Nitishastra

Author(s): Shanti Joshi
Publisher: Rajkamal Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004082/1

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nItizAstra zAMti jozI For Personal & Private Use Only -,

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nItizAstra (saMkSipta saMskaraNa) zAMti jozI rAjakamala prakArAna nayI dillI paTanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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mUlya : ru0 12.50 (c) zAMti jozI, ilAhAbAda, 1963 prathama saMkSipta saMskaraNa : 1966 dvitIya saMskaraNa : 1976 prakAzaka : rAjakamala prakAzana prAiveTa limiTeDa : 8, netAjI subhASa mArga, nayI dillI-110002 'mudraka : zAna prinTarsa, zAhadarA, dillI-110032 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pUjya pitA zrI mathurAdattajI jozI sAdara samarpita For Personal & Private Use Only

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prastAvanA vizvavidyAlayoM, vizeSakara ilAhAbAda, gorakhapura tathA prAgarA, ke bI0e0 ke vidyArthiyoM kI AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue nItizAstra ke isa saMkSipta parivardhita saMskaraNa ko prastuta karane meM mujhe prasannatA hai / darzana vibhAga, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya akTUbara 1977 For Personal & Private Use Only zAMti jozI *

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anukramaNikA prathama bhAga sAmAnya paricaya adhyAya 1: naitika samasyA 18-31 viSaya-praveza : nItizAstra kI utpatti : zabda-vijJAna ke anusAra nItizAstra kI paribhASA : mUlagata naitika pratyaya ; ucita-anucita, zubha-azubha kA spaSTIkaraNa : parama zubha kA abhiprAya : parama zubha kA svarUpa : nItizAstra kA viSaya aura kSetra : nItizAstra kI upayogitA-usake pakSa kA samarthana tathA usake viruddha apavAdoM kA khaNDana : vaha nirmANAtmaka hai : nItizAstra ke do rUpanirmANAtmaka tathA AlocanAtmaka : usakA dhyeya vaiyaktika nahIM sarvakalyANakArI hai : vivekasammata dharma : vAstavika aura upyogii| adhyAya 2 : nItizAstra aura vijJAna 32-43 vijJAna kA artha : vijJAna ke do varga : nItizAstra evaM nItivijJAna : nItizAstra aura yathArtha-vijJAna meM spaSTa bheda : tattvadarzana se sAmIpya : naitika abhidhAraNAe~-saMkalpa-svAtantrya, prAtmA kI amaratA, Izvara kA astitva : AcaraNa kalA kI sambhAvanA : vyAvahArika darzana : siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA aikya / / adhyAya 3 : nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ 44-50 nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ : dArzanika aura vaijJAnika vidhi meM bheda : For Personal & Private Use Only

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vaijJAnika vidhi : amanovaijJAnika vidhi : manovaijJAnika vidhi : dArzanika vidhi : AlocanA - naitika vidhi kI ora : nItizAstra meM donoM praNAliyA~ paraspara nirbhara : naitika praNAlI -- samanvayAtmaka | adhyAya 4 : nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna 51-60 nItizAstra kA anya zAstroM se sambandha : samAjazAstra : rAjanIti : IzvaravidyA : tattvadarzana | adhyAya 5 : nItizAstra kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya 61-74 manovaijJAnika jJAna kI AvazyakatA : manovijJAna se sambandha : naitika nirNaya kA viSaya - zrAcaraNa : do prakAra ke karma - icchita aura anicchita : abhyAsagata karma bhI icchita haiM : zrAcaraNa kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa - pazu aura manuSya ke karmoM meM bheda : nirNIta karma ke nirmANAtmaka aMga : icchA kA mahattva : naitika karma kI samasyA : zrAcaraNa ke do rUpa -- bAhya aura Antarika : preraNA : uddezya : preraNA aura pariNAma ke vivAda kA niSkarSa / zradhyAya 6 : naitika pratyaya 75-86 kartavya, adhikAra - sAmAnya artha : naitika artha : kartavya aura naitika bAdhyatA : kartavya kI pUrNa aura apUrNa bAdhyatA : kartavya aura sadguNadurguNa : sadguNa - paramparAgata aura viveka sammata pApa aura puNya : saMkalpa-svAtantrya aura uttaradAyitva : naitikatA kI tIna mUlabhUta zrAvazyakatAe~ - saMkalpa kI svatantratA, AtmA kI amaratA tathA Izvara kA astitva / zradhyAya 7 : saMkalpazakti kI svatantratA 87-67 - svatantra saMkalpazakti - Avazyaka naitika mAnyatA : niyativAda : aniyativAda : vivAda kA mUla preraNA : ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM kA pariNAma - naitikatA arthazUnyaH zrAtmama nirNIta karma : niyativAda aura niyativAda | [ 6 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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dvitIya bhAga naitika siddhAnta adhyAya 8 : niyama vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa / 100-114 viSaya-praveza : niyama aura dhyeya kI samasyA : yaha samasyA mithyA hai : naitika Adeza bAhya Adeza evaM niyama athavA bAhya vidhAna ke rUpa meM prakaTa hayA-prAkRtika aura daivI zakti : aitihAsika spaSTIkaraNa --- asthira jIvana : sthira jIvana; niyamoM kA janmadAtApracalita naitikatA : usake vibhinna rUpa : pracalita naitikatA kA mAnava-jAti cetanA : rAjyasattA tathA IzvarIya niyama : pracalita naitikatA kI durbalatAe~-abauddhika aura vivekazUnya AcaraNa : anaitika niyama : kamiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa : bauddhika jAgaraNa : Antarika niyama evaM Antarika vidhAna kA bodha : antarbodha kI sthiti : prAntarika niyama kI acchAiyA~ aura burAiyA~ : naitika niyama kA svarUpa-aAntarika hote hue bhI vastugata aura sArvabhauma : dhyeya kI dhAraNA unheM sArvabhaumika prAmANikatA detI hai| pradhyAya 6 : sAmAnya nirIkSaNa 115-121 (ka) vibhinna naitika siddhAnta naitika Adarza : vivAda kA kendra-vyakti kA svabhAva : bhAvanAsukhavAda : buddhi-buddhiparatAvAda : virodha kI pragati-samanvaya kI ora : pUrNatAvAda / (kha) sukarAta * sophisTsa kI AlocanA- zubha vastugata hai : sadguNa, jJAna, prAnanda __ eka hI haiN| (ga) uttara-sukarAta yuga zukarAta kA prabhAva : sukarAta pantha : bhinna zAkhAe~ / adhyAya 10 : sukhavAda 122-133 bhuumikaaN| [7] For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAcIna sukhavAda prathavA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda 110 svArtha sukhavAda : sthUla sukhavAda - sirenaiksa : jIvana kA dhyeya -- tIvra indriyasukha : sukha kA svarUpa - tAtkAlika, anubhavagamya, adhika parimANa : sukha karmoM kA ekamAtra preraka : karmoM ke tatkAlIna pariNAma mahattvapUrNa - zubha, azubha ke sUcaka : siddhAnta meM gopana virodha : saMskRta sukhavAda - eNpikyUriyanijma : dhyeya - sukha ; yahI zubha AcaraNa kA mApadaNDa : ucita sukhoM ko apanAne ke lie vivekabuddhi Avazyaka : sukha - do prakAra ; aindriyaka, bauddhika : bauddhika sukha kI zreSThatA - sirenaiksa se matabheda : bauddhika sukha - zAnta sukha : praNuvAda - bhaya se mukti : sadguNa - anivArya sAdhana : saMskRta sukhavAda meM kaThinAiyA~ : vilAsitA se mukta nahIM / manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI AlocanA jar3avAdI tattvadarzana - sthUla sukhavAda : kevala indriyasukha - buddhi, icchA eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM : asAmAjika, vyAvahArika tathA anaitika : sukhavAda meM virodha : prabhAva - bastugata mApadaNDa, guNAtmaka bheda, preraNA, kartavya : manovaijJAnika bhrAnti - cayana ke kriyAtmaka aura hetvAtmaka pakSa : pazudharma : sukhavAda kA mUlya / zradhyAya 11 : sukhavAda ( ( parizeSa ) arvAcIna sukhavAda prAcIna sukhavAda se bhinnatA / naitika pradeza sukha aura kartavya meM virodha : samanvaya kI ora prayAsa - naitika Adeza kA artha | arvAcIna sukhavAda : naitika sukhavAda arvAcIna sukhavAda naitika hai : do prakAra - svArtha, parArthaM / 134-164 svArtha sukhavAda : haoNbsa jar3avAda, indriyasukhavAdI manovijJAna aura naitika svArthavAda kA [ 5 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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samanvaya : manuSya kA svabhAva-svArthI, Atma-saMrakSaNa aura sukha kA icchuka : vaiyaktika-sAmAjika sukha kA prazna : naitika Adeza-prAvazyaka aura upayogI : bhrAntipUrNa manovijJAna : siddhAnta kI vishisstttaa| parArtha sukhavAda : upayogitAvAda sAmAnya paricaya : parArtha sukhavAda ke pramukha pravartaka / benthama sukha hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya dhyeya-naitika-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kA samanvaya : svArtha se parArtha kI ora : upayogitAvAda : naitika Adeza dvArA sAmUhika sukha kI prApti : preraNA, pariNAma, uddezya : parimANa-sukhavAdI gaNanA : vyApakatA : truttiyaaN-vishesstaa| mila upayogitAvAda ke pracAraka ke rUpa meM : mila kA upayogitAvAdausakI viziSTatA : naitika dhyeya-sukha; naitika-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda : naitika mApadaNDa -sAmAnya sukha : tArkika yukti dvArA puSTi : manovaijJAnika pramANa-svArtha se paramArtha : Antarika prAdeza-sajAtIya bhAvanA : upayogitAvAda-ucca Adarza kA poSaka : sukha kI kramika vyavasthA-guNAtmaka bheda : mila kI saphalatA aura asphltaa| . naitika sukhavAda kI AlocanA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda se adhika vyApaka-doharI kaThinAI : svArtha aura parArtha kA virodhapUrNa sAmaMjasya : naitika kartavya tathA sadguNa ke lie sthAna nahIM hai : sukhavAdI gaNanA asambhava / adhyAya 12 : sukhavAda (parizeSa) 165-176 ___ sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda sijavika : naitika siddhAnta kA lakSya : AlocanAtmaka pakSa-sahajajJAnavAda aura sukhavAda kA samanvaya : bauddhika upayogitAvAdadArzanika sahajajJAnavAda : sukha hI parama zubha hai : sukha vitaraNa kI samasyA-nyAya, prAtmaprema, propkaaritaa| [6] For Personal & Private Use Only

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sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda ke sAtha sukhavAda kI AlocanA sivika ke siddhAnta kA mUlya : svArtha paramArtha kA anamola milApa : sukha aura Ananda | adhyAya 13 : vikAsavAdI sukhavAda : sAmAnya paricaya 177-203 vikAsa kI prAkRtika aura zrAdarzavAdI vyAkhyA : nItizAstra ko safar kI dena : vicArakoM dvArA vikAsavAda kI vyAkhyA | vikAsavAdI sukhavAda : vikAsavAdI nItijJa - speMsara : vikAsa kI dhAraNA kA nIti meM praveza - naitikatA vizva - prakRti kA aMga : zubha-azubha aura sukhaduHkha ke artha sannikaTa dhyeya aura parama dhyeya - naitika mApadaNDa : svArtha aura paramArtha : naitika cetanA kI utpatti : naitika niyama anubhavanirapekSa nahIM haiM : samAja kI vyAkhyA : sApekSa aura nirapekSa nItizAstra | naitika dhyeya - svAsthya | alegjeNDara sAmAjika santulana : naitikatA ke kSetra meM prAkRtika cayana | leslI sTIphena zrAlocanA naitikatA kA prAkRtika vijJAna : ise sukhavAda kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai : anAvazyaka AzAvAda : sAmaMjasya : sAmAjika jIvaracanA kA rUpaka sandehajanaka hai: sahajajJAnavAda kA virodha - naitikatA kI utpatti : kartavya kI bhAvanA; svArtha- paramArtha kA prazna : naitika kaThinAI | adhyAya 14 : buddhiparatAvAda sAmAnya paricaya : do rUpa / prAcIna ugra buddhiparatAvAda : siniksa zraura sToiksa sadguNa sukhavAda kA khaNDana : sinika [ 10 ] siniksa : vidveSavAda : dhyeya : 204-215 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jIvana : AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa : sukarAta se thothA sAmya : vizvanAgarikatAvAda svArthavAda hai : abhAvAtmaka pakSa pramukha hai : aneka durbalatAoM se yukta : vairAgyavAda kI prathama abhivyakti : sToiksa : sadguNa : vyAvahArika naitikatA : jJAna, sadguNa, zubha-azubha : bhAvahInatA kI sthiti : vizva-nAgarikatAvAda / pAlocanA vyaktivAda : jIvana kI sArahInatA : kartavya kA sampradAya : sukha kA sthAna : mhaantaa| adhyAya 15 : buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) 216-234 arvAcIna ugra buddhiparatAvAda--kANTa jIvana meM niyamaniSThatA kA prAdhAnya : naitika anubhava : manuSya svazAsita hai : svazAsita jIvana meM bhAvanA ke lie sthAna nahIM hai; sukhavAda anaitika hai : naitika Adeza-nirapekSa Adeza : zubha saMkalpa : kartavya aura pravRtti : sadguNa aura Ananda : naitika niyama rUpAtmaka haiM : AcaraNa-vidhiyA~ / pAlocanA nItivAkya asantoSaprada haiM : bAdha niyama kI sImAe~ : bhAvanA kA naitika mUlya : bhrAntipUrNa manovijJAna : siddhAnta meM aspaSTatAbhAvanAeM Atma-santoSa kA aMga : naitika jIvana meM kartavya kA artha : vairAgyavAda apane-ApameM apUrNa : sukhavAdI bhUla : ekamAtra preraNA ko mahattva denA anucita hai : kANTa ke kaThoratAvAda kA vyAvahArika mUlya : nirapekSa naitika Adeza kA mahattva : itihAsa ko buddhiparatAvAda kI dena / adhyAya 16 : sahajajJAnavAda 235-245 sahajajJAnavAda aura antarbodha praveza : sahajajJAna kA vyApaka artha : prakRtivAda tathA sahajajJAnavAda kA aitihAsika vivaad| [11] For Personal & Private Use Only

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antarbodha kA vyApaka prayoga antarbodha-usakA artha : kAnUna : dharma : sukhavAda : pracalita artha : antarbodha kI uparyukta paribhASAoM kI sImAe~-sahajajJAnavAda ke anusAra antarbodha kA arth|| adhyAya 17 : sahajajJAnavAda (parizeSa) " (rasapa) 246-265 kucha mahattvapUrNa sahajajJAnavAdI buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda-paricaya kaDavartha naitika vibhaktiyA~ zAzvata haiM : pleTo kA prabhAva : vaijJAnika aura . naitika satyoM kA sAdRzya : antarbodha aura zubha aacrnn| : buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda kA pAlocanAtmaka mUlyAMkana haoNbsa ke svArthavAda para asaphala AghAta : zubha kA svarUpa-amUrta : haoNbsavAda ke mukhya bheda-niSpakSatA kA siddhAnta, vyAvahArika aura cintana buddhi kA kSetra : gaNita aura padArtha vijJAna ke rUpaka kI siimaaeN| naitika bodhavAda sAmAnya paricaya : haoNbsa kI AlocanA : buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM se bheda / naitika bodhavAda kI AlocanA naitika bodha kA haThapUrvaka samarthana : mahattvapUrNa dena / baTalara Antarika aura bAhya nirIkSaNa antarbodha ke sarvocca adhikAra kI sthApanA karatA hai : dhArmika manovRtti-samAja kA Avayavika rUpaka : manuSya kA svabhAva-sAmAjika : mAnava-svabhAva bhI eka vidhAna hai : vidhAna kI dhAraNA--- sakriya pravRttiyoM kA vidhAna : antarbodha tathA anya pravRttiyA~ : antarbodha : antarbodha aura svAbhAvika : naitika bodha aura antarbodha / [ 12 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAlocanA vidhAna kI dhAraNA vairAgyavAda kI virodhI : samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta -dharma kA prAdhAnya : parama svArthavAda kA manovaijJAnika khaNDana : antarbodha kA anizcita prayoga : antarbodha aura.mAtmaprema ke sambandha ko samajhAne meM asaphala : vyaktivAda aura uttaradAyitva : Adhunika vicAradhArA para prabhAva : upayogitAvAda : antarbodha ke Adeza kI praamaanniktaa| adhyAya 18 : pUrNatAvAda . 266-277 AtmA kA svarUpa : buddhi-bhAvanA kA yoga : prAtmA aura samAja : donoM kA sambandha ananya : svArtha-paramArtha kA prazna : pUrNatAvAda kA paricaya / prAcIna kAla : pleTo aura arastU . bauddhika aura abauddhika prAtmA kA prazna : vastugata zubha kI dhAraNA : mAnavatAvAda : sadguNoM kA svarUpa : pleTo aura arastU kI prnnaalii| arvAcIna pUrNatAvAda praveza : naitika vikAsa kA artha : pUrNatAvAda aura anya siddhAnta : virodhoM meM sAmaMjasya : kalyANakArI mArga kI ora / adhyAya 16 : mUlyavAda 278-260 praveza : zubha aura mUlya : mUlyavAda tathA anya vicAraka : mUlya kI samasyA : mUlya kA Arthika prayoga : mUlya ke do rUpa : arbana dvArA mUlyoM kA vizleSaNa : mUlyoM ke vibhinna stara : prAbhyantarika zubha vaiyaktika bhI hai : mUlyoM kA uttarottara vikAsa-tulanAtmaka sthiti : prAbhyantarika mUlya : zubha, naitika zubha aura parama zubha : zubha aura aucitya-prAtmagata aura vastugata aucitya : zubha azubhaM se pare : mUlyavAda kA sthAna / For Personal & Private Use Only

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tRtIya bhAga pAzcAtya nItijJa : mArksa aura nItse adhyAya 20 : kArla mArksa 263-305 jIvanI : hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI : dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda : mArksa aura hIgala meM bheda : aitihAsika dRSTAnta dvArA spaSTIkaraNa : samAja kA vizleSaNa-virodhI varga : sAmAjika naitikatA varga naitikatA hai : Arthika vyavasthA vibhinna vicAroM kI janmadAtrI : naitika vicAroM kI prasatyatA kA spaSTIkaraNa : naitika sApekSavAda : svatantratA kA artha : sAmyavAda tathA sAdhya aura sAdhana kI smsyaa| pAlocanA prArthika mUlyAMkana : sAdhya-sAdhana kA prazna : prAntarika cetanA anivArya : jIvana ke do pakSa-Urdhva aura samatala : vyakti nagaNya : naitikatA kA artha : virodhAbhAsa / adhyAya 21 : phreDarika nItse 306-322 jIvanI : siddhAnta kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa' : atimAnava kA siddhAnta : yUnAnI sabhyatA kA prabhAva-samasta mAnyatAoM kA punamalyIkaraNa : IsAI dharma kA khaNDana : upayogitAvAdI naitikatA : soddezya naitikatA-saMkalpa svatantra nahIM hai : naMtika sApekSatA : zubhaazubha kI paribhASAe~ -sukha-dukha kA artha : nIse ke siddhAnta kA bhAvAtmaka pakSa-atimAnava kA siddhAnta, usakI puSTi : prabhutroM aura dAsoM kI naitiktaa| AlocanA mAnavatA ke dhvaMsa kI ora : zreSThatA ke nAma para dAnavatA : asamAnatA anaitika hai : tarkahIna asaMskRta siddhAnta / [ 14 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhAratIya nItizAstra zradhyAya 22 : cAra puruSArtha kAma : artha : dharma : mokSa | adhyAya 23 : cArvAka darzana 327-335. cArvAka darzana evaM jar3avAda : utpatti-kAla tathA grantha : do varga : zuddha buddhimaya jIvana athavA niHspRhatAvAda kI pratikriyA : dharma kI kaTu AlocanA : jar3avAdI darzana - pratyakSa para prAdhArita : cArvAka naitikatA : parama dhyeya - kAma : niHspRhatA pravAMchanIya | caturtha bhAga zrAlocanA. bhogavAdI : anaitika : antarnihita satya : amAnya aura avAMchanIya darzana | mArganirdezana : phalAsakti vyakti nagaNya nahIM hai / 325-326. zradhyAya 24 : gItA 336-345 racanAkAla aura racayitA : gItA kI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi: naitika mUlya : kRSNa tathA arjuna kA vyaktitva : naitika samasyA aura usakA samAdhAna : karma, akarma kA prazna : karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAsa : niSkAma karma - pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga kA samanvaya : Atma-zuddhi aura arpaNa-buddhi niSkAma karma ke lie anivArya : vasudhaiva kuTumbakam - vyakti aura samAja : karmavAda - svatantratA kA prazna / - zrAlocanA anucita : vairAgyavAda ko asvIkAra : zradhyAya 25 : gAMdhIjI 346-356 jIvanI : mahattvAkAMkSA - pRthvI para rAmarAjya kI sthApanA : gAMdhI [ 15 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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darzana-satya kI paribhASA : satya kA naitika svarUpa : ahiMsA : satyAgraha : hindU dharma aura achUtoddhAra : zikSA : gAMdhIvAda aura samAjavAda : paalocnaa| adhyAya 26 : jaina nItizAstra zabda-vijJAna ke anusAra artha : tIrthaMkara : anIzvaravAda : nItizAstra -jIva : baddha aura mukta : AtmA kA svarUpa tathA bandhana : triratna : paMca mahAvrata : naitika niyama-aAntarika / adhyAya 27 : bauddha nItizAstra 365-370 jIvana : Arya satya : tAttvika praznoM ke prati mauna : prathama Arya satya : dvitIya Arya satya : tRtIya Arya satya : du:kha-nirodha kA mArga / [ 16 ] For Personal & Private Use Only

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prathama bhAga sAmAnya paricaya For Personal & Private Use Only

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natika samasyA viSaya-praveza-manuSya anya jIvadhAriyoM se adhika zreSTha-sthiti meM hai| vaha bauddhika aura vivekazIla hai| usake karma svatantra aura svecchAkRta hote haiN| vaha yaha jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai ki mAnava gaurava ke anurUpa karma kauna se haiN| isa jijJAsA ne usakA dhyAna Avazyaka aura kalyANaprada niyamoM kI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| naitika prANI hone ke kAraNa ucita-anucita kI bhAvanAe~ usake svAbhAvika guNa haiN| usameM karmoM kA samarthana aura virodha karane kI eka abAdha pravatti hai / vaha unake praucitya-anaucitya ke bAre meM nirNaya detA hai| apane dainika jIvana ke cintana aura vArtAlApa meM vaha aneka prakAra ke nirNaya karatA hai-'vaha duSTa hai yA sujana hai ? mujhe kyA karanA cAhie ? kyA merA karma anacita thA ? kartavya aura adhikAra ke kyA artha haiM ? zubha aura azubha kA kyA abhiprAya hai ? jIvana kA dhyeya kyA hai ?' aadi| usake mAnasa meM usake vyaktitva ke anurUpa guNoM aura avaguNoM kI eka anajAnI paribhASA rahatI hai| isa paribhASA ke anurUpa hI usakA cintanazIla mAnasa usake sammukha kucha mAnyatAe~ evaM Adarza rakhatA hai / apane vAtAvaraNa, zikSA aura vaMzAnugata guNoM tathA jIvana sambandhI anubhavoM ke kAraNa vaha anAyAsa hI mAnane lagatA hai ki bhaTha bolanA, corI karanA, zarAba pInA, gAlI denA Adi anucita karma haiN| vaha apane unnata svabhAva ke kAraNa svArtha aura asatya kA virodha karatA hai| usakI naitika cetanA yaha jAnanA cAhatI hai ki usakI dhAraNAe~ aura vicAra kahAM taka ThIka haiM; vaha inakA parIkSaNa aura spaSTIkaraNa karanA cAhatI hai; bauddhika vizleSaNa dvArA zreyaskara karmoM ko apanAnA cAhatI hai| vaha niHzreya 18 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #20
evaM paramazreya ke svarUpa ko samajhanA cAhatI hai| - nItizAstra kI utpatti-yadi itihAsa kI ora dRSTi kareM to yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki manuSya ke mana meM jaba gambhIra vicAroM tathA vivecanAtroM kA udaya huA to sarvaprathama usakA dhyAna bAhya jagata kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne kI ora gyaa| kucha kAla pazcAt hI usane jIvana kI vyAvahArika AvazyakatAoM ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| usake jIvana ke dhyeya ko jAnanA cAhA / yahI preraNA nItizAstra kI janmadAtrI hai / isI preraNA ke kAraNa vaha paramparAgata bhAvanAoM, pracalanoM aura abhyAsoM ko samajhanA cAhatA hai| pracalita mAnyatAeM aura AsthAe~ jIvana kI pragati meM tathA manuSya ko prAtma-santoSa dene meM kahA~ taka sahAyaka hotI haiM, usakI bauddhika jijJAsA evaM naitika cetanA isa satya ko nirantara khojatI hai / nItizAstra, isa dRSTi se, vaha bauddhika praNAlI hai jisake dvArA pratyeka vyakti meM kartavya kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai / manuSya ke lie kyA ucita hai, use pracalanoM aura abhyAsoM kA kahA~ taka anukaraNa karanA cAhie; use apane svatantra icchita karma dvArA kisa dhyeya kI prApti karanI cAhie, Adi saba bAteM nItizAstra ke hI antargata AtI haiN| zabda-vijJAna ke anusAra nItizAstra kI paribhASA-manuSya kI buddhi ne sarvocca dhyeya (niHzreyasa) ko jAnane kA tathA usakI naitika pravRtti ne samAja meM pracalita rIti-rivAjoM aura abhyAsoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| abhyAsoM evaM rUDhirItiyoM kA udbhava Akasmika ghaTanA ke rUpa meM nahIM hotaa| ve manuSya kI Antarika AvazyakatAoM aura svabhAva ko vyakta karate haiN| ve deza, samAja aura vyakti ke prAntarika jIvana ke sUcaka haiM / nItizAstra una para nyAyasammata nirNaya dene kA prayAsa karatA hai / vaha manuSya kI AdatoM aura rIti-rivAjoM kA vijJAna hai / zabda-vijJAna ke anusAra ethiksa (Ethics) arthAt nItizAstra grIka zabda ethosa (Ethos) se liyA gayA hai| ethausa kA abhiprAya caritra (Character) se hai / yaha caritra kA vijJAna hai / ethiksa kA hI paryAyavAcI zabda 'maoNrala philaoNsaphI' (Moral philosophy) hai| maoNrala zabda laiTina ke 'maoNresa' (Mores) se liyA gayA hai| isakA sarvaprathama prayoga rIti-rivAja aura abhyAsa ke artha meM huaa| isa prakAra maoNrala philaoNsaphI kA artha huA : rItirivAja, pracalana aura abhyAsa kA darzana / yaha manuSya ke caritra kA vivecana kara una tattvoM ko jAnanA cAhatA hai jinake AdhAra para ve svabhAvata:abhyAsavaza-karma karate haiM / yaha manuSya ke zubha yA ucita prAcAra (Conduct) naitika samasyA | 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #21
kA adhyayana karatA hai| yaha carama dhyeya ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura usake anurUpa hI prAcAra ko zubha aura azubha kahatA hai| isake anusAra vahI karma zreyaskara haiM jo carama dhyeya athavA niHzreyasa kI prApti meM sahAyaka hote haiM / yaha sAmAjika prathAnoM, dhArmika AsthAnoM, rAjanItika niyamoM aura vyaktigata evaM sAmUhika abhyAsoM kA vivekasammata vizleSaNa karatA hai aura yaha batAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki vyakti apane dainandina ke jIvana meM ina AsthAoM, vicAroM aura vizvAsoM ko apanAkara apane dhyeya ko kahA~ taka prApta kara sakA hai| usake karma dhyeya kI prApti ke lie kahA~ taka saphala sAdhana kahe jA sakate haiN| sAdhana kI saphalatA aura asaphalatA ko samajhAne ke lie yaha zubha-azubha, ucita-anucita zabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai / kartavya, adhikAra, bAdhyatA, sadguNa, uttaradAyitva' Adi bhI inhIM ke anugAmI zabda haiN| mUlagata naitika pratyaya : ucita-anucita,zubha-azubha kA spaSTIkaraNa-nItizAstra jIvana ke paramalakSya kI khoja karatA hai / isa lakSya kI prApti meM sArthaka karmoM ko vaha zubha yA ucita kahatA hai aura jo karma upayogI nahIM hote unheM anucita yA azubha kahatA hai| ataH ye zabda adhikatara vizeSaNoM ke rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM / vaise rAiTa (Right) arthAt ucita zabda laiTina zabda raikTasa (Rectus) se banA hai jisakA artha hai sIdhA athavA niyama ke anusAra / kisI ke caritra ko ucita kahane kA tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki vaha viziSTa naitika niyamoM ke anusAra karma karatA hai| kintu niyama kA sambandha dhyeya se hotA hai| ve lakSya ko sammukha rakhakara banAye jAte haiM ataH niyama, lakSya yA dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie sAdhana mAtra haiN| yadi jIvana kA dhyeya sUkhI rahanA hai to sUkhI rahane ke lie Avazyaka niyamoM ke anusAra karma karanA ucita kahalAyegA aura isake viparIta anucita / koI bhI viziSTa karma yA to ucita hI hotA hai aura yA anUcita / ucita aura zubha (good) Apasa meM virodhI lagate haiN| kintu inameM maulika sambandha hotA hai| yaha sambandha zubha ke artha ko samajhane para spaSTa hogaa| 'guDa' (good) kA sambandha jarmana zabda 'guTa' (gut) se hai jisakA artha zubha hotA hai| zubha se abhiprAya hai jo paramazubha ke lie upayogI hai, jo usakI prApti ke lie sAdhana hai| adhikatara zubha zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM hotA hai--sAdhana aura sAdhya ; zubha aura paramazubha (ultimate good, 1. dekhie-bhAga 1, adhyAya 6 / .20 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #22
arthAt Summum bonum) se abhiprAya usa paramadhyeya (ultimate end) se hai jo apane ApameM paripUrNa hai| pUrNatA jisakA antarjAta guNa hai| naitika dRSTi se sAdhya aura sAdhana meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM hai| jo eka dRSTi se sAdhana hai vahI dUsarI dRSTi se pariNAmataH sAdhya ho sakatA hai| zubha aura ucita meM bhI koI spaSTa antara nahIM hai| donoM kA adhikatara eka hI artha meM prayoga hotA hai| usI dhyeya aura karma ko zubha aura ucita kaheMge jo ki paramadhyeya kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| paramazubha kA abhiprAya-paramazubha vaha hai jo apane ApameM mUlyavAn hai, jisake lie aura saba karma sAdhanamAtra haiN| zubha kI sarvocca sthiti hI paramazubha kI sthiti hai / zubha ke, mAtrAoM ke anusAra, aneka bheda hote haiM / zubha, adhikazubha, paramazubha Adi / athavA zubha kI eka Rmika zreNI hotI hai aura isakI sarvottama sthiti hI paramazubha kI sthiti hai / paramazubha ko nirdhArita karanA hI nItizAstra kA dhyeya hai| paramazubha ke anurUpa hI vaha karmoM ko zubha-azubha, ucita-anucita kahatA hai| paramazubha yA paramalakSya se kyA abhiprAya hai ? niHzreyasa kA kyA rUpa hai ? jIvana kA kyA dhyeya hai ? naitika Adarza kise kahate haiM ? uparyakta sabhI prazna paryAyavAcI haiN| ve eka hI sAdhya ke sUcaka haiM ? nItizAstra isI sAdhya ko jAnane kA prayAsa hai / yaha sAdhya vaha saMgatipUrNa ikAI hai jisakA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| manuSyoM ke svabhAva kA vivecana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki unameM jIvana ke dhyeya ke bAre meM matabheda hotA hai| koI yaza kA abhilASI hai, koI dhana kA aura koI jIvana meM, Ananda aura ullAsa kaa| eka ora bhabhUta lagAkara, kopIna pahanakara ghUmanevAle vairAgI, saMnyAsI haiM aura dUsarI ora Amoda-pramoda, bhoga-vilAsa meM rata rahanevAle indriyjiivii| prazna yaha hai ki naitika dRSTi se jIvana kA dhyeya eka hai athavA aneka / yadi eka hai to ina vibhinna dhyeyoM ke bIca kaise sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| nItizAstra manuSya ke anubhava yA prAcAra ke kisI viziSTa kSetra taka apane ko sImita nahIM rakhatA hai| vaha samasta AcAroM athavA sampUrNa anubhavoM kA adhyayana karatA hai| aura isa niSkarSa para pahuMcatA hai ki icchita karma aura vastue~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM : vaha jo svataH mUlyavAn haiM aura vaha jo upayogI haiN| prathama prakAra ke karmoM ke guNa maulika, prAbhyantarika aura nirapekSa haiN| dUsare prakAra ke karmoM ke guNa gauNa, bAhya, aura sApekSa haiM / eka sAdhya hai aura dUsarA sAdhana hai| naitika samasyA | 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #23
. sthUla dRSTi se yaha bhASita hotA hai ki dhyeya aneka haiM jo vaiyaktika tathA prAtmagata haiN| kintu vAstava meM vibhinna dhyeya apane ApameM parama nahIM hai| vaha paramadhyeya ke lie sAdhanamAtra haiN| manuSya dhana yA anya icchita vastu, dhana yA anya icchita vastu ke lie nahIM cAhatA varan kisI viziSTa prAdarza kI pUrti ke lie| sAdhAraNataH jinako hama sAdhya kahate haiM ve apane mUla rUpa meM sAdhanamAtra haiN| unakA sApekSa mahattva hai| ataH vibhinna dhyeyoM kA paramadhyeya eka hI hai| yaha nirapekSa dhyeya ananta sApekSa dhyeyoM kI saMgatipUrNa ikAI hai| yaha vaha dhyeya hai jisakI prApti ke lie mAnava sadaiva se prayatnazIla rahA hai, jo eka bauddhika prANI ke lie paramavAMchanIya hai tathA jo dhyeya antataH eka hai| naitika jJAna ke anusAra zubha apane sarvottama rUpa meM eka hI hai, jIvana kA parama Adarza bhI eka hI hai aura yaha advitIya Adarza hI naitika nirNaya kI kasauTI yA mApadaNDa hai| ... paramazubha kA svarUpa-yadi yaha mAna leM ki sarvottama zubha eka hai to isakA kyA svarUpa hai ? zubha ke svarUpa ke bAre meM nItijJoM ke vibhinna mata haiM, jo vibhinna siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se hI spaSTa hoNge| saMkSepa meM, kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra, jIvana kA sarvottama zubha indriyasukha hai, kucha ke anusAra zuddha bauddhika jIvana aura kucha ke anusAra prAtma-santoSa hai| naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAyegA ki paramazubha ko samajhane meM kahA~ taka saphalatA milI hai, usake Adeza ko vyakti kyoM mAnatA hai, aura yaha Adeza Antarika hai yA bAhya / nItizAstra isa Adeza ko antaHprerita antarudbhUta aura antarAropita mAnatA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki vivekazIla Atma-prabuddha vyakti naitika Adarza ko, usake antarjAta guNoM ke kAraNa svayaM svIkAra karate haiN| kyoMki vaha unakI naitika cetanA aura bauddhika AtmA kA Adeza hai / vaha Adeza hI paramavAMchanIya zubha hai| naitika rUpa se jAgarUka prANI isakA anivAryataH pAlana karate haiN| arastU (Aristotle) ke anusAra nItizAstra usa vicAra yA dhAraNA ko khojatA hai jo ki manuSya ke lie paramazubha yA vAMchanIya hai| jise vaha svayaM usakI pUrNatA ke kAraNa svIkAra karatA hai| ataeva mAnava-jIvana meM jo Adarza svata:nihita hai, nItizAstra sAmAnyataH usI kA adhyayana hai|| nItizAstra kA viSaya aura kSetra nItizAstra kA viSaya aura kSetra kyA hai ? vaha manuSya ke kisa satya ko mahattva detA hai ? / nItizAstra mAnavatA ke uccatama AdarzoM kA poSaka hai| vaha manuSya ko 22 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #24
batAtA hai ki vaha zreSTha prANI hai, use mAnava-gaurava ke bodha se prerita hokara karma karane caahie| isI uddezya se vaha paramazubha kI khoja karatA hai / usake anurUpa karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko samajhAne kA vyavasthita prayAsa karatA hai / usake kSetra kI paribhASA denA, usako sImita yA kendrita karanA, atyanta kaThina hai| usakA viSaya vyApaka hai| samasta naitika cetanA hI isakA kSetra hai, jo manuSya ke AcaraNa evaM usake sampUrNa jIvana ko AcchAdita karatI hai| vaha manuSya ke kriyAkalApoM aura karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai, jo isa satya para AdhArita hai ki manuSya Atma-prabuddha prANI hai, svatantra hai, usake jIvana kI gati arthahIna yA sArahIna nahIM hai| vaha uccatama AdarzoM ko prApta kara sakatA hai / isa AdhAra para nItizAstra manuSya ke AcaraNa para guNAtmaka nirNaya detA hai / karmoM kA naitika mUlyAMkana karane ke lie vaha guNa-avaguNa, kartavya-adhikAra, zubhaazubha, ucita-anucita Adi kA bauddhika vizleSaNa karatA hai| unake pIche jo satya hai use jAnane kA bhI prayAsa karatA hai| sampUrNa mAnava-jIvana kA vyavasthita jJAna prApta karanA evaM mAnavatA aura sabhyatA ke Adarza ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhanA hI usakA cirantana viSaya hai| use manuSya-jIvana kI bAharI sAmAjika jhA~kI se santoSa nahIM hotA hai| vaha usake prAbhyantarika jIvana meM praveza karatA hai; tattvadarzana ko apanAtA hai| usake lie yaha bhI atyanta Avazyaka hai ki vaha karma ke ucita aura anucita ke bAre meM tArkika samAdhAna kare / yahA~ para vaha tarkazAstra aura vaijJAnika praNAlI ko apanAtA hai| vyakti ke AcaraNa ko nyAya-saMgata banAne ke lie, use mAnavIya aura naitika stara para uThAne ke lie, vaha loka-pracalita dhAraNAoM, janapriya vizvAsoM, bhrAnta vicAroM, dhArmika prAsthAoM kA AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa karatA hai| jIvana ke gUr3ha satya ko jAnane ke lie sAmAjika pracalanoM, rAjanItika niyamoM, aura vyaktigata niSThAnoM kA bauddhika vizleSaNa karatA hai| manuSya ke karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko nirdhArita karane ke lie una sabhI vidyAnoM-manovijJAna, samAjazAstra, jIvazAstra, rAjanIti, IzvarajJAna, tattvadarzana Adi kA adhyayana nItizAstra ke kSetra ke antargata prA jAtA hai jo manuSya ke svabhAva aura svarUpa para prakAza DAlatI haiN| manuSya ke caramazubha ko samajhane ke lie, usake jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM kA unnayana karane ke lie vaha usake vyaktitva kA sampUrNa adhyayana karatA hai| mAnava-jIvana kA samasta kriyAtmaka pakSa tathA sampUrNa mAnava-jIvana hI nItizAstra kSetra aura viSaya hai| naitika samasyA | 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #25
nItizAstra kI upayogitA : isake pakSa kA samarthana tathA usake viruddha apavAdoM kA khaNDana-nItizAstra kI kyA upayogitA hai ? naitika dhyeya aura lakSya ko kyoM prApta karanA cAhie ? isakA jIvana meM kyA mUlya hai ? kyA isakA Adarza vAstavika hai ? ina saba praznoM ke samAdhAna ke lie Avazyaka hai ki isake viruddha apavAdoM kI gambhIratApUrvaka samIkSA kI jAyaM / nItizAstra ke pAlocakoM ke anusAra vaha apane mUlarUpa meM dhvaMsAtmaka hai| vaha vaiyaktika vijJAna hai / vyakti kA kalyANa hI usakA dhyeya hai| vaha adhArmika aura avAstavika hai / kintu ina apavAdoM meM satya nahIM hai| - vaha nirmANAtmaka hai-nItizAstra isa AzA aura vizvAsa para calatA hai ki manuSya apane karmoM ko viveka se saMcAlita kara sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para vaha manuSya ke AcAra-vicAra, sAmUhika evaM rASTrIya caritra kA vizleSaNa karatA hai| koI bhI viziSTa AcaraNa, dharma, saMskRti aura niyama kahA~ taka ucita hai vaha isa para prakAza DAlatA hai| usake anusAra aucitya aura anaucitya kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie AlocanAtmaka honA Avazyaka hai| kintu yaha nItizAstra kA bAhya aura asthAyI pakSa hai| apane mUlarUpa meM vaha bhAvAtmaka aura nirmANAtmaka hai| nItizAstra ke do rUpa-nirmANAtmaka tathA pAlocanAtmaka-vAstava meM nItizAstra ke do rUpa haiM : dhanAtmaka yA nirmANAtmaka aura RNAtmaka yA AlocanAtmaka / AlocanA ke dvArA vaha nirmANa karatA hai| manuSya ko asatya se satya kI ora le jAtA hai| usako satya kI ora AkRSTa karane ke abhiprAya se pramukhaapramukha, nitya-anitya tathA bhAva aura rUpa ke bheda ko samajhAtA hai| bauddhika vizleSaNa dvArA vyakti ko usakI tAtvika sthiti kA bodha karAtA hai / andhavizvAsoM, kurItiyoM aura dhArmika kaTTarapanthI ke cakkara meM phaMsane se saceta karatA hai / use sAvadhAna karatA hai ki kaThaputaloM kA-sA jIvana manuSya ke lie hAsyAspada hai| ye manuSyatva ke hrAsa ke cihna haiN| kisI bhI niyama ko veda-purANa kI yA divya Adeza kI duhAI dekara mAna lenA mUrkhatA hai / nItizAstra ke anusAra deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke anurUpa niyamoM meM parivartana honA Avazyaka hai aura vivekasammata, kalyANaprada niyama hI pAlana karane yogya haiN| ___niyamoM kI satyatA aura asatyatA ko siddha karane ke lie nItizAstra vaijJAnika aura bauddhika praNAlI svIkAra karatA hai / bauddhika AlocanA, sandeha aura avizvAsa dvArA vaha sArvabhauma naitika mAnyatAoM kA sRjana karatA hai| 24 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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manuSya ko naitika jagata kA nAgarika banAne ke lie usameM bhale-bure kA jJAna utpanna karatA hai| gale-pace, maraNonmukha niyamoM kA bahiSkAra karate samaya vaha apane pAlocanAtmaka evaM dhvaMsAtmaka pakSa ko sammukha rakhatA hai, kyoMki niyamoM aura vicAroM kI saMkIrNatA ke kAraNa jo vaimanasya aura mAnasika saMgharSa utpanna ho jAtA hai usake lie AlocanAtmaka pakSa utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA ki kaiMsara (nAsUra) ke rogoM ke lie zalya-cikitsA / vyakti samAja evaM mAnavatA ko avanati ke pakSa se vimukha karane ke lie hI nItizAstra apane nakArAtmaka rUpa dvArA pathapradarzana kA kAma karatA hai evaM AlocanA ke dvArA sudhAra karatA hai, AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA hai| anyAya se nyAya kI ora, anucita se ucita kI ora le jAkara pavitra aura upAdeya niyamoM kA sRjana karatA hai| isa prakAra vaha apane dhvaMsAtmaka rUpa meM bhI sajanAtmaka aura punanirmANAtmaka hai| yahI nItizAstra kI vizeSatA hai| jIvana ko sundaram aura zivam kA rUpa denA hI usakA dhyeya hai| __usakA dhyeya vaiyaktika nahIM, sarvakalyANakArI hai--Adhunika nItijJa yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti aura samAja kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai / binA samAja ke vyakti kA astitva asambhava hai aura binA vyakti ke samAja kA astitva zUnya hai| binA sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi ke vyakti ke AcaraNa para nirNaya denA bhI niruddezya tathA mUlyarahita hai| nItizAstra manuSya ke karmoM ke aucitya kA spaSTIkaraNa usake sAmAjika prANI hone ke kAraNa hI karatA hai| yadi sArvajanika jIvana satya se pare eka aise vaiyaktika jIvana kI kalpanA kara bhI leM jisakA ki samAja se koI sambandha na ho to aise vyakti ke AcaraNa para naitika nirNaya denA koI artha nahIM rkhegaa| vyakti aura samAja ke ananya sambandha ke kAraNa hI nItijJoM ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki sAmAjika sukha se vicchinna vyaktigata sukha aura vyaktigata sukha se vicchinna sAmAjika sukha kI dhAraNA bhramAtmaka hai| ataH jIvana kA dhyeya kevala vyakti athavA kevala samAja kA hI kalyANa nahIM hai, yaha sarvakalyANakArI hai| vivekasammata dharma-dharma aura adharma, ina do zabdoM ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM baccA bodha hone ke sAtha hI sunatA hai / dharma sAdhAraNataH kisI viziSTa sampradAya yA rUr3hi-rIti aura aucitya kA sUcaka hai / eka ora dharma kA vivekasammata rUpa milatA hai aura dUsarI ora rUr3hi-jarjara pracalita ruup| apane vivekasammata rUpa meM vaha vizva-prema, aikya aura devatva kA sandeza detA hai aura apane pracalita rUpa naitika samasyA | 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #27
meM andhavizvAsoM evaM saMkIrNa rUr3hi-rIti-janita karmoM kA / udAharaNArtha, bhArata meM jo chupAchUta, aspRzyatA, bAla-vivAha, vaidhavya Adi tathAkathita dhArmika niyama milate haiM ve manuSya kI viveka-kuNThita pravRtti ke sUcaka haiM / ve usa avikasita hrAsonmukhI bauddhika sthiti para prakAza DAlate haiM jo madhyayugIna pUrvAgrahoM aura andhavizvAsoM se grasita haiN| janasAdhAraNa camatkAravAda, jAdU-TonA Adi inhIM andha-rUr3hi-rItiyoM meM vizvAsa karatA hai kyoMki usakI mAnasika sthiti vikasita nahIM hai| tarkahIna aura vivekahIna dharma kevala pracalita mAnyatAoM, sAmAjika tathA dhArmika kahe jAnevAle pracalanoM kA sUcaka hai| athavA sAmAnyataH dharma ko jisa rUpa meM loga grahaNa karate haiM vaha kevala bAhyADambara tathA saMkIrNatA se bhare niyamoM kA DhA~cAmAtra hai| ve prAcIna yugoM ke manuSyoM kI AvazyakatAoM aura abhyAsoM ko sUcita karate haiN| kintu vikAsa aura parivartana ke kAraNa una niyamoM kA mUlya bhI badalatA jAtA hai| ve vartamAna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti nahIM kara pAte haiN| ve lAbhaprada hone ke badale hAnikAraka ho jAte haiN| avivekI vyakti ina pracalanoM aura abhyAsoM kA pAlana dharma ke nAma para karate haiM, athavA pUrvajoM aura RSi-muniyoM ke jJAna kI duhAI dete haiN| Aja kI unnata bhautika tathA mAnasika sthiti ina prAcIna prathAoM ko anaitika siddha kara sakatI hai| prAcIna paripATiyoM kA mUlya usa samaya ke lie hai jisa samaya kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie unakA nirmANa huaa| ve vartamAna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti nahIM kara pAte haiN| ve bauddhika jijJAsA ko santoSa nahIM de sakate haiN| dhArmika AdezoM ke bIca virodha bhI milatA hai| ataeva nItizAstra tathAkathita dharma ko usI rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM detA / vaha zuddha AcaraNa ke mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai; paramasatya ko samajhanA cAhatA hai| vaha satya ke mArga ko hI dhArmika (ucita, tarkasammata aura vivekasammata) mArga kahatA hai aura dharma ko bhI satya kI kasauTI para kasatA hai| bauddhika vizleSaNa evaM prazna sUcaka dRSTikoNa dvArA dharma-sambandhI bAhya virodhoM ke bhItara Antarika ekatA ko khojatA hai / ___ yadi dharma se abhiprAya usa Izvara-jJAna se hai jo samaSTi ke kalyANa ko mahattva detA hai to nItizAstra nissandeha dhArmika hai| vaha udAra-cita-vRtti, sahiSNutA, ekatA aura nyAya kA pATha par3hAtA hai; janasAdhAraNa ke avyakta naitika vizvAsoM ko bauddhika antardRSTi detA hai; sadAcaraNavAle vyaktiyoM ko prAtmabala kA amogha astra detA hai aura adharma, anIti, anyAya, azubha aura anaucitya ke viruddha lar3ane ko kahatA hai / vaha samasta mAnava-jIvana kA adhyayana 26 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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karake ekAMgI tathA bhramapUrNa vicAroM se Upara mAnavatA kI sthApanA karatA hai. aura isa pariNAma para pahu~catA hai ki prema, sneha, ekatA aura samAnatA kA Safer karanevAlA dharma, dharma nahIM hai / vaha bhAgya aura thothe dharma kI duhAI denevAle paNDitoM ko dhArmika kahatA hai | maMgalamaya jIvana ke hatyAroM ko vaha naitikatA athavA vivekasammata kartavya kI cunautI detA hai / phira bhI nItizAstra ke Alocaka use adhArmika kahate haiM / isakA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha hai ki karmoM ke mahatva ke bAre meM cintana evaM vizleSaNa karanA prAcIna paramparA kI svAbhAvika evaM sAmAnya pravRtti nahIM thI / dArzanika jijJAsA se zUnya cintanahIna pravRtti ke loga apanI supta aura prAlasI pravRtti ko jagAne ke badale nItizAstra ke Alocaka bana jAte haiM aura use adhArmika kahakara santoSa karate haiM / para vAstava meM nItizAstra vivekasammata dharma hai / vAstavika aura upayogI - zrAlocakoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki nItizAstra zravAstavika hai / jIvana satya se pare hone ke kAraNa vaha tatkAlIna sAmAjika zraura rAjanItika gutthiyoM ko nahIM sulajhA sakatA hai / vaha vAstavika tathyoM kI khoja nahIM karatA hai / vartamAna kartavyoM kI rUparekhA nahIM banAtA hai / vaha tAtkAlika ko mahattva dene aura usakI cintA karane ke badale una niyamoM kI khoja karatA hai jo ki usake anusAra bhaviSya meM AnevAlI Adarza sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie Avazyaka haiN| unake anusAra usakI nIMva kAlpanika hone ke kAraNa usakI upayogitA sandigdha hai / aisI AlocanA ke dvArA ye zrAlocaka-gaNa usake mUla siddhAnta se apanI anabhijJatA hI prakaTa karate haiM / isameM sandeha nahIM ki nItizAstra Adarza - vidhAyaka vijJAna hai / kintu isake yaha artha kadApi nahIM hote ki vaha bacce ke divAsvapna kI bhA~ti hai / nItijJa kalpanA kI ur3Ana nahIM bharatA, vaha usa naitika Adarza kI khoja karatA hai jo jIvana ke Thosa vAstavika satya para prAdhArita hai / mAnava jIvana ko sukhI aura susaMskRta banAne ke abhiprAya se vaha vibhinna vijJAnoM aura kalAnoM kA adhyayana karatA hai; darzana ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai aura manuSya tathA vizva ke bAre meM sarvAMgINa jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt hI vaha mAnavIya gaurava se yukta niyama athavA naitika niyama banAtA hai / ina niyamoM kA AvazyakatAoM evaM deza, kAla, paristhiti ke sAtha parivartana honA anivArya hai / ataH paramparAnugata niyamoM kA pAlana karanA manuSya ke vikAsa evaM unnati ke lie hAniprada hai / nItizAstra eka aise mApadaNDa ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai jisake AdhAra naitika samasyA | 27 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #29
para jIvana ke virodha evaM viSamatAe~ sulajhAyI jA sakeM / nItizAstra manuSya kI bauddhika mA~ga - 'zubha kyA hai'- kA vijJAna hai / yaha batalAtA hai ki mAnava jIvana vibhinna virodhI icchAoM, bhAvanAoM, AvegoM, rAgAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA kolAhalapUrNa viplavamAtra nahIM hai / vaha niyamabaddha aura saMgatipUrNa hai evaM usakI apanI sArthakatA hai / jaba vibhinna kartavyoM ke bIca saMgharSa hotA hai, aneka icchAoM ke kAraNa mAnasika dvandva paidA hotA hai taba yaha manuSya kA mArgadarzaka banatA hai| jaba manuSya kiMkartavyavimUr3ha ho jAtA hai aura nahIM samajha pAtA ki vaha kisa mArga kA anusaraNa kare, usakA apane prati aura samAja ke prati kyA kartavya hai, ina kartavyoM ke bIca kaise sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA , taba use naitika antardRSTi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / naitika jJAnaM aise vyakti ke lie eka dRr3ha avalambana ke samAna hai / yaha use Atmabala detA hai / isa bala ke sahAre hI vaha pracalita mAnyatAoM se Upara uThakara mahAn karma karatA hai / yadi mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAya athavA buddha, IsA aura gAndhI ke kAryakSetra ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA jAya to yaha spaSTa - ho jAyegA ki unakA ekamAtra sambala unakA naitika bala athavA zrAtma bala hI thaa| usI ke sahAre unhoMne jIvana meM anivarcanIya saphalatA prApta kI / sAdhAraNataH vyakti dharmabhIru aura samAjabhIru hotA hai / naraka ke athavA par3osI ke bhaya se vaha jaghanya karma saharSa kara letA hai / usakA viveka kuNThita ho jAtA hai / vaha yantravat niyamoM kA pAlana karane lagatA hai / niyamoM ke aucitya kI ora se vaha udAsIna rahatA hai / usakI andhanaitika niSThA usase aneka anaitika karma karavAtI hai / vaha na to jIvana ke mUlya ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai| aura na niyamoM kA bauddhika rUpa se vivecana karatA hai / manuSya ko aisI dayanIya aura hIna sthiti se ubArane kA prayAsa karanA hI nItizAstra kA dhyeya hai / yaha manuSya ko samajhAtA hai ki vaha svatantra bauddhika prANI hai / ataH vaha zivatva ko prApta kara sakatA hai / nItizAstra pratyeka vyakti ke AcaraNa ko vivekasammata banAnA cAhatA hai, janamata ko bauddhika stara para uThAnA cAhatA hai tAki pratyeka mAnava-zizu svaccha aura svastha vAtAvaraNa meM sA~sa le sake; vyaSTi zraura samaSTi sudRr3ha, svAvalambI aura susaMskRta bana sakeM; rAgadveSa, kAma-krodha, lobha-moha se Upara uThakara vyakti vizva kA nAgarika bana sake / kaI AlocakoM kA kahanA hai ki nItizAstra korA siddhAnta hai / vaha upayogitA rahita aura vAstavikatAzUnya hai / usakA vyAvahArika mUlya nagaNya 28 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai / isa tathya ko samajhane ke lie mAnava itihAsa se udAharaNa lenA Avazyaka hai / prAdimakAla meM manuSya jIvana sarala thA / usakI AvazyakatAeM thor3I thIM / vaha apanI bhautika aura zArIrika AvazyakatAoM -- nIMda, bhUkha pyAsa -- ke lie hI saceta thA / kintu Adhunika vijJAna ke yuga meM pahu~cane taka usakA jIvana atyanta jaTila aura vyApaka ho gayA hai / usakI AvazyakatAe~ kevala usake samudAya, jhuNDa, parivAra taka hI sImita nahIM haiM / use aba rASTra aura vizva ke rUpa meM bhI socanA par3atA hai / vaha Aja sampUrNa vizva para apanI bhautika, mAnasika AvazyakatAoM ke lie nirbhara hai / vaha bauddhika rUpa se adhika saceta aura jAgarUka ho gayA hai / vaha sAmUhika tathA vaizva manovRtti ko samajhanA cAhatA hai / usakI bauddhika jijJAsA kisI bhI pravRtti, saMskRti athavA dharma ko binA samajhe svIkAra nahIM karatI hai / use vaiyaktika, sAmAjika abhyAsoM meM jo asaMgati milatI hai use vaha dUra karanA cAhatA hai / naye vicAra tathA nayI AvazyakatAoM ke prAdurbhAva se usakI vyAvahArika samasyAe~ bar3ha gayI haiM / ina samasyAoM kA rUpa antarrASTrIya ho gayA hai / vyakti kA jIvana aura astitva kevala usake jAti varga taka hI sImita nahIM raha gayA hai. vaha vizvajanIna ho gayA hai / usake sammukha eka ora to vyaktigata sukha-duHkha hai aura dUsarI ora sampUrNa mAnavatA kA zubha hai, jisake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane kartavyoM kI spaSTa rUparekhA banAye, vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke sambandha ko samajhe / kartavya aura adhikAra kI kyA sImAe~ haiM ? unake kyA artha haiM ? vaha kauna se karma haiM jinakA manuSya ke Upara sAmAjika RNa hai ? jinheM use karanA hI hai, aadi| ye Aja ke bauddhikarUpa se sajaga pratyeka vyakti kI samasyAe~ haiM, jinakA use svayaM samAdhAna khojanA hai aura jinake lie vaha Aja bhAgya aura dharma kI duhAI denevAle paNDitoM ke pAsa jAnA vyartha samajhatA hai / vaha zrAja janasAdhAraNa dvArA svIkRta devI pradeza aura IzvarIya niyamoM ke mUla kI khoja karanA cAhatA hai / camatkAsvAda aura jAdU-Tone ke bhaya se Upara uTha jAne ke kAraNa vaha naitika mAnyatAoM kI prAmANikatA jAnanA cAhatA hai / Aja ke mAnava kI cintana-dhArA prAcIna mAnava kI vicAradhArA se nitAnta bhinna hai / usake jIvana meM vizvavyApI parivartana A gayA hai| usake dArzanika, sAhityika, kalAtmaka tathA vyAvasAyika vicAroM meM AmUla krAnti A gayI hai / usakA jIvana vizva - jIvana kA aMga bana gayA hai / usakA sukha vyakti taka athavA kisI viziSTa samudAya taka hI sImita nahIM raha gayA hai / vaha sampUrNa mAnavatA ke zubha naitika samasyA | 26 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tathA sukha kA AkAMkSI hai| jJAta-ajJAta rUpa se usake jIvana kA dhyeya sarvakalyANakArI ho gayA hai / ataH solahavIM zatAbdI ke jar3avAdI naitika sukhavAda ke pracAraka haoNbsa ke viruddha Aja kahA jA sakatA hai ki naitika dRSTi se kartavya kA bAhya bhaya athavA bAdhyatA ke kAraNa pAlana karanA anaitika hai| kANTa kA kathana ki 'kartavya kA Adeza antaHAropita Adeza hai', Aja ke vyakti ke mana ke adhika nikaTa hai| ___nItizAstra kartavya kA patha dikhAtA hai / kaThinAiyoM ko hala karake jIvana ko sarala aura sundara banAtA hai; karmoM ke vAstavika mUlya ke sambandha meM prakAza DAlakara unakA punarmUlyIkaraNa karatA hai / vaha pracalita naitikatA ke una niyamoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai jinake kAraNa hamAre sAmAjika jIvana kI pragati kuNThita ho gayI hai; udAharaNArtha, bAla-vivAha, bAla-vaidhavya, satI-prathA, aspRzyatA Adi / vyakti meM apanI bhI aneka durbalatAe~ haiN| usakI adhikAMza icchAe~ Atma-vinAzaka aura Atma-ghAtaka hotI haiM jinheM yathArtha-rUpa se samajhakara unakA saMyamana tathA unnayana karanA usake lie Avazyaka hai| nItizAstra manuSya ko batAtA hai ki naitika pragati meM hI jIvana kI sArthakatA hai / jIvana ke artha evaM mUlya ko samajhAne ke kAraNa hI vaha nirdeza karatA hai ki sukha aura Ananda meM kyA bheda hai| sukha aura sadguNa meM kyA antara hai| Ananda ko AcaraNa kA paramalakSya kyoM mAnanA caahie| naitika bAdhyatA ke kyA artha haiM ? vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kartavya kI kyA sImAe~ haiM ? svecchAkRta karma athavA saMkalpa kI svatantratA kA mAnava-jIvana meM kyA mahattva hai ? karmoM kI saMcAlikA bhAvanA hai athavA buddhi ? satya bolanA, vacana-baddha honA, zapatha khAnA-zubha, ucita, antarbodha, kartavya aura adhikAra Adi zabdoM kA, jinakA ki pratidina ke jIvana meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, kyA mUlya hai ? ina kaThinAiyoM ko hala karane ke lie nItizAstra usa mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai jisake AdhAra para ina sabakA sApekSa mUlya nirdhArita kiyA jA sake / ata: naitika Adarza kI nIMva vAstavika jagata hai| vyAvahArika kaThinAiyA~ hI isake mUla meM haiM / naitika Adarza vaha Adarza hai jo ki mAnavIya prayAsa aura puruSArtha se pRthvI para sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai / naitika prAdarza laukika aura aihika Adarza hai / manuSya ke jIvana kA vyAvahArika aura kriyAtmaka pakSa hI usakA janmadAtA hai| jIvana kI pragati aura sarvAMgINa unnati hI usakA dhyeya hai| vaha una niyamoM kA khaNDana karatA hai jo usa pArasparika vyavasthA kI 30 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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unnati ke pratikUla hai jise sAmAjika jIvana kahate haiN| anukUla niyamoM ko samajhane aura kalyANaprada niyamoM kA sRjana karane meM vaha amUrta aura durUha 'vijJAna bana jAtA hai| kintu usakI durUhatA yaha siddha nahIM karatI ki nItizAstra kAlpanika siddhAnta mAtra athavA bauddhika vyAyAma yA zataraMja ke khela kI bhAMti hai| vaha durUha isalie hai ki vaha sampUrNa mAnavatA kA AliMgana karatA hai| usakA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hai| vaha isa artha meM bhI durUha hai ki use vaijJAnika satya kI bhA~ti prayoga dvArA pramANita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura na use kAlI-pATI para likhakara samajhAyA hI jA sakatA hai| sAdhAraNa buddhivAle vyakti vaijJAnika satya ko samajha sakate haiM, kintu naitika satya ko samajhane ke lie sUkSma antardRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai| durUha hone para bhI nItizAstra mAnava-jIvana ke lie anivArya aura Avazyaka hai| Adhunika kAla meM isakA mahattva vizeSa rUpa se bar3ha gayA hai| Aja ke yuga meM jIvana itanA vyApaka aura vividhAMgI ho gayA hai ki manuSya ko paga-paga para AcaraNa ke mApadaNDa kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| vaha Aja vaijJAnika praNAlI dvArA usa parama-satya kI khoja karanA cAhatA hai jisake AdhAra para vaha apane karmoM ko saMcAlita kara sake / samucita naitika jJAna ke binA manuSya kA jIvana atyanta dukhada ho jAtA hai| vaha kartavyoM ke jhaMjhAvAta meM kho jAtA hai| trizaMku kI bhA~ti vaha na to pRthvI para hI raha pAtA hai aura na svarga meM hii| nItizAstra pRthvI aura svarga, vAstavika jIvana aura Adarza jIvana meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karake manuSya ko azobhana se zobhana kI pora, aziva se ziva kI ora evaM amAnuSikatA se mAnuSikatA athavA manuSyatva kI ora le jAtA hai / naitika samasyA | 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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2 nItizAstra aura vijJAna vijJAna kA artha - kisI bhI viziSTa viSaya ko susambaddha bauddhika praNAlI dvArA samajhanA, usake bAre meM vyavasthita jJAna prApta karanA, vijJAna kA kAma hai / nirNayoM ko viveka kI kasauTI para kasakara eka susaMgaThita vicAra - praNAlI meM baddha karanA, sAmAnyata:, samasta vijJAnoM kA dhyeya hai| adhikatara sAmAnya nirNayoM meM asaMgati aura virodha rahatA hai / vijJAna isa virodha aura asaMgati ko dUra karake eka viziSTa vicAra paddhati detA hai / usakA sambandha adhikatara anubhavoM kI abhinna rUpatA evaM samAnatA se rahatA hai / vaha vastuvizeSa kA jJAna detA hai aura batAtA hai ki bAhya - jagata kI ghaTanAe~ kaise ghaTita hotI haiM; vastunoM kA astitva kaise sambhava hai / usake vastu viSaya kucha anivArya satya haiM / vaha vastunoM tathA ghaTanAoM ke kArya-kAraNa-sambandha ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura usake AdhAra para sAmAnya niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai / kArya-kAraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhakara athavA vastunoM ke paraspara anivArya sambandha ko samajhane ke pazcAt vaha naye pariNAmoM kA nigamana karatA hai / vijJAna kI pUrNatA isI para nirbhara hai ki vaha jJAta kAraNoM ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para vizeSa pariNAmoM ke bAre meM nizcayapUrvaka kaha sake / vijJAna : do varga - vaijJAnika viSayoM ko do zreNiyoM yA vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai / eka ora ve viSaya haiM jo varNanAtmaka yA prAkRtika vijJAna (Descriptive or Natural Science) ke antargata Ate haiM aura dUsarI ora ve viSaya, jo Adarza vidhAyaka yA niyAmaka vijJAna ( Normative or Regulative Science) ke antargata Ate haiN| donoM prakAra ke vijJAna vyavasthita jJAna prApta 32 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| kintu donoM ke lakSya aura nirNayoM meM bheda hai / yathArthavijJAna (padArthavijJAna), manovijJAna, vanaspatizAstra aura jIvazAstra Adi vastuviSayaka jJAna dete haiN| isake antargata ve sabhI vijJAna Ate haiM jo prakRti ke bAre meM batAte haiM tathA manuSya ko eka prANI ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| padArthavijJAna kA sambandha anubhava ke eka viziSTa aMga se hai / usake viSaya yathArtha aura tathyAtmaka hote haiN| vaha yathArtha aura dRzyamAna jagata ke niyamoM kA anusandhAna karatA hai ; aparivartanazIla prAkRtika niyamoM ko samajhAtA hai| sAmAnya niyamoM kA jJAna prApta kara ina niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhAvI pariNAmoM ke bAre meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kaha sakatA hai| padArtha evaM asandigdha vijJAna kA dhyeya kisI Adarza ko nirdhArita karanA nahIM hai| vaha ghaTanAoM aura vastuoM kA mUlyAMkana nahIM karatA varana una niyamoM kI khoja karatA hai jinake AdhAra para vastuoM ke astitva para athavA ghaTanAoM ke ghaTita hone para prakAza DAlA jA sake, unheM samajhAyA jA ske| isake viparIta prAdarza-vidhAyaka vijJAna usa mApadaNDa athavA prAdarza kI khoja karatA hai jisake AdhAra para vicAra, bhAvanA tathA karma ke guNa kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA ske| vaha mUlya ke mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai; mAnava-jIvana ke mUlya kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai / yahA~ para yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki mAnavaanubhUti kI tIna sarvocca mAnyatAe~ haiM : satya, ziva aura sundara / yaha kucha aMzoM taka manazcetanA ke tIna svarUpoM-jJAnAtmaka, kriyAtmaka tathA rAgAtmaka se sAdazya rakhate haiM / ataH Adarza-vidhAyaka vijJAna ke antargata tarkazAstra, nItizAstra aura saundaryazAstra prAte haiM / ye tInoM eka hI parivAra ke haiN| tInoM hI una mApadaNDoM kI khoja karate haiM jinake AdhAra para vicAra, prAcAra aura saundarya kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai / tarkazAstra satya aura asatya ke nirNaya kA vijJAna hai| vaha satya-vicAra ke mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karatA hai; tarka ke siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| nItizAstra AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa karake usake zubhAzubha ke bAre meM nirNaya detA hai| paramadhyeya ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karane ke pazcAt vaha siddha karatA hai ki kauna-se karma paramadhyeya kI prApti meM sahAyaka haiN| vaha usa mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai jisake AdhAra para ucita-anucita, zubha-azubha ke nirNayoM kA samAdhAna kara sakate haiN| nItizAstra mAnava-zubha kA vijJAna hai / isI prakAra saundaryazAstra saundarya aura asaundarya ke nirNaya kA vijJAna hai / yaha saundarya kI kasauTI prastuta kara saundarya kA nirmANa aura mUlyAMkana karane ke lie mApadaNDa detA hai / ataH Adarza-vidhAyaka vijJAnoM kA sambandha nItizAstra aura vijJAna | 33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adarza ke mApadaNDa se hai, tathyAtmaka jagata evaM vastuvizeSa se inakA pratyakSa sambandha nahIM hai / nItizAstra evaM nItivijJAna - vijJAna sUkSma nirIkSaNa, vizleSaNa, vargIkaraNa, anumAna aura prayoga dvArA vastunoM kA vyApaka jJAna prApta karatA hai aura tadanusAra sAmAnya niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai / vaha sAmAnya niyamoM ke AdhAra para ghaTanAoM aura vastunoM kI vyAkhyA tathA spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai / vijJAna ke anusAra kinhIM vizeSa kAraNoM se kinhIM vizeSa ghaTanAoM kA janma avazya hotA hai / usakI dRSTi meM vizva meM sabhI vastue~ aura ghaTanAe~ kArya-kAraNabhAva se paraspara sambaddha tathA avalambita haiM / kisI vastu ke bAre meM pUrNa rUpa se tabhI samajhA jA sakatA hai jaba ki usake pariveza se sambandha rakhanevAle anyonyAzrita bhAva athavA paristhitiyoM se sambaddha kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ko pUrNatayA grahaNa kara liyA jAya / taba yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki amuka ghaTanAoM yA kAraNoM ke krama se amuka vastu saMgaThita hotI hai / apane vyApaka artha meM vijJAna vaha bauddhika praNAlI hai jisake dvArA bAhya jagata kA vyavasthita jJAna prApta hotA hai / isa artha meM nItizAstra ko caritra aura AcaraNa kA vijJAna athavA nItivijJAna kaha sakate haiM / nItizAstra paramazubha ko samajhane kA eka kramabaddha prayAsa hai / vaha vaijJAnika dRSTi - bindu se vaiyaktika, rASTrIya abhyAsoM, sAmAjika, dhArmika niyamoM tathA cAritrika naitika siddhAntoM kA nirIkSaNa aura vizleSaNa dvArA adhyayana karatA hai / vaha naitika niyamoM ko samasAmayika paristhitiyoM athavA dezakAla kI AvazyakatA ke AdhAra para samajhAtA hai / nItizAstra naitika niyamoM ke sApekSa mahattva ko svIkAra karatA hai / vaha naitika niyamoM ko, samayavizeSa ke sAmAjika aikya kA anivArya pariNAma mAnatA hai / vijJAna kI bhA~ti vaha naitika niyamoM ko apane astitva ke lie paristhiti aura pariveza para anyonyAzrita bhAva se avalambita mAnatA hai / viziSTa kAraNoM se hI naitika niyamoM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / ataH unheM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se vicchinna eka-dUsare se asambaddha satya ke rUpa meM nahIM dekhA jA sakatA / vAstava meM unakA mAnava samAja ke saMgaThana se sajIva sambandha hotA hai aura isa sambandha ke kAraNa hI vaha paraspara sambaddha haiM / nItizAstra aura yathArtha vijJAna meM spaSTa bheda nItizAstra ko vijJAna kI paribhASA dvArA vahIM taka sImita kara sakate haiM jahA~ taka ki donoM vaijJAnika praNAlI kA Azraya lekara apane nirNayoM ko satya athavA yathArtha kI kasauTI para 34 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kasane kA prayAsa karate haiN| isake Age donoM ke lakSya aura kSetra meM bhinnatA hai| nItizAstra kI praNAlI vaijJAnika hote hue bhI dArzanika tathyoM para AdhArita hai| yathArtha athavA asandigdha vijJAna bAhya-jagata kI ghaTanAoM kA samyak, paryavekSaNa karatA hai| usakA dhyeya vastuoM aura ghaTanAoM--mAnasika tathA bhautika kI tathyAtmaka vyAkhyA karanA hai| nItizAstra mAnyatAmUlaka hai| usake nirNaya kA lakSya manuSya kA AcaraNa hai / __ yathArtha vijJAna kA sambandha jar3a-jagata se hai athavA una mAnasika ghaTanAoM se jinakI ki prAkRtika rUpa se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / vaha manuSya aura jar3ajagata ke vyApAroM kA unake svAbhAvika rUpa meM varNana karatA hai| jar3a-jagata kI 'ghaTanAe~ cetanAzUnya hotI haiM, unakI yAntrika gati hotI hai| ve sthira prAkRtika niyamoM dvArA saMcAlita hotI haiN| ata: yathArtha vijJAna jar3a-jagata ke vyApAroM ke astitva, utpatti aura vikAsa ke bAre meM nizcita rUpa se sAmAnya niyamoM kA 'pratipAdana kara sakatA hai / nItizAstra manuSya ke karmoM aura unakI mUla pravRttiyoM kI khoja karatA hai / saMkalpa aura AcaraNa kI mUla preraka zaktiyoM kI unnati, gati evaM vyavahAra kI pragati ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura samayAnukala AcaraNa ko niyamita karane ke lie sApekSa niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| 'kintu yaha kabhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki mAnava-vyavahAra kI utpatti aura vikAsa taka hI yaha apane ko sImita nahIM rakhatA hai| vaha niyAmaka vijJAna hai / usakA parama-lakSya niHzreyasa ko samajhanA hai| vaha gauNa rUpa se hI kAlakrama meM ghaTita honevAle AcaraNa ko niyantrita karane ke lie niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai athavA AcaraNa ke utpattiviSayaka zAstra kA adhyayana karatA hai| yathArtha vijJAna prAsanna ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM nizcayapUrvaka kaha sakatA hai| bhautika 'ghaTanAe~ viziSTa paristhitiyoM ke saMyoga kA anivArya pariNAma haiN| kintu nItizAstra AcaraNa ke bAre meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha nahIM kaha sakatA / vaha pratyakSa aura jJeya zaktiyoM kA.pariNAma nahIM hai| usakA mala ghaTanAmoM se anivArya sambandha nahIM hai| vaha kArya-kAraNa ke niyama dvArA nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| 1. dekhie-bhAga 1, adhyAya 3 / / 2. yadi koI kahe ki manuSya kA jJAna sImita hai aura isa kAraNa vijJAna ke anusandhAna zata pratizata satya nahIM ho sakate haiM to yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi vijJAna ninyAnabe pratizata ghadanAmoM ke bAre meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kaha sakatA hai to nItizAstra mAnava pAcaraNa ke bAre meM kevala eka pratizata kaha sakatA hai aura vaha bhI anizcita rUpa se / nItizAstra aura vijJAna | 35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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usake bAre meM pUrvavicAra karanA atyanta kaThina hai / saMkalpa kI svatantratA - saMkalpa kI svatantratA nItizAstra kI eka nAvazyaka mAnyatA hai / yaha isa satya para AdhArita hai ki manuSya kA AcaraNa -- usake dvArA kisI karma kA honA, na honA-- usakI svatantra preraNAzakti para nirbhara hai / manovijJAna siddha kara cukA hai ki manuSya kA svabhAva caMcala aura dolAyamana hai / prabala se prabala vyaktitva ke AcaraNa ke bAre meM bhI mizrita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / yathArtha vijJAna manuSya ko prakRti kA aMga mAnatA hai, jinakA sambandha prAMgika hai / nItizAstra ke anusAra manuSya Atma cetana prANI hai / vaha isa sambandha meM vizeSarUpa se saceta hai kyoMki manuSya kI aneka sambhAvita zaktiyA~ haiM / prAkRtika niyamoM kA yantravat pAlana karanA to dUra rahA, vaha apanI ina vizeSa zaktiyoM ke bala para prakRti para vijaya prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhatA hai / ataH eka ora to prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ anivArya prAkRtika niyamoM dvArA saMcAlita hotI haiM aura dUsarI ora manuSya ke prAtma-prabuddha prANI hone ke kAraNa ve usase niyantrita bhI hotI haiM / manuSya kA AcaraNa usakI Adarza manaHsthiti evaM sampUrNa vyaktitva para nirbhara hai / vaha apane karmoM ke lie svayaM uttaradAyI hai / usake pracAra ke aucitya anaucitya para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / yathArtha vijJAna kA sambandha dezakAla meM ghaTita honevAlI ghaTanAoM se hai phalataH usakI prastAvanAe~ vyAkhyAtmaka hotI haiM / pRthvI sUrya kI parikramA karatI hai, yaha sthApanA eka viziSTa ghaTanA ke bAre meM batAtI hai / nItizAstra isase eka paga Age bar3hatA hai / usakI sthApanAe~ nyAyasammata hotI haiM / usakA sambandha una ghaTanAoM se nahIM hai jo deza-kAla yA bhUta vartamAna meM ghaTita hotI haiM athavA jinakA sambandha pUrvApara kArya-kAraNa bhAva se hai / dUsare zabdoM meM nItizAstra kA sambandha caritra ke usa pakSa se nahIM hai jo ki kAlakrama meM honevAlA eka vyApAra hai / vaha cetana vyApAroM ke aucitya - pranaucitya kA adhyayana karatA hai / yathArtha vijJAna kA sambandha kevala vastunoM ke astitva aura unake bodha se hai / yathArtha meM 'kyA hai', vaha inakA nirNaya karatA hai / nItizAstra kA sambandha Adarza se hai, 'kyA honA cAhie' se hai / usake nirNaya niyAmaka evaM mAnyatAmUlaka haiM / ve varNanAtmaka nahIM, AlocanAtmaka haiM / isako yaha kahakara aura bhI spaSTa kara sakate haiM ki nItizAstra buddhi kI sahAyatA se usa sArvabhauma mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai jisake AdhAra para tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| aura isake viparIta bauddhika rUpa se usa sArvabhauma niyama yA vizva vyavasthA kA 1 36 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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anusandhAna karatA hai jisake AdhAra para vizva ke tathyoM aura ghaTanAmoM kI saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA evaM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhautika vijJAna usa vAstavika vidhAna yA bauddhika niyamoM kA anveSaNa karatA hai jisake dvArA ghaTanAe~ saMcAlita hotI haiM, jo unheM saMgati aura ekatA dete haiN| nItizAstra isa jJeyavyavasthA se pare usa parama Adarza ko khojatA hai jisake dvArA vizva-vidhAna tathA vizva-vyApAroM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / yathArtha vijJAna kA ghaTanAoM se vahIM taka sambandha hai jahA~ taka vaha unake ghaTita hone ko samajhA sakatA hai, unakI gaNanA kara sakatA hai / nItizAstra isa bhautika vyavasthA se pare usa naitika vyavasthA kI khoja karatA hai jo mAnava-jIvana ko mahAn banA sakatI hai aura yahA~ para vaha mAnava-kalyANa kA vijJAna bana jAtA hai| usakA niHzreyasa se pratyakSa sambandha hai| mAnava-jIvana kI pragati aura usakA adhikAdhika kalyANa usakA carama dhyeya hai / vaha vijJAna kI zakti se dhvaMsAtmaka aura svabhAvata: lobhI mAnava ko kalyANa ke patha para agrasara kara use loka-maMgala kA vidhAyaka banane ke lie prerita karatA hai| tattvadarzana se sAmIpya-mAnava ke parama kalyANa kI khoja karane ke kAraNa nItizAstra tattvadarzana ke atyadhika nikaTa A jAtA hai / vaha apane Adarza ke lie vijJAna para itanA adhika nirbhara nahIM hai| use hama kevala vijJAna ke vyApaka artha meM hI vijJAna kaha sakate haiN| vijJAna kA sambandha anubhava ke viziSTa aMga se hai| yaha sApekSa jJAna kI khoja kara vizeSa dRSTikoNa se anubhava kA adhyayana karatA hai| nakSatra-vidyA aura padArtha-vidyA kA mahattva unhIM ke lie hai jo ina vidyAnoM ke bAre meM apanI jijJAsA kA samAdhAna athavA kisI viziSTa tathya kA pratipAdana karanA cAhate haiN| vijJAna kucha Avazyaka mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hI apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kara sakatA hai| ataH prAkRtika vijJAna adhikatara tattvadarzana se svatantra rahate haiN| kintu nItizAstra kA isase ghaniSTha sambandha hai| vaha apane Adarza kA svarUpa bhI tattvadarzana ke anurUpa nirdhArita karatA hai| nItizAstra kA sambandha jIvana ke kriyAtmaka pakSa se hai| usake lie jIvana kA pratyeka kSaNa mahattvapUrNa aura arthagabhita hai| vaha usa paramasatya ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karanA cAhatA hai jisakA sArvabhauma aura nirapekSa guNa sarvamAnya ho athavA jisakA saba dezoM aura saba kAloM meM eka hI svarUpa ho| aise nirapekSa Adarza kI sthApanA vaha tattvadarzana kI sahAyatA se hI kara sakatA hai| nItizAstra yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki manuSya kA apane bhautika aura sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa se nItizAstra aura vijJAna | 35 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cetana sambandha hai / isalie vaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki manuSya kI vizva meM kyA sthiti aura sthAna hai / usakA dUsaroM se kyA sambandha hai aura vaha kisa prakAra apane sthiti - jJAna ke anurUpa karma karatA hai / yahA~ para punaH nItizAstra kA tattvadarzana se ananya sambandha spaSTa ho jAtA hai / tattvadarzana use batAtA hai ki manuSya kevala apane sImita parivAra yA rASTra kA hI nAgarika nahIM hai, vaha samasta mAnava samAja - 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' - kA bhI avicchinna aMga hai / usakA vizva se AtmIya sambandha hai, aura isa satya ke AdhAra para nItizAstra manuSya ke jIvana kA dhyeya sArvabhauma tathA sarva kalyANakArI batAtA hai / tattvadarzana ke niSkarSa nItizAstra ko jisa rUpa meM prabhAvita karate haiM usa rUpa meM ve vaijJAnika jagata meM anivArya rUpa se UhApoha nahIM macA sakate haiM / nItizAstra ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki kisI bhI nItijJa kA naitika jJAna usake tattvadarzana ke usa pakSa se pUrNa gambhIra rUpa se prabhAvita hotA hai jo ki usake dRSTikoNa ko zAsita karatA hai / nItijJoM ne naitika praznoM kA uttara apanI vizva-vidhAna kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa hI diyA hai| bhautikavAdiyoM ne kevala vaiyaktika aihika mukha ko hI jIvana kA dhyeya batAyA hai kintu adhyAtmavAdiyoM ne samasta vizva ke kalyANa ko mahattva diyA hai / isa prakAra nItizAstra karmoM kA mUlyIkaraNa karane ke lie, pracAra ke aucitya - anaucitya ko nirdhArita karane ke lie tattvadarzana ke atyadhika samIpa AtA hai / isIlie aneka vicArakoM ne ise naitika-darzana yA zrAcAra-vyavahAra kA darzana bhI kahA hai / 1 naitika abhidhAraNAe~, saMkalpa-svAtantrya, zrAtmA kI zramaratA, Izvara kA astitva - saMkalpa kI svatantratA' nItizAstra kI vaha anivArya AvazyakatA hai jisake binA naitika AcaraNa sambhava hI nahIM hai / 'naitika cAhie' kA artha hI yaha hai ki hama usa AcaraNa ko karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiM jo ucita evaM naitika hai / saMkalpa svAtantrya, naitika artha meM, usa prAcaraNa kA sUcaka nahIM hai jo preraNArahita hai, athavA jo yoM hI, AvegoM ke vazIbhUta hokara kiyA jAtA hai yA binA soce-samajhe kiyA jAtA hai varan usa AcaraNa kA jise bhalI-bhA~ti socasamajhakara saceta bhAva se kisI nirdiSTa lakSya evaM mUlya kI prApti aura saMrakSaNa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / 1 isI bhA~ti AtmA kI amaratA aura Izvara kA astitva bhI naitika 1. dekhie - pR0 23 tathA pradhyAya 7 / 38 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jIvana kI anivArya mAnyatAe~ haiM / naitika prayAsoM evaM AcaraNa ke lie mAnavajIvana ke nairantarya kI dhAraNA hameM bala pradAna karatI hai| yadi yaha mAna leM ki kSaNabhaMgura hai, kala kyA hogA hama nahIM jAnate, evaM bhaviSya anizcita aura ajJeya hai tathA isa jIvana ke sAtha hI AtmA kA vinAza ho jAyegA to manuSya kA naitika mUlyoM se vizvAsa haTa jAyegA aura vaha usa AcaraNa ko apanA legA jo svArthI, sukhavAdI evaM asAmAjika hai, jo mAnavatA-vyakti tathA samAjadonoM ke lie hI ghAtaka hai| AtmA kI amaratA para vizvAsa rakha manuSya usa bhAvI jagata kI kalpanA karatA hai jahA~ usakA naitika AcaraNa zubha aura maMgala kA pratIka hogA / bhAvI evaM naitika vizva meM, kANTa ke anusAra naitikatA athavA zubhAcaraNa aura Ananda eka-dUsare se sambaddha hoMge / ataH AtmA kI amaratA, usakI avicchinnatA, zubha AcaraNa ke lie preraNAdAyaka hai| yadi AtmA ke astitva kA isI jIvana ke sAtha paryavasAna mAna leM athavA AtmA kI kSaNabhaMguratA kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kara leM to usakA spaSTa pariNAma bhogavAdI athavA cArvAka aura sthUla sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa hogA jo vyakti aura samAja ke jIvana ke lie vinAzakArI hai| jisa bhA~ti bhaviSya jIvana naitikatA kI eka Avazyaka zarta hai usI bhA~ti Izvara kA astitva bhI hai| naitika jJAna usa sattA kI apekSA rakhatA hai jo pUrNa, sarvajJAtA, sarvazaktimAna, sarvavyApI hai evaM jo naitikatA aura prakRti kA saMrakSaka tathA nyAya aura aucitya kA rakSaka hai / aisI sattA kI dhAraNA naitikatA kA vaha mahAn AdhAra aura sambala hai jo naitika vyakti ko viSama se viSamatara sthiti meM aDiga rakhatA hai| vizva eka suniyojita soddezya samagratA hai aura isalie pratyeka vyakti kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha zubha kI prApti ke lie prayAsa kare, zubha kI prApti meM bhagavAna sahAyaka hoMge kyoMki vaha zubhatva kA pratIka hai| prAcaraNa-kalA kI sambhAvanA-kucha vicAraka nItizAstra ko prAcaraNakalA kahate haiM, kintu use prAcAravijJAna hI kahanA ucita hai / yathArtha vijJAna se antara hone para bhI usakI praNAlI ke kAraNa use vijJAna hI kahanA caahie| . jahA~ taka kalA-nibandhoM kA prazna hai unakA prayoga usa suvyavasthita vyakta jJAna ke lie hotA hai jo jJAta satya ko vyavahAra meM lAtA hai / kalA kA uddezya usa 1. dekhie-sukhavAda, tathA adhyAya 21 (cArvAka drshn)| 2. dekhie-adhyAya 4 ke antargata. 'Izvara vidyaa'| nItizAstra aura vijJAna | 36 For Personal & Private Use Only

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viziSTa phala kI upalabdhi se hai jise vaha vyakta karatI hai| vaha apane lakSya kI prApti ke lie ucita sAdhanoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karatI hai| nIti isa artha meM kalA nahIM hai / kisI prayojana kI siddhi isakA dhyeya nahIM hai / naitikatA ke pIche koI aisA mahAn uddezya chipA huA nahIM hai jo manuSyoM ke AcaraNa ko apratyakSa rUpa meM niyantrita karatA hai / nItijJa naitika AcaraNa ko apane meM hI pUrNa mAnate haiN| karma apane ApameM sAdhya hai| karma, karma ke lie hai| vaha svataH vAMchanIya hai, kisI mahat uddezya kI yojanA kA aMga nahIM hai| naitika karmoM ko unake pAbhyantarika guNoM ke kAraNa svIkAra karate haiN| unakA uddezya kisI nizcita phala kA utpAdana karanA nahIM hai| vaha kalA kA uddezya hai / yadi kalA lakSya kI pUrti kI apekSA rakhatI hai to naitikatA Antarika dhyeya kI / kalA kI saphalatA pariNAma para evaM lakSya kI pUrti para nirbhara hai, citrakAra ke bhAvoM kI sundara abhivyakti para / usake lie apane bhAvoM ko vyakta karanA Avazyaka hai| kintu naitika karma kI saphalatA pariNAma para nirbhara nahIM hai, vaha usake Antarika guNa para nirbhara hai| ata: nItijJa kahate haiM-'karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana / ' sadAcArI kA ekamAtra kartavya zubha karma karanA hai, use phala kI AkAMkSA nahIM karanI cAhie / asaphalatA pAne para athavA burI paristhiti meM par3a jAne para bhI vaha sadaiva apane zubhAcaraNa dvArA maNi-dIpa ke samAna jyotit rhegaa| vyAvahArika darzana-kaI vicAraka siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ke bIca spaSTa bheda mAnate haiN| isI kAraNa eka ora ve nItijJa milate haiM jo nItizAstra ko vyAvahArika vijJAna mAnate haiM aura dUsarI ora ve jo use saiddhAntika vijJAna mAnate haiM / kintu nItizAstra na to mAtra vyAvahArika hai aura na mAtra saiddhAntika hI / vaha vyAvahArika hone ke nAte hI saiddhAntika hai / isa tathya ko samajhane ke lie vijJAna se udAharaNa lenA ucita hogA / pracalita dhAraNA ke anusAra vijJAna kevala saiddhAntika hai| isa bhrAnta dhAraNA ke mUla meM yaha abhyAsa hai ki loga prAkRtika vijJAnoM ko satya kI una ba~dhI huI paddhatiyoM ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM jo kevala pustakoM meM par3hane ko milatI haiM, aura jo bauddhika abhyAsoM ke lie sAdhanasvarUpa tathA lAbhaprada haiN| itihAsa batAtA hai ki vijJAna ke prArambha kAla meM usake lie kevala saiddhAntika hI jijJAsA nahIM thI / manuSya kI prAkRtika niyamoM meM svAbhAvika ruci hone ke kAraNa vaha apane prayojana kI pUrti ke lie hI prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa jAnanA cAhatA thaa| usakI bhautika prAvazyakatAoM 40 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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ne use anajAne meM hI vaijJAnika banA diyaa| bAhya-jagata ke niyamoM ko samajhane ke lie usane unakA anuzIlana kiyaa| vaijJAnika cintana tathA siddhAnta usake prayojana ke hI pratibimba haiM / dIrghakAla ke pazcAt usameM usa 'taTastha jijJAsA' kA prAdurbhAva huA jo mahAn vaijJAnika AviSkAroM kI jananI hai / isI prakAra nItizAstra ke kSetra meM bhI vyAvahArika AvazyakatAe~ hI naitika siddhAnta ke prAdurbhAva kA kAraNa haiN| AvazyakatAoM dvArA prerita hone ke kAraNa manuSya apane jIvana aura vicAroM para manana karatA hai| vaha sahaja preraNAvaza pracalita niyamoM, saMsthAoM Adi kA yA to anumodana karatA hai, aura yA to virodha / dhIre-dhIre usakI buddhi ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI paucitya-anaucitya ke naitika niyama bauddhika, tarkasaMgata tathA sArvabhaumika rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiN| isa rUpa meM ve adhika logoM ko AkarSita karate haiM aura niyamabaddha hone ke kAraNa mAnava kI bauddhika mA~ganiyama-priyatA ko santuSTa karate haiN| sAtha hI dainandina ke jIvana se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa naitika niSkarSa tAtkAlika aura sArvabhaumika abhiruci ke hote haiN| siddhAnta aura vyavahAra kA aikya-naitikatA kA itihAsa yaha bhalI-bhAMti siddha kara detA hai ki vyavahAra aura siddhAnta eka hI satya ke do rUpa haiM / naitika siddhAnta mUrta satya (vyAvahArika AvazyakatAoM) ke hI amUrta rUpa haiM / naitikatA apanI prathama sthiti meM sahaja pravRtti, rUr3hi aura Adeza ke rUpa meM prasphuTita huI, aura bAda meM isake prati vyakti adhikAdhika saceta hotA gyaa| jIvana kI bar3hatI huI avyavasthA ne use saMgati aura vidhAna khojane ko prerita kiyA / ataH pravRttiyoM ke virodha ne tathA bAhya zaktiyoM kI krAnti ne manuSya ke naitika jJAna ko cetAvanI dete hue jAgrata kiyaa| vaha prabuddha evaM praur3ha cintana karane lgaa| naitika jJAnI ne AtmAnaM viddhi-AtmA ko jAnane kA udghoSa kiyA / AtmA ke satyasvarUpa kA jJAna hI vAstava meM AcaraNa-patha kA nirdezana karatA hai| naitika saMhitAmoM meM jo parasparavirodha, dveSa, krodha, vaimanasyatA Adi milate haiM prAtma-satya una sabako samanvita kara mAnava-buddhi ko zuddha tathA mukta karatA hai / vaha jIvana kI kevala icchAoM, sahaja pravRttiyoM, AvegoM, vAsanAoM tathA. paristhitijanya saMgharSoM ke bIca nahIM bahane detA hai| mAnasika viplava kI sthiti meM naitika-jJAna zakti banakara manuSya kI rakSA karatA hai| __jIvana kI Thosa vyAvahArika AvazyakatAe~ naitika mApadaNDa ko khojatI haiN| ve usa mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karanA cAhatI haiM jo vAstava meM zubha tathA sArvabhaumika hai| yaha vyAvahArika se saiddhAntika sthiti parivartana kA lakSaNa hai| nItizAstra aura vijJAna / 41 For Personal & Private Use Only

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manuSya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki jIvana kisa satya para AdhRta hai-vaha satya vyavasthita tathA santulita hai, athavA avyavasthita tathA saMgatihIna / jIvana kA mUlataH kyA artha hai, aura vaha kyoM rahane yogya hai / yaha svIkAra karanA ucita hogA ki pratyeka vyakti svabhAvataH karmazIla hai aura usI ke anivArya pariNAma-svarUpa vaha naitika hai / janasAdhAraNa kA cintana adhikatara avyavasthita, aspaSTa aura virala hotA hai / spaSTa aura pUrNa pAcaraNa kA siddhAnta dIrgha-prayAsa kA phala hai| gUr3ha naitika siddhAnta ko taTastha jijJAsu hI janma de sakatA hai-athavA vaha vyakti jo AvazyakatAoM aura virodhoM se Upara uThakara jIvana ko usakI pUrNatA meM dekhane kA prayAsa karatA hai| naitika jJAna dvArA vaha satya ko kevala bauddhika rUpa se grahaNa hI nahIM karatA, vaha usase apane prAcaraNa kA bhI unnayana kara satya ko bhI AtmasAt karatA hai| isa tathya ko lakSita karate hue eka mahAn vicAraka ne kahA hai ki nItijJa kA cirasthAyI anurAga saiddhAntika aura vyAvahArika hai| yUnAnI nItijJa, sUkarAta kI bhASA meM 'jJAna sadguNa hai', satya kA jJAtA anivArya rUpa se satya kA mArga grahaNa kregaa| buddha ne bhI prajJA aura zIla ke aikya ko mahattva diyA hai| paripakva naitikatA vyakti tathA rASTra kI bauddhika antardaSTi ko jAgrata karatI hai; sAmAjika saMgaThanoM aura vibhinna saMsthAnoM ko sAmUhika rUpa se vAMchanIya dhyeya kI prApti ke lie preraNA detI hai; vaha vyakti ko pravatti mArga kI ora agrasara kara use karmayoga kA sandeza detI hai / gAMdhI kI satya-ahiMsA kI naitikatA karmayoga kI naitikatA hai| naitika siddhAnta Adarza-vidhAyaka hone ke kAraNa vyakti ko ucita karma karane ke lie bAdhita na kara use prerita karatA hai / vaha sajaga, prabuddha prANI ko una patha-pradarzaka niyamoM kA jJAna detA hai jisake dvArA vaha apane karmoM ko suniyantrita kara sakatA hai| naitika jIvana korA niyamoM athavA siddhAntoM kA jIvana nahIM hai| vaha zuSka buddhivAda bhI nahIM hai| vaha AcaraNa ke lie kaThora niyamoM, nizcita sAdhanoM kA pratipAdana nahIM karatA, vaha vyakti kI bauddhika antardaSTi ko jAgrata kara naitika jIvana ke hRdaya-spandana ko usake bhItara sajIva rUpa de detA hai| naitika siddhAnta kA sAra sthira niyamoM ke pratipAdana meM nahIM, naitikatA kI sahaja svAbhAvika unnati se hai| mAnava-jIvana ke abhyudaya ko sammukha rakhate hue nItizAstra pratyeka deza, kAla ke siddhAnta ko usa yuga kI prAvazyakatAoM, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA pratIka mAnatA hai / ataH, gUr3ha natika siddhAnta usa parama mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai jo vibhinna siddhAntoM ko saMgaThita 42 / nItizAstra ....... For Personal & Private Use Only

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kara unake mUla kAraNoM ko viziSTa samayAnusAra prakAza meM lA sake / naitikatA kI utpatti kI mAMga usa siddhAnta yA mApadaNDa kI mA~ga hai jo jIvana ke dhyeya aura mUlya ko samyak jJAna dvArA pradarzita kara sake / parama mApadaNDI kI khoja ke lie nItizAstra apanI vyAvahArika antardaSTi kA upayoga karatA hai jo usake lie anivArya hai kyoMki vaha mAnava AcaraNa kI AvazyakatA kA siddhAnta hai| jahA~ taka nItizAstra ke vyavahAra kA prazna hai yaha manuSya ke vyaktitva para nirbhara hai ki vaha use apane AcaraNa meM kahA~ taka svIkAra karatA hai| yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki vaha nItizAstra kA adhyayana kevala parIkSA meM uttIrNa hone ke lie athavA apane sAmAnya jJAna kI abhivRddhi athavA vidvattA ke pradarzana ke lie hI kre| nItizAstra use kevala yaha batA sakatA hai ki vAstavika sukhopabhoga ke lie, jIvana kI sArthaka prApti ke lie kalyANaprada niyama kauna se haiM / vaha Atma-prabuddha vyakti kI cetanA ko jagAtA hai, use Atma-satya kI ora prerita karatA hai| Atma-cetana vyakti ko zubhaprada niyamoM ke pAlana ke hetu bAdhya karanA vaha heya samajhatA hai| yaha saca hai ki naitika siddhAnta kA janaka jIvana hai kintu apanI niyAmaka zakti ke kAraNa vaha jIvana kA nirmAtA tathA poSaka bana jAtA hai| phira bhI yaha pratyeka vyakti para nirbhara hai ki vaha apane ucita jJAna ke anurUpa apane AcaraNa ko kitanA saMyamita karatA hai, pazu-jIvana se kitanA Upara uThAtA hai aura usameM Atma-pUrNatA ko prApta karane kI preraNA kitanI tIvra hai| nItizAstra aura vijJAna | 43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~-nItizAstra kA Adarza-vidhAyaka svarUpa yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki dharatI para paira hone para bhI yaha mAtra dharatI kA nahIM hai| mAnava-jIvana ke Adarza se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa eka ora to vaha yathArtha vijJAnoM se sambandhita hai aura dUsarI ora tattvadarzana se / ataH yaha na to mAtra vaha vijJAna hai jo anubhava para AdhArita hai aura na mAtra vaha Adarza hai jo anubhava se svatantra evaM anubhavAtIta hai| naitika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki nItijJa isa satya kI ora se taTastha-sA rhe| pratyeka nItijJa ne eka viziSTa praNAlI ko mahattva diyA aura usI praNAlI ko usane svayaM svIkAra kiyaa| isa bhA~ti hameM aneka praNAliyA~ milatI haiM / sukarAta kI praznottara evaM zaMkA-samAdhAna kI praNAlI, spaiMsara kI vizuddha vaijJAnika praNAlI, hIgala aura grIna kI dArzanika praNAlI, upayogitAvAdiyoM kI manovaijJAnika evaM vizleSaNAtmaka praNAlI, grIna kI mizrita praNAlI Adi kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki nItijJoM ne kisI eka praNAlI ko nahIM apanAyA hai balki vibhinna praNAliyoM kA Azraya liyA hai / sthUla dRSTi se jina vibhinna praNAliyoM ko unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai unheM do vidhiyoM ke antargata samajhA sakate haiM : dArzanika aura vaijJAnika / 1. vaha pAlocanAtmaka praNAlI jo ki apane pratidvandvI ke mata kA khaNDana karake apane mata kA pratipAdana karatI hai| 2. sijavika ne siddhAnta ko hI vidhi mAnakara nItizAstra kI sabhI vidhiyoM ko tIna mukhya vidhiyoM (svArthavAdI sukhavAda, sArvabhauma sukhavAda aura sahajajJAnavAda) ke antargata mAnA hai| vidhiyoM kA isa prakAra kA vargIkaraNa anucita hai kyoMki siddhAnta paura vidhi meM bheda 44 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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dArzanika aura vaijJAnika vidhi meM bheda-vaijJAnika ke antargata bhautika, jaiva, manovaijJAnika, aitihAsika aura utpatti-viSayaka vidhiyA~ A jAtI haiM tathA dArzanika ke antargata vaha vidhi hai jo paramasatya ke AdhAra para naitika Adarza ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karatI hai| vaijJAnika vidhi ko apanAnevAloM ne anubhava aura pratyakSa ke AdhAra para pradattoM ko ikaTThA kiyA aura unake adhyayana aura vargIkaraNa dvArA sAmAnya niyamoM kI sthApanA kara naitika niyamoM kA tathyAtmaka varNana kiyaa| dArzanika vidhivAloM ne pradattoM ke artha samajhane kI ceSTA kii| apane jJAna ko sAMsArika ghaTanAoM evaM bAhya satyoM aura indriyajanya jJAna taka sImita na rakhakara gambhIra cintana, vizleSaNa aura bauddhika antardRSTi kI sahAyatA lii| unhoMne vyaktiyoM ke satyasvarUpa ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA aura usa svarUpa ko naitika Adarza kA AdhAra maanaa| vaijJAnika vidhi tathyAtmaka aura varNanAtmaka hai aura dArzanika vidhi AlocanAtmaka aura cintana-pradhAna hai| vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI sahAyatA se pratyeka ghaTanA ko alaga-alaga samajhanA cAhatA hai to dArzanika samagratA ke sambandha meM samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / vaijJAnika vidhi-vaijJAnika vidhi ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM : manovaijJAnika aura amanovaijJAnika / manovaijJAnika vidhivAle vicAraka ve haiM jinhoMne naitika tathya ko manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI sahAyatA se samajhAyA aura amanovaijJAnika vidhivAle ve haiM jinhoMne manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kI sahAyatA nahIM lii| inhoMne bhautika aura jaiva tathyoM se naitika tathyoM kA nigamana kiyaa| isa bheda ko yaha kahakara bhI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki amanovaijJAnika vidhivAloM ne nigamanAtmaka praNAlI ko svIkAra kiyA aura manovaijJAnika vidhivAloM ne vizleSaNAtmaka evaM AgamanAtmaka praNAlI ko / vaha amanovaijJAnika praNAlI jisakA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se spaiMsara aura jar3avAdiyoM ne kiyA hai, prAkRtika yA bhautika nigamanAtmaka praNAlI kahalAtI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki amano-vaijJAnika yA nigamanAtmaka praNAlI kA prayoga dArzanika vidhivAloM ne bhI kiyA hai| ataH unakI praNAlI dArzanika nigamanAtmaka praNAlI hai| ___ amanovaijJAnika vidhi-vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta dvArA bhautika aura jaiva praNAlI ko mahattva diyaa| spaiMsara kA kahanA hai ki jaiva niyamoM se naitika niyamoM kA nigamana karanA cAhie / naitika niyamoM ko samajhane ke lie hai| vidhiyoM kA vargIkaraNa unhIM kI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiN| vAstava meM sijavika ne siddhAntoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ | 45 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhautikavijJAna, jIvazAstra aura samAjazAstra kI sahAyatA lenI caahie| vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM (speMsara, lejlI sTIphena aura elekaNDara) ne hI, vAstava meM, aitihAsika aura utpatti-viSayaka praNAlI ko mahattva diyaa| naitikatA kI utpatti kA itihAsa batalAtA hai ki ninaitikatA se naitikatA kI utpatti huii| jIvanasaMgharSa ke krama meM naitika niyama utpanna hue| naitika niyama ke udbhava ko tathA vikAsa ke krama ko samajhAnA samAjazAstra kA kAma hai na ki nItizAstra kaa| vikAsavAdiyoM ne jisa aitihAsika aura utpatti-viSayaka evaM samAjazAstrIya praNAlI ko mAnyatA dI vaha samAjazAstra kI hai| naitika niyamoM ke udbhava kA itihAsa unakI prAmANikatA ko siddha nahIM kara sktaa| nItizAstra kA kAma 'niyamoM kA mUlyAMkana karanA hai na ki unakA aitihAsika aura tathyAtmaka varNana krnaa| kArla mArksa ne aitihAsika aura samAjazAstrIya praNAlI kI zaraNa lekara samAja kI arthazAstrIya vyAkhyA kI ora, isake AdhAra para samajhAyA ki naitika niyama samAja kI bhUtakAlIna aura vartamAna Arthika racanA kA pratibimba haiN| isa bhA~ti usane sAmAjika mAnyatAoM aura naitika niyamoM kA Arthika spaSTIkaraNa kiyaa| - manovaijJAnika vidhi-manovaijJAnika vidhivAloM ne naitika tathyoM ko cetanA ke vizleSaNa dvArA smjhaayaa| naitika samasyA mAnava-svabhAva kI samasyA hai| manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa dvArA isako sulajhA sakate haiM / hya ma, baithama aura mila me manuSya ke svabhAva, karma aura pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa karake zubha ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita kiyA / manuSya svabhAvavaza sukha kI khoja karatA hai aura duHkha kA parityAga karatA hai / sukha jIvana kA dhyeya hai| mila ne manuSya-svabhAva ke AdhAra 'para sukha ko vAMchanIya mAnA aura usI ke dvArA karma ke aucitya-anaucitya ko nirdhArita kiyaa| kaDavartha, klArka, zephTsabarI Adi sahaja jJAnavAdiyoM ne bhI manovaijJAnika praNAlI ko apnaayaa| cetanA kA vizleSaNa batalAtA hai ki mAnasa meM karma ke aucitya-anaucitya ko samajhane ke lie eka sahajAta zakti evaM antarbodha hai / sukhavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti manovaijJAnika aura vizleSaNAtmaka praNAlI ko apanAne para bhI sahajajJAnavAdI bhinna niSkarSa para pahuMce / kANTa ne bhI isI paddhati ko apanA 1. dekhie-bhAga 2 / 46 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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hA kara kartavya ke nirapekSa Adeza ko mahattva diyA / kANTa aura sahajajJAnavAdI manovaijJAnika evaM vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati ke sAtha dArzanika paddhati ko apanAte haiM / vAstavikatA se adhika mahattva prAdarza ko dete haiN| dArzanika vidhi-pleTo, arastu, hIgala, grIna tathA usake anuyAyiyoM ne dArzanika nigamanAtmaka praNAlI ko apnaayaa| ina AdarzavAdI nItijJoM ne naitika Adarza ko samajhane ke pUrva paramasatya ko samajhanA Avazyaka samajhA / sattA ke svarUpa se naitikatA ke antartathya kA nigamana kiyaa| nItizAstra apane Adarza ke lie tattvadarzana para nirbhara hai| tattvadarzana hI use dhyeya kI dhAraNA detA hai / tattvadarzana ke AdhAra para pleTo ne samajhAyA ki kAlajagata zAzvata kI chAyAmAtra hai / hIgala kA kahanA hai ki anekatA paramasatya kI hI abhivyakti hai aura grIna ne paramasatya ko zAzvata caitanya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / manuSya ke svabhAva ko aise darzana para AdhArita karake ina vicArakoM ne kahA ki manuSya ko apanI sImAoM se Upara uThakara zAzvata ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie / zAzvata hI manuSya kA vAstavika svarUpa evaM Antarika satya hai| zAzvata ko prApta karanA pUrNatA ko prApta karanA hai, yahI paramadhyeya hai| aise siddhAnta ko, jo ki jJeya kA AdhAra ajJeya ko mAnatA hai, janasAmAnya ke lie svIkAra karanA kaThina hai / janasAmAnya usa satya ko saralatA se grahaNa kara sakatA hai jisakA ki vaha anubhava kara sake / vaha yaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki anubhavAtmaka AtmA kA AcaraNa kaisA honA cAhie / nItizAstra vyAvahArika vijJAna hai / vaha vAstavika tathyoM se virakta hokara prAdarza kI ora nahIM jA sktaa| pleTo ne to zAzvata aura nazvara jIvana ke dvaita ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai / aise paramatAttvika dRSTikoNa usa vijJAna ke lie anucita haiM jisakA sambandha vyAvahArika jIvana se hai| pAlocanA : naitika vidhi kI prora-bhautika ghaTanAoM, jaiva aura sAmAjika tathyoM, manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa tathA bhUta aura vartamAna se sambandha rakhanevAlI vidhi cAhe aura kucha bhI ho, naitika vidhi nahIM hai| naitika vidhi bhaviSya se . asambaddha nahIM raha sakatI / vaha usa mAnavocita Adarza ko samajhanA cAhatI hai jo vyakti ko pUrNatA pradAna karake gauravAnvita karatA hai| Adarza kA jijJAsu vyakti bhata, vartamAna aura bhaviSya se avicchinna rUpa se sambandhita hai| vaha apane jJAna ko prAkRtika vijJAna, kArya-kAraNa kA niyama, acetana tathA cetana tathya taka sImita nahIM rakha sakatA / naitikatA isa satya para AdhArita hai ki Atmaprabuddha nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ | 47 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prANI kevala deha-mana kI sAmAnya AvazyakatAoM kA prANI nahIM hai / vaha AdhyAtmika aura naitika hai / yathArtha se sambandhita hone para bhI nItizAstra usI meM sImita nahIM raha jAtA hai balki usase Upara uThane kI ceSTA karatA hai| naitika Adarza vaha satya hai jo anubhavAtmaka hone para bhI anubhavAtIta hai / vaha 'kyA hai' ko svIkAra avazya karatA hai para vaha kevala 'kyA hai' nahIM hai / vaha una samasta sambhAvanAoM kA sUcaka hai jo bhaviSya meM pUrNatA prApta kareMgI / yahI kAraNa hai ki nItizAstra usa pUrNatA ( antima sthiti) aura nizcayAtmakatA ko bhI prApta nahIM kara sakatA jo gaNita aura bhautika vijJAnoM kA vizeSa guNa hai / nItizAstra ko bhUta aura bhaviSya taka sImita kara denA athavA use varNanA - tmaka vijJAnoM kI zreNI meM rakha denA bhrAntipUrNa hai / naitika ruci kA kendra apaneApa meM aitihAsika ghaTanAe~ nahIM haiM kintu una ghaTanAoM kA parama spaSTIkaraNa aura zAzvata artha hai / nItizAstra naitika Adarza evaM mAnadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai aura pracalita yA bhAvAtmaka naitikatA kA isa zrAdarza ke sambandha meM samarthana zrathavA samarthana karatA hai / ataH nItizAstra ke lie karma aura ghaTanAoM ke kAraNoM kI khoja utanI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanI ki svayaM karma, usakA pariNAma aura vaha Adarza jisako ki vaha vyakta karatA hai / nItizAstra kA pratyakSa sambandha abhyAsa, rIti-rivAja aura niyamoM ke udgama ke itihAsa se nahIM hai varan unake vartamAna mUlya se / vaha niyamoM kA mUlya una logoM ke sambandha meM prakatA hai jinake jIvana meM ve vyavahRta hote haiM / Adarza se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa hI manuSya ke svabhAva kA manovaijJAnika zraura vizleSaNAtmaka evaM tathyAtmaka varNana mAtra naitika samasyAoM ko hala nahIM kara sakatA hai / athavA naitika tathyoM kA manovaijJAnika varNana naitika Adarza ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita nahIM kara sakatA / niHsandeha manovijJAna naitika cetanA ke dRSTigata viSayoM ko prastuta karane meM pUrNataH samartha hai kintu nItizAstra aise jJAna se pUrNataH santuSTa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake nirNaya mUlyaparaka hote haiM / ghaTanAoM ke artha kA spaSTIkaraNa karanevAle Adarza - vidhAyaka vijJAna ke lie zuddha vaijJAnika vizleSaNa aparyApta haiM / nItizAstra ucita - anucita ke mAnadaNDa ko jAnanA cAhatA hai aura usa mAnadaNDa ke AdhAra para karma kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai / acche karma kA zubhatva karma kI samagratA para nirbhara hai kintu manovaijJAnika paddhati vizleSaNAtmaka hai / vaijJAnika paddhati kI sImAoM ko dekhate hue kyA hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki 48 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika Adarza kA kSetra darzana kA kSetra hai aura isalie dArzanika paddhati ucita paddhati hai ? jisa Adarza kI prApti ke lie nItizAstra prayAsa karatA hai vaha mAtra kAlpanika aura cintanapradhAna nahIM hai / usa Adarza kA sambandha vAstavika anubhavAtmaka jagata se hai athavA pratidina aura pratikSaNa ke kArya-kalApoM se hai / anubhavAtmaka AtmA se sambandha rakhanevAle Adarza ke lie usakA jJAna anivArya hai evaM manovijJAna, samAjazAstra, jIvazAstra Adi vijJAnoM kI sahAyatA lenA Avazyaka hai / dArzanika praNAlI ko mahattva denevAle bhUla gaye ki naitika AcaraNa kA ekamAtra uddezya zAzvata jIvana nahIM hai / sadguNa, kartavya, tyAga, bAdhyatA Adi anubhavAtmaka AtmA ke sambandha se hI arthagarbhita hote haiM / nItizAstra meM donoM praNAliyAM paraspara nirbhara - nItizAstra naitika nirNayoM ko vidhAna kI ekatA meM bA~dhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / vaha naitika tathyoM kA usa naitika Adarza ke sambandha meM vyAkhyA aura spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai jo ki sattA ke vidhAna se ananya rUpa se sambandhita hai / isa dRSTi se nItizAstra ke kSetra meM vaijJAnika aura dArzanika praNAlI paraspara nirbhara haiM / vaijJAnika praNAlI ko apanAkara nIti - zAstra niyama, karma, caritra, abhyAsa Adi kA vijJAna kI bhA~ti nirIkSaNa aura spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai / sAmAnyabodha ke nirNayoM ko, cAhe ve tathyAtmaka hoM yA mUlyaparaka, vidhAna kI ekatA meM bA~dhakara vyavasthita rUpa dene kA prayAsa karatA hai / isake Age nItizAstra aura vijJAna meM bheda hai / naitika nirNaya mUlyaparaka aura vaijJAnika tathyAtmaka haiM / vijJAna kA kSetra sImita hai / nItizAstra vijJAna se yukta hone para bhI vyApaka kSetra ko apanAtA hai / vaha taba taka pUrNatA nahIM prApta kara sakatA jaba taka ki naitika darzana yA tattvadarzana ko nahIM apanA letA hai / usake mUlyaparaka nirNaya cintanapradhAna yA dArzanika hote haiM / ataH nItizAstra vaijJAnika praNAlI ko apanAkara darzana ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai / naitika nirNaya apanI paramaprAmANikatA ke lie evaM naitika vicAra apane artha, mUlya aura sArthakatA ke lie tattvadarzana para nirbhara haiM / nItizAstra apane bhItara anubhavAtmaka aura anubhavAtIta tathyoM kA samAveza karatA hai / naitika praNAlI : samanvayAtmaka - jIvana meM nihita pradarza ko samajhane kA vijJAna zuddha vijJAna se bhinna hai| vaha kisI ghaTanA ko pUrvakAlIna ghaTanA evaM kArya-kAraNa ke niyama dvArA nahIM samajhAtA varan use samasta vizva kI Avayavika vyavasthA kA abhinna aMga mAnatA hai / aisI sthiti meM viSayoM kA kevala bAhya nirIkSaNa paryApta nahIM hai / pratyakSa antarjJAna yA sahajajJAna evaM samagratA kA jJAna nItizAstra kI praNAliyA~ / 46 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 bhI Avazyaka hai / ataH nItizAstra ne mizrita praNAlI evaM samanvayAtmaka praNAlI ko svIkAra kiyA / breDale ne manuSya ke sAmAjika aura bauddhika svarUpa ko mahattva dene ke kAraNa isa praNAlI ko apanAyA hai / nItizAstra apane lakSya aura uddezya meM dArzanika hai kintu apanI praNAlI meM una satyoM kI puSTi vaijJAnika rIti se karatA hai / jisa bhA~ti hama Adarza vidhAyaka vijJAna se do bhinna viSayoM ko nahIM samajhate haiM usI bhA~ti nItizAstra ke kSetra meM vaijJAnika aura dArzanika do bhinna praNAliyA~ nahIM haiM / donoM praNAliyoM ko naitika dRSTi se samajhane para jJAta hogA ki naitika praNAlI samanvayAtmaka hai / vaha tathyoM ke nirIkSaNa aura vargIkaraNa ke sAtha hI prAlocanAtmaka, vizleSaNAtmaka, mUlyaparaka tathA cintanapradhAna hai / saMkSepa meM naitika praNAlI vaijJAnika aura dArzanika, bhAgamanAtmaka aura nigamanAtmaka, nirIkSaNAtmaka aura cintanapradhAna evaM anubhavAtIta hai / 50 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna nItizAstra kA anya zAstroM se sambandha nItizAstra Adarza-vidhAyaka vijJAna hai| isa Adarza kI bhitti vAstavika vyAvahArika jagata hai| isa daSTi se nItizAstra ke kSetra meM yathArtha aura Adarza ko saMyukta mAnanA ucita hogA / nItizAstra kA yathArthavAdI vijJAnoM se anivArya sambandha hai, una sabhI vijJAnoM se hai jo manuSya ke jIvana, svabhAva aura sthiti para prakAza DAlate haiM evaM jo manuSya ke sampUrNa AcaraNa ko samajhAne meM sahAyaka hote haiM / naitika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karane para yaha aura adhika spaSTa ho jAyegA ki usake siddhAntoM kA puSTIkaraNa karane ke lie samAjazAstra, IzvaravidyA tathA tattvadarzana kA jJAna' vizeSa rUpa se Avazyaka hai| ataH inhIM vijJAnoM ke sAtha hama nItizAstra kA sambandha samajhane kA prayAsa kreNge| samAjazAstra-samAjazAstra sAmAjika vikAsa aura hrAsa kI vibhinna sthitiyoM meM mAnava-jIvana kA adhyayana karatA hai| Adhunika sthiti taka pahuMcane ke lie Adima barbara manuSya ne kina-kina sthitiyoM kA atikramaNa kiyA, prAja jisa rUpa meM samAja ko dekhate haiM usakI pUrvakAla meM kyA rUpa-rekhA thI; samAja kI utpatti, vikAsa aura nirmANa kina niyamoM dvArA paricAlita hotA hai, samAjazAstra inakI kyA vyAkhyA karatA hai| sAmAjika saMsthAnoM, niyamoM, abhyAsoM, pracalanoM, rItiyoM kI utpatti meM kauna viziSTa paristhitiyA~ kArya kara rahI thIM, 1. nItizAstra kA manovijJAna se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| isa sambandha ko sabhI nItijJa mAnate haiN| isake lie dekhie-adhyAya 4 / nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna. / 51 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhArata meM aspRzyatA, bAlavivAha, satIprathA Adi jo sAmAjika niyama milate haiM unake mUla meM kauna-sI sAmAjika preraNAeM kAma kara rahI thIM Adi aisI aneka samasyAoM para prakAza DAlakara vaha samAja kI vastu-sthiti ke bAre meM pUrNa jJAna detA hai| samAjazAstra yathArtha vijJAna hai| vaha varNanAtmaka tathA itivRttAtmaka hai aura nItizAstra manuSya ke AcaraNa kA vijJAna hai, Adarza-vidhAyaka tathA vidhi-niSedhAtmaka hai / vaha manuSya ke karmoM kA isa AdhAra para mUlyAMkana karatA hai ki vaha eka sAmAjika prANI hai| usakA ekAkI astitva acintanIya hai / anubhava, adhyayana evaM manovaijJAnika cintana ke phalasvarUpa sabhI nItijJa yaha mAnane lage haiM ki manuSya ke vyaktitva ke nirmANa tathA usake cAritrika gaThana meM sAmAjika saMsthAnoM, vAtAvaraNa evaM pariveza kA viziSTa hAtha hai| vaha apanI bhASA, saMskRti, sabhyatA aura naitika guNoM ke lie bahuta aMzoM taka samAja para nirbhara hai / vaha apane jIvana ke sukha, svAsthya aura samRddhi ke lie sAmAjika sahayoga kI yAcanA karatA hai| saMkSepa meM, vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha anyonyAzrita hai| isa ananya sambandha ko sammukha rakhate hue kucha nItijJoM-vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki nItizAstra samAjazAstra kA aMgamAtra hai| use apane niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane ke lie pUrNarUpa se samAjazAstra para Azrita rahanA caahie| kyoMki naitikatA kI samaddhi sAmAjika saMgaThana aura svAsthya para nirbhara hai| vikAsavAda yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ne apane jIvana-saMrakSaNa ke lie bAhya pariveza tathA paristhitiyoM ke sAtha saMyojita hone kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa prayAsa ke krama meM use kucha lAbhaprada niyama mile| aura yahI niyama naitika haiM jo sAmAjika unnati ke lie Avazyaka haiM / sAmAjika vikAsa ke sAtha hI ina niyamoM kA vikAsa huA hai jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki samAjazAstra kA adhyayana hI naitika niyamoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kara sakatA hai| athavA naitika niyamoM kA jJAna una niyamoM kA jJAna hai jinheM ki jAti ne apane saMrakSaNa ke lie lAbhaprada pAyA / ataH samAjazAstrIya nItijJoM kA kahanA hai ki nItizAstra ke lie samAjazAstra kA jJAna anivArya hai| vyakti aura samAja ke ananya sambandha ko Adhunika nItijJa mAnate haiM, aura pariNAmasvarUpa nItizAstra aura samAjazAstra ke ghaniSTha sambandha ko svIkAra karate haiM / nItizAstra kA jJAna bhI yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki manuSya ke sAmAjika prANI hone ke kAraNa hI usake AcaraNa para naitika nirNaya diyA jAtA hai| 52 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM / vyakti kI naitika antadRSTi sAmAjika malina pravRttiyoM kA pariSkAra kara use eka ziSTa aura saMskRta stara detI hai / svastha aura saMskRta sAmAjika saMsthAeM puSTa paripakva vyaktitva kA nirmANa karatI haiM / athavA vyakti yugacetanA kA aMza hai, usakA prAcaraNa sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai / usakI preraNAe~, Antarika pravRttiyA~ bahuta hada taka vAtAvaraNa aura paristhitijanya hotI haiM / kintu sAmAjika mahattva ko svIkAra karane ke artha yaha kadApi nahIM haiM ki naitikatA apane maulika satya ko bhUla jAya / nItizAstra Adarza - vidhAyaka hone ke kAraNa samAjazAstrIya yathArtha se prAge bar3hatA hai | samAjazAstra sAmAjika vidhAna ko samabhatA hai; una AcaraNoM, bhAvanAtroM, nirNayoM ko samajhAtA hai jo ki sAmAjika prANiyoM yA sAmAnya manuSyoM ke saMgaThita samudAya dvArA vyakta hote haiM / nItizAstra mAnava svabhAva ke isa vyakta rUpa ko samajhane ke sAtha hI apanA AdarzavidhAyaka dRSTikoNa bhI rakhatA hai / vaha sAmAjika AdarzoM evaM praNAliyoM ke citya - anaucitya para nirNaya detA hai / samAjazAstra una sAmAjika aikya ke niyamoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai jisake dvArA mAnava-AcaraNa sambandhI vibhinnatAna, virodhI bhAvanAoM aura nirNayoM ke astitva ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / nItizAstra isake bhI Upara yaha batAtA hai ki kauna-sI AcaraNa kI vibhinnatA ucita hai aura kauna-sA nirNaya prAmANika hai / uparyukta kathana ina donoM ke sambandha aura bheda ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai arthAt samAjazAstra kevala varNanAtmaka vijJAna hai aura nItizAstra Adarza - vidhAyaka vijJAna hai / Adarza - vidhAyaka hone ke nAte nItizAstra samAjazAstra kI bhA~ti tattvadarzana ke niSkarSoM se mukta nahIM hai | samAjazAstra mukhyataH sAmUhika jIvana kA adhyayana karatA hai / usake anusAra vyakti sAmUhika jIvana kA hI pratibimba mAtra hai, usakA apanA astitva nagaNya hai / nItizAstra vyakti ke usa svatantra astitva kA adhyayana karatA hai jo samAja kA avicchinna aMga hote hue bhI apanA viziSTa vyaktitva rakhatA hai / ataeva saMkalpa kI svatantratA yadi nItizAstra kI Avazyaka mAnyatA hai to. samAjazAstra ke lie vaha kevala thothI pramANita hotI hai / samAjazAstra mAnasika kriyAoM kA vastugata vizleSaNa karatA hai / nItizAstra mAnasika vyApAroM kA prAntarika dRSTikoNa se adhyayana karatA hai / vaha Antarika pravRttiyoM - icchA, preraNA, uddezya, saMkalpa Adi - para prakAza DAlatA hai / samAjazAstra kevala saiddhAntika hai / nItizAstra saiddhAntika ke sAtha hI vyAvahArika bhI hai| nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna / 53 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vyAvahArika hone ke kAraNa isake niSkarSoM kA sArvabhaumika aura tAtkAlika mahattva hai| samAjazAstra sAmAjika svAsthya kI vRddhi evaM bhautika sukha ko sammukha rakhate hue lAbhaprada niyamoM ko mahattva detA hai| kintu nItizAstra bhautika sUkha ke uddezya se lAbhaprada niyamoM ko anaitika kahatA hai| vaha uccatama naitika dhyeya ke lie aihika sukha kI upekSA karatA hai| nItizAstra bhautika kalyANa se pare vizva ke naitika kalyANa kI bhI sthApanA karanA cAhatA hai| yaha kalyANa samAjazAstra kI bhA~ti kevala sAmAjika hI nahIM, vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hai / samAjazAstra naitikatA kI vikasita sthitiyoM athavA vikAsakrama meM vikasita naitika pragati ke vyakta rUpa ko hI samajhAtA hai| kintu nItizAstra usa parama Adarza kI khoja karatA hai jo ki sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke aucityaanaucitya ko samajhA sake / Izvara vidyA-IzvaravidyA sRSTitattva tathA sRSTikartA ke bAre meM batAtI hai| sRSTi kA sambandha vAstavika dRzyamAna jagata se hai / vaha jagata jisameM hama rahate, khAte aura calate haiN| isa jagata kA nirmANa karanevAlA Izvara hai| IzvaravidyA Izvara, prAtmA aura sRSTi ke sambandha meM prakAza DAlatI hai| Izvara isa vizva kA sraSTA hai / vaha sarvazaktimAna, sarvajJAtA, sarvadarzI, nyAyazIla hai| vaha zubha aura sadguNa kI pUrNatA kA pratIka hai| satyazIla evaM nyAyapriya hone ke kAraNa usane vizva-vidhAna kA saMcAlana anivArya naitika niyamoM dvArA kiyA hai| manuSya usakI sRSTi kA uccatama prANI hai| usake pAsa svatantra manaHzakti hai| vaha prAtmacetana hai| ataH vaha sRSTikartA ke prati anugRhIta hai / usako cAhie ki vaha IzvarIya zAzvata naitika niyamoM ko samajhe / usakA kartavya hai ki vaha apanI svatantra buddhi tathA mana:zakti kA sadupayoga kare; bhagavad-icchA ke anurUpa karma kre| IzvaravidyA athavA adhyAtma batAtA hai ki jIvana kA dhyeya sArvabhauma zubha hai| pratyeka prANI ke sukha ke lie prayAsa karanA hI manuSya kA kartavya hai| sattAtmaka rUpa se saba prANI samAna haiM aura sabakA janaka Izvara hai / saba prANI eka hI parivAra ke bAlaka haiN| 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' meM bheda ke lie, tere-mere ke lie, sthAna nahIM hai| bhinnatA yA vibheda mAyA mAtra hai, artha-zUnya hai| Izvara paramasatya hai| sRSTi usI kA rUpa hai| isa prakAra IzvaravidyA ahiMsA evaM vizva-prema kI nIMva DAlatA hai| vaha jIvana ke dhyeya ko sArvabhauma zubha batAkara vyakti ko vaiyaktika saMkIrNatA se Upara uThAkara vizvAtmA ke darzana karAtA hai| 54 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra nItizAstra aura IzvaravidyA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki nItizAstra usa paramazubha kI khoja karatA hai jo vyakti ke lie vAMchanIya hai arthAt nItizAstra vyakti ke lie vAMchanIya zubha evaM prAtmakalyANa ko mahattva detA hai aura IzvaravidyA sAmUhika sArvabhauma zubha ko; athavA eka ke sammukha vyakti kA kalyANa hai aura dUsare ke sammukha samaSTi kaa| unake anusAra nItizAstra ke lie samAja nagaNya hai aura IzvaravidyA ke lie vyakti / kintu vyakti aura samaSTi meM bheda dekhanA mUrkhatA hai| donoM paraspara sajIva rUpa se sambaddha haiM / inakA sambandha sAMgopAMga hai| vaiyaktika kalyANa sArvabhauma kalyANa kI apekSA rakhatA hai aura sArvabhauma vaiyaktika kalyANa kii| donoM ke hI dhyeya ko sarvakalyANakArI kaha sakate haiN| naitikatA vyakti aura samaSTi ke dvArA isa mArga ko grahaNa karatI hai aura IzvaravidyA sRSTitattva aura sRSTikartA ke bodha dvaaraa| jahA~ taka donoM ke prAcAra-sambandhI niyamoM kA prazna hai, donoM samAna haiM / nItizAstra aura IzvaravidyA donoM hI mAnate haiM ki manuSya jaiva aura bhautika AvazyakatAoM ke hAtha kA khilaunA mAtra nahIM hai / usake jIvana kA dhyeya mahAna hai / usakA vartamAna jIvana vAMchanIya zubha ke lie sAdhana mAtra hai| vaha apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai / usake karma svecchAkRta haiM / usakA saMkalpa svatantra hai / yahA~ para yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki donoM svatantratA kA prayoga bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM karate haiN| nItizAstra ke anusAra manuSya ko apane karmoM ko viveka dvArA paricAlita karanA caahie| use unhIM karmoM ko karanA cAhie jo ucita hoN| use apanI AtmA ke Adeza ko mAnanA cAhie / naitika niyama Atma-Aropita haiN| kintu IzvaravidyA ke anusAra manuSya kI svatantratA isa tathya para nirbhara hai ki vaha bhagavaicchA ko samajha sakatA hai, usake anurUpa karma kara sakatA hai| IzvarIya Adeza kA pAlana kara sakatA hai; bhagavatkRpA dvArA parama Adeza evaM IzvarIya Adeza ko samajha sakatA hai| nItizAstra ke anusAra anaitika karma karane se pazcAttApa hotA hai| vyakti kI satyAtmA use pratAr3ita karatI hai / AtmasantoSa ke lie use naitika Adeza kA anivArya rUpa se pAlana karanA par3atA hai| kintu Izvara vidyA ke anusAra nyAyazIla Izvara dvArA daNDita hone ke bhaya se athavA naraka ke bhaya evaM svarga kI lAlasA se hI vyakti sadAcAra karatA hai| vaha apane kartA ko prasanna karane ke lie athavA usakA sAkSAtkAra prApta karane ke lie devI niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai| naitika Adeza prAntarika Adeza hai| nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna | 55 For Personal & Private Use Only

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daivI pradeza bAhya pradeza hai / phira bhI yaha vAstavika satya hai ki janasAdhAraNa IzvaravidyA evaM dharma se hI adhika prabhAvita hotA hai / vaha bhayavaza niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai / nItizAstra aise karmoM ko anaitika kahatA hai / vaise, donoM hI svArtha se pare paramArtha kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karate haiM; manuSya ko sadguNI banane ke lie prerita karate haiM; use usake kartavyoM ke bAre meM saceta karate haiM / yaha avazya hai ki nItizAstra meM naitika kartavyoM kI rUpa-rekhA buddhi dvArA nirdhArita kI jAtI hai aura IzvaravidyA meM kartavya kA nirNaya Izvara kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa kiyA jAtA hai / Izvara vidyA nItizAstra ko yaha batAtI hai ki naitika Adarza mAnava-mana kI kalpanA mAtra nahIM hai / vaha manuSya kI antarAtmA yA paramAtmA kA vyakta rUpa hai aura nItizAstra IzvaravidyA ko vivekasammata karake usake niyamoM ko vastugata tathA sArvabhauma svarUpa dekara devI pradeza ke prAntarika pakSa para prakAza DAlatA hai / yaha Adeza bAhya pradeza nahIM, manuSya kI antarAtmA kA Adeza hai / IzvaravidyA nItizAstra ko puSTa AdhAra detI hai / bhagavAn mAnava- pUrNatA kA pratIka hai / naitika Adarza kA mUrtimAna svarUpa hI bhagavAn hai / naitika Adarza nirjIva Adarza yA korA svapna nahIM hai / IzvaravidyA se saMyukta hokara vaha usa vyaktitva ko prApta kara letA hai jo pUrNa kalyANamaya, AkarSaka tathA AhlAdamaya hai / AtmA ke amaratva ko sthApita karake vaha Atma-tyAga kA sandeza detA hai aura sthUla jar3avAda tathA zrAtma ghAtaka sukhavAda se mana ko mukta karatA hai / naitika mAnyatAoM kA carama utkarSa bhagavAn hai / vaha naitikatA kA mApadaNDa hai, usakA preraNA-srota hai / kintu isake artha yaha kadApi nahIM haiM ki nItizAstra apane aucitya - anaucitya ke nirNaya ke lie janasAdhAraNa ke dharma athavA viziSTa sampradAya ke dharma para Azrita hai / madhyayugIna yUropa kI IzvaravidyA ne anaitika hone ke kAraNa vyaktiyoM ko trAsita kara diyA / samRddhi aura svarNa kI mahadAkAMkSA becI jAne lagI / viveka se zUnya Izvara vidyA luTeroM kA dharma bana gayI / bhArata meM bhI nIti-rahita IzvaravidyA ko apanAne ke kAraNa paNDoM, paNDitoM aura pujAriyoM ne apanA svArtha siddha karane kI lAlasA se mAnavajIvana meM bhayaMkara vaiSamya lA diyA hai / nItizAstra aura IzvaravidyA prAdarzavAdI hone ke kAraNa paraspara avalambita haiM / donoM hI mAnavIya caramotkarSa ko prApta karanA cAhate haiM / Atma- tyAga dvArA advitIya Ananda kA anubhava karanA cAhate haiM / nItizAstra apane dhyeya kI prApti ke lie viveka kA Azraya letA hai aura 56 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #58
IzvaravidyA zraddhA, bhakti evaM vizvAsa kaa| eka-dUsare se saMyukta hokara hI donoM pUrNatA ko prApta karate haiM / nItizAstra IzvaravidyA ko vivekasammata banAtA hai aura IzvaravidyA nItizAstra ko sarasa evaM AhlAdadAyaka banAtI hai| naitikatA kI parAkASThA IzvaravidyA hai aura IzvaravidyA kA vyAvahArika tathA vyakta rUpa naitikatA hai| tattvadarzana-nItizAstra ke Adarza-vidhAyaka svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate samaya yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki isakA tattvadarzana se atyadhika sAmIpya hai| tattvadarzana sattA ke samyaka svarUpa ko samajhAne kA suvyavasthita prayAsa hai| vaha AtmA, Izvara aura jar3a jagata ke vidhAna para prakAza DAlatA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki vizva prayojanapUrNa hai yA prayojanazUnya ; vaha naitika niyamoM dvArA saMcAlita hotA hai athavA vaha naitikatA se zUnya hai| tattvadarzana dRzyamAna aura jJeya ke pare ajJeya jagata ko samajhanA cAhatA hai; anekatA aura ekatA ke siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karanA cAhatA hai / vaha nItizAstra ko batAtA hai ki vyakti kA satyasvarUpa kyA hai, usakI vizva meM kyA sthiti hai, usakI ekAkI sattA kahA~ taka sambhava hai / tattvadarzana usa antarjagata kA pUrNa jJAna detA hai jo mAnava-jIvana, mAnava-kAryoM evaM vicArakoM kA kSetra hai| mAnava-jIvana ke kriyAtmaka pakSa se sambandha rakhane vAle nItizAstra ke lie yaha atyanta Avazyaka hai ki vaha manuSya kI sattA, usake vAstavika svarUpa tathA paristhiti kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kara le| nItizAstra yaha mAnatA hai ki manuSya kevala nimna prANiyoM athavA vanaspatiyoM kA-sA jIvana nahIM bitAtA hai| vaha mAtra daihika aura bhautika AvazyakatAoM kA prANI nahIM hai| vaha naitika prANI hai, vaha apanI prakRti kA pariSkAra kara sakatA hai| usakA apane sAmAjika aura bhautika vAtAvaraNa se cetana sambandha hai| usakI prAtma-cetanA paramadhyeya ke anurUpa karma karanA cAhatI hai| vaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki usakA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai; vizva meM usakI kyA sthiti aura sthAna hai| apane karmoM ko vAMchanIya dhyeya ke anusAra nirdhArita karane ke lie vaha tattvadarzana ke samIpa AtA hai / natika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki vyakti kI naitika dhAraNAe~ usake tAttvika dRSTikoNa se sarvAdhika prabhAvita hotI haiM / naitika praznoM kA samAdhAna vizva-nirmANa sambandhI dArzanika vicAroM para nirbhara hai,' eka ora sthUla jar3avAdI nItijJa haiM 1. nItizAstra aura tattvadarzana ke sambandha ke bAre meM vAstava meM tIna mata haiM nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna | 57 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #59
jo kSaNika daihika sukha meM vizvAsa karate haiM, dUsarI ora ve adhyAtmavAdI nItijJa haiM jo AtmA ke zAzvata svarUpa ko mAnane ke kAraNa kSaNika sukha ko jIvana kA dhyeya nahIM mAnate / yadi hama kucha dera ke lie yaha mAna leM ki vicAraka apane naitika siddhAnta ko tattvadarzana se saralatApUrvaka pRthaka rakha sakate haiM to eka dUsarI kaThinAI upasthita hotI hai| ina vicArakoM ke naitika darzana kI satyatA tathA unake naitika satyoM ke pramANa ko samajhane kA prayAsa karane para hameM ghUma-phirakara tattvadarzana ke hI kSetra meM jAnA par3atA hai| naitika dhAraNAoM kI prAmANikatA sattA ke satyasvarUpa para nirbhara hai| naitika nirNayoM ke vidhAna ko svIkAra karane ke lie tattvadarzana kA Azraya lenA hI par3atA hai / cArvAkamata ke vicArakoM ne aindriya sukha ko jIvana kA dhyeya isalie batAyA ki ve jar3avAda meM vizvAsa rakhate the| apane vizva ke svarUpa ke jJAna ke anusAra hI nItijJoM ne naitika siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / tattvadarzana ke niSkarSoM kA naitika mAnyatAoM para gambhIra prabhAva par3atA hai| anya vijJAnoM ke lie yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ve apane sImita kSetra meM tattvadarzana se mukta haiN| padArtha vijJAna jar3a aura zakti ke astitva ko mAnakara calatA hai aura gaNita deza ke astitva ko| ina vijJAnoM ke lie yaha jAnanA anAvazyaka hai ki tattvadarzana jar3a padArtha, zakti aura deza kI dhAraNA ko kaise samajhAtA hai; unheM vaha vastumUlaka mAnatA hai yA AtmamUlaka / kintu jahA~ taka naitika mAnya-- tAoM kA prazna hai ve apane vyApaka aura gUr3ha jJAna ke lie tattvadarzana para AdhArita haiN| unakI prAmANikatA. aura mUlya kA prazna vAstava meM sattA ke svarUpa kA prazna hai / jaba manuSya yaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki mAnava-jIvana-sambandhI sakriya mUlyoM kA nirmANa kaise huA, mAnava-vyaktitva kA sAratattva kyA hai, vizva meM usakA kyA sthAna hai, taba vaha tattvadarzana ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai| binA yaha samajhe ki 'maiM kyA hU~' aura 'merA satya rUpa kyA hai' yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki merA kyA kartavya hai| mAnava-caritra kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie usake tAttvika svarUpa ko samajhanA anivArya hai| AdhyAtmika tattvadarzana nItizAstra ko (a) tAttvika jJAna se naitika jJAna kA nigamana karanA caahie| (ba) naitika jJAna se tAttvika jJAna kA nigamana karanA caahie| (sa) tattvadarzana aura nItizAstra eka-dUsare se svatantra haiN| ___ ina matoM ke vivAdoM meM na jAkara hama yaha mAneMge ki nItizAstra apane Adarza tathA mAnyatAoM ke pramANa ke lie tattvadarzana para mAzrita hai| 18 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #60
batAtA hai ki vaha kevala apane parivAra yA apanI rAjasattA kA hI nAgarika nahIM hai, vaha mAnava-samAja evaM vasudhaiva kuTambakam kA bhI avicchinna sadasya hai / vaha paraspara sambaddha sArvabhauma sajIva vizva-vyavasthA kA aMza hai| usakA jIvana dharmakSetra hai| sAmAjika kalyANa hI usakA Atma-kalyANa hai| AdhyAtmika darzana ko mAnanevAle nItijJa vizva ko AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vyakta rUpa mAnate haiM / unake anusAra vividhatA ke mUla meM ekatA hai / vyakti sattAtmaka rUpa se eka hai| jIvana kA dhyeya sarvakalyANa hai / kintu kucha nItijJa apane bhautika tattvadarzana kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra vizva kA nirmANa aNuoM ke saMgharSa ke kAraNa mAnate haiM / inakA naitika siddhAnta kevala vaiyaktika kalyANa kA poSaka hai / ye adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI taraha vyakti aura samAja ko eka avicchinna sattA ke rUpa meM nahIM dekhate / isa prakAra vizvavidhAna ke vibhinna darzanika dRSTikoNoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa ke do bhinna mApadaNDa dekhane ko milate haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki nItizAstra tattvadarzana ke niSkarSoM se apane ko sarvathA mukta nahIM kara sakatA hai| naitika nirNaya svecchAkRta karma para diyA jAtA hai| saMkalpa kI svatantratA nItizAstra kI Avazyaka mAnyatA hai| tattvajJAna batAtA hai ki saMkalpa-zakti kyA hai| usakI svatantratA ke kyA artha haiN| Izvara kA astitva aura AtmA kI amaratA bhI nItizAstra kI Avazyaka mAnyatAe~ haiN| Izvara kA astitva usake siddhAnta ko AkarSaka hI nahIM banAtA hai, usakI vAstavikatA kI puSTi bhI karatA hai| Izvara naitika Adarza kA pratIka hai / AtmA kI amaratA manuSya ko kSaNika sukha se Upara uThAtI hai| vizvAtmA ke sAtha usake tAdAtmya para prakAza DAlatI hai / nItizAstra apanI tInoM Avazyaka mAnyatAoM ke lie tattvadarzana para AdhArita hai| nItizAstra kA AcaraNa se sambandha hai| vaha AcaraNa para nirapekSa nirNaya detA hai / isake nirNayoM kA rUpa sArvabhauma hotA hai, vaiyaktika aura sApekSa nahIM hotA hai| karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko vaiyaktika icchA yA viziSTa paristhiti ke AdhAra para nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki nItizAstra jIvana ke nirapekSa mUlya ko yA paramavAMchanIya zubha ko samajhane kA prayAsa hai| ataH tattvajJAna (vastuoM kA samyak jJAna) hI naitikatA ke patha ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai| kucha nItijJoM kA kahanA hai ki nItizAstra kA sambandha jIvana ke kriyAtmaka vAstavika pakSa se hai| isalie nItizAstra ko apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nItizAstra aura anya vijJAna | 59. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #61
manovijJAna aura jIvana ke vAstavika anubhavoM ke AdhAra para karanA cAhie, na ki adhyAtmavAda ke AdhAra para / usakA kSetra yathArthavAda, anubhavavAda, vAstavikavAda aura pratibhAsavAda taka hI sImita rahanA caahie| usakA pAramArthika satya se sambandha nahIM hai| apane viSaya ke lie use vyakti aura mAnavatA ke pratidina ke vyAvahArika jIvana para hI nirbhara rahanA cAhie / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki nItizAstra kA kSetra tattvadarzana se adhika sImita hai| apane Adarza ke mApadaNDa ke lie tattvadarzana para nirbhara hone para bhI vaha mUlataH vyAvahArika vijJAna hai| kintu vijJAna aura darzana meM antara prakAra kA nahIM, mAtrA kA hai / tattvadarzana naitika jJAna kI apUrNatA kI pUrti karatA hai| koI bhI naitika siddhAnta mana ko taba taka santoSa nahIM de sakatA hai jaba taka ki vaha vizva aura vizva meM manuSya ke sthAna ke bAre meM bhI tarkasammata jJAna kA pratipAdana na kara le| naitika mAnyatAoM kA vyApaka, gUr3ha aura nizcayAtmaka jJAna dRzyamAna se pare pAramArthika satya para nirbhara hai / Izvara, AtmA aura vizva kA pUrNa jJAna hI naitika Adarza ko preraNAtmaka banA sakatA hai, usameM jIvana aura gati kA sphuraNa bhara sakatA hai| naitika Adarza kalpanA kI sRSTi nahIM hai| yaha manuSya kI ananta sambhAvanAoM aura pUrNatAnoM tathA usake devatva kA sUcaka hai| vastuoM kA tAttvika jJAna hI naitikatA kA santoSaprada spaSTIkaraNa kara sakatA hai| vaha naitika nirNayoM kI prAmANikatA aura vastuparakatA ko samajhA sakatA hai| mAnava-jIvana kA sAratattva vizva-sAra-tattva kA aMga hai, naitika vyavasthA vaizva vyavasthA kA aMga hai, naitika praNAlI vaizva praNAlI kA aMga hai| 60 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #62
nItizAstra kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA netika nirNaya kA viSaya manovaijJAnika jJAna kI AvazyakatA-manovijJAna manuSya ko vAstavika sthiti tathA kriyAkalApa kA jJAna detA hai / yaha mAnava-mana kA vijJAna hai / nItizAstra aura manovijJAna ko asambaddha nahIM mAnanA caahie| naitika siddhAnta kI sArthakatA aura pUrNatA ko samajhane ke lie manuSya ke mAnasa kA jJAna anivArya hai / AdarzavidhAyaka vijJAna hone ke kAraNa nItizAstra manuSya ke naitika jIvana kA tathyAtmaka adhyayana karatA hai / nItizAstra kA sambandha mAnava-cetanA se hai / manuSya Atmaprabuddha cetana prANI hai| usake jIvana meM kartavya aura adhikAra apanI vizeSa sArthakatA rakhate haiN| usake karmoM ke sammukha aucitya aura anaucitya kA prazna uThatA hai / kintu isa prakAra ke vivecana manuSya ke mAnasika vikAsa ke sUcaka haiM / abodha bAlaka, pAgala, apasAmAnya, nirbuddhi, mUr3ha aura alpamati vyaktiyoM tathA jaMgalI manuSyoM ke AcaraNa para naitika nirNaya arthazUnya hai| manuSya ke lie vAMchanIya jIvana kyA hai ? usakI svAbhAvika prakRtijanya viziSTatA kyA hai ? ina praznoM kA uttara dene ke pUrva yaha Avazyaka hai ki manuSya ke svabhAva aura usake nirmANAtmaka tattvoM ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajha leN| __ manovijJAna se sambandha-manovijJAna manuSya ke mAnasa tathA usake vyaktitva kA adhyayana karatA hai| vaha batAtA hai ki jJAna, saMkalpa aura bhAvanA kaise kArya karatI haiM / manuSya svecchAkRta karmoM ko kaise nirdhArita karatA hai / mana ke nirmANAtmaka tattva kyA haiM / karma kI preraNAzakti kyA hai| manuSya apane karmoM meM kahA~ . manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 61 For Personal & Private Use Only

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taka saceta hai| use usake karmoM ke lie kahA~ taka uttaradAyI ThaharA sakate haiN| usake karma bhAvanA-pradhAna haiM yA buddhi-pradhAna / mAnava-caritra ke vikAsa meM vaMzAnugata guNoM, vAtAvaraNa, pariveza Adi kA kitanA hAtha hai| isa prakAra manovijJAna mAnasika ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai / nItizAstra manuSya ke mAnasika jIvana kA adhyayana kara naitika nirNaya detA hai| karmoM ke bAhya pariNAmoM ke AdhAra para nirNaya denA anucita hai / naitika dRSTi se dhyeya, preraNA aura mAnasika pravRttiyoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| bAhya pariNAma kartA ke satya svabhAva evaM caritra ko pUrNa rUpa se prakAzita nahIM karate / vaha yaha avazya batAte haiM ki usake karmoM kI dUsaroM para kyA pratikriyA huI / arastU ne kahA hai ki nItizAstra usa mAnavIya zubha ko nirdhArita karatA hai jisakA sambandha mAnava-vyaktitva se hai / isI tathya ko mAnate hue Adhunika sabhI nItijJa yaha kahate haiM ki unakI khoja kA mukhya lakSya mAnava kA mAnasika dharAtala hai / naitika jijJAsA manazcetanA ke jJAna ke pazcAt hI apane mArga meM agrasara ho sakatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vibhinna nItijJoM ne apane siddhAntoM kI puSTi manovijJAna dvArA kI hai| sukhavAdiyoM ne manuSya ko aindrika mAnakara apane siddhAnta ko samajhAyA hai aura buddhiparatAvAdiyoM ne manuSya ko zuddha buddhimaya samajhA hai| tIsare prakAra ke vicAraka ve haiM jo manuSya ko buddhi aura bhAvanA kA yoga mAnate haiN| manuSya kI prakRti ke jJAna ke anurUpa hI ina vicArakoM ne naitika Adarza ke svarUpa ko samajhAyA hai / manuSya kA parama vAMchanIya zubha usakI svAbhAvika prakRti kA pratibimba hai, yaha sabhI jAnate haiN| kintu apanI-apanI manovaijJAnika dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para unameM usake svarUpa ke bAre meM matabheda hai| jaisA ki siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAegA ki manazcetanA kA apUrNa jJAna hI ekAgI aura apUrNa naitika siddhAntoM kA janaka hai| jIvana ke vAMchanIya zubha ko samajhane ke lie manuSya kI manazcetanA tathA usake vyaktitva kA ucita jJAna anivArya hai / vAstavika tathyoM ke AdhAra para hI paramasAdhya aura usako prApta karane ke sAdhanoM para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| vibhinna natika vivAda -prAcaraNa kA svarUpa, nirNIta karma ke nirmANAtmaka aMga, uddezya, preraNA, saMkalpa evaM manaHzakti kI svatantratA Adi apanI puSTi manovijJAna ke hI dvArA karate haiN| naitika nirNaya mAnava-svabhAva ke pUrNa adhyayana ke pazcAt hI sambhava hai| nItizAstra aura manovijJAna ke ghaniSTha sambandha ko koI bhI asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| mahattvapUrNa naitika dhAraNAe~ manovaijJAnika dhAraNAe~ bhI 62 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / kintu yaha avazya hai ki zubha aura azubha, aucitya aura anaucitya ke bAre meM unameM maulika matabheda hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki manovijJAna kA pratyakSa sambandha 'kyA hai' se hai na ki 'kyA honA cAhie' se| naitika siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nItijJoM ne paramazubha ke bAre meM vibhinna mata diye haiN| isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? yadi paramazuma manuSya ke satyasvarUpa ke anurUpa hai to vaha aneka kaise ho sakatA hai ? yadi manuSya kA paramavAMchanIya zubha usakI vAstavika AtmA kA pratibimba hai to vAMchanIya zubha ke bAre meM matabheda kA kyA kAraNa hai ? isa matabheda ke mUla meM apUrNa manovaijJAnika jJAna hI hai / saiddhAntikoM ne manuSya ke svabhAva ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara liyA hai--bauddhika aura abauddhika / vaha yaha bhUla gaye ki vyakti buddhi aura bhAvanA kI sAmaMjasyapUrNa ikAI hai / buddhi aura bhAvanA eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| jIvana kI unnati aura kalyANa ina donoM ke samanvaya se sambhava hai| kintu isa tathya ko bhUlate hue kucha nItijJoM ne buddhi ko pradhAnatA dI aura kucha ne bhAvanA ko; athavA eka ora buddhiparatAvAda milatA hai aura dUsarI ora indriyaparatAvAda / manuSya na to zuddha buddhi hai aura na kevala bhAvanA hai| uparyukta donoM siddhAnta amanovaijJAnika ho jAne ke kAraNa anaitika ho gaye haiN| mAnava-svabhAva kI bhrAnta dhAraNA isa ekAMgI siddhAnta ke lie doSI hai / ataH mAnasavijJAna se. anabhijJa honA nItijJoM ke lie kucha kama khatare kI bAta nahIM hai / unakA vyAvahArika darzana paMgu tathA avyAvahArika ho jAtA hai| manovijJAna kA adhUrA jJAna nItizAstra ke una durbala aura kSINa siddhAntoM ko janma detA hai jinake ki prAMzika satya ko mAnate hue bhI hameM mor3anA par3atA hai| nItizAstra kA sambandha sampUrNa vyakti se hai| naitika prANI kartA hai| vaha apane isa rUpa meM jJAnAtmaka, kriyAtmaka aura rAgAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA saMyojita rUpa hai| usakI saMkalpa-zakti usake bauddhika, abauddhika svabhAva kA vyakta rUpa hai / saMkalpa zakti meM donoM hI nihita haiN| usakI saMkalpazakti vaha kriyA hai jisakI buddhi aura bhAvanA anivArya aMga hai, jisameM donoM hI sammilita haiM / nItizAstra vijJAna hone ke nAte manovijJAna ke kSetra kA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai| isIlie sijavika ne kahA hai ki maiM nItizAstra ko eka adhyayana athavA vijJAna ke rUpa meM dekhanA pasanda karatA hU~ jo hameM isakA jJAna detA hai ki ucita kyA hai aura vAstava meM kyA honA cAhie-jahA~ taka ki vaha vyaktiyoM ke svecchA-prerita karma para avalambita hai| isI AdhAra para nItizAstra ko etholojI (Ethology) manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 63 For Personal & Private Use Only

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yA caritra athavA cittavRttiyoM kA vijJAna bhI kahA gayA hai / I nItizAstra aura manovijJAna donoM meM ghaniSTha sambandha hote hue bhI antara hai / nItizAstra kA kSetra adhika vyApaka hai / vaha vAstavika mAnasika ghaTanAoM ke Age usa bhaviSya ko samajhanA cAhatA hai jo ki mAnavIya gaurava kA pratIka hai / vaha yathArtha ghaTanAoM ko samajhakara tattvadarzana kI sahAyatA se Adarza kA nirmANa karatA hai / manovijJAna ise kevala svecchAkRta karmoM aura unake srota ke bAre meM batAtA hai; naitika mAnyatAoM aura nirNayoM kA vAstavika ghaTanAoM kI bhA~ti adhyayana karatA hai / nItizAstra manuSya ke prAtmika satya aura usake tAttvika svarUpa ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / vaha manazcetanA ke vAstavika aura dRSTigocara rUpa taka hI apane ko sImita nahIM rakhatA / mAnava-prAMtmA ke pUrNa rUpa ko samajhane ke lie prayogazAlA paryApta nahIM hai / nItizAstra AdarzavidhAyaka vijJAna hai / vaha vyAvahArika aura vidhi - niSedhAtmaka hai / manovijJAna yathArtha vijJAna hai | yaha mAnasika ghaTanAoM kA tathyAtmaka adhyayana tathA mAnavacaritra kA vizleSaNa karatA hai aura isa artha meM yaha saiddhAntika hai / nItizAstra AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya ke mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karatA hai / manovijJAna kA sambandha 'kyA hai' se hai aura nItizAstra kA sambandha 'kyA honA cAhie' se hai | kyA honA cAhie ko nirdhArita karane ke lie hI vaha manovijJAna ke Age darzana ke kSetra meM praveza karatA hai / mAnasika tathyoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para vaha naitika Adarza kI prApti ke lie sAdhana juTAtA hai / naitika tathya mAnasika avazya hai / kintu isake artha yaha nahIM haiM ki nItizAstra manovijJAna para AdhArita hai / zrAcaraNa kA tathyAtmaka jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt vaha AcaraNa ke Adarza kA pratipAdana karatA hai / nItizAstra aura manovijJAna donoM hI mAnava cetanA ko do bhinna dRSTikoNa se dekhate haiM / manovaijJAnika vaijJAnika kI bhA~ti mAnava cetanA kI vibhinna sthitiyoM kA vizleSaNa karatA hai aura nItijJa kalA ke prAlocaka kI bhA~ti usakA mUlyAMkana karatA hai / naitika nirNaya kA viSaya : AcaraNa - naitika dRSTi vaijJAnika kI dRSTi se bhinna hai / yathArtha vijJAna kI bhA~ti yaha mAnasika ghaTanAoM taka hI apane ko sImita nahIM rakhatI hai balki unake aucitya - anaucitya ko nirdhArita karatI hai / naitika nirNaya kA viSaya manuSya kA AcaraNa hai / naitika nirNaya Atmacetana prANI ke svecchAkRta karmoM para hI diyA jAtA hai / vaha prAkRtika ghaTanAoM, aprabuddha logoM, pAgaloM tathA baccoM ke karmoM para nahIM diyA jAtA hai / unhIM karmoM 64 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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para naitika nirNaya diyA jA sakatA hai jinake lie kartA uttaradAyI hai, jinheM ki vaha samajha-bUjhakara svecchA se karatA hai / svecchA se kiye hue karmoM kA kyA rUpa hai, naitika nirNaya vastutaH kisa para dete haiM ? ina praznoM kA uttara yaha hai ki naitika nirNaya AcaraNa para dete haiM; aura AcaraNa ko hI manovaijJAnika paribhASA meM svecchAkRta evaM icchita karma (Willed-action) kahate haiN| do prakAra ke karma-icchita aura anicchita-icchita karma ko manovaijJAnika dRSTi se samajhane ke pUrva usakI anya karmoM se tulanA kara lenA ucita hogaa| manuSya ke karma do prakAra ke hote haiM; icchita aura anicchita / anicchita karma naitika guNa se hIna haiN| unake antargata utkSipta, sahajaprerita AvegapUrNa, aprabuddha Adi karma Ate haiM / ye karma svataHjAta hote haiM / Akasmika Avega ke kAraNa vyakti unheM karatA hai| svataHjAta aura Akasmika hone ke kAraNa anicchita karma apane kisI bhI rUpa meM naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM ho sakate / unake lie kartA ko uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharAyA jA sktaa| icchita karma ve haiM jinheM ki kartA svatantratApUrvaka apane viveka se paricAlita karatA hai| una karmoM ko Atma-nirNIta (Self-determined) yA bauddhika karma bhI kahate haiM / kartA ina karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai| ye naitika nirNaya ke kSetra ke andara Ate haiN| abhyAsagata karma bhI icchita haiM-dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki abhyAsagata karmoM para bhI naitika nirNaya dete haiN| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhyAsagata karma anicchAprerita aura dunivAra (Irresistible) hote haiM / kintu manovijJAna kA kahanA hai ki kevala sthUla dRSTi se hInprabhyAsagata karmoM ko anicchAprerita kaha sakate haiN| mAnasika aura zArIrika abhyAsoM kA anuzIlana karane se pratIta hogA ki prArambha meM ve svecchAprerita karma hote haiM aura samaya ke sAtha duharAye jAne se ve abhyAsa bana jAte haiN| ataH bure abhyAsoMvAlA vyakti athavA duHzIla vyakti apane AcaraNa ke lie uttaradAyI hai| use prArambha meM hI apane abhyAsoM meM sudhAra athavA parivartana kara lenA caahie| yaha satya hai ki dhIre-dhIre abhyAsa manuSya ke svabhAva kA aMga bana jAte haiN| kintu manuSya kA kartavya hai ki vaha dRr3ha nizcaya aura manaHzakti dvArA bure abhyAsoM ko chor3a de yA unakA unnayana kara le / manuSya ko apane jIvana ke hara kSetra meM, pratyeka karma meM suruci aura sutharepana ko apanAnA caahie| usake jIvana meM choTe-se-choTe karma kA bhI mahattva hai, cAhe vaha ghAsa chIlanA hI kyoM na ho| naitika jJAna batAtA hai ki nirNIta manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 65 For Personal & Private Use Only

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karma kA sambandha jIvana ke kisI eka aMga se nahIM, balki sampUrNa jIvana se hai| AcaraNa kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa-pazu aura manuSya ke karmoM meM bhedayadi pazuoM ke jIvana kI ora dhyAna deM to hameM mAlUma hogA ki ve apane karmoM meM sahajapravRttiyoM aura andhapravRttiyoM se prerita haiN| unake karma bhAvanA se saMcAlita hote haiM, kintu manuSya ke karma unase bhinna haiN| manuSya meM bhI aneka pravRttiyA~ aura Avega hote haiN| usake icchita karma meM srota ke rUpa meM Avega vartamAna rahatA hai| kintu bauddhika hone ke kAraNa vaha 'Age-pIche' kI bAta bhI socatA hai| vaha apane AvegoM aura pravRttiyoM kA svAmI hai| vaha apanI saMvedanAoM aura AvegoM ke jIvana meM dhyeya kA nirmANa karatA hai| vaha apane anubhavoM aura pravRttiyoM ke artha samajhatA hai / pazu bAhya prabhAvoM se apane ko mukta nahIM kara sakatA, kintu manuSya bAhya prabhAvoM tathA Antarika AvegoM kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana karake apane karmoM ko bauddhika cetanA se nirdhArita kara sakatA hai / isa artha meM usake karma AtmanirNIta haiN| nirNIta karma ke nirmANAtmaka aMga-nirNIta athavA svecchAkRta karma ke cAra nirmANAtmaka aMga haiM; bhAvanA, icchA, vivecana aura nirNaya / upayukta aMgoM ko samajhane ke lie yadi hama yaha udAharaNa leM ki parIkSA kA vicAra Ate hI vidyArthI khelanA chor3akara par3hane baiTha jAtA hai to yaha nirNIta karma khlaayegaa| nirNIta karma saceta karma hai| kartA paristhiti-vizeSa ke bAre meM pUrNa rUpa se jAgarUka rahatA hai| parIkSA kA vicAra vidyArthI ke mana meM khelane ke prati virakti utpanna kara detA hai| usameM atRpti kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| bhAvanA paristhiti ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukha aura duHkha kI sUcaka hai| pratyeka saceta karma meM bhAvanA kA stara rahatA hai| vidyArthI ko khelate samaya udAsInatA anubhava hotI hai| yaha AvazyakatA yA prabhAva kI bhAvanA usameM isa icchA ko utpanna karatI hai, 'mujhe par3hanA caahie'| athavA bhAvanA meM sadaiva icchA nihita rahatI hai| abhAva kI bhAvanA ke sAtha hI isa abhAva, azAnti ko dUra karane kI icchA utpanna hotI hai / icchA bhAvanA kA hI sakriya rUpa hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki icchA ke sAtha manuSya kI abhiruci kA bhI sambandha hai| yadi vidyArthI kI ruci par3hane meM nahIM hai to usake mana meM koI anya icchA balavatI ho utthegii| ___ icchA kA mahattva--manuSya kI icchA sadaiva kisI viziSTa dhyeya yA lakSya kI ora saMketa karatI hai / manuSya isa dhyeya ke bAre meM saceta hotA hai| vyakti 66 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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icchita dhyeya kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| usake mAnasa ke sammukha do paristhitiyA~ rahatI haiM, vartamAna aura vAMchita paristhiti / icchA mana kI vartamAna paristhiti aura aprApta bhAvI paristhiti ke bIca kI khiMcAva kI avasthA hai / yaha do paristhitiyoM ke bIca ke saMgharSa kI sthiti hai / kartA yaha socatA hai ki vaha apane icchita dhyeya ko kaise prApta kre| vaha usako prApta karanevAle sAdhana aura pariNAma ke bAre meM socatA hai| kintu kaI bAra aisA hotA hai ki usameM eka se adhika icchAoM kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai, jo usake lie mAnasika saMgharSa kI sthiti hotI hai| use vibhinna icchAoM meM se eka icchA ko cunanA hotA hai| ina icchAnoM kA svarUpa usake caritra ke anurUpa hotA hai| usameM usake vyaktitva ke samAna hI bhinna zreNiyoM kI icchAe~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| pratyeka icchA ke sammukha bhinna lakSya rahatA hai, manuSya kA caritra hI una icchAoM kA janaka hai| usI kI bhinna mAnasika avasthAoM kI ve vyakta rUpa haiN| eka hI caritra meM icchAoM ke vibhinna stara milate haiN| eka stara use Atma-sukha kI ora le jAtA hai to dUsarA para-sukha kI ora aura tIsarA vairAgya kI aor| isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka stara ho sakate haiN| aura pratyeka stara apane pUrNa prabhAvoM ke sAtha usake sammukha pAtA hai| yaha mAnasika athavA Antarika saMgharSa kI sthiti hai| usake vibhinna dRSTikoNa usake sammukha apanI-apanI viziSTatA rakhate haiN| vaha kevala yoddhA hI nahIM, yoddhA aura yuddha donoM hI hai| yaha sthiti vAstava meM vivecana kI sthiti hai| vaha niSpakSa rUpa se socanA cAhatA hai ki use kyA karanA cAhie / vaha apanI hI AtmA kI vibhinna avasthAoM para cintana aura manana karatA hai; vikalpoM ke pakSAntaroM ko samajhanA cAhatA hai aura jaba vivecana ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMkalpa-zakti kisI eka icchA ko svIkAra kara letI hai taba yaha nirNaya kI avasthA kahalAtI hai| kintu kevala nirNaya para naitika nirNaya nahIM dete haiN| yadi koI vidyArthI kevala yaha nirNaya karake santoSa kara le ki zAma se mana lagAkara par3hagA aura vAstava meM na par3e to yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki vaha sacamuca meM hI adhyayanazIla vidyArthI hai / isI prakAra paropakAra kA nirNaya kaI vyakti karate haiN| kintu jaba taka ve isa nirNaya ko apane AcaraNa kA aMga na banA leM, nirNaya ko vAstavika rUpa na de deM, unheM paropakArI nahIM kaha skte| manuSya kI saMkalpazakti jaba svIkRta icchA ke anurUpa kArya karane lagatI hai, karma ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai taba vaha naitika nirNaya kA viSaya ho jAtI hai| yahAM yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki saMkalpa-zakti kisI manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 67 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #69
navIna paristhiti kA nirmANa nahIM krtii| vaha icchAoM, AvegoM evaM pravRttiyoM ko hI rAha dikhAtI hai| jaba saMkalpa-zakti bAharI svarUpa dhAraNa kara letI athavA bAhara kI ora pravAhita ho jAtI hai taba vaha AcaraNa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| saMkalpa-zakti dRr3ha nizcaya ke kAraNa hI eka viziSTa rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| prabala icchA ko karma meM badala detI hai| nirNIta karma sakalpa-zakti kA hI yathArtha aura vAstavika rUpa hai aura saMkalpa-zakti caritra yA AtmA ke svarUpa ko vyakta karatI hai / saMkalpa-zakti yA manuSya ke nirNaya kA mUlya tabhI A~ka sakate haiM jaba vaha AcaraNa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| manuSya ke vyaktitva kI mahattA aura naitikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba ki vaha ucita rUpa se vyavahAra kre| naitika karma kI samasyA nirNIta karma meM jahA~ taka icchAtroM kA svarUpavivecana aura nirNaya kA prazna hai, naitika aura anaitika prANI kI vicArapraNAlI meM bheda hai| jahA~ taka jaMgalI, aprabuddha vyaktiyoM kA prazna hai ve apanI pravRttiyoM, AvegoM aura bAhya prabhAvoM ke anurUpa karma karate haiN| kucha vyakti to itanI abhyasta prakRti ke hote haiM ki vaha binA soce-samajhe apane jIvanamArga meM calate rahate haiM / unakA vivecana aura cintana eka prakAra se yAntrikasA hotA hai| unakI nirNayAtmaka zakti kuNThita ho jAtI hai| unake jIvana meM ucita mAnasika dvandva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| inake atirikta kucha aise caritra bhI hote haiM jo atyanta svArthI aura lobhI pravRttiyoM ko pAlate haiM; AtmalAbha ko sammukha rakhakara vaM mAnasika dvandva se mukti pA lete haiM / kucha aise apasAmAnya loga bhI hote haiM jo mAnasika saMgharSa meM hI par3e rahate haiN| apane mArga ko nirdhArita nahIM kara pAte haiN| isI prakAra vyaktiyoM ko vibhinna vargoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| kintu naitika jIvana Atma-saMcAlita jIvana hai jisakA kSetra svecchAkRta karma hai| naitika dRSTi se svecchAkRta karma ko kevala manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa taka sImita karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| naitika prANI gUr3ha vivecana dvArA hI apane karma ko nirdhArita karatA hai / vaha upayogI yA paristhiti ke anukUla karmoM ko nahIM karatA hai| usake karmoM kA ucita honA Avazyaka hai| naitika prApI ke svecchAkRta karma ko bhI icchAe~ aura Avega janma dete haiN| naitika karma kA mukhya lakSaNa yaha hai ki use apanAne ke pUrva vyakti kA dharma ho jAtA hai ki vaha karma kA vyApaka aura pUrNa mUlyAMkana kare; bhinna pakSAntaroM ke 'sammakha hone para isa para vicAra kare ki usake lie kisa pakSAntara ko apanAnA 68 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #70
ucita hogaa| karma ke praucitya-anaucitya kI samasyA hI naitika samasyA hai| isa samasyA ke mUla meM svArtha-paramArtha, sahajapravRtti-nyAya, bhAvanA kartavya tathA vizvAsa aura aucitya kA virodha evaM asamAnatA hai| yadi naitika cetanA sampanna vyakti samAna rUpa se balavatI icchAoM athavA Atmahita aura parihita ke dvandva meM phaMsa jAtA hai to use niSpakSa cintana kI AvazyakatA par3a jAtI hai| vaha dekhatA hai ki eka sRjana vyakti-vizeSa ke viruddha kahane mAtra se vaha apane naMge-bhUkhe baccoM, parivAra evaM prAtmIyoM ko sukha-samRddhi aura ucita zikSA meM sahAyaka hogA to usake sAmane eka aura aneka tathA apane aura parAye kA prazna utthegaa| naitika AcaraNa aucitya aura nyAya kA AcaraNa hai, ataH bhAvanA yA dayA se saMcAlita nahIM hotaa| pratyeka vyakti ke jIvana meM aise dvandvoM kI vibhinna paristhitiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| prazna yaha hai ki sadAcAra kA icchuka vyakti apane mArga ko kaise nirdhArita kare / kyA pratyeka dvandva kI sthiti meM vaha naitika niyamoM kI saMhitA dekhe ? yadi hAM to kyA aisI saMhitA sambhava evaM upalabdha hai ? naitika niyama nizcita aura aparivartanazIla nahIM haiM / ve deza, kAla aura paristhiti se vimukha nahIM ho skte| naitika karma parama dhyeya ke lie sAdhanamAtra haiN| ata: vivekI vyakti kA kartavya ho jAtA hai ki vaha niyamoM kA andhAnukaraNa na kare balki dezakAla aura paristhiti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue dhyeya kI prApti ke lie prayAsa kre| karma ke aucitya ko nirdhArita karane ke lie, mAnasika saMgharSa kI sthiti meM, vyakti ko pakSAntaroM evaM vikalpoM ke pakSa-vipakSa ko samajhane kA prayAsa karanA par3atA hai / vaha saba prakAra ke sambhAvya pariNAmoM ko apane sammukha rakhatA hai| unakA tulanAtmaka parIkSaNa aura yuktisaMgata vivecana karatA hai| una paristhitiyoM ke sAtha kAlpanika tAdAtmya anubhava karake unheM apanI naitika antardRSTi dvArA bhalI-bhA~ti samajha lenA cAhatA hai / vaha yaha bhI jAnanA cAhatA hai ki kisI viziSTa vikalpa ko svIkAra karake, usake anurUpa karma karane se vaha dUsaroM kI sthiti ko kahA~ taka prabhAvita kregaa| vaha apane AcaraNa dvArA dUsaroM kI naitika hAni to nahIM kregaa| apane sammukha vyApaka dRSTikoNa rakhakara vaha vikalpoM meM nihita mAnyatAoM kA mUlyAMkana kregaa| vaha sAdhya aura sAdhana ko samajhanA cAhatA hai| usake lie Avazyaka hai ki usakA dhyeya aura use prApta karane ke upAya donoM hI zubha hoN| vaha yadi kisI nirdhana ko dhana denA cAhatA hai to isa dhana ko vaha kisI amIra kA galA kATakara nahIM laayegaa| . manovaijJAnika prAdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 66 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #71
thA to svataH isa dhana ko ajita karegA yA amIra kI naitika cetanA ko jAgRta kregaa| naitika karma karane ke lie sampUrNa paristhiti ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajhanA Avazyaka hai| AcaraNa ke do rUpa : bAhya aura prAntarika-naitika nirNaya kA viSaya, jaisA ki kaha cuke haiM, manuSya kA AcaraNa hai aura manovijJAna yaha batAtA hai ki jaba saMkalpazakti vyakti ke caritra ke anurUpa usakI prabala icchA se samIkaraNa karake kArya rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai taba use AcaraNa kahate haiN| isa prakAra AcaraNa ke do rUpa sammukha Ate haiM-pAntarika aura bAhya / Antarika rUpa ' meM yaha nirNaya karanevAlI saMkalpazakti hai aura bAhya rUpa meM kAryarata AtmA yA saMkalpazakti / eka daSTi se AcaraNa vaha saMkalpazakti hai jo cetana karma dvArA apane ko vyakta karatI hai / saMkalpazakti ke rUpa meM yaha bhAvanA aura icchA hai, jisake sammukha eka viziSTa dhyeya hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se yaha karma hai| karma meM pariNAma bhI antahita rahatA hai| eka aora saMkalpazakti dhyeya aura prayojana kI sUcaka hai aura dUsarI ora AcaraNa aura pariNAma kii| apane kriyAtmaka rUpa meM yaha pariNAma (kArya) kA kAraNa hai| yahA~ para prazna uThatA hai ki naitika nirNaya saMkalpazakti ke kisa rUpa para dete haiM ? prayojana para yA pariNAma para? kArya para yA kAraNa para ? usa prabala icchA para dete haiM jisake anusAra saMkalpazakti karma karatI hai yA una ghaTanAoM para jo karma karane para utpanna hotI haiM ? athavA AcaraNa kA aucitya-anaucitya bhAvanA aura icchA ke svarUpa para nirbhara hai yA una pariNAmoM para jo saMkalpazakti ke kArya rUpa meM pariNata hone para utpanna hote haiM ? kucha nItijJoM ne AcaraNa ke ina do rUpoM ke bIca parama bheda dekhA aura isa bhrAnta dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kucha ne preraNA (Antarika rUpa) ko aura kucha ne pariNAma (bAhya rUpa) ko naitika nirNaya kA viSaya khaa| preraNA-preraNA (motive) aura pariNAma (consequences) ke bAre meM nItijJoM ke vibhinna mata haiN| pahale preraNA ko samajhane kA prayAsa krege| preraNA ke svarUpa ke bAre meM eka ora kANTa, baTalara aura sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kA mata milatA hai aura dUsarI ora baiMthama aura mila kaa| donoM hI prakAra ke vicArakoM ne preraNA ko bhinna artha meM samajhA hai| preraNA kise kahate haiM ? isase kyA abhiprAya hai ? sukhavAdiyoM (baiMthama, mila) ke anusAra preraNA vaha hai jo karma karane ke lie prerita karatI hai / sukha-duHkha kI bhAvanA hI preraNA hai / preraNA hI karma kA srota hai| saba preraNAoM kA eka hI svarUpa hotA hai-sukha kI 70 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #72
khoja aura duHkha se durAva / preraNA guNahIna hai / yaha apane-ApameM na to acchI hI hai aura na burI hI / pariNAma ke sandarbha meM hI ise acchA yA burA kaha sakate haiM / sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra preraNA bhAvanAmAtra hai / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki kaI bAra manuSya bhAvanAvaza karma karate haiM / kintu naitika nirNaya usa AcaraNa para diyA jAtA hai jo ki sAbhiprAya karma hai / sAbhiprAya karma kA parama kAraNa bhAvanA nahIM hai / manovijJAna batAtA hai ki bhAvanA nirNIta karma kA anivArya aMga hai / ise karma kA nimitta kAraNa kaha sakate haiM kintu parama-kAraNa nahIM / yaha nirNIta karma kA aMga hote hue bhI vyakti ko pUrNa rUpa se karma karane ke lie prerita nahIM kara sakatI / bhAvanA aura icchita dhyeya kI dhAraNA milakara hI vyakti ko karma karane ke lie prerita karatI haiM / ataH bhAvanA ko kArya kA preraka nahIM kaha skte| yaha karma kA srota nahIM hai / athavA preraNA bhAvanAmAtra nahIM hai / yaha vaha prabala icchA hai jo ki karma kI pravartaka hai, yA jisake lie karma kiyA jAtA hai / mA~-bApa ke sammukha unake bacce kA hita hai / bacce kA hita vaha prabala icchA yA preraNA hai jo ki unheM prerita karatI hai ki bacce kI burI prAdatoM ko chur3Ane ke lie use daNDita kareM / yahA~ para preraNA bacce kA hita hai | preraNA kA sambandha pratyakSa dhyeya se hai / preraNA vaha hai jisake lie ki vyakti karma karatA hai, jise vaha cunatA hai| preraNA isa artha meM karma kA parama kAraNa hai, karma kA prAntarika srota hai / yahA~ para kANTa aura baTalara kA kahanA hai ki karma kA praucitya anaucitya preraNA para nirbhara hai / pariNAma se naitikatA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / yadi preraNA pavitra hai to karma pavitra hai / saMkSepa meM eka mata ke anusAra preraNA dvArA hI karma ke aucitya ko nirdhArita kara sakate haiM aura dUsare ke anusAra pariNAma dvArA / uddezya - pariNAma ko mahattva dete hue beMthama ne kahA ki karma ke aucitya ko samajhane ke lie uddezya ( intention) ko samajhanA cAhie / uddezya kA kSetra preraNA se adhika vyApaka hai / preraNA vaha hai jisake lie karma kiyA jAtA hai kintu uddezya kevala vaha nahIM hai jisake lie karma kiyA jAtA hai / kintu vaha bhI hai jisameM pariNAma ko samajha-bUjhakara karma kiyA jAtA hai / isameM saba prakAra kI sambhAvanAe~ soca lI jAtI haiM / yadi bacce aura mA~-bApa vAlA hI udAharaNa leM to mAlUma hogA ki mA~-bApa yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAnate the ki bacce ko sudhArane ke lie use daNDita karanA par3egA / uddezya ke antargata preraNA aura pariNAma donoM hI Ate haiM / kintu preraNA ke antargata uddezya nahIM AtA hai / manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya / 71 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #73
preraNA ke sammukha baccoM kI bhalAI hai, na ki use daNDita karanA / usakA sambandha sAdhya se hai| uddezya kA sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM se hai| kisI bhI karma ko soddezya kahane kA artha yahI hotA hai ki usa karma ke bAre meM kartA ko pUrNa jJAna hai / vaha jAnatA hai ki use kina sAdhanoM ko apanAnA hogA aura usa karma ke sambhAvya pariNAma kyA hoNge| sampUrNa paristhiti ko samajhakara aura svIkAra karake hI vaha karma karatA hai / pariNAmoM ke bAre meM vaha uttaradAyI hai| phira bhI yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki kabhI akasmAt aisI paristhiti utpanna ho jAya ki usakI kalpanA usane svapna meM bhI na kI ho| aisI paristhiti ke lie kartA ko pratyakSa rUpa se doSI nahIM ThaharA sakate / itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki usane dUradarzitA se kAma nahIM liyA / ataH uddezya ke sammukha kevala dhyeya. hI nahIM hai kintu usa dhyeya kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka sAdhana bhI hai| yaha preraNA se isa artha meM vyApaka hai ki isameM preraka aura nivAraka athavA pravartaka aura nivartaka donoM hI sammilita haiN| - preraNA aura pariNAma ke vivAda kA niSkarSa-sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki karma kA aucitya-pranaucitya preraNA para nirbhara hai| nirNIta karma meM preraNA athavA karma ke srota kI pavitratA anivArya hai| naitikatA kA pariNAma se koI sambandha nahIM hai| kintu nirNIta karma meM preraNA aura pariNAma meM parama bheda nahIM kara sakate haiN| preraNA vaha abhIpsita pariNAma hai jisake lie karma kiyA jAtA hai / kartA dhyeya ke sAtha hI usakI prApti ke sAdhanoM ke prati bhI jAgarUka hai / prAtma-prabuddha prANI yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAnatA hai ki icchita dhyeya kI prApti ke lie use kina upAyoM ko apanAnA hogA aura unakA kyA pariNAma hogA / usa tathya ko sammukha rakhate hue gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ko sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM mAnA hai| sAdhya kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI sAdhana kI pavitratA ko bhI Avazyaka batAyA hai| preraNA meM pariNAma pUrvakalpita hotA hai| nirNIta karma meM naitika nirNaya dete samaya pariNAma kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiM / bure sAdhanoM kA upayoga karane ke lie aura pUrvajJAta bure pariNAmoM ke lie kartA doSI hai| Atma-prabuddha prANI apanI preraNA ko vAstavika rUpa dete samaya inake bAre meM saceta hai| jaba koI vyakti garIboM kI bhalAI kI preraNA se amIroM ke ghara meM DAkA DAlatA hai to vaha yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAnatA hai ki apanI preraNA ko vaha mUrta rUpa amIroM ke rakta dvArA de rahA hai| naitika dRSTi se kevala preraNA kI pavitratA sammukha rakhakara karma kI pavitratA siddha nahIM kI jA sktii| naitika 72 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #74
karma vaha karma hai jisake sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM pavitra haiN| zubha sAdhya kI duhAI dekara azubha sAdhana ko nyAyocita nahIM kaha sakate / azubha sAdhana kA prayAga karanevAlA nirdoSa nahIM hai| ataH naitika nirNaya kA viSaya vaha preraNA hai jo pariNAma aura sAdhana se sarvathA mukta nahIM hai| . ___isI prakAra sukhavAdiyoM kA yaha kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai ki naitikatA kA preraNA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| ve isa tathya ko to svIkAra karate haiM ki uddezya ke antargata preraNA aura pariNAma donoM pAte haiM; kintu jahA~ taka preraNA ke svarUpa kA prazna hai ve use bhAvanAmAtra mAnate haiM aura isI artha meM ise naitika guNahIna kahate haiN| unake anusAra pariNAma athavA adhika parimANavAlA pariNAma hI karma ke aucitya ko nirdhArita karatA hai| nirNIta karma kA vizleSaNa yaha siddha karatA hai ki nirNIta karma kI preraka bhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| isakA srota vaha preraNA hai jisakI prApti ke lie prAtmA prayAsa karatI hai athavA saMkalpa-zakti bAhya rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| naitika nirNaya karma para nahIM diyA jAtA, kartA para diyA jAtA hai| karma kA praucitya-anaucitya kartA ke caritra ko pratibimbita karatA hai| binA kartA ke karma para naitika nirNaya denA utanA hI arthazUnya hai jitanA ki prAkRtika ghaTanA pr| kartA ke caritra kI sUcaka preraNA hai / preraNA ke dvArA hI vyakti ke caritra ko samajha sakate haiN| isa artha meM preraNA bhAvanAmAtra nahIM hai| vaha Atma-cetana-vyakti ko karma karane ke lie bAdhita karanevAlI zakti hai| kartA ke caritra ke anurUpa preraNA use kisI viziSTa paristhiti, samaya aura kAla meM eka viziSTa rUpa se prerita nahIM karatI hai| ata: preraNA kartA ke karma karate samaya usake mAnasika stara evaM caritra kI sUcaka hai| yaha Antarika hai| bAhya paristhitiyA~ vyakti ko prerita nahIM krtiiN| ve uddIpakamAtra hotI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki do bhinna logoM ko eka viziSTa paristhiti do bhinna prakAra se prabhAvita karatI hai| apane Antarika caritra ke anurUpa hI samAna paristhiti meM rahate hue bhI eka sAdhu ho jAtA hai aura dUsarA cora / ataH naitika nirNaya dete samaya preraNA ko samajhanA anivArya hai, kyoMki yaha vyakti ke caritra ko vyakta karatI hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaba vyakti preraNA ke anusAra karma karatA hai to use pariNAma kA pUrvabodha hotA hai| preraNA apane vyApaka artha meM anumAnita aura icchita parama-pariNAma hai| karma ke ucina mUlya ko A~kane ke lie parama-pariNAma yA preraNA ko samajhanA anivArya hai| koI kRpaNa, bhikhArI ke bAra-bAra mA~gane se, jhuMjhalAkara usakI , manovaijJAnika AdhAra tathA naitika nirNaya | 73 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #75
ora eka paisA isa abhiprAya se pheMkatA hai ki bhikhArI kI A~kha phUTa jAya aura vaha bhaviSya meM Akara use dika na kre| kintu durbhAgyavaza kRpaNa kA nizAnA caka jAtA hai aura bhikhArI binA kaSTa ke paisA prApta kara letA hai / yadi kRpaNa ke karma ke pariNAma ko hI kevala dekheM to naitika dRSTi se yaha ucita nahIM hogA / karma kA nItisammata mUlyAMkana karane ke lie usa preraNA ko bhI samajhanA Avazyaka hai jisake lie karma kiyA jAtA hai / isa tathya ko sammukha rakhate hae grIna kA kahanA hai ki preraNA dhyeya ke bAre meM vaha vicAra hai jise prAtmacetana vyakti apane sammukha rakhakara use prApta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / preraNA vaha paryAya hai jo pariNAma athavA uddezya ke lie prayoga meM lAyA jAtA hai / isa artha meM preraNA naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai| preraNA aura pariNAma meM parama bhinnatA dekhanA bhUla hai| uddezya apane sImita artha meM preraNA hai aura preraNA apane vyApaka artha meM uddezya hai / preraNA aura uddezya apRthak haiM, kintu sAtha hI apanI viziSTatA rakhate haiN| preraNA aura pariNAma evaM karma eka hI kriyA ke Antarika aura bAhya pakSa haiM, kyoMki kisI vicAra kA mAnasa meM prakaTa honA, usakA saMkalpa karanA aura use nirdhArita karanA eka hI kriyA kA Adi aura anta hai / yadi punaH yaha prazna kiyA jAya ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kyA hai to kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha AcaraNa hai aura AcaraNa se abhiprAya usake donoM pakSoM se-pAntarika aura bAhya pakSoM se hai| naitika nirNaya vivekasammata hai / yaha sampUrNa paristhiti ke adhyayana ke pazcAt hI karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko nirdhArita karatA hai / jahA~ taka vyakti ke AcaraNa kA prazna hai yaha usake caritra kA hI vyakta rUpa hai| athavA AcaraNa para nirNaya denA yA caritra para nirNaya denA eka hI bAta hai| vyakti kI saMkalpa.. zakti, AtmA aura preraNA bhI usake caritra ke hI sUcaka haiM / ataH naitika nirNaya kA viSaya vyakti kA AcaraNa, caritra, saMkalpa-zakti, prAtmA aura preraNAsabhI samAna rUpa se ho sakate haiM, kyoMki ye saba eka hI satya ke rUpa haiM / inako vivAdagrasta paribhASAoM se mukta karake naitika nirNaya kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| 74 | nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #76
naitika pratyaya kartA, karma aura dhyeya ke naitika svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie vibhinna zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM arthAt ucita-anucita, zubha-azubha, kartavyaM-adhikAra, sadguNadurguNa, pApa-puNya, svatantratA-uttaradAyitva' prAdi, jinheM naitika pratyaya kahate haiM; nItizAstra meM ve viziSTa arthoM se yukta haiM, aura naitika nirNaya meM sahAyaka hote haiN| naitika nirNaya ve haiM jo ki svecchita karmoM tathA una karmoM ko karanevAle vyaktiyoM tathA una dhyeyoM para, jinakI prApti ke lie vyakti prayAsa karate haiM, unake svarUpa kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie, diye jAte haiN| ___zubha aura ucita ke pratyaya naitikatA ke mUlagata pratyaya' haiM aura anya pratyaya inhIM ke samAnArthI haiN| phira bhI yaha ucita hai ki hama pratyeka pratyaya ke viziSTa artha kA jJAna prApta kara leN| dainandina jIvana meM ina pratyayoM kA prayoga sAmAnya rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai kyoMki sAmAnyabodha inameM koI spaSTa bheda nahIM karatA hai| nItizAstra ke anusAra dhyeya ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie zubha aura azubha kA, vyakti yA vaiyaktika caritroM ke lie sadaguNa aura durgaNa kA aura svecchA. kRta karma ke rUpa ko samajhAne ke lie ucita aura anucita kA prayoga karanA adhika mAnya hai| ina bhinna vizeSaNoM ke yaha artha kadApi nahIM haiM ki kartA, karma aura dhyeya kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie hama bhinna mAna-daNDoM kA prayoga karate 1. Duty-Obligation, Virtue-Vice, Merit-Demerit, Freedom___Responsibility. 2. dekhie-bhAga 1, madhyAya 11 . naitika pratyaya | 75 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #77
haiM / jisa mAna-daNDa se hama dhyeya ko zubha kahate haiM usI mAna-daNDa se hama kartA ko sadguNI aura karma ko ucita kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha, upayogitAvAda ke anusAra adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha hI parama-dhyeya hai| yahI naitika nirNaya kA mAnadaNDa hai| isake anurUpa karma, caritra aura dhyeya ko hI naitika anumodana ke yogya mAnanA caahie| kartavya, adhikAra : sAmAnya prartha-manuSya kA sAmAnya jIvana kartavya aura adhikAra ke bIca vyatIta hotA hai / vaha samAja kA anivArya aMga aura deza kA nAgarika hai| samAja apane sadasya ko maulika adhikAra pradAna karatA hai tAki vaha bhalI-bhA~ti apane jIvana kI vividhAMgI AvazyakatAnoM kI pUrti kara ske| 'kintu adhikAra binA kartavya ke adhurA aura arthazUnya hai| yadi kisI vyakti ko apanI sampatti rakhane kA adhikAra hai to usakA kartavya ho jAtA hai ki vaha dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa na kre| pratyeka nAgarika ke suvyavasthita jIvana kI rakSA karane ke lie hI samAja aura rAjasattA kartavya aura adhikAra kI 'rUparekhA banAtI hai aura use logoM para Aropita karatI hai| - naitika artha-naitikatA, kartavya aura adhikAra ko mAnate hue, unheM eka ucca mAnyatA pradAna karatI hai| vaha kartavya ko mahattva dete hue kahatI hai ki bauddhika prANI kA yaha janma-jAta adhikAra hai ki vaha apane naitika aura AdhyAtmika adhikAroM kI mAMga kara sakatA hai| vaha adhikAra zakti-pradarzana, bhoga-vilAsa, yaza-lAlasA tathA dhana kI tRSNA kA nahIM hai apitu Atmika unnati kA hai| Atmika unnati mAnava-jAti kI unnati kI apekSA rakhatI hai| ata: vyakti ko apane adhikAra ke sAtha hI dUsaroM ke prati jAgarUka rahanA caahie| ___ aMgrejI kA 'rAiTa' zabda dvayarthaka hai / vaha bhinna sandarbho ke anurUpa aucitya aura adhikAra kA sUcaka hai| samAja meM saMskRta aura sabhya kahalAne ke lie ziSTAcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA naitikatA nahIM hai aura na daNDa se bacane ke lie rAjya ke niyamoM ke anurUpa karma karanA naitika karma karanA hai| manuSya naitika prANI hai aura naitika niyama aAntarika niyama hai| jaba kisI karma ko loka-vyavahAra ke kAraNa nahIM balki usakI Antarika zreSThatA ke kAraNa apanAte haiM to vaha ucita karma kahalAtA hai| samajha-bUjhakara sadAcAra ko apanAnA hI 1. Right. 76 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #78
ucita (rAiTa) hai| vahI karma naitika hai jo ucita ke bodha se kiyA gayA ho athavA naitika bAdhyatAvaza yA kartavya kI cetanA se prerita hokara kiyA gayA ho| kartavya aura aucitya samAnArthI haiN| kartavya karanA hI ucita hai aura ucita karanA hI kartavya hai| kartavya aura ucita ko mahattva dekara nItizAstra yaha saMketa karatA hai ki mAnavIya durbalatAeM manuSya ko anaitika mArga kI ora khIMcatI haiN| kintu use naitika jJAna aura dRr3ha saMkalpa kI sahAyatA se usa mArga ko apanA lenA cAhie jo naitika aura zubha hai| svecchita karma karanevAle bauddhika vyakti kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha sadaiva ucita ko apanAye / kartavya aura naitika bAdhyatA-kucha loga kartavya aura bAdhyatA meM bheda dekhate haiM aura kahate haiM ki bAdhyatA kAnUna athavA samajhaute kI upaja hai| ve bAdhyatA aura kartavya meM bheda dekhate haiN| bAdhyatA vaha hai jisase ki vyakti nizcita bodha aura samajhaute dvArA karma karane ke lie baddha ho jAtA hai / kartavya vaha hai jo ki eka manuSya kA dUsare manuSya ke prati deya hai, kyoMki manuSya mUlataH eka naitika aura sAmAjika prANI hai| kartavya aura bAdhyatA kA vaNita bheda naitika dRSTi se vyartha hai / nItizAstra meM kartavya aura bAdhyatA paryAyavAcI haiN| donoM se hI abhiprAya usase hai jise manuSya kI buddhi usake lie anivArya mAnatI hai| usakI vAstavika AtmA use viziSTa prakAra se karma karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| saba kartavya anivArya haiM evaM naitika manuSya unheM karane ke lie bAdhya hai / naitika jIvana meM kartavya ke bodha evaM naitika bAdhyatA ke bodha kA pramukha sthAna hai| naitika bAdhyatA manuSya ke usa niyama ke prati saceta sambandha ko prakaTa karatI hai jise ki vaha viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM pAlana karane ke lie sarvazreSTha samajhatA hai aura jisakA pAlana karanA usake lie. sambhava hai| aise niyama kA pAlana karanA vyakti kA kartavya hai| ____ kartavya aura naitika bAdhyatA vyakti ke caMcala aura dolAyamAna tathA Avega-pUrNa svabhAva ke sUcaka haiM / manuSya sahaja hI nimna pravRttiyoM ke pravAha meM baha jAtA hai| unase Upara uThanA evaM zubha ke mArga ko grahaNa karanA usakA kartavya hai / yahI naitika bAdhyatA hai| nItizAstra vaha vijJAna hai jo ki naitika dhyeya ke prati vyakti ko saceta aura jAgarUka rakhatA hai tAki vaha samajha-bUjhakara dhyeya ke mArga para cala ske| isa artha meM kartavya ke niyama bAhya sattA dvArA nirdhArita kiye hue nahIM haiM / ve Atma-Aropita haiM / kartavya ke nirapekSa Adeza natika pratyaya / 77 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #79
evaM prAtma-prAropita niyama kI zreSThatA ko kANTa ne bhalI-bhAMti samajhAyA kartavya kI pUrNa aura apUrNa bAdhyatA-kucha vicArakoM ne kartavyoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki AcaraNa ke niyamoM athavA saba kartavyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kartavya kI nizcita saMhitA banAnA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI ve yaha mAnate haiM ki sahAyatA ke icchaka janasAmAnya kA nItizAstra kucha hada taka patha-nirdezana kara sakatA hai| isa abhiprAya se nItijJoM ne kahA ki do prakAra kI bAdhyatAeM haiM : (1) jinako nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura (2) jinako nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI AdhAra para kucha vicArakoM ne nizcita bAdhyatAoM ko kartavya aura anizcita ko sadguNa kahA hai| kucha nizcita kartavyoM ko nyAya ke antargata samajhAte haiM aura unakA pAlana karanA naitika bAdhyatA mAnate haiN| kANTa ne uparyakta bheda ko mahattva dekara pUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya aura apUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya kI bhinnatA ko smjhaayaa| pUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya batalAte haiM ki kucha AcaraNa anucita haiM, aura aise anucita prAcaraNa ko na karane kA Adeza hameM milatA hai| ataH pUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya niSedhAtmaka haiM / binA kisI zarta ke eka nizcita prakAra ke AcaraNa kI AzA kI jAtI hai--'corI nahIM karoge', 'jhUTha nahIM bologe' aadi| ye nIti-vAkya sarvadezIya aura sarvakAlIna haiM; anivArya Adeza ke rUpa meM ye hameM milate haiN| ye nizcita kartavya haiM / apUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya vidheyAtmaka haiN| inheM niSedhAtmaka AdezoM kI bhA~ti paramarUpa se vyakta nahIM kara skte| ye sarvadezIya aura sarvakAlIna nahIM haiN| deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke vRtta meM hI inheM samajha sakate haiN| paropakAra, dAna, dayA Adi ke kartavya viziSTa avasara evaM deza, kAla aura paristhiti se sambandhita haiN| nizcita kartavyoM kA bAhya Adeza prApta hotA hai| unakA ullaMghana daNDa se yukta hai / kintu anizcita evaM apUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya Atma-Aropita haiM / kartA svayaM hI sat prAcaraNa ko apanAtA hai| jaba deza kI bhalAI ke lie svecchA se prasannavadana hokara vyakti jIvanotsarga kara detA hai to vaha apUrNa bAdhyatA ke kartavya ko apanAtA hai| aise kartavya unnata caritra evaM naitika zreSThatA ke sUcaka haiM / zreSTha caritra kisI bhI viziSTa paristhiti meM zubha ke anurUpa karma ko apanAyegA / usakA AcaraNa sadaiva hI zubha kI prApti ke lie sAdhanamAtra rhegaa| 78 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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jI' ne manuSya ke kartavyoM ko tIna vargoM meM bA~TA hai : (1) ve nizcita kartavya jinheM ki rAjyasattA nirdhArita karatI hai aura jinakA ullaMghana daNDa se - yukta hai / (2) ve kartavya jinheM ki rAjakIya yA rASTrIya niyama kA rUpa nahIM de sakate haiM kintu phira bhI pratyeka sammAnanIya nAgarika ke lie ve Avazyaka haiM / (3) ve kartavya jo ki pratyeka vyakti ke vyaktitva ko abhivyakta karate haiM / pratyeka se bhinna prakAra ke naitika AcaraNa kI AzA karate haiM / kartavyoM meM nizcita bheda dekhanA, jaisA ki svayaM mekeMjI ne svIkAra kiyA hai, anucita hai / isa bhA~ti kA bheda vivekasammata nahIM hai / yaha bheda kAnUnI hai, na ki naiti / naitika kSetra meM sadguNa, naitika bAdhyatA, kartavya Adi samAnArthI haiM aura ina sabakA sambandha dhyeya se hai / zubha evaM dhyeya ke anurUpa karma karanA sadguNa, naitika bAdhyatA evaM kartavya hai / kartavya sadaiva viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM nizcita tathA nirdhArita hotA hai / nItijJoM ne kartavyoM ke bIca jo bheda mAnA hai vaha sAmayika hai, parama aura sthAyI nahIM hai / tInoM prakAra ke niyamoM meM jo bheda dIkhatA hai vaha parama nahIM hai balki deza, kAla aura paristhiti para nirbhara hai| niyamoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana batalAtA hai ki AvazyakatAe~, vikAsa aura parivartana kisI varga ke niyama ko sthAyI nahIM rahane detA; kartavyoM ke vargoM ko badalA jAtA hai| prathama varga kA koI kartavya dvitIya meM A sakatA hai aura dvitIya kA tRtIya meM / rAjyavidhAna tathA nAgarikoM ke ziSTAcAra ke niyama kaThora aura aparivartanazIla nahIM raha sakate / AvazyakatA aura samayAnusAra kucha kartavya adhika mahattvapUrNa ho jAte haiM aura kucha kama / ataH kartavyoM kI sAmayika saMhitA banAyI jA sakatI hai, sthAyI nahIM / to kyA hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki nizcita kartavyoM kI rUparekhA banAnA bhUla hai ? kyA manu ne apanI manusmRti tathA bAibila ne apane dasa Adeza dekara avyAvahArika kAma kiyA ? samaya aura kAla kI sImA ke andara sApekSa kartavyoM ko nirdhArita karake janasAmAnya ke mArga ko nirdezita karanA ucita zraura Avazyaka hai, kintu isake artha yaha kadApi nahIM haiM ki hama vikAsa, parivartana aura navIna AvazyakatAoM ko bhUla jAya~ / 1 nItizAstra dhyeya kI cetanA ko jAgrata karake AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA AbhAsamAtra detA hai | vaha karma karane ke lie vistRta upadeza nahIM detA / naitika antarjJAna sampanna vyakti apane kartavya ko svayaM nirdhArita kara sakatA hai / pratyeka 2. Mackenzie. For Personal & Private Use Only naitika pratyaya / 76

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vyakti viziSTa parivAra, samAja, deza, jAti aura rASTra kA aMga hai| usake svarUpa kI apanI vizeSatAeM haiN| apane parivAra aura pariveza ko, pravRttiyoM ko vaha dAyarUpa meM prApta kiye rahatA hai / vaha eka viziSTa paristhiti meM apane ko nirdhArita pAtA hai aura usI sthiti ke jIvana ke sAmAnya vidhAna meM vaha sahayoga detA hai / isa vidhAna ke lie sakriya karma karanA hI usakA pramukha kartavya ho jAtA hai / ataH pratyeka vyakti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane svadharma ko samajhakara karma kare / jo vyakti jisa karma ke yogya ho use hI zreSTha samajhakara bhalI-bhA~ti kare / apane kSetra ke andara AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka kA dharma hai / vAstava meM kartavya kI samasyA caritra aura dhyeya kI samasyA hai| bauddhika prANI ke lie yaha jAnanA anivArya nahIM hai ki niyama kyA haiM kyoMki niyama kA anuvartana mAtra karanA yantravat rahanA hai| manuSya ke lie caritra ke usa Adarza ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai jisakA ki vaha apane andara vikAsa karanA cAhatA hai / eka suvikasita caritra ko cAhe kisI bhI viziSTa paristhiti meM rakha deM use apane AcaraNa ke mArga ko khojane meM dera nahIM lagegI / aise vyakti ko niyamoM ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA nahIM / usakA dhyeya nirdiSTa hai / vaha svayaM mArga khoja sakatA hai / yadi vyakti meM zubha kI prApti ke lie Antarika preraNA aura tIvra jijJAsA ho to usakA karma apane Apa hI sunirdezita ho jAtA hai, kintu yadi vaha dhyeya ke prati udAsIna ho athavA usakA naitika jJAna kuNThita ho to prAthamika sthiti meM niyama sahAyaka siddha hoMge / yahA~ para nItijJa kA kartavya ho jAtA hai ki mAnava jIvana ke sAmAnya svabhAva ke AdhAra para AcaraNa ke kucha niyamoM kA pratipAdana kare aura una sthitiyoM ko samajhAye jinake lie ve upayogI siddha hoMge / yahA~ para yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai. ki niyama ko pUrNa mahattva denevAle loga bhUla karate haiM / pahale to jIvana kI ananta AvazyakatAoM ko lipibaddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura dUsarA jIvana niyamamAtra nahIM hai | ataH nItijJa kevala dhyeya ke svarUpa ko hamAre sammukha rakha sakatA hai / pratyeka vyakti kA kAma hai ki mUrta sthiti ko samajhakara apanA mArga nirdhArita kare / yahI kartavya kA mArga hai / kartavya aura sadguNa-durguNa - svatantra saMkalpavAle Atma-prabuddha prANI kA kartavya hai ki vaha usa karma ko kare jo zubha hai, arthAt zubha-karma karanA kartavya hai aura azubha karma karanA akartavya hai / jaba vyakti ko kartavya karane kA 80 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #82
abhyAsa ho jAtA hai aura kartavya usakA abhyAsa bana jAtA hai taba vaha zreSTha caritra (sadAcAra yA sadaguNa) ko prApta kara letA hai| sadagUNa caritra kI zreSThatA evaM utkRSTatA kA sUcaka hai aura durguNa durbalatA tathA doSa kA / sadguNa caritra ke prAntarika se Antarika svarUpa ko abhivyakti detA hai| aneka zubha karmoM kI punarAvRtti se vyakti ise ajita kara letA hai| yaha caritra kA vaha svabhAva, guNa yA ajita pravRti hai jo sthAyI hai| caritra kA guNa hone para bhI karmoM aura preraNAnoM ke lie isakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yaha zubha karma kA sUcaka hai| zreSTha caritra karma dvArA apane ko vyakta karatA hai| kartavya kA sambandha bhI karma-vizeSa se hai| kartavya-bodha kI cetanA se yukta vyakti saccaritra hote haiM / kartavya kA abhyAsa zubha caritra kA nirmANa karatA hai aura zubha caritra hI kartavya hai| yadi vyakti apane caritra kA utthAna cAhatA hai to use cAhie ki vaha bArambAra kartavya ke mArga ko pakar3e kyoMki kartavya karane kI anavarata peSTA evaM abhyAsa saccaritra kA janaka hai / kartavya ko apanAne ke lie prAlasya aura asAvadhAnI kA tyAga Avazyaka hai anyathA anAyAsa hI vyakti durguNa ko apanA legaa| saccaritra kI sthApanA ke lie karma se yukta honA par3atA hai| dar3ha saMkalpa, satarka cintana, zubha mArga ko apanAne kI utkaTa preraNA, kaThinAiyoM se na DaranA Adi saccaritra kI ora le jAte haiN| jaba dhIre-dhIre kartavya karanA manuSya kA svabhAva ho jAtA hai to kartavya sahaja aura Anandaprada ho jAte haiN| ataH kartavya jJAna aura saMkalpa-svAtantrya kI apekSA rakhatA hai / kartavya na karanevAlA vyakti doSI hai| naitika durguNa mAnavIya saMkalpa para nirbhara hai| vyakti prakartavya ke lie uttaradAyI hai| parapI evaM durguNI jAna-bUjhakara kartavya nahIM karatA hai| kintu kaI bAra aisA bhI ho jAtA hai ki kartavya kA icchuka vyakti anucita mArga ko apane bhramapUrNa cintana ke kAraNa apanA letA hai / aisI sthiti meM cintana ko bhrAntipUrNa kahane para bhI vyakti ko doSa nahIM dete / vyakti hRdaya se sadguNecchu hai / usake svabhAva aura saMkalpa kA jhukAva sadguNa kI aora hai yadyapi cintana bhramapUrNa hai| naitika dRSTi se sadguNa ko viziSTa guNa ke rUpa meM nahIM samajha sakate kyoMki vaha caritra kA svabhAva yA guNa hai / aisA kathana batalAtA hai ki sadguNa kA prayoga do arthoM meM hotA hai-naitika sadguNa aura viziSTa sadguNa / viziSTa sadaguNa ko hama usa abhiruci ke rUpa meM samajha sakate haiM jo svecchita karma dvArA kisI vizeSa zubha dhyeya kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatI hai| ise hama acche naitika pratyaya / 81 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #83
vidvAnoM aura kalAkAroM meM dekhate haiM / vaha vyakti, jo apane kSetra meM yogyatA prApta kara letA hai athavA vaha vyakti jo kisI acche kAma ko acchI taraha kara letA hai, viziSTa guNasampanna vyakti hai / viziSTa guNa apane-ApameM acche haiM / ve samRddha samAja ke lie Avazyaka haiN| viziSTa guNoM meM pArasparika bheda sambhava ho sakatA hai / yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki eka acchA gAyaka eka acchA citrakAra athavA eka acchA citrakAra eka acchA lekhaka bhI ho / viziSTa guNa pratibhA kA pariNAma hai aura sAmAnya bodha yaha mAnatA hai ki vaha bhagavAn pradatta hai / yaha avazya hai ki prayAsa dvArA isa pratibhA ko adhika vikasita kara sakate haiM / yahI nahIM, yadi viziSTa guNa sampanna vyakti athavA lekhaka kucha kAla ke lie anivArya kAraNoMvaza (zArIrika roga, mAnasika AghAta, preraNA prApta na kara sakane ke kAraNa, Adi) apanA kAma na kare to vaha kSamya hai / naitika guNa kA honA pratyeka sammAnanIya nAgarika ke lie Avazyaka hai / saMyama, nyAya, dayA Adi sadguNa nAmamAtra se bhinna haiM / vAstava meM ve eka hI sadguNa kI abhivyakti haiM kyoMki sadguNa eka hai / naitika sadguNa sampUrNa caritra kI vaha abhiruci hai jo ki nirantara kAryAnvita rahanA cAhatI hai / pratyeka paristhiti meM jo sabase adhika uttama hai use zubha caritra khojatA hai / usake lie saba karma apaneApameM sAdhya haiM evaM parama zubha ke lie sAdhana haiN| jisa bhA~ti bhUkhA vyakti ekamAtra bhojana cAhatA hai usI bhA~ti sadguNI ekamAtra naitika Adarza kA bhUkhA hai | cAhe patthara barase yA bijalI gire use apane karma se chuTTI nahIM mila sakatI / sadguNa - paramparAgata aura vivekasammata - naitika sadguNa do rUpoM meM dIkhatA hai-- paramparAgata aura vivekasammata / janasAmAnya usa vyakti ko sadguNI mAnatA hai jo pracalita naitika niyamoM aura paramparAmroM kA sadaiva pAlana karatA hai; jo dayAlu, saMyamI, sammAnanIya, nyAyazIla aura udyogI hai / kintu naitika dRSTi se svIkRta niyamoM kA pAlana mAtra karanA apane ko yantra banA lenA hai / naitikatA ucita niyamoM ke andha-pAlana kI apekSA nahIM rakhatI / vaha ucita niyama dvArA usa dhyeya ko pAlana karane kI zrAzA rakhatI hai jo ki vivekazIla vyakti ke lie vAMchanIya hai / ataH naitika sadguNa vaha abhyAsagata pravRtti hai jo sadaiva cetana rUpa se una dhyeyoM kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatI hai jo zreSTha aura vAMchanIya haiM / yaha avazya vyakti kI yogyatA, pratibhA, lagana aura vyaktitva para nirbhara hai ki vaha kahA~ taka dhyeya ko samajha sakA hai| dhyeya ke svarUpa kA jijJAsu 82 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #84
sadaiva vastugata naitika mAnadaNDa kI sahAyatA se apane mAnadaNDa ko sudhAra sakatA hai / samyak mAnadaNDa ko samajhane ke lie zrAtmagata aura vastugata evaM vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI dRSTikoNoM kA ucita santulana anivArya hai / vyakti aura samAja donoM ke hita kI samAna rUpa se vRddhi karane kI pravRtti kA sAmAnya rUpa hI naitika sadguNa hai / isakA rUpa samaya aura kAla ke anusAra parivartita hotA hai / naitika sadguNa aura viziSTa sadaguNa meM parama bheda dekhanA vyartha hai / naitika sadguNa viziSTa sadguNoM dvArA abhivyakti pAte haiM aura viziSTa sadguNa 'naitika' sadguNa dvArA hI sthAyI mUlya pAte haiM / yadi una vyaktiyoM aura saMsthAnoM ke lie naitika sadguNa - dayA, dAna, nyAya Adi - sahAyaka nahIM haiM jo vAstava meM yogya pAtra haiM aura jo ucita sahAyatA pAkara apanI pratibhA aura viziSTatA ko prasphuTita kara sakate haiM tathA samAja ke jIvana ko saMskRta, sabhya aura kalAtmaka banAne meM sakriya yoga de sakate haiM to naitika sadguNa vyartha aura amUrta jAyeMge / kalA aura sAhitya kA sthAyI mUlya isa para nirbhara hai ki ve apane sAmAjika uttaradAyitva ko kahA~ taka nibhA sake haiN| yadi citrakAra kI tUlikA aura lekhaka kI lekhanI sAmAjika jIvana ko sundara aura maMgalamaya banAne meM asamartha hai to vaha zreSTha nahIM hai / pApa aura puNya - guNa eka vyApaka pratyaya hai jisake andara pApa aura puNya haiM | apane svarUpa ke anurUpa vaha pApa aura puNya kA sUcaka hai / caritra kI bhAvAtmaka naitika zreSThatA puNya hai aura abhAvAtmaka naitika yogyatA pApa hai / yadi pahalA yaha batalAtA hai ki caritra naitika dRSTi se kitanA mUlyavAn hai to dUsarA usake naitika hrAsa kA jJAna detA hai / vAstava meM pApa aura puNya caritra ke guNa haiM / caritra ke naitika svarUpa ko vyakta karane ke lie hI inakA prayoga karate haiM / ye donoM karma dvArA caritra ko abhivyakti dete haiM / ucita karma evaM puNya, caritra kI zreSThatA kA sUcaka hai aura anucita karma evaM pApa, caritra ke doSa kA / ucita aura anucita ke AdhAra para bhI pApa aura puNya ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / jaba karma ucita evaM naitika mAnadaNDa ke anurUpa hai to vaha puNya hai aura anucita pApa hai / donoM pratyayoM kA aisA bheda batalAtA hai ki caritra ke naitika vikAsa ke binA puNya sambhava nahIM hai / aise karma svatantra saMkalpa para nirbhara haiM / jaba vivekI vyakti svecchA se kartavya ke mArga ko apanAtA hai, taba vaha apane karma dvArA naitika pratyaya / 83 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #85
apane unnata caritra ko abhivyakti detA hai / jaba vyakti naitika dhyeya ko samajhakara bhI usake viparIta karma karatA hai to vaha pApa karatA hai| aisA karma usake caritra ke patana kA sUcaka hai| pApa aura puNya kA sambandha vyakti se hai, ataH inameM guNAtmaka bheda dIkhatA hai| caritra kI naitika pUrNatA muNAtmaka antara kI apekSA rakhatI hai| vyakti ke caritra kA utthAna aura patana samajhAne ke lie kama patana, adhika patana, adhika zreSTha Adi vAkyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| caritra kI apUrNatA se pUrNatA taka meM eka kramika zRMkhalA milatI hai| pApa aura puNya caritra ke sUcaka haiN| isa kAraNa kucha nItijJa saMkalpa dvArA inake svarUpa ko samajhAte haiN| yadi ucita mArga ko pakar3ane ke lie AvegoM aura pravRttiyoM para atyadhika niyantraNa rakhanA par3e athavA tyAga ke lie dRr3ha saMkalpa kI AvazyakatA ho to caritra atyadhika zreSTha hai| indriyoM kA damana karane ke lie aura icchAoM ko sanmArga dikhAne ke lie jitanA adhika prayAsa karanA par3e utanA hI adhika puNya-caritra,hone kA sUcaka hai| kintu aisA bheda ekAMgI hai| ise sarvasAmAnya mAnadaNDa nahIM mAna sakate / vAstava meM unnata caritra meM saMkalpa aura icchA ke bIca dvandva yA to kama dIkhegA yA dIkhegA hI nhiiN| naitika daSTi se jo vyakti jitanA hI kama vikasita hogA use utanA hI adhika tyAga aura prayAsa karanA pdd'egaa| do samAna caritra ke vyaktiyoM kI zreSThatA ko isa AdhAra para avazya A~kA jA sakatA hai / para sampUrNa paristhiti kA vyApaka aura sUkSma jJAna hI pApa-puNya ke rUpa ko nirdhArita kara sakatA hai| yadi koI vyakti mUrkhatAvaza aisI sthiti meM tyAga karatA hai jahA~ ki tyAga kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai to usakA AcaraNa caritra kI zreSThatA kA sUcaka nahIM hai / naitika daSTi se hama use mUrkha aura avivekI kheNge| vahI caritra zreSTha hai jo samajha-bUjhakara AvazyakatAnusAra saharSa pUrNa tyAga karatA hai / - saMkalpa-svAtantrya' aura uttaradAyitva-abhI taka jitane bhI naitika pratyayoM kA prayoga kiyA hai unake mUla meM yaha anivArya mAnyatA hai ki saMkalpa-zakti svatantra hai| binA saMkalpa-svAtantrya ko mAne naitikatA evaM naitika pratyaya astitva-zUnya haiN| saMkalpa-svAtantrya aura uttaradAyitva sApekSa haiN| donoM kA 1. naitika jIvana meM saMkalpa-svAtantrya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hone para bhI nItijJoM meM matabheda hai / ata: isakA vistAra se varNana karanA Avazyaka hai jisakI pUrti agale adhyAya meM kI gyii| saMkalpa kA svarUpa uttaradAyitva ke svarUpa para bhI adhika prakAza ddaalegaa| 84 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #86
saha-astitva hai| nItizAstra saMkalpa ko svatantra mAnakara karmoM ko prAtma-nirNIta tathA niyativAda aura aniyativAda ko ekAMgI siddhAnta mAnatA hai| niyativAda athavA aniyativAda ko svIkAra kara lene para naitika uttaradAyitva para ghora AghAta pahuMcatA hai| manuSya apane karmoM ke lie doSI nahIM raha jAtA hai / usake karmoM para naitika nirNaya denA vyartha ho jAtA hai| nItizAstra yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti apane prAtma-nirNIta karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai| yadi vaha aise karma karatA hai jo azubha haiM athavA jinakA pariNAma burA hai to naitikatA usase prazna kara sakatI hai ki tumane aisA kyoM kiyA? vivekazIla aura svatantra prANI hone para bhI zubha dhyeya ke anurUpa karma kyoM nahIM kiyA ? apane ko pUrvagrahoM se mukta karake tathA kSaNika AvegoM para niyantraNa rakhakara tumane nyAya ke mArga ko kyoM nahIM apanAyA? usa dhyeya ko kyoM nahIM apanAyA jo vAstava meM zubha hai ? naitika dRSTi se aisA prANI apane hI sammukha doSI hai, use apanI hI prAtmA ko uttara denA par3egA aura yadi vaha apane dAyitva kA nirvAha nahIM kara sakatA hai to usakA karma nindanIya aura daNDanIya hai| naitikatA ko tIna mUlabhUta prAvazyaka mAnyatAe~ kANTa mAnate haiM ki buddhi kI dhAraNAoM ke kAraNa naitikatA ke svataH siddha AdhAra ko samajhane meM manuSya asamartha haiN| ataH zraddhA kA patha prazasta karane ke lie unhoMne jJAna kI sImAeM nirdhArita kii| ve likhate haiM, "zraddhA ke lie sthAna banAne ke lie hameM jJAna kA parisImana karanA hogaa|" / unhoMne naitikatA kI tIna mUlabhUta Avazyaka mAnyatAoM ko mAnA haiIzvara kA astitva, AtmA kI amaratA, aura saMkalpa kI svtntrtaa| ina mAnyatAoM kA jJAna hameM naitika bodha dvArA prApta hotA hai / inake binA naitika jIvana sambhava bhI nahIM hai| ye naitikatA aura kartavyaniSThatA kA sabala haiN| saMkalpa kI svatantratA-saMkalpa kI svatantratA ke binA na to naitika karma sambhava hai aura na karma kA naitika mUlyAMkana hI sambhava hai| naitikatA kA ucita mUlyAMkana karane ke lie saMkalpa svAtantrya Avazyaka hai, anyathA 'karanA cAhie' kA koI artha nahIM hai| kANTa ke zabdoM meM, 'cAhie' apane andara kara sakanA kA samAveza karatA hai| isIlie AcaraNa, svecchita karma yA AtmanirNIta karma hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai / unhIM karmoM ko hama zubha-azubha, ucita-anucita naitika pratyaya | For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #87
kahate haiM jinheM kartA svatantra rUpa se karatA hai / saMkalpa kI svatantratA ke kAraNa hI vyakti apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai| AtmA kI amaratA-AtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra karanA naitikatA ke lie anivArya hai / binA AtmA kI amaratA ko mAne hamArA dRSTikoNa sthUla jar3avAdI ho jaayegaa| yaha usa asaMskRta cArvAka vicAradhArA yA bhogavAdI vicAradhArA sthUla sukhavAda ko prazraya de sakatA hai jo vyakti ko usake sAmAjika naitika AdhyAtmika kartavya se mukta kara detA hai, usake jIvana ko pazu jIvana kA paryAyavAcI banA detA hai| AtmA kI amaratA ko mAnane para hI hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisa naitika Adarza ko prApta karane kA manuSya prayAsa kara rahA hai, vaha yadi isa jIvana meM use nahIM mila pAyA, use vaha kAlAntara meM avazya prApta kara legaa| - Izvara kA astitva-sarvazaktimAna cetana sraSTA meM ekAntika vizvAsa naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| Izvara naitika Adarza kA pratIka hai| vaha hamAre karmoM kA draSTA aura nirapekSa nirNAyaka hai| Izvara para vizvAsa hameM vaha AzA dilAtA hai ki sadguNa AnandadAyaka hai| 86 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #88
saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA svatantra saMkalpa-zakti-prAvazyaka naitika mAnyatA-abhI taka yaha mAnate Aye haiM ki manuSya ke karma Atma-nirdhArita haiN| usakI saMkalpa-zakti svatantra hai| vaha apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai / usake karma naitika nirNaya kA viSaya haiM / isa artha meM saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA Avazyaka natika mAnyatA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se saMkalpa athavA saMkalpa-zakti ke bAre meM do parama virodhI siddhAnta milate haiM : niyativAda (Determinism) yA asvacchandatAvAda (Anti-Libertarianism) aura aniyativAda (Indeterminism) yA svacchandatAvAda (Libertarianism) / ina donoM matoM kA pAlocanAtmaka adhyayana yaha batAyegA ki ina matAvalambiyoM ne ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko sammukha rakhA / niyativAda aura aniyativAda donoM ko hI samAna rUpa se anivArya mAnate hue tIsare prakAra ke vicAraka naitika karmoM ko Atma-nirNIta mAnate haiN| inhIM kA naitika dRSTi se mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiM / yadi isake viparIta yaha mAna leM ki manuSya ke karma Atma-nirNIta nahIM haiM, saMkalpa-zakti svatantra nahIM hai, to naitika prAdeza aura naitika mAnyatAeM arthazUnya ho jaayeNgii| naitika dRSTi se jaba yaha kahate haiM ki 'tumheM yaha karanA cAhie', 'yaha karma ucita hai', 'yaha pApa hai', Adi, to isake artha yahI hote haiM ki tuma isa karma ko karane ke lie svatantra ho, yadi tuma cAho to tumhArI karma-zakti ucita mArga ko grahaNa kara sakatI hai / saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA ko binA mAne 'naitika cAhie' pAgala kA pralApa hai| naitika Adarza kI prApti vyakti ke lie utanI hI asambhava ho jAyegI jitanA ki kisI andhe ke lie sundara dRzya dekhanA / athavA naitika Adarza usa sundara kalpanA kI.bhauti saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA | 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #89
hamAre sammukha pAyegA jo ki mUrta aura vyAvahArika rUpa prApta nahIM kara sktii| aisI sthiti meM nItizAstra ko astitvahIna mAna lenA anucita na hogaa| isa satya ko sammukha rakhate hue hI kANTa ne kahA ki saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA naitikatA kI Avazyaka mAnyatA hai / svatantra prANI apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai| isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa karane ke lie Avazyaka hai ki pahale donoM siddhAntoM -niyativAda aura aniyativAda-ko samajha leN| niyativAda-niyativAdiyoM ke anusAra manuSya kI saMkalpa-zakti svatantra nahIM hai, pUrva-nirdhArita hai| unakA kahanA hai ki nirNIta karma meM saMkalpa-zakti preraNA ke sAtha samIkaraNa karatI hai aura preraNA kA svarUpa vyakti ke caritra para nirbhara hai| ataH yadi vyakti ke caritra kA paryApta jJAna prApta kara leM to usake bhaviSya ke AcaraNa ke bAre meM bhaviSyavANI kI jA sakatI hai| yaha pahale se hI batAyA jA sakatA hai ki usake karmoM kI rUpa-rekhA kaisI hogii| usakI saMkalpazakti kA bAhya rUpa kyA hogaa| janma ke samaya se hI manuSya kA anta:saMskAra sAmAjika aura bhautika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai| caritra kA utthAna aura patana una paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| una paristhitiyoM ke jJAna ke dvArA usake caritra kA jJAna prApta kara sakate haiN| caritra kA jJAna prApta karanA hI usake vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke karmoM ko samajhanA hai| vyakti ke karma sadaiva usake karma karate samaya taka ke nirdhArita caritra ke anurUpa hote haiM / usakA caritra bAhya paristhitiyoM, vaMzAnugata guNoM, maulika svabhAva tathA pariveza kA yoga hai| unhIM ke dvArA usakA caritra nizcita svarUpa grahaNa karatA hai| manuSya ke karma usake maulika svabhAva, vaMzaparamparA aura paristhiti kA anivArya pariNAma hote haiM / isa prakAra usake karma pUrva nizcita hote haiM / isa AdhAra para niyativAdI kahate haiM ki yadi kisI vyakti ke vigata jIvana ko bhalI-bhAMti samajha liyA jAye to nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki usake karma kaise hoNge| kisI bhI vyakti ke maulika svabhAva, parivAra, paristhiti, zikSA aura vAtAvaraNa prAdi kA paryApta jJAna usake bhAvI AcaraNa ko spaSTa rUpa se prativimbita kara sakatA hai| vaha yahAM taka kahate haiM ki yadi do vyaktiyoM kA maulika svabhAva aura vAtAvaraNa bilakula eka-sA ho to unake karma nizcita rUpa se samAna hoMge, bhinna nahIM ho sakate / isa tathya ko samajhAne ke lie ve udAharaNa dete haiM ki, yadi aise do jur3avA~ bhAiyoM ko leM jinake antaHsaMskAroM yA mUlagata pravRttiyoM meM pUrNa rUpa se samAnatA ho aura janma se hI unakA lAlana 88 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #90
pAlana samAna rUpa se eka jaisI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM meM humA ho to ve sadaiva eka hI rUpa se vyavahAra kreNge| niyativAdiyoM ke anusAra una bhAiyoM kA vyavahAra kisI bhI viziSTa prAyu meM bhinna athavA pRthak nahIM ho sktaa| ve saMkalpa-zakti ko pUrvanizcita mAnate haiN| vyaktiyoM ke prAcaraNa ko unake mUlagata svabhAva aura bhUtakAlIna paristhitiyoM se saMcAlita mAnate haiM / saMkalpa zakti kI svatantratA kA nirAkaraNa karate hue vaha manuSya ke karmoM ko prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kI bhA~ti samajhAne kA prayAsa karate haiN| usake karmoM meM kArya-kAraNa ke niyama ko ghaTita hote hue dekhate haiN| unake anusAra manuSya ke vigata jIvana kA "paryApta jJAna prApta kara (kAraNa ko samajha) lene se usake karma (kArya) ke bAre meM nizcita rUpa se bhaviSyavANI kI jA sakatI hai| niyativAdI manuSya ko prakRti kA hI aMga mAnate haiN| ve vyakti (prAtma-cetana prANI) ke prAcaraNa aura prAkRtika ghaTanAoM ko eka hI niyama se saMcAlita hote dekhate haiN| ve apane siddhAnta kI puSTi ke lie aneka tarka bhI dete haiN| manovijJAna (vizeSa rUpa se AcaraNavAda), jIvazAstra, nRtatvazAstra (Anthropology), zarIrazAstra (Physiology), jananazAstra (Genetics), sarvezvaravAda (Pantheism), IzvarajJAna Adi ke jJAna ke AdhAra para ve saMkalpa-zakti kI niyativAditA ko samajhAte haiM / adhikatara apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane ke lie unhoMne indriya saMvedanavAdI (sensationalistic) * aura jar3avAdI dRSTikoNa ko hI apanAyA hai / niyativAdI apane siddhAnta kI dhuna meM yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki vyakti Atma-prabuddha prANI hai| usakI aneka sambhAvanAeM haiM aura vaha ina sambhAvanAoM ko prApta karane ke lie svatantra hai| ve vyakti ke AcaraNa ko bhautika ghaTanA kI bhAMti dekhate haiN| jisa prakAra gaNita jyotiSa dvArA yaha batalA sakate haiM ki sUrya aura candragrahaNa kaba ghaTita hoMge, usI prakAra manuSya ke svabhAva, vAtAvaraNa, bahirgata paristhitiyoM ke pUrNa jJAna dvArA ve manuSya ke bhAvI karmoM ke bAre meM bhaviSyavANI kara sakate haiN| atIta ke jIkna, abhyAsoM aura anubhakoM kA vyakti kI vartamAna mAnasika sthiti ke banAne meM vaisA hI sahayoga rahatA hai jaisA ki unake anusAra kisI tarakArI ke banAne meM masAloM aura usake banAne kI vidhi kaa| aniyativAda-aniyativAdiyoM ke anusAra saMkalpa zakti svatantra hai| 'manuSya ke karma pUrvanirdhArita nahIM haiM / usake karmoM ke bAre meM pahale se kucha bhI nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| manuSya kA prAcaraNa anizcita hosa saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA | Ek For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #91
hai| usameM aneka prakAra kI sambhAvanAeM haiN| usake karma preraNAhIna hote haiN| niyativAdiyoM ke viruddha aniyativAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki saMkalpa-zakti prabala icchA ke anurUpa karma nahIM karatI hai / jaba icchAnoM meM dvandva hotA hai to saMkalpa-- zakti binA preraNA ke hI Akasmika cunAva karatI hai| saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA isa para nirbhara hai ki vaha prabala icchAyA preraNA se samIkaraNa na kara kSaNika Avega meM karma kara letI hai| vaha kisI bhI icchA ko cuna letI hai| saMkalpa-zakti eka ajJAta zakti kI bhA~ti hai| usake karma tAtkAlika Avega yA kSaNika pravRttiyoM se saMcAlita hote haiN| karma karane ke pUrva vyakti ke sammukha aneka icchAe~ aura preraNAeM hotI haiN| kintu saMkalpa-zakti unameM se kisI ke anurUpa karma karane ke lie bAdhya nahIM hai| vaha unase prabhAvita nahIM hotI, usakA nirNaya Akasmika hotA hai| ataH niyativAdiyoM kA yaha kahanA ki bhUta aura vartamAna ke jJAna ke AdhAra para bhaviSya ke karmoM ke bAre meM nirNaya diyA jA sakatA hai, sarvathA dussAdhya hai| svecchita karma kisI aisI vastu athavA caritra kA anivArya pariNAma nahIM haiM jo ki pahale se hI vartamAna ho| saMkalpa-zakti jisa kSaNika Avega se karma karatI hai usakI pUrva sambhAvanA manuSya ke bhItara nahIM hotii| karma karane ke kSaNa taka koI bhI aisI sambhAvanA jJAta nahIM hai jisase ki vyakti kI icchA kA patA cala sake / saMkalpa-zakti kA karma pUrNataH eka nayI sRSTi hai| usakA karma svatantra hai / yahA~ para aniyativAdI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki karma kA kartA vyakti hai, kintu yaha nirdhArita caritra yA preraNA para nirbhara nahIM hai / saMkalpa-zakti kA svarUpa vyakti ke usI kSaNa ke vyaktitva para nirbhara hai| yaha usa caritra para nirbhara hai jisake svarUpa kA abhI taka nirmANa huA hai athavA jisako lekara vaha utpanna huaa| saMkalpa-zakti pratyeka karma ke lie svatantra hai| karmarata saMkalpa-zakti preraNA aura pUrvanizcita caritra se mukta hai| usakA apanA eka ajJeya astitva hai| vyakti kI AtmA sajanazIla hai, vaha pratyeka karma meM saMkalpa-zakti dvArA navIna rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| manuSya ke karma pUrNa rUpa se anizcita haiN| yahA~ taka ki usake naitika aura vicArayukta karmoM ke bAre meM bhI bhaviSyavANI nahIM kI jA sakatI, bhale hI usake vigata jIvana kA itihAsa jJAta ho| yadi jur3avA~ bhAiyoM kA udAharaNa leM to aniyativAdiyoM ke anusAra unakA vyavahAra kisI bhI paristhiti meM samAna nahIM hogaa| donoM kA vyavahAra sadaiva bhinna rhegaa| yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki jur3avAM bhAiyoM meM se eka sAdhu nikala jAye aura dUsarA cora / 90/nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #92
prataH mAnava-svabhAva ke bAre meM nizcita rUpa se kisI siddhAnta yA niyama ko ghaTita nahIM kara sakate, jisake AdhAra para usake bhaviSya ke AcaraNa ke bAre meM nizcita rUpa se nirNaya diyA jA ske| vivAda kA mUla :preraNA--donoM hI siddhAntoM ke mukhya vivAda kA prazna yaha hai ki kyA dRr3hatApUrvaka kaha sakate haiM ki manuSya kA bhAvI AcaraNa kaisA hogA ? kyA usake karma kA svarUpa pUrvanirdhArita hai ? niyativAdiyoM kA uttara svIkArAtmaka hai aura aniyativAdiyoM kA uttara nakArAtmaka / niyativAdiyoM ke anusAra manuSya kA AcaraNa usI prakAra pUrva-nirdhArita hai jisa prakAra kI bhautika ghaTanAe~-ve AcaraNavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti manuSya ko prayogazAlA kI vastu samajhate haiN| vizleSaNa dvArA usake samyaka vyaktitva ko mAnasika aura bhautika prakRti ke aMzoM meM bAMTakara usake AcaraNa ke bAre meM prAmANika bhaviSya-- vANI karane kA dAvA karate haiM / aniyativAdiyoM ko isake viparIta manuSya ke samyaka vyaktitva meM jvAra-bhATe uThate dikhAyI dete haiM, ve usake karmoM ko Avega-. pUrNa aura preraNAhIna kahate haiM; usakI saMkalpa-zakti ko usa rahasyamayI zakti kI bhA~ti dekhate haiM jisakA svarUpa karma karane ke pUrva taka bilakUla anizcita aura ajJeya rahatA hai| isa artha meM manuSya kA bhAvI AcaraNa pUrvanizcita nahIM hai| ina donoM siddhAntoM ke prativAdoM ke mUla meM 'preraNA' hai| ina donoM ne hI preraNA ko vibhinna arthoM meM samajhA hai| icchA, preraNA, saMkalpa-zakti tathA AtmA ke sambandha ko bAhya liyA hai athavA nirNIta karma ke nirmANAtmaka aMgoM ko asambaddha mAnA hai| ve bhUla gaye ki ve eka hI ikAI ke abhinna aMga tathA eka hI satya ke vibhinna rUpa haiN| nirNIta karma kA vizleSaNa batAtA hai ki prabala icchA yA preraNA vaha icchita dhyeya hai jisakI prApti ke lie prAtmA prayAsa karatI hai| saMkalpa-zakti apane Antarika rUpa meM prAtmA athavA bhAvanA aura icchA hai tathA bAhya rUpa meM prAcaraNa hai| niyativAdI isa tathya ko bhUlate huese preraNA aura saMkalpa-zakti ke sambandha ko bAhya lete haiN| ve kahate haiM ki saMkalpa-zakti svatantra nahIM hai kyoMki vaha preraNA ke anurUpa karma karatI hai aura preraNA prAtmA ke svarUpa ko vyakta karatI hai| isI prakAra aniyativAdI kahate haiM ki saMkalpa-zakti svatantra hai kyoMki yaha icchA, AtmA aura caritra se prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| icchA aura saMkalpa-zakti ko bhinna mAnanA bhramapUrNa hai| saMkalpa-zakti" icchA para nirbhara hai aura icchA kA sambandha caritra aura AtmA se hai| isa artha saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA | 61 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #93
meM saMkalpa zakti koI aisI vastu nahIM hai jise prAtmA adhikRta kiye ho aura na yaha vaha prajJAta zakti hai jisakA zrAtmA se bhinna astitva ho / saMkalpa- zakti vaha AtmA hai jo jJAta rUpa se icchita vastu kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatI hai / jaba icchAoM meM dvandva hotA hai to dvandvoM dvArA zrAtmA apane hI vibhinna stara ko abhivyakti detI hai / icchAe~ sadaiva viSayamUlaka hotI haiM aura ina viSayoM kA usa zrAtmA se sambandha hotA hai jisake lie ki ye upayogI hotI haiN| ata: icchAe~ sadaiva AtmA ke caritra ko pratibimbita karatI haiM / icchAe~ kevala una vivekahIna zaktiyoM yA pravRttiyoM kI bhA~ti nahIM haiM jo vyakti ko idhara-udhara nacAtI rheN| icchAoM kA sambandha kisI jJAta viSaya se hai aura isI viSaya kI prApti ke lie AtmA saMkalpa zakti ke rUpa meM jJAta rUpa se bAhara kI ora pravAhita hotI haiM / nirNIta karma meM icchAoMoM kI santuSTi dvArA zrAtmA svayaM ko santuSTa karatI hai / - ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM kA pariNAma : naitikatA arthazUnya - niyativAdI eka vaijJAnika kI bhA~ti manuSya ke samyak vyaktitva ko chinna-bhinna karane kA prayAsa karate haiM / unake anusAra vyakti apane samaya aura paristhiti kA zizu hai / yaha unake sammukha zakta hai / usakA jIvana nimna prANiyoM kI bhA~ti kriyA-pratikrayA kA jIvana hai / usakA caritra bhautika aura mAnasika zaktiyoM kA yoga hai / usake karma usake caritra ke anivArya pariNAma haiM / usakI saMkalpa - zakti pUrvanirdhArita hai / yadi vyakti ke karma pUrvazaktiyoM ke anivArya pariNAma haiM to vyakti ko usake karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ThaharA sakate; kyoMki usake karmoM kI gati yAntrika hai / usake prAcaraNa para nirNaya denA utanA hI arthazUnya hai jitanA ki havA se ur3ate hue patte para denA hai / jisa prakAra vijalI ke baTana ko dabAne se bijalI kI battI jala jAtI hai, usI prakAra eka viziSTa paristhiti meM vyakti viziSTa rUpa se karma karatA hai / vyakti ke pUrvanirdhArita svarUpa athavA kAraNa ke anurUpa karma karanevAlI kAryarata saMkalpa-zakti naitika nirNaya kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatI aura na aise karttA ke sammukha kartavya, pazcAttApa Adi naitika mAnyatAoM kA hI kucha mUlya hai / niyativAdiyoM kI pramukha bhUla yaha hai ki unhoMne vyakti ke caritra ko vaijJAnika paribhASA meM bA~dhanA caahaa| usake AcaraNa kA kArya-kAraNa ke niyama ke dvArA spaSTIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA / sabhI prabuddha vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya kI karma zakti kA kSetra anya ghaTanAoM kI bhA~ti pUrva ghaTanAnoM para prAdhArita nahIM hai / vyakti ke karma zrAtma 2 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #94
'nirNIta haiN| vaha apane karmoM ko apanA kahatA hai / zubha-karma karane para use prAtmasantoSa hotA hai evaM azubha-karma karane para glAni aura pazcAttApa / vaha kahatA hai, 'mujhaM aisA nahIM karanA cAhie' aura bhaviSya ke lie dRr3ha saMkalpa karatA hai| usa saMkalpa kA usake jIvana meM mUlya hai| kintu niyativAdiyoM ke anusAra pazcAttApa tathA dRDha saMkalpa ke lie mAnava-jIvana meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / Atmonnati, caritra kA utthAna, patana aura dhArmika parivartana Adi saba khokhalI bAteM haiN| . kisI bhI vyakti kA caritra usake bhUta aura vartamAna AcaraNa dvArA pUrNa rUpa se vyakta nahIM hotA hai| usameM aneka avikasita sambhAvanAe~ haiM, aghaTita ghaTanAe~ haiN| jJAna kI vRddhi aura anubhava kI vyApakatA tathA tIvratA usakA pUrNa rUpa se rUpAntara kara detI haiN| eka manuSya kA svabhAva aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki vaha ninyAnave bAra taka vizeSa uttejanA pAkara eka hI taraha kA AcaraNa karegA aura sauvIM bAra dUsarI taraha kA / manuSya svabhAva kA adhyayana yaha bhalI-- bhA~ti batA detA hai ki kisI dar3ha vyaktitva ke manuSya ke bAre meM bhI vizvAsapUrvaka yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM usakI kyA pratikriyA hogii| niyativAdiyoM ne yaha kahakara bar3I bhUla kI ki manuSya ke karma pUrvaparisthitiyoM se usI prakAra prabhAvita hote haiM jisa prakAra bhautika jagata kI ghaTanAe~ / unhoMne naitika uttaradAyitva, naitika Adeza kA hI nahIM, naitikatA kA bhI nirAkaraNa kara diyaa| naitika manuSya mAtra icchAoM tathA paristhitiyoM kA prANI nahIM hai / vaha apane vizva kA nirmAtA bhI hai / usake naitika, bauddhika vikAsa ke sAtha usakI icchAoM aura icchita vastuoM kA svarUpa badala jAtA hai / vaha apane icchita karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai| ___aniyativAdiyoM ke anusAra manuSya kI saMkalpa-zakti usa zaitAna kI bhA~ti hai jo manuSya ke saMghaTita vyaktitva tathA caritra kI sthiratA kI upekSA karatA hai aura acAnaka kisI anajAne patha se pAkara apanA kAma pUrA kara jAtA hai| aisI saMkalpa-zakti kI sRSTi pratyeka kSaNa meM navIna hai| aise anajAne karma kA kartA hote hue bhI vyakti usa karma ko apanAne meM kaThinAI pratIta karatA hai / usameM use apane avicchinna vyaktitva kA pratibimba nahIM miltaa| vaha kaha sakatA hai ki yaha karma usake karma karane ke pUrva taka ke caritra kA sUcaka, usake cintana-manana kA pamiNAma nahIM hai| usakA karma usa saMkalpa-zakti dvArA kiyA gayA hai jisa para usake caritra aura icchAoM kA adhikAra nahIM hai| aise saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA / 63 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #95
AcaraNa ko naitika daSTi se azubha nahIM kaha sakate haiN| isa prakAra saMkalpazakti ko isa artha meM svatantra mAnanevAle saiddhAntikoM ke lie dar3ha-saMkalpa kA koI mUlya nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se mAnava-svabhAva meM saMgati aura ekatA dekhanA vyartha hai aura aisI sthiti meM naitikatA kA lopa to ho hI jAyegA, sAtha hI manuSya kA sAmAjika jIvana bhI asambhava ho jAyegA / sAmAjika jIvana kI pUrNatA vyaktiyoM ke samyak caritra para nirbhara hai| pratyeka vyakti kucha sImA taka apane tathA anya logoM ke caritra ko samajhatA hai, unake AcaraNa ke bAre meM apanI sammati de sakatA hai| vaha apane tathA dUsaroM ke karmoM kA spaSTIkaraNa caritra tathA paristhiti-vizeSa ke nAma para karatA hai aura usa paristhiti se sambaddha kartavya ke bAre meM bhI saceta hai| kintu saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA ke poSaka preraNAhIna karmoM ko hI svatantra karma kahate haiN| naitika manuSya ke lie binA usa preraNA ke karma karanA, jo ki kartA ko bauddhika rUpa se karma karane ke lie prerita karatI hai, pazu-jIvana ko svIkAra karanA hai| vaha andha-pravRttiyoM tathA AvegoM kA dAsa nahIM hai, apane caritra kA nirmAtA tathA apane AcaraNa ke lie uttaradAyI bhI hai| usakI saMkalpa-zakti usakI prAtmA hai / saMkalpa-zakti ke bAhya rUpa dvArA usakI AtmA santoSa prApta karatI hai| yadi hama isa artha meM saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA ko na mAneM to pApa-puNya, zubha-azubha, ucitaanucita, Adi naitika pratyaya astitvahIna ho jAte haiM / yadi manuSya kI saMkalpazakti use samajha-bUjhakara karma nahIM karane detI aura andhar3a kI taraha Aveza meM Akara use Upara-nIce girAtI hai to nizcaya hI naitika Adeza kAlpanika haiN| saMkalpa-zakti kA mukta zAsaka kI bhAMti pratyeka kSaNa aisA navIna sRjana karanA ki vaha bhUta aura vartamAna se asambaddha ho-mAnava-caritra kI sthiratA aura avicchinnatA ko dhUla meM milAnA hai / naitikatA dRr3ha-caritra se hI udbhUta hotI hai| AvegapUrNa preraNAhIna karma aura naitikatA Apasa meM virodhI haiM tathA ekadUsare ke vinAzaka haiN| prAtma-nirNIta karma : niyativAda aura aniyativAda-nirNIta karma ke vizleSaNa ne yaha batalAyA ki AtmA aura saMkalpa-zakti eka haiN| prAtmA hI jJAta rUpa se icchita dhyeya kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatI hai / saMkalpa-zakti kA svarUpa AtmA ke svarUpa para nirbhara hai| usa AtmA kA kyA svarUpa hai jisake dvArA karma kiye jAte haiM ? kyA isakA svarUpa nirdhArita naitika guNoM, vaMzAnugata vizeSatAoM, bhUtakAlIna karmoM aura bhAvanAoM kA pariNAma hai ? athavA kyA 94 / nItizAstra / For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #96
koI aisI sambhAvanA sadaiva rahatI hai jisake AdhAra para vyakti apane abhI ke ucita-anucita ke nirNaya ke anusAra karma kara sakatA hai, cAhe usake pUrva ke karma aura anubhava kucha bhI kyoM na hoM ? vyakti ke AcaraNa kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki vyakti sadaiva jisa prakAra karma karatA hai vaha eka viziSTa niyama ke anurUpa hotA hai| yaha niyama usake caritra kA niyama hai aura caritra usake janmajAta mAnasika saMskAroM, vaMzAnugata-guNoM tathA paristhiti kA pariNAma hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI saca hai ki usake caritra ko pUrNa rUpa se samajhanA asambhava hai| caritra kA nirmANa karane vAle tattva atyanta jaTila hote haiN| unakI saphalatApUrvaka gaNanA karanA saiddhAntika rUpa se sambhava hone para bhI vAstava meM asambhava hai / ataH preraNA dvArA nirdhArita karmoM ko prAkRtika ghaTanA kI bhAMti samajhane kA prayAsa karanA mUrkhatA hai| naitika karma yaha bhI batAtA hai ki saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA isa para nirbhara nahIM hai ki karma preraNAhIna haiM, kintu isa para hai ki ve preraNA dvArA nirdhArita haiN| preraNA naitika prANI ke svarUpa ko abhivyakti detI hai| manuSya kA caritra sahaja pravRttiyoM aura AvegoM kA asthira samudra nahIM hai| usake karma svayaM use tathA usake samparka meM AnevAloM ko camatkRta nahIM karate haiN| ve prAtma-nirNIta hote haiM; usake caritra ke anurUpa hote haiN| naitika jIvana ke lie dRr3ha-caritra kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai aura caritra vizeSa abhyAsoM se nirmita jagat kI apekSA rakhatA hai| zubha-caritra zubha-abhyAsoM kA saMgatipUrNa vidhAna hai| manuSya kI saMkalpa-zakti meM ekarUpatA milatI hai| usake nizcaya usake caritra se samAnatA rakhate haiN| usake karmoM ke bAre meM kucha sImA taka nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai / isa artha meM nItizAstra niyativAda ko mAnatA hai / yadi niyativAda abhyAsoM kI samAnatA kA sUcaka hai to vaha Avazyaka hai / yaha samAnatA naitika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| naitika prANI hara kSaNa giragiTa kI bhA~ti rUpa nahIM badalatA hai| usakA vyaktitva prAtma-nirdhArita hai| usakA jIvana niyamabaddha hai / usakI saMkalpa-zakti niyama ke anurUpa karma karatI hai| isake prAcaraNa meM ekarUpatA aura vyavasthA milatI hai / usake prAcaraNa kA naitika rUpa se samAna honA anivArya hai| vaha viveka aura buddhi dvArA paricAlita hai, na ki kSaNika Avega dvaaraa| naitika prAmI mAdhyAtmika prANI hai| vaha prAtmonnati ke lie prayAsa karatA hai / saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA upAsaka hai| usakA naitika jJAna use batAtA hai saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA | 65 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #97
ki vaha 'naitika cAhie' ke anusAra kArya kara sakatA hai / vaha svatantra hai, apane caritra ko vikasita kara sakatA hai, naye abhyAsoM kI nIMva DAla sakatA hai; para yaha bhI saca hai ki pratyeka vyakti kI sambhAvanAe~ sImita haiN| vaha apanI mAnasika, zArIrika aura bhautika prakRti para nirbhara hai| isa nirbharatA ke sAtha hI vaha prAtma-cetana prANI bhI hai| vaha apane dhyeya ko samajhatA hai| apane ko bAhya-bandhanoM se mukta kara sakatA hai| unake pratikUla karma kara sakatA hai| apane karmoM ke svarUpa ko svayaM nirdhArita kara sakatA hai aura apanA unnayana kara sakatA hai| yaha sabhI mAneMge ki vyakti kA vartamAna caritra vibhinna zaktiyoM kA pariNAma hai| kintu vyakti kI AkAMkSAeM aura sambhAvanAe~ bhaviSya kI mora iMgita kara use batAtI haiM ki isa 'pariNAma' se Upara uThane kI usameM zakti aura sAmarthya hai| isa artha meM usake karma prAtma-nirNIta haiN| vaha samajhabUjhakara karma kara sakatA hai| apanI vAstavika prAtmA ke prAdeza evaM prAntarika prAdeza ko mAna sakatA hai| yahI saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA hai| kartavya tathA naitika mAnyatAe~ Adi kI dhAraNAeM isI svatantratA kI sUcaka haiN| ina dhAragAnoM kA usake jIvana se cetana-sambandha hai| vaha paristhiti-vizeSa meM apanI sAmarthya ke anukUla jisa niyama ko sarvazreSTha samajhatA hai, use kara sakatA hai| yahI usakA naitika kartavya hai / kartavya kA Adeza use anucita mArga kI ora jhukane se bacAtA hai / use batAtA hai ki use apanI svatantra saMkalpa-zaktiyoM ke dvArA nimna-pravaliyoM, kuNThita-sambhAvanAmoM kA uccatama dhyeya se lie unnayana karanA caahie| usakI saMkalpa-zakti usakI bauddhika aura bhAvuka prakRti ko saMgatipUrNa ekatva meM bAMdha sakatI hai| use saMskRti ke uccatama zikhara kI ora le jA sakatI hai| manuSya dRr3ha-sakalpa dvArA bhaviSya ke AcaraNa ko sudhArane kA prayAsa kara sakatA hai| saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA ke kAraNa hI vaha dunivAra bure abhyAsoM ko tyAgane meM saphala hotA hai / prArambha meM use bure abhyAsoM ko chor3ane meM kaThinAI hotI hai, kintu dhIre-dhIre vaha una para vijayI ho jAtA hai| Atmonnati ke lie saMkalpa-zakti kI svatantratA Avazyaka mAnyatA hai / jahA~ taka vyakti ke zubha-abhyAsoM kA prazna hai, usakI saMkalpa-zakti niyativAda, sthiratA, dRr3hatA, saMkalpa aura saMskRti kI dyotaka hai| yahA~ para yaha na bhUlanA cAhie ki yaha niyativAda prAkRtika niyativAda se bhinna hai| isameM Atmonnati ke lie vistRta kSetra hai / naitika niyativAda meM saMkalpa-zakti svatantra hai / usakI pUrNa svatantratA isa para nirbhara hai ki vaha apane kartavyoM ke prati pUrNa rUpa se 16 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #98
jAgarUka hai / isa prakAra manuSya paristhiti, pariveza aura svabhAva kI sImAoM se baddha hone para bhI apanI Atmonnati ke lie prayAsa kara sakatA hai kyoMki usake karma zrAtma-nirNIta haiM / saMkalpa - zakti kI svatantratA / 97 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Page #100
dvitIya bhAga naitika siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #101
niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) viSaya-praveza-naitika nirNaya ke mAnadaNDa kA prazna vAstava meM naitika cetanA ke vikAsa kA prazna hai| naitika cetanA ke vikAsa ke aitihAsika adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki kisa prakAra naitika nirNaya aneka barbara sthitiyoM ko atikrama kara Aja kI vikasita avasthA meM pahu~cA hai / usakA mApadaNDa aba vaiyaktika athavA ekadezIya nahIM raha gayA hai / vaha sArvabhauma prAmANikatA prApta kara cukA hai| usakA dhyeya sArvabhaumika kalyANa aura usakA nirNaya mAnavatA kA nirNaya hai| niyama aura dhyeya kI samasyA-yaha kahA jA cakA hai ki naitika nirNaya svecchAkRta karmoM para diyA jAtA hai athavA una karmoM para, jinheM buddhijIvI svatantratApUrvaka karatA hai| kintu prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA mApadaNDa hai jisake AdhAra para karmoM ko naitika athavA anaitika kahate haiM, unake aucityaanaucitya para nirNaya dete haiM / karmoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie mukhyataH zubhaazubha, ucita-anucita kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| karmoM ke vizeSaNoM ke rUpa meM anya jitane bhI zabda milate haiM ve kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM inhIM ke paryAyavAcI haiN| vaha karma zubha hai jo dhyeya kI prApti ke lie upayogI hai aura vaha karmaucita hai jo niyama ke anurUpa hai| ina arthoM para dhyAna dene se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie do bhinna mApadaNDa haiM : eka dhyeya sambandhI aura dUsarA niyama smbndhii| __yaha samasyA mithyA hai--kintu vibhinna mApadaNDoM kI dhAraNA, vAstava meM, mithyA hai / niyamoM ke udgama ke itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai ki nirNaya kA mApa 100 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #102
daNDa eka hI hai| yadi pUchA jAya ki mAnava-vikAsa meM dhyeya aura niyama meM kauna-sA mApadaNDa pUrvanirdhArita huA to prathama dRSTi meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki niyama kA mApadaNDa hI pahalA mApadaNDa hai| niyama ke srota para dhyAna dene para yaha bhrAnti dUra ho jAtI hai aura yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakta athavA avyakta rUpa meM niyama se pahale dhyeya kA astitva anivArya hai| binA dhyeya ke niyama kA nirmANa sambhava nahIM hai / niyama dhyeya kA anugAmI hai, pUrvagAmI nahIM ho sakatA / Adi kAla meM logoM ne vyakti, samAja evaM samudAya kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie hI niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| unakI cetanA ne jina niyamoM ko pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa se upayogI mAnA, Aja kI naitika cetanA una niyamoM ko anupayogI, ahitakara tathA hAniprada kaha sakatI hai; kintu, Adima cetanA kA mAnava jina bhautika paristhitiyoM, jisa vAtAvaraNa tathA jIvana-yApana ke jina sAdhanoM ke bIca rahatA thA evaM usa samaya usakA jo mAnasika-kAyika astitva thA, vaha taba unase adhika svastha niyama nahIM banA sakatA thaa| usa samaya kI avikasita cetanA dhyeya ke svarUpa ko adhika nizcita evaM spaSTa kara sakane meM asamartha thii| dhyeya, niyamoM kI prAmANikatA, kartavya, adhikAra, uttaradAyitva Adi ke bAre meM na to vaha saceta thI aura na use inake bAre meM koI jijJAsA hI thii| usane jhuNDa, jAti evaM samudAya ke lie hitakara niyamoM ko svabhAvataH hI anAyAsa rUpa se apnaayaa| vaha usakI naitika cetanA kI sambhAvita sthiti thii| Aja kI vikasita cetanA kI tulanA meM vaha avikasita, ardhavyakta tathA supta thii| naitika pradeza bAhya pradeza evaM niyama athavA bAhya prAdeza ke rUpa meM prakaTa hA-prAkRtika aura devI zakti-dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie hI niyama banAye gaye jo nirmANAtmaka dRSTi se dhyeya ke lie sAdhanamAtra the| kintu vyAvahArika jIvana meM unheM hI pradhAnatA milI; apane AcaraNa meM vyakti ne unhIM ko pramukha mAnA / yahI kAraNa hai ki sarvaprathama naitika Adeza bAhya Adeza ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA / naitikatA kI abhivyakti sarvatra vibhinna deza-kAloM meM isI rUpa meM huii| vyaktiyoM evaM jAtiyoM kI sahaja-preraNAoM, AvegoM aura icchAoM para usakI naitika-AtmA ne niyantraNa nahIM rakhA, kintu bAhya zaktiyoM ne arthAt prAkRtika, sAmAjika, devI Adi zaktiyoM ne use niyantrita rakhA / ina zaktiyoM ne bAhya AdezoM ke rUpa meM svAbhAvika pravattiyoM kA damana kiyaa| isa sthiti meM karma aura pariNAma ko mahattva diyA gayA, na ki preraNA kI niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) / 101 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #103
pavitratA aura caritra ko / ataH naitika niyama apane abhyudaya kAla meM bAhya Aropita niyama the, na ki Atma- Aropita / unhoMne AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa para nirNaya diyA, na ki Antarika pakSa para / aitihAsika spaSTIkaraNa : asthira jIvana naitika niyama kI sarvaprathama vaha sthiti milatI hai jabaki vyakti heriyoM kA jIvana bitAMtA thA / prAkRtika zrAvazyakatAe~ usake jIvana ko saMcAlita karatI thIM, usake karma adhikatara Avega - janya hote the / ve dUradarzitA se rahita, cintanahIna, pariNAma ke vicAra se mukta the / aise karmoM ko kevala vaiyaktika AvegoM se prerita kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hai / usa yuga kA vyakti apanI jAti, samudAya athavA jhuNDa kA sadasya thA / 'anukaraNa aura saMketa' kA usake jIvana meM sthAna thA / jo kucha bhI usane dekhA use usI rUpa meM sahaja bhAva se svIkAra kara liyA / vaha jAti ke pracalanoM, rIti-rivAjoM se baddha thA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke utpAtoM se bhayabhIta thA / vaha apane dala ke mukhiyA ke pradeza ko parama pradeza mAnatA thA / sthira jIvana; niyamoM kA janmadAtA : pracalita naitikatA - dhIre-dhIre vaha isa asthira avasthA se Upara uThA / usane vyavasthita jIvana se prAcaraNa ke viziSTa niyamoM ko janma diyA / kintu niyamoM kA nirmANa karane para bhI vaha pracalanoM se Upara nahIM uTha sakA / vAstava meM niyama dvArA usane pracalanoM ko hI spaSTa rUpa diyA / ataH niyama apane mUla rUpa meM pracalana hI haiN| jaisA ki prathama adhyAya meM kaha cuke haiM ethaoNsa evaM mauresa zabda pracalana ke sUcaka haiM / samudAyoM, jAtiyoM aura rASTroM kI naitikatA ke nirmANa meM ina pracalanoM kA atyadhika yoga rahA hai / itanA avazya hai ki jaba pracalana niyama bane to unameM anAyAsa hI kucha parivartana A gaye / udAharaNArtha, jaba hatyA zrAdi duSkarmoM ke lie daNDavidhAna banA to pratizodha, dveSa zrAdi kI dhAraNAoM ko nyAya kI aspaSTa dhAraNA ne vRta kara diyaa| niyamoM kA yaha yuga pracalita naitikatA (Customary morality) kA yuga thA / niyama aura pracalana se nirdezita AcaraNa naitika AcaraNa hai / usake vibhinna rUpa -- pracalita naitikatA hI dhanAtmaka naitikatA (Positive morality) ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai / yaha dhanAtmaka niyamoM ko janma detI kalyANa ke lie janasamAja, jAti yA deza | dhanAtmaka niyama vaha niyama haiM jinheM samAja ke samudAya svIkAra karatA hai athavA ve niyama jinheM koI apane samaya ke karmoM ke sadasat ko nirdhArita karane ke lie svIkAra karatA hai / 102 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #104
ina niyamoM kA sambandha AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa se hai| karma aura pariNAma hI nirNaya kA lakSya hai| vAstava meM dhanAtmaka niyama yA dhanAtmaka naitikatA pracalanoM, rIti-rivAjoM, vicArazanya paramparAoM para AdhArita hotI hai| mAnavajIvana kI vibhinna sthitiyoM ne hI jAne-anajAne meM use janma diyA hai| usakI kama vikasita buddhi ne apanI zakti, jJAna aura AtmacetanA ke anurUpa bhautika, daihika, sAmAjika, bhaugolika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta niyama bnaaye| tatpazcAt bhaya, vizvAsa tathA abhyAsavaza vaha unhIM kA yantravat pAlana karane lgaa| aise aneka niyama athavA bAhya Adeza haiM jinakA vaha pAlana karatA hai aura sAtha hI jinheM anivArya mAnatA hai| ve prAkRtika niyama, jAti ke niyama, sAmAjika niyama, rAjasattA ke niyama, adhikArI evaM zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM dvArA banAye gaye niyama ityAdi haiN| unake atirikta usane zAstra, zruti, paNDita, sAdhu-santoM ke AdezoM ko bhI anivArya maanaa| ina aneka AdezoM kA pAlana usane harSa aura utsAha ke sAtha kiyA aura aba bhI kara rahA hai| pracalita naitikatA kA mAnava-jAti cetanA-sabhyatA kA prathama caraNa bAhya-niyamoM athavA pracalita naitikatA kA caraNa thaa| usa samaya kA vyakti jhuNDa kA sadasya thaa| usakA apanA svatantra astitva nahIM thaa| vaha pracalanoM, rUr3hi-rItiyoM aura niyamoM ke jagat meM rahatA thaa| usakA vizva jAti kA vizva thaa| usake naitika nirNaya jhuNDa, jAti evaM samAja ke pracalanoM ko abhivyakti dete the| jAti ke AcaraNa kA anukaraNa karanA usakA kartavya thaa| sAmAjika vyavasthA ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA usakA ekamAtra dhyeya thaa| jAti-cetanA use zAsita karatI thii| usakI vivekazakti evaM vidhi-niSedhAtmaka buddhi ne apanA vyaktitva tathA apanI svatantratA jAti-cetanA meM kho dI thI / jAti-cetanA hI usake karmoM tathA anya vyaktiyoM ke karmoM para nirNaya detI thii| jAti kI bhalAI tathA usake sammAna kI rakSA hI usake jIvana kA dhyeya thaa| usake niyamoM kA andhAnukaraNa hI naitikatA thii| vaha yaha mAnatA thA ki pracalita rIti ke anurUpa karma hI ucita aura zubha karma hai| praucitya-anaucitya kA paramamApadaNDa jAti hI hai / jAti ke niyamoM meM ananya zraddhA aura vizvAsa rakhanA anivArya hai| ataH una niyamoM ke viruddha kucha karanA to dUra rahA, vaha unake viruddha socane taka kI kalpanA nahIM kara sakatA thA / vAstava meM vyakti ke lie pracalita naitikatA kA rAjya tAnAzAhI rAjya thaa| vaha usakI svatantra tarkabuddhi ko vikasita karane ke badale use kuNThita kara detI hai / pracalita naitikatA niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) | 103 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #105
ke anusAra niyamoM kI prAmANikatA para sandeha karanA bhayaMkara pApa hai, unake aucitya ko samajhane kA prayAsa karanA naraka kA mArga khojanA hai aura nirdhArita kartavyoM kI saMhitA ko jyoM kA tyoM svIkAra kara lenA hI naitikatA hai| aise sthira niyamoM ko pUjanevAlA vyakti sAmAjika hita ko apanA lakSya nahIM banA sakatA thaa| vikAsa ke sAtha pragati karane ke badale vaha kaTTarapanthI ho gyaa| niyamoM kA andhAnukaraNa karane ke kAraNa usane duSkarmoM aura anaitika AcaraNa ko apanA liyaa| niyamoM ke srota kI ora se vimukha ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha unakA pAlana kevala abhyAsa aura bhayavaza karane lgaa| usane una niyamoM ke mUlatattva ko aura unakI upayogitA ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| vaha dhIre-dhIre naitika jJAna-zUnya ho gayA / vaha rIti-rivAjoM ko hI saba-kucha mAnane lagA / naitika saMhitAoM, pracalita dhAraNAoM, vizvAsa tathA dhArmika AsthAoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa ko hI vaha zubha samajhane lgaa| usakI dRSTi meM vahI vyakti naitika guNasampanna rahA jo pracalita mAnyatAoM kA mUka bhAva se pazuvat pAlana karatA ho; jisase pracalana-rUpI talavAra kI dhAra kA bhaya amAnuSIya, asAmAjika aura anaitika karma karavA detA ho| rAjasattA tathA IzvarIya niyama--aise vyakti ke AcaraNa ko naitika AtmA saMcAlita nahIM karatI; balki puraskAra aura daNDa kI bhAvanA, par3osI kA bhaya, pariveza, rAjasattA aura parivAra kA moha Adi bAhya pratibandha paricAlita karate haiN| unase bhayabhIta hokara vaha eka viziSTa prakAra se karma karatA hai / ye use Adeza dete haiM- aisA karo' aura vaha bali-pazu kI bhAMti use harI ghAsa samajhakara saharSa svIkAra karatA hai| binA samajhe-bUjhe niyamoM kA pAlana karanevAlA vyakti 'yaha karanA cAhie' athavA 'yaha karanA ucita hai' Adi tathyoM kI ora se tathA AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa kI ora se aceta hai| usake AcaraNa kI bAgaDora pracalanoM ke hAtha meM hai| vaha unakI sattA ko binA Apatti aura virodha ke cupacApa svIkAra kara letA hai| unake viruddha usake mAnasa meM kisI prakAra kA saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM utthtaa| jisa vAtAvaraNa meM vaha palatA aura rahatA hai usake niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI usake lie svarga hai aura usakA ullaMghana karanA hI naraka hai| aise vyakti kA AcaraNa naitikatA kI kasauTI meM kharA nahIM utara sakatA / bhagavAn, naraka, rAjasattA, zaktizAlI vyakti, par3osI, adRzya zaktiyoMAdi se bhayabhIta hokara karma karanA anaitika hai| pracalita naitikatA kA andhA 104 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #106
nukaraNa karanevAlA, apane svatantra astitva ko bhUlanevAlA, buddhi ko kuNThita karanevAlA, naitika jJAna para rIti kA pardA DAlanevAlA vyakti saba-kucha hote hae bhI naitika mAnava nahIM hai| pralApI tathA dharmonmAdI logoM ke pazu-sadaza vyavahAra karane kA yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane ko bAhya niyamoM tathA ADambaroM meM sImita kara diyA hai| una niyamoM kA pAlana karake hama kahA~ pahuMceMge, ise samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| jIvana kA kyA dhyeya hai ? sukha kaise prApta ho sakatA hai ? kalyANa ke kyA artha haiM ? Adi samasyAe~ unake jIvana meM nahIM uThatIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki ve niyamoM kI kamiyoM aura burAiyoM kI ora se udAsIna haiM / yaha virakti hI unase jar3a-niyamoM kA pAlana tathA anaitika karma karavAtI hai / sthira niyamoM kA pAlana karanA naitikatA nahIM hai| vahI niyama naitika haiM jo mAnavatA ke vikAsa aura kalyANa ke lie zubha haiM / vijJApana aura kalA kI unnati, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vikAsa, jJAna aura anubhava kI vRddhi evaM jIvana kA sAMgopAMga abhyudaya niyamoM meM bhI parivartana kI apekSA rakhatA hai| eka hI niyama saba kAloM aura paristhitiyoM meM mAnya nahIM . ho sktaa| vyakti kI mAnasika-kAyika sthiti, usakI AvazyakatA aura pariveza, samAja kI Arthika sthiti, sAMskRtika cetanA, praudyogika aura rAjanItika krAntiyA~ niyamoM ke sApekSa mahattva ko samajhAtI haiN| paristhiti aura samaya ke anusAra kartavya kA rUpa badala jAtA hai| kintu vivekahIna pracalanoM kA dAsa mAnava isa satya ko nahIM samajha paataa| pracalita naitikatA kI durbalatAeM-abauddhika aura vivekazUnya AcaraNaisameM sandeha nahIM ki apanI prArambhika avasthA meM naitika niyama pracalita laukika nItiyoM aura anItiyoM ke sUcaka rhe| kintu kAlakrama meM unameM aneka truTiyA~ A gayIM, ve vyAvahArika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti nahIM kara sake / vAstava meM pracalita naitikatA kA rAjya aviveka kA rAjya hai| yaha apanI prajA kI svatantra buddhi aura viveka ko niSkriya kara detA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa prajA niyamoM ko parama mAna letI hai| vaha abauddhika AcaraNa ko apanA letI hai aura samajhabUjhakara kArya nahIM krtii| dhyeya ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiye binA hI sthira 'niyamoM ko apanA letI hai| aparivartanazIla niyama naitika vikAsa meM bAdhA DAlate haiM / ve jIvana kI pragati ke lie anupayogI ho jAte haiM aura vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM ko nahIM sulajhA paate| ve janasAdhAraNa ko andhavizvAsa, rUDhipriyatA, camatkAravAda evaM thothI prAsthAnoM-vizvAsoM se jakar3a dete haiM aura isa bAta para niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) / 105 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #107
jora dete haiM ki rUr3hi-rItiyoM, IzvarIya niyamoM, prApta vAkyoM, zrutisammata matoM, prAgama-nigamoM ke rahasyoM, dhArmika AsthAoM aura kathanoM ko buddhi se grahaNa karane kA prayAsa nahIM karanA caahie| kyoMki kevala vahI loga (pAdarI, masIhA, paNDita Adi) inheM samajha sakate haiM jinheM bhagavad anukampA prApta hai| janasAdhAraNa yadi inake upadezoM aura AdezoM ko natamastaka hokara svIkAra nahIM karegA to use bhayaMkara yAtanAeM sahanI pdd'egii| anaitika niyama-yAtanAoM se trasta aura bhayabhIta vyaktiyoM ne pracalita naitikatA ke anurUpa karma ko zubha aura ucita khaa| naitika dRSTi se jinheM vivekasammata karma kahate haiM ve pracalita naitikatA ke upAsakoM ke palar3e meM anaitika utre| naraka, bhagavAn aura zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM se ghabar3Akara janasAdhAraNa ne andhavizvAsoM aura pracalanoM ko apanA sambala bnaayaa| vaha AsthAoM, vizvAsoM, rUr3hi-rItiyoM evaM bAhya AdezoM kA jIvana bitAne lgaa| eka ora to janasAdhAraNa bAhyADambara, zArIrika kaSTa, sAmAjika niyama, dhArmika vidhi para AdhArita abauddhika jIvana bitAne lagA, dUsarI ora samAja ke lAlacI paNDitoM, zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM, kUTanItijJoM ne dharma ke nAma para atyAcAra karane prArambha kiye / naitikatA kI Ar3a meM amAnuSIya karma hone lage evaM atyanta krUra tathA romaharSaka niyama banane lage / phalasvarUpa satI-prathA, dAsa-prathA, bAla-vivAha, bahapatnI-prathA, devadAsI-prathA Adi asabhya rItiyA~ phailane lgiiN| isa rUpa meM pracalita naitikatA ne mAnava-kalyANa ke badale raktapAta krvaayaa| samAja meM ekatA, sneha, prema, sahRdayatA, prAtma-tyAga Adi ke badale svArtha, lobha, dveSa, krodha, bhedabhAva, manomAlinya Adi duSpravRttiyoM kA rAjya sthApita huaa| . kamiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa-vivekazUnya hokara niyamoM kA pAlana karanevAloM ko paga-paga para adhika niyamoM kI AvazyakatA huI aura pracalita naitikatA kA vidhAna vyApaka aura vizAla hotA gyaa| kintu logoM ko vaha phira bhI vyAvahArika sahAyatA nahIM pahuMcA skaa| unakA patha-pradarzana karanA to dUra rahA, vidhAna kI vyApakatA apane-Apako hI nahIM saMbhAla skii| usameM Antarika virodha paidA hone lge| sAdhAraNa manuSya ke lie apanA kartavya nirdhArita karanA kaThina ho gyaa| yadi vaha eka niyama ko mAnatA hai to dUsare kA ullaMghana karatA hai| pitA kA kartavya hai ki vaha apane baccoM kA pAlanapoSaNa kare, nAgarika hone ke nAte usakA yaha bhI kartavya hai ki vaha deza kI rakSA ke lie yuddha kre| dharma-granthoM ke anusAra 'jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie' evaM 106 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #108
1 1 'Arta kI rakSA karanI cAhie' kintu jaba taka kartA ko viSama sthitiyoM kA sAmanA nahIM karanA par3A taba taka to aise pradeza grAhya ho sake para yadi kabhI aisI sthiti A gayI ki Arta kI rakSA ke lie jhUTha bolanA zrAvazyaka ho gayA athavA saca bolakara Arta kI rakSA karanA sambhava nahIM ho sakA to manuSya apane ko asahAya sthiti meM pAtA hai / usakI samajha meM nahIM AtA hai ki vaha kyA kare / naitika niyamoM kA jaba sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika Adi niyamoM se virodha hotA hai taba bhI kartA asamaMjasa meM par3a jAtA hai / isa kAraNa kucha logoM ne ina niyamoM ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| udAharaNArtha, manusmRti meM kartavya kI vyApaka vyAkhyA milatI hai / yaha saca hai ki kucha hada taka vyavasthita naitika vidhAna banAne meM saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai / samAja meM athavA vyaktiyoM ke samudAya meM eka mata mila sakatA hai / janasAdhAraNa ke vicAroM meM vaMzaparamparA, vAtAvaraNa, zikSA Adi ke kAraNa samAnatA milanA durlabha nahIM hai / vicAroM kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para naitika kartavyoM kI rUparekhA banAyI jA sakatI hai / kintu aise niyama sadaiva pracalita naitikatA ke aMga raheMge / naitikatA janasAdhAraNa ke vicAroM kI samAnatA kI sUcaka nahIM hai, vaha dhyeya kI prApti ke lie zubha niyamoM kA nirdezana karatI hai / kartavyoM kA vidhAna banAne -- vAloM ne carama dhyeya athavA uddezya ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA / unakA naitika vidhAna dhyeya kI saMgati ko prApta nahIM kara sakA / vaha Antarika virodha se niyamoM ko mukta na kara sakA / ataH aise vidhAnoM ko santoSaprada mAna lene para bhI sArvabhauma mUlya kI dRSTi se saphala nahIM kaha sakate / pahale to jIvana kI pratyeka bhinna paristhiti ke lie AcaraNa kA niyama banAnA apanI prati-vyApakatA ke kAraNa eka asambhava prayAsa hai / paristhitiyoM kI vibhinnatA aura viSamatA ananta kartavyoM kI apekSA rakhatI hai / paristhiti, deza aura kAla ke anusAra kartavya kA rUpa badala jAtA hai, ananta kartavyoM ko samajhanA, unakI gaNanA karanA, unheM lipibaddha karanA, mAnava zakti ke pare hai aura yadi thor3I dera ko yaha mAna bhI leM, to kyA manuSya kI smaraNa zakti ananta niyamoM ko yAda rakha sakatI hai ? kyA sadaiva niyamoM ko yAda rakhakara unake anurUpa binA. soce-samajhe hI karma karanevAlA vyakti naitika hai ? kyA aise samasta niyamoM evaM pradezoM kA pAlana karanA bauddhika aura vivekasammata hai ? vAstava meM binA dhyeya ko samajhe na to AcaraNa kA mArga nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na niyamoM ke virodha ko dUra hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa ) / 107 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitikatA kA kAma viziSTa niyamoM ko denA nahIM hai aura na vaha manuSya para 'niyamoM ko Aropita hI karatI hai| vaha kevala mArga-nirdezita karatI hai aura buddhijIvI svecchA se usa mArga ko svIkAra karatA hai| viziSTa kartavyoM kI rUparekhA banAnA, jaisA ki abhI kahA jA cukA hai, asambhava to hai hI, anaitika bhI hai| phira aisA vyApaka vidhAna niyamoM ke virodha ko bar3hAtA hai, ghaTAtA nhiiN| dharma ne isa virodha ko dUra karane kA eka bhinna upAya nikaalaa| dharmaniSTha kA kartavya hai ki vaha daivI AdezoM kA cupacApa, binA Apatti kiye, savinaya pAlana kre| manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha rAjA, dharmAdhyakSa yA pradhAna purohita ke nirNayoM ko daivI upadeza samajhakara svIkAra kre| prAcIna kAla meM bhArata meM rAjA ko dharma kI dhurI dhAraNa karanevAlA mAnA jAtA thaa| rAjA hI prajA kA pati tathA Izvara samajhA jAtA thaa| madhyayugIna yUropa meM bhI rAjA ke devI adhikAroM tathA pradhAna pAdarI ke AdezoM kA bola-bAlA thaa| kintu isa 'savinaya AjJA pAlana karane kI AvAz2a ko uThAkara bhI dharma vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM aura niyamoM ke virodha ko sulajhA nahIM paayaa| daivI Adeza ko parama kahakara usane niyamoM ke vidhAna meM jisa saMgati aura sAmaMjasya ko sthApita karanA cAhA vaha sambhava na ho skaa| bauddhika jAgaraNa--yaha kAla vAstava meM parivartana kA kAla thaa| logoM ke anubhava aura jJAna kI vRddhi ne, saMskRtiyoM ke saMgharSa aura kartavyoM kI mUThabher3a ne naitika buddhi ko jAgRta kara diyaa| vikAsa kI sarvAMgINa unnati ne manuSya kA dhyAna gUr3ha cintana kI ora AkarSita kiyaa| manuSya kI buddhi ne apane ko suptAvasthA se mukta karake ekatA kI mAMga sammukha rakhI aura usakA samAdhAna karane ke lie kartavyoM kA saMgatipUrNa vidhAna banAne kA prayAsa kiyA tathA 'savinaya AjJA pAlana' karane kI salAha dii| logoM ke sandeha aura saMzaya ko, unakI ApattiyoM aura virodhoM ko 'daivI icchA' ke nAma para dUra karanA caahaa| AtmA, satya aura nyAya kI pukAra ko 'svarga kI AkAMkSA', 'naraka kA bhaya' athavA puraskAra evaM daNDa ke bhaya se dabAnA cAhA aura isa prakAra daivI prAdeza ke nAma para naitikatA kA vinAza karanA caahaa| yaha sabhI mAneMge ki naitikatA zaktizAlI bAhya AdezoM kI anuvatinI dAsI nahIM hai| isameM bhI sandeha nahIM hai ki AcaraNa ke niyama asaMskRta aura anaitika vyakti ke lie anivArya haiN| ve usako zikSita banAne ke lie parama upayogI haiN| kintu naitika vyakti jaba pracalanoM ke antaHsatya ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura use unameM antavirodha 108 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #110
milatA hai to usakI AtmA niyamoM kI virodhI ho jAtI hai| vaha unake bandhanoM se apane ko mukta kara yaha jAnane kA prayAsa karatA hai ki usakA dhyeya kyA hai / jaba dharma yA nIti usase kahatI hai ki apane par3osI ko apane samAna pyAra karo to vaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki usakA apane prati kyA kartavya hai| kyA par3osI aura usake adhikAra samAna haiM ? yadi samAna haiM to vaha paraspara ke svArthoM ke saMgharSa ke kAraNa virodhI paristhiti utpanna hone para kyA kare ? yaha eka naitika cintana kI sthiti hai| bAhya niyama ke bandhana aura cetanA kI prAntarika svatantratA ke virodha kA prazna hai| usakI naitika cetanA bAhya Aropita niyamoM ke viparIta Atma-Aropita niyama ke svAyatva ko sthApita karatI hai / vaha vivekasammata aura ucita niyamoM ko cAhatI hai| daNDa kA bhaya aura puraskAra kA lAlaca use apane mArga se vicalita nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra vyakti jyoM-jyoM naitika praur3hatA kI ora bar3hatA gayA tyoM-tyoM vaha apane ko bAhya niyamoM se mukta karatA gyaa| Antarika niyama evaM prAntarika vidhAna kA bodha-pracalita naitikatA ne apanI durbalatAoM ke kAraNa apane virodhI bIja boye / rIti-rivAjoM ke saMkucita dAyare meM naitikatA panapa nahIM skii| usakI ghuTana evaM dhanAtmaka niyamoM kI kaTTaratA ne logoM kI AlocanAtmaka buddhi ko jAgrata kara diyaa| jIvana kI viSama paristhitiyoM ne viveka ko sakriya bnaayaa| vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM ne pracalita mAnyatAoM ke prati sandeha aura avizvAsa ko janma diyaa| lokamata aura zAstramata ke prati manuSya ne vidroha kiyaa| usane yaha Avazyaka samajhA ki vaha inako svIkAra karane ke pahale unake satya ko samajhe aura jaba usane unheM AlocanAtmaka kasauTI para kasakara tarka-buddhi se grahaNa karanA cAhA to use rUr3hiyoM aura pUrvagrahoM ke khokhalepana kA tathA dharma ke bAhyADambara aura pracalita AdezoM kI vyarthatA kA bodha huaa| usane una sabase apane ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura usakA dhyAna Antarika niyamoM kI ora khicA / isa prakAra sarvatra hI naitikatA kA vikAsa bAhya niyamoM se Antarika niyamoM kI ora hone lgaa| ___ niyamoM kI satyatA ko samajhane ke prayAsa meM manuSya ko yaha jJAta huA ki pracalita naitikatA vivekasammata nahIM hai| vaha saccaritratA ko mahattva nahIM detI hai, uddezya, preraNA evaM caritra kA ucita mUlyAMkana nahIM karatI hai; vaha jIvana ke bAhya pakSa ko hI saba-kucha mAnatI hai, Antarika pakSa kI ora se vimukha hai| . niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) | 106 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #111
apane mUla meM zubha hote hue bhI vaha Abhyantarika rUpa se azubha hai, bauddhika daSTi se khokhalI aura vyAvahArika daSTi se bhramapUrNa hai| usake niyamoM meM dezakAla kI vibhinnatA evaM vicitratA nahIM milatI, atyanta kaTTara ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha sthira niyamoM kA samarthana karatI hai, jinakA pAlana karane se Atmaprabuddha vyakti ko santoSa nahIM mila sakatA kyoMki vaha avivekI evaM naitika jJAna-zUnya vyakti kI bhAMti niyamAnuvartitA ko hI saba-kucha nahIM samajha sktaa| vaha Antarika niyama ko bhI jAnanA cAhatA hai| vaha usa niyama ko samajhanA cAhatA hai jisake anurUpa karma karane ke lie vaha bAdhya hai| naitika mApa-daNDa kyA hai ? naitika nirNaya kA mUla AdhAra kyA hai ? kisa mApa-daNDa ke AdhAra para karma ko ucita aura anucita kahA jA sakatA hai ? kyA naitikatA usa mApa-daNDa ko de sakatI hai jo niyama, rIti-rivAja evaM abhyAsa kA sthAna le sake yA jo samAja, jAti deza ke Upara eka sArvabhauma vastugata satya kI pUrti kara sake ? vaha kauna-sA anubhava hai jise hama apane naitika AcaraNa dvArA prApta karanA cAhate haiM ? manuSya ke viveka ne jAnanA cAhA ki kauna-sA Adeza sarvocca Adeza hai / jIvana meM jo ananta Adeza dIkhate haiM unameM kauna-sA Adeza vareNya hai ? AcaraNa meM kisa mApa-daNDa kI zaraNa lI jAye ki AdezoM aura niyamoM ke jagat meM jo virodha milatA hai vaha dUra ho jAye ? kyA pracalita naitikatA ko sahI artha meM naitika kaha sakate haiM ? kyA usake niyamoM kA pAlana karanA zubha hai ? kyA ve dhyeya ke lie upayogI haiM ? kyA unameM Atma-saMgati milatI hai ? aura yadi nahIM milatI to isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? saMkSepa meM, aneka prakAra ke praznoM ko uThAkara manuSya ne naitika mAnyatAoM kI prAmANikatA ko jAnanA cAhA / vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM ne use vivaza kiyA ki vaha naitikatA ke parama-svarUpa ko smjhe| usane tarka buddhi se kAma liyA aura vyavasthita jJAna prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| manana aura cintana use naitika pragati kI ora le gye| daNDa aura puraskAra kA yuga anAyAsa hI pIche chuTa gyaa| bAhya niyamoM kA bhaya jAtA rhaa| manuSya sadAcAra kI ora jhuka gayA / pracalita naitikatA kA anaitika vyaktiyoM ke lie jo kucha bhI mahattva rahA ho, naitika dRSTi se vaha kevala aitihAsika jijJAsA kA samAdhAna karatI hai| unake adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra daNDa-puraskAra ke sAmAjika niyama se vyakti prAtmonmukhI humA aura kisa prakAra naitikatA ke vikAsa ke dvitIya caraNa ne vicAra pradhAna praNAliyoM (reflective systems) 110 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #112
ko janma diyaa| - antarbodha kI sthiti-vicArakoM ne niyamoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA aura ve isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki bAhya zakti dvArA Aropita niyamoM kA bhaya, vinaya yA dAsatA ke bhAva se pAlana karanA naitikatA nahIM hai| rIti-rivAja, pracalanoM aura bAhya niyamoM se naitika vyakti mukta hai| vaha unhIM niyamoM ko apane AcaraNa meM svIkAra karatA hai jinakA ki usakA antarbodha (conscience)' anumodana karatA hai / usakA jIvana apane-ApameM apanA niyama banA letA hai| naitika praur3hatA ko prApta vyakti bAhya niyama kA prAjJAkArI nahIM hai, vaha apane prAntarika niyama yA antarbodha se zAsita hai| naitika niyama vAstava meM antarbodha kI dena hai aura naitika nirNaya antarbodha kA nirNaya hai| yaha manuSya kA apanA vaiyaktika adhikAra hai ki vaha naitika kSetra meM svatantra nirNaya de sakatA hai, antarbodha kI dhvani ko suna sakatA hai aura usake Adeza kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| antarbodha batAtA hai ki use kyA karanA cAhie aura AcaraNa kA kauna-sA niyama usake lie ucita hai| antarbodha naitikatA kA mApa-daNDa hai, vaha vyAvahArika mArga ko nirdhArita karanevAlA hai| prAntarika niyama kI acchAiyAM aura burAiyA~-antarbodha ke zAsana kA kAla naitika-jIvana kA vaha kAla hai jaba ki manuSya pracalanoM kI naitikatA tathA laukika AcAravidhiyoM se vidroha karake antardarzana kA jJAna prApta karane lagA aura apane antaHkaraNa kI zuddhatA para manana-cintana karane lgaa| vaha bAhya niyamoM se vimukha hokara Atmika satya ko khojane lagA, kintu aparipakva mAnasika sthiti ke kAraNa vaha apane hI sAmpradAyika Aveza aura kaTTarapanthI kA zikAra ho gyaa| usakI prAsthAoM, pUrvagraha, rUDhipriyatA aura pracalanoM kA bhaya hI usake aMntarbodha dvArA apane ko vyakta karane lge| ina durbalatAnoM ke hone para bhI Antarika niyama kI apanI vizeSatA rhii| unake prabhAva se vyakti naitika rUpa se adhika jAgarUka ho gyaa| pracalita naitikatA ne AcAra ke bAhya pakSa ko-karmoM aura unake pariNAmoM ko mahattva diyA thaa| kintu vivekasammata naitikatA (Rationalistic Ethics) ne, athavA vicAra-pradhAna praNA 1. naitika niyama ke prAntarika svarUpa ko sahaja jJAnavAdiyoM (Intuitionists) ne sama mAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne antarbodha ke vibhinna artha kiye haiN| ve apane isa prayAsa meM kahA~ taka saphala athavA prasaphala rahe usake lie dekhie, bhAga 2, adhyAya 10 / niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) ) 111 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #113
liyoM ne bAhya ke atirikta Antarika pakSa ko bhI mahattva diyaa| usane isa bAta kI ora vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna AkarSita kiyA ki preraNA, uddezya evaM caritra ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai aura bAhya niyamoM ke savinaya pAlana ko anaitika mAnA / usake anusAra naitika niyama prAtma-Aropita haiN| preraNA kI pavitratA naitikatA kA cihna hai| naitika karma 'hRdaya kI pavitratA' kI abhivyakti haiN| mana, vacana aura karma se naitika honA anivArya hai| .. naitika niyama kA svarUpa : prAntarika hote hue bhI vastugata aura sArvabhauma-bAhyAcAra se mukta hone ke pazcAt vaha sthiti AyI jabaki vyakti ne apanI prAtmagata kaThinAiyoM aura sImAnoM se apane naitika jJAna ko saMkucita kara diyaa| kintu pUrNa rUpa se naitika hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha prAtmagata sImAoM se Upara uThe; Atmagata se vastugata, vaiyaktika se vaizvika evaM apUrNa se pUrNa kI ora jAye + athavA usake lie prAntarika aura bAhya niyama kI ekatA samajhanA anivArya hai| isa sandarbha meM naitika niyama Atmagata hote hae bhI vastugata haiM, sArvabhauma haiN| naitikatA kA mUlya sArvabhauma hai| binA isake sArvabhauma mUlya ko samajhe vyakti evaM rASTra naitika pragati kI aora nahIM bar3ha sakate / unheM unake svabhAva, vAtAvaraNa aura pariveza kI sImAe~ bA~dha detI haiN| naitika niyama viziSTa vyaktiyoM, jAtiyoM aura rASTroM taka sImita nahIM haiN| naitika vicAra aura mAnyatAe~ vyakti evaM jAti-vizeSa kI thAtI nahIM haiM, unakA mUlya sArvabhaumika hai| saba prANiyoM ke lie ve samAna rUpa se anivArya haiM aura deza aura kAla kI paridhi se mukta haiM / ve saba deza aura kAla meM samAna rUpa se lAgU haiM / unakA sArvabhaumika mUlya yaha batAtA hai ki ve svataH vAMchanIya haiN| unakA Adeza AtmA ke satya kA Adeza hai, ata: nirapekSa hai| jJAnI (naitika jJAnI) vyakti hI isa nirapekSa tathA Antarika Adeza ko samajha sakate haiN| jJAna sadguNa hai, isalie satya kA jJAna jJAniyoM ko satya kI ora khIMcatA hai, sadAcArI banAtA hai| sadAcAra ke niyamoM ko manuSya svayaM apane Upara Aropita karatA hai / paNDitoM, zAstroM aura zrutiyoM kI duhAI dekara naitika niyama dUsaroM para Aropita nahIM kiye jA skte| svecchApUrvaka tathA samajha-bUjhakara sadAcAra ke mArga ko grahaNa karanA hI naitikatA hai| __sadAcAra kA yaha mArga prAnanda kA mArga hai / yaha sadAcAriyoM ko AkarSita karatA hai| unake jIvana ko AhlAdamaya banAtA hai| kintu jo vyakti apane naitika jJAna para aviveka kA pardA DAla dete haiM aura bhayavaza niyamoM kA pAlana 112 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #114
karate haiM unake lie yaha atyanta kaThina aura nIrasa mArga hai| naitika mArga ko adhikAMza vyakti bhayavaza hI apanAte haiM aura phira ve ulAhanA karate haiM ki yaha avyAvahArika aura atimAnavIya hai / ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki nIti ke anusAra vyaktiyoM kA prAcaraNa unake sAmAnya aura svatantra jIvana kA pratirUpa hai| naitika vyaktiyoM ke karma unake caritra evaM jIvana-siddhAnta ke sUcaka hote haiN| ve unhIM karmoM ko karate haiM jinheM va yogya aura mUlyavAna samajhate haiM, jina para ki unake jIvana kI sArthakatA nirbhara hai| - naitika vicAra, mAnyatAe~ aura nirNaya prArambha meM viziSTa jAti, rASTra, samudAya tathA paristhiti-vizeSa taka sImita the| deza aura kAla athavA bhaugolika, Arthika tathA sAmAjika sthiti ke anurUpa naitika niyamoM meM bhinnatAH / thii| ve apane hI utpatti-sthala aura nivAsa-sthAna ke saMkucita ghere kI cetanA ko vyakta karate the| vahIM ke lie unakI prAmANikatA thii| dhIre-dhIre ve vyApaka aura sArvabhaumika hone lge| unakI sArvabhaumikatA ke sAtha unakA Antarika rUpa bhI spaSTa ho gyaa| naitika nirNaya ke rUpa kA rUpAntara ho gyaa| isa prakAra naitika niyama mUlyaparaka ho gye| ve isa para prakAza DAlane lage ki kaunase karma athavA niyama dhyeya kI prApti meM sahAyaka haiM aura kauna-se nahIM haiN| dhyeya kI dhAraNA unheM sArvabhaumika prAmANikatA detI hai--vikAsa vikasita cetanA ke vyakti, samAja athavA rASTra ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki unake jIvana kA gar3ha grAntarika satya evaM dhyeya kyA hai| pracalanoM aura niyamoM ke jagat se unheM unhIM niyamoM ko svIkAra karanA cAhie jo ki dhyeya ke lie sahAyaka haiN| niyamoM kA apanA mUlya avazya hai| ve naitika buddhi ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka hote haiN| naitika jIvana kA aAntarika tathA bAhya-pakSa athavA buddhi tathA niyamoM kA dvandva tathA unakI AlocanA-pratyAlocanA eka-dUsare ke bikAsa meM sahAyaka hote haiM / antarbodha kA Antarika niyama apane-ApameM saMkucita hotA hai aura pracalanoM kA bAhya niyama jarjara tathA rUDhipriya hotA hai| niyamoM ko svIkAra karane ke pahale unakA mUlyAMkana karanA anivArya hai| jaba vyaktiH virodhI nItivAkyoM aura virodhI paristhitiyoM meM par3a jAtA hai evaM jaba AcaraNa ke aucitya anaucitya kA prazna uThatA hai to use apane dhyeya ko sAmane rakhakara usakA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| niyamoM ke virodhoM ko dhyeya kI dhAraNA hI ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dha sakatI hai / Arta kI rakSA karanA aura satya bolane meM virodha nahIM hai / Arta kI rakSA karane ke lie satya na bolane meM pApa . niyama (vidhAna ke rUpa meM naitika mAnadaNDa) / 113 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #115
nahIM hai / jIvana kA dhyeya mAnava-kalyANa hai, use hI sammukha rakhakara karma karane cAhie / vastutaH apanI prArambhika avikasita manaHsthiti meM manuSya ko anivAryataH: bAhya naitika niyamoM kI zrAvazyakatA par3atI hai| kintu jaba usake bhItara sadasat kA bodha udaya ho jAtA hai taba vaha una pracalita bAhya niyamoM kI parIkSA kara tathA unheM apane antarsatya kI kasauTI para kasakara unakA vAstavika mUlya nirdhArita karatA hai aura apane lie eka prAntarika naitika niyama ko khojane kA prayatna karatA hai jise prApta kara lene para vaha bAhya niyamoM ko rUr3hi tathA saMsthA sambandhI sImAoM tathA jar3atAnoM se mukta hokara usa sArvajanika antartatya ke niyama se paricAlita honA pasanda karatA hai jo manuSyatva ke upAdAnoM se pUrNa hone ke kAraNa sarvakalyANakara hotA hai / dhyeya ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke krama meM manuSya vyakti vizeSa ke kalyANa se vizva ke kalyANa kI ora unmukha huA / prema kA zrAntarika siddhAnta, sArvabhauma viveka, kartavya karma, niSkAma karma, ahiMsA, vasudhaiva kuTumbakam kI dhAraNAe~ vizva kalyANa kI dhAraNAe~ haiM / vyakti naitika vizva kA sadasya hai / use usa niyama ko apanAnA cAhie jo mukhyataH mAnavIya hai, manuSyatva ke bodha se plAvita hai| naitika niyama jIvana kA vaha siddhAnta hai jo ki eka hI vizva ke sadasya hone ke kAraNa saba manuSyoM kI dharohara sampatti hai / vaha eka sArvabhauma dharma tathA vizvavyApI siddhAnta hai / AcaraNa kA niyama sArvajanIna hai / usakI sArvabhaumikatA usake vastugata svarUpa para prakAza DAlatI hai aura usakA mAnavIya pakSa yA guNa usake Antarika svarUpa para / vAstava meM, naitika jagat meM bAhya aura Antarika kA bheda nahIM hotaa| jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai kevala bAhya niyama anaitika aura mAnava- gaurava vihIna haiM tathA kevala zrAntarika saMkucita yA sImita evaM vaiyaktika haiM / naitika jagat meM yaha eka-dUsare ke virodhI nahIM haiM pratyut eka-dUsare ko pUrNa aura svastha banAte haiM / naitika dRSTi se bAhya niyama kucha nahIM haiM balki prAntarika niyamoM ke hI pratibimba haiM / prAntarika satya bahirmukhI hokara pravAhita hotA hai / naitika niyama sampUrNa jIvana ke siddhAnta haiN| naitika nirNaya dvArA mAnavatA kA satya vikAsa kI ora agrasara hotA hai aura vaha vyaktiyoM dvArA apanI pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai / 114 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #116
sAmAnya nirIkSaNa (ka) vibhinna naitika siddhAnta naitika pAdarza-nItizAstra isa tathya para AdhArita hai ki manuSya ke karma AtmanirNIta hote haiN| usakA AcaraNa sAbhiprAya hotA hai| bauddhika hone ke nAte vaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki kisa parama dhyeya ke lie apane jIvana ko saMcAlita kre| athavA naitika Adarza kyA hai ? jIvana kI pUrNatA kisa para nirbhara hai ? Atma-santoSa kaise prApta ho sakatA hai ? usa sarvazreSTha zubha kA kyA svarUpa hai jo ki mAnavIya gaurava kA pratIka hai ? manuSya kisI bhI niyama yA Adeza kA-cAhe vaha Atma-Aropita ho yA bAhya-Aropita-yAntrika rUpa se pAlana nahIM kara sktaa| vaha usakA artha samajhanA cAhatA hai| niyamoM aura AdezoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene meM use kaI prakAra kI kaThinAiyA~ uThAnI par3atI haiN| virodhoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| niyamoM meM bhI AtmaviroSa milatA hai| aisI asahAya avasthA meM vaha eka parama mApadaNDa kI khoja karatA hai| usa Adarza ko jAnanA cAhatA hai jisake lie niyama sAdhanamAtra haiM, jisake dvArA parasparavirodhI niyamoM kI AtmA taka pahuMcA jA ske| . vivAda kA kendra : vyakti kA svabhAva-yadi naitikatA ke itihAsa kA adhyayana kareM to mAlUma hogA ki naitika cintana ke zaizavakAla se hI parama Adarza ke svarUpa ke bAre meM do virodhI dhAraNAeM calI A rahI haiM / nItijJoM ne manuSyasvabhAva ko buddhi aura bhAvanA kI sAmaMjasyapUrNa ikAI na lekara do yoddhAmoM kA yuddha-kSetra mAna liyA hai| eka mata ke anusAra manuSya kA mUla rUpa bhAvanAtmaka sAmAnya nirIkSaNa | 115 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #117
hai aura dUsare ke anusAra usakA mUla rUpa bauddhika hai / donoM prakAra ke mata ke pratipAdakoM ne apanI manuSya-svabhAva kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa apane-apane siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / bhAvanA : sukhavAda - manuSya ko bhAvanAtmakaM prANI mAnanevAloM ne kahA ki jIvana kA carama dhyeya athavA naitika Adarza sukha hai / usakA kalyANa indriyasukha meM nihita hai / isa indriyaparaka nItizAstra (Ethics of Sensibility) ke siddhAnta ke anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya sukha ( Hedone ) hai | yaha siddhAnta sukhavAda (Hedonism) ke nAma se prasiddha hai | sukhavAda kA pratipAdana prAcIna 'kAla meM yUnAna meM sirenaiksa (Cyrenaics) aura eNpikyUriyansa ( Epicureans) ne kiyA aura Adhunika kAla meM upayogitAvAdiyoM (Utilitarians) ne / isake tIna rUpa milate haiM : anubhavAtmaka, bauddhika aura vikAsAtmaka | buddhi : buddhiparatAvAda - dUsarI ora buddhiparatAvAda ( Rationalism) milatA hai jisake anusAra manuSya pUrNa rUpa se bauddhika hai / usakA zubha indriya-sukha meM nahIM, bauddhikatA meM haiM / buddhiparatAvAda ko buddhiparaka nItizAstra (Ethics of Reason) bhI kahate haiM / isakA pratipAdana prAcIna kAla meM siniksa (Cynics) naura sToksa (Stoics) ne kiyA tathA Adhunika kAla meM kANTa tathA sahajajJAnavAdiyoM (Intuitionists) ne / virodha kI pragati : samanvaya kI zrora - naitika itihAsa ke krama meM sukhavAda aura buddhiparatAvAda, donoM hI, samaya-samaya para bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa hote gye| donoM siddhAntoM kA adhyayana yaha batAtA hai ki naitika vicArakoM ne zubha (paramadhyeya ) ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / ina siddhAntoM ke prAcIna yUnAnI pravarttaka yaha bhalI-bhA~ti jAnate the ki zubha kA sambandha vAstavika jIvana se hai| zubha vaha hai jise ki prayAsa dvArA vyakti prApta kara sakatA hai aura jisakA vaha Atma-sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai / usakA pratyakSIkaraNa karake vaha AtmasantoSa prApta kara sakatA hai| yUnAnI darzana zrAtma-bodha (Self-realisation) ko zubha kahatA hai / Atma bodha kA kyA rUpa hai ? usase abhiprAya indriyatRpti se hai yA bauddhika santoSa se ? - yaha prazna apane uttara ke lie svayaM isa prazna para nirbhara hai ki manuSya kyA hai ? usakA kyA svarUpa hai aura usake satya rUpa ko bhAvanA abhivyakta karatI hai yA buddhi ? 'Atma- bodha' ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM sukhavAda aura buddhiparatAvAda donoM hI do rUpa meM sammukha Ate haiM, ugra rUpa meM aura namra rUpa meN| apane ugra rUpa meM buddhiparatAvAda ne bhAvanAnoM 116 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #118
kA unmUlana karanA cAhA aura sukhavAdiyoM ne bhoga-vilAsapUrNa mAnava-jIvana meM buddhi ko saMkaTa smjhaa| kintu jaisA ki una siddhAntoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hai donoM ne hI apane-apane siddhAntoM kI parama satyatA ko siddha karane ke Avega meM apanI nIMva khoda ddaalii| manuSya na to bhAvanA-zUnya hI hai aura na buddhirahita hI / usakA naitika jIvana buddhi aura bhAvanA ke samanvaya kI apekSA rakhatA hai| sukhavAda binA buddhi ko svIkAra kiye nahIM Tika sakatA hai aura buddhivAda binA bhAvanA ko svIkAra kiye vAstavika nahIM ho sktaa| buddhi aura bhAvanA mAnavasvabhAva ke do avicchinna aMga haiN| inakA santulana bigar3ane se manuSya jIvana meM Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| pUrNatAvAda-buddhiparatAvAda aura sukhavAda ne apane-apane siddhAntoM ko siddha karane ke Aveza meM na to tarka kA AdhAra liyA aura na manuSya ke svabhAva ko hI samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| unhoMne sthUla buddhi se kAma liyaa| eka hI vyaktitva meM do virodhI pravRttiyoM ko dekhA / saca to yaha hai ki manuSya ke pUrNa saMgaThita vyakti meM binA icchAoM ke buddhi niSkriya hai aura binA buddhi ke icchAeM andhI haiM / ataH sthUla dRSTi se virodhI hote hue bhI ve eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiN| uparyukta donoM siddhAntoM kI mukhya truTi yahI hai ki unhoMne manuSya ke pUrNa vyaktitva ko evaM buddhi aura bhAvanA ke ekatva ko nahIM samajhA aura unake virodha ko atyadhika mahattva de diyaa| janasAMdhAraNa meM jo jIvanayApana ke do mata milate haiM unake mUla meM bhI mAnava-vyaktitva kI yahI bhrAntipUrNa dhAraNA hai| sukhavAdI aura buddhiparatAvAdI manuSya ke vyaktitva ko buddhi aura bhAvanA kI saMgatipUrNa ikAI na mAnate hue janasAdhAraNa kI bhAMti pUchate haiM ki usake satya svarUpa ko icchAe~ abhivyakta karatI haiM yA buddhi ? nItizAstra ke itihAsa meMyaha virodha hirekliTasa-DimokriTasa, eNTisthInIja-eNrisTipasa, jIno-epikyUrasa, kaDavartha-hobsa aura kANTa-beMthama Adi ke bIca prakaTa huA / usake sAtha hI vaha mata bhI milatA hai, jisane manuSya ke mUrta vyaktitva ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| manuSya bhAvanAmAtra yA buddhimAtra nahIM hai| usakA mUrta vyaktitva una . donoM kA samanvaya hai| donoM kI tuSTi athavA Atma-tuSTi usake jIvana kA dhyeya hai| yaha mata vyaktitva kA nItizAstra (Ethics of Personality) yA pUrNatAvAda (Perfectionism) ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isane donoM siddhAntoM kI sImAmoM aura virodhoM kA atikramaNa karake unameM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyaa| isa mata kI ora pleTo, arastU aura hIgala ne dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| sAmAnya nirIkSaNa | 117 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #119
uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM ke atirikta anya mata bhI milate haiM / una mata ko mizrita siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura unako unhIM siddhAtoM ke prAdhAra para samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / pramukha siddhAnta tIna hI haiM / (kha) sukarAta sophisTsa kI zrAlocanA : zubha vastugata hai- sukarAta ( Socrates ) ' ne sophisTsa' kI cunautI kA uttara dene kA prayAsa kiyA / sophisTsa ne zubha ke vaiyaktika pakSa ko mahattva diyA thA / vaiyaktika zubha ko sAmAjika zubha se viyukta eka svatantra astitva de DAlA thA / isase unake siddhAnta kA vikAsa paramasvArthavAda kI ora huA / sophisTsa kA vyaktivAda isa tathya ko prakAza meM lAtA hai ki una vyaktiyoM ke atirikta, jo ki samAja kA anivArya nirmANAtmaka aMga haiM, sAmAjika zubha kA koI artha nahIM hai / sophisTsa ke isa kathana ko svIkAra karate hue bhI dhvani nikalatI hai ki vaiyaktika zubha aura sAmAjika zubha eka hI haiM / kintu sophisTsa apane paramasvArthavAda kI dhuna meM yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki vyaktigata zubha sAmAjika bhI hai / ve zubha ke kevala vyaktigati pakSa ko hI mahattva dete haiM / pratyeka kA sambandha usI taka sImita rakhate haiM / unake isa siddhAnta meM vaiyaktika zubha kI sAmAjika zubha se saMgati nahIM milatI hai| sukarAta ne sophisTsa samudAya ke vizvavikhyAta upadezaka proTegorasa kI ukti - manuSya hI saba vastunoM kA mApadaNDa hai - meM jo satya hai use svIkAra kiyA aura isa bAta kA samarthana kiyA ki jisa zubha kI khoja hama karate haiM usakA sambandha mAnava kalyANa ( Human well-being) se hai aura vaha vyaktiyoM ke hI dvArA prApta ho sakatA hai / prathavA zubha kA sambandha vyaktiyoM se hai| kintu isa kAraNa hama ise Atmagata nahIM kaha sakate haiM / jaba sophisTsa kahate haiM ki zubha kA sAmAjika jIvana se koI sambandha nahIM hai taba sukarAta unake viruddha yaha ghoSita karatA hai ki zubha vastugata hai, vaha vaiyaktika aura sApekSa nahIM hai / sukarAta ke anusAra yaha bhrAntipUrNa hai ki vyaktiyoM dvArA prApta ho 1. jamma 466 I0 pU0 - mRtyu 366 I0 pU0 / 2. zikSakoM kA samudAya jisane ethinsa ke nAgarikoM ko yogya nAgarika banAne ke lie zikSita karane kA bIr3A uThAyA / 118 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #120
sakane ke kAraNa hI zubha prAtmagata hai / sophisTsa ke viruddha yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa karatA hai ki zubha vyaktigata yA prAtmagata nahIM hai, usakA svarUpa sArvabhauma aura vastugata hai / vaha sAmAnya pratyayoM dvArA samajhA jA sakatA hai / naMtika pratyayoM kI paribhASA yA naitika dhAraNAoM kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / sukarAta ne yaha batAyA ki naitika guNoM kI apanI svatantra vastugata sattA hai / vaha vyaktiyoM ke anubhavoM aura bhAvanAoM para nirbhara nahIM hai / unheM binA apavAda ke pratyeka vyakti svIkAra karatA hai / deza, kAla kA bheda mithmA hai / udAharaNArtha, saMyama, nyAya Adi ko sabhI loga saba samayoM meM zubha kaheMge / ve sarvabhauma haiM / sadguNa, jJAna, zrAnanda eka hI haiM--sophisTsa ne naitika mAnyatAoM kA jisa bhA~ti spaSTIkaraNa kiyA usase sukarAta prasantuSTa thA / sophisTsa ke sammukha unakA vaiyaktika, vyAvasAyika tathA upayoga pradhAna dRSTikoNa thA / sukarAta naitika - jijJAsu thaa| usake jIvana kA dhyeya prAcaraNa kI pUrNatA ko prApta karanA thA / usane sadaiva apane ko nItizAstra kA vidyArthI mAnA / vaha naitika vijJAna kA saMsthApaka thA / usane sAmAnya naitika dhAraNAoM kI ucita vaijJAnika paribhASA denA Avazyaka samajhA / viziSTa niyamoM ko samajhAnA vAhA / vibhinna niyamoM ko eka vyavasthita vidhAna ke antargata rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA / sophisTsa ne prAkRtika niyamoM aura yathArtha niyamoM evaM rIti-rivAjoM ke bIca eka anamela khAI khodI / sukarAta ne prAkRtika niyamoM ko yathArtha niyamoM kA prAdhAra batAte hue sAmAnya vizvAsoM ko samajhAyA / janasAmAnya dvArA svIkRta zubha-azubha ke niyamoM ko unakI prasaMgata jaTilatAnoM ke sAtha svIkAra kiyaa| unake virodhoM meM sAmya sthApita kiyA / usake anusAra sadguNoM ke jagata meM zravyavasthA nahIM hai, vyavasthA hai, jise samajhA aura samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| usake anusAra sadguNa hI jJAna hai,' prajJA hI zIla hai / pUrNajJAna aura pUrNazIla eka hI hai / zubha ke jJAna ko vyavahAra se pRthak nahIM kara sakate / mUrkha athavA ajJAnI hI azubha AcaraNa karatA hai| zubha kA jJAtA sadaiva zubha karma karatA hai, use jJAta rahatA hai ki zubhAcaraNa meM usakA svArtha nihita hai / zrataH 1. Virtue is Knowledge. 2. svArtha (interest ) se sukarAta kA abhiprAya prAtmonnati aura prAtmasantoSa se hai / vaha kahatA hai ki vyaktiyoM ko apanI prAtmA ko pahacAnanA caahie| usake anurUpa karma karanA caahie|. sAmAnya nirIkSaNa / 11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vaha usake viparIta pAcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| vyaktiyoM kA svArtha sadaiva sAmAnya zubha ke anurUpa hotA hai, kyoMki zubha sArvabhauma aura aparivartanazIla hai| sadguNa aura mAnava-kalyANa vyaktiyoM kI badalatI huI. ruci se bhinna aparivartanazIla niyamoM ke Azrita hai| zubha kA jJAna vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa aura niyamoM meM ekarUpatA lA detA hai| zubha vaha hai jo sArvabhauma rUpa se sabake lie ucita evaM lAbhaprada hai| zabha vaha hai jo ki parama upayogI (Supremely useful) hai| zubha aura upayogI eka hI hai| inakA aikya siddha karatA hai ki sadguNa kI antima pariNati prAnanda (Happiness) hai / bauddhika antardRSTi dvArA zubha evaM sadguNa ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / isake svarUpa ko samajha lene se vivekI vyakti ko bAhya aihika AkarSaNoM ke prati ghRNA evaM aruci ho jAtI hai| vaha Ananda ko pavitra sukha mAnane lagatA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai sAmAnya sukhabhoga kA tyAga / prAnanda apane-ApameM sAdhya hai / usakI prApti meM sahAyaka anya zubha sAdhana evaM sApekSa zubha haiM / paramazubha prAnanda athavA sadguNa hI haiN| (ga) uttara-sukarAta yuga sukarAta kA prabhAva-sukarAta ke anusAra caritra kI pUrNatA ko prApta karanA hI manuSya kA dhyeya hai| usane apane AcaraNa, pAkhyAnoM, vyaktigata vAdavivAdoM dvArA naitika-jIvana kI AvazyakatA kI ora logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| sukarAta ne kisI viziSTa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA aura na usane nItizAstra para koI nibandha hI likhA / usane sadaiva apane ko jijJAsu mAnA / usake AcaraNa aura upadeza ke kAraNa mItizAstra ne yunAna meM apane lie pramukha sthAna prApta kara liyA / sukarAta kI preraNA ke kAraNa hI logoM kA dhyAna bAhya jagata se haTakara AcaraNa para gyaa| unhoMne naitika praznoM ko samajhanA caahaa| usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt kaI siddhAntoM kA prAdurbhAva humA jinhoMne dhIre-dhIre spaSTa rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| - sukarAta pantha-sukarAta se prabhAvita hokara cintakoM ne yaha jAnanA cAhA ki parama zubha kA kyA rUpa hai / sukarAta ke sAtha unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA ki ucita jIvana ke bAre meM vyavasthita jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA naitika vijJAna sambhava hai| kintu prazna yaha hai ki mAnava kalyANa kyA hai ? use kaise prApta kara sakate haiM ? sukarAta ke pantha ko mAnanevAle cAra pramukha siddhAnta milate haiM : megeriyana (Megarian), pleTonika (Platonic), sinika 120 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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(Cynic) aura sirenaMka ( Cyrenaic) ye cAroM yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya ke lie zubha kA jJAna Avazyaka hai / kintu zubha ke svarUpa ke bAre meM inameM pArasparika virodha milatA hai / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai kiM sukarAta ke siddhAnta meM vicchinna rUpa se aneka vicAra-dhArAeM milatI haiM / usake anuyAyiyoM ne usako apanA guru mAnate hue usake siddhAnta meM apane hI viziSTa siddhAntoM kA pratidekhA / sukarAta ke mukhya ziSyoM meM pleTo aura arastU ( Aristotle ) haiM / anya siddhAntoM ke pratipAdaka bhI usake ziSya evaM anuyAyI the / bhinna zAkhAe~ - megeriyana ne apane nItizAstra ko rahasyavAdI banA diyA / ve vyAvahArika darzana ke nAma para tattvadarzana meM praveza kara gaye / ataH naitika dRSTi se ve mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM kara sake / pleTo ke lie "parama zubha jJAna aura sukha kA santulita yoga hai kintu sinika aura sireneka vicAradhArA meM parama virodha milatA hai | sirenaka ke anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya indriyasukha aura sinika ke anusAra indriya-vijaya / sAmAnya nirIkSaNa / 121 For Personal & Private Use Only

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10 . sukhavAda bhUmikA-sukhavAda (Hedonism) sAmAnyataH una siddhAntoM kA sUcaka hai jo sukha-bhoga ko hI jIvana kA paramadhyeya mAnate haiN| yaha yUnAnI zabda hIDona (Hedone) se liyA gayA hai / hIDona ke artha hote haiM, sukha / ataH ve siddhAnta, jo sukha ko jIvana kA dhyeya mAnate haiM, sukhavAda ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| sukhavAda ke pravartaka apane ko sukarAta kA anuyAyI mAnate haiN| ve isa bAta se prabhAvita hue ki sukarAta ne apane cAroM ora kI paristhitiyoM kA adhika-se-adhika upayoga kiyaa| unhoMne sukarAta ke prAMcaraNa kI pavitratA aura sAtvikatA ko nahIM smjhaa| usameM caturAI aura dUradarzitA dekhI / sukarAta ke anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya Ananda hai / sukhavAdiyoM ne isake artha badala diye / prAnanda kA artha unhoMne sthUla indriyajanya sukha se liyA aura kahA ki adhika-se-adhika parimANa meM sukha kI prApti hI jIvana kA dhyeya hai / sukha ke svarUpa ko samajhAte hue unhoMne kahA ki sukha bhAvanAmAtra hai aura vaha naitika mAnyatA kA kendrabindu hai / naitika daSTi se usI karma, uddezya tathA preraNA ko hama zabha kaheMge jo ki sUkha kI utpatti tathA du:kha ke vinAza meM sahAyaka hotI hai| ve azubha hote yadi ve duHkhaprada hote aura ve mahattvahIna hote yadi ve duHkha aura sukha donoM meM se kisI kA bhI kAraNa nahIM hote / vyApaka dRSTi se sukhavAdiyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai / kAlakrama ke anusAra prAcIna aura arvAcIna tathA saiddhAntika rUpa se manovaijJAnika aura naitika / 22 / nItizAstra | For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAcIna sukhavAda athavA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda svArtha sukhavAda-prAcIna kAla meM sukhavAda kI sarvaprathama nIMva yUnAna meM pdd'ii| sukarAta kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usake anuyAyI, eNrisTipasa ne usake siddhAnta ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| usake isa prayAsa ke phalasvarUpa hI svArtha sukhavAda (Egoistic Hedonism) yA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda (Psychological Hedonism) kI utpatti huI / prAcIna sukhavAda vaiyaktika aura svArthapUrNa hai| vaha isa tathya para AdhArita hai ki manuSya kA kartavya kevala apane hI prati hai| manuSya ko apane sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie cAhe usakA sukha dUsaroM ke lie vinAzakArI hI siddha ho / jaba bhI vaiyaktika sukha aura sAmAjika sukha ke bIca virodha utpanna ho taba manuSya ko cAhie ki nizcita rUpa se apane hI sukha kI khoja kare / manuSya kA ekamAtra apane prati kartavya hai, prAtmasukha hI uccatama naitika dhyeya hai| yaha siddhAnta manovaijJAnika bhI hai| yaha isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko mAnatA hai ki manuSya svabhAvavaza sadaiva sUkha kI khoja karatA hai| usakI icchA kA parama kendra sukha hai / usakI sahaja pravRttiyA~ aura svabhAva sukha kI khoja karate haiN| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda tathyAtmaka hai| vaha manuSya svabhAva kA vAstavika citraNamAtra, varNanamAtra karatA hai / vaha punaH do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai : sthUla aura saMskRta (gross and refined) / sthala sukhavAdI adhika-se-adhika indriya-sukha ko mahattva dete haiN| ve kahate haiM ki manuSya AvegapUrNa aura uttejanApUrNa jIvana bitAnA cAhatA hai| kintu saMskRta sukhavAdI zAnta sukha ko mahattva dete haiM / unake anusAra manuSya duHkhoM aura kaSToM se bacanA cAhatA hai| ___ sthUla sulavAda : sirenaiksa-sthUla sukhavAda kA pravartaka eNrisTipasa' (Aristippus) thaa| eNrisTipasa sIrIna deza kA nivAsI thaa| ataH usakA siddhAnta sirenaiksa (Cyrenaics) khlaayaa| eNrisTipasa apane ko sukarAla kA matAvalambI mAnatA thaa| sukarAta ke anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya Ananda hai| karmoM ke mUlya ko samajhanA hI bauddhika jIvana kA uddezya hai| karmoM ko samajhanA, unake tAtkAlika bhaviSyat aura sudUra bhaviSyat ke sukhaprada aura duHkhaprada pariNAmoM ko samucita rUpa se prAkanA vyakti kA kartavya hai| eNrisTipasa ne sukarAta ke isa siddhAnta ko sthUla sukhavAdI. rUpa de diyaa| usakA kahanA thA ki jisa 1. janma lagabhaga 435 I. pU. : susAda / 123 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ananda kI aora sukarAta ne saMketa kiyA vaha indriya-sukha para nirbhara hai| jIvana kA dhyeya : tIvra indriyasukha-~isa prakAra usane indriyaparaka sukhavAda yA vizuddha sukhavAda (Pure Hedonism) kA pratipAdana kiyaa| vaha manuSyasvabhAva kI duhAI dekara kahatA hai ki manuSya sadaiva sukha kI khoja karatA hai / jahA~ taka sukha ke svarUpa kA prazna hai saba sukha jAti meM samAna hote haiN| unameM kevala mAtrAoM athavA tIvratA kA antara hotA hai| tIvratA ke AdhAra para hI eka sukha dUsare sukha se adhika vAMchanIya aura zubha mAnA jAtA hai| zArIrika sUkha kSaNika hone para bhI mAnasika sukha se adhika tIvra hote haiM / ataH ve adhika vAMchanIya haiN| tIvra indriyasukha hI jIvana kA dhyeya hai| - sukha kA svarUpa : tAtkAlika, anubhavagamya, adhika parimANa-eNrisTipasa ne sophisTsa ke sApekSavAda ko svIkAra kiyaa| usane bhI yaha mAnA ki manuSya kevala apanI saMvedanAmoM aura anubhavoM kA jJAna prApta kara sakatA hai| tAtkAlika saMvedana hI jJAna kA ekamAtra viSaya hai| manuSya kA bhaviSya anizcita hai| anubhava batAtA hai ki tatkAlIna indriyasukha ekamAtra jJeya zubha hai| anya koI sukha isase adhika mahAn nahIM hai| manuSya tAtkAlika sukha kI paravAha karatA hai| tAtkAlika zArIrika sukha anubhavagamya sukha hai| adhika-se-adhika parimANa meM sukha bhoganA hI parama dhyeya hai / AcaraNa kA mUlya sukha ke parimANa para nirbhara hai| sukha karmoM kA ekamAtra preraka-manuSya kI sahaja pravRtti aura svabhAva sadaiva sukha kI khoja karate haiN| usake karmoM kA ekamAtra preraka sukha hai| manuSyoM kI praraNA meM koI antara nahIM hai; saba sukha kI preraNA se prerita hote haiN| pratyeka vyakti adhika-se-adhika sukha kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| kintu apane jJAna aura anubhava ke anurUpa kucha loga adhika parimANa meM sukha prApta karate haiM paura kucha kama / zubha prAcaraNa vahI hai jo ki viziSTa paristhiti meM atyadhika sukha prApta kara letA hai| . ___ karmoM ke tatkAlIna pariNAma mahattvapUrNa : zubha, azubha ke sUcaka--isa AdhAra para eNrisTipasa ne sukarAta ke viruddha yaha bhI kahA ki karmoM ke sudUra bhaviSya ke pariNAmoM ko prAMkane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| manuSya ko tatkAlIna sukha kI cintA karanI caahie| karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko unake pariNAmoM dvArA A~kanA caahie| vahI karma zubha hai jisakA pariNAma sukhaprada hai| karma apaneApameM zubha-azubha nahIM haiN| pariNAmoM dvArA hI unakA mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiN| sukhaprada pariNAmoM ko mahattA dene ke lie vaha yahAM taka kahatA hai ki corI, 124 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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pApa, vyabhicAra Adi kucha sthitiyoM meM zubha haiM / sukha cAhe kisI prakAra kA ho, zubha hai / kevala itanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha sAmpratika ( tatkSaNa) aura anubhavagamya ho, vahI prAcaraNa zubha hai jo ki sukhaprada hai athavA sukha ke lie upayogI hai / vahI karma bauddhika aura vivekasammata hai jo ki sukha ke lie sAdhanamAtra hai / siddhAnta meM gopana virodha - eNrisTipasa yaha bhI kahatA hai ki vivekI vyakti Atma-saMyama dvArA atyadhika sukha kA bhoga kara sakatA hai / sukha kI prApti ke lie viveka se kAma lenA Avazyaka hai / vaha apanI sthUla sukhavAdI dhAraNA kA saMzodhana-sA karatA huA kahatA hai ki manuSya ko apanI prAntarika svatantratA kabhI nahIM khonI caahie| use sukha para adhikAra karanA cAhie na ki sukha ko usa para / sukhabhoga ke bIca apanI bauddhika dRr3hatA kabhI nahIM khonI caahie| eka ora to vaha manuSya ko cintanazUnya jIva mAnate hue kahatA haiM ki jIvana kA dhyeya indriyasukha hai aura dUsarI bhora sukhI jIvana ke lie buddhi Avazyaka mAnatA hai / saMskRta sukhavAda : eNpikyUriyanijma - sirenaiksa pantha ko eNpikyUrasa ( Epicurus ) ' ne vikasita aura gauravAnvita banAyA / eNpikyUrasa kA siddhAnta usake nAma se pracalita huaa| vaha eNpikyUriyaniz2ma ( Epicureanism) kahalAyA / eNpikyUrasa ne apane siddhAnta meM sthUla sukhavAda ko DimokriTasa ke aNuvAda tathA AtmAnanda kI bhAvanA se saMyukta kiyA / usakA vizvAsa thA ki mAnava kalyANa ko vaijJAnika rUpa se samajhanA hI darzana hai / eNpikyUrasa ne apane siddhAnta meM saMvedanAtmaka manovijJAna ko svIkAra kiyA aura kahA ki saMvedanA hI jJAna kA ekamAtra srota hai / atIta ke anubhava, spaSTa smRti aura pratyakSa anubhava hI satya ke jJAna ko dete haiM | sirenaiksa ke sukhavAda ko usane sukarAta kI vivekabuddhi aura DimoTisa ke bauddhika sukha ke DhA~ce meM DhAlane kA prayAsa kiyA / vaha isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA ki sukha kevala bhAvanAtmaka nahIM hotA, bauddhika aura sAmAjika bhI hotA hai / dhyeya : sukha: yahI zubha prAcaraNa kA mApadaNDa - sAmAnya nirIkSaNa yaha batAtA hai ki saba jIva janma ke samaya se hI sukha kI khoja karate haiM aura duHkha se bacane kA prayatna karate haiM / sukha manuSya kA prathama aura svAbhAvika dhyeya hai / 1. janma 341 I0 pU0 - mRtyu 270 I0 pU0 / For Personal & Private Use Only sukhavAda / 125

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usakI prApti ke lie pratyeka prANI prayAsa karatA hai / ataH yaha zubha hai / sukha AcaraNa kA parama mApadaNDa hai / yahI nItizAstra kA prathama siddhAnta hai / 'duHkha se bacAva, sukha kI khoja' athavA 'sukha ke prati bhAsakti, duHkha ke prati virakti' yaha sArvabhauma mAnyatA hai / jIvana kA paramadhyeya sukha hai / su aura duHkha karma kI ekamAtra preraNAe~ haiM / sArvabhauma anubhava yaha batAtA hai ki pratyeka prANI karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya ko bhAvanA ke mApadaNDa se taulatA hai athavA sukha-dukha dvArA karmoM ke aucitya anaucitya ko nirdhArita karatA hai| unhIM ke zrAdhAra para yaha batAyA jA sakatA hai ki manuSya ke lie kyA vAMchanIya hai / use kisa mArga ko apanAnA cAhie, kisakA tyAga karanA cAhie / ucita sukhoM ko panAne ke lie vivekabuddhi prAvazyaka -- eNpikyUrasa kA yaha kahanA thA ki jIvana kA dhyeya sukha hai aura saba sukha zrAbhyantarika rUpa se zubha haiN| sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI mAnatA thA ki sukhoM kI zreSThatA tathA adhika ' vAMchanIyatA ko vyAvasAyika buddhi dvArA grAMkanA Avazyaka hai / usane yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajhAyA ki naitika jIvana ke lie buddhi astitvahIna aura arthazUnya nahIM hai, usakA mahattva hai / eNpikyUrasa ne apane siddhAnta meM sirenaksa kI do virodhI dhAraNAoM - kSaNika sukha aura Atma-saMyama -- meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / usane sthUla sukhavAda ke sAtha vivekabuddhi ko mahattva diyA / isa prakAra saMskRta sukhavAda meM sirenaiksa aura sukarAta ke viveka kI dhAraNA ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhA gayA hai| zubha jIvana buddhihIna nahIM hai / jIvana kA dhyeya kSaNika sukha nahIM, sukhI jIvana hai / yahA~ para usane pleTo aura arastU ke isa kathana ko ki buddhi jIvana kI mArgadarzI hai, sukhavAdI rUpa diyA hai / jIvana kA dhyeya sukha hai / buddhi usa dhyeya ko prApta karane ke lie sAdhana detI hai / ataH sirenaiksa ke kSaNika sukha ke viruddha vaha kahatA hai ki yadi bhaviSya meM adhika athavA sthAyI sukha kI sambhAvanA ho to usake lie tatkAlIna sukha kA tyAga ucita hai / sukha : do prakAra - aindriyaka, bauddhika - vyAvasAyika buddhi ke isa pradeza ko sammukha rakhakara eNpikyUrasa ne sukha kA do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana kiyA / indriya - yA sakriya sukha aura bauddhika yA niSkriya sukha / indriya sukha pratyakSa, sajIva, tIvra aura kSaNika hotA hai, bauddhika sukha zAnta, gambhIra aura cirasthAyI hotA hai / buddhi batAtI hai ki manuSya ko sukhI jIvana bitAnA cAhie / isa artha meM kSaNika aura AvegapUrNa sukha jIvana kA dhyeya nahIM hai / ataH sukha kA mUlyAMkana kevala tIvratA 126 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke anusAra nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu usakI dIrghatA aura sthiratA ko mahattvaH denA cAhie tathA usake pariNAmasvarUpa sahavartI pIr3A se mukti prApti para bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie / buddhi aura smRti yaha batAtI hai ki vivekapUrvaka sukha kI khoja karane para hI sukhI jIvana sambhava hai| sukhI jIvana ke do Avazyaka. prAlambana haiM / daihika duHkha kA prabhAva tathA mAnasika azAnti kA abhAva | isa mApadaNDa se aindriyaka sukha aura bauddhika sukha kA mUlyAMkana karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bauddhika sukha adhika zreSTha hai / atfare sukha kI zreSThatA : sirenaMksa se matabheda - mAnasika sukha kevala prastuta saMvedanoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai, vaha sukhaprada smRti aura sukhamaya prazA kA bhI sUcaka hai / isa prAdhAra para eNpikyUrasa ne sastI indriya-parAyaNatA kI. kaTu AlocanA kI / eka ora to usane yaha svIkAra kiyA ki yathArtha zubha. daihika sukha hai aura dUsarI prora usane bauddhika vizleSaNa dvArA mAnasika sukha ko adhika mahattvapUrNa kahA / zArIrika duHkha kI tulanA meM mAnasika duHkha adhika tIvra, dIrghakAlIna praura prasahya hotA hai / isalie mAnasika sukha ko mAnava-jIvana ke lie adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnanA cAhie / bauddhika sukha zAnta sukha - eNpikyUrasa ke anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya sukha hai / usakI prApti buddhi dvArA sambhava hai / bhAvanA apane ApameM andhI hai / dhyeya ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita kara lene para bhI vaha apanI tRpti ke sAdhana ko buddhi kI sahAyatA se khojatI hai / eNpikyUrasa kA kahanA thA ki jIvana udvegoM aura AvegoM kA vAsanApUrNa tUphAna nahIM hai / vaha eka saMgatipUrNa ikAI hai / manuSya aura pazu, donoM kI icchAoM kA viSaya sukha hai| donoM ke jIvana kA Adi aura anta sukha hai / kintu manuSya kI mahattA ke kAraNa donoM ke sukha ko samAna mAnanAH ucita nahIM hai / donoM ke lie sukha ke artha bhinna haiM, usakI prApti ke sAdhana meM antara hai | manuSya pazu kI bhA~ti kSaNika sukha kI khoja nahIM karatA hai| vaha indriyasukha se adhika mAnasika sukha ko mUlya detA hai / asambaddha, avyavasthita AvegapUrNa jIvana use duHkhapUrNa lagatA hai / usake jIvana kA dhyeya zAnta sukha hai / yaha usI ko prApta hotA hai jo vAsanAoM, duHkha aura bhaya se apane ko mukta kara letA hai / vAsanAoM ke svacchanda upabhoga se bauddhika prANI meM Uba aura atRpti utpanna hotI hai / usake zArIrika svAsthya kA hrAsa ho jAtA hai / usakA viveka: use batAtA hai ki icchAoM ke saMyamana, unake ucita cunAva se prAtmika zAnti milatI hai aura manuSya apane bhAgya kA nirmAtA bana jAtA hai / ataH viveka aura sukhavAda / 127 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #129
Atma-saMyama se zAnta sukha kI prApti hotI hai / aNuvAda : bhaya se mukti - zAnta, avicala mAnasika sthiti prApta karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki manuSya bhaya se apane ko mukta kare / vaha andhavizvAsoM - mRtyu, naraka, Izvara Adi ke hAtha kA khilonA banakara sukhI nahIM raha sakatA / vaha mRtyu aura devatAoM ke bhaya se sadaiva trasta rahegA / manuSya ko isa bhaya se mukta karane ke lie usane DimokriTasa ke jar3avAdI vizva nirmANa ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA / usakA kahanA thA ki bhagavAn sRSTikarttA nahIM hai / vizvanirmANa kI dRSTi se bhagavAn mahattvahIna haiN| jahA~ taka mRtyu kA prazna haiM, usase bhI bhayabhIta hone kA koI kAraNa nahIM / mRtyu kA vicAraM duHkhaprada hai, na ki mRtyu / vAstava meM mRtyu kucha nahIM hai / jaba taka hama haiM, mRtyu nahIM hai; jaba mRtyu prAtI hai, hama nahIM rahate / ataH manuSya kAlpanika bhayoM se Upara uThakara zAnta, avicala sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai / sadguNa : anivArya sAdhana - sukhI jIvana ke lie sadguNa anivArya sAdhana hai / ve buddhi dvArA prApta hote haiM / unakI sahAyatA se atyadhika sukha kI upalabdhi sambhava hai / udAharaNArtha, sukhaprada jIvana ke lie nyAya ucita hai, anyAya nahIM | anyAya ko apanAne para evaM anucita karma karane para, mAnasika zAnti kho jAtI hai / anucita karma ke patA lagane kA nirantara bhaya lagA rahatA hai / ataH saMyama, nyAya, sadbhAva, sauhArda Adi guNoM ko apanAnA cAhie / vyAvasAyika buddhi ( Prudence ) sarvazreSTha sadguNa hai / usake AdhAra para ucita sukha kA saMgraha kiyA jA sakatA hai / sAtha hI usane pracalita mAnyatAoM aura sadguNoM ko apanAyA / yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki sadguNa sukhI jIvana ke lie sAdhanamAtra haiM, sAdhya nahIM haiM / saMskRta sukhavAda meM kaThinAiyA~ - eNpikyUrasa ke anusAra sukha ekamAtra zubha hai aura duHkha ekamAtra azubha hai / vyAvasAyika buddhi batAtI hai ki usa sukha kA tyAga karanA cAhie jisakA pariNAma duHkhaprada hai athavA usI duHkha ko svIkAra karanA cAhie jo adhika sukha ke lie upayogI hai| sadguNa, niyama, rIti-rivAja upayogI sAdhana haiM / vyavasAyAtmika cintana tathA zubha prAcaraNa taba taka arthazUnya aura nirarthaka hai jaba taka ki vaha karttA ko sukha nahIM pahu~cAtA / sukha ke artha mUlataH aindriyaka haiM / vilAsitA se mukta nahIM - sukha ko aindriyaka mAnate hue bhI vaha bauddhika kI khoja karane ko kahatA hai / bauddhika sukha apane-ApameM zubha nahIM hai / vaha sukha 128 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #130
sukhI jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai| eNpikyUrasa spaSTa rUpa se bauddhika sukha kI . guNAtmaka zreSThatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai / sadguNa isalie prAvazyaka nahIM haiM ki unase mAnasika pravRttiyoM kA pariSkAra hotA hai kintu isalie ki ve nirantara sukha kA kAraNa haiN| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI mAlocanA jar3avAdI tattvadarzana : sthUla sukhavAda-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI mUlagata pramukha truTi tAttvika hai / sthUla sukhavAda ko apanAne ke kAraNa hI usakA siddhAnta asAmAjika, avyAvahArika, avAstavika, amanovaijJAnika tathA anaitika ho gayA hai| apane jar3avAdI tattvadarzana ke kAraNa usane yaha mAnA ki AtmA kA mUla rUpa indriya hai / vaha sahaja-pravRttiyoM, saMvedanAoM, bhAvanAoM Adi kA krama mAtra hai| mAnava-svabhAva ke aise ekAMgI jJAna para hI usane apane siddhAnta ko AdhArita kiyaa| manuSya ke jIvana kA paramadhyeya indriya-sukha hai| use cAhie ki pA~kha mUMdakara sukhabhoga kre| vyakti kA vartamAna hI nizcita hai| bhaviSya anizcita aura ajJeya hai / na jIvana hI zAzvata hai / manuSya kAla ke adhIna hai| aisI paristhiti meM use kevala indriyamaya buddhihIna sarala jIvana bitAnA caahie| kevala-indriya sukha : buddhi, icchA eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM-saba prANI svabhAvavaza sukha cAhate haiN| manuSya ke jIvana kA dhyeya bhI sUkha hai| use adhikatama parimANa meM sukha bhoganA caahie| tAtkAlika, tIvra aura dIrghakAlIna sukha vAMchanIya hai / manuSya ke bauddhika bhI hone ke kAraNa usameM tathA nimna prANiyoM meM yahI antara hai ki vaha unakI apekSA adhika sukha kA bhoga kara sakatA hai| donoM ke dhyeya samAna haiM, sAdhana meM antara hai| manuSya kI buddhi dhyeya kI prApti ke lie ucita sAdhana khoja sakatI hai| kisI karma kA bauddhika mahattva isa para nirbhara hai ki sukha kI prApti ke lie kahAM taka ucita sAdhanoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / sukhavAdiyoM ne nirNIta karma ke svarUpa ko nahIM samajhA / unhoMne buddhi aura icchA ke sambandha ke bAre meM bhrAntipUrNa dhAraNA banA lI thii| icchA ke utpanna hote hI buddhi usake santoSa ke lie hI nahIM sakriya ho uThatI hai, ucita cintana aura vivecana ke pazcAt hI buddhi icchA kI pUrti ke sambandha meM apanA nirNaya detI hai / 'icchA kA viSaya' yA 'icchita dhyeya' usI vyakti ke lie artha rakhatA hai jo soca-samajha sakatA hai; anubhava aura cintana kara sakatA hai / icchA meM svayaM bhI usa dhyeya kA vicAra nihita hai jo manuSya kI sampUrNa sukhavAda | 126 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #131
mAtmA (buddhi maya aura bhAvanAmaya) kI abhivyakti hai / bhAvanA, icchA, vivecana, nirNaya buddhi prAdi eka hI karma ke avicchinna aMga haiM / ye kartA ke caritra aura vyaktitva ke sUcaka haiN| asAmAjika, avyAvahArika tathA anaitika-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda antarcetanAzUnya tathA naitika saMjJAhIna vyaktiyoM ke Adarza ko sammukha rakhatA hai| yaha sthUla indriyajanya sukha ko mahattva detA hai| isake anusAra manuSya pUrNa "rUpa se svArthI hai| vaha nirantara vaiyaktika sukha kI khoja karatA hai| isa prakAra 'sakhavAdiyoM kA dRSTikoNa vaiyaktika, asAmAjika aura anaitika hai| jisa parama svArthavAda kA unhoMne pratipAdana kiyA vaha avyAvahArika aura avAstavika hai / samAja meM vahI vyakti raha sakatA hai jo sAmAjika kartavyoM tathA karmoM ko karatA hai| vahI vyakti samAja meM rahakara apane adhikAroM kI mAMga kara sakatA hai jo dUsare ke adhikAroM ko samajhatA hai| sukhavAda ke anusAra sAmAjika sukha athavA sarvakalyANa kA koI mahattva nahIM, vaha heya hai / sneha, dayA, mamatA se dUra rahakara vyakti apane tatkAlIna sukha kI cintAM karatA hai| yadi sukhavAdI dhAraNA ko sajIva aura vAstavika mAna leM to aise indriyarata parama svArthI prANI ke lie samAja meM koI sthAna nahIM hai| pazu-pakSI taka apane baccoM tathA nikaTavAsiyoM ke lie tyAga karate haiN| apatya sneha ke Age ve tatkAlIna tIvra sukha ko bhUla jAte haiN| manuSya meM ucca pravRttiyA~ haiN| usameM prAtma-tyAga kI AzcaryapUrNa zaktiyA~ aura sambhAvanAeM haiN| vaha apane satya rUpa meM paramArthI hai| usakI baddhi use vizvasneha se saMyukta karatI hai| manuSya kI ina pravRttiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA manuSyatva kA nirAkaraNa karanA hai| sukhavAda saba vyaktiyoM ko samAna rUpa se svArthI mAnatA hai / sAdhu-prasAdhu, pApI-puNyAtmA, cora-dezapremI, saba eka hI zreNI ke haiN| kintu vaha bhUla jAtA hai ki mitratA pratyeka ke caritra ke anurUpa hotI hai aura yaha pratyeka vyakti ke bauddhika, mAnasika tathA naitika vikAsa kI sUcaka hai / saca to yaha hai ki svArtha sukhavAda kA siddhAnta "naitika cetanA ke sammukha eka ghRNita rUpa prastuta karatA hai", aura vaha anaitika bhI hai / yadi saba vyakti svabhAvavaza indriya-sukha kI khoja karate haiM to 'naitika cAhie' arthahIna hai| prAkRtika evaM svAbhAvika zaktiyoM ke pravAha meM bahanevAlA vyakti ucitaanucita ko nahIM samajha sakatA / athavA jaisA ki grIna ne kahA hai "eka vyakti, 1. Mackenzie-A Manual of Ethics, p. 171. 130 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #132
jo ki kevala prAkRtika zaktiyoM kA pariNAma hai, use naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karane kA Adeza denA nirarthaka hai|" ____ sukhavAda meM virodha-yadi yaha mAna bhI liyA jAye ki sukha hI ekamAtra manuSya kA naitika lakSya hai to ise kaise prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? sukhavAda ke anusAra nirantara sukha kI khoja karanI caahie| kintu sukha kI prApti kA yeha sAdhana AtmaghAtI hai| sukhavAdiyoM kI isa ukti meM ki sadaiva kSaNika aura tatkAlIna sukha kI prApti kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, svayaM Atmavirodha milatA hai| bAda ke sukhavAdiyoM ne mAnA ki sukha pAne kI uttama rIti yahI hai ki use bhUle rheN| cintana aura gUr3ha adhyayana dvArA atyanta tIvra aura zuddha sukha prApta hotA hai / isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki adhyayana meM tallIna hone ke kAraNa adhyetA yA vidvAna apane ko tathA apanI saMvedanAoM ko bhUlA rahatA hai| sukhavAda meM mUlagata virodhAbhAsa yahI hai ki "yadi sukha ke prati Avega atyanta prabala hai to yaha apane dhyeya meM hAra jAtA hai|" athavA sukha kI khoja karane se sukha prApta nahIM hotA hai| isI satya ko mila yaha kahakara samajhAtA hai ki vahI vyakti sukhI hai jisakA mana sukha ke atirikta kisI anya vastu para kendrita hai| "apane se pUchiye ki kyA Apa sukhI haiM, aura Apa sukhI nahIM rahate ?" yadi sukha cAhate haiM to yaha bhAvanA na lAiye ki sukha caahie| ekamAtra sukha kI khoja karanA sukha ke vinAza kI ora agrasara honA hai| jaba eNrisTipasa kahatA hai ki kevala tatkAlIna kSaNika sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie to kyA isase yaha dhvani nahIM nikalatI hai ki dUsare kSaNa duHkha sahanA par3e to koI hAni nahIM ? prabhAva : vastugata mApadaNDa, guNAtmaka bheda, preraNA, kartavya-sukhavAda naitikatA kA ekarUpa mApadaNDa nahIM de sktaa| vaha usa vastugata mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita nahIM kara sakatA jise ki sArvabhauma rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jA ske| sukhavAda ke mAdhAra para sukha kA mUlya usakI tIvratA para nirbhara hai| kintu tIvratA ko kaise prAMkA jA sakatA hai| sukha sApekSa aura vaiyaktika hai| vaha paristhiti, caritra aura mAnasika sthiti para nirbhara hai| pratyeka vyakti ke svabhAva ke anurUpa hI vastu sukhaprada athavA duHkhaprada hotI hai / bauddhika vyaktitva ke lie bauddhika sukha tIvra hai, dayAlu ke lie dAna aura paropakAra se prApta sukha aura viSayI ke lie zArIrika sukha atyanta tIvra hai / isa prakAra pratyeka vyakti kI sukha-duHkha kI bhAvanA Atmagata evaM dUsare se bhinna hai| aisI sthiti meM naitikatA kI kyA pahacAna hai ? sukha kA mUlyAMkana kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? : sukhavAda | 131 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #133
tIvratA ke AdhAra para kauna sukha zreSTha hai ? vastugata mApadaNDa kaise sambhava hai ? manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke pAsa isakA koI uttara nahIM hai| sukhavAda ke anusAra saba sukha samAna haiN| kintu jaisA ki abhI dekha cuke haiM, sukha kA svarUpa usa vastu para nirbhara hai jo ki usake utpAdana kA kAraNa hai aura vaha bhoktA (anubhavI) ke vyaktitva para bhI nirbhara hai| sukha meM kevala mAtrAoM (adhika yA kama tIvra) kA bheda nahIM hai kintu guNAtmaka bheda bhI hai| isa tathya ko mila spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai| .. manovaijJAnika bhrAnti : cayana ke kriyAtmaka aura hetvAtmaka pakSa-sukhavAda ke isa siddhAnta kA (ki sukha hI ekamAtra icchA kA viSaya hai) mUla AdhAra manovaijJAnika bhrAnti hai| vaha sukha kI bhAvanA ko karma kA pravartaka mAnatA hai / bhAvanA karma kA anivArya aMga avazya hai kintu usakI pravartaka nahIM hai| manuSya saba karma sukha kI icchA se prerita hokara nahIM karatA, kintu icchita vastu kI prApti use sukha detI hai| apane vyaktitva ke anurUpa vastu kI vaha icchA karatA hai / samAja-sudhAraka, deza-premI, paropakArI, viSayI, ina sabhI kI icchA kA viSaya unake caritra aura vyaktitva ke anurUpa hotA hai| sabake dhyeya bhinna haiN| sukha hI ekamAtra karma kA pravartaka nahIM hai aura yahIM para sukhavAdI bhUla karate haiN| ve sabake dhyeya ko samAna mAna lete haiN| sukha kI icchA karanA aura icchita vastu kI prApti se sukha prApta honA, ye do bhinna bAteM haiN| jisa dhyeya ko manuSya cunatA hai vaha sukhaprada avazya hai, kintu vaha svayaM sukha nahIM hai| sukhavAdiyoM kI isa bhUla kA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve cunane (cayana) ke kriyAtmaka (Dynamical) aura hetvAtmaka pakSoM meM koI bheda nahIM dekhate haiN| sukha kA vicAra (Idea of Pleasure) aura sukhada vicAra (Pleasant Idea) ko eka hI mAna lete haiN| yadi yaha prazna kiyA jAye ki manuSya kisa vastu ko cunatA athavA usakI cayana-ruci ko prerita kauna karatA hai to usake uttara meM yahI kahA jA sakegA ki manuSya usI vicAra kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatA hai jo use AkarSaka lagatA hai athavA jo sUkhada hai| isa artha meM sukha cunane kI kriyAtmaka zakti hai / yaha saMcAlaka zakti aura kArya meM praviSTa karAne kA sakriya kAraNa hai| sukha kI icchA karanA aura dhyeya ko sukhada pAnA, do bhinna kriyAe~ haiM / sukha zubha yA dhyeya kA anivArya nirmANAtmaka aMga avazya hai kintu vaha usakA mUlagata rUpa evaM ekamAtra nirmAtA nahIM hai| sukha apane-ApameM buddhijIvI ko pUrNa santoSa nahIM de sktaa| vaha una vastuoM se yukta hai jinakI ki vyakti 132 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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icchA karatA hai / vyakti vastuoM ko svayaM cunatA hai, isalie ve sukhada haiM / sukha / 'cunAva' ke Atmagata pakSa kA sUcaka hai| kintu cunAva kA kucha vastugata mUlya bhI hotA hai| vaha mUlya vastu ke svarUpa para nirbhara hai, cunAva kA viSaya kyA hai aura kauna-sI vastu cunI jAtI hai ise sukhavAda nahIM batA pAyA / vaha yaha nahIM samajhA pAyA ki sukha kA cunAva meM ucita sthAna to hai para ekamAtra sukha hI cunAva kA lakSya nahIM hai| pazu dharma-sukhavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana kA parama dhyeya indriyajanya hai, bauddhika nhiiN| sukhavAdI vyakti anaitika hai| usake AcaraNa kA mUlya dhvaMsAtmaka hai| vaha sAmAjika kartavya karane ke badale apane adhikAroM kI mAMga karatA hai kintu vaha yaha batalAne meM asamartha hai ki manuSyatva kI mAMga kyA hai ? manuSya ke lie sukhaprada kyA hai ? sukha ko zubha kahakara sukhavAdiyoM ne socA ki unhoMne naitika samasyA kA samAdhAna kara diyA kintu isake viparIta unhoMne naitikatAko samUla naSTa kara diyA, manuSya ko pazu banA diyaa| -sukhavAda kA mUlya-sukhavAda pazu prAdarza ko hI saba-kucha mAnatA hai| vaha mAnava-gaurava kI cetanA meM jugupsA utpanna kara. manuSyatva ko AghAta pahuMcAtA hai| kintu phira bhI yaha mAnanA par3egA ki pratyeka siddhAnta tathA cintana-paddhati meM prAMzika satya avazya rahatA hai jo cintana ke lie sAmagrI detA hai| manuSya meM bhAvanAe~ aura icchAe~ haiN| cintanazIla naitika jIvana meM unakI santuSTi Avazyaka hai / unakA nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sukhavAda ke virodhI siddhAnta vairAgyavAda kI tulanA meM hama sukhavAda ke mUlya ko prAMka sakate haiN| vairAgyavAda ne jIvana ke atyanta kaThora, anAkarSaka tathA prabhAvAtmaka pakSoM ko.. svIkAra kiyA hai| sukhavAda yaha batAtA hai ki bhAvanAoM tathA sahaja pravRttiyoM ke nirAkaraNa se prAtma-santoSa nahIM mila sktaa| bhAvanAeM aura icchAeM: mAnava-svabhAva kA anivArya aMga haiN| prAtma-niSedha dvArA prAtma-pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| agale adhyAya meM hama batalAyeMge ki vairAgyavAda ne kevala buddhi ko mahattva dekara naitikatA ke rUpa ko smjhaa| sukhavAdiyoM ne bhAvanAtroM dvArA usake padArtha ko samajhAyA / vAstava meM donoM siddhAnta ekadUsare ke prabhAva ko dUra karate haiM / inakA samucita samanvaya hI pUrNa siddhAnta ko janma detA hai| sukhavAda | 133 For Personal & Private Use Only

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11 sukhavAda (parizeSa) arvAcIna sukhavAda prAcIna sukhavAda se bhinnatA-prAcIna aura arvAcIna sukhavAda donoM hI mUlataH yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvana kA parama dhyeya sukha hai| kintu phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| yaha antara mAnava-saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA antara hai| Adhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta ko dArzanika aura manovaijJAnika AdhAra dene kA prayAsa kiyaa| prAcIna sukhavAda manovaijJAnika hai| manuSya svabhAvavaza sukha kI khoja karatA hai| Adhunika sukhavAda isa manovaijJAnika tathya ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI ise naitika mAnyatA bhI detA hai ki manuSya ko sukha kI khoja karanI caahie| prAdhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA ki vyakti ko janasAmAnya ke sukha kI khoja karanI caahie| ataH unhoMne yaha jAnanA cAhA ki vyakti kisa preraNA ke vazIbhUta hokara vaiyaktika sukha ke sAtha hI janasAmAnya ke sukha ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| haoNbsa, baiMthama, mila, spaiMsara, sijavika Adi ne isa prazna kA uttara dene kA prayAsa kiyaa| usameM ve kahA~ taka saphala hue yaha una vicArakoM ke siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karane se spaSTa hogaa| prAcIna sukhavAda nirAzAvAdI thaa| Adhunika sukhavAda prAzAvAdI hai| speMsara kA to yahA~ taka vizvAsa thA ki sukha sadguNa kA anivArya pariNAma hai| vikAsa kI antima sthiti pUrNa sukha kI sthiti hogii| ___ kucha prAdhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta ko vaijJAnika aura tArkika . AdhAra denA caahaa| unhoMne nItizAstra ko jIvazAstra aura vikAsavAda se saMyukta kiyA aura naitika mAnyatAoM kI aitihAsika aura prAkRtika vyAkhyA 134 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kii| unhoMne sAmAjika naitikatA ke mUlasrota ko samajhanA cAhA aura yaha jAnanA cAhA ki naitika mAnyatAoM kA udgama kyA hai| kyA naitika mAnyatAeM: anivArya aura sArvabhauma haiM ? vikAsavAda ko mAnanevAle sukhavAdiyoM ne naitika jIvana kI gatizIlatA ko mahattva diyaa| naitika mAnyatAe~ sApekSa haiN| ve vikAsa aura parivartana ko prApta ho rahI haiN| prAcIna sukhavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta vaiyaktika hai| vyakti kA hita unake sammukha hai| isa svArtha sukhavAda ke viruddha adhikAMza Adhunika vicArakoM ne paramArtha yA sArvabhauma sukhavAda ko mahattva diyaa| mAnavatA kA kalyANa (sarvakalyANa) jIvana kA dhyeya hai| 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha', isa siddhAnta dvArA hama karmoM ke paucitya-anaucitya ko mApa sakate haiN| prAcIna sukhavAda usa vyakti ko vivekI kahatA hai jo apane svArtha ko samajhate hue karma karatA hai| mitratA, prAtma-saMyama prAdi zubha haiM kyoMki ve vyaktigata sukha kA utpAdana karate haiN| kintu prAdhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne svArtha-paramArtha ke bheda ko miTAnA caahaa| mila, baiMthama ne upayogitA ke nAma para 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' ko mahattva diyA aura vikAsavAdiyoM ne vyakti aura samAja ke ananya sambandha dvArA svArtha aura paramArtha meM ekatva sthApita kiyaa| eNrisTipasa, eNpikyUrasa, haoNbsa, baiMthama ne sukha ke parimANa ke AdhAra para AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana kiyA, mila ne parimANa ke sAtha hI guNAtmaka bheda ko svIkAra kiyaa| jIvana kA dhyeya sukha avazya hai, kintu buddhijIvI zreSTha sukha cAhatA hai / eNpikyUrasa bhI mAnasika aura daihika sukhoM ke bheda ko svIkAra karatA hai kintu vaha guNAtmaka bheda ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra nahIM krtaa| naitika prAdeza . sukha aura kartavya meM virodha-prAdhunika sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra icchA kA anivArya aura svAbhAvika viSaya sukha hai| kintu sAtha hI ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki manuSya ko sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie evaM sArvajanika sukha kI paravAha karanI caahie|' eka ora to ve yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya kI svAbhAvika pravRtti prAtmasukha kI ora hai aura dUsarI ora ve kahate haiM ki naitika Adarza kA mApadaNDa 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' hai / yadi vyakti 1. dekhie, pRSTha 160-61 / . .. sukhavAda (parimeSa) | 1356 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sadaiva apane hI sukha kI preraNA se prerita hokara karma karatA hai to yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA mApadaNDa sArvajanika sukha hai / yadi yaha satya hai ki manuSya kSaNika athavA. vaiyaktika sukha kI hI icchA karatA hai to yaha kahanA virodhapUrNa hai ki use sAmAjika sukha ke lie yatna karanA cAhie athavA sukha kI khoja ke sAtha hI use apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| sukhavAdiyoM ne yaha mAnA ki karmoM kI ekamAtra preraNA sakha kI bhAvanA hai, sukha hI jIvana kA dhyeya hai| ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki prAtmasukha-rata vyakti sAmAjika prANI bhI hai / usake lie sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| usake karmoM aura sAmAjika niyamoM meM samAnurUpatA honI caahie| kintu sukha aura kartavya, ye do virodhI vicAra haiN| inameM sAmaMjasya kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? kaise kaha sakate haiM ki svArthI vyakti ko paramArthI karma karane cAhie / sukha ke badale usa kartavya kA pAlana karanA cAhie jo sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi karatA hai| - samanvaya kI aora prayAsa : naitika pradeza ke artha-sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra samAja meM kucha aise pracalita aura nirdhArita niyama haiM jinakA ullaMghana karane se vyakti ko duHkha sahanA par3atA hai / vaha samajha jAtA hai ki inakA pAlana karane meM hI usakI bhalAI nihita hai jisake pariNAmasvarUpa use sukha milegaa| ina niyamoM ke kAraNa hI vaha pratyakSa rUpa se apane sukha kI khoja nahIM karatA pratyuta kartavyoM kA pAlana karatA hai| isa tathya ko sukhavAdI yaha kahakara samajhAte haiM ki kucha aise naitika niyama evaM 'naitika prAdeza' haiM jinake kAraNa vyakti sukha ke badale kartavya ko cunatA hai| apane prAthamika rUpa meM prAdeza (Sanction) ke artha hote haiM nizcita karanA yA sthira krnaa| saMkzana laiTina zabda saMkTiyo (Sanctio) se udbhUta huA / isake artha hote haiM 'bA~dhane kI kriyA' athavA vaha vastu jo vyakti ko bA~dhane meM sahAyaka ho| Adeza vaha hai jo rASTra ke niyamoM ko nizcita aura pramANita karatA hai, jo vyakti ko niyamoM ke pAlana karane ke lie AjJA detA tathA bAdhita karatA hai / prAdezoM kI avajJA karane se vyakti ko daNDita honA par3atA hai, sukha se kahIM adhika duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai / isalie vaha unake ullaMghana ke duHkhaprada pariNAmoM se bacane ke lie unakA pAlana karatA hai| una niyamoM kA pariNAma sukhaprada hone ke sAtha hI sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi karatA hai / ataH Adeza vaha haiM jo eka viziSTa rUpa se karma karane ke lie vyakti ko bAdhita karate haiM / zubha AcaraNa kA kAraNa naitika pAdeza haiN| vahI vyakti ke va / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAmAjika AcaraNa ko protsAhita kara vyakti ko kartavya pAlana karane ke lie prerita karate haiN| arvAcIna sukhavAda : naitika sukhavAda arvAcIna sukhavAda naitika hai-arvAcIna sukhavAda naitika hai| vaha manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI bhA~ti tathyAtmaka nahIM hai| vaha karmoM kA mUlyAMkana kara usa Adarza ko sammukha rakhatA hai jisake AdhAra para sadasat kA vicAra kiyA jA sake / naitika sukhavAdiyoM ne prAcIna sukhavAda ke maulika tattva ko svIkAra 'kiyaa| manuSya kI svAbhAvika pravRttiyA~ sukha kI khoja karatI haiM / kintu usakI bAhya prAkRti kA unhoMne rUpAntara kara diyaa| mAnava-svabhAva ko unhoMne mAnava-prAdarza kA libAsa pahanAyA / manuSya kI svAbhAvika pravRttiyAM jisa sukha kI khoja karatI haiM vahI sakha naitika mAnyatAtroM ko nirdhArita karatA hai| manuSya ko sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie, yahI icchA kA ekamAtra ucita aura vivekasammata viSaya hai| sakha naitikatA kA mApadaNDa haiN| usake dvArA karmoM ke aucitya anaucitya ko nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika dRSTi se vahI zubha hai jo sukhaprada hai / ataH manuSya ko sukha kI khoja karanI caahie| isa prakAra Adhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko hI naitika sukhavAda kA rUpa diyA hai|' - do prakAra : svArtha, parArtha-naitika sukhavAda (Ethical Hedonism) apane prArambhika rUpa meM vaiyaktika aura svArthI (Individualistic and Egoistic) thA / dhIre-dhIre usane sAmAjika kalyANa ko apanAyA / vaha parArtha sukhavAda (Altruistic Hedonism) yA sArvabhaumika sukhavAda (Universar listic Hedonism) kahalAyA aura upayogitAvAda (Utilitarianism) ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| svArya sukhavAda : haoNbsa - jar3avAda, indriya sukhavAdI manovijJAna aura naitika svArthavAda kA samanvaya , mAdhunika sukhavAdiyoM ne, vizeSakara haoNnsa, vaithama, mila ne manovaijJAnika sukhavAra ko naitika sukhavAda kA prAdhAra maanaa| kintu donoM meM prasaMmati hai| yadi vyakti svabhAkyaka sukha kI khoja karatA hai to usase yaha kahanA parthazUnya hai ki use sukha kI khoja karanI ' cAhie / donoM ke bIca koI anivArya sambandha nahIM hai| .. ..... sukhavAda (parimeSa) | 137 For Personal & Private Use Only

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haoNbsa' jar3avAdI vicAraka thaa| usane yUnAnI vicArakoM se, vizeSakara arastu se prabhAvita hokara yaha svIkAra kiyA ki manovijJAna nItizAstra kA pUrvaviSayaH hai / manovijJAna yaha batalA sakatA hai ki manuSya kisa preraNA ke vazIbhUta hokara karma karatA hai| jar3avAdI hone ke kAraNa haoNbsa ne apane manovijJAna ko indriya evaM zArIrika sukha taka sImita kara diyaa| nItizAstra ke kSetra meM aise manovijJAna kI pariNati parama svArthavAda meM huI / manuSya kA svabhAva : svArthI, prAtma-saMrakSaNa aura sukha kA icchuka - haoNbsa: jar3avAdI aura anAtmavAdI thA / usane manuSya ke vicAroM, kalpanAoM, bhAvanAoM zrAdi ko zArIrika vyApAroM kA sUcaka mAnA / sukha se usakA abhiprAya una vyApAroM se hai jo jIvana athavA prANika kriyAoM kI vRddhi karate haiM / duHkhaH ke vyApAra usake anusAra ina kriyAnoM ke avarodhaka haiN| zArIrika sukha hI ekamAtra zubha hai / usane apane darzana dvArA yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki manuSya apane zarIra kI rakSA karatA hai / ataH use sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie usane manuSya ke svabhAva kA vizleSaNa bhI kiyA / vaha isa pariNAma para pahu~cA ki manuSya kI icchAe~, bhAvanAe~, pravRttiyAM Adi zrAtmarakSaNa sambandhI haiM / usakA sambandha Atmasukha se hai| manuSya svabhAva se asAmAjika aura svArthI hai / jinheM uccabhAva aura paramArthI pravRttiyA~ kahA jAtA hai, jaise dayA, tyAga, sahAnubhUti, sneha prAdi- ve apane mUlarUpa meM svArtha kI upaja haiM / unake mUla meM zrAtma-prema hai / vaiyaktika- sAmAjika sukha kA prazna - haoNbsa ke anusAra manuSya kI pravRttiyA~ zrAtma-saMrakSaNa sambandhI haiM / usameM dUsare kA sukha khojane kI koI preraNA nahIM hai / kintu phira bhI vaha kahatA hai ki manuSya kI buddhimattA isI meM hai ki vaha dUsaroM ke sukha kI bhI khoja kare / vyaktigata sukha sAmAjika sukha ke sAtha sAmaMjasyaH . sthApita karane para hI sambhava hai / eka ora to vaha spaSTa rUpa se vaiyaktika zrAtma-kalyANa aura vastumUlaka sAmAjika kalyANa ko zrasambaddha mAnatA hai aura dUsarI ora yaha kahatA hai ki vyakti ko sAmAjika sukha kI paravAha karanI cAhie / yadi vyakti ke karma zrAtmasukha kI preraNA se saMcAlita hote haiM to parasukha Avazyaka kyoM hai ? haoNbsa kA kahanA hai ki vaiyaktika sukha kI prAzA se, vyakti sAmAjika sukha kI khoja karatA hai / 1. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679. 138 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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- naitika zrAdeza: zrAvazyaka aura upayogI - sAmAjika sukha vaiyaktika 'sukhaH ke sambandha meM hI sArthaka hai| jitane bhI niyama aura naitika pradeza haiM (daivI, rAjanItika, sAmAjika Adi ) una sabakA sambandha vaiyaktika sukha se hI hai / proTegorasa kI bhA~ti haoNbsa bhI kahatA hai ki zubha vyaktigata hai; sAmAjika zubha for vaiyaktika zubha ke arthazUnya hai / jIvana ke saMrakSaNa yA sukhabhoga ke lie naitika pradeza sAdhanamAtra haiM / inakI anivAryatA inake upayogI hone para nirbhara | naitika Adeza mArgadarzaka pradeza haiM / nItizAstra aura naitika pradezoM kI yahI upayogitA hai ki ve vyakti ko ucita - anucita kA jJAna dete haiM / naitika viveka batAtA hai ki sukha kI prApti kaise sambhava hai / vyakti svabhAva se asAmAjika hai / kintu prasAmAjika jIvana ekAkI, asundara, tuccha aura hIna hotA hai / manuSya kI AvazyakatAe~ use sAmAjika jIvana bitAne ke lie. bAdhita karatI haiM / AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie vaha sAmAjika banA, kintu apane adhikAroM aura svArthoM ko vaha nahIM bhUla sakA / unakI rakSA ke lie usane niyamoM ke rUpa meM samAja ke sAtha samajhautA kiyA / rAjanItika ekatA meM apane ko bA~dhA / sadguNoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| usake zrAtma- prema ne hI naitika niyamoM ko janma diyA hai / ataH ye anivArya aura upayogI haiM / bhrAntipUrNa manovijJAna- haoNbsa kA manovaijJAnika jJAna use batalAtA hai ki paramArthI bhAvanAoM ke mUla meM Atma-prema hai, sukhabhoga hai / haoNbsa kA manovijJAna bhrAntipUrNa hai| usane saba pravRttiyoM ko svArthI kahakara bhayaMkara bhUla kI / usakI isa bhUla ke phalasvarUpa hI satrahavIM aura aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke sahaja-jJAnavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta prasphuTita huaa| haoNbsa svayaM bhI apane siddhAnta meM pUrNa rUpa se parama svArthavAda ko nahIM apanA sakA hai| usake siddhAnta meM parama svArthavAda lar3akhar3A uThatA hai / eka mora to vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki naitikatA kA svatantra astitva nahIM hai, mAnava-nirNIta sAmAjika samajhautA hI naitika mAnyatAoM ko evaM ucita aura anucita ko nirdhArita karatA hai; naitikatA rAjanItika aura sAmAjika vyavasthA para nirbhara hai| dUsarI ora vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAjika evaM naitika Adeza kA pAlana karanA anivArya hai / sAmAjika saMghaTana ke lie tyAga karanA Avazyaka hai / sAmAjika zubha vyakti ke lie upayogI hai / isa prakAra usake siddhAnta meM do virodhI kathana milate haiM / yadi yaha mAna leM ki sAmAjika zubha vaiyaktika zubha ke lie upayogI hai to isake artha yaha hue ki sAmAjika zubha aura vaiyaktika zubha parasparavirodhI nahIM haiM / ve eka hI satya sukhavAda (parizeSa ) - / 136: For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #141
do rUpa haiM / I siddhAnta kI viziSTatA - svArthavAdI naitikatA kA pracAraka hone ke kAraNa - haoNbsa ne kartavya, bAdhyatA, sadguNa Adi ko vyakti ke sukha-duHkha se sambandhita mAnA hai / apane siddhAnta ke pratipAdana ke lie usane samaya se prabhAvita hokara jisa tArkika aura vaijJAnika praNAlI ko apanAyA vaha stutya hai / usakI praNAlI kI spaSTatA, dRr3hatA aura vidhi ne usake uThAye hue praznoM ko atyanta mahattvapUrNa banA diyaa| haoNbsa ne apane tarkoM ko jisa yukti se sammukha rakhA usane usake paramArtha athavA sAmAjika sukha ke prazna ko atyanta mahattvapUrNa banA diyA 1 iMgalaiNDa meM usane svatantra naitika siddhAnta ko janma diyA / zaiphTsabarI, baTalara prAdi sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ke siddhAnta kI preraNAzakti haoNbsa kA paramasvArthavAda hI hai / parArtha sukhavAda : upayogitAvAda sAmAnya paricaya - - parArtha sukhavAda yA parasukhavAda sAmAjika sukha meM 'vizvAsa karatA hai / sAmAjika sukha ko naitika dhyeya mAnane ke kAraNa parasukhavAda ne sukhavAda ko vyApaka, mahAn aura janapriya banA diyaa| prAcIna sukhavAda ke sAtha usane svIkAra kiyA ki manuSya svabhAvata: sukha kI khoja karatA hai, vaha svArthI hai / sukhecchA hI manuSya ke karmoM kA vAstavika aura anivArya kAraNa hai / manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti ko parasukhavAdiyoM ne janasAmAnya ke hita kA sAdhana banAyA aura manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko hI naitika sukhavAda evaM parArthamUlaka sukhavAda kA AdhAra mAnA / unhoMne kahA ki manuSya kI svAbhAvika pravRtti sukhecchA - naitika lakSya ko nirdhArita karatI haiN| sukha hI naitika lakSya hai / zrataH pratyeka vyakti ko sukha prApta karane kA adhikAra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jIvana kA dhyeya vaiyaktika sukha nahIM hai kintu adhikatama saMkhyA kA sukha hai / manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke dvArA unhoMne sAmUhika sukhavAda kI sthApanA kI aura sukhavAda kA mAnava kalyANa ke sAtha samanvaya sthApita kiyA / apane. mAnavatAvAdI rUpa meM sukhavAda vikasita aura gauravAnvita avazya ho gayA kintu isa rUpa meM vaha prAcIna sukhavAda se bahuta dUra pahu~ca gayA / parArtha sukhavAda ke pramukha pravartaka - isa siddhAnta ke pramukha pratipAdaka beMthama aura mila jar3avAdI vicAradhArA ke mAnanevAle samAja sudhAraka the| jar3avAdI hone ke kAraNa unhoMne sAMsArika sukha ko hI jIvana kA dhyeya mAnA / sukha ke 140 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #142
prAdhyAtmika yA dhArmika pakSa ko samajhane kA prayAsa unhoMne nahIM kiyaa| manuSya ko svArthI mAnate hue unhoMne kahA ki sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi karanA naitika jIvana kA lakSya hai; sAmAjika zubha ke lie upayogI karma zubha haiN| parasukhavAda kA mApadaNDa prAcIna sukhavAdI mApadaNDa se bhinna hai| janahita ko apanAkara vAstava meM vaha sukhavAda ko chor3a detA hai| parasukhavAda vizva ko janahita kA sakriya sandeza detA hai aura prAcIna sukhavAda ne sthUla indriyapriyatA kA sandeza diyA hai| yahIM vyAvahArika dRSTi se donoM meM mahAn antara A jAtA hai| prArambhika sukhavAdI vizeSakara eNpikyUrasa ke anusAra sAmAjika sukha, sAmAjika kalyANa, sAmAjika saMsthAnoM ko unnata karane kI bhAvanA ghRNita hai| parasukhavAdiyoM ne yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki janahita ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vibhinna niyamoM kA pratipAdana karanA cAhie, sAmAjika tathA zikSA sambandhI saMsthAnoM kI rUparekhA nirdhArita karanI caahie| apane usa unnata rUpa meM sukhavAda Adhunika rAjanItika, sAmAjika, vyAvasAyika, kAnUnI aura zikSA . sambandhI saMsthAnoM ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka humA, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| kintuH parasukhavAdiyoM ke viruddha yaha mukhya Apatti hai ki ve vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika sukha meM sAmaMjasya sthApita nahIM kara paaye| vaise, jahA~ taka sukhavAda kA prazna hai, usake kSetra kA atikramaNa karake hI unheM saphalatA milii| . baiMthama sukha hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya dhyeya : naitika-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kA samanvaya-baiMthama ke anusAra "prakRti ne manuSya ko do pramukha zaktiyoM-sukha aura duHkha-ke anuzAsana meM rakhA hai| inhIM ke dvArA yaha nirdhArita hotA hai ki hameM kyA karanA cAhie aura hama kyA kreNge|" isa prakAra vaha apanI pustaka kA prArambha naitika aura manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke samanvaya se karatA hai| ina samanvaya ke dvArA vaha yaha kahatA hai ki manuSya ke karma sadaiva sukha kI icchA se saMcAlita hote haiM aura sukha hI ekamAtra naitika Adarza hai| baiMthama kA yaha siddhAnta unhIM karmoM kA anumodana karatA hai jo ki sukhaprada haiN| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha isa tathya para prAdhArita hai ki manuSya vaiyaktika sukha kI khoja 1. Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832. 2. Principles of Morals and Legislation. sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 141 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #143
karatA hai / athavA sukha kI khoja aura duHkha kA parityAga, yahI do preraNAe~ usake karmoM ko sadaiva saMcAlita karatI haiN| pratyeka vivekasammata prANI ke jIvana kA dhyeya Atmasukha hai| svabhAvavaza svArthI vyakti dUsaroM ke lie choTA-sA tyAga bhI prAtmasukha kI prAzA se karatA hai| apane svArtha ke . mahattama aMza kI prApti hI vicAravAna manuSya ke jIvana kA uddezya hai| isa prakAra baiMthama sthUla 'svArthavAda ko svIkAra karatA hai, preraNAmoM ke mUla meM prAtma-svArtha ko dekhatA hai| naitika mAnyatAe~, vibhinna niyama, kartavya, naitika bAdhyatA, sadguNa prAdi usake sukha-duHkha ke sambandha meM hI mahattvapUrNa tathA prarthagabhita haiN| svArtha se paramArtha kI prora-baiMthama kA nItizAstra usake caritra se atyadhika prabhAvita hai / vaha svabhAva se paropakArI aura dayAlu thaa| kAnUna meM usakI atyadhika ruci thii| vaha cAhatA thA ki janahita ko lakSya mAnakara niyama banAye jaayeN| janahita ko dhyeya mAnane para bhI usane jIvana ke prati apanA dRSTikoNa jar3avAdI rakhA, manuSya kI mUla pravRtti ko svArthI mAnA tathA sAMsArika sukha meM jIvana kI sArthakatA dekhI / usakA dhyAna jIvana ke dArzanika, sAMskRtika, kalAtmaka aura dhArmika pakSa kI ora AkRSTa nahIM huA / eka ora baiMthama ne apane cintana aura adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa svArthasukhavAda ko apanAyA aura dUsarI ora usake svabhAva ne use parArtha kI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| usake parasukhavAda meM usakI janahitAkAMkSiNI pravRtti bolatI dIkhatI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki naitika jIvana kA Adarza 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha hai| manuSyamAtra ke lie adhika-se-adhika parimANa meM sukha khojanA hI vyakti kA dhyeya hai| vyakti ko prAtmasukha khojane kA vahIM taka ,adhikAra hai jahA~ taka ki usakA. sukha dUsaroM ke lie bAdhaka athavA duHkhada nahIM bntaa| vAstava meM yahA~ para baiMthama samAja-sudhAraka ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| usane apane samaya kI sAmAjika aura rAjanItika vyavasthA ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| pracalita dharma, andhavizvAsa, abhyAsa, rIti-rivAja tathA dharma ke upadezakoM dvArA jisa bhAMti jAne-anajAne sarvasAmAnya ke sukha kA zoSaNa hotA hai use dekhakara vaha atyanta duHkhI huA / , usane sAdhikAra sukha ko manovaijJAnika tathA naitika prAdhAra dete hue kahA ki jIvana kA dhyeya sukha hai aura yaha sukha vaiyaktika nahIM kintu sAmAjika hai| naitikatA kA mApadaNDa 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' hai, sAmUhika sukha hai| naitika dRSTi se vahI karma zubha hai jo sarvakalyANa ke lie upayogI hai / sarvakalyANa athavA janasampradAya ke sukha meM 142 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #144
caiyaktika sukha kho nahIM jaataa| vaha samAna aura niSpakSa rUpa se usameM surakSita rahatA hai| isa prakAra beMthama parama svArthavAda ke sAtha samAnatA yA niSpakSatA ke siddhAnta (Principle of equity or impartiality) ko svIkAra karatA hai| . upayogitAvAda-kintu phira bhI prazna uThatA hai ki yadi vyakti svabhAvataH svArthI hai to vaha janahitasAdhana kaise kara sakatA hai ? baiMthama upayogitAvAda kA pratipAdana karatA hai| usake anusAra naitikatA kA mUla AdhAra upayogitAvAda kA siddhAnta (Principle of utility) hai / "upayogitAvAda ke siddhAnta se abhiprAya usa siddhAnta se hai jo ki pratyeka karma ko usa pravRtti ke anusAra svIkRta athavA asvIkRta karatA hai jo ki una logoM ke sukha-duHkha kA hrAsa athavA vikAsa karatI pratIta hotI hai jinakA svArtha usase sambaddha hai|" baiMthama ke upayogitAvAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra vahI karma zubha hai jo sarvasAmAnya ke sukha ke lie upayogI hai / 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' athavA parasukhavAda ko samajhAne ke lie vaha sukhavAda ko upayogitA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha sambaddha kara detA hai / upayogitA hI naitika mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karatI, hai| vaha DeviDa hya ma aura aiDama smitha kI AlocanA karatA hai| ye loga upayogitA ke tattva ko naitikatA kA mUla AdhAra nahIM mAnate; sajAtIya bhAvanA (fellow feeling) yA sahAnubhUti (sympathy) ko naitika mAnyatAoM kA mUlatattva mAnate haiM, yadyapi donoM meM bhinnatA spaSTa hai| hya ma apane sahAnubhUti ke siddhAnta kA prAkRtika spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai aura aiDama smitha sahajajJAnavAdI hone ke kAraNa antarbodha ke dvArA sahAnubhUti ko samajhAtA hai| baiMthama ke anusAra. sahAnubhati ko naitikatA kA prAdhAra mAnanevAle siddhAnta bahirmulaka naitika mApadaNDa nahIM de sakate / sahAnubhUti andha-pravRtti hai / yaha vaiyaktika bhAvanA para nirbhara hai| hya ma tathA smitha kA mApadaNDa prAtmagata hai| isI bhAMti baiMthama vairAgyavAda, naitikabodha, kartavya, IzvarecchA prAdi ko naitikatA kA AdhAra mAnanevAle siddhAntoM ke viruddha kahatA hai ki ve karmoM kI mala preraNA ko nahIM samajhA paaye| karmoM kI vAstavika aura paramapreraka upayogitA hai| baiMthama upayogitA ke siddhAnta ko mahattva detA hai aura kahatA hai ki vahI karma karanA cAhie jo upayogitA ke siddhAnta ke anurUpa ho / yahI naitika kartavya ke artha naitika prAdeza dvArA sAmUhika sukha kI prApti-baiMthama sukhavAdI manovijJAna __ sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 143 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #145
ko svIkAra karatA hai / karmoM ko sukha-duHkha kI preraNA saMcAlita karatI hai, kintu phira bhI usake anusAra naitika prAdarza zradhikatama saMkhyA kA adhikatama sukha hai / karma kA naitika dRSTi se mUlyAMkana karane ke lie yaha jAnanA zrAvazyaka hai ki vaha sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi kitanI karatA hai / svArtha aura paramArtha ke bIca beMthama jo spaSTa rUpa se virodha mAna cukA hai usakA samAdhAna kaise sambhava hai ? svArthI vyakti sAmAjika kartavya karane meM apanI kauna-sI bhalAI dekhatA hai ? ina praznoM kA samAdhAna bhI Avazyaka hai / sukhavAdI manovijJAna ke AdhAra para beMthama yaha svIkAra kara cukA hai ki ekamAtra sukha-duHkha kI preraNA manuSya ko karma athavA sAmAjika kartavya karane ke lie prerita karatI hai| vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika sukha meM vAstava meM koI sAmaMjasya nahIM hai / yadi yaha mAna leM ki vyakti kA zubha usake sukha meM nihita hai to vaha dUsaroM ke sukha ko kyoM cAhatA hai| beMthama naitika zrAdezoM ko mahattva detA hai aura kahatA hai ki pradeza vyakti ko paropakArI zrAcaraNa ke lie bAdhita karate haiM / Adeza bAhya zaktiyoM kI bhA~ti haiM / ye vyakti aura samAja ke bIca ekatA sthApita karate haiM / beMthama ke anusAra cAra prakAra ke pradeza haiM- bhautika ( prAkRtika ), rAjanItika, naitika ( pracalita) aura dhArmika / yahI Adeza vyakti ke paropakArI prAcaraNa ke AdhArastambha haiM jo usake sAmAjika AcaraNa ke pramukha kAraNa haiM / vAstava meM manuSya kI Antarika preraNA svArthI hai / kintu sAtha hI usakA viveka use batalAtA hai ki yadi vaha pradezoM kA ullaMghana karegA to pariNAmasvarUpa use duHkha uThAnA pdd'egaa| AdezoM ko vaiyaktika sukha ke lie upayogI mAnakara hI vyakti * paropakArI evaM sAmAjika karma karatA hai| zrAdezoM kA pAlana karake vaha 'eka pantha do kAja karatA hai / pradeza use vaiyaktika sukha dete haiM aura sAtha hI sAmAnya sukha kA utpAdana karate haiM / kintu prazna yaha hai ki isa tathya ko kaise siddha kara sakate haiM ? beMthama tarkasammata kAraNa nahIM de skaa| vaha bAra-bAra yaha kahatA hai ki pradeza upayogI niyama haiM aura vyakti svabhAvavaza upayogI niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai / usakA yaha bhI dRr3ha vizvAsa thA ki vyaktigata sukha, sArvajanika sAmAjika sukha para nirbhara hai / ataH usane kahA ki yadi vAstavika jIvana kA adhyayana kareM to mAlUma hogA ki sarvasAmAnya sukha kA utpAdana karanevAle AcaraNa aura vyaktigata sukha kA utpAdana karanevAle AcaraNa meM paraspara samarUpatA aura anurUpatA pAyI jAtI hai / isa bhA~ti vaha eka ora to paramArthI pravRtti ko asvAbhAvika kahatA hai aura dUsarI ora svArtha aura paramArtha 144 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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meM saMgati mAnatA hai| usa saMgati ke AdhAra para hI vaha adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha ko samajhAtA hai| kintu yadi svArtha aura paramArtha virodhI pravRttiyA~ haiM, vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha bAhya hai to vizvAsa ke AdhAra para vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika sukha meM sAmaMjasya sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| baiMthama binA siddha kiye hI kaha detA hai ki sarvasAmAnya sukha vaiyaktika sukha meM sahAyaka hai aura samAja-sudhAraka ke nAte kahatA hai ki naitika Adeza dvArA svArthI vyakti ke AcaraNa meM sudhAra kara sakate haiN| preraNA, pariNAma, uddezya-baiMthama ke anusAra vyakti sadaiva apane sukha kI preraNA se karma karatA hai| kintu sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki karma kA naitika mUlya A~kane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha sAmAnya sukha ke utpAdana meM kitanA sahAyaka hai / karmoM kA naMtika mUlyAMkana karane ke lie unakA sAmAjika pariNAma jAnanA mahattvapUrNa hai| athavA yadi Atma-sukha kI preraNA se kiye hue karma kA pariNAma samAja ke lie-sukhaprada hai to vaha karma zubha hai anyathA azubha / yadi vyakti svabhAvavaza svArthI hai, vaha Atmasukha kI hI khoja karatA hai to adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha ko naitika mApadaNDa mAnanA asambhava hai| isa asambhava ko sambhava karane ke lie baiMthama pariNAma ko mahattva detA hai| eka mora to vaha sukhavAda ke isa kathana kA samarthana karatA hai ki vyakti ekamAtra sukha kI preraNA se karma karatA hai / saba preraNAe~ samAna haiN| unameM koI bheda nahIM hai / ve apane-ApameM na to zubha haiM aura na azubha / ve guNahIna haiN| kintu jaba ve pariNAma se saMyukta ho jAtI haiM taba inakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI ora vaha preraNA ko guNarahita kahane ke pazcAt yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki anubhava aura vAstavikatA ke AdhAra para preraNA ko zubha athavA azubha kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki una preraNAoM ko zubha kaha sakate haiM jinakI prakRti sukhaprada pariNAmoM kI aora hai aura isake viparIta duHkhaprada pariNAmoMvAlI preraNAe~ azubha haiN| isa bhA~ti pariNAma se sambandhita preraNA kA mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiN| preraNA aura pariNAma ke virodha ko baiMthama yaha kahakara miTAtA hai ki karma kI naitikatA preraNA para nirbhara nahIM hai balki vAstavika athavA sambhAvita pariNAma para / binA pariNAma ke preraNA arthazUnya hai| pariNAma se baiMthama kA abhiprAya karma ke vAstavika yA sambhAvita phala se hai| yaha vaha phala hai jisake lie kartA pUrNa rUpa se saceta hai| yadi yaha phala athavA pariNAma sukhaprada haiM to karma zubha haiM, anyathA azubha / sAtha hI yaha smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka sukhavAda (parizeSa) / 145 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai ki sukha se baiMthama kA abhiprAya vaiyaktika sukha se nahIM balki sAmAjika sukha se hai| pariNAma se baiMthama kA vAstava meM abhiprAya karma ke viziSTa phala se nahIM hai| kintu sampUrNa paristhiti, uddezya se hai / udAharaNArtha, yadi koI manuSya apane mitra ko dAruNa duHkha se mukta karane ke lie atyadhika prayAsa karatA hai, kintu paristhitivaza use saphalatA nahIM milatI to baiMthama ke anusAra usakA karma zubha khlaayegaa| sukha kI preraNA se prerita hokara vyakti karma karatA hai, apane mitra ko duHkha se bacAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| usakA uddezya zubha hai, mAnava-sukha * kI vRddhi hai / pariNAma burA hone para bhI karma stutya hai| parimANa : sukhavAdI gaNanA-baiMthama ke anusAra sukha jIvana kA dhyeya hai / saba sukha samAna haiM, zubha haiN| unameM koI jAtibheda nahIM hai| kintu phira bhI kucha sukha adhika vAMchanIya haiM aura kucha kama / yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki adhika vAMchanIya sukha ko kaise samajhA jA sakatA hai / anya sukhavAdiyoM kI bhAMti baiMthama ne bhI parimANa ko mahattva diyA / usakA kahanA thA ki jahA~ taka parimANa kA prazna hai sukhoM meM bheda hai| usake anupAta meM hI eka sukha ko dUsare sukha se adhika vAMchanIya mAnA jAnA cAhie / jahA~ taka guNa (quality) kA prazna hai vaha nirarthaka hai / usI guNa kA mUlya hai jo parimANa meM pariNata ho sakatA hai| yadi do sukha Apasa meM parimANa meM samAna haiM to donoM hI samAna rUpa se zubha haiN| samAna parimANa hone para tuccha khela ke aura kavitA karane ke sUkha ko samAna rUpa se zubha kaha sakate haiM / baiMthama ke hI zabda haiM-'Quantity of pleasure being equal, push-pin is as good as poetry.'' parimANa mahattvapUrNa hai yA nahIM ? isako kase mApA jA sakatA hai ? kAnana meM ruci hone ke kAraNa baiMthama ne sukha ko nApane ke lie eka vastugata aura sArvabhauma mApadaNDa kI khoja kii| vaha dRr3ha aura Thosa mApadaNDa cAhatA thaa| aisA mApadaNDa cAhatA thA jo vyaktigata vicAra aura bhAvanAoM para nirbhara na ho / usane yahA~ para gaNita se preraNA lii| gaNita meM jo gaNanA kA siddhAnta (mathematical calculation) milatA hai usase vaha atyadhika prabhAvita huA / usakA kahanA thA ki yaha siddhAnta nirvivAditA, spaSTatA aura sunizcitatA para AdhArita hai| yadi isI prakAra kI gaNanA ke siddhAnta ko nItizAstra ke kSetroM meM svIkAra kara liyA jAya to karmoM para nizcita nirNaya diyA jA sakatA. hai / sukha ko usI bhA~ti mApA jA sakatA hai jisa bhA~ti kamare ko usakI lambAI, caur3AI aura U~cAI dvArA nApA jAtA hai / sukha ke ve kauna-se AyAma (dimen 146 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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sions) haiM jinake dvArA usakI nApa karate haiM ? baiMthama ke pUrva paile (Paley): aura anya sukhavAdiyoM ne sukhoM ke parimANa ko nApane ke lie dIrghakAlInatA aura tIvratA kA bheda mAnA thA / kintu baiMthama unake atirikta pA~ca prAyAma aura mAnatA hai| usake anusAra sukha ke parimANa ko nApane ke lie sAta AyAmoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai : tIvratA (intensity), dIrghakAlInatA (duration), sannikaTatA (nearness), nizcitatA (certainty), vizuddhatA arthAt jisa sukha meM duHkha kA lezamAtra mizraNa na ho (purity), utpAdakatA, jo anya sukhoM kA utpAdana kara sake (fruitfulness) aura vyApakatA (extent) / baiMthama ke ye mApadaNDa sukhavAdI gaNanA (hedonistic calculus) athavA naitika gaNita (moral arithmetic) ke nAma se prakhyAta haiN| usake anusAra naitika gaNita yaha batalA sakatA hai ki kauna sakha parimANa meM adhika hai evaM adhika vAMchanIya hai| sukha ko cunate samaya yadi hama viveka se kAma leM to adhika vAMchanIya sukha ko cana sakate haiN| vyApakatA-baiMthama ne apane naitika gaNita meM vyApakatA ko sthAna diyaa| kintu vyApakatA ko kaise tola sakate haiM ? usake kyA artha haiM ? yadi vyApakatA se artha vyaktiyoM kI sukhabhoga karanevAlI saMkhyA se hai to svArtha sukhavAda kaise 'Tika sakatA hai ? eka vyakti ke sukha kI tulanA dUsare vyakti ke sukha se karanA sambhava nahIM hai| sukha eka bhAvanA hai, usakA svarUpa vyaktigata hai| caritra, prakRti, abhyAsa, Ayu, dvandva-bhAvanA, mAnasika sthiti, vAtAvaraNa, paristhiti, jalavAyu Adi ke anurUpa pratyeka vyakti kI sukha kI bhAvanA bhinna hai| ataH vaha jo eka ke lie sukhaprada hai, dUsare ke lie duHkhaprada ho sakatA hai| aise bhI vyakti haiM jinake lie dUsaroM kA sukha nagaNya hai athavA jinameM itanI adhika IrSyA hai ki dUsare kA sukha unake jIvana ko du:khamaya banA detA hai| aisI sthiti meM kisI eka sukha ko mAnya mAna lenA yA kisI eka sukha ko sArvajanIna rUpa denA sambhava nahIM hai / yadi vyApakatA kA yaha artha hai ki hama dUsaroM ke sukha ko adhika mahattva deM athavA adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha ko svIkAra kareM to sukhavAda ke mUla . siddhAnta ko chor3anA pdd'egaa| truTiyA~ : vizeSatA-apane naitika siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane ke lie baiMthama isa manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ko svIkAra karatA hai ki icchA kA ekamAtra viSaya sukha athavA duHkha se nivRtti hai / pratyeka vyakti isa svAbhAvika mAnyatA ke kAraNa usa AcaraNa ko svIkAra karatA hai jisase use adhikatama sukha kI sukhavAda (parizeSa)./ 147 For Personal & Private Use Only

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zrAzA ho / yadi manovaijJAnika satya ko bhUlakara isa mAnyatA ko mAna leM to yaha kahanA vyartha hogA ki vyakti ko sukha kI icchA karanI cAhie / manovaijJAnika sukhavAda para naitika sukhavAda AdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yaha vyartha kA zabdajAla aura punarukti hai| beMthama ke siddhAnta meM AcaraNa kA ucita aura sUkSma vizleSaNa nahIM milatA hai / manovijJAna kA adhyayana tathA manuSya kI icchAoM evaM pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa yaha batAtA hai ki jisa manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko beMthama svIkAra karatA hai vaha doSayukta hai / isa doSa se, jaisA ki hama Age dekheMge, mila kA siddhAnta bhI AkrAnta ho gayA hai| manuSya kI saba pravRttiyoM ke mUla meM svArtha dekhanA, parama svArthavAda ko mAnanA tathA sukha ko hI icchAoM kA viSaya mAnanA manovijJAna kA virodha karanA hai| beMthama kA kahanA thA ki manuSya ko sukha cAhie aura yaha mahattvahIna hai ki sukha kisa vastu se prApta hotA hai ( kavitA se athavA tuccha khela se ) / vastu se pRthak sukha kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai / manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko binA ucita viveka ke svIkAra karane ke kAraNa beMthama yaha nahIM samajha pAyA hai ki icchA sadaiva vastu ke lie hotI hai / icchita vastu kI prApti se sukha milatA hai / sukhavAda ko vaha niSpakSatA yA samAnatA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha saMyukta karatA hai aura isa Aveza meM vaha bhUla jAtA hai ki sukha prAtmagata aura vaiyaktika hai / vaha kahatA hai ki sukha kA samAna rUpa se vitaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / isake lie vaha 'naitika gaNita' kA zrAviSkAra karatA hai / kintu jisa Atma-vizvAsa se vaha naitika gaNita ke dvArA apanI kaThinAI hala karatA hai vaha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki usa bacce kA vizvAsa jo socatA hai ki vaha kAgaz2a kI nAva se nadI pAra kara sakatA hai| thama kA kahanA thA ki naitika gaNita ke dvArA do sukhoM ke jor3a ko samAna athavA asamAna batAyA jA sakatA hai aura sukhoM kI parimANAtmaka tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / janasAdhAraNa sAmAnya sukha ko prApta kara sake, yaha usakI utkaTa abhilASA thI / sambhava hai usa abhilASA ko vAstavikatA dene kI tIvra icchA ke kAraNa hI usane binA samajhe bUjhe kaha diyA ki saba sukha samAna haiM, unameM guNAtmaka bheda nahIM haiM, unheM tolA jA sakatA hai, evaM samAna rUpa se unakA vitaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / vaha yahA~ taka mAna letA hai ki samAja vyaktiyoM kA samudAyamAtra hai aura isa samudAya meM kAnUnI taura se pratyeka ko samAna sukha mila sakatA hai / vaha isa satya ko bhUla jAtA hai ki mAnava samAja eka jIvanta saMgaThana hai, usameM pratyeka vyakti kA apanA vyaktitva hotA hai aura usa vyaktitva 148 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke anurUpa hI usakI sukha kI dhAraNA hotI hai| beMthama ne sukha meM guNAtmaka bheda na mAnakara sthUla aura indriyaparaka sukhavAda kA svAgata kiyA / usake AlocakoM ne isa para atyanta prApatti kI, usake darzana ko zUkara- darzana ( pig-philosophy) kahakara usakA tiraskAra kiyA / saca to yaha hai ki beMthama upayogitAvAda ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajhA pAyA / vaha isa tathya kA dArzanika tathA tArkika rUSa se spaSTIkaraNa nahIM kara pAyA ki vyakti ko kyoM sAmAjika sukha kI paravAha karanI cAhie / vaha sAmAjika naitikatA ke AdhAra ko nahIM samajha pAyA / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki usane svArtha aura paramArtha meM parama bheda dekhA aura manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko pUrNa rUpa se grahaNa kara liyA / kintu phira bhI isameM sandeha nahIM ki beMthama upayogitAvAda kA pravartaka thA / vaha prathama vicAraka thA jisane ki naitika kSetra meM upayogitA ke siddhAnta ko nizcita rUpa diyA, usake lakSya kI rUparekhA banAyI / mila 1 upayogitAvAda ke pracAraka ke rUpa meM-- upayogitAvAda ko lokapriya banAne kA zreya mila' ko hai / usane baiMthama ke AlocakoM evaM upayogitAvAda ko zUkaradarzana kahanevAloM ke viruddha usakI zreSThatA ko samajhAkara upayogitAvAda kA prasAra aura pracAra kiyA / mila ke siddhAnta meM hameM upayogitAvAda ke prati jo andha-samarthana tathA tArkika aura dArzanika asaMgatiyA~ milatI haiM usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mila kA upayogitAvAda usake svatantra bauddhika cintana kA anivArya pariNAma nahIM hai / usane ise paitRka sampatti ke rUpa meM apane pitA (jemsa mila ) aura unake mitra beMthama se prApta kiyA / jemsa mila aura beMthama ne mila ko bacapana se hI upayogitAvAda ke sA~ce meM ddhaalaa| mila ne apane pitA kI tathA beMthama kI mRtyu ke pazcAt eka ora to upayogitAvAdI paramparA ko nibhAyA aura dUsarI ora vaha satya ke prati jAgarUka rahA / usane virodhI matoM ke sudRr3ha tattvoM (satya aMzoM) ko svIkAra kiyA aura sAtha hI vaha upayogitAvAda kA parama abhibhAvaka banA rahA / aisA karane ke kAraNa anajAne meM hI usane apane siddhAnta meM aneka asaMgatiyoM ko sthAna de diyA / aura isa kAraNa vaha upayogitAvAda ko dRr3ha siddhAnta ke rUpa meM sthApita karane meM asamartha rahA / 1 1. John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873. sukhavAda ( parizeSa) / 146 For Personal & Private Use Only

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- mila kA upayogitAvAda : usakI viziSTatA-mila ne baiMthama ke upayogitAvAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA aura use upayogitAvAda ke nAma se prasiddha kiyA / usane upayogitAvAda kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI: "upayogitAvAda vaha dhAraNA hai jo naitikatA ko upayogitA yA adhikatama sukha ke siddhAnta para AdhArita mAnatI hai aura yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki karma usa anupAta meM ucita yA anucita haiM jisameM ki vaha sukha kI vRddhi yA vinAza karate haiM / sukha kA artha indriya-upabhoga aura duHkha kA abhAva hai; aura duHkha kA artha pIr3A tathA sukha kA abhAva hai|"1 upayogitAvAda kI vyAkhyA meM mila baithama ke siddhAnta ko prAyaH pUrNa rUpa se grahaNa kara letA hai| para mila ke upayogitAvAda ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki antataH donoM meM mahAna antara hai| baithama ne manovaijJAnika mAnyatA (pratyeka vyakti svAbhAvika pravRttivaza sukha kI khoja karatA hai) para apane siddhAnta ko AdhArita kiyA / arthAta manuSya sadaiva prAtmasukha cAhatA hai| saba sukha samAna hote haiN| unameM guNAtmaka bheda nahIM hotA hai / ataH unakI parimANAtmaka gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / mila ne apane siddhAnta dvArA yaha batalAyA ki sUkhoM meM guNAtmaka bheda hotA hai / parimANAtmaka rUpa se samAna hote hue bhI ve ucca aura nimna koTi ke ho sakate haiN| manuSya meM pazu-pravRttiyoM kI tulanA meM unnata pravRttiyA~ bhI haiN| 'tRpta zUkara se acchA atRpta mAnava honA hai'; mila ke isa kathana ne baiMthama ke upayogitAvAda kI kAyA-palaTa kara dii| usane upayogitA ke siddhAnta ko parimANAtmaka mApadaNDa se svatantra eka nayA mApadaNDa de diyaa| vaha nItijJa hone ke sAtha hI tarkazAstra kA prakANDa paNDita bhI thaa| usane tarkazAstra aura manovijJAna ke AdhAra para 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha' ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| - naitika dhyeya : sukha, naitika-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda-mila ke anusAra sukha hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya dhyeya hai / kintu yaha siddha karane ke lie usane tarka-praNAlI kA Azraya liyaa| prakANDa tarkazAstrI hone para bhI vaha apanI tarkapraNAlI ko bhrAnti evaM hetvAbhAsa se mukta nahIM kara paayaa| naitika sukhavAda (sukha kI hI khoja karanI cAhie) kA pratipAdana karane ke prayatna meM vaha vAkyAlaMkAra ke hetvAbhAsa (fallacy of figure of speech) ko janma detA hai| manovijJAna ke nAma para vaha kahatA hai ki mAnava-svabhAva kAni maNi isa prakAra huaA hai ki 1. Utilitarianism, p. 6. (published by J. H. Dent, London, 2nd ed.) 150 / nItizAstra .. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vaha kevala sukha cAhatA hai| athavA use cAhatA hai jo yA to sukha kA aMza ho, yA sukha ke lie sAdhana ho, yA svayaM sukhaprada ho| isa prakAra manuSya sadaiva kisIna-kisI rUpa meM sukha kI khoja karatA hai| manuSya-svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI yaha siddha hotA hai ki sukhaprada vastue~ vAMchanIya haiN| astu, karmoM kA parama dhyeya sukha hai aura AcaraNa kA zubha honA isa tathya para nirbhara hai ki vaha sukha kI kitanI vRddhi karatA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki sukha hI naitikatA kA mApadaNDa hai| sukha kI vAMchanIyatA ko siddha karane ke lie mila yahA~ taka kahatA hai ki abhyasta AtmanirIkSaNa aura AtmacetanA ke sahAre yadi anya vyaktiyoM ke nirIkSaNa kA milAna kareM to spaSTa pramANa mila jAtA hai ki "kisI vastu ko cAhanA aura use sukhaprada kahanA tathA kisI vastu ko na cAhanA aura use duHkhaprada kahanA, ye kriyAe~ pUrNa rUpa se abhinna haiN| yaha eka hI manovaijJAnika satya kA do bhinna prakAra se nAmakaraNa karanA hai| kisI vastu ko vAMchanIya mAnanA::: aura use sukhaprada mAnanA eka hI bAta hai / " ataH sukha hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya dhyeya hai| "kisI vastu ko dRzya (visible) siddha karane ke lie ekamAtra pramANa yaha hai ki loga use vAstava meM dekhate haiN| isI bhA~ti.. kisI vastu ko vAMchanIya (desirable) kahane ke lie isake atirikta aura koI pramANa nahIM hai ki loga use vAstava meM cAhate haiM / " mila yahA~ para dRzya aura vAMchanIya ko eka hI zreNI meM rakha detA hai / dRzya ke artha hote haiM jo dRSTigamya ho athavA dikhAyI detA ho (capable of being seen) / mila ne donoM ke upasarga (able) ke sAdRzya dekhA aura isa AdhAra para usane vAMchanIya kA artha lagA liyA-"vaha jisakI icchA kI jA sakatI hai|" arthAt (capable of being desired) vaha apane siddhAnta ko siddha karane ke Aveza meM yaha bAta bhUla gayA ki jaba 'ebula' (able) zabda 'Diz2Ayara' (desire) ke sAtha upasarga ke rUpa meM saMyukta hotA hai taba usake artha badala jAte haiN| usake artha ho jAte haiM : icchA kA ucita aura vivekasammata viSaya athavA vaha vastu jisakI icchA karanI caahie| usa vastu ko vAMchanIya nahIM kahate haiM jisakI sAmAnya rUpa se athavA svabhAvavaza icchA karate haiM / sarvasAmAnya kA anubhava yaha batalAtA hai ki pratyeka vastu icchA kA viSaya bana sakatI hai| mila 'icchA kI jA sakane vAlI vastu ko aura vAMchanIya ko eka hI mAna letA hai / yahI mila kI mUla hai, jo vAkyAlaMkAra kI bhrAnti hai| isa bhrAnti se yukta hokara vaha nizcayAtmaka bhAva se kaha detA hai ki sukha vAMchanIya hai kyoMki use loga vAstava meM cAhate haiM / sukhavAda (parizeSa) / 151 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #153
____ naitika mApadaNDa : sAmAnya sukha-mila ke anusAra naitika athavA vAMchanIya dhyeya sukha hai aura yaha sukha sarva-sAmAnya kA hai, vyakti-vizeSa kA nhiiN| mila kahatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti apanA sukha cAhatA hai.| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'adhikatama saMkhyA kA adhikatama sukha' sarvazreSTha tathA vAMchanIya dhyeya hai / yaha sukhaM vastugata aura sArvabhauma hai / jo dUsaroM ke lie zubha yA vAMchanIya hai vahI vyakti ke lie bhI zubha hai / ataH sAmAnya sukha hI naitika mApadaNDa hai / isI kI vRddhi aura hrAsa ke anurUpa karma, prAcaraNa, preraNA prAdi kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| baiMthama ne bhI sarvasAdhAraNa ke sukha ko naitika mApadaNDa mAnA thaa| kintu vaha yaha nahIM samajhA pAyA thA ki svabhAvavaza Atmasukha kI khoja karanevAle vyakti ko kyoM adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha ko apanAnA caahie| tAkika yukti dvArA puSTi-mila ne baiMthama kI isa ukti ko tAkika AdhAra dekara puSTa karanA cAhA / eka dArzanika kI bhAMti usane svIkAra kiyA ki kucha aise vicAra haiM jinako yadi buddhi ke sammukha rakheM to buddhi apanI anumati de degii| buddhi kI anumati mila nimnalikhita vidhi se letA hai-"koI kAraNa nahIM diyA jA sakatA ki sarvasAmAnya kA sakha kyoM vAMchanIya hai atirikta isake ki pratyeka vyakti apane lie sukha cAhatA hai 'pratyeka vyakti kA sukha usake lie zabha hai aura isalie sarvasAmAnya kA sakha vyaktiyoM ke samudAya ke lie zubha hai| mila ke dvArA prastuta kiye hue vicAra buddhi kA samAdhAna kahA~ taka karate haiM, yaha kahanA sarala nahIM hai| tarkazAstra ke niyama yaha batalAte haiM ki mahAn tarkazAstrI mila ne apane vicAroM ko prastuta karane meM kaI bhUleM kI haiM / usakI vidhi meM jo sabase spaSTa bhUla hai, vaha racanAtmaka hetvAbhAsa (fallacy of composition) kI hai| tarkazAstra kA yaha spaSTa pora sAmAnya niyama hai ki tAkika vidhi ke uttara-pakSa meM koI aisA vicAra yA zabda nahIM AnA cAhie jo pUrva-pakSa meM na ho| mila pUrva-pakSa meM yaha kahatA hai ki "pratyeka vyakti apane lie sukha cAhatA hai" aura isa tathya ke AdhAra para uttara-pakSa meM vaha isa pariNAma para pahuMca jAtA hai ki "sarvasAmAnya sUkha janasamudAya ke lie zubha hai|" upayogitAvAda ko tAkika AdhAra dene kI utkaTa abhilASA ke kAraNa vaha pratyeka vyakti ke sukha dvArA janasamudAya ke sukha ko siddha karane kA bhrAnta, hetvAbhAsapUrNa prayAsa karatA hai| pratyeka vyakti kA apanA vyaktitva hai, usake sukha kA 1. Utilitarianism, pp. 32-23. 152 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #154
usake lie viziSTa artha hai / vyaktiyoM ko samudAya meM pariNata nahIM kara sakate haiM / samudAya vyakti nahIM hai / vyaktiyoM ko jor3a nahIM sakate haiM aura na unake sukhoM ko jor3a sakate haiM / sukhoM ko jor3anA utanA hI hAsyAspada hai jitanA yaha kahanA ki kakSA meM dasa vidyArthI haiN| pratyeka pAMca phITa lambA hai, ataH vidyArthiyoM kI lambAI pacAsa phITa hai / athavA tarka dvArA vyaktigata sukha se janasamudAya ke sukha ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| manovaijJAnika pramANa : svArtha se paramArtha-mila manovijJAna kI bhI zaraNa letA hai| svArtha aura paramArtha meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karake mila pAramAthika pravRttiyoM, prAcaraNa aura karma ko samajhAtA hai / vaha mAnatA hai ki manuSya svabhAvataH svArthI hai| usakA svArtha-Atmasakha kI lAlasA-use sukhaprada karma karane ke lie prerita karatA hai| apanI svArthasiddhi ke lie hI vaha dUsaroM se sahAnubhUti rakhatA hai| isa kriyA ko doharAte rahane se kAlakrama meM sahAnubhUti usake svabhAva kA anivArya aMga bana jAtI hai / sahAnubhUti manuSya kI jJAna aura anubhava dvArA upAjita vizeSatA hai| susaMskRta, sahRdaya athavA sahAnubhUtipUrNa manuSya janasamudAya ke sukha ke lie prayAsa karate haiN| 'vicAra sAhacarya kA niyama' yaha batalAtA hai ki prayatnoM kI punarAvRtti ke kAraNa sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca tAdAtmya sthApita ho jAtA hai / vaiyaktika sukha sAmAjika sukha se yukta ho jAtA hai aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa manuSya kI ruci meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / jina karmoM ko manuSya ne abhI taka apane sukha ke lie sAdhana mAnA thA, ve sAdhya se bArambAra yukta hone ke kAraNa usI kA sthAna prApta kara lete haiM / isa prakAra manuSya dUsaroM ke sukha meM sukha mAnane lagatA hai evaM * svArtha se paramArtha kI utpatti hotI hai / 'mila yahA~ para sahAnubhUtimUlaka sukhavAda (sympathetic hedonism) ko pratipAdana karatA hai| mila yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki prArambha meM sadaguNa karate samaya manuSya sukhaprada pariNAma ke bAre meM saceta rahatA hai| kintu bAda meM punarAvRtti ke kAraNa sukha sadguNa ke sAtha yukta ho gyaa| manuSya ko sadguNa karane meM tatkAlIna sukha milane lgaa| Antarika prAdeza : sajAtIya bhAvanA-sadguNa hI sAdhana se sAdhya kA rUpa prApta kara letA hai / sadguNa sahAnubhUtipUrNa manuSyoM kI abhyAsagata vizeSatA hai| usake kAraNa hI ve apane AcaraNa aura karma dvArA sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi karate haiM / mila kA paramArtha svArtha kA hI eka rUpa hai / vicAroM ke sAhacarya se utpanna huI paramArtha kI bhAvanA amaulika bhAvanA hai| mila apane siddhAnta ke pratipAdana sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 153 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #155
ke lie kevala isa bhAvanA kI zaraNa lekara hI santuSTa nahIM hotaa| vaha use svAbhAvikatA kA dRr3ha AdhAra dene kA prayAsa kara 'Antarika Adeza' dvArA manuSyoM ko sAmAjika ekatA ke sUtra meM bAMdhatA hai.| baiMthama ne 'naitika AdezoM ko anivArya aura Avazyaka mAnA aura unhIM ke dvArA sAmAjika AcaraNa ko smjhaayaa| mila baiMthama ke 'prAdezoM' ko 'bAhya prAdeza' kahatA hai / manuSya daNDita hone ke bhaya se evaM Atma-sukha ke kAraNa AdezoM kA pAlana karatA hai| mila kahatA hai ki AdezoM dvArA manuSya ke naitika AcaraNa ko bhalI-bhA~ti nahIM samajhA jA sakatA / yaha vyakti ke sAmAjika AcaraNa kA gauNa spaSTIkaraNa mAtra hai / manuSya kI pravRttiyoM kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki usameM sajAtIya bhAvanA (fellow feeling) hai, jise vaha svAbhAvika bhAvanA bhI kahatA hai| mila kA vizvAsa hai ki manuSya ke sAmAjika AcaraNa ke mUla meM yahI bhAvanA hai| isa pravRtti ke kAraNa vyakti apane tathA samAja ke bIca abhinnatA dekhatA hai / usakA sukha sAmAjika sAmaMjasya para nirbhara hotA hai| mila sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki atyanta svArthI vyaktiyoM ke lie unhIM kA svArtha saba-kucha hai| unakI svArthAndhatA 'sajAtIyatA kI bhAvanA' ko dabAkara nagaNya kara detI hai| kintu susaMskRta aura savikasita vyakti usake bAre meM pUrNa rUpa se saceta rahatA hai| aisA vyakti sAmAjika sukha meM hI apane sukha ko nihita pAtA hai aura usa bhAvanA kA Adeza hI 'Antarika Adeza athavA naitika Adeza' hai| use mila antarbodha (conscience) kA Adeza bhI kahatA hai / Antarika Adeza sAmAjika kartavya kA mArga dikhAtA hai / vaha upayogitAvAdI naitikatA kA mUla AdhAra hai / sAmAjika kartavya na karane para vaha vyakti ko prAtmaglAni detA hai aura sarvasAmAnya ke sukha kA utpAdana karane para hI vyakti ko apanA jIvana sukhI aura saphala lagatA hai / mila kA prAntarika Adeza se abhiprAya antarbodha dvArA prAropita sukha-duHkha se hai / antarbodha ke sukha (Atmasukha) ko prApta karane ke lie hI sAmAjika cetanAzIla vyakti naitika karma karatA hai / vaha zubha karma isalie nahIM karatA ki ve apane-ApameM zubha aura naitika haiM balki pazcAttApa aura AtmaglAni se bacane ke lie hI vaha inakI ora prerita hotA hai| kintu jinameM antarbodha kI preraNA mRtaprAya hai ve bAhya Adeza ke kAraNa hI sarvasAmAnya ke sukha kI paravAha karate haiN| upayogitAvAda : ucca prAdarza kA poSaka-mila ne upayogitAvAda ko pracalita tathA vyApaka rUpa denA caahaa| baiMthama ke siddhAnta ke viruddha jo ApattiyA~ 154 / nItizAstra ... For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #156
thIM unheM dUra kara usane pracalita prathAoM aura niyamoM ko upayogitAvAdI sA~ce meM DhAlanA cAhA / vaha kahatA hai ki upayogitAvAda kA mApadaNDa janatA kA sukha hai--adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha kA samuccaya--na ki kartA kA adhikatama sukha hai / upayogitAvAdI vyakti sAmAjika dRSTikoNa ko sammukha rakhakara hI apane tathA dUsaroM ke sukhoM kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai| apane tathA anya ke sukha ke vitaraNa ke bIca vaha taTastha darzaka kI bhA~ti hai| usake nirNaya niSpakSa hote haiM / "najAratha ke IsU ke svarNa-siddhAnta meM hameM upayogitAvAdI naitikatA kI pUrNa AtmA milatI hai| jaisA vyavahAra tuma dUsaroM se cAhate ho, dUsaroM ke lie bhI vaisA hI karanA aura apane par3osiyoM ke prati apanI hI taraha prema rakhanA, yaha upayogitAvAdI sadAcAra ke Adarza kI pUrNatA hai|" upayogitAvAdI prAtmatyAga, vairAgya tathA satyazIlatA ko zubha mAnatA hai, kyoMki inase sarvasAmAnya ke sukha kI vRddhi hotI hai| mila ne vAstava meM yahA~ para sToika aura eNpikyUriyana vicAroM kA mizraNa kara diyA hai| eka ora vaha sukha ko mahattva detA hai aura dUsarI ora AtmasaMyama evaM sukha ke prati udAsInatA ko| sToikoM ke prabhAva ke vaza athavA upayogitAvAda ko zreSTha siddhAnta siddha karane kI mahattvAkAMkSA ke vaza vaha yahA~ taka kaha detA hai ki manuSya prAya: apane sukha ke pUrNa tyAga dvArA hI dUsaroM ke sukha meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura usakI yaha bhAvanA (AtmacetanA) ki vaha binA sukha ke raha sakatA hai use usa sukha kI prApti karAtI hai jise pAnA usake lie sambhava hai| ___ sukha kI kramika vyavasthA : guNAtmaka bheda-baiMthama kA kahanA thA ki 'sukha ko cunate samaya parimANa ko taula lenA cAhie aura sukha kA samAna parimANa hone para tuccha khela aura kavitA samAna rUpa se zubha haiM / ' baiMthama ke viruddha pAlo-- cakoM ne yaha kahA ki upayogitAvAda ko mAnya siddhAnta nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki vaha sthUla indriyavAda ko janma detA hai| isa kaTu AlocanA se mila upayogitAvAda ko mukta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sukha kI vAMchanIyatA parimANa aura guNa (quantity and quality) donoM para nirbhara hai / sukhoM meM jAtigata yA guNAtmaka bheda hai| saMskRta aura zreSTha sukha adhika vAMchanIya hai aura yaha upayogitAvAda ke siddhAnta ke anurUpa hai ki hama kucha prakAra ke sukhoM ko adhika vAMchanIya yA mUlyavAna mAna leM / baiMthama ke anusAra kAvya dvArA prApta sukha aura nikRSTa khela dvArA prApta sukha parimANa meM samAna hone para samAna rUpa se vAMchanIya haiM / mila kahatA hai ki sukha ko mApane ke lie eka AyAma sukhavAdaH(parizeSa) | 155. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #157
kA mAnanA aura Avazyaka hai / sukha meM guNAtmaka bheda bhI hotA hai / yahA~ para mila kA siddhAnta baiMthama ke siddhAnta kI tulanA meM adhika zreSTha ho jAtA hai / kintu isa zreSThatA ko vaha tabhI prApta kara pAtA hai jaba vaha sukhavAda ko chor3a detA hai| manuSya nimna prANiyoM evaM pazuoM kI bhAMti indriya-sakha kA icchaka nahIM, hai| vaha ucca evaM zreSTha sakha cAhatA hai| zreSTha sukha ke lie duHkha ko svIkAra karatA hai| kintu prazna yaha hai ki zreSTha sakha ko kaise nirdhArita kiyA jAya ? usakA kyA mApadaNDa hai ? saMkha kI zreSThatA ko samajhAne ke lie mila 'yogya nyAyAdhIzoM ke nirNaya' tathA 'gaurava kI bhAvanA' kA udAharaNa detA hai| sukhavAda ke mUla siddhAnta ke anusAra sukha kI vAMchanIyatA usake parimANa aura tIvratA para nirbhara hai| kintu mila 'yogya nyAyAdhIzoM ke nirNaya' ko parama nirNayaM athavA parama mApadaNDa mAnatA hai| unake nirNayoM ke viruddha kucha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| una nirNayoM ke anusAra sukha kA mUlya usakI utpAdaka vastu para nirbhara hai| apane kAraNa kI zreSThatA yA nimnatA ke anurUpa hI sukha vAMchanIya yA avAMchanIya hai| 'yogya nyAyAdhIzoM' se pleTo kI bhAMti mila kA abhiprAya una vyApaka anubhavavAle vyaktiyoM se hai jo apanI Atma-nirIkSaNa kI tIkSNa zakti dvArA sukho kA tulanAtmaka rUpa se mUlyAMkana karate haiN| aisA vyApaka evaM sarvAMgINa anubhavavAlA vyakti dArzanika cintana aura sAdhAraNatama karma (tAza khelanA Adi) donoM se prApta sukha kA anubhava kara cukA hai / isake viparIta usa manuSya kA anubhava, jisane kevala tAza khelane ke sukha ko prApta kiyA hai, sImita hai| vyApaka anubhava se rahita hone ke kAraNa usakA jJAna saMkIrNa aura ekAMgI hai| vaha dArzanika sukha evaM ucca sukha kA anubhava nahIM kara paataa| ataH jaba donoM prakAra ke sukhoM kA anubhava karanevAlA manuSya dArzanika sukha ko cunatA hai taba dArzanika sukha ko hI mAnya mAnanA caahie| mila aise anubhavI vyaktiyoM ko hI sukha kA mUlya aura usakI vAMchanIyatA ko nirdhArita karane kA adhikAra detA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi aise yogya vyaktiyoM kI nirNAyaka samiti se pUchA jAye to vaha avazya hI ekamata hokara zreSTha sukha ko mahattva degI; usa sukha ko jo ki ucca bhAvanAoM aura pravRttiyoM ko santuSTa kara sakatA hai| mila kA vicAra hai ki koI bhI vidvAna, anubhavI tathA prAtma-prabuddha vyakti apane jIvana ko duHkhapUrNa mAnate hue bhI kisI mUrkha vyakti athavA pazu ke sukhI jIvana se apane jIvana ko badalanA na caahegaa| yadi mila ke kathana ko satya mAna leM to usake sukhavAda kA mApadaNDa sukha nahIM balki nirNAyaka samiti hai / isI prakAra manuSya 156 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #158
kA dhyeya tItra evaM adhika parimANa se sukha kA bhoga nahIM, zreSTha hai| sukha mila kA 'guNAtmaka bheda' makha ko ekamAtra zubha nahIM mAnatA / vaha utpAdaka ke svarUpa ko mahattva detA hai| sukha kI vAMchanIyatA usakI zreSThatA para nirbhara hai, usa zreSThatA athavA guNa ko nirNAyaka samiti nirdhArita karatI hai| mila ke viruddha anAyAsa hI yaha prazna uThatA hai-kyA pramANa hai ki nirNAyaka samiti ke saba sadasyoM kA nirNaya abhinna hogA ? adhikatara yaha dekhA gayA hai ki yogya aura marmagrAhI AlocakoM kA kAvya kI zreSThatA ke bAre meM ekamata nahIM hotA hai| sukhavAda ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ke sukha kA mApadaNDa usake sukha kI tIvratA hai| ucca pravRtti ke manuSya ke lie ucca sukha aura nimna pravRtti ke vyakti ke lie nimna sukha adhika tIvra evaM vAMchanIya hai| yaha kahanA asukhavAdI hai ki ucca sukha hI vAMchanIya hai / pratyeka manuSya kI pravRtti ke anurUpa hI usake sukha kA svarUpa hotA hai / nimna zreNI ke arthAt indriya para vyaktiyoM ke sukha ke cunAva ko mila anubhavahInatA aura prajJAna kA cunAva kahakara apane viruddha AkSepoM se apane ko mukta karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| kintu yaha tarka sukhavAda ke kSetroM meM mAnya nahIM hai / mila ke 'yogya nyAyAdhIzoM ko hI sukha ke mUlyAMkana karane kA ekamAtra adhikArI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yadi sukha ekamAtra dhyeya hai to nimna pravRtti ke vyakti se adhika tIvra evaM adhika parimANa ke sukha kA tyAga karake kama tIvra sakha ko canane ke lie bAdhya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| unase parimANa kA tyAga karake guNa svIkAra karane ko nahIM kahA jA sktaa| guNAtmaka bheda ko mAnane ke lie use parimANa meM pariNata karanA Avazyaka hai| athavA "yadi sukhavAda ke siddhAnta ke sAtha yaha bhI svIkAra kareM ki bhAvanAoM meM guNAtmaka bheda hotA hai aura usa bheda ko parimANa meM pariNata nahIM kiyA jA sakatA to yaha sApekSataH sukha kI ucca aura nimna zreNiyoM ko svIkAra karanA hogA jisakA ki adhika yA kama sUkha kI mAnyatAoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai|"1 "guNa sukhavAdI mApadaNDaM ke bAhara hai, sukhavAdI mApadaNDa kevala parimANa yA rAzi hai|"2 guNAtmaka bheda ko svIkAra karanA sukhavAda kA apratyakSa rUpa se tyAgakara eka navIna mApadaNDa ko mAnanA hai| yaha mApadaNDa guNa yA zreSThatA kA mApadaNDa hai, sukha kA nahIM / mila ne isa navIna mApadaNDa ko mAnakara sukhavAdI parimANa ko, arthAt 1. Muirhead. 2. Seth. sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 157 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #159
-beMthama ke 'naitika gaNita' ko, vyartha kara diyA / sukhavAda ko spaSTa rUpa se mAnate hue bhI use bauddhika rUpa se nikRSTa kaha diyA / 'yogya nyAyAdhIzoM ke nirNaya' ke sAtha hI mila 'gaurava ke bodha' (sense of dignity ) kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hai / yaha manuSya ke lie svAbhAvika hai / yaha jinameM prabala hotA hai unakA sukha mukhyata: isI para nirbhara hotA hai| gaurava ke bodha ko sukha kI icchA ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA / yaha vaha cetanA hai jo manuSya ko batalAtI hai ki vaha zreSTha prANI hai aura usa zreSThatA ke anurUpa usakI icchAtroM aura sukha kI bhAvanA ko saMyamita karatI hai / yaha manuSya kI bauddhika AtmA kI pukAra hai| binA ise santuSTa kiye use jIvana meM zAnti zraura tRpti prApta nahIM ho sakatI / manuSya una karmoM ko karanA cAhatA hai jo 'mAnava-gaurava' ke yogya aura bauddhika AtmA ke lie vAMchanIya haiN| vaha kevala sukha ke lie sukha nahIM cAhatA hai / sukha apane-ApameM ucca yA nimna nahIM hai / vaha apane prApa meM guNahIna hai / manuSya kI bauddhika mAMga hI usake guNa ko nirdhArita karatI hai / bauddhika zrAtmA kI tRpti kI pUrNatA athavA apUrNatA ke anurUpa hI vaha ucca aura nimna hai / ataH manuSyatva ke 'gaurava kA bodha' manuSya kI bauddhika zreSThatA kA sUcaka hai, na ki sukha kI icchA kA / buddhi itanI prabhAvazAlI aura mahAn hai ki manuSya usakA mAna rakhane ke lie, bauddhika zAnti kI prApti ke nimitta indriya-sukhoM kA tyAga karatA hai / manuSya ke jIvana kA aisA adhyayana athavA usakA bauddhika mUlya nirUpaNa sukhavAda ko sahya nahIM hai / yaha indriyaparaka sukhavAda ko skhalita kara detA hai / mila kI saphalatA aura asaphalatA -- mila ne upayogitAvAda ko 'zUkara-darzana' ke prakSepa se mukta karanA cAhA / usane sukha meM guNAtmaka bheda mAne / 'sukha kA guNAtmaka bheda' niHsandeha mila ke siddhAnta ko zreSThatA aura navInatA pradAna karatA hai aura sAtha hI usake siddhAnta ko beMthama ke siddhAnta se bhinna kara detA hai / mila kA guNAtmaka bheda eNpikyUrasa ke siddhAnta kI yAda dilAtA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se mila kA siddhAnta adhika saMyata aura zreSTha hai / eNpikyUrasa ke mAnasika athavA bauddhika sukha kA siddhAnta apane-ApameM zreSTha nahIM hai / dIrghakAlInatA aura tIvratA ( adhika parimANa) usakI vAMchanIyatA ke kAraNa haiM / mila se pUrva ke sabhI sukhavAdiyoM (eNrisTipasa, eNpikyUrasa, paile, Adi) ne saba prakAra ke sukhoM ko samAna kahA hai / sukha kI vAMchanIyatA parimANa para nirbhara hai / mila parimANAtmaka bheda ke sAtha hI guNAtmaka bheda ko *258 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #160
bhI Avazyaka, nyAyasammata tathA satya mAnatA hai| usakA guNAtmaka bheda kA siddhAnta 'gaurava ke bodha' para nirbhara hai, vaha bauddhika mApadaNDa hai| sukhavAda ke anusAra hama usI bauddhika mApadaNDa ko svIkAra kara sakate haiM jo sukha ko icchA ke adhIna hai| kintu mila kA mApadaNDa indriya-AtmA ke Upara bauddhika AtmA ko sthApita karatA hai| 'gaurava kA bodha' evaM 'guNAtmaka bheda' usa bauddhika prAtmA kI pukAra hai jo 'pUrNatAvAda' kA AvAhana karatI hai| mila kA guNAtmaka bheda sukhavAda kA pUrNa khaNDana karatA hai, pUrNatAvAda kA jAne-anajAne meM samarthana karatA hai| ____sukhavAda kA Adarza vaiyaktika sukha hai, jo svArthamUlaka hai| mila ne use sAmAjika rUpa diyA, jisa rUpa meM vaha mahAn avazya hai, kintu sukhavAda nahIM hai| paramArtha ko sAmAjika jIvana ke lie anivArya mAnakara mila use Atma-sukha se sambaddha karatA hai| vaha sAmAjika racanA ke vikAsa aura saMgaThana ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAnya sakha meM pUrNa saMgati dekhatA hai| kintu prazna yaha hai ki aise niSkarSa para pahuMcanA kase sambhava hai ? mila isa samasyA kA samAdhAna Atmagata tarka aura vizvAsa ke AdhAra para karatA hai, jisase dArzanika tathA bauddhika santoSa nahIM hotaa| mila ke anusAra sadguNa anivArya aura Avazyaka haiM / kintu una sadguNoM ko manuSya kI vyAvasAyika buddhi svIkAra karatI hai, na ki sampUrNa praatmaa| mila dvArA svIkRta paramArtha vAstavika paramArthavAda nahIM hai, vaha ahaM para AdhArita pracchanna svArthavAda hai / manuSya kI mUla pravRtti svArthI hai| usakI vyAvasAyika buddhi usase sAmAjika AcaraNa, naitika Adeza aura Atma-tyAga ko svIkAra karane ke lie kahatI hai kyoMki ve usake svArthasAdhana ke lie kalyANakara haiM / sambhava hai, mila svayaM bhI yaha samajhatA thA ki svArtha aura paramArtha kA aisA samIkaraNa, jo vicAroM ke sAhacarya para nirbhara hai, asvAbhAvika hai aura cirasthAyI nahIM hai / isIlie zAyada mila ne svArtha aura paramArtha ke sambandha ko Antarika evaM ananya rUpa dene ke lie zaiphTsabarI, hacIsana aura hya ma kI bhA~ti hI kahA ki manuSya meM 'sAmAjika ekatA' kI bhAvanA nihita hai, usakA svabhAva pUrNa rUpa se sAmAjika hai, vaha sadaiva apane ko samAja kA aMga mAnatA hai aura vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika sukha meM saMgati evaM sAmaMjasya hai| usake anusAra sukha kA naitika mUlya sAmAjika hai aura sAmAjika sukha hI naitikatA kA mApadaNDa hai / sukha ke prAdarza ko pUrNa rUpa se sAmAjika banA denA hI mila ke siddhAnta kI viziSTatA aura zreSThatA hai / isa viziSTatA ke kAraNa sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 156 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #161
vaha sukhavAda se dUra to haTa jAtA hai, sAtha hI vaha saralatA aura spaSTatApUrvaka sAmAnya sakha kI dhAraNA ko bhI nahIM samajhA pAtA hai| vaha sAmAjika aMgAMgigAva (organic relation) kI dhAraNA para pahuMcane para bhI nahIM pahuMca paataa| parama svArthavAda ko apanA lene ke kAraNa vaha sAdhikAra evaM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se yaha nahIM kaha pAtA ki samAja aura vyakti kA sambandha ananya hai| . naitika sukhavAda kI AlocanA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda se adhika vyApaka : doharI kaThinAI-manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ne yaha jAnanA cAhA ki jIvana kA dhyeya kyA hai ? zubha kyA hai ? isI prazna ko naitika sukhavAda ne yaha kahakara sammukha rakhA : vyakti kA kyA kartavya hai ? donoM kA prazna mUlataH eka hI hai| donoM ke uttara bhI samAna haiM aura donoM kA lakSya bhI ekamAtra sakha hI hai| kintu phira bhI unake pratipAdana ke DhaMga meM, unakI praNAlI aura kartavya kI rUparekhA meM antara hai| unameM prAcInatA aura arvAcInatA kA bheda spaSTa hai| naitika saMkhavAda ne AzAvAda aura sukha ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko sammukha rakhA hai, ucita jJAna ke dvArA sukha kI prApti ko sambhava batalAyA hai| usane apane kSetra ko vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa taka hI sImita mahIM rakhA hai varana use mAnavatAvAdI banAyA hai / manovaijJAnika sakhavAda se isa bhA~ti Age bar3hane para bhI naitika sukhavAda apane siddhAnta meM saphala nahIM ho sakA hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda para apane siddhAnta ko AdhArita karane ke kAraNa usane apane sira para vipattiyoM kA pahAr3a le liyA hai / manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI mUlamata bhUla-manovaijJAnika bhrAnti ke kAraNa vaha usI kI taraha khaNDanIya aura mAdhArahIna to ho hI jAtA hai, usa para vaha virodhI vicAradhArAnoM ko milAne kA bhI vyartha prayAsa karatA hai| indriyajanya dhyeya ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt vaha upayogitAvAda ke sahAre vyakti aura samAja ke prazna ko uThAtA hai; parama svArtha ke sAtha parArtha ko milAnA cAhatA hai; sadguNa aura vyAvasAyika buddhi meM ekarUpatA sthApita karane kI ceSTA karatA hai / svArtha aura parArtha kA virodhapUrNa sAmaMjasya-mila aura baiMthama ke siddhAnta meM jo bAta atyadhika khalatI hai vaha hai vicAroM kI asaMgati / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne manovaijJAnika sukhavAda para apane siddhAnta ko AdhArita kiyaa| manovaijJAnika sUkhavAda kI bhrAntiyoM se to unakA siddhAnta krAnta ho hI jAtA hai, vaha nayI vipattiyoM ko bhI mola le lete haiN| manovaijJAnika sakhavAda ke 160 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #162
AdhAra para 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha' ko dhyeya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| sarvasAmAnya ke sukha ko yA to mUlagata naitika niyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, yA use pUrNa rUpa se arthahIna siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| manovaijJAnika sakhavAda kA anta haoNbsa kA parama svArthavAda hai| parama svArthavAda naitika niyamoM ko Atmagata mAnatA hai, vastugata nhiiN| upayogitAvAdiyoM ne sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI bhAMti naitika niyama ko vastugata satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura kahA ki sarvasAmAnya kA adhikatama sukha hI parama vAMchanIya dhyeya hai aura yahI karmoM ko bhI zAsita karatA hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ke AdhAra para usa dhyeya ko svIkAra karane ke lie yaha siddha karanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha kartA ke adhikatama sukha kI vRddhi karatA hai| sukhavAda apane mUla rUpa meM svArthamUlaka aura vaiyaktika hai| upayogitAvAdI kahate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti kI gaNanA eka hai, pratyeka apane lie hai| isa bAta se ve yaha pramANita nahIM kara sakate ki pratyeka sabake lie hai| upayogitAvAdI paramArthavAda athavA sArvabhaumika sakhavAda kI sthApanA ke lie jisa niSpakSatA kI AvazyakatA hai vaha sahajajJAnavAda dvArA hI use prApta ho sakatI hai| paramArtha ko bhAvanAoM para AdhArita nahIM kara skte| bhAvanAe~ eka ora to Atmagata aura svArthI hotI haiM aura dUsarI ora paramArthI tathA sahAnubhUtimUlaka / ina do virodhI pravRttiyoM meM binA buddhi kI sahAyatA ke sAmaMjasya sthApita karanA asambhava hai / anubhava yaha batalAtA hai ki buddhi se anirdezita bhAvanAeM vyakti ko sAmAjika banAne ke badale vaiyaktika banAtI haiN| mila svArtha se paramArtha para pahuMcane ke lie bhAvanAoM kI sahAyatA letA hai| tAkika pramANa, ekatA kI bhAvanA tathA sahAnubhUti dvArA apane siddhAnta ko sthApita karatA hai| usake prayAsa yaha siddha nahIM kara pAte ki paramArtha svArtha ke lie hitakara hai| bhAvanA dvArA vaha niSpakSatA bhI sambhava nahIM hai jo sukha kA vitaraNa karane ke lie Avazyaka hai| upayogitAvAdiyoM ne ahantAvAdI svArthavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jo naitika dRSTi se thothA hai| svArtha se paramArtha kI upajaH asambhava hai| mila gaurava ke bodha' kI zaraNa letA hai aura apracchanna rUpa se sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI kRtya buddhi (practical reason) ko mAnatA hai / yaha sukhavAda kA virodha karanA hai| - naitika kartavya tathA sadguNa ke lie sthAna nahIM hai-naitika sukhavAdiyoM ne 'manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko mUlagata siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke kAraNa yaha mAnA ki manuSya ke svabhAva kA niyama sukha kI khoja karanA hai / ataH yaha sukhavAda (parizeSa) / 161 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #163
naitika Adeza ki 'tumheM sukha khojanA cAhie' arthazUnya ho jAtA hai| yaha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki girate patthara se kahanA ki 'tumheM giranA caahie'| baiMthama spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki sukha-duHkha hI aucitya aura anaucitya ke mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karate haiM / prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kI bhA~ti mAnava-kArya-kalApoM ko 'kArya aura kAraNa' ke antargata samajha lene para manuSya bhI apane jIvana meM usI prakAra apane nirdiSTa dhyeya ko prApta kara sakatA hai jisa prakAra vanaspatiyA~, vakSa, pazupakSI Adi abauddhika aura nirjIva prANI prApta karate haiN| ve sacetana rUpa se prayAsa nahIM karate, prAkRtika niyama unheM apane-Apa dhyeya kI prApti karA dete haiN| kintu isa virodha ke hone para bhI sukhavAdiyoM ne kartavya ke sApekSa aura vyAvahArika mahattva ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| usakI utpatti aura AvazyakatA ko samajhAyA / baiMthama ke anusAra cAra bAhya Adeza haiM jinake kAraNa manuSya kartavya karane ke lie bAdhita hotA hai / mila, speMsara aura bena (Bain) ne Antarika Adeza ko pramukhatA dii| karmoM kI upayogitA kA antarbodha hI Adeza detA hai, jo unake anusAra Antarika Adeza hai / speMsara ne use yaha kahakara samajhAyA ki vikAsa ke krama meM manuSya usa niyama ko apanA letA hai athavA usakA svecchA se pAlana karatA hai jo prArambha meM use vAtAvaraNa, paristhiti evaM samAja dvArA diyA gayA thA arthAt bAhya niyama kAlakrama meM prAntarika niyama pratIta hotA hai| sukhavAda isa prakAra kartavya ke mUla kAraNa ko nahIM samajha sakatA hai| uparyukta siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vaha kartavya ko nyAyasammata tathA zAzvata nahIM ThaharA sakatA hai| kartavya eka vyAvahArika AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai| vaha apane-ApameM mUlyarahita hai| jisa bhAvanA ne kartavya kI dhAraNA ko janma diyA hai vaha Atmagata aura parivartanazIla hai| vaha kartavya ko usa parama Adeza ke rUpa meM Aropita nahIM kara sakatI jo vastugata aura sArvabhauma hai| sukhavAda ke anusAra karmoM kA preraka kartavya kA vicAra nahIM hai| yahA~ taka ki yadi kisI anya preraNA se prerita hokara karma kiye jAyeM aura usakA kartavya kI bhAvanA se virodha nahIM hai to vaha karma ucita hai / "vaha vyakti, jo dUsare ko DUbane se bacAtA hai, naitika rUpa se ucita karma karatA hai| usakA dhyeya kartavya karanA hai athavA usa karma ke lie puraskRta honA, yaha mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai|" sukhavAdI siddhAnta mAnava-cetanA ke sammukha eka atyanta tuccha Adarza rakhatA hai| vaha yaha na kahakara ki manuSya kA kyA kartavya hai aura vaha saMskRti 162 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #164
aura sabhyatA ke kisa gaurava-zikhara taka pahuMca sakatA hai, yaha batalAtA hai ki svArthapUrNa dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie vyAvasAyika buddhi kisa cANakya-nIti ko apanAtI hai| usake anusAra kartavya lAbhaprada sAdhanoM kA sUcaka hai| vyAvasAyika buddhi kA nAma sadaguNa hai| naitikatA prAtmasvArtha kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| naitika cetanA sUkha kI vaha bhAvanA hai jo sadaiva lAbhaprada aura upayogI niyamoM ko cunatI hai| zubha aura azubha kA bheda sApekSa hai| vyAvasAyika buddhi kI yogyatA aura ayogyatA hI zubha-azubha ko nirdhArita karatI hai| naitikatA kA tattvArtha yaha hai ki zubha aura azubha kA bheda siddhAnta kA bheda hai| sukhavAda naitikatA ko samajhAne ke badale usa prazna se hI katarA jAtA hai / vaha manuSya kI svastha naitika cetanA ko nahIM samajhA paataa| yaha satya hai ki yogya prabuddha vyaktiyoM ne use siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA, kintu phira bhI yaha siddhAnta apane vAstavika rUpa meM sarala zuddha sadvicAroM ko marmAntaka pIr3A pahu~cAtA sukhavAdI gaNanA asambhava-baiMthama ne 'naitika gaNita' ko svIkAra karake yaha samajhAyA ki azubha karma naitika gaNita kI bhUla ke sUcaka haiM / usakA yaha vizvAsa thA ki sukha ko taula sakate haiN| usakA nizcita aura samAna rUpa se pratyeka meM vitaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / upayogitAvAdiyoM ke anusAra sukha usa bhAvanAtmaka mudrA ke samAna hai jisakI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai aura jisakA aMzoM evaM bhAgoM meM vitaraNa sambhava hai, arthAt unake anusAra sukha kA mUlya nirapekSa aura vyakti kI ruci se svatantra hai| unakI yaha 'naitika gaNanA' bhrAntipUrNa hai| sakha una rupayoM-paisoM kI bhA~ti nahIM hai jinakA ki hisAba rakhA jA sakatA hai, jinakI ki nirapekSa gaNanA sambhava hai| sukha bhAvanAmAtra hai / yaha bhAvanA sApekSa aura prAtmagata hai| isakA koI vastuparaka AdhAra nahIM hai| yaha vibhinna mAnasika aura bhautika sthitiyoM kI sUcaka hai aura paristhiti, manodazA tathA svabhAva para nirbhara hai| eka hI vastu eka hI vyakti ke lie do bhinna paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa sukhaprada aura duHkhaprada ho sakatI hai| sukha kA apanI utpAdaka vastu se tathA vyakti kI ruci se anivArya sambandha hai| sakha ko jor3a nahIM sakate haiN| usakA parimANAtmaka mUlya A~kanA avyAvahArika hai| mila ne guNAtmaka bheda ko mAnakara eka nayI kaThinAI utpanna kara dii| guNoM kI tulanA rAziyoM se karanA taba taka saMgata nahIM hai jaba taka ki kisI bhA~ti unako rAziyoM meM pariNata na kiyA jA sake / mila guNa aura rAzi donoM ko hI mAnatA hai, kintu sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 163 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #165
bAlU ke Dhera kI tulanA sone ke kaNa se karanA sambhava nahIM hai / guNa ke sAtha hI parimANa yA rAzi ko mahattva denA avyAvahArika aura avAstavika hai / sarvottama guNa kI icchA sukha kI icchA nahIM hai / yaha apratyakSa rUpa se naye mApadaNDa ko mAnanA hai / 164 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #166
12 sukhavAda (parizeSa) sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda sijavika-henarI sijavika' ne sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda' kA pratipAdana kiyaa| unhoMne sahajavizvAsa ke AdhAra para kucha bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| pratyeka satya ko svIkAra karane ke pUrva apanI gUr3ha aura gahana vizleSaNa-zakti dvArA usake saba pakSoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki mila se prabhAvita hone para bhI unhoMne use pUrNa rUpa se svIkAra nahIM kiyA varan mila ke upayogitAvAda kA sahajajJAnavAda ke sAtha samanvaya kiyaa| naitika siddhAnta kA lakSya-sijavika ke anusAra naitika siddhAnta usa bauddhika praNAlI ko apanAtA hai jisake dvArA yaha nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai ki pratyeka manuSya ko kyA karanA cAhie athavA vaha kauna-sA zubha hai jise manuSya svecchAkRta karmoM dvArA prApta kara sakatA hai| naitika Adarza kAlpanika nahIM, vAstavika jIvana para prAdhArita hai| naitika 'cAhie' kA svarUpa 'kyA hai' para nirbhara hai| usake lie jIvana kI vAstavika ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI se jJAta ho sakatA hai ki manuSya kI sambhAvanAe~ aura sImAe~ kyA haiM; vaha kisa dhyeya kI prApti karanA cAhatA hai| usakI prApti ke lie kisa sAdhana kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai; kauna-sA prAcaraNa zubha hai, ityAdi / AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya ke bAre meM jo naitika niyama aura bauddhika nideza (precept) milate haiM unakI satyatA kI khoja aura jAMca karanI caahie| saMkSepa meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA ke lie mAnava-jIvana evaM mAnava-svabhAva kA sarvAMgINa jJAna anivArya hai| usI dhyeya ko 'Adarza' mAna sakate haiM jo 1. Henry Sidgwick, 1838-1900. 2. Intuitional utilitarianism. sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 165 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #167
prayAsa dvArA prApta ho sakatA hai aura usI niyama ko naitika kaha sakate haiM jo isa dRSTi (vyAvahArika) se upayogI ho| pAlocanAtmaka pakSa : sahajajJAnavAda aura sukhavAda kA samanvaya-sijavika apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana mila, kANTa aura baTalaraM ke siddhAntoM kI vizeSatAoM aura durbalatAoM ko dikhAte hue karatA hai| usakI naitika Adarza kI vyAkhyA sukhavAda (upayogitAvAda) aura sahajajJAnavAda meM samanvaya kI apekSA rakhatI hai| sijavika usa siddhAnta ko sahajajJAnavAda kahatA hai jisake anusAra vaha AcaraNa zubha hai jo kartavya ke una nidezoM ke anurUpa hai jinakI nirapekSa anivAryatA (unconditionally binding) sahajajJAna dvArA siddha hotI hai| isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para paramazubha kI dhAraNA ucita AcaraNa ko nirdhArita karane ke lie anivArya rUpa se mahattva nahIM rkhtii| usakI mahattA isa para nirbhara hai ki ucita AcaraNa hI manuSya kA paramazubha hai| vaha caritra kI pUrNatA hai| sijavika yaha mAnatA hai ki sahajajJAnavAda kartavyarata AcaraNa (vaha karma jo kartavya ke nidezoM ke anurUpa ho) ko mahattva detA hai, na ki paramazubha ko| vaha isa tathya ko vyApaka rUpa detA hai ki paramazubha kI pUrNadhAraNA athavA mAnava-kalyANa, kartavya aura sukha donoM kI bhAvanA kA samAveza karatA hai / karma karane ke lie jaba vyakti prerita hotA hai to kevala usake sammukha naitika vicAra hI nahIM rahatA, kintu usakI icchAe~ aura pravRttiyA~ bhI use karmarata karatI haiN| sijavika mAnava-jIvana ke vyApaka adhyayana kI duhAI dekara svArtha aura paramArtha, sUkhavAda aura sahajajJAnavAda meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karatA hai| sthUla dRSTi se lagatA hai ki ye donoM do bhinna dRSTikoNa haiM, para vAstava meM paramazubha kI dhAraNA ina donoM ke binA apUrNa hai| "mujhe sahajajJAnavAda aura upayogitAvAda meM koI virodha nahIM dIkhA mujhe aisA lagA ki mila aura baiMthama ke upayogitAvAda ko eka prAdhAra kI AvazyakatA hai aura yaha AdhAra use kevala mUlagata sahajajJAnavAda se prApta ho sakatA hai| dUsarI ora jaba maiMne sAmAnya buddhi-sUlabha naitikatA (morality of common sense) kA yathAzakti pUrNa nirIkSaNa kiyA to mujhe una niyamoM ke atirikta anya koI spaSTa aura svataHsiddha niyama nahIM mile jinakI ki upayogitAvAda ke sAtha pUrNa saMgati ho / ' sijavika yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki upayogitAvAda 1. Sidgwick : The Methods of Ethics Preface, pp. XX-XXI. 166 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #168
aura sahajajJAnavAda eka-dUsare se alaga hokara, apane-ApameM apUrNa haiN| isa apUrNatA ko samajhAne evaM donoM ke samanvaya kIra thApanA karane ke lie ve mila, kANTa aura baTalara ke siddhAnta ke prAMzika satyoM ko lakSita karate haiN| unhoMne yaha svIkAra karate hue ki sukha hI ekamAtra dhyeya hai, sukhavAdiyoM ke viruddha ghoSita kiyA ki manuSya svabhAvavaza sadaiva sukha kI khoja nahIM karatA / manuSya ko sukha kI khoja karanI cAhie, yaha viveka-sammata hai| isa prakAra unhoMne sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra ke badale bauddhika AdhAra diyaa| athavA manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kA khaNDana kara naitika sukhavAda evaM upayogitAvAda ko svIkAra kiyaa| mila ne saiddhAntika rUpa se sakhavAdI manovijJAna ko ucita batalAyA; kintu jaba vaha vyAvahArika pakSa para pahuMcA to usane sAmAjika AcaraNa (parArtha) ko mahattva diyaa| sahAnubhUti dvArA kartavya aura Atma-svArtha meM aikya sthApita kiyaa| sijavika vyApaka sahAnubhUtipUrNa karmoM kI mahattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| kintu mila ke viruddha kahate haiM ki virale hI vyakti aise mileMge jo apane parivAra aura priya janoM ke Age mAnava-samAja kI cintA kreNge| mila sukha kI icchA kA vicAra sAhacarya dvArA 'sadguNa ke prati niHsvArtha prema' meM parivartana mAna letA hai| mila ne jisa prakAra kartavya aura svArtha ke virodha ko dUra kiyA use sijavika dArzanika rUpa se santoSaprada nahIM maantaa| sijavika kahatA hai ki mila ne manovaijJAnika sukhavAda (pratyeka vyakti apanA sukha khojatA hai) aura naitika sukhavAda (pratyeka vyakti ko janasAmAnya kA sukha khojanA cAhie) donoM ko hI svIkAra kara eka AkarSaka kintu asaMgatipUrNa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| uparyakta donoM 'vAda' paraspara-virodhI haiN| eka prAtmasukha kA poSaka hai to dUsarA AtmatyAga kA (vizeSakara jisa rUpa ko mila ne svIkAra kiyA hai)| svArtha aura paramArtha ke prazna ko baiMthama sAMsArika anubhava ke nAma para sulajhAtA hai aura mila AtmatyAga ke guNagAna dvArA athavA gaurava-bodha aura vicAra-sahayoga dvArA / yaha samAdhAna sijavika ke anusAra atyanta chichalA, aparyApta aura mahattvahIna hai| karmoM ko samajhane ke lie kevala anubhava hI paryApta nahIM hai| use sAmAnyabodha (common sense) se saMyukta karanA bhI anivArya hai| akelA anubhava athavA prayogajJAna aksara ThIka nahIM hotA hai| use ucita aura nizcita jJAna kI ora le jAne ke lie sAmAnya bodha kI kasauTI para kasanA hotA hai| anubhavamAtra para AdhArita sukhavAdI gaNanA vyartha hai| upayogitAvAda kI asaMgatiyoM aura sukhavAda (parizeSa) / 167 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #169
asAmaMjasya ko dUra karane ke lie sijavika use naitika sahajajJAna se sambaddha karate haiN| sahajajJAna kI khoja meM ve kANTa ke naitika darzana se prabhAvita hokara usake mUlagata nItivAkya (usa siddhAnta ke anusAra karma karo jisake bAre meM tuma yaha bhI icchA kara sako ki vaha eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jAye) kI satyatA aura mahattva ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| unake anusAra yaha eka aisA nItivAkya hai jisakA ki buddhi anumodana karatI hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki isake AdhAra para vAstavika jIvana meM jo svArtha aura kartavya ke bIca dvandva utpanna ho jAtA hai use kaise sulajhAyA jA sakatA hai ? isameM sandeha nahIM ki vizva ke dRSTikoNa se alpa sukha kI tulanA meM adhika sukha viveka-sammata hai, cAhe alpa sakha vyakti kA sakha kyoM na ho| kintu viveka yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki vyakti ko apane sukha kA varaNa karanA cAhie / arthAt Atma-tyAga aura Atma-sneha donoM hI vicArasaMgata haiN| isa niSkarSa para pahuMcane ke sAtha hI sijavika baTalara, kANTa aura mila se dUra pahuMca jAte haiM / apane usa kathana kI puSTi karane ke abhiprAya se ve baTalara ke siddhAnta para punarvicAra kara usa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki baTalara ke antarbodha meM unakA siddhAnta dhvanita hotA hai| baTalara ke anusAra cintana, manana evaM antarAvalokana batalAtA hai ki antarbodha kA Adeza parama Adeza hai| sijavika antarbodha ke Adeza ko buddhi kA Adeza kahakara yaha siddha karanA cAhate haiM ki ve antarbodha, upayogitAvAda aura vicArasaMgata bauddhika Atma-prema (rational self-love) meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kara sakate haiN| ve baTalara ke siddhAnta se una aMzoM ko khojate haiM jo pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa se prAtma-prema kA anumodana kreN| baTalara eka sthala para kahate haiM, "svArtha, merA apanA sakha, spaSTa kartavya hai|" use hI baTalara bauddhika Atmaprema kahate haiN| kintu ve Atma-prema tathA antarbodha meM virodha mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki vaha 'zAsanakI zakti kA dvaita' (dualism of governing faculty) hai| sijavika use 'vyAvahArika buddhi kA dvaita' (dualism of the practical reason) kahate haiN| unake anusAra vahI Adeza mAnane yogya hai jo bauddhika hai| baTalara se prabhAvita hokara ve kahate haiM ki manuSya ke karma 37 farfarei (disinterested) 70 Fret RTFatraft (extra-regarding) pravRttiyoM se bhI prerita hote haiM jinakA vaiyaktika sukha se koI sambandha nhiiN| yahA~ para ve vAstava meM mila ke siddhAnta ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra ko chor3a dete haiM / ve manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko doSapUrNa batalAkara yaha kahate haiM ki yadi 168 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #170
sukha ke prati Avega atyanta pravala hai to vaha apane dhyeya ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| unake anusAra sukha icchA kA svAbhAvika viSaya nahIM hai, vaha ucita viSaya hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda aura naitika sukhavAda prApasa meM virodhapUrNa haiM / yadi manovaijJAnika sukhavAda yaha kahatA hai ki mere lie apane adhikatama sukha ke atirikta kisI anya viSaya ko lakSya (jaise adhikatama saMkhyA kA sukha) banAnA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se asambhava hai to usa asambhava viSaya ko kartavya batalAnA bhrAntipUrNa hai| vahI karma naitika kartavya ke antargata A sakate haiM jinako karanA vyakti ke lie sambhava hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jo anya saba virodhI naitika siddhAntoM kA khaNDana karatA hai| ataH use svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yaha kahanA ki 'apane adhikatama sukha kI khoja karanA vyakti kA kartavya hai' tabhI yuktisaMgata ho sakatA hai jabaki usake lie manovaijJAnika rUpa se anya viSayoM kI khoja karanA bhI sambhava ho, anyathA uparyukta kathana vyartha hai| kartavya ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie yaha samajhAnA Avazyaka hai ki ekamAtra sukha kI preraNA se vyakti karma nahIM krtaa| preraNAe~ kaI haiN| ucita preraNA (kartavya) kA anya preraNAnoM se virodha hone para bhI vyakti use cunatA hai, usake anukUla karma karatA hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda naitika svArtha-sukhavAda (haoNbsa) kI sthApanA taka nahIM kara sakatA / yadi pratyeka kSaNa vyakti adhika sukha kI cintA kare to vaha apane hI adhikatama sukha kA nAza kregaa| sukha-prApti kI tIvra icchA ke kAraNa vaha usa sukha se saMyukta pariNAmoM ko nahIM samajha pAyegA aura zIghratA ke kAraNa usa tAtkAlika sukha kA varaNa kara legA jo ki kSaNika aura nikaTa hai| manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ko tyAjya ghoSita karake tathA naitika sukhavAda ko mAnate hue sijavika sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda kI sthApanA karate haiN| ve isa manovaijJAnika satya ko 'mAnate haiM ki manuSya ke karma niHsvArtha pravRttiyoM dvArA bhI prerita hote haiN| udAharaNArtha, paropakAra (benevolence) niHsvArtha pravRtti hai| manuSya meM dUsaroM ke sukha ke lie karma karane kI icchA hai / usako santuSTa karane ke lie vaha apane svArtha kA nirAkaraNa karanA apanA kartavya mAnatA hai| manuSya meM ucita aura viveka-sammata karma karane kI icchA hotI hai| yaha icchA baTalara ke antarbodha ke Adeza athavA kANTa ke naitika niyama ke prati Adara kI dhAraNA ke samAna hai| isa satya kA jJAna sijavika ke siddhAnta ko baTalara ke siddhAnta se yukta kara detA hai / mUlagata naitika sahajajJAna sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi ko sarvocca sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 169 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #171
prAdarza ke rUpa meM samajhA sakatA hai| use anubhava ke AdhAra para nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA / henarI mUra' aura klArka' ke siddhAnta meM sijavika ko yaha svataHsiddha vAkya milA ki "bauddhika prANI sArvabhauma sukha ko lakSya mAnane ke lie bAdhya hai|" kintu prazna yaha hai ki sahajajJAna ke niyamoM ke vidhAna ko kaise samajhA jA sakatA hai ? vaha kaise bodhagamya hotA hai ? sarvasAmAnya kI cetanA dvArA prApta antarbodha ko svIkAra karanA dArzanika dRSTi meM ucita nahIM hai| sahajajJAna ke vidhAna ko antarbodha nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| usako samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki sAmAnyabodha kI naitikatA ke niyama kI tulanA dvArA tathA bauddhika cintana dvArA saMgatipUrNa vidhAna banA liyA jAya / una niyamoM ko svIkRta kara liyA jAya jo spaSTa, saMgatipUrNa aura adhikAMza vyaktiyoM dvArA svIkRta hoN| isa prakAra sAmAnyabodha kI naitikatA ke niSpakSa parIkSaNa dvArA use jJAta huA ki sAmAnyabodha kI naitikatA una niyamoM kA nirmANa karatI hai jo sAmAnya sakha kI vRddhi karate haiN| aise sahaja nirNaya anAyAsa hI yaha siddha karate haiM ki mAnasa meM kucha parama naitika satya haiN| ve isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki upayogitAvAda aura sahajajJAnavAda meM virodha nahIM hai kintu svArtha aura kartavya meM avazya virodha hai| usa virodha ko yaha mAnakara dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vizva kA vidhAna naitika hai (kANTa aura baTalara) aura svArtha tathA paramArtha donoM ke hI lie vidhAna meM samAna sthAna hai| . bauddhika upayogitAvAda : dArzanika sahajajJAnavAda-sukhavAdiyoM ne paramazubha ke svarUpa ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| usako bhAvanA ke rUpa meM smjhaayaa| unake anusAra jIvana kA carama dhyeya bauddhika yA viveka-sammata nahIM hai, vaha indriyazubha hai| vaha zubha cAhe vyakti kA ho athavA samAja kA, apane mUla rUpa meM vaha bhAvanAtmaka hai| mila aura baiMthama ne svArtha aura paramArtha meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karanA caahaa| vikAsavAdiyoM ne sahAnubhUti aura vikAsa ke niyama dvArA usa kaThinAI ko hala karanA caahaa| sijavika yaha kahate haiM ki bhAvanA dvArA usa dvandva ko dUra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / buddhi dvArA hI usa virodha kI nivRtti ho sakatI hai| ve upayogitAvAda ko bauddhika prAdhAra dekara svArtha aura paramArtha ke virodha ko dUra karate haiN| buddhi vyavasthApaka tattva (regulative: 1. Henry More. 2. Clarke. . 170 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #172
principle) hai| vaha zubha kA vitaraNa karatI hai| pUrva ke upayogitAvAdiyoM kI bhA~ti sijavika ne sahAnubhUti, vicAra-sAhacarya Adi kI zaraNa lekara manovaijJAnika pramANa nahIM diye, kintu tArkika pramANa diye| ve pramANa kahA~ taka saphala haiM ise sijavika ke siddhAnta kA adhyayana hI btlaayegaa| mila aura baiMthama ke siddhAnta kI tulanA meM sijavika kA siddhAnta bauddhika upayogitAvAda (rational utilitarianism) kA poSaka hai| upayogitAvAda ko bauddhika AdhAra dene ke prayAsa meM unhoMne use sahajajJAnavAda se saMyUkta kiyaa| sukha hI paramazubha hai-dArzanika sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitAvAda ke prAdhAra para sijavika yaha mAnatA hai ki vAMchanIya cetanA (desirable conscious-- ness) hI paramazubha hai / vAMchanIya cetanA ke dvArA vaha sAmAnya zubha yA sAmAnya sukha ko mahattva detA hai| apane usa kathana kI puSTi meM vaha kahatA hai ki yadi zAntipUrvaka vicAra kareM to mAlUma hogA ki una AdarzoM kA mUlya, jinheM adhikAMza vyakti mahattva dete haiM, sApekSa hai| unheM mahattva isalie nahIM diyA jAtA ki ve apane-ApameM zubha haiM varan isalie ki ve bhAvajIvI prANI (sentiment being) ke sakha kA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM utpAdana karate haiN| adhikatara yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki cetanA kI kucha sthitiyA~-satya kA bodha, saundarya kI bhAvanA, svatantratA yA sadaguNa kI prApti kA saMkalpa-apane-ApameM vAMchanIya haiM, kintu vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jJAna, saundarya, sadguNa, satya, svatantratA Adi sukha kI prApti ke lie sAdhanamAtra hai / vaha apane-ApameM vAMchanIya nahIM hai| sArvabhauma sukha ananta bhAvajIvI prANiyoM kI vAMchanIya cetanA yA bhAvanA ko apanI vyApakatA, mahattA aura sthiratA ke kAraNa anAyAsa hI AkRSTa karatA hai| apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa vaha kalpanA ko pUrNa tRpta karatA hai / usakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki sArvabhauma sukha vaiyaktika sukha kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| buddhi batAtI hai ki vyakti jo vizva kA eka aMga hote hue bhI apanA nijatva rakhatA hai-kA apanA sukha usakA carama dhyeya hai| sAtha hI vaha ananta bhAvajIviyoM ke sukha kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara sakatA hai kyoMki vizva meM vahI ekamAtra bhAvajIvI nahIM hai| ataH usake lie vAstavika rUpa se viveka-sammata yaha hai ki vaha apane sukha kA dUsaroM ke adhikatama sukha ke lie tyAga kare / jIvana kA dhyeya eka hI hai aura vaha sukha hai / kintu buddhi batalAtI hai ki usa sukha ko vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa aura samaSTi ke dRSTikoNa se samajhanA caahie| una donoM meM bheda nahIM hai| donoM hI samAna rUpa se vivekasammata haiM / ataH sijavika sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 171 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kahate haiM ki bhAvajIviyoM ke paramazubha kI vyavasthita saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA yahI kahakara dI jA sakatI hai ki sArvabhauma sukha hI sAmAnya vyeya hai| . sukha-vitaraNa kI samasyA : nyAya, prAtmaprema, paropakAritA-jIvana kA dhyeya bhAvanAtmaka dhyeya evaM sukha hai / sukha zubha hai| vyaktiyoM ke zubha kA jJAna batalAtA hai ki vaha samaSTi kA sArvabhauma zubha (total or universal) good) hai| vyakti aura usake anubhava usa zubha ke nirmANAtmaka aMga haiN| manuSya kA kartavya hai ki vaha zubha kI parama saMkhyA taka vRddhi kare / usake lie una niyamoM ke pAlana karane kI AvazyakatA hai jo adhikatama parimANa meM sArvabhauma zabha ke utpAdana meM sahAyaka hoN| sijavika yahA~ para una niyamoM kI aora se sAvadhAna karate haiM jo ki sarvasAmAnya ke bodha kA samarthana pAne ke kAraNa prAyaH naitika lagate haiN| svataHsiddha naitika niyamoM ke vidhAna ko samajhane ke lie dArzanika sahajajJAna Avazyaka hai| sijavika kahate haiM ki jaba atyanta spaSTa aura nizcita sahajalabdha naitika niyamoM para cintana karatA hU~ taba mujhe jitane spaSTa aura nizcita rekhAgaNita yA gaNita ke svataHsiddha vAkya lagate haiM utane hI spaSTa aura nizcita, nissandeha, yaha bhI lagatA hai ki mere lie yaha ucita aura bauddhika hai ki maiM dUsaroM ke prati vaisA hI vyavahAra karUM jaisA ki maiM samAna paristhiti meM socatA hUM ki mere prati honA cAhie, aura mujhe vahI karanA cAhie jo sArvabhauma zubha yA sukha kA utpAdana kare / yaha sijavika ko nyAya yA samAnatA kA svataHsiddha siddhAnta (The axiom of Justice or Equality) detA hai / nyAya kA artha kevala niyama ke anusAra karma karanA nahIM hai / vaha usase bhI vyApaka tathA samAnatA kA poSaka hai| nyAya andha-samAnatA meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| usakI samAnatA niSpakSatA kI sUcaka hai / nyAya kA siddhAnta batAtA hai ki vyakti samAna haiM aura eka hI varga kI samagratA ke aMga haiN| vyakti kA sampUrNa zubha usa varga kI samagratA ke zubha ko prastuta karatA hai| nyAya batAtA hai ki vyakti athavA jAti ke sampUrNa sukha athavA adhikatama sukha ko apanA lakSya banAnA cAhie tathA jIvana ke saba kSaNoM ko samAna mahattva denA caahie| sijavika meM dUsarA nItivAkya bauddhika prAtmaprema yA vyAvahArika viveka (rational self-love or prudence) kA milatA hai| isake anusAra vyakti ko apane zubha ko dhyeya banAnA caahie| vyakti ko apane cetana jIvana meM saba aMgoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se samAna mahattva denA cAhie / AgAmI pratyeka kSaNa ko utanA hI mahattva denA cAhie jitanA ki vaha vartamAna ko detA hai| kSudra vartamAna sukha ko 172 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhaviSya ke adhika sukha ke badale nahIM cunanA cAhie aura na nizcita vartamAna sukha ko anizcita bhaviSya ke sukha ke lie hI chor3anA cAhie / sukha ko cunate samaya bhalI-bhA~ti hita-ahita ko samajha lenA caahie| apane jIvana ke kArya-kalApoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se samajhanA, apanA sukha cunate samaya vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke sukhoM ko barAbara mUlyavAn mAnanA yaha bauddhika Atma-prema kA sandeza hai| yadi sirenaiksa ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kareM to bhAvanA vartamAna jIvana ko hI sabakucha mAnatI hai, kintu sijavika ke anusAra jIvana meM buddhi ke sthAna ko nahIM bhUlanA cAhie / buddhi hI jIvana meM sukha kA ucita vitaraNa karatI hai| vyakti ko samasta jIvana ke sukha athavA pUrNa zubha kI khoja karanI cAhie / jaba hama vyakti ke pUrNa zubha ke bAre meM socate haiM to hameM tIsarA nItivAkya milatA hai / yaha bauddhika paropakAritA kA svataHsiddha kathana (The axiom of Rational Benevolence) hai / vyaktiyoM ke zubha kI tulanA aura unakA jor3a 'sArvabhauma zabha' kI dhAraNA ko lAtA hai| samagratA aura usake aMzoM kA sambandha yaha batalAtA hai ki vizva ke dRSTikoNa se kisI eka vyakti kA sakha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki kisI anya vyakti kA / anya vyaktiyoM kI tulanA meM kisI vyakti ke sukha ko tabhI mahattva de sakate haiM jabaki usase adhika sukha prApta hone ke asAdhAraNa kAraNa ho / buddhi batalAtI hai ki vyakti ke jIvana kA dhyeya usakA apanA hI sukha nahIM hai varan sAmAnya sukha hai| buddhi svArtha aura paramArtha ko yakta karatI hai| mila kI bhAMti sijavika upayogitAvAda kA manovaijJAnika pramANa nahIM dete, tAkika pramANa dete haiM / buddhi ke lie pratyeka vyakti bhAvajIvI hai| pratyeka ko sukha bhogane kA adhikAra hai| buddhi ke sammukha 'merA-terA' kA bhada nahIM hai| pratyeka sArvabhauma zubha kA aMga hai| usake sukha kA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA ki kisI dUsare aMga kaa| vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika sukha donoM kI samAna rUpa se vRddhi kI AvazyakatA hai| buddhi batalAtI hai ki vyakti kA sukha usake lie pramukha rUpa se zubha hai| isase yaha upalakSita hotA hai ki dUsaroM kA zubha bhI samAna mahattva kA hai| . sahajajJAnavAdI upayogitA ke sAtha sukhavAda kI AlocanA sijavika ke siddhAnta kA mUlya-sijavika ke siddhAnta meM naitika niSThA milatI hai / ve mukta hRdaya se sacce naitika niyamoM ko samajhAne ke lie udyata sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 173 For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM, jinake lie unhoMne gambhIra AlocanAtmaka paddhati ko apanAyA hai| uttarapratyuttara dvArA naitika praznoM kI gaharAI aura vyApakatA donoM ko hI samajhanA cAhA hai / vibhinna siddhAntoM kA parIkSaNa karake unhoMne naitika satya ko samajhane kI ceSTA kI hai| apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate samaya eka ora to ve kANTa ke niSpakSatA (samAnatA) ke siddhAnta se prabhAvita hue haiM, dUsarI ora baTalara ke prAtmaprema se aura tIsarI ora upayogitAvAda se / ina tattvoM ko ekatA ke sA~ce meM DhAlane ke lie unhoMne sAmAnyabodha ko sahajajJAnavAda kI kasauTI 'para kasA / mahat dArzanika cintana kI tUlikA ko isa mizrita raMga meM Dubokara unhoMne jisa natika satya kA citra banAyA hai vaha apanI sarvagrAhI pravRtti ke kAraNa apanA santulana kho baiThA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki sijavika kA siddhAnta pUrvavartI naitika siddhAntoM se adhika vyavasthita, vyApaka tathA gar3ha hai| 'phira bhI yaha mAnanA par3egA ki jisa gambhIra satarkatA ke sAtha tathA naitika pUrvagrahoM se mukta hokara, ve apane darzana kA prArambha karate haiM aura usake vibhinna viSayoM aura sUkSmatama pahaluoM ko uThAte haiM, anta meM ve apane vicAroM ke 'pArasparika virodhoM ke kAraNa pAThakoM ko utanA hI nirAza bhI kara dete haiN| ___ svArtha-paramArtha kA anamela milApa-dArzanika sahajajJAnavAda ko mAnane ke kAraNa ve yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA kA AdhAra bauddhika yA anubhavanirapekSa nirNaya hai| jahA~ taka vyakti ke naitika karma kI preraNA kA sambandha hai, 'sijavika 'sahajajJAnavAdI' yA 'buddhivAdI' haiM / ve sukhavAdI vahIM taka haiM jahA~ taka ki unakI parama yA sArvabhauma zubha ke svarUpa kI dhAraNA kA prazna hai aura tadanusAra hI unake naitika mApadaNDa kA dRSTikoNa hai| vAstava meM unakA siddhAnta buddhivAda aura sukhavAda athavA sahajajJAnavAda aura upayogitAvAda kA asaMgatipUrNa mela hai| vaha ina donoM ke virodha ko dUra nahIM kara pAyA / sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kI tArkika anurUpatA ko siddha karane ke prayAsa meM sijavika asaphala rhe| unake siddhAnta kI mUla kaThinAI kA patA taba calatA hai jaba kartavya kI bauddhika 'dhAraNA (paramArtha) aura manuSya ke vAstavika zubha (svArtha) ke sAmaMjasya kI vyAvahArika kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai| 'vyAvahArika viveka kA dvaita' svArtha aura paramArtha ke vRtta meM ghUmatA hai| sukhavAda ko mAnane para paropakAritA ke ucca Adarza ko prApta karanA samatala bhUmi meM cakkara lagAkara parvatazikhara para 1. Rashdall-The Theory of Good & Evil, Vol. I, p. 53. 274 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #176
ArUr3ha hone ke samAna asambhava hai| sukha aura prAnanda-sukhavAdiyoM ne naitika dhyeya ko sukha (pleasure) aura Ananda (happiness) zabdoM ke dvArA samajhAyA hai| inheM ve paryAyavAcI mAnate haiM / arastU ne isa para acchI taraha prakAza DAlA hai ki sukha aura Ananda eka nahIM haiN| usane kahA ki isameM matabheda nahIM ki dhyeya Ananda hai; kintu Ananda kI paribhASA meM avazya matabheda hai| kucha logoM ne Ananda kI vyAkhyA sukha ke artha meM kI hai jo anucita hai| sukha vaha bhAvanA hai jo viziSTa icchAoM, sahajapravRttiyoM tathA AvegoM kI santuSTi ke sAtha rahatA hai / "Ananda vaha bhAvanA hai jo usa bodha ke sAtha AtA hai jo ki kSaNika indriya-sukhoM kI pUrti ke atirikta unako santuSTa na kara sakane kI asaphalatA athavA asvIkRti ke duHkha ke sAtha hote hue bhI sAdhAraNataH AtmA kI samagratA kI pUrti karatA hai / '' saba icchAoM kI sAmaMjasyapUrNa prApti hI Ananda hai| vaha prAtma-prApti (selfrealisation) kI sthiti hai| ise hI grIna Atma-santoSa (self.satisfaction) kI sthiti kahatA hai| use prApta karane ke lie vyakti adhikatama parimANa ke sukha ke prati udAsIna hokara asahya kaSTa uThAtA hai / Ananda apaneApameM kalyANa (welfare) kA sUcaka hai| kalyANa bhAvajIvI kA kalyANa nahIM, sampUrNa AtmA kA kalyANa hai| sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra sukha bhAvanAmoM aura icchAyoM kI tRpti kA sUcaka hai| isa prartha meM vaha kSaNika aura sApekSa hai| usakA sambandha viziSTa karma se hai| prAnanda samagra sakriya AtmA (total active self) kA kalyANa hai| vaha nitya aura sArvabhauma hai| usakA dhyeya kevala bhAvanAtmaka sukha nahIM, kintu bauddhika sukha bhI hai| vaha sampUrNa AtmA evaM usa karmarata saMkalpa-zakti kA kalyANa hai jo buddhi aura bhAvanA kA yoga hai| __ jIvana kA dhyeya AtmasantoSa yA AtmakalyANa hai| vaha sukhada avazya hai, kintu sukha nahIM hai| sijavika ne anya sakhavAdiyoM kI bhAMti sakhada aura sakha ko eka hI le liyaa| ve mila kI usa bhUla se apane ko mukta nahIM kara pAye jisake kAraNa vaha kahatA hai ki 'zubha sukhada hai isalie vaha sukha hai|' sijavika athavA anya sukhavAdiyoM ke viruddha prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA sukha hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya dhyeya hai ? kyA vastuoM kA mUlya isa para nirbhara hai ki ve sukha ke utpAdana meM kitanI sahAyaka haiM ? ' manuSya kA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai ? usa 1. myoraheDa, pR0 1.6. sukhavAda (parizeSa) | 175 For Personal & Private Use Only

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zubha kA kyA svarUpa hai jise prApta karanA usake lie ucita hai ? prAcIna sukhavAda ne jIvana ke dhyeya ko samajhanA cAhA kintu arvAcIna sukhavAda ne usa dhyeya ko svIkAra karate hue kartavya ke prazna ko bhI uThAyA / mUlataH donoM kA prazna eka hI hai / donoM ne jAnanA cAhA ki jIvana meM sukha kA kyA sthAna hai / vAstava meM carama dhyeya kA prazna prAtmA kA prazna hai / usa AtmA kA kyA svarUpa hai jisakI pUrNatA aura kalyANa ke lie prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai ? zubha kA kyA svarUpa haibauddhika yA bhAvanAtmaka ? sukhavAdiyoM ne manuSya ko bhAvajIvI mAnate hue sukha ko zubha kahA hai / unhoMne vibhinna niyamoM kI, karmoM ke aucitya - anaucitya kI, kartavya - adhikAra evaM mAnava jIvana ke sampUrNa kAryakalApoM kI vyAkhyA isI AdhAra para kI hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki parama dhyeya kI aisI spaSTa svAbhAvika vyAkhyA prathama dRSTi meM zrAkarSaka lagatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI prabuddha vicArakoM - paile, beMthama, mila, speMsara, sijavika zrAdi - kA dhyAna isa ora AkRSTa huA aura unhoMne sukha ko pUrNa prAdhipatya denA cAhA / kintu zrAtmA ke bhrAntipUrNa manovaijJAnika jJAna ko apanAne ke kAraNa evaM usake gUr3ha dArzanika rUpa ko nahIM samajha sakane ke kAraNa unakA siddhAnta khaNDanIya aura asiddha ho gayA / mila aura sijavika ke siddhAnta kI asaMgatiyA~ usakA spaSTa pramANa haiM / sijavika ne use bauddhika zrAdhAra dene kA prayAsa kiyA kintu vaha asaphala rahe / vaha una bhUloM se apane ko mukta nahIM kara pAye jo mUlagata sukhavAda ne kI haiM / AtmA sukhaprada anubhavoM kA samudAya nahIM hai / svArtha aura paramArtha meM vyApaka dRSTi se koI virodha nahIM hai / prAtmA kA hI pUrNa rUpa vizvAtmA hai / AtmA ke satya svarUpa kA jJAna pUrNatAvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai| vaha sukhavAda kI saMkIrNa dIvAra ko tor3a vizvavAda meM praveza karatA hai / usake anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya mAtma- pUrNatA hai / Atma- pUrNatA vizvAtmA kI prApti hai / pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne isa satya ko mAnA hai / zrAtmA ke satya svarUpa ko na samajha sakane ke kAraNa hI sukhavAdI vyakti aura samAja ke abhinna sambandha ko nahIM samajha pAye / unhoMne svataH eka kAlpanika roga utpanna kiyA aura phira usakA upacAra khojanA caahaa| sukhavAda ke poSaka jitane bhI vicAraka haiM unhoMne sabase bhayaMkara bhUla zreya (good) aura preya ( pleasure ) ke sambandha meM kI hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki zreya preya avazya hai kintu preya zreya nahIM hai / zreya preya hone para bhI preya se U~cA hai| indriya-sukha mAtra preya ke adhIna hai| zreya preya se adhika ucca aura vyApaka hai / vaha paramazubha hai / 176 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #178
.13 vikAsavAdI sukhavAda : sAmAnya paricaya vikAsa kI prAkRtika aura bhAvavAdI vyAkhyA-vikAsavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki vikAsa unnati kI eka kramika zrRMkhalA hai, jisameM prArambha, paddhatikrama aura anta milatA hai| vikasita hotI huI vastu kA eka vizeSa sthiti se mArambha hotA hai / phira vaha vikAsa kI aneka jaTila sthitiyoM se gujaratI hai aura isa bhAMti apanI antima sthiti ko prApta karane ke lie Age bar3hatI hai| vikAsa kA prArambha atIta ke garbha meM chipA huA hai, antima sthiti bhaviSya meM pradazya hai, kevala paddhatikrama (madhya kI sthiti) ko hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| jIvana meM sarvatra vikAsa milatA hai| vaha eka vizvavyApI niyama hai| naitika jIvana meM bhI vikAsa kA krama milatA hai jise hama do prakAra se samajhA sakate haiM; eka prAkRtika aura dUsarA prAdarzavAdI / DAvina, speMsara aura usake anuyAyiyoM ne vikAsa ko prAkRtika DhaMga se samajhAnA cAhA, isake lie unhoMne aitihAsika paddhati ko apanAyA aura nItizAstra ko pUrNa rUpa se vaijJAnika AdhAra dene kA prayAsa kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki naitika jIvana ko mAnava-jAti ke prArambhika jIvana ke sambandha meM hI samajha sakate haiM / naitika mAnyatAe~ prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kI bhA~ti pUrva kI ghaTanAoM se kArya-kAraNa rUpa se sambandhita haiN| isake viparIta hIgala, grIna, beDale, boseMke Adi ne kahA ki naitika jIvana ko dhyeya yA naitika pAdarza dvArA samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne nItizAstra ko prAdarza vidhAyaka vijJAna mAnA, use yathArtha vijJAna kA rUpa nahIM diyaa| . vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 175 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nItizAstra ko DArvina kI dena-unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM lamArka' tathA DAvina ne jIvayoniyoM kI utpatti ko vikAsa dvArA samajhAyA / DArvina jar3avAdI vicAraka thA, usakI jIvazAstra meM ruci thii| jaiva siddhAntoM ko samajhane ke lie usane khoja kI aura una prANizAstrIya anusandhAnoM ko do pustakoM ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA / usane una pustakoM meM jaiva praznoM kI samIkSAtmaka vivecanA kI aura jAnanA cAhA ki jIvayoniyoM meM jo parivartana milatA hai use kaise samajhA jA sakatA hai| unake janma aura vRddhi ko kauna niyama niyantrita karate haiN| ina praznoM ke samAdhAna ke rUpa meM hI usane vikAsavAda ko vaijJAnika rUpa se pramANita kiyaa| DArvina ne vikAsa kA prayoga bar3hane yA vRddhi ke artha meM kiyaa| yaha vRddhi navIna sRSTi nahIM hai, akAraNa kucha bhI utpanna nahIM hotA / vaha utpatti kA hI anivArya pariNAma hai| sarala prAkAroM kI jaTila AkAroM meM pariNati hI vikAsa hai / udAharaNArtha, aMkura kI vRkSa ke rUpa meM pariNati vikAsa hai| DArvina ne yaha samajhAyA ki jIvayoniyoM meM parivartana hote rahate haiM / ve sthira aura aparivartanazIla nahIM haiN| bahuta-sArI jIvayoniyAM, jo Aja bhinna lagatI haiM, ve eka hI mUla se utpanna huI haiN| unake pUrvaja eka hI the / Aja jIvanta jIvayoniyoM ke tathA vRkSoM, pazu-pakSiyoM, manuSyoM ke rUpa meM jo AkAraprakAra milate haiM ve prArambha ke kama vikasita AkAroM ke jIvoM kA hI jaTila rUpa haiN| krama vikAsa inheM ekarUpatA (homogeneous) se anekarUpatA (heterogeneous) kI ora le jAtA hai| pahale na to itane adhika varga the aura na unakA rUpa hI itanA jaTila thaa| varSoM kA jaiva itihAsa batAtA hai ki manuSya kA janaka manuSya nahIM hai, vaha kamazaH eka prakAra ke bandara se vikasita hamA hai| usakI eka jIvayoni se dUsarI jIvayoni meM kramapariNati haI hai| itihAsa yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki vikAsa eka vizvavyApI niyama hai| prazna yaha hai ki vikAsa kA niyama kyA hai ? sarala AkAra jaTila prAkAroM meM kaise pari'Nata hote haiM ? jIvayoniyoM meM isa parivartana ko kaise samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ? DArvina ne apane vikAsavAda meM bhautika paristhitiyoM aura prAkRtika niyamoM ko mahattva diyaa| vaha jIvazAstrI thaa| usakA uttara jar3avAdI uttara thaa| usane 1. Lamark. 2. Charles Darwin, 1809-1882. 3. The Descent of Man (1861) The origin of species (1859.) 178 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #180
tattvadarzakoM athavA dhArmika vicArakoM kI bhAMti Izvara, paramatattva, jIvanI-zakti aura vizva-prayojana ko mahattva nahIM diyaa| usane prAkRtika niyamoM kA nirIkSaNa tathA vRkSa, pazu-pakSiyoM ke jIvana kA adhyayana karake usake AdhAra para kramavikAsa ko samajhAyA / DArvina ne vikAsa ke krama ko 'prAkRtika cayana', jIvanasaMgharSa, paristhitiyoM ke anukUla parivartana, yogyatama kI vijaya aura prAnuvaMzikatA. dvArA samajhAyA / usakA kahanA hai ki jIvayoniyoM meM parivartana hote rahate haiM / usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jIvita rahane ke lie unheM paristhitiyoM se saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai / pratyeka prANI ko jIvita rahane ke lie apane pariveza tathA anya prANiyoM ke sAtha saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai / isameM vahI jIva baca pAte haiM jo vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa apane ko badala sakate haiM / 'anukUla parivartana vAlI jIvayoniyAM surakSita rahatI haiM aura pratikUla vAlI naSTa ho jAtI haiN|' anukUla parivartana vAlI yogyatama jIvayoniyAM jIvana-saMgharSa meM jIvita rahatI haiM aura parivartanoM dvArA nayI jAtiyoM ko bhI utpanna karatI haiM / DArvina vaMzaparamparA ke zarIrazAstra-sambandhI siddhAnta ko mAnatA hai / vaha jAtiyoM ke guNa, svarUpa aura svabhAva ko nirdhArita karane ke lie AnuvaMzikatA kI sahAyatA letA hai| prAnuvaMzikatA ke kAraNa hI pitA ke jIvana-rakSaNa ke lie upayogI avayava aura yogyatAeM baccoM meM svataH preSita ho jAtI haiN| mAtA-pitA ke mAnasa meM jo badalAva Ate haiM unheM santati AnuvaMzikatA ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatI hai / isa bhA~ti vaha siddha karatA hai ki jIvana kA vikAsa saMgharSa ke rUpa meM hotA hai| prAkRtika cayana meM yogyatama jIvita rahate haiM aura unhIM kI vRddhi hotI hai| vAstava meM dekhA jAye to isa siddhAnta kA nItizAstra se koI sambandha nahIM hai| yaha prAkRtika niyama aura ghaTanAmoM kA vizleSaNa kara una para tathyamUlaka nirNaya detA hai aura dUsarI pora nItizAstra jIvana ke uddezya ko samajhAtA hai| usake nirNaya mUlyaparaka hote haiN| nItizAstra kI mAnyatAproM kA bhUta se anivArya sambandha nahIM hai| usakA pratyakSa kSetra vartamAna aura bhaviSya hai| phira bhI yaha mAnanA hogA ki DArvina ke siddhAnta ne nItizAstra ke dRSTikoNa meM bhArI parivartana lA diyaa| vaha parivartana kitane sthAyI mUlya kA hai, isakA jJAna naitika vikAsavAda kA adhyayana hogaa| vicArakoM dvArA vikAsavAda kI vyAkhyA-DArvina ne apane vikAsavAda dvArA mukhyataH yaha batAyA ki jIvayoniyoM meM parivartana hotA hai| manuSya kA mUlasrota proToplAsma hai aura vikAsa ke krama meM jIva proToplAjma kI sthiti vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 176 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #181
se manuSya kI sthiti taka pahu~ca gayA hai| yaha tathya mahAn unnati kA sUcaka hai / manuSya kI yaha zreSThatA yaha siddha karatI hai ki manuSya kA vikAsa nimnasthiti se uccasthiti kI ora unnati ke rUpa meM huA hai- jaiva vikAsa naitika vikAsa bhI rahA hai / " nItijJa - speMsara, leslI sTIphena, elejeNDara prAdiDArvina ke aise siddhAnta se atyadhika prabhAvita hue / unhoMne vikAsavAda kA vyApaka prayoga karanA cAhA aura nItizAstra, samAjazAstra, saMsthAnoM Adi kI utpatti aura unnati ko usake dvArA samajhAnA cAhA / naitikatA ko unhoMne vikAsa kA pariNAma maanaa| speMsara to spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki 'maiM ise naitika vijJAna kA kArya mAnatA hU~ ki jIvana ke niyamoM aura astitva kI paristhitiyoM se yaha nigamana kiyA jAya ki kisa prakAra ke karma anivArya rUpa se sukha kI utpatti karate haiM aura kisa prakAra ke karma duHkha kI / speMsara tathA anya vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta meM jaiva niyamoM se naitika niyamoM ke nigamana para itanA adhika mahattva diyA hai ki sijavika ne unake siddhAntoM ko nigamanAtmaka sukhavAda ( Deductive Hedonism) kaha diyA / vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki naitika bhAvanAtroM, nirNayoM, abhyAsoM, mAnyatAoM aura niyamoM ke udgama tathA unakI prakRti aura abhiprAya ko vikAsavAda bhalI-bhA~ti samajhA sakatA hai / isa vizvAsa ke AdhAra para unhoMne dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA ki vikAsavAda nItizAstra ko vaijJAnika aura prAkRtika AdhAra de sakegA / vikAsavAdI sukhavAda 11 vikAsavAdI nItijJa : speMsara - speMsara prathama vicAraka thA jisane ki jaiva vikAsavAda kA vyavasthita rUpa se nItizAstra meM prayoga kiyaa| darzana ke kSetra meM hIgala aura kaunte ne vikAsavAda ke lie sthAna banA diyA thA kintu nItizAstra meM vikAsavAda ke lie sthAna banAne kA zreya speMsara ko hI hai / speMsara se prabhAvita hokara leslI sTIphena aura elegz2aiNDara ne usake mUlaMgata siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue tathA usase thor3I bhinnatA rakhate hue naitika siddhAnta kA 1. Wheelright, pp. 112-114. 2. Evolutionary Hedonism. 3. Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903. 180 / nItizAstra 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pratipAdana kiyaa| tInoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki parama dhyeya sukha hai, naitika niyamoM ko samajhane ke lie jIvazAstra kA jJAna anivArya hai aura jaiva niyamoM dvArA hI naitika niyamoM kA nigamana kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH inakA siddhAnta vikAsavAdI sakhavAda ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| vikAsa kI dhAraNA kA nIti meM praveza : naitikatA vizva prakRti kA aMgapUrva vicArakoM ke viparIta speMsara nItizAstra ko saSTivijJAna (Cosmology) . kI zAkhA mAnatA hai / mAnavatA vistRta vaizva vidhAna kA aMgamAtra hai, vaha unhIM niyamoM se saMcAlita hai jinase vizva saMcAlita hai| manuSya kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa nahIM huA hai| usakI vartamAna sthiti vizva-vikAsa kA hI anivArya pariNAma hai / manuSya meM viveka ke janma ko eka prAkasmika ghaTanA yA saMyoga ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhanA caahie| vaha vikAsa kI eka Avazyaka sthiti hai| sabhyatA, saMskRti kA vikAsa, naitika cetanA kI jAgRti Adi prAkRtika vikAsa ke hI aMga haiN| yaha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki phala kA prasphuTana yA bhrUNa kA vikAsa / manuSya meM jo naitikatA kI bhAvanA milatI hai vaha usakA paristhitiyoM ke sAtha kramazaH saMyojita hone kA aura jIvana ke vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| asaMkhya pIr3hiyoM dvArA arjita jJAna aura anubhava ko hI usane apane vaMzAnugata guNoM ke rUpa meM pAyA hai / usake vAstavika naitika svabhAva ko samajhane ke lie usake pUrvajoM ke itihAsa kA adhyayana kara unake aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca ke sambandha ko samajhanA hogA tathA jAnanA hogA ki unhoMne jIvana-saMgharSa ke anubhava se kyA sIkhA hai| upayogitAvAdiyoM ne sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika jIvana kI vikAsahIna sthira vyAkhyA kI hai| vyaktiyoM meM unhoMne jo parivartana dekhe haiM veM unake anusAra zikSA, paristhiti aura janma ke kAraNa haiM evaM Akasmika aura vyaktigata haiM / unhoMne unakI usa vizvavyApI vikAsajanya parivartana ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhA jo kirata rUpa se vizva meM ho rahA hai| manuSya-svabhAva kA jo anubhava-sApekSa jJAna milatA hai, usakI yogyatA ke bAre meM jitanA patA hai usI ke AdhAra para naitika dhyeya (sukha) ke svarUpa aura usakI prApti tathA vitaraNa kI rUparekhA banAyI jA sakatI hai| vikAsavAdiyoM ne samajhAyA ki naitika jIvana vikAsa aura unnati kA jIvana hai| naitika bhAvanAeM parivartita hotI rahatI haiN| naitika jIvana vizva-vikAsa kA hI aMga hai| isakA bhI Adi. madhya aura anta hai| jIvana kI mahattA antima sthiti kI kramika upalabdhi meM hai| speMsara kA vizvAsa thA ki manuSya kA vikAsa nIcI sthiti se UMcI sthiti Ca vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 181 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #183
kI ora unnati ke rUpa meM huA hai aura vaha apane ko dhIre-dhIre vAtAvaraNa ke anurUpa saMyojita kara rahA hai / antima sthiti pUrNa sAmaMjasya (Complete adjustment ) kI sthiti hogii| naitika vikAsa ke dhyeya ko samajhAne ke sAtha hI vikAsavAdiyoM ne vyakti samAja, svArtha- paramArtha evaM sukha kartavya ke virodha ko jaiva vyAkhyA dvArA dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA / zubha-azubha aura sukha-duHkha ke artha - speMsara kA vizvAsa thA ki vikAsavAda naitika samasyAoM ko sulajhA sakatA hai / nItizAstra jisa dhyeya (sukha) ke lie prayAsa kara rahA hai vaha usakA prayojana samajhA sakatA hai / athavA vikAsa dvArA zubha-azubha AcaraNa kA artha nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai / speMsara ne AcaraNa ko yaha kahakara samajhAyA ki vaha karmoM kA dhyeyoM ke sAtha sAmaMjasya hai / jIvana saMgharSa ke krama meM jIvayoniyA~ jIvana-saMrakSaNa ke lie Avazyaka vibhinna dhyeyoM ke sAtha apane karmoM ko saMyojita karane kA prayAsa karatI haiM aura yaha kriyA hI AcaraNa hai / bahI prANI jIvita raha sakatA hai jisakA ki prakRti yA vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla AcaraNa ho / jIvana kA sAra isa para nirbhara hai ki prAntarika sambandhoM kA bAhya sambandhoM se nirantara sAmaMjasya ho | yaha aMgI ( Organism) kA vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha saMyojita hone kA anavarata prayAsa hai / sabhI prakAra ke AcaraNa kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki AcaraNa do prakAra ke haiM - ( 1 ) sAmaMjasya sthApita karane meM sahAyaka, (2) usameM sahAyaka / sAmaMjasya kI vRddhi karanevAle AcaraNa zubha haiM aura usakA hrAsa karanevAle azubha | vaha prAcaraNa, jise zubha ke rUpa meM pukArate haiM, sApekSa rUpa se adhika vikasita zrAcaraNa hai aura usa AcaraNa kA nAma prazubha hai jo sApekSa rUpa se kama vikasita hai / nirapekSa rUpa se zubha zrAcaraNa vaha hai jo maMgI aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca pUrNa samatva sthApita karatA hai| aisA prAcaraNa usa sukha ko utpanna karegA jisameM duHkha kA mizraNa nahIM hai / prAkRtika vikAsa kA jo prAdarza dhyeya hai vahI naitika dRSTi se AcaraNa kA mApadaNDa hai / isase yaha calatA hai ki jIvana kA vikAsa aura saMrakSaNa hI AcaraNa kA sArvabhaumaH dhyeya hai / arthAt jo AcaraNa jIvana ke saMrakSaNa aura vikAsa meM sahAyaka hai vaha zubha hai / zubha kI aisI paribhASA dekara speMsara ne yaha siddha kiyA ki zubha-azubha parama aura zAzvata nahIM haiM athavA inakA rUpa vastugata aura sArvabhauma nahIM hai / zubha dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie sAdhana, sahAyaka aura nimittamAtra hai / dhyeya ke sambandha meM jIvazAstra se pramANa dekara vaha kahatA hai ki pUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthiti ko prApta 182 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #184
karanA hI dhyeya hai| zubha AcaraNa aMgI aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca sAmaMjasya sthApita kara sukha kA utpAdana karatA hai / pUrNa rUpa se zubha AcaraNa pUrNa samatva kI sthApanA karanevAlA AcaraNa hai, jo vikAsa kI antima sthiti kA sUcaka hai| vikAsakrama ke saba AcaraNa lagabhaga prAMzika rUpa se zubha aura AMzika rUpa se azubha haiM / sApekSa rUpa se vaha AcaraNa zubha hai jo antata: du:kha se adhika sukha detA hai / udAharaNArtha, zalyacikitsA ke duHkha aura surApAna ke sukha ko yadi unake pariNAma ke sambandha meM dekheM to zalya-cikitsA surApAna se adhika zubha hai| isI prakAra acchA bhojana karanA, vivAhita honA, santati kA saMvardhana karanA apanI apUrNatAoM ke bAvajUda zubha aura lAbhaprada haiN| isa prakAra sukhavAdiyoM kI bhAMti speMsara bhI zubha karma ko sukhaprada pariNAma se yukta karatA hai| pUrNa vikasita samAja meM sukha aura svAsthya paraspara sambandhita haiM / sukha jIvanavRddhi kA sUcaka hai, duHkha hrAsa kA / prazna yaha hai ki sukha zubha kyoM hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki vaha vyaktiM aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca sAmaMjasya kA sUcaka hai| sukha prANazakti kI vRddhi aura sabalatA kA pariNAma hai| vaha sAmaMjasya kA sUcaka hai| duHkha aMgI ke vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha asAmaMjasya kA sUcaka hai| isameM aMgI ko jIvana-dhAraNa kI AzA kama hotI hai| jIvazAstra aura anubhava batalAtA hai ki sukhaprada jIvana zubha hai| yaha jIvana-saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hai| sukha ke atirikta kisI anya vastu kI icchA karanA apane vinAza kI icchA karanA hai| . sannikaTa dhyeya aura parama dhyeya : naitika mApadaNDa-speMsara ne sukhavAdiyoM ke sAtha yaha svIkAra kiyA ki naitika dhyeya sukha hai| kintu jIvazAstrI hone ke nAte yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki prAkRtika dhyeya zArIrika svAsthya hai / ye donoM hI virodhI kathana haiM / isa virodha ko dUra karane ke lie vaha apane siddhAnta ko sannikaTa dhyeya aura parama dhyeya kI dhAraNA se yukta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai, parama dhyeya sukha hai; kintu sannikaTa athavA tAtkAlika dhyeya zArIrika svAsthya hai| parama dhyeya kI prApti bhalI-bhAMti tabhI sambhava hai jaba use bhUle raheM aura apanA. sampUrNa dhyAna una paristhitiyoM para kendrita kareM jinase vaha prApta hotA hai| isa AdhAra para speMsara sakha ko parama dhyeya mAnate hae zArIrika svAsthya ko mahattva detA hai / jIvazAstra batalA sakatA hai ki kauna-se karma sukha kA utpAdana karate haiM aura kauna-se karma duHkha kA / jIvazAstra ke AdhAra para AcaraNa ke una niyamoM kA pratipAdana kara lenA cAhie jinakA sukha-duHkha se pratyakSa rUpa se koI vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 183 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #185
sambandha nahIM hai / speMsara baiMthama ke sAtha svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika mAnyatAoM kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie vastugata mApadaNDa kI khoja karanI cAhie / kintu vaha usake virodha meM kahatA hai ki sukha ko mApadaNDa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki vaha bhAvanAmAtra evaM prAtmagata hai| vaha vastugata nahIM, use taula nahIM sakate / naitika mAnyatAoM kI AdhArazilA zArIrika jIvana (Physical life) hai / jIvazAstrI hone ke kAraNa speMsara ko zArIrika svAsthya kI cintA thii| ataH usane zArIrika jIvana ko naitika mApadaNDa maanaa| baiMthama ke viruddha vaha kahatA hai ki vyakti kA kartavya 'adhikatama saMkhyA kA adhikatama sukha' nahIM haiM, kintu mAnava-samAja ke jIvana kI rakSA karanA hai / zubhaM AcaraNa vaha nahIM jo kevala vaiyaktika jIvana ko hI mahattva detA hai balki vaha jo samAja ke sampUrNa jIvana ko dhyAna meM rakhatA hai| speMsara ke siddhAnta meM paramasvArthavAda ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| vikAsavAda batAtA hai ki prAtmatyAga aura AtmasaMrakSaNa donoM hI prAcIna haiM / zubha AcaraNa vaha hai jo apane aura dUsaroM ke jIvana kI unnati meM samAna rUpa se sahAyaka hai| prazna uThatA hai ki jIvana ko kaise nApa sakate haiM ? spesara kahatA hai. ki jIvana ko usakI lambAI aura caur3AI se nApa sakate haiN| jIvana kI lambAI se usakA abhiprAya dIrgha-sthAyI jIvana se hai, jo adhikatama saMkhyA ke dIrghAyu kA sUcaka hai / caur3AI se abhiprAya una vibhinna vyApAroM se hai jinheM sampAdita karane kI ucca (adhika vikasita) pazu yogyatA rakhatA hai| mAnava-jIvana kI jaTilatA tathA vistAra kA adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki vyakti kI abhiruciyoM tathA icchAtroM kI vikAsajanya vRddhi ke kAraNa samAjagata sAmaMjasya durUha hotA jA rahA hai / kintu isa durUhatA ke sAtha usakI saphalatApUrvaka saMyojita hone kI yogyatA aura zaktiyA~ kramaza: bar3hatI jA rahI hai| jaba yaha yogyatA apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara legI, taba vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca pUrNa samatva sthApita ho jaayegaa| isa vRddhi ko prApta hotI huI sAmaMjasya kI zakti ko hI speMsara caur3AI kahatA hai| usake anusAra karma aura AcaraNa ke aucitya-anaucitya ko nirdhArita karane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka nahIM ki unakA pariNAma sukhaprada hai yA duHkhaprada; kintu usake lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki ve jIvana ke parimANa kI vRddhi meM kitane sahAyaka haiN.| speMsara ke anusAra jIvana ke parimANa kI lambAI-caur3AI ko prApta karanA hI dhyeya hai| vaha kahatA hai ki vahI AcaraNa ekamAtra zubha hai jo jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hai / usake anusAra naitika uddezya ke lie yaha mAna lenA anivArya hai ki jo 184 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #186
- karma jIvana-parimANa ke adhika-se-adhika saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hote haiM aura jo adhika-se-adhika parimANa meM anukUla yA Anandakara bhAvanAoM ko dete haiM unakA Apasa meM sAmaMjasya hai| . svArtha aura paramArtha-mila ne vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika ruciyoM kI ekatA ko siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA kintu usakA prayAsa svapna banakara raha gyaa| speMsara ne yaha samajhAne kI ceSTA kI ki prAkRtika niyamoM tathA vaizva vikAsa dvArA usa pUrNatA kI sthiti kI kramazaH sthApanA ho jAyegI jisameM ki ruciyoM kI ekatA apane-Apa prApta ho skegii| yaha avazya hai ki isa dUrastha Adarza ko prApta karane ke lie avirAma udyama karane kI AvazyakatA hai| ise mAnavatA ko apanA dhyeya banAnA hogaa| vaise, cAhe vyakti cAheM athavA na.cAheM, cAhe ve prayAsa kareM yA na kareM, aise zreSTha evaM zubha samAja kI sthApanA prAkRtika niyama aura kramavikAsa kA anivArya pariNAma hai / aise pUrNa vikasita samAja.meM svArthaparamArtha kA virodha,miTa jaayegaa.| naitika kartavya karane meM jo bAdhyatA anubhava hotI hai vaha nahIM rhegii| svArtha aura paramArtha kA virodha parama aura cirasthAyI nahIM hai| jahAM taka apUrNa tathA ardha-vikasita samAja kA prazna hai, svArtha aura paramArtha donoM kA hI mUlya hai / jaba hama vikasita hote hue mAnava-jIvana kA adhyayana karate haiM. taba mAlUma par3atA hai. ki prAtmatyAga AtmasaMrakSaNa ke samAna hI maulika hai / sarvatra svArtha ke sAtha paramArtha kA vikAsa huA hai| jIvana ke abhyudaya ke samaya se svArtha aura paramArtha. eka-dUsare para nirbhara rahe haiN.| svArtha aura paramArtha ko yadi eka-dUsare se alaga karake dekheM to mAlUma hogA ki svArtha prakRti kA prathama niyama hai| prAtmasaMrakSaNa prathama kartavya hai aura, prAtmaprema sarvazreSTha guNa hai| yadi AtmasaMrakSaNa kI pravRtti nahIM hotI to paramArtha arthazUnya ho jAtA / binA AtmasaMrakSaNa kI pravRtti ke koI bhI nahIM bacatA / naitika aura jaiva dRSTi se svArtha paramArtha ke pahale hai, kyoMki vyakti hI sukha kA parama AdhAra hai| jahA~ taka usakI viziSTa yogyatAoM aura zaktiyoM ke prayoga kA prazna hai ve kevala vyakti ke sukha kA hI utpAdana nahIM karatIM balki usake cAroM ora ke vAtAvaraNa kA bhI nirmANa karatI haiM / sAmAjika paristhitiyoM dvArA mAnya sImAoM ke andara yadi vyakti apane sukha ko khojatA hai to vaha adhikatama sAmAnya saMkha kI prApti kI prathama AvazyakatA hai| yadi mA~-bApa santati ko apanI mUlyavAn dena denA cAhate haiM (unheM dRr3ha aMgoMvAlA, svAsthya aura prasanna prakRtivAlA banAnA cAhate haiM) to unake lie apane sukha aura vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 185 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #187
svAsthya kI cintA karanA Avazyaka hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki acche svAsthya aura prasannacittavAlA vyakti una logoM para bhI sukhaprada prabhAva DAlatA hai jinake. samparka meM vaha AtA hai| svArtha paramArtha kA virodhI nahIM, sahAyaka hai / parama paramArtha hAniprada hai / yadi paramArtha dvArA kevala dUsaroM ke svArtha kI vRddhi ho to aise parama paramArthI vyakti kI jIvana-zakti kA hrAsa ho jaayegaa| prAkRtika cayana meM usakA vinAza avazyambhAvI hai / jo pravRttiyA~ prAtmasaMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka nahIM hotIM ve vikAsa ke krama meM naSTa ho jAtI haiM / isa bhAMti svArtha, paramArtha, donoM hI viziSTa sImA taka jIvayoniyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie Avazyaka haiN| prataH zuddha svArtha aura zuddha paramArtha donoM hI nItiviruddha aura mithyA haiM / athavA 'prAtmA ke lie jiyo' aura 'dUsaroM ke lie jiyo', donoM hI sUtra-vAkya hAniprada aura anucita haiN| donoM hI samAna rUpa se prAtmaghAtaka haiN| vyakti ko adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha kI khoja nahIM karanI cAhie balki ina donoM ke bIca pUrNa samajhautA sthApita karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| vikAsa, kA krama batalAtA hai ki aisA samajhautA dhIre-dhIre sthApita ho rahA hai / prAkRtika vikAsa prAMzika rUpa se sahAnubhUti kI vRddhi aura AMzika rUpa se sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke ekIkaraNa dvArA anavarata rUpa se svArtha aura paramArtha kI mAMgoM meM adhikAdhika anukUlatA lA rahA hai| prAkRtika cayana aura vizva-vikAsa vaiyaktika aura sArvabhauma abhiruci meM pUrNa tAdAtmya sthApita kregaa| isa bhAMti prAkRtika nItizAstra naitikatA aura kartavya meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki yadyapi manuSya ko aisI naitika prAdarza sthiti kI sthApanA ke lie prayAsa karanA cAhie tathApi vaha vAstava meM prAkRtika niyamoM dvArA hI sthApita hogii| aisI vikasita sthiti meM vyaktiyoM ko pAtmatyAga aura paramArtha kA sahaja prAnanda AkarSita kregaa| pratyeka vyakti Atmasukha ko bhUlakara AtmatyAga ke lie tatpara ho jaayegaa| usake paramArthI karma utane hI svAbhAvika aura anAyAsa rUpa se sampanna hoMge jitane ki sahajaprerita, saMvedana-janita karma hote haiN| prAtmatyAga meM vyakti ko prasannatA milegii| dUsaroM ke sukha-duHkha ke sAtha vaha. apane sukha-duHkha ko yukta kara legaa| paramArtha dvArA vaha svArtha-sukha kA Ananda utthaayegaa| naitika cetanA kI utpatti-speMsara naitika cetanA ke mUlagata lakSaNa ko kisI eka yA bahubhAvanAoM dvArA kinhIM anya bhAvanAoM ke niyantraNa meM dekhatA hai| vikasita aura parivartita hotA huA pAcaraNa yaha batalAtA hai ki jIvana ke uttama 186 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #188
saMrakSaNa ke lie prAdima, sarala aura prastuta (presentative) karanevAlI bhAvanAoM kA, bAda meM, vikasita jaTila (saMyukta) pratinidhi (representative) bhAvanAoM dvArA niyantraNa Avazyaka hai / speMsara yaha mAnatA hai ki cetanA ke paramatattva bhAvanAe~ aura saMvedanAeM haiN| bhAvanAeM yA to vartamAna se athavA tAtkAlika saMvedanAoM se sambandhita ho sakatI haiM, yA ve Adarza (pratinidhi) bhAvanAeM ho sakatI haiM jinakA ki bhaviSya se sambandha hai, jaise-AzA, bhayaM prAdi / vikAsa-krama meM tAtkAlika sarala saMvedanAe~ (vartamAna se sambandhita bhAvanAe~) jaTila vicAroM yA bhaviSya se sambandhita pratinidhi bhAvanAoM para prAdhRta bana jAtI haiN| ye vikasita jaTila bhAvanAe~ pradhAnatA prApta kara bhaviSya ke bAre meM bodha detI haiN| vikAsa batAtA hai ki bhaviSya (dUrastha zubha) ke bAre meM socane kI zakti jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hotI hai| isa prakAra mano-- vaijJAnika aura jaiva dRSTikoNoM meM paraspara saMgati milatI hai| ye jaTila aura vikasita bhAvanAeM hI prAcaraNa aura usake bIca sAmaMjasya sthApita karane meM sahAyaka hotI haiN| sarala bhAvanAmoM ko jaTila bhAvanAoM dvArA niyantrita karane ke lie speMsara tIna prakAra ke niyantraNoM kI carcA karatA hai-rAjanItika, dhArmika aura sAmAjika / ye naitika niyama ke janma ke lie prArambhika bhUmi prastuta karate haiM / ina niyantraNoM ke hI bhItara naitika niyantraNa vikasita hotA hai aura inhIM ke dvArA naitika kartavya yA bAdhyatA ke sthAyI bhAva (sentiment) kI utpatti hotI hai| rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika niyantraNoM se paidA hone ke kAraNa kartavya kI bhAvanA meM prAdeza aura bAdhyatA ke tattva vartamAna rahate haiN| kintu ve cirasthAyI nahIM haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki vyakti aura samAja ke bIca apUrNa sAmaMjasya hai| vyakti aura samAja ke adhikAdhika sAmaMjasya ke sAtha tathA naitika cintana kI unnati ke sAtha naitika bAdhyatA kI bhAvanA lupta ho jaayegii| ucita karma ko vyakti sarala prAtmasantoSa kI bhAvanA ke sAtha kareMge, naitika karma abhyAsajanya karma ho jaayeNge| jisa prakAra aba saMvedanAe~ manuSya ko paricAlita karatI haiM usI prakAra naitika sthAyI bhAva bhI paryApta aura sahaja rUpa se mAnava-karmoM kA saMcAlana kreNge| vAstava meM bAdhyatA aura kartavya kI bhAvanA ke mUla meM samAja aura vyakti kI virodhI ruciyAM haiN| vikAsa batalAtA hai ki yaha virodha parama nahIM hai / vikAsa kI antima sthiti meM inake bIca pUrNa samatva sthApita ho jaayegaa| aisI pUrNa samatva kI sthiti meM apane-Apa hI bAdhyatA kI bhAvanA dUra ho jaayegii| naitika AcaraNa' prAkRtika prAcaraNa hai / / vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 187 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #189
vikAsa vyaktiyoM ko usa sthiti meM pahuMcA degA jahAM unheM prAtma-tyAga meM prAnanda milegaa|........ .... ..... . . . ... naitika niyama anubhava-nirapekSa nahIM haiM-upayogitAvAdiyoM ke viruddha speMsara kahatA hai ki naitika niyama sukha duHkha ke anubhavoM para AdhArita anumAnoM kA sAmAnyIkaraNa mAtra nahIM haiN| ina paramArthI pravRttiyoM ko 'vicAra-sahayoga' dvArA nahIM, 'prAkRtika cayana' aura vizva-vikAsa dvArA hI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai; athavA naitika niyama apane mUla rUpa meM udbhUta satya hai / inakA jaiva aura samAjazAstrIya AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa nirmANa huA hai| ucita naitika niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane ke lie bhI jIvazAstra aura samAjazAstra se sahAyatA lenI caahie| unake niyamoM se naitika niyamoM kA nigamana karanA caahie| naitika niyamoM kI utpatti batalAtI hai ki ve anubhava-sApekSa niyama haiN| dhIre-dhIre 'vikAsa-krama meM ye anubhava-sApekSa niyama hI,manubhava-nirapekSa niyamoM kA rUpa grahaNa kara lete haiN| vigata jIvana kA itihAsa. batalAtA hai ki vikAsa-krama meM sarala aura nimna prAdarza kI bhAvanAeM adhika jaTila uccAdoM kI bhAvanAoM dvArA niyantrita hotI jA rahI haiM / barbara sabhyatA ke yuga meM manuSya kI pravRttiyA~ bhautika nAvazyakatAoM tathA bhaya (jIvana-saMrakSaNa kI pravRtti) se niyantrita hii| dhIredhIre jhuNDa, samAja, jAti, dharma, rAjanIti Adi ke niyamoM ne inheM zAsita kiyA / jIvana-saMgharSa meM naye guNoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| vyakti tathA jAti ke jIvana ke saMrakSaNa ke lie upayogI aura sahAyaka guNa hI naitika mAnyatAoM, ucca bhAvanAoM, sahAnubhUti, prAtmatyAga prAdi ke rUpa meM milate haiM / jIva-racanA aMgrI) ko vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha saMyojita karanevAlA prAcaraNa jina vyaktiyoM kA abhyAsa bana jAtA hai vahI prAkRtika cayana meM jIvita rahate haiN| pitA jina guNoM ko abhyAsagata vizeSatAoM ke rUpa meM pAtA hai una guNoM ko usakI.santati svAbhAvika pravRtti ke rUpa meM pAtI hai / vaMzAnugata hone ke kAraNa ve guNa svAbhA"vika, sahajaprerita evaM sahajAta vicAroM. (anubhava-nirapekSa) kA rUpa prApta kara lete haiN| apane mUlagata rUpa meM ve anubhava-sApekSa tathA asaMkhya pIr3hiyoM dvArA ajita anubhavoM ke pariNAma haiM / jo kucha bhI nAja vyakti hai, usakA zArIrika, mAnasika, bauddhika, kalAtmaka, naitika vyaktitva use dAya rUpa meM prApta hamA hai| paitRka sampatti ke rUpa meM pAne ke kAraNa usake vicAra anubhava-nirapekSa lagate haiM / pUrvajoM ke anubhavoM ne jina guNoM ko upayogI aura anivArya (vyakti athavA jAti ke jIvana ke lie) pAyA unhIM ko unakI AgAmI pIr3hI ne maulika naitika 188 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #190
sadguNoM ke rUpa meM pAyA / naitika sahaja jJAna vaMzAnugata guNa hai / upayogitAvAdiyoM ke viruddha speMsara kahatA hai ki naitika pradeza, udAharaNArtha 'corI nahIM karanA cAhie', 'jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie' prAdi, isalie ucita nahIM haiM ki ve sukhaprada haiM kintu isalie ki ve sAmAjika jIva- racanA ke jIvana kA saMrakSaNa karate haiM / speMsara jaba viziSTa vyAvahArika niyamoM kI vyAkhyA para pahu~catA hai taba vaha apane samaya ke lagabhaga sabhI pracalita niyamoM ko svIkAra kara letA hai-- yathA, saca bolanA cAhie, jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie, corI nahIM karanA cAhie, azlIla pustakeM nahIM par3hanI cAhie zrAdi / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha kaTTarapanthI svabhAva kA thA / samAja kI vyAkhyA-1 - vikAsavAdiyoM se pUrva ke vicArakoM ne vyakti praura samAja ke sambandha ko samajhanA cAhA / isa sambandha ko bAhya mAna lene ke kAraNa athavA svArtha aura paramArtha meM virodha mAna lene ke kAraNa ve naitika dhAraNAoM ke Adi kAraNa ko nahIM samajhA sake / haoNbsa ne kahA ki vyakti ke svArtha aura usakI AvazyakatAoM ne use sAmAjika jIvana bitAne ke lie bAdhya kiyA / sAmAjika AcaraNa ke mUla meM svArtha hai| hya meM aura aiDama smitha ne kahA ki sahAnubhUti yA paraspara kI bhAvanA ne hI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko janma diyA. hai / vaha sAmAnya bhAvanA hai| naitikatA kA udgama hRdaya kI sAmAnya bhAvanA hai / naitika guNa vaha guNa hai jo samAja ke lie hitakara hai| mila aura beMthama ne 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' ko naitika dhyeya batalAyA / eka bAra yaha svIkAra kara lene para ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM, sAmAjika AcaraNa ko samajhAnA asambhava ho jAtA hai| upayogitAvAdiyoM ne samAja ko vyaktiyoM ke usa samudAya ke rUpa meM dekhA jisameM vaisI hI yAntrika saMgati hai jaisI ki praNu-paramANubhroM se saMgaThita jar3a padArtha meM / kintu jaba yaha prazna uThAyA jAtA haiM ki samAja ke zrAtma cetana zraNutroM ne apane ko eka-dUsare se kaise yukta kiyA to upayogitAvAdiyoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kAlpanika spaSTIkaraNa- mAtra raha jAtA hai / isa aNuvAdI dhAraNA ke badale nRtatvazAstra ne jIva - racanA evaM aMgI (organism) kI dhAraNA dI hai| usane yaha samajhAyA haiM ki manuSya aura samAja kA sambandha ananya hai| yaha jIva-racanA kA sambandha hai / yaha sambandha bAhya nahIM hai / sAmAjika jIva-racanA kA vikAsa ho rahA hai / yaha vikAse ekatA aura vibhinnatA se sambaddha eka avibhAjita paddhatikrama hai jahA~ ki samAja kA vidhAna athavA usakI banAvaTa adhika jaTila hotI jA rahI hai aura vyakti vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 189 For Personal & Private Use Only RA

Page #191
eka-dUsare para adhikAdhika nirbhara hote jA rahe hai| manuSya kI icchAnoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI vRddhi ke sAtha sAmaMjasya bhatyanta kaThina aura durUha hotA jA rahA hai / isa durUhatA ke sAtha hI vaha yugapat rUpa se, dina-pratidina, vAtAvaraNa para adhikAdhika nirbhara hotA jA rahA hai| vikAsa yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki usakA 'paddhatikrama apUrNa sAmaMjasya se pUrNa sAmaMjasya kI ora hai / sIdhI, sarala bhAvanAoM se krama-vikAsa dvArA atyanta jaTila bhAvanAoM taka pahuMcanA arthAt pUrNa vikasita naitika bhAvanAoM kA vikAsa hI isakA dhyeya hai| bhAvanAoM kI pUrNa vikasita sthiti meM bAdhyatA kI bhAvanA, kartavya kI cetanA sahaja-pravRtti kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai| yaha naitika pUrNatA (moral perfection) kI sthiti hai| naitikatA kA vikAsa manuSya aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca pUrNa sAmaMjasya sthApita kara degaa| naitikatA 'vaha rUpa hai jise sArvabhauma AcaraNa apane vikAsa kI antima sthitiyoM meM prApta karatA hai|' naitika pUrNatA kI sthiti meM vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca pUrNa sAmaMjasya sthApita ho jAyemA tathA jIvana-saMrakSaNa ke lie vyApaka aura svastha vAtAvaraNa upasthita ho jaayegaa| . sApekSa aura nirapekSa nItizAstra-speMsara ne pUrNa sAmaMjasya aura apUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthitiyoM ke AdhAra para do prakAra ke nItizAstroM ko mAnA hai| vikAsa ke paddhatikrama meM madhya kI sthiti apUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthiti hai| isameM duHkharahita sukha kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| isa sthiti ke lie AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana sApekSa nItizAstra (relative ethics) karatA hai / vAstava meM yaha sthUla aura anubhavAtmaka rUpa se nirdhArita karatA hai ki nirapekSa nItizAstra (absolute ethics) ke niyamoM ko mAnava-prANiyoM kI vartamAna sthiti se kaise sambaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jahAM taka nirapekSa nItizAstra prazna hai, usake niyama usa pUrNa vikasita samAja ke lie haiM jo ki sthAyI santulana (stable equilibrium) prApta kara cukA hai / isa samAja kA mAnavapUrNa rUpa se saMyojita mAnava hai| yahA~ na to duHkha ke lie sthAna hai aura na kisI prakAra ke virodha ke lie / aisA pAcaraNa, jisakA pariNAma amizrita evaM zuddha sukha hai, pUrNa rUpa se ucita hai| ucita pAcaraNavAlA vyakti sahAnubhUtimUlaka karmoM aura naitika kartavya ko svAbhAvika tathA anAyAsa rUpa se kregaa| vaha sadguNoM ko prAtmasAt kara legaa| 260 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #192
leslI sTIphena laislI sTIphena' ne speMsara ke vikAsAtmaka sukhavAda ko apanI vizeSatAe~ rakhate hue apnaayaa| inakI sabase pramukha vizeSatA athavA speMsara ke siddhAnta ko mahattvapUrNa dena samAja kI jIva-racanA evaM aMgI (organism) kI dhAraNA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki speMsara ne isa vicAradhArA kI nIMva DAlI, kintu usakI nIMva kaccI aura khokhalI hai| use isa dhAraNA kA saMsthApaka kahanA ucita nahIM hogA / 'jIva - racanA' ke prayoga dvArA vaha vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha kA vyApaka aura yathArtha citra nahIM khIMcatA, kintu use adhikatara rucikara sAdRzya yA rUpaka ke rUpa meM letA hai / sTIphena use nizcita rUpa se mukhya naitika tattva mAnatA hai / usakA kahanA hai ki satya kA pUrNa darzana yaha batalAtA hai ki samAja samudAya mAtra nahIM hai, jIva-racanA kA vikAsa hai / vyakti aura jAti kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki vyakti ekAkI aNu kI bhA~ti nahIM raha sakatA / vaha usI bhA~ti samAja para nirbhara hai jaise ki avayava deha para haiM / vyakti ko sadaiva samAja ke hI sambandha meM samajha sakate haiM / usakI icchAtroM, AkAMkSAoM kI tRpti samAja meM hI sambhava hai / jo kucha bhI vaha hai, samAja ke kAraNa hai / samAja kI pUrva sthiti se prAnuvaMzikatA ke rUpa meM usane apanI maulika pravRttiyoM aura svAbhAvika prakRti ko pAyA hai / usakA bauddhika aura mAnasika vyaktitva use samAja kI dena hai / usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa sAmAjika saMsthAnoM, bhASA, zikSA evaM vAtAvaraNa para nirbhara hai / athavA samAja eka jIva- racanA kI bhA~ti hai jisa para usake vyaktirUpI avayava paraspara nirbhara haiM; binA samAja ke ve nahIM raha sakate / ye samAja se saMyojita hone kA nirantara prayAsa karate rahate haiM sAmAjika tantu (social tissue) kA kramazaH aneka prakAra se sudhAra ho rahA hai tAki usake avayava adhika pUrNatA se saMyojita hokara jIva-racanA ke vibhinna vyApAroM ko samaSTi rUpa se paripUrNa kara sakeM / sAmAjika racanA kI gati kA dhyeya sAmAjika 'prakAra' (social 'type') kA vikAsa hai / prathavA usa prakAra ke samAja ko utpanna karanA hai jo ki sAmAjika jIvana meM diye hue sAdhana aura sAdhya kI adhikatama kAryakSamatA ( efficiency) kA pratinidhi ho sake / naitika dhyeya : svAsthya -- samAja ke svarUpa ko jaiva rUpa se samajhane ke pazcAt leslI sTIphena kahatA hai ki jIvana ke dhyeya kA vaijJAnika mAnadaNDa 1. Leslie Stephen. vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 191 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #193
svAsthya hai, sukha nahIM / speMsara kA kahanA thA ki jaba vaiyaktika jIvana lambAI aura caur3AI meM adhikatama ho jAtA hai taba vikAsa apanI sImA ko prApta kara letA hai| kintu laislI sTIphena, speMsara tathA baiMthama aura mila evaM upayogitAvAdiyoM ke viruddha kahatA hai ki naitika dhyeya jIva-racanA athavA sAmAjika tantu kA svAsthya yA kAryakSamatA hai| ataH sAmAjika vikAsa-krama kI antima sthiti ko vaha 'abhivRddhi', 'unnati', jIvana kI 'adhikatama paripUrNatA' prAdi vibhinna zabdoM dvArA samajhAtA hai| usake anusAra sukha aura svAsthya bhinna nahIM haiN| ve eka-dUsare ke anurUpa haiN| kintu phira bhI karmoM ke bAhya (sukhaprada athavA duHkhaprada) pariNAma se unake aucitya ko nahIM AMkA jA sakatA / vahI karma zubha haiM jo sAmAjika svAsthya ke lie lAbhaprada haiN| sAmAjika jIvana jIva-racanA kA vikAsa hai / karma ke pariNAma kA tabhI bhalI-bhAMti guNagAna kiyA jA sakatA hai jabaki vaha usakI mUlagata banAvaTa kA unnayana aura sudhAra kare, na ki jaba vaha usakI kSaNika sthiti ko prabhAvita kare / sAmAnyata: hAnikAraka karma duHkhaprada hote haiM aura lAbhakAraka karma sukhaprada / naitika niyama sAmAjika tantu ke guNoM kI vyAkhyA hai| ve sAmAjika kalyANa evaM svAsthya kI sthiti kA varNana karate haiM / jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa ye niyama badalate rahate haiM / naitika niyama ve niyama haiM jo jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ko vyakta karate haiN| vahI niyama zubha hai jo sAmAjika svAsthya ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hai / vikAsa ke sAtha hI naitika niyama adhika spaSTa hote jAyeMge aura sAmAjika prakAra adhika vyApaka hotA jAyegA / laslI sTIphena yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki naitika niyama nirapekSa nahIM haiN| inakI utpatti vikAsa ke krama meM huI hai| usake anusAra mAnasika dabAva hI naitikatA ko utpanna karatA hai aura usakI rakSA evaM pAlana karatA hai| manuSya kI cetanA meM vahI naitikatA kA pratinidhi hai / vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki vikAsa ke krama meM eka prakAra kA AcaraNa hI nahIM balki eka prakAra kA caritra bhI vikasita hogaa| vikAsa ke krama meM manuSya naitikatA ke bAhya rUpa 'yaha karo' se usake prAntarika rUpa 'yaha bano' meM pahuMca jAyegA, arthAt naitika vikAsa ke krama meM bAhya kartavya buddhi se kArya karane se vaha antataH kartavyapUrNa bana jaayegaa| 162 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #194
alegjeNDara sAmAjika santulana-alegjeNDara' vastutaH laslI sTIphena ke siddhAnta ko mAnatA hai| vaha apane siddhAnta ko sAmAjika jIva-racanA yA sAmAjika vidhAna kI dhAraNA dvArA samajhAtA hai| usake anusAra zubha aura kucha nahIM, vaha kevala santulita samaSTi meM saMyojana hai| usake anusAra AcaraNa ke aucitya-anaucitya ko eka viziSTa mAnadaNDa dvArA nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai / isa mAnadaNDa kA hI nAma naitika Adarza hai| naitika Adarza AcaraNa kA santulana vidhAna hai| yaha virodhI pravRttiyoM para AdhArita hai aura unake bIca santulana sthApita karatA hai| ata: parama zubha AcaraNa kA pUrNa rUpa se saMyojita zubha evaM sAmAjika jIva-racanA kA santulana hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM prAkRtika cayana-alegjeNDara ne naitika mAnyatAmoM aura paza-jIvana ke vikAsa aura unnati meM prAkRtika cayana kA sAdRzya paayaa| usane kahA ki naitika jIvana meM prAkRtika cayana kA krama milatA hai / leslI sTIphena ke sAtha usane svIkAra kiyA ki prAkRtika cayana ke kAraNa vikAsa ke krama meM prAcaraNa kA vaha prakAra surakSita raha jAtA hai jo adhikatama yogya aura pUrNa rUpa se santulita hai| prAkRtika cayana vaha paddhatikrama hai jisake kAraNa vibhinna jIvayoniyA~ prabhutva ke lie saMgharSa karatI haiM aura jo vijayI hotI haiM ve sApekSataH sthAyI ho jAtI haiM / pazu-jIvana aura naitika jIvana meM pramukha bheda yaha hai ki naitikatA kA kSetra mAnasa kA kSetra hai, na ki pazutA kA / pazu-jIvana meM sabala aura sazakta kA saMgharSa durbala aura niHzakta ke sAtha hotA hai aura naitika jIvana meM AdarzoM yA jIvana-praNAliyoM kA saMgharSa milatA hai / prAkRtika cayana meM ve praNAliyA~ jIvita rahatI haiM jo sAmAjika kalyANa kI vAhaka haiM / yadi koI samartha buddhimAn vyakti samAja ke lie kalyANakArI vicAroM kA pratipAdana karatA hai--dAsa prathA, nirdayatA, avinaya, asamAnatA Adi ke viruddha AvAja uThAtA hai to anya vyakti usakI. kaTu AlocanA karate haiN| phira bhI aise vyakti ke vicAra tathA jIvana-praNAlI apanI uccatA ke kAraNa anta meM vijayI hotI hai| pAlocanA naitikatA kA prAkRtika vijJAna-vikAsavAdI sukhavAdiyoM ne naitika 1. Samuel Alexander. . . vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 193 For Personal & Private Use Only

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mAnyatAoM ke udgama aura vikAsa ko samajhanA cAhA / naitikatA ko vaijJAnika prAdhAra dene ke prayAsa meM unhoMne use jIvazAstra se sambaddha kiyA / naitika vikAsa ko vizva - vikAsa kA aMga mAnakara naitikatA ko samajhane ke lie vikAsa ke paddhati krama ko samajhanA Avazyaka batalAyA / unakA siddhAnta vAstava meM prakRtivAda hai / naitika mAnyatAoM ke ucita mUlya ko samajhAne ke badale ve kevala yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karate haiM ki naitika mAnyatAoM kI utpatti kaise huI aura mAnava jAti ke jIvana kI vRddhi yA hrAsa meM ve kahA~ taka sahAyaka huI haiN| jahA~ taka prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA prazna hai, ve dhyeya (Adarza) kI ora udAsIna 'haiN| nItizAstra AdarzoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai / yaha patA lagAtA hai ki pradarza AcaraNa ko kaise prabhAvita kara sakate haiM / prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA sambandha 'kyA hai' ( vAstavikatA ) se hai aura nItizAstra kA sambandha 'kyA honA cAhie' (Adarza) se hai / nItizAstra kI aisI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA aitihAsika jijJAsA kI tRpti hai, na ki naitika jijJAsA kI / naitika jijJAsA kA samAdhAna tabhI sambhava hai jabaki AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya para prakAza DAlA jAya; yaha batalAyA jAya ki kyoM kisI vizeSa prakAra ke AcaraNa ko zubha kahate haiM / alegz2aiNDara kA siddhAnta isa ora thor3A agrasara huA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki jIvana kI vaha praNAlI acchI hai jo samAja meM santulana sthApita karatI hai / jIvazAstra se atyadhika prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa vaha isa prazna ke mahattara pahalU ko chor3a detA hai / vaha yaha nahIM batalAtA ki yaha santulana mahattvapUrNa kyoM hai / naitika Adarza ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke badale vikAsavAdI kahate haiM ki vikAsakrama meM ve niyama rahate haiM jo jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka haiM / ye niyama ucita kyoM haiM, manuSya kA kyA kartavya hai, zrAtma cetana prANI kisa prAdarza ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai, use Atma-santoSa kaise prApta ho sakatA hai, ina saba praznoM se vikAsavAdI utane hI dUra haiM jitanI ki nimna jIvayoniyA~ haiM / unhoMne naitikatA kI aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika vyAkhyA kI / manuSya ke bauddhika, zrAdhyAtmika svabhAva ko bhUlakara use jIvana kA taTastha darzakamAtra mAna liyaa| unake siddhAnta ko prAkRtika siddhAnta kahanA ucita hogA / naitikatA kI dhAraNA mUlyaparaka hai, na ki vastuparaka / nItizAstra anubhavAtmaka aura yathArtha vijJAna nahIM. isakA bhUtakAlIna ghaTanAoM athavA naitikatA ke itihAsa se pratyakSa sambandha nahIM hai / ise sukhavAda kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai - speMsara sukha ko parama dhyeya mAnatA hai 194 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kintu sAtha hI spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki sukha apane-ApameM mAnadaNDa nahIM hai| naitika dRSTi se karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya kA mAnadaNDa zArIrika svAsthya hai / zArIrika svAsthya evaM jAti kA jIvana hI sannikaTa dhyeya hai / aisI sthiti meM speMsara ke siddhAnta ko sukhavAda kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai| sannikaTa dhyeya aura 'parama dhyeya ke bIca speMsara yaha kahakara sAmaMjasya sthApita karatA hai ki naitika uddezya ke lie yaha mAna lenA cAhie ki adhikatama parimANa ke jIvana kA aura adhikatama parimANa ke sukha kA utpAdana karanevAle karmoM meM sAmaMjasya hai / usakI uparyukta mAnyatA kyA apane ko siddha karatI hai ? usakA yaha kathana, sambhava hai, isa vizvAsa para AdhArita hai ki Adarza samAja (pUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthiti) kA nirapekSa nItizAstra una AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai jo ki duHkharahita pUrNa sukha kA utpAdana karate haiN| aise AzApUrNa bhaviSya se sambandhita niyama vartamAna sthitiyoM kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sakate, ve vAstavika jagat ke lie vyAvahArika niyama nahIM de sakate haiM / ve sukhaprada aura svAsthyaprada karmoM meM ekatva sthApita nahIM kara sakate / saca to yaha hai ki sukha aura duHkha kI mAnasika-kAyika khoja yaha vyAvahArika jJAna nahIM de sakatI ki kisa paristhiti meM sukha-vizeSakara ucca sukha prApta ho sakatA hai / yaha kahanA ki vastu kaba aura kise sukha de sakatI hai, yaha paristhiti-mAnasika aura bhautika-ke vyApaka jJAna kI apekSA rakhatI hai| anAvazyaka prAzAvAda-speMsara kA vizvAsa hai ki vikAsa apanI antima sthiti meM eka aise Adarza samAja ko sthApita kara degA jahA~ ki duHkharahita sukha hogaa| usake anusAra jIvana-saMrakSaNa ke lie anivArya niyama hI naitika niyama haiM aura ve sakhaprada bhI haiN| paddhatikrama kI sthiti apUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthiti hai, isameM pUrNa sukha prApta nahIM ho sakatA / kintu pUrNa sAmaMjasya avazya hI pUrNa sukha degA / isa sthiti meM nirapekSa nItizAstra ke niyama vyAvahArika ho jaayeNge| manuSya una parama naitika karmoM ko karane lageMge jo duHkharahita sukha kA utpAdana kreNge| kintu isa tathya ko kaise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ? speMsara kA yaha kahanA thA ki vizva kA itihAsa batalAtA hai ki vikAsa kA krama anizcita, asaMgata, ekarUpatA se nizcita, vaicitryapUrNa saMgatimaya anekarUpatA kI unnati kA krama hai / jahA~ taka mAnava-samAja kA prazna hai aise vikAsa kI antima sthiti duHkharahita pUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sUcaka hai / vikAsavAdiyoM ke isa kathana ke samAna hI mahattvapUrNa nirAzAvAdiyoM kA kathana bhI milatA hai / vAstavika anubhava yaha nahIM vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 165 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kaha sakatA ki unake kathana kI avahelanA karanA sambhava hai| athavA ina kathanoM meM ki 'ajJAna sukhaprada hai' aura 'jJAna kI vRddhi, duHkha kI vRddhi hai jo AMzika satya milatA hai, usase muMha mor3a lenA sambhava nhiiN| speMsara kA vizvAsa thA ki jIvana kI vRddhi sukha kI vRddhi hai| kintu kyA adhika vikasita rASTra aura vyakti adhika sukhI haiM ? isameM sandeha nahIM ki unakI vibhinna zaktiyA~ aura yogyatAe~ bar3ha gayI haiN| kintu isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikalatA ki unakI sukha bhogane kI zakti bhI bar3ha gayI hai / balki isake viparIta yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki ve bauddhika aura mAnasika azAnti se grasta haiN| vartamAna jIvana isakA jvalanta udAharaNa hai| ___ sAmaMjasya-speMsara ne kahA ki mAnava-jAti apUrNa sAmaMjasya se pUrNa sAmaMjasya kI ora agrasara ho rahI hai| vikAsa kI antima sthiti pUrNa sAmaMjasya evaM sthAyI santulana kI sthiti hogii| kyA vikAsa sthAyI santulana ko svIkAra kara sakatA hai ? kyA pUrNa saMyojita vyakti sambhava hai ? vikAsa aura pUrNa santulana, ye do virodhI dhAraNAe~ haiN| vikAsa eka bahatI huI nadI ke samAna hai jo aneka naye kagAroM rUpI icchAnoM aura bhAvanAoM ko utpanna karatI rahatI hai| yadi sthAyI santulana rUpI setu kI sthApanA kara bhI dI jAya to vaha punaH navIna zaktiyoM dvArA vicchinna ho jAyegA / vikAsa parivartanazIla jIvana kA sUcaka hai, sthAyI santulana sthira jIvana kA tathA sthira jIvana matyU kA hI dUsarA nAma hai| aisA pUrNa sukha athavA parama zAnti maraghaTa meM hI sambhava hai| manuSya meM saMyojana usa anivArya prAkRtika sambandha ke rUpa meM prakaTa nahIM hotA hai jisake lie vaha saceta na rhe| manuSya meM saMyojana prAkRtika sthiti mAtra kA sUcaka nahIM hai, vaha arthagabhita hai| saMyojana ko artha manuSya kA mAnasa detA hai| usake mAnasa meM kucha aprApya dhyeya athavA Adarza haiM aura unakI prApti ke lie vaha paristhiti ke sAtha viziSTa prakAra se saMyojita honA cAhatA hai| vaijJAnika, dArzanika aura cintaka apane Adarza ke anurUpa hI jagat ko dekhanA cAhate haiM / ve jagata ko apane prAdarza se saMyojita karanA cAhate haiN| Atmacetana prANI vAtAvaraNa aura pariveza meM kamiyA~ pAtA hai| vaha use apane mAnasika Adarza ke anurUpa nahIM pAtA hai| kamiyoM ko nirdhArita karanevAlA mAnadaNDa use vAtAvaraNa nahIM detA balki usakA mAnasa detA hai| manuSya ke lie sAmaMjasya korA zabda mAtra nahIM hai| yaha usake Adarza se saMyukta hokara arthabhita ho jAtA hai / aise sAmaMjasya ko samajhane ke lie dhyeya yA anta ko samajhanA cAhie, 166 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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na ki udgama ko| manuSya bauddhika aura cintanazIla hai| usakA aprApya dhyeya usake vAstavika svabhAva kA pratibimba hai| mAnava-samAja kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki vikAsa vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa ke bIca sAmaMjasya sthApita nahIM kara rahA hai balki prAtmacetana svatantra vyakti apane Adarza ke anurUpa vAtAvaraNa ko saMyojita kara rahe haiM / dRr3ha saMkalpa aura netika antarjJAnavAle vyaktiyoM-IsA, buddha, gAMdhI-ne apane vyaktitva meM apane AdarzoM ko mUrtimAn kiyA aura vAtAvaraNa ko bhI apane AdarzoM ke anurUpa DhAlA / naitikatA yaha jAnanA cAhatI hai ki samAja kI kauna-sI sthiti Adarza sthiti hai / vaha jIvazAstra kI bhA~ti sAmAjika vikAsa ke tathyAtmaka varNana ko hI saba-kucha nahIM mAna sktii| vikAsavAdI yaha bhUla gaye ki naitikatA acetana sAmaMjasya se Upara hai| vaha usa sAmaMjasya ko samajhanA cAhatI hai jo ki samajha-bUjhakara uccatama bhaviSya ke lie svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| aisA sAmaMjasya yAntrika nahIM hai, na vaha prAkRtika vikAsa kA anivArya aMga hI hai| isa sAmaMjasya ke bAre meM yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki manuSya cAhe athavA na cAhe, prAkRtika vikAsapUrNa sAmaMjasya kI sthiti ko apane-aApa sthApita kara degaa| vikAsavAdiyoM ne vAtAvaraNa ko sthira sthitiyoM kA vidhAna mAtra mAnA hai jisase jIva-racanA apane jIvanasaMrakSaNa ke lie saMyojita hotI hai| ve yaha bhUla gaye ki manuSya to manuSya hI hai, nimna prANiyoM aura unake vAtAvaraNa taka meM yaha pAyA jAtA hai aura ve donoM hI eka-dUsare para nirbhara haiN| vyakti hI samAja para pUrNatayA nirbhara nahIM hai, samAja bhI vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vAstava meM vahI samAja jIvita raha sakatA hai jise vyaktiyoM kA sakriya sahayoga prApta hai| jisa samAja ke sadasya samajha-bUjhakara svecchA se apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karate haiM vahI unnata aura jIvita samAja hai / manuSya aura pazu ke AcaraNa meM yahI pramukha bheda hai ki pazu ke karma bauddhika AtmA dvArA saMcAlita nahIM hote| manuSya samAja evaM prakRti ke hAtha kA khilaunA nahIM hai| prakRti use kaThaputalI kI taraha nahIM nacA sktii| usakA prakRti ke sAtha andha-sAmaMjasya nahIM hai| jaba se usameM dhyeya-nihita buddhi (Purposive intelligence) kA prAdurbhAva huA aura pArasparika sahayoga kI bhAvanA evaM mAnavatA kI bhAvanA me janma liyA taba se usake sAmaMjasya ke dRSTikoNa ke kSitija meM mahAna antara A gayA hai| vaha aba bAhya jagat ko apane Antarika jagat-prAdarzoM aura mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa banAnA cAhatA hai| yadi yaha mAna leM ki dhyeya-nihita buddhi ko prakRti ne janma diyA hai to yaha bhI vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 167 For Personal & Private Use Only

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spaSTa hai ki prakRti kA yaha zizu aba usakA svAmI bana gayA hai / samAja kevala bhautika sAmaMjasya kA sUcaka nahIM hai / vaha Atmacetana prANI ke lie vaha sthAna hai jahA~ use ucca guNoM ke upArjana ke lie suvidhA mila sakatI hai| vikAsavAdI bhUla jAte haiM ki manuSya svatantra naitika prANI hai| vaha apane vAtAvaraNa ko svayaM banA sakatA hai| jaiva kSetra ke saMvedanazIla jIva aura naitika kSetra ke buddhijIvI meM antara hai| isa antara ke kAraNa manuSya-jIvana meM zakta aura azakta kA virodha alpa evaM nagaNya hai| yahA~ nirbala ke Upara sabala kI vijaya nahIM hai / manuSya kI saba AvazyakatAoM ko bhautika evaM jaiva nahIM kaha skte| jAtiyoM ke saMgharSa ko kAyika samudAyoM kA saMgharSa mAtra nahIM kaha skte| yaha, jaisA ki alegjeNDara ne mAnA hai, ucca aura nimna tathA naitika aura sAmAjika vicAroM kA saMgharSa hai| - sAmAjika jIva-racanA kA rUpaka sandehajanaka hai-vikAsavAdiyoM ne samAja aura jIva-racanA meM sAdRzya dikhalAkara yaha batalAyA ki unake pUrva ke siddhAnta naitika dRSTi ke sAtha hI jaiva dRSTi se bhI nirbala aura tyAjya haiM / jisa AtmA kI tRpti ke lie unhoMne prayAsa kiyA vaha samAja se asambaddha nahIM hai| usakA aura samAja kA anivArya aura ananya sambandha hai / sukhavAda ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA adhyayana yaha batalA cukA hai ki ve vyakti aura samAja ke ananya sambandha ko samajhAne meM asamartha rhe| isI bhA~ti buddhiparatAvAdiyoM (siniksa, sToiksa, kANTa) kA siddhAnta isa sambandha ko nahIM samajha paayaa| unhoMne bhI samAja ko virodhI zaktiyoM kI bAhya-ekatA ke rUpa meM dekhaa| vikAsavAdiyoM ne yaha samajhAyA ki vyakti aura samAja kA sambandha saMyoga mAtra nahIM hai / ve Akasmika rUpa se sambandhita nahIM, ananya rUpa se sambaddha haiN| samAja ko jIva-racanA (aMgI) kahakara unhoMne yaha samajhAyA ki vyakti samAja para nirbhara hai| kintu isa vAkya-khaNDa-jIva-racanA--kI vyAkhyA sandehajanaka hai| vikAsavAdiyoM ne svayaM mAnA hai ki samAja aura jIva-racanA meM samAnatA ke sAtha hI spaSTa bheda bhI hai| ata: jIva-racanA ke rUpaka ko parama rUpa se svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| use sAdRzya ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra karanA hogA / jIva-racanA ke avayava svatantra, Atmanirbhara jIvana nahIM bitA skte| samAja meM vyakti kA apanA svatantra vyaktitva hai| usake sukha-duHkha vyaktigata aura sApekSa haiN| sijavika ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki sukha-duHkha kA anubhava vyakti karatA hai, na ki sAmAjika jIva-racanA / jaiva jIva-racanA ke 168 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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anubhava kA kendra eka hI hotA hai kintu samAja pratyeka vyakti ke dvArA cintana tathA anubhava karatA hai| unakI bauddhika yA sAmAjika prAtmA ke rUpa meM hI usakA astitva hai| vyakti pArasparika rUpa se eka-dUsare para nirbhara avazya haiM, kintu pratyeka kA apanA nijatva hai| jIva-vidhAna yA racanAzAstra ke anusAra samAna hone para bhI unake kartavya, karma evaM vyApAroM meM bhinnatA hai| jaiva jIva-racanA aura sAmAjika jIva-racanA meM yahA~ para spaSTa bheda hai| jIvaracanA ke nirmANAtmaka aMga athavA jIvANa jIva-racanAzAstrAnusAra na to ekarUpa (samAna) haiM aura na unake vyApAra hI samAna haiN| jIvANu jIva-racanA para nirmara haiN| unakA jIvana prAtmanirbhara aura svatantra nahIM hai| kintu vyakti samAja para nirbhara hote hue bhI svatantra hai| samAja una prAtmaprabuddha AtmAoM kA saMgaThana hai jinake karma svecchAkRta haiN| vaha vaiyaktika aNuoM kA yAntrika samudAya mAtra nahIM hai| ataH jIva-racanA kA rUpaka samucita sAdRzya nahIM hai| ise dUra taka nahIM le jA sakate / jIva-racanA ke rUpaka ko pUrNa rUpa se mAna lene para vyakti kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| isa artha meM zubha ekamAtra sAmAjika hai| kintu nItizAstra vaiyaktika zubha ko bhI mAnatA hai| sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa se vyakti samAja meM kho nahIM jaataa| usakA apanA vyaktitva hai, vaha prAtmasukha kI khoja karatA hai| vAstava meM naitika jIvana meM svArtha aura paramArtha donoM ke hI lie samucita sthAna hai| ve eka-dUsare ko vilIna nahIM kara dete balki eka mahattara satya kA aMga bana jAte haiM / vahI ucita paramArtha hai jo svArtha kA samAveza karatA hai aura vahI ucita svArtha hai jo paramArtha kA samAveza karatA hai| pratyeka sAmAjika vyakti eka prahantA bhI hai / prahantA ko naSTa karanA naitika jIvana ko nirmUla karanA hai| naitika jIvana kA kendra-bindu prahantA ke bhItara hai / prahantA kA jJAna hI parasvArtha kA jJAna detA hai| phira bhI vikAsavAdiyoM ke 'jIva-racanA' ke rUpaka kA mahattva hai / yaha samAja aura vyakti kI vAstavika pArasparika nirbharatA ko batalAtA hai| sahajajJAnavAda kA virodha : naitikatA kI utpatti-sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ke. anusAra naitika pratyaya sahaja, parama aura nirapekSa hote haiN| vikAsavAdiyoM ne antarbodha ko aitihAsika paddhati se samajhAkara sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI AlocanA kii| unhoMne yaha batalAyA ki antarbodha ke nirNaya sahajAta aura anupAjita mahIM hote haiN| ve sAmAjika jIva-racanA se sApekSa rUpa se sambandhita haiM aura apane samaya ke samAja kI. vikasita sthiti ko abhivyakti karate haiM / ve vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 166 For Personal & Private Use Only

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paristhiti-vizeSa se sakriya rUpa se sambaddha haiN| naitika niyama sArvabhauma aura anivArya nahIM haiM / ve deza aura kAla kI bhinnatA ke anurUpa bhinna haiN| vAstava meM jJAna anubhava-sApekSa hai / jIvana-saMgharSa ke krama meM manuSya vibhinna prabhAvoM ko prApta karate haiN| mAnava-jAti ke lie jo anubhavajanya jJAna hai vahI vyakti ke lie anubhava-nirapekSa ho jAtA hai / AnuvaMzikatA dvArA prApta jJAna hI sahajAta lagatA hai / AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA jJAna anubhavajAta jJAna hai / satya bolanA, corI na karanA, jAti ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA prAdi sahajAta isa artha meM haiM ki mAnava-jAti ne anubhava se sIkhA hai ki ye jAti aura vyakti ke saMrakSaNa meM sahAyaka hote haiN| svayaM-siddha naitika satya anubhava dvArA ajita satya hai| ye sApekSa aura parivartanazIla haiN| kartavya kI bhAvanA; svArtha-paramArtha kA prazna-svArtha aura paramArtha ke prazna ko upayogitAvAdiyoM ne uThAyA thA aura unhoMne bhAvanA dvArA una donoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA asambhava prayatna kiyA thaa| isa prazna ko vikAsavAdiyoM ne phira se utthaayaa| speMsara ne inake virodha ke mUla meM apUrNa sAmaMjasya dekhA / leslI sTIphena spaSTa rUpa se mAnatA hai ki kartavya aura sukha meM pUrNa saMgati nahIM hai / kucha pAramArthika karma duHkhaprada bhI haiN| para sAtha hI vaha kahatA hai ki vyakti kA apanA sukha hI parama dhyeya nahIM hai| usake lie yaha anivArya hai ki jIvana kI sAmAnya paristhitiyoM ke yogya hone ke lie vaha pAramArthika pravRttiyoM ko ajita kare / sAmAjika jIva-racanA kA sadasya hone ke kAraNa vyakti samAja ke sUkha aura kalyANa ke lie apane sukha ko bhUla jAtA hai| svesara kA siddhAnta leslI sTIphena aura alegjeNDara kI tulanA meM adhika vyaktivAdI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki pratyakSa dhyeya prAtmasaMrakSaNa hai aura apratyakSa dhyeya jAti-saMrakSaNa / kintu laslI sTIphena aura alegjeNDara sAmAjika svAsthya athavA sAmAjika vidhAna kI sAmyAvasthA ko hI parama zubha mAnate haiM / aisI sthiti meM sukhavAda (vaiyaktika sukha) ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jAtA / vAstava meM vikAsavAdiyoM ne bhI sukhavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti sukha-kartavya, svArtha-paramArtha evaM zubha aura sadguNa meM virodha mAna liyaa| sukhavAdiyoM ne bhAvanA dvArA unameM saMgati sthApita karanI cAhI aura vikAsavAdiyoM ne jaiva vikAsa dvArA isa kaThinAI ko dUra karanA caahaa| apane isa prayAsa meM unhoMne naitika vikAsa ko prAkRtika cayana dvArA samajhAyA jisake anusAra yogyatama kI vijaya hI vibhinna naitika niyamoM kI janmadAtrI bana jAtI hai evaM naitikatA 200 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #202
nitikatA se utpanna hotI hai / ve yaha bhUla gaye ki jaiva aura naitika niyamoM meM anurUpatA nahIM hai| jaMva niyama yogyatama kI vijaya evaM durbala ke damana ke 'siddhAnta ke poSaka haiN| ve samartha tathA zaktizAlI vyaktitva kI vRddhi karate haiM, prabhutvabhAva tathA nirmama AtmabhAva kA samarthana karate haiN| naitika vikAsa durbala ko Azraya detA hai| yaha vikAsa, jaisA ki alegjeNDara ne aMgIkAra kiyA, kSadra vicAroM ke Upara ucca vicAroM kI vijaya hai| alegjeNDara kA yaha kathana yaha svIkAra karane ke samAna hai ki jaiva dhAraNA naitika mUlyoM ko nahIM samajhA sktii| isameM sandeha nahIM ki natika vikAsa prAMzika rUpa se vAtAvaraNa aura pariveza para nirbhara hai| kintu pramukha rUpa se vaha zubha saMsthAoM, zikSA, bhASA, svatantra saMkalpa aura naitika antarjJAna para nirbhara hai| naitika mAcaraNa samyaka jJAna kI kramika vRddhi kA sUcaka hai| vaha prAkRtika cayana dvArA nirdezita na hokara vivekasammata aura svecchAkRta hai| prakRti kI anukUlatA dekhakara AcaraNa karanevAlA vyakti avasaravAdI hai, na ki naitika / naitika manuSya satya ke lie aDiga hokara AcaraNa karatA hai / yahI usake lie zobhana hai / paristhiti ke anukUla prAcaraNa ucca AcaraNa nahIM hai, vaha pazu-dharAtala kA sUcaka hai / aisA AcaraNa manuSya aura rASTra ko unnata nahIM banA sktaa| naitika kaThinAI-vikAsavAda evaM naitika mAnyatAoM kA prAkRtika itihAsa vibhinna jIvayoniyoM ke jIvana ke bAre meM bodha detA hai| vaha batalAtA hai ki jIvana-saMgharSa ne AcaraNa ke kina rUpoM ko janma diyA hai / naitika mAnyatAoM, 'niyamoM aura pratyayoM ke mUla meM kaunasI bhautika paristhitiyA~ haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki aisI aitihAsika paddhati kA kucha sImA taka nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu sAtha hI isa satya ko bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA ki vaha jJAna ko tathyAtmaka jagat taka sImita kara detA hai / ataH pUrNa rUpa se usa paddhati ko apanAnA, mUlya ko bhUlakara tathya ko mahattva denA hai| naitikatA sAmAjika vikAsa ke tathyAtmaka varNana ko mahattva nahIM detI / vaha jAnanA cAhatI hai ki samAja kI kauna-sI sthiti Adarza sthiti hai| naitika jIvana Adarza se zAsita hai, na ki bhUtakAlIna ghaTanAoM aura tathyoM se / vaha sAbhiprAya jIvana hai aura hetuvAda dvArA samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / vaha dhyeya evaM Adarza dvArA nirdezita hai| vikAsavAdiyoM ne use vaijJAnika rUpa dene kI AkAMkSA se jIvazAstra para AdhArita kara diyA aura isa bhA~ti vAstavikatA se Adarza kI utpatti tathA nitikatA se naitikatA ke vikAsa ko samajhAnA caahaa| vikAsa-krama kA vikAsavAdI sukhavAda | 201 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #203
andhAnukaraNa karane meM vyakti ke jIvana kI sArthakatA nahIM hai / vyakti athavA samAja kI naitika pragati vaizva krama kA anukaraNa karane meM nahIM hai aura na usase muMha mor3a lene meM hI hai; kintu usase saMgharSa karane meM hai| vikAsavAda yaha nahIM samajhA pAtA ki jIvana kA kyA artha hai| vaha kevala yaha kahatA hai ki jIvanasaMrakSaNa anivArya hai, jisake lie prAkRtika niyamoM kA anukaraNa bhI anivArya hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki koI bhI nItijJa una niyamoM kI avahelanA nahIM kregaa| jo sAmAjika saMrakSaNa ke lie Avazyaka haiN| saca to yaha hai ki binA samAja ke naitika niyama vyartha haiM / kintu mukhya prazna yaha hai ki kyA ekamAtra dhyeya saMrakSaNa hI hai ? kyA mAnavatA kI sthApanAmAtra se santoSa prApta ho sakatA hai ? kyA usake astitva evaM jIvana ko adhika vAMchanIya banAnA dhyeya nahIM hai ? kyA jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI kI vRddhi se prAtma-santoSa mila sakatA hai ? naitika dRSTi se aisA jIvana apane-Apa meM vAMchanIya nahIM hai| bauddhika prANI ajagara kA-sA jIvana nahIM bitA sktaa| naitika dhyeya guNavihIna dhyeya nahIM hai| naitika mAnyatAe~ guNAtmaka bheda kI apekSA rakhatI haiM / kartavya kI bhAvanA ko vikAsavAdiyoM ne bhautika niyamoM ke AdhAra para smjhaayaa| manuSya cAhe athavA na cAhe, prakRti usake AcaraNa ko eka viziSTa rUpa de degI, usakI prakRti ko eka viziSTa prakAra kA banA degI / aisI sthiti meM manuSya ke lie naitika dhyeya kI prApti kA prayAsa karanA mukhya vastu nahIM hai / svArtha kA paramArtha meM anAyAsa hI rUpAntara ho jAtA hai aura prAkRtika cayana kartavya kI bhAvanA kA prAdurbhAva kara detA hai; aise siddhAntoM ko apanAkara manuSya jIvana ke prati, naitika evaM bauddhika mAnyatAoM ke prati vaisI hI bhAvanA ho jAyegI jaisI ki anya prAkRtika prANiyoM- pazu, vRkSa, acetana vastuoMkI hotI hai| vikAsavAdI bhUla gaye ki manuSya aura pazu meM bheda hai / manuSya usa dhyeya ko dekha aura samajha sakatA hai jisakI ora prakRtirUpI gAr3I bar3ha rahI hai / dRr3ha saMkalpa aura prabala vyaktitvavAlA manuSya prAkRtika dizA ke vimukha bhI jAsakatA hai| vikAsavAdiyoM kA siddhAnta vicitra hai| ve naitika pratyayoM ko prAkRtika cayana evaM jIvana-saMgharSa dvArA samajhAte haiN| unake nyAya kA siddhAnta tathA kartavya kI bhAvanA isake jvalanta udAharaNa haiN| unhoMne naitika sukhavAda ke sAtha upayogitAvAda ko saMyukta karanA cAhA evaM prakRtivAda aura sahajajJAnavAda ko eka mAna liyA aura naitika zubha aura prAkRtika zubha tathA jaiva zubha meM tAdAtmya dekhA / unhoMne svArtha-paramArtha, kartavya aura sukha virodha mAnakara 202 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #204
use dUra karanA cAhA / pradarzavidhAyaka vijJAna aura yathArtha - vijJAna ko samA rUpa se samajhanA cAhA tathA svatantra naitika prANI aura aprabuddhaprANiyoM ko eka hI stara para mAna liyA / vikAsavAdI sukhavAda / 203 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #205
14 buddhiparatAvAda sAmAnya paricaya-buddhiparatAvAda vaha siddhAnta hai jo yaha mAnatA hai ki manuSya kA maulika svarUpa bauddhika hai, bhAvanAtmaka nhiiN| isakA sukhavAda se pratyakSa virodha hai| yaha usake bilkula hI viparIta hai| isake anusAra jIvana kA dhyeya bauddhika hai, vaha bhAvanA se svatantra hai / sukha kA nirAkaraNa karate hue buddhiparatAvAda kahatA hai ki sukha kI preraNA se kiyA huA karma anaitika hai / buddhiparatAvAda ne indriyoM ke hanana ko anivArya batalAte hue buddhi kI pradhAnatA siddha kI hai / yadi sukhavAda ne 'sukha sukha ke lie kahA to buddhiparatAvAda ne 'kartavya kartavya ke lie' khaa| sukhavAdiyoM ne sukha, vyAvasAyika buddhi aura lAbhaprada sAdhana ko mahattva diyA aura buddhiparatAvAdiyoM ne kartavya, sadguNa aura niyamocita karma ko / eka ne naitikatA kA sambandha karma ke pariNAma (sukha-duHkha) se jor3A to dUsare ne preraNA kI pavitratA se / yadi pUchA jAye ki ucita karma kI kyA pahacAna hai, athavA naitika niyama ko kaise samajhA jA sakatA hai, to buddhiparatAvAdI kaheMge ki ucita karma aura naitika niyama ko buddhi kI sahAyatA se samajha sakate haiN| vAstava meM AcaraNa ke lie niyama buddhi detI hai| bauddhika niyama ke anusAra karma karanA hI naitika tathA ucita hai| ucita ko ucita ke lie hI karanA cAhie / sabhI buddhivAdiyoM-hirekliTasa se lekara kANTa taka - ne naitikatA kA parama mAnadaNDa niyama ko mAnA hai / yaha niyama bauddhika hai / buddhi hI naitikatA ke parama mAnadaNDa ke rUpa meM niyama, vidhi yA Adeza detI hai / usake anurUpa karma karanA hI ucita hai| __do rUpa-sukhavAda kI bhAMti buddhiparatAvAda kA bhI nItijJoM ne bhinna-bhinna 204 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #206
samaya meM pratipAdana kiyA / usake do rUpa milate haiM : ugra aura namra / usake ugra rUpa ke samarthaka haiM siniksa, sToiksa aura kANTa / sahajajJAnavAdI evaM kaDavartha, klArka, zaiphTbarI, hacIsana aura baTalara usake namra rUpa ko apanAte haiM / ugra vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki zuddha buddhimaya jIvana bitAnA cAhie / indriyoM kA pUrNa rUpa se unmUlana kara denA caahie| namra vicAraka yaha kahate haiM ki indriyA~ jIvana kA aMga haiM para jIvana mUla rUpa meM bauddhika haiM / ataH buddhi dvArA nirdezita jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhie / buddhiparatAvAda ke donoM hI pakSoM kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki sabhI vicArakoM ne buddhi ko atyadhika mahattva diyA / buddhiparatAvAda nirmama anuzAsanavAdI ( rigoristic ) hai / usake anusAra indriyoM para buddhi kA kaThora niyantraNa honA cAhie / buddhi hI ekacchatra sAmrAjJI hai / usake rAjya meM indriyoM kA yo to niSkAsana kara diyA jAtA hai, yA unheM niSkriya samarpaNa kI sthiti meM DAla diyA jAtA hai / kAlakrama ke anusAra yadi buddhi paratAvAda kA vibhAjana kiyA jAye to prAcIna kAla meM siniksa aura sToiksa milate haiM aura arvAcIna kAla meM kANTa tathA sahajajJAnavAdI | prAcIna ugra buddhiparatAvAda : siniksa aura sToiksa siniksa : vidveSavAda - sukarAta kI mRtyu ke pazcAt eNTisthInIz2a' ne ethensa kI eka vyAyAmazAlA meM eka pAThazAlA kholI / yaha pAThazAlA sinosarjesa' ke nAma se prasiddha thI, jisake kAraNa eNTisthInIz2a aura usake anuyAyiyoM ko siniksa' ke nAma se pukArA gayA / sinika zabda yUnAnI bhASA ke usa vizeSaNa se milatA hai jisakA artha 'kutte ke samAna' hotA hai / ataH sinika zabda meM zleSa hai / eNTisthInIz2a aura vizeSakara usake ziSya DAyojinisa ke praziSTa aura uddaNDa svabhAva ke kAraNa vyaMgya meM logoM ne usake pantha ke anuyAyiyoM ko sinika athavA kuttA kahA / sinika ne bauddhika svatantratA ke nAma para kaThora vairAgyavAda ko apanAyA, sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke prati vidveSAtmaka bhAva rakhA, sAmAnya sAmAjika maryAdAoM kI upekSA kii| apanI ina vilakSaNatAoM ke 1. Antisthenes janma, 236 I0 pU0 / 2. Cynosarges. 3. Cynics. 4. Diogenes. For Personal & Private Use Only buddhiparatAvAda / 205

Page #207
kAraNa vaha siddhAnta atyanta anAkarSaka aura apriya bana gayA evaM nirlajjatA aura vidveSa (sAmAjika sadAcAra kA tiraskAra) ke artha meM 'sinika' zabda pracalita ho gyaa| ____dhyeya : sadguNa-manuSya bauddhika hai / jIvana kA parama dhyeyaM sadguNa hai| vaha apane-ApameM paripUrNa hai / sadguNI vyakti ko kisI bhI vastu kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| apane meM sampUrNa honA aura AvazyakatAoM se Upara uThanA IzvarIya guNa hai / aisA vyakti apane cAroM ora ke vAtAvaraNa aura vibhinna niyamoM-sAmAjika, rAjanItika Adi-se svatantra hai| vaha Atmanirbhara hai| usakA kalyANa usI para nirbhara hai| sadguNayukta jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie jJAna anivArya hai| sukhavAda kA khaNDana-siniksa sukarAta ke jIvana ke usa pakSa se prabhAvita hue jo AtmanirbharatA aura icchAoM se svatantratA kA sUcaka hai| isI ko unhoMne apane siddhAnta kA mUla AdhAra maanaa| sukarAta kA jIvana AtmasaMyama kA jIvana thA / vaha paristhitiyoM se svatantratA, pUrNa Atma-nirbharatA aura prAtmaparyAptatA ke AdarzoM kA mUrta rUpa thaa| ina AdarzoM ko siniksa ne apanAyA aura unheM apanAne meM vairAgyavAda ko svIkAra kara liyaa| unhoMne sukhavAda kI tIvra AlocanA kI / sukhavAda kI asatyatA, ajJAna evaM mUrkhatA ko samajhAne ke lie isake saMsthApaka, eNTisthInIz2a ne yahA~ taka kahA ki 'sukha ke vaza meM hone se acchA pAgala ho jAnA hai|' usake kathanAnusAra manuSya ko bhAvanAoM aura icchAtroM ke adhIna nahIM rahanA caahie| use indriyajit yA AtmavijetA honA caahie| sukha pApa hai, vaha jIvana kA dhyeya nahIM hai| buddhi se zAsita vyakti ko pApa, doSa, burAI, durgaNa Adi cha bhI nahIM sakate haiN| vaha sadguNI hai| - sinika jIvana-vidveSapUrNa viveka (Cynic wisdom) bauddhika AtmA ke svAmitva ke ucca svAbhimAna kA sUcaka hai / vaha mAnava-cetanA kI paristhitiyoM ke Upara pUrNa vijaya kA jJApaka hai| vaha Atma-Aropita niyama ke atirikta kisI anya niyama ko nahIM maantaa| aisA vivekayukta vyakti icchAnoM kI dAsatA ke vizva kA rAjA hai / isa tathya ko AdhAra mAnate hue jina AcaraNa ke niyamoM ko siniksa ne svIkAra kiyA ve atyanta prabhAvAtmaka aura avyAvahArika haiM / AtmA kI pUrNatA prAtmavarjana (Self-denial) meM hai / icchAtroM ko nyUnatama kara denA cAhie / prakRti ke anurUpa sarala aura spaSTa jIvana bitAnA cAhie / prAkRtika AcaraNa ke nAma para unhoMne lokamata kA tiraskAra kiyA, 206 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #208
sajAtiyoM ke prati ghRNA pradarzita kI aura rIti-rivAja ko upekSA se dekhaa| eNTisthInIz2a kA ziSya DAyojinisa apane vicitra AcaraNa, jhakkIpana aura bevakUphI ke lie vikhyAta hai| DAyojinisa jaba bahuta bUr3hA ho cukA thA aura yUnAna-bhara meM jaba usakI khyAti phaila cukI thI taba alegjeNDara ne usake bAre meM sunA aura vaha usase milane gyaa| vahA~ pahu~cakara usane DAyojinisa se pUchA ki kyA maiM Apake lie kucha kara sakatA hU~? DAyojinisa, jo ki Taba meM baiThakara sUrya-snAna kara rahA thA, bolA ki Apa kevala dhUpa ke sAmane se haTa jaayeN| DAyojinisa ke jIvana ke aise udAharaNa naitika aura sAmAjika jIvana kI vyarthatA ke sUcaka haiM / nItivAkyoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie siniksa ne nirlajjatA, aziSTatA aura bhaddepana ko svIkAra kiyaa| pAyaro' ke AcaraNa meM eka vicitra vyaktitva milatA hai| use tarkazAstra aura vijJAna se ghRNA thI kyoMki usake anusAra ve prAtmonnati meM sahAyaka nahIM haiN| usakI naitika dhAraNAe~ sandehavAda kI poSaka haiN| usake anusAra sandeha sadguNa kI prApti meM sahAyaka hai| yadi kisI prakAra yaha vizvAsa ho jAye ki na zubha hai aura na azubha to vastuoM ke prati svataH hI virakti utpanna ho jaayegii| pAyaro mAnatA hai ki virakti hI icchAoM aura vAsanAoM se mukta karatI hai| yahI viveka hai| AlocanAtmaka parIkSaNa : sukarAta se thothA sAmya-sinika siddhAnta apane prArambhika rUpa meM vairAgyavAdI thaa| isakA sAravAkya thA : sukha pApa hai aura du:kha zubha hai / isake anugAmiyoM ne apane AcaraNa dvArA ise nirlajjatA kA bAnA pahanA diyaa| isake saMsthApaka kA kahanA thA ki vaha sukarAta kA anugAmI hai| para eNTisthInIz2a ko sukarAta kA saccA ziSya nahIM mAna sakate / sukarAta ke siddhAnta kI mahattA eNTisthInIz2a ke hAtha meM Ate hI hIna aura tuccha ho jAtI hai| donoM ke pramukha dhyeya meM bheda hai| sukarAta ke mAnava-kalyANa kI dhAraNA eNTisthInIz2a dvArA prahantAvAda aura vairAgyavAda meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / unakI AtmanirbharatA apane sajAtIyoM ke apamAna kA sAdhanamAtra hai| kalA-saundarya-premI, sAMsArika sukha aura aizvarya meM lIna yUnAniyoM ko siniksa ne kaThora parizrama aura kaSTa kA sandeza diyaa| kintu ve isa sandeza ko svIkAra nahIM kara pAye aura usase prabhAvita nahIM ho ske| ataH yaha siddhAnta pracalita aura lokapriya nahIM ho skaa| 1. Pyrrho. buddhiparatAvAda | 207 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #209
- vizvanAgarikatAvAda svArthavAda hai--siniksa ne vizvanAgarikatAvAda (Cosmopolitanism) kI nIMva DAlI / unake anusAra niyama hI naitikatA kA mAnadaNDa hai, yaha niyama buddhi detI hai aura yaha bauddhika niyama sArvabhauma hai| sinika sAdhu kevala vivekajanya niyamoM ko anivArya mAnatA hai aura unhIM ke anurUpa karma karatA hai / vivekajanya niyama saba bauddhika prANiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se anivArya haiM / yadi saba vyakti vivekI ho jAyeM to rAjanItika niyamoM aura rASTrIya bhedoM kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jAyegA / svAmI-sevaka, strI-puruSa, eka rASTra aura dUsare rASTra Adi ke bheda TUTakara vizvarASTra kI sthApanA ho jAyegI aura saba eka hI sArvabhauma niyama (vivekadRSTi dvArA diye hue) kA pAlana kreNge| aise niyama kA pAlana karanevAlA pratyeka vyakti svatantra evaM Atmanirbhara hai| kintu siniksa kA vizvanAgarikatAvAda vyavahAra meM isa siddhAnta se bahuta dUra hai / vaha zuddha svArthavAda ko mAnatA hai| vizva kA nAgarika' apane AcaraNa meM apane sAmAjika sambandha ko bhUla jAtA hai| vyaktigata AtmanirbharatA ko atyadhika mahattva dene ke kAraNa ve vizvavAda ko nahIM samajhA paaye| vaha vyakti, jo ki apane sajAtIyoM se ghRNA karatA hai, vizva-aikya athavA vizva-prema ke gIta kaise gA sakatA hai ? prabhAvAtmaka pakSa pramukha hai-sinika siddhAnta ke do rUpa haiM : bhAvAtmaka aura abhAvAtmaka / isa siddhAnta ke prArambhika vicArakoM ne apane samaya kI bhAvAtmaka (yathArtha) naitikatA ko svIkAra kiyaa| pracalita vyAvahArika sadguNoM-nyAya, saMyama Adi-ko apane-ApameM zubha maanaa| siniksa ke abhAvAtmaka rUpa kI pracaNDatA ne unake siddhAnta ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko apramukha banA diyaa| phalata: janatA ke sammukha unake siddhAnta kA prasphuTana prabhAvAtmaka rUpa meM huaa| naitikatA ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhAne ke badale, naitika niyamoM ko puSTa athavA doSamukta karane ke badale vaha vidveSI, prahantAvAdI aura asAmAjika ho gayA / siniksa kA AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta kaThora vairAgyavAda para AdhArita hai / sadguNa ko jIvana kA dhyeya batalAte hue siniksa ne jIvana ke abhAvAtmaka pakSa ko mahattva diyaa| unake anusAra bauddhika vyakti sukha-duHkha kI bhAvanA se achUtA hai| use jIvana-bhara zArIrika aura mAnasika kaSTa uThAne caahie| akIrti, daridratA aura kaThora parizrama naitika aura AdhyAtmika unnati meM sahAyaka hote haiN| anurAga, Asakti, bhAvanA yA tIvra bhAvanA pApa haiM, ve bImArI ke sadRza haiM, unakA damana anivArya honA caahie| sadguNI vyakti 208/nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #210
Atmanirbhara vyakti hai| vaiyaktika svatantratA ko hI saba-kucha mAnanevAlA yaha siddhAnta sAmAjika kalyANa ko bhUlakara parama svArthavAda ko apanA letA hai| aneka durbalatAoM se yukta : vairAgyavAda kI prathama abhivyakti-sinika siddhAnta pramukha rUpa se prabhAvAtmaka aura vidhivat (Formal) hai| vidhipAlana ko athavA niyamAnuvartitA ko usane vizeSa mahattva diyA hai| niyama kA pAlana karanA ucita hai, para sAtha hI yaha jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki niyama kA antartathya (Content) kyA hai ? niyama kA kyA artha aura sAra hai tathA viveka, sadaguNa aura kalyANa se kyA abhiprAya hai ? siniksa ne jIvana ke antartathya ko samajhAye binA hI vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika zubha kI abhAvAtmaka aura vidhivat vyAkhyA kI hai| aisI vyAkhyA kA vyAvahArika aura vAstavika mUlya sAmAjika dRSTi se ghRNita aura heya hai / unake siddhAnta ne jisa rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta kI hai vaha anAkarSaka hai / sinika siddhAnta ke nAma ke sAtha prakRti ke prati AkarSaNa, lokamata kI upekSA, vaiyaktika pratiSThA kI kamI tathA sajAtIyoM ke prati ghRNA prasiddha ho gaye haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki jina ucca mAnyatAoM ko lekara ve prArambha meM cale, anta meM unakA utanA hI kutsita rUpa unhoMne sammukha rkhaa| vyavahAra meM siniksa atyanta asAmAjika aura avyAvahArika ho gye| unhoMne kalAzUnyatA, rUr3hi-virodha, ahantA, vidveSabhAva aura kutsita vyavahAra ko apanA liyaa| kintu phira bhI unake siddhAnta kI naitika darzana ko eka dena hai / usane sarvaprathama yUnAniyoM meM usa pravRtti ko dArzanika abhivyakti dI jo buddhimaya jIvana ko hI bauddhika prANI ke yogya mAnatI hai aura indriyoM ko AtmA ke phaMsAne ke lie phandA mAnatI hai| sinika siddhAnta vairAgyavAda kA prathama aura atyadhika ugra rUpa hai| sToiksa sToika siddhAnta ke pracAraka jIno' ne apanA bhASaNa dene ke lie ethensa meM eka pAThazAlA kholii| isake lie usane jisa barasAtI ko kirAye para liyA vaha raMgIna barasAtI ke nAma se pukArI gayI / sToika (Stoic) zabda sToe (Stoa) zabda se udbhUta kiyA gyaa| jIno ke ziSya 'sToe ke loga' athavA sToiksa kahalAye / isa siddhAnta kA pracAra kara isako prasiddhi krisipasa ne dii| krisipasa jInoM kA ziSya thaa| 1. Zeno.340-265 I0 puu0| / 2. Stoa Poikile. 3. Stoics. 4. Chrysippus 280-206 I0 pU0 / buddhiparatAvAda / 206 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #211
sToiksa ne sinika siddhAnta 'sadguNa hI parama zubha hai' ko saMvardhita aura vikasita kiyA / vAstava meM sinika siddhAnta do dizAoM meM vikasita hunaa| usakI eka zAkhA parama svArthavAda kI ora bar3hI aura dUsarI sToisijma kI ora / sToiksa ne AtmanirbharatA kA artha avicala rUpa se una kartavyoM kA pAlana mAnA jo svabhAvataH vyakti kI sAmAjika aura vizvajanita sthiti se utpanna hote haiN| ina donoM siddhAntoM ke mUla meM AtmA ke sandigdha artha haiN| svArthavAdiyoM ne prAtmA ko asambaddha ikAI mAnA aura sToiksa ne usakI sAmAjika ekatA ko mahattva diyaa| sadguNa-siniksa kI bhA~ti sToiksa ne bhI sadguNa ko parama zubha kahA hai| siniksa ne isa kathana ke abhAvAtmaka pakSa ko hI smjhaayaa| sadguNa kA artha unhoMne pracalita niyamoM aura lokarItiyoM ko na mAnanA liyaa| sToiksa ne isakI bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA karate hue kahA ki vaha apane-ApameM saMgatipUrNa tathA prakRti ke anurUpa jIvana hai| siniksa ke anusAra vivekI vyakti ke lie kucha bhI asAmAnya nahIM hai| use lokarItiyoM kI paravAha nahIM karanI cAhie aura bhautika AvazyakatAoM ko nyUnatama kara denA caahie| sToiksa ne siniksa ke aise daSTikoNa ko dArzanika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana ke vibhAjana dvArA smjhaayaa| unhoMne yaha batalAyA ki siniksa kA kathana dArzanika dhyeya aura sAmAnya evaM nimna icchAoM ke virodha ko samajhAtA hai| AcaraNa kI aisI rIti anivArya rIti nahIM hai, kintu vaha yaha iMgita karatI hai ki vairAgI sAdhu viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM isa rIti ko apanA sakatA hai| siniksa kA lokarItiyoM ke prati vidveSAtmaka bhAva thaa| sToiksa ne isako kartavya ke yathArtha niyamoM meM parivartita kara diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki vizva jIvanta bauddhika pUrNatA (living rational whole) hai aura mAnava-AcaraNa usakA sUkSma darzana hai| viveka kA artha prakRti kI agAdha cetanA ke sAtha saMgati hai| 'jo kucha bhI prAkRtika hai vaha zubha hai', manuSya ko kevala prakRti ke anurUpa rahanA caahie| sToiksa do prakAra ke jIvana mAnate haiM-prakRti ke anusAra aura buddhi ke anusAra / donoM hI paraspara nirbhara haiN| donoM eka-dUsare ke anukUla haiM / prakRti ke anusAra jIvana indriyaparaka jIvana hai| vaha manuSya aura pazu kA sAmAnya jIvana hai / usameM vyavasthA aura niyama hai| usake karma anAyAsa aura sahaja prerita haiM / vaha apane-ApameM na zubha hai, na azubha / kintu yadi yaha pUchA jAye ki AcaraNa para naitika nirNaya kaise dete haiM, athavA jIvana meM naitikatA 210 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #212
ko kaise Aropita kiyA jA sakatA hai to sToiksa kahate haiM ki jaba prAkRtika jIvana kA nirdezana svatantra saMkalpa zakti aura buddhi karatI hai taba unake dvArA saMcAlita AcaraNa zubha kahalAtA hai / athavA sToiksa ke anusAra prakRti ke anurUpa jIvana andhapravRttiyoM aura grAvegoM kA sUcaka nahIM hai balki vaha svatantra saMkalpa ra buddhi ke anurUpa jIvana hai / bhAvahInatA (epethI ) yA sukha-duHkha ke prati virakti ko Adarza mAnakara sToksa ne kahA ki sAdhu eka vikArazUnya vairAgI ( Impassive sage ) hai / usakA viveka nimna pravRttiyoM kI ora se udAsIna hai| vAstava meM, sabhI jIvita prANiyoM kI mUla pravRtti sukha kI ora nahIM, AtmasaMrakSaNa kI prora hotI hai / vivekI vyakti yaha jAnatA hai ki tIvra vAsanA aura bhAvanA asvAbhAvika aura bauddhika hai / ve mAnasa kI bauddhika aura asvAbhAvika vikRti haiN| zubha ke svarUpa kA ajJAna hI vAsanA ko utpanna karatA hai / vAsanA zrAtmA kA roga hai / manuSya ko vAsanAoM ke prati virakti kA bhAva rakhanA cAhie / use viveka dvArA bhAvanAoM para niyantraNa rakhanA cAhie / vyAvahArika naitikatA : jJAna, sadguNa, zubhaM prazubha - sukarAta ke anusAra sadguNa eka hI hai aura vaha jJAna hai / isa kathana kI vyAkhyA karate hue sToksa ne kahA ki jJAna sadguNa hai / vaha zubha aura sakriya hai aura vaha vyAvahArika cetanA detA hai / jJAnI avazya hI zubha karma karatA hai / manuSya kI AtmA Atmacetana sakriya viveka hai isalie vaha viveka dvArA sadguNoM ko samajhakara unhIM ke anurUpa karma karatA hai / jahA~ taka sadguNoM kA prazna hai unameM aikya hai / ve prapRthak haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve eka hI buddhi ke pariNAma haiM jo ki karmoM dvArA abhivyakti pA rahI hai / ve vAstava meM jJAna kI vyAvahArika 'cetanA ke prakAra haiM / vyAvahArika viveka batalAtA hai ki kauna karma zubha haiM, kauna zubha haiM aura kauna udAsIna haiM (na zubha aura na azubha) jahA~ taka zubhaazubha kA prazna hai, yA to vastue~ zubha hI hotI haiM aura yA azubha hI unameM mAtrAoM kA bheda nahIM hai / mUrkhatA, anyAya, kAyaratA, asaMyama azubha haiM / ve svabhAvataH hAniprada haiM, apane-ApameM avAMchanIya haiM / vyAvahArika viveka, saMyama, parAkrama aura nyAya zubha haiM / ye sadguNa haiM / sToiksa ke anusAra manuSya vizva kA nAgarika hai / usakA mAnavatA ke lie kartavya hai / sToiksa kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki vivekI vyakti sadguNoM ke anusAra karma kara sakatA hai aura jo vyakti eka sadguNa kA jJAna prApta kara letA hai vaha sabhI sadguNoM kA jJAna prApta buddhiparatAvAda / 211 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #213
kara legA / ataH jisake pAsa eka zubha guNa hai usake pAsa sabhI zubha guNa hote haiM / viveka dvArA karmoM ko saMcAlita karane vAlA vyakti durguNoM se mukta hotA hai / bhAvahInatA kI sthiti - sToiksa ke anusAra bhAvahInatA kI sthiti ko sAdhu hI prApta kara sakatA hai / vAstava meM yaha sthiti sAdhu ke svabhAva ko prakaTa karatI hai / sToksa kA kahanA hai ki bhAvazUnya sAdhu prakRti ke anusAra kArya karatA hai / usake jIvana aura janasAdhAraNa ke jIvana meM mahAn antara hai / usakA jIvana AdhyAtmika aura kalyANaprada hai / binA anya sAdhutroM kA bhalA kiye sAdhu apanI u~galI taka nahIM uThA sakatA / vaha svatantra hone para bhI bhAvanAoM aura vAsanAoM ke vaza meM nahIM hai / vaha vikArazUnya vairAgI hai / kintu isakA artha yaha kadApi nahIM ki sAdhu ko janasAdhAraNa kI bhA~ti zArIrika aura mAnasika kaSTa nahIM hotA / vaha bhUkha-pyAsa, roga Adi ke prati saceta hote hue bhI unakI ora se virakta hai / use mAlUma hai ki jIvana kA dhyeya sadguNa hai / vaha vAstavika zubha kI prApti karanA cAhatA hai / AtmA ke Ananda kA anubhava karanA cAhatA hai / zrAtmA kA zrAnanda prApta karanevAlA sAdhu sacamuca hI bhAvanArahita nahIM hai / ataH 'bhAvazUnya' ke yathAzabda artha nahIM lene cAhie | sAdhu kevala una vAsanAoM se parAGmukha hai jo sAmAnya mAnasa ko prabhAvita karatI hai / usake karma usakI vAstavika evaM bauddhika AtmA dvArA saMcAlita hote haiM / vizvanAgarikatAvAda - sinika siddhAnta ne bauddhika zreSThatA ke guNagAna karane meM apane siddhAnta ko durAtmavAdI banA diyA / unhoMne sukarAta ke kathana "jJAna sadguNa hai' kI vyAkhyA karane ke krama meM pracalita rIti-rivAjoM kI nindA kI, samAja ke prati vidveSAtmaka bhAva rakhA / phalasvarUpa siniksa kA bAhya rUpa atyanta kuTila aura niSedhAtmaka ho gayA / vizvanAgarikatAvAda mAnane para bhI ve usakI sthApanA nahIM kara pAye / unake isa adhUre prayAsa ko sToiksa ne pUrA kiyA / siniksa kA vyaktivAda unake siddhAnta meM mahAn nAgarikatAvAda - vizva nAgarikatAvAda - meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / unhoMne lokarItiyoM, rUr3hiyoM, rIti-rivAjoM, pracalita mAnyatAoM meM satya kI khoja kI aura kahA ki nyAya, mitratA, sahAnubhUti kI bhAvanA Adi zreSTha haiM / bauddhika hone ke nAte vyakti vizva kA nAgarika hai / usakA kartavya mAnavatA ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hai / 212 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #214
pAlocanA vyaktivAda-sToiksa yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna sadguNa yA zubha ke svarUpa ko samajhAtA hai / vaha batAtA hai, 'prakRti ke anusAra karma karo', 'vikArazUnya vairAgI bano', 'vizvapremavAda ko apanAyo', sAtha hI sToiksa ne apane samaya kI bhAvAtmaka naitikatA ko svIkAra karake kartavya ko mahattva diyA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki kartavya ko mahattva dekara unhoMne apane siddhAnta ko siniksa ke vaiyaktika aura prabhAvAtmaka niyama-niSTatA se mukta kara liyaa| para sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki apane isa prayAsa meM ve pUrNa rUpa se saphala nahIM ho paaye| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne siniksa ke usa Adarza kI pUnaHsthApanA karanI cAhI jisake anusAra prAtma-nirbharatA aura Atma-paryAptatA kA jIvana hI Adarza jIvana hai| ___jIvana kI sArahInatA-sToiksa ne sadguNa ko jIvana kA dhyeya mAnA hai / sadguNa hI kalyANa hai aura vaha prakRti ke anurUpa rahane se prApta hotA hai / prakRti ke anurUpa rahavA zuddha buddhimaya jIvana vyatIta karanA hai| pratyeka vyakti meM kucha sarala, svAbhAvika dhAraNAe~ hotI haiM / ye dhAraNAeM saba manuSyoM meM samAna rUpa se vartamAna haiM / jaba manuSya inheM samajhakara inake anurUpa karma karatA hai to vAstava meM vaha apane svAbhAvika yathArtha rUpa kA anusaraNa karatA hai / vastuoM kA aAntarika svabhAva bauddhika hai| bauddhika vidhAna ke anurUpa karma karanA hI ucita hai| sArvabhauma loga'sa (buddhi) vizva meM tathA vyaktiyoM meM, jo ki vizva ke aMga haiM, abhivyakta hotA hai| bauddhika manuSya sArvabhauma buddhi kA. sahabhAgI hai| use buddhi dvArA nirdezita jIvana bitAnA caahie| sToiksa ke aise siddhAnta meM svAbhAvika indriya jIvana ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / bauddhika aura abauddhika tattvoM kI saMgati asambhava hai / bhAvanA AtmA kI zatru hai / graha use bAhya jagata se bAMdhatI hai| buddhi prAtsA ko usase mukta karatI hai jo anAtmA hai, jo chAyAmAtra, bhramapUrNa aura asatya hai| yadi AtmA ko jIvita rakhanA hai to bhAvanA ko rattI bhara bhI sthAna nahIM denA caahie| aise siddhAnta kI vyAvahArika upayogitA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| du:kha ke asahya kSaNoM meM virakti kA bhAva eka sabala sambala kI bhA~ti hai| vaha vyakti kI mAnasika sthiti ko apasAmAnya hone se bacAtA hai, usakI sahanazakti ko sudRr3ha banAtA hai| kintu phira bhI yaha kahanA anucita na hogA ki bhAvanAhIna jIvana nIrasa aura niSprANa hai / yaha usa kartavya kI prabhutA ko bhI chIna letA hai jo ki buddhiparatAvAda / 213 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #215
sToika siddhAnta kA prANa hai| binA zAsana aura prajA ke rAjA vyartha hai / binA bhAvanA ke buddhi maraghaTa ke usa pradIpa ke samAna hai jisakA prakAza mRtakoM ke lie hai| bhAvanAzUnya jIvana meM buddhi paMgu hai| bhAvanAoM ke vinAza ke sAtha hI vaha niSkriya ho jAtI hai / bhAvanAoM ko kartavya ke mArga para prArUr3ha karanA buddhi kA kAma hai| ___ kartavya kA sampradAya-sToiksa ne, sinika siddhAnta ke pratikUla, vizva meM kartavya kA eka saMgatipUrNa vidhAna dekhaa| kartavya se unakA abhiprAya una karmoM se nahIM hai jinheM karane ke lie paristhitiyA~ bAdhita karatI haiM balki ve, jo vivekasammata haiN| naitika aura sAMsArika dRSTi meM bheda hai| naitika daSTi se vyAvahArika zubha parama zubha hai| vivekazIla vyakti vizva-premI hotA hai / vaha sarvatra sArvabhauma viveka kI abhivyakti dekhatA hai / vaha para-kalyANa ko samajhatA hai| nyAya, vizva-prema aura mitratA kI bhAvanA pratyeka vyakti ke jIvana ko mUlyatA pradAna karatI hai| sToiksa vAstava meM kartavya ke sampradAya ke pravartaka haiN| kartavyaniSTha honA hI dhArmika honA hai| manuSya ko nyAyapriya honA caahie| use anyAya se vimukha karane ke lie bhagavAna kA bhaya dikhAnA ucita nahIM hai| usameM aneka kaThinAiyA~ utpanna ho sakatI haiN| sToiksa kA dharma naitika vizvAsa para AdhArita hai| unhoMne pracalita naitikatA tathA naitika siddhAntoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne kartavya ke adhikAra aura prabhutva kI dhAraNA ko vyavasthita rUpa diyaa| bAda meM kANTa ne isa dhAraNA ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajhAyA aura apane siddhAnta ko isa para AdhArita kiyaa| ___ sukha kA sthAna-eNpikyUrasa ke siddhAnta ke viruddha sToiksa ne yaha siddha kiyA ki saba icchAe~ sukha ke lie nahIM hotI haiN| isa satya ko samajhane para bhI unhoMne eka anya mula kii| isa manovaijJAnika satya para apane naitika siddhAnta ko AdhArita kara unhoMne kahA ki sukha zubha nahIM hai, usako AcaraNa kA dhyeya nahIM mAnanA caahie| kintu yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai| sukha kalyANa kA anivArya aMga hai kyoMki vaha dhyeya kI icchA meM nihita hai| ____mahAnatA-sToisijma ke prAdurbhAva ke samaya yUnAna ke rASTrIya jIvana kA patana ho cukA thaa| usa samaya ke nAgarika aura rAjanItika jIvana meM svatantratA aura mAnava-gaurava ke bodha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha gayA thaa| logoM kA dhyAna jIvana ke Antarika satya kI ora AkarSita hyaa| unhoMne sarvatra sArvabhauma buddhi kI abhivyakti hI dekhii| buddhi hI manuSya ko manuSya se yukta 214 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #216
karatI hai, sabako ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhatI hai; sAtha hI vaha pratyeka vyakti ko manuSya kA gaurava detI hai / isa bhA~ti unhoMne yaha samajhAyA ki saba manuSya samAna haiN| unhoMne dAsa aura svatantra nAgarika ko samAnatA ke sUtra meM bA~dha diyA / samAnatA kI dhAraNA ne vizva nAgarikatAvAda athavA vizvabandhutva ko janma diyA tathA pArasparika nirbharatA aura kartavya kI pAramArthika bhAvanAoM ko utpanna kiyA / kucha logoM ke anusAra yaha zreya IsAI dharma ko milanA cAhie | kintu IsAI dharma kI uktiyA~ bhAvuka aura rahasyAtmaka haiM / prArambhika IsAiyoM ne to dAsa prathA kA mAnava saMsthA ke rUpa meM virodha taka nahIM kiyA / sToisiz2ma ne cintana - pradhAna aura vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara apane siddhAnta ko prabhAvotpAdaka aura sakriya banAyA / manuSya ke svatantra vyaktitva ko mahattva dekara sToisiz2ma ne pahalI bAra kAnUnI adhikAroM ke siddhAnta ko eka surakSita AdhAra diyaa| Age calakara adhikAra aura kartavya ke vyApaka tathA vyavasthita niyama bane jinhoMne romana kAnUna ke nAma se prasiddhi pAyI / saca to yaha hai ki sToisijma yUnAnI jagat ko prabhAvita nahIM kara pAyA / usakA prabhAva romana aura IsAI jagat para par3A aura Adhunika jagat ko usane IsAI dharma ke mAdhyama se prabhAvita kiyA / buddhiparatAvAda / 215 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #217
15 buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) ... arvAcIna ugra buddhiparatAvAda-kANTa jIvana meM niyamaniSThatA kA prAdhAnya-imainuala kANTa' ke darzana meM buddhiparatAvAda kA carama utkarSa milatA hai / yaha jarmana dArzanika the| inakA lagabhaga sampUrNa jIvana kIniMgsabarga meM vyatIta hA / prArambha meM vaha apane nagara ke vidyArthI the aura phira bAda meM zikSaka, lekhaka tathA dArzanika bne| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM palane ke kAraNa kANTa ne zAnta, niyamaniSTha tathA kartavyaparAyaNa jIvana ko anAyAsa hI apanA liyaa| apane pradeza ke tAtkAlika rASTrIya aura sAmAjika pariveza ke prabhAvavaza bhI unhoMne niyamaniSTha aura Atmanirbhara jIvana ko svIkAra kiyaa| unakA jIvana niyamAnuvartitA kA jIvana thA aura unakA caritra niyamaniSTha kA caritra / unakA naitika darzana kartavya niyama kA darzana hai| vAstava meM vaha niyamitatA ke premI the; Ayu kI vRddhi ke sAtha unameM niyamitatA kI bhI vRddhi hotI gayI / dArzanika kANTa ke bAhya jIvana kA rUpa yAntrika thA, saba-kucha nizcita aura nirdhArita thaa| sebere uThane se lekara rAta ko sone taka unake pratyeka karma-kaoNfI pInA, likhanA, bhASaNa denA, khAnA-pInA, ghUmanA Adi-vidhivat hote the| unake bAre meM yaha prasiddha hai ki ThIka sAr3he cAra baje-cAhe kaisA hI mausama ho-jaba vaha ghUmane ke lie nikalate the taba loga unakA prasannavadana abhivAdana karate hue apanI ghar3iyAM milAte the| 1. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804. 2. Prussia, Konigsberg. 216 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #218
naitika anubhava - kANTa kI naitikatA meM dRr3ha zraddhA thI / unhoMne naitikatA ko apane tattvadarzana se saMyukta kiyaa| unakA vizvAsa thA ki naitika anubhava ke dvArA hI manuSya anubhavAtmaka AtmA (Empirical self) se Upara uThakara parAtpara AtmA (Trascendental self) ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura dRdayamAn jagat se pare paramArtha ke sAtha sambandha sthApita kara sakatA hai / icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM ke jagat meM ramanevAlI AtmA anubhavAtmaka zrAtmA hai / vaha vastujagat kA sadasya hai / parAtpara AtmA paramArtha sattA kI sadasya hai / kANTa ke sammukha manuSya ke do rUpa haiM-- naitika pradarzasvarUpa vyakti aura anubhavAtmaka vyaktitva kA abhilASI vyakti / pahalA vyakti hI dUsare vyakti kA pradarza tathA mUla rUpa hai / ata: anubhavAtmakav yakti ko Adarza vyakti kA Adara karanA cAhie / manuSya svazAsita hai-- kANTa kA kahanA thA ki manuSya svazAsita (Autonomous) hai| usake karma zrAtma-niyamita ho sakate haiM / zrAtma-niyantrita honA manuSya kI svabhAvagata vizeSatA tathA viziSTa adhikAra hai| pazu evaM nimna prANiyoM aura manuSya meM mukhya bheda yahI hai / pazu paratantra hai / vaha bAhya saMvedanoM se zAsita hai / manuSya do dharAtaloM kA prANI hai / eka ora to vaha saMvedanazIla prANI ( Sentient being ) tathA sajIva sRSTi kA sAjhedAra hai aura jIvana ke prati saMvedanazIla hai jisake karmoM ko sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAe~ paricAlita karatI haiM aura icchAoM kI tRpti evaM sukha hI jisake karmoM kA svAbhAvika preraka hai; dUsarI ora vaha bauddhika prANI hai aura apane bauddhika saMkalpa ( Rational will ) dvArA vaha sArvabhauma buddhi kA pAlana karatA hai / yahI usameM tathA nimna prANiyoM meM mukhya antara haiM / prakRti meM pratyeka vastu niyamoM ke anurUpa.. karma karatI hai / manuSya meM itanI zakti hai ki vaha niyama kI dhAraNAoM evaM siddhAntoM ko samajhakara unake anurUpa karma kara sakatA hai / usameM saMkalpa hai aura yahI vaha zakti hai jo Adeza detI hai / naitika kartavya kI cetanA svatantratA kI cetanA ke sAtha avicchinna rUpa se milI huI hai / saMkalpa karanevAlI zrAtmA svatantra hai, vaha parAtpara zrAtmA hai / naitika cetanA manuSya ko yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa, dilAtI hai ki vaha svatantra hai / use isa satya kA bodha karAtI hai ki use vahI karanA cAhie jo ki ucita hai athavA use icchA ke mArga meM nahIM calanA cAhie / naitika cetanA batalAtI hai ki yadi vyakti kisI karma ko ucita : samajhatA hai to vaha usa karma ko karane kI zakti bhI rakhatA hai / bauddhika prANI buddhiparatAvAda ( parizeSa) / 217 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #219
. jaba naitika niyama kA pAlana karatA hai taba kahA jAtA hai ki vaha Antarika niyama kA pAlana kara rahA hai; apane bauddhika aura satya svarUpa ke anurUpa karma kara rahA hai / bauddhika prANiyoM ke karma sukha-duHkha kI bhAvanAoM, bAhya zaktiyoM evaM abauddhika AtmA dvArA yAntrika rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM hote| unheM bauddhika yA satya AtmA kA siddhAnta nirdhArita karatA hai / isa artha meM manuSya kI svatantratA Atma-prAropita niyama kA pAlana karane para nirbhara hai| buddhi ke Adeza kI avajJA karanA manuSya ke lie ucita nahIM hai / yaha apane svarUpa kA - apanI bauddhika AtmA kA nirAkaraNa karanA hai / apanI isa zreSThatA ke kAraNa vaha - buddhi ke ucca niyamoM se zAsita hai, na ki indriyaparaka jIvana ke niyamoM se / yadi vaha zuddha buddhi hotA to usakA jIvana saMgharSahIna hotA / do bhinna dharAtaloM se saMyukta hone ke kAraNa usameM Antarika dvandva hotA hai / bhAvanAe~ use apanI ra khIMcatI haiM aura saMkalpa apane nirapekSa Adeza ko Aropita karatA hai / bauddhika hone ke kAraNa use cAhie ki kevala bauddhika pradeza kA pAlana kare / bauddhika pradeza kA pAlana karanA hI Atma- Aropita niyama kA pAlana karanA hai / yahI manuSya kI svatantratA hai / svazAsita jIvana meM bhAvanA ke lie sthAna nahIM hai; sukhavAda anaitika haikANTa una sabhI siddhAntoM ko sukhavAda ke antargata mAna letA hai jo icchAoM kI tRpti ko karma kA preraka mAnate haiM / ina siddhAntoM ne buddhi ke sAdhya rUpa ko nahIM samajhA hai aura bAhya zaktiyoM se zAsita jIvana ko svIkAra kara buddhi ko icchAtroM meM dhyeyoM kI prApti ke lie sAdhanamAtra mAnA hai / buddhi apane-prApa meM sakriya hai, isa tathya se sukhavAda anabhijJa hai| usane sukha ko zrAdarza mAnakara icchAoM kI tRpti ko dhyeya mAna liyA hai aura kSaNika icchAtroM aura AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kA Adeza diyA hai / kANTa ke anusAra viziSTa icchAtroM kI pUrti dvArA sukha prApta karane ke lie vaidhAnika AdezoM (Technical imperatives) kA pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye nizcita aura nirapekSa zrAdeza ( definite and categorical imperative ) nahIM haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki sukha kA viSaya parivartanazIla hai tathA icchAe~ aura pravRttiyA~ prAtmagata aura vaiyaktika haiM / bauddhika jIvana hI manuSya ke lie Adarza jIvana hai / jIvana kA dhyeya sukha nahIM, sadguNa hai| karma ko sukha kI samasta dhAraNAoM se mukta kara denA cAhie / bauddhika niyama hI naitika 1 niyama hai| naitika niyama usa siddhAnta ko 218 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #220
sthApita karatA hai jisameM ki apavAda ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / vaha Adeza detA hai, na ki sammati / usakA Adeza nirapekSa hai aura Adeza kA nirapekSa rUpa batalAtA hai ki karma ke pariNAma para dhyAna nahIM denA caahie| naitikatA kA yathArthataH pariNAma se koI sambandha nahIM hai / karmoM kA pariNAma unheM naitika mUlya nahIM detA hai / siddhAnta ke anurUpa kiyA huA karma hI ucita hai / sacce rUpa meM mAnavIya athavA zubha hone ke lie karma kI utpatti Adeza ke prati zraddhA se hI honI caahie| yadi karma kisI nimna preraNA se lezamAtra bhI yukta ho gayA to vaha anaitika ho jaayegaa| karma kA zubhatva usake Antarika bauddhika rUpa para nirbhara hai| naitika Adeza-nirapekSa prAdeza-kANTa kI naitikatA meM dRr3ha zraddhA thii| vaha tarka dvArA use siddha nahIM karatA hai aura na vaha yahI mAnatA hai ki anubhava usake siddhAnta ko samajhA sakatA hai / vaha eka dArzanika stara para sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki kartavya kA AdhAra manuSya kI saMvedanazIla prakRti nahIM hai, parAtpara prAtmA hI naitika anubhUti ke mUla meM hai| jaba vyakti natika saMkalpa ke anurUpa karma karatA hai taba vaha apanA sambandha paramArtha sattA ke sAtha sthApita kara letA hai| dRzyamAn jagat kI vastuoM ke vizleSaNa dvArA naitika kartavya ke svarUpa ko nahIM samajhA sakate haiN| vizva kI vibhinna paristhitiyA~, pariveza, vAtAvaraNa, samAja Adi kA jJAna, naitikatA ke mUla siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhA sakatA / jisa prakAra buddhi kI dhAraNAoM ko indriyajanya viSayoM meM nahIM DhUMr3ha sakate haiM usI prakAra kartavya kA svarUpa isa para nirbhara nahIM hai ki manuSya viziSTa vastu kI icchA karatA hai athavA usameM kisI viziSTa karma karane kI pravRtti hai| manuSya kA mAnasika vyaktitva (psychological personality) kartavya ko nahIM samajhA sktaa| kartavya kA sambandha anubhavAtmaka AtmA se bhinna parAtpara AtmA se hai / naitikatA vyAvahArika buddhi kI upaja hai / vaha anubhava nirapekSa hai / zuddha naitikatA manovijJAna para AdhArita nahIM hai yadyapi usakA prayoga manovijJAna meM kara sakate haiN| naitika niyamoM ko Aropita karane ke lie mAnava-svabhAva kA jJAna aura vizva kA anubhava-sApekSa jJAna Avazyaka hai| kintu jahA~ taka kevala naitika jJAna kA prazna hai, yaha anubhavanirapekSa hai / naitika buddhi hI manuSya ko usake nirapekSa evaM ekAntika kartavya (unconditional duty) kA jJAna detI hai| usake niyama anabhava-nirapekSa haiN| usakA Adeza parama Adeza (categorical imperative) hai / isa Adeza buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) / 216 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI vyutpatti vyakti ke saMkalpa se bAhara anya kisI dhyeya ke vicAra se sambhava nahIM hai / bAhya dhyeya anubhava para nirbhara hai| ataH vaha kevala sAMketika Adeza * (hypothetical imperative) de sakatA hai| vaha sthiti-vizeSa ke adhIna hai| usa Adeza ke anusAra yadi kartA kisI viziSTa dhyeya kI prApti karanA cAhatA hai to use eka viziSTa prakAra se karma karanA hogaa| kartavya kA Adeza nirapekSa hai| usakA kisI aise bAhya dhyeya se sambandha nahIM hai jisakI ora saMkalpa prerita ho balki vaha svataH saMkalpa ke ucita prayoga se hI sambaddha hai| naitika Adeza paristhiti-vizeSa kI cintA nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra cAhe kucha bhI ho jAye, vyakti ko usake anurUpa AcaraNa karanA caahie| yaha kAraNa-sApekSa Adeza nahIM hai, nirapekSa-Adeza hai / kAraNa-sApekSa Adeza pratidina ke kriyAkalApa, icchA, bhAvanA, pariveza, jagat kI prakRti Adi para nirbhara hai| vaha sArvabhauma aura anivArya nahIM hai| kintu kartavya kI bAdhyatA anivArya hai| kartavya kI cetanA athavA 'karanA cAhie' kI cetanA anivAryatA kI sUcaka hai / kartavya, kartavya ke lie karanA hI dharma hai| kartavya kA Adeza naitika buddhi yA zubha saMkalpa kA Adeza hai / buddhi kA AtmAropita niyama apane parama aura nizcala Adeza dvArA ekAntika niSThA kI apekSA rakhatA hai / vaha manuSya ke andara parama aura pUrNa Adeza ke rUpa meM vyakta hotA hai| ... - zubha saMkalpa-parama Adeza kA udagama kyA hai ? vaha kahA~ se AtA hai ? kANTa kA kahanA hai ki vaha paristhitiyoM para nirbhara nahIM hai / paristhitijanya Adeza kAraNa-sApekSa Adeza haiN| parama Adeza kA utpatti-sthala kartA kA satya svarUpa hai| usakA srota naitika manuSya kA svabhAva hai| kartA karma karate samaya. saMkalpa ke rUpa meM use vyakta karatA hai aura saMkalpa kA svarUpa hI karma ke naitika mUlya ko nirdhArita karatA hai| zubha saMkalpa hI tattvataH zubha hai| vahI naitika . evaM zubha karma ke mUla meM hai| zubha saMkalpa kI kyA pahacAna hai ? vahI saMkalpa zubha hai jo bauddhika hai| bauddhika saMkalpa ko kaise samajha sakate haiM ? saMkalpa ke cayana kA vizleSaNa batalAtA hai ki usake do aMga haiM-bauddhika aura abauddhika / vaha bhAvanAtroM, AvegoM Adi para bauddhika niyantraNa rakhatA hai| bauddhika yojanA ke anurUpa unheM nirdezita karatA hai / yaha batalAtA hai ki saMkalpa kA satya rUpa bauddhika hai / isake bauddhika rUpa ko yaha kahakara samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka aMgI svAbhAvika prakRtibaza apane saMrakSaNa aura sukha ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| aMgI ke saMrakSaNa evaM zArIrika saMrakSaNa ke dRSTikoNa se buddhi vyartha hai| ataH 220 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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buddhi manuSya ko isalie prApta nahIM huI hai ki vaha aMgI ke lie upayogI siddha ho / buddhi ke karma kA kSetra bhinna hai / usakA ucita kSetra saMkalpa kA kSetra hai / apane siddhAnta ke anurUpa saMkalpa ko nirdezita karanA tathA bauddhika saMkalpa ko utpanna karanA buddhi kA kAma hai / saMkalpa kA zubhatva usake bauddhika hone para nirbhara hai / vahI saMkalpa zubha hai jo bauddhika hai / kANTa kA yaha kahanA thA ki zubha saMkalpa ke atirikta vizva meM athavA vizva se pare aisA kucha bhI nahIM dIkhatA hai jise ki binA kisI vizeSaNa ke zubha kaha deM / athavA zubha saMkalpa hI ekamAtra vaha vastu hai jise ki binA kisI sImA ke zubha kaha sakate haiM / usakA svarUpa usake hI prAntarika siddhAnta para nirbhara hai / vaha vizva kI kAryakAraNa-zrRMkhalA se svatantra hai / usakA zubhatva paristhiti vizeSa dvArA nirdhArita nahIM hotA hai / vaha apane-ApameM zubha hai, na ki bAhya tathyoM aura dhyeyoM ke sambandha meM / usakA zubhatva na to usa dhyeya para nirbhara hai jise vaha khojatA hai. aura na usakI upayogitA para hI nirbhara hai / use na to usa svAbhAvika pravRtti ( cAhe vaha zubha pravRtti hI ho) ke sambandha meM zubha kaha sakate haiM jo ki use nirdhArita karatI hai aura na kisI anya vastu se sambandhita hokara hI vaha zubha hotA hai / vaha sabase svatantra tathA apane-ApameM zubha aura svaprakAza hai / vaha apanI jyoti se usI prakAra jyotita hai jisa prakAra ki bahumUlya maNi apane hI prakAza se prakAzita hotI hai / ataH kANTa isa pariNAma para pahu~catA hai ki bauddhika saMkalpa yA zubha saMkalpa hI ekamAtra zubha hai aura zubha saMkalpa kartavya ke lie karma karatA hai / kANTa kA yaha kathana usake siddhAnta ke usa pakSa kI ora le jAtA hai jo kartavya aura svAbhAvika pravRttiyoM, naitika preraNA, pariNAma tathA sAmAnya preraNAoM ke bIca spaSTa virodha kA sthApaka hai / kartavya aura pravRtti -- kANTa ke siddhAnta meM kartavya kI dhAraNA kA prathama bAra spaSTa rUpa milatA hai / vAstava meM usane kartavya kI dhAraNA se hI zubha kI dhAraNA kA nigamana kiyaa| usakA kahanA thA ki bauddhika prANI hone ke kAraNa manuSya apane ko buddhi ke usa uccatara niyama se zAsita karatA hai jo ki indriya-paratA kI upekSA karatA hai / zubha saMkalpa ke anurUpa karma karanA ucita hai| zubha saMkalpa kA viziSTa guNa yaha hai ki vaha apane-ApameM zubha hai / vaha siddhAnta ke anurUpa karma karatA hai / vauddhika prANI hone ke kAraNa manuSya apane meM eka aisA jIvana cAhatA hai jo buddhi kI sRSTi hai / bauddhika prANI apane-ApameM sAdhya hai / * use kisI anya sAdhya ke lie apane ko sAghana nahIM banAnA cAhie / bauddhika buddhiparatAvAda ( parizeSa) / 221 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prANI abauddhika yA saMvedanazIla vyakti ko parama Adeza detA hai ki 'kartavya kA pAlana kro|' yaha Adeza anivArya hai| buddhi ko sAdhya mAnanevAlA athavA kartavya kI preraNA se karma karanevAlA abauddhika karmoM ko nahIM kregaa| koI karma, cAhe vaha kitanA hI prazaMsanIya kyoM na ho, yadi usakI upaja svAbhAvika pravRtti se huI ho, yahA~ taka ki sahAnubhUti aura dayA se bhI huI ho to vaha naitika dRSTi se zubha nahIM hai| aise karmoM ko protsAhita karanA vAMchanIya to hai para aise karmoM ko zubha nahIM kaha sakate / icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM se yukta karma anaitika haiN| pravRtti se kiyA huA karma kartavya ke anurUpa ho sakatA hai kintu vaha sadaiva naitika mUlya se rahita rhegaa| yadi kartA kisI ko isa kAraNa sahAyatA detA hai ki vaha sahAnubhUti se dravita ho gayA hai athavA usakI svAbhAvika pravRtti ne use prerita kiyA hai to aisA karma anaitika hai aura yadi vaha binA dUsare ke du:kha se dukhI hae kartavyavaza use sahAyatA detA hai to vaha karma zubha hai / karma tabhI zubha hai jaba vaha bauddhika saMkalpa se kiyA gayA ho athavA jaba vaha kartavya ke lie kiyA gayA ho / kartavya kartavya ke lie karanA caahie| kartavya se kiyA huA karma hI naitika karma hai| kartavya kI cetanA hI saMcAlikA cetanA honA cAhie / kartavya kI preraNA se karma karane caahie| anya preraNAe~ naitika malyahIna haiN| kartavya kI preraNA ke sivAya anya preraNAe~ pravRttiyoM kA hI rUpa haiM / ve vibhinna pravRttiyoM, AvegoM evaM sukha kI icchAoM ko vyakta karatI haiM / isa prakAra kANTa ne preraNAoM ko do vargoM meM bA~Ta diyA hai-kartavya kI preraNA aura pravRttiyoM ko vyakta karanevAlI prernnaaeN| usane preraNA aura pariNAma tathA buddhi aura pravRttiyoM meM bhI pUrNa virodha pAyA hai / buddhi kA Adeza parama Adeza hai| vaha kartavya kA Adeza hai / kANTa kahatA hai, 'apanA kartavya karo, cAhe pariNAma kucha bhI ho|' bauddhika Adeza manuSya para apane ko pAropita karatA hai aura binA pariNAma ko mahattva diye saMkalpa ko karma meM pariNata karatA hai| vaha Adeza pratyakSa siddha hai| sadguNa aura prAnanda-kANTa ke pUrva ke nItijJoM ne naitikatA ko parama zubha kI dhAraNA para prAdhArita kiyA hai| parama zubha sadaguNa aura Ananda donoM kA apane meM samAveza karatA hai / kANTa mAnatA hai ki uccatama zubha meM ye donoM hI haiN| kintu vaha parama zubha aura naitika zubha ko eka hI nahIM mAnatA; donoM meM bheda dekhatA hai| naitikatA pUrNa taTasthatA kI apekSA rakhatI hai, vaha bhAvanA ko AkarSita nahIM krtii| vaha apane ko saMkalpa para Aropita karatI hai / ataH ,222 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ananda se usakA pratyakSa sambandha nahIM hai| parama zubha abhISTa vastu hai| kintu vaha isa jIvana meM alabhya hai| jahA~ taka naitika jIvana kA prazna hai manuSya ko kartavya ke lie karma karanA cAhie / kartavya ko sukha ke lie sAdhana mAnakara nahIM karanA caahie| kartavya ke lie karma ko mahattva dene ke sAtha hI vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki bauddhika rUpa se taba taka bhalI prakAra se kartavya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA jaba taka yaha AzA na ho ki Ananda milegaa| yahA~ para vaha parama zubha kI dhAraNA para A jAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki vyakti ke lie apane nijI sukha kA dhyAna rakhanA vivekasammata hai / para ucita bauddhika prAtma-prema kevala sAmAnya sukha kI hI khoja nahIM karatA, balki vaha usa sukha kI khoja karatA hai jisakA naitika mUlya hai / vyakti ke lie parama zubha na to kevala sadguNa hai aura na kevala prAnanda, vaha vaha naitika rAjya hai jahA~ sukha aura sadaguNa paraspara santulita haiM / binA aise rAjya ko svIkAra kiye naitikatA ke ucca aura mahAn vicAra prazaMsA aura zraddhA ke viSaya bhale hI ho sakate hoM kintu unakI vAstavika dena kucha nahIM ho sakatI / ve karmoM aura uddezyoM ke vAstavika preraNA-srota nahIM bana sakate / bauddhika rUpa se manuSya naitika karmoM ko taba taka nahIM apanA sakegA jaba taka use yaha AzA na ho jAye ki use Ananda milegaa| naitika zubha kA lakSya parama zubha hai aura parama zubha prAnanda aura sadguNa kA aikya hai| naitika niyama rUpAtmaka hai-zubha saMkalpa hI ekamAtra zubha hai| isakA siddhAnta isI meM hai| yaha kathana batalAtA hai ki naitika niyama koI viziSTa viSaya (Content) nahIM ho sktaa| vaha viziSTa vastuoM ke bAre meM nahIM batAtA hai / vaha isa kAma ko karo aura isa kAma ko mata karo, nahIM khtaa| naitika niyama anivArya aura sArvabhauma hai| viziSTa vastue~ anubhava-sApekSa aura anizcita haiM; ataH naitika niyama kA sambandha kisI vastu se nahIM ho sktaa| vaha nahIM batalAtA ki karma kA kyA vastutattva (matter) honA caahie| vaha kevala unake rUpa (form.) ke bAre meM batalA sakatA hai| naitika niyama buddhi se prApta hotA hai, na ki bhAvanA se / ataH yaha viSayAtmaka (material) nahIM / ho sakatA / yadi ise viSayAtmaka mAna leM to naitika siddhAnta dhyeya yA pariNAma se yukta ho jAyegA jo ki anucita hai| naitika siddhAnta apane-ApameM zubha hai / vaha rUpAtmaka tathA anubhava-nirapekSa hai aura vyAvahArika buddhi kI dena hai| kANTa ke pUrva ke vicArakoM ne niyama kI dhAraNA ko zubha kI dhAraNA ke adhIna mAnA hai| kANTa ne naitikatA ke siddhAnta ko kevala rUpAtmaka mAnA hai / yaha buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) / 223 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Avazyaka hai ki saMkalpa viSayavastu se taTasthatA kI viziSTa sthiti meM ho kintu phira bhI vaha naitika vizva se asambaddha nahIM hai / naitika siddhAnta pratyeka bauddhika vyakti ke lie samAna hai / vaha usa samAja se sambandha rakhatA hai jahA~ ki pratyeka prANI samAna rUpa se svazAsita hai| prAcaraNa-vidhiyA~ - yadi naitikatA kA siddhAnta rUpAtmaka hai aura usakA koI viziSTa viSaya nahIM hai to AcaraNa ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kyA vaha vyAvahArika niyama de sakatA hai ? kANTa kA kahanA hai ki kartavya ke saba niyama 'kartavya kartavya ke lie karanA cAhie' ko abhivyakta karate haiM / kartavya ke siddhAnta athavA parama Adeza ke prAdhAra para vyAvahArika naitika niyamoM ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / bauddhika antardaSTi athavA naitika antarjJAnavAle vyakti ke lie ye niyama utane hI spaSTa, sugama aura sarala haiM jitanA yaha kathana ki do aura do kA jor3a cAra hotA hai| buddhi ke Adeza parama aura sArvabhauma haiM / ve pratyeka bauddhika prANI para apane ko Aropita karate haiN| ve pratyakSa aura spaSTa haiN| buddhi batalAtI hai ki karmoM meM Atma-saMgati (Self-consistency) honI caahie| Atma-saMgati kA niyama athavA bAdhaniyama (Law of contradiction) kahatA hai ki eka hI karma ucita aura anucita donoM hI nahIM ho sktaa| yadi karma eka paristhiti meM ucita hai to vaha sabhI paristhitiyoM meM ucita rhegaa| yadi kartA kI preraNA bauddhika hai to kisI karma ko kisI eka paristhiti meM vaha taba taka nahIM kara sakatA jaba taka ki vaha yaha bhI na cAhe ki vaha karma sArvabhauma rUpa grahaNa kara ske| jina siddhAntoM para bauddhika prANI karma karate haiM ve aise hone cAhie jinheM ve apane jIvana-bhara apanA sakeM aura sAtha hI dUsaroM para bhI Aropita kara skeN| udAharaNArtha, "tuma dUsaroM ke lie vaisA hI karo jaisA ki tuma dUsaroM se apane prati kiye jAne kI AzA karate ho|" ataH kANTa ne kahA ki "usa siddhAnta ke anusAra karma karo jisake bAre meM tuma yaha bhI icchA kara sako ki vaha eka sArvabhauma niyama bana jaaye|" kANTa kA vizvAsa thA ki yaha nItivAkya viziSTa kartavyoM ko nirdhArita karane ke lie paryApta mAnadaNDa hai| isa nItivAkya ke vyAvahArika rUpa ko samajhAne ke lie vaha zapatha tor3ane kA udAharaNa detA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi ise sArvabhauma rUpa de diyA jAye--pratyeka zapatha tor3ane lage to zapatha lene kA koI artha nahIM raha jAyegA / manuSya ke karmoM meM saMgati aura samAnatA honI cAhie / pratyeka manuSya kA vyaktitva (Personality) 224 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddhika svarUpa-svataH mUlyavAn hai| isalie pratyeka vyakti ko cAhie ki jaba vaha kisI niyama ko banAtA hai athavA kisI AcaraNa ko apanAtA hai to use kevala apane hI lAbha kA dhyAna nahIM rakhanA cAhie / apane hI samAna use dUsaroM ko bhI kisI anya dhyeya ke lie sAdhana nahIM mAnanA caahie| athavA isa prakAra karma karanA cAhie ki "samasta mAnavatA ko, cAhe vaha apane vyaktitva ke rUpa meM ho yA kisI dUsare vyakti ke rUpa meM,-tuma pratyeka avasthA meM sAdhya samajha sako, na ki sAdhana / " bauddhika saMkalpa apanA niyama svayaM banAtA hai aura svayaM usakA pAlana karatA hai| prAtma-pAropita niyama kA pAlana karanA anivArya hai| usakI bAdhyatA Antarika hai, na ki bAhya / mAtmaAropita hone ke kAraNa hI vaha parama Adeza ke rUpa meM vyakta hotA hai / manuSya usa niyama ke adhIna hai aura usake adhIna honA hI manuSya kI svatantratA hai / "isa prakAra kArya karo ki tuma pUrNatA ke sArvajanika rAjya (Universal Kingdom of Ends) meM apane siddhAntoM dvArA niyamoM ke vidhAyaka bana sko|" kANTa usa pUrNatA ke rAjya kI kalpanA karatA hai jahA~ ki bauddhika prANiyoM kA samudAya vAsa karatA hai / isa samudAya kA pratyeka vyakti apane Antarika niyama kA pAlana karatA hai aura vaha svazAsita hai| Antarika niyama evaM bauddhika niyama sArvabhauma niyama bhI hai| Atma-Aropita niyamoM kA pAlana karanevAle prANiyoM ke rAjya meM saMgati aura sAmaMjasya hai / naitika rAjya virodhI ikAiyoM tathA svArthI pravRttiyoM kA asvAbhAvika saMgaThana nahIM hai| vaha bauddhika saMkalpoM kI Antarika ekatA ko vyakta karatA hai / naitikatA svArthI pravRttiyoM ke virodha ko miTA detI hai| mAlocanA - nItivAkya asantoSaprada haiM--yadi AcaraNa ko sunirdezita karane ke lie kANTa ke nItivAkyoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAye to unheM kevala rUpAtmaka paayeNge| unake AdhAra para viziSTa kartavyoM kI rUparekhA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI aura na yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki kyA karanA caahie| kyA kANTa ke nItivAkya: vyAvahArika dRSTi se mUlyahIna haiM ? kANTa ne vAstava meM parama Adeza ko pA~ca nItivAkyoM dvArA vyakta kiyA hai| kintu una pA~coM ko uparyukta tIna vAkyoM ke antargata samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / kANTa ke ye nItivAkya batalAte haiM ki karma kA sArvabhauma honA, virodharahita honA hI usakI naitikatA kA cihna hai| buddhiparatAvAda (paszeiSa) / 225. For Personal & Private Use Only

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bAgha-niyama kI sImAeM-yadi hama AcaraNa ke niyama ko sArvabhauma bhI mAna leM to hama dekhate haiM ki saba karma vaiyaktika aura viziSTa hote haiN| niyama ke lie yaha sujhAva denA Avazyaka hai ki viziSTa kartavyoM kA svarUpa kaisA honA cAhie / kartavya kI cetanA se yaha kaise samajha sakate haiM ki satya bolanA ucita hai athavA corI karanA anucita hai| yaha kaise mAlUma hotA hai ki vartamAna paristhiti meM kyA karanA ucita hai| kANTa ne bauddhika saMgati ke niyama athavA bAgha-niyama ko diyA hai, kintu bAdha-niyama ko manuSya ke paucitya aura anaucitya ko samajhAne ke lie svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bAdha-niyama bhAvavAcaka hai| yaha batalAtA hai ki eka hI kAma ucita aura anucita donoM nahIM ho sakatA / yaha kathana tArkika rUpa se ucita hone para bhI vAstavika evaM vyAvahArika dRSTi se anucita hai / udAharaNArtha, bAdha-niyama ke anusAra corI karanA ucita aura anucita donoM hI nahIM ho sktaa| kintu jIvana ke tathya batalAte haiM ki kucha viziSTa paristhitiyoM meM corI karanA ucita hai aura kucha meM anucita / tAkika dRSTi se jo saMgati Avazyaka hai vaha tathya kI dRSTi se bhrAntipUrNa hai| jahA~ taka vAstavikatA evaM tathyoM kA prazna hai, kucha apavAda mAnane pdd'eNge| zabdoM ke vyAvahArika artha badalate rahate haiN| kANTa cintana ke bAdha-niyama ko apanAne meM itanA lIna rahA ki usane apane nItivAkyoM ko pratyakSa vyAvahArika jagat se dUra kara diyA / kANTa kI AcaraNa vidhi kA sArvabhauma rUpa avyAvahArika hai| usameM aMpavAda ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jAtA / apanI dRr3hatA ke kAraNa vaha hAniprada karma karA sakatA hai| mAnava-jAti ke saMrakSaNa ke lie vivAha karanA ucita hai, para yadi koI vyakti kisI asAdhya roga se pIr3ita ho jAtA hai to mAnava-jAti ke hita ke lie use vivAha ke bandhana meM nahIM par3anA caahie| kANTa kA siddhAnta aisI sthiti meM sahAyaka nahIM hai| naitika siddhAnta ko rUpAtmaka aura viSayahIna kahakara usane bar3I bhArI bhUla kii| yahI usake nItivAkyoM ko amUrta aura avyAvahArika banA detA hai| usakA kartavya kA siddhAnta apane-ApameM apUrNa ho jAtA hai| binA kartavya ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita kiye athavA binA dhyeya kI paribhASA diye AcaraNa ke vyAvahArika niyamoM ko samajhanA kaThina hai| pratyeka karma aura ghaTanA kA apanA mUlya hai / use samajhane ke lie preraNA aura pariNAma evaM sampUrNa paristhiti ko samajhanA anivArya hai| kANTa karmoM kA mUlyAMkana kevala preraNA dvArA karatA hai aura pariNAma ko naitika dRSTi se mUlyahIna kaha detA hai / 226 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #228
bhAvanA kA naitika mUlya - binA bhAvanAoM ko svIkAra kiye kANTa kA pUrNatA kA rAjya ( sabase adhika vyApaka nItivAkya) bhI avAstavika ho jAtA hai / ekatA kI bhAvanA hI vyaktiyoM ko eka-dUsare se yukta kara sakatI hai / buddhi sArvabhauma hone para bhI usa pArasparika AkarSaNa evaM ekatA, sahRdayatA aura AtmIyatA ko nahIM lA sakatI jo dUsaroM ke sAtha sambandhita karane ke lie Avazyaka hai / prema, sneha, sahAnubhUti zrAdi hI aisI sakriya zaktiyA~ haiM jinake kAraNa vyakti apane ko dUsaroM meM dekhatA hai| unake sukha ko apanA sukha samajhatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddhiparatAvAdiyoM kA siddhAnta sArvabhauma buddhi ko mAnane para bhI vaiyaktika rahA hai, unake matAvalambiyoM kA jIvana Atma-nimagna rahA hai / " bhrAntipUrNa manovijJAna -- kANTa buddhi aura indriyoM ke parama dvaita ko svIkAra karatA hai / buddhi ke kAraNa hI manuSya pazu se bhinna evaM zreSTha hai / ataH use bauddhika jIvana bitAnA caahie| usake jIvana meM indriyaparatA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / kartavya karate samaya icchAtroM, bhAvanAoM evaM pravRttiyoM kI ora se vimukha ho jAnA caahie| naitika vyakti ko kartavya ke siddhAnta athavA Atma- Aropita niyama ko samajhanA caahie| use una ucchRMkhala pravRttiyoM ke prati jAgarUka rahanA cAhie jo kartavya kI virodhI haiM / use sadaiva kartavya ke lie karma karanA cAhie / deza, kAla, sthAna, paristhiti Adi naitikatA ko nirdhArita nahIM karate haiM / kartavya ke Adeza ke nirapekSa aura sarvocca rUpa ko samajhAne ke lie vaha nItijJoM ke viparIta yaha taka kaha detA hai ki yadi karma kI utpatti kartavya ke prati zraddhA se nahIM hai to vaha naitika nahIM hai / dayAlu bhAvanAoM, paramArthI pravRttiyoM, sahAnubhUti, sneha, dayA Adi se prerita karma zubha nahIM haiM / kartavya kI preraNA hI ekamAtra zubha preraNA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki kANTa kA aisA darzana pratyanta kaThora aura niHspRha ho gayA hai| AlocakoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki kANTa ne apane siddhAnta meM bhAvanAoM, sthAyIbhAva Adi ko paryApta sthAna nahIM diyA hai / sthAna denA to dUra rahA, vaha mAnava-svabhAva kA avAstavika vizleSaNa karatA hai, jo bhrAntipUrNa manovijJAna para AdhArita hai / usane saba svAbhAvika preraNAoM ko svArthI aura sukhavAdI kahA hai| aise umra mata ko apanAkara usane apane siddhAnta ko amAnya banA diyA hai / mAnava-karma maura sadguNa na to bhAvanA zUnya haiM aura na bhAvanA unakA apramukha guNa hai / vaha unake mUlagata svarUpa kA aMga hai / kANTa kI racanAoM meM nirmamatA kI pravRtti milatI hai / buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) / 227 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #229
siddhAnta meM aspaSTatA : bhAvanAeM prAtma-santoSa kA aMga-apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate samaya kANTa ne kaI sthaloM meM pratyanta saMkSipta tarka prastuta kiye haiN| eka pramANa se dUsare pramANa meM Ane meM zIghratA dikhalAyI hai| aisI zailI pAThaka ko duvidhA meM DAla detI hai| use asaMgatiyA~ dikhalAyI par3atI haiN| zuddha vyAvahArika buddhi kA varNana karate samaya vaha kahatA hai ki isakA Adeza kartA se kahatA hai ki jaba kartavya kA prazna uThatA hai to icchAoM kI ora se vimukha ho jAnA caahie| jaba isakA kartavya se virodha nahIM hotA hai taba isake adhikAra buddhi nahIM chInatI hai| aisI sthiti meM kartA sukha khoja sakatA hai / para jaba kartavya aura pravRttiyoM ke prazna ko vaha uThAtA hai to vaha yaha mAna letA hai ki bauddhika vyakti pravRttiyoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta honA cAhegA / kintu indriyoM kA samUla nAza karake vyakti naitikatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| icchAtroM kA hanana karake Atma-santoSa nahIM miltaa| vAstava meM buddhi aura bhAvanA eka-dUsare kI pUraka haiM, virodhI nahIM / icchAoM ko ucita mArga dikhalAnA buddhi kA kAma hai / guNavAn yA naitika vyakti vaha hai jo icchAoM ko sanmArgI banAtA hai, unakA unnayana karatA hai| icchAtroM kA damana karanA sadaguNa nahIM hai / sadguNI vyakti icchAoM se svatantra nahIM hai| aisI svatantratA maraghaTa meM hI prApta ho sakatI hai| icchAoM dvArA virodha hone para bhI ucita mArga ko DhaMDha lenA naitika guNa hai| binA bhAvanAoM ke naitikatA viSaya-zUnya hai| bhAvanAoM ke nirAkaraNa ko anAvazyaka mahattva dekara kANTa ne apane nItizAstra ko rUpAtmaka banA diyaa| naitikatA ke rUpa aura viSaya meM bheda kara diyaa| bhAvanAhIna jIvana ko jIvana kahanA utanA hI vicitra hai jitanA Ama se usakI miThAsa ko nikAlakara use prAma kahanA / buddhi aura bhAvanA kA saMyukta jIvana hI jIvana hai| naitika dRSTi se bhI bhAvanAhIna jIvana ko naitika nahIM mAna skte| yaha bauddhika yA cintanapradhAna jIvana hai| latikatA ke upAdAna indriyoM se Ate haiN| buddhi aura bhAvanAoM kA dvaita naitika samasyA ko utpanna karatA hai / bhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA isa samasyA kA nirAkaraNa karanA hai| icchAoM kA damana karake vairAgyavAda svayaM apane dhyeya meM hAra jAtA hai / vaha apane Adarza ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA kyoMki binA bhAvanAoM ke karma sambhava nahIM hai / ye jIvana kI saMcAlaka zakti haiN| sampUrNa indriyabodha jIvana ko avAstavika kahakara tyAga nahIM sakate haiN| naitika kartavya saba icchAoM aura pravRttiyoM ke hanana kA Adeza nahIM detaa| vaha kevala una icchAoM kI ora se 228 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #230
udAsIna hone ke lie kahatA hai jo zreSTha icchAtroM kI tRpti meM evaM AtmasantoSa ke mArga meM bAdhaka haiM / vAstava meM Atma-santoSa tabhI prApta hotA hai jaba AtmA apane pUrNa rUpa meM-buddhi aura bhAvanA-santuSTa hotI hai| naitika jIvana meM kartavya ke artha-kANTa ne apane naitika darzana meM vyAvahArika buddhi ke nirapekSa Adeza athavA naitika siddhAnta kI caramatA ko siddha karanA caahaa| ata: usane kartavya ke siddhAnta ko mahattva diyA aura yaha kahA ki kartavya hI parama naitika nirapekSa Adeza hai| usane apane kartavya ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate samaya icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa karake, unheM anAtmya-bAhya zaktiyA~-kahakara bhArI bhUla kI / isa bhUla ko dUra karane ke lie hI usane naitika bhAvanA kI utpatti buddhi se kI hai| usakA yaha prayAsa utanA hI asaphala hai jitanA ki per3a kI DAla ko kATakara use pUnaH goMda se jor3ane kA prayAsa hotA hai| usane jIvana ko atyanta nIrasa aura anAkarSaka banA diyaa| puSpaviTapa kI sArthakatA usake sucAru rUpa se puSpita hone meM hai| vahI jIvana sArthaka aura vAMchanIya hai jisameM bhAvanAoM aura baddhi kA samaveta gAna hai, jisameM bhAvanAe~ baddhi kA samparka pAkara vikasita hotI haiM aura baddhi bhAvanAoM ke sAhacarya se sugandha ko prApta hotI hai / kartavya ke rUpAtmaka siddhAnta ne jIvana ko avAMchanIya, arucikara aura anAkarSaka banA diyA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaiyaktika lAbha aura yaza kI pracchanna AzA se kiyA hamA karma anaitika hai| kintu kyA isakA niSkarSa yaha nikalatA hai ki sneha, dayA, dAna Adi se anAyAsa kiye karma bhI anaitika haiM ? kyA vahI karma ucita hai jise karane ke pahale kartA use kartavya kI 'tulA ke praucitya aura anaucitya ke bAToM meM tola letA hai aura yaha smaraNa rakhatA hai ki 'maiM kartavya kara rahA hU~ ?' yadi koI dAnI vyakti dAna dete samaya yaha dhyAna meM rakhe ki 'maiM dAna de rahA haiM aura isake viparIta. dUsarA vyakti sahaja-dayAvaza dAna de to kyA dUsare vyakti ke karma ko anaitika kahanA. vivekasammata hogA ? kartavya ke siddhAnta ko bilkula hI viSayahIna mAnakara kANTa ne 'kartavya' kI aisI amUrta dhAraNA ko apanA liyA hai jo arthazUnya hai| 'kartavya kA bodha icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM se pUrNa sAmAnya vyakti ke hRdaya meM hI utpanna ho sakatA hai, devatA yA dAnava ke hRdaya meM nhiiN|' athavA kartavya kA bodha tabhI utpanna hotA hai jaba icchAoM meM dvandva hotA hai| jaba vyakti ko apane vicAroM-prAdarzoM ke anurUpa karma karane ke lie dRr3ha abhyAsoM ko chor3anA par3atA hai, sahaja pravRttiyoM para saMyama rakhanA par3atA hai tathA buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) / 226 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #231
icchAoM, bhAvanAoM Adi kA unnayana karanA par3atA hai athavA unake prati taTastha honA par3atA hai taba usameM kartavya kA jJAna jAgrata hotA hai / kartavya zabdamAtra nahIM hai / yaha zubha icchAoM kA sUcaka hai / kANTa ne icchAoM se isakA viyoga karAkara ise arthazUnya aura avyAvahArika kara diyA hai / kANTa kA siddhAnta apanI rukSatA ke kAraNa manuSya ko zreSThatara banane ke lie paryApta preraNA pradAna nahIM karatA / kartavya athavA buddhi ke niyama kA sambandha manuSya kI bhAvanAnoM se hai; usake vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jagat se hai / apane -prApameM- ina sambandhoM se alaga -- 'kartavya' kucha nahIM hai / - vairAgyavAda apane-ApameM apUrNa - manuSya kA naitika jIvana bauddhika aura bhAvuka AtmA kA jIvana hai, athavA usakA sampUrNa jIvana hai / naitikatA jIvana ke kisI eka aMga ke tyAga kI apekSA nahIM rakhatI / usI aMga kA tyAga kSamya hai jo ki sampUrNa kI unnati aura pUrNatA meM bAdhaka hai / vairAgyavAdI pradarza pUrNa bhrAntipUrNa aura ekAMgI hai| yaha jIvanta zrAdarza nahIM hai / sakriyatA ke badale vaha niSkriyatA ko apanAtA hai / vikArazUnyatA, bhAvahInatA, taTasthatA, rAga-rasa-hInatA Adi mAnavocita guNa nahIM haiM / saMsAra ke kriyA-kalApoM ke prati darzakamAtra honA, jIvana meM abhiruci na lenA manuSyatva kA cihna nahIM hai / aise marubhUmi ke Adarza ke mUla meM yaha dhAraNA hai ki deha AtmA kA bandIgRha hai / indriyaparaka jIvana ko apanAnA baheliye ke jAla meM pha~sanA hai / aisI dhAraNA bhrAntipUrNa hone ke sAtha hI mRtyusUcaka hai / jisa jagat meM hama rahate haiM, karma karate haiM athavA jisakA pratyeka kSaNa anubhava karate haiM, use svapnamAtra nahIM kaha skte| jIvana ko kSaNika aura svapnatulya mAnanevAlA bauddhika zrAdarzavAda stutya nahIM hai / vahI buddhiparatAvAda mAnya hai jo indriyaparatA kA apane meM samAveza karake use saMgaThita karatA hai / indriya jIvana kI anekatA ke lie buddhi kI saMgaThana kI zakti kI AvazyakatA hai / buddhi ke niyama ko kevala anubhavanirapekSa kahakara buddhi paratAvAdiyoM ne rUpAtmaka siddhAnta ko mahattva diyA / ve yaha bhUla gaye ki usakA viSaya bhAvanA se prApta hotA hai| binA viSaya ke vaha asthipaMjara mAtra aura rikta hai| bhAvanA bhI binA buddhi ke andhI hai, usakA mArga-nirdezana buddhi karatI hai / paripUrNa naitika jIvana ke lie buddhi aura bhAvanA donoM hI Avazyaka haiM / sukhavAdI bhUla -- kANTa kA manovijJAna bhrAntiyoM se mukta nahIM hai / naitika AtmA kartavya ko samajhatI hai / vaha kartavya karane ke lie bAdhita haiN| naitika 230 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #232
AtmA kA saMkalpa vatalAtA hai ki kyA karanA caahie| icchAoM se yukta aAtmA sukha kI khoja karatI hai| kintu naitika AtmA icchAoM kA virodha karatI hai athavA kartavya kA mArga anicchA kA mArga hai / manovijJAna batalAtA hai ki yaha bhrAmaka hai| kartavya ke mArga kA svecchA se pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| saMvedanazIla prAtmA isa mArga ko detI hai| kANTa kA kahanA thA ki icchAe~ sukha ke lie hotI haiM aura unakI tRpti manuSya ko prAtma-sukha detI hai| kintu saba pravRttiyA~ sukha ke lie nahIM hotii| icchAoM ko svArthI mAnakara vaha anubhavAtmaka vastuvAda se dUra ho gayA hai| icchAoM ke sammukha eka dhyeya hotA hai aura jaba usakI prApti ho jAtI hai to vyakti ko yaha socakara santoSa prApta hotA hai ki 'merI icchA tRpta huii| usakI icchA kA dhyeya kucha bhI ho sakatA hai, Atma-kalyANa athavA para-kalyANa donoM hI ho sakate haiM / kANTa ne naitika preraNA ke atirikta anya preraNAoM ko svArthI kahakara unheM anaitika kaha diyA / yahA~ para usane sukhavAdiyoM ke dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai| unhIM ke samAna yaha mAnA hai ki icchA kA ekamAtra viSaya sukha hai| __ekamAtra preraNA ko mahattva denA anucita hai-kANTa ke anusAra vahI karma naitika hai jo zubha preraNA se kiyA gayA hai| pariNAma se naitikatA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| usakA kahanA hai ki ghokhA denA pApa hai| yadi kisI kA jIvana usake honevAle hatyAre ko dhokhA dekara baca sakatA ho to bhI dhokhA nahIM denA cAhie / kANTa kI aisI vizuddha naitikatA (Moral Purism) kahA~ taka mAnya hai, kahanA kaThina hai| usane sampUrNa paristhiti ko naitika dRSTi se mahattva nahIM diyA, yaha usakI bhUla hai| yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki hatyAre ko pApa karane se rokane para usameM koI mahAn parivartana A jAye aura vaha naitika AcaraNa ko apanA le| prAtma-prabuddha vyakti jaba karma karatA hai to vaha sampUrNa paristhiti ke bAre meM saceta rahatA hai| vaha apane karma ke pariNAma ko bharasaka samajhane kI koziza karatA hai| vaha jAnatA hai ki usakA prabhAva dUsaroM para tathA svayaM usa para kyA pdd'egaa| preraNA se kiyA huA karma sAbhiprAya hai| preraNA ko samajhane ke lie pariNAma ko samajhanA anivArya hai / DAkTara ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki jaba rogI ko vaha davAI detA hai to yaha samajha le ki vaha rogI ke lie kaisI hogii| karma apane-ApameM naitika nahIM hotaa| vaha preraNA aura pariNAma ke sambandha meM hI zubha athavA azubha hai| kANTa ke kaThoratAvAda kA vyAvahArika mUlya-kANTa yaha bhalI-bhA~ti buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) | 231 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #233
samajhatA thA ki bhAvanA kA daladala bhayaMkara hai, yadi vyakti isameM pha~sa gayA to usakI mukti durlabha ho jAyegI / kintu buddhi ko AvazyakatA se adhika apanAne meM yaha bhaya nahIM hai / ataH usane pravRttiyoM, abhyAsoM aura yahA~ taka ki naitika bhAvAvezoM se kie hue kartavya ke anurUpa karmoM ko zubha nahIM kahA hai / naitikatA svastha aura zAnta cintana kI apekSA rakhatA hai / naitika bhAvAveza meM vyakti kartavyacyuta ho jAtA hai / vaha bhrama meM par3akara apane hI aham, mityAbhimAna, Atma-santoSa Adi ko abhivyakti detA hai / bhAvukatA, dayArdratA tathA sahAnubhUti se prerita karma zlAghanIya ho sakate haiM kintu naitika nahIM / svAbhAvika sahRdayatA bhI anucita karmoM ko janma detI hai / mA~ bacce ko sneha hRdayatA ke kAraNa bigAr3a detI hai / mAnava - durbalatAoM ko samajhane ke kAraNa hI kANTa ne yaha kahA ki kartavya kI preraNA se kiyA huA karma ucita hai / pariNAma, pravRtti, tatkAlIna prAveza, zrAtmasvArtha se kiye hue karma naitika nahIM haiM / ve kartavya ke anurUpa ho sakate haiM kintu ve kartavya ke lie nahIM kiye gaye haiM / pUrNa rUpa se pavitra saMkalpa kevala kartavya ke lie hI karma nahIM karatA balki vaha zubha ke prema se svabhAvata: karma karatA hai / prasanna hRdaya se kiyA huA kartavya caritra ke zubhatva ko pratibimbita karatA hai / pavitra saMkalpa pUrNa rUpa se zubha hai aura yahI parama naitika dhyeya hai / kANTa ke lie yaha kahanA anucita hai ki usane paramArthika aura udAra pravRttiyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se pAzavika pravRttiyoM kI zreNI meM rakhA / vaha aisI ucca preraNAoM se prerita karmoM ko protsAhana, prazaMsA sneha ke yogya mAnatA hai kintu naitika mUlya se yukta nahIM karatA / aisA karake usane sacamuca apane mAnava svabhAva ke gUr3ha jJAna kA paricaya diyA / manuSya kA svabhAva itanA jaTila hai ki vaha svayaM apane ko samajhane meM bhrama meM par3a jAtA hai / jina karmoM ko vaha niHsvArtha samajhatA hai ve kevala niHsvArthatA kA AvaraNa pahane hote haiM / aisI sthiti meM kartavya kA siddhAnta usakA mArgadarzaka bana jAtA hai aura use usa karma kI ora le jAtA hai jo vAstava meM ucita aura buddhi ko mAnya hai / nirapekSa naitika pradeza kA mahattva - sukhavAda ke anusAra naitika pradeza sukha kI prApti ke lie upayogI sAdhana haiM / aise lAbhaprada niyamoM kA pAlana karanevAlA vyakti vyAvasAyika buddhi se kAma letA / vaha catura aura dUradarzI hai / sukhavAda ne aise niyamoM ke pAlana karane ko ucita kahA hai / ucita niyama vaha hai jo sukhaprada hai / buddhiparatAvAda zraucitya ke siddhAnta ko svArthI 232 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #234
icchAoM se pUrNa rUpa se mukta karatA hai| vahI karma ucita hai jo parama Adeza ke anurUpa hai| isa Adeza kA dhyeya sArvabhauma hai| pratyeka bauddhika prANI ko ise prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| sukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra naitika Adeza 'corI nahIM karanA cAhie' Adi kA vyaktigata mUlya hai| adhikatama sukha ko dhyeya mAnanevAlA vyakti usI Adeza ko mAnegA jo use sukha detA hai| usake lie naitika Adeza anivArya yA nirapekSa rUpa grahaNa nahIM karate / kANTa kA aucitya kA niyama sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa ko detA hai| aise vastugata mAnadaNDa ko detA hai jo vaiyaktika icchAoM aura viziSTa dhyeyoM se svatantra hai| itihAsa ko buddhiparatAvAda kI dena-kANTa ne mukhyata: yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki buddhi hI manuSya kA sAratatva hai| manuSya kA saMkalpa svatantra hai| vaha bauddhika evaM prAtma-pAropita niyama kA pAlana kara sakatA hai| yaha niyama anivArya aura sArvabhauma hai| manuSya meM vyaktitva (bauddhikatA) hai / mAnavatA apane-ApameM sAdhya hai| kANTa kA aisA siddhAnta atyanta niHspRha ho gayA hai, isameM sandeha nhiiN| aise siddhAnta kI burAiyoM ko dekhate hue bhI yaha mAnanA par3egA ki isane usa tattva ko mahattva diyA jo mAnava-jAti kA sAmAnya guNa hai / pratyeka vyakti bauddhika hai aura samAna hai / jahA~ taka usakI yogyatAoM, bhAvanAoM, icchAoM kA prazna hai ve usakI apanI nijI aura vaiyaktika haiN| buddhi kA sArvabhauma rUpa mAnava-bandhutva kI dhAraNA ko janma detA hai| vaha batalAtA hai ki nAgarikoM kA paraspara sambandha bAhya athavA sahakAritAmAtra nahIM hai; vaha Antarika hai| buddhi hI pratyeka vyakti kA prAntarika satya hai| vaha batalAtI hai ki svatantra nAgarika aura dAsa meM koI bheda nahIM hai| buddhiparatAvAdiyoM ke lie jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki unhoMne vizvabandhutva kI dhAraNA ko diyA to hamArA dhyAna IsAI dharma kI aura jAtA hai| kintu buddhiparatAvAdiyoM ne IsAI vicArakoM ke pUrva hI vizvabandhutva kI dhAraNA ko sakriya rUpa meM svIkAra karake dAsa prathA ke viruddha apanI AvAz2a utthaayii| buddhi ke vAstava meM do karma haiN| eka ora to vaha vyaktiyoM ko eka-dUsare se yukta karatI aura milatI hai aura dUsarI ora pratyeka ko usakA svatantra vyaktitva pradAna karatI hai| 'pratyeka vyakti apane-ApameM sAdhya hai', isa tathya ne kAnUnI adhikAroM ke lie ucita tarka diye / iMgalaiNDa meM jo unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM kAnUnI aura rAjanItika sudhAra hue usameM upayogitAvAda kA hAtha to thA hI, sAtha hI ve kANTa ke siddhAnta se prabhAvita the| yaha kahanA anucita buddhiparatAvAda (parizeSa) / 233 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #235
na hogA ki 'pratyeka vyakti kI gaNanA eka hai' aura 'pratyeka vyakti meM manuSyatva kI pavitratA hai, ina donoM kathanoM ne samAna rUpa se Adhunika tathA vigata zatAbdI ke samAjazAstriyoM, sudhArakoM, rAjanItijJoM aura kAnUna- vizeSajJoM ko prabhAvita kiyA / isa vyAvahArika dena ke atirikta budviparatAvAdiyoM ne isa jIvanta satya kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA ki abhyAsa aura pravRttiyA~ kartavya ke mArga meM ror3A aTakAtI haiM / unakA yaha kathana satya - vihIna nahIM hai / isameM nihita satyAMza kI puSTi ke lie itihAsa kI ora dekhanA par3egA / itihAsa batalAtA hai ki vaiyaktika aura jAtIya jIvana meM eka aisI sthiti avazya prAtI hai jaba ki nakArAtmaka aura virAgAtmaka tattva pramukhatA pAte haiM / naitika vikAsa ucca preraNAoM ke prati nimna preraNAoM kI adhInatA para AdhArita hai / kabhI aisI vizeSa paristhiti bhI AtI hai jaba ki nimna pravRttiyoM para vijaya prApta karanA ucca preraNAoM ko mahattva dene se adhika Avazyaka ho jAtA hai | ataH kevala ucca preraNAoM ko mahattva denA paryApta nahIM hai / ye tathya batalAte haiN| ki naitikatA Atma-saMyama aura Atma-varjana se prArambha hotI hai / naitika jIvana kI vibhinna paristhitiyoM kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki binA tyAga aura Atma-varjana kI nakArAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke naitika jIvana sambhava nahIM hai / jIvana ke nakArAtmaka pakSa se pUrNa rUpa se svatantra paristhiti kI kalpanA karanA asatya hai | cAhe hama sukhavAdiyoM ke sAtha yaha bhI svIkAra kara leM ki manuSya meM 'sukha kI icchA hai, kintu yaha eka akATya satya hai ki kaSTasahiSNutA ke lie tatpara rahane kI kSamatA sadguNoM kI prApti kA eka anivArya aMga hai / 234 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #236
16 sahajajJAnavAda sahajajJAnavAda aura antarbodha praveza - naitika nirNaya kA AdhAra kyA hai ? karma ke aucitya anaucitya ko mApane ke lie hama kisa mAnadaNDa ko svIkAra karate haiM ? kartavya ko kaise samajhate haiM ? *** Adi praznoM kA uttara vibhinna prakAra se diyA jA sakatA hai / eka varga una logoM kA hai jo rUr3higrasta tathA prAcIna paripATI ke upAsaka haiM / una logoM ke anusAra naitikatA bAhya niyamoM kA anuvartanamAtra hai / dUsare vargoM meM ve haiM jo upayogitAvAda ke AdhAra para karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karate haiM / upayogitA, sAdhya aura pariNAma kI tulanA meM hI karma ko ucita athavA anucita kahate haiM / punaH tIsare varga ke antargata ve loga Ate haiM jo karma ko apane Apa meM zubha athavA azubha mAnate haiM / isa bhA~ti yadi hama vibhinna siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karate jAyeM to hameM karmoM kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie aneka dRSTikoNa mileMge / vAstava meM una dRSTikoNoM ke mUla meM naitikatA kI do prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ haiM : naitikatA zAzvata, advitIya tathA nirapekSa hai aura naitikatA sApekSa, parivartanazIla tathA paristhitijanya hai / pUrvapakSavAloM ne naitika niyamoM aura vicAroM ko anudbhUta aura prakRtrima kahA hai / aura uttara-pakSa vAloM ne udbhUta tathA kRtrima kahA hai / una pakSoM ke mUla meM hameM do bhinna vAda evaM siddhAnta milate haiM: sahajajJAnavAda aura prakRtivAda / sahajajJAnavAda kA vyApaka artha - naitikatA ko nirapekSa aura zAzvata kahane vAloM ne hI sahajajJAnavAda ( Intuitionism ) ko janma diyA / inTyuzaniz2ma vyutpatti leTina zabda inaMTyora ( Intuer ), jisakA artha 'dekhanA ' athavA sahajajJAnavAda / 235. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #237
'sAkSAtkAra karanA' hai, se huI hai / nItizAstra ke kSetra meM sahajajJAnavAda kA prayoga una siddhAntoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai jo yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya ko ucita aura anucita ke svarUpa kA pratyakSa jJAna hai athavA pratyakSa jJAna prApta ho sakatA hai / karmoM ko unhIM ke prAbhyantarika guNoM ke kAraNa zubha yA azubha kahate haiM, na ki unake dhyeya yA pariNAma ke kAraNa / karma isalie zubha nahIM haiM ki unakI sAmAjika upayogitA hai athavA ve sukhada haiM / karmoM kA zubha-azubha honA na to kartA para nirbhara hai aura na darzakoM evaM nirNAyakoM para, balki unhIM ke prAbhyantarika guNoM para / isa tathya ko samajhAne ke lie kalA aura sAhitya kA udAharaNa le sakate haiM / kisI kavitA ko zreSTha isalie nahIM kaha sakate ki vaha kisI vyakti vizeSa ko par3hane meM rucikara pratIta huI, usakA racayitA use apanI sarvazreSTha kRti mAnatA hai athavA racayitA vizva-vikhyAta kavi hai; vastugata mAnadaNDa ke AdhAra para hI kavitA acchI yA burI hai / sahajajJAnavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki karmoM ke abhyantarika rUpa ko parakhane tathA unake aucityaanaucitya kA tAtkAlika jJAna prApta karane ke lie manuSya ke pAsa naitika zakti athavA antarbodha hai| naitika zakti Antarika zakti hai / karmoM kI acchAI aura burAI parakhane ke lie manuSya bAhya niyamoM kI sahAyatA nahIM letA hai / naitika zakti use karmoM kA tAtkAlika jJAna detI hai / isa zakti ke svarUpa ko sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne vibhinna zabdoM ke prayoga dvArA samajhAyA hai : naitika bodha, anirvacanIya zakti, naitika indriya, alaukika zakti, bodhagamya zakti, vyAvahArika zakti prAdi / ye vibhinna zabda yaha batalAte haiM ki sahajajJAnavAda ko mAnanevAle saba vicAraka ekamata hokara yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti meM pratyakSa aura sahajajJAna prApta karane kI zakti hai / isa artha meM sahajajJAnavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jo yaha kahatA hai ki grAcaraNa para naitika guNajJa (moral connoisseur ) kA nirNaya hI mAnya nirNaya hai / kintu jahA~ taka naitika zakti ke svarUpa kA prazna hai, unameM pArasparika matabheda hai / 1 prakRtivAda tathA sahajajJAnavAda kA aitihAsika vivAda - sophisTsa ke pazcAt hameM naitikatA ke mAnadaNDa ke bAre meM do spaSTa varga milate haiM / eka ora sukarAta, siniksa, pleTo, arastU, sToiksa haiM / una logoM ke anusAra nyAya, - saMyama, kartavya Adi sadguNoM kA astitva prAkRtika evaM zAzvata hai / ye manuSya dvArA nirmita aura nirdhArita nahIM haiM / ye zrAbhyantarika tathA vastugata rUpa se zubha haiN| ina logoM ko, vAstava meM, sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kA pUrvaja kaha sakate haiM / 236 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #238
inake sAtha hI samAntara rUpa se vaha vicAradhArA milatI hai (sirenaiksa aura eNpikyUriyansa) jo ki prakRtivAda kI janmadAtrI hai| prakRtivAda aura sahajajJAnavAda, donoM ke vivAda kA kendra prakRti (Nature) hai / 'prakRti' zabda ekArthI nahIM hai / nItijJoM ne isakA prayoga apane-apane DhaMga se kiyA hai| aisA anizcita aura sandigdha prayoga kaThinAI utpanna kara detA hai| udAharaNArtha, kucha ne use prAkRtika kahA hai jo ki alaukika aura daivI prakAza kI tulanA meM anubhavagrAhya hai; vaha bhI prAkRtika hai jo anivArya prAkRtika niyamoM kA pariNAma hai; vaha bhI prAkRtika hai jo vikAsa ke krama meM utpanna huA hai aura vaha bhI prAkRtika hai jo gaNita ke satyoM kI bhA~ti zAzvata hai tathA vaha naitika niyama aura bAdhyatAe~ bhI prAkRtika haiM jo ki manuSya ke jJAta svarUpa kA pariNAma haiN| aise niyama akRtrima, zAzvata evaM prAkRtika haiN| ve manuSya dvArA nirmita nahIM haiN| prakRtivAda ne naitika niyamoM aura naitika nirNayoM ko anivArya prAkRtika niyamoM se utpanna mAnA hai| aise niyama apaneApameM na to naitika hI haiM aura na anaitika hii| sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne inheM zAzvata mAnA hai / sadguNoM ke kRtrima athavA akRtrima rUpa ko samajhAne ke lie sahajajJAnavAdiyoM tathA prakRtivAdiyoM ke pUrvajoM ne yaha prazna uThAyA : kyA nyAya svAbhAvika hai athavA rIti-rivAja ke kAraNa hai ? eNpikyUriyansa aura sirenaksa ne nyAya ko rIti-rivAja para AdhArita kahA aura pleTo tathA usake anuyAyiyoM ne zAzvata evaM prAkRtika / ___sahajajJAnavAda aura prakRtivAda ne sadaiva eka-dUsare kA virodha kiyA hai| prakRtivAda ke anusAra naitika vicAra kI utpatti huI hai| yaha udbhUta vicAra haiM, naisargika nhiiN| vaha una icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM kA pariNAma hai jo nirnaitika haiN| udAharaNArtha, haoNbsa kA kahanA hai ki Atma-svArtha aura AtmasaMrakSaNa kI icchA ne naitika mAnyatAoM ko janma diyA aura hya ma kA kahanA hai ki sukha, Atma-svArtha, rIti-rivAja tathA sahAnubhUti kA hI mizrita pariNAma naitika vizvAsa hai / athavA naitikatA aneka prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kA pariNAma hai| speMsara ke anusAra naitika vicAra aura naitika kartavya kI dhAraNA vaMzAnugata sahajapravRttiyoM kA pariNAma hai| naitika vicAroM ke pakSa meM kevala itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki jina jAtiyoM meM yaha guNa nahIM hai vaha jIvita nahIM raha paatiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prakRtivAda ke anusAra naitika vicAra udbhUta haiM / ye una ni tika bhAvanAproM, icchAnoM aura sahajapravRttiyoM ke pariNAma haiM jo sahajajJAnavAda / 23,7. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #239
apane prArambhika rUpa meM naitika vizeSaNoM se yukta nahIM thIM / dhIre-dhIre prakRti ke mAnasika athavA bhautika anivArya niyamoM ne unheM janma de diyA / sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne prakRtivAda (vizeSakara haoNbsa aura hya Uma ) ke viparIta yaha samajhAnA cAhA ki naitika vicAra aura naitika satya mUlagata haiN| unake rUpa ko prakRtivAdiyoM kI bhA~ti sarala karake athavA bhAvanAoM kA vibhAjana karake ( vibhinna bhAvanAoM kA mizrita pariNAma ) nahIM samajhA sakate / mUlagata naitika satyoM kA jJAna una andha prAkRtika niyama athavA granivArya niyamoM dvArA prApta karanA asambhava hai jo ki viveka se saMcAlita nahIM haiM, balki mAtra yAntrika haiM / naitika satyoM ko prakRtivAdiyoM kI bhA~ti aitihAsika paddhati ko apanAkara nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA balki unakA hameM sahajajJAna hotA hai / pratyeka vyakti meM sahajajJAna kI zakti hai / isI ke dvArA vaha karmoM ke aucitya anaucitya ko samajhatA hai / yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki kucha logoM meM vaha paryApta mAtrA meM vikasita na ho aura unako ucita rUpa se nirdezita na kara sakatI ho| aisI sthiti meM isa zakti ko zikSA aura sAdhanA dvArA yogya banA lenA cAhie / prakRtivAda aura sahajajJAnavAda kA saMkalpa-svAtantrya ke bAre meM bhI matabheda hai / prakRtivAdI manuSya ko prakRti kA hI aMga mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki manuSya bAhya jagat evaM prakRti ke anivArya niyamoM ke adhIna haiM / kartavya kI dhAraNA ko unhoMne koI viziSTa sthAna nahIM diyA hai / unake lie naitika kartavya kA artha karma karane kA eka AvegamAtra hai / yaha prAvega apanI zakti ke anurUpa dUsare AvegoM kI hI zreNI meM AtA hai / sahajajJAnavAdI manuSya ko mukhya rUpa se naitika prANI mAnate haiM aura usakI naitikatA para mahattva dete hue kahate haiM ki apane naitika vicAroM ke kAraNa vaha kucha hada taka prakRti tathA apane karmoM para niyantraNa rakha sakatA hai / naitika karma karanA hI manuSya kA dharma hai / kartavya kI bauddhika evaM naitika cetanA hI usase zubha karma karavAtI hai, na ki prakRti ke andha niyama / athavA jaisA ki kANTa kahatA hai ki 'naitika cAhie' kA artha yahI hai ki manuSya kA saMkalpa svatantra hai / vaha zubha karmoM ko unake aucitya ke kAraNa kara sakatA hai / saMkSepa meM, sahajajJAnavAda ne yaha samajhAyA ki manuSya zubha kI dhAraNA ke anurUpa karma kara sakatA hai aura prakRtivAda ne yaha samajhAyA ki karmoM kA bhAvI rUpa unake bhUtakAlIna rUpa para nirbhara hai aura bhAvI pradarza zubha kI pUrva- kalpanA hamAre karmoM ko vahIM taka nirdhArita kara sakatI hai jahA~ taka ki vaha svayaM apane se pUrva kI ghaTanAoM se nirdhArita hai / 238 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakRtivAda aura sahajajJAnavAda donoM kA hI bheda, vAstava meM, yathArtha vijJAna aura prAdarza vidhAyaka vijJAna kA bheda hai| prakRtivAdI kI praNAlI varNanAtmaka hai| vaha kisI naitika Adarza ko sammukha nahIM rakhatA / vaha kevala yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai ki manuSya kA svabhAva kyA hai ? hamArI zubha athavA naitikatA ke bAre meM kyA dhAraNAe~ haiM ? svIkRta naitika mAnyatAoM ke udgama ko hama kaise samajhA sakate haiM ? sahajajJAnavAdI yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karate haiM ki kyA honA cAhie, zubha kyA hai ? ve naitika praznoM aura samasyAoM ko uThAte haiM tathA naitika Adarza ko samajhAne kA prayAsa karate haiN| antarbodha kA vyApaka prayoga antarbodha : usakA artha-sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne jisa mAnadaNDa se karmoM ko mApA hai vaha antarbodha kA mAnadaNDa hai| antarbodha usa naitika zakti kA nAma hai jo tatkAla hI karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya para nirNaya de detI hai| antarbodha kA kyA rUpa hai, usakI paribhASA kyA hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se batAnA kaThina hai| pratyeka sahajajJAnavAdI ne apane DhaMga se usake rUpa ko samajhAyA hai / sthUla rUpa se pratyeka sahajajJAnavAdI yaha mAnatA hai ki karma apane-ApameM zubha athavA azubha haiM aura manuSya ke pAsa karmoM ke isa prAbhyantarika rUpa ko samajhane ke lie eka viziSTa zakti hai / isa zakti ko hI naitika zakti athavA antarbodha kahate haiN| zabda-vyutpatti ke AdhAra para kaoNnzensa (conscience) leTina zabda kaoNnsAyara (conscire) se liyA gayA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai, bodha honA (anucita kA) athavA kisI vastu ko samagra rUpa se jAnanA yA sthiti kA samyak jJAna / antarbodha satya kA tAtkAlika jJAna detA hai| aise jJAna ko kalpanA, cintana athavA tarka dvArA nahIM prApta kara sakate haiN| antarbodha zabda kA prayoga sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ke atirikta anya nItijJoM evaM vicArakoM ne bhI kiyA hai| ataH isakA sahajajJAnI artha samajhane ke lie hamAre lie yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki vibhinna sandarbho meM bhI isakA artha samajha leN| kAnana-kAnUna ke anusAra antarbodha koI viziSTa zakti nahIM hai / yadi isakA koI artha hai to yahI ki sAmAnya anubhava tathA buddhi kI sahAyatA se usa sthiti kI vyApaka kalpanA kara lenA, jise ki kartA apanAnA cAhatA hai tAki use yaha patA cala jAye ki kAnUnI daNDa kA koI bhaya nahIM hai| vAstava meM yaha vaidhika niyama ko jAnanA tathA usakI dhArAoM aura upadhArAmoM ko samajhanA sahajajJAnavAda / 236 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #241
hai / vaidhika niyama ke artha ko samajhane aura usake anusAra vibhinna niyamoM kA mUlyAMkana karane kI zakti hI antarbodha hai / yaha vaha zakti hai jo vyakti ko itanI sUjha tathA dUradarzitA de detI hai ki vaha bAhya rUpa se apane AcaraNa ko isa bhA~ti niyamita kara letA hai ki vaha kAnUna ke anukUla ho jAtA hai / kintu aisI zakti evaM antarbodha naitika mUlyarahita hai| yaha bAhya Aropita niyama kA pAlana daNDa ke bhaya evaM puraskAra ke lAlaca se karavAtA hai / yaha vyakti kI sadasat buddhi ko daNDa kA bhaya dikhalAkara cupa kara detA hai| dharma-dhArmika vicArakoM ne antarbodha ko adhikatara divyavANI yA antaraAtmA kI dhvani kahA hai / ve ise bhagavat-preraNA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, bhagavat-preraNA athavA antaHpreraNA se ucita-anucita ke parama nirNaya prApta hote haiN| dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki Izvara nyAyazIla hai| usake nimita vizva meM zreya ke niyamoM kA eka vidhAna hai| usane pratyeka vyakti ko isa vidhAna ko samajhane kI zakti yA antaHpreraNA dI hai / athavA dharma ke anusAra vizva meM sArvabhauma niyamoM kA eka vidhAna hai / Antarbodha dvArA vyakti isa vidhAna ke niyamoM ko samajha sakatA hai / vahI vyakti zreSTha hai jisameM ina niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke lie pavitra evaM satya preraNA hotI hai / yadi vyakti ina niyamoM ko samajhane athavA pAlana karane meM kaThinAI anubhava karatA hai aura usake AdhAra para viziSTa kartavyoM ko nirdhArita nahIM kara pAtA to use cAhie ki vaha dharmazAstriyoM, paNDitoM, zrutimarmajJoM, devajJAna athavA pratiSThita dhArmika pustakoM kI sahAyatA le / dharma ke niyama nizcita niyama haiM / aise nizcita niyamoM kA buddhi AviSkAra nahIM karatI varan divya Adeza usake karmoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai / divya Adeza ko hama Antarika Adeza nahIM kaha sakate haiM / yaha Adeza bAhya Adeza hai aura jise divya vANI athavA antarAtmA kI dhvani kahate haiM vaha vyakti -mahApuruSoM kA apavAda mAnakara-ke dhArmika saMskAra haiM / jisa pavitra preraNA se vaha karma karatA hai vaha AgAmI adhika sukhI jIvana athavA punarjanma meM svarga kI AkAMkSA hai / janasAmAnya ke sadAcAra ke mUla meM yaha bhaya hai ki nyAyazIla sRSTikartA anyAyI ko daNDa degaa| sukhavAda-svArthasukhavAdiyoM ke anusAra vyAvasAyika buddhi kA hI nAma antarbodha hai / ve yaha nahIM mAnate ki manuSya meM ucita-anucita ko samajhane kI koI Antarika zakti hai / unakA yaha kahanA hai ki jIvana kA dhyeya Atmasukha hai / usakI prApti ke lie manuSya ko vyAvasAyika buddhi evaM dUradarzitA se kAma 240 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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lenA caahie| karmoM ke bhAvI pariNAmoM ko samajhane ke lie athavA sukhaprada karmoM ko apanAne ke lie sAmAnya bodha, kalpanA aura anumAna kI AvazyakatA hai / anubhava ke AdhAra para una karmoM kI gaNanA aura anumAna kara lenA cAhie jo ki sukhaprada aura sampUrNa jIvana ke sukha kI prApti meM sahAyaka haiM / parArthasukhavAda ne 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke lie adhikatama sukha' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa evaM naitika mAnadaNDa mAnA hai| sahAnubhUti tathA anya upAjita parArtha bhAvanAeM parArtha karma ke lie manuSya ko prerita karatI haiM athavA vicAra-sAhacarya tathA ruci-parivartana ke niyamoM ke kAraNa vyakti parArtha bhAvanAoM ko apane meM pAtA hai| jaba bodha, kalpanA tathA anumAna se saMyukta hokara sahAnubhUti jJAna prApta karatI hai to vahI antarbodha kA kAma karatI hai / athavA pratyeka vyakti kA antarbodha usake jIvana ke anubhavoM aura paristhitiyoM kI upaja hai / isI ke kAraNa vyakti kartavya karane ke lie prerita hotA hai| vikAsavAdiyoM ne antarbodha ko vaMzAnugata guNa ke rUpa meM samajhA hai / unakA kahanA hai ki antarbodha eka sAmAjika sahajapravRtti yA pUrvajoM kA saMcita anubhava hai jise hama vaMzAnugata guNa ke rUpa meM prApta karate haiM / ata: vyakti meM yaha sahajAta hai yadyapi pUrvajoM ne ise anubhava se upAjita kiyA hai| pracalita artha-pracalita artha meM antarbodha naitika nirNaya kI vaha zakti hai jo yaha batalAtI hai ki kauna-se karma tathA kauna-sI preraNAe~ zubha haiN| isa antarbodha kA na to sAmAnya niyamoM se hI pratyakSa sambandha hai aura na una niSkarSoM se jinakA ki sAmAnya niyamoM se nigamana karate haiM / 'apane antarbodha para vizvAsa rakho', 'apane antarbodha ke anurUpa karma karo', 'apane antarbodha ko samajho,' prAdi vAkya isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki vyakti kA antarbodha apanA svatantra astitva rakhatA hai| vaha usake karmoM ko nirdhArita karatA hai| viziSTa kartavyoM ko karane kA Adeza detA hai| antarbodha kI aisI dhAraNA sarala, pratyakSa sahajajJAna ko mahattva detI hai aura sAtha hI vaha isa vizvAsa para AdhArita hai ki pratyeka vyakti kA antarbodha use ucita mArga kI ora le jAtA hai / isalie vyakti ko antarbodha ke anusAra karma karane cAhie aura niyamoM ke phera meM nahIM par3anA caahie| niyamoM kA jAla naitika vikAsa meM avarodhaka siddha ho sakatA hai| tarka aura cintana bhI vyartha haiN| inake dvArA kisI viziSTa pariNAma para pahuMcakara use apanAnA anucita hai kyoMki yaha sahajajJAna kA tiraskAra karanA hai / yaha dRSTikoNaM ati sahajajJAnavAdI hai / aisI sthiti meM na to sAmAnya niyamoM sahajajJAnavAda. 241 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #243
kI AvazyakatA hai aura na naitika vijJAna kii| antarbodha kI uparyukta paribhASAnoM kI sImAeM-antarbodha kI uparyukta sabhI paribhASAnoM kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki use hama naitika zakti ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kara skte| kAnUna ke kSetra meM antarbodha athavA usake samAnArthI zabda kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / vyApaka kAnanI jJAna ko hI antarbodha kaha diyA gayA hai| dharmazAstriyoM ne antarbodha ko jisa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai vaha bhI naitika dRSTi se mAnya nahIM hai| naitika niyama aAntarika hai kintu divyavANI kA Adeza bAhya hai| usakI buddhi svatantra rUpa se isa tathya para cintana nahIM karatI ki usake lie kyA karanA vAMchanIya hai / vyakti usa sevaka kI bhA~ti hai jo svAmI kI AjJA ko zirodhArya karanA hI kartadhya mAnatA hai / sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana karane kI sadpreraNA rakhanevAlA vyakti athavA sadavivekI jaba jaTila paristhitiyoM meM par3a jAtA hai aura sadAcAra ke niyamoM ko samajhane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai taba use paNDitoM aura dhArmika pustakoM kI sahAyatA lenI par3atI hai / isa sahAyatA ko prApta karane meM asamartha hone para vaha jana-sAmAnya dvArA svIkRta siddhAntoM kA Azraya letA hai / kintu sAmAnya jJAna ko prApta karanA sahajajJAna prApta karanA nahIM hai| manuSyoM ke sAmAnyabodha ke anurUpa calanA athavA AcaraNa ke bAre meM sAmAnya anumati prApta karanA aura sahajajJAna dvArA karmoM ke aucitya-anaucitya ko nirdhArita karanA do bhinna satya haiN| svArtha sukhavAda ne jisa vyAvasAyika buddhi ko mahattva diyA hai use hama naitika zakti nahIM kaha sakate haiN| naitika zakti sadasat buddhi hai| vaha karmoM ko unake sukhada pariNAmoM ke kAraNa zubha nahIM kahatI balki unake Abhyantarika guNoM ke kAraNa / isI bhA~ti parArtha sukhavAdI tathA vikAsavAdI sukhavAdI bhI naitika dRSTi se antarbodha kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kara pAye / antarbodha Antarika zakti hai| use upAjita bhAvanA athavA vaMzAnugata guNa ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA / sAmAnya rUpa se antarbodha kA jisa artha meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, use svIkAra karane meM bhI aneka kaThinAiyA~ haiN| yaha eka anubhavAtmaka satya hai ki sabhI naitikatA ke pratinidhiyoM ko eka prakAra kA sahajajJAna hotA hai aura vaha unake mAnasa ke naitika anubhava kA eka vizAla bhAga hotA hai| cintanazIla vyakti jaba apane hI sahajajJAna para cintana karate haiM to ve use akATya aura asandigdha nahIM mAna pAte / jaba ve apane se svayaM pUchate haiM to unheM turanta usa 242 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika samasyA kA spaSTa samAdhAna prApta nahIM hotA / eka hI vyakti ke antarbodha kI vibhinna dhvaniyoM meM samAnatA nahIM mila pAtI hai / jaba vaha samAna paristhitiyoM ke vibhinna kAloM ke apane antarbodha ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai to use usameM saMgati nahIM milatI hai / do samAna yogyatAvAle naitika prANiyoM ke antarbodha meM bhI virodha dIkhatA hai / jisa karma kI eka sarAhanA karatA hai use dUsarA heya kaha detA hai / ye virodha, ye asaMgatiyA~ tathA asamAnatAe~ yaha batalAtI haiM ki pratyeka vyakti meM jo naitika nirNaya kI vaiyaktika evaM viziSTa zakti milatI hai use hama prAmANika nahIM kaha sakate haiM / unakA antarbodha adhikatara vaiyaktika sImAoM, saMkIrNa svArthI tathA pUrvagrahoM se dUSita ho jAtA hai / jise hama sahajabodha evaM antarbodha kahate haiM vaha vAstava meM vyakti kA apanA svArtha, paramparAgata vicAra athavA andhavizvAsa ho sakatA hai / antaar ko prAmANikatA dene ke lie aura sandeha se mukta karane ke lie sAmAnya niyamoM kA prazraya lenA ucita hai tathA suvyavasthita cintana dvArA sarvamAnya pariNAmoM para pahu~canA anivArya hai / antarbodha ke nAma para kisI bhI vyakti ke naitika bodha ko svIkAra karanA anucita hai / aise antarbodha ko mahattva denA usa vaiyaktika cetanA ko mahattva denA hai jo vyakti kI aucitya kI dhAraNA athavA vaiyaktika sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa ke anurUpa karma ko ucita aura pratikUla karma ko anucita kahatI hai / isake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki yadi vyakti kI pracitya kI dhAraNA bhrAntipUrNa hai to usake antarbodha ke nirNaya bhI bhrAntipUrNa hoMge athavA usakA antarbodha gadhe aura sukarAta, sAdhu aura asAdhu, cora aura santa donoM meM se kisI kA bhI ho sakatA hai / adhikAMza vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa kA mAnadaNDa vaiyaktika, Atmagata aura saMkIrNa hotA hai / unakA cintana usa niSpakSatA, taTasthatA, ekarUpatA aura vyApakatA ko nahIM apanA pAtA jo unheM vastugata tathA sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa kA digdarzana karA sake / yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka vyakti antarbodha ke prati saceta hone para bhI apane truTipUrNa sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa ke kAraNa anaitika AcaraNa ko dRr3hatApUrvaka apanA lete haiM / vAstava meM aise hI vyakti unmatta AcaraNa karate haiM / sahajajJAnavAda kI praNAliyoM ne isa doSa se prantarbodha ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA / unhoMne antarbodha ke sArvabhauma rUpa ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA / sahajajJAnavAda ke anusAra antarbodha kA artha - sahajajJAnavAda ke anusAra antarbodha hI naitika zakti hai / vaha karmoM ke praucitya anaucitya kA pratyakSa jJAna sahajajJAnavAda / 243 For Personal & Private Use Only

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detI hai| jasA ki prArambha meM kaha cuke haiM, sahajajJAnavAda ke anusAra kucha vastue~ apane-Apa meM zubha haiM aura kucha azubha / vyakti ke cAhane para na to unakA mUlya bar3hatA hai aura na, na cAhane para, ghaTatA hI hai| vastuoM ke prAbhyantarika guNa kA jJAna vyakti ko antarbodha dvArA milatA hai| sahajajJAnavAda yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki antarbodha evaM naitika nirNaya kI zakti pratyeka vyakti meM sadaiva vartamAna rahatI hai| ata: vaha samasta sarala-jaTila paristhitiyoM meM yaha batalA sakatI hai ki vyakti ko kyA karanA caahie| vaha sadaiva vyakti ke karma ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita kara sakatI hai aura tatkAla Adeza de sakatI hai ki yaha karo aura yaha na kro| usake Adeza tAtkAlika hone ke sAtha hI advitIya bhI haiM; tarka athavA yukti dvArA usake nirNayoM ko pramANita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usake nirNaya parama haiM; jo ucita hai vaha sadaiva hI ucita rahegA aura jo anucita hai vaha sadaiva anucita rhegaa| usake nirNaya nirapekSa haiM; unheM kisI anya nirNaya ke AdhAra para athavA kisI anya vastu ke sambandha meM siddha nahIM kara skte| usake Adeza apanI viziSTatA rakhate haiM; satyatA, parAkrama tathA Atma-saMyama kA vaha binA koI kAraNa diye hue anumodana karatA hai| saMkSepa meM antarbodha ke nirNaya pratyakSa, advitIya, nirapekSa, avizleSaNIya aura sahaja hote haiN| antarbodha ko eka sarvasAmAnya zakti ke rUpa meM mAnane ke sAtha hI sahajajJAnavAdI yaha mAnate haiM ki vaha saba vyaktiyoM meM samAna rUpa se vikasita nahIM hai| suzikSita, caritravAn tathA bauddhika rUpa se vikasita vyakti ke nirNaya kama zikSita tathA vivekahIna vyaktitva ke nirNaya se adhika mAnya aura vizvasanIya hote haiM / isa bheda ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha hI ve yaha mAnate haiM ki donoM ke hI nirNaya parama aura nirapekSa haiN| antarbodha ke nirNayoM ke ukta svarUpoM kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ve bodhagamya nahIM haiN| aMkagaNita ke svayaMsiddha mUla sUtroM kI taraha antarbodha ke nirNayoM kA jJAna buddhigrAhya aura sahaja hai| sAtha hI yaha saca hai ki una nirNayoM ko zabdoM athavA tarka dvArA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA evaM bauddhika pramANa nahIM diyA jA sakatA aura na sAmAnya bodha kI duhAI dekara hI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| usake viruddha kisI prakAra kA bhI kathana sambhava nahIM hai| - kucha sahajajJAnavAdI antarbodha ko eka prakAra kI chaThI indriya mAnate haiN| jisa bhA~ti hama netrendriya se yaha spaSTa aura pratyakSa dekha sakate haiM ki kisI vastu 244 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #246
kA raMga kyA hai, udAharaNArtha, A~kha batalA sakatI hai ki dRzya vastu lAla hai athavA pIlI, usI bhAMti isa chaThI indriya se naitika mAnyatAoM kA pratyakSa jJAna prApta ho sakatA hai| vaha karmoM ke sadasat kA jJAna detI hai| punaH jisa bhA~ti nendriya janmajAta evaM sahajAta aura sArvabhaumika hai usI prakAra naitika indriya bhI janmajAta aura sArvabhaumika hai| vaha svataHjAta aura naisargika hai| antarbodha sArvabhaumika evaM sArvajanIna hai / vaha saba vyaktiyoM meM hai| antarbodha ko sArvabhaumika kahane ke sAtha hI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne kucha apavAda svIkAra kiye haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki ye apavAda antarbodha kI sArvabhaumikatA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara sakate haiM / samAna rUpa se netrendriya hone para bhI kucha loga raMga-andha hote haiN| usI prakAra kucha vyaktiyoM kA antarbodha bhrAntipUrNa hotA hai| raMgAndhatA yaha siddha nahIM karatI hai ki janasAmAnya ko netroM dvArA raMga kI pahacAna nahIM ho sakatI aura kucha logoM kA bhrAntipUrNa antarbodha yaha siddha nahIM karatA ki logoM meM sahajajJAna kI zakti nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM antarbodha ko zikSita aura mAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| antarbodha sadasat ko pahacAnane kI vaha zakti hai jo tatkAla batalA detI hai ki vAMchanIya aura ucita kyA hai, apane-Apa meM zubha kyA hai ? jisa bhA~ti ghrANendriya ke lie yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki jisa gandha ko vaha burA kahatI hai vaha gandha kyoM burI hai, usI bhA~ti antarbodha kisI karma ko zubha yA vAMchanIya kyoM kahatA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| antarbodha ke pakSa athavA vipakSa meM koI bauddhika pramANa nahIM de sakate haiM / antarbodha kA nirNaya saba kAloM, saba dezoM aura saba avasthAoM meM samAna rUpa se satya hai / ataH antarbodha dvArA vyakti pratyeka paristhiti meM apane kartavya ko nirdhArita kara sakatA hai| use usI kartavya aura niyama ko svIkAra karanA cAhie jise ki antarbodha kA pUrNa samarthana prApta ho / antarbodha hI naitikatA kA mAnadaNDa aura pramANa hai| sahajajJAnavAda kA siddhAnta kahA~ taka naitikatA ke mAnadaNDa ko de sakA hai, karmoM ke aucitya ko nirdhArita karane ke lie kitanI samyak tulA de sakA hai, yaha sahajajJAnavAda ke vibhinna siddhAtoM kA adhyayana hI btaayegaa| sahajajJAnavAda | 245 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #247
17 sahajajJAnavAda (parizeSa) kucha mahattvapUrNa sahajajJAnavAdI buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda : paricaya-kambaralaiNDa aura kembrija ke sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne, jo pleTo ke mUlagata siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa kembrija pleTonisTsa'' kahalAye, naitika vicAroM kI nityatA aura sthiratA ko siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAtha hI unhoMne manuSya kI bauddhika aura sAmAjika prakRti ko bhI samajhAyA / ina vicArakoM ne hI buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda' ko janma diyaa| bAda ko isI vicAradhArA kA vikAsa 'naitika bodhavAda' ke nAma se hmaa| kambaralaiNDa aura kembrija ke sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne haoNbsa ke viruddha yaha kahA ki naitika nirNaya zAzvata aura nirapekSa haiM, rUr3higata aura kRtrima nhiiN| ve baddhi kI abhivyakti haiM na ki saMkalpa kI, cAhe vaha saMkalpa manuSya kA ho yA Izvara kaa| haoNbsa ne naitika vibhaktiyoM ko sAmAjika samajhaute ke dvArA samajhAyA aura IzvaraniSTha vicArakoM ne unheM bhagavat saMkalpa kI abhivyakti kahA / para buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki naitika vibhaktiyoM kA astitva lokamata aura sAmAjika samajhaute se svatantra hai, isalie naitika vibhaktiyA~ na to manuSya ke aura na bhagavAna ke hI svatantra saMkalpa yA zakti dvArA nirdhArita ho sakatI haiM / 1. Cambridge Platonists. 2. kaDavartha, kambaralaNDa, klArka, valesTana Adi / 3. Rational Intuitionism. 246 / nItizAstra : For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #248
buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda : kaDavartha naitika vibhaktiyA~ zAzvata haiM -- kaDavartha,' jo ki kembrija pleTonisTsa kA netA thA, isa varga kA sabase prasiddha vicAraka huA / usane haoNbsa ke parama svArthavAda aura prakRtivAda ke viparIta yaha batalAne kA prayatna kiyA ki naitika mAnyatAoM evaM naitika vibhaktiyoM kA, vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika vicAra, lokamata, siddhAnta athavA sAmAjika samajhaute se svatantra, apanA nizcita aura nirapekSa astitva hai / IzvaravidyA ko mAnanevAle dharmaniSThoM ke viruddha vaha kahatA hai ki bhagavAn apane karma naitikatA ke zAzvata aura anivArya pratyayoM ke anurUpa nirdhArita karate haiM / ata: mAtra saMkalpa zubha ko azubha yA azubha ko zubha nahIM banA sakatA hai / zubha aura azubha kI dhAraNAe~ zAzvata haiM, ve saMkalpa kI upaja nahIM haiM / naitika vibhaktiyA~ vastuoM ke prAbhyantarika guNoM kI sUcaka haiM, unakA vastugata astitva hai / I pleTo kA prabhAva - pleTo se prabhAvita hokara kaDavartha haoNbsa ke saMvedanavAdI anubhavavAda kI AlocanA karate hue kahatA hai ki saMvedanAeM sthAyI sattA kA jJAna nahIM de sakatI haiM / jJAna ke vAstavika viSaya sArvabhauma pratyaya haiM aura ve bodhagamya haiM / unakA jJAna anubhava-nirapekSa hai, saMvedanajanya nahIM / naitika pratyayoM, udAharaNArtha, kartavya, nyAya Adi kA hama anubhava nahIM kara sakate / sparzendriya, netrendriya, rasendriya dvArA hama unakA sparza, darzana aura AsvAdana nahIM kara sakate haiM / ve pratyaya sArvabhauma, nitya aura zAzvata haiM, pratyutpanna, prakRtrima aura svArthajanya nahIM / naitika niyama vastuoM ke sAra meM nihita haiM, athavA zubha vastugata aura svAbhAvika hai / naitika pratyaya ve pratyaya haiM jo ki buddhisammata haiM / ataH gaNita ke satyoM kI bhA~ti naitikatA ke satyoM kA sambandha viziSTa saMvedanoM se nahIM kintu vastunoM ke bodhagamya aura sArvabhauma tattva se hai / ve utane hI cirantana haiM jitanA ki vaha zAzvata mAnasa jisakI sattA inase abhinna hai / vaijJAnika aura naitika satyoM kA sAdRzya -- kaDavartha yaha mAnatA hai ki bhagavAn mUla mAnasa haiM / unake mAnasa meM vijJAna aura naitikatA ke zAzvata vicAroM kA mUla pratirUpa hai / vijJAna aura naitikatA ke satyoM ke jJAna kA mUla srota eka hI hai / kRtibuddhi aura vicArabuddhi eka hI haiN| naitikatA ke vicAra 1. Ralph Cudworth 1617-1688. sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa) / 247 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #249
utane hI vastugata aura nitya haiM jitane ki vijJAna ke vicAra / zubha aura azubha kI vibhaktiyoM kI vastugata sattA ko buddhi dvArA usI bhA~ti samajhAyA jA sakatA hai jisa prakAra deza aura saMkhyA ke sambandhoM ko / naitika pratyayoM ke svarUpa aura vastugata zreSThatA ko kevala buddhi se hI samajha sakate haiM yadyapi yaha saca hai ki naitika vibhaktiyoM kA jJAna manuSya ke mAnasa meM divya mAnasa se AtA antarbodha aura zubha kA AcaraNa-kaDavartha kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki AcaraNa ko nirdezita karane ke lie hameM kisI bAhya zakti kI sahAyatA nahIM lenI hotI hai| manuSya kA bodha sahaja rUpa se una naitika siddhAntoM kA jJAna prApta kara sakatA hai jo zAzvata, nitya aura anivArya haiM; jo sArvabhauma aura svataHsiddha haiN| naitika siddhAnta yA prameya bauddhika prANiyoM ke AcaraNa ko nirdezita karane ke lie utanI hI aparivartanazIla prAmANikatA rakhate haiM jitanI ki rekhAgaNita ke satya / kaDavartha kA kahanA hai ki manuSya ke pAsa eka viziSTa guNa athavA naitika zakti evaM antarbodha hai jisakA svarUpa bauddhika hai| isake nirNaya pratyakSa aura parama hote haiN| vyakti kA kartavya hai ki vaha isa zakti ko vikasita karane ke lie prayAsa kre| isa zakti ke vikAsa para hI naitika pragati nirbhara hai| ucita AcaraNa ucita nirNaya para nirbhara hai aura ucita nirNaya ke lie naitika siddhAntoM ke samyak jJAna kI pUrva sattA Avazyaka hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa hI hama anaitika AcaraNa ko apanAte haiN| yadi hama naitika siddhAnta kA ucita jJAna prApta karane meM asamartha haiM to hameM cAhie ki zubha caritra ke bauddhika vyaktitva ke logoM ke jJAna se lAbha utthaayeN| buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAda kA pAlocanAtmaka mUlyAMkana haoNbsa ke svArthavAda para asaphala prAghAta-buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne haoNnsa ke viruddha yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki ucita-anucita kI dhAraNAe~ zAzvata haiN| haoNbsa ne eka ora to yaha mAnA ki prakRti ke niyama nitya aura zAzvata haiM aura dUsarI ora mAnava-svabhAva kI svArtha-mUlaka vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA ki svArtha kI siddhi ke lie atyuttama sAdhana yaha hai ki vyakti samajhaute ke niyamoM kA pAlana kre| haoNbsa ke isa kathana meM jo satya hai hama usakI upekSA nahIM kara sakate / kintu buddhivAdiyoM ne apanI AlocanA ke Aveza meM yaha kaha diyA ki haoNbsa ke anusAra zubha aura azubha ke bheda ko manuSya 248 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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nirmita samajhaute dvArA nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai / vAstava meM buddhivAdiyoM kI AlocanA kA kendra haoNbsa kI rAjanItika niraMkuzatA hai jisase yaha dhvani nikalatI hai ki ucita, anucita kI dhAraNAe~ sAmAjika samajhaute dvArA nirmita haiM aura dhArmika kartavya se hamArA abhiprAya usa zaktizAlI kI svatantra icchAznoM kA bhayavaza pAlana karane se hai jo daNDa aura puraskAra dvArA hama para Aropita kI jAtI haiN| haoNbsa ke siddhAnta kI riktatA ko siddha karane ke lie buddhivAdiyoM ne svArtha aura paramArtha ke prazna ko hala karane kA prayAsa kiyA kintu ve asamartha rahe / haoNbsa ke manovaijJAnika svArthavAda ko parAjita kiye binA bauddhika naitikatA kA siddhAnta saphalatApUrvaka sthApita nahIM ho sakatA / jaba taka ki grAtma- prema aura sAmAjika kartavya meM santulana sthApita nahIM kiyA jAyegA taba taka sAmAjika kartavya ke aucitya kI adhika-se-adhika bauddhika abhivyakti buddhi aura Atma- prema (jo manuSya ke rAgAtmaka svabhAva kA svAbhAvika aMga hai ) meM virodha bar3hAtI jAyegI / yahI kAraNa hai ki buddhivAdI paropakAra aura Atma-prema meM samanvaya sthApita nahIM kara pAye / zubha kA svarUpa : amUrta - pleTo aura arastU ke zubha kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue buddhivAdiyoM ne samajhAyA ki satya sArvabhauma aura vastugata hai; usakA svarUpa bauddhika hai / gaNita aura vijJAna ke svataH siddha mUla sUtroM kI bhA~ti naitika satya bhI sahaja aura buddhi grAhya hai / zubha-azubha kI dhAraNAe~ samajhaute yA svecchAcArI saMkalpa kA pariNAma nahIM haiM / naitika satya sArvabhauma hai / naitika satya ke sArvabhauma svarUpa ko hI kANTa ne apane siddhAnta meM atyadhika mahattva diyA / kaDavartha aura klArka evaM buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdI zubha ke mUrta svarUpa ko samajhAne meM asaphala rahe / jaba hama yaha pUchate haiM ki zubha karma se kyA abhiprAya hai; ucita karma kA kyA rUpa hai; to hameM ucita athavA zubha kI spaSTa vyAkhyA nahIM milatI varan vibhinna zabdoM kI bhUlabhulaiyA meM bhaTakanA par3atA hai / buddhivAdiyoM kA yaha kahanA ki ucita karma vivekasammata, buddhigrAhya yA svAbhAvika hai, paryApta nahIM hai / yaha zubha ke svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karanA nahIM hai, eka hI bAta ko ghumA-phirAkara kahanA hai / haoNbsavAda se mukhya bheda - niSpakSatA kA siddhAnta - vAstava meM haoNbsavAda aura pleTovAda kA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki jahA~ para haoNbsa ne AtmasvArtha ke lie naitika AdezoM kA pAlana karane evaM dUradarzitA se kAma karane ke lie kahA vahA~ pleTo ke anuyAyiyoM ne naitika vyakti ko sajAtIyoM ke lie tyAga kA sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa ) / 246 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #251
siddhAnta samajhAyA / dUsaroM ke prati hamArA vaisA hI AcaraNa honA cAhie jaisA ki hama dUsaroM se apane prati cAhate haiM / niSpakSatA yA samAnatA kA aisA siddhAnta haoNbsa ke parama svArthavAda kI asatyatA siddha karatA hai| klArka ne samAnatA ko bahuta mahattva diyA hai aura usa AdhAra para samajhAyA hai ki satya sArvabhauma aura vastugata hai, isakA astitva kisI ke bhI svatantra saMkalpa para nirbhara nahIM hai| kANTa ne 'pratyeka ko sAdhya mAno' kahakara samAnatA kI dhAraNA ko hI pUrNa aura spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kiyaa| jaisA ki hama dekha cake haiM, upayogitAvAdiyoM ne apanA samAnatA kA yaha siddhAnta ki 'pratyeka vyakti kI gaNanA eka hai' sahajajJAnavAdiyoM se hI liyaa| vyAvahArika aura cintanabuddhi kA kSetra-bAhya jagat se rUpaka lene ke kAraNa buddhivAdI, sahajajJAnavAdI vizeSakara kaDavartha aura klArka, eka bhUla aura karate haiN| ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki naitika jagata meM vyAvahArika buddhi aura cintabuddhi bhinna haiN| ve ina donoM ko eka hI mAna lete haiM / nyAya, saMyama Adi naitika AdarzoM ko aura kArya-kAraNa, parimANa Adi bAhya jagat kI dhAraNAoM ko samAna rUpa se buddhi kA viSaya mAna lete haiN| kANTa ne sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI isa bhUla ko dUra kiyA / kaDavartha aura klArka ke sAtha yaha svIkAra karate hue ki karmoM kA aucitya vastugata hai aura isalie naitika niyama buddhi ke viSaya haiM na ki bhAvanA ke, jo ki Atmagata aura vaiyaktika hai, vaha unake siddhAnta ko adhika vikasita karatA hai| jahA~ taka buddhi ke donoM rUpoM (vyAvahArika aura cintana-sambandhI) kA prazna hai ve sImAoM se ghire hue vyakti ke lie bhinna haiM, yadyapi pUrNa jJAna inameM aikya sthApita karegA / ataH mAnava-jIvana kI vyAkhyA karate hue kANTa kahatA hai ki cintanabuddhi ke dvArA una satyoM-Izvara, AtmA aura saMkalpa-svAtantrya-ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jo vyAvahArika buddhi kI Avazyaka mAnyatAe~ haiN| gaNita aura padArthavijJAna ke rUpa kI sImAe~--gaNita aura padArthavijJAna ke rUpa ko klArka pUrNa rUpa se svIkAra kara letA hai aura isa kAraNa vikAsavAdI sUkhavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti yaha bhUla jAtA hai ki nItizAstra Adarza vidhAyaka siddhAnta hai / vaha yaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki hameM kyA karanA caahie| bhautika niyama hameM kevala tathya kA jJAna dete haiM aura kyA hai' ke svarUpa ko samajhAte haiM / klArka ke anusAra bhautika niyama jagat kI pratyeka vastu ko niyamoM ke adhIna batalAte haiN| karma ke aucitya-anaucitya ko bhI hama niyama ke prAdhAra 250 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #252
para samajha sakate haiN| bhagavAn ne hI prAkRtika niyama diye haiN| bhagavAn ne hI kucha karmoM ko paryAptatA dI hai / naitika aura prAkRtika niyama zAzvata aura nitya haiM / naitika bodha dvArA karmoM kI paryAptatA aura aparyAptatA ko samajhakara hameM paryApta karmoM ko svIkAra karanA caahie| kintu klArka bhI kyA hai' aura 'kyA honA cAhie' ke bheda ko bhUla jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prayAsa karane para bhI vaha prAtmaprema aura sadguNa ke bIca saMgati sthApita karane meM asamartha rahA / vyAvahArika buddhi ke sahajajJAnoM ke virodha ko gaNita ke sahajajJAna dvArA samajhAnA yathArtha aura Adarza vijJAna ke bheda ko bhUlanA hai / klArka ke anuyAyI, valesTana ne nItizAstra aura tarkazAstra meM pUrNa aikya mAnakara nItizAstra ko tarkazAstra para AdhArita karake apane siddhAnta ko atyadhika AlocanA kA viSaya banA diyaa| naitika bodhavAda sAmAnya paricaya-naitika bodhavAdiyoM evaM saundaryavAdiyoM ne apane naitika bodha (moral sense) ke AdhAra para samajhAyA ki sundara-asundara kA bheda viSayaka jo nandatika bodha hotA hai usI kI bhA~ti zubha aura azubha sahajabodha hotA hai| jisa bhA~ti saundarya kA bodha vastuoM kI sundaratA aura asundaratA se prabhAvita hotA hai| usI bhA~ti naitika bodha bhI karmoM ke naitika yA anaitika guNa se prabhAvita hotA hai / athavA naitika bodha nandatika bodha kI bhA~ti hai| hama aise sahajabodha kI vyAkhyA kara sakate haiN| hamArI buddhi ina bodhoM ko samajha sakatI hai / saundaryavAdiyoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki naitika bodha manuSya ko usakI sAmAjika prakRti kI dena hai| jo samAja ke lie lAbhadAyaka hai vaha svabhAvataH zubha hai aura jo hAniprada hai use hama sahaja hI azubha kaha dete haiN| sahajajJAnavAda kI vibhinna zAkhAoM kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki saundaryavAdiyoM kA yaha dRSTikoNa eka jalAzaya ke samAna hai jisase aneka naitika dhArAe~ pravAhita hotI haiN| ____ haoNbsa kI AlocanA-haoNbsa ne kahA ki vyakti kevala apanI hI icchAoM kI tRpti karatA hai| isase usakA abhiprAya yaha thA ki vyakti kevala apane sukha aura jIvana ke saMrakSaNa kI cintA karatA hai| saundaryavAda kA pratinidhitva karanevAle vicArakoM, hacisana aura zaiphTasabarI ne mukhya rUpa se haoNsa ke isa kathana kI AlocanA kii| unhoMne buddhivAdiyoM ke sAtha haoNbsa ke viruddha eka sahajajJAnavAda (parizeSa) /251 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #253
ora to yaha svIkAra kiyA ki naitika vibhaktiyA~ zAzvata haiM aura dUsarI ora yaha kahA ki (vizeSakara zaiphTsabarI ne) Atma-svArtha dvArA kiye hue karma aura sadguNa dvArA kiye hue karma meM saMgati hai| unakA kahanA hai ki vaiyaktika zubha aura sAmAjika zubha eka-dUsare ke virodhI nahIM haiM kyoMki samAja, eka Avayavika samagratA (organic whole) hai| buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM se bheda-buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdI sAmAjika AcaraNa yA kartavya ke lie koI Thosa manovaijJAnika AdhAra nahIM de paaye| unhoMne sAmAjika AcaraNa ko kevala amUrta buddhi ke siddhAnta dvArA smjhaayaa| aisI sthiti meM jaba buddhi aura svAbhAvika Atma-prema meM virodha uThatA hai to vyakti kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie hI klArka ne sArvabhauma paropakAritA ko buddhisammata kahA aura kambaralaNDa ne una pravRttiyoM ko svIkAra kiyA jo manuSya ko sajAtIyoM kI sevA karane ke lie prerita karatI haiN| saundaryavAdiyoM ne naitika bodha ko manuSya kI sAmAjika prakRti kI dena kahakara svAbhAvika bhAvanAoM dvArA vyaktiyoM ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dha diyA / zaiphTasabarI se pUrva kisI bhI nItijJa ne isa tathya ko pUrNa mahattva dete hue nahIM kahA ki sAmAjika AcaraNa ke mUla meM rAgAtmaka Avega haiN| zaiphTa sabarI ne anubhava kA vizleSaNa karate hue yaha samajhAyA ki manuSya kI svArtha aura niHsvArtha kI pravRttiyoM meM saMgati hai / naitika bodhavAda kI AlocanA naitika bodha kA haThapUrvaka samarthana-naitika bodhavAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta dvArA vizeSakara isa para bala diyA ki hameM naitika bodha ke siddhAnta para cintanamanana karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM kyoMki yaha svabhAvataH pratyeka saMskRta ruci meM samAhita hai / ata: yaha vaha siddhAnta hai jo kevala naitika bodha ke astitva ko samajhAtA hai aura usakI prAmANikatA ko siddha karane kA prayAsa nahIM krtaa| aisA siddhAnta hamArI jijJAsA ko paryApta santuSTa nahIM krtaa| mahattvapUrNa dena-naitika bodhavAdiyoM ko hama buddhivAdI sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM samajha sakate haiN| yadyapi ve buddhivAdiyoM ke sAtha svIkAra karate haiM ki haoNbsavAda vipajjanakavAda hai, tathApi unhoMne unakI amUrta bauddhika dhAraNA kI AlocanA kii| ataH naitika bodhavAda amUrta buddhivAda aura paramasvArthavAda kA madhyavartI dRSTikoNa hai| uparyukta durbalatAoM ke hote hue 252 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 bhI zaiphTsabarI aura hacisana kA siddhAnta mahattvapUrNa satya se achUtA nahIM hai pratyeka nirNaya meM eka sahaja yA aparokSa tattva rahatA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM hai / yadi hama sAmAnya siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para bhI viziSTa dhyeyoM kA mUlyAMkana kareM to bhI hameM yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki hama uparyukta satya kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara sakate haiM / sarvocca sArvabhauma siddhAnta kA jJAna sahaja rUpa se hI hotA hai. kyoMki sarvocca hone ke kAraNa usakA saralIkaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki aise anivArya sahaja nirNaya adhikatara avizvasanIya haiM jo ki vyAvahArika jIvana kI una sthitiyoM ke lie Avazyaka haiM jahA~ satarka cintana asambhava hai / zaiphTsabarI aura hacisana ne yaha samajhAyA ki zubha kevala usa amUrta sArvabhauma satya ko nahIM kahate jo viziSTa vaiyaktika anubhavoM dvArA durgama hai| unhoMne kahA ki viziSTa zubha kA pratyakSa bodha yA bhoga, cAhe vaha sukha ho yA mAnasika kriyA yA koI anya viSaya, eka sahaja kriyA hai / zubha kA aisA svarUpa yaha batalAtA hai ki usakA sambandha vyaktigata cetanA se hai / zubha apane meM hI santoSa detA hai aura usakA bodha isa rUpa meM mila sakatA hai ki usase eka yA aneka vyaktiyoM ko tatkAla sukha prApta hotA hai / baTalara zrAntarika aura bAhya nirIkSaNa antarbodha ke sarvocca adhikAra kI sthApanA karatA hai--baTalara' aTThArahavIM zatAbdI ke aMgrez2a sahajajJAnavAdiyoM meM vyAvahArika dRSTi se sarvAdhika gambhIra vicAraka hai / usane klArka kI anubhavanirapekSa bauddhika praNAlI kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karate hue svayaM AgamanAtmaka praNAlI ko apanAyA / usane nItizAstra ko mAnava svabhAva ke anubhUta tattvoM para AdhArita kiyA / usake anusAra nirIkSaNa dvArA hama yaha batalA sakate haiM ki mAnava jIvana kA uddezya kyA hai / isa uddezya ke lie karma karane meM hI manuSya ko vAstavika zrAnanda prApta hotA hai / antarmukhI nirIkSaNa batalAtA hai ki manuSya kA svabhAva usa prANI kI bhA~ti nahIM hai jo sAmAnya rUpa se kucha niyamoM ke anusAra karma karatA hai kintu vaha usakI bhA~ti hai jise ki kucha Adarza siddhAntoM ke anusAra karma karanA cAhie; cAhe, vAstava meM, vaha una AdarzoM ke anurUpa karma 1. Joseph Butler, 1692-1752. sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa ) / 25.3 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #255
kare yA na kare / nirIkSaNa tathA antarnirIkSaNa dvArA baTalara isa niSkarSa para pahu~catA hai ki naitika bAdhyatA kI cetanA mAnava svabhAva kA eka satya hai aura yaha cetanA isa bAta kA paryApta pramANa hai ki naitika bAdhyatA eka vastugata satya hai / ata: naitika kartavya ko bAdhyatA Antarika hai, bAhya nahIM / isa prAntarika zakti ke kAraNa manuSya apanA niyama svayaM hai / baTalara antarbodha ke Adeza athavA adhikAra ko sarvocca mAnatA hai zraura kahatA hai ki isa sarvoccatA ko samajhAne ke lie pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai kyoMki antarbodha apane isa adhikAra ko apane sAtha rakhatA hai ki vaha hamArA prakRtidatta nirdezaka hai aura vaha nirdezaka hameM hamArI prakRti ke sraSTA dvArA diyA gayA hai / dhArmika manovRtti - hacisana aura zaiphTsabarI antarbodha ke sarvocca pradeza ko samajhAne meM asamartha rahe / baTalara naitika bodha ke badale antarbodha kA prayoga karake tathA usake Adeza ko sarvocca kahakara naitika bodhavAda kI isa kamI ko dUra karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / baTalara ke aise siddhAnta ke mUla meM hameM usake pAdarI ke vyaktitva kI jhalaka milatI hai / pAdarI hone ke kAraNa hI, sambhava hai, binA vyavasthita darzana kA pratipAdana kiye vaha kahatA hai ki prakRti kA sraSTA buddhimAna hai, vaha paropakArI hai, vaha manuSya ko una karmoM ke bAre meM zikSA detA hai jinheM karanA usakA uddezya hai / aura jaba manuSya una karmoM ko karatA hai to usase sraSTA ko Ananda detA hai / samAja kA zrAvayavika rUpaka - jahA~ taka mAnava samAja kI zrAvayavika samagratA ke rUpa kA prazna hai, baTalara zaiphTsabarI kA paryApta RNI hai / baTalara ke anusAra samAja eka vidhAna kI bhA~ti hai jisake aMza svatantra rUpa se karma nahIM kara sakate haiM / samAja ko svabhAvataH zrAvayavika samagratA mAnakara vaha haoNbsa ke viruddha yaha samajhAtA hai ki samAja svArthI ikAiyoM ke samajhaute kA asvAbhAvika pariNAma nahIM hai / manuSya kA svabhAva itanA adhika sAmAjika hai ki yadi pratyeka vyakti apane satya svabhAva ke anurUpa karma karane lage to samAja eka pUrNa zrAvayavika vidhAna bana jAyegA jisake aMga samagra ke hita ke lie kriyAzIla hoMge / baTalara ke anusAra hameM mAnava svabhAva se jitanA spaSTa AbhAsa isa bAta kA milatA hai ki hama mAnava samAja ke lie banAye gaye haiM aura apane sajAtIyoM ke Ananda aura kalyANa kI vRddhi karane ke lie haiM, utanA hI spaSTa zrAbhAsa isa bAta kA bhI milatA hai ki hama apane jIvana, tathA vyaktigata zubha kI cintA karane ke lie banAye gaye haiM / svAsthya 254 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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manuSya kA svabhAva : sAmAjika - manuSya aura samAja ke prAntarika sambandha ko vaha manuSya-svabhAva ke sAmAjika pakSa kI duhAI dekara samajhAtA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki manuSya ke svabhAva tathA usakI pravRttiyoM ke adhyayana dvArA hama siddha kara sakate haiM ki manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai / ina sAmAjika pravRttiyoM ko samajhAne ke lie vaha tIna tarka prastuta karatA hai / (1) manuSya meM paropakAra kA svAbhAvika siddhAnta milatA hai / paropakAra ke kAraNa hI manuSya dUsaroM ke zubha ko pratyakSa rUpa se khojatA hai aura dUsaroM ke kalyANa meM santoSa prApta karatA hai / usake anusAra manuSya kI satra pravRttiyA~ svArthI nahIM haiM / dayA, mitratA, pitRsneha, apatyaprama Adi pravRttiyA~ svArtha nirapekSa haiM / ina pravRttiyoM - ke kAraNa manuSya usI prakAra dUsaroM ke sukha kI cintA karatA hai jisa prakAra Atmaprema ke kAraNa nijI sukha kI / ( 2 ) loka pravRttiyA~ ve pravRttiyA~ haiM jinako na to hama paropakAra ke varga meM rakha sakate haiM aura na zrAtma-prema ke / ve ina donoM se bhinna haiM, kyoMki ve kevala vaiyaktika aura loka-hita kI hI unnati nahIM karatIM balki samAna rUpa se donoM kI vRddhi karatI haiM / vyakta rUpa se ve kucha viziSTa dhyeyoM -- sAmAjika prema, dUsaroM kA pradara, Atma-sammAna kI icchA, kukarmoM ke prati ghRNA Adi - kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karatI haiM kintu avyakta rUpa se ve sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi karatI haiM / isa prakAra ve sAmAjika ekatA ko sthApita karane meM kriyAzIla rahatI haiM / ( 3 ) antarbodha yA cintana kA siddhAnta : isake dvArA vyakti apane hRdaya, svabhAva aura karmoM kA samarthana yA asamarthana karatA hai / antarbodha naitika samarthana aura samarthana kI zakti hai / manuSya-svabhAva meM jo do virodhI pravRttiyA~, svArthamUlaka aura parArthamUlaka athavA Atmaprema aura paropakAra kI milatI haiM una pravRttiyoM para niyantraNa rakhane ke lie hI antarbodha yA cintana kA siddhAnta hai / antarbodha-virodhI pravRttiyoM ko sunirdezita karatA hai ataH vaha una donoM se zreSTha hai / antarbodha manuSya ko Atmahita ke samAna hI lokahita ke lie kArya karane ko prerita karatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki yadi kisI vyakti meM paropakAra kI pravRtti kSINa hotI hai to antarbodha usa kamI ko dUra kara detA hai / 1 mAnava svabhAva bhI eka vidhAna hai - manuSya-svabhAva kI pravRttiyoM ke vizleSaNa dvArA baTalara ne yaha samajhAyA ki manuSya kA mAnasa pravayavika samagratA yA saMyojita pUrNatA hai / vaha virodhI tattvoM kA samudAyamAtra nahIM hai / mAnavajAti bhI kevala vyaktiyoM kA samUha nahIM hai pratyuta vaha eka suvyavasthita aMgI yA sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa) / 255 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #257
vidhAna hai| isalie kisI ke lie bhI yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki vaha apane hita aura sAmAjika hita meM spaSTa bheda dekhe / yaha avazya hai ki kucha meM svAbhAvika sAmAjika pravattiyoM kA abhAva hai| para isake viparIta yaha kaha sakate haiM ki kucha meM apane hita kI samajha bhI nahIM hai / jahA~ taka manuSya ke sAmAnya svabhAva kA prazna hai use hama ina apavAdoM ke AdhAra para nahIM samajha sakate haiM / pleTo kI bhA~ti baTalara mAnava-prAtmA kI tulanA rAjya-vidhAna se karatA hai / aise vidhAna kI dhAraNa yaha iMgita karatI hai ki rAjya ke pratyeka bhAga athavA pratyeka nAgarika kA apanA viziSTa karmakSetra hotA hai aura saba nAgarika adhikArataH kendrIya sarakAra ke adhIna hote haiN| jaba hama vidhAna kI dhAraNA kA prayoga manuSya ke svabhAva para karate haiM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki antarbodha ke parama Adeza kI sImA ke andara hI saba pravRttiyA~ aura Avega ucita rUpa se apanI tuSTi kara sakate haiN| antarbodha vaha niyAmaka tattva hai jise ki hamAre svabhAva ke mUrta sakriya aMgoM ke bIca saMgati sthApita karanI hotI hai / saMgati se kyA abhiprAya hai ? ise kaise prApta kara sakate haiM ? saMgati ko prApta karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hamAre svabhAva ke vibhinna tattvoM kA upayoga nirdiSTa dhyeya kI unnati karane ke lie ho, na ki usakA virodha karane ke lie| vidhAna kI dhAraNA : satriya pravRttiyoM kA vidhAna-vidhAna kI dhAraNA kA spaSTIkaraNa karane ke lie baTalara kahatA hai ki mAnava-svabhAva meM aneka pravRttiyA~ haiM / inake pArasparika sambandha ko samajhAne ke lie hI vaha pleTo kI bhA~ti AtmA kI tulanA rAjya-vidhAna se karatA hai / mAnava-svabhAva aneka tattvoM kI Avayavika samagratA hai / ina Avayavika samagratA meM aneka sakriya pravRttiyA~, rAga aura ruciyA~ haiN| kucha karma kI preraNAe~ anya karma kI preraNAnoM para zAsana karatI haiM aura kucha zAsita hotI haiN| mAnava-svabhAva ke mukhyata: cAra tattva(1) viziSTa Avega, rAga aura pravRttiyA~, (2) paropakAra, (3) Atmaprema tathA (4) antarbodha / viziSTa Avega, rAga aura pravRttiyA~ viziSTa viSayoM kI khoja karatI haiM / udAharaNArtha, bhUkha kA viSaya bhojana hai aura dayA kA Arta ke duHkha ko dUra karanA / prAtma-prema vaiyaktika hita aura paropakAra loka-hita kI cintA karatA hai / antarbodha sarvocca tattva hai / athavA manuSya kA svabhAva antabarbodha ke zAsana evaM sarvocca adhikAroM meM eka vidhAna yA rAjya kI bhA~ti hai| isa vidhAna ke vibhinna tatvoM ke viziSTa vyApAra haiN| rAjya ke sadasya hone ke kAraNa pratyeka tattva kA apanA vaiyaktika adhikAra aura kartavya hai| ataH isa '256 / nItizAstra.... For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #258
vidhAna kA koI bhI tattva evaM preraNA apane-ApameM burI nahIM hai / kintu jaba koI preraNA apanI sImAoM kA ullaMghana karane lagatI hai evaM apane kSetra ke bAhara karma karane lagatI hai to vaha burI ho jAtI hai / udAharaNArtha, vaha usI bhA~ti burI hai jisa bhA~ti ki vaha rAjya jo dUsare rAjya ke vyApAroM para balapUrvaka adhikAra kara letA hai / vidhAna kI dhAraNA batalAtI hai ki viziSTa Avega, rAga aura pravRttiyA~ sahaja rUpa se eka ora to Atmaprema ke adhIna haiM aura dUsarI ora paropakAra ke / paropakAra ko mahattva dete hue baTalara kahatA hai ki yaha hamAre lie svAbhAvika aura naisargika hai ki hama dUsaroM ke zubha ke anurUpa apanI pravRttiyoM ko nirdezita aura niyantrita kareM | Atma- prema ke lie vaha kahatA hai ki yaha karma kA sucintita aura niyAmaka siddhAnta hai jo AtmA ke sthAyI Ananda kI khoja karatA hai / zrAtmA ke sukha kI khoja karane para bhI vaha una viziSTa pravRttiyoM gaura rAgoM kI bhA~ti nahIM hai jo viziSTa viSayoM kI khoja - bhUkha, darda se chuTakArA prAdi- meM lIna rahate haiM, balki vaha usa sAmAnya sukha kI khoja karatA hai jo sampUrNa jIvana meM vyApta hai | vaha viziSTa pravRttiyoM se zreSTha hai / sakriya pravRttiyoM kA prayoga vaha apane dhyeya kI prApti ke lie karatA hai / ataH yahA~ para use hama samanvayAtmaka aura sAmaMjasyAtmaka siddhAnta ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM jo ki bauddhika hai aura isa kAraNa anya sakriya pravRttiyoM se zreSTha adhikAra rakhatA hai / baTalara yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki yadi Atma-prema bauddhika hai to vaha apane hI dhyeya kA virodha karatA hai / udAharaNArtha, jabaki vaha viziSTa AvegoM ko usa sAmAnya saMgati ko bhaMga karane detA hai jo sthAyI prAnanda ke lie anivArya hai / 1 antarbodha tathA anya pravRttiyA~ - paropakAra aura Atma- prema se zreSTha cintana kA siddhAnta yA antarbodha hai / yahI aucitya kA niyama hai| Atma-prema kI bhA~ti yaha bhI karma kA suvintita aura niyAmaka siddhAnta hai, para sAtha hI yaha vaha zakti hai jisakA prabhutva parama hai / yaha apanA adhikAra bauddhika Atma- prema ko pradAna karatA hai aura viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM kA bhI upabhoga karatA hai / antarbodha anya pravRttiyoM para parama adhikAra rakhatA hai, kintu sAtha hI yaha una para nirbhara bhI hai kyoMki manuSya meM buddhi yA antarbodha apane-ApameM sadguNa utpanna karane ke lie paryApta preraka nahIM hai / vaha kevala nirdezaka hai aura apane pradeza ke anupAta meM zakti kA prayoga nahIM kara sakatA hai / isa kAraNa use pravRttiyoM ke sAtha maitrI karanI par3atI hai aura unakI vRddhi ko eka ucita mAtrA taka protsAhita sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa ) / 257 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #259
karanA hotA hai / vAstava meM vaha pravRttiyoM ko santulita karake unheM apane anukUla banAtA hai / antarbodha - antarbodha Atma-prema aura paropakAra se zreSTha hai / mAnava-vidhAna antarbodha kA viziSTa sthAna hone ke kAraNa isakA siddhAnta parama siddhAnta hai / karma aura caritra kA samarthana aura samarthana karanevAlA yaha siddhAnta sAmAnya rAga aura pravRttiyoM kI bhA~ti kevala hameM prabhAvita hI nahIM karatA balki vaha svabhAvataH unase zreSTha bhI hai / yadi usameM apane aucitya ke anurUpa kSamatA bhI hotI aura adhikAra ke sAtha hI zakti bhI hotI to Aja samasta vizva usase anuzAsita hotA / antarbodha yA cintana kA siddhAnta pratyeka vyakti meM hai / vaha pratyeka vyakti ke hRdaya ke prAntarika siddhAntoM tathA usake bAhya karmoM ke bhedoM ko samajhatA hai aura apane Apa para tathA una para nirNaya detA hai / isa prakAra antarbodha karmoM ke zubha aura azubha ko nirdhArita karatA hai tathA kartA ke binA pUche hI usake karmoM ke aucitya - anaucitya para rAjakIya garimA ke sAtha apanA nirNaya detA hai / antarbodha svabhAvataH zreSTha hai; yaha zreSThatA zakti kI nahIM kintu prAdeza kI hai| usake pradezAnusAra karma atyanta ucca aura zreSTha artha meM svAbhAvika hai / ataH antarbodha hameM aucitya kA niyama detA hai aura pratyakSa rUpa se hameM usa niyama ko pAlana karane ke lie bAdhita karatA hai / antarbodha aura svAbhAvika - 'svAbhAvika' zabda ke vibhinna arthoM kA parIkSaNa kara baTalara isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA hai ki manuSya ke svabhAva se abhiprAya usake antara ke usa siddhAnta se hai jisakA Adeza sarvocca hai, yadyapi yaha pradeza sadaiva prabhAvazIla nahIM hotA / yahI antarbodha kA siddhAnta hai / antarbodha kA siddhAnta tAtA hai ki karma ke praucitya - anaucitya ko prA~kane ke lie use sampUrNa vidhAna kI dRSTi se samajhanA hogA / vidhAna ke svabhAva ke anurUpa karma zubha aura svAbhAvika hai aura usake viparIta prazubha aura asvAbhAvika / karma ke aucitya - citya ko vaiyaktika ruci yA aruci ke sandarbha meM nahIM samajhanA cAhie / sabase zreSTha karma hai jo svabhAva yA samyak svabhAva ke anurUpa hai / samyak svabhAva athavA Adarza vidhAna ke rUpa se karma kI zreSThatA ko kaise nirdhArita kara sakate haiM ? jisa bhA~ti ghar3I kA mUlyAMkana karane ke lie eka pUrNa ghar3I kI kalpanA kara lete haiM aura usI ke AdhAra para ghar3I ko acchI yA burI kahate haiM, usI bhA~ti samyak yA pUrNa svabhAva kI kalpanA kara lete haiM / vaise samyak svabhAva vaha hai jisameM viziSTa pravRttiyA~, dUradarzitA aura paropakAra kI sAmAnya pravRttiyoM ke 258 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #260
adhIna haiM aura ye donoM antarbodha ke sarvocca siddhAnta ke adhIna haiN| yahA~ para yadi yaha prazna uThAyeM ki viziSTa pravRttiyoM ko samyak svabhAva meM kisa sImA taka tapta kara sakate haiM athavA yadi paropakAra aura Atma-prema meM virodha ho to usa virodha ko kaise dUra kara sakate haiM to baTalara kI ora se hameM koI nizcita uttara nahIM miltaa| vAstava meM yahA~ para hama antarbodha ke jJAnAtmaka rUpa ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| karma aura caritra kA naitika mUlyAMkana karane ke lie cintana aura tulanAtmaka dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai| karma aura caritra ko sampUrNa ke sandarbha meM samajhanA hogA aura sampUrNa athavA svabhAva ke anurUpa karma karanA sadguNa hai aura viparIta durguNa hai| naitika bodha aura antarbodha-zaiphTasabarI ke antarbodha aura baTalara ke antabarbodha meM antara hai| baTalara naitika bAdhyatA ko adhika mahattva detA hai aura use prAtma-prema se zreSTha adhikAra detA hai / naitika niyama aAntarika hai| manuSya apanA niyama svayaM hai| antarbodha kA aAntarika niyama anivArya avazya hai kintu vaha sAmAnyataH Atma-prema ke anarUpa hai kyoMki donoM ke lie hI Avazyaka hai ki hama ugra AvegoM ko paropakArI tathA anya pravRttiyoM ke adhIna rakheM / baTalara kA aisA kathana yaha batalAtA hai ki sadguNa, kartavya aura AtmasvArtha meM saMgati hai| zaMsTasabarI kA kahanA hai ki vartamAna jIvana meM hama isa saMgati ko pAte haiN| sadguNa aura Atma-svArtha ko isa jIvana meM anurUpa mAnate hue baTalara isa tathya para mahattva detA hai ki yaha anurUpatA evaM saMgati taba taka pUrNa nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki hama bhaviSya ke jIvana para bhI vizvAsa na rkheN| isa saMgati ko mAnane para bhI vaha antarbodha ke sarvocca adhikAra ko nahIM bhUlatA aura kahatA hai ki vartamAna jIvana meM naitika bAdhyatA prAtma-svArtha se Upara hai| yahI zaiphTsabarI aura usameM pramukha bheda hai / hacisana ke siddhAnta se bhI baTalara ke siddhAnta kI bhinnatA siddha kI jA sakatI hai| hacisana ke anusAra naitika bodha eka viziSTa zakti hai jisake dvArA hama bAhya jagat kA jJAna usI bhA~ti prApta karate haiM jisa bhA~ti ki hama saundarya indriyoM se vastuoM ke saundarya kA jJAna prApta karate haiM / baTalara antarbodha kI 'zakti' ke nAma se avazya sambodhita karatA hai kintu vAstava meM isase usakA abhiprAya usa manuSya se hai jo ki naitika kartA mAnA jAtA hai| yaha manuSya kI vAstavika prAtmA hai aura yahA~ para vaha arastU ke samIpa A jAtA hai| antarbodha vAstavika AtmA evaM buddhi hai| sahajajJAnavAda(parizeSa) | 256 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #261
pAlocanA vidhAna kI dhAraNA vairAgyavAda kI virodhI-baTalara ne mAnava-svabhAva ko pleTo kI bhA~ti rAjyavidhAna ke AdhAra para samajhAyA aura isa prakAra mAnavasvabhAva kI spaSTa aura mUrta vyAkhyA kii| mAnava-svabhAva aneka tattvoM kI Avayavika pUrNatA hai| sabhI tattva aucitya ke niyama ke adhIna haiN| aucitya kA niyama yA antarbodha hI sarvocca niyAmaka siddhAnta hai| isake kAraNa hI mAnava-svabhAva meM saMgati aura sAmaMjasya hai / aucitya kA niyama yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki vibhinna pravattiyoM kI tapti ke lie naitika jIvana meM sthAna hai| ata: baTalara kA antarbodha vairAgyavAda kA poSaka nahIM hai| Atma-prema aura antarbodha meM adhikatara aikya milatA hai / Atma-prema batalAtA hai ki icchAnoM kI sAmAnya tapti meM hI Ananda nirbhara hai aura antarbodha ke anusAra icchAoM kI sAmAnya tRpti ucita hai| - samanvayAtmaka siddhAnta : dharma kA prAdhAnya--baTalara kA naitika darzana usakI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kA pariNAma hai / pleTo, arastU aura zaiphTsabarI ke siddhAnta ke sAtha usane IsAI IzvarajJAna, vizuddha naitikatA, sToikavAda, sukhavAda, pracalita naitikatA Adi kA sammizraNa kiyaa| bAda meM kANTa ne vizuddha naitikatA ko apanAkara yaha samajhAyA ki vizuddha naitikatA meM anya kisI nirodha ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| baTalara ke siddhAnta meM jo asaMgatiyA~ milatI haiM unakA kAraNa usakI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi hai| kintu isa samanvayAtmaka prayAsa se bhI adhika spaSTa jo hameM mUlataH usake darzana meM milatA hai vaha usake pAdarI ke vyaktitva kA pratibimba hai| usake darzana kA gUr3ha aura vyApaka adhyayana hamako prakRtigata aura preraNA dvArA ajita dharma kI ora le jAtA hai| vaha hameM IsAI dharma ke IzvarajJAna ke kSetra meM pahuMcA detA hai| aisI sthiti meM hameM antarbodha ko eka dUsare artha meM samajhanA pdd'egaa| antarbodha usa nirdezaka kI bhA~ti hai jo sarvasAdhAraNa ke sukha kI ora le jAtA hai, jisa sukha meM dayAlu paramAtmA ne hamAre sukha ko bhI sammilita kiyA hai / sadguNa aura Ananda ke bAhya virodha ko dUra karane ke lie vaha anya aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti IzvarajJAna sambandhI tarka detA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vartamAna jIvana bhaviSya jIvana ke lie eka sAdhanamAtra hai aura isalie hamArA kartavya hai ki hama isa jIvana meM bhAvI saMrakSaNa aura sukha ke lie eka Avazyaka guNa ke rUpa meM sadguNa aura dharmaniSTha buddhi kI unnati kreN| 260 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #262
baTalara ke samaya meM logoM kI naitika aura dhArmika pravatti zithila ho cakI thii| IsAI dharma kI suptAvasthA ke jJAna ne use duHkhI kara diyA aura usane anAyAsa hI aise tarka prastuta kiye jo IsAI dharma ke samarthaka haiM / apane samaya ke aMgreja pAdariyoM ke anurUpa baTalara meM eka madhura vivecana-buddhi tathA Thosa sAmAnyabodha hai| kANTa ke aura usake siddhAnta meM sAdRzya milatA hai kintu sAtha hI bheda bhI hai| kANTa kA naitika darzana eka mahAna tattvajJAnI, tarkapriya tathA kaTTara nItivAdI kA darzana hai aura baTalara kA eka pAdarI kA / uparyukta bheda hone para bhI baTalara kA naitika darzana spaSTatA aura santulana se achUtA nahIM hai| usane una tathyoM aura pravRttiyoM kA varNana spaSTa aura bodhagamya bhASA meM kiyA hai jinase hama sabhI paricita haiN| parama svArthavAda kA manovaijJAnika khaNDana-manuSya kI svAbhAvika sthiti ko ni:tika aura aniyantrita mAnakara haoNbsa ne yaha samajhAyA ki manuSya ke sukha, zAnti, jIvana-saMrakSaNa evaM usakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie naitika niyama sAdhana haiM aura isa artha meM ve anivArya haiM ! naitika niyama ke udagama kA itihAsa batalAtA hai ki ve bauddhika prANimoM ke lie Avazyaka avazya haiM para sAtha hI ve paramparAgata hone se samajhaute para nirbhara haiN| baTalara ke samaya meM isa bAta kA nirAkaraNa karanA eka calana-sA ho gayA thA ki niHsvArtha karma sambhava nahIM haiM / baTalara ne aisI dhAraNA evaM haoNbsa ke parama svArthavAda ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sandeha kiyaa| usane eka manovaijJAnika nItijJa kI bhA~ti una saba dhAraNAoM aura siddhAntoM para prakAza DAlA jinake anurUpa sambhrAnta loga anubhava, karma aura nirNaya karate haiM aura yaha samajhAyA ki svArthavAdI dhAraNAoM ke mUla meM manovaijJAnika ajJAna hai| anya sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ne bhI mAnava-svabhAva tathA mAnava-samAja kA vizleSaNa karake haoNbsa ke parama svArthavAda ko asvAbhAvika kahA / unake anusAra hameM antarbodha ke Adeza kA pAlana karanA cAhie kyoMki usakA adhikAra svAbhAvika hai| kintu antarbodha ke svAbhAvika adhikAra ko ve baTalara kI bhA~ti prabhAvotpAdaka tathA sUkSma yuktiyA~ dekara nahIM samajhAte haiN| svArthamUlaka sukhavAda kI AlocanA karate hue vaha samajhAtA hai ki mAnava-svabhAva vyavasthita paddhati yA Avayavika samagratA hai| isa samagratA meM aneka pravRttiyA~ haiM, jinake AdhAra para vaha mUlagata sukhavAdI dhAraNA ke viparIta kahatA hai ki manuSya-svabhAva meM sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ milatI haiM aura Atmahita ke lie pravRttiyoM para niyantraNa rakhanA anivArya hai / yahA~ para sahajajJAnavAda (parizeSa) / 261 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #263
hama kaha sakate haiM ki baTalara ke darzana meM aniyantrita svArthavAda ke lie sthAna nahIM hai| sukhavAdiyoM aura zaiphTa sabarI kI Atma-pravatti kI dhAraNA kI bhI baTalara ne AlocanA kI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki kisI bhI pravatti kA pramukha lakSya sukha nahIM hai| jaba pravRtti apane svAbhAvika dhyeya ko prApta karatI hai taba sukha milatA hai / ataH sukha pariNAma hai, pramukha lakSya nhiiN| baTalara ne pravRttiyoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA dvArA batalAyA ki manuSya kI mUlagata pravRttiyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se svArthamUlaka nahIM kaha sakate haiN| antarbodha kA anizcita prayoga-naitika bodhavAdiyoM, vizeSakara zaiphTsabarI ke naitika bodha kI dhAraNA se asantuSTa hokara baTalara ne antarbodha zabda kA prayoga kiyA / antarbodha aura naitika bodha meM spaSTa bheda hai| baTalara ne saundarya indriya evaM viziSTa indriya ke rUpa meM antarbodha ko nahIM samajhA hai kintu mAnavasvabhAva ko Avayavika samagratA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake antarbodha kI sarvoccatA ko sthApita kiyA hai| jaba hama usa siddhAnta ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayAsa karate haiM jo ki sarvocca hai to viphalatA milatI hai kyoMki usane antarbodha kA anizcita prayoga kiyA hai / antarbodha se yA to usakA abhiprAya usa abodhagamya zakti se hai jise hama apane antara meM pAte haiM aura jo niyamoM ko banAtI hai aura yA usa bodhagamya zakti se hai jisake Adeza hama bauddhika cintana dvArA samajha sakate haiN| kintu yaha avazya satya hai ki usake anuyAyiyoM ne antarbodha ke donoM arthoM meM spaSTa bheda dekhaa| . antarbodha aura prAtmaprema ke sambandha ko samajhAne meM asaphala-mAnavasvabhAva-jo rAjya ke vidhAna-sA hai-kI vyavasthA aura saMgati ko samajhAne ke lie jaba baTalara prAtmaprema aura antarbodha ke sambandha kA spaSTIkaraNa karatA hai to vaha eka sthAyI dRSTikoNa ko apanAne ke badale aneka rItiyoM aura bhinna tarkoM kI sahAyatA letA hai| eka ora vaha antarvodha ke adhikAra ko sarvocca kahakara yaha mAnatA hai ki antarbodha usI AcaraNa kA anumodana karatA hai jisakA dhyeya sampUrNa samAja kA Ananda hai| mAnava-jAti eka sampradAya hai aura hama eka-dUsare se sambandhita haiM / janatA evaM jAti ke hita kI vRddhi karanA pratyeka kA kartavya hai / kyA hama antarbodha ke parama Adeza ko mAna leM? - isakA uttara pAne ke lie hameM prAtmaprema kI dhAraNA ko samajhanA hogaa| yaha dhAraNA batalAtI hai ki AtmA ke rAjya meM do svatantra tattva haiM : bauddhika Atmaprema aura antarbodha / inake pArasparika sambandha kI vyAkhyA karate hue vaha kahatA hai ki 262 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #264
ye donoM paraspara saMyojita haiM / dUsarI ora usakI pustaka meM kucha aise vAkya milate haiM jo Atmaprema ko adhika mahattva dete haiM / donoM kI asaMgati ko asambhava mAnane ke pazcAt vaha kahatA hai ki yadi ina donoM meM asaMgati ho jAya to antarbodha ko apanA svAbhAvika adhikAra chor3anA hogaa| Age vaha yaha bhI mAna letA hai ki jaba zAnta kSaNa meM hama socane baiThate haiM to hama kisI bhI pravRtti ko taba taka ucita yA nyAsammata nahIM samajha pAte haiM jaba taka ki hameM yaha vizvAsa nahIM ho jAtA ki vaha hamAre sukha ke lie hai athavA hamAre sukha kI virodhI nahIM hai / vaise bauddhika yA vivekazIla prANI ke lie Atmaprema aura antarbodha kA vizeSa virodha nahIM hai / apane satarka AzAvAda ke AdhAra para vaha kahatA hai ki yaha svIkAra karanA buddhisammata hai ki jina do Antarika adhikAriyoM ke adhIna svabhAva evaM prakRti ne hameM rakhA hai unameM saMgati hai / isa saMgati kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki inake virodha ko hama pramANa dvArA siddha nahIM kara sakate haiM / svArtha ke AdhAra para hI inheM virodhI siddha kara sakate haiM para svArthavAdI gaNanA anizcita aura sambhAvya hai / yadi sthUla dRSTi se yaha virodha dIkha hI jAye to hameM antarbodha ke Adeza kA usake sarala aura spaSTa hone ke kAraNa pAlana karanA cAhie / puna: eka sthala para vaha yaha kahatA hai ki antarbodha aura Atmaprema donoM hI mAnava svabhAva ke pramukha aura zreSTha tattva haiM, isalie yadi kisI karma meM inameM se kisI kA bhI nirAkaraNa ho jAye to vaha mAnava-svabhAva ke anurUpa nahIM hogA / yadi donoM hI mAnava svabhAva ke do tattva haiM to nItijJa donoM kI sApekSa sthiti ko samajhanA cAhegA / baTalara kA uttara dvividhApUrNa hai / baTalara eka ora to yaha kahakara chuTakArA pAnA cAhatA hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se sApekSa sthiti kA prazna mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai aura dUsarI ora vaha kahatA hai ki apane parama svArtha ko samajhanA atyanta kaThina hai / baTalara ke aise kathana ke viruddha do prazna hamAre mAnasa meM Ate haiM; hama kaise siddha kara sakate haiM ki antarbodha ke Adeza adhika spaSTa haiM ? isakA kyA pramANa hai ki hamAre svArtha ke lie antarbodha ke Adeza zrAtmasvArtha ke Adeza se adhika zreSTha pathanirdezaka haiM ? vyaktivAda aura uttaradAyitva - zrAtmaprema aura grantarbodha kA virodha sukha aura sadguNa kI samasyA ko khar3A karatA hai / baTalara sukha aura sadguNa ke virodha ko bauddhika tarka dvArA nahIM balki IzvarajJAna dvArA dUra karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / sukhAtmA kI Antarika sthiti kA sUcaka nahIM hai / isake dvArA sRSTikartA unheM puraskRta karatA hai jo apanI pravRttiyoM ko unake nirdiSTa dhyeya ke lie sAdhana sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa) / 263 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #265
banAte haiM / aisA kathana mukha aura antarbodha ke virodha ko rahane detA hai| prAtmaprema aura antarbodha donoM ko hI mAnakara baTalara ne naitika uttaradAyitva aura vyaktivAda kI mahattvapUrNa samasyA ko uThAyA / vyakti svatantratApUrvaka apane karmoM ko nirdhArita kara sakatA hai aura una para nirNaya de sakatA hai / vaha apane parama kalyANa kI prApti kara sakatA hai| aisA vaiyaktika adhikAra use kartavya kI ora le jAtA hai kyoMki vyakti samAja kA ananya aMga hai / kartavya aura adhikAra ke sApekSa sambandha ko samajhAne meM vaha asamartha rahA / vyaktivAda aura naitika uttaradAyitva ke samAnAdhikAra ke saMrakSaka siddhAnta ke rUpa meM vaha apane siddhAnta kI spaSTa aura vyavasthita vyAkhyA nahIM kara paayaa| isakA avyakta kAraNa yaha hai ki vyaktivAda aura naitika uttaradAyitva ke nAma para vaha sukhavAda aura naitika vizaddhatAvAda ke cakkara meM phaMsa jAtA hai / baTalara AtmakalyANa kA naitika artha samajhane meM asamartha hai aura sukha ko svIkAra kara vaha usa asaMgati ko apane siddhAnta meM sthAna detA hai jo kSamya nahIM hai / sukha ko mAnyatA dekara usane bhUla kI / sukha naitikatA ke kisI bhI vyavasthita, prAmANika aura grahaNIya siddhAnta kA AdhAra nahIM ho sktaa| aAdhunika vicAradhArA para prabhAva-prAtmaprema aura antarbodha ke sambandha ko samajhAne ke lie baTalara aneka tarka-vitarkoM se kAma letA hai para prayAsa karane para bhI vaha mAnava-svabhAva ke niyAmaka siddhAnta kI dvaitavAdI vyAkhyA para pahu~catA hai| usakI isa durbalatA ne naitika cintana ko eka nayI dizA dakhalAyI / mAnava-svabhAva ko AvegoM kA vyavasthita rAjya mAnakara vaha pleTovAda kA abhinandana karatA hai aura svabhAva evaM prakRti ke anurUpa rahanA cAhie kahakara vaha sToikavAda kA samarthana karatA hai| kintu pleTovAda aura sToikavAda donoM hI buddhi ko ekamAtra niyAmaka zakti yA zAsaka mAnate haiM / unake siddhAntoM meM niyAmaka zakti ke dvaita ke lie sthAna nahIM hai / baTalara ke niyAmaka siddhAnta ke dvaita ne Adhunika vicAradhArA ko do tattva diye : sArvabhauma buddhi aura svArthamUlaka buddhi yA antarbodha aura Atmaprema / ye dvaita klArka aura zaipaTsabarI ke siddhAnta meM aspaSTa rUpa se vartamAna avazya haiM kintu baTalara ke kAraNa hI unheM spaSTa rUpa se Adhunika vicAradhArA ne apanAyA hai| sijavika ne isa samasyA ko apane darzana meM uThAyA hai / ___upayogitAvAda--anya sahajajJAnavAdiyoM ke sAtha baTalara bhI mAnatA hai ki karma apane-Apa meM zubha aura azubha haiN| unakA naitika mUlyAMkana unake 264 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #266
pariNAma ke AdhAra para nahIM kara sakate / ataH naitika dRSTi se karma isa tathya se svatantra hai ki vaha apane pariNAma dvArA sAmAnya sukha ke lie upayogI hai athavA nahIM / kintu jaba baTalara par3osI ke prati sneha kI dhAraNA ko samajhAne lagatA hai taba vaha apane pAdarI ke vyaktitva ke anurUpa upayogitAvAda ko apanAne lagatA hai / Izvara ke svabhAva sambandhI dhAraNA ko vaha upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa se samajhAtA hai / vizva ke sampUrNa parimANa ke sukha ko adhikatama karanA bhagavAn kA parama dhyeya hai / para sAtha hI antarbodha ko parama prAdhAnya dete hue vaha kahatA hai ki hameM antarbodha ke anusAra karma karanA cAhie cAhe sAmAnya sukha kI vRddhi kare yA na kare / baTalara ke aise asaMgata prasaMga ulajhana meM DAla dete haiM aura sadAcAra ke mArga ko dvividhAyukta kara dete haiM / antarbodha ke pradeza kI prAmANikatA - baTalara ke naitika darzana ko nItizAstra para eka pUrNa nibandha ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / usakI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ne asaMgatiyoM aura virodhoM kA samAveza kara liyA hai / virodhapUrNa kathana mArga ko sunirdezita nahIM kara sakate haiM / baTalara ne kaI kaThinAiyoM ko nahIM uThAyA hai / ucita karma kA sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa kyA hai ? jaba antarbodha bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna prAdeza detA hai taba hama kisa Adeza ko mAnya mAneM ? bhinna vyaktiyoM ke antarbodha bhinna Adeza dete haiM / isa bhinnatA ko dUra karane evaM saMgati kI sthApanA ke lie kyA antarbodha ke mAnadaNDa ke atirikta kisI anya mAnadaNDa kI sahAyatA lenI hogI ? isakA kyA pramANa hai ki kisI vyakti vizeSa kA prantarbodha ucita hai ? hama kRtrima aura akRtrima antarbodha ke bheda ko kaise jAna sakate haiM ? baTalara kA siddhAnta apUrNa hone para bhI kisI bhI anubhavAtmaka tathya se sambandhita naitika siddhAnta ke lie prastAvanA kA kArya kara sakatA hai kyoMki vaha eka manovaijJAnika nItijJa kA siddhAnta hai / sahajajJAnavAda ( parizeSa ) / 265 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #267
18 pUrNatAvAda' AtmA kA svarUpa-naitika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki nItijJoM ne usa Adarza ko samajhanA cAhA jo Atma-santoSa, Atma-sAkSAtkAra athavA Atma-pUrNatA pradAna karatA hai| pratyeka nItijJa ne jAnanA cAhA ki manuSya ke lie uccatama zubha athavA parama dhyeya kyA hai ? usane usa dhyeya evaM Adarza kI apane siddhAnta ke anurUpa vyAkhyA kii| mAnavocita dhyeya ke svarUpa ko samajhane ke pUrva eka bAra punaH yaha samajha lenA anivArya hai ki manuSya evaM usa AtmA kA kyA svarUpa hai jo ki apanI pUrNatA athavA santoSa ke lie prayAsa karatI hai ? hama kisa AtmA ko santuSTa karanA cAhate haiM; AtmA kA sAratattva buddhi hai yA bhAvanA athavA buddhi aura bhAvanA donoM hii| AtmA kI paribhASA dene meM sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ne do spaSTa virodhI AdarzoM ko hamAre sammukha rakhA / kintu donoM meM nihita satyAMzoM ko mAnate hue bhI unakI jAjvalyamAna durbalatAoM ke kAraNa unheM pUrNata: svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| buddhi-bhAvanA kA yoga-pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne usa dRSTikoNa ko aMgIkAra kiyA jo madhyavartI hai| unhoMne manuSya ke mUrta vyaktitva ke AdhAra para buddhi aura bhAvanA ke samucita mUlya ko nirdhArita kiyaa| manuSya kA svabhAva bhAvanA aura buddhimaya hai / sAtha hI yaha bhI satya aura sarvamAnya hai ki vahI jIvana saphala tathA stutya hai jo buddhi se saMcAlita hai / naitika unnati aura vikAsa ke lie 1. Perfectionism. 2. Self-realization. 266 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #268
bhAvanA kA buddhi ke sAtha saMgharSa Avazyaka hai / yaha saMgharSa buddhi ke Adhipatya ko adhika gauravAnvita karatA hai| vahI buddhi zreSTha hai jo sucAru rUpa se bhAvanAoM ko usa mArga kI ora le jAtI hai jo naitika niyama ke anurUpa hai| manuSya kA svabhAva aneka pravRttiyoM, icchAoM aura bhAvanAoM kA janmasthala hai| isa svabhAva meM kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai jo pUrNa rUpa se burA ataeva tyAjya ho / ataH pravRttiyA~ apane-ApameM burI nahIM haiM, kintu jaba ve apanI sImA kA ullaMghana karane lagatI haiM taba ve burI kahalAtI haiN| bhAvanAoM kA hanana karanA buddhi kA lakSya nahIM hai balki unakI yathocita tRpti tathA unnayana dvArA unheM naitika rUpa dekara dhyeya kI prApti meM sahAyaka banAnA hI buddhi kA kAma hai jisase vibhinna AdhyAtmika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika, kalAtmaka Adi pravRttiyoM meM saMgati aura santulana sthApita kara manuSya vyaktitva ke vikAsa aura paripUrNatA ko prApta kara sake / vyaktitva kI pUrNatA evaM Atma-kalyANa ke AkAMkSI pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne Atma-santoSa ko Atma-kalyANa kA sahavartI mAnA hai| Atma-santoSa se unakA abhiprAya usa santoSa se hai jo prAtmA ke donoM aMgoM-baddhi aura bhAvanA-ko santoSa de sake / jaba sampUrNa AtmA apanI paripUrNatA ko prApta karatI hai tabhI use santoSa evaM prAnanda milatA hai| prAtmA aura samAja-yaha sabhI mAneMge ki naitika karma kI satyatA evaM usakA zubha-azubha honA isa para nirbhara hai ki vaha vAMchita dhyeya evaM parama zubha ke anurUpa hai yA nhiiN| athavA naitikatA ke mAnadaNDa kI dhAraNA dhyeya kI dhAraNA para nirbhara hai| dhyeya kI dhAraNA para AdhArita natika Adarza Atmika Adarza hai| yaha vaha Adarza hai jo prAtmA ko santuSTa karatA hai| dhyeya kyA hai ? dhyeya, jaisA ki kaha cuke haiM, Atma-santoSa hai| AtmA kA rUpa na to kevala aindriyika hai aura na kevala bauddhika / breDale ne AtmA ke isa svarUpa ko svIkAra karate hue kahA ki AtmA kA apane pUrNa rUpa meM santuSTa honA, arthAt sampUrNa AtmA kA santoSa hI, Atma-santoSa hai| prAtmA ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhane evaM AtmasantoSa kA vyApaka jJAna prApta karane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki kyA AtmA eka asambaddha ikAI ke rUpa meM hai athavA vaha samAja kA eka avibhAjya aMza hai| naMtika nirNaya kA svarUpa batalAtA hai ki naitika nirNaya AtmA ke usa AcaraNa para diyA jAtA hai jo sAmAjika hai / manuSya ke sAmAjika astitva ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pratyeka siddhAnta mAnatA hai| pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne isa satya ko samajhAne ke lie tattvadarzana kI sahAyatA lI hai| unhoMne apane pUrNatAvAda | 267 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #269
naitika jJAna ko AdarzavAdI tattvajJAna para AdhArita karate hue kahA ki manuSya aura samAja athavA vyakti aura samaSTi abhinna haiM, kyoMki donoM eka hI zAzvata caitanya kI abhivyakti haiM / isalie jIvana kA dhyeya na to mAtra vaiyaktika kalyANa hai aura na mAtra sAmAjika / vaha sarva kalyANakArI hai | donoM kA sambandha ananya - pUrNatAvAdI vyakti aura samAja ke ananya sambandha ko mAnate hue vyaktiyoM kI pArasparika nirbharatA ko svIkAra karate haiM / vyakti samAja kA avibhAjya aMga hai / samAja meM rahakara hI vaha apanI pUrNatA prApta kara sakatA hai / vaha bhojana, vastra, bhASA, zikSA evaM apanI sampUrNa AvazyakatAoM kI tRpti samAja meM rahakara hI kara sakatA hai / ataH use apane nijatva ko samagra meM evaM samagra ko nijatva meM dekhanA cAhie / yadi vyakti aura samAja avicchinna ekatA ke sUcaka haiM to kyA vikAsavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti pUrNatAvAdI bhI, samAja aura vyakti ke ananya sambandha ko svIkAra karate hue, zravayavika samagratA ke rUpaka ko pUrNataH svIkAra karate haiM ? pUrNatAvAdI isa rUpaka kI sImAoM ke prati saceta haiM / samAja prAdhyAtmika evaM grAtma-prabuddha prANiyoM kI vibhinna ekatA hai / pravayavika samagratA kI bhA~ti hone para mAnava jAti rUpI zrAvayavika samagratA aura zArIrika jIva- racanA meM bheda hai / jIva racanA ke avayavoM meM jIvavidhAna aura karmavyApAra kI dRSTi se bhinnatA hai kintu mAnava samAja ke vyaktiyoM meM jAtIya samAnatA hai, unake karmavyApAra evaM kartavya bhale hI bhinna hoM; pratyeka vyakti meM apanA nijatva aura vyaktitva hai / vaha jIvava-racanA ke avayavoM kI bhA~ti yAntrika ( acetana) rUpa se prAvayavika samagratA kA kAma nahIM karatA / vaha samAja ke sAtha apane sambandha ko samajhabUjhakara svecchA se usa karma ko karatA hai jo ki usake tathA samAja ke lie, aMga aura aMgI donoM ke lie, kalyANaprada hai / svArtha- paramArtha kA prazna - svArtha aura paramArtha meM parama bheda dekhanA bhrAntipUrNa hai / vyakti aura samAja kA ananya sambandha isa naitika satya ko abhivyakti detA hai ki jIvana meM na to parama svArtha hI ucita hai aura na parama paramArtha / vyakti nagaNya nahIM hai, usakA apanA vyaktitva hai / prApta karanA usakA adhikAra hai, kintu isa pUrNatA ko vaha samAja meM hI prApta kara sakatA hai / ataH vaha kevala apane hI bAre meM nahIM socatA / ' eka kA svArtha' eka aisA kathana hai jo vAstavikatA se dUra hai / vyakti ke svArtha aura pUrNatA kA sambandha usase hai jisakA ki vaha avibhAjya aMga hai / hama nijatva vyaktitva kI pUrNatA ko 268 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #270
ko samagra se alaga karake nahIM samajha sakate / samagra ke sambandha meM hI nijatva artha rakhatA hai / vyakti apane nijatva ko sAmAjika samagratA se hI pAtA hai / yaha kathana batalAtA hai ki parama svArtha Atma - ghAtaka hai / apane ko bacAnA khonA hai / samAja se bhinna vyakti kA astitva asambhava hai / vaha zArIrika AvazyakatAoM se lekara mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM taka ke lie samAja para nirbhara hai / ataH apane ko khonA pAtA hai / sAmAjika zubha dvArA vaiyaktika zubha sambhava hai / vyakti apanI vibhinna AvazyakatAoM kI tRpti samAja meM karatA hai / vaha samAja ke sAmAnya mAnasa kA aMga hai / usakA mAnasika vikAsa aneka mAnasoM ke sahayoga se hotA hai / vaiyaktika zubha aura sAmAjika zubha paraspara nirbhara haiM / sAmAjika zubha apane mUla rUpa meM vaiyaktika hai kyoMki vaha vyakti kI gahanatama AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa hai / vyakti apanI naitika, bauddhika bhAvuka tathA zArIrika Adi AvazyakatAoM kI tRpti ke lie samAja para nirbhara hai / isI bhA~ti svArtha aura paramArtha ke svatantra astitva kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / vyakti aura samAja donoM kA yugapat vikAsa hotA hai / donoM eka-dUsare ke lie anivArya haiM / pUrNatAvAda kA paricaya - sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA utpattikAla hI pUrNatAvAda kA utpattikAla hai / sukarAta kI mRtyu ke pazcAt eNrisTipasa ne sukhavAda, enTisthInIz2a ne buddhivAda aura pleTo ne pUrNatAvAda meM sukarAta ke mukhya siddhAnta ko dekhA / pleTo tathA anya pUrNatAvAdiyoM' ke anusAra naitika karma grAtmA ke vAstavika svarUpa ke anurUpa karma hai / vahI zubha karma hai jo AtmA ko paripUrNatA pradAna karatA hai / pUrNatA se kyA abhiprAya hai ? manuSya meM aneka sambhAvita zaktiyA~ haiM / ucita prayatna se hama ina sambhAvita zaktiyoM ko vAstavikatA evaM pUrNatA pradAna kara sakate haiM / yahI pUrNatAvAda ( Perfectionism ) hai | manuSya ke svabhAva kI vibhinna pravRttiyoM - kalAtmaka, naitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika zrAdi - kA buddhi ke nirdezana meM isa bhA~ti saMgatipUrNa vikAsa karanA cAhie ki ve Atma- pUrNatA kI prApti meM sahAyaka ho sakeM / buddhi ke nirIkSaNa meM icchAtroM aura pravRttiyoM kA samucita vikAsa vyaktitva ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie Avazyaka hai / vyaktitva ke pUrNa vikAsa kI sthiti hI Atma 1. arastu, fizTe, zailiMga, hIgala, grIna, breDale, mekaijI, myoraheDa, jemsa setha, je0 eca0 peTana Adi / For Personal & Private Use Only pUrNatAvAda / 269

Page #271
sAkSAtkAra (self-realization ) kI sthiti hai / athavA vaha Atma-bodha, Atma-kalyANa aura Atma-samRddhi kI sthiti hai / jisa AtmA kA hama sAkSAtkAra karate haiM evaM jisakI pUrNatA prApta karate haiM vaha bauddhika AtmA hai / vaha AtmA icchAtroM aura pravRttiyoM kA hanana yA tyAga nahIM karatI varan unakA unnayana, divyIkaraNa, buddhikaraNa evaM adhyAtmIkaraNa karake unheM apanI paripUrNatA ke lie sahAyaka banA letI hai / aisI AtmA saMkIrNa AtmA nahIM ho sakatI / bauddhika AtmA mAnavatA ke sAtha tAdAtmya anubhava karatI hai / vaha sAmAjika evaM sArvabhauma AtmA athavA vizvAtmA hai / vizvAtmA kI prApti ke lie saMkIrNa AtmA kA tyAga athavA Atma-tyAga anivArya hai / vizvAtmA kI prApti ke lie mAnava jAti ke hita ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai / mAnavatA vyakti se bhinna nahIM hai, vaha usI kI AtmA hai / ataH mAnavatA ke prati sahaja sneha rakhate hue vyakti ko usake kalyANa ke lie prayAsa karanA cAhie / sAtha hI yaha bhI saca hai ki pratyeka vyakti apanI vizeSatAoM ke sAtha eka viziSTa parivAra, samAja aura pariveza meM janma letA hai / usakA inake prati kartavya hai / use cAhie ki samAja meM apanI sthiti, apanI yogyatA tathA viziSTa pratibhA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue apanI bauddhika AtmA kA vikAsa kare / vaha manuSya jisane Atma bodha prApta kara liyA hai apane sAmAjika uttaradAyitva tathA svayaM apane prati kartavya ke lie pUrNa rUpa se saceta hotA hai / use usakA grAtma-bodha zrAnanda detA hai / yahI Atma-santoSa hai / ataH zrAtma-santoSa, Atma-vodha evaM pUrNatA kA sUcaka hai / vaha dhyeya kA anivArya athavA abhinna tattva hai / pUrNatAvAdiyoM kA kAlakrama ke AdhAra para vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai / prAcIna kAla meM pUrNatAvAda ke vikhyAta pratipAdaka pleTo aura arastU hue haiM tathA Adhunika kAla meM hIgala, grIna aura breDale / prAcIna kAla : pleTo aura arastU ne bauddhika aura abauddhika zrAtmA kA prazna - buddhivAdiyoM aura sukhavAdiyoM 'manuSya 'ke svabhAva kI jo dvaitavAdI vyAkhyA kI usase prArambha ke vicAraka anabhijJa the yadyapi unhoMne isa bAta kA anubhava kiyA thA ki ucita jIvana hI bauddhika jIvana hai / sukarAta ke anusAra manuSya kA jIvana bauddhika hai aura isameM bhAvanAtroM kI tRpti ke lie sthAna hai / Atma parIkSita aura Atmanirdezita jIvana meM buddhi nirdhArita karatI hai ki bhAvanAoM kI tRpti kahA~ taka 270 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #272
ucita hai| buddhi hI manuSya kA vizeSa guNa hai| isI ke kAraNa manuSya zreSTha prANI hai| parama zubha ko prApta karanevAlA vivekI vyakti vaha hai jo apane sampUrNa jIvana meM buddhi ke Adeza kA pAlana karatA hai / isa AdhAra para sukarAta ne sadguNa aura jJAna ko eka mAnA / pleTo aura arastU ne buddhi kI nirdezanazakti ko samajhA aura sukarAta se bhI adhika spaSTa rUpa se kahA ki zubha jIvana kA rahasya buddhi hai / unhoMne bauddhika prANI ke lie ekamAtra zubha jIvana bauddhika jIvana batalAyA hai| cintanayukta yA dArzanika jIvana hI naitika Adarza hai| arvAcIna buddhivAda aura vairAgyavAda sukarAta ke ziSyoM ke siddhAnta kI hI pratidhvani hai| pleTo se bhAvanA ke sthAna ko apramukha maanaa| vaha bhAvanA ko vRddhi ke pUraka ke rUpa meM nahIM samajha paayaa| arastU do prakAra ke sadguNayukta jIvana ko svIkAra karake kahatA hai ki ucca sadaguNapUrNa jIvana yA thegoriyA kA jIvana zuddha bauddhika jIvana hai aura nimna yA sAmAnya sadguNayukta jIvana vAlA vyakti bauddhika aura abauddhika svabhAva kI mizrita zreSThatA kA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai| isa bhA~ti jisa sukhavAdI tattva kI pleTo ne mukhya rUpa se upekSA kI use hI arastu ne navIna rUpa se pradhAnatA dii| arastU ne sadaguNayukta jIvana ko kevala anivArya rUpa se sukhada hI nahIM mAnA balki sukha meM kalyANa yA zubhatva kI paripUrNatA aura vikAsa ko dekhaa| vaise, donoM ne hI zuddha buddhimaya jIvana ko naitika Adarza mAnA / vastugata zubha kI dhAraNA-sukarAta ne AcaraNa dvArA sAmAjika zubha kA sandeza diyA, kintu siniksa ne Atma-nirmara vyaktitva ko pradhAnatA dekara tathA sirenaiksa ne vaiyaktika sukha ko pradhAnatA dekara parama vyaktivAda ko apanA liyaa| pleTo aura arastU ne sukarAta se prabhAvita hokara vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika zubha ke sambandha ko utthaayaa| AcaraNa kI aisI samasyA jaTila aura kaThina hai kyoMki manuSya-svabhAva meM svArtha aura paramArtha ke bIca prakaTa virodha dIkhatA hai tathA yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vaiyaktika kalyANa aura sAmAjika kalyANa kI do bhinna preraNAeM haiM / vastugata zabha kI dhAraNA hI aise virodha ko miTA sakatI hai| ___ mAnavatAvAda-sukarAta ne usa manuSya ke AcaraNa ke prazna ko uThAyA jo ki samAja kA sAmAnya sadasya hai| usake vyakti ke vyAvahArika jIvana kI samasyAoM ko apane sAdhanApUrNa jIvana ke sAmAjika pakSa dvArA smjhaayaa| pleTo ne indriya aura atIndriya jagat ke dvaita ko apanAkara isa samasyA ko pUrNatAvAda | 271 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #273
gUr3ha aura dArzanika stara diyaa| pleTo ke darzana meM sukarAta kI uThAyI huI mUla samasyA parama niSkarSa athavA parama paripakvatA nahIM miltii| sukarAta ne jisa bIja ko aMkurita kiyA vaha pleToM meM pallavita aura arastu meM vikasita hmaa| arastU ne adhika vyApaka, spaSTa aura pUrNa naitika siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| usakA nItizAstra pleTo ke rahasyavAdI aura varAgyavAdI sujhAvoM se mukta hokara pUrNa mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ko apanAtA hai| pleTo aura arastU mAnate haiM ki satya kA jJAna apane-ApameM vAMchanIya dhyeya hai| vaha kalyANa kI prApti ke lie bAhya sAdhana nahIM, varan svataH kalyANa hI hai| cintanayukta jIvana ko parama zubha mAnate hue unhoMne jJAna ke donoM, vyAvahArika aura saiddhAntika, pakSoM ko samAna smjhaa| ataH mAtra cintana yA buddhivAda se unakA siddhAnta mukta hai| sadguNoM kA svarUpa-donoM ne hI vaiyaktika kalyANa kI samAna dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyaa| Atma-kalyANa kA jIvana prAtmA ke vibhinna aMgoM aura vyApAroM kI saMgati kA jIvana hai| pleTo ne mAnA ki uccatama jIvana arthAt dArzanika jIvana taka bahuta kama loga pahu~ca pAte haiN| vaha jIvana sAmAnya jIvana se bhinna aura zreSTha hai| arastU kA zreSTha buddha kA vyaktitva aura thegoriyA kI dhAraNA pleTo ke mata kA samarthana karatI hai| aise vyakti ko janasAmAnya se adhika adhikAra prApta nahIM hai varan use rAjya ke kalyANa kI cintA hotI hai| rAjya kA kalyANa vyakti ke kalyANa se adhika zreSTha aura vyApaka hai| vyakti ko apane sAmAjika uttaradAyitya ko bhalI-bhA~ti nibhAnA cAhie / arastu ne apane naitika sadguNoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue unheM vyakti aura samAja donoM ke lie mUlyavAna btlaayaa| sadguNa buddhi ke una niyantraNoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM jo sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie Avazyaka haiN| pleTo ne samagratA aura aMgoM kI dhAraNA dvArA evaM saMgati aura ekIkaraNa ke siddhAnta ke prati bauddhika prema dvArA sAmAjika kartavya ko samajhAyA hai| usakI saMgati kI dhAraNA nyAya kI dhAraNA hai| nyAya vyakti aura samAja donoM ke lie vAMchanIya hai / kintu pleTo kI nyAya kI dhAraNA janasAmAnya ke lie amUrta aura atyadhika AdarzavAdI hai / vaha unheM AkarSita karake karma karane ke lie paryApta preraka nahIM bana sktii| usako sazakta evaM dRr3ha preraka banAne ke lie sahAnubhUti tathA sAmAjika pravRttiyoM ke sAtha yukta karanA hogA aura usakI upayogitA ko samajhAnA hogaa| 272 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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donoM ne hI buddhi ko manuSya kI sarvazreSTha viziSTatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / buddhi vaha kSamatA hai jo satya kA jJAna detI hai / buddhi ko sarvocca mAnane para bhI unhoMne zuSka jJAnavAda kA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai / vizuddha sukhavAda kI AlocanA karate hue unhoMne samajhAyA ki sukha kI prApti una icchAtroM para nirbhara hai jo sukha ke atirikta anya vastunoM kI icchA karatI haiM / sukha aura saundaryabodha kalyANa ke anivArya aMga haiM / pleTo aura arastU kI praNAlI- donoM ke naitika Adarza kI dhAraNA samAna hai, para praNAlI bhinna hai / pleTo sarvatra saMgati aura ekatA ko dekhate hue sAmAnyIkaraNa karatA hai / grarastu vizleSaNa zraura vibhAjana ko apanAtA hai / arastu naitika sadguNoM ke vyAvahArika artha khojatA hai tathA pleTo unakI mUlagata ekatA ko DhUMr3hatA hai / arastU kI bhinnatAmUlaka buddhi nItizAstra ko anya vijJAnoM se bhinna kara detI hai / pleTo ke lie naitika Adarza aura tAtvika astitva eka hI haiM / kintu arastU yAthArthavAda ke AdhAra para ise mahattva nahIM detA ki sarvazreSTha vicAragamya zubha ko manuSya prApta kara sakatA hai / arvAcIna pUrNatAvAda praveza - kANTa buddhi aura saMkalpa ke aikya ko samajhAne meM asamartha rahA aura usakI isa durbalatA ne eka ora to jarmanI ke bauddhika pradarzavAdiyoM (phisTe, zeliGga aura hIgala) ko prabhAvita kiyA aura dUsarI zrora zaoNpenahAvara' ke svecchAvAdI nirAzAvAda ( Voluntaristic pessimism ) ko / bauddhika AdarzavAdiyoM ne samajhAyA ki Atma-prabuddha buddhi yA mAnasa (self-conscious reason or mind) parama satya hai aura unhoMne saMkalpa ko isI satya ke AdhAra para samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA / apane aise siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane meM ve isa prAzAvAdI niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki vAstavika sattA anivAryataH zubha hai| naitika darzana ke kSetra meM hIgala ko Adhunika pUrNatAvAdiyoM kA pravartaka hone kA zreya prApta hai / hIgala se hI anuprANita hokara grIna, breDale, bausenke, mekeJjI, myoraheDa, jemsa setha Adi ne isa purAtana - nUtana vicAradhArA ko agrasara kiyA / naitika vikAsa kA artha - pUrNatAvAda ne samajhAyA ki jaiva vikAsa kI 1. Schopenhauer. For Personal & Private Use Only pUrNatAvAda / 273

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bhA~ti naitika vikAsa yAntrika nahIM hai / manuSya ko apane dhyeya kI prApti ke lie prayAsa karanA cAhie yadyapi vikAsa ke krama meM mAnasa grAtma prabuddhatA kI ora bar3ha rahA hai / manuSya kevala karma hI nahIM karatA varan apane karmoM tathA jJAna para cintana bhI karatA hai | samasAmayika pUrNatAvAdI eka ora grIna kI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita hue haiM aura dUsarI ora hIgala aura kANTa kI / ina pUrNatA - vAdiyoM ke anusAra jisa sattA kI pUrNatA ko caritArtha kahanA hai vaha kevala prakRti yA sAra nahIM balki AtmA aura saMkalpa hai| jo niyama AtmA kI pUrNatA kA prAdeza detA hai vaha prakRti athavA kisI anya zakti kA nahIM, AtmA kA niyama hai / yaha grAtmA vAstavikatA ke mUla meM hai / yaha vaha zAzvata jJAtA hai jisake hama pratirUpa haiM / hIgala tathA kANTa se prabhAvita pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne saMkalpa ke svarUpa at nItizAstra ke lie paryApta prAdhAra mAnA aura grIna se prabhAvita pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne AtmA ke svarUpa ko / pUrNatAvAda aura anya siddhAnta - prAcIna aura arvAcIna, donoM hI kAla ke, pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne apane siddhAnta ko AdarzavAdI tattvadarzana para AdhArita kara Atma-sAkSAtkAra evaM Atma- pUrNatA ko jIvana kA dhyeya mAnA / zubha astitva kI paripUrNatA kI prApti para nirbhara hai aura vaha astitva AtmA yA saMkalpa hai / vaha niyama jo Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA Adeza detA hai astitva kA vaha sAmAnya niyama nahIM hai jisake anusAra pratyeka vastu apane svabhAva kI pUrNatA ko prApta hotI hai pratyuta AtmA kA vaha niyama hai jo antima vizleSaNa meM samasta vAstavikatA kA srota hai / apanI AtmA ko vizvAtmA mAnanA tathA usakI prApti ke lie prayAsa karanA hI manuSya kA dhyeya hai / isI para AtmA kI paripUrNatA nirbhara hai | ataH jisa AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra karanA cAhate haiM vaha sImita tathA sAmAnya anubhava dvArA jJAta AtmA nahIM hai balki zAzvata, prAdhyAtmika jJAtA AtmA hai jo apane ko sImita AtmAoM dvArA punarutpanna karatA hai / aisA siddhAnta na buddhivAda, na sahajajJAnavAda aura na prakRtivAda ke antargata prA sakatA hai / buddhivAdI manuSya ke mUrta vyaktitva ko samajhane meM asamartha rahe / pUrNatA - vAdiyoM ne mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara buddhivAdiyoM kI isa kamI ko dUra kiyA / unhoMne kANTa kI niyamAnuvartitA kI dhAraNA ke badale usa niyama at for jise dhyeya kI dhAraNA nirdhArita karatI hai aura jo sampUrNa grAtmA ko sthAyI Ananda detA hai | ataH naitika niyama rUpAtmaka evaM antartathya zUnya nahIM hai / prakRtivAdiyoM ke viparIta pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne bAhya prakRti ko mAnasa kA hI 274 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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eka rUpa mAnA aura samajhAyA ki anubhavAtmaka aura varNanAtmaka praNAlI ko apanAkara naitika bAdhyatA tathA kartavya ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| sahajajJAnavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti unhoMne zubha-azubha kI vibhaktiyoM ko parama nahIM mAnA kyoMki inheM do svatantra satyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhAyA jA sktaa| azabha abauddhika pravRtti yA vastuoM ke ekAMgI jJAna kA sUcaka hai / prakRti aura mAnasa eka-dUsare ke virodhI nahIM balki mAnasa prakRti meM antahita haiN| virodhoM meM sAmaMjasya-pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne mAnava-svabhAva kI saMgati ko samajhAyA / dArzanika siddhAntoM tathA mAnava-saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA itihAsa batalAtA hai ki cintana aura vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hameM sarvatra, sabhI deza aura sabhI kAloM meM vairAgyavAdI aura bhogavAdI do dRSTikoNa milate haiN| ye donoM hI vAstavika jIvana-samasyA para AdhArita haiM aura naitika cintana ke lie paryApta sAmagrI dete haiN| buddhi aura bhAvanA donoM ke hI adhikAra ko samajhanA usa vyApaka siddhAnta ko apanAnA hai jo ki manuSya ke lie vAMchanIya hai| aise vAMchanIya siddhAnta ko dene kA prayAsa pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne kiyA hai| niHsandeha naitika vijJAna kA kAma eka sthitaprajJa kA kAma hai| apanI ugratA ke kAraNa vAstavika jIvana kA nirAkaraNa karanevAlI pravRttiyoM aura vicAroM ko samatva ke mAnadaNDa ke adhIna rakhanA ucita hai / ataH donoM ke pratibhAsita cira-prasaMgata virodhoM ko dUra karane kA zreya pUrNatAvAda ko hai| pleTo ne buddhi aura bhAvanA donoM ke sAmAnya jIvana kI usa ekatA ko samajhAyA jo nyAya aura saMgati kI dhAraNA se saMcAlita hai / hIgala ne indriyabodha aura buddhi meM saMgati dekhI / vaha saMvedanA aura vicAra kI ekatA ke mUrta tathya ko yaha kahakara sthApita karatA hai ki vAstavika hI buddhimaya hai| grIna ne apanI pustaka' meM isa saMgati ko samajhAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai / bhAvanA aura buddhi kI saMgati aura ekatA ko samajhane ke lie yaha samajhanA bhI atyanta Avazyaka hai ki unameM virodha hai anyathA yaha saMgati sArthaka nahIM hogii| prAcIna vicArakoM ne virodha ko atyadhika mahattva diyA aura isalie ve usa jIvana ko nahIM samajhA pAye jo mAnava-jIvana hai| Adhunika vicArakoM, vizeSakara, hIgala ke matAvalambiyoM ne indriyoM ko buddhi kA pratirUpa aura siranAmA kahakara samanvaya kI usa samasyA ko haTA diyA jo vAstava meM hai| kintu phira bhI pUrNatAvAdiyoM ke lie yaha mAnanA hogA ki 1. Prolegomena to Ethics. pUrNatAvAda | 275 For Personal & Private Use Only

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unhoMne sukhavAda aura baddhivAda kI ekAMgitA se Upara uThane kA prayAsa kiyA aura usa sarvagrAhI dRSTikoNa ko apanAne kA prayatna kiyA jisake AdhAra para samyaka siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kalyANakArI mArga kI pora-jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie AtmA ke svarUpa ko jAnane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| sabhI pUrNatAvAdI buddhi aura bhAvanA ke prazna ko uThAte haiM aura inake sambhAvita samanvaya kI dhAraNA ko lekara naitika samasyAoM ko hala karate haiM / isa samanvaya kI dhAraNA ke mUla meM parama satya, caitanya tattva, parama pratyaya athavA bhagavAn haiN| aisI parama ekatA ko svIkAra karane para bhI unhoMne manuSya ke svatantra astitva ko samajhane kI ceSTA kI hai aura usakI yogyatAnoM tathA sImAnoM kA parIkSaNa kiyA hai / arastU kA madhyama mArga aura breDale kA 'merI sthiti aura kartavya' manuSya ke mUrta sAmAjika astitva ke sUcaka haiN| yadyapi samAja kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya hIgala vyaktitva ko bhUla jAtA hai phira bhI sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne vyakti aura samAja ke nyAyocita adhikAra aura svatantra kintu paraspara nirbhara mUlya ko samajhA hai| pratyeka vyakti bauddhika hai| usakA apanA astitva hai| usake vyaktitva kI pUrNatA dUsaroM kI pUrNatA kI apekSA rakhatI hai| jisa svArtha aura paramArtha ke prazna ko anya vicArakoM ne zAzvata samasyA kA rUpa de diyA thA use pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne mAnava satya ke AdhAra para samajhAyA aura use AkarSaka, sundara, vyApaka, vAstavika tathA kalyANakArI rUpa diyaa| yadi isa satya ke AdhAra para Aja ke vizvavyApI zoSaka-zopita ke prazna ko sulajhAyeM to vyaktiyoM aura rASTroM ke dhvaMsa ke badale eka unnata mAnava-jAti kA nirmANa ho jAyegA jise ki pAzavika pravRttiyA~ chipAye hue ___vyaktitva ko prApta karo'- isa kathana dvArA pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne samajhAyA ki saMkIrNa prAtmA se Upara uThakara bauddhika prAtmA kI paripUrNatA ko prApta karanA caahie| isake lie prAtmA ke svarUpa ko pahacAnanA Avazyaka hai| prAtmA kA jJAna una zaktiyoM para niyantraNa rakhatA hai jo ki adhomukhI haiN| vaha hameM kartavyabodha detA hai| vaha hameM yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki pratyeka vyakti bauddhika hai aura usakA svatantra astitva hai| aisA jJAna usa AtmatyAga kI ora prerita karatA hai jo ki prAtma-kalyANa aura pUrNatA kA sUcaka hai| saMkIrNa AtmA kI matyu hI AdhyAtmika AtmA ke jIvana kA prArambha hai jo AtmA aura 276 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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vizvAtmA ko tAdAtmya kI ora le jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM vyakti apanI sAmAjika sthiti, sAmAjika uttaradAyitva aura lokakalyANa kI ora pUrNataH saceta rahatA hai| vaha vizva meM sarvatra saMgati aura samAnatA dekhatA hai| usakA jIvana jana-maMgalamaya ho jAtA hai / pUrNatAvAda | 277 For Personal & Private Use Only

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19 mUlyavAda praveza-nItizAstra AcaraNa kA Adarza detA hai aura AcaraNa svecchAkRta karmoM kA sUcaka hai / naitika nirNaya karmoM ke zubha aura azubha svarUpa ke bAre meM batalAte haiN| sAmAnya vArtAlApa meM zubha-azubha kA prayoga karmoM ke atirikta anya vastuoM aura ghaTanAoM ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| inakA aisA anizcita prayoga usa vijJAna kI apekSA rakhatA hai jo ki inake vibhinna arthoM para prakAza DAle tathA una arthoM kI pArasparika bhinnatA aura vizeSatA ko smjhaaye| aisA siddhAnta mUlyoM athavA mAnyatAoM kA vijJAna (Axiology or the science of values) kahalAtA hai| mUlyoM kA vijJAna sAmAnyataH zubha-azubha vastuoM kA vivecana karatA hai : lalita kalA, sundara nRtya, zubha AcaraNa, rahasyAnubhUti Adi ke bAre meM nirNaya detA hai / ve naitika siddhAnta, jo hetuvAdI haiM aura jinake anusAra ve karma zubha haiM jo mUlyavAn pariNAmoM ko dete haiM, mUlyavAda ke siddhAnta (value theories) haiN| mAnyatAoM ke vijJAna kA prayoga jaba nItizAstra ke kSetra meM kiyA jAtA hai to usakA sambandha una vastuoM yA dRzyoM se nahIM hotA jo sundara haiM, balki usake dvArA karmoM ke pariNAmoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta vaha siddhAnta hai jo karma ke aucitya yA zubhatva ko isa AdhAra para A~katA hai ki usakA pariNAma eka viziSTa artha meM zubha hai| prazna yaha hai, kina mUlyavAle pariNAmoM ko naitika rUpa se zubha kaha sakate haiM aura mUlya ke kyA artha haiM ? zubha aura mUlya-mUlyavAdiyoM ne zubha ko mUlya ke rUpa meM samajhAyA aura sAdhyagata mUlya tathA sAdhanagata mUlya ke bheda dvArA siddha kiyA ki sAdhyagata malyoM evaM prAbhyantarika mUlyoM kI prApti hI parama zubha hai jo ki satya, saundarya aura 278 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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ziva kA eka-dUsare ke paraspara ucita sambandha meM rahanA hai / ataH parama mUlya daihika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika AtmA kI pUrNatA hai / parama mUlya vaha hai jo sampUrNa AtmA ko santoSa detA hai / athavA mUlyavAdiyoM ke anusAra Atma-sAkSAtkAra vibhinna mAnyatAoM kA vaha bauddhika niyama hai jo ki kramazaH AtmA kI kSamatAnoM ko santulita rUpa meM sazakta karatA hai / mUlya kA mAnadaNDa' usa prAcaraNa kI ora le jAtA hai jo niHzreyas athavA sarvazreSTha mUlyavAna kI prApti meM sahAyaka hai / vizva meM nihita parama satya kI prApti hI parama dhyeya hai / yaha niHzreyas hai / isase adhika mUlyavAn anya kucha nahIM hai / kucha vicArakoM ne bhagavAn ko parama mUlya kahA hai / vaha svayambhU pUrNatA hai / itihAsa ke pravAha meM vyakti isa sarvocca mUlya kA anusandhAna kara rahA hai / mUlyavAda tathA anya vicAraka - buddhivAdI, sukhavAdI, pUrNatAvAdI Adi vicArakoM ne mUlyavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti hI naitika Adarza ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA / buddhivAdiyoM athavA kANTa ne naitika Adarza ko niyama ke rUpa meM dekhA, sukhavAdiyoM ne sukha aura pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne usa pUrNatA ke rUpa meM jo vyakti aura samAja ke jIvana kI caritArthatA hai / kANTa kA niyamAnuvartitA kA siddhAnta antartathyazUnya hai aura sukhavAdI usa naitika siddhAnta ko dene meM asamartha haiM jo sArvabhauma aura vastugata hai / pUrNatAvAdiyoM kI pUrNatA kI dhAraNA naitikatA ko eka satya tathya avazya detI hai kintu ve spaSTa aura vyApaka rUpa se pUrNatA kA artha samajhAne meM asamartha rhe| mUlyavAdI pUrNatAvAdiyoM kI bhA~ti naitikatA kI vyAkhyA zrAtmasAkSAtkAra ke rUpa meM karate haiM / ve anya tAttvika siddhAntoM se isa bAta meM bhinna haiM ki naitikatA kI ora unakA dRSTikoNa zIla kI Adhunikatama vikasita dhAraNA kA hai / unake lie sAmAnya mUlya ( generic value), jo ki naitika mUlya se bhinna hai, astitva para nirbhara nahIM varan astitva kI bAdhyatA para nirbhara hai / 2 vAstava meM, mulyavAdiyoM ne usI prAcIna kintu ciranUtana prazna ko uThAyA jise ki sukarAta aura pleToM ne uThAyA thA aura vaha hai, zubha kA kyA rUpa hai ? mUlyavAdI isI samasyA kA hala karane ke lie prazna karate haiM : parama mUlya se kyA abhiprAya hai ? 1. The Standard as Value. 2. Hill, pp. 273. For Personal & Private Use Only mUlyavAda / 276

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mUlya kI samasyA-yadi mUlya ke AdhAra para naitikatA athavA AcaraNa ke zubhanva ko samajhA jAtA hai to mUlya se hamArA kyA abhiprAya hai ? jIvana meM usakA kyA sthAna hai ? mAnasa ke kisI bhI siddhAnta, vicAra aura dhAraNA ko mUlya kA rUpa nahIM de sakate haiN| yadi vyakti kisI sAmAjika pracalana ke anurUpa karma karatA hai aura sAmAjika dRSTi se usakA AcaraNa zubha hai to naitika dRSTi se usake AcaraNa ko malya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| mUlya usa satya ko kaha sakate haiM jisake lie vyakti yA samAja jIvita rahatA hai aura jisake lie AvazyakatA par3ane para vaha saMgharSa karane, duHkha sahane tathA mRtyu ko svIkAra karane ke lie bhI tatpara hai| mUlya kA Arthika prayoga-jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ne 'mUlya' ko Arthika rUpa diyaa| sarvasAmAnya ke jIvana meM malya apane Arthika rUpa meM hI prayoga meM prAtA hai| mUlya ke sAtha hI unheM paisoM kA dhyAna AtA hai, athavA, ve usa vastu ko mUlyavAn mAnate haiM jo ki icchAoM kI tRpti karatI hai| kSadhA ke kAraNa bhojana evaM khAdya padArthoM ko aura jIvana kI kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa nivAsa aura vastra ko mUlyavAn samajhA jAtA hai| janasAmAnya ke lie ve vastue~ aura viSaya mUlyavAn haiM jo kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura icchAoM kI tRpti karate haiN| arthazAstra ne mUlya kA prayoga do arthoM meM kiyA hai : vyavahAra (upayoga) ke artha meM aura vinimaya ke artha meM / vyavahAra ke artha meM mUlya vastu kI usa samatA ko vyakta karatA hai jo mAnava-AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM ko santoSa dene meM sahAyaka hai / vinimaya ke artha meM yaha eka vastu kA dUsarI vastu se AdAna-pradAna kA sUcaka hai jo vartamAna yuga meM dhana ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai, jise vastu kI kImata yA mUlya kahate haiN| mUla kA arthazAstrIya artha sImita hai / vaha jaiva AvazyakatAoM ke lie sAdhana mAtra hai / apane sImita artha meM pratyeka vastu, yahA~ taka ki, surA kA bhI mUlya hai kyoMki yaha pInevAle ko tRpti detI hai / mUlya ke vinimaya ke rUpaka ko bhI nItizAstra meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki vaha vastuoM kA parimANAtmaka mUlyAMkana karatA hai / sukhavAdiyoM kI naitika gaNanA aisI hI bhrAnti para AdhArita hai / naitikatA guNAtmaka mUlyAMkana ko svIkAra karatI hai, na ki parimANAtmaka / mUlya ke do rUpa-Arthika aura naitika mUlya kA bheda prAbhyantarika mUlya 280 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura bAhya mUlya' parama mUlya aura nimitta mUlya', tathA sthAyI mUlya aura asthAyI mUlya evaM sAdhyagata mUlya aura sAdhanagata mUlya kA hai / samasta vyavahAra kA mUlya, jisase ki arthazAstra kA sambandha hai, sAdhanagata mUlya hai| naitikatA kA sambandha sAdhyagata mUlya evaM parama mUlya se hai / vaha vastu, jo apane-ApameM zubha hai, parama mUlya rakhatI hai| sabhI sukhada vastueM, athavA ve vastue~ jo kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM manuSya ko santoSa detI haiM, vyAvahArika mUlya rakhatI haiN| santoSa ke viSayoM kA mUlya unakI upayogitA para nirbhara hai| naitika mUlyavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki vastue~ kabhI bhI kevala isa kAraNa naitika rUpa se zubha nahIM hotI ki ve santoSa yA zlAghA kA viSaya haiN| isa tathya ko mAnanA ki vastue~ naitika rUpa se zubha isalie haiM ki ve sukhaprada haiM, prAkRtika hetvAbhAsa hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki pratidina ke sAmAnya vArtAlApa meM una vastuoM aura viSayoM ko zubha kahate haiM jo ki vyAkhyA karanevAle ko santoSa dete haiM athavA jo usakI dRSTi meM zlAghanIya haiM, kintu mAtra zlAghA aura santoSa ke viSayoM ko hama naitika mUlya nahIM pradAna kara skte| arbana dvArA mUlyoM kA vizleSaNa-arbana ne mUlyoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai : jaivika (Organic) tathA ati-jaivika (Hyper-organic) / punaH jaivika malyo ke antargata unhoMne tIna prakAra ke mUlyoM kI carcA kI hai : daihika Arthika tathA manoraMjana ke mUlya / ati-jaivika ke antargata unhoMne sAmAjika tathA prAdhyAtmika malyoM ko mAnA hai| sAmAjika mUlya ke antargata sAhacarya-sambandhI tathA caritra-sambandhI (cAritrika) mUlya Ate haiN| AdhyAtmika mUlya bauddhika, saundaryaparaka tathA dhArmika mUlyoM kA samAveza karatA hai / vaise, sabhI mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai-sAdhananata mUlya aura sAdhyagata mUlya / spaSTa hI, naitikatA sAdhyagata mUlya ko mahattva detI hai, vaha parama sAdhya ko prApta karanA cAhatI hai| __ mUlyoM ke vibhinna stara-jo vyakti mUlya ko mahattva detA hai usake lie apane-ApameM koI bhI karma bhalA yA burA nahIM hai| vahI niyama aura karma acche haiM jo sarvocca mUlya kI prApti meM sahAyaka haiM / kintu sarvocca mUlya ko vikasita 1. Intrinsic value and Extrinsic value. 2. Absolute value and Instrumental value. 3. Permanent value and Transient value. mUlyavAda | 281 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cetanA hI samajha sakatI hai / cetanA ke krama vikAsa kI sthiti hI mUlyoM ke vibhinna staroM kI sUcaka hai / jise hama vibhinna jAtiyoM aura vyaktiyoM ke mUlyoM kA saMgharSa athavA eka hI vyakti ke prAntarika jagat ke mUlyoM kA saMgharSa kahate haiM vaha batalAtA hai ki apUrNa vikAsa evaM samyak jJAna kA prabhAva hI isa saMgharSa ke mUla meM hai / viziSTa vyaktitva, paristhiti tathA zrAvazyakatA mUla ke vibhinna svarUpoM ko hamAre sammukha rakhatI hai / mUlyoM ke sApekSa rUpa tathA ucca sthiti ko prApta hotI huI kramika zrRMkhalA evaM guNAtmaka bheda batalAtA hai ki mUlya sAdhAraNa zrAvazyakatA se lekara sarvocca AvazyakatA ko samajhAtA hai / mUlyoM kI eka Upara ko uThatI huI zreNI hai jisakA ki vyakti apane vikAsa ke krama meM anusaraNa karatA hai | manuSya apanI avikasita avasthA meM mUlyoM kI nimnatara sthiti meM hotA hai / vaha jIvita rahane kI icchA ko itanA adhika mUlya pradAna karatA hai ki jIvita rahane ke lie pazu - jIvana ko bhI svIkAra kara letA hai / mUlyoM kA mApadaNDa pazujIvana kI AvazyakatAoM se nirvaiyaktika aura sArvabhauma mUlyoM kI icchA ta vistRta hai / udAharaNArtha, svatantratA aura naitikatA - satya, nyAya, saundarya, sevA, samAnatA, bandhutva ke siddhAnta prAdi sArvabhauma mUlyoM kA AvAhana karate haiM / mahAn santoM, dArzanikoM aura adhyAtmavAdiyoM ne bhI yaha anubhava kiyA hai ki ye mUlya parama aura zAzvata haiM, inakA sadaiva astitvaM rahegA aura ye sabake lie samAna rUpa se satya rheNge| niHsandeha satya, ziva, saundarya, prema, pUrNatA, svatantratA Adi zAzvata mUlya haiM phira bhI inake rUpa dezakAla kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra badalate rahate haiM / yadyapi kalA ke Adarza aura zailiyA~ badalatI rahatI haiM kintu unameM saundarya kI hI zAzvata khoja milatI hai / P Aja ke yuga meM bahutoM ke lie dhana hI saba kucha hai, ve dhana ko hI sarvocca mUlya pradAna karate haiM, aura kucha ke lie saphalatA saMskRti kA mApadaNDa hai; kintu naitika jIvana ke premiyoM ke lie yaha yAda rakhanA anivArya hai ki dhana jIvana kA eka aMga mAtra hai aura vaha bhI sarvAdhika Avazyaka aMga nahIM hai / isI bhA~ti saphala honA saMskRta honA nahIM hai / antarbodha ke pradeza kA pAlana, sevA, tyAga, saccaritratA, prema, satyatA Adi zAzvata mUlyoM kI prApti dhana aura saphalatA me kahIM adhika zreSTha hai kyoMki manuSya aura jo kucha bhI ho vaha vyakti athavA grAtmA avazya hI hai aura mAnava mUlya kI paryApta dhAraNA taba taka nahIM banAyI jA sakatI jaba taka ki Atma-sAkSAtkAra kI dhAraNA kA samAveza nahIM kiyA jAye / vibhinna vastunoM, AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM kA guNAtmaka mUlyAMkana Atma 282 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAkSAtkAra ke sambandha meM hI kara sakate haiN| ata: vahI prAbhyantarika rUpa se mUlyavAn hai jo vyaktitva kI pUrNatA ke lie anivArya hai; yaha, vAstava meM, dhanAtmaka aura RNAtmaka mUlyoM ke bheda kI ora hameM le jAtA hai| dhanAtmaka mUlya kI vastu zubha hai| vaha Atma-pUrNatA meM sahAyaka hai; usake viparIta, vaha vastu, jo pUrNatA athavA sAkSAtkAra ke mArga meM virodha utpanna karatI hai, RNAtmaka mUlya kI vastu hai, tathA azubha hai / ___ kANTa ke anusAra zubha saMkalpa hI eka mAtra prAbhyantarika malya evaM tAttvika mUlya hai / sukhavAdiyoM ne sukha ko, buddhivAdiyoM ne buddhi ko tathA gAMdhIjI ne satya ko sAdhya mUlya se yukta mAnA hai| isI bhA~ti anya vicAraka viveka, saundarya, svatantratA, prema Adi ko parama mUlyavAna mAnate haiN| sAdhya mUlya kI vibhinna dhAraNAe~ yaha batalAtI haiM ki vaha vastu, jo apane-ApameM pUrNa hai evaM anya vastuoM ke lie sAdhana mAtra nahIM hai, parama mUlyavAn athavA parama zubha hai| mUlyavAdiyoM ke anusAra prAtma-sAkSAtkAra yA Atma-pUrNatA hI parama zubha hai| vaha tAttvika mUlyayukta pUrNatA hai| prAbhyantarika zubha vaiyaktika bhI hai-parama mUlyavAn vastu vaha nahIM hai jo kSaNika vicAroM, bhAvanAoM aura icchAoM ko tapta karatI hai kintu jise pratyeka vivekI vyakti mUlyavAn mAnatA hai / sAdhya mUlya kI vastu hI parama zubha hai / yaha zubha vastugata hote hue bhI Atmagata hai / parama zubha sArvabhauma hai yadyapi yaha vyakti dvArA prApta hotA hai| parama zubha kI prApti sukha detI hai yadyapi sukha parama zubha nahIM hai| zubha evaM mUlya kA sukhada honA isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki isakA anubhava vyakti karate haiM / ata: naitika mUlya vaiyaktika aura sArvabhauma donoM hI hai| mUlya vaha hai jise vyakti mahattva detA hai aura usake anurUpa karma karatA hai| pratyeka vyakti yaha anubhava karatA hai ki mUlya kI dhAraNA usakI apanI sampatti hai / vaha kevala yahI nahIM kahatA ki maiM isa vastu ko mUlya detA hU~ balki usa mUlya ke anurUpa karma karane ke lie sadaiva tatpara bhI rahatA hai| dhana ko parama mUlya denevAlA vyakti dhana upArjana ke lie nindanIya karmoM ko saharSa svIkAra kara letA hai aura yaza kA AkAMkSI apanA sarvasva tyAga karake yaza prApta karanA cAhatA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki apane vyApAra meM mulya Atmagata yA bhAva-pradhAna hai aura vaha pratyeka vyakti meM bhinna hai / mUlya kriyAzIla bhI hai / yaha manuSya ke antaratama meM jagatI huI vaha zakti hai jo use eka viziSTa prakAra se karma karane ke lie prerita karatI hai aura usake jIvana ko apane anurUpa zAsita kara use eka viziSTa dizA mUlyavAda / 283 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pradAna karatI hai| malya kevala manuSya ko yaha nahIM batAtA ki use kyA karanA cAhie varan usake AcaraNa ko zAsita bhI karatA hai / mUlya kA aisA zaktimaya svarUpa hameM batalAtA hai ki hameM zubha mUlyoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| mUlya kA sambandha vyakti se hai ata: vyakti ko viveka ko jAgrata karake usa karma ko apanAnA cAhie jo ki paristhiti-vizeSa meM Atma-pUrNatA kI prApti ke lie sarvottama ho| mUlyoM kA uttarottara vikAsa : tulanAtmaka sthiti-mUlya kA Atmagata pakSa yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki bhinna-bhinna vyaktiyoM ke mUlya bhinna hote haiM aura eka hI vyakti meM bhI ve usakI vikAsa kI avasthA ke anusAra badalate rahate haiN| apane bodha aura vivecana kI zakti (nIrakSIra viveka) ke anurUpa pratyeka vyakti eka viziSTa tathya aura viSaya ko mUlya detA hai| janasAmAnya ke jIvana kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki koI bhI mUlya aisA nahIM hai jisake bAre meM hama yaha kaha sakeM ki yaha pratyeka vyakti aura pratyeka rASTra ko mAnya hai| pratyeka apane svabhAva, vyaktitva aura cetanA ke vikAsa ke stara ke anurUpa viSaya ko mUlyavAna mAnatA hai| athavA mAnava-cetanA kI vibhinna sthitiyoM kA adhyayana daihika AvazyakatAoM kI tRpti ko mUlyavAn samajhane kI sthiti ne AtmapUrNatA ko mUlyavAna samajhane kI sthiti kA aMdhyayana hai / mUlyavAda kisI bhI mUlya kA pUrNa rUpa se nirAkaraNa nahIM karatA hai kintu sAtha hI usa parama mUlya ko bhI samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai jo zAzvata aura sArvabhauma hai / vaha nimnatama mUlya se lekara uccatama mUlya ke sthAna ko nirdhArita karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| sAdhyagata aura sAdhanagata mUlyoM ke bheda dvArA mUlyavAdI sAdhanagata mUlyoM kI upekSA nahIM karate haiM balki yaha samajhAte haiM ki Arthika, daihika, manoraMjana sambandhI mUlya prAbhyantarika mUlyoM kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka haiN| athavA AtmA kI vibhinna AvazyakatAoM-zArIrika, bauddhika, kalAtmaka Adi kI ucita parimANa meM tRpti hI parama zubha yA niHzreyas mUlya hai / prAtma-sAkSAtkAra vaha hai jo vibhinna aMzoM kI Avayavika samagratA evaM ekatA hai / yaha jJAna, saMskRti, saundarya, sadguNa Adi ke pArasparika ucita sambandha para nirbhara hai / sarvocca zubha mUlyoM ke eka-dUsare se samucita prakAra se sambandhita zreNiyoM ko kahate haiN| ataH daihika mUlya se zreSTha sAmAjika mUlya hai aura sAmAjika se zreSTha AdhyAtmika mUlya tathA jJAna aura saundarya se zreSTha naitika zubhatva yA sadguNa haiM / mUlyoM kI tulanA karake unakI kramika zreSThatA ke AdhAra para hama 284 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kaha sakate haiM ki prAbhyantarika mUlya bAhya mUlya se zreSTha haiM aura sthAyI mUlya asthAyI mUlya se / ___ mUlyoM kA tulanAtmaka mUlyAMkana batalAtA hai ki saba mUlya saparimANa (commensurable) haiM athavA pratyeka zubha evaM mUlya ko tolA jA sakatA hai aura usakA sthAna nimnatama se uccatama mUlyoM kI uttarottara vikasita hotI haI zreNI meM nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| vividha zubhoM kA sthAna nirdhArita karane ke lie unakI rAzi aura guNa donoM ko samajhanA hogaa| mUlyoM kA guNAtmaka bheda spaSTa batalAtA hai ki jaba nimna aura ucca mUlyoM ke bIca cayana kA prazna uThe to sadaiva ucca mUlya kA varaNa karanA cAhie / yahI kAraNa hai ki eka prakAra kA zubha cAhe rAzi meM kitanA hI adhika ho vaha dUsare prakAra ke zubha kI pUrti nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH jaba paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa yaha asambhava ho jAtA hai ki hama sabhI prakAra ke zubhoM ko apane yA dUsaroM ke lie prApta kara sakeM taba hameM yaha nizcita kara lenA cAhie ki unameM se kauna-sA sarvazreSTha zubha hai jise ki prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| naitika jJAna batalAtA hai ki vahI karma ucita hai jo zubha ko utpanna karatA hai| jaba vibhinna zabhoM meM se eka zubha ko canane kA prazna uThatA hai taba usa zabha ko cunanA ucita hai jo adhikatara zabha ko utpanna karatA hai / aisA kathana batalAtA hai ki saba prakAra ke zubhoM kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai aura hama saba prakAra ke zabhoM ko eka hI tulA meM tola sakate haiM tathA pratyeka kA dUsaroM ke sambandha meM ucita mUlya prA~kakara unake sApekSa mUlya ko nirdhArita kara sakate haiN| sabhI mUlya tole jA sakate haiM, kintu malyoM kA saparimANa honA yaha nahIM batalAtA ki eka mUlya kA viziSTa parimANa meM honA dUsare mUlya ke abhAva kI kamI pUrNa kara sakatA hai aura na hama baiMthama kI bhA~ti yahI kaha sakate haiM ki samAna parimANa hone para tuccha khela aura kavitA karane ke sukha ko samAna rUpa se zabha kaha sakate haiN| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki sAmAnya jIvana meM sabhI mUlyoM kI prApti asambhava hai / adhikatara bhinna prakAra ke zubhoM ke bIca virodha utpanna ho jAtA hai, aura taba yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki ucita viveka aura naitika cetanA kI sahAyatA se unakA mUlyAMkana karake zreSTha zubha ko cunA jAya / vaise satya, saundarya, zubha evaM sadguNa uccatama zubha ke aMga haiM aura prAMgika bhAva se sambaddha haiN| hameM pratyeka ko Avayavika samagratA ke aMga ke rUpa meM samajhane tathA prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, na ki asambaddha ikAI ke rUpa meM / yadi hama unheM Avayavika samagratA ke rUpa meM prApta karane meM mUlyavAda / 285 For Personal & Private Use Only

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asamartha hoM to hameM cAhie ki unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak karake samajhane kA prayAsa kareM aura mUlyoM kI tulA meM unake sthAna ko nirdhArita kreN| ___ Abhyantarika mUlya-mUlyavAdI AtmA ke jJAnAtmaka, kriyAtmaka aura rAgAtmaka svarUpoM ke AdhAra para satya, saundarya aura zubha yA sadguNa ko Abhyantarika mUlya pradAna karate haiN| ye apane-ApameM zubha haiN| inakI khoja vyakti inhIM ke lie karatA hai aura isalie ye sAdhya haiM, na ki sAdhana / satya AtmA ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa, saundarya rAgAtmaka pakSa aura zubha evaM naitika pUrNatA kriyAtmaka pakSa ko tuSTi pradAna karatA hai| ye malya ati vaiyaktika (overindividual) haiM ataeva sArvabhauma haiM / ye vyaktiyoM se svatantra haiM yadyapi vyakti inakA anubhava karate haiM / ye tInoM usI bhA~ti apRthak haiM jisa bhA~ti ki jJAna, karma aura bhaavnaa| kintu phira bhI yaha satya hai ki bauddhika rUpa se inakI abhinnatA ko samajhane meM asamartha haiN| zubha naitika kartavya yA bAdhyatA kI bhAvanA detA hai| naitika zubha kI cetanA naitika sthAyI bhAvanA se yukta hai| yaha sadAcAra ke mArga kI ora le jAtI hai| ataH zubha satya tathA saundarya kI bhA~ti nahIM hai / sundara citra kI prazaMsA karate samaya hama citrakAra kI preraNA, caritra evaM vyaktitva para nirNaya nahIM dete, kintu naitika zubha caritra para nirNaya detA hai / yaha advitIya aura anupama hai / bhagavAn ko parama mUlya mAnanevAle mUlyavAdI bhagavat prema ko pAbhyantarika mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| bhagavAn hI satya, saundarya aura ziva kI paripUrNatA hai| prArthanA aura divya milana advitIya Ananda haiN| ve apane-Apa meM zubha haiN| naitika malya bhagavat prema kI ora le jAtA hai| naitikatA mAnavatA ke prati sevA aura prema ko mahattva detI hai aura dharma bhagavata prema ko| naitika mUlya aura dhArmika mUlya donoM hI prema ko mahattva dete haiM aura prema hI paropakArI karma kA pramukha srota hai / prema ke dvArA hI hama dUsare ke caritra ko prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| bhagavata prema kA artha sarvazubha se hai| bhagavat prema aura par3osI kA prema hI naitika zubha kA sAra hai / vaiyaktika aura sAmUhika jIvana kI pUrNatA usa 1 tulanA kIjie na dhanaM na janaM na ca kAminI kavitAM vA jagadIza kAmaye mama janmani janmani Izvara bhagavatAdbhaktirahaituko tvayi / 286 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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- sarvocca zAzvata mUlya (bhagavAn) para nirbhara hai jisameM ki satya, saundarya aura ziva paripUrNatA prApta kara caritArtha hote haiM / zubha, naitika zubha aura parama zubha-zubha vaha hai jisakA naitika mUlya hai / isakA prayoga sAdhana aura sAdhya donoM arthoM meM hotA hai / zubha vyakti vaha hai jo vAstavika mUlyoM kI unnati ke lie, cAhe vaha sAdhana rUpa meM hoM yA sAdhya rUpa meM, apanI kSamatA ke anurUpa satata prayatnazIla hai / naitika mUlyoM kI vRddhi naitika zubha kI vRddhi hai aura naitika zubha parama zubha kI apekSA rakhatA hai / parama zubha vaha hai jo bauddhika prANI ko pUrNa santoSa detA hai yadyapi sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki parama zubha kI prApti durlabha hai / parama zubha ko usa vyavasthita bauddhika vidhAna ke rUpa meM samajhane para, joki bauddhika vyakti ko santoSa detA hai, prazna uThatA hai ki kyA parama zubha kI aisI dhAraNA vAstavika hai ? aisA prazna hameM tattvadarzana kI ora le jAtA hai / tAtvika kaThinAiyoM meM na jAkara itanA samajha lenA paryApta hogA ki naitika zubha evaM naitika mUlya isa tathya para AdhArita hai ki manuSya vartamAna sthiti se utpanna asantoSa ke kAraNa apanA yaha kartavya samajhatA hai ki vaha svecchA se usa mArga ko cune jisakI prApti use santoSa degI / aisI santoSa kI sthiti evaM naitika zubha kI prApti tathA sAkSAtkAra ke lie vyakti sadaiva prayAsa karatA hai / vartamAna asantoSa use isa sthiti kI prApti ke lie prerita karatA hai / vaha naitika zubha kA svatantratApUrvaka varaNa karake usa pUrNatA kI sthiti ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai jahA~ dukha, asantoSa aura pApa nahIM hai / yahI pUrNa zubha, pUrNa kalyANa aura pUrNa saundarya kI sthiti hai / aise zubha kA cayana karanA aura use prApta karane ke lie prayAsa karanA naitika zubha hai / ataH naitika zubha sAmAnya zubha se bhinna hai / sAmAnya taura se usa vastu ko zubha kahate haiM jo kisI vyakti vizeSa ko santoSa detI hai / kintu naitika zubha pUrNatA kI dhAraNA para AdhArita hai / vaha apane Apa meM zubha hai cAhe vaha vyakti ko santoSa de yA na deM / vaha cAhe vyakti ke lie sukhada ho yA duHkhada, vaha zubha hai / yadi yaha mAna leM ki naitika zubha vyakti ko sukha detA hai to isakA yaha artha nahIM ki naitika zubha kA zubhatva usake sukhada hone para nirbhara hai, kyoMki naitika zubha ke lie vyakti saharSa duHkha svIkAra karatA hai / zubha aura aucitya - prAtmagata aura vastugata aucitya - zubha-azubha kA For Personal & Private Use Only mUlyavAda / 287

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sambandha dhyeya se hai aura aucitya-anaucitya kA sambandha sAdhana se' / ata: ucita karma zubha kI prApti ke lie sAdhana mAtra hai| sAmAnya rUpa se ucita karma vaha hai jise ki upalabdha jJAna ke AdhAra para sabhI vyakti ucita kahate haiM / kintu adhikatara dekhA gayA hai ki jise saba loga acchA kahate haiM use vyakti-vizeSa anucita kahatA hai aura jise vyakti ucita kahatA hai use anya loga anucita kahate haiM / aisI paristhiti Atmagata aura vastugata praucitya ke prazna ko uThAtI hai| sthala rUpa se vyaktigata kalyANa ke anurUpa karma Atmagata aucityavAle hote haiM aura mAnava-kalyANa ke anurUpa karma vastugata aucityasampanna haiM / kyA Atmagata aura vastugata aucitya meM bheda hai, yA ve eka hI haiM ? naitikatA vaiyaktika zubha aura vAstavika zubha meM bheda nahIM dekhatI hai| vaiyaktika daSTi se vahI zubha hai jo vAstavika zubha kI prApti meM sahAyaka hai| vaise Atmagata aucitya use kahate haiM jise ki karma karanevAlA vyakti ucita samajhatA hai aura vastugata aucitya use jo ki vAstava meM zubha kI prApti meM sahAyaka hai| ucita karma ko samajhanA kaThina kArya hai| adhikatara kartA karma ke jisa mArga ko grahaNa karatA hai usake bAre meM vaha svayaM hI anizcita rahatA hai| jisa sAdhana ko cunate haiM kyA vaha vAstava meM ucita hai ? samyaka vaizva dRSTikoNa se kauna-sA mArga sarvazreSTha hai ? kyA jo Atmagata rUpa se ucita hai vaha sadaiva hI vastugata rUpa se ucita rahegA ? kyA saba karma Atmagata rUpa se ucita haiM ? kyA saba karma vastugata rUpa se ucita haiM ? kyA vaha karma vAstava meM zubha hai jise vyakti zubha samajhatA hai ? naitikatA yaha mAnatI hai ki vAstavika zubha ke anurUpa karma Atmagata aura vastugata rUpa se ucita hai| ata: Atmagata aura vastugata aucitya parasparavirodhI nahIM haiN| phira bhI yadi yaha prazna kareM ki kyA Atmagata aucityavAlA karma sadaiva hI vastugata rUpa se ucita hai to kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai / sukhavAdiyoM aura buddhivAdiyoM ne ucita karma kI apUrNa vyAkhyA kI hai| udAharaNArtha, buddhivAdiyoM ne kahA hai ki dhyeya kI pavitratA karma ke aucitya ko nirdhArita karatI hai| kintu dhyeya pariNAma se svatantra nahIM hai / isI bhA~ti kevala pariNAma ke AdhAra para karma kA aucitya nahIM aA~kA jA sktaa| vyApaka jJAna kI kamI, pariveza aura paristhiti kA ajJAna, kSINa naitika 1 dekhie-bhAga 1, adhyAya / 2. Subjective and Objective rightness. 288 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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antardRSTi, anahonI prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ Adi pratikUla pariNAmoM ko utpanna karake zubha preraNA ke karma ko vastugata rUpa se azubha siddha kara detI haiM / kyA hama kaha sakate haiM ki saba karma vaiyaktika rUpa se ucita haiM ? isameM bhinna mata nahIM ho sakatA ki koI bhI vyakti jAna-bUjhakara apanA hita nahIM karatA hai / cora corI ko ucita samajhakara hI karatA hai / vaha aviveka ke kAraNa ucita aura hitakara svArtha ko eka hI mAna letA hai aura vAstavika kalyANa ko bhUla jAtA hai | Atmagata aucityavAle karmoM ko samajhane ke lie samyak jJAna aura viveka anivArya hai / viveka usI kArya ko vyaktigata rUpa se acchA evaM Atmagata aucityavAlA kahatA hai jisameM ki vyakti kA vAstavika zubha hai / aisA karma vaha karma hai jisameM ki sabhI kI bhalAI nihita hai / vAstavika kalyANavAle karma naitika zubhatva se yukta haiM / zubha vyakti vaha hai jo sakriya rUpa se sAdhyagata yA sAdhanagata vAstavika mUlyoM kI abhivRddhi ke lie vahA~ taka prayAsa karatA hai jahA~ taka ki usameM kSamatA hai / samasta vAstavika mUlyoM kI abhivRddhi apane bhItara naitika zubhatva kI vRddhi kA samAveza karatI hai / ataH naitika zubhatva ko sAdhya aura sAdhana donoM rUpoM meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| zubha - azubha se pare - naitika zubha tAtvika dRSTikoNa kI ora le jAtA hai / naitikatA zubha-azubha aura pApa-puNya ke bheda dvArA yaha batalAtI hai ki hameM ghaTanAoM ke pravAha meM A~kha mUMdakara nahIM baha jAnA cAhie varan apane viveka ko jAgrata kara una karmoM kA varaNa karanA cAhie jo zubhatva kI sthApanA meM sahAyaka haiM / naitikatA vizva kI ghaTanAoM aura kAryoM ke sApekSa mUlya ko nirdhArita karatI hai / paristhiti, deza, kAla aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra karma ko samajhanA cAhie / sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jJAna kA vikAsa batalAtA hai ki naitika nirNaya parivartanazIla hai / vyakti ko rUr3hi-rIti evaM nizcita niyamoM se Upara uThakara una karmoM ko samajhane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie jinheM ki vaha paristhiti vizeSa meM vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie sarvazreSTha samajhatA hai / aisA viveka naitika kalyANa kI ora le jAtA hai aura naitika kalyANa usa tAtvika satya kI ora jo hameM batalAtA hai ki pApa aura puNya kA bheda apUrNa jJAna kA sUcaka hai / zAzvata dRSTikoNa se vizva kI ghaTanAe~ parama zubha ko abhivyakta karatI haiM / phira bhI jahA~ taka apUrNa aura sImita jJAna kA prazna hai, zubha aura azubha haiN| apanI durbalatAnoM se Upara uThane ke lie naitika zubha kI dhAraNA anivArya hai / naitika zubha ko prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie / mUlyavAda / 256 For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika zubha kI caritArthatA hI parama zubha kI ora le jAyegI aura parama zubha kI sthiti zubha aura azubha se pare kI sthiti hai | mUlyavAda kA sthAna -- mUlyavAda kA sAmAnya adhyayana batalAtA hai ki isake pratipAdakoM ne kisI navIna satya ko sammukha nahIM rkhaa| unhoMne usa siddhAnta ko jise ki sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI nItijJoM ne aura vizeSa rUpa se pUrNatAvAdiyoM ne svIkAra kiyA, mUlyavAda kA bAnA pahanA diyA hai / 'mUlya' zabda kI navInatA tathA siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kI zailI ko dekhakara kSaNa-bhara ke lie yaha avazya pratIta hotA hai ki hameM usa satya kA bhAsa hone jA rahA hai jisase ki anya vicAraka anabhijJa haiM / para, hama dekhate haiM ki inhoMne Atma-sAkSAtkAra ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA / Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA prazna parama sAdhya, parama dhyeya evaM parama mUlya kA prazna hai / prAcIna yUnAnI vicArakoM se lekara vizva ke arvAcIna vicAraka bhI isI gutthI meM ulajhe hue haiM ki parama zubha kyA hai ? Atma- pUrNatA ke kyA artha haiM ? mUlyavAda ke siddhAnta kI viziSTatA yaha hai ki isane dhyeya kI dhAraNA ko vyakta karane ke lie anAyAsa hI eka aise zabda (mUlya) kA prayoga kara diyA hai jisane ki nIti ke kSetra meM vastuvAda zraura AdarzavAda ke pArasparika virodha kI prabalatA ko kSINa kara diyA hai / mUlyavAdI vicArakoM ke lie yaha kahanA ki vastuvAdiyoM' ne mUlya kI pUrNa rUpa se vastu - 'vAdI vyAkhyA aura zrAdarzavAdiyoM ne kevala AdarzavAdI vyAkhyA kI hai, bhrAntipUrNa hogA; kyoMki donoM ne AvazyakatA pratIta hone para eka-dUsare se sahAyatA lI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki mUlyavAda eka vyApaka 'vAda' ke rUpa meM hamAre sammukha AtA hai / 1. G. E. Moore, Franz Brentano, Alexius von Meinong, Edmund Husserl, Necoli Hartmann, Hastings Rashdall, A. E. Ewing, John Laird Adi / 2. W. M. Urban, A. Campbell Garnett, W. R. Sorley, A. E. Taylor, Harold Osborne, G. H. Howison, A. C. Knudson, Edgar Sheffield Brightman Adi / 290 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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tRtIya bhAga pAzcAtya nItijJa : mArksa aura nItse For Personal & Private Use Only

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kArla mArksa jIvanI-rAina prAnta ke nivAsI DaoNkTara kArla mArksa' jarmana jyU the| unhoMne apanA jIvana atyanta nirdhanatA meM bitAyA / yahA~ taka ki jaba unake eka putra kI mRtyu huI to use daphanAne ke lie unake pAsa paisA taka na thaa| ve bar3e medhAvI the aura samaya ke pratibhAzAlI rAjanItika arthazAstravettA the| unhoMne landana jAkara vilAyata ke zrama kI samasyAoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI (Dialectical Method) ke AdhAra para apane prasiddha dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ko janma diyaa| ve apane yuga ke eka krAntadraSTA aura vicAraka the| unhoMne apanI vikhyAta arthazAstra kI pustaka, 'da kaipiTala' (Das Kapital) meM yantrayuga kI utpAdana, vitaraNa tathA atirikta lAbha kI samasyAoM kA vizleSaNa kara pUMjIvAdI prathA kA ghora virodha kiyA hai| saMsAra ke zramikoM ko ekatra hone ke lie AhvAna kara unhoMne kahA, 'saMsAra ke zramikoM, apanA saMghaTana karo. isase tumhArA kucha nahIM jAyegA, kevala tumhAre dAsatA ke bandhana jaayeNge|' isa prakAra unhoMne yaha samajhAne kI ceSTA kI ki pUMjIvAdI prathA ko miTAne ke lie raktakrAnti athavA vargayuddha anivArya hai| hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI-hIgala ke anusAra sattA kA carama rUpa buddhimaya hai aura jo buddhimaya hai vahI vAstavika hai : sarvatra eka hI vicAra hai| 1. Kari Marx janma 1818 I0 mRtyu 1883 I0 2. Reality. 3. Rational. . . kArla mArksa | 263 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jitanI vibhinnatAe~ athavA vizeSatAe~ haiM unakI sacAI ekatA meM hai / vizva gatizIla aura kriyAtmaka hai / usakI gati ke rUpa ( vikAsa - prakriyA ) ko samabhAne ke lie hI hIgala apanI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI kA pratipAdana karatA hai / sattA ke do rUpa haiM : tathyAtmaka aura vicArAtmaka / sattA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI usake donoM rUpoM kA bhI nirantara vikAsa ho rahA hai / isa vikAsa kA kyA rUpa hai ? yaha kaise hotA hai ? hIgala ke darzana ke anusAra sattA evaM vAstavikatA eka kramAnugata praNAlI hai jisakA ki kahIM anta nahIM ho sakatA hai / isa kramAnugata praNAlI meM vicAroM aura tathyoM kA vikAsa sAtha-sAtha hotA hai / dArzanika hone ke kAraNa ve vicAroM ko mahattA dete haiM aura kahate haiM ki dvandvAtmaka praNAlI kI preraNAzakti svayaM vicAra haiN| apanI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI ve yaha kahakara samajhAte haiM ki vicAra kI eka viziSTa pravRtti apane vikAsa meM apane virodhI vicAra ko janma detI hai / yaha virodhI vicAra pUrvavicAra ko tyAgatA nahIM hai kintu pUrvavicAra kA apane bhItara samAveza kara letA hai / ataH uttaravicAra adhika satya hai kyoMki vaha pUrvavicAra ko sammilita karatA hai aura pUrvavicAra kI ekAMgI aura prAMzika unnati ko pUrNatA detA hai / do virodhI vicAroM ke dvandva ke phalasvarUpa pUrvavicAra kA uttara vicAra meM praveza kara lene ke krama ko hI hIgala dvandvAtmaka praNAlI kahate haiM / ve isa praNAlI ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM aura pratyeka ghaTanA tathA vicAra meM ise dekhate haiM | vicAra, prakRti aura mAnava jagata ye sabhI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI se saMcAlita hote haiM / dvandvAtmaka praNAlI dvArA hIgala ne batalAyA ki vikAsa kA nizcita lakSya parama pratyaya (Absolute Idea ) ko prApta karanA hai| vikAsa pUrNatayA niyamita ra niyantrita hai / vaha bodhagamya hai | darzana kA itihAsa vicAroM ke dvandvAtmaka yA pArasparika virodhamUlaka itihAsa kA nidarzana hai / dvandvAtmaka rIti se pratyeka ghaTanA, vastu aura vicAra niSedha evaM virodha ke niyama se saMcAlita hokara Atma-saMgatipUrNa dhAraNA evaM parama pratyaya kI ora bar3ha rahe haiM / parama pratyaya hI inakA paryavasAna hai / itihAsa yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki vikAsa calatA rahatA hai aura dvandvAtmaka rIti se mAnava sadaiva adhika satya vicAroM kI ora agrasara hotA rahatA hai / dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda - kArla mArksa aura phreDarika enjilsa' samAjavAdI 1. Friedrich Engels. 264 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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the| unhoMne itihAsa kI arthazAstrIya vyAkhyA karane meM hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI ko svIkAra kiyA evaM sAmyavAda ko vyavasthita svarUpa tathA dArzanika AdhAra diyaa| hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka praNAlI para AdhArita sAmyavAda dArzanika dRSTi se bhautikavAda hai / usakA svarUpa bhautika hai / usake anusAra vicAroM kA utthAna-patana bhautika ghaTanAoM para nirbhara hai / bhautika ghaTanAe~ evaM Arthika vyavasthAe~ naitika, rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi vibhinna vicAroM aura siddhAntoM para prakAza DAla sakatI haiN| mArksa aura hIgala meM bheda- mArksa hIgala ke vikAsa ke dvandvAtmaka krama ko mAnatA hai aura svIkAra karatA hai ki koI bhI viziSTa pravRtti do virodhI pravRttiyoM kA samanvaya hai / mArksa aura hIgala donoM hI vikAsa kI paddhati ko vAda, prativAda aura samanvaya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| isa samAnatA ke pazcAt donoM vicArakoM meM mahAna asamAnatA dIkhatI hai / eka bhautikavAdI aura tathyAtmaka hai aura dUsarA dArzanika aura vicAraka hai| hIgala ke anusAra tathyAtmaka aura vicArAtmaka jagata meM yugapat parivartana hote haiM / kintu dArzanika hone ke kAraNa vaha sAtha hI yaha bhI kahatA hai ki dvandvAtmaka praNAlI ko pragati denevAle vicAra hI haiN| vicAroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha vibhinna bhautika ghaTanAoM (Arthika, sAmAjika Adi) meM parivartana hote haiM / mArksa hIgala ke viparIta kahatA hai ki dRzyamAna bhautika jagata mAnasika jagata para avalambita nahIM hai / padArtha jagata mAnasika jagata se pahale hai aura isalie vikAsa ke krama meM vastujagata kI ghaTanAe~ mAnasika ghaTanAoM meM parivartana lAtI haiM / athavA dvandvAtmaka pragati ko preraNA denevAle 'vicAra' nahIM haiM kintu jIvana kI vAstavika vyAvahArika AvazyakatAe~ haiM / vicAra itihAsa ke eka Avazyaka aMga haiM kintu ve aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ke janmadAtA nhiiN| ve apane-ApameM mahattvapUrNa nahIM / unakA mahattva isalie hai ki ve una paristhitiyoM ke pratiphala svarUpa haiM jo unheM jIvita rakhatI haiN| bAhya jagata kI ghaTanAe~ hI manuSya ke vicAroM kI jammadAtA haiN| vicAroM kA utthAna-patana unhIM para nirbhara hai|| aitihAsika dRSTAnta dvArA spaSTIkaraNa-isa tathya kI puSTi karane ke lie mArsa aitihAsika udAharaNa detA hai| tathyAtmaka vikAsa dvandvAtmaka hai / eka viziSTa pravRtti apanI pUrvapravRti ke hrAsa ke sAtha bar3hatI hai aura apane utthAna 1. Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis. kArla mArksa | 265 For Personal & Private Use Only

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taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate vaha apanI uttarapravRtti ko janma de detI hai| yaha krama calatA rahatA hai| athavA tathyAtmaka ghaTanAoM ke utAra aura car3hAva kA krama hI vikAsa hai| mArksa kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko bhI mAnatA hai| pratyeka tathyAtmaka ghaTanA ke ghaTita hone ke pIche sadaiva eka kAraNa hai / vAstavika ghaTanAoM ko lete hue kahatA hai ki unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM vyaktivAda apane carama vikAsa meM pahu~cA aura usane apane vikAsa ke krama meM sAmUhikavAda ko janma diyaa| ataH ghaTanAoM ko samajhane ke lie virodhI pravRttiyoM aura unake pariNAma ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| samAja kA vizleSaNa : virodhI varga-isa dRSTi se mArksa samAja kA adhyayana karatA hai aura isa pariNAma para pahu~catA hai ki samAja kI Arthika racanA pracalita naitika, dArzanika, dhArmika aura sAmAjika vicAroM ko samajhA sakatI hai / vibhinna vicAroM ko samajhane ke lie hI vaha apane arthazAstrIya siddhAnta kI aitihAsika dRSTi se mImAMsA karatA hai| yadi prAcIna mAnavaitihAsa ko par3heM to yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki manuSya kI zArIrika AvazyakatAoM-bhojana, vastra, nivAsasthAna-ne use kacce mAla kA upayoga karanA sikhlaayaa| jIvana-yApana ke lie manuSya aura vastu kA sambandha akhaNDa aura Avazyaka hai / manuSya aura vastuoM ke bIca ke sambandha ne hI manuSya aura manuSya ke bIca ke sambandha ko sthApita kiyA hai / eka ora ve loga haiM jo kaccA mAla, utpAdana, evaM utpanna vastuoM aura utpAdana ke yantroM ke svAmI haiM aura dUsarI ora ve jinake pAsa kevala zrama karane kI zakti hai aura jinake jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ unheM vivaza karatI haiM ki ve apanI zrama-zakti ko adhikArI varga ke hAthoM meM beca deN| mAnava-jIvana kA labdha itihAsa batalAtA hai ki samAja meM sadaiva do virodhI varga rahe haiN| zAsaka aura zAsita, pU~jIpati aura sarvahArA, svAmI aura sevaka athavA vastuoM ke adhikArI aura apanI zrama-zakti ko becnevaale| yahI do varga sadaiva kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prasphuTita hote rahe haiN| aitihAsika dRSTAnta dete hue mArksa ne kahA ki samAja meM virodhI vargoM ke tIna mukhya rUpa milate haiM-(1) dAsaprathAvAlA samAja, (2) sAmantI samAja aura (3) pU~jIvAdI samAja / sAmAjika naitikatA varga naitikatA hai-ina tInoM prakAra ke samAjoM kA 1. Collectivism. 26 6 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyayana batalAyA hai ki zramika zakti kA kraya karanevAle atyanta niSThura aura nirmama rahe haiM / unhoMne sadaiva zramikoM kA zoSaNa kiyA / apanI suvidhA aura lAbha ke anusAra niyama bnaaye| jina niyamoM ko samAja zubha aura upayogI kahatA hai ve kevala dhanikoM ke sukha-samRddhi aura aizvarya ke lie haiM / dhanikoM ne sus aura Arthika zakti ke bala para una sAmAjika niyamoM kI sthApanA kI hai jo zoSita varga ke hita se dUra haiN| apane hita ko sammukha rakhakara dhanikoM ne kartavya aura adhikAroM ko nizcita kiyA hai / naitika, dhArmika aura sAmAjika niyama apane mUla meM adhikArI varga aura zramikoM ke sambandha ke sUcaka haiM / jise hama sAmAjika naitikatA kahate haiM vaha varga naitikatA hai / sAmAjika naitikatA kA svarUpa batalAtA hai ki zoSakavarga ke banAye niyama sarvasAdhAraNa ke lAbha ke lie nahIM haiM varan svayaM unhIM ke lAbha ke lie haiM / mArksa apane dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke AdhAra para yaha bhI kahatA hai ki pratyeka samAja meM usake virodhI kITANu rahate haiM / yadi pU~jIvAda ko leM to hama dekheMge ki pU~jIpati zramikoM kI zrama-zakti kama-se-kama mUlya meM kharIdate haiM / sarvahArAvarga apanI AvazyakatAoM kI bhUkha ke kAraNa aura pUMjIpati apane svAmitva tathA dhanaM- lAlasA ke kAraNa eka-dUsare ke kaTTara virodhI hote jA rahe haiM / mArksa kA kahanA thA ki pU~jIvAda kA yaha prAnta - rika virodha usI kA vinAza karake sA~sa legA / prArthika vyavasthA vibhinna vicAroM kI janmadAtrI - jo vastunoM ke adhikArI evaM dhanI haiM unake hAthoM meM hI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika zakti hai / ve apanI AvazyakatA aura suvidhAnusAra niyamoM ko banAte, bigAr3ate aura badalate rahate haiM | manuSya ke banAye niyamoM kA mUla preraNAsrota manuSya aura vastutroM ke bIca kA sambandha hai / Arthika vyavasthA hI vibhinna vicAroM kI janmadAtrI hai | itihAsa ke krama aura bhautika ghaTanAoM ko kacce mAla kI prApti, utpAdana -yantroM kA AviSkAra tathA jalavAyu sambandhI bhaugolika parivartana nirdhArita karate haiM, na ki manuSyoM ke saMkalpa aura vicAra / grataH prArthika parivartana hI itihAsa ko banAte haiN| manuSya aura vastu sambandha ke anusAra hI vibhinna niyamoM, vicAroM aura dhAraNAoM meM parivartana huA hai / manuSya kI pratibhA aura vicAra, usakI sRjana-zakti, manaH-zakti aura icchAe~ jo kucha bhI karatI haiM vaha bhautika AvazyakatAtroM se bAdhya hokara / yaha kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai ki vicAra apane Apa meM svataMntra hai aura manuSya kA mAnasa AviSkAra aura sRjana kara sakatA hai : yadi mAnava mastiSka kI kriyAnoM ko ucita rUpa se kArla mArksa / 297 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samajhane kA prayAsa kareM to mAlUma par3egA ki usakI sRjana-kriyA svatantra aura sahaja nahIM hai| vaha paristhitiyoM kI upaja hai| mArksa apane siddhAnta dvArA yaha siddha karanA cAhate the ki kisI viziSTa samAja meM jo parivartana hote haiM ve usakI Arthika paristhiti para nirbhara haiN| samAja kA sAMskRtika jIvana, dhArmika aura naitika niyama, kAnunI tathA zikSAsaMsthAe~, saundaryazAstra Adi jo kucha bhI manuSya ke AdarzoM aura vicAroM ke pratIka haiM ve mUlataH Arthika vidhAna para Azrita haiN| naitika vicAroM kI prasatyatA kA spaSTIkaraNa-mArksa naitika sudhAra kI dRSTi se jIvana kI samasyAoM kA adhyayana karate haiM aura isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki vizva kI Arthika krAnti hI naitika krAnti meM pratibimbita hotI hai| pracalita naitikatA zoSakavarga kI naitikatA hai| vaha virodhI vargoM ke sambandha para AdhArita hai| usameM nayI mAnyatAoM kA samAveza karake use AmUla badalanA hogaa| purAnI rUr3higrasta naitikatA aneka vikRtiyoM se pIr3ita hai, vaha janatA kI AvazyakatAoM ko nahIM samajha pAyI hai| mArksa una sabhI naitika vicAroM ko apUrNa aura asatya kahate haiM jo sarvahArAvarga kI samasyAoM se dUra haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki zubha-azubha, nyAya-anyAya, pApa-puNya, satya-asatya kI paribhASA denevAle nItijJoM kA darzana bhrAntipUrNa hai| kyoMki AdarzavAdI nItijJa jIvana-saMgharSa se dUra rahe haiM, ve jIvana kI AvazyakatAnoM ko nahIM samajha sake / unhoMne naitika pratyayoM ko apanI hI sAmAjika aura Arthika racanA ke andara dekhA aura usI kI bhalAI ke uddezya se naitikatA ko janma diyA / unakA jJAna jIvana ke vyAvahArika aura vAstavika pakSa kA jJAna nahIM hai / kore buddhivAda kA koI vAstavika mUlya nahIM hai| viziSTa varga ke samparka meM rahanevAlA buddhijIvI mAnava janasAmAnya kI AvazyakatAnoM ko nahIM samajha pAyA / khAtepIte paMjIvAdiyoM ke atirikta eka bar3I saMkhyA una logoM kI hai jo vicArahIna tathA kaSTasAdhya jIvana bitAte haiM aura jIvana-yApana ke yatheSTa sAdhana tathA suvidhAe~ na hone ke kAraNa asamaya meM cala dete haiM / unakI zrama zakti ko nirdaya dhanika kharIda lete haiN| cintana ke jagata meM rahanevAle nItijJa jIvana kI nagna aura vAstavika samasyAoM ko nahIM sulajhA pAye / unhoMne una amUrta mAnyatAnoM aura asatya vicAroM ko janma diyA jo trasta aura bhUkhe sarvahArAvarga ke lie ahitakara haiN| unakA darzana apane hI abhibhAvaka samAja evaM zoSakavarga ke lAbha ke lie hai| 298 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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naitika sApekSavAda-mArksa ne samAja ke virodhI vargoM ke AdhAra para samajhAyA ki naitika niyama zAzvata aura nirapekSa nahIM haiM / samAja meM jo parivartana milatA hai usake mUlya meM utpAdana aura vitaraNa kA niyama hai aura samAja kI Arthika vyavasthA hI naitika niyamoM ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karatI hai / naitika pratyaya aura nirNaya kevala mUlyaparaka nahIM ho sakate / mAnyatAoM aura AdarzoM ko tathya se bhinna mAnanA vyartha hai / vahI niyama vAstava meM naitika haiM jo dalita mAnavoM ke vyApaka aura mUrta bhautika tathA sAMskRtika kalyANa se sambandha rakhate haiN| Arthika sthita se svatantra naitika niyama asatya haiN| AdarzavAdI aura prAdhyAtmika naitikatA tathA prAcIna aura pracalita naitika niyama anaitika haiN| inhoMne sadguNa aura zubha jIvana ke artha ko nahIM samajhA / naitika niyamoM ko zAsvata kahanA naitika samasyA ko hala karanA nahIM hai / ucita-anucita, zubha-azUbha ke naitika pratyaya apane-ApameM kucha nahIM haiN| samAja kI Arthika sthiti ke sambandha meM ve hI artha rakhate haiN| yadi yaha mAna leM ki cintanapradhAna praNAliyoM kI apanI vizeSatA hai to bhI naitika dRSTi evaM jIvana kI vAstavika kaThinAiyoM kI daSTi se ve vyartha haiN| dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke AdhAra para mArksa yaha bhI kahatA hai ki jo kabhI bauddhika thA vaha Aja abauddhika mAnA jAtA hai| dAsaprathA tathA sAmantI samAja meM dAsoM tathA kRSakadAsoM kA rakhanA ucita mAnA jAtA thA kintu Aja kI Arthika vyavasthA use anucita mAnatI hai| ataH naitika niyamoM ko nitya aura zAsvata mAnanA anucita hai| vikAsa ke krama meM naitika anaitika ho jAtA hai| . svatantratA kA artha-~-mArksa jar3avAdI vicAraka the| unhoMne adhyAtmavAdiyoM kI bhA~ti zAzvata caitanya yA AtmA ko nahIM mAnA; unake anusAra prAkRtika jar3abhUtoM se utpanna zarIra se hI mAnasa utpanna hotA hai / manuSya kA mAnasa bhautika paristhitiyoM se svatantra nahIM hai| mAnasa aura saMkalpa una bhautika sthitiyoM se nirUpita hotA hai jinheM ki ve vyakta karate haiN| ye sthitiyA~ hI usa DhA~ce kA nirmANa karatI haiM jisakI sImA ke andara manuSya svatantra hai| mArksa yaha mAna letA hai ki jar3a aura mana eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM para sAtha hI vaha yaha siddha karatA hai ki antataH jar3a hI mAnasa ko nirdhArita karatA hai| utpAdana tathA utpAdana-yantroM para adhikAra rakhanevAlA varga hI samAja ke vicAroM ko nirdhArita karatA hai / ye vicAra manuSya ke mAnasa ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura usakI icchAtroM aura ruciyoM se saMyukta hokara utpAdana vitaraNa ke niyamoM ko kArla mArksa / 266 For Personal & Private Use Only

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rUpa dete haiN| mAnasa Arthika zaktiyoM kA kucha sImA taka rUpAntara kara buddhi tathA vicAra dvArA paristhiti ko eka viziSTa rUpa detA hai| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki manuSya ke sRjanazIla vicAra sahaja tathA svatantra cintana ke pariNAma nahIM haiN| ve usa zikSA, saMsthA aura pracalita mAnyatAoM kI upaja haiM jinameM ki vyakti palatA hai aura ina sabake mala meM Arthika sthiti hai| sAmyavAda tathA sAdhya aura sAdhana kI samasyA-mArksa ke anusAra sAmyavAdI janatantra meM pratyeka vyakti ko apanI bhautika AvazyakatAoM ko prApta karane kA adhikAra rhegaa| apanI yogyatA tathA AvazyakatA ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ko samAna rUpa se avasara mila skegaa| vaiyaktika sampatti ke lie sAmyavAda meM koI sthAna nahIM hai| samAnatA ko svIkAra karanevAlA sAmyavAda sampatti para ekamAtra rASTra kA Adhipatya mAnatA hai yadyapi saba vyakti yogyatA evaM aAvazyakatAnusAra samAna rUpa se sampatti kA upayoga kara sakate haiM / sampatti kA aisA siddhAnta vargahIna samAja kI sthApanA kregaa| aura vargahIna samAja Arthika svArthoM, lobhoM tathA IrSyAoM se mukta hokara janamAnavatA kI bhAvanA kI puSTi kregaa| aise tantra meM rahanevAlA vyakti Arthika cintAoM se mukta hokara apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa kara sakatA hai / Arthika svatantratA hI svatantratA ko janma detI hai aura Arthika svatantratA ke lie nirantara karma (zArIrika zrama) karanA anivArya hai| samatA aura svatantratA kI bhAvanAe~ vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka haiM kintu inake mUla meM vargahIna samAja hai| vyakti samAja kA aMga hai| use samAja ke lie karma karane pdd'eNge| sAmAjika guNa hI anya guNoM ko utpanna karate haiN| prazna yaha hai ki aise vargahIna samAja kI sthApanA kaise sambhava hai ? mArksa kA kahanA hai ki aise samAja ke lie vargasaMgharSa evaM raktakrAnti kA honA anivArya hai| prArambha meM aise samAja ke saMcAlana ke lie tAnAzAhI kA honA "bhI Avazyaka hai| apanI antima sthiti meM aise samAja meM zAsana-sattA apane Apa hI lupta ho jaayegii| vargahIna samAja kalyANaprada hai kintu usakI prApti ke lie hiMsAtmaka sAdhana ko svIkAra karanA pdd'egaa| pU~jIvAdI samAja meM adhikAMza vyakti bhUkhe mara rahe haiN| reDiyo, calacitra, presa sabhI para dhanikoM kA adhikAra hai| ve dhana ke bala para voTa taka kharIda lete haiN| unakA dhana aura zaktilobha nRzaMsa zAsaka kI bhA~ti sarvahArAvarga kA rakta cUsa rahA hai / asahAya sarvahArA apane adhikAroM kI mAMga taka nahIM kara paataa| aisI sthiti meM 300 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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prajAtantravAda bhI vyartha hai kyoMki sampattihIna ke lie vaiyaktika svatantratA arthazUnya hai| sAmyavAda hI ekamAtra zubha hai kyoMki yaha Arthika samAnatA kA poSaka hai / aise samAja kI sthApanA ke lie vizvavyApI krAnti anivArya hai| hameM cAhie ki hama zramikoM meM vidroha aura viplava kI prAga sulagA deN| jaba zramika apane Upara kiye hue atyAcAroM ke prati saceta ho jAyeMge to vargayuddha janma legaa| rakta-krAnti ke pazcAt sarvahArA kA ananya zAsana anivArya hai / dhanikoM evaM burjugoM' kA rAjyasattA meM koI adhikAra nahIM rhegaa| pUMjIvAda ne sarvahArAvarga ko utpanna kiyA hai aura sarvahArAvarga usakA vinAza avazya kregaa| zramikoM kA ekacchatra rAjya sAmyavAda kI sthApanA karegA aura sAmyavAda kI antima sthiti meM rAjyazAsana kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jaayegii| AlocanA Arthika mUlyAMkana---unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM praudyogika krAnti se AkrAnta hue kucha pratibhAzAlI vicAraka hIgala kI dvandvAtmaka paddhati se prabhAvita hue| ina vicArakoM ne, vizeSakara, mArksa aura eMjilsa ne mAnava-vicAroM, mAnyatAoM aura niyamoM ke mUla meM bhautika ghaTanAoM evaM samAja kI Arthika sthiti ko dekhA aura isa niSkarSa para paha~ce ki dharma, darzana, kalA, sAmAjika saMsthAe~, naitika mAnyatAe~ Adi Arthika vyavasthA ko pratibimbita karatI haiN| adhika saMkhyaka kI durbala Arthika sthiti ko dekhakara mArksa atyanta dukhI hue aura unakI gahana samavedanA ugra pratizodha ke rUpa meM prakaTa huii| unhoMne apane dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda dvArA samajhAyA ki vizvavyApI raktakrAnti hI Arthika samAnatA, sukha aura zAnti kI sthApanA kara sakatI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki mArksa ne apane yuga kI samasyAoM tathA mazIna ke samparka meM AyI huI janatA ko bhalIbhA~ti smjhaa| manuSyoM kI kSudhA-kAma kI pravRttiyoM kA adhyayana karake eka navIna sAmAjika saMghaTana kI ora vizva kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| sabhI vicAraka aba isa satya ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM mAnane lage haiM ki jIvana ke 1. Bourgeois == burjuzrA zabda madhyavarga kA paryAyavAcI hai| madhyavarga nirdayatA, duSTatA evaM nRzaMsatA kA pratIka bana gayA hai / 2. Proletariat=proliTerieMTa, zramika athavA sarvahArA / kArla mArksa /301 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #303
Arthika pakSa kI ora se hama udAsIna nahIM raha sakate / jIvana kI isa mUlagata AvazyakatA kI ora gAMdhIjI ne saMketa karate hue kahA ki ve bhUkhoM ko dharma kA sandeza nahIM de sakate / dhArmika vicAraka bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki 'bhUkhe bhajana na hoi gupAlA' / bhUkhA manuSya eka ora to narabhakSI taka bana jAtA hai aura dUsarI ora bhojana kA prabhAva use asahAya tathA niHzakta banA detA hai | manuSya ke vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke lie tathA usakI sAMskRtika, kalAtmaka tathA AdhyAtmika unnati ke lie zArIrika sukha Avazyaka hai / bhojana, vastra aura nivAsa kA adhikAra mUlagata aura janmasiddha hai / kintu mArksa ne aisI mUlagata AvazyakatA kI tRpti ke lie jisa sAdhana ( raktakrAnti) ko anivArya batalAyA hai vaha utanA hI nirmama hai jitanA vaha varga jise ki vaha miTAnA cAhatA hai / sAdhya sAdhana kA prazna - prArthika samAnatA kI sthApanA ke lie mArksa jisa sAdhana ko apanAtA hai vaha mAnavocita nahIM hai / manuSya kI naitika cetanA eka aise patha ko nahIM apanA sakatI jo raktapaMkila ho / 'khUna kA badalA khUna', yaha kathana sAmAjika kalyANa ke icchuka athavA samAnatA aura bhrAtRtvabhAvanAvAle vyakti ke lie mAnya nahIM hai / naitika jIvana meM sAdhana aura sAdhya, donoM kI pavitratA anivArya hai / azubha sAdhana dvArA prApta zubha dhyeya azubha aura vAMchanIya hai / mArksa ne apane sAdhana ko kevala raktakrAnti aura vargayuddha se sambandhita rakhA / ise hama mArksa ke yuga kI sImA mAna sakate haiM kyoMki usake yuga meM pU~jIvAda apane carama zikhara para thA / ataH prAja kA dRSTikoNa vargayuddha ko mArksa ke yuga ke virAT saMgharSa kA eka rAjanItika caraNamAtra mAna sakatA hai / zrAntarika cetanA anivArya - arthabhitti para mArksa usa navIna sAmAjika sambandhako vAstavikatA denA cAhatA hai jo samAnatA, bhrAtRtva-bhAvanA aura svatantratA kA mUrtimAn svarUpa hai / vAstavika jIvana kA adhyayana, manovaijJAnika saMcaya aura cetanA kA tAtvika svarUpa batalAtA hai ki prArthika sthiti grAntarika 'cetanA kA mArganirdezaka nahIM bana sakatI / bAhya parivartana se prAntarika parivartana kA prayAsa ulaTI gaMgA bahAnA hai| kisI bhI zubha karma ke lie Antarika zuddhatA anivArya hai / jaba mAnava caritra kisI satya ko pUrNa rUpa se svIkAra kara letA hai to vaha avazya hI karma dvArA vyakta hotA hai| saca to yaha hai ki pArasparika ekatA aura sneha kI cetanA sahaja rUpa se tyAga aura prArthika samAnatA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai, na ki prArthika samAnatA mAnasika samAnatA ke rUpa | Arthika viSamatAjanya atyAcAroM ko AdarzavAdiyoM aura adhyAtmavAdiyoM 302 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #304
ne bhI bhalIbhA~ti smjhaa| gAndhIjI ko to isa satya kI tIvra anubhUti huI aura isako dUra karane ke lie unhoMne satya aura ahiMsA kA vrata lekara janasevA ko apane jIvana kA dhyeya bnaayaa| mArksa ke raktakrAnti ke nAre ke viruddha unhoMne svecchita aparigraha aura sampatti ke saMrakSaNa kI cetanA ke sthAyI mUlya ko smjhaayaa| yadi DaNDe ke jora se samAnatA sthApita ho bhI gayI to vaha jaldI hI miTa jaayegii| bhayavaza kisI niyama kA pAlana karanA use apanAnA nahIM hai| Arthika aura rAjanItika krAntiyoM kA jIvana ke bAhya pakSa se sambandha hai / hameM hRdaya kI krAnti evaM usa vyApaka sAMskRtika, naitika aura AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kI AvazyakatA hai jo cirasthAyI rhegaa| lokasaMghaTana apane-ApameM aparyApta hai| manaHsaMghaTana isakA pUraka hai aura vaha naitika cetanA kI jAti kI apekSA rakhatA hai| ata: prAntarika anubhUti ke vinA bauddhika sahAnubhUti aura Antarika ekatA ke binA bAhya ekatA kevala ekAMgI siddhAntamAtra raha jAte haiN| ___ jIvana ke do pakSa : Urdhva aura samatala : vyakti nagaNya--mArksa kA bhautikavAda sAmAjika vAstavikatA kA janmadAtA hai| usane jIvana ko samatala meM dekhA aura usakI ekAMgI vyAkhyA kI / jIvana ke do pakSa haiM : Urdhva aura samatala athavA prAdhyAtmika aura bhautika / ye donoM Apasa meM virodhI nahIM haiM aura jIvana meM yugapat rUpa se kArya karate haiN| mArksa kI aitihAsika aura Arthika mImAMsA mAnavIya cetanA, vicAra aura bhAvanA ko nahIM samajhA sakatI kintu mArksa arthazAstrIya vyAkhyA meM itanA lIna ho jAtA hai ki vaha jIvana ke Urdhva athavA Atmika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSa ko bhUla jAtA hai / zArIrika sukha apaneApameM apUrNa hai| sukhI jIvana Atmika aura zArIrika sukha kA yoga hai| sAmyavAdI tantra meM zArIrika tathA bhautika sukha kI prApti ke lie manuSya ko apanI vaiyaktika svatantratA se hAtha dhonA par3atA hai / vyakti kA jIvana, usakA parivAra, usake vicAra aura karma saba kucha rAjya ke adhIna ho jAte haiN| sAmUhikatA ke lie rAjya usake sarvasva kA haraNa kara sakatA hai| rAjya sAmyavAda ke virodhiyoM ko mRtyudaNDa de sakatA hai| aise samaya meM lekhaka aura kalAkAra kI pratibhA kA mUlya bhI isI para nirbhara hai ki ve rAjya tathA sarvahArA kI guNagAthA aura dhanikoM kI nazaMsatA ko kitanI abhivyakti de sakate haiN| ataH sAhitya 1 dekhiye-bhAga 3, adhyAya 25 / kArla mArksa | 303 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #305
kI zreSThatA usakI rAjakIya upayogitA para nirbhara ho jAtI hai| rAjya ke lie upayogI sAhitya hI zreSTha aura pragatizIla hai| mArksavAda ke anusAra dharma aphIma ke samAna hai jo sarvahArA ko usake Arthika abhAva ko bhulAye rakhane meM madada detA hai / ataH mArksavAda Arthika samAnatA ke nAma para vaiyaktika svatantratA kA virodhI hai / vaha una sabhI pravRttiyoM kA vinAza karanA cAhatA hai jo Arthika samAnatArUpI sAmUhika jIvana kI pragati ke lie rAjya ke AdezoM kI prazaMsA aura andhAnukaraNa nahIM krtiiN| naitikatA kA artha-mArsa ne apane siddhAnta dvArA aneka naitika samasyAoM ko utthaayaa| jIvana kA Adarza kyA hai ? zikSA kA ucita rUpa kyA honA cAhie ? baccoM ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa kaisA ho ? zubha-azubha se kyA abhiprAya hai ? kartavya, adhikAra, nyAya, svatantratA kA kyA artha hai ? ina samasyAoM ko dekhakara lagatA hai ki mArksa ne naitikatA ke sAra ko samajhA hai| kintu jaba hama isa dRSTi se mArksa ke darzana kA adhyayana karate haiM ki naitikatA kA sambandha sampUrNa prAtmA se hai to nirAzA hotI hai| mArksa ne jIvana aura naitikatA ke kevala eka aMga ko samajhA hai / usane bhautika evaM jaiva pakSa ko mAnyatA dI hai| kAnUna, niyama, dharma, zubha-azubha.Adi ko usane Arthika mAnadaNDa se nApA hai aura mAnava-duHkha ke mUla meM Arthika viSamatA ko dekhA hai| usake anusAra utpAdana aura vitaraNa kI ucita vyavasthA dvArA evaM arthazAstra ke dvArA aisI vyavasthA kI sthApanA kara sakate haiM jo mAnava-ekatA sthApita kara sake tathA svArtha aura duHkha ko dUra kara ske| mArksa yaha samajhane meM asamartha hai ki Arthika samatA hone para bhI anya viSamatAe~-bhinna vicAra, virodhI AsthAe~, zaktilobha, yazalAlasA, viziSTa guNasampannatA Adi sambandhI spardhA-jIvana ko duHkhI banA sakatI haiN| mAsaM mAnavIya sambandhoM-pati-patnI, mA~-bacce, vyakti-samAja, mitratA Adi-ko Arthika sambandha ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| vaha saba samasyAoM kA samAdhAna utpAdana aura vitaraNa ke niyama dvArA karatA hai / bhautika evaM Arthika AvazyakatA hI vaha jIvana kA Adi aura anta mAna letA hai / jIvana kI aisI vyAkhyA naitika jijJAsA kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sktii| naitika jIvana Atma-pAropita niyama, saMkalpa-svAtantrya, Antarika pavitratA, kartavya ke bodha kA jIvana hai / naitikatA prAtmonnati aura AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kA pratIka hai / vaha vaiyaktika svAtantrya ke dvArA sarvakalyANa kI sthApanA karanA cAhatI hai| mArksa kA nItizAstra naitikatA kI mUlagata mAnyatAoM ko 304 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #306
svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha naitikatA ke nAma para samAja kI arthazAstrIya vyAkhyA karatA hai| virodhAbhAsa-mArksa kA kahanA hai ki Arthika samAnatA vargahIna samAja evaM sAmyavAda kI sthApanA karegI jo ki mAnava-vikAsa kI antima pariNati hai / isa samAja meM zAnti cirasthAyI hokara rhegii| yaha samAja hI vizvajIvana ke vikAsa dhyeya hai| kintu mArksa kI aisI ukti virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| kyA usakA dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda yaha nahIM kahatA ki eka hI sthiti sadaiva nahIM raha sakatI ? kyA niSedha-virodha athavA bhAva-prabhAva kA niyama sadaiva navIna zaktiyoM ko janma nahIM detA hai ? kArla mArksa | 305 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #307
21 phreDarika nItse 1 jIvanI - phreDarika nItse ( Friedrich Nietzsche ) kA janma 16 akTUbara 1844 meM huA / unake pitA pAdarI the / unakA pAlana-poSaNa IsAI dharma ke vAtAvaraNa meM huA / svabhAvataH chuTapana se hI unakI pAdarI banane kI utkaTa abhilASA thI / kintu vidhAtA ne unako anIzvaravAdI banA diyA / vaha eka madhura prakRti ke, vinamra sahRdaya tathA grAtma-prabuddha vyakti the / kintu pratyanta uccAbhilASI aura tarkapradhAna hone ke kAraNa vaha duSTabuddhi ho gaye / unakI mahattvAkAMkSAe~ viSama paristhitiyoM dvArA burI taraha kucalI gayIM / unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA jIvana nirAzA aura kaTutApUrNa thA / ve senA ke kisI ucca pada para honA cAhate the / para apanI kSINa cakSuzakti, asvasthatA aura ghor3e se gira par3ane kI durghaTanA ke kAraNa unheM senA meM sthAna nahIM milA / vaha jisa strI ko cAhate the use bhI na pA sake aura Ajanma avivAhita rahe / vaha bauddhika mitratA ke icchuka the, vahA~ bhI unheM saphalatA na milI / anta meM apanI hI mola lI huI vipattiyoM dvArA, 'apanI uccAbhilASA aura asahiSNutA ke kAraNa, unake jIvana meM asahya ekAkIpana A gayA / vaha itane AkrAnta ho gaye ki unakI kSubdha manaHsthiti ne unheM pAgala banA diyA aura 25 agasta 1600 meM ve nimoniyA se pIr3ita hara cala base / siddhAnta kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa ---- nItse ke siddhAnta ko ucita rUpa se samajhane ke lie unake jIvana kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai / kevala pustakoM ke adhyayanamAtra se unake svabhAva aura darzana ke sambandha meM bhrAnta 306 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #308
dhAraNA ho sakatI hai| unakI dharma-viSayaka dhAraNAoM meM jo eka bhayaMkara anaitikatA aura asamAnatA kI jhalaka milatI hai usake lie unake avacetana ke saMskAroM ko hI doSI batalAnA ucita hogaa| unakI tarkabuddhi atyanta tIkSaNa aura ghAtaka thii| usane manuSyoM ke ekamAtra avalamba Izvara ko bhI chIna liyaa| unake anIzvaravAda ke kAraNa adhikAMza loga unheM vauddhika dAnava samajhane lage haiM / unakI jIvanI kA sahAnubhUtipUrNa adhyayana aura unakI pustaka 'biyaoNNDa guDa aiNDa ivila' ( Beyond good and evil) ke manana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unakA uddezya logoM ko dharma se skhalita karane kA nahIM thA / unhoMne dharma ko eka bauddhika aura tArkika stara para uThAne kA prayAsa kiyA, jisase vaha anIzvaravAdI bana gaye / pUrNa vikasita, bauddhika janasattA rAjya (intelJcetual aristocracy) ko samajhAne ke hetu unhoMne naitikatA ko, jaisA ki hama grAge dekheMge, do virodhI vargoM meM bA~Ta diyA : prabhoM kI naitikatA aura dAsoM kI naitikatA / prabhunoM kI naitikatA kI zreSThatA samajhAne ke abhiprAya se unhoMne dAsoM kI naitikatA (pracalita naitikatA)ko saMgha sadAcAra( (herd morality) tathA upayogitAvAdI naitikatA (Utilitarian morality) kahakara usakI khillI udd'aayii| usI AdhAra para unhoMne IsAI dharma ke sadAcAra kI bhI kar3I aAlocanA kii| kintu yaha mAnanA hI hogA ki unhoMne durbuddhi ke kAraNa hI anIzvaravAda ko mahattva dekara usakA pracAra kiyaa| eka asambhava mahattvAkAMkSA ke kAraNa hI ve jIvana bhara sneha, zAnti, sammAna aura kIrti ko na pA sake / unake bhAgya aura svabhAva ne unheM sarvatra nirAzA aura jhuMjhalAhaTa hI dI / unake jIvana kI nirAzA aura kaTutA kA eka aura kAraNa thA-unakA sanmitroM ke sAtha antaratama sambandha kA abhAva / unheM jIvana meM sahAnubhati aura prema-sI koI vastu prApta na ho sakI / ve samacittavRtti evaM samabuddhi mitratA ke lie prAjanma 1. apanI satyAnAsI mahattvAkAMkSA ke kAraNa hI vaha isa tathya para pahu~ce ki pRthvI meM ati mAnava (pUrNa vikasita vyakti athavA prabhutva prApti kI mahadAkAMkSAvAlA prANI) se mahAna kucha nahIM hai| apanI ghAtaka tarkaddhi dvArA unhoMne bhagavAn kI sattA tathA mAnavIya guNoM kI vAstavikatA para sandeha kiyA aura ve isa pariNAma para pahu~ce ki satya kA jJAna isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki atimAnava (ati dAnava ? ) ko hI jIvita rahane kA adhikAra hai| 2. "eka pUrNa vyakti ko mitroM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, athavA use Izvara para ananya vizvAsa honA cAhie / mere pAsa na to Izvara hai aura na mitra hI...!" phreDarika nItse | 307 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #309
tarasate rahe / unakA jIvana mitroM tathA bandhuproM se hIna thaa| bauddhika samAnatA tathA bauddhika mitratA kA aAnanda na uThA sakane ke kAraNa unake atimAnava kA siddhAnta viSaile DaMka ke samAna ho gayA / yahA~ para yaha kahanA Avazyaka hogA ki unake jIvana ke kaTa kSaNoM tathA dAruNa anubhUtiyoM ke lie kevala paristhitiyoM ko hI doSa denA anucita hai| vidhAtA ne unheM itanA svAbhimAnI, uccAbhilApI tathA kutarkI banAyA ki unheM prAjanma akelA hI rahanA pdd'aa| jIvana ke ekAkIpana ke sAtha manacAhI khyAti kI kamI unake lie asahya ho gyii| unakI pustakeM unake jIvana kI kaTutApUrNa viSama manaHsthiti kI dyotaka haiN| apanI pustaka 'eMTI krAisTa' (Anti Christ) meM unhoMne IsAI dharma kA burI taraha se khaNDana kiyaa| unakI antima pustaka 'ekke homo' (Ecce Homo)-jo ki eka prakAra se unakI AtmakathA hai-meM kaI bhAva aise haiM jo unakI pragalbhatA tathA mAnasika pratibhAvanA ke udAharaNa haiM / yaha pustaka atyanta apasAmAnya hai| atimAnava kA siddhAnta-nItse ko DAravina ke darzana kI pIThikA meM saralatApUrvaka samajhA jA sakatA hai| DAravina ke anusAra yogyatama kI hI jIvana 1. dekhie-Thus Spake Zarathustra, In Beyond Good & Evil, The Will to Power. 2. unakA kahanA thA ki manuSya meM sambhAvita zaktiyA~ haiN| ina zaktiyoM ko vAstavikatA dekara vaha atimAnavIya vyaktitva prApta kara sakatA hai / atimAnavIya vyaktitva se unakA abhiprAya usa nRzaMsatA tathA nirmamatA se hai jo dUsaroM para prabhutva prApta karanA cAhatI hai| atimAnava apane sUkha ke lie mAnavatA kA rakta pItA hai tathA paDosI ke zava para khar3A hokara aTTahAsa karatA hai / 3. unakI bahina ne unakA prAjanma sAya diyaa| kintu usase unheM vizeSa sAntvanA na mila skii| 4. usake kucha paricchedoM ke zIrSaka ye haiM : 'Why I am so wise', 'Why I write such excellent books', Why I am so clever', Adi / 5 nItse ne svayaM apane mata ko DAravina ke viruddha kahA / usakA kahanA thA ki maiMne 'jIvana saMgharSa' ke badale 'zakti-saMgharSa' (Struggle for pover) mAnA hai| DAravina ke anasAra prakRti kA mala niyama jIvana-saMgharSa hai| prANI jIvita rahanA cAhatA hai, usameM jIvita rahane kI sakriya icchA hai| jIvita rahane ke lie use saMgharSa karanA paDatA hai aura vikAsa-krama meM yogyatama kI hI jIvana vijaya hotI hai| nItse usake viruddha kahatA hai ki icchAzakti jIvita rahane ke lie nahIM, zaktizAlI banane ke lie hai| 'astitva kI icchA' ke siddhAnta ko mAnanevAloM ne jIvanasatya ko nahIM smjhaa| icchA jIvita rahane ke lie nahIM hai; kintu abAdha rUpa se prabhutvaprApti ke lie athavA vijayI hone ke lie hai / vijayI hone evaM prabhutvaprApta karane kI icchAzakti maulika aura naitika icchA hai| 308 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #310
vijaya hotI hai| nItse ne isa siddhAnta ko naitika rUpa dekara yaha kahA ki sAmarthyavAna ko hI jIvita rahanA caahie| isa prakAra nItse kA mala naitika niyama DAravina ke jaiva vikAsavAda se liyA gayA hai / nItse kA vizvAsa thA ki samartha ko jIvita rahanA caahie| vikAsavAda ko svIkAra karate hue vaha kahatA hai ki vikAsa kA dhyeya sAdhAraNa mAnava ko utpanna karanA nahIM hai balki pratimAnavIya vyaktitva ko| isa vizvAsa ke AdhAra para usane atimAnavIya vyaktitva evaM atimAnava ko mahattA dii| atimAnava evaM samartha vyakti hI vikAsa kA dhyeya hai ataeva use hI jIvita rahanA caahie| nItse ke anusAra vikAsa (pragati kA krama) kevala bauddhika stara para hI nahIM hotA, vaha mAnasika stara para bhI hotA hai| 'samartha' se abhiprAya kevala zaktizAlI sthUla vyaktitva se hI nahIM, balki bauddhika vyaktitva se bhI hai| manuSya meM jIvana kA prasAra ucca manuSyatva ke prAdurbhAva ke lie hotA hai, athavA yaha kahanA cAhie ki zArIrika, mAnasika, naitika aura AdhyAtmika guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie hotA hai| vikAsa kA dhyeya atimAnava hai jo svastha zarIra, tejasvI, vyaktitvavAna, naitika aura AdhyAtmika guNasampanna vyakti hai| ina guNoM se nItse kA tAtparya 'zakti kI yAkAMkSA' (Will to power) vAle vyaktitva se hai| athavA vaha vyaktitva jo sadaiva apanI icchAzakti tathA apane dar3ha saMkalpa dvArA apane sajAtiyoM para zAsana karatA hai; jo zaktizAlI, prabhAvazAlI, sAhasika tathA nirbhIka hai; jisameM svAbhimAna, dhaSTatA, ucchakhalatA, pragalbhatA Adi gaNa bhalIbhA~ti vikasita haiN| uparyukta guNoMvAlA vyakti hI susaMskRta, ziSTa, dRr3ha saMkalpavAlA svastha zarIra kA mAnava hai, jo atimAnava hai| DAravina ke prAkRtika cayana aura yogyatama kI hI vijaya ke siddhAnta ko nItse ne atimAnavoM ke prAdurbhAva ke rUpa meM smjhaayaa| vikAsa kI antima sthiti naitika, AdhyAtmika guNasampanna baliSTha mAnavoM kI hai, kyoMki prakRti meM sarvatra niSThara, nirbhIka, zaktizAlI tathA zAsana karanevAle prANI hI vijayI aura jIvita rahate haiN| asamartha para samartha kI vijaya hI jIvana kA niyama hai| usakI avahelanA karanA pApa hai| usa prAkRtika vijaya ke prAdhAra para hI naitika niyamoM kA nirmANa sambhava hai : samartha (zakti kI mahattvAkAMkSAvAle vyaktitva) ko hI jIvita rahanA caahie| yUnAnI sabhyatA kA prabhAva : samasta mAnyatAmoM kA pUnama lyIkaraNa- nItse kA atimAnava kA siddhAnta prAcIna yUnAniyoM kI 'vyakti ke vyaktitva vikAsa' phreDarika nItse | 309 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sambandhI dhAraNA kA dAnavIya rUpa hai| grAdikAlIna yUnAnI saMskRti kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve loga vyakti evaM nAgarika ke caritra ke utthAna ke lie acchI paristhitiyoM kA nirmANa karane meM vizvAsa karate the / nItse bAlyakAla hI se isa bAta se prabhAvita thA ki vyakti ko mahattA denI cAhie | bar3e hokara usane apane darzana meM isI vicAradhArA ko eka navIna evaM pAzavika rUpa diyA / usake anusAra " manuSya jAti ko sadaiva mahApuruSoM ko utpanna karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie - isake atirikta usakA aura koI dUsarA kartavya nahIM hai / " usakA kahanA thA ki mAnava ko pratimAnava banAne ke lie, pratimAnavoM ke utthApana aura saMvardhana ke lie anukUla paristhitiyoM kA nirmANa karanA cAhie tAki adhika se adhika aura zreSTha se zreSTha pratimAnavoM kA prAdurbhAva ho sake / ataH vaha kahatA hai ki ' atimAnava kA saMvardhana' (The rearing of the Superman ) karanA manuSya kA kartavya hai aura usake lie 'samasta mAnyatAoM kA punarmUlyIkaraNa' (Transvaluation of all Values) zrAvazyaka hai / samartha kI jIvana- vijaya ke prAkRtika evaM jaiva niyama ko naitika rUpa dene ke lie manuSya ko purAne AdarzoM ko chor3a denA cAhie / mAnavoM ko pratimAnava banAne ke lie unheM navIna praura ucca AdarzoM dvArA zikSita karanA cAhie / naitika aura ziSTa guNoM ko vAstavika rUpa dene ke lie mAnava jAti ko apanA atikramaNa tathA rUpAntara karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie aura usake lie Avazyaka hai ki manuSya saMghasadAcAra tathA madhyavargIya vicAradhArA kA tyAga kara navIna mAnyatAoM ko svIkAra kare | mAnyatAoM evaM naitika niyamoM kA mUla AdhAra 'prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA' hai / isI kI abhivRddhi ke lie athavA pratimAnavoM ke saMvardhana ke lie nItsa ne navIna mAnyatAnoM kI aura mAnava jAti kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| usakA kahanA thA ki prAcIna mAnyatAe~ pratimAnava ke saMvardhana meM sahAyaka nahIM hotiiN| una mAnyatAoM ke jIrNa mRta rUpa ko samajhAne ke lie usane dharma aura nIti ke mUlatattvoM kI upekSA aura upahAsa kiyA aura IsAI dharma, upayogitAvAdI naitikatA tathA soddezya naitikatA kI AlocanA kara apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA / nItse kA naitika siddhAnta pramukha rUpa se hameM usakI pustaka, 'zubha azubha se pare' ( Beyond Good and Evil) meM milatA hai / isa pustaka dvArA usane nItizAstra ko eka navIna siddhAnta diyA hai / isameM usake naitika darzana ke mahattvapUrNa aMza vartamAna haiM | usane apanI pUrvagAmI siddhAntoM kI cintanapraNAliyoM kI AlocanA 310 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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dvArA apane 'zakti kI AkAMkSA' ke siddhAnta kA nirmANa tathA usakA spaSTIkaraNa kiyaa| usane satya ke sApekSa rUpa ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA; sadguNoM ke aitihAsika mUlya ko samajhAyA; naitikatA ke prAkRtika itihAsa evaM naitikatA ke udgama kA parIkSaNa kiyA aura dAsa naitikatA tathA prabhanoM kI naitikatA kI saMhitAnoM ke dvaita kI sthApanA kii| yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki usane 'zakti kI AkAMkSA' ke virodhI sabhI siddhAntoM kI dhvaMsAtmaka AlocanA kI aura atimAnavoM kI vizeSatAoM aura mahAnatAoM kA mukta kaNTha se gAna kiyA / usane atimAnavoM ke prAdurbhAva ke lie samasta mAnyatAoM ke punarmUlyIkaraNa ko mahattva diyA hai / aba hama nItse ke siddhAnta ke AlocanAtmaka pakSa ko samajhane kA prayAsa kreNge| IsAI dharma kA khaNDana--'prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA' meM jIvana ke mUla srota ko DhaMDhanevAle nItse ne IsAI dharma athavA kisI bhI anya dharma ko mahattA nahIM dii| usane IsAI dharma kA khaNDana kiyA aura kahA ki usa dharma ne zobhana, susaMskRta, nirbhIka guNoM tathA grahantA kA virodha kiyA hai / apanI pustaka, eMTI krAisTa ' meM usane yaha samajhAne kI ceSTA kI ki IsU ko satya kA jJAna nahIM thaa| nItse ke anusAra zakti kI bhAvanA kI vRddhi hI satya kA mAnadaNDa hai| isa kasauTI para kasakara vaha IsAI dharma, jo ki zaktihInatA ke guNagAna karatA hai, kI burI taraha pAlocanA karatA hai| usakA kahanA hai ki IsAI dharma ne jIvana ke nirmANa aura vikAsa meM sahAyaka zaktiyoM ko mahattva nahIM diyA hai| ata: yadi manuSya apanI rakSA karanA cAhatA hai to use apanI jAti meM zubha guNoM kI vRddhi aura unnati karanI caahie| IsU ko rakSaka mAnakara unakA Azraya lenA bhUla hai, kyoMki unhoMne sadaguNoM ko naSTa karane kA bharapUra prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne sadAcAra ke niyamoM dvArA kAyaroM ko prAzraya tathA unheM jIvita rahane kA adhikAra diyA hai| prabhutva kI icchA-zakti ke pracAraka ke lie yaha asahya thA ki IsAI dharma meM mAne jAnevAle guNoM ko loga svIkAra kreN| nItse yaha kahatA hai ki vinamratA, sahiSNutA, samAnatA tathA dAna, dayA Adi kAyaroM ke guNa haiM / IsAI dharma ke ekatA aura vizvaprema Adi ke siddhAnta pazutAbhare 1. Thus Spake Zarathustra aura Beyond Good & Evil ko bhI dekhie / vaise usane sarvatra AlocanA kI hai| phreDarika nItse | 311 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tathA mUrkhatApUrNa haiN| bhagavAn ke nAma para sabako samAnatA kI zreNI meM rakhanA atimAnava kA tiraskAra karanA hai| samAnatA kA vicAra kAlpanika hai| atimAnava meM jo zakti kI mahadAkAMkSA hai, vaha. asamAnatA kA lakSaNa hai| IsAI dharma samAnatA ke sAtha pratyeka vyakti ko apane-ApameM paripUrNa mAnatA hai| nItse usake viparIta kahatA hai ki atimAnava apane dhyeya kI pUrti ke lie mAnava ko sAdhana banA sakatA hai| IsAI dharma niSkriya, ayogya tathA asamartha vyakti kA dharma hai| vaha asaphala jIvanavAloM ko yaha kahakara sAntvanA detA hai ki dUsare jIvana meM unheM saphalatA milegii| durbaloM ko yaha kahakara dhIraja ba~dhAtA hai ki pauruSIya guNoM se sampanna, AtmAbhimAnI, dar3ha tathA Atmanirbhara vyaktitva se bhagavAn ghRNA karate haiN| nItse kA kahanA hai ki bhagavAna athavA IsUmasIha para AsthA nahIM rakhanI caahie| kyoMki isase hama atimAnava ko bhUla jAte haiM / athavA 'saba devatA mara gaye haiM : aba hama cAhate haiM ki atimAnava jIvita rahe / ' atimAnava ko vikAsa kA dhyeya mAnane ke lie yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki 'purAnA Izvara mara gayA hai / yaha mAnate hI mana meM AkAMkSA, Azcarya tathA svatantratA kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho jAyegI aura taba saba loga jIvana kI pragati kI ora santaddha ho jaayeNge| usa samaya pauruSIya, mAnavIya, naitika guNoM kA vikAsa hI jIvana kA lakSya ho jaayegaa| upayogitAvAdI naitikatA-nItse ne upayogitAvAdI naitikatA ko anaitika kahA hai; kyoMki vaha samAnatA meM vizvAsa karatI hai aura janasAdhAraNaavivekI, zaktihIna, anaitika, hrAsonmukha vyaktitva-ko jIvita rahane kA adhikAra detI hai| nItse ke darzana kA dhyeya atimAnavoM ko pratiSThita karanA thA / vaha una sabhI vicAroM ke viruddha hai jo samAnatA kA sarvakalyANakArI mArga apanAte haiN| usakA kahanA thA ki upayogitAvAdI naitikatA kI nIMva jhUThI aura thothI hai / yaha samatA kI dhAraNA para AdhArita hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki manuSya samAna nahIM hai| mAnava aura atimAnava kI asamAnatA pratyakSa hai| upayogitAvAdI naitikatA ko vaha dala kI naitikatA athavA saMghanaitikatA kahatA hai jo bhaya se utpanna hotI hai| use mAnanevAlA vyakti kAyara hai| vaha vahI kArya karatA hai jo ki saMgha dvArA samarthita hai / saMghasadAcAra ke anusAra vyakti ko jo kucha bhI samUha se Upara uThAkara, use zaktizAlI tathA par3osiyoM ke bhaya kA kAraNa banAtA hai vaha pApa hai| saMghanaitikatA meM sahanazIlatA, vinaya, yathAnukUlatA aura samAnatA kI pravRtti kA Adara kiyA jAtA hai| nItse kA 312 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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dRr3ha vizvAsa thA ki saMskRti kA ekamAtra dhyeya mAnava-svabhAva kA unnayana karanA hai| hama adhikatama saMkhyA ke hita ke kAraNa mahAn kavi, kalAkAra, mahAn santa tathA viziSTa vyaktitva ke strI-puruSoM kA tiraskAra nahIM kara sakate / adhikatama saMkhyA ke sukha meM vizvAsa karanA saMskRti kA patana karanA hai / sukhabhoga kA adhikArI kevala atimAnava hai| ___ soddezya naitikatA : saMkalpa svatantra nahIM hai-nItse ke anusAra saMkalpa svAtantrya kI dhAraNA bhrAntipUrNa hai / yaha kalpanAmAtra hai| vyakti ke karma AtmanirNIta nahIM hote, vaha apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM hai| jisa preraNA se vaha karma karane ke lie prerita hotA hai vaha vAtAvaraNa aura paristhitijanya hotI hai| vizva meM hameM bhautika aura deha-vyApAra-sambandhI kArya-kAraNa kA anavarata pravAha milatA hai| hamArI preraNA evaM saMkalpa isa zRMkhalA se mukta nahIM hai| hamAre karma bhI isI zRMkhalA ke aMga haiM / ve apane pUrvakAraNoM se hI anivAryata: nirdhArita hote haiM / unake svarUpa ko vAtAvaraNa aura AnuvaMzikatA nirdhArita karatI hai.| ata: karma svatantra saMkalpa ke pariNAma nahIM haiM aura na ve soddezya hI hote haiN| kArya-kAraNa kI zRMkhalA kA aMga hone ke kAraNa karma, uddezya evaM preraNAe~ apane-ApameM na to sat haiM aura na asat haiM; na naitika haiM, na anaitika hii| _ naitika sApekSatA-nItse sApekSatAvAdI haiM / vaha kahatA hai ki naitika pratyaya sApekSa hote haiM, zAzvata nahIM / usake anusAra naitika pratyaya evaM sata asat kI dhAraNAe~ deza, kAla, paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hotI haiN| ve samayAnusAra parivartita hotI rahatI haiN| itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki vibhinna jAtiyoM, dezoM aura kAloM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika niyama milate haiN| jo eka viziSTa kAla meM zubha hai vaha dUsare kAla meM azubha hai; jo eka jAti ke lie ucita hai vaha dUsarI jAti ke lie anucita hai| kAlakrama meM apanI upayogitA evaM anupayogitA ke anusAra sat asat aura asat sat banatA jAtA hai| naitika vibhaktiyA~ zAzvata nahIM haiM / ve jaiva, bhaugolika aura aitihAsika paristhitiyoM para nirbhara haiN| jahA~ taka prakRti kA prazna hai usameM kisI prakAra kA naitika uddezya daSTigocara nahIM hotA / vaha na sat hai aura na asata; vaha ninaitika hai| prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ naitika mAnyatAoM se pare haiN| isakA mahattva manuSya ke sambandha meM hai| vaha ghaTanAoM kI naitika vyAkhyA karatA hai| nItse ke kathanAnusAra vizva prakRti naitikatA se zUnya hai| naitikatA kevala mAnava-jagata kI upaja hai| sata phreDarika nItse | 313 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura asat kI dhAraNAe~ prAkRtika jagat meM manuSya ne apanI suvidhAnusAra sthApita kI haiM / ve parivartanazIla haiM / unheM bhautika paristhitiyoM aura sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ke sambandha meM hI samajha sakate haiM / apane-ApameM vaha nirarthaka haiM / usake anusAra pratimAnava apane sukha aura suvidhA ke anusAra naitika niyamoM kA nirmANa aura dhvaMsa karane kA pUrNa adhikAra rakhatA hai / pratimAnava satya kI rUparekhA nirdhArita kara sakatA hai / vaha vikAsa kI pUrNatA kA sUcaka hai / zubha azubha kI paribhASAe~ sukha-duHkha ke artha zubha aura azubha kI nItse navIna paribhASA detA hai / vaha naitika mAnyatAoM ko jaiva aura daihika tattvoM para AdhArita batalAtA hai / usake anusAra zubha vaha hai jo ki zakti kI icchA kI vRddhi karatA hai tathA jIvana ko pragati detA hai aura azubha vaha haiM jo zakti kI lAlasA tathA prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA ko durbala tathA zaktihIna banAtA hai / athavA 'vaha saba jo zakti se AtA hai zubha hai aura vaha saba jo durbalatA se AtA hai azubha hai / ' nI ne prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA ko maulika naitika guNa kahA hai / vaha anya sabhI naitika guNoM aura pratyayoM ko isI ke AdhAra para samajhAtA hai / sukhavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti apane karmoM ko sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara saMcAlita karatA hai / nItse isakI AlocanA karate hue kahatA hai ki mAnava svabhAva ko sukha aura duHkha zAsita nahIM karate haiM / mAnava-svabhAva, mAnava-karma tathA mAnava - mAnyatAe~ saba kucha 'prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA' para nirbhara haiM / usI kI preraNA ke pariNAma haiM / zakti kI tIvra icchA ko jaba hama santuSTa nahIM kara pAte taba duHkha milatA hai aura jaba santuSTa kara lete haiM taba sukha milatA hai| sukha-duHkha kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai / ve zakti kI mahadAkAMkSA ke pariNAmamAtra haiM / -- nItse ke siddhAnta kA bhAvAtmaka pakSa : pratimAnava kA siddhAnta; usakI puSTi - pratimAnava ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karane ke abhiprAya se nItse mAnavasvabhAva kA vizleSaNa karatA hai / prabhutvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA sarvasAmAnya pravRtti hai| yaha maulika sahajapravRtti hai / vaha kahatA hai "jahA~ kahIM bhI maiMne cetana prANI dekhe, vahA~ maiMne prabhutvaprApti kI icchA pAyI manuSya ko prApa saba kucha sambhava de dIjie - svAsthya, bhojana, zrAzraya, bhoga - kintu vaha duHkhI aura jhakkI hI rahegA kyoMki dAnava nirantara pratIkSA meM rahatA hai aura use santuSTa karanA par3atA hai / " yadi prabhutvaprApti kI icchA sarvasAmAnya pravRtti hai to atimAnava aura sAdhAraNa logoM meM kyA bheda hai ? pratimAnava kI kyA pahacAna 314 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #316
hai ? kaise usakI zreSThatA ko sthApita kara sakate haiM ? kaise kaha sakate haiM ki vaha pauruSIya sAmarthyasampanna tathA saMskRta aura naitika guNoM kI carama sImA hai ? nItse atimAnava ko 'saMskRti kA abhijAta' (Aristrocrat of Culture) kahatA hai / usake anusAra atimAnava hI saMskRti kI gauravapUrNa carama sImA hai / vyakti meM zakti ke lobha kA carama vikAsa hI usake saMskRti ke abhijAta hone kA dyotaka hai| 'zaktilobha' naitika, AdhyAtmika aura saMskRta guNa hai| ati-. mAnavoM meM yaha apane pUrNarUpa meM prasphuTita hotA hai / ve isake bAre meM saceta hote haiN| unakI prabhatvaprApti kI icchA unakA mArgadarzaka banatI hai| unakI sArthakatA, unakI ahammanyatA unameM unake adhikAroM ke viSaya meM Atmadar3hatA utpanna kara pratIkAra kI bhAvanA aura saMgharSa kI icchA ko pUrNa rUpa meM jAgrata karatI hai / aisI vaiyaktika svatantra AdhyAtmikatA (Independent Spirituality) arthAt atimAnava,-vikAsa kA carama lakSya tathA usakI antima sthiti hai|' vahI pRthvI kI bhI sArthakatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki manuSya meM apane ko vikasita karane kI zakti hai / usa zakti kA hanana nahIM karanA caahie| use mahattA na denA sabhyatA kA nirAdara karanA hai / ataH manuSya ko cAhie ki apanI sambhAvita bhautika aura prAdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ko vAstavika rUpa de| apane ko atikrama kara atimAnava kI sthiti meM phuNce| atimAnava mAnava kA atikramaNa usI prakAra kara sakatA hai jisa prakAra ki mAnava bandara kaa| 'manuSya ke sammukha bandara kyA hai ? eka hAsyAspada vastu, eka lajjA kI vastu; atimAnava ke sammukha manuSya kI bhI yahI sthiti hogI, eka hAsyAspada tathA lajjA kI vastu / ' manuSya kI sambhAvita zaktiyoM ke sAtha hI nItse ko yaha bhI vizvAsa thA ki atimAnavoM kA prAdurbhAva Aja ke yuga ke mAnavoM ke lie sambhava hai| usake lie unheM nayI mAnyatAoM kI (Table of new Valuations) ko svIkAra karanA caahie| samasta mAnyatAoM ke punarmUlyIkaraNa meM vizvAsa karanA caahie| janasAdhAraNa ina mAnyatAoM kA tiraskAra isalie karatA hai ki vaha svatantra vyaktitva se DaratA hai| vaha jAnatA hai ki jIvana saMgharSa meM usI zreSTha vyakti 1. nItse ne apanI pustaka Thus Spake Zarathurstra meM jarathustra ko atimAnava ke rUpa meM dekhA / isa prakAra usane pahale atimAnava ko vyakti ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA / bAda ko isI atimAnava kI dhAraNA ko vikAsa kI antima sthiti mAnakara atimAnavoM kI eka jAti kI kalpanA kii|. phreDarika nItse | 315 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #317
ke vizeSAdhikAra hoMge tathA usI ko saphalatA milegI / durbala apanI durbalatAnoM ko chipAne ke abhiprAya se sRSTi ke niyama ( yogyatama kI hI vijaya hotI hai| aura vahI zAsana karatA hai) kI avahelanA karate haiM / ve anaitika, azubha, kAyara pravRttiyoM (vinamratA, suzIlatA, dayArdratA aura niHsvArthatA) kA yazagAna karate haiN| rAjanItika kSetra meM durbala loga apanI durbalatAeM samAnatA kI pukAra ke pIche chipAne kA viphala prayAsa karate haiM / nIti ke kSetra meM IsAiyata ko mahattva dekara anaitikatA aura pApa kA pracAra karate haiM / upayogitAvAdI 'adhikatama sukha' saMkhyA kA adhikatama ke ghRNita aura jaghanya vicAra ko mahattA dete haiM / nItse ina saba dhAraNAoM kI AlocanA karatA hai / usake anusAra madhyavargIya tRpti hai | manuSya kartavya hai ki vikAsa ke lakSya aura sabhyatA kI paripurNatA ko samajhe / vaha viziSTa vyaktitva ke strI-puruSoM ko mahattA pradAna kare / unako sabhyatA kA pratIka mAnakara unakA zAsana svIkAra kare / prabhuzroM aura dAsoM kI naitikatA- nItse vargabheda meM vizvAsa karatA hai / atimAnava aura mAnava meM mahAn antara hai / pratimAnava zreSTha vyaktitva kA hai ataH use jIne aura sukha bhogane kA adhikAra hai / mAnava sAdhAraNa vyakti hai, usakA jIvana kIr3e-makor3e kA jIvana hai jisakA ekamAtra artha yahI hai ki vaha atimAnavoM kI sevA kare / usake anusAra do varga haiM - eka zAsaka kA dUsarA zAsitoM kA / naitikatA do bhinna prakAra kI hai : dAsoM kI naitikatA ( Slavemorality) aura prabhunoM kI naitikatA ( Master-morality) | viziSTa vyaktitva ko dhArmika aura naitika bandhanoM se, grathavA una bandhanoM se jo jIvana kI pragati meM ahitakara haiM, mukta karane ke abhiprAya se hI usane naitikatA kA do vargoM meM vibhAjana kiyaa| pratimAnavoM kI unnati aura saphalatA ke lie hI usane AtmavinAzaka siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA / usakA vicAra janasAdhAraNa ko dharma se skhalita karane kA nahIM thA / usane anya anIzvaravAdiyoM kI kaTu AlocanA kii| usakA kahanA thA ki janasAdhAraNa ko dharma meM vizvAsa karanA cAhie | sAdhAraNa mAnava ko jIvana meM vaidhAnika prAzvAsana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| janasAdhAraNa kI AvazyakatA ke lie hI nItse ne dAsoM kI naitikatA kA pratipAdana kiyA / yahA~ para nItse zubha kI vahI paribhASA detA hai jo IsAI dharma, upayogitAvAdI naitikatA athavA pracalita naitikatA dvArA svIkRta hai / sAdhAraNa mAnava zakti aura asamAnatA meM vizvAsa nahIM kara sakate / unake lie zubha zrAcaraNa vahI hai jo samAnatA para prAzrita tathA sukhaprada hai / dAsoM kA 316 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #318
dharma meM vizvAsa honA cAhie / yaha unake lie eka nizcayAtmaka AvazyakatA hai / prabhu kA kartavya hai ki dAsoM ko naitikatA mAnane ke lie protsAhita kareM / unameM dhArmika vizvAsa rahanA Avazyaka hai / isI ke dvArA prabhu unheM zikSita aura saralatA se apane adhIna kara sakate haiM / dhArmika vizvAsa hone para ve zAsakavarga ko rAjasattA ke lie sAdhana bana skeNge| pratimAnavoM kI bhalAI ke lie, unake prAdurbhAva aura vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki dAsa unakI sevA kreN| prabhunoM kI naitikatA pratimAnavoM kI naitikatA hai / yaha pratimAnavoM ke saMvardhana tathA prabhutvazakti kI icchA ke vikAsa kI naitikatA hai / pratimAnava dAsoM se ucca haiM / unheM pracalita naitika mAnyatAoM ( dAsoM kI naitikatA ) ko nahIM mAnanA cAhie / grAja kI vikasita paristhitiyoM evaM sAmAjika sthitiyoM kA adhyayana yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki tyAga, dayA, vizvabandhutva, sevA Adi guNa nikRSTa aura prayogya haiM / mAnava vikAsa ke sAtha guNoM kA rUpa badalatA hai / atimAnavoM ke lie vilAsitA, zakti kA moha aura svArthatA guNa haiM; kyoMki yahI unheM jIvana meM saphalatA deNge| prabhunoM kI naitikatA ke anusAra krUratA, pratizodha, ucchRMkhalatA, uddaNDatA aura svAyattIkaraNa zubha guNa haiM / dAsoM ko heya samajhanA, una para zAsana karanA ucita hai / atimAnavoM kA dAsoM ke prati vyavahAra kaThora honA caahie| unakI mahattA tathA vizAlatA ke sammukha sAdhAraNa mAnava kI sattA utanI hI nirarthaka hai jitanI ki dUdha kI makkhI kI / pratimAnava saMskRti kI thAtI hai, vikAsa kA dhyeya hai / vaha jIvana kA prayojana 1 / usake lie yaha anaitika aura anucita hai ki vaha dAsoM para dayA dikhAye / prabhunoM kI naitikatA kI kasauTI kaThoratA kI kasauTI hai / jo sabase uttama hai vahI sabase kaThora hai / zreSThatA aura uttamatA ke artha haiM : dAsoM para zAsana karanA / dayA evaM par3osI ke snehavaza kAma karanA anucita hai / kArya kevala bhAvI mAnava ke prema se prerita hone cAhie / pratimAnavoM kA saMvardhana hI ekamAtra dhyeya honA caahie| unheM apane grApako aura dUsaroM ko bhI pratimAnava ke zrAgamana ke lie sAdhana banAnA cAhie / yahA~ para vaha mAnatA hai ki anukUla paristhitiyoM ke nirmANa ke lie, pratimAnava ke prAdurbhAva ke lie tyAga aura sahanazIlatA ucita hai| isI se bhalAI sambhava hai / prAlocanA mAnavatA ke dhvaMsa kI ora - nItse ne jIvanasatya ko jIvavikAsa krama phreDarika nItse / 317 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #319
ke rUpa meM dekhA / 'yogyatama kI vijaya' athavA 'prAkRtika saMkalana' ne use apane bacapana ke Adarza, jarathustra ko pratimAnava ke rUpa meM sAkAra karane ke lie prerita kiyA / usane logoM kA, navIna sAMskRtika Adarza ko svIkAra karane ke lie, AhvAna kiyaa| usakA kahanA thA ki mAnava jAti apanA pratikramaNa karake hI apanA saMrakSaNa kara sakatI hai / usakA vizvAsa thA ki mAnava apane ekamAtra kartavya kA pAlana ( atimAnavoM kA saMvardhana) usakI banAyI huI mAnyatAoM kI sUcI ko svIkAra karane para hI kara sakatA hai / usane kahA ki manuSya ko kSudra guNoM, kSudra nItiyoM, khokhale vicAroM tathA dayanIya sukha kI bhAvanAoM zrathavA 'adhikatama saMkhyA ke adhikatama sukha' ke vicAra kA tyAga karanA caahie| use navIna mAnyatAoM ko apanAnA caahie| mAnava kI unnati ke lie grathavA pratimAnavoM ke prAdurbhAva ke lie usane jina guNoM ko mahattA dI hai unako yadi vAstavika aura vyAvahArika rUpa diyA jAye to yaha kahanA anucita na hogA ki manuSya ko mUrtimAn nRzaMsatA tathA nirmamatA kA pUjana karanA hogA / yaha aitihAsika aura rAjanItika satya bhI hai ki nItse ke siddhAnta ne phAsistavAda, 'DikTeTarazipa tathA do bhayaMkara vizvayuddhoM ko janma diyA / nItse yuddha kA samarthaka thaa| vaha pratimAnavoM kI zakti ke pradarzana ke lie ise Avazyaka mAnatA thA / usake anusAra yuddha eka zubha aura Avazyaka karma hai / usake dvArA pratimAnava apane naitika guNoM ( sAhasa aura zakti) kA pradarzana karatA hai / yuddha zreSTha vyaktiyoM kI unnati aura vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai | durbala aura prayogya vyakti tathA jAtiyoM kA isake dvArA nAza hotA hai / yaha daurbalya aura nirvIryatA ko samUla naSTa kara dene kI ekamAtra auSadhi hai / isake dvArA acche karma sampanna hote haiM / nI ke yuddha ke yazagAna ne jarmanIvAloM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| vahA~ ke netAoM ne yuddha kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke lie Avazyaka samajhA aura apane ko choTAmoTA pratimAnava samajhakara vizva meM eka aniyantrita hAhAkAra macAkara use AtaMkita aura dhvaMsa kiyA | zreSThatA ke nAma para dAnavatA - nItse mAnava utkarSa viSayaka zAstra (Eugenics) se kAphI prabhAvita thA / usakA vizvAsa thA ki vaijJAnika rIti se zreSTha vyaktiyoM aura jAtiyoM kI utpatti ho sakatI hai| usane kahA, pratimAnava ke prAdurbhAva ke lie nirantara prayAsa karanA manuSya kA ekamAtra kartavya hai prabhutvaprApti kI lAlasA sarvasAmAnya guNa hone para bhI vyakti samAna nahIM haiM / vyaktiyoM kI zreNI meM antara hotA hai / prabhutvaprApti kI lAlasA saba meM samAna rUpa se 318 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #320
prasphuTita nahIM hotii| kevala atimAnava meM hI vaha pUrNa rUpa se prasphuTita hotI hai| ataH vaha puruSatvapradhAna vyakti hai| nItse ne apane atimAnava ke siddhAnta dvArA pauruSIya gaNoM ko pradhAnatA dii| puruSatva kSatriyoM aura pAryoM kA bhI dharma hai| prazna yaha uThatA hai ki nItse ne puruSatva ke kyA artha liye / vIratA, kaThoratA, svArthatA, zaktiprema, yuddhaprema, tAnAzAhI, vilAsitA, ahantA, satya aura nyAya ko apane svabhAvAnusAra samajhanA, apane ko hI sRSTikartA samajhakara manamAnI karanA, yahI artha nItse pauruSIya guNa ko detA hai| usakI dRSTi meM zubha, paramArthatA, samAnatA, AtmatyAga, ahiMsA, satya ke zAzvata rUpa ko mAnanA, janatantravAda meM vizvAsa karanA kAyaratA aura anaitikatA hai| nItse kA atimAnava svatantra vyaktitva kA, svArthI, maryAdAhIna tathA ucchRkhala vyakti hai / vaha manuSyatva tathA mAnavIya bhAvanA se zUnya, prabhutvazakti kA sphulliga hai / apane ko prasanna karane ke lie, apanI dAnavatA ko tuSTa karane ke lie vaha mAnava ko pazu se bhI gayAbItA samajhatA hai| asamAnatA anaitika hai-nItse kI naitikatA apane mUla rUpa meM anaitika hai| vaha zubha karma use kahatA hai jo prabhatvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA kI abhivaddhi tathA sukha kI bhAvanAzakti kI abhilASA kI tapti karatA hai| naitika pratyayoM ke cirantana aura zAzvata rUpa ko vaha svIkAra nahIM karatA aura sAtha hI saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko bhI asvIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra manuSya apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM hai| suprasiddha nItijJa kANTa ke anusAra naitikatA ke tIna svataHsiddha pramANa haiM : saMkalpa kI svatantratA, bhagavAn kI sattA, AtmA kI amrtaa| nItse ina tInoM kA virodhI hai| usake siddhAntAnusAra saMkalpa kI svatantratA mithyA kalpanA hai, karma soddezya nahIM hote aura bhagavAn mara cukA hai| usakI sattA meM vizvAsa karanA atimAnava kA upahAsa karanA hai| AtmA kI amaratA dharma kI kAyaratA kI sUcaka hai| prAtmA mRtyu ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAtI hai / naraka kucha nahIM hai| jitanI bhI naitika aura dhArmika dhAraNAe~, aura saMsthAeM haiM unakA mUlya tabhI taka hai jaba taka ki ve atimAnava kA saMvardhana kara sakatI haiM / jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~ yaha siddha karatI haiM ki pracalita naitikatA ke rUpa ko badalanA pdd'egaa| sahAnubhUti, prema, sevA, tyAga, bAndhava-sneha tathA parArtha bhAvanAe~ Aja ke yuga meM asaMgata haiN| mAnava-vikAsa kI vartamAna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie dvaitAtmaka naitika saMhitA nItse ke naitika darzana ke pramukha AdhArastambhoM meM se eka hai| yahI samasta mAnyatAoM kA punarmUlyIkaraNa phreDarika nItse | 316 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #321
karane ke liye kahatI hai| prabhutroM kI zreNI ke manuSyoM ke lie nItse una pravRttiyoM ko sadguNa kahatA hai jo manuSya ke kaThora aura pAzavika svabhAva ke lakSaNa haiN| ahaMmanyatA, nide yatA, dhRSTatA, pratizodha, svAyattIkaraNa aAdi usake anusAra komala pravRttiyoM se zreSTha haiN| inheM prabhutroM kI naitikatA vAMchanIya sadguNa mAnatI hai / kintu jaba vaha dAsoM kI naitikatA kA varNana karatA hai taba sahAnubhUti, dayA, kSamA, vinamratA tathA prabhu bhakti ko dAsoM ke lie Avazyaka guNa batalAtA hai| zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM ko vaha upayogitAvAdI naitikatA aura dharma ke bandhana se apane ko mukta rakhane ko kahatA hai; kyoMki ye unakI pragati meM bAdhaka haiN| para durbaloM ke lie ve aAvazyaka haiN| janasAdhAraNa ko unake dhArmika vizvAsa ke dvArA hI atimAnava unheM apane rAjya ke lie sAdhana banA sakatA hai| ataH unake dhArmika vizvAsa kI rakSA karanA atyanta Avazyaka hai, kyoMki isake dvArA hI unheM zikSita aura anuzAsita kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa bhA~ti eka ora to nItse 'zubha aura azubha se pare' ke siddhAnta kA poSaka hai aura dUsarI ora upayogitAvAdI naitikatA tathA dhArmika vizvAsa ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake * 'zubha aura azubha se pare' kA siddhAnta kevala zaktizAliyoM ke lie hai; zaktizAlI jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha ucita hai| pracalita mAnyatAe~ aura dhArmika vizvAsa, jo prabhutroM kI naitikatA kI dRSTi se tuccha, heya aura tyAjya hai, azakta ke lie anivArya hai| inake dvArA atimAnava azaktoM ko apane hAtha kA khilaunA banA sakatA hai| naitikatA ko isa bhA~ti do vargoM meM vibhAjita karake nItse zAsaka varga aura zAsita varga athavA prabhutroM aura dAsoM ko pUrNa rUpa se vibhakta kara detA hai| mAnava mAnava kA virodhI hai| kintu naitikatA mAnavamAnava meM koI bheda nahIM dekhatI hai / naitikatA ke kSetra meM aisI asamAnatA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / vaha vastugata, sArvabhauma aura sArvajanIna hai / nItse kI navIna mAnyatAoM kI sUcI naitikatA ke nAma meM bhayAnakatA, amAnuSIyatA aura kurUpatA kI sUcI hai| tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se nItse sattAtmaka ekatA meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| naitikatA kI dRSTi se vaha 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kA virodhI hai / dharmoM kI mUla, AdhArabhUta samAnatA kI bhAvanA ko vaha bhramAtmaka kahatA hai / saMskRti ke Adarzastambha, karuNA aura prema ko vaha heya samajhatA hai| naitikatA ko do virodhI vargoM meM bA~Takara vaha manuSyatA kA galA ghoMTatA hai| dvandvAtmaka naitika niyama ko mAnavIya vikAsa aura guNoM kA mukhya AdhArastambha mAnanA barbara sabhyatA kA vIbhatsa aura nagna pradarzana karanA hai| nItse kA siddhAnta asambhava, 320 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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avAstavika aura avyAvahArika hai| vaha sArvajanIna bhI nahIM hai| kintu nItse ko ina saba bAtoM kI paravAha nahIM hai| vaha eka viziSTa jAti kI vaddhi ke lie pAgala kI bhA~ti cillAtA hai| aura isa jAti kI dAnava-pravRtti kI mahattA ko samajhAne ke abhiprAya se kahatA hai ki eka vAsanApUrNa strI ke svapnapAza meM ba~dhane se acchA eka badhira ke hAtha meM par3anA hai| tarkahIna asaMskRta siddhAnta-nItse kA siddhAnta tArkika bhI nahIM hai| usakI buddhi kI ahaMmanyatA usake vizvAsoM aura dhAraNAoM ko dRr3hatApUrvaka sthApita kara detI hai| binA apane siddhAnta ke vAstavika pakSa ko soce, binA ucita tarka diye vaha apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai| vaha apane mata ko svayaM mahattA detA hai aura apane mitroM ko apane Adarza kI kasauTI para kasane kA viphala prayAsa karatA hai| usake siddhAnta ke mUla meM usake jIvana kA akathanIya sUnApana, kuNThA tathA dAruNa anubhava hai / vaha anubhava usakI asambhava mahattvAkAMkSA kI dena hai| nItse ke vicAra meM sthiratA nahIM hai| ve eka dUsare ke virodhI haiN| vaha vikAsa meM vizvAsa karate hue bhI vikAsa kI eka antima sthiti-atimAnavoM ke prAdurbhAva kI sthiti kI kalpanA karatA hai| usake vicAra bhramAtmaka aura durAkAMkSI haiN| ve usake mAnasika aura dArzanika patana kA kAraNa haiM / usakA kahanA thA ki vaha naitika dAnava nahIM hai, usakA atimAnava saMskRti kA sAkAra rUpa hai| kyA sacamuca nItse kA darzana saMskRti kA darzana hai ? nItse kA darzana viSaile biccha ke DaMka kI bhA~ti hai| biccha ko kSamA kara sakate haiM kintu prAtmacetana manuSya ko nhiiN| nItse ke vicAra satyAnAsI haiN| ve saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA abhizApa haiN| nItse ne zobhana, mAnavocita saMskRti ke badale pAzavika vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| vaha apanI ahantA ke unmAda meM kahatA hai ki jIvana kA dhyeya sarvakalyANakArI nahIM hai| kyA nItse kA svArthI mAnava samAja meM raha sakatA hai ? kyA samAja ko rauMdakara vaha apanI unnati kara sakatA hai ? manuSya cetana, Atmaprabuddha, saMskRta prANI hai / vaha jAnatA hai ki saMskRti aura sabhyatA kI sArthakatA vasudhaiva kuTumbakam hai / kintu ina sabake viruddha nItse kA kahanA hai ki svAbhAvika ziSTajana sattA rAjya (Natural aristocracy) kI naitika saMhitA ke Avazyaka nirmANAtmaka aMga pauruSIya gaNa, prabhatvaprApti kI mahadAkAMkSA aura svArtha haiN| nItse ke darzana meM naitikatA kA nirAkaraNa milatA hai athavA usakA 'samasta mAnyatAoM kA punarmUlyIkaraNa' anya saba naitika mAnadaNDoM ko asatya phreDarika nItse | 321 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kara detA hai / usake eka Alocaka' ke zabdoM meM 'nItse ne kahA ki maiM saMskRti kA samarthaka hU~ kintu isake viparIta usane saMskRti kA sarvanAza kiyA / jisa prakAra usake vyaktigata jIvana kA anta pAgalapana meM huA, usI prakAra usake darzana kI antima pariNati bhI eka virodhAbhAsa meM huI / kyoMki saMskRti kA darzana hote hue bhI usake bhItara saMskRti ke virodhI bIja vartamAna haiM / " 1. F. Nietzsche by Frederick Copleston 322 / nItizAstra (Second impression) p. 203. For Personal & Private Use Only

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caturtha bhAga bhAratIya nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 cAra puruSArtha purANoM evaM hindU dharma ke anusAra dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa puruSArtha haiM / puruSArtha kA artha hai puruSa kA lakSya evaM puruSa ke udyoga kA viSaya, yaha usa prayojana ko iMgita karatA hai jisakI prApti ke lie puruSa ko prayatna karanA cAhie / puruSArtha ko prApta karake manuSya apane duHkha kA nivAraNa karatA hai| ____kAma-kAma ko prathama puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| kAma indriyasUkha tathA ratisukha kA sUcaka hai| hindu dharma ne kAma ko svIkAra kiyA hai, use anaitika nahIM mAnA hai| isIlie devI-devatAoM kI kalpanA unake yUgala rUpa----ziva-pArvatI, hara-gaurI--meM kI hai| kintu jar3avAdiyoM kI bhA~ti ise jIvana kA parama lakSya nahIM mAnA hai| cArvAka darzana jo yaha mAnatA hai ki kAminI sukha hI parama puruSArtha hai hindU dharma ko mAnya nahIM hai aura na yaha pAzcAtya bhogavAdI dRSTikoNa -sthUla sukhavAda-ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| kAma kA jIvana meM eka sImita sthAna hai; ucca dhyeya, mahat puruSArtha kI prApti ke lie yaha prArambhika sopAna mAtra hai kyoMki isakI santuSTi apane-ApameM pUrNa nahIM hai| yaha tabhI vAMchanIya hai jaba yaha zreSThatama jIvana kI aora manuSya ko prerita karatA hai| artha-mAnava-jIvana kAma ke sAtha hI artha kI apekSA rakhatA hai / jIvana meM artha aArthika mUlyoM kA eka viziSTa sthAna hai / kAma aura artha manuSya kI daihika AvazyakatAoM--bhautika kalyANa-kI baisAkhiyA~ haiN| artha ke lie kaha sakate haiM ki kAmatRpti dhana evaM artha kI AvazyakatA para prakAza DAlatI hai| kintu antataH kAma aura artha apane-ApameM sAdhya nahIM haiN| manuSya daihika-bauddhika AdhyAtmika prANI hai / use kAma aura artha ke dharAtala se Upara uThanA hai| cAra puruSArtha | 325 For Personal & Private Use Only

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dharma-manuSya sAmAjika prANI hai athavA vyakti aura samAja paraspara sambandhita haiM / sAmAjika jIvana dharma kI apekSA rakhatA hai / dharma AcaraNa athavA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa ko nirdhArita karatA hai| binA dharma ke artha aura kAma kI prApti bhI nahIM ho sktii| dharma manuSya ke lie sabhI kAloM meM Avazyaka haimanuSya ne dharma kA sadaiva kisI na kisI rUpa meM pAlana kiyA bhI hai| dharma hI naitika aura pAralaukika athavA divya Ananda kA dAyaka hai| ataH manuSya ko, apane lakSya ke rUpa meM, dharma ko aMgIkAra karanA hI hogaa| mokSa-sAMsArika jIvana dukhapUrNa hai, yaha manuSya ko bandhana meM DAlatA hai / sAMsArika bandhana se mukti prApta karanA parama puruSArtha hai / ataH mukti evaM mokSa prApta karanA mAnavajIvana kA ekamAtra lakSya hai| avidyA, aviveka, mAyA-moha, Asakti, ahaMkAra Adi ke kAraNa manuSya apanI vAstavikatA-apane sacce svarUpa-ko bhUla jAtA hai aura bhavacakra meM par3a jAtA hai| para yaha manuSya kI sthAyI sthiti-niyati-nahIM hai| naitika-AdhyAtmika AcaraNa aura jIvana ko apanAkara vaha apane sacce svarUpa evaM mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika dArzanikoM, manISiyoM, RSiyoM, daSTAnoM ne mokSa ko svIkAra kiyA hai yadyapi mokSa ke svarUpa ke bAre meM unameM mataikya nahIM hai / jaiva, bauddha, sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika, advaita vedAnta Adi ne apane mUla siddhAnta ke anurUpa hI mokSa kI vyAkhyA kI hai| 326 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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23 cArvAka-darzana cArvAka-darzana evaM jar3avAda-bhAratIya darzana kI jar3avAdI vicAradhArA cArvAkadarzana ke nAma se jJAta hai| darzana ke janma-kAla se hI jar3avAda kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM rahA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| jar3avAdiyoM ke anusAra jar3a kA hI ekamAtra astitva hai| vizva kI vibhinna vastuoM ko, yahA~ taka ki mana, AtmA, caitanya Adi ko jar3a ke hI AdhAra para samajhA sakate haiN| sRSTikartA, svarga, naraka, dharma, AtmA kI amaratA Adi kI kalpanA mithyA hai / jar3a evaM prakRti hI sRSTi ke mUla meM hai| utpatti kAla tathA grantha-cArvAka-darzana apanI aprasphuTita tathA avikasita avasthA meM Rgveda meM tathA pUrva-bauddha-yuga meM vartamAna rahA hai| vaise vidrohI siddhAnta ke rUpa meM isakA utpatti-kAla 600 I0 pU0 mAnA gayA hai / yaha vaha yuga hai jisameM ki bauddha aura jaina darzana kA pratipAdana huA thaa| cArvAka-darzana para koI bhI svatantra pustaka prApta nahIM hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vRhaspati ke sUtra jar3avAda para zAstrIya pramANa haiM jo ki naSTa ho gaye haiN| cArvAka-darzana para eka bhI svatantra pustaka na hone para bhI hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate ki isa vicAradhArA yA siddhAnta kA astitva nahIM thaa| isake astitva kA sabase prabala pramANa yaha hai ki isakA ullekha vedoM, purANoM, bauddhagranthoM tathA dArzanika granthoM meM milatA hai| ___ do varga-cArvAkoM ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM : dhUrta tathA susaMskRta / dhUrta cArvAka ve cArvAka haiM jinhoMne ki nikRSTa indriya sukha ko vAMchanIya batalAyA hai| vAstava meM, AlocakoM ne ina azlIla aura pazu-pravRttivAle cArvAka-darzana / 327 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cArvAkoM kI hI AlocanA kI hai / suzikSita evaM susaMskRta cArvAkoM ne utkRSTa sukha ko mahattva diyA hai / unhoMne rAjakIya vyavasthA, sAmAjika niyamoM aura daNDanIti ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ve sAmAjika, svArthapUrNa vAsanAoM kI tRpti meM vizvAsa nahIM karate haiM / suzikSita cArvAkoM meM kAmasUtra ke racayitA vAtsyAyana ne prasiddhi prApta kI hai / indriyoM kI tRpti evaM paMcendriyoM kI tRpti ko sukha evaM kAma ke mUla meM mAnakara unhoMne brahmacarya, dharma tathA nAgarika vRtti ko sAdhana rUpa meM Avazyaka mAnA / Izvara ke astitva aura paraloka meM vizvAsa rakhate hue sukha ko parama lakSya mAnA / vAtsyAyana kA kahanA hai ki AcaraNa ke una niyamoM ko svIkAra karanA cAhie jo sukha prApti ke lie upayogI haiM / sukha ko antima lakSya mAnate hue unhoMne ziSTa sukha ko apanAne ke lie kahA / pAzavika sukha kI AtmaghAtaka pravRtti se ve paricita the / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne tIna puruSArtha mAne haiM-- dharma, artha aura kaam| jIvana meM ina tInoM kA yathocita santulana Avazyaka hai yadyapi dharma aura artha kA mahattva gauNa hai / kAma sarvopari tathA pramukha dhyeya hai aura zarIra-rakSA ke lie Avazyaka hai / manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha pazuoM kI bhA~ti sahaja rUpa se kAmatRpti ko na apanAye / use kAmatRpti ke sAdhanoM, usakI vibhinna avasthAoM evaM jIvana ke vyApaka aura vyavasthita adhyayana dvArA usa jJAna ko prApta kara lenA cAhie jo ki parama lakSya-kAma kI prApti meM sahAyaka hai / sthUla svArtha sukha ke badale vAtsyAyana ne ziSTa sukha ko ucita batalAyA / unhoMne yaha samajhAyA ki kizorAvasthA meM brahmacarya kA pAlana tathA vedoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai / cauMsaTha lalita kalAoM ke abhyAsa dvArA indriyoM ko zikSita, saMyamita aura susaMskRta bhI banAnA cAhie / isa bhA~ti vAtsyAyana ne vartamAna evaM tatkAlIna sukha ke badale sampUrNa jIvana ke sukha kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA / zuddha buddhimaya jIvana athavA niHspRhatAvAda kI pratikriyA - hama ghora pAralaukika pravRtti kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM isa darzana ko samajha sakate haiM / vicAra ke kSetra meM yaha sadaiva hI dekhate haiM ki jaba koI viziSTa vicAradhArA apane praveza ekAMgI ho jAtI hai to mAno use sudhArane aura svastha rUpa dene ke lie utanI hI zaktizAlI dUsarI vicAradhArA janma le letI hai / yUnAnI darzana meM sukhavAda aura buddhiparatAvAda eka-dUsare ke virodhI hone para bhI paraspara pUraka haiM / bhAratIya jIvana kA adhyayana batalAtA hai ki upaniSadoM kA nirguNa brahma janasAdhAraNa ke 328 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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lie anAkarSaka aura nIrasa thA / zuddha buddhimaya jIvana evaM kore jJAna aura amUrta satya kI prApti ke lie jIvana kI upekSA karanA janasAmAnya ke lie asahya ho gayA / ataH luke - chipe rUpa meM unhoMne bhogavAda ko mahattva denA prArambha kara diyA / cArvAka vicArakoM kA susaMghaTita sampradAya rahA ho aisA nahIM dIkhatA hai / cArvAka darzana apane sArAMza meM yaha hai : lokAyata ekamAtra zAstra hai; usake anusAra pratyakSa hI ekamAtra pramANa hai / cAra bhUta haiM : pRthvI, jala, agni, aura vAyu | dhana aura bhoga mAnava astitva ke viSaya haiM / jar3a dravya cintana kara sakatA hai / paraloka kI dhAraNA mithyA hai / mRtyu sabakA anta hai | dharma kI kaTu AlocanA - cArvAkoM ne vaidika pradeza aura purohita varga ke viruddha apane mata kA pratipAdana kiyA / parAtparavAda, pratIndriyavAda tathA camatkAravAda kI dhAraNAoM ke sAtha hI una sabhI dhAraNAoM kA khaNDana kiyA jo ki darzana, dharma tathA naitikatA ke mUla AdhAra haiM / pratyakSa ko ekamAtra pramANa mAnakara unhoMne Izvara, AtmA, punarjanma, svarga kI dhAraNA kA upahAsa kiyA aura kahA ki AdhyAtmika jIvana evaM cetanA ke ucca stara meM rahane ke badale bhautika jagat ke bhoga-vilAsa ke stara para rahanA cAhie / vizuddha sukhavAda kA pratipAdana karake unhoMne vaiyaktika sukha ko hI jIvana kA dhyeya batalAyA / dhArmika aura naitika vizvAsoM se apane ko mukta karake unhoMne purohitoM ke ekAdhikAra ko chIna liyA / dharma se apane ko mukta karane ke prayAsa meM ve jar3avAda ke ekAMgI zikhara para pahu~ca gaye / dharmazikSakoM, vaidika pustakoM tathA yajJa evaM zAstravidhiyoM ke ve pUrNa virodhI the / unakA kahanA thA ki vaidika pustakoM meM punarukti, Atma-virodha aura asatya milatA hai / yadi hama svarga aura naraka kI dhArA ko samajhane kA prayAsa kareM to mAlUma hogA ki ve dhAraNAe~ mithyA haiM / paraloka kA vicAra chalapUrNa hai / isa jagat ke atirikta anya koI jagat nahIM hai / jagat ke mUla meM Izvara kI sattA ko mAnanA anAvazyaka hai / jar3abhUtoM ke saMyoga se jagat kI utpatti huI hai / pAkhaNDiyoM aura dhUrtoM ne apane svArtha ke kAraNa ina dhAraNAoM ko janma diyA aura inakA pracAra kiyA / dharma eka mUrkhatApUrNa bhrAnti hai, yaha mAnasika roga hai / paNDita aura purohita varga ne dhana kI lipsA evaM vyAvasAyika lAbha ko sammukha rakhakara AcaraNa ke niyamoM ko banAyA hai / unhoMne apane jIvikopArjana ke lie naraka kA bhaya tathA mukti aura svarga kA pralobhana diyA hai / athavA cArvAka kahate haiM: yadi bali kA pazu sIdhe svarNa pahu~ca jAtA hai to yajamAna apane hI pitA kI bali kyoM cArvAka darzana / 32e For Personal & Private Use Only

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nahIM de detA ? jaba taka jIvana hai manuSya ko sukhapUrvaka rahanA caahie| RNa lekara bhI use ghI pInA caahie| jaba eka bAra deha bhasma ho jAtI hai to vaha phira kaise A sakatI hai ? ataH ye jo aneka dhArmika vidhiyA~ dIkhatI haiM unheM brAhmaNoM ne apanI jIvikA-upArjana ke lie hI calAyA hai| veda ke praNetA bhANDa, dhUrta aura pizAca the| dhUrta paNDitoM ne alaukika sattA, Izvara, AtmA tathA svarga kA pralobhana dekara kSINa buddhivAloM ko bevakUpha bnaayaa| __ jar3avAdI darzana : pratyakSa para AdhArita -nizcita athavA yathArtha jJAna ko pramA kahate haiM aura cArvAka yaha mAnate haiM ki pratyakSa dvArA prApta jJAna hI pramA hai| jJAna ko pratyakSa taka sImita karake unhoMne zabda (laukika aura vaidika), anumAna, kArya-kAraNa sambandha athavA kisI anya prakAra kI vyApti ko asvIkAra kara diyA / jJAna viziSTa saMvedanoM taka sImita hai / vastuoM ke anivArya sambandha kI sthApanA nahIM kara sakate / svarga, naraka, bhagavAn, paraloka, prAtmA kI amaratA Adi, kisI ke bAre meM kucha nahIM kaha skte| atIta gata ho cukA hai aura bhAvI anAgata tathA ajJeya hai / pratyakSa ke AdhAra para vartamAna hI ekamAtra satya hai| hama yaha nahIM jAnate ki mRtyu ke bAda zarIra kahA~ jAtA hai athavA yaha zarIra dubArA milegA yA nahIM / anubhava batalAtA hai ki matyu sabakA anta hai : jo pratyakSa hai vahI satya hai, aura jo apratyakSa hai vaha astitvarahita hai| jar3a hI ekamAtra satya hai| isakA jJAna indriyoM se prApta hotA hai| aise vastuvAda ke sAtha cArvAkoM ne anekatAvAda ko bhI apanAyA hai| unake anusAra cAra sthUla bhUta haiM : pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu / ve AkAza aura ina bhUtoM ke sUkSma rUpoM ko svIkAra nahIM karate kyoMki unakA indriyajanya jJAna asambhava hai| unake anusAra sthUla bhUtoM ke AdhAra para vizva kI pratyeka vastu ko samajhA sakate haiM / bhUtoM ke svataHsammizraNa evaM antanihita svabhAva ke AdhAra para proTo-- jA se lekara dArzanika ke vikAsa taka ko samajhA sakate haiN| __ AtmA ke astitva ko usake pracalita artha meM svIkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| AtmA ko parama satya nahIM mAna sakate haiM kyoMki isakA indriyajanya jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai| Antarika pratyakSa dvArA caitanya ko samajhA sakate haiM / caitanya hai kintu vaha koI abhautika tattva yA AtmA kA guNa nahIM hai| jisa bhA~ti vibhinna tattvoM ke mela se madirA banatI hai aura usameM mAdakatA kA guNa A jAtA hai usI bhA~ti cAra bhUtoM evaM zarIra ke tattvoM ke mela se caitanya banatA hai| deha ke vibhinna bhUtoM ke mizraNa se utpanna hone ke kAraNa yaha deha kI vizeSatA yA guNa 330 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #332
hai| ise abhautika tattva yA prAtmA kA guNa nahIM mAna sakate / caitanya parama satya yA zAzvata satya nahIM hai aura na isakA svatantra astitva hI hai / yaha sadaiva deha se yukta rahatA hai| ise deha se bhinna kisI se nahIM dekhaa| yaha eka prAkRtika ghaTanA mAtra hai| caitanya ko zarIra kA guNa kahakara athavA cetana ko hI AtmA kahakara jar3avAdiyoM ne saMskAra, prArabdha, bhAgyavAda, karmavAda Adi ko apane darzana meM sthAna nahIM diyA / bhAvI jIvana, punarjIvana, svarga, naraka Adi kA bhaya yA pralobhana arthazUnya ho jAtA hai kyoMki AtmA kI amaratA mithyA hai aura mRtyU jIvana kA anta hai| cArvAka naitikatA-AtmA, Izvara, svarga, karmabhoga kI dhAraNAoM kA nirAkaraNa karake cArvAka ne tyAga, aparigraha, saMnyAsa, sArvabhauma paropakAritA kI upekSA kI aura kahA hai ki vaiyaktika sukha hI ekamAtra satya hai| jar3avAdI daSTikoNa se unhoMne jIvana ke mUlya ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sukhabhoga ko hI parama aura pratyakSa dhyeya maanaa| cArvAka kA jar3avAdI dRSTikoNa use bhoga-vilAsa kI ora le jAtA hai| jIvana ke mUla meM strI aura puruSa kA milana hai| indriyoM kA sambhoga yA vilAsa hI jIvana hai| jIvana sukhabhoga ke lie hai| usakI upekSA karanA hAsyAspada hai| yaha per3a kI usa zAkhA ko kATanA hai jisa para ki vyakti svayaM baiThA hai| parama dhyeya : kAma-bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne cAra puruSArtha (mAnavocita guNa) mAne haiM : artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa / kintu cArvAka-darzana ne artha aura kAma ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| dharma aura adharma evaM pApa aura puNya kA bheda zAstrasammata hai aura zAstra ko prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zarIra kA sukha-duHkha-se avicchedya sambandha hai tathA sukha-du:kha sApekSa haiM / ataH mokSa evaM duHkha-vinAza mRtyu kA sUcaka hai / mRtyu kI kAmanA karanA viveka-sammata nahIM hai| uparyukta tarka ke AdhAra para cArvAka yaha samajhAte haiM ki dharma aura mokSa ko hama jIvana kA lakSya nahIM mAna sakate / artha sAdhana mAtra hai aura isalie abhIpsita hai| niHspRhatA avAMchanIya-sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI bhA~ti cArvAka yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvana meM duHkha hai| duHkha ko svIkAra karane para bhI cArvAka dArzanikoM kA anya dArzanikoM se matabheda hai| anya dArzanikoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki duHkha kI pUrNa nivRtti yA vinAza sambhava hai aura duHkha-vinAza kI yaha avasthA hI mukti hai / kucha yaha mAnate haiM ki mukti mRtyu ke pazcAt prApta hotI hai aura cArvAka-darzana | 331 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #333
kucha isI jIvana meM mukti kI prApti sambhava batalAte haiN| cArvAka mukti yA apavarga ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| yadi mukti kA artha prAtmA kA deha ke bandhana se mukta honA hai to yaha sambhava nahIM hai| prAtmA aura deha abhinna haiM, isalie AtmA kA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| ata: prAtmA kA deha se biyoga mRtyu kA sUcaka hai, na ki apavarga kA / yadi mukti kA artha duHkha kA pUrNa vinAza hai to yaha bhI asambhava hai| sukha-duHkha deha kI vizeSatAe~ haiM aura inakA deha se abhinna sambandha hai| isa jIvana meM duHkha kA pUrNa vinAza acintanIya hai| kucha vicArakoM ne sukha-duHkha ke sApekSa sambandha ko samajhAte hue duHkha se chuTakArA pAne ke lie icchAoM aura svAbhAvika pravRttiyoM ke niyantraNa aura hanana ko mahattva diyA hai aura sukha-duHkha ke prati taTasthatA yA ni:spRhatA ko vAMchanIya batalAyA hai| kintu du:kha ke bhaya se sukha se virakta honA ucita nahIM hai / machalI meM kA~Te hote haiM aura dhAna-gehU~ meM chilakA hotA hai kintu koI bhI buddhimAn vyakti unako khAnA nahIM chodd'taa| isa prakAra cArvAka aneka udAharaNa dekara jIvana ke sukhoM ke prati manuSya ko AkRSTa karate haiN| hameM vartamAna ke nizcita sukha kA bhaviSya ke sandigdha sukha kI prAzA meM tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie / 'mora ko pAne kI AzA se hAthoM meM Aye hue kabUtara ko nahIM chor3anA caahie|' bhaviSya anizcita, sandigdha evaM ajJeya hai| vartamAna hI ekamAtra satya hai / hameM vartamAna jIvana meM usI karma ko karanA cAhie jo ki adhika-se-adhika sukha aura kama-se-kama duHkha de| yadi jIvana meM duHkha sahanA par3atA hai to usane Darakara icchAoM kA vinAza nahIM karanA cAhie balki pUrNa lagana se sukhabhoga karanA cAhie / kAma hI ekamAtra naitika dhyeya hai| icchAnoM se Upara uThane ke badale Atma-vibhora hokara kAmukatA kA prAliMgana karanA caahie| AlocanA bhogavAdI-cArvAka bhogavAdI hai / indriya-sambhoga ko mahattva dene ke lie unhoMne sadguNa ko bhrAnti kahA aura bhoga ko ekamAtra satya kahA / jo kucha bhI zubha, zreSTha, pavitra aura dayApUrNa hai usa para avizvAsa prakaTa kiyaa| bhogavilAsa yA kAma kA mukta samarthana kiyA / janasAmAnya jina guNoM kA arjana aura pAlana karatA hai ve pracalana aura usakI manda sAMsArika buddhi ke sUcaka haiN| aisA indriya-sambhoga vaiyaktika sukha kA pratipAdaka hai| nijI indriya-sukha ke lie jo karma aura niyama upayogI haiM unheM hI buddhimAn vyakti apanAtA 332 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #334
hai / isa AdhAra para cArvAka ne tyAga aura parahita kI dhAraNAoM ko avAMchanIya kahA / aisA sthUla upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa naitika aura AdhyAtmika mAnyatAoM, yoga aura sAdhanA tathA sadAcAra aura saMyama kA virodhI hai| kucha dera ke lie yaha kalpanA karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki kabhI bhI mAnavocita stara evaM bauddhika dharAtala para eka aise sampradAya kA astitva rahA jisane ki svecchA se sukha ke lAlaca meM pazujIvana ko apanA liyA / yadi yaha mAna bhI leM ki mRtyu ke bAda kucha nahIM rahatA to bhI kyA yaha kahanA mAnava-gaurava ke anukUla hogA ki indriya-sambhoga hI ekamAtra satya hai / Atma-prabuddha prANI usa dharAtala para sadaiva nahIM raha sakatA hai jisase ki vaha Upara uTha pAyA hai| prAtmatyAga aura Atma-saMyama kI pukAra usakI usa AtmA kI pukAra hai jo ki apanI hI pazu-pravRttiyoM se Uba gayI hai| isameM bhI sandeha nahIM hai ki bhogavAdI vicAradhArA kaThora vairAgyavAda kI pUraka hai kintu prAtmarati kA aisA ucchakhala, mukta aura vIbhatsa gAna manuSya ke lie asahya ho jAtA hai| AlocakoM ne apanI asahanazIlatA aura ghaNA ko vyakta karane ke lie hI cArvAka ko sandehavAdI, saMzayavAdI, nAstika-ziromaNi, dharmanindaka aura bhogavAdI kahA hai| anaitika-yaha bhI vivAdapUrNa hai ki AlocakoM ne cArvAka-darzana ko jitanA nimna aura heya dikhalAyA hai kyA vaha vAstava meM vaisA hI thaa| yaha sambhava hai ki AlocanA ke Aveza meM unhoMne atizayokti ko apanA liyA ho| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki cArvAka-darzana jisa kaTa aura tIvra AlocanA kA viSaya bana gayA hai usakA kAraNa usI kI Antarika durbalatA hai| apane vyAvahArika pakSa meM usane sAmAjika vyavasthA aura naitika dAyitva ko samUla naSTa karanA caahaa| yaha na to usa bhagavAn ko mAnatA hai jo vizva meM sadAcAra kI sthApanA ke lie janma letA hai yA naitika vyavasthA kA saMcAlaka hai aura na usa Antarika bodha yA dhvani ko jo sadAcAra ke mArga para calAtI hai| yaha sadAcAra ke mUla AdhAroM aura mAnyatAoM-punarjanma, AtmA kI amaratA, Izvara kA astitva, karmavAda--ko tiraskRta karake unheM asatya kahatA hai / zreSTha naitika jIvana se manuSya ko skhalita karake use indriya-sambhoga kI ora le jAnA vaha apanA zlAghanIya dhyeya mAnatA hai| indriya-sambhogavAda parahita kI chAyA se bhI dUra rahanA cAhatA hai / usa sAmAnya zubha kI sthApanA bhI nahIM karanA cAhatA jisake adhIna manuSya kA svArtha hai / isake anusAra yadi sAmUhika sukha hai to vaha vyaktiyoM ke sukha dvArA hI vyakta hotA hai / upaniSadoM cArvAka-darzana | 333 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #335
ke kaSTa - sahiSNutA, tyAga aura kaThora vairAgya ke badale cArvAka ne aniyantrita prANazakti kA siddhAnta diyA / saba prakAra ke AdezoM ke prati unhoMne grAtma dRr3hatA ke sAtha sammAna aura pragalbhatA vyakta kI hai| sArvabhauma paropakAritA, prema aura Atma-saMyama ke lie jIvana meM sthAna nahIM hai / manuSya ne kAma pravRtti ko prakRti se dAya-rUpa meM prApta kiyA hai / isakI tRpti hI parama dhyeya hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki cArvAka ne DhITha haThadharmI ke sAtha mAnava jagat ko usakI samasta mAnyatAoM se dUra kara diyA / Izvara para vizvAsa aura paraloka kI dhAraNA ko durbalatA, kAyaratA, mithyAcAra aura dhUrtatA kA cihna kahA / manuSya kI naitika prakRti ko anaitika prakRti kA sandeza diyA / antarnihita satya - durbalatAoM aura sImAoM se ghire hone para bhI cArvAka - darzana satyAMza se yukta hai / vairAgyavAda ko zmazAna kI nidrA se jagAne ke lie indriyaparaka AtmA kI tIvra aura lAlasA bharI pukAra Avazyaka hai| upaniSadoM - ke tyAga, vairAgya aura saMnyAsa ke gIta AtmA ke mUrta vyaktitva se dUra hote jA rahe the / eka aisI dhAraNA kI AvazyakatA thI jo ki bhAvanA ke samAnAdhikAra ko sammukha rakha sake / buddhi ke ekAdhipatya ke samAntara meM bhAvanA ke ekAdhipatya ko khar3A karake yaha batalA sake ki kisI ke bhI adhikAra ko chIna nahIM sakate haiM / cArvAka-vicAradhArA bhAratIya darzana ke vyApaka dRSTikoNa aura udAra cetanA ko samajhAtI hai / vaha batalAtI hai ki bhAratIya darzana saMnyAsavAda taka hI sImita nahIM hai, usameM sabhI prakAra ke vicAra milate haiM / nimna se nimna aura ucca se ucca vicAra vyakta karane ke lie pratyeka vyakti pUrNa svatantra hai / cArvAka darzana manuSya kI svatantratA kI cetanA ke jAgaraNa kA sUcaka hai / saMkIrNa dharma, jAdU-TonA, paramparA, camatkAravAda, rUr3hivAda tathA bAhyAdezoM kA khaNDana karake isa darzana ne svatantra vicAra aura vidroha kI usa lahara ko janma diyA jo ki zrAdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie Avazyaka hai / isane yaha samajhAyA ki usI satya ko svIkAra karanA cAhie jisakA anumodana buddhi karatI hai / niHsandeha cArvAka darzana ke mUla meM sandehavAda aura ajJeyavAda milatA hai kintu yaha pragati ke zikhara kA anivArya sopAna hai / jaba eka vicAradhArA rUr3higrasta aura ekAMgI ho jAtI hai to usakA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai| vikAsa kI pragati ke lie sandehavAda evaM saMzayavAda atyanta zrAvazyaka hai / cArvAka ne bhaviSya ko ajJeya kahakara aura pratyakSa ko hI satya kA mAnadaNDa mAnakara una saMkhya 334 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #336
samasyAoM aura kaThinAiyoM ko upasthita kara diyA jinako samajhane aura sulajhAne meM virodhI darzanoM kA dRSTikoNa adhika vyApaka ho gayA / cArvAka - darzana kI apUrNatA, sAMsArikatA aura ghora indriyatA ne anya dArzanikoM ko prerita kiyA ki ve apane darzana kA nIra-kSIra vivecana karake tathA puSTa tArkika pramANa dekara usakI pUrNatA sthApita kareM | vibhinna dArzanika siddhAntoM kA adhyayana yaha batalAtA hai ki apane siddhAnta kI prAmANikatA ko sthApita karane ke lie bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne cArvAka darzana ko asatya siddha karanA apanA pramukha lakSya mAnA / zramAnya aura avAMchanIya darzana - uparyukta satyAMza hone para bhI cArvAka - darzana kA mAnya aura vAMchanIya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kara sakate haiM / cArvAka ne samajhAyA ki naitika niyama pracalana mAtra hai / pracalanoM kA andhAnukaraNa karane ke Aveza meM hameM mukhya dhyeya ko nahIM bhUlanA cAhie / jaba hama prazna karate haiM ki bauddhika prANI ke lie vaha dhyeya kyA hai jisakA nirantara smaraNa Avazyaka hai to hameM uttara milatA hai ki jIvana kA abhIpsita dhyeya kAma hai / vrata, saMyama, niyama, tyAga, sArvabhauma paropakAritA Adi chUchI mAnyatAe~ haiM / manuSya svatantra hai / vaha indriya- sambhoga kA adhikArI hai / ataH cArvAka Atma-tyAga ke badale Atma- rati kI dhAraNA dete haiM / jisa vaiyaktika svatantratA aura kAma-vAsanA ko cArvAka ne mahattva diyA hai vaha manovaijJAnika, jaiva, naitika tathA sAmAjika dRSTi se ghAtaka hai / jIvana ke tathya batalAte haiM ki aisA vyakti sAmAjika hita kI hatyA karane ke sAtha hI apanI hatyA bhI karatA hai / vaha AtmaghAtI hai kyoMki naitikatA ke badale pazutva ko svIkAra karatA hai / cArvAka darzana / 335. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #337
24 gItA racanAkAla aura racayitA-gItA mahAbhArata ke bhISmaparva kA eka aMza hai / isake racanAkAla ke bAre meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| isakA kAla 100 I0 pU0 se lekara 500 I0 pU0 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| isake racayitA ke bAre meM bhI hamArA jJAna sandigdha hai| dhArmika AsthA vyAsa ko isakA racayitA mAnatI hai jo ki mahAbhArata, bhAgavata Adi aneka granthoM ke racayitA mAne jAte haiN| gItA kI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi-gItA ke darzana ko samajhAne ke lie yaha kahA jAtA hai ki gItA upaniSadoM kA sAra hai| kRSNa duhanevAle haiM; arjuna bachar3A hai; upaniSad gAyeM haiM / yadi jJAnI vyakti cAhe to amRta sadRza gItA ke uttama dUdha kA pAna kara sakatA hai| yaha upamA satyAMza yukta hai, isameM sandeha nhiiN| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki gItA kevala upaniSad hai| gItA kI dRSTi samanvayAtmaka hai| usakA kSetra sarvagrAhI hai aura sandeza vyApaka hai| usane vibhinna siddhAntoM aura pracalita mAnyatAoM ke sAra ko grahaNa karake unheM vyavasthita aura AkarSaka rUpa diyA hai| veda, upaniSada, zrImadbhAgavat evaM vaiSNava dharma, sAMkhya, yoga, ekavAda Adi ke bIca usane saMgati sthApita kI aura sAtha hI pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga kA niSkAma karma ke rUpa meM samanvaya kiyA / ataH yaha kahanA bhrAntipUrNa hai ki gItA ne kisI siddhAnta-vizeSa kA tAkika aura dArzanika rUpa se pratipAdana kiyaa| ___ naitika mUlya-gItA kA dhyeya kisI aise guhya jJAna ko denA nahIM hai jise ki ine-gine loga hI samajha sakate haiM balki eka aise sarala aura sugama sandeza ko denA hai jo ki mAnavatA ke lie hitakara hai / gItA yaha bhalI-bhA~ti samajhatI 336 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #338
sahAyaka hai / gItA hai ki adhikAMza vyakti ajJAnavaza saMsAra meM duHkha bhogate haiM / apane dhyeya aura karmapatha ko samajhane meM samartha hone ke kAraNa ve bhaTakate rahate haiM / gItA ne eka aise vizvavyApI, sArvabhauma aura zAzvata sandeza ko diyA hai jo deza, kAla, paristhiti tathA rASTra, jAti, varNa ke bheda se achUtA hai / vaha sabhI naitika jijJAsutroM ko usa grAntarika mArga kA jJAna detI hai jo bhagavat - prApti meM ne karma kA sandeza diyA aura yaha sandeza jIvana ke darzana para AdhArita hai / tAttvika satya kA jJAna hI karma kI ora le jAtA hai| gItA ne brahmavidyA aura yoga zAstra donoM ko samAna mAnA hai / jIvana kA tAttvika rUpa hameM karma kA Adeza detA hai / karma evaM kartavya dvArA hama jIvana kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAkara unake svAmI bana jAte haiN| gItA ne naitika samasyA - kartavya ko kRSNa aura arjuna ke vArtAlApa dvArA samajhAyA hai / 1 kRSNa tathA arjuna kA vyaktitva - mahAbhArata kRSNa ke aitihAsika vyaktitva evaM vAstavika astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai aura sAtha hI unakI avatAra ke rUpa meM pUjA karatA hai / kintu itihAsa kRSNa ke vAstavika astitva ko siddha karane meM abhI taka asamartha hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se kRSNa paurANika nAyaka haiM / mahAbhArata ke anusAra arjuna kuntI ke putra haiM / ve apane adhikAra, dharma aura satya kI rakSA ke lie yuddha-kSetra meM praveza karate haiM / gItA ke anusAra arjuna vaha vyakti hai jo jJAna aura hRdaya kI durbalatA ke kAraNa mAnasika saMgharSa kI sthiti meM par3A hai tathA kartavya evaM sadAcAra ke mArga ko nirdhArita karane meM asamartha hai / I naitika samasyA aura usakA samAdhAna - yuddha kA rUpaka lekara gItAkAra ne kartavyAkartavya ke praznoM ko uThAyA hai / yaha jIvana dharma-kSetra hai isalie sadAcAra kA mArga hI ekamAtra vAMchanIya mArga hai / sadAcAra kA kyA artha hai ? jIvana kA dhyeya kyA hai ? kyA yuddha ucita hai ? kyA apanoM kA hanana karake vijayI honA nyAyasaMgata hai ? arjuna kA mana asthira aura du:khI hai / mamatva, bhAvAveza aura klIvatA ne usake viveka ko kuNThita kara diyA hai / kSAtra dharma aura agrajoM kA pradeza use yuddha karane ke lie prerita karatA hai kintu usakA prajJAna use duvidhA meM DAla detA hai | vaha aneka tarka-vitarka karatA hai / yadi yuddha meM parAjaya prApta huI taba kyA hogA ? yadi svajanoM kA hanana karake vijaya bhI milI to usameM hI kyA sukha hogA ? aine tarka use kartavya - vimUr3ha banA dete haiM / vaha bArambAra isa para vicAra karatA hai ki kyA karanA ucita hai aura kyA karanA anucita / anta meM gItA / 337 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #339
vaha zrIkRSNa se prazna karatA hai ki maiM kyA karU~ ? zrIkRSNa use samajhAte haiM ki kartavya kA mArga svArtha, mamatva aura bhAvanA ke mArga se bhinna aura zreSTha hai| apane aise kathana ke pratipAdana ke lie ve aneka yuktiyA~ dete haiN| udAharaNArtha, ve kahate haiM ki sarvatra eka hI satya kI abhivyakti hai / vyakti aura vizva eka hI satya ke aMza haiN| prataH sarvabhUtoM meM eka hI satya vyApta hai| isalie satya ke lie yuddha karane meM vimukha nahIM honA caahie| bhagavata-prApti ke lie sadAcAra anivArya hai| yadi yuddha evaM dhvaMsa sadAcAra ke lie Avazyaka hai to use saharSa svIkAra karanA caahie| pariNAma kI cintA nahIM karanI cAhie aura yadi arjuna yaha socatA hai ki vaha yuddha dvArA AtmajoM kA hanana karegA to vaha bhrama meM hai / manuSya kA prAntarika rUpa nitya satya hai / AtmA amara hai, 'jala use bhigo nahIM sakatA, agni jalA nahIM sakatI aura astra cheda nahIM skte|' isalie yaha socanA vyartha hai ki hama kisI kA hanana karate haiM athavA kisI kA hanana ho sakatA hai / svadharma ko chor3A anucita hai| arjana kSatriya hai| kSatriya kA dharma rAjya tathA samAja ke kalyANa ke lie yuddha karanA hai| yadi vaha yuddhaparAGamukha hogA to usake parivAra tathA samAja ke loga use kAyara samajhakara usakA apamAna kreNge| karma, akarma kA prazna-gItA yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa karatI hai ki apanI cetanA ke uccatara stara meM rahakara bhI vyakti karma kara sakatA hai| isIlie usane sadAcAra ke prazna ko uThAkara kartavya kA sandeza diyA hai| kartavya ke sandeza ke mUla meM jagat kI satyatA kI dhAraNA hai / gItA akarma evaM karmatyAga yA karmasaMnyAsa ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| vaha Atmazuddhi ke dvArA prAdhyAtmika jJAna kI prApti batalAtI hai aura AdhyAtmika jJAna ucita karma kI preraNA detA hai| ataH gItA ne brahmavidyA aura yogazAstra ko eka hI mAnA hai / gItA karmayoga kI sthApanA karatI hai| ___ karma kA sandeza dene ke lie gItAkAra ne kRSNa ke mukha se yaha kahalAyA hai ki 'jaba-jaba dharma kA hrAsa hotA aura adharma kA vikAsa hotA hai taba-taba maiM avatAra letA huuN|' jaba svayaM kRSNa, jo ki pUrNakAma haiM, sadAcAra kI sthApanA ke liA karma karate haiM to manuSya akarma ko kaise apanA sakatA hai ? yaha avazya hai ki manuSya ko karma sadaiva dharma yA sadAcAra ke lie karane cAhie, na ki svArthasiddhi athavA svarga aura dhana kI kAmanA se prerita hokara / karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAsa-gItA meM yoga kI aneka vyAkhyAe~ milatI haiM. 338 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #340
jaise 'samatvaM yoga ucyate' yA 'yogaH karmasu kauzalam' ityAdi / jaba karma ke sandarbha meM yoga kA artha samajhane kA prayAsa karate haiM to yoga se gItA kA abhiprAya 'yukta' karane se hai / apane ko sAmAjika yajJa karma athavA kartavya se yukta karanA hI karmayoga hai / karmayoga ke dvArA gItA ne una sabhI sAmAjika kartavyoM ko mAnyatA dI hai jinheM ki saba vyavasthita samAja svIkAra karate haiM / jagat aura jIva evaM anekatA ko satya mAnakara gItA ne karmayoga ko mahattva diyA hai| gItA ke anusAra jIva AtmA aura deha kA yoga hai aura karma deha evaM prakRti kA guNa hai / ataH jaba taka deha hai, karma bhI hai / karma se mukti asambhava hai / karmayoga nyAya saMgata aura ucita hai / karma se saMnyAsa lenA bhrAntipUrNa hai / karma kA tyAga karane ke badale hameM apane ko kartA samajhane kI bhAvanA kA tathA karmaphala kA tyAga karanA cAhie / karma deha kA guNa hai / zarIra mAtra hI karma karatA hai / vyakti ko niHsaMga athavA anAsakta rahakara apane ko akartA jAnanA caahie| bhagavAn vAstavika kartA hai / vaha sampUrNa vizva kA saMcAlaka hai / kartavya karane ke lie kartAbhAva kA tyAga Avazyaka hai kyoMki vaha grahaMkArajanya hai / manuSya pravidyA aura grahaMkAra ke kAraNa socatA hai ki maiMne apane zatru ko parAjita kiyA prathavA maiMne yaha kiyA, vaha kiyA / vAstava meM bhagavAn hI saba kucha karavAte haiM / manuSya to nimitta mAtra hai / arpaNa-buddhi evaM bhagavat saMkalpa se apane saMkalpa ko yukta karake karma karanA cAhie | niSkriyatA aura akarma ke lie usa jIvana meM sthAna nahIM hai jo ki zrAdhyAtmika hai| akarmaNyatA prAdhyAtmika jJAna aura svatantratA ( bandhana se mukti) kA sUcaka nahIM hai / kartRtvabhAva aura phalecchA bandhana meM DAlatI hai / niSkAma karma ko apanAkara bandhana se mukta ho sakate haiM / karmatyAga evaM akarma vAMchanIya hai / samyak evaM satya jJAna manuSya ko karma se yukta karatA hai / vaha vizva ke prArta prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie prayAsa karatA hai aura sAmAjika karma se vimukha nahIM hotA hai / aisA ni:vArtha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlatA / karma karane mAtra se doSa nahIM lagatA hai | svArthI icchAe~ aura nimna preraNAe~ karma ko doSayukta karatI haiM / inake Upara uThakara zubha karma karane caahie| karma kA tyAga athavA karmasaMnyAsa grahaNa karane se adhika vAMchanIya aura zreyaskara niSkAma karma hai | fasara karma : pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga kA samanvaya - gItA ke naitika siddhAnta kA kendrabindu karmaphalatyAga evaM niSkAma karma hai / yaha vaha setu hai jo gItA / 339 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #341
nivatti aura pravRtti mArga ko saMyukta karatA hai| gItA kA kAla vaha kAla thA jaba ki jIvana ke do virodhI Adarza samAja meM pracalita the : karmayoga aura karmasaMnyAsa, sAMsArika, jIvana cintanapradhAna pAralaukika jIvana, tapapUrNa ekAkI jIvana aura karmapradhAna jIvana, yahI do Adarza nivRtti aura pravRtti mArga ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| nivRttimAgiyoM ne karmatyAga ko mahattva dekara saMnyAsavAda evaM vairAgyavAda kA samarthana kiyA / icchA karma kA anivArya aMga hai aura vaha svArthI bhAvanAoM ko janma detI hai / svArtha vyakti ke jJAna ko bhrama meM DAla detA hai| use aucitya ke mArga se haTA detA hai| jJAnI vyakti ko cAhie ki karma kA tyAga kara de / kintu pravRttimArgI sAmAjika kartavya ko anivArya mAnate haiN| ve karmakANDa evaM zAstra-vidhiyoM ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| aise karma mukti svarga aura aizvarya kI kAmanA se kiye jAte haiN| paraloka ke sUkha kI cintA nimna pravRttiyoM para niyantraNa avazya rakhatI hai para sAtha hI svArtha ko pallavita karatI hai| isa bhA~ti yaha vaiyaktika zubha evaM svArtha ko svIkAra karatI hai| ___ gItA ne nivatti aura pravattimArga ke mUla meM svArthapUrNa icchAoM ko dekhA aura svArthapUrNa icchAoM ke tyAga ke lie niSkAma karma ko Avazyaka btlaayaa| gItA ne samajhAyA ki dehadhArI ke lie karma kA tyAga asambhava hai| isalie jIvana kA Adarza karmatyAga kA prAdarza nahIM ho sktaa| yaha karma meM tyAga kA Adarza hai| svArthapUrNa icchAnoM ke jAla se mukta hone ke lie hI gItA kahatI hai ki pariNAma kI ora se virakta hokara karma karanA caahie| kartavya karanA hI manuSya kA karma hai| pariNAma evaM phala daivAdhIna hai| phalAsakti chor3akara karma karanA caahie| AzArahita hokara karma karanA ucita hai| karma se mukti asambhava hai| karma ko chor3anA giranA hai| jo pariNAma se vimukha hokara karma karatA hai vaha bhagavAn ko pAtA hai| yadi karma karane meM ekamAtra doSa yaha hai ki karma ke dvArA mamatva, ahaMkAra, rAga, dveSa, krodha, ghaNA Adi nimna aura svArtha pUrNa icchAe~ utpanna hotI haiM to isa doSa se mukti sambhava hai / Asakti aura phalecchA se mukta karma karane cAhie / kartavya kI preraNA divya preraNA hai| isa preraNA ke dvArA icchAtroM kA unnayana aura sudhAra kara sakate haiM / vahI karma zubha hai jo kartavya kI preraNA divya preraNA se saMcAlita hai aura pariNAma kI ora se taTastha hai / yahI gItA kA niSkAma karma hai| isake dvArA nivRtti aura pravattimArga ke bIca saMgati sthApita karake athavA unakI ekatA ko samajhAkara gItA ne nivRttimArga ko aAkarSaka banAyA aura pravRttimArga ko zreSThatA pradAna kii| 340 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #342
Atmabuddhi aura arpaNa buddhi niSkAma karma ke lie anivArya - prarjuna niSpakSa cintana karane meM asamartha hai kyoMki mamatva ke bojha ke kAraNa usakA hRdaya klAnta ho gayA hai / vaha hRdaya kI durbalatA ke kAraNa mAnasika santulana( samatva ) kho baiThA hai aura taTastha buddhi se kartavya ko samajhane ke badale lAbhahAni, jaya-parAjaya, apanA-parAyA athavA svArtha aura pariNAma ke sambandha meM socatA hai | bhagavAna hI paramakartA haiM tathA karma deha kA guNa hai / manuSya nimitta mAtra hai| karma kA pariNAma daivAdhIna hai / aisI sthiti meM pariNAma kI cintA avivekI hI karate haiM / vivekI vyakti phalAsakti kA tyAga karake niSkAma karma karatA hai / niSkAma karma ke lie do bAteM grAvazyaka haiM : Atmazuddhi tathA arpaNabuddhi | Atmazuddhi dvArA gItA ne yaha samajhAyA ki nimna icchAoM kA pariSkAra karanA Avazyaka hai / hameM apane ko saMkIrNa icchAoM, kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM ke bandhana se mukta karake kartavya ke mArga ko apanAnA cAhie | saba icchAe~ kartavya ke adhIna honI cAhie / manuSya prAdhyAtmika prANI hai / usake jIvana kA dhyeya ucca hai, bhagavat - prApti hai / isa dhyeya kI prApti ke lie icchAtroM kA unnayana anivArya hai / saMkIrNa icchAtroM se Upara uThakara prAtmazuddhi dvArA vyakti apane antaratama kI divya dhvani ko suna sakatA hai / usa prAdeza prathavA bhagavat saMkalpa ke anurUpa karma karanA hI vyakti kA kartavya hai / ataH zrAtmazuddha arpaNa-buddhi ko jAgrata karatI hai / bhagavAn hI hamArI vAstavika prAtmA hai / vaha saba bhUtoM kA prAntarika satya hai / unheM pUrNa zrAtma-samarpaNa kara denA cAhie vasudhaiva kuTumbakam : vyakti aura samAja- arpaNa-buddhi vizvakalyANa kI buddhi hai / sarvatra eka hI satya kI abhivyakti hai / ataH bheda-bhAva mithyA hai / vyakti aura samAja eka hI haiN| donoM meM hI Izvara hai / Izvara hI saba prANiyoM kA prAntarika satya hai | jaba vyakti bhagavAn ko pUrNa zrAtma-samarpaNa kara detA hai taba vaha bhagavad-buddhi se janatA ko janArdana mAnakara usakI sevA karane lagatA hai / ata: samAja kI sevA karanA bhagavAn kI sevA karanA hai / saba prANiyoM meM bhagavAn ko dekhanA athavA ekatA kA bodha vizvabandhutva evaM 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' ke bhAva kA janaka hai / jaba dUsaroM ke lie tyAga karate haiM to yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki hama dUsaroM kA upakAra kara rahe haiM / ve dUsare nahIM haiM unameM bhI hamArI hI grAtmA hai / samAja sevA dvArA vyakti saMkIrNa AtmA se Upara uThakara vizvAtmA ko prApta karatA hai / AtmatyAga Atmonnati hai / gItA ke anusAra sarvabhUtoM ke hita ke lie karma karanA cAhie / lokamaMgala hI dhyeya hai / isa gItA / 341 For Personal & Private Use Only

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dhyeya kI prApti ke lie nimna aura svArthI icchAoM kA divyIkaraNa Avazyaka hai / aisA vyakti dhIra prakRti evaM sama-dRSTi kA vyakti hai| usake lie duHkhasukha, nindA-prazaMsA aura ghRNA tathA sneha samAna haiM / vaha na to zatru kI nindA karatA hai aura na mitra kI prshNsaa| zama, dama, tapa, satya, ahiMsA, dAna, dRr3hasaMkalpa, karuNA, santoSa, vinamratA, vizvaprema prAtmonnati meM sahAyaka haiM aura hiMsA, ahaMkAra, rAga, dveSa, ghRNA, lobha, moha, AtmazlAghA Adi Atma-vinAzaka haiM / athavA gItA una sabhI pravRttiyoM ko zabha kahatI hai jo ni:svArtha bhAva se lokamaMgala ke lie prayAsa karatI haiM aura bhagavat-prApti meM sahAyaka haiN| isake viparIta ve pravRttiyA~ jo kartutvabhAva, ahaMkAra, svArtha aura karmaphala kI prAzA karatI haiM, azubha haiN| karmavAda : svatantratA kA prazna-gItA karmavAda ko mAnatI hai aura yaha kahatI hai ki pUrvajanma ke saMskAra vartamAna jIvana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| pUrvajanma ke karmAnusAra hI manuSya viziSTa jAti aura kula ke vAtAvaraNa meM janma letA hai tathA duHkha-sukha pAtA hai / to kyA gItA ke anusAra manuSya svatantra nahIM hai ? saba-kucha pUrvanirdhArita aura nizcita hai ? kyA gItA kA karmavAda nirAzAvAdI hai ? kyA mukti evaM mokSa ke lie prayAsa karanA vyartha hai ? gItA kA karmavAda AzAvAdI hai ? vaha hamAre sAmane ujjavala bhaviSya rakhatA hai| gItA Atma-svAtantrya meM vizvAsa rakhane ke kAraNa hI karmavAda ko apanAtI hai| vyakti karma karane ke lie svatantra hai para pratyeka karma phala se yukta hai / ataH use cAhie ki sahajapravRttiyoM, AvegoM, uddAma icchAoM aura saMkIrNa bhAvanAoM ke pravAha meM na bhe| samajha-bUjhakara karma kre| bauddhika prANI hone ke kAraNa vaha apane karmoM ke lie uttaradAyI hai / azubha karma kA azubha pariNAma use bhugatanA pdd'egaa| duHkha azubha karma kA pariNAma hai| ata: dhIra vyakti duHkha ko avazyambhAvI mAnatA hai| zubha pariNAma ke lie zubha karanA anivArya hai| manuSya vartamAna sthiti se Upara uThakara apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika prANI ke jIvana kA dhyeya bhagavat-prApti hai aura isa dhyeya ko pAne ke lie vaha svatantra hai / Atma-niyantrita karmoM dvArA athavA Antarika satya ke anurUpa karma karane para vaha apane iSTa ko prApta kara sakatA hai / isa bhA~ti gItA karmavAda ko mahattva dekara samajhAtI hai ki vyakti kA bhaviSya usake hAtha meM hai ataH use abauddhika aura anucita karma nahIM karane caahie| naitika AcaraNa se eka kSaNa ke lie bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| apane niyativAda evaM karmavAda dvArA eka 342 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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ora to gItA hameM anaitika karmoM ke garta meM girane se bacAtI hai aura dUsarI ora hamAre andara uttaradAyitva aura prAtmazreSThatA ke bhAva ko jagAtI hai| pAlocanA mArganirdezana-gItA ne yaha bhalIbhAMti samajhAyA ki AcaraNa kI samasyA Atma-prabuddha prANI ke lie mukhya samasyA hai / vyakti kevala jaiva AvazyakatAoM kA prANI nhiiN| vaha pazu-jIvana ko apanAkara sukhI nahIM raha sakatA / vaha prAdhyAtmika prANI hai, vaha jIvana ke artha aura mUlya ko jAnanA cAhatA hai| usake karma viveka se saMcAlita hone caahie| ataH gItA ne naitika samasyA ko tattvadarzana para AdhArita kiyaa| jIvana ke Adarza ko tattvadarzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| naitika samasyA ko eka mUrta rUpa dene ke lie hI gItAkAra ne eka viziSTa sthiti ko liyA aura usa sthiti ke AdhAra para samajhAyA ki mAnasika dvandva evaM naitika samasyA ko kaise sulajhA sakate haiN| vArtAlApa kI sarala zailI ko apanAkara naitika sandeza ko janasAmAnya ke lie AkarSaka aura grahaNIya banA diyaa| ____ saMsAra meM bhalIbhA~ti rahane ke lie adhikAMza vyaktiyoM ko mArga nirdezana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / avikasita buddhi ke kAraNa athavA Avegajanya pravRtti tathA svArthAndha hone ke kAraNa manuSya kI naitika buddhi manda par3a jAtI hai| ve karma ke aucitya-anaucitya para vicAra nahIM krte| gItA ne sadAcAra ko dRr3ha dArzanika sambala dekara tathA karmavAda ko svIkAra karake aise anaitika prANiyoM ko cetAvanI dI hai| naitika jijJAsuoM ko mUlagata naitika tattvoM kI ora AkarSita kiyA hai| prAcAraNa ke vyApaka niyamoM kI saMhitA asambhava hai ata: gItA ne saMhitA dene kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA / phira bhI yaha satya hai ki apane samaya kI sAmAjika sthiti kI upekSA koI bhI naitika siddhAnta nahIM kara sakatA ataH gItA bhI isase achatI nahIM hai| isalie Aja ke nItijJa ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki Aja kI sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika cetanA ke AdhAra para gItA kI punarvyAkhyA kare / ___phalAsakti anucita-lokamaMgala ko mahattva dene ke kAraNa hI gItA ne yaha samajhAyA hai ki phalAsakti kI icchA se karma nahIM karane caahie| jo manuSya pariNAma para vicAra karate haiM ve adhikatara kartavyabhraSTa ho jAte haiN| svArtha evaM sukhabhoga kI kAmanA viveka ko ajJAna se AcchAdita kara detI hai| gItA | 343 For Personal & Private Use Only

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arjuna phala kI cintA karake karma ko sAdhana mAna letA hai aura isalie usakA nIti-nIti kA viveka kuNThita ho jAtA hai / karma ke Antarika zubhatva ko samajhanA cAhie | karma apane-ApameM sAdhya hai / pariNAma ko mahattva dekara gItA ne yaha nahIM samajhAyA hai ki karma pariNAma se yukta nahIM hai / varan yaha kahA hai ki pariNAma ko mahattva denevAlA vyakti AtmasvArtha se Upara nahIM uTha sakatA / vaha zubha ko dhyeya mAnane ke badale AtmasvArtha ko dhyeya mAna letA hai | ataH pariNAma se taTastha rahakara hI vyakti saMkIrNa svArtha se Upara uThakara lokakalyANa kI sthApanA karatA hai / vairAgyavAda ko svIkAra - gItA ne anAsakti yoga ko mahattva dekara yaha batalAyA ki manuSya ko sadAcAra ke lie svArtha kA tyAga karanA cAhie / zubha dhyeya kI prApti ke lie nimna icchAoM kA unnayana karake unakA divyIkaraNa karanA cAhie / kucha AlocakoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki gItA ne anAsakti yoga evaM niSkAma karma ko mahattva dekara vairAgyavAda aura kaThora saMnyAsI-jIvana kA yazagAna kiyA hai / gItA vairAgyavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai, usane manuSya kI anubhavAtmaka AtmA evaM jIvAtmA ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhA~ti samajhA hai / kANTa kI bhA~ti gItA amanovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara icchAoM kA samUla nAza karane ke lie nahIM kahatI balki unakA divyIkaraNa karane ke lie kahatI hai | icchA svecchAkRta karma kA anivArya aMga hai / binA icchA ke karma sambhava nahIM / icchAhIna jIvana amAnavIya, sArahIna aura anAkarSaka hai / gItA yaha kahatI hai ki kevala indriyasukha bhogavilAsa aura svArthapUrNa icchAe~ burI haiM / ve AtmaghAtaka haiM aura vyakti ko viSayAndha banAkara usakI pUrNatA ke mArga meM bAdhA utpanna karatI haiM / ina icchAoM kA unnayana karanA anivArya hai / inheM sadAcAra kI icchA ke adhIna honA cAhie / sadAcArI icchA divya hai / sadAcAra kI preraNA se karma karake vyakti advitIya prAnanda aura pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai / vyakti nagaNya nahIM hai-- gItA ke anusAra manuSya ko apane ko samajhanA cAhie | AtmajJAna batalAtA hai ki bhedabhAva mithyA hai | ajJAna bhedamUlaka yA dvaitamUlaka hai / yahI zatru mitra, apanA-parAyA, vyakti samAja tathA svArtha aura paramArtha ke dvaita ke mUla meM hai / vyakti kI AtmA vizvAtmA hai / ataH jaba vaha lokahita aura lokakalyANa ke lie prayAsa karatA hai taba vAstava meM vaha apanI saMkIrNa zrAtmA kA vAstavika AtmA ke lie tyAga karatA hai aura grAtmatyAga 344 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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dvArA Atmonnati aura pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai / gItA ne vyakti ko mahattva diyA hai| vyakti ko nagaNya na mAnane ke kAraNa hI usakI pUrNatA ke lie prayAsa kiyA aura kahA hai ki sthAyI AtmAnanda ke lie saMkIrNa pravRttiyoM kA tyAga anivArya hai| gItA kA sandeza vizvavyApI aura zAzvata hai, vaha sAmayika aura saMkIrNa nahIM hai / gItA ne ucca aura nimna prAtmA ke saMgharSa ke prazna ko uThAkara yaha samajhAyA hai ki jIvAtmA apane bandhanoM se mukta hokara paramAtmA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| paramAtmA kA sAnnidhya evaM usakI prApti hI jIvana kA lakSya hai kyoMki jIvAtmA kA antaratama satya paramAtmA hai / paramAtmA ko prApta karane ke lie athavA bhagavat sAkSAtkAra ke lie bhedabhAva ko bhUlanA hogA / samAnatA kA bhAva usa buddhi ko detA hai jo janamaMgala aura bhUmaMgala kA pratIka hai / niHsandeha jaba taka manuSya samAja meM rahegA vaha gItA ke loka-kalyANakArI jJAna kA Azraya letA rhegaa| gItA | 345 For Personal & Private Use Only

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25 gAMdhIjI jIvanI - mohanadAsa karmacanda gAMdhI kA janma san 1866 meM 2 akTUbara ko porabandara ( kaThiyAvAr3a) meM huA / vaiSNava parivAra meM palane ke kAraNa unake mana meM bacapana se hI dhArmika saMskAroM ne ghara kara liyA thA / phalataH veda, upaniSad aura vizeSataH rAmAyaNa ke prati unake mana meM agAdha zraddhA paidA ho gayI jo Age calakara ananya rAmabhakti meM pariNata ho gayI / bAlaka mohanadAsa ke hRdaya meM sadAcAra tathA satya ke prati ekAnta Agraha rahA / jaba vaha pIche bairisTarI par3hane ke lie videza bheje gaye taba unhoMne vibhinna dhArmika granthoM kA adhyayana kara unnata pradarzoM ko AtmasAt kara liyaa| isa prakAra unake bhItara honahAra mahAtmA ne vilAyata meM hI janma le liyA / dakSiNa aphrIkA meM unhoMne apane AdarzoM ko prayoga kI kasauTI para kasA aura pravAsI bhAratavAsiyoM para ho rahe goroM ke atyAcAroM se pIr3ita hokara apane prasiddha satyAgraha Andolana ko janma diyA / bhArata lauTane taka gAMdhIjI eka siddha jananAyaka bana cuke the / yahA~ pahu~cane para sAlabhara bAda hI unhoMne bhAratIya janatA meM rASTrIya jAgaraNa tathA svatantratA kI cetanA bharane kA vrata liyA / san 1921 meM unhoMne apanA pahala satyAgraha Andolana cher3A aura kaI varSoM taka lagAtAra savinaya avajJA - pUrvaka apane ahiMsAtmaka Andolana se 15 agasta 1943 meM bhArata ko dAsatA ke bandhanoM se mukta karA diyA / yaha svatantratA kA raktahIna saMgrAma saMsAra ke itihAsa meM advitIya thA / isake prAdarza prANa jananAyaka ne satya aura ahiMsA kA sAmUhika prayoga kara mAnava jAti ke sAmane eka mahAn mAnavIya pradarza upasthita kara diyA / 30 janavarI 1948 meM jaba gAMdhIjI prArthanA sabhA meM jA 346 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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rahe the to goDase nAmaka eka vyakti ne golI calAkara isa amara prakAza ko sadA ke lie bhautika zarIra se chuTakArA dilA diyA / mahattvAkAMkSA : pRthvI para rAma-rAjya kI sthApanA - jIvamAtra ke sukha tathA kalyANa kI bhAvanA hI gAMdhIjI kI antarAtmA kI pukAra thI / unake manojagat para dArzanika siddhAntoM se adhika dhArmika vizvAsoM kA prabhAva thA / ve vizvAsa vaijJAnika athavA tArkika nahIM kahe jA sakate kintu ve mahat dhAraNAoM aura ucca bhAvanAoM se anuprANita the| gAMdhIjI kA maMgalamaya bhagavAn ke prati akhaNDa vizvAsa thA / unakA kahanA thA ki maMgalamaya tathA loka-kalyANamaya jagat kI sthApanA sAtvika tathA naitika guNoM ke arjana se hI sambhava hai / vyakti ko apanI mukti ke lie sAtvika niyamoM kA pAlana karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie / unakA yaha bhI kahanA thA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA sAmUhika nirmANa athavA vikAsa kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai / samasta saMsAra ko 'siyArAmamaya' mAnane ke kAraNa hI unhoMne yaha kahA aura isIlie jIvanabhara loka-sevA aura loka-kalyANa meM nirata rahe / unhoMne AtmotthAna ko loka-kalyANa kA eka saphala sAdhana mAnA / pRthvI para Adarza jIvana athavA rAmarAjya kI sthApanA ke lie unhoMne sAdhya aura sAdhana ko samAna mahattva diyA / bhautika sukhasampanna sAmAjika jIvana se adhika pradhAnatA eka pavitra, sarala, sadAcArapUrNa kartavyaniSTha jIvana ko dii| unake rAmarAjya kA dhyeya eka unnata pradarzamaya manojIvana kA dhyeya hai / gAMdhI - darzana : satya kI paribhASA - gAMdhIjI kA darzana gItA tathA upaniSad ke darzana se bhinna nahIM hai / bhAratIya darzana ne satya ke jisa cirantana tathA zAzvata svarUpa kI carcA kI hai, gAMdhIjI ne usI ko apane jIvana meM anubhava karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / usI kI prApti ke lie sadAcaraNa zraura sAdhanA ko mahattA dI / unake jIvana meM bhakti tathA karmayoga kA advitIya samanvaya milatA hai / yaha gItA ke niSkAma tathA anAsakta karma kI vyAkhyA para AdhArita hai / unakI bhakti kA kendra bindu maryAdA puruSottama zrIrAma kA sAtvika caritra rahA hai aura unakA rAma gItA tathA upaniSad kA zAzvata tathA sanAtana puruSa 1. 'maiM yaha dAvA nahIM karatA ki maiMne kucha naye siddhAntoM aura tatvoM kA bhAviSkAra kiyA hai| maiMne apane DhaMga se zAzvata satyoM ko pratidina ke jIvana kI samasyAoM meM anUdita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / ' For Personal & Private Use Only gAMdhIjI / 347.

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rahA hai / unakI dRSTi meM satya hI Izvara hai / 'satya ke binA Izvara kahIM nahIM hai|' satya kA jJAna bhagavadjJAna hai / bhagavadjJAna ke anusAra bhagavAna kI anubhUti athavA unakI sevA unake vyApaka saguNa tathA vyakta svarUpa kI sevA dvArA hI sambhava hai| sampUrNa sRSTi evaM samasta jIva bhagavAn ke hI aMza haiN| isIlie vizva-bandhUtva tathA jIva prema kI bhAvanA satya ke jJAna kI dyotaka haiN| satya kA naitika svarUpa-sadAcAra hI satya kA naitika tathA vyAvahArika pakSa hai| isake lie tapa aura tyAga Avazyaka haiN| tapa kI AvazyakatA prAtmazuddhi ke lie aura tyAga kI AvazyakatA moha tathA svArtha kI bhAvanA se mukta hone ke lie hai| svArtha aura moha dRSTi meM prAvaraNa kI taraha par3e rahate haiM aura satya ke darzana meM bAdhaka hote haiN| svArtha tyAga tathA jIvoM kI sevA dvArA manuSya satya ke nikaTa paha~catA hai| satya ko samajhane ke lie haThadharmI evaM kaTTaratA se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai / usake lie bhramAtmaka tathA ekAMgI siddhAntoM se dUra rahakara pUrvagrahoM aura doSoM se apane ko mukta karanA caahie| yadi sadAcaraNa hI jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa hai aura vahI jIvana kA dhyeya hai to sadAcaraNa kA kyA rUpa ho ? gAMdhIjI kA nItizAstra zraddhA tathA vizvAsamUlaka hai / vaha saiddhAntika nahIM hai, kintu jIvana-satya para AdhArita hai / gAMdhIjI ne apane sahaja vizvAsa ke kAraNa, aneka dharmoM, darzana-granthoM ke adhyayana, manana, cintana tathA nirantara Atma-sAdhanA ke kAraNa sadAcaraNa ke sambandha meM Antarika anubhUti prApta kara lI thii| unakA naitika Adarza kAlpanika nahIM hai, vaha janajIvana ke vAstavika jJAna para AdhArita hai| unhoMne satya ke zAzvata tattvoM para vyAvahArika tathA naitika prakAza ddaalaa| unake anusAra jJAna sadguNa hai / satya kA jJAnI satya ke anusAra hI karma kregaa| usake viparIta karma karanA asahya hai; vaha jIvita mRtyu hai| janatA ke sammukha unhoMne, apane jIvana ke rUpa meM, satya ke kriyAtmaka Adarza ko sammukha rkhaa| apane cAroM ora vyApta yugajIvana ke ghaniSTha samparka meM Ane ke kAraNa unhoMne sAmpradAyika vAda-vivAdoM ke Upara eka mAnavIya siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyaa| ata: unake naitika niyama kisI viziSTa vAda ke antargata nahIM pAte haiN| jaisA ki gAMdhIjI svayaM kahate haiM, "maiM to kisI kA bAjA bajAtA nahIM yA phira sAre jagat kA bajAtA huuN|" gAMdhIjI kI naitikatA mAnava-jIvana ke kalyANa kI naitikatA hai| gAMdhIvAdayadi use vAda kahanA Avazyaka hI hai--kisI prakAra ke kore saMkIrNa siddhAntoM kA saMgraha nahIM hai / vaha jIvana-satya ke vyApaka kriyAtmaka svarUpa kA pratipAdana 348 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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karane kI ora prayatnamAtra hai| yaha prayatna darzana ke zAzvata tattvoM, dharmoM ke maulika siddhAntoM tathA manovijJAna ke svastha niyamoM' kA santulita saMkalana hai / gAMdhIvAda ke anusAra antaHsatya bAhya jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai| manuSyoM meM sattAtmaka ekatA hai| vizva kI vividhatA ekatA ke sUtra meM piroyI huI hai| bhinnatA kevala avidyA kI dena hai| ataeva yaha naitika kartavya hai ki manuSya eka-dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ko samajhe aura saMsAra se anyAya, daridratA aura duHkha ko miTAne ke lie satata prayatnazIla rahe evaM loka-kalyANa kI vRddhi kare / saMkSepa meM, gAMdhIjI kI naitikatA 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI naitikatA hai; usameM vizva-prema athavA mAnava-prema hI ekamAtra sAdhya aura sAdhana hai|| ahiMsA-gAMdhIjI ke bhItara pratiSThita manuSyatva kI bhAvanA unake satya aura ahiMsA ke prAdarzoM ke dvArA abhivyakta hotI hai| gItA meM karmayoga DhUMr3hanevAle gAMdhIjI ne satya aura ahiMsA ko eka-dUsare kA pUraka kahA hai| unhoMne satyajJAna ko hI sadAcAra kahA hai| satya kA kriyAtmaka rUpa hI ahiMsA hai| satyajJAna tathA ahiMsA dvArA hI ajJAna, anyAya aura adharma dUra ho sakate haiM aura mAnava-hRdaya meM prema kA saMgIta tathA usakI zvAsoM meM zAnti kI sugandha bharI jA sakatI hai / ahiMsA (vizvaprema) hI satyajJAna tathA 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' ke siddhAnta kI sArthakatA hai| ahiMsAtmaka niSkAma loka-kArya hI jIvana kA dhyeya hai| saba vyaktiyoM meM eka hI sarvavyApI Izvara vyApta hai| yaha sarvAtmabodha hI Atmabodha hai| dUsaroM kA duHkha apanA duHkha hai| use haTAnA hamArA kartavya hai| vAstavika zAnti jIvamAtra ko sneha aura prema kA pAtra samajhane se hI prApta ho sakatI hai| pApa se ghRNAM karanA ucita hai, pApI se nhiiN| pApI snehAspada hai / pApI ko pyAra karate hue pApa aura adharma ke viruddha ahiMsAtmaka yuddha karanA hI manuSya kA kartavya hai| gAMdhI-darzana yaha akhaNDa vizvAsa detA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM eka hI cetana-zakti vyApta hai| saba eka hI pitA ke putra 1. paripUrNa maMgalamaya jagat athavA rAmarAjya ke Adarza ko sammukha rakhate samaya unhoMne mAnava___ svabhAva ke donoM pakSoM-bauddhika aura bhAvuka-ko samajhA / 2. manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra vicAra-sAhacarya ke niyama isa bAta kI puSTi karate haiM ki pApI aura pAT meM tAdAtmya sthApita ho jAtA hai| usake viruddha itanA hI kahanA hai ki gAMdhIjI ne jo kucha bhI kahA usakA pahale apane jIvana meM abhyAsa aura anubhava kara liyA / phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie yaha kaThina kArya mAnasika aura prAdhyAtmika unnati se hI sambhava hai| gAMdhIjI | 346 For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiN| isI ko lakSya karate hue gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki manuSya kA zrAcaraNa dhArmikasarva kalyANakArI - honA cAhie | zrahiMsA mAnavIya satya kA hI sakriya guNa hai / isake do rUpa haiM : bhAvarUpa yA dhanarUpa zrIraM prabhAvarUpa yA RNarUpa / prabhAvAtmaka rUpa ke anusAra kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie / para-pIr3ana pApa hai / zArIrika athavA mAnasika pIr3A pahu~cAnA pApa hai / gAMdhIjI tatvajJAnI hone ke nAte ahiMsA kA vyApaka artha ' lete haiM / ahiMsA kA bhAvAtmaka rUpa sarva kalyANakArI hai / lokamaMgala ke hetu vizva- prema ko svIkAra karanA hI ahiMsA | hiMsAtmaka vyakti ke lie rAga, dveSa, krodha, moha, lobha aura ghRNA Adi mana ke vikAra dharma haiM / use manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, pavitra tathA saMyamI honA cAhie / jIvanarUpI karmakSetra meM use hiMsA tathA asatya ke viruddha nirantara saMgrAma karanA cAhie / karmakSetra meM akarmaNyatA ke lie sthAna nahIM hai / sadaiva dharma kI sthApanA ke lie prayAsa karanA cAhie / pariNAma se Darakara kartavya se vimukha honA pApa hai | manuSya ko ahiMsA grItmabala detI hai / vaha use kSudra icchAoM tathA dAmbhika bhAvanAoM se Upara uThAtI hai / use svArthahIna tathA AtmavijayI banAkara vizvAtmA kI anubhUti karAtI hai gAMdhIjI ke anusAra satya aura ahiMsA donoM hI prAcIna tathA zAzvata haiM / satya hI saccidAnanda bhagavAn hai aura ahiMsA usakI prApti kA sAdhana hai / abhISTa (satya) kI prApti ke lie ahiMsA ekamAtra sAdhana hai / / satyAgraha -- satyAgraha' kA artha hai satya ke prati prAgraha | satya vyaktivizeSa 1 1. apane saMkIrNa artha meM ahiMsA kA abhiprAya adhikatara kArya aura daihika hiMsA na karane se rahatA hai| gAMdhIjI ne gautama buddha ke samAna hI hiMsA kA vyApaka artha liyA / gautama buddha aura gAMdhI, donoM ne hI mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lie vizvaprema, karuNA, sevA aura niHsvArtha bhAva ko apanAne kI logoM se prArthanA kii| 2. satya aura ahiMsA gAMdhIjI ke anusAra utane hI prAcIna haiM jitane ki parvata / unakA kahanA hai ki maiM duniyA ko koI nayI bAta nahIM batA rahA hU~ / mujhe satya kI khoja karane meM satya aura ahiMsA kA bodha humA / zrahiMsA kA siddhAnta atyanta prAcIna | vaha Rgveda meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| upaniSadoM meM bhI aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM jinake dvArA vizvaprema kA pratipAdana huA hai / gItA, bauddhadharma, IsAI dharma meM bhI ise mAnyatA dI gayI hai / ise sarvottama nIti batAyA gayA hai / 3. satyAgraha kA janma dakSiNa aphrIkA meM huA / isake dvArA gAMdhIjI ne vahA~ ke kAle loga ko batAyA ki apane adhikAroM ke lie jAgrata hoyo / vahA~ unhoMne 'TAlamaTAya phArma' kholakara logoM ko svAvalambI banAne kA prAdeza diyaa| Atmabala aura saMghaTita zakti 350 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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taka hI sImita nahIM hai / apane vyApaka rUpa meM vaha sarvazaktisampanna hai; usI prati graha satyAgraha hai / kevala vicAroM se ahiMsAtmaka honA paryApta nahIM hai | use karmakSetra meM pratiSThita karanA cAhie / asatya ke viruddha khar3e hokara aura satya ke prati jAgarUka rahakara hI ahiMsA ko vyavahAra meM lAyA jA sakatA hai | satyAgrahI ke lie anyAya, atyAcAra, krUratA, anIti Adi ko svayaM sahanA athavA dUsare ko unheM sahate hue dekhanA asahya hai / adharma aura anaitikatA ko haTAne ke lie vaha ahiMsAtmaka satyAgraha karatA hai | satyAgraha ke dvArA vaha lokajIvana ke prati apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karake apane adhikAroM kA bhoga karatA hai | satyAgrahI karma karate samaya vipakSI athavA kaThora se kaThora atyAcArI sammukha bhI nahIM jhukatA / prANimAtra ko atyAcAra se mukta karanA usakA dhyeya hai / kintu isa mukti ko prApta karane ke lie ahiMsA hI ekamAtra sAdhana hai / dveSa, ghRNA, anyAya ko prema se jItanA cAhie / pratizodha kI bhAvanA pApa' hai / ghRNA ke prati ghRNA athavA pazubala ke prati pazubala anucita hai| hiMsA ko ahiMsA se athavA pazubala ko Atmabala se jItanA cAhie / samasta manuSya eka hI parivAra ke prANI haiM / hiMsA se ( vivaza karake athavA DarA-dhamakAkara ) unakA hanana karane ke badale prema se unakA sudhAra karanA caahie| gAMdhIjI kA satyAgraha ke meM z2ora diyaa| loka-sevA aura naitika jIvana kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA / prAkRtika upacAra, saphAI aura mitAhAra kA pATha par3hAyA / satyAgraha kA pUrNa vikAsa bhArata meM huA / briTiza sAmrAjyavAda ne logoM ke svAbhimAna kI rIr3ha tor3a dI thii| ve apanI saMskRti se vimukha ho gaye the / mAnasika aura sAMskRtika dAsatA svIkAra kara cuke the 1 gAMdhIjI ne satyAgraha tathA asahayoga AndolanoM, dezavyApI har3atAloM aura kaThora dIrghakAlIna upavAsoM dvArA naitika patana se bhAratIyoM ko bacAyA / satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, Atmanigraha Adi kA kaThora vrata logoM ko sikhAyA / Atma-tyAga aura balidAna dvArA lokasevA athavA AtmasantoSa kA mArga dikhaayaa| loka-jIvana aura mAnava svabhAva kA unheM gUr3ha jJAna thA / lokarakSA aura saMskRti ke mUla tattvoM kI rakSA ke lie hI unhoMne brahmacarya kI zikSA dI / 1. apanI AtmakathA meM gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki ve 'avaguNa badale guNa kare, satya dharma kA marma hai"- " - isa kathana se prabhAvita hue / yIzu ke anusAra bhI hameM burAI ko burAI se nahIM rokanA cAhie / yahI bAta rahImadAsajI ne bhI kahI hai- 'jo tokUM kA~TA buvai, tAhi boya tUM phula / ' rAjanIti ke kSetra meM yaha vicitra athavA avyAvahArika kathana lagatA hai / gAMdhIjI ne bhArata ko ahiMsAtmaka Atmabala tathA satyAgraha dvArA svatantratA dilAkara usakI vAstavikatA ko kevala siddha hI nahIM kiyA varan vizva ke itihAsa meM eka nayI rAjanIti ko janma aura sthAna diyA hai / For Personal & Private Use Only gAMdhIjI / 351

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saumya, ziSTa, prema kA hI eka rUpa hai | satyAgraha ke lie bhI unakA kahanA hai ki yaha unakA maulika siddhAnta nahIM hai / yaha sanAtana dharma athavA zAzvata satya kA yathArtha tathA vyAvahArika rUpa hai / 'satyAgraha zrAtmazuddhi kI lar3AI hai; vaha dhArmika lar3AI hai / " satyAgraha ke lie samyak bodha tathA vyApaka prema kI AvazyakatA hai / dUsare ke mana meM satya kA bodha jAgrata kara prema se use AkarSita karanA hI satyAgraha hai / satya kI ora abhimukha hokara dUsaroM ke mana meM ucca bhAvanAoM ko jAgrata karanA, unakA grAtmonnayana karanA hI satyAgraha kA dhyeya hai / gAMdhIjI ke satyAgraha kA mularUpa AtmatyAga tathA Atma- balidAna hai / yahI nahIM, unhoMne satyAgrahI ke kartavyoM kI rUparekhA bhI banAyI / satyAgrahI ko AtmasaMyamI, Atmaprabuddha tathA nirbhIka honA cAhie / usakA balamAtra Atmabala hai / use lagana, AtmavizvAsa, ahiMsA tathA zraddhA ke sAtha, aDiga hokara, satya ke mArga kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie / isI meM use zrAtmAnanda milatA hai aura yahI lokakalyANa kA mArga hai / hindU dharma aura achUtoddhAra - gAMdhIjI kA dharma se abhiprAya kisI viziSTa sampradAya yA mata se nahIM, kintu zAzvata satya se thA / unhoMne hindU dharma ke maulika dArzanika satyoM ko apane viveka ke prakAza meM samajhakara unheM AtmasAt kiyA aura kahA ki prANI- prANI meM mUlataH koI bheda nahIM hai / dUsare kA 1 hita karanA athavA burA socanA yA dekhanA pratharma hai / mAnavatA ke prati mamatva kI bhAvanA tathA vizvaprema hI dharma hai / athavA sarvakalyANa kA nAma hI dharma hai / ve apane pravacanoM meM bAra-bAra duharAte the ki maiM sanAtana ( zAzvata ) satya kA pUjaka hU~ / unakA sanAtana dharma atyanta sahiSNu hai / usake cAra mukhya stambha haiM : satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / usakA kSetra vyApaka hai / vaha 'sarvadharma samanvaya' meM vizvAsa karatA hai / veda, kurAna, bAibila, gItA, AvestA Adi saba mahAn dharmagranthoM ke maulika siddhAntoM ko svIkAra kara unake prati zraddhA rakhatA hai / mAnava ekatA ko bhUlakara bAhya jAtigata tathA sampradAyagata vibhedoM ko dekhanA, apane dharma ko acchA kahakara dUsare dharmoM kA anAdara karanA 1. gAMdhI- satyAgraha ke mukhya aMga sneha, presa, ekatA, sahRdayatA aura sahayoga haiN| bhAratIya darzana aura saMskRti ne bhI sadaiva inheM hI pradhAnatA dii| 2. dekhie - paTTAbhi bhA0 1, pR0 38, 45-47, 178-184 / 352 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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gAMdhI-dharma ke anusAra dhArmika aura anaitika' hai / gAMdhIjI ne dharma aura naitikatA ko eka hI mAnA hai / ye eka hI zAzvata satya ke do svarUpa haiM / donoM meM prabhinnatA hai | adhArmika siddhAnta anaitika hai / saba dharma apane vivekasammata naitika rUpa meM ( rUr3hibaddha aura saMkIrNa rUpa meM nahIM) samAna tathA zraddhAmUlaka haiM / pratyeka vyakti apanA dharma pAlana karane ke lie svatantra hai / gAMdhIjI apane ko hindU kahate the, para ve saba dharmoM kA samAna Adara karate the / dharmapracArakoM ke ve viruddha the| kisI bhI matAvalambI ko dUsaroM ke dharma kA unmUlana karane kA taba taka adhikAra nahIM hai jaba taka ki usakA dharma maulika mAnavIya sadAcAra ke viruddha na ho / anAsakta yoga' gAMdhIjI ke dharmaprema, satyaprema athavA naitikatA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga thA / dharma evaM mAnava kalyANa kI bhAvanA ne hI unheM rAjanIti meM praveza karane ke lie bAdhya kara samAja-sudhAraka banAyA | rUr3hi - rItigrasta, pradhArmika niyamoM kA vidrohI banAyA / hindU dharma ke mAthe se chuAchUta ke kalaMka ke TIke ko miTAnevAlA banAyA / dharma ke kAraNa hI unhoMne harijana Andolana ko bhAratIya svatantratA ke saMgrAma kA eka mukhya aMga banAyA / achUtoM ko harijana kahakara unhoMne isa kathana kI puSTi kI ki 'jAti-pAMti pUche nahiM koI, hari ko bhaje so hari kA hoI / ' gAMdhI-dharma eka ziSTa sadAcArapUrNa mAnava samAja kA dharma hai / vaha vivekasammata dharma hai / usakI nIMva andhavizvAsa para nahIM, vaha naitikatA kA hI dUsarA nAma hai / zikSA - gAMdhIjI kA kahanA thA ki baccoM ko rASTra kI AvazyakatAoM tathA pradarzo ke anusAra zikSA denI cAhie | yUnivarsiTI kI zikSA-paddhati tathA usake pAThya-krama se vaha santuSTa na the; kyoMki vaha hamAre navayuvakoM ko 1. 'jaba yahA~ bhI Izvara hai, vahA~ para bhI Izvara hai aura Izvara to eka hI ho sakatA hai taba donoM alaga-alaga nAma leM aura eka-dUsare ke nAma bardAsta na kara sakeM, yaha pAgalapanasAhI dIkhatA hai / ' 2. 'hindU dharma, jaisA use maiM samajhatA hUM, mujhe pUrNa Atma-santoSa detA hai, mere samasta astitva pUrNatA detA hai aura mujhe bhagavadgItA aura upaniSada se zAnti milatI hai / ' 3. gItA kI bhA~ti ve pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga ke samanvaya meM vizvAsa karate the / samAja meM rahakara niHsaMga hokara kAma karanA caahie| 4 'aise vyApaka satyanArAyaNa ke pratyakSa darzana ke lie prANimAtra ke prati prAtmavat (apane samAna) prema kI bar3I bhArI jarUrata hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki merI satya kI pUjA mujhe rAjanItika kSetra meM ghasITa le gayI / ' For Personal & Private Use Only gAMdhIjI / 353

Page #355
kaSTa - sahiSNu, svAvalambI tathA sevA tatpara banAne meM asamartha hai| vaha apane dharma tathA saMskRti se bhI vimukha hai / vaha vidyArthiyoM ko klarkoM kA jIvana vyatIta karanA bhara sikhA rahI hai / unake anusAra zikSA kA lakSya, naitika cetanA ko jAgrata karanA honA cAhie / vidyArthiyoM ko svAvalambana tathA zrama udyoga bhI sIkhane cAhie / parIkSAoM ko atyadhika mahattva denA bhUla hai / ve jIvana kAdi aura anta nahIM haiM / zikSA dvArA vidyArthiyoM meM kartavya jJAna utpanna karanA caahie| unheM deza kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane kA jJAna honA cAhie / vardhA zikSA kendra inhIM AdarzoM para sthApita kiyA gayA thA aura gAMdhI sevA saMgha bhI vyaktiyoM ko svAvalambI aura Atma-tyAgI banAne ke lie kholA gayA thA / 1 gAMdhIvAda aura samAjavAda - gAMdhIjI ne satya-ahiMsA dvArA eka navIna sAmAjika vyavasthA banAnI cAhI / unhoMne samAjavAda kI paribhASA ko vyApaka rUpa denA cAhA / samAjavAda se unakA abhiprAya kevala Arthika samAnatA se nahIM thA kintu prAdhyAtmika ekatA, naitika niSThA tathA kartavyabodha se bhI thA / unakA kahanA thA ki sattAtmaka ekatA ke satya ko logoM ko samajhanA cAhie / isase unakI naitika cetanA kA vikAsa hogA / ve samAnAdhikAra meM vizvAsa karane lageMge | pRthvI se utpanna padArthoM kA bhoga sabhI kara sakate haiM / amIragarIba kA tathA jAtIya rASTrIya bheda mAnanA anucita hai / prAtma cetana prANI tathA satya-ahiMsA ke upAsaka ko apane karttavya aura adhikAra ko samajhanA cAhie | unake mata ke anusAra pU~jIpati aura sampattivAn daridranArAyaNa ke 'ghana ke saMrakSaka mAtra haiM / unheM garIboM kA abhibhAvaka bananA hogA aura isalie viSaya - sukha tathA vilAsitA ko hiMsA samajhakara unheM apane Upara utanA hI kharca karanA cAhie jitanA unake mAnasika aura zArIrika jIvana ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai / ' unheM garIboM kI rakSA karanA, unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti 1. svayaM bhI ve apane jIvana meM pratyanta mitavyayitA ke sAtha rhe| jaba san 1930 meM ve yaravadA jela meM the to unhoMne jela supariTeNDeNTa se kahA ki una para 35 ru0 mAsika se adhika kharca nahIM honA cAhie / unheM khAne ke lie sI klAsa ke baratana milane caahie| unhoMne roja nIma kI nayI dAtuna taka lene se inkAra kara diyA / dekhie - bApU kI jhA~kiyA~ - dattAtreya bAlakRSNa kAlelakara / 354 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #356
karanA, unakI sevA karanA apanA parama kartavya samajhanA cAhie kyoMki unhIM ke pAsa garIboM kI dharohara hai / ' unakA vizvAsa thA ki naitika cetanA ke vikAsa dvArA hI sudRr3ha rAmarAjya (mAnava-prema aura Atmika ekatA ke samAjavAda) kI sthApanA ho sakatI hai| prAtmatyAga, prAtmonnati aura vasudhaiva kuTumbakam ke siddhAnta ko AtmasAta karane kI AvazyakatA hai| yahI vAstavika samAjavAda ko sthApita kara skegaa| isake viparIta aAdhunika sAmyavAdI tathA samAjavAdI, jinhoMne apanI preraNA pazcima se pAyI hai, apane dhyeya kI prApti ke lie hiMsAtmaka sAdhana ko Avazyaka samajhate haiN| ve vartamAna Arthika vyavasthA ko vargayuddha tathA raktakrAnti dvArA badalanA cAhate haiN| unake anusAra samAnatA (Arthika) amIroM ko miTAne se hI sambhava hai| sampattivAnoM tathA zoSakoM kA hRdaya-parivartana Arthika vyavasthA ke parivartana dvArA hI ho sakatA hai / athavA vyaktiyoM meM naitika cetanA kI jAgati, mAnavIya bhAvanA kI utpatti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki sarvahArA meM krAnti kI bhAvanA utpanna kI jaay| prArthika vyavasthA meM parivartana tathA krAnti kA AtaMka hI varga-cetanA se pIr3ita samAja kA hRdaya badala sakatA hai / samAjavAda vyaktigata sampatti meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai / pUMjIpatiyoM ko astitvarahita karanA hI isakA sarvopari dhyeyahai / samAjavAdiyoM ke anusAra sampUrNa-cala aura acala sampatti-svAmI loka rASTra hai / manuSya kA parivAra tathA bacce saba kucha lokarASTra ke haiM / manuSya rASTra kA aMga mAtra hai / usakI vyaktigata sattA nahIM ke barAbara hai / gAMdhIvAda samAjavAda ke sAdhanoM ko hiMsAtmaka samajhatA hai / usake anusAra pUMjIpatiyoM kI sampatti ke chIne jAne kA vicAra hiMsra pazu-pravRtti kA sUcaka hai / rakta-krAnti kI pukAra amAnuSIya aura anaitika hai / vyaktigata sampatti rakhanA, nirdhanoM ke dhana kA saMrakSaka bananA anucita nahIM hai / apane svArtha ke lie dhana-saMcaya (parigraha) karanA pApa hai / svecchApUrvaka prAtmatyAga karanA, apane Upara pAva 1. tulanA kIjie 'Temporal goods which are given to men by God are his as regards their possession but as regards their use, if they should be superfluous to him, they belong to others who may profit by them'--Thomas Aquinas. (1225-1274) gAMdhIjI | 355 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #357
zyakatA se adhika kharca na karanA, dInoM ko dAna denA naitikatA hai / manuSya kA naitika unnayana bAhya paristhitiyoM, bhautika ghaTanAoM tathA prArthika vyavasthA ke rakta- kAntipUrNa parivartana dvArA sambhava nahIM hai / jaba taka vyakti apanI Atmaprerita buddhi se samAnatA aura lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM karegA taba taka sukha aura zAnti asambhava hai / dUsare zabdoM meM gAMdhIvAda prAtmonnati, AdhyAtmika vikAsa tathA sAMskRtika utthAna ke dvArA cirasthAyI maMgalamaya sAmAjikatA kI sthApanA karanA cAhatA hai / AlocanA - grAlocakoM ke anusAra gAMdhIjI ne svapnadraSTA kI bhA~ti Adarza AdhyAtmika samAja sthApita karane kI ceSTA kii| unakA dhyeya pratimAnavIya hai / unake sAdhana pravAstavika aura avyAvahArika haiM / unakA 'vAda' kaSTasAdhya saMnyAsavAda ke samAna hai / ve zuddha buddhimaya jIvana ko pavitra jIvana kahate haiM / kintu gAMdhIjI ke naitika ( athavA dArzanika ) siddhAnta ko ekAMgI kahanA anucita hai / jIvana-satya ko unhoMne apanI sahajabuddhi se samajha liyA thA / unakA naitika jJAna mAnavIya vAstavikatA kA jJAna hai / ve bhalI-bhA~ti jAnate the ki naMge tana aura bhUkhe peTavAloM ko naitika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika sadAcAra kA pATha par3hAnA pAgalapana hai / ataH unhoMne kheta-khalihAnoM kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA | grAmodyogoM aura paMcAyata rAja ko mahatA dii| grAmINoM ke svAsthya, AhAra-vihAra-sambandhI svacchatA tathA achUtodvAra kI ora dhyAna diyA / isI abhiprAya se unhoMne gAMdhI- sevaka saMgha kI sthApanA kI / yaha saba korA ekAMgI siddhAntavAda nahIM hai / unhoMne bhArata kI miTTI ke kaNa-kaNa se apane ko paricita kiyA aura isa pariNAma para pahu~ce ki bhArata kI asala AbAdI yA asala hindustAna gA~voM meM hai / unhoMne apane ahiMsAtmaka Arthika siddhAnta ke AdhAra para grAmodyogoM ke vikAsa ke lie prayatna kiyaa| logoM se sAdagI aura ImAnadArI kA jIvana vyatIta karane ko kahA tAki loga Atmanirbhara ho sakeM aura hamArI bhUkhI janatA kA peTa bhara sake / naitika patana se bacane ke lie unhoMne satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, Atmanigraha kA kaThora vrata dhAraNa kara janatA ke sammukha Adarza prastuta kiyA / gulAma bhAratIyoM ko unhoMne gulAmoM ko utpanna karane ke lie protsAhita na kara svatantra hone para svatantra bhAratavAsiyoM ko janma dene ko kahA / bhArata ke asaMkhya naMge tathA bhUkhoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ve kahA karate the ki isa deza meM bhUkhA marane ke lie santAna ko utpanna nahIM karanA cAhie / unhoMne sadaiva mAnava svabhAva kI durbalatAoM ko 356 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #358
sAmane rakhakara logoM ko saba prakAra kI zikSA dI / unhoMne bhAvanAoM kA unnayana kara unheM bauddhika stara para uThAne kA Adeza diyA / gAMdhIjI manuSya-j -jIvana ke unnata tathA durbala, donoM pakSoM se bhalI-bhA~ti paricita the / zrAtma cetana manuSya pazutA se Upara uThakara AtmAnanda prApta kara sakatA hai, yahI saMkSepa meM gAMdhIvAda kA tattva tathA unakA naitika darzana hai / ve jAnate the ki prANI kA vyaktitva sRSTi kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai / usakA Atma-santopa saSTimAtra kI prasannatA para nirbhara hai / vyaktigata kalyANa aura loka-kalyANa meM abhinnatA hai / ataH mAnavatA kI soyI huI cetanA ko jagAnA hI unhoMne apanA dharma samajhA / unakA jIvana upaniSadoM ke kathana kA kriyAtmaka rUpa rahA hai / "maiM zakti kA AkAMkSI nahIM hU~, maiM svarga kA AkAMkSI hU~, maiM punarjanma se mukti kA AkAMkSI nahIM hU~, maiM sRSTi ke prArta prANiyoM ko vedanA se mukta karane kA AkAMkSI hU~ / "" gAMdhIjI kI yaha AkAMkSA prAtmajJAniyoM ke lie, Atmika satya ko samajhanevAloM ke lie navIna aura asambhava nahIM hai / sattAtmaka ekatA ke mAnanevAle kA mamatva vyApaka hotA hai| gAMdhIjI svayaM mamatA tathA loka-prema kI mUrti the / unheM prANoM kA moha yA mRtyu kA bhaya nahIM thA / unakA jIvana vizva - jIvana se prota-prota thA / isalie unhoMne dharatI kI santAnoM ko unnata manuSyatva meM bA~dhakara bhU-svarga nirmANa karane kI ceSTA kI / ve loka-puruSa the / mAnava-sabhyatA kI sAMskRtika aura naitika unnati ke dyotaka the| sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, prArthika viSamatAoM, vargayuddhoM, vyaktigata ghRNA-dveSoM se ve mAnavoM kA uddhAra karanA cAhate the / buddha aura masIha kI bhA~ti navIna mAnavatA kI sajIva zobhA ko pRthvI para mUrtimAn karanA cAhate the / pRthvI ko prAtmika aizvarya denA cAhate the / kintu prazna yaha hai ki gAMdhI ke vizva - premarUpI rAmarAjya kI sthApanA sambhava, hai yA nahIM ? kyA vaha kevala bauddhika Adarza hai ? gAMdhIjI ke anusAra yaha Atmika Adarza hai to zrAtma-tyAga aura Atmama-zuddhi' dvArA sambhava hai / usako 1. epha0 jI0 jensa ke anusAra bhI gAMdhI-naitikatA ke yahI artha haiM : 'dUsaroM ke lie tapanA, unheM prema denA - vaha purAne aura naye masIha ko apane samaya kI khoja hai / " paTTAbhi bhA0 1, pR0 186 | anubhava nahIM kiyA jA sakatA | 2 vinA zrAtma-zuddhi ke prANimAtra ke sAtha ekatA kA aura gratna-zuddhi ke abhAva meM dharma kA pAlana karanA bhI hara taraha nAmumakina hai / lekina maiM pala-pala para isa bAta kA anubhava karatA hU~ ki zuddhi kA vaha mArga vikaTa .. gAMdhIjI / 357 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #359
zrahiMsA, zrama tathA niSThA dvArA vyApaka aura mUrta rUpa denA Avazyaka hai / yaha sidhArA kA mArga hai jo nItse ke atimAnava ko zakti lAlasA aura padAdhikAra se mukta karatA hai | usake pAzavika aTTahAsa ko prAtmAnanda meM badala detA hai / samartha aura cetana manuSya ko hiMsA se Upara uThAkara janamaMgala kI ora le jAtA hai / vaha mAnava vikAsa, mAnava unnati aura loka-sevA meM apanA sarvasva usI prakAra kho detA hai jisa prakAra bhakta bhagavAn meM / janatA hI usake lie janArdana hai / aise vyakti ko - samaSTi ko apanAnevAle ko -- prahiMsA prAtma bala detI hai / gAMdhIjI ke khilAphata Andolana, bAradolI, namaka satyAgraha, paurANika DA~DIyAtrA, asahayoga Andolana, bhArata chor3o Andolana, rauleTa aikTa Andolana, lagAnabandI, Ama har3atAleM Adi ahiMsAtmaka karma unake aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke pratmabala ke hI sUcaka haiM | apane satya aura ahiMsA ke ajJeya pauruSa dvArA unhoMne briTiza sAmrAjya ko hilA diyA aura sadiyoM kI dAsatA ke bandhana ko tor3akara hinda ke itihAsa meM navIna yuga upasthita kara diyA / isameM sandeha nahIM ki ahiMsA kA siddhAnta prAcIna hai / kintu isakA kriyAtmaka sAmUhika prayoga, vizva ke itihAsa meM sarvaprathama gAMdhIjI ne hI kiyA / binA rakta krAnti ke, binA yuddha ke bhArata ko svatantra karanA ahiMsAtmaka prAtma-zakti dvArA hI sambhava thA / ahiMsA kA siddhAnta vyAvahArika hai / yaha upayogI hai | ahiMsA, jo ki abhI taka vicArakoM, rAjanItijJoM, dArzanikoM, nIti- cintakoM aura sudhArakoM kA svapna mAtra thI, use gAMdhIjI ne hI vizvavyApI dharma banA diyA | gAMdhIjI ne saMsAra ko satya aura ahiMsA ke rUpa meM nayA yuga-dharma dekara vizva ke itihAsa meM eka yugAntara upasthita kara diyA / unakA dharma sattAtmaka ekatA aura vizvaprema ke dRr3ha vizvAsa para AsIna hai / vaha rAjanIti, dharmazAstra, samAjazAstra, arthazAstra ko naitika ekatA ke sUtra meM pirotA hai / gAMdhIjI ne vizvanirmANa, vizva ekIkaraNa kI navIna sAMskRtika zaktiyoM kA AvAhana kiyA aura Aja isa navIna yugadharma ke kAraNa hI mAnavIya naitika cetanA jAgrata ho rahI hai aura vizva zAnti kI ora logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa ho rahA hai / anAsakti yoga yuga-yuga se niSkriya hRdayoM ko AkarSita kara rahA hai / gAMdhIjI ke jJAna aura karma ke samanvaya ne mAnava jIvana ke samasta kSetroM meM navIna prAloka hai | zuddhi hone kA matalaba to mana se, vacana se aura kAyA se nirvikAra honA, rAga-dveSa Adi se rahita hotA hai / hiMsA namratA kI parAkASThA hai / ' 358 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #360
DAlakara mAnava-daSTikoNa ko vikasita kiyaa| gAMdhIjI ke lie jJAna aura AcAra abhinna haiM / pUrNa zIla hI pUrNa prajJA hai aura pUrNa prajJA hI pUrNa zIla hai| vaha yaha mAnate haiM ki jIvana aura naitikatA eka hI hai| unakA jIvanarUpI karmakSetra naitikatA kI sajIva mUrti thaa| unake jIvana ko samajhanA hI eka navIna kintu cirapurAtana naitika-sAMskRtika cetanA ko samajhanA hai| unakA jIvana AcAra-zAstra kA kriyAtmaka evaM satya rUpa hai| gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ko eka vyApaka sAMskRtika evaM naitika pratIka ke rUpa meM hI hamAre sammukha rakhA hai| vaha vizva-mAnavatA kA ekamAtra sAra hai aura Aja ke vidhvaMsa ke yuga meM mAnava-jAti kA ekamAtra jIvana-avalamba hai / gAMdhIjI ne apane vyaktigata jIvana ke AdarzoM dvArA aparAjita sAhasa, saMyama, tatparatA, nirbhayatA tathA jAgarUkatA ko Atmika guNa btaayaa| vaha svatantra mAnavIya cetanA ke pratIka the| tyAgI, tapasvI tathA nirbhIka vicAraka the| ve ahiMsAvratadhArI the / ahiMsA ko unake anusAra vahI samajha sakatA hai jisakI AtmA kA hanana na huA ho / 'magara jo AdamI AtmA se lalA hai, paMgU hai, andhA hai, vaha ahiMsA ko samajha nahIM sktaa|' gAMdhI-darzana meM kaThora yathArthatA hai| vaha naitika aura sAmAjika AdarzoM kA, tyAga aura sevA kA, satya aura ahiMsA kA vaha asipathacArI dharma hai jo 'asat se sata kI ora aura andhakAra se prakAza kI ora' le jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI | 356 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #361
26 jana nItizAstra zabda vijJAna ke anusAra artha-zabda vijJAna ke anusAra jaina zabda kI vyutpatti 'jina' se huI hai aura yaha adhyAtmavijayI kI prakRti ko iMgita karatA hai| 'jina' vaha hai jisane rAga-dveSa para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, jisane kaThora Atma-saMyama evaM sAdhanA dvArA apane sacce svarUpa ko prApta kara liyA hai; vaha mukta, siddha, sarvajJa aura sArvazaktimAna hai; vaha sAMsArika bAtoM ke prati taTastha hai / jina evaM tIrthaMkara (patha ke nirmAtA) kI hI jainI upAsanA karate haiM / jaina dharma yAtma-prayAsa, Atma-nirbharatA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, yaha dayA yA anukampA ko mahattva nahIM detA hai| isalie vaha mAnatA hai ki mukti prApta karane ke lie pratyeka ko svayaM prayAsa karanA hogA evaM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA nirdezita mArga kA pAlana karanA hogaa| tIrthakara-rUr3hivAdI jainiyoM ke anusAra jaina dharma zAzvata hai tathA samayasamaya para tIrthaMkaroM ne ise udghATita kiyA hai| jainI caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ko mAnate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva the aura antima athavA caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara varddha mAna yA mahAvIra / pArzvanAtha isa paramparA ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara mAne jAte haiN| mahAvIra kA janma 566 I0 pU0 meM huaaa|' prArambha meM unhoMne gArhastha jIvana vyatIta kiyA / tIsa varSa kI Ayu meM unhoMne prAdhyA 1. deha-tyAga 527 I0 pU0 2. jaina dharma ke antargata do sampradAya haiM / zvetAmbara aura digambara / zvetAmbara mAnate haiM ki mahAvIra vivAhita the, digambara unheM avivAhita mAnate haiN| sAtha hI ina sampradAyoM meM AcAra-vicAra sambandhI kucha bAtoM ko lekara matabheda hai / isa dRSTi se digambaroM kA AcaraNa sambandhI vidhAna zvetAmbaroM se adhika kaThora hai / 360 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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tmika jIvana kA varaNa kara liyaa| bAraha varSa taka kaThora Atma-saMyama, Atmavarjana kA pAlana karane ke pariNAmasvarUpa ve jina ho gye| apane jIvana ke antima tIsa varSa unhoMne jaina dharma para bhASaNa dene, saMnyAsiyoM ko ekatrita karane evaM jaina AcaraNa kA vidhAna banAne meM vyatIta kiye| anIzvaravAda-jaina dharma anIzvaravAdI aura avaidika hai, yaha na to vedoM ke Adeza ko mAnatA hai aura na Izvara ke astitva ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| jainI mukhyataH ahiMsAvAdI haiM, ve pazu-bali dvArA Izvara athavA kisI bhI sattA ko prasanna karane kI bAta svIkAra nahIM kara sakate / pazu-bali kI tIvra AlocanA karate hue ve samajhAte haiM ki Izvara hai hI nahIM, ataH pazu-bali kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / hamAre jIvana kA dhyeya AcaraNa kI pUrNatA dvArA apane sacce svarUpa ko prApta karanA hai| pUrNa ahiMsA kA jIvana jInA hI vAMchanIya hai| nItizAstra jIva : baddha aura mukta-jaina dharma meM tIna bAteM mahattvapUrNa haiM : (1) sattA kI yathArthavAdI vyAkhyA evaM anekatAvAdI tattvadarzana; (2) jJAnamImAMsA athavA syAdvAda; tathA (3) vairAgyavAdI naitikatA / jaina dharma apane kaThora nItizAstra ke lie prasiddha hai / isake dvArA yaha cAritrika pUrNatA, prAtmaupalabdhi ko parama mahattva detA hai| jIva evaM AtmA apane sacce svarUpa meM ananta jJAna, ananta Ananda, ananta zakti tathA ananta vizvAsa hai| jIva ananta hai, saba samAna aura zAzvata haiN| karma pudagala ke kAraNa jIva bandhana meM par3a jAtA hai| usakA grAbhyantarika rUpa chipa jAtA hai| mUlataH samAna hote hue bhI jIva apanI baddha sthiti meM, deha ke AkAra ke kAraNa, eka dUsare se paryApta bhinna haiM / ata: jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM : baddha aura mukta / mukta jIva samAna haiM kintu baddha jIvoM meM bhinnatA milatI hai| jIva cetanAtmaka hai, cetanA usakA lakSaNa hai--cetanAlakSaNo jIvaH / yadyapi cetanA pratyeka jIva kA mUlabhUta lakSaNa hai kintu deha-pudagala--kI prAkRti ke anusAra unameM bhinnatA milatI hai / pUrva janma ke saMskAra, karma evaM pravRtti ke kAraNa jIva eka viziSTa deha ke prati aAkarSita ho jAtA hai| pUrva janma ke karma usake zarIra, varNa, parivAra, Ayu Adi sabhI ko nirdhArita karate haiN| deha ke anusAra jIva kA punaH vargIkaraNa kara sakate haiM : trasa (gatimAna) jIba aura sthAvara (gtihiin)| sthAvara jIva meM kevala eka indriya-sparzendriya-hotI hai| ye jIva jala, agni, vAyU, kSiti tathA vanaspati-rUpa zarIroM meM rahate haiN| basa jIvoM meM vikAsa-bheda milatA hai| isa vikAsa-bheda ko do, tIna, cAra tathA pA~ca indriyoM ke AdhAra para samajhAyA jA jaina nItizAstra | 361 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sakatA hai / ucca pazu, pakSI tathA manuSya pA~ca indriyoM se yukta haiM / manuSya inameM zreSTha hai, usameM pA~ca indriyoM ke atirikta mana bhI hai / vaha bauddhika prANI hai| manuSya se zreSTha siddha AtmAe~ ( pUrNa jJAnI ) hai / AtmA kA svarUpa tathA bandhana - deha evaM indriya AtmA ke mUla svarUpa kI sUcaka nahIM haiM / indriyagata bheda sAMsArika evaM baddha jIva kI vikAsa kI sthiti para prakAza DAlatA hai / baddha jIva prAdhyAtmika aura bhautika prANI hai / apane bhautika rUpa meM vaha baddha hai, usakA jJAna sApekSa aura sImita hai, vaha bhoktA aura kartA hai, usakA jIvana duHkhapUrNa hai kyoMki vaha pudgala se yukta hai / kintu prazna yaha hai ki jIva jIva evaM pudgala se kyoM yukta hotA hai ? jainiyoM kA kahanA hai ki pUrva janma ke karmoM athavA kaSAyoM ( krodha, mAna, moha, lobha) ke kAraNa karma pudgala jIva meM cipaka jAte haiM / karma pudgala kA jIva meM cipakanA prAzrava kahalAtA hai / yahI jIva kA bandhana (bandha ) meM par3anA hai / bandhana ke do prakAra haiM-- bhAva-bandha tathA dravya - bandha / dUSita - kaluSita manobhAvoM kA mana meM honA bhAva-bandha hai tathA jIva kA pudgala se prAkrAnta ho jAnA dravya-bandha hai / bandhana kI sthiti meM par3e rahanA jIva kI niyati nahIM hai / vaha Atma prayAsa, naitika karma dvArA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai / mukti pAne athavA apane sacce svarUpa ko prApta karane ke lie triratna tathA paMca mahAvrata kA pAlana anivArya hai / inakA pAlana karane se prArambha meM naye pudgaloM kA prAzrava banda ho jAtA hai, yaha samvara kI sthiti hai / isake pazcAt purAne pudgala ke aNu-paramANu bhI jIrNa hokara khatma ho jAte haiM / isa sthiti ko jainI nirjara kI sthiti kahate haiM / ataH isa sthiti meM jIva kA pudgala se viyoga ho jAtA hai aura yahI usakI mukti hai / vaha apanI pUrNatA aura anantatA ko prApta kara letA hai-- apane isa sacce svarUpa meM vaha ananta jJAna, ananta zrAnanda ananta zakti tathA ananta vizvAsa hai / dvArA triratna - triratna se jainiyoM kA abhiprAya samyak darzana, samyak jJAna praura samyak caritra se hai - samyak darzana jJAna - cAritrANi mokSamArgaH / samyak darzana ve yaha samajhAte haiM ki jaina dharma meM pUrNa vizvAsa, tIrthaMkaroM aura muktAtmAoM ke upadezoM ke prati pUrNa zraddhA kA honA Avazyaka hai / samyak darzana samyak jJAna prApta karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai / samyak jJAna athavA jaina dharma kA ucita jJAna, jIva evaM dravyoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha Avazyaka hai kyoMki prajJAna -- ucita jJAna kA abhAva -- krodha, mAna, moha, lobha ko utpanna karate - 362 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM / ataH binA samyak jJAna ke ina kaSAyoM se chuTakArA sambhava nahIM hai / jaba taka kaSAya raheMge taba taka jIva meM karma pudgaloM kA Azrava hotA rahegA, vaha ajIva se yukta rahegA / samyak jJAna taba taka pUrNa nahIM hotA jaba taka ki vaha samyak caritra se yukta nahIM ho jAtA / mana, vacana, karma se pavitra aura udAra honA ucita AcaraNa kA sUcaka hai / samyak caritra sAMsArika sukhoM ke prati virakta banAtA hai / yaha hiMsA, prema Adi bhAvAtmaka guNoM ko janma dekara vyakti ko sadguNI banAtA hai vastutaH sadguNI vaha hai jo paMca mahAvrata kA pAlana / karatA hai / paMca mahAvrata - satya, ahiMsA, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha paMca mahAvrata haiM / ' satya satyabhASitA aura priyabhASitA kI anivAryatA kA dyotaka hai | satya ( sunRta) taba taka pUrNa hai jaba taka ki vaha madhura nahIM hai / ataH satyavAdI kA pramukha kartavya hai ki vaha karkaza kaThora zabdoM kA prayoga na kare; paranindA, asabhyatA, capalatA, vAcAlatA Adi dhArmikatA ke lakSaNa haiM / hiMsA apane bhAvAtmaka artha meM vyApaka prema ko -- jIva mAtra ke prati prema - abhivyakti detI hai aura apane niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM yaha jIvoM kI hatyA kA niSedha karatI hai / hiMsA parama dharma hai, paMca vratoM meM isakA zreSTha sthAna hai / asteya se abhiprAya hai corI na karane se / brahmacarya vAsanAoM ke tyAga ko lakSita karatA hai / brahmacarya kA prayoga ve vyApaka artha meM karate haiM - yaha sabhI prakAra kI kAmanAoM ke parityAga ko mahattva detA hai / aparigraha ( parigraha evaM saMcaya na karanA) sAMsArika viSayoM ke prati virakti ko abhivyakta karatA hai kyoMki viSayAsakti manuSya ko sAMsArikatA kI ora le jAtI hai jisa kAraNa use punaH janma grahaNa karanA par3atA hai / - paMca mahAvrata tathA triratna kA abhyAsa karane para karma pudgaloM kA pUrNa vinAza ho jAtA hai aura saMvara, nirjarA jIva apanI vizuddhatA athavA pUrNatA - ananta catuSTya -- ko prApta kara letA hai / yaha vizuddhatA evaM mukti anya kucha nahIM hai varan apane Antarika svarUpa - svAtmani avasthA -- ko prApta karanA - 1. mahAvratoM kA pAlana karane athavA saccA vratI hone ke lie 'zalya' kA parityAga bhAvazyaka ne / zalya mukhyataH tIna haiM eka-dambha, kapaTa, DhoMga prathavA Thagane kI vRtti kA tyAga / do - nidAna bhogoM kI lAlasA kA tyAga tathA tIna - mithyA darzana ( asatya ke prati Agraha ) kA tyAga evaM satya para zraddhA rakhanA / ina mAnasika doSoM se mukta hone para hI paMca mahAvratoM kA sacce artha meM pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaina nItizAstra / 363. For Personal & Private Use Only

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hai / kaThora vairAgyavAda - rAga dveSa ke pUrNa vinAza-dvArA hI vaha sabhI ke prati maMtrI bhAva kA arjana kara letA hai, sadguNI ko dekhakara use Ananda hotA hai tathA duHkhI ko dekhakara usameM karuNA utpanna hotI hai / vairAgyavAda athavA rAgahInatA Atma-prApti kA mukhya sAdhana hai / mana-vacana-karma se ahiMsA vaha mUlagata sadguNa hai jo anya sabhI sadguNoM ko janma detI hai-- satyatA, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha (lobha) isI para AdhArita haiM / naitika niyama Antarika - karma kA mUlyAMkana jainI preraNA kI pavitratA ke AdhAra para karate haiM / vahI preraNA zubha yA pavitra hai jo Asakti, vidveSa, rAga- moha se achUtI hai / grataH karma kA aucitya usake bAhya pariNAmoM - cAhe ve dUsaroM ke lie sukhada hoM - para nirbhara nahIM hai / pratyeka vyakti niyoga athavA naitika niyama kA pAlana karake apanI Antarika pUrNatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai / niyoga mukta jIva ( sarvajJAtA athavA arhata ) kA Adeza hai / yadyapi yaha pratIta hotA hai ki niyoga prarhata dvArA Aropita - bAhyAropita - hai tathApi yaha grAtma-prAropita hai / naitika niyama mUlataH jIva hI hai / yaha vaha hai jise AtmA svayaM apane Upara Aropita karatI hai / apanI AtmA kA Adeza hI naitika niyama, naitika bAdhyatA yA niyoga hai / ata: niyoga evaM triratna aura paMca mahAvrata kA pAlana kara jIva prati naitika vizuddhi ko prApta kara letA hai / mukta jIva baddha jIva kA mArga nirdezana karatA hai / kyoMki usake batalAye Xue patha ( niyoga ) kA anusaraNa kara baddha jIva apanI mukti prApta karatA hai | jaina dharma zrAtma-prayAsa svAvalambana meM vizvAsa karatA hai / mukti anukampA se prApta nahIM hotI hai / isakA arjana karanA hotA hai / yaha siddhAnta vairAgya aura saMnyAsa meM vizvAsa karatA hai / isake AcaraNa sambandhI niyama atyanta kaThora haiM / jaina sAdhu kA jIvana Atma-varjana pUrNa hai / jahA~ taka janasAdhAraNa yA gRhastha kA prazna hai unake naitika niyama sAdhu ke AcaraNa sambandhI niyamoM se bhinna haiM / janasAdhAraNa ko sAdhu ko Adarza mAnanA hogA yadyapi ve aNuvratoM kA pAlana karate haiM na ki mahAvratoM kA / 364 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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27 bauddha nItizAstra jIvana-siddhArtha athavA gautama buddha kA janma rAjasI kula meM 563 I0 pU0 meM hayA / unakA lAlana-pAlana vaibhava aura aizvarya meM haa| kintu jaba unhoMne durbala vaddha vyakti, rogI vyakti, mata vyakti aura saMnyAsI ko dekhA to unakA mana sAMsArikatA se vimukha ho gyaa| unhoMne vizva kI kSaNabhaMguratA evaM vizvavyApI duHkha se AkrAnta hokara untIsa varSa kI Ayu meM vairAgya le liyA / duHkha ke kAraNa ko jAnane ke lie ve saMkalparata ho gaye / unhoMne apane samaya kI cetanA ke anusAra kaThora tapasyA kI / chaH varSa taka kaThora vairAgya evaM yogasAdhanA meM tathA niranna rahane para bhI jaba unheM jJAna prApta nahIM huA to unhoMne yaha saba chor3a diyaa| anta meM bodhivRkSa ke nIce unheM 528 I0 pU0 meM parama prakAza, jJAna evaM bodha kI prApti ho gayI aura ve siddhArtha se 'buddha' ho gye| unhoMne duHkha ke svarUpa aura usako dUra karane ke upAya ko jAna liyA / Arya satya-buddhatva ko prApta kara unhoMne cAra Arya satyoM ko samajhA(1) duHkha, (2) duHkha samudAya athavA duHkha kA kAraNa, (3) duHkha nirodha tathA (4) du:kha-nirodha kA mArga / tatpazcAt unhoMne apanA jIvana (paMtAlIsa varSa) apanA dharma aura darzana kA pracAra karane meM vyatIta kiyaa| ___buddha ke maukhika AkhyAnoM-vacanoM aura upadezoM ko unake ziSyoM ne tripiTaka-suttapiTaka, vinayapiTaka tathA abhidhammapiTaka-meM surakSita kiyA hai| suttapiTaka meM buddha kI vANI evaM upadeza, vinayapiTaka meM sadAcAra sambandhI niyama (naitika samasyA) tathA abhidhammapiTaka meM dArzanika vivecana milatA bauddha nItizAstra | 365 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ve (6) kyA hote haiM ? mRtyu tAttvika praznoM ke prati mauna - buddha kA darzana vyAvahArika aura naitika hai / duHkha ko dUra karanA cAhate the isalie ve tAttvika samasyAoM ke prati udA-sIna rahe / unakA kahanA thA ki pahale vyAvahArika samasyA ko sulajhAnA ke cAhie, dukha kA nivAraNa karanA cAhie / isa dRSTi se poThapAda sutta anusAra, buddha ne dasa praznoM ko avyAkRta ( avyaktAni ) kahA hai / ( 1 ) kyA yaha loka sanAtana hai ? ( 2 ) kyA yaha anitya hai ? (3) kyA yaha ananta hai ? ( 4 ) kyA yaha zAnta hai ? (5) kyA AtmA aura zarIra eka haiM ? AtmA aura zarIra bhinna haiM ? ( 7 ) kyA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata ( 8 ) kyA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata nahIM hote haiM ? ( 8 ) kyA ve ke bAda hote aura nahIM bhI hote haiM ? (10) kyA ve na to amara hote haiM aura na maraNazIla. hI ? ina dasa praznoM kA samAdhAna na sambhava hai aura na vyAvahArika dRSTi se pragati hai / jIvana kI jvalanta samasyA duHkha kI samasyA hai / ina praznoM dvArA hama duHkha kA nirodha nahIM kara sakate, du:kha nirodha ke mArga ko nahIM jAna skte| aisA prayAsa vaisA hI hogA jaisA ki yadi kisI ko bANa bedha de to vaha taba taka bANa nikalavAnA manA kara de jaba taka ki vaha bANa aura dhanuSa ko na jAna le, bedhanevAle puruSa ko na jAna le Adi / yaha jijJAsA, haTha yA prazna avyAkRta raha jAyeMge kyoMki taba taka zalya se biMdhA vyakti mara jAyegA / isIlie jaba buddha ke ziSyoM ne unase tAttvika evaM dArzanika prazna kiye ve mauna rahe kyoMki naitika aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se AdhyAtmika samasyAe~ anupayogI tathA nirarthaka haiM / buddha kA mukhya uddezya duHkha nirodha ke mArga ko samajhanA thA kyoMki yahI hameM duHkha se mukti de sakatA hai, nirvANa evaM pUrNa Ananda pradAna kara sakatA hai| prathama Arya satya - buddha ne mAnA ki jIvana duHkhapUrNa hai, saba kucha duHkha hai / ataH unhoMne duHkha ke vizvavyApI svarUpa para prakAza ddaalaa| bur3hApA, mRtyu, roga hI duHkha nahIM haiM varan samasta saMsAra duHkhapUrNa hai / kintu duHkha ko dekhakara buddha ne nirAzAvAdI dRSTikoNa svIkAra nahIM kiyA / unhoMne ise dUra karane kI AvazyakatA ko mahattva diyA athavA unakA kahanA thA ki manuSya duHkha se mukti pA sakatA hai / dvitIya zrArya satya - dvitIya Arya satya batalAtA hai ki kucha bhI prakAraNa utpanna nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki pratItyasamutpAda ke anusAra pratyeka vastu apanI utpatti ke lie apane kAraNa para nirbhara hai / sarvatra duHkha hai aura duHkha kA mUla 366 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

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kAraNa vidyA hai| avidyA ko samajhanA dvAdaza nidAna, bhava-cakra ko samajhanA hai / jarAmaraNa ke duHkha se kaise chuTakArA pA sakate haiM evaM ( 1 ) jarAmaraNa kA kyA kAraNa hai ? jarAmaraNa binA ( 2 ) jAti ( janma grahaNa) ke sambhava nahIM hai aura jAti kA kAraNa ( 3 ) bhava ( janma kI icchA ) hai / bhava (4) upAdAna ( sAMsArika viSayoM ke prati prAsakti) para nirbhara hai aura upAdAna ( 5 ) tRSNA paranirbhara hai / tRSNA kA kAraNa ( 6 ) vedanA hai / vedanA yA indriyAnubhUti binA ( 7 ) sparza ke sambhava nahIM hai / sparza ke lie ( 8 ) SaDAyatana ( pA~ca indriyA~ tathA mana kA samUha ) Avazyaka hai / SaDAyatana isalie hai ki (2) nAmarUpa ( mana aura deha ) hai aura nAmarUpa binA (10) vijJAna (cetanA) ke koI artha nahIM rakhatA hai / vijJAna apane astitva ke lie ( 11 ) saMskAra ( pravRtti) para nirbhara hai aura saMskAra kA kAraNa ( 12 ) avidyA hai | ataH duHkha kA mUla kAraNa vidyA hai| binA vidyA ke duHkha-nirodha sambhava nahIM hai / avidyA ke kAraNa hI jIva janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti nahIM pAtA hai / tRtIya zrArya satya - duHkha ke kAraNa ko jAna lene para duHkha nirodha sambhava ho jAtA hai / duHkha nirodha kI avasthA nirvANa kI avasthA hai kyoMki nirvANa duHkha-zUnyatA hai, duHkha kA anta hai | ataH nirvANa duHkha kI samApti aura punajanma ke kAraNa se mukti kA sUcaka hai / zabda vijJAna ke anusAra nirvANa kA artha hai-'bujha jAnA', 'ThaMDA ho jAnA,' 'zAMnta ho jAnA' / isase artha lagA liyA jAtA hai ki nirvANa jIvana ke anta kA sUcaka hai| nirvANa jIvana kA anta evaM astitva kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hai / yaha isI jIvana meM prApta ho sakatA hai| nirvANa vastutaH tIvra vAsanAoM kA anta hai, vAsanA kI agni kA bujha jAnA hai, yaha vyaktitva meM jo bhrama hai usakA vinAza hai, zravidyA hantA kA nAza hai, samasta duHkhoM kI parisamApti hai| nirvANa isa satya ke bodha kA sUcaka hai ki vizva parivartanazIla hai, saba kucha ananta hai, yaha nairAtmyavAda kA bodha hai | nairAtmyavAda hamArI svArthI icchAoM - rAga, dveSa, moha, vAsanA, kAma, ghRNA Adi -- kI zuddhi kara detA hai| nirvANa akarmaNyatA - karma saMnyAsa - kA bhI sUcaka nahIM hai / svayaM buddha ne nirvANa prApta karane ke pazcAt paiMtAlIsa varSoM taka jana-kalyANArthaM karma kiyA / nirvANa niSkAma karma - mahat karuNA - ke Adarza ko hamAre sammukha rakhatA hai / yaha samasta mAnavatA ke du:kha nirodha ke Adarza ko hamAre sammukha rakhatA hai / yaha hamAre bhItara ekatA kI bhAvanA ko utpanna karatA hai-- saba prANiyoM ke prati dayA aura prema ke bhAva ko janma detA bauddha nItizAstra / 367 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #369
hai / nirvANa pUrNa jJAna, zIla aura zAnti kA sUcaka hai, yaha isI jIvana meM parama zAnti, AdhyAtmika Ananda kI vaha sthiti hai jisakI tulanA kSaNika yA aindriya sukha se nahIM kara sakate haiN| yaha pUrNatA kI sthiti hai, ataH anirvacanIya hai, acintya, akalpanIya hai / isakA hama kevala nakArAtmaka varNana kara sakate haiN| isakI pUrNatA ko jaba bhAvAtmaka vizeSaNoM dvArA samajhAte haiM taba yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hotA hai ki ye vizeSaNa usakI pUrNa vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakate haiM kyoMki nirvANa sAdhAraNa anubhava, sAmAnya jJAna dvArA nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| duHkha-nirodha kA mArga-nirvANa kI prApti nirvANaprApti ke patha ko prazasta karatI hai / nirvANa evaM duHkha-nirodha kA mArga naitikatA kA mArga hai, yaha Arya aSTAMgika mArga hai jo jJAna aura zIla ke aikya ko sthApita karatA hai| buddha ne svayaM isa mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA aura ise nirvANaprApti ke lie anivArya maanaa| aSTAMgika mArga se abhiprAya hai- (1) samyak dRSTi, (2) samyak saMkalpa, (3) samyak vacana, (4) samyak karma, (5) samyak AjIva, (6) samyaka vyAyAma, (7) samyaka smati aura (8) samyaka samAdhi / aAtmA tathA jagata ke bAre meM ucita jJAna evaM cAra Arya satyoM kA ucita jJAna hI samyak dRSTi hai| avidyA mithyA dRSTi ko janma detI hai aura yaha hamAre duHkha kA kAraNa hai| ucita dRSTi evaM nairAtmyavAda' para ucita vizvAsa rakhanA Avazyaka hai| samyaka dRSTi arthAt cAra Arya satyoM kA jJAna samyaka saMkalpa kI ora le jAtA hai| nirvANa ke lie jJAna apane-ApameM paryApta nahIM hai, jJAna ke anurUpa AcaraNa anivArya hai| ataH samyak dRSTi samyak saMkalpa kI apekSA rakhatI hai / samyak saMkalpa sAMsArika viSayoM ke prati virakti tathA hiMsA aura vidveSa kA tyAga hai| yaha tyAga, paropakAra aura karuNA ko apanAnA hai| samyaka saMkalpa kevala mAnasika nahIM honA cAhie, ise kArya rUpa meM pariNata honA caahie| samyak saMkalpavAlA sarvaprathama apanI vANI, 'vacana', para niyantraNa rakhatA hai| yaha samyak vAk hai / 'satya, zubha aura ucita para sthira rahanA' hI samyaka vAka hai| yaha manuSya ko apriya kaThora vacana, nindA, vAcAlatA, azubha, 1. nirvANa ke svarUpa ke bAre meM hInayAna tathA mahAyAna (bauddha darzana kI zAkhAmoM) meM matabheda 2. prAtmA parivartanazIla mAnasika aura bhautika tattvoM kA saMghAta hai evaM manuSya kAya, citta aura vijJAna kA saMghAta hI manuSya hai / 368 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #370
mithyA kathana se dUra rakhatA hai / samyak saMkalpa kA eka rUpa samyak vAk hai to dUsarA rUpa samyak karmAnta hai / samyak saMkalpa ko karma meM pariNata karanA samyak kamanta hai| hiMsA, asteya tathA indriya saMyama samyak karmAnta ko abhivyakta karate haiM / mana aura karma kI vizuddhatA samyak prAjIva ko mahattva detI hai / vaha batalAtI hai ki manuSya ko ucita DhaMga se jIvikopArjana karanA cAhie / jIvikA nirvAha ke lie anucita, azubha, anaitika sAdhana ko nahIM apanAnA cAhie | samyak vyAyAma kusaMskAroM ke unmUlana ko mahattva detA hai / samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vAk, samyak karmAnti, samyak prAjIva ko apanAne para bhI yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai ki dar3ha purAne kusaMskAra hameM hamAre mArga se vicalita kara deM | isalie dharma mArga meM samyak vyAyAma kI atyanta AvazyakatA / isa bAta kA nirantara dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki kusaMskAra vyakti para hAvI hokara use dharma mArga se skhalita na kara deM / ataH nirantara prayAsa kI zrAvazyakatA hai aura yaha cAra bAtoM ko mahattva denA hai : ( 1 ) purAne bure bhAvoM kA pUrNa vinAza honA anivArya hai / ( 2 ) naye bure tathA niSiddha bhAva utpanna na hone pAyeM / ( 3 ) mana kabhI zAnta evaM vicArarahita nahIM raha sakatA hai isalie mana meM acche vicAra utpanna karane cAhie / ( 4 ) acche vicAroM ko mana meM dekhane ke lie satata prayAsa karanA cAhie / samyak smRti isa ora dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai ki dharma mArga talavAra kI dhAra hai, yaha atyanta satarkatA caura ceSTA kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jina viSayoM kA jJAna prApta ho gayA ho unakA sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| zarIra kA zarIra, vedanA kA vedanA, citta kA citta aura mAnasika dazA kA mAnasika dazA ke rUpa meM hI cintana karanA caahie| inameM se kisI ke lie bhI yaha socanA ki 'yaha maiM hU~' yA 'yaha merA haiM' bhramapUrNa hai / kyoMki yaha bhramapUrNa cintana hameM satya se alaga kara detA hai, hama sakti aura moha meM par3a duHkha bhogate haiM / samyak smRti ke bAre meM buddha ne vistRta upadeza diye haiM / unhoMne samajhAyA hai ki zarIra kSiti, jala, agni tathA vAyu kA banA huA hai / yaha hAr3a, mAMsa, tvacA, a~tar3I Adi heya vastuoM kA AgAra hai / zmazAna meM hama isake vAstavika rUpa ko dekhate haiM / yadi isa vAstavika svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakha leM, isakI anityatA aura heyatA ko samajha leM to isake prati Asakti nahIM rahegI / isI bhA~ti ve vedanA, citta aura mAnasika avasthA ke bAre meM samajhAte haiM uparyukta cAroM kA satata dhyAna hameM viSayoM se virakta' banA degA / jo manuSya aSTAMga mArga ke sAta niyamoM kA / bauddha nItizAstra / 366 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #371
saphalatApUrvaka pAlana kara letA hai vaha samyak samAdhi meM praveza pA sakatA 2 samyak samAdhicitta kI ekAgratA hai, citta vRttiyoM kA zAnta ho jAnA hai | isake antargata cAra avasthAe~ haiM : ( 1 ) pahalI avasthA meM zAnta mana se cAra zrArya satyoM para manana, cintana aura tarka karate haiM / virakta aura zuddha vicAroM ke kAraNa apUrva zrAnanda prApta hotA hai / ( 2 ) dUsarI avasthA meM sandeha kA vinAza ho jAne ke kAraNa tarka-vitarka anAvazyaka ho jAte haiM / Arya satyoM ke prati zraddhA dRr3ha ho jAtI hai tathA prAnanda aura zAnti kA bodha hotA hai / ( 3 ) yaha avasthA taTasthatA kI avasthA hai / zAMti aura Ananda se mana ko taTastha karake citta kI sAmyAvasthA sthApita kI jAtI hai / isa sthiti meM citta kI sAmyAvasthA ke sAtha daihika vizrAma kA bhAva to rahatA hai kintu samAdhi ke zrAnanda ke prati taTasthatA evaM udAsInatA rahatI hai / ( 4 ) caturtha avasthA meM samAdhi ke zrAnanda, citta kI sAmyAvasthA, daihika vizrAma, kisI kA bhI bodha nahIM rahatA hai / vaha pUrNa zAnti, pUrNa virAga tathA pUrNa saMyama kI avasthA hai / isameM na sukha hai, na dukha hai, yaha donoM se rahita hai / yaha pUrNa prajJA, pUrNa zIla, pUrNa samAdhi hai / aSTAMga mArga ke tIna mukhya aMga ( triratna ) haiM - prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi / buddha ke lie jJAna aura zIla eka hI haiM / aSTAMga mArga kA prathama niyama evaM sopAna samyak dRSTi hai, grArya satyoM kA jJAna hai / isa jJAna kA virodha kusaMskAroM - mana, vacana, karma ke kusaMskAroM se hotA hai / pariNAmasvarUpa naitikatA, zubha AcaraNa evaM aSTAMga mArga ke sopAnoM kI ora jaba hama bar3hate haiM to zrantardvandva anivArya ho jAtA hai / isa prantardvandva kI samApti ke lie zrAvazyaka hai ki samyak saMkalpa se lekara samyak samAdhi taka ke sAta niyamoM kA nirantara anuzIlana aura abhyAsa kreN| sabhI bAdhAoM ke dUra hone para samyak samAdhi kI antima avasthA prApta ho jAtI hai tathA prajJA kA udaya hotA hai / prajJA avidyA, tRSNA evaM jarA-maraNa kA mUlocchedana kara detI hai / duHkhoM kA nirodha ho jAtA hai| nirvANa yA arhata pada kI prApti ke sAtha hI pUrNa prajJA, pUrNa zIla, pUrNa zAnti kA udaya ho jAtA hai / 370 / nItizAstra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #372
notizAstra nItizAstra kA viSaya atyanta jaTila tathA gambhIra hai aura iskaa| sambandha manuSya ke dainika AcaraNa ke alAvA, usake jIvana kI una sUkSma mAnyatAoM se bhI hai jo nirantara vikasita hotI rahatI haiM / viduSI lekhikA ne isa pustaka meM prAcIna kAla se lekara arvAcIna kAla taka ke nItijJoM ke vicAroM kA aitihAsika, vikAsAtmaka AlocanAtmaka adhyayana subodha zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| mAnava-prAtmA ke naitika vikAsa meM nItizAstra saMbaMdhI sabhI viSayoM ke mahatva para unhoMne vicAra kiyA hai| lekhikA kA vizvAsa hai ki isa pustaka ke adhyayana se chAtroM evaM sAmAnya pAThakoM ke mana meM naitika jijJAsA hI udita nahIM hogI, pratyut nItizAstra ke jJAna se preraNA grahaNa kara evaM apane vyaktitva kA saMskAra tathA vikAsa kara ve jIvana kI sArthakatA kA artha bhI samajha skeNge| rAjakamala prakAzana nayI dillI paTanA For Personal & Private Use Only www.atelibrary.org