullikhita (a) vivAdAspada (Controversial) aura (A) bhrAmaka (Confusing) donoM varga bhI sammilita haiN| aba yahA~ pramAdI lekhana se kyA pariNAma hote haiM aura kyA kaThinAiyA~ khar3I hotI haiM, unheM dekhanA hai| pahale mAtrAoM para dhyAna jAtA hai : pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 135

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1. 2. (1) HIT: " hai| kA kI kA > kI / kAkI " > (ka) (kha) (ka) pha > dha mAtrA (1) u ) (kha) kAmodarI kAmAdarI | kAmAdarI kAmAdarI kAdhAdatI draSTavya hai ki aneka hastalikhita pratiyoM meM do mAtrAe~ baMgAlI lipi kI bhA~ti lagI milatI haiM / yaha pravRtti 19vIM zatAbdI taka kI pratiyoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| donoM mAtrAe~ naM. (1) meM draSTavya haiN| yaha pravRtti bIkAnera ke 'darabAra pustakAlaya' meM surakSita granthoM meM vizeSa milI haiM / 136 > aH o> A A 3. 37 a > > ai / re > 4. o au / au > o pratIta hotA hai ki yaha gurumukhI ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai aura yaha pravRtti 18vIM zatAbdI aura usase Age likhe granthoM meM adhika milatI hai| aba hama ina varNoM meM milane vAle vaiziSTya ko le sakate haiM : ( 2 ) varNa : kapha / Sa pa / draSTavya hai ki rAjasthAnI meM 'kha' varNa 19vIM zatAbdI taka kI pratiyoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| badale meM 'Sa' hI pAyA jAtA hai / isake apavAda ye haiM : 1. saMskRta zabda meM ' kha' bhI milatA hai, 2. brAhmaNa pratilipikAroM ne donoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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ga ma / cv| syAhI kI adhikatA, panne kA phaTanA, syAhI kA phailanA tathA likhe hue para likhane ke kAraNa kucha kA kucha par3hanA milatA hai / isase artha kA anartha bahuta huA hai I Shu tha You jhabhu yA bhujha / pha pu / pu pha / baMgalA lipi ke anusAra likhita 'u' meM yathA jhamama / yahA~ bha meM (u) kI mAtrA milAyI gayI hai, isase 'bha' 'jha' lagane lagA hai / Ta Tha | Da u / da b| ba> d| khata ( dvivatya yukta t) lata < ttata va > n| sayya va pta / tta (tra) isa varga ke antargata aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jo lipikAroM ke anusAra badalate rahate haiM / yAdRzaM pustakaM dRSTavA tAdRzaM likhitaM mayA' yA ' makSikA sthAne makSikA pAta' ke anuyAyI kama zikSita lipikAroM dvArA aisI bhrAMtiyA~ pUrNa bhUleM huA karatI haiN| ThaTa / uDa / ja ja va da da jaba na 12. (I) viziSTa varNa cihna rAjasthAna meM devanAgarI varNamAlA ke ya aura va ke nIce bindI lagAne kI prathA hai| purAne DhaMga kI pAThazAlAoM meM varNamAlA sikhAte samaya 'va vA tale sa bIMdalI' tathA 'yayivopeTaka' aura ' yayiyo bIMdaka' par3hAyA jAtA thA / arthAt va aura ya ke nIce bindI lagAI jAtI thI, yathA yu, v / isase arthabheda spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA thA / isase eka to yaha lAbha thA ki eka se dikhane vAle varNoM pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 6 6 - 137

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se use alaga par3hA jA sakatA thA tathA dUsare lipikAra ke rAjasthAnI hone kI puSTi bhI hotI thii| ___Ga aura r3a - ye do pRthak dhvaniyA~ haiM / r3a kA prayoga kabhI Adi meM nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / candrabindu' ' kA prayoga kahIM bhI nahIM hotaa| aisA rAjasthAnI para gujarAtI prabhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai / kSa ko Sya likhA jAtA hai; kintu aisA kevala saMskRta zabdoM ke alAvA rAjasthAnI meM nahIM hai| bArahakhar3iyoM ke atirikta Ga aura Ja kA lekhana meM prayoga nahIM hotaa| jJa sadaiva gya karake likhA jAtA hai| virAma cihna : (1) komA (,) kA prayoga nahIM hotA, kevala pUrNavirAma kA hI hotA hai| (2) pUrNavirAma yA to khar3I pAI ( / ) kI taraha likhA jAtA hai yA visarga kI taraha (:) yA kucha sthAna chor3a diyA jAtA hai| virAma-cihna rUpa meM visarga akSara se ThIka jur3atA huA na lagAkara kucha jagaha chor3akara lagAyA jAtA hai| chUTe hue akSara : chUTe hue akSara, mAtrAe~ Adi hAzie meM dAe~-bAe~ likhI jAtI haiN| yadi akSara Adhe se adhika meM chUTa gayA hai to dAe~ aura Adhe se pUrva meM chUTA hai to bAe~ ora likhA jAtA hai isake lie '' athavA 'L' cihna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra yadi AdhI yA pUrI paMkti chUTa gaI hai to vaha prAyaH Upara ke sthAna para yA nIce ke sthAna para likhI jAtI hai| mUla pATha meM do sthAnoM para .' cihna lagAkara Upara yA nIce chUTI huI paMkti likhI jAtI hai| kabhI-kabhI AdhA zabda likhane ke bAda AdhA zabda chUTa gayA ho to lipikAra hAzie meM eka cihna (S) banA detA hai, isako A (T) yA pUrNavirAma samajhanA caahie| yaha sadA dAe~ hAzie meM hI hogaa| jaise - eka zabda 'rAmAyaNa' ko leN| isa zabda kA 'rAmA' taka to pUrva paMkti meM likhA gayA, kyoMki bAda meM hAziyA A gayA thaa| isako yoM likhA jAegA - raamaa/| (hAziyA) ynn| bhUla se isa 'yaNa' ko akAraNa nahIM samajhanA caahie| isa prakAra pANDulipiyoM meM uparyukta aneka prakAra kI bhUleM pAI jAtI haiN| 138 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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13. (I) udAtta-anudAtta-dhvani-varNa udAtta-anudAtta-dhvaniyoM se saMbaMdhita koI cihna nahIM hai, kevala prasaMga, artha evaM anubhava dvArA hI sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| kahIM-kahIM yaha bhI saMbhava nhiiN| jaise - 'sAMDa' - sAMDa (baila) sAM'Da (U~TanI), dhana - dhana (saMpatti) dha'na (ptnii)| yahA~ hamane DaoN. mAhezvarI ke anubhava-jJAna dvArA prastuta kSetrIya lipimAlA ke AdhAra para rAjasthAnI pANDulipiyoM meM pAI jAne vAlI bhUloM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| pANDulipivijJAna-vettA ko cAhie ki vaha anya kSetroM meM pANDulipiyoM ko dekhakara unake AdhAra para kSetrIya lipimAlAe~ taiyAra kraayeN| isa prakAra lipi saMbaMdhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna AsAnI se ho skegaa| pANDulipi kI lipi : samasyA aura samAdhAna 139

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adhyAya 5 1. mUlapATha kisI bhI pANDulipi kI lipi kI samasyA nidAna ke bAda usake 'pATha' kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| mUla lekhaka dvArA likhita pANDulipi 'mUlapATha' kahalAtI hai| aisI pANDulipi atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hotI hai, jisakI surakSA karanA atyantAvazyaka hai| kyoMki, 'mUlapATha' atyadhika upayogI hotA hai / usake upayoga ko nimna binduoM se samajhA jA sakatA hai : pAThAlocana (ka) 'mUlapATha' se lekhaka kI lipi - lekhana zailI kA patA calatA hai jisase tatkAlIna sthiti aura abhyAsa kA patA calatA hai / (kha) lekhaka kI vartanI - viSayaka paddhati kA jJAna hotA hai / (ga) 'pAThAlocana - vijJAna' kA dhyeya mUlapATha kI khoja karanA hotA hai, jisase graMtha - saMghaTana sampAdana meM vaha Adarza kA kAma detA hai / (gha) mUla lekhaka ke zabda - bhaNDAraNa kA jJAna bhI mUlapATha se ho jAtA hai / (Ga) mUlapATha se anya upalabdha pAThoM ko milAne se pAThAntaroM evaM pAThabhedoM meM vartanI, lipi evaM zabdArtha ke rUpAntara meM hone vAlI prakriyA kA jJAna hotA hai / (ca) mUlapATha kI sAmagrI arthAt kAgaja, syAhI, lipilekhana, pRSThAMkana, citra, hAziyA, AkAra, har3atAla - upayoga Adi se aneka aitihAsika tathyoM kA udghATana hotA hai / 140 2. lipika kA sarjana kisI bhI graMthAgAra meM kisI mUlapATha kA honA kAphI mahatvapUrNa hotA hai, kintu graMthAgAra meM rakhe sabhI graMtha mUlapATha nahIM hote| unameM se bahuta se mUlapATha ke vaMza kI Age kI kaI pIr3hiyoM se Age ke ho sakate haiN| prAraMbha meM mUlapATha sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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se jitanI bhI pratilipiyA~ taiyAra hotI haiM ve sabhI mUlapATha ke vaMza kI prathama sthAnIya saMtAneM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| mAna lIjie mUlapATha se tIna lipikoM ne kucha pratilipiyA~ nimna prakAra se taiyAra kI - prathama ne 3 pratiyA~, dUsare ne 2 pratiyA~, tIsare ne cAra pratiyA~ aadi| ina pratiyoM ke taiyAra karane meM pratyeka lipika ne apanI hI paddhati se unheM taiyAra kiyA hai| yahA~ taka ki kabhI-kabhI eka hI lipika dvArA taiyAra do pratiyoM meM bhI bhinnatA mila jAtI hai| pUrvakAla meM jaba chApAkhAne nahIM the taba graMthoM ko lipika dvArA likhavA kara paDhanevAloM ko diyA jAtA thaa| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA thA ki lipika kI samasta ayogyatAoM ke kAraNa pATha azuddha ho jAtA thaa| kisI kA sulekha acchA nahIM hotA thA, koI graMtha ke viSaya se aparicita rahatA thA, kisI kA zabdakoSa sImita hotA thaa| phalataH pANDulipi meM una kamiyoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| ajJAnatA ke kAraNa bhI pANDulipi meM aneka vikAra A jAte the, jinameM pradhAna vikAra 'zabda' saMbaMdhI rahatA thaa| isake mUlataH tIna kAraNa the - (1) kAlpanika : prAyaH 'rAma' ko 'rAya' yA 'rAya' ko 'rAma' par3hanA asambhava nahIM hai| eka sAtha likhe 'ra' aura 'va' (rava) ko kha par3hA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra kiMcit mAtra bhrama ke kAraNa lipika kucha kA kucha likha sakatA hai| bhrama kI yaha paramparA Age calakara vikarAla rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai / phalataH kAvya ke artha hI kucha ke kucha ho jAte haiN| yathA - mUla lekhaka ne likhA - rAma prathama lipika ne par3hA - rAya dUsare lipika ne par3hA - rAca tIsare lipika ne par3hA - saca aadi| isa prakAra eka hI zabda bhramavaza vikAra ko prApta kara Age vAloM ke lie vikAroM kI zrRMkhalA banA dete haiN| yaha vikAra kA eka kAlpanika itihAsa hai| yathArtha udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dekhie - 'hoi lagA jeMvanAra sasArA' - pajhAvata : mA. pra. gupt| 'hoi lagA jeMvanAra pasArA' - pajhAvata : rA.ca. shukl| pAThAlocana 141

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uparyukta donoM udAharaNoM meM eka ne 'sasArA' par3hA hai to dUsare ne 'pasArA' par3hA hai| (2) pramAdavaza mUla lekhaka ne jo likhA hai use par3hakara hI lipika likhatA hai, lekina ajJAna aura pramAdavaza par3hane evaM likhane meM kucha kA kucha pariNAma ho jAtA hai| 'pramAda dRSTikoNa' ke kAraNa hI Upara 'sasArA' ko 'pasArA' par3hA gayA hai| 'lopaka pramAda' ke kAraNa lipika mUla pANDulipi ke kisI zabda yA vAkya ke aMza ko hI chor3a detA hai| (3) chUTa-bhUla evaM Agama ke kAraNa yadi lipika sthira citta hokara nahIM likha rahA hai to vaha apane mana meM to pUrA zabda bolatA hai, parantu likhate samaya usase koI na koI varNa chUTa jAtA hai| yaha bhUlavaza hI hotA hai, jaise - saravara ko savara likhnaa| lekhaka 'ra' likhanA hI bhUla jAtA hai| bindu, candrabindu evaM laghu-guru mAtrAoM kI bhUla to hotI hI rahatI hai| kabhI-kabhI kisI akSara kA Agama to kabhI 'lopa' aura 'viparyaya' bhI ho jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI eka hI akSara yA zabda do bAra bhI likhe jAte haiN| kabhI-kabhI lipika dvArA bhramavaza apane ko lekhaka se adhika yogya samajhakara yA kisI zabda kA artha ThIka nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa koI anyArthaka zabda yA vAkya-samUha rakha detA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. TesITarI kahate haiM - "In the peculiar conditions under which bardic works are handed down, subject to every sort of alterations by the copyists who generaly are bards themselves and often think themselves authorized to modify or ... improve any text they copy to suit their tastes or ignorance as the case may be."! udAharaNa ke lie 'charahaTA' zabda kI jagaha 'cirahaTA' yA 'cirahaTA' ko 'charahaTA' likhnaa| isI taraha 'Akhata le' ko 'Akha tale' karane aura bAda meM 'A~kha tale' karane meM bhI hai| aise lipikartA pramAdavaza mUla pATha meM gambhIra vikAra utpanna kara dete haiN| 1. vacanikA, bhUmikA, pR. 9 142 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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pANDulipi vaijJAnika muni puNyavijayajI ne hastalikhita graMthoM meM prayukta aise akSaroM kI sUcI dI hai jisameM paraspara samAnatA ke kAraNa lipikartA eka ke sthAna para dUsarA akSara likha detA hai| jaise - mUlavarNa ke sthAna para mUlavarNa ke sthAna para | rava, sva, NA, ema le 4 dha, va, tha, pya Tha, dha /44/ PS 5 BRB volt a ro ro p pls her a ku, kSa p, pR 4 d Sva, STa, bda sa, ma pha, sa, rA, ga ba, ta tA, tya kta, R dva, ddha, dra gga, gja 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 78 pAThAlocana 143

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mUlavarNa ke sthAna para | mUlavarNa ke sthAna para 2 gha, tha btra, dya sta, sva, m ca, na lipikartA kI bhrAntiyoM ke kAraNa zabda-rUpoM ke bhrAnta lekhana ke bhI kucha udAharaNa diye jAte haiM - mUla zabda pramAdavaza likhA zabda prabhAva prasava stavana sUcana yacca yathA pratyakSatovagamyA pratyakSabodhagamyA navA~ tathA naca tadA tathA parvatasya pavannasya parivuDDhi parituTThi nacaiva tadaiva aridAriNA arivAriNI yA avidAriNI dohalakkheviyA do hala kabe diyA jIvasAlimmI kRtaM jIvamAtmIkRta tava 1. bhAratIya jaina smaraNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 79 144 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kabhI-kabhI lipikartA akSara hI nahIM 'zabda' bhI pramAdavaza chor3a detA hai| taba dUsarA lipika usakI kamI ko anubhava karatA hai to vaha apane anumAna se hI koI bhI zabda likha detA hai / isa prakAra pATha meM vikAroM kA silasilA calatA rahatA hai| 3. pANDulipi : vaMza-vRkSa pANDulipi ke lipikartA kI lekhana-kalA - kisa akSara ko vaha kaise likhatA hai - ke AdhAra para usakI lekhana-zailI kA patA lagatA hai| jaise vaha 'a' yA 'a' likhatA hai, 'Sa' yA 'kha' likhatA, zirorekhA lagAtA hai yA nahIM, bha aura ma meM, pa aura ya meM antara karatA hai yA nhiiN| isa prakAra pratyeka lipikartA kI prati meM apanI-apanI vizeSatAe~ hone ke kAraNa ve dUsare lipikartA se avazya bhinna hoNgii| ata: vaMzavRkSa meM prathama sthAnIya saMtAneM hI tIna lipikoM ke mAdhyama se tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita ho jaayeNgii| ina prathama-sthAnIya pratiyoM se phira anya lipikartA pratilipi taiyAra kareMge aura eka ke bAda dUsarI se pratilipiyA~ taiyAra hotI calI jaayeNgii| ise nimnalikhita vaMza-vRkSa' se samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa vaMzavRkSa meM 'ka' ke dvArA tIna pratiyA~ taiyAra kI gaI thiiN| bAda meM usakI mUlapATha lipikAra 'ga' lipikAra 'ka' lipikAra 'kha' prathama sthAnIya pratilipiyA~ , - 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 nambara kI prati se 2 pratilipiyA~ evaM 3 nambara kI prati se 1 pratilipi taiyAra huii| 'kha' ne do pratiyA~ likhI thIM, kintu inase koI pratilipi taiyAra nahIM kI gii| isa prakAra isa prati kA vaMza yahIM samApta ho gyaa| 'ga' ne cAra pratiyA~ taiyAra kI thIM; jinameM Age calakara prathama se 5, dvitIya se 1, tRtIya se 2 pratilipiyA~ taiyAra kI gaIM kintu cauthI kA vaMza nahIM claa| isa prakAra yaha vaMzavRkSa bar3hatA 1. pANDulipivijJAna; DaoN. satyendra, pR. 220 pAThAlocana 145

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jaayegaa| kyoMki pratyeka pANDulipikartA apanI-apanI lipiyoM meM kucha navInatA yA vaiziSTya jor3atA hI hai| yaha pratilipi sAmAnya sRjana kI prakriyA hai| 4. mUlapAThetara pratilipi aura pAThAlocana vastuta: pAThAlocana kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai jaba hastalekhAgAra meM mUlapATha kI cauthI pIr3hI kI dUsarI zAkhA kI 3 pratiyoM meM se prathama prati kI pA~cavIM pratilipi kI dUsarI prati upalabdha hotI hai| ise nimnaprakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai - prathama pIr3hI - 1 mUlapATha dvitIya pIr3hI - 2 tRtIya pIr3hI - 3 caturtha pIr3hI - 4 prathama zAkhA dvitIya zAkhA tRtIya zAkhA 3 dUsarI zAkhA tIsarI prati 1 | 3 tIsarI prati prathama prati prathama prathama dvitIya pA~cavIM prati 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 dUsarI prati 3 kSepaka : jisa prakAra pANDulipikartA ke pramAda ke kAraNa pANDulipi meM vartanI evaM zabda-bhedoM saMbaMdhI vikAra utpanna ho jAte haiM, usI prakAra kSepaka, prakSiptAMza athavA chUTa ke kAraNa bhI vikAra A jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki apane mUla-rUpa meM 'mahAbhArata' aura 'pRthvIrAjarAso laghu hI the, kintu kAlAntara meM kSepaka jur3ate-jur3ate ve mahAkAya-mahAkAvya bana gye| isakA pAThAlocana ke vidvAnoM ko bar3I sAvadhAnI se vaijJAnika paddhati se anusaMdhAna karanA caahie| 146 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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chUTa : kabhI-kabhI pramAdavaza pratilipikAra koI paMkti, zabda yA akSara chor3a detA hai| aisI chUToM kI pAThAlocana ke dvArA prAmANika mUlapATha kI pratiSThA kara pUrti karanI hotI hai| ___aprAmANika racanAe~ : kabhI-kabhI ziSyoM yA zraddhAluoM dvArA likhita pUrI kI pUrI kRti hI aprAmANika hotI hai; kyoMki graMtha kA racanAkAra vaha svayaM nahIM hotA hai, jise batAyA jAtA hai / pAThAlocana ke dvArA hI aisI racanAoM kI chaMTanI kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra pAThAlocana athavA pAThAnusaMdhAna eka mahatvapUrNa anusaMdhAna hai| 5. pAThAlocana : zabda-artha kA mahatva ___ pAThAlocana kevala bhASAvijJAna kA hI viSaya nahIM hai, apitu usakA sAhityika mahattva bhI hai| isalie isakA saMbaMdha zabda aura artha donoM se haiN| isa dRSTi se sampAdana kI do sAraNiyoM kA upayoga ho rahA hai - (1) vaijJAnika sampAdana, aura (2) sAhityika sampAdana / vaijJAnika evaM sAhityika prakriyA meM mUlata: antara na hote hue bhI Aja kA vaijJAnika sampAdana zabda ko adhika mahatva detA hai aura sAhityika sampAdaka artha ko| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki zabda aura artha kI sattA paraspara asaMpRkta nahIM hai phira bhI artha ko mUlataH grahaNa kiye binA prAcIna hindI kAvyoM kA sampAdana sarvathA nirdhAnta nhiiN| inhIM saba kAraNoM se zabda kI tulanA meM artha kI mahattA svIkAra karanI par3atI hai| Aja adhikatara pATha-sampAdana meM jo bhrAMtiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, ve artha na samajhane ke kaarnn| ataH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki vaijJAnika praNAlI se ThIka yA yathArtha zabda para pahu~cA jAe, kyoMki zuddha zabda hI ThIka artha de sakatA hai| isa prakAra pAThAlocana kI vaijJAnika praNAlI meM zabdoM kA mahatva svayaMsiddha hai| 6. pAThAlocana kI praNAliyA~ / pAThAlocana kI tIna praNAliyA~ haiM - (1) svecchayA-pATha-nirdhAraNa praNAlI, (2) tulanAtmaka praNAlI, (3) vaijJAnika prnnaalii| prathama prakAra kI eka sAmAnya praNAlI hotI hai, jisameM sampAdaka, pustaka kA sampAdana karate samaya prApta prati para 1. sammelanapatrikA (caitra-bhAdrapada, aMka 1892) pR. 177, DaoN. kizorIlAla kA lekha - prAcIna hindI kAvya : pATha evaM artha vivecn| pAThAlocana 147

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hI nirbhara rahatA hai| isameM vaha itanA bhara karatA hai ki jo sAmAnya doSa dikhAI dete haiM, unheM vaha dUra kara detA hai| jaise hamane 'bhImavilAsa' kA sampAdana kiyaa| dUsare prakAra kI tulanAtmaka praNAlI meM sampAdaka ke pAsa do pratiyA~ hotI haiN| inameM tulanA karane para jo prati use adhika acchI lagatI hai, usI ko mAnakara sampAdana kara detA hai| aise sampAdita graMthoM meM vaha pAThAntara denA bhI ucita nahIM smjhtaa| kahIMkahIM jahA~ use donoM pATha acche laga rahe hoM taba vaha phuTanoTa meM dUsarA pATha bhI de sakatA hai| isI praNAlI ke antargata pAThAlocaka eka hI graMtha kI ekAdhika pANDulipiyA~ prApta hone para bhI isI praNAlI kA nirvahana karatA hai| vaha svecchayA jisa pATha ko ThIka samajhatA hai use hI mUla mAna kara sampAdana kara detA hai| usakI ruciprAdhAnya ke kAraNa hI vaha tadanukUla racanAkAra ke vaiziSTya ko bhI apanI bhUmikA meM prakaTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| tIsarI vaijJAnika praNAlI hai| ise vaijJAnika caraNa bhI kaha sakate haiM / isa caraNa kI praNAlI meM kaI hastalekhoM kI tulanA kI jAtI hai| aba tulanAtmaka AdhAra para prAyaH pratyeka prati meM milane vAlI truTiyoM meM sAmya vaiSamya dekhA jAtA hai| isake pariNAma ke AdhAra para ina samasta hastalekhoM kA eka vaMzavRkSa taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai aura kRti kA Adarza pATha yA mUla pATha nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra isa praNAlI ke bAda pAThAlocana ko eka alaga vijJAna mAna kara use bhASAvijJAna ke samakakSa vijJAna hI mAnA jAne lagA hai| 7. pAThAlocana-prakriyA pAThAlocana yA pAThAnusaMdhAna kI prakriyA meM nimnalikhita binduoM para dhyAna denA cAhie - (ka) pANDulipi yA graMtha-saMgraha : kisI pustaka kA pAThAlocana karate samaya, sarvaprathama usa pustaka-saMbaMdhI prakAzita evaM aprakAzita (hastalikhita) sAmagrI kA saMkalana kara lenA caahie| jahA~-jahA~ bhI ukta graMtha ke prApta hone 1. zaMkara rAva kRta bhImavilAsa : DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA, 1983, lokabhASA prakAzana, koTapUtalI (jypur)| 2. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 225-26 . 148 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kI saMbhAvanA ho vahA~ svayaM jAkara yA patra-vyavahAra dvArA sUcanAe~ ekatra kara lenI Avazyaka hai| sUcanA ekatra karane ke bAda una graMthoM ko una-una sthAnoM se prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA apekSita hai / kahIM se Apako mUla prati milegI, to kahIM se phoTo kApI yA kahIM se kisI pratilipikartA dvArA pratilipi taiyAra kI huI athavA mAikro philma lenI par3a sakatI hai| isa prakAra yena-kena-prakAreNa graMthoM kA saMgraha karanA caahie| (kha) tulanA : isake bAda prApta graMthoM ke pATha kI pArasparika tulanA karanI caahie| tulanA karane ke lie (1) pahale sabhI graMthoM ko kAlakramAnusAra lagA lenA cAhie, (2) isake bAda pratyeka graMtha ko eka saMketanAma denA caahie| isase graMtha ke pATha-saMketa dene meM suvidhA rahatI hai tathA samaya aura sthAna kI bacata hotI hai| saMketanAma kisa prakAra rakhA jAye ise saMketa-praNAlI dvArA samajhanA hogaa| saMketa-praNAlI : graMtha kA nAma-saMketa dene kI aneka praNAliyA~ haiN| (a) kramAMka-praNAlI : isa praNAlI ke antargata sabhI AdhAra-graMthoM ko kramavAra (kAlakramAnusAra) sUcIbaddha karake unheM jo kramAMka diyA jAye unheM hI graMtha-saMketa mAna liyA jaaye| jaise - (1) jayapuravAlI prati, (2) bIkAneravAlI prati, (3) AgarAvAlI prati aadi| jaba-jaba hama prati saM. (2) kA ullekha kareMge usakA abhiprAya bIkAneravAlI prati hI samajhA jaayegaa| kramAMkasaMketa dete samaya graMtha kA vivaraNa bhI denA caahie| isake eka udAharaNasvarUpa 'pRthvIrAja rAso' kI eka prati ko DaoN. satyendrajI ne AdhAra mAnakara vistRta paricaya diyA hai| saMkSepa meM prati ke paricaya meM nimnalikhita bAtoM para dhyAna diyA jAnA cAhie - (ka) pANDulipi kI prati ke prApti-sthAna evaM jisake pAsa vaha prati hai usa vyakti kA paricaya (kha) prApta prati kI vastu-sthiti (1) kyA vaha pUrNa hai, apUrNa hai, pRSTha kaTe haiM yA dImaka Adi dvArA naSTa haiM? (2) prati pRSTha kitanI paMktiyA~ haiM aura prati paMkti kitane zabda haiM? (3) syAhI kA raMga? (4) kAgaja kaisA hai? (5) sacitra yA sAdA hai? citra haiM to kitane haiM aadi| (ga) chanda saMkhyA ? pAThAlocana 149

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(gha) kyA lekha spaSTa hai? (Ga) graMtha kA AkAra - phuTa evaM iMca (se.mI.) meM? (ca) prApti-upAya ? (cha) puSpikA? (ja) graMtha-racanA kA itihAsa ? (jha) pATha-paramparA tathA pAThaviSayaka ullekhanIya baateN| vartanI-bheda ke udAharaNa shit| (Ja) vartamAna zodha kI dRSTi se prastuta grantha kA mahatva? Adi (A) pratilipikAra-praNAlI : kabhI prApta graMtha ke pratilipikartA ke nAma ke prathama akSara ko lekara bhI saMketa banAye jA sakate haiM / jaise - 'bIsaladeva rAsa' kI eka prati ke lipikartA paNDita sIhA' ke nAma ke prathama akSara 'pa' ko lekara saMketa banAyA gayA hai| (i) sthAna-saMketa-praNAlI : graMtha kI puSpikA meM yadi racanA ke sthAna kA nAma ho to usa sthAna ke nAma ke prathama akSara ke AdhAra para bhI saMketa banAyA jA sakatA hai / jaise - 'pRthvIrAjarAso' kI mohanapure vAlI prati kA saMketa 'mo.' diyA jA sakatA hai| (I) pATha-sAmya-samUha praNAlI : graMtha-saMgraha karane ke bAda samasta prApta pANDulipiyoM kA vargIkaraNa pATha-sAmya ke AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra mAnaleM ki tIna graMtha-samUha bne| unameM prathama meM 4, dvitIya meM 3 tathA tRtIya meM 5 graMtha haiN| unake nAma prathama samUha, dvitIya samUha, tRtIya samUha diye jA sakate haiN| aba yadi prathama samUha kI tIsarI prati kA saMdarbha denA hai to saMketa banegA pra. 3 / isI prakAra dvi. 2, tR. 4 aadi| ___ (u) patra-saMkhyA praNAlI : yadi khule patroM meM koI graMtha milatA hai to patroM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para saMketa banA sakate haiN| jaise - kisI prati meM 7 paSTha haiM to usakA saMketa 'sA.' banAyA jA sakatA hai| (U) punaruddhAra praNAlI : jaba eka hI graMtha kI do adhUrI pratiyA~ upalabdha hoM to donoM ko milAkara eka prati taiyAra kara lI jAtI hai| isa prakAra punaruddhAra 150 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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prApta prati kA saMketa 'pu.' rakhA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ne isa para adhika vicAra kiyA hai / ina praNAliyoM ke atirikta kabhI-kabhI mUla puSpikA ke naSTa ho jAne para graMtha - svAmI kisI anya graMtha kI puSpikA usameM jor3a detA hai, to usa pratikA saMketa usa graMtha svAmI ke nAma para banAyA jA sakatA hai / 8. mUlapATha - pratiyA~ prApta graMthoM ke saMketa cihna nirdhArita karane ke bAda unake eka-eka chaMda ko alaga-alaga kAgaja para likha lenA cAhie / pratyeka chaMda kI pratyeka paMkti ke kramAMka bhI de dene cAhie sAtha hI chaMda kA kramAMka bhI deN| jaise 101 paMDiyau pahutau sAtamaI mAsa (1) deva kaha thAna karI aradAsa (2) tapIya sanyAsIya tapa karaha (3) 9. mUlapATha : tulanA mUlapATha kI pratiyA~ taiyAra hone para pratyeka chanda kI sabhI pratiyoM ke rUpoM kI tulanA karanI cAhie / yaha dekhanA cAhie ki pratyeka chaMda samAna caraNoM ke haiM yA asamAna caraNoM ke, pratyeka caraNa meM samAna zabda haiM yA bhinna-bhinna, pratyeka caraNa meM vartanI - saMbaMdhI samAnatA hai yA asamAnatA Adi / isa taraha caraNa prati caraNa, zabda prati zabda tulanA karane ke uparAnta pratyeka zabda ke pAThoM ke antara kI sUcI banAnI cAhie / isI prakAra pratyeka Agama aura lopa kI sUcI banAlI jAnI cAhie | piMgala zAstra kI dRSTi se bhI pratyeka caraNa kI saMgati dekhanI cAhie | 10. tulanA ke AdhAra uparyukta tulanA ke AdhAroM para mUlapATha kI tIna 'saMbaMdhoM' kI dRSTi se tulanA kI jAnI cAhie - (1) pratilipi - saMbaMdha ( 2 ) prakSepa - saMbaMdha (3) pAThAntarasaMbaMdha / ina tIna prakAra ke saMbaMdhoM kI dRSTi se 'vaMzavRkSa' taiyAra karanA cAhie / isa 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 227-232 2. bIsaladeva rAsa : sampA., DaoN. ema. pI. guptA, pR. 5 3. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 233 pAThAlocana - 151

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prakAra sarvAdhika prAmANika pATha vAlI prati nirdhArita kara lene para usake pATha ko AdhAra mAna sakate haiM, kintu prAmANika pATha nhiiN| kyoMki prAmANika pATha ke lie vividha pAThAntaroM kI tulanA apekSita hai| tulanA dvArA 'zabda' aura 'caraNa' ke rUpa ko nirdhArita karanA hogaa| isa prakAra pUrNataH prAmANika pATha banAne ke lie samasta bAhya evaM aMtaraMga sambhAvanAoM ke sAkSya se hI pATha nirNaya karanA caahie| 11. bAhya evaM antaraMga sambhAvanAe~ mUlapATha prAmANika hai yA nahIM, isakI jAnakArI bAhya aura antaraMga saMbhAvanAoM se kI jAtI hai| mUlapATha ke saMdigdha sthaloM ke zabdoM yA caraNoM kI prAmANikatA ke lie jaise aMtaraMga sAkSya milatA hai vaise hI zabda yA caraNoM kI graMtha ke andara AvRtti ke dvArA anyatra kahA~ aura kisa-kisa sthAna aura rUpa meM prayoga milatA? isa prayoga kI AvRtti sAMkhyikI prAmANikatA ko puSTa karatI hai| isI prakAra 'artha' kI samIcInatA kI udbhAvanA kI prAmANikatA ko puSTa karatI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. satyendra ne 'pANDulipivijJAna' meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| ___ pAThAlocana meM bhrama ke kAraNa yA saMzodhana-zAstra ke niyamoM kI pAlanA meM asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa icchita pATha aura artha nahIM mila pAtA hai| isalie pATha kI prAmANikatA kI dRSTi se zabdoM ko tatkAlIna rUpa aura arthoM se bhI dekhanA Avazyaka hai| udAharaNa ke lie jAyasI ke 'padamAvata' ke kisI zabda ke artha kI puSTi 'Aine akabarI' meM Aye zabdoM se kI jA sakatI hai| kyoMki 'Aine akabarI' meM aneka zabda apane tatkAlIna rUpa meM prApta hote haiM, jo 'padamAvata' meM prayukta hue haiN| isI prakAra anya samakAlIna kaviyoM kI zabdAvalI athavA tatkAlIna nAmAvaliyoM se 'zabdoM' kI puSTi kI jA sakatI hai| pATha-siddhAnta nizcita ho jAne ke bAda, eka pRSTha para eka chanda likhanA cAhie aura usake nIce jitane bhI bhinna pATha milate hoM ve sabhI de diye jAne caahie| yaha bhI dekhanA cAhie ki pATha-bheda kisa-kisa prati ke kyA-kyA haiM, isakA bhI saMketa denA caahie| DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM ki "prAmANika pATha nirdhArita karane meM bahuta sI sAmagrI 'prakSepa' ke rUpa meM alaga nikala jaayegii| usa sAmagrI ko graMtha meM 1. bIsaladeva rAsa : DaoN. ema.pI. guptA, bhUmikA, pR. 47 152 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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'pariziSTa' rUpa meM, usake pATha ko bhI yathAsaMbhava pramANika banAkara de denA caahie| isa prakAra isa samasta sAmagrI ko sajA dene meM siddhAnta yaha hai ki 'pAThAlocaka' kI vaijJAnika kasauTI meM yadi koI truTi raha gayI ho to vidvAna pAThaka apanI kasauTI se samasta sAmagrI kI svayaM jA~ca kara ske|'' 12. 'artha-nyAsa' kA pAThAlocana meM mahattva __ yadyapi kisI bhI racanA kA pATha usakA artha jAnane ke lie hI kiyA jAtA hai; kintu pAThAlocana prakriyA meM 'artha' kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hotaa| kyoMki vikRta pATha se apekSita artha nahIM prApta kiyA jA sktaa| aise artha ko prAmANika bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pAThAlocana kA mahatva prAmANika artha ko prApta karane meM hai| zabda ke artha kA jJAna parimANa-sApekSya hai| yadi kisI pAThAlocaka kA jJAna bahuta sImita hai to kabhI-kabhI vaha kSetra-vizeSa ke bahuta pracalita zabda kA artha bhI nahIM jAna pAtA hai / phalataH apane sImita jJAna ke kAraNa artha ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue truTipUrNa saMzodhana kara degaa| yaha bhI saca hai ki pAThAlocaka bhI kRtikAlIna samasta zabdoM ke artha se paricita nahIM rahatA hai / ata: pATha-vijJAna se nirdhArita rUpa ko hI use rakhanA caahie| kyoMki aisA bhI koI zabda ho sakatA hai jisakA artha bhaviSya meM jJAnavardhana ke sAtha prApta ho| jaise - 'padamAvata' ke 'sAsa duAli' pATha ko DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne bAhya saMbhAvanA ke dvArA prAmANika siddha kiyA hai| sAMsa duAli yA DorI hai| yadi kisI graMtha kI eka hI prati upalabdha ho aura vaha bhI mUla nahIM ho, to bhI usakA sampAdana yA pAThAlocana ho sakatA hai| aise graMtha ke sampAdana meM yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki Antarika-bAhya sAkSya se graMtha kA racanAkAla kyA thA, kahA~ likhA gayA thA, eka hI sthAna para likhA gayA yA jagaha-jagaha aadi| jisa sthAna para raha kara graMtha likhA gayA vahA~ kI bhASA kyA thI? tatkAlIna anya racanAkAra kauna the? Adi bAtoM kA patA lagAnA - bAhya-sAkSya - pAThAlocana ke lie mahattvapUrNa haiN| isase bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai anta:sAkSya kA jJAna, jisakA upayoga itihAsa, purAtatvAnveSI zilAlekhoM tathA tAmrapatroM ke pAThaudghATana ke samaya kiyA karate haiM / isameM artha-nyAsa' kA bhI apanA mahatva hai, 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 239 pAThAlocana 153

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kyoMki usI kA anumAna sampUrNa graMtha ke adhyayana ke uparAnta lagAyA jA sakatA hai| sampUrNa graMtha kA pUrNa adhyayana karane se zabdAvalI evaM vAkyapaddhati kA bhI pAThAlocaka ko itanA jJAna ho jAtA hai ki vaha truTita yA saMdigdha sthaloM kI pUrti prAyaH upayukta zabda yA vAkya se kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra ke anumAnita zabda ko koSThaka ( ) meM banda kara denA caahie| tAki bhaviSya meM pAThaka ko ina koSThakoM se yaha patA cala sake ki yaha zabda yA vAkya sampAdaka ke sujhAva haiN| isa prakAra taiyAra pATha meM sAMkhyikI (Statistics) kA bhI upayoga ho sakatA hai| eka hI zabda ke kaI rUpa milane para, kaunasA prAmANika ho sakatA hai, kA jJAna sAMkhyikI se AsAnI se ho jAtA hai| sAMkhyikI se aise zabdoM ke vividha rUpoM kI AvRttiyA~ dekhI jA sakatI haiN| sampAdita kiye jAne vAle graMtha kI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa bhI taiyAra karanA caahie| yadi racanAkAra kI koI anya racanA bhI milatI ho to donoM kI bhASA kI tulanA se graMtha ko aura bhI adhika prAmANika banA sakate haiN| aise graMthoM kI zabdAnukramaNikA denA bhI upayukta rahatA hai| Ajakala pAThAnusaMdhAna (Textual Criticism), bhASAvijJAna (Linguistics) kA mahatvapUrNa aMga mAnA jAtA hai / ata: pAThAnusaMdhAna ke siddhAnta bhI vaijJAnika ho gaye haiN| pATha-sampAdana kI sAmAnya paddhatiyoM kI vizvasanIyatA Ajakala samApta ho gaI hai| 13. mUlapATha-nirmANa mUlapATha kA prAmANika punarnirmANa bhI pAThAlocana kA hI eka pakSa hai| yaha bahuta gambhIra viSaya hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'paMcataMtra' kA pATha punarnirmANa leN| phreMkalina aijaraTana ne paMcataMtra ke pATha kA punarnirmANa kiyA thaa| unhoMne apane The Panchatantra Reconstruction, vol. II pR. 48 meM vividha kSetroM se prApta 'paMcataMtra' ke vividha rUpoM ko lekara unameM pAye jAne vAle antaroM evaM bhedoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara usake 'mUlarUpa' kA nirmANa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| paMcataMtra ke vividha rUpAntaroM meM kahAniyoM meM Agama, lopa aura viparyaya milate haiM / prazna uThatA hai ki paMcataMtra kA mUlarUpa kyA rahA hogA aura usameM kauna-kauna sI kahAniyA~ kisa krama se rahI hoNgii| ata: paMcataMtra ke mUlarUpa ke nirmANa karane kI samasyA bhI pAThAlocana kA hI viSaya hai| adhika vistAra se jAnane ke lie DaoN. satyendra kRta 'pANDulipivijJAna' ko dekhie| 154 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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adhyAya 6 kAla-nirNaya 1. pANDulipi kI lipi ke udghATana ke bAda kAla-nirNaya kI samasyA AtI hai| vastuta: jaba koI 'pANDulipi' prApta hotI hai to use kAla kI dRSTi se do vargoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai| prathama varga meM vaha pANDulipi AtI hai jisameM 'kAlasaMketa' diyA hotA hai aura dUsare varga meM vaha AtI hai jisameM 'kAla-saMketa' kA koI satra nahIM hotaa| kabhI-kabhI to kAla-saMketa' vAlI pANDalipiyA~'kAlanirNaya' ke lie samasyA bana jAtI haiM, jaise - 'pRthviiraajraaso'| isa kRti meM kAla-saMketa hone ke bAvajUda aneka aitihAsika vivAda uTha khar3e hue haiN| 2. kAla-saMketa ke prakAra kAla-nirdhAraNa yA nirNaya ke lie sAmAnyata: tIna paddhatiyA~ kAma meM lI jAtI haiM - (1) rAjyArohaNa ke kAla ke AdhAra para, (2) niyamita saMvat ke ullekha se, (3) samakAlIna saMdarbho ke AdhAra pr| prathama paddhati kA nirvAha hameM azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM milatA hai| jaise - dvAdasavasAmi sitena mayA idaM AjJApitaM' arthAt azoka kahate haiM ki maiMne yaha lekha apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke bArahaveM varSa meM prakAzita krvaayaa| isI prakAra anya zilAlekhoM meM bhI rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM/dasaveM varSa meM likhavAyA Adi milatA hai| isa prakAra yA paddhati kA 'rAjyavarSa' kA nAma de sakate haiN| isameM abhilekha likhAne vAlA rAjA kAla1. samrATa azoka ke abhilekhoM se pUrva kA eka abhilekha ajamera ke vAsa bar3alI grAma se prApta huA hai| yaha lekha Ajakala ajamera ke ajAyabaghara meM rakhA haA hai| DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA ne ise ativiziSTa lekha mAnA hai| isameM do paMktiyA~ haiM; jinameM kramazaH 'vIrAya bhagavataM' tathA 'caturAsIti basa' likhA hai| yaha vIra yA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke caurAsIveM varSa meM likhA gyaa| isase jaina matAvalambI 'vIra-nirvANa' divasa se kAla-gaNanA karate haiN| kAla-nirNaya 155

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gaNanA ke lie apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke varSa kA ullekha kara detA hai| zuMgoM ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI yahI paddhati apanAI gaI hai| isake bAda AMdhroM ke zilAlekhoM meM gautamIputra sAtakarNI ke eka lekha meM kAla-saMketa kA kucha vistAra pAte haiN| jaise - 'savachare, 10+8 kasa parave 2 divse'| isameM rAjyAbhiSeka se varSa-gaNanA karate hue Rtu, pakSa, dina tathA tithi kA bhI ullekha huA hai / arthAt gautamI putra sAtakarNI ke rAjatvakAla ke 18veM varSa meM varSA Rtu ke dUsare pAkha kA pahalA din|| mahArASTra ke kSaharAta evaM ujjayinI ke mahAkSatrapoM ke zilAlekhoM meM kAla-saMketa viSaya jAnakArI aura vistAra milatA hai| inake zilAlekhoM meM Rtu ke sthAna para mahIne kA ullekha milatA hai - 'base 40 + 2 vaizAkha maase'| eka-dUsare zilAlekha meM pahale mAsa se bahula (kRSNa) yA zuddha (zukla) pakSa ke sAtha tithi tathA vAra zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaise - "varSa dvipaMcAze 50+2 phaguNa bahulasa dvitIya vaare"| isa uddharaNa meM 'vATa' zabda kA divasAdi ke lie pahale-pahala prayoga huA hai| inake eka zilAlekha meM to rohiNI nakSatre' ke dvArA nakSatra kA muhUrta taka bhI diyA hai| isa prakAra 'niyamita saMvat varSa' ke sAtha rAjyavarSa kA ullekha bhI kiyA gayA hai| jaise - zrIdharavarmaNA ....... svarAjyAbhi vRddhi kare vaijayike saMvatsare tryodshme| zrAvaNa bahulasya dazamI divasaM pUrvaka meta ....... 20+1 arthAt zrIdharavarmA ke vijayI evaM samRddhizAlI terahaveM rAjya varSa meM aura 201veM (saMvat) meM zrAvaNa mAsa ke kRSNapakSa kI dazamI ke din..."| isameM rAjyavarSa ke alAvA 201 varSa diyA gayA hai vaha zaka saMvat hI hai| isa prakAra 'zaka' yA 'zAka' zabda kA prayoga nahIM karake kevala 'varSa yA saMvatsare' se kAma calA liyA gayA hai|' vastutaH zaka saM. 500 se 1268 taka ke zilAlekhoM meM varSa ke sAtha nimnalikhita zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai - (1) zakanRpati rAjyAbhiSeka saMvatsara, (2) zakanRpati saMvatsara, (3) zakanRpa saMvatsara, (4) zakanRpakAla, (5) zaka saMvata, (6) zaka, (7) shaak| isase spaSTa hai ki 500veM varSa se zaka yA zAke zabda kA prayoga niyamita rUpa se hone 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 247 2. Rajbali Pandey : Indian Palaeography, P. 191. 156 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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lagA thaa| prAraMbha meM ise zaka nRpati ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA (rAjya varSa) saMvat mAnA gyaa| isake bAda isI zaka saMvat ke sAtha zAlivAhana zabda kA prayoga hone lagA aura ise 'zAke zAlivAhana' kahA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra dakSiNa tathA uttara meM niyamita saMvat ke rUpa meM zaka-saMvat lokapriya ho gyaa| yahIM se niyamita saMvat' dene kI dUsarI paddhati dvArA kAla-saMketa milatA hai| dUsarI paddhati dvArA prApta niyamita saMvat ke kAla-saMketa prApta hone ke bAvajUda samasyA yaha uThatI hai ki use usa kAlakrama meM aura vartamAna aitihAsika kAla-saMketa kI paramparA meM kisa prakAra yathAsthAna biThAyA jaaye| udAharaNa ke lie azoka se pUrva ke bar3alI grAma (ajamera) se prApta jaina zilAlekha meM 'vIrAya bhagavata' evaM 'caturAzibase' milatA hai| jisakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 84veM varSa meN| yaha eka prasiddha ghaTanA hai aura jainadharmAnuyAyI ise hI 'mahAvIra saMvat' yA 'vIra saMvat' mAnate haiN| sampUrNa jainasAhitya meM isI nirvANa-saMvat kA ullekha milatA hai| zvetAmbara jaina AcArya merUtuGga sUri ne 'vicAra zreNI' meM kahA hai ki 'mahAvIra saMvat' aura vikrama saMvat meM 470 varSoM kA antara hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra saMvat kA prArambha 527 I.pU. meM huA, kyoMki vikrama saMvat kA prAraMbha 57 I.pU. meM hotA hai| 470 varSa kA antara hone se 57+470=527 I.pU. mahAvIra kA nirvANa saMvat huA - isa tarIke se tIna saMvatoM kA ApasI samanvaya prApta ho jAtA hai-vikrama saMvat kA 'vIra nirvANa saMvat' se aura donoM kA paraspara 'I. san' se| aba yadi 'vIra nirvANa' ke varSa kA jJAna saMdehAspada ho to isa prakAra kA 'kAla-saMketa' kisI nirNaya para nahIM pahu~ca skegaa| kintu sarvajana mAnya hone se 'zaka-saMvat' niyamita ho gyaa| 1. DaoN. candrakAnta bAlI kA kahanA hai ki "mahAvIra svAmI ke kAlabodhaka tIna 'sUtra' uttarottara saMvatsara-paramparA meM isa prakAra Abaddha haiM ki unameM kahIM bhI zithilatA dRSTigata nahIM hotii| yathA - (ka) varddhamAna saMvat + vikrama saMvat + zaka saMvat; (kha) varddhamAna saMvat + zaka saMvat + vikrama saMvat ; (ga) varddhamAna saMvat + zaka saMvat + cAlukya saMvat / isa zrRMkhalA meM 'zaka saMvat' kA astitva camatkArapUrNa hai / san 78 IsavI se calane vAle 'zaka saMvat' ko vikrama-pUrvavartI athavA cAlukya-pUrvavartI batAnA yA siddha karanA nitarAM asaMbhava hai / vikrama-pUrva tathA cAlukya-pUrva ke 'zaka-saMvat' kI sattA 622 IsavI-pUrva mAnane se hI 'varddhamAna-saMvat' kA anusaMdhAna saphala evaM sapramANa saMbhava hai|" - varddhamAna saMvat, lekha-pariSad patrikA, paTanA, varSa 20, aMka 4, jana. 1981 - kAla-nirNaya 157

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samakAlIna saMdarbho ke AdhAra para / kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta 2 paddhatiyoM ke atirikta eka tIsarI paddhati samakAlIna saMdarbho ke AdhAra kAla-saMketa prApta karane kI hai| jaba aise lekha prApta hoM jinameM na rAjyArohaNa ke varSa kI gaNanA dI gaI hai aura na hI niyamita saMvat kA ullekha hai, taba una lekhoM meM saMdarbhita samakAlIna zAsakoM yA vyaktiyoM ke AdhAra para kAla-nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie azoka ke 13veM zilAlekha meM samakAlIna aneka videzI rAjAoM ke nAma Aye haiN| ata: unakI jJAta-tithiyoM ke AdhAra para azoka kA kAla-nirNaya ho sakatA hai. jaise - zilAlekha meM yUnAnI rAjA aMtiyokasa dvitIya - jo I.pU. 261-41 taka pazcimI eziyA ke zAsaka the - kA ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra uttarI aphrIkA ke zAsaka TaoNlemI (I.pU. 282-40) kA bhI ullekha hai / ina samakAlIna rAjAoM kI tithiyoM ke AdhAra para azoka ke rAjyArohaNa kA varSa I.pU. 270 nikAlA gayA hai| kintaH isa prakAra tithi nirdhAraNa meM galata pATha par3he jAne se bhayaMkara bhUla bhI ho sakatI hai, jaise 'maurya saMvat' kI kalpanA galata pATha par3hane se hI kI gii| anyathA maurya saMvat jaisI koI bAta nahIM hai| aMtaraMga sAkSya ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'kAla-saMketa', samakAlikatA evaM jJAta saMvat kI paddhati se saMtoSajanaka rUpa meM niyamita saMvat meM kAla-nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAla-nirNaya kI eka aura paddhati bhI ho sakatI hai antaraMga saakssy| jaba kisI racanA meM koI kAla-saMketa nahIM diyA gayA ho taba yaha antaraMga sAkSya kI paddhati kAma meM lI jA sakatI hai| isa paddhati meM racanA ke varNya-viSaya meM milanevAle una saMketoM kA yA ullekhoM kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, jinameM kAla kI kisI bhI prakAra se saMketa karane kI kSamatA ho| udAharaNa ke lie pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ko le sakate haiM / isa racanA meM kahIM bhI kAla-saMketa nahIM prApta hotaa| ataH aSTAdhyAyI meM prApta-sAmagrI ke AdhAra para samaya kA anumAna vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina vidvAnoM ke anumAna bhI paraspara atyadhika bhinna haiN| eka vidvAna unheM 400 I.pU. mAnate haiN| golDasTukara ke anusAra pANini buddha se paricita nahIM the| ataH unakA samaya yAska ke bAda aura buddha se pUrva mAnate haiM / DaoN. Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara ke anusAra pANini dakSiNI bhArata 158 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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se aparicita the| ata: ve unheM 7-8vIM zatI I.pU. meM mAnate haiN| pAThakajI unheM bhagavAna mahAvIra se kucha pahale 7vIM zatI I.pU. ke antima caraNa meM mAnate haiM to DaoN. DI. Ara. bhaNDArakara unheM chaThI zatI I.pUrva ke madhya mAnate haiN| cAra peMTiyara unheM 500 I.pU. se adhika mAnate haiM to hvothaliMka 350 I.pU. hI mAnate haiM / vevara mahodaya ne unakA samaya sikandara ke AkramaNa ke bAda kA mAnA hai| vaTAmAvalI vArA HARINEET for R 'dadarevA' grAma meM prApta vidyamAna 'jaitasI' kA zilAlekha (jAna kavi ne 'kyAmakhA rAso' [samvat 1373] meM kyAmakhAnI cauhAnoM kI vaMzAvalI prastuta kI hai, usameM gogAjI va jaitasI kA bhI ullekha hai| ata: isake AdhAra para jaitasI gogAjI ke vaMzaja haiN|) - mAgha sudi 14 caMdravAra (samvat 1373) 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 254 se sAbhAra kAla-nirNaya 159

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uparyukta vivaraNa se eka bAta spaSTa hai ki ina vidvAnoM ne aSTAdhyAyI kI aMtaraMga sAmagrI ke AdhAra para hI apane-apane anumAna prastuta kiye haiN| jinakA mukhyAdhAra pANini kina bAtoM se paricita the yA aparicita the, rahA hai| inhIM AdhAroM para pANini kA samaya 400 I.pU. nirdhArita karate haiN| lekina ina AdhAroM kI aMtaraMga sAkSya ke AdhAra para DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne apane graMtha India as known to Panini (pANinikAlIna bhArata) meM vistAra se AlocanA kI hai| ataH kabhI-kabhI 'kAlanirNaya' hetu graMthakAra ke graMtha meM AI sAmagrI ke AdhAra para bhI nirbhara kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI tatkAlIna pracalita anuzrutiyoM ko bhI anadekhA nahIM chor3A jAnA caahie| isa prakAra prAcIna lekha, sAhitya, graMtha evaM anya pANDulipiyoM ke sambaMdha meM kAla-nirNaya hetu antaraMga sAkSya atyadhika sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| uparyukta paddhatiyoM ke atirikta 'kAla-saMketa' kI aura bhI paddhati hai jise 'jaTila-paddhati' kaha sakate haiN| prAyaH 15vIM zatI ke bAda ke hastalikhita sAhitya yA lekhoM meM isa paddhati ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa paddhati ke dvArA racanAkAra, camatkAra, kavi kauzala yA anokhApana dikhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| athavA yoM kaheM ki vaha navInatA pradarzita karanA cAhatA hai| DaoN. satyendra ne pANDulipivijJAna meM eka aisA hI udAharaNa hindI ke kavi sabalazyAma dvArA graMtha racanAkAla kA ullekha karate hue diyA hai - saMvata satraha sai soraha dasa, kavi dina tithi rajanIsa veda rs| mAgha punIta makara gata bhAnU, asita pakSa Rtu zizira samAnU / arthAt saMvat satraha sai soraha dasa = 1716+10 1726 (vikramI) dina - kavi dina = zukravAra tithi - rajanIsa (caMdramA) 1 + veda = 4 + rasa - 6 = 11 (ekAdazI) mahInA - mAgha, asita (kRSNa) pakSa, makara rAzi kA sUrya, Rtu - zizira / isa prakAra isa kavi ne sAmAnya paramparA se alaga siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ata: kAla-saMketa kI yaha paddhati 'jaTila paddhati' mAnI jA sakatI hai| 160 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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3. kAla-nirNaya kI samasyAe~ (1) pATha-bheda : uparyukta paddhatiyoM se kAla-nirNaya karane ke uparAnta bhI aneka samasyAe~ yathArtha kaThinAiyoM ke rUpa meM hamAre samakSa AtI haiN| ye samasyAe~ adhikAMza prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke saMdarbha meM AtI haiN| jaba eka hI graMtha kI aneka pratiyA~ upalabdha haiM aura unake kAla (saMvat) viSayaka paMktiyoM meM pAThabheda ho| udAharaNArtha 'bIsaladeva rAsa' kI 5 pratiyA~ upalabdha haiN| ina pratiyoM kI puSpikA ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ke 'bIsaladeva rAsa' ke racanAkAla ke saMbaMdha meM vibhinna mata haiN| AcArya rAmacaMdra zukla 'bAraha sai bahottarAhA maMjhAri' kA artha 1212 mAnate haiM to lAlA sItArAma 1272 / eka prati meM 'saMvata sahasa satihattaraI jANi' - milatA hai| isakA artha saMvat 1077 liyA jAtA hai to dUsarI prati meM 'saMvata tera sattottarai jANi'. milatA hai. jisake AdhAra para 1377 vi. mAnA jAtA hai| aura eka anya prati meM 'saMvata sahasa tihuttara jANi' milatA hai jisake AdhAra para saMvat 1073 mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta eka anya prati ke AdhAra para saMvat 1309 par3hate haiN| isa prakAra itane saMvatoM meM se asalI saMvat nikAla pAnA muzkila hai| yadyapi isa samasyA kA nidAna pAThAlocana ke vidvAnoM ke pAsa hai, phira bhI kabhI-kabhI to pAThAlocana ke vidvAna bhI koI nirNaya le pAne meM asamartha rahate haiN| kyoMki saMvat kA prAraMbha kahIM caitrAdi se to kahIM kArtikAdi se mAnA jAtA hai| ataH ThIka-ThIka tithi-nirNaya karate samaya isa bAta kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA caahie| isake alAvA 'saMvat' kA ullekha 'gata' aura 'vartamAna' donoM ke lie hotA hai| yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA caahie| pATha-bheda kI samasyA ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI paMcAMga siddha samvat bhI aprAmANika ho jAtA hai| (2) pATha-doSa : 'pATha-bheda' ke bAda pATha-doSa' bhI samasyAe~ khar3I kara detA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa hai pATha kA 'bhraant-ptthn'| bhrAnta-paThana yA vAcana ke kAraNa 'sATha' kA 'ATha' par3hA jA sakatA hai| 'cAlIsa' kA 'bAlIsa' bhI par3hA jA sakatA hai| pATha-doSa ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI itanI vikRti A jAtI hai ki usake mUla kI kalpanA karanA bhI duSkara hai| aise aneka udAharaNa dekhe jA sakate haiN|' 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 258 kAla-nirNaya 161

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(3) vividha san - saMvat kA ullekha : jaba kisI graMtha meM sAmAnya paramparA se haTakara racanAkAra ekAdhika saMvatoM ko prayoga kara detA hai, taba bhI 'kAla nirNaya' meM eka samasyA khar3I ho jAtI hai| vikramI ke sAtha hijarI yA donoM ke eka sAtha A jAne para nirNaya karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / yathA saMmata satraha se aikAnave hoI, egAraha se sana paiMtAlIsa soI / agahana mAsa pacha ajIyArA, tIratha tIrodasI sukara sa~vArA // isa chanda meM 'ujiyArA' kI jagaha 'ajIyArA' (zuklapakSa) tathA tIratha kI jagaha 'tithi' honA caahie| ho sakatA hai ye galata chape hoM / tIrodasI 'trayodazI' kA vikRta rUpa hai, kintu isameM diyA gayA saMvat 1791 aura san 1145 vizeSa rUpa se dRSTavya hai / isa prakAra aneka abhilekhoM evaM graMthoM meM do yA tIna saMvat athavA san hI nahIM Aye haiM apitu aneka san - saMvatoM kA ullekha huA hai / isalie unheM vartamAna IsvI san evaM vikramI niyamita saMvatoM meM biThAne meM samasyA utpanna ho jAtI hai| 4. bhArata meM pracalita san- saMvat (1 ) varddhamAna saMvat : bar3alI (ajamera) se prApta zilAlekha meM 'vIra saMvat' kA upayoga huA hai| yaha zilAlekha mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa se 84veM varSa meM likhA gayA thaa| Age calakara yahI 'vIra saMvat' jaina graMthoM meM varddhamAna saMvat ke nAma se upayoga meM lAyA gayA hai / ( 2 ) rAjya varSa : azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM rAjya varSa kA ullekha huA hai / / ( 3 ) niyamita saMvat yA zaka saMvat : zaka saMvat apane 500veM varSa taka binA 'zaka' zabda ke mAtra 'varSe' yA 'saMvatsare' zabda se jAnA jAtA thA / isake bAda 500 veM varSa se 1262 veM varSa ke madhya isake sAtha 'zaka' zabda kA prayoga hone lagA, jisakA artha thA - zakanRpati ke rAjyArohaNa ke samaya se / ( 4 ) zAlivAhana saMvat : 14vIM zatI se zaka zabda ke sAtha 'zAlivAhana' jor3A jAne lagA / ' zAke zAlivAhana saMvat' aura 'zaka saMvat' eka hI haiN| kevala nAma zAlivAhana alaga se de diyA gayA hai| zaka saMvat vikrama saMvat ke 135 varSa bAda, san 78 I. meM sthApita huA / 162 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(5) kuSANa (kaniSka ) saMvat : isa saMvat ko samrATa kaniSka ne san 120 I. meM pracalita kiyA thA, jo lagabhaga 100 sAla taka pracalita rhaa| (6) vikrama (kRta, mAlava) saMvat : kRta, mAlava yA vikrama saM. rAjasthAna aura madhya pradeza meM saMvat 282 se pracalita huaa| pahale yaha 'kRta' saMvat kahalAyA, phira mAlava aura usake bAda yahI 'vikrama saMvat' khlaayaa| yaha saMvat 57 I. pU. meM prArambha haA thaa| isameM 135 joDa dene se zaka saMvat bana jAtA hai| vi.saM. caitra, zukla pakSa kI pratipadA se prAraMbha hotA hai| __(7) gupta saMvat : isakA pracalana candragupta prathama dvArA 319 I. meM huaa| yaha caitra zukla pakSa kI pratipadA se hI prAraMbha hotA hai / isakA ullekha 'gata varSa' ke rUpa meM hotA hai / jahA~ vartamAna' varSa kA ullekha hotA hai, vahA~ eka varSa adhika ginanA hotA hai| (8) valabhI saMvat : gupta saMvat hI valabhI saMvat ke rUpa meM pracalita huaa| kyoMki valabhI (saurASTra) ke zAsakoM ne gupta saMvat ko hI apanA liyA thaa| ata: gupta aura valabhI meM koI antara nahIM hai| (9) harSa saMvat : bhArata ke samrATa harSavardhana dvArA 599 I. meM prAraMbha kiyA gyaa| yaha saMvat lagabhaga 300 varSa taka uttara bhArata aura nepAla meM pracalita rhaa| albarUnI ke anusAra samrATa zrIharSa, samrATa vikramAditya ke 664 varSa bAda hue the| ina pramukha san-saMvatoM ke alAvA aura bhI aneka gauNa saMvata haiM, jinakA jJAna eka pANDulipi vaijJAnika ke lie apekSita mAnA jAtA hai| aise kucha saMvatoM kI sUcI nimna prakAra hai - ___ 1. saptarSi saMvat : ise kazmIrI saMvat, laukika kAla, laukika saMvat, zAstra saMvat, pahAr3a saMvat yA kaccA saMvat bhI kahate haiM / isa saMvat ko likhate samaya 100 varSa pUrNa hone para zatAbdI ke aMka ko chor3a dete haiM, phira eka se Arambha kara dete haiM / isakA prAraMbha caitra zukla pratipadA se hotA hai| aura vikrama saMvat kI taraha isake mahIne pUrNimAMta hote haiM / isakA pracalana kazmIra aura paMjAba meM rahA hai / anya saMvatoM se isakA saMbaMdha isa prakAra hai - zaka se zatAbdI ke aMka rahita saptarSi saMvat meM 46 jor3ane se zatAbdI ke aMka rahita zaka (gata) saMvat prApta kAla-nirNaya 163

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hotA hai| 81 jor3ane se caitrAdi vikrama (gata), 25 jor3ane se kaliyuga (gata) tathA 24 yA 25 jor3ane se IsavI san milatA hai| hameM prApta eka pANDulipi meM ukta saptarSi saMvat kA ullekha bhASA yogavAziSTha' (pANDulipi) kI puSpikA se isa prakAra prApta huA hai - "iti zrI sarva vidyA nidhAna kavIndrAcArya sarasvatI viracitaM bhASA yogavAziSTha sAre jJAna sArA para nAmni tattva nirUpaNaM nAma dazamaM prakaraNaM // 10 // samAptoyaM graMthaH // saMvat // 39 // kazmIra mdhye| zivarAma likhitaM mahAdeva gir| paThanArthe / zubhaM bhavatu // nirNjnii|| 2. kaliyuga-saMvat : ise bhArata-yuddha saMvat yA yudhiSThira saMvat bhI kahate haiN| isakA prAraMbha I.pU. 3102 se mAnA jAtA hai / IsavI san meM 3101 jor3ane se gata kaliyuga saMvat nikala AtA hai| 3. buddha-nirvANa-saMvat : yaha 487 I.pU. se prAraMbha mAnA jAtA hai| 4. bArhaspatya-saMvatsara : yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai - (1) bAraha varSa kA, (2) sATha varSa kaa| 5. graha parivRtti-saMvatsara : yaha 'cakra astita' saMvat hai| eka cakra 90 varSa meM pUrA hokara puna: 1 se prAraMbha ho jAtA hai / isameM zatAbdI kI saMkhyA nahIM dI jaatii| isakA prAraMbha I.pU. 24 se mAnA jAtA hai| 6. hijarI san : paigambara muhammada sAhaba ne jisa dina makkA ko chor3A thA, usa chor3ane ko arabI bhASA meM 'hijarai' kahate haiM / isakI smRti meM pracalita san ko hijarI san kahA jAtA hai| yaha 15 julAI 622 I. tathA saMvat 679 zrAvaNa zukla 2 vikramI kI zAma se mAnA jAtA hai / isa san kI pratyeka tArIkha sAyaMkAla se prArambha hokara dUsare dina sAyaMkAla taka rahatI hai / 'candra darzana' se mahIne kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / isake 12 mahInoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM - (1) muharrama, (2) saphara, (3) rabIula abbala, (4) rabIula Akhira yA rabI ussAnI, 1. pANDulipiyoM kI khoja (lekha) : DaoN. mahAvIra prasAda zarmA, pariSad patrikA, paTanA, jana. 1981, pR. 78 2. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 263 para dekhie| 164 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(5) jamAdi usa abbala, (6) jamAdi ula Akhira yA jamAdi ussAnI, (7) rajaba, (8) zAbAna, (9) ramaz2Ana, (10) zabbAla, (11) jiSkAda aura (12) jilhinnnn| yaha candra varSa hai|| __7.zAhUra san, sUra san yA arabI sana (mRgasAla): isa san kA prArambha 15 maI, 1344 I. yA jyeSTha zukla 2, 1401 vikramI se huA hai, jabaki sUrya mRgazira nakSatra para AyA thA, 1 muharrama hijarI san 745 se huA thaa| isake mahInoM ke nAma hijarI san ke mahInoM ke nAma para hI haiM / lekina yaha candra varSa na hokara saura varSa hai| 'mRge ravi' arthAt jaba sUrya mRgazira nakSatra para AtA hai usI dina se yaha nayA varSa prAraMbha hotA hai / isalie kabhI-kabhI ise 'mRga-sAla' bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa san meM 599-600 milAne se IsavI san tathA 656-657 jor3ane se vikrama saMvat prApta hotA hai| isa san ke varSa aMkoM kI bajAya aMka dyotaka arabI zabdoM meM aMkita kiye jAte haiN| 8. phasalI san : 'rabI' aura 'kharIpha' kI phasaloM kA hAsila nizcita mahInoM meM vasUlane ke lie bAdazAha akabara ne ise hijarI san 971 meM prAraMbha kiyA thaa| isa samaya vi.saM. 1620 evaM san 1563 I. cala rahA thaa| inake atirikta aura bhI aneka san/saMvat bhArata meM pracalita rahe haiN| jaise - lakSmaNasena saMvat vilAyatI sana, amalI san, baMgAlI san yA baMgalAka, ilAhI san, kalacUrI saMvat, bhATika saMvat, kollama yA parazurAma saMvat, neNAra (nepAla) saMvat aadi| eka pANDulipi anusaMdhAnakartA ko san/saMvatoM kI yaha saMkSipta jAnakArI ati Avazyaka hai| 5. kAlagaNanA meM AnevAlI ar3acaneM hamAre deza ke kAla gaNanA ke AdhAra para sIdhe-sarala na hokara atyanta jaTila haiM / jisake kAraNa kAlagaNanA meM aneka prakAra kI ar3acaneM AtI haiN| jaise - yaha jAnanA bahuta kaThina hai ki vaha saMvat caitrAdi, ASAr3hAdi, zrAvaNAri yA kArtikAdi hai yA any| isake bAda vaha pUrNimAnta hai yA amaant| ye varSa kabhI vartamAna rUpa meM, kabhI gata, vigata yA atIta rUpa meM likhe jAte haiN| sabase adhika kaThinAI to taba hotI hai jaba tithi likhate samaya lekhaka se gaNanA meM bhUla ho jAtI hai| ho sakatA hai lekhaka ko bolane vAle kA gaNita-jJAna hI kamajora ho| kAla-nirNaya 165

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isa prakAra kI bhUleM vibhinna kSetroM ke paMcAMgoM meM vivAda kA viSaya bana jAyA karatI haiM / isa kAraNa kisI bhI abhilekha yA lekha kA kAla nirdhAraNa karanA atyadhika jaTila jAtA hai| isa prakAra kI jaTilatA ke samaya DaoN. ela. DI. svAmIkannu pille kI 'iNDiyana ephimerIja' atyadhika sahAyaka siddha ho sakatI hai| zabda meM kAla-saMkhyA denA -- bhArata meM zabdoM meM aMkoM ko likhane kI praNAlI se bhI kAla-nirNaya meM ar3acaneM upasthita ho jAtI haiN| isa saMdarbha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM ki "yaha kaThinAI taba paidA hotI hai jaba jo zabda aMka ke lie diyA gayA hai, usase do-do saMkhyAe~ prApta hotI haiM, jaise - sAgara yA samudra se do saMkhyAe~ milatI haiM, 4 bhI aura 7 bhii| eka to kaThinAI yahI hai ki sAgara zabda se 4 kA aMka liyA jAe yA 7 kaa| para kabhI kavi donoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, jaise - 'aSTasAgara payonidhi candra' - yaha jagadurlabha kI kRti uddhava camatkAra kA racanAkAla hai| isameM sAgara bhI hai aura isI kA paryAya 'payonidhi' hai| kyA donoM sthAnoM ke aMka 4-4 samajhe jAyeM yA 7-7 mAne jAyeM yA kisI eka kA 4 aura dUsare kA 7, isa prakAra itane saMvat bana sakate haiM : 1448, 1778, 1748, 1478 / "" vastutaH aise do-tIna aMka batalAne vAle zabdoM se vyakta saMvat ko ThIka-ThIka samajhane meM atyadhika kaThinAI hotI hai| hA~, yadi ye saMvat aMkoM meM bhI sAtha-sAtha diye gaye hote to kaThinAI nahIM hotii| yahA~ taka ki yadi aMkoM meM saMvat nahIM hotA to use tithi, vAra, pakSa yA mAsa ke sAtha paMcAMgoM meM yA 'iNDiyana aiphImerIja' se nikAlA jA sakatA thaa| kAla nirNaya meM 'tithi' viSayaka samasyA taba AtI hai jaba tithi kA nAma usa tithi ke svAmI ke nAma se kiyA jAtA hai| 'vaMza bhAskara' ke kavi sUryamala mizraNa ne aisI hI paddhati apanAI hai| jaise - 'viSahara titha' (paMcamI, nAga paMcamI) 'manasija titha' (trayodazI, kAmadeva kI tithi), bhAlacaMda ai (caturdazI, ziva kI tithi) aadi| isa prakAra tithi kA ullekha usa tithi ke svAmI yA devatA ke nAma se bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isa bAta kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai| 6. kAla-saMketa rahita graMtha ke kAla-nirNaya kI paddhati pANDulipivijJAna ke anusaMdhAnakartA ko prAyaH aisI aneka racanAe~ khojakArya ke daurAna prApta hotI haiM, jina para kisI bhI prakAra kA 'racanAkAla' kA 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 273 - 166 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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saMketa nahIM diyA hotA hai| aisI paristhiti meM kAla-nirNaya' hetu nimnalikhita sAkSyoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai : (ka) bAhya sAkSya (kha) ant:saakssy| 1. bAhya sAkSya meM nimnalikhita bAtoM kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai - (ka) bAhya ullekha - anya sama-sAmayika racanAkAroM dvArA ullekha (kha) racanAkAra viSayaka loka-anuzrutiyA~ (ga) aitihAsika ghaTanA-krama (gha) sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ (Ga) sAMskRtika pariveza . 2. antaHsAkSya (ka) sthUla-pakSa : (1) lipyAsana-kAgajAdi, (2) syAhI, (3) lipi, (4) lekhana-zailI, (5) alaMkAra, (6) any| (kha) sUkSma-pakSa : (1) viSayavastu se, (2) racanA meM Aye ullekhoM se, (ka) aitihAsika, (kha) graMthakAroM/racanAkAroM ke ullekha, (ga) samayavarNana, (gha) sAMskRtika vivaraNa, (Ga) sAmAjika privesh| (ga) bhASA-vaiziSTya se : (1) vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI, (2) zabda saMbaMdhI, (3) muhAvaroM sNbNdhii| 3. vaijJAnika pravidhi : (ka) prApti sthAna kA bhUmi-parIkSaNa, (kha) vRkSa parIkSaNa, (ga) koyale se aadi| (ka) bAhya sAkSya : jisa graMtha kA racanAkAla saMbaMdhI saMketa-sUtra racanA meM nahIM prApta hotA hai taba hameM bAhya sAkSya kA sahArA lenA pdd'taa| aisI paristhiti meM saMdarbha-graMthoM kA avalokana karanA caahie| kyoMki kaI bAra ina saMdarbha-graMthoM meM Alocya racanAkAra evaM unake graMthoM ke vivaraNa ke sUtra bhI mila jAte haiN| jaise - nAbhAdAsa kRta bhaktamAla aura usakI TIkAoM meM madhyakAlIna saMta-bhaktoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ho sakatA hai Alocya kavi yA graMthakAra ke saMbaMdha meM bhI vahA~ koI sUtra mila jaaye| isase usa kavi ke kAla-nirNaya meM kAphI sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| kyoMki sAmAnyata: jina racanAkAroM kA bhaktamAla meM ullekha hai ve 'bhaktamAla' ke samasAmayika yA pUrva ke hI ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra kAla-nirNaya 167

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kAlanirNaya kI dRSTi se nicalI sImA kA patA to laga hI jAtA hai| lekina kaI bAra aise saMdarbha graMthoM meM prakSiptAMza kI guMjAiza rahatI hai| ataH dhyAna yaha rakhanA cAhie ki ve aMza mUla hI hoM, kSepaka nhiiN| saMdarbha graMtha ke alAvA, kaI bAra eka hI racanAkAra para pUrA graMtha likhA huA bhI mila sakatA hai| kintu pAThAlocana Adi kI dRSTi se usakI prAmANikatA saMdeha rahita honI caahie| udAharaNa ke lie mahAtmA tulasI ke eka antevAsI veNImAdhavadAsa ne 'mUlagusAMI carita' likhaa| isa graMtha se tulasI viSayaka kAlasaMketa saMbaMdhI prAmANika sUcanA milane kI ummIda kI jA sakatI hai| lekina jaba 'mUlagusAMI carita' kI prAmANikatA kA Akalana kiyA gayA to yaha racanA hI aprAmANika niklii| DaoN. udayabhAnusiMha ne to isakI aprAmANikatA ke 14 kAraNa bhI tarka sahita prastuta kara diye| unhoMne sApha likhA hai ki 'mUla gosAMI carita' eka avizvasanIya pustaka hai| yahI bAta DaoN. rAmadatta bhAradvAja evaM DaoN. mAtA prasAda gupta bhI mAnate haiN| ataH bahi:sAkSya ko mahatva dete samaya usa graMtha kI prAmANikatA kI parIkSA avazya kI jAnI caahie| yadi graMtha prAmANika hai to ajJAta kavi kA patA bhI cala jAtA hai aura usakI nicalI kAlAvadhi bhI vidita ho jAtI hai| (kha) racanAkAra viSayaka lokAnuzrutiyA~ : kAla-saMketa rahita racanAoM ke kAla-nirNaya meM lokAnuzrutiyA~ bhI kabhI-kabhI bahuta sahAyaka siddha ho jAtI haiN| unameM kabhI-kabhI khoI huI kar3iyA~ mila jAyA karatI haiN| aisI paristhiti meM racanAkAra viSayaka lokAnuzrutiyoM kA saMgraha kara unakI prAmANikatA kI parIkSA karanI caahie| lekina janazrutiyA~ yadi itihAsasammata nahIM haiM to ve prAmANika nahIM mAnI jA sktiiN| mahAtmA tulasIdAsa evaM mIrAM ke saMdarbha meM yaha anuzruti hai ki mIrAM ne unako patra likhA thA aura unhoMne usakA javAba diyA thaa| kintu aitihAsika pramANoM se yaha siddha hai ki mIrAM tulasI se pUrva hI svargIya ho cukI thiiN| isalie koI bhI janazruti taba taka vyartha hai jaba taka ki vaha anya Thosa AdhAroM se prAmANika nahIM mAna lI jaaye|| 1. tulasI kAvya mImAMsA : DaoN. udayabhAnusiMha, pR. 23-35 2. gosvAmI tulasIdAsa : DaoN. rAmadatta bhAradvAja, pR. 48 3. tulasIdAsa : DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta, pR. 47 168 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(ga) aitihAsika ghaTanAkrama : kAla-nirNaya hetu aitihAsika ghaTanAkrama kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ye bAhya sAkSya kahalAtI haiN| kisI anta:sAkSya ke sahAre inakI sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM ki "vAmana ke sambandha meM rAjataraMgiNI meM ullekha hai ki vaha jayApIr3a kA maMtrI thA aura vyUhalara ne batAyA hai ki kAzmIrI paMDitoM meM yaha janazruti hai ki yaha jayApIr3a kA maMtrI vAmana hI 'kAvyAlaMkAra sUtra' kA racayitA aura 'rIti' sampradAya kA pravartaka hai| isa aitihAsika AdhAra para 'vAmana' kA kAla 200 I. ke lagabhaga nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa saMbaMdha kA koI saMdarbha hameM vAmana kI kRti meM nahIM miltaa| itihAsa kA ullekha aura ana zruti se paSTi - ye do bAteM hI isakA AdhAra haiM / hA~, anya bahiHsAkSyoM se puSTi avazya hotI hai| ataH kisI bhI aise svataMtra aitihAsika ullekha kI anya vidhi se bhI puSTi kI jAnI caahie|" isI prakAra anta:sAkSya ke sahAre yA aitihAsika ghaTanAkrama ke AdhAra para kAla-nirNaya kI dRSTi se ve 'bhaTTi' evaM 'pajhAvata' ke udAharaNoM para bhI vistAra se carcA karate haiN| (gha) sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ evaM (Ga) sAMskRtika pariveza : vastutaH samAja aura saMskRti anyonyAzrita haiN| aMtaraMga sAkSya se prApta sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika sAmagrI kA sAmya bAhya sAkSya se milAna kara kisI racanA ke kAlanirNaya meM sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai| kyoMki kAla-nirNaya meM bAhya-sAkSya kI ati mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai| sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika pariveza ko kAlakrama nirdhAraNa meM upayogI banAne ke lie unakA svayaM kA kAla-krama aitihAsika AdhAra se sunizcita karanA hogaa| sAmAjika paristhitiyoM evaM sAMskRtika pariveza ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ne apanI 'basanta vilAsa aura usakI bhASA' nAmaka pustaka meM kAla-nirNaya karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| 'basanta vilAsa' kI racanA ke kAla nirdhAraNa meM bhASA ko AdhAra banAkara use san 1400 se 1424 I. ke madhya kI racanA mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu DaoN. gupta ne isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki - "kRti ke racanA-kAla kA usameM koI ullekha nahIM hai| usakI prAcInatama prApta prati saM. 1508 kI hai, isaliye 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 285 2. vahI, pR. 285-289 kAla-nirNaya 169

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yaha usakI racanA-tithi kI eka sImA hai| saM. 1508 kI prati kA pATha avazya hI kucha na kucha prekSaNa pUrNa ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vahI sabase bar3A hai, aura pAThAntaroM kI dRSTi se aneka sthaloM para usase bhinna pratiyoM ke pATha adhika prAcIna jJAta hote haiM, isaliye racanA kA samaya sAmAnyata: usase kAphI pahale kA honA caahie| yaha spaSTa hai jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, prAyaH vidvAnoM ne racanA kI ukta prAcInatama prApta prati kI tithi se use eka zatAbdI pUrva mAnA hai| kintu merI samajha meM yahA~ unhoMne aTakala se hI kAma liyA hai| pUrI racanA Amodapramoda aura krIr3ApUrNa nAgarika jIvana kA aisA citra upasthita karatI hai jo mukhya hindI pradeza meM 1250 vi. kI jayacaMda para muhammada gaurI kI vijaya ke anantara aura gujarAta meM 1356 vi. ke alAuddIna ke senApati ulugakhA~ kI vijaya ke anantara islAmI zAsana ke sthApita hone para samApta ho gayA thaa| isalie racanA adhika se adhika vikramIya 14vIM zatI ke madhya, IsvI 13vIM zatI kI honA caahie|" isake bAda niSkarSa rUpa meM DaoN. gupta kahate haiM - "isa vyAkhyA se yaha spaSTa jJAta hogA ki terahavIM zatI IsvI kI musalamAnoM kI uttara bhArata vijaya se pUrva kA hI nAgarika jIvana racanA meM citrita hai| musalamAnoM ke zAsana ke antargata isa prakAra kI svacchandatA se nagara ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kI nagara ke krIDAvanoM meM milane kI koI kalpanA nahIM kara sakatA hai jaisI vaha isa kAvya meM varNita huI hai| kavi kisI pUrvavartI aitihAsika yuga kA isameM varNana bhI nahIM karatA hai, vaha apane hI samaya ke vasanta ke ullAsa-vilAsa kA varNana karatA hai, isalie merA anumAna hai ki 'basantavilAsa' kA racanAkAla saM. 1356 ke pUrva kA to honA cAhie aura yadi vaha saM. 1250 se bhI pUrva kI racanA pramANita ho to mujhe Azcarya na hogaa| saMbhava hai usakI bhASA kA prApta rUpa isa pariNAma ko svIkAra karane meM bAdhaka ho| kintu bhASA pratilipi-paramparA meM ghisakara dhIre-dhIre adhikAdhika Adhunika hotI jAtI hai| isalie bhASA kA svarUpa prApta pariNAma ko svIkAra karane meM bAdhaka nahIM honA caahie|12 1. basantavilAsa aura usakI bhASA : DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta, pR. 4-5 2. vahI, pR. 8 170 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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isa prakAra sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ evaM sAMskRtika pariveza se pUrNa sAmagrI ko kAla-nirNaya kA AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai| anta meM, jisa prakAra sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika pariveza kA uparyukta prakAra se kAla-nirNaya ke lie sAkSya banAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra dharma, rAjanIti, zikSA, jyotiSa, Arthika pahalU Adi bhI apanI-apanI prakAra se kAla sApekSa hote haiN| ata: kAla-nirNaya meM mAtra kisI eka AdhAra se kAma nahIM cala pAtA, jitanI bhI bAtoM meM kAla-sUcaka bIja hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai, unakI parIkSA kI jAnI Avazyaka hai| DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne apane graMtha 'pANinikAlIna bhArata meM isI paddhati kA anusaraNa karate hue pANini kA kAla-nirNaya karane meM sAhityika tarkoM kA Azraya liyA thA, jisameM golDa sTukara ke isa tarka ko kATane ke lie ki pANini AraNyaka, upaniSad, prAtizAkhya, vAjasaneyI saMhitA, zatapatha brAhmaNa, atharvaveda aura SaDdarzana se paricita nahIM the, ataH yAska ke bAda pANini hue the| unhoMne maskarI parivrAjaka, eka vizeSa zabda, buddha-dharma, zrAviSThA prathama nakSatra, nanda se saMbaMdha, rAjanItika sAmagrI, yavanAnI lipi kA ullekha, pazuviSayaka kathAnta sthAna nAma, kSudraka-mAlaya, pANini aura kauTilya Adi kI parIkSA kI thii| jisase ve yaha siddha kara sake ki pANini buddha se pUrva na hokara bAda meM hue| isa prakAra pUrva tarkoM kA khaNDana-maNDana karane ke lie bAhya aura aMtaraMga sAkSyoM kI parIkSA karanI hotI hai| 2. antaraMga sAkSya ___ (ka) sthUla-pakSa : racanA ke antaraMga sAkSya ke antargata sthUla-pakSa se abhiprAya una bhautika vastuoM se hotA hai jinase usa racanA yA graMtha kA nirmANa huA hai| ise vastugata pakSa bhI kaha sakate haiN| jaise - kAgaja, tAr3apatra, syAhI aadi| graMtha kA AkAra-prakAra, syAhI, lipi, lekhana-zailI, alaMkaraNa Adi bhI sthUla-pakSa ke hI aMga haiM / ina sabhI bAtoM se yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki ye sabhI yA inameM se koI eka kAla-nirNaya kA AdhAra banAyA jA sakatA hai yA nhiiN| hama yahA~ pratyeka para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kreNge| (1) lipyAsana (kAgajAdi) : lipyAsana se abhiprAya lekhana ke AdhAra se hai / vaha IMTa, patthara, dhAtu, camar3A, tAr3apatra, vRkSoM kI chAla, kAgaja Adi koI kAla-nirNaya 171

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bhI ho sakate haiM / lipivijJAna ke vidyArthI yaha bhalibhA~ti jAnate haiM ki lipyAsanoM ke prakAroM se lekhana ke vibhinna yugoM se saMbaMdha hai / udAharaNa ke lie IsA se 3000 varSa pUrva taka IMToM para lekhana hotA thA / isake bAda 3000 I.pU. se pepIrasa ke kharar3oM (Rales) kA yuga AtA hai| isI taraha I. pU. 1000 se 800 ke madhya koDeksa yA carma-pustakoM kA yuga mAnA jAtA hai / bAda meM san 105 I. se lipyAsana ke lie kAgajoM kA prayoga prAraMbha hotA hai| isake sAtha hI anya lipyAsanoM kA prayoga bhArata meM prAya: banda - sA ho gayA thA / kAgaja kA sarvAdhika upayoga huaa| kAgajAdi lipyAsanoM para bhI kAla kA prabhAva par3atA hai / yaha prabhAva jalavAyu * aura vAtAvaraNa ke anusAra kama yA jyAdA par3atA rahatA hai / pANDulipi vijJAna kA jAnakAra vyakti pANDulipi ke kAgaja Adi ko dekha kara anubhava se kAla-nirNaya kA anumAna lagA sakatA hai| isa anumAna ko phira anya puSTapramANoM se puSTa kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra eka hI prakAra kI do pANDulipiyoM meM kAgaja kI jIrNa-zIrNatA ke dvArA bhI usakI prAcInatA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI dekhanA hotA hai ki kAgaja dezI hai yA mila kA banA / kyoMki hamAre deza meM 20vIM zatI pUrva prAya: dezI kAgaja hI pANDulipiyoM meM kAma meM AtA thA / ataH kisI vaijJAnika sAdhana ke dvArA kAgaja kI prAcInatA ko nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai / ( 2 ) syAhI : prati ke kAla - saMketa kA patA lagAne meM vyavahRta syAhI bhI bar3I sahayogI siddha ho sakatI hai / Ajakala pracalita vaijJAnika vidhi se syAhI ke dvArA racanA ke kAla kA saMketa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se svAnubhava dvArA bhI syAhI kI prAcInatA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / ( 3 ) lipi : pratyeka lipika yA lekhaka kA apanA likhane kA eka DhaMga hotA hai| isameM yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki jisa lipi meM lekhaka ne likhA hai usakA rUpa aura akSara kisa prakAra likhe gae haiN| kyoMki lipi eka vikAsAtmaka prakriyA hai / lipi vaijJAnikoM ne zilAlekhoM kI prAcIna 8 varNamAlA se lekara Aja taka ke lekhana kI kalA kA kAla vibhAjana bhI kiyA hai| isake antargata akSara kA eka lipi-rUpa eka vizeSa kAla - sImA meM calA hai / isa prakAra DaoN. ojhA ne apane prAcIna lipimAlA graMtha meM aise cArTa prastuta kiye haiM jinase yaha patA laga sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna 172

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sakatA hai ki kaunasI zatI se kaba taka amuka akSara kaise likhA jAtA rahA hai| usakI banAvaTa dekha kara racanA ke kAla kA saMketa liyA jA sakatA hai| kaI bAra eka-sI lipi kI do pANDulipiyoM kI tulanA karane para bhI, yadi eka pANDulipi kA kAla-jJAna hai to anumAna se dUsarI kA bhI kAla-saMketa grahaNa karane meM madada milatI hai| DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ne zilAMkita 'rAulavela' nAmaka racanAkAla nirNaya isI tulanAtmaka vidhi se kiyA thaa| ve kahate haiM, "aisI paristhitiyoM meM lekha kA samaya-nirdhAraNa kevala lipi-vinyAsa ke AdhAra para saMbhava hai| isakI lipi sampUrNa rUpa se bhojadeva ke 'kUrmazataka' vAle dhAra ke zilAlekha se milatI hai| (de. ipigrAphiyA iMDikA, jilda 8, pR. 241) / donoM meM kisI bhI mAtrA meM antara nahIM hai aura usake kucha bAda ke likhe hue arjuna varmana deva ke samaya ke 'pArijAta maMjarI' ke dhAra ke zilAlekha kI lipi kiMcit badalI huI hai (de. ipigrAphiyA iMDikA, jilda 8, pR. 96) isalie isa lekha kA samaya 'kUrmazataka' ke ukta zilAlekha ke Asa-pAsa hI arthAt 11vIM zatI IsvI honA caahie| isase spaSTa hai ki lipi dvArA bhI kAla nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai; kyoMki lipi kA vizeSa rUpa kAla se sambaddha hai aura jJAtakAlIna racanA kI lipi se tulanA karane para sAmya dekha kara kAla-nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| (4) lekhana-zailI evaM (5) alaMkaraNa : anta:sAkSya meM lekhana zailI evaM alaMkaraNAdi kA prayoga bhI kAla-nirNaya karane meM bar3e sahAyaka siddha ho sakate haiN| kyoMki pratyeka yuga yA kAla kI lekhana-zailI kI apanI vizeSatA hotI hai| likhane kI paddhati, use alaMkRta karane ke pratIka-cihna, unase saMbaMdhita saMketAkSaroM kA prayoga, mAMgalika cihnoM kA aMkana Adi sabhI kAla sApekSa hI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie pA~cavIM zatI IsA pUrva jina saMketa cihnoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, vaha bAda meM nahIM miltaa| jaise - sa, samu, sava, samva, saMvat saMketAkSaroM kA prayoga 'saMvatsara ke lie' hotA thaa| isI taraha bAda ke saMketAkSaroM ke dvArA bhI eka kAlakrama nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekhana zailI meM saMbodhana evaM upAdhibodhaka zabdoM kA bhI mahatva hai| udAharaNa ke lie nATyazAstra meM prayukta 'svAmI' zabda ko liyA jA sakatA hai| bharatamuni 1. rAulavela aura usakI bhASA, pR. 19 kAla-nirNaya 173

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ke 'nATyazAstra' ke kAla nirNaya kI samasyA kA samAdhAna isI upAdhisUcaka zabda se kiyA gayA hai / aneka vidvAnoM ne apanI taraha se 'nATyazAstra' kA racanA-kAla nirdhArita karane ke prayatna kiye haiM, parakANe mahodaya ne pro. silviyana levI kA eka udAharaNa diyA hai ki unhoMne 'nATyazAstra' meM saMbodhana saMbaMdhI zabdoM meM 'svAmI' kA AdhAra lekara aura caSTana jaise bhAratIya zaka zAsaka ke lekha meM caSTana ke lie 'svAmI' kA upayoga dekhakara yaha siddha kiyA ki bhAratIya 'nATyakalA' kA Arambha bhAratIya zakoM ke kSatrapoM ke darabAroM se huA arthAt videzI zaka- rAjyoM kI sthApanA se pUrva bhAratavAsI nATaka se anabhijJa the / nATyazAstra meM 'svAmI' zabda kA sambodhana bhI zaka zAsakoM ke darabAroM meM pracalita ziSTa prayogoM se liyA gayA hai| "" isa prakAra 'svAmI' sambodhana ko dekhakara aura nATyazAstra meM rAjA ke lie use prayukta batAyA dekhakara kucha vidvAna nATyakalA kA AraMbha bhI videzI zaka zAsakoM se mAnane lage the / rAjan, mahArAjA, mahArAjAdhirAja, rAjAdhirAja paramezvara, mahApratihAra Adi upAdhiyoM aura nAmoM eka lambI sUcI banAyI jA sakatI hai aura pratyeka kI kAlAvadhi aitihAsika kAla - kramaNikA meM sthira kI jA sakatI hai, taba ye kAla-nirdhAraNa meM adhika sahAyaka ho sakate haiM / isI taraha alaMkaraNAdi kA prayoga bhI kAla - kramAnusAra milA karate haiM / ataH unakI bhI kramabaddha sUcI banAkara kAla - saMketa grahaNa kiye jA sakate haiM / (kha) sUkSma- sAkSya ke antargata jina bAtoM kA sahayoga liyA jA sakatA hai ve nimnalikhita haiM (1) viSayavastu, (2) racanA meM Aye ullekha (ka) aitihAsika (kha) racanAkAroM ke ullekha (ga) samaya - saMketa, (gha) sAMskRtika vivaraNa, (Ga) sAmAjika pariveza / (1) viSaya-vastu sambaMdhI sAkSya meM vastu saMbaMdhI bAteM AtI haiM / jaise - kANe mahodaya ne bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' ke kAla - nirNaya saMbaMdhI carcA karate hue usameM ullikhita cAra alaMkAroM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| ve haiM - upamA, dIpaka, rUpaka evaM ymk| unakA kahanA hai ki 500-600 I. meM bhaTTI, bhAmaha, daNDI aura udbhaTa ne - 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 286 2. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 297 174 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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30 se adhika alaMkAroM kI carcA kI hai| yadi nATyazAstra isI samaya ke AsapAsa kI racanA hotI to usameM bhI kevala cAra hI alaMkAroM kA jikra nahIM hotaa| isakA abhiprAya yaha huA ki nATyazAstra isase bhI pUrva kI racanA hai| arthAt nATyazAstra 300 I. se bAda kI racanA nahIM hai|' isase spaSTa hai ki viSaya-vastu ke aMza ko AdhAra banAkara kANe mahodaya ne kAla-nirNaya meM sahAyatA dI hai| isI prakAra pANini kA kAla-nirdhArita karate samaya DaoN. vAsudeva agravAla ne bhI aneka vastugata saMdarbho ko AdhAra banAyA hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki aMta:sAkSya kI vastu ke aMzoM kI sAhityika, aitihAsika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, rAjanItika, jyotiSa Adi ke graMthoM kI sahAyatA se kAla nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| (ga) bhASA - aMtaraMga-sAkSya ke antargata sthala-pakSa ke atirikta prathama sAkSya bhASA kA hai| 'bhASA' kA itihAsa bhI kAla-kramAnusAra rUpa-parivartana Adi ko prApta kara Age bar3hatA hai| ataH bhASA-paMDita usakI rUpa-racanA aura zabda-koza tathA vyAkaraNAtmaka sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para vikAsa ke aneka caraNoM ko bhinna-bhinna kAloM meM bA~Takara, kAla-nirNaya karane hetu sahAyaka ke rUpa meM usakA upayoga kara sakatA hai| DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ke 'basaMta-vilAsa' kA kAla-nirNaya isI AdhAra para kiyA thaa| kyoMki 'basanta-vilAsa' meM kAlaviSayaka koI saMketa nahIM thaa| taba tatkAlIna prAmANika-graMthoM kI bhASA se hI tulanA kara kAla saMketa prApta kiye jA sakate the| DaoN. gupta ne bhI kAla-nirNaya meM bhASA sAkSya ke lie 1330 se lekara 1500 vi. saMvat taka kI kAlAvadhi ke madhya ke prAmANika graMthoM ko lekara unase tulanApUrvaka basanta vilAsa ke kAlakA nirdhAraNa kiyA thaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki bhASA kA sAkSya kAla-nirdhAraNa meM mukhya bhUmikA nibhA sakatA hai| ___3. vaijJAnika pravidhi : vaijJAnika pravidhi se bhI kAla-nirNaya karane meM sahAyatA lI jAtI hai| isa vidhi kA upayoga taba kiyA jAtA hai jaba koI kRti athavA abhilekha jamIna meM se khoda kara prApta kiyA jAtA hai| khoda kara prApta kI huI sAmagrI para san-saMvat yA tithi ke na hone kI paristhiti meM usa jagaha 1. Sahitya Darpan (Introduction) P. XI 2. pANDulipivijJAna, DaoN. satyendra, pR. 299 kAla-nirNaya 175

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kI miTTI yA vRkSa ke tane yA koyale Adi kI vaijJAnika jA~ca kI jAtI hai / usase unakI reDiyo ekTiva kArbana vidhi se kAla-nirNaya liyA jAtA hai| mohana jodar3o aura har3appA kI khudAI meM prApta sAmagrI kA kAla nirdhAraNa karane meM pRthvI para jamI partoM ko AdhAra banAyA gayA thaa| prAyaH yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pratyeka sau sAla meM pRthvI para 311 iMca moTI parata jama jAtI hai| isI anumAna se jitanI gaharAI se sAmagrI prApta hotI hai usakA kAla anumAnita kara liyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra "yadi usa bhUmi para vRkSa uge hue haiM to vRkSoM ke tane kATa kara dekhane para usameM eka ke Upara eka kitanI hI parta dikhAI par3atI haiM, unake AdhAra para usa vRkSa kA bhI samaya nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhUmi aura vRkSa donoM kI paratoM se usa vastu kA kAla prApta ho sakatA hai| ye donoM hI praNAliyA~ vaijJAnika haiM / jyotiSa kI gaNanA kI paddhati bhI vaijJAnika hI hai / para abhI hAla hI meM saMyukta rAjya ke pro. ema. sI. libbI ne reDiyoekTiva kArbana se kAlanirdhAraNa kI vaijJAnika vidhi kA udghATana kiyaa| TATA iMsTITyUTa oNva phaMDAmeMTala risarca nAmaka mumbaI sthita saMsthAna ne 1951 I. se 'reDiyo-kArbana kAla-nirdhAraNa vibhAga sthApita kara rakhA hai, isakI prayogazAlA meM 'kArbana' reDiyodharmitA ke AdhAra para kAla-nirdhAraNa kI vizada paddhati vikasita karalI hai| isase vastuoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa kA kArya sampanna kiyA jAtA hai|" isa prakAra kAla-nirNaya saMbaMdhI aneka samasyAe~ A sakatI haiM, jinakI saMkSipta jAnakArI dene kA yahA~ prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 7. kavi-nAma nirdhAraNa kI samasyA ___pANDulipivijJAna kI anya aneka samasyAoM kI taraha kavi-nAma nirdhAraNa kI samasyA bhI bahuta jaTila hai| pANDulipi saMgraha meM kaI bAra aise graMtha bhI hamAre sAmane Ate haiM, jinameM pratyakSata: racanAkAra ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hotA, athavA milate-julate ekAdhika nAmoM kA eka sAtha ullekha hotA hai athavA graMtha ke lipikartA ko hI racanAkAra mAna liyA jAtA hai| ata: yaha jAnanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki racanA kA mUla kavi yA racanAkAra kauna hai? isa samasyA ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiM / kucha kA ullekha DaoN. satyendra jI ne isa prakAra kiyA hai - 1. pANDulipivijJAna, DaoN. satyendra, pR. 300 - 176 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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1. kavi ne nAma hI na diyA ho jaise dhvanyAloka meN| 2. kavi ne nAma aisA diyA ho ki vaha sandehAspada lge| 3. kavi ne kucha isa prakAra apane nAma diye hoM ki pratIta ho ki ve alaga alaga haiN| kavi haiM - eka kavi nahIM - sUradAsa, sUra, sUraja Adi yA mamArika aura mubAraka yA nArAyaNa dAsa aura naabhaa| 4. kavi kA nAma aisA ho ki usake aitihAsika astitva ko siddha na kiyA jA sake, yathA - cndvrdaayii| 5. graMtha sammilita kRtitva ho, kahIM eka kavi kA to kahIM dUsare kA nAma diyA gayA ho| jaise - 'pravINasAgara' kaa| 6. graMtha aprAmANika ho aura kavi kA nAma jo diyA gayA ho, vaha jhUThA ho, yathA - 'mUla gusAIM carita', bAbA veNImAdhavadAsa kRt| 7. kavi meM pUraka kRtitva ho| isase yathArtha ke sambandha meM bhrAMti hotI ho, jaise - caturbhuja kA madhumAlatI aura pUraka kRtitva usameM goyama kaa| 8. vidvAnoM meM kisI graMtha ke kRtikAra kavi ke sambaMdha meM paraspara matabheda ho| 9. graMtha ke kaI pakSa hoM; yathA - mUla graMtha, usakI vRtti aura usakI ttiikaa| ho sakatA hai mUla graMtha aura vRtti kA lekhaka eka hI ho yA alagaalaga ho - jisase bhrama utpanna hotA ho| udAharaNArtha dhvanyAloka kI kArikA evaM vRtti| 10. lipikAra ko hI kavi samajha lene kA bhrama, aadi|' aise hI aura bhI kAraNa ho sakate haiM / isa prakAra kI kRtiyoM meM 'dhvanyAloka' para vistAra se carcAe~ huI haiM / yahI sthiti narapati nAlha ke sambaMdha meM kahI jA sakatI hai| bIsaladeva rAso kA racanAkAra gujarAtI jaina kavi narapati thA yA narapatinAlha, mahAkavi bhUSaNa aura muralIdhara kavi bhUSaNa eka hI haiM yA bhinnabhinna', pRthvIrAja rAso kA kavi candavaradAyI hai yA koI aura? Adi kaI racanAkAroM ke bAre meM nirNaya karanA bar3A kaThina hai| 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 301 2. vraja sAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. satyendra, pR. 366 kAla-nirNaya 177

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- isI prakAra kI samasyA taba bhI AtI hai jaba eka hI kavi ke ekAdhika nAma milate haiN| jaise - 'sUra sAgara' ke padoM meM sUradAsa, sUrazyAma, sUraja, sUraja svAmI Adi kaI nAmoM kI chApeM milatI haiM / 'sUrasAgara' ke samasta pada inameM se kisI eka kavi ke haiM yA bhinna-bhinna kaviyoM ke yaha samasyA abhI taka anasulajhI jaisI hI hai| kabhI-kabhI rAjyAzrita kavi apane AzrayadAtA kA mAna bar3hAne ke lie racanAkAra kI jagaha AzrayadAtA kA nAma de dete haiM taba bar3I samasyA khar3I ho jAtI hai ki racanAkAra kauna hai? ' zRMgAramaMjarI' ke racanAkAra ke lie yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| usake kavi cintAmaNi haiM yA unake AzrayadAtA 'bar3e sAhiba' akabara sAhi? isI prakAra anya samasyAoM para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama unheM vistArabhaya se yahA~ prastuta nahIM kara rahe haiM / ataH pANDulipivijJAna' ke vidyArthI ko aisI aneka samasyAoM se jUjhanA hogaa| 178 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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adhyAya 7 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA vAgarthAviva sampRktau vAgartho prtipttye| jagataH pitarau vande pArvatI prmeshvrau|| (raghuvaMza; kAlidAsa) arthAt zabda-artha ke samAna sampRkta jagata ke mAtA-pitA pArvatI-paramezvara kI (maiM) vANI artha kI pratipatti ke lie vandanA karatA huuN| ___pANDulipivijJAna pANDulipi kA lekhana, kAgaja, lipi, kavi yA kAla mAtra se saMbaMdhita nahIM hai, apitu usakA mUla pANDulipi ke zabdArthoM meM nihita hai| ataH zabda aura artha kA pANDulipivijJAna meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inameM bhI zabda adhika mahatvapUrNa hai, kyoMki isI sopAna ke sahAre hama kRtikAra ke artha taka pahu~cate haiN| yadi zabdoM meM artha-saMketa karake manuSya ne bhASA na banA lI hotI to kyA hotA? isalie kahA jAtA hai ki yadi zabdAtmaka jyoti kA udaya nahIM hotA to yaha sampUrNa jagat aMdhakAra meM hI rhtaa| yadi koI zabda kA samucita prayoga karanA jAnatA hai to samajho use saba kucha mila gyaa| kahA hai - 'ekaH zabdaH samyag jJAtaH suprayuktaH svarge loke kAmadhug bhvti'| arthAt eka zabda bhI yadi acchI taraha jAnakara suprayukta kiyA jAe, to vaha svargaloka meM (prayoga karane vAle ke lie) kAmadhenu hotA hai|' 1. zabda-samasyA zabda kaI prakAra ke hote haiM; jo artha prakriyA ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hote haiN| zabda-prakAra (1) rUr3ha, yaugika tathA yogarUr3ha : isa zabda-bheda (prakAra) ke dvArA arthapradAna kI prakriyA prakaTa hotI hai| ye prakriyAe~ tIna prakAra kI hotI haiN| 1. acchI hindI : kizorIdAsa vAjapeyI, pR. 83 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 179

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( ka ) rUr3ha : rUr3ha zabda kA eka mUla rUpa hotA hai, jisakA kucha artha hotA hai / yaha 'artha' usa zabda ke mUlarUpa ke sAtha 'rUr3ha' ho jAtA hai| jaise- 'gAya' yA 'gau' zabda-rUpa kA jo artha hai vaha rUr3ha hai, kyoMki na jAne kaba se ina donoM meM abhinna saMbaMdha rahA hai / ata: 'gau' zabda ke sAtha usakA artha rUr3hi yA paramparA se pracalita ho gayA / (kha) yaugika : jahA~ rUr3ha zabda ke sAtha eka se adhika aise zabda paraspara mila jAyeM yA inakA yoga ho jAye unheM yaugika kahate haiM / jaise- 'vidyA' rUr3ha zabda hai aura 'bala' bhI vaisA hI rUr3ha hai; kintu vidyAbala, vidyArthI, vidyAlaya Adi zabdoM ke artha meM prakriyA kucha bhinna hotI hai / inameM se pratyeka zabda apane rUr3ha artha ke sAtha paraspara milA hai aura yaha 'yaugika' zabda rUpa arthAbhivyakti ko viziSTatA pradAna karatA hai / 'vidyAbala' se usa zakti kA artha milatA hai jo vidyA meM nihita hai aura vidyA meM se vidyA ke dvArA prakaTa hotA hai / ' 1 (ga) yogarUr3ha : isa prakriyA meM do yA adhika zabda paraspara isa prakAra kA yoga karate haiM ki unake dvArA pradatta artha, nirmAyaka zabdoM ke rUr3hArthoM se bhinna hote hue bhI, rUpa meM yaugika usa zabda ko eka alaga rUr3ha artha pradAna karatA hai / jaise 'jalaja ' zabda jala aura ja ( utpanna) do zabdoM kA yaugika hai, jisase 'kamala' nAmaka puSpa vizeSa kA hI artha liyA jAtA hai / yadyapi 'jalaja' ke yaugika artha meM machalI, mU~gA, motI, sIpI Adi bhI saMketita hote haiM; kintu usakA yaha artha 'kamala' ke sAtha rUr3ha ho gayA hai / ata: yaha 'yogarUr3ha ' kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra lipijJoM kI dRSTi se ye bheda koI samasyA nahIM utthaate| - zabda ke ye bheda Adhunika bhASA vaijJAnikoM ke lie samasyAtmaka haiM / pANDulipivijJAna meM to vyAkaraNika zabda - bheda (saMjJA, sarvanAma Adi) bhI abhISTa nahIM hai / 'zabda-bheda' ke lie vividha zAstrAnusAra eka tAlikA nimna prakAra prastuta kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM ina vividha bhedoM ke saMketa diye gae haiM? 1. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 311 2. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 311 180 - sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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nAma zAstra viSaya . zabda-bheda 1. vyAkaraNa racanA evaM gaThana 1. rUr3ha, 2. yaugika, 3. yogarUr3ha 2. vyAkaraNa- banAvaTa 1. samAsa zabda, 2. punarukta zabda, bhASAvijJAna 3. anukaraNamUlaka, 4. anargala, 5. anuvAdayugma zabda, 6. pratidhvanyAtmaka zabda 3. vyAkaraNa+ zabda-vikAsa 1. tatsama, 2. arddhatatsama, 3. tadbhava bhASAvijJAna 4. dezaja, 5. videzI 4. vyAkaraNa : koTigata (ka) nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga, niyAta koTigata (zabdabheda) (kha) saMjJA, sarvanAma, kriyA, vizeSaNa kriyAvizeSaNa, samuccayabodhaka, saMbaMdhasUcaka, vismayAdibodhaka 5. pAribhASika prayogasImA ke kAvyazAstrIya, saMgIta, saundarya, jyotiSa AdhAra para zAstrIya Adi viSaya saMbaMdhI zabda 6. artha-vijJAna paryAyavAcI (samAnArthI), ekArthavAcI anekArthavAcI, bhinnArthavAcI (zleSArthI), samAnarUpI aadi| 7. kAvyazAstra - vAcaka, lakSaka evaM vyaMjaka kintu; pANDulipivijJAna meM pANDulipi meM prayukta zabda-rUpoM ke artha hI vicAra hotA hai / isa prakAra ke zabda graMtha-racanA meM nizcaya hI sArthaka hote haiN| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki 'artha kA AdhAra zabda-rUpa hai|' zabda-rUpa meM mUlAdhAra 'akSarayoga' hai aura 'akSarayoga' lipikartA yA lekhaka dvArA likhe gaye hote haiN| aba yadi kisI lekhaka yA lipikartA ne 'mAnusa hoM to' zabdarUpa likhA hai to isakA artha hogA 'yadi maiM manuSya hoU~' aura yadi 'mAnu sahoM to' zabda-rUpa likhA hai to artha hogA 'yadi maiM mAna (rUThanA) sahana karU~ to'| isase spaSTa hai ki akSarAvalI ke eka hone ke bAvajUda lipikartA ke dvArA zabda-rUpa khar3e karane ke kAraNa artha-bhinnatA utpanna huii| ataH kahA jA sakatA zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 181

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hai ki artha-grahaNa zabda-rUpa para nirbhara karatA hai| artha kA AdhAra zabda-rUpa hI hai| 2. pANDulipi meM prApta zabda-bheda pANDulipi ke prApta hone para sarvaprathama hameM usakI lipi ko samajhanA hotA hai aura bhASA kI samasyA se jUjhanA hotA hai| ina donoM prakAra kI samasyAoM kA hala zabda-rUpoM meM nihita rahatA hai| kisI bhI pANDulipi meM nimnalikhita prakAra ke zabda-bheda ho sakate haiM - 1. milita zabda : jaba kisI pANDulipi meM eka hI paMkti meM pUrA kA pUrA vAkya likhA milatA hai taba milita zabdoM kI samasyA AtI hai| isameM zabda apanA rUpa alaga nahIM rkhte| eka dUsare se milate hue pUrI paMkti ko eka hI zabda banA dete haiN| prAcIna paramparA ke pANDulipi lekhaka isI prakAra likhate the| jaise - 'maanushotovhiirskhaanvsauvrjgokulgaaNvkeguvaarni'| isa eka hI paMkti meM eka sAtha likhe zabdoM meM se pAThaka apanI sUjha-bUjha yA samajha ke anusAra zabda-rUpa khar3e karatA hai| jaise - (1) mAnusa hoM to vahIM rasakhAna (2) mAnu sahoM tova hIra sakhA na aadi| isase spaSTa hai ki apane dvArA khar3e kie gaye zabda-rUpoM kA artha bhI apanI hI taraha nikAlA jaayegaa| vastuta: milita zabdoM meM pahalI samasyA zabda ke yathArtha rUpa ko, jo kavi ko abhipreta zabdAvalI ho - ko nirdiSTa karanA hai; kyoMki ThIka zabdarUpoM ko na pakar3a pAne ke kAraNa artha meM kaThinAI aayegii| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM - "navIna kavi kRta 'prabodha sudhAsara' ke chanda 901 ke eka caraNa meM 'zabdarUpa' yoM grahaNa kiye gaye haiM - 'tU tau pUjai A~khatale vaha tau nakhata le' - zabdarUpa dene vAle ko pUre saMdarbha kA dhyAna na rhaa| milita zabdAvalI se ye zabdarUpa yoM grahaNa kiye jAne cAhie the - 'tU tau pUjai Akhata le' Adi / 'A~kha tale' se artha nahIM miltaa| AkhataH akSata: cAvala se artha ThIka banatA hai|" 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 315 182 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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2. vikRta-zabda : pANDulipi meM vikRta-zabdoM kI bhI eka samasyA rahatI hai jisake kAraNa abhISTa artha taka pahu~canA kaThina rahatA hai| yaha to prAyaH nizcita hI hai ki pratilipikAra mUlapATha kI yathAvat pratilipi nahIM kara sktaa| isake aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiN| isalie pratilipi meM kucha pATha-saMbaMdhI vikRtiyA~ A jAnA svAbhAvika hai| ina vikRtiyoM kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI jA sakatI hai : una samasta pAThoM ko vikRta pATha kI saMjJA dI jAyegI jinake mUla lekhaka dvArA likhe hone kI kisI prakAra kI saMbhAvanA nahIM kI jA sakatI aura jo lekhaka kI bhASA, zailI aura vicAradhArA se pUrNatayA viparIta par3ate haiN| isa prakAra vikRta-pATha meM vikRta-zabdoM kA bar3A bhArI yogadAna rahatA hai| ye vikRta-zabda nimna prakAra ho sakate haiM - (1) AkAra vikRti : zabda kI mAtrA, akSara Adi vikRta hone ke kAraNa zabda meM AkAra vikRti huA karatI hai| isa prakAra vikRta zabda cha: prakAra ke hote haiM - (ka) mAtrA-vikRta : laghu mAtrA kI jagaha dIrgha yA dIrgha mAtrA kI jagaha laghu mAtrA likhakara yaha vikRti lAI jAtI hai| jaise - rAtri > rAtrI / kabhI-kabhI bhramavaza kisI anya mAtrA kI jagaha anya mAtrA likha dI jAtI hai, jaise dhIrai > dhorai (I - o)| 'mAtrA vikRti' ke rUpa kaI kAraNoM se banate haiM; jaise - mAtrA lagAnA hI bhUla jAyeM, do mAtrAoM meM abheda sthApita ho jAye, smRti-bhrama ho, yA anavadhAnatA ke kAraNa, jaise - 'visaMtulayaM' ke sthAna para 'visuMThalyaM' likhnaa| (kha) akSara-vikRta : akSara-vikRta zabda ve zabda hote haiM jo aise likhe gaye hoM ki jinheM pAThaka kucha kA kucha par3ha letA ho| isa prakAra ke kucha udAharaNa nimna prakAra haiM - ka> pha ta > Ta Sa > pa, ba tha > cha, ba ga > ma da ) va 1. pariSad patrikA, varSa 3, aMka 4, pR. 48, paTanA, DaoN. vimaleza kAnti varmA kA lekha - 'pATha vikatiyA~ aura pATha-saMbaMdhI nirdhAraNa meM unakA mhtv|' zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 183

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ga bha gha dha gha ba kha sva cava, ba gha 184 cha ba, ja > ta jhala, U Ta Dha, da Da u, da, ka dada - dha gha na ta, ba, ra, ma, ya ma (ga) vibhakta - akSara vikRta zabda : aise zabda jinheM tor3akara tadbhava rUpa banAkara par3hA jAye ve isI koTi meM Ate haiN| jaise karma ko vibhakta karake 'karama', Urdhva ko 'Uradha' Atma ko Atama, adhyAtma ko adhyAtama Adi / phaka bhama, la rada, Ta yama, tha va > na (gha) yuktAkSara - vikRti yukta : isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. satyendrajI ne vistAra se likhA hai / unake anusAra jaba zabda paraspara vibhakta na hokara mukta ho aura taba unameM se kisI meM bhI yadi vikAra A jAtA hai to use yuktAkSara - vikRti yukta zabda kheNge| jaise - mahAjanhi ko mahajanhi, UlaMbI ko ukkaMbI aura uddharajyo jI ko uddharajya jI, zAMDilya ko sAMDilla par3hA jAye vahA~ yaha vikRti hI hai / sama haDa (Ga) ghasITAkSara vikRti yukta zabda : tvarAvaza likhI jAnevAlI pANDulipi ghasITAkSaroM meM likhI jAtI hai| ghasITa meM likhI jAnevAlI pANDulipiyoM meM vikRti AnA bhI svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna rAja-kAja ke patrAdi ghasITa-akSaroM meM likhe jAne kI eka paramparA-sI thI, jise samajhane ke lie nirantara abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI thI / prAyaH vizeSa- vizeSa lekhakoM ke ghasITa meM likhe lekha ko par3hane kA bhI abhyAsa karavAyA jAtA thA / ghasITAkSaroM meM likhI pANDulipi ko nahIM samajhane ke kAraNa isa prakAra kI vikRtiyukta zabdoM ke kAraNa artha ko samajhane meM bahuta kaThinAI hotI thI / 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 320 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(ca) alaMkaraNa nirbhara vikRti yukta : lekhana meM kalAtmakatA dikhAne ke lie alaMkaraNa nirbhara vikRti yukta zabdoM kA prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai / alaMkaraNa kI isa pravRtti ke kAraNa eka hI akSara ko lekhaka vibhinna kalAtmaka rUpoM meM likhatA hai jisake kAraNa akSara rUpoM ke sAtha zabda rUpa bhI badala jAte haiM / devanAgarI lipi meM ' alaMkaraNa' kI pravRtti I. pU. prathama zatI se hI dikhAI detI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. ahamada hasana dAnI ne 'iNDiyana peliyogrAphI' meM isa para kAphI vistAra se likhA hai / DaoN. satyendra ne unake 'alaMkRta varNamAlA' kA eka citra bhI uddhata kiyA hai / ata: alaMkaraNa ke prabhAva ko samajhakara hI 'zabdarUpa' kA nirNaya karanA ucita rhegaa| 1 I 3. navarUpAkSara yukta zabda : jaba lipikAra pracalita akSara - rUpa ke atirikta koI nayA evaM anokhA rUpa likhatA hai, taba isa navarUpAkSara yukta zabdavikRti kI adhika guMjAiza rahatI hai / 4. luptAkSarI zabda : dhvaniyoM kI taraha akSara - vikRti meM lopa, Agama aura viparyaya kI sthiti dekhI jA sakatI hai / pANDulipiyoM meM aise zabda dekhane ko milate haiM, jinake koI-koI akSara bhramavaza yA tvarAvaza chUTa jAte haiN| aise zabdoM kA artha prasaMga ke anusAra zabda ko samajhakara luptAkSara kI pUrti karake hI samajhA jA sakatA hai / vidyApati kI kIrtilatA meM 'bAdazAha je vIrAhima sAhI' likhA hai / isameM 'ivarAhima zAha' kA hI 'virAhima zAha' ho gayA hai / isI prakAra saMdezarAsaka meM 'saMjhAsiya' meM 'sajjhasiya' kA 'ja' lupta hai I 5. AgamAkSarI : lipikartA kI bhUla se pANDulipi meM zabdoM meM eka-do akSaroM kA Agama bhI ho jAtA hai, jisase zabda rUpa kA artha samajhane meM kaThinAI hotI hai / - 6. viparyAkSarI zabda : mAtrA kI taraha varNa-viparyaya bhI hotA hai| isameM asAvadhAnIvaza Age kA akSara pIche yA pIche kA akSara Age likhA jAtA hai / 7. saMketAkSarI zabda : pANDulipi meM saMketAkSarI zabdoM kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / lambe yA bar3e zabdoM ko jaba usake choTe aMza ke dvArA darzAyA jAtA hai to 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 323 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 185

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yaha nirarthaka-sA choTA akSara-saMketa pUre zabda ke rUpa meM grAhya hotA hai| jaise - 'sambatsara' ke lie 'saM.' 'sa', samu. Adi; hemanta ke lie 'he' yA 'hema'; varSa ke lie 'va' yA 'vA'; abdula ke lie 'adda' Adi saMketoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra pANDulipi ke adhyetA apane lie aisI saMketAkSarI zabdoM kI sUcI banA sakatA hai| 8. viziSTArthI zabda : pANDulipivijJAna meM viziSTArthI zabdoM kA atyadhika mahatva hai| yaha rUpagata nahIM hai| viziSTa zabdoM kA viziSTa artha jAne binA hama yathArtha artha taka nahIM pahu~ca skte| kevala abhidhArtha karate hue arthAbhAsa kA anubhava karate haiN| binA una zabdoM kA artha samajhe khIMcatAna kara artha nikAlanA hotA hai / aise viziSTArthI zabdoM ke sambandha meM DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne 'kIrtilatA' ke saMdarbha meM aneka udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| eka udAharaNa prastuta hai - __ maSadUma narAvai doma jajo hAtha dadasa dasa naaro|' isa paMkti ke sabhI zabda viziSTArthI haiM, unake yathArtha arthoM se aparicita vyakti artha nikAlane meM kaI taraha kI khIMcatAna karate haiM; kintu DaoN. agravAla kA kahanA hai ki "isa eka paMkti meM sAta zabda pAribhASika prAkRta aura phArasI ke haiN|" inake viziSTa artha nimna prakAra se batAye gaye haiM - 1. maSadUma/makhadUma - bhUta-preta sAdhaka musalamAnI dharma-guru 2. narAvai - osaviyA - arthAt jo naraka ke jIvoM yA pretAtmAoM kA adhipati hai| 3. doSa - yAtanA denaa| 4. hAtha - zIghra 5. dadasa - hadasa (arabI.) pretAtmAoM ko aMgUThI ke naga meM dikhAne kI prkriyaa| - dikhAtA hai 7. NArao - naraka ke jIva, pretaatmaaeN| 6. dasa 1. kIrtilatA : DaoN. vAsudeva agravAla, 2/190, pR. 108 2. pANDulipivijJAna : DaoN. satyendra, pR. 325 186 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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isI prakAra zilAlekhoM evaM abhilekhoM meM bhI viziSTArthI zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. DI.sI. sarakAra ke 'iNDiyana eyogrAphI' graMtha ke AThaveM adhyayana ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| abhiprAya kahane kA yaha hai ki viziSTArthI zabdoM ke pUrvApara prasaMga ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhakara artha kiyA jAnA caahie| 9. saMkhyAvAcaka zabda : pANDulipi meM Aye aneka zabda saMkhyAvAcI hote haiN| unase jisa saMkhyA kA bodha hotA hai, vahI artha grahaNa karanA hotA hai| aise zabdoM ke abhidhArtha se kAma nahIM cltaa| isa prakAra ke zabdoM kI sUcanA pichale pRSThoM meM anyatra dI jA cukI hai| jaise - rajanIsa = candramA - 1, veda - 4, rasa - 6 saMkhyAvAcI zabda hI haiN| ___10. vartanI-cyuta zabda : kabhI-kabhI pANDulipi meM aise zabdoM kA prayoga bhI dekhane ko milatA hai jaba lekhaka yA lipikartA dvArA vartanI kI bhUla ho gaI ho| isa vartanI-cyuti ke kAraNa 'sa' kA 'za' u kA U Adi rUpa likhe milate haiN| jaise - salila-zalila, taru-tarU aadi| vartanI-cyuti ke kAraNa mAtrAvikRti evaM zabda-vikRti svAbhAvika hai| 11. sthApanna zabda (bhramAt athavA anyathA) : jaba pANDulipi meM prayukta koI zabda pAThaka yA adhyetA kI samajha se bAhara hotA hai taba vaha apanI suvidhArtha, usa zabda ke sthAna para nayA zabda rakhakara svaicchita artha nikAla letA hai| aise zabda ko hI sthAnApanna, bhramAt yA anyathA zabda kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke zabdoM ke lie pANDulipi vaijJAnika ko dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai| ___ 12. aparicita zabda : prAya: aisA bhI hotA hai ki jaba atiprAcIna pANDulipi meM vyavahata zabda pANDulipi vaijJAnika ko aparicita lagatA ho| yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai; kyoMki hajAroM varSa pUrva lipikRta pANDulipi meM vyavahata zabda aba pracalita nahIM rahA ho| kevala isI kAraNa se eka pANDulipivettA usakI upekSA nahIM kara sktaa| use cAhie ki usa aparicita zabda kA tatkAlIna srotoM se anusaMdhAna kara sahI zabda evaM artha ko prastuta kreN| aparicita zabdoM meM kucha zabda viziSTArtha zabda yA pAribhASika zabda bhI ho sakate haiN| hameM isa ora bhI dhyAna denA apekSita hai| isake sAtha hI aparicita zabda rUpoM meM aise zabda bhI A sakate haiM, jinake zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 187

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sAmAnyArtha se hama paricita hoM, kintu viSTArtha se nahIM / ve zabda kisI kSetra - vizeSa ke bhI ho sakate haiM, jisa kSetra - vizeSa meM vaha pANDulipi lipibaddha kI gaI ho / prAcIna kAvyoM meM aise viziSTha zabda paryApta mAtrA meM prApta ho sakate haiM / isa prakAra ke 'aparicita zabda' kI dRSTi se eka udAharaNa dekhie - haddahi haTTa bhamantao dUao rAjakumAra / diTThi kutUhala kajja rasa to iTTha darabAra / / 215 // - kIrtilatA, 2 / 33 isa dohe meM prayukta 'kajja rasa' viziSTArthaka hai / ata: yaha aparicita mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa dohe kA prasaMga darabArI hai ataH isakA artha bhI usI saMdarbha meM grahaNa karanA hogA / 4 kajjana saM. kArya prA. kajja arthAt ' adAlatI phariyAda' yA nyAyAlaya yA rAjA ke sAmane phariyAda / rasa saM. rasa prA. rasa, arthAt cillAkara kahanA / 'kajja rasa' kA artha huA 'apanI phariyAda kahane ke lie' / isa prakAra 'kajja' aura 'rasa' donoM paricita zabda hone ke bAvajUda prasaMga vizeSa se artha taka pahu~cane ke lie aparicita haiM / isI prakAra ke aneka zabdoM kI ora DaoN. kizorIlAla ne bhI saMketa kiyA hai / 2 isa prakAra 'zabda' artha taka pahu~cane kA sopAna hai / yathArtha artha zabda kI apekSA sArthaka zabdAvalI kI sArthaka vAkya yojanA meM nihita rahatA hai / vastuta: kisI bhI kRti kA sRjana kisI artha ko abhivyakta karane ke lie hotA hai / yadi zabda apane ThIka rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA to artha bhI ThIka nahIM degaa| bhartRhari ke 'vAkya pradIpa' meM kahA hai - jJAna jaise apane ko aura apane jJeya ko prakAzita karatA hai usI prakAra zabda bhI apane svarUpa ko tathA apane artha ko prakAzita karatA hai| saca to yaha hai ki artha se hI zabda kI sArthakatA hai / vaha vAkya meM jo sthAna rakhatA hai, usI kAraNa se use vaha artha milatA hai / - 3. artha - samasyA pANDulipi - adhyetA ke lie zabda kI samasyA kI taraha artha - samasyA bhI atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai| usa samasyA ke nimnalikhita kAraNa haiM 188 1. kIrtilatA : DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pR. 110 2. sammelana patrikA, bhAga 56, saMkhyA 2-3, pR. 181-182 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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(1) milita zabdAvalI meM se ucita zabda-rUpa kA na bananA - zabdarUpa kI ThIka pahacAna karane meM artha bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| milita zabdAvalI meM se ThIka zabdarUpa para pahu~cane para ThIka artha pAnA bhI Avazyaka hai| lekina jaba milita zabdAvalI meM se ucita zabda-rUpa nahIM bana pAtA hai to artha kI samasyA bar3I jaTila ho jAtI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla eka uddharaNa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - 'bhea karantA mama uvai dujjaNa vairiNa hoi'| 1/22 "bAbUrAmajI ne 'meaka hantA mujjhuJaI' pATha rakhA hai jo 'ka' prati kA hai| akSaroM ko galata jor3a dene se yahA~ unhoMne artha kiyA hai - yadi durjana mujhe kATa DAle athavA mAra DAle to bhI bairI nhiiN| unhoMne TippaNI meM bhea kahantA' dete hue artha diyA hai - 'yadi durjana merA bheda khde'| ziva prasAda siMha ne ise hI apanAyA hai / vAstava meM 'a' prati se isake mUlapATha kA uddhAra hotA hai| mUla kA artha hai - marma kA bheda karatA huA durjana pAsa Ave to bhI zatru nahIM hogaa| uvaI < prA. - avaha. dhAtu, jisakA artha pAsa AnA hai|'' agravAla sAhaba ke ukta kathana para TippaNI karate hue DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM - "isa vivecana se eka ora to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki 'milita zabdAvalI' meM se zabda-rUpa banAte samaya akSaroM ko galata jor3a dene se galata zabda bana jAtA hai| bhea kahantA/karantA, meM se 'bheaka' banAne meM 'kahantA' yA 'karantA' ke 'ka' ko bhea se jor3akara bheaka' banA diyA hai| yaha galata zabda bana gyaa| isase artha galata ho gayA, ulajha gayA aura samasyA banI raha gyii| 2 (2) kisI aparicita zabda ko paricita zabdoM kI koTi meM lAne kI asamarthatA : artha-samasyA kA dUsarA kAraNa kisI aparicita zabda ko paricita zabdoM kI koTi meM lAne kI asamarthatA hai| isakA udAharaNa uparyukta 'kIrtilatA' ke udAharaNa meM prayukta 'uvai' zabda hai| yaha eka aparicita zabda hai jise pUrva TIkAkAroM ne grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| 'uvai' prAkRta-avahaTTa kA rUpAntara thA, jisakA artha pAsa AnA hai| 1. kIrtilatA : prA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pR. 19-20 2. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 331 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA ' 189

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eka anya udAharaNa 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM prayukta 'Aradda' zabda hai| DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI kahate haiM ki 'Aradda' zabda kA yaha artha (arthAt julAhA) ajJAtapUrva avazya hai; kyoMki koSoM meM kahIM bhI 'Aradda' kA artha julAhA nahIM miltaa| ataH "kisI zabda ke anya graMthoM meM na milane mAtra se usake artha ke viSaya meM zaMkA uThAnA ucita nahIM hai| sambhava hai kisI adhika jAnakAra ko vaha zabda anyatra mila bhI jaae|"| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki Aradda' zabda pUrNataH aparicita zabda hai| (3) vyAkaraNika dRSTi se artha-samasyA : kaI bAra pANDulipivaijJAnika ke vyAkaraNa para dhyAna nahIM dene ke kAraNa bhI artha-samasyA jaTila ho jAtI hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM hI anyatra 'mIraseNassa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, jisakI TIkAkAroM ne 'mIrasenAkhya' rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. dvivedI kahate haiM - " 'Araddo mIraseNassa' kA artha 'Araddo mIrasenAkhya' nahIM ho sktaa| 'mIraseNassa' SaSTayanta pada hai, usakI vyAkhyA 'mIra senAkhyaH' prathamAMta pada ke rUpa meM nahIM honI caahie|'' isase spaSTa hai TIkAkAroM ke vyAkaraNarUpa para dhyAna nahIM dene ke kAraNa yaha artha kI samasyA khar3I huii| ataH artha kI dRSTi se vyAkaraNa ke prayogoM para dhyAna denA caahie| (4) bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se artha-samasyA : vyAkaraNika artha-samasyA kI taraha bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI artha kI samasyA uThatI hai; kyoMki zabda ke jisa rUpa ko artha hetu svIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha vyAkaraNasammata hone ke sAtha bhASAvijJAna dvArA bhI sammata honA cAhie, tabhI ThIka artha mila sakatA hai| 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA eka zabda hai 'addhddddiinnu'| TippaNakAra ne ise 'aodvigna' (AdhA udvigna) tathA avacUrikAkAra ne adhvodvigna' (rAstA calane se udvigna) mAna kara artha kiyA hai ; kintu DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI kA kahanA hai ki 'udvigna' kA rUpAntara 'uvvinna' hotA hai 'uDDINa' nhiiN| uDDINa bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se 'udvigna' kA rUpAntara nahIM ho sktaa| 'uDDINa' kA artha 'ur3atA huA' hotA hai| ataH bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI artha-samasyA para vicAra karanA caahie| 1. saMdeza-rAsaka, pR. 11 2. saMdeza-rAsaka, pR. 12 3. saMdeza-rAsaka, pR. 21 190 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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I ( 5 ) bAhya - sAmya se artha lene se samasyA : jaba kisI zabda-rUpa kA 'bAhya sAmya' dekhakara artha kara baiThate haiM, taba yaha samasyA uThatI hai / isa saMdarbha meM DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM ki " saMdeza - rAsaka meM eka zabda hai 'kosilli' isakA bAhya-sAmya 'kuzala' se milatA hai, ataH TippaNaka aura avacUrikA meM (za. 22 ) isakA artha 'kuzalena arthAt kuzalatApUrvaka' kara diyA gyaa| para 'dezInAmamAlA' meM isa zabda ke yathArtha artha ko grahaNa karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA / prAbhRtam artha ThIka hai, yaha DaoN. dvivedI kA abhimata hai / " ( 6 ) chandAnukUlatA se artha-samasyA : kabhI-kabhI kavi chanda kI dRSTi se mAtrAe~ ghaTA-bar3hA dete haiM / isase bhI zabda - rUpa kA artha-grahaNa karane meM samasyA A jAtI hai / 1 (7) deza-kAla bheda se zabdArtha bheda kI samasyA : prAcIna pANDulipiyoM meM jo kAvya - zAstra saMbaMdhI hotI haiM, unameM prAya: deza-kAla bheda se zabdArtha-bheda kI samasyA AyA karatI hai| eka hI zabda ke koSagata aneka artha hote haiM, kintu eka racanA meM eka samaya eka hI artha-grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna kaviyoM dvArA eka hI zabda vibhinna pradezoM meM vibhinna arthoM meM prayukta kiye gae haiM / ataH artha-grahaNa ke lie graMthakAra aura graMtha ke deza evaM kAla kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie / isa prakAra pANDulipivijJAnArthI ke lie jisa sAmAnyajJAna kI apekSA kI jAtI hai, use dhyAna meM rakhakara yahA~ artha-samasyA ke samAdhAna kI ora kiMcit iMgita mAtra kiyA gayA hai| 1. pANDulipivijJAna, pR. 332 zabda aura artha : eka samasyA 191

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adhyAya 8 pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa ( rakha-rakhAva) 1. AvazyakatA evaM mahattva vartamAnakAla meM pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva bar3ha gayA hai| hamAre pUrvajoM kI pIr3hiyoM kI isa sAMskRtika dharohara ko yadi samhAlakara nahIM rakhA to Ane vAlI pIr3hiyA~ hameM kSamA nahIM kreNgii| pANDulipiyoM kI anya samasyAoM kI taraha Aja unakI surakSA yA rakha-rakhAva kI samasyA bhI kama cintanIya nahIM hai| pANDulipiyoM ke prakAroM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ve tAr3apatra, bhojapatra, camar3A, kapar3A, kAgaja, lakar3I, rezama, prastara, miTTI, sonA, cA~dI, tA~bA, pItala, kA~sA, lohA, hAthIdA~ta, zaMkha, sIpI Adi kisI lipyAsana para lipibaddha ho sakatI haiN| isalie pratyeka prakAra kI pANDulipi para bhI rakha-rakhAva yA surakSA kI dRSTi se alaga-alaga dekha-rekha kI vidhiyA~ apanAnI pdd'eNgii| pichale dinoM eka dainika samAcArapatra meM yaha par3hakara hairAnI huI ki - "siDanI, (rAyaTara) kitAboM ke rakharakhAva ke lie dhana nahIM hone ke kAraNa AsTreliyA ke eka vizvavidyAlaya ne hajAroM pustakoM ko daphana kara diyaa| pazcima siDanI vizvavidyAlaya ke pravaktA sTIvana maiceTa ne Aja batAyA ki vizvavidyAlaya ko abhI patA nahIM cala pAyA hai ki isa harakata ke pIche kauna jimmevAra thaa| vizvavidyAlaya kI ye hajAroM kitAbeM 1996 meM vizvavidyAlaya ke maidAna meM daphanA dI giiN| yaha patA nahIM cala pAyA hai ki kisa mUrkha ne yaha kAMDa krvaayaa| samAcArapatra 'da DelI TelIgrApha' ke anusAra dasa hajAra kitAbeM daphanAI gaI thiiN|'' isase yaha to patA nahIM calatA ki kina paristhitiyoM meM aisA huaa| dhana kI kamI eka kAraNa ho sakatA hai| parantu kabhI-kabhI prAkRtika kAraNoM se bhI pANDulipiyA~ naSTa ho jAyA karatI haiN|" dakSiNa kI adhika USNa havA meM 1. paMjAba kezarI, dillI, 22 mArca, 2001 192 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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tADapatra kI pustakeM utane adhika samaya taka raha nahIM sakatIM jitanI ki nepAla Adi zIta dezoM meM raha sakatI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki uttarI nepAla meM pANDulipiyoM kI khoja kI gaI to prAcIna tAr3apatrIya pANDulipiyA~ adhika acchI hAlata meM prApta huiiN| yadyapi tAr3apatroM para prAcIna graMtha bahuta kama milate haiM, phira bhI dUsarI se 10vIM zadI taka ke chaH graMtha yA unake aMza upalabdha hue haiN| isa prakAra 11vIM zatI ke pUrva ke graMtha bahuta kama milate haiN| ___kamobeza yahI sthiti bhojapatrIya pANDulipiyoM kI hai| kAzmIra se prApta cAra bhojapatrIya pANDulipiyA~ dUsarI se AThavIM zadI taka kI haiN| ve bhI isalie surakSita rahI ki unako stUpoM ke bhItara pattharoM ke madhya surakSita rakhA gayA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. ojhAjI kahate haiM ki "ye pustakeM stUpoM ke bhItara rahane yA pattharoM ke bIca gar3he rahane se hI unake dIrghakAla taka baca pAyI haiM, parantu khule vAtAvaraNa meM rahane vAle bhUrjapatra ke graMtha I. sa. kI 15vIM zatAbdI se pUrva ke nahIM milate, jisakA kAraNa yahI hai ki bhUrjapatra, tAr3apatra yA kAgaja adhika TikAU nahIM hotaa|''2 arthAt 4-5 sau sAla se adhika purAne graMtha nahIM milte| yahI hAlata kAgaja ke graMthoM kI bhI hai / kyoMki "bhAratavarSa ke jalavAyu meM kAgaja bahuta adhika kAla taka nahIM raha sktaa| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki tAr3apatrIya, bhUrjapatrIya, kAgajIya lipyAsana para likhita racanA bahuta nIce, gahare, dabAkara rakhane se hI dIrghajIvI ho sakatI hai| isalie surakSAtmaka rakha-rakhAva kI dRSTi se isa ora dhyAna denA caahie| ____ uparyukta prAkRtika kAraNoM ke atirikta bhautika kAraNa bhI rahe haiM jinase prAcIna pANDulipi graMthAgAra surakSita nahIM rhe| kahate haiM sikandara ke AkramaNa ke samaya takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya kA pustakAlaya bhI naSTa kara diyA gayA thaa| vahA~ se jo vidvAna jAna bacAkara jitanI pANDulipiyA~ lAdakara le jA sakatA thA ve tibbata meM jAkara surakSita raha paaiiN| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne prathama bAra unakA uddhAra kiyA thaa| isI prakAra bhArata meM aneka videzI AkrAntA Ae jinhoMne maMdiroM, maThoM, bihAroM, pustakAlayoM, graMthAgAroM, nagaroM Adi ko naSTa1. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA : DaoN. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, pR. 143 2. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 144 3. bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 145 pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa (rakha rakhAva) 193

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bhraSTa kara diyA thA yA Aga lagA kara jalA diyA thaa| kucha bAda kI sAmpradAyika vaimanazyatA ke kAraNa bhI graMthoM kA vinAza huaa| alAuddIna khilajI ke lie to karnala TaoNDa kahate haiM - "saba jAnate haiM ki khUna ke pyAse allA (alAuddIna) ne dIvAroM ko tor3akara hI dama nahIM le liyA thA varan mandiroM kA bahuta-sA mAla nIMvoM meM gar3avA diyA, mahala khar3e kiye aura apanI vijaya ke antima cihnasvarUpa una sthaloM para gadhoM se hala calavA diyA, jahA~ ve mandira khar3e the|" __ yahI kAraNa thA ki prAcInakAla meM graMthoM kI surakSA evaM rakha-rakhAva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ina graMthAgAroM ko bhaNDAra tahakhAnoM meM rakhA jAtA thaa| tAki kisI AkramaNakArI kI lAlacabharI dRSTi vahA~ taka nahIM jaaye| aNahilavAr3A ke prAcIna graMthAgAra isI kAraNa alAuddIna kI dRSTi se baca gaye the| rAjasthAna meM bhI aise tahakhAnoM meM hI graMthoM ko surakSita rakhane kI prAcIna paramparA rahI hai| jaisalera jaise registAna ke ilAke meM graMthoM kA bhaNDAraNa karane ke pIche bhI yahI maMzA rahI thI ki kisI bhI AkramaNakArI kI naz2ara vahA~ taka na jaaye| maMdiroM meM bhI bhUgarbha kakSa banAe jAte the, jahA~ ApAtakAla meM ina graMthoM ko chipAkara rakhA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke tahakhAne sAMgAnera, Amera, nAgaura, jaisalamera, ajamera, phatehapura, dUnI, mAlapurA Adi sthAnoM para bhI milate haiM jahA~ prAcIna jaina-sAhitya kI pANDulipiyA~ surakSita haiN| vastutaH atyadhika asurakSA ke kAraNa hI pANDulipi graMthAgAroM ko sAmAnya pahu~ca se dUra sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke graMtha bhaNDAroM ke anyatra bhI ullekha milate haiN| DaoN. satyendra kahate haiM, "DaoN. raghuvIra ne madhya eziyA meM tunahvA~GsthAna kI yAtrA kI thii| yaha sthAna bahuta dUra registAna se ghirA huA hai| yahA~ pahAr3I meM khodI huI 476 se Upara guphAe~ haiM jinameM ajantA jaisI citrakArI hai, aura mUrtiyA~ haiM / yahA~ para eka baMda kamare meM, jisameM dvAra taka nahIM thA, hajAroM pANDulipiyA~ baMda thIM, Akasmika rUpa se unakA patA claa| eka bAra nadI meM bAr3ha A gaI, pAnI Upara car3ha AyA aura usane usa kakSa kI dIvAra meM seMdha kara dI jisameM kitAbeM baMda thiiN| pujArI ne IMToM ko khisakA kara pustakoM kA Dhera dekhaa| kucha pustakeM usane nikaalii| unase vizva ke purAzAstriyoM meM halacala maca gii| sara aurIla sTAina daur3e gaye aura 1. pazcimI bhArata kI yAtrA, pR. 202 194 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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7000 kharar3e (rolls) yA kuNDalI graMtha vahA~ ke pujArI se kharIda kara unhoMne briTiza myUjiyama ko bheja diye|'' isI krama meM phreMka phreMsisa kahate haiM - __'He (Stein) purchased more than 7,000 paper rolls and sent them, back to the British Museum. Among them are 380 pieces bearing dates between A.D. 406 and 995. The most celebrated single item is a well preserved copy of the Diamond Sutra, printed from wooden blocks, with a date corresponding to 11 may, A.D. 868. This Scroll has been acclaimed as 'The world's oldest printed book', and it is indeed the earliest printed text complete with date known to exist"2 duniyA kI sabase prAcIna chapI pustaka kA rahasya isa prakAra khulaa| isa prakAra pustakoM kI surakSA karane meM loga kAphI ruci dikhAte the| muni puNyavijayajI' pustakoM aura jJAna-bhaNDAroM ke rakSaNa kI AvazyakatA ke cAra kAraNa mAnate haiM (ka) rAjakIya uthala-puthala (kha) vAcaka kI lAparavAhI (ga) cUhe, kaMsArI Adi jIva-jantu ke AkramaNa (gha) bAhya prAkRtika vaataavrnn| (ka) bAhya AkramaNoM yA AMtarika rAjakIya uthala-puthala ke kAraNa graMtha bhaNDAroM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie mandiroM meM bhUgarbha sthita gupta sthAna banAye jAte the| yadyapi Azaya to ApAtakAla meM bar3I mUrtiyoM ko surakSita rakhanA hI thA, kintu unake sAtha mahatvapUrNa pANDulipiyoM ko bhI surakSita rakha diyA jAtA thaa| (kha) vAcaka kI lAparavAhI se bacane ke lie use susaMskArita kiyA jAtA thA, tAki vaha pustakoM ke sAtha pramAda na kara ske| isake lie usameM graMtha ke prati pUjyabhAva evaM zraddhA ke saMskAra kA honA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki likhane-par3hane kI kisI bhI vastu ko yadi vaha kahIM avAMchita jagaha girI huI hai to uThA kara sira se lagAkara punaH surakSita bhAva se sthApita kiyA jAtA thA yA rakhA jAtA thaa| isameM bhI usa sAmagrI kI rakSA kI bhAvanA hI 1. pANDulipi vijJAna, pR. 337 2. Treasurer of the British Museum, PP. 251 3. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 109 pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa ( rakha rakhAva) 195

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pradhAna hotI thii| par3hate samaya svaccha tana-mana se caukI para yA TikharI (sampuTikA) para rakha kara graMtha ko par3hA jAtA thaa| pustakoM kI surakSA ke lie hI yaha AdarabhAva paidA kiyA jAtA thaa| isa viSaya meM muni puNyavijayajI kahate haiM - ___ "pustaka- apamAna thAi nahIM, te bagar3e nahIM, tene cAnu bane ke ur3e nahIM, pustaka ne zardI garmI vagerenI asara na lAge ye mAre pustaka ne pAThAMni vacamA rAkhI tene Upara kavulTI ane baMdhana bITAni tene sAMpar3A Upara rAkhatA / je pAnA vAcanamAM cAlU hoya temane eka pATI Upara mUMhakI, tene hAthano pAsevo nA lAge ye mATe pAnU ane aMguThAnI vacamA kAmbI ke chevaTe kAgaja nA Tukar3o je buMkAI rAkhI ne vAMcatA / caumAsAnI RtumAM zardI bharamA vAtAvaraNoM samayAnAM pustana ne bheja na lAge ane te coMTIna jAya ye mATe khAsa vAcananoM upayogI pAnA ne bahAra rAkhI vAkInAM pustaka ne kavalI kapaDaM vagaire lapeTI na raakhtaa|" uparyukta kathana ke kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki graMtha ke vAcana-paThana ke lie TikharI kA prayoga pustaka rakhane ke lie kiyA jaaye| graMtha ke panne kharAba na hoM isake lie kAmbI yA paTarI jaisI vastu paMktiyoM ke sahAre rakhakara par3hI jAyeM, tAki aMguliyoM ke pasIne Adi se ve gaMdI na hoN| sardI-garmI se bacAne ke lie unheM kapar3e ke baste meM banda karake rakhA jAye / ho sake to lakar3I yA lohe kI peTI meM rakhA jaaye| isa prakAra graMtha kI surakSA bddh'egii| ___ (ga) cUhe yA kaMsArI Adi kIToM se bhI pustakoM ko bacAnA caahie| yaha pANDulipiyoM ke bahuta bar3e zatru hote haiM / zAyada isIlie prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke anta meM nimna prakAra kI hidAyateM dI jAtI thIM - "agne rakSet jalAd rakSet, mUSakemyo vishesstH| kaSTena likhitaM zAstraM, yatnena pripaalyet||" "udakAnila caurebhyo, mUSake bhyo hutaashnaat| kaSTe na likhitaM zAstraM, yatnena pripaalyet||" arthAt graMtha kI jala, miTTI, havA, Aga, cora aura vizeSarUpa se cUhoM se rakSA kI jAnI caahie| kaMsArI Adi kIr3oM se graMthoM kI rakSA karane ke lie unameM 1. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA, pR. 113 196 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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kapUra kI goliyA~ DAlane kI paramparA thii| kula milAkara pustaka ko donoM ora se dabAkara puTThoM ko pArzva meM rakhakara khUba kasakara bA~dhakara rakhanA cAhie tAki kasArI Adi kITa unameM nahIM ghusa sakeM / isake alAvA pustaka ko mUrkha-hAthoM se bhI bacAnA paramAvazyaka hai| 'subhASita ratnabhANDAgAram' meM pustaka ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai - "tailAd rakSejalAd rakSed rakSed shithilbndhnaat| mUrkha haste na dAtavyaM yuvatIvacca pustkm||' pustaka kI tela, jala aura zithila bandhana se rakSA karanI caahie| sAtha hI kisI yuvatI kI taraha pustaka ko mUrkha ke hAtha nahIM denA caahie| bhAva spaSTa hai| inake alAvA bAhya prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa evaM jalavAyu se bhI graMthoM kI rakSA kI jAnI caahie| namI evaM garmI se vizeSa rUpa se graMthoM ko bacAne ke prayAsa kiye jAne caahie| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. satyendrajI ne eka tAlikA prastuta kI hai, jisameM yaha darzAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki pANDulipiyoM para kisakA, kaisA aura kyA prabhAva par3atA hai| vastu kAgaja, camar3A, puTThA prabhAva tar3akane yA sUkhane lagatA hai| sIlana se sikur3a jAtA hai| loca para prabhAva par3atA hai| kAgaja kAgaja, camar3A, puTThA jalavAyu 1. garma aura zuSka 2. adhika namI 3. tApamAna meM atyadhika vividhatA 4. tApamAna 32deg se. evaM namI 70% 5. vAtAvaraNa meM amla gaisoM kI upasthiti 6. dhUlakaNa - - - - - kIr3e, makor3e, kaMsArI, kAkaroca, dImaka evaM phaphUMda paidA ho jAtI hai| burA prabhAva par3a naSTa ho jAtI haiN| kAgaja Adi kAgaja, camar3A, puTThA isase amla gaisoM kI ghanatA AtI Adi hai aura phaphUMda panapatI hai| kAgaja Adi kAgaja aura syAhI ke raMga phIke ho jAte haiN| 7. sIdhI dhUpa pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa ( rakha rakhAva) 197

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1. prAcInakAla meM pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA ke upAya bhArata meM pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA meM brAhmaNoM aura jainoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rhaa| jaina zAstrIya paramparA meM pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA ke upAya batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki ve prAya: surakSAtmaka dRSTi se tahakhAnoM meM rakhI jAtI thiiN| graMthAgAra bhaNDAra kI bhI pUjA hotI thii| graMthAgAra meM rakhI pustakoM kI eka vivaraNa sUcI hotI thI, jisase yadAkadA milAna kara dekhA jAtA thaa| 389 FATHE PRATRE --- rakha-rakhAva kI upekSA kI zikAra paannddulipi| 88003888888888 amlIya syAhI ke prayoga ke kAraNa yatra-tatra se phaTA kAgaja evaM syAhI kA raMga-parivartana - prAya: kAle se bhuuraa| 198 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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PRARE OM pAnI se prabhAvita pANDulipi kA kAgaja jagaha-jagaha se TUTatA hai yA cipakakara dhabbedAra bana jAtA hai / 8888888 210505 SHASEELARA 0924 388 HARMARATHI 392008 CHHETREE Des jIrNa-zIrNa paannddulipi| pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa ( rakha rakhAva) 199

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S // 3888889825956 ARTICLE 2306652238238533 cUhe, dImaka, silvara phiza, tilacaTTe, buka vITala, kIr3oM dvArA khAI huI paannddulipi| ANARASIMARRIMARSARAM893 XXX 23 PME namI ke kAraNa pANDulipi ke kAgajoM kA Apasa meM cipakanA tathA phaphUMda kA prbhaav| 200 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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cUhe aura kaMsArI Adi se bacAne ke lie graMthoM ko saMdUkoM meM rakhA jAtA thaa| saMdUkoM meM pustakoM ke kIr3e nahIM lageM yaha sunizcita karane ke lie kaggAra kI lakar3I kA burAdA bhara diyA jAtA thA / isa saMgraha kI rakhavAlI vizvAsapAtra logoM ke dvArA kI jAtI thI / isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM graMthoM kI rakSArtha sthAna kA cunAva, AkramaNakArI se bacAva ke upAya, rakharakhAva meM sAvadhAnI tathA pUjyabhAva rakhane kI paramparA thI / pAzcAtya vicAraka kUlara evaM barje kA bhI yahI mata hai / kUlara ne batAyA hai ki usane gujarAta, rAjapUtAnA, marAThA pradeza tathA uttarI evaM madhya bhArata meM kucha avyavasthita saMgrahoM ke sAtha brAhmaNoM tathA jainoM ke adhikAra meM vidyamAna atyanta hI sAvadhAnI se surakSita pustakAlayoM ko dekhA hai / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcInakAla meM graMtha - rakSA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / 2. Adhunika yuga ke vaijJAnika prayatna Aja kA yuga vijJAna kA yuga hai / ata: pANDulipiyoM kI surakSA ke lie bhI kaI upAe khoje gae haiN| abhilekhAgAroM, pANDulipi saMgrahAlayoM tathA anya saMsthAoM meM aba naI takanIka kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / graMtha kI mAikrophilma evaM phoTosTeTa prati ke dvArA hama kAphI naSTa hotI pANDulipiyoM ko surakSita rakha sakate haiN| Aja to pratyeka abhilekhAgAra yA graMthAgAroM meM rakha-rakhAva para vizeSa dhyAna diye jAne para bala diyA jAtA hai / aneka aisI saMsthAe~ bhI kAryakSetra meM haiM jo naSTa prAyaH isa virAsata ko bacAne ke lie prayatnazIla haiM / iNDiyana kAunsila oNpha kanjarvezana insTITyUTsa (inTeka) yU.ke., eka aisI hI saMsthA hai / sAmAnyataH graMthAgAra ke bhavana kA tApamAna 22deg aura 25deg se. ke bIca rahanA cAhie tathA namI 45% aura 55% ke bIca rakhI jaae| Ajakala to vAtAnukUlita vidhi se sabhI kucha saMbhava hai / 3. pANDulipiyoM ke zatru (1) bhukar3I evaM phaphU~da bhukar3I aura phaphU~da pANDulipiyoM ke do bar3e zatru haiM / aMgrejI meM inheM kramaza: Mould aura Fungus kahate haiM / pANDulipiyoM meM ye prAya: 45deg se. para dhIre-dhIre bar3hate haiM, lekina 27-35deg se. para ye bahuta tejI se bar3hate haiN| inheM rokane yA naSTa karane ke lie graMthAgAra bhavana kA tApamAna 30deg pANDulipi-saMrakSaNa ( rakha rakhAva ) : 201

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se. se adhika honA caahie| sAtha hI namI 45-55 pra.za. ke bIca rahanI caahie| yadi tApamAna aura namI ko anukUla nahIM rakhA jA rahA ho to thAImala rasAyana se vASpa cikitsA (Fumigation) karanA caahie| (2) kIr3e-makor3e : ye do prakAra ke hote haiM / prathama prakAra kA kAkaroca pANDulipi ke UparI bhAga - jilda, camar3e, puDhe ko kSati pahu~cAtA hai aura dUsarA rajata kITa (Silver fish) eka choTA, patalA, cA~dI sA camakIlA kIr3A hotA hai, jo pANDulipi ko bAhara se kSati pahu~cAtA hai / inase pANDulipi kI rakSA karanI caahie| ho sake vahA~ taka graMthAgAra meM koI khAne-pIne kI vastu nahIM rkheN| isake bAda graMthoM kI alamArI evaM Asa-pAsa chidroM meM sAvadhAnIpUrvaka DI.DI.TI., pATTotyama, soDiyama klorAiDa, nephthalIna kI goliyA~ Adi kA chir3akAva karanA caahie| a~dhere konoM, darAroM, chidroM, dIvAroM Adi para chir3akAva ThIka rahatA hai| graMtha para chir3akane se dhabbe par3ane kA Dara rahatA hai| dUsarI prakAra ke kITa graMtha ko bhItara se kSati pahu~cAte haiM / ye bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM - 1. pustaka kITa (Book worm) 2. sosiDa (Psocid) / inameM buka varma ke lArave to graMtha ke pannoM meM Upara se lekara nIce taka Ara-pAra cheda kara dete haiM aura aMdara-aMdara guphAe~ banAkara pANDulipi ko naSTa kara dete haiM / yahI lAravA ur3akara dUsarI pustakoM para kIToM ko janma de detA hai| sosiDa, pustakoM kI na~ hotI hai| yaha pustaka ko bhItara hI bhItara kSati paha~cAtI hai| inase mukti pAne ke lie ghAtaka gaisoM kI vASpa cikitsA kI jAnI caahie| ye gaiseM haiM - ethIlIna oNksAiDa evaM kArbanaDAi AksAiDa milAkara vAtazUnya vASpana karanA caahie| aura bhI aneka vaijJAnika vidhiyA~ upalabdha ho sakatI haiN| (3) dImaka : Upara varNita kIToM meM dImaka sarvazaktimAna hAnikAraka kIr3A hai| isakA ghara bhUgarbha meM hokara makAnoM kI chatoM, lakar3I, kAgaja Adi vyApaka hotA hai| dImaka pANDulipiyoM kI bahuta bar3I zatru hai| yaha bhItara hI bhItara pANDulipi ko khAkara naSTa kara detI hai| isase bhaNDAragRha kI rakSA karane ke jahA~jahA~ dImaka ke dvArA banAI gaI suraMga ho vahA~ tArakola yA kriyosoTa tela DAla denA caahie| sAtha hI DI.DI.TI. kA ghola bhI chir3akA jA sakatA hai| pANDulipiyoM kI dImaka se surakSA kA kAragara upAya dhAtu-nirmita alamArI ho 202 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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sakatI hai| graMthAgAra ke bhaNDAra ke AsapAsa saphAI rahanI caahie| dhUmrapAna nahIM honA caahie| sAtha hI ho sake to Aga bujhAne kA yaMtra bhI pAsa hI honA cAhie / ( 4 ) cUhA : graMtha bhaNDAragRha meM cUhoM kA praveza nahIM honA caahie| cUhedAnI jagaha-jagaha lagAkara rakhanI cAhie / bhaNDAragRha kI nAliyA~, cheda, khir3akI, daravAjoM kI jAliyA~ Adi baMda honI caahie| anyathA purAnA cUhA jAyegA to nayA A jAyegA / khAne-pIne kI koI vastu nahIM rahanI cAhie / kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pANDulipi ko naSTa hone se bacAne ke lie usakI dhUla, miTTI aura namI se surakSA honI caahie| kIr3e evaM cUhoM se bhI bacAnA caahie| dImaka - kAkaroca - bukavarma ina sabhI se pANDulipi ko surakSita rakhanA Avazyaka hai / ina zatruoM para sadaiva nigAha rakhanI cAhie / 4. pANDulipi kI ucita dekhabhAla pANDulipi ko zatruoM se bacAne ke sAtha usakI ucita dekhabhAla bhI rakharakhAva ke antargata hI AtI hai / jisa prakAra navajAta zizu ko sardI-garmI se bacAne ke prayatna kiye jAte haiM usI prakAra eka pANDulipi kI dekhabhAla bhI karanI cAhie / jaba pANDulipiyA~ kahIM se prApta hotI haiM to unameM se aneka kI dazA pANDulipi kA ucita rakha-rakhAva evaM bhaNDAraNa / pANDulipi saMrakSaNa ( rakha rakhAva ) 203

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aneka vikRtiyoM se yukta hotI hai| jaise - kisI pANDulipi ke patra mur3e-tur3e evaM salavaTayukta hote haiM, kisI ke kone kaTe-phaTe hote haiM, kisI ke kAgaja jIrNa-zIrNa yA tar3akane vAle haiM, kisI ke kAgaja bhIge hue haiM, kisI ke panne cipake hue haiM, kisI kA lekha dhuMdhalA par3a gayA hai yA anya vikRtiyA~ ho sakatI haiN| aisI avasthA meM una pANDulipiyoM ko tAtkAlika upacAra kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| Ajakala vikRta yA rugNa pANDulipiyoM kI marammata yA cikitsA hetu aneka vaijJAnika prayogazAlAe~ khula gaI haiM, kintu apane stara para bhI yadi cikitsA kI jAye to nimnalikhita sAmagrI kA honA Avazyaka hai - (1) sAdhana-sAmagrI ___1. zIze yukta eka meja, 2. dAba dene ke lie choTA hAtha presa, 3. kaiMcI, 4. cAkU, 5. pyAle, 6. taztariyA~, 7. bruza, 8. phuTA, 9. choTI-bar3I do suiyA~, 10. cheda karane ke lie bodakina, 11. zIze kI pleTeM, 12. lhAyI banAne hetu patIlI, 13. bijalI kI pres| (2) marammata yA cikitsA sAmagrI 1. hAtha kA banA kAgaja, 2. Uli (TizU) patra, 3. ziphana, 4. momI yA tela kAgaja, 5. malamala, 6. laMkalATa (Long cloth) , 7. sailyUloja esITeTa pAyala - lemInezana ho| isa sAmagrI ke bAda thor3A prazikSaNa prApta vyakti pANDulipiyoM kA upacAra AsAnI se kara sakatA hai| jaise - pANDulipi patra ke kinAre mur3e-tur3e haiM to unheM caurasa karanA, pUrNa pRSTha varNana cikitsA, ziphana cikitsA, TizyU cikitsA, paralopacAra yA lemInezana, pAnI se bhIgI pANDulipi kA upacAra, kAgaja ko amla rahita karanA, amoniyA gaisa kA upacAra, tAr3apatra evaM bhojapatra kI pANDulipiyoM ke upacAra karanA aadi| isa saMdarbha meM bahuta se graMtha bhI likhe gaye haiN| unakA adhyayana sahAyaka siddha hogaa| isa prakAra pANDulipivijJAna ke vidyArthI ko prAraMbhika jJAna dene ke lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hamane yahA~ kucha moTI-moTI bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Aja 'rakharakhAva' ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bar3I-bar3I prayogazAlAe~ bana gaI haiN| / - - 204 sAmAnya pANDulipivijJAna

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