Sanskrit Sahitya Kosh

Author(s): Rajvansh Sahay
Publisher: Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/016140/1

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caukhambA rASTrabhASA granthamAlA 16 // shriiH|| 2. saMskRta-sAhitya-kozaH DaoN0 rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA'

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// zrIH / / caukhambA rASTrabhASA granthamAlA saMskRta-sAhitya-koza DaoN. rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' ___ ema.e. (hindI-saMskRta), pI-eca.DI. prAdhyApaka : sinhA kAleja, auraMgAbAda (bihAra) 555 caukhambA vidyAbhavana vArANasI

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prakAzaka caukhambA vidyAbhavana (bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke prakAzaka tathA vitaraka) cauka (banArasa sTeTa baiMka bhavana ke pIche) po. bA. naM. 1069, vArANasI 221001 dUrabhASa : 420404 sarvAdhikAra prakAzakAdhIna caturtha saMskaraNa 200260 mUlya : 300.00 anya prAptisthAna caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana ke. 37/117 gopAlamandira lena po. bA. naM. 1129, vArANasI 221001 dUrabhASa : 335263, 333431 caukhambA saMskRta pratiSThAna 38 yU. e. baMgalo roDa, javAhara nagara po. bA. naM. 2113 dillI 110007 dUrabhASa : 3956391 mudraka phUla priNTarsa vArANasI

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yaha koza una guruoM ko samarpita hai jinake caraNoM meM baiTha kara lekhaka ne saMskRta sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA hai| ve haiM AcArya nityAnanda jI pAThaka sAhityAcArya, vizArada, bI0 e0 AcArya candrazekhara jI pAThaka vyAkaraNasAhityAyurvedAcArya, bI0 e0 AcArya jagannAtharAya jI zarmA ema0 e0 (saMskRta-hindI ), sAhityAlaMkAra AcArya rAmadIna jI mizra sAhityavyAkaraNAcArya AcArya siddhanAtha jI mizra ema0 e0 (saMskRta-hindI ), vyAkaraNAcArya

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Amukha vigata paccIsa varSoM se hindIbhASI prAntoM meM vizvavidyAlaya stara kI zikSA kA mAdhyama hindI svIkAra kI jA cukI hai; phalataH isameM vibhinna viSayoM ke kozoM, sandarbhagranthoM evaM mAnakagranthoM kA nirmANa bar3I tejI ke sAtha ho rahA hai / saMskRta hamArI sAMskRtika bhASA hai aura isameM ( bhAratIya ) darzana, sAhitya evaM jJAnavijJAna kI vividha zAkhAoM para prabhUta grantha-rAzi bharI par3I hai, jisameM prAcIna bhAratIya vaiduSya kI akhaNDa paramparA surakSita hai / anya viSayoM kI bhA~ti saMskRta kA paThana-pAThana bhI hindI mAdhyama se ho rahA hai aura vidvAnoM tathA saMskRtapremI prakAzakoM ne saMskRta kI vividha zAkhAoM para hindI meM prAmANika grantha likhe evaM prakAzita kiye haiM tathA aneka mAnakagranthoM evaM sandarbhagranthoM kA hindI saMskaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / bhAratIya evaM pAzcAttya vidvAnoM dvArA praNIta aneka viSayoM ke grantha hindI rUpAntara ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye jA cuke haiM aura aneka saMsthAe~ zeSa granthoM ke hindI anuvAda prakAzita karane meM prayatnazIla haiM / uparyukta sabhI prayAsa abhinandanIya aura saMskRta ke adhyayana evaM anuzIlana meM gati pradAna karane vAle haiN| vigata sau varSoM se bhAratIya evaM pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne saMskRta viSayaka jo zodhakArya kiyA hai aura hindI - mAdhyama se saMskRta kA jo anuzIlana huA hai, usake sAra ko saMkalita kara eka aise sandarbhagrantha ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA banI huI thI jisameM akArAdikrama se sampUrNa viSaya kA niyojana evaM mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA ho| ataH 'saMskRta sAhitya koza' ke dvArA isI abhAva kI pUrti ke lie lekhaka kA yaha laghu prayAsa pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / viSaya kI mahattA evaM usakI vistRta paridhi ko dhyAna meM rakha kara isa koza kI yojanA tIna khaNDoM meM banAyI gayI hai / isakA pratyeka khaNDa svatantra evaM apane meM pUrNa hai / prathama khaNDa meM saMskRta ke lekhaka, pramukha kRtiyA~, saMskRta sAhityetihAsa ke vibhinna yuga evaM dhArAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai / dvitIya khaNDa meM 'saMskRta sAhitya zAstra' ke vibhinna aMgoM evaM pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA evaM aitihAsika vikAsa dikhalAyA gayA hai / tRtIya khaNDa 'bhAratIya darzana' / sabhI viSayoM kA eka khaNDa meM vivecana saMbhava nahIM thA aura isase ko cAkAravRddhi ho jAtI tathA vivecya viSaya ke sAtha nyAya na ho pAtA / ataH pRthaka-pRthak khaNDoM meM koza - lekhana kA kAryakrama banAyA gayA / prathama khaNDa ke vivecya viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-- vaidika sAhitya ( cAro veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSad,

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[5] vedAGga -- zikSA, kalpa, nirukta, jyotiSa, vyAkaraNa evaM chanda -- prAtizAkhya evaM anukramaNIgrantha ), rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, gItA, purANa, upapurANa, smRtigrantha, dharmazAstra, rAjanItizAstra ( nibandhamantha ), kAmazAstra, saMgItazAstra, vyAkaraNa, koza, Ayurveda, arthazAstra, jyotiSa, darzanazAstra ( cArvAka, bauddha, jaina, sAMkhya, nyAya, mImAMsA, vaizeSika, yoga, vedAnta, vaiSNava-darzana, pAJcarAtra, tantra ), kAvyazAstra, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, gItikAvya, muktakakAvya, sandezakAvya, aitihAsika mahAkAvya, campUkAvya, nATyasAhitya, gadyasAhitya, kathAkAvya evaM pramukha pAzcAtya saMskRtajJoM kA paricaya / koza kI pratipAdana zailI isa prakAra hai 1 - kisI viSaya kA vivaraNa prastuta karate samaya tadviSayaka adyAvadhi kiye gae anusandhAnoM evaM vivecanoM kA samAveza kara yathAsaMbhava adyatana sAmagrI dI gayI hai evaM sandarbhoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai / 2 - saMskRta sAhitya kI sabhI zAkhAoM para upalabdha aMgarejI evaM hindI ke prAmANika granthoM kA sAra - saMgraha kara, vivaraNa evaM TippaNI ko pUrNa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / 3 - kisI viSaya kA vivaraNa prastuta karate samaya sAre AdhAragranthoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai aura hindI anuvAdoM kA bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai| 4 - yathAsaMbhava anuvAdakoM evaM lekhakoM ke nAma diye gae haiM aura kahIM-kahIM kevala prakAzakoM kA hI nAma de diyA gayA hai tathA yatra-tatra a~garejI evaM anya bhASAoM ke anuvAdoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| 5- isameM saMskRta ke pramukha granthakAroM, granthoM, pravRttiyoM, vicAradhArAoM evaM pratimAnoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai tathA gauNa viSayoM kI TippaNI dI gayI hai yA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai / 6 - upayogitA kI dRSTi se lalita sAhitya kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA darzana, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, Ayurveda evaM saMgIta ke pramukha granthoM evaM granthakAroM kA bhI paricaya diyA gayA hai / 7- isa koza ke mAdhyama se dikhalAyA gayA hai ki saMskRta kI sabhI zAkhAoM para hindI meM kitane grantha haiM aura kina-kina granthoM ke anuvAda ho cuke haiM / isameM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai aura jo kucha hai vaha saMskRta-sAhitya kI vividha zAkhAoM para likhane vAle vidvAnoM kA hI hai| maiMne unake vicAroM, niSkarSo evaM anusandhAnoM kA nicor3a rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa kArya meM mujhe kitanI saphalatA milI hai, isakA nirNaya vijJa jana hI kara sakate haiN| eka vyakti pratyeka viSaya kA jJAtA nahIM ho sakatA aura na vaha saMskRta jaise vizAla vAGmaya kI pratyeka

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[] zAkhA para sAdhikAra kucha kaha sakatA hai| maiM isa kArya meM anadhikAra ceSTA karane ke lie hI pravRtta huA hU~, ataH truTiyoM kA raha jAnA sahaja saMbhAvya hai / yadi vidvAn unakI ora saMketa kareMge to AgAmI saMskaraNa meM unakA mArjana kara diyA jAyagA / grantha kI sUcI prastuta karane evaM vivaraNa tathA TippaNI dene meM saMskRta ke hastalekhasambandhI vivaraNagranthoM, itihAsoM evaM zodhagranthoM se sahAyatA lI gayI hai tathA deza-videza ke aneka lekhakoM kI racanAoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai ! cU~ki aise lekhakoM kI nAmAvalI atyanta vistRta hai, ataH sabake prati apanI mauna praNAmAali arpita karatA hU~ / maiM una (hindI) anuvAdakoM kA bhI kRtajJa hU~ jinake anuvAdoM evaM bhUmikAoM kI sahAyatA se yaha koza pUrNa huA hai| maiMne isameM katipaya navIna sAmagrI kA saciveza kiyA hai aura kaI ajJAta granthoM kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| aise granthoM kI prApti aneka vyaktiyoM dvArA huI hai, ataH ve dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM / isa koza ke nirmANa meM mere pA~ca (saMskRta) guruoM kA mahattvapUrNa yoga hai jinake caraNoM meM baiThakara maiMne saMskRta-sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA hai / ve haiM -A0 nityAnanda pAThaka, A0 jagannAtharAya zarmA, A0 candrazekhara pAThaka, A0 rAmadIna mizra evaM A0 siddhanAtha mizra / inake AzIrvAda evaM zubhakAmanA se yaha koza pUrNa huA hai / maiM ise guruoM ko samarpita kara saMtoSa kA anubhava karatA hU~ aura koza ke mAdhyama se guru-caraNoM para sumana car3hAtA hU~ / koza - lekhana - kAla meM mere parivAra ke sadasyoM ne mere sAtha jisa rUpa meM sahayoga diyA hai usake lie unakA AbhArI hU~ / dharmapatnI lIlA, bahina jalapati devI, beTI gItA, kavitA tathA ci0 goloka bihArI ' cunnU' Aloka, viSNuloka sabhI kA sahayoga abhinandanIya hai / mere bhAI sAhaba ThAkura indranAtha prasAda sinhA, bhAgineya ThAkura sudhIranAtha 'lallana' evaM unakI patnI saubhAgyavatI urmilA ThAkura ne isa grantha ko dekha kara harSa prakaTa kiyA hai, ataH unakA abhinandana karatA hU~ / pUjya bhaiyA zrI sva0 azarphIlAla evaM manoharalAla tathA cAcA sva0 ThAkuralAla, akhaurI kesarI lAla, bhAI zrI mAsanalAla evaM zrI sUrajalAla ne mere prayAsa para AzIrvAda diyA hai, isake lie unakA AbhArI hU~ / mere bacapana ke do mitroM - paM0 ( sva 0 ) bAbUrAma dUbe evaM paM0 lAlamaNi dUbe ne isa koza kI pragati para saMtoSa prakaTa kiyA hai, etadartha ve dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM / priya ziSya paM0 nirmalakumAra ( mukhiyA, navahaTTA ) tathA pro0 navala kizora dUbe, zrI rAmezvara siMha 'mAnava' mere kArya meM ruci lI hai, isake lie unheM dhanyavAda detA hU~ / isa avasara para maiM apane tIna ( svargIya ) guruoM kA atyadhika abhAva anubhava karatA hU~ yadi ve jIvita rahate to unheM adhika prasannatA hotI; ve haiM--paM0 vizvanAtha dvivedI, paM0 candrazekhara zarmA bI0 e0, ela0 ela0 bI0 tathA paM0 maMgalezvara tivArI |

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[ 10 ] unake prati apanI praNAmAMjali arpita karatA hU~ / gurutulya A0 rAmacandra jhA ( saMpAdaka, kAzI mithilA granthamAlA ), bhAI DaoN0 rAmakumAra rAya evaM pitA tulya paM0 vindhyavAsinI prasAda jI 'anugAmI' ne aneka sujhAva dekara mere kArya ko sahaja banAyA hai, isake lie unakA kRtA hU~ / pAhuna paramAnanda tivArI (vArANasI) ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ / prakAzaka bandhuoM ne vividha prakAra kI sAmagrI dekara mere kArya ko sugama banAyA hai, isake lie maiM unheM dhanyavAda detA hU~ / anta meM, bAbA vizvanAtha ko praNAma karatA hU~ jinakI nagarI meM rahakara hI isa koza kA kAryArambha huA thA / jaya saMskRta, jaya hindI vijayA dazamI vi0 saM0 2030 } rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA'

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lekhaka kA paricaya rohatAsa jile ( bihAra ) ke nauhaTTA ( thAnA rohatAsa ) nAmaka grAma meM janma / pitA kA nAma-sva0 bAbU tribhuvana lAla jii| prArambha meM kAvya-lekhana tadanantara samAlocanA kI ora pravRtti / 1955 I0 meM paTanA vizvavidyAlaya se hindI ema0 e0 kI parIkSA prathama zreNI meM uttiirnn| 1962 I0 meM kAzI hi0 vi0 vi0 se saMskRta ema0 e0 kI parIkSA meM dvitIya zreNI prApta / 1968 I0 meM AcArya vizvanAthaprasAda mizra ke nirdezana meM pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi, magadhavizvavidyAlaya bodhagayA se 'alaMkAroM kA aitihAsika vikAsa : bharata se padmAkara taka' nAmaka viSaya para / samprati "dhvani siddhAnta evaM pAzcAttya sAhitya-ciMtana' nAmaka viSaya para DI0 liTa ke lie zodhakArya meM nirata / 1955 I0 se saccidAnanda sinhA mahAvidyAlaya auraMgAbAda (bihAra ) meM adhyApana / prakAzita kRtiyA~ (1) bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke pratinidhi siddhAnta (caukhambA prakAzana) (2) alaMkArAnuzIlana-( uttarapradeza sarakAra dvArA puraskRta ) , (3) alaMkAra-mImAMsA (caukhambA prakAzana ) (4) alaMkAra zAstra kI paramparA (5) apabhraMza sAhitya paramparA aura pravRttiyA~ , (6) saMskRta sAhitya koza (7) bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra koza ( bihAra hindI prantha akAdamI, paTanA) (8) bhAratIya AlocanAzAstra (9) alaMkAroM kA aitihAsika vikAsa zIghra hI prakAzya grantha (1) pAzcAttya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-2 (2) zrI rAdhA ( mahAkAvya ) yantrastha saMskRta sAhitya kA vaijJAnika itihAsa bhAga 1-2

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saMskRta sAhitya koSa

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akAlajalada ] [agnipurANa akAlajalada-ye mahArASTrIya kavicUr3AmaNi rAjazekhara ke prapitAmaha haiN| [de0 rAjazekharaH] inakA samaya 800 I0 hai| inakI koI racanA prApta nahIM hotI, para 'zArGgadharapaddhati' prabhRti sUktisaMgrahoM meM inakA 'bhekaiH koTarazAyibhiH' zloka upalabdha hotA hai| rAjazekhara ke nATakoM meM inakA ullekha prApta hotA hai tathA unakI 'sUktimuktAvalI' meM inakI (akAlajalada kI) prazasti kI gayI hai, jo isa prakAra haiakAlajaladendoH sA hRdyA vacanacandrikA / nityaM kavicakoraryA pIyate na ca hIyate // sUktimuktAvalI 4 / 83 // AdhAra grantha-saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / agnipurANa-yaha kramAnusAra AThavA~ purANa hai / 'agnipurANa' bhAratIya vidyA kA mahAkoza hai jisameM zatAbdiyoM se pravAhita bhAratIya saMskRti evaM jJAna kA sAra saMgRhIta kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 vinTaranitsa ise bhAratIya vAGmaya meM vyApta aneka viSayoM kA vizvakoza mAnate haiM, jisameM vyAkaraNa, suzruta kA auSadhajJAna, zabdakoza, kAvyazAstra evaM jyotiSa Adi viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| 'agnipurANa' ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne nAnA prakAra ke mata prakaTa kiye haiN| para, adhikAMza vidvAna saptama se navama zatI ke madhya isakA racanAkAla mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| DaoN0 hAjarA aura pAjiTara ke anusAra isakA samaya navama zatI kA paravartI hai| isa purANa meM 383 adhyAya evaM 11, 457 zloka haiN| isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-maMgalAcaraNa, granthapraNayana kA uddezya, matsya, kUrma, vArAhAdi avatAroM kA varNana, rAmAyaNa kI kathA, kRSNakathA, mahAbhArataviSayaka AkhyAna, buddha tathA kalki avatAra kA varNana, sRSTi kI utpatti, svayaMbhuvamanu, kAzyapavaMzavarNana tathA viSNu Adi devatAoM kI pUjA kA vidhAna / karmakANDa ke vividha-vidhAna, devAlayoM ke nirmANa kA phala, mandira, sarovara, kUpAdi ke nirmANa kA phala tathA pratimAsthApana-vidhi / vibhinna parvatoM, jambUdvIpa, gaMgA, kAzI aura gayA kA mAhAtmya / zrAddha kA vidhAna, bhAratavarSa

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agnipurANa] [agnipurANa kA varNana evaM jyotiSazAstra kA nirUpaNa / yuddhavidyA kA varNana, tAntrika upAsanApati, varNAzramadharma tathA vivAha-saMskAra, zaucAzauca AcAra, vAnaprastha, yatidharma tathA nAnA prakAra ke pApa evaM unake prAyazcitta / naraka kA varNana, dAnamahimA, vividha pUjA kA vidhAna, rAjadharma, daNDanIti, yAtrA, zakuna, gocikitsA evaM ratnaparIkSA / dhanuvidyA kA varNana, dAyavibhAga tathA karmakANDa kI anekAneka vidhiyoM kA varNana / rAjadharmavivecana, Ayurveda, azvAyurveda gajAyurveda evaM vRkSAyurveda kA vivecana / nAnA prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna tathA vibhinna kAvyazAstrIya viSayoM kA varNana / vyAkaraNa evaM koza kA vivecana / yogavidyA, brahmajJAna aura gItA kA sAra / isa purANa kI rUparekhA se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha loka-zikSaNa ke nimitta vividha vidyAoM evaM jJAnoM kA sAra prastuta karane vAlA 'paurANika vizvakoza' hai, jisameM sampUrNazAstra viSayaka sAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| isake anta meM kahA gayA hai ki 'agnipurANa' meM samasta vidyAe~ pradarzita kI gayI haiM-'Agneye hi purANo'smin sarvAvidyAH pradarzitAH' / 383352. amipurANa kA kAvyazAstrIya bhAga- isake 337veM adhyAya se 347veM adhyAyataka vibhinna kAvyazAstrIya viSayoM kA varNana hai| 337veM adhyAya meM kAvya kA lakSaNa, kAvya ke bheda, gadyakAvya evaM usake bhedopabheda tathA mahAkAvya kA vivecana hai| isameM dhvani, varNa, pada evaM vAkya ko vAGmaya kahakara zAstra, kAvya aura itihAsa tInoM ko vAGmaya ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| 'agnipurANa' meM gadyakAvya ke pAMca prakAra-AkhyAyikA, kathA, khaNDakathA, parikathA tathA kathAnikA evaM padya ke sAta bheda-mahAkAvya, kalApa, paryAbandha, vizeSaka, kulaka, muktaka aura koSa-kiye gae haiN| adhyAya 338 meM rUpakavivecana hai, jisameM rUpaka ke bheda, arthaprakRti, nATakIya saMdhi tathA zreSTha nATaka ke guNoM kI carcA hai| adhyAya 339 meM zRMgArAdi rasoM kA nirUpaNa hai| rasa ke sabhI aMgasthAyI, saMcArI, vibhAva, anubhAva-ke varNana ke pazcAt nAyikA-bheda kA varNana hai| isameM brahma kI abhivyakti ko caitanya, camatkAra yA rasa kahA gayA hai| brahma ke Adima vikAra ko ahaMkAra kahate haiM, jisase abhimAna kA udaya hotA hai| abhimAna se hI rati kI utpatti hotI hai aura rati, vyabhicArI Adi bhAvoM se paripuSTa hokara zrRMgAra rasa ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| zrRMgAra se hAsya, raudra se karuNa, vIra se adbhuta aura vIbhatsa se bhayAnaka rasa kI utpatti hotI hai| 340veM adhyAya meM rIti-nirUpaNa hai, jisameM cAra prakAra kI rItiyoM-pAMcAlI, gaur3I, vaidarbhI evaM lATI yA lATatA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 341veM adhyAya meM nRtyAdi kA nirUpaNa tathA 342veM meM abhinaya kA vivecana hai| 343veM adhyAya meM zabdAlaMkAroM kA bhedopabheda sahita vivecana hai jisameM anuprAsa, yamaka, citra aura bandha nAmaka ATha alaMkAra haiN| 344veM adhyAya meM arthAlaMkAroM kA vivecana hai| isameM sarvaprathama ATha arthAlaMkAroM kA nirUpaNa haisvarUpa, sAdRzya, utprekSA, atizaya, vibhAvanA, virodha, hetu aura sama / isake bAda upamA, rUpaka, sahokti, arthAntaranyAsa Adi alaMkAroM kA bhedoM sahita vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 345veM adhyAya meM zabdArthAlaMkAroM kA vivecana hai, jinakI saMkhyA 6 haiprazasti, krAnti, aucitya, saMkSepa, yAvadarthatA aura abhivyakti / 346veM adhyAya meM

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aGgirAsmRti ] [atharvaveda kAvya-guNa-viveka evaM 347veM adhyAya meM kAvya-doSoM kA varNana hai| guNa ke tIna bheda kiye gae haiM-zabdaguNa, arthaguNa aura zabdArthaguNa / zabdaguNa ke sAta bheda kahe gae haiM-zleSa, lAlitya, gAmbhIyaM, sukumAratA, udAratA, satya aura yaugikii| artha ke 6 prakAra haiM-mAdhurya, saMvidhAna, komalatA, udAratA, prauDhi evaM sAmayikatva tathA zabdArthaguNa ke bhI 6 bheda varNita haiM-prasAda. saubhAgya yathAsaMkhya, prazasti, pAka aura raag| AdhAra grantha -1. agnipurANa-( aMgarejI anuvAda) anuvAdaka ema0 ena0 datta / 2. agnipurANa-saMpAdaka A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. agnipurANa kA kAvyazAstrIya bhAga-DaoN0 rAmalAla varmA / 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-seTha kanhaiyAlAla poddAra / 5. agnipurANa e sTaDI-DaoN0 esa0 DI0 jnyaanii| ___aGgirAsmRti-isa grantha ke racayitA aGgirA nAmaka RSi haiM / 'yAjJavalkya smRti' meM aGgirA ko dharmazAstrakAra mAnA gayA hai aura aparAka, medhAtithi, haradatta prabhRti dharmazAstriyoM ne bhI inake dharmaviSayaka aneka tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 'smRticandrikA' meM aMgirA ke gadyAMza upasmRtiyoM ke rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| jIvAnanda-saMgraha meM 'aGgirAsmRti' meM kevala 72 zloka prApta hote haiN| isameM vaNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra haiantyajoM se bhojya tathA peya grahaNa karanA, gau ke pITane evaM coTa pahuMcAne kA prAyazcitta tathA striyoM dvArA nIlavastra dhAraNa karane kI vidhi / ___ AdhAra grantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (khaNDa 1) DaoN0 pI0 bI0 kANe, hindI anuvAda / atharvaveda-'athava' kA artha hai 'jAdU-TonA' yA 'athara-vANi' tathA atharavan kA artha agni-udbodhana karane vAlA purohita hotA hai / 'atharvaveda' ke mUla meM jAdUgara aura purohita kA bhAva samAviSTa hai| isakA prAcIna nAma atharvAGgirasa thaa| yaha nAma usakI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai yaha zabda athavaM aura aGgirA ina do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai jo do prAcIna RSikula haiM / AcArya blUmaphIlDa ke anusAra atharvazabda sAttvika mantra kA paryAya hai jisase uttama vidhiyoM kA saMketa prApta hotA hai tathA aGgirasa zabda tAmasa mantroM kA paryAya hai, jo jAdU-TonA evaM AbhicArika vidhiyoM kA pratIka hai| pahale batalAyA jA cukA hai ki vaidika karmakANDa ke saMcAlana ke lie cAra RtvijoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI [de0 vaidika saMhitA] / unameM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna brahmAnAmaka Rtvija kA thaa| vaha tInoM vedoM kA jJAtA hotA thA, kintu usakA pradhAna veda 'atharvaveda' thaa| svayaM 'Rgveda' meM bhI 'yajJairatharvA prathamaH pathastate' (118315 ) kaha kara 'atharvaveda' kA mahattva nirdiSTa hai, jisase isakI prAthamikatA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha prAcInatA kI bhI siddhi hotI hai| 'gopathabrAhmaNa' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki tIna vedoM se yajJa kA kevala ekapakSIya saMskAra hotA hai, para brahmA ke mana se yajJa ke dUsare pakSa kA bhI saMskAra ho jAtA hai / ( go0 brA0 32) atharva-pariziSTa meM isa prakAra kA vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki jisa rAjA ke rAjya

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atharvaveda] [atharvaveda meM 'atharvaveda' kA jJAtA rahatA hai vaha rASTra upadrava-rahita hokara unnatizIla hotA hai| svarUpa nirUpaNa-kalevara-vRddhi kI dRSTi se 'Rgveda' ke pazcAt dvitIya sthAna 'atharvaveda' kA hai| isameM kula bIsa kANDa haiM jinameM 731 sUkta tathA 5987 mantroM kA saMgraha hai| isameM lagabhaga 12 sau mantra 'Rgveda' se liye gae haiN| bIsaveM kANDa ke 143 sUktoM meM se 12 ke atirikta zeSa sabhI sUkta 'Rgveda' ( dazama maNDala ) se milate-julate haiN| isake 15 evaM 16 kANDa meM 27 sUkta haiM tathA tIsa phuTakara sUkta gadyAtmaka haiM / 'atharvaveda' ke sUktoM ke saMkalana meM viziSTa uddezya evaM krama kA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| isake prArambhika sAta kANDoM meM choTe-choTe sUkta haiN| prathama kANDa ke sUkta cAra mantroM ke haiM, dvitIya kANDa meM 5 mantra, tRtIya kANDa meM 6 mantra tathA caturtha kANDa meM sAta mantroM ke sUkta haiM / pA~caveM kANDa meM ATha mantra haiM aura chaThe kANDa meM 142 sUkta tathA prati sUkta meM tIna mantra haiN| saptama kANDa meM sUktoM kI saMkhyA 118 hai jinameM Adhe sUkta eka mantra vAle haiN| ATha se bAraha kANDoM meM bar3e-bar3e sUkta saMgRhIta haiM, jinameM viSayoM kI bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai| 13ve kANDa se 18veM kANDa taka viSaya kI ekatA hai| bArahaveM kANDa ke prArambha meM 63 mantra vAlA pRthvIsUkta hai, jisameM aneka rAjanaitika tathA bhaugolika siddhAntoM kA vivecana hai| terahaveM kANDa meM AdhyAtmika viSayoM kI carcA hai tathA caudahaveM kANDa meM kevala do lambe sUkta haiM, jinameM vaivAhika viSaya kA varNana hai| isameM mantroM kI saMkhyA 139 hai| 15veM kANDa meM prAtyoM ke yajJa-sampAdana kA AdhyAtmika vivaraNa hai / 16veM kANDa meM duHsvapnanAzaka mantra 103 haiM tathA 17veM kANDa ke eka hI sUkta meM ( 30 mantra ) abhyudaya ke lie prArthanA karane kA varNana hai| 183 kANDa ko zraddhAkANDa kahate haiM, jisameM pitRmedha-viSayaka mantroM kA saMgraha hai| antima do kANDa (19-20 ) khila kANDa yA pariziSTa kahe jAte haiN| 19veM kANDa meM 72 sUkta tathA 453 mantra haiM, jinakA viSaya hai bhaiSajya, rASTravRddhi evaM adhyAtma / 20veM kANDa meM lagabhaga 985 mantra haiM jo, somayAga ke lie Avazyaka haiM tathA pradhAnataH ye 'Rgveda' se hI saMgRhIta kiye gae haiN| kula milAkara 'atharvaveda' kA paMcama aMza 'Rgveda' kA hI hai tathA ye mantra vizeSa rUpa se prathama, aSTama evaM dazama maNDala se liye gae haiM / antima kANDa ke 'kuntApasUkta' vartamAna 'Rgveda' meM prApta nahIM hote, saMbhavataH ve 'Rgveda' kI kisI dUsarI zAkhA ke mantra haiN| ina sUktoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai ( sUkta 127 se 136 tk)| 'kauSItakibrAhmaNa' meM ina sUktoM kA (kuntApa) ullekha hai| 'gopathabrAhmaNa' meM kuntApa kA artha pApa karma ko jalAne vAlA mantra kahA gayA hai / atharvaveda kI zAkhAeM-patanjali kRta 'mahAbhASya' ke paspazAhnika meM 'atharvaveda' kI nau zAkhAoM kA nirdeza hai-'navadhA''yarvaNo vedH|' isakI zAkhAoM ke nAma haiMpippalAda, stauda, mauda, zaunakIya, jAjala, jalada, brahmavada, devadarza tathA cAraNavaidya / isa samaya isa veda kI kevala do hI zAkhAe~ milatI haiM-pippalAda tathA zaunakIya / pippalAdazAkhA-isake racayitA pippalAda muni haiN| 'prapancahRdaya' ke anusAra pippalAdazAkhA kI mantra-saMhitA bIsa kANDoM kI hai| isakI ekamAtra prati zAradAlipi meM kAzmIra meM prApta huI thI jise jarmana vidvAn raoNya ne sampAdita kiyA hai / zaunakazAkhA

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atharvaveda] [ atharvaveda Ajakala 'atharvaveda' saMhitA kA pracalita rUpa isI zAkhA kA hai| maudazAkhAmahAbhASya ( 4 / 1 / 86 ) tathA zAbarabhASya meM ( 1 / 1 / 30 ) isakA ullekha hai| atharvaveda kA pratipAdya viSaya-isake 731 (kucha logoM ke anusAra 730 ) sUktoM ko viSayavivecana kI dRSTi se isa prakAra vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai-Ayurveda viSayaka 144 sUkta, rAjadharma evaM rASTradharma-sambandhI 215 sUkta, samAja vyavasthAviSayaka 75 sUkta, adhyAtmaviSayaka 83 sUkta tathA zeSa 214 sUktoM kA sambandha vividha viSayoM se hai| isake viSaya anya vedoM kI apekSA nitAnta bhinna evaM vilakSaNa haiN| inheM adhyAtma, adhibhUta evaM adhidaivata ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhyAtma ke antargata brahma, paramAtmA tathA cAroM AzramoM ke vividha nirdeza Ate haiM tathA adhibhUta ke bhItara rAjA, rAjya-zAsana, saMgrAma, zatru, vAhana Adi viSayoM kA varNana hai| adhidaivataprakaraNa meM devatA, yajJa evaM kAla sambandhI vividha viSayoM kA vivecana hai| 'atharvaveda' mantra-tantroM kA prakIrNa saMgraha hai tathA isameM saMgRhIta sUktoM kA viSaya adhikAMzataH gRhya saMskAroM kA hai| inameM jAteSTi, vivAha evaM antyeSTi sadRza pArivArika saMskAroM kA ullekha hai tathA rAjadharma se sambaddha viSaya 'adhikatara varNita haiN| Ayurveda sambandhI sUkta-isa viSaya ke antargata roga evaM unakI cikitsA se sambaddha mantra haiM jinameM batAyA gayA hai ki nAnA prakAra ke bhUta pretoM ke kAraNa hI rogoM kI utpatti hotI hai| inameM Ayurveda-viSayaka mAnava-zarIra ke ApAdamastaka sabhI aGgoM kA nAmagrahapUrvaka kathana hai tathA mAnava zarIra kA varNana paira ke taluye se lekara sira "taka kiyA gayA hai| 'atharvaveda' meM rogoM ko dUra karane ke lie aneka mantroM meM jAdU-Tone kA varNana hai / cikitsA-prakaraNa meM jalacikitsA kA ullekha hai tathA udaya hote hue sUrya kI razmiyoM ke prayoga para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| AyuSyANi sUktAni-'atharvaveda' meM aneka aise mantra haiM, jinameM dIrghajIvana ke lie prArthanA kI gayI hai| aise sUkta vizeSa rUpa se muNDana, upanayana Adi saMskAroM ke avasara para prayukta hote the| rAjakarmANi-rAjAoM ke sambandha meM 'atharvaveda' meM aneka sUkta haiM, jinameM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika avasthA kA citraNa hai| isameM vizuddha prajAtantrAtmaka rAjavyavasthA kA nirdeza hai-'tvaM vizo vRNatAM rAjyAya 3 / 4 / 2 / ' isa sUkta meM rAjA ke varaNa kI carcA hai| caturtha kANDa ke aSTama sUkta meM rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya rASTrapati dvArA yaha kathana kiyA gayA hai ki maiM sadA unakA vizvAsabhAjana banA rhuuNgaa| rASTrapati sadA rASTra kI unnati meM tatpara rahatA hai'bRhadrASTraM dadhAtu nH'| rAjya ke zAsana ke lie rASTrapati ke atirikta 'pravara samiti' kA bhI nirdeza hai-( sabhA ca mAM samitizcAvatAm 713 / 1) tathA rASTra kI unnati ke lie rASTrapati tathA rASTrasabhA ke sadasyoM ke mataikya kI bhI bAta kahI gayI hai| strIkarmANi-'atharvaveda' meM aise kaI sUkta haiM, jinakA sambandha vivAha aura prema se hai tathA kucha sUktoM meM putrotpatti evaM navajAta zizu kI rakSA ke lie prArthanA kI gayI hai| isameM kucha aise bhI mantra haiM, jinameM sapatnI ko vaza meM karane tathA pati-patnI kA sneha prApta karane ke lie jAdU-Tone kA varNana hai tathA strI aura puruSa ko vaza meM karane ke lie vazIkaraNa mantroM kA vidhAna hai| isI prakAra mAraNa, mohana aura

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atharvaveda pratizAkhyasUtra] ( 8 ) [anargharAghava uccATana mantra bhI diye gae haiN| samAja-vyavasthA-'atharvaveda' meM sAmAjika-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM bhI mantra haiM / isake kucha mantroM meM mAtA-pitA, putra, pati-patnI, bhAI-bahina Adi ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA varNana hai| adhyAtmavAda-adhyAtmavAda 'atharvaveda' kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| navama kANDa kA navama sUkta, jo 'asya vAmasya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai, adhyAtmavidyA kA rUpa upasthita karatA hai / 'atharvaveda' meM bahudevatAvAda kA nirAkaraNa kara ekezvaravAda kI sthApanA kI gayI hai| indra, varuNa, mitra, yama Adi alaga-alaga devatA na hokara guNa-bheda se eka hI Izvara ke bhinna-bhinna nAma haiN| indraM mitraM varuNamagnimAhuratho divyaH sa suparNo garutmAn / ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadanti agni yamaM mAtarizvAnamAhuH / isameM parabrahma evaM paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA bhI vivecana hai tathA paramatattva ko nAnA saMjJAoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| vaha kAla ke nAma se jagat, pRthvI evaM div kA utpAdana evaM niyamana karatA hai| isake bhUmisUkta meM mAtRbhUmi kI manorama kalpanA kI gayI hai tathA dezabhakti kA atyanta sundara citra khIMcA gayA hai-mAtA bhUmiH putro'haM pRthivyaaH| 12 / 1 / 12 / sA no bhUmisRijatAM mAtA putrAya me payaH / mantra 70 / isa veda meM veda ko mAtA aura deva ko kAvya kahA gayA hai"stutA mayA varadA vedamAtA' tathA 'pazya devasya kAvyaM na mamAra na jIrNati' (10 // 8 / 32 ) isameM brahmAnubhUti kA varNana rasAnubhUti kI taraha kiyA gayA hai-rasena tRpto na kutazcano naH 108 / 44 / 'atharvaveda' kI racanA 'Rgveda' ke bAda huI thii| isakA pramANa isakI bhASA hai, jo apekSAkRta arvAcIna pratIta hotI hai| isameM zabda bahudhA bolacAla kI bhASA ke haiN| isameM citrita samAja kA rUpa bhI 'Rgveda' kI apekSA vikAsa kA sUcaka siddha hotA hai| 'atharvaveda' meM bhautika viSayoM kI pradhAnatA para bala diyA gayA hai, jabaki anya vedoM meM devatAoM kI stuti evaM AmuSmika viSayoM kA prAdhAnya hai| AdhAra grantha-1. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 1-DaoN0 viSTaranitsa (hindI anuvAda), 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-maikaDonala, 3. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 4. atharvaveda-(hindI anuvAda)-zrI rAma zarmA / atharvaveda prAtizAkhyasUtra-yaha 'atharvaveda' kA (dvitIya) prAtizAkhya hai| isa veda ke mUla pATha ko samajhane ke lie isameM atyanta upayogI sAmagrI kA saMkalana hai| isakA eka saMskaraNa (1923 I0 meM) AcArya vizvabandhu zAstrI ke saMpAdakatva meM paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya kI granthamAlA se prakAzita huA hai, jo atyanta choTA hai| isameM atharvavedaviSayaka kucha hI tathyoM kA vivecana hai| isakA dUsarA saMskaraNa DaoN. sUryakAnta zAstrI kA bhI hai, jo lAhaura se 1940 I0 meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| yaha saMskaraNa prathama kA hI bRhad rUpa hai / anargharAghava-yaha murAri kavikRta sAta aMkoM kA nATaka hai [ de0 murAri ] isameM saMpUrNa rAmAyaNa kI kathA nATakIya pravidhi ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gayI hai| kavi ne vizvAmitra ke Agamana se lekara rAvaNavadha. ayodhyAparAvartana tathA rAmarAjyAbhiSeka

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anagharAghava] [anagharAghava paryanta sampUrNa kathA ko nATaka kA rUpa diyA hai| rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko eka nATaka meM nibaddha karane meM kavi kA prayAsa saphala na ho sakA hai aura isakA kathAnaka bikhara gayA hai, phira bhI rocakatA tathA kAvyAtmakatA kA isameM abhAva nahIM hai| prathama aMka meM atyadhika laMbI prastAvanA kA niyojana kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt rAjA dazaratha evaM vAmadeva raMgamaMca para praveza karate haiN| kaMcukI dvArA unheM maharSi vizvAmitra ke Agamana kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai tathA maharSi unase rAma ko yajJa-vidhvaMsa karane vAle rAkSasoM kA saMhAra karane ke lie mAMgate haiN| rAjA prathamataH hicakicAte haiM, kintu antataH rAma-lakSmaNa ko unake sAtha vidA kara dete haiN| dvitIya aMka meM zunaHzepa evaM pazumer3ha nAmaka do ziSyoM dvArA bAlI, rAvaNa, rAkSasa tathA jAmbavanta ke viSaya meM Avazyaka jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| tadanantara rAma-lakSmaNa kA maMca para praveza hotA hai aura tAr3akA ke Agamana kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| rAma tAr3akA ko strI jAnakara mArane meM saMkoca karate haiM, para maharSi vizvAmitra kA upadeza grahaNa kara usakA vadha kara DAlate haiN| isI aMka meM kavi ne sUryAsta kA ativistRta varNana kiyA hai| tAr3akAvadha ke pazcAt rAma dvArA rAtri kA varNana karAyA gayA hai jo nATakIya dRSTi se koI mahattva nahIM rkhtaa| tadanantara vizvAmitra mithilA jAne kA prastAva karate haiN| tRtIya aMka ke viSkambhaka meM kaMcukI dvArA yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki rAvaNa ne sItA ke sAtha vivAha karane kA prastAva bhejA hai| isI bIca janakapura meM rAmacandra kA Agamana hotA hai aura rAjA janaka muni ke sAtha unakA svAgata karate haiN| rAjA janaka yaha zarta rakhate haiM ki jo zivajI kA dhanuSa car3hA degA usI ke sAtha sItA kA vivAha hogaa| isa para zauSkala (rAvaNa kA dUta) apanA apamAna samajhatA hai aura rAvaNa kI prazaMsA karatA hai, para rAmacandra usakA uttara dete haiN| rAmacandra dhanuSa tor3a DAlate haiM aura sItA ke sAtha unakA vivAha hotA hai| zauSkala rAma se badalA lene kI ghoSaNA kara unheM cetAvanI dekara calA jAtA hai aura dazaratha ke anya putroM kA bhI vivAha rAjA janaka ke yahA~ sampanna hotA hai| caturtha aMka meM rAma se badalA cukAne ke lie cintita rAvaNa kA maMtrI mAlyavAn vicAramagna avasthA meM pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai| tatkSaNa vahA~ zUrpaNakhA AtI hai aura mAlyavAn use maMtharA kA chadmaveza dhAraNa karAkara kaikeyI se rAma ke vanavAsa kI yojanA banavA detA hai| vaha parazurAma ko bhI prabhAvita kara rAma se yuddha karane ke lie mithilA bheja detA hai tathA Aveza meM Akara parazurAma rAma se yuddha karate haiM aura antataH parAjita hokara cale jAte haiN| rAjA dazaratha rAma ko abhiSeka denA cAhate haiM, para kaikeyI do varadAna mAMgakara rAjA kI AzA para pAnI phera detI hai aura ve mUcchita ho jAte haiN| paMcama aMka ke viSkambhaka meM jAmbavanta evaM zramaNA ke vArtAlApa se vidita hotA hai ki rAma vana cale gae haiM aura vahAM unhoMne kaI rAkSasoM kA saMhAra kiyA hai| isI aMka meM saMnyAsI ke veSa meM Aye hue rAvaNa ko jAmbavanta pahacAna letA hai jo sItA-haraNa ke lie AyA thaa| isI bIca jaTAyu vahA~ Akara rAvaNa evaM mArIca kI yojanA ko jAmbavanta se kahatA hai / jAmbavanta yaha bAta jAkara sugrIva ko batAtA hai aura rAvaNa jaTAya ke pratirodha karane para bhI sItA kA haraNa kara letA hai|

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anargharAghava ] ( 10 ) [ anagharAghava jaTAyu ghAyala ho jAtA hai aura rAma-lakSmaNa vilApa karate haiM / vana meM ghUmate hue rAma, guha kI rakSA karate hue, kabandha kA vadha karate haiM / isI bIca bAlI maMca para praveza kara rAma ko yuddha ke lie lalakAratA hai / bAlI kA vadha hotA hai aura nepathya meM sugrIva ke rAjyAbhiSeka tathA sugrIva dvArA sItA ke anveSaNa kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / SaSTha aMka meM sAraNa evaM zuka nAmaka do guptacaroM ke dvArA rAvaNa ko sUcanA milatI hai ki rAma kI senA ne samudra para setu bA~dha diyA hai / nepathya meM kumbhakarNa aura meghanAda ke yuddha karane kI sUcanA milatI hai / kavi ne do vidyAdharoM - ratnacUr3a evaM hemAMgada - ko raGgamaMca para praveza karAkara unake saMvAda ke rUpa meM rAma-rAvaNa ke yuddha kA varNana karAyA hai / rAvaNa kA vadha hotA hai / saptama aMka meM rAma-sItA kA punarmilana hotA hai tathA rAma, sItA, lakSmaNa, sugrIva, vibhISaNa Adi ke sAtha puSpaka vimAna para car3hakara ayodhyA lauTa Ate haiM / mArga meM kavi ne sumeru, candraloka Adi kA sundara varNana kiyA hai / ayodhyA meM vaziSTha evaM bharata dvArA sabakA svAgata kiyA jAtA hai aura rAmarAjyAbhiSeka ke bAda nATaka kI samApti ho jAtI hai / nATakIya saMvidhAna kI dRSTi se 'anargharAghava' saphala nATyakRti nahIM hai / kavi ne apanI bhAvAtmaka pratibhA kA pradarzana kara isameM nATakIya asaphalatA pradarzita kI hai| isakI kathAvastu meM pravAha evaM gatyAtmakatA nahIM hai tathA pratyeka aMka meM anAvazyaka evaM bemela varNanoM kI bharamAra hai, jo dRzyakAtrya ke lie sarvathA anupayukta hai / ina varNanoM ke kAraNa nATakIya kathA ke pravAha meM avarodha upasthita ho gayA hai / prathama aMka meM vizvAmitra tathA rAjA dazaratha kA saMvAda atyadhika laMbA hai aura kavi ne eka dUsare kI prazaMsA karane meM adhika zabda vyaya kiye haiM / isI prakAra dvitIya aMka kA prabhAta-varNana evaM candrodaya varNana tathA saptama aMka meM vimAna yAtrA kA samAveza anAvazyaka hai / isameM aMka lambe haiM tathA kisI bhI aMka meM 50-60 se kama padya nahIM haiM, yahA~ taka ki chaThe aura sAtaveM aMkoM meM padyoM kI saMkhyA 94 evaM 152 hai / kavi ne bhavabhUti ko parAsta karane kI kAmanA se 'anargharAghava' kI racanA kI thI kintu use nATaka likhane kI kalA kA pUrNa parijJAna nahIM thA / yadyapi usakA dhyAna pada lAlitya evaM pada-vinyAsa para adhika thA para vaha bhavabhUti kI kalA kA sparza bhI na kara sakA / murAri kI nATakIya pravidhi atyadhika kamajora hai aura ve saMskRta ke nausikhuA nATakakAra ke rUpa meM Ate haiM / kathAvastu, saMvAda, zailI, aMkaracanA, kAryAnviti evaM vyApArAnviti kI upayogitA evaM vidhAna kA inheM kucha bhI jJAna nahIM hai / ina para sarvatra pANDitya kI chApa dikhAI par3atI hai / inameM pAMca prakAra ke doSa dekhe jA sakate haiM - 1. inake nATaka kA kathAnaka nirjIva hai / 2 varNanoM tathA saMvAdoM kA atyadhika vistAra hai / 3. asaMgaThita evaM atidIrgha aMkaracanA kA samAveza hai / 4. sarasa bhAvAtmakatA kA abhAva hai / 5. kalAtmakatA kA pradarzana hai / saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa -- gairolA pR0 604, dvitIya saMskaraNa / bhavabhUti kI bhA~ti inhoMne bhI apane nATaka meM prakRti kA citraNa kiyA hai kintu inakA mahattva kevala abhivyaktigata saundarya ke kAraNa hai / kavi ne atizayokti evaM vRttyanuprAsa kI chaTA hI chaharAI hai / dRzyante madhumattakokilavadhU nirdhUtacUtAGkuraprAgbhA

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anantadeva] [ annaMbhaTTa raprasaratparAgasikatAdurgAstaTIbhUmayaH / yAH kRcchrAdatilachya lubdhakabhayAttairevareNUtkaraidhIrAvAhibhirastiluptapadavIniHzeSamaNIkulam // 5 // 6 // "ye janasthAna kI nadiyoM ke taTapradeza dikhAI de rahe haiM, jahAM parAga ke cakhane se (yA vasanta Rtu ke kAraNa ) masta kokilAoM ke dvArA kaMpAye hue Ama ke boroM se idhara-udhara bikhara kara phailate hue parAga kI retI itanI saghana hai ki vahA~ jAnA bar3A kaThina hai| isa saghana AmraparAgAMdhakAra se yukta taTiyoM ko bar3I kaThinatA se pAra kara zikArI ke bhaya se DarI huI hiraniyA~ dhArApravAha meM bikhare hue parAga-samUha se surakSita hokara isalie vicaraNa kara rahI haiM ki unake pada-cihnoM ko AmraparAga kI dhUli ne chipA liyA hai|" . AdhAra grantha-1. saMskRta nATaka-kItha (hindI anuvAda), 2. saMskRta kavidarzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa, 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa-zrI vAcaspatizAstrI gairolA, 4. anargharAghava (hindI anuvAda sahita ) / anantadeva-rAjanIti dharma ke nibandhakAra / ye suprasiddha mahArASTrIya santa ekanAtha ke pautra the| inake pitA Apadeva the| anantadeva candravaMzIya rAjA bAjabahAduracandra ke sabhApaNDita the| inhoMne unhIM ke Adeza se 'rAjadharmakaustubha' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA / inakI anya racanAe~ haiM--sainikazAstra tathA trivINaka dharma / inakA racanAkAla 1662 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| 'rAjadharmakaustubha' rAjanItidharma kA prasiddha nibandha grantha hai| yaha grantha cAra khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai jinheM dIdhiti kahA gayA hai| ina cAra dIdhitiyoM ke nAma haiM-vAstukarma-dIdhiti, vAstu yoga dIdhiti, rAjyAbhiSeka dIdhiti evaM prajApAlana dIdhiti / prathama dIdhiti meM 16 adhyAya, dvitIya meM 12 adhyAya, tRtIya meM 25 adhyAya evaM caturtha dIdhiti meM 35 adhyAya haiN| isa prakAra isameM kula 88 adhyAya haiM jinameM rAjadharmaviSayaka vividha paddhatiyA~ vaNita haiN| isa nibandha kI racanA kA mukhya uddezya hai 'rAjAoM ko unake vyaktigata evaM sArvajanika kartavyoM ke vidhivat pAlana hetu pathapradarzana evaM nirdeshn'| inhoMne rAjadharma ke pUrvasvIkRta siddhAntoM kA samAveza kara apane grantha kI racanA. kI hai| bAjabahAduracandra bhUpatestasyabhUriyazase pratanyate / rAjadharmaviSaye'tra kaustubhe anekapaddhatiyutA'tha dIdhitiH / / . AdhAra grantha-bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / annaMbhaTTa-'tarkasaMgraha' nAmaka atyanta lokapriya grantha ke racayitA annaMbhaTTa haiN| ye nyAyadarzana ke AcArya haiN| inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha hai| ye tailaMga brAhmaNa the| inake pitA kA nAma tirumala thA jinakI upAdhi advaitavidyAcArya kI thii| annaMbhaTTa ne kAzI meM Akara vidyAdhyayana kiyA thaa| inhoMne aneka dArzanika granthoM kI TIkAeM likhI haiM, para inakI prasiddhi ekamAtra grantha 'tasaMgraha' ke kAra hI hai| isakI inhoMne 'dIpikA' nAmaka TIkA bhI likhI hai| inake anya TIkA-granthoM ke nAma haiM-rANakojjIvanI ( yaha nyAyasudhA kI vizada TIkA hai), brahmasUtravyAkhyA, aSTAdhyAyI TIkA, udyotana (yaha kaiyaTapradIpa ke Upara racita vyAkhyAna-grantha hai ), siddhAnjana (yaha nyAyazAstrIya grantha hai jo jayadeva viracita 'maNyAloka' ke Upara TIkA hai)| 'tarkasaMgraha'

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anukramaNI] ( 12 ) [anukramaNA ke Upara 25 TIkAeM evaM 'dIpikA' ke Upara 10 vyAkhyAna prApta hote haiN| inameM govardhana mizra kRta 'nyAyabodhinI', zrIkRSNadhUrjaTidIkSita-racita 'siddhAntacandrodaya', candrasiMha kRta 'padakRtya' tathA nIlakaNThadIkSita racita 'nIlakaNThI' prabhRti TIkAeM atyanta prasiddha haiN| AdhAra grantha-bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / anukramaNI-aise granthoM ko anukramaNI kahate haiM, jinameM vedoM ke devatA, RSi evaM chandoM kI sUcI prastuta kI gayI hai| vedoM kI rakSA ke lie kAlAntara meM ina granthoM kA nirmANa huA hai / pratyeka veda kI pRthak-pRthak anukramaNI hai| zaunaka aura kAtyAyana anukramaNI ke prasiddha lekhakoM meM haiN| zaunaka ne 'Rgveda' kI rakSA ke nimitta dasa anukramaNiyoM kI racanA kI thI, jinake nAma haiM-'ArSAnukramaNI' 'chandonukramaNI' 'devatAnu. kramaNI', 'anuvAk-anukramaNI', 'sUktAnukramagI', 'RgvidhAna', 'pAdavidhAna', 'bRhadevatA' 'prAtizAkhya' evaM 'zaunakasmRti' / inameM se prathama pAMca granthoM meM 'Rgveda' ke sabhI maNDaloM, anuvAkoM aura sUktoM kI saMkhyA, nAma evaM anyAnya viSayoM ke atirikta dasoM maNDaloM ke devatA, RSi tathA chandoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| sabhI grantha padyabaddha haiM aura inakI racanA anuSTup chanda meM huI hai| 'RgvidhAna' meM vizeSa kArya kI siddhi ke lie 'Rgveda' ke mantroM kA prayoga hai| bRhadevatA-yaha anukramaNiyoM meM sarvazreSTha hai| isameM bAraha sau padyoM meM RgvedIya devatAoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana tathA tadviSayaka sanasta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hai| isameM ATha anyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya meM pAMca padyoM ke varga haiM / prathama adhyAya meM 105 padya bhUmikA svarUpa haiM jinameM devatA ke svarUpa evaM sthAna kA vivaraNa hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM RgvedIya pratyeka sUkta ke devatA kA vivaraNa tathA sUkta saMbaMdhI AkhyAnoM kA varNana hai| isakA samaya vikramapUrva aSTama zataka mAnA jAtA hai| [hindI anuvAda ke sAtha caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita, anu0 zrI rAmakumAra rAya] sarvAnukramaNI-isake racayitA kAtyAyana haiN| isameM 'Rgveda' kI RcAoM kI saMkhyA, sUkta ke RSi kA nAma aura gotra, mantroM ke devatA tathA chandoM kA ullekha hai| isa para bRhaddevatA' kA adhika prabhAva hai| zuklayajuH sarvAnukramasUtraisake racayitA kAtyAyana haiN| isameM pA~ca adhyAya haiM jinameM 'mAdhyandina saMhitA' ke devatA, RSi evaM chandoM kA vivaraNa hai| isame chandoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana tathA yAga-vidhAna ke niyamoM ke sAtha hI sAtha anuSThAnoM kA bhI varNana hai| sAmavedIya anukramaNI-'sAmaveda' se sambaddha anukramaNI granthoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai / kalpAnupadasUtrayaha do prapAThaka meM vibhakta hai tathA pratyeka prapAThaka meM 12 paTala haiN| upagranthasUtrayaha cAra prapAThakoM meM vibhakta hai| sAyaNa ke anusAra isake racayitA kAtyAyana haiN| anupadasUtra-isameM 'pancaviMzabrAhmaNa' kI saMkSipta vyAkhyA hai| isameM dasa prapAThaka haiN| nidAnasUtra-isameM dasa prapAThaka haiN| isake lekhaka pataJjali haiM / upanidAnasUtra-isameM do prapAThaka haiM tathA chandoM kA sAmAnya svarUpa varNita hai| pancavidhAna--yaha do prapAThakoM meM vibhAjita hai| laghuRktantra saMgraha-yaha svatantra granya hai, Rktantra kA

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appaya dIkSita ] ( 13 ) [ appaya dIkSita m saMkSepa nahIM / saMhitApATha ko padapAMTha ke rUpa meM parivartita karane ke lie isameM vizeSa niyama diye gae haiM / (sampAdaka : DaoN0 sUryakAnta) sAmasaptalakSaNa - yaha padyabaddha laghukAvya grantha hai, jisakA prakAzana mahIdAsa kI vivRti ke sAtha saMskRta sIrIja, kAzI se 1938 I0 meM huA hai / atharvavedIyagrantha - 'atharvaveda' ke aneka anukramaNI grantha haiM, jinameM athavaM kA vibhAjana, mantra uccAraNa tathA viniyoga saMbaMdhI vicAra haiM caraNavyUha - isameM veda ke pA~ca lakSaNa grantha ullikhita haiM- caturadhyAyI, prAtizAkhya, paJcapaTalikA, dantyoSThavidhi evaM bRhasatrvAnukramaNI / inameM se prathama do kA vivaraNa zikSAgranthoM meM hai / de0 zikSA / 1. paJcapaTalikA -- isameM pA~ca paTala yA adhyAya haiM tathA atharva ke kANDoM evaM mantroM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / isameM RSi aura devatA kA bhI ullekha hai / 2. dantyoSTha vidhi -- isameM atharvavedIya uccAraNa kA vizeSa vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / 3. bRhatsarvAnukramaNI - isake pratyeka kANDa meM sUktoM ke mantra, devatA tathA RSi kA vivaraNa hai / yaha bIsa kANDoM meM vibhakta hai / uparyukta tInoM granthoM kA prakAzana dayAnanda mahAvidyAlaya, lAhaura se huA thA / AdhAra grantha - vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / appaya dIkSita - prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa, dArzanika evaM saMskRta ke sarvatantra svatantra vidvAn ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiM / 104 granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / ye dakSiNa bhArata ke rAjA zAhajI ke sabhApaNDita the / inakA samaya 17vIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa tathA 18vIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa hai / inake dvArA racita granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - 1. advaita vedAnta viSayaka grantha - zrI parimala, siddhAntalezasaMgraha, vedAntanakSatravAdAvalI, madhvatantramukhamardanam, nyAyarakSAmaNi / kula chaha grantha / 2. bhaktiviSayaka 26 grantha - zikhariNImAlA, zivatattvaviveka brahmatarkastava ( laghuvivaraNa ) Adityastavaratnam isakI vyAkhyA, zivAdvaita nirNaya, zivadhyAnapaddhati, palcaratna evaM isakI vyAkhyA, AtmArpaNa, mAnasollAsa, zivakarNAmRtam, AnandalaharI, candrikA, zivamahimakAlikAstuti, ratnatraya parIkSA evaM isakI vyAkhyA, aruNAcalezvarastuti, apItakucAmbAstava, candrakalAstava, zivArkamaNidIpikA, zivapUjAvidhi, nayamaNimAlA evaM isakI vyAkhyA / 3. rAmAnujamata viSayaka 5 grantha - - nayanamayUkhamAlikA, isakI vyAkhyA, zrI vedAntadezikaviracita 'yAdavAbhyudaya' kI vyAkhyA, vedAntadezikaviracita 'pAdukArahasya' kI vyAkhyA, varadarAjastava / 4. madhya siddhAntAnusArI 2 grantha - nyAyaratnamAlA evaM isakI vyAkhyA / 5. vyAkaraNasambandhI grantha - nakSatravAdAvalI / 6. pUrvamImAMsAzAstrasambandhI 2 grantha - nakSatravAdAvalI evaM vidhirasAyana / 7. alaMkArazAstraviSayaka 3 grantha - - vRttivAttika, citramImAMsA evaM kuvalayAnanda / vRttivAttika - yaha zabdazakti para racita laghu racanA hai jisameM kevala do hI zaktiyoM - abhidhA evaM lakSaNA kA vivecana hai / lakSaNA ke prakaraNa meM hI yaha grantha samApta ho jAtA hai / yaha grantha adhUrA raha gayA hai vRttayaH kAvyaruraNAvalaMkAraprabanvRbhiH abhidhA lakSaNA vyaktiriti tisro nirUpitAH // kAvyazAstrI appayadIkSita inhoMne aneka viSayoM para nivAsI tathA taMjaura ke

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abhayadeva ] ( 14 ) [ abhinanda tatra kvacitkacivRddhaivizeSAnasphuTIkRtAn / niSTaMkaSitamasmAbhiH kriyate vRttivAtikam // pR0 1 citramImAMsA meM 12 alaMkAroM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA haiupamA, upameyopamA, ananvaya, smaraNa, rUpaka, pariNAma, sasandeha, bhrAntimAn, ullekha, apahanuti, utprekSA evaM atishyokti| citramImAMsA kI racanA adhUrI hai / saMbhava hai isameM isI paddhati para sabhI alaMkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA ho| vivecita alaMkAroM kA vivaraNa aitihAsika evaM saiddhAntika ubhaya dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| dIkSita ne pratyeka alaMkAra ke vivecana meM pUrvavartI AlaMkArikoM ke lakSaNa evaM udAharaNa meM doSAnveSaNa kara unakI zuddha evaM nirdhAnta paribhASAeM dI haiN| kuvalayAnanda dIkSita kI alaMkAraviSayaka atyanta lokapriya racanA hai jisameM zatAdhika alaMkAroM kA nirUpaNa hai| isa grantha kI racanA jayadevakRta candrAloka ke AdhAra para huI hai| [ de0 kuvalayAnanda ] ___ AdhAra grantha-1. bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya, 2. hindI kuvalayAnanda-DaoN0 bholAzaGkara vyAsa / ___abhayadeva-(samaya 1221 I0) ye saMskRta ke jaina kavi haiM, jinhoMne 19 sarga meM 'jayantavijaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| isa mahAkAvya meM magadhanareza jayanta kI vijaya-gAthA do sahasra zlokoM meM varNita hai| abhinanda (prathama)-inhoMne 'kAdambarIsAra' nAmaka dasa sargoM kA mahAkAvya likhA hai| ye kAzmIraka the| inakA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI hai| inake pitA prasiddha naiyAyika jayanta bhaTTa the| 'kAdambarIsAra' meM anuSTup chanda meM 'kAdambarI' kI kathA kahI gayI hai / inhoMne 'yogavAsiSThasAra' nAmaka anya grantha bhI likhA thaa| kSemendra ne abhinanda ke anuSTup chanda kI prazaMsA kI hai| anuSTup-satatAsaktA sAbhinandasya nandinI / vidyAdharasya vadane ligukeva prabhAvabhUH // suvRttatilaka [ 'kAdambarIsAra' kA prakAzana kAvyamAlA saMkhyA 11 meM bambaI se ho cukA hai / abhinanda (dvitIya)-inhoMne 'rAmacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai| inakA samaya navama zatAbdI kA madhya hai / kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA kA nAma zrIhAravarSa likhA hai, jinakA samaya navama zatAbdI hai-namaH zrIhAravarSAya yena hAlAdanantaram / svakozaH kavikozAnAmAvirbhAvAya saMbhRtaH / / kavi ke pitA kA nAma zatAnanda thA aura ve bhI kavi the| unake 10 zloka 'subhASitaratnakoza' meM uddhRta haiN| 'rAmacarita' mahAkAvya meM kiSkindhAkANDa se lekara yuddhakANDa taka kI kathA 36 sargoM meM varNita hai| yaha grantha adhUrA hai| isakI pUrti ke lie do pariziSTa anta meM cAra-cAra sargoM ke haiM jinameM prathama ke racayitA svayaM abhinanda haiM tathA dvitIya pariziSTa kisI 'kAyasthakulatilaka' bhIma kavi kI racanA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM prasAda evaM mAdhuryaguNa-yukta vizuddha vaidarbhI zailI kA prayoga huA hai / Rtu tathA prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana meM kavi kI prakRta pratibhA kA nidarzana huA hai [ 'rAmacarita' kA prakAzana. 1930 I0 meM gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja se huA hai ] / AdhAra grantha-1. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-DaoN0 esa0 ke0 De tathA

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abhinava kAlidAsa] [ abhinava gupta DaoN0 esa0 ena0 dAsagupta, 2. saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya, 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya, 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-pI0 vrdaacaary| abhinava kAlidAsa-inake dvArA racita do campU kAvya upalabdha hote haiM'bhagavata campU' tathA 'abhinava bhArata cmpuu'| 'bhAgavata campU' kA prakAzana gopAla nArAyaNa kampanI, buka selarsa, kAlabAdevI, bambaI se 1929 I0 meM huA hai, kintu dvitIya grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| 'bhAgavata campU' kA AdhAra 'zrImadbhAgata' kA dazamaskandha hai| isameM chaha stavaka haiN| kavi kA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI hai| vaha uttarI pennAra ke kinAre sthita vidyAnagara ke rAjA rAjazekhara kA rAjakavi thaa| rAjazekhara kA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI hai| abhinavaM kAlidAsa kI kavitA meM nagna aura uttAna zRGgAra kA bAhulya hai aura saMyogapakSa ke varNana meM kavi kI vRtti khUba ramI hai| inake zRGgAra-varNana para rAjadarabAra kI vilAsitA kA pUrNa prabhAva hai tathA padoM meM sAnuprAsika saundarya evaM yamaka kI chaTA dikhAI par3atI hai| ramaNIsarojaramagIyalocanAmadhurAdharAzrayadhurAdharApi kA / rucirAcirAMzurucirAzayAzayaM taralI cakAra muralI vinodanaH / / bhAgavata campU 3354 / 'abhinavabhArata campU' meM 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA saMkSepa meM varNita hai| isakA ullekha levisarAisa keTalaoNga ( 246 ) meM hai| AdhAra grantha-1. hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-kRSNamAcAriyara, 2. campUkAvya kA aitihAsika evaM AlocanAtmaka adhyayana-DaoN0 chabinAtha tripAThI / abhinavagupta-darzana evaM kAvya zAstra ke AcArya / ye kAzmIra-nivAsI the| inake kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki inake pUrvaja antarveda ( doAba ) ke nivAsI the kintu bAda meM kAzmIra meM Akara basa ge| inake pitA kA nAma nRsiMhagupta evaM pitAmaha kA nAma vArAhagupta thaa| inake pitA kA anya nAma 'cukhala' aura mAtA kA nAma vimalA yA vimalAkalA thaa| 'antarvedyAmAtriguptAbhidhAnaH prApyotpatti prAvizat prAgrajanmA / zrIkAzmIrAMzcandracUr3aNavatAra-niHsaMkhyAkaiH pAvitopAnta bhAgAn // ' parAtriMzikA vivaraNa 280 / tasyAnvaye mahati ko'pi varAhaguptanAmAbabhUva bhagavAn svymntkaale| gIrvANasindhulaharIkalitAgrahamrdhA-yaskAkarot paramanugrahamAgraheNa // tasyAtmajaH cukhulaketi jane prasiddhazcandrAvadAtadhiSaNo narasiMhaguptaH / yaM sarvazAstrarasamajjanazubhracittaM mAhezvarI paramatAMkurute smabhaktiH // tantrAloka / abhinava ne apane 13 guruoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai jinameM prasiddha haiM-narasiMhagupta ( granthakAra ke pitA ) vomanAtha, bhUtirAjatanaya, indurAja, bhUtirAja evaM bhaTTatota / abhinavagupta prakANDa vidvAn tathA parama zivabhakta the| ye AjIvana brahmacArI bane rhe| inhoMne aneka viSayoM para 41 granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai jinameM 11 grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 1. bodhapancadazikA-zivabhaktiviSayaka 15 zlokoM kA laghu grantha, 2. parAtrIzikA-vivaraNa-tantrazAstra kA grantha 3. mAlinIvijayavAttika-'mAlinIvijaya tantra' nAmaka grantha kA vAttika, 4. tantrAloka-tantrazAstra kA vizAla grantha, 5-6. tantrasAra tantravaTadhAnikA

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abhiSeka [ abhiSeka tantrasAra ke grantha, 7-8. dhvanyAlokalocana evaM aminavabhAratI-'dhvanyAloka' evaM bharata nATyazAstra kI TIkA, 9. bhagavadgItArthasaMgraha-gItA kI vyAkhyA, 10. paramArthasAra105 zloka kA zaivAgama-grantha, 11. IzvarapratyabhijJAvimaziNI-utpalAcAryakRta IzvarapratyabhitrAsUtra kI TIkA / cAra hajAra zlokoM kA grantha / inake anya aprakAzita granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-IzvarapratyabhijJAvivRtti-vimarziNI, kramastotra, bhairavastotra, dehasthadevatAcakrastotra, anubhavanivedana, anutarASTikA, paramArthadvAdazikA, paramArthacarcA, mahopadezaviMzatikam, tantroccaya, ghaTakaparakulaka vivRti, kramakeli, zivahaSyAMlocana, pUrvapaJcikA, padArthapravezanirNayaTIkA prakIrNakavivaraNa, kAvyakautukavivaraNa, kathAmukhatilakam, ladhvIprakriyA, vedavAdavivaraNa, devIstotravivaraNa, tatvAdhvaprakAzikA, zivazaktyavinAbhAvastotra, bimbapratibimbabhAva, anuttaratattvavimarziNIvRtti, nATyAlocana, paramArthasaMgraha, anuttarazataka / abhinavaguptakRta isa vizAla grantha-rAzi ko tIna vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-dArzanika, sAhityika evaM tAntrika / inakA kAla-nirNaya atyanta sugama hai| unhoMne 'IzvarapratyabhijJA viziNI' kA racanAkAla kaliyuga kA 4151 likhA hai jo gaNanAnusAra 1014-15 I0 hai| isa prakAra inakI sAhityasAdhanA kI avaSi 980 I0 se lekara 1020 taka siddha hotI hai| abhinavagupta uccakoTi ke kavi, mahAn dArzanika evaM sAhitya samIkSaka haiN| inhoMne rasa ko kAvya meM pramukha sthAna dekara usakI mahattA svIkAra kI hai| inakA rasaviSayaka siddhAnta 'abhivyaktivAda' kahA jAtA hai jisake anusAra zrotAoM evaM darzakoM ke hRdaya meM rasa ke tatva ( sthAvibhAva ) vAsanA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahate haiM aura kAvya ke par3hane evaM nATaka ke dekhane se vahI vAsanA abhivyakta yA udbuddha hokara rasa ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| inhoMne rasa ko vyaMjanA kA vyApAra mAnA hai aura usakI sthiti sAmAjika yA darzaka meM hI svIkAra kI hai| abhinavagupta kA rasasiddhAnta manovaijJAnika bhitti para Adhuta hai| inhoMne vibhAvana vyApAra ke dvArA vibhAvAnubhAva Adi kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa hone kA varNana kiyA hai tathA rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai jo dhvani ke rUpa meM vyaMjita hotA hai / abhinavagupta pratyabhijJAdarzana ke mahAn AcArya haiN| AdhAra grantha-hindI abhinavabhAratI ( 1, 3, 6 adhyAya kI vyAkhyA )vyAkhyAkAra A0 vizvezvara / abhiSeka-yaha mahAkavi bhAsa viracita nATaka hai| isakA kathAnaka rAma-kathA para Azrita hai| isameM 6 aMka haiM aura bAli-vadha se rAmarAjyAbhiSeka taka kI kathA varNita hai| rAmarAjyAbhiSeka ke AdhAra para hI isakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / kavi ne rAmacandra ke kiSkindhA pahuMcane, hanumAn kA laMkA meM jAkara sItA ko sAntvanA dene, nagarI naSTa karane, jalAne tathA rAvaNa dvArA rAma aura lakSmaNa ke kaTe hue mastaka ko chalapUrvaka sItA ko dikhAne kI ghaTanAoM ko, vizeSa rUpa se samAviSTa kiyA hai / isa nATaka meM do abhiSekoM kA varNana hai--supIva evaM zrIrAma kaa| antima abhiSeka zrIrAmacandra kA hai aura vahI nATaka kA phala bhI hai| rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko sajAne

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] ( 17 ) [abhijJAna zAkuntala evaM saMvArane meM kavi ne apanI maulikatA evaM kauzala kA paricaya diyA hai| vAli-vadha ko nyAyarUpa dene tathA samudra dvArA mArga dene ke varNana meM navInatA hai| isI prakAra jaTAyu se samAcAra jAnakara hanumAn dvArA samudra-saMtaraNa karane tathA rAma-rAvaNa ke yuda-varNana meM bhI navInatA pradarzita kI gayI hai| rAvaNa kI parAjaya hotI hai, para vaha sItA ke samakSa rAma evaM lakSmaNa kI mAyAmayI pratikRti dikhAkara unheM vaza meM karanA cAhatA hai| usI samaya use sUcanA milatI hai ki usakA putra meghanAda mArA gyaa| isameM pAtroM ke kathopakathana choTe evaM sarala vAkyoM meM haiM, jo atyanta prabhAvazAlI haiN| 'abhiSeka' meM vIrarasa kI pradhAnatA hai para yatra-tatra karuNarasa bhI anusyUta hai| kathopakathana meM kahIM-kahIM atyanta vicitratA bhI dikhAI par3atI hai, jise sunakara darzaka cakita ho jAte haiN| jaise; rAvaNa ke isa kathana para nepathya se dhvani kA AnA-ki rAmeNa, rAmeNa-vyaktamindrajitA yuddhe hate tasminnarAdhame / lakSmaNena saha bhrAtA kena tvaM mokSayiSyase // 5 // 10 AdhAra grantha-1. bhAsanATakacakram (hindI anuvAda sahita ). caukhambA prakAzana 2. mahAkavibhAsa-eka adhyayana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / abhijJAna zAkuntala-yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA sarvottama nATaka hai| [de. kAlidAsa ] isameM kavi ne sAta aGkoM meM rAjA duSyanta evaM zakuntalA ke praNaya, viyoga tathA punamilana kI kahAnI kA manorama varNana kiyA hai| ____ kathAnaka-prathama aGka meM rAjA duSyanta mRgayA khelate hue maharSi kaNva ke Azrama meM calA jAtA hai jahAM use vRkSoM kA siMcana karatI huI tIna muni-kanyAoM se sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| unameM se zakuntalA ke prati vaha anurakta ho jAtA hai| usa samaya kaNva RSi zakuntalA ke kisI amaGgala ke zAntyartha somatIrtha gaye hue the| usakA jIvana-vRttAnta jAnane ke bAda vaha zakuntalA para AkRSTa hotA hai aura zakuntalA bhI usa para anurakta hotI hai| vArtAlApa ke krama meM rAjA ko jJAta ho jAtA hai ki zakuntalA kaNva kI putrI na hokara menakA nAmaka apsarA kI kanyA hai, jo vizvAmitra se utpanna huI hai| donoM hI apanI abhISTa-siddhi ke lie gAndhavaM-vidhi se praNayasUtra meM Abaddha ho jAte haiN| dvitIya aGka meM duSyanta apane mitra mADhavya (vidUSaka ) se zakuntalA ke praNaya kI carcA karatA hai| tabhI Azrama ke do tapasvI Akara rAjA se Azrama kI rakSA karane kI prArthanA karate haiM / usI samaya hastinApura se dUta sandeza lekara AtA hai ki devI vasumatI ke upavAsa ke pAraNa ke dina rAjA avazya AyeM / zakuntalA ke prati mugdha rAjA tapovana chor3anA nahIM cAhatA / anta meM vaha mADhavya ko bheja detA hai aura usake cancala svabhAva ko jAnate hue zakuntalA kI praNaya-gAthA ko kapolakalpita kahakara use parihAsa kI bAta kahatA hai| aisA kahakara kavi paJcama aGka kI zakuntalA-parityAga kI ghaTanA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kara letA hai| yadi mADhavya kA sandeha dUra nahIM kiyA jAtA to sambhava thA ki sAmAjika ke hRdaya meM yaha sandeha utpanna ho jAtA ki jaba vidUSaka isa bAta ko jAnatA thA to usane 2 saM0 sA0

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] ( 18 ) [babhimAna zAkuntala zakuntalA ko patnI rUpa meM grahaNa karane se rAjA ko kyoM nahIM manA kiyA ? ataH kavi isa sandeha kA nivAraNa dvitIya aGka meM hI kara detA hai| tRtIya aGka meM viraha-pIr3itA zakuntalA ke pUrvarAga kA patA rAjA ko laga jAtA hai| latAgRha meM par3I huI zakuntalA viraha-vidagdha hokara rAjA ke pAsa patra likhane kA upakrama karatI hai aura kamala ke patte para patra likha diyA jAtA hai| tatkSaNa rAjA prakaTa ho jAtA hai aura donoM hI apanI abhISTa-siddhi ke lie gAndharva-vidhi se praNayasUtra meM AvaTa ho jAte haiN| donoM kI prema-krIr3AeM calatI haiM, tabhI gautamI rAtri ke Agamana kI sUcanA detI hai aura zakuntalA calI jAtI hai| gautamI zakuntalA kA samAcAra jAnane ke lie AtI hai aura duSyanta chipa jAtA hai| catuSaM aMka ke viSkambhaka dvArA yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki duSyanta apanI rAjadhAnI meM calA gyaa| usane zakuntalA ko apanI nAmAMkita aMgUThI de dI thI ki mere nAma ke jitane akSara haiM utane hI dinoM meM maiM tumheM rAjadhAnI meM bulA luuNgaa| zakuntalA rAjA ke dhyAna meM magna hai tabhI durvAsA kA Agamana hotA hai aura vaha unakA svAgata nahIM kara paatii| durvAsA Atithya-satkAra na hone ke kAraNa use zApa de dete haiM ki tU jisake dhyAna meM magna hai vaha tujhe smaraNa nahIM kregaa| priyaMvadA ( zakuntalA kI sakhI ) durvAsA kA anunaya-vinaya karake unheM prasanna karatI hai aura ve kahate haiM ki jaba terI sakhI koI use abhijJAna dikhA degI to rAjA pahacAna jaaygaa| isa bIca kanya tIrthayAtrA se lauTakara Azrama meM Ate haiM aura unheM zakuntalA ke vivAha kI jAnakArI hotI hai / ve zakuntalA ko duSyanta ke pAsa bhejane kI taiyArI karate haiN| zakuntalA jaba vidA hotI hai to Azrama meM karuNa dRzya upasthita ho jAtA hai aura vanavAso kaNva dravIbhUta ho jAte haiN| pancama sarga meM zakuntalA ko sAtha lekara gautamI, zAGgarava evaM zAradata duSyanta kI rAjadhAnI meM pahuMcate haiM / rAjA zApavaza zakuntalA ko pahacAna nahIM paataa| jaba zakuntalA usakI dI huI aMgUThI dikhAnA cAhatI hai tabhI vaha mila nahIM paatii| (jAte samaya priyaMvadA ne kahA thA ki yadi tumhArA pati tumheM na pahacAne taba tuma use apanI aMgUThI dikhA denA aura vaha tumheM pahacAna jaaygaa)| gautamI kahatI hai ki vaha zukrAvatAra tIrtha meM avazya hI gira gaI hogii| rAjA zakuntalA kA tiraskAra karatA hai aura zakuntalA bhI use kaTuvacana kahatI hai| rAjA dvArA tiraskRta tathA AsannaprasavA zakuntalA ko jaba zAGgarava Adi Azrama meM nahIM le jAte taba rAjA kA purohita use prasavaparyanta apane yahA~, putrI ke samAna, rakhane ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai / para, vaha purohita ke yahA~ pahu~catI nahIM ki AkAza se koI adRzya jyoti use uThAkara tirohita ho jAtI hai| __ SaSTha akha ke pravezaka meM rAjA kI aMgUThI becate hue eka puruSa pakar3A jAtA hai aura vaha rakSakoM ke dvArA rAjA ke samakSa lAyA jAtA hai| aMgUThI dekhate hI zApa kA prabhAva dUra ho jAtA hai aura rAjA pUrva ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa kara apane niSThura vyavahAra se

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] (19) [abhijJAna zAkuntala duHkhita ho jAtA hai| vaha zakuntalA ke viraha meM vyathita hokara apane ko kosatA hai / isI bIca indra kA sArathI mAtali adRzya hokara isa vicAra se mADhavya kA galA dabAtA hai ki viraha ke kAraNa zAnta huA rAjA kA vIratva damaka uThe aura vaha indra para AkramaNa karanevAle kAlanemi prabhRti rAkSasoM kA vinAza kara sake / yahI bAta hotI bhI hai| rAjA rAkSasoM kA vinAza karane ke lie prasthAna karatA hai| saptama aGka meM rAkSasoM kA saMhAra kara rAjA kiMpuruSa parvata para sthita maharSi mArIca ke Azrama para jAtA hai| vahAM use siMha ke sAtha khelatA huA eka zizu dikhAI par3atA hai| khelate samaya bAlaka ke hAtha meM baMdhI huI aparAjita nAmaka auSadhi khulakara gira jAtI hai aura use rAjA uThA letA hai| bAlaka ke sAtha rahane vAlI tapasvinI yaha dekhakara Azcaryacakita ho jAtI hai ki isake mAtA-pitA ke atirikta yadi koI anya vyakti ise uThAyegA to vaha auSadhi use sAMpa bana kara kATa degii| jaba vaha tapasvinI usa bAlaka ko miTTI kA pakSI dekara use AkRSTa karanA cAhatI hai taba vaha apanI mAM kI khoja karatA hai| tabhI zakuntalA AtI hai aura rAjA ke sAtha usakA milana hotA hai aura mArIca donoM ko AzIrvAda dete haiN| kathA kA srota-'zakuntalA' kI mUla kathA 'mahAbhArata' aura 'padmapurANa' meM milatI hai / inameM 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA adhika prAcIna hai| isa kathA meM sarasatA nahIM hai aura yaha sIdhI-sAdI tathA nIrasa hai| 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA ko kavi apanI pratibhA evaM kalpanAzakti ke dvArA sarasa tathA garimAmayo banA detA hai| usane 'mahAbhArata' ke hIna caritroM ko udAttatA pradAna kara unheM prANavanta banA diyA hai| 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA isa prakAra hai-eka bAra candravaMzI rAjA duSyanta AkheTa karate hue maharSi kaNva ke Azrama meM praviSTa hue| unhoMne Azrama meM ghusa kara pukaaraa| usa samaya kaNva kI anupasthiti meM unakI dharma-putrI zakuntalA ne unakA satkAra kiyA tathA rAjA ke pUchane para apane janma kI kathA unase kaha dii| use kSatriya kanyA jAnakara rAjA ne usake prati apanA prema prakaTa kiyaa| zakuntalA ne kahA ki yadi ApakA uttarAdhikArI merA putra ho to maiM isa zarta para vivAha kara skuuNgii| jaba rAjA ne usakA prastAva mAnane kA vacana diyA to donoM ne gandharva rIti se vivAha kara liyA tathA rAjA ne usake sAtha sahavAsa kiyaa| vaha zakuntalA ko AzvAsana dekara gayA ki maiM zIghra hI tumheM bulAne ke lie senA bhejUMgA, para vaha rAste meM socatA gayA ki kahIM kaNva yaha bAta jAna leM to mujha para ruSTa na ho jaayeN| rAjA ke jAne ke bAda kaNva RSi Azrama meM Aye aura tapabala se sArI ghaTanA ko jAnakara zakuntalA ke gAndhavaM vivAha kI svIkRti de dii| kucha samaya ke pazcAt zakuntalA ne eka zizu ko janma diyA jo 6 varSa kA hokara apane parAkrama se siMha ke sAtha khelane lgaa| nau varSa se adhika zakuntalA ko apane yahA~ rakhanA ucita na mAna kara RSi ne use putra sahita kucha tapasviyoM ke sAtha duSyanta kI rAjadhAnI meM bheja diyaa| duSyanta ne zakuntalA evaM usake putra ko aparicita batA kara unheM svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jaba zakuntalA jAne ko taiyAra huI taba usI samaya

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] [abhijJAna zAkuntala AkAzavANI huI ki zakuntalA tumhArI patnI hai aura sarvadamana tumhArA putra hai| aisA sunakara purohita aura mantriyoM kI rAya se rAjA ne unheM apanA liyaa| usane logoM se kahA ki maiM sArA vRttAnta jAnatA thA para yadi maiM pahale hI inheM svIkAra kara letA to Apa loga zaGkA kara sakate the, kintu AkAzavANI ke dvArA devatAoM kI svIkRti prApta ho jAne para inakI zuddhatA prakaTa ho gaI hai / zakuntalA ke kathAnaka kA vaiziSTaya-'mahAbhArata' kI isa nirjIva evaM camatkArahIna kathA meM kAlidAsa ne AvazyakatAnusAra parivartana kara ise sarasa evaM rocaka banAyA hai| isa kathA meM duSyanta kA caritra gira gayA hai aura vaha atyanta kAmI, lolupa tathA vyabhicArI siddha hotA hai aura zakuntalA apane putra ko rAjA banAne kI zarta lagA kara eka svArthI nArI ke rUpa meM upasthita hotI hai| zakuntalA kA prema, prema na raha kara, vyApAra ho jAtA hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM zakuntalA duSyanta se apane janma kI kathA svayaM kahatI hai para 'zakuntalA nATaka' meM yaha bAta zakuntalA kI do sakhiyoM-anusUyA evaM priyaMvadA-kI bAtacIta se jJAta ho jAtI hai| aisA kara kavi ne zakuntalA ke zIla evaM mugdhatva kI rakSA kI hai / 'mahAbhArata' kI zakuntalA vivAha ke lie zarta rakhatI hai aura vaha pragalbha, spaSTavAdinI evaM nirbhIka taruNI ke rUpa meM upasthita hotI hai| usameM hRdaya kI apekSA mastiSka kA prAdhAnya hai| 'zakuntalA nATaka' kI zakuntalA meM uparyukta doSa nahIM hai / vaha lajjAvatI, premaparAyaNa evaM nizchala mugdhA bAlikA ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai| 'mahAbhArata' meM kaNva phala-mUlAdi lAne ke lie vana meM gaye haiM, jahAM se ve eka yA do ghaNTe ke bhItara A gaye hoNge| isI antarAla meM prema aura vivAha kI bAta ayoktika-sI lagatI hai| para, kAlidAsa ne nATaka meM kaNva RSi ko zakuntalA ke bhAvI aniSTa ke zamana ke lie somatIrtha meM jAne kA varNana kiyA hai / ataH unakI dIrghakAlIna anupasthiti meM ghaTita hone vAlI yaha ghaTanA svAbhAvika lagatI hai / kAlidAsa ne durvAsA kA zApa tathA aMgUThI kI bAta kI kalpanA kara do mahattvapUrNa navInatAeM jor3I haiM / isase duSyanta kAmI, lolupa, bhIru evaM svArthI na hokara zuddha udAtta caritra kA vyakti siddha hotA hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM vaha samAjabhIra hai tathA jAnabUjha kara zakuntalA ko tiraskRta karatA hai, para kAlidAsa ne zApa kI bAta kahakara usake caritra kA prakSAlana kiyA hai| zApa ke anusAra zakuntalA kA pati dvArA tiraskAra Avazyaka thA tathA zIlaskhalana ke kAraNa usakA abhizapta honA bhI anivArya thaa| isase usakA caritra, daNDa prApta kara, ujjvala ho jAtA hai| zApa kI ghaTanA ke dvArA kavi ne zakuntalA ke daNDa kA bhI vidhAna kiyA hai tathA aMgUThI kI bAta kA niyojana kara zApa-vimocana ke sAdhana kI sRSTi kI hai| rAjA ke pAsa jAne ke pUrva hI zakuntalA kI aMgUThI kA gira jAnA evaM zakuntalA ke tiraskAra ke pazcAt aMgUThI ke milane para rAjA ko usakI smRti kA honA, ye donoM hI bAteM atyanta svAbhAvika DhaGga se varNita haiN| kathAnaka kA vaiziSTya- 'zakuntalA-nATaka' kA vastu-vinyAsa manorama tathA sugaThita hai| kavi ne vibhinna prasaGgoM kI yojanA isa una se kI hai ki anta-anta taka unameM

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] ( 21 ) [abhijJAna zAkuntala sAmaMjasya banA huA hai| isakI vividha ghaTanAeM mUla kathA ke sAtha sambaddha haiM aura unameM svAbhAvikatA banI huI hai| isameM eka bhI aisA prasaGga yA dRzya nahIM hai jo akAraNa yA niSprayojana ho / nATaka ke Arambhika dRzya kA kAvyAtmaka mahattva adhika hai / duSyanta kA ratha para ArUr3ha hokara Azrama mRga kA pIchA karate hue Azrama meM praveza karanA saundarya se pUrNa hai| dvitIya aGka meM praNaya-pratimA zakuntalA evaM praNayI rAjA duSyanta ke mAnasika udvelana kA citraNa hai| prathamataH dvandva kA prArambha duSyanta ke hI hRdaya meM hotA hai ki brAhmaNa kI kanyA hone ke kAraNa yaha kSatriya nRpa ke lie 'aparigraha' hai, para unake antara kA mAnava zakuntalA ko upabhoga kI vastu mAnatA hai aura antataH sakhiyoM dvArA usake ( zakuntalA ) janma kA vRttAnta jAnakara unakA Antarika saMgharSa zAnta ho jAtA hai| vAstavika saMgharSa kavi zakuntalA ke jIvana meM ghaTita karatA hai| "jaba navotthita praNayAvega use eka ora khIMcatA hai aura usakA mugdha svabhAva, tapovanocita saMskAra tathA kanyocita lajjA dUsarI ora khIMcate haiN|" cauthe aGka ke viSkambhaka meM prAtaHkAla kA varNana kara bhAvI duHkha evaM viyoga kI sUcanA dI gaI hai| durvAsA ke bhayaGkara zApa jaisI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA kA sambandha isase hai jo kavi ke apUrva nATyakauzala kA paricAyaka hai| zakuntalA kI bidAI ke samaya mAnava hRdaya kI karuNA hI mukharita ho uThI hai| yahA~ kavi ne mAnava evaM mAnavetara prANiyoM ke hRdaya meM samAna rUpa se karuNA kA bhAva vyajita kiyA hai| karuNA kI bhAvanA rAnI haMsapArikA ke ( pancama aGka ke prArambha meM ) gIta meM tovatara hotI dikhAI par3atI hai| ca yA aGka kAvyatva kI dRSTi se uttama hai to pAMcaveM aGka meM nATakIya tattva adhika sabala hai| chaThe aGka ke pravezaka meM dhIvara evaM pulisa adhikAriyoM kI bAtacIta meM lokajIvana kI sundara jhAMkI milatI hai| "chaThA aGka pAMcaveM aGka kA hI pariNAma hai, jo pratyabhijJAna, aMgUThI kI upalabdhi se prArambha hotA hai / usameM duSyanta ke apanI priyatamA ke pratyAkhyAnajanita mAnasika paritApa kA pragAr3ha aGkana hai / samudravaNik kI mRtyu ghaTanA se rAjA kA Agraha apanI priyatamA kI ora se haTakara apane putra ke prati ho jAtA hai, aura vaha bhI darzanIya hai ki putra ke abhAva-jJAna se hI priyatamA kA pratyabhijJAna hotA hai| yaha karuNa dRzya mAtali-vidUSaka ke saMvAda dvArA akasmAt Azcarya, krodha aura vinoda ke dRzya meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / antima aGka kA ghaTanAsthala pRthivI ke uparivartI lokoM meM hai| mArIca-Azrama kI alaukika pavitratA aura sundaratA ke bIca carama nATakIya avasthA kA zanaiH-zanaiH udghATana hotA hai-rAjA kA apane putra aura patnI se milana hotA hai| RSi aura usakI patnI rAjA aura unake kuTumba para AzIrvAda kI vRSTi karate haiN| aise pAvana aura zAnta vAtAvaraNa meM nATaka samApta hotA hai|" mahAkavi kAlidAsa pR0 174 caritra-citraNa-caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se 'abhijJAnazAkuntala' uccakoTi kA nATaka hai / kavi ne 'mahAbhArata' ke nIrasa evaM asvAbhAvika caritroM ko apanI kalpanA evaM pratibhA ke dvArA udAtta evaM svAbhAvika banAyA hai| inake caritra Adarza evaM

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] ( 22 ) [abhijJAna zAkuntala udAttatA se yukta haiM, kintu unameM mAnavocita durbalatAeM bhI dikhAI gayI haiM, jisase ve kAlpanika loka ke prANI na hokara bhUtala ke jIva bane rahate haiM / duSyanta-rAjA duSyanta 'zakuntalA nATaka' kA dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai| kavi ne isake caritra kI avatAraNA meM atyanta sAvadhAnI evaM satarkatA se kAma liyA hai| isakA vyaktitva bahumukhI hai| vaha rAjA, premI, vivekavAdI tathA hRdayavAdI donoM hI rUpoM meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| duSyanta isa nATaka meM do rUpoM meM citrita hai-AdarzarAjA evaM Adarza-manuSya / usakA vyaktitva atyanta AkarSaka evaM prabhAvazAlI hai / svayaM priyaMvadA ne usakI gambhIra AkRti evaM madhura vANI kI prazaMsA kI hai-'duravagAhagambhIrAkRtimadhuramAlApanaprabhutvadAkSiNyaM vistArayati' pR0 54 / vaha vIra tathA utsAhI hai / mRgayA se amita usake zarIra kA jisa prakAra senApati dvArA varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha usake zArIrika sugaThana, parizramazIlatA evaM baliSThatA kA paricAyaka hai / (zakuntalA 214) / 'anavaratadhanusphiAlanaravA (pR0 96), nagarapariSa prAMzubAhuH (pR0 123 ) uparyukta vAkyoM se usakI zarIra-sampatti kA jJAna hotA hai / rAjA duSyanta vIra hai aura usakI vIratA kA upayoga sadkAryoM meM hotA hai| vaha apanI zArIrika zakti ke dvArA tapovana kI rakSA karatA hai tathA inake zatru kAlanemivaMza ke rAkSasoM kA damana karatA hai| vaha utsAhI tathA vIratA kI mUrti hai| indra kA sArathI mAtali jaba mADhavya para AkramaNa karatA hai to usakI karuNa pukAra sunakara vaha zIghra hI dhanuSa-bANa lekara usakI rakSA ke lie udyata ho jAtA hai| indra ke dvArA sAhAyya ke lie bulAyA jAnA usakI vIratA kI khyAti evaM mahattva kA paricAyaka hai| vaha atyanta madhurabhASI hai| priyaMvadA ne usake madhura bhASaNa kI prazaMsA kI hai| jaba vaha lar3akiyoM se vidA letA hai (prathama aMka meM ) to apane kathana se unako AkRSTa kara letA hai-'darzanenaiva bhavatInAM sambhUta satkAro'smi' pR0 79 / rAjA vIra hote hue bhI vinayI hai| "AzramavAsI munikumAroM ke prati hone vAle ziSTa vyavahAra meM, anusUiyA aura priyaMvadA se hone vAle vArtAlApa meM, mAtali dvArA prazaMsA karane para indra ke prati vyakta kiye gae sammAna evaM kRtajJatAsUcaka zabdoM meM duSyanta ke hRdaya kI vinayazIlatA umar3a-sI par3I hai|" saMskRta nATaka-samIkSA pR0 36 / rAjA dharmabhIru hai tathA rAjA ke rUpa meM varNAzramadharma kI rakSA ko hI apanA parama kattaMvya svIkAra karatA hai| prArambha meM vaha mRgayApriya vIra vyakti ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai| usakI mRgayA-sambandhI mAnyatAeM maryAdita haiN| jyoMhI usake kAna meM yaha bAta jAtI hai ki 'rAjan ! AzramamRgo'yaM na hantavyo na hantavyaH'-tyoMhI vaha apanI pratyaMcA DhIlI kara letA hai| RSi-muniyoM ke prati usake mana meM asIma sammAna evaM zraddhA kA bhAva hai| Azrama meM praveza karate hI usake darzana se vaha apane ko dhanya mAnatA hai-'puNyAzramadarzanena tAvadAtmAnaM puniimhe'| vaha Azrama meM apane sabhI vastrAbhUSaNoM ko utAra kara vinIta deSa meM praveza karatA hai, isase usakI Azrama ke prati bhakti evaM pUjya bhAvanA pradarzita hotI hai| vaha zArava evaM zAradata ko dekha

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abhijJAna zAkuntala ] ( 23 ) [ abhijJAna zAkuntala kara apane Asana se uThakara unakA abhivAdana karatA hai / AzramavAsI evaM kaNva RSi ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA usake mana meM sajaga rahatI hai| jaba zakuntalA ko lekara AzramavAsI usake darabAra meM jAte haiM to vaha sarvaprathama yahI prazna karatA hai ki'api nirvighnatapaso munayaH / vaha maryAdA kA kabhI bhI atikramaNa nahIM karatA / apUrva lAvaNyavatI aniya sundarI zakuntalA ko dekhakara vaha AkRSTa hotA hai, kintu usake prati prema-pradarzita karane ke pUrva yaha jAna lenA cAhatA hai ki vaha usake vivAha ke yogya hai yA nahIM / yadyapi usake viveka evaM antara apane yogya mAnane ko vivaza karate haiMasaMzayaM kSatra parigrahakSamA yadAyyaMmasyAmabhilASi me manaH / satAM hi sandehapadeSu vastuSu pramANamantaH karaNapravRttayaH // 1 / 23 "isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha kSatriya ke grahaNa karane yogya hai / kyoMki merA sAdhu mana ise cAhatA hai / kisI saMdigdha vastu meM sajjanoM ke antaHkaraNa kI pravRtiyA~ hI pramANita hotI haiM / " duSyanta apane vaMza kI ujjvala paramparA para garva karatA hai / vaha mAnatA hai ki jaba taka koI bhI paurava isa pRthvI para rAjya karegA taba taka tapovana kI maryAdA tathA RSi-muniyoM evaM unakI kanyAoM kA koI bhI burA nahIM ho sakatA / vaha gambhIra prakRti kA manuSya hai / zakuntalA kA tiraskAra karane para zArGgarava use kaTUktiyoM se prahAra karatA hai para duSyanta usakI bAtoM ko sahana kara kaThora Atma-saMyama kA paricaya detA hai / eka asAdhAraNa rUpavatI yuvatI jaba use pati ke rUpa meM mAnane kI prArthanA karatI hai aura RSi bhI usake lie tarka upasthita karate haiM, phira bhI vaha usake prati jhukatA nahIM / usake isa Atma-saMyama evaM dRr3havrata kI prazaMsA kaMcukI bhI karatA hai'aho dharmApekSitA bhartuH / IdRzaM nAma sukhopanataM rUpaM prekSya ko'nyo vicArayati / ' - use hama lalita kalAoM kA marmajJa evaM anurAgI ke rUpa meM pAte haiN| vaha rAnI haMsapAdikA ke gIta ko sunakara usa para jo TippaNI karatA hai usase usakI kalAbhijJatA kI pratIti hotI hai- 'aho rAgaparivAhinIgatiH' / vaha citrakalA meM bhI nipuNa hai / zakuntalA ke viyoga meM usane Azrama kI pRSThabhUmi meM jo usakA caritrAMkana kiyA hai usameM usake aMgasauSThava ke atirikta mAnasika bhAvoM kI bhI abhivyakti huI hai / vidUSaka evaM apsarA sAnumatI donoM hI usakI citrakalA kI prazaMsA kiye binA nahIM rahate / / rAjA dhIrodAtta nAyaka, uttama pati tathA utsAhI premI hai aneka patniyoM ke sAtha sambandha rahane para bhI usameM naitikatA kA bhAva banA rahatA hai| navIna strI para AkRSTa ho jAne para bhI vaha apanI anya striyoM ke prati sammAna kA bhAva banAye rakhatA hai evaM unake prati apane kartavya se cyuta nahIM hotA / vaha unakI sukha-suvidhA kA sadA dhyAna rakhatA hai / zakuntalA ke prati pragAr3ha prema hote hue bhI vaha rAnI vasumatI ke Agamana kI sUcanA prApta kara zakuntalA ke citra ko chipA detA hai| rAnI haMsapAdikA ke gIta se yaha dhvani nikalatI hai ki vaha 'abhinava madhu-lolupa' hai, para isa nATaka meM isa vRtti kA koI saMketa prApta nahIM hotA /

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abhijJAna zAkuntala] ( 24 ) [abhijJAna zAkuntala kavi ne duSyanta meM mAnava-sulabha durbalatAoM kA nidarzana kara use kAlpanika yA Azcaryajanaka pAtra nahIM banAyA hai| chipa kara tapasvikanyakAoM ke rUpa-darzana karane evaM unake parihAsapUrNa vArtAlApa sunane, zakuntalA kI sakhiyoM se apanA asatya paricaya dene, mAtA kI AjJA ko bahAne se TAla kara apane sthAna para mADhavya ko rAjadhAnI bhejane Adi kAryoM meM usakI durbalatAe~ vyaMjita huI haiN| apanI pariNItA patnI kA tiraskAra evaM tyAga ke kAraNa duSyanta kA caritra gira jAtA hai, para durvAsA ke zApa ke kAraNa usakA kAlA dhabbA miTa jAtA hai| usakA caritra isa ghaTanA ke kAraNa paramojjvala hokara pUrNarUpa se nikhara jAtA hai| kavi ne viyoga kI tApa meM duSyanta ko jalA kara usake vAsanAtmaka kaluSa ko niHzeSa kara diyA hai aura usakA antaHkaraNa pavitra hokara zvetakamala kI bhAMti projjvala ho uThatA hai| vaha zakuntalA ke virahatApa meM jhulasate hue bhI apane dharma evaM kartavya kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA hai / rAjA santativihIna dharmabuddhi nAmaka vaNik kI mRtyu kA samAcAra pAkara usake dhana ko rAjakoSa meM na milAkara usakI vidhavA garbhavatI patnI ko samarpita kara detA hai| rAjyabhara meM vaha isa bAta kI ghoSaNA karA detA hai-yenayena viyujyante prajAsnigdhenabandhunA / sa sa pApAhate tAsAM duSyanta iti dhuSyatAm // ___ isa ghoSaNA ke dvArA usakI kartavyaparAyaNatA kA jJAna hotA hai| anta meM rAjA kA caritra atyanta svaccha evaM pavitra ho jAtA hai| sarvadamana ko dekhate hI usakA vAtsalya sneha umar3a par3atA hai aura vaha sneha meM nimagna ho jAtA hai| zakuntalA para dRSTi par3ate hI vaha pazcAttApa se pighala kara usake caraNoM para gira par3atA hai jisase usakI mUka mahAnatA mukharita ho uThatI hai| mArIca ke Azrama ke pavitra vAtAvaraNa meM duSyanta kA prema svastha evaM pAvana ho jAtA hai aura zakuntalA ke azruoM ko poMchate hue vaha svayaM apane pApoM kA prakSAlana kara letA hai| duSyanta uccakoTi kA zAsaka hai evaM usameM kartavyaparAyaNatA, prajAprema, lobha kA abhAva-ye tIna guNa vidyamAna haiN| prathama aMka meM hAthiyoM kA upadrava sunate hI lar3akiyoM se vidA lekara turata usako daNDa dene ke lie sannaddha ho jAne evaM do tapasviyoM dvArA tapovana kI rakSA ke lie bulAye jAne para usake isa kathana meM-'gacchatAM bhavantI, ahamanupadamAgata eva'-usakI kartavyaparAyaNatA jhalakatI hai| zakuntalA ke virahatApa se dagdha hone para bhI nityaprati rAjakAja meM bhAga lenA tathA roja mantriyoM ke kArya kA nirIkSaNa kiye binA koI AjJA prasArita na karanA, usake vAstavika zAsaka hone ke udAharaNa haiM / vaha svabhAva se avitkathana hai| rAkSasoM kA saMhAra kara mArga meM Ate samaya indra ke sArathI mAtali dvArA apane pauruSa evaM vijaya kI prazaMsA suna kara bhI rAkSasoM kI parAjaya kA sArA zreya indra ko detA hai aura usameM apanA tanika bhI yoga nahIM maantaa| isa dRSTi se duSyanta apanA Adarza vyaktitva upasthita karatA hai / zakuntalA-zakuntalA isa nATaka kI nAyikA hai| mahAkavi ne usake zIlanirUpaNa meM apanI samasta pratibhA evaM zakti ko lagA diyA hai| jisa sajagatA ke sAtha

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abhijJAna zAkuntala ] [ abhijJAna zAkuntala vaha usake rUpa lAvaNya kI vivRtti karatA hai usI prakAra kI saceSTatA evaM kalAtmaka nipuNatA usake zIla ko bhI anAvRtta karane meM lagA detA hai| nisargakanyA zakuntalA tapovana kI prakRti kI bhAMti naisargika saundarya kI pratimA hai| kavi usakA caritrAMkana karane meM apanI pratibhA ko carama sImA para pahuMcA detA hai| zakuntalA ke jIvana meM romAMsa kI mAdakatA evaM yathArtha kI nirmamatA donoM kA apUrva saMyoga hai| jisake citraNa meM kavi kI rasA, cetanA ne paryApta saMyama kA sahArA liyA hai| yadi zakuntalA ke vyaktitva kA romAMsa-romAMsa hI bana gayA hotA yA yathArtha mAtra yathArtha bana kara raha gayA hotA to kAlidAsa bhAratIyatA ke pratIka na bana pAte / [de. mahAkavi kAlidAsa pR0 193 ] rAjA duSyanta ke anusAra zakuntalA avyAjamanohara vapu' vAlI ramaNI hai| vaha prakRti kI sahacarI hai tathA prakRti kI suramya goda meM lAlita-pAlita hone ke kAraNa usake hRdaya meM latA-vIrudhoM ke prati bhI sneha evaM AtmIyatA ho gayI hai| tapovana ke komala vRkSoM ke siMcana meM use apUrva AhlAda prApta hotA hai| mRgachaunoM ke prati bhI usakA adhika sneha pradarzita hotA hai tathA jaba vaha unheM dIkuroM se Ahata dekhatI hai to unake mukha meM hiMgoTa kA tela lagAtI hai| RSi kaNva bhI use adhika sneha karate haiM tathA atithi satkAra kA dAyitva bhI usI ke Upara chor3a dete haiN| isa prakAra usake jIvana meM tapovana kI tApasI ke vyaktitva ke atirikta gArhastha jIvana kI bhAvanA kA bhI maMjula sAmaMjasya dikhAI par3atA hai / vaha zAnta evaM pavitra vAtAvaraNa meM poSita hokara bhI avasthAjanya cAMcalya se vibhUSita hai, jisakA rUpa sakhiyoM ke sAtha honevAle usake hAsa-parihAsa meM prakaTa hotA hai| zakuntalA ke sabhI avayava vyakta ho cuke haiM, para usakA jIvana bholI-bhAlI mugdhA nAyikA kI bhA~ti hai| vaha rAjA ko dekhakara apane mana meM honevAlI kAma-vikArajanya vedanA ko sakhiyoM se bhI nahIM khtii| kintu jaba vedanA vyAdhi kA rUpa grahaNa kara letI hai taba sakhiyoM ke pUchane para apane rahasya ko kholatI hai-'yataH prabhRtitapovanarakSitA sa rAjarSiH' / rAjA jaba usake saundarya kI prazaMsA karatA hai taba vaha lajjAvanata ho jAtI hai, aura priyaMvadA dvArA vivAha kI carcA karane para vahAM se bhAgane kA upakrama karatI hai| tRtIya aMka meM rAjA se ekAnta meM milane para vaha bAra-bAra jAne kA hI prayAsa karatI hai| usakA svabhAva atyanta sarala hai| bAra-bAra sakhiyoM dvArA parihAsa kiye jAne para bhI kucha nahIM boltii| kulapati kI kanyA hone para bhI use isa bAta kA ghamaNDa nahIM hai aura vaha apanI sakhiyoM ke Adeza kA saharSa pAlana karatI hai-'halA ! zakuntale ! gaccha, uTajAt phala mizramadhyabhAjanamupAhara' pR0 52 / zakuntalA kA rAjA ke sAtha gandharva-vivAha karanA tathA praNayasUtra meM Abaddha hokara garbha dhAraNa karanA, katipaya AlocakoM kI dRSTi se usake cAritrika skhalana kA dyotaka hai / para,'kavi ne usakI do sakhiyoM kA samAveza kara evaM unake samakSa gandharva vivAha kI yojanA kara usake cAritrika aucitya kI rakSA kI hai| prArambha meM duSyanta ke prati

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abhijJAna zAkuntala ] ( 26 ) [ abhijJAna zAkuntala zakuntalA kA prema atyanta uddAma evaM vAsanAtmaka hai / usakI vicArazakti thor3I dera ke lie avazya hI sajaga rahatI hai, para prema kI prakhara USmA meM vaha parAjita ho jAtI hai / usakA yaha Avegajanya prema antataH virahatApa meM jalakara suvaNaM kI bhA~ti damakane lagatA hai aura usameM apUrva dIpti A jAtI hai / kavi ne zakuntalA ko kalAvatI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| vaha patra likhate samaya ( rAjA ke pAsa ) apanI kAvya-racanA - zakti kA paricaya detI hai / usake hRdaya meM duSyanta ke prati apAra sneha evaM zraddhA kA bhAva hai| duSyanta ke dvArA tiraskRta hone evaM samasta nArI samAja para doSAropaNa kiye jAne para thor3I dera ke lie, avazya ho, usakA nArItva jAga uThatA hai, para bAda meM vaha sadA apane bhAgya ko hI doSI ThaharAtI hai / sakhI aura putrI ke rUpa meM bhI zakuntalA Adarza rUpa meM prastuta kI gayI hai / usakI donoM sakhiyA~ usase aneka prakAra kA hAsa-parihAsa karatI haiM, para unheM vaha burA nahIM mAnatI / panA koI bhI rahasya unase chipAtI nahIM / donoM ke prati usake hRdaya meM pragAr3ha sneha hai| duSyanta ke atyadhika Agraha karane para vaha unase kahatI hai ki mujhe pahale sakhiyoM se pUcha lene dIjie maharSi kaNva use putrI ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM aura zakuntalA ko unakA avicala sneha prApta hotA hai / patigRha jAne ke samaya kAlidAsa ne zakuntalA ke prati kaNva ke jisa sneha evaM bhAvArdratA kA citraNa apUrva hai / jAte samaya zakuntalA apanI cintA na karane ko kahatI hai unakA svAsthya kharAba ho jAyagA / / kiyA hai, vaha kyoMki isase zakuntalA kA vyaktitva Adarza hindU ramaNI kA hai / usameM pati ke prati pUrNa AtmasamarpaNa kA bhAva hai evaM pati ke tiraskAra karane para usake antas kA Aga aura pAnI netroM ke mArga se pravAhita hone lagatA hai| rAjA dvArA vyaMgya karane para usakA nArItva jAgarUka ho jAtA hai aura vaha vyaMgyoktiyoM kA uttara kaTUktiyoM se detI huI rAjA ko anArya bhI kaha detI hai / usakI kaTUktiyoM meM usake hRdaya ke vAstavika sneha kA bala hai / mArIca ke Azrama meM jaba rAjA usake caraNoM para gira par3atA hai to vaha kSamA kI adbhuta mUrti banakara sAre krodha aura kaTutA ko pI jAtI hai aura rAjA ke prati usakA sArA Akroza gala jAtA hai / putra ke pUchane para ki mAM ! yaha kauna hai ? vaha kahatI hai ki putra bhAgya se puuch| rAjA ko pahacAna kara vaha apane mana meM jo kucha socatI hai usameM usake hRdaya kA sneha lipaTA huA dIkhatA hai / "dhIraja dharo, merehRdaya ! Aja deva ne pichalA saba baira bhulA kara merI suna lI hai| Aryaputra hI haiM / " vaha Adarza patnI kI bhA~ti apane pati ko doSI na sacamuca ye to ThaharAkara sAre doSa ko apane bhAgya kA kAraNa mAna letI hai / kiyA hai / usakA prathama rUpa premAveza kavi ne zakuntalA kA citraNa tIna rUpoM meM se bharI huI uddAma kAmAturA yuvatI kA hai jo latApuMjoM ko Amantrita karatI huI rAjA ko punaH Ane kA saMketa karatI hai - 'latAvalayasantApahAraka Amantraye tvAM bhUyo'pi paribhogAya' / usakA dUsarA rUpa patidvArA nirAhata nirIha nArI kA hai jo use

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abhijJAna zAkuntala ] ( 27 ) [abhijJAna zAkuntala nIca aura anArya kaha kara DAMTatI-phaTakAratI hai| usake tIsare rUpa meM gaMgA kI pavitratA evaM dhavalatA hai, jo apUrva kSamAdAtrI ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| vaha rAjA ke sAre doSa ko vismRta kara apane bhAgya-viparyaya kA doSa mAna kara pUrvajanmAjita kRtyoM kA phala svIkAra karatI hai aura mArIca RSi se durvAsA ke zApa kI bAta zravaNa kara mAnasika samAdhAna prApta kara letI hai| ___ isa nATaka ke anya pAtra bhI sajIva evaM nijI vaiziSTya se pUrNa haiM / kaNva tapasyA evaM sAdhanA kI mUti hote hue bhI vAtsalya sneha se ApUrNa haiM : unake hRdaya meM sadgRhastha kI bhAvanAyeM bharI huI haiM / zakuntalA kI bidAI ke samaya unake dvArA ( zakuntalA ko) dI gayI zikSA meM bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sAmAjika Adarza kA rUpa vyakta huA hai| ___ rasa-paripAka-bhAratIya nATya zAstra meM nATaka ke tIna tattva haiM-vastu, netA aura rasa / saMskRta nATaka rasapradhAna hote haiM aura unameM kavi kA mukhya abhipreta rasa. niSpatti hotA hai| rasa-vyaMjanA kI dRSTi se 'abhijJAna zAkuntala' kA adhika mahattva hai| isakA aMgI-rasa zRGgAra hai, jisameM usake donoM rUpoM-saMyoga evaM viyoga-kA sundara paripAka huA hai| kavi ne saMyoga kI mAdakatA evaM viyoga kI marmadrAvaka vihvalatA donoM kI madhura dhArA pravAhita kI hai tathA kahIM-kahIM hAsya, adbhuta, karuNa, bhayAnaka evaM vAtsalya rasa kI bhI mohaka miyAM sajA dI haiN| isa nATaka meM sAkSAt darzana ke dvArA premodaya hotA hai| isake prathama aMka ke prArambha meM mRgayApremI rAjA duSyanta ke sAmane apane prANa ko bacAne ke lie bhAgate hue Azrama mRgoM tathA hAthI dvArA kiye gae vidhvaMsa meM bhayAnaka rasa kA sundara paripAka huA hai| 'grIvAbhaGgAbhirAmaM' isa padya meM AcArya mammaTa ne bhayAnaka rasa mAnA hai| dvitIya aMka meM mADhavya kI caTula evaM parihAsapUrNa uktiyoM meM hAsyarasa kI chaTA chiTakatI hai| caturtha aMka meM zakuntalA kI cintA, durvAsA ke zApa evaM zakuntalA kI vidAI meM karuNarasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai| paMcama aMka meM aneka rasoM kA mizraNa hai| isake prArambha meM kaMcukI dvArA apanI vRddhAvasthA para kheda prakaTa karane meM kaMcukI kI rAjaviSayA rati, rAjA kA rAjapada ke prati nirveda, vaitAlikoM kI rAjaviSayArati tathA rAjA aura vidUSaka ke saMvAda meM hAsyarasa kA AsvAda hotA hai| [de. zakuntalA-samIkSA-zakuntalA hindI anuvAda kI bhUmikA pR0 28 / caukhambA ] haMsapAdikA ke gAne meM rAjA kA dakSiNa-nAyakatva vyakta hotA hai evaM rAjA aura cArava kI krodhapUrNa vArtA meM vIra rasa kI niSpatti huI hai| donoM hI dharmavIra hai. aura dharma ke lie paraspara sagar3a jAte haiN| kisI adRzya chAyA dvArA zakuntalA ko ur3A kara le jAne ke samAcAra meM adbhuta rasa dikhAI par3atA hai| paMcama aMka ke aMkAvatAra meM hAsyarasa hai jisameM deza kI tAtkAlika sthiti kA varNana hai| SaSTha aMka meM vipralambha zRGgAra kA prAdhAnya hai| isa aMka meM rAjA kI viraha-vedanA evaM usakI manaHsthiti kA manorama citraNa hai| viyoga zRGgAra kI vividha sthitiyoM evaM upAdAnoM kA atyanta vistAra ke sAtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai| mAtali

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amaracandra aura arisiMha ] ww ( 28 ) [ amaracandra ora arisiMha tathA vidUSaka ke dRzya meM rAjA ke hRdaya meM krodha kA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai evaM rAkSasoM se lar3ane ke lie rAjA ke jAne meM vIrarasa kI vyApti hai / kavi ne rAjA ke hRdaya meM utsAha ko udbuddha kiyA hai| saptama aMka meM mAtali kI rAjaviSayArati kA varNana hai tathA AkAzamArga se ratha ke utarane meM vismaya kA bhAva evaM muniviSayArati kA rasa kA sundara paripAka hai evaM duSyanta zakuntalA ke varNana hai / adbhuta rasa hai / varNana hai / mArIca sarvadamana ke punarmilana meM RSi ke Azrama meM dRzya meM vAtsalya saMyoga zrRGgAra kA bhASA-zailI - abhijJAna zAkuntala kI bhASA pravAhamayI, prasAdapUrNa, pariSkRta, parimArjita evaM sarasa hai / isameM mukhyataH vaidarbhI rIti kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / zailI dIrghasamasta padoM kA Adhikya nahIM hai / kavi ne alpa zabdoM meM gambhIra bhAvoM ko bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / zakuntalA ko dekha kara duSyanta ke hRdaya meM udita hone vAlI prema-bhAvanA ko atyanta naipuNya ke sAtha vyakta kiyA gayA hai / kavi ne pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga kara nATaka ko adhika vyAvahArika banA diyA hai / isameM saMskRta ke atirikta sarvatra zaurasenI prAkRta prayukta huI hai / kAlidAsa mukhyataH komala bhAvanAoM ke kavi haiM, ataH unake chanda-vidhAna meM bhI zabdAvalI kI sukumAratA evaM mRdulatA dikhAI par3atI hai / kavi ne prakRti kI manorama raMgabhUmi meM zakuntalA ke kathAnaka kA nirmANa kiyA hai / kahIM to prakRti mAnava kI sahacarI ke jIva citrita kI gayI hai aura kahIM upayoga kiyA gayA hai / caturtha aMka kara mAnava evaM mAnavetara prakRti ke bIca rAgAtmaka sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA hai / isameM prakRti-varNana ke dvArA bimbagrahaNa karAte hue bhAvI ghaTanAoM kA bhI saMketa huA hai / [ de0 kAlidAsa ] yaha nATaka apanI rocakatA, abhineyatA, kAvyakauzala, racanAcAturya evaM sarvapriyatA ke kAraNa saMskRta ke sabhI nATakoM meM uttama mAnA jAtA hai / rUpa meM cetana aura lie isakA varNana ke prakRti ko pRSThAdhAra ko zakuntalA ke meM jIvana meM parivyApta AdhAra -grantha -- 1. abhijJAna zAkuntala - hindI anuvAda ( caukhambA ) 2. saMskRta nATaka-samIkSA - zrI indrapAla siMha 'indra' 3. mahAkavi kAlidAsa - DaoN ramAzaMkara tivArI 4. saMskRta nATaka - kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) 5. saMskRta nATakakAra - zrI kAnticanda bharatiyA / - sajAne ke amaracandra aura arisiMha - kAvyazAstra ke AcAryaM / donoM hI lekhaka jinadattasUri ke ziSya haiM aura inhoMne saMyukta rUpa se 'kAvyakalpalatA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI haiM / inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai / isa grantha meM kAvya ko vyAvahArika zikSA pradAna karane vAle tathyoM yA kavizikSA kA varNana hai / isakA prArambhika aMza arisiMha ne likhA thA aura usakI pUrti amaracandra ne kI thI / amaracandra ne isa para vRtti kI bhI racanA kI hai / 'kAvyakalpalatA' yA 'kAvyakalpalatAvRtti' kI racanA cAra pratAnoM meM huI hai tathA pratyeka pratAna aneka adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiN| cAroM pratAnoM ke varNita viSaya haiM - chandaH siddhi, zabdasiddhi, zleSasiddhi evaM arthasiddhi / 'kAvyakalpalatA

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[ amaruka amaracandrasUri ] ( 29 ) vRtti' meM amaracandra ne apane kaI granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ve haiM - chandoratnAvalI, kAvyakalpalatAparimala, alaMkAraprabodha / inhoMne 'jinendracarita' nAmaka kAvyagrantha kI bhI racanA kI hai jise 'padmAnanda' bhI kahA jAtA hai / amarasiMha ke pitA lAvaNyasiMha bhI kavi the / inhoMne gujarAta ke dholakara rAjya ke rANA dhIradhavala ke mantrI vastupAla jaina kI prazasti meM 'suhRtsaGkIrtana' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA / AdhAra-grantha - bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1 - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / amaracandrasUri-ye prasiddha jaina kavi haiM / inakA racanAkAla 1241 se 1260 I0 hai / inhoMne 'bAlabhArata' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai, jisameM 44 sarga evaM 6950 zloka / isameM 'mahAbhArata' ko kathA saMkSepa meM varNita hai / isakI bhASA sarala tathA vaidarbhIrIti samanvita hai / inhoMne kaI granthoM kI racanA kI hai / 'kavikalpalatA' ( kAvyazikSA viSayaka grantha ), 'chandoratnAvalI', 'syAdzabda- samuccaya', 'padmAnanda' ( kAvya ) Adi inake prasiddha grantha haiM / 'bAlabhArata' meM eka sthala para veNI kI tulanA talavAra se karane ke kAraNa ye 'deNI-kRpANa-amara' ke nAma se 'tatkAlIna kavi-goSThI meM prasiddha hue the / amaracandrasUri jinadattasUri ke ziSya tathA aNahilapaTTana ke rAjA vIsaladeva ke sabhA - paNDita the / inhoMne 'padmAnanda' kAvya kA praNayana paTTana ke baniyA koSTAgArika ke Agraha para kiyA thA / amaruka - ye saMskRta ke prasiddha zrRMgArI kavi haiM jinhoMne 'amarukazataka' nAmaka zRMgAra muktaka kI racanA kI hai| isameM eka sau se Upara padya haiM / inakA zataka, hastalekhoM meM, vibhinna dazAoM meM prApta hotA hai, tathA isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 90 se 115 taka milatI hai / isake 51 zloka aise haiM jo samAnarUpa se sabhI pratiyoM meM prApta hote haiM, kintu unake krama meM antara dikhAI par3atA hai / katipaya vidvAnoM ne kevala zArdUlavikrIDita chandavAle zlokoM ko hI amaruka kI mUla racanA mAnane kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai, kintu isa sujhAva se kevala 61 hI padya rahate haiM aura zataka pUrA nahIM hotA / kucha vidvAn 'amarukazataka' ke prAcInatama TIkAkAra arjunavamadeva ( samaya 1215 I0 ke lagabhaga ) ke abhisvIkRta pATha ko hI prAmANika mAnane ke pakSa meM haiM, para isa sambandha meM abhI nizcitatA nahIM Ane pAyI hai / ~~ amaruka ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA aura na inakA samaya hI nizcita hotA hai / dhvanyAlokakAra Anandavarddhana ne ( 950 I0 ) atyanta Adara ke sAtha inake muktakoM kI prazaMsA kara unheM apane grantha meM sthAna diyA hai / muktakeSu hi prabandheSviva rasabandhAbhinivezinaH kavayo dRzyante / tathA amarukasya kave muktakAH zRMgArasyandinaH prabandhAyamAnAH prasiddhA eva / " - dhvanyAloka Anandavarddhana se pUrva vAmana ne bhI amaruka ke tIna zlokoM ko binA nAma diye hI, uddhRta kiyA hai ( 800 I0 ) / isa prakAra inakA samaya 750 I0 ke pUrva nizcita hotA hai | arjunavarmadeva ne apanI TIkA 'rasikasaJjIvanI' meM 'amarukazataka' ke padyoM kA paryApta saundaryodghATana kiyA hai / isake atirikta vemabhUpAla racita 'zRGgAra

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amaruka] ( 30 ) [amaraka dIpikA' nAmaka TIkA bhI acchI hai| amaruka-sambandhI do prazastiyA~ prApta hotI haiM bhrAmyantu mAravagrAme vimUDhArasamIpsavaH / amaruddeza evAsI sarvataH sulabho rasaH // subhASitAvalI 12 amarukakavitvaDamarukanAdena vinihRtA na saMcarati / zRGgArabhaNitiranyA dhanyAnAM zravaNavivareSu // sUktimuktAvalI 4 / 101 eka kiMvadantI ke anusAra amaruka jAti ke svarNakAra the| ye mUlataH zRGgAra rasa ke kavi haiM aura inakA vAstavika pratipAdya hai zRGgAra / kavi ne zRGgAra rasa ke ubhayapakSoM-saMyoga evaM viyoga-kA atyanta hRdayagrAhI evaM kalAtmaka citra urehA hai| 'amarukazataka' meM zrRGgAra rasa ke vibhinna aMgoM-anubhAva, nAyaka-nAyikA Adi ke sarasa varNana prastuta kiye gae haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki amaruka ne na kevala nAyaka-nAyikA bhedoM kA apitu kAmazAstra ko tattat niyama-saraNi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI apane muktakoM kI racanA kI hai| para, vAstavikatA aisI nahIM hai| kavi ne svatantrarUpa se zRGgArI padoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM vibhinna premila bhAvoM ko isa prakAra upanyasta kiyA gayA hai ki unameM nAyikA bhedoM evaM kAmazAstrIya tatvoM kA bhI samAveza ho gayA hai| amaruka ne tatkAlIna vilAsI jIvana ( dAmpatya ) evaM praNaya-vyApAra kA sarasa citra khIMcA hai, jise paravartI AcAryoM ne apane lakSaNoM ke anurUpa inheM dekhakara lakSya ke rUpa meM udAhRta kiyA hai| kAlAntara meM rati vizArada AcAryoM ne amaruka ke padyoM meM vAtsyAyana kI sAmprayogika paddhatiyoM ko bhI DhU~r3ha kara nikAla liyaa| zRGgAra ke vividha pakSoM kA saphala citra aMkita karane meM amaruka apanI sAnI nahIM rkhte| inakI tUlikA kalAvidagdha citrakAra kI bhAMti citra kI rekhAoM kI sUkSmatA evaM bhaMgimA kA manorama rUpa upasthita karatI hai| nakha-zikha-varNana ke lie alpa kSetra ke hone para bhI kavi ne nAyikA ke lAvaNya kA manohara citra khIMcA hai / zailI kI dRSTi se amaruka ne prasAdapUrNa kalA kA nidarzana karAyA hai / inakI zailI kAlidAsa ke samakakSa hotI huI kalAtmakatA ke puTa se adhika alaMkRta hai| inakI bhASA abhyAsajanya zrama ke kAraNa adhika pariSkRta evaM kalAkAritA aura nakAsI se pUrNa hai, jisameM kAlidAsa kI sahaja svAbhAvikatA kA prAdhAnya na hokara nAgaratAjanita lacaka dikhAI par3atI hai| pada-pada para sAMgItika saundarya evaM bhASA kI praur3hi ke darzana inake zlokoM meM hote haiM, jinameM pravAha kI kalakala dhvani tathA dhvani aura nAda kA samanvaya paridarzita hotA hai| eka udAharaNa-"dampatyonizi jalpatoguhazukenAkaNitaM yadvacastat prAtagurusanidhI nigdtstsyaatimaatrvdhuuH| karNAlambita padmarAgazakalaM vinyasya cancUpuTe vrIDArtA vidadhAti dADimaphalavyAjena vAgbandhanam // " rAta meM bAta karate hue dampatti ke vacanoM ko gRhazuka ne sunA aura prAtaHkAla hote hI usake gurujanoM ke nikaTa unheM jora se duharAne lgaa| lajjita vadhU ne kAna ke laTake

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amoSa rAghava campU] [alaMkArasarvasva hue paparAgamaNi ke Tukar3e ko usakI coMca ke pAsa rakha diyA jisase suggA use anAra kA dAnA samajha kara cupa ho gayA aura vadhU usake vAgbandhana meM samartha huii| __ AdhAra-grantha-1. amarukazataka (hindI anuvAda )-anu0 50 pradyumna pANDeya caukhambA prakAzana 2. amarukazataka-(hindI anuvAda ) anu0 DaoN0 vidyAnivAsa mizra rAjakamala prakAzana 3. amarukazataka (padyAnuvAda)-mitraprakAzana 4. saMskRta kavidarzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa ! amogha rAghava campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma divAkara hai / inake pitA kA nAma vizvezvara thaa| grantha kA racanAkAla 1299 I. hai| yaha campU abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa diveNDrama kaiTalaga vI0 6365 meM prApta hotA hai| isakI racanA 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' ke AdhAra para huI hai| kavi ne mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI stuti meM nimnAGkita zloka likhA hai ramyAzleSavatI prasAdamadhurA zRGgArasanojjvalAcATUktarakhilapriyaraharahassaMmohayantI mnH| lIlAnyastapadapracAraracanA savarNa saMzobhitA, bhAti zrImatikAlidAsakavitA kAntevatAnte rtaa| AdhAra-grantha-campU kAvya kA aitihAsika evaM AlocanAtmaka samIkSA-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| alaMkArasarvasva-alaMkAra kA praur3ha grantha / isake racayitA rAjAnaka ruyyaka haiN| [de0 rAjAnaka ruyyaka ] 'alaMkArasarvasva' meM 6 zabdAlaMkAra-punaruktavadAbhAsa, chekAnuprAsa, vRtyanuprAsa, yamaka, lATAnuprAsa evaM citra tathA 75 arthAlaMkAroM eka mizrAlaMkAra kA varNana hai| isameM cAra navIna alaMkAra haiM-ullekha, pariNAma, vikalpa evaM vicitra / 'alaMkArasarvasva' ke tIna vibhAga haiM--sUtra, vRtti evaM udAharaNa / sUtra evaM vRtti kI racanA ruyyaka ne kI hai aura udAharaNa vibhinna granthoM se diye haiN| 'alaMkArasarvasva' ke sUtra evaM vRtti ke racayitA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM bahuta matabheda rahA hai / isake TIkAkAra jayaratha ne sUtra evaM vRtti kA racayitA ruyyaka ko hI mAnA hai| isa grantha ke maMgalazloka se bhI isa mata kI puSTi hotI hai namastakRtya parAM vAcaM devIM trividhavigrahAm / nijAlaMkArasUtrANAM vRttyA tAtparyamucyate // 1 // kintu dakSiNa bhArata meM upalabdha hone vAlI pratiyoM meM 'guvalaMkArasUtrANAM vRttyAtAtparyamucyate' pATha dekhakara vidvAnoM ne vicAra kiyA ki vRtti kI racanA ruyyaka ke ziSya maMkhaka ne kI hogii| para aba yaha tathya spaSTa ho gayA hai ki donoM ke hI praNetA ruyyaka the| paravartI AcAryoM meM appaya dIkSita ne ruyyaka ko vRttikAra ke bhI rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai, ataH dakSiNa kI paramparA ko pUrNa prAmANika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ___'alaMkArasarvasva' meM sarvaprathama alaMkAroM kA vaijJAnika vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai aura unake mukhya pAMca varga kiye gae haiM tathA inake bhI kaI avAntara bheda kara sabhI arthA

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alaMkArasarvasva] ( 32 ) [alaMkArasarvasva laMkAroM ko vibhinna vargoM meM rakhA gayA hai| pAMca mukhya varga haiM--sAdRzyavarga, virodhavarga, zRGkhalAvarga, nyAyamUlavarga ( takanyAyamUla, vAkyanyAyamUla evaM lokanyAyamUla ) tathA gUDhArthapratIti vrg| sAdRzyagarbhamUlaka-isake tIna upavibhAga haiM-bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna, abhedapradhAna tathA bhedapradhAna / bhedAbhedatulyapradhAna ke antargata cAra alaMkAra haiM-upamA, upameyopamA, ananvaya evaM smaraNa / abhedapradhAna-isake bhI do vibhAga haiM-AropamUlA tathA adhyvsaanmuulaa| prathamavarga meM 6 alaMkAra haiM-rUpaka, pariNAma, sandeha, bhrAntimAn, ullekha evaM apahnati / dvitIya varga meM utprekSA aura atizayokti kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| sAdRzyamUlaka bheda ke antargata aupamyagarbha alaMkAra ke antargata 16 alaMkAra haiM tathA isake bhI sAta varga haiM-ka. padArthagata-tulyayogitA evaM dIpaka, kha. vAkyArthagata-prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta evaM nidarzanA, ga. bhedapradhAna-vyatireka, sahokti evaM vinokti, gha. vizeSaNavicchitti-samAsokti, parikara, Ga. vizeSyavicchitti-parikarAMkura, ca. vizeSaNavizeSyavicchitti-zleSa / aprastutaprazaMsA, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, paryAyokti evaM vyAjokti isI varga (gamyaupamya ) meM haiN| virodhagarbha-virodha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asaMgati, viSama, sama, vicitra, adhika, anyonya, vizeSa, vyAghAta / zRGkhalAbandhakAraNamAlA, mAlAdIpaka, ekAvalI eva sAra / takanyAyamUlaka-kAvyaliMga, anumAna / vAkyanyAyamUlaka-yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, arthApatti, vikalpa, samuccaya evaM samAdhi / lokanyAyamUlaka-pratyanIka, pratIpa, mIlita, sAmAnya, tadguNa, atadguNa evaM uttara / gUDhArthapratItimUlaka-sUkSma, vyAjokti, vakrokti / ina alaMkAroM ke atirikta kucha aise bhI alaMkAra haiM jinheM kisI bhI varga meM nahIM rakhA gayA hai| ve haiM-svabhAvokti, bhAvika, udAtta, saMsRSTi, saMkara tathA rasa evaM bhAva se sambaddha sAta alaMkAra-rasavat, preyas, Urjasvi, samAhita, bhAvodaya, bhAvasandhi evaM bhAvazabalatA / alaMkArasarvasva kA yaha vargIkaraNa cittavRtti kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai--tadetecittavRttigatatvenAlaGkArA lkssitaaH| a0 sa0 pR0214 / isakI aneka TIkAe~ huI haiM jinameM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa TIkA jayaratha kRta 'vimarziNI' hai / TIkAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1. rAjAnaka alaka-inakI TIkA sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| isakA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para prApta hotA hai, para yaha TIkA milatI nhiiN| 2. jayaratha-inakI TIkA vimarziNI' kAvyamAlA meM mUla grantha ke sAtha prakAzita hai| inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai| inakI TIkA AlocanAtmaka vyAkhyA hai jisameM aneka sthAnoM para ruyyaka ke mata kA khaNDana evaM maNDana hai / jayaratha ne abhinavagupta ke 'tantrAloka' para bhI 'viveka' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI hai| 3. samudrabandha-ye keralanareza ravivarmA ke samaya meM the| inakA janma samaya 1265 I0 hai| inhoMne apanI TIkA meM kayyaka ke bhAvoM kI sarala vyAkhyA kI hai| anantazayana granthamAlA saMkhyA 40 se prakAzita / 4.vidyAdhara cakravartI-inakA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / inakI TIkA kA nAma 'saMjIvanI' hai| inhoMne 'alaMkArasarvasva' kI zlokabaddha niSkRSTArthakArikA' nAmaka anya TIkA bhI likhI hai| donoM TIkAoM kA saMpAdana DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI ne kiyA hai| prakAzaka haiM motIlAla, bnaarsiidaas|

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asaMga] [azvaghoSa 'alaMkAra mImAMsA' nAmaka zodha prabandha meM hindI anuvAda ke sAtha / 5. alaMkAra sarvasva kA hindI anuvAda DaoN0 rAmacandra-dvivedI ne kiyA hai jo saMjIvanI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita hai| 6. hindI anuvAda paM0 revAprasAda trivedI dvArA caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita / __ AdhAra-grantha-1. alaMkAra-mImAMsA-DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI 2. saMskRta kAvya. zAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 kaanne| asaMga-Arya asaMga prasiddha bauddha dArzanika vasubandhu ke jyeSThabhrAtA the / de0 vasubandhu / inakA samaya tRtIya zatAbdI kA anta evaM caturtha zatAbdI kA madhya hai| ye yogAcAra sampradAya (de0 bauddhadarzana ) ke vikhyAta AcArya the| inake guru kA nAma Arya maitreya thaa| samudragupta ke samaya meM ye vidyamAna the| inake grantha cInI bhASA meM anUdita haiM, unake saMskRta rUpa kA patA nahIM cltaa| granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1. mahAyAna saMparigraha- isameM atyanta saMkSepa meM mahAyAna ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana hai| cInI bhASA meM isake tIna anuvAda prApta hote haiN| 2. prakaraNa AryavAcA--yaha grantha gyAraha paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA pratipAdya hai yogAcAra kA vyAvahArika evaM naitika pakSa / hvenasAGga kRta cInI anuvAda upalabdha hai| 3. yogAcAra bhUmizAstra-yaha atyanta vizAlakAya grantha hai jisameM yogAcAra ke sAdhana mArga kA vivecana hai| sampUrNa grantha apane mUla rUpa meM hastalekhoM ( saMskRta meM ) meM prApta hai| rAhula jI ne isakA mUla hastalekha prApta kiyA thA / isakA choTA aMza (saMskRta meM) prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| isameM 17 bhUmi yA pariccheda haiM-vijJAnabhUmi, manobhUmi, savitarkasavicArAbhUmi, avitarkavicAramAtrAbhUmi, avitarkaavicArAbhUmi, samAhitAbhUmi, asamAhitAbhUmi, sacittakAbhUmi, acittakAbhUmi, zrutamayIbhUmi, cintAmayIbhUmi, bhAvanAmayIbhUmi, zrAvakabhUmi, pratyekabuddhabhUmi, bodhisattvabhUmi, sopadhikAbhUmi, nirupadhikAbhUmi / AdhAragrantha- 1. bauddha-darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / azvaghoSa-mahAkavi azvaghoSa saMskRta ke bauddha kavi haiN| inakI racanA kA pradhAna uddezya hai bauddhadharma ke vicAroM kA, kAvya ke pariveza meM prastuta kara, janasAdhAraNa ke bIca pracAra karanA / saMskRta ke anyAnya kaviyoM kI bhAMti inakA jIvanavRtta adhika vivAdAspada nahIM hai| ye prasiddha samrATa kaniSka ke samasAmayika the / kaniSka 78 I0 ke AsapAsa gaddI para baiThA thA, ataH azvaghoSa kA bhI yahI sthitikAla hai| bauddhadharma ke granthoM meM lI aneka aise tathya upalabdha hote haiM jinake anusAra azvaghoSa kaniSka ke samakAlIna siddha hote haiN| cInI paramparA ke anusAra azvaghoSa bauddhoM kI caturtha saMgIti yA mahAsabhA meM vidyamAna the| yaha sabhA kAzmIra ke kuNDalavana meM kaniSka dvArA bulAI gayI thii| azvaghoSa ko kaniSka kA samakAlIna siddha karane ke lie aneka antaHsAkSya bhI haiM-- ___ka-azvaghoSakRta 'buddhacarita' kA cInI anuvAda IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI kA upalabdha hotA hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki bhArata meM paryAptarUpeNa pracArita hone ke bAda hI isakA cInI anuvAda huA hogaa| 3sa0 sA0

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azvaghoSa ] ( 34 ) [azvaghoSa kha-samrATa azoka kA rAjyakAla I0 pU0 269 se 232 I0 pU0 hai, yaha tathya pUrNataH itihAsa-siddha hai| 'buddhacarita' ke anta meM azoka kA ullekha hone ke kAraNa yaha nizcita hotA hai ki azvaghoSa azoka ke paravartI the| ga-cInI paramparA azvaghoSa ko kaniSka kA dIkSA-guru mAnane ke pakSa meM hai| azvaghoSa kRta 'abhidharmapiTaka' kI vibhASA nAmnI eka vyAkhyA bhI prApta hotI hai jo kaniSka ke hI samaya meM racI gayI thii| gha-azvaghoSa racita 'zAriputraprakaraNa' ke AdhAra para pro0 lyUDasa ne isakA racanAkAla huvika kA zAsanakAla svIkAra kiyA hai / huviSka ke rAjyakAla meM azvaghoSa kI vidyamAnatA aitihAsika dRSTi se aprAmANika hai| inakA rAjyArohaNakAla kaniSka kI mRtyu ke bIsa varSa ke bAda hai| huviSka ke prApta sikkoM para kahIM bhI buddha kA nAma nahIM milatA, kintu kaniSka ke sikkoM para buddha kI nAma aMkita hai / kaniSka bauddhadharmAvalambI the aura huviSka brAhmaNa dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| ataH azvaghoSa kA unake darabAra meM vidyamAna honA siddha nahIM hotaa| __Ga-kAlidAsa tathA azvaghoSa kI racanAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane ke pazcAt yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki azvaghoSa kAlidAsa ke paravartI the| kAlidAsa kI tithi prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 svIkAra karane se yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki donoM kI racanAoM meM jo sAmya parilakSita hotA hai usase kAlidAsa kA RNa azvaghoSa para siddha hotA hai| ___ ca-kaniSka ke sAranAtha vAle abhilekha meM kisI azvaghoSa nAmaka rAjA kA ullekha hai / vidvAnoM ne ise mahAkavi azvaghoSa kA hI nAma svIkAra kiyA hai|| ___ cha-cInI evaM tibbatI itihAsakAroM ne azvaghoSa ke kaI upanAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai; aura ve haiM-AryazUra, mAtRceSTa Adi / bauddhadharma ke vikhyAta itihAsakAra tArAnAtha bhI (tibbatI) mAtRceSTa evaM azvaghoSa ko abhinna mAnate haiN| parantu yaha tathya ThIka nahIM hai| cInI yAtrI itsiMga ke (605-695 I0 ) isa kathana se ki mAtRceSTa kRta Der3ha sau stotroM kI pustaka 'ayazataka' kA azvaghoSa prabhRti prasiddha vidvAn bhI anukaraNa karate haiM, yaha tathya khaNDita ho jAtA hai| mAtRceSTa kA kaniSka ke nAma likhA huA eka patra 'kaNika lekha' (jo padyAtmaka patra hai) tibbatI bhASA meM prApta hotA hai, jisameM likhA hai ki mAtRceSTa vRddhatva ke kAraNa kaniSka (kaNika ) ke pAsa Ane meM asamartha hai| isa prakAra kaniSka evaM mAtRceSTa kI abhinnatA khaNDita ho jAtI hai| __ azvaghoSa ke jIvanasambandhI adhika vivaraNa prApta nahIM hote| saundarananda' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke antima vAkya se vidita hotA hai ki inakI mAtA kA nAma suvarNAkSI tathA nivAsasthAna kA nAma sAketa thaa| ve mahAkavi ke atirikta 'bhadanta', 'AcArya', tathA 'mahAvAdI' Adi upAdhiyoM se bhI vibhUSita the| "AryasuvarNAkSIputrasya sAketasya bhikSorAcAryasya bhadantAzvaghoSasya mahAkavervAdinaH kRtiriym"|

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azvaghoSa ] ( 35 ) [ azvaghoSa . inake grantha ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki ve jAti se brAhmaNa rahe hoNge| racanAe~-azvaghoSa kA vyaktitva bahumukhI hai| inhoMne samAna adhikAra ke sAtha kAvya evaM dharma-darzanasambandhI racanAe~ kI haiN| inake kavi-pakSa evaM dharmAcArya-pakSa meM kauna prabala hai, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| inake nAma para pracalita granthoM kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| * 1-vajrasUcI-isameM varNavyavasthA kI AlocanA kara sArvabhauma samAnatA ke siddhAnta ko apanAyA gayA hai| varNavyavasthA ke samarthakoM ke lie sUI kI taraha cubhane ke kAraNa isakI abhidhA vacasUcI hai| katipaya vidvAn ise azvaghoSa kI kRti mAnane meM sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| 2-mahAyAna zraddhotpAdazAstra-yaha dArzanika grantha hai tathA isameM vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 3-sUtrAlaMkAra yA kalpanAmaNDitikA-sUtrAlaMkAra kI mUla pustaka prApta nahIM hotI, isakA kevala cInI anuvAda milatA hai jisakI racanA kumArajIva nAmaka bauddha vidvAn ne paMcama zatI ke prArambha meM kI thii| kalpanAmaNDitikA meM dhArmika evaM naitika bhAvoM se pUrNa kAlpanika kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| __ 4-buddhacarita--yaha azvaghoSaracita prasiddha mahAkAvya hai jisameM bhagavAn buddha kA carita 28 sargoM meM varNita hai| [ de0 buddhacarita ] 5-saundarananda-yaha azvaghoSa racita dvitIya mahAkAvya hai jisameM mahAkavi ne bhagavAn buddha ke anuja nanda kA carita varNita kiyA hai| [ de0 saundarananda ] 6-zAriputraprakaraNa-yaha azvaghoSa racita nATaka hai jo khaNDitarUpa meM prApta hai| madhya eziyA ke turphAna nAmaka kSetra meM pro0 lyUDarsa ko tAlapatroM para tIna bauddha ...koM kI pratiyAM prApta huI thIM jinameM 'zAriputraprakaraNa' bhI hai| isakI khaNDita prati meM kahA gayA hai ki isakI racanA suvarNAkSI ke putra azvaghoSa ne kI thii| isakI khaNDita prati se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha 'prakaraNa koTi kA nATaka' rahA hogA aura isameM nava aMka the| isa prakaraNa meM maudgalyAyana evaM zAriputra ko buddha dvArA dIkSita kiye jAne kA varNana hai| isakA prakAzana lyUDarsa dvArA balina se huA hai| isameM anya saMskRta nATakoM kI bhauti nAndI, prastAvanA, sUtradhAra, gadya-padya kA mizraNa, saMskRta evaM vividha prakAra kI prAkRtoM ke prayoga, bharata vAkya Adi sabhI nATakIya tattvoM kA samAveza hai| ___ azvaghoSa kI dArzanika mAnyatAe~-azvaghoSa aise kalAkAroM kI zreNI meM Ate haiM jo kalA kI yavanikA ke pIche chipakara apanI mAnyatAeM prakAzita karate haiM / inhoMne kavitA ke mAdhyama se bauddhadharma ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana kara unheM janasAdhAraNa ke lie sulabha evaM AkarSaka banAyA hai| inakI samasta racanAoM meM bauddhadharma ke siddhAntoM kI jhalaka dikhAI par3atI hai| bhagavAn buddha ke prati aTUTa zraddhA tathA anya dharmoM ke prati sahiSNutA, inake vyaktitva kI bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| duHkhavAda bauddhadharma kA pramukha siddhAnta hai| isakA carama lakSya hai nirvANa kI prApti / azvaghoSa ne ise isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA hai

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[azvaghoSa dIpo yathA nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAni gacchati nAntarikSam / dizaM na kAcidvidizaM na kAJcitsneha kSayAtkevalametizAntim / / evaM kRtI nivRtimabhyupeto naivAvani gacchatinAntarikSam / dizaM na kAcidvidizaM na kAJcitklezakSayAtkevalametizAntim / / saundarananda 16 / 28,29 _ 'jisa prakAra dIpaka na pRthvI para jAtA hai, na AkAza meM, na dizA meM na kisI vidizA meM; kintu tela samApta ho jAne para kevala zAnti ko prApta hotA hai, usI prakAra nirvANa ko prApta huA puNyAtmA na pRthvI para jAtA hai, na AkAza meM, na dizA meM na kisI vidizA meM, apitu klezoM kA kSaya ho jAne ke kAraNa kevala zAnti ko prApta ho jAtA hai|' yahA~ kavi ne dIpaka ke udAharaNa dvArA nirvANa ke tattva ko saralatApUrvaka vyakta kiyA hai| 'saundarananda' mahAkAvya meM nanda ko upadeza dete hue buddha kahate haiM avApyakAryo'si parAM gatiM gato nate'stikincitkaraNIya maNvapi / ataH paraM saumya carAnukampayA vimokSayan kRcchragatAn parAnapi // 18154 'tumane apanA kArya pUrNa kara liyA hai, paramagati ko tuma prApta kara cuke ho, tumhAre lie aNubhara bhI kucha karane ko aba zeSa nahIM hai| ( ataH ) aba se bAda meM he saumya ! klezoM meM par3e hue dUsaroM ko bhI dayApUrvaka mukta karate hue vicaraNa kro|' ___ kAvya-kalA-azvaghoSa kI kavitA saralatA kI mUtti, svAbhAvikatA kI khAna tathA kRtrimatA se rahita hai| inakI kavitA meM mAdhurya evaM prasAda guNoM kA sundara samAveza hai / kavi ne mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke dAya ko grahaNa kara apane kAvya kA svarUpa maMDita kiyA hai| inakA vyaktitva mahAkAvyakAra kA hai aura eka saphala mahAkAvya kI racanA ke lie jina guNoM kI AvazyakatA hai unakI pUrNatA inameM dikhAI par3atI hai| kavi vastuoM evaM kArya-vyApAroM ke mUrta citraNa meM atyanta kuzala hai| azvaghoSa ko mAnava jIvana kI bhAvanAoM kA pUrNa parijJAna thA tathA kina paristhitiyoM meM manuSya kI kyA sthiti hotI hai isakA citra upasthita karane meM ve pUrNa saphala hue haiN| 'buddhacarita' meM kumAra ko dekhane ke lie samutsuka ramaNiyoM kA atyanta mohaka citra upasthita karatA hai zIghraM samarthApi na gantumanyA gati nijagrAha yayau na tUrNam / hriyapragalbhAvinigRhamAnA rahaH prayuktAni . vibhUSaNAni // 3 // 17 'dUsarI sundarI ne zIghra jAne meM samartha hone para bhI apanI cAla ko roka liyA aura vaha vegapUrvaka nahIM gayI, vaha saMkocazIlA ekAnta meM pahane hue AbhUSaNoM ko lajjAvaza chipAne lgii| ___ inameM nirIkSaNazakti atyanta sUkSma tathA kalpanAzakti vikasita hai jisase inhoMne apane citroM ko adhika svAbhAvika evaM hRdayagrAhI banAyA hai vAtAyanebhyastu viniHsRtAni parasparAyAsita kuNDalAni / strINAM virejuMmukhapaGkajAni saktAniharyeSviva paGkajAni // 3.19 buddhacarita

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azvaghoSa ] [aSTAdhyAyI raamwammarwarmarxrammammmmm 'vAtAyanoM se nikale hue striyoM ke mukha-kamala, jo eka dUsaroM ke kuNDaloM ko chU rahe ( kSubdha kara rahe ) the, aise zobhita hue jaise prAsAdoM meM kamala lage hue hoN|' __ bAhyaprakRti ke citraNa meM bhI kavi kI kuzalatA avalokanIya hai| inhoMne prakRti kA citraNa zRGgArarasa ke uddIpana ke rUpa meM, kahoM AlaMbana ke rUpa meM tathA kahIM nItiviSayaka vicAroM ko abhivyakta karane ke lie kiyA hai| himAlaya ke vRkSoM kA sundara varNana dekhie-- raktAni phullAH kamalAni yatra pradIpavRkSA iva bhAnti vRkSAH / praphullanIlotpalarohiNonye sonmIlitAzA iva bhAntivRkSAH / / saundarananda 10 / 21 'jahA~ lAla kamaloM vAle puSpita vRkSa dIpakayukta vRkSoM ke samAna zobhita ho rahe haiM, vikasita nIlakamaloM se yukta vRkSa aise zobhita hote haiM jaise unhoMne AMkheM kholI hoN|' azvaghoSa rasavidhAyaka kalAkAra haiM / inakI kavitA meM zRGgAra, karuNa evaM zAntarasa kI vegavatI dhArA abAdha gati se pravAhita hotI hai| inheM karuNarasa ke citraNa meM atyadhika dakSatA prApta hai| nanda ke bhikSu bana jAne para unakI priyA sundarI kA karuNa krandana, patnI ke lie nanda kA zoka, siddhArtha ke pravrajyA-grahaNa karane para yazodharA evaM unake mAtA-pitA kA vilApa atyanta karuNotpAdaka hai| isI prakAra kI kuzalatA alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM bhI dikhAI par3atI hai| inakA alaMkAra-vidhAna svAbhAvika evaM rasotkarSa vidhAyaka hai| bAhya evaM Antarika saundarya ke nirUpaNa ke lie hI zabdAlaMkAroM tathA arthAlaMkAroM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| . ____ azvaghoSa kI bhASA komala, sarala evaM akRtrima hai| kAlidAsa kI kavitva pratibhA ke nirUpaNa ke lie inakA mahattva Avazyaka hai| AdhAra grantha-1. mahAkavi azvaghoSa-DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI 2. saMskRta-kavidarzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa, 3. saMskRta kAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI, 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kItha / __ ayadhyAyI-pANini viracita prasiddha vyAkaraNa grantha / 'aSTAdhyAyI' bhAratIya zabda-vidyA kA prAcInatama grantha hai jo apanI vizAlatA, kramabaddhatA evaM virAT kalpanA ke kAraNa vizva ke apUrva vyAkaraNoM meM sarvocca sthAna para adhiSThita haiN| isase saMskRta bhASA ke sabhI aMga bhAsvara ho cuke haiM aura usameM pUrNa vaijJAnikatA A gayI hai / raha ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isake pratyeka adhyAya meM cAra pada tathA kula 3981 putra haiN| 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke pratyAhAra sUtroM kI saMkhyA 14 hai jinake yoga se kula sUtra 1995 ho jAte haiN| isake prathama do adhyAyoM meM padoM ke subanta. tiGnta-bhedoM tathA kya meM unake pArasparika sambandha kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM tuoM ke dvArA zabda-siddhi kA nirUpaNa tathA caturtha aura pancama adhyAyoM meM patipadikoM evaM zabda-siddhi kA vivecana hai| SaSTha evaM saptama adhyAyoM meM subanta aura tiGnta zabdoM kI prakRti-pratyayAtmaka siddhi tathA svaroM kA vivecana hai| aSTama dhyAya meM 'sannihita padoM ke zIghroccAraNa se vo yA svaroM para par3ane vAle prabhAva / carcA hai|' pataJjalikAlIna bhAratavarSa pR0 18 / isa grantha meM nimnAMkita pratipAdya

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aSTAdhyAyI ] ( 38 ) [ aSTAdhyAyI viSayoM kI carcA kI gayI hai- saMjJA evaM paribhASA, svaroM tathA vyajanoM ke bheda, dhAtu - siddha kriyApada, kAraka, vibhakti, ekadeza, samAsa, kRdanta, sunanta, taddhita, Agama, Adeza, svarrAkacAra, dvitva tathA sandhi / isake cAra nAma upalabdha hote haiM - aSTaka, aSTAdhyAyI, zabdAnuzAsana evaM vRttisUtra / zabdAnuzAsana nAma kA ullekha puruSottamadeva, sRSTidharAcArya, medhAtithi, nyAsakAra tathA jayAditya ne kiyA hai| mahAbhASyakAra bhI isI zabda kA prayoga karate haiM / 'atheti zabdo'dhikArArthaH prayujyate / zabdAnuzAsana nAma zAstramaMdhikRtaM veditavyam / 'mahAbhASya' kI prathama paMkti / ' 'mahAbhASya' ke do sthAnoM para 'vRttisUtra' nAma AyA hai tathA jayantabhaTTa kI 'nyAyamabjarI' meM bhI 'vRttisUtra' kA ullekha hai / vRttisUtraM tilAbhASA: kapatrIkodravodanam / ajaDAya pradAtavyaM jaDIkaraNamuttamam // nyAyamaJjarI pR0 418 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM aneka sUtra prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM se bhI liye gae haiM tathA unameM kahIMkahIM kicit parivatrtana bhI kara diyA gayA hai / isameM yatra-tatra prAcInoM ke zlokAMzoM kA bhI AbhAsa milatA hai - hai tasmaidIyate yuktaM zrANAmAMsaudanATTiThan, 4 / 4 / 66, 67 buddhirAdaijadeGguNaH, 1 / 1 / 1, 2 pANini ne aneka Apizali sUtra bhI grahaNa kiye haiM tathA 'pANinIya zikSAsUtra' bhI Apizali ke zikSAsUtroM se sAmya rakhate haiM / koI bhI vyAkaraNa-grantha prApta nahIM hotA, ataH yaha kahanA kaThina grahaNa kiye / prAtizAkhyoM tathA zrItasUtra ke sAtha dikhAI par3atI hai / 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI pUrti ke lie pANini ne dhAtupATha, gaNapATha, uNAdisUtra tathA liGgAnuzAsana kI bhI racanA kI hai jo unake zabdAnuzAsana ke pariziSTa rUpa meM mAnya haiM / prAcIna granthakAroM ne inheM 'khila' kahA hai / inake pUrva kA ki pANini aneka sUtroM kI ne kina-kina granthoM se sUtra samatA pANinIya sUtroM ke upadezaH zAstravAkyAni sUtrapAThaH khilapAThazca / kAzikA 1 / 3 / 2 nahi upadizanti khilapAThe ( uNAdipAThe ) bhartRharikRta mahAbhASyadIpikA pR0 149 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne 'aSTAdhyAyI' kA adhyayana karate hue usake mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai | vebara ne apane itihAsa meM 'aSTAdhyAyI' ko saMsAra kA sarvazreSTha vyAkaraNa mAnA hai / kyoMki isameM atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha dhAtuoM tathA zabda kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / golDasTrakara ke anusAra 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM saMskRta bhASA kA svAbhAvika vikAsa upasthita kiyA gayA hai / pANini vyAkaraNa kI vizeSatA dhAtuoM se zabda - nirvacana kI paddhati ke kAraNa hai / unhoMne lokapracalita dhAtuoM kA bahuta bar3A saMgraha dhAtupATha meM kiyA hai / pANini ne 'aSTAdhyAyI' ko pUrNa, sarvamAnya evaM sarvamata samanvita banAne ke lie apane samagra pUrvavartI sAhitya kA anuzIlana karate hue unake mata kA upayoga kiyA tathA gAndhAra, aMga, baMga, magadha, kaliMga Adi samasta janapadoM kA paribhramaNa kara vahA~ kI sAMskRtika nidhi kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai / ataH tatkAlIna bhAratIya 'cAla-DhAla, AcAra-vyavahAra, rIti-rivAja, veza-bhUSA, udyoga-dhaMdhoM, vANijya - udyoga,

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aSTAdhyAyI ] ( 39 ) [ aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra w bhASA, tatkAlIna pracalita vaidika zAkhAoM tathA sAmagriyoM kI jAnakArI ke lie 'aSTAdhyAyI' eka khule hue sAMskRtika koza kA kArya karatI hai / inakA vyAkaraNa itanA vyavasthita; vaijJAnika, lAghavapUrNa evaM sarvAMgapUrNa hai ki sabhI vyAkaraNa isake samakSa nisteja ho gae evaM unakA pracalana banda ho gayA / [ de0 pANini ] AdhAra grantha - 1. aSTAdhyAyI ( kAzikA sahita ) - caukhambA 2. aSTAdhyAyI ( AMgla anuvAda ) - esa0 rAya 3. aSTAdhyAyI ( hindI bhASya ) bhAga 1, 2, zrIbrahmadatta jijJAsu bhAga 3 DaoN0 prajJAkumArI 4. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, 2paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka 5. pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 6. pANini - paricaya - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 7. pataJjalikAlIna bhArataDaoN0 prabhudayAla agnihotrI 8. da sTrakacara oNpha aSTAdhyAyI - pavATe 9. pANini, hija plesa ina saMskRta liTarecara - golDasTukara 10. pANinIyavyAkaraNa kA anuzIlanaDaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya 11. pANinIya dhAtupATha samIkSA - DaoN0 bhagIratha prasAda tripAThI / aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra - 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke gUr3hArtha ko spaSTa karane ke lie aneka vRttiyA~ likhI gayI haiM, unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1 - pANini - svayaM pANini ne apane zabdAnuzAsana para svopajJa vRtti likhI thI jisakA nirdeza 'mahAbhASya' ( 1|4|1 ), 'kAzikA' ( 4|1|114 ) tathA ' mahAbhASyadIpikA' meM hai / 2 - zvobhUti - (vi0 pU0 2900 varSa ) jinendrabuddhi ke 'nyAsa' se jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI vRtti likhI thii| inakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' (1 / 1 / 56 ) meM bhI hai / 3-vyADi ( vi0 pU0 2900 varSa ) - jinendrabuddhi ke vacana se jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI kisI vRtti kA praNayana kiyA thA / 4 - kuNi - (vi0 pU0 2000 se bhI prAcIna ) - bhartRhari, kaiyaTa tathA haradatta prabhRti vaiyAkaraNoM ne inakI vRtti kA ullekha kiyA hai / ( 'mahAbhASya', 1|1|38 ) 5 - mAthura ( vi0 pU0 2000 varSa se prAcIna ) - bhASAvRttikAra puruSottamadeva ne 'mAthurI vRtti' kA ullekha kiyA hai ( aSTAdhyAyI vRtti 1 / 2 / 57 ) tathA 'mahAbhASya' ( 4 | 3 | 101 ) meM bhI isakA nirdeza hai / '6 - vararuci--ye vArtikakAra vararuci se bhinna evaM unake paravartI haiM / ye samrAT vikramAditya ke sabhAsad tathA unake dharmAdhikArI bhI the / inake grantha haiM - ' taittirIyaprAtizAkhyavyAkhyA', 'niruktasamuccaya', 'sArasamuccaya', 'prayogavidhi', 'liGgavizeSavidhi', 'kAtantra uttarAdhaM', 'prAkRta prakAza', 'koza', 'upasargasUtra', 'patrakaumudI' tathA 'vidyAsundaraprasaMga kAvya' / 7- - devanandI - ( vi0 pU0 500 varSa ) inhoMne 'zabdAvatAranyAsa' nAmaka 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI TIkA likhI hai, kintu samprati anupalabdha hai / inake anya grantha haiM - 'jainendravyAkaraNa', 'vaidyakagrantha', 'tattvArthasUtraTIkA', 'dhAtupATha', 'gaNapATha' tathA 'liGgAnuzAsana' /

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aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra ] ( 40 ) [aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra 8-cullibhaTTi (saM0 700 se pUrva)-jinendrabuddhi viracita 'nyAsa' (bhAga 1 pR0 9) evaM usakI TIkA meM (tantrapradIpa ) inake 'zabdAvatAra' nAmaka grantha kA ullekha hai| 9-nilUra-(saM0 700 se pUrva ) 'nyAsa' meM ( bhUmikA bhAga pR0 9) inakA ullekha milatA hai| 10, 11-jayAditya tathA vAmana-( 650-700 saMvat ) / donoM kI saMyukta vRtti kA nAma 'kAzikA' hai / 'kAzikA' ke prArambhika pA~ca adhyAyoM ko jayAditya ne tathA zeSa tIna adhyAyoM ko vAmana ne likhA hai / isameM aneka aise vRttikAroM ke nAma haiM jinakA pahale koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM thaa| isameM prAcIna vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para aneka sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / 'kAzikA' kI aneka vyAkhyAyeM likhI gayI haiM jinameM jinendrabuddhi racita 'kAzikA vivaraNa panjikA' nAmaka grantha atyanta prasiddha hai| yaha 'nyAsa' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| jinendrabuddhi bauddha the aura inakA samaya 7 vIM zatAbdI hai| 'nyAsa' ke Upara maitreyarakSita ne 'tantrapradIpa' ( 12 vIM zatI), mallinAtha ne nyAsodyota ( 14 vIM zatI), mahAmizra ne 'vyAkaraNaprakAza' (15 vIM zatI) tathA ratnamati ne bhI TIkAeM likhI haiN| 12-vimalamati-(saM0 702) inhoMne 'bhAgavRtti' nAmaka 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI vRtti likhI hai jo samprati aprApya hai| isake aneka uddharaNa 'padamanjarI' 'bhASAvRtti' 'durghaTavRtti' 'amaraTIkAsarvasva', 'zabdakaustubha' tathA 'siddhAntakaumudI' prabhRti granthoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| 13-maitreyarakSita ( saM0 1165)-inhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI durghaTa vRtti likhI hai| 14-puruSottamadeva-(saM0 1200 se pUrva ) inhoMne 'bhASAvRtti' nAmaka vRttigrantha likhA hai| 15-zaraNadeva-(saM0 1230 ) inhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke Upara 'durghaTa' nAmaka vRtti kI racanA kI hai| inakI vyAkhyA vizeSa sUtroM para hI hai| samprati yaha vRtti upalabdha hai tathA 'zabdakaustubha' sadRza arvAcIna granthoM meM isake vicAroM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isameM zatazaH duHsAdhya prayogoM ke sAdhutva kA nidarzana hai| grantha kA racanAkAla 1230 saMvat ( zakAbda 1095) diyA huA hai| 16-bhaTTojidIkSita (saM0 1510-1600)-inhoMne 'zabdakaustubha' nAmaka vRtti likhI hai| (de0 bhahojidIkSita ) / 17-appayadIkSita-inakI vRtti kA nAma 'sUtraprakAza' hai jo hastalekha ke rUpa meM hai| [de0 appayadIkSita] / 18-nIlakaNTha vAjapeyI (saM0 1600-1650 )-inakI vRtti kA nAma 'pANinIyadIpikA' hai| samprati yaha grantha anupalabdha hai| 19-annabhaTTa ( saM0 1650)-inhoMne 'pANinIyamitAkSarA' nAmaka vRtti likhI hai jo prakAzita ho cukI hai|

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aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra] ( 41 ) [ AcArya jayadeva aSTAdhyAyI ke anya vRttikAroM kI sUcI20-vizvezvara sUri-'vyAkaraNasiddhAntasudhAnidhi' 21-orambhaTTa-vyAkaraNadIpikA 22-svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI-aSTAdhyAyI bhASya 23-aghana nainArya-prakriyAdIpikA 24-nArAyaNa sudhI-aSTAdhyAyI pradIpa 25-rudradhara-aSTAdhyAyI vRtti 26-sadAnanda-tattvadIpikA inake atirikta aneka vRttikAra haiM jinakA vivaraNa mImAMsaka jI ke grantha meM hai| AdhAra grantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka AcArya jayadeva-inhoMne 'candrAloka' nAmaka lokapriya kAvyazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| ye 'gItagovinda' ke racayitA jayadeva se sarvathA bhinna haiN| inhoMne 'prasannarAghava' nAmaka nATaka kI bhI racanA kI hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM ye pIyUSavarSa ke nAma se vikhyAta the| candrAlokamamuM svayaM vitanute pIyUSavarSaH kRtii| candrAloka 112 inake pitA kA nAma mahAdeva evaM mAtA kA nAma sumitrA thA-zravaNayorayAsIdAtithyaM na kimiha mahAdevatanayaH / sumitrA kukSijanmanaH, prasannarAghava, prastAvanA 114 gItagovindakAra jayadeva ke pitA kA nAma bhojadeva evaM mAtA kA nAma rAdhAdevI yA rAmAdevI thaa| inakA samaya maharAja lakSmaNasena kA kAla hai (dvAdazazataka kA Arambha ) kintu candrAlokakAra jayadeva kA samaya anizcita hai| saMbhavataH ye 13 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya caraNa meM rahe hoNge| 'prasannarAghava' ke kucha zloka 'zAGgadharapaddhati' meM uddhRta haiM jisakA racanAkAla 1363. I0 hai| jayadeva ne mammaTa ke kAvyalakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai, ataH ve unake paravartI haiN| inhoMne 'vicitra' evaM 'vikalpa' nAmaka alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa ruyyaka ke hI zabdoM meM diye haiM, ataH ye ruyyaka ke bhI pazcAdvartI siddha hote haiN| isa prakAra inakA samaya ruyyaka ( 1200 I0) evaM zAGgaMdhara ( 1350 I0) kA madhyavartI nizcita hotA hai| kucha vidvAn jayadeva evaM maithila naiyAyika pakSadhara mizra ko abhinna siddha karanA cAhate haiM para aba yaha nizcita ho gayA hai ki donoM bhinna vyakti the aura pakSadhara mizra kA samaya 1464 I0 hai| __ 'candrAloka' kAvyazAstra kA sarala evaM lokapriya grantha hai jisameM 294 zloka evaM 10 mayUkha haiN| isakI racanA anuSTup chanda meM huI hai jisameM lakSaNa evaM lakSya donoM kA nibandhana hai / prathama mayUkha meM kAvyalakSaNa, kAvyahetu, rUr3ha, yogika Adi kA vivecana hai / dvitIya meM zabda evaM vAkya ke doSa tathA tRtIya meM kAvya lakSaNoM [nATyazAstra (bharatakRta) meM varNita ] kA varNana hai / caturtha meM dasa guNa varNita haiM aura paMcama mayUkha meM pAMca zabdAlaMkAroM evaM so arthAlaMkAroM kA varNana hai| SaSTha mayUkha meM rasa, bhAva, rIti evaM vRtti tathA saptama meM vyaMjanA evaM dhvani ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa hai / aSTama mayUkha meM guNIbhUtavyaMgya kA varNana hai aura antima do mayUkhoM meM lakSaNa evaM abhidhA kA vivecana haiN|

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AcArya jayadeva] ( 42 ) [AcArya daNDI isa grantha kI vizeSatA hai eka hI zloka meM akAlaMra yA anya viSayoM kA lakSaNa dekara usakA udAharaNa prastuta krnaa| isa prakAra kI samAsazailI kA avalaMba lekara lekhaka ne grantha ko adhika bodhagamya evaM sarala banAyA hai| 'candrAloka' meM sabase adhika vistAra alaMkAroM kA hai aura inhoMne 17 navIna alaMkAroM kA varNana kiyA haiunmIlita, parikarAGkara, prauDhokti, saMbhAvanA, praharSaNa, viSAdana, vikasvara, virodhAbhAsa, asaMbhava, udArasAra, ullAsa, pUrvarUpa, anuguNa, avajJA, pihita, bhAvikacchavi evaM anyokti| adhyetAoM meM isa grantha kA adhika pracAra hai aura hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryoM ke liye yaha grantha mukhya upajIvya thA / isa yuga ke aneka AlaMkArikoM ne isakA padyAnuvAda kiyA thaa| isakI saMskRta meM aneka TIkAe~ haiM 1-zaradAgama TIkA-isake racayitA pradyotanabhaTTa haiN| inhoMne kAmasUtra kI bhI TIkA kI thI ( 1577 I0 meM ) aura 'kaMdarpacUDAmaNi' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha kA bhI praNayana kiyA thaa| 2-ramA TIkA-isake racayitA vaidyanAtha pAyaguNDa haiN| ye prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa nAgojIbhaTTa ke ziSya the| __ 3-rAkAgama TIkA-isake racayitA gAgAbhaTTa haiN| inakA vAstavika nAma vizvezvarabhaTTa thA / inakA samaya 1628 vi0 saM0 hai| ___appayadIkSita kRta 'kuvalayAnanda' eka prakAra se candrAloka ke 'paMcamamayUkha' kI vistRta vyAkhyA hI hai| isakI anya TIkAeM bhI haiM--virUpAkSa kRta zAradazarvarI, vAjacandracandrikA evaM candrAlokadIpikA Adi / hindI meM candrAloka ke kaI anuvAda prApta hote haiM / caukhambA vidyAbhavana se saMskRta hindI TIkA prakAzita hai| AdhAragrantha candrAloka-sudhA-paM0 vizvamAtha triaatthii| AcArya daNDI-inhoMne 'kAvyAdarza' nAmaka suprasiddha alaMkAragrantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| [ de0 kAvyAdarza ] [ inake janma evaM anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie daNDI ] ye alaMkAravAdI AcArya haiM aura kAvya ke zobhAkArakadharma ko alaMkAra kahate haiN| inhoMne 'kAvyAdarza' meM alaMkAra, doSa, guNa evaM kAvya-rUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| inake anusAra iSTa yA camatkArapUrNa padAvalI hI kAvya hai-zarIraM tAvadiSTArthavyavacchinnA padAvalI / 1110 kaavyaadrsh| kAvya ke hetu para vicAra karate hue inhoMne pratibhA, adhyayana evaM abhyAsa tInoM ke saMyukta rUpa ko kAvya kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai / ye prAktana saMskAra se utpanna pratibhA ke na rahane para bhI adhyayana evaM abhyAsa ke kAraNa kavi meM kAvyaracanA kI zakti ko svIkAra karate haiM naisagikI ca pratibhA zrutaM ca bahu nirmalam / amandazcAbhiyogo'syAH kAraNa kAvyasampada; // 1 / 103 na vidyate yadyapi pUrvavAsanAguNAnubandhipratimAnamadbhutam / zrutena yatnena ca vAgupAsitA dhruvaM karotyeva kamapyanugraham / / 1 / 104 doSa ke saMbaMdha meM daNdI kI dRSTi atyanta kar3I hai| inake anusAra doSa-yukta kAvya kavi kI mUrkhatA kA dyotaka evaM doSa-rahita tathA guNAlaMkArapUrNa racanA kAmadhenu ke

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AcArya daNDI] ( 43 ) [ AcArya digvijaya campU samAna hotI hai| doSoM ke kAraNa kAvya usI prakAra agrAhya ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra sundara zarIra zveta kuSTha se yukta hone para gahita ho jAtA hai gorgoH kAmadudhA samyak prayuktA smaryate budhaiH / duSprayuktA punargotvaM prayoktaH saiva zaMsati / / tadalpamapi nopekSyaM kAvye duSTaM kathaMcana / syAd vapuH sundaramapi zvitreNakena durbhagam // 1 / 6,7 daNDI ne sarvaprathama vaidarbhI, gaur3I evaM pAMcAlI rItiyoM kA pArasparika bheda spaSTa kiyA aura zleSa, prasAda, samatA prabhRti dasa doSoM ko vaidarbhIrIti kA prANa kahAiti vaidarbhamArgasya prANyadazaguNAH smRtAH 1142 / daNDI ke isI vicAra ke kAraNa Adhunika vidvAn inheM rItivAdI AcArya bhI svIkAra karate haiM / alaMkAra ke saMbandha meM daNDI kI dRSTi atyanta vyApaka hai aura ve rasa, rIti evaM guNa ko alaMkAra meM hI antarmukta kara dete haiM / yadyapi inhoMne rasa, rIti evaM guNa ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA hai para unakI svatantra sattA nahIM mAnate, aura na unheM adhika mahattva dete haiN| ina saboM ko inhoMne alaMkAra ke sAdhaka tattva ke hI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAkAvya ke varNana meM daNDI ne avazya hI rasa kI mahattA svIkAra kI hai| inhoMne kAvya ke tIna prakAra mAne haiM-gadya, padya evaM mizra tathA padya ke muktaka, kulaka, koSa, saMghAta Adi bheda kiye haiN| padya ke bhedoM meM daNDI ne mahAkAvya ke svarUpa kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai___alaMkAra-vivecana ke kSetra meM daNDI kI aneka navIna sthApanAyeM haiN| inhoMne upameyopamA, prativastUpamA, tulyayogitA, bhrAntimAn evaM saMzaya ko upamA kAhI prakAra mAnA hai| inhoMne upamA ke 33 bheda kiye haiM jinameM se aneka bhedoM ko paravartI AcAryoM ne svatantra alaMkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| daNDI ne bhAmaha dvArA nirasta hetu, sUkSma evaM leza alaMkAra ko 'vANI kA uttama bhUSaNa' mAna kara unheM svatantra alaMkAra kA rUpa diyA tathA 'dIpakAvRtti' nAmaka dIpaka alaMkAra ke navIna bheda kI udbhAvanA kii| inhoMne bhAmaha dvArA apratiSThita svabhAvokti alaMkAra ko alaMkAroM kI paMkti meM prathama sthAna dekara usakI mahattA svIkAra kI aura yamaka, citra evaM prahelikA kA vistRta vivecana kara unakA mahattva drshaayaa| inhIM navIna tathyoM ke vivecana ke kAraNa daNDI kA mahattvapUrNa yoga mAnA jAtA hai| AdhAra grantha-1. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1,2,-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. alaMkArAnuzIlana-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' 3. bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke pratinidhi siddhaant-hiiraa'| AcArya digvijaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kavi balI sahAya haiN| kAvya kA racanAkAla 1539 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| ye bAghula gotrodbhava vyakti the / isameM kavi ne AcArya zaMkara ke digvijaya ko varNya viSaya banAyA hai| isa campU kA ASAra grantha hai Anandagiri kRta 'zaMkaradigvijaya' kAvya / samprati yaha campU aprakAzita

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AcArya digvijaya campU] ( 44 ) [ AcArya paNDitarAja jagannAtha hai aura isakI prati khaNDita hai jo saptama kallola taka hai aura yaha kallola bhI apUrNa hai| isake padya sarala tathA prasAdaguNayukta haiM aura gadyabhAga meM anuprAsa evaM yamaka kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kAvya kA prArambha ziva kI vandanA se huA hai| jaTAbandhodaMcacchazikarahatAjJAnatamase jagatsRSTisthemazlathanakalanasphArayazase / vaTamAruNyamUlapravaNamunivismeramanase namastasmai kasmaicana bhuvanamAnyAya mahase / 11 isa campU kA vivaraNa DiskriTiva kaiTalaoNga madrAsa 12380 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAra grantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| AcArya paNDitarAja jagannAtha-inake jIvana sambandhI vivaraNa ke lie de0 paNDitarAja jagannAtha / paNDitarAja ne kAvyazAstraviSayaka do granthoM kI racanA kI hai--'rasagaMgAdhAra' evaM 'citrmiimaaNsaakhnnddn'| inameM 'citramImAMsAkhaNDana' svatantra pustaka na hokara appayadIkSita kRta 'citra mImAMsA' kI AlocanA hai| 'rasagaMgAdhara' saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA antima praur3ha grantha evaM tadviSayaka maulika prasthAna grantha hai| ise vidvAnoM ne pANDitya kA 'nikaSAvA' kahA hai / 'rasagaMgAdhara' apane viSaya kA vizAlakAya grantha hai jo do AnanoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama Anana ke varNita viSaya haiM-kAvyalakSaNa, kAvyakAraNa, kAvyabheda tathA rasadhvani kA svarUpa evaM bheda / dvitIya Anana meM saMlakSyakramadhvani ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa, zabda-zakti-vivecana tathA 70 alaMkAroM kA mImAMsana hai / isameM vaNita alaMkAra haiM-upamA, upameyopamA, ananvaya, asama, udAharaNa, smaraNa, rUpaka, pariNAma, sandeha, bhrAntimAn, ullekha, apahRti, utprekSA, atizayokti, tulyayogitA, dIpaka, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, nidarzanA, vyatireka, sahokti, vinokti, samAsokti, parikara, zleSa, aprastutaprazaMsA, paryAyokta, vyAjastuti, AkSepa, virodha, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, asaMgati, viSama, sama, vicitra, adhika, anyonya, vizeSa, vyAghAta, zRGkhalA, kAraNamAlA, ekAvalI, sAra, kAvyaliMga, arthAntaranyAsa, anumAna, yathAsaMkhya, paryAya, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, arthApatti, vikalpa, samuccaya, samAdhi, pratyanIka, pratIpa, prauDhokti, lalita, praharSaNa, viSAdana, ullAsa, avajJA, anujJA, tiraskAra, leza, tadguNa, atadguNa, samAdhi evaM uttara / 'rasagaMgAdhara' adhUre rUpa meM hI prApta hotA hai aura uttara alaMkAra ke vivecana meM samApta ho gayA hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA kAraNa lekhaka kI asAmayika mRtyu mAnA hai| isa para nAgezabhaTTa kI 'gurumamaMprakAzikA' nAmaka saMkSipta TIkA prApta hotI hai jo 'kAvyamAlA' se prakAzita hai| Adhunika yuga ke kaI vidvAnoM ne bhI isa para TIkA likhI hai inameM AcArya badarInAtha jhA kI candrikA TIkA ( caukhambA prakAzana ) tathA madhusUdana zAstrI racita TIkA prasiddha haiN| inhoMne isa grantha meM samasta udAharaNa apane die haiM jisameM inakI utkRSTakoTi kI kArayitrI pratibhA ke darzana hote haiM / paNDitarAja ne kAvyalakSaNa ke vivecana meM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke lakSaNa kA parIkSaNa kara 'ramaNIyArtha pratipAdaka zabda' ko hI kAvya mAnA hai| isa dRSTi se ve zabda ko hI kAvya mAna kara usako pradhAna tattva svIkAra karate haiN| kAvyahetu kA vivecana karate hue inhoMne ekamAtra pratibhA ko hI usakA kAraNa ThaharAyA hai-tasya ca kAraNaM

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AcAya paNDitarAja jagannAtha ] ( 45 ) [Anandavarddhana kavigatA kevala pratibhA / inake anusAra kAvya ke cAra bheda haiM-uttamottama, uttama, madhyama tathA adhama / rasa, dhvani, guNa tathA alaMkAra ke vivecana meM bhI paNDitarAja ne aneka navIna tathya prastuta kara apanI maulikatA kA nidarzana kiyA hai| inhoMne advaitavedAntadarzana ke AdhAra para rasa-mImAMsA prastuta kii| 'AtmA para ajJAna kA AvaraNa hai| kAvya ke prabhAva se vaha dUra ho jAtA hai| kevala ratyAdi kA AvaraNa zeSa raha jAtA hai| AtmA ke prakAza meM vaha AvaraNa bhI prakAzita ho uThatA hai| isa prakAra sahRdaya ratyAdi se yukta apane hI AtmA kA Ananda anubhava karatA hai| yahI kAvyarasa hai|' rasagaMgAdhara kA kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana pR0 219 se uddhRta / inhoMne guNa ko drutyAdi-prayojakatva ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara usakA sambandha varNa evaM racanA se sthApita kiyA hai / 've varNa evaM racanA kA sIdhA guNAbhivyanjana mAnate haiM, rasAbhivyaMjana kI madhyasthA ke sAtha nhiiN|' alaMkAroM kA AdhAra zabdazaktiyoM ko siddha kara paNDitarAja ne saMskRta kAvyazAstra ke vivecana meM navIna dRSTikoNa upasthita kiyA hai| ___AdhAra grantha-ka. rasagaGgAdhara kA kAvyazAstrIya avyayana-DaoN0 premasvarUpa gupta kha. rasagaMgAdhara (hindI anuvAda 3 khaNDoM meM)-paM0 puruSottama zarmA caturvedI ga. rasagaMgAdhara (hindI anuvAda 3 khaNDoM meM)-paM. madanamohana jhA gha. rasagaMgAdhara-hindI anuvaadmdhusuudnshaastrii| Anandavarddhana-prasiddha kAvyazAstrI evaM dhvani sampradAya ke pravartaka (de0 kAvya shaastr)| ye saMskRta kAvyazAstra ke vilakSaNa pratibhAsampanna vyakti haiM aura dhvanyAloka apane viSaya kA asAdhAraNa grantha hai| ye kAzmIra ke nivAsI the aura inakA samaya navama zatAbdI hai| 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM ye kAzmIranareza avantivarmA ke samakAlIna mAne gae haiM muktAkaNaH zivasvAmI kavirAnandavardhanaH / prathAM ratnAkarazcAgAt sAmrAjye'vantivarmaNaH / / 524 avanti varmA kA samaya 855 se 884 I. taka mAnA jAtA hai, ataH Anandavardhana kA bhI yahI samaya honA caahie| inake dvArA racita pAMca granthoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai-'viSamabANalIlA', 'arjunacarita', 'devIzataka', 'tattvAloka', evaM 'dhvnyaalok'| inameM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa grantha 'dhvanyAloka' hI hai jisameM dhvanisiddhAnta kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai aura anya sabhI kAvyazAstrIya matoM kA antarbhAva usI meM kara diyA gayA hai| 'devIzataka' nAmaka grantha meM inhoMne apane pitA kA nAma 'noNa' diyA hai ( devIzataka zloka 110) hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM bhI inake pitA kA yahI nAma AyA hai-kAvyAnuzAsana pR0 225 / inhoMne prasiddha bauddha dArzanika dharmakItti ke grantha' 'pramANavinizcaya' para 'dharmottamA' nAmaka TIkA kI bhI racanA kI hai| dhvanyAloka' kI racanA kArikA evaM vRtti meM huI hai| katipaya vidvAn isa mata ke haiM ki donoM ke hI racayitA Anandavarddhana the para kaI paNDitoM kA yaha vicAra hai ki kArikAeM dhvanikAra kI racI huI haiM jo Anandavarddhana ke pUrvavartI the aura AnandavarTana

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Anandavarddhana campU] (46 ) [AnandavRndAvana campU ne una para apanI vRtti likhI hai| isa sambandha meM abhI taka kucha bhI nizcita nahIM ho sakA hai kintu paramparAgata mata bhI donoM kI abhinnatA kA poSaka hai| Adhunika yuga ke ma0 ma0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI, DaoN0 saMkaran, DaoN0 satkAri mukharjI, DaoN0 kAnticandra pANDeya, DaoN0 kRSNamUtti, paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya evaM DaoN. nagendra kArikA evaM vRtti donoM kA hI praNetA Anandavarddhana ko mAnate haiN| jaba ki DaoN0 bUhalara, jAkobI, kItha, suzIlakumAra De evaM DaoN. kANe prabhRti vidvAn kArikAoM kA praNetA mUladhvanikAra ko mAna kara Anandavarddhana ko vRttikAra mAnane ke pakSa meM apanA abhimata prakaTa karate haiM / DaoN. kANe 'dhvanyAloka' kI prathama kArikA-'sahRdayamanaH prItaye' ke AdhAra para mUla granthakRta kA nAma 'sahRdaya' mAnate haiN| inake anusAra 'dhvanyAloka' kI kaI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM isakA nAma 'sahRdayAloka' bhI likhA hai| para adhikAMza vidvAn 'sahRdaya' zabda ko nAmavAcI na mAnakara pAThaka yA sahRdaya kA dyotaka svIkAra karate haiM / abhinavagupta, kuntaka, mahimabhaTTa evaM kSemendra ne Anandavarddhana ko hI dhvanikAra kahA hai aura svayaM Anandavardhana ne bhI apane ko dhvani kA pratiSThApaka kahA hai-iti kAvyArthaviveko yo'yaM cetshcmtkRtividhaayii| suribhiranusRtasArairasmadupajJo na vismAryaH / / dhvanyAloka ke antima zloka se bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai satkAvyatattvaviSayaM sphuritaprasuptakalpaM manassu paripakvadhiyAM yadAsIt / tavyAkarot sahRdayodayalAbhahetorAnandavardhana iti prathitAbhidhAnaH // isa prakAra ke kathana se kArikA evaM vRtti donoM kA racayitA Anandavarddhana ko hI mAnanA upayukta hai| [ de0 dhvanyAloka] AdhAra grantha-1. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe 2. saMskRta poiTiksa-DaoN0 esa0 ke0 De 3. thiyarI oNpha rasa eNDa dhvani-DaoN0 saMkaran 4. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 5. dhvanyAloka ( hindI bhASya ) kI bhUmikA-DaoN0 nagendra / AnandavRndAvana campU-isake racayitA kA nAma paramAnanda dAsa thaa| inheM kavi karNapUra bhI kahA jAtA hai| ye baMgAla ke nadiyA jile ke kAMcanapallI nAmaka grAma meM 1524 I0 meM utpanna hue the| isakA prakAzana vArANasI se ho cukA hai, DaoN0 bAke bihArI kRta hindI anuvAda ke sAtha / kavi kA karNapUra nAma upAdhiparaka thA jise mahAprabhu caitanya ne diyA thaa| yaha saMskRta ke upalabdha sabhI campa-kAvyoM meM bar3A hai| isameM kula 22 stabaka haiM tathA bhagavAn zrIkRSNa kI kathA prArambha se kizorAvasthA paryanta vaNita hai| kavi ne apanI racanA kA AdhAra 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke dazama skandha ko banAyA hai| isake nAyaka zrIkRSNa haiM tathA nAyikA rAdhikA / isameM pradhAna rasa zRGgAra hai, kintu yatra-tatra vIra, adbhuta Adi rasoM kA bhI samAveza hai| kRSNa ke mitra 'kusumAsava' kI kalpanA kara usake mAdhyama se hAsya rasa kI bhI sRSTi kI gayI hai / vaidarbhI rIti kI pradhAnatA hone para bhI anya rItiyAM bhI prayukta huI haiN| prArambha meM kRSNa kI vandanA kI gayI hai tathA sarasvatI kI stuti ke uparAnta kavi apanI vinamratA pradarzita kara khaloM kI nindA karatA hai /

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Ananda vRndAvana campU] ( 47 ) [ Adi purANa vande kRSNapadAravindayugalaM yasmin kuraMgIdRzAM / vakSojapraNayIkRte vilasati snigdho'GgarAgaH svataH / / kAzmIraM talazoNimoparitanaH kastUrikA nIlimA / zrIkhaNDaM nakhacandrakAMtalaharI nirvyAjamAtanvate // 111 AdhAra grantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| AcArya vijaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA kavi tArkika siMha vedAntAcArya haiM / inake pitA kA nAma veMkaTAcArya thaa| ye kauzika gotrotpanna the| yaha campUkAvya khaNDita rUpa meM hI prApta hai jisameM chaha stabaka haiN| isameM prasiddha dArzanika AcArya vedAntadezika kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai tathA advaita vedAntI kRSNamizra prabhRti ke sAtha unake zAstrArtha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vedAntadezika caudahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhAga meM hue the, ataH isakA racanAkAla unake bAda kA hI hai| kavi ne prArambha meM vedAntacAryoM kI vandanA kI hai| isameM darzana evaM kAvya kA samyak sphuraNa dikhAI par3atA hai| AcArya vijaya campU kI bhASAzailI bANabhaTTa evaM daNDI se prabhAvita hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DiskripTiva kaiTalaoNga, madrAsa, 12365 meM prApta hotA hai| kavi vedAntadezika kI kathA ko prAcInokti kahatA hai kalpadruH kavivAdihaMsaviduSaH prajJAsudhAvAridhe __ rjAtaH kazcana kalpitArtha vitatizcampUprabandhAtmanA / prAcInoktivataMsadezikakathAmAdhvI bhajan SaSTaka stasyAsau stabakaH karotu sumanaH karNAvataMsazriyam // AdhAra grantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika vivaraNa-DaoN chavinAtha tripAThI / AnandaraMga vijaya campU-isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA kA nAma zrInivAsa kavi hai| unake pitA kA nAma gaGgAdhara tathA mAtA kA nAma pArvatI thaa| ye zrIvatsagotro. tpanna brAhmaNa the| isa campU kI racanA ATha stabakoM meM huI hai| isameM kavi ne prasiddha pheca zAsaka Duple ke pramukha sevaka tathA pANDicerI-nivAsI AnandaraMga ke jIvanavRtta kA varNana kiyA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se isa kAvya kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai| vijayanagara tathA candragiri ke rAjavaMzoM kA varNana isakI bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| isakA nirmANakAla 18 vIM zatAbdI hai| varakavikulamaulisphAramANikya kaantidhumnnikirnnpujprollstpaadpdmH| nikhilanigamamUttiH sphUtirIzasya sAkSAjjayati jagati tAto yasya gaMgAdharAyaH // isa grantha kA prakAzana madrAsa se ho cukA hai| sampAdaka haiM DaoN0 vI0 rAghavan / AdhAra grantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| Adi purANa-caubIsa jaina purANoM meM sarvAdhika prasiddha purANa Adi purANa hai| isameM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI kathAeM varNita haiN| isa purANa meM 47 parva haiM tathA

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Adi purANa] / 48 ) [Apastamba dharmasUtra jambUdvIpa evaM usake antargata sabhI parvatoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA jinasena haiM jo zaMkarAcArya ke paravartI the| 'zrImadabhAgavata' meM varNita 24 avatAroM kI kathAoM meM AThavA~ avatAra RSabhadeva jI kA hai| ye avadhUta yogI the tathA inhoMne paramahaMsa dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| ( zrImadbhAgavata 5 / 5 / 28 ) ye nagna evaM pAgala kI taraha rahA karate the| inhoMne karNATaka meM jAkara agni-praveza kara prANa tyAgA thaa| 'Adi purANa' meM bAraha hajAra zloka haiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra RSabhadevajI kA janma sarvArthasiddhiyoga, uttarASAr3ha nakSatra, dhanarAzi, caitramAsa kI kRSNASTamI ko huA thaa| inake pitA ikSvAkuvaMzIya the nijakA nAma nAbhi thaa| inakI mAtA kA nAma mahArAnI marudevI thaa| inakI rAjadhAnI vinItA nAmaka nagara meM thii| inhoMne sRSTitattva para vicAra karate hue zaMkarAcArya ke advaitasiddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai / inake anusAra sRSTi anAdi nidhana hai / isase isa pustaka ke samaya para prakAza par3atA hai| Ananda rAmAyaNa-yaha rAmabhakti ke rasikopAsakoM kA mAnya grantha hai / isakA anumAnita racanAkAla 15 voM zatAbdI hai| isameM 'adhyAtmarAmAyaNa' ke kaI uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| isa rAmAyaNa meM kula 9 kANDa evaM 12952 zloka haiN| prathama kANDa 'sArakANDa' kahA jAtA hai jisameM 13 sarga haiM tathA rAmajanma se lekara sItAharaNa taka kI kathA varNita hai| dvitIya kANDa 'yAtrAkANDa' hai, jisameM 9 sarga haiN| isameM rAmacandra kI tIrthayAtrA kA varNana hai| tRtIyakANDa ko 'yAgakANDa' kahate haiM / isameM 9 sarga haiM aura rAmAzvamedha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha kANDa 'vilAsakANDa' ke nAma se abhihita hai| izameM 9 sarga haiM tathA sItA kA nakha-zikha-varNana, rAma-sItA kI jalakrIDA, unake nAnAvidha zRGgAroM evaM alaMkAroM kA varNana evaM nAnA prakAra ke vihAroM kA varNana hai / pancama kANDa 'janmakANDa' hai| isameM 9 sarga haiM tathA sItA niSkAsana evaM lavakuza ke janma kA prasaMga hai| SaSTha kANDa kA nAma 'vivAhakANDa' hai| isameM cAroM bhAiyoM ke ATha putroM kA vivAha vaNita hai| isameM bhI 9 sarga haiM / saptama kANDa ko 'rAjyakANDa' kahate haiN| isameM 24 sarga haiM tathA rAmacandra kI aneka vijayayAtrAeM varNita haiN| isa kANDa meM isa prakAra kI kathA hai ki rAmacandra ko dekhakara striyA~ kAmAtura ho jAtI haiM tathA rAmacandra agale avatAra meM unakI lAlasApUrti karane ke lie AzvAsana dete haiN| rAma kA tAmbUla rasa pIne ke kAraNa eka dAsI ko kRSNAvatAra meM rAdhA bana jAne kA varadAna milatA hai| aSTama kANDa ko 'manoharakANDa' kahA jAtA hai| isameM 18 sarga haiM tathA rAmopAsanA-vidhi, rAmanAmamAhAtmya, caitramAhAtmya evaM rAmakavaca Adi kA varNana hai| navama kANDa ko 'pUrNakANDa' kahA gayA hai jisameM 9 sagaM haiM / isameM kuza ke rAjyAbhiSeka tathA rAmAdi ke vaikuNThArohaNa kI kathA hai / [ isakA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana ho cukA hai ] Apastamba dharmasUtra-'Apastamba kalpasUtra' ke do prazna 28, 29-hI 'Apastamba dharmasUtra' ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| isa para haradatta ne 'ujjvalA' nAmaka TIkA likhI thii| isakI bhASA bodhAyana kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hai aura isameM apracalita evaM virala zabda prayukta hue haiN| 'Apastamba dharmasUtra' meM aneka apANinIya prayoga prApta hote haiM /

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ariviSaya ] www ( 49 ) [ Apizali ~~~ isameM saMhitA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha brAhmaNoM ke bhI uddharaNa milate haiM tathA prAcIna dasa dharma sUtrakAroM kA ullekha hai - kANva, kuNika, kutsakotsa, puSkarasAdi, vArSyAyaNi, zvetaketu, hArIta Adi / isake aneka nirNaya jaimini se sAmya rakhate haiM tathA mImAMsAzAstra ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA bhI prayoga hai| isakA samaya vi0 pU0 600 varSa se 300 varSa hai / Apastamba ke nivAsasthAna ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / DaoN0 bUlara ke anusAra ye dAkSiNAtya the kintu eka mantra meM yamunAtIravarttI sAlvadezIya striyoM ke ullekha ke kAraNa inakA nivAsasthAna madhyadeza mAnA jAtA hai-- yogandharideva no rAjeti sAlvarivAdiSuH / vivRttacakrA AsInAstIreNa yamune! tava // varNyaviSaya - isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-- cAroM varNaM tathA unakI prAthamikatA, AcArya kI mahattA evaM paribhASA, upanayana, upanayana ke ucita samaya kA atikramaNa karane se prAyazcitta kA vidhAna, brahmacArI ke kartavya, AcaraNa, usakA daNDa, mekhalA, paridhAna, bhojana evaM bhikSA ke niyama, varNoM ke anusAra guruoM ke praNipAta kI vidhi, ucita tathA niSiddha bhojana evaM peya kA varNana, brahmahatyA, AtreyInArI- hatyA, guru yA zrotriya kI hatyA ke lie prAyazcitta, surApAna tathA sone kI corI ke lie prAyazcitta, zudranArI ke sAtha saMbhoga karane para prAyazcitta guruzayyA apavitra karane para prAyazcitta tathA vivAhAdi ke niyama Adi / ' [ haradatta kI TIkA ke sAtha kumbhakoNam se prakAzita ] AdhAragrantha - hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra bhAga 1 - DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe Apizali - pANini ke pUrvavartI saMskRta vaiyAkaraNa / inakA samaya ( mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra ) 3000 vi0 pU0 hai / inake mata kA ullekha 'aSTAdhyAyI', 'mahAbhASya', 'nyAsa' evaM 'mahAbhASyapradIpa' prabhRtti granthoM meM prApta hotA hai / vA suSyApizaleH / aSTAdhyAyI 6 / 1 / 92 evaM ca kRtvA''pizalerAcAryasya vidhirupapanno bhavatidhenurana nikamutpAdayati // mahAbhASya 4 / 2 / 45 'mahAbhASya' se patA calatA hai ki kAtyAyana evaM pataJjali ke samaya meM hI Apizali ke vyAkaraNa kA pracAra evaM lokapriyatA prApta ho cukI thI / prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM meM sarvAdhika sUtra inake hI prApta hote haiM, jinase vidita hotA hai ki inakA vyAkaraNa pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI taraha hI pror3ha evaM vistRta rahA hogA / inake sUtra anekAneka vyAkaraNa granthoM meM bikhare hue haiM / inhoMne vyAkaraNa ke atirikta 'dhAtupATha, 'gaNapATha', 'uNAdisUtra' tathA 'zikSA' nAmaka cAra anya grantha bhI likhe haiM / inake 'ghAtupATha' ke uddharaNa 'mahAbhASya' 'kAzikA,' 'nyAsa' tathA 'padamabjarI' meM upalabdha hote haiM tathA 'gaNapATha' kA ullekha bhartRharikRta 'mahAbhASyadIpikA' meM kiyA gayA hai / uNAdisUtra - isake vacana upalabdha nahIM hote / zikSA - yaha grantha pANinIya zikSA se milatA-julatA hai / isakA saMpAdana paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ne kiyA hai / koza - bhAnujI dIkSita ke uddharaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki Apizali ne eka kozagrantha kI bhI racanA kI thI / akSaratantra -- isameM sAmagAnaviSayaka stobha varNita haiM / inakA prakAzana satyavratasAmazrayI dvArA kalakattA se ho cukA hai| inake katipaya upalabdha sUtra isa prakAra haiM- ubhasyobhayo'dvivacanaTApo::- tantra pradIpa 2038 vibhaktyantaM padam /

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AraNyaka] [ AraNyaka AdhAragrantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-paM0 yudhiSThira miimaaNsk| AraNyaka-AraNyaka (vaidika vAGmaya ke aMga ) una granthoM ko kahate haiM, jinheM vyakti yajJa-yAgAdi me nivRtta hokara araNya meM rahate hue par3hA karate the| inheM brAhmaNa granthoM kA [ de0 brAhmaga] pariziSTa mAnA jAtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa granthoM se sarvathA bhinna viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sAyaNAcArya kA kathana hai ki araNya meM adhyayana kiye jAne ke kAraNa ye grantha AraNyaka kahe jAte the| araNya kA zAnta vAtAvaraNa ina granthoM ke manana aura cintana ke lie upayukta thaa| araNyAdhyayanAdetad AraNyakamitIryate / araNye tadadhIyItetyevaM vAkyaM pravakSyate // te0 A0 bhA0 zloka 61 nagara yA grAma meM rahakara ina granthoM kA adhyayana tathA inameM pratipAdita gUr3ha rahasyoM kA jJAna saMbhava nahIM thA aura na nagara yA grAma kA vAtAvaraNa hI inake anukUla thaa| ataH aise anyoM ke sUkSma AdhyAtmika tatvoM ko jAnane ke lie vana kA ekAnta vAtAvaraNa adhika upayogI thA, jahAM jAkara loga gurumukha se inake dArzanika vicAroM kA adhyayana karate the| AraNyaka granthoM kA pratipAdya yajJa na hokara yajJa-yAgoM meM nihita AdhyAtmika tathyoM kA mImAMsana thaa| inameM yajJa kA anuSThAna na hokara usake dArzanika pakSa kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AraNyaka granthoM meM prANavidyA kA bhI mahattva darzAyA gayA hai| yadyapi isa vidyA kA saMketa saMhitAoM meM bhI hai kintu isakA apekSita vistAra AraNyakoM meM hI huA hai / 'aitareya AraNyaka' meM isakA samyak anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai| yahAM sabhI indriyoM se prANa ko zreSThatA siddha karate hue tadviSayaka rocaka AkhyAna diye gae haiN| ___'so'yamAkAzaH prANena bRhatyA viSTabdhaH, tadyathAyamAkAzaH prANena bRhatyA viSTabdhaH / evaM sarvANibhUtAni ApipIlikAbhyaH prANena bRhatyA viSTabdhAnItyevaM vidyAt / / aita0 Ara0 2 / 106 isameM batAyA gayA hai ki jabataka isa zarIra meM prANa rahegA tanI taka Ayu bhI rahegI 'yAvaddhayasmin zarIre prANo vasati tAvadAyuH' kauSItaki upaniSad-12 / 'aitareya AraNyaka' meM prANa ko hI sraSTA tathA pitA kahA gayA hai| prANa se hI antarikSa evaM vAyu kI sRSTi huI hai| prANa pitA hai aura antarikSa tathA vAyu usakI santAna haiN| __ prANena sRSTAvantarikSaM ca vAyuzca / antarikSaM vA anucaranti / antarikSamanuzRNvanti / vAyurasmai puNyaM gandhamAvahati / evaM etI prANapitaraM paricarato'ntarikSaM ca vAyuzca / ___'aitareya AraNyaka' meM prANa kA mahattva pradarzita karate hue sabhI RcAoM, vedoM tathA ghoSoM ko prANarUpa mAna liyA gayA hai| 'taittirIya AraNyaka' meM kAla kA pAramArthika aura vyAvahArika mahattva pradarzita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kAla nadI kI bhAMti nirantara pravAhita hotA calA jA rahA hai| akhaNDa saMvatsara ke rUpa meM yahI kAla dRSTi

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Aryadeva] [ AryabhaTTa prathama Ammarrammarnamammarrinaamdimaxammar gocara hotA hai| kAla kA vyAvahArika rUpa aneka hai jo muhUrta, divArAtra, pakSa, mAsa Adi ke rUpa meM ekAkAra huA karatA hai nadIva prabhavAt kAzcid akSapyAt syandate yathA / tAM nadyo'bhisamAyAnti soruH satI na nivartate / / taittirIya AraNyaka 12 AraNyakoM kA AdhyAtmika tattva upaniSadoM ke tattvaciMtana kA pUrva rUpa hai, jisakA pUrNa vikAsa upaniSadoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai| pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthak AraNyaka haiM jinakA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| 'Rgveda' ke do AraNyaka haiM-'aitareya AraNyaka' evaM zAGkhAyana AraNyaka / 'atharvaveda' kA koI AraNyaka prApta nahIM hotaa| 'sAmaveda' ke AraNyaka kA nAma 'talavakAra' hai / / AdhAragrantha --vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / Aryadeva-bauddha-darzana ke mAdhyamika mata ke AcAryoM meM Aryadeva kA nAma mahattvapUrNa hai| (de0 boddhadarzana ) inakA samaya 200 se 224 I. ke bIca hai| candrakIti nAmaka vidvAn ke anusAra ye siMhala dvIpa ke nRpati ke putra the| inhoMne apane apAra vaibhava kA tyAga kara nAgArjuna kA ziSyatva grahaNa kiyA thaa| zUnyavAda ke AcAryoM meM inakA sthAna hai| vustona nAmaka vidvAn ke anusAra inako racanAoM ko saMkhyA dasa hai| 1. catuHzataka-isameM 16 adhyAya evaM cAra so kArikAe~ haiN| isakA conA anuvAda hvenasAMga ne kiyA thaa| isakA kucha aMza saMskRta meM bhI prApta hAtA hai / isameM zUnyavAda kA pratipAdana hai| 2. cittavizuddhiprakaraNa-vidvAnoM ne ise kisI navIna Aryadeva ko racanA mAnI hai / isameM brAhmaNoM ke karmakANDa kA khaNDana tathA tAntrika bAtoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| vAra evaM rAziyoM ke nAma prApta hone se ise Aryadeva kI racanA hone meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| 3 hastalAghavaprakaraNa -isakA nAma 'muSTiprakaraNa' bhI hai| isakA anuvAda cIno evaM tibbatI bhASA meM prApta hotA hai aura unhoM ke AdhAra para isakA saMskRta meM anuvAda prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha kula 6 kArikAoM kA hai jinameM 5 kArikAeM jagat ke mAyika rUpa kA vivaraNa prastuta karato haiM ora antima kArikA meM paramArtha kA vivecana hai / isa para diGnAga ne TIkA likhI hai / 4. anya granthoM ke nAma haiM-svalitapramathanayukti hetu siddhi, jJAnasArasamuccaya, caryAnelAyanapradIpa, catuHpITha tantrarAja, catuHpITha sAdhana, jJAna DAkinI sAdhana evaM eka. drumapatrikA / catuHzataka inakA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| AdhAragrantha-1 bauddha-darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2-bhAratIya darzana- , , AryabhaTTa prathama-jyotiSazAstra ke mahAn aacaary| bhAratIya jyotiSa kA kramabaddha itihAsa AryabhaTTa se hI prArambha hotA hai| inake grantha kA nAma 'AryabhaTIya' hai / AryabhaTTa ( prathama ) kA janma-kAla 476 I0 hai| inhoMne 'tantra' nAmaka grantha kI

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mAyAdhara bhaTTa ] ( 52 ) [ AzAdhara bhaTTa ke bhI racanA kI hai / inake donoM hI graMtha Aja upalabdha haiM / inhoMne sUryaM tathA tAroM ko sthira mAnate hue pRthvI ghUmane se rAta-dina hone kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai / inake anusAra pRthvI kI paridhi 4967 yojana hai / inake prasiddha graMtha 'AryabhaTIya' kI racanA paTanA meM huI thii| isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 121 hai aura grantha cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - gItikApAda, gaNitapAda, kAlakriyApAda evaM golapAda / 'AryabhaTIya' para saMskRta meM cAra TIkAe~ prApta hotI haiM-bhAskara, sUryadeva yajvA paramezvara evaM nIlakaNTha kii| inameM sUryadeva yajvA kI TIkA sarvottama mAnI jAtI hai jisakA nAma 'AryabhaTTa - prakAza' hai / isakA aMgarejI anuvAda DAkTara kanaM ne 1874 I0 meM lAiDena (hAlaiNDa) meM prakAzita kI thI / 'AryabhaTIya' kA hindI anuvAda zrI udayanArAyaNa siMha ne saMvat 1963 meM kiyA thA / isa graMtha meM AryabhaTTa ne candragrahaNa tathA sUryagrahaNa ke vaijJAnika kAraNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / . 1 AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakha prasAda 3. hindU gaNitazAstra kA itihAsa - zrI vibhUtibhUSaNadatta tathA avadheza nArAyaNa siMha ( hindI anuvAda, hindI samiti ) AzAdhara bhaTTa - kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / saMskRta alaMkArazAstra ( kAvyazAstra ) ke itihAsa meM do AzAdhara nAmadhArI AcAryoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / prathama kA patA DaoN0 pITarasana ne 1883 I0 meM evaM dvitIya kA patA DaoN0 bUlara ne 1871 I0 meM lagAyA thA / nAma sAdRzya ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ne ( DaoN0 haricanda zAstrI ) donoM ko eka hI lekhaka mAna liyA hai, para donoM hI bhinna haiM / prAcIna AzAdhara vyAghreravAla vaMzIya the aura Age cala kara jaina ho gae the / inakA janmasthAna ajamera aura pitA kA nAma lakSaNa thaa| inhoMne aneka jaina granthoM kI racanA kI hai aura rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaMkAra' kI TIkA bhI likhI hai / inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne 'triSaSTismRti- candrikA' nAmaka grantha kA racanAkAla 1236 I0 diyA hai / dvitIya AzAdhara bhaTTa kA samaya 17 bIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / inake pitA kA nAma rAmajI evaM guru kA nAma dharaNIdhara thA / inhoMne 'alaMkAradIpikA' meM apanA paricaya diyA hai zivayostanayaM natvA guruM ca dharaNIdharam / AzAdhareNa kavinA rAmajIbhaTTasUnunA // AzAdhara ne kuvalayAnanda kI TIkA likhI hai, ataH ye usake paravartI siddha hote haiM / inake alaMkArazAstraviSayaka tIna grantha prasiddha haiM kovidAnanda, triveNikA evaM alaMkAradIpikA / kovidAnanda abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa 'triveNikA' meM prApta hotA hai / isameM vRttiyoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA thA / triveNikA ke prathama zloka se hI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI haipraNamya pArvatIputraM kovidAnandakAriNA / AzAdhareNa kriyate punarvRttivivecanA // DAkTara bhaNDArakara ne kovindAnanda ke eka hastalekha kI sUcanA dI hai jisameM nimnokta zloka hai-

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Ayurveda zAstra] [Ayurveda zAstra prAcAM vAcAM vicAreNa zabda-vyApAranirNayam / karomi kovidAnandaM lakSyalakSaNasaMyutam / / isa para granthakAra ne svayaM 'kAdambinI' nAmaka TIkA bhI likhI thii| yaha zabdavRtti kA utpanna praur3ha grantha hai| [de0 inTroDakzana TU triveNikA-baTukanAtha zarmA pRSTha 11 ] triveNikA-yaha zabdazaktiyoM kA atyanta upayogI grantha hai| isameM abhidhA ko gaMgA, lakSaNA ko yamunA evaM vyaMjanA ko sarasvatI mAnA gayA hai| yaha grantha tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai aura pratyeka meM eka-eka zakti kA vivecana hai| isameM arthajJAna ke tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiM-cAru, cArutara evaM cArutama / abhidhA se utpanna artha cAru, lakSaNA se cArutara evaM vyaMjanAjanya artha cArutama hotA hai / tRtIya grantha 'alaMkAradIpikA' 'kuvalayAnanda' ke AdhAra para nirmita hai| isameM tIna prakaraNa haiM aura prathama meM 'kuvalayAnanda' kI kArikAoM ko sarala vyAkhyA prastuta kI gayI hai| dvitIya prakaraNa meM 'kuvalayAnanda' ke anta meM vaNita rasavat Adi alaMkAroM kI tadanurUpa kArikAeM nirmita kI gayI haiN| tRtIya prakaraNa meM saMsRSTi evaM saMkara alaMkAra ke pAMcoM bheda vaNita haiM aura lekhaka ne ina para apanI kArikAyeM prastuta kI haiN| alaMkAroM ke samyak bodha ke lie yaha grantha atyanta upayogI hai| inake atirikta AzAdhara ne 'prabhApaTala' evaM 'advaitaviveka' nAmaka do darzana granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| 'triveNikA' kA prakAzana 'sarasvatI-bhagavana-TekTsa' granthamAlA, kAzI se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / Ayurveda zAstra-jisa vidyA ke dvArA Ayu kA jJAna prApta hotA hai use Ayurveda kahate haiN| Ayurveda cikitsA zAstra kA vAcaka hai| isa zAstra meM Ayu ke lie upayogI evaM anupayogI bAtoM kA varNana hotA hai| 'zarIra, indriya, mana aura AtmA ke saMyoga kA nAma Ayu hai / nityaprati calane se, kabhI eka kSaNa bhara ke lie bhI na rukane se ise Ayu kahate haiN| Ayu kA jJAna jisa zilpa yA vidyA se prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha Ayurveda hai| yaha Ayurveda manuSyoM kI bhAMti vRkSa, pazu-pakSI Adi ke sAtha sambandhita hai, isalie inake viSaya meM bhI saMhitAyeM banAyI gyiiN|' Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa pR0 13 / bhAratIya Ayurveda kI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| 'suzruta saMhitA' meM kahA gayA hai ki paramAtmA ne sRSTi ke pUrva hI Ayurveda kI racanA kara dI thI-anutpAdyaivaprajJA AyuvedamevAgresRjat / sUtra 1 / Ayurveda mevAgre'sRjat tato vizvAni bhUtAni / 'kAzyapa saMhitA' / 'caraka saMhitA' meM Ayurveda ko zAzvata kahA gayA hai-nahyAyurvedasya bhUtvotpatirupalabhyate anyatrAvabodhopadezAbhyAm / etadvai dvayamadhikRtyotpattimupadizantyeke / so'pamAyurvedaH zAzvato nirdizyate, anAditvAt, svabhAvasaMsiddhalakSaNatvAda bhAvasvabhAvanityatvAcca / ' caraka sU0 a0 30 / 27 kAzyapa ne Ayurveda ko paMcamaveda kI saMjJA dI hai-RgvedayajurvedasAmavedAtharvavedebhyaH pnycmo'ymaayurvedH|

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Ayurveda kI paramparA] ( 54 ) [Ayurveda kI paramparA Ayurveda zabda kA artha isa prakAra haiM-'Ayu kA paryAya cetanA anubandha, jIvitA. nubandha, dhArI hai (caraka0 sU0 a0 30 / 22) / yaha Ayu zarIra, indriya, mana aura AtmA ina cAra kA saMyoga hai| Ayu kA sambandha kevala zarIra se nahIM hai aura isakA jJAna bhI Ayurveda nahIM hai| cAroM kA jJAna hI Ayurveda hai| isI dRSTi se AtmA aura mana sambandhI jJAna bhI prAcIna mata meM Ayurveda hI hai| zarIra AtmA kA bhogAyatana, paMcamahAbhUtavikArAtmaka hai, indriyA~ bhoga kA sAdhana haiM, mana antaHkaraNa hai, AtmA mokSa yA jJAna prApta karane vAlA; ina cAroM kA adRSTa-karmavaza se jo saMyoga hotA hai, vahI Ayu hai| isake lie hita-ahita, sukha-duHkha kA jJAna tathA Ayu kA mAna jahA~ kanhIM ho, use Ayurveda kahate haiN|' Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa pR0 14 / jIvanopayogI zAstra hone ke kAraNa Ayurveda atyanta prAcIna kAla se hI zraddhAbhAjana banA rahA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM bhI isake ullekha prApta hote haiN| Rgveda meM Ayurveda ke janmadAtA divodAsa, bharadvAja evaM azvinIkumAra Adi ke ullekha milate haiN-1|12|16 / vedoM meM vaidya ke pA~ca lakSaNa batAye gae haiM tathA oSadhithoM me geganAza, jalacikitsA. socikitsA, vAyucikitsA tathA mAnasa cikitsA ke vivaraNa prApta hote haiN| ajurveda meM oSadhiyoM ke lie bahuta se mantra haiM tathA atharvaveda meM isakA vizeSa vistAra hai| kRmivijJAna kA bhI varNana vedoM meM prApta hotA hai / atharvaveda meM aneka vanaspatiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai--pippalI, apAmArga, pRzniparNI, rohiNI tathA kuSTharoga, klIbatvanAza, hRdayaroga, mUr3haga cikitsA, kAmalAroga, raktasaMcAra Adi kA bhI varNana hai / isameM aneka rogoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM aura rogapratIkAra kA bhI varNana milatA hai| vedoM kI taraha brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM bhI Ayurveda ke anekAneka tathya bhare par3e haiM jo isakI prAcInatA evaM lokapriyatA ke dyotaka haiN| de0 Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa / ___ AyuvaMda kI paramparA-bhAratIya cikitsAzAstra ke AdyapraNetA brahmA mAne gae haiN| inhoMne hI sarvaprathama Ayurvedika jJAna kA upadeza diyA thA--suzruta sUtra 116 / 'caraka saMhitA' ke anusAra Ayurveda kA jJAna brahmA ne dakSa prajApati ko diyA aura dakSa ne azvinI ko tathA azvinau se indra ne isakA jJAna prApta kiyaa| isa paramparA se bhinna purANoM kI paramparA hai jisameM ayurveda kA janmadAtA prajApati ko kahA gayA hai| prajApati ne cAroM vedoM para vicAra kara paMcama veda ( Ayurveda ) kI racanA kI aura use bhAskara ko diyaa| bhAskara dvArA ise svatantra saMhitA kA rUpa diyA gayA aura usane ise apane solaha ziSyoM ko pddh'aayaa| inameM dhanvantari, divodAsa, kAzirAja, azvinI, nakula, sahadeSa, arkI, cyavana, janaka, budha, jAbAla, jAjali, paila, karatha tathA agastya haiN| ina ziSyoM ne pRthaka-pRthaka tantroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| inake dvArA banAye gae granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-dhanvantari-cikitsA-tatvavijJAna; divodAsa-cikitsAdarzana, kAzirAja-cikitsAkaumudI, azvinI-cikitsAsArataMtra tathA bhramaghna; nakula-vaidyakasarvasva, sahadeva-vyAdhisindhuvimardana; yama-jJAnArNavaH

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Ayurveda kI paramparA] [ Ayurveda kI paramparA cyavana-jIvadAna; janaka-vaidyasandeha-jana; budha-sarvasa:ra; jAbAla-tantrasAra; jAjali-vedAGgasAra; paila-nidAna; karatha- sarvadhara; agaratya-dvaidhanirNaya / brahmavaivatapurANa brahmakhaNDa a0 16 / ___Atreya punarvasu AyurvedazAstra ke pravartaka AcArya mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya I0 pU0 6 sau varSa se bhI pahale mAnA jAtA hai| inake ziSya kA nAma agniveza thA jo caraka ke guru the| samprati Ayurveda kA prAcInatama grantha ekamAtra 'caraka' hI upalabdha hotA hai jise 'carakasaMhitA' kahate haiN| caraka samrAT kaniSka ke samakAlIna the| [ de0 caraka ] Ayurveda ke anya prAcIna granthoM meM 'bhelasaMhitA' evaM 'hArItasaMhitA' ke nAma Ate haiM / donoM kI bahuta sArI bAteM 'carakasaMhitA' se milatI-julatI haiN| 'bhelasaMhitA' kI racanA sUtrasthAna, nidAna, vimAna, zArIra, cikitsA, kalpa evaM siddhasthAna ke rUpa meM huI hai| donoM hI grantha samprati prApta hote haiN| [ de0 bhelasaMhitA evaM hArItasaMhitA 'suzrutasaMhitA' Ayurveda kA atyanta mahatvapUrantha hai jisakA samaya abhI taka ajJAta hai / isameM eka sau bIsa adhyAya haiM tathA cikitsA zAstra ke sabhI pramukha aMgoM kA vivecana hai [ de0 suzrutasaMhitA ] / AyurvedazAstra ke aneka grantha aba vilupta ho gae haiN| unake nAma yA to TIkAoM meM prApta hote haiM yA anya granthoM meM / unameM prasiddha granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM kAyacikitsA sambandhI tantra-agnivezasaMhitA, bhelasaMhitA, jatukarNasaMhitA, / pArAzarasaMhitA, hArItasaMhitA, kSArapANisaMhitA, . kharanAdasaMhitA vizvAmitrasaMhitA, arindrasaMhitA, atrisaMhitA, mAvaNDeyasaMhitA, AzvinasaMhitA, bhAradvAjasaMhitA, bhAnuputra saMhitA / zalya cikitsA sambandhI tantra-aupadhenava tantra, aurabhra tantra, bRhatsuzruta tantra, suzruta tantra, pauSkalAvata tantra, vaitaraNa tantra, bRddhabhoja tantra, bhoja tantra, kRtavIrya tantra, karavIyaM tantra, gopurarakSita tantra, bhAlu kI tantra, kapilabala tantra, subhUtigautama tantra / / zAlAkya sambandhI tantra-videha tantra, nimi tantra, kAMkAyana tantra, gAgyaM tantra, gAlava tantra, sAtyaki tantra, bhadrazaunaka tantra, karAla tantra, cakSupya tantra, kRSNAtreya tantra, kAtyAyana tantra / bhUtavidyA sambandhI tantra-atharvatantra / kaumArabhRtya sambandhI tantra-vRddhakAzyapa saMhitA, kAzyapa saMhitA, sanaka saMhitA, uzana saMhitA, lATyAyana saMhitA, AlambAyana saMhitA, uzana saMhitA, bRhaspatiM saMhitA / rasAyana tantra-pAtamjala tantra, vyADi tantra, vaziSTha tantra, mANDavya tantra, nAgArjuna tantra, agastya tantra, bhRgutantra, kakSapuTa tantra, aarogymnjrii| vAjIkaraNa tantra-kucumAra tantra / guptakAla meM vAgbhaTa nAmaka prasiddha AyurvedajJa ne 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' nAmaka grantha likhA jisake padyamaya saMkSipta rUpa ko 'aSTAMgahRdaya' kahate haiN| [ de0 aSTAMgasaMgraha ] isa para aneka TIkAeM prApta hotI haiN| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM mAdhavakara ne 'mAdhavanidAna' grantha

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Ayurveda kI paramparA] [Ayurveda kI paramparA kA nirmANa kiyA jo apane viSaya kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| 12 vIM zatAbdI meM zArGgadhara ne 'zAGgadharasaMhitA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI jo apanI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa Aja bhI pracalita hai| Ayurveda ke anya lekhakoM ne bhI aneka granthoM kI racanA kara AyurvedazAstra kI paramparA ko prazasta kiyA hai / unake nAma haiM-milhaNa ( 13 vI zatI)-'cikitsAmRta', tisaTa (14 vIM zatAbdI ) 'cikitsAkalikA', bhAvamizra ( 16 vIM zatAbdI) 'bhAvaprakAza', lolambarAja (17 vIM zatAbdI) 'vaidyajIvana' pRthvImalla ( 15 vIM zatAbdI) 'zizurakSAratna', devezvara ( satrahavIM zatAbdI) 'strIvilAsa', ajJAta lekhaka ( 18 vIM zatAbdI ) 'yogrtnaakr'| Ayurveda meM rasAyanazAstra kA pRthak rUpa se vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai aura isa viSaya para svatantra rUpa se anyoM kA nirmANa huA hai| rasavidyA kA prAcIna grantha hai 'rasaratnAkara' yA 'rasendramaMgala' jisake racayitA nAgArjuna haiN| isakA nirmANakAla sAtavIM yA AThavIM zatAbdI hai| isa viSaya ke anya mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM vAgbhaTakRta 'rasaratnasamuccaya' tathA nityAnanda racita 'rasaratnAkara' / rasazAstra ke anya granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai 'rasendracUr3AmaNi' kartA somadeva rasaprakAza sudhAkara-zrI yazodhara rasarAjalakSmI-viSNudeva, rasendrasArasaMgrahagopAlabhaTTa, rasakalpa-govinda, svacchandabhairava rasasAra-govindAcArya, rasendracintAmaNiDhuNDInAtha, rasaratnAkara-nityAnAthasiddha Adi / Ayurveda meM na kevala manuSyoM kI apitu gau, azva, hAthI evaM vRkSoM kI bhI cikitsA kA varNana milatA hai, aura ina viSayoM para svatantra rUpa se pranthoM kI racanA huI hai| azvAyurveda ke prasiddha grantha haiM-gaNakRta 'azvalakSaNa', 'hayalIlAvatI' tathA 'azvAyurveda', jayadatta evaM dIpaMkara racita 'azvavaidyaka', vardhamAnakRta 'yogamaMjarI', nakulaviracita 'zAlihotra' bhojarAja kA 'zAlihotra' evaM 'azvazAstra' Adi / gajacikitsA ke Upara pAlakApya racita 'gajacikitsA', 'gajAyurveda', 'gajadarpaNa', 'gajaparIkSA' tathA bRhaspatikRta 'gajalakSaNa' Adi prasiddha grantha haiN| bRhaspati ne 'go-vaidyazAstra' nAmaka grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai| rAghavabhaTTa ne 'vRkSAyurveda' nAmaka pustaka meM vRkSa-cikitsA kA varNana kiyA hai| ___ Ayurveda meM koza granthoM kI sazakta paramparA dikhAI par3atI hai jinheM nighaMTu kahA jAtA hai / ina granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-'dhanvantarIya nighaMTu', 'paryAyaratnamAlA' (700 I0), cakrapANidatta kRta 'zabdacandrikA' (1040 I0), sUrapAla kA 'zabdapradIpa', hemacandra kA 'nighaMTuzeSa', mallinAthakRta 'abhidhAnaratnamAlA' yA 'sadRzanighaMTu', madanapAla kA 'madanavinoda' ( 1374 I.), narahari kA 'rAjanighaMTu' ( 1400 I0), zivadatta kA 'zivaprakAza' ( 1677 ) Adi /

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AzUra ] [ AzUra m paNDita haMsadeva racita 'mRgapakSizAstra' nAmaka eka mahattvapUrNa grantha prApta hotA hai jisameM vyAghra, bhAlU, garur3a, haMsa, bAja kA atyanta sUkSma vivecana hai / Ayurveda ke ATha aMga mAne jAte haiM-- zalyacikitsA, zAlAkya, kAya, bhUtavidyA, kaumArabhRtya, agadatantra, rasAyana evaM vAjIkaraNa / zalyatantra meM zastra-varNana tathA zastrakarma ina do vastuoM kI pramukhatA hai / suzruta meM yantroM kI saMkhyA 101 hai aura hAtha ko hI pradhAna yantra mAnA gayA hai| sau yantroM kA vibhAga isa prakAra haisvastika yantra 24, saMdeza yantra 2, tAlayantra 2, nAr3I yantra 20, zalAkA yantra 28, upayantra 25 / zastrakarma ke ATha prakAra haiM-chedana, bhedana, lekhana, vedhana, aiSaNa, AharaNa, srAvaNa tathA sIvana | ( 57 ) zAlAkyatantra meM zalAkA kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| isameM grIvA ke Upara vAle aMgoM - A~kha, nAka, kAna, sira Adi ke rogoM kI cikitsA kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai / kAyacikitsA meM ApAda mastaka hone vAle rogoM kA varNana evaM unakI cikitsA kA vidhAna rahatA hai / rogoM ke varNana meM pAMca tathyoM kA vivecana hotA hai-kAraNa, pUrvarUpa, rUpa, upazaya evaM samprApti / bhUtavidyA - isakA sambandha mAnasika rogoM se hotA hai jisake antargata unmAda, apasmAra, amAnuSopasagaM Adi roga kaumArabhRtya - isameM bAla-rogoM kA varNana hotA hai / bhItara AtA hai / Ate haiM / yoni vyApattantra bhI isI ke agadatantra - isameM viSa cikitsA kA varNana hotA hai / rasAyana - isameM jarA aura vyAdhi ke naSTa karane kA varNana hotA hai / vAjIkaraNa - isakA saMbaMdha puruSa ke aMga meM puMstva kI vRddhi karane se hai / zukradoSa, napuMsakatA Adi kA isameM vistRta vivecana rahatA hai / samyak vivecana prApta hotA hai aura pratyeka para Ayurveda meM isake AThoM aMga kA prabhUta mAtrA meM granthoM kI racanA huI hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 2. saMskRta sAhitya meM Ayurveda - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 3. bhaiSajyasaMhitA - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 4. rasa aura rasAyana - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - e0 bI0 kItha 6. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI vAcaspati gairolA 7. prAcIna bhArata meM rasAyanazAstra kA vikAsa- DaoN0 satyaprakAza 8. vaijJAnika vikAsa kI bhAratIya paramparADaoN0 satyaprakAza / AryazUra - 'jAtakamAlA' yA 'bodhisattvAvadAna mAlA' nAmaka grantha ke racayitA AzUra haiM / inhoMne bauddhajAtakoM ko lokapriya banAne kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai / azvaghoSa kI bhA~ti bauddhadharma ke siddhAntoM ko sAhityika rUpa dene meM AryazUra kA bhI yogadAna hai / 'jAtakamAlA' kI khyAti bhAratavarSa ke bAhara bhI boddhadezoM meM thI / isakA cInI rUpAntara ( kevala 14 jAtakoM kA ) 690 se 1127 I0 ke madhya huA thA / itsiMga ke yAtrA-vivaraNa se jJAta huA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI meM isakA bahuta pracAra

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AryA saptazatI ] ( 58 ) [ AryA saptazatI ho cukA thA / ajantA kI dIvAroM para 'jAtakamAlA' ke kaI jAtakoM ke dRzya aMkita haiM - zAntivAdI, maitrIbala tathA zivijAtaka ke / ina citroM kA samaya 5 vIM zatAbdI hai / 'jAtakamAlA' meM 34 jAtakoM kA varNana kAvya- zailI meM kiyA gayA hai / inameM kucha kI racanA to pAlijAtakoM ke AdhAra para tathA kucha kI anuzruti ke rUpa meM huI hai / inakI dUsarI racanA kA nAma hai- 'pAramitAsamAsa / ' isameM kavi ne chaha pAramitAoM dAna, zIla, kSAnti, vIrya, dhyAna tathA prajJA pAramitA- - kA varNana chaha sargoM meM kiyA hai, jisameM 364 zloka haiM aura zailI 'jAtakamAlA' kI hI bhA~ti sarala evaM bodhagamya hai / [ jAtakamAlA kA hindI anuvAda, kevala 20 jAtakoM kA, sUrya nArAyaNa caudharI ne kiyA hai ] AryazUra kA samaya tRtIya yA caturtha zatAbdI hai / inakI zailI kAvyamayI, pariSkRta evaM saMyata hai / 'AryazUra kI zailI kAvyazailI hai, jo kAvya ke upakaraNoM para unase adhikAra ko dikhAtI huI bhI unakI pariSkRta ruci ke kAraNa atyukti se rahita aura saMyata hai / unakA gadya aura padya samAna rUpa se sAvadhAnI ke sAtha likhA gayA aura pariSkRta hai / ' AdhAragraMtha - saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - e0 bI0 kItha pR0 84 / AryA saptazatI - yaha 700 AryA racayitA govardhanAcArya haiM / ve baMgAla ke samaya 1116 I0 hai / kavi ne svayaM apane grantha meM AzrayadAtA kA ullekha kiyA hai / sakalakalA : kalpayituM prabhuH prabandhasya kumudabandhozca / chandoM meM racita rAjA lakSmaNasena ke sena kulatilakabhUpatireko rAkApradoSazca / / 39 govardhanAcArya ke pitA kA nAma nIlAmbara thA jisakA nirdeza kavi ne bhI apane grantha meM kiyA haiM - taM tAtaM nIlAmbaraM bande / 38 | ina tathyoM ke atirikta inake jIvana ke sambandha meM aura kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA / govardhanAcArya ne prAkRta bhASA ke kavi hAlakRta 'gAthA sattasaI' ke AdhAra para hI 'AryA saptazatI' kI racanA kI thii| isakI racanA akArAdi varNAnukrama se huI haiM jisake akSara krama ko 35 bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / granthArambha vrajvA, akAra vrajvA, AkAra vrajvA, ikAra, ukAra, UkAra, RkAra, ekAra, kakAra, khakAra, gakAra, dhakAra, cakAra, chakAra, jakAra, jhakAra, DhakAra, takAra, dakAra, dhakAra, nakAra, pakAra, bakAra, bhakAra, makAra, yakAra, rakAra, lakAra, vakAra, zakAra, SakAra, sakAra, hakAra evaM kSakAra vrajvA / muktaka kAvya hai jisake Azrita kavi the jinakA 'AryA saptazatI' zRGgArapradhAna kAvya hai jisameM saMyoga evaM viyoga zrRGgAra kI nAnA avasthAoM kA citraNa hai / kavi ne nAgarika striyoM kI zRGgArika ceSTAoM kA jitanA raMgIna citra upasthita kiyA hai grAmINa striyoM kI svAbhAvika bhAva-bhaMgimAoM kI bhI mArmika abhivyakti meM utanI hI dakSatA pradarzita kI hai / svayaM kavi apanI kavitA kI prazaMsA karatA hai- masRNapadarIti gatayaH sajjana hRdayAbhisArikAH surasAH / madanAdvayopaniSado vizadAgovardhanasyAryAH // 51 //

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Aryodaya mahAkAvya ] [ ArSeyopaniSad isameM kahIM-kahIM azlIla zRGgAra evaM cauryarata kA citraNa parAkASThA para pahuMca gayA hai, jisakI AlocakoM ne nindA kI hai| 'AryAsaptazatI' kA eka apanA vaiziSTya hai anyokti kA zRGgAraparaka prayoga / inake pUrva kisI bhI racanA meM aise udAharaNa nahIM milte| prAyaH anyoktiyoM kA prayoga nItiviSayaka kathanoM meM hI kiyA jAtA rahA hai, para govardhanAcArya ne zRGgArAtmaka sandoM meM bhI isakA kuzalatA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA hai aura isameM bhI kavi kI kalApriyatA evaM zabda vaicitrya usakA sAtha nahIM chodd'te| AdhAragrantha-1. AryA saptazatI (hindI anuvAda )-anu0 paM0 rAmAkAnta tripAThI (caukhambA prakAzana) 2. saMskRta gItikAvya kA vikAsa-DaoN paramAnanda shaastrii| Aryodaya mahAkAvya-isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA paM0 gaMgAprasAda upAdhyAya haiN| inakA janma uttarapradeza ke naradaI grAma meM 6 sitambara 1881 I0 ko huA thaa| inhoMne prayAga se aMgarejI aura darzana meM ema0 e0 kiyA thaa| 'Aryodaya mahAkAvya' bhAratIya saMskRti kA kAvyAtmaka itihAsa hai| isameM 21 sarga evaM 1166 zloka haiM / isake do vibhAga haiM-pUrvAdha tathA uttarArdha / pUrvAdha kA uddezya hai bhArata ko sAMskRtika cetanA pradAna karanA tathA uttarAdha meM svAmI dayAnanda kA jIvanavRtta hai : isakA prArambha sRSTi ke varNana se hotA hai aura svAmIjI kI yodhapura durghaTanA tathA AryasaMskRtyudaya meM samApti ho jAtI hai| jIvanaM maraNaM tAta prApyate sarvajantubhiH / svAthaM tyaktvA parArthAya yo jIvati sa jIvati // 15 // 45 upAdhyAya jI kaI viSayoM tathA bhASA ke paNDita haiN| inhoMne aMgarejI tathA hindI meM aneka utkRSTakoTi ke granthoM kI racanA kI hai| inake prasiddha grantha haiM-philaoNsaphI oNpha dayAnanda, aitareya tathA zatapatha brAhmaNa ke hindI anuvAda 'mImAMsAsUtra evaM zAbara bhASya' kA hindI anuvAda Adi / upAdhyAya jI AryasamAjI haiN| __ ArSeya brAhmaNa-yaha 'sAmaveda' kA brAhmaNa hai| isameM tIna prapAThaka evaM 82 khaNDa haiM tathA sAmagAyana ke prathama pracAraka RSiyoM kA varNana hai aura yahI isakI mahattA kA kAraNa hai / sAmagAyana ke udbhAvaka RSiyoM kA varNana hone ke kAraNa yaha brAhmaNa 'sAmaveda' ke lie ArSAnukramaNI kA kArya karatA hai / ka-barnela dvArA romana akSaroM meM maMgalora se 1876 I0 meM prakAzita / kha-jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara dvArA nAgarAkSaroM meM sAyaNabhASya sahita kalakattA se prakAzita / AyoniSada-yaha navIna prApta upaniSad hai, jisakI ekamAtra pANDulipi ADyAra lAibrerI meM hai aura isakA prakAzana usI pANDulipi ke AdhAra para huA hai| yaha alpAkAra upaniSad hai| isameM 10 anuccheda haiM tathA vizvAmitra, jamadagni, bhAradvAja, gautama evaM vasiSTa prabhRti RSiyoM ke vicAra-vimarza ke rUpa meM brahmodya yA brahmavidyA kA varNana hai| RSiyoM dvArA vicAra-vimarza kiye jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAmakaraNa ArSeya yA RSi-sambaddha hai /

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Asuri] [ indudUta Asuri-sAMkhyadarzana ke pravattaMka maharSi kapila ke sAkSAt ziSya 'Asuri' the / 'Asuri' ko jina vidvAnoM ne aitihAsika vyakti mAnA hai, ve haiM ma0 ma0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja evaM DaoN0 gAve, ['sAMkhya philaoNsaphI' nAmaka grantha ke praNetA] para DaoN. e. bI0 kItha ke anusAra ye aitihAsika puruSa nahIM haiN| [ draSTavya-'sAMkhyasisTama' pR0 47-48 ] haribhadrasUri [ samaya 725 I. ke AsapAsa ] nAmaka jaina vidvAn ne apane grantha 'SaDdarzana-samuccaya' meM 'Asuri' ke nAma se eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisase inakI aitihAsikatA sandehAspada nahIM hotI hai| vaha zloka isa prakAra hai 'vivikte dRkpariNatI buddhI bhogo'sya kathyate / pratibimbodayaH svaccho yathA candramaso'mbhasi // " 'mahAbhArata' meM Asuri ko pancazikha kA guru batalAyA gayA hai| AsureH prathamaM ziSyaM yamAhuzcirajIvinam / paJcasrotasi niSNAtaH paJcarAtravizAradaH // paMcajJaH paMcakRta paMcaguNaH paMcazikhaH smRtaH / zAntiparva adhyAya 218 _ 'bhAgavata' meM bhI kapila dvArA vilupta 'sAkhyadarzana' ko apane ziSya 'Asuri' ko ukta darzana kA jJAna dene kA varNana hai / pancame kapilo nAma siddhezaH kAlaviplutam / provAcAsuraye sAMkhyaM tattvagrAmavinirNayam / / 1 / 3 / 11 uparyukta vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para Asuri ko kAlpanika vyakti mAnanA upayukta nahIM hai| inakI koI bhI racanA prApta nahIM hotii| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. sAMkhyatattvakaumudIprabhA-(hindI anuvAda ) DaoN AdyAprasAda mizra / indudata-yaha saMskRta kA sandezakAvya hai jisake praNetA vinaya-vijaya-gaNi haiN| kavi kA samaya aSTAdaza zataka kA pUrvAdhaM hai| ye vaizya kulotpanna zreSThitejaHpAla ke putra the| inake dIkSAguru kA nAma vijayaprabhasUri thaa| inakA eka adhUrA kAvya 'zrIpAlarAsa' bhI prApta hotA hai jise inake mitra yazovijaya jI ne pUrNa kiyaa| kavi ne saMskRta, prAkRta evaM gujarAtI meM lagabhaga 35 granthoM kI racanA kI hai| saMskRta granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-zrIkalpasUtra subodhikA, loka-prakAza, haimaladhuprakriyA, zAntasudhArasa, jinasahasranAma stotra, haimaprakAza, nayakaNikA, SaTtriMzat jalpasaMgraha, arhannamaskArastotra, zrI Adi jina stavana / 'indudUta' meM kavi ne apane guru vijayaprabha sUrIzvara mahArAja ke pAsa candramA se sandeza bhejA hai| sUrIzvara jI sUryapura ( sUrata ) meM cAturmAsa bitA rahe haiM aura kavi jodhapura meM hai| prArambha meM candramA kA svAgata evaM usake vaMza kI mahimA kA varNana hai| isa krama meM kavi ne jodhapura se sUrata taka ke mArga kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa kAvya meM 131 zloka haiM aura sampUrNa racanA mandAkrAntA vRtta meM kI gayI hai| yadyapi isakI racanA 'meghadUta' ke anukaraNa para huI hai tathApi isameM naitika evaM dhArmika tattvoM

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indulekhA ] kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa kI mahimA meM kavi ne aneka atyanta mohaka citra upasthita prAsAdikatA dikhAI par3atI hai / ( pazcima khAnadeza ) se huA hai| sUrata kA varNana dekhienItAcchAyaM kvacidaviralairnAgavallIdalaughaiH zubhracchAyaM kvacana kusumaivistRtairvikriyAya / piMgaM caMgairatipariNataiH kutra ciccekSudaNDairnAnAvarNaM puramidamiti dyotate sarvadA'pi // 96 AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya indulekhA - ye saMskRta kI kavayitrI haiN| inake sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai, kevala eka zloka vallabhadeva kI 'subhASitAvali' meM prApta hotA hai-- eke vArinidhI pravezamapare lokAntarAlokanaM kecit pAvakayogitAM nijagaduH kSINe'hnicaNDAciSaH / mithyAcaitadasAkSikaM priyasakhi pratyakSatIvrAtapaM manye'haM punaradhvanInaramaNIceto'dhizete raviH // sUryAsta ke sambandha meM yahAM sundara kalpanA hai kisI kA kahanA hai ki sUrya sandhyAkAla meM samudra meM praveza kara jAte haiM, para kisI ke anusAra ve lokAntara meM cale jAte haiM, para mujhe ye sArI bAteM mithyA pratIta hotI haiM / ina ghaTanAoM kA koI pramANa nahIM hai / pravAsI vyaktiyoM kI nAriyoM kA citta virahajanya bAdhA ke kAraNa adhika santapta rahatA hai| jJAta hotA hai ki sUrya isI komala citta meM rAtri ke samaya zayana karane ke lie praveza karatA hai jisase usameM atyadhika garmI utpanna ho jAtI hai / Izvara kRSNa - sAMkhyadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya IzvarakRSNa haiM, jinhoMne 'sAMkhyakArikA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai / [ de0 sAMkhyadarzana ] zaMkarAcArya ne apane 'zArIraka bhASya' meM 'sAMkhyakArikA' ke uddharaNa prastuta kiye haiM, ataH IzvarakRSNa kA zaMkara se pUrvavartI honA nizcita hai / vidvAnoM ne inakA AvirbhAva kAla caturtha zataka mAnA hai, kintu IzvarakRSNa isase bhI adhika prAcIna haiM / jainagrantha 'anuyogadvArasUtra' meM 'kaNagasattarI' nAma AyA hai jise vidvAnoM ne 'sAMkhyakArikA' ke cInI nAma 'suvarNasaptati' se abhinna mAna kara IzvarakRSNa kA samaya prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa nizcita kiyA hai / 'anuyogadvArasUtra' kA samaya 100 I0 hai, ataH IzvarakRSNa kA isase pUrvavartI honA nizcita hai / ( 61 ) [ IzvarakRSNa sarvathA navIna viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / guru padya likhe haiM tathA sthAna-sthAna para nadiyoM evaM nagaroM kA kiyA hai / isakI bhASA meM pravAha hai aura sarvatra isakA prakAzana zrIjaina sAhityavardhaka sabhA, zivapura 'sAMkhyakArikA' ke Upara aneka TIkAe~ evaM vyAkhyA-granthoM kI racanA huI hai / AcArya mAThara racita 'mATharavRtti' ( samaya prathama zataka tathA kaniSka kA samakAlIna ) 'sAMkhyakArikA' kI sarvAdhika prAcIna TIkA hai| AcArya gauDapAda ne isa para 'gauDapAda - bhASya' kI racanA kI hai jinakA samaya saptama zatAbdI hai / zaMkara ne isa para 'jayamaMgalA' nAmnI TIkA kI racanA kI thI, para ye zaMkara advaitavAdI zaMkara se abhinna the yA anya, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / ma0 ma0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja ne

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IzAvAsya yA Iza upaniSad ] ( 62 ) [ uttara purANa mmmmmmm 'jayamaMgalA' kI bhUmikA meM yaha siddha kiyA hai ki yaha racanA zaMkarAcArya ko na hokara zaMkara nAmaka kisI bauddha vidvAn kI hai / vAcaspati mizra kRta 'sAMkhyatattvakaumudI', nArAyaNa tIrtha racita 'candrikA' ( 17 vIM zatAbdI ) evaM narasiMha svAmI kI 'sAMkhyataru- vasanta' nAmaka TIkAe~ bhI prasiddha haiM / inameM 'sAMkhyatattvakaumudI' [ hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita, anu0 DaoN0 AdyAprasAda mizra ] sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai / 'sAMkhyakArikA' meM 71 kArikAe~ haiM jinameM sAMkhyadarzana ke sabhI tattvoM kA nirUpaNa hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. sAMkhyatatvakImudI ( hindI TIkA ) DaoN0 AdyAprasAda mizra / IzAvAsya yA Iza upaniSad - yaha 'zukla yajurveda saMhitA' ( kANva zAkhA ) kA antima yA 40 vA~ adhyAya haiN| isameM kula 18 padya haiM tathA prathama padya ke AdhAra para isakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / IzAvAsyAmidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jagat / tena tyaktena bhuljIthA mAgRdhaH kasya svid dhanam // 1 isameM jagat kA saMcAlana eka sarvavyApI antaryAmI dvArA hone kA varNana hai / dvitIya mantra meM karma siddhAnta kA varNana karate hue niSkAma bhAva se karma karane kA vidhAna hai| tathA sarvabhUtoM meM Atma-darzana tathA vidyA aura avidyA ke bheda kA varNana hai / tRtIya mantra meM ajJAna ke kAraNa mRtyu ke pazcAt prApta hone vAle duHkha kA varNana tathA cothe se sAtaveM meM brahmavidyA-viSayaka mukhya siddhAntoM kA varNana hai / naveM se gyArahaveM zloka meM vidyA aura avidyA ke upAsanA ke tattva kA nirUpaNa tathA karmakANDa aura jJAnakANDa ke pArasparika virodha evaM samuccaya kA vivecana hai / jJAna aura viveka se rahita kore karmakANDa kI ArAdhanA karanevAle vyakti ghora andhakAra meM praveza kara jAte haiM / ataH jJAna aura karma ke sAtha calane vAlA vyakti zAzvata jIvana tathA paramapada prApta karatA hai| bAraha se codaha zloka meM sambhUti evaM asambhUti kI upAsanA ke tatva kA nirUpaNa hai / pandraha se solaha zloka meM bhakta ke lie antakAla paramezvara kI prArthanA para bala diyA gayA hai aura antima do zlokoM meM zarIratyAga ke samaya prArthanA tathA paramadhAma jAte samaya agni kI prArthanA kA varNana hai / isameM eka paramatattva kI sarvavyApakatA, jJAnakarmasamuccayavAda kA nidarzana, niSkAma karmavAda kI grAhyatA, bhogavAda kI kSaNabhaMguratA, antarAtmA ke viruddha kArya na karane kA Adeza tathA AtmA ke sarvavyApaka rUpa kA jJAna prApta karane kA upadeza hai / uttara purANa - yaha jainiyoM kA purANa hai jisakI racanA jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra dvArA unake parinirvANa ke bAda huI thii| ise AdipurANa ( jainiyoM kA anya purANa ) kA uttarArddha mAnA jAtA hai / [ de0 AdipurANa ] kahate haiM ki 'AdipurANa' ke 44 saga~ likhane ke pazcAt hI jinasena jI kA nirvANa ho gayA thA tadanantara unake ziSya guNabhadra ne 'AdipurANa' ke uttara aMza ko samApta kiyaa| isa purANa meM 23 tIrthakaroM kA' jIvanacarita varNita hai jo dUsare tIrthakara ajitasena se lekara 24 veM tIrthaMkara

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uttaracampU.] [uttararAmacarita mahAvIra taka samApta ho jAtA hai| yaha jainiyoM 24 purANoM kA jJAnakoza mAnA jAtA hai jisameM sabhI purANoM kA sAra saMkalita hai| isameM 32 uttaravartI purANoM kI anukramaNikA prastuta kI gayI hai| 'AdipurANa' evaM 'uttarapurANa' meM pratyeka tIrthakara kA jIvanacarita varNana karane ke pUrva cakravartI rAjAoM kI kathA kA varNana hai| inake vicAra se pratyeka tIrthakara pUrvajanma meM rAjA the| isameM kula milAkara 63 vyaktiyoM kA carita varNita hai, jinameM caubIsa tIrthakara, bAraha cakravartI, nau vAsudeva, nau zuklabala tathA nau viSNudviSa Ate haiN| isa grantha kI antima puSpikA meM yaha likhA gayA hai ki 'samasta zAstroM kA sAra svarUpa yaha purANa grantha dharmavit zreSTha vyaktigaNa dvArA 820 zaka piMgala saMvatsara 5 Azvina zuklapakSa, bRhaspativAra ko pUjita huaa|' saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-gairolA pR0 314 / / ___ isameM sarvatra jainadharma kI zikSA kA varNana hai tathA zrIkRSNa ko trikhaNDAdhipati tathA tIrthakara neminAtha kA ziSya mAnA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrInAthUrAma 'premI' 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-gairolA 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa-2 khaNDoM meM becaradAsa paNDita tathA DaoN0 horAlAla jaina / uttaracampU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA bhagavanta kavi haiN| inakA samaya 1685 se 1711 ke AsapAsa hai| ye narasiMha ke ziSya tathA ekoji ke mukhya saciva gaMgAdharAmAtya ke putra the| kavi ne 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' ke uttarakANDa ko AdhAra banAkara apane grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai aura mukhyataH rAmarAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA hai| isakI racanAzalI sAdhAraNa koTi kI hai aura grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga, 6,4028 meM prApta hotA hai| kavi ne grantha meM apanA paricaya isa prakAra diyA hai ekojikSitipAlamukhyasacivazreSThasya gaMgAdharA. mAtyasyAtmasamudbhavena bhagavantAkhyena vikhyAyate / proktaM rAmacaritramAryanarasiMhasya prasAdAdidaM zrImattryambakavayaMvaMzatilakasyAstAM ciraM zreyase / AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN chavinAtha tripaatthii| uttararAmacarita-mahAkavi bhavabhUti viracita unakA sarvottama nATaka / isameM kavi kI nATyaracanA kA praur3ha rUpa prApta hotA hai tathA isakI gaNanA saMskRta ke mahAn granthoM meM hotI hai| isa nATaka meM kavi ne zrIrAmacandra ke jIvana ke uttara bhAga kA varNana kiyA hai| rAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAt isameM rAmacandra kA avaziSTa jIvana-vRttAnta vaNita hai / isa nATaka kI racanA sAta aMkoM meM huI hai| prathama aMka meM nAndI pATha ke anantara sUtradhAra dvArA nATakakAra kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| vana se lauTa kara Ane para rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka hotA hai| prastAvanA se vidita hotA hai ki rAjyAbhiSeka meM sammilita hone ke lie samAgata rAje lauTa rahe

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uttararAmacarita ] ( 64 ) [ uttararAmacarita ~ haiN| rAjA janaka bhI mithilA jA rahe haiM aura unake vichoha meM sItA udvigna haiM / rAma unheM prasanna karane evaM nAnA prakAra se unakA manovinoda karane kA prayatna karate haiM / yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki maharSi vasiSTa ke sAtha unakI mAtAeM arundhatI ko lekara RSyazRGga ke yajJa meM sammilita hone ke lie jA rahI haiM / tadanantara lakSmaNa kA praveza hotA hai| aura ve khinnamanA garbhiNI sItA ko prasanna karane ke lie rAmacandra ke vigata jIvana kI ghaTanA ko citrapaTa meM dikhAte haiM / citrapaTa meM gaMgA evaM vanasthalI kA dRzya dekhakara sItA rAma se una sthaloM ko dekhane kI icchA prakaTa karatI haiM / rAma sItA kI icchApUrti kA bhAra lakSmaNa ke Upara dete haiM aura sItA vizrAma karane lagatI haiM / isI bIca durmukha nAmaka guptacara ke dvArA sItAviSayaka lokApavAda kI sUcanA rAma ko prApta hotI hai aura ve janabhAvanA kA Adara karate hue lakSmaNa ko sItA nirvAsana kA Adeza dete haiM / pahale to yaha samAcAra pAkara rAma behoza ho jAte haiM para unake svastha hone para sItA kA nirvAsana ho jAtA hai / lakSmaNa unheM ratha para baiThAkara vana kI ora prasthAna karate haiM / dvitIya aMka meM bAraha varSa ke pazcAt kI ghaTanAoM kA pradarzana kiyA gayA hai / viSkambhaka meM isa bAta kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki sItA ko lava-kuza utpanna hue haiM aura ve RSi vAlmIki ke pAsa vidyAdhyayana kara rahe haiM / nAmaka do putra isI aMka meM yaha bhI sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki zambUka nAmaka zUdramuni kA vadha karane ke lie rAma isI vana meM Ae haiM aura unhoMne usakA vadha kiyA hai / kavi ne isa aMka meM zambUka ke mukha se janasthAna ( daNDakAraNya ) kA atyanta manorama varNana kiyA hai / prAkRtika dRzyoM ke mohaka varNana kI dRSTi se yaha aMka atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, para isakA nATakIya vyApAra avaruddha ho gayA hai / tRtIya aMka meM tamasA evaM muralA nAmaka do nadiyoM ke mAdhyama se sItA ke jIvana kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / jaba lakSmaNa sItA ko arakSita chor3akara cale gae to ve apamAnavaza gaMgA meM kUda par3IM aura vahIM unake do putra utpanna hue / punaH unheM vAlmIki RSi ne apane Azrama meM sthAna diyA / una nadiyoM ke vArtAlApa se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki lava-kuza kI bArahavIM varSagA~Tha ke avasara para gaMgA ne sItA ko sUrya kI arcanA karane ko kahA hai| yaha vArttAlApa viSkambhaka meM hotA hai / viSkambhaka ke anantara puSpaka vimAna se utara kara rAmacandra janasthAna meM praveza karate dikhAI par3ate haiM aura vanadevI vAsantI dvArA unakA svAgata kiyA jAtA hai| vahIM para chipI huI sItA rAmacandra ke virahajanya kRzazarIra ko dekhatI haiM aura mUcchita ho jAtI haiN| sItA ke sAtha bitAye gae sthAnoM ko dekhakara rAma kA duHkha umar3a par3atA hai aura ve sItA kI smRti meM vyathita hokara tar3apane lagate haiN| rAmacaMdra ke rudana se daNDakAraNya ke patthara bhI pighalane lagate haiN| rAma mUcchita ho jAte haiM aura unakI yaha dazA dekha kara sItA bhI 1 mUcchita ho jAtI haiM / ve sItA ke adRzya spazaM se punaH saMjJAyukta tathA rAma meM vArtAlApa hotA hai aura ve ayodhyA ke lie prasthAna karate haiM / hote haiM / vAsantI

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uttararAmacarita] [uttararAmacarita ___ caturtha aMka meM rAjA janaka evaM kauzalyA kA viSAdamaya citra evaM lava-kuza kI vIratA kA citraNa hai| caturtha aMka meM viSkambhaka se vidita hotA hai ki RSi zRGga kA yajJa samApta hone para sItA-nirvAsana kI sUcanA prApta kara kauzalyA sItA-vihIna ayodhyA meM na jAkara vAlmIki RSi ke Azrama meM calI jAtI haiN| rAjA janaka ko bhI nirvAsana kA duHkhada samAcAra prApta hotA hai aura ve candradIpa tapovana meM tapasyA karane ke pazcAt vAlmIki muni ke Azrama meM padhArate haiN| isI kAraNa ( ina vyaktiyoM ke Agamana se ) vAlmIki RSi ke chAtroM kA Aja anadhyAya ho jAtA hai| isI bIca lava kA praveza hotA hai aura vaha apane ko vAlmIki RSi kA ziSya evaM kuza kA bhrAtA batAtA hai / janaka aura kauzalyA usake rUpa meM rAma evaM sItA ke saundarya kI chApa dekhate haiN| tadanantara lakSmaNaputra candraketu yajJIya azva ke sAtha praveza karate haiM aura use lava vIroM kI punItI jAnakara usakA apaharaNa kara detA hai| paMcama aMka meM candraketu tathA lava meM dapaM-pUrNa vivAda hotA haiN| lava candraketu kI senA ko parAsta kara detA hai tathA lava evaM candraketu kA yuddha hotA hai| SaSTha aMka ke niSkambhaka meM vidyAdhara evaM vidyAdharI ke vArtAlApa meM candraketu tathA lava ke bhayaMkara yuddha kA varNana huA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki zambUka kA vadha kara rAmacandra isI ora A rahe haiN| lava ko dekhane para sumantra ko unake sItA kA putra hone kA sandeha hotA hai| rAma ke Agamana se donoM yoddhAoM kA yuddha banda ho jAtA hai| rAma lava aura kuza kA paricaya prApta karate haiM aura unake mana meM bhI, donoM bAlakoM meM sItA kA sAdRzya prApta kara, sItA-putra hone kA sandeha hotA hai| isI bIca arundhatI, vaziSTha, vAlmIki, janaka evaM kauzalyA rAma ke pAsa Ate haiN| saptama aMka ke garbhIka meM eka nATaka kA pradarzana kiyA gayA hai jisameM chaha aMkoM kI sArI ghaTanAyeM pradarzita huI haiN| sItA ke gaMgA meM DUbane kI ghaTanA para rAma mUcchita ho jAte hai para lakSmaNa unheM nATaka kI bAta kahakara Azvasta karate haiM / lakSmaNa vAlmIki se rAma kI rakSA kI prArthanA karate haiM aura vAlmIki muni ke Adeza se vAdyAdi banda kara diye jAte haiN| arundhatI sItA ko lekara prakaTa hotI haiM aura sItA kI paricaryA dvArA rAma svastha hote haiN| vAlmIki muni Akara rAma ko sItA, lava evaM kuza ko samarpita karate haiM aura donoM bAlaka apane mAtA-pitA ko pAkara dhanya ho jAte hai| arundhatI sItA ke divya evaM pAvana caritra kI prazaMsA karatI haiM aura nAgarikoM kI sammati jAnanA cAhatI haiN| rAma gurujanoM kI AjJA prApta kara sItA ko aMgIkAra karate haiN| isa nATaka ke kathAnaka kA upajIvya vAlmIki rAmAyaNa hai, para kavi ne nATyaracanA-kauzala pradarzita karane ke nimitta mUla kathA meM aneka parivartana kiye haiN| rAmAyaNa meM yaha kathA duHkhAnta hai aura sItA apanA apamAna samajha kara pRthvI meM prosa kara jAtI haiM, para yahAM kavi ne rAma-sItA kA punarmilana dikhA kara nATaka ko sukhAnta banA diyA hai| prathama aMka meM citrazAlA kI yojanA kavi kI maulika kalpanA hai jisake dvArA 5 saM0 sA0

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uttararAmacarita] [uttararAmacarita sasakI sahRdayatA, bhAvukatA tathA kalAtmaka naipuNya kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| isa dRzya ke dvArA sItA viraha ko tIvra banAne ke lie sundara pIThikA prastuta kI gayI hai tathA isameM bhArI paTanAoM ke 'bIjAkuroM kA AbhAsa bhI dikhAyA gayA hai / citradarzana ke pazcAt parizrAntA sItA ke zayana karane para rAga ke isa kathana meM bhAvI viyoga kI sUcanA hai--kimasyA na preyo yadi paramasahyastu virahaH / 1138 . . . dvitIya aMka meM zambUka kI ghaTanA ke dvArA daNDakAraNya kA manorama citra upasthita kiyA hai| tRtIya aMka meM bAhya ghaTanAoM evaM vyApAroM kA abhAva hai| chAyA sItA kI upasthiti isa mATaka kI mahattvapUrNa kalpanA hai| rAma ke viraha kA varNana kara kadhi ne apane hRdaya kI vimalita karuNa-dhArA ko pravAhita kiyA hai| rAma kI karuNa dazA ko dekhakara sItA kA anutApa miTa jAtA hai aura rAma ke prati unakA prema aura bhI hada ho jAtA hai| saptama baMkAke : vIka ke ansayaMta eka anya nATaka kI yojanA kavi kI sarvathA maulika dena hai| isake dvArA rAmAyaNa kI duHkhAnta kathA ko sukhAnta banAyA gayA hai tathA lava-kuza ko unakI vAstavika sthiti kA parijJAna karAyA gayA hai| isa nATaka kI yojanA kA dUsarA uddezya hai nATakIya vAtAvaraNa ke mAdhyama se janatA ke samakSa sItA ke caritra ko pavitra krnaa| 'isa prakAra kavi Arambha se hI kathAnaka ko cAmatkArika kintu svAbhAvika mor3a detA huA, usakI gati meM kAvyajanita zaithilya aura nAvyajanita kSiptatA lAtA huA Amamda ke vAtAvaraNa meM samApta karake sukhAnta banA detA hai tathA nATaka kI zAstrIya maryAdA kI rakSA karatA hai| ra saMskRta nATaka-samIkSA, pR0 226 caritra-citraNa-'uttararAmacarita' nATaka meM pAtroM ke zIla-nirUpaNa meM atyanta kauzala pradarzita huA hai| rAma-isa nATaka ke nAyaka zrIrAmacandra haiN| ve sUryavaMza ke ratna tathA dhIrodAta nAyaka ke sabhI guNoM se vibhUSita haiN| sadyaH rAjyAbhiSikta rAjA hote hue bhI unheM prajApAlana evaM lokAnuraMjana kA atyadhika dhyAna hai| ve rAjA ke kartavya ke prati pUrNa saceSTa haiM / aSTAvakra dvArA vasiSTa kA sandeza prApta kara ve kahate haiM 'snehaM dayAM ca saukhyaM ca yadi vA jAnakImapi / __ ArAdhanAya lokasya mulcato nAsti me vyathA // 1 / 11 lokAnuraMjana ke lie ve presa, dayA, sukha aura yahAM taka ki jAnakI ko bhI tyAga sakate haiN| sItAviSayaka lokApavAda ke zravaNamAtra se hI unhoMne unakA nirvAsana kara diyaa| yaha kArya unake dRSTa nizcaya evaM lokAnuraMjana kA paricAyaka hai| prakRtiraMjana ko ve rAjA kA pradhAna kartavyaH mAnate haiM--rAjA prakRtiranjanAt / patnI ke prati svAmAvika sneha hone lathA unake marbhavatI hone para bhI ve lokAnuraMjana ke lie sItA kA parityAga kara dete haiN| rAma eka Adarza pati ke rUpa meM pradarzita kiye gae haiN| unake jIvana kA lakSyaH ekapatnIvrata hai| sItA ke prati unakI dhAraNA sthira evaM

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uttararAmacarita ] ( 67 ) [ uttararAmacarita sItA ke prati unake mana kI udAtta bhAvanA kA patA isa zloka se lagatA haitvayA jaganti puNyAni tvayyapuSyA jana nAthavantastvayA lokAstvamanAthA vipatsyase // 143 'tumase saMsAra pavitra hai, para tumhAre sambandha meM logoM kI uktiyA~ apavitra haiM / tumase loka sanAtha hai aura tuna anAtha hokara vipatti uThAogI / ' sItA kA parityAga karane se rAma apane ko krUrakarmA samajhane lagate haiN| apane aMka maiM sira rakhakara soI huI sItA ke sira ko ve hue rAma kaha rahe haiMapUrva karmacANDAlamayi mugdhe vimuJca mAm / zritAsi candanabhrAntyA duvipAka viSadrumam // 1 / 46 tathA- 3545 visrambhAdurasi nipatya labdhanidrAmunmucya priyagRhiNI gRhasya zobhAm / AtaGkasphuritakaThIragabhaMgurvI kravyAdabhyo balimiva nirghRNaH kSipAmi // 1 / 49 sotA ke tyAga se rAma ko atyadhika duHkha evaM mahatI vedanA huI hai| unheM isake lie itanI glAni huI jisakA varNana asaMbhava hai| aisA lagatA hai ki unakA jIvana duHkhAnubhava ke lie hI banA hai aura prANa vajrakIla kI bhA~ti haiM jo marma para prahAra to karate haiM para nikalate nahIM / duHkhasaMvedanAyaiva rAmacaitanya mAhitam / marmopaghAtibhiH prANairvajrakolAyitaM hRdi || 1 / 47 kartavya ke Aveza meM sotA kA niSkAsana kara rAma apane kRtya para pazcAttApa karate hue apane ko 'apUrva karmacANDAla' samajhate haiN| sItA ke prati unake mana meM ananya sneha hai / ve unakI gRha-lakSmI tathA A~khoM meM amRtAMjana haiM, unakA sparza candana kI bhA~ti zItala evaM unakI bAteM muktA kI mAlA hai / unhoMne kartavya kI vedI para apane prema kI vali dekara bhISaNa vajrAvAta sahA hai / iyaM gehe lakSmIriyamamRtavartirnayanayorasAvasyAH sparzo vapuSi bahulazcandanarasaH / artha bAhuH kaNThe ziziramasRNo mauktikasaraH kimasyA na preyo yadi paramasahyastu virahaH // 138 sItA- niSkAsana ko unhoMne jina zabdoM meM AjJA dI hai unake dvArA unake hRdaya kI vyathA tathA rAjyAdhikAra ke prati kSobha evaM AtmaglAni ke bhAva kI mizrita abhivyakti hotI hai - 'eSa nUtano rAjA rAmaH samAjJApayati / daNDakAraNya meM pUrvAnubhUta sthaloM evaM dRzyoM ko dekha kara ve sItA ke virahajanya kleza se mUcchita ho jAte haiMdalati hRdayaM zokodvegAda dvidhA suna bhidyate, vahati vikalaH kAyo mohaM na muJcati cetanAm / jvalayati tanUmantardAhaH karoti na bhasmasAt praharati vividhamarmacchedI na kRntati jIvitam // 3 / 31 'zoka ko vyAkulatA se hRdaya vidIrNa hotA hai kintu do bhAgoM meM vibhakta nahIM hotA, zoka se vihvala zarIra moha dhAraNa karatA hai, para vetanatA nahIM chor3atA; kI prajvalita to karatA hai, kintu bhasma nahIM karatA; marma ko viddha prahAra to karatA hai, lekina jIvana ko naSTa nahIM karatA hai| antadahi zarIra karanevAlA bhAgya 599

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uttararAmacarita ] (68) [ uttararAmacarita sItA ke prati pragAr3ha prema hone ke kAraNa hI rAmacandra azvamedha yajJa meM sItA kI svarNa pratimA sthApita karate haiN| sItA ke atirikta kisI anya strI ke prati ve AkarSita nahIM hote| parizrAMtA sItA se sone kA anurodha karate hue rAma kA vacana isa prakAra hai AvivAhasamayAd gRhe vane zaizave tadanu yauvane punaH / svApaheturanupAzrito'nyathA rAmabAhurupadhAnameSa te // 1 / 37 / / 'vivAha ke sayaya se lekara zaizava meM ghara meM usake anantara phira yauvana meM vana meM sone kA kAraNa, anya strI se asevita yaha rAma kI bhujA tumhArA takiyA hai|' sItA ke tyAga kI vedanA rAma ke lie asahya hai| zambUkavadha ke samaya bhI unheM apanI kaThoratA kA dhyAna banA rahatA hai aura ve isa kaThoratA ke kAraNa utpanna zoka kI vyaMjanA karate dikhAI par3ate haiM ___rAmasya bAhurasi nirbharaMga khinnasItAvivAsanapaToH karuNA kutaste / ' kartavya-pAlana ke prati dRr3ha niSThA rakhane vAle rAma ke hRdaya meM komalatA evaM dayAlutA bhI vidyamAna hai| ve komala, namra evaM mRdu bhI haiN| citra-darzana ke prasaGga meM parazurAma ke dRzya ko dekhakara jaba lakSmaNa unakI prazaMsA karanA cAhate haiM to ve unheM aisA kahane se roka dete haiN| apanA utkarSa evaM parazurAma kA apakarSa sunanA unheM acchA nahIM lgtaa| yaha unakI mahattA kA dyotaka hai| kaikeyI ke kopa tathA vara-yAcanA ke dRzya ko ve isalie chor3a dete haiM ki isase mAtA ke prati durbhAvanA kA udaya hogaa| hanumAna jI kA citra dekhakara ve kRtajJatA se bharakara unake upakAroM ko svIkAra karate hue unakI prazaMsA karate haiMdiSTayA so'yaM mahAbAhuranjanAnandavardhanaH / yasya vIryeNa kRtino vayaM ca bhuvanAni ca // 1 // 32 apane parijanoM ke prati yaha udArabhAva rAma ke mahanIya caritra kA paricAyaka hai| rAma meM vinaya bhAvanA kA Adhikya hai aura ve AtmaprazaMsA ke bhAva se rahita haiN| rAma gambhIra svabhAva ke vyakti haiN| sItA ke viraha se yadyapi unakA hRdaya dagdha ho rahA hai para ve apanI isa pIr3A ko kabhI prakaTa nahIM krte| unake gambhIra svabhAva ke kAraNa hI yaha vyathA prakAzita nahIM hotii| miTTI se lIpA gayA pAtra jisa prakAra avA~ meM pakatA hai usI prakAra inakA hRdaya bhI dagdha ho rahA haianibhinno gambhIratvAdantagUDhaghanavyathaH / puTapAkapratIkAzo rAmasya karuNo rasaH // 31 inakA duHkha prANaghAtI hai phira bhI ve prajA ke kalyANa ke lie hI jIvita haiMdahyamAnena manasA devAdvatsAM vihAya saH / lokottareNa sattvena prajApuNyazca jIvati / / 77 unake hRdaya meM vAtsalya prema kI dhArA avirala rUpa se prabhAvita hotI hai| ve lakSmaNaputra candraketu ko Atmaja kI bhAMti prema karate dikhAI par3ate haiN| rAma ke rUpa kA prabhAva bhI adbhuta hai / lana unako dekhate hI apanA sArA krodha bhUla jAtA hai| . isa prakAra rAma eka Adarza vyakti ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gaye haiN| unake vyaktitva meM Adarza rAjA, Adarza pati, Adarza svAmI Adi kA mizraNa hai| ve kSamA, dayA, audArya, gambhIratA, sneha, vinayazIlatA Adi ke sAkSAt vigraha haiN|

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uttararAmacarita ] [ uttararAmacarita kavi ne yathAsambhava rAma ke caritra ko Adarza mAnava ke rUpa meM citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai para vaha unake pUrvagRhIta devI rUpa se aprabhAvita nahIM raha skaa| zambUka dvArA ve bhagavAn ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| sItA-sItA 'uttararAmacarita' kI nAyikA evaM rAma kI sahadharmiNI haiN| prArambha meM RSi aSTAvakra inake mahattva ko pradarzita karate hue inheM pRthvI-tanayA prajApatitulya rAjA janaka kI duhitA evaM zrIrAma kI patnI ke rUpa meM sambodhita karate haiN| vizvambharA bhagavatI bhavatImasUta rAjA prajApatisamo janakaH pitA te / teSAM vadhUstvamasi nandini pArthivAnAM yeSAM kuleSu savitA ca guruvayaM ca // 119 sItA janma se hI gaGgA kI bhA~ti pAvana haiM tathA pAvanatA ke nikarSa para pUrNatayA kharI utaratI haiN| viyoga kI agni meM tapta hokara unakI pAvanatA bhavya evaM projjvala ho uThatI hai / rAma svayaM unakI pavitratA kI prazaMsA karate hue kahate haiM ki 'janma se hI pavitra ke lie anya pAvanoM se kyA ? tIrtha kA jala aura agni dUsarI vastuoM se pavitra nahIM kiye jaate|' utpattiparipUtAyAH kimasyAH pAvanAntaraiH / tIrthodakaM ca vahnizca nAnyataH zuddhimahaMtaH // 2 // 13 sItA, satI, sAdhvI Adarza patnI haiM evaM rAma ke prati unake mana meM asIma anurAga hai| rAjA janaka bhI unake caritra kI uccatA kA bakhAna karate hue aghAte nahIM evaM pRthvI ko kaThora batAte haiN| tvaM vahnimunayo vaziSThagRhiNI gaGgA ca yasyA viduhiAtmyaM yadi vA raghoH kulagururdevaH svayaM bhaaskrH| vidyAM vAgiva yAmasUta bhavatA zuddhiMgatAyAH puna stasyAstvadduhitustathA vizasanaM kiM dAruNebhRSyathAH ? 4.5 'he kaThorahRdayA pRthvI jisako mahimA tuma, agni, RSigaNa, vaziSThajAyA, arundhatI, gaGgA, raghuvaMza ke kulaguru vaziSTha yA svayaM sUryadeva jAnate haiM aura jisa prakAra vidyA ko sarasvatI utpanna karatI haiM, usI prakAra jisako tumane utpanna kiyA hai aura phira jo ami se zuddha ho cukI hai, usa apanI putrI ke prati isa prakAra kI hiMsA ko tumane kaise sahana kiyA ? sItA kI pavitratA ko gaGgA evaM pRthvI ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / ve sItA ke samparka se bhI apane ko pAvana mAnatI haiM-Avayorapi yatsaGgAtpavitratvaM pravRSyate / nirvAsana kI sthiti meM bhI rAma ke prati sItA kA ananya prema vidyamAna rahatA hai / yayapi ve rAma ko 'Aryaputra' ke sthAna para 'rAjA' zabda se hI saMbodhita kara apane hRdaya kA kSobha vyakta karatI haiM tathApi daNDakAraNya meM unake mUcchita hone para apane zItala upacAra se unheM svastha kara detI haiM / rAma ko kSINakAya dekhakara unakA mUcchita ho jAnA rAma ke prati akhaNDa sneha kA paricAyaka hai| rAma kI virahAvasthA ko dekhakara tathA apane viyoga meM A~sU bahAte hue pAkara unakA sArA kSobha tirohita ho jAtA hai / azvamedha meM apanI svarNa-pratimA ke sthApana kI bAta sunakara unakI sArI

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uttararAmacarita]. ( 70 ) [ uttararAmacarita vedanA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura ve santoSapUrvaka kahatI haiM-ahamevaitasya hRdayaM jAnAmi, mamaiSa-maiM bhI unake hRdaya kI bAta jAnatI hU~ aura ve bhI mere mana kI bAta jAnate haiN| 'utkhAtitamidAnI me parityAgazalyamAryaputreNa / Aryaputra ne mere nirvAsanarUpI zalya ko ukhAr3a diyaa| rAma ke viyoga meM unake zarIra kI jo avasthA ho jAtI hai usase unake prema kI pratIti hotI hai paripANDudurbalakapolasundaraM dadhatI vilolakavarIkamAnanam / . .. karuNasya mUtirathavA zarIriNI virahavyatheva vanameti jAnakI / / 3 / 4 / / 'pIta evaM kuza kapoloM se sundara cancala keza-samUha se yukta mukha ko dhAraNa karatI huI karuNA kI mUrti athavA zarIradhAriNI viraha-vedanA hI jAnakI ke rUpa meM A rahI hai|' sItA-tyAga ke kAraNa vAsantI jaba rAma ko upAlambha detI hai to sItA use acchA nahIM maantiiN| unake anusAra vaha pradIpta Aryaputra ko aura bhI adhika pradIpta kara rahI hai-'svayameva sakhi vAsanti, dAruNA kaThorA ca yaivamAryaputra pradIptaM pradIpayasi / ' ___sItA vizAlahRdayA nArI haiM tathA udAra bhii| pazu-pakSI Adi ke lie bhI unake hRdaya meM sneha bharA huA hai| rAma ke vana-gamana ke samaya pAlita kadamba vRkSa, gajazAvaka evaM mayUroM ko dekhakara unake hRdaya meM vAtsalya kI dhArA umar3a par3atI hai| pazu pakSiyoM evaM prakRti ke prati bhI ve anurAga pradarzita karatI haiN| pUrvapAlita vana vRkSoM ko dekhakara unheM apane putra lava-kuza kI bhI yAda harI ho jAtI hai aura phalasvarUpa unake payodharoM se dUdha cUne lagatA hai| "sItA meM gambhIratA ke sAtha vinodapriyatA bhI hai| prathama aGka meM citra-darzana ke samaya jaba lakSmaNa mANDavI evaM zrutikItti kA paricaya dekara urmilA ko chor3a dete haiM to sItA urmilA kI ora saMketa karatI huI madhura parihAsa karatI haiM-'vatsa iyamapyarA kA ?' isa prakAra 'uttararAmacarita' meM sItA AdarzapatnI, viraha kI pratimA, sahanazIlatA kI mUrti evaM nizchala, dRr3ha tathA pavitra prema se pUrita citrita kI gaI haiN| .. 'uttararAmacarita' meM do darjana ke lagabhaga pAtroM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai, kintu unameM mahattvapUrNa vyaktitva sItA evaM rAma kA hI hai| anya caritroM meM lava, candraketu, janaka, kausalyA, vAsantI evaM maharSi vAlmIki bhI kathAvastu ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa zRGkhalA upasthita karate haiN| isameM kavi ne tamasA, muralA, bhAgIrathI, pRthvI evaM vana devatA Adi pratIkAtmaka pAtrAoM kA bhI caritrAMkana kiyA hai tathA ye, viziSTa bhAvoM se pUrNa bhI haiN| vidyAdhara evaM vidyAdharI bhI kathAnaka ko gati dene meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna karatI haiM / saboM ke hRdaya meM sItA ke prati karuNA kA bhAva evaM rAma ke prati zraddhA hai| - rasa-'uttararAmacarita' kA aGgIrasa karuNa hai / kavi ne karuNa ko pradhAna rasa mAnate hue ise nimitta bheda se anya rasoM meM parivattita hote hue dikhAyA hai| - eko rasaH karuNa eva nimittabhedAdbhinnaH pRthakpRthagivAdhayate vivartAn / .. AvartabubudataraGgamayAnvikArAnambho yathA salilameva hi tatsarUpam // 3 / 47, - pradhAna rasa karuNa ke zRGgAra, vIra, hAsya evaM adbhuta rasa sahAyaka ke rUpa meM upasthita kiye gaye haiN| isa. nATaka meM bhavabhUti kI bhAratI karuNa rasa se isa prakAra ITRA

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uttararAmacarita ] ( 71 ) | uttararAmacarita OM hai ApUrNa hai ki caTTAna bhI pighala jAte haiM aura bacca* hRdaya bhI mArmika pIr3A kA anubhava kara apravAhita karane lagatA hai / nATaka ke prathama aGka meM karuNa mizrita zRGgAra kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai tathA citra-darzana, hAsa- vinoda evaM sItA kA sama ke vakSa para zayana karuNa rasa ko adhika gambhIra banAne ke lie pRSThAdhAra prastuta karate haiM rAma apavAda kI bAta ke zravaNa karane se hI mUcchita ho jAte haiM tathA saMjJA Ane para bhI unakI mUrcchA akSuNNa rahatI hai / dvitIya evaM tRtIya aMka meM pUrvAnubhUta padArtho ko dekha kara virahI rAma kI supta vyathA mUrtimanta ho jAtI hai / caturtha aGka ke viSkambhaka meM kavi ne hAsyarasa kI yojanA kI hai kintu ve isameM saphala nahIM ho sake haiM / vastutaH bhavabhUti kI gambhIra prakRti hAsyarasa ke anukUla nahIM par3atI / pancama aGka tathA paTha a ke viSkambhaka meM bIra rasa kA prAdhAnya hai mora vahA~ karuNa rasa gauNa par3a jAtA hai | saptama aGka ke prArambha meM ( garbhAta meM ) / karuNa rasa kI pradhAnatA hai para sItA ke jala se prakaTa hone se darzaka cakita ho uThate haiM aura vahA~ adbhuta rasa kI chaTA chiTaka jAtI hai / anta meM grAma aura sItA kA punarmilana dikhAkara zrRMgAra rasa dha kI yojanA kara dI gaI haiN| AMER BY SIR CARS $ 1037 'uttararAmacarita' meM avabhUti kI kalA pUrNa prIThi ko prApta kara kAlidAsa ke samakSa pahu~ca gaI hai / kavi ne isa nATaka meM jitanA sAhastha jIvana evaM prema kA parika pradarzita kiyA hai, sambhavataH utanA kisI bhI saMskRta nATaka meM na ho sakA hai| isameM jIvana kI nAnA paristhitiyoM, bhAvadazAoM tathA prAkRtika dRzyoM kA atyanta kuzalalA tathA pUrNa tanmayatA ke sAtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai| prakRti ke komala evaM bhayaGkara tathA mohaka aura rUkSa dRzyoM ke prati kavi ve samAnarUpa se kRSi pradarzita kara donoM kA citra upasthita kiyA hai rAma aura sItA ke praNaya kA itanA udAtta evaM pavitra bhiya anyatra durlabha hai / paristhitiyoM ke kaThora niyantraNa meM prasphuTita rAma kI katavyani tathA sItA kA ananya prema isa nATaka kI mahanIya dena hai| isameM nATakIya kalA kAM carama vikAsa to hotA hI hai sAtha hI kAvyAtmaka mahanIyatA kA bhI apanA mahattva hai / premila bhAvanAoM kA sajIva citraNa tathA viyoga kI yAtanAthoM kA karuNa dRzya isa nATaka meM caramotkarSa para adhiSThita hai / bhavabhUti ne isa nATaka meM rAma ke bahucarSitadevI evaM Adarza rUpa ko mAnavIya dharAtala para adhiSThita kara unheM prANavantaH banA diyAhai rAma aura sItA viSNu evaM lakSmI ke avatAra hote hue bhI sAdhAraNa virahI ke rUpaHmeM upasthita kiye gaye haiM aura isameM kavi ko pUrNa saphalatA prApta huI hai| 'uttararAma carita' meM Adyanta gambhIratA kA vAtAvaraNa banA rahatA hai / bhavabhUti ke gambhIra surface meM antarvvatA kA sarvathA abhAva hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM vidUSaka kA samAveza nahIM hai / saMskRta nATakoM kI pravRtti ke virUddha kavi ne isameM prakRti ke raudrarUpa kA bhI pUrI tanmayatA ke sAtha citraNa kiyA hai / bAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI karuNa kathA ko saMyoga paryavasAyI banAkara bhavabhUti ne na kevala maulika sUjha kA paridha diyA hai apitu nAvyazAstrIya maryAdA kI rakSA karate hue naitika dRSTi se bhI yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki sAdhu puruSoM kA anta sukhamaya hotA hai-dharmo rakSati rakSitaH kavi ne

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uttararAmacarita] ( 72 ) [ uttararAmacarita rAma aura sItA kA punarmilana apratyAzita rUpa se dikhAkara darzakoM ke mana meM navIna ka tUhala bhara diyA hai| saptama aGka meM viyoga meM hI saMyoga karA kara bahuta bar3A kauzala pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / rAma aura sItA kA punarmilana sadAcAra, naitikatA evaM kartavyaniSThA kI vijaya hai jisase darzakoM ke mana meM tanAva nahIM raha pAtA aura ve apUrva santoSa kA bhAva lekara lauTate haiN| dvitIya aura tRtIya aMka meM bhI kavi kI citraNa-nirmANa kI paTutA dikhAI par3atI hai| ina aMkoM meM kathA kI gati manda par3a gaI hai aura inameM ghaTanAtmaka svarA kA abhAva hai| para donoM hI aMka sItA-rAma ke cAritrika prasphuTana evaM kAvyAtmaka bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| ina aMkoM meM sotA-nirvAsana ke bAda kI aneka ghaTanAoM; jaise-sItA ke putroM kI utpatti kI sUcanA, sItA-tyAga ke bAraha varSa vyatIta hone kI sUcanA evaM rAma dvArA azvamedha meM sItA kI svarNa-pratimA banAne kI ghaTanA kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahanIya hote hue bhI 'uttararAmacarita' meM nATyazAstrIya dRSTi se katipaya doSa dikhAI par3ate haiN| paMDitoM ne isakA doSAnveSaNa karate hue jo vicAra vyakta kiyA hai usakA sAra isa prakAra hai 'uttararAmacarita' meM nATaka kI tIna anvitiyoM kI atyanta upekSA kI gayI hai; ve haiM samaya kI anviti, sthAna kI anviti tathA kArya kI anviti / nATakakAra ke lie 'saMkalanatraya' yA anvititraya para atyadhika dhyAna denA Avazyaka hotA hai, anyathA usake nATaka meM bikharAva A jaaygaa| isameM kAla kI anviti para dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| prathama tathA dvitIya aMka kI ghaTanAoM ke madhya bAraha varSoM kA antarAla dikhAI par3atA hai tathA zeSa aMkoM kI ghaTanAeM atyanta tvarA ke sAtha ghaTatI haiN| sthAna kI anviti kA bhI isa nATaka meM ucita nirvAha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya aMka kI ghaTanAeM kramazaH ayodhyA, paMcavaTI evaM janasthAna meM ghaTita hotI haiM tathA caturtha aMka kI ghaTanAeM vAlmIki Azrama meM ghaTatI haiM / dvitIya se caturtha aMka taka ke vArtAlApa nATakIya dRSTi se adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiN| bhale hI unakI garimA kalAtmaka samRddhi kI dRSTi se ho| ataH phala kI ora unmukha hone evaM usakI prApti kI tIvratA meM ina sthaloM kA aucitya evaM upayogitA nagaNya hai| ataH kAryAnviti ke bhI vicAra se isa nATaka ko zithila mAnA gayA hai| samIkSakoM ne yahAM taka vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki yadi uparyukta aMzoM ko nATaka se nikAla bhI diyA jAya to bhI kathAvastu ke vikAsa evaM phala meM kisI prakAra kA antara nahIM aataa| isa nATaka meM eka hI prakAra kI prakRti ke pAtroM kA citraNa kiyA hai tathA isameM pAtrabAhulya kA abhAva hai| rAma, sItA, lakSmaNa, zambUka, janaka, vAlmIki prabhRti sabhI pAtra gaMbhIra prakRti ke haiN| pAtroM meM prakRtigata ekarUpatA ke kAraNa darzakoM kA kautUhala raha nahIM paataa| kavi ne ndvamaya pAtroM ke citraNa meM abhiruci nahIM dikhalAI hai / isake anya doSoM meM vidUSaka kA abhAva, bhASA kA kAThinya evaM vilApa-pralApoM kA Adhikya hai| isake adhikAMza pAtra phUTa-phUTa kara rote haiM aura pradhAna pAtroM meM bhI yaha doSa dikhAI par3atA hai, jo caritragata udAttatA kA bahuta bar3A doSa hai| ina pralApoM se

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ukhavadUta] [ uDhavadUta dhIrodAtta caritra ke vikAsa evaM paripuSTi meM sahAyatA nahIM prApta hotI / katipaya AcAryoM ne paMcama aMka ke antargata rAma ke caritra para laba dvArA kiye gae AkSepa ko anaucityapUrNa mAnA hai| vRddhAste na vicAraNIyacaritAstiSThantu kiM varNyate sundastrImathane'pyakuSThayazaso loke mahAnto hi te / yAni trINyaparAGmukhAnyapi padAnyAsAn kharAyodhane yadvA kauzalamindrasununidhane tatrApyabhijJo janaH // 5 // 35 yahAM nAyaka ke caritragata doSoM kA varNana karane ke kAraNa kSemendra ne apane grantha aucityavicAracarcA' meM ise anaucityapUrNa kahA hai / atrApradhAnasya rAmasUnoH kumAralavasya parapratApotkarSAsahiSNorvIrarasoddIpanAya sakalaprabandhajIvitasarvasvabhUtasya pradhAnanAyakagatasya vIrarasasya tADakAdamanakhararaNApasaraNaanyaraNasaMsaktavAlivyApAdanAdijanavihitApavAdapratipAdanena svavacasA kavinA vinAzaH kRtaH-ityanucitametat / / pR0 195-196 __aucityavimarza-DaoN0 rAmamUrti tripAThI 'para ina doSoM se bhavabhUti ke nATaka kI AbhA meM koI nyUnatA nahIM Ane ko| bhavabhUti vazyavAca kavi haiM aura sarasvatI unakI icchA kA anuvattaMna karatI haiM / ' mahAkavi bhavabhUti pR0 120 ____ AdhAragrantha-1. uttararAmacarita-hindI anuvAda, caukhambA prakAzana 2. uttararAmacarita-DaoN. vI0 pI0 kANekRta vyAkhyA ( hindI anuvAda) 3. uttararAmacarita-DaoN. kRSNamaNi tripAThI 4. mahAkavi bhavabhUti-DaoN0 gaGgAsAgara rAya / uddhavadata-yaha saMskRta kA sandezakAvya hai jisake racayitA haiM mAdhava kavIndra / inake jIvana ke viSaya meM koI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| DaoN0 esa0 ke0 de ke anusAra inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI hai| isa kAvya kI racanA 'meghadUta' ke anukaraNa para huI hai aura samagra grantha mandAkrAntA vRtta meM samApta huA hai / isameM kula 141 zloka haiM aura antima zloka anuSTupa chanda meM hai| isa kAvya meM kRSNa dvArA uddhava ko apanA sandeza gopiyoM ke pAsa bhejane kA varNana hai| kRSNa kA dUta samajhakara rAdhA uddhava se apanA evaM gopiyoM kI viraha-vyathA kA varNana karatI haiN| rAdhA kRSNa evaM kumjA ke prema ko lekara vividha prakAra kA AkSepa karatI haiM aura akrUra ko bhI phaTakAratI haiN| rAdhA apane sandeza meM kahatI haiM ki kRSNa ke atirikta unakA dUsarA premI nahIM hai yadi unake viyoga meM unake ( rAdhA ke ) prANa nikala jAe~ to kRSNa hI unheM jaladAna deN| ve apanI viraha-vyathA kA kathana karate-karate mUcchita ho jAtI haiM / zItalopacAra se svastha hone ke pazcAt uddhava unheM kRSNa kA sandeza sunAte haiM aura zIghra hI kRSNamilana kI AzA baMdhAte haiM / rAdhA kI prema-vihvalatA dekhakara uddhava unake caraNoM para apanA mastaka rakha dete haiM aura kRSNa kA uttarIya unheM bheMTa meM samarpita karate haiN| zrIkRSNa ke prema kA dhyAna kara rAdhA Anandita ho jAtI haiM aura yahIM para kAvya samApta ho jAtA hai / rAdhA dvArA kRSNa kA upAlambha dekheM

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udara sandeza ] bhaktiprItipraNayasahitaM mAnavambhAzotaM. cetosmAkaM, guNavaguNaM moduhAM dehametat / vikrItaM te yugapadubhasaM svIkRtaM ca svayAko hallAsi tyajasi ca vapu Sa ko'yaM vicAraH / / AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya : 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta klAsikala liTaTevara - dAsagupta evaM de... uddhava sandeza-isa sandezakAvya ke racayitA prasiddha vaiSNava AcArya rUpa gosvAmI haiM / [ inake paricaya ke lie de0 rUpa gosvAmI ] yaha kAvya 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke dazama skandha kI etadviSayaka kathA para Azrita hai| isameM zrIkRSNa apanA sandeza uddhava dvArA gopiyoM ke pAsa bhejate haiM / isa kAvya kA nirmANa 'meghadUta' ke anukaraNa para kiyA gayA hai jisameM kula 131 zloka haiN| kRSNa kI virahAvasthA kA varNana, dUtatva karane ke lie unakI uddhava se prArthanA, mathurA se gokula taka ke mArga kA varNana, yamunA-sarasvatI saGgama, ambikA kAnana, akrUra tIrtha, koTikAravyapradeza, maiTTikaravanaM, kAliyahada Adi kA varNana tathA rAdhA kI virahavivazatA evaM zrIkRSNa ke punarmilana kA AzvAsana Adi viSaya isa kAvya meM vizeSarUpa se vaNita haiM : sampUrNa kAvya mandAkrAntA vRtta meM racita haiM aura kahIM-kahIM meghadUta ke zlokoM kI chApa dikhAI par3atI hai| vipralambhazrRMgAra ke anurUpa komalakAnta padAvalI kA saMniveza isa kAvya kI apanI vizeSatA hai / zrIkRSNa ke bhUkha se rAdhA kI virahAvasthA kA varNana dekhie- RATE sA palyaMke kizalayadalaiH kalpite latra suptA guptA nIrastabakita dRzaoN cakravAla sakhInAm / draSTavyA te kazimakalikA kaNThanAlopakaNThaspanvenAntarvapuranumitaprANasaGgA varAGgI // 117 rUpa gosvAmI kA dUsarA sandezakAvya 'haMsadUta' hai jisameM 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI kathA ke AdhAra para rAdhA haMsa ke dvArA zrIkRSNa ke pAsa prema-sandezA bhijavAtI hai| isa kAvya ke prArambha meM zrIkRSNa kI badanA kI gaI hai| isakI zailI madhura eka sarasa hai tama vaidarbhI rIti evaM mAdhurya guNa donoM kA samAveza hai| AdhAramantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya unTa: alaMkArasAstra ke AcArya / dAhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha' nAmaka prasiddha alaMkAra - grantha kI racanA kI hai| [de0 kAvyAlaM lassArasaMgraha ] nAma se ye kAzmIrI brAhmaNa siddha hote haiN| inakA samaya amaH zatAbdI kA antima caraNa evaM navama zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa mAnA jAtA hai| kalhaNa kI rAijataraMgiNI' se jJAtahotA hai ki ye kAzmIranareza jayApIr3a ke sabhApaNDita the aura unheM pratidimA eka lAkha dInAra vetana ke rUpa meM prApta hotA yA viddhAna kInAralakSeNa pratyahaM kRttavetanaH / bhaTTobhUduiTastasyA bhUmibha: sabhApatiH // 41495 jayApIr3A kA zAsanakAla 779 I0 se 13 Ipa taka mAnA jAtA hai| abhI taka inake tIna manthoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| mAmaha-vivaraNa, kumArasambhava kAvyA. evaM kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha / bhAmaha-vivaraNa- bhAmahaH kRtaH kAvyAlaMkAra' kI TIkA hai jo samprati anupalabdha hai| [kahA jAtA hai ki iTalI se yaha graMtha prakAzita ho gayA hai| para bhArata meM abhI taka nahIM A sakA hai] isa grastha kA ullekha pratihArendurAja te apanI 'laghuvivRtti' meM kiyA hai-vizeSoktilakSaNe ca bhAmahavidharaNe bhaTTojhaTena ekadeza

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zabda evaM vyAkhyAto yathaivAsmAbhinirUpitaH / pR0-13 abhinavagupta, hayyaka evaM hemacandra bhI apane granthoM meM isakA saMketa karate haiM__bhAmahoktaM 'zabdazchandobhidhAnArthaH' ityabhidhAnasya zabdAnedaM vyAkhyAtuM bhaTTonaTo kabhASe / dhvanyAlokalocana ( nirNayasAyara )pR0.10 .. kumArasambhava-isakA ullekha pratihArendurAja kI 'vivRtti' meM hai anena anyakatA svoparacitakumArasambhavaikadezocodAharaNatvena. upanyastaH / / pR0 13. isameM mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'kumArasambhava' ke AdhAra para ukta ghaTanA kA varNana hai| kumArasambhava' ke kaI zloka 'kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha' meM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| .. kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha alaMkAraviSayaka prasiddha grantha hai jisameM :41 alaMkAroM kA vivecana hai / isameM 1.00 zloka 'kumArasambhava' se udAharaNasvarUpa upasthita kiye gaye haiN| udbhaTa ke alaMkAra-nirUpaNa para bhAmaha kA atyadhika prabhAva hai| inhoMne aneka alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa bhAmaha se hI grahaNa kiye haiN| AkSepa, vibhAvanA, atizayokti, yathAsaMkhya, paryAyokta, apaddhati, virodha, aprastutaprazaMsA, sahokti, sasandeha evaM anankyaH tathA anuprAsa, utprekSA, rasavat evaM bhAvika ke lakSaNa bhAmaha ke hI AdhAra para nirmita kiye haiM / udbhaTa bhAmaha kI bhAMti alaMkAravAdI AcArya haiN| inhoMne bhAmaha dvAsa vivecitaH 3.9 alaMkAroM meM se yamaka, utprekSAvayava evaM upamA-rUpaka ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA tathA cAra navIna alaMkAroM kI udbhAvanA kI punaruktivadAbhAsa, saMkara, kAvyaliMga, evaM dRSTAnta / bhAmaha se prabhAvita hote hue bhI inhoMne aneka sthaloM para navIna tathya bhI prakaTa kiye haiN| jaise, bhAmaha ne rUpaka evaM anuprAsa ke do-do bheda kiye the, kintu uddhaTa. ne rUpaka ke tIna prakAra evaM anuprAsa ke cAra bheda kiye / inhoMne parUSA, grAmyA evaM upanAgarikA vRttiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jabaki bhAmaha ne inakA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA thaa| inhoMne sarvaprathama alaMkAroM ke vargIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai dhora41 alaMkAroM ke chaH varga kiye haiM / inhoMne zleSAlaMkAra ke sambandha meM navIna vyavasthA yaha dI ki jahA~ zleSa anya alaMkAroM ke sAtha hogA. vahAM usakI hI pradhAnatma hogI / inake anusAra zabdazlekha evaM arthazleSa ke rUpa meM -zleSa ke do prakAra hote haiM / inake ina donoM matoM kA khaNDana mammaTa ne 'kAvyaprakAza ke navama ullAsa meM kiyA hai| rAjAnaka ruyyaka ne batalAyA hai ki udbhaTa ne alaMkAra evaM guNa ko samAna zreNI kA mAnA haiudbhaTAdibhistu guNAlaMkArANAM prAyazaH sAmyamevasUcitam / ........ . udbhaTa ke kAvyazAstrIya vicAra anekAneka granthoM meM prApta hote haiM jisase paravartI AcAryoM para inake prabhAva kI sUcanA milatI hai| inakI mAnyatA thI ki bhinna hone para zabda bhI bhinna ho jAtA hai / , 'locana' meM unaTa kA mataH upasthita karate hue abhinavagupta ne kahA hai ki ve guNoM ko rIti yA saMghaTana kA dharma svIkAra karate the, rasa kA nhiiN| ' saMghaTanAyAH dharmo guNA iti bhaTTodyAdayaH / / ::: ____ inhoMne abhidhA ke tIna prakAra evaM artha ke do prakAra avicAritasustha tathAvicArita ramaNIya-mAne haiN| sarvaprathama upamA ke (vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para) bhedoM

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udayanAcArya] ( 76 ) [ udayaprabhadeva kA varNana inhoMne hI kiyA thaa| pratihArendurAja evaM rAjAnaka tilaka udbhaTa ke do TIkAkAra haiM jinhoMne kramazaH 'laghuvivRtti' evaM 'ugaTaviveka' nAmaka TIkAoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 mA0 vA. kANe 2. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga-1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. alaMkAroM kA aitihAsika vikAsa-bharata se padmAkara taka ( zodhaprabandha ) rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' udayanAcArya-bhArata ke prasiddha dArzanikoM meM udayanAcArya kA nAma AtA hai| ye maithila naiyAyika the tathA inakA janma darabhaMgA se 20 mIla uttara kamalA nadI ke nikaTastha 'maMgaraunI' nAmaka grAma meM eka sambhrAnta brAhmaNa parivAra meM huA thaa| inakA samaya 984 I0 hai / 'lakSaNAvalI' nAmaka apanI kRti kA racanA-kAla udayanAcArya ne 906 zakAbda diyA hai jo I0 sa0 kA 984 I0 hai / inake anya grantha haiM'nyAyavAttika-tAtparya-TIkA-parizuddhi', 'nyAyakusumAnjali' tathA 'Atmatattvaviveka' / sabhI granthoM kI racanA bauddha dArzanikoM dvArA uThAye gae praznoM ke uttara-svarUpa huI thii| 'nyAyakusumAmjali' meM Izvara kI sattA ko siddha kara bauddha naiyAyikoM ke mata kA nirAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA pratipAdya 'Izvara-siddhi' hI hai| isakI racanA kArikA evaM vRtti zailI meM huI hai| svayaM udayanAcArya ne apanI kArikAoM ke Upara vistRta vyAkhyA likhI hai jo lekhaka kI paur3hatA kA paricAyaka hai| haridAsa bhaTTAcArya ne isa para apanI vyAkhyA likhakara grantha ke gUDhArya kA udghATana kiyA hai| bauddha vidvAn kalyANarakSita-kRta 'IzvarabhaGgakArikA' (829 vi0 saM0) kA khaNDana 'nyAyakusumAnjali' meM kiyA gayA hai tathA ukta bauddha dArzanika ke anya do anyoM-'anyApohavicArakArikA' tathA 'zrutiparIkSA'-tathA dharmottarAcArya nAmaka anya bauddha dArzanika racita 'apohanAmaprakaraNa' evaM 'kSaNabhaGgasiddhi' ke mata ke nirAsa ke lie 'Atmatattvaviveka' kI racanA huI thii| uparyukta ( donoM) bauddha dArzanikoM dvArA uThAye gae praznoM ke uttara A0 udayana ke granthoM meM prApta ho jAte haiN| udayanAcArya ne 'prazastapAdASya' ('vaizeSika-darzana' kA grantha) ke Upara 'kiraNAvalI' nAmaka vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai aura isameM bhI bauddha-darzana kA khaNDana kiyA hai| 'nyAyakusumAJjali' bhAratIya-darzana kI paktiya kRtiyoM meM AtI hai aura yaha udayanAcArya kI sarvazreSTha racanA hai| AdhAragrantha-ka-bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya kha-nyAyakusumAnjali (hindI vyAkhyA ) A0 vizvezvara / / udayaprabhaTheva-ye jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya haiN| inhoMne 'Arambhasiddhi' yA 'vyavahAracaryA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya 1220 ke AsapAsa hai| isa grantha meM lekhaka ne pratyeka kArya ke lie zubhAzubha muhUrtoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| isa para hemahaMsagaNi ( ratnezvarasUri ke ziSya ) ne vi0 saM0 1514 meM TIkA likhI thii| isa grantha meM kula gyAraha adhyAya haiM jinameM sabhI prakAra ke muhUrtoM kA varNana hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se 'Arambhasiddhi' muhurttacintAmaNi ke samAna upayogI hai / sandarbhagrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI

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upaniSad ] (77 ) [upaniSad upaniSad-veda ke antima bhAga ko upaniSad kahate haiM, isI kAraNa inheM vedAnta bhI kahA jAtA hai| 'upaniSad' zabda kI vyAkhyA vibhinna prakAra se kI gayI hai tathA isakA prayoga brahmavidyA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| 'teSAmevaitAM brahmavidyAM vadeta zirovrataM vidhivadyaistu cINam'-muNDakopaniSad 3 / 2 / 11 bhAratIya tattvajJAna kA mUla srota upaniSadoM meM hI hai aura vedoM kA sAra inameM bharA huA hai / blUmaphIlDa kA kahanA hai, ki 'hindUvicAradhArA kA eka bhI aisA mahattvapUrNa aMga nahIM hai, jisameM nAstika nAmadhArI bauddhamata bhI AtA hai, jisakA mUla upaniSadoM meM na milatA ho / ' relija oNpha da veda pR0 51 / ___ 'upaniSad' zabda 'upa' aura 'ni' upasargoM ke sAtha 'sad' dhAtu se niSpanna hai| 'upa' kA artha hai nikaTa, 'ni' kA nizcaya evaM 'Sad' kA baiThanA (nikaTa baiThanA ) / isa prakAra isakA artha huA zikSA-prApti ke lie guru ke pAsa baiThanA / kAlakrama se upaniSad kA artha usa vidyA se huA jo brahmAnubhUti karA de aura use guru ke pAsa jAkara prApta kiyA jA ske| upaniSad vaidika bhAvanA ke hI vikasita rUpa haiN| unameM jJAna kI pradhAnatA hai| upaniSadyuga tattvacintana kI dRSTi se bhAratIya vicAradhArA ke itihAsa meM carama vikAsa kA samaya hai jaba ki bhAvanApradhAna vaidika RSiyoM kI vicAradhArA gambhIra cintana evaM manana kI ora unmukha hone lagI thii| veda, brAhmaNa evaM upaniSad ke kartAoM para dRSTi DAlane se jJAta hotA hai ki 'vedoM ke kartA kavi the, brAhmaNoM ke purohita aura upaniSadoM ke rahasyavAdI sNt'| __upaniSadoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM paryApta matabheda hai / sAdhAraNataH unakI saMkhyA 108 mAnI jAtI hai jinameM 10 yA 12 upaniSadeM pradhAna haiN| 'muktikopaniSad' meM unakI saMkhyA 108 dI gayI hai jinameM 10 kA sambandha 'Rgveda' se, 19 kA 'zuklayajurveda' se, 12 kA 'kRSNayajurveda' se, 16 kA 'sAmaveda' se tathA 31 kA 'atharvaveda' se hai / ADyAra lAibrerI, madrAsa se kaI bhAgoM meM upaniSadoM kA prakAzana huA hai jinameM 179 upaniSad haiM / gujarAtI priMTiMga presa, bambaI se prakAzita upaniSad-vAkya-mahAkoza' meM 223 upaniSadoM ke nAma haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne dasa upaniSadoM para bhASya likhA haiIza, kena, kaTha, prazna, muNDa, mANDUkya, taittirIya, aitareya, chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyaka / inake atirikta kauSItaki, zvetAzvatara tathA maitrAyaNIya upaniSad bhI prAcIna haiN| upaniSadoM kA racanAkAla abhI taka sarvamAnya nahIM hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana kA kahanA hai, ki 'inameM se jo ekadama prArambha kI haiM ve to. nizcita rUpa se bauddhakAla ke pahale kI haiM aura unameM se kucha buddha ke pIche kI haiN| yaha saMbhava hai ki unakA nirmANa vaidika sUktoM kI samApti aura bauddhadharma ke AvirbhAva arthAt IsA se pUrva kI chaThI zatAbdI ke madhyavartI kAla meM huA ho|' bhAratIyadarzana pR0 129 / / prArambhika upaniSadoM kA racanAkAla 1001 I0pU0 se lekara 300 I0pU0 kA mAnA gayA hai| kucha ve upaniSadeM, jina para zaMkarAcArya ne bhASya likhA hai, baudayuga kI paravartI haiN| unakA nirmANakAla 400 yA 300 I0 pUrva kA hai| sabase prAcIna ve upaniSadeM haiM, jinakI racanA gadya meM huI hai tathA jo sAmpradAyikatA se zUnya haiN|

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[upaniSad - - unameM 'aitareya', kauSItaki', 'ttirIya', 'chAndogya', 'bRhadAraNyaka' evaM kena' ke katipaya aMza haiM / "kaThopaniSeda kI racanA paravartI hai kyoMki isa para yoga aura sAMkhya kA prabhAva hai| sAmpradAyavAdI upaniSadoM meM mANDukya' ko sabase arvAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| 'maitrAyaNI' aura 'zvetAzvatara bhI paravattIM haiM kyoMki ina para bhI yoga aura sAMkhya kA prabhAva hai| jyUsana ke anusAra upaniSadoM kA krama isa prakAra hai ka-prAcIna gadyAtmaka upaniSadeM-bahadAraNyaka', chAndogya, taittirIya, kauSItaki, kela (jo aMza gadyAtmaka hai)| kha-chandobaddha upaniSadeM-- Iza, kaTha, muDaka evaM zvetAzvatara / - ga-paravatI gadya-prazna evaM maitrAyaNI / 3. upaniSadoM kI prAcInatA kA patA anta sAkSya ke bhI AdhAra para lagAyA jA sakatA hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI' meM 'upaniSad' zabda kA prayoga hai jIvikopaniSadAvIpamye, (11579 ) mazAdhyAyI' ke gaNapATha meM bhI pranyavAcI upaniSada zabda vidyamAna hai| isase mAta hotA hai ki pANini ke pUrva upaniSad se sambara vyAkhyAna granyoM kI racanA hone laga gayI thii| luda varga ke anusAra upaniSoM kI racanA Aja se tIna sahasra varSa pUrva haI thii| tilaka jI ne IsA pUrva 1600 varSa upaniSadoM kA racanAkAla mAnA hai| " [de0 gItArahasya pR0 550-52] upaniSadoM ke anuvAda-upaniSadoM kA bhASAntara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM dArAzikoha ArA karAyA gayA thaa| 1656 I0 meM 50 upaniSadoM ke phArasI anuvAda sire akabara' yA 'mahArahasya' ke nAma se kiye gae the| isa grantha kA hindI-anuvAda 1720 I meM jhuA, jisakA nAma 'upaniSad-bhASya' hai| 1775 I0 meM suprasiddha phrenca yAtrI ekveTila Duberana ne isake do anuvAda phreMca aura laiTina meM kiye / 1801-2 I0 meM laiTina anuvAda 'aupanekhata' ke nAma se perisa se prakAzita huA, para phrenca anuvAda prakAzita ma ho sakA / laiTina anuvAda ke hI AdhAra para upaniSadoM ke kaI anuvAda kAzita hue| zopenahAvara aura zailiMga aise dArzanikoM ne laiTina anuvAda ko par3ha kara upaniSada-mAna ko vizva kI vicAradhArA kA patha-pradarzaka mAnA thaa| rAjA rAmamohana rAya ne mUla granthoM ke sAtha kucha upaniSadoM ke aMgarejI anuvAda 1816-19 I0 ke bIce prakAzita kiye the| zrI je. DI0 lejuInAsa nAmaka phreMca vidvAn ne phArasI anuvAda para AdhRta laiTina anuvAda kA rUpAntara phreMca bhASA meM kiyA jisakA nAma 'bhAratIyoM kI bhASA, vAGmaya, dharma tathA tatvajJAna saMbaMdhI anveSaNa' hai| vebara sAhaba ne 'iNdiskanastudiyana nAmaka pustaka 17 bhAgoM meM likhI hai, jisake prathama bhAga meM (1850 I0) 14 upaniSadoM kA anuvAda prakAzita huA hai| isake dvitIya bhAga meM 15-39 upaniSad prakAzita hue tathA navama bhAga meM sira akabara' ke 40-50 upaniSad lipaz2ika se prakAzita hue / 1882 I0 meM inakA jarmana anuvAda DresaDena se prakAzita huaa| paNDita maiksamUlara ne 'sekreDa buksa oNphada IsTa' nAmaka granthamAlA meM 12 upaniSadoM kA aMgarejI anuvAda 1879 se 8460 ke bIca prakAzita kiyA / anya ..

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sanila-darzana ] upanida-darzana do jarmana vidvAnoM-epha0 mizala ne 1882 I0 meM tathA boTalika ne 1989 I. meM upaniSadoM ke jarmana anuvAda kiye / tadanantara pAlalyUsana ne 10 AtharSaNa upaniSadoM ke jarmana anuvAda 1897 I. meM aura Ara0 haghUma ne AMgla anuvAda 1921 I0 meM (13 pramukha upaniSadoM kA) prakAzita kiyaa| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM sItArAma zAstrI liyA gaMgAnAtha jhA ne ATha pramukha upaniSadoM kA aMgarejI anuvAda 1898 se 1901 ke bIca kiyaa| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne romana akSaroM meM pramukha upaniSadoM kA mUla evaM AMglAnuvAda prastuta kiyA hai jo sipala upaniSadasa' ke nAma se prakAzita hai| gItA presa, gorakhapura se tIna khaNDoM meM pramukha upaniSadoM ke hindI anuvAda : prakAzita hue haiM bAra 'upaniSada aMka' meM 108 upaniSadoM ke hindI anuvAda kA prakAzana huA hai| upaniSadoM ke racayitAoM ke jIvana ke viSaya meM kucha bhI zAna nahIM hai| inameM prajApati, indra, nArada evaM sanatkumAra ke mukhya saMvAda haiN| upaniSadoM meM mahidAsa, aitareya, raikka, zANDilyA asalyAma jAbAla, bali, "uhAlaka, zvetakotu, bhAradvAja, gAyiNa, pratardana, bAlAki, ajAtazatru varuNa, yAjJavalkya, gArmo tayA mainevI ke vicAra saMgRhIta haiM aura ve vaktA ke rUpa meM upasthita haiN| upaniSadoM para aneka prAcAryoM ne, 'apane mata kA pratipAdana karane ke lie, bhASyoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM zaMkara, rAmAnuja, madhya Adi ke atirikta sAyaNa, jJAnAmRta, vyAsatIyaM Adi ke nAma prasiddha haiN| mukhya pratipAdya hai brahmavidyA, jise kapA aura kAvya ke mAdhyama se yAtmika zailI meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inameM tatvajJAna, nItizAstra, sRSTiracanA, brahma, jIka, jagata, mokSa, dhArmika cetanA, pApa aura duHkha, karma, pAralaukika jIvana, sAMkhya, yoga, manovijJAna Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai| pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthak upaniSada haiN| . [ isa koza meM pramukha 16 upaniSadoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai ] [ de0 upaniSad darzana] / ..AdhAragantha- 1. bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1--DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan 1. bhAratIya saMskRti aupaniSadika dhArA-DaoN0 maMgaladeva zAstrI 3. vaidika sAhitya evaM saMskRti-saM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 4. upaniSad (tIna khaNDoM meM )-hindI anuvAda sahita anu0 zrIrAma zarmA 5. kansTrakaTiva sarve oNpha aupaniSadika philaoNsaphI-DaoN. rAnADe : : upaniSada-darzana--upaniSad bhAratIya tatvacintana ke kSetra meM prasthAnatrayI ( upaniSad brahmasUtra evaM kItA) ke prathama sopAna ke rUpa meM samAhata haiN| ye bhAratIya darzana kI vaha nIMva haiM jinake Upara prAcIna evaM arvAcIna aneka vicAradhArAoM evaM dhArmika sampradAyoM kI aTTAlikAeM khar3I haiN| inameM jijJAsu mAnava kI AtmAko zAnti ke lie AdhyAtmika samAdhAna prasnottara ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiM vo svataH sphurita kAvyAtmaka udgAra haiN| inakI racanA eka samaya meM nahIM huI hai; aura na ye eka vyakti kI kRtiyA~ haiM, ataH inameM kahIM pUrvApara virodha evaM kucheka adhaijJAnika bAteM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| inameM vicArazIla dhArmika mastiSka kI kAvyamizrita, sArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika satya kI jhalaka milatI hai| pro0 je0 esa0 maikeMjI ke anusAra upaviSadoM meM jo prayatna hamAre sammukha rakhA gayA hai vaha vizva ke nirmANa sambandhI siddhAnta kA

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upaniSad-darzana] (8. ) [ upaniSad-darzana sabase pahalA prayatna hai aura nizcaya hI bahuta rocaka aura mahattvapUrNa hai|' iMsAiklopIDiyA oNpha relijana eNDa ethiksa, khaNDa 8 pR0 597 darzanazAstra kI mUla samasyA kA samAdhAna hI upaniSadoM kA kendrIya viSaya hai| inakA lakSya satyAnveSaNa hai| 'kenopaniSad' meM ziSya pUchatA hai ki 'kisakI icchA se prerita hokara mana apane abhilaSita prayojana kI ora Age bar3hatA hai ? kisakI AjJA se prathama prANa bAhara AtA hai aura kisakI icchA se hama vANI bolate haiM ? kauna-sA deva A~kha yA kAna ko preraNA detA hai ?' upaniSadoM ke dArzanika tattva ko adhyAtmavidyA evaM nItizAstra do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhyAtmavidyA ke antargata paramasattA, jagat kA svarUpa evaM sRSTi kI samasyA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai to nItizAstra meM vyakti kA antima lakSya, usakA Adarza, karma kA mukti ke sAtha sambandha tathA punarjanma kA siddhAnta vivecita hai| Atmataspa-upaniSadoM meM Atmatattva kA vivecana bar3I sUkSmatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / 'kaThopaniSad' meM, AtmA kI sattA isI jIvana taka rahatI hai yA jIvana ke bAda bhI usakA astitva banA rahatA hai, kA vizada vivecana hai| isake uttara meM [ yamarAja naciketA ko batalAte haiM.] kahA gayA hai ki AtmA nitya hai, vaha na to maratA hai aura na avasthAdi kRta doSoM ko prApta karatA hai| [ kaThopaniSad 3-4]'chAndogyapaniSad' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki AtmA pAparahita, ajara, amara, zoka, bhUkhapyAsa se vimukha, satyakAma evaM satyasaMkalpa hai| 'yaha zarIradharmA hai, mRtyu ke vaza meM hai| isa para bhI vaha avinAzI, azarIra AtmA kA nivAsasthAna hai| zarIra meM rahate hue, AtmA priya aura apriya padArthoM se baMdhA rahatA hai; jabataka zarIra se sambandha banA hai, priya aura apriya se chuTakArA nahIM hotaa| jaba zarIra se sambandha samApta ho jAtA hai, to priya-apriya kA sparza bhI nahIM rhtaa|' brahmatattva-paramatatva ke svarUpa kA hala nikAlane ke lie upaniSadoM meM atyanta sUkSma vicAra vyakta kiye gaye haiN| yahAM brahma ke do svarUpoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai-saguNa evaM nirguNa / nirvizeSa yA nirguNa brahma ko paramatattva tathA saguNa aura savizeSa brahma ko 'apara' brahma kaha kara donoM meM bheda sthApita kiyA gayA hai| apara brahma ko zabda brahma bhI kahA jAtA hai / nirvizeSa brahma kI nirguNa, nirupAdhi tathA nirvikalpa abhidhA dI gaI hai| upaniSadoM meM vizva-vivecana evaM Atma-vivecana ke AdhAra para brahmatattva kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| prAkRtika jagat kI sArI zaktiyoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM brahma kI hI zakti kahA gayA hai| 'nizcaya hI yaha saba brahma hai; yaha brahma se utpanna hotA hai, brahma meM lIna hotA hai; usI para Azrita hai|' chAndogya upaniSad 3 / 14 / 1 / isameM brahma ko bhUmA kahA gayA hai| jahA~ sabhI jJAna samApta ho jAya vahI bhUmA yA mahAn hai| brahma satya tathA jJAnasvarUpa hai| vaha rasarUpa hai / rasarUpa brahma ko prApta kara jIvAtmA Anandita hotA hai| brahma se hI sabhI prANI utpanna hote haiM, jIvita rahate haiM tathA anta meM usameM praviSTa ho jAte haiM / brahma ko akSara, avinAzI evaM mUla tattva kahA gayA hai| vaha AnandarUpa, ajara aura

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upaniSad brAhmaNa ] (81 ) [upaniSad brAhmaNa prakAzamAna hai / vaha zuddha tathA samasta jyotirmaya padArthoM kA prakAzaka, nirmala, niSkala ( avayavarahita ) tathA hiraNmaya (jyotirmaya) paramakoza meM sthira rahatA hai / 'bRhadAraNyaka' meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha AtmA hI brahma hai| yaha mahAn, ajanmA, ajara, amara, amRta aura abhaya hai / jo aisA jAnatA hai vaha brahma ho jAtA hai| 'kenopaniSad' ke anusAra brahma vidita tathA avidita ubhaya prakAra ke padArtho se bhinna aura pare hai| antataH upaniSadeM 'neti neti' ( yaha nahIM, yaha nahIM) kahakara brahma kA svarUpa prakaTa karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa karatI haiN| vaha avAGmanasagocara hai| - jagat-upaniSadeM brahma ko hI jagat kA nimitta evaM upAdAna kAraNa mAnatI haiM / jisa prakAra makar3I jAlA ko apane zarIra se hI banAtI hai aura nigala jAtI hai, jisa prakAra puruSa ke keza aura loma utpanna hote haiM usI prakAra yaha samasta vizva akSara brahma se utpanna hotA hai| muNDakopaniSad, 1 / 17 ___ upaniSadoM kA nItizAstra-upaniSadoM meM nIti-vivecana ke atirikta naitika upadezoM kA bhI Adhikya hai| inameM nIti ke mUla siddhAntoM ke sambandha meM bhI sunizcita vicAra prApta hote haiN| 'kaThopaniSad' meM zreya aura preya kA viveka upasthita kiyA gayA hai| zreya aura preya donoM hI manuSya ke samakSa upasthita haiN| donoM bhinna-bhinna uddezyoM ko rakhate hue manuSya ko bA~dhate haiN| buddhimAn manuSya samyak vicAra karate hue preyas ko chor3a kara zreyas ko grahaNa karatA hai| jo zreya ko cunatA hai usakA kalyANa hotA hai aura jo preya ko cunatA hai vaha uddezya se cyuta ho jAtA hai / yahA~ preyavAda ( bhogavAda ) ko tyAjya evaM zreyavAda ko grAhya kahA hai| [kaThopaniSad, 212 ] 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' ke anusAra manuSya kartavya buddhi se prerita hokara anAsaktabhAva se kama kare, vaha kabhI bhI anucita karma na kare / upaniSadoM meM paramasattA kI samasyA ke samAdhAna ke atirikta jIvana ko ucca evaM Adarza rUpa banAne ke lie aise siddhAntoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jo sArvakAlika evaM sArvadezika haiM / inakA AtmAdvaita kA siddhAnta vizvaciMtana ke kSetra meM amUlya dena ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai / ___ AdhArayantha-1. ekAdazopaniSad-zAMkarabhASya-gItA presa, gorakhapura ( tIna khaNDoM meM hindI anuvAda ) 2. bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN. esa. rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda ) 3. bhAratIyadarzana-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya 4. darzana-saMgraha-DaoN0 dIvAnacanda 5 bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa (aupaniSadikadhArA )-DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI 6. pUrvI dharma aura pAzcAtya vicAra-DaoN0 esa0 rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda ) 7. kansaTrakaTiva sarve oNpha aupaniSadika philaoNsaphI-DaoN0 rAnADe / upaniSad brAhmaNa-yaha sAmavedIya brAhmaNa hai| ise chAndogya brAhmaNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM do prapAThaka evaM pratyeka meM ATha-ATha khaNDa haiM tathA mantroM kI saMkhyA 257 hai| prathama prapAThaka ke mantroM kA sambandha vivAha, garbhAdhAna, sImantonnayana, cUr3AkaraNa, upanayana, samAvartana evaM go-vRddhi se hai| dvitIya prapAThaka meM bhUtabali, AgrahAyaNIkarma, pitRpiNDadAna, devavalihoma, darzapUrNamAsa, AdityopasthAna navagRha: 6 saM0 sA0

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ubhayakuzala] ( 82 ) [udyotakara praveza, svastyayana aura prasAda prApti ke mantra haiN| isa para guNaviSNu evaM sAyaNa ne bhASya likhe haiN| isakI bhASA bodhagamya, AkarSaNa evaM prasAdaguNayukta hai| ___ ka-pro. durgAmohana bhaTTAcArya dvArA guNaviSNu tathA sAyaNa-bhASya ke sAtha kalakattA se prakAzita kha-1890 I0 meM satyavratasAmazramI dvArA 'mantrabrAhmaNa' ke nAma se TIkA ke sAtha kalakattA se prakAzita AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / ubhayakuzala-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / ye phalita jyotiSa ke marmajJa the| inakA sthitikAla vi0 saM0 1737 ke AsapAsa hai / 'vivAha-paTala' evaM 'camatkAra-cintAmaNi' inake do prasiddha grantha haiM aura donoM kA hI sambandha phalita jyotiSa se hai / ye muhUrta tathA jAtaka donoM aMgoM ke paNDita the| sahAyaka grantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| umApati zarmA dviveda 'kavipati'-(janma-saMvat 1952 ) zarmA jI kA janma uttara pradeza ke devariyA jile ke pakar3I nAmaka grAma meM huA thaa| Apane kaI granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM 'zivastuti' evaM 'vIraviMzatikA' prasiddha haiN| dvitIya grantha meM hanumAna jI kI stuti hai| 'pArijAtaharaNa' kavi kA sarvAdhika praur3ha mahAkAvya hai, jisakA prakAzana 1958 I0 meM huA hai| isameM 22 sarga haiM aura 'harivaMzapurANa' kI prasiddha 'pArijAtaharaNa' kI kathA ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| prAkRtika dRzyoM ke citraNa meM kavi kI dRSTi paramparAgata hai tathA zailI ke vicAra se ve purANapanthI haiN| isa mahAkAvya kA mukhya rasa zRGgAra hai aura usakI abhivyakti ke lie komala evaM masRNa zabdoM kA cayana kiyA gayA hai / - umAsvAti-ye jainadarzana ke AcArya haiN| inhoMne vikrama saMvat ke prArambha meM 'tattvArthasUtra' yA 'tattvArthAdhigamasUtra' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thaa| inakA janma magadha meM huA thaa| inhoMne svayaM isakA bhASya likhA hai| 'tattvArthasUtra' jainadarzana ke mantavyoM ko prastuta karane vAlA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / isa grantha ke Upara aneka jainAcAryoM ne vRttiyA~ evaM bhASyoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM pUjyapAda devanandI, samantabhadra, siddhasena divAkara, bhaTTaakalaMka tathA vidyAnandI prasiddha haiN| umAsvAti kA mahattva donoM hI jaina sampradAyoM-zvetAmbara evaM digambara-meM samAna hai| digambara jainI inheM umAsvAmI kahate haiN| ... AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana bhAga-1 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda ) 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / udyotakara-'vAtsyAyana bhASya' ke Upara udyotakara ne 'nyAyavAttika' nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kI hai| [ de0 vAtsyAyana ] isa grantha kI racanA diGnAga prabhRti bauddha naiyAyikoM ke tau kA khaNDana karane ke nimitta huI thii| [de0 diGnAga] / inakA samaya vikrama kI SaSTha zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / inhoMne apane grantha meM bauddhamata kA pANDityapUrNa nirAsa kara brAhmaNanyAya kI nirduSTatA pramANita kI hai / subaMdhu kRta 'vAsavadattA'

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UrubhaGga ] 83 ) [ Rktantra meM udyotakara kI mahattA pratipAdita kI gayI hai - nyAyasaMgatimiva udyotakara- svarUpAm / svayaM udyotakara ne apane grantha kA uddezya nimnAMkita zloka meM prakaTa kiyA haiyadakSapAdaH pravaro munInAM zamAya zAstraM jagato jagAda / kutArkika jJAna nivRttihetoH kariSyate tasya mayA prabandhaH // isa grantha meM mukhyataH diGnAga evaM nAgArjuna ke tarkoM kA khaNDana hai aura diGnAga ko sarvatra 'bhadanta' zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, jo bauddha bhikSukoM ke lie AdarAspada zabda mAnA jAtA hai / ye bhAradvAjagotrIya brAhmaNa tathA pAzupata sAmpradAya ke anuyAyI the - iti zrIparamarSi bhAradvAjapAzupatAcAryazrImadudyotakarakRtI nyAyavArttike paJcamo'dhyAyaH // AdhAragrantha - 1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI - bhAga 2 DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan 2. bhAratIyadarzanaA0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. bhAratIyadarzana - DaoN0 umeza mizra 4. hindI tarkabhASA - A0 vizvezvara 5. hindI nyAyakusumAJjali - A0 vizvezvara / UrubhaGga - yaha mahAkavi bhAsa viracita nATaka hai / 'mahAbhArata' ko kathA ke AdhAra para isameM bhIma dvArA duryodhana ke urubhaGga kI kathA varNita hai / nATaka kI viziSTatA isake duHkhAnta hone ke kAraNa hai / isameM eka hI aMka hai aura samaya tathA sthAna kI anviti kA pUrNarUpa se pAlana kiyA gayA hai / kururAja duryodhana evaM bhImasena ke gadAyuddha ke varNana meM vIra evaM karuNarasa kI pUrNa vyApti huI hai / bhIma evaM duryodhana kI darpoktiyoM meM vIrarasa dikhAI par3atA hai to gAMdhArI, dhRtarASTra Adi ke vilApa meM karuNa rasa kI vyApti hai / kavi ne duryodhana ke caritra ko adhika prakhara evaM ujjvala banAyA hai / usake caritra meM vIratA ke atirikta vinayazIlatA bhI dikhalAI par3atI hai, jo bhAsa kI navIna kalpanA hai / duryodhana evaM bhIma ke gadAyuddha para isa nATaka kI kathAvastu kendrita hai, ataH isakA nAmakaraNa sArthaka hai| isakA nAyaka duryodhana hai| nATakakAra ne raMgamaMca para hI nAyaka kI mRtyu dikhalAI hai jo zAstrIya dRSTi se anaucityapUrNa hai / kavi ne duryodhana ke caritra ko adhika prakhara evaM ujjvala banAyA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAsanATakacakram ( hindI anuvAda sahita ) - caukhambA prakAzana 2. mahAkavi bhAsa - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya | Rktantra - yaha 'sAmaveda'' ko kauthumazAkhA kA prAtizAkhya hai / grantha kI puSpikA meM ise 'RktantravyAkaraNa' kahA gayA hai / sampUrNa grantha pA~ca prapAThakoM meM 'vibhAjita hai, jisameM sUtroM kI saMkhyA 280 hai / isake praNetA zAkaTAyana haiM aura yAska tathA pANini ke granthoM meM bhI zAkaTAyana ko hI isakA racayitA mAnA gayA hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne 'Rktantra' ke racayitA ke sambandha meM matavaibhinnya prakaTa kiye haiN| bhaTTa ne 'zabdakaustubha' meM 'Rktantra' kA racayitA audavaji ko mAnA hai tathA unakA eka sUtra bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| para Adhunika vidvAna audavaji ko vyaktigata nAma evaM zAkaTAyana ko gotraja nAma mAna kara donoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate haiM / [ de0 vaidika

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hammeda] [Rgveda sAhitya aura saMskRti pR0 309 ] isameM paharU akSara ke udaya tathA prakAra kA varNana kara dhyAkaraNa ke viziSTa pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa diye gae haiN| akSaroM ke uccAraNa, sthAna-vivaraNa evaM sandhi kA vistRta varNana hai| 'gobhilasUtra' ke vyAkhyAtA bhaTTanArAyaNa ke anusAra isakA sambandha rANAyanIya zAkhA ke sAtha hai| [ DaoN0 sUryakAnta zAstrI dvArA TIkA ke sAtha 1934 I0 meM lAhaura se prakAzita ] ___ AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / Rgveda-yaha vaidika vAGmaya kA sarvAdhika prAcIna grantha hai| bhAratIya prAcIna AyoM ke dharma, darzana, jJAna, vijJAna, kalA tathA sAhityaviSayaka upalabdhiyoM kA ekamAtra srota yahI graMtha hai| isake sambandha meM maiksamUlara kA kahanA hai ki mahItala meM jabataka giri aura saritAeM vidyamAna haiM tabataka 'Rgveda' kI mahimA banI rhegii| [ de0 maiksamUlara ] yAvat sthAsyanti girayaH saritazca mahItale / tAvadRgvedamahimA lokeSu pracariSyati / saMhitAoM meM 'sAmaveda' aura 'yajurveda' kA adhika sambandha to yajJoM se hai, kintu 'Rgveda' nAnA dRSTiyoM se adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / pAzcAtya manISiyoM ke anusAra 'Rgveda' bhApA evaM bhAva kI dRSTi se anya vedoM se adhika mUlyavAn hai / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke anusAra isakI mahattA gUr3ha dArzanika vicAroM evaM abhyahitattva kI dRSTi se hai| prAcIna granthoM ne bhI isakI mahattA muktakaNTha se pratipAdita kI hai| 'taittirIyasaMhitA' meM kahA gayA hai ki 'sAma' evaM 'yajuH' ke dvArA jo yajJAnuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai; vaha zithila hotA hai, kintu 'Rgveda' ke dvArA vihita vidhAna har3ha hotA hai / yad vai yajJasya sAmnA yajuSA kriyate / zithilaM tat, yad RcA tad dRDhamiti // taittirIya saMhitA ( 6521013) isakI kaI aisI vizeSatAe~ haiM jinake kAraNa yaha vaidika sAhitya meM uccasthAna kA adhikArI hai| isameM RSiyoM kA svatantra cintana hai, kintu anya vedoM meM ina bAtoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai| 'yajuH' aura 'sAmaveda' 'Rgveda' kI vicAradhArA se pUrNataH prabhAvita haiM / 'sAmaveda' kI RcAeM 'Rgveda' para pUrNataH Azrita haiM, unakA koI pRthak astitva nahIM hai| anyAnya saMhitAyeM bhI 'Rgveda' ke AdhAra para pallavita haiN| yahI nahIM, brAhmaNoM meM jitane vicAra Aye haiM, unakA mUla rUpa 'Rgveda saMhitA' meM hI milatA hai| AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM jitane AdhyAtmika cintana haiM una sabakA AdhAra 'Rgveda' hai / unakA nirmANa 'Rgveda' ke una aMzoM se huA hai jo pUrNataH cintanapradhAna haiN| brAhmaNoM meM navIna mata kI sthApanA nahIM hai aura na svatantra ciMtana kA prayAsa hai| unameM 'Rgveda' ke hI mantroM kI vidhi tathA bhASA kI chAnabIna kI gayI hai evaM IzvarasambandhI vicAroM ko pallavita kiyA gayA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI 'Rgveda' kA mahattva bar3hA huA hai| 'sAmaveda' ke sabhI sUkta Rgveda ke haiN| thor3e-se mantra idhara-udhara ke haiN| antara itanA hI hai ki jahA~ 'Rgveda' paThanIya hai vahAM

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Rgveda 1 ( 85 ) [ Rgveda 'sAmaveda' geya hai / 'yajurveda' meM 'Rgveda' ke mantroM kA yajJa meM upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / isameM gadyamaya jo sUkta prApta hote haiM, ve hI viSaya kI dRSTi se navIna haiM / 'atharvaveda' meM mAraNa, mohana aura uccATana Adi mantroM evaM jAdU-TonoM kA varNana hai / karma, bhakti yA jJAna kI dRSTi se anya vedoM meM koI navInatA nahIM hai / Rgveda meM vicAroM kI maulikatA, svatantra cintana evaM prAkRtika dRzyoM kA manohArI varNana hai / jJAna, karma aura bhakti tInoM vicAradhArAoM ke sUtra isameM vidyamAna haiN| ataH prAcInatA, viSaya, jJAna, vistAra tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se 'Rgveda' vaidika vAGmaya kA sumeru siddha hotA hai / meM Rgveda ke vibhAga -- Rk kA artha hai 'stutiparaka mantra' tathA 'veda' kA artha jJAna hotA hai / 'Rgveda' stutiparaka mantroM kA jJAna hai / isameM mukhyataH devatAoM kI stutiyA~ saMgRhIta haiM / isake do prakAra ke vibhAga haiM- aSTakakrama tathA maNDalakrama / aSTakakrama . ke anusAra sampUrNa grantha ATha bhAgoM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai jinheM 'aSTaka' kahate haiM / pratyeka aSTaka meM ATha adhyAya haiM / isa prakAra pUre grantha meM 64 adhyAya haiM / pratyeka adhyAya ke bhI avAntara vibhAga kiye gae haiM, jinheM 'varga' kahA jAtA hai / RcAoM kA samUha hI varga kahalAtA hai, kintu vargoM meM RcAoM kI saMkhyA niyata nahIM hai / sampUrNa vargoM kI saMkhyA do hajAra chaha hai / / 'Rgveda' kA dUsarA vibhAga atyanta mahattvazAlI hai, sAtha hI ise aitihAsika evaM adhika vaijJAnika mAnA jAtA hai| isa krama ke antargata samagra veda dasa khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM 'maNDala' kahate haiM isIlie niruktAdi granthoM meM isakI saMkhyA 'dazatayI' hai / maNDaloM ko 'anuvAk' ke antargata bA~TA gayA hai evaM pratyeka anuvAk ke bhItara 'sUkta' Ate haiM / sUktoM ke antargata 'RcAe~' haiM, jinheM 'mantra' bhI kahA jAtA hai / 'Rgveda' ke zuddha pATha ko akSuNNa rakhane ke lie evaM usakI vaijJAnikatA para A~ca na Ane dene ke lie prAcIna RSiyoM ne maMtroM kI hI nahIM, akSaroM taka kI DAlI hai / maharSi kAtyAyana ne apane grantha 'sarvAnukramaNI' meM samasta kara ekatra kiyA hai / 'Rgveda' ke daso maNDaloM meM pacAsI anuvAk haiM tathA sUktoM kI saMkhyA eka hajAra satraha hai / inake atirikta gyAraha sUkta aise haiM, jinheM 'bAlya khilya' kahA jAtA hai / sUktoM kI RcAoM kI saMkhyA 10580 hai, zabdoM kI eka lAkha tirapana hajAra ATha sau chabbIsa aura akSara cAra lAkha battIsa hajAra haiN| khila ( pariziSTa ) sUktoM kA na to padapATha milatA hai aura na inakI akSara-gaNanA kI gayI hai / khila kA abhiprAya pariziSTa yA pIche jor3e gae mantroM se hai / ye sUkta aSTama maNDala ke 49 se 59 sUkta taka haiM / gaNanA kara mantroM kI gaNanA RcAM daza sahasrANi RcAM paJcazatAni ca / RcAmazItiH pAdazca pAraNaM saMprakIrtitam // vede trisahasrayuktam / zAkalyadRSTe padalakSamekaM sAdhaM ca zatAni cASTau dazakadvayaM ca padAni SaT ceti hi cacitAni // anuvAkAnukramaNI zloka 43, 45

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Rgveda ] ( 86 ) [ Rgveda ' catvAri zatasahasrANi dvAtriMzaccAkSarasahasrANi' anuvAk kA anta / 'Rgveda' meM 'Rg' mantroM kI gaNanA atyanta jaTila samasyA hai jisakA samAdhAna prAcIna tathA arvAcIna vidvAnoM ne vibhinna DhaMga se kiyA hai / vaMza maNDala - pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke anusAra Rgveda' meM prAcIna evaM arvAcIna mantroM kA saMgraha hai / ye loga sampUrNa maNDaloM ko prAcIna nahIM svIkAra krte| inake anusAra dvitIya se lekara saptama maNDala taka kA bhAga prAcIna hai tathA zeSa bhAga arvAcIna hai ! 'Rgveda' ke pratyeka maNDala kA sambandha kisI-na-kisI RSi athavA unake vaMzajoM se hai / dvitIya ke RSi gRtsamada, tRtIya maNDala ke vizvAmitra, caturtha ke vAmadeva, paJcama ke atri, SaSTha ke bhAradvAja evaM saptama ke vasiSTha haiM / aSTama maNDala kA sambandha kaNva evaM aMgirA vaMza se hai / navama maNDala ke se sambaddha haiM / soma ko pavamAna kahA gayA hai, ataH soma se ko pavamAna maNDala kahA jAtA hai| dazama maNDala sabase arvAcIna hai / isakI navInatA kA pramANa isakI bhASA, chanda, navIna dArzanika tathyoM kI kalpanA evaM navIna devatA haiM / bhAratIya dRSTi se ina maNDaloM kA saMkalana evaM vibhAjana eka vyakti dvArA kiyA gayA hai / samagra mantra 'soma' devatA sambaddha mantroM ke samudAya 'Rgveda' kI zAkhAyeM - isa veda kI zAkhAoM ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / mahAbhASyakAra patanjali ke anusAra 'Rgveda' kI 21 bAbAyeM haiM- 'catvAro vedAH sAGgA sarahasyA bahudhA bhinnAH / ekazatamadhvaryuzAkhAH / sahasravartmA sAmaveda: / ekaviMzatidhA bAhvRcyam / navadhArthaM varNovedaH / paspazAhnikaH / caraNavyUha ke anusAra inameM pA~ca zAkhAyeM pradhAna haiM- zAkala, bASkala, AzvalAyana, zAMkhyAyana tathA mANDU - kAyana / ina zAkhAoM kI bhI kaI upazAkhAyeM thIM, kintu isa samaya zAkala zAkhA kI ekamAtra dazaizarIya upazAkhA hI prApta hotI hai / zAkala nAmaka RSi hI zAkala zAkhA ke mantrapAThoM ke pravartaka the / inhoMne mantroM ke padoM meM sandhi-viccheda karake smaraNa rakhane kI rIti calAI thii| 'Rgveda' kI pracalita saMhitA zAkalazAkhA hI hai / zeSa zAkhAe~ nahIM milatIM tathA unake ullekha mAtra prApta hote haiM / zAkalazAkhA vaidika sAhitya kA ziroratna hai / 'sAmaveda' kI kauthumazAkhA ke sAre mantra ( kevala 75 mantroM ko chor3a kara ) zAkalazAkhA ke hI haiM / 'kRSNa yajurveda' kI taittirIyazAkhA tathA 'zukla yajurveda' kI vAjasaneya saMhitA ke adhikAMza mantra zAkalazAkhA ke hI haiM tathA 'atharvaveda' kI zaunaka saMhitA ke 1200 mantra bhI zAkalazAkhA meM pAye jAte haiM / viSaya vivecana - 'Rgveda' meM ke stotroM kA vizAla saMgraha hai| iSTasiddhi ke nimitta devatAoM se Adi kI stuti meM adhika mantra gayI hai / uSA kI stuti meM atirikta 'Rgveda' ke nAnA prakAra kI prAkRtika zaktiyoM evaM devatAoM vibhinna sundara bhAvoM se otaprota udgAroM meM apanI prArthanA kI hai| devatAoM meM agni, indra, varuNa, viSNu kahe gae haiM / deviyoM meM uSA kI adhika stuti kI kAvya kI sundara chaTA pradarzita kI pradhAna devatA haiM- savitA, pUSA, mitra, viSNu, rudra, marut, parjanya gayI hai / inake

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Rgveda ] ( 87 ) [Rgveda Adi / pAska ne 'nirukta' meM vaidika devatAoM ke tIna prakAra mAne haiM-[de0 nirukta] pRthvIsthAnIya, antarikSasthAnIya tathA dhusthAnIya / [ de. vaidika devatA] pRthvIsthAnIya pradhAna devatA haiM-agni, antarikSasthAnIya pradhAna devatA vAyu evaM indra haiM tathA dhusthAnIya sUrya haiN| 'Rgveda' ke eka mantra meM batAyA gayA hai ki pRthvIsthAnIya 11, antarikSasthAnIya 11 tathA ghusthAnIya 11 milakara devatAoM kI saMkhyA 33 hai| [ 1.139 / 11 ] isameM do sthAnoM para devatAoM kI saMkhyA 3369 dI gayI haitrINi zatAnIsahasrAyagni trizacca devA nava cAsaparyan / 3 / 9 / 9 tathA 10152 / 6 sAyaNa ke anusAra devatA to 33 haiM para unakI mahimA batalAne ke lie 3339 devoM kA ullekha hai| [ de0 sAyaNa ] 'Rgveda' meM zraddhA, manyu, dhAtR, aditi tathA Rbhu, apsarA, gandharva, gau, auSadhi Adi kI bhI prArthanAeM kI gayI haiN| "jisa sUkta ke Upara jisa devatA kA nAma likhA rahatA hai usa sUkta meM usI devatA kA pratipAdana aura stavana hai / kintu jahAM jala, auSadhi Adi kI stuti kI gayI hai vahA~ jalAdi varNanIya haiM aura unake adhiSThAtA devatAstavanIya haiN| Arya loga pratyeka jar3a padArtha kA eka adhiSThAtA devatA mAnate the| isIlie unhoMne jar3a kI stuti cetana kI bhA~ti kI hai| vaidikasAhitya pR0 8 pablikezana DivIjana / Rgveda meM aneka devatAoM kI pRthaka-pRthak stuti kI gayI hai, jise dekha kara aneka Adhunika vidvAnoM ne yaha sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai ki tatkAlIna RSiyoM ko Izvara kA jJAna nahIM thaa| para yaha dhAraNA AdhArahIna hai / eka mantra meM kahA gayA hai ki devoM kI zakti eka hai, do nahIM-mahaddevAnAmasuratvamekam / dAnastuti-'Rgveda' meM katipaya aise mantra haiM, jinheM 'dAnastuti' kahate haiM / kAtyAyana kI 'Rk sarvAnukramaNI' meM kevala 22 sUktoM kA kathana hai, para Adhunika vidvAnoM ke anusAra 68 dAnastutiyAM haiN| DaoN. maikaDonala kA kathana hai ki 'Rgveda meM kucha laukika mantra aise haiM jinameM aitihAsika sandarbha nihita haiN| inheM dAnastuti kahate haiN| ye stutiyAM RtvijoM ke dvArA apane rAjAoM ke una udAra dAnoM ke prazaMsAtmaka kathana haiM jo yajJa ke avasara para diye gae the| unameM kAvyazailI kI dRSTi se camatkAra kama hai| aisA lagatA hai ki ve kucha bAda kI racanA ho; kAraNa, aise sUkta kevala saMhitA ke prathama aura dazama maNDala meM tathA aSTama maNDala ke bAlakhilya bhAga meM hI milate haiN| isa prakAra kI stutiyoM meM do yA tIna hI mantra, aura ye AThaveM maNDala ke itara viSaya para diye hue sUktoM ke pariziSTa rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi ina sUktoM kA mukhya viSaya dAnIya vastu tathA pradatta rAzi kA ullekha mAtra hai tathApi prasaMgavaza usameM dAtAoM ke kula evaM vaMza-paramparA sambandhI tathA vaidika jAtiyoM ke nAma aura ghara kA bhI varNana milatA hai, jo aitihAsika sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| dAna kI rAzi kahIM-kahIM para atyuktipUrNa hai; jaise, eka dAtA ne SaSTi rAhala godAna kiyA thaa| tathApi hama mAna sakate haiM ki dAna bahuta adhika hotA thA aura vaidika yuga ke rAjAoM ke pAsa atula dhana sampatti hotI thii|' saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR. 118-119 1. 'dAnastuti' meM dAna kI mahimA kA bhojasvI rNana hai| Rgveda

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Rgveda ] ( 55 ) / prakaTa kiyA hai| ke eka mantra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo manuSya apane lie upayoga karatA hai, vaha pApa ko khAtA hai tAtparya ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ne gaharA matabheda vidvAn inheM kisI dAnI rAjA ke dhana se ApyAyita RSiyoM ke kintu bhAratIya paramparA vedoM ko apIruSeya mAnatI calI A rahI hai, isalie Adhunika vidvAnoM ke kathana ko vaha yuktiyukta nahIM mAnatI / unake anusAra dAnastutiyoM ke AdhAra para Age cala kara AkhyAnoM kI kalpanA kara lI gayI hai / prAcIna mantra vyAkhyAoM kA adhyayana karate hue aneka bhAratIya vidvAn isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM ki ye dAnastutiyA~ aneka sthAnoM para vAstavika dAnastuti na hokara usakA AbhAsa - mAtra haiM / niruktakAra evaM durgAcArya prabhRti TIkAkAroM ne inheM dAnastuti mAnA hI nahIM hai [ de0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka - Rgveda kI katipaya dAnastutiyoM para vicAra pR0 3-7 ] saMvAdasUkta -- Rgveda ke katipaya saMvAdasUktoM meM nATaka evaM kAvya ke tattva upalabdha hote haiM / kathopakathana kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa inheM saMvAdasUkta kahA jAtA hai / ina saMvAdoM meM bhAratIya nATaka evaM prabandhakAvyoM ke sUtra milate haiM / aise sUktoM kI saMkhyA 20 ke lagabhaga hai jinameM tIna atyanta prasiddha haiM - purUravA - urvazI - saMvAda ( 10 85), yama-yamI - saMvAda ( 10 / 10 ) tathA saramApaNi-saMvAda ( 10 / 130 ) / purUravA - urvazI - saMvAda meM romAMcaka prema kA nidarzana hai to yama-yamI -saMvAda meM yamI dvArA aneka prakAra ke pralobhana dene para bhI yama kA usase anaisargika sambandha sthApita na karane kA varNana hai / donoM hI saMvAdoM kA sAhityika mahattva atyadhika hai tathA ye hRdayAvarjaMka evaM kalAtmaka haiM / tRtIya saMvAda meM paNi logoM dvArA AyaM logoM kI gAya curA kara aMdherI guphA meM DAla dene para indra kA apanI zUnI saramA ko unake pAsa bhejane kA varNana hai, jo AryoM ke zaurya evaM pauruSa kA varNana kara unheM dhamakAtI hai / isameM tatkAlIna samAja kI eka jhalaka dikhalAI par3atI hai / [ Rgveda dhana kA dAna na kara svayaM apane ina dAnastutiyoM ke svarUpa evaM Adhunika yuga ke udgAra mAnate haiM, Rgveda meM aneka laukika sUkta haiM jinameM laukika yA aihika viSayoM tathA yantra-mantra kI carcA hai / aise sUkta dazama maNDala meM haiM aura inakI saMkhyA tIsa se adhika nahIM hai / do choTe-choTe aise bhI sUkta haiM jinameM zakunazAstra kA varNana hai| eka sUkta rAjayakSmA se vimukta hone ke lie upadiSTa hai / lagabhaga 20 aise sUkta haiM, jinakA sambandha sAmAjika rItiyoM, dAtAoM kI udAratA, naitika prazna tathA jIvana kI katipaya samasyAoM se hai / dazama maNDala kA 85 vAM sUkta vivAha sUkta hai, jisameM vivAha sambandhI kucha viSayoM kA varNana hai tathA 5 sUkta aise haiM jo antyeSTi saMskAra se sambaddha haiM / aihika sUktoM meM hI cAra sukta nItiparaka haiM, jinheM hitopadezasUkta kahA jAtA hai / dArzanikasUkta - Rgveda ke dArzanika sUktoM ke antargata nAsadIyasUkta ( 10 / 129 ) puruSasUkta (10/90), hiraNyagarbhasUkta (10 / 121 ) tathA vAksUkta ( 10 / 145 ) Ate haiN| inakA sambandha upaniSadoM ke dArzanika vivecana se hai / nAsadIya sUkta meM bhAratIya rahasyavAda kA prathama AbhAsa prApta hotA hai tathA dArzanika ciMtana kA alaukika rUpa dRSTigata hotA hai| isameM puruSa ke vizvavyApI rUpa kA varNana hai /

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RtusaMhAra ] [RtusaMhAra ___ AdhAramanya-1. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara-vebara (caukhambA 1666 I.) 2. hisTrI oNpha enasienTa saMskRta liTarecara-maiksamUlara 3. rilIjana oNpha dI vedablUmaphIlDa 4. lekcarsa oNna Rgveda-ghATe ( pUnA) 5. vedika eja-bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 6. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-bhAga 1, khaNDa 1 vinTaranitsa 7. vaidikadarzanakItha (hindI anuvAda) 8. saMskRta sAhityaka kA itihAsa-maikDonala 9. vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa bhAga-1-50 bhagavadatta 10. vaidika sAhityaka-paM. rAmagovinda trivedI 11. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 12. Rgveda rahasya-zrI alagUrAya zAstrI 13. vaidika sampatti-paM0 raghunandana zarmA 14. veda-rahasya-zrI aravinda (hindI anuvAda ) 15. vaidika vijJAna aura bhAratIya saMskRti-ma0 ma0 paM0 giridhara zarmA caturvedI 16. vedavidyA-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 17. vedika bibloogrAphIbhAga 1, 2-Ara0 ena0 dAnDekara 18. vaidika iNDiyA-lUI reno 19. vaidika saMskRtiDaoN0 munzIrAma zarmA 'soma' 20. vaidika saMskRti-hindI-samiti, lakhanaU 21. vaidika sAhitya-pablikezana, DivIjana / - RtusaMhAra-yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa racita 6 sargoM kA laghukAvya hai, jisake pratyeka sagaM meM eka Rtu kA varNana hai / isameM kavi ne RtuoM kA manorama varNana uddIpana ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| katipaya vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI prathama kAvya-kRti hai kyoMki isameM mahAkavi kI anya kAvyoM meM upalabdha honevAlI 'uccAzayatA evaM abhivyakti kI cArutA' ke darzana nahIM hote / kavi ne apanI priyA ko sambodhita karate hue chaha RtuoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isakA prArambha grISma kI pracaNDatA ke varNana se huA hai aura samApti huI hai vasanta kI mAdakatA meN| isake pratyeka sagaM meM 16 se 28 taka kI zloka-saMkhyA prApta hotI hai| RtusaMhAra kI bhASA sarala evaM bodhagamya hai tathA zailI meM prasAda guNa kI chaTA pradarzita huI hai| vidvAnoM ne bhASAzailI kI sahajatA, uddAma-premabhAvanA kA citraNa, dhvani kA abhAva evaM naitika guNarAhitya ke kAraNa ise kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnane meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai| para, kavi kI yuvAvasthA kI racanA hone ke kAraNa uparyukta sabhI doSoM kA mArjana ho sakatA hai / isake sambandha meM anya AkSepa haiM-mallinAtha kA isa para TIkA na likhanA evaM kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM isakA uddharaNa nahIM milnaa| ina AkSepoM kA kItha mahodaya ne yuktiyukta uttara diyA hai / 'vAstava meM RtusaMhAra kAlidAsa ke sarvathA yogya hai aura yadi vaha kAvya unakI kRti na ThaharAyA jAya to unakI prasiddhi ko yathArtha rUpa meM hAni phuNcegii| mahinAtha ne unake anya tIna kAvyoM para TIkA likhI, parantu isa para nahIM likhI, isa Apatti kA samAdhAna isa vicAra se ho jAtA hai ki isakI saralatA ke kAraNa usa vidvAn TIkAkAra ko TIkA likhanA khilavAr3a ke samAna pratIta huaa| alaMkArazAstra ke lekhaka RtusaMhAra meM se udaraNa nahIM dete, isa bAta kA bhI sIdhA uttara isI tathya meM nihita hai, ye lekhaka sAdhAraNa vastu meM jarA bhI ruci pradarzita nahIM karate aura udAharaNoM ko dikhAne ke lie ve bAda kI kavitAoM se bharapUra sAmagrI prApta kara sakate the| saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 101, 102 / vatsabhaTTi ke

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RSiputra] [aitareya mAraNyaka grantha meM RtusaMhAra ke do zloka uddhRta haiM tathA usane isakI upamAeM bhI grahaNa kI haiM / isase usakI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| vastutaH RtusaMhAra mahAkavi kI prAmANika racanA hai| SaDRtuoM ke varNana meM kavi ne kevala bAhyarUpa kA hI citraNa nahIM kiyA hai parantu apanI sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti kA pradarzana karate hue pratyeka Rtu kI viziSTatAoM kA aMkana kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. kAlidAsa granthAvalI-sampAdaka A0 sItArAma caturvedI 2. kAlidAsa ke kAvya-paM0 rAmaprasAda zAstrI 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI e. bI0 kISa 4. mahAkavi kAlidAsa-DaoN0 ramAzaMkara tivaarii| __ RSiputra --jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inake saMbaMdha meM koI prAmANika vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| inheM jainadharmAnuyAyI jyotiSI mAnA jAtA hai| 'kaiTalogasa baiTA. gorUma' (ApheTa kRta) meM inheM AcArya garga (prasiddha jyotiSazAstrI) kA putra kahA hai| gargAcArya ke sambandha meM yaha zloka prasiddha hai / jaina AsIjagaDhandyo garganAmA mahAmuniH / tena svayaM hi nirNItaM yaM stpaashaatrkevlii|| etajjJAnaM mahAjJAnaM jainarSibhirudAhRtam / prakAzya zuddhazIlAya kulInAya mahAtmanA / ___ RSiputra kA likhA huA 'nimittazAstra' nAmaka grantha samprati upalabdha hai tathA inake dvArA racita eka saMhitA ke uddharaNa 'bRhatsaMhitA' kI bhaTTotpalI TIkA meM prApta hote haiM / ye varAhamihira ( jyotiSazAstra ke prakANDa vidvAn ) ke pUrvavartI jJAta hote haiN| vArAhamihira ne 'bRhajjAtaka' ke 26 veM adhyAya meM RSiputra kA prabhAva svIkAra kiyA hai-munimatAnyavalokya samyagdhorAM varAhamihiro rucirAM cakAra / [ de0 varAhamihira ] AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| aitareya AraNyaka-- yaha Rgveda kA AraNyaka tathA [de0 AraNyaka ] aitareya. brAhmaNa kA pariziSTa bhAga hai| isameM pAMca AraNyaka haiM aura unheM svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA hai| prathama AraNyaka meM mahAvrata kA varNana hai jo 'aitareya brAhmaNa' ke 'gavAmayana' kA hI eka aMza hai| dvitIya prapAThaka ke prathama tIna adhyAyoM meM uktha, prANavidyA 'evaM puruSa kA varNana hai| tRtIya AraNyaka ko 'saMhitopaniSad' bhI kahate haiN| isameM zAkalya evaM mANDya ke mata varNita haiM aura saMhitA, pada, kramapAThoM kA varNana tathA svaravyaMjanAdi ke svarUpoM kA vivecana hai| isa aMza ko prAtizAkhya aura nirukta se bhI pUrvavartI mAnA gayA hai| isameM nimuMja ( saMhitA) patRRSNa (pada), sandhi, saMhitA Adi pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| caturtha AraNyaka atyanta choTA hai| antima AraNyaka meM niSkevalya zastra kA varNana hai| pAMca AraNyakoM meM prathama tIna ke aitareya, caturtha ke mAzvalAyana aura paMcama ke lekhaka zaunaka haiM / DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha ke anusAra isakA samaya vi0 pU0 SaSTha zataka hai| ___ ka-isakA prakAzana sAyaNabhASya ke sAtha AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvalI saMkhyA 38, pUnA se 1998 I0 meM huA thaa| ____kha-DaoN0 kItha dvArA bAMglAnuvAda AksaphorDa se prakAzita /

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aitareya upaniSad ] ( 91 ) [aitareya brAhmaNa ga-Ara0 mitra dvArA sampAdita evaM biblothikA iNDikA, kalakattA se 1876 I0 meM prkaashit| AdhAragrantha--- vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / aitareya upaniSad-yaha RgvedIya aitareya AraNyaka ke dvitIya AraNyaka kA cauthA, pA~cavA~ aura chaThA adhyAya hai / isameM tIna adhyAya haiM aura sampUrNa grantha gadyAtmaka hai| ekamAtra AtmA ke astitva kA pratipAdana hI isakA pratipAdya hai| prathama adhyAya meM vizva kI utpatti kA varNana hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki AtmA se hI sampUrNa jar3acetanAtmaka sRSTi kI racanA huI hai| prArambha meM kevala AtmA hI thA aura usI ne sarvaprathama sRSTi-racanA kA saMkalpa kiyaa| 1 / 12 ___ dvitIya adhyAya meM janma, jIvana evaM mRtyu manuSya kI tIna avasthAoM kA varNana hai| antima adhyAya meM 'prajJAna' kI mahimA kA bakhAna karate hue AtmA ko usakA (prajJAna ) rUpa mAnA gayA hai| yaha prajJAna brahma hai / ... prajJAnanetro lokaH / prajJA pratiSThA / prajJAnaM brahma / 5 / 3 mAnava meM AtmA ke praveza kA isameM sundara varNana hai| paramAtmA ne manuSya ke zarIra kI sImA ( zira ) ko vidIrNa kara usake zarIra meM praveza kiyaa| usa dvAra ko 'vidRti' kahate haiN| yahI Ananda yA brahma-prApti kA sthAna hai / AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / aitareya brAhmaNa-yaha Rgveda se sambaddha brAhmaNa hai| isake racayitA haiM RSi mahidAsa aitareya / aitareya kA artha hai Rtvij / isameM 40 adhyAya haiM, jo pAMca-pAMca paricchedoM kI ATha pacikAoM meM vibhakta haiN| isameM kaNDikAoM kI saMkhyA 285 hai tathA hota nAmaka Rtvija ke vizeSa kAryoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / prathama aura dvitIya pancikA meM 'agniSToma' yajJa meM hotR ke vidhi-vidhAna evaM kartavya varNita hai| tRtIya aura caturtha pancikA meM prAtaH sAyaM savana vidhi dekara agnihotra kA prayoga batalAyA gayA hai| inake atirikta agniSToma kI vikRtiyoM-uktha, atirAtra evaM SoDazI-nAmaka yAgoM kA bhI saMkSipta vivecana hai| caturtha paJcikA meM dvAdazAha yAgoM kA evaM SaSTha meM saptAhoM taka samApta hone vAle soma yAgoM evaM unake hotA tathA sahAyaka RtvijoM ke kArya vaNita haiN| saptama pancikA meM rAjasUya kA varNana evaM zunaHzepa kI kahAnI dI gayI hai / aSTama pancikA aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM 'aindra mahAbhiSeka' kA varNana karate hue cakravartI rAjAoM ke mahAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA gayA / hai / isa grantha kA pradhAna viSaya somayAga kA pratipAdana hai / isameM agnihotra evaM rAjasUya kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isake antima 10 adhyAya prakSipta mAne jAte haiN| isa para tIna bhASya likhe gae haiM-sAyaNakRta bhASya ( yaha AnandAzrama saMskRta sIrIja, pUnA se prakAzita hai),. SaDguruziSya-racita 'sukhapradA' nAmaka laghuvyAkhyA ( isakA prakAzana anantazayana granthamAlA saM0 149 trivendrama se 1942 I0 meM huA hai), govinda svAmI kI vyAkhyA ( aprakAzita ) / AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya /

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya ] ( 92 ) [aitihAsika mahAkAvya aitihAsika mahAkAvya-saMskRta meM itihAsa ko AdhAra banA kara likhe gae kAvyoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai| aitihAsika kathAvastu ke AdhAra para nirmita mahAkAvya pRthak varga kA sAhitya upasthita karate haiM / 'rAjakIya dAna aura samArohoM ke avasara para racita prazaMsAtmaka kAvyoM se hI isa varga kI utpatti huI thI jo bAda meM zailI aura kAvya-rUpa ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mahAkAvya ke AkAra taka bar3ha ge|' saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa pR0 300-301 / kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM ke yaza ko sthAyI banAne ke lie unake vRtta ko manorama zailI meM likhA hai| ina kAvyoM kI gaNanA zuddha sAhitya meM hI hotI hai, itihAsa meM nhiiN| inameM kisI AzrayadAtA vizeSa ke jIvana kI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA varNana hotA hai athavA unakI vaMza-paramparA kI kahAnI prastuta kI jAtI hai| ina granthoM meM aitihAsika tathyoM kI apekSA bhASAsauSThava tathA varNavaicitrya kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM ke racayitA adhikAMzataH rAjyAzrita hote the; ataH ve aisI ghaTanAoM yA tathyoM ke samAveza karane meM pUrNatayA svatantra nahIM the, jo unake AzrayadAtA kI ruci ke pratikUla hoN| inameM mukhyataH uccakoTi kA kAvya-tattva vidyamAna rahatA thaa| abhilekhoM meM katipaya rAjAoM kI utkIrNa prazastiyAM itihAsa kA sundara rUpa prastuta karatI haiN| aise aitihAsika kAvyoM meM padmagupta parimala racita 'navasAhasAGkacarita', vilhaNa kA 'vikramAMkadevacarita', kalhaNakRta 'rAjataraMgiNI' Adi grantha utkRSTa koTi ke haiN| 'vikramAMkadevacarita' meM dhArA ke prasiddha rAjA bhojarAja ke pitA sindhurAja evaM zaziprabhA kI praNayakathA varNita hai| isakI racanA 1005 I0 meM huI thii| kalhaNa ko 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM AThavIM zatAbdI ke zaMkuka kavi kA 'bhuvana abhyudaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA ullekha hai, jo upalabdha nahIM hotaa| isameM mamma evaM utpala do sAmantoM ke bIca hue bhISaNa saMgharSa kI carcA thii| saMbhavataH yaha grantha prathama aitihAsika mahAkAvya hotaa| mahAkavi vilhaNa ne 1088 I. meM 'vikramAMkadevacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kii| [ de0 vilhaNa ] isameM vikramAditya evaM unake vaMza kA vistRta varNana hai tathA aitihAsika vivaraNoM evaM tathyoM kI dRSTi se yaha utkRSTa koTi kA kAvya hai| mahAkavi kalhaNakRta 'rAjataraMgiNI' saMskRta aitihAsika kAvya kI mahAn upalabdhi hai| isameM kAzmIra ke rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAhityika evaM bhaugolika tathyoM kA rasAtmaka varNana hai / isakA racanAkAla 1050 I0 hai| [de0 kalhaNa ] jaina AcArya hemacandrakRta 'kumArapAlacarita' sundara aitihAsika kAvya hai| isameM kumArapAla tathA unake pUrvaja gujarAta ke rAjAoM kA varNana hai| inakA samaya 1089.se 1173 I0 hai| [ de0 hemacandra ] vikrama kI terahavIM zatAbdI meM somezvara ne 'surathotsava' nAmaka mahAkAvya meM gujarAjanareza vastupAla kA carita, vaNita kiyA thaa| arisiMha kRta 'sukRtasaMkIrtana' nAmaka kAvya meM rAjA vastupAla kA jIvanacarita gyAraha sargoM meM varNita hai| raNathambhaura ke rAjA hammIra ke zaurya kA citraNa nayacandrasUri nAmaka kavi ne 'hammIra mahAkAvya' meM kiyA hai| [de. hammIramahAkAvya ] jayAnaka kavi kRta 'pRthvIrAjavijaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya unakI samasAmayika racanA hai [ de0 pRthvIrAjavijaya ] sarvAnanda kA

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aitihAsika mahAkAvya ] ( 93 ) [ aitihAsika mahAkAvya 'jagaDUcarita' eka jaina dharmAtmA seTha kA prazastikAvya hai / isakI racanA sAta sargoM meM huI hai / isameM eka sAdhAraNa vyApArI kI jIvana-gAthA varNita hai, jisane 1256-58 ke bIca par3e durbhikSa meM gujarAta - vAsiyoM kI atyadhika sahAyatA kI thI / solahavIM zatI meM rudrakavi ne mayUragiri ke zAsakoM kI prazasti meM 'rASTIDhavaMza' nAmaka kAvya likhA thA, jisakA prakAzana 1917 I0 meM huA hai / isameM bIsa sarga haiN| do mahilAoMtaMjora ke rAjA kI patnI rAmabhadramba tathA gaMgAdevI ne kramazaH 'raghunAthAbhyudaya' tathA 'madhurAvijaya' nAmaka kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai / gaMgAdevI ne 'madhurAvijaya' meM apane pati kI hI vijaya - gAthA kA gAna kiyA hai / solahavIM zatI se bIsavIM zatI taka saMskRta meM aneka aitihAsika kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai- rudrakavi ne dvitIya kAvya 'jahAMgIra zAhacarita' likhA hai jisameM ATha ullAsoM meM jahAMgIra kI yazagAthA hai / mithilA ke vaidyanAtha nAmaka kavi ne 16 vIM zatI meM 'tArAcandrodaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA jisameM bIsa sagaM haiN| isameM maithilanareza tArAcandra kA jIvanavRtta hai / isI zatI meM candrazekhara ne 'rAjasurjana carita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA bIsa sargoM meM praNayana kiyA / kavi vizvanAtha kRta 'jagatprakAza' kAvya solahavIM zatI meM likhA gayA hai / isameM rANakavaMzI nareza kAmadeva tathA jagatasiMha kA caudaha sargoM meM varNana hai / solahavIM zatAbdI ke antima bhAga vANInAtha kavi ne kaccha ke jAmavaMzI narezoM kA 'jAmavijaya' mahAkAvya meM varNana kiyA hai| musalamAnI rAjya kI sthApanA ke pazcAt aneka kaviyoM ne kaI bAdazAhoM or jIvanavRtta likhA hai / udayarAja kavi ne apane 'rAjavinoda' nAmaka kAvya meM sultAna muhammada kA prazastigAna kiyA hai / rAmarAja kavi kA 'mahamUdacarita' bhI eka prasiddha racanA hai / kAlidAsa vidyAvinoda nAmaka kavi ne zivA jI kA jIvanavRtta 'zivAjI carita' nAmaka kAvya meM prastuta kiyA hai / 18 vIM zatI ke pUrvArddha meM lakSmIdhara kavi ne 'abdullAha carita' kI racanA kI jisameM abdulAha nAmaka mantrI kI kathA hai / isameM mugala sAmrAjya kI saMdhyA kA yathArtha citra aMkita hai tathA lagabhaga 200 arabI-phArasI zabdoM ko saMskRta rUpa meM saMyojita kiyA gayA hai / aMgarejI rAjya kI sthApanA evaM prasAra ke pazcAt a~gareja rAjAoM kI prazasti meM kaI aitihAsika kAvya likhe gae haiM / 1813 I0 meM 'itihAsa - tamomaNi' nAmaka kAvyagrantha meM aMgarejoM ke bhAratavarSa para Adhipatya prApta karane kA vRttAnta varNita hai / vinAyaka maiTTa kavi kRta 'aMgareja - candrikA' 1801 I0 meM likhI gayI, jisameM aMgarejI rAjya kI sthApanA kA varNana hai / isa viSaya ke anya grantha haiM- rAmasvAmI rAjA racita ! rAjAGgalamahodyAna', rAjavarmAlikhita 'AMgla sAmrAjya' tathA paravasturaMgAcAyaM kRta 'AMglAdhirAja - svAgata' / gaNapati zAstrI ( janma 1860 I0 ) ne vikToriyA kI yazagAthA 'cakravartinIguNamAlA' nAmaka kAvya meM varNita kI hai / vijayarAghavAcArya ne ( janma 1884 I0 ) 'gAndhI mAhAtmya', 'tilaka vaidagdhya', tathA 'neharU - vijaya' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kara mahAtmA gAndhI, bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka evaM paM0 motIlAla neharU kI rASTrasevAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / baMgAla ke zrIzvara vidyAlaMkAra kavi ne vikToriyA ke jIvana para 12 sargoM 2

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kaThopaniSad ] ( 94 ) [ karNabhAra meM 'vijayinI kAvya' kI racanA kI thI / gayA ( bihAra ) ke jilA skUla ke zikSaka paM0 harinandana bhaTTa kRta 'samrATcaritam' utkRSTa koTi kA kAvya hai, jisameM paMcama jArja evaM merI kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai [ de0 samrATcaritam ] paM0 zivakumAra zAstrI (18481919 I0 ) ne apane grantha 'lakSmIzvarapratApa' meM darabhaMgA ke rAjAoM kA vaMzavRtta upasthita kiyA hai / saMskRta meM aitihAsika kAvyoM kI racanA abhI bhI hotI jA rahI hai| paTanA (bihAra) ke prasiddha jyotiSI paM0 viSNukAnta jhA ne dezaratna DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda ke Upara 'rAjendra-vaMza-vRttam' nAmaka kAvya kI racanA kI hai / saMskRta kA aitihAsika mahAkAvya aitihAsika tathyoM, bhASAgata sauSThava evaM kalAtmaka vaibhava ke atirikta bhAvAtmaka garimA ke lie prasiddha hai aura isakI dhArA adyAvadhi manda nahIM par3ane pAyI hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa- DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - dAsagupta evaM De 4. saMskRta sAhitya navIna itihAsa - kRSNa caitanya ( hindI anuvAda ) 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrIgairolA 6 saMskRta sAhitya kA vivecanAtmaka itihAsa- DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya 7. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta klAsikala liTarecara - kRSNAmAcAriyAra / kaThopaniSad - yaha 'kRSNa yajurveda' kI isameM do adhyAya atyanta mahattvapUrNa / evaM pratyeka adhyAya meM tIna-tIna balliyA~ haiM hai / isakI racanA naciketA aura uddAlaka ke gambhIra advaitatasva kI sthApanA rUpaka ke dvArA kI gayI hai / naciketA ke vizeSa rocaka AkhyAna ke rUpa meM huI hai tathA kaThazAkhA kA aMza hai| yaha sabhI upaniSadoM meM isakI racanA padya meM huI hai / Agraha para use yamarAja advaitatattva kI zikSA dete haiM / 'kaThopaniSad' meM sAMkhya aura yoga ke bhI vicAra upalabdha hote haiM / prathama adhyAya meM zreya preya kA vivecana, vairAgya kI prazaMsA tathA avidyA meM lIna puruSoM kI durdazA, niSkAma bhAva kI mahimA, parabrahma evaM paramAtmA kI mahimA, nAma mahattva, AtmA kA svarUpa, paramAtya svarUpa, jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA ke nitya sambandha, ratha ora rathI ke rUpa meM paramAtma-prApti ke upAya, indriyoM ko asat mArga se roka kara bhagavAn kI ora lagAnA tathA paramAtma-prApti ke sAdhana kA vivecana hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM paramezvara kI sarvarUpatA evaM sarvatra paripUrNatA, jIvAtmA kI gati, paramezvara kA svarUpa evaM usakI sarvaprakAzakatA kA pratipAdana, yoga kA svarUpa evaM sAdhana, bhagavadvizvAsa se bhagavatprApti, mRtyu ke pazcAt jIva kI gati tathA jJAna se mokSa kI prApti Adi viSayoM kA varNana hai / isameM paramezvara ko gUr3ha, sarvavyApI, saMsAra ke gahana vana gayA hai, jisakI prApti manuSya harSa evaM zoka kI AtmaviSayaka yoga-sAdhanA manaHsthiti se Upara uTha meM chipA huA tathA sanAtana kahA se hI hotI hai| isa sthiti meM jAtA hai / karNabhAra - yaha mahAkavi bhAsaviracita nATaka hai| ke AdhAra para karNa kA carita varNita hai| mahAbhArata ke isameM 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA yuddha meM droNAcArya kI mRtyu

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kaNAda ] ( 95 ) [ kaNAda ke pazcAt karNa ko senApati banAyA jAtA hai, ataH ise 'karNabhAra' kahA gayA hai / sarvaprathama sUtradhAra kA raMgamaMtra para AnA varNita hai / senApati banane para karNa apane sArathI zalya ko arjuna ke ratha ke pAsa use le calane ko kahatA hai / vaha mArga meM apanI astra-prApti vRttAnta tathA parazurAma ke sAtha ghaTI ghaTanA kA kathana karatA hai / usI samaya nepathya se eka brAhmaNa kI AvAja sunAI par3atI hai ki 'maiM bahuta bar3I bhikSA mA~ga rahA hU~ / brAhmaNa aura koI nahIM indra haiM, jo karaNaM se kavaca-kuNDala mAMgane ke lie Aye the / pahale to karNa dene se hicakicAtA hai aura brAhmaNa ko suvarNa evaM dhana mAMgane ke lie kahatA hai / para, brAhmaNa apane haTha para ar3A kavaca kI mAMga karatA hai / kaNaM apanA kavaca-kuNDala de detA hai 'vimalA' zakti prApta hotI hai / tatpazcAt karNa aura zalya arjuna ke jAte haiM aura bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai / isameM kavi ne ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA kathopakathana ke rUpa meM dekara isakI nATakIyatA kI rakSA kI hai / yadyapi isakA vaNyaM viSaya yuddha aura yuddha bhUmi hai tathApi isameM karuNa rasa kA hI prAdhAnya hai | kaNAdada- vaizeSikadarzana ke pravatrtaka / prAcIna granthoM meM inake vibhinna nAma ( kaNabhuk, kaSabhakSa ) prApta hote haiM / udayanAcArya ne ( nyAyadarzana ke AcArya ) apanI racanA 'kiraNAvalI' meM kaNAda ko kazyama muni kA putra kahA hai / zrIharSakRta 'naiSadha mahAkAvya ' ( 22 / 26 ) meM vaizeSika darzana kI abhidhA olUka dI gayI hai / 'vAyupurANa' meM kaNAda ziva ke avatAra evaM somazarmA ke ziSya ( prabhAsanivAsI ) kahe gae haiM tathA 'trikANDakoSa' meM inakA anya nAma 'kAzyapa' diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra uparyukta varNanoM ke AMdhAra para kaNAda kAzyapagotrI ulUka muni ke putra siddha hote haiM / inake guru kA nAma somazarmA thA / rahatA hai aura abhedya aura use indra dvArA ratha kI ora L inhoMne 'vaizeSikasUtra' kI racanA kI hai, jo isa darzana kA mUla grantha hai / yaha grantha dasa adhyAyoM meM hai jisameM kula 370 sUtra haiM / isakA pratyeka adhyAya do AhnikoM meM vibhakta hai / isake prathama adhyAya meM dravya, guNa evaM karma ke lakSaNa evaM vibhAga varNita haiM / dvitIya adhyAya meM vibhinna dravyoM evaM tRtIya meM nau dravyoM kA vivecana hai / caturtha adhyAya meM paramANuvAda kA tathA paMcama meM karma ke svarUpa aura prakAra kA varNana hai / SaSTha adhyama meM naitika samasyAe~ evaM dharmAdharma-vicAra hai to saptama kA viSaya hai guNavivecana | aSTama, navama tathA dazama adhyAyoM meM takaM, abhAva, jJAna aura sukhaduHkhavibheda kA nirUpaNa hai / vaizeSikasUtroM ko racanA nyAyasUtra se pahale ho cukI thI, isakA racanA-kAla I0 pU0 300 zataka mAnA jAtA hai| 'vaizeSikasUtra' para sarvAdhika prAcIna bhASya 'rAvaNabhASya' thA, para yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA aura isakI sUcanA brahmasUtrazaMkarabhASya kI TIkA 'ratnaprabhA' meM prApta hotI hai / bharadvAja ne bhI isa para vRtti kI racanA kI thI, kintu vaha bhI nahIM milatI / 'vaizeSikasUtra' kA hindI bhASya paM0 zrIrAma zarmA ne kiyA hai| isa para ma0 ma0 candrakAnta tarkAlaMkAra kRta atyanta upayogI bhASya hai jisameM sUtroM kI spaSTa vyAkhyA hai /

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kapila] [kapila AdhAragrantha-1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga 2-DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana 2. bhAratIyadarzana bA0 baladeva upAdhyAya / kapila-sAMkhyadarzana ke AdhAcArya maharSi kapila haiM jinakI gaNanA viSNu ke avatAroM meM hotI hai| 'zrImadbhAgavatapurANa' meM inheM viSNu kA pancama avatAra kahA gayA hai| inake sambandha meM 'mahAbhArata', 'bhAgavata' Adi granthoM meM paraspara virodhI kathana prApta hote haiM, ataH kaI Adhunika vidvAnoM ne inheM aitihAsika vyakti na mAna kara kAlpanika mAnA hai| svayaM 'mahAbhArata' meM hI inake viSaya meM do prakAra ke vicAra haiM / prathama kathana ke anusAra kapila brahmA ke putra evaM dvitIya varNana meM agni ke avatAra kahe gae haiN| sanakazca sanandazca tRtIyazca sanAtanaH / kapilazcAsurizcaiva voDhuH pancazikhastathA / saptaite brahmaNaH putraaH| mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, adhyAya 218 kapilaM paramaSinca yaM prAhuryatayaH sadA / agniH sa kapilo nAma sAGkhyayogapravartakaH / / vahI, [ yogasUtra (1, 25 ) kI TIkA meM vAcaspati mizra (prasiddha naiyAyika ) inheM hiraNyagarbha kahate hai-Adi vidvAn kapila iti |.....kpilo nAma viSNoravatAravizeSaH prasidaH / svayambhUhiraNyagarbhastasyApi sAMkhyayogaprAptirvede zrUyate, sa evezvara Adi vidvAn kapilo viSNuH svayambhUriti bhaavH| tattva vaizAradI TIkA uparyukta kathanoM ke AdhAra para 'kItha' ne kapila ko hiraNyagarbha se abhinna svIkAra kiyA hai| 'kItha' kA kahanA hai ki cUMki ye kahIM agni, kahIM viSNu tathA katipaya sthaloM para ziva ke avatAra mAne gae haiM, ataH inheM aitihAsika vyakti na mAna kara hiraNyagarbha hI kahA jA sakatA hai| [ de0 sAMkhya sisTama-le0 DaoN0 90 bI0 kItha pR0 9] maiksamUlara evaM kolabuka prabhRti pAzcAtya vidvAn evaM ma0 ma0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja tathA DaoN0 haradatta zarmA prabhRti bhAratIya vidvAn bhI inheM aitihAsika vyakti svIkAra karane meM sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| [de0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja kRta 'jayamaMgalA' kI bhUmikA tathA DaoN. haradattazarmA kRta 'sAMkhyatattvakaumudI', pUnA saMskaraNa kI bhUmikA pR0 14 ] para prAcIna paramparA meM AsthA rakhane vAle vidvAn uparyukta niSkarSoM meM vizvAsa na kara kapila ko sAMkhyadarzana kA Adi pravattaMka mAnate haiM / 'gItA' meM bhagavAn zrIkRSNa apane ko siddhoM meM kapila muni kahate haiM-siddhAnAM kapilo muniH, gItA 10 / 26 / brahmasUtra ke 'zAGkarabhASya' meM zaGkarAcArya ne inheM sAMkhyadarzana kA Adya upadeSTA evaM rAjA sagara ke sATha sahasra putroM ko bhasma karane vAle kapilamuni se bhinna svIkAra kiyA hai / 'yA tu zrutiH kapilasya jJAnAtizayaM darzayantI pradarzitA, na tayA zrutiviruddhamapi kApilaM mataM zraddhAtuM zakyaM, kapilamiti zrutisAmAnyamAtrasvAt / anyasya ca kapilaya sagaraputrANAM pratapturvAsudevanAmnaH smaraNAt / ' brahmasUtra, zAGkarabhASya 2011 // ina vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para kapila ke astitva ke viSaya meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|

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kamalAkara bhaTTa] [kalpa prasiddha pAzcAtya vidvAn gAbe ne apane grantha 'sAMkhya philaoNsaphI' meM maiksamUlara tathA kolaka ke niSkarSoM kA khaNDana kara kapila ko aitihAsika vyakti siddha kiyA hai / maharSi kapila racita do grantha prasiddha haiM-'tasvasamAsa' evaM 'sAMkhyasUtra' / 'tattvasamAsa' meM kula 22 sUtra haiM aura 'sAMkhyasUtra' 6 adhyAya meM vibhakta hai jisameM sUtroM kI saMkhyA 537 hai| 'sAMkhyasUtra' ke prathama adhyAya meM viSayapratipAdana, dvitIya meM kAryoM kA vivecana, tRtIya meM vairAgya, caturtha meM sAMkhyatattvoM kA AkhyAyikAoM ke dvArA vivecana, pancama meM parapakSa kA khaNDana tathA SaSTha meM siddhAntoM kA saMkSepa meM vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kapila ke ziSya kA nAma Asuri thA jo sAMkhyadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya haiN| kapila ke praziSya pancazikha haiM aura ve bhI sAMkhyadarzana ke AcArya haiN| AdhAragrantha-1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga-2 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan 2 bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. sAMkhyadarzana kA itihAsa-zrI udayavIra zAstrI 4. sAMkhyatattvakaumudI-prabhA ( hindI vyAkhyA ) DaoN0 AdyA prasAda mizra / kamalAkara bhaTTa-ye 17 vIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha dharmazAstrakAra haiN| inake pitA kA nAma rAmakRSNa bhaTTa thaa| inakA racanAkAla 1610 se 1640 I. taka mAnA jAtA hai| ye nyAya, vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA, vedAnta, sAhityazAstra, veda evaM dharmazAstra ke prakANDa vidvAna the| inake dvArA racita granthoM kI saMkhyA 22 hai jinameM adhikAMza pustakeM dharmazAstra-viSayaka haiN| nirNayasindhu, dAnakamalAkara, zAntiratna, pUrtakamalAkara, sarvatIrthavidhi, vratakamalAkara, prAyazcittaratna, vivAdatANDava, bahacAhnika, gotrapravara. darpaNa, karmavipAkaratna, zUdrakamalAkara Adi inake grantha haiN| inameM zUdrakamalAkara, vivAdatANDava evaM nirNayasindhu ati prasiddha haiN| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA. kANe bhAga 1 (hindI anuvAda) kamalAkara bhaTTa-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'siddhAntatattvaviveka' nAmaka atyanta mahattvapUrNa jyotiSazAstrIya grantha kI racanA saM0 1580 meM kI hai| inheM gola evaM gaNita donoM kA marmajJa batalAyA jAtA hai| ye prasiddha jyotiSI divAkara ke bhrAtA the [ de0 divAkara ] aura inhoMne unase hI isa viSaya kA jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| inhoMne bhAskarAcArya ke siddhAnta kA aneka sthaloM para khaNDana kiyA hai aura saurapakSa kI zreSThatA svIkAra kara brahmapakSa ko amAnya siddha kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| kalpa-vedAGga sAhitya meM kalpa kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| 'kalpa' kA artha hai veda-vihita karmoM kA kramapUrvaka kalpanA karane vAlA grantha yA zAstra-kalpo veda-vihitAnAM karmANAmAnupUrveNa kalpanAzAstram / Rgveda prAtizAkhya kI vargadvaya vRtti pR0 13 / vivAhopanayana athavA yajJayAgAdi ke kramabaddha rUpa se varNana karane vAle sUtragrantha hI kalpa kahe jAte haiN| ina sUtroM kA sAkSAtU sambandha brAhmaNoM aura upaniSadoM se bhI hai| inameM yajJa ke prayogoM kA samarthana kiyA jAtI hai| kalpasUtroM kA nirmANa yajJoM ke vidhAna ko 7 saM0 sA0

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kalpa] ( 98 ) saMkSipta rUpa dene evaM vyavasthita karane ke lie hI huA thaa| inheM cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-zrautasUtra, gRhyasUtra, dharmasUtra evaM zulbasUtra / / 1 zrautasUtra-isameM zrutipratipAdita yajJoM kA kramabaddha varNana hotA hai| aise yajJoM ke nAma haiM-darza, pUrNamAsa, piNDapitRyAga, AgrayaNeSTi, cAturmAsya, nirUDhapazu, somayAga, satra ( 12 dinoM taka calane vAlA yajJa), gavAmayana ( eka varSa taka samApta hone vAlA yajJa), vAjapeya, rAjasUya, sautrAmaNI, azvamedha, puruSamedha, ekAhayAga, ahona ( do dinoM se lekara gyAraha dinoM taka calane vAlA yjny)| dhArmika dRSTi se ina granthoM kA adhika mahatva hai| pratyeka veda ke pRthak pRthak zrautasUtra haiN| Rgveda ke do zrotasUtra haiMAzvalAyana evaM zAkhAyana / AzvalAyana zrautasUtra meM bAraha adhyAya haiN| isake lekhaka AzvalAyana haiN| zAGkhAyana zrautasUtra meM 18 adhyAya haiN| isakA sambandha zAkhAyana brAhmaNa se hai / yajurveda kA kevala eka hI zrautasUtra hai jise kAtyAyana zrautasUtra kahate haiN| isameM 26 adhyAya haiM tathA zatapatha brAhmaNa meM nirdiSTa yajJoM ke krama kA anuvartana hai / isa para karkAcArya ne vistRta bhASya likhA hai| kRSNayajurveda ke kaI zrautasUtra haiMbodhAyana, Apastamba, hiraNyakezIya, satyASAr3ha, baikhAnasa, bhAradvAja evaM mAnava zrautasUtra / sAmaveda ke zrautasUtra haiM-lAvyAyana-isakA sambandha kauthumazAkhA se hai / jaiminIya zrautasUtra-yaha jaimini zAkhA se sambaddha hai| brAhmAyaNa zrautasUtra-isakA sambandha rANAyanIya zAkhA se hai / atharvaveda kA zrautasUtra hai vaitAna / isameM aneka aMzoM meM gopathabrAhmaNa kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| ___ gRhyasUtra-isameM gRhAgni meM sampanna hone vAle yajJa, upanayana, vivAha aura zrAva mAdi kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| sabhI vedoM ke pRthak pRthak gRhyasUtra haiM / Rgveda ke do gRhyasUtra haiM-AzvalAyana evaM zAkhAyana gRhyasUtra / prathana meM cAra adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya kaI khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM gRhyakarma evaM saMskAra varNita haiM tathA vedAdhyayana kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| zAGkhAyana meM 6 adhyAya haiN| isameM AzvalAyana ke hI viSaya varNita haiM tathA kahIM-kahIM gRha-nirmANa aura gRha praveza kA bhI varNana hai| isake lekhaka suyajJa haiM / Rgveda kA tRtIya gRhyasUtra kauSItaka hai| isake racayitA kA nAma zAmbavya yA zAmbhavya hai jo kurudezavAsI haiN| isameM vivAhasaMskAra, jAtazizu kA paricaya, upanayana, vaizvadeva, kRSikarma tathA zrAddha kA varNana hai| yajurveda kA ekamAtra gRhyasUtra hai pATaskara gRhyasUtra / isameM tIna kANDa haiN| prathama kANDa meM Avasathya agni kA AdhAna, vivAha tathA garbhadhAraNa se annaprAzana taka ke saMskAra varNita haiN| dvitIya kANDa meM cUr3AkaraNa, upanayana, samAvattaMna, paJcamahAyajJa, zrAvaNakarma tathA sItAyajJa kA varNana hai| tRtIya kAza meM zrAddha evaM avakINaM prAyazcita Adi viSaya varNita haiN| isakI kaI TIkAeM haiN| TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiM-karka, jayarAma, gadAdhara, harihara tathA vizvanAtha / 'kRSNayajurveda' ke gRhyasUtra haiM baudhAyana, Apastamba, bhAradvAja evaM kAThaka gRhyasUtra / Apastamba gRhyasUtra meM 23 khaDa haiM jinameM vivAha, upanayana, upakarmotsarjana, samAvattaMna, madhupeka tathA sImantonnayana Adi viSayoM kA varNana hai| sAmaveda ke tIna gRhyasUtra hai-gobhila, khAdira tathA jaiminIya gRhyasUtra / gobhila

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kalyANabalI ] ( 99 ) [ kavimanoraMjaka campU gRhyasUtra kA sambandha kothumazAkhA se hai / khAdira gRhyasUtra para rudraskandha kI TIkA milatI / atharvaveda kA gRhyasUtra hai kauzika gRhyasUtra / dharmasUtra - ina granthoM meM cAra varNoM evaM cAra AzramoM ke katrtavyoM tathA rAjAoM ke kartavyoM kA varNana hai / [ inake vivaraNa ke lie de0 dharmazAstra ] zulbasUtra - isameM yajJa ke nimitta vedI ke nirmANa kA varNana hai / ina granthoM meM prAcIna AryoM ke jyAmitiviSayaka jJAna kA nirUpaNa hai / zulba kA artha hai rassI / isa zAstra meM rajju yA rassI dvArA nApI gayI vedI kA varNana hai / isake tIna prAcIna grantha haiM ---- bodhAyana, Apastamba tathA kAtyAyana zulbasUtra / de0 vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / kalyANaballI kalyANa - yaha campU kAvya hai jisake racayitA haiM zrI rAmAnuja dezika | ye 'rAmAnujacampU' nAmaka kAvya ke racayitA rAmAnujAcArya ke pitRvya the / isa prakAra inakA samaya solahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara caraNa hai / 'liMgapurANa' ke gaurIkalyANa ke AdhAra para isa campUkAvya kI racanA huI hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai isakA vivaraNa DiskripTiva kaiTalaoNga madrAsa 2118275 meM prApta hotA hai / AdhAragrantha- - campUkAvya kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / kalyANavarmA--ye bhAratIya jyotiSa ke prasiddha AcArya haiM / inakA samaya 578 I0 hai, para paM0 sudhAkara dvivedI ( Adhunika yuga ke prasiddha jyotiSazAstrI ) ke anusAra inakA samaya 500 I0 hai / [ de0 gaNana taraMgiNI pR0 16 ] inhoMne 'sArAvalI' nAmaka jAtakazAstra kI racanA kI hai jisameM 42 adhyAya haiM / yaha granya varAhamihira racita 'bRhajjAtaka' se bhI AkAra meM bar3A hai| lekhaka ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki isa grantha kI racanA varAhamihira, yavanajyotiSa evaM narendrakRta 'horAzAstra' ke AdhAra para huI hai aura unake mata kA sAra-saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| bhaTTotpala nAmaka jyotiSazAstrI ne 'bRhajjAtaka' kI TIkA meM inake ilokoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| 'sArAvalI' meM DhAI hajAra se zloka haiM / inhoMne apane sambandha meM eka zloka likhA haidevagrAmapayaH prapoSaNabalAd brahmANDasatpanjaraM kucha adhika kotiH siMhavilAsinIva sahasA yasyeha bhittvA gatA / horAM vyAghrabhaTezvaro racayati spaSTAM tu sArAvalIM zrImAn zAstravicAranirmalamanAH kalyANavarmA kRtI // ( DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI - bhAratIya jyotiSa se uddhRtaH pR0 126 'sArAvalI' kA prakAzana 'nirNayasAgara presa' se huA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ( hindI anuvAda, hindI - samiti ) 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 3 bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda / kavimanoraMjaka campU- isa campU- kAvya ke praNetA kavi sItArAma sUri haiM / inakA janma, tirukuruDiga grAma meM huA thA jo tirunelaveli jile meM hai / kavi kA janma

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kavirAja dhoSI ] (800) [. kavirAja dhoyI 1836 I0 meM huA thA aura nidhana 1906 I0 meM huA / grantha kA racanAkAla 1870 I0 hai / isa kAvya meM cAra ullAsa haiM aura sItArAma nAmaka kisI paramabhAgavata brAhmaNa kI kathA varNita hai / isameM mukhyataH tIrthayAtrA kA varNana hai aura nagaroM ke varNana meM kavi ne adhika ruci lI hai / dvitIya ullAsa meM ayodhyA kA varNana karate hue saMkSepa meM rAmAyaNa kI sampUrNa kathA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isake gadya evaM padya donoM hI praur3ha haiM tathA yatratatra yamaka evaM zleSa se yukta paMktiyAM bhI dikhAI par3atI haiN| kathA kA prArambha ina paMktiyoM se hotA hai vedavrataviruddha sUktitaruNI veNIkRpANIbhava dvANIdugdhata raMgiNI zazaraNIbhUtAnta raMgo guruH / kAruNyAjavavIcikAntarasadA saMcArazItIbhava svAntaH svAM matimAtanottripathagAyAtrA miSAdrakSaNe / / 1182 isa grantha kA prakAzana 1950 I0 meM di yUnirvAsaTI mainyuskripTa lAibrerI, trivendrama ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha--- campUkAvyoM kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana -- DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / kavirAja dhAMyI - 'pavanadUta' nAmaka saMdezakAvya ke racayitA / isa kAvya kI racanA mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita meghadUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai| dhoyI ke kaI nAma milate haiM - dhUyi, dhoyI, dhoI aura dhoyika / ye baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke darabArI kavi the / inakA samaya vikrama saMvat dvAdaza zataka kA uttarArdha evaM trayodaza zataka kA pUrvAdhaM hai / zrIdharadAsa kRta 'saduktikarNAmRta' meM dhoyI ke padya uddhRta haiM jo zaka saM0 1127 yA 1206 I0 kA hai / inake sambandha meM anya koI sUcanA nahIM prApta hotI / inakI jAti ke sambandha meM bhI vivAdAspada mata pracalita haiM / ma0 ma0 haraprasAda zAstrI ke anusAra dhoyI pAladhigaNa tathA kazyapa gotra ke rADhIya brAhmaNa haiN| inake vaidya jAtIya hone kA AdhAra vaidyavaMzAvalI granthoM meM duhirsena yA dhUyisena nAma kA ullikhita honA hai / puNDarIkAkSasenasya duhisenaH suto'bhavat / dharasya tripurAkhyasya tanayAgarbhasambhavaH // ( kavi kaNThahAra ) sudhAMzuratreriva puNDarIkasenA tanujo'jani dhUyisenaH / ( candraprabhA pR0 213 ) 'gItagovinda' 114 se jJAta hotA hai ki lakSmaNasena ke darabAra meM umApatidhara, zaraNa, govardhana, dhoyI aura jayadeva kavi rahate the / inheM kavirAja kI upAdhi prApta huI thI / 'pavanadUta' ke zloka saM0 101 evaM 103 meM kavi ne apane ko 'kavikSmAbhRtAM cakravartI' evaM 'kavi narapati' kahA hai / dativyUhaM kanaklatikAM cAmaraM hemadaNDaM zrI yo gIDeMdrAdalabhata kaMvikSmAbhRtAM cakravartI | rasikaprIti hetormanasvI kAvyaM sArasvatamiva mahAmaMtrametajjagAda // ( pavana 0 101 )

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kavirAja vizvanAtha] [kavirAja vizvanAtha lakSmaNasena ke darabAra ke pAMca ratnoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai govardhanazca zaraNo jayadeva umApatiH / kavirAjazca ratnAni samitI lakSmaNasya tu / / pavanadUta kI kathA isa prakAra hai--gaur3adeza ke nareza lakSmaNasena dakSiNa digvijaya karate hue malayAcala taka pahuMcate haiN| vahA~ kanaka nagarI meM rahane vAlI kuvalayavatI nAmaka apsarA unase prema karane lagatI hai| rAjA lakSmaNasena ke rAjadhAnI lauTa Ane para kuvalayavatI unake viraha meM tar3apane lagatI hai| vasanta Rtu ke Agamana para vaha vasantavAyu ko dUta banAkara apanA viraha-sandeza bhijavAtI hai| kavi ne malaya parvata se baMgAla taka ke mArga kA atyanta hI manorama varNana kiyA hai jo kavitvamaya evaM AkarSaka hai tathA rAjA lakSmaNasena kI rAjadhAnI vijayapura kA varNana karate hue kuvalayavatI kI viyogAvasthA kA karuNa rUpa aMkita kiyA hai / anta meM kuvalayavatI kA sandeza hai| . pavanadUta meM mandAkrAntA chanda kA hI prayoga hai aura kula 104 zloka / antima cAra zlokoM meM kavi ne apanA paricaya diyA hai| isameM meghadUta kI taraha pUrva bhAga evaM uttara bhAga nahIM haiN| meghadUta kA anukaraNa karate hue bhI kavi ne nUtana udbhAvanAeM kI haiM ! mAlyavAn parvata se pravAhita hone vAle jala prapAtoM kI kalpanA rAma ke azru ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai tatrAdyApi pratijharajalaijarAH prasthabhAgAH / sItAbhaH pRthutarazucaH sacayanasyazrupAtAn / 18 / / "mAdhurya-vyaMjaka vargoM ke sAtha lalita bhASA meM kliSTa samAsoM kA parihAra karate hue vaidarbhI rIti meM yaha kAvya likhA gayA hai|" saMskRta ke sandezakAvya pR0 244 / sarvaprathama ma0 ma0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne isake astitva kA vivaraNa svaracita saMskRta hastalikhita pothiyoM ke vivaraNa sambandhI grantha ke prathama bhAga meM diyA thaa| tatpazcAt 1905 I0 meM zrImanamohana ghoSa ne isakA eka saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA kintu vaha eka hI hastalekha para AvRta hone ke kAraNa bhraSTa pAThoM se yukta thaa| abhI hAla meM hI kalakatte se isakA zuddha saMskaraNa prakAzita huA hai| kavirAja vizvanAtha "inhoMne 'sAhitya-darpaNa' nAmaka atyanta lokapriya kAvyazAstrIya grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| [de0 sAhitya-darpaNa ] inakA janma utkala ke pratiSThita paNDita-kula meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma candrazekhara thA jinhoMne 'puSpamAlA' evaM 'bhASArNava' nAmaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA thA jinakA ullekha 'sAhitya-darpaNa' meM hai| inake pitA vidvAna, kavi evaM sAndhivigrahika the| nArAyaNa nAmaka vidvAn inake pitAmaha yA vRddha pitAmaha the| inakA samaya 1200 I0 se lekara 1350 ke madhya hai| 'sAhitya-darpaNa' meM eka allAvadIna nRpati kA varNana hai jo sandhi ke samaya sarvasva-haraNa ke lie vikhyAta thA sandho sarvasvaharaNaM vigrahe prANanigrahaH / / / ahnAvadInanRpatau na sandhi ca vigrahaH // 44 yaha zloka dillI ke bAdazAha alAudIna khilajI se hI sambada hai jisakA samaya

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kalhaNa] (102) 1296 se 1316 I. taka thaa| isa prakAra vizvanAtha kA samaya 1300 I0 se 1350 ke madhya kisI samaya ho sakatA hai| ye kavi, nATakakAra evaM saphala AcArya the| inhoMne rAghavavilAsa (saMskRta mahAkAvya), kuvalayAzvacarita (prAkRta kAvya), prabhAvatIpariNaya evaM candrakalA ( nATikA), prazastiratnAvalI, kAvyaprakAzadarpaNa ( kAvyaprakAza ko TIkA) evaM 'sAhityadarpaNa' nAmaka pustakoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| inakI kIrti kA stambha ekamAtra 'sAhitya-darpaNa' hI hai jisameM dasa pariccheda hai aura kAvyazAstra ke sabhI viSayoM evaM nATyazAstra kA vivecana hai| viSaya-pratipAdana kI dRSTi se yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai aura isI kAraNa ise adhika lokapriyatA prApta huI hai| kAvya ke lakSaNa, bheda, prayojana, zabdazakti, rasa, dhvani, rIti, guNa, doSa, alaMkAra evaM kAvya ke bheda-dRzya evaM zravya tathA nAyaka-nAyikA-bheda kA isameM vistRta vivecana hai| vizvanAtha rasavAdI AcArya haiM / inhoMne rasa ko hI kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai aura usakA svatantra rUpa se vivecana kiyA hai; mammaTa kI bhAMti use dhvani kA aMga nahIM maanaa| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1--A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / kalhaNa-ye saMskRta ke sarvazreSTha aitihAsika mahAkAvyakAra haiN| inhoMne 'rAjataraMgiNI' nAmaka suprasiddha kAvya kI racanA kI hai| kalhaNa kAzmIra nivAsI the| inakA janma AlpavaMzIya brAhmaNa kula meM huA thaa| prAcIna granthoM meM pahana kA pucha bhI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA, unhoMne apane sambandha meM jo kucha aMkita kiyA hai vahI unake jIvanavRtta kA AdhAra hai| 'rAjataraMgiNI' ke pratyeka taraMga kI samApti meM 'iti kAzmIrika mahAmAtya zrIcampakapramusUnoH kalhaNasyakRtI rAjataraGgiNyA..' yaha vAkya aMkita hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma campaka thA aura ve kAzmIranareza harSa ke mahAmAtya the| ye rAjA harSa ke vizvAsapAtra adhikArI hone ke kAraNa unake harSa-coka, sukha-duHkha tathA unnati-avanati meM samabhAva se ekaniSThA ke sAtha sevA karate the| kAzmIranareza harSa kA zAsanakAla 1009-1101 60 taka thA / rAjA kI hatyA kiye jAne ke bAda inhoMne rAjanIti se saMnyAsa le liyA thaa| campaka ke nAma kA kalhaNa ne atyanta mAdara ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai jisase unake pitA hone meM kisI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM raha gayA hai / inhoMne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki campaka prati varSa apanI ajita sampatti kA nandikSetra meM sAta dinoM taka vyayakara usakA sadupayoga kiyA karate the nandikSetre vyayIkRtva pratyabdaM saptavAsarAn / campakaH saphalAM cakre sarvakAlAjitAM zriyam // raaj07|954 nandikSetre sa tatrAyaH praNItazcampakAdibhiH / vahI 8 / 2365 pAhaNa ne campaka ke anuja kanaka kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo harSa ke kRpApAtroM tathA vizvAsI anujIviyoM meM se the| kahA jAtA hai ki inakI mAnabiyA se prasanna hokara rAjA ne inheM eka lAkha suvarNa mudrA puraskAra ke rUpa meM dI thii| rAja0 71117, 1118 kalhaNa ne parihArapura ko kanaka kA nivAsa sthAna kahA hai tathA yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki jaba rAjA harSa buddha kI pratimAoM kA vidhvaMsa kara rahe the taba kanaka ne apane janma-sthAna kI buddha kI pratimA kI rakSA kI thii| [de. rAja

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(103) taraMgiNI 751097] kalhaNa ke isa kathana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki inakA janmasthAna parihArapura thA tathA ye svayaM bauddha na hone para bhI bauddhadharma kA Adara karate the| rAjA harSa kI mRtyu ke pazcAt kanaka vArANasI cale gae aura vahIM puNya kArya meM laga gae / [ rAja0 8 / 12] kalhaNa jAti ke zaiva brAhmaNa the| isakI puSTi rAjataraMgiNI ke pratyeka taraMga meM ardhanArIzvara ziva kI vandanA se hotI hai / kalhaNa kA vAstavika nAma kalyANa thA tathA ve alakadatta nAmaka kisI puruSa ke Azraya meM rahate the| inhoMne sussala ke putra rAjA jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM ( 1127-1159 I0) rAjataraMgiNI kA praNayana kiyA thaa| isa grantha kA lekhana do varSoM meM huA thaa-1148-115060| kalhaNa zaivamatAnuyAyI hote hue bhI bauddhadharma ke ahiMsAtatvapUrNa prazaMsaka the| inhoMne bauddhoM kI udAratA, ahiMsA evaM bhAvanAoM kI pavitratA kI atyadhika prazaMsA kI hai| rAjA ke guNoM kI ye bodhisattva se tulanA karate haiM bodhisattvo'si bhUpAla ko'pi sattvojitavrataH / kAruNyaM prANiSu dRDhaM yasyehakte mahAtmanaH / / rAja0 11134 loke bhagavato lokanAthAdArabhya kecana / ye jantavo gataklezA bodhisattvAnavehi tAn // 11638 'zrIkaNThacarita' meM kalhaNa kI prazasti prApta hotI hai zrImAnalakadatto'yamanalpaM kAvyazilpiSu / svaparizramasarvasvanyAsasabhyamamanyata // 2578 tathopacaskare yena nijavAGmayadarpaNaH / vilaNaprauDhisaMkrAntI yathAyogyatvamagrahIt // 25 // 79 tattabahukathAkeliparizramaniraGkazam / taM prazrayaprayatnena kalyANa samamImanat // 2180 kalhaNa kI ekamAtra racanA rAjataraMgiNI prApta hotI hai jisameM kavi ne atyanta prAcInakAla se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka kAzmIra kA itihAsa likhA hai| yaha mahAkAvya ATha taraMgoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM kavi ne aitihAsika zuddhatA evaM racanAtmaka sAhityika kRti donoM AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kI hai| kavi ne aitihAsika tathyoM kA vivaraNa kaI srotoM se grahaNa kara ise pUrNa banAyA hai| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie [de0 rAjataraMgiNI] / kalhaNa kA vyaktitva eka niSpakSa evaM praur3ha aitihAsika kA hai| rAjataraMgiNI ke prArambha meM kavi ne yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki 'vahI zreSTha-buddhi kavi prazaMsA kA adhikArI hai jisake zabda eka nyAyAdhIza ke vAkya kI bhAMti, atIta kA citraNa karane meM ghRNA athavA prema kI bhAvanAoM se mukta hote haiN|' 'zlAghyaH sa eva guNavAn rAgadveSabahiSkRtA / bhUtArthakathane yasya stheyasyeva sarasvatI // 117 kalhaNa ne itihAsa ke varNana meM isa Adarza kA pUrNataH paripAlana kiyA hai| rAjataraMgiNI ke varNanoM, prayogoM tathA upamAoM Adi ke paryavekSaNa se yaha spaSTataH jJAta hotA hai ki kalhaNa ne apane aneka pUrvavartI lekhakoM kI racanAoM evaM mahAkAvyoM kA adhyayana kiyA thA evaM unase sAmagrI

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kalhaNa] ( 104 ) [kalhaNa grahaNa kara apane grantha ko pUrNa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| ve kAzmIraka kavi bilhaNa racita 'vikramAMkadevacarita' tathA bANalikhita 'harSacarita atirikta 'rAmAyaNa' evaM 'mahAbhArata' se bhI pUrNa paricita the| kavi ke rUpa meM kalhaNa kA vyaktitva atyanta prakhara hai, nhoMne apane ko itihAsavettA na mAnakara kavi ke rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA hai| yaha jAnakara ki sukavi kI vANI amRtarasa ko bhI tiraskRta karane vAlI hotI hai ve apane ko kavi kyoM nahIM kahate ? amRta ke pAna karane se kevala pIne vAlA hI amara hotA hai, kintu sukavi kI vANI kavi evaM varNita pAtroM, donoM ke hI zarIra ko amara kara detI hai vandyaH ko'pi sudhAsyandAskandI sa sukaverguNaH / yenAyAti yazaHkAye sthaya svasya parasya ca // 13 aitihAsika zuddhatA evaM niSpakSatA kA vrata lene ke kAraNa evaM sAtha-hI-sAtha eka kAvya kI racanA meM pravRtta hone ke lie saceSTa rahane se kalhaNa kA kAvya alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM se kApho dUra hai| inakA vyaktitva kavi aura itihAsakAra ke bIca sAmaMjasya upasthita karane vAlA hai| inhoMne samasta sAhityazAstrIya jJAna kA paricaya prApta kara unakA samAveza rAjataraMgiNI meM kiyA hai tathA jahA~ kahIM avasara prApta hone para paramparAgata adhIta jJAna kA pUrNa pradarzana kiyA hai| inake utkRSTa kavitva ne hI kAzmIra ke itihAsa ko AkarSaka banA diyA hai| inakI kavitA meM kAvyazAstrIya guNoM kA atyanta saMyata rUpa se hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kathAvastu ke vistAra evaM vayaMviSaya kI vizadatA ke kAraNa hI inhoMne alaMkAroM evaM vicitra prayogoM se apane ko dUra rakhA hai| rAjataraMgiNI meM itihAsa kA prAdhAnya hone ke kAraNa isakI racanA varNanAtmaka zailI meM huI hai para yatra-tatra kavi ne, AvazyakatAnusAra, vArtAlArAtmaka evaM saMbhASaNAtmaka zailI kA bhI Azraya liyA hai| kahIM-kahIM avazya hI inameM zailIgata dUlhatA dikhAI par3atI hai, para aise sthala. alpamAtrA meM haiN| rAjataraMgiNI meM zAnta rasa ko rasarAja mAnakara usakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| Alokya zAradA devI yatra samprApyate kssnnaan| taraGgiNI madhumatI vANI ca kavisevitA // 1 / 37 kSaNabhanini jantUnAM sphurite paricintite / mUrdhAbhiSekaH zAntasya rasasyAtra vicAryatAm // 1 / 23 alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM inhoMne anupama kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai aura naye-naye upamAnoM kA prayoga kara apane anubhava kI vizAlatA kA paricaya diyA hai / adhikAMzataH upamAna prakRti kSetroM se hI grahaNa kiye gae haiN| udaye saMvibhaje sabhRtyAn kArAvinirgatAn / madhau praphuH zAkhIva bhRgAn bhUvivarotthitAn // 7893 'rAjA harSa ne abhiSeka hone para bhRtyoM para vaise hI anugraha kiyA, jaise vasantaRtu meM kusumita vRkSa pRthvI ke chidroM se nikale hue bhRGgoM kaa| AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kItha (hindI anuvAda) 2. hisTrI baoNpha saMskRta liTarecara dAsagupta evaM hai| 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA

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kavi karNapUra] ( 105) [kArtavIyaM prabandha itihAsa-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5. saMskRta kAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta shaastrii| 6. saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsakRSNacaitanya (hindI anuvAda ) / 7. saMskRta ke kavi aura kAvya-DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 8. rAjataraMgiNI koza-zrIrAmakumAra rAya / 9. rAjataraMgiNI (hindI anuvAda sahita )-paNDita pustakAlaya, kAzI / kavi karNapUra-alaMkArazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'alaMkArakostubha' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI hai / kavi parNapUra ke pitA kA nAma zivAnanda thA jo mahAprabhu caitanya ke ziSya the| kavi karNapUra kA nAma paramAnandadAsa sena thA aura ye baMgAla ke nadiyA jile ke nivAsI the| inakA janmakAla 1524 I0 hai / 'alaMkArakaustubha' kI racanA dasa kiraNoM ( adhyAyoM) meM huI hai aura kAvya-lakSaNa, zabdArtha, dhvani, guNIbhUtavyaMgya, rasabhAvabheda, guNa, zabdAlaMkAra, arthAlaMkAra, rIti evaM doSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa para tIna TIkAeM huI haiM-dIdhitiprakAzikA zrI vRndAvanacandra tarkAlaMkAra cakravartI kRta, sArabodhinI zrI vizvanAtha cakravartI kRta (prakAzita, mUlagrantha ke sAtha murzidAbAda se ) tRtIya TIkA ke racayitA lokanAtha cakravartI the| inhoMne 'kAvyacandrikA' nAmaka anya kAvyazAstrIya grantha kI bhI racanA kI thI kintu yaha grantha anupalabdha hai| mahAprabhu caitanya ke jIvana para racita 'caitanyacandrodaya' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kavi karNapUra ne 1572 I0 meM kI thii| AdhAraprantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga-1, A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / kAkutsthavijaya campU-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA ballIsahAya haiM / de0 AcArya digvijaya campU / [inakA jIvanavRtta 'AcArya digvijaya campU ke vivaraNa meM hai ] isameM kavi ne 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' ke AdhAra para rAmacandra kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / yaha kAvya ATha ullAsoM meM samApta huA hai aura abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa iNDiyA Aphisa kaiTalaoNga, 4038 / 2624 meM hai / isa campUkAvya kI racanAzailI atyanta sAdhAraNa hai / isameM kavi ne apane guru kA nAma nArAyaNa diyA hai| kAkutsthavijayasaMjhaM kAvyaM ballIsahAyakaviracitam / 'paryAptamatulabhAgyAdullAsenASTamena ca sahaiva // AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| kAryavIrya prabandha-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA yuvarAja Azvina zrIrAmavarmA haiN| ye TrAvanakora ke yuvarAja the| inakA sthitikAla 1765 se 1794 I0 hai| isameM kavi ne rAvaNa aura kArtavIrya ke yuddha evaM kArtavIrya kI vijaya kA varNana kiyA hai| grantha meM vIrarasa kI pradhAnatA hai aura racanAzailI meM praur3hatA parilakSita hotI hai| yuddha-varNana meM ojasvitA kA citra dekhane yogya hai re dormadAndha ! dazakandhara candrahAsaH, pratyarthipArthivakaroTinizAtadhAraH / Alimpatastava paraM nijadoSapaMkaH, kaLaM kaTUktisaraNi tarasA chinatu // 26 //

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kAtyAyana ] ( 1061) [ kAtyAyana isa grantha kA prakAzana yUnivarsiTI mainyUskripTa lAibrerI, trivendrama, naM0 4 meM 1947 ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chabinAtha tripAThI / kAtyAyana -- 'aSTAdhyAyI' para vArtika likhane vAle prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa, jinheM vArtikakAra kAtyAyana ke nAma se prasiddhi prApta hai / 'mahAbhASya' meM inakA ullekha vArtikakAra ke hI nAma se kiyA gayA hai| inakA sthitikAla vi0 pU0 2700 varSa hai / [ zrI yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra ] 'na sma purAnadyatana iti bruvatA kAtyAyaneneha / syAdividhiH purAnto yadyavizeSeNa bhavati, kiM vArtikakAraH pratiSedhena karoti -- na sma purAnadyatana iti' mahAbhASya 3 / 2 / 118 / saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke munizraya meM pANini, kAtyAyana evaM pataJjali kA nAma AtA hai / pANinIya vyAkaraNa ko pUrNa banAne ke lie hI katyAyana ne apane vArtikoM kI racanA kI thI jinameM aSTAdhyAyI ke sUtroM kI bhAMti hI pror3hatA evaM maulikatA ke darzana hote haiN| inake vArtika pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke mahattvapUrNa aMga haiM jinake binA vaha apUrNa lagatA hai / prAcIna vAGmaya meM kAtyAyana ke lie kaI nAma Ate haiMkAtya, kAtyAyana, punarvasu, medhAjita tathA vararuci tathA kaI katyAyanoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai - kAtyAyana kauzika, AGgirasa, bhArgava evaM kAtyAyana dvadyAmuSyAyaNa / 'skandapurANa' ke anusAra kAtyAyana ke pitAmaha kA nAma yAjJavalkya, pitA kA nAma kAtyAyana evaM inakA pUrA nAma vararucikAtyAyana hai / mImAMsaka jI ne ise prasiddha vArtikakAra kAtyAyana kA hI vivaraNa svIkAra kiyA hai / kAtyAyanasutaM prApya vedasUtrasya kArakam / kAtyAyanAbhidhaM caiva yajJavidyAvicakSaNam // putro vararuciyasya babhUva guNasAgaraH // skandapurANa 131148, 49 / kAtyAyana bahumukhI pratibhAsampanna vyakti the / inhoMne vyAkaraNa ke atirikta kAvya, nATaka, dharmazAstra tathA anya aneka viSayoM para sphuTa rUpa se likhA hai / inake granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai --- svargArohaNa kAvya - isakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' ( 4 | 3 | 110 ) meM 'vAraruca' kAvya ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai tathA samudragupta ke 'kRSNacarita' meM bhI isakA nirdeza hai-- yaH svargArohaNaM kRtvA svargamAnItavAn bhuvi / kAvyena rucireNaiva khyAto vararuciH kaviH // isake aneka padya 'zArGgadharapaddhati', 'saduktikarNAmRta' tathA 'sUktimuktAvalI' meM prApta hote haiM / inhoMne koI kAvyazAstrIya grantha bhI likhA thA jo samprati anupalabdha hai. kintu isakA vivaraNa 'abhinavabhAratI' evaM 'zRGgAraprakAza' meM hai / yathoktaM kAtyAyanena - vIrasya bhujadaNDAnAM varNane sragdharA bhavet / nAyikA varNanaM kAryaM vasantatilakAdikam / / zArdUlalIlA prAcyeSu mandAkrAntA ca dakSiNe // abhinavabhAratI bhAga 2, pR0 245-46 |

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kAtyAyana smRti] (107) [kAdambarI inake anya granthoM ke nAma haiM-'dhrojaszakazloka', 'smRtikAtyAyana' tathA 'ubhysaarikaabhaann'| AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka 2 patamjalikAlIna bhAratavarSa-DaoN. prabhudayAla agnihotrI / kAtyAyana smRti-isa smRti ke racayitA kAtyAyana nAmaka vyakti haiM jo vAttikakAra kAtyAyana se bhinna siddha hote haiN| DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe ke anusAra inakA samaya IsA kI tIsarI yA cauthI zatAbdI hai| kAtyAyana kA dharmazAstraviSayaka abhI taka koI grantha upalabdha nahIM ho sakA hai| vividha dharmazAstrIya granthoM meM inake lagabhaga 900 sau zloka uddhRta haiM / dasa nibandha granthoM meM vyavahAra sambandhI uddhata elokoM kI saMkhyA nau sau mAnI jAtI hai| ekamAtra 'smRticandrikA' meM hI inake 600 zlokoM kA ullekha hai| jIvAnanda saMgraha meM kAtyAyana kRta 500 zlokoM kA eka grantha prApta hotA hai jo tIna prapAThakoM evaM 29 khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| isake Iloka anuSTapa meM haiM kintu kahIM-kahIM upendravajA kA bhI prayoga hai| yahI anya karmapradIpa' yA 'kAtyAyanasmRti' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| isameM varNita viSayoM ko sUcI isa prakAra hai-yajJopavIta pahanane kI vidhi, jala kA chir3akanA evaM jala se vividha aMgoM kA sparza karanA, pratyeka kArya meM gaNeza tathA 14 mAtR-pUjA, kuza, bADha-vivaraNa, pUtAgnipratiSThA, araNiyoM, suk , suva kA vivaraNa, prANAyAma, veda-mantrapATha, devatA tathA pitaroM kA zrAddha, dantadhAvana evaM snAna kI vidhi, sandhyA, mahAhnikayajJa, zrAdakartA kA vivaraNa, maraNa ke samaya kA azauca kAla, patnIkartavya evaM nAnA prakAra ke zrAda / isa grantha ke aneka uddharaNa mitAkSarA evaM aparAka ne bhI diye haiN| isakA lekhaka kauna hai yaha bhI vivAdAspada hai| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( khaNDa 1) DA0 pI0 vI0 kANe hindI anuvAda / kAdambarI-yaha saMskRta sAhitya kA zreSThatama gavakAvya hai, jisake racayitA haiM mahAkavi bANabhaTTa / (de0 bANabhaTTa) isake do bhAga haiM-pUrva bhAga evaM uttara bhAga / kahA jAtA hai ki pUrva bhAga bANa kI racanA hai aura uttara bhAga ko unake putra (pulindabhaTTa) ne pUrNa kiyA hai| isake prArambha meM bIsa zlokoM kI prastAvanA hai| prArambhika tIna zlokoM meM devatAoM kI stuti hai| tatpazcAt guru-vandanA, khalanindA Adi kA. varNana kara, kavi svavaMzakrama kA ullekha karatA hai| isake bAda kathA kA prArambha hotA hai| kavi ne vidizA ke rAjA zUdraka kI rAja-sabhA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| eka coNDAla-kanyA vaizampAyana nAmaka tote ko lekara sabhA meM upasthita hotI hai / vaha totA paNDita tathA manuSya kI bhAMti bolane vAlA hai| vaha rAjA kI prazaMsA karate hue eka AryA kA pATha karatA hai| rAjA usakI pratibhA para mugdha hokara use apanI kathA sunAne ko kahatA hai| totA vistArapUrvaka vindhyATakI, usake Azrama evaM papasara kA varNana kara zAlmalI tara ke koTara meM apane nivAsasthAna kA paricaya

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kAdambarI] (108) [kAdambarI detA hai| usI koTara meM usakA janma huA hai| eka dina eka zabara-senApati apanI senA ke sAtha usI mArga se nikalatA hai| eka vRddha zabara usa koTara meM sthita usake mAtA-pitA ko mAra DAlatA hai aura nIce gira jAne ke kAraNa vaizampAyana baca jAtA hai| devayoga se hArIta nAmaka eka RSi Akara use Azrama meM le jAte haiM aura use apane pitA jAbAli ke Azrama meM rakhate haiN| jAvAli ne pavitra jala se use prakSAlita kara batAyA ki yaha apanI dhRSTatA kA phala pA rahA hai| punaH ve RSiyoM ke pUchane para usake pUrva janma kA vRttAnta sunAte haiM / yahIM se vaizampAyana evaM zUdraka ke pUrvajanma kI kathA vidita hotI hai| ujjayinI ke rAjA tArApIr3a kI rAnI vilAsavatI santAna ke abhAva meM duHkhita hai| usane eka dina rAtri meM svapna dekhA ki usake mukha meM candramaNDala praveza kara rahA hai| nizcita samaya para rAnI ko putra hotA hai jisakA nAma candrApIr3a rakhA jAtA hai| rAjA ke amAtya zukranAsa kI patnI manoramA ko bhI usI samaya putra utpanna hotA hai jisakA nAma vaizampAyana rakhA jAtA hai| donoM gurukula meM eka hI sAtha zikSA prApta karate haiN| candrApIr3a yuvarAja pada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA hai aura bAda meM apane mitra vaizampAyana ko lekara digvijaya ke lie nikala par3atA hai / digvijaya karane ke pazcAt vaha AkheTa ke lie nikalatA hai aura kinnaramithuna kI khoja karatA huA acchoda sarovara para pahuMcatA hai| vahIM para use zivasiddhAyatana meM eka sundarI kanyA se bheMTa hotI hai / yuvarAja ke pUchane para vaha apanI kathA sunAtI hai| usa kanyA kA nAma mahAzvetA hai aura vaha haMsa nAmaka gandharva evaM gaurI nAmnI apsarA kI putrI hai| jaba vaha snAna karane ke lie acchoda sarovara para AyI thI tabhI usane vahA~ puNDaroka nAmaka RSi. kumAra ko dekhA thA jo atyanta sundara thaa| donoM eka dUsare ko dekhakara paraspara AkRSTa ho gye| jaba mahAzvetA puNDarIka ke sahacara kapijala se usake sambandha meM pUchatI hai to vaha batAtA hai ki vaha maharSi zvetaketu tathA devI lakSmI kA mAnasa putra hai| kapijala usase puNDarIka ke madanAveza kI bAta kahatA hai aura mahAzvetA usame milane ke lie cala par3atI hai kintu durbhAgya se usake pahuMcane ke pUrva hI puNDarIka kA nidhana ho jAtA hai / mahAzvetA usake sAtha satI hone kA upakrama karatI hai tabhI candramaNDala se eka divya puruSa Akara puNDarIka ke mRta zarIra ko lekara ur3a jAtA hai aura use ( mahAzvetA ko ) AzvAsana detA hai ki use isI zarIra se puNDarIka prApta hogA, ataH vaha marane kA prayAsa na kara puNDarIka kI prApti kI avadhi taka jIvita raha kara usakI pratIkSA kre| kapijala bhI divya puruSa ke sAtha calA jAtA hai aura mahAzvetA usake vacana para vizvAsa kara apanI sakhI naralikA ke sAtha usI sarovara para rahatI hai| yuvarAja candrApIr3a usakI kathA sunakara use sAntvanA dekara rAtri vahIM vyatIta karatA hai bAtacIta ke krama meM yuvarAja ko jJAta hotA hai ki mahAzvetA kI sakhI kAdambarI hai jisane mahAzvetA ke avivAhita rahane ke kAraNa svayaM bhI vivAha na karane kA nirNaya kiyA hai| mahAzvetA kAdambarI se milane ke lie jAtI hai aura usake Agraha para candrApIr3a bhI usakA anusaraNa karatA hai| candrApIr3a aura kAdambarI eka

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kAdambarI] kAdambarI dUsare ko dekhakara paraspara prema karane lagate haiM, para pitA kA patra pAkara candrApIr3a rAjadhAnI lauTa jAtA hai| ujjayinI pahuMcane para candrApIr3a kAdambarI kI smRti meM vikala ho uThatA hai| kucha dinoM ke uparAnta patralekhA nAmaka strI ke dvArA use kAdambarI kA vRttAnta jJAta hotA hai| vaha kAdambarI kI virahAvasthA kA varNana kara usakA sandeza sunAtI hai / [ isI prakaraNa se kAdambarI kA pUrvabhAga samApta ho jAtA hai ] bANaputra ne ATha padyoM meM ziva, pArvatI, narasiMha evaM viSNu kI prArthanA kI hai tadanantara apane pitA ko praNAma kara grantha kA zeSAMza pUrNa kiyA hai| kAdambarI kI virahAvasthA kA samAcAra sunakara candrApIr3a usase milane ko vyAkula ho uThatA hai| tatkSaNa kAdambarI kA bhejA huA sandeza lekara keyUraka AtA hai aura usakI virahAvasthA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana karatA hai| candrApIr3a dravita hokara gandharva loka meM jAne ko Atura ho uThatA hai tabhI use sunAI par3atA hai ki usakI senA dazapura taka lauTa AyI hai| vaha patralekhA se kAdambarI ke pAsa apanA sandeza bhejakara pitA kI AjJA se vaizampAyana ko vApasa lAne ke lie cala par3atA hai, para usakI vaizampAyana se bheMTa nahIM hotii| usake pUchane para adhikArI varga batAte haiM ki acchoda sarovara para pahuMcane ke bAda vaizampAyana ko na jAne kyA ho gayA hai ki vaha vahAM se Ane kA bhI nAma nahIM le rahA hai| candrApIr3a vaizampAyana ke viSaya meM vicAra karatA huA apanI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI calA AtA hai| punaH vaha mAtA-pitA kI anumati lekara acchoda sarovara para vaizampAyana se milane ke lie cala par3atA hai| bahuta khoja karane ke bAda bhI use vaizampAyana nahIM milatA hai to vaha mahAzvetA ke Azrama meM calA jAtA hai| vahAM usakI zokAkula avasthA meM mahAzvetA se bheMTa hotI hai| candrApIr3a ke pUchane para mahAzvetA batAtI hai ki usakI eka aise brAhmaNa yuvaka se bheMTa huI hai jo aparicita hote hue bhI usase praNaya-yAcanA karatA hai| puNDarIka se hI ekamAtra prema karane vAlI mahAzvetA antataH use zuka ho jAne kA zApa de detI hai| vaizampAyana kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai taba mahAzvetA ko jJAta hotA hai ki vaha candrApIr3a kA mitra hai| isa prANAntaka ghaTanA ke pazcAt candrApIr3a kI bhI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| kAdambarI usake zava ko lekara vilApa karatI hai tathA apanA bhI zarIra-tyAga karanA cAhatI hai| usI samaya AkAzavANI hotI hai ki candrApIr3a kA zarIra divya-loka meM surakSita hai, ataH zApa kI avadhi taka kAdambarI usake zarIra kI surakSA kre| usI samaya candrApIr3a ke zarIra se candramA kI bhA~ti divya jyoti nikalatI hai| aceta par3I huI patralekhA saMjJA prApta karane para mRta candrApIr3a ke lie vAhana lAne ke vicAra se indrAyudha ke sAtha acchoda sarAvara me kUda par3atI hai| usI samaya sarovara se kapijala nikalatA hai aura mahAzvetA ke puNDarIka ke sambandha meM pUchane para vaha usakI mRtyu ke bAda kI sArI ghaTanA kahatA hai / jaba kapiMjala puNDarIka ke mRtaka zarIra ke sAtha candraloka meM pahuMcA to use jJAta huA ki usake mitra ke zava ko candramA ho uThA le gayA hai| candramA dvArA jJAta huA ki puNDarIka ne candramA ko bhI zApa de diyA ki jisa prakAra tumane mere praNaya-prasaMga ko bhaMga karake mere prANa-haraNa kiye haiM, usI prakAra tumheM bhI prema-pIr3a sahakara prANa tyAgane hoNge|' isa

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kAdambarI ] ( 110 ) [ kAdambarI ww para candramA ne bhI kruddha hokara use apane saTaiMza duHkha kA bhAgI banane kA zApa de diyA thA, para mahAzvetA kI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakha kara zApa kI avadhi paryanta usake ( puNDarIka ) zarIra ko surakSita rakhane ke lie candraloka le gyaa| tatpazcAt kapiMjala ko, eka vaimAnika ne apanA mArga lAMgha dene ke kAraNa mRtyuloka meM, ghor3A bana jAne kA zApa de diyA / kapiMjala ke vinaya karane para usane zApa meM chUTa dI ki azvarUpa meM rahane kA usakA zApa taba samApta hogA jaba ki vaha apane svAmI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt jala meM snAna karegA ( indrAyudha candrApIr3a kA azva thA ) vaimAnika ne divya dRSTi ke dvArA kapiMjala ko batA diyA ki candramA ujjayinI nareza tArApIr3a ke putra, puNDarIka amAtya zukanAsa ke putra evaM kapiMjala candrApIr3a ke vAhana ke rUpa meM avatarita hoMge / patralekhA ke sambandha meM kapiMjala ne kucha bhI nahIM batAyA ki AgAmI janma meM vaha kyA hogii| itanI kathA kahane ke pazcAt kapiMjala maharSi zvetaketu ke pAsa sArA vRtAnta sunAne ke lie jAtA hai| kAdambarI tathA mahAzvetA kumAra candrapIr3a ke zava kI yatna ke sAtha rakSA karatI haiN| jAbAli RSi ne apanI kathA samApta karate hue batAyA ki yaha zuka prathama janma meM kAmAsakta hone ke kAraNa divyaloka se mRtyuloka meM vaizampAyana ke rUpa meM AyA aura punaH apanI dhRSTatA ke kAraNa ise zuka-yoni prApta huI hai| tadanantara zuka apane janmAntara ke sambandha meM tathA candrApIr3a ke sambandha meM RSi jAbAli se sUcanA prApta karanA cAhatA hai para jAbAli use DAMTa kara batalAte haiM ki isa kArya meM vaha zIghratA na kara apane paMkha ugane taka Azrama meM ruke| para, zuka apanI premikA mahAzvetA se milane ko Atura hokara ur3a jAtA hai aura mArga meM eka cANDAla dvArA pakar3a liyA jAtA hai| vaha use apanI putrI ko de detA hai aura cANDAlaputrI use piMjar3e meM bandakara rAjA ke pAsa le AtI hai| rAjA zudraka ke samakSa kahI gayI ( zuka dvArA ) kathA kI yahIM samApti ho jAtI hai| cANDAla rAjA ko batA detA hai ki yaha cANDAla-kanyA na hokara vaizampAyana kI jananI lakSmI hai / cANDAla-kanyA ne batAyA ki vaha chAyA kI bhA~ti isake sAtha rahatI hai| aba isake samApta ho cukI hai aura maiM tuma donoM ko sukhI banAne ke lie ise AI huuN| aba tuma donoM hI apane zarIra kA tyAga kara priyajanoM ke sAtha sukha prApta kro| zudraka pUrvajanma kA candrApIDa thA / use apanA vRttAnta yAda ho gyaa| donoM ke zarIra naSTa ho jAte haiM aura candrApIr3a apanA zarIra dhAraNa kara letA hai| puNDarIka bhI AkAza mArga se utaratA hai aura donoM apanI premikAoM- kAdambarI evaM mahAzvetAko sukhI banAne ke lie cala par3ate haiM / patralekhA ke sambandha meM jJAta hotA hai ki vaha candramA kI patnI rohiNI ke rUpa meM candraloka meM sthita rahatI hai / zApa kI avadhi tumhAre nikaTa le ''kAdambarI' kI kathA kalpita evaM nijaMdharI hai| isake ghaTanAcakra meM eka vyakti ke tIna-tIna jIvana kA vRttAnta hai| magadha kA rAjA zudraka prathama janma meM candramA, dvitIya janma meM candrApIr3a evaM tRtIya janma meM zUdraka thA isI prakAra vaizampAyana pahale zvetaketu kA putra puNDarIka, dvitIya janma vaizampAyana evaM tRtIya janma meM totA meM

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kAdambarI] ( 111 ) [kAdambarI huaa| isakI kathA kA srota 'bRhatkathA ke rAjA sumanasa kI kahAnI meM dikhAI par3atA hai, kyoMki isameM bhI 'bRhatkathA' kI bhAMti zApa evaM punarjanma kI kathAnakarUr3hiyAM prayukta huI haiN| isameM eka kathA ke bhItara dUsarI kathA kI yojanA karane meM 'bRhatkathA' kI hI rUr3hi grahaNa kI gayI hai / lokakathA kI anya kahAniyoM kI bhAMti isameM prathama puruSa kI zailI apanAyI gayI hai tathA jAbAli kI kathA meM anya puruSa kI zailI prayukta huI hai| isameM kavi ne loka-kathA kI aneka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai; jaise manuSya kI bhAMti bolane vAlA sarvazAstravid zuka, trikAladarzI mahAtmA jAbAli, kinnara, gandharva evaM apsarAeM, zApa se AkRti-parivartana, punarjanma kI mAnyatA tathA punarjanma ke smaraNa kI kthaa| isake pAtra daNDI Adi kI taraha jagat ke yathArthavAdI dharAtala ke pAtra na hokara candraloka, gandharvaloka evaM matyaloka meM svacchandatApUrvaka vicaraNa karane vAle AdarzavAdI pAtra haiN| kavi ne pAtroM ke cAritrika pArthakya kI apekSA kathA kahane kI zailI ke prati adhika ruci pradarzita kI hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki isameM cAritrika sUkSmatAoM kA vizleSaNa kama hai| "kAdaMbarI ke caritra bhale hI AdarzavAdI bANa ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI jarUra haiM, para bANa ne unakA saMcAlana itanI kuzalatA se kiyA hai ki unameM cetanatA saMkrAnta ho gayI hai| zukanAsa kA buddhimAna tathA svAmibhakta caritra, vaizaMpAyana kI saccI mitratA aura mahAzvetA ke Adarza praNayI caritra ko rekhAoM ko bANa kI tUlikA ne spaSTataH aMkita kiyA hai| para bANa kA mana to nAyaka-nAyikA kI praNaya-dazAoM, prakRti ke vividha citroM aura kAvyamaya vAtAvaraNa kI sRSTi karane meM vizeSa ramatA hai|" saMskRta-kavi-darzana-prathama saMskaraNa pR0 500-1 DaoN. kItha kA kahanA hai ki-"vAstava meM, yaha eka vicitra kahAnI hai, aura una logoM ke prati jinako punarjanma meM athavA isa mayaMjIvana ke anantara punarmilana meM bhI vizvAsa nahIM hai isakI prarocanA gambhIra rUpa se avazya hI kama ho jAnI cAhie / unako yaha sArI kathA, nikammI nahIM to, asaMgata adbhuta kathA ke rUpa meM hI pratIta hotI hai, jisake AkarSaNa se hIna pAtra eka avAstavika vAtAvaraNa meM hI rahate haiN| parantu bhAratIya vizvAsa kI dRSTi se vastu-sthiti bilkula bhinna hai| kathA ko hama ocitya ke sAtha mAnavIya prema kI komalatA, devI AzvAsana kI kRpA, mRtyujanita zoka aura kAruNya, aura prema ke prati avicala saccAI ke pariNAmasvarUpa mRtyu ke pazcAt punarmilana kI sthira AzA se paripUrNa mAna sakate haiM / kathA meM adbhuta ghaTanAoM kA aMza bhI bhAratIya vicAradhArA ke lie vizeSa AkarSaNa kA viSaya hai, candramA aura puNDarIka ke Azcarya se pUrNa itivRta meM bhI usa vicAra-dhArA ke lie koI aisI bAta nahIM hai jo AkarSaka na ho|" saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 384 / 'kAdambarI' kA mahattva sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hai| kavi ne tatkAlIna bhAratIya jIvana-darzana evaM sAMskRtika paramparA ko dRSTi meM rakha kara usa yuga ke loka-mAnasa kI abhivyakti kI hai| bANa ne 'kAdambarI' ke adbhuta kathA-zilpa ko rAja-prAsAda kI bhAMti sajAyA hai| "kAdambarI ke adbhuta kathA-zilpa ko rAjaprAsAda

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( 112 ) [ kAdambarI Mw ke vinyAsa se bhI milA kara dekhA jA sakatA hai / rAjaprAsAda ke zilpa meM dvAraprakoSTha sahita prathama kakSyA AtI hai| zudraka kI rAjasabhA meM vaizampAyana sugge ke Ane se lekara usake dvArA kathA ke Arambha taka kAdambarI kathA kI bhUmikA hai| isameM kavi ne pahale zUdraka aura usakI rAjasabhA kA vistRta varNana, phira sugge ko lekara lakSmIrUpI cANDAla - kanyA kA Agamana aura sugge dvArA kathA Arambha karane kA varNana kiyA hai / yahI rAjaprAsAda kI bhavya toraNadvAra yukta prathama kakSyA hai / kAdambarI ] dvAraprakoSTha meM praviSTa darzaka pahalI kakSyA pAra karake dUsarI kakSyA meM praveza karatA thA, jahAM rAjabhavana meM bAhyasthAna -maNDapa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / vindhyATavI, pampAsara evaM jAbAli Azrama meM bhagavAn jAbAli dvArA kathA kA Arambha dUsarI kakSyA ke samAna hai / ujjayinI isa rAjaprAsAda kI tIsarI kakSyA hai / tIsarI kakSyA meM hI dhavalagRha hotA thA jahA~ rAjakula ke antaraMga darzana milate the| vaise hI ujjayinI meM kathAnaka ke antaraMga pAtroM ke caritra kA prathama darzana hotA hai / rAjA tArApIr3a aura rAnI vilAsavatI kA paricaya kumAra candrApIr3a kA janma, zikSA, yovarAjyAbhiSeka aura digvijaya yAtrA ke lie prayANa, ye usa tIsarI kakSyA meM sthita rAjakula ke antaraMga dRzya haiM / kintu vahA~ taka pahuMca kara bhI darzaka ko vAstavika antaHpura ke usa sukhamandira kA darzana avaziSTa rahatA hai jahA~ nAyaka-nAyikA kA ekAnta sammilana hotA thA / vahI kAdambarI kathA-zilpa kA hemakUTa loka hai jo kailAsa ke utsaMga meM basA hai / sthApatya kI paribhASA meM dhavalagRha ke usa antaraMga bhAga ko kailAsa yA sukhavAsI bhI kahA jAtA thA / kAdambarI devaloka kI adhyAtma vibhUti hai / usI kI sAdhanA ke lie candrApIr3a kA jIvana samarpita hai / " kAdambarI : eka sAMskRtika adhyayanabhUmikA pR0 4-5 / AdhyAtmika pakSa kA Antarika svarUpa / devatattva kI lIlA anitya karmoM taka sImita hai to dUsarA DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne kAdambarI kI kathA ke udghATana karate hue isake do uddezya sthira kiye haiM- bAhyarUpa evaM isake bAhyarUpa kA dharAtala mAnavI hai para Antarika svarUpa meM ko vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / prathama mAnavI jIvana ke nitya rasa- tatva se saMpRkta ! 'kAdambarI' meM bANa ne apanI arthavatI bhASA meM jIva kI sarvocca samasyA kAmavAsanA tathA zuddha prema ke tAratamya ko pahacAna kara use jIvana meM pratyakSa kiyA hai / " mAnava apanI vAsanA ke kAraNa sRSTi ke brahmasUtra se vicalita yA nitya vidhAna se cyuta ho jAtA hai / usI kI saMjJA zApa hai / tapazcaryA se usa zApa kA anta hotA hai / zApa ke anta meM punaH usI svAbhAvika sthiti, usI ucca svargIya padavI, usI bhagavattattva, usI zivatarava kI upalabdhi sambhava hotI hai| yakSa, yakSapatnI, uvaMzI, purUravA, zakuntalA, duSyanta, puNDarIka, mahAzvetA, candrApIr3a, kAdambarI sabake AdhyAtmika jIvana kI samasyA vAsanAmaya sneha ke abhizApa se Upara uThakara nitya avicala prematatva kI prApti hai / zApa se jaba unakA chuTakArA hotA hai to ve prema ke nityakha prApta karate haiM! vAsanA anitya hai, prema nitya hai / isa dRSTi se kAdambarI

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kAlidAsa ] ( 113 ) [ kAlidAsa ke pAtroM ke nAma aura unake jIvana kI ghaTanAyeM sAbhiprAya haiM / " kAdambarI : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana - bhUmikA pR0 2-3 | AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha 2. saMskRta kavi-darzana- DaoN0 bholAzaGkara vyAsa 3. kAdambarI : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 4. kAdambarI ( saMskRta - hindI TIkA ) - caukhambA prakAzana 5. kAdambarI ( hindI anuvAda ) - anuvAdaka RSIzvaracaraNa bhaTTa / kAlidAsa - mahAkavi kAlidAsa saMskRta ke sarvazreSTha kavi evaM nATakakAra tathA kavitA kAminI ke vilAsa haiM / ye bhAratIya sAhitya ke sarvazreSTha vibhUti tathA prAcIna bhAratIya antarAtmA ke pratinidhi haiM / inakI racanAoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA prANatatva sannihita hai / ye saundarya-tattva ke citere tathA sundaram ko zivam ke punIta Adarza loka kI ora mor3ane vAle mahAn satya-sraSTA haiM / bhAratIya saundarya-darzana kI sabhI vibhUtiyA~ inake sAhitya meM samAhita ho gayI haiM / aise rasasiddha kavi kA jIvana adyApi aMdhakArAcchanna hokara anumAna kA viSaya banA huA hai / mahAkavi ne apane granthoM meM sthAna-sthAna para jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM unase inakI prakRti kA kahA calatA hai / 'raghuvaMza' [ de0 raghuvaMza ] mahAkAvya ke prathama sagaM meM kavi ne apanI vinamra prakRti kA paricaya diyA hai / mahAn pratibhAzAlI kavi kI ukti meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUlamantra pratidhvanita hotA hai ki ucca pada para adhiSThita hokara bhI garva na kre| apanI pratibhA ko hIna siddha karatA huA kavi raghu jaise tejasvI kula ke varNana pAtA hai tathA tinakoM se nirmita choTI nAva ke dvArA sAgara ko apanI mUrkhatA pradarzita karatA hai meM apane ko asamartha pAra karane kI taraha ka sUryaprabhavo vaMzaH kva cAlpaviSayA matiH / titIrSudustaraM mohAduDupenAsmi sAgaram // mandaH kaviyazaH prArthI gamiSyAmyupahAsyatAm / prAMzulabhye phale lobhAdudubAhuriva vAmanaH // athavA kRtavAgdvAre vaMze'sminpUrvaM sUribhiH / maNI vajrasamutkIrNe sUtrasyevAsti me gatiH // 1 / 2-4 kavi vidvAnoM kI mahattA svIkAra karate hue unakI svIkRti para hI apanI racanA ko saphala mAnatA hai / AparitoSAdviduSAM na sAdhu manye prayogavijJAnam / zikSitAnAmAtmanyapratyayaM balavadapi kavi hone para bhI usameM Alocaka kI pratibhA vidyamAna hai / vaha pratyeka prAcIna vastu ko isalie uttama nahIM mAnatA ki vaha purAnI hai aura na naye padArtha ko burA mAnatA hai / purANamityeva na sAdhu sarva na cApi kAvyaM navamityavadyam / parIkSyAnyataradbhajante mUDhaH parapratyayaneya buddhiH // santaH mAlavikAgnimitra 12 5 saM0 sA0 cetaH // zAkuntala 12

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kAlidAsa ] ( 114 ) [ kAlidAsa aneka vyaktiyoM ne kAlidAsa kI prazastiyoM kI haiM tathA aneka granthoM meM unakI prazaMsA ke padya prApta hote haiM www 1 - eko'pi jIyate hanta kAlidAso na kenacit / zRGgAre lalitodgAre kAlidAsatrayI kimu || rAjazekhara 2 - liptA madhudravenAsan yasya nivivazA giraH | tenedaM vartma vaidarbha kAlidAsena zodhitam // daNDI 3 - nirgatAsu na vA kasya kAlidAsasya sUktiSu / prItirmadhurasAndrAsu maJjarISviva jAyate // harSacarita bANa 1 / 16 4 - mlAyati sakalAH kAlidAsenAsannavartinA / giraH kavInAM dIpena mAlatIkalikA iva / / tilakamaMjarI 25 5- prasAdotkarSamathurAH kAlidAsIvayaM stumaH / pItavAgdevatAstanyarasodvArAyitA giraH // subhA0 10. harihara 6 - sAkUna madhura komalavilAsinI kaNTha kUjitaprAye / zikSAsamaye'pi mude ratalIlAkAlidAsoktI || AryAsaptazatI 35 7 - svataH kRtiH so'pi hi kAlidAsaH zuddhA sudhA svAdumatI ca yasya / vANImiSAccaNDamarIcigotra- sindhoH paraM pAramavApa kIrtiH // soDDala kAlidAsAdyAH kavayo vayamapyamI / 8- kavayaH parvate paramANo ca padArthatvaM pratiSThitam // kRSNabhaTTa 9 - kAlidAsaH kavirjAtaH zrIrAmacaritasya yat / sa eva zarkarAyogaH payasaH samapadyata || somezvara 10 - kAvyeSu nATakaM ramyaM tatra ramyA zakuntalA / tatrApi ca caturtho'GkastatrazlokacatuSTayam // 11 - aspRSTadoSA nalinIva dRSTA hArAvalIva grathitA guNaughaiH / priyAGkapAlI va vimardahRdyA na kAlidAsAdaparasya vANI // zrIkRSNa kavi 12 - bhAsayatyapi bhAsAdI kavivarge jagattrayIm / ke na yAnti nibandhAraH kAlidAsasya dAsatAm // bhoja 13 - kaviramaraH kaviracalaH kavirabhinandazca kAlidAsazca / anye kavayaH kapayazcApalamAtraM paraM dadhate // subhASitaratna bha0 2 / 19 14 - purA kavInAM gaNanAprasaGge kaniSThikAdhiSThita kAlidAsA / adyApi tattalyakaverabhAvAdanAmikA sArthavatI babhUva | vahI 2 / 21 kavikulakamaladivAkara kAlidAsa ke jIvana evaM tithi ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matavaibhinnya hai ! isa vibhinnatA evaM anizcitatA ke kaI kAraNa batAye gae haiN| svayaM kavi kA apane viSaya meM kucha nahIM likhanA, inake nAma para kaI prakAra kI kiMvadantiyoM

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kAlidAsa] [kAlidAsa kA pracalita honA tathA kRtrima nAmoM kA jur3a jAnA evaM kAlAntara meM saMskRta sAhitya meM kAlidAsa nAma kA upAdhi ho jaanaa| kiMvadantiyoM ke anusAra ye jIvana ke prArambhika varSoM meM mUrkha the aura devI kAlI kI kRpA se Age cala kara mahAn paNDita bne| kiMvadantiyA~ inheM vikrama kI sabhA kA navaratna evaM bhoja kA darabArI kavi bhI batalAtI haiN| dhanvatarikSapaNakAmarasiMhazaGkavetAla bhaTTaghaTakhaparakAlidAsAH / __ khyAto varAhamihiro nRpateH sabhAyAM ratnAni vai vararucirnava vikramasya / inake sambandha meM laMkA meM bhI eka janazruti pracalita hai jisake anusAra laMkA ke rAjA kumAradAsa kI kRti 'jAnakIharaNa' kI prazaMsA karane para ye rAjA dvArA laMkA bulAye gae the| isI prakAra inheM 'setubandha' mahAkAvya ke praNetA pravarasena kA mitra kahA jAtA hai evaM ye mAtRceSTa se abhinna mAne jAte haiN| inake janmasthAna ke sambandha meM bhI yahI bAta hai| koI inheM baMgAlI, koI kAzmIrI, koI mAlava-nivAsI, koI maithila evaM koI baksara ke pAsa kA rahane vAlA batalAtA hai| kAlidAsa kI kRtiyoM meM ujjaina ke prati adhika moha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai ataH adhikAMza vidvAna inheM mAlava-nivAsI mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| idhara vidvAnoM kA jhukAva isa tathya kI ora adhika hai ki inakI janmabhUmi kAzmIra aura mAlavA karmabhUmi thii| kAlidAsa ke sthiti-kAla ko lekara bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya paNDitoM meM atyadhika vAda-vivAda huA hai| inakA samaya IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI se lekara chaThI zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA rahA hai| bhAratIya anuzruti ke anusAra mahAkavi kAlidAsa vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM se the| inake granthoM meM bhI vikrama ke sAtha rahane kI bAta sUcita hotI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki 'zakuntalA' kA abhinaya vikrama kI 'abhirUpa bhUyiSThA' pariSad meM hI huA thaa| 'vikramovaMzoya' meM bhI vikrama kA nAma ullikhita hai| 'anutsekaH vikramAlaMkAraH' isa vAkya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kAlidAsa kA vikrama se sambandha rahA hogaa| 'rAmacandramahAkAvya' ke isa kathana se bhI vikrama ke sAtha mahAkavi ke sambandha kI puSTi hotI hai-'khyAti kAmapi kAlidAsakavayo nItAzakArAtinAM' / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki kAlidAsa vikrama kI sabhA meM rahe hoNge| ___ kAlidAsa ke samaya-nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM tIna mata pradhAna haiM-ka. kAlidAsa kA bAvirbhAva SaSTha zataka meM huA thaa| kha. inakI sthiti guptakAla meM thii| ga. vikrama saMvat ke Arambha meM ye vidyamAna the| prathama mata ke poSaka phagryusana, haoNnarlI Adi vidvAn haiN| inake matAnusAra mAlavarAja yazodhamana ke samaya meM kAlidAsa vidyamAna the| inhoMne chaThI zatAbdI meM hUNoM para vijaya prApta kara usakI smRti meM 600 varSa pUrva kI tithi dekara mAlava saMvat calAyA thaa| yahI saMvat Age calakara vikrama saMvat ke nAma se pracalita huaa| ina vidvAnoM ne 'raghuvaMza' meM varNita hUNoM kI vijaya ke AdhAra para kavi kA samaya 6ThI zatAbdI mAnA hai| tatra hUNAvarodhAnAM bhartRSu vyaktavikramam / kapolapATalAdezi babhUva raghuceSTitam // 4 // 68

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ki ] ( 116 ) [kAlidAsa para, yaha amAnya ho gayA hai kyoMki ( 473 I0) kumAragupta kI prazasti ke racayitA vatsamaTTi kI racanA meM RtusaMhAra ke kaI padyoM kA pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai| dvitIya mata ke anusAra kAlidAsa gupta yuga meM hue the| isameM bhI do mata haiMeka ke anusAra kAlidAsa kumAragupta ke rAjakavi the tathA dvitIya mata meM inheM candragupta dvitIya kA rAjakavi mAnA jAtA hai| pro0 ke0 bI0 pAThaka ne inheM skandagupta vikramAditya kA samakAlIna kavi mAnA hai| inake anusAra valabhadeva kRta nimnAMkita zloka hI isa mata kA AdhAra hai vinItAdhvazramAstasya sindhutIraviceSTanaH / dudhuvurvAjinaH skaMdhaullagnakuMkumakesarAn / / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne inheM zakoM ko parAjita kara bhArata se nikAlane vAle candragupta dvitIya kA rAjakavi mAnA hai| raghuvaMza ke caturtha sarga meM varNita raghuvijaya samudragupta kI digvijaya se sAmya rakhatA hai tathA indumatI ke svayaMvara meM prayukta upamA ke varNana meM candragupta ke nAma kI dhvani nikalatI hai| ___ 'jyotiSmatI candramasaiva rAtriH', 'induM navotthAnamivendumatyai [ isameM candramA evaM indu zanda candragupta ke dyotaka mAne gae haiM ] para, yaha mata bhI aprAmANika haiM kyoMki dvitIya candragupta prathama vikramAditya nahIM the aura inase bhI prAcIna mAlavA meM rAjya karane vAle eka vikrama kA patA lagatA hai, ataH kAlidAsa kI sthiti guptakAla meM nahIM mAnI jA sktii| tRtIya siddhAnta ke anusAra kAlidAsa IsA ke 58 varSa pUrva mAne jAte haiN| kAlidAsa vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM pramukha mAne gae haiN| hAla kI gAthA 'saptazatI' meM dAnazIla vikrama nAmaka rAjA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / isa pustaka kA racanAkAla smitha ke anusAra 70 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| saMvAhaNa suharasa-tosieNa denteNa tuha kare lakkham / calaNena vikramAditta cariaM aNusikkhi tissA // 164 vidvAnoM ne isake AdhAra para vikrama kA samaya eka sau varSa pUrva mAnA hai| isI vikramAditya ko zakAri kI upAdhi prApta huI thii| IsA ke 150 varSa pUrva zakoM ke bhArata para AkramaNa kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai ataH isase 'zakAri' upAdhi kI bhI saMgati meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM pdd'tii| bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isa vikrama ko aitihAsika vyakti mAna kara unake darabAra meM kAlidAsa kI sthiti svIkAra kI hai| abhinanda ne apane 'rAmacarita' meM isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa ko zakAri dvArA yaza prApta huA thaa| _ 'khyAti kAmapi kAlidAsakRtayo nItaH shkaaraatinaaN'| kAlidAsa ke AzrayadAtA vikrama kA nAma mahendrAditya thaa| kavi ne apane nATaka 'vikramovaMzIya' meM apane AzrayadAtA ke nAma kA saMketa kiyA hai| bauddhakavi azvaghoSa ne, jinakA samaya vikrama kA prathama zataka hai, kAlidAsa ke aneka padyoM kA anukaraNa kiyA hai, isase kAlidAsa kA samaya vikrama saMvat kA prathama zataka siddha hotA hai /

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kAlidAsa] (117) [kAlidAsa kAlidAsa kI sAta racanAeM prasiddha haiM, jinameM cAra kAvya evaM tIna nATaka haiM'RtusaMhAra', 'kumArasambhava', 'meghadUta', 'raghuvaMza', 'mAlavikAgnimitra', 'vikramovaMzIya' evaM 'zAkuntala yA abhijnyaanshaakuntl'| [ sabhI granthoM kA paricaya pRthak-pRthak diyA gayA hai, unake nAmoM ke sammukha dekheM] / ___kAlidAsa kI kAvya-kalA-kAlidAsa bhAratIya saMskRti ke rasAtmaka vyAkhyAtA haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke tIna mahAn viSayoM-tapa, tapovana evaM tapasyA kA inhoMne vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| 'zakuntalA', 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'kumArasambhava' meM tInoM kA udAtta rUpa aMkita hai| kAlidAsa ke kAvya meM bhAratIya saundaya-tattva kA utkRTa rUpa abhivyakta huA hai| inakI saundaya dRSTi bAhya jagat ke citraNa meM dikhAI par3atI hai, jahA~ kavi ne manorama saundaryAnubhUti kI abhivyakti kI hai| manuSya evaM prakRti donoM kA madhura saMparka evaM adbhuta ekarasatA dikhAkara kavi ne prakRti ke bhItara sphurita honevAle hRdaya ko pahavAnA hai| inakA prakRti-prema pade-pade prazaMsanIya hai| 'zakuntalA', 'meghadUta', 'RtusaMhAra' tathA anya granthoM ke prakRti-varNana kavi kI mahAn dena ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| inake adhikAMza prakRti-varNana svAbhAvikatA se pUrNa evaM rasamaya haiN| kavi ne prakRti ko bhAvoM kA Alambana banA kara usake dvArA rasAnubhUti karAyI hai| 'kumArasambhava' evaM 'zakuntalA' meM pazuoM para prakRti ke mAdaka evaM karuNa prabhAva kA nidarzana huA hai / 'kumArasambhava' mAnoM kavi kI saudanyaM cetanA kI ramaNIya raMgazAlA hai| isameM himAlaya kI goda meM hone vAlI ghaTanAeM prAkRtika saundarya-varNana ke lie paryApta avasara pradAna karatI haiN| kavi ne himAlaya kA bar3A hI manogrAhI evaM sarasa varNana kiyA hai, jisameM usakI divyatA pradIpta ho uThI hai| himAlaya ko kavi ne jar3a sRSTi kA rUpa na dekara devAtmA kahA hai, jahA~ para sabhI devatA Akara vAsa karate haiM / ___ kAlidAsa bhAratIya sAMskRtika cetanA ke punarjAgaraNa ke kavi haiN| inakI kavitA meM kalAtmaka samRddhi evaM bhAvoM kA udAtta rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai tathA usameM mAnavavAdI svara mukharita huA hai, jisameM prema, saundarya evaM mAnavatA ko unnIta karanevAle zAzvata bhAvoM kI abhivyakti huI hai| inakI sabhI racanAoM meM prakRti kI manorama praticchavi utArI gayI hai| nisargakanyA zakuntalA ke anidya saundarya-varNana meM tathA 'meghadUta' kI viraha-vidagdhA yakSiNI ke rUpa-citraNa meM kavi ko saundaryapriyatA kA carama vikAsa pradarzita huA hai| apane donoM mahAkAvyoM-'raghuvaMza' evaM 'kumArasambhava' meM kavi kI dRSTi saundaryAbhivyakti, prakRti-prema, udAtta caritra, bhASA kI samRddhi evaM kalAtmaka unmeSa kI ora lagI huI hai / kavi saundarya ke bAhya evaM Antara donoM hI pakSoM kA udghATana karatA hai| 'raghuvaMza' ke dvitIya sarga meM sudakSiNA evaM dilIpa ke udAtta svarUpa ke citraNa meM mAnavacaritra ke antaHsaundayaM kI abhivyakti huI hai| kavi ne saundarya kA varNana karate hue tadanurUpa upamAoM kA niyojana kara use adhika prabhAvotpAdaka banAyA hai| kAlidAsa upamA ke samrATa haiN| inakI upamAoM kI rasAtmakatA evaM rasapezalatA atyanta hRdayahAriNI hai / 'raghuvaMza' ke indumatI svayaMvara meM dIpazikhA kI upamA dekara kavi 'dIpazikhA kAlidAsa' ke nAma se vikhyAta ho gayA hai /

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kAlidAsa] ( 118 ) [ kAlidAsa saMcAriNI dIpazikheva rAtrI yaM yaM vyatIyAya pativarA saa| narendra-mArgATTa iva prapede vivarNabhAvaM sa sa bhUmipAlaH / / inakI upamA meM sthAnIya raMjana kA vaiziSTya dikhAI par3atA hai tathA kavi kI sUkSma paryavekSaNa zakti prakaTa hotI hai| kavi upameya ke liMga, vacana aura vizeSaNa ko upamAna meM bhI upanyasta kara apanI adbhuta cAturI evaM kalAtmakatA kA paricaya detA hai| kAlidAsa ke upamA-prayoga kI yaha bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| kavi ke prakRti-varNana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki prakRti-citraNa ke samaya vaha sthAna evaM samaya para adhika bala detA hai| jisa sthAna kI jo vizezatA hotI hai aura jo vastu jahA~ utpanna hotI hai kavi unakA vahIM varNana karatA hai| pratyeka pustaka meM vaha isa tathya para sadA dhyAna rakhatA hai| 'raghuvaMza' mahAkAvya meM bihAra ke prakRti-citraNa meM Ikha evaM dhAna donoM khetoM kI rakSA karatI huI grAmavadhU kA atyanta mohaka citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai ikSucchAyAniSAdinyastasya gopturguNodayam / AkumArakathokhAtaM zAligopyo jaguryazaH // kAlidAsa ne nAgarika jIvana kI jahA~ samRddhi evaM vilAsitA kA citra aMkita kiyA hai vahIM taponiSTa sAdhakoM ke pavitra vAsasthAna kA bhI svAbhAvika citra upasthita kiyA hai / yaha kahanA ki kavi kA mana kevala vilAsI nAgarika jIvana ke hI varNana meM ramatA hai, vastusthiti se apane ko dUra rakhanA hai| kavi kA mana jitanA ujjayinI, alakA evaM ayodhyA ke varNana meM ramA hai usase kama usakI mAsakti pArvatI kI tapaniSThA evaM kaNva ke Azrama-varNana meM nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii| ___ kAlidAsa rasavAdI kalAkAra haiN| inhoMne sarasa evaM komala rasoM kA hI varNana kiyA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa kavi kA pradhAnataH zRGgArarasa ke prati AkarSaNa honA hI hai| zRGgAra, prakRti-varNana evaM vilAsI nAgarika jIvana ko aMkita karane meM kAlidAsa saMskRta meM akele haiM, inakA sthAna koI anya grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| zRGgAra ke donoM hI pakSoM kA sundara varNana 'raghuvaMza', 'meghadUta', 'kumArasaMbhava' evaM 'zakuntalA' meM pUre utkarSa para dikhAI par3atA hai| saMyoga ke Alambana evaM uddIpana kA-donoM pakSoM kA-sundara citra 'kumArasambhava' ke tRtIya sarga meM upalabdha hotA hai| vasanta ke mAdaka prabhAva ko kavi ne cetana evaM acetana donoM prakAra ke prANiyoM para samAna rUpa se darzAyA hai| bhauMrA apanI priyA ke prati premonmatta hote dikhAyA gayA hai madhudvirephaH kusumaikapAtre papI priyAM svaamnuvrtmaanH| zRGgeNa ca sparzanimIlitAkSI mRgImakaNDUyata kRSNasAraH / / 3 / 36 aja-vilApa, rati-vilApa evaM yakSa ke azrusikta sandeza-kathana meM karuNA kA srota umar3a par3atA hai| rati-vilApa evaM aja-vilApa ko AcAryoM ne kAlidAsa kI utkRSTa 'karuNagIti' mAnA hai| isameM atIta kI praNaya-krIr3A kI madhura smRti ke citra raha-raha kara pAThakoM ke hRdaya ke tAra ko jhaMkRta kara dete haiN| saphala nATakakAra hone ke kAraNa kAlidAsa ne apane donoM prabandhakAvyoM meM nATakIya saMvAdoM kA atyanta saphalatA ke sAtha niyojana kiyA hai| dilIpa-siMha-saMvAda, raghu

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kAlidAsa] ( 119 ) [kAlidAsa indra saMvAda, kautsa-raghu saMvAda, kuza-ayodhyA saMvAda tathA pArvatI-brahmacArI saMvAda utkRSTa saMvAdakalA kA nidarzana karate haiN| kAlidAsa udAtta premila bhAvoM ke kadhi haiN| inakI prema-bhAvanA meM kramika vikAsa ke sopAna dikhAI par3ate haiN| 'RtusaMhAra' inakI prathama kAvya kRti hai, ataH usameM taruNa-taruNiyoM ke uddAma prema kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| para 'zakuntalA', 'meghadUta', 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'kumArasambhava' meM kavi ne aise prema kA citraNa kiyA hai jo vAsanA evaM bAhyarUpAsakti se rahita hokara kaThora sAdhanA para AdhRta hai| kAlidAsa ne viyoga kI bhaTThI meM vAsanA ke kaluSa ko bhasmIbhUta kara usake divya evaM pAvana rUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| inakA prema-varNana maryAdita evaM svastha pArivArika sneha kA rUpa upasthita karatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke prati aTUTa anurAga hone ke kAraNa kavi aise prema kA varNana nahIM karatA jo lokadharma ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita na kre| vaha pati-patnI ke vaivAhika udAtta prema ko apane kAvya kA Adarza mAnakara usameM sadAcAra evaM lokaraMjana kA samAveza karatA hai / kavi amaryAdita evaM ucchRGkhala asvAbhAvika prema ko gahita mAnakara usake prati dhyAna bhI nahIM detaa| kavi ne apane granthoM meM sthAna-sthAna para samasta bhAratIya vidyA ke praur3ha anuzIlana kA paricaya diyA hai| kAlidAsa kI rAjanaitika tathA dArzanika mAnyatAeM Thosa AdhAra para adhiSThita haiM tathA inakI nijI sAmAjika sthApanAeM bhI haiN| katipaya vidvAnoM ne ina tathyoM kA udghATana kara kAlidAsa kI sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika cetanA kA vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| inhoMne jIvana ke zAzvata evaM sArvabhaumika tatvoM kA rasAtmaka citra prastuta kara sacce artha meM vizva kavi kI upAdhi prApta kI hai| inake kAvyAtmaka bhAva evaM kAvyAtmaka bailI, upayukta pada yojanA, mUtividhAna kI asAdhAraNa kSamatA, zabdagata saMgIta evaM madhura tathA rasapezala bhASA inheM saMskRta kA sarvazreSTha kavi siddha karane meM sarvathA upayukta haiN| AdhAragrantha ---- 1. e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-maikaDonala / 2. e hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara-viNTaranitsa (bhAga 3) / 3. e hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecarakItha / 4. klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-kItha / 5. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarevaradAsagupta evaM dde| 6. hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-kRSNamAcAriyAra / 7. kAlidAsa-bhAga 1.2-ke0 esa0 rAmasvAmI shaastrii| 8. kAlidAsa-di nezanala poyaTa oNpha iNDiyA-DaoN0 esa0 esa0 bhAve / 9. kAlidAsa-di hyamana mIniMga oNpha hija vasaM-vAlTararuvena / 10. kAlidAsa-aravinda / 11. kAlidAsa-sekaNDa sirija-aravinda / 12. di DeTa oNpha kAlidAsa-caTTopAdhyAya / 13. di bartha plesa oNpha kAlidAsa-lakSmIdhara klaaN| 14. saMskRta DrAmA eNDa DrAmATisTa-ke0 pI0 kulakarNI / 15. kAlidAsa-je0 sI0 jhAlA / 16. saMskRta DrAmA-pro0 jAgIradAra / 17. saMskRta DrAmA-iMduzekhara / hindI-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-( hindI anuvAda ) kItha / 2. saMskRta nATaka-( hindI anunAda ) kItha / 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-4 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta sUkavi-samIkSA-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya

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kAvyAlaMkAra ] ( 120 ) [ kAvyAlaMkAra 5. saMskRta - kavi - darzana - DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 6. saMskRta kAvyakAra - DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 7. saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa - gairolA ( dvitIya saMskaraNa ) / 8. kAlidAsa - pro0 mirAzI / 9. kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti-dvijendralAla rAya anu0 rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya / 10. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA - paM0 mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI / 11. kAlidAsa - paM0 candrabalI pANDeya / 12. vizvakavi kAlidAsa : eka adhyayana-paM0 sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa / 13. kAlidAsakAlIna bhArata - DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya / 14. kAlidAsa ke subhASita - DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya / 15. rASTrakavi kAlidAsaDaoN0 sItArAma sahagala | 16 - kAlidAsa - jIvana kalA aura kRtitva - jayakRSNa caudharI / 17. kAlidAsa : eka anuzIlana- paM0 devadatta zAstrI / 18 kAlidAsa aura usakI kAvyakalA - vAgIzvara vidyAlaMkAra / 19. kAlidAsa ke pazu-pakSI-haridatta vedAlaMkAra / 20. kAlidAsa kI lAlitya yojanA - AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI / 21. mahAkavi kAlidAsa - DaoN0 ramAzaMkara tivArI / 22. kAlidAsa ke granthoM para AdhArita tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti- DaoN0 gAyatrI varmA / 23. kAlidAsa kI kalA-saMskRti - DaoN0 devIdatta zarmA / 24. meghadUta : eka purAnI kahAnI-A0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI / 25. bhAratIya rAjanItikoza - kAlidAsa khaNDa / 26. kAlidAsaM namAmi - DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya / 27. upamA kAlidAsya - DaoN0 zazibhUSaNa dAsa gupta ( hindI anuvAda ) / 28. kAlidAsa kA prakRti-citraNa - nirmalA upAdhyAya / kAvyAlaMkAra - kAvyazAstra kA grantha / isake racayitA A0 rudraTa haiN| [de0 rudraTa] 'kAvyAlaMkAra' alaMkAra zAstra kA atyanta praur3ha grantha hai jisameM bhAmaha evaM daNDI Adi kI apekSA adhika viSayoM kA vivecana hai| yaha grantha solaha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM 734 zloka haiM ( inameM 495 kArikAeM evaM 253 udAharaNa haiM ) / 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ke 12 ve adhyAya ke 40 veM zloka ke bAda 14 zloka prakSipta haiM, ataH vidvAnoM ne unakI gaNanA nahIM kI hai| yadi unheM bhI jor3a diyA jAya to zlokoM kI kula saMkhyA 748 ho jaaygii| prathama adhyAya meM gaurI evaM gaNeza kI bandanA ke pazcAt kAvyaprayojana, kAvyahetu evaM kavimahimA kA varNana hai / isameM kula 22 zloka haiM / dvitIya adhyAya ke varNita viSaya haiM-kAvyalakSaNa, zabdaprakAra ( pA~ca prakAra ke zabda ), vRtti ke AdhAra para trividha rItiyA~, vakrokti, anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa evaM citrAlaMkAra kAM nirUpaNa, vaidarbhI, pAMcAlI, lATI tathA gauDI rItiyoM kA varNana, kAvya meM prayukta chaha bhASAeM - prAkRta, saMskRta, mAmadha, paizAcI, zaurasenI evaM apabhraMza tathA anuprAsa kI pA~ca vRttiyA~-madhurA, lalitA, praur3hA, paravA, bhadrA kA vivecana / isa adhyAya meM 32 zloka prayukta hue haiN| tRtIya adhyAya meM yamaka kA vivecana 58 ilokoM meM kiyA gayA hai tathA caturtha evaM paMcama meM' (kramazaH ) kleba aura citrAlaMkAra kA vistRta varNana hai / inameM kramazaH 59 evaM 35 zloka hai / SaSTha madhyAya meM doSa-nirUpaNa hai jisameM 47 zloka haiN| saptama adhyAya meM artha kA lakSaNa vAcaka zabda ke bheda evaM 23 arthAlaMkAroM kA vivecana hai| isameM vAstavagata bheda ke antargata 22 alaMkAroM kA varNana hai / vivecita alaMkAroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-sahokti, samuccaya, jAti, yathAsaMkhya, bhAva,

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kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti ] ( 121 ) [kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti paryAya, viSama, anumAna, dIpaka, parikara, parivRtti, parisaMkhyA, hetu kAraNamAlA, vyatireka, anyonya, uttara, sAra, sUkSma, leza, avasara, mIlita, ekAvalI / isa adhyAya meM 111 zloka haiN| aSTama adhyAya meM 110 zloka haiM aura aupanyamUlaka 21 alaMkAroM kA vivecana hai| varNita alaMkAra haiM-upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, apahRti, saMzaya, samAsokti, mata, uttara, anyokti, pratIpa, arthAntaranyAsa, ubhayanyAsa bhrAntimAn, AkSepa, pratyanIka, dRSTAnta, pUrva, sahokti, samuccaya, sAmya, smaraNa / navama adhyAya meM atizayagata 12 alaMkAroM kA varNana hai| isa adhyAya meM 55 zloka haiN| alaMkAroM ke nAma haiM-pUrva, vizeSa, utprekSA, vibhAvanA, tadguNa, adhika, virodha, viSama, asaMgati, pihita, vyAghAta, ahetu / dazama adhyAya meM arthazleSa kA vistRta varNana hai tathA usake dasa bheda varNita haiM-avizeSazleSa, virodhazleSa, adhikazleSa, vakrazleSa, vyAjazleSa, uktizleSa, asambhavazleSa, avayavazleSa, tattvazleSa, virodhAbhAsazlepa / isameM 29 zloka haiN| ekAdaza adhyAya meM arthadoSa varNita haiM-apahetu, apratIta, nirAgama, bAdhayan, asambaddha, grAmya, virasa, tadvAn, atimAtra, upamAdoSa / isa adhyAya meM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 36 hai| dvAdaza adhyAya meM kAvya-prayojana, kAvya meM rasa kI anivAryatA, laukikarasa, kAvya-rasa, zRGgArarasa, nAyaka-nAyikAbheda, nAyaka ke cAra prakAra tathA agamya nAriyoM kA vivecana hai| isa adhyAya meM 47 zloka haiM / trayodaza adhyAya meM saMyoga zrRMgAra, dezakAlAnusAra nAyikA kI vibhinna ceSTAe~, navor3hA kA svarUpa tathA nAyaka kI zikSA vaNita hai / isa adhyAya meM 17 zloka haiN| caturdaza adhyAya meM vipralambha zrRMgAra ke prakAra, kAma kI dasa dazA, anurAga, mAna, pravAsa, karuNa, zRMgArAbhAsa evaM rIti-prayoga ke niyama varNita haiN| isameM 38 zloka haiN| paMcadaza adhyAya meM vIra, karuNa, bIbhatsa, bhayAnaka, adbhuta, hAsya, raudra, zAnta evaM preyAn tathA rIti-niyama vaNita haiN| isa adhyAya meM 21 zloka haiN| SoDaza adhyAya meM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-caturvargaphaladAyaka kAvya kI upayogitA, prabandhakAnya ke bheda, mahAkAvya, mahAkathA, AkhyAyikA, laghukAvya tathA katipaya niSiddha prasaMga / isa adhyAya meM 42 zloka haiN| rudraTakRta 'kAvyAlaMkAra' kI ekamAtra TIkA namisAdhu kI prApta hotI hai| 5 grantha TIkA sahita nirNayasAgara presa se prakAzita huA thaa| samprati isakI do Ti. vyAkhyAeM upalabdha haiM ka-DaoN. satyadeva caudharIkRta vyAkhyA vAsudeva prakAzana, dillI 1965 I. . khanamisAdhu kI TIkA sahita kAvyAlaMkAra kA hindI bhASya-zrI rAmadeva zukla, khambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI 1966 I0 / vallabhadeva evaM AzAdhara nAmaka kAvyAlaMkAra ke do saMskRta TIkAkAra bhI haiM kintu inake grantha prApta nahIM hote|| bAdhAragrantha-ka. donoM hI ( hindI bhASya ) / kha. kAvyAlaGkAra ( namisAdhu kI TIkA) nirNayasAgara presa / ga. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA. kANe / kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti-rItisampradAya ( kAvyazAstra kA eka siddhAnta ) kA yugavidhAyaka grantha / isake racayitA A0 vAmana haiN| [ de0 vAmana ] isa grantha kA

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kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti] (122 ) [kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti vibhAjana adhikaraNoM meM huA hai jisameM pAMca adhikaraNa haiN| pratyeka adhikaraNa meM kaI adhyAya haiM / sampUrNa grantha meM pAMca adhikaraNa, 12 adhyAya evaM 319 sUtra haiN| isa para lekhaka ne svayaM vRtti kI bhI racanA kI hai praNamya ca paraM jyotiminena kavipriyA / kAvyAlaMkArasUtrANAM sveSAM vRttividhIyate // prathama adhikaraNa meM kAvyalakSaNa, kAvya aura alaMkAra, kAvya ke prayojana (prathama adhyAya meM ), kAvya ke adhikArI, kaviyoM ke do prakAra, kavi tathA bhAvaka kA sambandha, kAvya kI AtmA (rIti ko kAvya kI AtmA kahA gayA hai ) rIti ke tIna prakAravaidarbhI, gaur3I evaM pAJcAlI, rIti-vivecana ( dvitIya adhyAya ) kAvya ke aMga, kAvya ke bheda-gadya-padya, gadya kAvya ke tIna prakAra, padya ke bheda-prabandha evaM muktaka, AkhyAyikA ke tIna prakAra ( tRtIya adhyAya ) Adi viSayoM kA vivecana hai| dvitIya adhikaraNa meM do adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM doSa kI paribhASA, pAMca prakAra ke padadoSa, pA~ca prakAra ke padArthadoSa, tIna prakAra ke vAkyadoSa, visandhidoSa ke tIna prakAra evaM sAta prakAra ke vAkyArtha doSa kA vivecana hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM guNa evaM alaMkAra kA pArthakya tathA dasa prakAra ke zabdaguNa varNita haiN| dvitIya adhyAya meM dasa prakAra ke arthadoSoM kA varNana hai| caturtha adhikaraNa meM mukhyataH alaMkAroM kA varNana hai / isameM tIna adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM zabdAlaMkAra-yamaka evaM anuprApta kA nirUpaNa evaM dvitIya meM upamA-vicAra hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM prativastu, samAsokti, aprastutaprazaMsA, apahRti, rUpaka, zleSa, vakrokti, utprekSA, atizayokti, sandeha, virodha, vibhAvanA, ananvaya, upameyopamA, parivRtti, vyartha, dIpaka, nidarzanA, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vizeSokti, vyAjastuti, vyAjokti, tulyayogitA, AkSepa, sahokti, samAhita, saMsRSTi, upamArUpaka evaM utprekSAvayava nAmaka alaMkAroM kA vivecana hai| paMcama adhikaraNa meM do adhyAya haiN| donoM meM zabdazuddhi evaM vaiyAkaraNika prayoga para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakaraNa kA sambandha kAvyazAstra se na hokara vyAkaraNa se hai| vAmana ne pratyeka adhikaraNa evaM adhyAya kA varNita viSayoM ke AdhAra para nAmakaraNa kiyA hai| adhikaraNoM ke nAma haiM-zArIra, doSadarzana, guNa-vivecana, AlaMkArika evaM prayogika / isa grantha ke tIna vibhAga haiM-sUtra, vRtti evaM udAharaNa / sUtra evaM vRtti kI racanA vAmana ne kI hai aura udAharaNa vibhinna granthoM se liye gae haiN| 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtra' bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kA prathama grantha hai jisameM sUtra-zailI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa para sahadeva nAmaka vyakti ne TIkA likhI thii| gopendratibhUpAla kI bhI 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtra' para TIkA prApta hotI hai jo kaI bAra prakAzita ho cukI hai / 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtra' rIti sampradAya kA prasthApaka grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isameM rIti ko kAvya kI mAtmA kahA gayA hai| isa grantha kA hindI bhASya AcArya vizvezvara siddhAnta ziromaNi ne kiyA hai / 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtra' kI kAmadhenuTIkA ( gopendratipbhUpAla kRta) sarvAdhika prasiddha hai| isameM gopAla bhaTTa nAmaka TIkAkAra kA bhI ullekha hai|

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kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha ] ( 123 ) [ kAvyaprakAza AdhAragantha-- ka. kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti-hindI bhASya - saM0 2011 ( saMskaraNa ) kha saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 guNe / " kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha - kAvyazAstra kA suprasiddha grantha / isake racayitA A0 udbhaTa haiM / [ de0 udbhaTa ] yaha grantha mukhyataH alaMkAra-grantha hai / isameM chaha varga evaM 79 kArikAe~ haiM tathA 41 alaMkAroM kA vivecana hai / alaMkAroM kA vivecana vargakrama se isa prakAra hai - prathama varga - punaruktavadAbhAsa, chekAnuprAsa, trividhaanuprAsa, (paruSA, upapanAgarikA, grAmyA yA komalA ) lATAnuprAsa, rUpaka, upamA, dIpaka, ( Adi, madhya, anta ) prativastUpamA / dvitIya varga - AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vibhAvanA, samAsokti, atizayokti / tRtIya varga - yathAsaMkhya, utprekSA, svabhAvokti / caturtha varga - preya, rasavat, urjasvit paryAyokta, samAhita, udAtta ( dvividha ), zilaSTa | paMcama vargaapahanuti, vizeSokti, virodha, tulyayogitA, aprastutaprazaMsA, vyAjastuti, nidarzanA, upameyopamA, sahokti, saMkara ( cAra prakAra kA ), parivRtti / SaSTha varga - ananvaya, sasaMdeha, saMsRSTi, bhAvika, kAvyaliMga, dRSTAnta / 'kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha' meM lagabhaga 100 udAharaNa udbhaTa ne svaracita kAvya 'kumArasaMbhava' se diye haiM / isa para pratIhArendurAja ne 'laghuvRtti' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / isakA prakAzana 1925 I0 meM bambaI saMskRta sIrIja se huA hai jisa para DI0 banahaTTI ne apanI TippaNI evaM aMgarejI bhASya prastuta kiyA hai / sarvaprathama karnala jaikaba dvArA ja0 ro0 e0 so0 meM 1897 I0 meM pR0 829 - 847 meM prakAzita / 1915 I0 meM laghuvRtti ke sAtha nirNayasAgara presa se prakAzita / laghuvRti sahita kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha kA hindI anuvAda hindI sAhitya sammelana se prakAsanAdhIna / anu0 DaoN0 rAmamUrti tripAThI / 1 AdhAragrantha-ka. kAvyAlaGkArasArasaMgraha - banahaTTI saMskaraNa / kha. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa - DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe | isake praNetA AcArya mammaTa haiM / tathA isake tIna vibhAga haiMracayitA svayaM mammaTa haiM aura kAvyaprakAza - kAvyazAstra kA mahanIya grantha / [ de0 mammaTa ] yaha grantha dasa ullAsa meM vibhakta hai kArikA, vRtti evaM udAharaNa / kArikA evaM vRtti ke udAharaNa vibhinna granthoM se lie gae haiM / isake prathama ullAsa meM kAvya ke hetu, prayojana, lakSaNa evaM bheda - uttama, madhyama evaM tathA avara - kA varNana hai / dvitIya ullAsa meM zabdazaktiyoM kA evaM tRtIya meM vyaMjanA kA varNana hai ( ArthI vyaMjanA ) / catuthaM ullAsa meM uttama kAvya dhvani ke bhedopabheda evaM rasa kA nirUpaNa hai / paMcama ullAsa meM guNIbhUtavyaMgya ( madhyamakAvya ) kA svarUpa, bheda tathA vyaMjanA ke virodhI tarkoM kA nirAsa evaM usakI sthApanA hai / SaSTha ullAsa meM adhama yA citrakAvya ke do bhedoMzabdacitra evaM arthacitra kA varNana hai aura saptama ullAsa meM 70 prakAra ke kAvyadoSa varNita haiM / aSTama ullAsa meM guNa-vivecana evaM navama meM zabdAlaGkAroM - vakrokti, anuprAsa, yamaka, zleSa, citra evaM punaruktapradAbhAsa kA varNana hai aura dazama ullAsa meM 60 arthAlaGkAra evaM do mizrAlaGkAroM saMkara evaM saMsRSTi kA vivecana hai / mammaTa dvArA

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kAvyaprakAza] ( 124 ) [kAvyaprakAza varNita arthAlaMkAra haiM-upamA, ananvaya, upameyopamA, utprekSA, sasaMdeha, rUpaka, anuti, zleSa, samAsokti, nidarzanA, aprastutaprazaMsA, atizayokti, prativastUpamA, dRSTAnta, dIpaka, mAlAdIpaka, tulyayogitA, vyatireka, AkSepa, vibhAvanA, vizeSokti, yathAsaMkhya, arthAntaranyAsa, virodha, svabhAvokti, vyAjastuti, sahokti, vinokti, parivRtti, bhAvika, kAvyaliGga, paryAyokta, udAtta, samuccaya, paryAya, anumAna, parikara, vyAjokti, parisaMkhyA, kAraNamAlA, anyonya, uttara, sUkSma, sAra, asaMgati, samAdhi, sama, viSama, adhika, pratyanIka, mIlita, ekAvalI, smaraNa, bhrAntimAn, pratIpa, sAmAnya, vizeSa, tadguNa, atadguNa, vyAghAta / 'kAvyaprakAza' meM zatAbdiyoM se pravAhita kAvyazAstrIya vicAradhArA kA sAra-saMgraha kiyA gayA hai aura apanI gaMbhIra zailI ke kAraNa yaha grantha zAMkarabhASya evaM mahAbhASya kI bhAMti mahanIya bana gayA hai / isI mahattA ke kAraNa isa para 75 ke lagabhaga TIkAe~ likhI gayI haiN| isakI sarvAdhika prAcIna TIkA mANikyacandra kRta 'saMketa' hai jisakA samaya 116. I0 hai / Adhunika yuga ke prasiddha TIkAkAra vAmana jhalakIkara ne apanI 'bAlabodhinI' TIkA meM ( 1774 I0) 46 TIkAkAroM kA vivaraNa diyA hai-1 mANikyacandrakRta 'saMketa' TIkA, 2 sarasvatItIrthakRta 'bAlacittAnurabjinITIkA' (saM0 1298 ), 3 jayanta bhaTTakRta 'dIpikA' TIkA (saM0 1350 ), 4 somezvarakRta 'kAvyAdarza' TIkA, 5 vizvanAthakRta 'darpaNa' TIkA, 6 paramAnandadAsakRta 'vistArikA' TIkA, 7 AnandakavikRta 'nidarzanA' TIkA, 8 zrIvastalAnchanakRta 'sArabodhinI' TIkA, 9 mahezvarakRta 'Adarza' TIkA, 10 kamalAkarabhaTTakRta 'vistRtA' TIkA, 11 narasiMhakRta 'narasiMhamanISA' TIkA, 12 bhInasenakRta 'sudhAsAgara' TIkA, 13 mahendracandraracita 'tAtparyavivRti' TIkA, 14 govindakRta 'pradIpacchAyA' ghyAkhyA, 15 nAgeza bhaTTakRta 'lamvI' TIkA, 16 nAgezabhaTTakRta 'bRhatI' TIkA, 17 vaidyanAthakRta 'pradIpa' kI 'udyota' nAmaka TIkA, 18 vaidyanAthakRta 'prabhA' TIkA, 19 vaidyanAthaviracita 'udAharaNacandrikA' TIkA, 20 rAghavaracita 'avacUri' TIkA, 21 zrIdharakRta TIkA, 22 caNDIdAsakRta TIkA, 23 devanAthakRta TIkA, 24 bhAskarakRta 'sAhityadIpikA' TIkA, 25 subuddhimizrakRta TIkA, 06 padmanAbhakRta TIkA, 27 mithileza ke mantrI acyutakRta TIkA, 28 acyutatanaya ratnapANikRta TIkA, 29 bhaTTAcAryakRta 'kAvyadarpaNa' TIkA, 30 bhaTTAcArya ke putra raviracita 'madhumatI' TokA, 31 'tattvabodhinI' TIkA ( ajJAta), 32 kaumudITIkA ( racayitA kA nAma ajJAta ), 33 'Aloka' TokA, 34 rucakakRta 'saMketa' TIkA, 35 jayarAmakRta 'prakAzatilaka' TokA, 36 yazodharakRta TIkA, 37 vidyAsAgara nirmita TIkA, 38 murArImizrakRta TIkA, 39 maNisArakRta TIkA, 40 pakSadharakRta TIkA, 41 sUrikRta 'rahasyaprakAza' TIkA, 42 rAmanAthakRta 'rahasyaprakAza' TIkA, 43 jagadIzakRta Toka', 44 gadAdharakRta TIkA, 45 bhAskarakRta 'rahasya nibandha' TIkA, 46 rAmakRSNakRta 'kAvyaprakAza bhAvArtha' TIkA, 47 vAcaspatimizrakRta TIkA, 48 vAmana jhalakIkarakRta 'bAlabodhinI' ttiikaa| ina TokAoM ke atirikta vidyAdharacakravartIkRta saMjIvanI TIkA ( AMglAnuvAda sahita prakAzita motIlAla banArasIdAsa,

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kAvya-mImAMsA] ( 125 ) [kAvya-mImAMsA anu0 DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI) tathA Adhunika yuga kI 'nAgezvarI TIkA' ( caukhambA prakAzana ) / mANikyacandra se lekara vAmanAcAyaM taka ke 500 varSoM meM kAvyaprakAza para lagabhaga 50 TIkAe~ likhI gayI haiN| aMgarejI meM 'kAvyaprakAza' ke aneka anuvAda hue haiM jinameM DaoN0 gaMgAnAtha jhA, sukhathaMkara evaM DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI ke anuvAda adhika prasiddha haiM : hindI meM 'kAvyaprakAza' kI tIna vyAkhyAe~ evaM eka anuvAda hai| isakA sarvaprathama hindI anuvAda paM0 harimaMgala mizra ne kiyA thA, jo hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga se prakAzita hai ( samprati aprApya ) / punaH isakA mANya DaoN. satyavrata siMha ( caukhambA prakAzana ), DaoN0 haradattazAstrI evaM AcArya vizvezvara (jJAnamaNDala, vArANasI) ne kiyaa| isake anya bhASya sI prakAzanAdhIna haiN| 'rItikAla' meM kAvya. prakAza ke aneka hindI pAdyAnuvAda hue haiM evaM isake AdhAra para kaI AcAryoM ne rItigranthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'kAvyaprakAza' ke prati paNDitoM kA prema abhI bhI banA huA hai aura AzA hai bhaviSya meM bhI isake sundara hindI bhASya prastuta hoNge| AdhAragrantha-ka kAvyaprakAza-hindI bhASya A0 vizvezvara / kha. vAmanAcAryakRta 'subodhinI' vyaakhyaa| kAvya-mImAMsA-yaha saMskRta kA kavi-zikSA-viSayaka atyanta prasiddha grantha hai jisake praNetA AcArya rAjazekhara haiM / [ de0 rAjazekhara ] samprati yaha grantha apUrNa rUpa meM hI prApta hai jisameM 18 adhyAya haiN| isake prathama adhyAya meM kAvyazAstra ke udbhava kI kathA dI gayI hai jisameM batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra kAvya-puruSa ne aSTAdaza adhikaraNavAlI kAvyavidyA kA upadeza apane ziSyoM ko diyA thaa| aTThAraha vidvAnoM ke aSTAdaza granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-kavirahasya-sahasrAkSa, ukti-uktigarbha, rItinirNaya-suvarNanAbha, yamaka-yama, anuprAsa-pracetA, citrakAvya-citrAGgada, zabdazleSazeSa, svAbhAvokti-pulastya, upamA-aupakAyana, atizayokti-parAzara, arthazleSa-utathya, ubhayAlaMkAra-kubera, hAsya-kAmadeva, rUpaka-bharata, rasa-nandikezvara, doSa-dhiSaNa, guNaupamanyu, aupaniSadika viSaya-kucamAra / dvitIya adhyAya meM zAstra nirdeza hai jisameM vAGmaya ke do prakAra kiye gae haiM-kAvya aura zAstra / isI adhyAya meM sAhitya ko pAMcavIM vidyA kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM kAvyapuruSa kI utpatti kA varNana hai| caturtha adhyAya kA vivecya hai padavAkya kA viveka / isameM kaviyoM ke prakAra tathA pratibhA kA vivecana hai| pratibhA ke do prakAra kahe gae haiM-kArayitrI evaM bhaavyitrii| kArayitrI pratibhA kavi kI upakArikA hai jisake tIna prakAra haiMsahajA, AhAryA evaM aupdeshikii| bhAvayitrI pratibhA Alocaka kI upakArikA hotI hai| isa adhyAya meM AlocakoM ke kaI prakAra vaNita haiN| paMcama adhyAya meM vyutpatti evaM kAvyapAka kA varNana hai| isameM kavi ke tIna prakAra kathita haiM-zAstrakavi, kAvyakavi evaM ubhayakavi / punaH zAstrakavi ke tIna prakAra, evaM kAvyakavi ke ATha prakAra batAye gae haiN| anta meM kAvyapAka ke nau bheda varNita haiN| SaSTha adhyAya meM pada kA tathA saptama adhyAya meM vAkya kA vizleSaNa hai| saptama adhyAya meM kAka kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai / aSTama adhyAya meM kAvyAtha ke srota kA varNana

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. kAvyAdarza] ( 126 ) [kAvyAdarza hai tathA usakI solaha yoniyoM batalAyI gayI haiN| navama adhyAya meM artha ke sAta prakAroM kA varNana evaM muktaka tathA prabandha kAvya kA vivecana hai| dazama adhyAya kA vayaM viSaya kavi evaM rAjacaryA hai| isameM kavi ke gRha, mitra, paricAraka, lekhaka evaM usakI bhASA kI carcA kI gayI hai aura isI krama meM batalAyA gayA hai ki kavi kisa prakAra kAvya-pATha kre| rAjAoM ke lie kavigoSThiyoM ke Ayojana kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| ekAdaza adhyAya meM zabdaharaNa kA varNana hai aura usake doSa-guNa varNita haiM / dvAdaza adhyAya kA viSaya artha-haraNa hai aura usake kaI prakAroM kA vivecana hai / trayodaza adhyAya meM arthaharaNa ke Alekhya evaM prakhya Adi bheda varNita haiN| caturdaza se SoDaza adhyAya taka kavisamaya kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| saptadaza adhyAya kA sambandha bhUgola se hai| isameM deza-vibhAga kA varNana hai jo bhArata ke prAcIna bhUgola vidyA kA sundara nidarzana hai| aSTAdaza adhyAya kA nAma kAlavibhAga hai / isameM prAcIna bhAratIya kAlavibhAga kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai ki kavi kisa viSaya kA kisa Rtu meM varNana kre| 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM varNita viSayoM ko dekhakara jJAta hotA hai ki yaha vividha viSayoM kA jJAna denevAlA vizAla jJAnakoza hai| isa para paNDita madhusUdana zAstrI ne saMskRta meM 'madhusUdanI' vivRti likhI hai jo caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai| kAvyamImAMsA ke do hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiM AdhAragrantha-ka. paM0 kedAranAtha zarmA 'sArasvata' kRta anuvAda bihAra rASTrabhASApariSad, paTanA saM0 2011 kha. DaoN0 gaMgAsAgararAya kRta anuvAda caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1964 I0 / kAvyAdarza-kAvyazAstra kA suprasiddha grantha / isake racayitA A0 daNDI haiM / [de0 AcArya daNDI ] yaha alaMkAra sampradAya evaM rItisampradAya kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| 'kAvyAdarza' tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM kula milAkara 660 zloka haiN| prathama pariccheda meM kAvya-lakSaNa, kAvya-bheda-gadya, padya evaM mizra, AkhyAyikA evaM kathA, vaidarbhI tathA goDI-mArga, dasa guNa-vivecana, anuprAsa-varNana tathA kavi ke tIna guNa-pratibhA, zruti evaM abhiyoga kA nirUpaNa hai| dvitIya pariccheda meM alaMkAroM kA vizada varNana hai / isameM alaMkAra kI paribhASA tathA 35 alaMkAroM ke lakSaNodAharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiN| varNita alaMkAra haiM-svabhAvokti, upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, AvRtti, AkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vyatireka, vibhAvanA, samAsokti, atizayokti, utprekSA, hetu, sUkSma leza, yathAsAMkhya, preyaH, rasavat, Urjasvi, paryAyokta, samAhita, udAtta, apahanuti, zleSa, vizeSokti, tulyayogitA, virodha, aprastutaprazaMsA, vyAjokti, nidarzanA, sahokti, parivRtti, AzIH, saMkIrNa evaM bhAvika / tRtIya pariccheda meM yamaka evaM usake 315 prakAroM kA nirdeza, citrabandhagomUtrikA, sarvatobhadra evaM varNa niyama, 16 prakAra kI prahelikA evaM dasa prakAra ke doSoM kA vivecana hai| 'kAvyAdarza' para do prasiddha prAcIna TIkAe~ haiM-prathama TIkA ke lekhaka haiM taruNa vAcaspati evaM dvitIya TIkA kA nAma 'hRdayaMgamA' hai jo kisI ajJAta lekhaka kI racanA hai / madrAsa se prakAzita pro0 raGgAcArya

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kAvyAlaMkAra] ( 127 ) [kAvyAlaMkAra ke ( 1910 I0 ) saMskaraNa meM 'kAvyAdarza' ke cAra pariccheda milate haiM jisameM tRtIya pariccheda ke hI do vibhAga kara diye gae haiN| isake caturtha pariccheda meM doSa-vivecana hai| 'kAvyAdarza' ke tIna hindI anuvAda hue haiM-bajaratnadAsakRta hindI anuvAda, AcArya rAmacandra mizra kRta hindI evaM saMskRta TIkA ( caukhambA saMskaraNa 2015 vi0 ) evaM zrIraNavIra siMha kA hindI anuvAda (anusaMdhAna pariSad, dillI vishvvidyaaly)| kAvyAdarza ke Upara racita anya aneka TIkAoM ke bhI vivaraNa prApta hote haiM-(ka) mArjana TIkA-isake racayitA ma0 ma0 harinAtha the| inake pitA kA nAma vizvadhara tathA agraja kA nAma kezava thaa| isakA vivaraNa bhaNDArakara oriyaNTala risarca insTITyUTa sthita rAjakIya grantha, saMgrahAlaya, granthasUcI bhAga 12, saMkhyA 24 meM hai / isakA pratilipikAla saMvat 1746 hai| (kha) kAvyatattvavivekakomudI-isake racayitA kRSNakaMkara tarkavAgIza the| ye gopAlapura ( baMgAla ) ke nivAsI the| isakA vivaraNa iNDiyA oNphisa sUcIpatra pR0 221 meM prApta hotA hai| (ga) zrutAnupAlinI TIkA-isake lekhaka vAdidhaGghala haiN| isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 hastalikhita grantha saMgraha, saMkhyA 3, 1919-24 I0, granthasUcI bhAga 12, saMkhyA 125 meM hai| (gha) vaimalyavidhAyinI TIkA-jagannAtha ke putra mallinAtha ne isa TIkA kI racanA kI thii| (Ga) vijayAnanda kRta vyaakhyaa| (ca) yAmuna kRta vyAkhyA / (cha) ratna zrI saMjJaka TIkA-isake lekhaka ratna zrI jJAna nAmaka laMkAnivAsI / vidvAn the| mithilA risaMca insTITyUTa, darabhaMgA se zrI anantalAla ThAkura dvArA sampAdita evaM prakAzita, 1957 I. meM / ( ja ) bothaliMka dvArA jarmana anuvAda 1890 I0 meM / - AdhAragrantha-ka. kAvyAdarza-(saMskRta-hindI vyAkhyA ) A0 rAmacandra mizracaukhambA saMskaraNa / kha. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA. kANe ( hindI anuvaad)| kAvyAlaMkAra-isa grantha ke racayitA haiM A0 bhAmaha [ de0 bhAmaha ] / yaha bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| isameM sarvaprathama kAvyazAstra kA svatantrarUpa se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| athavA yoM kahA jAya ki bhAmahakRta 'kAvyAlaMkAra' meM hI kAvyazAstra ko svatantra zAstra kA rUpa diyA gayA hai to koI atyukti nhiiN| yaha grantha chaha paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai tathA isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA cAra sau ke lagabhaga hai| isameM pA~ca viSayoM kA varNana hai-kAvyazarIra, alaMkAra, doSa, nyAya-nirNaya evaM zabda-zuddhi / praNama pariccheda meM kAvya-prayojana, kavitva-prazaMsA, pratibhA kA svarUpa, kavi ke jJAtavya viSaya, kAvya kA svarUpa evaM bheda, kAvya-doSa evaM doSa-parihAra kA varNana hai / isameM 59 zloka haiM / dvitIya pariccheda meM guNa, zabdAlaMkAra evaM arthAlaMkAra kA vivecana hai| tRtIya pariccheda meM bhI arthAlaMkAra nirUpita haiM aura caturtha pariccheda meM doSoM kA vivecana hai / paMcama pariccheda kA saMbaMdha nyAya-nirNaya se hai aura SaSTha pariccheda meM vyAkaraNaviSayaka azuddhiyoM kA varNana hai| pratyeka pariccheda meM kArikAoM yA zlokoM kI saMkhyA isa prakAra hai-59 + 96 + 58 + 51 + 69+

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kAvyazAstra ( 128 ) [kAvyazAstra 66 = 399 pustaka ke anta meM varNita viSayoM evaM unase sambaddha zlokoM kA bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| SaSTyA zarIraM nirNItaM zataSaSTayAtvalakRtiH / pacAzatA doSadRSTiH saptatyA nyAyanirNayaH / / paSTyA zabdasya zuddhiH syAdityevaM vastupancakam / uktaM SabhiH paricchedai mahena krameNa vaH / / kAvyAlakAra 6465,66 // isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda A0 devendranAtha zarmA ne kiyA hai jo rASTrabhASAparipad paTanA se prakAzita hai| isake nimnAMkita saMskaraNa prApta haiM-1. zrI ke0 pI0 trivedI kA saMskaraNa-'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM mudrita 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ( bambaI saMskRta eNDa prAkRta sIrIja 1909 ii0)| 2-zrI nAganAtha zAstrIkRta AMgla anuvAda sahita ( kAvyAlaMkAra ) taMjora se 1127 I0 meM prakAzita / 3-kAvyAlaMkArasaM0 20 vaTukanAtha zarmA evaM paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI 1927 I0 / 4-zrI zailatAtAcArya dvArA racita saMskRta vRtti ke sAtha prakAzita kAvyAlaMkAra, zrInivAsa presa, tiruvadI, 1934 ii0| 5-zrI zaMkararAma zAstrI dvArA saMpAdita kAvyAlaMkAra, zrI bAlamanoramA presa, madrAsa 1956 I0 / AdhAragrantha-ka. AcArya devendranAtha zarmA dvArA saMpAdita kAvyAlaMkAra, prakAzana kAla 2.19 vi0 saM0 / kha. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA0 vA0 guNe (hindI anuvAda ) motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI, 1966 / / kAvyazAstra-jisa zAstra ke dvArA kAvya ke saundarya kI parakha kI jAtI hai use kAvyazAstra kahate haiN| isameM sAmAnya rUpa se kAvyAnuzIlana ke siddhAnta kA varNana hotA hai jisake AdhAra para kAvya yA sAhitya kI mImAMsA kI jAtI hai| saMskRta meM isa zAstra ke lie kaI nAma prayukta hue haiM-alaMkArazAstra, sAhityazAstra, kAvyazAstra, kAvyAlaMkAra, sAhityavidyA evaM kriyAkalpa / inameM sarvAdhika prAcIna nAma 'kriyAkalpa' hai| isakA ullekha vAtsyAyanakRta kAmasUtra meM 64 kalAoM ke antargata kiyA gayA hai jo 'kAvya kriyAkalpa' kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| 'lalitavistara' nAmaka bauddha grantha meM bhI isa zabda kA prayoga kAvyazAstra ke hI artha meM huA hai aura usake TIkAkAra jayamaGgalArka ke anusAra isakA artha hai--kriyAkalpa iti kAvya karaNavidhi kAvyAlaMkAra ityrth.| isa prakAra 'kriyAkalpa' zabda kA prayoga kAvyazAstra ke hI artha huA pratIta hotA hai| 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' meM bhI yaha zabda isI artha kA dyotaka hai| lava-kuza kA saMgIta sunane ke lie rAmacandra kI sabhA meM upasthita vyaktiyoM meM vaiyAkaraNa, naigama, svarajJa evaM gAndharva Adi vidyAoM ke vizeSajJoM ke atirikta kiyAkalpa evaM kAvyavid kA bhI ullekha hai kriyAkalpavidazva tathA kAvyavido janAn / / uttarakANDa 94-73 AlocanAzAstra ke lie anya prAcIna nAma 'alaMkArazAstra' milatA hai| yaha nAma usa yuga kA hai jaba kAvya kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa tattva alaMkAra mAnA jAtA thaa| bhAmaha, udbhaTa, vAmana, rudraTa prabhRti AcAryoM ke granthoM ke nAma isI tathya kI puSTi

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kAvyazAstra] ( 129) [kAvyazAstra karate haiM-kAvyAlaMkAra, kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha, kAvyAlaMkArasUtra evaM kAvyAlaMkAra / AcArya vAmana ne alaMkAra kA mahatva pratiSThita karate hue ise saundarya kA vAcaka banA diyA jisase alaMkAra zabdArtha kA 'bAhya zobhAdhAyaka tattva na raha kara usakA mUlabhUta tattva siddha huA-kAvyaM grAhyamalaGkArAt / saundrymlngkaarH-kaavyaalNkaarsuutr1|12| bhAmaha prabhRti AcArya alaMkAravAdI the, ataH unhoMne apane granthoM meM alaMkAra kA prAdhAnya siddha karate hue isI abhidhA kA prayoga kiyaa| vakrokti siddhAnta ke pratiSThApaka A0 kuMtaka ne bhI 'vakroktijIvita' ko kAvyAlaMkAra kI abhidhA pradAna kI hai kAvyasyAyamalaGkAraH ko'pyapUrvo vidhIyate / vakroktijIvita 22 kAlAntara meM (madhya yuga meM ) isa zAstra ke lie sAhityazAstra kA abhidhAna pracalita huaa| sarvaprathama rAjazekhara ne 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM 'paJcamI sAhityavidyA iti yAbAvarIyaH' (pR0 4 ) kaha kara isakA prayoga kiyA aura Age calakara ruyyaka evaM vizvanAtha ne isa abhidhAna ko adhika lokapriya bnaayaa| ruyyaka ne 'sAhityamImAMsA' evaM vizvanAtha ne 'sAhityadarpaNa' kI racanA kara isa zabda kA gaurava bar3hA diyaa| gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM bhojarAja ne kAvyazAstra ko zAstra kA rUpa dekara isake lie kAvyazAstra kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yaha zabda tabhI se adhika lokapriya ho gayA hai| bhoja ne jJAna ke chaha kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-kAvya, zAstra, itihAsa, kAvyazAstra, kAvyetihAsa evaM zAstretihAsa / kAvyaM zAstretihAsau ca kAvyazAstraM tathaiva ca / kAvyetihAsaH zAstretihAsastadapi SaDvidham // sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 2 / 139 isa prakAra kAvyazAstra ke lie aneka nAmoM kA prayoga hotA rahA kintu anta meM isake lie do zabda adhika lokapriya hue-kAvyazAstra evaM sAhityazAstra / bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke mUla utsa vedoM meM prApta hote haiM aura isakI prAcInatA vaidika vAGmaya ke samAna hI siddha hotI hai / 'Rgveda' meM upamA, rUpaka, atizayokti, arthAntaranyAsa prabhRti alaMkAra tathA zRMgArAdi rasoM ke bhI paryApta udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| 'nirukta' meM to upamAlaMkAra kA zAstrIya vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai aura usase bhI spaSTa rUpa se isakA vivecana pANinikRta 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM milatA hai| upamAnAni sAmAnya vacanaiH / aSTAdhyAyI 2 / 1 / 55 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM zilAli evaM kRzAzva dvArA racita naTasUtroM kA ullekha hone se jJAta hotA hai ki pANini se pUrva kAvyazAstra viSayaka granthoM kA (parAzaryazilAbhibhyAM bhikSunaTasUtrayoH / aSTAdhyAyI, 4 / 31710) nirmANa ho cukA thaa| 'nirukta' meM varNita karmopamA, bhUtopamA, arthopamA, siddhopamA Adi upamA ke prakAra bhI saMskRta kAvyazAstra ke itihAsa ko adhika prAcIna siddha karate haiM / "vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' meM nau rasoM kA ullekha milatA hai aura alaMkAroM tathA anya kAvyazAstrIya tattvoM ke prabhUta udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki kAvyazAstra kA nirUpaNa atyanta prAcInakAla se, saMbhavataH IsA se do sahasra pUrva, ho cukA thA kintu usa samaya ke granthoM kI prApti nahIM hotii| bharatakRta 'nATyazAstra' meM bhI aneka 'AnuvaMzya' zlokoM 6 saM0 sA0

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kAvyazAstra ] ( 130 ) [ kAvyazAstra kI saMkhyA hai jinase jJAta hotA hai ki ye zloka 'paramparApravAha' meM racita hue the / bharata ne svayaM 'druhiNa' nAmaka AcArya kA ullekha kiyA hai jinhoMne nATyarasoM kA vivecana kiyA thA / samprati 'nATyazAstra' hI bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kA prAcInatama grantha prApta hotA hai aura bharata ko isa zAstra kA AdyAcArya mAnA jAtA hai / inakA samaya I0 pU0 500 se 200 varSa taka mAnA gayA hai| bharata ne nATaka ke vivecana meM rasa, alaMkAra, guNa Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA aura kAvyazAstra ko nATaka kA aMga mAna liyA thaa| para, Age cala kara isakA vikAsa svatantrazAstra ke rUpa meM huA jisakA zreya A0 bhAmaha ko hai / saMskRta kAvyazAstra kI paramparA bharata se lekara vizvezvara paNDita taka akSuNNa rahI hai aura isameM chaha prasiddha siddhAntoM kI sthApanA huI hai -rasasampradAya, alaMkAra sampradAya, rItisampradAya, dhvanisampradAya, vakroktisampradAya evaM ocitpasampradAya / kAvyazAstra ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI, unnaTa, vAmana, rudraTa, Anandavardhana, abhinavagupta, rAjazekhara, dhanajaya, kuMtaka, mahimabhaTTa, kSemendra, bhoja, mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, appayadIkSita, paNDitarAja jagannAtha evaM vizvezvara paNDita haiM jinhoMne apanI racanAoM ke dvArA isa zAstra kA rUpa atyanta praur3ha evaM vaijJAnika banAyA hai / [ inakA paricaya isI koza meM inake nAmoM meM dekheM ] saMskRta kAvyazAstra kI utpatti kI kathA rAjazekhara kI 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM dI gayI hai jisameM 17 vyaktiyoM dvArA kAvyavidyA ke vividha aMgoM ke nirUpaNa kA ullekha haisahasrAra indra ne kavi rahasya kA, uktigarbha ne uktiviSayaka grantha kA, suvarNanAbha ne rItiviSayaka grantha, pracetA ne anuprAsaviSayaka, yama ne yamaka sambandhI, citrAGgada ne citrakAvya kA, zeSa ne zabdazleSa, pulastya ne vAstava yA svabhAvokti, aupanAyaka ne upamA, parAzara ne atizayokti, utathya ne arthazleSa, kubera ne ubhayAlaGkAra, kAmadeva ne vinodaviSayaka grantha, bharata ne nATyazAstra, dhiSaNa ne doSa, upamanyu ne guNa, kucamAra ne aupaniSadika viSayoM para tathA nandikezvara ne rasasAstra kA nirmANa kiyA thA / isa viSaya kA ullekha anya kisI bhI grantha meM prApta nahIM hotA, ataH isa AkhyAyikA kI prAmANikatA asaMdigdha nahIM hai / isameM avazya hI kucha lekhakoM ke nAma A gae haiM jinhoMne kAvyazAstra ke vibhinna aMgoM para granthalekhana kiyA thA / rakhasampradAya - saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA sarvAdhika prAcIna siddhAnta rasasampradAya hai / isa sampradAya ke saMsthApaka bharatamuni haiM / 'nATyazAstra' meM rasa kA atyanta sUkSma, vaijJAnika evaM vyAvahArika vivecata hai tathA usakI saMkhyA ATha mAnI gayI hai / bharata ne rasa kA srota atharvaveda ko mAnA hai-rakhAnAtharvaNAdapi 1 / 17 rAjazekhara ke kathanAnusAra sarvaprathama nandikezvara ne brahmA ke Adeza se rasaviSayaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA kintu samprati unakA grantha prApta nahIM hotA / ataH isa siddhAnta ke Adya saMsthApaka bharata siddha hote haiM / inhoMne nATya se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa ise 'nATyarasa' ke rUpa meM nita kiyA hai aura vibhAva, anubhAva, vyabhicArI ke saMyoga se rasa kI niSpatti yA utpati mAnI hai-- vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicArisaMyogAdrasaniSpattiH / kAlAntara meM aneka AcAyoM ne 'nATyazAstra' kI vyAkhyA karate hue isa sUtra kI anekadhA vyAkhyA upasthita

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[kAmazAna kii| ina vyAkhyAkAroM meM bhaTTalollaTa, zrIzaMkuka, bhaTTanAyaka evaM abhinavagupta ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| bhaTTalollaTa kA siddhAnta utpattivAda, zrIzaMkuka kA manumitibAda, bhaTTanAyaka kA muktivAda evaM abhinavagupta kA siddhAnta abhivyaktivAdake nAma se prasiddha hai| Age calakara rudraTa, bhaTTa bAdi AcAryoM ne rasa kI mahattA pratiSThita karate hue ise kAvya kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa tatva ghoSita kiyA aura dhvanivAdI bAcAyaM bAnandavardhana ne rasa ko vyaMgya mAnakara ise dhvani kA hI aMga sikha kiyaa| inake anusAra dhvani ke tIna vibhAga hai-stupani, alaMkArajvani evaM rasambani / inameM rakhadhvani hI dhvani kA utkRSTatama rUpa hai| bhoja ne 'zrRMgAraprakAra' meM rasa ko adhika mahatva dekara zrRMgAra ke antargata hI sabhI rasoM ko antasuMta kiyA bora 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM vAGmaya ko tIna bhAgoM-svabhAvokti, vakrokti evaM rasokti meM vibhakta kara rasokti ko hI kAvya kA mukhya tatva svIkAra kiyaa| 'amipurANa' evaM rAjazekhara ne rasa ko kAvya kI bAramA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| 'amipurANa ke anusAra uktivaicitrya kA prAdhAnya hote hue bhI rasa hI kAvya kA jIvita hai-'vAkvaidagdhya pradhAnepi rasaevAtrajIvitam' (13613) / bhAge calakara bhAnudata evaM vizvanAtha ne rasa ko adhika mahattva dekara ise svatantra kAvya. siddhAnta ke rUpa meM adhiSThita kiyA aura dhvani se pRthak kara isakI svatamba sattA kI udaghoSaNA kI / vizvanAtha ke anusAra rasAtmaka vAkya hI kAvya hai-'vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyam' / paNDitarAja ne 'rasagaMgAdhara' meM vedAnta kI dRSTi se rasa-vivecana upasthita kara ho dArzanika pIThikA pradAna kii| 'rasasiddhAnta' bhAratIya kAvyazAlA kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sampradAya hai jo kAvyAnuzIlana kA zAzvata evaM sArvabhaumarUpa upasthita karatA hai| na kevala sAhityika dRSTi se apitu saundaryazAstrIya, manovaijJAnika, naitika tathA samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se bhI isakI mahattA svIkAra kI gayI hai| alaMkAra sampradAya-kAvya ke zobhAkAraka dharma ko alavAra kahA jAtA hai| isa sampradAya ke poSaka AcArya balakAra ko hI kAvya kA 'jIvAtu' samajha kara anya tatvoM yA siddhAntoM ko usI meM gatArtha kara dete haiN| alavAra-sampradAya ke pravartaka bAcArya bhAmaha haiM aura isake poSaka hai-daNDI, udaTa, Ta, pratihArerAja evaM jayadeva / bhAmaha ke anusAra alaGkAroM ke binA kavitA usI prakAra suzobhita nahIM ho sakatI jisa prakAra bAbhUSaNoM ke binA kAminI vibhUSita nahIM ho paatii| inhoMne rasa ko bhI balakAroM meM samAviSTa kara rasa-siddhAnta ke prati anAsthA prakaTa kI hai| bhAmaha ne rasa ko gauNa sthAna dete hue rasavat alaGkAroM meM hI usakA mantarbhAva kiyA-rasavat darzitaspaSTa zRGgArAdirasaM yathA // kAvyAlakhAra 326 bharata ne kevala cAra alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA thA kintu appayadIkSita taka inakI saMsthA 125 ho gii| saMsAMta kAvyakhAna meM na kevala alaGkAravAdiyoM ne apitu dhvani evaM rasavAdI AcAryoM ne bhI apane anyoM meM alakAroM ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna dekara isakA vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| saca to yaha hai ki balaravAdI yAcAryoM kI apekSA dhvani evaM rasavAdI bAcAryo me hI balakAroM kA praur3ha vivecana prastuta kiyA aura kAmya meM isakI upayogitA,

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( 132) [kAvyazAstra vargIkaraNa evaM eka alaGkAra kA anya alaGkAra ke sAtha antara sthApita karate hue isake prayoga kI bhI sImA nirdhArita kii| mammaTa, ruyyaka, vizvanAtha, appayadIkSita, paNDitarAja tathA vizvezvara paNDita kI alaGkAra-mImAMsA atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM vaijJAnika hai| __alaGkAravAdI AcAryoM meM bhAmaha ne 38 (39), daNDI ne 37 (2+35), udaTa me 41, chaTa ne 68 evaM jayadeva ne 100 alaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| ugaTa evaM rudraTa ne alaGkAroM ke vargIkaraNa kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai aura kramazaH 6 evaM 4 varga kiye haiM / rudraTa kA vargIkaraNa mahattvapUrNa hai-vAstavamUlaka, aupamyamUlaka, atizayamUlaka evaM zleSamUlaka / dhvanivAdI AcAryoM ne alaGkAra ko kAvya kA bAhyazobhAdhAyaka tattva svIkAra kara inheM 'asthiradharma' kI saMjJA dI aura tabhI se inakA mahattva gauNa ho gayA / ina AcAryoM ne alavArakAvya ko avara yA adhama kAvya mAnA aura alaGkAra ke binA bhI kAvya kI kalpanA kii| ruyyaka ne 82 alaGkAroM kA varNana kiyA aura unheM sAta vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA-sAdhayaMmUlaka, virodhamUlaka, zRGkhalAmUlaka, takanyAyamUlaka, vAkyanyAyamUlaka, lokanyAyamUlaka evaM gUDhArthapratItimUlaka / mammaTa ne 68, vizvanAtha ne86, paNDitarAja ne 70 tathA vizvezvara ne 62 alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA hai / rudraTa ne alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI aura ruyyaka, zobhAkaramitra, jayadeva, appaya dIkSita tathA paNDitarAja ne isameM samyak yoga diyA kintu vizvezvara paNDita ne bar3hAye gaye sabhI alaGkAroM kA khaNDana kara mammaTa dvArA varNita alaGkAroM meM hI unheM gatArtha kara alaGkAra-saMkhyA kA parisImana kara diyaa| vizvezvara kA yaha kArya atyanta pANDityapUrNa evaM praur3hatA kA dyotaka hai / alaGkAravAdI AcArya jayadeva ne alaGkAravihIna kAvya ko uSNatArahita bagni kI bhAMti vyathaM mAna kara kAvya meM alaGkAra kI anivArya sattA kA udghoSa kiyA thA kintu paravartI AcAryoM ne ise amAnya ThaharA diyaa| aGgIkaroti yaH kAvyaM shbdaarthaavnlngkRtii| asI na manyate kasmAdanuSNamanalaM kRtI // alaGkAra ke sambandha meM dhvanivAdI AcAryoM kI cAhe jo bhI mAnyatAeM rahI hoM kintu isakA jitanA sUkSma-vivecana saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM huA utanA sambhavataH kisI siddhAnta kA nahIM huaa| alaGkAroM kA gambhIra paryavekSaNa hI usakI mahattA kA paricAyaka hai| rIti-sampradAya-isa sampradAya ke saMsthApaka haiM AcArya vAmana / inhoMne rIti ko hI kAvya kI AtmA mAnakara isakA mahattva pratiSThita kiyA hai-'rItirAtmAkAvyasya', kAvyAlaGkArasUtra 1 / 2 / 6 / vAmana ke anusAra viziSTa pada-racanA hI rIti hai aura yaha vaiziSTya guNa ke hI kAraNa AtA hai| arthAt racanA meM mAdhuryAdi guNoM ke samAveza se hI viziSTatA AtI hai-vizeSo guNAtmA 1127 / isa prakAra inhoMne guNa evaM rIti meM ghaniSTha sambandha sthApita kiyA hai| inhoMne alaGkAra kI apekSA guNa kI vizeSa mahattA siddha kI / vAmana ke anusAra guNa kAvyazobhA kA utpAdaka hotA hai aura alaGkAra kevala usakI zobhA kA abhivarddhana karate haiN| inhoMne rItiyoM ke tIna prakAra mAna kara unakA vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| ve haiM-vaidarbhI, bIr3I evaM pAJcAlI /

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kAvyazAstra] ( 133 ) [kAvyazAstra paravartI AcAryoM ne rIti kI mahattA svIkAra karate hue bhI use kAvya kI AtmA nahIM mAnA aura ise zarIrAvayavoM kI bhAMti kAvya kA aGga svIkAra kiyaa| rIti-sampradAya kAvya ke prANa tattva kA vivecana na kara usake bAhya rUpa kA hI nirUpaNa karatA hai| isameM rasAnukUla vo evaM varNanAnukUla pada-vinyAsa para adhika bala diyA jAtA hai| phalataH yaha kAvya kA bAhyadharmI tattva siddha hotA hai| dhvani-sampradAya-yaha siddhAnta bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kA apratima siddhAnta tathA kAvyAlocana kA praur3ha tatva hai| isa siddhAnta kI AdhArazilA vyanjanA hai| dhvani siddhAnta ke pravattaMka Anandavarddhana haiM aura poSaka haiM abhinavagupta, mammaTa, ruyyaka tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha / dhvani siddhAnta ko prabalatama virodha kA bhI sAmanA karanA par3A hai / bhaTTanAyaka, dhananjaya, kuntaka evaM mahimabhaTTa ne isakA khaNDana kara isake astitva ko hI naSTa karanA cAhA thA kintu dhvani siddhAnta apanI Antarika zakti ke kAraNa jIvita rahA / AcArya mammaTa ne dhvani-virodhI AcAryoM ke takoM kA nirAsa kara unakI dhajjiyA~ ur3A dI aura kAvya ke antastattva ke rUpa meM dhvani kI pratiSThA kii| isa siddhAnta ke AcAryoM ne dhvani ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnakara usake tIna prakAra kiyeM-vastudhvani, alaGkAradhvani evaM rasadhvani / dhvanivAdI AcArya kAvya ke pratIyamAna athaM kI khoja karate haiN| jaba vAcyArtha se vyaMgyAthaM adhika cAru yA AkarSaka hotA hai to use dhvani kahate haiN| ramaNI ke vividha zarIrAvayavoM se jisa prakAra lAvaNya kI pRthak sattA hotI hai usI prakAra kAvya meM pratIyamAna artha usake aGgoM se pRthak mahAkaviyoM kI vANI meM nitya pratibhAsita hotA hai| Anandavardhana ne 'dhvanyAloka' meM dhvani ke svarUpa, bheda evaM anya kAvya-siddhAntoM ke sAtha isake sambandha kA mUlyAGkana kara dhvani siddhAnta kI pratiSThA kI hai| inhoMne rasadhvani ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai| dhvani siddhAnta meM kAvya ke antastattva kA prathama vivecana evaM usameM kalpanA ke mahatva ko adhika darzAyA gayA hai| / vakrokti siddhAnta-isa siddhAnta ke pratiSThApaka A0 kuntaka haiM jinhoMne 'vakroktijIvita' nAmaka yuga pravattaka granya kI racanA kara vakrokti ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai| vakrokti kI sarvaprathama mahattA bhAmaha ne sthApita kI thI aura isake binA alaGkAra ke astitva ko hI khaNDita kara diyA thaa| kuMtaka ne vakrokti ko alaGkAra ke pada se haTAkara svatantra kAvya-siddhAnta kA rUpa diyA aura dhvani ke bhedoM ko vakrokti meM hI gatArtha kara isakI garimA bar3hA dii| inhoMne vakrokti ke cha: bheda kiye-varNavakratA, padapUrTivakratA, padottarArdhavakratA, vAkyavakratA, prakaraNavakratA evaM prabandhavakratA tathA upacAravakratA nAmaka bheda ke antargata dhvani ke adhikAMza bhedoM kA antarbhAva kara diyA hai| vakrokti se kuntaka kA abhiprAya caturatApUrNa kavikarma ke kauzala kI zailI yA kathana se hai / arthAt 'asAdhAraNa prakAra kI varNanazailI hI vakrokti kahalAtI hai|' ___ vakroktireva vaidagdhyabhaGgIbhaNitirucyate // 1 / 10 bhAmaha ne vakrokti ko alaMkAra kA mUlatatva mAnA thA kintu kuMtaka ne ise phAvya kA mUlatattva svIkAra kara ise kAvyasiddhAnta kA mahatva pradAna kiyaa|

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( 134 ) [ kAvyazAstra aucitya sampradAya - isa sampradAya ke pravartaka AcArya kSemendra haiM / inhoMne 'aucitya - vicAracarcA' nAmaka pustaka meM aucitya ko kAvyasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai / raft aucitya ko kAvya kA jIvita yA prANatatva mAnane kA zreya kSemendra ko hai phira bhI isakA vivaraNa atyanta prAcInakAla se prApta hotA hai / bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM pAtroM kI veza-bhUSA ke nirUpaNa meM aucitya kA vyAvahArika vidhAna prApta hotA hai aura 'dhvanyAloka' meM anaucitya ko rasa-bhaMga kA pradhAna kAraNa mAna kara isakI garimA sthApita kI gayI hai| : anaucityAd Rte nAnyad rasabhaGgasya kAraNam / bhaucityopanibandhastu rasasyopaniSat parA // 3 / 15 dhvanyA0 kSemendra ne rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAna kara aucitya ko usakA jIvita svIkAra kiyA / aucityaM rasasiddhasya sthiraM kAvyasya jIvitam / 5 / aucitya 0 kSemendra ne ocitya ke 28 prakAra kiye haiM aura isameM rasa, alaMkAra, guNa, pada, vAkya, kAraka, kriyA Adi ke aucitya kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai / aucitya kI paribhASA dete hue kSemendra ne kahA ki ucita kA bhAva hI ocitya hai / jisa vastu kA jisase mela milatA hai use ucita kahate haiM aura ucita kA bhAva bhaucitya kahA jAtA haiucitaM prAharAcAryAH sadRzaM kila yasya yat / ucitasya ca yo bhAva:, tadIcityaM pracakSate // 3 // bhocityavicAracarcA saMskRta kA kAvyazAstra atyanta praur3ha evaM mahanIya kAvyAlocana kA rUpa prastuta karane vAlA hai / do sahasra varSoM kI anavarata sAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa AcAyoM ko ciMtanasaraNi meM jina chaha siddhAntoM kA prAdurbhAva huA unase saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA svarUpa nikhara gayA / AcAryoM ne mukhyataH kAvya ke svarUpa, kAraNa, prayojana, bheda Adi ke sambandha meM atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha vicAra kara usake vaSyaM viSayoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA / kAvya ke uttama, madhyama evaM adhama tIna bheda kiye gae aura dhvani ko sarvotkRSTa rUpa mAnA gayA / madhyama kAvya ke antargata guNIbhUta vyaMgya ko sthAna milA aura alaMkAra - kAvya ko avara yA adhama kAvya kI saMjJA prApta huI / anya dRSTi se bhI kAvya ke kaI prakAra kiye gae aura usakA vibhAjana zravya evaM dRzya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA / zravyakAvya ke bhI prabandha evaM muktaka ke rUpa meM kaI bheda hue / prabandha ke antargata mahAkAvya evaM khaNDakAvya kA vivecana kiyA gayA aura inake svarUpa kA vistRta vivecana huA / hRdayakAvya ke antargata rUpaka kA vivecana huA jisake rUpaka evaM uparUpaka ke nAma se do bheda kiye gae / rUpaka ke 10 evaM uparUpaka ke 18 prakAra mAnakara inake svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kara saMskRta AcAryoM ne bhAratIya nATyazAstra kA vaijJAnika vivecana prastuta kiyA / gadyakAvya ke kathA, AkhyAyika, parikathA, kathAlikA Adi bheda kiye gae / kramazaH kAvyazAstra kA vikAsa hotA gayA aura isakI nIMva sudRr3ha hotI gayI; phalataH dhvani, rasa evaM alaMkAra siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke tIna mIlastambha 'sthita hue / bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM saundaryAnveSaNa kA kArya pUrNa kAvyazAstra ] MA

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. (125) [kAkutsna praur3hatA ko prApta huA aura prIti tathA vismaya ke rUpa meM kAvyazAstra kI do AdhAra zilAeM sthApita huI jinakA pratinidhitva rasa evaM alaMkAra ne kiyaa| rasa ko vyaMgya mAna kara use dhvani kA eka rUpa mAnA gayA aura antataH tIna siddhAnta bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke apratima siddhAnta bane / bAdhAramanva-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1, 2-0 baladeva upAdhyAya / / kAmandaka-prAcIna bhAratIya rAjazAstra ke prnnetaa| inhoMne 'kAmandaka-nIti' nAmaka rAjazAstra-viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| inake samaya-nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| DaoN. ananta sadAziva altekara ke anusAra kAmandaka-nIti' kA racanAkAla 500 I. ke lagabhaga hai| isa prantha meM bhAratIya rAjazAstra ke katipaya lekhakoM ke nAma ullikhita haiM jisase isake lekhanakAla para prabhAva par3atA hai| manu, bRhaspati, indra, uzanA, maya, vizAlAkSa, bahudantIputra, parAzara evaM kauTilya ke uddharaNa isa anya meM yatra-tatra prApta hote haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki kAmandaka kA AvirbhAva kauTilya ke bAda hI huA hogaa| kAmandaka ne apane grantha meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki isa grantha ke lekhana meM arthazAstra kI viSayavastu kA Azraya grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / 'kAmandakanIti' kI racanA 19 sargoM meM huI hai jisameM gyAraha sau tirasaTha chanda haiM / ' 'kAmandaka-nIti' ke prArambha meM vidyAoM kA vargIkaraNa karate hue unake cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiM-AnvIkSikI, trayI, bArtA evaM daNDanIti / isameM batAyA gayA hai ki naya evaM anyaka samyaka bodha karAne vAlI vidyA ko daNDanIti kahate haiN| isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-rAjya kA svarUpa, rAjya kI utpatti ke siddhAnta, rAjA kI upayogitA, rAjyAdhikAra-vidhi, rAjA kA AcaraNa, rAjA ke kartavya, rAjya kI surakSA, mantrimaNDala, mantrimaNDala kI sadasyasaMkhyA, kAryapraNAlI, mantra kA mahatva, mantra ke aMga, mantra-bheda, mantraNAsthAna, rAjakarmacAriyoM kI AvazyakatA, rAjakarmacAriyoM ke AcAra-niyama, dUta kA mahatva, yogyatA, prakAra evaM kartavya, cara evaM usakI upayogitA, koza kA mahattva, Aya ke sAdhana, rASTra kA svarUpa evaM tattva, sainyabala, senA ke aMga Adi / kAmandakakRta vividha rAjamaNDaloM ke nirmANa kA varNana bhAratIya rAjazAstra ke itihAsa meM abhUtapUrva dena ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / kAzakRtsna-saMskRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa / paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 3100 varSa vi0 pU0 hai| inake vyAkaraNa, mImAMsA evaM vedAnta sambandhI anya upalabdha hote haiN| 'mahAbhASya' meM inake 'zabdAnuzAsana' nAmaka grantha kA ubekha haipANininAprAktaM pANinIyam Apizalam kAzakRtsna iti / mahAbhASya prathama Ahika kA inake granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-kAzakRtsna zabdakalApa dhAtupATha-samprati 'kAzakRtsna vyAkaraNa' ke lagabhaga 140 sUtra upalabdha ho cuke haiN| dhAtupATha-isakA prakAzana cannavIra kavi kI kannara TIkA ke sAtha ho cukA hai| 'uNAdipATha'- isakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' tayA~ bhAsa ke 'yazaphalaka' nATaka meM hai /

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kAzInAtha upAdhyAya ] [kAzyapasaMhitA 'baudhAyana gRhyasUtra' tathA bhaTTabhAskara dvArA uddhRta pramANoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kAzakRtyA ne yajJa sambandhI grantha kI bhI racanA kI thii| AdhAragrantha-1. kAzakRtsna vyAkaraNam-sampAdaka paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka 2. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, 2-lekhaka yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / kAzInAtha upAdhyAya-18vIM zatAbdI ke dharmazAstriyoM meM inakA nAma atyanta mahatva kA hai / inhoMne 'dharmasindhusAra' yA 'dharmAdhisAra' nAmaka bRhad anya kI racanA kI hai / isa grantha kA racanAkAla 1790 I. hai| upAdhyAya jI kA svargavAsa 1805 I0 meM huA thaa| inakA janma mahArASTra ke ratnagiri jile ke antargata golAvalI grAma meM huA thaa| ye karhADe brAhmaNa the| inake dvArA racita anya grantha haiM-'prAyazcittazekhara' tathA 'viTThala-RNmantrasAbhASya' / 'dharmasindhusAra' tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai tathA tRtIya pariccheda ke bhI do bhAga kiye gae haiM / isa grantha kI racanA 'nirNayasAgara' ke AdhAra para AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-haoN0 pA. vA. kANe bhAga 1 ( hindI anuvaad)| kAzyapa-pANini ke pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa jinakA samaya 3000 varSa vi0pU0 hai| [paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra ] inake mata ke do ukharaNa 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM prApta hote haiM-'tRSimRSikRSaH kaashypsy'-1|2|25 'nodAttasvaritodayamagAgyaMkAzyapagAlavAnAm' / 8 / 4 / 67 'vAjasaneya prAtizAkhya' meM bhI zAkaTAyana ke sAtha inakA ullekha hai-'lopaM kAzyapazAkaTAyanI' 4 / 5 inakA vyAkaraNa-anya samprati aprApya hai| inake anya granthoM kA vivaraNa : 1. kalpa-kAtyAyana ( vArtikakAra) ke anusAra aSTAdhyAyI ( 4 / 3 / 103 ) meM 'kAzyapakalpa' kA nirdeza hai / 2. chandaHzAstra-piMgala ke 'chandaHzAstra' meM (79) kAzyapa kA mata diyA gayA hai ki inhoMne tadviSayaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| Ayurveda saMhitA-nepAla ke rAjaguru paM0 hemarAja zarmA ne 'Ayurveda saMhitA' kA prakAzana saM0 1995 meM karAyA hai / 4. purANa-'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' kI TIkA meM 'kAzyapIyapurANasaMhitA' kA ullekha hai / ( 32229) 'vAyupurANa' se patA calatA hai ki isake pravaktA kA nAma 'akRtavaNakAzyapa' thaa| 5. kAzyapIyasUtra-'nyAyavAttika' meM ( 1 / 2 / 23 ) udyotakAra ne 'kaNAdasUtroM' ko kAzyapIyasUtra ke nAma se uddhRta kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / kAzyapasaMhitA-yaha bAyurveda kA prAcIna grantha hai jisake racayitA ( upadeSTA ) mArIca kAzyapa haiN| yaha anya khaNDita rUpa meM prApta huA hai jise nepAla ke rAjaguru paM0 hemarAja zarmA ne prakAzita kiyA hai| isake sampAdaka haiM zrI yAdava jI trikamajI AcArya / upalabdha kAzyapa saMhitA meM sUtrasthAna, vimAnasthAna, zarIrasthAna, indriyasthAna, cikitsAsthAna, kalpasthAna evaM khilasthAna haiN| isameM aneka viSaya caraka saMhitA se lie gae haiM, vizeSataH-Ayurveda ke aMga, usakI adhyayanavidhi, prAthamikatantra kA svarUpa Adi / isa saMhitA meM putrajanma ke samaya hone vAlI chaThI kI pUjA kA mahatva

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kirAtArjunIyam ] ( 137 ) [ kirAtArjunIyam darzAyA gayA hai| dAMtoM ke nAma, unakI utpatti Adi kA vistRta varNana, phakkaroma (rikeTa ) tathA kaTutaila kalpa kA varNana 'kAzyapasaMhitA' kI apanI vizeSatAyeM haiM / - isake adhyAyoM ke nAma 'carakasaMhitA' ke hI AdhAra para prApta hote haiM- atulyagotrIya ( caraka meM ), asamAnazArIragotrIya ( kAzyapa saMhitA meM ), garbhAva krAnti, jAtisUtrIya / isameM nAnA prakAra ke dhUpoM evaM usake upayoga kA mahattva batalAyA gayA hai / zrI satyapAla vidyAlaGkAra ne isakA hindI anuvAda kiyA hai / AdhAragrantha - Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaGkAra / kirAtArjunIyam - mahAkavi bhAravi racita mahAkAvya / [ de0 bhAravi ] isakA kathAnaka 'mahAbhArata' para AdhRta hai / indra tathA ziva ko prasanna karane ke lie kI gayI arjuna kI tapasyA hI isa mahAkAvya kA vayaM viSaya hai jise kavi ne 18 sargoM meM likhA hai | prathama sagaM - isakI kathA kA prArambha dyUtakrIr3A meM hAre hue pANDavoM ke dvaitavana meM nivAsa karane se huA hai / yudhiSThira dvArA niyukta kiyA gayA vanecara (guptacara ) unase Akara duryodhana kI sundara zAsana vyavasthA, prajA ke prati vyavahAra evaM rIti-nIti kI prazaMsA karatA hai / zatru kI prazaMsA sunakara draupadI kA krodha ubala par3atA hai aura vaha yudhiSThira ko kosatI huI unheM yuddha ke lie prerita karatI hai / dvitIya sagaM - bhIma draupadI kI bAtoM kA samarthana kara kahate haiM ki parAkramI puruSoM ko hI samRddhiyA~ prApta hotI haiM / yudhiSThira unake vicAra kA prativAda karate haiM / sagaM ke anta meM vyAsa kA Agamana hotA hai / tRtIya sarga - yudhiSThira evaM vyAsa ke vArtAkrama meM arjuna ko ziva kI ArAdhanA kara pAzupatAstra prApta karane kA Adeza milatA hai / vyAsa arjuna ko yoga vidhi batalAkara antardhAna ho jAte haiN| tabhI vyAsa dvArA bhejA gayA eka yakSa prakaTa hotA hai aura usake sAtha arjuna prasthAna karate haiM / caturtha sarga - indrakIla parvata para kA varNana / arjuna evaM yakSa kA prasthAna tathA zarad Rtu paJcama sarga - himAlaya kA mohaka varNana tathA yakSa dvArA arjuna ko indriyoM para saMyama karane kA upadeza / SaSTha sagaM - arjuna saMyatendriya hokara ghora tapasyA meM lIna ho jAte haiM aura unake vrata meM vighna upasthita karane ke lie indra kI ora se apsarAyeM bhejI jAtI haiM / saptama sarga - gandhavoM evaM apsarAyoM kA arjuna kI tapasyA bhaMga karanA / vana-vihAra tathA puSpacayana kA varNana / aSTama sarga - apsarAoM kI jalakrIr3A kA mohaka varNana / navama sagaM - sandhyA, candrodaya, mAna, mAna-bhaMga evaM dvatI-preSaNa kA mohaka varNana / dazama sarga - apsarAoM kI asaphalatA evaM gRha prayANa / ekAdaza sarga - arjuna kI saphalatA dekhakara indra muni kA veza dhAraNa kara Ate haiM

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kirAtArjunIyama] (158) [kirAtArjunIyam aura unakI tapasyA kI prazaMsA karate haiN| unase tapazcaraNa kA kAraNa pUchate haiM ziva kI ArAdhanA kA Adeza dekara antardhAna ho jAte haiN| __dvAdaza saga-arjuna prasanna cita hokara ziva kI tapasyA meM lIna ho jAte haiN| tapasvI loga unakI sAdhanA se vyAkula hokara zivajI se jAkara unake sambandha meM kahate hai| ziva unheM viSNu kA aMzAvatAra batalAte haiN| arjuna ko devatAoM kA kAryasAdhaka jAnakara mUka nAmaka dAnava zUkara kA rUpa dhAraNa kara unheM mArane ke lie AtA hai para kirAtavezadhArI ziva evaM unake gaNa unakI rakSA karate haiN| trayodaza sarga-eka varAha arjuna ke pAsa AtA hai aura use lakSya kara ziva evaM arjuna donoM bANa mArate haiN| ziva kA kirAtavezadhArI anucara Akara kahatA hai ki zUkara mere bANa se marA hai, tumhAre bANa se nhiiN| catudarza saga-ajuna evaM kirAtavezadhArI ziva meM yuddha / paJcadaza sarga-donoM kA bhayaMkara yuddha / SaSThadaza sarga-ziva ko dekhakara arjuna ke mana meM taraha-taraha kA sandeha utpanna honA evaM donoM kA mvyuddh|| saptadaza sarga-isameM bhI yuddha kA varNana hai| aSTadaza sarga-arjuna ke yuddha-kauzala se ziva prasanna hote haiM aura apanA rUpa prakaTa kara dete haiM / arjuna unakI prArthanA karate haiM tathA ziva unheM pAzupatAstra pradAna karate haiN| manorathapUrNa ho jAne para arjuna yudhiSThira ke pAsa cale jAte haiN| 'kirAtArjunIya' mahAkAvya kA prArambha 'zrIH' zabda se hotA hai aura samApti 'lakSmI' zabda ke sAtha hotI hai / isake pratyeka saga ke anta meM 'lakSmI' zabda prayukta hai| kavi ne alpa kathAnaka ko isameM mahAkAvya kA rUpa diyA hai| kalAvAdI bhAravi ne sundara evaM AkarSaka saMvAda, kAlpanika citra tathA ramaNIya varNana ke dvArA isake AdhAra phalaka ko vistRta kara diyA hai| caturtha evaM pancama sarga ke zarada evaM himAlaya-varNana taSA saptama, aSTama, navama evaM dazama sarga meM apsarAboM kA vilAsa evaM anya zRMgArika ceSTAe~ muktaka kAvya kI bhAMti haiN| vAstava meM ina soM meM kathAsUtra TUTa gayA hai aura ye svatantra prasaMga ke rUpa meM pustaka meM samAviSTa kiye gae se pratIta hote haiN| gyArahaveM sarga meM punaH kayAsUtra niyojita hotA hai aura anta taka atyanta mandagati se calatA hai| isake nAyaka arjuna dhIrodAtta hai tathA pradhAnarasa vIra hai| apsarAoM kA vihAra zrRMgArarasa hai jo aMgI rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mahAkAvyoM kI paribhASA ke anusAra isameM sandhyA, sUrya, indu, rajanI Adi kA varNana hai tathA vastuvyaMjanA ke rUpa meM jalakrIr3A, surata Adi kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne sampUrNa 15veM sarga kA varNana citrakAvya ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| 'kirAtArjunIyam' saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA meM kalAtmaka zailI kA praur3ha grantha hai| isa para mahinAtha ne saMskRta meM TIkA likhI hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. kirAtArjunIyam-(saMskRta-hindI TIkA) caukhambA prakAzana / 2. kirAvAjunIyam-(hindI anuvAda)-anuvAdaka rAmapratApa shaastrii| 3. bhAravi

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kIya e.bI.] ( 139 ) [kuTTanImatam kA arthAntaranyAsa-zrI umezacandra rastogI / 4. saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzapura vyaas| kItha e0 bI0 -mahApaNDita kItha kA pUrA nAma Arthara beriDola kItha thaa| ye prasiddha saMskRta premI AMgla vidvAn the| inakA janma 1879 I0 meM briTena ke neDAbAra nAmaka prAnta meM huA thaa| inakI zikSA eDinabarA evaM oNksaphorDa meM huI thii| ye eDinabarA vizvavidyAlaya meM saMskRta evaM bhASAvijJAna ke adhyApaka niyukta hue jisa pada para ye tIsa varSoM taka rahe / inakA nidhana 1944 I0 meM huA / inhoMne saMskRta sAhitya ke sambandha meM maulika anusandhAna kiyaa| inakA 'saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' apane viSaya kA sarvocca evaM sarvAdhika prAmANika grantha hai| inhoMne saMskRta sAhitya evaM darzana ke atirikta rAjanItizAstra para bhI kaI prAmANika granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM adhikAMza kA sambandha bhArata se hai| ye maikDonala ke ziSya the| inake granthoM kI tAlikA isa prakAra hai 1. Rgveda ke aitareya evaM kauSItakI brAhmaNa kA dasa khaNDoM meM aMgrejI anuvAda, 1920; 2. zAkhAyana AraNyaka kA aMgrejI anuvAda, 1922; 3. kRSNayajurveda kA do bhAgoM meM aMgrejI anuvAda, 1924; 4. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara, 1928%) 5. vaidika iNDeksa ( maikDonala ke sahayoga se); 6. relijana aiNDa philAsaphI oNpha veda aiNDa upaniSadsa 7. buddhisTa philAsaphI ina iNDiyA aiNDa sIlona; 8. saMskRta DrAmA / - kuTTanImatam- isake racayitA dAmodara gupta haiN| 'rAjataraMgiNI' tathA svayaM isa anya kI puSpikA se jJAta hotA hai ki ye kAzmIra nareza jayApIr3a (779-813 I0 ) ke pradhAna amAtya the / dAmodaragupta kI yaha racanA tatkAlIna samAja ke eka vargavizeSa (kuTTanI) para vyaMgya hai| isameM lekhaka ne yuga kI durbalatA ko apanI painI dRSTi se dekhakara usakI pratikriyA apane grantha meM vyakta kI thI tathA usake sudhAra evaM pariSkAra kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| 'kuTTanImatam' bhAratIya vezyAvRtti ke sambandha meM racita grantha hai| isameM eka yuvatI vezyA ko, kRtrima DhaMga se prema kA pradarzana karate hue tathA cATukAritA kI samasta kalAoM kA prayoga kara, dhana kamAne kI zikSA dI gayI hai| kavi ne kAmadeva kI bandanA se pustaka kA prArambha kiyA hai___sa jayati saMkalpabhavo ratimukhazatapatracumbanabhramaraH / ___ yasyAnuraktalalanAnayanAntavilokitaM vasati / / kavi ne vikarAlA nAmaka kuTTanI ke rUpa kA bar3A hI sajIva citraNa kiyA hai tathA usakI abhavya AkRti ko prastuta karane meM apanI citrAMkanakalA ko zabdoM meM rUpAyita kiyA hai / isakI racanA AryA chanda meM huI hai jisameM kula 1059 AryAeM haiN| isakI zailI prasAdamayI tathA bhASA pravAhapUrNa hai| yatra-tatra zleSa kA manorama prayoga hai aura upamAeM navIna tathA cubhatI huI haiN| jaise cumbaka se vezyAoM kI upamA paramArthakaThorA api viSayagataM lohakaM manuSyaM ca / cumbakapASANazilA rUpAjIvAzca karSanti // AryA0 200 'kuTTanImatam' ke tIna hindI anuvAda upalabdha haiM

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kumAradAsa] (140) [kumAradAsa 1. zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra kRta hindI anuvAda, kAzI se prakAzita / 2. AcArya jagannAtha pAThaka kRta anuvAda-mitra prakAzana, ilAhAbAda / 3. caukhambA prakAzana kA saMskaraNa ( hindI anuvaad)| . kumAradAsa-ye 'jAnakIharaNa' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA haiN| inake sambandha meM nimnAMkita tathya prApta haiM-(ka) kumAradAsa kI janmabhUmi siMhala dvIpa thii| (kha) yaha siMhala ke rAjA nahIM the| (ga) siMhala ke itihAsa meM yadi kisI rAjA kA nAma kavi ke nAma se milatA-julatA thA to vaha kumAra dhAtusena kA thaa| parantu ve kumAradAsa se pRthak vyakti the| (gha) kavi ke pitA kA nAma mAnita aura do mAmAoM kA nAma megha aura agrabodhi thA / unhIM kI sahAyatA se kumAradAsa ne apane mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thii| (3) kumAradAsa kA samaya san 620 I. ke lagabhaga hai / ___'jAnakIharaNa' 20 sargoM kA vizAla kAvya hai jisameM rAmajanma se lekara rAmarAjyAbhiSeka taka kI kathA dI gayI hai| unakI prazasti meM soDla evaM rAjazekhara ne apane utAra vyakta kiye haiN| babhUvuranyo'pi kumAradAsabhAsAdayo hanta kavIndavaste / yadIyagobhiH kRtinAM dravanti cetAMsi candropalanirmitAni / / soDDhala jAnakIharaNaM katuM raghuvaMze sthite sati / kaviH kumAradAsazca rAvaNazca yadi kssmo||raajshekhr, sUktimuktAvalI 486 kumAradAsa kAlidAsottara (camatkArapradhAna mahAkAvyoM kI) yuga kI upalabdhi haiN| unake 'jAnakIharaNa' para 'raghuvaMza' kA prabhAva hote hue bhI alaMkRta kAvyoM kA paryApta RNa hai / unhoMne bhAravi ke patha kA anusaraNa karate hue nagara, nAyaka-nAyikA, udyAna-krIr3A, jala-krIr3A, ratotsava, pAnagoSThI, sacivamantraNA, dUtasampreSaNa tathA yuddha kA paramparAgata varNana karate hue bhI anucita DhaMga se unakA vistAra nahIM kiyA hai aura inheM kathA kA aMga banAyA hai| aneka svAbhAvika varNanoM ke hote hue bhI citrakAvya ke moha ne kumAradAsa ko mahAkavi hone meM vyAghAta upasthita kara diyaa| alaGkAroM ke prati upa AkarSaNa hone ke kAraNa prakRta kAvya kA rUpa 'jAnakIharaNa' meM upasthita na ho skaa| bhAravi dvArA pravattita mAga ko gati dete hue kumAradAsa ne ekAkSara evaM dhakSara zlokoM kA praNayana kiyA / yamakoM ke mAyAjAla meM par3a kara unakI kalA-pravaNatA avaruddha ho gayI aura pANDitya-pradarzana ke lie unhoMne bhI pAda yamaka, Adi yamaka, Adyanta yamaka, nirantarAnuprAsa, yakSarAnuprAsa, ardhapratiloma, gomUtrikA, murajabandha evaM sarvatobhadra Adi kI racanAeM kiiN| ina varNanoM ke dvArA rasa-siddhi evaM kavi kI kalpanA. pravaNatA vijar3ita ho jAtI hai| eka ora kumAradAsa kI kavitA kalAtmaka kAvya kI U~cAI kA saMsparza karatI hai to dUsarI ora paramparAgata kavitA ke zilpa evaM bhAvavidhAna ko bhagna kara usase Age bar3hane kA prayAsa nahIM krtii| AdhAragrantha-1. jAnakIharaNam-(hindI anuvAda ) anu0.60 ajamohana vyaas| 2. saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya /

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kumArabhAgaMvIya ] ( 141 ) [ kumArasaMbhava kumAra bhArgavIya - isa campUkAvya ke racayitA bhAnudatta haiN| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa evaM aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA prathama bhAga hai / kavi ke pitA kA nAma gaNapati thA / yaha grantha bAraha ucchvAsoM meM vibhakta hai aura isameM kumAra kArtikeya ke janma se lekara tArakAsura ke vadha taka kI ghaTanA kA varNana hai / prakRti kA manorama citra, bhAvAnurUpa bhASA kA gaThana tathA anuprAsa, yamaka, upamA evaM utprekSA kI chaTA isa grantha kI nijI viziSTatA hai / yaha campU abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa iNDiyA oNphisa kaiTalAga, 4040 / 408 pR0 1540 meM prApta hotA hai / kumAra kI yuddha-yAtrA kA varNana dekhiye kareNa kodaNDatAM vidhRtya mAturnamaskRtya padAravindam / itthaM sa nAthaM vasudhAdhinAthaM jetuM bhavAnItanayaH pratasthe / 10 / 1 AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / kumArasaMbhava - yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita mahAkAvya hai jisameM zivapAvatI ke vivAha kA varNana hai / vidvAnoM ke anusAra isakI racanA 'raghuvaMza' ke pUrva huI thI / samprati 'kumArasaMbhava' ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM / sampUrNa 'kumArasaMbhava' 17 sargoM meM hai jisameM ziva-pArvatI ke parAkramazAlI putra kArtikeya ke janma evaM unake dvArA bhayaMkara asura tAraka ke vadha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakA dUsarA rUpa aSTasargAtmaka hai / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki mUla 'kumArasaMbhava' ATha sargoM meM hI racA gayA thA aura zeSa sarga kisI alpa pratibhAzAlI kavi dvArA jor3e gae haiM / isa para mallinAtha kI TIkA aa ai taka hI prApta hotI hai tathA prAcIna AlaMkArika granthoM meM AThaveM sagaM ke udAharaNa die gae haiN| kiMvadantI aisI hai ki AThaveM sarga meM mahAkavi ne ziva-pArvatI ke saMbhoga kA bar3A hI namra citra upasthita kiyA thA jisase kruddha hokara pArvatI ne unheM zApa diyA ki tumheM kuSTa roga ho jAya aura isI kAraNa yaha kAvya adhUrA raha gayA / AThaveM sagaM kI kathAvastu se bhI pustaka ke nAmakaraNa kI siddhi ho jAtI hai kyoMki ziva-pArvatI ke saMbhoga varNana se kumAra ke bhAvI janma kI ghaTanA kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai / isake prathama sagaM meM ziva ke nivAsa sthAna himAlaya kA projjvala varNana hai / himAlaya kA menA se vivAha evaM pArvatI kA janma, pArvatI kA rUpa citraNa, nArada dvArA ziva-pArvatI ke vivAha kI carcA tathA pArvatI dvArA ziva kI ArAdhanA Adi ghaTanAe~ varNita haiM / dUsare sagaM meM tArakAsura se pIr3ita devagaNa brahmA ke pAsa jAte haiM tathA brahmA unheM ukta rAkSasa ke saMhAra kA upAya batAte haiM / ve kahate haiM ki ziva ke vayaM se senAnI kA janma ho to ve tArakAsura kA vadha kara devatAoM ke utpIr3ana ko naSTa kara sakate haiM / tRtIya sarga meM indra ke Adeza se kAma ziva ke Azrama meM jAtA hai aura vaha vasaMta Rtu kA prabhAva cAroM ora dikhAtA hai / umA sakhiyoM ke sAtha AtI hai aura usI samaya kAmadeva apanA bANa ziva para chor3atA hai| ziva kI samAdhi bhaMga hotI hai aura unake mana meM adbhuta vikAra dRSTigocara hone se krodha utpanna hotA hai /

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kumAralAta ] ( 142 ) [ kumArasambhava campU / ve kAmadeva ko apanI ora bANa chor3ane ke lie udyata dekhate haiM aura tRtIya netra khola kara use smabhUta kara dete haiM caturtha sagaM meM kAma kI patnI karuNa vilApa karatI hai / vasanta use sAntvanA detA hai para vaha santuSTa nahIM hotI / vaha vasanta se citA sajAne ko kaha kara apane pati kA anusaraNa karanA hI cAhatI hai ki usI samaya AkAzavANI use isa kArya ko karane se rokatI hai| use adRzya zakti ke dvArA yaha varadAna prApta hotA hai ki usakA pati ke sAtha punarmilana hogA / paMcama sarga meM umA ziva kI prApti ke lie tapasyA ke nimitta mAtA se AjJA prApta karatI hai / vaha phalodaya paryanta ghora sAdhanA meM nirata honA cAhatI hai| mAtA-pitA ke manA karane para bhI sthira nizcaya vAlI umA antataH apane haTha para aTala rahatI hai aura ghora tapasyA meM saMlagna hokara nAnA prakAra ke kaSToM ko sahana karatI hai| usakI sAdhanA para mugdha hokara baTurUpadhArI ziva kA Agamana hotA hai aura ve ziva ke avaguNoM kA vizleSaNa kara umA kA mana unakI ora se haTAne kA athaka prayatna karate haiN| para, umA abhISTa deva kA udvegajanaka citraNa sunakara bhI apane patha para aDiga rahatI hai brahmacArI ke AropoM kA pratyuttara detI hai / tadanantara prasanna hokara sAkSAt ziva prakaTa hote aura umA ko AzIrvAda dete haiM / SaSTha sagaM meM ziva kA sandeza lekara saptarSigaNa himavAn ke pAsa Ate haiM / munigaNa ziva ke pAsa jAkara unakI stuti karate haiM aura ziva unheM sandeza dekara vidA karate haiN| saptama sarga meM ziva-pArvatI vivAha kA varNana hai / ziva evaM unakI bArAta ko dekhane ke lie utsuka nAriyoM kI ceSTAoM kA manorama varNana kiyA gayA hai| AThaveM sarga meM ziva-pArvatI kA rati-vilAsa tathA kAmazAstrAnusAra Amoda-pramoda kA varNana hai| 'kumArasaMbhava' meM kavi kI saundarya - bhAvanA rUpa-citraNa evaM prAkRta varNana meM mukharita huI hai| pArvatI ke nakha - zikha varNana meM kavi ne aMga-aMga meM ruci lekara usake pratyeka avayava kA pratyakSIkaraNa karAyA hai / aura ugratA evaM tIkSNatA ke sAtha AdhAragrantha - 1. kAlidAsa granthAvalI - anu0 paM0 sItArAma caturvedI / 2. kumArasaMbhava (aSTa sagaM taka ) - saMskRta hindI TIkA, caukhambA prakAzana / kumAralAta - bauddhadarzana ke antargata sautrAntika mata ke ( de0 boddha-darzana ) pratiSThApaka AcArya kumAralAta haiM / ye takSazilA ke rahane vAle the / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra ye 'cAra - prakAzamAna sUryo' meM haiM jinameM azvaghoSa, deva evaM nAgArjuna Ate haiM / inakA samaya dvitIya zataka hai| inake grantha kA nAma hai 'kalpanA maNDatika dRSTAnta' jo turaphAna meM DaoN0 luDarsa ko hastalikhita rUpa meM prApta huA thA / isa grantha meM AkhyA - yikAoM ke mAdhyama se bauddhadharma kI zikSA dI gayI hai| mUla grantha gadya meM hai kintu bIca-bIca meM zlokoM kA bhI saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA mahatva sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hai / grantha ke prArambha meM lekhaka bauddhadhamaM kI kisI mAnya zikSA ko uddhRta kara usake pramANa meM AkhyAyikA prastuta karatA hai / de0 bauddhadarzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / kumArasambhava campU- isa campUkAvya ke racayitA zaraphojI dvitIya ( zarabhojI ) haiM / inakA zAsanakAla taMjora ke zAsaka mahArAja 1800 I0 se 1832 taka

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kumArila bhaTTa] (143 ) [kuMtaka hai| inhoMne anya tIna granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai-smRtisArasamuccaya, smRtisaMgraha evaM mudrArAkSasa chAyA / yaha kAvya cAra AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai aura mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke kumArasambhava se prabhAva grahaNa kara isakI racanA kI gayI hai| AlokyainaM girIzaM himagiritanayA vepamAnAMgayaSTiH / pAdaM sotkSeptukAmA pathigiriracitasvoparodhA nadIva / / no tasthau no yayau vA tadanu bhagavatA soditA te tapobhiH / . krIto dAso'hamasmItyatha niyamamasAvutsasarjAptakAmA // 8 // 31 isakA prakAzana vANI vilAsa presa, zrIraMgam se 1939 I0 meM ho cukA hai| AdhAraprantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| kumArila bhaTTa-mImAMsA-darzana ke bhATTa mata ke pratiSThApaka AcArya kumArila bhaTTa haiN| [de0 mImAMsA-darzana ] inake janma-sthAna ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, para adhikAMza vidvAn inheM maithila mAnate haiN| prasiddha dArzanika maNDana mizra kumArila bhaTTa ke pradhAna ziSya the / inakA samaya 600 I0 se 650 I. ke madhya hai| kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne bIradharma kA tyAga kara hindUdharma meM praveza kiyA thA aura bauddhoM ke siddhAnta kA khaNDana kara vaidikadharma evaM vedoM kI prAmANikatA siddha kI thii| 'zAbarabhASya' ( prasiddha mImAMsaka AcArya zabarasvAmI kI kRti) ke Upara kumArila ne tIna vRtti granthoM kI racanA kI hai-'zlokavAttika', 'tantravAttika' tathA 'ttupttiikaa'| 'zlokavAttika' kArikAbaddha racanA hai jisameM 'mImAMsAbhASya' ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama pAda kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| isa para umbekabhaTTa ne 'tAtparya TIkA', pArtha sArathi mizra ne "nyAyaratnAkara' tathA sucarita mizra ne 'kAzikA' nAmaka TIkAeM likhI haiN| 'tantrapAtika' meM 'mImAMsAbhASya' ke prathama adhyAya ke dvitIya pAda se tRtIya adhyAya taka kI vyAkhyA hai / isa para somezvara ne 'nyAyasudhA', kamalAkara bhaTTa ne 'bhAvArtha', gopAla bhaTTa ne 'mitAkSarA', paritoSamizra ne 'ajitA', annabhaTTa ne 'rANakojIvanI' tathA gaMgAdhara mizra ne nyAyapArAyaNa' nAmaka TIkAeM likhI haiN| TupTIkA meM 'zAbarabhASya' ke antima nau adhyAyoM para saMkSipta TippaNI hai| yaha sAdhAraNa racanA hai| isa para pArthasArathimizra ne 'tantraratna', veMkaTeza ne 'vAttikAbharaNa' tathA 'uttamazlokatIrtha ne 'laghunyAyasudhA' nAmaka TIkAeM likhI haiM / 'bRhaTTIkA' evaM 'madhyaTIkA' nAmaka anya do anya bhI kumArila bhaTTa kI racanA mAne jAte haiM, para ve anupalabdha haiN| AdhAragrantha-(ka) iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga 2-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan / (kha) bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / (ga) mImAMsA-darzana-paM0 maMDana mizra / kuMtaka-bakrokti-sampradAya ke pravartaka (kAvyazAstra kA eka siddhAnta de0 kAvyazAstra) kuMtaka kA dUsarA nAma kuMtala bhI hai| inhoMne 'vakroktijIvita' nAmaka suprasiddha kAvyazAstrIya grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai jisameM vakrokti ko kAvya kI yAtmA mAna kara usake medopabheda kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai| kuMtaka ne apane anya meM 'dhvanyAloka' kI mAlocanA kI hai aura dhvani ke kaI bhedoM ko vakrokti meM antarmukta kiyA hai| mahimabhaTTa

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kuMtaka ] ( 144 ) [ kuMtaka ne kuntaka ke eka zloka meM aneka doSa darzAye haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kuntaka Anandavarddhana evaM mahimabhaTTa ke madhya hue hoMge / kuntaka evaM abhinavagupta eka dUsare ko udhRta nahIM karate, ataH ve samasAmayika jJAta hote haiN| isa prakAra kuntaka kA samaya dazama zataka kA antima caraNa nizcita hotA hai / inakA ekamAtra grantha 'vakroktijIvita' hI hai [ vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie de0 vakroktijIvita ] jo vakrokti sampradAya kA prasthAna grantha evaM bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI amUlya nidhi hai / isameM dhvani ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnane vAle vicAra kA pratyAkhyAna kara vaha zakti vakrokti ko hI pradAna kI gayI hai / isameM vakrokti alaGkAra ke rUpa meM prastuta na hokara eka vyApaka kAvyasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM upanyasta kI gaI hai / 'vakroktijIvita' meM vakrokti ke chaH vibhAga kiye gaye haiMvarNavakratA, padapUrvArddhavatratA, padottarArdhavatratA, vAkyavakratA, prakaraNavakratA evaM prabandhavakratA / upacAravakratA nAmaka bheda ke antargata kuntaka ne samasta dhvaniprapaMca kA ( usake adhikAMza bhedoM kA ) antarbhAva kara diyA hai / inhoMne kAvya kI paribhASA isa prakAra prastuta kI hai 1 zabdArthoM sahito vakrakavivyApArazAlini / bandhe vyavasthito kAvyaM tadvidAhlAdakAriNi // 17 'kuntaka ke anusAra kAvya usa kavi kauzalapUrNa racanA ko kahate haiM jo apane zabdasaundarya aura artha-saundayaM ke anivArya sAmaMjasya dvArA kAvya-mamaMjJa ko AhlAda detI hai / " kuntaka ne batalAyA hai ki vakrokti meM ( lokottara) apUrvaM camatkAra utpanna karane kI zakti hai / yaha kAvya kA sAdhAraNa alaGkAra na hokara apUrva alaGkAra hai / lokottaracamatkArakAri vaicitryasiddhaye / kAvyasyA'yamalaGkAraH ko'pyapUrvo vidhIyate // 12 vakrokti kA lakSaNa upasthita karate hue kuntaka kA kahanA hai ki 'prasiddha kathana se bhinna prakAra kI vicitra varNanazailI hI vakrokti hai / 'caturatApUrNa kavikarma ( kAvya nirmANa ) kA kauzala, usakI bhaGgI zailI yA zobhA usase bhaNiti arthAt ( varNana ) : kathana karanA / vicitra ( asAdhAraNa ) prakAra kI varNana-zailI hI vakrokti kahalAtI hai / ' ( hindI vakroktijIvita - A0 vizvezvara pR0 51 ) ubhAvetAvalaGkAryau tayoH punaralaGkRtiH / vakroktireva vaidagdhyabhaGgIbhaNitirucyate / / 1 / 10 kuntaka ne kAvya ke tIna prayojana mAne haiM-dharmAdi catuvaMgaM kI prApti kI zikSA, vyavahArAdi ke sundara rUpa kI prApti evaM lokottara Ananda kI upalabdhi / dharmAdisAdhanopAyaH sukumArakramoditaH / kAvyabandho'bhijAtAnAM hRdayAhlAdakArakaH / / vyavahAraparispandasauMdarya vyavahAribhiH / satkAvyAdhigamAdeva nUtanaucitya mApyate // caturva gaMphalasvAdamapyatikramya tadvidAm / kAvyAmRtarasenAntazcamatkAro vitanyate // 1 / 3, 4, 5

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kundakundAcArya ] ( 145 ) [ kuvalayAnanda ww grahaNa kuntaka sAlaGkAra zabdArtha ko kAvya mAnate haiM / inake anusAra ve hI zabdArtha kAvya meM kiye jA sakate haiM jo alaMkArayukta hoM / ve alaMkAra ko kAvya kA dharma na mAna kara usakA svarUpa yA AtmA svIkAra karate haiM / inhoMne svabhAvokti evaM rasavad alaMkAra ko alaMkArya mAnA hai, alaMkAra nahIM / isa dRSTi se svabhAvokti ko alaMkAra mAnane vAloM kI ve AlocanA bhI karate haiM / vakrokti ko kAvya kI AtmA mAna kara kuntaka ne apUrvaM maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai aura yugavidhAyaka kAvyazAstrIya siddhAnta kI sthApanA kI hai / AdhAragrantha- vakroktijIvitam (bhUmikA) - hindI vyAkhyA AcAryaM vizvezvara / kundakundAcArya - jaina darzana ke prasiddha AcAryaM / inakA janma dravir3a deza meM huA thA / ye digambara sampradAya ke AcArya the / kundakundAcArya kA samaya prathama zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / inhoMne 'kundakunda' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai jisakA drAvir3I nAma 'koNDakuNDa ' hai / inake anya cAra grantha bhI prasiddha haiM / jinheM jaina Agama kA sarvasva mAnA jAtA hai / ve haiM - niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra / antima tIna grantha jainiyoM meM nATakatrayI ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM / AdhAragrantha - 1 bhAratIya darzana - ( bhAga 1 ) DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan, ( hindI anuvAda) 2. bhAratIyadarzana- - AcArya baladeva upAdhAya / kuvalayAnanda - alaMkAra kA prasiddha grantha / isake racayitA A0 appayadIkSita haiM / [ de0 appayadIkSita ] isameM 123 arthAlaMkAroM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 'kuvalayAnanda' kI racanA jayadeva kRta 'candrAloka' ke AdhAra para huI hai aura isameM sabhI alaMkAroM kA varNana huA hai / dIkSita ne isameM 'candrAloka' kI hI zailI apanAyI hai jisameM eka hI zloka meM alaMkAra kI paribhASA evaM udAharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiM / 'candrAloka' ke alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa 'kuvalayAnanda' meM jyoM ke tyoM le liye gae haiM aura dIkSita ne unake spaSTIkaraNa ke lie apanI ora se vistRta vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai / dIkSita ne aneka alaMkAroM ke navIna bhedoM kI kalpanA kI hai aura lagabhaga 17 navIna alaMkAroM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| ve haiM- prastutAMkura, alpa, kArakadIpaka, mithyAdhyavasiti, lalita, anujJA, mudrA, ratnAvalI, vizeSaka, gUDhokti, vivRtokti, yukti, lokokti, chekokti, nirukti, pratiSedha evaM vidhi / yadyapi ina alaMkAroM ke varNana bhoja, zobhAkara mitra evaM yazaska ke granthoM meM bhI prApta hote haiM para inheM vyavasthita rUpa pradAna karane kA zreya dIkSita ko hI hai / 'kuvalayAnanda' alaMkAra viSayaka atyanta lokapriya grantha hai aura prArambha se hI ise yaha guNa prApta hai / isa para dasa TIkAoM kI racanA ho cukI hai / ( ka ) rasikaraMjinI TIkA - isake racayitA kA nAma gaMgAdhara vAjapeyI yA gaMgAdhvarAdhvarI hai / ye taMjoranareza rAjAzAha jI ke Azrita the ( san 1654 - 1711 I0 ) / isa TIkA kA prakAzana san 1892 I0 meM kumbhakoNam se ho cukA hai jisa para hAlAsya nAtha kI TippaNI bhI hai| ( kha ) alaMkAracandrikA-- isake lekhaka vaidyanAtha tatsat haiM / ( ga ) alaMkAradIpikA - isake praNetA kA nAma AzAdhara bhaTTa hai / yaha TIkA kuvalayAnanda ke kevala kAriko bhAga para hai| (gha) alaMkA 10 saM0 sA0

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kumapurANa ] ( 146 ) [ kUrmapurANa rasudhA evaM viSamapadavyAkhyAnaSaTpadAnanda -- donoM hI granthoM ke racayitA suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa nAgojIbhaTTa haiM / inameM prathama pustaka TIkA hai aura dIkSitakrata kuvalayAnanda ke kaThina padoM para vyAkhyAna rUpa meM racita hai| donoM hI TIkAoM ke uddharaNa sTenakono kI grantha-sUcI meM prApta hote haiM / (Ga) kAvya maMjarI - isa TIkA ke racayitA kA nAma nyAyavAgIza bhaTTAcArya hai / (ca) kuvalayAnanda TIkA - isakI racanA mathurAnAtha ne kI hai / (cha) kuvalayAnanda TippaNa-isa TIkA ke racayitA kA nAma kuravIrAma hai / ( ja ) laghvalaMkAracandrikA - isake racayitA devIdatta haiM / (jha) budharaMjinI - isa TIkA ke racayitA veMgalasUri haiM / kuvalayAnanda kA hindI bhASya DaoN0 bholAzaGkara vyAsa ne kiyA hai jo caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai / AdhAragrantha - ( ka ) bhAratIya kAvyazAstra bhAga 1 - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / (kha) hindI kuvalayAnanda ( bhUmikA ) - DaoN0 bholAzaGkara vyAsa / kUrmapurANa - kramAnusAra 15 va purANa / yaha vaiSNava purANa hai / isameM viSNu ke eka avatAra kUrma yA kachue kA varNana hai, ata: ise 'kUrmapurANa' kahA jAtA hai / isakA prArambha karmAvatAra kI stuti se hotA hai / prAcIna samaya meM deva evaM dAnavoM ke dvArA jaba samudra maMthana huA thA taba usa samaya viSNu ne kUrma kA avatAra grahaNa kara mandarAcala ko apanI pITha para dhAraNa kiyA thA / 'kUrmapurANa' meM viSNu kI isI kathA kA vistAra * pUrvaka varNana hai| 'matsyapurANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki viSNu meM kumaM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara indra ke samIpa rAjA indradyumna ko isa purANa kI kathA, lakSmIkalpa meM sunAI thI, jisameM aTThAraha sahasra zloka the| isameM dharma, artha, kAma tathA mokSa ina cAro padArthoM kA mAhAtmya batalAyA gayA thA / 'nAradapurANa' ke anusAra isameM satraha hajAra zloka haiM / isake do vibhAga haiM-pUrva tathA uttara pUrva bhAga meM 53 evaM uttara bhAga meM 46 adhyAya haiM / 'kUrmapurANa' se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM cAra saMhitAeM thIM-- brAhmI, bhAgavatI, saurI tathA vaiSNavI / samprati kevala brAhmI saMhitA hI prApta hotI hai jisameM 6 hajAra loka haiN| isakA prathama prakAzana san 1890 I0 meM nIlamaNi mukhopAdhyAya dvArA 'biblothikA sfuser' meM huA thA jisameM 6 hajAra zloka the| isa purANa meM 'purANapaJcalakSaNa' kA pUrNataH samAveza hai tathA sRSTi, vaMzAnukrama evaM isI krama meM viSNu ke kaI avatAroM kI kathA kahI gaI hai| isameM kAzI aura prayAma ke mAhAtmya kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai jisameM dhyAna aura samAdhi ke dvArA ziva kA sAkSAtkAra prApta karane kA nirdeza hai / isa purANa meM zakti-pUjA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai aura unake sahasra nAma prastuta kiye gaye haiM / 'kUrmapurANa' meM bhagavAn viSNu ko ziva ke rUpa meM tathA lakSmI ko gaurI kI pratikRti ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| ziva ko devAdhideva ke rUpa meM varNita kara unhIM kI kRpA se kRSNa ko jAmbavatI kI prApti kA ullekha hai / yadyapi isameM ziva ko pramukha devatA kA sthAna prApta hai phira bhI brahmA, viSNu aura maheza meM sarvatra abheda-sthApana kiyA gayA hai tathA unheM eka hI brahma kA pRthak-pRthak rUpa mAnA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha purANa sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA se sarvathA zUnya hai / isake uttara bhAga meM 'vyAsaMgItA'

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kRSNAnanda ] ( 147 ) [ kenopaniSad ww kA varNana hai jisameM gItA ke DhaGga para vyAsa dvArA paviva kramoM evaM anuSThAnoM se bhagavat sAkSAtkAra kA varNana hai / isake katipaya adhyAyoM meM pApoM ke prAyazcitta kA varNana hai tathA eka adhyAya meM sItA jI kI aisI kathA varNita hai jo rAmAyaNa meM prApta nahIM hotii| isa kathA meM batAyA gayA hai ki sItA ko agnideva ne rAvaNa se mukta karAyA thA / 'kUrmapurANa' ke pUrvAdhaM ( adhyAya 12 ) meM mahezvara ko zakti kA atyadhika vaiziSTya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai aura usake cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM- zAnti, vidyA, pratiSThA aura nivRtti / 'vyAsagItA' ke 11 veM adhyAya meM pAzupata yoga kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai tathA usameM varNAzrama dharma evaM sadAcAra kA bhI vivecana hai kAraNa vidvAnoM ne 'kUrmapurANa' kA samaya SaSTha-saptama zatI hAz2arA ke anusAra 'kUrmapurANa' pAJcarAtramata pratipAdaka prathama purANa hai / 'padmapurANa' ke pAtAla khaNDa meM 'kUrmapurANa' kA nAma AtA hai tathA usakA eka zloka bhI udghRta hai / / kUrmapurANa kI viSaya-sUcI - isameM cAra saMhitAeM haiN| pUrvabhAga meM purANa kA upakrama, lakSmI indradyumna saMvAda, kumaM tathA maharSiyoM kI bArtA, varNAzrama sambandhI AcAra kA kathana, jagat kI utpatti kA varNana, kAlasaMkhyA nirUpaNa, pralaya ke anta meM bhagavAn kI stuti, sRSTi kA saMkSipta varNana, zaMkara-caritra, pArvatI sahasra nAma, yoganirUpaNa, bhRguvaMza varNana, svAyambhuva manu evaM devatAoM kI utpatti, dakSa-yajJa kA vidhvaMsa, dakSa-sRSTi-kathana, pavaMza kA varNana, zrIkRSNa carita, mArkaDeNya- kRSNa-saMvAda, vyAsa - pANDava-saMvAda, yugadharma-varNana, vyAsa- jaimini kathA, kAzI tathA prayAga kA mAhAtmya, tIno lokoM kA vana tathA vaidika zAkhA-nirUpaNa / uttarabhAga -- IzvarIya gItA tathA vyAsa-gItA kA varNana, nAnA prakAra ke tIrthoM kA varNana evaM unakA mAhAtmya-pradarzana, pratisarga yA pralaya kA varNana / ( sabhI viSaya brAhmI saMhitA meM varNita haiM ) bhAgavatI saMhitA - brAhmaNoM ke sadAcAra kI sthiti, kSatriyoM kI vRtti kA varNana, vaizyavRtti tathA zUdroM kI vRtti kA barNana / isake paJcamapAda meM saMkara jAti kI vRtti kA nirUpaNa hai / - mAdhAra grantha - 1. kUrmapurANa - veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 2. purANatatva-mImAMsAzrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI, 3. purANa-vimarza - AcAyaM baladeva upAdhyAya, 4. purANa viSayAnukramaNikA - DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya, 5. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2- vinTaranitsa ( hindI anuvAda ) / kRSNAnanda - inhoMne 15 sargoM meM 'sahRdayAnanda' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai / isameM rAjA nala kA carita varNita hai / inakA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI hai / ye jagannAthapurI ke nivAsI the / inakA eka padya 'sAhityadarpaNa' ( vizvanAtha kavirAja viracita ) meM uddhRta hai / [ hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se prakAzita ] kenopaniSad - yaha 'sAmaveda' kI talavakAra zAkhA ke antargata navama adhyAya hai jise talavakAropaniSad, jaiminIya upaniSad yA kenopaniSad kahate haiM / isake prArambha meM 'kena' zabda AyA hai ( keneSitaM patati ) jisake kAraNa ise 'kenopaniSad' kahA jAtA haiM / isake choTe-choTe cAra khaNDa haiM jo aMzataH gadyAtmaka tathA aMzataH padyAtmaka haiM / prathama pAzupata mata ke prAdhAnya ke nirdhArita kiyA hai| DaoN0

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keralAbharaNam ] ( 148 ) [ kezava mizra ma meM upAsya brahma evaM nirguNa brahma meM antara sthApita kiyA gayA hai tathA dvitIya khaNDa meM brahma ke rahasyamaya rUpa kA varNana hai / tRtIya aura caturtha khaNDoM meM umAhaimavatI ke AkhyAna ke mAdhyama se parabrahma kI sarvazaktimattA evaM devatAoM kI alpazaktimattA nirUpita hai / isa upaniSad kI racanA saMvAdAtmakazailI -- guru-ziSya saMvAda ke rUpa meMhuI hai| prathama khaNDa meM ziSya dvArA yaha prazna pUchA gayA hai ki indriyoM kA preraka kauna hai ? isake uttara meM guru ne indriyAdi ko preraNA dene vAlA parabrahma paramAtmA ko mAnate hue unakI anirvacanIyatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| dvitIya khaNDa meM jIvAtmA ko paramAtmA kA aMza batAkara sampUrNa indriyAdi kI zakti ko brahma kI hI zakti mAnA gayA hai tathA tRtIya evaM caturtha khaNDoM meM abhi prabhRti vaidika devatAoM ko brahmamUlaka mAnakara unakI mahattA sthApita kI gaI hai| isameM brahmavidyA ke rahasya ko jAnane ke sAdhana tapasyA, mana, indriyoM ke damana tathA kartavyapAlana batalAye gaye haiM / keralAbharaNam - isa campU kAvya ke praNetA rAmacandra dIkSita haiM / ye satrahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarabhAga meM hue the| inake pitA kA nAma kezava dIkSita thA jo ratnakheTa zrInivAsa dIkSita ke parivAra se sambaddha the / isameM indra kI sabhA meM vaziSTha evaM vizvAmitra ke isa vivAda kA varNana hai ki kauna-sA deza adhika ramaNIya haikatamo dezo ramyaH kasyAcAro manoharo mahatAm / Com iti vAdini devapatI saMgharSo'bhUdvaziSThagAdhijayoH // 18 indra ke AdezAnusAra milinda evaM makaranda nAmaka do gandhavaM dezoM kA bhramaNa karane nikalate haiM aura kerala kI ramaNIya prakRti para mugdha hokara use hI sarvazreSTha deza ghoSita karate haiM / isakI bhASA sarasa, sarala, anuprAsamayI evaM pror3ha hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga saMkhyA 4031 meM prApta hotA hai / maMgalAcaraNa kA varNana atyanta madhura evaM sarasa hai ullola madakallolahallohAlita gallayA / lIlayA maNDitaM cittaM mama modakalolayA // 1 // AdhAra grantha - campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / kezava - jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / ye pazcimI samudra taTavartI nandigrAma nivAsI the / inakA AvirbhAvakAla san 1456 I0 hai / inake pitA evaM guru kA nAma kramazaH kamalAMkara evaM baidyanAtha thA / inake dvArA racita granthoM ke nAma haiM - 'grahakautuka', 'varSa graha siddhi', 'tithisiddhi', 'jAtakapaddhati', 'jAtaka paddhati vivRtti', 'tAjikapaddhati', 'siddhAnta vAsanApATha', 'muhUrtatasva', 'kAyasthAdidhapaddhati', 'kuNDASTakalakSaNa' tathA 'gaNita - dIpikA' / ye grahagaNita evaM phalita jyotiSa donoM ke hI marmajJa the / sandarbha - bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI | kezava mizra - kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / inhoMne 'alaGkArazekhara' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / 'alaMkArazekhara' kI racanA kAMgar3A nareza mANikyacandra ke Agraha para kI gaI thii| isa grantha meM ATha ratna yA

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phesabamitra] [ yaTa madhyAya haiM tathA kArikA, vRtti aura udAharaNa isake tIna vibhAga haiN| adhyAyoM kA vibhAjana 22 marIciyoM meM huA hai / svayaM lekhaka ne kArikA evaM vRtti kI racanA kI hai mora udAharaNa anya granthoM se lie haiM / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai :1. kAvya-lakSaNa, 2. rIti, 3. zabdazakti, 4. bATha prakAra ke padadoSa, 5. aThAraha prakAra ke vAkya-doSa, 6. ATha prakAra ke ayaMdoSa, 7. pAMca prakAra ke zabdaguNa, 8. alaMkAra, 9. rUpaka / lekhaka ke anusAra isakI kArikAoM kI racanA 'bhagavAn zuddhodani' ke alaMkAra anya ke AdhAra para huI hai| AdhAra grantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra-(bhAga 1)-A. baladeva upAdhyAya / kezavamizra nyAyadarzana ke lokapriya lekhakoM meM kezavamizra kA nAma adhika prasiddha hai / inakI prasiddha racanA 'tarkabhASA' hai / kezavamizra kA samaya san 1275 I. hai| saMskRta meM tarkabhASA ke tIna lekhaka haiM aura tInoM bhinna-bhinna darzana ke anuyAyI haiN| bauDhatakabhASA ke lekhaka kA nAma mokSAkara gupta hai jo 1100 I0 meM hue the| isa grantha meM bauddha nyAya kA nirUpaNa hai| dvitIya takabhASA' kA sambandha jainanyAya se hai aura isake lekhaka haiM zrI yazovijaya / inakA samaya san 1688 I0 hai / kezavamizra ke ziSya govardhana mizra ne 'tarkabhASA' ke Upara 'tarkabhASA-prakAza' nAmaka vyAkhyA likhI hai / govardhana ne apanI TIkA meM apane guru kA paricaya bhI diyA hai| kezava mizra ke pitA kA nAma 'balabhadra' thA tathA unake 'vizvanAtha' evaM 'padmanAbha' nAmaka do jyeSTha bhrAtA the| apane bar3e bhAI se takazAstra kA adhyayana karake hI kezava mizra ne 'tarkabhASA' kI racanA kI thii| zrIvizvanAthAnuja-pAnAbhAnujo garIyAn blbhdrjnmaa| tanoti tanidhigatya sarvAn zrIpagranAbhAdviduSo vinodam // vijayazrItanUjanmA govardhana iti zrutaH / tarkAnubhASAM tanute vivicya gurunimitAm // 'takabhASA' meM nyAya ke padArthoM kA atyanta sarala DhaMga se varNana kiyA gayA hai / yaha anya vidvAnoM evaM chAtroM meM atyanta lokapriya hai| isa para 14 TIkAeM likhI gayI haiM binameM sabase prAcIna govardhana mizra kRta TIkA ( san 1300 I0) hai / nAgezabhaTTa ne bhI isa para 'yuktimuktAvalI' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isakA hindI bhASya A0 vizvezvara ne kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-hindI taka bhASA (bhUmikA)-pA0 vizvezvara (caukhambA prkaashn)| 3 : kaiyaTa-vaiyAkaraNa evaM 'mahAbhASya' ke prasiddha TIkAkAra / mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra inakA samaya 11vIM zatAbdI kA uttarA hai| inake pitA kA nAma jaiyaTa thaa| inhoMne 'mahAbhASyapradIpa' nAmaka 'mahAbhASya' kI prasiddha TIkA likhI hai| isa para 15 baikAeM likhI gayI haiM aura saboM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiMcintAmaNi ('mahAbhASya kaiyaTa prakAza' tathA 'prakriyA kaumudI TIkA', samaya 15vIM patI kA pUrva) nAganAtha ( 16vIM zatAbdI kA uttarAI anya kA nAma hai 'mahAbhASya bhAvIpocotana' ), rAmacandra (16vIM evaM 17vI satI, anna kA nAma 'vivaraNa'),

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kokasandeza ] ( 150 ) [ kophilasandeza IzvarAnanda ( 'mahAbhASyapradIpavivaraNa, samaya 16vIM evaM 17vIM zatI), annaMbhaTTa ( 'mahAbhASya pradIpodyotana', 16vIM 17vIM zatI), nArAyaNazAstrI ( 'mahAbhASyapradIpavyAkhyA' 18vIM zatAbdI ), nAgezabhaTTa ( 'mahAbhASyapradIpodyotana' samaya 17vIM zatAbdI kA pUrva), baidyanAtha pAyaguDe ( 'mahAbhASyapradIpodyotana' 18vIM zatAbdI ), malayajvA tathA rAmasevaka / kokasandeza -- isa sandezakAvya ke racayitA viSNutrAta kavi haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kA SoDaza zataka hai / kavi ke sambandha meM anya prakAra kI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI / grantha meM kavi kA paricaya isa prakAra prApta hotA hai AsIMda vipro harinatirataH ko'pi rambhAvihAre, viSNutrAto dvija parivRDhabrahmadattaikamitraH / tetasmin sapadi racite kokasandezakAvye, pUrNastAvat samajani rasaizcApyasI pUrvabhAgaH // 1 / 120 isa kAvya meM eka rAjakumAra zrI bihArapura se apanI priyA ke pAsa sandeza bhejatA hai / isameM nAyaka apanI priyAM se eka yantra-zakti ke dvArA viyukta ho jAtA hai / grantha kI racanA meghadUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai aura pUrvabhAga meM 120 evaM uttarabhAga meM 186 zloka race gae haiM / sampUrNa grantha mandAkrAntAvRtta meM likhA gayA hai| isameM vastu varNana kA Adhikya hai aura preyasI ke gRhavarNana meM 50 zloka likhe gae haiN| sandeza ke anta meM nAyaka apane svastha hone ke lie kucha abhijJAnoM kA bhI varNana karatA haibAle pUrva khalu maNimaye nau nizAnte nizAyAm, prAptA svIyAM tanumapi mamopAntabhittI sphurantIm / dRSTvA roSAda balitavadanA'bhUttadA'bhyetya tUrNaM, gADhA vilaSTA kathamapi mayA bodhitA'raM yathArtham // 2 / 180 AdhAragrantha- saMskRta ke sandezakAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / kokila sandeza - isa sandezakAvya ke racayitA uddaNDa kavi haiN| inakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai / ye kAlIkaTa ke rAjA jamUrina ke sabhA kavi the / inake pitA kA nAma raGganAtha evaM mAtA kA nAma raGgAmbA thA / kavi vaMdhulagotrIya brAhmaNa vaMza meM utpanna huA thA / isane 'kokila sandeza' ke atirikta 'malikAmAsta' nAmaka dasa aMkoM ke eka prakaraNa kI bhI racanA kI hai jo bhavabhUti ke mAlatImAdhava se prabhAvita hai / 'kokila sandeza' kI racanA meghadUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai| isameM bhI pUrva evaM uttara do bhAga haiM aura sarvatra mandAkrAntAvRtta kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa Paror kI kathA kAlpanika hai| koI premI jo prAsAda meM priyA ke sAtha premAlApa karate hue soyA huA thA, prAtaHkAla apsarAoM ke dvArA nagarI ke bhavAnI ke mandira meM apane ko pAtA hai yadi vaha pA~ca mAsa taka yahA~ rahe to punaH use rahate hue jaba tIna mAha vyatIta ho jAte haiM to kokila ke dvArA usake pAsa sandeza bhejatA hai kampA nadI ke taTa para sthita kAMcI / usI samaya AkAzavANI huI ki priyA kA viyoga nahIM hogaa| vahIM use priyA kI yAda AtI hai ora vaha / vasantaRtu meM kokila kA kalakUjana

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kauTilIya arthazAstra] ( 151 ) [arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA sunakara hI use apanI priyA kI smRti ho jAtI hai / yahA~ kAMcI nagarI se lekara jayantamaMgala (cennamaMgala ) taka ke mArga kA manorama citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai / isa kAvya kI bhASA zrRMgArarasopayukta lalita evaM prasAdaguNayukta hai| premI kA svayaM kathana dekheM antastoSaM mama vitanuSe hanta ! jAne bhavantaM , skandhAvAraprathamasubhaTaM paMcabANasya raajnyH| kUjAvyAjAditamupadizan kokilAvyAjabandho / kAntaiH sAkaM nanu ghaTayase mAninIrmAnabhAjaH // 17 AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / kauTilIya arthazAstra-cANakya yA kauTilya 'arthazAstra' ke praNetA haiN| ve mauryasamrAT candragupta ke mantrI evaM guru the| unhoMne apane buddhibala evaM adbhuta pratibhA ke dvArA nandavaMza kA nAza kara maurya sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kI thii| 'arthazAstra' meM bhI isa tathya ke saMketa haiM ki kauTilya ne samrATa candragupta ke lie aneka zAstroM kA manana evaM lokapracalita zAsanoM ke anekAneka prayogoM ke AdhAra para isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| sarvazAstrANyanukramya prayogamupalabhya ca / kauTilyena narendrArthe zAsanasya vidhiH kRtaH / / arthazAstra 10 / 2 / 65 kauTilya ke nAma kI khyAti kaI nAmoM se hai| caNaka ke putra hone ke kAraNa inheM cANakya kahA jAtA hai tathA kuTila rAjanItijJa hone se ye kauTilya ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| ye donoM hI nAma vaMzaja nAma yA upAdhi nAma haiM, pitRpradatta nAma nhiiN| kAmandaka ke 'nItizAstra' se jJAta hotA hai ki inakA vAstavika nAma viSNugupta thaa| nItizAstrAmRtaM dhImAnarthazAstramahodadheH / / samuddadhe namastasmai viSNuguptAya vedhase // 6 arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA-Adhunika yuga ke katipaya pAzcAtya vidvAn tathA bhAratIya paNDita bhI isa mata ke poSaka haiM ki arthazAstra cANakya viracita nahIM hai| jaoNlI, kItha evaM vinTaranitsa ne arthazAstra ko mauryamantrI kI racanA nahIM mAnA hai / unakA kahanA hai ki jo vyakti mauyaM aise vistRta sAmrAjya kI sthApanA meM lagA rahA use itanA samaya kahA~ thA jo isa prakAra ke grantha kI racanA kara ske| kintu yaha kavana anupayukta hai / sAyaNAcArya aise vyasta jIvana vyatIta karane vAle mahAmantrI ne veda bhASyoM kI racanA kara isa kathana ko asiddha kara diyA hai| sTAina evaM vinTaranitsa kA kathana hai ki megAsthanIja ne apane bhramaNavRttAnta meM kauTilya kI carcA nahIM kI hai| para isa kathana kA khaNDana DaoN. kANe ne kara diyA hai / unakA kahanA hai ki "megAsthanIja kI 'iNDikA' kevala uddharaNoM meM prApya hai, megAsthanIja ko bhAratIya bhASA kA kyA zAna thA ki vaha mahAmantrI kI bAtoM ko samajha pAtA ? megAsthanIja ko bahuta-sI bAteM bhrAmaka bhI haiN| usane to likhA hai ki bhAratIya likhanA nahIM jAnate the| kyA yaha satya hai ?" dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( bhAga 1) pR0 30 (hindI anuvAda ) / jAlI, vinTaranitsa tathA kItha ne arthazAstra ko tRtIya zatAbdI kI racanA mAnA hai, kintu

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arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA ] ( 152 ) [ arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA www Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara ke anusAra isakA racanAkAla IsA kI prathama zatAbdI hai / parantu DaoN0 zyAma zAstrI evaM DaoN0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne apanI sthApanAoM ke dvArA yaha siddha kiyA hai ki arthazAstra candragupta ke mahAmantrI kI hI racanA hai | arthazAstra evaM usake praNetA ke sambandha meM pAzcAtya tathA bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne jo tarka diye haiN| unakA sAra yahA~ upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| paM0 zAmazAstrI ne arthazAstra ko kauTilya kI kRti mAnA tathA batalAyA ki vaha apane mUlarUpa meM vidyamAna hai| zAstrI jI ke ina donoM kathanoM kA samarthana hilebrAnTa, harTala, yAkobI evaM smitha ne kiyA / smitha ne apane prasiddha itihAsa grantha 'arlI hisTrI' ke tRtIya saMskaraNa ( san 1914 I0 ) meM zAstrI jI ke mata kA samAveza kara usakI prAmANikatA kI puSTi kii| isake ThIka ATha varSoM ke pazcAt pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke eka dala ne ise tIsarI zatAbdI kI eka jAlI racanA siddha karane kA asaphala prayAsa kiyaa| oTo sTAina ne 'megasthanIz2a aiNDa kauTilya' tathA DaoN0 jaoNlI ne 'arthazAstra eNDa kauTilya' ( san 1923 I0 ) nAmaka granthoM meM kauTilya ko kalpita vyakti evaM arthazAstra ko jaoNlI grantha siddha kiyA thA / ina sabhI vidvAnoM ke tarkoM kA khaNDana kara DaoN0 jAyasavAla ne ( hindUrAjatantra bhAga 1 ) koTilya ko samrAT candragupta kA mantrI evaM arthazAstra ko I0 pU0 400 varSa kI racanA mAnA / zro candragupta vidyAlaMkAra ne bhI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke mata kA khaNDana kara arthazAstra ko kauTilya kI racanA mAnA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke sucitita mata ke dvArA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI sthApanAe~ khaNDita ho gayIM ora arthazAstra tathA kauTilya donoM kA astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA / arthazAstra kA varNyaviSaya - arthazAstra kI racanA sUtra aura zloka donoM meM huI hai / isake kucha aMza gadyabaddha haiM tathA kucha zlokabaddha / isameM 15 prakaraNa 150 adhyAya tathA chaH sahasra zloka haiM / arthazAstra meM prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika tathA dhArmika jIvana kA citra khIMcA gayA hai / isake vayaviSayoM kI adhikaraNagata sUcI isa prakAra hai --- prathama adhikaraNa - prathama adhikaraNa kA nAma vinayAdhikArika hai / isameM nimnAMkita viSayoM kA vivecana hai. - rAjAnuzAsana, rAjA dvArA zAstrAdhyayana, vRddhajanoM kI saMgati, kAma-krodhAdi chaH zatruoM kA parityAga, rAjA kI jIvanacaryA, mantriyoM evaM purohitoM ke guNa evaM kartavya, gupta upAyoM ke dvArA AmAtyoM ke AcaraNa kI parIkSA, guptacaroM kI niyukti, sabhA baiThaka, rAjadUta, rAjakumAra-rakSaNa, antaHpura kI vyavasthA, rAjA kI surakSA, najarabanda rAjakumAra tathA rAjA kA pArasparika vyavahAra, rAjadUtoM kI niyukti, rAjabhavana kA nirmANa tathA rAjA ke kartavya / dvitIya adhikaraNa- isakA nAma adhyakSa pracAra hai tathA vayaM viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - janapadoM kI sthApanA, grAma-nirmANa, durgA kA nirmANa, cArAgAha, bana, sannidhAtA ke kartavya koSabuddha kA nirmANa, cArAgAha, vana, satridhAtA ke kartavya, samAhartA kA kara-saMgraha kArya, bhUmi, khAnoM, vanoM mArgoM ke karoM ke adhikArI, Aya-vyaya nirIkSaka kA kAryAlaya, janatA ke dhana kA gabana, rAjakIya svarNakAroM ke kartavya, pathya

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arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA ] ( 153 ) [ arthazAstra kI prAmANikatA kA adhyakSa, AyudhAgAra kA adhyakSa, bAbakArI vibhAga, azva vibhAga, gajazAlA adhyakSa, ratha-senA, paidala senA ke adhyakSoM tathA senApatiyoM ke kAryoM kA nirIkSaNa, mudrAvibhAga, madyazAlA ke adhyakSa, badhasthAna, vezyAlaya, parivahana vibhAga, pazu vibhAga / tRtIya adhikaraNa -- isakA nAma dharmasthAnIya hai / isameM varNita viSaya haiM- satanAmoM kA lekhana prakAra evaM tatsambandhI vivAda, nyAya-vivAha sambandha, dharma-vivAha, strI-dhana, strI kA punarvivAha, pati-patnI sambandha, dAya-vibhAga, uttarAdhikAra niyama, gRhanirmANa, RRNa, dharohara sambandhI niyama, dAsa evaM zramika sambandhI niyama, dAna ke niyama, sAhasa tathA daNDa ke niyama / caturtha adhikaraNa - isakA nAma kaMTakazodhana hai / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-- zilpakAroM tathA vyApAriyoM kI rakSA, daivI vipattiyoM se prajA kI rakSA, siddhaveSadhArI guptacaroM dvArA duSToM kA damana, zaMkita puruSoM kI pahacAna, sandeha para aparAdhiyoM ko bandI banAnA, sabhI prakAra ke rAjakIya vibhAgoM kI rakSA, vividha prakAra ke doSoM ke lie Arthika daNDa, binA pIr3A yA pIr3A ke sAtha mRtyu-daNDa, ramaNiyoM ke sAtha samAgama, kumArI kanyA ke sAtha saMbhoga kA daNDa / -- paJcama adhikaraNa ---- isakA nAma yogavRtta hai / isake antargata varNita viSaya isa prakAra haiM- rAjadrohI uccAdhikAriyoM ke sambandha meM daNDa-vyavasthA, darabAriyoM kA AcaraNa, vizeSa avasara para rAjyakoSa ko sampUrita karanA, rAjyakarmacAriyoM ke vetana, rAjyazakti kI saMsthApanA, vyavasthA kA yathocita pAlana, vipattikAla meM rAja-putra kA abhiSeka tathA ekachatra rAjya kI pratiSThA / SaSTha adhikaraNa - isakA nAma maNDalayoni hai / isameM prakRtiyoM ke guNa tathA zAnti aura udyoga kA varNana hai / saptama adhikaraNa- isakA nAma bADguNya hai| isameM varNita viSaya haiM- -chaH guNoM kA uddezya tathA kSaya, sthAna evaM buddhi kA nizcaya, balavAn kA Azraya, sama, hIna tathA balavAn rAjAoM ke caritra aura hona rAjA ke sAtha sambandha, rAjyoM kA milAna, mitra, sonA yA bhUmi kI prApti ke lie sandhi, mitrasandhi aura hiraNyasandhi Adi / prakAra haiM - sArvabhauma sattA ke tattvoM ke vyasanoM ke sAmAnya puruSoM ke vyasana, pIr3ana varga, stambha varga mitra vyasana | aSTama adhikaraNa - isa adhikaraNa kA nAma vyasanAdhikArika hai| isake viSaya isa viSaya meM rAjA aura rAjyoM ke kaSTa, aura koSasaGga varga, senA-vyasana tathA navama adhikaraNa -- isakA nAma abhiyAsyatkarma hai / isake antargata varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-zakti, deza, kAla, bala-abala kA jJAna aura AkramaNa kA samaya, sainya-saMgraha kA samaya, sainya saMgaThana aura zatrusenA kA sAmanA, bAhya tathA Abhyantara Apatti, rAjadrohI tathA zatrujanya ApattiyA~, artha - anartha tathA saMzaya sambandhI ApattiyA~ aura unake pratikAra ke upAya se prApta hone vAlI siddhiyoM kA varNana | dazama adhikaraNa - isa adhikaraNa kA nAma sAMgrAmika adhikaraNa hai / isameM ina viSayoM kA varNana hai-- yuddha ke bAre meM senA kA par3Ava DAlanA, senA kA abhiyAna,

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tatafe upaniSad ] ( 154 ) [ kauSItaki upaniSad samarAGgaNa, padAti, azvasenA tathA hastisenA ke kArya, pakSa, kakSa tathA urasya Adi vizeSa vyUhoM kA senA ke parimANa ke anusAra do vibhAga, sAra tathA phalgu baloM kA vibhAga aura caturaGga senA kA yuddha, prakRtivyUha, vikRtivyUha aura pratibyUha kI racanA / ekAdaza adhikaraNa -- isakA nAma vRttasaMdha hai / isameM bhedaka prayoga aura upAMzudaNDa kA varNana hai / dvAdaza adhikaraNa - isakA nAma AvalIyasa hai / isameM varNita viSaya haiM--dUtakarma, mantrayuddha, senApatiyoM kA vadha tathA rAjamaNDala kI sahAyatA, zastra, agni tathA rasoM kA gUr3ha prayoga aura vividha AsAra tathA prasAra kA nAza, daNDaprayoga ke dvArA tathA AkramaNa ke dvArA vijaya kI prApti / trayodaza adhikaraNa - isakA nAma durgaMlambhopAya hai| isameM durgaM kA jItanA, phUTa aura kapaTa ke dvArA rAjA ko lubhAnA, guptacaroM kA zatrudeza meM nivAsa, zatru ke dugaM ko ghera kara apane adhikAra meM karanA, vijita deza meM zAntisthApana | caturdaza adhikaraNa- isa adhikaraNa kA nAma aupaniSadika hai / isake varNita viSaya haiM- guptasAdhana, zatruvadha ke prayoga, pralambhana yoga meM adbhuta utpAdana, pralambhanayoga meM oSadhi tathA mantra kA prayoga, zatru dvArA kiye gae ghAtaka prayogoM kA pratIkAra / pancadaza adhikaraNa- isakA nAma tantrayukti hai / isameM arthazAstra kI yuktiyA~ tathA cANakya sUtra haiM / AdhAra grantha - arthazAstra kI do prAcIna TIkAe~ haiM bhaTTasvAmIkRta 'pratipadapaMcikA' tathA mAdhava yajvA kRta 'nayacandrikA', para donoM hI apUrNa haiM / 1 - sTaDIja ina aizyeSTa iNDiyana pAliTI -- zrInarendra nAtha lA 2- hisTrI oNpha hindU poliTikala thyorIja- DaoN0 ghoSAla 3- hindU poliTI -- DaoN0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla 4 - poliTikala insTITyUzaMsa eNDa thyorIja oNpha da hindUja - zrI vinayakumAra sarakAra 5 - hindUrAjazAstra ( do bhAgoM meM ) ( hindI anuvAda ) - DaoN0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla 6 - prAcIna bhAratIya rAjyazAstra aura zAsana - DaoN0 satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra 7 - bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA - DaoN zyAmalAla pANDeya 8- prAcIna bhArata meM rAjanItika vicAra evaM saMsthAe~ -- DI0 paramAtmAzaraNa 9 - dharmazAstra kA itihAsabhAga - 1 DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe ( hindI anuvAda ) 10 - hindU poliTI eNDa iTsa meTAphijikala phAunDesansa - DaoN0 vizvanAtha prasAda varmA 11 - arthazAstra - (hindI anuvAda ) zrI vAcaspatizAstrI gairolA 12 - arthazAstra ( aMgarejI anuvAda ) - DA~0 zyAma zAstrI 13 - arthazAstra [ saMskRta TIkA ] zrImUla-ma0 ma0 gaNapati zAstrI / -- kauSItaki upaniSad - yaha RgvedIya upaniSad hai / isameM cAra adhyAya haiM / prathama adhyAya meM devayAna yA pitRyAna kA varNana hai jisameM mRtyu ke pazcAt jIvAtmA kA punarjanma grahaNa kara do mArgoM se prayANa karane kA varNana hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM AtmA ke pratIka prANa kA svarUpa vivecana hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM pratardana kA indra dvArA brahmavidyA sIkhane kA ullekha hai tathA prANatatva kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai / antima do adhyAyoM meM brahmavAda kA vivecana karate hue mukti ke sAdhana tathA jJAna kI

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kSemIzvara] ( 155) [kSemendra prApti karanevAle sAdhakoM ko kama evaM jJAna ke viSaya kA manana karane kI zikSA dI gayI hai| kSemIzvara-ye saMskRta ke nATakakAra haiN| inhoMne 'naiSadhAnanda' evaM 'caNDakauzika' nAmaka do nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| ye rAjazekhara ke samasAmayika kavi the| inhoMne kannauja nareza mahIpAla ke Azraya meM rahakara 'caNDakauzika' kI racanA kI thii| inakA samaya 900 ke AsapAsa hai| 'naiSadhAnanda' meM sAta aMka haiM tathA 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA ke AdhAra para nala-damayantI kI praNaya-kathA ko nATakIya rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'caNDakozika' meM rAjA harizcandra kI satya-parIkSA kA varNana hai| inake donoM hI anyoM kI bhASA sarala hai tathA sAhityika dRSTi se unakA vizeSa mahattva nahIM hai| rAjA harizcandra kisI yajJa meM vizvAmitra ko kumArI kA balidAna karate hue dekhakara unakI bhatsanA karate haiN| RSi kI sAdhanA meM isase bAdhA huI aura rAjA ne apane aparAdha ko kSamA karane ke lie RSi ko sArA rAjya evaM eka sahasra svarNa mudrAeM diiN| mudrAoM kI prApti ke lie apane ko, apanI patnI evaM putra ko cANDAla ke hAtha beNcaa| eka dina jaba unake mRta putra ko lekara unakI patnI zmazAna ghATa para AyI to usa parIkSA meM rAjA uttIrNa hue| 'caNDakozika' nATaka meM eka abhinava prakAra kI kathAvastu ko apanAyA gayA hai| kSemendra-inhoMne kAvya-zAstra evaM mahAkAvya donoM para samAna adhikAra ke sAtha lekhanI calAI hai| ye kAzmIra dezIya kavi tathA 'dazAvatAra-carita' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA the| inhoMne rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kA saMkSipta varNana 'rAmAyaNa-maMjarI' evaM 'mahAbhArata-maMjarI' meM kiyA hai| inakA racanAkAla 1037 I0 hai| ina granthoM meM mUla granthoM kI kathAoM ko isa prakAra rakhA gayA hai jisase ki unake prAcIna pATha ko nirNIta karane meM pUrI suvidhA prApta ho ske| inhoMne rAjA zAlivAhana (hAla) ke sabhApaNDita guNADhya ke paizAcI bhASA meM likhita alaukika grantha kA 'bRhatkathA-maMjarI' ke nAma se saMskRta padya meM anuvAda kiyA hai| yaha grantha 18 lambakoM meM samApta huA hai jisameM pradhAna kathA ke atirikta aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI kahI gayI haiN| isakA nAyaka vatsarAja udayana kA putra naravAhanadatta hai jo apane bala-pauruSa se aneka gandhoM ko parAsta kara unakA cakravartitva prApta karatA hai| vaha aneka gandharva sundariyoM ke sAtha vivAha karatA hai / usakI paTarAnI kA nAma hai madanamaMcukA / isa kathA kA prArambha udayana evaM vAsavadattA ke romAMcaka AkhyAna se hotA hai| inakI dUsarI kathA-kRti 'bodhisattvAvadAna kalpalatA' hai| isameM bhagavAna buddha ke prAcIna jIvana se sambaddha kathAyeM padya meM varNita haiN| isameM 108 pallava yA kathAyeM haiM jinameM se antima pahaba kI racanA kSemendra kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unake putra somendra ne kI thii| 'dazAvatAracarita' meM kSemendra ne apane ko 'vyAsadAsa' likhA hai ( 10 // 41 ) / prasiddha AcArya abhinavagupta kSemendra ke guru the, jisakA ullekha 'bRhatkathAmaMjarI' meM hai ( 19:37 ) / ye kAzmIra ke do nRpoMananta ( 1018-1063 I.) evaM kalaza / 1063-1089) ke zAsanakAla meM vidyamAna the, ataH inakA samaya 11 vIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne 'aucityavicAraparcA',

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baDadeva mitra ] (156 ) [khaNDadeva mitra 'kavikaNThAbharaNa' evaM 'suvRttatilaka' nAmaka tIna kAvyazAstrIya grantha likhe haiM / ye aucitya sampradAya ke pravattaMka mAne jAte haiN| [ inake kAvyazAstrIya vicAra ke lie de0 A0 kSemendra ] kSemendra ke nAma para 33 grantha pracalita haiM, jinameM 18 prakAzita evaM 15 aprakAzita haiN| prakAzita granthoM kA nAma isa prakAra hai-rAmAyaNamaMjarI, bhAratamaMjarI, bRhatkathAmaMjarI, dazAvatAracarita, bauddhAvadAnakalpalatA, cAravazataka, dezopadeza, dapaMdalana, caturvargasaMgraha, kalAvilAsa, narmamAlA, kavikaNThAbharaNa, aucityavicAracarcA, suvRttatilaka, lokaprakAzakoSa, nItikalpatara evaM vyAsASTaka / aprakAzita racanAoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai-nRpAlI ( isakA nirdeza rAjataraMgiNI tathA kavikaSThAbharaNa meM hai ), zazivaMza mahAkAvya, pathakAdambarI, citrabhAratanATaka, lAvaNyamaMbarI, kanakajAnakI, muktAvalI, amRtatarajamahAkAvya, pavanapaMcAzikA, vinayavatI, munimatamImAMsA, nItilatA, avasarasAra, lalitaratnamAlA, kviknnikaa| inakI tIna saMdigdha racanAyeM bhI haiMhastiprakAza, spandanirNaya tathA spandasandoha / ___ upayukta granthoM kI saMkhyA se jJAta hotA hai ki kSemendra bahuvastusparzinI pratibhA se sampanna the| ina kRtiyoM meM inhoMne anekAneka viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| 'dazAvatAracarita' inakA prasiddha mahAkAvya hai jisameM viSNu ke dasa prasiddha avatAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhASA para kSemendra kA pUrNa prabhutva hai| inhoMne viSayAnurUpa bhASA kA prayoga kara use prANavanta banAyA hai| vyaMgya evaM hAsyotpAdaka racanA ke to ye saMskRta ke ekamAtra prayoktA haiN| AdhAra grantha-1. AcArya kSemendra-DaoN. manamohana gautama / 2. kSemendra-e sTaDIDaoN0 sUryakAnta shaastrii| khaNDadeva mitha-ye bhATTamata ke ( mImAMsA-darzana kA eka siddhAnta ) anuyAyI the| inakA janma kAzI meM huA thaa| inakA samaya (nidhana-kAla 1722) vikrama saMvat hai| paNDitarAja jagannAtha / 'rasagaMgAdhara' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha ke praNetA) ke pitA perabhaTTa ke ye guru the| sahadeva mizra ne bhATTa mata ke itihAsa. meM 'navyamata' kI sthApanA kara navayuga kA samArambha kiyA thaa| navyanyAya (nyAya darzana kI eka zAkhA) kI bhAMti inhoMne mImAMsA darzana meM 'navyamata' kI ubhAvanA kI thii| jIvana ke antima dinoM meM inhoMne saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma ruddeva thaa| saMnyAsI ho jAne ke pazcAt khaNDadeva mitra kA nAma 'zrIdharenayatIndra' ho gayA thaa| inhoMne tIna uccastarIya anyoM kI racanA kI hai, ve haiM-mImAMsA-kaustubha' ( bhATTakaustubha , 'bhATTadIpikA' evaM 'bhATTarahasya' / 'bhATTakostubha' mImAMsAsUtroM para racita vizada TIkA grantha hai| bhATTadIpikA inakA sarvottama grantha hai| isake Upara tIna TIkAe~ prApta hotI haiM-sammubhaTTaracita 'prabhAvalI, bhAskararAya kRta 'bhATTacandrikA' evaM vAmchezvarayambA praNIta 'bhAdRcintAmaNi' / 'bhATTarahasya' kA viSaya zAbdabodha hai| naiyAyika praNAlI para racita hone ke kAraNa isakI bhASA bhI duruha ho gayI hai| isa grantha meM prasaMgAnusAra lekhaka ne bhAvAvaM evaM lakArA prabhRti viSayoM kA vivecana mImAMsaka kI dRSTi se kiyA hai| sahadeva mImAMsA-darzana ke praur3ha saka hai|

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gaNeza ] ( 157 ) [ gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya AdhAra grantha - 1. bhAratIyadarzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. mImAMsA darzanapaM0 maNDana mizra / gaNeza - jyotiSazAstra ke AcAryaM / inakA janma 1517 I0 meM huA thA / inhoMne teraha varSa meM hI 'grahalAghava' nAmaka mahatvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI thI / inake mAtA-pitA kA nAma kramazaH lakSmI evaM kezava thaa| inake anya grantha haiM -- laghu tithi - cintAmaNi, bRhattithicintAmaNi, siddhAnta ziromaNiTIkA, lIlAvatITIkA, vivAhavRndAvana TIkA, muhuttatattvaTIkA, zrAddhAdinirNaya, chandArNavaTIkA, sudhIraraMjanItarjanIyantra, kRSNa janmASTamInirNaya, holikAnirNaya / sahAyaka grantha -- bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI | gadanigraha -- AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / isake racayitA kA nAma soDhala hai / ye gujarAta ke nivAsI tathA jozI the / inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai / gadanigraha dasa khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai jisake prathama khaNDa meM cUNaM, guTikA, avaleha, Asava, ghRta, tailaviSayaka cha: adhikAra haiM / isameM 585 ke lagabhaga yogoM kA saMgraha bhI hai tathA avaziSTa nau khaNDoM meM kAyacikitsA, zAlAkya, zalya, bhUtatantra, bAlatantra, viSatantra, vAjIkaraNa, rasAyana evaM paJcakarmAdhikAra nAmaka prakaraNa haiN| isameM aneka kalpoM kA bhI varNana hai-- suvarNakalpa, kuMkumakalpa, amlavetasakalpa | soDhala ne 'guNasaMgraha ' nAmaka cikitsAgrantha kI bhI racanA kI haiM jisameM apane kI vaidyanandana kA putra evaM saMghadayAlu kA ziSya batalAyA hai vatsagotrAnvayastatra vaidyanandananandanaH / ziSyaH saMghadayAlozca rAyakavAlavaMzajaH // soDhalAkhyo bhiSag bhAnupadapaGkajaSaTpadaH / cakAremaM cikitsAryA samagraM guNasaMgraham // gadanigraha kA hindI anuvAda sahita ( do bhAgoM meM ) prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana seho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha - Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya - navadvIpa ( baMgAla ) ke prasiddha navyanaiyAyikoM meM gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya kA nAma sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai / [ navyanyAya nyAya darzana kI eka zAkhA hai jisake pratiSThApaka haiM mithilA ke prasiddha naiyAyika gaMgeza upAdhyAya / de0 nyAyadarzana ] inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne raghunAtha ziromaNi ke suprasiddha grantha [ de0 raghunAtha ziromaNi navadvIpa ke prasiddha navyanyAyAcA ] 'dIkSiti' ke Upara vizada vyAkhyA -grantha kI racanA kI hai jo inake nAma para 'gAdAdharI' kI abhidhA se vikhyAta hai / inake dvArA racita granthoM kI saMkhyA 52 batalAyI jAtI hai / inhoMne udayanAcArya ke prasiddha grantha 'Atmata sva-viveka' evaM gaMgeza upAdhyAya ke 'tattvacintAmaNi' nAmaka granthoM kI TIkA likhI hai jo 'mUlagAdAdharI' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / 'tattvacintAmaNi' ke kucha hI bhAgoM para TIkA likhI gayI hai /

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garur3a purANa] . (158 ) [garur3a purANa 'zaktivAda' tathA 'vyutpattivAda' inake nyAyaviSayaka atyanta mahattvapUrNa maulika grantha haiM / 'zaktivAda' meM naiyAyikoM ke matAnusAra zaktigraha kaise hotA hai, isakA varNana hai| AdhAra gantha-bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / garur3a purANa -purANoM ke krama meM 17 vA puraann| yaha vaiSNava purANa hai jisakA nAmakaraNa, viSNu ke vAhana garur3a ( eka pakSI ) ke nAma para kiyA gayA hai| isameM viSNu ne garur3a ko vizva kI sRSTi kA upadeza diyA hai, ataH isI AdhAra para isakA nAma 'garuDapurANa' par3A hai| yaha hinduoM kA atyanta lokapriya evaM pavitra purANa hai kyoMki kisI vyakti kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zrAddhakarma ke avasara para isakA zravaNa Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM sabhI upayogI viSayoM kA samAveza hai, ataH . yaha bhI 'agnipurANa' kI bhAMti 'paurANika mahAkoza' mAnA jAtA hai| isake do vibhAga haiM-pUrvakhaNDa evaM uttarakhaNDa / pUrvakhaNDa meM adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA 229 evaM uttarakhaNa meM 35 hai| isakI zlokasaMkhyA 18 hajAra hai, para 'zrImadbhAgavata' evaM revAmAhAtmya' meM yaha saMkhyA 19 hamAra mAnI gayI hai / 'matsyapurANa' meM bhI isakI zlokasaMkhyA 11 hajAra batAyI gayI hai tathA usameM yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki garur3akalpa ke avasara para brahmANDa se garur3a kA janma huA thA jise viSNu ne 19 hajAra zlokoM meM kahA thaa| vaiSNava purANa hone ke kAraNa isakA mukhya dhyAna viSNu-pUjA, vaiSNavavrata, prAyazcita tathA tIyoM ke mAhAtmya-varNana para kendrita rahA hai| isameM purANaviSayaka sabhI tathyoM kA samAveza hai aura zakti-pUjA ke atirikta . paMcadevopAsanA (viSNa, ziva, durgA, sUrya tathA gaNeza) kI bhI vidhi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM 'rAmAyaNa', 'mahAbhArata' evaM 'harivaMza' ke pratipAdya viSayoM kI sUcI hai tathA sRSTikarma, jyotiSa, zakunavicAra, sAmudrikazAstra, Ayurveda, chanda, vyAkaraNa, ratnaparIkSA evaM nIti ke sambandha meM bhI vibhinna adhyAyoM meM tasya prastuta kiye gae haiN| . ___'garuDapurANa' meM yAjJavalkya dharmazAstra ke eka bar3e bhAga kA bhI samAveza hai tathA eka adhyAya meM pazucikitsA kI vidhi evaM nAnA prakAra ke rogoM ko haTAne ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI auSadhiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa purANa meM chandazAstra kA cha: adhyAyoM meM vivecana hai tathA eka adhyAya meM 'gItA' kA bhI sArAMza diyA gayA hai / adhyAya 108 se 115 taka rAjanIti kA savistara vivecana hai tathA eka adhyAya meM sAMkhyayoga kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake 144 veM adhyAya meM kRSNalIlA kahI gaI hai tathA AcArakANDa meM zrIkRSNa kI rukmiNI Adi ATha patniyoM kA ullekha hai, kintu unameM rAdhA kA nAma nahIM hai / . isake uttarakhaNDa meM, jise pretakalpa kahA jAtA hai, mRtyu ke uparAnta jIva kI vividha gatiyoM kA vistArapUrvaka ullekha hai| pretakalpa meM garbhAvasthA, naraka, yama, yamanagara kA mArga, pretagaNoM kA vAsasthAna, pretalakSaNa, pretayoni se mukti, pretoM kA svarUpa, manuSyoM kI Ayu, yamaloka kA vistAra, sapiNDIkaraNa kA vidhAna, vRSotsarga-vidhAna Adi vividha viSayoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'garur3apurANa' meM gayA kA mAhAtmya evaM isake bAda kA vizeSa rUpa se mahatva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya navama zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| DaoN. hAjarA ke

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godApariNayacampU ] ( 159 ) [ gopAlacampU anusAra isakA udbhavasthAna mithilA hai / isameM 'yAjJavalkya smRti' ke aneka kathana katipaya parivartana evaM pAThAntara ke sAtha saMgRhIta haiM / isake 107 veM adhyAya meM 'parAzarasmRti' kA sAra 381 zlokoM meM diyA gayA hai / --- AdhAra graMtha - 1. bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga-1, khaNDa - 2 - vinTaranitsa, 2. purANatasvamImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI, 3 purANa-vimarza- -A0 baladeva upAdhyAya, 4: purANam ( khaNDa 6, saMkhyA 1, janavarI 1964), 5. purANam (caturtha khaNDa ) pR0 354-355, 6. garur3apurANa viSayAnukramaNI - DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya, 7. iNDiyana hisTArikala kArTaralI / kalakattA ), jilda 6, 1930, pR0 553-60, 8. garuNapurANabeMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 9. garur3apurANa - hindI anuvAda ) zrI khUbacandrazarmAkRta anuvAda, navalakizora presa, lakhanaU / godA pariNayacampU - yaha campU kAvya zrIvedAdhinAthabhaTTAcArya kezavanAtha dvArA racita hai| isakA nirmANakAla satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| isameM pA~ca stabaka haiM aura tamila kI prasiddha kavayitrI godA ( ANDAla ) kA zrIraGgama ke devatA raMganAtha jI ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai / grantha ke Arambha meM godA kI vandanA kI gayI hai / kalyANaM karuNA sArazItalA pAMgavIkSaNe / kuvaMtI pAtu mAM nityaM godAvedAntadIpikA // 1 / 1 govindAnandajananIM komalArthapadAvalim | godA dadAtu me vANIM modAya kavicetasAm // 1 / 2 yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai / isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12230 meM prApta hotA hai / AdhAra grantha - campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / gopAla - rAjadharma ke nibandhakAra | inhoMne 'rAjanItikAmadhenu' nAmaka nibandha grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA jo samprati anupalabdha hai / inakA samaya 1000 I0 ke AsapAsa hai / rAjanIti nibandhakAroM meM gopAla sarvaprathama nibandhakAra ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| caNDezvarakRta 'rAjanItiratnAkara' evaM 'nibandharatnAkara' meM gopAla kI carcA kI gaI haigopAlasya ca kAmadhenurapaNaM kAmyArthadugdhaM svayaM, dugdhe svayamekasya bhavane sevyo na ratnAkaraH / AdhAra grantha - bhAratIya rAjazAstrapraNetA - DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / gopAlacampU - isake racayitA jIvarAja nAmaka kavi the jo mahAprabhu caitanya ke samakAlIna tathA parama vaiSNava the / ye mahArASTra nivAsI tathA bhAradvAja gotrotpanna kAmarAja ke pautra the / isameM kavi ne 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke AdhAra para gopAla ke carita kA varNana kiyA hai / svayaM kavi ne isa para TIkA bhI likhI hai / isakA prakAzana vRMdAvana se baMgAkSaroM meM huA hai tathA vivaraNa mitrA kaiTalaoNga, vAlU0 1 naM0 72 meM hai / kavi ke hI zabdoM meM isakA paricaya isa prakAra haiM /

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gautama] ( 160 ) [gaurI mAyUra mAhAtmya campU iti zrIvidvatkadambaherambasakalavipulakavikulatilakamahArASTradezavAridhisudhAnidhibhAradvAjakulakAsArarAjahaMsakAzIsthajagadguruzrImaddIkSitakavisomarAjasUrivarasUnuzrIkAmarAjasUrivaratanayazrIbrajarAjakavirAjAtmakabAlakavizrIjIvarAjaviracitAyAM campUvihArasamAkhyAyAM svanirmitagopAlacampUvyAkhyAyAM pUrvAdhaM samAptam / AdhAra grantha-campU-kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| gautama-[samaya vikrama pUrvacaturtha zataka] nyAyasUtra ke racayitA maharSi gautama haiM / de0 nyAyadarzana ] nyAyazAstra ke nirmANa kA zreya inheM hI diyA jAtA hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM mata vibhinnatA bhI kama nahIM hai / 'papapurANa' (uttarakhana badhyAya 266), 'skandapurANa' ( kAlikAkhaNDa, adhyAya 17 ), 'naiSadhacarita' (sarga 17 ) 'gAndhavaMtantra' tathA 'vizvanAthavRtti' prabhRti pranyoM meM gautama ko hI nyAyazAstra kA pravartaka kahA gayA para, ThIka isake viparIta katipaya granthoM meM akSapAda ko nyAyazAstra kA racayitA batalAyA gayA hai / aise anyoM meM 'nyAyabhASya', 'nyAyavAttikatAtparyaTIkA' tathA 'nyAyamanjarI' ke nAma haiM / eka tIsarA mata kavivara bhAsa kA hai jinake anusAra nyAyazAstra ke racayitA medhAtithi haiN| prAcIna vidvAnoM ne gautama ko hI akSapAda kahA hai aura isa sambandha meM eka kathA bhI prasiddha hai / [de0 hindI tarka bhASA-bhUmikA pR0 20-21 A0 vizvezvara] para, Adhunika vidvAnoM ne isa sambandha meM aneka vivAdAspada vicAra vyakta kiye haiM jisase yaha prazna adhika ulajha gayA hai| DaoN0 surendranAthadAsa gupta ne apane prasiddha grantha 'hisTrI oNpha iNiyana philaoNsaphI' bhAga 2 pR. 393-94 meM gautama ko kAlpanika vyakti mAnakara nyAyasUtra kA praNetA akSapAda ko svIkAra kiyA hai| para, vidvAn inake mata se sahamata nahIM haiM / 'mahAbhArata' meM gautama aura medhAtithi ko abhinna mAnA gayA hai| medhAtithimahAprAjJo gautamastapasi sthitaH / zAntiparva, adhyAya 265 / 45 , yahAM eka nAma vaMzabodhaka tathA dvitIya nAmabodhaka hai| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna nyAyazAstra ke vikAsa kI do dhArAoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai jisake anusAra prAcIna nyAya kI do paddhatiyAM thIM-adhyAtmapradhAna evaM takaMpradhAna / inameM prathama dhArA ke pravartaka gautama evaM dvitIya ke pratiSThApaka akSapAda mAne gaye haiN| isa prakAra prAcIna nyAya kA nirmANa maharSi gautama aura akSapAda ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke sammilita prayala kA phala hai| hindI taka bhASA-bhUmikA pR0 24 / ___ nyAyasUtra meM pAMca adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya do AhnikoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM SoDaza padArthoM kA vivecana hai-pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, prayojana, dRSTAnta, siddhAnta, avayava, tarka, nirNaya, vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti evaM nigrahasthAna / inake vivaraNa ke lie de0 nyAyadarzana / sandarbha-1. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya, 2. hindI takabhASA-A0 vizvezvara / gaurI mAyUra mAhAtmya campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA appA dIkSita haiN| ye mayUravaram ke nikaTa kinapura ke rahane vAle the| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima evaM aTThArahavIM zatAbdI kA Adi caraNa hai| yaha campU pAMca taraGgoM meM vibhakta

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gaGgAdevI ( 161 ) gaMgeza upAdhyAya hai aura sUta tathA RSiyoM ke vArtAlApa ke rUpa meM racita hai| yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalaoNga 4035 meM prApta hotA hai| kavi ne pustaka ke sambandha meM isa prakAra kahA hai : bhojAdibhiH kRtapadaM kavibhimahadbhizcampUktisaudhamadhiroDhumahaM yatiSye / niHzaGkamambaratalaM patataH pataMtrirAjasya mArgamanusatumivANDajonyaH / / 115 AdhAra grantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| __ gaGgAdevI-ye saMskRta kI kavayitrI haiN| inhoMne 'madhurAvijaya' yA 'vIrakamparAyacarita' nAmaka aitihAsika kAvya kI racanA kI hai| ye vijayanagara ke rAjA kampaNa kI mahiSI evaM mahArAja buka kI putravadhU thiiN| inhoMne vIra evaM parAkramI pati kI vijayayAtrA kA isa mahAkAvya meM varNana kiyA hai| yaha kAvya adhUrA hai aura ATha sau taka hI prApta hotA hai| isakI zailI alaMkRta evaM zabda cayana sundara hai / eka udAharaNa vanabhuvaH paritaH pavaneritainavajapAkusumaiH kuladIpikAH / prathamameva nRpasya nidezato, bijayinasturagAnanirAjayan // gaMgAvataraNa campU prabandha-isa campU ke praNetA zaMkara dIkSita haiN| inake vivaraNa ke lie de0 zaMkara cetovilAsa campU / isa cammU meM kavi ne sAta ucchvAsoM meM gaMgAvataraNa kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| isakI zailI anuprAsamayI hai| kavi ne prArambha meM vAlmIki, kAlidAsa evaM bhavabhUti prabhRti kaviyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| inhoMne 'pradyumna vijaya' nAmaka grantha kI bhI racanA kI thii| 'gaMgAvataraNacampU' ke anta meM sagara-putroM kI mukti kA varNana kiyA gayA haikapilamunisukopaprauDhadAvAnalodyala-lalitatarazikhAbhiH pluSTa sarvAMgasArAH / bhasitalasitadehAH sAgarA valgugaMgA-caraNazaraNacittA muktibhAvaM gatAste // 7 / 95 / / yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa iNDiyA oNphisa kaiTalaoNga 7,404 / 114 DI0 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| gaMgeza upAdhyAya-nyAyadarzana ke antargata navyanyAya nAmaka zAkhA ke pravattaMka prasiddha maithila naiyAyika AcArya gaMgeza upAdhyAya haiN| inhoMne 'tasvacintAmaNi' nAmaka yugapravartaka grantha kI racanA kara nyAyadarzana meM yugAntara kA Arambha kiyA thA aura usakI dhArA hI palaTa dI thii| "navyanyAya' [ de0 nyAyadarzana ] bhAratIya darzana kA adbhuta siddhAnta hai jisameM bhAratIya vaiduSya evaM takaMpati kA caramavikAsa dikhAI par3atA hai| navyanyAya meM prAcIna naiyAyikoM kI sUtrazailI kA parityAga kara svatantra rUpa se grantha nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| isameM padArthoM (nyAya ke SoDaza padArthoM, de0 nyAyadarzana ) meM se kucha ko adhika mahatva diyA gayA aura kucha kI mahattA kame kara dI gyii| isa zAkhA meM prakaraNa granthoM kI adhika racanA huI hai| zAstra ke eka aMza ke pratipAdaka tathA anya 11 saM0 sA0

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gArgya ] ( 162 ) [ gAlava zAstroM ke Avazyaka evaM upayogI aMzoM kA pratipAdana karanevAle grantha prakaraNa-grantha ke nAma se abhihita kiye jAte haiN| gaMgeza upAdhyAya ne 1200 I0 ke Asa-pAsa 'tattvacintAmaNi' kA praNayana kiyA thA / isa grantha meM cAra khaNDa haiM jinameM pratyakSAdi cAra pramANoM kA pRthak-pRthak khaNDoM meM vivecana hai / mUla grantha kI pRSTha saMkhyA 300 pRSTha hai para isake Upara racI gayI TIkAoM kI pRSTha-saMkhyA daza lAkha se bhI adhika hai / isa para pakSadhara mizra ( 13 zataka kA antima caraNa ) ne 'Aloka' nAmnI TIkA kI racanA kI hai / gaMgeza ke putra vardhamAna upAdhyAya ne bhI apane pitA kI kRti para TIkA likhI hai jisakA nAma 'prakAza' hai / ye apane pitA ke hI samAna bahuta bar3e naiyAyika the / 1 AdhAragrantha - 1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI - bhAga 2 -- DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan pR0 39-41 2. bhAratIyadarzana- -A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. hindI tarka bhASA - A0 vizvezvara / gArgya - pANini ke pUrvavartI saMskRtavaiyAkaraNa / paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 3100 vi0 pU0 hai / pANinikRta aSTAdhyAyI meM inakA ullekha tIna sthAnoM para hai aGgAyaMgAlavayoH / 7 / 3 / 99 oto gAgyaMsya | 8|3|20 nodAttasvaritodaya magAgyaM kAzyapagAlavAnAm / 8 / 4 / 67 inake matoM ke uddharaNa 'Rk prAtizAkhya' tathA 'vAjasaneya prAtizAkhya' meM prApta hote haiM jinase inake vyAkaraNaviSayaka grantha kI por3hatA kA paricaya milatA hai / inakA nAma gaM thA aura ye prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa bhAradvAja ke putra the yAskakRta 'nirukta' meM bhI eka / atri nAmadhArI vyakti kA ullekha hai tathA 'sAmaveda' ke padapATha ko bhI gAyaM racita kahA gayA haiM / mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra nirukta meM uddhRta matavAle gAyaM evaM vaiyAkaraNa gArgya abhinna hai / na sarvANIti gAyoM tatra nAmAni sarvANyAkhyAtajAnIti zAkaTAyano nairukta vaiyAkaraNAnAM caike // nirukta 1 / 12 // prAcIna vAGmaya meM gAgyaM racita kaI granthoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, ve haiM'nirukta', 'sAmaveda' kA padapATha, 'zAlAkyatantra' 'bhUvarNana' 'takSazAstra,' 'lokAyatazAstra,' 'devarSicarita' evaM 'sAmatantra' / inameM sabhI grantha vaiyAkaraNa gAgyaM ke hI haiM yA nahIM yaha vicAraNIya viSaya hai / 1 AdhAragrantha - saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa - paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / gAlava--saMskRta ke prAkUpANini vaiyAkaraNa / paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 3100 vi0 pU0 hai / AcArya gAlava kA pANini ne cAra sthAnoM para ullekha kiyA hai aSTAdhyAyI 6 3 61 6 4 67, 771 / 74 tathA aD gAgyaMgAlavayoH 7 / 3 / 99 / anyatra bhI inakI carcA kI gayI hai, jaise 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva ( 342 103, 104 ) meM gAlava 'kramapATha' tathA 'zikSApATha' ke pravaktA ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / inhoMne vyAkaraNa ke atirikta anyAnya granthoM kI bhI racanA kI thI jinake nAma haiM - saMhitA',

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gItA ] ( 163 ) [ gItA 'brAhmaNa', 'kramapATha', 'zikSA', 'nirukta', 'daivatagrantha', 'zAlAkyatantra', 'kAmasUtra' tathA 'bhUvarNana' / suzruta ke TIkAkAra ulhaNa ke anusAra gAlava dhanvantari ke ziSya the / inake pitA kA nAma galu yA galava mAnA jAtA hai / bhagavaddatta jI ke anusAra ye zAkalya ke ziSya the / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 - paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka 2. vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa bhAga 2 - paM0 bhagavaddatta / gItA - yaha svatantra grantha na hokara 'mahAbhArata' ke bhISmaparva kA aMza hai / isakA praNayana maharSi vedavyAsa ne kiyA hai / [ de0 vyAsa ] isameM 700 zloka evaM 18 adhyAya haiM tathA naitika, vyAvahArika evaM AdhyAtmika tInoM prakAra kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 'gItA' meM mukhyataH upaniSada, sAMkhya, karmamImAMsA, yoga, pAcarAtra Adi ke dArzanika tatvoM kA atyanta prAnjala evaM subodha bhASA meM AdhyAtmika samanvaya upasthita kiyA gayA hai / isakI mahattA isI se pramANita hotI hai ki bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne prasthAnatrayI ke antargata ise sthAna diyA aura ise vahI gaurava prApta huA jo 'brahmasUtra' aura upaniSadoM ko milA thA / isa para prAcIna samaya se hI anekAneka bhASya likhe gae aura Adhunika yuga taka vidvAnoM ne isa para TIkAoM evaM bhASyoM kI racanA kI hai / vibhinna matAvalambI AcAryoM ne apane mata kI puSTi ke lie gItA para bhASya likhakara apane siddhAnta kI zreSThatA pramANita kI hai jinameM zaMkara, rAmAnuja, tilaka, gAMdhI, aravinda, rAdhAkRSNana evaM vinobAbhAve ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / na kevala bhArata meM apitu vizva ke aneka unnata dezoM meM bhI gItA kI lokapriyatA banI huI hai aura saMsAra kI aisI koI bhI bhASA nahIM hai jisameM isakA anuvAda na huA ho / vizva ke aneka vidvAnoM ne muktakaNTha se isakI prazaMsA kI hai / viliyama baoNna hambolTa ke anusAra yaha "sabase sundara aura yathArtha arthoM meM saMbhavataH ekamAtra dArzanika gIta hai jo kisI jJAta bhASA meM likhA gayA ho / " gItA meM kartavyaniSThA kA jo saMdeza diyA gayA hai usakA kSetra sArvabhauma hai tathA usakA AdhAra hindU dharma kA dArzanika vicAra hai / isameM na kevala dArzanika vicAradhArA kA AkhyAna kiyA gayA hai apitu bhakti ke prati utsAha tathA dhArmika bhAvanA kI madhuratA kA bhI samyak nirUpaNa hai / gItA kA svarUpa-vidhAna dArzanika paddhati evaM ucca kAvyAtmaka preraNA kA madhyavartI hai| isameM dArzanika vicAra ko kAvya kA rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai jisake kAraNa isakA prabhAva akhaNDa hai tathA isakI lokapriyatA bhI banI huI hai / isameM jIvana kI samasyA kA prayatnasAdhya bauddhika samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai, ataH isameM dArzanika sujhAvoM kA rUpa prApta nahIM hotaa| isakI yojanA ke pIche mAnasika avyavasthA tathA Antarika klezoM ke nivAraNa kI bhAvanA kriyAzIla hai tathA jIvana kI jaTila paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karane ke lie sudRr3ha AdhAra taiyAra kiyA gayA hai / gItA kI racanA aise samaya meM huI thI jaba mahAbhArata kA hone vAlA thA / pANDakeM aura kauravoM kI senAe~ kurukSetra ke pralayaMkarI saMgrAma prArambha maidAna meM A DaTI thiiN|

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gItA }. ( 164 ) [ gItA jaba zrIkRSNa ne arjuna ke ratha ko raNakSetra ke madhya lAkara khar3A kiyA aura donoM ora sebherI, mRdaMga Adi kI tumula dhvani hone lagI to arjuna donoM dala ke vyaktiyoM ko dekhakara, jisameM apane hI vaMza ke loga lar3ane ke lie prastuta the, socane lage ki yaha yuddha anucita tathA apane vaMza kA saMhAra karane vAlA hai| unake sAmane yahI samasyA utpanna huI ki maiM yuddha karUM yA na karU~ / isI viSama samasyA ke samAdhAna ke rUpa meM gItA kA udaya huA hai| isakI racanA zrIkRSNa aura arjuna ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM huI hai / kRSNa ne arjuna ke mana meM utpanna bhrama kA AdhyAtmikaM samAdhAna prastuta kara unheM yuddha meM pravRtta kiyA tathA isa kArya ke lie aisI uktiyA~ prastuta kIM jinakA prabhAva unake mana para sthAyI rahA / zrIkRSNa ne tatvajJAna prastuta kiyA tathA naitika dRSTi se kA amaratva pratipAdita karate hue zrIkRSNa ne gItA ke mAdhyama se jIvana kA manohara yuddha kI anivAryatA siddha kii| AtmA kahA ki "jo puruSa AtmA ko maranevAlA samajhatA hai, aura jo ise marA mAnatA hai, ve donoM hI jAnate nahIM; AtmA maratA hai, na 2 / 19 / / yadi AtmA sadA janma-maraNa ke bandhana meM pha~sA hai, to kAraNa nahIM, maranA to ina sabako hai hI, thor3e samaya kA Age pIche 2 / 26 / mArA jAtA hai / bhI mRtyu zoka kA kA bheda hI hai / " gItA kA adhyAtmapakSa - gItA meM brahma ke saguNa evaM nirguNa ubhaya rUpoM kA varNana hai tathA donoM ko abhinna mAnA gayA hai sarvendriyaguNAbhAsaM sarvendriyavivarjitam / asaktaM sarvabhRccaiva nirguNaM guNabhoktR ca / / 13 / 14 // isameM brahmatatva kA vivecana upaniSadoM ke hI samAna hai tathA eka mAtra brahma kI hI mUlasattA svIkAra kI gayI hai / brahmANDa meM jo kucha bhI ho rahA hai vaha saba brahma kI hI mUlasattA svIkAra kI gayI hai / brahmANDa meM jo kucha bhI ho rahA hai vaha sava brahma kI hI zakti se ho rahA hai / zrIkRSNa ne apane ko brahma se abhinna batalAyA hai / brahma sat hai, asat hai aura sat tathA asat se pare bhI hai - sadasat tatparaM yat 1137 / vaha bhUtoM ke bAhara evaM bhItara donoM sthAnoM para hai tathA cara, acara, dUrastha evaM antikastha hai13|15 | bhagavAn jagat kI utpatti tathA layasthAna hai vaha samasta prANiyoM meM nivAsa karatA hai | bhagavAna meM sArA jagat anusyUta haiN| isameM bhagavAn ke do bhAva kahe gae haiM- apara tathA pr| jaba Izvara eka hI bhAva se, eka hI aMza se yogamAyA se yukta rahakara jagat meM abhivyakta hotA hai yA eka aMza se hI jagat meM vyApta rahatA hai to use apara bhAva yA vizvAnuga rUpa kahA jAtA hai / 'parantu bhagavAn kevala jaganmAtra nahIM hai, pratyut vaha ise atikramaNa karane vAle bhI haiN| yaha unakA vAstava rUpa hai / isa anuttama, avyaktarUpa kA nAma hai - parabhAva, vizvAtigaH rUpa / " bhAratIya darzana pR0 98 / gItA ke anusAra brahma aisI ananta sattA hai jo sabhI sImita padArthoM meM AdhAra rUpa se vidyamAna hai aura unameM jIvana kA saMcAra karatI hai | hI jIvatatva - jIva caitanya hai aura vaha paramAtmA kI parAprakRti yA utkRSTa vibhUti hai / kRta karmoM kA phala dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa ise 'kSetra' kahate haiM tathA kSetra kA

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gItA] ( 165 ) [gItA jAtA 'kSetrajJa' kahA jAtA hai| "yaha AtmA kisI kAla meM bhI na janmatA hai aura na maratA hai / athavA yaha hokara phira na hogA, aisA bhI nahIM hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para isakA nAza nahIM hotA / " 2 / 20 / / - gItA AtmA ko amara aura sanAtana mAnatI hai / yaha anAdi, akhaNDa, kAlAvAdhita aura svayambhU hai| zarIra asthAyI evaM kSaNika hai para AtmA ajara aura amara / jIva nAnA hokara bhI eka hai| jisa prakAra manuSya jINaM vastra ko utAra kara navIna vastra dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra jIva prArabdha bhoga ke dvArA jINaM zarIra kA tyAga kara navIna zarIra prApta karatA hai| svayaM avikAra, acchedya, adAhya, akledya, azojya tathA nitya, sarvavyApI acala evaM sanAtana hai / jIva paramezvara kA hI sanAtana aMza hai ___mamaivAMzo jIvaloke jIvabhUtaH sanAtanaH // 157 jagat tattva-jagat kI utpatti, sthiti evaM laya ke kAraNa bhagavAn haiN| bhagavAn hI saba bhUtoM ke sanAtana bIja haiN| jisa prakAra bIja vRkSa se utpanna hokara punaH bIja meM hI vilIna ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra yaha jagat bhI bhagavAn se utpanna hokara usameM hI lIna ho jAtA hai| gItA sAMkhya ke pratikUla bhagavAn ko hI prakRti kA adhyakSa svIkAra karatI hai| isake anusAra jagat na to kAlpanika hai aura na mAyika hI apitu yaha satya aura yathArtha hai| - gItA aura sAMkhyayoga-gItA bhinna-bhinna bhAratIya mArgoM kA samanvaya upasthita karatI hai / isake anusAra sAMkhya aura yoga meM bheda nahIM hai, donoM eka haiN| kRSNa ne apane ko vyAsa aura kapila donoM kahA hai| 13 veM adhyAya meM prakRti aura puruSa ko 'kSetra' tathA 'kSetrajJa' kahA gayA hai evaM donoM ke jJAna ko hI vAstavika jJAna mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya meM puruSa aura prakRti meM bheda mAnA gayA hai tathA mUla prakRti ko eka mAna kara puruSa bahutva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| gItA meM bhI sarvatra puruSa bahutva mAnya hai tathA kahA gayA hai ki prakRti kA vikAsa guNoM kA sAmaMjasya TUTane se hotA hai / puruSa aura prakRti ke bheda ko svIkAra kara batAyA gayA hai ki prakRti ke saMyoga se puruSa svayaM bandhana meM par3a jAtA hai| gItA puruSa aura prakRti meM bheda karane ko hI bandhana se chUTanA mAnatI hai / ___gItA aura yoga-arjuna kRSNa ko yogI kaha kara sambodhita karate haiM tathA unheM yogezvara bhI kahA gayA hai| kRSNa ne apanI vibhUtiyoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki "arjuna ! maiM saba bhUtoM ke hRdaya meM sthita AtmA hU~, saba bhUtoM kA Adi, madhya aura anta maiM hI huuN|" yoga-darzana meM yama aura niyama ko yoga kA prAthamika tattva mAnA gayA hai| gItA bhI devI sampatti vAloM ke guNoM kA varNana karate samaya yama aura niyama ko sammilita karatI hai tathA mana ko kAbU meM lAne ke lie abhyAsa aura vairAgya kA sahArA letI hai / yoga-darzana aura gItA meM antara yaha hai ki pataMjali ne ne dhyAna ko kama se UMcA sthAna diyA hai jabaki gItA meM niSkAma karma ko jJAna tathA dhyAna se bar3hakara mAnA gayA hai| gItA karma-phala-tyAga para bala detI hai| gItA aura mImAMsA-pUrvamImAMsA kI bhAMti gItA meM bhI dharmatattva para vicAra kiyA

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gopathabrAhmaNa] (166 ) [gopathabrAhmaNa gayA hai| kRSNa arjuna ko sabhI dharmoM kA tyAga kara apanI zaraNa meM Ane kA saMdeza dete haiN| gItA yajJa ke mahatva ko bhI svIkAra karatI hai| 'brahmasadA yajJa meM pratiSThita hai' / "yajJa se bace hue ko khAnevAle santa saba pApoM se chUTa jAte haiM; jo pApI apane lie pakAte haiM, ve to pApa hI khAte haiN|" - gItA kA vyavahAra pakSa-adhyAtmapakSa kI bhA~ti gItA kA vyavahArapakSa bhI atyanta ramaNIya hai| isameM karma, jJAna evaM bhakti tInoM ko mahattva pradAna kara inakA samanvaya kiyA hai tathA kAma, krodha tathA lobha ko patana kA mArga batAyA gayA hai| gItA kama-yoga kA pratipAdana karatI huI niSkAma karma para bala detI hai| isake kama yoga ke tIna sopAna haiM-phalAkAMkSA kA varjana kartRtva ke abhimAna kA tyAga tathA iishvraapnn| karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana / mA karmaphalaheturbhUrmA te saGgo'stvakarmaNi / / 2 / 47 yaha karmayoga kA mahAmantra hai jisameM karma kA tyAga na kara karmaphala kA tyAga varNita hai / pake karmayogI ke lie gItA jJAna evaM bhakti ke avalambana kA bhI sandeza detI hai| jJAnI puruSa hI niSkAma karma kI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai aura bhaktibhAva ke prAdhAnya se hI Izvara meM kamI kA samarpaNa saMbhava hai| gItA ke jJAnayoga meM sarvabhUtoM meM eka Atmatatva kA darzana varNita hai| sarvabhUtoM meM AtmA kA darzana karane vAlA puruSa 'samadarzana' kahA jAtA hai| aise vyakti kI dRSTi meM vidyAvinaya sampanna brAhmaNa, baila, cANDAla, hAthI tathA kuttA samAna hote haiN| ___ gItA ke chaThe adhyAya meM dhyAna yoga kA varNana hai| caMcala mana ko ekAgra karane ke lie isameM Asana, prANAyAma Adi yogika sAdhanoM ke prayoga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai, isameM yogI kA mahatva tapasvI, jJAnI aura karmI se bhI adhika hai| isalie bhagavAn arjuna ko banane kI mantraNA dete haiM / bhaktiyoga isakA sarvottama tattva hai / yaha rAjaguhya yA samasta vidyAmoM kA rahasya hai| bhakti hI gItA kA hRdaya hai tathA binA bhakti ke manuSya kA jIvana apUrNa hai| ananyA bhakti ke dvArA hI jIva bhagavAn ko pratyakSa dekha sakatA hai| jJAnI bhakta ko bhagavAn ne AtmA kahA hai| gItA kama, yoga, jJAna evaM bhakti ko svatantra sAdhana-saraNi na mAnakara sabakA samanvaya karatI hai tathA AdhyAtmika patha ke lie sabako upayukta samajhatI hai| AdhAra mantha-1. gItA-tilakakRta bhASya (hindI anuvAda ) 2. gItA-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kRtabhASya (hindI anuvAda) 3. gItA para nibandha-aravinda (hindI anuvAda) 4 gItA-gItA presa gorakhapura 5. bhAratIya darzana-A. baladeva upAdhyAya 6. darzana saMgraha-DaoN. dIvAna canda 7. bhAratIya darzana-DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan bhAga 1. ( hindI anuvAda) 8. gItA-(hindI bhASya 3 khar3oM meM ) ma. ma. paM. giridhara zarmA cturvedii| gopathabrAhmaNa-yaha 'atharvaveda' kA eka mAtra brAhmaNa hai / isake do bhAga haiMpUrvagopatha evaM uttaragopatha / prathama bhAga meM pAMca adhyAya yA prapAThaka haiM evaM dvitIya meM

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govinda caritAmRta] / 167 ) [gautama dharmasUtra 6 adhyAya / prapAThaka kaNDikAoM meM vibhakta haiM jinakI saMkhyA 258 hai| yaha brAhmaNoM meM sabase paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| isake racayitA gopaya RSi haiN| yAska ne isake mantroM ko 'nirukta' meM uddhRta kiyA hai, isase isakI nirukta' se pUrvabhAvitA siddha hotI hai| blUmaphIlDa ne ise 'vaitAnasUtra' se barvAcIna mAnA hai, kintu DaoN. kailega evaM koSa ke mata se yaha prAcIna hai| isakA anumAnita samaya vi0 pU0 cAra hajAra varSa hai| isameM 'atharvaveda' kI mahimA kA bakhAna karate hue use sabhI vedoM meM zreSTha batAyA gayA hai| isake prathama prapAThaka meM oMkAra evaM gAyatrI kI mahimA pradarzita kI gayI hai| dvitIya prapAThaka meM brahmacArI ke niyamoM kA varNana tathA tRtIya aura caturtha meM RtvijoM ke kAryakalApa evaM dIkSA kA kathana hai| pancama prapAThaka meM samvatsara kA varNana hai tathA anta meM azvamedha, puruSamedha, agniSToma Adi anya yajJa varNita haiN| uttara bhAga kA viSaya utanA suvyavasthita nahIM hai| isameM vividha prakAra ke yazoM evaM unase sambaddha kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI isameM aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya bhare hue haiN| ___ AdhAra prantha-1. atharvaveda eNDa gopatha brAhmaNa-blUmaphIlDa 2. atharvaveda aura gopatha brAhmaNa-( upayukta grantha kA hindI anuvAda ) anu. ga. sUryakAnta 1965, pokhambA prakAzana 3. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti bA. baladeva upAdhyAya / - govinda caritAmRta-isa mahAkAvya kI racanA zrI kRSNadAsa kavirAja ne kI hai| isameM 23 sarga evaM 2511 zloka haiM / kavi ne rAdhAkRSNa kI aSTakAlika lIlAboM kA isameM varNana kiyA hai| inhoMne baMgalA meM caitanya mahAprabhu kI jIvanI 'caitanya paritAmRta' ke nAma se likhI hai| ___ gautama dharmasUtra-yaha dharmasUtroM meM prAcInatama grantha hai / isake adhyetA, vizeSataH 'sAmaveda' ke anuyAyI hote the| kumArila ke anusAra isakA sambandha sAmaveda se hai| paraNabyUha kI TIkA se jJAta hotA hai ki gautama sAmaveda kI rANAyanIya bAbA kI nI bhavAntara zAkhAoM meM se eka upavibhAga ke AcArya the| sAmaveda ke lATyAyama bhautasUtra (1 // 3 // 3, 1 / 4 / 17) evaM drAhmAyaNa zrotasUtra (1,4,1779,3, 14) meM bautama nAmaka AcArya kA kaI bAra ullekha hai tathA sAmavedIya 'gobhila grahmAstra' meM (16) unake udaraNa vidyamAna haiN| isase bAta hotA hai ki zrIta, gRha kyA dharma ke simAntoM kA samanvita rUpa 'gautamasUtra' thaa| isa para haradatta ne TIkA lisI bii| isakA nira yAjJavalkya, kumArila, zaGkarAcArya evaM medhAtithi dvArA kiyA gayA hai| gautama yAka ke paravartI haiN| unake samaya meM pANini-vyAkaraNa yA to thA hI nahIM aura yadipA bhI to usakI mahattA sthApita na ho sakI thii| isa sabakA patA paudhAvana evaM basiSTha ko thaa| isase isakA racanAkAla IsA pUrva 4.0-6.. / TIkAkAra haradatta ke anusAra isameM 28 adhyAya halcAra sampUrNa pada gama meM ravi hai| isakI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai-dharma ke upAdAna, mUla vastuoM kI mAlA ke niyama, pAro boM ke upanayana kA kAla, yajJopavitavihIna vyaktiyoM niyama, parIke niyama, gRhastha ke niyama, vivAha kA samaya, paravA tavA vivAha bATho prakAra,

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caturbhANI] (168) [caturbhANI vivAhoparAnta saMbhoga ke niyama, brAhmaNa kI vRttiyA~, 40 saMskAra, apamAna lekha, gAlI, AkramaNa, cora, balAtkAra tathA kaI jAtiyoM ke vyakti ke lie corI ke niyama, RNa dene, sUdakhorI, viparIta samprApti, daNDa dene ke viSaya meM brAhmaNoM kA vizeSA. vikAra, janma-maraNa ke samaya apavitratA ke niyama, nAriyoM ke kataMvya, niyoga tathA unakI dazAeM pAMca prakAra ke bAda tathA zrAddha ke samaya na bulAye jAne vAle vyaktiyoM ke niyama, prAyazcitta ke avasara evaM kAraNa, brahmahatyA, balAtkAra, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, gAya yA kisI anya pazu kI hatyA se utpanna pApoM ke prAyazcitta, pApiyoM kI zreNiyAM, mahApAtaka, upapAtaka tathA donoM ke lie gupta prAyazcitta, cAndrAyaNavrata, sampattivibhAjana, strIdhana, dvAdaza prakAra ke putra tathA vasIyata Adi / sarva prathama DaoN. sTejlara dvArA 1876 I0 meM kalakatA se prakAzita, haradatta kI TIkA ke sAtha bhAskarI bhASya maisUra se prakAzita, aMgarejI anuvAda sekreDa buksa oNpha IsTa bhAga 2 meM DaoN0 buhalara dvArA prakAzita ] ____ gautamadharmasUtra (mUla evaM hindI anuvAda)-anuvAdaka DaoN. umezacandra caukhambA prakAzana / caturbhANI--yaha guptayuga meM racita cAra bhANoM meM ( rUpaka ke prakAra ) saMgraha hai| ve haiM--'ubhayAbhisArikA', 'papraprAbhUtaka', 'pAdatADitaka' evaM 'dhUtaM viTa-saMvAda' / inake racayitA kramazaH vararuci, zUdraka, zyAmilaka evaM Izvaradatta hai| 'padmaprAbhRtaka' evaM 'pAda tAhika' kA kAryakSetra ujjayinI tathA 'dhUtaM viTa-saMvAda' aura 'ubhayAbhisArikA' kA kAryastha. pATaliputra hai| sabhI bhANoM kA viSaya samAna hai aura inameM zRGgAra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai| inameM vezyAoM tathA unake phere meM par3ane vAle vyaktiyoM kI acchIburI bAve bharI huI haiN| ga. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne batAyA hai ki inameM tatkAlIna bhArata kI sAMskRtikanidhi par3I huI hai tathA inake varNanoM meM sthApatya, citra, vastra, meSa-bhUSA, sAnapAna, nRtya, saMgIta, kalA, ziSTAcAra Adi se sambaTa atyanta rocaka evaM upAdeva sAmagrI hai / gupta-yuga kI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi ko samajhane ke lie inabhANoM kI upayogitA saMdigdha hai| caturbhANI ke sampAdaka. motIcandra ke anusAra inakA samaya caturtha zatAbdI kA anta evaM pAMcavIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai| isake lekhakoM ne tatkAlIna samAja ke abhijAtavarga kI kAmukatA evaM vilAsitA ke Upara phabatiyAM kasate hue unakA majAka ur3AyA hai| yatratatra inameM azlIlatA bhI dikhAI phar3atI hai kintu viToM tathA AkAzabhASita pAtroM ko saMbAdalI kI manoharA, hAsya evaM vyaMgya ke samakSa yaha doSa daba jAtA hai| 7. motIcana ne batAyA hai ki inameM Adhunika banArasI dalAloM, guNDoM evaM manacaloM kI bhASA kA bAbhAsa hotA hai| saMskRta-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM caturbhANI kA, mahattva asaMdigdha hai| lekhakoM ne tatkAlIna samAja ke durbala pakSa para vyaMga karate hue atyanta jIvanta sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| caturbhANI kA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana hindI grantha ralAkara bambaI se

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cakradatta] [caNDezvara huA hai| anuvAdaka evaM sampAdaka haiM-DaoN0 sva. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla evaM DaoN. motIcandra] cakradatta-AyurvedazAstra kA prasiddha grantha / isa grantha ke racayitA kA nAma cakrapANi datta hai| inakA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI hai / lekhaka ke pitA kA nAma nArAyaNa thA jo gaur3Adhipati nayapAla kI pAkazAlA ke adhikArI the| cakrapANi sarvatomukhI pratibhA ke vyakti the| inhoMne vaidyaka granthoM ke atirikta zizupAlavadha, kAdambarI, dazakumAracarita evaM nyAyasUtra kI bhI TIkA likhI thii| cikitsAzAstrAviSayaka inake granthoM ke nAma haiM--vaidyakoSa, AyurvedadIpikA (naraka kI TIkA), bhAnumati (suzruta kI TIkA ) dravyaguNasaMgraha, sArasaMgraha, vyaMgyadaridrazubhaMkaraNam tathA cakradatta (cikitsAsaMgraha ) / cakradatta ko lekhaka ne "cikitsAsaMgraha' kahA hai para vaha cakradatta ke hI nAma se vikhyAta hai| isa grantha kI racanA vRnda kRta 'siddhayoga' ke AdhAra para huI hai| isameM vRnda kI apekSA yogoM kI saMkhyA adhika prApta hotI hai tathA bhasmoM aura dhAtuoM kA prayoga bhI adhika hai| isa para zrI nizcala ne ratnaprabhA tathA zivadAsa sena ne tattvacandrikA nAmaka TIkAyeM likhI haiN| isakI hindI TIkA zrIjagadIzvara prasAda tripAThI ne kI hai| AdhAra grantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / caNDezvara-saMskRta ke rAjadharmanibandhakAra / ye mithilA nareza harisiMhadeva ke mantrI the| inake pitA kA nAma vIrezvara evaM pitAmaha kA nAma devAditya thA / caNDezvara kA samaya caudahavIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa hai| inhoMne 'nibandharatnAkara' nAmaka vizAla grantha kI racanA kI hai| yaha grantha sAta bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai jisake (bhAgoM ke ) nAma haiM-kRtyaratnAkara, dAnaratnAkara, vyavahAraratnAkara, zuddhiratnAkara, pUjAratnAkara, vivAdaratnAkara evaM gRhastharatnAkara / inakI anya kRtiyAM haiM-rAjanItiratnAkara, zivavAkyAvalI evaM devvaakyaavlii| rAjanItiratnAkara solaha taraMgoM meM vibhakta hai jisake pratipAca rAjanIti-viSayaka vividha viSaya haiN| isake solaha taraMgoM ke viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-rAjJonirUpaNa, amAtyanirUpaNa, purohitanirUpaNa, prAvivAka nirUpaNa, sabhyanirUpaNa, durganirUpaNa, mantrinirUpaNa, kozanirUpaNa, balanirUpaNa, senAnInirUpaNa, itAdinirUpaNa, rAjakRtyanirUpaNa, daNDanirUpaNa, rAjakRtyarAjyadAnam, purohitAdikRta rAjya dAnam tathA abhissekniruupnn| caNDezvara meM rAjanItiratnAkara ke viSaya kA cayana karate samaya dharmazAstroM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathAnItigranthoM ke vacanoM ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| rAjya kA svarUpa, rAjya kI utpatti, rAjA kI AvazyakatA tathA usakI yogyatA, rAjA ke bheda, uttarAdhikAra vidhi, amAtya kI AvazyakatA, mantraNA, purohita, sabhA, durga, koza, zakti, bala, bala-bheda, senA ke padAdhikArI, mitra, anujIvI, ita, cara, pratihAra, SADguNya mantra Adi viSayoM para caNDezvara ne vidvatApUrNa vicAra vyakta kiyA hai / inake kucha vacana dekheM prajArakSako rAjetyarthaH / rAjazabdo'pi nAtra kSatriyajAtiparaH / amAtyaM vinA rAjyakArya na nirvahati bahubhiH saha na maMtrayet /

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candrakIrti ] ( 170 . .) [ campUrAmAyaNa AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA - DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / candrakIrtti - mAdhyamika sampradAya ( bauddha darzana ) ke pratinidhi AcAyoM meM candrakIti kA nAma AtA hai| inakA samaya 600 se 650 I0 ke madhya hai / ye dakSiNa bhAratIya buddhipAlita nAmaka vidvAn ke ziSya kamalabuddhi ke ziSya the jinase inhoMne zUnyavAda kA adhyayana kiyA thA / mahAyAna darzana ke ye prakANDa paNDita mAne jAte the / inheM nAlandA mahAvihAra meM adhyApaka kA pada prApta huA thA / inake dvArA racita tIna grantha prasiddha haiM / mAdhyamika sampradAya ke lie de0 bauddhadarzana / 1. mAdhyamikAvatAra - isakA mUla rUpa prApta nahIM hotA, kintu tibbatI bhASA meM isakA anuvAda upalabdha hai / isameM lekhaka ne zUnyavAda kA vizada vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / 2. prasannapadA - yaha maulika grantha na hokara nAgArjuna racita 'mAdhyamikakArikA' kI TIkA hai / isakI zailI prasAdapUrNa evaM sarala hai / 3. catuHzataka TIkA- - yada AyaMdeva racita 'zatuHzataka' nAmaka grantha kI TIkA hai / AdhAra grantha bauddha darzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / candrasena -- ye jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya haiM / inhoMne 'kevalajJAnahorA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai / inakA samaya saptama zatAbdI hai / . 'karNATaka prAnta ke nivAsI the / inhoMne apane grantha meM bIca-bIca meM kannar3abhASA kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / yaha apane viSaya kA vizAlakAya grantha hai jisameM cAra hajAra ke lagabhaga zloka haiN| isake vivecya viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - hemaprakaraNa, dAmya, zilA, mRttikA, vRkSa, kArmAsagulma-valkAlatRNaroma-paTa prakaraNa, saMkhyAprakaraNa, naSTadravya-prakaraNa, nirvAha prakaraNa, apatya-prakaraNa, lAbhAlAbhaprakaraNa, svaprakaraNa, svapnaprakaraNa, vAstuvidyA prakaraNa, bhojanaprakaraNa, dehalohadIkSAprakaraNa, aMjana vidyAprakaraNa tathA vissvidyaaprkrnn| viSaya-sUcI ke anusAra yaha horA-viSayaka grantha na hokara saMhitA viSayaka racanA siddha hotA hai / grantha ke prArambha meM lekhaka ne apanI prazaMsA svayaM kI hai- horA nAma mahAvidyA vaktavyaJca bhavaddhitam / jyoti ne kasAraM ca AgamaiH sadRzo jaina: bhUSaNaM budhapoSaNam // candrasenasamo muniH / kevalasadRzI vidyA durlabhA sacarAcare // kevalajJAnahorA -- jainasiddhAnta bhavana, ArA / AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI / campUrAmAyaNa yuddhakANDa - isa campU-kAvya ke racayitA lakSmaNa kavi haiM / isa para bhoja kRta 'campUrAmAyaNa' kA atyadhika prabhAva hai aura yaha 'camUrAmAyaNa' ke hI sAtha prakAzita hai / prArambha meM kavi ne bhoja kI vandanA kI hai| isa para mahAkavikAlidAsa ke 'raghuvaMza' ke rAmapratyAgamana kI chAyA dikhAI par3atI hai / bandaroM ke vicaraNa kA varNana dekhie

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gharakasaMhitA] ( 171) [ciraMjIvabhaTTAcarya sarasapaTIrakunjavanasajavanAbhipatan / __mRgmdgndhgndhvhmeduritembunidhiH| taTanikaTe luThatpanasatAlarasAlaphalai ruditamadA vicerurudaraMbharayo harayaH // 11 // AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha pANDeya / carakasaMhitA-AyurvedazAstra kA sarvottama grantha / isa grantha ke pratisaMskartA caraka hai / inakA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki caraka eka zAkhA hai jisakA sambandha vaizampAyana se hai / 'kRSNa yajurveda' se sambaddha vyakti caraka kahe jAte the unhIM meM se kisI eka ne isa saMhitA kA pratisaMskAra kiyA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki caraka kaniSka kA rAjavaidya thA, para isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| upaniSadoM meM caraka zabda kA prayoga bahuvacana ke rUpa meM milatA hai-madreSu carakAH paryanajAma (bRhadAraNyaka 33 / 1) / 'caraka saMhitA' meM mukhya rUpa se kAyacikitsA kA varNana hai| isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hairasAyana, vAjIkaraNa, jvara, raktapitta, gulma, prameha, kuSTha, rAjayakSmA, unmAda, apasmAra, kSata, zotha, udara, azaM, grahaNI, pANDu, zvAsa, kAsa, atisAra, chardi, visayaM, tRSNA, viSa, madAtyaya, dvivaNIya, trimarmIya, Urustambha, vAtavyAdhi, vAtazoNita evaM yonivyApada / 'carakasaMhitA' meM darzana evaM arthazAstra ke bhI viSaya varNita haiM tathA aneka sthAnoM evaM vyaktiyoM ke saMketa ke kAraNa isakA sAMskRtika mahattva atyadhika bar3hA huA hai| yaha grantha bhAratIya cikitsAzAstra kI apratima racanA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai jisakA anuvAda saMsAra kI prasiddha bhASAoM meM ho cukA hai| isakI hindI vyAkhyA (vidyotinI) paM0 kAzInAtha zAstrI evaM DaoN. gorakhanAtha caturvedI ne kI hai| ___AdhAragrantha-1. Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 2. caraka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra 3. caraka saMhitA kA nirmANakAla-vaidya raghuvIra zaraNa zarmA 4. vaijJAnika vikAsa kI bhAratIya paramparAga0 satya prakAza 5. prAcIna bhArata meM rasAyanazAstra-DaoN satya prakAza 6. prAcIna bhArata meM vijJAna-DaoN satya prakAza / ciraMjIvabhaTTAcArya-inake dvArA racita do campU kAvyoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai| ve haiM-'vidvanmodataraMgiNI' (zrI veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI se 1928 I. se prakAzita) tathA 'mAdhavacampU' (kalakattA se prkaashit)| inakA janma gaur3adezIya rADhApura ke nivAsI kAzInAtha ke ghara huA jo inake pitA the| ye kAzyapagotrIya brAhmaNa the| inakA vAstavika nAma vAmadeva thA para pitA ne inheM sneha vaza ciraMjIva nAma de diyA thaa| inakA samaya 1512 I0 hai| 'vidvanmodataraMgiNI' ATha taraMgoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama taraMga meM kavi ne apane vaMza kA varNana kiyA hai| dvitIya meM vaiSNava, zAkta, zeva, advaitavAdI, vaizeSika, nyAya, mImAMsA-vedAnta, sAMkhya tathA pAtaMjala yoga ke jJAtA, paurANika, jyotiSI, AyurvedajJa, vaiyAkaraNa, AlaMkArika tathA nAstikoM kA samAgama

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candramahIpati.] (172 ) [candrazekhara campU varNita hai / tRtIya se aSTama taraMga taka pratyeka mata kA anuyAyI apane mata kA pratipAdana kara para pakSa kA khaNDana karatA hai| antika taraMga meM samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| isameM padya kA bAhulya evaM gadya kI alpatA hai, para gadya atyanta cubhane vAle evaM choTe-choTe vAkyoM vAle haiM / upasaMhAra meM samanvayavAdI vicAra hai zive tu bhaktiH pracurA yadi syAd bhajecchivatvena hari tathApi / harau tu bhaktiH pracurA yadi syAd bhajeddharitvena zivaM tathApi // 8 // 133 isa campU meM kavi kA pANDitya evaM dArzanika pakSa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 'mAdhava campU' meM pAMca ucchavAsa haiM jisameM kavi ne mAdhava evaM kalAvatI kI praNaya-gAthA kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha kAvya zRGgAra pradhAna hai jisameM praNaya kI samagra dazAyeM tathA zRGgAra ke sampUrNa sAdhana vaNita haiN| yahA~ mAdhava kAlpanika vyakti na hokara zrIkRSNa hI haiN| zrImAdhavAkhyo vasudevasUnurvRndAvane kiMca kRtaadhivaasH| samAgato'yaM mRgayA vidhAnazrAnto'tra vizrAntikRte cirAya // AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| candramahIpati-yaha bIsavIM zatAbdI kA suprasiddha saMskRta upanyAsa hai jisakI racanA 'kAdambarI' kI zailI meM huI hai| isake racayitA rAjasthAna nivAsI kavirAja zrI nivAsa zAstrI haiN| grantha kA nirmANakAla 1991 vikrama saMvat evaM prakAzana kAla saM0 2016 hai| lekhaka ne svayaM isakI 'pArvatI vivRti' likhI hai| isa kathAkRti meM rAjA candramahIpati ke caritra kA varNana hai jo prajA ke kalyANa ke lie apanI samasta sampatti kA tyAga kara detA hai| lekhaka ne sarvAbhyudaya kI sthApanA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hI nAyaka ke caritra kA nirmANa kiyA hai| pustaka meM no adhyAya (nizvAsa ) evaM 296 pRSTha haiM / gadya ke bIca-bIca meM zloka bhI piroye gae haiN| isakI bhASA sarasa, sarala evaM sAhityika garimA se pUrNa hai / candrazekhara campU-isa campU-kAvya ke racayitA rAmanAtha kavi haiN| inake pitA kA nAma raghunAtha deva thaa| kavi kI mRtyu-tithi 1915 I. hai| yaha kAvya pUrvAda evaM uttarAdaM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| pUrvAda meM pAMca ullAsa haiN| isameM brahmAvattaMnareza poSya ke jIvana vRtta vizeSataH-putrotsava, mRgayA, Adi kA varNana hai| uttarAddha apUrNa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai| pUrvAda kA prakAzana kalakattA aura vArANasI se ho cukA hai| isa kAvya ke prArambha meM ziva-pArvatI kI stuti kI gayI hai| mauliM vIkSya puradviSaH suradhunI kRcchrAd gatAM kRSNatA kvApi preyasi rAgataH kamalajAkAraM vahantyaH kvacit / prAptAH kvApi na tatprasAdavizadIbhAvAcchivAkAratA pArvatyAstriguNodbhavA iva dRzAM bhAso bhavantu zriye // 1 / 2 AdhAragrantha-campUkAvyoM kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DA0 chavinAtha tripaatthii|

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campUkAvya kA vikAsa] ( 173 ) [campUkAvya kA vikAsa campUkAvya kA vikAsa-yaha kAvya kA vaha svarUpa hai jisameM vayaM viSaya kA nirUpaNa gadya evaM padya kI mizrita zailI meM kiyA jAtA hai| sarvaprathama daNDI ne isakI paribhASA dI hai mizrANi nATakAdIni teSAmanyatra vistrH| gadyapadyamayI kAciccampUrityabhidhIyate // kAvyAdarza 1031 Age calakara hemacandra ne mizrazailI ke atirikta campU kA sAMga evaM socchvAsa honA bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai gadyapadyamayI sAMkA socchvAsacampUH // kAvyAnuzAsana 8.9 vizvanAtha ne bhI gadyapadyamayI racanA ko campU kahA gadyapadyamayaM kAvyaM campUrityabhidhIyate / / sAhityadarpaNa 6 / 336 kisI ajJAta vyakti kI paribhASA meM campU kAvya meM ukti, pratyukti evaM viSkambha kI zUnyatA ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai gadyapadyamayaM sAMkA socchvAsA kavigumphitA / uktipratyuktiviSkambhazUnyA campUrudAhRtA / ina sAre lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para campU kI nimnAMkita vizeSatAeM sUcita kI jA sakatI haiM-campU kA gadyapadyamaya honA, isakA sAMka honA, campU kA ucchvAsoM meM vibhAjita honA, ukti-pratyukti kA na honA tathA niSkambha zUnyatA kA honA / campUkAvya mahAkAvya kI bhA~ti ATha se adhika paricchedoM meM bhI racA jA sakatA hai tathA khaNDa kAvya kI taraha isameM ATha se kama sarga bhI hote haiN| yaha stavaka, ullAsa yA ucchvAsa meM vibhakta hotA hai| isake mUla srota purANa hote haiM, para sAmAnya viSayoM kA bhI varNana. kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMskRta ke campUkAroM ne varNana vistAra kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA hai, vastuvivecana para km| isakA nAyaka devatA, gandharva, mAnava, pakSI pazu koI bhI ho sakatA hai| isake eka se adhika nAyaka bhI ho sakate haiM tathA nAyakoM ke guNa lakSaNa granthoM meM varNita guNoM ke hI samAna haiN| campU kAvya ke lie nAyikA kA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| isameM pAtroM kI saMkhyA kA koI niyama nahIM hai tathA kavi kA dhyAna mukhya pAtra ke caritra-nirUpaNa kI hI ora adhika hotA hai| isakA aMgIrasa zRGgAra, vIra evaM zAnta meM se koI bhI ho sakatA hai tathA anya rasoM kA prayoga gauNa rUpa se hotA hai| campU meM gadya-padya donoM meM hI alaMkaraNa kI pravRti hotI hai tathA gadya vAlA aMza samAsabahula hotA hai| isameM varNika evaM mAtrika donoM hI prakAra ke chanda prayukta hote haiM tathA kahIM-kahIM gItoM kA bhI prayoga ho sakatA hai| mahAkAvya kI taraha campUkAvya meM bhI maMgalAcaraNa, khalanindA evaM sajjanoM kI stuti hotI hai| isameM phalazruti evaM bharatavAkya yA maMgalavAkya kA bhI vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| ___campU kAvya kA vikAsa-saMskRta meM gadyapadya mizritazailIkA prArambha vaidika sAhitya se hI hotA hai| 'kRSNayajurveda' kI tInoM hI zAkhAoM meM gadyapadya kA nirmANa hai| 'atharvaveda' kA chaThA aMza gadyamaya hai / brAhmaNoM meM pracura mAtrA meM gadya kA prayoga milatA hai tathA upaniSadoM meM bhI gadya-padya kA mizraNa hai| prArambha meM (saMskRta meM ) mizrazailI

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campUkAvya kA vikAsa] (174 ) [campUkAvya kA vikAsa ke tIna rUpa dikhAI par3ate haiM-nIti aura upadeza pradakathAtmakarUpa, paurANikarUpa tathA dRzyakAvyAtmaka ruup| saMskRta meM campU kAvyoM kA nirmANa prathama zatAbdI ke pUrva se hI prArambha ho gayA hai| saMskRta kA sarvAdhika prAcIna campU trivikramabhaTTa racita 'nalacampU' hai jise 'naladamayantI' kathA bhI kahate haiN| isakA racanAkAla 915 I0 hai| taba se campUkAvya kA vizAla sAhitya prastuta huA hai aura lagabhaga 245 granthoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai jinameM se 74 grantha prakAzita bhI ho cuke haiN| campUkAvya ke gyAraha varga nirdhArita kiye 1-rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para racita campU-isa varga meM 36 grantha Ate haiM-rAvaNacampU, amogharAghava, kAkutsavijaya, rAmacandracampU, rAmAyaNacampU, rAmakathA sudhodaya, rAmacaritAmRta, rAmAbhyudaya, rAmacampU, abhinavarAmAyaNacampU Adi / 2-mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para bane campU-'mahAbhArata' kI kathA para Azrita campU kAvyoM kI saMkhyA 27 hai| bhAratacampU, bhArata campUtilaka, bhAratacaritacampU, abhinava. mahAbhAratacampU, rAjasUyaprabandha,pAMcAlI svayambara, subhadrAharaNa, draupadIpariNaya, zaMkarAnandacampU, karNacampU, nalacampU Adi / 3-bhAgavata ke AdhAra para nirmita campUkAvya-isa varga ke antargata 45 campU kAvya haiM / bhAgavatacampU, rukmiNI, pariNayacampU, Ananda vRndAvana, gopAlacampU, mAdhavacampU, AnandakandacampU, nRgamokSacampU, bAlakRSNacampU, uSApariNaya Adi / / ___4-'zivapurANa' kI rudrasaMhitA evaM liMgapurANa' para Azrita campUkAvyoM kI saMkhyA 6 hai / inake atirikta anya varga haiM-purANoM para Azrita campU, jainapurANa para Azrita campU, caritacampU kAvya, yAtrAprabandhAtmaka campU, sthAnIya devatAoM evaM mahotsavoM kA varNana karane karane vAle campU, kAlpanika kathA para Azrita tathA dArzanika cmpuukaavy| dasavIM zatAbdI meM harizcandra tathA somadeva ne 'jIvandharacampU' evaM 'yazastilakacampU, kI racanA kI hai| donoM hI jaina muni the| harizcandra kA grantha 'uttarapurANa' kI kathA para Azrita hai| 'bhojarAja ne rAmAyaNacampU', abhinava kAlidAsa ne ( 11 vIM zatI ) ne 'udaya sundarI kathA' tathA somezvara ne 'kIrti kaumudI' nAmaka grantha likhe haiN| 15 vIM zatAbdI meM vAsudevaratha ne 'gaMgAvaMzAnucarita', anantabhaTTa ne 'bhAratacampU', tirulambAne 'varadarAjAmbikA pariNayacampU' nAmaka granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| 16 vIM zatAbdI ke campUkAroM meM rAjacUr3AmaNidIkSita ( bhAratacampU ), jIvagosvAmI ( gopAlacampU ) cidambara .( bhAgavatacampU ), zeSakRSNa ( bhAgavatacampU ) prasiddha haiM / 17 vIM zatAbdI ke lekhakoM meM cakrakavi (draupadIpariNayacampU ), veMkaTAdhvarI ( cAra campU ke praNetA ) tathA 18 vIM zatAbdI ke campUkAroM meM bANezvara (citracampU) kRSNakavi (mandAramIrandacampU ) evaM ananta ( campUbhArata ) ke nAma ullekha haiN| saMskRta meM campUkAvyoM kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa 10 vIM zatAbdI se 16 vIM zatAbdI taka hotA rahA / solahavIM zatAbdI campUkAvyoM ke nirmANa kA svarNayuga hai kyoMki isI yuga meM adhikAMza granthoM kI racanA huI hai| do sau se adhika campUkAvya

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cArAyaNa] ( 175 ) [cArvAka darzana to isI yuga meM race gae haiN| isa zatAbdI taka Akara campUkAvyoM ne navIna viSayoM evaM navIna dRSTikoNa kA samAveza huA aura yAtrAprabandhoM tathA sthAnIya devatAoM kA varNana kara isake vayaM viSaya meM navInatA AyI aura yaha kAvya navajIvana ke samIpa A gayA / . .. ___ AdhAraganya-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| cArAyaNa-saMskRta ke prAkpANini vaiyAkaraNa / paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 3100 vi0 pU0 hai| ye veda-vyAkhyAtA, vaiyAkaraNa evaM sAhityazAstrI the| 'logAkSigRhyasUtra' ke vyAkhyAtA devapAla (51) kI TIkA meM cArAyaNa apara nAma caurAyaNi kA eka sUtra vyAkhyA sahita uddhRta hai| inakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya (1 / 1173 ) meM pANini tathA rauDhi ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| vAtsyAyana 'kAmasUtra' tathA kauTilyakRta 'arthazAstra (525) meM bhI kisI cArAyaNa AcArya ke mata kA ullekha hai| cArAyaNa ko 'kRSNa yajurveda' kI 'cArAyaNIyazAkhA' kA racayitA bhI mAnA jAtA hai jisakA 'cArAyaNIyamantrArSAdhyAya' nAmaka aMza upalabdha hai| inake anya grantha haiM 'cArAyaNIyazikSA' tathA 'cArAyaNIya sNhitaa'| inhoMne sAhityazAstra sambandhI kisI grantha kI bhI racanA kI thI jisakA ullekha sAgaranandI kRta 'nATakalakSaNaratnakoza' (pR0 16) meM hai| AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 150 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka 2. iNDiyana aiSTIkkerI (julAI 1876 I.)-DaoN0 kIlahAnaM / cArudatta-yaha mahAkavi bhAsa racita unakA antima nATaka hai| isakI sahasA samApti lekhaka ke asAmayika nidhana kA paricAyaka hai| isake Arambha aura anta ke zloka nahIM milte| yaha nATaka cAra aMkoM meM vibhakta hai| zudraka racika 'mRcchakaTika' nAmaka prakaraNa kA AdhAra yahI nATaka hai| isakI kathA vahI hai jo 'mRcchakaTika' kI hai / [ de0 mRcchakaTika ] kavi ne daridra cArudatta evaM vezyA vasantasenA kI praNaya-kathA kA isameM varNana kiyA hai| ve hI donoM isake nAyaka-nAyikA haiN| zakAra pratinAyaka ke rUpa meM citrita hai / ghanaghora varSA meM vasantasenA kA cArudatta ke ghara jAne ke varNana meM hI acAnaka nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai| cArvAka darzana-prAcIna bhAratIya jar3avAdI yA bhautikavAdI darzana jisake anusAra bhUta hI eka mAtra tattva hai tathA mana-yA caitanya kI utpatti jar3a yA bhUta se hI hotI hai / isakA dUsarA nAma 'lokAyata' darzana bhI hai| avaidika yA nAstika darzanoM meM cArvAka darzana sarvAdhika prAcIna tattvajJAna hai| isakA pracalana kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prAcIna kAla se hI hai aura vedoM, upaniSadoM, pugaNoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA dArzanika granthoM meM bhI isakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa para koI svatantra grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA aura na isake samarthakoM kA koI susaMgaThita sampradAya hI dikhAI par3atA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM isake mata kA khaNDana karate hue jo vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiM usI se hI isakA paricaya prApta hotA hai|

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cArvAka kI zAnamImAMsA] ( 176 ) [cArvAka kI zAnamImAMsA cArvAka kA mUla artha kyA thA, isakA patA nahIM hai / para kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra cArvAka nAmaka RSi hI isake pravartaka the| cArvI nAmaka eka RSi kA ullekha 'kAzikAvRtti' meM hai-napate cArvI kokAyate jisake anusAra lokAyatazAstra meM cArvI nAmaka AcArya ke dvArA jar3avAda kI vyAkhyA kA karane kA nirdeza hai| isa darzana ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana bRhaspati ke ziSya kisI cArvAka nAmaka RSi ne hI kiyA thaa| unake hI anuyAyI cArvAka nAma se prasiddha hue| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra 'cAruvAk' yA mIThe vacana ke kAraNa inheM cArvAka kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki inake vacana bar3e mIThe hote the| ye 'khAo, pIo moja ur3Ao, kA upadeza dete hue cAru yA sundara vacana kahate the| vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa meM isa darzana ko 'lokAyata' kahA gayA hai tathA isake jJAtA yA anuyAyI lokAyita ke nAma se abhihita haiN| inakI vizeSatA thI dharmazAstra kA nirAdara kara taka yukta buddhi ke dvArA nirarthaka bAteM karanA kaccinna lokAyatikAn brAhmaNAMstAta sevase / anarthakuzalA hyete bAlAH paNDitamAninaH // dharmazAstreSu mukhyeSu vidyamAneSu durbudhAH / buddhimAnvIkSikI prApya nirartha pravadanti te // ayodhyAkANDa 102 / 38,39 / / lokAyata kA artha hai - loka meM Ayata yA vistRta yA vyApta / jo siddhAnta lokaprasiddha yA loka meM vistRta ho use lokAyata kahA jAtA hai| isake donoM hI nAma pracalita haiM-lokAyata evaM cArvAka / cArvAka ke siddhAnta brahmasUtra ( zAGkara bhASya ) ( 3253-54 ) kamalazIla racita 'tasvasaMgrahapaMjikA' 'vivaraNaprameyasaMgraha', 'nyAyamaMjarI', 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha', 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' 'naiSadhIyacarita' (17 vAM sarga) tathA 'prabodhacandrodaya' ( nATaka ) Adi granthoM meM bikhare hue haiN| isa mata kA saiddhAntika vivecana bhaTTajayarAzi kRta 'tattvopaplavasiMha' meM uttara pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA isake pravartaka vRhaspati ke katipaya sUtra bhI kaI granthoM meM uddhRta haiM jinheM 'bAhaspasyasUtra' kahA jAtA hai| pRthivyap-tejovAyuriti / tattvAni / tatsamudAye zarIrendriyaviSaya saMjJA / tebhyacaitanyam / kiNvAdibhyo madazaktivada vijJAnam / bhUtAnyeva cetayante / / caitanyaviziSTaH kAyaH puruSaH / kAma evaikaH puruSArthaH / maraNameva apavargaH / paralokino'bhAvAt paralokAbhAvaH / pratyakSameva pramANam / cArvAka kI zAnamImAMsA-isa darzana meM eka mAtra pratyakSa pramANa kI pradhAnatA udghoSita kI gayI hai aura anumAna, upamAnAdi ko amAnya ThaharA diyA gayA hai| ye indriya dvArA prApta jhAna ko hI vizvasanIya mAnate haiM aura indriya se prApta jJAna hI pratyakSa hotA hai| arthAt indriyajJAna hI eka mAtra yathArtha jJAna hai, isalie anumAna evaM zabdAdi isI AdhAra para khaNDita ho jAte haiN| inake anusAra indriyoM ke dvArA pratyakSIkRta jagata hI satya hai aura usase pare sabhI padArtha nitAnta mithyA yA asat haiN| jaba taka anumAna dvArA prApta saMzaya-rahita aura vAstavika nahIM hotI taba taka use

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cArvAka kI jJAnamImAMsA] ( 177 ) [cArvAka kI zAnamImAMsA pramANa svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / inake anusAra zabda bhI pramANa nahIM hai| cArvAka zabda ko vahA~ taka pramANa mAnane ke lie taiyAra haiM jahA~ taka isakA jJAna pratyakSa ke dvArA ho sake, kintu jaba zabda se pratyakSa ke bAhara padArthoM kA jJAna hone lage to aisI sthiti meM ise nirdoSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ye veda meM bhI vizvAsa nahIM karate / inake anusAra veda ke kartA bhaNDa, nizAcara evaM dhUtaM the| trayo vedasya kartAro bhnndddhuurtnishaacraaH| jabharIturpharItyAdi paNDitAnAM vacaH smRtam / / sa0 da0 saM0 pR. 4 tatvamImAMsA-cAka AkAza, vAyu, agni, jala aura pRthvI ina paMcabhUtoM meM se AkAza ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM krte| cUMki AkAza kA jJAna anumAna ke dvArA hotA hai, inake lie usakI svIkRti asaMbhava hai| cArvAka ke mata se saMsAra cAra prakAra ke bhUtoM se hI banA huA hai| tattvoM ke saMyoga se hI prANiyoM kA janma hotA hai aura mRtyu ke pazcAt ve punaH bhUtoM meM hI samA jAte haiN| cArvAka AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra pratyakSa ke dvArA hI caitanya kA bodha hotA hai aura AtmA kabhI bhI pratyakSa nahIM hotI, ataH usakI sattA asiddha hai| jar3a yA bhUtoM se nirmita zarIra hI pratyakSa hotA hai aura caitanya zarIra kA hI guNa hai, AtmA kA nhiiN| isalie cetana zarIra hI AtmA hai / jaba zarIra se bhinna AtmA kA astitva nahIM hai taba usakA amara yA nitya honA bakavAsa mAtra hai / mRtyu ke sAtha zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para jIvana bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai, ataH punarjanma, svarga, naraka, karmabhoga Adi nirAdhAra evaM avizvasanIya haiN| Izvara kI sattA anumAna evaM zabda pramANa se siddha hotI hai, para pratyakSa ko pramANa mAnane ke kAraNa cArvAka use svIkAra nahIM krtaa| Izvara kA pratyakSa jJAna nahIM hotA, ataH cArvAkadarzana meM Izvara kI sattA asiddha hai| inake anusAra svabhAvataH jagat kI sRSTi evaM laya kI prakriyA hotI hai tathA usakI sRSTi kA koI prayojana nahIM hotaa| AcAra mImAMsA-cArvAka ke anusAra kAma hI pradhAna puruSArtha hai aura usakA sahAyaka hai artha / ataH aihika sukha kI prApti ko hI ye jIvana kA pradhAna sukha mAnate haiN| inakA prasiddha vAkya hai ki jaba taka jIye sukha se jIye aura RNa karake bhI pata pIye kyoMki bhasma huA zarIra phira A nahIM sakatA yAvajjIvet sukhaM jIvet RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pivet / bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM . kutaH // bhogavilAsapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ke kAraNa cArvAka kI AcAramImAMsA Adhidaivika sukhanAda para Azrita hai| cArvAka aihika sukha-bhoga ko jIvana kA caramalakSya mAnate hue bhI sAmAjika niyamoM kI avahelanA nahIM krtaa| vaha sAmAjika jIvana ko Adarza jIvana mAnate hue ucchRkhalatA kA virodhI hai| ataH Adhibhautika saukhyavAda kA samarthaka hote hue bhI isane ihalaukika jIvana kI sukha-samRddhi kA AkarSaNa utpanna kara jIvana ke prati anurAga kA saMdeza diyaa| 12 saM0 sA0

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ciya] ( 178 ) [caitanyamata bAdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda) 2. bhAratIya racana-DaoN0 DI0 ema0 datta ( hindI anuvAda ) 3. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 4. cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya samIkSA-DaoN0 sarvadAnanda pAThaka 5. sarvadarzana saMgraha ( hindI anuvAda)-caukhambA prakAzana / citracampU-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA kA nAma zrI vANezvara vidyAlaMkAra hai| inake pitA kA nAma rAmadeva takavAgIzvara evaM pitAmaha kA nAma viSNu siddhAntavAgIzvara thaa| isa campU kA nirmANakAla 1744 I0 hai / yaha kAvya mahArAja citrasena (vardamAna nareza ) ke Adeza se likhA gayA thaa| isameM yAtrAprabandha evaM bhaktibhAvanA kA milA huA rUpa hai| isameM 294 padya tathA 131 gadya cUrNaka haiN| isameM kavi ne rAjA ke Adeza se manorama vana kA varNana kiyA hai| prArambha meM gaNeza, ziva, zakti, rAdhA tathA mAdhava kI vandanA kI gayI hai / rAdhA-mAdhava kI vandanA isa prakAra hai yadgolokavilAsakelirasikaM bhrUbhaMgabhaMgInava krIDAviSkRtasargasaMsthitilayaM sAraM zrutInAmapi / vRndAvalyalikuMjapuMjabhavanaM tanmemanaH paMjare rAdhAmAdhavasaMjJitaM vijayAmadvandvamAdhaM mahaH // 5 // isa sampUkAvya kA prakAzana kalakattA se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chabinAtha tripaatthii| cetodUta-yaha saMskRta kA aisA sandezakAvya hai jisakA lekhaka ajJAta hai aura racanAkAla kA bhI patA nahIM hai / isameM kisI ziSya dvArA apane guru ke caraNoM meM unakI kRpAdRSTi ko preyasI mAnakara apane citta ko dUta banAkara bhejane kA varNana hai| guru kI vandanA, unake yaza kA varNana tathA unakI nagarI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM guru kI prasannatA evaM ziSya ke antaHtoSa kA varNana hai / isameM kula 129 zloka haiM aura mandAkrAntA vRtta kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| citta ko dUta banAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma cetodUta rakhA gayA hai / isakI racanA meSadUta ke ekokoM kI samasyApUkti ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai / anya kA prakAzana vi0 saM0 1970 meM jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara se ho cukA hai| isakI bhASA pravAhapUrNa evaM prasAdamayI hai tathA zRMgAra ke sthAna para zAntarasa evaM dhArmikatA kA vAtAvaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| kavi apane kAvya meM guru kI kRpAdRSTi ko hI sa 'sva mAnatA hai santi zrImatparamaguravaH sarvadA'pi prasannA steSAM ziSyaH punaranupamAtyantabhaktipraNunaH / tanmAhAtmyAdapi jahamatirmeSadUtAntyapAdaiH cetodUtAbhidhamabhinavaM kAvyametad vyadhatta // 129 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / caitanyamata-(acintyabhedAbhedavAda)-yaha vaiSNavadarzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa sampradAya hai jisake pravartaka (baMgadezanivAsI) mahAprabhu caitanya the| inakA janma navadvIpa

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caitanyamata] . ( 179) [caitanyamata meM huA thA ( 1485-1533 ii.)| caitanya mahAprabhu para jayadeva evaM vidyApati ke gItoM kA bahuta bar3A prabhAva thaa| inakA nAma vizvambhara mizra thaa| inhoMne nadiyA (pUrva baMgAla) ke prasiddha vidvAn gaMgAdAsa se vidyAdhyayana kiyA thaa| inakI koI racanA nahIM milatI para 'dazamUlazloka' ko inake ziSyoM ne inakI racanA mAnA hai / caitanya mahAprabhu ke do prasiddha ziSyoM-rUpagosvAmI evaM jIvagosvAmI ne prAmANika zAstrIya granthoM kI racanA kara isa sampradAya ke vicAroM kI pratiSThA kii| rUpagosvAmI ne 'ujjvalanIlamaNi' evaM 'bhaktirasAmRtasindhu' nAmaka bhaktirasaviSayaka praur3ha granthoM kI racanA kI hai| [de0 rUpagosvAmI] rUpagosvAmI ke jyeSTha bhrAtA zrI sanAtana ne 'vRhadbhAgavatAmRta' zrImanAgavata ke dazama skandha kI 'vaiSNavatoSiNI' nAmaka TIkA likhI tathA 'haribhaktivilAsa' gauDIyavaiSNavamata ke siddhAnta evaM AcAra darzana kA pratipAdana kiyaa| jIvagosvAmI dvArA racita 'bhAgavatasandarbha acintyabhedAbheda kA sarvotkRSTa grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isa sampradAya ke anya AcAryoM meM vizvanAtha cakravartI ( 17vIM zatAbdI ) kA nAma vizeSarUpa se ullekhya hai| unhoMne zrImadbhAgavata kI 'sArArthadarzinI' TIkA likhI hai| caitanyamata 'gauDIyavaiSNava' mata ke bhI nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM rAdhAkRSNa kI upAsanA kI pradhAnatA hai aura rAdhA kRSNa kI premikA ke rUpa meM citrita haiM / isa mata meM parakIyAbhAva kI bhakti para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| mAdhvamata se prabhAvita hote hue bhI caitanyamata kI dArzanika dRSTi bhinna hai / isake siddhAnta ko acintyabhedAbheda kahate haiM / isake anusAra bhagavAn zrIkRSNa paramatatva haiM evaM unakI zaktiyAM ananta haiN| zakti aura zaktimAna meM na to paraspara bheda hai aura na abheda / inakA sambandha taka se sikha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vaha acintya hai / ekatvaM ca pRthaktvaM ca tAkSatvamutAMzitA / tasminnekatra nAyuktam acintyaanntshktitH|| laghubhAgavatAmRta 1150 isa mata meM brajAdhipati ke tanaya ( nandasuta ) bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ko ArAdhya mAnA jAtA hai jinakA dhAma vRndAvana hai / inakI tIna lIlAe~ haiM-vRndAvanalIlA, mathurAlIlA tathA dvaarikaaliilaa| inameM prathama kI mAnyatA adhika hai, kyoMki yahAM kI lIlA gopikAoM ke sAtha sampanna hone ke kAraNa mAdhuryapUrNa hai| isa lIlA ko chor3akara bhakta nIrasa lIlA kI ora pravRtta nahIM hotaa| vRndAvanadhAma mAdhuyaM kI khAna tathA Ananda kA niketana hai| caitanyamatta meM brajagopikAoM ke dvArA kI gayI upAsanA hI mukhya AdhAra hai jisakA bIja rAgAtmikA yA anurAgamUlaka bhakti hai| yaha upAsanA ahetukI evaM svArtharahita hai| rukmiNI Adi paTarAniyoM kI upAsanA vaidhI bhakti kI upAsanA hai jisameM hRdaya kA anurAga kama evaM vidhividhAna kA prAdhAnya hai| isa mata meM 'zrImadbhAgavata' ko hI uttama zAstra mAnA gayA hai cAra puruSArthoM kI mAnyatA haidharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa,-para caitanya ne paMcama puruSArtha premA ko adhika mahattva pradAna kiyA hai| isakI prApti mAnava jIvana kI parama upalabdhi hai| caitanyamata

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bolacampU ] ( 180 ) [ colacampU meM bhagavAn ko ananta guNoM kA nivAsa tathA vijJAnAnandavigraha kahA gayA hai / bhagavAn meM satyakAmatva, satyasaMkalpatva, sarvavidyatva, sarvajJatva Adi guNa unase pRthak nahIM haiM tathA unakA svarUpa guNoM se bhinna nahIM haiM / zaMkarAcArya kI bhA~ti caitanyamata meM bhI brahma sajAtIya, vijAtIya evaM svagata bheda se zUnya hai tathA use akhaNDa aura saccidAnanda padArtha mAnA jAtA hai / bhagavAn kI acintya evaM ananta zaktiyA~ haiM jinameM tIna pramukha haiM- svarUpazakti, taTasthazakti tathA mAyAzakti / svarUpazakti citzakti yA antaraMgAzakti bhI kahI jAtI hai / yaha bhagavadrUpiNI hotI hai tathA sat, cit aura Ananda ke kAraNa eka hone para bhI tIna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai- sandhinI, saMbit evaM hlAdinI / sandhinI zakti ke dvArA bhagavAn svayaM sattA dhAraNa kara dUsaroM ko bhI sattA pradAna karate hue svatantra, deza, kAla evaM dravyoM meM parivyApta rahate haiM / saMvit zakti se bhagavAn svayaM jAnate hue dUsaroM ko bhI jJAna dete haiM tathA hlAdinI zakti se svayaM Anandita hokara dUsaroM ko bhI Anandita karate haiM / taTasthazakti - parichinna svabhAva tathA aNutva viziSTa jIvoM ke AvirbhAva kA jo kAraNa banatI hai use taTasthA kahate haiM / yaha jIva zakti bhI kahI jAtI hai / mAyAzakti prakRti evaM jagat ke AvirbhAva kA sAdhana hai / jaba ina tInoM zaktiyoM kA samuccaya hotA hai to inakI saMjJA 'parAzakti' ho jAtI hai / bhagavAn svarUpazakti se jagat ke upAdAna evaM nimitta donoM hI kAraNa hote haiM / caitanya mata meM jagat satya hai kyoMki vaha bhagavAn kI mAyAzakti ke dvArA AvirbhUta hotA hai / bhagavAn bhakti ke dvArA hI bhakta ke vaza meM hote haiM / isa mata meM bhagavAna ke do rUpa mAnya haiM - aizvayaM evaM mAdhuyaM / aizvayaM meM bhagavAn ke paramaizvayaM kA vikAsa hotA hai tathA mAdhuyaM meM ve naratanadhArI hokara manuSya kI taraha ceSTAe~ kiyA karate haiN| mAdhuyaM rUpa kI bhakti, sahaya, vAtsalya, dAsya evaM dAmpatya bhAva ke rUpa meM hotI hai| caitanyamata meM mAdhuryaM rUpa se hI bhagavad prApti para bala diyA gayA hai / bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ke caraNAravinda kI sevA karate hue Ananda prApta karanA mokSa se bhI bar3hakara mAnA gayA hai / AdhAragrandha - bhAgavata sampradAya - A0 balaveva upAdhyAya / anusAra kavi kA anumAnita the colacampU- isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA virUpAkSa kavi haiN| inakI eka anya racanA 'zivavilAsacampU' bhI hai ( aprakAzita vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga- 4160 meM prApta ) / 'colacampU' ke saMpAdaka DaoN0 bI0 rAghavana ke samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI hai / ye kauzika gotrIya brAhmaNa aura inakI mAtA kA nAma gomatI evaM pitA kA nAma zivaguru thaa| isa campU ke vayaM viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - khayaMTagrAmavarNana, kulotuGgavarNana, kulotuGga kI ziva-bhakti, varSAgama, zivadarzana, ziva dvArA kulotuGga ko rAjyadAna, kuberAgamana taMjAsura kI kathA, kubera kI preraNA se kulotuGga kA rAjya grahaNa, rAjya kA varNana, candrodayavarNana, patnI komalAMgI ke sAtha saMbhoga, prabhAva - varNana, putrajanma, mahotsava, rAjakumAra ko anuzAsana, kumAra coladeva kA vivAha tathA paTTAbhiSeka, aneka varSo taka kulotuGga kA rAjya karane ke pazcAt sAyujya prApti aura devacola ke zAsana karane kI sUcanA / isameM mukhyata: ziva

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( 181 ) bhakti kA varNana hai| yaha racanA madrAsa govarnameNTa oriyaNTala sIrIja ela012, taMjora sarasvatI mahala sIrIja naM0 55 madrAsa se prakAzita ho cukI hai| 'zivavilAsacampU' meM kavi ne apanA paricaya isa prakAra diyA hai tAto yasya zivoguruzca nitarAM dAsaH zivasyaiva yo mAtA yasya tu gomatI sa hi virUpAkSAbhidheyaM kaviH / zrImatkauzikagotrajaH zivavilAsAkhyaM ziva-prItaye campUkAvyamidaM karoti dizatAtsphUtti parAM zAradA // 111 'virUpAkSacampU' meM cAra ullAsa haiM aura ziva-bhakti kI mahimA pradarzita kI gayI hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| chanda-yaha vedAMgoM meM pAMcavA aMga hai| [de. vedAMga ] veda-mantroM ke uccAraNa ke lie chanda-jJAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isake abhAva meM na to mantroM kA samyak uccAraNa saMbhava hai aura na pATha hii| pratyeka sUktaM ke lie devatA, RSi evaM chanda kA jJAna Avazyaka hai / kAtyAyana kA kahanA hai ki binA chanda, RSi evaM devatA ke jJAna ke mantroM kA adhyayana, adhyApana, yajana aura yAjana karanA niSphala hai| isase kisI kArya meM saphalatA nahIM mila sakatI yo ha vA aviditAHyacchando-daivata-bAhmaNena mantreNa yAjayati vA adhyApayati vA sthANuM vacchati garne vA pAtyate pramIyate vA pAyIyAn bhavati / sarvAnukramaNI 11. __isa viSaya para piMgalAcArya kA 'chandaHsUtra' atyanta prAmANika grantha hai| yaha granya ATha adhyAyoM meM hai jisake cauthe adhyAya ke sAtaveM sUtra taka vaidika chandoM ke lakSaNa haiN| isa para halAyudhabhaTTa ne 'mRtasaMjIvanI' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| 'pANinIyazikSA' meM chanda ko vedoM kA pAda kahA gayA hai-chandaHpAdo tu. vedasya / yAska ne isakI vyutpatti dete hue batAyA hai ki ye 'Dhakane vAle sAdhana haiM'-chandAMsi chAdanAt (nirukta 719) vaidika chandoM meM akSara-gaNanA niyata hotI hai arthAt usameM laghu-guru kA koI krama nahIM hotaa| vaidika chanda eka, do yA tIna pAda vAle hote haiN| pradhAna vaidika chanda haiM-gAyatrI (8 akSara ), uSNika ( 8 akSara ) purauSNika ( 12 akSara), kakapa (8 akSara), anuSTup (8 akSara ), bRhatI ( 8 akSara ), satobRhatI (12 akSara ), paGkti ( 8 akSara ), prastAra paMkti ( 12 akSara ), triSTubh (11 akSara) aura jagatI (12 akSara ) kAtyAyana kI 'sarvAnukramaNI' meM 'Rgveda' ke mantra nirdiSTa haiM-gAyatrI-2467, uSNika 341, anuSTup 885, bRhatI 181, paMkti 312, triSTubh 4253, jagatI 1358 // AdhAragrantha- ka ) vaidika chandomImAMsA,paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka (kha) vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya (ga) di vaidika mITara-AranAlDa, " baaksphoNddN|

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chAgaleyopaniSad ] . . ( 182) [jagadIza bhaTTAcArya - chAgaleyopaniSada-isakI ekamAtra pANDulipi ADyAra lAibrerI meM milatI hai / isakA prakAzana tIna sthAnoM se ho cukA hai| yaha alpAkAra upaniSad hai| isameM kurukSetra ke antargata nivAsa karane vAle vAliza nAmaka RSiyoM dvArA kavaSaailUSa ko upadeza dene kA varNana hai| isake anta meM 'chAgaleya' zabda kA eka bAra ullekha huA hai| isameM ratha kA dRSTAnta dekara upadeza diyA gayA hai / sarasvatI-tIravAsI RSiyoM ne 'kavaSaailUSa' ko 'dAsyAHputra' kaha kara usakI nindA kI tathA 'kavaSa' ne unase jJAna prApta karane kI prArthanA kI / isa para RSiyoM ne use kurukSetra meM bAlizoM ke pAsa jAkara upadeza-grahaNa karane kA Adeza diyaa| vahA~ 'kavaSaailuSa' ne eka varSa taka rahakara jJAna prApta kiyaa| ___ chAndogya upaniSad-yaha 'chAndogya brAhmaNa' kA antima ATha prapAThaka hai| isakI racanA gayabaddha hai tathA nigUr3ha dArzanika tatvoM kA pratipAdana AkhyAyikAoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| prathama pAMca prapAThakoM meM paramAtmA kI aneka prakAra kI pratIkopAsanAe~ varNita haiM tathA antima tIna meM tatvajJAna kA nirUpaNa hai| isake prathama evaM dvitIya adhyAyoM meM aneka vidyAoM kA varNana hai tathA UMkAra evaM sAma ke gUDharahasya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya ke anta meM 'zaiva-udgItha' ke antargata bhautika AvazyakatA kI pUtti ke lie yajJa kA vidhAna tathA sAmagAna karane vAle vyaktiyoM para vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM devamadhu ke rUpa meM sUrya kI upAsanA, gAyatrI kA varNana, ghoraAMgirasa dvArA devakI putra kRSNa ko adhyAtma-zikSA evaM aNDa se sUrya kI utpatti kA varNana hai / caturtha adhyAya meM satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA, raikya kA dArzanika tathya evaM satyakAma jAbAla dvArA upakozala ko brahmajJAna dene kA varNana hai| paMcama adhyAya meM prANa, vAk, cakSu, zrotra evaM mana kI upayogitA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA sRSTi sambandhI tathya varNita haiN| chaThe adhyAya meM zvetaketu kI kathA dI gayI hai aura vaTavRkSa ke rUpaka dvArA brahmatattva kA vivecana hai| isameM AruNi ne apane putra zvetaketu ko brahmatatva kA jJAna diyA hai| sAtaveM adhyAya se 'bhUmAdarzana' kA svarUpa vivecita hai tathA AThaveM adhyAya meM indra aura virocana kI kathA ke mAdhyama se 'AtmaprApti ke vyAvahArika upAyoM kA saMketa hai| isameM jJAnapUrvaka karma kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| jagadIza bhaTTAcArya-navadvIpa (baMgAla) ke sarvAdhika prasiddha naiyAyikoM meM jagadIza bhaTTAcArya yA tarkAlaMkAra kA sthAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| inakA samaya 17vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne navyanyAya sambandhI do mahattvapUrNa anyoM kI racanA kI hai| [navyanyAya nyAyadarzana kI eka mahatvapUrNa zAkhA hai jisake pravartaka haiM maithila naiyAyika gaMgezaM upAdhyAya / de. nyAyadarzana ] jagadIza ne raghunAtha ziromaNi ke prasiddha grantha 'dIdhiti' [ de0 raghunAtha ziromaNi ] kI vizada evaM prAmANika TIkA likhI hai| yaha TIkA 'jagadIza' ke nAma se dArzanika jagat meM vikhyAta hai| inakA dvitIya grantha 'zabdazakti prakAzikA' hai jisameM sAhityikoM kI vyaMjanA nAmaka zabdazakti kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yaha zabdazaktiviSayaka atyanta prAmANika grantha hai /

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jayantabhaTTa ] ( 193) [jayadeva AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. dhvani sampradAya aura usake siddhAnta-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / / jayantabhaTTa-nyAyamamjarI' nAmaka prasiddha nyAyazAstrIya grantha ke praNetA A0 jayantabhaTTa haiN| inakA samaya navama zataka kA uttarAdhaM hai| isa grantha meM 'gautamasUtra' ke katipaya prasiddha sUtroM para (de0 nyAyadarzana ) 'prameyabahulA' vRtti prastuta kI gayI hai| jayantabhaTTa ne apane grantha meM cArvAka, bauddha, mImAMsA tathA vedAntamatAvalambiyoM ke mata kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| inake grantha kI bhASA atyanta ramaNIya evaM rocaka hai / 'nyAyamanjarI' meM vAcaspati mizra evaM dhvanyAlokakAra Anandavardhana kA ullekha hai, ataH inakA samaya navama zataka kA uttarAddhaM siddha hotA hai / jayantabhaTTa kI racanA nyAyazAstra ke Upara svatantra grantha ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| - AdhAraprantha-1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga 2-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. hindI tarkabhASA ( bhUmikA ) A0 vizvezvara / jayatIrtha-mAdhvadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya vanamAlI mitra haiN| [de0 mAdhvadarzana ] ye isa darzana ke sarvAdhika vidvAn AcAryoM meM se the| inakA samaya 14vI zatAbdI hai| inhoMne TIkAoM ke atirikta svatantra rUpa se maulika granyoM kI racanA kara mAdhvadarzana ko paripuSTa kiyA thaa| inhoMne madhvaracita 'sUtrabhASya' para 'tattvaprakAzikA', 'tattvodyota', 'tattvaviveka', 'tattvasaMkhyAna', 'pramANalakSaNa' TIkAe~ likhI haiM tathA 'gItAbhASya' (madhvaracita ) ke Upara 'nyAyadIpikA' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI hai| inake maulika granthoM meM 'pramANapaddhati' evaM 'vAdAvalI' atyadhika prasiddha haiM jinameM advaitavAda kA khaNDana kara dvaitamata kA sthApana kiyA gayA hai / 'pramANapaddhati' ke Upara ATha TIkAe~ prApta hotI haiN| __ AdhAragrantha-de0 bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / jayadeva-ye saMskRta ke yugapravattaMka gItikAra haiN| inhoMne 'gItagovinda' nAmaka mahAn gItikAvya kI racanA kI hai| ye baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke sabhA kavi the| inakA samaya 12vIM zatI kA uttarAdha hai / 'gItagovinda' meM rAdhAkRSNa kI lalita lIlA kA manorama evaM rasasnigdha varNana hai| isa para rAjA kumbhakarNa evaM eka ajJAtanAmA lekhaka kI TIkAeM prApta hotI haiM jo nirNayasAgara presa se prakAzita haiN| jayadeva kA nivAsasthAna 'kendubilva' yA 'kendulI' (baMgAla) thA para katipaya vidvAn inheM baMgAlI na mAnakara utkala nivAsI kahate haiN| jayadeva ke sambandha meM katipaya prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM tathA kavi ne svayaM bhI apanI kavitA ke sambandha meM prazaMsA ke vAkya kahe haiN| AkarNya jayadevasya govindAnandinIgiraH / bAlizAH kAlidAsAya spRhayantu vayaM tu na // harihara-subhASitAvalI 17 govardhanazca zaraNo jayadeva umApatiH / kavirAjazca ratnAni samitI lakSmaNasya tu // prAcInapadya svavacana-yadi harismaraNe sarasaMmano yadi vilAsakalAsu kutUhalam / kalitakomalakAntapadAvalIM zRNu tadA jayadeva sarasvatIm ||giitgovind 1-3

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jayadeva ] ( 194) [jayadeva sAdhvI mAdhvIkacintA na bhavati bhavataH zarkare karkazAsi, drAkSe drakSyanti ketvAmamRtamRtamasikSIranIraM rasaste / mAkanda kranda kAntAdhara dharaNitalaM gaccha yacchantibhAvaM yAvacchRGgArasArasvatamiha jayadevasya viSvagvacAMsi // gItagovinda . yadyapi 'gItagovinda' kI racanA geya padazailI meM huI hai tathApi isameM 12 sarga haiN| pratyeka sagaM gItoM se yukta hai tathA sarga kI kathA ke sUtra ko nirdeza karane vAle varNanAtmaka padya bhI diye gae haiM / sarvaprathama kavi ne cAra zlokoM meM maMgalAcaraNa, prastAvanA, racanoddezya evaM kavi paricaya diyA hai / tatpazcAt eka zloka meM dazAvatAroM kA varNana kiyA hai / isake bAda mUlagrantha prArambha hotA hai| eka sakhI dvArA rAdhikA ke samakSa vasanta varNana karAyA gayA hai| vaha virahotkaNThitA rAdhikA ko dUra se hI gopAMganAoM ke sAtha rAsAsakta kRSNa ko dikhAtI hai| isa para IrSyA kI bhAvanA se bharakara rAdhikA mAna karatI hai| jaba kRSNa ko isakA patA calatA hai taba ve anya gopAMganAoM ko chor3akara, rAdhA kI viraha-dazA kA anubhava kara, yamunA-taTa ke eka kuMja meM usakA smaraNa karate haiM tathA usake pAsa eka dUtI bhejate haiM, jo rAdhA ke nikaTa jAkara kRSNa kI viraha-vedanA kA varNana karatI hai| rAdhA kI sakhI bhI kRSNa ke pAsa jAkara usakI virahAvasthA kA varNana kara kRSNa ko milana ke lie prerita karatI hai| tatkSaNa candramA kA udaya hotA hai aura rAdhikA kRSNa kI pratIkSA karatI hai, para unake nabAne para punaH mAninI bana jAtI hai| kRSNa Akara rAdhA ke mAna-bhaMga kA prayAsa karate haiM para ve asaphala ho jAte haiN| kRSNa cale jAte haiM aura sakhI rAdhikA ko samajhAtI hai tathA use abhisaraNa karane kI rAya detI hai / tatpazcAt rAdhA kA prasAdhana hotA hai tathA kavi usakI abhilASA kA varNana karatA hai|. sakhI kRSNa kI utkaNThA kA varNana kara zIghra hI rAdhA ko abhisAra karane ke lie kahatI hai| abhisAra ke sampanna hone para kRSNa kI ratizrAnti tathA rAdhA kA punaH kRSNa se prasAdhana ke lie nivedana karane kA varNana hai| anta meM 'gItagovinda' kI prazaMsA kara kavi kAvya kI samApti karatA hai| 'gItagovinda' ke isa kathAnaka se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ne mukhyataH isameM rAsalIlA kA hI varNana kiyA hai / isameM 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke rAsa varNana se eka vizeSatA avazya dikhAI par3atI hai aura vaha hai-vasanta Rtu meM rAsa kA varNana karanA / 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI rAsalIlA zarad Rtu meM huI hai| kavi ne kahIM-kahIM 'zrImadbhAgavata' se bhI sahAyatA lI hai phalataH isameM kaI sthaloM para 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI chAyA dikhAI par3atI hai yaha zRGgAraparaka kAvya hai| isameM zRGgArarasa ke ubhaya pakSoM-saMyoga evaM viyoga kA sundara evaM hRdayagrAhI varNana kiyA gyaa| jayadeva ko apane samaya kI. pracalita sAhityika paramparAoM evaM zrRMgArarasa ke vividha pakSoM kA pUrNa jJAna thaa| ataH inakI kavitA meM na kevala zrRMgAra apitu kAvyazAstra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA pUrNa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| jayadeva ne pustaka ke prArambha meM hI kaha diyA hai ki isameM bhakti, kalA. vilAsa tathA kalita komalakAnta padAvalI kA maMjula saMmizraNa hai| inake samaya se pUrva kI gItikAvya kI do pramukha dhArA zRMgArika bayA dhArmikatA-'gItagovinda' meM

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jayadeva] ( 185) [jayadeva Akara pUrNataH mila gayI haiN| inhoMne vibhinna zRMgArika paristhitiyoM kI kalpanA kara rAdhA ko vibhinna prakAra kI nAyikAoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA haiutkaNThitA-sakhi he kezImathanamudAram / ramaya mayA saha madanamanoratha bhAvitayA savikAram // 5 // proSitapatikA-nindaticandanamindukiraNamanuvindati khedamadhIram / vyAlanilayamilanena garalamiva kalayati malayAsamIram / mAdhava manasijavizikhabhayAdiva bhaavnyaatvyiliinaa| sA virahe tava dInA / / gItagovinda 6 // "he sakhi / kezI ke saMhAraka udAra kRSNa se merA milana karA do| maiM kAmapIr3ita huuN"| "he mAdhava ! vaha tumhAre viraha meM atyanta dIna ho gayI hai, candana aura candakiraNoM kI nindA karatI hai| malayAnila ko sarpa-nilaya ke saMparka ke kAraNa garala tulya samajhatI hai aura kAma ke bANoM se bhayabhIta sI bhAvanA se tuma meM lIna hai|" __'gItagovinda' meM gauDI evaM vaidarbhI rIti kA apUrva samanvaya dikhAI par3atA hai tathA samAsa bahula padoM kA khula kara prayoga kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM to gIta kI eka paMkti meM eka hI samasta pada milatA hai lalita-lavaMgalatA-parizIlana-komala-malaya-samIre / madhukara-nikara-karambita-kokila-kUjita-kunjakuTIre / / sampUrNa racanA meM eka bhI aisA pada nahIM milatA jo bhAvanAnurUpa komala na ho| isameM kavi ne saMskRta ke vaNikavRtta tathA saMgIta ke mAtrika padoM kA vicitra samanvaya kiyA hai / pratyeka sagaM ke prArambha meM eka yA adhika padoM meM rAdhA aura kRSNa kI ceSTAdi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, tatpazcAt kisI rAga meM Abaddha geya pada kA prayoga hai / pratyeka sagaM meM padoM kI saMkhyA meM bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai| kahIM to eka-eka yA do-do pada haiM to kahIM cAra-cAra padoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| padoM ke bIca tathA sarga ke anta meM bhI vaNika vRttoM kA niyojana kiyA gayA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se padoM meM antara par3atA hai| kucha to kavi kI svayaM ko uktiyoM haiM aura katipaya pada kRSNa, rAdhA yA dUtI kI uktiyoM ke rUpa meM kathita haiN| 'gItagovinda' ke svarUpa-vidhAna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paryApta mata-bheda pAyA jAtA hai / viliyama jonsa ne ise pazucAraNa nATaka (paisTorala DrAmA ) kahA hai to lAsena saMgItakAvyAtmaka rUpaka kahate haiM ( lirika ddraamaa)| pizela ke matAnusAra 'gItagovinda' madhurarUpaka ( meloDrAmA) hai to vAnazroura ise pariSkRta yAtrA kI zreNI meM rakhate haiM / silavA levI ne ise gIta aura rUpaka kA madhyavartI kAvya mAnA hai / jayadeva ne prabandhakAvya likhane ke uddezya se ise sargoM meM vibhakta kiyA thA unakA vicAra ise nATakIya rUpa dene kA nahIM thaa| vastutaH yaha prabandhAtmaka gItikAvya hai jisameM prabandha evaM gIti donoM ke hI tatva anusyUta ho gae haiN| DaoN. kItha kA kahanA hai ki "isa prakAra

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jayadeva] [jayadeva gItagovinda kA koI kyA huA eka hI rUpa nahIM hai, pAThya aura gIta, kathA, varNana aura bhASaNa, ina sabako usameM eka nizcita uddezya ke sAtha kuzalatApUrvaka kara diyA gayA hai| prastuta kAvya kA vibhAga sagoM ke sAtha hI prabandhoM meM bhI kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka gIta eka prabandha mAnA gayA hai aura sampUrNa kAvya meM aise caubIsa prabandha haiN| saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa ( hindI anuvAda )pR0 232 / ____ 'gItagovinda' ke aneka gadyAnuvAda evaM padyAnuvAda hindI meM upalabdha hote haiN| Adhunika yuga ke anuvAdoM meM DaoN. vinayamohana zarmAkRta padyAnuvAda adhika sundara hai| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta kavidarzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / jayadeva-(nATakakAra) inhoMne 'prasannarAghava' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kI hai| ye gItagovindakAra jayadeva se sarvathA bhinna haiN| AcArya vizvanAtha ne apane 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM inakA eka zloka 'kadalI kadalI' dhvani ke prakaraNa meM uddhRta kiyA hai, ataH ye trayodaza zataka ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| nATaka kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma mahAdeva evaM mAtA kA nAma sumitrA thaa| ye kauDinya gotrIya brAhmaNa tathA mithilAnivAsI the| ye nyAyazAstra ke Aloka nAmaka TIkA likhane vAle jayadeva se abhinna the| _ 'prasannarAghava' nAmaka nATaka ke atirikta inhoMne 'candrAloka' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai jo apanI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa prasiddha hai / 'prasanna rAghava kI racanA sAta aMkoM meM huI hai tathA isakA kathAnaka rAmAyaNa para AdhRta hai| kavi ne mUlakathA meM, nATyakauzala ke pradarzanArtha, aneka parivartana kiye haiM tathA prathama cAra aMkoM meM bAlakANDa kI hI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| prathama aMka meM maMjIraka evaM nupUraka nAmaka bandIjanoM ke dvArA sItA-svayaMvara kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa aMka meM rAvaNa tathA bANAsura apane-apane bala kI prazaMsA karate hue evaM paraspara saMgharSa karate hue pradarzita kiye gae haiN| dvitIya aMka meM janaka kI bATikA meM puSpAvacaya karate hue rAma evaM sItA ke prathama darzana kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya aMka meM vizvAmitra ke sAtha rAma aura lakSmaNa kA svayaMvara-maNDapa meM padhArane kA varNana hai| vizvAmitra rAjA janaka ko rAma-lakSmaNa kA paricaya dete haiM aura rAjA janaka unakI sundaratA para mugdha hokara apanI pratijJA ke lie mana-hI-mana duHkhita hote haiN| vizvAmitra kA Adeza prApta kara rAmacandra ziva-dhanuSa ko tor3a DAlate haiN| caturtha aMka meM parazurAma kA Agamana evaM rAma ke sAtha unake vAgyuddha kA varNana hai| paMcama aMka meM gaMgA, yamunA evaM sarayU ke saMvAda ke rUpa rAma-vanagamana evaM dazaratha kI mRtyu kI ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| haMsa nAmaka pAtra ne sItAharaNa taka kI ghaTanAoM ko sunAyA hai| SaSTha aMka meM virahI rAma kA atyanta mArmika citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| hanumAna kA laMkA jAnA evaM laMkA-dahana kI ghaTanA kA varNana isI aMka meM hai / zokAkula sItA dikhAI par3atI haiM aura unake mana meM isa prakAra kA bhAva hai ki rAma ko unake caritra ke sambandha meM zaMkA to nahIM hai yA rAma kA unake prati anurAga to nahIM naSTa ho gayA hai ? usI samaya rAvaNa AtA hai aura unake prati apanA prema prakaTa karatA hai| sItA

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jyotiSazAstra] - ( 187) [jyotiSazAstra usase ghRNA karatI haiN| rAvaNa unheM kRpANa se mArane ke lie daur3atA hai, kintu usI samaya use hanumAna dvArA mAre gaye apane putra akSaya kA sira dikhAI par3atA hai| sItA hatAza hokara, citA se, apane ko jalA denA cAhatI haiM, para aMgAra motI ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| hanumAna dvArA aMgUThI girAne kI bhI ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| hanumAn prakaTa hokara unase rAma ke eka patnIvrata kA samAcAra sunAte haiM jisase sItA ko saMtoSa hotA hai / saptama adhyAya meM prahasta dvArA rAvaNa ko eka citra dikhAyA jAtA hai jise mAlyavAn ne bhejA hai| isa citra meM zatru ke AkramaNa evaM setu-bandhana kA dRzya citrita hai, para rAvaNa ise korI kalpanA mAna kara isa para dhyAna nahIM detaa| kavi ne vidyAdhara evaM vidyAdharI ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai / antataH saparivAra rAvaNa mArA jAtA hai| anta meM rAma, sItA, lakSmaNa, vibhISaNa evaM sugrIva ke dvArA bArI-bArI sUryAsta tathA candrodaya kA varNana karAyA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-prasannarAdhava-hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA se prakAzita / jyotiSazAstra jyotiSazAstra meM sUryAdi grahoM evaM kAla kA bodha hotA haijyotiSAM sUryAdigrahANAM bodhakaM zAstram / 'isameM pradhAnataH graha, nakSatra, dhUmaketu, Adi jyotiH padArthoM kA svarUpa, saMcAra, paribhramaNakAla, grahaNa aura sthiti prabhRti samasta ghaTanAoM kA nirUpaNa evaM graha, nakSatroM kI gati, sthiti aura saMcArAnusAra zubhAzubha phaloM kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai|' bhAratIya jyotiSa pR0 4 (caturtha sNskrnn)| ___ bhArata meM jyotiSazAstra kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai aura vaidika vAGmaya meM bhI isakA astitva sarvatra prApta hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya ke antargata 'vedAMga' meM jyotiSa ko atyanta mahattva prApta huA hai| vedoM meM sUrya, candramA evaM nakSatroM ke sambandha meM katipaya stutiparaka mantra prApta hote haiM aura unameM graha-nakSatroM ke rUpa-raMga tathA rahasyamayatA ke atirikta unake prabhAva para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| Age cala kara yajJoM ke vidhi-vidhAna meM Rtu, ayana, dinamAna evaM lagna ke zubhAzubha para vicAra karane ke lie jyotiSazAstra kA vikAsa huA aura vedAMgoM meM ise mahanIya sthAna kI prApti huii| prArambha meM jyotiSazAstra ke do bheda kiye gae the-gaNita evaM phalita, kintu kAlAntara meM isake pAMca aMgoM kA vikAsa huA jinheM-horA, gaNita, saMhitA, prazna aura nimitta kahA gyaa| horA jyotiSazAstra kA vaha aMga hai jisameM janmakAlIna grahoM kI sthiti ke anusAra vyakti ke phalAphala kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| ise jAtakazAstra bhI kahate haiN| isameM mukhyataH janmakuNDalI ke dvAdaza bhAvoM ke phalAphala kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai aura manuSya ke sukha-duHkha, iSTa, aniSTa, unnati, avanati evaM bhAgyodaya kA varNana hotA hai| bhAratIya jyotirvidoM meM isa zAstra (horA ) ke pratinidhi AcArya haiM-vArAhamihira, nAracandra, siddhasena, DhundirAja, kezava, zrIpati evaM zrIdhara / gaNita jyotiSa meM kAlagaNanA, saura-cAndramAnoM kA pratipAdana, graha gatiyoM kA nirUpaNa, vyakta-avyakta gaNita kA prayojana, praznottara-vidhi, graha, nakSatra kI sthiti,

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jyotiSazAstra ] ( 188 ) [ jyotiSazAstra nAnA prakAra ke yantra-nirmANa kI vidhi ( turIya nalikA Adi ) tathA akSakSetraviSayaka akSajyA, lambajyA, jyA, kujyA, samazaMku ityAdi ke Anayana kA vivecana hotA hai / kramazaH isake siddhAntoM kA vikAsa hotA gayA aura siddhAnta, tantra tathA karaNa ke rUpa meM isake tIna bheda kiye gae / saMhitA ke vivecya viSaya hote haiM-bhUzodhana, dikzoSana, zalyoddhAra, melApaka, AyAdyAnayana, gRhopakaraNa, iSTikAdvAra, gehArambha, gRhapraveza, jalAzayanirmANa, mAMgalika kAryoM ke muhUrta, ulkApAta, vRSTi, grahoM ke udayAsta kA phala, grahAcAra kA phala tathA grahaNa - phala / praznajyotiSa meM praznAkSara, praznalagna evaM svaravijJAna kI vidhi kA varNana hotA hai tathA praznakarttA ko tatkAla phala batalAyA jAtA hai / isameM praznakarttA ke hAva-bhAva, ceSTA Adi ke dvArA usakI manaHsthiti kA bhI vizleSaNa hotA hai / ataH jyotiSazAstra ke isa aMga kA sambandha manovijJAna ke sAtha sthApita ho jAtA hai / zakuna - jyotiSa meM pratyeka kArya ke zubhAzubha phaloM kA pUrva jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma nimittazAstra bhI hai / jyotiSazAstra kA itihAsa - -anya zAstroM ke samAna bhAratIya hI jyotiSazAstra ke janmadAtA mAne gae haiN| isa zAstra kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM dezI evaM videzI vidvAnoM ne eka svara se samAna vicAra vyakta kiye haiM / ( 1 ) DaoN0 gaurIzaMkara ojhA ne likhA hai - "bhArata ne anya dezavAsiyoM ko jo aneka bAteM sikhAyIM, unameM sabase adhika mahattva aMkavidyA kA hai| saMsAra bhara meM gaNita, jyotiSa, vijJAna Adi kI Aja jo unnati pAyI jAtI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa vartamAna aMka krama hai, jisameM 1 se 9 taka ke aMka aura zUnya ina 10 cihnoM se aMka vidyA kA sArA kAma cala rahA hai / yaha krama bhAratavAsiyoM ne hI nikAlA aura use sAre saMsAra ne apanAyA / " madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti pR0 108 / ( 2 ) DablyU 0 DablyU 0 haSTara kA kahanA hai ki "8 vIM zatI meM arabI vidvAnoM ne bhArata se jyotiSavidyA sIkhI aura bhAratIya jyotiSa siddhAntoM kA 'sinda hinda' nAma se arabI meM anuvAda kiyA / " haNTara iNDiyana - gajeTiyara iNDiyA pR0 218 | alabarUnI ke anusAra "jyotiSasAstra meM hindU loga saMsAra kI sabhI jAtiyoM se bar3hakara haiN| maiMne aneka bhASAoM ke aMkoM ke nAma sIkhe haiM, para kisI jAti meM bhI hajAra se Age kI saMkhyA ke lie mujhe koI nAma nahIM milA / hinduoM meM aThAraha aMkoM taka kI saMkhyA ke lie nAma haiM, jinameM antima saMkhyA kA nAma parArddha batAyA gayA hai / " alaberunIkAlIna bhArata bhAga 1, pR0 174 - 177 ( aMgarejI ) / ( 3 ) maiksamUlara kA kathana hai ki "bhAratavAsI AkAza - maNDala aura nakSatra-maNDala Adi ke bAre meM anya dezoM ke RNI nahIM haiN| mUla AviSkarttA ve hI ina vastuoM ke haiM / " iNDiyA hvATa kaina iTa TIca asa pR0 360-63 [ uparyukta sabhI uddharaNa 'bhAratIya jyotiSa' nAmaka grantha se liye gae haiM -- le0 DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI - ] | bhAratIya jyotiSa ke vidvAnoM ne jyotiSazAstra ke aitihAsika vikAsa ( kAlavargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se ) nimnAMkita yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai

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jyotiSazAstra ] ( 189 ) andhakArakAla - I0 pU0 10000 varSa ke pahale kA samaya / udayakAla - I0 pU0 10000 I0 pU0 500 taka / AdikAla - I0 pU0 499 - I0 500 taka / pUrva madhyakAla - I0 501 - I0 1000 taka / uttara madhyakAla -- I0 1001 - I0 1600 taka / AdhunikakAla - I0 1601 - I0 1946 taka / kSayamAsa, vedamantroM meM jyotiSazAstra ke aneka sUtra bikhare hue haiM aura ina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para kAlAntara meM bRhadazAstra kA nirmANa huA / 'Rgveda' ke eka mantra meM ( 1, 164, 11 ) bAraha rAziyoM kI gaNanA ke dvArA 360 dina ke varSa kA varNana hai jo jyotiSa kI rAzi cakra gaNanA kI prAcIna sthiti kA dyotaka hai / DaoN0 zAmazAstrI ne 'vedAMgajyotiSa' nAmaka grantha kI bhUmikA meM siddha kiyA hai ki ayana, malamAsa, nakSatrabheda, sauramAsa, cAndramAsa prabhRti jyotiSa saMbaMdhI viSaya vedoM ke hI samAna prAcIna haiM / 'Rgveda' meM samaya - jJAna kI sImA ke lie 'yuga' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai aura 'vaittirIyasaMhitA' meM pRthvI, antarikSa, dyo, sUrya tathA candrAdi grahoM para vicAra karate hue sUrya kA AkAzamaNDala kI parikramA karane kA varNana hai / usI prakaraNa meM batalAyA gayA hai ki candramA nakSatramaNDala kI parikramA karatA hai aura vAyu antarikSaloka kI / vahA~ agni pRthvI sthAnIya kahe gae haiM / [ taittirIya saMhitA 7 / 5 / 13 ] 'Rgveda' meM kRtikA nakSatra se kAla-gaNanA kA nirdeza evaM 'atharvaveda' meM aTThAIsa nakSatroM ke nAma evaM unake AdhAra para kAla-gaNanA ke saMketa hai| 'Rgveda' meM bAraha rAziyA~ mAnI gayI haiM / [ de0 atharvaveda saMhitA 19 / 22 tathA Rgveda saMhitA 1 / 164 / 11,49 ] brAhmaNa, upaniSad Adi meM saMhitAoM kI apekSA jyotiSazAstra ke vibhinna aMgoM kAM vistArapUrvaka vivecana prApta hotA hai / brAhmaNoM meM nakSatra kA taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 12/3 ) meM prajApati nakSatra ke pratIka mAne gae haiM aura citrA, hasta, svAti Adi nakSatroM ko unakA aMga kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra 'kalpasUtra', 'nirukta', 'aSTAdhyAyI' Adi granthoM meM bhI jyotiSa ke tattva upalabdha hote haiM / vaidika yuga meM mAsa, Rtu, ayana, varSa, grahakakSA, nakSatra, rAzi, grahaNa, dinavRddhi Adi se sambaddha bar3e hI prAmANika tathya prApta hote haiM / Adi yuga meM Akara isa viSaya para svatantra taka Akara zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, prakaTa ho cuke the| huI jisake saMgrahakartA sundara varNana hai / isa yuga meM 'vedAMga - lagadha nAmaka RSi rUpa se granthAlekhana hone lagatA hai| isa yuga jyotiSa evaM chanda ( vedAMga ke chaha aMga ) jyotiSa' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA haiM / isakA saMkalana -kAla I0 pU0 580 ke Asa-pAsa hai / yaha jyotiSazAstra kA prArambhika grantha hai / [ de0 vedAMyajyotiSa ] I0 100-300 taka jyotiSazAstra kA vikAsa adhika ho cukA thA aura isa samaya taka isa zAstra ke pravatrtaka 18 AcAryo kA prAdurbhAva ho cukA thA / ina AcAryoM ke nAma haiM- sUrya, pitAmaha, vyAsa, vasiSTha, atri, parAzara, kAzyapa, nArada, gagaM, marIci, manu, aMgirA, lomaza, puliza, cyavana, bhRgu evaM zaunaka / uparyukta AcAryoM ke atirikta anya jyotiSazAstriyoM ne bhI isa [ jyotiSazAstra

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jyotiSazAstra] (190) [jyotiSazAstra yuga meM aneka granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| inake siddhAnta una granthoM ke praNetAoM ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| inakA vivaraNa varAhamihira racita 'paMcasidAntikA' nAmaka grantha meM prApta hotA hai| ye siddhAnta haiM-pitAmahasiddhAnta, vasiSThasiddhAnta, romakasiddhAnta, polizasiddhAnta evaM sUryasiddhAnta / 'pitAmahasiddhAnta' meM sUrya evaM candramA ke gaNita kA varNana hai| 'vasiSThasiddhAnta' pitAmahasiddhAnta kI apekSA adhika pariSkRta hai / isameM kevala 12 zloka haiN| brahmagupta ke anusAra isake kartA viSNucandra nAmaka koI vyakti the para DaoN0 thIbo ne inheM isakA kartA na mAna kara saMzodhaka batalAyA hai| [ de0 'paMcasiddhAntikA' kI aMgarejI bhUmikA-DaoN thIbo] / romakasiddhAnta-isake vyAkhyAtA kA nAma lATadeva hai| isakI racanA-zailI se jJAta hotA hai ki isakA nirmANa kisI grIkasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para huA hai / katipaya vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yaha siddhAnta alakajeNDiyA ke vikhyAta jyotiSazAstrI TAlamI ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nirmita hai| isakA racanA kAla 100-200 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| isakA gaNita adhika sthUla hai| __polizasiddhAnta-isa mata kI racanA malakajeNDriyAvAsI pauliza ke yUnAnI siddhAnta ke AdhAra para huI thii| para aneka vidvAn isase asahamata haiN| isakA bhI grahagaNita atisthUla hai| sUryasiddhAnta-isake kartA sUrya nAmaka RSi haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne isakA racanAkAla I0pU0 180 yA 100 I0 mAnA hai| yaha jyotiSazAstra kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / isameM madhyamAdhikAra, spaSTAdhikAra, tripraznAdhikAra, sUryagrahaNAdhikAra, paralekhAdhikAra, grahayutyadhikAra, nakSatragrahayutyadhikAra, udayAstAdhikAra, zrRMgonnatyadhikAra, pAtAdhikAra tathA bhUgolAdhyayAya / ___ isI yuga ke anya prasiddha graMthoM meM 'nAradasaMhitA' evaM 'gargasaMhitA' nAmaka graMtha Ate haiM, para inakA racanAkAla asaMdigdha nahIM hai| 'gargasaMhitA' ke kucha hI aMza prApta hote haiM jo na kevala jyotiSazAstra kI dRSTi se apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke vicAra se bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| - jyotiSa ke prAcIna AcAryoM meM RSiputra kA nAma milatA hai jinake siddhAnta kA vivaraNa 'bRhatsaMhitA' kI TIkA meM bhaTTotpala dvArA kiyA gayA hai| ye gargamuni ke putra batAye gae haiN| isa yuga ke anya mahAn AcAryoM meM AryabhaTTa prathama ( 476 I0 janma) ne 'bAryabhaTTIya' tathA 'tantragrantha' dvitIya AryabhaTTa ne 'mahAAryabhaTTa siddhAnta' lallAcArya ne 'dhIvidvatantra' tathA 'ratnakoza' prabhRti utkRSTa granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| pUrvamadhyakAla jyotiSazAstra ke sambarddhana kA yuga hai / isa yuga meM horA, siddhAnta evaM saMhitA prabhRti jyotiSa ke vibhinna aMgoM tathA bIjagaNita, aMkagaNita, rekhAgaNita evaM phalita jyotiSa kA adbhuta vikAsa huA / AcArya varAhamihira kA AvirbhAva isI yuga meM huA thA jinhoMne 'bRhajjAtaka' nAmaka asAdhAraNa evaM vilakSaNa graMtha kI racanA kI thii| ye samrATa vikramAditya kI sabhA ke navaratnoM meM se the / 'sArAvalI' nAmaka yavana horAzAstra ke racayitA kalyANavarmA (577 I. ke AsapAsa ) ne DhAI hajAra zlokoM

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jyotiSazAstra]. [jyotiSazAstra kA jAtaka grantha likhA thA aura vArAhamihira ke putra pRthuyazAkRta phalita jyotiSa kA grantha 'SaTpancAzikA' chaThI zatAbdI meM hI likhA gayA jisa para bhaTTotpala ne TIkA likhii| isa yuga ke anya prasiddha AcArya brahmagupta jinhoMne 'brahmasphuTasiddhAnta' tathA 'khaNDakhAdyaka' nAmaka karaNa grantha kA praNayana kiyaa| pUrvamadhyakAla ke anya jyotiSa. zAstriyoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai muMjAla-laghumAnasa, mahAvIra-jyotiSapaTala, gnnitsaarsNgrh| zrIpati-pATIgaNita, bIjagaNita, siddhAntazekhara, zrIpatipaddhati, ratnAvalI, ratnasAra evaM ratnamAlA ( dazama zatAbdI kA uttraakhN)| zrIdharAcArya-gaNitasAra, jyotirjJAna / pUrvamadhyakAla meM phalita jyotiSa ke saMhitA evaM jAtaka aMgoM kA adhika praNayana kiyA gayA tathA grahagaNita caramasImA para pahuMca gayA / chaThI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa bhAratIya jyotiSazAstra kA saMpakaM grIka, arava evaM phArasa dezoM ke bhI sAtha ho gayA aura 'brahmasphuTasiddhAnta' prabhRti granthoM ke arabI bhASA meM anuvAda bhI hue| jyotiSazAstra kA uttaramadhyakAla vyAkhyA, AlocanA tathA maulika-grantha-lekhana kA yuga thaa| isa yuga meM aneka navIna AviSkAra hue jinameM golagaNita, kendrAbhikarSiNI tathA kendrAbhicAriNI Adi kriyAtmaka zaktiyAM prasiddha haiM / isa yuga ke AcAryoM ne sUrya ko gatizIla tathA pRthvI ko sthira mAnA / AcAryoM ne aneka yantroM kA nirmANa kara grahavedha-nirIkSaNa ke tarIkoM ko nikAla kara AkAzamaNDalIya grahoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| isa yuga meM phalitajyotiSa ke bhI vibhinna aMgoM kA nirmANa huA aura jAtaka, muhatta, sAmudrika, tAjika, ramala evaM prazna prabhRti isake aMga prathama-prathama nirmita hue| ramala evaM tAjika isa yuga ke do aise aMga haiM jo bhAratIya jyotiSa meM yavana-prabhAva ke kAraNa nirmita hue| isI yuga ne mahAn jyotiSI bhAskarAcArya ko janma diyA thA jinhoMne apane siddhAntoM ke dvArA bhAratIya jyotiSa ko vizvavyApI mahattva pradAna kiyA / inakA samaya 1114 I. hai| inhoMne 'siddhAntaziromaNi' evaM 'muhatacintAmaNi' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai aura phalita-viSayaka granthoM kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jo samprati anupalabdha haiN| [de0 bhAskarAcArya ] mithilAnareza lakSmaNasena ke putra ballAlasena ne 'adbhutasAgara' nAmaka grantha likhA jisameM pUrvavartI sabhI AcAryoM ke siddhAntoM kA saMgraha hai| yaha grantha ATha hajAra zlokoM kA hai / nIlakaNTha devajJa ne 'tAjikanIlakaNThI' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kA praNayana kiyA jo arabI-phArasI bhASA ke jyotiSaganyoM ke AdhAra para nirmita hai| inake anuja rAma daivajJa ( 1522 I0 ) ne 'muhUrtacintAmaNi' nAmaka grantha kA nirmANa kiyA tathA akabara ke Adeza se 'rAmavinoda' evaM ToDaramala kI prasannatA ke lie 'DoDarAnanda' kI racanA kI / isa yuga meM aneka TIkA grantha bhI likhe gae jinase isa zAstra kA adhika vikAsa huaa| uttaramadhyakAla ke anya granthakAroM meM zatAnanda, kezavAka, kAlidAsa, mahAdeva, gaMgAdhara, bhaktilAma, hematilaka, lakSmIdAsa, jJAnarAja, anantadaivajJa, dulaMbharAja, haribhadrasUrI, viSNudevaza, sUryadevA, jagadeva, kRSNa

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( 192 ) [ jyotiSazAstra ww daivajJa, raghunAthazarmA, govindadevaza, vizvanAtha, viTThaladIkSita Adi nAma adhika prasiddha haiM / Adhunika kAla - yavana - sAmrAjya kI sthApanA ke kAraNa bhAratIya jyotiSa ko pratikUla paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A thA aura madhyayuga meM isakA vikAsa avaruddha-sA ho gayA thA / Adhunika yuga meM pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke samparka ke kAraNa bhAratIya jyotiSazAstra meM vikAsa kA navIna caraNa prArambha huA aura aMgarejI anuvAdoM ke dvArA isakI navIna paddhati vikasita huI / aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya jyotiSa kA adhyayana kiyA tathA pAzcAtya vijJAna evaM bhAratIya jyotiSa ke tulanAtmaka . adhyayana ke bhI gambhIra prayatna kiye gae / pAzcAtya gaNitazAstra ke aneka granthoM ke anuvAda. saMskRta meM kiye gae aura rekhAgaNita, bIjagaNita, trikoNamiti ke granthoM kA. nirmANa kiyA gayA / Adhunika yuga ke jyotiSazAstriyoM meM bApUdevazAstrI tathA paM0 sudhAkara dvivedI ne maulika granthoM kA praNayana kara gaNita jyotiSa ko samRddha kiyA / isa yuga ke anya jyotiSiyoM meM munIzvara, divAkara, kamalAkarabhaTTa, nityAnanda, mahimodaya, meghagaNivijaya, ubhayakuzala, labdhicandragaNi, bAghajI muni, yazasvatasAgara, jagannAtha samrAT nIlAmbara jhA, sAmantacandrazekhara, zivalAla pAThaka, paramAnanda pAThaka, bAlakRSNa jyotiSI, bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, DaoN0 sampUrNAnanda, DaoN0 gorakha prasAda ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / bhAratIya jyotiSa ke vaijJAnika adhyayana meM mahArAja savAI jayasiMha kA nAma vizeSa Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai / inhoMne jayapura, dillI, ujjaina, vArANasI evaM mathurA meM vedhazAlAoM kA nirmANa karA kara jyotiSazAstra ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kA samArambha kiyA thA / inhoMne kaI vidvAnoM se jyotiSaviSayaka granthoM kA lekhana karavAyA tathA svayaM bhI vedha para choTA-sA grantha likhA thA / bhAratIya jyotiSa ke saMbaMdha jyotiSazAstra ] Adhunika yuga meM aneka prakAra ke anusandhAna sambhava haiN| AzA hai, vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa zAstra ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI ora jAyagA / bhAratIya jyotiSa kA gaNitapakSa abhI taka upekSita hai / ataH vidvAnoM kA kartavya hai ki zIghrAtizIghra usakA anuzIlana kara isa bhAga ko puSTa kreN| prAcIna bhArata meM anekAneka vaijJAnika evaM yantrazAstrIya granthoM kA nirmANa huA thA kintu kAla kI gati se ye grantha lupta ho gaye haiM / isa samaya ina granthoM kI khoja kI jAnI cAhie aura unake vaijJAnika adhyayana kA prayAsa honA cAhie / bhAratIya jyotiSa kA sAhitya atyanta praur3ha evaM samRddha hai / samprati vidvAnoM kA vyAna isake vaijJAnika adhyayana evaM anuzIlana kI aura jAnA cAhie / bhAratIya jyotiSa ke pramukha AcAryoM ke paricaya isa koza meM prastuta kiye gae haiN| unakA vivaraNa unake nAmoM ke sammukha dekhanA cAhie / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN gorakha prasAda 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa -- DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI 3. bhAratIya jyotiSa - paM0 zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ( hindI anuvAda) 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa --kIya 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrIvacaspati zAstrI gairolA /

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jAnakI caritAmRta ] [jaina darzana jAnakI caritAmRta (mahAkAvya)-isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA zrIrAmasanehIdAsa vaiSNava kavi haiN| isakA racanAkAla 1950 I0 evaM prakAzanakAla 1957 I0 hai / yaha mahAkAvya 108 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM sItA ke janma se lekara vivAha taka kI kathA varNita hai| sampUrNa kAvya saMvAdAtmaka zailI meM racita hai| isameM prasAdaguNa kI pradhAnatA hai ahiMsAyAH paro dharmo nAstiko'pi jagattraye / ___nAdharmo'pyasti hiMsAyA adhikapriyabAndhavaH // jImUtavAhana-ye baMgAla ke prasiddha dharmazAstrakAra haiN| inake tIna anya prakAzita ho cuke haiM-'kAlaviveka', 'vyavahAramAtRkA' tathA 'dAyabhAga' / inakA samaya 1090 se 1130 I. ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai / lekhaka ne apane sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai / ye rADhA nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI tathA paribhadra kula meM utpanna hue the| 'kAlaviveka' meM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai--Rtu, mAsa, dhArmika-kriyA-saMskAra ke kAla, malamAsa, saura tathA cAndramAsa meM hone vAle utsava, vedAdhyayana ke utsarjana tathA upAkarma, agastyodaya, caturmAsa, kojAgara, durgotsava, grahaNa Adi kA vivecana / 'vyavahAramAtRkA' kA pratipAdya hai vyavahAra vidhiyoM kA vivecana / inake tRtIya grantha 'dAyabhAga' kI zreSThatA asaMdigdha hai| isameM hindU kAnUnoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai aura vizeSataH riktha, vibhAjana, strIdhana tathA punarmilana kA adhika vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai / dAyabhAga meM putroM ko pitA ke dhana para janmasiddha adhikAra nahIM diyA gayA hai, apitu pitA ke marane yA saMnyAsI hone yA patita ho jAne para hI sampatti para putra kA adhikAra hone kA varNana hai| pitA kI icchA hone para hI usake evaM usake putroM meM dhana kA vibhAjana saMbhava hai| isameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavA kA adhikAra na kevala pati ke dhana para apitu usake bhAI ke saMyukta dhana para bhI ho jAtA hai| isameM aneka vicAra 'mitAkSarA' ke viparIta vyakta kiye gae haiN| [ 'mitAkSarA' ke lie de0 vijJAnezvara ] AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-1 (hindI anuvAda) DaoN. pA. vA0 kaanne| jaina darzana-bhAratIya darzana ke antargata eka tatvajJAna jisakA sambandha jainiyoM yA jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM se hai| 'jina' ke anuyAyI ko jaina kahA jAtA hai| 'jina' kA artha hai vijetA, jo nimnakoTi ke svabhAva yA rAga-dveSa ko jIta kara nirvANa prApta kara ke yA sarvocca sattA kI upalabdhi karake use 'jina' kahate haiN| mahAvIra jina yA vardhamAna bainiyoM ke antima yA caubIsaveM tIrthakara the aura yaha upAdhi unako unake anuyAyiyoM ke dvArA prApta huI thii| jainamata zanda isa dharma ke naitika AdhAra kA dyotaka hai / arthAt isase vidita hotA hai ki jainadharma kA mukhyAdhAra AcAraniSThA hai| jainadharma ke pracAraka siDoM ko tIrthakara kahA jAtA hai jinakI saMkhyA 24 hai| isake prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva the jinakA samaya prAgaitihAsika kAla hai| isa mata ke antima tIrthaMkara kA samaya 656 13 saM0 sA0

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jaina sAhitya] (194) [jaina sAhitya vi0 pU0 hai jo bihAra rAjya ke mujaphpharapura jile ke vaizAlI ke rahane vAle kSatriya rAjakumAra the| tIsa varSa kI vaya meM ve ghara-dvAra chor3a kara tapasyA karane cale gae aura jJAna-prApta karane ke bAda mahAvIra ke nAma se prasiddha hue / jainamata meM Izvara kI sattA mAnya nahIM hai aura ve tIrthaMkaroM hI upAsanA karate haiN| tIrthakaroM ko mukta mAnA jAtA hai| jainiyoM ke matAnusAra sabhI baMdhanayukta jIva toyaMkaroM ke mArga para cala sakate haiM aura sAdhanA ke dvArA unhIM ke samAna jJAnI, sikha evaM pUrNazaktimAn bana kara Anandopandhi karate haiN| inake do sampradAya haiM-digambara evaM zvetAmbara, para inake siddhAntoM meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai / zvetAmbara zveta vastroM kA prayoga karate haiM kintu digambara vastra kA vyavahAra na kara nagna rahA karate haiN| zvetavastradhArI hone ke kAraNa pahale ko zvetAmbara evaM nagna hone ke kAraNa dvitIya ko digambara kahA jAtA hai| donoM sampradAyoM meM naitika siddhAntaviSayaka matabheda adhika hai, dArzanika siddhAnta meM adhika antara nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| jaina sAhitya-jaina dharma meM 84 grantha prAmANika mAne jAte haiN| isameM tattvajJAna sambandhI sAhitya kI apekSA AcAraviSayaka sAhitya kI bahulatA hai| yaha sAhitya atyanta samRddha hai aura bahulAMza prAkRta bhASA meM racita hai| para, kAlAntara meM saMskRta bhASA meM bhI racanAeM huii| inake 41 grantha sUtrarUpa meM haiM tathA kitane hI prakIrNa hai, tathA kucha vargIkaraNa se rahita bhI haiN| 41 sUtroM kA vibhAjana pAMca bhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai-aMga 11, upAMga 12, cheda 5, mUla 5 tathA vividha 8 / jaina darzana ko suvyavasthita karanevAle tIna vidvAna ullekhanIya hai-umAsvAti, kundakundAcArya tathA samantabhadra / umAsvAti ke anya kA nAma hai 'tatvArthasUtra' yA 'tasvArthAdhigamasUtra' / samaya-samaya para prasiddha AcAryoM ne isakI vRtti, TIkA evaM bhASya likhe haiN| ye vikrama ke prArambhika kAla meM hue the, inakA vAsasthAna magadha thaa| kundakundAcArya ne 'niyamasAra', 'paMcAstikAyasAra', 'samayasAra' tathA 'pravacana' nAmaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA jinameM antima tIna kA mahatva 'prasthAnatrayI' kI taraha hai| samantabhadra ne 'bAtmamImAMsA (14 kArikAoM kA grantha), 'yuktyAnusandhAna, 'svambhUstotra ( 143 padoM meM tIrthakaroM kI stuti ), 'jinastutizataka', 'ratnakaraNDabAvakAcAra' Adi siddhasena divAkara (5vIM zatI) ne 'kalyANamandirastotra', 'nyAyAvatAra,' 'sanmatitaka' Adi granthoM kI racanA kara jainanyAya kI avatAraNA kii| vAdirAjasUri (navamazataka) kRta 'nyAyavinizcayanirNaya' bhI nyAyazAna kA prasiddha grantha hai| hemacandra sUri ( 1972 I.) prasiddha jaina vidvAna haiM jinhoMne 'pramANamImAMsA' nAmaka suprasiddha grantha likhA hai| 17 vI zatAbdI ke yazovijaya ne 'jainatakabhASA' nAmaka sarala evaM saMkSipta pustaka likhI hai / anya jaina dArzanika banyoM meM nemicandra kA 'vyasaMgraha', mallasenakRta 'syAvAdamaMjarI' tathA prabhAcandra viracita 'prameyakamalamAtaMga' Adi anya prasiddha haiN| tatvamImAMsA jainadarzana vastuvAdI yA bahusattAvAdI tatvaciMtana hai jisake anusAra vijJAI par3anevAle sabhI dravya satya hai| saMsAra ke mUla meM do prakAra ke tattva hai-jIva

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jaina sAhitya] ( 195 ) [jaina sAhitya aura ajIva, jinameM paraspara samparka rahatA hai| paraspara samparka ke dvArA hI jIva ko mAnA prakAra kI zaktiyoM kA anubhava hotA hai / pratyeka sajIva dravya meM jIva kI sthiti vidyamAna rahatI hai, cAhe usakA rUpa koI bhI kyoM na ho| isalie jaina loga ahiMsA tatva para adhika bala dete haiM / jainamata anekAntavAda evaM syAvAda kA poSaka hai| yaha anya matoM ke prati bhI Adara kA bhAva rakhatA hai jisakA kAraNa usakA anekAntavAdI honA hI hai| anekAntavAda batalAtA hai ki vastu meM aneka prakAra ke dharma nihita rahate haiN| ise avaidika darzana kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isake anusAra vedoM kI prAmANikatA amAnya hai| jJAnamImAMsA jainamata meM jIva ko caitanya mAnA gayA hai aura usakI upamA sUrya se dI gayI hai| jisa prakAra sUrya ke prakAra se sUrya bhI prakAzita hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA yA caitanya ke dvArA anya padArtha ko prakAzita hote hI haiM, vaha apane ko ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| isameM jIva ko ananta jJAnaviziSTa mAnA gayA hai, para karmoM ke AvaraNa meM usakA zuddha caitanya rUpa chipA rahatA hai| jJAna ke do prakAra haipratyakSa evaM parokSa / AtmasApekSa jJAna pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai aura indriya tathA mana ke dvArA prApta jJAna parokSa kahA jAtA hai| pratyakSa jJAna kI upalabdhi meM AtmA svayaM kAraNa banatI hai aura usake lie anya padArthoM kI bhAvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| parokSa zAna ke do prakAra haiM-mati tathA zruta jo indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA se hI utpanna hote haiN| pratyakSa jJAna ke tIna bheda haiM-avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala / ye kevala AtmA kI yogyatA se hI utpanna hote haiM, inake lie indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| mati-jaba indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se jJAna kA viSaya utpanna ho to use 'matijJAna' kahate haiN| ise smRti, saMjJA, cintA tathA samudbhUta mAna bhI kahate haiM / mati jJAna bhI do prakAra kA hotA hai-indriyajanya evaM anindriya / bAhya indriyoM ke dvArA samudbhUta jJAna indriyajanya evaM mAnasa jJAna anindriyajanya hotA hai| jo zabda zAna se utpanna hotA hai use 'zrutajJAna' kahate haiN| matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna meM antara yaha hai ki prathama kI sthiti kevala vidyamAna padArtha meM hI hotI hai, jaba ki dvitIya bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna traikAlika viSayoM meM hotA hai| avadhi zAna meM dUrastha, sUkSma tathA baspaSTa dravyoM kA bhI jJAna hotA hai, isase parimita padArthoM kA hI jJAna prApta hotA hai / apane karmoM ko aMzataH naSTa karane para manuSya ko aisI zakti prApta hotI hai jisase ki vaha dUrastha sUkma vastuoM kA bhI jJAna prApta kara letA hai| manaHparyAya usa jJAna ko kahate haiM jaba manuSya anya vyaktiyoM ke vicAroM ko jAna skeN| baha rAga-dveSAdi mAnasika bAdhAoM ko jIta kara aisI sthiti meM A jAtA hai ki dUsare ke bhUta evaM pataMmAna vicAra bhI jAne jA sakate haiN| kevala zAna-yaha jJAna kevala mukta jIva ko hI hotA hai| isameM jJAna ke bAdhaka sabhI kArya naSTa ho jAte haiM taba bananta mAna kI prApti hotI hai / jaina mata meM pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda tInoM hI pramANa svIkRta hai / pratyakSa to sarvamAnya hai hI, lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi se inhoMne anumAna ko bhI prAmANika svIkara kiyA hai|

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jaina sAhitya] ( 196 ) [jaina sAhitya syAdvAda-jainamata kA yaha mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai / isa dharma meM pratyeka vastu anekadharmaka hotI hai jisakA jJAna kevala mukta puruSa ko hotA hai| sAdhAraNa manuSya ke lie yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki vaha pratyeka vastu ke samasta dharmoM kA vAstavika jJAna prApta kara sake / vaha vastu kA eka hI dharma jAna sakatA hai| vastu ke aneka dharmoM meM se eka dharma kA jJAna prApta karane ko 'naya' kahate haiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki dRSTi-bheda se eka hI vastu aneka prakAra kI dikhAI par3atI hai, eka vastu kA eka hI rUpa eka prakAra se nahIM raha paataa| isa mata meM vastu kA sat aura asat ( abhAva ) aisA vibhAjana nahIM hotaa| sata ko hI dravya kahate haiM, isameM asat kA svatantra rUpa nahIM mAnA jaataa| koI bhI vastu jo eka dRSTi se sat hotI hai anya dRSTi se asat bhI ho jA ukatI hai| pratyeka vastu kA svabhAva bhinna-bhinna hotA hai aura vaha usI vastu meM nihita hotA hai| ataH saMsAra meM na to koI vastu sat hai aura na asat / yahI siddhAnta anekAntavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura isI ko syAdvAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / jaina dArzanikoM tathA ajaina dArzanikoM ne syAdvAda kI vyAkhyA bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kI hai| ajainiyoM ke anusAra syAvAda 'saMzayavAda' kA hI dUsarA nAma hai| syAt kA artha hai zAyada aura isI artha ke AdhAra para ve 'saMzayavAda' kI sthiti svIkAra karate haiN| para jaina dArzanikoM ke AdhAra 'syAt' kA artha 'kathaMcit' yA 'kisI apekSA se' hai| ataH apekSAvAda ko hI syAvAda kahA gayA hai| jainamata meM yaha siddhAnta mAnya hai ki apekSA kI dRSTi se hI saMsAra kI koI vastu sat aura asat hotI hai / syAt zabda se yaha saMketa hotA hai ki usake sAtha ke prayukta vAkya kI satyatA prasaMgavizeSa para hI nirbhara karatI hai anya prasaMga meM vaha mithyA bhI ho sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie ghara ke kAle raMga ke ghar3e ko dekha kara yaha nahIM kahA jAya ki yaha ghar3A hai; apitu kahanA cAhie ki 'syAt' ghar3A hai / syAt ke prayoga se yaha vidita hogA ki ghar3e kA astitva kAlavizeSa, sthAnavizeSa evaM guNavizeSa ke anusAra hai tathA usake prayoga se ( syAt ke ) yaha bhI bhrama dUra ho jAyagA ki ghar3A nitya evaM sarvavyApI hai| ghar3A hai kahane para anekazaH bhrAnta jJAna hone lgegaa| [de. bhAratIya darzana-DaoN. dhIrendramohana datta, hindI anuvAda pR0 53-54 ] syAvAda kI abhivyakti 'saptabhaMgI naya' ke dvArA hotI hai| jainiyoM ne sattA ke sApekSarUpa ko svIkAra karane ke lie sAta prakAra kA parAmarza mAnA hai, ise hI 'saptabhaMgI naya' kahate haiN| inhoMne pratyeka naya ke sAtha syAt zabda jor3a diyA hai tathA yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki kisI bhI naya kI satyatA ekAnta yA nirapekSa rUpa meM nahIM hai| ataH 'saptabhaMgInaya' meM kisI bhI padArtha ke rUpa ko prakaTa karane ke lie sAta prakAra ke DhaGga kathita haiM 1-syAt asti ( kisI apekSA se koI vastu vidyamAna hai)| 2-syAnAsti (kisI apekSA se koI vastu avidyamAna hai)| 3-syAdasti ca syAnAsti (kisI apekSA se koI vastu eka sAtha vidyamAna aura avidyamAna donoM hai)|

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jaina sAhitya ] ( 197 ) [ jaina sAhitya 4 - syAt avaktavyam ( kisI apekSA se vastu kA rUpa nirdiSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ) / 5 - syAdasti ca syAdavaktavyam ( kisI apekSA se vastu kA rUpa hai bhI tathA avaktavya bhI hai ) / 6 - syAnnAsti ca syAd avaktavyam ( kathaMcit nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai ) / 7 - syAdasti ca nAsti ca avaktavyaM ca (kathaMcit hai, nahIM hai tathA avaktavya hai) / tattvasamIkSA - jainadarzana meM sat dravya kA lakSaNa hai tathA sat kA lakSaNa hai--utpAda, our aura dhrauvya / utpAda utpatti kA vyaya vinAza kA tathA dhrauvya sthiratA kA dyotaka hai / isakA abhiprAya yaha huA ki jisa vastu meM pratyeka samaya utpatti, vinAza evaM sthiratA vidyamAna rahe, use sat kahA jAyagA / isa mata meM dravya eka mAtra tattva mAnA gayA hai aura usake 6 prakAra hote haiM jIva mukta sthAvara jIva saMsArI jaMgama dravya I pudgala AkAza T ajIva dharma aghamaM kAla aNu saMghAta dravya meM sattA ke tInoM hI lakSaNa vidyamAna rahate haiM / vaha apane guNa ke dvArA nitya hotA hai kyoMki guNa parivartita nahIM hotA tathA parivartanazIla padArthoM kA utpatti aura vinAza avazyaMbhAvI hai / ataH isameM ye donoM hI tattva vidyamAna haiM / jIva-cetana dravya hI jIva yA AtmA kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isameM caitanya ke tattva vidyamAna rahate haiM, para bhinna-bhinna jIvoM meM svarUpa evaM mAtrA kA anupAta bhinna hotA hai / jIva nitya evaM prakAzamAna hai aura vaha anya padArthoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai / vahI jJAna prApta karatA hai aura karma bhI karatA hai / use hI duHkha-sukha bhoganA par3atA hai aura usakI avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiN| vaha karttA aura bhoktA donoM hI hai tathA sampUrNa zarIra meM parivyApta rahatA hai / usake do prakAra haiM-saMsArI aura mukta | saMsArI jIva karma-bandhana ke vaza meM hokara janma aura maraNa prApta karatA hai, para mukta bandhanoM se mukta rahatA hai / 1 ajIva - jina dravyoM meM caitanya kA abhAva hotA hai, ve ajIva kahe jAte haiM / ajIva meM cetanA nahIM hotI para use sparza, svAda evaM ghrANa ke dvArA jAnA jA sakatA

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jaina sAhitya] ( 198 ) [jaina sAhitya hai| ajIva kI bhI do zreNiyAM haiN| eka ye haiM jinakI AkRti nahIM hotI; jaise dharma, adharma, deza, kAla / dUsare kI AkRti hotI hai, ve haiM-pudgala padArtha yA bhautika padArtha / pudgala ko vizva kA bhautika AdhAra kahA jAtA hai tathA sparza, svAda, gandha, varNa aura zabda kA sambandha isI se hai| jainiyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA evaM AkAza ke atirikta sArI cIjeM prakRti se utpanna hotI haiN| unake anusAra vizva kA nirmANa paramANuoM se hotA hai tathA aNu kA Adi, madhya yA anta kucha nahIM hotA / yaha atyanta sukSma, nitya evaM nirapekSa sattA hai tathA isakA nirmANa evaM vinAza nahIM hotaa| bhautika padArtha aNuoM ke paraspara saMyoga se hI utpanna hote haiN| ___ jaina AcAra-darzana-bandhana se mukti hI jainadharma kA pradhAna lakSya hai| zarIra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI jIva ko duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai aura bandhana ke duHkha kA bhoktA vahI hai| tIrthaMkaroM ne jagat ke duHkha-nivAraNa ko hI pradhAna samasyA mAnA hai| duHkhoM ke samudAya ke kAraNa hI jIva kA jIvana kSubdha rahatA hai| ataH duHkhajanita kSobha se AtmA ko chuTakArA dilAnA hI jIvana kA pradhAna lakSya hai| jainazAstroM ne vAsanAoM kI dAsatA se mukti para adhika bala diyA hai| karma ke kAraNa hI jIva ko bandhana meM par3anA par3atA hai aura dAsatA kA kAraNa bhI kama hI hai| kaivalya yA mokSa ke pratibandhaka cAra prakAra ke karma hote haiM-mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNIya, saMvedanIya evaM antarAya / inameM mohanIya sabase balavAna hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne para hI aura karmoM kA nAza sambhava hai| mokSa-jainadharma meM mokSa ke tIna sAdhana haiM-samyak darzana, samyak mAna tathA samyak cAritrya / darzana kA artha zraddhA hai, ataH mokSa cAhane vAle sAdhaka ke lie samyak zraddhA Avazyaka hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM evaM mArgoM meM zraddhA rakhanA mokSakAmI sAdhaka ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai| samyak darzana evaM samyak jJAna kI caritArthatA samyak cAritrya meM hotI hai| inheM hI jainadharma meM 'triratna' yA ratnatraya kI abhidhA pradAna kI gayI hai / samyak caritra ke dvArA hI jIva bandhana-mukta hotA hai / jAnI yA zraddhA-sampanna vyakti ke lie pAMca prakAra ke AcaraNa hote haiM-ahiMsA, udAratA, satyabhASaNa, sadAcaraNa, asteya evaM vANI, vicAra tathA karma se pavitratA aura samasta sAMsArika svArtho kA tyAga / ahiMsA kA abhiprAya kevala hiMsA ke tyAga se hI na hokara samasta prANiyoM evaM sRSTi ke prati tathA sahAnubhUti kA pradarzana bhI hai| Izvara-jainadharma anizvaravAdI hai| yaha jagat ke sRjana evaM saMhAra ke lie Izvara kI sattA svIkAra nahIM karatA / isake anusAra asaMkhya jIvoM tathA padArthoM kI pratikriyA ke kAraNa hI vizva kA vikAsa hotA hai-'vidyamAna padArthoM kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA aura na hI asat se sRSTi kA nirmANa sambhava hai| janma athavA vinAza vastuoM ke apane guNoM evaM prakAroM ke kAraNa hotA hai|' bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan pR0 302 / isa dharma meM Izvara kA baha rUpa mAnya nahIM hai. jisake anusAra vaha 'kartum akatuMm anyathA kartuM samarthaH kisI vastu ke karane, na karane anyathA kara dene meM samartha hotA hai /

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jaina meghadUta ] ( 199) [jaina meghadUta paramAtmA kI anAdi siddha sattA ke prati vaha avizvAsa prakaTa karatA hai| isa mata meM aneka Izvara mAnya haiM aura isake antargata ve jIva Ate haiM jo ahaMntapada evaM sivapada ko prApta kara lete haiN| jainamata meM tIrthakara hI Izvara haiM, kintu ve lokaprasiddha Izvara nahIM hote| ve saMsAra se kisI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM rakhate aura na to sRSTi kI racanA karate haiM aura na usakA saMcAlana / tIrthakara mukti prApta kara saMsAra ke vyaktiyoM ko bhI mukti kA sAdhana batalAte haiN| tIrthakara Izvara ke hI rUpa meM pUjita hote haiM kyoMki unameM Izvara ke guNa vidyamAna rahate haiN| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-(bhAga 1) DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda) 2. bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN. dhI0 mo0 datta (hindI anuvAda) 3. bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 4. jainadarzana-zrI mahendra 5. bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN. umeza mitra 6. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna-DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina 7. jaina-darzana-nyAyavijaya 8. sarvadarzana-saMgraha-(hindI anuvAda ) caukhambA prakAzana anuvAdaka zrI umAzaMkara 'Rssi'| jaina meghadata-isa sandeza kAvya ke racayitA jaina vidvAn merutuja haiN| inakA janma saM0 1403 meM mAravAr3a ke nANI grAma meM huA thaa| ye poravAla vaMzIya kSatriya the| inake pitA kA nAma vahorA vairasiMha evaM mAtA kA nAma nAladevI thaa| inhoMne suprasiddha jaina AcArya zrI mahendraprabhasUri se dIkSA lI thii| inakA pahalA nAma 'vastika' yA vastapAla thA kintu dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt ye merutuMga kahalAne lge| inakA svargavAsa vi0 saM0 saM0 1426 meM pATana nAmaka sthAna meM ho gyaa| inake dvArA racita granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-saptikA bhASyaTIkA, ladhuzatapadI, dhAtupArAyaNa, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, bAlabodhavyAkaraNa, vRtti ( isa vyAkaraNa kI svaracita vRtti ), sUrimantrakalpasArobAra / 'jaina meghadUta' meM neminAthajI (jaina AcArya) ke pAsa unakI patnI rAjImatI ke dvArA preSita sandeza kA varNana hai / jaba neminAtha jI mokSaprApti ke lie ghara-dvAra tyAga kara raivataka parvata para cale gae to isa samAcAra ko prApta kara unakI patnI mUcchita ho gyiiN| unhoMne viraha-vyathA se vyathita hokara apane prANanAtha ke pAsa sandeza bhejane ke lie bAdala kA svAgata evaM satkAra kiyaa| sakhiyoM ne unheM samajhAyA aura antataH ve vItarAga hokara mukti-pada ko prApta kara gyiiN| isa kAvya meM mandAkrAntA chanda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jisakI saMkhyA 196 hai / sampUrNa kAvya ko cAra sargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| alaMkAroM kI bharamAra evaM zliSTa-vAkya-raMcanA ke kAraNa yaha anya durUha ho gayA hai / isakA prakAzana jaina nAtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara se ho cukA hai| rAjImatI kI virahAvasthA kA varNana dekhie-. ekaM tAvavirahihRdayadrohakRnmeSakAlo dvaitIyIkaM prakRtigahano yauvanArambha eSaH / tArtIyIkaM hRdayadayitaH saiSa bhogAd vyarAGkSIta turya nyAyyAnna calati payo mAnasaM bhAvi hA kim // 4 //

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jaimini ] [ duSTirAja ( 200 ) AdhAra grantha-saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / jaimini - mImAMsA - darzana ke sUtrakAra ke rUpa meM maharSi jaimini kA nAma prasiddha hai / inakA samaya vi0 pU0 300 saMvat hai / inake jIvana ke sambandha kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| eka mAtra viSNuzarmA kRta 'paJcatantra' meM hAthI dvArA jaimini ke kucala diye jAne kI ghaTanA kA ullekha hai / karturaharat prANAn priyAn pANineH siMho vyAkaraNasya mImAMsAkRtamunmamAtha sahasA hastI muniM jaiminim // mitrasamprApti 36 zloka || maharSi jaimini mImAMsA darzana ke pravartaka na hokara usake sUtrakAra mAne jAte haiM, kyoMki inhoMne apane pUrvavartI tathA samasAmayika ATha AcAryoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, ve haiM - Atreya, Adamarathya, kArSNAjini, bAdari, aitizAyana, kAmukAyana, lAbukAyana evaM Alekhana | para ina AcAryoM ke koI grantha upalabdha nahIM hote / jaimini kRta 'mImAMsAsUtra' 16 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM isa darzana ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa hai / isake prArambhika 12 adhyAya 'dvAdazalakSaNI' ke nAma se abhihita kiye jAte haiM evaM zeSa cAra adhyAyoM kA nAma 'saMkarSaNakAMDa' yA 'devatAkAMDa hai / mImAMsA - sUtroM kI kula saMkhyA 2644 hai jo 909 adhikaraNoM meM vibhakta haiN| isake 12 adhyAyoM meM kramazaH nimnAMkita viSayoM kA vivecana hai- dharmaviSayaka pramANa, eka dharma kA anya dharma se bheda, aGgatva, prayojya prayojaka, krama, yajJakartA ke adhikAra, atideza ( saptama evaM aSTama meM eka hI viSaya kA varNana hai ) Uha, bAdha, tantra tathA prasaGga / isa para aneka vRttiyoM evaM bhASyoM kI racanA huI hai| AcArya upavarSa 'mImAMsAsUtra' ke prAcInatama vRttikAra haiM jinakA ullekha zabarasvAmI kRta mImAMsAbhASya' ( 1|1|5 ) tathA zaMkara racita 'zArIrakabhASya' ( 3 / 3 / 53 ) meM hai / inakA samaya 100 se 200 I0 pU0 hai / bhavadAsa nAmaka anya prAcIna vRttikAra kA samaya yahI hai / kumArilabhaTTa ne zlokavArtika ke pratijJAsUtra zloka 63 meM inakA ullekha kiyA hai / [ mImAMsAsUtra kA hindI anuvAda zrIrAma zarmA ne kiyA hai ] | AdhAra grantha - 1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI - bhAga - 2 - DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan 2. bhAratIya darzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / jaiminIya brAhmaNa - yaha 'sAmaveda' kA brAhmaNa hai jo pUrNarUpa se abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakA hai / yaha brAhmaNa vipulakAya evaM yAgAnuSThAna ke mahatva kA pratipAdaka hai / DaoN0 raghuvIra dvArA sampAdita hokara nAgapura se 1954 I0 meM prakAzita / duNDirAja - jyotiSazAstra ke AcAryaM / ye pArthapurA ke nivAsI the| inake pitA kA nAma nRsiMha daivajJa evaM guru kA nAma jJAnarAja thaa| inakA AvirbhAva kAla 1541 I0 hai / inhoMne 'jAtakAbharaNa' nAmaka phalitajyotiSa kA eka mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA hai jisameM do hajAra zloka haiM / AdhAra grantha - bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN nemicandra zAstrI /

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tantra ] ( 201 ) [ tantra tantra - bhAratIyadarzana kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa aMga / tantra kA vyAkaraNasammata artha hai vistAra, jo -- vistArArthaMka tan dhAtu se oNAdika STran ke yoga se niSpanna hotA hai - sarvadhAtubhyaH STran, uNAdi sUtra 608 / jisa zAstra ke dvArA jJAna kA vistAra ho use tantra zAstra kahate haiM--tanyate vistAryate jJAnamanena iti tantram / sAdhakoM ke prANa kI rakSA karane ke kAraNa bhI ise tantra kahA jAtA hai, zaivasiddhAnta ke 'kAmikaAgama' meM tantra kI yahI vyutpatti prastuta kI gayI hai tanoti vipulAnarthAn tasvamantrasamanvitAn / trANaM ca kurute yasmAt tantramityabhidhIyate // para tantra zabda kA prayoga vyApaka artha meM bhI hotA hai jisake anusAra zAstra, siddhAnta, anuSThAna, vijJAna tathA vijJAnaviSayaka grantha isake dyotaka ho jAte haiM / zaMkarAari ne 'sAMkhya' ke lie tantra zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / tantra kA dUsarA nAma 'Agama' hai / "Agama vaha zAstra hai jisake dvArA bhoga aura mokSa ke bhAratIya darzana- -A0 baladeva upAdhyAya pR0 542, 7 vAM saMskaraNa / upAya buddhi meM Ate haiM / " Agacchanti buddhimArohanti yasmAd abhyudayaniH zreyasopAyAH sa AgamaH / tatvavaizAradI 1 / 7, vAcaspati mizra / nigama yA veda se antara sthApita karane ke lie hI tantra kA nAma 'Agama' rakhA gayA hai / "karma, upAsanA aura jJAna ke svarUpa ko nigama ( veda ) batalAtA hai / tathA inake sAdhana-bhUta upAyoM ko Agama sikhalAtA hai / " bhAratIyadarzana pR0 542 / tantra kI mahimA kaliyuga ke lie adhika hai| cAroM yugoM meM pUjA kI pRthak-pRthak vidhiyA~ batalAyI gayI haiM--satyayuga meM vaidika upAsanA, tretA meM smArtapUjA, dvApara meM purANa evaM kaliyuga meM tAntrikI upAsanA | vinA hyAgamamArgeNa kalau nAsti gati priye / mahAnirvANa / kRte zrutyakta AcArastretAyAM smRtisambhavaH / dvApare tu purANoktaH kalAvAgamasammataH // kulArNava tantra / mahAnirvANa meM kahA gayA hai ki zaMkara ne kali ke mAnavoM ke kalyANa ke liye tantra kA upadeza pAvatI ko diyA thaa| aneka granthoM meM tantra kI vibhinna paribhASAyeM prApta. hotI haiM / vArAhI grantha meM una granthoM ko tantra kahA gayA hai jinameM sRSTi, pralaya, devatAcaMna, sarvasAdhana, purazcaraNa, SaTkarma ( zAnti, vazIkaraNa, stambhana, vidveSaNa, uccATana tathA mAraNa), sAdhana evaM dhyAna yoga kA varNana ho / sRSTizca pralayazcaiva devatAnAM yathArcanam / sAdhanaM caiva sarveSAM purazcaraNameva ca // SaTkarmasAdhanaM caiva dhyAnayogadacatuvidhaH / saptabhilakSaNairyuktamAgamaM tad vidurbudhAH // tantra granthoM kI dUsarI paribhASA yaha hai- "devatA ke svarUpa, guNa, karma Adi kA jinameM cintana kiyA gayA ho, tadviSayaka mantroM kA uddhAra kiyA gayA ho, una mantroM ko yajJa meM saMyojita kara devatA kA dhyAna tathA upAsanA ke pAMca aMga-paTala, paddhati, kavaca, nAmasahasra aura stotra - vyavasthita rUpa se dikhalAye gaye hoM, una granthoM ko tantra

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tattvaguNAdarza] ( 202) [tANDya yA paJcaviMza brAhmaNa kahate haiN|" bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya pR0 542 / tantra grantha do prakAra ke hote haiM-vedAnukUla evaM vedabAhya / tantroM ke kaI siddhAnta tathA AcAra vedAnukUla haiM tathA inakA srota vedoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai; jaise pAJcarAtra evaM zaivAgama ke kaI siddhAnta / zAkta Agama vedAnukUla na hokara veda bAhya hotA hai| para isake bhI kucha sidAnta vaidika haiN| tantra ke tIna vibhAga mAne jAte haiM jAhmaNa, bauddha evaM jaina tantra / brAhmaNa tantra ke bhI tIna vibhAga haiM-vaiSNavAgama (pAzcarAtra yA bhAgavata ) zaivAgama evaM zAktAgama / ina tInoM ke kramazaH tIna upAsya deva haiM-viSNu, ziva tathA zakti / tInoM ke paricaya pRthak-pRthak diye gae haiN| tantra kA sAhitya atyanta vipula evaM praur3ha hai kintu isakA adhikAMza abhI taka aprakAzita hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / tattvaguNAdarza-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA zrI aNNayAya haiM / inakA samayaM 1675 se 1725 I0 ke bAsapAsa hai| inake pitA kA nAma zrIdAsa tAtAcArya evaM pitAmaha kA nAma aNNayAcArya thA jo zrIzaila parivAra ke the| isa campU meM vArtAtmaka zailI meM zaiva evaM vaiSNava sivAnta kI abhivyaMjanA kI gayI hai| tatvArthanirUpaNa evaM kavitva camatkAra donoM kA samyak nidarzana isa kAvya meM kiyA gayA hai / yaha kAvya abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12295 meM prApta hotA hai| kavi ne racanA kA uddezya ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai__tatvanirdhAraNabuH stambhanAdatathAtvahak / vaiSNavastvabhavad bhUSNuH sattvatastatva vittamaH // 6 // ___ mAdhAragrantha-pampU-kAvya kA bAlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| tANDya yA paJcaviMza brAmaNa-ise tAbya mahAbrAhmaNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA saMbaMdha 'sAmaveda' kI tAhi zAkhA se hai, isIlie isakA nAma tANDava hai / isameM pacIsa adhyAya haiM, bataH ise 'paJcaviMza' bhI kahate haiN| vizAlakAya hone ke kAraNa isakI saMjJA 'mahAbAhmaNa' hai| isa mahAbrAhmaNa meM yajJa ke vividha rUpoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai jisameM eka dina se lekara sahasroM varSoM taka samApta honevAle yA varNita haiN| prArambhika tIna adhyAyoM meM trivRta, paJcadaza, saptadaza Adi stomoM kI viSTutiyA~ vistArapUrvaka varNita haiM tathA caturtha evaM paMcama adhyAyoM meM gavAmayana' kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha adhyAya meM jyotiSToma, ukya evaM ahirAtra kA varNana evaM sAta se navama adhyAya meM prAtaH sabana, mAdhyadina savana, sAyaM savana bora rAtri pUjA kI vidhi kaSita hai| dazama se 15 adhyAya taka dvAdazAha yAgoM kA vidhAna hai| inameM eka dina se prArambha kara dasaveM dina taka ke vidhAnoM evaM sAmoM kA varNana hai| 16 se 19 adhyAya taka aneka prakAra ke ekAha yajJa varNita haiM evaM 20 se 22 adhyAya taka ahIna yajJoM kA vivaraNa hai / ( ahIna yajJa usa yajJa somabhAgako kahate haiM jisameM tInoM vargoM kA adhikAra rahe ) 23 se 25 taka satroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa brAhmaNa kA mukhya viSaya hai

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tIrtha-yAtrA-prabandha campU] (203 ) [taittirIya AraNyaka sAma tathA soma yAgoM kA varNana / kahIM-kahIM sAmoM kI stuti evaM mahatva pradarzana ke lie manoraMjaka AkhyAna bhI diye gae haiM tathA yajJa ke viSaya se sambaddha vibhinna brahmavAdiyoM ke aneka matoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ___ka-isakA prakAzana biblothikA iNDikA (kalakattA) meM 1869-74 meM huA thA jisakA sampAdana e. vedAntavagIza ne kiyA thaa| kha-zrI Anandacandra sampAdita, kalakattA 1840 ii0| ga-sAyaNa bhASya sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se prakAzita / gha-DA0 kaileNDa dvArA AMgla anuvAda biblothikA, kalakattA se 1932 meM viziSTa bhUmikA ke sAtha prakAzita / tIrtha yAtrA-prabandha campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma samarapuMgava dIkSita hai| ye vAdhUlagotrIya brAhmaNa the aura inakA janma dakSiNa ke vaTavanAbhidhAna saMjJaka nagara meM huA thaa| ye appaya dIkSita ke ziSya the ataH inakA samaya solahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarAdha hai| inake pitA kA nAma veMkaTeza tathA mAtA kA nAma anantammA thaa| isameM nau uchvAsa haiM aura uttara evaM dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka tIrthoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa campU meM nAyaka dvArA tIrthATana kA varNana hai para kahIM bhI usakA nAma nahIM hai| kavi ke bhrAtA sUryanArAyaNa hI isake nAyaka jJAta hote haiN| kavi ne sthAna-sthAna para prakRti ke manorama citra kA aMkana kiyA hai| tIrthayAtrA ke prasaMga meM zRGgAra ke bhayAnaka citra bhI sthala-sthala para upasthita kiye gae haiM aura itipreSaNa, candropAlambha evaM kAmapIr3A ke atirikta bhayAnaka ratiyuddha kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / bhArata kA kAvyAtmaka bhaugolika citra prastuta karane meM kavi pUrNataH saphala huA hai| setuvarNana kA citra ramaNIya hai calakaGkaNaiH payonidhizayane velAvadhUmihasteyaH / AsphAlitorubhAgaH svapitIva cakAsti seturAjo'yam // 227 isakA prakAzana kAvyamAlA (36) nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI se 1936 meM ho cukA hai| isI kavi kA dUsarA, grantha 'Anandakanda campU' hai jo aprakAzita hai| isameM ATha AzvAsa haiM aura racanAkAla 1613 I. hai| isa campU meM zaiva santoM tathA santiniyoM kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DA. chavinAtha tripaatthii| taittirIya bhAraNyaka-yaha 'Rgveda' kA AraNyaka hai jisameM dasa prapAThaka yA pariccheda haiN| inheM 'araNa' kahA jAtA hai tathA inakA nAmakaraNa pratyeka adhyAya ke mAdi pada ke anusAra kiyA gayA hai; jaise bhadra, sahave, citti, puljate, devave, pare, zIkSA, brahanavidyA, bhRgu evaM nArAyaNIya / isake saptam, aSTama evaM navama prapAThakoM (sammilita ) ko 'taittirIya upaniSad' kahA jaataa| prapAThaka anuvAkoM meM vibhAjita haiM tayA navama prapAThaka taka anuvAkoM kI saMkhyA 170 hai| isameM 'Rgaveda' kI bahuta sI RcAoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye haiN| prathama prapAThaka meM bhAruNa ketuka saMjJaka agni kI upA

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taittirIya-upaniSad ] (204 ) [taittirIya prAtizAsma sanA kA varNana hai tathA dvitIya meM svAdhyAya aura paJcamahAyajJa varNita haiN| isa prapAThaka meM gaMgA-yamunA ke madhya deza kI pavitratA svIkAra kara muniyoM kA nivAsa sthAna batalAyA gayA hai| tRtIya prapAThaka meM caturhotra citi ke upayogI maMtra varNita haiM tathA caturtha meM pravayaM ke upayoga meM AnevAle maMtroM kA cayana hai / isameM zatru kA vinAza karane ke liye abhicAra maMtroM kA bhI varNana hai| pancama meM yajJIya saMketa evaM SaSTha meM pitRmedhaviSayaka mantra haiN| isakA prakAzana 1898 I0 meM pUnA, AnandAzrama sIrIja se huA hai jisake sampAdaka haiM ec. enaaptte| taittirIya-upaniSada-yaha upaniSada 'kRSNa yajurveda' kI taittirIya zAkhA ke antargata taittirIya AraNyaka kA aMza hai| 'taittirIya AraNyaka' meM dasa prapAThaka yA adhyAya haiM evaM isake sAtaveM, AThaveM evaM naveM adhyAya ko hI taittirIya upaniSad kahA jAtA hai| isake tIna adhyAya kramazaH zikSAvallI, brahmAnandaballI evaM bhRguvallI ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| isakA sampUrNa bhAga gadyAtmaka hai| 'zikSAbalI' nAmaka adhyAya meM veda mantroM ke uccAraNa ke niyamoM kA varNana hai tathA zikSA samApti ke pazcAt guru dvArA snAtakoM ko dI gaI bahumUlya zikSAoM kA varNana hai| 'brahmAnandabar3I' meM brahmaprApti ke sAdhanoM kA nirUpaNa evaM brahmavidyA kA vivecana hai / prasaMgavazAt isI bahI meM annamaya, prANamaya, manomaya, vijJAnamaya tathA Anandamaya ina paJcakozoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM batAyA gayA hai ki brahma hRdaya kI guhA meM hI sthita hai ataH manuSyoM ko usake pAsa taka pahuMcane kA mArga khojanA cAhie; kintu vaha mAgaM to apane hI bhItara hai| ye mArga haiM-paMcakoza yA zarIra ke bhItara eka ke andara eka pAMca koThariyA~ / antima koTharI arthAt Anandamaya koza meM hI brahma kA nivAsa hai jahAM pahuMca kara jIva rasa ko prApta kara Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai| 'bhRguvalI' meM brahmaprApti kA sAdhana tapa evaM paJcakoSoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| isa adhyAya meM atithi-sevA-mahattva evaM usake phala kA varNana bhI hai| isameM brahma ko Ananda mAna kara sabhI prANiyoM kI utpatti Ananda se hI kahI gaI hai| taittirIya prAtizAkhya-isa prAtizAkhya kA sambandha 'taittirIya saMhitA' ke sAtha hai| yaha do khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai evaM pratyeka meM 12 adhyAya haiM / isa grantha kI racanA sUtrAtmaka hai / prathama prazna yA adhyAya meM varNa-samAmnAya, zabdasthAna, zabda kI utpatti aneka prakAra kI svara evaM visarga sandhi tathA mUyaMnya-vidhAna kA vivecana hai| dvitIya prazna meM NatvavidhAna, anusvAra, anunAsika, ananunAsika, svaritabheda tathA saMhitArUpa kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isapara aneka vyAkhyAe~ prApta hotI haiM jinameM tIna prakAzita ho cukI haiN| mAhiSaya kRta 'pAThakrama sadana', somacArya kRta 'tribhASyaratna' tathA gopAlayajvA kRta "vaidikaabhrnn'| inameM prathama bhASya prAcInatama hai| ka-isakA prakAzana viTanI dvArA sampAdita 'janala oNva da amerikana oriyaNTala sosAiTI, bhAga 9, 1871 meM huA thaa| kha-raMgAcArya dvArA sampAdita, maisUra se prakAzita 1906 /

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taittirIya brAhmaNa ] (205 ) [tripuravijaya campU taittirIya brAhmaNa-yaha 'kRSNa yajurvedIya' zAkhA kA brAhmaNa hai| isameM tIna adhyAya haiM / yaha taittirIya saMhitA se bhinna na hokara usakA pariziSTa jJAta hotA hai| isakA pATha svarayukta upalabdha hotA hai jisase isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| isake adhyAyoM ko kANDa kahA jAtA hai| prathama evaM dvitIya kANDa meM adhyAya yA prapAThaka haiM evaM tRtIya meM 13 adhyAya haiM / taittirIya saMhitA meM na hue kaI yajJoM kA vidhAna isa brAhmaNa meM kiyA gayA hai tathA saMhitA meM pratipAdita yajJoM kI prayoga vidhi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| isake prathama kANDa meM agnyAdhAna, gavAmayana, vAjapeya, soma, nakSatraveSTi evaM rAjasUya kA varNana hai tathA dvitIya meM agnihotra, upahoma, sotramaNi, bRhaspatisava, vaizyasava Adi anekAneka savoM kA vivaraNa hai| isameM 'Rgveda' ke aneka mantra uddhRta haiM aura aneka navIna bhI haiN| tRtIya kANDa kI racanA avAntarakAlIna mAnI gaI hai| isameM sarvaprathama nakSatreSTi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai aura 'sAmaveda' ko sabhI vedoM meM zIrSa sthAna pradAna kara mUtti aura vaizya kI utpatti Rka se, gati evaM kSatriya kI utpatti yajuSa se evaM jyoti aura brAhmaNa ko utpatti sAmaveda se batalAI gaI hai| brAhmaNa kI utpatti hone ke kAraNa sAmaveda kA sthAna sarvocca hai| azvamedha kA vidhAna kevala kSatriya rAjAoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai tathA isakA varNana bar3e vistAra ke sAtha hai| isameM zUdra ko yajJa ke lie apavitra mAna kara usake dvArA duhe gae gAya ke dUdha ko yajJa ke lie agrAhya batalAyA gayA hai| purANoM kI kaI ( avatAra sambandhI) kathAoM ke saMketa yahA~ haiM tathA varAha avatAra kA spaSTa ullekha hai / isameM vaidika kAla ke aneka jyotiSaviSayaka tathya bhI ullikhita haiN| isakA prathama prakAzana evaM sampAdana Ara0 mitra dvArA huA thaa| (biblothikA iNDikA meM 1855-70) AnandAzrama sIrIja, pUnA se 1998 meM prakAzita tathA zrI ena0 goDabole dvArA sampAdita / zrI sAmazAstrI sampAdita, maisUra 1921 / tripuravijaya campU-(dvitIya)-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA nRsiMhAcArya the| ye taMjora ke bhoMsalAnareza ekoji ke amAtyapravara the / bhAradvAja gotrotpanna Ananda yajvA inake pitA the| 'tripuravijayacampU sAdhAraNa koTi kA kAvya hai jisameM kula 38 zloka haiM / yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai tathA isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga saMkhyA 4036 meM prApta hotA hai| isakA samaya solahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya ke AsapAsa rahA hogaa| prArambha meM gaNeza evaM ziva kI vandanA karane ke pazcAt kailAza parvata kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isameM tripuradAha kI paurANika kathA kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| isakA antima zloka isa prakAra hai brahmAdayopi te sarve praNamya paramezvaram / tadAjJAM zirasA dhRtvA svaM svaM dhAma prapedire // 38 // AdhAra grantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii|

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tripuravijaya campU ] ( 206 ) [ trivikramabhaTTa tripuravijaya campU - ( prathama ) isa campU kAvya ke racayitA atirAtrayAjin haiN| ye nIlakaNTha dIkSita ( de0 nIlakaNThavijaya campU ) ke sahodara bhrAtA the, ataH inakA samaya satrahavIM zatI kA madhya siddha hotA hai / yaha grantha cAra AzvAsa meM prApta huA hai aura abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isake prathama tathA caturtha AzvAsa ke kramazaH prArambha evaM ata ke katipaya pRSTha naSTa ho gae haiN| isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga saMkhyA 4037 meM prApta hotA hai / isake anta meM yaha zloka hai 1 bhUta jaMgalokamabhito vyAkIrNaratnotkaraM / vyAvalagajjalajantuzAntavaDavA vaktrAnalA umbaram / kallolaiH sthalataH kSaNAt svayamuparyutplutya dugdhArNavaH prAyeNAyata budabudAkRtidharastUNIrabhAvaM ya - // AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / trivikramabhaTTa - ye 'nalacampU' nAmaka campU kAvya ke racayitA haiM / [ de0 nalacampU] inakI kRti saMskRta sAhitya kA prAcInatama campUkAvya hai / inhoMne 'nalacampU' meM apane kulagotrAdi kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai usake anusAra inakA janma zANDilya gotra meM huA thaa| inake pitAmaha kA nAma zrIdhara tathA pitA kA nAma nemAditya yA devAditya thA / teSAM vaMze vizadayazasAM zrIdharasyAtmajo'bhUd devA (nemA ) dityaH svamativikasadvedavidyAvivekaH / utkallolA dizi dizi janAH kIrtipIyUSasindhuM yasyAdyApi zravaNapuTakaiH kuNitAkSAH pibanti // 1 / 19 taistairAtmaguNairyena trilokyAstilakAyitam / tasmAdasmi suto jAto jADyapAtraM trivikramaH // 1 / 20 // asti 'Rtu kriyAkANDazauNDasya zANDilyanAmno maharSevaMzaH / mahAbhAratikAzca ye raGgopajIvinaH / nalacampU kI prathama gadyapaMkti ( caukhambA saMskaraNa pR0 13 ) 'nalacampU' kA samaya usake antaraMga evaM bahiraMga pramANoM ke AdhAra para nizcita kiyA gayA hai / isake prArambha meM kavi ne aneka kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM guNAtma tathA bANa haiM / dhArAdhIza mahArAja bhojakRta 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM 'nalacampU' ke SaSTha ucchvAsa kA eka zloka prApta hotA hai| ina do saMketoM ke AdhAra para trivikramabhaTTa kA samaya sugamatApUrvaka nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mahAkavi bANa mahArAja habaMdhana ke sabhA-kavi the, jinakA samaya 606-647 yA 48 I0 hai tathA bhoja kA samayaM 1015 - 1055 I0 hai / inake atirikta rASTrakUTavaMzIya nRpa indra tRtIya kA 914 I0 ( zakavarSa 836 ) kA eka zilAlekha gujarAta ke bagumrA nAmaka grAma meM prApta

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trivikramabhaTTa ] ( 207 ) [ trivikramabhaTTa huA hai jisameM lekhaka ke rUpa meM nemAditya tanayaM trivikramabhaTTa kA nAma hai / ina pramANoM ke AdhAra para trivikramabhaTTa kA samaya dazama zatAbdI kA prathamAdhaM nizcita hotA hai / trivikramabhaTTa indrarAja tRtIya ke sabhApaNDita the / indrarAja ke sambandha meM do zilAlekha gujarAta meM evaM eka zilAlekha mahArASTra meM bhI prApta huA hai / itihAsa ke vividha granthoM meM bhI indrarAja tRtIya kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / [ de0 zrI vizvanAtha reU racita 'bhArata ke prAcIna rAjavaMza' ( rASTrakUTa ) bhAga 3 pR0 50-52 ] indrarAja tRtIya ne apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para aneka prakAra ke dAna diye the unakA ullekha abhilekha meM kiyA gayA hai tathA ina prazastiyoM ke lekhaka trivikrama bhaTTa hI batAye gae haiMzrI trivikrama bhaTTena nemAdityasya sUnunA / kRtA zastA prazasteyamindrarAjAGghrisevayA // indrarAja kI prazasti ke sAmya rakhatI haikRtagovardhanoddhAra - helonmUlita meruNA / upendramindrarAjena jitvA yena na vismitam // trivikrama bhaTTa ke nAma para do grantha pracalita haiM - 'madAlasAcampU' evaM 'nalacampU' / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para donoM kA lekhaka eka hI vyakti siddha nahIM hotA / 'nalacampU' kI zailI zleSa-pradhAna hai para 'madAlasAcampU' meM ileSa kA abhAva hai ! 'nalacampU' ucchvAsoM meM vibhakta hai aura 'madAlasAcampU' kA vibhAjana ullAsa meM kiyA gayA hai / 'malacampU' meM granthakAra ne apane gotrAdi kA paricaya diyA hai para 'madAlasAcampU' meM isa prakAra ke koI saMketa nahIM haiN| nausArI kA zilAlekha, jisameM trivikramabhaTTa ne apane bAdAtA kA prazastigAna kiyA hai, racanA - zailI kI dRSTi se uttama kAvya kA rUpa prastuta karatA hai aura usakI zailI 'nalacampU' se milatI-julatI hai / zloka kI zleSamayI zailI 'nalacampU' ke zleSabahula padyoM se jayati vibudhabandhuvindhyavistArivakSaH - sthalavimalavilolaskaustubhaH kaMsaketuH / mukhasara sijaraGge yasya nRtyanti lakSmyAH smarabharaparitAmyatArakAste kaTAkSAH // 'nalacampU' meM mahArAja nala evaM damayantI ke praNaya kA varNana hai| ucchvAsoM meM hai / isameM nala kI sampUrNa jIvana-gAthA na hokara adhUrA tathA grantha bIca meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai / nala dvArA devatAoM kA ko sunAne taka kI kathA hI isameM varNita hai| paMDitoM meM 'nalacampU' ke adhUrA rahane kI eka kimvadantI pracalita hai / "kisI samayaM samasta zAstroM meM niSNAta devAditya nAma ke rAjapaNDita the / unakA lar3akA trivikrama thA / prArambha meM usane kukarma hI sIkhe the kisI zAstra kA abhyAsa nahIM kiyA thA / eka samaya kisI kAryavaza devAditya dUsare gA~va cale gae / rAjanagara meM unakI anupasthiti jAna kara eka vidvAn rAjabhavana AyA aura rAjA se kahA, rAjana mere sAtha kisI vidvAn se zAstrArtha karAiye, anyathA mujhe vijaya-patra dIjie / ' rAjA ne dUta ko Adeza diyA ki vaha devAditya ko bulA lAye / rAjadUta ke dvArA jaba yaha jJAta huA ki devAditya kahIM bAhara gae haiM to usane unake putra trivikrama ko hI zAstrArtha ke liye yaha grantha sAta jIvana citrita hai sandeza damayantI

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trivikramabhaTTa ] ( 208 ) [ trivikramabhaTTa bulavA liyA | trivikrama bar3I cintA meM pdd'e| zAstrArthaM kA nAma sunate hI unakA mAthA Thanaka gayA / antataH unhoMne sarasvatI kI stuti kI - "mAM bhAratI mujha mUrkha para kRpA karo / Aja yahA~ para Aye hue isa mahApaNDita se Apa ke bhakta kA yaza kSINa na ho jAya / usake sAtha zAstrArtha meM mujhe vijayI banAo / " pitR-paramparA se pUjita kuladevI sarasvatI ne use vara diyA, "jaba taka tumhAre pitA lauTa kara nahIM Ate haiM tumhAre mukha meM nivAsa karUMgI / " vara kI mahimA se rAjasabhA meM apane pratidvandvI ko parAjita kara rAjA dvArA bahuvidha sammAna pAkara trivikrama lauttaa| ghara Akara usane socA ki pitA jI ke Agamana-kAla taka sarasvatI mere mukha meM rhegii| taba taka yaza ke lie maiM koI prabandha kyoM na likha DAlU~ / ataH usane puNyazloka nala ke caritra ko gadya-padya meM likhanA zurU kiyA / isa taraha sAtaveM uchvAsa kI samApti ke dina pitAjI kA Agamana ho gayA aura sarasvatI unake mukha se bAhara calI gaI / isalie nalayampU grantha apUrNa raha gayA / " uddhRta / para isa kiMva campU kI bhUmikA ( caukhambhA saMskaraNa ) pR0 11-12 se dantI meM adhika sAra nahIM hai kyoMki trivikrama bhaTTa kI hotI haiM / anya racanAe~ bhI prApta / donoM kI kathAoM ki trivikramabhaTTa ne lie 'nalacampU' kI racanA zrIharSacarita 'naiSadhacarita' se prabhAvita hai evaM varNanoM meM Azcaryajanaka sAmya dekhakara anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ukta mahAkAvya se preraNA grahaNa kI hogI / saMskRta - sAhitya meM ileSa - prayoga trivikramabhaTTa kI adhika prasiddhi hai| inakI ileSa-yojanA kI vizeSatA usakI saralatA meM hai tathA usameM sabhaMga padoM kA Adhikya hai| choTe-choTe anuSTup chandoM meM sabhaMga padoM kI yojanA kara kavi ne anupama saundarya kI sRSTi kI hai apragalbhAH padanyAse jananIrAgahetavaH / santyeke bahulAlApAH kavayo bAlakA iva // 1 / 6 padoM ke prayoga meM anipuNa ( kavitA ke prati ) logoM meM vairAgya utpanna kara dene vAle tathA bahuta-sI asAra bAtoM ke kahane vAle kavi una baccoM kI taraha haiM jo ( pRthvI para ) pada ( paira ) rakhane meM anipuNa, mAtA ke premotpAdaka ( jananI rAgahetu ), tathA bahuta-sI avyakta bAtoM ko kahate yA bahuta lAra pIte haiM / zleSa priya hone ke kAraNa zAbdIkrIr3A ke prati inakA rujhAna adhika hai, ataH kavi kathA ke itivRtta kI paravA na kara ileSa-yojanA evaM varNana bAhulya ke dvArA hI kavitva kA pradarzana karatA hai / yaha zAbdIkrIr3A sarvatra dikhAI par3atI hai aura bhAvAtmaka sthaloM meM bhI kavi isake prayoga se cukatA nahIM / inakA prakRti-citraNa bhI zleSa ke bhAra se bojhila dikhAI par3atA hai / kavi ne mukhyataH prakRti kA varNana uddIpana ke hI rUpa meM kiyA hai| 'nalacampU' ke TIkAkAra caNDapAla ne inakI prazasti meM nimnokta zloka likhA hai zaktistrivikramasyeva damayantI prabandhena jIyAllokAtilaMghinI / sadAba limatoditA //

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dakSasmRti ] ( 209) [daNDI AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta-kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa 2. saMskRta sukavi samIkSA-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya 3. nalacampU-hindI TIkA sahita-caukhambA prakAzana / dakSasmRti-isa smRti ke racayitA dakSa nAmaka RSi haiN| inakA ullekha yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI huA hai tathA vizvarUpa, mitAkSarA evaM aparAka ne dakSasmRti ke udharaNa diye haiN| jIvAnandasaMgraha meM upalabdha 'dakSasmRti' meM 7 adhyAya tathA 220 zloka haiN| isameM vaNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-cAra Azrama kA varNana, brahmacAriyoM ke do prakAra, dvija ke Ahnika dharma, karmoM ke vividha prakAra, nau prakAra ke karmoM kA vivaraNa, nau prakAra ke vikarma, nau prakAra ke guptakarma, khulakara kiye jAne vAle no kama, dAna meM na diye jAne vAle padArtha, dAna, acchI patnI kI stuti, zauca ke prakAra, janma evaM maraNa ke samaya hone vAle azauca kA varNana, yoga tathA usake SaDaMga, sAdhuoM dvArA tyAjya ATha padArthoM kA varNana / dakSakRta nimnAMkita do zloka atyanta pracalita haiN| sAmAnyaM yAcitaM nyastamAdhirAzca tadanam / anvAhitaM ca nikSepaH sarvasvaM cAnvaye sati / / Apatsvapi na deyAni nava vastUni pnndditH| yo dadAti sa mUDhAtmA prAyazcittIyatenaraH / / AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (khaNDa 1)-oN0 pI0 vI0 kANe hindI banuvAda / dattAtreya campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA dattAtraya kavi haiN| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| inake pitA kA nAma vIrarAghava evaM mAtA kA nAma kuppamA thaa| ye mInAkSyAcArya ke ziSya the| isa campU kAvya meM viSNu ke avatAra dattAtreya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jo tIna ullAsoM meM samApta huA hai| kAvya kA maMgalAcaraNa gaNeza kI vandanA se huA hai| isakI racanA sAdhAraNa koTi kI hai aura anya abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 123000 meM prApta hotA hai| bhaje ganAnanaM citte pratyUhavinivRttaye / devAsuramRdhe skando yamaMcati satIsutam // 11 // dattAtreyodayakathAmadhikRtya garIyasIm / dattAtreyakavicakre campUkAvyamanuttamam // 1 // 5 // AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| daNDI-mahAkavi daNDI saMskRta ke suprasiddha gadyakAvyakAra hai| kiMvadantI kI paramparA ke anusAra unhoMne tIna prabandhoM kI racanA kI thii| inameM eka 'dazakumAracarita' hai aura dUsarA 'kaavyaadrsh'| tIsarI racanA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| pizela ne batAyA hai ki tIsarI kRti 'mRcchakaTika' hI hai jo bhramavaza yaha zataka 14 saM0 sA0

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daNDI] ( 210) [daNDI kI racanA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa mata kI puSTi unhoMne 'mRcchakaTika' evaM 'dazakumAracarita' meM varNita sAmAjika sambandhoM ke sAdRzya ke kAraNa kI hai| unhoMne apane kathana ko siddha karane ke lie 'mRcchakaTika' evaM 'kAvyAdarza' meM prApta hone vAle isa zloka ko 'liMpatIva tamoMgAni' AdhAra banAyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki daNDI ne binA nAma diye hI isa zloka ko 'kAvyAdarza' meM uddhRta kiyA hai| para, itane bhara se hI daNDI 'mRcchakaTika' ke racayitA siddha nahIM hote / kucha vidvAnoM ne 'chandoviciti' ko daNDI kI tRtIya kRti mAnA hai, kyoMki isakA saMketa 'kAvyAdarza' meM bhI prApta hotA hai| para DaoN. kItha isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiN| unake anusAra 'chandoviciti' tathA 'kAlapariccheda' daNDI kI svatantra racanA na hokara 'kAvyAdarza' ke do pariccheda the| 'kAvyAdarza' evaM 'dazakumAracarita' ke racayitA kI abhinnatA ke sambandha meM bhI sandeha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| 'kAvyAdarza' meM daNDI ne gadyakAvya ke jina niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai unakA pAlana 'dazakumAracarita' meM nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| ataH eka hI vyakti dvArA pratipAdita siddhAnta kI apane grantha meM avahelanA karane se vidvAn ise daNDI kI racanA nahIM maante| para donoM pranyoM kI bhinnatA kA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai ki 'dazakumAracarita' kavi kI yuvAvasthA kI kRti hai, ataH isameM sabhI niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| 'kAvyAdarza' kI racanA inhoMne praur3hAvasthA meM kI hogii| daNDI kI tIsarI racanA 'avantisundarI kathA' ko kahA jAtA hai / yaha grantha apUrNa rUpa meM prakAzita ho cukA hai aura adhikAMza vidvAn isa (apUrNa) grantha ko hI daNDI kI tIsarI racanA mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| isa prakAra paramparAgata vicAra kI puSTi ho jAtI hai trayo'gnayastrayo devAstrayo vedAstrayo guNAH / trayo daNDiprabandhAzca triSu lokeSu vishrutaaH|| rAjazekhara-sUktimuktAvalI 4174 'avantisundarIkathA' meM daNDI ke jIvanavRtta ke sambandha meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yaha racanA padyabaddha hai jisakI eka racanA ke anusAra daNDI bhAravi ke prapautra siddha hote haiN| para bAda meM isakA navIna pATha prApta hone para bhAravi daNDI ke prapitAmaha dAmodara ke mitra siddha hue| ___sa medhAvI kavividvAn bhAravi prabhavaM girAm / anurudhyAkaronmaitrI narendra viSNuvardhane // 1 / 23 daNDI ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM bhI mataikya nahIM dikhAI par3atA hai| 'kAvyAdarza' ke AdhAra para inakA samaya-nirdhAraNa AsAna ho gayA hai| daNDI ko bANa se 20-25 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| sAmpratika vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra daNDI kA samaya saptama zatI kA uttarArdha hai| isa mata ke poSaka pro0 Ara0 narasiMhAcArya, DaoN0 belabelakara evaM AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya Adi haiN| para yaha mata bANa aura daNDI ke granthoM kI tulanA karane para amAnya Thahara jAtA hai| daNDI bANa ke pUrvavartI the| unakA gaba bANa kI

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daNDI ] ( 211 ) [ daNDI apekSA kama alaMkRta evaM zleSa vakrokti alaMkAroM se bojhila na hokara prasAda guNa yukta hai / yadi daNDI bANa ke paravartI hote to unakI zailI bhI nizcita rUpa se alaMkRta hotI / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki 'dazakumAracarita' meM jisa samAja kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha harSavardhana ke pUrva bhArata se sambaddha hai / unhoMne gupta sAmrAjya ke hrAsonmukha hone ke kAraNa bhAratIya samAja meM vyApta avyavasthA evaM svacchandatA kA citraNa kiyA hai | ataH ve nizcita rUpa se harSavardhana ke pUrvavartI haiM aura isa dRSTi se unakA samaya 600 IsvI ke Asa pAsa nizcita hotA hai / 'kAvyAdarza' alaMkAra grantha hai / 'dazakumAracarita' meM ATha kumAroM kI rocaka kathA varNita hai / [ de0 dazakumAra carita ] isa samaya prApta hone vAle 'dazakumAracarita' meM do pIThikAe~ haiM - pUrva pIThikA evaM uttarapIThikA | pUrva pIThikA meM pAMca ucchvAsa haiM aura ATha ucchvAsoM meM punaH kathA kA varNana hai / uttarapIThikA pAMca yA chaha pRSThoM kI hai / pUrvapIThikA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha daNDI kI racanA na hokara paravartI jor3a hai tathA isakA maMgalAcaraNa 'brahmANDacchatradaNDa : ' bhI daNDI kRta nahIM hai / pUrvapIThikA ke isa rUpa ko gyArahavIM zatAbdI se prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai kyoMki yahI zloka bhoja racita 'sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa' meM bhI prApta hotA hai / pUrvapIThikA kI zailI kRtrima hai aura usa para bANottara kAla kI hrAsonmukhI kAvyazailI kA prabhAva hai / isakI zailI meM zAbdI evaM ArthI krIr3A kA saMghAta dikhAI par3atA hai / daNDI racita mUla 'dazakumAracarita' meM rAjavAhana evaM unake sAta sAthiyoM kI kathA hai / pUrvapIThikA evaM uttarapIThikA ke dRSTikoNa meM bhI antara dikhAI par3atA hai / 'dazakumAracarita' kA STakoNa yathArthavAdI hai kintu pUrvapIThikA meM AdarzavAdI dRSTi apanAyI gayI hai / pUrvapIThikA meM devatA yajJAdi kA upayoga karate haiM tathA brAhmaNa pRthvI ke devatA kahe gae haiM / isake sabhI pAtra katrtavya karma para vizvAsa na kara apane ko daivAdhIna mAnate haiM / isameM aneka atimAnavIya ghaTanAoM evaM zApAdi ke kAraNa hone vAle bhayaMkara parivatrtanoM kA varNana hai / kintu daNDI racita kathAbhAga meM cAritrika vikAsa para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / isa prakAra kI bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa 'dazakumAracarita' kAThakA vAlA aMza daNDI kRta nahIM mAnA jAtA / daNDI ko bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra hai / unhoMne AkhyAna kA sarala evaM subodha varNana karate hue bhASAgata doSa para pUrNa rUpa se dhyAna diyA hai / pAtroM ke kathanoM evaM bhASaNoM meM unhoMne bhASA sambandhI jaTilatA evaM durUhatA tathA vistAra ke doSa se apane ko dUra rakhA hai / kisI viSaya kA varNana karate samaya ve mukhyataH vaidarbhI rIti ko apanAte hue padalAlitya meM saboM ko pIche chor3a dete haiM / varNanoM meM unakI pratibhA pradarzita hotI hai aura bhASA para apUrva adhikAra dikhAI par3atA hai / viSayAnusAra bhASA ko parivartita kara denA daNDI kI apanI vizeSatA hai / abhivyakti kI yathArthatA evaM artha kI spaSTatA para bhI unakA dhyAna gayA hai aura karNakaTu dhvaniyoM evaM zabdADambara se bhI ve apane ko bacAte haiM / unhoMne prakRtikA bhI manorama citra aMkita kiyA hai aura sUryodaya tathA sUryAsta kA

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daNDI ] ( 212 ) [ dazakumAracarita bar3A hI raMmaNIya citra citrita kiyA hai| abhivyaMjanA zailI ke nirvAha meM saMtulana upasthita kara daNDI ne saMskRta gadyakAvya meM navIna paddhati prArambha kI hai / zAbdIkrIr3A athavA ArthIkrIr3A kI ora kabhI-kabhI unakA dhyAna avazya jAtA hai para isase arthapratIti meM kisI prakAra kA vyavadhAna upasthita nahIM hotA / caritra-citraNa kI viziSTatA daNDI kI nijI vizeSatA hai / unhoMne apanI kRti meM hAsya evaM vyaMgya kA puTa dekara use aura bhI adhika AkarSaka banAyA hai / sampUrNa graMtha meM daNDI ne rAjakumAroM ke vicitra anubhava kA bar3A hI hAsyAtmaka varNana prastuta kiyA hai| kula milAkara daNDI viSaya cayana abhivyaMjanA tathA zailIgata ati ke doSa se rahita haiM / saMyama tathA anupAta kA unhoMne sarvatra dhyAna rakhA hai aura asaMyata samAsAnta padAvalI, nirarthaka vAkyADaMbara, jaTila ileSayojanA tathA dUrArUr3ha kalpanA se apane ko mukta rakhA hai / para daNDI kI zailI ko analaMkRta bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| itanA avazya hai ki unhoMne saMkSipta, sUkSma tathA saMyamapUrNa varNana zailI ke dvArA apanI racanA meM prabhAvotpAdakatA ko akSuNNa rakhA hai / dvitIya ucchvAsa meM rAjakumArI kA saundayaM varNana dekhie 'raktatalAMgulI yavamatsyakamalakalazAdyanekapuNya lekhAlAnchito karo, samagulphasaMghI mAMsalAvazirAlI cAMtrI, jaMghe cAnupUrvavRtte sakRdvibhaktacaturasraH kakundara vibhAgazobhI rathAMgAkA rasaMsthitazca nitambabhAgaH, tanutaramISanimnaM gambhIraM nAbhimaNDalam, valitrayeNa cAlaMkRtamudaram, urobhAgavyApinA bunmagnacUcukI vizAlaraMbhazobhinI payodharI, dhanadhAnyaputrabhUyastvacihnalekhAlAnchitatale snigdhoda prakomalanakhamaNI RjvanupUrvavRttatAmrAMgulI saMtAMsadeze saukumAryavatyau nimagnaparvasaMdhI ca bAhutale "indranIla zilAkAra ramyAlakapaMktidviguNakuNDalitamlAnanAlIkanAlalalita lambazravaNapAzayugalamAnana kamalam, tibhaMguro bahula: paryante'pyaka pilarucirAyAmavAnekaikanisargasama snigdhanIlo gandhagrAhI ca mUrdhajakalApaH / SaSTha ucchvAsa pR0 221-223 ana rust ke sambandha meM kaI prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM jAte jagati vAlmIkI zabdaH kaviriti sthitaH / vyAse jAte kavI ceti kavayazceti daNDini // AcArya daNDino vAcAmAtrAntAmRta saMpadAm / vikAso vedhasaH patnyA vilAsamaNidarpaNaH // AdhAra grantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - esa0 ke0De0 evaM dAsagupta : saMskRta kavi darzana - DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa 4. dazakumAracarita - ( hindI anuvAda caukhambA ) / dazakumAracarita - yaha mahAkavi daNDI viracita prasiddha gadyakAvya hai / [ de0 cost ] | isa grantha kA vibhAjana do pIThikAoM - pUrvapIThikA evaM uttarapIThikA - ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| donoM pIThikAeM ucchvAsoM meM vibhakta hai kA carita varNita hai kintu samprati yaha grantha jisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai racanA na hokara usakA parivartita rUpa hai / pustaka kI pUrvapIThikA / isameM dasa kumAroM vaha daNDI kI mUla tathA uttarapIThikA

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dazakumAracarita ] ( 213 ) [ dazakumAracarita ke bIca mUlagrantha hai jisake ATha ucchvAsoM meM ATha kumAroM kA carita varNita hai / pUrvapIThikA ke pA~ca ucchvAsoM meM do kumAroM kI kahAnI hai tathA uttarapIThikA meM kisI kI kahAnI na hokara grantha kA upasaMhAra mAtra hai / vastutaH pUrvaM evaM uttarapIThikAeM daNDI kI mUla racanA na hokara paravartI jor3a haiM, kintu ina donoM ke binA grantha adhUrA pratIta hotA hai / pUrvapIThikA ko avataraNikA svarUpa tathA uttarapIThikA ko upasaMhAra svarUpa kahA gayA hai / donoM pIThikAoM ko milA dene para yaha grantha pUrNa ho jAtA hai / aisA jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM daNDI ne sampUrNa grantha kI racanA kI thI kintu kAlAntara meM isakA antima aMza naSTa ho gayA aura kisI kavi ne pUrva evaM uttarapIThikAoM kI racanA kara graMtha ko pUrA kara diyA / pUrvapIThikA tathA mUla 'dazakumAracarita' kI zailI meM bhI antara dikhAI par3ane se yaha bAta aura bhI adhika puSTa ho jAtI hai| mUla grantha meM daNDI ne rAjA rAjavAhana evaM unake sAtha mitroM kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / prathama ucchvAsa meM rAjA rAjavAhana kI kathA varNita hai / usake sAthI Akara usase milate haiM aura vaha unake anubhavoM kI kathA kahane ko kahatA hai / pUrvapIThikA, jo paravartI racanA hai, meM magadhanareza rAjahaMsa kI kathA varNita hai / rAjahaMsa apane zatru mAnasara se parAjita hokara vindhyavana meM nivAsa karatA hai| vahIM para usakI saMrakSakatA meM dazakumAra rahate haiM jinameM eka rAjA kA putra, rAjavAhana, sAta usa rAjA ke maMtriyoM ke putra evaM do mithilA ke rAjakumAra haiN| sabhI rAjakumAra apanI zikSA samApta kara digvijaya karane nikalate haiM tathA vindhyavana meM pahu~ca kara eka dUsare se pRthak ho jAte haiM, bichur3a jAte haiM / rAjavAhana apane mitroM kI khoja karatA huA ujjayinI AtA hai jahA~ eka bagIce meM use usakA mitra somadatta, eka sundarI ke sAtha dikhAI par3atA hai / somadatta rAjavAhana se batAtA hai ki kisa taraha, jaba lATanareza ne ujjayinInareza kI se vivAha karane ke lie ujjayinI para car3hAI kI to, maiMne ujjayinInareza kI sahAyatA kara lATanareza kA vadha kara diyA / isa para mere Upara prasanna hokara ujjayinI - nareza ne apanI putrI kA mujhase vivAha kare mujhe yuvarAja banA diyA / usI samaya rAjavAhana kA dvitIya mitra puSpodbhava bhI A pahuMcA aura apanA vRttAnta sunAne lagA / usane batAyA ki vaha ujjayinI pahuMcA jahA~ use eka vyApArI kI kanyA, jisakA nAma bAlacandrikA hai, se prema ho gayA aura usane usake sAtha vaivAhika sambandha sthApita kara liyA / apanI kahAnI kahate rAjakumArI vAmalocanA mUla 'dazakumAracarita' ke prathama ucchvAsa meM rAjavAhana kI kathA varNita hai / isakI kathA ke pUrva bhAga ko pUrvapIThikA ke paMcama ucchvAsa meM jor3A gayA hai / rAjavAhana ujjayinI meM bhramaNa karatA huA apane zatru mAnasAra kI kanyA avantisundarI para anurakta ho usase prema karane lgaa| usa samaya ujjayinI kA zAsaka thA dAruvarman kA bhAI caNDavarmA aura usane ina donoM ke prema para kruddha hokara rAjavAhana ko kArAgRha meM

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dazakumAracarita] (214 ) [dazakumAracarita DAla diyaa| usI samaya jaba caNDavarmA campAnareza se yuddha karane gayA thA, rAjavAhana ke mitra apahAravarmA dvArA mArA gyaa| tatpazcAt apahAravarmA tathA rAjavarmA ke sabhI mitra mila gaye aura apahAravarmA ne apanA vRttAnta kahanA prArambha kiyaa| apahAravarmA kI kathA ke sAtha kAmamaMjarI vezyA evaM mArIca RSi kI bhI kathA jur3a gayI hai| vaha rAjavAhana kI khoja karatA huA marIci RSi ke Azrama meM pahuMcA aura RSi se usane Apa bItI sunaaii| dUsare dina apahAravarmA ko campAnagarI jAte samaya eka bhikSu milA jo kAmamaMjarI dvArA apanI sArI sampatti chIna liye jAne ke kAraNa bhikSu bana gayA thaa| apahAravarmA ne use usakI sampatti dilA dene kA AzvAsana diyA aura svayaM campAnagarI meM jAkara cauyaM kama meM laga gyaa| vahA~ usane eka yuvatI ko usake premI se milane meM sahAyatA kI aura svayaM bhI kAmamaMjarI kI choTI bahina rAgamaMjarI se prema karane lgaa| antataH vaha caNDavarmA ko mAra kara rAjavAhana ke pAsa phuNcaa| ___aba upahAravarmA kI bArI AI aura vaha apanI kathA kahane lgaa| vaha bhramaNa karate hue apanI janmabhUmi mithilA meM pahuMcA jahAM usake pitA prahAravarmA ko kaida kara vikaTavarmA rAjya karane lagA thaa| upahAravarmA ne chala se vikaTavarmA kI hatyA kara usakI patnI se aphnA vivAha kara liyaa| tatpazcAt usane apane mAtA-pitA ko kaida se nikaalaa| jaba vaha campAnareza kI sahAyatA karane ke lie gayA thA tabhI usakI rAjavAhana se bhaTa huii| aba arthapAla ne apanA vRttAnta kahanA prArambha kiyaa| usane batAyA ki jaba vaha bhramaNa karate hue kAzI pahuMcA to jJAta huA ki usake pitA kAmapAla ko, jo kAzInareza ke mantrI the, vahAM ke duSTa yuvarAja siMhaghoSa ne kaida kara unakI A~kheM nikAla lene kA Adeza de diyA hai| usane yukti se apane pitA ko mukta kara aura rAjakumAra ko sote hue bandI banA liyaa| vaha vahAM kI rAjakumArI se vivAha kara kAzI kA yuvarAja bana gayA / jaba siMhavarmA kI sahAyatA ke lie vaha campA AyA tabhI usakI rAjavarmA se bheMTa huii| pramati apanA vRttAnta prArambha karate hue kahatA hai ki vana meM ghUmate hue thaka kara vaha eka vRkSa kI chAyA meM so gyaa| usa samaya usake nikaTa eka sundarI kanyA dikhAI pdd'ii| pramati ne jagane para dekhA ki vahAM eka devI prakaTa huI haiM jisane batAyA ki unhoMne apane prabhAva se zrAvastInareza kI rAjakumArI ke nikaTa use sulA diyA thaa| devI ne batAyA ki yadi pramati cAhe to vaha kanyA use prApta ho sakatI hai| pramati rAjakumArI ke prati AkRSTa hokara tathA kAma-pIr3ita ho zrAvastI nagarI kI ora calA / use mArga meM eka brAhmaNa milA jisane usake kArya meM sahAyatA dene kA vacana diyA tathA rAjakanyA ko prApta karane kI yojanA banAI / brAhmaNa ne batAyA ki vaha kanyA banegA aura pramati use apanI putrI kahakara zrAvastI nareza ke antaHpura meM rahane ke lie unase nivedana kre| rAjA ne usakI prArthanA svIkAra kara brAhmaNa ko Azraya diyaa| eka dina strIveSadhArI brAhmaNa ne jhUTha kA DUbane kA bahAnA kiyA aura rUpa

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dazakumAracarita ] ( 215 ) badala kara kanyA ke bhAvI pati ke rUpa meM A gayA / kI mAMga kI aura na dene para AtmahatyA karane kI brAhmaNa kanyA ke bhAvI pati se apanI lar3akI kA vyAha kara use isa prakAra pramati kI abhilASA pUrNa huI aura vaha siMhavarmA ke Ane para rAjavAhana se milA / lauTa kara usane mAtRgupta ne apanI kathA isa prakAra prArambha kI - vaha bhramaNa karatA huA dAmalipta AyA jahA~ vaha rAjakumArI kandukAvatI ke praNaya sUtra meM Abaddha huA / dAmalipta nareza ko vindhyavAsinI devI ne usake putra bhImadhanvA evaM putrI kandukAvatI ke sambandha meM unake janma se pUrva hI do Adeza de rakhe the / prathama, yaha ki rAjA ko kanyA ke sAtha eka putra hogA aura use kanyA ke pati ke adhIna rahanA par3egA tathA dvitIya, yaha ki rAjakumArI geMda khelatI huI apane pati kA svecchA se cayana kare / kandukAvatI ne svecchAnusAra mAtRgupta ko apanA pati banA liyA kintu bhImadhanvA ne mAtRgupta ke adhIna rahanA svIkAra na kara use samudra meM pheMkavA diyaa| kisI prakAra mAtRgupta ne apanA prANa bacAyA aura bhImadhanvA ko bandI banA liyA / vahA~ se eka brahmarAkSasa ke praznoM kA uttara dekara use prasanna kiyA tathA eka rAkSasa dvArA le jAtI huI kandukAvatI ko brahmarAkSasa ne lar3akara mukta kiyA / mAtRgupta kadunkAvatI ko lekara dAmalipta AyA aura rAjA ne use apane jAmAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / jaba vaha sahavarmA kI sihAyatA ke lie campA AyA to usakI rAjavAhana se bheMTa huI / aba mantragupta ne apanI kahAnI sunAI / usane batAyA ki vaha kaliMga gayA jahA~ usane eka siddha ko mAra kara kanakalekhA ko mukta kiyA / isa para donoM eka dUsare ko pyAra karane lage aura vaha chipa kara antaHpura meM rAjakumArI ke sAtha rahane lagA / isI bIca Andhra pradezAdhipati ne kanaka lekhA se vivAha karane kI icchA se kaliMganareza ko striyoM ke sAtha bandI banA liyA / usa samaya yaha bAta prakaTa huI ki rAjakumArI para kisI vyakti ne adhikAra kara liyA hai, yadi Andhranareza usa para vijaya prApta kara leM to ve kanakalekhA se vivAha kara sakeMge / mantragupta ne rAsAyanika kA veSa dhAraNa kiyA aura Andhra calA gyaa| vahIM usane Andhranareza ke zarIra ko lohamatra banA dene ke lie chala se use tAlAba meM ghusA kara mAra DAlA / usane kaliMganareza ko chur3AyA tathA rAjakumArI se vyAha kara kaliMga lauTa aayaa| vahIM se siMhavarmA ke sahAyatArthaM Ane para usakI rAjavAhana se bheMTa huI / antima kathA vizruta kI hai| usane batAyA ki use bAlaka liye hue eka vRddha milA jisase patA calA ki yaha bAlaka vidarbha kA rAjakumAra bhAskaravarmA hai tathA usake pitA ko mArakara vasantabhAnu ne vidarbha para apanA Adhipatya sthApita kara liyA hai vidarbhanareza kI patnI apane putra evaM putrI maMjuvAdinI ke sAtha mahiSmatI ke zAsaka mitravarmA kI zaraNa meM hai / vahAM bhI unheM rAjakumAra kI surakSA para sandeha huA ora unhoMne use vRddha ke sAtha lagA diyA / vizruta ne bAlaka kI sahAyatA karane kA AzvAsana [ dazakumAracarita pramati ne rAjA se apanI kanyA dhamakI dI / anta meM rAjA ne yuvarAja banA diyA / sahAyatArthaM campAnagarI

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dazakumAracarita ] se diyA / isI bIca patA calA ki sAtha karAnA cAhatA hai / vizruta ne kara svayaM pracaNDavarmA ko mAra DAlA hatyA karA dI / tatpazcAt vizruta bhAskaravarmA ke sAtha yukti se prakaTa huA aura usane maMjuvAdinI ke sAtha vyAha kara liyA badha karAkara vidarbha ke rAjya para punaH bhAskaravarmA ko adhiSThita kiyA / vaha svayaM bhAskaravarmA kA saciva huA aura campA Ane para usakI rAjavAhana se bheMTa huI / anta meM dasoM rAjakumAroM ko eka dUta ke dvArA rAjA rAjahaMsa kA sandeza prApta huA aura ve puSpapura Aye / vahAM unhoMne apane zatru mAlaveza mAnasAra ko mAra kara sukhapUrvaka rAjya kiyA / / ( 216 ) [ dazarUpaka mitravarmA maMjuvAdinI kA vivAha pracaNDavarmA ke bhAskaravarmA kI mRtyu kA jhUThA samAcAra prasArita aura eka viSayukta hAra ke dvArA mitravarmA kI bhI eka mandira kI mUrti usane vasantavarmA kA uparyukta kathA meM daNDI ne kaI anya kathAoM kA bhI guMphana kiyA hai jaise, apahAravarmA kI kathA meM tapasvI marIci evaM kAmamaMjarI kI kathA tathA mitragupta kI kathA meM dhUminI, gominI, nimbavatI evaM nitambavatI kI kathAe~ | isameM 'paMcatantra' kI bhAMti (de0 paMcatantra ) eka kathA meM dUsarI kathA ko jor3ane vAlI paripATI apanAI gayI hai aura use antataH mUla kathA ke sAtha sambaddha kara diyA gayA hai| ina sabhI kahAniyoM ke dvArA daNDI ne yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki cAtuyaM ke dvArA hI vyakti jIvana meM saphalatA prApta kara sakatA hai| ina kahAniyoM kA uddezya 'paMcatantra' Adi kI taraha kathA ke mAdhyama se nItizAstra kI zikSA denA na hokara daNDI kA ekamAtra lakSya hai sahRdayoM kA anuraMjana karanA, aura isa uddezya meM ve pUrNatayA saphala rahe haiM / 'dazakumAracarita' ke kaI hindI anuvAda prApta hote haiM / yahA~ 'caukhambA prakAzana' kI ( hindI TIkA sahita ) pustaka kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / / racanA 'nATyazAstra' ke dazarUpaka -- nAvyazAstra kA prasiddha grantha isake racayitA dhananjaya haiN| [ de0 dhanajaya ] isa grantha kI AdhAra para huI hai ora nATakaviSayaka tathyoM ko sarasa DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 'dazarUpaka' para aneka TIkA grantha likhe gae haiM jinameM dhanika ( dhanajaya ke bhrAtA) kI 'avaloka' nAmaka vyAkhyA atyadhika prasiddha hai / isake anya TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiM--bahurUpabhaTTa, nRsiMha bhaTTa, devapANi, loNIdharamizra tathA kUravIrAma / 'dazarUpaka' kI racanA kArikA meM huI jinakI saMkhyA tIna so hai / yaha grantha cAra prakAzoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama prakAza meM rUpaka ke lakSaNa, bheda, arthaprakRtiyA~, avasthAeM, sandhiyAM, arthopakSeka, viSkambhaka, cUlikA, aMkAsya pravezaka evaM aMkAvatAra tathA vastu ke sarvazrAma, azrAvya aura niyata zrAvya nAmaka bheda varNita haiN| isa prakAza meM 65 nAyaka-nAyikA ke ArabhaTI tathA nAvya nAyaka-nAyikA bheda, kaizikI, sArasvatI, kArikAyeM ( zloka ) haiM / dvitIya prakAza meM sahAyaka, nAyikAoM ke bIsa alaMkAra, vRtti pAtroM kI bhASA kA vajaMga hai / isa prakAza pUrvaraGga aMkavidhAna tathA rUpaka ke dasa bheda meM 72 kArikAyeM haiN| varNita haiM / isameM 76 tRtIya prakAza meM kArikAyeM haiM /

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diGnAga ] ( 217 ) [ diGnAga caturtha prakAza meM rasa kA svarUpa, usake aMga, tathA nau rasoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai / isa adhyAya meM rasaniSpatti, rasAsvAdana ke prakAra tathA zAnta rasa kI anupayogitA para vizeSarUpa se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / isa prakAza meM 86 kArikAeM haiN| dazarUpaka ke tIna hindI anuvAda prApta haiM ka - DaoN0 govinda triguNAyata kRta dazarUpaka kA anuvAda, kha -- DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa kRta dazarUpaka evaM dhanika kI avaloka vyAkhyA kA anuvAda ( caukhambA vidyAbhavana ), ga - AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI kRta hindI anuvAda, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI / diGnAga - ye 'kundamAlA' nAmaka nATaka ke praNetA haiM / isa nATaka kI kathA 'rAmAyaNa' para AdhRta hai / rAmacandra- guNacandra racita 'nAvyadarpaNa' meM 'kundamAlA' kA ullekha hai, ata: isakA samaya eka hajAra IsvI ke nikaTa mAnA gayA hai / isake kathAnaka para bhavabhUti kRta 'uttararAmacarita' kA paryApta prabhAva hai / isameM 6 aMka haiM tathA rAmarAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAt sItA- nirvAsana evaM pRthvI dvArA sItA kI pavitratA ghoSita karane para rAma-sItA ke purnamilana taka kI ghaTanA varNita hai / prathama aMka rAma dvArA sItA ke lokApavAda kI sUcanA pAkara lakSmaNa ko garbhavatI sItA ko gaMgAtaTa para chor3ane ke lie Adeza kA varNana hai / lakSmaNa unheM vana meM pahuMcA dete haiM aura vAlmIki sItA ko apane Azrama meM zaraNa dete haiM / dvitIya aMka meM lava-kuza kA janma * tathA vAlmIki dvArA donoM ko 'rAmAyaNa' kI zikSA dene kA varNana hai / tRtIya aMka meM sItA lava-kuza ke sAtha gomatI ke kinAre jAtI hai aura usI samaya rAma-lakSmaNa vahIM Tahalate hue Ate haiM rAma ko kunda puSpoM kI eka bahatI huI mAlA dikhAI par3atI hai jise ve sotA kI mAlA samajha kara vilApa karate haiN| sItA kubja peM chipa kara sAre dRzya ko dekhatI hai| isI ke AdhAra para isa nATaka kI huI hai| caturtha aMka meM tilotamA nAmaka apsarA kA sItA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rAma ko saMtapta karane kA varNana hai / paMcama aMka meM lava-kuza dvArA rAma ke darabAra meM rAmAyaNa kA pATha karanA varNita hai / SaSTha aMka meM pRthvI prakaTa hokara sItA kI pavitratA prakaTa karatI hai tathA rAma apanA zeSa jIvana sItA evaM apane putroM ke sAtha vyatIta karate haiM / / abhidhA 'kundamAlA' 'uttararAmacarita' kI bhAMti 'kundamAlA' meM bhI 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' kI ghaTanA meM parivartana kara grantha ko sukhAnta paryavasAyI banAyA gayA hai / inake prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana para mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / rAma dvArA sItA ke parityAga para pazu-pakSI bhI vilApa karate hue dikhAye gae haiN| sItA kI karuNa dazA ko dekha kara hariNoM ne tRNa-bhakSaNa chor3a diyA hai tathA zokAtaM haMsa madhu pravAhita karate pradarzita kiye gae haiM / ete rudanti hariNA haritaM vimucya haMsAzca zokavidhurAH karuNaM rudanti /

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(218 ) [ dvitIya AryabhaTTa nRttaM tyajanti zikhino'pi vilokya devIM tiyaMggatA varamayI na paraM manuSyA // 1 / 18 dinAga-bauDhanyAya ke janaka ke rUpa meM AcArya diGnAga kA nAma suvikhyAta hai / (de0 bauddhadarzana ) ye bauddha-darzana ke varcasvI vidvAnoM meM haiM aura bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI prathama paMkti ke yugadraSTAoM meM inakA sthAna surakSita hai| tibbatI paramparA inheM kAMjI ke samIpastha siMhavakra nAmaka sthAna kA nivAsI mAnatI hai / inakA janma sambhrAnta brAhmaNa parivAra meM huA thaa| inakA samaya caturtha zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA paMcama zatAbdI kA pUrvAdhaM hai| inakA nAma 'nAgadatta' thA kintu bAda meM AcArya vasubandhu se dIkSA lene ke pazcAt inakA nAma diGnAga ho gyaa| inakA nirvANa ur3IsA ke hI eka vana meM huA thaa| inhoMne zAstrArtha ke nimitta mahArASTra, ur3IsA tathA nAlandA kA bhI paribhramaNa kiyA thaa| inake ziSyoM meM zAntarakSita, karmazIla evaM zaMkarasvAmI haiN| nyAya-darzana ke sambandha meM inake dvArA sau granthoM ke praNayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai / inakA sarvAdhika prasiddha grantha hai 'pramANa samuccaya' / yaha grantha mUlarUpa ( saMskRta ) meM upalabdha nahIM hotA paMDita hemavarmA dvArA anUdita tibbatI anuvAda hI sampratti prApta hotA hai| isake 6 paricchedoM meM nyAyazAstra ke samasta siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa hai jisakI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai-pratyakSa, svArthAnumAna, parArthAnumAna, hetu dRSTAnta, apoha evaM jAti / inake anya granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1-pramANasamuccayavRtti-yaha 'pramANa samuccaya' kI vyAkhyA hai| isakA bhI mUla rUpa prApta nahIM hotA, tibbatI anuvAda upalabdha hai / 2-nyAya praveza--yaha mUla saMskRta meM prApta honevAlA diGnAga kRta ekamAtra grantha hai / 3-hetu cakrahamaru- isameM nau prakAra ke hetu varNita haiN| isakA tibbatI anuvAda milatA hai jisake AdhAra para durgAcaraNa caTarjI ne isakA saMskRta meM phira se anuvAda kiyA hai| 4-pramANazAstranyAyapraveza, 5-AlambanaparIkSA, 6-Alambana parIkSA vidhi, 7-trikAlaparIkSA evaM 8-mamaMpradIpavRtti Adi anya grantha haiN| de0 baukha-darzana-A0 baladeva / divAkara-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inakA janma-samaya 1606 I0 hai / inake cAcA zivadaivajJa atyanta prasiddha jyotiSI the jinase inhoMne isa zAstra kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| divAkara ne 'jAtakapaddhati' nAmaka phalitajyotiSa ke grantha kI racanA kI hai / isake atirikta makarandavivaraNa evaM kezavIyapaddhati kI praur3ha manorama saMjJaka TIkA anyoM kI bhI inhoMne racanA kI hai| inakA dUsarA maulika grantha 'paddhatiprakAza' hai jisakI sodAharaNa TIkA svayaM inhoMne hI likhI thii| mAdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| dvitIya AryabhaTTa-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / ye bhAskarAcArya ke pUrvavartI the (de0 bhaaskraacaary)| inhoMne 'mahAAryasiddhAnta' nAmaka jyotiSazAstra ke atyanta praur3ha anya kI racanA kI hai| yaha grantha 18 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM 625 AryA chanda haiN| bhAskarAcArya ke 'sikhAntaziromaNi' meM inake mata kA ullekha prApta hotA hai /

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divyacApa vijaya campU ] ( 219 ) [ dUtaghaTotkaca 'mahAAryaM siddhAnta' meM anya viSayoM ke atirikta pATIgaNita, kSetra vyavahAra tathA bIjagaNita kA bhI samAveza hai / inake jIvana ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA / AdhAragrantha--- 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda 3. bhAratIya jyotiSa - zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ( hindI anuvAda ) / ~ divyacApa vijaya campU - isa campU kAvya ke praNetA kA nAma cakravartI veMkaTAcArya hai / inake pitA kA nAma zelavArya evaM pitAmaha kA nAma veMkaTAcArya thA / isa campU meM chaha stabaka haiM jisameM suprasiddha paurANika kathA 'darbhazayanam' kA varNana hai / kathA kA prArambha paurANika zailI meM kiyA gayA hai tathA prasaMgataH rAma kathA kA bhI varNana hai / kavi ne kathA ke mAdhyama se 'tirupuhvANi' kI pavitratA evaM dhArmika mahattA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / yaha kAvya aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12302 meM prApta hotA hai / kAvya racanA kA kAraNa kavi ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai kavayaH kati vAnasanti teSAM kRtayo vAtulacAturI guNAH / racayanti tathApi kAvyamanye rasayantyeva tadagrapaMDitAH // AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM chavinAtha tripAThI / aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 dUtaghaTotkaca - isa nATaka ke racayitA mahAkavi bhAsa haiN| isameM 'mahAbhArata' ke pAtroM ko AdhAra banA kara navIna kathA kahI gayI hai / isameM hiDimbA-putra ghaTotkaca dvArA jayadratha ke pAsa jAkara dautyakarma karane kA varNana hai| arjuna dvArA jayadratha ke vadha kI pratijJA karane para, zrIkRSNa ke Adeza se, ghaTotkaca dhRtarASTra ke pAsa jAtA hai tathA yuddha ke bhayaMkara duSpariNAma kI ora unakA dhyAna lagAtA hai / dhRtarASTra duryodhana ko samajhAte haiM, para zakuni kI salAha se vaha unakI eka bhI nahIM sunatA / duryodhana evaM ghaTotkaca meM vAda-vivAda hone lagatA hai aura ghaTotkaca duryodhana ko yuddha ke lie lalakAratA hai, para dhRtarASTra use zAnta kara dete haiM / anta meM ghaTotkaca arjuna dvArA abhimanyu kA badalA lene kI bAta kaha kara dhamakI dete hue calA jAtA hai| isameM bharatavAkya nahIM hai aura isakA kathAnaka kAlpanika hai / ghaTotkaca ke dUta bana kara jAne ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma 'dUtaghaTotkaca' hai / isakA nAyaka ghaTotkaca hai aura vaha vIrarasa ke pratIka ke rUpa meM citrita hai / daha apanI avamAnanA sahana nahIM karatA aura muSTiprahAra karane ko prastuta ho jAtA hai / vIratva ke sAtha-hI-sAtha usameM zAlInatA evaM ziSTatA bhI samAna rUpa se vidyamAna hai / duryodhana, kaNaM evaM zakuni kA carita paramparAgata hai aura ve abhimAnI evaM krUra vyakti ke rUpa meM citrita haiM / isa nATaka meM bIra evaM karuNa donoM rasoM kA mizraNa hai / abhimanyu kI mRtyu ke kAraNa karuNa rasa kA vAtAvaraNa hai to ghaTotkaca evaM duryodhanAdi ke vivAda meM vIra rasa kI sthiti hai /

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dUtavAkya] ( 220 ) [ devatAdhyAyabrAhmaNa dUtavAkya-yaha mahAkavi bhAsa viracita eka aMka kA vyAyoga hai (rUpaka kA eka bheda ) / isameM mahAbhArata ke vinAzakArI yuddha se bacane ke lie pANDavoM dvArA kRSNa ko apanA dUta banAkara duryodhana ke pAsa bhejane kA varNana hai| nATaka kA prArambha kaMcukI kI ghoSaNA se hotA hai ki Aja mahArAja suyodhana samAgata narezoM ke sAtha mantraNA karanevAle haiN| duryodhana ke sabhA meM baiThate hI kaMcukI praveza kara kahatA hai ki pANDavoM kI ora se puruSottama zrIkRSNa dUta bana kara Aye haiN| zrIkRSNa ko puruSottama kahane para duryodhana use DAMTa kara aisA kabhI nahIM kahane ko kahatA hai| vaha apane sabhAsadoM se kahatA hai ki koI bhI vyakti kRSNa ke praveza-samaya apane Asana se khar3A na ho| jo vyakti kRSNa ke Ane para apane Asana se khar3A hogA use dvAdaza suvarNa bhAra kA daNDa hogaa|' vaha zrIkRSNa kA apamAna karane ke lie cIra-karSaNa ke samaya kA draupadI kA citra dekhatA hai tathA bhIma, arjuna Adi kI tatkAlIna bhaMgiyoM para vyaMgya karatA hai| zrIkRSNa ke praveza karate hI darabArI sahasA uTha kara khar3e ho jAte haiM aura duryodhana unheM daNDa kA smaraNa karAtA hai, para svayaM bhI ghabarAhaTa se gira jAtA hai| zrIkRSNa apanA prastAva rakhate hue pANDavoM kA AdhA rAjya mAMgate haiN| duryodhana kahatA hai ki kyA dAyAdya mAMgate haiM ? mere cAcA pANDu to vana meM AkheTa ke samaya munizApa ko prApta hue the aura tabhI se strIprasaMga se virata rahe; to phira dUsaroM se utpanna putroM ko dAyAca kaisA? isa para zrIkRSNa bhI vaisA hI kaTu uttara dete haiM / donoM kA uttara-pratyuttara bar3hatA jAtA hai aura duryodhana unheM bandI banA dene kA Adeza detA hai, para kisI kA sAhasa nahIM hotaa| svayaM duryodhana unheM pakar3ane ke lie Age bar3hatA hai, para zrIkRSNa apanA virATa rUpa prakaTa kara use staMbhita kara dete haiN| kRSNa kruddha hokara sudarzana cakra kA AvAhana karate haiM tathA use duryodhana kA vadha karane kA Adeza dete haiM, para vaha unheM vaisA karane se rokatA hai| zrIkRSNa zAnta ho jAte haiN| aba ve pANDava-zivira meM jAne lagate haiM tabhI dhRtarASTra Akara unake caraNoM para gira par3ate haiM aura zrIkRSNa ke Adeza se lauTa jAte haiM / tatpazcAt bharatavAkya ke bAda nATaka kI samApti ho jAtI hai| ___isameM vIra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai tathA usakI abhivyakti ke lie ArabhaTI vRtti kI yojanA kI gayI hai / zAstrIya dRSTi se yaha vyAyoga hai / isakA (vyAyoga kA) nAyaka garvIlA hotA hai aura kathA.aitihAsika hotI hai| isameM strI pAtroM kA abhAva hotA hai aura yuvAdi kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| dUtavAkya meM vyAyoga ke sabhI lakSaNa ghaTa jAte haiN| sampUrNa grantha meM vIrarasa se pUrNa vacanoM kI bharamAra hai| pANDavoM kI ora se kauravoM ke pAsa jAkara zrIkRSNa ke dUtatva karane meM isa nATaka ke nAmakaraNa kI sArthakatA siddha hotI hai| devatAdhyAyabrAhmaNa-yaha sAmaveda kA brAhmaNa hai tathA sAmavedIya sabhI brAhmaNoM meM choTA hai| yaha tIna khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama khaNDa meM sAmavedIya devatAoM ke nAma nirdiSTa haiM; jaise agni, indra, prajApati, soma, varuNa, tvaSTA, aMgirasa, pUSA, sarasvatI

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devakumArikA] ( 221 ) [devavimala gaNi evaM indraagnii| dvitIya khaNDa meM chandoM ke devatA aura varNoM kA tathA tRtIya khaNa meM chandoM kI niruktiyoM kA varNana hai| inakI aneka niruktiyoM ko yAska ne bhI grahaNa kiyA hai| isakA prakAzana tIna sthAnoM se ho cukA hai ka-barnela dvArA 1873 I0 meM prakAzita kha-sAyaNabhASya sahita jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara dvArA sampAdita evaM kalakattA se 1881 I0 meM prakAzita ga-kendrIya saMskRta vidyApITha tirupati se 1965 I0 meM prakAzita / devakumArikA-ye saMskRta kI kavayitrI haiN| inake pati udayapura ke rANA amarasiMha the| inakA samaya 18 vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvAddha hai| inhoMne 'vaidyanAthaprAsAdaprazasti' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jisakA prakAzana saMskRta poyaTeseja' nAmaka grantha meM kalakattA se ( 1940 I0 meM) ho cukA hai| isa grantha meM 142 padya haiM jo pAMca prakaraNoM meM vibhakta haiN| prathama prakaraNa meM udayapura ke rANAoM kA saMkSipta varNana hai tathA dvitIya meM rANA saMgrAma siMha kA abhiSeka varNita hai| zeSa prakaraNoM meM mandira kI pratiSThA kA varNana hai| guljad bhramad-bhramararAji-virAjitAsyaM ___ stamberamAnanamahaM nitarAM namAmi / yat-pAdapaGkaja-parAga-pavitritAnA pratyUharAzaya iha prazamaM prayAnti / / devaNabhaTTa-rAjadharma ke nibndhkaar| inhoMne 'smRticandrikA' nAmaka rAjadharma ke nibandha kI racanA kI hai / inake pitA kA nAma kezavAdiya bhaTTopAdhyAya thaa| inhoMne apane grantha meM mAmA kI putrI se vivAha karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai jisake AdhAra para DaoN. zAmazAstrI inheM Andhra pradeza kA nivAsI mAnate haiN| inakA samaya 1260 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| 'smRticandrikA' saMskRta nibandha sAhitya kI atyanta mUlyavAn nidhi ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| isakA vibhAjana kANDoM meM huA hai jisake pAMca hI kANDoM kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| ina kANDoM ko saMskAra, Ahnika, vyavahAra, bAda evaM soca kahA jAtA hai| inake atirikta inhoMne rAjanIti kANDa kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai| devaNabhaTTa ne rAjanItizAstra ko dharmazAstra kA aMga mAnA hai aura use dharmazAstra ke hI antargata sthAna diyA hai| dharmazAstra dvArA sthApita mAnyatAoM ke poSaNa ke lie inhoMne apane grantha meM yatra-tatra dharmazAstra, rAmAyaNa tathA purANa Adi ke bhI uddharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya rAjazAstrapraNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / devaprabhasUri (1250 I.)-ye jaina kavi haiN| inhoMne 'pANDavacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA 18 sargoM meM kI hai jisameM anuSTup chanda meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| devavimala gaNi ( 17 zataka) ye jaina kavi haiN| inhoMne 'hIrasaubhAgya'

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devI bhAgavata] ( 222 ) [devI bhAgavata nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM haravijayasUri kA carita varNita hai.| sUrijI ne akabara ko jainadharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| isa mahAkAvya meM 17 sarga haiN| devI bhAgavata-devI yA zakti ke nAma para pracalita purANa / samprati 'bhAgavata' saMjJaka do purANoM kI sthiti vidyamAna hai-zrImadbhAgavata' evaM 'devI bhAgavata' tathA donoM ko hI mahApurANa kahA gayA hai| 'zrImadbhAgavata' meM bhagavAn viSNu kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA hai aura 'devI bhAgavata' meM zakti kI mahimA kA bakhAna hai| isa samaya prApta donoM hI bhAgavatoM meM 18 sahasra zloka evaM 12 skandha haiN| 'padma', 'viSNu', 'nArada', 'brahmavaivarta', 'mArkaNDeya', 'vArAha', 'matsya' tathA 'kUrma mahApurANoM meM paurANika krama se bhAgavata ko paMcama sthAna prApta hai kintu 'zivapurANa' ke 'revA mAhAtmya' meM 'zrImadbhAgavata' navam sthAna para adhiSThita karAyA gayA hai| adhikAMzataH purANoM meM 'bhAgavata' ko hI mahApurANa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai kintu yaha tathya aspaSTa raha gayA hai ki donoM meM se kise mahApurANa mAnA jAya 'padmapurANa' meM sAtvika purANoM ke antargata 'viSNu', 'nArada', 'garur3a', 'pama', evaM vArAha' ke sAtha 'zrImadbhAgavata' kA bhI ullekha hai| vaiSNavIyaM nAradIyaM ca tathA bhAgavataM zubham / garuDaM ca tathA padmaM vArAhaM zubhadarzane // sAttvikAni purANAni vijJeyAni zubhAni vai| 'garuDapurANa' evaM 'kUrmapurANa' meM bhI yaha mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki jisameM hari yA viSNu kA carita varNita hai, use sAtvika purANa kahate haiM / anyAni viSNoH pratipAdakAni, sarvANi tAni sAttvikAnIti cAhuH / garuDapurANa sAttvikeSu purANeSu mAhAtmyamadhikaM hreH|| kUrmapurANa isa dRSTi se devI bhAgavata kA sthAna sAttvika purANoM meM nahIM aataa| vAyupurANa, matsyapurANa, kAlikA upapurANa evaM Aditya upapurANa devI bhAgavata ko mahApurANa mAnate haiM. jabaki papa, viSNudharmottara, garuDa, kUrma tathA madhusUdana sarasvatI ke sarvArtha saMgraha evaM nAgojIbhaTTa ke dharmazAstra meM ise upapurANa kahA gayA hai| bhagavatyAzca durgAyAzcaritaM yatra vidyate / tattu bhAgavataM proktaM na tu devIpurANakam // ___ vAyupurANa, uttarakhaNDa, madhyamezvaramAhAtmya 5 purANoM meM sthAna-sthAna para 'bhAgavata' ke vaiziSTya para vicAra karate hue tIna lakSaNa nirdiSTa kiye gae haiM jo 'zrImadbhAgavata' meM prApta ho jAte haiM / ve haiM-gAyatrI se samArambha, vRtravadha kA prasaMga tathA hayagrIva brahmavidyA kA vivrnn| thatrAdhikRtya gAyatrIM varNyate dhrmvistrH| vRtrAsura-vadhopete tadabhAgavatamiSyate // matsya, 53 / 20

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devI bhAgavata] ( 223 ) [dvijendranAtha mizra hayagrIva-brahmavidyA yatra vRtravadhastathA / gAyatryA sasamArambhastavai bhAgavataM viduH // vAmanapurANa nibandha granthoM tathA dharmazAstroM meM 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke hI zloka uddhRta kiye gae haiM, devI bhAgavata ke nhiiN| isase zrImadbhAgavata kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai / babbAsasena ke 'dAnasAgara' ( samaya 1169 I0) meM kaI purANoM ke uddharaNa diye gae haiM kintu 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki dAnaviSayaka zlokoM ke na rahane ke kAraNa isake zloka nahIM uddhRta kiye ge| ___ bhAgavataM ca purANaM brahmANDaM caiva nAradIyaM ca / dAnavidhizUnyametat trayamiha na nibadamavadhAyaM / upodAta zloka 57 devI bhAgavata ke eka pUre adhyAya (9:30) meM dAna sambandhI padya haiM / yadi 'devI bhAgavata' unakI dRSTi meM 'bhAgavata' ke rUpa meM prasiddha hotA to ve avazya hI usake tatsambandhI zloka ko uddhRta krte| ataH ballAlasena ke anusAra 'vaiSNava bhAgavata' hI bhAgavata ke nAma se kathita hotA hai / alaberunI (1030 I0 ) ke grantha meM zrImadbhAgavatapurANa ko vaiSNava purANoM meM anyatama mAnakara sthAna diyA gayA hai kintu isakI kisI bhI sUcI meM 'devI bhAgavata' kA nAma nahIM hai| isase isake astitva kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai| 'nAradIya purANa' ke pUrvabhAga ke 96 adhyAya meM 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke jina varNyaviSayoM kA ullekha hai ve Aja bhI bhAgavata meM prApta ho jAte haiM, para 'devI bhAgavata' se unakA mela nahIM hai| 'zrImadbhAgavata' meM 'devIbhAgavata' kA kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM hai para 'devI bhAgavata' ke aSTama skandha ke bhaugolika varNana para 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke paMcama skandha kI chAyA spaSTa hai / bhuvanakoSa ke anya vibhAgoM ke varNana meM bhI 'devI bhAgavata' para zrImadbhAgavata kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| devI bhAgavata meM 18 purANoM ke antargata 'bhAgavata kA bhI nAma hai, tathA upapurANoM meM bhI bhAgavata kA nAma diyA gayA hai| [1 / 3 / 16 ] uparyukta vivaraNa se siddha hotA hai, ki vAstava meM zrImadbhAgavata hI mahApurANa kA adhikArI hai, tathA isakI prAcInatA devI bhAgavata se asaMdigdha hai| devI bhAgavata meM zaktitattva kA prAdhAnya hai, aura devI ko Adi zakti mAna kara unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. devI bhAgavata-mUlamAtra, guTakA ( paNDita pustakAlaya, vArANasI) 2. devIbhAgavata (hindI anuvAda) gItA presa, gorakhapura 3. purANa-vimarza-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / dvijendranAtha mizra-bIsavIM zatAbdI ke lekhaka aura kavi / inake dvArA racita grantha haiM-'yajurvedabhASyam', 'RgvedAdibhASyabhUmikAprakAzaH', 'vedatattvAlocanam' 'saMskRtasAhityavimarzaH' evaM 'svarAjyavijaya' ( mahAkAvya ) / 'saMskRtasAhityavimarthaH' saMskRta meM racita saMskRta sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa hai| isameM saMskRta-sAhitya kI sabhI zAkhAoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla 1956 I0 hai|

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dvisandhAna kAvya] (224) [dropadI pariNaya campU 'svarAjyavijaya' mahAkAvya kI racanA 1960 I0 meM huI hai| isameM 18 sarga haiM tathA bhArata kI pUrva samRdizAlitA ke varNana se videziyoM ke AkramaNa, kAMgresa kA janma, tilaka, subhASa, paTela, gAndhI Adi mahAn rASTrIya unnAyakoM ke kartRtva kA varNana, krAntikAriyoM tathA AtaMkavAdiyoM ke parAkrama kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya rASTrIyatA evaM yugajIvana kI bhAvanAoM ko svara denevAlA yaha grantha bIsavIM zatAbdI kI mahattvapUrNa saMskRta-racanA hai| dvisandhAna kAvya-isake racayitA kA nAma dhanaMjaya hai| yaha parthI kAvyoM meM sarvathA prAcIna hai| bhojakRta 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM mahAkavi daNDI tathA dhanaMjaya ke 'dvisandhAna kAvya' kA ullekha hai| daNDI kI isa nAma kI koI racanA prApta nahIM hotI para dhanaMjaya kI kRti atyanta prakhyAta hai, jo prakAzita ho cukI hai| isakA dUsarA nAma 'rAghavapANDavIya' bhI hai / isa para vinayacandra ke ziSya nemicandra ne vistRta TIkA likhI thI jisakA sAra-saMgraha kara jayapura ke badarInAtha dAdhIca ne 'sudhA' nAma se prakAzita kiyA hai| [kAvyamAlA, bambaI se 1895 I0 meM prakAzita ] isake pratyeka sarga ke anta meM dhanaMjA kA nAma likhA huA hai / 'sUktimuktAvalI' meM rAjazekhara ne isakI prazasti kI hai dvisaMdhAne nipuNatAM satAM cakre dhananjayaH / yathA jAtaM phalaM tasya satAM cakre dhananjayaH / / dhanaMjaya kA samaya dazamI zatI ke pUrvAda se pUrva hai / inhoMne 'nAmamAlA' nAmaka koza kI racanA kI thI jisase inheM neSaNTuka dhanaMjaya bhI kahA gayA hai| dvisandhAna meM 18 saga haiM tathA zleSapaddhati se isameM 'rAmAyaNa' evaM 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA kahI gayI hai| dezopadeza-yaha kSemendra racita hAsyopadeza kAvya ( saTAyara yA vyaMgyakAvya ) hai| [de0 kSemendra ] isameM kavi ne kAzmIrI samAja tathA zAsaka varga kA raMgIlA evaM prabhAva. zAlI vyaMgya citra prastuta kiyA hai [ isakA prakAzana 1924 I0 meM kAzmIra saMskRta sIrIja saMkhyA 40 se zrInagara se 1924 I0 meM ho cukA hai ] 'dezopadeza' meM ATha upadeza haiN| prathama meM durjana evaM dvitIya meM kadayaM yA kRpaNa kA tathyapUrNa varNana hai| tRtIya pariccheda meM vezyA ke vicitra caritra kA varNana tathA caturtha meM kuTTanI kI kAlI karatUtoM kI carcA kI gayI hai / paMcama meM viTa evaM SaSTha meM goDadezIya chAtroM kA bhaNDAphor3a kiyA gayA hai| saptama upadeza meM kisI vRddha seTha kI navIna vayavAlI strI kA varNana kara manoraMjana ke sAdhana juTAye gae haiN| antima upadeza meM vaidya, bhaTTa, kavi, baniyA, guru, kAyastha Adi pAtroM kA vyaMgyacitra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| [hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA prakAzana se prakAzita ] draupadI pariNaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA cakra kavi haiN| inake pitA kA nAma lokanAtha evaM mAtA kA nAma ambA thaa| ye pANDya tathA cera nareza ke sabhAkavi the| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| inakI anya racanAeM bhI hai-rukmiNIpariNaya, jAnakIpariNaya, pArvatIpariNaya evaM citrrtnaakr| inameM

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dhananjaya ] ( 225 ) [dhanabjaya bAnakIpariNaya tathA citraratnAkara prakAzita ho cuke haiN| draupadIpariNayacampU kA prakAzana zrIvA NI vilAsa presa, zrIraMgam se ho cukA hai| yaha campU 6 AzvAsoM meM vibhAjita hai| isameM pAMcAlI ke svayaMvara se lekara dhRtarASTra dvArA pANDavoM ko AdhA rAjya dene tathA yudhiSThira ke rAjya karane taka kI ghaTanAyeM varNita haiN| isakI kathA kA bAdhAra mahAbhArata ke Adiparva kI etadviSayaka ghaTanA hai| kavi ne apanI ora se koI parivartana nahIM kiyA hai| anya ke pratyeka adhyAya meM kavi-paricaya diyA gayA hai putraM cakrakavi guNaikavasatiH zrIlokanAthaH sudhIrambA sA ca pativratA prasuSuve yaM mAnitaM sUribhiH / tasyAbhUd drupadAtmajApariNaye campU-prabandhe mahA nAzvAsaH prathamo vidarbhatanayA pANigrahabhrAtari // pR0 17 AdhAragrantha-campU-kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| dhanaJjaya-nATyazAstra ke AcArya / inhoMne 'dazarUpaka' nAmaka suprasiddha nATyazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai [de0 dshruupk]| inakA samaya dazamazatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| dhananjaya ke pitA kA nAma viSNu evaM bhAI kA nAma dhanika thA / dhanika ne 'dazarUpaka' kI 'avaloka' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai jo apane meM svatantra grantha hai| paramAravaMzI rAjA munja ke darabAra meM dazarUpaka kA nirmANa huA thaa| muja kA zAsana kAla 974 se 994 I0 taka hai| svayaM lekhaka ne bhI isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai viSNoH sutenApi dhanaMjayena vidvanmanorAganibandhahetuH / AviSkRtaM mujamahIzagoSThIvaidagdhyabhAjA dazarUpametat // dazarUpaka 486 'dazarUpaka' meM cAra prakAza evaM tIna sau kArikAyeM haiN| isa para dhanika kI vyAkhyA ke atirikta bahurUpa mizra kI bhI TIkA prApta hotI hai| dhanika ke 'avaloka' para bhI nRsiMha kI TIkA hai| inhoMne bhojakRta 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' kI bhI TIkA likhI hai| dazarUpaka meM rUpaka sambandhI pramukha praznoM para vistArapUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura rasa ke sambandha meM aneka navIna tathya prakaTa kiye gae haiN| dhananjaya evaM dhanika donoM hI dhvani virodhI AcArya haiN| ye rasa ko vyaMga na mAna kara bhAvya mAnate haiN| arthAt inake anusAra rasa aura kAvya kA sambandha bhAva-bhAvaka kA hai| na rasAdInAMkAvyena saha vyaMgyavyaMjakabhAvaH kiM tarhi bhAvyabhAvakasambandhaH / kAvyaM hi bhAvakaM bhAvyA rasAdayaH / avalokaTIkA, dazarUpaka 4 / 30 / ___inhoMne zAnta rasa ko nATaka ke lie anupayukta mAnA hai kyoMki zama kI avasthA meM vyakti kI laukika kriyAe~ lupta ho jAtI haiM, ataH usakA abhinaya saMbhava nahIM hai| inakI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki rasa kA anubhava dazaMka yA sAmAjika ko hotA hai anukArya ko nhiiN| 15 saM0 sA0

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dhanezvara sUri] ( 226 ) [dharmavijaya campU rasaH sa eva svAyatvAdrasikasyaiva vartanAt / nAnukAyasya vRttatvAt kAvyasyAtatparatvataH // 4 // 38 / bAdhAragrantha-1. hindI dazarUpaka-DaoN0 bholAzaGkara vyAsa 2. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA. kaanne| dhanezvara sUri (610 I.)-ye prasiddha jainAcArya the| inhoMne 'zatrubjaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| isameM 14 sargoM meM rAjAoM kI prasiddha dantakathA kA varNana hai| dharmakIrti-bauddhapramANazAstra ke adbhuta vidvAnoM meM AcArya dharmakItti kA nAma liyA jAtA hai (de0 bauddhadarzana ) / ye AcArya diGnAga kI ziSya paramparA ke AcArya Izvarasena ke ziSya the| inakA ullekha cInI yAtrI itsiGga ke grantha meM hai| tibbatI paramparA ke anusAra ye kumArila bhaTTa (de0 kumArila ) ke bhAgineya mAne jAte haiM / inakA janma coladeza ke antargata 'tirumalaI' nAmaka grAma meM huA thaa| ye jAti ke brAhmaNa the| kiMvadantiyAM inheM, brAhmaNadarzana ke adhyayana ke hetu, kumArila ke yahA~ sevaka ke rUpa meM rahane kA bhI kathana karatI haiN| para, sArI bAteM kapolakalpita haiN| nAlandA ke tatkAlIna pIThasthavira dharmapAla se dIkSA grahaNa kara ye dharmasaMgha meM dIkSita hue the| inakA samaya 625 I. ke lagabhaga hai| bauddhapramANazAstra para inhoMne sAta granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai jinameM 'pramANavAttika' evaM 'nyAyabindu' atyadhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| 1. pramANavAttika-yaha 1500 zlokoM meM racita bauddhanyAya kA yugapravattaka grantha haiN| svayaM dharmakItti ne isa para TIkA likhI hai| isameM cAra pariccheda haiN| jinameM kramazaH svArthAnumAna, pramANasiddhi, pratyakSapraNAma evaM parArthAnumAna kA vizada vivecana hai| 2. pramANa vinizcaya-isakI racanA 1340 zlokoM meM huI hai, kintu mUlagrantha upalabdha nahIM hotaa| 3. nyAyabindu-yaha bauDhanyAya kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isakI racanA sUtrazailI meM huI hai| yaha grantha tIna paricchedoM meM hai| prathama pariccheda meM pramANa evaM pratyakSa kA vivecana hai tathA dvitIya meM anumAna ke do prakAroM-svArtha evaM parArthAnumAna tathA hetvAbhAsa kA nirUpaNa hai| tRtIya pariccheda meM parArthAnumAna evaM tatsaMbaMdhI vividha viSaya varNita haiM / (hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA saMskRta sarIja meM prakAzita ) / 4. sambandha-parIkSA evaM 5. hetubindu donoM laghu grantha haiN| 6. vAdanyAya meM vAdoM kA varNana hai| 7. santAnAntara siddhi-yaha laghu grantha hai jisameM 72 sUtra haiN| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. bauddhadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa-DaoN. govindacandra pANDe / dharmavijaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA nallA dIkSita haiM jinakA samaya

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dharmasUtra] .. ( 227 ) [dhvanyAloka 1684 se 1710 I. ke AsapAsa hai| inake guru kA nAma rAmabhadra dIkSita thA tathA ye unake hI parivAra se sambaddha the| isa campU meM taMjora ke zAsaka zAhajI kI jIvanakathA varNita hai| isameM cAra stabaka haiM / yaha kAvya abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga 4231 meM prApta hotA hai| isake prArambha meM zrIrAmacandra kI stuti hai vibudhakulasamRddhiH susthirA yena kluptA praNamadabhayadAne yasya dIkSA prtiitaa|| janakanRpatikanyAdhanyapAzvaH sa devaH sahajinarapatIndoH zreyase bhUyase'stu // 1 // AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| dharmasUtra-inheM kalpa kA aMga, mAnA jAtA hai [de0 kalpa] / dharmasUtroM kA sambandha AcAra-niyamoM se thA ataH Arya loga inheM pramANa svarUpa mAnate the| vaya'viSaya evaM prakaraNa kI dRSTi se dharmasUtroM kA gRhyasUtroM se atyanta naikaTya dikhAI par3atA hai| inameM vivAha, saMskAroM, vidyArthiyoM, snAtakoM, zrAddha tathA madhupakaM Adi kA vivecana hai| dharmasUtroM meM gRhyajIvanaviSayaka saMskAroM kI carcA bahuta alpa pariNAma meM huI hai kintu inakA mukhya lakSya AcAra, vidhi-niyama evaM kriyAsaMskAroM kI carcA karanA thaa| prasiddha dharmasUtra haiM-'gautamadharmasUtra', 'baudhAyanadharmasUtra', 'ApastambadharmasUtra', 'hiraNyakezidharmasUtra', 'vasiSThadharmasUtra', 'viSNudharmasUtra', 'hArItadharmasUtra' tathA 'shNkhdhrmsuutr'| inameM se antima do ko chor3a kara sabhI kA prakAzana ho cukA hai| kumArilabhaTTa ke 'tantravAttika' meM vibhinna vedoM ke dharmasUtroM kA ullekha hai / 'gautamadharmasUtra' kA sAmavedI loga adhyayana karate the, 'vasiSThadharmasUtra' RgvedI logoM ke adhyayana kA viSaya thA, zaMkhakRta dharmasUtra kA adhyayana 'vAjasaneyI saMhitA' ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA hotA thA evaM Apastamba aura baudhAyanadharmasUtroM ko taittirIya zAkhA ke anuyAyI par3hA karate the| ___dhvanyAloka-dhvanisampradAya ( kAvyazAstrIya sampradAya ) kA prasthAna grantha / isake racayitA A0 Anandavardhana haiM [ de0 Anandavardhana ] / 'dhvanyAloka' bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kA yugapravartaka grantha hai jisameM dhvani ko sArvabhauma siddhAnta kA rUpa dekara usakA sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha cAra udyotoM meM vibhakta hai aura isake tIna bhAga haiM-kArikA, vRtti evaM udAharaNa / prathama udyota meM dhvani sambandhI prAcIna AcAryoM ke mataM kA nirdeza karate hue dhvani virodhI tIna sambhAvya ApattiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isI udyota meM dhvani kA svarUpa batalAkara use kAvya kA ekamAtra prayojaka tatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura batalAyA gayA hai ki kisI bhI kAvyazAstrIya-alaMkAra, rIti, vRtti, guNa Adi-sampradAya meM dhani kA samAhAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA pratyut uparyukta sabhI sinAmkha dhvani meM hI samAhita kiye jA sakate haiN| dvitIya udyota meM dhvani ke bhedoM kA varNana tathA isI ke eka prakAra asaMlakSyakramavyaMgya ke antargata rasa kA nirUpaNa hai| rasabadakAra evaM sadhvani kA pArthakya pradarzita karate hue guNa evaM alaMkAra kA svarUpa-nidarzana

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nandikezvara ] ( 228 ) [ nandikezvara kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya udyota isa grantha kA sabase bar3A aMza hai jisameM dhvani ke bheda evaM prasaMgAnusAra rItiyoM tathA vRttiyoM kA vivecana hai| isI udyota meM bhATTa evaM prabhAkara prabhRti tArkikoM evaM vedAntiyoM ke matoM meM dhvani kI sthiti dikhalAI gayI hai aura guNIbhUtavyaMgya tathA citrakAvya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha udyota meM dhvani siddhAnta kI vyApakatA evaM usakA mahattva varNita kara pratibhA ke Anantya kA varNana hai / evaM kAvyAloka / isa para apane grantha meM 'dhvanyAloka' ke anya nAma bhI prasiddha haiM- sahRdayAloka ekamAtra TIkA abhinavagupta kRta 'locana' prApta candrikA nAmaka TIkA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai Adhunika yuga meM AcArya badarInAtha jhA ne isa para TIkA kI racanA kI hai abhinava ne grantha prApta vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai / hotI hai| kintu yaha nahIM hotA / jo caukhambA samprati 'dhvanyAloka' evaM 'locana' ke kaI hindI anuvAda evaM bhASya prApta hote haiM / isameM kula 107 kArikAe~ haiM - 19+ 33 + 48 + 17= 107 / - ka- AcArya vizvezvara siddhAnta ziromaNi kRta hindI bhASya-jJAnamaNDala limiTeDa, vArANasI / kha - AcArya badarInAtha kRta hindI TIkA - caukhambA prakAzana / ga-- DaoN0 rAmasAgara tripAThI kRta dhvanyAloka evaM 'locana' kA 'tArAvatI' nAmaka hindI bhASyamotIlAla banArasIdAsa / gha - AcArya jagannAtha pAThaka kRta dhvanyAloka evaM locana kA hindI bhASya - cokhambA prakAzana / Ga - dhvanyAloka evaM locana ke prathama udyota kI hindI TIkA - zrImatI AzAlatA / ca - DaoN0 kRSNamUrti kRta dhvanyAloka kA aMgarejI anuvAda | jha-- DaoN0 jaikobI kRta dhvanyAloka kA jarmana anuvAda | AdhAra grantha - A0 vizvezvara kRta TIkA tathA DaoN0 nagendra racita bhUmikA / nandikezvara -- inhoMne 'abhinaya-darpaNa' nAmaka nRtyakalAviSayaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| rAjazekhara ne 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM kAvyavidyA kI utpatti para vicAra karate hue kAvya puruSa ke 18 snAtakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM nandikezvara kA bhI nAma hai / inhoMne rasaviSaya para grantha likhA thA, aisA vicAra rAjazekhara kA hai - 'rasAdhikArikaMnandikezvaraH / bahuta dinoM taka bharata evaM nandikezvara ko eka hI mAnA jAtA thA, kintu 'abhinayadarpaNa' ke prakAzita ho jAne se yaha bhrama dUra ho gayA / nandikezvara ne apane grantha meM bharata dvArA nirmita 'nATyazAstra' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki donoM hI vyakti bhinna the evaM nandikezvara bharata ke paravartI the / nATyavedaM dadau pUrva bharatAya caturmukhaH / vattazca bharataH sArdhaM gandharvApsarasAM gaNaiH // 2 // nATyaM nRttaM tathA nRtyamagre zambhoH prayuktavAn // DaoN. manamohana ghoSa ne 'abhinayadarpaNa' aglAnuvAda kI bhUmikA meM siddha kiyA hai ki nandikezvara kA samaya 5 vIM zatAbdI hai, para aneka vidvAn inakA samaya 12 vIM

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namamAlA] ( 229 ) [narasiMha kavi 13 vIM zatAbdI ke bIca mAnate haiN| 'abhinayadarpaNa' meM 324 zloka haiM aura bhagavAn zaMkara kI vandanA karane ke uparAnta nATyazAstra kI paramparA evaM abhinayavidhi kA varNana hai| isameM abhinaya ke tIna bheda batAye gae haiM-nATya, nRta aura nRtya aura tInoM ke prayogakAla kA bhI nirdeza hai / nATya ke chaha tattva kahe gae haiM-nRtya, gIta, abhinaya, bhAva, rasa aura taal| inameM se abhinaya ke cAra prakAra batAye gae haiMAMgika, vAcika AhArya aura sAtvika / isameM mukhya rUpa se solaha prakAra ke abhinaya evaM unake bhedoM kA varNana hai aura abhinayakAla tathA 13 hastamudrAoM kA ullekha hai / hastagati kI bhAMti isameM pAdagati kA bhI varNana hai aura usake bhI teraha prakAra mAne gae haiN| zAstra evaM loka donoM ke hI vicAra se 'abhinaya-darpaNa' eka utkRSTa grantha hai / isakA aMgarejI anuvAda DaoN. manamohana ghoSa ne kiyA hai| hindI anuvAda zrIvAcaspatizAstrI 'gairolA' ne kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya nATya paramparA aura abhinaya-darpaNa -zrIvAcaspati shaastrii| narmamAlA-yaha hAsyopadezaka yA vyaMgya kAvya hai jisake racayitA kSemendra haiN| pustaka kI racanA ke uddezya para vicAra karate hue lekhaka ne sajjanoM ke vinoda ko hI apanA lakSya banAyA hai| api sujana-vinodAyombhitA hAsyasiddhaH / kathayati phalabhUtaM sarvalokopadezam // 3 // 144 namamAlA // isameM tIna pariccheda yA parihAsa haiN| inameM kAyastha, niyogI Adi adhikAriyoM kI.ghRNita lIlAoM kA sUkSma dRSTi se varNana hai / kavi ne samakAlIna samAja evaM dharma kA paryavekSaNa karate hue unakI burAiyoM kA citraNa kiyA hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM varNana grAmya, bhoMr3A evaM udvegajanaka ho gayA hai| isameM ghUsa lenA, jAlasAjI yA kUTalekha kA varNana bar3A hI hRdayagrAhI hai| kSemendra kI yaha racanA saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarvathA navIna kSitija kA udghATana karane vAlI hai| naracandra upAdhyAya-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya caudahavIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne jyotiSazAstraviSayaka aneka granthoM kI racanA kI thI, kintu samprati 'ber3AjAtakavRtti', 'praznazataka' 'praznacaturvizatikA', 'janmasamudrasaTIka', 'lagnavicAra' tathA 'jyotiSaprakAza' nAmaka grantha prApta hote haiN| 'ber3AjAtakavRtti' kA racanAkAla saM0 1324 mAgha sudI 8 ravivAra batalAyA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM 1050 zloka haiN| 'jyotiSaprakAza' phalita jyotiSa kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai jisameM muhuttaM evaM saMhitA kA sundara vivecana hai| 'ber3AjAtakavRtti' meM lagna tathA candramA ke dvArA sabhI phaloM para vicAra hai| AdhAragraMtha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI / narasiMha kavi-alaMkArazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'namjarAjayazobhUSaNa' nAmaka kI racanA vidyAnAtha kRta 'pratApagadrayazobhUSaNa' ke anukaraNa para kI hai| yaha anya maisUra rAjya ke mantrI namjarAja kI stuti meM likhA gayA hai| isameM sAta vilAsa hai

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nalacampU] ( 230 ) [nalacampU jisameM nAyaka, kAvya, dhvani, rasa, doSa, nATaka evaM alaMkAra kA vivecana hai| pratyeka viSaya ke udAharaNa meM najarAja sambandhI stutiparaka zloka diye gae haiM aura nATaka ke vivecana meM SaSTha vilAsa meM svatantrarUpa se eka nATaka kI racanA kara dI gayI hai| dakSiNa nAyaka kA udAharaNa dekhie dhammille navamallikAH stanataTe pATIracaryA gale, hAraM madhyatale dukUlamamalaM datvA yaza:kaitavAt / yaH prAg dakSiNapazcimottaradizAH kAntAH samaM lAlaya bhAste nistulacAturIkRtapadaH dhInamjarAjAgraNIH / isakA prakAzana gAyakavADa oriyanTa sIrIja grantha saM0 47 se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1, A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / nalacampU-yaha mahAkavi civikramabhaTTa viracita saMskRta kA prasiddha campU kAvya hai| isameM niSaSa nareza mahArAja nala evaM bhImasutA damayantI kI praNayakathA varNita hai / pustaka kA vibhAjana ucchvAsoM meM huA hai aura kula sAta ucchvAsa haiM [ de0 trivi. kramabhaTTa] / prathama ucchvAsa-isakA prArambha candrazekhara bhagavAn zaMkara tathA kaviyoM ke vAgvilAsa kI prazaMsA se huA hai| satkAvya-prazaMsA, khalanindA evaM sajjana-prazaMsA ke pazcAt vAlmIki, vyAsa, guNADhaya evaM bANa kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| tadanantara kavi svakAvya kA uddezya evaM apane vaMza kA varNana karatA hai| "campUkAvya kI prazaMsA, AryAvarta-varNana, AvittaM ke nivAsiyoM kA saukhyavarNana, AryAvarta ke antargata vividha janapadoM evaM niSadhA nagarI kA varNana karane ke pazcAt nala evaM unake mantrI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisakA nAma zrutazIla hai| nala kA vyAvahArika jIvana-varNana, varSA-varNana karane ke bAda eka upadravI sUkara kA kathana kiyA gayA hai jise mArane ke lie rAjA AkheTa ke lie prasthAna karatA hai| cirakAla taka yuddha karane ke pazcAt sUkara samrATU ke Upara nala nareza vijaya prApta karate haiN| AkheTa ke bAda ujar3e hue vana kA varNana tathA AkheTa ke kAraNa thake hue nala kA zAlavRkSa ke nIce vizrAma karanA varNita hai| isI bIca dakSiNa deza se eka pathika kA Agamana hotA hai aura vaha vArtAlApa ke krama meM dakSiNa dizA-tIra-bhUmi evaM yuvatI, damayantI, kA varNana karatA hai / pathika ne yaha bhI sUcanA dI ki usa yuvatI ( damayantI) ke samakSa eka yuvaka ( rAjA nala ) kI bhI prazaMsA kisI pathika dvArA ho rahI thii| usake rUpa-saundayaM kA varNana suna kara damayantI ke prati nala kA AkarSaNa hotA hai aura pathika calA jAtA hai / tatpazcAt kavi ne kAmaklAnta nala kA varNana kiyA hai| dvitIya ucchvAsa-varSA-kAla kI samApti tathA zarad Rtu kA Agamana, kinnara mithuna dvArA gAye gae tIna zloka, gIta dhvani se utkaNThita rAjA kA vana-vihAra tathA bana-mAlikA dvArA vana-suSamA varNana / manovinoda ke hetu ghUmate hue nala ke samakSa zveta paMkhoM se pRthvI ko suzobhita karatI huI haMsoM kI maMDalI kA utaranA evaM bhUkha kI tRpti ke lie kamalanAla kA tor3ane lgnaa| kotukavaza nala kA unheM pakar3ane kA

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nalacampU] ( 231 ) [nalacampU yatna karanA tathA unameM se eka ko pakar3a lenaa| haMsa dvArA rAjA kI stuti tathA haMsa ke vacana para nala kA Azcaryita honaa| haMsa ko pakar3A gayA dekha kara kupita hokara haMsI kA zliSTa kathana tathA nala kA usakA uttara denA, haMsI tathA haMsa ke praNaya-kalaha kA varNana, haMsa dvArA rAjA evaM rAjahaMsa kI samAnatA kA varNana tathA anukUla kalatra sukha kA varNana / AkAzavANI dvArA yaha sUcanA prApta honA ki damayantI ko AkRSTa karane ke lie yaha haMsa dUtatva kregaa| rAjA kA damayantI ke viSaya meM haMsa se prazna pUchanA tathA haMsa kA dakSiNa deza, kuNDinapura, rAjA bhIma evaM unakI patnI priyaGgamanjarI kA varNana karanA / . apane bacce ko lekara jAtI huI eka bandarI ko dekhakara santAna ke utkaNThita priyaMgumaMjarI kA mahezvara kI ArAdhanA meM saMlagna honaa| candrikA kA varNana / tRtIya ucchvAsa-priyaMgumaMjarI kA svapna meM bhagavAn zaMkara kA darzana karanA aura damanaka muni ke Anamana kI sUcanA, prabhAta-varNana evaM priyaMgumaMjarI dvArA sUrya kI stuti / prAtaHkAla meM priyaMgumaMjarI kA prasanna honA tathA rAjA bhIma kA bhI svapna meM bhagavAn zaMkara kA darzana karanA evaM purohita dvArA svapna kA phala kahA jaanaa| damanaka muni kA Agamana tathA muni ko kanyA-lAbha kA varadAna denaa| kanyA-lAbha ke varadAna se asantuSTa priyaMgumaMjarI kI zleSamAdhyama se kaTUktiyAM tathA damanaka muni kA prativacana / rAnI dvArA kSamAyAcanA evaM muni kA prasthAna, madhyAhna varNana, rAjA kA snAna evaM AhArAdi kA varNana / priyaMgumaMjarI kA garbhadhAraNa, damayantI kA janma, nAmakaraNa, usake zaizava, zikSA evaM tAruNya kA varNana / caturtha ucchvAsa-haMsa dvArA damayantI ke saundarya kA varNana suna kara rAjA nala kI utkaNThA, haMsa-vihAra, haMsa kA kuNDinapura jAnA tathA rAjA nala ke rUpa-guNa kA varNana karanA, 'nala' kA nAma sunate hI damayantI kA romAMcita ho jAnA / damayantI kA nala sambandhI vividha prazna pUchanA evaM haMsa kA nalotpatti varNana, nala kI zikSA, tAruNya evaM usake mantrI zrutazIla kA varNana, nala ke lie sAlaGkAyana kA upadeza, vIrasena kA sAlaGkAyana kI nIti kA samarthana, nala kA rAjyAbhiSeka-varNana, patnI ke sAtha vIrasena kA vAnaprastha avasthA vyatIta karane ke lie vana-prasthAna tathA pitA ke abhAva meM nala kI udAsInatA kA varNana / paMcama ucchvAsa-nala kA guNa zravaNa karane ke pazcAt damayantI ke mana meM nalaviSayaka utkaNThA kA honA, damayantI kA haMsa ko hAralatA denA tathA haMsa kA prasthAna / damayantI kI nalaviSayaka utsukatA, rAjahaMsoM kA niSedhodyAna meM utaranA evaM sarovara rakSikA kA rAjA ko haMsoM ke Agamana kI sUcanA denaa| vanapAlikA kA rAjA ke nikaTa haMsa ko lAnA tathA haMsa dvArA rAjA kI stuti / haMsa kA prArambha se hAralatA samapaMNa paryanta damayantI kA vRttAnta kahanA tathA haMsa kA nala ko hAralatA denaa| haMsa-nala-saMvAda evaM haMsa kA prasthAna, nala tathA damayantI kA viyoga-varNana / damayantI ke svayaMvara kI taiyArI, uttaradizA meM nimantraNa dene jAne vAle dUta se damayantI

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nalacampU ] ( 232 ) [ nalacampU kI zliSTa bAtacIta, uttara dizA se Aye hue dUta se nala kA vRttAntazravaNa / senA ke sAtha nala kA vidarbhadeza ke lie prasthAna karanA tathA zrutazIla dvArA araNyazobhA-varNana, narmadA ke taTa para sainyavAsa nirmANa, indrAdi lokapAloM kA Agamana, lokapAloM dvArA damayantI dautyakArya meM nala kI niyukti tathA lokapAloM kA dUta banane ke kAraNa nala kA ciMcita honA / zrutazIla kA nala ko sAntvanA denA, zrutazIla sahita nala kA ekAnta meM manovinoda ke lie gamana, vahA~ kirAta kAminiyoM kA darzana, dUsarA sthAna dikhAne ke bahAne zrutazIla dvArA nala kI manovRtti ko dUsarI ora pheranA, revA- pulina-darzana / svayaMvara meM nala kI saphalatA ke saMbaMdha meM zrutazIla kA kucha takaM upasthita karanA / sandhyA-varNana | SaSTha ucchvAsa - prabhAtavarNana, tambU Adi kA baTorA jAnA evaM punaH agrima yAtrA kI taiyArI, nala kA bhagavAn sUrya evaM nArAyaNa kI stuti karanA, vindhyATavI kA varNana, vidarbhadeza ke mArga meM damayantI ke dUta puSkarAkSa kA nala se milanA aura damayantI ke praNaya-patra ko nala ko arpita karanA, nala aura puSkarAkSa kA saMvAda, madhyAhna-varNana, payoSNI-taTa para senA kA vizrAma, payoSNI- taTa evaM vahA~ ke nivAsI muniyoM kA varNana, muniyoM kA rAjA ko AzIrvAda denA, damayantI dvArA preSita kinnara mithuna se nala kA milana, sandhyAvarNana, nala kA kinnara mithuna Adi ke sAtha zivira kI ora parAvartana, rAta meM sundaraka tathA vihaGgavAgurikA nAma vAle kinnara mithuna dvArA damayantI varNanaviSayaka gIta, rAta meM nala kA vizrAma, prAtaH varNana, agrima yAtrA kI taiyArI, puSkarAkSa ke sAtha jAte hue nala dvArA apanI priyA meM anurakta eka hAthI kA avalokana, hAthI kA varNana, vindhyAcala-varNana, vidarbhAnadI, vidarbha kI prajA, agrahArabhUmi kA varNana, nala kA citra banAtI huI grAmya striyoM kA varNana, zAkavATikAudyAna, varadAvidarbhA-saMgama, sainya zivira-varNana, kuNDinapura meM nala ke Agamana ke upalakSya meM harSaM / anyo'nya kuzala prazna, lie prasthAna tathA prasthAna | nala dvArA saptama ucchvAsa -- nala ke samIpa vidarbha-samrAT kA Agamana, vidarbhezvara kA vinaya-pradarzana, vidarbhezvara kA apane rAjabhavana ke nala kA autsukya, damayantI dvArA bhejI gayI upahArasahita kubar3I, nATI aura kirAta kanyAoM kA nala ke samIpa Agamana tathA nala ko dekhakara unakA vismaya / nala ke kuzala prazna ke bAda una kanyAoM kA damayantI-bhavana ke lie pravaMtaka, puSkarAkSa aura kinnara-mithuna kA damayantI ke pAsa bhejA jAnA / dopahara ke samaya nalaM evaM usakI senA kA bhojana varNana, nala kA manovinoda tathA autsukya, damayantI ke yahA~ se parvataka kA lauTanA tathA antaHpura evaM damayantI kA varNana, nala kA devadUta honA jAnakara damayantI viSaNya hotI hai varNana karatA hai / sandhyA evaM candrodaya-varNana / indra ke varaprabhAva se nala kA kanyAntaHpura evaM parvataka usakA meM praveza evaM damayantI kA paryaMveSaNa tathA kA prakaTa honA tathA damayantI evaM usakI usakA svagata varNana / kanyAntaHpura meM nala sakhiyoM kA vismaya, nala-vihaGgavAgurikA

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nAgArjuna] ( 233) [nAgAnanda saMvAda, damayantI kA anyonyadarzana aura tanmUlaka rasAnubhUti, nala dvArA paratantratA kI nindaa| nala dvArA damayantI ke samakSa indra kA sandeza sunAyA jAnA, damayantI kA devatAoM ke prati anicchA prakaTa karanA tathA nala kA deva-vaibhava varNana karanA, damayantI kA viSaNNa honA evaM priyaMvadikA kA nala ko uttara denA, nala kA damayantI ke bhavana se prasthAna karanA / utkaNThA-pUrNa sthiti meM haracaraNasaroja dhyAna ke sAtha kisI-kisI taraha nala dvArA rAtriyApana / ___ 'nalacampU' meM nala-damayantI kI pUrI kathA vaNita na hokara Adhe vRtta kA hI varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha zRGgArapradhAna racanA hai, ataH isakI siddhi ke lie kaI manoraMjaka ghaTanAoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai / ( anya vivaraNa ke lie dekhie-trivikrmbhtttt)| ___ AdhAra grantha-nalacampU-( hindI anuvAda ) caukhambA prakAzana anu0 zrI kailAsapati tripaatthii| nAgArjuna-cauradarzana ke asAdhAraNa vidvAnoM meM nAgArjuna kA nAma liyA jAtA hai / ye zUnyavAda (boradarzana kA eka siddhAnta ) ke pravartaka the| ye vidarbha ke eka brAhmaNa ke yahA~ utpanna hue the aura bhAge cala kara bIvadharma meM dIkSita hue| [zUnyavAda ke lie de0 boTadarzana ] / inakA samaya 166 se 196 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne sarvaprathama zUnyavAda ko dArzanika rUpa diyA thaa| cInI tathA timbatI bhASA meM inake 20 granthoM ke anuvAda prApta hote haiM jinameM 12 atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| inakI racanAoM ke nAma haiM-mAdhyamika kArikA (mAdhyamika zAstra), dazabhUmivibhASAzAstra, mahAprajJApArimitAsUtra-kArikA, upAyakozalya,pramANa-vidhvaMsana, vigraha-vyAvartinI, catuHstava, yukti-SaSThikA, zUnyatA-saptati, pratItyasamutpAdahRdaya, mahAyAna viMzaka tathA suhallekha, inameM se kevala do hI anya mUlarUpa meM (saMskRta meM ) upalabdha hote haiM-'mAdhyamika kArikA' evaM 'vigrh-vyaavtinii| 'mAdhyamika kArikA' kI racanA 27 prakaraNoM meM huI hai aura 'vigrahamyAvatinI' meM 72 kArikAeM haiN| donoM granthoM meM zUnyavAda kA pratipAdana kara virodhiyoM ke taka kA nirAsa kiyA gayA hai| AdhAra grantha-1. bauddhadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa-DaoN0 govindacandra pANDeya 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihaas-gairolaa| nAgAnanda-yaha pAMca aMkoM kA nATaka hai jisake praNetA mahAkavi harSavardhana haiN| isameM kavi ne vidyAdhararAja ke tanaya jImUtavAhana kI premakathA evaM tyAgamaya jIvana kA varNana kiyA hai| isa nATaka kA srota boTa-kathA hai jisakA mUla 'bRhatkathA' evaM 'vaitAlapaJcaviMzati' meM prApta hotA hai| prathama aMka-vidyAdhararAja jImUtaketu vRta hone para vAnaprastha grahaNa karate haiM / ve isa abhilASA se vana kI ora prasthAna karate haiM ki unake putra jImUtavAhana kA rAjyAbhiSeka ho jAya; kintu pitRbhakta jImUtavAhana rAjya kA tyAga kara pitA kI sevA ke nimitta apane mitra Atreya ke sAtha bana prasthAna karatA hai| vaha pitA ke sthAna kI

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nAgAnanda ] ( 234) [nAgAnanda khoja karatA huA malaya parvata para pahuMcatA hai jahA~ devI gaurI ke mandira meM arcanA karatI huI use malayavatI dikhAI par3atI hai| donoM mitra gaurI devI ke mandira meM jAte haiM aura malayavatI ke sAtha unakA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / malayavatI ko svapna meM devI gaurI usakA bhAvI pati jImUtavAhana ko batalAtI haiN| jaba vaha svapna-vRttAnta ko apanI sakhI se kahatI hai tabhI jImUtavana jhAr3I meM chipakara unakI bAteM suna letA hai| vidUSaka donoM ke milana kI vyavasthA karatA hai, kintu eka sanyAsI ke Ane se unakA milana sampanna nahIM hotaa| dvitIya aMka meM malayavatI kA citraNa kAmAkula sthiti meM kiyA gayA hai| jImUtavAhana bhI premAtura hai| isI bIca mitravasu AtA hai aura apanI bahina malayavatI kI manaHvyathA ko jAnakara vaha usakA vivAha kisI anya rAjA se karanA cAhatA hai / malayavatI ko jaba yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai taba vaha prANAnta karane ko prastuta ho jAtI hai, para sakhiyoM dvArA yaha kRtya roka liyA jAtA hai / jaba mitravasu ko jJAta hotA hai ki usakI bahina usake mitra se vivAha karanA cAhatI hai to vaha prasanna citta hokara usakA vivAha jImUtavAhana se kara detA hai / tRtIya tathA caturtha aMka meM nATaka ke kathAnaka meM parivartana hotA hai| eka dina bhramaNa karate hue jImUtavAhana tathA mitravasu samudra ke kinAre pahuMca jAte haiM jahAM unheM tatkAla baMdha kiye gae sau kI haDDiyoM kA Dhera dikhAI par3atA hai| vahA~ para unheM zaMkhacUr3a nAmaka sarpa kI mAtA vilApa karatI huI dikhAI par3atI hai jisase vidita hotA hai ki ye haDDiyAM garur3a ke pratidina AhAra ke rUpa meM khAye gaye sarpo kI haiM / isa vRttAnta ko jAna kara jImUtavAhana atyanta duHkhita hotA hai aura apane mitra ko ekAko chor3a kara vaha validAna-sthala para jAtA hai jahAM zaMkhacUr3a kI mAM vilApa kara rahI hai, kyoMki usa dina usake putra kI bali honevAlI hai| jImUtavAhana pratijJA karatA hai ki vaha svayaM apanA prANa dekara isa hatyAkANDa ko banda kregaa| pancama aMka meM jImUtavAhana pUrvanizcaya ke anusAra validAna ke sthAna para jAtA hai jise garur3a apane caMcu meM lekara malayaparvata para cala detA hai| jImUtavAhana ko loTA huA na dekhakara usake parivAra ke loga udvigna ho jAte haiN| isI bIca rakta evaM mAMsa se lathapatha jImUtavAhana kI cUr3AmaNi usake pitA ke samIpa gira par3atI hai aura sabhI loga cintita hokara usakI khoja meM nikala par3ate haiN| mArga meM jImUtavAhana ke lie rotA huA zaMkhacUr3a milatA hai aura sArA vRttAnta kaha sunAtA hai| sabhI loga garur3a ke pAsa pahuMcate haiN| garur3a jImUtavAhana ko khAte-khAte usakA adbhuta dhairya dekhakara usase paricaya pUchate haiM aura cakita ho jAte haiN| isI bIca zaGkhacUr3a ke sAtha jImUtavAhana ke mAtA-pitA pahuMcate haiM aura zaMkhacUr3a garur3a ko apanI galatI batalAtA hai / garur3a atyadhika pazcAttApa karate hue AtmahatyA karanA cAhatA hai, para jImUtavAhana ke upadeza se bhaviSya meM hiMsA na karane kA saMkalpa karatA hai| jImUtavAhana ghAyala hone ke kAraNa mRtaprAya ho jAtA hai aura garur3a use jIvita karane ke lie amRta lAne calA jAtA hai|

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nAgezabhaTTa] ( 235) [ nATakakAra kAlidAsa usI samaya gaurI prakaTa hokara jImUtavAhana ko jIvita kara detI haiM aura vaha vidyAdharoM kA cakravartI banA diyA jAtA hai| garur3a Akara amRta kI varSA karatA hai aura sabhI sapaM jIvita ho uThate haiN| sabhI Anandita ho jAte haiM aura bharatavAkya ke bAda nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. nAgAnanda (hindI anuvAda sahita )-caukhambA prakAzana 2. saMskRta nATaka ( hindI anuvAda)-DaoN0 kItha 3. saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / nAgezabhaTTa-prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa / inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hai / inhoMne vyAkaraNa ke atirikta dharma, darzana, jyotiSa evaM kAvyazAstra kI bhI racanA kI hai / ye mahArASTrI brAhmaNa the| inake pitA kA nAma zivabhaTTa evaM mAtA kA nAma satI devI thaa| ye zRGgaverapura ke rAjA rAmasiMha ke sabhApaNDita the / inakA anya nAma nAgojibhaTTa thA / inhoMne 'mahAbhASya pradIpa' ( kaiyaTa racita ) kI TIkA likhI hai jisakA nAma hai 'mahAbhASyapradIpodyotana' / nAgeza ne kAvyazAstra ke granthoM para bhI TIkA likhI hai / ve haiM-'kAvyaprakAza' kI pradIpa TIkA kI TIkA 'udyota', bhAnudatta kI 'rasamaMjarI' kI TIkA tathA paNDitarAja jagannAtha kRta 'rasagaMgAdhara' kI 'gurumamaprakAza' ttiikaa| inhoMne apanI TIkAoM meM aneka sthaloM para svatantra vicAra bhI vyakta kiyA hai| inake vyAkaraNa-viSayaka anya svatantra grantha haiM-'laghuzabdenduzekhara', 'bRhadazabdenduzekhara', 'paribhASenduzekhara', 'laghumaMjUSA', 'sphoTavAda' tathA 'mahAbhASyapratyAkhyAna-saMgraha' / uparyukta sabhI granthoM kI gaNanA mahAn granthoM meM hotI hai aura sAmpratika vidvAnoM meM unakA atyadhika pracAra hai| nATakakAra kAlidAsa-kavi ke rUpa meM to kavi kAlidAsa kI khyAti hai hI, nATakakAra ke rUpa meM bhI inakI kalA kI carama samRddhi dekhI jAtI hai| inhoMne apane pUrva ke saMskRta nATya-sAhitya ko apanI racanAoM ke dvArA praur3hatA pradAna kI hai| kAlidAsa ke pUrva bhAsa ne teraha nATakoM kI racanA kI thI, jinameM saMskRta nATya-kalA kA prArambhika vikAsa dikhAI par3atA hai| kAlidAsa ne apanI racanAoM ke dvArA use samRddha kiyaa| inhoMne tIna nATakoM kI racanA kI hai, jinameM inakI kalA kA kramika vikAsa dikhAI par3atA hai| 'mAlavikAgnimitra' inakI prathama nATya-kRti hai, ataH isameM unakI kalA kA aMkura dikhAI par3atA hai| "vikramorvazIya' meM usakA sahaja vikAsa hai tathA 'zakuntalA' meM kavi kI nATya kalA kA caramotkarSa dikhAyI par3atA hai| kAlidAsa ke nATaka bhAratIya nATyazAstra ke anurUpa haiM yA yoM kahA jAya ki bharata dvArA pratipAdita nATyasiddhAntoM kA kavi ne prAyogika rUpa pradarzita kiyA hai, to koI atyukti nahIM / bhAratIya nATyazAstra meM nATaka ke pramukha tIna tatva mAne gae haiMvastu, netA aura rs| inameM sarvAdhika mahatva rasa-yojanA ko hI prApta huA hai / arthAt bhAratIya nATaka rasapradhAna huA karate haiM kyoMki prArambha meM rasoM kA nirUpaNa nATakoM ke hI lie kiyA gayA thaa| bhAratIya nATaka prAyaH sukhAnta huA karate haiM aura

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nATakakAra kAlidAsa ] ( 236 ) [ nATakakAra kAlidAsa inameM mRtyu Adi ghaTanAeM pradarzita nahIM kI jAtIM, ataH inakA sukhAnta honA Avazyaka hai| kAlidAsa ke tInoM hI nATaka sukhAnta haiM aura saboM kA pratipAdya viSaya zRGgAra hai / 'mAlavikAgnimitra' kI kathA aitihAsika hai tathA isake sAre kArya-vyApAra mAlavikA evaM agnimitra ke praNaya kathA ko ho kendra banA kara agrasara hote haiN| isakA nAyaka vidizA kA rAjA agnimitra hai jo dhIralalita koTi kA (nAyaka) hai / mAlavikA isakI nAyikA hai aura vaha vidarbharAja kI bhaginI hai| isameM nRtya, gIta, citra, zilpa evaM vidUSaka kI cAturI ke saundarya kI sRSTi kI gayI hai / 'vikramorvazIya' evaM 'zakuntalA' donoM kA kathAnaka paurANika hai / kavi ne apanI kathA kI yojanA 'Rgveda', 'zatapatha brAhmaNa', 'mahAbhArata' evaM 'matsyapurANa' Adi granthoM ke AdhAra para kI hai / 'vikramavaMzIya' meM pururavA ubaMzI kI praNayagAthA varNita hai jisakA prathama sUtra Rgveda meM prApta hotA hai / 'zakuntalA' kA kathAnaka mahAbhArata se prabhAvita hai| isameM kavi kI nATyakalA kA carama paripAka hai / zakuntalA meM kathAvastu kA isa prakAra gaThana kiyA gayA hai ki choTI-choTI ghaTanAoM kA bhI mahattva banA huA hai / kavi ne kathA meM vibhinna ghaTanAoM kA isa prakAra niyojana kiyA hai ki usake vikAsa meM kisI prakAra kA avarodha nahIM hotA / inhoMne apane tInoM hI nATakoM meM nAyikAoM ko prathamataH dayanIya dazA meM upasthita kiyA hai aura ve nAyaka dvArA kiye gae upakAra ke kAraNa usakI ora AkRSTa hotI haiM / mAlavikA ko dAsI ke rUpa meM dekhakara agnimitra usake prati sadaya hotA hai aura 'vikramorvazIya' meM rAkSasa ke capeTa meM AI huI uvaMzI ko vipad se bacAkara pururavA usakA kRpAbhAjana banatA hai / 'zAkuntala' meM duSyanta bhare ke bina se zakuntalA kI rakSA karatA hai aura isa upakAra ke kAraNa usakA prema prApta karatA hai / ataH kAlidAsa ke nATakoM kI vastu-yojanA kA prathama sUtra nAyaka dvArA kiye gae upakAra se usake prati nAyikA kA AkRSTa honA hai aura yahI AkarSaNa unake milana kA kendrabindu banatA hai / kAlidAsa ne apane kathAnaka meM nAyaka athavA nAyikA dvArA eka dUsare kI sthiti ko chipa-chipa kara dekhane kA varNana kiyA hai / 'vikramovaMzIya' meM urvazI chipa jAtI hai aura 'zakuntalA' meM rAjA duSyanta usakI virahAvasthA kA chipa kara avalokana karatA hai / nijI viziSTatAeM hotI kAlidAsa ne caritra-citraNa meM nATyazAstra ke niyamoM ko hI AdhAra banA kara dhIrodAtta evaM dhIralalita nAyako kI yojanA kI hai| nATakoM meM pAtroM kI yojanA atyanta kauzala ke sAtha kI gayI hai aura choTe-choTe tathA gauNa pAtroM kA bhI kathA ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga rahatA hai evaM unake vyaktitva kI haiM / kavi ne pAtroM ke citraNa meM atyanta sUkSmatA pradarzita kI haiM aura prAyaH eka samAna lagane vAle pAtroM ke AcaraNa, vicAra evaM vyaktitva meM antara pradarzita kiyA hai / kavi jIvana kI udAtta bhAvanAoM kA citraNa kara apane caritroM ke mAdhyama se jIvana ko unnatazIla banAne vAle svastha vicAroM kA udyotana kiyA hai| "kAlidAsa kA zakuntalA tree prema-saMbalita jIvana kA Adarza abhinaya hai| isakA eka-eka pada aura eka-eka

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nATakakAra kAlidAsa] ( 237 ) [nATakakAra kAlidAsa vAkya apanI jagaha para biMdhA rakhA hai aura kathA ko Age bar3hAne meM anivArya kar3I kA kAma kara rahA hai| zabdoM ke cunAva meM eka aise pArakhI kA hAtha dIkha par3atA hai, jisakI dRSTi meM zabda aura artha ghula-mila kara eka ho cuke haiM aura jisakI cuTakI meM artha-rahita zabda-puSpa bAne hI nahIM pAtA" DaoN0 sUryakAnta zAstrI-bhAratIya nAvyasAhitya, nAmaka grantha meM 'saMskRta nATakakAra' nibandha pR0 140 / kAlidAsa ne jIvana ke vistRta kSetroM se pAtroM kA cayana kiyA hai| rAjakIya jIvana, tapovana evaM nimna zreNI ke jIvana ko sparza kara kavi ne apanI vizAla jIvanadRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai| kagya taponiSTha RSi haiM kintu ve snehazIla pitA kA bhI pratinidhitva karate haiN| 'zakuntalA' ke tRtIya aMka ke viSkambhaka meM atyanta nimna zreNI ke pAtra citrita kiye gae haiM tathA tatkAlIna pulisa varga kA sundara citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| mAlavikA rAjakanyA hokara bhI eka sAdhAraNa paricArikA ke rUpa meM aMkita hai| urvazI eka daivI caritra ke rUpa meM upasthita kI gayI hai to zakuntalA tapovana kI abodha bAlA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / inake sabhI nATakoM ke nAyaka rAjA haiM, jo premI ke rUpa meM aMkita haiN| kAlidAsa kI nATyakalA kI utkRSTatA kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa unakI kAvya kalA hai / yoM to kahIM bhI kavi apane kavitva ke bojha se nATakIya-vidhAna ko bhArAkAnta nahIM karatA aura kAvya tathA nATaka ke zilla meM sadA aucitya evaM santulana banAye rahatA hai para usakA kavitva usake nATakoM ko garimAmaya banA detA hai, isameM kisI prakAra kI dvidhA nahIM hai| isake atirikta kAlidAsa kI naisargika alaMkAra-yojanA unakI rasavyaMjanA meM upaskAraka siddha hotI hai| kAlidAsa ke nATaka isI kAvyAtmakatA ke kAraNa bhAvanAvAdI adhika haiM, aura kAvya kI bhAMti ve AdarzavAdI vAtAvaraNa kI sRSTi karate haiM, kintu yathArtha se achUte nahIM haiM bhale hI mRcchakaTika jaisI kaThora yathArthatA vahAM na mile / bhAratIyanATya-sAhitya pR0 215 / kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM meM korA zRGgArI vAtAvaraNa hI nahIM upasthita kiyA hai, apitu varNAzramadharma kI vyavasthA karane vAle rAjAoM kA citraNa kara eka nayA Adarza upasthita kiyA hai| inake pAtra jIvanta prANI haiM aura ve isI dharatI kI upaja haiN| kavi kA mukhya lakSya rasavyaMjanA hai ataH usake caritracitraNa meM manovaijJAnika sthiti evaM antardvandva ke saMgharSa kA abhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa bhAratIya nATakoM kA rasAtmaka honA hI hai / 'kAlidAsa mukhyataH zRGgAra rasa ke kavi haiM kintu unhoMne hAsya, karuNa, bhayAnaka evaM vIrarasoM kA bhI atyanta saphalatA ke sAtha prayoga kiyA hai / kavi vidUSaka kI vyaMgyapUrNa evaM hAsyapradhAna uktiyoM ke dvArA hAsa kI yojanA karane meM dakSa siddha hotA hai| duSyanta ke Dara se bhAga kara jAte hue hariNa ke citrAMkana meM bhayAnaka rasa kA mArmika rUpa dikhalAyA gayA hai / zakuntalA kI vidAI kA dRzya to karuNA se sikta hai hii| inake nATakoM meM ziSTa evaM puruSa pAtra saMskRta kA prayoga karate haiM. bora zeSa pAtra

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nATyazAstra ] ( 238 ). [ nATyazAstra prayoga kara ke prAkRta bolate haiM / kavi ne pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA saMvAdakalA kA sundara niyojana kiyA hai / 'zAkuntala' ke SaSTha aMka pravezaka ke atirikta sabhI jagaha zaurasenI prAkRta prayukta huI hai aura chaThe aMka meM mAgadhI prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai / 'vikramorvazIya' meM - pururavA ke pralApa meM kaI sthAnoM para apabhraMza kI bhI chAyA dikhAI par3atI hai / kAlidAsa ke nATakoM meM sarvatra vaidarbhI rIti prayukta huI hai aura ye usake siddhahasta lekhaka haiM / nATyazAstra - yaha bhAratIya nATyazAstra evaM kAvyazAstra kA Adya grantha hai / isake racayitA A0 bharata haiM [ de0 bharata ] / isake racanAkAla ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, phalataH isakA samaya vi0 pU0 paMcama zatAbdI se lekara vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai / prAcIna granthoM meM 'nATyazAstra' ke do nAma milate haiM - SaTsAhastrI evaM dvAdazasAhasrI | samprati 'nATyazAstra' kA SaTsAhasrI rUpa hI upalabdha hai jisake kucha saMskaraNoM meM 37 adhyAya evaM kucha meM 36 adhyAya haiM / 'nATyazAstra' meM na kevala nATyaniyamoM kA apitu usase sambandha rakhane vAlI sabhI kalAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / arthAt nATyakalA, nRtyakalA, saMgItazAstra, chandaH zAstra, alaMkAra-vidhAna, rasa-nirUpaNa tathA raMga-nirmANa Adi sabhI viSaya isameM varNita haiM / svayaM nATyazAstra meM bhI isa tathya kA ullekha hai na tajjJAnaM na tacchilpaM na sA vidyA na sA kalA / na sa yogo na tatkamaM yannATye'sminna dRzyate // 1 / 116 // isake vayaM viSaya kI sUtrI isa prakAra hai - isake prathama evaM dvitIya adhyAya meM kramazaH nATyotpatti tathA nATyazAlA kA aura tRtIya adhyAya meM raMgadevatA kA pUjana-prakAra varNita hai / caturtha adhyAya meM tANDaba sambandhI 108 karaNa 92 prakAra ke aMgahAra aura cAra prakAra ke recakoM kA varNana hai aura paMcama ardhyAya meM pUrvaraMga kI vidhi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha evaM saptama adhyAya meM rasa kA vistRta vivecana evaM AThaveM adhyAya meM cAra prakAra ke abhinaya - AMgika, vAcika, sAttvika tathA AhArya - varNita haiN| navama adhyAya meM hastAbhinaya baura dazama meM zarIrAbhinaya kA evaM ekAdaza tathA dvAdaza adhyAyoM meM cArI tathA maNDala kI vidhi kA varNana hai / trayodaza adhyAya meM rasAnukUla gati pracAra kA tathA caturdaza, paMcadaza evaM solahaveM adhyAya meM vAcika abhinaya kA varNana hai aura solahaveM adhyAya meM hI chanda kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| satrahaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta Adi bhASAoM kA tathA aThArahaveM adhyAya meM 'dazarUpaka' kA lakSaNa hai| unnIsaveM adhyAya meM nATya sandhiyoM kA aura bIsaveM meM bhAratI, sArasvatI, ArabhaTI aura kaizikI vRttiyAM varNita haiN| ikkIsaveM adhyAya meM AhAryAbhinaya kA evaM bAIsarve meM sAmAnyAbhinaya kA vidhAna hai| isI adhyAya meM nAyaka-nAyikA bheda kA bhI varNana hai| teIsaveM adhyAya meM vezyA tathA vaizika logoM kA evaM caubIsaveM meM tIna prakAra ke pAtroMuttama. madhyaNa evaM adhama kA varNana hai| paccIsaveM adhyAya meM citrAbhinaya aura

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nATyazAstra ] ( 239 ) [ nATyazAstra chabbIsaveM meM vikRtAbhinaya varNita haiM / sattAIsaveM adhyAya meM abhinaya kI siddhi evaM unake vighnoM kA varNana hai tathA aTThAIsaveM se tetIsaveM adhyAya taka saMgItazAstraM kA varNana hai / cautIsaveM adhyAya meM pAtra kI prakRti kA vicAra aura paiMtIsaveM meM pAripAzvika evaM vidUSaka kA varNana hai / chattIsaveM yA antima adhyAya meM nATya ke bhUtala para Ane kA varNana hai / 'nATyazAstra' kA prathama prakAzana kAvyamAlA saMskRta sIrIja ke nirNaya sAgara presa se 1894 I0 pe huA thA / isameM chaha hajAra zloka haiM / gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIja bar3audA se 'abhinaya bhAratI' sahita 'nATyazAstra' kA prakAzana cAra khaNDoM meM huA hai / caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja se bhI paM0 baTukanAtha zarmA evaM paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ke saMpAdakatva meM 'nATyazAstra' kA prakAzana 1935 I0 meM huA thA jise apekSAkRta adhika zuddha mAnA jAtA hai / ' nATyazAstra' kA AMglAnuvAda DaoN0 manamohana ghoSa ne kiyA hai aura 1 se 7 adhyAya taka ke do hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiM / prathama ke anuvAdaka DaoN0 raghuvaMza ( motIlAla banArasIdAsa ) evaM dvitIya ke anuvAdaka paM0 bAbUlAla zukla haiM ( caukhambA prakAzana ) / 'nATyazAstra' ke tIna rUpa haiM-- sUtra, bhASya evaM kArikA / A0 baladeva upAdhyAya kA kahanA hai ki "aisA jAna par3atA hai ki mUla grantha sUtrAtmaka thA jisakA rUpa 6 aura 7 veM adhyAya meM Aja bhI dekhane ko milatA hai / tadanantara bhASya kI racanA huI jisameM bharata ke sUtroM kA abhiprAya udAharaNa dekara spaSTa samajhAyA gayA hai / tIsarA tathA antima stara kArikAoM kA hai jinameM nATakIya viSayoM kA bar3A hI vipula tathA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / " bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1 pR0 27 prathama saMskaraNa / 'nATyazAsta' meM adhikatara anuSTup chanda kA prayoga hai para kahIM-kahIM AryA chanda bhI prayukta hue haiM / 6 TheM evaM sAtaveM adhyAya meM kaI sUtra evaM gadyAtmaka vyAkhyAna bhI prApta hote haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki 'nATyazAstra' meM aneka aise zloka haiM ( jinakI saMkhyA adhika hai ) jinakI racanA bharata se pUrva huI thI aura bharata ne apane vicAra kI puSTi ke lie unheM uddhRta kiyA thA / ina zlokoM ko 'AnuvaMzya' zloka kI saMjJA dI gayI hai / abhinavagupta ne bhI isa kathana kA samarthana kiyA hai tA tA hayAryA ekapraghaTTakatayA pUrvAcAryalakSaNatvena paThitAH, muninA tu sukhasaMgrahAya yathAsthAnaM nivezitAH // abhinavabhAratI, adhyAya 6 // 'nATyazAstra' ke vartamAna rUpa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki isakI racanA aneka vyaktiyoM dvArA huI hai tathA isakA yaha isakA yaha rUpa 'aneka zatAbdiyoM ke dIghaMvyApAra kA pariNata phala' hai / isa sambandha meM nizcita rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA | 'nATyazAstra' kA racanA kAla evaM racayitA Adi ke sambandha meM punaH gADhAnuzIlana karane kI AvazyakatA hai / 'nATyazAstra' ke aneka TIkAkAra ho cuke haiM para samprati ekamAtra bhASya abhinavagupta racita 'abhinavabhAratI' hI upalabdha hai /

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nAthamuni] ( 240 ) [ nAradapurANa yA bRhannAradIya purANa abhinavagupta evaM zAkaMdhara ne (saMgItaratnAkara ) nATyazAstra ke nau vyAkhyAkAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai-udbhaTa, lollaTa, zaMkuka, bhaTTanAyaka, rAhula, bhaTTayantra, abhinavagupta, kottidhara evaM maatRguptaacaary| ( isa viSaya ke vivaraNa ke lie de0 lekhaka kA anya bhAratIya kaavyaalocn)| AdhAragrantha-ka-saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA0 vA. kANe khabhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya ga-hindI abhinava bhAratI( bhUmikA ) A0 vizvezvara / nAthamuni-ye vaiSNavoM meM raMganAtha muni ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM tathA viziSTAdvaitavAda nAmaka vaSNava sampradAya ke AcArya haiN| inakA samaya 824 se 924 I0 hai| inhoMne tamilaveda kA punaruddhAra kiyA thaa| ye zaThakopAcArya kI ziSya-paramparA meM Ate haiM / inhoMne 'nyAyatattva' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai jo viziSTAdvaita mata kA prathama nyAya grantha ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai / vedAntadezika ne 'yogarahasya' nAmaka prantha kA praNetA nAthamuni ko hI mAnA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya darzana-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / nAthamuni vijaya campU-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA haiM kavi rAmAnujadAsa / ye maitreya gotrodbhava kRSNAcArya ke putra the| inakA samaya anumAnataH solahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| isa campU kAvya meM nAthamuni se rAmAnuja paryanta viziSTAdvaitavAda ke AcAryoM kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| isakA kavitvapakSa durbala hai aura vivaraNAtmakatA kA prAdhAnya hai| kavi kI anya kRtiyAM haiM-veMgalAyaMguruparamparA', 'upaniSadarthavicAra' tathA 'tathya-nirUpaNa' / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA ullekha DiskripTiva kailalA~ga madrAsa 12306 meM prApta hotA hai / AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| nAradapurANa yA vRhannAradIya purANa-paurANika krama se chaThA purANa / 'matsya. purANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki "jisa purANa kI kathA meM nArada ne bRhatkalpa ke prasaMga meM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, vaha nAradIya purANa kahA jAtA hai| isakA pramANa paccIsa sahasra zlokoM kA hai / " nArada yA nAradIya upapurANa se antara sthApita karane ke lie isakI saMjJA bRhannAradIya hai| isake do khaNDa haiM-pUrva aura uttara / pUrvakhaNDa meM 125 adhyAya tathA uttara meM 82 adhyAya haiN| jor3ane para isake blokoM kI saMkhyA 18110 hotI hai| _ 'nAradapurANa' pUrNarUpeNa vaiSNava purANa hai| isameM vaiSNavoM ke anuSThAnoM aura unake sampradAyoM kI dIkSA ke vidhAna vistArapUrvaka varNita haiN| isake uttara bhAga meM vaiSNava sampradAya ko vizeSa sthAna diyA gayA hai, kintu pUrva bhAga meM sAmpradAyika pUrvAgraha nahIM hai| isa purANa meM aThAraho purANa kI viSayAnukramaNikA (adhyAya 92 se 109

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nAradasmRti] ( 241 ) [ nAradasmRti taka pUrva bhAga meM) prastuta kI gayI hai| isake AdhAra para yaha sarvAdhika arvAcIna purANa siddha hotA hai| para, yaha vivaraNa avazya hI arvAcIna hogA aura paravartI prakSepa bhii| 'viSNupurANa' meM nAradapurANa ko racanAkrama se 6 ThA sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai, jisase isakI sarvAdhika arvAcInatA saMdigdha ho jAtI hai| pro0 eca0 eca0 vilsana ke anusAra isakA racanAkAla solahavIM zatAbdI hai| unhoMne ise mahApurANa nahIM mAnA hai kyoMki isameM kula tIna hajAra zloka haiN| unake anusAra isameM purANoM ke paMcalakSaNoM kA abhAva hai aura yaha viSNubhakti-pratipAdaka eka sAmpradAyika grantha hai / para, yaha tathya nirAdhAra hai| 'nAradapurANa' na to itanA arvAcIna hai aura na 'purANapaMcalakSaNam' se virahita hI / alberUnI ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai jisakA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI hai| isameM aneka viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai jinameM mukhya haiM-mokSa, dharma, nakSatra evaM kalpanirUpaNa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, jyotiSa, gRhavicAra, mantrasidi, devatAoM ke mantra, anuSThAnavidhi, aSTAdazapurANa-viSayAnukramaNikA, varNAzramadharma, zrAddha, prAyazcita, sAMsArika kaSTa evaM bhakti dvArA mokSa ke sukha / isameM viSNu-bhakti ko hI mokSa kA ekamAtra sAdhana mAnA gayA hai tathA aneka adhyAyoM meM viSNu, rAma, hanumAna, kRSNa, kAlI aura maheza ke mantroM kA savidha nirUpaNa hai| sUta-zaunaka-saMvAda ke rUpa meM isa purANa kI racanA huI hai| isake prArambha meM sRSTi kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai tadanantara nAnA prakAra kI dhArmika kathAyeM varNita haiN| purANoM meM 'nAradIyapurANa' ke atirikta eka 'nAradIya-upapurANa' bhI upalabdha hotA hai jisameM 38 adhyAya evaM 3600 zloka haiM / yaha vaiSNava mata kA pracAraka evaM vizuddha sAmpradAyika grantha hai jisameM purANa ke lakSaNa nahIM milate haiN| katipaya vidvAnoM ne isI grantha ko 'nAradapurANa' mAna liyA hai / isakA prakAzana eziyATika sosAiTI, kalakattA se huA hai| AdhAraprantha-1. nAradapurANa (hindI anuvAda)-gItA presa, gorakhapura 2. nAradapurANa ( hindI anuvAda)-anu0 rAmacandra zarmA, murAdAbAda 3. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2-(hindI anuvAda) vinTaranitsa 4. purANatattvamImAMsAzrI kRSNamaNi tripAThI 5. purANa-vimarza-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 6. purANam-khaNDa 5, 1963 7. viSNupurANa-(saMpAdaka ) eca0 eca0 vilsana / nAradasmRti-isake racayitA nArada haiM jinheM vizvarUpa ne prasiddha dasa dharmazAstrakAroM meM se eka mAnA hai / isake laghu evaM bRhad do saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM jinakA sampAdana DaoN. jaoNlI ne kiyA hai / 'nAradasmRti' meM 1028 zloka haiN| isake prArambhika tIna adhyAyoM meM nyAya sambandhI vidhi vaNita hai| tatpazcAt RNa-dAna, upanidhi ( jamA, bandhaka ) sambhUyasamutthAna ( sahakAritA ), dattApradAnika, abhyupeta-azuzrUSA (naukara ke Theke kA tor3anA), vetanasyaanapAkarma ( vetana na denA ), asvAmivikraya, vikrIyA sampradAna vikrI ke uparAnta na chur3AnA), krItAnuzaya (kharIdagI kA saNDana ), samayasyAnapAkarma, (nigama, zreNI dhAdi kI paramparAoM kA virodha), sImAvandha, sI puMsayoga, dAyabhAga (baMTavArA tayA basIyata), sAhasa (kaitI), vAkyA pAlya (mAnahAni tavA 16 saM0 sA0

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nArAyaNa] ( 242 ) [nighaNTu pizunavacana ) tathA daNDapAruSya ( nAnA.prakAra kI coTeM ) prakIrNaka evaM anukramaNikA kA varNana hai| 'nAradasmRti meM kula 18 prakaraNa haiM jinameM 'manusmRti' ke viSayoM ko saMkSipta rUpa se rakhA gayA hai| katipaya nAmoM ke bheda ke atirikta donoM meM atyadhika sAmya hai| DaoN. vinTaranitsa ne isameM 'dInAra' zabda ko dekhakara isakA samaya dvitIya yA tRtIya zatAbdI mAnA hai / para, DaoN. kItha isakA kAla 100 I0 se 300 I0 ke bIca mAnate haiN| ise 'yAjJavalkyasmRti' kA paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-(hindI anuvAda ) bhAga 1 --DaoN. pA. vA0 kANe, anu0 60 arjuna caube kAzyapa / nArAyaNa-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inakA sthiti-kAla 1571 I0 hai / inake pitA kA nAma anantanandana thA jo TApara grAma ke nivAsI the| inhoMne 'muhUtrtamArtaNDa' nAmaka muhUrtaviSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jo zArdUlavikrIDita chanda meM likhA gayA hai| nArAyaNa nAmaka eka anya vadvAn ne bhI jyotiSaviSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jinakA samaya 1588 I0 hai| 'kezavapaddhati' ke Upara racita inakI TIkA prasiddha hai / inhoMne bIjagaNita kA bhI eka grantha likhA thA / sahAyakagrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| nArAyaNabhaTTa-inakA janma kerala meM huA thaa| ye 1560 se 1666 I0 ke madhya vidyamAna the| inhoMne caudaha campUkAvyoM kI racanA kI hai / ve haiM-matsyAvatAraprabandha, rAjasUyaprabandha, pAMcAlIsvayaMvara, svAhAsudhAkaracampU, koTiviraha, nRgamokSa, subhadrAharaNa, pArvatIsvayaMvara, nalAyaNIcarita, kaunteyASTaka, dUtavAkya, kirAta, niraninAsikacampU, dakSayAga evaM vyAghrAlayezASTamI mhotsvcmpuu| inameM matsyAvatAraprabandha, rAjasUyaprabandha, svAhAsudhAkaracampU evaM koTiviraha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| inake pitA kA nAma mAtRdatta thA jo prasiddha mImAMsAzAstrI the| inhoMne 'nArAyaNIya' nAmaka eka kAvya kI bhI racanA kI hai / ina granthoM ke atirikta prakriyA sarvasva (vyAkaraNa ) tathA mAnameyodaya ( mImAMsA ) bhI inakI racanAeM haiM / 'matsyAvatAra' meM kula 67 padya evaM 12 gadya ke khaNDa haiN| isameM purANoM meM varNita manu evaM matsyAvatAra kI kahAnI hai| 'rAjasUyaprabandha' meM yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya kA varNana hai / 'svAhAsvadhAcampU' meM kavi ne agni kI patnI svAhA tathA candramA ke praNaya kA varNana kiyA hai| 'koTiviraha' meM viraha aura milana kI kAlpanika kahAnI hai| 'nRgamokSa' meM zrImadbhAgavata ke dazamaskandha meM varNita kathA ke AdhAra para rAjA nRga kI kahAnI kA varNana hai| ___AdhAragrantha-1. campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI 2. keralI sAhitya-darzana-ratnamayI diikssit| nighaNTu-yaha vaidika mandoM kA samuccaya hai jisameM veda ke kaThina zabdoM kA cayana hai| 'nighaNTu' kI zabda-saMkhyA evaM racanA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mata-vaibhinnya hai| jisa 'nighaNTu' para yAska kI TIkA hai, usameM pAMca adhyAya haiN| prathama tIna adhyAya

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nityAnanda ] ( 243 ) [ nityAnanda naighaTukakANDa kahe jAte haiM tathA inake zabdoM kI vyAkhyA nirukta ke dvitIya evaM tRtIya adhyAyoM meM kI gayI hai / inakI zabda saMkhyA 1341 hai jinameM se 230 zabdoM kI hI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / caturtha adhyAya ko naigamakANDa evaM paJcama ko daivatakANDa kahate haiM / naigamakANDa meM tIna khaNDa haiM jinameM 62, 84 tathA 132 pada haiM / ye kisI ke paryAya na hokara svatantra haiM / naigamakANDa ke zabdoM kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hotA / daivatakANDa ke 6 khaNDoM kI pada saMkhyA 3, 13, 36, 32, 36 tathA 31 hai jinameM vibhinna devatAoM ke nAma haiM / ina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA 'nirukta' ke sAtaveM se bArahaveM adhyAya taka huI hai / DaoN0 lakSmaNa sarUpa ke anusAra 'nighaNTu' eka vyakti kI racanA nahIM hai para rAjavADe ne inake kathana kA sapramANa khaNDana kiyA hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM prajApati kAzyapa ko 'nighaNTu' kA racayitA mAnA gayA hai / vRSo hi bhagavAn dharmaH khyAto lokeSu bhArata / nighaNTukapadAkhyAne viddhi mAM vRSamuttamam // kapivarAhaH zreSThazca dharmazca vRSa ucyate / tasmAd vRSAkapiprAha kazyapo mAM prajApatiH // mahAbhArata mokSadharmaparva, 342186-87 katipaya vidvAn isa vicAra ko prAmANika na mAnakara nirukta aura nighaNTu donoM kA hI racayitA yAska ko hI svIkAra karate haiM / svAmI dayAnanda evaM paM0 bhagavaddatta jI ke anusAra jitane niruktakAra haiM ve sabhI nighaNTu ke racayitA haiM / Adhunika vidvAn raoNtha, karmakara, lakSmaNa sarUpa tathA prAcIna TIkAkAra skanda, durga evaM mahezvara ne nighaNTu ke praNetA ajJAtanAmA lekhaka ko mAnA hai| durga ne likhA hai - " tasyaiSA ' sA punariyaM ta imaM gavAdidevapalyanta samAmnAtavantaH / " inake anusAra nighaNTu zrutaSiyoM dvArA kiyA gayA saMgraha hai / abhI taka nizcita rUpa se yaha mata prakaTa nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai ki nighaNTu kA lekhaka kauna hai / samprati nighaNTu kI eka hI vyAkhyA upalabdha hai, jisake lekhaka hai devarAja yajvA / ...... AdhAragrantha - 1. nirukta - ( hindI vyAkhyA ) paM0 bhagavaddata 2. hindI niruktapaM0 umAzaMkara 'RSi' 3. nighaNTu aura nirukta - ( hindI anuvAda ) - DaoN lakSmaNa sarUpa 4. vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa - paM0 bhagavaddatta / -- nityAnanda - jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya 17 bIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai / inhoMne 1639 I0 meM 'siddhAntarAja' saMjJaka mahanIya jyotiSagrantha kI racanA kI thI / ye indraprasthapura ke nivAsI the / inake pitA kA nAma devadatta thA / ye gaur3a vaMzIya brAhmaNa the / 'siddhAntarAja' grahaNata kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / isameM varNita viSayoM ke zIrSaka isa prakAra haiM OM mImAMsAdhyAya, madhyamAdhikAra, spaSTAdhikAra, bha-grahayutyadhikAra, bha-grahoM ke unnatAMzisAdhanAdhikAra, bhuvanakoza, golabandhAdhikAra tathA yAtrAdhikAra / AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI /

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nimbArka mata] (244 ) [nimbArka mata nimbArka mata-dvaitAdvaitavAda nAmaka prasiddha vaiSNava siddhAnta ke pratiSThApaka AcArya nimbArka the| inakA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI hai| ye tailaMga brAhmaNa the tathA inakA vAstavika nAma niyamAnanda thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki nimba vRkSa para rAtri ke samaya sUrya kA sAkSAt darzana hone ke kAraNa inakA nAma nimbAkaM yA nimbAditya pdd'aa| inake mukhya prantha haiM-'vedAntapArijAta saurabha' (brahmasUtra kA svalpakAya bhASya), 'dazazlokI' (siddhAnta pratipAdaka dasa zlokoM kA saMgraha.) 'zrIkRSNastavarAja' ( isameM 25 zlokoM meM nimbArka mata kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai) brahma yA jIva ke sambandha meM nimbArka kA siddhAnta bhedAbheda vA dvaitAdvaita kA pratipAdaka hai| inake anusAra jIva avasthA bheda se brahma se bhinna evaM abhinna donoM hI hai| inhoMne rAmAnuja kI bhAMti cita, acit tathA Izvara ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| cit yA jIva ke svarUpa ko jJAnamaya kahA gayA hai| jIva pratyeka dazA meM kartA rahatA hai| isalie use kartA kahA gayA hai| vaha saMsArI dazA meM to kartA hotA hI hai, mukta dazA meM bhI kartA rahatA hai| indriyoM ke dvArA viSaya kA bhoga karane ke kAraNa use bhoktA kahate haiM / jJAna evaM bhoga ko prApta karane ke lie use Izvara para Azrita honA par3atA hai, vaha svatantra nahIM hotA / Izvara svatantra hai aura jIva paratantra / vaha caitanya guNa evaM jJAnAzraya hone ke kAraNa Izvara ke sadRza hote hue bhI niyamyatva guNa ke kAraNa usase pRthak hai| Izvara jIva kA niyantA hai aura jIva niyamya / Izvara svatantra evaM niyantA hone ke kAraNa icchAnusAra jIva ke sAtha vartAva kara sakatA hai para jIva saba prakAra se Izvara para Azrita rahatA hai| jIva parimANa meM aNu hai, kintu jJAna lakSaNa ke kAraNa use sukha-duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai| vaha Izvara kA aMza rUpa evaM saMkhyA meM aparimita hai / Izvara aMzI arthAt sarvazaktimAna hai kintu jIva usakA aMza hai| jIva Izvara kA zaktirUpa hai / aMzo hi zakti rUpo prAhyaH / 2 / 3 / 42 / para kaustubha acit yA cetanA se rahita padArtha ko jagat kahate haiN| isake tIna prakAra haiM-prAkRta, aprAkRta aura kAla / aprAkRtaM prAkRtarUpakaM ca kAlasvarUpaM tadacetanaM matam / mAyApradhAnAdipadapravAcyaM zuktAdibhedAzca same'pi tatra // dazazlokI 3 / Izvara-nimbAka ne Izvara kI kalpanA saguNa rUpa meM kI hai. jo samasta avidyAdi prAkRta doSoM se rahita, azeSa jJAna evaM kalyANa guNoM kI rAzi hai / svabhAvatopAstasamastadoSamazeSakalyANaguNekarAzim / vyUhAGginaM brahma paraM vareNyaM dhyAyema kRSNaM kamalekSaNaM harim // dazazlokI 4 saMsAra meM jo kucha bhI dikhAI par3atA hai yA sunA jAtA hai usake antara evaM bAhara sabhI jagaha nArAyaNa sthita hai yanca kindhijjagadayasmin dRzyate zrUyate'pi vaa| antarbahizca va sarva vyApya nArAyaNaH sthitaH // 5 // siddhAnta jAhnavI pR053 paramAtmA ke parabrahma, nArAyaNa bhagavAna , kRSNa evaM puruSottama nAdi nAma haiN|

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nirukta ] ( 245 ) [ nirukta jIva brahma se pRthak hote hue abhinna bhI hai / mokSa kI sthiti meM bhI jIva brahma meM apane svarUpa ko kho nahIM detA aura brahma se abhinna hokara bhI apanA pRthaka astitva banAye rahatA hai / bhakti ke dvArA hI bhagavatsAkSAtkAra hotA hai tathA prapatti ke dvArA hI bhagavAn bhaktoM para anugraha karatA hai / bhakti ke dvArA bhagavatsAkSAtkAra hone para jIva bhagavarabhAvAna hokara sabhI prakAra ke klezoM se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai / bhagavAn ke caraNa kI sevA ke atirikta jIva ke lie anya koI upAya nahIM hai / nimbAkaM mata meM kRSNa hI paramAtmA mAne gae haiM jinakI vandanA brahmA, ziva Adi sabhI devagaNa karate haiM / tasmAt kRSNa eva parodevaH, taM dhyAyet taM raset taM bhajet taM yajet oM tat saditi ( dazazlokI TIkA pR0 36 / ) harivyAsa kRSNa kI prApti bhakti dvArA hI saMbhava hai jo pAMca bhAvoM se yukta hotI hai - zAnta, dAsya, sakhya, vAtsalya tathA ujjvala / nimbArka ne bhagavAn kI premazaktirUpA rAdhA kI bhI upAsanA para bala diyA hai / isa mata ke ArAdhyadeva zrIkRSNa mAne gae haiM jinheM sarvezvara kahA gayA hai aura unakI AhlAdinI zakti zrIrAdhA haiN| rAdhA kA svarUpa 'anurUpa saubhagA' hai yA ve zrIkRSNa ke anurUpa haiM / kRSNa aura rAdhA donoM hI sarvezvara evaM sarvezvarI haiN| donoM meM avinAbhAva-sambandha hai aura ve krIr3A nimitta eka hI brahma ke do rUpa meM utpanna hue haiM / isa sampradAya meM anurAgAtmikA parAbhakti ( premalakSaNa ) ko hI sAdhanAmArga meM zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAgavata sampradAya - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 2. bhAratIyadarzanapaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 3. vaiSNavadhamaM - paM0 parazurAma caturvedI 4. bhaktikAla - zrI ratibhAnusiMha 'nAhara' | nirukta- isake lekhaka maharSi yAska haiM jinakA samaya ( Adhunika vidvAnoM ke anusAra ) 700 I0 pU0 hai / nirukta ke TIkAkAra durgAcArya ne apanI vRtti meM 14 niruktoM kA saMketa kiyA hai / ( durgAvRtti 1 / 13 ) / yAska kRta 'nirukta' meM bhI bAraha niruktakAroM ke nAma haiM- aprAyaNa, aupamanyava, odumbarAyaNa, orNanAbha, kAtthakya, kroSTuki, gAgyaM, gAlava, taiTIki, vArSyAyaNi, zAkapUNi tathA sthaulASThIvi / inameM se zAkapUNi kA mata 'bRhaddevatA' meM bhI uddhRta hai / yAska kRta 'nirukta' meM bAraha adhyAya haiM tathA anta ke do adhyAya pariziSTa rUpa haiM / 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM yAska kA nAma niruktakAra ke rUpa meM AyA hai| isa dRSTi se inakA samaya aura bhI adhika prAcIna siddha ho jAtA hai / yAsko mAmRSirapyagratha naikayajJeSu gItavAn / zipiviSTaM iti hyasmAdd guhyanAmadharo hyayam // 72 // stutvA mAM zipiviSTeti yAska RSirudAradhIH / yatprasAdAdadho niruktamabhijagmivAn // 73 // naSTaM adhyAya 342 'nirukta' meM vaidika zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI gaI hai tathA yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki kauna sA zabda kisI viziSTa artha meM rUDha kyoM huaa| isake pratipAdya viSaya haiMvarNAgama, varNaviparyaya, varNavikAra, varNanAza tathA dhAtu kA usake arthAtizaya se yoga /

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nItiviSayaka upadezAtmaka kAvya] ( 246 ) [nItiviSayaka upadezAtmaka kAvya sAyaNAcArya ke nirukta kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA hai ki arthAvabodha ke lie svatantra rUpa se padoM kA saMgraha hI nirukta hai| niruktakAra ne zabdoM kI vyutpatti pradarzita karate hue dhAtu ke sAtha vibhinna pratyayoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| yAska samasta nAmoM ko dhAtuja mAnate haiN| isameM Adhunika bhASAzAstra ke aneka siddhAntoM kA pUrvarUpa prApta hotA hai| nirukta meM vaidika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke atirikta vyAkaraNa, bhASAvijJAna, sAhitya, samAjazAstra evaM itihAsa prabhRti viSayoM kA bhI prasaMgavaza vivecana hai| yAska ne vaidika devatAoM ke tIna vibhAga kiye haiM-pRthvIsthAna ( agni ), antarikSasthAna (vAyu aura indra ) tathA svagaMsthAna (suury)| ___ nirukta ke bhASyakAra-isake aneka TIkAkAra ho cuke haiM, kintu sabhI TIkAeM upalabdha nahIM hotiiN| ekamAtra prAcIna TIkA durgAdAsa kI hI prApta hotI hai jisameM unake pUrvavartI TIkAkAroM ke mata diye gaye haiN| sabase prAcIna TIkAkAra haiM skndsvaamii| unhoMne sarala zabdoM meM nirukta' ke bAraha adhyAyoM kI TIkA likhI thii| DaoN. lakSmaNa sarUpa ke anusAra unakA samaya 500 I0 hai| devarAja yajvA-inhoMne 'nighaNTu' kI bhI TIkA likhI hai| (de0 nighaNTa ) inakA samaya 1300 I0 hai| durgAcArya-inakI TIkA sarvottama mAnI jAtI hai / inakA samaya 1300-1350 I0 hai / mahezvara-inakA samaya 1500 I0 hai / inakI TIkA khaNDazaH prApta hotI hai jise DaoN. lakSmaNasarUpa ne tIna khaNDoM meM prakAzita kiyA hai / Adhunika yuga meM nirakta ke aMgarejI evaM hindI meM kaI anuvAda prakAzita hue haiN| AdhAragrantha-1. isTroDakzana TU nirukta-DaoN. lakSmaNa sarUpa 2. ( ukta anya kA hindI anuvAda)-motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI (prakAzaka) 3. yAskAja nirukta eNDa da sAiMsa oNpha eTImolaoNjI-zrI viSNupada bhaTTAcArya 4. nirukta-durgAcArya TIkA evaM mukunda jhA vakzI kRta saMskRta TIkA 5. hindI nirukta-paM0 umAzaMkara 'RSi' 6. nirukta-(hindI anuvAda) candramaNi vidyAlaMkAra ( adhunA anupalabdha ) 7. nirukta ( hindI anuvAda )-paM0 sItArAma zAstrI (samprati aprApya ) 8. niruktazAstram ( hindI anuvAda)-paM0 bhagavadatta 9. niruktam ( hindI anuvAda)-A. vizvezvara 10. nirukta ( AMglAnuvAda evaM bhUmikA)-zrIrAjavADe 11. eTImolojI oNpha yAska-DaoN. siddhezvara vrmaa| nItiviSayaka upadezAtmaka kAvya-saMskRta meM kucha aise kAvya milate haiM jinameM nItisambandhI sUktiyoM kI pradhAnatA hai tathA unameM upadezAtmaka tatva bhI gauNarUpa se vidyamAna rahate haiN| isI prakAra katipaya aisI bhI racanAe~ haiM jinameM upadeza ke tatva pradhAna hote haiM aura nItiviSayaka sUktiyAM gauNa hotI haiN| isa prakAra ke kAvyoM meM nIti aura upadeza ke tatvoM kA mizraNa hotA hai| nItiviSayaka sUktiyoM meM AcAra kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa dharma aura darzana donoM kA hI prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| ina kAvyoM meM sUktikAroM ne sukha-duHkha kA vivecana karate hue inakA sambandha jIvana ke sAtha sthApita kiyA hai tathA jIvana kI unnati ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kumAgaM tathA sumArga

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nIlakaNTha ] ( 247 ) [ nIlakaNTha kI parIkSA kI hai / inameM bhAgya evaM puruSArtha, pazu-pakSI tathA manuSyoM ke bIca maitrIbhAvanA, jIvana ko udAtta banAne vAle tattvoM kA vizleSaNa evaM dainya, kArpaNya, zoSaNa, asamAnatA Adi sAmAjika pravRttiyoM para vyaMgyAtmaka zailI ke dvArA prahAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra kI kRtiyoM kI saMskRta meM vizAla paramparA hai| saMskRta meM nItiparaka muktakoM ke tIna rUpa dikhAI par3ate haiM-anyokti vAle muktaka, nItimuktaka tathA vairAgya sambandhI zAnta rasaparaka muktaka / nItiparaka muktakoM meM upadeza kI pradhAnatA hai aura isI kA sahArA lekara hI inakI racanA huI hai / anyokti vAle muktakoM kA mahatva kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se adhika hai; kyoMki inameM upadeza vAcya na hokara vyaMgya hotA hai| anya donoM prakAra ke muktakoM meM upadeza kA zAbda hone ke kAraNa kAvyapakSa gauNa par3a jAtA hai| ___ ina muktakoM kA prArambha kaba se huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai, para grantha rUpa meM 'cANakyanIti-darpaNa' yA 'cANakyazataka' atyanta prAcIna racanA hai| isameM 340 zloka haiN| janAzraya kRta 'chandoviciti' (700 I0 ) meM kucha nItiviSayaka zloka uddhRta haiM jinake racayitA madurAnivAsI sundara pANDya kahe jAte haiN| inhoMne 'nItitiSaSTikA' nAmaka nItigrantha kI racanA kI thii| inakA samaya 5 vIM zatAbdI hai| kumArila tathA zaMkarAcArya ke granthoM meM sundara pANDya ke zloka udhRta haiM jisase jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne etadviSayaka anya grantha bhI likhA thaa| bauddha vidvAn zAntideva (600 I.) kRta nItiviSayaka tIna grantha haiM-'bodhicaryAvatAra', 'zikSAsamuccaya', tathA 'sUtrasamuccaya' / 750 vi0 saM0 meM bhallaTa ne 'bhallaTazataka' nAmaka anyoktipradhAna muktakoM kI racanA kI thii| inhoMne hAthI, bhaurA, cAtaka, mRga, siMha Adi ke mAdhyama se mAnava jIvana para ghaTita hone vAle kaI viSayoM kA varNana kiyA hai| anyoktimuktaka likhanevAloM meM paNDitarAja jagannAtha atyanta praur3ha kavi haiN| inhoMne 'bhAminIvilAsa' meM atyanta sundara anyoktiyAM likhI haiN| nItiparaka muktakakAroM meM bhartRhari kA sthAna sarvopari hai| inhoMne donoM prakAra ke muktakoM ko do bhinna granthoM meM upasthita kiyA hai-'nItizataka' evaM 'vairAgyazataka' meM / 'nItizataka' meM sampUrNa mAnava jIvana kA sarvekSaNa karate hue vidyA, vIratA, sAhasa, maitrI, udAratA, paropakAritA, guNagrAhakatA, Adi viSayoM kA varNana prabhAvotpAdaka zailI meM kiyA gayA hai| 'vairAgyazataka' meM jIvana kI kSaNabhaGgaratA pradarzita kara viSayAsakta prANI kA dayanIya evaM upahAsAspada citra khIMcA gayA hai| etadviSayaka anya granthoM ke nAma haiM-'kAliviDambana' (nIlakaNThadIkSita kRta 17 vIM zatI), 'sabhAraMjanazataka,' 'zAntivilAsa' tathA 'vairAgyazataka' kaTAdhvarI (17 vIM zatI) racita 'subhASitakaustubha' vallAla kavi kRta 'vabAlazataka', zambhu kRta 'anyoktimuktamAlA' tathA vIrezvara racita 'anyoktizataka' / nIlakaNTha-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inake mAtA-pitA kA nAma kramazaH pamA evaM ananta daivajJa thaa| nIlakaNTha kA janma-samaya 1556 I0 hai| inhoMne 'tAjikanIlakaNThI' nApaka phalitajyotiSa ke mahattvapUrNa anya kI racanA kI hai jo

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mIsaha ] ( 248 ) [ nIlakaNThavijayacammU phArasI jyotiSa ke AdhAra para racita hai| isameM tIna tantra haiM-saMjJAtantra, vatantra evaM praznatantra tathA ikkabAla, indubAra, itthazAla, izarApha, nakta, yamayA, maNaU, kamala, gairakambUla, khallAsara, radda, yuphAlI, kuttha, dutthotthadavIra, tumbI, rakuttha evaM yuraphA prabhRti solaha yoga arabI jyotiSa se hI gRhIta haiN| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| nIlakaNThabhaTTa-ye saMskRta ke prasiddha rAjanibandhakAra evaM dharmazAstrI haiN| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| inake jyeSTha bhrAtA kamalAkara bhaTTa bhI prasiddha dharmazAstrI the jinhoMne 'nirNayasindhu' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma zaMkarabhaTTa evaM pitAmaha kA nAma nArAyaNabhaTTa thaa| nIlakaNTha ke pitA ne bhI aneka granthoM kI racanA kI thI-'dvaitanirUpaNa' evaM 'sarvadharmaprakAza' / inake putra zaMkara bhI kuNDabhAskara nAmaka nibandha grantha ke praNetA mAne jAte haiN| nIlakaNTha bundelA sAmanta rAjA bhagavantadeva ke sabhA-paNDita the| inhoMne bhagavantadeva ke sammAna meM 'bhagavadbhAskara' nAmaka bRhadakAya prantha kA praNayana kiyA thaa| yaha grantha bAraha mayUkhoM meM vibhakta haisaMskAramayUkha, kAlamayUkha, zrAda, nIti, vyavahAra, dAna, utsarga, pratiSThA, prAyazcitta, zuddhi evaM zAntimayUkha / nIlakaNTha ne anya granthoM kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai, ve haiMvyavahAratattva, dattakanirUpaNa evaM bhAratabhAvadIpa ( mahAbhArata kI saMkSipta vyAkhyA ) / inhoMne 'nItimayUkha' meM rAjazAstra-viSayaka sabhI tathyoM para vicAra kiyA hai| isa grantha meM sarvaprathama rAjyAbhiSeka ke kRtyoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai tatpazcAt rAjya ke svarUpa evaM saptAMgoM kA nirUpaNa hai| isake nirmANa meM manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti, kAmadandakanItisAra, varAhamihira, mahAbhArata evaM cANakya ke vicAroM se pUrNataH sahAyatA lI gayI hai tathA sthAna-sthAna para inake vacana bhI uddhRta kiye gae haiN| isameM rAjyakRtya, amAtyaprakaraNa, rASTra, durga, caturaMgabala, dUtAcAra, yuddha. yuddha-yAtrA, vyUharacanA, skandhAvAra, yuddhaprasthAna ke samaya ke zakuna evaM apazakuna Adi viSaya atyanta vistAra ke sAtha varNita haiN| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / nIlakaNThavijayacampU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA nIlakaNTha dIkSita haiN| ye suprasiddha vidvAn appayadIkSita ke bhrAtA accAdIkSita ke pautra the| inake pitA kA nAma nArAyaNadIkSita thaa| isa campU kA racanAkAla 1636 I0 hai| kavi ne svayaM apane grantha kI nirmANa tithi dI hai-kalyanda 4738 / aSTatriMzadupaskRtasaptazatAdhikacatuHsahasreSu / kalivarSeSu prathitaH kila nIlakaNThavijayo'yam // 1 / 10 'nIlakaNThavijayacampU meM devAsurasaMgrAma kI prasiddha paurANika kathA varNita hai| isameM pAMca AzvAsa haiN| prArambha meM mahendrapurI kA vilAsamaya citra hai jisake mAdhyama se nAyikAbheda kA bhI rUpa pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / prakRti kA manorama citra, virodhAbhAsa kA varNana, kSIrasAgara kA sundara citra, ziva evaM zaivamata ke prati zraddhA evaM tAttvika jJAna

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nIlAmbara zA] ( 249 ) [naiSadhIyacarita kI abhivyakti isa grantha kI apanI vizeSatA hai| isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 279 hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga saMkhyA 4037 meM prApta hotA hai / vilAsa-varNana kA citra dekhie mandAnilavyatikaracyutapallaveSu mandAramUlalavalIgRhamaMDapeSu / puSpANi veNivalayeSu galanti tasyAM sAhyaM vahanti suravAsakasajjikAnAm // 1 / 16 gAyanti cATu kathayanti padA spRzanti, pazyanti gADhamapi tatra pariSvajante / kalpadrumAnapi sametya suparvakAntA mugdhA drumaistaditaraizciravipralabdhAH // 1 / 17 AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| nIlAmbara jhA-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya 1823 I0 hai| ye maithila brAhmaNa the aura inakA janma paTanA meM huA thaa| alavaranareza zivadAsa siMha inake AzrayadAtA the| inhoMne 'golaprakAza' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jo kSetramiti tathA trikoNamiti ke AdhAra para nirmita hai| yaha grantha pAMca adhyAyoM meM haijyotpatti, trikoNamitisiddhAnta, cApIrekhAgaNitasiddhAnta, cApIyatrikoNamitisiddhAnta tathA prazna / AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa-DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda / naiSadhIyacarita-yaha zrIharSa kavi racita mahAkAvya hai jisameM 22 sargoM meM naladamayantI kI praNayagAthA varNita hai [de0 zrIharSa] / prathama sarga-isameM nala ke pratApa evaM saundarya kA varNana hai| rAjA bhIma kI putrI damayantI nala ke yaza-pratApa kA varNana sunakara usakI ora AkRSTa hotI hai aura rAjA nala bhI usake saundarya kA varNana sunakara usa para anurakta hotA hai| udyAna meM bhramaNa karate samaya nala ko eka haMsa milatA hai aura rAjA use pakar3akara chor3a detA hai| dvitIya sarga-haMsa rAjA ke samakSa damayantI ke saundarya kA varNana karatA hai aura vaha nala kA sandeza lekara kuNDinapura damayantI ke pAsa jAtA hai| tRtIya sarga-haMsa ekAnta meM nala kA sandeza damayantI ko sunAtA hai aura vaha bhI nala ke prati apanI anurakti prakaTa karatI hai| caturtha sarga-isameM damayantI kI pUrvarAgajanya viyogAvasthA kA citraNa tathA usakI sakhiyoM dvArA bhIma se damayantI ke svayaMvara ke saMbaMdha meM vArtAlApa kA varNana hai| paMcama sarga-nArada dvArA indra ko damayantI ke svayaMvara kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai aura ve usase vivAha karanA cAhate haiN| varuNa, yama evaM ami ke sAtha indra rAjA nala se damayantI ke pAsa saMdeza bhejane ke lie dUtatva karane kI prArthanA karate haiM / nala ko adRzya zakti prApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha anicchuka hote hue bhI isa kArya ko svIkAra kara letA hai / SaSTha sarga-inameM nala kA adRzya rUpa se damayantI ke pAsa jAne kA varNana hai| vaha vahA~ indrAdi devatAoM dvArA preSita dUtiyoM kI bAteM sunatA hai| damayantI unheM spaSTa rUpa se kaha detI hai ki vaha nala kA varaNa kara cukI hai / saptama sarga-nala kA damayantI ke nakha-zikha kA varNana / -aSTama sarga-isa

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naiSadhIyacarita ] ( 250 ) [ naiSadhIyacarita sarga meM nala apane ko prakaTa kara detA hai / vaha indra, yama, varuNa Adi kA sandeza kahatA hai / navama sarga-nala devatAoM meM se kisI eka ko damayantI ko varaNa karane ke lie kahatA hai, para vaha rAjI nahIM hotii| vaha use bhAgya kA khela samajhakara dRr3hatApUrvaka devatAoM kA sAmanA karane kI bAta kahatA hai| isI avasara para haMsa Akara unheM devatAoM se bhayabhIta na hone kI bAta kahatA hai| damayantI nala se svayaMvara meM Ane kI prArthanA karatI hai. aura vaha usakI bAta mAna letA hai| dazama sarga meM svayaMvara kA upakrama varNita hai| gyArahaveM evaM bArahaveM sarga meM sarasvatI dvArA svayaMvara meM Aye hue rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| terahaveM saga meM sarasvatI nala sahita cAra devatAoM kA paricaya zleSa meM detI hai| sabhI zlokoM kA artha nala tathA devatAoM para ghaTita hotA hai| caudahaveM sarga meM damayantI vAstavika nala kA varaNa karane ke lie devatAoM kI stuti karatI hai jisase devagaNa prasanna hokara sarasvatI ke zleSa ko samajhane kI usameM zakti dete haiN| bhaimI vAstavika nala kA varaNa kara usake gale meM madhUka puSpa kI mAlA DAla detI hai / paMdrahaveM sarga meM vivAha kI taiyArI evaM pANi-grahaNa tathA solahaveM meM nala kA vivAha evaM unakA rAjadhAnI lauTanA varNita hai| satrahaveM sarga meM devatAoM kA vimAna dvArA prasthAna evaM mArga meM kali-senA kA Agamana varNita hai| senA meM cArvAka, boda Adi ke dvArA veda kA khaNDana aura unake abhimata siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| kali devatAoM dvArA nala-damayantI ke pariNaya kI bAta sunakara nala ko rAjacyuta karane kI pratijJA karatA hai aura nala kI rAjadhAnI meM calA jAtA hai / vaha upavana meM jAkara vibhItaka vRkSa kA Azraya letA hai aura nala ko parAjita karane ke lie avasara kI pratIkSA meM rahatA hai / aThArahaveM sarga meM nala-damayantI kA vihAra tathA pArasparika anurAga varNita hai| unnIsaveM sarga meM prabhAta meM vaitAlika dvArA nala kA prabodhana sUryodaya evaM candrAsta kA varNana hai| bIsaveM sarga meM nala-damayantI kA paraspara premAlApa tathA ikkIsaveM meM nala dvArA viSNu, ziva, vAmana, rAma-kRSNa prabhRti devatAoM kI prArthanA kA varNana hai 1 bAIsaveM sarga meM sandhyA evaM rAtri kA varNana, vaizeSika ke anusAra andhakAra kA svarUpa-citraNa tathA candrodaya evaM damayantI ke saundarya kA varNana kara grantha kI samApti kI gayI hai / 'naiSadhacarita' mahAkAvya kI pUrNatA ke prazna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| isameM kavi ne 22 sagoM meM nala ke jIvana kA eka hI pakSa prastuta kiyA hai| vaha kevala donoM ke vivAha evaM praNaya-krIr3A kA hI citraNa karatA hai tathA zeSa aMza avaNita hI raha jAte haiN| kucha vidvAn to 22 meM sarga meM hI isa kAvya kI samApti mAnate haiM, para kucha ke anusAra yaha mahAkAvya adhUrA hai| unake anusAra isake zeSa bhAga yA to lupta ho gae haiM yA kavi ne apanI racanA pUrNa nahIM kI hai| vartamAna 'naiSadhacarita' ko pUrNa mAnane vAle vidvAnoM meM kItha, zrI vyAsarAja zAstrI tathA vidyAdhara (harSacarita ke TIkAkAra ) hai| DaoN. kItha kA kahanA hai ki saMskRta ke upalabdha mahAkAvyoM meM 'naiSadhacarita' sarvAdhika vistRta grantha hai, para yaha vizvAsa karane yogya nahIM hai ki zrIharSa ne

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naiSadhIyacarita ] ( 251 ) [naiSadhIyacarita ise aura bhI adhika bar3hAyA hogaa| naiSadha ke TIkAkAra nArAyaNa ke mata kA samarthana karate hue zrIvyAsarAja zAstrI ne kahA hai ki isake anta meM samApti-sUcaka maMgalAzA hai / isa para jitanI bhI TIkAeM upalabdha haiM ve sabhI 22 sagaM taka hI prApta hotI haiM / vidyAdhara kI prAcInatama TIkA 22 sagaM taka hI hai tathA isakI aneka hastalipiyoM meM itane hI sarga haiN| pustaka kI samApti kI sUcanA 22 veM sagaM meM ho jAtI hai kyoMki isa saga ke 149 veM zloka ke pazcAt cAra zloka kavi evaM kAvya kI prazaMsA se sambaddha haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki kavi yahIM para grantha ko samApta karanA cAhatA hai| isa mata ke viparIta katipaya vidvAnoM ne apanI sammati dI hai| 'naiSadhacarita' ke nAmakaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ne nala ke sampUrNa jIvana kI ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA thaa| para, vartamAna rUpa meM jo kAvya milatA hai vaha nala kA sampUrNa vRtta upasthita nahIM krtaa| isake aura bhI kitane nAma prApta hote haiM jinameM bhI ise carita kahA gayA hai-nalIyacarita, vairasenIcarita tathA bhaimIcarita / vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki yadi yaha kAvya nala-damayantI ke milana meM hI samApta ho jAtA to isakA nAma 'nala-damayantI-vivAha' yA 'nala-damayantI-svayaMvara' rakhanA ucita thaa| naiSadha kAvya ke antargata kaI aisI ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai jinakI saMgati vartamAna kAvya se nahIM baitthtii| jaise kali dvArA nala kA bhaviSya meM paribhava karane kI ghaTanA / nala-damayantI-vivAha ke samaya purohita dvArA nala ke vastra ko damayantI ke uttarIya ke sAtha bAMdhane para kavi ne kalpanA kI hai ki "mAnoM isa sarvajJa (purohita ) ne bhaviSya meM vastra ko kATa kara jAne vAle nala ke prati avizvAsa ko khaa|" isa kalpanA ke dvArA spaSTa rUpa se 'mahAbhArata' meM varNita nala ke jIvana kI ghaTanA kA saMketa prApta hotA hai| devatAoM dvArA diye gae nala aura damayantI ke varadAna bhI bhAvI ghaTanAoM ke sUcaka haiN| indra ne kahA ki vArANasI ke pAsa assI ke taTa para nala ke rahane ke lie unake nAma se abhihitanagara (nalapura) hogaa| devagaNa evaM sarasvatI ne damayantI ko yaha vara diyA ki jo tumhAre pAtivrata ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa karegA vaha bhasma ho jAyagA [naiSadhacarita 14 / 72] / bhaviSya meM nala dvArA parityaktA damayantI jaba eka vyAdha dvArA sapaM se bacAI jAtI hai taba vaha usake rUpa ko dekhakara mohita ho jAtA hai aura usakA pAtivrata bhaMga karanA cAhatA hI hai ki usakI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| naiSadha kAvya meM isa varadAna kI saMgati nahIM baitthtii| vidvAnoM kI rAya hai ki nizcita rUpa se isa mahAkAvya kI racanA 22 se adhika soM meM huI hogii| 17 veM sarga meM kali kA padArpaNa evaM usakI yaha pratijJA ki vaha nizcita rUpa se nala ke rAjya evaM damayantI ko usase pRthak karAyegA ( 176137) se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ne nala kI sampUrNa kathA kA varNana kiyA thA kyoMki isa pratijJA kI pUrti vartamAna kAvya se nahIM hotii| zrI muni jinavijaya ne hastalekhoM kI prAcIna sUcI meM zrIharSa ke pautra kamalAkara dvArA racita eka vistRta bhASya kA vivaraNa diyA hai jisameM sATha hajAra zloka the| 'kAvyaprakAza' ke, TIkAkAra acyutAcArya ne apanI pustaka sAhityakAra kI TIkA meM batalAyA hai ki naiSadha meM sau sagaM the| maMgalasUcaka tathA

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nyAyadarzana] ( 252 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA kavi-prazasti se sambaddha ilokoM ko asaMdigdha mAnA gayA hai, ataH unake AdhAra para koI nizcita nirNaya denA ThIka nahIM hai| uparyukta tarkoM ke AdhAra para vartamAna naiSadha kAvya adhUrA lagatA hai| nala-damayantI kI kathA atyanta lokapriya hai| isakA varNana 'mahAbhArata', purANa evaM 'kathAsaritsAgara' meM prApta hotA hai| zrIharSa kI kathAvastu kA srota 'mahAbhArata' hI hai kintu kavi ne nUtana udbhAvanAgakti evaM kalpanA ke bala para isameM navIna bhAva bhara diyA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. naiSadhacarita ( hindI anuvAda)-anu0 DaoN0 caNDikA prasAda zukla 2. naiSadhacarita (hindI anuvAda)-DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI kRta anuvAda 3. naiSadhacarita-( mallinAtha kRta saMskRta TIkA evaM hindI anuvAda ) caukhambA prakAzana 4. naiSadhaparizIlana-(zodhaprabandha ) DaoN0 caNDikA prasAda zukla / nyAyadarzana-bhAratIya darzana kA eka sampradAya jisameM pramANoM ke dvArA vastu-tatva kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai-pramANerarthaparIkSaNaM nyAyaH 11111, vAtsyAyanabhASya |nyaaydrshn ke pravartaka maharSi gautama haiM jinheM akSapAda bhI kahA jAtA hai [ de0 gautama ] / unhoMne 'nyAyasUtra' kI racanA kI hai jo isa darzana kA mUla grantha hai| 'nyAyasUtra' meM pAMca adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya do-do AhnikoM meM vibhAjita haiN| isameM SoDaza viSayoM ke uddezya, lakSaNa evaM parIkSaNa kiye gaye haiN| unake nAma haiM-pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, prayojana, dRSTAnta, siddhAnta, avayava, tarka, nirNaya, vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti tathA nigrahasthAna / 'nyAyasUtra' para vAtsyAyana ne vistRta bhASya likhA hai jo 'vAtsyAyanabhASya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| nyAyadarzana ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM udyotakara (nyAyavAttika ), jayantabhaTTa (nyAyamaMjarI), udayanAcArya (Atmatattvaviveka evaM nyAyakusumAJjali ), gaMgeza upAdhyAya ( tattvacintAmaNi), jagadIzatarkAlaMkAra ( zabdazaktiprakAzikA), gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya ( vyutpattivAda evaM zaktivAda ) / nyAyazAstra ke tIna anya lokapriya grantha haiM jinameM isake siddhAntoM ko sarala rUpa diyA gayA hai; ve haiMvizvanAtha bhaTTAcArya kRta 'nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI', kezavamizra racita 'takaMbhASA' tathA annabhaTTa kRta 'tarkasaMgraha' [ uparyukta sabhI AcAryoM kA paricaya isa koza meM dekheM, unake nAmoM ke sammukha ] / kAlAntara meM nyAyadarzana kI do dhArAeM ho gayIM-prAcInanyAya evaM navyanyAya / navyanyAya ke pravattaMka gaMgeza upAdhyAya ( maithila naiyAyika ) haiM jinhoMne 'tattvacintAmaNi' kI racanA kara nyAyadarzana meM yugapravartana kara usakI dhArA ko mor3a diyaa| navyanyAya ke anya AcArya haiM-jagadIza tarkAlaMkAra evaM gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya / gautamasUtra tathA usake bhASya ke viruddha kiye gae AkSepoM ke khaNDana ke lie jo grantha likhe gae unheM prAcIna nyAya kahA jAtA hai| navyanyAya ke vikAsa meM mithilA evaM nadiyA (pUrva baMgAla) ke naiyAyikoM kA mahattvapUrNa yoga hai| ___ nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA-nyAyadarzana kA viSaya hai zuddha vicAra evaM tArkika AlocanA ke niyamoM ke dvArA paramatatva kA svarUpa udghATita karate hue mokSa kI prApti

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA] ( 253 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA karanA / sampUrNa nyAyadarzana ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai prathama bhAga meM pramANa sambandhI vicAra, dvitIya meM bhautika jagat kI mAnyatAe~, tRtIya meM AtmA evaM mokSa sambandhI kathana evaM caturtha meM Izvara sambandhI vivecana hai| nyAya ke solaha padArthoM kA varNana 1. pramANa-yathArtha jJAna kA asAdhAraNa kAraNa hI pramANa hai| arthAt isake dvArA kisI vastu kA yathArtha jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai| 2. prameya-pramA ke viSaya prameya kahe jAte haiN| arthAt pramANa ke dvArA jinakA jJAna ho, ve prameya haiN| inakI saMkhyA 12 hai-AtmA, zarIra, paMcajJAnendriya, indriyoM ke viSaya-gandha, rasa, rUpa, sparza aura zabda, buddhi, mana, pravRtti, doSa, pretyabhAva (punarjanma, jo acche evaM bure karmoM ke kAraNa ho ), phala, duHkha tathA apvrg| 3. saMzaya-eka hI dharmI meM viruddha nAnA dharmoM kA parijJAna saMzaya kahA jAtA hai| yaha mana kI vaha sthiti hai jaba mana meM do yA do se adhika vikalpa upasthita ho jAte haiM / jaise--yaha sthANu hai yA puruSa / 4. prayojana-jisase prayukta hokara vyakti kisI kArya meM prayukta ho, use prayojana kahate haiM / isakA mukhya uddezya hai sukha kI prApti evaM duHkha kA nAza / 5. dRSTAnta-jo vAdI evaM prativAdI donoM ke ekamatyaM kA viSaya hotA hai, use dRSTAnta kahate haiN| ise sarvasammata udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai jo sabako mAnya ho tathA isase kisI kathana yA yukti kI puSTi ho ske| yaha do prakAra kA hai-sAdhayaMevaM vaidhrmy| 6. siddhAnta-kisI darzana ke anusAra yukti-yukta satya kA mAnA jAnA hI siddhAnta hai| arthAt prAmANika rUpa se svIkAra kiye jAne vAle artha ko siddhAnta kahate haiN| isake cAra prakAra hote haiM-savaMtantra, pratitantra, adhikaraNa tathA abhyupagama siddhAnta / jo siddhAnta sabhI zAstroM meM mAnya ho vaha sarvatantra, jo kisI vizeSa zAstra meM mAnA jAya, anya zAstroM meM nahIM, vaha pratitantra siddhAnta hai| adhikaraNa vahAM hotA hai jo AdhArabhUta aise siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kare ki jisake siddha hone para anya aneka bAteM svataH siddha ho jaaeN| abhyupagama siddhAnta vaha hai "jaba apanA abhimata na hone para artha kI vizeSa parIkSA ke lie thor3I dera ko svIkAra kara liyA jaay|" 7. avayava-anumAna ke eka deza ko avayava kahA jAtA hai| anumAna ke pAMca aMga haiM-pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, apanaya tathA nigmn| ( inakA vivecana mAge hai)| 8. taka-aniSTa prasaMga ko taka kahate haiN| do vyApti-yukta dharmoM meM se vyApya ko svIkAra karane se aniSTa vyApaka kI prasakti honA taka hai| jaise-'yadi yahA~ dhar3A hotA to bhUtala kI taraha dikhAI detaa| 9. nirNaya-kisI viSaya kA nizcita mAna hI nirNaya kahA jAtA hai| yaha nizcayAtmaka jJAna tathA pramANoM kA phala hai|

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA] ( 254 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA 10. vAda-tatvajJAna ke icchukoM-vAdI-prativAdI-kI kathA ko vAda kahate haiM / isameM takaM evaM pramANa ke AdhAra para paramata kA khaMDana karate hue svamata kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai| isakA uddezya tatva kA parijJAna yA vastu ke svarUpa kI avagati hai / vAdI evaM prativAdI donoM kA hI dhyeya yathArthajJAna kI prApti hai| 11. jalpa-prativAdI ke kore bakavAsa ko jalpa kahate haiM, jisakA uddezya yathArtha jJAna prApta karanA nahIM hotaa| yahAM donoM kA hI uddezya kevala vijaya prApta karanA hotA hai| 12. vitaNDA-jaba vAdI apane pakSa kI sthApanA na kara kevala pratipakSI ke pakSa kA khaNDana karate hue apane mata kA samarthana kare to vahA~ vitaNDA hotA hai| isakA uddezya kevala parapakSa kA dUSaNa hotA hai / 13. hetvAbhAsa-jo vAstavika hetu na hokara hetu kI bhA~ti pratIta ho use hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN| sat hetu ke abhAva meM ayathArtha anumAna hI hetvAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai| isameM anumAna ke doSa vidyamAna rahate haiN| 14. chala-abhiprAyAntara se prayoga kiye gae zabda kI anya artha meM kalpanA kara doSa dikhAnA chala hai| arthAt prativAdI ke anya abhiprAya se kathita zabdoM kA anyA kalpita kara usameM doSa nikAlanA chala hai| 15. jAti-asata yA duSTa uttara hI jAti hai aura utkarSamanA aura apakarSamanA bheda se yaha caubIsa prakAra kI hotI hai / 16. nigrahasthAna-vAda-vivAda meM zatru kI parAjaya siddha kara dene vAle padArtha ko nigrahasthAna kahA jAtA hai| yaha parAjaya kA hetu hotA hai tathA nyUna, adhika, apasivAnta, arthAntara, apratibhA, matAnujJA, virodha Adi ke bheda se 22 prakAra kA hotA hai| pramANa-vicAra-nyAyadarzana meM yathArthajJAna kI prApti ke lie cAra pramANa haiM-. pratyakSa, anumAna, * upamAna aura zanda / jJAna ke do prakAra haiM-pramA aura aprmaa| yathArthAnubhava ko pramA kahA jAtA hai| jo vastu pramA yA yathArthajJAna kI utpatti meM sAdhana bane use pramANa kahate haiN| jo vastu jaisI hai usakA usI rUpa meM grahaNa prm| evaM usase bhinna rUpa meM grahaNa karane ko * ayathArthajJAna yA apramA kahate haiN| pramA ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, pamAna aura zabda / ka. pratyakSa-"pratyakSa usa asaMdigdha anubhava ko kahate haiM jo indriya saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai aura yathArtha bhI hotA hai / " arthAt indriya ke samparka se prApta hone vAlA jJAna pratyakSa hai| pratyakSa ke kaI prakAra se bheda kiye gae haiN| prathamataH isake do bheda haiM lokika aura alaukika / laukika bhI do prakAra kA hotA hai-bAhya aura Antara ( maans)| baharindriyoM ke dvArA sAdhya pratyakSa bAhya hotA hai| jaise-bAMkha, nAka, kAna, tvacA evaM jihvA ke dvArA hone vAlA pratyakSa / kevala mana ke dvArA yA mAnasa anubhUtiyoM se hone vAlA pratyakSa mAntara hotA hai| paMcajJAneniyoM ke dvArA

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA ] ( 255 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA sAdhya hone ke kAraNa bAhya pratyakSa pA~ca prakAra kA, hotA hai-cAkSuSa, zrAvaNa, spArzana, rAsana tathA ghraannj| mAnasa pratyakSa eka hI prakAra kA hotA hai-ataH laukika pratyakSa ke kula 6 prakAra hue| alaukika pratyakSa tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-sAmAnya lakSaNa, jJAna lakSaNa tathA yogaja / anya prakAra se bhI pratyakSa ke tIna bheda kiye gae haiM-savikalpaka, nivikalpaka evaM prtybhijnyaa| jaba kisI vastu ke svarUpa kI pratIti ke sAtha hI sAtha usake nAma aura jAti kA bhI bhAna ho sake to sabikalpaka pratyakSa hogA / nAma, jAti Adi kI kalpanA se rahita pratyakSajJAna nirvikalpaka hotA hai| nirvikalpaka jJAna kA udAharaNa bAlaka evaM gUMge kA jJAna hai| kisI ko dekhate hI sAkSAt jJAna kA honA pratyabhijJA hai| 'pahacAna' ko hI pratyabhijJA kahate haiN| laukika pratyakSa ke lie indriya tathA artha kA sannikarSa chaha prakAra kA hotA hai-saMyoga, saMyuktasamavAya, saMyukta samavetasamavAya, samavAya, samaveta samavAya tathA vizeSyavizeSaNabhAva / "cakSu se ghaTa ke pratyakSa hone para saMyoga, ghaTa ke rUpa ( kRSNa, pIta, rakta Adi varNa) ke pratyakSa meM saMyuktasamavAya, ghaTarUpatva ke pratyakSa meM saMyukta-samaveta-samavAya sannikarSa hote haiN| zrota AkAzarUpa hI hai; ataH zabda ke pratyakSa hone meM samavAya-sannikarSa hogA, kyoMki guNa-guNI kA vAstava meM sambandha samavAya hotA hai / zabdatva kA pratyakSa samavetasamavAya se tathA abhAva kA pratyakSa vizeSaNa-vizeSyabhAva sannikarSa se hotA hai|" bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya pR0 244 / kha. anumAna-anumAna kA artha hai pratyakSa pramANa se jJAta liGga dvArA artha ke anu arthAt pIche se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna-'mitena liGgena arthasya anupazcAnmAnamanumAnam' nyAyadarzana vAtsyAyana bhASya, 1,1,3 / 'anu' kA artha hai pazcAt evaM 'mAna' kA artha hai jJAna / anumAna usa jJAna ko kahA jAyagA jo pUrvajJAna ke bAda aaye| isameM kisI liMga yA hetu ke dvArA kisI anya padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| arthAt atyakSa se apratyakSa kI siddhi hI anumAna hai| anumAna ke ( nyAyazAstra meM ) tIna prakAra batalAye gae haiM-pUrvavat, zeSavat evaM sAmAnyatodRSTa / kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna karanA yA jJAna prApta karanA pUrvavat hai| zeSavat use kahate haiM jahAM kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna kiyA jAya / jaise, AkAza meM kAle bAdaloM ko dekhakara varSA hone kA anumAna pUrvavat hai tathA nadI kI bAr3ha ko dekha kara varSA kA anumAna karanA zeSavat hai / sAmAnyatodRSTa kA artha hai sAmAnya mAtra kA darzana / isameM vastu kI vizeSa sattA kA anubhava nahIM hotA balki usake sAmAnya rUpa kA hI jJAna hotA hai| isameM sAmAnya dhAraNA ( vyApaka dhAraNA) ke dvArA cala kara use vAda kA AdhAra banAyA jAtA hai| anumAna ke anya do bheda haiM-svArthAnumAna evaM parArthAnumAna / jaba apane jJAna ke lie yA apane samajhane ke lie anumAna kiyA jAya taba svAnumAna aura dUsare ko samajhAne ke lie anumAna kA prayoga karane para parArthAnumAna hotA hai| isakA prayojana dUsarA vyakti hotA hai| parArthAnumAna paMca avayavoM dvArA vyakta hotA hai| ise paMcAvayava vAkya yA nyAya

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA] ( 256 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA kahate haiM / ve haiM-pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura nigamana / pahalA vAkya pratijJA kahalAtA hai| yaha siddha kI jAne vAlI vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| dUsarA vAkya hai hetu| isameM anumAna ko siddha karane vAle hetu kA nirdeza hotA hai| tIsare vAkya ko udAharaNa kahate haiM, "jisameM udAharaNa ke sAtha hetu aura sAdhya ke niyata sAhacarya niyama kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai|" cauthe vAkya upanaya se vyApti viziSTa pada kA jJAna hotA hai| anumAna ke dvArA pratijJA kI siddhi kA honA 'nigamana' hai| yaha paMcama vAkya hotA hai / udAharaNa a--yaha parvata agnimAn hai ( pratijJA ) ba-kyoMki yaha dhUmayukta hai ( hetu) sa-jo-jo dhUmayukta hotA hai vaha vahriyukta bhI hotA hai ( udAharaNa ) da-yaha parvata bhI usI prakAra dhUmayukta hai ( upanaya ) i--ataH yaha parvata agnimAn hai ( nigamana) hindI takabhASA pR0 80 se uddhRta A0 vizvezara kRta vyAkhyA / anumAna kA anya prakAra se bhI vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai-kevalAnvayI, kevalavyatirekI tathA anvayavyati rekI / yaha vargIkaraNa navyanyAya ke anusAra hai| kevalAnvayI anumAna meM sAdhana tathA sAdhya meM niyama sAhacarya hotA hai| isakI vyApti kevala anvaya ke hI dvArA sthApita hotI hai tathA yahA~ vyatireka (niSedha) kA nitAnta abhAva hotA hai| kevalavyatirekIjaba hetu sAdhya ke sAtha kevala niSedhAtmaka rUpa se sambaddha rahe to kevalavyatirekI anumAna hogaa| ___ anvayavyatirekI-isameM hetu aura sAdhya kA sambandha donoM hI prakAra se anvaya aura vyatireka ke dvArA sthApita hotA hai / kha. hetvAbhAsa-jaba hetu vAstavika na hokara usake AbhAsa se yukta ho to hetvAbhAsa hotA hai| isameM hetu saccA nahIM hotA / arthAt hetu ke na hone para bhI hetu jaisA pratIta hotA hai / hetvAbhAsa anumAna kA doSa hai| isake pAMca prakAra haiM-savyabhicAra, viruddha, satpratipakSa, asiddha tathA bAdhita / jaba hetu aura sAdhya kA sambandha ekAntataH ThIka na ho to savyabhicAra hotA hai / viruddha hetu usa anumAna meM dikhAI par3atA hai jaba vaha sAdhya se viruddha vastu ko hI siddha karane meM samartha ho| yaha anumAna kI bhrAnti hai| satpratipala-jaba eka anumAna kA koI anya pratipakSI anumAna saMbhava ho to yaha doSa hotA hai| arthAt kisI hetu ke dvArA nizcita kiye gae sAdhya kA anya hetu ke dvArA usake viparIta tathya kA anumAna krnaa| asiddha-ise sAdhyasama bhI kahate hai| jo hetu sAdhya kI taraha svayaM asiddha ho use sAdhyasama yA asiddha kahate haiN| svayaM asiddha hone ke kAraNa yaha nigamana kI satyatA ko nizcita nahIM kara pAtA / bAdhita anumAna ke hetu kA kisI anya pramANa se bAdhita ho jAnA hai aura iso doSa ko bAdhita hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN|

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA] ( 257 ) [nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA ga. upamAna-upamAna nyAyazAstra kA tRtIya pramANa hai| 'prasiddha sAdhayaM (samAnatA) se sAdhya ke sAdhane ko upamAna kahate hai / ' atyanta sAdRzya tathA alpa sAdRzya se upamAna kI siddhi nahIM hotI tathA pratyakSa se apratyakSa kI siddhi hone ke kAraNa upamAna bhI anumAna kA hI eka rUpa hai / [ de0 darzana-saMgraha pR0 127, DaoN. dIvAnacanda ] isameM pUrvAnubhUta padArtha ke sAdRzya ke kAraNa naye padArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| jaise; kahA jAya ki go ko sadRza gavaya (nIlagAya) hotA hai, to upamAna hogaa| isakA AdhAra samAnatA hai| gha. zabda-Apta puruSa ( prasiddha puruSa ) ke vAkya ko zabda kahate haiM / sUtrakAra ke anusAra 'Apta kA upadeza zabda hai'| yathAbhUta artha kA upadeza karanevAlA puruSa Apta kahA jAtA hai, aura usake vAkya ko zabda pramANa kahate haiN| zabda do prakAra ke haiMvaidika aura laukika / vaidika zabda Izvara ke vacana mAne gae haiM ataH ve nirdoSa tathA nirdhAnta haiM, para laukika zabda sabhI satya nahIM hote| ve hI laukika zabda satya ho sakate haiM jo kisI viziSTa adhikArI yA Apta puruSa dvArA kathita hoN| AtmA aura mokSa-nyAyadarzana kA uddezya hai jIvAtmA ko yathArtha jJAna evaM mokSa pradAna karanA / isameM AtmA sambandhI mata 'vastuvAdI' hai| isake anusAra AtmA eka prakAra kA dravya hai jisameM buddhi ( jJAna ) sukha-duHkha, rAga-dveSa, icchA, kRti, prayatna Adi guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahate haiM / ye guNa jar3a dravyoM ke guNa se bhinna hote haiN| bhinnabhinna zarIradhAriyoM meM AtmA bhinna-bhinna hotI hai; kyoMki inake anubhava paraspara bhinna hote haiM / katipaya prAcIna naiyAyikoM ke anusAra AtmA kI pratyakSa anubhUti kA honA saMbhava nahIM hai / isakA jJAna do prakAra se hotA hai-Aptavacana ke dvArA tathA icchA, dveSa, prayatna, sukha-duHkha tathA buddhi Adi usake pratyakSa guNoM ke dvaaraa| isIse AtmA ke astitva kA pramANa milatA hai / navyanaiyAyikoM ke matAnusAra mAnasa pratyakSa ke dvArA hI bAtmA kA jJAna hotA hai| mukti yA apavarga-naiyAyikoM ke anusAra duHkha se pUrNa nirodha kI avasthA ko apavarga yA mokSa kahate haiM, jisameM zarIra tayA indriyoM ke bandhana se AtmA ko pUrNa mukti prApta hotI hai / mokSa kI sthiti meM AtmA kA sukha-duHkha ke sAtha samparka haTa jAtA hai tathA duHkha kA sadA ke lie vinAza ho jAtA hai| jaba taka AtmA zarIra se yukta rahatA hai taba taka use duHkha se chuTakArA nahIM milatA aura na duHkha kA pUrNa vinAza hI saMbhava hai| isalie mokSa kI prApti ke lie zarIra tathA indriyoM ke baMdhana se chuTakArA pAnA Avazyaka hai| mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana haiM-dharmagranthoM ke AtmaviSayaka upadeza, zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana / ina sAdhanoM se manuSya AtmA se zarIra ko bhinna samajhate hue vAsanAoM tathA kupravRttiyoM se dUra ho jAtA hai aura unakA isa para prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| isa sthiti meM vaha sArA kAma niSkAma bhAva se karatA hai aura antataH saMcita karmoM kA phala bhogate hue janma-grahaNa ke cakra se mukta ho jAtA hai aura duHkha kA sadA ke lie anta ho jAtA hai / mukti ke lie yoga kA bhI abhyAsa Avazyaka hai| 17 saM0 sA0

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nyAya pramANa - mImAMsA ] ( 258 ) [ nyAya pramANa-mImAMsA Izvara - nyAya darzana meM Izvara eka maulika tattva ke rUpa pratiSThita hai / Izvara ke anugraha ke binA jIva ko na to prameyoM kA vAstavika jJAna ho pAtA hai aura na use jAgatika duHkhoM se chuTakArA hI mila pAtA hai / nyAyadarzana meM Izvara saMsAra kA racayitA, pAlaka tathA saMhAraka mAnA jAtA hai| Izvara sRSTi kI racanA nitya paramANuoM, dik, kAla, AkAza, mana tathA AtmAoM ke dvArA karatA hai / vahI saMsAra kI vyavasthA karatA hai / ataH vaha vizva kA nimitta kAraNa hai, upAdAna kAraNa nahIM / naiyAyikoM Izvara-siddhi ke prabala evaM tarkasaMgata pramANa upasthita kiye haiM / prathama pramANa kAryakAraNa ke sambandha meM hai / vizva ke sabhI padArtha kAryaM haiM / isake pramANa do haiM, pahalA yaha ki ve sAvayava haiM, avayava yA aMzoM se yukta haiM aura parimANa meM sImita bhI haiM / ina kAryoM kA kartA koI avazya hogA / ghaTa aura kumbhakAra kA udAharaNa pratyakSa hai / kyoMki binA koI kuzala karttA ke inakA vaisA AkAra saMbhava nahIM hai / use nizcita rUpa se sarvajJa honA cAhie tathA sarvazaktimAn evaM vyApaka bhii| vizva kA antima upAdAna hai paramANu, jo jar3a hotA hai / ataH jaba taka usa jar3a paramANu ko cetana adhyakSa kA saMrakSaNa nahIM prApta hotA taba taka suvyavasthita evaM niyama se paricAlita vizva kI sRSTi nahIM ho sakatI / 1 / ataH aisA pratIta / hamAre jIvana ke anusAra manuSya ko Izvara adRSTa kA adhiSThAtA hai| saMsAra meM manuSyoM ke bhAgya meM antara dikhAI par3atA hai| kucha sukhI haiM to kucha duHkhI, kucha mUrkha to kucha mahAn paNDita / isakA kAraNa kyA haiM ? aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki ye sArI ghaTanAe~ akAraNa haiM hotA hai ki jIvana kI sArI ghaTanAoM kA koI kAraNa avazya hai sukha-duHkha nizcita rUpa se isa jIvana ke karma-phala haiN| karma-niyama ke sukarmoM se sukha evaM kukarmoM se duHkha kI prApti hotI hai / hotA hai aura kAraNa se hI kArya kI utpatti hotI hai, saMsAra kA sraSTA Izvara ko mAnane para sukarma evaM kukramaM kA Avazyaka hai | ataH karmAnusAra phala ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra Nika ho jAtI hai / isase pratyeka kArya kA kAraNa yaha vicAra siddha ho jAtA hai| sukhada evaM duHkhada phala honA para Izvara kI sattA prAmA pApa karma kA phala pApa aura puNya ke phala yA karma-phala ke bIca adhika samaya ke antara ko dekhakara yaha prazna uThatA hai ki donoM ke bIca kArya-kAraNa kA sambandha saMbhava nahIM hai / jIvana ke bahutere duHkhoM kA kAraNa jIvana meM prApta nahIM hotA / yuvAvasthA ke vRddhAvasthA meM milatA hai, isakA kAraNa kyA hai ? isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pApa-puNya kA saMcaya adRSTa ke rUpa meM hotA hai tathA pApa-puNya ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI ve AtmA meM vidya mAna rahate haiM / Izvara hI hamAre adRSTa kA niyantA hotA hai aura sukha-duHkha (prANiyoM ke) kA vahI sampAdana bhI karatA hai| isa prakAra karmaphala dAtA evaM adRSTa kA niyantraNa karane ke kAraNa Izvara kI sattA siddha hotI hai / dharmagranthoM kI prAmANikatA tathA apravacana bhI Izvara-siddhi ke kAraNa haiN| hamAre yahA~ vedoM kA prAmANya sarvasiddha hai / veda jise dharma kahatA hai; vahI dharma hai aura jisakA vaha niSedha karatA hai, vaha adhamaM hotA hai / vedoM ke

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nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA ] ( 259 ) [ nRsiMha campU Aptavacana nizcita rUpa se pramANita karate haiM ki Izvara kI sattA hai| nyAyadarzana ke anusAra vedoM kI prAmANikatA Izvara ke hI kAraNa hai| __ nyAyadarzana kI zAstrIya vivecanAtmaka paddhati bhAratIya tatvajJAna kI mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai| isake dvArA nirUpita pramANoM ko, kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha, sabhI darzana svIkAra karate haiN| isameM hetvAbhAsa kA sUkSma vivecana kara anumAna ko doSa-mukta kara diyA gayA hai tathA AtmA ko zarIra evaM indriyoM se sarvathA svatantra evaM mukta mAna kara usakI nityatA siddha kI gayI hai, jisase cArvAka evaM bauddhoM kI tadviSayaka mAnyatAeM khaMDita ho jAtI haiN| isakI taka-paddhati atyanta praur3ha evaM saMtoSapada hai, kintu isakA tattvajJAna evaM Izvara-viSayaka mAnyatAeM utanI sazakta nahIM haiN| isameM jagat ko jJAna se pRthak eka svatantra sattA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai tathA isameM aneka padArtha; jaise-dik, kAla, AkAza, mana, paramANu Adi bhI nitya mAne gae haiN| aneka vastuoM ko nitya mAnane ke pIche koI aucitya nahIM dikhAI par3atA tathA Izvara ko jagat kA kevala nimitta kAraNa mAna kara usameM mAnavasulabha durbalatAoM kA samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| yaha sampUrNa vizva ke lie eka hI parama sattA kA astitva svIkAra nahIM karatA aura isa taraha advaitavAda kA samarthana nahIM krtaa| isa dRSTi se isakA tattvajJAna sAMkhya aura vedAnta se halkA par3a jAtA hai| AdhAragrantha-1 iNDiyana philaoNsaphI-DaoN. esa. rAdhAkRSNan / 2 bhAratIya darzanadatta aura caTarjI (hindI anuvAda) / 3 bhAratIya darzana-paM baladeva upAdhyAya / 4 tarkabhASA-hindI bhASya-A0 vizvezvara / 5 nyAyakusumAJjali-(hindIbhASya-A0 vizvezvara / 6 nyAyadarzana-hindI anuvAda-zrIrAma zarmA / 7 hindI nyAyadarzanapaM0 DhuNDirAja shaastrii| 8 padArthazAstra-Ananda jhA / 9 darzana-saMgraha-DaoN dIvAnacanda / 10 nyAyamuktAvalI-hindI anuvAda / 11 bhAratIya darzana-paricaya-nyAyapaM0 harimohana jhaa| nRsiMha campU-isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA daivajJa sUrya haiN| inakA racanA-kAla solahavIM zatI kA madhya bhAga hai| inhoMne apane grantha meM apanA paricaya diyA hai (576 -78) / isake anusAra ye bhAradvAjakulodbhava nAganAtha ke pautra evaM jJAnarAja ke putra the| inakA janma godAvarI taTastha vArthA saMjJaka nagara meM huA thaa| inhoMne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM 'lIlAvatI' evaM 'bIjagaNita' kI TIkAeM bhI haiN| 'nRsiMha campU' pAMca ucchavAsoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM nRsiMhAvatAra kI kathA kA varNana hai| prathama ucchavAsa meM kevala daza zloka haiM jinameM vaikuNTha evaM nRsiMha kI vandanA kI gayI hai| dvitIya meM hiraNyakazipu dvArA prahlAda kI pratAr3anA kA varNana hai| tRtIya ucchAsa meM hiraNyakazipu kA vadha tathA caturtha adhyAya meM devatAoM evaM sidoM dvArA nRsiMha kI stuti kA varNana hai| pancama ucchvAsa meM nRsiMha kA prasanna honA varNita hai| isa campU kAvya meM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 75 evaM gadya ke 19 cUrNaka haiN| isameM bhayAnaka, rodra, vIra, bIbhatsa, adbhuta, hAsya, zrRMgAra evaM zAnta rasa kA samAveza hai| isa campU-kAvya kA pradhAna

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mRsiMha pampU yA prahlAda campU] (260 ) [paJcatantra rasa vIra hai kintu anta meM ramA ko upasthita karA kara kavi zRMgAra kI sRSTi kara saundaryeNa bhRzaM dRzonarahareH sAphalyamAtanvatI sabhrUbhaGgamapAMgavIkSaNavazAdAkarSayantI mnH| sphUrjatkaMkaNakiMkiNIgaNakSaNatkAraiH kRtArthe sudhI. kurvantI zanakairjagAma jagatAmAzcaryadAtrI ramA 13 isakA prakAzana kRSNa bradarsa jAlandhara se huA hai sampAdaka haiM DaoN0 sUryakAnta shaastrii| AdhAragrantha-campU-kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| nRsiMha campU yA prahAda campU- isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA kezava bhaTTa haiN| gaulAkSI parivAra ke kezava bhaTTa inake pitAmaha the aura pitA kA nAma ananta thaa| inakA janma godAvarI jile ke puNyastaMba saMjJaka nagara meM huA thaa| 'nRsiMha campU kA racanA-kAla 1684 I0 hai / isameM chaha stabakoM meM nRsiMhAvatAra kI kathA kA varNana hai / yaha sAdhAraNa koTi kI racanA hai aura isameM bhamavaza prahlAda ke pitA ko uttamapAda kahA gayA hai / maMgalAcaraNa isa prakAra hai kanakarucidukUlaH kumalolAsigaNDa: zamitabhuvanabhAraH kopi lIlAvatAraH / tribhuvanasukhakArI zailadhArI mukundaH parikalitarAMgo maMgalaM nastanotu // 1 / 1 isakA prakAzana kRSNAjI gaNapata presa, bambaI se 1909 I0 meM ho cukA hai| saMpA. daka haiM harihara prasAda bhAgavata / AdhAragrantha-campU-kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| paJcatantra-saMskRta pazu-kathA kA mahAna grantha / isake lekhaka viSNuzarmA haiN| yaha anya vizva-pazu AkhyAyikA kI paramparA meM bhArata kI eka mahAn dena hai| isameM sarala bhASA meM aneka pazu-kathAeM varNita haiM jinameM jIvana kI vividha samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| ye kathAe~ mUlataH gava meM haiM kintu bIca-bIca meM pracura mAtrA meM padyoM kA bhI samAveza kara viSaya ko adhika spaSTatA pradAna kI gayI hai| 'paMcatantra' kI kahAniyAM nitAnta prAcIna haiN| isake vibhinna zatAbdiyoM meM vibhinna prAntoM meM vibhinna saMskaraNa hue haiN| isakA sarvAdhika prAcIna saMskaraNa 'tantrAkhyAyikA' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai tathA isakA mUla sthAna kAzmIra hai| prasiddha jarmana vidvAn DaoN. harTela ne atyanta zrama ke sAtha isake prAmANika saMskaraNa ko khoja nikAlA thaa| inake anusAra 'tantrAkhyAyikA' yA 'tantrAkhyAna' hI paMcatantra kA mUla rUpa hai| isameM kathA kA rUpa bhI saMkSipta hai tathA nItimaya padyoM ke rUpa meM samAvezita padyAtmaka uddharaNa bhI kama haiN| samprati 'paMcatantra' ke cAra bhinna-bhinna saMskaraNa upalabdha hote haiM ka-mUlagrantha kA pahalavI anuvAda, jo prApta nahIM hotA para isakA rUpa sIriyana evaM arabI anuvAdoM ke rUpa meM surakSita hai|

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paJcatantra ] ( 261 ) [paJcatantra kha-'paMcatantra' kA dUsarA rUpa guNADhyakRta 'bRhatkathA' meM dikhAI par3atA hai| 'bRhatkathA' kI racanA paizAcI bhASA meM huI thI, kintu isakA mUlarUpa naSTa ho gayA hai aura kSemendraracita 'bRhatkathAmaMjarI' tathA somadeva likhita 'kathAsaritsAgara' usI ke anuvAda haiN| ___ga-tRtIya saMskaraNa meM tantrAtyAyikA evaM usase sambaddha jaina kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| Adhunika yuga kA pracalita 'paMcatantra' isakA rUpa hai| gha-caturtha saMskaraNa dakSiNI 'paMcatantra' kA mUlarUpa hai tathA isakA pratinidhitva nepAlI 'paMcatantra' evaM 'hitopadeza' karate haiN| isa prakAra 'paMcatantra' eka grantha na hokara 'eka vipula sAhitya kA pratinidhi' hai / racanA-kAla anizcita hai kintu isakA prAcIna rUpa DaoN0 harTela ke anusAra, dUsarI zatAbdI hai| isakA prathama pahalavI anuvAda chaThI zatAbdI meM huA thaa| harTela ne pacAsa bhASAoM meM isake do sau anuvAdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / 'paMcatantra' kA sarvaprathama pariSkAra evaM parihaNa prasiddha jaina vidvAn pUrNabhadrasUri ne saMvat 1255 meM kiyA hai aura Ajakala kA upalabdha saMskaraNa isI para AdhRta hai| pUrNabhadra ke nimnokta kathana se paMcatantra ke pUrNa pariSkAra kI puSTi hotI hai| pratyakSaraM pratipadaM prativAkyaM pratikathaM pratizlokam / zrIpUrNabhadrasUriviMzodhayAmAsa zAstramidam // 'paMcatantra' meM pAMca tantra yA vibhAga haiM-mitrabheda, mitralAbha, sandhi-vigraha, labdhapraNAza evaM aparIkSita-kAraka / isake pratyeka aMza meM eka mukhya kathA hotI hai aura usako puSTa karane ke lie aneka gauNa kathAeM guMphita hotI haiM / prathama tantra kI aMgI kathA ke pUrva dakSiNa meM mahilAropya ke rAjA amarazakti kI kathA dI gayI hai| unheM isa bAta kA duHkha hai ki unake putra mandabuddhi haiM aura ve kisI prakAra kI zikSA grahaNa karane meM asa. martha haiM / ve viSNuzarmA nAmaka mahApaNDita ko apane putroM ko sauMpa dete haiM aura ve unheM chaha mAsa ke bhItara AkhyAyikAoM ke mAdhyama se zikSita karane kA kaThina kArya sampanna karane meM saphala hote haiN| tatpazcAt mitrabheda nAmaka bhAga kI aMgI kathA meM. eka duSTa siyAra dvArA piMgalaka nAmaka siMha ke sAtha saMjIvaka nAmaka baila kI zatrutA utpanna karAne kA varNana hai jise siMha ne Apatti se bacAyA thA aura apane do mantriyoM-karakaTa aura damanaka-ke virodha karane para bhI use apanA mitra banA liyA thaa| dvitIya tantra kA nAma mitra-samprApti hai| isameM kapotarAja citragrIva kI kathA hai| tRtIya tantra meM yuddha aura sandhi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM ulUkoM kI guhA ko kauoM dvArA jalA dene kI kathA kahI gayI hai / caturtha tantra meM labdhapraNAza kA udAharaNa eka bandara tathA grAha kI kathA dvArA prApta hotA hai| paMcama tantra meM binA vicAre kAma karane vAloM ko sAvadhAna karane kI kathA kahI gayI hai| "paMcatantra' kI kathA ke mAdhyama se lekhaka ne aneka sidAnta-rUpa vacana kahe haiM jinameM naitika, dhArmika, dArzanika tathA rAjanItika jIvana ke sAmAnya niyama anusyUta haiN| isakI bhASA sarala, lalita evaM cubhanevAlI hai / vAkya choTe tathA prabhAvazAlI adhika hai|

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paJcatantra ] ( 262 ) [ paJcarAtra ~~ bhASA meM vyAvahArikatA adhika hai aura lekhaka use jIvana ke nikaTa lA diyA hai / yatra-tatra vizeSaNoM evaM kalpanAoM kA samAveza kara isameM kAvyAtmaka pravAha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai, para vahA~ bhI bhASA alaMkAroM ke bhAra se bojhila nahIM banI hai / grantha ke pratyeka pRSTha para zAstraniSTha, vyavahAra kuzala evaM nItipaTu vyakti kA vyaktitva jhAMkatA hai / isakI muhAbaredAra tathA sarala bhASA meM vinodapriyatA evaM vyaMgyAtmakatA jhalakatI rahatI hai / kahIM bhI vAkya vinyAsa meM durUhatA evaM durbodhatA ke darzana nahIM hote| lekhaka ne mahattvapUrNa granthoM - rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA prAcIna nIti granthoM se sUktiyoM ko lekara apane vicAroM kI puSTi kI hai / "lekhaka kI bhASA spaSTataH sundara hai, aura vizeSarUpa se padyoM meM hama pariSkRta tathA jaTila chandoM ke sAtha-sAtha zleSa tathA pariSkRta zailI ke anya cihna bhI pAte haiM / kucha padyoM meM kAvya kI saralatara zailI meM pracalita samAsoM kI apekSA kucha bar3e samAsa bhI pAye jAte haiM; parantu aise sthala bahuta kama haiM, jahA~ artha kI vAstavika jaTilatA mUla grantha meM batAI jA sake / yaha spaSTa hai ki lekhaka suruci se yukta thA aura yaha samajhatA thA ki bAla rAjakumAroM ke lie abhipreta racanA meM bhASAzailI kI atyadhika kRtrimatA anupayukta hai / " saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (kItha ) hindI anuvAda pR0 306307 | DaoN0 harTela ne sarvaprathama 'paMcatantra' kA sampAdana kara hAravarDa oriyaNTala sIrIja saMkhyA 13 meM prakAzita karAyA thA / AdhAragrantha - 1 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) / 2 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3 paMcatantra ( mUla evaM hindI anuvAda) caukhambA prakAzana / 4 paMcatantra ( kevala hindI anuvAda ) - DaoN0 motIcandra / paJcarAtra- yaha mahAkavi bhAsa viracita tIna aMkoM kA samavakAra ( nATaka kA eka prakAra ) hai / isakI kathA 'mahAbhArata' ke virATaparva para AdhRta hai, para kavi ne ise bhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / isakI kathA anaitihAsika hai para nATakakAra ne atyanta maulika dRSTi se isakA varNana kiyA hai / paJcarAtra kI kathAvastu atyanta kautUhalapUrNa hai / isameM 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA ko ulTI dizA meM mor3a kara yuddha ko samApta kara diyA gayA hai / kavine aitihAsika ghaTanA meM kAphI svatantratA dikhAI hai para vaha use 'mahAbhArata' ke kathAnaka kI bhA~ti prabhAvotpAdaka nahIM banA sakA / isameM droNAcArya ziSya vatsala AcArya ke rUpa meM dikhAye gae haiN| isakI kathA isa prakAra hai prathama aMka --- dyUtakrIr3A meM parAjita hokara pANDava vanavAsa kara rahe haiM aura eka varSa kA ajJAtavAsa bitAne ke lie rAjA virAT ke yahA~ rahate haiN| isI samaya kururAja duryodhana yajJa karatA hai aura usake yahA~ bahuta se rAje Ate haiM / yajJa pUrNa samAroha ke sAtha sampanna hotA hai / tadanantara duryodhana droNAcArya se dakSiNA mAMgane ke lie kahatA hai / droNAcArya pANDavoM ko AdhA rAjya dene kI dakSiNA mAMgate haiN| isa para zakuni udvima hokara aisA nahIM karane ko kahatA hai / guru droNa ruSTa ho jAte haiM para ve bhISma dvArA zAnta kiye jAte haiM / zakuni duryodhana ko batAtA hai ki yadi pA~ca rAtri meM pANDava prApta ho jAe~ to isa zarta para yaha bAta mAnI jA sakatI haiM / droNAcArya yaha zarta mAnane ko

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pancarAtra] ( 263 ) [pancazikha taiyAra nahIM hote / isI bIca virATa nagara se eka dUta Akara sUcanA detA hai ki kIcaka sahita sI bhAiyoM ko kisI vyakti ne bAhoM se hI rAtri meM mAra DAlA isalie rAjA yajJa meM sammilita nahIM hue| bhISma ko vizvAsa ho jAtA hai ki avazya hI yaha kArya bhIma ne kiyA hogaa| ataH ve droNa se duryodhana kI zarta mAna lene ko kahate haiM / droNa isa zataM ko svIkAra kara lete haiM aura yajJa meM Aye hue rAjAoM ke samakSa use sunA diyA jAtA hai : bhISma virATa ke Upara car3hAI kara usake godhana ko haraNa karane kI salAha dete haiM jise duryodhana mAna letA hai| dvitIya aMka meM virATa ke janmadina ke avasara para kauravoM dvArA godhana ke haraNa kA varNana hai / yuddha meM bhImasena dvArA abhimanyu pakar3a liyA jAtA hai aura vaha rAjA virATa ke samakSa nirbhaya hokara bAteM karatA hai| yudhiSThira, bhIma, arjuna sabhI prakaTa ho jAte haiM para rAjA virAT unheM gupta hone ke lie kahate haiM / isa para yudhiSThira kahate haiM ki ajJAtavAsa pUrA ho gayA hai| tRtIya aMka kA prArambha kauravoM ke yahA~ se huA hai| sUta dvArA yaha sUcanA milI ki abhimanyu zatruoM dvArA pakar3a liyA gayA hai / sUta ne batAyA ki koI vyakti paidala hI Akara abhimanyu ko pakar3a le gyaa| bhISma ne kahA ki nizcitarUpa se vaha bhImasena hogaa| isI samaya yudhiSThira kA saMvAda lekara dUta AtA hai / guru droNa duryodhana ko gurudakSiNA pUrI karane ko kahate haiN| duryodhana use svIkAra kara kahatA hai ki usane pANDavoM ko AdhA rAjya de diyaa| bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai| __ AdhAra grantha-bhAsanATakacakram-caukhambA prakAzana / paJcazikha-sAMkhya darzana ko vyavasthita evaM susambaddha karane vAle prathama AcArya ke rUpa meM paJcazikha kA nAma AtA hai| ye AcArya Asuri [ sAMkhyadarzana ke pravattaMka maharSi kapila ke ziSya ] ke ziSya the| inake siddhAnta-vAkya aneka granthoM meM uddhRta haiM jinheM 'pAJcazikha-sUtra' kahA jAtA hai / inameM se pradhAna sUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai 1. ekameva darzanaM khyAtireva darzanam [yogabhASya 1 / 4] 2. tamaNumAtramAtmAnamanuvidyA'smItyevaM tAvatsaMprajAnIte [yoga0 1136] 3. buddhitaH paraM puruSamAkArazIlavidyAdibhivibhaktamapazyan kuryAttatrAtmabuddhi mohena / vahI-16 4. tatsaMyogahetuvivarjanAtsyAdayamAtyantiko duHkhapratIkAraH / yoga-bhASya 2017, brahmasUtra-bhAmatI 2 / 2 / 10 5. apariNAminI hi bhoktRzaktirapratisaMkramA ca pariNAminyarthe pratisaMkrAnteva tadvRttimanupatati tasyAzca prAptacaitanyopagraharUpAyA buddhivRtteranukAramAtratayA buddhivRttyaviziSTA hi jJAnavRttirityAkhyAyate / yoga-bhASya 2 / 20 cInI paramparA inheM SaSTitantra' kA racayitA mAnatI hai jisameM sATha hajAra zloka the| inake siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa 'mahAbhArata' (zAntiparva, adhyAya 302-308) meM bhI prApta hotA hai / SaSTitantra' ke racayitA ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiM / zrI udayavIra zAstrI evaM kAlIpada bhaTTAcArya 'Sapritantra' kA racayitA kapila ko mAnate haiN|

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paNDita ambikAdatta vyAsa ] ( 264 ) [ paNDitarAja jagannAtha bhAskarAcArya ne apane brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM kapila ko hI ukta grantha kA praNetA kahA hai'kapilamaSipraNIta SaSTitantrAkhyasmRteH' / brahmasUtra 2 / 1 / 1 para ma0 ma0 DaoN gopInAtha kavirAja ke anusAra 'SaSTitantra' ke racayitA paJcazikha haiM-- jayamaMgalA kI bhUmikA / AdhAragrantha -1 bhAratIyadarzana- -A0 valadeva upAdhyAya / 2 sAMkhyadarzana kA itihAsa - zrI udayavIra zAstrI / 3 sAMkhyatattvakaumudI - DaoN0 AdyAprasAda mizra / paNDita ambikAdatta vyAsa-ye unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha gadyalekhaka, kavi evaM nATakakAra haiM / inakA samaya 1858 se 1900 I0 hai / inake pUrvaja jayapura rAjya ke nivAsI the, kintu pIche Akara inake pitA vArANasI meM basa ge| vyAsajI paTanA rAjakIya saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya meM adhyApaka the aura ukta pada para jIvana paryanta rahe / inakI granthoM kI saMkhyA 75 hai / inhoMne hindI evaM saMskRta donoM bhASAoM meM samAna adhikAra ke sAtha racanAeM kI haiM / nAmaka mahAn gadya inakA 'sAmavatam' vyAsajI ne chatrapati zivAjI ke jIvana para 'zivarAjavijaya' kAvya kI racanA kI hai jo 'kAdambarI' kI zailI meM racita hai| nAmaka nATaka unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA sarvazreSTha nATaka mAnA jAtA hai / isakI zailI alaMkRta evaM pANDityapUrNa hai tathA alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM svAbhAvikatA evaM apUrvaM racanAzakti kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| eka udAharaNa 'leM - kadAshaM kAntAyA nalinanayanAyAH karatalaM gRhItvA sAnandaM nijakara talenA tiruciram / sudhApArAvArAplutamiva manaH svaM viracayan zacIyuktaM jiSNuM ciramupahasiSyAmi muditaH // 77 // paNDitarAja jagannAtha -ye mahAn kAvyazAstrI evaM kavi haiN| inakA yugapravartaka grantha 'rasagaMgAdhara' hai jo bhAratIya AlocanAzAstra kI antima praur3ha racanA hai / paNDitarAja tailaGga brAhmaNa tathA zAhajahA~ ke sabhApaNDita the| zAhajahA~ ke dvArA hI inheM 'paNDitarAja' kI upAdhi prApta huI thii| inake pitA kA nAma perubhaTTa yA peramabhaTTa evaM mAtA kA nAma lakSmI thA / pASANAdapi pIyUSaM syandate yasya lIlayA / taM vande perubhaTTAsyaM lakSmIkAntaM mahAgurum || rasagaMgAdhara 113 paNDitarAjakRta 'bhAminIvilAsa' se jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne apanI yuvAvasthA dillIzvara sAhajahAM ke Azraya meM vyatIta kI thI / zAstrANyAkalitAni nityavidhayaH sarve'pi sambhAvitAdilIvamapANipallavatale nItanavInaM vayaH // 4 / 45 ye cAra narezoM ke Azraya meM rahe-- jahA~gIra, jagatasiMha, zAhajahA~ evaM prANanArAyaNa / " paNDitarAja ne prArambha ke kucha varSa jahAMgIra ke Azraya meM bitAyA / 1627 I0 ke bAr3ha ke udayapura nareza jagatasiMha ke yahA~ cale ge| kucha dina vahAM rahe aura unakI prazaMsA meM 'jagadAbharaNa' kI racanA kI kyoMki jagatasiMha bhI gaddI para 1628 I0

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paNDitarAja jagannAtha ] ( 265 ) [ pataJjali meM hI baiThA jaba zAhajahA~ gaddI para baiThA thA / kucha dina bAda zAhajahA~ ne paNDitarAja ko punaH apane yahA~ bulA liyA / parantu hamAre vicAra se jagatasiMha ke yahA~ se Asapha khA~ ne inheM apane pAsa bulAyA aura ye Asapha khA~ ke hI Azraya meM rahe tathA zAhajahA~ ne Asapha khA~ kI preraNA se inheM apane yahA~ bulAyA aura paNDitarAja kI upAdhi dekara sammAnita kiyA / " "zAhajahA~ kI mRtyu ke bAda ye eka-Adha varSa ke lie prANanAtha ke pAsa gae hoMge aura phira vahA~ se Akara apanI vRddhAvasthA mathurA meM bitAyI hogI / isa taraha paNDitarAja kA racanAkAla 17 vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvAddhaM tathA kucha uttarArddha kA prArambha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / " [ bhAminIvilAsa ( hindI anuvAda ) kI bhUmikA pR0 13 anuvAdaka paM0 rAdhezyAma mizra ] paNDitarAja kI kRtiyAM - 1 rasagaMgAdhara - isake vivaraNa ke lie de0 rasagaMgAdhara / 2 citramImAMsA khaNDana - de0 AcArya paNDitarAja jagannAtha appayadIkSita kRta 'citramImAMsA' nAmaka grantha kA isameM khaNDana hai / 3 gaMgAlaharI - ise 'pIyUSalaharI' bhI kahate haiN| isameM 52 zlokoM meM kavi ne gaMgAjI kI stuti kI hai / 53 vIM padya phalastuti hai / 4 amRtalaharI - isameM 10 padyoM ( zArdUlavikrIDita ) meM yamunA jI kI stuti hai / 11 veM padya meM kavi ne apanA paricaya diyA hai / 5 karuNAlaharI - isameM 55 padya haiM tathA viSNu kI stuti hai / 6 lakSmIlaharI -- isameM 41 zikhariNI vRtta meM lakSmIjI kI stuti hai / 7 sudhAlaharI - isameM 30 sragdharA chanda meM sUrya kI stuti kI gayI hai / 8 AsaphavilAsa - isameM zAhajahA~ ke mAmA nabAba Asapha khA~ kA caritra AkhyAyikA mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yaha grantha apUrNa hai / 9 prANAbharaNa - isameM kAmarUpanareza prANanArAyaNa ko prazasti hai / 10 jagadAbharaNa - isameM udayapura ke rAjA jagatasiMha kA varNana hai / prANAbharaNa se isameM adhika sAmya hai / 11 bhAminIvilAsaisameM paNDitarAja ke phuTakala padya saMgRhIta haiM / grantha meM cAra vilAsa haiM - prAstAvikavilAsa (129 padya), zRMgAra - vilAsa (183 padya), karuNa- vilAsa ( 19 padya) tathA zAntavilAsa (46 padya ) / inakA vyAkaraNasambandhI grantha haiM- manoramAkucamardana / pataJjali - ye 'mahAbhASya' nAmaka mahAn vyAkaraNa grantha ke racayitA haiM / vibhinna prAcIna granthoM meM patanjali ke aneka nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai - gonardIya, goNikAputra, nAganAtha, ahipati, phaNibhRt, zeSarAja, zeSAhi, cUrNikAra tathA padakAra / 'yAdavaprakAza' Adi kozakAroM ne gonardIya nAma kA prayoga kiyA hai gonardIyaH patanjali: / pR0 96 zloka 157 kaiyaTa aura rAjazekhara ne bhI inheM gonardIya ke nAmAntara ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / bhASyakArastvAha-pradIpa 1 / 1 / 21, gonardIyapadaM vyAcaSTe bhASyakAra iti / udyota 1 1:1 / 21 yastu prayuGkte tatpramANamevetigonardIyaH / kAvyamImAMsA pR0 6 parantu DaoN0 kolahAnaM tathA zrI rAjendralAla mitra ne apanI yuktiyoM se gonadaya ko

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patanjali ] ( 266 ) [ patanjali patanjali se bhinna siddha kiyA / [ de0 jarnala oNpha eziyATika sosAiTI oNpha baMgAla, jilda 52, pR0 241 tathA iNDiyana aiNTikverI, jilda 14, pR0 40 ] | paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka bhI gonardIyako patanjali se abhinna nahIM mAnate / [de0 saMskRtavyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 pR0 303 ] / 'mahAbhASya' meM goNikAputra ke mata kA ullekha haiubhayathA goNikAputra iti / mahAbhASya 1|1|5| nAgeza mata se goNikAputra patanjali se abhinna haiM / vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra meM bhI goNikAputra kA ullekha hai gaNikA putra bhASyakAra ityAhuH / goNikAputraH pAradArikam / 1 / 1 / 16, kAmasUtra vidvAnoM ne patanjali ko goNikAputra se bhinna mAnA hai / kaiyaTa 'mahAbhASya' kI vyAkhyA meM patanjali ke lie 'nAganAtha' nAmAntara kA prayoga karate haiM tathA cakrapANi ne 'caraka' (vaidyaka-grantha) kI TIkA meM 'ahipati' kA prayoga kiyA hai / 'tatrajAta ityatra tu sUtre'sya lakSaNatvamAzrityaiteSAM siddhimabhidhAsyati nAganAthaH / mahAbhASya 4 / 2 / 93 kI vyAkhyA / vallabhasena kRta 'zizupAlavadha' kI TIkA meM patajali zeSAhi ke nAma se abhihita kiye gae haiM / padaM zeSAhiviracitaM bhASyam / zizupAlavadha 2 / 112 skandasvAmI kI niruktaTIkA meM (113) 'mahAbhASya' kA eka pATha padakAra ke nAma se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / padakAra Aha---upasargazca punarevamAtmakA: kriyAmAhuH / nirukta TIkA 113 saMskRta vAGmaya meM patanjali ke nAma para tIna grantha prasiddha haiM- sAmavedIya nidAnasUtra' 'yogasUtra' tathA 'mahAbhASya' / Ayurveda kI 'carakasaMhitA' ko bhI patanjali dvArA pariSkRta karane kA ullekha hai tathA 'sAMkhyakArikA' ko 'yuktadIpikA' TIkA meM pataJjali ke sAMkhyaviSayaka mata ke uddharaNa diye gae haiN| maiksamUlara ne SaDguruziSya ke pATha kI uddhRta karate hue yogadarzana evaM nidAnasUtra kA racayitA eka hI vyakti ko mAnA hai / bhartRhari ne bhI 'vAkyapadIya' meM patanjali ko yogasUtra, vyAkaraNamahAbhASya evaM caraka vAttikoM kA kartA svIkAra kiyA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kI paramparA meM bhI eka zloka prasiddha hai jisameM paMtajali kA smaraNa yogakartA, mahAvaiyAkaraNa evaM vaidya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / yogena cittasya padena vAcA malaM zarIrasya ca vaidyakena / asur kirat taM pravaraM munInAM patanjaliM prAbjalirAnato'smi // pro0 cakravartI tathA livikha ne yogakartA pataJjali evaM vaiyAkaraNa pataJjali ko abhinna mAnA hai; kintu caraka ke racayitA patanjali IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM utpanna hue the aura yogasUtrakarttA patanjali kA AvirbhAva 3 rI yA cauthI zatAbdI meM huA thA / pro0 reno ne donoM ko bhinna mAnA hai| inake anusAra pratyAhAra, upasarga, pratyaya tathA vikiraNa kA arthaM yoga meM vyAkaraNa se bhinna hai tathA ca, vA Adi kA bhI usameM prayoga nahIM hai / na to yogasUtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko mAnatA hai / 'laghuzabdenduzekhara' ke bhairavamizra kRta TIkA meM 'mahAbhASya' ke karttA, yogasUtra ke praNetA tathA 'carakasaMhitA' ke raca

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patanjali ] ( 267 ) [patanjali yitA ko eka hI vyakti kahA gayA hai| laisena evaM gAve ne bhASyakAra tathA yogasUtrakAra ko eka hI mAnA hai| paraspara asambaddha viSayoM para samAna adhikAra ke sAtha prAmANika grantha likhane ke kAraNa bhaiksamUlara ne tInoM lekhaka ko eka hI mAnA hai| bhAratIya paramparA mahAbhASyakAra patanjali kA 'carakasaMhitA' tathA yogadarzana ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karate hue tInoM kA kartA eka hI vyakti ko mAnatI hai| para katipaya vidvAn yaha mAnate haiM ki 'pAtaMjalazAkhA' "nidAnasUtra' evaM yogadarzana ke lekhaka eka hI pataMjali the aura ve ati prAcIna RSi haiM / pANini ne bhI upakAdi gaNa meM ( 2 / 4 / 69 ) patanjali pada rakhA hai, ataH mahAbhASyakAra patanjali inase bhinna vyakti siddha hote haiN| mahAbhASyakAra upayukta tInoM granthoM ke racayitAoM se sarvathA bhinna haiM aura arvAcIna bhii| patanjali ke jIvana ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| rAmabhadra dIkSitakRta 'patajalicarita' ke anusAra ye zeSAvatAra the| para koI Avazyaka nahIM ki isa kAvya kI sArI bAteM sahI hoN| patanjali gonarda ke nivAsI the aura unakI mAtA kA nAma goNikA thaa| patajali kI racanAeM-mahArAja samudraguptakRta 'kRSNacarita' meM patanjali ko 1-'mahAnanda' yA 'mahAnandamaya' kAvya kA racayitA kahA gayA hai mahAnandamayaM kAvyaM yogadarzanamadbhutam / yogavyAkhyAnabhUtaM tad racitaM cittadoSahRt // 'saduktikarNAmRta' meM bhASyakAra ke nAma se adholikhita zloka uddhRta kiyA gayA hai yadyapi svacchabhAvena darzayatyambudhirmaNIn / tathApi jAnudannoyamiti cetasi mA kRthAH / / mahAnanda kAvya meM kAvya ke bahAne yoga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 2. sAhityazAstra-zAradAtanaya racita 'bhAvaprakAzana' meM kisI vAsuki AcAryakRta sAhityazAstrIya grantha kA ullekha hai jisameM bhAvoM dvArA rasotpatti kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| utpattistu rasAnAM yA purA vAsukinoditA / nAnAdravyoSadhaiH pAkaivyaMjanaM bhASyate yathA / evaM bhAvA bhAvayanti rasAnabhinayaiH saha / iti vAsukinA'pyukto bhAvebhyo rasasambhavaH / pR0 47 isase jJAta hotA hai ki patanjali ne koI kAvyazAstrIya grantha likhA hogaa| 3. lohazAstra-zivadAsa kRta 'cakradatta' ( vaidyaka grantha ) kI TIkA meM lohazAstra nAmaka grantha ke racayitA patanjali batAe gae haiN| 4. siddhAntasArAvalI-isake bhI racayitA patanjali kahe gae haiN| 5. koza- aneka koza-granthoM kI TIkAoM meM vAsuki, zeSa, phaNipati tathA bhogIndra Adi nAmoM dvArA racita koza-grantha ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / 6. mahAbhASya-vyAkaraNagrantha [ de0 mahAbhASya ]

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pataJjali] (268 ) [pataJjali patanjali kA samaya-bahusaMkhyaka bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke anusAra patajali kA samaya 150I0 pU0 hai / para mImAMsaka jI ne jora dekara batAyA hai ki patajali vikrama saMvat se do hajAra varSa pUrva hue the| isa sambandha meM abhI taka koI nizcita pramANa prApta nahIM ho sakA hai| para antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra inakA samayanirUpaNa utanA kaThina nahIM hai / 'mahAbhASya' ke varNana se patA calatA hai ki puSpamitra ne kisI aise vizAla yajJa kA Ayojana kiyA thA jisameM aneka purohita the aura unameM eka patanjali bhI the| ve svayaM brAhmaNa yAjaka the aura isI kAraNa unhoMne kSatriya yAjaka para kaTAkSa kiyA hai yadi bhavadvidhaH kSatriyaM yAjayet 3-3-147 pR0 332 puSyamitro yajate, yAjakAH yAjayanti / tatra bhavitavyam puSyamitro yAjayate, yAjakAH yAjayantIti yajyAdiSu cAviparyAso vaktavyaH / mahAbhASya pR0 74, 331126 isase patA calatA hai ki patamjali kA AvirbhAva kAlidAsa ke pUrva evaM puSyamitra ke rAjyakAla meM huA thaa| 'matsyapurANa' ke mata se puSyamitra ne 36 varSoM taka rAjya kiyA thA / puSyamitra ke siMhAsanAsIna hone kA samaya 185 I0 pU0 hai aura 36 varSa kama kara dene para usake zAsana kI sImA 149 I0pU0 nizcita hotI hai / golDasTukara ne 'mahAbhASya' kA kAla 140 se 120 I0 pU0 mAnA hai / DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ke anusAra patajali kA samaya 158 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga hai| para pro0 bebara ke anusAra inakA samaya kaniSka ke bAda arthAt I0 pU0 25 varSa honA caahie| DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ne bebara ke isa kathana kA khaNDana kara diyA hai| bolika patanjali kA samaya 200 I0 pU0 mAnate haiM ( pANinija grAmeTika pR0 11) jisakA samarthana maiksamUlara ne bhI kiyA hai| kItha ke anusAra patanjali kA samaya 150 I0 pU0 hai kintu apane grantha 'saMskRta DrAmA' meM inhoMne ise 140 I0 pU0 mAna liyA hai| patamjali kA nivAsasthAna-patanjali ne kAtyAyana ko dAkSiNAtya kahA hai| 'laghuzabdenduzekhara' tathA 'patanjalicarita' kAvya se patA calatA hai ki inakA nivAsasthAna gonarda thA aura yahI prAmANika bhI lagatA hai| DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ke anusAra vartamAna avadha kA goMDA hI gonadaM kA apabhraMza hai / 'mahAbhASya' ke eka vAkya ke anusAra mahAbhASyakAra kA nivAsasthAna sAketa evaM pATaliputra ke mArga meM thaa| 'yo'yamadhvAgata ApATaliputrAttasya yatparaM sAketAt / ' inake nivAsasthAna ke viSaya meM abhI taka koI nizcita vicAra nahIM A sakA hai| AdhAragrantha-1 hisTrI oNpha ainziyanTa saMskRta littrecr-maiksmuulr| 2 iDi. yana liTarecara-bebara / 3 iNDiyana hisTArikala kvATarlI-jilda 8, pR0 39 pro0 bI0 ke0 ThAkura / 4 iNDiyana aiSTikverI, jilda 2, 1872, pR0 299, bhnnddaarkr| 5kalekTeDa varsa oNpha DaoN0 bhaNDArakara bhAga 1 / 6 pANinija grAmeTika-bolika / 7 pANinIgolDasTukara / 8 jarnala oNpha rAyala eziyATika sopAiTI baMgAla, bhAga 16 / 9 iNDiyana eSTikverI bhAga 2, pR0 57 vebara-oNna da DeTa oNpha pataMjali / 10 hisTrI oNpha saMskRta littrecr-koth| 11 saMskRta DrAmA-kItha / 12 pANinIkAlIna bhAratavarSa

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papagupta parimala] ( 269 ) [padmapurANa DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 13 patamjalikAlIna bhArata-DaoN0 prabhudayAla agnihotrii| 14 saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa-bhAga 1, 2, paM0 yudhiSThira miimaaNsk| 15 saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA saMkSipta itihAsa-paM0 ramAkAnta mishr| padmagupta parimala-ye saMskRta ke prasiddha aitihAsika mahAkAvya 'navasAhasAsacarita' ke praNetA haiM / isameM dhArAnareza bhojarAja ke pitA sindhurAja yA navasAhasAGka kA zaziprabhA nAmaka rAjakumArI se vivAha varNita hai / parimala sindhurAja ke jyeSTha bhrAtA rAjA muMja ke sabhApaNDita the| yaha grantha 1005 I0 ke AsapAsa likhA gayA thaa| isameM 18 sagaM haiM jisake 12 veM sarga meM sindhurAja ke samasta pUrvapuruSoM ( paramAravaMzI rAjAoM) kA kAlakrama se varNana hai, jisakI satyatA kI puSTi zilAlekhoM se hotI hai| isameM kAlidAsa kI rasasiddha sukumAra mArga kI paddhati apanAyI gayI hai| yaha itihAsa evaM kAvya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se samAna rUpa se upayogI hai| [hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita ] - padmapurANa-ise purANoM meM kramAnusAra dvitIya sthAna prApta hai| yaha bRhadAkAra purANa lagabhaga pacAsa hajAra zlokoM se yukta hai tathA isameM kula 641 adhyAya haiN| isake do saMskaraNa prApta haiM-devanAgarI tathA bNgaalii| AnandAzrama se san 1894 I0 meM bI0 ena0 mANDalika dvArA yaha purANa cAra bhAgoM meM prakAzita huA thA jisameM chaha khaNa haiM-Adi, bhUmi, brahmA, pAtAla, sRSTi evaM uttarakhaNDa / isake uttarakhaNDa meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki mUlataH isameM pA~ca hI khaNDa the, chaha khaNDoM kI kalpanA paravartI hai / 'padmapurANa' kI zloka saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna purANoM meM bhinna-bhinna hai / 'matsyapurANa' ke 53 veM adhyAya meM isakI zloka saMkhyA 55 hajAra kahI gayI hai, kintu 'brahmapurANa' ke anusAra isameM 59 hajAra zloka haiN| isI prakAra khaNDoM ke krama meM bhI matabheda dikhAI par3atA hai / baMgAlI saMskaraNa hastalikhita pothiyoM meM hI prApta hotA hai jisameM pAMca khama milate haiN| 1. sRSTikhaNDa-isakA prArambha bhUmikA ke rUpa meM huA hai jisameM 82 adhyAya haiN| isameM lomaharSaNa dvArA apane putra ugrazravA ko naimiSAraNya meM ekatra muniyoM ke samakSa purANa sunAne ke lie bhejane kA varNana hai tathA ve zaunaka RSi ke anurodha para RSiyoM ko 'papapurANa' kI kathA sunAte haiM / isake isa nAma kA rahasya batAyA gayA hai ki isameM sRSTi ke prArambha meM kamala se brahmA kI utpatti kA kathana kiyA gayA thaa| sRSTikhaNDa bhI pAMca parvo meM vibhakta hai / isameM isa pRthvI ko padma kahA gayA hai tathA kamala puSpa para baiThe hue brahmA dvArA vistRta brahmANDa kI sRSTi kA nirmANa karane ke sambandha meM kiye gae sandeha kA isI kAraNa nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai ki pRthvI kamala hai tacca pacaM purAbhUtaM pRthivIrUpamuttamam / yatpana sA rasAdevI pRthivI paricakSate // sRSTikhaNDa adhyAya 40 / ka. pauSkaraparva-isa khaNDa meM devatA, pitara, manuSya evaM muni sambandhI nau prakAra kI sRSTi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sRSTi ke sAmAnya varNana ke pazcAt sUryavaMza tathA

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padmapurANa ] ( 270 ) [ padmapurANa zrIkRSNa ke sAtha candravaMza kA varNana hai / isameM pitaroM evaM unake zrAddhoM se sambaddha viSayoM kA bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA devAsurasaMgrAma kA bhI varNana hai / isI khuNDa meM puSkara tAlAba kA varNana hai jo brahmA ke kAraNa pavitra mAnA jAtA hai aura usakI tIrtha ke rUpa meM vandanA bhI kI gayI hai / sva. tIrthapavaM - isa parva meM aneka tIrthoM, kiyA gayA hai| isake upasaMhAra meM kahA gayA hai kA nAma smaraNa hI sarvazreSTha tIthaM hai tathA inake sAre saMsAra ko tIrthamaya banA dete haiM / parvata, dvIpa evaM saptasAgaroM kA varNana ki samasta tIrthoM meM zrIkRSNa bhagavAn nAma kA uccAraNa karane vAle vyakti tIrthAnAM tu paraM tIrthaM kRSNanAma maharSayaH / tIrthIkurvanti jagatIM gRhItaM kRSNanAma yaiH // ga. tRtIyaparva - isa parva meM dakSiNA dene vAle rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA caturthapadaM meM rAjAoM kA vaMzAnukIrtana hai / antima parva (paJcamaparva) meM mokSa evaM usake sAdhana varNita haiN| isI khaNDa meM nimnAM - kita kathAe~ vistArapUrvaka varNita haiM- samudra-maMthana, pRthu kI utpatti, puSkara tIrthaM ke nivAsiyoM kA dharma-varNana, vRtrAsura saMgrAma, vAmanAvatAra, mArakaNDeya evaM kArtikeya kI utpatti, rAmacarita tathA tArakAsuravadha / asurasaMhAraka viSNu kI kathA tathA skanda ke janma evaM vivAha ke pazcAta isa khaNDa kI samApti ho jAtI hai / 2. bhUmikhaNDa - isa khaNDa kA prArambha somazarmA kI kathA se hotA hai jo antataH - viSNubhakta prahlAda ke rUpa meM utpanna huA / isameM bhUmi kA varNana tathA anekAneka tIrtho kI pavitratA kI siddhi ke lie aneka AkhyAna diye gae haiN| isameM sakulA kI aisI kathA kA ullekha hai jisameM dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra patnI bhI tIthaM bana jA sakatI hai / isI khaNDa meM rAjA pRthu, bena, yayAti evaM mAtali ke AdhyAtma-sambandhI vartAlApa tathA viSNu-bhakti kI mahanIyatA kA varNana hai| isameM cyavana RSi kA AkhyAna tathA viSNu evaM ziva kI ekatAviSayaka tathyoM kA vivaraNa hai 3. svargakhaNDaDa- isa khaNDa meM aneka devalokoM, devatA, baikuNTha, bhUtoM, pizAcoM, vidyAdharoM, apsarA evaM yakSoM ke loka kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM aneka kathAe~ evaM upAkhyAna haiM jinameM zakuntalopAkhyana bhI hai jo 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA se bhinna evaM mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'abhijJAnazAkuntala' ke nikaTa hai / apsarAoM evaM unake lokoM ke varNana meM rAjA purUravA aura urvazI kA upAkhyAna bhI varNita hai / isameM karmakANDa, viSNupUjA paddhati, varNAzramadharma evaM aneka AcAroM kA bhI varNana hai / 4. pAtAlakhaNDa3 - isa khaNDa meM nAgaloka kA varNana hai tathA prasaMgavaza rAvaNa kA ullekha hone ke kAraNa isameM sampUrNa rAmAyaNa kI kathA kaha dI gayI hai / rAmAyaNa kI yaha kathA mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'raghuvaMza' se atyadhika sAmya rakhatI hai kintu rAmAyaNa ke sAtha isakI AMzika samAnatA hI dikhAI par3atI haiN| isameM zRMgI RSi kI kathA bhI hai jo 'mahAbhArata' se bhinna DhaMga se varNita hai / 'padmapurANa' ke isa khaNDa meM bhavabhUtikRta

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padmapurANa] ( 271 ) [papapurANa 'uttararAmacarita' kI kathA se sAmya rakhane vAlI uttararAmacarita kI kathA varNita hai| isake bAda aSTAdaza purANoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kara 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI mahimA kA AkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| 5. uttarakhaNDa-yaha sabase bar3A khaNDa hai jisameM nAnA prakAra ke AkhyAnoM evaM vaiSNavadharma se sambaddha vratoM tathA utsavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / viSNu ke priya mAgha evaM kAttika mAsa ke vratoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kara ziva-pArvatI ke vArtAlApa ke rUpa meM rAma evaM kRSNakathA dI gayI hai| uttarakhaNDa ke pariziSTa rUpa meM 'kriyAyogasAra' nAmaka adhyAya meM viSNu-bhakti kA mahattva batalAte hue gaMgAsnAna evaM viSNu-sambandhI utsavoM kI mahattA pradarzita kI gayI hai| 'padmapurANa' vaiSNavabhakti kA pratipAdana karane vAlA purANa hai jisameM bhagavannAmakIttaMna kI vidhi evaM nAmAparAdhoM kA ullekha hai / isake pratyeka khaNDa meM bhakti kI mahimA gAyI gayI hai tathA bhagavatsmRti, bhagavadbhakti, bhagavattattvajJAna evaM bhagavattattva sAkSAtkAra ko hI mUla viSaya mAnakara inakA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isameM nimnAMkita viSayoM kA samAveza kara unakA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai-zrAddhamAhAtmya, tIrtha-mahimA, Azramadharma-nirUpaNa, nAnA prakAra ke vrata tathA snAna, dhyAna evaM tarpaNa kA vidhAna, dAnastuti, satsaMga kA mAhAtmya, dIrghAyu hone ke sahaja sAdhana, tridevoM kI ekatA, mUrtipUjA, brAhmaNa evaM gAyatrI mantra kA mahattva, gau evaM godAna kI mahimA, dvijocita AcAravicAra, pitR evaM patibhakti, viSNubhakti, adroha, paJca mahAyajJoM kA mAhAtmya, kanyAdAna kA mahatva, satyabhASaNa tathA lobhatyAga kA mahattva. devAlaya-nirmANa, pokharAkhudAnA, devapUjana kA mahattva, gaMgA, gaNeza evaM sUrya kI mahimA tathA unakI upAsanA ke phaloM kA mahatva, purANoM kI mahimA, bhagavannAma, dhyAna, prANAyAma Adi / sAhityika dRSTi se bhI isa purANa kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai| isameM anuSTap ke atirikta anya bar3ebar3e chanda bhI prayukta hue haiN| __'padmapurANa' ke kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM abhI taka koI nizcita mata prApta nahIM ho sakA hai aura isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / 'zrImadbhAgavata' kA ullekha, rAdhA ke nAma kI carcA, rAmAnujamata kA varNana Adi ke kAraNa yaha rAmAnuja kA paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| zrI azoka caiTarjI ke anusAra 'padmapurANa' meM rAdhA nAma kA ullekha zrI hitaharivaMza dvArA pravattita rAdhAvallabhI sampradAya kA prabhAva siddha karatA hai, jinakA samaya 1585 I0 hai; ataH isakA uttarakhaNDa 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA hai / [ de0 purANa buleTina bhAga 5 pR0 122-26 ] vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki 'svargakhaNDa' meM zakuntalA kI kathA mahAkavi kAlidAsa se prabhAvita hai tathA isa para 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'uttararAmacarita' kA bhI prabhAva hai, ataH isakA racanAkAla pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bAda kA hai| DaoN0 vinTaranitsa evaM DaoN. haradatta zarmA (padmapurANa eNDa kAlidAsa, kalakattA 1925 I0, kalakattA oriyanTala sirIja na0 17 ) ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne 'padmapurANa' ke AdhAra para hI 'abhijJAnazAkuntala' kI

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padAdUta ] ( 272 ) [papaprabhasUri racanA kI thI, na ki unakA 'papapurANa' para RNa hai| isa purANa ke racanAkAla evaM anya tathyoM ke anusandhAna kI abhI pUrNa guMjAiza hai, ataH isakA samaya adhika arvAcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| AdhAragrantha-1 prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1 khaNDa 2-DaoN. vinTaranitsa / 2 purANatattva-mImAMsA-zrIkRSNamaNi tripaatthii| 3 purANa-vimarza-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4 purANa buleTina-akhila bhAratIya, kAzirAja nyAsa / 5 payapurANa-veMkaTezvara presa, bmbii| 6 padmapurANa-(hindI anuvAda ) gItA presa, gorakhapura / 7 panapurANa-( hindI anuvAda sahita ) zrIrAma zarmA / 8 enziyanTa iNDiyana hisTArikala TreDIzana-pAjiTara / 9 purANaviSayAnukramaNikA-DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya / / padAGkadUta-isa dUtakAvya ke racayitA kRSNasArvabhauma haiN| inakA samaya vi. saM0 1780 hai| inakA nivAsasthAna zAntipura nAmaka sthAna (pazcima baMgAla ) thaa| inhoMne navadvIpa ke rAjA raghurAmarAya kI AjJA se 'padAdUta' kI racanA kI thii| kAvya ke anta meM granthakAra ne nimnAMkita zloka meM isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai| zAke sAyakavedaSoDazamite zrIkRSNazapiMyamAnandapradanandanandanapadadvandvAravindaM hRdi / cakre kRSNapadAdUtamakhilaM prItipradaM zRNvatAM dhIrazrIraghurAmarAyanRpaterAjJAM gRhItvAdarAt // 46 // isa kAvya meM zrIkRSNa ke eka padAGka ko dUta banAkara kisI gopI dvArA kRSNa ke pAsa sandeza bhejA gayA hai / prArambha meM zrIkRSNa ke caraNAMka kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai aura yamunA taTa se lekara mathurA taka ke mArga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM kula 46 chanda haiN| eka zloka zArdUlavikrIDita chanda kA hai tathA zeSa chanda mandAkrAntA ke haiN| gopI ke sandeza kA upasaMhAra ina zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai mUrkhA eva kSaNikamanizaM vizvamAhuna dhIrA. stApo'smAkaM harivirahajaH sarvadevAsti citte| nAntyaH zabdo vacanamapi yattAdRzaM tasya kintu premaivAsmapriyatamakRtaM tacca gopAGganAsu // 42 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / panaprabhasUri-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya vi. saM. 1924 ke AsapAsa hai| inhoMne 'bhuvana dIpaka' nAmaka jyotiSa-viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM kula 170 zloka haiM / isakI siMhatilakasUri ne vi. saM. 1362 meM 'vivRti' nAmaka TIkA likhI thii| isa grantha ke varNya viSaya haiM-rAzisvAmI, uccanIcatva, mitrazatru, rAhu kA gRha, ketusthAna, grahoM kA svarUpa, vinaSTagraha, rAjayogoM kA vivaraNa, lAbhAlAbhavicAra, lagneza kI sthiti kA phala, prazna ke dvArA garbha-vicAra tathA prasavajJAna, iSTakAlajJAna, yamavicAra, mRtyuyoga, cauryajJAna, Adi / inhoMne 'munisuvratacarita' 'kunthucarita' tathA 'pAzrvanAtha stavana' nAmaka granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| draSTavya-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii|

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parAzarasmRti ] ( 273 ) [ parAzara parAzarasmRti-- yaha parAzara dvArA racita smRti hai jo unake nAma se prasiddha hai / garuDapurANa meM ( adhyAya 107 ) 'parAzarasmRti' ke 39 zloka ke lie gae haiM jisase sant rataar kA patA calatA hai / kauTilya ne bhI parAzara ke mata kA 6 bAra ullekha kiyA hai / isakA prakAzana kaI sthAnoM se huA hai, para mAdhava kI TIkA ke sAtha bambaI saMskRtamAlA kA saMskaraNa adhika prAmANika hai / isameM bAraha adhyAya evaM 592 daloka haiN| isakI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai- 1 - parAzara dvArA RSiyoM ko dharmajJAna denA, yugadharma tathA cAro yugoM kA vividha dRSTikoNa se antarbheda, snAna, sandhyA, japa, homa, vaidika adhyayana, devapUjA, vaizvadeva tathA atithisatkAra, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra kI jIvikAvRtti ke sAdhana / 2 - gRhasthadharmaM / 3 - janma-maraNa se utpanna azuddhi kA pavitrI - karaNa / 4 - AtmahatyA, daridra, mukhaM yA rogI pati ko tyAgane para strI ko daNDa, strI kA punavavAha / pativratA nAriyoM ke puraskAra / 5- kuttA kATane para zuddhi / 6 - pazu-pakSiyoM, zUndoM, zilpakAroM, striyoM, vaizyoM tathA kSatriyoM ko mArane para zuddhikaraNa, pApI brAhmaNa evaM brAhmaNa-stuti / 7 - dhAtu, kASTha Adi ke bartanoM kI zuddhi, 8- mAsika dharma ke samaya nArI / 9 - gAya, baila ko mArane ke lie char3I kI moTAI / 10 - varjita nAriyoM se saMbhoga karane para cAndrAyaNa yA anya vrata se zuddhi / 11 - cANDAla se lekara khAne para zuddhi, khAdyAkhAdya ke niyama, 12 - duHsvapna dekhane, vamana karane, bAla banavAne Adi para pavitrIkaraNa, pA~ca snAna / AdhAragrantha - 1. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 ( hindI anuvAda ) DaoN0 pA0 bA0 kANe / 2. parAzara smRti - 'prakAza' hindI TIkA sahita - caukhambA prakAzana / parAzara - phalita jyotiSa ke prAcIna AcArya / inakI ekamAtra racanA 'bRhatpArAzarahorA' hai / parAzara kA samaya ajJAta hai, para vidvAnoM ne 'bRhatpArAzarahorA' ke adhyayana ke uparAnta yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki ye varAhamihira ke pUrvavartI the [ de0 varAhamihira ] | inakA samaya saMbhavataH 5 vIM zatI evaM pazcima bhArata rahA hogA / 'bRhatpArAzarahorA' 97 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - prahaguNasvarUpa, rAzisvarUpa, vizeSalagna, SoDazabagaM, rAzidRSTikathana, ariSTAdhyAya, ariSTabhaMga, bhAvavivecana dvAdazabhAva - phalanirdeza, grahasphuTa dRSTikathana, kAraka, kArakAMzaphala, vividhayoga, raviyoga, rAjayoga, drAridryayoga, AyurdAya, mArakayoga, dazAphala, vizeSanakSatradazAphala, kAlacakra, aSTakavarga, trikoNazodhana, piNDazodhana, razmiphala, naSTajAtaka, strIjAtaka, aMgalakSaNaphala, grahazAnti, azubhajanmanirUpaNa, aniSTayogazAnti Adi / parAzara ke nAma para aneka grantha prApta hote haiM, jaise 'parAzarasmRti' / kauTilya ne bhI parAzara kA nAma evaM unake mata kA chaha bAra ullekha kiyA hai| para vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki smRtikAra parAzara jyotivid parAzara se bhinna haiM / kaliyuga meM parAzara ke grantha kA adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai-- kalopArAzaraH smRtaH / 'bRhatpArAzarahorA' ke prArambha meM yaha zloka hai--athaikadAmunizreSThaM trikAlazaM parAkSaram / prapacchopetya maitreyaH praNipatya 18 saM0 sA0

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pavanadUta] ( 274 ) [pAcarAtra kRtAmbaliH // grantha ke anta meM kahA gayA hai-itthaM pArAzareNoktaM horAzAstracamatkRtam / navaM navajanaprItya vividhAdhyAya saMyutam / zreSThaM jagadvitAyedaM maitreyAya dijnmne| tataH pracaritaM pRthkhyAmAhRtaM sAdaraM janaiH // AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| pavanadUta-isa sandezakAvya ke racayitA mAdicandra sUri haiN| inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai / inake guru kA nAma zAntinAtha thaa| lekhaka digambara cana sampradAya ke bhakta the / inhoMne 'jJAnasUryodaya' nAmaka nATaka bhI likhA thaa| isa nATaka kA prakAzana jaina granthAvalI bambaI se ho cukA hai / isa kAvya kI racanA meSa. dUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai jisakI kathA kAlpanika hai / isameM kula 101 zloka haiM tathA mandAkrAntA chanda prayukta huA hai / isameM kavi ne vijayanareza nAmaka ujjayinI ke eka rAjA kA varNana kiyA hai jo apanI patnI ke pAsa pavana se sandeza bhejatA hai| vijayanareza kI patnI tArA ko azanivega nAmaka vidyAdhara hara kara le jAtA hai| rAnI ke viyoga meM duHkhita hokara rAjA pavana se usake pAsa sandeza bhejatA hai| pavana usakI priyA ke pAsa jAkara usakA sandeza detA hai aura azanivega kI sabhA meM jAkara tArA ko usake pati ko samarpita karane kI prArthanA karatA hai| vidyAdhara usakI bAta mAna kara tArA ko pavana ke hAtha meM de detA aura vaha apane pati ke pAsa A jAtI hai| isakA prakAzana (hindI anuvAda sahita ) hindI jana-sAhitya prasAraka kAryAlaya, bambaI se ho cukA hai| isa kAvya kI bhASA sarasa evaM sarala hai tathA usameM sarvatra pravAha vidyamAna hai| pavana ko dUta banAte samaya kavi kA kathana dekhie-putraH sItAM dazamukhahRtAM tAvako dUranApAM tatsandezaipita kuzalaH jIvayAmAsa vegAt / taki citraM tvakamiha pade saMsthitastAM ca paiJye prAyaH kArya laghujanakRtaM nAdhike citrakArI // 13 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / pAzcarAtra-Agama dhaiSNavAgama yA vaiSNavatantra ko 'pAcarAtra' kahA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata meM isake lie bhAgavatadharma, pAcarAtra, aikAntika, nArAyaNa, vAsudeva, vaiSNava tathA sAsvata Adi nAma Aye haiM-nUnamekAntadharmo'yaM zreSTho nArAyaNapriyaH // 4 // parasparAzAnyetAni pAMcarAtraM ca kathyate / eSa ekAntinAM dharmo nArAyaNaparAtmakaH // 82 // eSa te kathito dharmaH sAtvataH kurunandanaH // 84 // mahAbhArata, zAntipavaM adhyAya 348 / pAlcarAtra kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM adhika prAmANika sAdhana prApta nahIM hote| isakA sarvaprathama vivecana mahAbhArata ke 'nArAyaNIyopAkhyAna' (zAntiparva adhyAya. 335-346 ) meM prApta hotA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai. ki nAradamuni ne isa tantra ke tatva ko bhArata ke uttara meM sthita zveta dvIpa meM jAkara nArAyaNa RSi se prApta kiyA thA aura Ane para isakA pracAra kiyaa| isa prakAra nArAyaNa RSi hI pAcarAtra ke pravataMka siddha hote haiN| pAcarAtra kA saMbaMdha veda kI eka zAkhA 'ekAyana' ke sApa sthApita kara ise veda kA hI eka aMza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / ka-eSa ekAyano vedaH prakhyAtaH sarvato muvi / IzvarasaMhitA 143 kha-vedamekAyanaM nAma vedAnAM

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pAcarAtra ] ( 275 ) [pAcarAtra zirasi sthitam / tadarthakaM pAcarAtraM mokSadaM takriyAvatAm // praznasaMhitA ga-RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyemi vAkovAkyamekAyanam / chAndogya 7 / 12 utpalAcArya kI 'spandakArikA' (10 ma zatAbdI ) meM pAcarAtra ke tIna vibhAgoM ke nirdeza prApta hote haiM-pAcarAtra zruti, pAcarAtra upaniSad evaM pAcarAtrasaMhitA / pAJcarAtrazrutAvapi-yadvat sopAnena prAsAdamAvahet, plavanena vA nadI taret / tadvat zAstreNa hi bhagavAn zAstA avagantavyaH / spandakArikA pR0 2 / pAcarAtropaniSad ca-jJAtA ca jJeyazca vaktA ca bhoktA ca bhojyanca / vahI pR0 40 / ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para pAncarAtra mahAbhArata se prAcIna siddha hotA hai aura isakI sImA upaniSatkAla meM calI jAtI hai| pAcarAtraviSayaka vipula sAhitya prApta hotA hai jo atyanta prAcIna bhI hai| 'kapinjalasaMhitA' meM pAcarAtra saMhitAe~ 215 batalAyI gayI haiM jinameM agastasaMhitA, kAzyapasaMhitA, nAradIyasaMhitA, viSNurahasyasaMhitA mukhya haiM / abhI taka 13 saMhitAeM prakAzita haiM- ahirbudhnyasaMhitA, IzvarasaMhitA, kapinjala. saMhitA, parAzarasaMhitA, pAdmatantra, bRhat brahmasaMhitA, jayAkhyasaMhitA bhAradvAjasaMhitA, lakSmItantra, viSNutilaka, zrIpraznasaMhitA, viSNusaMhitA evaM saatvtsNhitaa| ahirbudhnyasaMhitA-isakA prakAzana aDyAra lAibrerI, madrAsa se huA hai| isameM ahirbudhnya dvArA tapasyA karane ke pazcAt saMkarSaNa se sudarzana svarUpa ke satyajJAna prApta karane kA varNana hai| IzvarasaMhitA-isakA prakAzana kaMjIvarama se.1923 I0 meM huA hai| isameM 24 adhyAya haiM aura 16 adhyAyoM meM pUjA kI vidhi kA varNana hai| zeSa adhyAyoM meM mUttiyoM ke vivaraNa, dIkSA, dhyAna, mantra, prAyazcitta, saMyama tathA yAdava giri kI pavitratA kA varNana hai / jayAkhyasaMhitA kA prakAzana gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja saMkhyA 45 se ho cukA hai / parAzarasaMhitA-isameM Izvara ke nAma-japa kI vidhi dI gayI hai| pAlcarAtra' nAma ke bhI kaI kAraNa prastuta kiye jAte haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM (13361) 'pAlcarAtrasatra' kA varNana hai jise samasta prANiyoM para Adhipatya jamAne ke lie nArAyaNa ko pAMca dinoM taka karanA par3A thaa| 'mahAbhArata' meM kahA gayA hai ki veda evaM sAMkhyayoga ke samAveza hone ke kAraNa isa mata kA nAma pAcarAtra par3A hai| IzvarasaMhitA ke anusAra pAMca RSiyoM-zANDilya, aupagAyana, mojAyana, kauzika evaM bhAradvAja ne milakara isakA upadeza pAMca rAtoM meM diyA thA isalie yaha pAcarAtra khlaayaa| padmasaMsitA ke anusAra anya pAMca zAstroM ke isake samakSa rAtri ke samAna malina par3a jAne ke kAraNa isakI abhidhA pAcarAtra hai / sAMkhyaM yogaM pAcarAtraM vedAH pAzupataM tathA / AtmapramANAnyetAni na hantadhyAni hetubhiH // zrIbhASya 2 / 2 / 42 'nArada. pAcarAtra ke anusAra pAMca viSayoM kA vivecana hone ke kAraNa ise pAcarAtra kahate haiM / ve pAMca tatva haiM-paramatatva, mukti, mukti, yoga evaM viSaya / rAtraca jJAnavacanaM zAnaM pancavidhaM smRtam-nAradapAlcarAtra 1144 / pAcarAtra meM parabrahma ko advitIya, duHkharahita, niHsImasukhAnubhavalpa, anAdi evaM ananta mAnA gayA hai jo samasta prANiyoM meM nivAsa karane vAlA tathA sampUrNa jagat meM

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( 276 ) [pANini vyApta hokara sthira rahane vAlA hai / vaha niravadya evaM nirvikAra hotA hai tathA deza, kAla evaM AkAra se rahita hone ke kAraNa pUrNa, nitya evaM vyApaka hotA hai| vaha bhagavAna, vAsudeva aura paramAtmA ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| pADaguNya yoga ke kAraNa use bhagavAn, samasta bhUtoM meM nivAsa karane ke kAraNa vAsudeva tathA sabhI AtmAoM meM zreSTha hone ke kAraNa paramAtmA kahate haiN| pAJcarAtra meM parabrahma saguNa evaM nirguNa donoM hI rUpoM meM svIkRta hai| vaha na to bhUta hai aura na bhaviSya aura na vattaMmAna hii| sarvadvandvavimimuktaM sarvopAdhivivarjitam / SADaguNyaM tat paraM brahma sarvakAraNakAraNam // ahi0 saM0 2053 parabrahma ke chaha guNa haiM-jJAna, zakti, aizvarya, bala, vIyaM tathA teja / bhagavAn kI zakti ko lakSmI kahate haiN| donoM kA sambandha ApAtataH advaita pratIti kA mAnA jAtA hai, para vastutaH donoM meM advaita nahIM hotaa| bhagavAn saMsAra ke maMgala ke lie apane ko cAra rUpoM meM prakaTa karate haiM-vyUha, vibhava, arcAvatAra evaM antaryAmI / saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha bhagavAna ke tIna rUpa haiN| saMkarSaNa meM jJAna evaM bala kI pradhAnatA hotI to pradyumna meM aizvayaM evaM vIrya kA prAdhAnya hotA hai tathA aniruddha meM zakti aura teja vidyamAna rahate haiN| saMkarSaNa jagat kI sRSTi kara pAcarAtra kA upadeza dete haiM / pradyumna pAlcarAtra-sammata kriyA kI zikSA dete haiM aura aniruddha mokSa-tatva kI zikSA pradAna karate haiN| vibhava avatAra ko kahate haiM jinakI saMkhyA 39 mAnI gayI hai| vibhava ke do prakAra haiM-mukhya aura gaunn| mukti ke nimitta 'mukhya' kI upAsanA hotI hai aura 'gauNa' kI pUjA kA uddezya 'mukti' hai| arcAvatAra bhagavAna kI mUrti kI pUjA ko kahate haiM / bhagavAn kA samasta prANiyoM ke hRtpuNDarIka meM nivAsa karanA hI antaryAmI rUpa hai| isa saMsAra ko bhagavAn kI lIlA kA vilAsa mAnA gayA hai aura unakI saMkalpa-zakti ko sudarzana kahate haiM jo ananta rUpa hone para bhI pAMca prakAra kA hai| sudarzana kI pAMca zaktiyA~ haiM-utpatti, sthiti evaM vinAzakAriNI zakti, nigraha tathA anugraha / jIvoM kI dIna-hIna avasthA ko dekha kara bhagavAn una para karuNA kI varSA karate haiN| isI sthiti meM jIva vairAgya tathA viveka kI ora agrasara hokara mokSa kI prApti karatA hai / pAcarAtra kA pradhAna sAdhana bhakti mAnI gayI hai| zaraNAgati ke dvArA hI bhagavAn kI anugrahaNa. zakti uddIpta hotI hai| zaraNAgati 6 prakAra kI hai-AnukUlyasaMkalpa, prAtikUlyavarjana, rakSiSyatIti vizvAsaH, goptRtvavaraNaM, AtmanikSepa evaM kArpaNya / bhakta ko 'paJcakAlajJa' kahA jAtA hai| vaha apane samaya ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara bhagavAna kI ArAdhanA yA pUjA karatA rahatA hai| upAsanA ke dvArA hI bhakta 'mokSa' kI prApti karatA hai aura bhagavAn meM milakara tadAkAra ho jAtA hai| isase use saMsAra meM punaH nahIM AnA pdd'taa| mukti ko 'brahmAbhAvApati' bhI kahate haiN| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / pANini-ye saMskRta ke vizvavikhyAta vaiyAkaraNa haiM, jinhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' nAmaka advitIya vyAkaraNa-grantha kI racanA kI hai [ de0 aSTAdhyAyI] / pAzcAtya evaM anya Adhunika bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke anusAra inakA samaya I0 pU0 700 varSa hai kintu paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra pANini vi0 pU0 2900 varSa meM hue the / adyAvadhi inakA

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pANini ] ( 277 ) [pANini jIvanavRtta tamasAvRta hai| prAcIna granthoM meM inake kaI nAma upalabdha hote haiM-pANina, pANini, dAkSIputra, zAlaGki, zAlAturIya tathA Ahika / ina nAmoM ke atirikta pANineya tathA paNiputra nAmaka anya do nAma bhI prApta hote haiN| puruSottamadeva kRta 'trikANDazeSa' nAmaka koSa-grantha meM sabhI nAma ullikhita haiM-pANinistvAhiko dAkSIputraH zAlaGkipANinI / shaalotriiyH......| sAlAturIyako dAkSIputraH pANinirAhikaH / vaijayantI pR0 95 dAkSIputraH pANineyo yedenaM vyAhRtaM bhuvi-pANinIyazikSA-yajuS pATha pR0 38 / __kAtyAyana evaM patanjali ne pANini nAma kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| patajali kI eka kArikA meM pANini ke lie dAkSIputra kA bhI prayoga hai| dAkSIputrasya pANineH, mahAbhASya 1 / 1 / 20 pANina nAma kA ujhekha 'kAzikA' evaM 'cAndra. vRtti' meM prApta hotA hai-pANinopajJamakAlakaM vyAkaraNam / pANino bhaktirasya pANinIyaH, kAzikA 4 / 3 / 39 dAkSIputra nAma kA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' samudraguptakRta 'kRSNacarita' evaM zlokAtmaka 'pANinIyazikSA' meM hai| zAlAturIya nAma kA nirdeza bhAmahakRta 'kAvyAlaGkAra', 'kAzikA vivaraNapanjikA', 'nyAsa' tathA 'guNaratnamahodadhi' meM prApta hotA hai| zAlAturIyastatrabhavAn pANiniH / guNaralamahodadhi pR0 1 / vaMza evaM sthAna-50 zivadatta zarmA ne 'mahAbhASya' kI bhUmikA meM pANini ke pitA kA nAma zalaGka evaM unakA pitRvyapadezaja nAma zAlaGgi svIkAra kiyA hai| zAlAtura aTaka ke nikaTa eka grAma thA jo lAhura kahA jAtA hai, pANini ko vahIM kA rahane vAla batAyA jAtA hai| vebara ke anusAra pANini udIcya deza ke nivAsI the kyoMki zAlaMkiyoM kA sambandha vAhIka deza se thA / zyUAG cuAG ke anusAra pANini gAndhAra deza ke nivAsI the| inakA nivAsasthAna zAlAtura gAndhAra deza ( aphagAnistAna ) meM hI sthita thA jisake kAraNa ye zAlAturIya kahe jAte the| mAM kA nAma dAmI hone ke kAraNa ye dAkSIputra kahe jAte haiN| kucha vidvAn inheM kauzAmbI yA prayAga kA nivAsI mAnane ke pakSa meM haiM kintu adhikAMza mata zAlAtura kA hI poSaka hai| pANini ke guru kA nAma varSa tathA unake ( varSa ke ) bhAI kA nAma upavarSa, pANini ke bhAI kA nAma piMgala evaM unake ziSya kA nAma kautsa milatA hai| 'skandapurANa' ke anusAra pANini ne go parvata para tapasyA kI jisase unheM vaiyAkaraNoM meM mahattva prApta huaa| gopavaMtamiti sthAnaM zambhoH prakhyAyitaM purA / yatra pANininAlebhe vaiyAkaraNikAgratA // aruNAcala mAhAtmya, uttarArdha 2068 / mRtyu-'paJcatantra' ke eka zloka meM pANini, jaimini tathA piGgala ke mRtyu-kAraNa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki pANini siMha dvArA mAre gae the| pancatantra, mitrasaMprApti zloka 36 / eka kiMvadantI ke anusAra inakI mRtyu trayodazI ko huI, ataH abhI bhI vaiyAkaraNa ukta divasa ko anadhyAya karate haiN| pANini ke grantha'mahAbhASya pradIpikA' se jJAta hotA hai ki pANini ne 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke atirikta 'dhAtupATha', 'gaNapATha', uNAdisUtra, 'liGgAnuzAsana' kI racanA kI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki pANini ne 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke sUtrArthaparijJAna ke lie vRtti likhI thI, kintu vaha anupalabdha hai; para usakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' evaM 'kAzikA' meM hai / zikSAsUtra-pANini ne. zabdoccAraNa

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pANini ] ( 278 ) [pANini ke jJAna ke lie zikSAsUtra' kI racanA kI thI jisake aneka sUtra vibhinna vyAkaraNa granthoM meM upalabdha hote haiM / pANini ke mUla 'zikSAsUtra' kA uddhAra svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne kiyA tathA isakA prakAzana 'varNoccAraNazikSA' nAma se saM0 1936 meM kiyaa| jAmbavatIvijaya yA pAtAlavijaya-vaiyAkaraNoM kI pracalita dantakathA ke anusAra pANini ne 'pAtAlavijaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA thA jisake katipaya zloka lamabhaga 26 granthoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| rAjazekhara, kSemendra tathA zaraNadeva ne bhI ukta mahAkAvya kA ullekha karate hue isakA racayitA pANini ko hI mAnA hai| inake dvArA racita anya kAvya-grantha 'pArvatI-pariNaya' bhI kahA jAtA hai| rAjazekhara ne vaiyAkaraNa pANini ko kavi pANini (jAmbavatI ke praNetA) se abhinna mAnA hai| kSemendra ne apane 'suvRttatilaka' nAmaka grantha meM sabhI kaviyoM ke chandoM kI prazaMsA karate hue pANini ke 'jAti' chanda kI bhI prazaMsA kI hai-namaH pANinaye tasmai yasmAdAvirabhUdiha / AdI vyAkaraNaM, kAvyamanu jAmbavatI jayam / katipaya pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAn; jaise pITasana evaM bhaNDArakara kavi evaM vaiyAkaraNa pANini ko abhinna nahIM maante| inake anusAra zuSka vaiyAkaraNa pANini, aise sarasa evaM alaMkRta zloka kI racanA nahIM kara sktaa| sAtha hI isa grantha ke zlokoM meM bahuta se aise prayoga haiM jo pANini-vyAkaraNa se siddha nahIM hote arthAt ve apANinIya yA azuddha haiN| para rudraTakata 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ke TIkAkAra namisAdhu ke isa kathana se yaha bAta nirmUla siddha ho jAtI hai| unake anusAra pANinikRta 'pAtAlavijaya' mahAkAvya meM 'sandhyAbadhU gRhmakareNabhAnuH' meM 'gRhya' zabda pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke mata se azuddha hai| unakA kahanA hai ki mahAkavi bhI apazabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM aura usI ke udAharaNa meM pANini kA zloka prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN0 oNphekTa tathA DaoN. pizela ne pANini ko na kevala zuSka vaiyAkaraNa apitu sukumAra hRdaya kavi bhI mAnA hai| ataH inake kavi hone meM sandeha kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| zrIdharadAsakRta 'saduktikarNAmRta' (saM0 1200 ) meM subandhu, raghukAra (kAlidAsa ), harizcandra, zUra, bhAravi tathA bhavabhUti aise kaviyoM ke sAtha dAkSIputra kA bhI nAma AyA hai, jo pANini kA ho paryAya hai| subaMdho bhaktinaH ka iha raghukAre na ramate dhRtirdAkSIputre harati harizcandro'pi hRdayam / vizuddhoktiH zUraH prakRtimadhurA bhAravi girastathApyantarmodaM kamapi bhavabhUtivitanute // mahArAja samudragupta racita 'kRSNacarita' nAmaka kAvya meM 10 muniyoM kA varNana hai kintu usake prArambhika 12 zloka khaNDita haiN| Age ke zlokoM se jJAta hotA hai ki pUrva zlokoM meM pANini kA bhI varNana huA hogaa| vararuci yA kAtyAyana ke prasaMga meM nimnAMkita zloka diyA gayA hai jisameM batAyA gayA hai ki vararuci ne pANini ke vyAkaraNa evaM kAvya donoM kA hI anukaraNa kiyA thaa| na kevalaM vyAkaraNaM pupoSa daakssiisutsyeritvaatikaiyH| kAvye'pibhUyo'nucakAra taM vai kAtyAyano'sau kavi kamaMdakSaH // 'jAmbavatIvijaya' meM zrIkRSNa dvArA pAtAla meM jAkara jAmbavatI se vivAha evaM usake pitA para vijaya prApta karane kI kayA hai| purghaTavRttikAra zaraNadeva ne 'jAmbavatIvijaya ke 183 saMga kA eka ubaraNa apane grantha meM diyA hai, jisase vidita hotA hai ki usameM kama se

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pANini ] ( 279 ) [ pANini kama 18 sagaM avazya hoMge / tvayA sahAjitaM yacca yacca saMkhyaM purAtanam / cirAyacetasi purustaruNIkRtamadyate // ityaSTAdaze / durghaTa vRtti 4 / 3 / 23, pR0 82 / pANini ke zloka atyanta sarasa evaM kAvya ke ucca guNa se sampanna haiN| nirIkSya vidyutrayanaiH payodo mukha nizAyAmabhisArikAyAH / dhArAnipAtaiH saha kinnu vAntazcandro'yamityAtaMtaraM rarAsa // bijalI rUpI netra se, rAtri ke samaya abhisArikAoM ko dekha kara bAdala ko yaha sandeha huA ki hamArI dhArA sampAta se kyA candramA to pRthvI para nahIM gira gayA hai| aisA soca kara hI bAdala garjanA karate hue ro rahe haiM / pANini kA samaya - - inake kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / DaoN0 pITarsana ke anusAra aSTAdhyAyIkAra pANini evaM vallabhadeva kI 'subhASitAvalI' ke kavi pANini eka haiM aura inakA samaya IsvI san kA prArambhika bhAga hai / vebara evaM maiksamUlara ne vaiyAkaraNa evaM kavi pANini ko eka mAnate hue inakA samaya IsA pUrva 500 varSa mAnA hai / DaoN0 oTobothalaka ne 'kathAsaritsAgara' ke AdhAra para pANini kA samaya 350 I0 pU0 nizcita kiyA hai, para golDasTrakara evaM DaoN0 rAmakRSNa bhaMDArakara ke anusAra inakA samaya 700 I0 pUrva hai / DaoN0 belavalkara ne inakA samaya 700 se 600 I0 nirdhArita kiyA hai aura DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla pANini kA samaya 500 I0 pU0 mAnate haiM / ina saboM ke viparIta paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka kA kahanA hai ki pANini kA AvirbhAva vi0 pU0 2900 varSa huA thA / maiksamUlara ne apane kAla-nirNaya kA AdhAra 'aSTAdhyAyI' ( 5 / 1 / 18 ) meM ullikhita sUtrakAra zabda ko mAnA hai jo isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki pANini ke pUrva hI sUtragranthoM kI racanA ho cukI thI / maiksamUlara ne sUtrakAla ko 600 I0 pU0 se 200 I0 pU0 taka mAnA hai, kintu unakA kAla-vibhAjana mAnya nahIM hai / ve pANini aura kAtyAyana ko samakAlIna mAna kara, pANini kA kAla 350 I0 pU0 svIkAra karate haiM kyoMki kAtyAyana kA bhI yahI samaya hai / golDasTrakara ne batAyA hai ki pANini kevala 'Rgveda', 'sAmaveda' ora 'yajurveda' se hI paricita the, para AraNyaka upaniSad, prAtizAkhya, vAjasaneyIsaMhitA, zatapatha brAhmaNa, atharvaveda tathA darzana granthoM se ve aparicita the / kintu DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne isa mata kA khaNDana kara diyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki 'spaSTa hI yaha mata usa vivecana ke bAda jo pANinIya sAhitya ke viSaya meM hamane kiyA hai, grAhya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / pANini ko vaidika sAhitya ke kitane aMza kA paricaya thA, isa viSaya meM vistRta adhyayana ke AdhAra para thIme kA niSkarSa hai ki Rgveda, maitrAyaNIsaMhitA, kAThakasaMhitA, taittirIya saMhitA, atharvaveda, saMbhavataH sAmaveda, Rgveda ke padapATha aura paippalAda zAkhA kA bhI pANini ko paricaya thA, arthAt yaha saba sAhitya unase pUrva yuga meM nirmita ho cukA thA ( dhIme, pANini aura veda, 1935 pR0 63 ) / isa saMbaMdha meM mArmika udAharaNa diyA jA sakatA hai / golDasTrakara ne yaha mAnA thA ki pANini ko upaniSat sAhitya kA paricaya nahIM thA, ataeva unakA samaya upaniSadoM kI racanA ke pUrva honA caahie| yaha kathana sArahIna hai, kyoMki sUtra 114179 meM pANini ne upaniSat zabda kA prayoga aise artha meM kiyA hai, jisake vikAsa ke lie

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pANini] ( 280 ) [pArthasArathi mizra upaniSad yuga ke bAda bhI kaI zatI kA samaya apekSita thA / kItha ne isI sUtra ke AdhAra para pANini ko upaniSadoM ke paricaya kI bAta prAmANika mAnI thI / tathya to yaha hai ki pANinikAlIna sAhitya kI paridhi vaidika granthoM se kahIM Age bar3ha cukI thii|' pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa pR0 469 / pANini ke samaya-nirNaya para abhI samyak anusaMdhAna apekSita hai| unake kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM adyAvadhi jitanI zodha ho cukI hai usake AdhAra para unakA kAla IsA pUrva 700 varSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / __pANinikRta 'aSTAdhyAyI' bhAratIya janajIvana evaM tatkAlIna sAMskRtika pariveza ko samajhane ke lie svaccha darpaNa hai / isameM anekAneka aise zabdoM kA suguMphana hai jinameM usa yuga ke sAMskRtika jIvana ke citra kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / tatkAlIna bhUgola, sAmAjika jIvana, Arthika avasthA, zikSA aura vidyAsambandhI jIvana, rAjanaitika aura dhArmika jIvana, dArzanika-cintana, rahana-sahana, vezabhUSA, khAna-pAna kA samyak citra 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM surakSita hai jisake pratyeka sUtra meM vigata bhAratIya jIvana kI sAMskRtika nidhi kA udghoSa sunAI par3atA hai / AdhAragrantha-1. hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-DaoN0 ena0 ena0 dAsagupta evaM DaoN0 esa0 ke0 De / 2. di riporTa oNpha saMskRta manaskripTsa-pITasaMna / 3. pANinija ameTika-bolika / 4. pANini-hija plesa ina saMskRta liTarecara-golDasTUkara / 5. sTaDIja oNna pANinIja grAmara-phaiDaragana / 6. sisTimsa oNpha saMskRta grAmaravelavelakara / 7. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, 2, paM0 yudhiSThira, miimaaNsk| 8 pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 9. pANini-DaoN. vAsu. devazaraNa agravAla / 10. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kItha ( hindI anuvaad)| 11. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 12. saMskRta sukavisamIkSA-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 13. patanjalikAlIna bhArata-DaoN0 prabhudayAla amihotrii| 14. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA saMkSipta itihAsa-paM0 rAmAkAnta mizra / 15. di sTrakcara oNpha aSTAdhyAyI-phaiDaragana / 16. pANini vyAkaraNa anuzIlanama0 rAmAzaMkara bhaTTAcArya / 17. iNDiyA ina pANini-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / pArthasArathi mizra-mImAMsA-darzana ke bhATTamata ke AcAryoM meM pArthasArathi mizra kA sthAna hai [ 30 mImAMsA-darzana ] / inake pitA kA nAma yajJAtmA thaa| ye mithilA nivAsI the tathA inakA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne apanI racanAoM ke dvArA bhaTTa-paramparA ko adhika mahattva evaM sthAyitva pradAna kiyaa| mImAMsA-darzana para inakI cAra racanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinameM do TIkAe~ evaM do maulika racanAeM haiN| tantraratna, nyAyaratnAkara, nyAyaratnamAlA evaM zAstradIpikA / taMtraratna kumArila bhaTTa prasiddha mImAMsaka [ de0 kumArila ] racita TupTIkA nAmaka grantha kI TIkA hai / 'nyAyaratnAkara' bhI kumArilabhaTTa kI racanA zlokavArtika kI TIkA hai| 'nyAyaratnamAlA' inakI maulika racanA hai jisameM svataHprAmANya evaM vyApti prabhRti sAta viSayoM kA vivecana hai| isa para rAmAnujAcArya ne (17vIM zatAbdI) 'nANakarala' nAmaka vyAkhyA anya kI racanA kI

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pArijAtaharaNa] [pArijAtaharaNa pampU hai| zAstradIpikA-yaha grantha mImAMsA-darzana kI svatantra racanA hai| yaha pArthasArathi mizra kI sarvAdhika praur3ha kRti hai jisake kAraNa inheM 'mImAMsA kesarI' kI upAdhi prApta huI thii| isameM bauda, nyAya, jaina, vaizeSika, advaita vedAnta tathA prabhAkaramata [ mImAMsaka darzana kA eka siddhAnta de0 mImAMsA-darzana ] kA vidvattApUrNa khaNDana kara AtmavAda, mokSavAda, sRSTi tathA Izvara prabhRti viSayoM kA vivecana hai / isa para 14 TIkAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| somanAtha tathA appayadIkSita kI 'mayUkhamAlikA' evaM 'mayUkhAvali' nAmaka TIkAeM prasiddha haiN| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. mImAMsA-darzanapaM0 maMDana mishr| pArijAtaharaNa-maha solahavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi karNapUra dvArA racita mahA. kAvya hai| isakI racanA. 'harivaMzapurANa' kI kathA 'pArijAtaharaNa' ke AdhAra para huI hai| kathA isa prakAra hai-ekabAra nArada ne pArijAtapuSpa kRSNa ko upahAra ke rUpa meM diyA jise zrIkRSNa ne AdarapUrvaka rukmiNI ko samarpita kiyaa| isa para satyabhAmA ko roSa huA aura zrIkRSNa ne unheM pArijAta-vRkSa dene kA vacana diyaa| unhoMne indra ke pAsa yaha samAcAra bhejA para ve pArijAta dene ko taiyAra na hue| isa para zrIkRSNa ne pradyumna, sAtyaki evaM satyabhAmA ke sAtha garur3a para car3hakara indra para car3hAI kara dI aura unheM parAjita kara pArijAta-vRkSa le liyaa| isakI bhASA sarala evaM lokapriya hai| isameM sAre bhArata kA varNana kara kavi ne sAMskRtika ekatA kA paricaya diyA hai / yo vibharti bhuvanAni nitAntaM zeSatAmupagato gurusaarH| taM rasAtalanivAsinamIzaM sAdaraM natahazaH praNamAmaH / 1549 / [isakA prakAzana mithilA saskRta vidyApITha, darabhaMgA se1956 I0 meM huA hai| pArijAtaharaNa campU-isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA kA nAma zeSakRSNa hai jo solahavIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM hue the| isameM zrIkRSNa dvArA pArijAta-haraNa kI kathA kA varNana hai jo 'harivaMzapurANa' kI tadviSayaka kathA para Azrita hai| zeSakRSNa narasiMha sUri ke putra the| kavi ne isa pustaka kA praNayana mahArAjAdhirAja narottama kA Adeza prApta kara kiyA thaa| isa campU-kAvya meM 5 stabaka haiM aura pradhAna rasa zrRMgAra hai tathA antima stabaka meM yuddha kA varNana hai| nArada muni zrIkRSNa ke pAsa Akara unheM pArijAta kA puSpa dete haiM jise zrIkRSNa rukmiNI ko bheMTa karate haiN| isa ghaTanA se satyabhAmA ko IrSyA hotI hai aura ve zrIkRSNa se mAna karatI haiN| zrIkRSNa nArada dvArA indra ke pAsa pArijAta-puSpa pradAna karane kA sandeza dete haiM, para indra ise asvIkAra kara dete haiN| antataH yAdavoM dvArA pArijAta-puSpa kA apaharaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura satyabhAmA prasanna ho jAtI haiN| yahI isa campU kI kathA hai| isameM kavi ne mAna evaM viraha kA bar3A hI AkarSaka varNana kiyA hai| satyabhAmA ke saukumArya kA atizayoktipUrNa citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai| kiM khidyase malayajaimalayAnilA kiM vA mRnnaalvlyainNliniidlaa| saMzI. litApi manu zItalasaMvidhAna hA hanta hanta hRdayaM mama dandahISi // 160 / isakA prakAzana

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pAzrvAbhyudaya ] (282 ) [purANa kAvyamAlA bambaI se 1926 I0 meM huA thaa| isakI bhASA madhura anuprAsamayI evaM prasAdaguNa-yukta hai tathA bhAvAnurUpa bhASA kA sundara citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| .. AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika vivecana-DaoN. chabinAtha tripaatthii| pAbhyuidaya-yaha saMskRta kA sandeza-kAvya hai jisake racayitA haiM jinasenAcArya / inakA samaya vi0 kA navama zataka hai| isa kAvya kI racanA rASTrakUTavaMzIya rAjA amoghavarSa prathama ke zAsana kAla meM huI thii| rAjA amoghavarSa jinasena ko ati sammAna dete the| jinasena ke guru kA nAma vIrasena thaa| kAvya ke anta meM kavi ne isa tathya kI svIkArokti kI hai-itiviracitametatkAvyamAveSTya meghaM bahuguNamapadoSaM kAlidAsasya kAvyam / malinitaparakAvyaM tiSThatAdAzazAMkam bhuvanamavatu devaH sarvadA moghavarSaH // zrI vIrasenabhunipAda payojabhuMgaH zrImAnbhUdvinayasenamunigarIyAn / taccoditena jinasena munIzvareNa kAvyaM vyadhAyi pariveSTita meghadUtam // isa kAvya kI racanA meghadUta ke padoM ko grahaNa kara samasyApUtti ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai| kavi ne (mandAkrAntA chanda kI ) do paMktiyAM meghadUta kI lI haiM aura do paMktiyAM apanI ora se likhI haiM / yaha kAvya cAra sagoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM kramazaH 118, 118, 57 evaM 71 zloka haiN| caturtha sarga ke anta ke pAMca zloka mAlinI chanda meM nirmita haiM aura chaThAM zloka vasantatilakA vRtta meM hai / zeSa sabhI chanda mandAkrAntA vRta meM haiN| isameM kavi ne pAzvanAtha kA ( jaina tIrthakara ) kA caritra varNita kiyA hai para samasyApUrti ke kAraNa kathAnaka zithila ho gayA hai| samasyApUrti ke rUpa meM likhita hone para bhI yaha kAvya kalAtmaka vaibhava evaM bhAvasaundayaM kI dRSTi se uccakoTi kA hai| yatra-tatra kAlidAsa ke mUlabhAvoM ko sundara DhaMga se pallavita kiyA gayA hai| jaijaiNaiiH kusuma-dhanuSo dUrapAtairamodhaimarmAvidvibha dRDhaparicitabhrUdhanuryaSTi mukteH| , AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / pitAmahasmRti-isa smRti ke racayitA pitAmaha haiN| vizvarUpa ne pitAmaha ko dharmavaktAoM meM sthAna diyA hai tathA 'pitAmahasmRti' ke uddharaNa 'mitAkSarA' meM bhI prApta hote haiM / pitAmaha ne bRhaspati kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH inakA samaya 400 I0 ke AsapAsa par3atA hai| (DaoN. kANe ke anusAra ) 'pitAmahasmRti' meM veda, vedAGga, mImAMsA, smRti, purANa evaM nyAya ko bhI dharmazAstra meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| 'smRticandrikA' meM 'pitAmahasmRti' ke vyavahAra-viSayaka 22 zloka prApta hote haiM / pitAmaha ne nyAyAlaya meM ATha karaNoM kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hai-lipika, gaNaka, zAstra, sAdhyapAla, sabhAsada, sonA, agni tathA jala / "pitAmahasmRti' meM vyavahAra kA vizeSarUpa se varNana kiyA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (bhAga 1)-DaoN0 pI0 kANe (hindI anuvaad)| purANa-saMskRta sAhitya ke aise grantha jinameM itihAsa, kAvya evaM purAtatva kA saMmizraNa hai tathA unakI saMkhyA 18 mAnI gayI hai| purANa bhAratIya saMskRti kI AdhArazilA haiM athavA inheM bhAratIya saMskRti kA merudaNDa kahA jA sakatA hai / unameM bhAratIya sRSTikrama-vyavasthA, pralaya, vaMzAnucarita ke atirikta prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola,

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purANa] ( 283 ) [purANa rIti-nIti tathA rAjanIti kA bhI upabRMhaNa kiyA gayA hai / purANa zabda kI vyutpattiati prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM-pANini, yAska Adi ne purANa kI vyutpatti prastuta kI hai| pANini ke anusAra 'purA + nI+Da' ina tInoM ke milane se purANa zabda niSpanna hotA hai / 'purA avyayapUrvaka NIm prApaNe dhAtu se 'Da' pratyaya karane ke bAda Tilopa aura Natva kArya karane para purANa zabda siddha hotA hai|' purANa tattva-mImAMsA pR0 38 / pANini ne purAtana zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra hI hai-'purAbhavam' ( prAcIna kAla meM hone vAlA ) isa artha meM 'sAyaM ciraM prAha-prAge'vyayebhyaSTyuTyulI tuTa ca' (pANini sUtra 4 / 3 / 23 ) isa sUtra se 'purA' zabda se 'Tyu' pratyaya karane tathA 'tuT' ke Agamana hone para purAtana zabda niSpanna hotA hai, parantu pANini ne hI apane do sUtroM- 'pUrvakAlaika savaMjaratapurANa nava kevalAH samAnAdhikaraNena' (201149) tathA purANa prokteSu brAhmaNa kalyeSu ( 4|3|105)-meN purANa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai jisase tuDAgama kA abhAvanipAtanAt siddha hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki pANini kI prakriyA ke anusAra 'purA' zabda se 'Tyu' pratya avazya hotA hai parantu niyamaprApta 'tuTa' kA Agama nahIM hotaa| purANa-vimarza pR0 1 / purANa zabda atyanta prAcIna hai| isakA ullekha Rgveda ke aneka sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai jisakA artha vizeSaNarUpa meM haiprAcIna yA pUrvakAla meM hone vaalaa| maharSi yAska ne nirukta meM purANa zabda kA nirvacana karate hue batAyA ki jo prAcIna hokara bhI navIna ho use purANa karate haiMpurANaM kasmAt 2 punAnavaM bhavati 3 / 19 / 24 / gItA meM bhagavAn bhI purANa puruSa kahe gae haiM-'kavipurANamanuzAsitAram / ' svayaM purANoM ne bhI purANa zabda kI vyutpatti dI hai| vAyupurANa ke anusAra jo prAcIna kAla meM jIvita hoM use purANa kahate haiN| padmapurANa meM ( 522153 ) prAcInatA kI kAmanA karane vAle ko purANa kahA gayA hai| yasmAt purA hyanatIdaM purANaM tena tat smRtam / niruktamasya yo veda sarva pApaiH pramucyate / / vAyupurANa 1 / 203 / prAcIna saMskRta vAGmaya meM purANa zabda ke aneka paryAya upalabdha hote haiM-pratana, pratna, purAtana, cirantana Adi / para 'purANa' zabda bhAgavatAdi purANoM ke lie rUr3ha ho gayA hai| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM 'purANa-itihAsa' zabda purANoM ke lie kAlAntara meM pracalita ho gayA aura purANa itihAsa kA dyotaka huaa| itihAsa ke sAtha purANa kA ghaniSTha sambandha hone se prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM bhI donoM kA mizrita rUpa prayukta huA hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM itihAsa-purANa ko pancama veda kahA gayA hai tathA yAska ke anusAra Rgveda meM bhI trividha brahma ke antargata 'itihAsa-mizra' mantra Aye haiM / RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyemi yajurvedaM sAmavedamAtharvaNamitihAsapurANaM paJcamaM vedAnAM vedam / chAndogya 71 // tritaM kUpe'vahitametat sUktaM pratibabhau / tatra brahmetihAsa-mizramRmizragAthAmizraM bhavati // nirukta 4 / 6 / itihAsa-purANa yaha saMyukta nAma upaniSad yuga taka Akara prasiddhi prApta kara gayA thaa| yAska ke nirukta' meM bhI RcAoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke samaya brAhmaNagranthoM kI kathAe~ tihAsa ke nAma se udhRta hai evaM unheM 'iti

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purANa ] ( 284) [purANa hAsamAcakSate' kahA gayA hai| prAcIna graMthoM meM itihAma kA bhI svatantrarUpa se prayoga huA hai jahAM isakA artha hai 'prAcInakAla meM nizcitarUpa se ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanA kA' / nidAnabhUtaH iti ha evamAsIt iti ya ucyate sa itihAsaH, nirukta 2 / 3 / 1 durgAcArya kI vRtti / samayAntara se purANoM meM itihAsa zabda itivRtta kA vAcaka hotA gayA aura kAlpanika kathA ke lie purANa evaM vAstavika ghaTanA ke lie itihAsa zabda kA vyavahAra hone lagA tathA isa prakAra donoM ke artha-bheda kI sImA bA~dha dI gii| rAjazekhara ne itihAsa ke do prakAra mAna kara ise parikriyA evaM purAkalpa kahA hai| parikriyA meM eka nAyaka kI kathA hotI hai aura purAkalpa meM adhika nAyakoM kI kathA kA varNana hotA hai / isa dRSTi se 'rAmAyaNa' ko purAkalpa evaM 'mahAbhArata' ko parikriyA kahA gyaa| Age calakara purANa zabda kA itanA artha-vistAra huA ki usameM na kevala itihAsa apitu una sabhI vAGmayoM kA samAveza ho gayA jo mAnava jAti ke kalyANa ke sAdhana hote haiN| zRNu vatsa pravakSyAmi purANAnAM samuccayam / yasmin jJAte bhavejjAtaM vAGmayaM sacarAcaram // nAradIyapurANa 1292 / 21 / purANoM ke prAcIna ullekha-vedoM meM purANa zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM purANa do arthoM meM prayukta hai| prathama artha prAcIna vRtta se sambaddha viziSTa vidyA yA zAstra ke lie hai to dvitIya viziSTa sAhitya ke lie| 'Rgveda' meM purANa zabda kevala prAcInatA ke hI artha meM vyavahRta hai, para 'athavaM. veda' meM isakA prayoga itihAsa, gAthA evaM nArAzaMsI ke rUpa meM huA hai / isameM purANa ko 'ucchiSTa' nAmaka brahmase udita kahA gayA hai / RcaH sAmAni chandAMsi purANaM yajuSA saha / ucchiSTAjajJire sarve dividevAdivizritAH / / atharvaveda 1117 / 24 / vedoM meM jo dAnastuti yA nArAzaMsI haiM unakA sambandha purANa se hI hai / yeta AsIda bhUmiH pUrvA yAmadA taya id viduH / yo vai to vidyAnnAmathA sa manyeta purANavit // atharva veda 1187 brAhmaNa sAhitya meM bhI purANa kA aneka sthaloM para ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 'gopathabrAhmaNa' meM kahA gayA hai ki kalpa, rahasya, brAhmaNa, upaniSad, itihAsa, anvayAkhyAta evaM purANa ke sAtha saba vedoM kA nirmANa huaa| isI prakAra AraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM meM bhI purANa kA ullekha hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa to purANa ko veda kahatA hai-'purANaM vedaH / so'mitikiJcit purANamAcakSIta, 13 // 4, 3313 / prAcIna sAhitya ke adhyayana se jo tathya upalabdha hote haiM unheM isa prakAra sUcita kiyA jA sakatA hai (ka ) vedazAstra kI bhAti ucchiSTabrahma yA mahAbhUta brahma ne hI itihAsa purANoM ko utpanna kiyA hai / (kha ) veda ke samAna purANoM ko bhI anitya mAnA jAnA cAhie / (ga) itihAsa aura purANa ko pancama veda kahA gayA hai| (gha) purANa prAcIna samaya meM maukhika na hokara purANavidyA ke rUpa meM yA purANa veda ke rUpa meM pracalita the| (a) AraNyaka yuga taka Akara purANa eka na hokara aneka ho gae, bhale hI vaha grantha rUpa meM na rahe hoM para unakA astitva AkhyAna rUpa meM nizcaya hI vidyamAna paa| kalpasUtroM meM bhI purANoM kA astitva hai| 'AzvalAyana gRhmasUtra' meM aneka

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purANa ] ( 285 ) [ purANa www~~~~~M " bhAgoM para purANoM ke paThana kA ullekha huA hai tathA itihAsa aura purANoM ke adhyayana ko svAdhyAya ke antargata mAnA gayA hai ( adhyAya 3 khaNDa 4) / yAjJavalkya - smRti ne caturdaza vidyAoM meM purANavidyA ko bhI mAnyatA dI hai tathA smRtikAra purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA, dharmazAstra, cAra veda, chaha vedAMga ko caudaha vidyAe~ mAnate hue inheM dharma kA sthAna kahate haiM / purANanyAya-mImAMsAdharmazAstrAMga mizritAH / vedAsthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya ca caturdaza // upodaddhAt zloka 3 / mahAbhAratakAra ne purANoM kA mahatva pradarzita karate hue batAyA hai ki 'itihAsa aura purANoM ke dvArA hI veda kA upabRMhaNa karanA caahie|' itihAsa purANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRMhayet / purANoM ke varNyaviSayoM kI carcA karate hue mahAbhAratakAra kahate haiM ki isameM aneka divya kathAeM hotI haiM tathA viziSTa vidvAnoM ke AdivaMza kA vivaraNa hotA hai - purANe hi kathA divyA Adi vaMzAzca dhImatAm / kathyante ye purAsmAbhiH zrutapUrvAH pitustava || Adiparva 5 / 2 / bAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM sumantra ko purANavit batalAkara purANoM kI sattA kI spaSTa ghoSaNA kI gaI hai tathA yaha bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki rAjA dazaratha ne santAnahInatA ke nivAraNa kI bAta purANoM meM sunI thI / ityuktvAntaH puradvAramAjagAma purANavit / ayodhyAkAMDa 15 / 18 / zrUyatAM yat purAvRttaM purANeSu yathAzrutam / bAlakANDa 9 | 1| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM aneka sthAnoM para purANa evaM itihAsa kA spaSTa nirdeza hai / isameM mantrI dvArA itihAsa evaM purANa ke AdhAra para rAjA ko kupatha se rokane kA varNana hai / mukhyairavagRhItaM vA rAjAnaM tat priyAzritaH / itivRtta purANAbhyAM bodhayedarthazAstravit // arthazAstra 5 / 6 / yAjJavalkyasmRti, manusmRti, vyAsasmRti prabhRti graMthoM evaM darzanoM meM bhI purANa kA nirdeza hai tathA kumArila, zaGkara Adi dArzanikoM evaM bANabhaTTa jaise kaviyoM ne bhI apane granthoM meM purANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki purANavidyA kA udaya atharvaveda ke hI samaya se ho cukA thaa| jisa prakAra RSiyoM ne vaidika sAhitya ko vyavasthita kiyA usI prakAra purANoM kA bhI vargIkaraNa evaM sampAdana unake hI dvArA huA / para itanA nizcita hai ki vaidika yuga taka purANoM kA rUpa maukhika paramparA meM hI surakSita thA evaM usakA svarUpa dhUmila banA rahA, jisase ki usake vaNyaMviSaya kA spaSTa nirdeza usa samaya taka na ho sakA / smRtiyoM meM purANoM ko vidyAsthAnoM kA pada prApta huA hai evaM zrAddha ke avasara para manusmRti ke anusAra purANoM ke pATha ko puNyayukta batalAyA gayA hai / purANa kA lakSaNa evaM vaNyaM viSaya-purANoM ko paMcalakSaNasamanvita mAnA jAtA hai jinameM sarga, pratisarga, vaMza, manvantara aura vaMzAnucarita Ate haiM / sargazca pratisagaMzca vaMzomanvantarANi ca / vaMzyAnucaritaM ceti purANaM paJcalakSaNam // viSNupurANa 3 / 6 / 24 | sarga - sagaM kA artha hai sRSTi kI utpatti / saMsAra yA usase sambaddha nAnA prakAra ke padArthoM kI utpatti hI sagaM hai / pratisagaM-- pratisarga sagaM kA viparIta hai jise pralaya kahate haiM / isake badale 'pratisaMcara' evaM 'saMsthA' zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai / isa brahmANDa kA svAbhAvika rUpa se hI pralaya hotA hai jo cAra prakAra hai- naimittika, prAkRtika, nitya

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purANa ] [ purANa evaM AtyaMtika | vaMza - brahmA dvArA utpanna kiye gae sabhI rAjAoM kI bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAnakAlIna santAna paramparAe~ vaMza kahI jAtI haiN| isameM RSivaMza kI bhI paramparAe~ A jAtI haiN| manvantara - manu, devatA, manuputra, indra, RSi tathA bhagavAn ke aMzAvatAra ye chaha prakAra kI ghaTanAe~ manvantara kahI jAtI haiN| manvantara zabda purANAnusAra vibhinna prakAra kI kAlagaNanA karane vAlA zabda hai / manvatara 14 haiM aura pratyeka manvantara ke adhipati ko manu kahate haiN| vaMzyAnucarita - vibhinna vaMzoM meM utpanna viziSTa vaMzadharoM tathA unake mUla puruSoM ke caritra ke varNana ko vaMzAnucarita kahate haiM / isameM rAjAoM evaM maharSiyoM kA carita varNita hotA hai / kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM 'purANaM paMcalakSaNam' kA nayA saMketa prApta hotA hai / sRSTi-pravRtti-saMhAra-dharma-mokSa prayojanam / brahmabhirvividhaiH proktaM purANaM paMcalakSaNam // 1 / 5 / isameM purANaviSayaka paMcalakSaNoM kI navIna vyAkhyA hai tathA dharma ko bhI purANa kA eka avibhAjya lakSaNa mAna liyA gayA hai / zrImadbhAgavata evaM brahmavaivartapurANa meM mahApurANa ke dasa lakSaNa kathita haiM tathA uparyukta paMcalakSaNa kSullakapurANa ke lakSaNa svIkAra kiye gaye | sargazcAtha visargazca vRttIrakSAntarANi ca / vaMzo vaMzAnucaritaM saMsthAheturapAzrayaH // bhAgavata, 12719 ve haiM - sagaM visarga, vRtti, rakSA, antarANi, vaMza, vaMzAnucarita, saMsthA, hetu tathA apAzraya / ina dasa evaM pUrvokta pAMca lakSaNoM meM adhika antara nahI dikhAI detA / sarga - yaha sagaM bhI pUrvokta sagaM se milatA-julatA hai / visagaM - jIva kI sRSTi hI visarga hai / arthAt paramAtmA kI kRpA se sRSTi karane ke sAmathrya se yukta hokara jaba brahmA mahat tattva Adi karmoM ke AdhAra para sat athavA asat bhAvanAoM ke prAdhAnya se carAcara zarIrAtmaka upAdhi se viziSTa jIvoM kI sRSTi karate haiM to use 'visarga' kahA jAtA hai / eka prANI se anya prANI kI sRSTi hI visagaM hai / vRtti - prANiyoM ke jIvana nirvAha kI sAmagrI ko vRtti kahate haiN| rakSA -- rakSA kA artha hai vividha zarIra dhAraNa kara bhagavAn dvArA saMsAra kI rakSA karanA athavA veda-virodhiyoM kA saMhAra krnaa| isakA sambaddha bhagavAn ke avatAroM se hI hai / antarANi - yaha manvantara ke hI samAna hai / vaMza tathA vaMzAnucarita pUrvavat haiM / saMsthA - pratisagaM hI saMsthA yA pralaya hai| hetu - hetu kA abhiprAya jIva se hai / vaha avidyA ke kAraNa hI karma kA kartA hai / jIva hI apane adRSTa ke dvArA vizvasRSTi evaM pralaya kA kAraNa banatA hai apAzraya - brahma ko hI apAzraya kahA jAtA hai jo jAgrata, svapna evaM suSupti ina tInoM dazAoM se pare turIya tatva ke hI dvArA parilakSita hotA hai / / sagaM - sagaM purANoM kA madya viSaya hai / ise sRSTividyA kahate haiN| paurANika sRSTikrama para sAMkhyadarzana meM varNita sRSTikrama kA hI prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai / para kaI dRSTiyoM se isakA apanA pRthak astitva bhI hai / sAMkhyIya sRSTividyA nirIzvara hai, kintu paurANika sRSTividyA meM sezvara tatva kA prAdhAnya hai / sAMkhya meM prakRti aura puruSa ke saMsagaM se hI sRSTi kA nirmANa hotA hai jo anAdi aura ananta mAne gaye haiM / ( 286 )

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purANa ] ( 287 ) [ purANa hI pradhAna aura 'viSNupurANa' ne spaSTataH ise puruSa do rUpa hote haiM evaM hI yaha sRSTi ke parato hi te dve svIkAra kiyA hai ki viSNu ke rUpa se viSNu ke tRtIya rUpa - kalAtmaka rUpa se samaya saMyukta evaM pralayakAla meM viyukta hote haiM / viSNoH svarUpAt rUpe pradhAnaM puruSazca vipra / tasyaiva te'nyena dhRte viyukte rUpAntaraM yad dvijakAla saMjJam // viSNupurANa 112 / 24 / purANoM meM sRSTi ke nau prakAra kahe gae haiM / sagaM ke tIna prakAra haiM- prAkRta, vaikRta tathA prAkRta- vaikRta sagaM / prAkRta sagaM tIna prakAra kA, vaikRta pA~ca prakAra kA evaM prAkRta- vaikRta eka prakAra kA hotA hai / prAkRta sarga ke tIna prakAra haiM- brahma sagaM bhUta sagaM, evaM vaikArika sagaM / 1 - brahma sarga - mahat tatva kA saga~ hI brahma sagaM hai / 2-bhUta sagaM - paJca tanmAtrAoM kI sRSTi bhUta sagaM hai / 3 - vaikArika sagaM - ekAdaza indriyaviSayaka sRSTi vaikArika saga~ hai / vaikRta sagaM ke pAMca prakAra haiM- mukhya sagaM tiryak sarga, deva sagaM, mAnuSa saga~ tathA anugraha sagaM / 4 - mukhya sagaM - jar3a sRSTi ko hI mukhya sarga kahate haiM jisameM vRkSa, gulma, latA, tRNa evaM vIrudhU Ate haiM / ise mukhya sagaM isalie kahA gayA ki pRthvI para cirasthAyitA ke vicAra se parvatAdi kI hI pradhAnatA hai-- mukhyA vai sthAvarAH smRtAH, viSNupurANa 1 / 5 / 21 / sRSTi ke Adi meM pUrvavat brahmA dvArA sRSTi kA cintana karane ke pazcAt punaH dhAraNa karane para jo sRSTa mukhya sagaM kahA gayA / 5 tiyaMka sagaM - mukhya sRSTi ko anupayukta samajhakara jaba brahmA ne use puruSArtha ke lie anupayukta samajha kara punaH dhyAna kiyA to tiyaM yoni ke jIva utpanna hue / isa varga meM pazu-pakSI Ate haiM jo ajJAnI, tamomaya evaM vivekarahita hote haiM / sthAvara ke pazcAt inakI sRSTi jaGgama ke rUpa meM huI / 6 - devasatiryak sRSTi se santoSa na pAkara brahmA ne devasagaM yA parama puruSArtha yA mokSa ke sAdhaka kI sRSTi kii| yaha prANI UdhvaM srota evaM Udhvaloka meM nivAsa karane vAlA hai / 7 - mAnuSa sarga- - isa sagaM ke prANI pRthvI para nivAsa karane vAle evaM satva, raja, tama se yukta hote haiM tathA isI kAraNa ye duHkhabahula prANI hote haiM / ye sadA kriyA inheM manuSya kahate haiM / 8 - anugraha / 9 - komAra saMgaM kucha AcAyoM ke sRSTikrama meM yaha bhI vicAra kiyA hai| brahmA ne asuroM kI sRSTi kI jo unakI deha kA parityAga kara sAttvika tAmasI zIla evaM bAhyAbhyantara jJAna se mukta hote haiN| sagaM --- samasta prAkRta sagaM hI anugraha saMgaM hai anusAra yaha sRSTi deva, manuSya donoM kI gayA hai ki tamoguNa kA Adhikya hone se jAMgha se utpanna hue / tadanantara brahmA ne zarIra kA Azraya grahaNa karate hue apane mukha se suroM ko utpanna kiyA tathA punaH rajodeha dhAraNa kara rajoguNapradhAna manuSyoM kA nirmANa kiyA / unhoMne AMzika satva deha se pitaroM kI sRSTi kii| uparyukta cAra prANivargoM kA sambandha cAra kAloM se bhI haiasura kA rAtri se, sura kA dina se, pitaroM kA saMdhyA se evaM manuSya kA prAtaHkAla se / sRSTi ke anya tIna prakAra bhI mAne gaye haiM-brAhmI sRSTi, evaM raudrI sRSTi / pratisarga - pratisarga yA pralaya ke lie purANoM meM kaI hue haiM mAnasI sRSTi zabda prayukta 1

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purANa ] ( 288 ) [ purANa antarapralaya, antarAlA - upasaMhRti, AbhUta saMplava, udApluta, nirodha, saMsthA, upasaMhRti ekArNavAsthA, tattvapratisaMyama Adi / pralaya ke cAra prakAra hote haiM - naimittika, prAkRta, Atyantika evaM nitya / ( ka ) naimittika pralaya --- pralaya ke avasara para jaba brahmA evaM zeSazAyI viSNu vizva ko AtmalIna kara so jAte haiM taba unake zayana ko nimitta mAna kara hI pralaya hotA hai jo brahmA ke eka dina vyatIta hone para hotA hai / ( kha ) prAkRta pralaya -- brahmA kI Ayu sI varSa hone para yaha pralaya hotA hai / isa sthiti meM sAta prakRtiyA~, paJca tanmAtrAe~, ahaMkAra evaM mahattattva avyakta prakRti meM lIna ho jAte haiM evaM saMsAra meM bhISaNa saMhAra ke dRzya parilakSita ho jAte haiM / naimittika pralaya brahmA kI Ayu zeSa hone para hI hotA hai / ( ga ) Atyantika pralaya - - isake samaya kI koI sImA nahIM hai / yaha kabhI bhI ho sakatA hai / isake udaya kI sAdhana-sAmagrI jaba kabhI upasthita ho jAtI hai, tabhI yaha sambhava hotA hai / atyanta duHkha - nivRtti ko hI Atyantika pralaya kahate haiM (gha ) nitya pralaya -- purANoM meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sRSTi aura pralaya donoM hI nitya haiM / brahmA se lekara hara prANI evaM tinake bhI sabhI janmate evaM marate haiM aura isa prakAra sRjana evaM saMhAra kI lIlA sadA calatI rahatI hai| manvantara kA vivaraNa -- cAroM yugoM kA mAna 4320000 varSoM kA hai / jaba cAroM yuga eka hajAra bAra vyatIta ho jAte haiM taba brahmA kA eka dina hotA hai| eka brAhma dina ko hI kalpa kahate haiM aura eka kalpa meM 14 manu adhipati banate haiM / eka manu se dUsare manu taka Ane vAlA samaya antarAla kahA jAtA hai aura ise hI manvantara kahate haiM / yugoM kA mAna / kRtayuga (satyayuga ) tretAyuga 1 17,28,000 varSa 12,96,000 varSa / 8,64,000 varSaM / 4,32,000 varSaM / 43,20,000 varSa / manvantaroM ke nAma - svAyambhuva manu svArociSa manu tattama manu, tAmasa manu, raivata manu, cAkSusa manu, vaivasvata manu, sArvANi manu, dakSasArvANa, brahmasArvANa, dharma sArvANa, rudra sArvANa, deva sArvANa tathA indra sArvANi / purANoM ke anya viSayoM meM dharmazAstrIya viSaya Ate haiM / inameM pUtadhamaM tIrthamAhAtmya, rAjadharma Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / anya varNita viSaya haiM - azvazAstra, Ayurveda, ratnaparIkSA, vAstuvidyA, jyotiSa, sAmudrikazAstra, dhanuvidyA, anulepanavidyA, padminIvidyA, jAlandharIvidyA aadi| purANoM meM bhaugolika varNana bhI pracura mAtrA meM prApta hote haiM / inameM brahmANDa evaM codaho bhuvana kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai / purANoM kA vaMzavRtta aitihAsika vivaraNoM se pUrNa hai / vaMzoM kA prArambha manu se hotA hai| isameM do manuoM ko adhika mahatva prApta hai - svAyambhuva manu ( prathama ) tathA dvApara kaliyuga >

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purANa] (289) [purANa nArada vaivasvatamanu ( saptama manu ) svAyambhuva manu ko brahmA kA prathama putra mAnA jAtA hai jo pRthvI ke prathama samrAT the| vaivasvata manu sUryavaMza ke prathama rAjA the| inase hI candravaMza evaM saudyumnavaMza bhI pravattita huaa| purANoM ke nAma evaM saMkhyA-prAcInakAla se hI purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 mAnI jAtI hai| 'devIbhAgavata' meM Adya akSara ke anusAra purANoM kA nAma isa prakAra hai madvayaM bhadvayaM caivaM trayaM vacatuSTayam / anApad liGga-kU-skAni purANAni pRthak-pRthak // makArAdi meM se do-matsya tathA mArkaNDeya, bhakArAdi se do-bhAgavata tathA bhaviSya / batrayam-brahma, brahmavaivattaM evaM brahmANDa / vacatuSTayam-vAmana, viSNu, vAyu, vArAha, a-nA-pa-li-ga-kU-ska-agni, nArada, pama, liMga, garur3a, kUrma evaM skanda / viSNu evaM bhAgavata meM purANoM kA varNana kramAnusAra haibrahma 10 hajAra / pama 55 hjaar| viSNu 23 hjaar| ziva 24 hjaar| bhAgavata 18 hjaar| 25 hajAra / mArkaNDeya 9hjaar| agni 15 hajAra 4 sau| bhaviSya 14 hajAra 5 sau| brahmavaivataM 18 hjaar| liGga 11 hjaar| varAha 24 hjaar| 81 hjaar| vAmana 10 hjaar| 17 hjaar| matsya 14 hjaar| garur3a 19 hjaar| brahmANDa 12 hjaar| purANoM kA krama-viSNupurANa meM purANoM kA jo krama diyA gayA hai vaha bahusammata se mAnya hai / sampradAyavettA vidvAnoM ke anusAra ukta purANa kA krama sAbhiprAya hai| purANa kA mukhya pratipAdya hai sarga yA sRSTi jisakA paryavasAna pratisarga yA pralaya ke rUpa meM hotA hai / isI tattva ke AdhAra para purANoM ke krama kI saMgati baiTha jAtI hai / sRSTi ke lie brahma ne brahmA kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, ataH vahI sRSTi kA mUla hai / sUcI meM brahmapurANa ko prathama sthAna Adi kartA brahma ke hI kAraNa diyA gayA hai| brahmA ke viSaya 19 saM0 sA0 skanda

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purANa ] ( 290 ) [ purANa brahmA kA udayapa jo kamala prakaTa huA navIna sRSTi kii| padma meM jo jijJASA hotI hai usakA uttara padmapurANa meM prApta se huA thA / viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki viSNu kI usase hI brahmA kA janma huA aura unhoMne ghora tapasyA karake sambhava brahmA ke varNana ke kAraNa viSNupurANa ko tRtIya sthAna prApta huA / caturthaM sthAna vAyupurANa kA hai jisameM zeSazAyI bhagavAn evaM zeSa zayyA kA nirUpaNa hai / zeSazAyI bhagavAn kA nivAsa kSIrasAgara hai jisakA rahasya zrImadbhAgavata meM batalAbA gayA hai / bhAgavata ke anaMntara nAradapurANa kA nAma AtA hai| cUMki nAradajI saMtata bhagavAn kA madhura svara meM guNAnuvAda karate haiM, ata: bhAgavata ke bAda nAradapurANa ko sthAna diyA gayA / prakRtirUpiNI devI ko hI isa sRSTi cakra kA mUla mAnA gayA hai jisakA vivaraNa mArkaNDeyapurANa meM hai, ataH saptama sthAna ise hI prApta hai / ghaTa ke bhItara prANa kI bhA~ti brahmANDa ke bhItara agni kriyAzIla rahatI hai; isakA pratipAdana agnipurANa karatA hai, ataH ise AThavAM sthAna prApta huA agni kA tattva sUrya para AdhRta hai aura sUrya kA sarvAtizAyI mahattva bhaviSyapurANa meM varNita hai, ataH ise navA~ sthAna diyA gayA hai| purANoM ke anusAra jagat kI utpatti brahma se hotI hai aura saMsAra brahma kA vivattaM rUpa mAna kara isI siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / brahma ke nAnAvatAra hote haiM aura vaha viSNu aura ziva ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai / liMga evaM skandapurANa kA sambandha ziva ke sAtha vArAha, vAmana, kUmaM evaM matsya kA sambandha viSNu ke sAtha hai| garur3apurANa meM maraNAntara sthiti kA varNana hai tathA antima purANa brahmANDa jisameM dikhalAyA gayA hai ki jIva apane karma kI gati ke anusAra sampUrNa brahmANDa meM bhramaNa karate hue sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai| isa prakAra sabhI purANoM ke krama kA nirvAha sRSTividyA ke anusAra ho jAtA hai / / tamila granthoM meM purANoM ke pA~ca varga kiye gae haiM - 1. brahmA brahma tathA padmapurANa 2. sUrya - brahmavaivartapurANa 3. agni- agnipurANa 4. ziva - ziva, skanda, liGga, kUrma, vAmana, varAha, bhaviSya, matsya, mArkaNDeya tathA brahmANDa / 5. viSNu - nArada, .. zrImadbhAgavata, garuDa, viSNu / hotA hai / nAbhi se upapurANa - purANoM kI bhA~ti upapurANoM kA bhI saMskRta vAGmaya meM mahanIya sthAna hai / katipaya vidvAnoM ke anusAra upapurANoM kI bhI saMkhyA 18 hI hai, kintu isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mata bhinnya hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki purANoM ke bAda hI upapurANoM kI racanA huI hai, para prAcInatA athavA maulikatA ke vicAra se upapurANoM kA bhI mahattva purANoM ke hI samAna hai / upapurANoM meM sthAnIya saMpradAya tathA pRthak-pRthak sampradAyoM kI dhArmika AvazyakatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / upapurANoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-- sanaskumAra upapurANa, narasiMha, nAndI, zivadharma, durvAsA, nAradIya, kapila, mAnava, uSanaMsU brahmANDa, varuNa, kAlikA, vasiSTha, liGga, mahezvara, sAmba, saura, parAzara, mArIca, bhAgaMva / kucha anya purANoM ke bhI nAma milate haiM- Aditya Adi, mudagala, kalki, devIbhAgavat, bRhaddharma, parAnanda, pazupati harivaMza tathA viSNudharmottara / jainapurANa - jainadharma meM bhI veda, upaniSada evaM purANoM kI racanA huI hai aura

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[ purudeva campU purANa ] ( 291 ) wwww 3 unakA bhI apanA mahatva hai| jina granthoM meM jaina mahApuruSoM kA carita varNita hai unheM purANa kahA jAtA hai / jainiyoM ke 63 prabhAvazAlI vyakti prAcInakAla se hI prasiddha rahe haiM jinheM 'zalAkApuruSa' kahA jAtA hai| inameM 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva tathA 9 prativAsudeva haiM / inhIM mahApuruSoM kA jIvana purANoM meM varNita hai / ina purANoM kI saMkhyA 24 hai / digambara loga ina granthoM ko purANa kI abhidhA dete haiN| tathA zvetAmbara logoM ne inheM caritra kahA hai / purANoM ke nAma- - AdipurANa, ajitanAthapurANa, saMbhavanAthapurANa, abhinandapurANa, sumatinAthapurANa, pradyaprabhapurANa, supAzvapurANa, candraprabhapurANa, puSpadantapurANa, zItalanAthapurANa, zreyAMzapurANa, vAsupUjyapurANa, vimalAnAthapurANa, anantajItapurANa, dharmanAthapurANa, zAntinAthapurANa kunthunAthapurANa, amaranAthapurANa, mallinAthapurANa, munisuvratapurANa, neminAthapurANa, pArzvanAthapurANa, sammatipurANa | AdhAragrantha - 1. paurANika rekArDasa oNpha da hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTama - pro0 ha0 sI0 hAjarA / 2. sTaDIja ina da upapurANAja - saMskRta kaoNleja, kalakatA le0 zrI hAjarA / 3. purANa inDeksa 2 bhAgoM meM - pro0 vI0 Ara0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra / 4. sTaDIja ina epika eNDa purANAja oNpha iNDiyA - DaoN0 e0 DI0 puMsAlakara, bambaI / 5. hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra - DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe, bhAga 5, khaNDa 2 / 6. AuTa lAina oNpha rilijasa liTarecara oNpha iNDiyA - je0 ena0 phakuMhara / 7. inTroDakzana TU iGgaliza TrAnsalezana oNpha viSNupurANa - eca0 eca0 vilsana 8 purANa rekArDasa oNpha da kaliaija - epha0 I0 pAjiTara / 9. ensiyanTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala TraDIzana - pAjiTara / 10. vAmanapurANa- e sTaDI - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 11. matsya - purANa - e sTaDI - DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 12. bhAgavatapurANa- pUrNendunAtha siMhA, madrAsa 13. agnipurANa- AMglAnuvAda - caukhambA prakAzana 14. agnipurANa - e sTaDI - caukhambA prakAzana / 15. hindutva - pro0 rAmadAsa gaur3a / 16. purANaviSayAnukramaNI - DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya / 17. purANa- mImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 18. bhAgavata - darzana - DaoN0 haravaMzalAla zarmA / 19. itihAsa-purANa kA anuzIlana - DaoN0 rAmAzaMkara bhaTTAcAryaM / 20. garuDapurANa viSayAnukramaNikA - DaoN0 rAmAzaMkara bhaTTAcAryaM / 21. purANastha vaidika sAmagrI kA anuzIlana - DaoN0 rAmAzaMkara bhaTTAcAryaM / 22. purANa - vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 23. agnipurANa - saM0 paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / (caukhambA) / 24. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya khaNDa 1, bhAga 2 - - vinTaranitsa | 25. aSTAdazapurANa-paricaya - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 26. purANazAstra evaM janakathAe~maiksamUlara / 27. purANam - aMka 1959-68 taka kAzirAja TrasTa | - purudeva campU- isa campUkAvya ke racayitA mahaMt yA arhadAsa nAmaka vyakti haiM jo AzAdhara ke ziSya the / isameM jaina saMta purudeva kA vRttAnta hai / ahaMdAsa kA samaya trayodaza zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| inhoMne 'muni suvrata kAvya' kaSThAbharaNa' nAmaka granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| lekhaka ne isa campU ke prArambha meM jina kI vandanA kI hai tathA apane kAvya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki isakA udbhava bhagavAna tathA 'bhavyajana

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puSpasUtra | ( 292 ) [ pRthvIrAja vijaya kI bhaktirUpI bIja se huA hai / nAnA prakAra ke chanda ( vividha vRtta ) inake pallava haiM aura alaMkAra puSpa guccha / isakI racanA 'komala cAru zabda -nicaya' se pUrNa hai tathA gadya kI bhASA 'anuprAsamayI samasta padAvalI' se yukta hai| pustaka kA anta ahiMsA ke prabhAva-varNana se huA hai aura zrotAoM ko sabhI jIvoM para dayA pradarzita karane kI ora mor3ane kA prayAsa hai / yaha bambaI se prakAzita huA hai / jAteyaM kavitAlatA bhagavato bhaktyAkhyabIjena me, caMzcatkomalacAruzabdanicayaiH padyaiH prakAmojjvalA / vRttaiH pallavitA tataH kusumitAlaMkAravicchittibhiH samprAptA vRSabhezakalpasutaruM vyaMgyazriyA vardhate // AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI | pulastyasmRti - isa smRti ke racayitA pulasta nAmaka dharmazAstrI haiN| isakA racanAkAla DaoN0 kANe ke anusAra, 400 se 700 I0 ke madhya hai / vRddha yAjJavalkya 'pulasta ko dharmazAstra kA pravaktA mAnA hai / vizvarUpa ne zarIrazauca ke sambandha meM 'pulastyasmRti' kA eka zloka diyA hai aura 'mitAkSarA' meM bhI isake iloka uddhRta haiM / aparAka ne isa grantha se uddharaNa diye haiM aura 'dAnaratnAkara' meM bhI mRgacamaM dAna ke saMbaMdha meM 'pulastyasmRti' ke mata kA ullekha karate hue isake zlokaM uddhRta kiye gae haiN| isa grantha meM zrAddha meM brAhmaNa ke lie muni kA bhojana, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie mAMsa tathA zUdra ke lie madhu khAne kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai / AdhAragrantha --- dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe bhAga - 1 ( hindI anuvAda ) / puSpasUtra - yaha sAmavedIya prAtizAkhya hai jisake racayitA puSpa nAmaka RSi the / isameM dasa prapAThaka yA adhyAya haiM tathA isakA saMbaMdha gAnasaMhitA se hai / isameM stoma kA vizeSarUpa se varNana hai tathA una sthaloM aura mantroM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai jinameM stoma kA vidhAna athavA apavAda hotA hai / isa para upAdhyAya ajAtazatru ne bhASya likhA hai jo prakAzita ho cukA hai / ( caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja se upAdhyAya kA bhASya sahita 1922 I0 meM prakAzita ) " isameM pradhAnatayA beyagAna tathA prayukta sAmoM kA Uhana anya mantroM para kaise kiyA jAtA hai, vivecana hai / " vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti pR0 307 / araNya geyagAna meM viSaya kA vizada isa 1 pRthvIrAja vijaya - antima hindU samrAT pRthvIrAja kI vijaya kA varNana karane vAlA yaha aitihAsika mahAkAvya jayAnaka kavi kI racanA hai / samprati yaha apUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha hai jisameM 12 sagaM haiN| ina sargoM meM pRthvIrAja ke pUrvajoM kA varNana tathA unake ( pRthvIrAja ke ) vivAha kA ullekha hai / isameM spaSTarUpa se kavi kA nAma kahIM bhI nahIM milatA, para antaraMga anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki isakA racayitA jayAnaka kavi thA / isakI eka TIkA bhI prApta hotI hai. jisakA lekhaka jonarAja hai / jayAnaka kAzmIraka thA aura usane saMbhavataH 1192 I0 meM isa mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thI / isakA mahatva aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika hai| pRthvIrAja ke pUrvapuruSoM evaM unake Arambhika dinoM kA itihAsa jAnane kA yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prAmANika sAdhana hai / isameM

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pauSkarasAdi ] ( 293 ) MA ~3 kAvya kA utkRSTa rUpa vyakta huA hai tathA kavi ne aneka sthaloM para zleSAlaMkAra ke dvArA camatkAra bhara diyA hai| jvalanti cet durjana sUryakAntAH kiM kurvate satkavi-sUryabhAsAm / mahIbhRtAM do: "zikhare tu rUDhAM pArzvasthitAM kIrtilatAM dahanti // pauSkarasAdi - saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke prAcIna AcArya, paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke ke anusAra inakA samaya 3100 varSa vi0 pU0 hai / inakA ullekha 'mahAbhASya' ke eka vArttika meM huA hai / cayo dvitIyA zaripoSkarasAdeH | 8|4|48 inake pitA kA nAma 'puSkarat' thA tathA nivAsa sthAna ajamera ke nikaTa 'puSkara' nAmaka sthAna thA / 'taittirIya prAtizAkhya' (5 / 40 ) ke mAhiSeyabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki poSkarasAdi ne 'kRSNa yajurveda' kI eka zAkhA kA pravacana kiyA thaa| inake mata 'hiraNyakezIya gRhyasUtra' ( 168 ) evaM 'agnivezyagRhyasUtra' ( 1 / 1 pR0 9) meM bhI ullikhita haiM tathA 'Apastamba dharmasUtra' meM bhI ( 1 / 19 / 7, 1128 / 1 ) puSkarasAdi AcArya kA nAma AyA hai / AdhAragrantha - saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 - paM0 yudhiSThira -mImAMsaka / [ prajApatismRti prakaraNa -- rUpaka kA eka prakAra / isake tattva nATaka se milate haiM / nATaka se isameM antara isa bAta meM hotA hai ki isakA nAyaka dhIra prazAnta, brAhmaNa, mantrI athavA vaNika hotA hai / isameM dasa aMka hote haiM / mRcchakaTika saMskRta kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa 'prakaraNa' hai / de0 mRcchakaTika / bhavabhUtikRta 'mAlatImAdhava' bhI saMskRta kA uttama prakaraNa hai / (de0 mAlatImAdhava ) / anya prakaraNoM kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai mallikA mAruta - isakA prakAzana jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara dvArA ho cukA hai / isake praNetA uddaNDa kavi haiM / inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| ye kAlikaTa ke rAjA ke darabAra meM rahate the| yaha prakaraNa dasa aMkoM meM hai aura isakA kathAnaka 'mAlatImAdhava' se milatA-julatA hai / kaumudI mitrAnanda - isakA prakAzana 1917 I0 meM bhAvanagara se ho cukA hai / isake racayitA hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra haiN| isakA racanAkAla 1173-76 I0 ke nikaTa hai / isa prakaraNa meM abhinaya ke tattvoM kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai / prabuddha rohiNeya - isa prakaraNa ke racayitA rAmabhadramuni haiM ( samaya 13 vIM -zatAbdI ) / isameM jainadharma ke eka prasiddha AkhyAna kA varNana hai / mudrita kumudacandra - isa prakaraNa kA prakAzana kAzI se ho cukA hai| isake racayitA yazacandra haiM jo padmacandra ke putra the / isameM 1124 I0 meM sampanna eka zAstrArtha kA varNana hai jo zvetAmbara muni devasUri tathA digambara muni kumudacandra ke bIca huA thA / zAstrArthaM meM kumudacandra kA mukha-mudraNa ho gayA thA ataH isI ke AdhAra para prakaraNa kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA / AdhAragrantha- saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / prajApatismRti - isa smRti ke racayitA prajApati kahe gae haiN| AnandAzrama saMgraha meM 'prajApatismRti' ke zrAddha-viSayaka 198 zloka prApta hote haiM / inameM adhikAMza -zloka anuSTupa haiM kintu yatratatra indravajjA, upajAti, vasantatilakA evaM sagdharA chanda

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pratijJAyogandharAyaNa ] ( 294 ) [ pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa bhI prayukta hue haiN| baudhAyanadhamaMsUtra' meM prajApati ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / 'mitAkSarA' evaM aparAkaM ne bhI prajApati ke zloka udadhRta kiye haiM / 'mitAkSarA' ke eka uddharaNa meM parivrAjakoM ke cAra bheda varNita haiM- kuTIcakra bahUdaka, haMsa tathA paramahaMsa / prajApati ne kRta tathA akRta ke rUpa meM do prakAra ke gavAhoM kA varNana kiyA hai / AdhAragrantha - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe bhAga 1 ( hindI anuvAda ) | pratizAyaugandharAyaNa -- yaha mahAkavi bhAsa viracita nATaka hai / isameM kauzAmbInareza vatsarAja udayana dvArA ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota kI putrI vAsavadattA ke haraNa kA varNana hai / prathama aMka meM mantrI yaugandharAyaNa sAlaka ke sAtha raMgamaMca para dikhAyA gayA hai / vArttAlApa ke krama meM jJAta hotA hai ki mahArAja udayana kala prAtaHkAla veNuvana ke nidaTastha nAgavana meM jaaeNge| udayana hAthI kA zikAra karane ke lie mahAsena ke rAjya meM jAte haiM tathA kRtrima hAthI ke dvArA pakar3a liye jAte haiN| jaba yaha samAcAra udayana ke mantrI yaugandharAyaNa ko milatA hai to vaha pratijJA karatA hai ki 'yadi rAhugrasta candramA kI bhA~ti zatruoM dvArA pakar3e gae svAmI udayana ko maiM mukta na kara dU~ to merA nAma yaugandharAyaNa nhiiN|' isI bIca maharSi vyAsa vahIM Akara rAjakula abhyudaya kA AzIrvAda dekara aura apanA vastra chor3akara cale jAte haiN| yogandharAyaNa usI vastra ko pahana kara apanA veza badala letA hai / / usI samaya dvitIya aMka meM pradyota putrI vAsavadattA ke vivAha kI carcA hotI hai kaMcukI Akara rAjA se kahatA hai ki udayana bandI banA liye gae haiN| rAjA ne use rAjakumAra ke sadRza udayana kA satkAra kara unake pAsa le jAne ko khaa| rAnI ne vAsavadattA ke lie yogyavara udayana ko hI batalAyA / tRtIya aMka meM mahAsena pradyota kI rAjadhAnI meM vatsarAja kA vidUSaka tathA unake cara evaM amAtya deza parivartita kara dikhAI par3ate haiM / caturtha aMka meM vatsarAja ke cara apanA veza parivartita kara ghUmate hue pradyota kI rAjadhAnI meM rahate haiN| unheM mAlUma hotA hai ki bandIgRha meM vatsarAja vAsavadattA ko vINA sikhA rahe the aura vahIM donoM eka dUsare para anurakta ho gae aura udayana vAsavadattA ko bhagA kara rAjadhAnI cale ge| vatsarAja ke cale jAne para unake sabhI guptacara pakar3a liye gae aura mantrI yogandharAyaNa kArAgRha meM DAla diyA gyaa| vahAM use pradyota ke mantrI bharatarohaka se bheMTa ho gyii| usane vatsarAja ke kAryoM kI nindA kI para yaundharAyaNa ne usake sAre AkSepoM kA uttara de diyaa| rohaka use svarNapAtra puraskAra meM dene lagA para usane use nahIM liyA / para jaba use patA calA ki vatsarAja ke bhAga jAne para usakA anumodana karate hue pradyota citraphalaka ke dvArA donoM kA vivAha kara diyA to usane zrRMgAra nAmaka svarNapAtra grahaNa kara liyA tadanantara bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai / yaha nATaka udayana ke amAtya yogandharAyaNa kI praaijJA para AdhRta hai, ataH isakA nAmakaraNa ( pratijJAyogandharAyaNa ) upayukta hai / isameM bhAsa kI nATyakalA kI pUrNa prIr3hi dikhalAI par3atI hai / kathAsaMgaThana, caritrAMkana, saMvAda tathA prabhAnviti sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha

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pratimA nATaka ] ( 295 ) saphala nATaka hai / kavi ne kathAvastu kA vinyAsa isa prakAra kiyA hai ki sArI ghaTanAe~ atyanta tvarA ke sAtha ghaTatI huI dikhAI gayI haiM / kathA kI zIghratA ko pradarzita karane ke lie isameM sUcyAMzoM kA Adhikya hai / isake sabhI caritra atyanta AkarSaka haiM / udayana kalApremI, rUpavAn tathA zauyaM ke pratIka ke rUpa meM citrita hai to yaugandharAyaNa nItivizArada ke rUpa meM / [ pratimA nATaka m * pratimA nATaka - isake racayitA mahAkavi bhAsa haiM / isameM kavi ne rAmavanagamana se lekara rAvaNavadha taka kI ghaTanA ko sthAna diyA hai / yaha nATaka sAta aMkoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama aMka meM pratIhArI aura kaMcukI kI bAtoM se rAjA dazaratha dvArA rAmacandra ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI kA varNana hai / usI samaya kaMcukI Akara rAma ko batalAtA hai ki kaikeyI ne rAjyAbhiSeka ko roka diyA hai aura mahArAja isa samAcAra ko sunakara cchita ho gae haiM aura Apa ko bulA rahe haiM / lakSmaNa yaha sunakara rAma ko bhar3akAte haiM, para rAmacandra sabako zAnta kara dete haiM / rAmacandra ke sAtha sItA aura lakSamaNa bana ko prayANa karate haiM / dvitIya aMka meM rAjA dazaratha rAma ko vana jAne se virata karane se asamartha hokara unake viyoga meM prANa tyAga karate haiM / tRtIya aMka meM kaMcukI se jJAta hotA hai ki ayodhyA meM mRta ikSvAkuvaMzIya rAjAoM kI pratimA sthApita hotI hai aura mahArAja dazaratha kI bhI pratimA sthApita kI gayI hai / usakA darzana karane ke lie kauzalyAdi rAniya Ane vAlI haiM / usI samaya bharata rathArUr3ha hokara nagara meM praveza karate haiM / bharata sUta se ayodhyA kA samAcAra pUchate haiN| usane rAjA kI mRtyu ke sambandha meM nahIM batAyA aura unako kRttikA nakSatra ke vyatIta hone para nagara meM praveza karane ko kahA / ve rAjAoM ke pratimAgRha meM Thahara jAte haiN| vahA~ usakA saMrakSaka unheM ikSvAkuvaMzIya mRta nRpatiyoM kA paricaya detA hai aura batalAtA hai ki yahA~ kevala mRta nRpatiyoM ko hI pratimAyeM rakhI jAtI haiM / acAnaka bharata kI dRSTi dazaratha kI aura ve zoka se mUcchita ho jAte haiN| unheM devakulika se hI ghaTanAyeM jJAta ho jAtI haiM / catuthaM aMka meM bharata sumantra ke sAtha manAkara ayodhyA lauTAne ke lie jAte haiM, para rAma unheM pitA ke karane kI bAta karate haiN| bharata isa zarta para unakI bAta mAna lete haiM varSa ke bAda Akara apanA rAjya loTA leM aura maiM nyAsa ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM rahUMgA / paMcama aMka meM svarNamRga kI kathA tathA rAvaNa dvArA sItAharaNa, sugrIva kI maitrI, vAlivadha Adi ghaTanAyeM kahalAyI gayI haiM / bharata yaha suna kara apanI senA taiyAra kara laMkA meM AkramaNa karanA cAhate haiM / saptama aMka meM eka tApasa dvArA yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki rAma ne sItA kA haraNa karane vAle rAvaNa kA saMhAra kara diyA hai aura ve sadala-bala ayodhyA A rahe haiN| rAma bharata kA milana hotA hai aura sabakI icchA se amAtya rAma kA abhiSeka karate haiN| bharatavAkya ke bAda nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai / pratimA para jAtI hai ayodhyA kI sArI rAma-lakSmaNa ko vacana ko satya ki Apa caudaha isa nATaka kA nAmakaraNa ikSvAkuvaMzIya mRta rAjAjoM ke pratimA nirmANa ke mahattva para Azrita hai| bharata ne rAjA dazaratha kI pratimA ko dekhakara hI unakI mRtyu kI kalpanA kara lo / pratimA ko adhika mahatva dene ke kAraNa isakI abhidhA upayukta siddha

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prabodhacandrodaya ] ( 296 ) [ prabhAkara mizra hotI haiN| isameM kavi ne maulikatA kA samAveza kara sampUrNa pracalita kathA se bhinna ghaTanAoM kA varNana kara, nATakIya dRSTi se, adhika kautUhala bhara diyA hai| prathama aMka meM parihAsa meM sItA kA valkala dhAraNa karanA aura tRtIya meM pratimA kA prasaMga bhAsa kI maulika udbhAvanAyeM haiN| paMcamaH aMka meM sItA haraNa prakaraNa meM bhI navInatA pradarzita kI gayI hai| rAma uTaja meM vidyamAna rahate haiM tabhI rAvaNa Akara unheM rAjA dazaratha ke zrAddha ke lie kAMcanapAzvaMmRga lAne ko kahatA hai tathA kaMcana mRga ko dikhAkara unheM dUra haTA detA hai / sumantra kA vana meM jAnA tathA rAma kI kuTiyA ko sUnA dekhakara sItAharaNa kI bAta jAkara bharata ko sunAnA Adi navIna tathya upasthita kiye gae haiM / bharata ke kosane para kaikeyI kA yaha kahanA ki zravaNa ke pitA ke zApa ko satya kalpanA hai / isameM kavi karane ke lie hI maiMne rAma ko vana bhejA thA, yaha kavi kI naI ne kaikeyI ke caritra ko parimArjita karane kA saphala prayAsa nayA mor3a diyA hai| kaikeyI ne bhagata ko batalAyA ki usane banavAsa kA varadAna mAMgA thA para mAnasika vikalatA ke nikala gyaa| usake anusAra yaha varadAna sabhI RSiyoM dvArA pAtroM kA cAritrika utkarSa dikhalAyA gayA hai tathA itivRtta ko kautUhala ko akSuNNa rakhA gayA hai / karate hue rAma kathA meM 14 dinoM ke kAraNa mukha se anumodita thA / isameM lie hI 14 varSa nayA rUpa dekara nATakIya AdhAra grantha -- mahAkavi bhAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / prabodhacandrodaya -yaha saMskRta kA suprasiddha pratIka nATaka hai jisake racayitA zrIkRSNa mizra haiM / lekhaka jaijAkamukti ke rAjA kIrtivarmA ke rAjakAla meM vidyamAna thA / kIrtivarmA kA eka zilAlekha 1098 I0 kA prApta huA hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki kRSNa mizra kA samaya : 100 I0 ke nikaTa thA / 'prabodhacandrodaya' zAntarasa pradhAna nATaka hai / isameM racayitA ne advaitavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| zraddhA, bhakti, vidyA, jJAna, moha, viveka, dambha buddhi ityAdi amRtaM bhAvamaya padArtha isameM naranArI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gae haiN| isameM dikhAyA gayA hai ki puruSa rAjamoha ke jAla meM pha~sa kara apane vAstavika svarUpa ko bhUla jAtA hai tathA usakA yathArtha jJAna jAtA rahatA hai| viveka ke dvArA moha ke parAjita hone para puruSa ko zAzvata jJAna prApta hotA hai tathA vivekapUrvaka upaniSad ke adhyayana evaM viSNu-bhakti kA Azraya grahaNa karane se jJAna svarUpa candrodaya hotA hai| isameM kavi ne vedAnta evaM vaiSNavabhakti kA sammizraNa atyanta sundara yukti se kiyA hai| isameM kula chaha aMka haiM tathA pAtra atyanta prANavanta haiM / dvitIya aMka meM dambha tathA ahaMkAra ke vArtAlApa hAsyarasa kI chaTA chiTakAyI gayI hai / itihAsa' vAcaspati gaurolA / AdhAra grantha- 'saMskRta sAhitya kA prabhAkara mizra-mImAMsA darzana ke antargata gurumata ke pratiSThApaka A0 prabhAkara mizra hai [] de0mImAMsA drshn]| ye kumArilabhaTTa ( mImAMsA darzana ke prasiddha vAcAyaM )

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prazastapAda ] ( 297 ) [ prazastapAda ke prasiddha ziSyoM meM haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki apane ziSya kI prakhara medhA se prasanna hokara kumArila ne inheM 'guru' ko upAdhi de dI thii| usa samaya se inakA mata mImAMsA ke itihAsa meM 'gurumata' ke nAma se vikhyAta ho gayA hai| para, kumArila aura prabhAkara ke sambandha ko lekara Adhunika vidvAnoM ne nAnA prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha evaM DaoN0 gaMgAnAtha ko inakI guruziSyatAM svIkArya nahIM hai aura ve kumArila ko prabhAkara kA paravartI mAnate haiM / inake anusAra prabhAkara kA samaya 600 se 650 I0 ke madhya hai / prabhAkara ne apane svatantra mata kI pratiSThApanA karane lie 'zAbarabhASya' ke Upara do TIkAoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai jinheM 'bRhatI' yA nibandhana evaM 'laghvI' yA vivaraNa kahate haiN| inameM dvitIya grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai / 'nibandhana' kI racanA 12 hajAra zlokoM meM huI hai aura 'vivaraNa' meM 6 hajAra zloka haiM / prabhAkara ke paTTaziSya zAlikanAtha mizra the aura ye gurumata ke hI anuyAyI the / inhoMne apane guru ke donoM granthoM para 'dIpazikhA' tathA 'RRjuvimalA' nAmaka TIkAoM kI racanA kara isa mata ko gati dI thii| zAlikanAtha mizra ne 'prakaraNa paJcikA' nAmaka svatantra grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai / ye mithilA ke nivAsI the, para katipaya vidvAn inheM baMgAla kA rahane vAlA kahate haiM / AdhAragrantha- 1. bhAratIya-darzanapaM0 maNDana mizra / . -A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. mImAMsA darzana - prazastapAda-~- vaizeSikadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya prazastapAda ( prazastadeva ) haiM jinhoMne 'padArthadharma saMgraha' nAmaka maulika grantha kI racanA kI hai [ de0 vaizeSikadarzana ] / inakA samaya I0 san kI catuthaM zatAbdI kA antimacaraNa mAnA jAtA hai / isa grantha kA cInI bhASA meM 648 I0 meM anuvAda hI cukA thA / prasiddha jApAnI vidvAn DaoN0 uI ne isakA AMglabhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai / yaha graMtha vaizeSika sUtroM kA vyAkhyA na hokara tadviSayaka svataMtra evaM maulika grantha hai / inhoMne nyAya darzana se prabhAvita hokara apane grantha kI racanA kI thii| isa graMtha kI vyApakatA evaM molikatA ke kAraNa isa para aneka TIkAyeM likhI gayI haiM / (1) dAkSiNAtya zaivAcAyaM vyomazikhAcAyaM ne 'byomavatI' saMjJaka bhASya kI racanA kI hai jo 'padArthasaMgraha' kA sarvAdhika prAcIna bhASya hai| ye harSavardhana ke samasAmayika the / inhoMne pratyakSa aura anumAna ke atirikta zabda ko bhI pramANa mAnA hai / ( ) udayanAcArya (s. siddha- naiyAyika ) ne 'kiraNAvalI' nAmaka bhASya kI racanA kI hai / ( 3 ) 'padArthadhamaMsaMgraha' ke tRtIya bhASyakAra vaMgadezIya vidvAn zrIdharAcArya the / inhoMne 'nyAyakandalI' nAmaka bhASya kA praNayana kiyA / inakA samaya 991 I0 hai / vaizeSika sUtra ke pazcAt isa darzana kA atyanta praur3ha grantha prazastapAdabhASya mAnA jAtA hai| [ 'padArthadhamaM saMgraha' kI prasiddhi prazastapAdabhAgya ke rUpa meM hai ] yaha vaizeSika darzana kA Akara grantha hai / isa grantha meM jagat kI sRSTi evaM pralaya, 24 guNoM kA vivecana, paramANuvAda evaM pramANa kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai aura ye viSaya kaNAda ke siddhAnta ke nizcita bar3hAva ke dyotaka haiM /

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praznopaniSad ] ( 298) [prAtizAkhya bhAdhAragrantha-[prazastapAdabhASya kA hindI anuvAda-caukhambA] 1. iNDiyana. philaoNsapho bhAga 2-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan / 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / praznopaniSad-yaha 'atharvaveda' kI pippalAdazAkhA kA brAhmaNabhAga hai| isameM pippalAda RSi ne sukezA, satyavAn ( zivi ke putra) AzvalAyana, bhArgava, kAtyAyana aura kabandhI nAmaka 6 vyaktiyoM ke praznoM kA uttara diyA hai, isalie ise 'praznopaniSad' kahate haiN| yaha upaniSad gadyAtmaka hai tathA isameM uThAye gae sabhI prazna adhyAtmaviSayaka haiN| (ka) samasta prANI jagat yA prajA kI utpatti kahA~ se hotI hai ? ( kha ) kitane devatA yA daivI zaktiyAM prajAoM ko dhAraNa karatI haiM ? unheM kona prakAzita karatA hai tathA una devI zaktiyoM meM kauna zreSThatama hai| (ga) prANoM kI utpatti kisase hotI hai ? ve isa manuSya-zarIra meM kaise praveza karate haiM ? tathA ve apane ko kisa prakAra vibhAjita kara zarIra meM rahate haiM ? (gha) manuSya kI jAgrata, svapna evaM suSupti avasthAoM kA AdhyAtmika rahasya kyA hai ? tathA jIvana kI samasta zakti yA sabakesaba devatA kisameM sarvabhAva se sthita rahate haiM ? ( 3 ) oMkAra kI upAsanA kA rahasya kyA hai ? tathA isase kisa loka kI prApti hotI hai ? (ca) SoDasakalA-sampanna puruSa kahA~ hai aura usakA svarUpa kyA hai ? inhIM praznoM ke uttara meM adhyAtmaviSayaka sabhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| sabhI praznoM ke uttara meM prANa kI mahimA, usakA svarUpa, oMkAra kI upAsanA, solaha kalAsampanna puruSa yA parabrahma kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se varNana tathA akSara brahma ko isa jagat kA adhiSThAtA mAnA gayA hai / AdhAra pranya-kaThopaniSad-caukhambA prakAzana / prAkapANini katipaya vaiyAkaraNa-roti-paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 3000 vi0 pU0 hai| inakA ullekha 'kAzikA' meM vaiyAkaraNa ke rUpa meM hai ( 6 / 2 / 36 ) / zaunaki-samaya 3000 vi0 pU0 / inakA vivaraNa 'carakasaMhitA' ke TIkAkAra jajjhaTa ke eka uddharaNa.se prApta hotA hai| 2 / 27 / gautama-inakA vivaraNa 'mahAbhASya' meM hai jahAM inheM Apizali, pANini prabhRti vaiyAkaraNoM kI paMkti meM baiThAyA gayA hai ( 6 / 2 / 36 ) / isa samaya gautama racita 'gautamIzikSA' prApta hotI hai aura vaha kAzI se prakAzita ho cukI hai| inhoMne 'gautamagRhyasUtra' tathA 'gotamadharmazAstra' kI bhI racanA kI thii| vyADi-inake aneka matoM ke uddharaNa 'zaunakIya RprAtizAkhya' meM upalabdha hote haiM / puruSottamadeva ne bhI gAlava ke sAtha bhASAvRtti meM ( 6 / 170) vyADi ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai / paramparA meM ye pANini ke mAmA kahe gae haiN| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa---paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / prAtizAkhya-inheM zikSA nAmaka vedAMga kA aMga mAnA jAtA hai [ de0 vedAMga ] / inake pratipAdya viSaya haiM-uccAraNa, svaravidhAna, sandhi, hrasva kA dIrgha-vidhAna evaM saMhitA-pATha se sambaddha anya viSaya / saMhitA-pATha kA pada-pATha ke rUpa meM parivartita hone vAle viSayoM kA bhI varNana inameM hotA hai| kucha prAtizAkhyoM meM vaidika chandoM kA bhI varNana hai / inakA mahatva do dRSTiyoM se adhika hai| prathama to ye bhAratIya vyAkaraNa

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priyadarzikA ] ( 299 ) [ priyadarzikA zAstra kI aitihAsika zrRMkhalA ko jor3ate haiM, dvitIya inameM vaidika saMhitAoM ke pATha evaM svarUpa kA varNana prApta hotA hai / prAtizAkhyoM se hI saMskRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa prArambha hotA hai / ye svayaM vyAkaraNa na hokara vyAkaraNa-saMbaMdhI katipaya viSayoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthak prAtizAkhya prApta hote haiM / 'Rgveda' kA prAtizAkhya hai 'RkprAtizAkhya', 'zuklayajurveda' kA 'vAjasaneyiprAtizAkhya' / taittirIyasaMhitA' ke prAtizAkhya kA nAma 'taittirIya prAtizAkhya' hai / sAmavedIya prAtizAkhyoM kI saMkhyA do hai - 'puSpasUtra' evaM 'Rktantra' / 'atharvaveda' ke bhI do prAtizAkhya haiM'zona kIyA caturadhyAyikA' tathA 'atharvaveda prAtizAkhya' / [ uparyukta sabhI prAtizAkhyoM ke vivaraNa isa koza meM prastuta kiye gae haiM / ] priyadarzikA - yaha harSavardhana racita mATikA hai [ de0 harSavardhana ] / isameM cAra aMka haiM tathA isakA nAmakaraNa isakI nAyikA priyadarzikA ke nAma para kiyA gayA hai / isakI kathAvastu guNADhya kI 'bRhatkathA' se lI gayI hai tathA racanAzailI para mahAkavi kAlidAsa kRta 'mAlavikAgnimitra' kA prabhAva hai / isameM kavi ne vatsanareza mahArAja udayana tathA mahArAja dRr3havarmA kI duhitA priyadarzikA ko praNaya kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / nATikA ke prArambha meM kaMcukI vinayavasu dRr3havarmA kA paricaya prastuta karatA hai / isameM yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki dRr3havarmA ne apanI rAjakumArI priyadarzikA kA vivAha kauzAmbInareza vatsarAja ke sAtha karane kA nizcaya kiyA thA, para kaliMganareza kI ora se kaI bAra priyadarzikA kI yAcanA kI gayI thI / kaliMganareza dRr3havarmA ke nizcaya se kruddha hokara usake rAjya meM vidroha kara detA hai aura donoM pakSoM meM umra saMgrAma hone lagatA hai / kaliMganareza dRr3havarmA ko bandI banA letA hai, kintu hRr3havarmA kI putrI priyadarzikA kI rakSA kara kaMcukI use vatsarAja udayana ke prAsAda meM pahuMcA detA hai aura vahA~ vaha mahArAnI vAsavadattA kI dAsI ke rUpa meM rahane lagatI hai / usakA nAma AraNyakA rakhA jAtA hai / dvitIya aMka meM vAsavadattA ke nimitta puSpAvacaya karatI huI AraNyakA ke sAtha sahasA udayana kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| tathA donoM eka dUsare ke prati anurakta ho jAte haiN| jaba priyadarzikA rAnI ke lie kamala kA phUla tor3a rahI hai usI samaya bhauMroM kA jhuNDa AtA hai aura unake bhaya se vaha becaina ho uThatI hai / tatkSaNa vidUSaka ke sAtha bhramaNa karatA huA rAjA AtA hai aura latAkuja meM maMDarAne vAle bhramaroM ko dUra kara detA hai / yahIM se donoM prathama prema ke bIja kA vapana hotA hai / priyadarzikA kI sakhI donoM ko ekAkI chor3akara calI jAtI hai aura ve svatantratApUrvaka vArttAlApa karane kA avasara prApta karate haiN| tRtIya aMka meM udayana evaM priyadarzikA kI paraspara anurAgajanya vyAkulatA kA dRzya upasthita kiyA gayA hai / loka ke manoraMjana ke lie tathA vAsavadattA ke vivAha para AdhRta rUpaka ke abhinaya kI vyavasthA rAjadarabAra meM kI jAtI hai / nATaka meM vatsarAja udayana svayaM apanI bhUmikA adA karate haiM evaM AraNyakA vAsavadattA kA abhinaya karatI hai / yaha nATaka kevala darzakoM ke manoraMjana kA sAdhana na bar3ha kara vAstavika

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bANabhaTTa ] [ bANabhaTTa ho jAtA hai aura saboM para rAjA aura AraNyakA kI prIti prakaTa ho jAtI hai / vAsavadattA sAre rahasya ko jAna kara krodhita ho uThatI hai / caturtha aMka meM priyadarzikA ( AraNyakA) rAnI vAsavadattA dvArA bandI banAkara kArAgAra meM DAla dI jAtI hai / isI bIca rAnI kI mAtA kA eka patra prApta hotA hai ki usake mausA dRr3havarmA kaliMganareza ke yahA~ bandI haiM / rAnI duHkhita ho jAtI hai, para rAjA usI samaya Akara usakI cintA dUra kara detA hai ki usane kaliMga ko naSTa kara dRr3havarmA ko chur3Ane ke lie apanI senA bheja dI hai| isI bIca vijayasena kaliMga ko parAsta kara dRr3havarmA ke kaMcukI ke sAtha praveza karatA hai aura kaMcukI rAjA ko badhAI detA hai / vaha rAjakumArI priyadarzikA ko na pAye jAne para duHkha prakaTa karatA hai| tatkSaNa yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki AraNyakA ne viSapAna kara liyA hai / vaha zIghra hI rAnI dvArA rAjA ke pAsa ma~gavAyI jAtI hai kyoMki vaha mantropacAra se viSa kA prabhAva dUra kara dete haiM / mRtaprAya AraNyakA ke upasthita hone para kaMcukI use pahacAna kara apane svAmI kI putrI ghoSita karatA hai / mantropacAra se vaha svastha ho jAtI hai tathA rAnI vAsavadattA prasanna hokara usakA hAtha rAjA ke hAtha meM de detI hai| bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATikA kI samApti ho jAtI hai / isa nATikA meM zrRMgArarasa kI pradhAnatA hai| aura isakA nAyaka udayana dhIralalita hai / ( 300 ) bANabhaTTa - mahAkavi bANabhaTTa saMskRta ke sarvazreSTha kathAkAra evaM saMskRta gadya ke sArvabhauma samrAT haiM / subandhu dvArA pravartita kRtrima gadyazailI kA praur3ha evaM snigdha rUpa inakI racanA meM prApta hotA hai| saMskRta ke sabhI sAhityakAroM meM ekamAtra bANa hI aise kavi haiM, jinake jIvana ke sambandha meM paryApta rUpa se prAmANika sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai / inhoMne 'harSacarita' kI prastAvanA evaM 'kAdambarI' ke prArambha meM apanA paricaya diyA hai / inake pUrvaja sonanada ke nikaTastha prItikUTa nAmaka nagara ke nivAsI the / katipaya vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha sthAna bihAra prAnta ke ArA jile meM 'piyaroM' nAmaka grAma hai to kucha kucha vidvAn gayA jile ke 'deva' nAmaka sthAna ke nikaTa piTro nAmaka grAma ko mAnate haiN| bANa kA kula vidvatA evaM pANDitya ke liye vikhyAta thA / ye vAtsyAyana gotrIya brAhmaNa the / inake prAcIna pUrvaja kA nAma kubera thA, jo prasiddha karmakANDI evaM veda ke vidvAna the| inake yahAM chAtra yajurveda tathA sAmaveda kA pATha kiyA karate the / kubera ke cAra putra hue -acyuta, IzAna, hara tathA paashupt| pAzupata ke putra kA nAma arthapati thA aura arthapati ke gyAraha putra the jinameM citrabhAnu ke putra bANabhaTTa the| inakI mAtA kA nAma rAjadevI thA / bAlyAvasthA meM hI inakI mAtA kA dehAnta ho cukA thA aura pitA dvArA inakA pAlana-poSaNa huA / caudaha varSa kI umra meM inake pitA kI mRtyu huI aura yogya abhibhAvaka ke saMrakSaNa ke abhAva meM ye aneka prakAra kI zaizavocita capalatAoM meM pha~sa gae aura dezATana karane ke lie nikale / inhoMne aneka gurukuloM meM vidyAdhyayana kiyA evaM kaI rAjakuloM ko bhI dekhA / vidvattA ke prabhAva se inheM mahArAja harSavardhana kI sabhA meM sthAna

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bANabhaTTa ] (301 ) [bANabhaTTa milaa| kucha dinoM taka vahA~ rahakara ye apanI janmabhUmi meM Aye aura inhoMne logoM ke Agraha para 'harSacarita' kI racanA kara mahArAja harSavardhana kI jIvana-gAthA sunaaii| 'harSacarita' kI racanA karane ke bAda inhoMne apane mahAn grantha 'kAdambarI' kA praNayana kiyA kintu inake jIvana kAla meM yaha grantha pUrNa na ho sakA / unako mRtyu ke pazcAt unake putra ne 'kAdambarI' ke uttara bhAga ko pUrA kiyA aura pitA kI zailI meM hI grantha kI racanA kii| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki kaI sthaloM meM bANatanaya ne apane pitA se bhI adhika praur3hatA pradarzita kI hai| bANa kI santati ke sambandha meM kisI prakAra kA ullekha nahIM hai| dhanapAla kI 'tilakamabjarI' meM bANatanaya pulidhra kA varNana hai jisake AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne isakA nAma pulinabhaTTa nizcita kiyA hai| kevalo'pi sphuran bANaH karoti vimadAn kavIn / kiM punaH klaptasandhAnaH palindhrakRtasannidhiH / / ___ 'kAdambarI ke uttara bhAga meM bANatanaya ne pustaka-racanA ke sambandha meM apanA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| isane batAyA hai ki pitA ke svargavAsI hone para unakA kathA-prabandha apUrNa raha gayA jisase sahRdaya atyanta duHkhita hue| sajjanoM ke duHkha ko dekhakara maiMne isakA lekhana prArambha kiyA hai, kavitva ke dapaM se nhiiN| pitA jI ke prabhAva se hI maiM unakI tarapha se likha sakA huuN| 'kAdambarI' kA svAda lekara to maiM bilakula matavAlA ho gayA huuN| yAte divaM pitari tadvacasaiva sAdha vicchedamApa bhuvi yastu kathAprabandhaH / duHkhaM satAM tadasamAptikRtaM vilokya prArabdha eSa ca mayA na kavitva. daryAt / / gadye kRte'pi guruNA tu tadAntarANi yanirgatAni pitureva sa me'nubhAvaH / + + + kAdambarIrasabhareNa samasta evaM matto na kiJcidapi cetayate jano'yam / bhIto'mi yantra rasavarNavivajitena taccheSamAtmavacasApyanusaMdadhAnaH // bANakRta prasiddha tIna grantha haiM'harSacarita', 'kAdambarI' evaM 'cnnddiishtk'| 'harSacarita' meM ATha ucchavAsa haiM aura isameM mahArAja harSavardhana kI jIvana-gAthA varNita hai| yaha saMskRta kI sarvAdhika prAcIna AkhyAyikA hai [ de0 harSacarita ] / kAdambarI kI kathA kAlpanika hai aura zAstrIya dRSTi se ise kathA kahA jAtA hai [ de0 kAdambarI] / 'caNDIzataka' meM kavi ne nagdharA chanda meM bhagavatI durgA kI stuti eka sau padoM meM likhI hai| inakI anya do kRtiyAM bhI prasiddha haiM-'pArvatI-pariNaya' aura 'mukuTatADitaka' para vidvAn inheM kisI anya bANabhaTTa nAmadhArI lekhaka kI racanA mAnate haiN| bANabhaTTa ke sambandha meM aneka kaviyoM kI prazastiyAM upalabdha hotI haiM, unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai (1) jAtA zikhaNDinI prAg yathA zikhaNDI tathAvagacchAmi / prAgalbhyamadhikamAptuM vANI bANo babhUveti // AryAsaptazatI 37 / (2) bANasya harSacarite nizitAmudIkSya zakti na ke'tra kavitAstrImadaM tyajanti / mAndyaM na kasya ca kaveriha kAlidAsavAcAM rasena rasitasya bhavatyadhRSyam // (3) vAgIzvaraM hanta bhaje'bhinandamarthezvaraM vAkpatirAjamIDe / rasezvaraM staumi ca kAlidAsaM bANaM tu sarvezvaramAnato'smi / udayasundarI-soDDhala / ( 4 ) kAdambarIsahodaryA sudhayA vai budhe hRdi / harSAkhyAyikayA'khyA

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bANabhaTTa ] ( 302 ) [ bANabhaTTa yi bANo'bdhiriva labdhavAn // tilakamaMjarI - 27 / (5) saharSaracitA zazvaddhRtakAdambarIsyadA / bANasya vANyanAryeva svacchandA carati kSitI // rAjazekhara su0 mu0 4 / 65 / ( 6 ) bANena hRdi lagnena yanmando'pi padakramaH / bhavet ( prAyaH ) kavikuraGgANAM cApaleM tatra kAraNam / rAjazekhara sU0 mu0 4 / 67 / ( 7 ) daNDinyupasthite sadyaH kavInAM kampatAM manaH / praviSTe tvAntaraM bANe kaNThe vAgeva ruddhaghate // harihara, sumA0 11 / ( 8 ) yuktaM kAdambarIM zrutvA kavayo maunamAzritAH / bANadhvanAvanadhyAyo bhavatIti smRtiyaMtaH // somezvara, kI0 kau0 1115 / ( 9 ) ucchvAso'pi na niryAti bANe hRdayavartini / kiM punarvikaTATopa padabandhA sarasvatI // su0 ra0 kI 0 50 / 23 (10) yAdRg gadyavidhau bANaH padyabandhe na tAdRzaH / gavyAM gavyAmiyaM devI vicitrA hi sarasvatI || sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa - 2 / 20 / bANabhaTTa kA samaya mahArAja harSavardhana kA zAsana-kAla - 607 I0 se 648 I0 taka hai / bANabhaTTa atyanta pratibhAzAlI sAhityakAra haiM / inhoMne 'kAdambarI' kI racanA kara saMskRta kathA-sAhitya meM yuga-pravattana kiyA hai / bANa kI varNana-zailI atyanta nipuNa hai aura ye kRtrima AlaMkArika zailI ke pakSadhara haiN| 'harSacarita' kI prastAvanA meM M inakI zailI sambandhI mAnyatA kA patA calatA hai / inake pUrva vakroti-rahita svabhA voktipUrNa racanAe~ pracalita thIM jise inhoMne heya dRSTi se dekhA hai aura unheM 'asaMkhyazvAna' kI saMjJA dI hai| inake anusAra Adarza gadya zailI meM 'nUtana evaM camatkArapUrNa artha, surucipUrNa svabhAvokti, sarala zleSa, spaSTarUpa se pratIta hone vAlA rasa tathA akSaroM kI dRr3habandhatA' Avazyaka hai / navA'rtho jAtiragrAmyA zleSo'kliSTaH sphuTo rasaH / vikaTAkSarabandhazca kRtsnamekatra duSkaram // 7 harSacarita prastAvanA / bANa ne apane kathAkAvya meM ina tatvoM kA pUrNarUpa se pAlana kiyA hai| inameM citragrAhiNI buddhi evaM navIna udbhAvanA kI apUrva kSamatA thI / inhoMne citra kI bhAMti pratyeka viSaya kA varNana kiyA hai / apanI sUkSmadarzikA zakti ke dvArA prastuta kiye gae citra ke pratyeka dRzya kA sAMgopAMga citraNa karane meM bANa apanI sAnI nahIM saMskRta kAvya kI nidhi haiM / dhanapAla ne inheM amRta utpanna samudra kahA hai / "bANa varNanAtmaka zailI ke dhanI haiM / * vANa ke varNana hI unake kAvya kI nidhi haiM / ina varNanoM se ukatAnA ThIka nhiiN| inake bhItara baiThakara yukti se inakA rasa lenA caahie| jaba ekabAra pAThaka ina varNanoM ko aNuvIkSaNa kI yukti se dekhatA hai to unameM use ruci utpanna ho jAtI hai, evaM bANa kI akSarADambarapUrNa zailI ke bhItara chipe hue rasavAhI sote taka pahu~ca jAtA hai / usa samaya yaha icchA hotI hai ki kavi ne apane varNana ke dvArA citrapaTa para jo citra likhA hai| . usakI pratyeka rekhA sArthaka hai aura citra ko samagra rUpa prastuta karane meM sahAyaka hai / jisa prakAra raGgabalI kI vibhinna AkRtiyoM se bhUmi sajAI jAtI hai usI prakAra bANa ne apane kAvya kI bhUmi kA maNDana karane ke lie aneka varNanoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai / mahApratibhAzAlI isa lekhaka ne apanI vizeSa prakAra kI ileSmamayI varNa rkhte| inake varNana karane vAlA gambhIra

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vANAsuravijaya campU ] ( 303 ) [ bANAsuravijaya campU nAtmaka zailI ke dvArA jo hameM kucha diyA hai vaha paryApta hai aura usake lie hameM unakA kRtajJa rahanA cAhie / " DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla - harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana ( prathama saMskaraNa ) pR0 2 / 1 bANa kI gadyazailI tIna prakAra kI hai-- dIrghasamAsavatI alpasamAsavatI evaM samAsarahita / inheM kramazaH utkalikA, cUrNaka evaM Aviddha kahA gayA hai| bar3e-bar3e varNanoM meM kavi ne utkalikA kA prayoga kiyA hai / bANa kisI viSaya kA varNana karate samaya vibhinna alaMkAroM kA sahArA lekara use saundaryapUrNa banAte haiM / inhoMne vizeSa rUpa se upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, virodhA evaM parisaMkhyA alaMkAra kA prayoga kiyA hai / parisaMkhyA alaMkAra to inakA apanA alaMkAra hai / pAzcAtya paNDita bebara ne bANa kI zailI kI AlocanA karate hue ise usa saghana bhAratIya araNyANI kI taraha kahA thA jisameM pada pada para apracalita kliSTa zabda, zliSTapada-yojanA evaM samAsAnta padoM ke lambe-lambe vAkya vicitra evaM bhayaMkara jantu kA rUpa dhAraNa kara bhaya utpanna kara dete haiM / para sarvatra aisI bAta nahIM hai / bANa ne kahIM bhI aucitya kA tyAga nahIM kiyA hai / viSaya evaM sthiti ke anusAra inhoMne choTe-choTe vAkyoM evaM saMvAdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / inake gadya meM kAvya kI gati vidyamAna hai tathA prakRti ke sUkSma paryavekSaNa kI zakti bhI hai / himAlaya, acchoda sarovara, mahAzvetA kA nivAsa varNana evaM kaI sthAnoM para saMdhyA-varNana meM ( harSacarita evaM kAdambarI ) inakI citraNakalA evaM prakRtiprema ke darzana hote haiM / bANa apanI varNana-cAturI ke lie prAcInakAla se hI prasiddha rahe haiM aura AcAryoM ne inake isa guNa para mugdha hokara - 'vANocchiSTaM jagat sarvam'taka kaha diyA hai / inake AlocakoM ne zailI kI kliSTatA, AlaMkArika prema, dIrghavAkyatA samUhIkRta vizeSaNoM se samanvita vAkyoM, zliSTa prayoga evaM asAdhAraNa tathA apracalita padAvalI ke prayoga kI nindA kI hai para tatkAlIna sAhitya rUpa evaM lekhaka kI mAnyatA ko dekhate hue ina doSoM para vicAra karanA bANa ke sAtha anyAya karanA hai| bANa apanI rasapravaNatA kalAtmaka saundayaM, vakroktimaya abhivyaMjanA praNAlI tathA sAnuprAsa samAsAnta padAvalI ke prayoga ke lie amara raheMge / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI ) / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3 saMskRta sukavi- samIkSA - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta kavi darzana - DaoN0 bholA zaMkara vyAsa / 5. harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana -- DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 6, kAdambarI eka sAMskRtika adhyayana - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / bANAsuravijaya campU -- isa campU ke praNetA veMkaTa yA veMkaTAyaM kavi haiM / inakA nivAsasthAna surasiddhagiri nagara meM thA aura ye zrInivAsAcArya ke putra the / isa campU meM chaha ullAsa haiM aura 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke AdhAra para uSA-aniruddha kI kathA varNita hai / inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa yA aTThArahavIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa hai / yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa

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bApUdeva zAstrI] ( 304) [bAlarAmAyaNa sI0 sI0 madrAsa 12319 meM prApta hotA hai| maMgalAcaraNa kA zloka isa prakAra haizrIlakSmIkAntanAbhIkamalamadhujharIlolalolambamAlA jhaMkArassampadoghaM dizatu vidhicaturmukhyudIrNAgamAnAm / tAdAtmyaM tyApayan yamsvaranikaramayaH pAdapamAnatAnAmindrezAnAdidevapravarapariSadAM kAmitArthAmaraduH // 1 AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| bApUdeva zAstrI jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| ye pUnA ke nivAsI the / inakA janma 1821 I0 meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma sItArAma thaa| inhoMne tIna granthoM kI racanA kI hai-'trikoNamiti', 'bIjagaNita' evaM 'avyaktagaNita' / bhAratIya jyotiSa evaM pAzcAtya gaNita para inakA samAna adhikAra thA aura ye donoM ke hI marmajJa mAne jAte the / ye gavarnameNTa saMskRta kaoNlija meM adhyApaka the / inakA nidhana 1890 I0 meM huaa| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| bAlacarita-mha mahAkavi bhAsa dvArA racita nATaka hai| isameM pAMca aMka haiM tathA 'harivaMzapurANa' ke AdhAra para zrIkRSNa ke bAlacarita kA varNana hai| kRSNa-janma se lekara kaMsa-vadha taka kI ghaTanA dI gayI hai / prathama aMka meM kRSNa-janma kA varNana evaM vAsudeva dvArA unheM gokula ( nanda ke yahA~) pahuMcAne kA ullekha hai / prArambha meM nAradajI raMgamaMca para Akara zrIkRSNa kA darzana karate haiN| dvitIya aMka meM kaMsa dvArA yazodA kI kanyA ko patthara para paTakane tathA tRtIya meM pUtanA, kezI, zakaTa tathA dhenuka Adi dAnavoM ke vadha kA varNana hai / caturtha aMka meM kRSNa dvArA kAliyanAga ko yamunA se bhagAne tathA paMcama meM kRSNa-balarAma donoM bhAiyoM dvArA cANUra, muSTika se mallayuddha hone evaM donoM bhAiyoM dvArA unake mArane kA varNana hai| isI aMka meM kaMsa kA vadha varNita hai| isa nATaka meM vIrarasa kI pradhAnatA hai aura ariSTa, cANUra evaM kaMsa kA raMgamaMca para hI vadha dikhalAyA gayA hai| yaha viSaya nATyazAstrIya vyavasthA ke anusAra niSiddha hai| isameM kavi ne zrIkRSNa ke janma ke samaya kaI alaukika ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| bAlarAmAyaNa-yaha rAjazekhara kRta dasa aMkoM kA mahAnATaka hai| isa nATaka kI racanA kavi ne nibhayarAja ke lie kI thii| rAmakathA ke AdhAra para isakI racanA huI hai tathA sItA-svayaMvara se lekara rAma ke ayodhyA pratyAgamana taka kI kathA kA varNana hai / prathama aMka kA nAma 'pratijJApaulastya' hai| isa aMka meM rAvaNa kA sItAsvayaMvara meM janakapura jAne tathA sItA ke sAtha vivAha karane kI pratijJA kA varNana hai| vaha mahArAja janaka se sItA ko prApta karane ke lie prArthanA karatA hai kintu janaka dvArA isa prastAva ke asvIkRta ho jAne ke pazcAt krodhAbhibhUta hokara calA jAtA hai| dvitIya aMka ko 'rAmarAvaNIya' kahA gayA hai| isameM rAvaNa dvArA apane sevaka mAyAmaya ko parazurAma ke pAsa bhejane kA varNana hai| rAvaNa kA prastAva sunate hI parazurAma krodha sa AgababUlA hokara usa para barasa par3ate haiM aura usase yuddha karane ko utArU ho jAte haiM;

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bAlacandrasUrI] ( 305 ) [bASkalamantropaniSad kintu kisI prakAra yuTa Tala jAtA hai| tRtIya aMka ko 'laGkezvara aMka' kI abhidhA prApta hai / isa aMka meM sItA ko prApta nahIM karane ke kAraNa duHkhita rAvaNa ko prasanna karane ke lie sItA-svayaMvara kI ghaTanA ko raMgamaMca para pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai / jaba rAma dvArA dhanuSabhaMga evaM sItA ke varaNa kA dRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai to use dekhakara rAvaNa krodhita ho uThatA hai; para vAstavika sthiti ko jAnakara usakA krodha zamita ho jAtA hai / caturtha aMka ko 'bhArgava bhaMga' aMka kahA gayA hai| isameM rAma-parazurAma ke saMgharSa kA varNana hai| devarAja indra mAtali ke sAtha parazurAma-rAma-saMgharSa ko AkAza se dekhate haiM aura rAma kI vijaya para prasanna hote haiN| paMcama aMka kA nAma 'unmattadazAnana' aMka hai| isa aMka meM sItA ke viyoga meM rAvaNa kI vyathA varNita hai| vaha sItA kI kASTha-pratimA banAkara mana bahalAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai| SaSTha aMka 'nirdoSa dazaratha' ke nAma se abhihita hai| isa aMka meM zUrpaNakhA tathA mAyAmaya ayodhyA ko kaikeyI aura dazaratha kA rUpa dhAraNa karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| inhIM ke dvArA rAma ke vana-gamana kI ghaTanA pradarzita kI gayI hai / ratnazikhaNDa dvArA rAjA dazaratha ko rAma banavAsa kI ghaTanA kA jJAna hotA hai| saptama aMka 'asamaparAkrama' ke rUpa meM kathita hai / isameM rAma aura samudra ke saMvAda kA varNana hai| samudra ke kinAre baiThe hue rAma ke pAsa rAvaNa dvArA nirvAsita usakA bhAI vibhISaNa Akara milatA hai| tatpazcAt samudra para setu bA~dhA jAtA hai aura rAma laMkA meM praveza karate haiM / aSTama aMka ko 'vIravilAsa' kahA gayA hai / isa aMka meM rAma-rAvaNa kA ghamAsAna yuddha varNita hai / meghanAda tathA kumbhakarNa mAre jAte haiM aura rAvaNa, mAyA ke dvArA, rAma kI senA ke samakSa sItA kA kaTA huA mastaka pheMka detA hai| para vaha saphala nahIM ho paataa| navama aMka meM rAvaNa kA vadha vaNita hai| antima aMka kA nAma 'sAnanda raghunAtha' hai| isameM sItA kI agniparIkSA evaM vijayI rAma kA puSpaka vimAna dvArA ayodhyA Agamana kA varNana hai| sakala ayodhyAvAsI rAma kA kA svAgata karate haiM aura rAmacandra kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| isa nATaka meM kavi ne kathAnaka kA anAvazyaka vistAra kiyA hai| rAma se sambaddha ghaTanAoM kI apekSA rAvaNa se sambaddha ghaTanAeM adhika haiN| sampUrNa gantha meM sragdharA evaM zArdUlavikrIDita chandoM kA adhika prayoga hai| yaha grantha nATyakalA kI dRSTi se saphala nahIM hai para kAvyatva ke vicAra se mahattvapUrNa hai| kAryAnviti kI yojanA atyanta saphalatA ke sAtha kI gayI hai kintu kathAnaka meM gatyAtmakatA kA abhAva hai| bAlacandrasUrI-( 13 zataka ) inhoMne 'vasantavilAsa' nAmaka mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai| isameM rAjA vastupAla kA jIvanacarita varNita hai, jise kavi ne unake putra (vastupAla) ke manoraMjanArtha likhA thaa| prabandhacintAmaNi ke anusAra yaha kAvya vastupAla ko itanA adhika rucikara humA ki unhoMne isa para kavi ko eka sahasra suvarNa mudrAeM dI tathA unheM AcArya pada para abhiSikta kiyaa| bASkalamantropaniSad-yaha nava-prApta upaniSada hai| isakI ekamAtra pANDulipi 20 saM0 sA0

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bilhaNa] ( 306 ) [buDhacarita pATyAra pustakAlaya meM upalabdha hai| ise 'Rgveda' kI bASkala zAkhA kA aMza mAnA gayA hai jo samprati aprApya hai| isameM kula 25 mantra haiM aura Atma-tattva kA pratipAdana hI isakA pradhAna lakSya hai| AdhAragraMtha-vaidika saMzodhana maNDala, pUnA se aSTAdaza upaniSad ke antargata prakAzita / bilhaNa-ye kAzmIrI kavi haiM jinhoMne 'vikramAMkadevacarita' nAmaka aitihAsika mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| isameM 18 sarga haiM tathA kavi ke AzrayadAtA vikramAditya ke pUrvajoM ke zaurya evaM parAkrama kA varNana hai| cAlukyavaMzIya rAjA vikramAditya SaSTha dakSiNa ke nRpati the jinakA samaya 1076-1127 I0 hai| aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ke nidarzana meM bilhaNa atyanta jAgarUka rahe haiN| ye vaidarbhI mArga ke kavi haiN| "vikramAMkadevacarita' meM vIra rasa kA prAdhAnya hai, para zrRMgAra aura karuNa rasa kA bhI sundara rUpa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isake prArambhika sAta sagoM meM mukhyataH aitihAsika sAmagrI bharI par3I hai| AThaveM se gyArahaveM sagaM taka rAjakumArI candala devI kA nAyaka se pariNaya, praNaya-prasaMga, vasanta Rtu kA zRGgArI citra, nAyikA kA rUpa-saundayaM tathA kAma keli Adi kA varNana hai / bAraha, teraha tathA solaha sarga meM jalakrIr3A, mRgayA Adi * kA varNana tathA caudahaveM evaM paMdrahaveM sarga meM kauTumbika kalaha kA ullekha hai| satrahaveM sagaM meM colI kI parAjaya tathA 183 meM kavivaMzavRta evaM bhArata-yAtrA kA vRttAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bilhaNa ne rAjAoM ke yaza ko phailAne evaM apakIrti ke prasAraNa kA kAraNa kaviyoM ko mAnA hai lakhApateH saMkucitaM yazo yat yat kIrtipAtraM raghurAjaputraH / sa sarva evAdikaveH prabhAvo na kopanIyA kavayaH kSitIndraH / / isakA sarvaprathama prakAzana jI0 bUlara dvArA bI0 esa0 esa0 14, 1875 I0 meM huaa| hindI anuvAda ke sAtha caukhambA vidyAbhAvana se prakAzita / buddhaghoSa-ye prasiddha bauddha AcArya haiM jinhoMne 10. sargoM meM 'padyacUr3AmaNi' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| ye pAlilekhakoM tathA baudharma ke vyAkhyAkAroM meM mahanIya sthAna ke adhikArI haiN| inhoMne 'visuddhimagga' nAmaka bauddhadharmaviSayaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai tathA 'mahAvaMza' aura 'aTThakathAyeM bhI inake nAma para pracalita haiN| ye brAhmaNa se bora hue the| inakA samaya 400 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| inake eka grantha kA cInI anuvAda 408 I0 meM huA thaa| buddhacarita-isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA bauddha kavi azvaghoSa haiN| samprati mUla grantha 14 sau taka hI upalabdha hai kintu isameM 28 sarga the jo cInI evaM timbatI anuvAdoM meM prApta hote haiN| isakA prathama sarga adhUrA hI milA hai tathA 14 veM saMga ke 31 zloka taka ke hI aMza azvaghoSa kRta mAne jAte haiN| prathama sarga meM rAjA zuddhodana evaM unakI patnI kA varNana hai / mAyAdevI ( rAjA kI palI) ne eka rAta ko sapanA dekhA ki eka zveta majarAja unake zarIra meM

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buddhacarita ] ( 307 ) [bUlara je0 jI0 praveza kara rahA hai| lumbinI ke vana meM siddhArtha kA janma hotA hai| utpanna bAlaka ne yaha bhaviSyavANI kI ki maiM 'jagata ke hita ke lie tathA jJAna arjana ke lie janmA huuN|' dvitIya sarga-kumAra kI manovRtti ko dekhakara rAjA ne apane rAjya ko atyanta sukhakara banAkara unake mana ko (siddhArtha ko ) vilAsitA kI ora lagAnA cAhA tathA vana meM cale jAne ke bhaya se unheM susajjita mahala meM rakhA / tRtIya sargaudyAna meM eka vRddha, rogI evaM murde ko dekhakara kumAra ke mana meM vairAgya kI utpatti hotI hai| isameM unakI vairAgya-bhAvanA kA varNana hai [ de0 azvaghoSa ] / caturtha sarganagara evaM udyAna meM pahuMca kara sundarI striyoM dvArA kumAra ko mohane ke prayatna para kumAra kA unase prabhAvita na honA / paMcama sargaH-vanabhUmi dekhane ke lie kumAra kA gamana tathA vahAM unheM eka zramaNa kA milnaa| nagara meM praveza karane para kumAra kA gRha-tyAga kA saMkalpa evaM mahAbhiniSkramaNa / SaSTha sarga-kumAra dvArA chandaka ko lauTAyA jaanaa| saptama sarga-gautama kA tapovana meM praveza tathA kaThora tapasyA meM saMlagna honaa| aSTama sarga-kathaka nAmaka ghor3e para chandaka kA kapilavastu lauTanA, kapilavastuvAsiyoM tathA yazodharA kA vilaap| navama sarga-rAjA dvArA kumAra kA anveSaNa tathA kumAra kA nagara na lauTanA / dazama sarga-bimbasAra kA kumAra ko kapilavastu lauTane kA Agraha karanA / ekAdaza sagaM-rAjakumAra kA rAjya evaM sampatti kI nindA karanA evaM nagara meM jAne se inkAra karanA / dvAdaza sarga-rAjakumAra kA arADa muni ke Azrama meM jAnA tathA arADa kA apanI vicAradhArA kA pratipAdana karanA jise mAnakara gautama ke mana meM asaMtoSa honaa| tatpazcAt kaThora tapasyA meM laga jAnA tathA nandabAlA se pAyasa kI prApti / trayodaza sarga-mAra (kAma) kA buddha kI tapasyA meM bAdhA DAlanA tathA use parAjita honaa| catudaMza sarga meM gautama ko buddhatva kI prApti / zeSa sargoM meM dharmacakra pravartana tathA buddha kA aneka ziSyoM ko dIkSita karanA, pitA-putra kA samAgama, buddha ke siddhAntoM evaM zikSA kA varNana tathA nirvANa kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai / buddhacarita meM kAvya ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra kiyA gayA hai| vizuddha kAvya kI dRSTi se prArambhika pAMca saga, aSTama evaM trayodaza sagaM ke kucha aMza atyanta sundara haiN| isakA hindI anuvAda sUryanArAyaNa caudharI ne kiyA hai| bUlara je0jI0-jarmanI ke prAcyavidyA-vizArada / inakA janma jarmanI meM 19 julAI 1837 ko huA thaa| inake pitA eka sAdhAraNa pAdarI the jo hanovara rAjya ke antargata voraleTa nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI the| pAdarI kI santAna hone ke kAraNa zaizavakAla se hI ye dhArmika ruci ke vyakti hue / ucca zikSA prApta karane ke lie ye gArTijana vizvavidyAlaya meM praviSTa hue jahAM unhoMne saMskRta ke . anUdita anyoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| inhoMne 1858 I0 meM DAkTreTa kI upAdhi prApta kI aura bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyayana meM nirata hue / Arthika saMkaTa rahane para bhI apanI jJAnapipAsA ke upazamana ke lie inhoMne bar3I lagana ke sAtha bhAratIya

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( 308) [brahmagupta hastalikhita pothiyoM kA khojakArya prArambha kiyaa| isa kArya ke lie ve perisa, saMdana evaM AksaphorDa ke iNDiyA Aphisa sthita vizAla granthAgAroM meM rakhI gayI sAmagriyoM kA Alor3ana karane ke lie gye| saMyogavaza, inheM laMdana meM maiksamUlara kA sAkSAtkAra huA aura inheM isa kArya meM paryApta sahAyatA prApta huii| landana meM ye viMDasara ke rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM saha-pustakAlayAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM niyukta hue tathA antataH gArTijana vizvavidyAlaya ke pustakAlaya meM saha-pustakAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM inakI niyukti huii| bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyayana kI utkaTa abhilASA ke kAraNa ye bhArata Ae aura maiksamUlara kI saMstuti ke kAraNa bambaI ke tatkAlIna zikSA vibhAga ke adhyakSa hAvaMDa mahodaya ne inheM bambaI zikSA-vibhAga meM sthAna diyA, jahAM ye 1863 I. se 1880 taka rhe| vizvavidyAlaya kA jIvana samApta karane ke bAda inhoMne lekhanakArya meM apane ko lagAyA aura 'orieNTala aiMDa oNksIDeMTa' nAmaka patrikA meM bhASAvijJAna tathA vaidikazodha-viSayaka nibandha likhane lge| inhoMne 'bambaI saMskRta-sIrIja' kI sthApanA kI aura vahA~ se 'paMcatantra,' 'dazakumAracarita' tathA 'vikramAMkadevacarita' kA sampAdana kara unheM prakAzita kraayaa| inhoMne 1867 I0 meM sara remAMDavesTa nAmaka vidvAn ke sahayoga se 'DAijesTa Apha hindU lA' nAmaka pustaka kA praNayana kiyaa| inhoMne saMskRta hastalikhita poSiyoM kI khoja kA kArya akSuNNa rakhA aura 1868 I0 meM etadathaM zAsana kI ora se baMgAla, bambaI aura madrAsa meM saMsthAna khulavAyA / DaoN. kIlahAna, bUlara, pITarsana, bhANDArakara evaM barnela prabhRti vidvAna bhI isa kArya meM lage / bUlara ko bambaI zAkhA kA adhyakSa banAyA gyaa| bUlara ne lagabhaga 2300 poSiyoM ko khojakara unakA uddhAra kiyaa| inameM se kucha pothiyo eliphiMsaTana kAleja ke pustakAlaya meM rakhI gayIM, kucha balina vizvavidyAlaya meM gayIM tathA kucha ko iNDiyA oNphisa lAibrerI, laMdana meM rakhA gayA / inhoMne 1887 I0 meM lagabhaga 500 jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para jarmana bhASA meM jainadharma-viSayaka eka grantha kI racanA kI jise bahuta prasiddhi prApta huii| aneka varSoM taka anusaMdhAna kArya meM nirata rahane ke kAraNa inakA svAsthya girane lagA, phalataH ye jalavAyu-sevana ke lie vAyanA (jarmanI) cale ge| vahAM vAyanA vizvavidyAlaya meM bhAratIya sAhitya evaM tattvajJAna ke adhyApana kA kArya inheM milaa.| vahA~ inhoMne 1886 I0 meM 'orieMTala isTiTyUTa' kI sthApanA kI aura 'oriaiMTala janala' nAmaka patrikA kA prakAzana kiyaa| inhoMne tIsa vidvAnoM ke sahayoga se 'eNnsAiklopIDiyA Apha inDo-Aryana risarca' kA saMpAdana karanA prArambha kiyA jisake kevala nau bhAga prakAzita ho sake / apanI maulika pratibhA ke kAraNa zrIbUlara vizvavidyuta vidvAn ho ge| eDinavarA vizvavidyAlaya ne inheM DAkTreTa kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyaa| apraila 1898 I0 meM kaisTaiMsa jhIla meM naukAvihAra karate hue ye acAnaka jala-samAdhistha ho gae / usa samaya inakI avasthA 61 varSa kI thii| brahmagupta-gaNita-jyotiSa ke suprasiddha AcArya / inakA janma 598 I0 meM paMjAba ke 'bhinanAlakA' sthAna meM huA thaa| inhoMne 'brahmasphuTasiddhAnta' evaM 'khaNDa-khAdyaka'

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brahmagupta ] ( 309 ) [ bRhatkathA nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| ye jyotiSazAstra ke prakANDa vidvAn evaM bIjagaNita ke pravatrtaka mAne jAte haiM / inake donoM hI granthoM ke anuvAda arabI bhASA meM hue haiN| 'brahmasphuTasiddhAnta' ko arabI meM 'asinda hinda' evaM 'khaNDakhAdyaka' ko 'alakaMnda' kahA jAtA hai / AryabhaTTa ke pRthvI-calana siddhAnta kA khaNDana kara inhoMne pRthvI ko sthira kahA hai | 'brahmasphuTasiddhAnta' meM 24 adhyAya haiM aura 'khaNDakhAdyaka' meM 10 / apane granthoM meM brahmagupta ne aneka sthaloM para AryabhaTTa, zrISeNa, viSNucandra prabhRti AcAryoM ke mata kA khaNDana kara unheM tyAjya mAnA hai / inake anusAra ina AcAryoM kI gaNanA vidhi se grahoM kA spaSTa sthAna zuddharUpa meM nahIM AtA / sarvaprathama inhoMne jyotiSa tathA gaNita ke viSayoM ko pRthak kara unakA varNana alaga-alaga adhyAyoM meM kiyA hai tathA gaNitajyotiSa kI racanA vizeSa krama se kI hai / AryabhaTTa kA nindaka hote hue bhI inhoMne 'khaNDakhAdyaka' ke prathama ATha anyAyoM meM unake mata kA anukaraNa kiyA hai| inhoMne jyotiSa viSayaka tathyoM ke atirikta bIjagaNita, aMkagaNita evaM kSetramiti ke saMbaMdha meM aneka maulika siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiM jinakA mahatva Aja bhI usI rUpa meM hai / [ brahmasphuTa siddhAnta - mUla evaM lekhaka kRta TIkA ke sAtha kAzI se prakAzita, 1902 - sampAdaka sudhAkara dvivedI / mUla tathA AmarAjakRta saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha kalakattA se prakAzita aMgarejI anu0 pI0 sI0 senagupta, kalakattA / ] AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa- DaoN0 gorakha prasAda / bRhatkathA - isake racayitA guNADhya the, jinhoMne paizAcI bhASA meM 'bahukahA' ke nAma se isa grantha kI racanA kI hai; kintu isakA mUla rUpa naSTa ho cukA hai / isakA ullekha subandhu, daNDI evaM bANabhaTTa ne kiyA hai, jisase isakI prAmANikatA kI puSTi hotI hai / dazarUpaka evaM usakI TIkA avaloka meM bhI bRhatkathA ke sAkSya haiM / trivikramabhaTTa ne apane 'nalacampU' tathA somadeva ne 'yazastilaka' meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai| kamboDiyA ke eka zilAlekha ( 875 I0 ) meM guNADhya ke nAma kA tathA prAkRta bhASA ke prati usakI viraktatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ina sabhI sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para guNADhya kA samaya 600 I0 se pUrva mAnA jA sakatA hai / guNADhya ke grantha kA saMskRta anuvAda bRhatkathA ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai / guNADhya rAjA hola ke darabArI kavi the / samprati bRhatkathA ke tIna saMskRta anuvAda prApta hote haiM-- ka -- budhasvAmI kRta bRhatkathA-zlokasaMgraha - nepAla nivAsI the| inakA samaya 8 va 9 vIM zatAbdI hai / ye bRhatkathA ke prAcInatama anuvAdaka haiM / kha -- bRhatkathA maMjarI - isake lekhaka kSemendra haiM / yaha bRhatkathA kA sarvAdhika prAmANika anuvAda hai jisakI zloka saMkhyA 7500 sahasra hai / ( isaka hindI anuvAda ho cukA hai, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda ) / isakA samaya pyArahavIM sadI hai / ga - somadevakRta 'kathAsaritsAgara' - somadeva kAzmIra nareza ananta ke samasAmayika the / inhoMne 24 sahasraM zlokoM meM bRhatkathA kA anuvAda kiyA hai / [ isakA hindI

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bRhaspatismRti] [bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad anuvAda rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA se do khaNDoM meM ho cukA hai ] somadeva kI zailI sundara, sarasa tathA pravAhapUrNa hai| . bRhaspatismRti-isa grantha ke racayitA bRhaspati haiM jo prAcIna bhAratIya arthazAstrajJa mAne jAte haiN| 'mitAkSarA' tathA anya bhASyoM meM bRhaspati ke lagabhaga 700 zloka prApta hote haiM jo vyavahAra-viSayaka haiN| inako kauTilya ne prAcIna arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA hai| 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM ( 59, 80-85) bRhaspati ko brahmA dvArA racita dharma, artha evaM kAma-viSayaka granthoM ko tIna sahasra adhyAyoM meM saMkSipta karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM 'bRhaspatinIti' kA ullekha hai| 'yAjJavalkyasmRti' meM bRhaspati 'dharmavaktA' kahe gae haiN| 'bRhaspatismRti' abhI taka sampUrNa rUpa meM prApta nahIM huI hai / DaoN. jaoNlI ne inake 711 zlokoM kA prakAzana kiyA hai| isameM vyavahAra-viSayaka siddhAnta tathA paribhASAoM kA varNana hai| upalabdha 'vRhaspatismRti' para 'manusmRti' kA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai aura aneka sthaloM para to ye manu ke saMkSipta vivaraNoM ke vyAkhyAtA siddha hote haiN| aparAka evaM kAtyAyana ke granthoM meM bRhaspati ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe ke anusAra bRhaspati kA samaya do sau I0 se cAra sau I0 ke bIca mAnA jA sakatA hai| smRticandrikA, mitAkSarA, parAzaramAdhavIya, nirNaya-sindhu evaM saMskArakaustubha meM, bRhaspati ke aneka uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| bRhaspati ke saMbaMdha meM abhI taka vijJAna ku zcita niSkarSa para nahIM pahuMca sake haiN| aparAkaM evaM hemAdri ne bRddhabRhaspati evaM jyotibRMhaspati kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| bRhaspati prathama dharmazAstrajJa haiM jinhoMne dhana tathA hiMsA ke bheda ko prakaTa kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (khaNDa 1) pI0 vI0 kANe (hindI anuvaad)| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad-yaha upaniSad 'zatapathabrAhmaNa' kI antima do zAkhAoM se sambadha hai / isameM tIna kANDa evaM pratyeka meM do-do adhyAya haiN| tIna kANDoM ko kramazaH madhukANDa, yAjJavalkakANDa (munikANDa) aura khilakANDa kahA jAtA hai| isake prathama adhyAya meM mRtyu dvArA samasta padArthoM ko grasa lie jAne kA, prANI kI zreSThatA evaM sRSTi-nirmANa saMbaMdhI siddhAntoM kA varNana rocaka bAkhyAyikA ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM gAgyaM evaM kAzInareza ajAtazatru ke saMvAda haiM tathA yAjJavalka dvArA apanI do paliyoM-maitreyI evaM kAtyAyanI-meM dhana kA vibhAjana kara, vana jAne kA varNana hai| unhoMne maitreyI ke prati jo divya dArzanika sandeza diye haiM, unakA varNana isI adhyAya meM hai| tRtIya evaM caturtha adhyAyoM meM janaka tathA yAjJavalka kI kathA hai| tRtIya meM rAjA janaka kI sabhA meM yAjJavalka dvArA aneka brahmajJAniyoM kA parAsta honA tathA caturtha adhyAya meM mahArAja janaka kA yAjJavalka se brahmajJAna kI zikSA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai| pancama adhyAya meM kAtyAyanI evaM maitreyI kA AkhyAna tathA nAnAvidha AdhyAtmika viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai jaise nItiviSayaka, sRSTisaMbaMdhI tathA paralokaviSayaka / SaSTha adhyAya meM aneka prakAra kI pratIkopAsanA evaM pancAmi

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baudhAyana dharmasUtra ] ( 311 ) [ bauddha darzana vidyA kA varNana hai| isa upaniSad ke mukhya dArzanika yAjJavalka haiM aura sarvatra unhIM kI vicAradhArA pariplAvita ho rahI hai / yaha grantha gadyAtmaka hai aura isameM AraNyaka tathA upaniSad donoM hI aMza mile hue haiM / isameM saMnyAsa kI pravRtti kA atyanta vistAra ke sAtha varNana tathA eSaNAtraya ( lokaiSaNA, putraiSaNA evaM vittaiSaNA ) kA parityAga, pravrajana, ( sanyAsa ) aura bhikSAcaryA kA ullekha hai / 'bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' meM azvamedha ke rahasya kA vivecana karate hue use vizvarUpa batAyA gayA hai / prathama adhyAya meM prANa ko AtmA kA pratIka mAnakara AtmA yA brahma jagat kI sRSTi kahI gayI hai aura use hI samasta prANiyoM kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai / AdhAragrantha -- bRhadAraNyaka - gItA presa gorakhapura kA saMskaraNa ( hindI anuvAda sahita ) | / baudhAyana dharmasUtra - kRSNa yajurveda ke AcArya baudhAyana dvArA likhita yaha dharmazAstra unake kalpasUtra kA aMza hai / baudhAyana gRhyasUtra meM isakA ullekha hai / yaha grantha sampUrNa rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM hai isameM ATha adhyAya haiM tathA adhikAMza zlokabaddha haiM / isameM Apastamba tathA vasiSTha ke aneka sUtra akSarazaH prApta hote haiM / yaha dharmasUtra 'gotamadharmasUtra' se arvAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| isakA samaya vi0 pU0 500 se 200 varSa hai / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI - dharma ke upAdAnoM kA varNana, uttara aura dakSiNa ke vibhinna AcAra-vyavahAra, prAyazcitta, brahmacArI ke katrtavya, brahmacayaM kI mahattA, zArIrika tathA mAnasika azauca, vasIyata ke niyama, yajJa ke lie pavitrIkaraNa, mAMsa aura bhojana kA niSedha niSedha, yajJa kI mahattA, yajJa-pAtra, purohita, yAjJika evaM usakI strI, ghI, annadAna, soma tathA agni ke viSaya meM niyama / rAjA ke kartavya, paMcamahApAtaka evaM unake sambandha meM daNDavidhAna, pakSiyoM ke mArane kA daNDa, aSTa vivAha, brahmahatyA tathA anya pApakarmoM ke lie prAyazcitta kA vidhAna, brahmacayaM tor3ane para brahmacArI dvArA sagotra kanyA se vivAha karane kA niyama, choTe-choTe pApa, kRcchra aura atikRcchroM kA varNana, vasIyata kA vibhAjana, jyeSTha putra kA bhAga, aurasa putra ke sthAna para anya prati vyakti, vasIyata ke niSedha, puruSa yA strI dvArA vyabhicAra karane para prAyazcitta, niyoga vidhi, agnihotra, Adi gRhasthakarma, sanyAsa ke niyama Adi / [ govindasvAmI ke bhASya ke sAtha kAzI saMskRta sirIja se prakAzita tathA AMglAnuvAda sekreTa buksa oNpha da IsTa bhAga 14 meM ] / bauddha darzana - yaha bhArata kA prasiddha dArzanika sampradAya hai jo boddhamatavAda para Azrita hai / bhagavAn buddha ne bauddhadharma kA pravattana kiyA thA / unakA samaya IsA pUrva baTa zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai para aneka vidvAna inheM IsA se 1800 varSa pUrva mAnate haiM / ( zrI pI0 ena0 oka racita etadviSayaka nibandha dainika AyAvarta 1915/68 ) buddha ( siddhArtha ) kA janma kapilavastu ke rAjA zuddhodhana ke yahA~ huA thA / unakI mAtA kA nAma mAyAdevI evaM patnI kA nAma yazodharA thA / bacapana se hI jarA-maraNa ke

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boTa-darzana] ( 312) [baukha-darzana duHkha ko dekhakara unake mana meM vairAgya utpanna huA aura unhoMne vana meM jAkara tapasyA kI tathA sanyAsa grahaNa kara liyaa| jJAna prApta hone para upadeza dekara unhoMne bhikSuoM ke saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA 'mAgadhI' bhASA meM apane mata kA pracAra kiyA / 80 varSa kI avasthA meM unakI mRtyu kuzInagara meM huI tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ne unake mata kA pracAra deza-dezAntara meM kiyaa| gautama buddha kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unake upadezoM ko tIna granthoM meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| unake upadeza maukhika bhASA meM huA karate the| ye upadeza 'suttapiTaka', 'vinayapiTaka' evaM 'abhidhammapiTaka' nAmaka granthoM meM saMgRhIta haiM / prathama meM buddha ke upadeza haiM tathA dvitIya meM unake bhAcAra-sambandhI vicAroM kA saMgraha hai| tRtIya dArzanika vicAra kA grantha hai| inheM hI bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kI abhidhA prApta hai| piTaka kA artha piTArI hai| yahA~ isakA abhiprAya naitika niyamoM kI piTArI se hai| kAlAntara meM bauddhadharma do sampradAyoM meM baMTa gayA-hInayAna evaM mahAyAna / hInayAna ke mata kA nirUpaNa pAli bhASA meM kiyA gayA hai, kintu mahAyAna kA siddhAnta saMskRta meM nibaddha hai| isake AcAra evaM tattvajJAnaviSayaka granthoM meM no pradhAna haiM-'saddharmapuNDarIka' (hindI anuvAda ke sAtha rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA se prakAzita), 'prajJApAramitAsUtra', 'gaNDavyUhasUtra', 'dazabhUmikasUtra', 'ratnakUTa', 'samAdhirAjasUtra', 'sukhAvatIvyUha', suvarNaprabhAsasUtra' tathA 'laMkAvatArasUtra' / buddha kI zikSA-unakA uddezya taka ke sahAre adhyAtmavAda kI gutthiyoM kA sulajhAnA na hokara klezabahula prapaMca se chuTakArA pAne ke lie AcAra ke mArga kA hI nirdeza karanA thaa| AcArazAstra ke sambandha meM buddha ne cAra AryasatyoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| saMsAra kA jIvana duHkhapUrNa hai-sarva duHkham, ina duHkhoM ke kAraNa vidyamAna haiM-duHkhasamudayaH, ina duHkhoM se vAstavika mukti kI prApti saMbhava hai-duHkhanirodhaH, isa nirodha kI prApti ke lie ucita mArga yA upAya hai-duHkhanirodhagAminI pratipada / isa prakAra cAra Aryasatya hue-duHkha kI vidyamAnatA, usake kAraNa kI vidyamAnatA, usake nirodha kI saMbhAvyatA evaM usameM saphalatA prApta karane kA maarg| prathama Aryasatya ke anusAra jIvana duHkhamaya hai aura saMsAra meM mRtyu kA duHkha sabase bar3A duHkha hai jisase pacanA asambhava hai| sabhI padArtha kSaNika aura nAzavAna haiN| sabhI prakAra ke duHkhoM se bacane ke lie sabase acchA upAya yaha hai ki saMsAra ko hI chor3a diyA jAya / isase yaha mAta hotA hai ki buddha ne saMsAra kI sabhI vastuoM ke andhakAramaya pakSa para hI adhika bala diyA thaa| duHkha ke kAraNa-bhagavAn buddha ne pratItyasamutpAda ke anusAra duHkha ke kAraNa ko jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isameM batAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra meM akAraNa koI bhI vastu nahIM hai pratyeka viSaya kA kAraNa hotA hai| ataH kAraNa ke abhAva meM duHkha kI utpatti saMbhava hI nahIM hai| saMsAra meM do hI duHkha pradhAna haiM-jarA aura maraNa / zarIradhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI jarA-maraNa kA duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai, yadi zarIra-dhAraNa na ho to donoM hI duHkhoM se chuTakArA mila jA sakatA hai| tRtIya Aryasatya hai du:khanirodha yA nirvANa / isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki duHkha kA kAraNa hotA hai aura duHkha ke kAraNa

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boddha-darzana ] ( 113 ) [ bIya-darzana kA anta ho jAne para duHkha kA bhI anta nizcita hai / duHkhanirodha yA duHkha ke nAza ke sAdhana ko hI nirvANa kahate haiM / isakI prApti jIvana ke rahate bhI saMbhava hai / mokSa hI nirvANa hai aura jo vyakti mokSa prApta kara letA hai use ahaMta kahate haiM / nirvANa ke dvArA punarjanma kA anta ho jAtA hai aura usake sAtha-hI-sAtha duHkha se bhI mukti mila jAtI hai| nirvANa kI avasthA pUrNa zAnti, sthiratA evaM tRSNA vihInatA kI hai| caturtha Aryasatya hai duHkh-nirodh-maarg| jina kAraNoM se duHkha utpanna hotA hai yadi una kAraNoM kA hI anta kara diyA jAya to usa upAya yA sAdhana ko nirvANa kA mArga kahate haiM / buddha ne aise mArgoM kI saMkhyA ATha mAnI hai / samyak dRSTi-vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa para dhyAna denA / samyak saMkalpa - dRr3ha nizcaya para aTala rahanA / samyak vAk - satyabhASaNa tathA mithyA kA tyAga / samyak karmAnta - ahiMsA, asteya tathA indriyasaMyama / samyak AjIva - nyAyapUrNa jIvikA calAnA / samyak vyAyAma - sadkarma karane ke lie santata udyoga karanA / samyak smRti - lobha Adi cittasaMtApa se dUra rahanA / samyak samAdhi - rAgadveSa se rahita citta kI ekAgratA / buddha ke dArzanika vicAra - buddha ke dharmopadeza tIna dArzanika vicAroM para avalambita haiM- pratItyasamutpAda, karmakSaNikavAda tathA AtmA kA anastitva / pratItyasamutpAda - pratItya kA artha hai 'kisI vastu kI prApti hone para samutpAda yA anya vastu kI utpatti' / ise kAraNavAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / bAhya athavA mAnasa saMsAra kI jitanI bhI ghaTanAeM hotI haiM, avazya hotA hai / yaha niyama svataH paricAlita hotA hai isakA ke dvArA nahIM hotA / isake anusAra vastue~ nitya nahIM haiM, kintu unake astitva para sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| unakI utpatti anya padArthoM se hotI hai para 'unakA pUrNa vinAza nahIM hotA aura unakA kucha kArya yA pariNAma avazya raha jAtA hai' / pratItyasamutpAda madhyama mAgaM hai jo na to pUrNa nityavAda hai aura na pUrNa vinAzavAda / isa dRSTi se zAzvatavAda evaM ucchedavAda donoM hI ekAMgI haiM / karma - pratItyasamutpAda ke dvArA karmavAda kI pratiSThA hotI hai| isake anusAra manuSya kA vartamAna jIvana pUrva jIvana ke hI karmoM kA pariNAma hai tathA vartamAna jIvana kA bhAvI jIvana ke sAtha saMbaMdha lagA huA hai / karmavAda yaha batalAtA hai ki vartamAna jIvana meM jo hama karma kareMge usakA phala bhaviSya ke jIvana meM prApta hogA / kSaNikavAda - buddha ke mata se saMsAra kI sabhI vastue~ parivartanazIla evaM nAzavAn haiN| kisI kAraNa se hI koI vastu utpanna hotI hai, ataH kAraNa ke naSTa hone para usa vastu kA bhI anta ho jAtA hai| bauddhadarzana kA kSaNikavAda anityavAda kA hI rUpa hai / kSaNikavAda kA artha kevala yaha nahIM hai ki koI vastu nitya yA zAzvata nahIM hai, kintu isake atirikta isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki kisI bhI vastu kA astitva kucha kAla taka bhI nahIM rahatA, balki eka kSaNa ke lie hI rahatA hai|' anAtmavAda - bauddhadarzana meM AtmA kA astitva mAnya nahIM hai, ataH ise anAtmavAdI darzana kahate haiN| yahA~ para isa siddhAnta ke anusAra unakA kucha-na-kucha kAraNa saMcAlana kisI cetanazakti

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boddha-darzana ] ( 314 ) [ bI-darzana yaha mata mAnya nahIM hai ki AtmA nAma kI vastu zAzvata evaM cirasthAyI hai aura eka zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne para vaha anya zarIra meM praveza kara jAtA hai tathA zarIra kA anta hone para bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai| bauddhadarzana meM parivartanazIla dRSTa dharmoM ke atirikta kisI adRSTa dravya kI sattA mAnya nahIM hai / buddha ne batAyA ki yadi AtmA ko nitya samajha liyA jAya to Asakti bar3hegI aura duHkha utpanna hogA / bhrAnta vyakti hI AtmA ko satya mAnate haiM; phalataH usakI ora unakI Asakti bar3hatI hai / Izvara - bauddha darzana meM Izvara kA astitva svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai tathA Izvara kI sattA mAnane vAle sabhI AdhAroM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne socA ki Izvara kA astitva svIkAra karane para saMsAra ke acche yA bure kAryoM kA kAraNa use mAnanA hogA aura manuSya kI svatantratA naSTa ho jaaygii| Izvara ko sarvazaktimAn mAnane para usake dvArA pApI bhI mahAtmA bana sakatA hai, aisI sthiti meM caritra-nirmANa evaM dhArmika jIvana ke prati manuSya udAsIna ho jAyagA / ataH buddha ne isakA virodha kiyA aura kevala isI saMsAra kI sattA svIkAra kI / Izvara aura devatA kI kalpanA se manuSya niSkriya ho jAyagA aura sArA uttaradAyitva unhIM para chor3a degA / unhoMne karma-vidhAna ko hI mAnyatA dI jisake samakSa sabhI devI-vidhAna phIke ho jAyeMge / karma ke binA saMsAra kA koI bhI kArya sampanna nahIM ho sakatA / unhoMne binA kisI zAsaka deva ke hI sRSTi kI utpatti saMbhava mAnI hai| jisa prakAra boja se aMkura ora aMkura vRkSa ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai usI prakAra sRSTi kA nirmANa svataH ho jAtA hai / unake anusAra saMsAra kA kAraNa svayaM saMsAra hI hotA hai / saMsAra duHkhamaya hai ataH isa apUrNa saMsAra kA racayitA eka pUrNa sraSTA kaise ho sakatA hai ? bauddha darzana ke sampradAya - bauddha darzana ke cAra sampradAya haiM vaibhASika, mAdhyamika, sautrAntika evaM yogAcAra / vaibhASika - isameM saMsAra ke bAhya evaM Abhyantara sabhI padArthoM ko satya mAnA jAtA hai tathA isakA jJAna pratyakSa ke dvArA hotA hai| ise sarvAstivAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / isa sampradAya kA sarvamAnya grantha hai kAtyAyanIputra kRta 'abhidharmajJAnaprasthAnazAstra' / anya granthoM meM basuvandhu kA 'abhidharmakoza' prasiddha hai / sautrAntika- isa mata ke anusAra bhI bAhya evaM Abhyantara donoM hI padArtha satya haiN| isameM bAhya padArtha ko pratyakSarUpa se satya na mAnakara anumAna ke dvArA mAnA jAtA hai| bAhya vastuoM kA anumAna karane ke kAraNa hI ise bAhyAnumeyavAda kahate haiM / isa mata ke cAra prasiddha AcArya haikumAralAta, zrIlAta, vasumitra tathA yazomitra / yogAcAra - ise vijJAnavAda bhI kahate haiN| isa sampradAya ke pravattaMka maitreya haiM jinhoMne 'madhyAntavibhAga', 'abhisamayAlaMkAra', 'sUtrAlaMkAra,' 'mahAyAna uttaratantra' evaM dharmadharmatAvibhaMga nAmaka grantha likhe / isa sampradAya ke anya prasiddha AcArya hai- diGnAga, dharmakIrti evaM dharmapAla / ima mata ke anusAra bAhya padArtha asatya hai / bAhya dikhAI par3ane vAlI vastu to citta kI pratIti mAtra hai| isameM pitta yA vijJAna ko ekamAtra satya mAnA gayA hai, isalie ise vijJAna

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brahmapurANa] ( 315 ) [brahmapurANa vAda kahate haiN| mAdhyamika-zUnyavAda yA mAdhyamika mata ke pravattaka nAgArjuna the| inhoMne 'mAdhyamikazAstra' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| isa mata ke anusAra sArA saMsAra zUnya hai| isake bAhya evaM Antara sabhI viSaya asat haiM / dhArmika matabheda ke kAraNa bauddhadharma do sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-hInayAna evaM mahAyAna / hInayAna meM bauddhadharma kA prAcIna rUpa surakSita hai aura yaha anIzvaravAdI hai| yaha Izvara ke badale karma evaM dharma ko mahattva detA hai| isakI rUparekhA buddhadeva ke upadezoM ke hI AdhAra para nirmita hai / isameM buddha, dharma evaM saMgha tInoM para bala diyA jAtA hai| isake anusAra manuSya apane prayatna se hI nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai| mahAyAna-mahAyAna hInayAna kI apekSA bar3A paMtha hai aura isase aneka vyakti jIvana ke lakSya taka pahuMca sakate haiN| yaha udArapaMthiyoM kA sampradAya thA, phalataH isa mata kA pracAra aura vistAra cIna, jApAna, koriyA Adi meM huaa| mahAyAniyoM ne parasevA para adhika Agraha pradarzita kiyA hai| unake anusAra manuSya kA uddezya kevala apanI mukti na hokara anya ko bhI mukti dilAne kA prayatna honA caahie| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana bhAga 1 --- DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ( hindI anuvaad)| 2. bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3 bauddha-darzana-mImAMsA-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. darzana digdarzana-mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana / 5. bauddhadarzanamahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana / 6-bauddhasaMskRti-mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana / 7. bauddhadarzana evaM anya bhAratIyadarzana bhAga 1, 2-DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya / 8. jAtakakAlIna saMskRti-paM mohanalAla mahato 'viyogI' 9. baudadharma aura darzanaAcArya narendradeva / 10. bauddhadharma kA udbhava aura vikAsa-DaoN. govindacandra pANDeya / 1. mahAtmAbuDha-zrI dharmAnanda kaushaambii| 12. bauddhavijJAnavAda-DaoN0 rAjU (hindI anuvaad)| 13. jAtakakAlIna bhUgola-DaoN0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya 14. baukhadharma aura bihAra-paM0 havaladAra tripaatthii| 15 uttara pradeza meM bauddhadharma kA vikAsazrI nalinAkSa datta / 16. baudanyAya-hindI anuvAda-anu0 zrI rAmakumAra rAya / brahmapurANa-yaha samasta purANoM meM Adya yA agrima purANa ke rUpa meM parigaNita hotA hai| "viSNupurANa' evaM svayaM 'brahmapurANa' se hI isa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai| ise 'brAhmapurANa' bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhAyaM sarvapurANAnA purANaM brAhmamucyate / aSTAdaza purANAni purANAjJAH pracakSate // viSNu 3620 isameM adhyAyoM kI kula saMkhyA 245 tathA lagabhaga caudaha hajAra zloka haiN| para zlokoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna purANa bhinnabhinna saMkhyA prakaTa karate haiN| 'nAradapurANa' meM zlokoM kI saMkhyA dasa hajAra tathA yahI saMkhyA 'viSNu', 'ziva', 'brahmavaivarta', 'zrImadbhAgavata' evaM 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' meM bhI hai, kintu 'matsyapurANa' meM teraha sahasra zloka hone kI bAta kahI gayI hai| AnandAzrama * saMskaraNa meM 13783 zloka haiM / 'liMga', 'vArAha', 'kUrma' evaM 'padmapurANa' bhI 'brahmapurANa' kI zloka-saMkhyA teraha sahasra svIkAra karate haiN| brahmapurANa ke do vibhAga kiye gae hai-pUrva evaM uttara / yaha vaiSNavapurANa hai| isameM purANaviSayaka sabhI viSayoM kA

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brahmapurANa] ( 316 ) [brahmapurANa aAkalana kiyA gayA hai tathA purAne tIrthoM ke mAhAtmya-varNana ke prati vizeSa AkarSaNa pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| prArambha meM sRSTiracanA kA varNana karane ke uparAnta sUrya tathA candravaMza kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura pArvatI upAkhyAna ko lagabhaga 20 adhyAyoM ( 30-50 ) meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| prathama pAMca adhyAyoM meM sarga aura pratisagaM tathA manvantara kathA kA vivaraNa hai evaM AgAmI so adhyAyoM meM vaMza tathA vaMzAnucarita parikItita hue haiN| isameM varNita anya viSayoM meM pRthvI ke aneka khaNDa, svarga tathA naraka, tItha mAhAtmya, utkala yA oNDadeza sthita tIrtho-vizeSataH sUryapUjA haiM / 'brahmapurANa' ke bar3e bhAga meM zrIkRSNacarita vaNita hai jo 32 adhyAyoM meM samApta huA hai ( 180 se 212 tk)| isake antima adhyAyoM meM zrAddha evaM dhArmika jIvana ke niyama, varNAzramadharma, svarga ke bhoga, naraka ke duHkha evaM viSNupUjA ke dvArA prApta hone vAle puNyoM kA varNana hai| isameM sAMkhyayoga kA - atyanta vistArapUrvaka vivecana dasa adhyAyoM meM ( 234 se 244 taka) kiyA gayA hai| isameM dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki sAMkhya ke aneka viSaya avAntarakAlIna viSayoM se bhinna haiM; jaise sAMkhya ke 26 tattvoM kA kathana jaba ki paravartI granthoM meM 25 tatvoM kA hI nirUpaNa hai| yahAM sAMkhya nirIzvaravAdI darzana nahIM mAnA gayA hai tathA jJAna ke sAtha-hI-sAtha isameM bhakti ke bhI tatva sanniviSTa kie gae haiN| isa purANa meM 'mahAbhArata', 'vAyu', 'viSNu' evaM 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' ke bhI aneka adhyAyoM ko akSarazaH uddhRta kara liyA gayA hai / vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki mUlataH yaha purANa prArambha meM 175 adhyAyoM meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai tathA 176 se 245 taka ke adhyAya prakSipta haiM yA pIche jor3e gae haiN| isa purANa ke katipaya aMzoM ko kaI granthoM ne uddhRta kiyA hai; jaise 'kalpataru' meM lagabhaga 1500 zloka uddhRta kiye gae haiM tathA 'tIrthacintAmaNi' meM bhI tIrthaviSayaka aneka zloka gRhIta hue haiN| 'tIrthacintAmaNi' ke praNetA vAcaspati mizra kA samaya 15 vIM zatI kA uttarArdha hai, ataH isake AdhAra para 'brahmapurANa' kA racanAkAla 12 vIM zatAbdI hai| isake kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / DaoN0 vinTaranitsa ne ur3IsA ke mandiroM ke varNana hone ke kAraNa isakA samaya 13 zatAbdI nizcita kiyA hai| para, paramparAvAdI bhAratIya vidvAna 'brahmapurANa' kA racanAkAla itanA arvAcIna nahIM maante| inake anusAra 'yaha sarvavidita hai ki devamUktikSetra evaM mAhAtmya prAcIna kAla ke haiM aura mandira nita naye banate haiN| ataH mandiroM ke AdhAra para jinakA varNana isa purANa meM hai, isakA kAla-nirdhAraNa yuktiyukta nahIM hai / de. purANatattva-mImAMsA pRSTha 12 / ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra isakA samaya zrIkRSNa ke goloka padhArane ke bAda hI ( dvApara ) kA hai| * AdhAragrantha-1. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, bhAga 1 khaNDa 2-DaoN. vinTaranitsa (hindI anuvAda ) / 2. purANatarava-mImAMsA-zrIkRSNamaNi tripaatthii| 3. purANa-vimarzapaM. baladeva upaadhyaay.| 4. purANa digdarzana-zrImAdhavAcArya zAstrI / 5. hidutva-pro. rAmadAsa gaur3a 6. purANaviSayAnukramaNikA-DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya /

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brahmavaivartapurANa ] ( 317 ) [ brahmavaivartapurANa brahmavaivartapurANa - yaha kramAnusAra 10 vI purANa hai / 'zivapurANa' meM kahA gayA haiM ki ise brahma ke vittaM prasaMga ke kAraNa brahmavaivattaM kahate haiM-vivartanAda brahmaNastu brahmavaivarttamucyate / 'matsyapurANa' ke anusAra isameM aThAraha hajAra zloka haiM tathA bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ke zreSTha mAhAtmya ke pratipAdana ke lie brahma vArAha ke upadeza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake cAra khaNDa haiM- brahmakhaNDa, prakRtikhaNDa, gaNezakhaNDa tathA kRSNajanmakhaNDa | isa purANa kA pradhAna uddezya hai zrIkRSNa ke carita kA vistArapUrvaka varNana karate hue vaiSNava tathyoM kA prakAzana karanA / isameM rAdhA kA nAma AyA hai aura ve kRSNa kI patnI evaM unakI zakti ke rUpa meM citrita huI haiN| 'brahmavaivattaMpurANa' meM rAdhA-kRSNa kI lIlA atyanta sarasa DhaMga se varNita hai tathA gaur3Iya vaiSNava, vallabhasampradAya evaM rAdhAvallabha sampradAya meM jina sAdhanAtmaka rahasyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai unakA mUla rUpa isameM surakSita hai| isameM rAdhA ko sRSTi kI AdhArabhUta zakti evaM zrIkRSNa ko usakA bIjarUpa kahA gayA hai - 'sRSTerAdhArabhUtAtvaM vIjarUpo'hamacyuta' / 'nAradapurANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki isameM svayaM zrIkRSNa ne brahmatatva kA prakAzana kiyA thA ataH isakA nAma brahmavaivataM par3A hai / 1. brahmakhaNDa -- isa khaNDa meM zrIkRSNa dvArA saMsAra kI racanA karane kA varNana hai jisameM kula tIsa adhyAya haiM / isameM parabrahma paramAtmA ke tatva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura unheM sabakA bIjarUpa mAnA gayA hai / 2. prakRtikhaNDa - isameM deviyoM kA zubhacarita varNita hai / isa khaNDa meM prakRti kA varNana durgA, lakSmI, sarasvatI, sAvitrI tathA rAdhA ke rUpa meM hai / isameM varNita anya pradhAna viSaya haiM-- tulasI pUjana vidhi, rAmacarita tathA draupadI ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAnta, sAvitrI kI kathA, chiyAsI prakAra ke narakakuNDoM kA varNana, lakSmI kI kathA, bhagavatI svAhA, svadhA, devI SaSThI Adi kI kathA evaM pUjana vidhi, mahAdeva dvArA rAdhA ke prAdurbhAva evaM mahattva kA varNana, zrIrAdhA ke dhyAna evaM SoDazopacAra pUjana vidhi, durgAjI kI solaha nAmoM kI vyAkhyA, durgAzanastotra evaM prakRti kavaca Adi kA varNana / 3. gaNezakhaNDa - isa khaNDa meM gaNezajanma, karma evaM carita kA parikIrtana hai evaM unheM kRSNa ke avatAra ke rUpa meM paridarzita kiyA gayA hai / 4. zrIkRSNajanmakhaNDa isameM zrIkRSNa-lIlA bar3e vistAra ke sAtha kahI gayI hai aura rAdhA-kRSNa ke vivAha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / zrIkRSNa kathA ke atirikta isameM jina viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, ve haiM- bhagavadbhakti, yoga, vaiSNava evaM bhakta-mahimA, manuSya evaM nArI ke dharmaM, pativratA evaM kulaTAoM ke lakSaNa, atithi sevA, gurumahimA, mAtA-pitA kI mahimA, roga-vijJAna, svAsthya ke niyama, auSadhoM kI upAdeyatA, vRddhatva ke na Ane ke sAdhana, Ayurveda ke solaha AcAryo evaM unake granthoM kA vivaraNa, bhakSyAbhrakSya, zakuna apazakuzana evaM pApa-puNya kA pratipAdana | inake atirikta isameM kaI siddhamantroM, anuSThAnoM evaM stotroM kA bhI varNana hai / isa purANa kA mUla uddezya hai paramatatva ke rUpa meM zrIkRSNa kA citraNa tathA unakI svarUpabhUtA zakti ko rAdhA ke nAma se kathana krnaa| isameM vahI zrIkRSNa mahAviSNu, sadAcAra,

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brahmANDapurANa ] ( 118 ) [ brahmANDapurANa viSNu, nArAyaNa, ziva evaM rUpa meM citrita haiM tathA rAdhA ko durgA, sarasvatI, mahAlakSmI Adi varNita kiyA gayA hai / arthAt zrIkRSNa ke rUpa meM ekamAtra parama satya tatva kA kathana hai to rAdhA ke rUpa meM ekamAtra satyatattvamayI bhagavatI kA pratipAdana / brahmavaivattaMpurANa, gItA presa pR0 10 / gaNeza Adi ke aneka rUpoM meM AdhAragrantha - 1. brahmavaivartapurANa - hindI anuvAda, gItA presa, gorakhapura / 2. viSNupurANa - ( aMgarejI anuvAda ) vilsana / 3. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, bhAga. 1, khaNDa 2 - DaoN0 vinTaranitsa ( hindI anuvAda ) / 4. purANatasva-bhImAsAM - zrIkRSNa maNi tripAThI / 5. purANa-vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 6. purANaviSayAnukramaNikA - DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya / 7. purANam - khaNDa 3, bhAga 1 - janavarI 1961 pR0 100-101 / brahmANDapurANa - yaha purANoM meM kramAnusAra antima yA 15 va purANa hai / 'nArAdapurANa' evaM 'matsyapurANa' meM isa purANa kI jo viSaya-sUcI dI gayI hai usase patA calatA hai ki isameM 109 adhyAya tathA bAraha hajAra zloka haiM / 'matsyapurANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmANDa ke mahatva ko pradarzita karane ke lie brahmA ne jisa purANa kA upadeza diyA thA aura jisameM bhaviSya evaM kalpoM kA vRttAnta vistArapUrvaka varNita hai, vaha 'brahmANDapurANa' kahA jAtA hai / [ matsyapurANa adhyAya 53 ] / samasta brahmANDa kA varNana hone ke kAraNa ise 'brahmANDapurANa' kahA jAtA hai| isa purANa meM samasta vizva kA sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai / 'nAradapurANa' ke anusAra isameM cAra pAda yA khaNDa the - prakriyA, anuSaGga, upodghAta tathA upasaMhAra kintu veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI se prakAzita prati meM kevala do hI pAda haiM, prakriyA tathA upodghAta / 'kUrmapurANa' meM ise 'vAyavIya brahmANDa' kahA gayA hai jisase aneka pAzcAtya vidvAn bhramavaza isakA mUla 'vAyupurANa' ko mAnate haiM / pAjiTara evaM vinTaranitsa donoM ne hI mUla 'brahmANDapurANa' ko 'vAyupurANa' kA hI prAcInatara rUpa mAnA hai, kintu vastusthiti yaha nahIM hai / 'nAradapurANa' ke anusAra vAyu ne vyAsajI ko isa purANa kA upadeza diyA thA / 'brahmANDapurANa' ke 33 se 58 adhyAyoM taka brahmANDa kA vistArapUrvaka bhaugolika varNana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prathama khaNDa meM vizva kA vistRta, rocaka evaM sAMgopAMga bhUgola diyA gayA hai, tatpazcAt jambudvIpa aura usake parvata evaM nadiyoM kA vivaraNa 66 se 72 adhyAyoM taka hai / isake atirikta bhadrAzva, ketumAla, candradvIpa, kiMpuruSavarSa, kailAza, zAlmalI dvIpa, kuzadvIpa kauncazeSa, zAkadvIpa evaM puSkara dvIpa Adi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| isameM grahoM, nakSatramaNDala tathA yugoM kA bhI rocaka varNana hai / isake tRtIya pAda meM vizvaprasiddha kSatriya vaMzoM kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai usakA aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahatva hai| 'nAradapurANa' kI viSaya-sUcI se jJAta hotA hai ki 'adhyAtmarAmAyaNa' 'brahmANDapurANa kA hI aMza hai, kintu upalabdha purANa meM yaha nahIM milatA / 'adhyAtmarAmAyaNa' meM dArzanika dRSTi se rAmacarita kA varNana hai| isake bIsaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa ke AvirbhAva evaM unakI lalita lIlA kA gAna kiyA gayA hai| isameM rAmAyaNa kI kathA, adhyAtma rAmAyaNa ke antargata, bar3e

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bAhmaNa] ( 319 ) [brAhmaNa vistAra ke sAtha sAta khaNDoM meM varNita hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM 'brahmANDapurANa' yavadvIpa gayA thA aura vahAM kI 'kavi' bhASA meM isakA anuvAda bhI huA thaa| isameM parazurAma kI kathA 1550 zlokoM meM 21 se 27 adhyAya taka dI gayI hai| isake bAda rAjA sagara evaM bhagIratha dvArA gaMgA avatAraNa kI kathA 48 se 57 adhyAya taka varNita hai tathA 59 veM adhyAya meM sUrya aura candravaMzI rAjAoM kA varNana hai| vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki cAra sau IsvI ke lagabhaga 'brahmANapurANa' kA vartamAna rUpa nizcita ho gayA hogaa| isameM 'rAjAdhirAja' nAmaka rAjanItika zabda kA prayoga dekhakara vidvAnoM ne isakA kAla guptakAla kA uttaravartI yA mokharI rAjAoM kA samaya mAnA hai| dRSTvAjanairAsAdyo mahArAjAdhirAjavat / 3 / 22 / 28 isa para mahAkavi kAlidAsa evaM unakI vaidarbhI rIti kA prabhAva mAnA gayA hai| ina sabhI vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para isakA sayaya 600 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| AdhAragrantha-1. brahmANDapurANa-veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI (1906 ii0)| 2. purANam bhAga 5, saMkhyA 2-julAI 1963 pR0 350-319 / 3. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, bhAga 1 khaNDa 2-vinTaranitsa / 4. purANatattva-mImAMsA-zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 5. purANavimarza-50 baladeva upAdhyAya / 6. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-kANe (hindI anuvAda bhAga 1) / 7. purANaviSayAnukramaNikA-DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya / 8. ensiyanTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala ttreddiishn-paarjittr.| brAhmaNa-vaidika vAGmaya ke antargata aise granthoM ko brAhmaNa kahate haiM jinameM hindUdharmavyavasthA tathA yajJayAga Adi ke sambandha meM sahasroM nIti niyamoM evaM vidhivyavasthAoM kA nirUpaNa hai| inameM mukhyataH karmakANDa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vaidika saMhitAoM ke pazcAt eka aisA yuga AyA jisameM vibhinna prakAra ke dhArmika granthoM kA nirmANa hamA, brAhmaNa usI yuga kI dena haiN| ina granthoM kI racanA gadyAtmaka hai tathA inameM mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI prayogavidhAna haiM / ina granthoM kA mukhya lakSya yA yAgAdi anuSThAnoM se paricita janasamudAya ke samakSa unakA dhArmika mahatva pradarzita karate hue niyama nirdhArita krnaa| prAcIna samaya meM inheM bhI veda kaha kara saMbodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| bApastamba ne mantrasaMhitA evaM brAhmaNa donoM ko hI veda kahA hai| bApastamba paribhASAsUtra' meM 'mantravAhmaNoyajJasya pramANam', 'mantrabAhmaNAramakovedaH' ( 33, 34) kaha kara brAhmaNa anyoM ko bhI veda kI abhidhA pradAna kI gayI hai| cUMki ina graMthoM meM yaza yA brahma kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA thA, ata: ye brAhmaNa anya kahe gae / [yajJa ko prajApati evaM prajApati ko yajJa mAnA gayA hai-'eSa vai pratyakSa yazo yat prajApatiH' zatapatha brAhmaNa, 4 / 3 / 4 / 3 / brAhmaNoM meM mantroM, karmo evaM viniyogoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| nAtyaM yasya mantrasya viniyogaH prayojanam / pratidhanaM vidhizcaiva brAhmaNaM tadihocyate / vAcaspatimizra / zAbarabhASya meM brAhmaNagranthoM ke pratipAca viSayoM kA vivaraNa hai-hetunivacanaM nindA prazaMsA saMzayo vidhiH / parakriyA purAkalpo vyavadhAraNa kalpanA // upamAnaM dazaite tu vidhayo brAhmaNasya tu / 2018 isameM dasa viSayoM kA

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brAhmaNa ] ( . 320 ) [ brAhmaNa ullekha hai, para unameM cAra hI pradhAna haiM--vidhi, arthavAda, upaniSad evaM AkhyAna / vidhibhAga meM karmakANDaviSayaka vidhAnoM kA varNana yA yajJa karane ke prayoga sambandhI niyamoM kA nirUpaNa hai / bidhi kA artha hai - 'yajJa tathA usake aGgoM-upAGgoM ke anuSThAna kA upadeza / ' yajJa ke kisI vizeSa bhAga meM kisa prakAra agni ko prajjvalita kiyA jAya, vedI kA AkAra kyA ho, darzaporNamAsAdi yajJa karanevAle vyakti kA AcaraNa kyA ho, adhvaryuM hotA, udgAtA tathA brahmA kisa prakAra kisa dizA meM muMha karake baiTheM, tathA ve kisa hAtha meM kuza leM, ina sArI bAtoM kA varNana brAhmaNa granthoM meM hotA hai / viniyoga -- brAhmaNoM meM mantroM ke viniyoga kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| kisa uddezya kI siddhi ke lie kisa mantra kA prayoga kiyA jAya isakI vyavasthA brAhmaNa granthoM meM kI gayI hai| hetu -- karmakANDa kI vizeSa vidhi ke lie jina kAraNoM kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai ve hetu kahe jAte haiM / 'arthavAda - isake antargata prarocanAtmaka viSayoM kA varNana hotA hai| isameM upAkhyAna athavA prazaMsAtmaka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yajJIya prayogoM kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai tathA aise nirdeza - vAkya prayukta kiye jAte haiM jinameM yajJoM ke vidhAna ullikhita rahate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, kisa yajJavizeSa ke dvArA kisa phala kI prApti hogI, kisI yajJavizeSa ke lie kina-kina vidhiyoM kI AvazyakatA hogI, ina sabhI AjJAoM kA nirdeza 'arthavAda' ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai| yajJa meM niSiddha padArthoM kI nindA evaM vidhi kA anukaraNa karane vAle vAkya hI 'arthavAda' kahe jAte haiM / udAharaNa ke lie yajJa meM mASa yA ur3ada kA prayoga niSiddha hai isalie vAkya meM isakI nindA kI jAtI hai-- amedhyA vai bhASA ( tai0 saM0 5 | 1 | 8 | 1) | anuSThAnoM, havyadravyoM evaM devatAoM kI prazaMsA brAhmaNa granthoM meM ativistAra ke sAtha kI gayI hai / nirukti - brAhmaNa granthoM meM zabdoM kI aisI niruktiyA~ dI gayI haiM jo bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se atyadhika upayogI haiN| nirukta kI vyutpattiyoM kA srota brAhmaNoM meM hI hai| brAhmaNoM meM zuSka arthavAdoM ko samajhAne ke lie atyanta sarasa aura rocaka AkhyAnoM kA sahArA lekara viSaya ko samajhAyA gayA hai| ina AkhyAnoM kA mUla uddezya vidhi-vidhAnoM ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karanA hai / brAhmaNoM ke katipaya laukika AkhyAna AnevAle. itihANapurANa granthoM ke preraNAsrota rahe haiN| inameM sRSTi ke vikAsa krama kA AkhyAna, AryoM ke sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika jIvana evaM AryoM tathA anAryoM ke yuddha ke AkhyAna prApta hote haiM / 'zatapatha brAhmaNa' meM jalaplAvana kI kathA sRSTi-vidyA kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahatvapUrNa hai / pururavA aura urvazI kA AkhyAna, zunaHzepa kI kathA Adi sAhityika stara ke AkhyAna haiM / bhASA-zailI - brAhmaNa gadyabaddha hai / inameM gadya kA parimArjita evaM praur3ha rUpa milatA hai / aise navIna zabdoM evaM dhAtuoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jo vedoM meM prApta nahIM hote / brAhmaNoM meM lokavyavahAropayogI saMskRta bhASA kA rUpa prApta hotA hai / brAhmaNasAhitya atyadhika vizAla thA kintu samprati sabhI brAhmaNa upalabdha nahIM hote / katipaya mahatvapUrNa brAhmaNoM kI kevala nAmAvalI prApta hotI hai aura kaI ke kevala uddharaNa hI

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bhaTTa akalaMka ] ( 321 ) [ bhaTTanAyaka milate haiM / 'zATaghAyana brAhmaNa' nahIM milatA, kiMtu isake 70 uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / anya mahatvapUrNa anupalabdha brAhmaNoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- bhAlavibrAhmaNa / yaha sAmavedIya brAhmaNa thA jisakA nirdeza 'kAzikA' (4/2/66, 4 / 3 / 105) tathA 'mahAbhASya 4 / 2 / 104 meM upalabdha hai / jaiminIya talavakAra brAhmaNa ( sAmavedIya jaiminI zAkhA se sambaddha, isake uddharaNa prApta nahIM hote / Ahvaraka brAhmaNa, kekati brAhmaNa, kAlagrani brAhmaNa, caraka brAhmaNa, chAgaleya brAhmaNa, jAbAli brAhmaNa, paiMgAyani brAhmaNa, kAThaka brAhmaNa, vANDikeya, okheya, gAlava, tumbaru, AruNeya, saulabha tathA parAzara brAhmaNa / [ ina brAhmaNoM kA vivaraNa DaoN0 baTakRSNa ghoSa kRta 'kalekzana oNpha phrAgmenTas oNpha laoNsTa brAhmaNAja, kalakattA 1935 tathA paM0 bhagavaddatta racita 'vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa' bhAga 2 hai ] adhunA upalabdha brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA paryApta hai aura pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthak brAhmaNa haiM / Rgveda - aitareya evaM zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa, zukla yajurveda - zatapatha brAhmaNa, kRSNa yajurveda - taittirIya brAhmaNa, sAmaveda - tANDya SaDviMza, sAmavidhAna, ArSeya, devata, upaniSad brAhmaNa, saMhitopaniSad, vaMza brAhmaNa tathA jaiminIya brAhmaNa, athavaveda - gopatha brAhmaNa / uparyukta sabhI brAhmaNoM kA paricaya unake nAmoM ke sAmane dekheM / AdhAragrantha - vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya | bhaTTa akalaMka -- jainadarzana ke AcArya / ye digambara matAvalambI jaina AcArya the / inakA samaya 8 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai / inake tIna prasiddha laghu grantha prApta hote haiM-laSIyastraya, nyAya vinizcaya evaM pramANa sNgrh| tInoM hI granthoM kA pratipAdya jainanyAya hai / inake atirikta bhaTTa akalaMka ne kaI jaina granthoM kA bhASya bhI likhA hai / tatvArthasUtra para 'rAjavArtika' tathA AptamImAMsA para 'aSTazatI' ke nAma se inhoMne TIkAgrantha kI racanA kI hai / AdhAragrantha -- bhAratIyadarzana - AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / bhaTTanAyaka -- kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / inhoMne 'hRdayadarpaNa' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA jo upalabdha nahIM hotA [ de0 hRdayadarpaNa ] / inake vicAra abhinavabhAratI vyaktiviveka, kAvyaprakAza, kAvyAnuzAna evaM mANikyacandra kRta kAvyaprakAza kI saMketa TIkA meM uddhRta haiN| inhoMne bharatakRta 'nATayazAstra' ko TIkA bhI likhI thI / bharata ke rasasUtra ke tRtIya vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM bhaTTanAyaka kA nAma AtA hai / inhoMne rasavivecana ke kSetra meM 'sAdharaNIkaraNa' ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kara bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke itihAsa meM yugapravartana kiyA hai| inakA samaya navama zataka kA antima caraNa yA dazama zataka kA prathama caraNa hai / inake rasaviSayaka siddhAnta ko muktivAda kahate haiM jisake anusAra na to rasa kI utpatti hotI hai aura na anumiti balki mukti hotI hai / inhoMne rasa kI sthiti sAmAjikagata mAnI hai| bhaTTanAyaka ke anusAra zabda kI tIna zaktiyA~ haiMabhidhA, bhAvakatva evaM bhojakatva / inake matAnusAra abhidhA se kAvya ke jisa artha kA jJAna hotA hai 'use zabda kA 'bhAvakatva' vyApAra pariSkRta kara sAmAjika ke upayoga ke 21 saM0 sA0

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bhaTTanAyaka ] ( 322 ) [ bhaTTa tota yogya banA detA hai / kAvya se jo artha abhidhA dvArA upasthita hotA hai vaha eka vizeSa nAyaka aura vizeSa nAyikA kI premakathA Adi ke rUpa meM vyaktivizeSa se sambaddha hotA hai / isa rUpa meM sAmAjika ke lie usakA koI upayoga nahIM hotA hai / zabda kA 'bhAvakatva' vyApAra isa kathA meM pariSkAra kara usameM se vyaktivizeSa ke sambandha ko haTAkara usakA 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' kara detA hai / usa 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa ke bAda sAmAjika kA usa kathA ke sAtha sambandha sthApita ho jAtA hai / apanI ruci yA saMskAra ke anurUpa sAmAjika usa kathA kA eka pAtra svayaM bana jAtA hai / isa prakAra asalI nAyakanAyikA Adi kI jo sthiti usa kathA meM thI, 'sAdhAraNIkaraNa' vyApAra ke dvArA sAmAjika ko lagabhaga vahI sthAna mila jAtA hai| yaha zabda kA 'vAcakatva' nAmaka dUsare vyApAra kA prabhAva huA' / hindI kAvyaprakAza - A0 vizvezvara pR0 106 (dvitIya saMskaraNa) / bhAvakatva vyApAra se hI sAdhAraNIkaraNa hotA hai. jisake dvArA vibhAva evaM sthAyI sAdhAraNIkRta ho jAte haiM / arthAt duSyanta evaM zakuntalA apane vyaktigata guNa kA tyAga kara sAmAnya nAyaka-nAyikA ke rUpa meM upasthita hote haiN| bhojakatva nAmaka tRtIya vyApAra ke dvArA rasa kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / isI ko bhaTTanAyaka suktivAda kahate haiN| bhaTTanAyaka ne kAvyazAstra meM 'bhAvakatva' evaM 'bhojakatva' nAmaka do anya zabdazaktiyoM kI udbhAvanA kara sAmAjika kI rasasthiti kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / bhojakatva kI sthiti, rasa ke bhoga karane kI hotI hai| isa sthiti meM darzaka ke hRdaya ke rAjasa evaM tAmasa bhAva sarvathA tirohita ho jAte haiM aura ( unheM dabAkara ) satoguNa kA udreka ho jAtA hai| bhaTTanAyaka dhvani virodhI AcArya haiM jinhoMne 'hRdayadarpaNa' kI racanA dhvani ke khaNDana ke lie hI kI thI / ' 'dhvanyAlokalocana' meM bhaTTanAyaka ke mata aneka sthAnoM para bikhare hue haiM, unase patA calatA hai ki dhvanisiddhAnta kA sammAna atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA thaa| bhaTTanAyaka kAzmIraka the / 'hRdayadarpaNa' kA ullekha mahimabhaTTa ke 'vyaktiviveka' meM bhI hai jisameM lekhaka kA kahanA hai ki sahasA yaza kI prApti ke lie unakI buddhi binA 'darpaNa' ko dekhe hI 'dhvanyAloka' ke khaNDana meM pravRtta huI hai| [ sahasAyazobhiyatuM samudyatAdRSTadapaMNA mama dhIH / svAlaMkAra vikalpaprakalpane beti kathamivAvayam // 1 // 4 // ] AdhAragraMtha - 1. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe / 2. * bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1 - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. hindI kAvyaprakAza - yAsyAtA A0 vizvezvara / bhaTTa tauta - bhaTTatota abhinavaguptAcAyaM ke guru the / inhoMne 'kAvya kautuka ' nAmaka kAvyazAstraviSayaka grantha meM zAntarasa ko sarvazreSTha rasa siddha kiyA hai / 'kAvyakotuka' ke Upara abhinava ne 'vivaraNa' nAmaka TIkA likhI thI jisakA vivaraNa 'abhinavabhAratI' meM hai / 'kAvyakotuka' upalabdha nahIM hai kintu isake mata 'abhinava - bhAratI', 'aucityavicAracarcA ( kSemendra kRta ), hemacandra kRta 'kAvyAnuzAsana' evaM mANikyacandra kRta 'kAvyaprakAza' kI saMketa TIkA meM bikhare hue dikhAI par3ate haiM / 'abhinavabhAratI' ke aneka sthaloM meM abhinavagupta ne bhaTTatota ke mata ko upAdhyAyAH yA

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J bhaTTalohaTa] (323) [ bhaTTaloTa guravaH ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| inake ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki bhaTTatIta ne 'nATayazAstra' kI TIkA likhI thii| paThitodezakramastu asmadupAdhyAyaparamparAgata / bhaTTatota kA racanAkAla 950 se 980 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| bhaTTatauta ke mata se mokSaprada hone ke kAraNa zAntarasa sabhI rasoM meM zreSTha hai-mokSaphalatvena cAyaM (zAntorasaH) paramapuruSArthaniSThatvAtsarvarasebhyaH prdhaantmH| sacAyamasmadupAdhyAyabhaTTatautena kAvyakautuke asmAbhizca tadvivaraNe bahutarakRtanirNayaH pUrvapakSasiddhAnta ityalaM bhunaa|' locana pR0 221 kArikA 3. 26 / hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana meM kAvyakautuka ke tIna zloka uddhRta kiye haiM 'nAgaRSikavirityuktamRSizca kilA darzanAt / vicitra bhAvadharmAzatatvaprakhyA ca darzanam // sa tatvadarzanAdevazAstroSu paThitaH kviH| darzanAvarNanAccAtharUDAloke kavi zrutiH / / tathAhi darzane svcchenityepyaadikvimuNni(neH?)| noditA kavitA loke yAvajjAtA na vrnnnaa|' kAvyAnuzAsana pR0 316 maisUra saMskaraNa / AdhAragrantha-saMskRtakAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA0 vA0 kaanne| bhaTTalollaTa-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| ye bharatakRta 'nATyazAstra' ke prAsana TIkAkAra evaM utpattivAda. nAma rasasiddhAnta ke pravartaka haiM / samprati inakA koI anya upalabdha nahIM hotA para abhinavabhAratI, kAvyaprakAza (45), kAvyAnuzAsana (pR. 67), dhvanyAlokalocana, (pR. 184), mahinApa kI taralA TIkA (pR0 85, 58) tathA govinda Thakkura kRta kAvyapradIpa (45) inake vicAra evaM uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| rAjazekhara tathA hemacandra ke granthoM meM inake kaI zloka 'bhAparAviti' ke nAma se upalabdha hote haiM, jisase zAta hotA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma aparAjita thaa| nAma ke AdhAra para inakA kAzmIrI honA siddha hotA hai| ye ubaTa ke paravartI the, kyoMki abhinavagupta ne udbhaTa ke mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie inake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| bharatasUtra ke vyAkhyAkAroM meM lohaTa kA nAma prathama hai| inake anusAra rasa kI utpatti anukArya meM yA mUla pAtroM meM hotI hai aura gauNarUpa meM anusandhAna ke kAraNa naTa ko bhI isakA anubhava hotA hai| "vibhAva, anubhAva Adi ke saMyoga se anukArya rAma Adi meM rasa kI utpatti hotI hai| unameM bhI vibhAva sItA Adi mukhya rUpa se inake utpAdaka hote haiN| anubhAva usa utpanna hue rasa ko bodhita karane vAle hote haiM aura vyabhicArIbhAva usa utpanna rasa ke paripoSaka hote haiM / ataH sthAyIbhAvoM ke sAtha vibhAvoM kA utpAda-utpAdaka, anubhAvoM kA gamya-gamakaM aura vyabhicAriyoM kA poSya-poSaka sambandha hotA hai|' kAvyaprakAza vyAkhyA A0 vizvezvara pR0 101 / kAvyamImAMsA meM bhaTTalobaTa ke tIna sloka uddhata hai-"bastu nAma nissImA asaathH| kintu rasapata evaM nibanyo

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(124 ) [bhaTTanArAyaNa yukta, natu nIrasasya" iti aparAjitiH / yadAha majjana puSpAvacaya-sandhyA-candrodayAdivAkyamiha / sarasamapi nAti bahulaM prakRtirasAnvitaM racayet / / yastusaridadrisAgarapuraturagarapAdivarNane ytnH| kavizaktisyAtiphala: vitatadhiyAM no mataH sa iha // yamakAnulomataditaracakrAdibhido'tirasavirodhinyaH / abhimAnamAtrametad gaDDarikAdi-pravAho vA / / bhAdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1, 2-bA0 baladeva upAdhyAya / bhaTTanArAyaNa-kavivara bhaTTanArAyaNa 'veNIsaMhAra' nAmaka nATaka ke racayitA hai [30 veNIsaMhAra ] / inake jIvana kA pUrNa vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| inakI ekamAtra racanA 'veNIsaMhAra' upalabdha hotI hai| inakA dUsarA nAma ( yA upAdhi ) mRgarAjalakSma thaa| eka anuzruti ke anusAra balarAja AdizUra dvArA gaur3a deza meM Aryadharma kI pratiSThA. karAne ke lie bulAye gaye pAMca brAhmaNoM meM bhaTTanArAyaNa bhI the| 'veNIsaMhAra' ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki ye vaiSNava sampradAya ke kavi the| 'veNIsaMhAra' ke bharatavAkya se patA calatA hai ki ye kisI sahRdaya rAjA ke Azrita rahe hoMge / sTena kono ke kathanAnusAra mAdizUra Adityasena thA jisakA samaya 671 I0 hai| ramezacandra majUmadAra bhI mAdhavagupta ke putra Adityasena kA samaya 675 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnate haiM jo zaktizAlI hokara svatantra ho gayA thaa| AdizUra ke sAtha sambaddha hone ke kAraNa bhaTTanArAyaNa kA samaya 7 vIM zatI kA uttarAdha mAnA jA sakatA hai| vilasana mahodaya ne 'vaNIsaMhAra' kA racanAkAla AThavIM yA navIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| paramparA meM eka zloka milatA hai-vedavANAnathAke tu nUpo'bhUccAdizUrakaH / basukarmAGgake zAke gauDeviprAH samAgatAH // isake anusAra bAdizUra kA samaya 654 zakAnda yA 73210 hai| para, vidvAnoM ne chAnabIna karane ke pazcAta mAdityasena aura AdizUra ko abhinna nahIM mAnA hai| baGgAla meM pAlavaMza ke abhyudaya ke pUrva hI AdizUra hue the aura pAlavaMza kA abhyudaya 750-60 I. ke AsapAsa humA paa| isase pUrva hone vAle AdizUra hI bhaTTanArAyaNa ke AzrayadAtA the| vAmana ne apane 'kAvyAlaGkArasUtra' meM bhaTTanArAyaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH inakA samaya mahama zatI kA pUrvA siDa hotA hai| subhASita saMgrahoM meM bhaTTanArAyaNa ke nAma se aneka paca prApta hote haiM jo 'beNIsaMhAra' meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase mAta hotA hai ki inakI anya kRtiyA~ bhI hoNgii| pro0 gajendragaDakara ke anusAra 'dazakumAra. parita' kI pUrvapIThikA ke racayitA bhaTTanArAyaNa hI the| 'jAnakIharaNa' mAmaka nATaka kI eka pApmulipi kI sUcI inake nAma se prApta hotI hai| para katipaya vidvAna isa vicAra ke haiM ki ye grantha kisI anya bhaTTanArAyaNa ke rahe hoNge| prAmANika AdhAroM ke abhAva meM bhaTTanArAyaNa ko ekamAtra 'veNIsaMhAra' kA racayitA mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'vaNIsaMhAra' meM mahAbhArata ke yuddha ko vayaMviSaya banA kara use nATaka kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| isameM kaSi ne mukhyataH dropadI kI pratimA kA varNana kiyA hai jisake anusAra usane duryodhana ke zoNita se apane keza bAMdhane kA nizcaya kiyA thaa| banta meM gadA yuddha meM bhImasena duryodhana ko mAra kara usake rakta se rajita apane hAthoM dvArA draupadI

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bhaTTanArAyaNa) (325) [bhaTTanArAyaNa ke veNI kA saMhAra (gUMthanA) karatA hai| isI kathAnaka kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa isakA nAma 'veNIsaMhAra' hai| bAlocakoM ne nATapakalA kI dRSTi se 'veNIsaMhAra' ko doSapUrNa mAnA hai, para isakA kalApakSa yA kAvyatatva adhika sazakta hai| bhaTTanArAyaNa isa nATaka meM eka uccakoTi ke kavi ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3ate haiN| inakI zailI bhI nATaka ke anurUpa na hokara kAvyaM ke anukUla hai| inakI zailI para kAlidAsa, mAgha evaM vANa kA prabhAva hai| 'veNIsaMhAra' meM vIrarasa kA prAdhAnya hone ke kAraNa kavi ne tadanurUpa gaur3I rIti kA Azraya liyA hai aura lambe-lambe samAsa tathA gambhIra dhvani vAle zabda prayukta kiye haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki apane zabda-cayana aura apanI lambI-lambI samAsoM se yukta bhASA se ve vIrarasAnurUpa ojaguNa ko pradarzita karane meM paryApta saphala hue haiN| unakI gaurI-rIti bhImasena dvArA dundubhI kI dhvani ke varNana se spaSTa ho jaayegaa|' saMskRta-kAvyakAra pR0 395 |mnyaaystaarnnvaambhH plutakuharavalanmandaradhvAnaSIraH koNAghAteSu gatpralayapanapaTA. nyonyasaMghaTTa cnnddH| kRSNAkrodhAgadUtaH kurukulanidhanotpAtanirSAtavAtaH kenAsmatsihanAdapratirakhitasakho dundubhistADito'yam / / 1 / 12 isa dundubhi ko kisane bajAyA ? isakI dhvani samudra-maMthana ke samaya manthana-daNDa se prakSipta jala se paripUrita kandarAyuta, mandarAcala ke bhramaNa kAlIna gambhIra dhvani kI bhAMti hai, pralayakAlIna garjate hue meSamAlAoM ke paraspara pratAr3ita hone para nikalane vAle bhISaNa garjana ke samAna, draupadI ke krodha kA sUcaka, suyodhana ke nAza ke lie utpAtakAlIna saMzAvAta ke samAna aura hama logoM ke siMhanAda kI bhAMti isase bhISaNa dhvani nikala rahI hai / bhaTTanArAyaNa samAsabahulA gaur3I zailI kA prayoga gadya meM bhI karate haiN| na kevala saMskRta meM mapitu prAkRta meM bhI yahI zailI apanAyI gayI hai| nATaka kI dRSTi se yaha zailI upayukta nahIM mAnI jAtI hai| kahIM-kahIM inhoMne pAMcAlI evaM vaivI zailI kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai kintu aise zlokoM kI saMkhyA alpa hai| gor3I zailI kA prayoga kara kavi ne vIrarasa-pUrNa uktiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai aura isa kArya meM pUrNa saphala huA hai| bhIma ke isa kathana meM vIrarasa TapakatA hai-paJcamujabhramitacamagadAbhiSAtasa cUrNitoruyugalasya 'suyodhanasya / styAnAvanagnazoNitazoNapANitaMsayiSyati kAstava . devi bhImaH / / 1 / 21 / he devi ! tuma nizcita. raho / yaha bhIma isa bAta kI pratijJA karatA hai ki zIghra hI apane donoM hAthoM se ghumAI huI kaThora gadA kI coTa se duryodhana kI donoM jAMghoM ko tor3a kara usake gAr3he cikane khUna se raMge hAthoM se tumhAre kezoM ko sNvaaregaa|' yatra-tatra sarasa zailI kA prayoga karate hue bhI kaSi ne koSa kI bhAvanA ko abhivyakta kiyA hai, jaise bhIma ke isa kathana meM-maNyAmi koravazata samare na kopAd duHzAsanasya rudhiraM na pivaamyurstH| saJcUrNayAmi gadayA na suyoSanorU sandhi karotu bhavatAM nRpatiH paNena // 1 / 15 / alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM bhaTTanArAyaNa kAphI saceta dikhalAI par3ate haiN| zabdAlaMkAroM meM anuprAsa aura yamaka tathA arthAlaMkAroM meM rUpaka, upamA, parikara Adi ke prati kavi kA adhika AkarSaNa dikhAI par3atA hai| upamA kA saundarya draSTavya hai-yaputamiva jyotirAya ca saMbhRtam / tatrAdariya kRSNeyaM

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bhaTTi] (326 ) [bhaTTi nUnaM saMvardhayiSyati / 1 / 14 'Arya bhImasena ke Rddha hone para vidyutprakAza ke sahaza jo jyoti bar3hI, aba use varSA Rtu kI bhAMti kRSNA avazya hI bddh'aayegii|' bhaTTanArAyaNa ne vividha chandoM kA prayoga kara apanI vidagdhatA pradarzita kI hai| 'veNIsaMhAra' meM aTThAraha prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga hai jinameM mukhya haiM-vasantatilakA (39), zikhariNI (35), zArdUlavikrIDita (32) tathA nagdharA (20) / kavi ne zorasenI evaM mAgadhI do prakAra kI prAkRtoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| mAgadhI kA prayoga rAkSasarAmasiyoM ke vartAlApa meM huA hai / kevala tRtIya aMka ke viSkambhaka meM ) / - AdhAragrantha-1. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-DaoN. he tathA dAsagupta / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. saMskRta sukavi-samIkSApaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta nATaka-kIya (hindI anuvaad)| 5. saMskRta-kavidarzana-DaoN. bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 6. saMskRta ke mahAkavi aura kAvya-DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 7. saMskRta-kAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 8. 8 veNIsaMhAra-e kriTikala sTaDI-pro0 e0vI0 gajendramadakara / bhaTTi-bhaTTikAvya yA 'rAvaNavadha' mahAkAvya ke racayitA mahAkavi bhaTTi haiN| unhoMne saMskRta meM zAstra-kAvya likhane kI paramparA kA pravartana kiyA hai| bhaTTi mUlataH bayAkaraNa bora alaGkArazAstrI haiM jinhoMne vyAkaraNa bIra balakAra kI, (sukumAramati rAjakumAroM yA kAvyarasikoM ko ) zikSA dene ke liye apane mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thii| unake kAvya kA mukhya uddezya hai vyAkaraNazAstra ke zuddha prayogoM kA saMketa karanA, jisameM ve pUrNataH saphala hue haiN| katipaya vidvAnoM ne bhaTTi zabda ko 'bhartR' zabda kA prAkRta rUpa mAnakara unheM bhartRhari se abhinna mAnA hai, para yaha bAta satya nahIM hai| DaoN. bI0 sI0 majUmadAra ne ( 1904 I0 meM jarnala oNpha da raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI pR0 306 epha meM) eka lekha likha kara yaha siddha karanA cAhA thA ki bhaTTi mandasora zilAlekha ke vatsabhaTTi evaM zatakatraya ke bhartRhari se abhinna haiN| para isakA khaNDana DaoN0 koSa ne usI patrikA meM (1909 I.) nibandha likha kara kiyA (pR. 435) / DaoN0 esa0 ke0 De ne bhI koSa ke kathana kA samarthana kiyA hai| [de0 hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara pR0 180 dvitIya saMskaraNa ] bhaTTi ke jIvana-vRtta ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| grantha ke anta meM unhoMne apane sambandha meM yaha zloka likhA hai-kAvyamidaM vihitam mayA balabhyA zrIdharasena narendrapAlitAyAm / kItirato bhavatAnnRpasya tasya kSemakaraH mitipo yataH prajAnAm // isase patA calatA hai ki bhaTTi ko balabhInareza zrIdharasena kI sabhA meM adhika sammAna prApta hotA thaa| zilAlekhoM meM balabhI ke cAra zrIdharasena saMjJaka rAjAoM kA kada milatA hai| prathama kA kAla 500 I. ke lagabhaga evaM antima kA samaya ke AsapAsa hai| zrIdhara dvitIya ke eka zilAlekha meM kisI bhaTTi nAmaka vidvAn ko kucha bhUmi dene kI bAta uzikhita hai| isa zilAlekha kA samaya 61. I. ke nikaTa hai ataH bhaTTi kA samaya sAtavIM sadI ke madhyakAla se pUrva nizcita hotA hai| unakA anya 'rAvadhava' ke nAma se prasiddha hai jisameM 22 sarga evaM

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bhaTTi] (327 ) [bhaTTi 3624 zloka haiN| isameM zrIrAmacandra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa kAvya kA prakAzana 'jayamaMgalA' TIkA ke sAtha nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI se 1887 I0 meM huA thaa| mallinAtha kI TIkA ke sAtha sampUrNa grantha kA hindI anuvAda caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja se huA hai| bhaTTi ne apane mahAkAvya ko cAra khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-prakINaMkhaNDaprathama pAMca sagaM prakIrNa kANDa ke nAma se abhihita kiye gae haiN| isa khaNa meM rAmajanma se lekara rAma-vanagamana taka kI kathA varNita hai| ina khaNDoM meM vyAkaraNika dRSTi se koI nizcita yojanA nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii| inameM kavi kA vAstavika kavitva paridarzita hotA hai| adhikAra kANDa-6 se lekara navama sarga ko adhikAra kANa kahA jAtA hai / inameM kucha padya prakIrNa haiM tathA kucha meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM duhAdi Dhikamaka dhAtu ( 6, 8-10) tAcchIlikakRdadhikAra, (7, 25-33 ), bhAve kartari prayoga (7,68-77), Atmane padAdhikAra ( 8,70-84) tathA anabhihite'dhikAra (2, 94-131 ) para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| prasannakANDa-tIsare kANa kA saMbaMdha alaMkAra se hai| isake antargata dazama, ekAdaza, dvAdaza evaM trayodaza saga haiN| dazama sagaM meM zabdAlaMkAra tathA arthAlaMkAra ke aneka bhedopabhedoM ke prayoga ke rUpa meM zlokoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai aura ekAdaza tathA dvAdaza meM mAdhuyaM aura bhAvika kA evaM trayodaza meM bhASAsama saMzaka zleSa-bheda kA nidarzana hai| tiGantakANDa-isa kANDa meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke nau lakAroM-liGa, luG, luTa, laG, laT , liG, loTa, luTa, luTakA vyavahArika rUpa meM 14 se 22 veM sagaM taka prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura pratyeka lakAra kA varNana eka sagaM meM hai| bhaTTi ne svayaM pustaka-lekhana kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki yaha mahAkAvya vyAkaraNa ke jJAtAoM ke lie dIpaka kI bhAMti anya zabdoM ko bhI prakAzita karanevAlA hai| kintu vyAkaraNa-jJAna se rahita vyaktiyoM ke lie yaha kAvya andhe ke hAtha meM rakhe gae darpaNa kI bhAMti vyartha hai-dIpatulyaH prabandho'yaM zabdalakSaNa cakSuSAm / hastAdarza ivAndhAnAM bhaved vyAkaraNA te // 22 // 23 bhaTTi ne apane mahAkAvya meM kAvyocita sarasatA ke atirikta vyAkaraNasammata zabdoM kA vyAvahArika rUpa se saMkalana kiyA hai / ve saMskRta kAvyoM kI usa paramparA kA anuvartana karate haiM jisameM kavitva tathA pANDitya kA samyak sphuraNa hai| 'rAvaNavadha' meM kAvya kI sarasatA kA nirvAha karate hue pANDitya kA bhI pradarzana kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne apane kAvya ke sambandha meM svayaM darpokti kI hai ki yaha vyAkhyA ke dvArA sudhI logoM ke lie bodhagamya ho sakatA hai para vyAkaraNajJAna se rahita vyakti to ise samajha nahIM skte| vyAkhyAgamyamidaM kAvyamutsavaH sudhiyAmalam / hatAdurmedhasAzcAsmin vidvatpriyatayA tayA // 2 // 342 yadyapi isa kAmya kA nirmANa vyAkaraNa kI rIti se kiyA gayA hai tathApi isameM kAvya-guNoM kA pUrNa samAveza hai| kavi ne pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM utkRSTa koTi kI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| isameM mahAkAvyocita sabhI tatvoM kA sundara nibandhana hai / pustaka ke kitane pAtroM ke bhASaNa bar3e UMce darje ke haiM aura unameM kAvyagata guNoM evaM bhASaNa sambandhI viSeSatAboM kA

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( 128 ) [ bhaTToji dIkSita ~ pUrNa niyojana hai / vibhISaNa ke rAjanItika bhASaNa meM kavi ke rAjanItizAstraviSayaka jJAna kA patA calatA hai tathA rAvaNa kI sabhA meM upasthita hokara bhASaNa karanevAlI zUrpaNakhA ke kathana meM baktRtvakalA kI utkRSTatA parilakSita hotI hai / ( paMcama sarga meM ) / bArahaveM sagaM kA 'prabhAtavarNana' prAkRtika dRzyoM ke mohaka varNana ke lie saMskRta sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna kA adhikArI hai / kavi ne dvitIya sagaM meM bhI zarad Rtu kA manorama varNana kiyA hai / vyAkaraNa-sambandhI pANDitya ke kAraNa hI unakA kAvya upayogI huA hai| bhale hI bhaTTikAvya meM isa rUpa kA rasavAdI dRSTi se para unake vyAkaraNa-sambandhI pANDitya kA pUrNa jJAna ho jAtA hai / prayAsyataH puSyavanAya jiSNo rAmasya rociSNu mukhasya dhRSNuH // 1 / 25 yahIM jiSyoH (jiSNu kA SaSThI ekavacana) rociSNu, dhRSNuH kramazaH / ji, ruca evaM dhRS dhAtuoM tathA inake sAtha gsnu, iSNac evaM nku pratyayoM se bane haiN| ina tInoM kA eka sAtha prayoga kara bhaTTi ne artha evaM vyAkaraNa-siddhi kI dRSTi se inake tAtvika antara kA saMketa kiyA hai / adhika mahattva na ho bhaTToji dIkSita ] prastuta kara pUrvavartI haiN| apane AlaMvidvAnoM ne 'bhaTTikAvya' meM samaya kavi ne kavi ne 10 veM sagaM meM anekAneka alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa kArika rUpa kA nidarzana kiyA hai| ye bhAmaha aura daNDI ke inakI gaNanA alaMkArazAstriyoM meM kI hai| varNana - kauzala kI dRSTi se nAvInya kA abhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| kisI viSaya kA varNana karate apanI sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti kA upayoga nahIM kiyA hai tathA kathA ke mArmika sthaloM kI pahacAna meM bhI apanI paTutA pradarzita nahIM kI hai| sItApariNaya evaM rAma-vana-gamana aise mArmika prasaMgoM kI ora kavi kI udAsInatA usake mahAkavitva para praznavAcaka cihna lagAtI hai / rAma-vivAha kA eka hI iloka meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai| rAvaNa dvArA haraNa karane para sItA vilApa kA varNana atyalpa hai aura na usameM rAvaNa kI duSTatA tathA apanI asamarthatA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| prakRti-citraNa meM bhaTTi ne paTutA pradarzita kI hai tathA prAkRtika dRzyoM ke varNana ko svatantra na kara kathA kA aMga banAyA hai| isameM prakRti ke jar3a aura cetana donoM rUpoM kA nidarzana hai jisameM inakI kamanIya kalpanA evaM sUkSma nirIkSaNa dRSTi kA paricaya prApta hotA hai / yatra-tatra ukti-vaicitrya ke dvArA bhI kavi ne isa mahAkAvya ko sajAyA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - DaoN0 esa0 ena0 dAsagupta evaM DaoN0 esa0 ke0 hai / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN0 kotha (hindI anuvAda ) / 3. saMskRta sukavi- samIkSA - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta kavi-darzana - DaoN0 'bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 5. saMskRta kAvyakAra - DaoN0 haradatta zAstrI / - bhaTToji kIsita -- inhoMne 'aSTAdhyAyI' (pANinikRta vyAkaraNa grantha) ke krama ke sthAna para kaumudI kA pracalana karAyA hai| 'siddhAntakaumudI' kI racanA kara dIkSita ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa adhyayana-adhyApana ke kSetra meM nayA mor3a upasthita kiyA / inakA samaya saM0 1510 se 1600 ke madhya taka hai| ye mahArASTrIya brAhmaNa the| inakA isa prakAra hai

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bhaTTotpala yA utsala ] ( 329) bhiTotpala yA utpaka lakSmIdhara raGgojibhaTTa bhaTTojidIkSita koNabhaTTa bhAnuji bIreTezvara dIkSita haridIkSita paNDitarAja jagannAtha viracita 'prIDamanoramAkhana' se, vidita hotA hai ki inake guru zeSakRSNa the| bhaTTojidIkSita ne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'aSTAdhyAyI' para 'zabdakaustubha' nAmaka TIkA, 'siddhAntakaumudI', 'prauDhamanoramA' 'vedabhASyasAra' (yaha 'Rgveda' ke prathama adhyAya para racita sAyaNIya bhASya kA sAra hai) tathA amara TIkA / inakA 'zabdakaustubha' pANinIya vyAkaraNa kI sUtrapAThAnusArI vyAkhyA hai| 'sikhAntakaumudI' aSTAdhyAyI kI prayogakramAnusArI vyAkhyA hai| 'praur3hamanoramA' inake dvArA racita 'siddhAntakaumudI' kI vyAkhyA hai| dIkSita ke pautra haridIkSita ne 'prauDhamanoramA' kI do TIkAe~ likhI haiM jinheM 'bahacchandaratna' evaM 'laghuzabdaratna' kahA jAtA hai| inameM 'laghuzabdaratna' prakAzita hai aura sAmpratika vaiyAkaraNoM meM adhika lokapriya hai / 'zabdakaustubha' kI sAta TIkAe~ prApta hotI haiM-ka. nAgezvara kI 'viSamapadI', kha. vaidyanAthapAyaguNDe-prabhA, ga. vidyAnAtha zukla-udyota, pa. rAghavendrAcArya-prabhA, a. kRSNamitrabhAvapradIpa, ca. bhAskara dIkSita-zabdakostubhadUSaNa, ja. jagannAtha-zabdakaustubhakhaNDana / 'siddhAntakaumudI' para aneka TIkAeM prApta hotI haiN| unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hainIlakaNTha vAjapeyI-sukhabodhinI (samaya saM0 1600-1650), rAmAnanda (saM0 16801720) tatvadIpikA ( halanta strIliMga taka prApta), nAgezabhaTTa bRhasamvenduzekhara tathA laghuzandenduzekhara, rAmakRSNa-ratnAkara, raMganAtha yajvA-pUrNimA, vAsudeva bAjapeyIbAlamanoramA (atyanta sarala evaM lokapriya TIkA), kRSNamitra-ratnArNava / 'praur3hamanoramA' para paDitarAja jagannAtha ne 'manoramAkucamadana' nAmaka khaNDana grantha likhA hai| AdhAramandha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAna kA itihAsabhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / __ bhaTTotpala yA utpala-ye jyotiSa granthoM ke prasiddha TIkAkAra haiN| inakA mahatva usI prakAra hai jisa prakAra ki mahinApa kA hai| ye varAhamihira (jyotiSazAstra ke vizvavizruta lekhaka) ke sivahasta TIkAkAra mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya 963 I0 ke bhAsapAsa hai| inhoMne varAhamihira ke sabhI granthoM kI TIkA likhI hai tathA unake putra pRthuyazAkRta 'paTpaMcAzikA' kI bhI TIkA prastuta kI hai| 'brahmagupta (basiddha jyotiSazAstrI) racita 'khaNakhAcaka' nAmaka grantha ke Upara bhI bhaTTotpala me TIkA kI racanA kI hai| inhoMne sAta sau bAryAyoM meM praznamAna' nAmaka eka svatantra pranya kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai| inakI TIkAmoM meM sabhI bAcAryoM ke bacanoM kA saMkalana hai jo aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| 'praznasAna' ke anta meM nimnoka zloka

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bharata ] [ bharatezvarAbhyudaya campU likhA hai -bhaTTotpalena ziSyAnukampayAvalokya sarvazAstrANi / AryAsaptazatyaivaM praznajJAnaM samAsato racitam // AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - zrIzaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ( hindI anuvAda) / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI / 3. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakha prasAda / ( 330 ) bharata - bhAratIya kAvyazAstra, nATyazAstra evaM anya lalita kalAoM ke Adya AcAryaM / inakA suprasiddha grantha hai 'nATyazAstra' jo apane viSaya kA 'mahAkoza' hai, [ de0 nATyazAstra ] | saMskRta sAhitya meM bharata nAmadhArI pAMca vyaktiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai - dazarathaputra bharata, duSyantatanaya bharata, mAndhAtA ke prapItra bharata, jar3a bharata tathA nATyazAstra ke praNetA bharata / inameM se antima vyakti hI bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke AdyAcArya mAne jAte haiN| bharata kA samaya adyAvadhi vivAdAspada hai / DaoN0 manamohana ghoSa ne 'nATyazAstra' ke AMglAnuvAda kI bhUmikA meM bharata ko kAlpanika vyakti mAnA hai ( 1950 I0 meM prakAzita rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, baGgAla ) 1 para aneka paravartI granthoM meM bharata kA ullekha hone ke kAraNa yaha dhAraNA nirmUla siddha ho cukI hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane nATaka 'vikramorvazIya' meM bharatamuni kA ullekha kiyA hai muninA bharatena yaH prayogo bhavatISvaSTarakhAzrayaH prayuktaH / 1 lalitAbhinayaM tamadya bhartA marutAM braSTumanAH sa lokapAlaH // 2 / 18 azvaghoSa kRta 'zAriputraprakaraNa' para 'nATyazAstra' prabhAva kA dikhAI par3atA inakA samaya vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI hai, ataH bharata kA kAla vikramapUrva siddha hotA hai / inhIM pramANoM ke AdhAra para bharata kA samaya vi0 pU0 500 I0 se lekara eka sau I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai| bharata bahuvidha pratibhAsampanna vyakti jJAta hote haiM / inhoMne nATyazAstra, saGgIta, kAvyazAstra, nRtya Adi viSayoM kA atyanta vaijJAnika evaM sUkSma vivecana kiyA hai| inhoMne sarvaprathama cAra alaGkAroM kA vivecana kiyA thA-- upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka evaM yamaka / nATaka ko dRSTi meM rakha kara bharata ne rasa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai ora abhinaya kI dRSTi se ATha hI rakhoM ko mAnyatA dI hai| bharata kA rasa-nirUpaNa atyanta praur3ha evaM vyAvahArika hai| isI prakAra saGgIta ke sambandha meM bhI inake vicAra atyanta praur3ha siddha hote haiN| nATakIya vividha vidhi-vidhAnoM ke varNana ke krama meM tatsambandhI aneka viSayoM kA varNana kara bharata ne saMskRta vAGmaya meM apanA mahAn vyaktitva banA liyA hai| AdhAragrantha - ka - saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa - DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe / kha - bhAratIya sAhityazAkhA bhAga 1 - mA0 baladeva upAdhyAya / bharatezvarAbhyudaya campU- isa campU kAvya ke racayitA ( digambara jainI ) AzAdhara haiN| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1300 ke AsapAsa hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa madrAsa kaiTalaga saMkhyA 12444 meM hai| AzAdhara ke amyaM grantha haiM - 'jinayajJakalpa', 'sAgara dharmAmRta', 'anAgAradharmAmRta', 'sahasranAmastotra',

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bhatR meSTha ] ( 331 ) [ bhatRmeSTha 'triSaSTismRtizAstra' tathA 'prameyaratnAkara' / isa campU meM RSabhadeva ke putra bharata ke caritra ko AdhAra banAkara unakI kathA kahI gayI hai / bharttRmeNTha - ye 'hayagrIvavadha' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke racayitA haiM jo abhI taka anupalabdha hai / isake zloka kSemendra viracita 'suvRttatilaka', bhojakRta 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' evaM 'zRGgAraprakAza' tathA 'kAvyaprakAza' prabhRti rItigranthoM tathA sUktigranthoM meM uddhRta kiye gaye haiM / inakA vivaraNa kalhaNa kI 'rAjataraGgiNI' meM hai / kahate haiM ki meSTha hAthIvAn the [ meSTha zabda kA artha bhI mahAvata hotA hai ] / logoM kA anumAna hai ki ye mahAvata the, kintu vilakSaNa pratibhA ke kAraNa mahAkavi bana ge| inake AzrayadAtA kAzmIranareza mAtRgupta the / inakA samaya pAMcavI zatAbdI hai / sUktigranthoM meM kucha paca 'hastipaka' ke nAma se upalabdha hote haiM jinheM vidvAnoM ne bhartRmeSTha kI hI racanA svIkAra kiyA hai / inakI prazaMsA meM dhanapAla kA eka zloka milatA hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra hAthI mahAvata ke aMkuza kI coTa khAkara binA sira hilAye nahIM raha sakatA usI prakAra bhartRmeSTha kI vakroktiyoM kA zravaNa kara sahRdaya bhI Ananda se vihvala hokara sira hilAye binA nahIM rahatA / vakroktyA meNTharAjasya vahantyA sRNirUpatAm | aviddhA iva dhunvanti mUrdhAnaM kavikuJjarAH // 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM kahA gayA hai ki 'hayagrIvavadha' kAvya kI racanA karane ke pazcAt bhartRmeSTha kisI guNagrAhI rAjA ko khoja meM nikale aura kAzmIranareza mAtRgupta kI sabhA meM Akara unhoMne apanI manohara kavitA sunAI / kAvya kI samApti hone para bhI rAjA ne usake guNa-doSa ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM khaa| rAjA ke isa monAlambana se kavi ko atyanta duHkha huA aura ve apanA kAvya veSTana meM bAMdhane lage / isa para rAjA ne pustaka ke nIce sone kI thAla isa bhAva se rakha dI ki kahIM kAvya-rasa pRthvI para na jAya / rAjA kI isa sahRdayatA evaM guNagrAhitA se bhartRmeSTha atyanta prasanna hue aura ise unhoMne apanA satkAra mAnA tathA rAjA dvArA dI gaI sampatti ko punarutA ke sadRza samajhA [ rAjataraGgiNI 3 / 264-266 ] / mammaTAcArya ne 'kAvyaprakAza' ke rasadoSa ke antargata ( saptama uklAsa meM ) 'aGgasyApyativistRtiH' nAmaka doSa 'udAharaNa meM 'hayagrIvavadha' ko rakhA hai| isa doSa ke anusAra mahAkAvya meM mukhya pAtra kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana honA cAhiye, parantu amukhya pAtra kA vistAra karane para sAhityika dRSTi se doSa upasthita ho jAyagA / 'hayagrIvavadha' meM nAyaka viSNu haiM ( ajI haiM), kintu pratinAyaka yA aGga kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hone ke kAraNa isameM ukta doSa A gayA hai / kSemendra ke anumAna se 'hayagrIvabadha' kA prathama zloka nimnAMkita hai-- AsId daityo hayagrIvaH suhRdveSmasu yasya tAH / prathayanti balaM bAhvoH sitacchatrasmitAH zriyaH // meSTha ke sambandha meM aneka kaviyoM kI prazastiyA prApta hotI haiM- iha kAlidAsa - bhatRmeSThAvatrAmararUpasUrabhAravayaH / harizcandraguptI parIkSitAviha vidyAlAyAm || 'kAvyaprakAza' meM 'hayagrIvavadha' ke zloka prApta hote haiM / eka zloka uddhRta -viniMga taMmAnadamAtmamandirAtbhavatyupazrutya sahacchayapi yam /

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bhartRhari] (332) [bhATa sasaMbhamenatapAtitAnalA nimIlitAkSIvabhiyAmarAvatI // de0 saMskRta sukavi-samIkSApaM. baladeva upAdhyAya / bhartRhari-zatakatraya-zRGgArazataka', 'nItizataka' evaM 'vairAgyazataka' ke rcyitaa| mahAkavi bhartRhari kA jIvana aura AvirbhAvakAla abhI taka ajJAta hai / dantakathAeM unheM rAjA evaM vikramAditya kA jyeSTha bhrAtA mAnatI haiM / para katipaya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki unake granthoM meM rAjasI bhAva kA puTa nahIM; ataH unheM rAjA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne itsiga (cInI yAtrI) ke kathana meM AsthA rakhate hue unheM mahAvaiyAkaraNa bhartRhari se ( vAkyapadIya ke racayitA) abhinna mAnA hai| para bhAratIya vidvAna unheM vaiyAkaraNa bhartRhari se abhinna nahIM mAnate / inakA samaya saptama zatAbdI hai| inake granyoM se mAta hotA hai ki inheM aisI priyatamA se nirAzA huI thI jise ye bahuta pyAra karate the| 'nItizataka' ke prArambhika zloka meM bhI nirAza prema kI jhalaka milatI hai| yAM cintayAmi satavaM mayi sA viraktA sA'pyannamicchatijano sajano'gyasaktaH / asmat kRte ca parituSyati kAcidanyA dhik tAM ca taM ca madanaM ca ivAM ca mAM ca // kiMvadantI ke anusAra prema meM dhokhA khAne para inhoMne vairAgya grahaNa kara liyA thaa| inake tInoM hI zataka saMskRta kavitA kA utkRSTatama rUpa upasthita karate haiN| inake kAvya ke pratyeka padya mukhyataH apane meM pUrNa haiM tathA usameM eka kI, cAhe vaha zRGgAra, nIti yA vairAgya ho, pUrNa abhivyakti hotI hai| saMskRta bhASA kA sUtrAtmaka rUpa inameM carama sImA taka pahuMca gayA hai| inake aneka padya vyaktigata anubhUti se anuprANita haiM tathA unameM Atma-darzana kA tatva pUrNarUpa se dikhAI par3atA hai| bAdhAramantha-saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha (hindI anuvaad)| bhartahari-pratirabaiyAkaraNa evaM 'vAkyapadIya' nAmaka grantha ke racayitA [20 vAkyapadIya ] / paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya vi0pU0 400 varSa hai| puNyarAja ke anusAra inake guru kA nAma vasurAta thaa| ye 'zatakatraya' ke racayitA bhartRhari se bhinna haiM / inake dvArA racita granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-'mahA. bhASyadIpikA', 'vAkyapadIya', 'bhAgavRtti' (aSTAdhyAyI kI vRtti ) 'mImAMsAsUtravRtti' tathA 'anndhaatumiimaaNsaa'| bhallaTa-saMskRta gItikAvya ke atyanta praur3ha kavi bhahaTa haiM jinakI ekamAtra racanA bhATazataka' hai| inake padoM ke utaraNa 'dhvanyAloka', 'abhinavabhAratI', 'kAvyaprakAza' tathA 'mocityavicAracarcA' Adi granthoM meM prApta hote haiM jisase inakA samaya navama zatAbdI se pUrva jJAta hotA hai| ye kAzmIraka kavi the| 'bhallaTazataka' meM muktaka paca saMgrahIta hai tathA usameM anyokti kA prAdhAnya hai| eka udAharaNa dekheM-vizAla zAlmalyA nayana subhagaM bIkya kusumaM zukasyAsId buddhiH phalamapi bhavedasya sadRzam / iti dhvAtvopAstaM phalamapi ca devAt pariNataM vipAke tUlontaH sapadi marutA sodhyapahataH //

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bhavabhUti] [bhavabhUti bhavabhUti-ye saMskRta nATya sAhitya meM yuga-pravartana karane vAle pratibhAzAlI kalAkAra haiM jo kaI dRSTiyoM se mahAkavi kAlidAsa ko bhI pIche chor3a dete haiN| nATake bhavabhUtirvA vayaM vA vayameva vaa| uttarerAmacarite bhavabhUtiviziSyate // ye apane yuga ke sazakta evaM viziSTa nATakakAra the| kintu usa yuga ke bAlocaka inakI pratibhA kA bAstavika mUlyAMkana upasthita karane meM asamartha rahe, phalataH kavi ke mana meM antaHkSobha kI ami dhadhakatI dikhAI par3atI hai| ve kevala pratibhAzAlI kavi hI nahIM the apitu sAMsya, yoga, upaniSad aura mImAMsA prabhRti vidyAoM meM bhI niSNAta the| inake AlocakoM ne inake sambandha meM kaTUktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA thA jisase marmAhata hokara kavi ne unheM cunautI dI thI ki nizcaya hI eka yuga aisA bAyegA aba mere samAnadharmA kavi utpanna hokara merI kalA kA bAdara kareMge kyoMki kAla niravadhi yA antahIna hai aura pRthvI bhI vipula hai-ye nAma kecidiha naH prathayantyavahAM jAnanti te kimapi tAn pratinaiSa blH| utpasyate mama tu ko'pi samAnadharmA kAlo hyayaM niravadhivipulA ca pRthvI // 6 // guNaiH satAM na mama ko guNaH prakhyApito bhavet / yarthAthanAmA bhagavAn yasya jJAnanidhiguruH // 7 // yad vedAdhyayana tathopaniSadAM sAMkhyasya yogasya ca zAnaM tatkathanena kiM na hi sataH kazcida guNo naattke| yat prauDhitvamudAratA ca vacasAM yaccArthato gauravaM taccedasti tatastadeva gamakaM pANDityavaidagdhyayoH / / 8 mAlatImAdhava aMka-eka / . bhavabhUti me apanA paryApta paricaya apane mATakoM kI prastAvanA meM diyA hai, phalataH inakA jIvanavRtta anya sAhityakAroM kI bhAMti andhakArAchana nahIM hai / inakA janma kazyapavaMzIya udumbara nAmaka brAhmaNa parivAra ke ghara meM huA thaa| ye vidarbha ke antargata papapura ke nivAsI the| inakA kula 'kRSNayajurveda' kI tettirIya zAkhA kA anuyAyI thaa| inake pitAmaha kA nAma bhaTTa gopAla thA aura ve svayaM mahAkavi bhI the| inake pitA kA nAma nIlakaNDa evaM mAtA kA nAma jatukarNI thaa| inhoMne apanA sarvAdhika vistRta vivaraNa 'mahAvIracarita' kI prastAvanA meM prastuta kiyA hai-asti dakSiNApaye vidarbheSu pApapuranAmanagaram / tatra kecit taittirIyiNaH kAzyapAzcaraNagurapaH paMktipAvanAH pancAgnayodhUtavratAH somapIthina udumbaranAmAto brahmavAdinaH prativasanti / tadAmuSyAyaNasya tatrabhavato vAjapeyAjino mahAkaveH pancamaH sugRhItanAmno bhaTTagopAlasya pautraH pavitra konIlakaNThasya AtmasambhavaH zrIkaSThapadalAcchanaH pada vAkya pramANamo bhavatirnAma jAtUkarNIputraH kavimitradheyamasmAkamityatrabhavanto vidAMkurvantu / / kahA jAtA hai ki inakA vAstavika nAma zrIkaNTha thA aura bhavabhUti upanAma thaa| svayaM kavi ne bhI apane zrIkaNTha nAma kA saMketa kiyA hai| isI prakAra kA paricaya kicit parivartana ke sAtha 'mAlatImAdhava' nAmaka nATaka meM bhI prApta hotA hai| inhoMne apane guru kA nAma jJAnanidhi diyA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki devI pArvatI kI prArthanA meM banAye gae eka zloka para camatkRta hokara tatkAlIna paNDitamaNDalI ne inheM bhavabhUti kI upAdhi pradAna kI thI-girajAyAH svanI vande bhavabhUtisitAnanau / tapasvIkAM gato'vasthAmiti smerAnanAvivi // inake TIkAkAra vIrarAghava ne isa tathya kA usATana kiyA haizrIkaNThapadalAnchanaH pitRkRtanAmedam |...."bhvbhuuti ma 'sAmbA punAtu bhavabhUtipavitra

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bhavabhUti ] ( 334 ) [ bhavabhUti mUrtiH' zlokaracanAsantuSTena rAjJAbhavabhUtiriti khyApitaH / 'mAlatImAdhava' ke TIkAkAra jagaddhara ke matAnusAsAra inakA nAma zrInIlakaNTha thA - 'nAmnA zrIkaNThaH prasiddhayA bhavabhUtirityarthaH / isa sambandha meM eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki kyA bhavabhUti umbekAcArya se abhinna the / 'mAlatImAdhava' ke eka hastalekha ke tRtIya aMka kI puSpikA meM isake lekhaka kA nAma umbeka diyA gayA hai| umbeka mImAMsAzAstra ke prasiddha vidvAn aura kumArilabhaTTa ke ziSya the / inhoMne kumArila racita 'zlokavAtika' kI TIkA bhI likhI hai / ma0 ma0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI, ma0 ma0 pA0 vA0 guNe, esa0 Ara0 rAmanAtha zAstrI umbeka evaM bhavabhUti ko eka hI vyakti mAnate haiM / paNDita baladeva upAdhyAya bhI isI mata kA samarthana karate haiN| para kucha vidvAnoM ne isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| DaoN0 kunhana rAjA evaM ma0 ma0 DaoN0 mirAzI ne bhavabhUti evaM umbeka ko bhinna vyakti mAnA hai / kunhana rAjA bhavabhUti ke mImAMsaka hone para bhI sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| inake anusAra inakA Agraha vedAnta para adhika thaa| para DaoN0 rAjA kA kathana isa AdhAra para khaNDita ho jAtA hai ki bhavabhUti ne svayaM apane ko 'padavAkyapramANajJa' kahA hai| DaoN0 mirAzI ke anusAra donoM kA samaya bhinna hai / umbeka kA racanAkAla 775 I0 hai aura bhavabhUti AThavIM zatI ke Adi caraNa meM hue the / vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekhie . prosIDiMgsa oNpha sekeNDa oriyaNTala kAnphensa ( 1923), ma0 ma0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI pR0 410-12 kha. uttararAmacarita - kANe dvArA sampAdita (bhUmikA) tathA dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( aMgarejI ) bhAga 5 pR0 1988 - 99, ga. tAtparya TIkA kI prastAvanA - DaoN0 kunhana rAjA pR0 30, gha. sTaDIja ina iNDolAjI bhAga 1, pR0 45, DaoN0 mirAzI - bhavabhUti aura umbeka kI ekatA prAcIna kAla se hI calI A rahI hai ataH donoM ko pRthaka-pRthak vyakti svIkAra karanA ThIka nahIM hai / bhavabhUti ne likhA hai ki unake nATaka kAlapriyanAtha ke utsava para khelane ke lie hI likhe gae the / vidvAnoM ne kAlapriyanAtha kA tAdAtmya mAlavAsthita ujjaina ke mahAkAla se kiyA hai / atra khalu bhagavataH kAlapriyanAthasya yAtrAyAmAryamizrAn vijJApayAmi -- uttararAmacarita pR0 4 kANe sampAdita bhagavataH kAlapriyanAthasya yAtrAyAmAyaMmizrAH samAdizanti / mahAvIracarita ( caukhambA ) pR0 2 / bhavabhUti ne nATakoM kI prastAvanA meM apanA samaya nirdiSTa nahIM kiyA hai ataH inakA kAla-nirNaya vivAdAspada banA huA hai / inake sambandha meM prathama ullekha vAkpatirAja kRta 'gaDabaho' meM milatA hai| isameM kavi ne bhavabhUtirUpI sAgara se nikalate hue kAvyAmRta kI prAzaMsA kI haibhavabhUtijaladhi - nirgata kAvyAmRtarasa kaNA iva sphuranti / yasya vizeSA adyApi vikaTeSu kathAfnavezeSu // 799 // vAkpatirAja kAnyakubjanareza yazovarmA ke sabhAkavi the jinakA samaya 750 I0 hai / bhavabhUti bhI jIvana ke antima dinoM meM yazovarmA ke Azrita ho gaye the / 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM likhA hai ki yazovarmA kI sabhA meM bhavabhUti Adi kaI kavi the-- kavirvAkpati rAjazrIbhavabhUtyAdisevitaH / jito yamo mathovarmA sadguNastutivanditAm ||4|144|| vAmana ke 'kAvyAlaMkAra' meM bhavabhUti ke patha udadhRta haiM-kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti

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bhavabhUti] ( 135) [ bhavabhUti 1 // 2 // 12 // vAmana kA samaya AThavIM zatI kA uttarArdha yA navIM zatI kA caturkaza hai| ataH bhavabhUti kA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa yA AThavIM zatAbdI kA prathama caraNa ho sakatA hai| bhavabhUti kI tIna hI racanAeM prApta hotI haiM aura tInoM hI nATaka haiM-'mAlatImAdhava', 'mahAvIracarita' aura 'uttrraamcrit'| inameM 'mAlatImAdhava' prakaraNa hai aura zeSa nATaka haiN| 'mAlatImAdhava' meM dasa aMka haiM aura kathA kalpita hai| isameM mAlatI evaM mAdhava kI praNaya-kathA varNita hai [vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie de0 mAlatImAdhava ] | 'mahAvIracarita' meM sAta bar3a haiM aura rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko nATaka kA rUpa diyA gayA hai -[de0 mahAvIra carita] / 'uttararAmacarita' bhavabhUti kA sarvazreSTha evaM antima racanA hai / isameM sItA-nirvAsana kI karuNa gAthA varNita hai| [de0 uttararAmacarita ] / bhavabhUti ke sambandha meM vividha kaviyoM kI uktiyAM-1-spaSTabhAvarasA citraH padanyAsaiH prvrtitaa| nATakeSu naTanIva bhAratI bhavabhUtinA // tilakamaMjarI 30, dhanapAla / 2-jamanAmapi caitanyaM bhavabhUterabhUd girA / pAvApyarodIt pArvatyA hasataH sma stanAvapi // harihara, subhASitAvalI 13 / 3-bhavabhUteH sambandhAd bhUdharabhUreva bhAratI bhAti / etaskRtakAruNye kimanyayA roditi pAvA / / govardhanAcArya AryAsaptazatI 36 / svayaM kavi kI ukti-ka-yaM brahmANamiyaM devI vArazyevAnuvartate / uttaraM rAmacaritaM tat praNItaM prayokyate // uttararAma prathama aMkIkha-pApamabhyazca punAtu vadhayatu ca zreyAMsi seyaM kathA / maGgalyA ca manoharA ca jagato mAteva ganeva ca / tAmetAM paribhAvayansva. bhinayavinyastarUpA budhAH zabdabrahmavidaH kaveH pariNataprazasya vANImimAm // 21 / bhavabhUti nATakakAroM ke kavi kahe jAte haiN| inheM kAlidAsa ke bAda saMskRta kA sarvocca nATakakAra mAnA jAtA hai| inheM vizuddha nATakakAra nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki inakI adhikAMza racanAyeM gItinATayaM (lirikala DrAmA) haiN| ataH inake ( nATakoM ke ) adhyetAmoM ko isa tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI inake nATakoM kI samIkSA karanI caahie| bhavabhUti kI bhAva-pravaNatA inakI kalA kA prANa hai| inhoMne bhAvamaya kavitva ke samakSa kalApakSa ke bAkarSaNa ko bhI chor3a diyA hai| vaise bhavabhUti bhI kalApakSa ke moha se TUTe hue nahIM hai, kintu jyoM-jyoM bhavati kI bhAratIya paripaka hotI gaI hai aura jahAM bhAva phUTa par3anA cAhate haiM, vahAM bhavabhUti kA pANDitya bhI rasapravAha meM baha nikalatA hai|' saMskRta kavi-darzana pR0 381 / bhavabhUti ke bhAvapakSa meM vaividhya evaM vistAra dikhAI par3atA hai| ye kAlidAsa kI bhAMti kebala komala bhAvoM ke hI kavi nahIM haiM, pratyut inhoMne komala ke sAtha-hI-sAtha gambhIra evaM kaThora bhAvoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai| vipralambha evaM karuNa rasa ke atirikta inakI dRSTi vIra, rodra tathA bIbhatsa rasoM kI bora bhI samAnabhAva se jAtI hai| bhavabhUti kI zailI inake kathana ke anurUpa hai jisake zabdoM meM praudi, udAratA evaM artha kA gaurava rahatA hai| yauhitya. mudAratA ca vacasAM yaccArthato gauravaM taccedasti tatastadevagamakaM pANDityavaidagdhayoH / / mAlatImAdhava 1 / 10 / bhAvAnusAra bhAvoM ko mor3a denA bhavabhUti kI nijI vizeSatA hai| pata-kuharoM meM gadagada nAda se pravAhita hotI nadI kA citra inhoMne bhASA ke mAdhyama se

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bhavabhUti] [ bhavabhUti khIMca diyA hai| uttararAmacarita meM-eteSu kuhareSu gaddanaddagodAvarIvArayo meghAlambitamaulinIlazikharAH kSoNIbhRto dakSiNaH / anyonyaprativAtasaMkulacakaholakolAhale-uttAlAstaime gabhIrapayasaH puNyAH sarit saMgamAH // 23 kavi vANI kI prauDhatA ke dvArA vanapradeza kI bhayaMkaratA kA svAbhAvika citra anuprAsacchaTA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kara detA hai| inake varNanoM meM kAlidAsa kI bhAMti sAdagI nahIM dikhAI par3atI, yahAM to vistAra evaM kliSTatA ke darzana hote haiN| gurujatkumbakuTIrakaudhikaSaTAghUtkAravatkIcakastAmbAumbaramUkamokulikulaH krocAvato'yaM giriH / etasminpracalAkinAM pracalatAmujitAH kRSitaraTelantipurANarohiNataraskandheSukumbhInasAH // 2 / 29 uttara0 / 'yaha krauMcAyata parvata hai jo gUjate hue kubja-kuTIroM se ullamoM ke samUha kI dhU-dhU dhvani se bar3he hue kIcaka ( phaTe hue aura havA ke kAraNa zabda karate hue bAMsa) ke samUha kI dhvani ke kAraNa samba-zUnya koNoM ke samUha vAlA hai| isameM ghUmate hue mayUroM ke pUjana se Dare hue sarpa purAne pandanavRkSoM ke skandhapradezoM meM lipaTe hue haiN|' dhvanyAtmaka citra prastuta karane kI kalA meM bhavabhUti pUrNa,dakSa haiN| ___ bhavabhUti kI bailI meM gorI rIti kA prAbalya hai| inhoMne gadya kI bhASA sAnuprAsa evaM samAsa-bahula pada-vinyAsa se yukta rakhI hai| inakI zailI kA pramukha vaiziSTya isakI udAttatA hai| inhoMne prakRti kA citraNa sacce prakRti pujArI kI bhAMti atyanta abhiniveza ke sAtha kiyA hai jisameM komala, ugra, suhAvane evaM bhayaMkara sabhI prakAra ke citra ubhare hue haiN| inake saMvAdoM meM lambe-lambe samAsa-bahula vAkya prayukta hote haiM jise vidvAnoM ne inakA doSa bhI mAnA hai| bhASA para inakA adhikAra hai aura ye samartha kavi ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3ate haiN| 'bhavabhUti kI bhASA meM bhAvavyaMbanA kI apUrva zakti hai| eka ora jahAM vaha mUrta padArthoM kI varNanA meM unako sAkAra upasthita kara detI hai vahA~ dUsarI ora amUrta bhAva padArthoM kI varNanA meM bhI unakA sAMgopAMga varNana kara pAThaka ke mana meM unakI samyak udbuddhi kara detI hai|...."pdvaaky pramANa bhavabhUti vANI ke dhanI hai| mahAkavi bhavabhUti pR0 127 / inhoMne rUpa-saundayaM kA varNana atyanta sUkSma evaM hRdayagrAhI kiyA hai| kisI citra kA maMkana karate samaya inakA kavi rasa kI udbuddhi kiye binA nahIM rhtaa| virahiNI sItA ke karuNa rUpa ke aMkana meM kArupa. bhAvanA kA rUpa dekhane yogya hai-paripAmudulakapolasundaraM dadhatIvilolakabarIkamAnanam / mUtirapavAzarINI virahaSyatheva vanatijAnakI // uttara * bhavabhUti ke hara prayoga meM bhI vaividhya pradarzita hotA hai| inhoMne choTe-bar3e sabhI padoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| anuSTupa vasantatilakA, zArdUlavikrIDita, piriNI, bagdharA, mandAkrAntA, mAlinI, upajAti, indravajA, praharSiNI, puSpitApA, pRthvI, sAlinI, AryA, vaMzastha, pokhatA, drutavilambita, upendravajA Adi inake priya chanda hai| kSemendra ne zikhariNI chanda ke prayoga meM inakI muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI hai| 'mahAvIracarita' meM 17, 'mAlatImASara' meM 24 evaM 'uttararAmacarita' meM 24 chanda prayukta hue haiN| inameM bakakAra vaicitrya bhI apila pAyA jAtA hai| inake priya alaMkAra hai-upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, banuprAya, ra, arthAntaranyAsa, nidarzanA, dRSTAnta, virodhAbhAsa, prativastUpamA, bhavizayokti, bAra,

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bhaviSyapurANa ] ( 337 ) [ bhaviSyapurANa kAliMga, sandeha evaM svabhAvokti / inhoMne upamA alaMkAra ke prayoga meM navInatA pradarzita kI hai| sUkSma manobhAvoM kI tulanA sthUla padArthoM se karane meM inhoMne adhika ruci pradarzita kI hai -- karuNasya mUttirathavAzarIriNI virahavyatheva vanameti jAnakI / nATakakAra ke rUpa meM AlocakoM ne inheM uccakoTi kA nahIM mAnA hai aura inake aneka doSoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| inameM anvititraya kA abhAva, vastu kA abAdhagatyA dUra taka vistRta varNana, hAsya kI kamI, bhASA kI durUhatA, saMvAdoM ke vAkyoM kI durUhatA evaM dIrghavistArI vAkyoM kA prayoga Adi nATyakalA kI dRSTi se doSa batalAye gaye haiM / ina doSoM ke hote hue bhI bhavabhUti saMskRta bhASA ke gaurava haiMAdhAragrantha -- 1 - hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - DaoN0 dAsagupta evaM esa0 ke0 Dhe0 / 2-uttararAmacarita - saM0 kANe ( hindI anuvAda ) / 3 - bhavabhUti - karamarakara ( a~garejI / / 4 - saMskRta nATaka - DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) / 5 - kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti - DI0 ela0 rAya / 6 - mahAkavi bhavabhUti - DaoN0 gaMgAsAgara rAya / 7 - saMskRta kavi-darzana - DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 8-bhavabhUti aura unakA uttararAmacarita - paM0 kRSNamaNi tripAThI / 9 - saMskRta nATakakAra - zrI kAnticanda bharatiyA | 10 - saMskRta kAvyakAra - DaoN haradatta zAstrI / -Ara0 saMjJA dI hai / bhaviSyapurANa - kramAnusAra navIM purANa | 'bhaviSyapurANa' ke nAma se hI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai / isa purANa kA rUpa samaya-samaya para parivartita hotA rahA hai, ataH pratisaMskAroM ke kAraNa isakA mUlarUpa ajJeya hotA calA gayA hai| isameM samaya-samaya para ghaTita ghaTanAoM ko vibhinna yugoM yA samayoM ke vidvAnoM ne isa prakAra jor3A hai ki isakA mUlarUpa parivartita ho gayA hai| oNpheTa ne to 1903 I0 meM eka lekha likhakara ise 'sAhityika dhokhebAjI' ko veMkaTezvara presa se prakAzita 'bhaviSyapurANa' meM itanI sArI navIna bAtoM kA samAveza hai jisame isa para sahasA vizvAsa nahIM hotA / 'nAradIyapurANa' meM isakI jo viSaya sUcI dI gayI hai, usase patA calatA hai ki isameM pA~ca pa haiM - brAhmaparva, viSNuparva, zivapatraM, sUrya parva evaM pratisargapavaM / isakI zloka saMkhyA caudaha hajAra hai / navalakizora presa, lakhanaU se prakAzita 'bhaviSyapurANa' meM do khaNDa haiM, - pUrvAddha tathA uddharAddhaM evaM unameM kramaza: 41 aura 171 adhyAya haiM / isakI jo pratiyAM upalabdha haiM unameM 'nAradIyapurANa' kI viSaya-sUcI pUrNarUpeNa prApta nahIM hotI / isa purANa meM mukhya rUpa se brAhmadharma, AcAra evaM varNAzramadhamaM kA varNana hai tathA nAgoM kI pUjA ke lie kiye jAne vAle nAgapaMcamI vrata ke varNana meM nAga, asuroM evaM nAgoM se sambaddha kathAe~ dI gayI haiM / isameM sUrya pUjA kA varNana hai tathA usake sambandha meM eka kathA dI gayI hai ki kisa prakAra kRSNa ke putra zAmba ko kuSTha roga ho jAne para unakI cikitsA ke lie garur3a dvArA zAkadvIpa se brAhmaNoM ko bulAkara sUrya kI upAsanA ke dvArA roga mukta karAyA gayA thA / isa kathA meM bhojaka evaM maga nAmaka do sUryapUjakoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / alaberunI ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai, ata: isake AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| isameM sRSTi kI utpatti ke sAtha-hI-sAtha bhaugolika varNana bhI 22 saM0 sA0

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bhAgavata campU] ( 338 ) [bhAguri upalabdha hote haiM tathA sUrya kA brahmarUpa meM varNana kara unakI arcanA ke nimitta nAnA prakAra ke raGgoM ke phUloM ko car3hAne kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / 'bhaviSyapurANa' meM upAsanA aura vratoM kA vidhAna, tyAjya padArthoM kA rahasya, vedAdhyayana kI vidhi, gAyatrI kA mahatva, sandhyA-vandana kA samaya tathA caturvaNaM vivAha-vyavasthA kA bhI nirUpaNa hai| isa purANa meM kali ke anekAneka rAjAoM kA varNana hai jo rAnI vikToriyA taka yA jAtA hai| isake pratisagaM parva kI bahuta-sI kathAoM ko Adhunika vidvAn prakSepa mAnate haiN| isake bhaviSya kathana bhI bavizvasanIya hai| AdhAragrantha-1-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-bhAga 1, khaNDa 2-DaoN. vinttrnits| 2-aSTAdazapurANadarpaNa-paM0 jvAlA prasAda mizra / 3-purANa tatva-mImAMsAzrIkRSNamaNi tripaatthii| 4-purANa-vimarza-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 5-purANaviSayAnukramaNikA-DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya / 6-bhaviSyapurANa-veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI / bhAgavata campU-isa campU kAvya kI tIna hastalikhita pratiyAM prApta hotI haiN| / inameM se do taMjora meM evaM eka madrAsa meM hai| taMjora vAlI prati meM isake racayitA kA nAma rAmacandra bhadra tathA madrAsa vAlI prati meM rAjanAtha kavi hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA lekhaka rAjanAtha ko hI mAnA hai| inakA pUrA nAma ayyala rAjurAmabhadra thA jo niyojI brAhmaNa the| inakA samaya 16 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| kavi ne zrImadbhAgavata ke dazama skandha ke AdhAra para kaMsavadha taka kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA vivaraNa DiskripTiva kaiTalaoNga madrAsa 2118275 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| bhAgIrathI campU-isa campU-kAvya ke praNeta kA nAma acyuta zarmA hai| inakA nivAsasthAna janasthAna thaa| inake pitA kA nAma nArAyaNa evaM mAtA kA nAma annapUrNA thaa| bhAgIrathIcampU' meM sAta manoratha (adhyAya ) haiM jisameM rAjA bhagIratha kI vaMzAvalI evaM gaGgAvataraNa kI kathA varNita hai| inakI zailI pravAhapUrNa evaM bhASA bhAvAnugAminI hai| isakA prakAzana gopAla nArAyaNa kampanI, bambaI se ho cukA hai| isa grantha kA padya bhAga gadyabhAga ko apekSA adhika manorama hai| gaGgottujataraGgariGgaNa. gaNarAkAzaraGgAGgaNe / sAGgopAGgakuraGgasaGgirucirApADAyamAnAGgakaiH / riGgantIva saraGgamaGgalamahAsaMbhaGgavArAGganA-bhaGgIbhaGgamRdaGgabhaGgararavaiH satyaM samAplAvayat / / 4 / 41 ___ AdhAragrantha-campU-kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| bhAguri-saMskRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa / mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra inakA samaya 4000 vi0 pU0 hai| inake katipaya navIna vacanoM ( vyAkaraNa-sambandhI ) ke uddharaNa jagadIza tarkAlaMkArakRta 'zabdazaktiprakAzikA' meM upalabdha hote haiN| inake pitA kA sambhavataH bhAmura nAma thA tathA inako bahina lokAyaMtazAstra kI praNetrI bhAgurI thI

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bhANa] (39) [bhAnudatta [de. mahAbhASya 7 / 2 / 45 ] vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki bhAguri kA vyAkaraNa 'aSTAdhyAyI' se bhI vistRta thA tathA 'zabdazaktiprakAzikA' ke uddhRta vacanoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usakI racanA zloka meM huI thI [zabdazaktiprakAzikA pR0 444, kAzI] / inakI kRtiyoM ke nAma haiM-'bhAguri vyAkaraNa', 'sAmavedIyazAkhA', 'brAhmaNa', 'alaMkAra grantha', 'trikANDakoza', 'sAMkhyabhASya' tathA 'devatagrantha' / somezvara kavi ne 'sAhityakalpadruma' meM bhAguri kA mata prastuta kiyA hai jo yathAsaMkhya alaMkAra ke prakaraNa meM hai| abhinavaguptakRta 'dhvanyAlokalocana' meM bhI bhAguri kA rasaviSayaka vicA uddhRta hai [ tRtIya udyota pR0 386 / bhAguri kI pratibhA bahumukhI thI aura inhoMne kaI zAstroM kI racanA kI thii| AdhAragrantha-1-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 2-vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa bhAga-150 bhagavadatta / bhANa-rUpaka kA eka prakAra jisameM dhUtaM evaM viTa kA varNana hotA hai| isameM eka aMka rahatA hai| saMskRta meM 'bhANa' kA adhika mahatva hai aura isa para aneka prantha likhe jA cuke haiN| 'caturbhANI' ke mAma se kerala meM racita cAra bhAga prakAzita ho cuke haiM jinake racayitA vararuci, Izvaradatta, zyAmalika evaM zUdraka haiM [de0 caturbhANI] / anya bhANoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-ubhayAbhisArikA-isake praNetA vararuci mAne jAte haiM jinakA samaya I0 pU0 tRtIya zataka hai| isakI bhASA-zailI sazakta evaM praur3ha hai| pamaprAbhRtaka-isa bhANa ke racayitA 'zUdraka' haiM (de0 zUdraka ] / isake uddharaNa aneka granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnusAsana' (pR0 188 ) meM bhI isakA eka padya prApta hotA hai| isameM prAcIna samaya ke kalAkAra mUladeva kI kathA varNita hai| dhUtaviTasaMvAda-isake lekhaka Izvaradatta haiN| isameM viTa evaM dhuta ke saMvAda kAminiyoM evaM vezyAoM ke viSaya meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| isake uDharaNa bhojakRta 'zRGgAraprakAza' evaM hemacandra ke 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM prApta hote haiN| pAdatADitaka-isake racayitA zyAmilaka haiN| isakA eka padya kSemendrakRta 'aucityavicAracarcA' meM prApta hotA hai| abhinavagupta ne bhI zyAmilaka ke nAma kA nirdeza kiyA hai, ataH inakA samaya 8 vIM evaM navIM zatAbdI ke bIca nizcita hotA hai| saMskRta ke anya bhAgoM meM bAmanabhaTTa racita ( 16 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ) 'zRGgArabhUSaNa', rAmabhadradIkSita kRta 'zRGgAratilaka,' varadAcArya kRta 'vasantatilaka', zaMkara kavi viracita 'zAradAtilaka', nallAkavi viracita 'zRGgArasarvasva' ( satrahavIM sadI) tathA yuvarAja racita 'rasasadana bhANa' prasiddha haiN| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / bhAnudatta-alaMkArazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa evaM caudahavIM zatAbdI kA Arambhika kAla hai| ye mithilA nivAsI the| 'inhoMne apane grantha 'rasamaMjarI' meM apane ko 'videhabhUH' likhA hai jisase inakA maithila honA siddha hotA hai| inake pitA kA nAma gaNezvara thaa| tAto yasya gaNezvaraH kavikulAlaMkAracUDAmaNiH / dezo yasya videhabhUH surasarita kaDolakIrmIritA // rasa

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bhAnuvata ] ( 340 ) [ bhAnudatta maMjarI, antima zloka / inhoMne chaha granthoM kI racanA kI hai- rasamaMjarI, rasataraGgiNI, alaGkAratilaka, citracandrikA, gItagorIza evaM kumArabhAgaMdhIya / inake dvArA racita 'zRGgAradIpikA' nAmaka grantha bhI hastalekha ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai kintu nizcita rUpa se usake lekhaka ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 'rasamaMjarI' mAyaka-nAyikA bheda kA atyanta prIr3ha grantha hai jisakI racanA sUtrazailI meM huI hai aura svayaM bhAnudatta ne usa para vistRta vRtti likha kara use adhika spaSTa kiyA haiM / isameM anya rasoM ko zRjana meM gatArtha kara Alambana vibhAva ke antargata nAyakanAyikA bheda kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isapara AcArya gopAla ne 1428 I0 meM 'viveka' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI hai| Adhunika yuga meM kavizekhara paM0 badarInAtha zarmA ne surabhi nAmaka saMskRta vyAkhyA likhI hai jo cokhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai| isakI hindI vyAkyA ( A0 jagannAtha pAThaka kRta ) caukhambA se hI prakAzita ho cukI hai| 'rasataraGgiNI' rasa-sambandhI vaijJAnika vivecana karane vAlA grantha hai / isameM ATha taraGga haiM jinameM bhAva evaM sthAyibhAva, vibhAva evaM usake bheda, kaTAkSAdi anubhAva sAttvikabhAva, vyabhicArIbhAva, no rasa tathA zRGgAra rasa kA vivecana, hAsya tathA anya rasa, sthAyI evaM vyabhicAribhAvoM kA vivecana hai / isameM rasasambandhI aneka navIna viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai / 'alaMkAratilaka' meM pAMca pariccheda haiM tathA 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM 6 zabdAlaMkAra evaM 71 arthAlaMkAra varNita haiN| 'gItagaurIza' gItikAvya hai jisameM dasa sagaM haiN| isakI racanA gItagovinda ke AdhAra para huI hai / alaGkAratilaka meM kAvya ke vibhinna aGgoM - alaGkAra, guNa, rIti, doSa tathA kAvyabheda kA varNana hai / bhAnudatta kI prasiddhi mukhyataH 'rasamaMjarI' evaM 'rasataraGgiNIM' ke kAraNa hai / ye rasavAdI AcArya haiN| inhoMne donoM hI granthoM meM zrRGgAra kA rasarAjatva svIkAra karate hue anya rasoM kA usI meM antarbhAva kiyA hai| inhoMne rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai / ye kAvya ko zarIra, gati, rIti, vRtti, doSahInatA, guNa aura alaGkAra ko indriyA~, vyutpatti ko prANa evaM abhyAsa ko mana mAnate haiM / [ alaGkAra. tilaka meM ! kAbhya ke tIna prakAra haiM-uttama, madhyama evaM adhama tathA bhASA ke vicAra se bhAnudatta kAvya ke cAra prakAra mAnate haiM-saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM mizra / ye zabda aura artha ko kAvya evaM rItiyoM ko kAvya kA dharma mAnate haiM / inhoMne rasa ke anukUla vikAra ko bhAva kahA hai tathA inheM rasa kA hetu bhI mAnA hai / bhAnudatta ne rasa ke do prakAra mAte haiM-laukika evaM alaukika / laukika rasa ke antargata zRGgArAdirasoM kA varNana hai aura alokika ke tIna bheda kiye gae haiMStars, manothika evaM opanAyika / inhoMne 'rasataraMgiNI' ke saptama taraMga meM mAyA rasa kA varNana kiyA hai / 'rasataraMgiNI' kA hindI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzana veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI se huA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1 - saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe / 2 - bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke pratinidhi siddhAnta - rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' caukhambA prakAzana /

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bhAmaha (341 ) [ bhArata campU bhAmaha-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkAra' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai [ de0 kAvyAlaMkAra ] / bhAmaha alaGkAra sampradAya ke pravattaMka mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne alaGkAra ko hI kAvya kA vidhAyaka tatva svIkAra kiyA hai / inakA samaya SaSTha zataka kA madhya mAnA jAtA hai| isakI puSTi 'kAvyAlaGkAra' meM uddhRta bauddha naiyAyika diGnAga kRta pratyakSa ke lakSaNa se hotI hai-pratyakSaM kalpanApoDham (paMcama pricched)| diGnAga kA samaya 500 I. ke AsapAsa hai| bhAmaha kA mata dharmakIti ( diGnAga ke TIkAkAra, samaya 620 I.) ke saMzodhita mata se bhinna hai| ata: ye diGnAga ke paravartI evaM dharmakItti ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| bhAmaha ko dharmakItti ke mata kA jJAna nahIM thA, anyathA ve unake vicAra ko bhI avazya hI sthAna dete| aneka AcAryoM ne daNDI ko bhAmaha se pUrvavartI mAnA hai para aba nizcita ho gayA hai ki daNDI bhAmaha ke paravartI the| bhAmaha ke vyaktigata jIvana ke sambandha meM kucha bhI patA nahIM cltaa| grantha ke anta meM inhoMne apane ko 'rakrilagomin' kA putra kahA hai| sujanAvagamAya bhAmahena, prathitaM rakrilagominasUnunedam // kAvyAlaGkAra 6 / 64 / 'rakrika' nAma ke AdhAra para aneka vidvAnoM ne bhAmaha ko bauddha mAnA hai, para adhikAMza vidvAn isase sahamata nahIM haiN| bhAmaha ne pustaka ke Arambha ( maGgalazloka meM ) 'sarvajJa' kI prArthanA kI hai-'praNamya sAvaM sarvazaM manovAk kAyakarmabhiH' jise vidvAn buddha kA paryAya mAna kara inheM bauddha svIkAra karate haiN| para 'sarvaza' zabda zaGkara ke liye bhI prayukta hotA hai; ataH isa para paNDitoM ne Apatti prakaTa kI hai| bhAmaha ne apane grantha meM kahIM bhI buddha kI carcA nahIM kI hai aura sarvatra, rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata ke nAyakoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ataH ye nizcita rUpa se vaidikadharmAvalambI brAhmaNa the| ye kAzmIra-nivAsI mAne jAte haiN| bhAmaha ne savaprathama kAvyazAstra ko svatantrazAstra kA rUpa pradAna kiyA aura kAvya meM alaGkAra kI mahattA svIkAra kii| inake anusAra alaGkAroM ke binA kavitAkAminI usI prakAra suzobhita nahIM ho sakatI jisa prakAra bhUSaNoM ke binA koI ramaNI suzobhita nahIM hotii| inhoMne rasa ko 'rasavat' Adi alaGkAroM meM aMtarbhukta kara usakI mahattA kama kara dI hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / bhArata campU-isake racayitA anantabhaTTa haiN| inhoMne 'bhArata campU' evaM 'bhAgavata campU' nAmaka do campU kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya ajJAta hai| kahA jAtA hai ki 'bhAgavata campU' ke racayitA abhinava kAlidAsa kI pratispardhA ke kAraNa inhoMne donoM granthoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| isa dRSTi se inakA samaya 61 vIM zatAbdI hai| bhArata campU' para mAnavadeva kI TIkA prasiddha hai jisakA samaya 16 vI zatAbdI hai| yaha eka vizAla grantha hai jisameM sampUrNa 'mahAbhArata' kI kathA kahI gaI hai| isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 1041 evaM gadya-khaNDoM kI saMkhyA 200 se Upara hai / bhAratacampU vIrarasapradhAna kAvya hai / isakA prArambha rAjA pAtu ke mRgA-varNana se hotA hai|

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bhAratacampUtilaka ] ( 342 ) [ bhAratIya darzana paM0 rAmacandra mizra kI hindI TIkA ke sAtha bhArata campU kA prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana se 1957 I0 meM ho cukA hai / AdhAragrantha- saMskRta campU kAvya kA aitihAsika evaM AlocanAtmaka adhyayanaDaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / bhAratacampUtilaka- isa campU ke praNetA lakSmaNasUri haiN| inakA nivAsa sthAna zanagara thA / ye zatrahavIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM vidyamAna the / inake pitA kA nAma gaGgAdhara evaM mAtA kA nAma gaMgAmbikA thA / 'bhAratacampU' meM mahAbhArata kI usa kathA kA varNana hai jisakA sambandha pANDavoM se hai / pANDavoM ke janma se lekara yudhiSThira ke rAjya karane taka kI ghaTanA isameM varNita hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12332 meM prApta hotA hai / grantha ke anta meM kavi ne apanA paricaya diyA hai - itthaM lakSmaNasUriNA zanagaragrAmAvataMsAyitazrI gaMgAdharadhIra sindhuvidhunA gaMgA bikAsUnunA / zrAvye bhAratacampukAvya tilake bhavye praNIte mahatyAzvAsobhinavArthazabdaghaTanA sAthaMzcaturthogamat / AdhAragrantha - campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI | meM bhArata pArijAta mahAkAvya - bIsavIM zatAbdI kA mahAkAvya / isake racayitA zrI bhagavadAcArya haiM / isameM mahAtmA gAndhI kA jIvana-carita tIna bhAgoM meM varNita hai / prathama bhAga meM 25 saga~ haiM jisameM dAMDI prayANa taka kI kathA hai| dvitIya bhAga meM 1942 ke bhArata chor3o Andolana taka kI ghaTanA 29 sargoM meM 21 sargoM meM novAkhAlI taka kI yAtrA kA ullekha hai / rahA hai gAndhI darzana ko lokapriya banAnA aura isameM usakI bhASA kI saralatA sahAyaka huI hai / nAnAparAdhaM harimandireSu yevAM pravezaH pratiSiddha AsIt / teSAM mamI harSabharo na cise saMcintya sarvoddhRtikRtprasUtim // 228 // varNita hai| tRtIya bhAga isameM kavi kA mukhya lakSya bhAratIya darzana - darzana zabda kA vyutpattilabdha artha hai - jisake dvArA dekhA jAya dRzyate anena iti darzanam / yahA~ 'dekhanA' zabda 'paryAlocana' yA 'vizleSaNa' kA dyotaka hai| darzana zabda kA prayoga eka vizeSa artha ( tattva-cintana ke artha meM ) meM kiyA jAtA hai / jisa zAstra ke dvArA vizva ke mUla tattva kA paryAlocana kiyA jAya tathA vastu ke satyabhUta tAtvika svarUpa kA vivecana ho, vaha darzana hai| bhAratIyadarzana meM dharma aura darzana ( adhyAtma ) kA ghaniSTha sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA hai / bhAratIya jIvana ke AdhyAtmika prayojana ne hI darzana para dharma kA raGga bhara diyA hai| yahA~ 'bhAratIya darzana' kA prayoga eka vizeSa artha meM kiyA gayA hai / saMskRta mAdhyama se racita tara cintana kI vividha dhArAoM kA vivecana hI hamArA pratipAdya hai / prAcIna samaya se hI bhAratIya darzana ke do vibhAga kiye gae haiM- Astika tathA nAstika / mImAMsA, vedAnta, sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya aura vaizeSika kI gaNanA Astika darzanoM meM hotI hai / inheM 'SaDdarzana' bhI kahA jAtA hai| Astika zabda kA artha IzvaravAdI na hokara veda meM AsthA rakhanevAlA hai / SaDzaMnoM meM bhI sabhI sabhI Izvara ko nahIM mAnate, para

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bhAradvAja] [bhAradvAja inheM Astika darzana isalie kahA jAtA hai ki ye veda meM zraddhA rakhate haiN| nAstika darzanoM meM meM cArvAka, boda evaM jaina Ate haiN| cUMki ye vedoM ko nahIM mAnate, ataH inheM nAstika-darzana kahA jAtA hai| bhAratavarSa meM paraspara virodhI (Astika aura nAstika) darzanoM kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai| bhAratIya-darzana ke mUlasrota veda haiN| prAyaH sabhI darzanoM-vizeSataH SaDadarzanoM ke mUlabhAva vedoM meM surakSita haiN| bhAratIya darzana ko cAra kAloM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai-vaidikakAla (1500 I0 pU0 se 600 I0 pU0 taka) mahAkAvyakAla (600 I0 pU0 se 200 I0 pazcAt taka ), sUtrakAla ( 200 IsvI) tathA TIkAkAla / vaidikakAla meM bhAratIya tattva-cintana kA bIjAropaNa ho gayA thA aura vividha prAkRtika zaktiyoM kI ArAdhanA ke nimitta RSiyoM ne jo udgAra vyakta kie the unameM dArzanika puTa bhI milA huA thaa| kAlAntara meM inhIM veda mantroM se vibhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM kA udaya huaa| vaidika mantroM meM nihita tAttvika vicAroM kI pUrNatA upaniSadoM meM dikhAI par3I aura isa samaya taka Akara bhAratIya tasva-ciMtana kI sudRr3ha paramparA sthApita huii| ____ mahAkAvyakAla-'rAmAyaNa' evaM 'mahAbhArata' meM vidhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| 'rAmAyaNa' meM to 'cArvAkadarzana' kI bhI carcA hai aura usake unnAyaka bRhaspati mAne gae haiN| bauddha, jaina, zaiva tathA vaiSNava mata kI paddhatiyA~ isI yuga meM sthApita huI haiN| 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM pAMca dArzanika sampradAyoM kA ullekha hai-sAMkhya, yoga, pAcarAtra, veda tathA pAzupata, [ zAntiparva adhyAya 349] / sUtrakAla-yaha yuga SaDdarzanoM ke mUla granthoM ke lekhana kA hai jaba sUtrarUpa meM tattvacintana ke tathya upasthita kiye gae / TIkAkAla-isa kAla meM bhAratIya tattva-cintana ke mahAn AcAryoM kA AvirbhAva huA jinhoMne apanI pratibhA ke dvArA vibhinna, bhASyoM kI racanA kara dArzanika siddhAntoM ke nigUr3ha tatvoM kI vyAkhyA kii| aise vicArakoM meM kumArila, zaMkara, zrIdhara, rAmAnuja, madhva, vAcaspati mizra, udayana, bhAskara, jayantabhaTTa, vijJAnabhikSu tathA raghunAtha Adi ke nAma prasiddha haiN| madhyakAla meM katipaya vidvAnoM ne sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA sAra-saMcaya karate hue itihAsa granthoM kI racanA kI hai| aise granthoM meM haribhadra racita 'SaDdarzana samuccaya' (chaThI zatI), sAmantabhadra likhita 'AtmamImAMsA' bhAvaviveka kRta 'takajvAlA' Adi grantha prasiddha haiM / aise saMgrahoM meM prasiddha vedAntI mAdhavAcArya kA 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' (14 vIM zatAbdI) atyanta prasiddha hai jisameM sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM kA sAra diyA gayA hai / bhAratIya darzana ke nimnAMkita prasiddha sampradAya haiM-cArvAka, jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA, nyAya, vaizeSika, vedAnta, zaivadarzana, tantra evaM vaiSNavadarzana / [ sabhI darzanoM kA paricaya unake nAmoM ke sAmane dekheM] AdhAragrantha-bhAratIyadarzana-DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ( hindI anuvAda ) bhAga 1 / bhAradvAja-saMskRti ke prAkpANini baiyAkaraNa tathA aneka zAstroM ke nirmaataa| 20 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ke anusAra inakA samaya 9300 varSa vi0 pU0 hai / inakI vyAkaraNaviSayaka racanA 'bhAradvAjatantra' thI jo samprati anupalabdha hai / 'Rktantra' (1 / 4)

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bhAravi] ( 344 ) [bhAravi meM inheM brahma, vRhaspati evaM indra ke pazcAt caturtha vaiyAkaraNa mAnA gayA hai / isameM yaha bhI ullikhita hai ki bhAradvAja ko indra dvArA vyAkaraNazAstra kI zikSA prApta huI thii| indra ne unheM ghoSavat evaM USma varNoM kA paricaya diyA thaa| 'Rktantra'-14 vAyupurANa' ke anusAra bhAradvAja ko purANa kI zikSA tRNaMjaya se prApta huI thI [103 / 63 | / 'arthazAstra' ( kauTilya kRta ) se jJAta hotA hai ki bhAradvAja ne kisI arthazAna kI bhI racanA kI thI [ 12 / 1 ) / bhAradvAja bahupratibhAsampanna vyakti the| unhoMne aneka zAstroM kI racanA kI thii| 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra unakA Azrama prayAga meM gaGgA-yamunA ke saMgama para thA | ayodhyAkANDa sarga 54] / unakI kaI racanAeM haiM jinameM abhI do hI prakAzita huI haiN| inake dvArA racita granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM'bhAradvAja vyAkaraNa', 'AyurvedasaMhitA', 'dhanurveda', 'rAjazAstra', 'arthazAstra' / prakAzita prantha -ka-yantrasarvasva (vimAnazAstra )-AyaM sArvadezika pratinidhi sabhA, dillI se prakAzita, kha-zikSA-bhaNDArakara risarca insTiTayUTa, pUnA / AdhAragrantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa-60 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka bhAga 1 / bhAravi-saMskRta ke mahAn kvi| saMskRta mahAkAvya ke itihAsa meM 'alaMkRtazailI' kA pravartaka hone kA zreya inheM hI hai / 'kirAtArjunIya' bhAravi kI ekamAtra amara kRti hai| inakA prAmANika jIvana-vRtta abhI taka andhakAramaya hai| isakA samayanirdhAraNa pulakezI dvitIya ke samaya ke eka ehola ke zilAlekha se hotA hai jisameM kavi ravikIti ne apane AzrayadAtA ko prazasti meM mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke sAtha bhAravi kA bhI nAma liyA hai| isa zilAlekha meM jaina mandira ke nirmANa evaM pulakezI dvitIya kI gauravagAthA hai| usI krama meM kavi ravikItti ne apane ko kAlidAsa evaM bhAravi ke mArga para calane vAlA kahA hai| zilAlekha kA nirmANakAla 634 I hai / yenAyoji na. vezmasthiramarthavidhI vivekinA jinavezma / sa vijayatAM ravikIttiH kavitAzritakAlidAsabhAravikItiH // kavi ne jaina mandira kA nirmANa 634 I0 meM karAyA thaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki isa samaya taka dakSiNa meM bhAravi kA yaza phaila gayA thaa| inake sthitikAla kA patA eka dAnapatra se bhI lagatA hai| yaha dAnapatra dakSiNa ke kisI rAjA kA hai jisakA nAma pRthvIkoMgaNi thA / isakA lekhanakAla 698 zaka (776 I0) hai / isameM likhA hai ki rAjA ke sAta pIr3hI pUrva duvinIta nAmaka vyakti ne bhAravi kRta 'kirAtArjunIya' ke pandrahave sarga kI TIkA racI thii| isa dAnapatra se itanA nizcita ho jAtA hai ki ravi kA samaya saptama zatI ke prathama caraNa ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| vAmana evaM jayAditya kI 'kAzikAvRtti' meM bhI, jisakA kAla 650 I0 hai, kirAtArjunIya ke zloka uddhRta haiN| bAgabhaTTa ne 'harSacarita' meM apane pUrvavartI prAyaH sabhI kaviyoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, kintu usa sUcI meM bhAravi kA nAma nahIM hai| isase pramANita hotA hai ki 600 I. taka bhAravi utane prasiddha nahIM ho sake the / bhAravi para kAlidAsa kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai aura mAgha para bhAravi kA prabhAva par3A hai| ataH isa dRSTi se bhAravi kAlidAsa ke paravartI evaM mAgha ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| vidvAnoM ne bhAravi kA kAla 550 I. svIkAra kiyA hai jo bANabhaTTa ke pacAsa varSa pUrva kA hai|

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bhAravi] [ bhAravi "isalie 500 I0 kI apekSA 550 I0 ke lagabhaga hI unake samaya ko mAnanA adhika upayuktaM pratIta hotA hai|" saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kIya pR0 133 / aihola ke zilAlekha kA racanAkAla isa prakAra hai-paJcAzatsu kalI kAle SaTsu pancazatAsu ca / samAsu samatItAsu zakAnAmapi bhUbhujAm / / gaMganareza duvinIta kA sAkSya dAnapatra meM isa prakAra aMkita hai-zabdAvatArakAreNa devabhAratI-nibaddhavaTThakathena kirAtArjunIyapaJcadazasagaMTIkAkAreNa dubinItanAmadheyena / rAjazekharakRta 'avantIsundarIkathA' ke anusAra bhAravi parama zaiva the| 'kirAtArjunIya' kI kathA se bhI yaha bAta siddha hotI hai| yataH kozikakumAro ( dAmodaraH ) mahAzaivaM mahAprabhAvaM gavAM prabhavaM pradIprabhAsaM bhAraviM ravimivenduranurudhya dazaM iva puNya karmaNi viSNuvardhanAsye rAjasUnau praNayamanvabadhnAt / __ rAjazekhara ne isa Asaya kA ullekha kiyA hai ki kAlidAsa kI taraha ujjayinI meM bhAravi kI bhI parIkSA huI thI-bhrUyate cojjayinyA kAvyakAra priikssaa-ih-kaalidaasmesstthaavgraamrruupsuurbhaarvyH|hrishcndrcndrgupto parIbhitAviha vizAlAyAm / kahA jAtA hai ki rasikoM ne bhAravi ke kAvya para mugdha hokara inheM 'AtrapatrabhAravi' kI upAdhi dI thii| kirAta ke nimnAMkita zloka meM isakA pramANa prApta hotA hai-utphullasthalanalinIvanAdamuSmAdudhUtaH sarasijasambhavaH parAgaH / vAtyAbhiviyati vivatitaH samantAdAdhatte kanakamayAtapatralakSmIm // kirAta 539 / "sthala kamaloM se vanapradeza bharA huA hai, inase bhI parAga jhara rahe haiM / vAyu jhoMke se baha rahI hai| vaha parAga ko ur3A kara mAkAza meM phailA rahI hai| isa para kamala kA parAga svarNamaya chatra kI zobhA dhAraNa kara rahA hai / " bhAravi ke sambandha meM subhASita saMgrahoM meM katipaya prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM, unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-subhASitavalI 2 / 4 / 1-lakSaubandhakitaM vadhvA bhAravIyaM subhASitam / prakrAntaputrahatyAcaM nizicaM mApaM nyavArayata // harihara / 2-janitArjunatejaskaM tmiishvrmupaashritaa| rAketa bhArave ti kRtiH kuvalayapriyA // somezvara (kI0 ko. 1 / 4) / 3-vimardai vyaktasaurabhyA bhAratI bhAraveH kaveH / dhatte bakulamAleva vidagdhAnAM camakriyAm // ajJAta / 4-pradezakRtyApi mahAntamartha pradarzayantI rasamAdadhAnA / sA bhAraveH satpathadIpikeva ramyA kRtiH kairiva nopajIvyA / / ajJAta / 5-bhAraverathaMgauravammallinAtha / 6-nArikelaphalasammitaM vaco bhaarve:-vhii| 7-vRtacyatrasya sA kApi vaMzasthasya vicitrtaa| pratibhA bhAraveyena 'sacchAyenAdhikIkRtA // kSemendra suvRttatilaka / bhAravi ne ekamAtra mahAkAvya 'kirAtArjunIya' kI racanA kI hai jisameM 'mahAbhArata' ( vanaparva ) ke AdhAra para arjuna evaM kirAta vezadhArI ziva ke yuddha kA varNana hai / isameM 18 sagaM haiM tathA tatkAlIna pracalita mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya svarUpa kA pUrNa nidarzana hai| (vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie de0 kiraataarjuniiy)| mAllInAtha ne kirAtArjunIya kA paricaya isa prakAra diyA hai-netA madhyamapANDavo bhagavato nArAyaNasyAMzajastasyotkarSakRte'nuvayaMcarito divyaH kirAtaH punaH / zRGgArAdiraso'yamatra vijayI vIrapradhAnorasaH zailAdyAni ca varNitAni bahuzo divyAstralAbhaH phalam / / bhAravi ne mahAkAvya ke lakSaNAnusAra isameM vastubhyaMjanA ke antargata bIca-bIca meM SaDRtu, parvata, sUryAsta, jalakrIr3A Adi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| caturtha sarga meM zaradaRtu kA varNana, paMcama meM himAlaya

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bhAravi] ( 346 ) [bhAravi pavaMta, SaSTha meM yuvatiprasthAna, aSTama meM surAGganA-vihAra evaM navama sarga meM surasundarIsaMbhoga kA varNana hai / kirAtArjunIya kA prArambha 'zrI' zabda (zriyaH kurUNAmadhipasya pAlinIm) se huA hai tathA pratyeka zabda ke antima zloka meM 'lakSmI' zabda AyA hai| isameM kathAvastu ke saMgrathana meM anya aneka viSaya bhI anusyUta ho gae haiM-jaise, rAjanItinaipuNya, muni-sahakAra, parvatArohaNa, vyAsa-muni, apsarA, zivira-sanniveza, gandhavaM tathA apsarAoM kA puSpAvacaya, sAyaMkAla, candrodaya,pAnagoSThI, prabhAta, arjuna kI tapasyA evaM yuddha / ___ bhAravi mukhyataH, kalApakSa ke kavi haiN| inakA dhyAna padalAlitya evaM arthagAmbhIyaM donoM para hI rahatA hai| inameM bhI arthagAmbhIrya bhAravi kA priya viSaya hai| zAbdI krIr3A pradarzita karane kI pravRtti inameM hai avazya, kintu vaha parimita kSetra meM dikhAI par3atI hai| kavi ne paMcama evaM paMcadaza soM meM zAmdI-krIr3A kA pradarzana kiyA hai| sampUrNa pandrahavAM sagaM citrakAvya meM racita hai jisameM pUre ke pUre zloka ekAkSara haiN| DaoN. kItha ne inakI isa pravRtti kI AlocanA kI hai-"vizeSatayA pandraha sarga meM unhoMne atyanta mUrkhatApUrNa DhaGga se atyadhika zrama-sAdhya citrakAvya kI racanA kA prayatna kiyA hai jo alegjeMDriyana kaviyoM kI atyanta kRtrimatA kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| isa prakAra eka padya meM pahalI aura tIsarI, tathA dUsarI aura cauthI paMktiyAM samAna haiN| eka dUsare padya meM cAroM samAna haiM; eka meM lagabhaga ca aura ra kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| dUsare meM kevala sa, za, ya aura la varNa hI haiM, anya padyoM meM pratyeka paMkti ulTI tarapha se ThIka usI prakAra par3hI jAtI hai jaise Age vAlI paMkti, yA pUrA padya hI ulTA par3hA jAne para agale padya ke samAna ho jAtA hai; eka padya ke tIna artha nikalate haiM; do meM koI oSThya varNa nahIM haiM; athavA pratyeka padya sIdhI tathA ulTI ora se eka hI rUpa meM par3hA jA sakatA hai / " saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa pR0 169 / eka udAharaNa-na nonanuno nunnono nAnA nAnAnanA nanu / nunno'nuno na nunneno nAnenA nunnanunnanut // kirAta 15314 / "are aneka prakAra ke mukha vAlo ! nikRSTa vyakti dvArA viddha kiyA gayA puruSa puruSa nahIM hai aura nikRSTa vyakti jo viddha karatA hai vaha bhI puruSa nahIM hai| svAmI ke abiddha hone para viddha bhI puruSa abiddha hI hai aura atizaya pIr3ita vyakti ko pIr3A pahuMcAne vAlA vyakti nirdoSa nahIM hotaa|" bhAravi ne kAvyAdarza ke sambandha meM 'kirAtArjunIya' meM vicAra kiyA hai aura yathAsambhava usa para calane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| yudhiSThira ke zabdoM meM apanI kAvyazailI ke Adarza ko kavi ne isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai-sphuratA na padairapAkRtA na ca na svIkRtamarthagauravam / racitA pRthagarthatA girAM na ca sAmarthyamapohitaM kvacit / / 2 / 27 / isameM cAra tattvoM kA vivecana hai-ka-padoM ke dvArA artha kI spaSTa abhivyakta kA honA, kha-arthagAmbhIrya, ga-naye-naye arthoM kI abhivyakti tathA gha-vAkyoM meM paraspara sambandha kA honA arthAt abhISTa artha pradarzita karane kI zakti kA honaa| bhAravi kAvya meM komalakAnta padAvalI zrutimadhura zabdoM ke prayoga ke bhI pakSa meM haiM-viviktavarNAbharaNA sukhazrutiH prasAdayantI hRdayAnyapi dviSAm / / 14 / 3 / inhIM vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa bhAravi kI prasiddhi saMskRta sAhitya meM adhika hai| kAvya

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bhAravi ] ( 347 ) M meM upayukta zabdAvalI kI yojanA tathA artha kI spaSTatA evaM gambhIratA ke lie bhAravi prasiddha haiM / inhoMne 'sarvamanoramA giraH' kahakara isI abhiprAya ko vyaMjita kiyA hai / stuvanti gurvInabhidheyasampadaM, vizuddhimukterapare vipazcitaH / iti sthitAyAM pratipUruSaM rucI sudurlabhAH sarvamanoramA giraH || 14|5 [ bhAravi kAvya kI taraha lagate ho pAtA / 'kirAaGgIbhUta haiM / kavi vIratA ke vAtAvaraNa 'kirAtArjunIya' saMskRta ke prasiddha mahAkAvyoM meM mAnA jAtA hai| isameM jo AkhyAna cunA gayA hai vaha mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu ke sarvathA anupayukta hai, para kavi ne apanI racanA-cAturI ke dvArA ise aThAraha sargoM meM likha kara vizAlakAya kAvya kA rUpa diyA hai| isakA vipula vistAra kavi kI addabhuta varNana-zakti, uvaMra mastiSka evaM maulika udbhAvanA-zakti kA paricAyaka hai / mahAkAvya meM jisa prakAra kI svAbhAvika kathAvastu kA pravAha honA cAhiye usakA yahA~ abhAva hai / prakRti Adi ke varNanoM kA samAveza kara kavi ne kathA kI kSINatA ko bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, para inake varNana svatantrarUpa se guMphita muktaka haiM aura kathA prasaGga ke sAtha unakA koI sambandha sthApita nahIM tArjunIya' vIra - rasapradhAna mahAkAvya hai tathA zRGgArAdi rasa ne vIrarasa kI niSpatti ke lie rasAnukUla varNoM kA vinyAsa kara ko jhaMkRta kiyA hai / bhIma evaM arjuna kI uktiyoM tathA kArya-vyApAra ke dvArA vIrarasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai / kirAta vezadhArI ziva ke sAtha arjuna ke mallayuddha ko rUpAyita karane meM kavi ne vIratA kA bhAva bhara diyA hai / dviradAniva digvibhAvitAMzcaturastonidhInivAyataH / prasaheta raNe tavAnujAn dviSatAM kaH zatamanyutejasaH / kirAta0 2 / 23 / "kona hai zatruoM meM se aisA jo didvigantoM meM vikhyAta, diggajoM aura cAroM samudroM kI bhAMti yuddhasthala kI ora prasthAna karate hue, indra ke samAna parAkramI Apake cAra kaniSTha bhrAtAoM ke parAkrama ko sahana kara sake / " bhAravi kA zRGgAra varNana maryAdita na hokara aiMdrika adhika hai / inake zRGgAra meM zRGgArarasocita taralatA kA bhAva na hokara aindriyatA kA prAdhAnya hai jisase zRGgAra rasa meM vAsanAmaya citra aMkita ho gae haiN| itanA hone para bhI unameM sarasatA hai - priye'parAM yacchati vAcamummukhI nibaddhadRSTiH zithilAkuloccayA / samAdadhe nAMzukamAhitaM vRthA viveda puSpeSu na pANipallavam / / 8 / 15 " bolate hue apane priyatama ke Upara nibaddha dRSTi vAlI aura Upara ko mukha uThAye dUsarI strI ne gA~Tha ke zithila hokara khula jAne para bhI apanA adhovastra nahIM saMbhAlA aura na vaha phUloM para vyathaM hI prasArita apane pANi-pallava ko jAna sakI / " pragalbhA nAyikA kI rativizAradatA kA citra -- vyapohitaM locanato mukhAnilairapArayantaH kila puSpajaM rajaH / payodhareNorasi kAcidunmanAH priyaM jaghAnonnatapIvarastanI // 8 / 19 "priya ko apane netra meM gire hue puSpa- parAga ko muMha kI havA se nikAlane meM asamartha pAkara kisI nAyikA ne unmatta hokara apane unnata tathA kaThora ( puSTa ) stanoM ke dvArA priya ke vakSaHsthala para ( isalie ) jora se mArA ( ki nAyaka usakI A~kha se

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bhAravi / 348 ) [bhAravi parAga nikAlane ke bahAne cumbana karanA cAhatA thaa|)" kirAtArjunIya meM kaI sthaloM para zArIrika saundarya ke udghATana ke lie aGgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA nArI ke rUpa varNana ke atirikta unake hAvabhAvoM ke citraNa meM saundarya kI vivRtti huI hai| dasaveM sarga meM apsarAoM tathA gandharva yuvatiyoM kI vAsanAmaya ceSTAoM tathA kRtrima bhAva-bhaMgiyoM kA pradarzana amaryAdita zRGgAra kI sImA para pahuMca gayA hai| bhAravi ne prathama sarga meM draupadI ke cubhate hue zabdoM meM bhASaNakalA kA sundara vikAsa dikhalAyA hai| draupadI-saMvAda saMskRta sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| yudhiSThira ke jIvana kI viSamatA kA citra khIMca kara dropadI unake mana meM utsAha kA bhAva jagAnA cAhatI hai-purAdhirUDhaH zayanaM mahAdhanaM vibodhyase yaH stutigItamaGgalaiH / adabhaMdarbhAmadhizayya sa sthalI jahAsi nidrAmazivaH zivArutaH // puropanItaM nRpa rAmaNIyakaM dvijAtizeSeNa yadetadandhasA / tadadya te vanyaphalAzinaH paraM paraiti kAzyaM yazasA samaM vapuH // "pahale Apa bahumUlya palaMgoM para zayana karate the evaM bandI bhAToM kI stuti ke dvArA Apa kI nIMda TUTatI thI, para aba Apa kuza Adi kaThora ghAsa se AcchAdita pRthvI para sote haiM aura syArinoM ke amaGgalamaya zabdoM se jAgate haiN| rAjan ! pahale Apa kA yaha zarIra dvijAtiyoM ko khilAkara bace hue anna se sundara puSTi ko prApta huA thA, aba Apa banaile phaloM ko khAkara gujara karate haiM, jisape Apa kA zarIra aura yaza donoM kramazaH kSINa ho jAte haiN| __bhAravi kavi ke atirikta mahAn paNDita evaM rAjanIti-vizArada bhI jJAta hote haiN| inake mahAkAvya meM nIti-bodha tathA jIvana-viveka ke tathya prApta hote haiM / 'kirAtAjunIya' meM kaI sthaloM para naitika AdazoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prathamataH prathama sagaM meM vanecara evaM yudhiSThira-saMvAda meM isakA vivecana hai tatpazcAt dvitIya sarga meM bhIma evaM yudhiSThira-saMvAda meM / dviSannimittA yadiyaM dazA tataH samUlamunmUlayatIva me manaH / parairaparyAsitavIryasampadA parAbhavo'pyutsava eva mAninAm // 1141 / "Apa kI yaha ( socanIya) dazA zatruoM ke kAraNa hai, isalie vaha mujhe vizeSa kaSTa detI hai| jina mAnI vIroM kI zoyaM-sampatti zatruoM dvArA nihata nahIM hotI, unakI vipati bhI utsava ke samAna hai|" kirAtArjunIya meM yudhiSThira, bhIma, evaM draupadI tInoM hI nItijJoM ke rUpa meM citrita haiM / inake kathana meM gajA kA dhyeya zakti, samRddhi evaM vijaya hai / isameM aneka sUktiyA jIvanAdazaM se vibhUSita haiM-ka-hitaM manohAri ca durlabhaM vacaH / 114, khabrajanti te mUDhadhiyaH parAbhavaM, bhavanti mAyAviSu yena mAyinaH // 1 // 30, ga-nivasanti parAkramAzrayA na viSAdena samaM samRdayaH / / 2115, gha--sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAmavivekaH paramApadAM padam / vRNate hi vimRzyakAriNaM guNalubdhAH svayameva sampadaH // 1 / 30, bhAravi kI zailI prabhAvazAlI, prAMjala tathA hRdayahAriNI hai| inhoMne alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM bhI caturatA se kAma liyA hai| arthAntaranyAsa alaMkAra ke to ye mAnoM samrATa haiN| jIvana kI sUkSma anubhUti ko guMphita karate hue kavi ne arthAntaranyAsa alaMkAra kA sahArA liyA hai| inakI chanda-yojanA rasAnukUla evaM manorama hai| 'kirAtArjunIya' meM paMcama sagaM se 18 veM taka solaha prakAra ke chanda prayukta hue haiN| indravajA, upajAti,

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bhAvaprakAza ] ( 349 ) [ bhAskarAcArya drutavilambita, vaMzastha, vaitAlIya, pramitAkSarA, svAgatA evaM puSpitAgrA inake atyanta priya chanda haiM / inakI zailI alaMkRta hote hue bhI sarasa hai / AdhAragrantha - 1 - saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI anuvAda) / 2saMskRta - kavi-darzana -- DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 3 - saMskRta kAvyakAra - DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 4 - saMskRta sukavi samIkSA - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5 - saMskRta ke mahAkavi ora kAvya - DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 6 - bhAratIya saMskRti - DaoN0 devarAja / 7kirAtArjunIyam - hindI TIkA - rAmapratApa zAstrI / bhAvaprakAza - Ayurveda kA suprasiddha grantha / isa grantha kI gaNanA AyurvedazAstra ke laghutrI ke rUpa meM hotI hai / praNetA bhAvamizra haiM jo zrImizralaTaka ke putra the / 'bhAvaprakAza' kI eka prAcIna prati 1558 I0 kI prApta hotI hai, ataH isakA racanAkAla isI ke lagabhaga jJAta hotA hai / phiraGga roga kA varNana hone ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya 15 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai / phiraMga roga kA sambandha pocaMgIja roga se hai / isameM tIna khaNDa haiM- pUrva, madhya evaM uttara / prathama khaNDa meM azvinIkumAra tathA Ayurveda kI utpatti kA varNana hai tathA isI khaNDa meM garbhaprakaraNa, doSa tathA dhAtuvarNana, dinacaryA, RtucaryA, dhAtuoM kA jAraNa- mAraNa, paMcakarma vidhi Adi kA vivecana hai / madhyama khaNDa meM jvarAdi kI cikitsA tathA antima khaNDa meM vAjIkaraNa adhikAra hai / isa grantha meM lekhaka ne samasAmayika pracalita sabhI cikitsAvidhi kA varNana kiyA hai / bhAvamizra ne 'guNaratnamAlA' nAmaka cikitsA-viSayaka grantha kI bhI racanA kI thI jo hastalekha ke rUpa meM iNDiyA oNphisa pustakAlaya meM hai [ 30 jolI meDisina pR0 ] / isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana se ho cukA hai / TIkA kA nAma vidyotinI hindI TIkA hai / AdhAragrantha - Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / bhAskarAcArya - bhAratavarSa ke atyanta pratibhAzAlI jyotirvid / inakA janmakAla 1114 I0 hai / ye vijjaDaviDa nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI the / inake pitA kA nAma mahezvara upAdhyAya thA jo inake guru bhI the / inake kathana se bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai - AsInmahezvara iti prathitaH pRthivyAmAcArya vayapadavIM viduSA prayatnaH / labdhAbodhakalikAM tata eva cakre tajjena bIjagaNitaM laghu bhAskareNa || inhoMne lIlAvatI, bIjagaNita, siddhAntazaromaNi, karaNakutUhala evaM sarvatobhadra nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai / 'ziddhAntaziromaNi' meM brahmagupta, pRthUdaka svAmI, AryabhaTTa evaM lalla ke siddhAntoM kA prabhAva hai / inhoMne svayaM isa grantha para 'vAsanA' nAmaka bhASya kI bhI racanA kI hai / 'siddhAntaziromaNi' meM usakA nirmANakAla bhI diyA huA hai / rasaguNapUrNa mahIsamazakanRpasamaye'bhavanmamotpattiH / rasaguNavarSeNa mayA viddhAntaziromaNIracitaH // isake anusAra isakA racanAkAla 1150 I0 hai / 'lIlAvatI' grantha lIlAvatI saMjJaka lar3akI ko sambodhita kara likhA gayA hai jo praznottara ke rUpa meM hai / yaha pATIgaNita evaM kSetramiti kA grantha hai / bhAskarAcArya ne mukhyataH gaNita jyotiSa kA hI varNana kiyA hai, phalita

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bhAsa] / 350) [bhAsa jyotiSa para inake graMtha upalabdha nahIM hote, kintu 'muhUrttacintAmaNi' kI 'pIyUSadhArA' TIkA meM inake phalitajyotiSaviSayaka zloka prApta hote haiN| AdhAragrantha-1-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| 2-bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa-DaoN0 gorakha prasAda / bhAsa-saMskRta ke prasiddha nATakakAra / inhoMne teraha nATakoM kI racanA kI hai jo sabhI prakAzita ho cuke hai| [bhAsa ke sabhI nATakoM kA hinhI anuvAda evaM saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha prakAzana 'bhAsanATakacakram' ke nAma se 'caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja' se ho cukA hai] / vibhinna granthoM meM bhAsa ke sambandha meM aneka prakAra ke prazaMsA-vAkya prApta hote haiM 1-sUtrAdhArakRtArambhairnATakaibahubhUmikaH / sapatAkairyazo lebhe bhAso devakulairiva // harSacarita 1 / 15 / 2-bhAsanATakacakre'pi cchekaiH kSipte parIkSitum / svapnavAsavadattasya dAhako'bhUna pAvakaH / rAjazekhara / 3-suvibhaktamukhAdyaGgaivya'kta lakSaNa-vRttibhiH / parato. 'pi sthito bhAsaH zarIrairiva nATakaiH / / daNDI-avantisundarIkathA / 4-bhAsammi jalaNamitte kantIdeve ajassa rahuAre / sobandhave a bandhammi hAriyande a ANando // [ bhAse jvalanamitre kuntIdeve ca yasya rghukaare| saubandhave ca bandhe hAricandre ca AnandaH // ] gauDavaho, gAthA 800 / saMskRta sAhitya ke aneka prasiddha sAhityakAroM ne bhI bhAsa kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne 'mAlavikAgnimitra' nAmaka nATaka kI prastAvanA meM bhAsa kI prazaMsA kI hai (pR0 2) / prathitayazasA bhAsasaumillikakaviputrAdInAM prabandhAnatikramya kathaM vartamAnasya kaveH kAlidAsasya kRtI bahumAnaH / mahAkavi ke isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki unake samaya taka bhAsa ke nATaka adhika lokapriya ho cuke the| kAlidAsa ke paravartI kaviyoM evaM AcAryoM ne bhI bhAsa ko Adara kI dRSTi se durbhAgyavaza bhAsa ke jIvana ke sambandha meM abhI taka kucha bhI jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| inake nATaka bahuta dinoM taka ajJAnAndhakAra meM par3e hue the aura unakA svarUpa logoM ko ajJAta thaa| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa ke pUrva to bhAsa ke sambandha meM katipaya uktiyA~ hI pracalita thIM-bhAso hAsaH kavikulaguruH kAlidAso vilAsaH / prasannarAdhavakAra jayadeva / vAkpatirAja ne apane mahAkAvya meM bhAsa ko 'jvalanamitra' kahA hai| katipaya vidvAna isa vizeSaNa kI saMgati vAsavadattA kI mithyA dAha kI kriyA se jor3ate haiN| jayadeva inheM kavitA-kAminI ke hAsa ke rUpa meM sambodhita karate haiN| isa vizeSaNa ke dvArA bhAsa ke hAsya kI kuzalatA vyaMjita hotI hai| 'nATyadarpaNa' ( 12 vIM zatI rAmacandraguNacandra racita ) evaM (zAradAtanayakRta ) 'bhAvaprakAzana' nAmaka nATzAstrIya anyoM meM bhI bhAsa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai tathA abhinavabhAratI evaM 'zRGgAraprakAza' meM bhI bhAsa racita suprasiddha nATaka 'svapnavAsavadattA' kA nirdeza hai| yathA bhAsakRte svapnavAsavadatte zephAlikAzilAtalamavalokya vatsarAja-nATyadarpaNa / kvacitkrIDA / tathAvAsavadattAyAm-abhinavabhAratI / vAsavadatte padmAvatImasvasthA draSTuM rAjA samudragRhakaM gataH / zRGgAraprakAza / bhAsa ke nATakoM kA sarvaprathama udAra ma0 ma0TI0 gaNapati

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bhAsaM| ( 351 ) [bhAsa zAstrI ne 1909 I0 meM kiyaa| inheM papanAbhapuram ke nikaTa manallikAramaTham meM svapnavAsavadattam, pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa, paJcarAtra, cArudatta, dUtaghaTotkaca, avimAraka, bAlacarita, madhyamavyAyoga, karNabhAra tathA arubhana kI hastalikhita pratiyAM prApta huii| inheM 'dUtavAkya' kI eka khaNDit hastalikhita prati bhI tAlapatra para prApta huI thii| sabhI hastalekha malayAlama lipi meM the| Age cala kara gaNapati zAstrI ko trivendrama ke rAjAprAsAda pustakAgAra meM pratimA tathA abhiSeka nATaka kI pratiyAM prApta huii| zAstrI jI ne inakA sampAdana kara 1912 I0 meM (bhAsa kRta teraha nATakoM ko) prakAzita kiyA / ye sabhI nATaka anantazayana-saMskRta granthAvalI meM prakAzita hue haiN| bhAsa ke nATakoM ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke tIna dala haiN| prathama mata ke anusAra ye sabhI nATaka bhAsakRta hI haiN| ina nATakoM kI racanA-prakriyA, bhASA evaM zailI ke AdhAra para inakA lekhaka eka hI vyakti jJAta hotA hai tathA ye sabhI nATaka kAlidAsa ke pUrva ke hI jAna par3ate haiM / ina sabhI nATakoM kA racayitA 'svapnavAsavadattam' nAmaka nATaka kA hI lekhaka hai / dUsarA dala ina nATakoM ko bhAsa kRta nahIM mAnatA aura inakA racayitA yA to 'matavilAsa prahasana' kA praNetA yuvarAja mahendravikrama ko yA 'AzcaryacUDAmaNi' nATaka ke lekhaka zIlabhadra ko mAnatA hai| zrI barneTa kA mata hai ki ina nATakoM kI racanA pANDya rAjA rAjasiMha prathama ke zAsanakAla ( 675 I0) meM huI thI [buleTina oNpha skUla oNpha oriyanTala sTaDija bhAga 3 pR0 520-21 ] / anya vidvAnoM ke anusAra ina nATakoM kA racanA kAla sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI hai aura inakA racayitA koI dAkSiNAtya kavi thaa| pro0 silavoM levI, viTaranitsa tathA sI0 Ara0 devadhara isI mata ke poSaka haiN| tIsarA dala aise vidvAnoM kA hai jo isa nATakoM kA kartA to bhAsa ko hI mAnatA hai kintu inake vartamAna rUpa ko unakA saMkSipta evaM raGgamaMcopayogI rUpa mAnatA hai / aise vidvAnoM meM DaoN0 lesnI, prinTja, vainarjI zAstrI tathA sukhathanakara Adi haiM / de0 thaoNmasa-janala oNpha raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI 1928 pR0 876 epha0 epha0 tathA hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-dAsagupta evaM de pR0 107-108] / para sampatti adhikatara vidvAn prathama mata ke hI poSaka haiN| ma0 ma0 paM0 rAmAvatAra zarmA bhI tRtIya mata ke the [de0 zAradA saMskRta patrikA varSa 1, saMkhyA 1] / DaoN. pusAsalakara ne apane prasiddha grantha 'bhAsa.: e sTaDI' evaM zrI e0 esa0 pI0 'ayyara ne 'bhAsa' nAmaka ( aMgrejI grantha ) pustaka meM prathama mata kI hI puSTi aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para kI hai| inake mata kA sAra isa prakAra hai 1-uparyukta sabhI nATaka 'nAndyate tataH pravizati sUtradhAraH' se prArambha hote haiM kintu paravartI nATakoM meM yahAM taka ki kAlidAsa ke nATakoM meM bhI nAndI pATha ke bAda yaha vAkya hotA hai| isIlie bhAsa ke nATaka 'sUtradhArakRtArambhaH' kahe jAte haiN| 2-inameM prastAvanA kA prayoga na hokara sarvatra sthApanA kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| sthApanA' meM nATaka evaM nATakakAra kA bhI saMketa nahIM hai| anya saMskRta nATakoM meM prastAvanA meM nATaka evaM nATakakAra ke viSaya meM bhI kahA jAtA hai, ataH ye nATaka zAstrIya paramparA ke pUrva racita hue haiN| 3-sabhI nATakoM ke bharatavAkya kA prayoga

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bhAsa] (352 ) [bhAsa 'ihAmapi mahIMkRtsnA rAjasiMha prazAstu naH' yA isI bhAva ke padya se hotA hai / 4-inameM bharata ke nATyazAstrIya niyamoM kA pUrNataH nirvAha nahIM kiyA gayA hai / bharata jina dRzyoM ko raGgamaMca para varjita mAnate haiM unheM bhI ina nATakoM meM dikhalAyA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki ye nATaka usa samaya likhe gae the jabaki nATyazAstra ke siddhAnta pUrNarUpa se pratiSThita nahIM ho pAye the| 5-sabhI nATakoM ke prArambhika zloka meM mudrAlaMkAra dikhAI par3atA hai aura inameM samAna saMghaTanA prApta hotI hai / 6-rAjazekhara prabhRti kaI bhAcAryoM ne ina nATakoM meM se eka nATaka 'svapnavAsavadattam' kA ullekha kiyA hai / 7bhAsa kRta nATakoM ke kaI ukharaNa aneka alaMkAra granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| jaise, vAmana ne svapnavAsavadattam, pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa evaM cArudatta ke uddharaNa diye haiM tathA bhAmaha ne pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa kI paMktiyAM uddhRta kI haiM / daNDI ne 'lImpatIva tamoMgAnivarSatIvAMjana nabhaH' Adi padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| abhinavaguptakRta 'abhinavabhAratI' evaM 'locana' meM 'svapnavAsavadattam' kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 8-ina nATakoM kI bhASA meM aneka apANinIya prayoga prApta hote haiM, ataH inakI saMskRta ko zuddha zAstrIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| inakI alI sarala hai evaM inameM kAlidAsIya snigdhatA kA abhAva hai| inameM prayukta prAkRta bhI kAlidAsa se prAcIna siddha hotI hai tathA inakI bhASA evaM zailI meM vyApaka samAnatA dikhAI par3atI hai / 9-sabhI nATakoM meM samAna zabdoM evaM dRzyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / bAli, duryodhana tathA dazaratha sabhI ko mRtyu ke pazcAt nadI kA darzana karane kA varNana hai tathA sabhI ke lie deva-vimAna Ate haiM / 10-kaI nATakoM meM samAna vAkya prayukta kiye gaye haiN| jaise jana-samudAya ke rAja-mArga para bar3ha jAne para mArga ko sApha rakhane ke lie isa vAkya kA prayoga 'ussaraha ussaraha ayyA! umsaraha ! 11- isameM samAna nATakIya saMghaTanA avatAraNA kI gayI hai / udAharaNArtha 'abhiSeka' evaM 'pratimA' nATakoM meM sItA rAvaNa kI prArthanA ko asvIkAra kara use zApa de detI hai tathA 'cArudata' nATaka meM vasantasenA dvArA zakAra ke praNaya-nivedana ko asvIkRta kara dene kA varNana hai| 12-prAyaH sabhI nATakoM meM yuddha kI sUcanA bhATa evaM brAhmaNa Adi dvArA dI gayI hai / bhAvoM kI samAnatA bhI sabhI nATakoM meM dikhAI par3atI hai / ina samAnatAoM ke kAraNa sabhI nATakoM kA racayitA eka hI vyakti siddha hotA hai| ___bhAsa kI nizcita tithi ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vidvAnoM ne inakA samaya IsvI pUrva 6ThI zatAbdI se lekara 11vIM zatAbdI taka svIkAra kiyA hai| antaH evaM bahiHsAkSyoM ke AdhAra para inakA samaya I0 pU0 caturtha evaM pazcama zataka ke madhya nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| azvaghoSa evaM kAlidAsa donoM hI bhAsa se prabhAvita haiN| ataH inakA donoM kA pUrvavartI honA nizcita hai| kAlidAsa kA samaya I0 pU0 prathama zatI mAnA gayA hai| bhAsa meM apANinIya prayogoM kI bahulatA dekhakara inakI prAcInatA sandeha se pare siddha ho jAtI hai| aneka pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke mata kA UhApoha karane ke pazcAt A0 baladeva upAdhyAya ne apanA nirNaya isa prakAra diyA hai| "isa prakAra bAhya sAkSyoM se bhAsa kA samaya 4 thI sadI I0 pU0 mAnane meM koI vipratipatti nahIM par3atI tathA ye bAhya sAkSya

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bhAsa] ( 353 ) [bhAsa anya samayoM ke mAnane kA virodha karate haiN| ataH I0 pU0 caturtha zataka tathA paJcama zataka ke bIca bhAsa kA samaya mAnanA yuktisaMgata pratIta hotA hai / " mahAkavi bhAsa : eka adhyayana pR0 155 / itivRtta ke AdhAra para bhAsa kRta teraha nATaka cAra vargoM meM vibhakta kiye gae haiM-1-rAmAyaNa-nATaka-pratibhA, abhiSeka 2-mahAbhAratanATaka-bAlacarita, pancarAtra, madhyama-vyAyoga, dUtavAkya, UrubhaMga, karNabhAra evaM dUta ghaTotkaca, 3-udayana, nATaka-svapnavAsavadattam, pratijJAyogaMdharAyaNa, 4-kalpita nATaka-avimAraka evaM daridra cArudatta [ uparyukta sabhI nATakoM kA paricaya pRthak-pRthak isa koza meM diyA gayA hai; unake nAma ke Age dekheM ] ___ nATakIya saMvidhAna kI dRSTi se bhAsa ke nATakoM kA vastu-kSetra vividha hai tathA isase unakI pratibhA kI maulikatA sUcita hotI hai| itanA saba hone para bhI sabhI nATakoM meM samAna rUpa se nATya-kauzala nahIM dikhAI par3atA / rAmAyaNa-sambandhI nATakoM kA kathA-saMvidhAna zithila hai, kintu mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para nirmita nATaka isa doSa se rahita haiM aura unameM bhAsa kI pratibhA kA prauDhatva pradarzita hotA haiN| inheM apekSAkRta sarvAdhika saphalatA loka-kathAoM ke AdhAra para nirmita prema-pravaNa nATakoM meM milI hai jinameM kavi ne udayana ke rUmAnI prema kA AkarSaka citra khIMcA hai| isa dRSTi se 'svapnavAsavadattam' evaM 'pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa' bhAsa ke sarvottama nATaka siddha hote haiM aura inameM bhI prathama kA sthAna Upara hai| inhoMne katipaya nATakoM meM maulika udbhAvanA-zakti kA paricaya diyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'pratimA' nATaka meM pratimA vAlA sampUrNa prasaMga bhAsa kI navIna kalpanA hai| "isI prakAra kaikeyI kA yaha kahanA bhI bhAsIya kalpanA kA hI prasAda hai ki usane mAtra RSi-vacana kI satyatA ke liye rAma kA vanavAsa maaNgaa| parantu itane bar3e kSetra meM apanI maulikatA ke sAtha sancaraNa karane para bhI bhAsa ke paira kahIM nahIM lar3akhar3Aye haiN| unhoMne bar3I kuzalatA ke sAtha ina kathAoM kA vinyAsa kiyA hai / kathAvastu kA vinyAsa sadaiva darzaka kI kutUhala-vRtti kA vivardhaka rahA hai|" mahA. kavi bhAsa : eka adhyayana pR0 137 / vistRta kSetra se kathAnaka grahaNa karane ke kAraNa inake pAtroM kI saMkhyA adhika hai aura unakI koTiyAM bhI aneka haiN| itane adhika pAtroM ke caritra kA varNana kara inhoMne dRSTi vistAra evaM vizada anubhava kA paricaya diyA hai| bhAsa ke sabhI pAtra prANavanta evaM isI loka ke prANI haiM, unameM kRtrimatA nAmamAtra ko nahIM hai| itanA avazya hai ki brAhmaNIya saMskRti evaM vaidika dharma kA prabhAva kaI nATakoM para jAnabUjha kara pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| 'madhyamavyAyoga' evaM 'avimAraka' do nATaka aise hI haiN| inake pAtra sarvatra udAtta AdazoM se prerita dikhalAye gae haiN| inhoMne yathAsambhava apane pAtroM ke projjvala caritra ko pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura isake lie inheM kathAnaka meM bhI parivartana karanA par3A hai / pAtroM ke saMvAda nATakIya vidhAna ke sarvathA anurUpa haiN| bhAsa ne saMvAdoM kI yojanA meM vizeSarUpa se dakSatA dikhalAI hai| inake saMvAda laghu haiM tathA unameM vAgvistAra kA parihAra sarvatra dikhAI par3atA hai| vArtAlApoM ke dvArA hI kavi sabhI dRzyoM ko upasthita karatA hai aura sarala zabdAvalI kA niyojana kara saMvAdoM ko yathAsAdhya sArvajanIna banAyA gayA hai| rasa paripAka kI 23 saM0 sA0

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bhAsa] ( 354 ) [bhAsarvatra dRSTi se bhI inake nATaka uttama haiN| inhoMne navo rasoM kA prayoga kara apanI kuzalatA pradarzita kI hai| vaise bhAsa mukhyataH vIra, zRGgAra evaM karuNa rasa ke varNana meM vizeSa dakSa haiN| inakA hAsya-varNana atyanta udAtta hai aura isakI sthiti prAyaH vidUSaka meM dikhalAyI gayI hai| inake sabhI nATaka abhinaya-kalA kI dRSTi se saphala siddha hote haiN| kathAnaka, pAtra, bhASA-zailI, dezakAla, evaM saMvAda kisI ke kAraNa unakI abhineyatA meM bAdhA nahIM pdd'tii| inake nATaka usa samaya nirmita hue the jaba nATyazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA pUrNa vikAsa nahIM huA thA, phalataH inhoMne kaI aise dRzyoM kA bhI vidhAna kiyA hai jo zAstrIya dRSTi se varjita haiM, jaise vadha, abhiSeka Adi / para ye dRzya isa prakAra se gae haiM ki inake kAraNa nATakIyatA meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA nahIM upasthita hotii| bhAsa kI zailI sarala evaM alaMkAravihIna akRtrima hai| inakI kavitvazakti bhI uccakoTi kI hai| inake sabhI padya ghaTanAoM evaM pAtroM se sambaddha haiM aura Upara se jor3e hue svatantra padyoM kI taraha nahIM lagate / apane vayaM-viSayoM ko inhoMne atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha rakhA hai| kisI dRzya kA varNana karate samaya ye usake pratyeka pakSa ko atyadhika sUkSmatA ke sAtha pradarzita karate haiM aura pAThaka ko usakA pUrNarUpa se vimba grahaNa ho jAtA hai| inakA prakRti-varNana atyanta svAbhAvika evaM AkarSaka hai| khagAvAsopetA salilamavagADho munijanaH pradIpo'gni ti pravicarati dhUmo munivanam / paribhraSTo dUrAdravirapi ca saMkSiptakiraNo rathaM vyAvAsI pravizati zanairastazikharam // svapnavAsavadattam 1 / 16 / 'sAyaMkAla ho rahA hai| pakSI apane nIr3oM kI ora cale gae haiN| muniyoM ne jalAzaya meM snAna kara liyA hai| sAyaMkAlIna agnihotra ke lie jalAI gaI agni suzobhita ho rahI hai, aura usakA dhuAM munivana meM phaila rahA hai| sUrya bhI ratha se utara gayA hai usane apanI kiraNeM sameTa lI hai, aura ratha ko lauTAkara vaha dhIre-dhIre astAcala kI ora praviSTa ho rahA hai|' AdhArapantha--bhAsa e sTI-DaoN0 pusAlakara / 2-bhAsa-e0 eca0 pI0 ayyara (aNgrejii)| 3-saMskRta nATaka-DaoN. kItha (hindI anuvaad)| 4-saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 5-mahAkavi bhAsa-eka adhyayana-paM. baladeva upaadhyaay| 6-bhAsa nATakacakram-(hindI anuvAda sahita) caukhambA prakAzana / -bhAsa kI bhASA sambandhI tathA nATakIya vizeSatAeM-DA. jagadIza datta dIkSita / bhAsarva-kAzmIra nivAsI bhAsavaMza ne 'nyAyasAra' nAmaka prasiddha nyAyazAstrIya anya kI racanA kI hai jinakA samaya navama zataka kA antima caraNa hai| 'nyAyasAra' nyAyazAna kA aisA prakaraNa grantha hai jisameM nyAya ke kevala eka hI pramANa kA varNana hai aura zeSa 15 padArthoM ko pramANa meM hI antanihita kara diyA gayA hai| bhAsavaMza ne anya naiyAyikoM ke viparIta pramANa ke tIna hI bheda mAne haiM-pratyakSa, manumAna aura bAgama / jaba ki anya AcArya 'upamAna' pramANa ko bhI mAnyatA dete haiN| isa grantha (nyAyasAra ) kI racanA navyanyAya kI zailI para huI hai [de0 nyAyadarzana ] / isa para 18 TokAeM likhI gaI hai jinameM nimnAMkita pAra TIkAe~ atyanta prasiddha hai

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bhikanyA pariNaya campU ] ( 355 ) [ melasaMhitA ka - vijayasiMha guNI kRta 'nyAyasAra TIkA' / kha -- jayatIrthaM racita 'nyAyasAra TIkA' / ga - bhaTTarAghavakRta 'nyAyasAra vicAra' / gha - - jayasiMha suri racita 'nyAyatAtparyadIpikA | AdhAragrantha - 1 - bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2- hindI tarkabhASA ( bhUmikA ) A0 vizvezvara / bhillakanyA pariNaya campU - isa campUkAvya kA praNetA koI nRsiMha bhakta ajJAtanAmA kavi haiM / yaha racanA apUrNa hai aura isameM nRsiMha devatA tathA vanATapati hemAMga kI putrI kanakAMgI kA pariNaya varNita hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| aura isakA vivaraNa Troniyala kaiTalAga vaula0 1, pArTa 1, 910-13 meM prApta hotA hai / kanakAMgI ke zabdoM meM usakA paricaya isa prakAra hai- bhijJAnvaye janimeM janako hemAMgako vanATapatiH / kanakAMgI jAnIhi tvaM mAM bho devadeveza // AdhAragrantha -- campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / - bhuzuNDI rAmAyaNa - yaha rAmabhakti kI rasika zAkhA kA pradhAna upajIvya grantha hai / isameM 36 hajAra zloka haiM / isakA nirmANakAla 14 vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai / isakI tIna pANDulipiyA~ prApta haiM jinake AdhAra para DaoN0 bhagavatI prasAda siMha ne isakA sampAdana kiyA hai---ka-mathurA prati-- lipikAla saM0 1779 rIvA prati-lipikAla saM0 1899 / ga -- ayodhyA pratilipikAla 1921 vi0 saM0 / 'muzuNDI rAmAyaNa' kI kathA brahmA-suzuNDI ke saMvAdarUpa meM kahI gaI hai| isake cAra khaNDa haiM--pUrva, pazcima, uttara aura dakSiNa / pUrva-khaNDa meM 146 adhyAya haiM jinameM brahmA ke yaza meM RSiyoM ke rAma kathA viSayaka vividha prazna tathA rAjA dazaratha kI tIrtha-yAtrA kA varNana hai / pazcima khaNDa meM 72 adhyAya haiM tathA bharata aura rAmasaMvAda meM sItA-janma se lekara svayambara taka kI kathA varNita hai| dakSiNa-khaNDa meM 242 adhyAya haiM jisameM rAmarAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI, vanagamana, sItA haraNa, rAvaNavadha tathA laMkA se lauTate samaya bhAradvAja muni ke Azrama meM rAma-bharata milana taka kI kathA hai| uttara- khaNDa meM 53 adhyAya haiM aura devatAboM dvArA rAmacarita kI mahimA kA - gAna hai| isa rAmAyaNa meM rAma-bhakti kI poSaka zuddha bhagavalIlA kA hai tathA rAmapUrNa brahma ke sAtha-hI-sAtha lIlA puruSottama ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vArANasI se prakAzyamAna ] / [ do khaNDoM meM bhelasaMhitA - yaha Ayurveda kA grantha hai| isake racayitA kA nAma bhela hai jo punarvasu Atreya ke ziSya the / 'bhelasaMhitA' kA upalabdha rUpa apUrNa hai aura isa para 'carakasaMhitA' kA prabhAva hai; de0 caraka / isa grantha kA prakAzana kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya se huA hai / isake adhyAyoM ke nAma tathA bahuta se vacana 'carakasaMhitA' ke hI samAna haiM / isakA racanAkAla I0 pU0 600 varSa mAnA jAtA hai / isakI racanA sUtrasthAna, nidAna, vimAna, zArIra, cikitsA, kalpa tathA siddhasthAna ke rUpa meM huI hai / yoM to isake viSaya bahuta kucha 'carakasaMhitA' se milate-julate haiM para isameM

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bhoga] (356 ) [bhoja aneka aisI bAtoM kA bhI vivecana hai jinakA abhAva ukta grantha (caraka) meM hai| isameM 'suzrutasaMhitA' (de0 suzrutasaMhitA) kI bhAMti kuSTharoga meM khadira ke upayoga para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| isakA hRdaya-varNana suzruta se sAmya rakhatA hai-puNDarIkasya saMsthAnaM kumbhikAyAH phalasya ca / etayoreva vaNaM ca vibhatti hRdayaM nRNAm // yathAhi saMvRttaM pacaM rAtrI cAhani puSyati / hattadA saMvRttaM svapne vivRttaM jAgrataH smRtam // bhela. sUtrasaMsthAna a0 21 / bAdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhata itihAsa-atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / bhoja-dhArAnareza mahArAja bhoja ne aneka zAstroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| inakA samaya ekAdaza zataka kA pUrvAda hai| inhoMne jyotiSa-sambandhI 'rAjamRgAMka' nAmaka anya kI racanA 1042-43 I0 meM kI thii| inake pitRvya muMja kI mRtyu 994 se 997 I. ke madhya huI thii| tadanantara inake pitA sindhurAja zAsanAsIna hue aura kucha dinoM taka gaddI para rahe / bhoja ke uttarAdhikArI jayasiMha nAmaka rAjA kA samaya 1055-56 I0 hai kyoMki unakA eka zilAlekha mAndhAtA nAmaka sthAna meM upayukta I0 kA prApta hotA hai| ataH bhoja kA samaya ekAdaza zataka kA pUrvAddhaM upayukta hai| rAjA bhoja kI vidvatA evaM dAnazIlatA itihAsa prasiddha hai| 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM kAzmIra. nareza anantarAja evaM mAlavAdhipati bhoja ko samAna rUpa se vitpriya batAyA gayA haisa ca bhojanarendrazca dAnotkarSeNa vizrutI / sUrI tasmin kSaNe tulyaM dvAvAstAM kvibaandhvii|| 7 / 259 / bhojarAja ne 84 granyoM kA praNayana kiyA hai aura vividha viSayoM para samAna adhikAra ke sAtha lekhanI calAyI hai| dharmazAstra, jyotiSa,, yogazAstra, vaidyakazAstra, dhyAkaraNa, kAvyazAstra Adi viSayoM para inhoMne grantha likhe haiN| inhoMne 'zRGgAramaMjarI' nAmaka kathA-kAvya evaM 'mandAramarandacampU' nAmaka campU kAvya kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai| vAstuzAstra para inakA 'samarAMgaNasUtradhAra' nAmaka atyanta prasiddha grantha hai jisameM sAta hajAra zloka haiM / 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' inakA vyAkaraNa-sambandhI prasiddha grantha hai jo ATha prakAzoM meM vibhakta hai| inhoMne yuktiprakAza evaM taravaprakAza nAmaka dharmazAstrIya anyoM kI racanA kI hai aura auSadhiyoM ke Upara 418 zlokoM meM rAjamArtaNDa nAmaka grantha likhA hai| yogamantra para rAjamAtara' nAmaka inakI TIkA bhI prApta hotI hai| kAvyazAstra para inhoMne 'zRGgAraprakAza' evaM 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' nAmaka do prasiddha grantha likhe haiM jinameM tadviSayaka sabhI viSayoM kA vistRta vivecana hai| ___ inhoMne apane donoM kAmyazAstra-viSayaka anthoM meM kAvya ke svarUpa, bheda, rasa, malaM. kAra, nATaka, rIti, vRtti, sAhitya, nAyaka-nAyikA-bheda, zabdazakti, dhvani Adi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai aura inake sambandha meM kaI navIna tathya prastuta kiye haiN| inake anusAra kAvya ke tIna prakAra haiM-vakrokti, rasokti evaM svabhAvokti aura inameM rasokti sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa kAvya-vidhA hai| vakroktizca rasoktizca svabhAvoktizca vAGmayam / sarvAsu grAhiNI tAsu rasokti pravijAnate / sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa 58 / inhoMne rasa kA mahattva sthApita karate hue kAvya ko rasavat kahA hai aura 'zRMgAraprakAza' meM rasa

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bhaiSmIpariNaya campU] ( 357 ) [bhosala vaMzAvalI campU kI dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| inhoMne zRGgAra rasa kA mahatva sthApita karate hue sabhI rasoM kA antarbhAva usI ( zrRMgAra ) meM kara diyA hai / zRGgAravIrakaruNAdbhutaraudrahAsyabIbhatsavatsalabhayAnakazAntanAmnaH / AmnAsiSudaMzarasAn sudhiyo vayaM tu zRGgArameva rasanAd rasamAmanAmaH // zRGgAraprakAza / inhoMne rasa, ahaMkAra, abhimAna evaM zRGgAra ko paryAyavAcI zabda mAna kara rasa ko ahaMkAra se utpanna mAnA hai / zrRMgAra ko mUla rasa mAnakara bhoja ne alaMkArazAstra ke itihAsa meM navIna vyavasthA sthApita kI hai| inhoMne alaMkAroM ke tIna bheda-zabdAlaMkAra, arthAlaMkAra evaM ubhayAlaMkAra mAna kara tInoM ke 24-24 prakAra se 72 bheda kiye haiM aura pada, vAkya tathA vAkyArtha pratyeka ke 16 bhedoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| inake anusAra zabda evaM artha pratyeka ke 24 guNa hote haiN| bhoja ke kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke paricaya ke lie de0 sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa evaM shRnggaarprkaash| inhoMne pUrvavartI sabhI kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA vivecana kara samanvayavAdI paramparA kI sthApanA kI hai aura isI dRSTi se inakA mahattva hai| __ AdhAragrantha-1-zRGgAraprakAza-DaoN0 vI0 rAghavan / 2-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / bhaiSmIpariNaya campU-isa campU ke racayitA zrI nivAsamakhin haiN| inake pitA kA nAma lakSmIdhara thaa| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA madhyottara hai| isa campU meM zrImadbhAgavata ke AdhAra para zrIkRSNa evaM rukmiNI ke vivAha kA vanaMna hai| isameM gadya evaM padya donoM meM yamaka kA sundara samAveza kiyA gayA hai| yaha campU aprakAzita hai aura isakA apUrNa hastalekha upalabdha hai| isakA vivaraNa DiskripTiva kaiTalAga, madrAsa 12333 meM prApta hotA hai / dhvanyadhvanyadhikaM camatkRitiyutA asyAbhutAH sUktayaH / sArasyena sudhA sudhA vidadhire tAM zarkarA zakarAm / / ___ AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| bhojaprabandha-yaha ballAla sena dvArA racita apane DhaMga kA anUThA kAvya hai / isakI racanA gadya evaM padya donoM meM hI huI hai| 'bhojaprabandha' kA racanAkAla 16 vIM zatAbdI hai| isameM dhArA-nareza mahArAja bhoja kI vibhinna kaviyoM dvArA kI gayI prazasti kA varNana hai| isakA gadya sAdharaNa hai kintu padya rocaka evaM praur3ha haiM / isa grantha kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki racayitA ne kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, mAgha tathA daNDI ko bhI rAjA bhoja ke darabAra meM upasthita kiyA hai| isameM alpa prasiddha kaviyoM kA bhI vivaraNa hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhale hI isakA mahatva na ho para sAhityika dRSTi se yaha upAdeya grantha hai / 'bhojaprabandha' kI lokapriyatA kA kAraNa isake padya haiN| [ hindI anuvAda ke sAtha caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se prakAzita ] / bhosala vaMzAvalI campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA veMkaTeza kavi haiM / ye zarabhojI ke rAjakavi the| kavi kA racanAkAla 1711 se 1728 I. ke madhya hai|

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gadUta] [bhaMga-sandeza isa campU meM bhosala vaMza kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura mukhyataH zarabhojI kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| yaha kAvya eka hI AzvAsa meM samApta huA hai aura abhI taka aprakAzita hai / isakA vivaraNa taMjora keTalAga 4240 meM prApta hotA hai| anya ke upasaMhAra meM kavi ne apanA paricaya diyA hai-"iti zrIbhosalavaMzAvalicampuprabandhe zrIzarabhojirAjacaritavarNanaM nAma prathamAzvAsaH smaaptH|" AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / bhuMgadUta-yaha saMskRta kA dUtakAvya hai jisake racayitA zatAvadhAnakavi zrIkRSNadeva haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kA aSTAdaza zataka hai / isa kAvya ke racayitA ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA / aneka srotoM ke AdhAra para granthakAra soroM yA mainapurI nivAsI siddha hotA hai / isa pustaka kA prakAzana nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya patrikA saM0 3, disambara 1937 I0 meM ho cukA hai| meSadUta kI kAvya-zailI para isa grantha kA nirmANa huA hai| isameM kula 126 mandAkrAntA chanda haiM / zrIkRSNa ke viraha meM vyAkula hokara koI gopI bhuMga ke dvArA unake pAsa sandeza bhijavAtI hai / sandeza ke prasaMga meM vRndAvana, nandagRha, nandaudyAna evaM gopiyoM kI vilAsamaya ceSTAnoM kA manorama varNana kiyA gayA hai| sandeza ke anta hote hI zrI kRSNa kA prakaTa hokara gopI ko paramapada dene kA varNana hai| gopI apanI virahAvasthA kA varNana isa prakAra karatI hai-zoNAnjAno tatiSu paraNAkAra mindIvareSu chAyAmAMgImadharasuSamA bandhujIvAvalISu / netrAlokazriyamapi te puNDarIkeSu bAlA nidhyAyantI kathamapi balAjjIvitaM sA bibharti // 113 AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya-DaoN rAmakumAra AcArya / zrRMga-sandeza-isa sandeza-kAvya ke racayitA vAsudeva kavi haiN| inakA samaya 15 vIM evaM solahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| vAsudeva kavi kAlIkaTa ke rAjA jamUrina ke sabhA-kavi the / inhoMne pANini ke sUtroM para vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM 'vAsudevavijaya' nAmaka eka kAvya likhA thA jo adhUrA hai aura bAda meM inake bhAnaje nArAyaNa kavi ne ise pUrA kiyaa| inakI anya racanAmoM meM 'devIcarita' (yamaka kAvya, 6 AzvAsoM kA), 'zivodaya' evaM 'acyutalIlA' nAmaka kaamy.haiN| 'bhRta-sandeza' kI kathA kAlpanika hai| isameM kisI premI virahI dvArA syAndUra (trivendram ) se zvetadurga ( kohakkala ) meM sthita apanI preyasI ke pAsa sandeza bhejA gayA hai| yaha sandeza eka bhRkSa ke dvArA bhejA jAtA hai| isa kAvya kI racanA 'meghadUta' ke mAdhAra para huI hai| kavi ne isake do vibhAgapUrva evaM uttara-kiye haiM aura sarvatra mandAkrAntA vRtta kA prayoga kiyA hai / isake pUrvabhAga meM 95 tathA uttarabhAga meM 80 zloka haiN| sandeza meM nAyaka apanI patnI ko apane zIghra hI Ane kI sUcanA detA hai-itthaM tasyai kathaya sudati ! svAM priyo manmukhema vyaktaM brUte navamanubhavannIrazaM viprayogam / pAdAmbhojaM tava suvadane ! cUDituM prasthito'haM tAvanmA mA tanu tanulatAM dIpite tApabahI 2 / 54 / bAdhAragrantha- saMskRta ke sanveza-kAvya-DaoN. rAmakumAra AcArya /

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maNDana mizra ] ( 359 ) [ manodUta maNDana mizra - mithilA ke prasiddha dArzanika tathA kumArila bhaTTa ke anuyAyI A0 maNDana mizra kA bhAratIyadarzana ke itihAsa meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / ye bhaTTaparamparA ke [ mImAMsA darzana kI eka zAkhA vizeSa jisake pravartaka kumArila bhaTTa the, ] AcArya the / inakA janma mithilA meM huA thA aura ye zaMkarAcArya ke samakAlIna the / zaMkarAcArya se inakA zAstrArthaM itihAsa prasiddha hai jisakI madhyasthatA inakI patnI ne kI thI [ de0 zaMkarAcArya ] / inakI patnI kA nAma bhAratI thA jo pati ke samAna hI mahAviduSI thiiN| inakA samaya 620 I0 se 710 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA haiM ki zaMkara dvArA maNDana mizra ke parAjita ho jAne para bhAratI ne unase kAma-zAstraviSayaka prazna kiyA thA jisakA ki ve uttara nahIM de sake aura etadarthaM unhoMne 6 mAsa kI avadhi mAMgI thI / maNDana mizra karmakANDa ke asAdhAraNa vidvAn the aura unake granthoM meM inakA akhaNDa vaiduSya pratibhAsita hotA hai / inake grantha haiM -- vidhiviveka, vibhramaviveka, bhAvanAviveka, mImAMsAnukramaNikA, sphoTasiddhi, brahmasiddhi, naiSkamyaM siddhi tathA taittirIya aura bRhadAraNyaka upaniSada bhASya para vArtika / 'vidhiviveka' meM vidhiliGga kA vivecana hai tathA 'vibhramaviveka' meM pA~ca prakAra kI khyAtiyoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI | 'bhAvanAviveka' meM bhAvanA ke svarUpa kA vivecana hai jisa para inake ziSya umbeka ( mahAkavi bhavabhUti ) kI TIkA hai / 'mImAMsAnukramaNikA' prakaraNa grantha hai jisameM ausafir kA mImAMsA-viSayaka jJAna prodbhAsita hotA hai / 'sphoTasiddhi' meM varNavAdiyoM ke vicAra kA khaNDana kara mImAMsA darzana ke prANabhUta tatva sphoTa-siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / inake putra jayamizra bhI mImAMsA darzana ke prakANDa vidvAn the / inhoMne umbeka racita 'tAtparyaTIkA' kI pUrti kI thI / AdhAragrantha - 1 - bhAratIyadarzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyaya / 2 - mImAMsAdarzanapaM0 maNDana mizra | mathurAnAtha - navadvIpa ( baGgAla ) ke prasiddha navya naiyAyika mathurAnAtha haiM / [ navya nyAya ke lie de0 nyAyadarzana || inakA samaya 16 vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne navyanyAya ke tIna prasiddha granthoM - Aloka, cintAmaNi evaM dIdhiti - ke Upara 'rahasya' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / inakI TIkAe~ dArzanika jagat meM maulika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM aura inameM mUla granthoM ke gUr3hArthaM kA samyak udghATana kiyA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-- bhAratIyadarzana-- --A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / manodUta - isa sandeza -kAvya ke racayitA tailaGga racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1814 hai / isakI racanA kavi ne ke pitA kA nAma zrIrAmakRSNa evaM vitAmaha kA kA rahane vAlA mAnA jAtA hai| 'manodUta' kI isameM 202 zikhariNI chanda haiM aura cIra-haraNa ke zrIkRSNa ke pAsa sandeza bhejane kA varNana hai / dropadI apane mana ko zrIkRSNa ke pAsa dUta banAkara bhejatI hai / kavi ne prArambha meM mana kI atyadhika prazaMsA kI hai / tatpazcAt dvArakApurI kA ramya varNana hai / isameM kRSNabhakti evaM bhagavAn kI ananta brajanAtha haiN| isa kAvya kA bundrAvana meM kI thii| kavi nAma bhUdharabhaTTa thaa| kavi paJcanada racanA kA AdhAra 'meghadUta' hai ! samaya asahAya dropadI dvArA bhagavAn

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manodUta ] ( 360 ) [mandAra-maranda campU zakti kA prabhAva darzAyA gayA hai| tasabhA meM kauravoM dvArA ghirI huI asahAya draupadI kA citra dekheM-athAsau duHkhArtA drupadatanayA vIkSya dayitAn paritrAtuM yogyAnapi samayabaddhAn vidhivazAt / sabhAyAmAnItA zaraNarahitA jAlapatitA kuraGgIva trAsAd bhRzataramasI kampamabhajat // 132 // AdhAragraMtha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya--DaoN0 rAmakumAra aacaary| manodUta-isa sandezakAvya ke racayitA kadhi viSNudAsa haiN| inakA samaya vikrama saMvat SoDaza zataka kA pUrvAdha hai| ye mahAprabhu caitanya ke mAtula kahe jAte haiN| 'manodUta' zAntarasaparaka sandezakAvya hai jisameM kavi ne apane mana ko dUta banAkara bhagavAn ke caraNakamaloM meM apanA sandeza bhejA hai| vaha apane mana ko yamunA, vRndAvana eva gokula meM jAne ko kahatA hai| sandeza ke krama meM yamunA evaM vRndAvana kI prAkRtika chaTA kA manorama varNana hai| isa kAvya kI racanA meghadUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai| isameM kula 101 zloka haiN| bhAva, viSaya evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha kAmya utkRSTa kRti ke rUpa meM samApta hai| bhagavAn ke koTi-koTi nAmoM ko japane kI prabala AkAMkSA kavi ke zabdoM meM dekhie-IhAmahe na hi mahendrapadaM mukunda svIkurmahe caraNadainyamupAgataM vaa| AzAM punastava padAja kRtAdhivAsAm AzAsmahe ciramiyaM na kRzA yathA syAt / / 82 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / mandAra-maranda campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA zrIkRSNa kavi haiM / se solahavIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa evaM satrahavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM the| grantha ke upasaMhAra meM kavi ne apanA jo paricaya diyA hai usake anusAra inakA janma guhapura nAmaka grAma meM huA thA aura inake guru kA nAma vAsudeva yogIzvara thaa| isa isa campU kI racanA lakSaNa grantha ke rUpa huI hai jisameM do sau chandoM ke sodAharaNa lakSaNa tathA nAyaka, zleSa, yamaka, citra, nATaka, bhAva, rasa eka sau solaha alaGkAra, sattAsI doSa-guNa tathA zabdazakti padArtha evaM pAka kA nirUpaNa hai| isakA vayaMviSaya gyAraha vinduoM meM vibhakta hai / bhUmikA bhAga meM kavi ne prabandhatva kI surakSA ke lie eka kAlpanika gandharva-dampatI kA varNana kiyA hai aura kahIM-kahIM rAdhA-kRSNa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ye sabhI varNana chandoM ke lakSaNa evaM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gae haiN| kavi ke zabdoM meM usakI racanA kA vibhAjana evaM uddezya isa prakAra haicampUprabandhe mandAramarandAsye kRtau mama / vRttasArazliSTacitrabandhaguptAH panattaMnAH // 17 zubaramyavyaMgyazeSA ityekAdaza bindavaH / tatrAdime vRttavindI vRttalakSaNamucyate // 118 prAcInAnAM navInAnAM matAnyAlocya zaktitaH / racitaM bAlabodhAya toSAya viduSAmapi // pR0 196 / isakA prakAzana nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI (kAvyamAlA 52 ) se 1924 I0 meM huA hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinASa tripaatthii|

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madrakanyA pariNaya campU] (361 ) [ mammaTa madrakanyA pariNaya caMpU--isa campU kAvya ke praNetA gaMgAdhara kavi haiM / inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| ye udaya parivAra ke dattAtreya ke putra the| inakI anya do racanAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiM-'zivacaritra campU' tathA 'mahAnATakasudhAnidhi / yaha campU cAra ubAsoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM lakSmaNA evaM zrIkRSNa ke pariNaya kA varNana 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12334 meM prApta hotA hai / zuka ke mukha se kRSNa ke sneha kI bAta sunakara lakSmaNA kI unake prati Asakti kA varNana atyanta sarasa hai-zukanigaditavAcaM rAjakanyA nizamya sphuTita suhRdayA sA modakhedAdibhAvaH / karanihitakapolA prAMzunizvAsadhArodgamanacaladurAMjA naiva kiMcijjagAda / / AdhAragrantha--campUkAvya kA bAlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana--DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| mammaTa-kAvyazAstra ke apratima AcArya / inake nAma se jJAta hotA hai ki ye kAzmIra-nivAsI rahe hoNge| inhoMne 'kAvyaprakAza' nAmaka yugapravartaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai jisakI mahattA evaM garimA ke kAraNa ye 'vAgdevatAvatAra' kahe jAte haiM [de0 kAvyaprakAza] / 'kAvyaprakAza' kI 'sudhAsAgara' nAmaka TIkA ke praNetA bhImasena ne inheM kAzmIradezIya jaiyaTa kA putra tathA patanjalikRta 'mahAbhASya' ke TIkAkAra kayaTa evaM caturvedabhASkara umbaTa kA jyeSTha bhrAtA mAnA hai / zabdabrahma sanAtanaM na viditaM zAstraiH kacit kenacit tadevI hi sarasvatI svayamabhUt kAzmIradeze pumAn / zrImajjaiyaTagehinIsujaraTharAjjanmApya yugmAnujaH zrImanmammaTasaMzayAzritatanuM sArasvatI sUcayan / / para isa vivaraNa ko vidvAn prAmANika nahIM maante| isI prakAra naiSadhakAra zrIharSa ko mammaTa kA bhAgIneya kahane kI bhI anuzruti pUrNataH saMdigdha hai kyoMki zrIharSa kAzmIrI nahIM the| bhImasena kA ukta vivaraNa mammaTa kI mRtyu ke 600 varSa bAda kA hai ( 1723 I0 meM), ataH vidvAna usakI prAmANikatA para sandeha prakaTa karate haiM / mammaTa kA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA uttara-dharaNa pratIta hotA hai| 'alaMkAra sarvasva' ke praNetA ruyyaka ne 'kAvyaprakAza' kI TIkA likhI hai aura isakA ujlekha bhI kiyA hai| ruyyaka kA samaya ( 1128-1149 I.) ke AsapAsa hai| ataH mammaTa kA samaya unake pUrva hI siddha hotA hai| yaha avazya hai ki kayyaka mammaTa ke 40 yA 50 varSa bAda hI hue hoNge| _ 'kAvyaprakAza ke praNetA ke prazna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paryApta mata-bheda hai ki mammaTa ne sampUrNa grantha kI racanA akele nahIM kI hai| isameM kAzmIrapha vidvAna allaTa kA bhI yoga hai, isa bAta para mammaTa ke sabhI TIkAkAroM kI sahamati hai| kaI TIkAkAroM ke anusAra mammaTa ne kAvyaprakAza ke dazama pariccheda ke 'parikarAlaMkAra' taka ke bhAga kA hI praNayana kiyA thA aura zeSa aMza kI pUrti allaTa ne kI thI-kRtaH zrImammaTA. cAryavayaH parikarAvadhiH / granthaH sampUritaH zeSo vidhAyATasUriNA // kAvyaprakAza kI TIkA nidarzanA se uddhRta (rAMjAnaka AnandakRta 1685 I.] /

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mammaTa] (362) [mammaTa kaI granthoM meM sampUrNa pantha ke praNetA ke rUpa meM lekhaka-dvaya (mammaTa evaM ballaTa ) kA nAma AtA hai aura lekhaka ke sthAna para dvivacana kA ullekha milatA hai / 'kAvyaprakAza' ke katipaya hastalekhoM meM tIna lekhakoM taka ke nAma milate haiM-mammaTa, alaka (maha) evaM rucaka / iti zrImadrAjAnakamakhamammaTarucakaviracite nijagranthakAvyaprakAzasaMkete prathama ullAsaH / [ kAvyaprakAza kI saMketa TIkA ] / para vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki 'kAvyaprakAza' kI 'saMketa TIkA' ke lekhaka rucaka ne apanA nAma samAviSTa kara diyA hai| 'kAvyaprakAza' ke 'yugmakartRtva siddhAnta' se sambaddha eka dUsarA mata yaha hai ki isake kArikA bhAga ke nirmAtA bharatamuni haiM aura vRtti kI racanA mammaTa ne kI hai| para dUsare kucha aise bhI vidvAna haiM jo kArikA evaM vRtti donoM kA hI racayitA mammaTa ko svIkAra karate haiN| isake virodha meM vidvAnoM ne aneka puSTa pramANa prastuta kara isa mata ko nissAra siddha kara diyA hai| isa siddhAnta kA prArambha baGgadezIya vidvAnoM bArA huA thA / sAhityakaumudIkAra vidyAbhUSaNa evaM 'kAvyaprakAza' kI 'Adarza' TIkA ke racayitA mahezvara ne uparyukta mata prakaTa kiye the| mammaTAyuktimAzritya mitAM sAhityakomudIm / vRtti bharatasUtrANAM zrIvidyAbhUSaNo vyadhAt // bharata ne 'nATyazAstra' ke atirikta kisI anya grantha kA praNayana nahIM kiyA thaa| kisI bhI prAcIna grantha meM bharata ke anya anya kA vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA / 'kAvyaprakAza' meM bharatakRta tIna sUtra jyoM-ke-tyoM prApta hote haiM, zeSa sabhI sUtra mammaTa ke apane haiN| 'kAvya prakAza' ke prArambha meM eka hI maMgalazloka hai| yadi kArikA evaM vRtti ke racayitA bhinna hote to maMgalazloka bhI do hote / ataH donoM hI bhAgoM kA racayitA eka vyakti siddha hotA hai| mammaTa ne jahAM kahIM bhI bharatamuni ke sUtroM ko uddhRta kiyA hai, vahA~ 'taduktaM bharatena' likhA hai| yadi sampUrNa sUtra bharatakRta hote to kevala eka do sthAnoM para hI aisA likhane kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| anya aneka bhI aise pramANa haiM jinake AdhAra para A0 mammaTa hI isa grantha ke nirmAtA siddha hote haiN| [de0 kAvyaprakAza kA hindI bhASya-A0 vizvezvara kI bhuumikaa]| 'kAvyaprakAza' bhAratIya kAvyazAstra ke itihAsa meM mahAn samanvayakArI anya ke rUpa meM samAhata hai| isameM bharatamuni se lekara bhojarAja taka ke bAraha sau varSoM ke alaGkArazAstraviSayaka adhyayana kA nicor3a prastuta kara diyA gayA hai| isameM pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA sthApita aneka siddhAntoM kI truTiyoM ko darzA kara unakA mAjana kiyA gayA hai aura atyanta nirdhAnta evaM svastha kAvyazAstrIya vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiN| kAvyazAstra ke aneka aGgoM-zabdazakti, dhvani, rasa, guNa, doSa, balakArakA isameM sarvaprathama yaSArtha mUlyAMkana kara unakI mahattA pratipAdita kI gaI hai aura unheM usI anupAta meM mahatva diyA gayA hai jisake ki ve adhikArI haiN| mammaTa dhvanivAdI yAcArya haiM aura sarvaprathama inhoMne prabala dhvani virodhI AcAryoM kI dhajjiyAM ur3Akara unake mata ko nirasta kara diyA hai| inhoMne alaMkAra ko kAvya kA Avazyaka tattva svIkAra na kara alaGkAra ke binA bhI kAmya kI sthiti mAnI hai| inake

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mayUrasandeza] ( 363 ) [mahisena anusAra doSarahita, saguNa zabdArtha hI kAvya hai| mammaTa ne dasa guNoM ke sthAna para tIna guNoM-mAdhurya, oja evaM prasAda kI sthApanA kI aura aneka anAvazyaka malakhAroM ko amAnya ThaharAkara chaha zabdAlaMkAra, 60 aryAlaGkAra evaM saGkara-saMsRSTi (mizrAlaMkAra ) kI mahattA svIkAra kii| AdhAragrantha-1-saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-pA0 vA. kANe / 2-kAvya. prakAza ( hindI bhASya )-A0 vizvezvara / mayUrasandeza-isa sandeza-kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma udaya kavi hai| inakA samaya vikrama kI pandrahavIM zatAbdI hai| inake sambandha meM anya vivaraNa kucha bhI prApta nahIM hotaa| inhoMne dhvanyAloka locana ke Upara 'kaumudI' nAmaka eka TIkA bhI likhI thI jo prathama udyota para hI prApta hotI hai| isake anta meM nimnAMkita zloka prApta hotA hai-itthaM mohatamonimIlita dRzAM dhvanyarthamArge yatA vyAkhyAbhAsamahoSmala. jvarajuSAM prekSAvartA prItaye / uttujAdudayakSamAbhUta udeyuSyAmamuSyAmayaM kaumudyAmi. ha locanasya vivRtAvudyota Adyo gataH // isa zloka se patA calatA hai ki udaya nAmaka rAjA (bhamAbhRt ) hI isa pustaka kA lekhaka hogaa| 'mayUrasandeza' racanA meghadUta ke anukaraNa para huI hai| yaha kAvya bhI pUrva evaM uttara bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai aura donoM meM kramazaH 107 evaM 92 zloka haiN| isakA prathama zloka mAlinI chanda meM hai simeM gaNeza jI kI vandanA kI gaI hai aura zeSa sabhI zloka mandAkrAntA vRtta meM likhe gaye haiN| isameM vidyAdharoM dvArA hare gae kisI rAjA ne apanI preyasI ke pAsa mayUra se sandeza diyA hai| eka bAra jaba mAlAvAra nareza ke parivAra kA koI vyakti apanI rAnI bhAracemantikA ke sAtha vihAra kara rahA thA vidyAdharoM ne use ziva samajha liyaa| isapara rAjA unake bhrama para haMsa pdd'aa| vidyAdharoM ne use eka mAha ke liye apanI patnI se dUra rahane kA zApa de diyA aura rAjA kI prArthanA para use syAnandUra (trivendrama ) meM rahane kI anumati prApta huii| varSARtu ke Ane para rAjA ne eka mora ko dekhA aura usake dvArA apanI patnI ke pAsa sandeza bhejaa| isakI bhASA kavitvapUrNa tathA zailI prabhAvamayI hai| kavi ne kerala kI rAjanaitika evaM bhaugolika sthiti para pUrNa prakAza galA hai / virahI rAjakumAra kA apanI preyasI ke aGgoM ke upamAnoM ko dekhakara jIvana vyatIta karane kA varNana dekhiye-ambhodAmbhomhazazisudhA zailazaivAlavatI vyomshriimtpulinkdliikaannddbaalprvaalaiH| svagAtra. zrIgrahaNasubhagaMbhAvukaizcittaramyastaistarbhAvaH kathamapi kuraGgAkSi kAlaM kSipAmi // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya-DaoN. rAmakumAra aacaary| mallisena-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inakA AvirbhAvakAla 1043 I0 haiN| inake pitA jainadharmAvalambI the jinakA nAma jinasenadUri thaa| ye dakSiNa bhArata ke dhAravAr3a jile meM sthita tagada tAlukA nAmaka prAma ke nivAsI the| prAkRta tathA saMskRta donoM hI bhASAoM ke ye prakANDa paNDita the| inhoMne 'AyasadbhAva' nAmaka jyotiSazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| isa granya kI racanA 195 AryA chandoM meM

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mahAbhArata] ( 364 ) [mahAbhArata huI hai aura anta meM eka gAthA bhI hai| isameM ATha AyoM-dhvaja, siMha, maNDala, vRSa, khara, gaja tathA vAyasa-ke phalAphala tathA svarUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| grantha ke anta meM lekhaka ne batAyA hai ki jyotiSazAstra ke dvArA bhUta, bhaviSya tathA vartamAna kA jJAna hotA hai aura yaha vidyA kisI anya ko na dI jAya / anyasya na dAtavyaM mithyAdRSTastu vizeSato'vadheyam / zapathaM ca kArayitvA jinavaradevyAH puraH samyak / AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| mahAbhArata-yaha bhAratIya jIvana, vizeSataH hindU janatA kA, jAtIya itihAsa hai jisakI racanA eka lAkha zlokoM meM huI hai| isake racayitA haiM maharSi vedavyAsa / [de0 vyAsa ] / viSTaranitsa ne ise sImita artha meM itihAsa aura kAvya kahA hai| para unake anusAra "vAstava meM eka artha meM mahAbhArata eka kAvya-kRti hai hI nahIM, apane meM pUrA sAhitya hai|" prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, khaNDa 1 bhAga 2 pR0 6 / yaha kAvya aura itihAsa ke atirikta apane meM bhAratIya sAMskRtika cetanA ko chipAye hue eka mahAn sAMskRtika nidhi hai, svayaM eka saMskRti hai| isameM kavi ne kauravoM aura pANDavoM kI kathA ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA / vizAla citra aMkita kiyA hai| isameM saMgharSa-saMkula bhAratIya jIvana kI yathArtha kahAnI, hai jisameM do jIvana mUlyoM kA citra urehA gayA hai tathA tatkAlIna sampUrNa vicAradhArAoM evaM yuga-cetanA ko sameTane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki yanna bhArate tanna bhArate-bhArata meM jo nahIM hai vaha mahAbhArata meM bhI nahIM hai| bhArata kA artha hai-bhAratoM kA yuddha (bhArataH saMgrAmaH, aSTAdhyAyI 4 / 2 / 56 ) / mahAbhArata kA artha hai 'bhArata logoM ke yuddha kA mahAn pAkhyAn' / itihAsa, dharma, rAjanIti tathA sAhitya sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha mahAn upalabdhi hai| ise hindUdharma ke samasta svarUpa ko nirUpita karane vAlA pancama veda mAnA jAtA rahA / hai| svayaM isake racayitA kI aisI garvokti hai ki dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke sambandha meM jo yahA~ hai, vahI anyatra bhI hai aura jo yahAM nahIM hai vaha anyatra bhI nahIM hai| dharma, hyarthe caM kAme ca mokSe ca bharatarSabha / yadihAsti tadanyatra yannehAsti na tat kacida / 'mahAbhArata' zAntiparva meM jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke nAnAvidha taravoM kA varNana hai, ataH yaha hindU jAti ke bIca dharmagranya ke rUpa meM samAhata hai| bhAratIya sAhitya evaM cintana-pati kA sarvazreSTha grantha 'gItA' 'mahAbhArata' kA hI eka aMza hai| isake atirikta 'viSNusahasranAma', 'anugItA', 'bhISmastavarAja', 'gajendramoma' jaise AdhyAtmika tathA bhaktipUrNa grantha 'mahAbhArata' ke hI bhAga haiM / uparyukta pAMca grantha 'paJcaratna' ke hI nAma se abhihita hote haiN| samprati 'mahAbhArata' meM eka lAkha zloka prApta hote haiM, ataH ise 'zatasAhasrI saMhitA' kahA jAtA hai| isakA yaha rUpa 1500 varSoM se hai, kyoMki isakI puSTi guptakAlIna eka zilAlekha se hotI hai jahA~ 'mahAbhArata' ke lie 'zatasAhasrI' saMhitA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isakA vartamAna rUpa aneka zatAdridayoM ke vikAsa kA pariNAma hai, isa prakAra kI dhAraNA Adhunika

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mahAbhArata ] ( 365 ) [ mahAbhArata vidvAnoM kI hai / atyanta prAcInakAla se isa deza meM aise AkhyAna pracalita the jinameM kauravoM tathA pANDavoM kI vIratA kA ullekha thA / vaidika granthoM meM bhI yatratatra 'mahAbhArata' ke pAtroM kI kahAniyA~ prApta hotI haiM tathA 'atharvaveda' meM parIkSita kA AkhyAna diyA huA hai / vedavyAsa ne unhIM gAthAoM evaM AkhyAnoM ko ekatra kara kAvya kA rUpa diyA hai jise hama 'mahAbhArata' kahate haiN| isake vikAsa ke tIna kramika sopAna haiM--jaya, bhArata tathA mahAbhArata / 'mahAbhArata' ke maGgalazloka meM nArAyaNa, nara evaM sarasvatI devI kI vandanA karate hue 'jaya' nAmaka kAvya ke paThana kA vidhAna hai / 'vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki yaha jaya kAvya hI 'mahAbhArata' kA mUlarUpa hai / nArAyaNaM namaskRtya naraM caiva narottamam | devIM sarasvatIM caiva tato jayamudIrayet || 'mahAbhArata' meM hI likhA gayA hai ki yaha 'jaya' nAmaka itihAsa hai-- jayanAmetihAso'yam | isakI dUsarI sthiti bhArata nAma kI hai jisameM kevala yuddha kA varNana thA aura upAkhyAnoM kA samAveza nahIM kiyA gayA thA / usa samaya isameM caubIsa hajAra zloka the tathA yahI grantha vaizampAyana dvArA rAjA janamejaya ko sunAyA gayA thA / caturviMzatisAhasrIM cakre bhAratasaMhitAm / upAkhyAnaivinA tAvat bhArataM procyate budhaiH // 'mahAbhArata' nAma tRtIya avasthA kA dyotaka hai jaba ki 'bhArata' meM upAkhyAnoM kA samAveza huA / vikrama se pAMca sau varSa pUrva viracita 'AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra' meM bhArata ke sAtha hI 'mahAbhArata' nAma kA bhI nirdeza hai / isake upAkhyAna kucha to aitihAsika haiM tathA kucha kA sambandha prAcIna rAjAoM evaM RSi maharSiyoM se hai / 'harivaMza' ko lekara 'mahAbhArata' ke zlokoM kI saMkhyA eka lAkha ho jAtI hai / isa samaya 'mahAbhArata' ke do saMskaraNa prApta hote haiM--uttarIya tathA dAkSiNAtya / tIna rUpa / isake haiM / bambaI vAle uttara bhArata ke saMskaraNa ke pAMca rUpa haiM tathA dakSiNa bhArata ke do saMskaraNa kramazaH bambaI evaM eziyATika sosAiTI se prakAzita saMskaraNa meM eka lAkha tIna hajAra pAMca sau pacAsa zloka haiM tathA kalakate vAle kI zloka saMkhyA eka lAkha sAta hajAra cAra sau assI hai| uttara bhArata meM gItA presa, gorakhapura kA hindI anuvAda sahita saMskaraNa adhika lokapriya hai / bhaNDArakara risacaM insTITyUTa, pUnA se prakAzita saMskaraNa adhika vaijJAnika mAnA jAtA hai / 'mahAbhArata' kA racanA kAla abhI taka asaMdigdha hai / 445 I0 ke eka zilAlekha meM 'mahAbhArata' kA nAma AyA hai- zatasAhasrayAM saMhitAyAM vedavyAsenoktam / isase jJAta hotA hai ki isake 200 varSa pUrva avasya hI 'mahAbhArata' kA astitva rahA hogA / kaniSka ke sabhApaNDita azvaghoSa dvArA 'bajrasUcI upaniSad' meM 'harivaMza' tathA 'mahAbhArata' ke zloka uddhRta haiM isase jJAta hotA hai ki lakSazlokAtmaka 'mahAbhArata' kaniSka ke samaya taka pracalita ho gayA thaa| ina AdhAroM para vidvAnoM ne mahAbhArata ko I0 pU0 600 varSa se bhI prAcIna mAnA hai / buddha ke pUrva avazya hI 'mahAbhArata' kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| para isake racanAkAla ke sambandha meM abhI taka koI nizcita vicAra nahIM A sakA hai / katipaya Adhunika vidvAn buddha kA samaya 1900

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mahAbhArata] ( 366 ) [mahAbhArata I0 pU0 mAnate haiN| 'mahAbhArata' meM 18 parva yA khaNDa haiM-Adi, sabhA, vana, virAT, udyoga, bhISma, droNa, kaNaM, zalya, sauptika, strI, zAnti, anuzAsana, azvamedha, AzramavAsI, mausala, mahAprasthAnika tathA svrgaarohnnprv|| 1-Adiparva kI viSayasUcI-'mahAbhArata' kI racanA kI kathA, brahmAjI kI kRpA se gaNeza dvArA 'mahAbhArata' kA lekhana, candravaMza kA itihAsa tathA koraboMpANDavoM kI utpatti, vidura, kaNaM, kRSNa, sAtyaki, kRtavarmA, droNa, azvatthAmA, ghRSTadyumna Adi ke janma kI kathA, kuntI aura mAdrI ke garbha se dharma, vAyu, indra aura azvinIkumAroM dvArA yudhiSThira, bhIma, arjuna, nakula aura sahadeva kI utpatti, zikhaNDI kA janma, duSyanta aura zakuntalA kA AlyAna, dakSa, vaivasvata manu evaM unake putroM kI janma-kathA, kaca-devayAnI kI kathA, zAntanu aura gaGgA ke vivAha kI kathA tathA bhISma dvArA AjIvana avivAhita rahane kI pratijJA / satyavatI ke garbha se citrAMgada evaM vicitravIrya kA janma, zAntanu tathA citrAMgada kI mRtyu evaM vicitravIrya kA gajyAbhiSeka / vicitravIya kI mRtyu para mAtA satyavatI ke anuroja se kuSavaMza kI vRddhi ke liye vyAsa dvArA vicitravIrya kI patniyoM se dhRtarASTra, pANDu evaM vidura kA jnm| dhRtarASTra evaM pAtu kA vivAha; dhRtarASTra ke sau putra tathA pANDavoM kI janma-kathA, droNa kA parazurAma se ala prApta karanA tathA rAjA drupada se apamAnita hokara hastinApura AnA evaM rAjakumAroM kI zikSA ke liye unakI niyukti, duryodhana dvArA lAkSAgRha meM pANDavoM ko mArane kI yojanA tathA usakI viphalatA, hiDimba kA vadha kara bhIma kA usakI bahina hiDimbA se byAha karanA tathA ghaTotkaca kI utpatti / draupadI kA svayambara tathA arjuna kA lakSyavedha kara dropadI ko prApta karanA; pAMcoM bhAiyoM kA draupadI ke sAtha vivAha, droNa aura vidura ke parAmarza se pANavoM kA AdhA rAjya prApta kara indraprastha meM apanI rAjadhAnI banAnA, maNipura meM citrAMgadA ke sAtha arjuna kA vivAha, dvArikA meM subhadrA-haraNa evaM arjuna ke sAtha vivAha, khANavavana kA dAha / / 2-sabhApa-maya dAnava dvArA adbhuta sabhA kA nirmANa tathA nArada kA vAgamana, yudhiSThira kA rAjasUya karane kI icchA prakaTa karanA, rAjasUya kA varNana, bhISma ke kahane para zrIkRSNa kI pAdapUjA, zizupAla kA virodha tathA kRSNa dvArA usakA vaSa, duryodhana kI IrSyA, takrIr3A ke lie yudhiSThira kA AhvAna, zakunI kI cAla se yudhiSThira kI hAra, rAjya, bhAiyoM tathA draupadI ko hAra jAnA, duHzAsana dvArA draupadI kA cIraharaNa, yudhiSThira Adi kA vanagamana / 3-vanaparva-pANDavoM kA kAmyak vana meM praveza tathA vidura aura zrIkRSNa kA Agamana / vyAsa jI ke Adeza se pANDavoM kA indrakIla parvata para jAkara indra kA darzana karanA, arjuna kI tapasyA evaM ziva jI se pAzupatAstra kI prApti, urvazI kA arjuna para Asakta honA, arjuna kA tiraskAra karanA tathA urvazI dvArA unakA zApita honA, nala. damayantI kI kathA, parazurAma, agastya, vRtrakSa, sagara, bhagIratha, gaMgAvataraNa RSyazRGga,

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mahAbhArata ] ( 367 ) [mahAbhArata cyavana, mAMdhAtA Adi kI kathA, hanumAna-bhIma milana, sapaMrUpI nahuSa se saMvAda evaM usakI mukti, draupadI-satyabhAmA saMvAda, duryodhana kA gandhavoM se yuddha evaM usakI parAjaya, pANDavoM dvArA usakI rakSA evaM duryodhana kI AtmaglAni, sAvitrI-upAkhyAna, indra kA kaNaM se kavaca kuNDala kA dAna rUpa meM grahaNa tathA divyazakti denA, yakSa-yudhiSThirasaMvAda / 4-virATaparva-ajJAtavAsa ke lie pANDavoM kA virATanagara meM prasthAna, kIcaka kA draupadI ko apamAnita karanA tathA bhIma dvArA usakA vadha, suzarmA se pANDavoM kA rAjA virATa kI rakSA karanA, kauravoM kA virAT para AkramaNa tathA pANDavoM kI sahAyatA se virAT kI vijaya / virAT kI putrI uttarA ke sAtha abhimanyu kA vivaah| 5-udyogaparva-virATanagara meM zrIkRSNa ke parAmarza se drupada-purohita kA hastinApura jAnA, arjuna tathA duryodhana donoM kI sahAyatA karane kA zrIkRSNa kA AzvAsana, pANDavoM kI sainika taiyArI, saMjaya kA dUta banakara AnA aura pANDavoM kA kauravoM ko sandeza, dhRtarASTra kA cintita honA, pANDavoM kA dUta bana kara zrIkRSNa kA duryodhana kI sabhA meM jAnA aura unakI vArtA kA viphala honA, kurukSetra meM donoM daloM kI sainya-yojanA evaM vyUha kI rcnaa| 6-bhISmaparva-vyAsa jI dvArA saMjaya ko divya sRSTi kI prApti, dhRtarASTra ke pUchane para saMjaya kA yuddha kA vivaraNa denA, dasa dinoM taka bhISma dvArA ghanaghora yuddha tathA zikhaNDI kI sahAyatA se bhISma kA patana, bhISma kI zarazayyA tathA prANatyAga ke lie unakI uttarAyaNa kI prtiikssaa| - 7-droNaparva-abhimanyu kA yuddha, droNa dvArA cakravyUha kA nirmANa evaM abhimanyu kI mRtyu, arjuna dvArA jayadratha kA mArA jAnA, karNa kI zakti se ghaTotkaca kI mRtyu, droNAcArya kA ghora yuddha tathA dhRSTadyumna dvArA unakA vadha, azvatthAmA kA krodha kara usakA nArAyaNAstra kA prayoga, zrIkRSNa dvArA pANDava senA evaM bhIma kI rkssaa| -karNaparva-kaNaM kA senApati bananA, karNa dvArA yudhiSThira kI parAjaya tathA palAyana, azvatthAmA ko parAjita kara arjuna kA yudhiSThira kA samAcAra lene ke lie AnA, yudhiSThira dvArA arjuna kA tiraskAra tathA arjuna kA yudhiSThira ko mArane ke lie ucata honaa| kRSNa kI zikSA se donoM kA prasannatApUrvaka milana, karNavadha tathA yudhiSThira dvArA zalya kA mArA jAnA, duryodhana kA sarovara meM prvesh| 9-gadAparva-bhImasena kI lalakAra sunakara duryodhana kA sarovara se nikala tathA bhImasena ke sAtha gadA-yuddha, bhIma kA. duryodhana kI jAMca tor3a denA, balarAma .. mAnA aura krodha prakaTa karanA, duryodhana kI dazA dekhakara azvatthAmA kA zoka karanA tathA usakA senApatitva grahaNa karanA / 10-sauptikaparva-azvatthAmA dvArA draupadI ke pAMca putroM tathA anya vIroM kA vadha, ajuna kA azvatthAmA ko daNDa denA tathA maNi dekara azvasthAmA kA palAyana / 11-strIparva-jala pradAnAdi karma, dhRtarASTra kA vilApa, saMjaya evaM vidura kA

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mahAbhArata ] (368) [mahAbhArata unheM samajhAnA, gAndhArI kA krodha karanA tathA vyAsa jI kA use samajhAnA, strI-puruSoM dvArA apane saMbaMdhiyoM ko jalAMjali denaa| 12-zAntiparva-yudhiSThira dvArA maharSi nArada se kaNaM kA vRttAnta jAnakara zoka prakaTa karanA, kramazaH bhImasena, arjuna, nakula, sahadeva tathA draupadI kA gRhasthadharma, rAjya tathA dhana kI prazaMsA karate hue yudhiSThira ko samajhAnA, zrIkRSNa kA yudhiSThira ke zoka-nivAraNa kA prayatna karanA tathA solaha rAjAmoM kA upAkhyAna sunAnA, zrIkRSNa ke kahane para yudhiSThira kA bhISma ke pAsa jAnA tathA bhISma kA yudhiSThira ko rAjadharma, bhApattigrasta rAjA ke kartavya evaM dharma kI sUkSmatA kA upadeza denaa| nAnA prakAra ke AkhyAna, aneka gItAeM tathA AkhyAna, mokSa ke sAdhana kA varNana, yajJa meM hiMsA kI nindA tathA ahiMsA kI prazaMsA, sAMkhyayoga kA varNana, janaka tathA zukadeva Adi RSiyoM kI kthaa| 13-anuzAsanaparva-yudhiSThira ko sAntvanA dene ke lie bhISma kA aneka kathAe~ kahanA, lakSmI ke nivAsa karane tathA na karane yogya puruSa-strI aura sthAnoM kA varNana, zarIra, mana aura pANI ke pApoM ke parityAga kA upadeza, dAna-mahimA-vrata, upavAsa Adi ke phala, hiMsA tathA mAMsa-bhakSaNa kI nindA, bhISma kA prANatyAga / 14-Azvamedhikaparva-yudhiSThira kA zoka karanA tathA zrIkRSNa kA unheM samajhAnA, arjuna se zrIkRSNa kA mokSa-dharma kA varNana karanA, uttaMka kI kathA, abhimanyu kA zrAda, mRta bAlaka parIkSita kA kRSNa dvArA punarujjIvana, yajJa kA Arambha tathA arjuna dvArA artha kI rakSA, vibhinna prakAra ke dAna evaM vrata kA vrnnn| 15-AzramavAsikaparva-dhRtarASTra kA gAndhArI tathA kuntI ke sAtha bana jAnA, gAndhArI tathA kuntI kA mRta putroM ko dekhane ke lie vyAsa jI se anurodha karanA tathA paraloka se mRta putroM kA AnA evaM darzana denA dhRtarASTra, gAndhArI evaM kuntI kI mRtyu / 16-mIsalaparva-mosala yuddha meM yaduvaMziyoM kA naash| 17-mahAprasthAnikaparva-pANDavoM dvArA vRSNi-vaMziyoM kA zrAddha karake himAlaya kI ora prasthAna, yudhiSThira ke atirikta sabhI bhAiyoM kA patana, yudhiSThira kA sadeha svarga meM jaanaa| 18-svargArohaNaparva-svarga meM nArada tathA budhiSThira meM vArtAlApa, yudhiSThira kA naraka dekhanA tathA bhAiyoM kA krandana suna kara naraka meM rahane kA nizcaya karanA, indra tathA / 'kA yudhiSTira ko samajhAnA, yudhiSThira kA divya loka meM jAnA tathA arjuna, kRSNa Adi se bheMTa karanA / mahAbhArata kA upasaMhAra aura mAhAtmya / 'mahAbhArata' meM aneka rocaka AkhyAnoM kA varNana hai jinameM mukhya haiM zakuntalopAkhyAna (bAdi parva 71 vA adhyAya), matsyopAkhyAna ( vanaparva), rAmopAkhyAna, zivi upAkhyAna ( vanaparva, 130 adhyAya), sAvitrI upAsyAna ( vanaparva 239 adhyAya ), nalopAkhyAna ( vanaparva 52 se 79 adhyAya tk)| isameM rAjA nala aura damayantI kI kahAnI dI gayI hai| mahAbhArata ke TIkAkAra-'mahAbhArata' kI aneka TIkAeM haiM jinakI saMkhyA 36 hai|

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mahAbhArata ] ( 369 ) [ mahAbhArata 1- devabodha - inakI TIkA kA nAma 'jJAnadIpikA' hai jo sarvAdhika prAcIna upalabdha TIkA hai / yaha TIkA Adi, sabhA, bhISma tathA udyogaparva para hai / 2- vaizampAyanainakI TIkA mokSadhamaM yA zAntiparva para upalabdha hotI hai / inakA samagra 1150 I0 se pahale hai / 3 - vimalabodha - inako TIkA kA nAma 'viSamazlokI' yA 'durghaTAthaMprakAzinI' hai / yaha TIkA sampUrNa mahAbhArata para hai| isakA samaya 1050 I0 hai / 4 -nArAyaNa sarvajJa - inakI TIkA virAT evaM udyogaparva para prakAzita hai| inakA samaya 1130 - 1300 I0 ke bIca hai / 5 - caturbhuja mizra - inakA samaya 13 vIM zatI kA antima bhAga hai| inakI TIkA kA nAma 'bhAratopAyaprakAza' hai / 6 - AnandapUrNa vidyAsAgara -- inakI TIkA Adi, sabhA, bhISma, zAnti tathA anuzAsanaparva para hai / inakA samaya 14 vIM zatI kA madhya hai / 7- lIlakaNTha - inakI TIkA kA nAma 'bhAratabhAvadIpa' hai jo 18 parvo para prakAzita ekamAtra TIkA hai / inakA samaya 1650 - 1700 I0 ke bIca hai / yaha TIkA aneka bhAgoM meM citrazAlA presa, pUnA se prakAzita ho cukI hai / 'mahAbhArata' ke Upara bhAratIya tathA yUropIya bhASAoM meM anekAneka grantha nikale haiM tathA isakA anuvAda vizva kI prasiddha bhASAoM meM ho cukA hai / sampUrNa 'mahAbhArata' kA aMgarejI gadyAnuvAda kizorImohana gAMgulI tathA pratApacandra rAya ne (18841896 I0 ) kiyA thaa| prathama daza parvo kA phreMca anuvAda zrI eca0 phaoNke ne perisa se ( 1863 - 1870 ) meM prakAzita kiyA / zrI pI0 I0 pAvalinI ne itAlavI bhASA meM isake kaI aMzoM kA anuvAda 1902 I0 meM tathA epha0 boppa ne kiyA / vinTaranitsa ne jarmana bhASA meM isakA anuvAda 1912 I0 meM kiyA hai jisakA nAma hai'dasa slaiMganopapharadesa mahAbhArata' / hAlTamaina ne do khaNDoM meM jarmana bhASA meM mahAbhArata para AlocanAtmaka grantha likhA hai / sorensana ne aMgarejI meM 'mahAbhArata inDeksa' likhA jisameM mahAbhArata ke nAmoM evaM viSayoM kI sUcI hai| isakA hindI anuvAda 'mahAbhArata koSa' ke nAma se 5 khaNDoM meM prakAzita hai, anu0 zrIrAmakumAra rAya / 'mahAbhArata' bhArata kI naitika evaM dhArmika paramparA kA pramukhatabha srota hai tathA jana-mAnasa ko adhika prabhAvita karane ke kAraNa, kalAtmaka DhaMga se jIvana ko pratibimbita karane ke kAraNa mahAn kAvyakRti ke rUpa meM samAhata hai / isa grantha ke prArambha meM ise kAvya kahA gayA hai tathA dhvanyAlokakAra Anandavardhana ke dvArA ise kAvya ke hI rUpa meM zAstrIya pratiSThA prApta huI hai / para isameM vizuddha kAvya kI taraha saundaryadRSTi kA prAdhAnya na hokara karma kI pradhAnatA hai / isameM prakRti citraNa athavA kisI nAyikA ke rUpa varNana ke prati lekhaka rasa lete hue nahIM dikhAI par3atA / 'mahAbhArata' yugadharma ko citrita karane vAlA apUrva kAvya hai / isameM jisa jIvana kA citraNa hai usameM aneka prakAra ke antavirodha evaM bAhya dvandva kA vistAra hai tathA unakI mArmika aura tIvra abhivyakti hai / isakA pradhAna viSaya saMgharSa hai mora vaha artha evaM kAma kA saMgharSa hai jo dharma ke dAyare meM pravAhita huA hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM sthAna-sthAna para naitika 24 saM0 sA0

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mahAbhASya] (370) [mahAbhASya upadeza, AdhyAtmika tathya tathA rAjadharmasambandhI vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiN| isake zAntiparva meM rAjadharma kA varNana bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra ke vikAsa kI mahatvapUrNa kar3I hai| 'mahAbhArata' ke aneka bAsyAnoM evaM viSayoM ko dekhakara vaha bhAvanA mana meM uThatI hai ki yaha eka vyakti kI racanA na hokara kaI vyaktiyoM kI kRti hai, parantu Antarika pramANoM evaM zailI ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki ise ekamAtra vyAsa ne hI likhA hai| bhASA tathA zailI kI ekarUpatA ise eka hI vyakti kI racanA viDa karatI hai| mAdhAragrantha-1-mahAbhArata (hindI anuvAda sahita)-gItA presa, gorakhapura / 2-mahAbhArata kI viSayAnukramaNikA-gItA presa, gorakhapura / 3-mahAbhArata koSa-(pAra khaNDoM meM ) anu0 zrI rAmakumAra rAya ( caukhambA prakAzana )|4-mhaabhaart-pricygiitaa presa, gorakhapura / 5-mahAbhArata-mImAMsA-zrImAdhavarAva spre|6-sNskRt sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM. baladeva upaadhyaay| 7-bhAratasAvitrI (bhAga 1, 2, 3,)-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agrvaal| -bhAratIya saMskRti-DaoN. devraaj|9-sNskRt sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI gairolA / 10-bhAratIya prajJA-moniyara viliyama hindI anu0 zrI rAmakumAra rAya / 11-saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya-zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinkr'| 12-mahAbhAratakAlIna samAja-DaoN0 sukhamaya bhaTTAcArya, anu0DaoN0 banamAlA bhavAlakara / 13-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-saNa 1 bhAga 2-DaoN0 viSTaranitsa (hindI anuvaad)| 14-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA-DaoN. rAmajI upAdhyAya / 15-mahAbhArata kA Adhunika hindI mahAkAvyoM para prabhAva-DaoN. vinaya kumAra / ___ mahAbhASya-yaha vyAkaraNa kA yugapravartaka grantha hai jisake lekhaka haiM patamjali [30 patanjali ] / yaha pANini kRta 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI vyAkhyA hai, ataH isakI sArI yojanA usI para AdhRta hai| isameM kula 85 Ahika (adhyAya) haiN| bhartRhari ke anusAra 'mahAbhASya' kevala vyAkaraNazAstra kA hI grantha na hokara samasta vidyAnoM kA Akara hai| kRte'tha patanjalinA guruNA tIrthadarzinA / sarveSAM nyAyavIjAnAM mahAbhASye nivandhane // vAkyapradIya, 21486 / patanjali ne samasta vaidika tathA laukika prayogoM kA anuzIlana karate hue tathA pUrvavartI sabhI vyAkaraNoM kA adhyayana kara samagra vyAkaraNika viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isameM vyAkaraNaviSayaka koI bhI prazna achUtA nahIM raha gayA hai / isakI nirUpaNazailI takapUrNa evaM sarvadhA maulika hai| 'mahAbhASya' kI racanA ke pazcAt pANinivyAkaraNa ke samasta rahasya spaSTa ho gae aura usI kA paThana-pAThana hone lgaa| isameM 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke caudaha pratyAhAra sUtroM ko milAkara 3995 sUtra vidyamAna hai, kintu 1689 sUtroM para hI bhASya likhA gayA hai, tathA zeSa sUtroM ko usI rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA gayA hai| patanjali ne katipaya sUtroM meM vAtikakAra ke mata ko bhrAnta ThaharAte hue pANini ke hI mata ko prAmANika mAnA tathA 16 sUtroM ko banAvazyaka siddha kara diyaa| unhoMne kAtyAyana ke aneka AkSepoM kA uttara dete hue pANini kA pakSa liyA jise vidvAnoM ne pANini ke prati unakI atizaya bhakti yA pakSapAta svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne pANini ke liye bhagavAn, AcArya, mAMgalika,

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mahAbhASya] ( 371 ) [mahAbhASya suhRda Adi vizeSaNa prayukta kiye haiN| unake anusAra pANini kA eka bhI kathana azuddha nahIM hai / kathaM punaridaM bhagavataH pANinerAcAryasya lakSaNaM pravRttam-A0 1 pR. 13 / 'mahAbhASya' meM saMbhASaNAtmaka zailI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai tathA vivecana ke madhya meM 'kiMvaktavyametat , 'kathaM tahi', 'asti prayojanam' Adi saMvAdAtmaka vAkyoM kA samAveza kara viSaya ko rocaka banAkara pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA gayA hai| usakI vyAkhyAna-paddhati ke tIna tatva haiM-sUtra kA prayojana-nirdeza, padoM kA artha karate hue sUtrArtha nizcita karanA evaM 'sUtra kI vyApti bar3hAkara yA kama kara ke sUtrArtha kA niyantraNa karanA' / mahAbhASya kA uddezya aisA artha karanA thA jo pANini ke anukUla yA iSTasAdhaka ho| ataH jahA~ kahIM bhI sUtra ke dvArA yaha kArya sampanna hotA na dikhAI par3A vahAM para yA to sUtra kA yoga-vibhAga kiyA gayA hai yA pUrva pratiSedha ko hI svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai / patajali ne sUtrakAra kA samarthana karane ke lie vAttikakAra ke vicAroM kA khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| para AvazyakatAnusAra unhoMne pANini ke doSa-darzana bhI kiye haiM, kintu aise sthala kevala do hI haiM-- 'etadekamAcAryasya maGgalArthamRzyatAm' tathA 'pramAdakRtametadAcAryasya zakyamakartum / 'mahAbhASya' meM sthAna-sthAna para sahaja, caTula, tikta evaM kar3avI zailI kA bhI prayoga hai| vyaMgyamayI kaTAkSapUrNa zailI ke udAharaNa to isameM bhare par3e haiN| ka-kiM punaranena varthena ? kiM na mahatA kaSTena nityazabda evopAtto yasminnupAdIyamAne sandehaH syAt / kha-AhopuruSikA mAtraM tu bhavAnAha / patanjali ke katipaya nyAyoM kI bhI udbhAvanA kI hai-kUpakhAnakanyAya, kumbhIdhAnyanyAya, kAkatAlIyanyAya, prAsAdavAsinyanyAsa / / 'mahAbhASya' meM vyAkaraNa ke maulika evaM mahanIya siddhAntoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| patajali ke anusAra zanda evaM artha kA sambandha nitya hai tathA ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki zabdoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se hI arthAbhidhAna kI zakti vidyamAna rahatI hai| unhoMne pada ke cAra artha svIkAra kiye-guNa, kriyA, AkRti tathA dravya / AkRti ko jAti kahA jAtA hai jo dravya ke chinna-bhinna ho jAne para bhI svayaM chinna-bhinna nahIM hotii| AkRti ke badala jAne para bhI dravya vahI rahA karatA hai tathA guNa aura kriyA dravya meM hI vidyamAna rahate haiN| patanjali ke matAnusAra zanda jAti evaM vyakti donoM kA hI nirdezaka hai, kevala jAti yA kevala vyakti kA nhiiN| isI prakAra unhoMne zabdoM ke prayoga, vAkya meM unakA sthAna, sAmadhyaM tathA zabdoM ke niyata viSayatvAdi ke sambandha meM bhI maulika vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| unhoMne batAyA ki liMga kA anuzAsana vyAkaraNa dvArA nahI hotA, balki vaha lokAdhita hotA hai / vyAkaraNa kA kArya hai vyavasthA krnaa| vaha padoM kA saMskAra kara unheM prayoga ke yogya banAtA hai| loka ko prayoga karane kA adhikAra prApta hai / 'mahAbhASya' meM loka-vijJAna tathA loka-vyavahAra ke AdhAra para maulika sidAnta kI sthApanA kI gayI hai tathA vyAkaraNa ko darzana kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai / isameM sphoTavAda kI mImAMsA kara zabda ko brahma kA rUpa mAna liyA gayA hai / isake prArambha meM hI yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki zabda usa dhvani ko kahate haiM jisake vyavahAra karane meM padArtha kA jJAna

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mahAbhASya] ( 372 ) [mahAvIra-carita ho| loka meM dhvani karane vAlA bAlaka zabdakArI kahA jAtA hai, ataH dhvani hI ___ yaha dhvani sphoTa kA darzaka hotI hai / zabda nitya hai aura usa nitya zabda kA hI martha hotA hai / nitya zabda ko hI sphoTa kahate haiN| sphoTa kI na to utpatti hotI hai aura na nAza hotA hai| bolate samaya dhvani dvArA vaha nitya sphoTarUpI zabda hI prakAzita hotA hai| mahAbhASyakAra ne sphoTa tathA dhvani kA do svarUpa mAnA aura zabdArtha sambandha ko nitya svIkAra kiyaa| zabda ke do bheda haiM -nitya aura kArya / sphoTasvarUpa zabda nitya hotA hai tathA dhvanisvarUpa zabda kaary| sphoTavaNaM nitya hote haiM, ve utpanna nahIM hote| unakI abhivyakti vyaMjaka dhvani ke hI dvArA hotI hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. mahAbhASya-pradIpodyota-sampAdaka ma0 ma0 paM0 giridhara zarmA cturvedii| 2. mahAbhASya (hindI anuvAda ) do khaNDoM meM-anu050 cArudasa shaastrii| 3. mahAbhASya ( hindI anuvAda)-caukhambA prakAzana / 4. katyAyana eNDa patanjali-kolahAna / 5. lekcarsa oNna patanjalija mahAbhASya-zrI pI0 esa0 pI0 shaastrii| 6. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 7. patanjalikAlIna bhArata-DaoN0 prabhudayAla agnihotrI / 8. da philAsaphI oNpha saMskRta grAmara-zrI ckrvrtii| mahAbhASya ke TIkAkAra-'mahAbhASya' kI aneka TIkAyeM huI haiM jinameM kucha to naSTa ho cukI haiM, aura jo zeSa haiM, unakA bhI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| aneka TIkAe~ hastalekha ke rUpa meM vartamAna haiN| prasiddha TIkAkAroM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1. bhartRhari-inakI TIkA upalabdha TIkAoM meM sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| isakA nAma hai 'mahAbhASyadIpikA' [de0 bhartRhari ] / 2. kaiyaTa-'mahAbhASyapradIpa' [dai0 kayaTa ] 13. jyeSThakalaka, maitreyarakSita-inakI TokAe~ anupalabdha haiN| 5. puruSotamadeva-baMgAla nivAsI, TIkA kA nAma 'prANapaNA', samaya sa0 1200 / 6. zeSanArAyaNa-'sUktiratnAkara' nAmaka TIkA, samaya saM0 1500 se 1550 / 7. nIlakaNTha vAjapeyI-bhASAtatvaviveka' samayasaM0 1575-1625 / 8. zeSaviSNu-'mahAbhASyaprakAzikA', samaya saM0 16001650 / 9. zivarAmendra sarasvatI-'mahAbhASyaratnAkara' samaya saM0 1600 ke pazcAt / 10. prayAgavemuTAdi-vidvanmukhabhUSaNa' / 11. tirumallayajvA-'anupadA' samaya saM0 1650 ke AsapAsa / 12. nArAyaNa (mahAbhASya vivaraNa) de0 saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / ___ mahAvIra-carita-yaha mahAkavi bhavabhUti viracita nATaka hai jisameM sAta aMka haiM [de. bhavabhUti] / isameM rAmAyaNa ke pUrvAddha kI kathA varNita hai| arthAt kavi ne rAmavivAha se lekara rAmarAjyAbhiSeka taka kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| rAmacandra ko sAbAnta eka vIra puruSa ke rUpa meM pradarzita karane ke kAraNa isakI abhidhA 'mahAvIracarita' hai| kavi kA mukhya uddezya rAmacandra ke carita kA vIratvapradhAna aMza citrita karanA rahA hai| 'mahAvIrasya rAmasya caritaM yatra athavA mahAvIrasya caritaM mahAvIracaritam tadapikRtya kRtaM nATakam mahAvIracaritam / ' isameM kavi ne mukhya ghaTanAboM kI

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mahAvIra - cArata j sUcanA kathopakathanoM ke mAdhyama se dI hai kiyA hai| tathA unako ( 373 ) [ mahAvIra carita tathA kathA ko nATakIyatA pradAna karane ke lie prArambha se hI rAvaNa ko rAma kA virodha karate naSTa karane ke lie vaha sadA SaDyantra karatA mUla kathA meM parivartana bhI hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, rahatA hai / prathaka aMka - vizvAmitra rAjA dazaratha ke pAsa jAkara yajJa-rakSaNArthaM rAma aura lakSmaNa kI yAcanA karate haiN| rAjA anicchApUrvaka unheM muni ko sauMpa dete haiM / muni yajJa karate haiM aura usako dekhane ke lie janakapura ke loga padhArate haiM / vizvAmitra ke Azrama meM hI rAma aura lakSmaNa videharAja janaka kI kanyAoM-sItA aura urmilA-ko dekhakara una para anurakta ho jAte haiN| isI bIca rAvaNa kA dUta Akara sItA ko varaNa karane ke lie rAjA janaka ko sandeza detA hai / dUta apanI bAteM pUrI bhI nahIM karatA; ki Azrama meM bhArI kolAhala maca jAtA hai, aura tAr3akA praveza karatI hai / vizvAmitra ke Adeza se rAma usakA vadha kara DAlate haiM / rAmacandra ko vizvAmitra dvArA divyAstroM kI prApti hotI hai, aura unake samakSa yaha zarta rakhI jAtI hai ki; yadi rAmacandra zivadhanu ko jhukA deM to unakA vivAha sItA ke sAtha kara diyA jAyagA / rAma ziva dhanuSa ko bhaMga kara dete haiM, aura rAvaNa kA dUta jAtA hai / kruddha hokara calA dvitIya aMka meM rAvaNa kA mantrI mAlyavAn apanI anubhUta parAjaya kA badalA cukAne ke liye apanI bahina zUrpaNakhA ke sAtha SaDyantra karatA hai / vaha parazurAma ke pAsa patra likha kara ziva dhanuSa ko bhaGga karane vAle rAma ke sAtha badalA cukAne ke lie ubhAr3atA hai aura ve usake bahakAve meM A jAte haiM, aura mithilA jAkara rAma ko apamAnita kara yuddha ke lie lalakArate haiN| tRtIya aMka meM rAma evaM parazurAma kA vAkyuddha calatA hai, tathA vaziSTa, vizvAmitra, janaka, zatAnanda evaM dazaratha dvArA unake yuddha ko rokane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai; kintu sArA prayatna niSphala ho jAtA hai / catuthaM aMka meM jJAta hotA hai ki parazurAma hAra kara rAma kI vaMdanA karate hue cale jAte haiM / isI bIca mAlyavAn rAma ko parAjita karane ke lie naye SaDyantra kI yojanA banAtA hai / jaba rAma mithilA meM the tabhI zUrpaNakhA ne mantharA kA veza banAkara aura kaikeyI kA eka patra lekara rAma ko diyA; jisameM likhA huA thA ki rAma dazaratha dvArA diye gae do varadAnoM ko - bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka evaM rAma kA caudaha varSa ke pUrNa kraayeN| idhara jaba bharata aura unake mAmA yudhAjit dazaratha se rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane kI bAta kahate haiM, usI samaya rAma Akara kaikeyI kI do mAMgoM ke sambandha meM sUcanA dekara sItA tathA lakSmaNa ke sAtha vana prayANa karate haiM, tathA bharata rAjya kI dekhabhAla karane ke lie chor3a diye jAte haiN| paMcama aMka meM jaTAyu tathA sampAti ke vArtAlApa meM rAma dvArA rAkSasoM ke saMhAra evaM unake anya kRtyoM kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / saMpAti jaTAyu ko rAma kI dekhabhAla karane ko kahatA hai, aura jaTAyu apane kartavya kA pAlana karatA huA rAvaNa dvArA curAI gayI sItA kI rakSA ke lie apanA prANa bhI de detA hai / idhara zokagrasta rAma-lakSmaNa vanoM meM ghUmate hue dikhAI par3ate haiM, aura eka tapasvI lie vanavAsa -

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mahAvIra-carita ] ( 374) [mahAvIra-carita kI rakSA kara usase katipaya sUcanAeM prApta karate haiN| rAvaNa dvArA laMkA se niSkAsita usakA anuja vibhISaNa rAma se RSyamUka para milane kI icchA prakaTa karatA hai; jahA~ para sItA ne apane vastrAbhUSaNoM ko girAyA thaa| mAlyavAn kI preraNA se bAlI nAmaka bandaroM kA rAjA rAma ko RSyamUka praveza se rokatA hai| rAma bAlI kA vadha karate haiM aura usakA choTA bhAI sugrIva rAma ko sItA kI khoja karane meM sahAyatA karane kA vacana detA hai| SaSTha aMka meM apanI yojanAoM kI asaphalatA para viSaNNa mAlyavAn ke darzana hote haiM, aura use hanumAna dvArA laMkA jalAne kA samAcAra prApta hotA hai| rAvaNa sItA ke saundarya kI prazaMsA karate hue praveza karatA hai aura mandodarI usase bar3he hue usake zatru ke sambandha meM cetAvanI detI hai, para rAvaNa usakI eka nahIM suntaa| rAma kA dUta aMgada Akara rAvaNa ko lakSmaNa kA zaraNa meM Ane kI bAta kahatA hai, para rAvaNa na kevala usakI bAtoM ko hI anasunI karatA hai, apitu use daNDa dene kA bhI Adeza detA hai| aMgada kUda kara bhAga jAtA hai aura rAma dvArA laMkA para car3hAI kara dI jAtI hai| rAvaNa yuddha meM prayANa karatA hai aura AkAza meM indra tathA citraratha usake yuddha kA varNana karate haiN| rAvaNa vIratA kA pradarzana karate hue antataH saparivAra mArA jAtA hai / saptama aMka meM zokAkula laMkA kA praveza evaM alakA dvArA use sAntvanA dilAI gayI hai| isa aMka meM yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki agni-parIkSA ke dvArA sItA kI pavitratA siTa kI gayI hai / punaH vijayI rAma apanI senA ke sAtha puSpakA. rUr3ha hokara ayodhyA ke lie prasthAna karate haiM, aura unakI mAtAeM evaM bhAI unakA svAgata karate haiM / vizvAmitra dvArA rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka hotA hai aura nATaka kI samApti hotI hai| 'mahAvIra-carita' bhavabhUti kI prathama racanA hai, ataH usameM nATakIya praur3hatA ke darzana nahIM hote| kavi ne prasiddha rAma-kathA meM paryApta parivartana na karate hue isa nATaka kI racanA kI hai| mAlyavAn dvArA prerita hokara parazurAma kA rAma se badalA cukAne ke lie mithilA jAnA tathA rAma-vana gamana kA sampUrNa prasaMga bhavabhUti kI maulika udbhAvanA hai| kavi ne rAma dvArA bAli-vadha kI ghaTanA meM vyApaka rUpa se parivartana kiyA hai tathA pAtroM ke caritra kA utkarSAdhAna karane ke lie mUla ghaTanAoM ko parivartita kiyA hai| bhavabhUti ne isa nATaka meM sampUrNa rAma-carita kA niyojana kara bahuta bar3I paTutA pradarzita kI hai| itane bar3e kathAnaka meM santulana lAne tathA kathA ko nATakIya rUpa dene ke lie mUla kathA meM aneka parivartana kiye gae haiM, evaM kathAnaka ko adhika manovaijJAnika banAyA gayA hai| yadyapi kathAnaka ko prazasta banAne ke lie kavi kI ora se hara saMbhava prayAsa kiye gae haiM, tathApi isa nATaka meM truTiyAM kama nahIM haiN| parazurAma, janaka, dazaratha tathA rAma Adi ke saMvAda evaM vAgyuddha do aMkoM meM vyApta haiM; jo kavi kI nATakIya asaphalatA ke dyotaka hokara darzakoM meM vairasya utpanna karane vAle haiM / yadyapi ina saMvAdoM kA kAvyatva kI dRSTi se avazya hI mahatva hai, para nATakIya kalA ke vicAra se ye anupayukta haiN| padyoM kA bAhulya isake nATakIya sannikarSa ko girA detA hai / sampUrNa SaSTha aMka indra evaM citraratha ke saMvAdoM ke rUpa meM

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ma. ma. paM. mathurA prasAda dIkSita ] ( 375 ) [mArkaNDeyapurANa vaNita hone ke kAraNa nATakIya kama evaM varNanAtmaka adhika hai jo nATaka kI apekSA kAvya ke adhika nikaTa hai / nATakakAra kA uddezya raGgamaMca para yuddha ko nahIM dikhAnA hI rahA hai / kintu isameM vaha kRtakArya nahIM ho sakA hai| bhavabhUti ke saMvAda atyanta pariSkRta evaM vibhinna bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane meM paryApta samartha haiN| inameM nATakIya saMvidhAna ke sAtha-hI-sAtha kAvya-kauzala bhI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM saMvAda mAvazyakatA se adhika lambe bhI haiN| kavi ne vIra evaM adbhuta rasoM kI yojanA atyanta mArmikatA se kI hai| inake atirikta karuNa evaM zRGgAra rasa kI bhI vyaMjanA huI hai| pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se bhI nATaka uttama hai| kavi ne atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha mAnava-jIvana kA citraNa kiyA hai| saptama aMka meM puSpaka vimAnArUr3ha rAma dvArA vibhinna pradezoM kA varNana prakRti-citraNa kI dRSTi se manorama hai| mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 mathurA prasAda dIkSita-Apa saMskRta ke Adhunika vidvAnoM meM prasiddha haiN| Apa kA janma 1878 I0 meM haradoI jile ke bhAvanagara meM huA hai| saMskRta meM racita granthoM kI saMkhyA 24 hai jinameM 6 nATaka haiN| granthoM ke nAma-'kuNDagolakanirNaya', 'abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa', 'pAlI-prAkRtavyAkaraNa', prAkRtapradIpa', 'mAtRdarzana', 'pANinIya siddhAntakaumudI', 'kavitArahasya', kelikutUhala' tathA 'rogiimRtyudrpnn'| nATakoM ke nAma haiM-'vIrapratApa', 'zaMkaravijaya', 'pRthvIrAja', 'bhaktasudarzana', 'gAndhIvijayanATakam' tathA 'bhAratavijayanATakam' / antima grantha bIsavIM zatAbdI kA zreSTha nATaka mAnA jAtA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa-paurANika krama se 7 vA purANa / mArkaNDeya RSi ke nAma se abhihita hone ke kAraNa ise 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' kahA jAtA hai| "zivapurANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa purANa meM mahAmuni mArkaNeya ne vaktA hokara kathA kI thI, aura jo paurANika krama se sAtavAM purANa hai, use 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' kahate haiN| isa purANa meM 1 sahasra zloka evaM 138 adhyAya haiN| 'nAradapurANa' kI viSaya-sUcI ke anusAra isake 31 veM adhyAya ke bAda ikSvAkucarita, tulasIcarita, rAmakathA, kuzavaMza, somavaMza, pururavA, nahuSa tathA yayAti kA vRttAnta, zrIkRSNa kI lIlAeM, dvArikAcarita, sArakhyA kathA, prapancasattva tathA mArkaNDeya kA carita paNita hai| isa purANa meM ami, sUrya tathA prasiddha vaidika devatAoM kI aneka sthAnoM meM stuti kI gayI hai, aura unake sambandha meM aneka AkhyAna prastuta kie gaye haiN| isake katipaya aMzoM kA 'mahAbhArata' ke sAtha atyanta nikaTa kA sambandha hai| isakA prArambha 'mahAbhArata' ke kayA-viSayaka cAra praznoM se hI hotA hai, jinakA uttara mahAbhArata meM bhI nahIM hai / prathama prazna dropadI ke pancapatitva se sambaddha hai evaM antima prazna meM usake putroM kA yuvAvasthA meM mara jAne kA kAraNa pUchA gayA hai| ina praznoM kA uttara mArkaNDeya ne svayaM na dekara cAra pakSiyoM dvArA dilavAyA hai| isa purANa meM aneka AkhyAnoM ke atirikta gRhasthadharma, zrAda, dainikacaryA, nityakrama, vrata evaM utsava ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra prakaTa kiye gae haiM, tathA ATha adhyAyoM meM ( 36-43) yoga kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai|

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matsyapurANa] ( 376 ) [ matsyapurANa 'durgAsaptazatI' mArkaNDayapurANa ke antargata eka svatantra grantha hai; jisake tIna vibhAga haiN| isake pUrva meM madhukaiTabhavadha, madhyamacarita meM mahiSAsuravadha evaM uttaraparita meM zumbha-nizumbha tathA unake senApatiyoM-caNa-muNDa evaM raktabIja-ke varSa kA varNana hai / isa saptazatI meM durgA yA devI ko vizva kI mUlabhUta zakti ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai, tathA vizva kI mUla citizakti devI ko hI mAnA gayA hai / vidvAnoM ne ise guptakAla kI racanA mAnA hai| DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra "mArkaNDeyapurANa meM tayugIna jIvana kI AsthA, bhAvanAe~, karma, dharma, AcAra-vicAra Adi taraGgita dikhAI par3ate haiN| guptayugIna mAnava evaM usakI kama-zakti ke prati AsthA kI bhAvanA kA nidarzana isa purANa meM hai| yahAM batalAtA gayA hai ki mAnava meM vaha zakti hai jo devatAoM meM bhI durlabha hai|..... karmabala ke Adhikya ke kAraNa hI devatA bhI manuSya kA zarIra dhAraNa kara pRthvI para Ane kI icchA karate haiN|" mArkaNDeyapurANa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana / manuSyaH kurute tattu yanna zakyaM surAsuraiH / mAkaM0 57 / 63 / devaSINAmapi vipraH sadA eSa manorathaH / api mAnuSyamApsyAmo devatvAtpracyutAH kSitI // 57 / 62 / isameM viSNu ko karmazIla deva tathA bhAratabhUmi ko karmazIla deza mAnA gayA hai| __ AdhAragrantha-1. mArkaNDeyapurANa-(hindI anuvAda sahita ) paM0 zrIrAma zarmA / 2. mAkaMDeyapurANa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 3. mArkaNDeyapurANa eka adhyayana-paM0 badarInAtha zukla / 4. purANa-vimarza-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / matsyapurANa-kramAnusAra 16 vA puraann| prAcInatA evaM vayaM-viSaya ke . vistAra tathA viziSTatA kI dRSTi se 'matsyapurANa' sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa purANa hai| 'vAmanapurANa' meM isa tathya kI svIkArokti hai ki 'matsya' purANoM meM sarvazreSTha hai'purANeSu tathaiva mAtsyam' / 'zrImadbhAgavata', 'brahmavaivarta' tathA 'revAmAhAtmya' ke anusAra 'matsyapurANa' kI zloka saMkhyA 19000 sahana hai| AnandAzrama, pUnA se prakAzita 'matsyapurANa' meM 291 adhyAya evaM 14000 sahana zloka haiN| pAjiTara ke anusAra 'matsyapurANa' kA lekhana-kAla dvitIya zatAbdI kA antima kAla hai| hAz2arA kA kahanA hai ki 'matsyapurANa' kA racanAkAla tRtIya zatI kA antima samaya evaM caturtha zatAbdI kA prArambhika kAla hai| kANe ke anusAra 'matsyapurANa' 6 ThI zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA nahIM ho sktaa| isa purANa kA prArambha pralayakAla kI usa ghaTanA se hotA hai jaba viSNu ne matsya kA rUpa grahaNa kara manu kI rakSA kI thI tathA pralaya ke bIca se naukArUda manu ko bacAkara unake sAtha saMvAda kiyA thaa| isameM sRSTividyA, manvantara tathA pitRvaMza kA vizeSa vistAra ke sAtha varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake terahaveM adhyAya meM vairAja pitRvaMza kA, 14 veM meM agniSvAtta evaM 153 meM bahiSaMda pitaroM kA varNana hai| isake anya adhyAyoM meM tIrthayAtrA, pRthucarita, subana-koza, dAna-mahimA, skandacarita, tIrthamAhAtmya, rAjadharma, zrAddha evaM gotroM kA varNana hai| isa purANa meM tArakAsura ke ziva dvArA varSa kI kathA atyanta vistAra

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madhyamavyAyoga ] ( 377 ) [ manusmRti ke sAtha kahI gayI hai / bhagavAn zaGkara ke mukha se kAzI kA mAhAtmya varNita kara vibhinna devatAoM kI pratimA ke nirNaya kI vidhi batalAyI gayI hai / isameM somavaMzIya rAjA yayAti kA carita atyanta vistAra ke sAtha varNita hai tathA narmadA nadI kA mAhAtmya 187 se, 194 adhyAya taka kahA gayA hai| isake 53 veM adhyAya meM atyanta vistAra ke sAtha sabhI purANoM kI viSaya-vastu kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jo purANoM ke kramika vikAsa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se atyanta upAdeya hai / isameM bhRgu, aGgirA, atri, vizvAmitra, kAzyapa, vasiSTha, parAzara tathA agastya Adi RSiyoM ke vaMza kA varNana hai jo 195 se 202 adhyAya taka diyA gayA hai| isa purANa kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa aGga hai rAjadharma kA vistArapUrvaka varNana jisameM daiva, puruSakAra, sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda, dugaM, yAtrA, sahAya sampati evaM tulAdAna kA vivecana hai jo 215 se, 243 adhyAya taka phailA huA hai / isa purANa meM pratibhAzAstra kA vaijJAnika vivecana hai jisameM kAlamAna ke AdhAra para vibhinna devatAoM kI pratimAoM kA nirmANa tathA pratimApITha ke nirmANa kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / isa viSaya kA vivaraNa 257 se 270 adhyAya taka prastuta kiyA gayA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. matsyapurANa : e sTaDI-DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 2. purANam - bhAga 3, saMkhyA 1, tathA purANa bhAga 1 pR0 80-88 / 3. purANa-vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4 purANa tatva-mImAMsA - zrI kRSNamaNi tripAThI / 5. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya khaNDa 1, bhAga 2 - viSTaranitsa / madhyamavyAyoga - yaha mahAkavi bhAsa racita eka asU kA nATaka hai [ de0 bhAsa ] / isameM bhIma aura hiDimbA kI praNaya kathA tathA ghaTotkaca se satAye gaye eka brAhmaNa kI bhIma dvArA mukti kA varNana hai / ghaTotkaca apanI mAtA hiDimbA ke Adeza se eka brAhmaNa ko satAtA hai / bhIma brAhmaNa ko dekhakara usake pAsa jAte haiM aura hiDimbA ke pAsa pahu~ca kara usakI rakSA karate haiM / hiDimbA apane pati se milakara atyanta prasanna hotI hai aura apanA rahasyodghATana karatI huI kahatI hai ki usane bhIma se milane ke lie hI SaDyantra kiyA thA / ghaTotkaca bhI pitA se milakara atyanta prasanna hotA hai| isa nATaka meM madhyama zabda, (dvitIya) pANDava kA dyotaka hai / kavi ne isake kathAnaka ko 'mahAbhArata' se kAphI parivartita kara diyA hai / isa nATaka meM bhIma kA vyaktitva sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai, para nATaka kA sampUrNa ghaTanAcakra ghaTotkaca para kendrita hai / yaha nATaka vyAyoga kI koTi meM AtA hai / vyAyoga kA kathAnaka tathA nATaka dhIroddhatta hotA haiN| isameM vIra aura raudrarasa pradhAna hote haiM tathA garbha aura vimazaM sandhiyoM nahIM hotIM / isameM eka hI aka aura eka hI dina kI ghaTanA hotI hai / zAstrIya dRSTi se 'madhyamavyAyoga' meM sabhI tatvoM ko pUrNa vyApti huI hai | rasa paripAka evaM bhAvonmeSa kI dRSTi se yaha nATaka saphala hai / madhyama manusmRti - isake racayitA manu haiM jinheM prAcIna granthoM meM mAnavajAti kA pitA kahA jAtA hai / isa kathana kI puSTi 'Rgveda' ke kaI mantroM se hotI hai - 1260116,

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manusmRti ] ( 378 ) [ manusmRti ] 1 / 11412, 2033 / 13 / 'zatapatha brAhmaNa' meM manu tathA pralaya kI kahAnI kA varNana hai / 'taitirIya saMhitA' tathA 'aitareya brAhmaNa' meM manu ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne apanI sampatti ko putroM meM bA~Ta diyA hai, para eka putra nAbhAnediSTa ko kucha bhI nahIM diyA / 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM manu ko kahIM to svayambhuva manu evaM kahIM prAcetasa manu kahA gayA hai [ zAntiparva 21 / 12, 57 / 43 ] / ina vivaraNoM se manu purANapuruSa siddha hote haiM / zAntiparva meM ( 336 / 38-46 ) isa prakAra kA kathana hai ki brahmA ne eka sahasra zlokoM meM dharma para likhA thA jise manu ne dharmazAstra ke rUpa meM udghoSita kiyA aura usa para uzanA tathA bRhaspati ne zAstroM kA nirmANa kiyA / 'manusmRti' ( 1 / 3233 ) ke anusAra brahmA se virAT kA udbhava huA jisase manu utpanna hue tathA manu se bhRgu, nArada Adi RSiyoM kI utpatti huI / brahmA dvArA manu se dasa RSiyoM ne jJAna prApta kiyA [ manusmRti 1158 'manusmRti' ke lekhaka manu hI mAne jAte haiM, para vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki manu ne 'manusmRti' kI racanA nahIM kI hai balki isa grantha ko prAmANika evaM prAcIna banAne ke lie hI lekhaka ke rUpa meM manu kA nAma de diyA hai / maiksamUlara evaM DaoN0 buhalara ke anusAra 'manusmRti' mAnavacaraNa ke dharmasUtra kA hI saMzodhita rUpa hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM svAyambhuva manu evaM prAcetasa manu vyakti mAne gae haiN| svAyambhuva manu dharmazAstrakAra mAne gaye haiM evaM arthazAstrakAra kahA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM kevala manu ko rAjadhamaM yA arthavidyA kA racayitA kahA gayA hai / DaoN0 kANe kA anumAna hai ki "Arambha meM manu ke nAma se do grantha raheM hoMge / jaba kauTilya 'mAnavoM' kI ora saMketa karate haiM to vahIM saMbhavataH ve prAcetasa manu kI bAta uThAte haiM / " pR0 43 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 ( hindI anuvAda ) / 'nAradasmRti' meM manu dharmazAstra ke praNetA kahe gae haiM aura 'skandapurANa' meM bhI svayambhuva manu ko dharmazAstra kA Adi praNetA kahA gayA hai| DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya ne manu ko hI 'manusmRti' kA mUla lekhaka mAnate hue apanA niSkarSa diyA hai- " ina samasta pramANoM ke AdhAra para isa viSaya meM do mata nahIM haiM ki svAyambhuva manu Adi dharmazAstrapraNetA haiM, aura dharmazAstraviSayaka sampUrNa jJAna unhIM ke dvArA prArambha kiyA gayA hai| unhIM se guru-ziSya paramparA dvArA usa dharmazAstra kA vikAsa huA hai, aura yaha kArya usa kAla taka calatA rahA, jisa kAla meM prastuta mAnavadharmazAstra kI racanA huI hai / " prAcIna bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA pR0 22 / nAmaka do pRthak prAcetasa manu ko manusmRti' meM bAraha adhyAya tathA 2694 zloka haiN| isameM adhyAyAnusAra usakA viSaya diyA gayA hai / tadanusAra prathama adhyAya meM saMsAra kI utpatti, dvitIya meM jAtikarma Adi saMskAravidhi, brahmacayaMvrata vidhi tathA guru ke abhivAdana kI vidhi hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM brahmacarya vrata kI samApti ke pazcAt gurukula se gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karane ke pUrva snAnarUpa saMskAra vizeSa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai tathA isI adhyAya meM paMcamahAyajJa aura nitya zrAddhavidhi kA varNana hai| caturtha adhyAya meM jIvikAoM (Rtu, amRta Adi ) lakSaNa gRha AzramiyoM ke niyama haiM / bhakSyAbhakSya zoca tathA jala-miTTI Adi ke dvArA dravyoM kI zuddhi kA varNana paMcama adhyAya meM hai / vAnaprasthadharmaM, yatidharma

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manusmRti ] [ manusmRti kA varNana SaSTha adhyAya meM hai / saptama adhyAya meM vyavahAra ( mukadamoM ke niyama ), kara evaM rAjadhamaM varNita haiM / aSTama adhyAya meM sAkSiyoM ke prazna karane kA vidhAna tathA navama meM pati-patnI kA sAtha tathA pRthak rahane para dharma kA varNana, dhana-sampatti kA vibhAjana, dyUtavidhi, cora, jebakaTa tathA viSa dekara yAtriyoM ke dhana lene Adi ke nivAraNoM kA kathana tathA vaizya aura zuddhoM ke dharma kA anuSThAna varNita hai / dazama adhyAya meM varNasaMkaroM kI utpatti tathA ApattikAla meM jIvikA sAdhanopadeza kA kathana kiyA gayA hai |kAdaza adhyAya meM prAyazcitta kI vidhi evaM dvAdaza meM tIna prakAra kI sAMsArika gatiyoM, mokSaprada AtmajJAna, vihita tathA niSiddha guNa-doSoM kI parIkSA, dezadhamaM, jAtidhamaM evaM pAkhaNDa dharmo kA vivecana hai [ 1 / 111-118 ] / ( 379 ) 'manusmRti' kA vayaM viSaya atyanta vyApaka hai| isameM rAjazAstra, dharmazAstra, sAmAjika niyama tathA samAjazAstra, arthazAstra evaM hindUvidhi kI vistArapUrvaka carcA kI gayI hai| rAjazAstra meM antargata rAjya kA svarUpa, rAjya kI utpatti, rAjA kA svarUpa, mantri-pariSad, mantripariSad kI sadasya saMkhyA, sadasya yogyatA, kAryapraNAlI, nyAyalayoM kA saMghaTana evaM kAryapraNAlI. daNDavidhAna, daNDadAna - siddhAnta koza- vRddhi ke siddhAnta, lAbhakara, SADguNya mantra, yuddhasaMcAlana, yuddhaniyama Adi viSaya varNita haiM / dharmazAstra - isameM dharma kI paribhASA, dharma ke upAdAna, veda, smRti, bhadra logoM kA AcAra, AtmatuSTi, karmavivecana, kSetrajJa, bhUtAtmajIva, naraka kaSTa, satva, raja, tama kA vivecana, niHzreyasa kI utpatti, AtmajJAna, pravRtta evaM nivRtta kA varNana hai / sAmAjika vidhiisake antargata varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai- pati-patnI ke vyavahArAnukUla kartavya, bacce para adhikAra kA niyama, prathama patnI kA kaba atikramaNa kiyA jAya, vivAha kI avasthA, baMTavArA, isakI avadhi, jyeSTha putra kA vizeSa bhAga, goda kA putra, putrikA, dAyabhAga, strIdhana ke prakAra, strIdhana kA uttarAdhikAra, vasIyata se haTAne ke kAraNa, mAtA evaM pitAmaha uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM Adi / 'manusmRti' ke aneka TIkAkAra ho gae haiM - meghatithi, govindarAjakullUkaM / inake atirikta kucha anya TIkAkAra aise haiM jinakI kRtiyA~ upalabdha nahIM haiM, para unake nAma milate haiN| 'manusmRti' ke nirmANakAla ke sambandha meM abhI taka koI nizcita mata nahIM nirdhArita kiyA jA sakA hai| DaoN0 kANe ke anusAra antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra para isakA samaya I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI hai / DA0 buhalara ne apanI zodhoM ke AdhAra para yaha nirNaya diyA ki 'mahAbhArata' ke 12 meM vaha 13 veM parSoM meM kisI mAnavadharmazAstra kA kathana hai| haoNpkinsa ke anusAra 'mahAbhArata' ke 13 ve parva meM 'manusmRti' kA ullekha hai / isase 'manusmRti' 'mahAbhArata' se pUrvavartI jJAta hotI hai / 'mahAbhArata' ( 3 / 54 ) prAcetasa kA eka vacana udhRta hai jo manusmRti meM bhI prApta ho jAtA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. manusmRti - ( hindI anuvAda sahita ) - caukhambA prakAzana, anu0 paM0 harigovinda zAstrI / 2. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe ( hindI

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mahAprabhu zrIvallabhAcArya] (380) [mahAprabhu zrIvallabhAcArya anuvAda bhAga 1) / 3. manu kA rAjadharma-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / 4. prAcIna bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / / mahAprabhu zrIvallabhAcArya puSTimArga ke pravartaka tathA vizuddhadvaitavAda nAmaka vaiSNavamata ke pracAraka mahAprabhu vallabhAcArya kA janma saM0 1535 vaizAkha kRSNa ekAdazI ko madhyapradeza ke antargata rAyapura jilA ke campArana nAmaka grAma meM huA tho| unake mAtA-pitA tailaMga brAhmaNa the jinakA nAma lakSmaNabhaTTa evaM ekhabhAgArU thaa| lakSmaNabhaTTa kAzI meM hanumAn ghATa para rahA karate the| vallabhAcArya kI sArI zikSA kAzI meM hI huI / AcArya vallabha ne 'bhAgavata' ke AdhAra para navIna bhakti-mArga kA pravartana kiyA jo puSTimArga ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| apane siddhAnta ke pracAra tathA prakAzana ke lie unhoMne kaI granthoM kI racanA kI jinameM mukhya haiM-'aNubhASya' (brahmasUtra ke kevala DhAI adhyAoM para bhASya ), 'pUrvamImAMsAbhASya', 'tatvadIpanibandha', 'subodhinI', (zrImadbhAgavata kI vyAkhyA ), 'voDazagraMtha' ( siddhAnta viveka sambandhI 16 prakIrNa graMtha ) / ballabhAcArya ke pUrva pradhAnatrayI meM 'brahmasUtra', 'gItA' aura 'upaniSada ko sthAna milA thA; kintu unhoMne 'zrImadabhAgavata' kI 'subodhinI' TIkA ke dvArA prasthAnacatuSTaya ke antamaMta usakA bhI samAveza kiyaa| inake dArzanika siddhAnta ko zuddhAdvaitavAda kahate haiM jo zAMkara advaita kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM pravattita huA thaa| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra brahma mAyA se mAlipta hone ke kAraNa nitAnta zuddha hai| isameM mAyika brahma kI sattA svIkAra nahIM kI gayI hai| mAyAsaMbandharahitaM zudamityucyate budhaiH / kAryakAraNarUpaM hi zuddhaM brahma na mAyikam // zuddhAdvaitamArtaNDa 28 / / - AcArya zaMkara ke advaitavAda se bhinnatA pradarzita karane ke lie isameM zukha vizeSaNa lagAyA gayA hai / advaitamata se mAyA-zabalita brahma hI jagat kA kAraNa hai, kintu vallabhamata ke anusAra atyanta zuddha yA mAyA se rahita brahma hI jagata kA kAraNa hai| zaMkarAcArya ne brahma ke do rUpoM kI kalpanA kI hai-nAmarUpa upAdhiviziSTa saguNa brahma tathA upAdhirahita nirguNa brhm| inameM se dvitIya ko hI zaMkara zreSTha mAnate haiM aura prathama ko mAyA se yukta hone ke kAraNa hIna svIkAra karate haiM / para, vahabhAcArya ke anusAra brahma ke donoM hI rUpa satya haiN| brahma viruddha dharmoM kA Azraya hotA hai, vaha eka hI samaya meM nirguNa bhI hotA hai aura saguNa bhii| bhagavAn aneka rUpa hokara bhI eka hai tathA svatantra hokara bhI bhaktoM ke vaza meM rahatA hai| unake anusAra zrIkRSNa hI paramasattA yA bhagavAn haiM jo akhila rasAmRta mUrti tathA nikhila lIlAdhAma parabrahma haiN| valabhamata meM brahma jagat kA svAbhAvika kartA hai tathA isa vyApAra meM vaha mAyA kI sahAyatA nahIM letaa| arthAt saMsAra kI dRSTi meM mAyA kA hAtha nahIM hotaa| bhagavAn meM AvirbhAva aura tirobhAva kI do zaktiyAM hotI haiN| ve sRSTi aura pralaya inhIM zaktiyoM ke dvArA svabhAvika rUpa se karate haiM / jagata kI sRSTi meM brahma kI lIlA hI kriyAzIla hotI hai / ve icchAnusAra jagat kI sRSTi evaM pralaya kiyA karate haiM / bhagavAn AvirbhAvazakti ke dvArA sRSTi ke rUpa meM apane ko pariNata kara detA hai, kintu. tirobhAva ke dvArA saMsAra ko apane meM sameTa kara pralaya kara detA hai| vahabhamata se jIva aura jagat donoM hI satya haiM, para

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mahAprabhu zrIvallabhAcArya ] ( 381 ) [mahAprabhu zrIvavabhAcArya advaitavAdiyoM ke anusAra inheM satya nahIM mAnA jaataa| brahma ke tIna rUpa haiM-Adhidaivika ( parabrahma), Adhyatmika ( akSarabrahma) evaM Adhibhautika ( jagat ) / jagat brahma rUpa hI hai / AvirbhAva kI dazA meM vaha jagat evaM tirobhAva ke rUpa meM brahma ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra vaha brahma se bhinna nahIM hai / jagat kA AvirbhAva lIlA mAtra hai / bhagavAn yA zrIkRSNa saccidAnandamaya haiN| unameM sata, cit aura Ananda tInoM kA yoga hai, para jIva meM sat aura cit kA AvirbhAva tathA Ananda kA tirobhAva hotA hai aura jagat meM kevala sat rahatA hai, usameM cit / cetanatA) evaM Ananda kA abhAveM hotA hai / akSara brahma meM Ananda kA kiMcit mAtra tirodhAna hotA hai, para parabrahma meM Ananda kIparipUrNatA hotI hai| uparyukta donoM brahmoM kI prApti ke sAdhanoM meM bhI bheda dikhAyA gayA hai / akSarabrahma kevala vizuddha jJAna se hI prApta hotA hai arthAt vaha jJAnagamya hai, jaba ki puruSottama kI prApti kA ekamAtra lakSya hai ananyA bhakti / zrIkRSNa hI parabrahma haiM jo apanI zaktiyoM ko pariveSTita kara 'vyApIvaikuNTha' meM bhaktoM ke sAtha nitya lIlA kiyA karate haiM / 'vyApIvaikuNTha' vaikuNTha ke Upara avasthita hai aura goloka isI kA eka aMza mAtra hai| jIva-ramaNa karane kI icchA ke utpanna hone para bhagavAn Ananda Adi guNoM kA tirobhAva kara jIva kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM / isameM kevala bhagavAna kI icchA yA lIlA kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isameM mAyA kA hAtha nahIM hotaa| jIva meM aizvarya, yaza, zrI evaM jJAna kA tirodhAna hotA hai jisase usameM kramazaH dInatA, sarvahInatA kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha samasta ApattiyoM tathA dehAramabuddhi kA pAtra banA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra agni se sphuliMga nikalate haiM usI prakAra brahma se jIva kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| jIva kI aneka zreNiyAM haiM-zukha, mukta tathA sNsaarii| AnandAMza ke tirodhAna na hone se avidyA se sambaddha hone ke pUrva jIva zuddha kahA jAtA hai| aviyA se saMsarga hone para ise saMsArI kahate haiM / muktadazA meM AnandAMza ko prakaTa karate hue jIva bhagavAn ke sAtha abheda sthApita kara saccidAnanda bana jAtA hai / jIva nitya hai| jagat-vallabhamata se jagat bhI nitya hai aura yaha Izvara ke sadaMza se AvirbhUta hotA hai| Izvara kI icchA se hI jagat yA sRSTi kA nirmANa hotA hai / vallabhAcArya ne jagat yA saMsAra meM sUkSma bheda upasthita kiyA hai / bhagavAn ke sadaMza se utpanna hone vAle padArtha ko jagat tathA avidyA ke kAraNa jIva dvArA kalpita mamatA svarUpa padArtha ko saMsAra kahate haiM jo mAna ke kAraNa svataH naSTa ho jAtA hai| jagat brahmarUpa hotA hai, ataH isakA nAza kabhI nahIM hotA, para avicA rUpa hone ke kAraNa naSTa ho jAtA hai| puSTimArga-AcArya vavabha dvArA pravartita bhakti ko puSTimArga kahate haiM jisakA artha hai-anugraha yA bhagavAna kI kRpA / arthAt jaba taka bhagavAna kI kRpA nahIM hogI taba taka bhakta ke hRdaya meM bhakti kA sphuraNa nahIM hogA-poSaNe tadanugrahaH / bhAgavata 2 // 10 // bhavadanugraha ko hI mukti kA sAdhana mAnane ke kAraNa ise puSTimArga kahate haiN| bahabhamata

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mahAnArAyaNopaniSad ] (182 ) [mahAvIrAcArya meM tIna mArga batAye gae haiM-puSTimArga, pravAhamArga tathA mryaadaamaagN| inameM sarvottama puSTimArga hai / maryAdAmArga meM veda-vihita ko evaM jJAna kA saMpAdana kiyA jAtA hai| sAMsArika laukika pravAha meM par3e rahane ko pravAhamArga kahate haiN| puSTimArga kA sambandha sAbhAt puruSottama se hai / maryAdAmArga kI utpatti akSarabrahma kI vANI se huI hai jisake sAdhaka ko sAyujya mukti kI prApti hotI hai| puSTimArga kA sAdhaka mAnanda ke dhAma paramezvara ke prati AtmasamarpaNa kara unake adharAmRta kA pAna karanA apanA mukhya lakSya mAnatA hai| bhakti do prakAra kI hotI hai-maryAdAbhakti evaM puSTibhakti / bhagavAn ke caraNAravinda kI bhakti maryAdAbhakti kahI jAtI hai, para unake adharAravinda kI bhakti ko puSTibhakti kahate haiN| maryAdAbhakti meM sAdhaka ko phala kI apekSA rahatI hai para puSTi bhakti meM nahIM rhtii| maryAdAbhakti ke dvArA sAyujya mukti kI prApti hotI hai para puSTibhakti meM abhedabodhana kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| AdhArapantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. bhAgavata sampradAyapaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. vallabhAcArya aura unakA siddhAnta-paM0 sItArAma cturvedii| __ mahAnArAyaNopaniSad-isakA dUsarA nAma 'yAjJikyupaniSad' bhI hai| yaha taittirIya bhAraNyaka' kA dazama prapAThaka hai| nArAyaNa ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM citrita karane ke kAraNa isakI abhidhA nArAyaNIya hai| isameM Atmatatva ko paramasattA evaM vizva sarvasva mAnA gayA hai [ anu0 10 maNDala 20] / 'mahAnArAyaNopaniSad' meM satya, tapas dama, zama, dAna, dharma, prajanana, agni, agnihotra, yajJa evaM mAnasopAsanA Adi kA prabhAvazAlI varNana hai| isakI anuvAk saMkhyA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| dravir3oM ke anusAra 64, AntroM ke anusAra 50 evaM katipaya vyaktiyoM ke anusAra 79 anuvAka haiN| pAThoM kI anekarUpatA dikhAI par3atI hai tathA vedAnta, sanyAsa, durgA, nArAyaNa, mahAdeva, danti evaM garur3a Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hai| isase isakI arvAcInatA siddha hotI hai| kintu baudhAyana sUtroM meM ullekha hone ke kAraNa ise utanA arvAcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| viSTaranitsa ise 'bhaiyupaniSad' se prAcInatara svIkAra karate haiN| mayUramaha-saMskRta meM mayUra nAmaka kaI lekhakoM ke nAma milate haiN| bANa ke sambandhI mayUrabhaTTa, 'pacapanirakA' nAmaka anya ke mekhaka mayUra, siMhala dvIpa ke lekhaka mayUrapAda ghera Adi [30 saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA] / 'sUryazataka' ke racayitA mayUra. bhaddha ina saboM se bhinna evaM prAcIna haiN| inakA samaya bANa kA hI hai aura donoM harSavardhana ke darabAra meM sammAna pAte the| ye bANa ke sambandhI, saMbhavataH jAmAtA kahe gae haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki inheM kuSTha roga ho gayA thA aura usakI nivRtti ke lie inhoMne 'sUryazataka' likhA thaa| yaha anya samparAvRtta meM racita hai aura isakI bhASA alaMkRta evaM praur3ha hai / rAjazekhara ne mayUra ko kaSiyoM meM savocca sthAna diyA hai-darpa kavisujaGgAnAM gatA zravaNagocaram / viSaviyeva mAyUrI mAyUrI bAG nikuntati / / ___ mahAvIrAcArya-bIjagaNita tathA pATIgaNita ke prasiddha aacaary| inakA samaya 85060 hai / ye jainamatAvalambI the| inhoMne gaNita-jyotiSa ke Upara do anyoM kI

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mahimabhaTTa] [mahibhabhaTTa racanA kI hai-'jyotiSapaTala' evaM 'gnnitsaarsNgrh'| ye jainadharmI rAjA amoghavarSa ( rASTrakUTa vaMza ) ke Azrita the| inakA 'jyotiSapaTala' nAmaka grantha adhUrA hI prApta huvA hai jisameM graha, nakSatra tathA tArAoM ke sthAna, gati, sthiti evaM saMsthA kA vivecana hai / 'gaNitasArasaMgraha' nau prakaraNoM meM vibhakta hai jisake pratyeka prakaraNa ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-saMzAdhikAra, parikarmavyavahAra, kalAsavarNa vyavahAra, prakIrNa vyavahAra, pairAzika vyavahAra, mizraka vyavahAra, kSetragaNita vyavahAra, khAtavyavahAra evaM chAyAvyavahAra / isa anya ke prArambha meM gaNita kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| kAmatantre arthazAstreca gAndharva nATake'pi vaa| sUpazAstre tathA vaidye vAstuvidyAdivastuSu / chandolakhArakAgyeSu tavyAkaraNAdiSu / kalAguNeSu sarveSu prastutaM gaNitaM param // sUryAdigrahacAreSu grahaNe grahasaMyutI / triprazne candravRttI ca sarvatrAGgIkRtaM hi tat / / (bhAratIya jyotiSa pR0 128 se updhRt)| ____ AdhAragraMtha-1. bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa-DaoN0 gorasaprasAda / mahimabhaTTa-kAvyazAstra ke mahAn AcArya / inhoMne 'vyaktiviveka' nAmaka yugapravattaka graMtha kI racanA kI hai jisameM vyaMjanA yA dhvani kA khanana kara usake sabhI bhedoM kA antarbhAva anumAna meM kiyA gayA hai [de0 vyktivivek]| mahimabhaTTa kI upAdhi rAjAnaka thI aura ye kAzmIra-nivAsI the| inakA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai / inake pitA kA nAma 'zrIdhairya evaM guru kA nAma 'zyAmala' thaa| mahimabhaTTa ne apane anya meM kuntaka kA ullekha kiyA hai aura alaMkArasarvasvakAra syyaka ne 'vyaktiviveka' kI vyAkhyA lisI hai| isase inakA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hI nizcita hotA hai| mahimabhaTTa naiyAyika haiN| inhoMne nyAya kI paddhati se dhvani kA bana kara usake sabhI bhedoM ko anumAna meM gatArya kiyA hai aura dhvanikAra dvArA prastuta kiye gae udAharaNoM meM atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha doSAnveSaNa kara unheM anumAna kA udAharaNa siddha kiyA hai| mahima ne 'dhvanyAloka' meM prastuta kiye gae dhvani ke lakSaNa meM dasa doSa hUMr3ha nikAle haiM jisameM inakA pror3a pANDitya jhalakatA hai| dhvani ke cAlIsa udAharaNoM ko anumAna kA prakAra mAna kara mahima ne dhvanikAra kI dhajjiyAM uDA dI haiN| inake samAna dhvanisiddhAnta kA viroSI koI nahIM huA / yadi mammaTa ne kAvyaprakAza meM mahimabhaTTa ke vicAroM kA khaNDana kara dhvanisiddhAnta evaM vyaMjanA kI sthApanA nahIM kI hotI to dhvanisiddhAnta para bahuta bar3A dhakkA lgtaa| mahima kA proTa pANDiya evaM sUkSmavivecana saMskRta kAvyazAstra meM advitIya hai| inhoMne tIna zaktiyoM ke sthAna para eka mAtra 'abhidhA' ko hI zakti mAnA hai aura batAyA hai ki ekAdhika zaktiyoM kA rahanA saMbhava nahIM hai| inake anusAra zabda kI ekamAtra zakti abhidhA hai aura artha kI zakti hai liMgatA yA anumiti / - isa prakAra ( inake anusAra) mayaM do hI prakAra kA hotA hai-vAcya aura anumiti / mahima ne zaMkuka kI bhAMti rasa ko bhI anumeya mAnA hai| anumeyA ke vastu, alaMkAra evaM rasAdi rUpa tIna bheda hote haiN| bastu evaM alaMkAra to vAcya bhI

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mahimodaya ] ( 384 ) [ mahendrasUri E ho sakate haiM, para rasa sadA anumeya hI hotA hai| saMbandhataH kutazcit, sA kAvyAnumiti // etaccAnumAnasyaiva lakSaNaM, nAnyasya |..."kaavysyaatmni saMjini rasAdirUpe na kasya. cidvimatiH / saMjJAyAM sA kevalameSApi vyaktyayota'to'sya kutaH / zabdasyakAbhidhAzaktirayaM. syaiva liNgtaa| na vyaMjakatvamanayoH samastItyupapAditam / vyaktiviveka, prathama vimarza 1 / 25-26 / arthopi dvividhaH vAcyo'numeyazca / tatra zabdavyApAraviSayo vAcyaH, sa eva mukhya ityucyate |..."tt eva tadanumitAdvA liMgabhUtAd yadarthAntaramanubhUyate so'numeyaH / sa ca trividhaH, vastumAtramalaMkArA rasAdayazca / tatrAdau vAcyAvapi sambhavataH anyastvanuH meya eva iti vkssyte| ___mahimabhaTTa ne vyaMgyA ko anumeya svIkAra karate hue dhvani kA nAma kAvyAnumiti de diyA hai| inake anusAra kAvyAnumiti vahA~ hotI hai jahAM vAcya yA usake dvArA anumita artha dUsare artha ko kisI sambandha se prakAzita kre| vAcyastadanumito vA yatrArtho'rthAntaraM prakAzayati / sambandhataH kutazcit sA kAvyAnumitirityuktA / vyaktiviveka 1 / 25 / ___ AdhAragrantha-1. hindI vyaktiviveka-vyAkhyAkAra-paM0 revAprasAda tripAThI / 2. dhvani saMpradAya bIra usake siddhAnta-DaoN0 bholAzakhara vyAsa / 3. saMskRta kAvyazAla kA itihAsa-DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kaanne| 4. bhAratIya kAvyAlocana-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hiiraa'| mahimodaya-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA sthiti-kAla vi0 saM0 1722 hai| landhivijayasUri nAmaka jaina vidvAn inake guru the| inhoMne 'jyotiSa-ratnAkara' nAmaka phalita jyotiSa kA mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA hai jisameM saMhitA, muhUttaM tathA jAtaka tInoM hI aMgoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / ye phalita evaM gaNita donoM ke hI marmajJa the| inhoMne 'gaNita sATha so' tathA 'paMcAMgAnayanavidhi' nAmaka do gaNita jyotiSaviSayaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| mahendrasari-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| inake guru kA nAma madanasUri thaa| ye phIroja zAha tugalaka ke Azraya meM rahate the| inhoMne 'yantrarAja' nAmaka grahagaNita kA atyanta hI mahattvapUrNa grantha likhA hai jisa para inake ziSya malayendusUri ne TIkA likhI hai| isa grantha kA racanAkAla saM0 1192 hai| isameM pAMca adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya kA nAmakaraNa usameM varNita viSayoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai, jaise-gaNitAdhyAya, yantraghaTanAdhyAya, yantraracanAdhyAya, yantrazodhanAdhyAya tathA yantravicAraNAdhyAya / svayaM lekhaka ne isa grantha kI prazaMsA karate hue nimnAMkita iloka kI racanA kI hai-yathA bhaTaiH prauDharaNotkaTo'pi zastravimuktaH paribhUtimeti / tadvanmahAjyotiSanistuSo'pi yantreNa hIno gaNakastathaiva // AdhAraprantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii|

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( 385) [mASa maMkhaka-ye kAzmIrI kavi the| inhoMne 'zrIkaNThacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM 25 sarga haiN| ye 'alaMkArasarvasva' ke racayitA ruyyaka ke ziSya tathA kAzmIra nareza jayasiMha (samaya 1129-50 I.) ke sabhA-paNDita the| 'zrIkaNThacarita' meM bhagavAn zaMkara evaM tripurAsura ke yuddha kA varNana hai| isameM kathAnaka alpa hai para mahAkAvya ke niyamoM kA nirvAha karane ke lie sAta magoM meM dolA, puSpAvacaya, jalakrIDA, sadhyA, candrodaya, prasAdhana, pAnakeli, krIDA evaM prabhAta kA savistara varNana hai| isa mahAkAvya ke 25 veM sarga meM tatkAlIna kAzmIraka kaviyoM kA varNana hai| inhoMne 'maGkhakoza' nAmaka eka koza-grantha bhI likhA thA jo aprakAzita hai| isameM kAzmIrI kaviyoM dvArA vyavahRta zabdoM kA cayana hai| 'zrIkaNThacarita' kA prakAzana kAvyamAlA se 186760 meM ho cukA hai| isa mahAkAvya ke katipaya sthaloM para mAlocanAtmaka uktiyAM bhI prastuta kI gayI haiM jinameM maMkhaka kI kavi evaM kAvya sambandhI mAnyatAeM nihita haiN| sUktI zucAveva pare kavInAM sadyaH pramAdaskhalitaM labhante / adhautavastre caturaM kathaM vA vibhAdhyate kajjalabindupAtaH // 29 / yahAM batAyA gayA hai ki ramaNIya kathana meM doSa kI usI prakAra pratIti ho jAtI hai jisa prakAra dhule hue vastra meM dhabbe kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| AdhAragraMtha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kItha (hindI anuvaad)| 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / mAgha-inhoMne 'zizupAlavadha' nAmaka yugapravattaMka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| apanI viziSTa zailI ke kAraNa "zizupAlavadha' saMskRta mahAkAvya kI 'bRhattrayI' meM dvitIya mAnya sthAna kA adhikArI rahA hai| inakI vidvattA, mahanIyatA, praur3hatA evaM udAtta kAvyazailI ke sambandha meM saMskRta granthoM meM aneka prakAra kI prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM-1. naitaccitramahaM manye mAghamAsAdya yanmuhuH / prauDhatAtiprasiyApi bhAraveravasIdati // harihara (subhASitAvalI 94 ) / 2. upamA kAlidAsasya bhAraverayaMgauravam / daNDinaH padalAlityaM mAghe santi trayo guNAH // ajJAta / 3. viraktazcad duraktibhyo nivRti vA'tha vAgchasi / vyastha kathyate tathyaM mAghasevA kuruSva tat / / somezvara kIrtikImudI 1113 / 4. kRtsnaprabodhakRta vANI bhAraveriva bhAraveH / mAdheneva ca mAna kampaH kasya na jAyate // rAjazekhara / 5. mAdhena vinitItsAhA na sahante padakramam / smaranto bhArave. reva kavayaH kapayo yathA // dhanapAla tilakamaMjarI 28 / 6. navasagaMgati mAghe navazabdo na vidyate / mAgha ke jIvanacarita ke sambandha meM prAcIna sAmagrI prApta nahIM hotI / svayaM kavi ne 'zizupAlavadha' ke anta meM apane vaMza kA varNana pAMca zlokoM meM kiyA hai jisake anusAra inake pitAmaha kA nAma suprabhAdeva thA, aura ve zrI varmala nAmaka kisI rAjA ke pradhAna mantrI the| suprabhadeva ke putra kA nAma dattaka thA; jo atyanta guNavAna the, aura inhIM dattaka ke putra mASa hue jinhoMne 'zizupAlavadha' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI / sarvAdhikArI sukRtAdhikAraH zrIvamalAsyasya babhUva raashH| asaktaSTiviravAH sadeva devoparaH 25 saM0 sA0

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mAdha] ( 386 ) [mAgha suprabhadevanAmA // 1 // kAlebhitaM tathyamudakaMpathyaM tathAgatasyeva janaH scetaaH| vinAnurodhAt svahitecchayava mahIpatIyaMsya vacazcakAra // 2 // tasyAbhavachatraka ityudAttaH kSamI mRdudhrmprstnujH| yaM vIkSyavaiyAsamajAtazatrovaMco guNagrAhijanaH pratIye // 3 // sarveNa sarvAzraya ityanindyamAnandabhAjA janitaM janena / yazca dvitIyaM svayamadvitIyo mukhyaH satAM gauNamavApanAma // 4 // zrIzabdaramyakRtasagaMsamAptilakSma lakSmIpatezcaritakIrtanamAtra cAha / tasyAtmajaH sukavikIrtidurAzapAdaH kAvyaM vyadhatta zizupAlavadhAbhidhAnam // 5 // mAgha kA janma gujarAta rAjya ke bhInamAla nAmaka sthAna meM huA thaa| 'zizupAlavadha' kI katipaya prAcIna pratiyoM meM isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai-"itidhIbhinnamAlavAstavyadattakasUnomahAdhayAkaraNasya mAghasya kRtI zizupAlavadhe mhaakaavye".:"| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yahI bhinnamAla yA bhInamAla kAlAntara meM zrImAla ho gayA thaa| prabhAcandra racita 'prabhAvakaracita' meM mAgha zrImAla nivAsI kahe gaye haiN| prabhAcandra ne zrImAla ke rAjA kA nAma varmalAta evaM mantrI kA nAma suprabhadeva likhA hai| yaha sthAna abhI bhI rAjasthAna meM zrImAlI nagara ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, tathA gujarAta kI sImA ke atyanta nikaTa hai| mAgha ne jisa raivataka parvata kA varNana kiyA hai vaha rAjasthAna meM hI hai / ina sAre pramANoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne inheM rAjasthAnI zrImAlI brAhmaNa kahA hai| asti gurjaradezo'nyarAjjarAjanyadurjaraH / tatra zrImAlamityasti puraM mukhamiva kSateH // tatrAsti hAstikAzvIyApahastinaripuvajaH / / nRpaH zrIvarmalAtAkhyaH zatrumarmabhidakSamaH / tasya suprabhadevo'sti mantrI mitatayAH kila // prabhAkaracarita / 14 / 5-10 mASa ke sthitikAla ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai; phalataH inakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI se gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke bIca mAnA jAtA rahA hai| rAjasthAna ke basantapura nAmaka sthAna meM rAjA varmalAta kA eka zilAlekha prApta huA hai, jisakA samaya 625 I0 hai| yaha samaya mAgha ke pitAmaha kA hai| yadi isameM pacAsa varSa jor3a diyA jAya to mASa kA samaya 675 I. ke nikaTa mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'zizupAlavadha' ke dvitIya sarga meM eka zloka prApta hotA hai, jisase mASa ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM bar3I sahAyatA milatI hai| anutsUtrapadanyAsA savRttiH sanibandhanA / zabdavidyeva no bhAti rAjanItirapaspazA // 2 // 114 / yahA~ kavi ne rAjanIti kI vizeSatA batAte samaya uddhava ke kathana meM rAjanIti evaM zabdavidyA donoM kA prayoga eka sAtha zliSTa upamA ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / isameM kAzikAvRtti (-650 I0 ) tathA usa para jinendrabuddhi racita nyAsaanya ( 700 I.) kA saMketa hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'zizupAlavadha' kI racanA 700 I0 ke bAda huI hai| somadeva kRta 'yazastilakacampU' ( 959 I0 ) meM mASa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, tathA 'dhvanyAloka' meM 'zizupAlavadha' ke do zloka uddhRta haiN| (3253,5 / 26 ) / 'zizupAlavadha' para bhAravi evaM bhaTTi donoM kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| ataH isa dRSTi se inakA samaya saptama zatAbdI kA uttarAddhaM jAna par3atA hai| mASarkata ekamAtra pranya, zizupAlavadha' hai jisameM zrIkRSNa dvArA zizupAla ke vadha kI kathA 20 soM meM kahI gayI hai| isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra

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mAdha] ( 387 ) [mASa mahAbhAratIya kathA hai, jise mahAkavi ne apanI pratibhA ke dvArA vizada rUpa diyA hai [vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie de. zizupAlavadha ] / mAgha kA vyaktitva paNDita kavi kA hai / inakA AvirbhAva saMskRta mahAkAvya kI usa paramparA meM huA thA jisameM zAstra, kAvya evaM alaMkRta kAvya kI racanA huI thii| isa yuga meM pANDitya-rahita kavitva ko kama mahattva prApta hotA thA; phalataH mAgha ne sthAna-sthAna para apane apUrva pANDitya kA paricaya diyaa| ye mahAvaiyAkaraNa, dArzanika, rAjanItizAstra-vizArada evaM nItizAstrI bhI the| 'zizupAlavadha' ke dvitIya sagaM meM udava, zrIkRSNa evaM balarAma ke saMvAda ke mAdhyama se aneka rAjanItika gutthiyAM sulajhAI gayI haiM tathA rAjyazAstra ke siddhAntoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| rAjanItizAstrAnusAra rAjA ke bAraha bhedoM kA varNana, sAta rAjyAMgoM tathA zatrupakSa ke aThAraha tIrthoM kA varNana inake pragAr3ha anuzIlana kA pariNAma hai / samrAT ke guNoM kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai ki 'buddhi hI jisakA zAstra hai, svAmI, amAtya Adi prakRtiyAM hI jisake aGga haiM, mantrI hI jisakA durbhadha kavaca hai, guptacara hI jisake netra haiM aura dUta hI jisakA mukha hai, aisA pRthvIpati viralA hI dekhane ko milatA hai|' buddhizAstraH prakRtyaMgo dhnsNhRtikncukH| cAre kSaNo dUtamukhaH puruSaH ko'pi pArthivaH / / mASa kA pANDitya sarvagAmI hai aura ve veda, vedAnta, sAMkhya, bauddha prabhRti darzanoM ke prakANDa paNDita jJAta hote haiN| prAtaHkAla ke samaya agnihotra kA varNana, havanakarma meM Avazyaka sAmadhenI RcAoM kA ullekha tathA vaidika svaroM kA jJAna inake vaidika sAhitya-viSayaka jJAna kA paricAyaka hai [ 'zizupAlavadha' 11 / 41 ] / svara-bheda ke kAraNa upasthita hone vAle artha-bheda kA bhI vivaraNa inhoMne diyA hai-saMzayAya dadhatoH sarUpatAM dUrabhinnaphalayoH kriyAM prati / zandazAsanavidaH samAsayovigrahaM vyavasasuH svareNa te // 14 // 24 / zabditAmanapazabdamuccakaikyilakSaNavido'nu vAcyayA / yAjyayA yajanakarmiNo'syajan dravyajAtamapadizya devatAm // 14 // 20 / prathama sagaM meM nAradakRta zrIkRSNa kI stuti meM sAMkhya-darzana ke aneka tatvoM kA vivecana hai / udAsitAraM nigRhItamAnasaigRhItamadhyAtmazA kathamcana / bahirvikAraM prakRteH pRthagviduH purAtanaM tvAM puruSaM purAvidaH // 1 / 33 tasya sAkhyaM puruSeNa tulyatAM vibhrataH svayamabakuvaMtaH kriyAH / kartRtA tadupalambhato'bhavad vRttibhAji karaNe yatvipi // 14 // 49 / yogazAstra ke bhI kaI paribhASika zabdoM kA varNana mAgha ne kiyA hai-citta-parikama, sabIja. yoga, sattvapuruSAnyatAkhyAti / maizyAdicittaparikamaMdiko vidhAya. klezaprahANamiha labdha sabIjayogaH / / khyAti ca sasvapuruSA'nyatayAdhigamya vAcchanti tAmapi samAdhibhUto nirodam 4 / 45 bauddha-darzana ke sUkSma bhedoM kA bhI inheM jJAna pA-sarvakAryazarIreSu muktvAGgaskandhapaMcakam / saugatAnAmivAtmAnyo nAsti mantro mahIbhRtAm / / 2228 / isameM eka hI zloka ke antargata rAjanIti evaM baura-darzana ke mUla sidAntoM kA vivecana hai| baudoM ne pAMca skandhoM-rUpa, vedanA, vijJAma, saMjJA tathA saMskAra ke samUha ko bAramA kahA hai usI prakAra rAjAoM ke lie bhI aMgapaMcaka-sahAya, sAdhanopAya, dezakAla. vibhAga, vipatti,pratikAra evaM sidi-mahAmantra mAne gae haiN| ina chAtroM ke atirika

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mAgha ] [ mAgha nATyazAstra, vyAkaraNa, saMgItazAstra tathA alaMkArazAstra, kAmazAstra evaM azvavidyA ke bhI parizIlana kA paricaya mahAkavi mAgha ne yatra-tatra diyA hai / # ( 388 ) mahAkavi mAgha alaMkRta zailI ke kavi haiM / inakA pratyeka varNana, pratyeka bhAva, saMkRta bhASA meM hI abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai / inakA kAvya kaThinatA ke lie prasiddha hai, aura kavi ne kahIM-kahIM citrAlaMkAra kA prayoga kara ise jAnabUjha kara kaThina banA diyA hai / rAjarAjIrurojA jera jire'jo'jaro'rajAH / rejArijU rajorjArjI rarAjajuMrajarjaraH // 19 / 102 / jahA~ taka mahAkAvya kI itivRttAtmakatA evaM mahAkAvyAtmaka garimA kA prazna hai, "zizupAlavadha' saphala nahIM kahA jA sktaa| mAgha kA dhyAna iti - nirvAhakatA kI ora nahIM hai / isa dRSTi se bhAravi avazya hI mAgha se acche haiN| mAgha kI kathAvastu mahAkAvya ke lie atyanta anupayukta hai| inhoMne vividha prakAra ke varNanoM ke dvArA alpa kathA ko vistRta mahAkAvya kA rUpa diyA hai / mahAkAdhya ke lie prAsaGgika varNanoM kA santulana evaM mUla kathA ke sAtha unakA sambandha honA caahie| 'zizupAlavadha' kI kathAvastu meM caturtha se lekara trayodaza sagaM taka kA varNana aprAsaMgika-sA lagatA hai / mUlakathA prathama, dvitIya, caturdaza evaM bIsaveM sagaM taka hI sImita rahatI hai / kavi ne aprAsaMgika gauNa varNanoM para adhika dhyAna dekara pustaka kI kalevaravRddhi kI hai / niSpakSa Alocaka kI nigAha se dekhane para, mAgha meM yaha bahuta bar3A doSa dikhAI detA hai, aura zizupAlavadha ke vIrarasapUrNa itivRtta meM aprAsaMgika zRGgAra lIlAoM kA pUre 6 sarga meM vistAra se varNana aisA lagatA hai, jaise kisI purAnI sUtI rajAI ke bIco-bIca bar3I-sI rezama kI bar3hiyA thikalI lagA dI hai / mAgha kA zRGgAra prabandha- prakRti kA na hokara muktaka- prakRti kA adhika hai, jise jabardastI prabandha kAvya meM 'phiTa ina' kara diyA gayA hai| isa thikalI ne rajAI kI sundaratA to bar3hA dI hai, para svayaM kI sundaratA kama kara dI hai / mAgha nizcita rUpa se eka saphala muktaka kavi ( amaruka kI taraha ) ho sakate the / bhAravi ke itivRtta meM apsarAoM kI vanavihArAdi zRGgAra ceSTAe~ phira bhI ThIka baiTha jAtI haiN| para rAjasUya yajJa meM sammilita hone vAle yaduoM kI kevala par3Ava kI rAta ( raivataka parvata para kA par3Ava adhika se adhika do-tIna dina rahA hogA ) meM kI gaI aisI vilAsapUrNa ceSTAe~ kAvya kI kathA meM kahA~ taka khapa sakatI haiN| saMskRta -kavidarzana pR0 177-78 // prathama saMskaraNa / 1 zizupAlavadha kA aMgIrasa vIra hai, aura anya rasa- vizeSataH zRGgAra-aMgarasa hai / para pAnagoSTI, jalavihAra, rativilAsa Adi kI bahulatA dekha kara lagatA hai ki aMgarasa ne aMgIrasa ko dharadabocA hai / phira bhI kisI bhI rasa kI vyabjanA meM mAgha kI kuzala lekhanI usakA citra upasthita kara detI hai / vIrarasa kA udAharaNa lIjieAyantInAsaviratarayaM rAjakAnIkinAmitthaM senyaiH samamalaghubhiH zrIpate mmimabhiH / mAsodoghe muMhuriva mahadvArigherApagAnAM dolAyuddhaM kRtaguruta radhvAna mauddhatyabhAjAm / / 1880 " eka dUsare kI bhora bar3I tejI se bar3hatI huI, zatru rAjAoM kI uddhata senAoM kA

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mASa] ( 389) [mASa zrIkRSNa kI prabala taraGga vAlI senA se, bar3e jora kA zabda karate hue dolAyuddha ( jaya parAjaya kI anizcitatA vAlA gambhAra yuddha) huA, jaise tejI se AtI huI nadI kI, gambhIra taraGgoM vAle samudra kI pravAha kI Takara se, Takara kI hone para dhIradhvani kA saMghAta pAyA jAtA hai|" angatra bhI kavi ne vIrarasa ke aneka sundara citra prastuta kiye haiN| mAgha mUlataH zRGgAra rasa ke kavi haiM aura inakA mana vIrarasa kI apekSA zRMGgAra rasa ke varNana meM hI adhika ramatA hai / eka zRGgAra kA citra dekhie -ciraratiparikhedaprAptanidrAsukhAnAM caramamapi zayitvA puurvmevprbuddhaaH| aparicalitagAtrAH kurvate na priyANAmazithilabhujacakrAzledabhedaM taruNyaH // 11 // 13 / prAtaHkAla hone para rAtri keli ke kAraNa thaka kara sukha kI nIMda sone para dampatiyoM meM se pahale nAyikAeM jAga jAtI haiM para priya kI nIMda TUTane ke bhaya se ve apane zarIra ko idharaudhara nahIM hilaatii| sambhavataH ve svayaM bhI AliMganajanya sukha se vaMcita nahIM honA cAhI / __ mAgha kA prakRti-citraNa kRtrima evaM alaMkAra ke bhAra se bojhila hai| inhoMne caturtha evaM SaSTha sagaM ke prakRti-varNana ko yamakAlaMkAra se bhara diyA hai, phalataH prakRti kA svAbhAvika rUpa naSTa ho gayA hai| isI prakAra navama sarga ke sUryAsta-varNana evaM ekAdaza sarga ke prabhAta-varNana meM aprastuta vidhAna kA prAdhAnya hone ke kAraNa prakRti kA rUpa alaMkRta evaM dUrArur3ha kalpanA se pUrNa hai| inhone mukhyataH uddIpana ke rUpa meM hI prakRti-varNana kiyA hai, para kahIM-kahIM vizeSataH dvAdaza sagaM meM-grAmINoM, khetoM tathA gAyoM ke citra upasthita kara prakRti ke svAbhAvika rUpa ko surakSita rakhA gayA hai| inake aprastuta vidhAna meM zRGgArikatA evaM pAMDitya kI jhalaka milatI hai, tayA mAnavocita zRGgArI ceSTAoM kA prakRti para Aropa kiyA gayA hai| yamaka-kanavapalAzapalAzavanaM puraH sphuTaparAgaparAgatapaGkajam / mRdulatAntalatAntamalokayat sa surabhi surabhi sumanobharaiH // 62 kha-udayazikharizRGgaprAMgaNeSveSariMgan sakamalamukhahAsaM vIkSitaH ppniibhiH| vitatamRdukarApraH zandayantyAvayobhiH, paripatati divo'ke helayA bAlasUryaH / / 'A~gana ke samAna udayAcala kI coTI para yaha sUrya zizu kI bhAMti reMgatA hai| jisa prakAra dAsiyoM prasanna mukha hokara AMgana meM reMgate hue bacce ko dekhatI haiM, usI prakAra kamaliniyAM kamaloM ko vikasita kara ke sUrya kA nirIkSaNa karatI haiN| jaise zizu mAtA ke pukArane para apane hAthoM ko phailAkara usakI goda meM calA jAtA hai, usI prakAra cir3iyoM ke cahacahAne para prAtaHkAlIna sUrya bhI kiraNoM kA prasAra karake AkAza kI goda meM jA par3atA hai|" mASa kI kavitA padalAlitya ke lie vikhyAta hai| kahIM-kahIM to inameM aise udAharaNa milate haiM, jo kAlidAsa meM bhI durlabha haiN| aise chandoM meM zamdAlaMkAroM kI bhI chaTA dikhAI par3atI hai| madhurayA mdhubodhitmaassviimdhusmRddhismessitmedhyaa| madhukarAGganayA muhurunmadadhvanibhRtA nibhRtAkSaramujjage // 6 / 20 / mASa meM varNana saundarya evaM camatkAra-vidhAna carama sImA para dikhAI par3atA hai| kavi ne tIsa pacoM meM dvArikApurI kA camatkArapUrNa varNana

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mAkya upaniSad ] ( 390 ) [ mAdhyandini kiyA hai / isI prakAra prathama sarga meM nArada kA AkAza se avataraNa bhI varNanakalA kI cArutA kA paricAyaka hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. saMskRta sukavi samIkSA - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta kavi darzana - DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 5. saMskRta ke mahAkavi aura kAvya- DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 6. saMskRta kAvyakaraNa- DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 7. mahAkavi mAgha - DaoN0 manamohanalAla jagannAtha zarmA / 8. saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa - gairolA / 9. zizupAlavadha - saMskRta hindI TIkA, caukhambA prakAzana / mANDUkya upaniSad - yaha alpAkAra upaniSad hai jisameM kula 12 khaNDa yA vAkya haiM / isakA sampUrNa aMza gadyAtmaka hai, jinheM mantra bhI kahA jAtA hai / isa upaniSad meM U~kAra kI mArmika vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| oMkAra meM tIna mAtrAyeM haiM, tathA caturtha aMza 'a' mAtra hotA hai| isake anurUpa ho caitanya kI cAra avasthAyeM haiMjAgarita, svapna, suSupti evaM avyavahAryaM dazA / inhIM kA Adhipatya dhAraNa kara AtmA bhI cAra prakAra kA hai - vaizvAnara, taijasa, prAjJa tathA prapaMcopazamarUpI ziva / isameM bhUta, bhaviSya, vartamAna tInoM kAloM se atIta sabhI bhAva U~kAra svarUpa batAye gae haiN| isakA sambandha 'atharvaveda' se hai| isameM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki 'ke' hI bAtmA yA paramAtmA hai - 'oMkAra Atmaiva' 12 / isa para zaMkarAcArya ke dAdAguru gauDapAdAcArya ne 'mANDUkyakArikA' nAmaka bhASya likhA hai / mAtRveSTa - ye mahAyAnI bauddhakavi haiN| inake jIvana ke sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| ye mahArAjA kaniSka ke samakAlIna the, aura inhoMne bauddhadharma ke mAnya siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa unake darabAra meM bhejA thaa| kA yaha vivaraNa isa samaya 'kanikalekha' ke nAma se tibbatI bhASA meM isameM kavi ne mukhyataH buddha ke AdezAnusAra jIvana' vyatIta karane kI zikSA dI hai| inake anya do grantha haiM-- 'cAra sau padyoM kA stutikAvya' tathA 'adhyardhazataka' / prathama granthakA anuvAda tibbatI bhASA meM surakSita hai; jisakA saMskRta nAma hai - 'varNAhaM varNa stotra' ( pUjanIya kI stuti ) isameM tathAgata kI stuti bAraha paricchedoM meM kI gayI hai / sampUrNa grantha anuSTup chanda meM racita hai| dvitIya grantha 'adhyardhazataka' meM 150 anuSTup chandoM meM buddhadeva kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / kavi ne ise 13 vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| inake kAvya kI bhASA sarala, sarasa evaM akRtrima hai tathA zailI prabhAvotpAdaka evaM hRdayagrAhI / avyApAritasAdhustvaM tvamakAraNavatsalaH / asaMstutasakhazca svaM tvamasambandha-bAndhavaH // 11 // isa zloka meM tathAgata kI apUrvatA pradarzita kI gayI hai / inake 85 padyoM prApta hotA hai / mAdhyandini -- ye saMskRta ke prAkRpANini vaiyAkaraNa haiM jinakA samaya ( paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka, ke anusAra ) 3000 vi0 pU0 hai / 'kAzikA' kI udhRta eka kArikA se jJAta hotA hai ki mAdhyandini ne eka vyAkaraNazAstra kA pravartana kiyA thaa| ( kAzikA, 9|1|14 ) inake pitA kA nAma madhyandina thA - madhyandinasyApatyaM

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mAdhavanidAna ] ( 391 ) [mAdhyamata maadhyndiniraacaaryH| padamabjarI bhAga 2 pR0 739 / inake nAma se do grantha upalabdha hote haiM-'zuklayajuHpadapATha' tathA 'mAdhyandinazikSA' / kAtyAyana kRta 'zuklayajuH prAtizAkhya' meM 'mAdhyandinisaMhitA' ke adhyetA mAdhyandinoM kA eka mata uddhRta hai| (81 35) 'vAyupurANa' mAdhyandini ko yAjJavalkya kA sAkSAt ziSya kahA gayA hai (61 // 24,25) 'mAdhyandina-zikSA' meM svara tathA uccAraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA nirUpaNa hai| isake do rUpa haiM-laghu evaM bRhat / AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 2. vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa bhAga 1-50 bhagavaddatta / mAdhavanidAna-Ayurveda kA prasiddha grantha / isa grantha ke racayitA kA nAma mAdhava hai| inakA samaya sAtavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| 'mAdhavanidAna' Adhunika yuga meM nidAna kA atyanta lokapriya grantha mAnA jAtA hai-nidAne mAdhavaH zreSThaH / granthakartA mAdhava ne isakA nAma 'rogavinizcaya' rakhA thA para kAlAntara meM yaha'mAdhavanidAna' ke hI nAma se vikhyAta huaa| granthakAra ne isake prArambha meM batAyA hai ki aneka zAstroM ke jJAna se rahita vyaktiyoM ke lie isa grantha kI racanA kI gayI hainAnAtantravihInAnAM bhiSajAmalpamedhasAm / sukhaM vijJAtumAtaGkamayameva bhaviSyati // nidAna 3 / mAdhava ke pitA kA nAma indu hai / kavirAja gaNanAthasena jI ne inheM baMgAlI kahA hai / 'mAdhavanidAna' kI do prasiddha TIkAeM haiM-zrIvijayarakSita evaM unake ziSya zrIkaNThakRta madhukozaTIkA tathA zrIvAcaspati vaidya kRta AtaMkadarpaNa ttiikaa| isake tIna hindI anuvAda prApta hote haiM-(1) mAdhavanidAna-madhukoSa saMskRta evaM vidyotinI hindI TIkA-zrIsudarzana zAstrI, (2) manoramA hindI vyAkhyA, (3) sarvAMgasundarI hindI ttiikaa| AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI matrideva vidyAlaMkAra / mAdhvamata-vaiSNavamata kA eka sampradAya jisake pravartaka AnandatIrtha yA madhvAcArya haiN| isa sampradAya ko brahmasampradAya evaM isake sivAnta ko detabAda kahA jAtA hai / madhvAcArya kA janma dakSiNa bhArata meM 'uDupI' nAmaka prasiddha sthAna ke nikaTa 1999 I0 meM huA thaa| unhoMne 37 granthoM kI racanA kI hai, jinameM 14 pramukha haiM-'brahmasUtrabhASya', 'anuvyAkhyAna', 'aitareya', 'chAndogya', 'kena', 'kaTha', 'bRhakSaravyaka' Adi upaniSadoM kA bhASya, 'gItAbhASya', 'bhAgavata-tAtpayaM-nirNaya', 'mahAbhAratatAtparya-nirNaya', 'viSNutattvanirNaya', 'prapaMcamithyAtvanirNaya', 'gItAtAtparyanirNaya' tathA 'tantrasArasaMgraha' / madhvAcArya kA prAmANika jIvanavRta nArAyaNa paNDita ne 'madhvavijaya' tathA 'maNimamjarI' nAmaka granthoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve advaitavAda ke virodhI tathA daitavAda ke samarthaka haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki yaha mata sarvaprathama vAyu ko prApta huA thaa| unase hamumAn ne grahaNa kiyA aura hanumAna se bhIma ne| tadanantara ise Ananda tIthaM ne grahaNa kiyaa| samasta vaiSNavadarzanoM kI bhAMti isa sampradAya meM bhI bhakti ko prAdhAnya dekara use hI mukti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, aura Izvara, jIva tathA jagata tInoM kI satyatA svIkAra kI gayI hai|

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mAdhyamata ] ( 392 ) [ mAdhyamata paramAtmA -- mAdhyamata meM sAkSAt viSNu hI paramAtmA haiM, jinameM mananta guNoM kA samAveza hai| viSNu hI utpatti, saMhAra, niyamana, jJAna, AvaraNa, bandha tathA mokSa ke kartA haiM, aura ve hI bhagavAna bhI haiM / ve sarvajJa haiM tathA jar3a prakRti aura cetana jIka se sadA vilakSaNa bhI / viSNu parama tatva haiN| ve zarIrI hokara bhI nitya evaM sarvatantra svatantra tathA eka hote hue bhI nAnArUpadhArI haiM / paramAtmA kI zakti lakSmI haiM / ve paramAtmA ke adhIna rahatI haiM tathA unase bhinna bhI haiM / paramAtmA ke sadRza ve nityamuktA tathA nAnA prakAra kA rUpa dhAraNa karanevAlI haiM / bhagavAn kI bhAryA haiM, tathA bhagavAn se guNa meM nyUna haiM / bhagavAn kI bhA~ti lakSmI bhI nityamuktA haiM, tathA divya vigrahadhArI hone ke kAraNa akSarA haiM / jIva-jIva bhagavAn ke anucara tathA alpajJAna evaM alpazakti se yukta haiM / ve viSNu ke adhIna hokara hI sabhI kArya sampAdita karate haiN| jIva ajJAna, moha tathA aneka prakAra ke doSa se yukta haiM, aura ve saMsArazIla haiN| unake tIna prakAra haiM,--muktiyogya, nityasaMsArI tathA tamoyoga / muktiyogya jIvoM ke antagaMta deva, RSi, pitR, cakravartI tathA uttama rUpa manuSya Ate haiM, aura ve mukti prApta karane ke adhikArI hote haiN| nitya saMsArI jIva sadaiva sukha-duHkha se yukta evaM apane karmAnusAra svarga, naraka yA bhUloka meM vicaraNa kara UMca-nIca gati prApta karate haiM / ve madhyama manuSya kI zreNI meM Ate haiM / tamoyoga vyakti ko kabhI mukti nahIM prApta hotI / isa zreNI meM daitya, rAkSasa evaM adhama zreNI ke manuSya Ate haiM / jagat-- isa mata meM jagat ko satya mAnA gayA hai / bhagavAn ke dvArA nirmita jagat asatya nahIM ho sakatA / mAdhvamata meM vAstavika sukha kI anubhUti ko mukti kahA jAtA hai / isa sthiti meM duHkha ke kSaya ke sAtha-hI-sAtha paramAnanda kA udaya hotA hai / mokSa cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-karma, kSaya, utkrAnti, acirAdi mAgaM tathA bhoga / bhoga ke bhI cAra prakAra hote haiM- sAlokya, sAmIpya, sArUpya tathA sAyujya / inameM sAyujya mukti sarvazreSTha hotI hai; kyoMki isa sthiti meM bhakta bhagavAn meM praveza kara unake zarIra se hI Ananda prApta karatA hai / amalA yA malarahita bhakti hI mAdhyamata ke anusAra mukti kA sarvazreSTha sAdhana hai / haitukI bhakti yA kisI kAraNa vizeSa se kI gaI bhakti nikRSTa hotI hai, evaM ahaitukI bhakti ko sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai / mAdhyamata advaitavAda kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM dvaitavAda kI sthApanA karatA hai / isake anusAra ekamAtra brahma ho sata nahIM hai| isameM pAMca nitya bhedoM kI sthApanA kI gayI hai - Izvara kA jIva se nityabheda, Izvara kA jar3a padArtha se nityabheda, eka jIba kA anya jIva ke sAtha nityabheda, eka jar3a padArtha kA dUsare jar3a padArtha ke sAtha nityabheda / mAdhyamata meM pramANa tIna mAne gae haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna evaM zabda, tathA inhIM ke AdhAra para samagra prameyoM kI siddhi mAnI gayI hai / bAdhAragrantha - 1. bhAgavata sampradAya - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. bhAratIyadarzanapaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya /

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mAlatI mAdhava.] ( 393 ) [mAtI mAdhava mAlatI mAdhava - 'mAlatI - mAdhava' mahAkavi bhavabhUti kRta dasa aMkoM kA prakaraNa isa nATaka kA pradhAna rasa zrRGgAra nAyaka kI praNaya kathA varNita hai / madanotsava kA Ayojana kara prAcIna kAla meM bhUrivasu evaM / dAnoM ne nizcaya kiyA thA donoM kA vaivAhika sambandha / yaha mahAkavi kI dvitIya nATya racanA hai| tathA mAlatI evaM mAdhava nAmaka nAyikA evaM isakI kathAvastu kalpita hai / nATaka ke prathama aMka meM mAlatI tathA mAdhava ko paraspara AkRSTa kiyA gayA hai / devarAta nAmaka do brAhmaNa vidyArthiyoM meM gAr3hI mitratA thI ki yadi eka ko putra evaM dUsare ko putrI utpanna huI to ve sthApita kara deNge| unake isa nizcaya ko bauddha saMnyAsinI yoginI kAmandakI evaM usakI ziSyA saudAminI jAnatI thiiN| kAlAntara meM donoM ho mitra mantri-pada para adhiSThita hue / bhUrivasu padmAvatI ke adhIzvara ke mantri hue evaM devarAta vidarbha-nareza ke mantrI niyukta kiye gae / saMyogavaza devarAta ko putra utpanna huA evaM bhUrivasu ko kanyA huI, jinakA nAma kramaza: mAdhava evaM mAlatI huaa| jaba donoM bar3e hokara vidyA evaM kalA meM pravINa hue to devarAta ne apane putra mAdhava ko nyAyazAstra ke adhyayana ke lie padmAvatI bhejA, aura bhUrivasu ko apane pUrva nizcaya kA smaraNa dilaayaa| isI bIca padmAvatI - nareza ke eka narma sacIva ne rAjA se kahakara mAlatI kA vivAha apane putra se karanA cAhA / bhUrivasu atyanta saMkoca meM par3akara kiMkartavyavimUr3ha ho gyaa| udhara mitra kA pUrva nizcaya vacana evaM idhara rAjA kA Adeza thA / antataH usane rilaSTa zabdoM kA prayoga kara bacana -cAturI ke dvArA rAjA ke prastAva ko svIkArakara liyA / kAmandakI ko ina sArI bAtoM kA patA calA aura usane donoM ko akaTa karane kI yojanA banAI / usane mAdhava se kahA ki vaha bhUrivasu ke bhavana ke pAsa se nitya prati hokara jAyA kare / mAdhava ne aisA hI kiyA aura mAlatI usa para anurakta ho gyii| ina sArI bAtoM kI sUcanA kavi ne kAmandakI evaM usakI ziSyA avalokitA ke vArtAlApa meM do hai / donoM ke vArtAlApa meM mAdhava ke mitra makaranda evaM kandana kI bahina tathA mAlatI kI sakhI madayantikA ke bivAha kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai / madanodyAna meM mAlatI tathA mAdhava kA milana hotA hai aura usake cale jAne para mAdhava apane mitra makaranda se apanI virahAvasthA kA varNana karatA hai / tRtIya abU meM jAtI hai / ve dvitIya aMka meM padmAvatI- nareza ke mantrI bhUrivasu apanI putrI nandana ke sAtha karane ko prastuta hote haiM; para kAmandakI mAlatI ko ke sAtha vivAha karane ke lie taiyAra kara letI hai| mAlatI evaM mAdhava ko milAne kI yojanA banA lI nikaTavartI azoka kuMja meM mileMge / mAdhava pahale se hI vahAM chipA rahatA hai gikA mAlatI ko lekara AtI hai, para donoM ke milana hone ke pUrva piMjare se eka zera ke nikala bhAgane se bhagadar3a maca jAtI hai, aura makaranda zera ko mAra DAlatA hai / isa ghaTanA ke dvArA mAdhava evaM makaranda donoM hI ghAyala hokara behoza ho jAte haiM / caturtha aMka meM mAlatI evaM madayantikA ke prayatna se donoM mitra hoza meM lAye jAte haiN| saMjJA mAlatI kA vivAha guptarUpa se, mAdhava kAmandakI dvArA ziva mandira ke aura lavaM- 1

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mAlatI mAdhava] ( 394 ) [mAlatI mAdhava prApta karane para makaranda mAlatI kI sakhI madayantikA ko dekhakara usake prati anurakta ho jAtA hai| isI aMka ke viSkambhaka ke dvArA yaha sUcanA dI gayI hai ki mAlatI kA vivAha pamAnetI-nareza ke sAle nandana ke sAtha nizcita ho gayA hai| paMcama aMka meM kApAlika AgeraghaNTa dvArA mAlatI karAlA devI ko bali dene ke lie lAI jAtI hai / usako cillAhaTa sunakara pAsa ke zmazAna se mAdhava Akara aghoraghaNTa ko mAra kara mAlatI kI rakSA karatA hai| chaThe aMka ke viSkambhaka meM kapAlakuNDalA apane guru aghoraghaMTa kA badalA lene kI ghoSaNA karatI hai| isI samaya usake pakSa the loga vivAha ke avasara para khoI huI mAlatI ko khojane ke lie Akara karAlA devI ke mandira ko ghera lete haiN| mAlatI ko vahAM pAkara nandana ke sAtha usake vivAha kI taiyArI kI jAtI hai / isI bIca kAmandakI kI caturatA se makaranda ke sAtha nandana kA vivAha sampanna ho jAtA hai aura mAlatI evaM mAdhava kA gandharva-vivAha, ziva mandira meM kAmandakI dvArA hI karA diyA jAtA hai / saptama aMka meM suhAgarAta ke samaya dulahina banA huA makaranda nandana ko pITatA hai aura nandana use gAliyAM detA huA nikala jAtA hai| isI bIca apanI bhAbhI ko samajhAne-bujhAne ke lie nandana kI bahina madayantikA AtI hai aura mAlatI-vezadhArI makaranda ko dekhakara Azcarya cakita hokara prasanna ho jAtI hai / aSTama aMka meM mAlatI evaM mAdhava ko udyAna meM madayantikA tathA makaranda kI pratikSA karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| usI samaya kalahaMsa dvArA sUcanA milatI hai ki madayantikA ko bhagAne ke aparAdha meM makaranda ko pakar3a liyA gayA hai| mAdhava mAlatI ko akelI chor3akara apane mitra makaranda kI rakSA ke lie cala par3atA hai aura avasara pAkara kapAla. kuNDala mAlatI ko zrIparvata para le jAtI hai| makaranda tathA mAdhava kA sainikoM ke sAtha samAsAna yuddha hotA hai aura rAjA unakI vIratA para prasanna hokara unheM chor3a detA hai| navama, aDu meM mAdhava makaranda ke sAtha vikSiptAvasthA meM vindhya parvata para ghUmatA hA dikhAI par3atA hai| vaha mAlatI ke viyoga meM vyathita hai| usI samaya : kAmandakI kI ziSyA saudAminI ne Akara sUcanA dI ki mAlatI surakSita hokara . kuTiyA meM hai| dazama aMka meM makaranda ne kAmandakI ke pAsa jAkara sUcanA dI ki mAlatI kuTiyA meM hai| amAtya bhUrivasu, kAmandakI, lavaMgikA, madayantikA sabhI mAlatI ke lie duHkhita hokara AtmahatyA karanA cAhate haiM ki makaranda Akara mAlatI tathA mAdhava kA zubha samAcAra detA hai| donoM A jAte haiM aura makaranda evaM madarantikA kA vivAha karA diyA jAtA hai aura kAmandakI kI sArI nIti saphala ho jAtI hai| bharatavAkya ke pazcAta prakaraNa samApta ho jAtA hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se 'mAlatImAdhava' rUpaka kA eka bheda prakaraNa hai| prakaraNameM kathAmaka kalpita hotA hai aura sandhiyAM pAMca hotI haiN| isakA nAyaka dhIra prazAnta evaM nAyikA kulavatI yA vezyA hotI hai| isameM nAyaka yA to amAtya, vipra athavA vaNika hotA hai tathA pradhAna rasa bhAra / nAyaka vicApUrNa evaM dharma, artha aura kAma meM tatpara hotA hai| bhavetrakaraNe vRttaM laukika kavikalpitam // aGgAroGgI nAyakastu vipromAtyo

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mAlatI mAdhava] ( 395 ) [mAlatI mAdhava athavA vaNik / sApApadharmakAmArthaparo dhIraprazAntakaH // nAyikA kulajA kvApi, vezyA kvApi, dvayaM kvacit / tena bhedAsratayastasya tatra bhedastRtIyakaH // kitavadhUtakArAdiviTaceTakasaMkulaH // sAhitya-darpaNa 3 / 224-227 / . isameM aMkoM kI saMkhyA pAMca se dasa taka hotI hai tathA kaizikI vRtti prayukta hotI hai| isa prakaraNa kA kathAnaka mAdhava evaM mAlatI ke praNaya-vyApAra para Azrita hai| isameM isake sAtha hI makaranda evaM madayantikA kA praNayAkhyAna bhI bar3I kuzalatA ke sAtha upanyasta hai| yaha mukhya kathA kA upakathAnaka kahA jA sakatA hai / kathA meM kavi ne aneka uttejaka evaM akita tathA bhayaMkara evaM atimAnavIya ghaTanAmoM kA samAveza kara isa prakaraNa ko adhika AkarSaka banAyA gayA hai / makaranda dvArA mAlatI kA veza banAkara nandana ko pratAr3ita karane kI ghaTanA atyanta AkarSaka evaM hAsyavaddhaka bhI hai, jo bhavabhUti aise gambhIra kavi ke lie virala mAnI jA sakatI hai| AlocakoM ne isameM katipaya doSoM kA bhI anveSaNa kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie; upakathAnaka evaM usake nAyaka-nAyikA ko mukhya kathA evaM usake nAyaka-nAyikAoM para chAye hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai aura mAdhava inake samakSa nisteja dikhAI par3atA hai| buddhimatI evaM catura madayantikA ke samakSa lajjAzIla mAlatI halkI dikhAI par3atI hai| makaranda ke kArya mAdhava kI apekSA adhika prabhAvazAlI evaM mahanIya haiN| mukhya kathA kA dharAtala bhI dubala dikhAI par3atA hai kyoMki sampUrNa prakaraNa kA kArya-vidhAna kAmandakI kI nIti dvArA saMcAlita hote hue dikhAyA gayA hai| kavi ne bahuta-sI atimAnavIya tathA aprAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA samAveza kara ise avizvasanIya banA diyA hai| kanyAharaNa, bhUtapretoM, zmazAna kI ghaTanA tathA kApAlikoM kI bIbhatsa kriyAoM kA bAhulya dikhAkara ghaTanAoM kI svAbhAvikatA ko naSTa kara diyA gayA hai / "logoM ne yaha bhI AkSepa kiyA hai ki mAlatI kA haraNa bhI kathAnaka se udbhUta nahIM hai apitR Upara se lAyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| para yaha AkSepa yuktigata nahIM pratIta hotA kyoMki isake abhAva meM aMka 9 tathA 10 ke kucha aMza kA bhI vaiyarthya ho jAyegA aura pUrA itivRtta bhI paMgu pratIta hogaa|" mahAkavi bhavabhUti-DaoN0 gaGgAsAgara rAya pR0 76 / AThaveM aMka ke bAda kathAnaka ko Age bar3hAkara nATakakAra ne anupAtahInatA pradarzita kI hai| mUla kathA rAjA dvArA mAdhava ko kSamA karane ke pazcAta hI samApta ho jAtI hai| usake bAda kapAla. kuNDalA dvArA mAlatI-haraNa kI kathA kA. niyojana asvAbhAvika vikAsa kA dyotaka hai / isa prakAra kathAnaka meM yadyapi paryApta manoraMjana, autsukya aura maulikatA hai kintu saMyama, anupAta aura svAbhAvikatA kA abhAva hai| caritra-citraNa ke vicAra se yaha prakaraNa uskRSTa racanA hai| pAtroM ko manovaijJAnika dharAtala para adhiSThita kiyA gayA hai / tathA pAtroM ne kathAvastu ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| kAmandakI kI yojanAoM kI saphalatA isa tathya kA ghotaka hai| "eka bora prema kI pratimUrti mAdhava he to dUsarI ora prema ke sAtha hI zAlInatA ko sameTe mArutI hai| makaranda bAda mitra jo mitra-kAryo kI siddhi meM prANoM ke homa ke lie bhI vatsara

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mAruti vijaya pampU] ( 396 ) [mArgasahAya bampU hai| mAlatI-mAdhava tathA madayantikA evaM makaranda ke prema bhI uccatara bhAvabhUmi para adhiSThita haiN| mAlatI tathA madayantikA ke prema zanaiH zanaiH prarUDha hote haiN| lavaGgikA tathA buddharakSitA, una donoM kI prema prodi meM yogadAna karate haiN|" mahAkaSi bhavabhUti pR0 78 / kAvya-kalA kI dRSTi se 'mAlatI mAdhava' kI uccatA asaMdigdha hai| isameM kavi ne bhAvAnurUpa zabda-saMghaTana para adhika bala diyA hai tathA pratyeka paristhiti ko svAbhAvika rUpa se abhivyakta kiyA hai| bhAvoM kI uccatA, rasoM kI spaSTa pratIti, zabdasauSThava, udAra guNazAlitA evaM arthagaurava 'mAlatI-mAdhava' ke nijI vaiziSTya haiN| preyAnmanorathasahasravRtaH sa eSa suptapramattajanametadamAtyavezma / proDhaMtamaH kRtajJatayaiva bhadramutkSiptamUkamarmaNi puramehiyAmaH // 73 / 'sahasra abhilASAoM se prArthI ye hI ve priya haiM, mantri-bhavana meM kucha vyakti to soye hue haiM aura kucha pramatta par3e hue haiM, andhakAra ghanA hai, ataH apanA maMgala kro|' maNinapuroM ko Upara, uThAkara tathA niHzabda kara Ao hama cleN|' 'mAlatI-mAdhava' kA hindI anuvAda caukhambhA se prakAzita hai| mAruti vijaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA kA nAma raghunAtha kavi yA kuppAbhaTTa raghunAtha hai / isake lekhaka ke sambandha meM anya bAteM jJAta nahIM hotii| yaha kAvya satrahavIM zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa likhA gayA hai| isameM kavi ne sAta stabakoM meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke sundara kANDa kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / kavi kA mukhya uddezya hanumAna jI ke kAryoM kI mahattA pradarzita karanA hai| isake zlokoM kI saMkhyA 436 hai / anya ke prArambha meM gaNeza tathA hanumAna kI vandanA kI gayI hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga, 4106 meM prApta hotA hai| kavi ne kAvya ke stabakoM evaM zlokoM kI saMkhyA kA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA haicUrNAntarassabakasaptavibhajyamAnaM SaTtriMzadutaracatuzzatapadyapUrNam / caM' paraM sakaladezanivAsidhIrAH pazyantu yAntu ca mudaM vidhutAbhyasUyAH // 1 / 4 / hanumAna kI vandanAsamIravenaM kuzakoTibuddhiM sotAsutaM rAkSasavaMzakAlam / nayAkaraM nanditarAmabhadraM nityaM hanUmantamahaM namAmi // 1 / 2 / ___ AdhArapantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| mArgasahAya bampU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA navanIta haiN| inake pitA kA nAma vedapurIzvarAvari thaa| inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI ke bAsapAsa hai| isa cammU meM chaha AzvAsoM meM mArkATa jilAntargata sthita viraMcipuram grAma ke ziva mandira ke devatA mArgasahAyadeva jI kI pUjA varNita hai| upasaMhAra meM kavi ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki isa campU meM mArgasahAyadeva ke pracalita AkhyAna ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| evaM prabhAvaparipATikayA prapaMce prAMcanviraMcipuramArgasahAyadevaH / atyamutAni paritAnyavanI vitanvan nityaM taraMgayati maMgalamaMgabhAjAm / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa saMjora keTalAga, 4016 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhArasaMca-pampU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripAThI / HHHHHHEN

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mAlavikAgnimitra] [ mAlavikAgnimitra mAlavikAgnimitra-yaha kAlidAsa viracita unakI prathama nATyakRti hai| isameM vidarbha nareza kI putrI mAlavikA tathA mahArAja amimitra kI praNayakathA kA varNana kiyA hai| nAndI pATha meM ziva kI vandanA karane ke. pazcAt nATaka kA prArambha hotA hai / prastAvanA meM sUtradhAra dvArA yaha kathana karAyA gayA hai ki koI bhI racanA prAcIna hone se utkRSTa nahIM hotI aura na hara naI kavitA burI hotI hai| sajjana puruSa pratyeka vastu ko buddhi kI tulA para parIkSita kara acchI vastu kA prayoga karate haiM, para bhUkhaM to dUsare ke hI jJAna para Azrita rahate haiN| purANamityeva na sAdhu sarvana cApi kAvyaM navamityavadyam / santaH parIkSyAnyataradbhajante mUDhaH parapratyayaneyabuddhiH / / 1 / 2 / isakA prArambha mizra viSkambhaka se hotA hai.. jisameM pUrvaghaTita vRtta ke pazcAt rAjA agnimitra ko maMca para praveza karAyA jAtA hai| ve vidUSaka ke Agamana kI pratIkSA karate haiM / yajJasena dvArA mAdhavasena para AkramaNa kara dene se bhayAkrAnta hokara mAdhavasena kI bahina mAlavikA vidizA kI ora bhAga kara prANa bacAtI hai / mArga meM banavAsiyoM dvArA AkramaNa kara diye jAne para atyanta. kaThinatA ke sAtha vaha gantavya sthAna para pahuMcatI aura vahAM rAnI dhAriNI ke Azraya meM rahatI hai| dhAriNI ke yahA~ vaha paricArikA bana kara nRtyakalA kI zikSA grahaNa karatI hai / eka dina amimitra mAlavikA kA citra dekhatA hai aura usa para anurakta hokara usako prApta karane ke lie vyAkula ho jAtA hai / vidUSaka dvArA nRtya kA prabandha karane para donoM eka dUsare ko dekhakara ullasita ho jAte haiN| dUsare dina jaba mAlavikA dhAriNI ke lie mAlA gUMthatI hai usI samaya agnimitra, usakI patnI irAvatI tathA vidUSaka sAr3I meM chipakara mAlavikA ke rUpa lAvaNya ko dekhate haiN| agnimitra ko irAvatI kI vidyamAnatA kA bhAna nahIM hotA aura ve Age bar3ha kara mAlavikA se milanA cAhate haiN| usI samaya irAvatI sAmane Akara apane pati ke kArya ko anucita batAkara mAlavikA ko kArAgRha meM DAla dekhI hai| kucha kSaNa ke pazcAt yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki vidUSaka ko sarpa ne Dasa diyA hai; bataH usakI cikitsA ke lie rAjamahiSo kI agUThI meM lage hue eka pASANa kI bhAvazyakatA par3egI, kyoMki usameM sarpa-mudrA cihnita thii| viSa-prakopa ko zAnta karane ke bahAne use lekara tathA dikhAkara mAlavikA ko kArAmukta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra punaH donoM premI eka bAra mila jAte haiN| irAvatI punaH mAlavikA kA tiraskAra karatI hai| rAjakumArI vasulakSmI ko bandaroM dvArA pIr3ita hone kI sUcanA pAkara rAjA usake sahAyatArtha cale jAte haiM aura donoM kA milana adhika dera taka nahIM ho paataa| kucha dera ke pazcAt yaha sUcanA prApta huI ki mAlavikA ke bhrAtA mAdhavasena ke dvArA yajJasena parAjita ho gayA aura mAlavikA ke rAjakumArI hone kA rahasya bhI prakaTa ho gyaa| mahArAnI dhAriNI kI do gAyikAeM bhI mAlavikA ko mAdhavasena kI bahina batalAtI haiM / isI bIca agnimitra ke pitA mahArAja puSyamitra dvArA azvamedha yajJa sampanna hotA hai| unakA pautra vasumitra sindhu taTavartI yavanoM ko parAsta kara ghara AtA hai aura isa avasara para ullAsa manAyA jAtA hai, tayA mahArAja amimitra aura mAlavikA praNaya. sukha anubhava karate haiN|

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mitramitra ] (398 ) [ mInAkSIkalyANa campU 'mAlavikA mimitra' meM pAMca aMka haiM, para kathAvastu ke saMvidhAna kI dRSTi se yaha nATaka na hokara nATikA hai| isameM kathAvastu rAjaprAsAda evaM pramadavana ke sImita kSetra meM hI ghaTita hotI hai tathA isakA mukhya vayaM viSaya praNaya-kathA hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se amimitra dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai, para use dhIralalita hI mAnA jaaygaa| isakA aMgI rasa zRGgAra hai tathA vidUSaka kI uktiyoM ke dvArA hAsyarasa kI sRSTi huI hai| isameM pAMca aMkoM ke atirikta anya tatva nATikA ke hI haiN| nATikA meM cAra aMka hote haiN| yaha aitihAsika nATaka hai| isameM kavi ne kaI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA kuzalatApUrvaka samAveza kiyA hai| isakI bhASA manohara tathA cittAkarSaka hai aura bIca-bIca meM vinodapUrNa zleSoktiyoM kA samAveza kara saMvAda ko adhika AkarSaka banAyA gayA hai / mitra mizra-ye saMskRta ke rAjadharma nibandhakAra haiN| inhoMne 'vIramitrodaya' nAmaka vRhad nibandha kA praNayana kiyA thA jisameM dharmazAstra ke sabhI viSayoM ke atirikta rAjanItizAstra kA bhI nirUpaNa hai| isI grantha kA eka aMza 'rAjanItiprakAza' hai jisameM rAjazAstra kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / mitra mizra or3achAnareza zrI vIrasiMha ke Azrita the jinakA zAsanakAla saM0 1605 se 1627 taka thaa| unhIM se preraNA grahaNa kara 'rAjanItiprakAza' kI racanA huI thii| inake pitA kA nAma parazurAma paNDita evaM pitAmaha kA nAma haMsapaNDita thaa| mitramitra ne yAjJavalkyasmRti ke Upara bhASya kI bhI racanA kI hai| 'vIramitrodaya' 22 prakAza meM vibhAjita hai. jinake nAma isa prakAra haiMparibhASA, saMskAra, Ahnika, pUjA, pratiSThA, rAjanIti, vyavahAra, zuddhi, zrAddha, tIrtha, dAna, vrata, samaya, jyotiSa, zAnti, karmavipAka, cikitsA, prAyazcitta, prakIrNa, lakSaNa, bhakti tathA mokSa / isa grantha kI racanA padyoM meM huI hai aura sabhI prakAza apane meM vizAla panya haiN| vrataprakAza evaM saMskAraprakAza meM zlokoM ko saMkhyA kramazaH 22650 evaM 17415 hai| 'rAjanItiprakAza' meM rAjazAstra ke sabhI viSayoM kA varNana hai| isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-rAjazabdArthavicAra, rAjaprazaMsA, rAjyAbhi-kavihitakAla, rAjyAbhiSekaniSitakAla, rAjyAdhikAra-nirNaya, rAjyAbhiSeka, rAjyAbhiSekotarakRtya, pratimAsa-pratisaMvatsarAbhiSeka, rAjaguNa, vihitarAjadharma, pratisiddharAjadharma anujIvivRtta, durgalakSaNa, dugaMgRhanirmANa, rASTra, koza, daNDa, mitra, SADguNyanIti, yuddha, yuddhoparAnta vyavasthA, devayAtrA, indradhvajoDrAyavidhi, nIrAjazAnti, devapUjA,, lohAbhisArikavidhi aadi| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN. zyAmalAla pANDeya / 2. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( hindI anuvAda ) bhAga-1 pI0vI0 kaanne| mInAkSIkalyANa campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma kandukurI nApa hai / ye telugu brAhmaNa the| isameM kavi ne pANDadezIya prathama nareza kulazekhara (malayadhvaja) kI putrI mInAkSI kA ziva ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana kiyA hai| mInAkSI svayaM pArvatI haiM / isa campU kAvya kI saNDita prati prApta huI hai jisameM inake kevala do hI AzvAsa haiN| prArambha meM gaNeza tathA mInAkSI kI vandanA kI gayI hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa hI0 sI0 madrAsa 1967 meM prApta hotA hai|

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mImAMsAdarzana ] ( 399) [ mImAMsAdarzana isakI bhASA sarala hai-bhrAtaH patirme ziva eva nAnyaH svasustavAvekSya mudA sametya / nivartanIyaH khalu me vivAhaH tvameva mAM bandhumatI vidhehi // .. AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| mImAMsAdarzana-maharSi jaimini dvArA pravattita bhAratIyadarzana kA eka sampradAya jisameM vaidika karmakANDa kI puSTi kI jAtI hai| isa siddhAnta kA mUla grantha 'jaiminIsUtra' hai / jaiminI kA samaya vi0pU0 300 varSa hai| unhoMne prAcIna evaM samasAmayika pATha AcAryoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai, jisase.patA calatA hai ki unake pUrva bhI mImAMsAzAstra kA vivecana hotA rahA thaa| ve AcArya haiM-Atreya, bAzmarathya, kArNAjini, vAdari aitizAyana, kAmukAyana, lAbukAyana evaM Alekhana / mImAMsA sUtroM kI saMkhyA 2644 hai| isameM bAraha adhyAya haiM tathA mukhyataH dharma ke hI viSaya meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 'jaiminisUtra' para zabarasvAmI ne vizada bhASya likhA hai, jo 'zAbarabhASya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| unakA samaya 200I0 hai| kAlAntara meM mImAMsA ke tIna viziSTa mata ho gae jo bhATTamata, gurumata tathA murArimata ke nAma se prasiddha hue| unake pravartaka haiM-kramazaH kumArila, prabhAkara tathA murArimizra / kumArila kA samaya 600 I0 hai| unhoMne 'zAbarabhASya' para tIna mahatvapUrNa vRttigranthoM kI racanA kI hai, ve haiM-'zloka vAttika', 'tantravAttika' tathA 'TupTIkA' / kumArila ke suprasiddha ziSya haiM-maNDanamizra / unake granthoM ke nAma haiM-'vidhiviveka', 'bhAvanAviveka', 'vibhramaviveka', 'miimaaNsaasuutraanukrmnnii'| bhATTa sampradAya ke anya AcAryoM meM pArthasArathi mizra, mAdhavAcArya tathA khaNDadeva mizra ke nAma adhika vikhyAta haiN| pArthasArathi mizra ne cAra granthoM kI racanA kI hai-'taratna', 'nyAyaratnamAlA', 'nyAyaratnAkara' tathA 'zAstradIpikA' / mAdhavAcArya prasiddha vedavyAkhyAtA haiM dhinhoMne 'nyAyaratnamAlA' nAmaka atyanta upayogI grantha likhA hai| khaNDadeva mizra navyamata ke udbhAvaka haiN| unhoMne tIna pANDityapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kI hai-'bhATTakaustubha', 'bhATTadIpikA' evaM 'bhATTarahasya' / gurumata ke pravartaka prabhAkara mizra ne 'zAbarabhASya' ke Upara do TokAeM likhI haiM-bRhatI' 'evaM ldhvii'| isa mata ke prasiddha AcArya haiM zAlikanAtha jo prabhAkarabhaTTa ke paTTa ziSya the| unhoMne tIna pabjikAoM kA praNayana kiyA hai-'RtuvimalA', 'dIpazikhA' tathA prakaraNapanjikA / isa sampra. dAya ke anya AcAryoM meM bhavanAtha yA bhavadeva ne 'nayaviveka' tathA nandIzvara ne 'prabhAkaravijaya' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kii| murAri mata ke ubhAvaka murArimitra haiM, jinake sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai / gaMgeza upAdhyAya evaM unake putra vardhamAna upAdhyAya ke gaMthoM meM unakA mata ullikhita hai| 'mImAMsA' kA zAbdika artha hai "kisI vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa kA nirNaya veda ke do bhAgoM-karmakANDa evaM zAnakANDa-ke AdhAra para isake do vibhAga kiye gae haiM -pUrvamImAMsA evaM uttrmiimaaNsaa| pUrvamImAMsA meM / karmakANa kI vyAkhyA hai to uttaramImAMsA meM jJAnakANDa kii| pramANa-vicAra-mImAsA kA mukhya uddezya vedoM kA prAmANya siddha karatA hai|

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mImAMsAdarzana] (400) [ mImAMsAdarzana isameM jJAna ke do prakAra mAnya haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa / ekamAtra sat padArtha ko hI pratyakSa kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai| indriyoM ke sAtha kisI viNya kA samparka hone para hI pratyakSa kA jJAna hotA hai| isake dvArA nAnArUpAtmaka jagat kA jJAna hotA hai aura vaha jJAna satya hotA hai / isameM pratyaya ke do bheda mAnya haiM-nirvikalpaka aura savikalpaka / isa darzana meM anya pA~ca pramANa-anumAna, upamAna, sada, baryApatti tathA anupalabdhi haiN| jinameM antima pramANa ko kevala bhATTa mImAMsaka mAnate haiN| nyAya kI bhAMti mImAMsA meM bhI upamAna ko svatantra pramANa mAnA gayA hai, para mImAMsA meM yaha dUsare artha meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| mImAMsA ke anusAra upamAna kI sthiti vahA~ hotI hai jaba pUrva dRSTa padArtha ke samAna kisI padArtha ko dekhakara yaha samajhA bAya ki smRta padArtha pratyakSa padArtha ke samAna hai| jaise gAya ko dekhane vAle vyakti ke dvArA vana meM nIlA gAya ko dekhakara donoM ke sAdRzya ke kAraNa gAya kI smRti ho jAtI hai, aura use yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai, ki nIla mAya, gAya ke sadRza hotI hai| anumAna-mImAMsA meM nyAya kI taraha anumAna kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, para bhATTa mata kI anumAna-prakriyA nayAyikoM se kucha bhinna hai| nyAya meM anumAna ke pancAyava vAkya mAnya haiN| [nyAya darzana ] para mImAMsA meM kevala tIna hI vAkya svIkAra kiye gae haiM-pratikSA hetu aura dRSTAnta / zabda-mImAMsA-darzana meM veda kA pramANya sthApita karane ke kAraNa zabda-pramANa ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / jo vAkya jJAna prApta karAnevAlA ho tathA vaha anApta ( avizvasta ) vyakti ke muMha se na nikalA ho use zabda kahate haiN| isake do prakAra haiM-pauruSeya aura apauruSeya / Apta puruSa ke dvArA vyavahRta vAkya pauruSeya hotA hai aura aporuSeya vAkya vedavAkya yA zrutivAkya hotA hai| vedavAkya ke bhI do bheda hote haiM-siddhArthavAkya tathA vidhAyakavAkya / jisa vAkya ke dvArA kisI siddha viSaya kA jJAna ho vaha siddhArthavAkya tathA jisase kisI kriyA ke lie vidhi yA AmA sUcita ho use vidhAyaka vAkya kahate haiN| vedavAkya ko mImAMsA meM svataHpramANa yA apauruSeya mAnA jAtA hai| pauruSeya vAkya use kahate haiM, jo kisI puruSa ke dvArA kahA gayA ho tathA apauruSeya vAkya kisI puruSa dvArA nirmita na hokara nitya hotA hai| mImAMsA-darzana ke anusAra veda manuSya kRta na hokara apauruSeya haiM ( IzvarakRta haiM ) / isake anusAra veda aura jagat nitya haiM / veda ko apauruSeya mAnane ke lie aneka yuktiyAM dI gayI haiM ka-naiyAyikoM ke anusAra veda Izvara kI racanA hai, ataH ve veda ko pauruSeya mAnate haiM, kintu mImAMsA Izvara kA astitva svIkAra nahIM karatI, phalataH isake anusAra veda apauruSeya hai / kha-veda meM kartA kA nAma nahIM milatA, kintu katipaya mantroM ke RSiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM, para ve mantroM ke vyAkhyAtA yA draSTA the, kartA nhiiN| ga-mImAMsA meM 'zabdanityatAvAda' kI kalpanA kara usakI mahattA siddha kI gayI hai / veda kI nityatA kA sabase prabala pramANa zabda kI nityatA hI hai| veda nitya zabdoM kA bhaMDAra hai / likhita athavA uccarita veda to nityaveda ke prakAza haiN| pa-vedoM meM karma

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mImAMsAdarzana ] (401) [mImAMsAdarzana ke anuSThAna se phala kI prApti kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| para, kama-phala-sambandha ko pratyakSa nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki veda kI racanA puruSa dvArA nahIM huI hai| ___ arthApatti-mImAMsA meM paMcama pramANa ardhApatti hai / arthApatti usa ghaTanA ko kahate haiM jo binA dUsare viSaya ke samajha meM na aaye| arthAt jisake dvArA koI anyathA upapanna viSaya upapanna ho jAya usa kalpanA ko arthApatti kahate haiN| isake dvArA prApta jJAna pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda ke antargata na Akara vilakSaNa hotA hai / anupalabdhiisakA artha hai kisI padArtha kI aprApti / kisI viSaya ke abhAva kA sAkSAt jJAna hone ko anupalabdhi kahate haiN| mImAMsA-darzana meM sabhI jJAna ko svataH pramANa mAnA gayA hai| isameM batalAyA gayA hai ki paryApta sAmagrI ke binA jJAna kI utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| vaidika vidhAna ko adhika mahatva dete hue use dharma kahA gayA hai aura vahI adharma hai jisakA veda niSedha karatA hai| mataH veda-vihita karmoM kA pAlana tathA vedabarjita karmoM kA tyAga hI dharma mAnA jAtA hai| yadi niSkAma bhAva se dharma kA AcaraNa kiyA jAya to vahI kartavya mAnA jaaygaa| veda-vihita karmoM ko veda kA Adeza mAna kara karanA cAhie na ki kisI phala kI AzA se / prAcIna mImAMsakoM ne svarga-prApti ko ho parama sukha yA mokSa mAnA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM mokSa kA abhiprAya duHkhanAza evaM janma kA nAza samajhA jAne lgaa| mImAMsA-darzana anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI veda ko nitya mAnatA hai / yaha kamapradhAna darzana hai, jisameM karmoM kI tIna zreNiyAM haiM-kAmya, niSiddha tathA nitya / kisI kAmanA kI pUtti ke lie kiyA gayA karma kAmya kahA jAtA hai| jaise, svarga kI prApti ke lie yajJa krnaa| veda-avihita kama yA veda-asammatakama ko niSiddha kahate haiN| nitya karma ve haiM jinheM sabhI vyakti kreN| aise kama sArvabhauma mahAvata Adi hote haiN| mukti-lAbha ke lie nitya karmoM kA sampAdana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mImAMsA meM mAtmA ko nitya tathA avinazvara mAnA jAtA hai| veda svarga-prApti ke lie dhArmika AcaraNa para bala dete haiN| isa saMsAra ke sAtha AtmA ke sambandha kA vinAza hI mokSa hai / mokSa kI sthiti meM AtmA zarIra se vicchinna ho jAtI hai, ataH sAdhana ke binA usa samaya use sukha anubhava yA jJAna nahIM hotaa| mImAMsA-darzana mAnatA hai ki caitanya AtmA kA guNa nahIM hai, balki zarIra ke samparka se hI usameM caitanya AtA hai aura sukha-duHkha kA jJAna hotA hai| mokSa kI dazA meM bhI AtmA mAnanda kA anubhava nahIM krtaa| isameM bhautika jagat kI sattA mAnya hai, para jagat sraSTA yA Izvara ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA / mImAMsA ke anusAra jagat anAdi aura ananta hai, jisakI na to sRSTi hotI hai aura na vinAza hotA hai| yaha karma ko adhika mahatva detA hai jo svatantra zakti ke rUpa meM saMsAra ko paricAlita karatA hai| mImAMsA vastuvAdI yA yathArthavAdI darzana hai| yaha jagat ko satya mAnate hue paramANuoM se hI usakI utpatti svIkAra karatA hai| yaha AtmavAda ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA jIvoM kI anekatA mAnatA hai| karma ke Upara vizeSa mAmaha bora karma kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa 26 saM0 sA0

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muktaka kAvya] ( 402 ) [ muktaka kAvya Izvara kI sattA bhI svIkAra na karanA isa darzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai / vaidika dharma ke anuzIlana ke lie mImAMsA eka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| AdhAragrantha-1 iNDiyana philaoNsaphI-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan / 2. bhAratIya-darzanapaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. bhAratIya-darzana-caTarjI evaM datta ( hindI anuvAda ) / 4. mImAMsA-darzana-paM0 maMDana mizra / 5. mImAMsAsUtra ( hindI anuvAda )-zrIrAma shrmaa| 6. bhAratIya-darzana kI rUparekhA-hiriyannA ( hindI anuvAda ) / muktaka kAvya-saMskRta meM muktaka kAvya ke tIna rUpa dikhAI par3ate haiM-zRGgArImuktaka, nItimuktaka evaM stotramuktaka / [ antima prakAra ke lie de0-stotramuktaka / muktaka kAvya meM pratyeka padya svatantra rUpa se camatkAra utpanna karane meM sakSama hote haiM / isameM padyoM meM paurvAparya sambandha nahIM hotaa| saMskRta meM zRGgArI muktaka yA zRGgArakAvya kI sazakta evaM vizAla paramparA dikhAI par3atI hai| isakA prArambha pANini evaM patanjali se bhI pUrva huA hai| subhASita saMgrahoM meM pANini ke nAma se jo padya upalabdha hote haiM unameM kaI zRGgArapradhAna haiN| tanvaGgInAM stanau dRSTvA ziraH kampayate yuvA / tayorantarasaMlagnAM dRSTimutpATayanniva / / zRGgAra muktakoM kA vidhivat prArambha mahAkavi kAlidAsa se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| unakA 'RtusaMhAra' hI isa zreNI ke kAvyoM meM pahalI racanA hai| 'zRGgAratilaka', 'puSpabANatilaka' tathA 'rAkSasakAvya' tIna anya racanAyeM bhI zRGgArI kAvya ke antargata AtI haiM aura unake racayitA bhI kAlidAsa kahe jAte haiN| para, ve kAlidAsa nAmadhArI koI anya kavi haiN| 'meghadUta' ke racayitA nhiiN| 'ghaTakapara' nAmaka kavi ne bhI 'zRGgAratilaka' kI racanA kI thI jisameM 22 padya haiN| isameM yamaka kI kalAbAjI pradarzita kI gayI hai, ataH isakA bhAvapakSa daba gayA hai| zRGgArI muktaka likhanevAloM meM bhartRhari kA nAma gauravapUrNa hai| unhoMne 'zRGgArazataka' meM striyoM ke bAhya evaM Abhyantara saundarya evaM bhaMgimAoM kA atyanta mohaka citra khIMcA hai| 'amarukazataka' nAmaka grantha ke racayitA mahAkavi amaruka isa zreNI ke mUrdhanya kavi haiN| zRgArarasa ke vividha padyoM kA atyanta mArmika citra upasthita kara unhoMne akRtrima evaM prabhAvotpAdaka raMga bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM bilhaNa nAmaka kAzmIrI kavi ne 'caurapaMcAzikA' kI racanA kI jisameM unhoMne apanI praNaya-kathA kahI hai| saMskRta zRGgAra muktaka kAvya meM do sazakta vyaktitva govardhanAcArya evaM jayadeva kA hai| govardhanAcArya ne 'AryAsaptazatI' meM 700 AryAeM likhI haiN| jayadeva ke 'gItagovinda' meM sAnuprAsika saundarya, kalitakomalakAnta padAvalI evaM saMgItAtmakatA tInoM kA sammizraNa hai| 'gItagovinda' ke anukaraNa para aneka kAvyoM kI racanA huI jinameM harizaMkara evaM prabhAkara donoM hI 'gItarAghava' nAmaka pustake ( eka ha nAma kI ) likhiiN| zrIhAcAryakRta 'jAnakIgItA', harinAthakRta 'rAmavilAsa' Adi grantha bhI prasiddha haiM / paravartI kaviyoM ne nAyikAoM ke nakhazikha-varNana ko apanA viSaya bnaayaa| 18 vIM zatAbdI ke vizvezvara me 'romAvalIzataka' kI racanA kii|

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mukulabhaTTa kRta abhidhA vRttimAtRkA] ( 403 ) zRGgArImuktakaM likhane vAle kaviyoM meM paNDitarAja jagannAtha bhI unhoMne 'bhAminIvilAsa' meM uccakoTi ke zRGgAraparaka padya paraka muktaka kAvya likhane vAloM meM cANakya ( cANakyanIti ), tathA bhATa ( bhaTazataka ) ke nAma prasiddha haiM / [ muMjAla atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM / prastuta kiye haiN| nItibhartRhari ( nItizataka ) -- mukulabhaTTa kRta abhidhAvRttimAtRkA - abhidhAvRttimAtRkA kAvyazAstra kA laghu kintu praur3ha grantha hai| isameM abhidhA ko ho ekamAtra zakti mAna kara usameM lakSaNA evaM vyaMjanA kA antarbhAva kiyA gayA hai| mukulabhaTTa kA samaya navama zatAbdI hai / apane grantha ke anta meM lekhaka ne apane ko kalaTabhaTTa kA putra kahA hai - bhaTTakallaTa putrega mukulena nirUpitA / 'rAjataraGgiNI' meM bhaTTakallaTa avantIvarmA ke samakAlIna kahe gae haiM - anugrahAya lokAnAM bhaTTAH zrIkallaTAdaya: / ava ntavarmaNaH kAle siddhA bhuvamavAtaran / / 5 / 56 | avantivarmA kA samaya 855 se 884 I0 paryanta hai / udbhaTakRta 'kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha' ke TIkAkAra pratIhArendurAja ne apane ko mukulabhaTTa kA ziSya kahA hai tathA inheM mImAMsAzAstra, sAhityazAstra, vyAkaraNa, evaM tarka kA prakANDa paNDita mAnA hai / 'abhidhAvRttimAtRkA' meM kevala 15 kArikAyeM haiM jina para lekhaka ne svayaM vRtti likhI hai / mukulabhaTTa vyaMjanA virodho AcArya haiM / inhoMne abhivA ke dasa prakAroM kI kalpanA kara usameM lakSaNA ke chaha bhedoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| abhiyA ke jAtyAdi cAra prakAra ke arthabodhaka cAra bheda kiye gae haiM aura lakSaNA chaha bhedoM ko abhidhA meM hI gatArtha kara usake dasa bheda mAne gae haiN| vyaMjanA zakti kI inhoMne svatantra sattA svIkAra na kara usake sabhI bhedoM kA antarbhAva lakSaNA meM ho kiyA hai| isa prakAra inake anusAra ekamAtra abhidhA ko hI zabdazakti svIkAra kiyA gayA hai-- ityetadabhidhAvRttaM dazadhAtra vivecitam // 13 // AcArya mammaTa ne 'kAvya - prakAza' ke zabdazakti prakaraNa meM 'abhidhAvRttimAtRkA' ke vicAra kA adhika upayoga kiyA hai / A0 mammaTa ne mukulabhaTTa ke grantha ke AdhAra para 'zabdavyApAravicAra' nAmaka grantha kA bhI praNayana kiyA thA / AdhAragrantha ka - saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa - DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe / kha - kAvyaprakAza - hindI bhASya AcArya vizvezvara / muMjAla - jyotiprazAstra ke prasiddha AcArya / inakA samaya 854 zak saMvat yA 932 I0 hai / inhoMne 'laghumAnasa' nAmaka suprasiddha jyotiSa viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI thI jisameM ATha prakaraNa haiN| isameM varNita viSaya ke anusAra pratyeka adhyAya kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai - madhyamAdhikAra, spaSTAdhikAra, tithyadhikAra, tripraznAdhikAra, grahayutyadhikAra, sUryagrahaNAdhikAra, candragrahaNAdhikAra tathA zRGgonnatyadhikAra | jyotiSazAstra ke itihAsa meM inakA mahatva do kAraNoM se hai / inhoMne sarvaprathama tArAoM kA nirIkSaNa kara navIna tathya prastuta karane kI vidhi kA AviSkAra kiyA hai| inakI dvitIya dena candramA sambandhI hai / 'inake pahale kisI bhAratIya jyotiSI ne nahIM likhA thA ki candramA meM mandaphala saMskAra ke sivA aura koI saMskAra bhI karanA cAhie / parantu inhoMne yaha spaSTa kahA hai|' bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa pR0 187 / ma0 maM0

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mukhakopaniSada ( 404) [mudrArAkSasa paM. sudhAkara dvivedI ne bhI apane grantha 'gaNakataraMgiNI' meM isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| de0 gaNakataraMgiNI pR0 2 / inhoMne bodhagamya evaM hRdayagrAhyazailI meM apane graMtha kI racanA kI hai| inheM maMjula bhI kahA jAtA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya jyotiSa-zrIzaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita (hindI anuvaad)| 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsama. gorakhe prsaad| ___ laghumAnasa-la tathA paramezvara kRta saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha 1944 I0 meM prakAzita, saM0 vI0 DI0 ApTe / aMgarejI anuvAda ena0 ke0 majUmadAra 1951, klkttaa| muNDakopaniSad-yaha upaniSad 'atharvaveda' kI zaunaka zAkhA kI hai| isameM tIna muNDaka yA adhyAya haiN| isakI racanA padya meM huI hai| isake pratyeka muNDaka meM do-do khaNDa haiM tathA brahmA dvArA apane jyeSTha putra atharvA ko brahmavidyA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| prathama bhAga meM brahma tathA vedoM kI vyAkhyA, dUsare meM brahma kA svabhAva evaM vizva se usakA sambandha varNita hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM brahmajJAna ke sAdhanoM kA nirUpaNa hai| isameM manuSyoM ko jAnane yogya do vidyAoM kA ullekha hai-parA aura apraa| jisake dvArA akSarabrahma kA jJAna ho vaha vidyA parA evaM cAro veda, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda, jyotiSa Adi ( chaha vedAMga) aparA vidyA haiN| akSarabrahma se hI vizva kI sRSTi hotI hai| jisa prakAra makar3I jAlA ko banAtI aura nigala jAtI hai, jisa prakAra jIvita manuSya ke loma aura keza utpanna hote haiM usI prakAra akSarabrahma se isa vizva kI sRSTi hotI hai (1 / 17) / muNa. kopaniSad' meM jIva aura brahma ke svarUpa kA varNana do pakSiyoM ke rUpaka dvArA kiyA gayA hai| eka sAtha rahanevAle tathA paraspara sakhyabhAva rakhane vAle do pakSI (jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ) eka hI vRkSa kA Azraya grahaNa kara nivAsa karate haiN| unameM se eka (jIva) usa vRkSa ke phala kA svAda lekara usakA upayoga karatA hai aura dUsarA bhoga na karatA huA use kevala dekhatA hai| yahAM jIva ko zarIra ke karmaphala kA upabhoga karate hue citrita kiyA gayA hai aura brahma sAkSI rUpa se use dekhate hue vaNita hai| mudrArAkSasa-yaha saMskRta kA prasiddha rAjanaitika tathA aitihAsaka nATaka hai / jisake racayitA haiM mahAkavi vizAkhadatta (de0 vizAkhadatta ) / isa nATaka meM kula sAta bar3a hai tathA isakA pratipAdya hai cANakya dvArA nanda samrATa ke vizvasta evaM bhakta amAtya rAkSasa ko parAsta kara candragupta kA vizvAsabhAjana bnaanaa| isake kathAnaka kA mUlAdhAra hai nandavaMza kA vinAza kara maurya sAmrAjya kI sthApanA karanA tathA cANakya ke virodhiyoM ko naSTa kara candragupta ke mArga ko prazasta karanA / nATaka kI prastAvanA meM sUtradhAra dvArA candragrahaNa kA kathana kiyA gayA hai aura parde ke pIche se cANakya kI garjanA sunAI par3atI hai ki usake rahate kauna candragupta ko parAjita kara skegaa| prathama aMka meM cANakya maJca para upasthita hotA hai evaM usake kathana se kathAnaka kI pUrvapIThikA kA AbhAsa hotA hai tathA bhAvI kAryakrama kI bhI rUparekhA

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mudrArAkSasa] (405 ) [mudrArAkSasa spaSTa hotI hai| cANakya ke svagata-kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki usane apanI kUTanIti se nandavaMza ko samUla naSTa kara candragupta ko siMhAsanAdhiSThita kiyA hai, para candragupta kA zAsana taba taka kaNTakAkINaM banA rahegA, jaba taka ki rAkSasa ko vaza meM na kiyA jAya / isa kArya ko sampanna karane ke lie jina sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, unakA bhI vaha varNana karatA hai| usane svayaM pravaMtaka kA nAza karA kara yaha samAcAra prasArita karA diyA ki rAkSasa ke SaDyAtra se hI parvatezvara kI hatyA huI hai| rAkSasa ne candragupta ko mArane ke lie viSakanyA ko bhejA thA, kintu cANakya kI caturatA se usa (viSakanyA ) se parvatezvara kI hI mRtyu huii| vaha apane bhAvI kArya kA varNana karate hue kahatA hai ki usane apane aneka vizvAsapAtra pAtroM ko, chapraveza meM, apane sahayogiyoM tathA virodhiyoM ke kAryoM para dRSTi rakhate hue unake rahasya ko jAnane ke lie nimukta kiyA hai| etadathaM usane kSapaNaka evaM bhAgurAyaNa tathA anya vyaktiyoM ko isalie niyukta kiyA hai ki ve malayakenu evaM rAkSasa kA vizvAsabhAjana bana kara unake vinAza meM sahAyaka ho skeN| yadyapi cANakya kA svagata-kathana atyanta vistRta hai, tathApi kathAvastu ke bIja ko upasthita karane evaM usakI kUTanIti ke udamAMTana meM isakI upayogitA asaMdigdha hai aura nATakIya pRSThApAra ko upasthita karane ke kAraNa sAmAjikoM ke lie arucikara pratIta nahIM hotaa| cANakya kI svagata ukti ke samApta hote hI eka dUta kA praveza hotA hai aura vaha use sUcita karatA hai ki kAyastha zakaTadAsa, kSapaNaka jIvasiddhi tathA zreSThI candanadAsa meM tInoM hI rAkSasa ke parama hitakArI haiN| cANakya kI ukti se jJAta hotA hai ki ina tInoM meM se jIvasiddhi to usakA guptacara hai ataH ise anya do vyaktiyoM kI cintA nahIM hai / dUta yaha bhI kahatA hai ki zreSThI candanadAsa rAkSasa kA parama mitra hai aura rAkSasa apanA sArA parivAra usake yahA~ rakhakara nagara ke bAhara calA gayA hai| dUta ne zreSThI candanadAsa ke ghara meM prApta rAkSasa ko nAmAMkita mudrA cANakya ko dii| cANakya rAkSasa ko vaza meM lAne ke lie nanda ke lekhAdhyakSa zakaTadAsa se eka kUTalekha likhavAkara usa para rAkSasa kI nAmAMkita mudrA lagavA detA hai| cANakya zakaTadAsa ko phAMsI dene kI ghoSaNA karatA hai, kyoMki usane rAkSasa kA pakSa liyA hai aura siddhArthaka ko zakaTadAsa kI rakSA karane evaM rAkSasa kA vizvAsapAtra banane kI gupta yojanA banAtA hai| cANakya candanadAsa ko bulAkara rAkSasa ke parivAra ko sauMpane ke lie kahatA hai, para candanadAsa usakI bAta nahIM mAnatA, isa para kucha hokara cANakya usako saparivAra kArAgAra meM DAla dene kA Adeza detA hai| dvitIya aGka meM rAkSasa kI pratiyojanAoM kA upasthApana kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi rAkSasa kI kUTanIti asaphala ho jAtI hai, phira bhI isase usakI rAjanItika vijJatA kA pramANa prApta hotA hai| rAkSasa kA virAdhagupta nAmaka guptacara saMperA ke veza meM raGgamanca para prakaTa hotA hai| vaha rAkSasa ke pAsa jAkara kusumapura (pATaliputra) kA vRttAnta kahatA hai| virAdhagupta ke kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki candragupta ke vinAza kI jo yojanAeM banI thIM, unheM cANakya ne anyathA kara diyA hai aura candragupta ke

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( 406 ) [ mudrArAkSasa ar kI kauna kahe, SaDyantrakAriyoM kA hI nAza ho gayA / kisa prakAra zakaTadAsa, candanadAsa evaM jIvasiddhi ke Upara ApattiyoM kA pahAr3a lAda diyA hai, isakI carcA bhI dUta karatA hai / isI bIca siddhArthaka zakaTadAsa ke sAtha praveza karatA hai aura zakaTadAsa ko surakSita pAkara rAkSasa ullasita ho jAtA hai| apane mitra ko bacAne ke lie vaha zakaTadAsa ko pAritoSika pradAna karatA hai| ( apane AbhUSaNa detA hai ) / siddhArthaka rAkSasa kI mudrA bhI detA hai| donoM cale jAte haiM aura virAdhagupta use sUcanA detA hai ki samprati cANakya- candragupta meM virodha cala rahA hai / rAkSasa bheda nIti kA Azraya lete hue apane eka vaitAlika ko yaha zikSA dekara niyukta karatA hai| ki jaba-jaba candragupta kI AjJA kI cANakya avahelanA kare, taba vaha candragupta kI prazasti kA gAna kara use uttejita kare / mudrArAkSasa ] ~M tRtIya aGka meM cANakya kI kUTanIti kA yogyatama rUpaM hai / isa aGka ke prArambha meM kaMcukI ke kathana se jJAta hotA hai mahotsava manAne kI AjJA kA cANakya ne niSedha kara isakA patA calatA hai to vaha cANakya ko bulAtA hai hai / vaha cANakya para dhRSTatA evaM kRtaghnatA kA AkSepa kalaha kA svAMga raca kara usake mantrI pada ko pramukha pAtroM ke atirikta sabhI kisI ko jJAta mAtra hai / pradarzita kiyA gayA ki rAjA ke kaumudI diyA hai / candragupta ko jaba aura usakA tiraskAra karatA karatA hai aura cANakya kapaTa tyAga kara, nahIM hotA kruddha hokara calA jAtA hai / ki yaha cANakya kI cAla phalavatI hotI haiN| isa aMka mana meM yaha vizvAsa jamAnA candragupta se nahIM / cANakya ke ki rAkSasa candragupta ke sAtha nikaTa jAte haiN| isI caturtha aMka meM cANakya kI pUrvaniyojita yojanAe~ meM malayaketu kA kapaTI mitra bhAgurAyaNa malayaketu ke cAhatA hai ki rAkSasa kI zatrutA cANakya ke sAtha hai, candragupta ke sAtha se haTa jAne para bahuta sambhava hai, mila jaay| isI prakAra kI bAteM karate hue donoM rAkSasa ke samaya karabhaka nAmaka vyakti pATaliputra se Akara rAkSasa ko cANakya evaM candragupta ke matabheda kI sUcanA detA hai, jisase harSita hokara rAkSasa kahatA hai 'sakhe zakaTadAsa, hastatalagato meM candragupto bhaviSyati / isakA abhiprAya bhAgurAyaNa malayaketu ko yaha samajhautA hai ki aba rAkSasa kA abhISTa siddha ho gayA hai, aura vaha candragupta kA mantrI bana jAyagA / malayaketu ke mana meM bhI rAkSasa ke prati virodha kA bhAva ghara kara jAtA hai / tadanantara rAkSasa tathA malayaketu pATaliputra para AkramaNa karane kI yojanA banAte haiM aura etadarthaM jIvasiddhi kSapaNaka se rAkSasa prasthAna kA muhUrta pUchatA hai / pacama aka kI ghaTanAe~ ( kathAnaka ke ) caramotkarSa para pahuMca jAtI haiN| rAkSasa kA kapaTamitra, siddhArthaka maMca para praveza karatA hai| siddhArthaka kahatA hai ki vaha - cANakya dvArA zakaTadAsa se likhAye gaye kUTalesa ko lekara pATaliputra jAne ko prastuta hai / kSapaNaka use bhAgurAyaNa se mudrA prApta karane kI rAya detA hai, para vaha use nahIM maantaa| tatpazcAt kSapaNaka bhAnurAyaNa ke pAsa mudrA lene ke lie- jAtA hai

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mudrArAkSAsa] ( 407 ) [mudrArAkSasa aura usase kahatA hai ki rAkSasa ke kahane para usane hI viSakanyA ke dvArA parvatezvara ko maravAyA hai| isa samaya vaha dUsarA nIca karma bhI karAnA cAhatA hai jisase vaha atyadhika bhayabhIta hai| kSapaNaka ke vArtAlApa ko sunakara malaya ketu ke mana meM rAkSasa ke prati AzaGkAeM utpanna hone lagatI haiM aura vaha rAkSasa se virodha karane laga jAtA hai| abhI taka malayaketu yahI samajhatA thA ki usake pitA ko cANakya ne maravAyA hai, para kSapaNaka kI bAtoM ( chipa kara zravaNa karane se ) se use vizvAsa ho gayA ki rAkSasa ke hI dvArA usake pitA kA vadha karAyA gayA hai| bhAgurAyaNa bar3I kaThinatA se use samajhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai, ki sambhava hai ki rAkSasa kA kArya nyAyocita ho, aura cAhe jo bhI ho. pratizodha lene meM zIghratA nahIM karanI caahie| isI samaya binA mudrA (pArapatra ) ke bhAgane kI ceSTA meM siddhArthaka pakar3a liyA jAtA hai aura usase kUTalekha chIna liyA jAtA hai| jaba usase usa rahasyapUrNa lekha ke saMbandha meM pUchA jAtA hai to vaha pITe jAne ke bhaya se batAtA hai ki ise rAkSasa ne candragupta ko dene ke lie bhejA hai| pITe jAte samaya rAkSasa kI nAmAMkita mudrA kI AbhUSaNoM kI peTI bhI gira jAtI hai tathA lekha meM aMkita maukhika sandeza usase pUchA jAtA hai| vaha malayaketu ke mana kI bAta kahatA hai, jisake anusAra cANakya ko haTA kara rAkSasa ko mantrI banAne kI bAta hai| malayaketu rAkSasa ke samakSa abhI pramANa prastuta kara detA hai tathA rAkSasa ke samIpa bhAgurAyaNa ke parAmarza se zakaTadAsa ke anya lekha se usakA milAna karatA hai| isa prakAra kI samAnatA dekha kara rAkSasa bhI kiMkartavyavimUr3ha ho jAtA hai| rAkSasa parvatezvara kA AbhUSaNa pahane hue dikhAI par3atA hai, para unheM usane AbhUSaNa vikretAoM se kraya kiyA thaa| rAkSasa aura candragupta kI kUTamaMtraNA pramANita ho jAtI hai aura malayaketu rAkSasa ko mantripada se niSkAsita kara detA hai| vaha anya pAMca rAjAoM ko bhI mAra DAlane kA Adeza detA hai| cANakya ke kauzala kI saphalatA carama sImA para pahuMca jAtI hai aura malayaketu tathA rAkSasa donoM meM phUTa ho jAtI hai| SaSTha aMka ke pravezaka se vidita hotA hai ki pAMca rAjAoM ke mAre jAne se anya narezoM ne bhI malayaketu kA sAtha chor3a diyA hai| isI bIca bhAgurAyaNa Adi ke dvArA malayaketu bandI banA liyA jAtA hai aura cANakya usakI senA para bhI adhikAra kara letA hai| amAtya rAkSasa malayaketu ke sainya zivira se haTa kara kahIM pATaliputra meM hI chipe hue haiM, jahAM cANakya kA guptacara unake pIche lagA huA hai| cANakya siddhArthaka e susiddhArthaka ko Adeza detA hai ki ve aMDI candanadAsa ko vadhyabhUmi meM lAkara mAra ddaaleN| amAtya rAkSasa apanI sthiti para khinna hai, tathA apane mitra candanadAsa ko nahIM bacA sakane ke kAraNa cintita hai| amAtya rAkSasa pATaliputra ke jIrNodyAna meM cintita dikhAI par3ate haiM, usI samaya eka vyakti, jo cANakya kA guptacara hai, gale meM rassI bAMdha kare AtmahatyA karanA cAhatA hai / rAkSasa ke pUchane para vaha batAtA hai ki usakA mitra jiSNudAsa apane mitra candanadAsa kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sunane ke. pUrva hI bagni me praveza karane ke liye calA gayA hai, ataH vaha mitra ke marane ke pUrva hI bAtma

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mudrArAkSasa] ( 408 ) [mudrArAkSasa hatyA karanA cAhatA hai| yaha sunakara amAtya rAkSasa apane mitra candanadAsa kI rakSA karane ke lie cala par3ate haiN| saptama aMka meM cANakya kI kUTanIti saphalatA ke sopAna para pahuMca jAtI hai, aura use abhISTa kI siddhi hotI hai| candanadAsa saparivAra vadhyabhUmi kI ora le jAyA jAtA hai aura use cANakya ke do guptacara, jo cANDAla bane hue haiM, le jAte haiM / candanadAsa ko zUlI para car3hAne ko le jAyA jAtA hai aura usakI patnI aura bacce vilApa karane lagate haiN| rAkSasa isa dRzya ko dekhakara duHkhita hokara apane ko prakaTa karatA hai aura cANDAloM ko bhagAkara candanadAsa ko bacA letA hai| cANakya vahA~ upasthita hotA hai aura rAkSasa ke samakSa apanA sArA kUTanItika rahasya khola detA hai, jisase rAkSasa ke samakSa sArI sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| cANakya rAkSasa ko candragupta kA amAtyapada svIkAra karane kA Agraha karatA hai, para rAkSasa ise svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isa para cANakya kahatA hai ki isI zataM para candanadAsa ke prANa kI rakSA ho sakatI hai, jaba ki Apa mantri-pada ko grahaNa kreN| rAkSasa vivaza hokara amAtyapada ko grahaNa karatA hai aura malayakenu ko usake pitA kA rAjya lauTA diyA jAtA hai| candanadAsa nagaraseTha banA diyA jAtA hai aura sabhI bandI kArAmukta kara diye jAte haiN| cANakya kI pratijJA pUrNa ho jAtI hai aura vaha apanI zikhA bAMdhatA hai tathA bharatavAkya ke bAda nATaka kI samApti hotI hai| . nAvyakalA-vivecana-'mudrArAkSasa' vizAkhadatta kI nATyakalA kA sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa hai| isakI vastuyojanA evaM usake saMgaThana meM prAcIna nATyazAstrIya niyamoM kI avahelanA karate hue svacchandavRtti kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| vizuddha rAjanItika nATaka hone ke kAraNa isameM mAdhuyaM tathA saundarya kA abhAva hai, aura karuNa tathA zRGgAra rasa nahIM dikhAI par3ate / AdyAnta isa nATaka kA vAtAvaraNa gambhIra banA rahatA hai| isameM na to kisI strI pAtra kA mahatvapUrNa yoga hai aura na vidUSaka ko hI sthAna diyA gayA hai| ekamAtra strI-pAtra candanadAsa kI patnI hai, kintu kakSA ke vikAsa meM isakA kucha bhI mahatva nahIM hai| saMskRta meM ekamAtra yahI nATaka hai jisameM nATakakAra ne rasaparipAka kI apekSA ghaTanA-vaicizya para bala diyA hai| yaha ghaTanA-pradhAna nATaka hai| isameM nATakakAra kI dRSTi abhinaya para adhika rahI hai aura usane sarvatra isake abhineya guNa kI rakSA kI hai| 'cANakya kI rAjanIti itanI vikAsazIlA hai ki samasta ghaTanAeM eka dUsarI se mAlAvata hotI huI eka nizcita tAratamya ke sAtha usame samAvezita ho jAtI haiN| kathAnaka meM jaTilatA hote hue bhI gaThana kI cArutA aura sambandha nirvAha kI apUrva kuzalatA lakSita hotI hai / ' saMskRta nATaka samIkSA pR0 157 / kathAvastu ke vicAra se 'mudrArAkSasa' saMskRta ke anya nATakoM kI apekSA adhika molika hai| isameM ghaTanAmoM kA saMghaTana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai ki prekSaka kI utsukatA kabhI naSTa nahIM hotii| nATaka meM vIrarasa kA prAdhAnya hai, para kahIM bhI yuddha ke dRzya nahIM haiN| vastutaH yahA~ pannoM kA na hokara, do kUTanItijJoM kI buddhi kA saMgharSa dikhAyA gayA hai| prekSaka kI dRSTi sadA pANakya dvArA phailAye gae nIti-jAla meM ulamatI rahatI hai / isake

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mudrArAkSasa ] ( 409 ) [ mudrArAkSasa kathAnaka meM gatyAtmakatA, kramabaddhatA, pravAhamayatA, gaThana kI suvyasthA, ghaTanA- gumphana kI cArutA tathA nATakIya aucitya kA sundara samanvaya dikhAI par3atA hai / aMkoM ke vibhAjana meM bhI vizAkhadatta ne navInatA pradarzita kI hai| anya nATakakAroM ne aMkoM meM hI nATaka kA vibhAjana kiyA hai, jabaki 'mudrArAkSasa' meM aMkoM ke bIca dRzyoM kA bhI niyojana kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, dvitIya evaM tRtIya aMkoM meM kaI dRzyoM kA vidhAna hai| dvitIya aMka meM do dRzya haiM - prathama jIrNaviSa saMperA kA mArga evaM dvitIya rAkSasa ke gRha kA / tRtIya aMka meM bhI tIna dRzya haiM-do sugAMgaprAsAda ke evaM tRtIya cANakya kI kuTiyA kA / isa nATaka meM bhAvI ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA dene ke lie 'patAkAsthAnaka' kA vidhAna hai / isameM aneka choTI-choTI ghaTanAeM vibhinna sthAnoM para ghaTita hotI haiM, para ve nirarthaka na hokara mUlakathA se dikhAI par3atI haiM / 'mudrArAkSasa' meM nATakakAra kA uddezya hai candragupta ke zakti ko sthAyI banAnA aura yaha tabhI saMbhava hai, jabaki usakA prasiddha parama mitra bana jAya / nATakakAra ne isI uddezya kI vikAsa kiyA hai, aura samasta ghaTanAeM tvarita gati se hotI huI pradarzita kI gayI haiM / 'mudrArAkSasa' meM kathAnaka se sambaddha ghaTanAoM kA bAhulya hai, para nATakakAra ne apane kauzala ke dvArA vibhinna sAdhanoM kA prayoga kara unakI sUcanA dI hai| jaise; prathama aMka ke prArambha meM cANakya ke svagata - kathana meM aneka kathAoM kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai, jisase darzaka zeSa kathA ko sugamatA se samajha letA | aneka anAvazyaka ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA dUta ke saMdezoM, pAtroM ke svagata kathanoM evaM pAtroM kI uktiyoM dvArA dekara nATakakAra ne apanI kRti ko adhika AkarSaka tathA anusyUta zAMsana evaM pratidvandvI rAkSasa candragupta kA pUrti ke lie isI lakSya kI ghaTanAoM kA ora unmukha sundara banAyA hai / AvazyakatA saMkalana-traya ke vicAra se 'mudrArAkSasa' eka saphala nAvyakRti hai / isameM aisI koI bhI ghaTanA nahIM hai, jisameM eka dina se adhika samaya laga sake / alpa samaya meM adhikAdhika ghaTanAoM ko darzAyA gayA hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' kA samasta kathAnaka eka varSa se kucha hI adhika samaya kA rakhA gayA hai| isameM maMcIya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vibhinna sthAnoM ke dRzya nahIM prastuta kiye gae haiN| mukhya rUpa se tIna hI sthala dikhAye gae haiM- pATaliputra nagara, malayaketu kI rAjadhAnI, sainya zivira evaM anya nikaTavartI sthAna / ye sArI dRzya-yojanAe~ nATaka ke kArya vyApAra ke hI anukUla haiM / vibhinna prAsaMgika kriyAoM dvArA eka hI prabhAva utpanna karane ke kAraNa isameM prabhAnviti kA tatva darzAyA gayA hai / ghaTanAoM ke yaha vIrarasapradhAna nATaka hai aura isI kI yojanA meM ghaTanAe~ gumphita kI gayI haiM / prathama aMka ke prArambha meM cANakya dvArA rAkSasa ko candragupta kA amAtya banAne kI abhilASA hI isake kathAnaka kA 'bIja' hai / rAkSasa kI mudrA prApta honA tathA zakaTadAsa kI ora se likhita patra ko mudrAMkita karanA evaM malayaketu kA chalA jAnA Adi ghaTanAyeM 'bindu' haiM / isI 'bindu' ke AdhAra para isakA nAmakaraNa 'mudrArAkSasa' kiyA gayA hai / virAdhagupta ka' rAkSasa ko usake samasta kAryoM kI viphalatA batAnA

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mudrArAkSasa] ( 410 ) [mudrArAkSasa 'patAkA' hai tathA candragupta evaM cANakya ke pArasparika mithyA matabheda kA sandeza rAkSasa ko denA 'prakarI' hai / anta meM rAkSasa kA candragupta kA amAtya-pada grahaNa karanA 'kArya' hai| nATakakAra ne kAryAvasthAoM ke niyojana meM pUrNa saphalatA prApta kI hai| nATakIya kathAvastu ke vikAsa meM kAryAvasthAeM pAMca dazAoM ko dyotita karatI haiN| prathama aMka meM cANakya ke mana meM candragupta ke rAjya ko nirvighna calAne evaM usameM sthAyitva lAne kA bhAva hI 'prArambha' hai| cANakya kA apane dUta dvArA rAkSasa kI nAmAMkita mudrA pAnA tathA kUTapatra likhakara bhadrabhaTa Adi ko vibhinna kAryoM meM niyukta karanA 'yala' hai| caturtha evaM paMcama aMka meM rAkSasa evaM malayaketu meM matabheda utpanna honA tathA rAkSasa kA malayaketu ke amAtya-pada se niSkAsita kiyA jAnA 'prAptyAzA' hai / isa sthiti meM phala-prApti kI sArI bAdhAoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| SaSTha aMka meM rAkSasa kA candanadAsa ko bacAne ke lie vadha-bhUmi kI ora jAnA 'niyatApti' hai, kyoMki aba yahAM rAkSasa kA cANakya ke samakSa Atma-samarpaNa kara denA nizcita ho jAtA hai| saptama aMka meM rAkSasa dvArA candragupta kA mantritva grahaNa karanA 'phalAgama' hai| uparyukta paMca avasthA ke atirikta 'mudrArAkSasa' meM paMcasandhiyoM kA bhI pUrNa nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| isameM kathAnaka ke anurUpa hI caritroM kI yojanA kI gayI hai| isake pramukha pAtra cANakya aura rAkSasa donoM hI rAjanaitika dAva-ghAtoM evaM phUTanItika cAla se sampanna dikhAye gaye haiN| mudrArAkSasa ke caritra prabhAvotpAdaka evaM prANavanta haiN| isa nATaka meM pratyeka caritra kA svataMtra vyaktitva ' para kahIM vaha nAyaka se prabhAvita hotA hai to nAyaka bhI usase prabhAvita dikhalAyA gayA hai| 'mudrArAkSasa kA carita-citraNa Adarza aura yathArtha kI sImAoM kA paraspara sammelana hai| mAnava-jIvana kA loka meM jo svarUpa hai vahI mudrArAkSasa ke nATya-jagat meM aMkita aura unmIlita hai / nATyazAstra kI maryAdA kI rakSA karate hue bhI nATakakAra vizAkhadatta ne aise carita kI udbhAvanA kI hai jo sAdhAraNa hote hue bhI viziSTa hai, dezakAla se paricchinna hote hue bhI vyApaka hai, nATakIya hote hue bhI vAstavika hai aura yathArtha hote hue bhI Adarza hai / ' mudrArAkSasa samAlocanA-bhUmikA pR0 2, DaoN. satyavrata siNh| isa nATaka kA nAmakaraNa 'mudrArAkSasa' sArthaka hai| isakI vyutpati isa prakAra haimudrayAgRhItaM rAkSasamadhikRtya kRto granthaH, mudrArAkSasam / isa nATaka meM 'mudrA' (muhara) ke dvArA rAkSasa ke nigraha kI ghaTanA ko AdhAra banAkara isakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA nAmakaraNa varNyavastu ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| rAkSasa kI nAmAMkita mudrA para hI cANakya kI samasta kUTanIti kendrita huI hai, jisase rAkSasa ke sAre sAdhana vyartha siddha hue| nAyakatva-'mudrArAkSasa' ke nAyakatva kA prazna vivAdAspada hai| nATyazAstrIya vidhi ke anusAra isakA nAyaka candragupta jJAta hotA hai, kyoMki use hI phala kI prApti hotI hai| arthAt niSkaMTaka rAjya evaM rAkSasa aise amAtya ko prApta karane kA vahI adhikArI hotA hai; para katipaya vidvAn, kucha kAraNoM se, cANakya ko hI isakA nAyaka svIkAra karate haiN| isa mata ke poSaka vidvAn vizAkhadatta ko paramparAgata rUr3hiyoM kA

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mudrArANasa] [mudrArAkSasa ullaMghana karane vAlA bhI kaha dete haiN| vAstava meM samasta saMskRta nATya-sAhitya meM kevala vizAkhadata eka aisA nATakakAra hai, jisane paramparAgata rUr3hiyoM kA sammAna nahIM kiyaa| usane samasta saidAntika paramparAgata rUr3hiyoM kA ullaMghana kiyA hai / vaha caritanAyaka kI eka abhinava koTi kI pratiSThA karake apanI maulikatA kA paricaya detA hai|' saMskRta ke mahAkavi aura kAvya-DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya pR0 374 / saMskRta lakSaNa granthoM ke anusAra nATaka kA nAyaka uccakulodbhava, pratApI, guNavAn, dhIrodAtta carita vAlA koI alokika evaM nirabhimAnI vyakti honA caahie| prakhyAtavaMzo rAjaSirSIrodAttaH pratApavAn / divyo'tha divyAdivyo vA guNavAnnAyako mataH / / sAhitya-darpaNa 69 ___ isa dRSTi se candragupta to isa nATaka kA nAyaka ho sakatA hai, para nATakakAra ne vastutaH cANakya ko hI isakA nAyaka banAyA hai| cANakya kA hI isa nATaka para pUrNa prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai aura isakI sabhI ghaTanAoM kA sUtra-saMcAlana vahI karatA hai| cANakya kA cariNa-citraNa karate samaya nATakakAra kA vizeSa dhyAna rahA hai, kyoMki use cANakya ko hI isakA nAyaka banAnA abhISTa hai / anta taka isa nATaka meM cANakya kI hI yojanAeM phalavatI siddha hotI haiN| para, cANakya ko isakA nAyaka mAnane meM zAstrIya dRSTi se bAdhA upasthita ho jAtI hai, kyoMki isakI vAstavika phalopalabdhi candragupta ko hI hotI hai| nATaka ke anta meM cANakya rAjanIti se hI nahIM, apitu samagra bhautika kAryoM se pRthak hote hue dikhAI par3atA hai| nATaka kI samagra ghaTanA kA phalopabhoga candragupta hI karatA hai, aura cANakya usake rAjya ko sthira evaM usake zatruoM ko parAsta kara usakI samRddhi ko sudRr3ha kara detA hai| isa dRSTi se candragupta hI isakA nAyaka siddha hotA hai| candragupta ke nAyakatva ke viruddha aneka prakAra ke tarka diye gaye haiN| nArTakAra ne jAna-bUjha kara candragupta ke vyaktitva ko ubharane nahIM diyA hai aura vaha cANakya ke iGgita para hI calA karatA hai| cANakya ke kRtrima krodha ko dekhakara bhI vaha kAMpa uThatA hai, ataH vaha isakA nAyaka nahIM ho sktaa| saMskRta nATakoM kI paripATI ke anusAra bharatavAkya kA pATha nAyaka dvArA hI kiyA jAtA hai. kintu mudrArAkSasa ke bharatavAkya kA uccAraNa rAkSasa karatA hai; kyoMki use hI mantritva kI prApti hotI hai| para vaha nAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki cANakya ke samakSa vaha parAjita dikhalAyA gayA hai / sabhI dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane para cANakya hI isakA nAyaka siddha hotA hai; kyoMki antataH usakI hI phUTanIti phalavatI hotI hai aura candragupta ke rAjya ko niSkaSTaka. kara use apUrva AhlAda hotA hai| isa nATaka kA samasta kathAnaka cANakya meM hI kendrita dikhAyA gayA hai| isakI sArI ghaTanAe~ usakI icchA ke anurUpa hI ghaTita hotI haiN| isakA pramukha phala hai, rAkSasa ko apanI ora milAkara candragupta kA amAtya banAnA aura isa kArya ke lie cANakya sadA prayatnazIla rahatA hai / 'cANakya jaise niHsvArtha rAjanItijJa ke lie, apane lie khyAti prApta karanA abhISTa na thA; usakA lakSya thA, candragupta ke lie niSkaNTaka rAjya kI sthApanA paura rAkSasa ko mantrI banAnA; bora vaha isa kArya meM saphala hotA hai| isa prakAra

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mudrArAkSasa] ( 412) [mudrArAkSasa cANakya ko nAyaka svIkAra karane meM Apatti ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jaataa|' saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa, pR0 370 / ataH cANakya hI isakA nAyaka siddha hotA hai| vizAkhadatta ne prAcIna parapATI kI avahelanA karate hue bhI aise vyakti ko nAyaka banAyA hai; jo sarvazodbhava na hokara eka aisA brAhmaNa hai, jisameM bhArata kA samrATa banAne kI zakti hai| cANakya-'mudrArAkSasa' kA nAyaka cANakya atyanta prabhAvazAlI tathA zaktizAlI hai| vaha eka saphala mantrI tathA mahAn kUTanItijJa bhI hai| usakI kUTanItijJatA se candragupta kA sAmrAjya sthAyitva prApta karatA hai tathA rAkSasa bhI usakA vazavartI ho jAtA hai / nATaka kI samasta ghaTanAeM usI ke izAre para calatI haiN| vaha isa nATaka ke ghaTanA-cakra kA ekamAtra niyantA hote hue bhI niSkAma karma karatA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI karatA hai, apane lie nahIM, apitu candragupta ke lie aura mauryasAmrAjya kI dRDhamUlatA evaM sampannatA ke lie / "arthazAstra aura sambhavataH prAcIna aitihya aura prAcIna kathA-paramparA kA cANakya bhale hI eka mahatvAkAMkSI, mahAkrodhI mahAnItijJa brAhmaNa rahA ho kintu mudrArAkSasa ke cANakya meM eka aura vizeSatA hai aura vaha hai usakI 'nirIhatA, niHsvArthamayatA aura lokasaMgraha' kI mhaabhaavnaa|" mudrArAkSasa-bhUmikA, caukhambA samAlocanA pR0 21 / vaha nirIha, vItarAga evaM lokottara rAjanItijJa hai| cANakya maurya-sAmrAjya kA maMtrI hote hue bhI bhautika sukha se dUra hai| vaha buddhi-kozala kI sAkSAt pratimA hai tathA kisI bhI rahasya ko tatkSaNa samajha jAtA hai| candragupta ke prati usake kRtrima kalaha ko dekhakara, jaba vaitAlika candragupta ko uttejita karane ke lie usakI stuti-pATha karate haiM, to vaha bhAMpa jAtA hai ki yaha rAkSasa kI cAla hai / vaha apane kartavya ke prati sadA jAgarUka rahatA haiAmjJAtam / rAkSasasyAyaM prayogaH / AH durAtman ! rAkSasahataka! dRzyase jAgati khalu kauTilyaH-aMka 3 / vaha viSama sthiti meM bhI vicalita nahIM hotA aura apanI apUrva medhA ke dvArA zatru ke sAre SaDyantra ko vyartha kara detA hai| candragupta ke varSa ke lie kI gaI rAkSasa ko sArI yojanAe~ niSkala ho jAtI haiN| kavi ne usake vyaktigata jIvana kA jo citra aMkita kiyA hai usase usakI mahAnatA siddhAra hai| vaha asAdhAraNa vyakti hai| upalazakalameta bhedakaM gomayAnAM vAhatAnAM bahiSAM stoma eSaH / zaraNamapi samidbhiH zuSyamANAbhirAbhivinamitapaTalAntaM dRzyate jIrNakukhyam // 3 // 15 / 'eka ora to sUkhe kaNDoM ko tor3ane ke lie patthara kA Tukar3A par3A hai, dUsarI ora brahmacAriyoM ke ikaTThe kiye kuzoM kI Dhera lagI hai, cAroM ora chappara para sukhAI jAne vAlI samidhAoM se ghara zukA jA rahA hai aura dIvAreM giratIpar3atI kisI prakAra khar3I haiN|' cANakya dhairyavAn tathA apane pauruSa para adamya vizvAsa rakhane vAlA hai, jisase saphalatA tathA vijayazrI sadA usake karatalagata rahatI haiN| vaha bhAgyavAdI na hokara pauruSavAdI hai-devamavidvAMsaH pramANayanti / use apanI buddhi para dRr3ha vizvAsa hai| vaha kisI kI paravAha nahIM karatA, sAre saMkaToM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie

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mudrArAkSasa [mudrArAkSasa usakI buddhi paryApta hai| ekAkebalamarthasAdhanavidhI senAzatebhyo'dhikA / nandonmUlanadRSTavIryamahimA buddhistu mA gAnmama // 1 / 26 / vaha apUrva dUradarzI hai kyoMki rAkSasa kI buddhimattA evaM paTutA ko samajha kara hI use apane vaza meM karanA cAhatA hai| vaha usakA saMhAra na kara use candragupta ke amAtya-pada para adhiSThita karane ke lie sArA khela karatA hai| usane apane anucaroM ko kar3A Adeza de rakhA hai ki kisI bhI sthiti meM rAkSasa ke prANa kI rakSA kI jAya / use pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki rAkSasa kI apUrva medhA evaM candra gupta kI zakti ke samanvaya se hI maurya-sAmrAjya kA dRr3hIkaraNa sambhava hai| vaha mAnava manobhAvoM kA apUrva jJAtA hai tathA rAkSasa ke mahatva ko jitanA samajhatA hai utanA svayaM rAkSasa bhI nahIM jaantaa| vaha ahaMvAdI hai tathA dUsaroM kI kabhI bhI cintA nahIM karatA / vaha krodhI bhI isa prakAra kA hai ki usake nAma se hI AtaMka chA jAtA hai| cANakya sadA sAvadhAna rahatA hai tathA choTe zatru ko bhI upekSA nahIM karatA-kAyastha iti ladhvI mAtrA, tathApi na yuktaM prAkRtamapi ripu. mavajJAtum / vaha kAryabhAravAhakoM ko sadA pAritoSika evaM protsAhana detA rahatA hai, aura zleSagukta vacanoM ko bhI pahacAna letA hai| usakA pratyeka kArya saprayojana hotA hai| rAkSasa use ratnoM kA sAgara kahatA hai / 'nahi prayojanamanapekSya svapne'pi caannkyshcessttte| AkaraH sarvazAstrANAM ratnAnAmiva sAgaraH / guNanaM parituSyAmo yasya matsariNo vayam // 77 / usake guNa kI prazaMsA zatru aura mitra donoM hI karate haiN| bhAgurAyaNa usakI nIti ke sambandha meM isa prakAra kahatA hai-muhUrtAkSyojhedA muhuradhigamA bhAvagahanA, muhuH sampUrNAGkI muhuratikRzA kAryavazataH / muhubhraMzvabIjA muharapi bahuprApitaphaletyahI citrAkArA niyatiriva nItinaMyavidaH / / 13 / 'kabhI to cANakya kI gUr3ha cAleM prakAzita hone lagatI haiM aura kabhI itanI gahana ho jAtI haiM ki buddhigamya nahIM ho pAtIM, kabhI apane sampUrNa rUpa se dRSTigata hotI haiM, kabhI kiso kAryavizeSa se atyanta dhuMdhalI ho jAtI haiM, kabhI unakA bIja taka naSTa honA pratIta hotA hai aura kabhI vividha phaloM se yukta ho jAtI hai| vAstava meM cANakya kI nIti niyati kI bhAMti vicitra AkAra pradarzita karatI hai| kula milAkara cANakya mahAn rAjanItijJa, mahAmAnava, kUTanIti-vizArada, dRr3hapratijJa, 'evaM nispRha hai| vaha zatru ke guNa ko bhI mahattva detA hai| rAkSasa ke cazavartI ho jAne para vaha use 'mahAtmA' kahatA hai aura rAkSasa ke parivAra ko jaba candanadAsa use nahIM sauMpatA to vaha mana hI mana usakI prazaMsA karatA hai| rAkSasa-isa nATaka kA dUsarA prasiddha pAtra rAkSasa hai jo cANakya ke pratidvandvI ke rUpa meM citrita hai| yaha pratinAyaka kA kArya karatA hai| kavi ne rAkSasa aise pratinAyaka kA citraNa kara cANakya ke mahattva ko to bar3hAyA hI hai sAtha hI isa nATaka ko bhI AkarSaka banA diyA hai| rAkSasa kA vyaktitva mAnavIya rUpa kI vividha bhAva-bhaGgiyoM kA raGgasthala hai| vaha AzAoM evaM nirAzAoM ke pratighAta meM aDiga evaM ajeya banA rahatA hai| usakI isI svAbhAvika mahattA ke kAraNa cANakya usakI ora AkRSTa hai, aura yenakena prakAreNa use candragupta kA amAtya banAnA cAhatA

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mudrArAmasa] ( 414 ) . [mudrArAkSasa hai| vaha cANakya ke samakSa parAbhUta hokara bhI apanI mahAnatA kI chApa prekSakoM ke Upara chor3a jAtA hai| cANakya ke samAna vaha bhI mahAn rAjanItijJa evaM kUTanItivizArada hai, tathA jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha vyaktigata lAbha ke lie nahIM, apitu svAmibhakti se prerita hokara hii| nanda ke zAsanakAla meM usakI kitanI sattA tho; tathA usameM rAjya-saMcAlana kI kitanI zakti rahI hogI, isakA patA usakI mudrA se hI calatA hai| cANakya apanI sArI cAla ko usakI mudrA para hI kendrita kara detA hai| rAkSasa ne candragupta ke saMhAra ke lie jo yojanA banAyI thI vaha atyanta sudRr3ha evaM usake buddhikauzala kI paricAyaka thI, para usakI asiddhi meM rAkSasa kA utanA doSa nahIM thA jitanA ki usake vyaktiyoM ko asAvadhAno evaM AturatA kA thaa| rAkSasa kI parAjaya Akasmika evaM apratyAzita tho| cANakya ke hAtha meM rAkSasa kI mudrA kA par3a jAnA eka anahonI ghaTanA hai; isase usakA mahatva bar3hatA hI hai, ghaTatA nhiiN| ___ vastutaH usakI parAjaya paristhitijanya thii| paristhiti kI viparItatA tathA apanI yojanAoM kI vyarthatA ke kAraNa rAkSasa bhAgyavAdI bana jAtA hai / virAdhamupta ke mukha se apane do guptacaroM ke mAre jAne kA samAcAra prApta kara vaha bhAgya ko doSI ThaharAtA hai-'netAvubhau hato, devena vayameva hatAH / ' nanda vaMza ke vinAza meM vaha bhAgyacakra kA hI hAtha svIkAra karatA hai:-'vidhevilasitamidaM, kutaH' ? bhRtyatve paribhAva. dhAmani sati snehAt prabhUNAM satAM putrebhyaH kRtavedinAM kRtadhiyAM yeSAmabhinnA vayam / te lokasya parIkSakAH kSitibhRtaH pApena yena kSatAH tasyedaM vipulaM vidhevilasitaM puMsAM prayatna. cchidaH / / 520 / 'yaha to usa bhAgya kA phera hai jo manuSya ke puruSArtha kA zatra hai ! are ! yadi yaha na hotA to ve nyAya-parAyaNa rAjarAjezvara kyoMkara naSTa ho jAte jinake lie jina prabhutvazAliyoM ke lie, jina paropakAra-parAyaNoM ke lie aura jina sadasativeka-kartAoM ke lie, sevaka hone se apamAnAspada ho sakane para bhI, kevala unake snehavaza hama putravat hI nirantara rahate Aye / ' rAkSasa kI isa ukti meM usakI bhAgyavAditaH ke atirikta nandavaMza ke prati usakI bhakti-bhAvanA bhI AbhAsita hotI hai / rAkSasa bhAgyavAdI hote hue bhI akamaNyaM nahIM hai, aura na apane prayatnoM kI asaphalatA ke kAraNa apane ko kosatA hai| nirAzA kI bhAvanA se bhara jAne para bhI usake puruSArtha meM zithilatA nahIM AtI, aura anta-anta taka vaha karmaTha evaM kriyAzIla banA rahatA hai| vaha rAjanIti-vizArada hote hue bhI kaThora nahIM hai, aura sahRdayatA usake vyaktitva kA bahuta bar3A guNa hai| vaha sahaja hI apane prati sahAnubhUti prakaTa karane vAloM ko vizvAsabhAjana samajha letA hai| ___ rAkSasa kA vAstavika rUpa usakI mitratA meM prasphuTita hotA hai| vaha apane mitra candanadAsa ke prANoM para saMkaTa dekhakara usakI rakSA ke lie Atma-samarpaNa kara detA hai| vaha apane mitra ke jIvana se bar3ha kara apanI pratiSThA ko nahIM samajhatA aura cANakya kA vazavartI ho jAtA hai| usakA AtmasamapaMNa usakI asaphalatA kA dyotaka na hokara usakI saccI maitrI kA paricAyaka hai / 'mudrArAkSasa' nATaka meM rAkSasa asaphala siddha hote

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munIzvara ] ( 415 ) [ murAri hue bhI apanI rAjanItikapaTutA, kaThora kartavyaniSThA tathA saccI maitrI ke kAraNa mahAn siddha hotA hai / ina sAre guNoM ke atirikta use yuddhakalA meM nipuNatA bhI prApta hai / yuddha-saMcAlana kI kSamatA evaM sainya saMgaThana kI nipuNatA usameM kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai / eka yogya mantrI ke lie jina-jina guNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, ve sAre muNa rAkSasa meM bhare hue haiN| isake anya pAtroM meM candragupta evaM malayaketu haiM kintu cANakya evaM rAkSasa ke samakSa inakA vyaktitva ubhara nahIM sakA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. mudrArAkSasa - hindI anusAda sahita DaoN0 satyavrata siMha, cokhambA prakAzana / 2. saMskRta nATaka - DaoN0 kotha (hindI anuvAda) / 3. saMskRta-kavi-darzanaDaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 4. saMskRta - nATaka - samIkSA -DaoN0 indrapAla siMha 'indra' / saMskRta-kAvyakAra - DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 6. saMskRta ke kavi aura kAvya - DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 7. inTroDakzana TU mudrArAkSasa - -DaoN0 devasthalI / 8. saMskRta sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa - gairolA / munIzvara -- jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / prasiddha jyotiSI raMganAtha inake pitA [ [ de0 raMganAtha ] | inakA sthitikAla 1603 I0 hai / inhoMne 'siddhAnta sArvabhauma' nAmaka suprasiddha grantha kI racanA kI hai tathA bhAskarAcArya viracita 'siddhAnta ziromaNi' evaM 'lIlAvatI' ke Upara TIkAyeM likhI haiM / AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI | murAri -- 'anargharAghava' nAmaka nATaka ke racayitA [ de0 anadharAghava ] / unake jIvana ke sambandha meM paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai / 'anargharAghava' kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki unake pitA kA nAma vardhamAnabhaTTa evaM mAtA kA nAma tantumatI thA / ve maudgalyagotrIya brAhmaNa the / sUktigranthoM meM inakI prazaMsA ke aneka zloka prApta hote haiM- -- ka. murAri-padacintAyAM bhavabhUtestu kA kathA / bhavabhUtiM paritajya murArimurarIkuru // kha. devIM vAcamupAsate hi bahavaH sAraM tu sArasvataM jAnIte nitarAmasI gurukulakliSTo murAriH kaviH / abdhilekhita eva vAnarabhaTaiH kiM tvasya gambhIratAmApAtAlanimagnapIvaratanurjAnAti manyAcalaH // saduktikarNAmRta, 5 / 27 / 5 / sUktigranthoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki murAri mAgha aura bhavabhUti ke paravartI the / ye bhavabhUti kI kAvyazailI se prabhAvita bhI haiM, ataH unakA samaya 700 I0 ke pazcAt hai / ratnAkara ne apane 'haravijaya' mahAkAvya ke eka zloka meM murAri kI carcA kI hai, ataH ve ratnAkara (650 I0 ) ke pUrvavarttI haiM | maMkha racita 'zrIkaNThacarita' ( 1135 I0 ) meM murAri rAjazekhara ke pUrvavartI siddha kiye gae haiM / ina sabhI pramANoM AdhAra para unakA samaya 800 I0 ke AsapAsa nizcita hotA hai / murAri ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki ve zuddha nATaka lekhaka na hokara gItinATya ke racayitA the / unheM nATyakalA kA pUrNa jJAna nahIM thA / unake 'anaghaMrAghava' meM lambe-lambe aMka, kathAvastu kI vizvaGkhalatA, nATakIya kautUhala kA abhAva, kRtrima zailI evaM saMvAdoM kA Adhikya unheM saphala nATakakAra kI zreNI se girA detA

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murAri-miSa] ( 416 ) [mRcchakaTika hai| ve nATakakAra ke rUpa meM nitAnta asaphala to haiM hI, kavi ke rUpa meM bhI pUrNa saphala nahIM kahe jA skte| murAri-mizra--mImAMsA-darzana ke antargata [de0 mImAMsA-darzana ] murAri yA mitra-paramparA ke pratiSThApaka AcArya murAri mitra haiN| inakA samaya 12 zataka mAnA hai| inhoMne bhavanAtha nAmaka prasiddha mImAMsaka [ 'nayaviveka' nAmaka grantha ke racayitA tathA gurumata ke anuyAyI] ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai, jinakA samaya 11 vIM zatAbdI hai / isa AdhAra para ye bhavanAtha ke paravartI sira hote haiN| atyanta kheda ko bAta hai murAri mizra ke sabhI grantha upalabdha nahIM hote aura jo prApta bhI hue haiM, ve adhUre haiN| kucha varSa pUrva DaoN. umeza mizra ko inakI racanAoM ke kucha aMza prApta hue haiN| ye hai-tripAdakItinayam' evaM 'ekAdazAdhyAyAdhikaraNam' / donoM hI grantha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| prathama meM jaimini ke prArambhika cAra sUtroM kI vyAkhyA hai evaM dvitIya meM jaimini ke gyArahIM adhyAya meM vivecita kucha aMzoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI gayI hai| prAmANyavAda ke sambandha meM inhoMne apane maulika vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| inake mata kA ullekha aneka dArzanikoM ne kiyA hai jinameM prasiddha navyanaiyAyika gaMgeza upAdhyAya tathA unake putra vardhamAna upAdhyAya haiN| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. mImAMsA-darzanapaM0 maNDana mishr| mRcchakaTika-mahAkavi zudraka viracita saMskRta kA suprasiddha yathArthavAdI nATaka / zAstrIya dRSTi se ise prakaraNa kahA jAtA hai| isameM cArudatta evaM vasantasenA nAmnI vezyA kA praNaya-prasaMga daza aMkoM meM varNita hai| prathama aMka meM, prastAvanA ke pazcAt, cArudatta ke nikaTa usakA mitra maitreya (vidUSaka ) apane anya mitra cUrNavRddha dvArA diye gae jAtIkusuma se suvAsita uttarIya lekara AtA hai / cArudatta usakA svAgata karate hue uttarIya grahaNa karatA hai| vaha maitreya ko radanikA ke sAtha mAtR-deviyoM ko bali car3hAne ke lie jAne ko kahatA hai, para vaha pradoSa kAla meM jAne se bhayabhIta ho jAtA hai| cArudatta use Thaharane ke lie kahakara pUSAdi kArya meM saMlagna ho jAtA hai| isI bIca basantasenA kA pIchA karate hue zakAra, viTa aura ceTa pahuMca jAte haiN| zakAra kI ukti se hI vasantasenA ko jJAta hotA hai ki pAsa meM hI cArudatta kA ghara hai| vaha andhakAra meM TaTolate hue cArudatta ke ghara meM ghusa jAtI hai| cArudatta dIpaka lekara kivAr3a kholatA hai aura vasantasenA zIghratA se dIpaka bumAkara bhItara praveza kara jAtI hai| idhara zakAra radanikA ko ho vasantasenA samajha kara pakar3a letA hai, para maitreya DaoNTa kara radanikA ko chur3A letA hai| zakAra vivAda karatA huA maitreya ko dhamakI dekara calA jAtA jAtA hai / vidUSaka evaM radanikA ke bhItara praveza karane para vasantasenA pahacAna lI jAtI hai| vaha apane AbhUSaNoM ko cArudatta ke yahAM rakha detI hai aura cArudatta evaM maitreya use ghara pahuMcA dete haiN| isa aMka meM yaha patA cala jAtA hai ki vasantasenA ne sarvaprathama jaba cArudatta ko kAmadevAyatobAna meM dekhA thA, tabhI se usa para anurakta ho gayI thii|

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 417) [mRcchakaTika dvitIya aMka meM vasantasenA kI anurAgajanya viraha-vedanA dikhalAI gayI hai| isa aMka meM saMvAhaka nAmaka vyakti kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai jo pahale pATaliputra kA eka saMbhrAnta nAgarika thA aura samaya ke phera se, daridra hone ke kAraNa, ujjayinI Akara saMvAhaka ke rUpa meM cArudatta ke yahAM sevaka ho gyaa| cArudatta ke nidhana ho jAne se use bAdhya hokara haTanA par3A aura vaha juAr3I bana gyaa| jUe meM dasa muhara hAra jAne se usake cukAne meM asamartha hone ke kAraNa vaha chipA phiratA hai| usakA pIchA ghUtakAra aura mAthura kiyA karate haiN| vaha mandira meM chipa jAtA hai aura ve donoM ekAnta samakSa kara vahIM jUmA khelane lagate haiN| saMvAhaka bhI vahAM Akara sammilita hotA hai, para dyUtakAra dvArA pakar3a liyA jAtA hai| vaha bhAgakara basantasenA ke ghara meM chipa jAtA hai, aura cUtakAra tathA mAthura usakA pIchA karate hue pahuMca jAte haiN| saMvAhakako cArudatta kA purAnA sevaka samajha kara vasantasenA use apane yahAM sthAna detI hai aura dhUtakAra ko rupae ke badale apanA hastAbharaNa bheja detI hai, jise prApta kara ve santuSTa hokara cale jAte haiM / saMvAhaka virakta hokara bauddha bhikSu bana jAtA hai / tatkSaNa vasantasenA kA ceTa eka bigaDaila hAthI se eka bhikSuka ko bacAne ke kAraNa cArudatta dvArA pradatta puraskArasvarUpa eka prAvAraka lekara praveza karatA hai| vaha cArudatta kI udAratA kI prazaMsA karatA hai aura vasantasenA usake prAvAraka ko lekara prasanna hotI hai / tRtIya aMka meM zavilaka, jo vasantasenA kI dAsI madanikA kA premI hai, usako dAsatA se mukti dilAne ke lie cArudatta ke ghara meM seMdha mAra kara vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNa ko curA kara madanikA ko de detA hai| cArudatta jAgane para prasanna evaM cintita dikhAI par3atA hai| cora ke khAlI hAtha na lauTane se use prasannatA hai, para vasantasenA ke nyAsa ko lauTAne kI cintA se vaha duHkhita hai| usakI patnI dhUtA use apanI ratnAvalI lAkara detI hai aura maitreya use lekara vasantasenA ko dene ke lie calA jAtA hai| caturtha aMka meM rAjA ke sAle zakAra kI gAr3I vasantasenA ke pAsa use lene ke lie AtI hai| basantasenA kI mAM use jAne ke lie kahatI hai, para vasantasenA nahIM jaatii| zavilaka vasantasenA ke ghara para jAkara madanikA ko corI kA vRttAnta sunAtA hai| madanikA vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNoM ko dekhakara unheM pahacAna jAtI hai, aura unheM apanI svAminI ko lauTA dene ke lie kahatI hai| pahale to zaklika usake prastAva ko amAnya ThaharA detA hai, kintu antataH use mAnane ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| vasantasenA chipakara donoM premiyoM kI bAtacIta sunatI hai aura prasannatApUrvaka madanikA ko muktakara zavilaka ke havAle kara detI hai| rAste meM zaklika ko rAjA pAlaka dvArA gopAladAraka ko kaida kiye jAne kI ghoSaNA sunAI par3atI hai| vaha remila ke sAtha madanikA ko bheja kara gopAladAraka ko chur3Ane ke lie cala detA hai / zaklika ke cale jAne ke bAda dhUtA kI ratnAvalI lekara maitreya AtA hai aura kahatA hai ki cArudatta bhASake gahanoM ko jue meM hAra gayA hai, isalie usane ratnAvalI badale meM bhijavAI hai| basantasenA mana 27 saM0 sA0

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mRcchakaTika , (418 ) [ mRcchakaTika hI-mana prasanna hokara ratnAvalI rakha letI hai aura sandhyA samaya cArudatta se milane kA sandeza dekara maitreya ko lauTA detI hai| ___ paMcama aMka meM yasantasenA ghora varSA meM viTa ke sAtha cArudatta ke ghara jAtI hai aura rAta vahIM bitAtI hai| SaSTha aMka meM cArudatta puSpakaraNDaka jIrNodyAna meM jAtA hai, aura vasantasenA ko bhI vahIM milane ko kahatA hai| radanikA cArudatta ke putra ko goda meM lekara AtI hai aura usako khelane ke lie miTTI kI gAr3I detI hai| lar3akA sone kI gAr3I mAMgatA hai aura miTTI kI gAr3I nahIM letaa| vasantasenA use apane AbhUSaNa dekara sone kI gAr3I banavAne ko kahatI hai / vasantasenA puSpakaraNDaka jIrNodyAna meM jAne ko taiyAra hotI hai, kintu bhUla kara vahIM khar3I huI zakAra kI gAr3I meM baiTha jAtI hai| isI bIca kArAgAra se bhAgakara gopAladAraka AtA hai aura bacane ke lie vasantasenA kI gAr3I meM ghusa jAtA hai| gADIvAna use hI vasantasenA samajhakara gAr3I hAMka detA hai| mArga meM candanaka evaM vIraka nAmaka rAjapuruSa gAr3I dekhanA cAhate haiN| candanaka gAr3I meM AyaMka ko dekhatA hai aura Aryaka uso rakSA kI yAcanA karatA hai / candanaka use abhayadAna de detA hai aura vIraka ko samajhAkara gAr3I nahIM dekhane detA aura candanaka ke kahane para gAr3IvAna gAr3I bar3hA detA hai| sAtaveM aMka meM AyaMka udyAna meM Akara cArudatta se milatA hai aura cArudatta usake bandhanoM ko kATakara use abhayadAna detA hai| vaha svayaM bhI ghara calA jAtA hai aura Aryaka ko vidA kara detA hai ! ATha aMka meM zakAra udyAna meM Aye hue eka bhikSuka ko cIvara dhote dekhakara use pITatA hai, para viTa ke kahane para use chor3a detA hai| usI samaya sthAvara ceTaka vasantasenA ko lekara pahuMcatA hai / vasanta senA cArudatta ke sthAna para zakAra ko dekhakara ura jAtI hai| zakAra usase praNaya-nivedana karatA hai, kintu vasantasenA usake prastAva ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| isa para vaha use galA daboca kara mUcchita kara detA hai aura use marA huA jAnakara vahIM pattoM se DhaMka detA hai| vaha nyAyAlaya meM jAkara cArudatta ke Upara vasanta senA kI hatyA kA aparAdha lagAkara mukadamA kara detA hai| isI bIca boTa bhikSu saMvAhaka udyAna meM AtA hai aura vasantasenA ko pahacAna kara use saMjJA meM lAkara vihAra meM le jAtA hai| naI aMka meM zakAra nyAyAlaya meM jAkara cArudatta para vasantasenA kI hatyA karane kA abhiyoga lagAtA hai| nyAyAdhIza vasantasenA kI mAM ko bulA kara pUchatA hai ki vasantasenA kahAM gayI thii| vaha batAtI hai ki vaha cArudatta ke pAsa gayI thii| tatpazcAt cArudatta AtA hai aura vaha vasantasenA ke sAtha apanI maitrI svIkAra kara letA hai| maitreya AkAra zakAra se lar3ane lagatA hai aura lar3ate samaya usake pAsa rakhA huA AbhUSaNa gira par3atA hai| zakAra use uThAkara nyAyAdhIza ke samakSa rakha detA hai aura vasantasenA kI mAM svIkAra kara letI hai, ki ye AbhUSaNa usakI putrI ke haiN| cArudatta kA abhiyoga siddha ho jAtA hai aura rAjAjJA ke dvArA use prANadaNDa milatA hai /

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mRcchakaTika ] [ mRcchakaTika dazama aMka meM cANDAloM dvArA cArudatta vadhasthAna para lAyA jAtA hai / zakAra ke dvArA bandI banAyA gayA sthAvaraka kisI taraha kUda kara kahatA hai ki vasantasenA kI hatyA zakAra ne kI hai| para zakAra use svarNa kA cora batA kara usakI bAta ko mithyA siddha karatA hai| maitreya ke sAtha cArudatta kA putra AtA hai aura zakAra use bhI vadha karane kI rAya prakaTa karatA hai| cANDAla cArudatta ko vadhasthAna para le jAkara khaDga calAtA hai, para usake hAtha se khar3aga gira jAtA hai aura cANDAla use zUlI para car3hAnA cAhatA hai| isI bIca bhikSu ke sAtha vasantasenA A jAtI hai aura usako jIvita dekhakara cANDAla cArudatta ko chor3a dete haiN| ve rAjA ko yaha samAcAra jAkara dete haiN| zakAra bhAga jAtA hai aura rAjya meM krAnti phaila jAtI hai| zavilaka rAjA pAlaka ko mAra detA hai aura Aryaka rAjA banAyA jAtA hai| zakAra ko rAjA kI ora se jhUThe abhiyoga ke kAraNa prANadaNDa milatA hai, para cArudatta ke dvArA use abhayadAna milatA hai| usI samaya candanaka dvArA yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki dhUtA pati ke prANadaNDa kA samAcAra sunakara citA meM jalanA cAhatI hai| sabhI loga zIghratApUrvaka jAkara use rokate haiM aura vasantasenA rAjA ke Adeza se cArudatta kI vadhU banA dI jAtI hai| cArudatta kI icchA se bhikSu ko vihAroM kA adhipati evaM donoM cANDAloM ko cANDAloM kA adhipati banAyA jAtA hai| candanaka pRthvIpAlaka kA pada prApta karatA hai aura bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATaka kI samApti ho jAtI hai| nAmakaraNa-'mRcchakaTika' kA nAmakaraNa vicitratA kA dyotaka hai / nATaka athavA kAvya kA nAmakaraNa kavi, pAtra athavA mukhya ghaTanA yA vayaMviSaya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| yadi isa dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to varNyavRtta ke AdhAra para isakI abhidhA 'cArudatta' yA 'daridracArudatta' honI cAhie thii| para racayitA ne kisa AdhAra para isakA yaha nAmakaraNa kiyA, isakA saMketa 6 3 aMka meM cArudatta ke bAlaka kI krIr3A meM dikhAI par3atA hai| cArudatta kA putra rohasena apane par3osI ke bacce ko sone kI gAr3I se khelate hue dekhatA hai, aura miTTI kI gAr3I se na khela kara sone kI gAr3I lenA cAhatA hai| cArudatta kI ceTI radanikA use bahalAtI aura kahatI hai ki jaba tumhAre pitA jI punaH samRddha ho jAyeMge to tuma sone kI gAr3I se khelanA ! bAlaka jaba itane para bhI nahIM mAnatA hai to radanikA use vasantasenA ke ghara le jAtI hai| bAlaka ko dekhakara vasantasenA prasanna ho gayI aura usane usake rone kA kAraNa puuchaa| vasantasenA ne kahA ki beTA tuma sone kI hI gAr3I se khelnaa| vasantasenA kI mamatAmayI dRSTi dekhakara bAlaka ne pUchA ki radanike yaha kauna hai ? isa para vasamtasenA ne kahA ki maiM tumhAre pitA ke guNoM para jIvita unhIM kI dAsI huuN| vaha vasantasenA kI yaha bAta na samajhakara radanikA kI ora utsuka hokara dekhane lgaa| isa para radanikA ne kahA ki ye tumhArI jananI haiN| para bAlaka ko usakI bAtoM para vizvAsa nahIM huA aura usakI bAtoM meM use saMgati nahIM dikhAI pdd'ii| usakI mAM ke zarIra para AbhUSaNa nahIM the, jaba ki vasantasenA kA zarIra gahanoM se pUrNa thaa| ataH vaha radanikA se kahatA hai ki tuma jhUTha bola rahI ho, yaha merI mAM nahIM hai| yadi merI mAM hotI to use itane gahane

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mRcchakaTika] ( 420 ) [ mRcchakaTika kaise hote / bacce kI bAteM suna kara vasantasenA kA hRdaya mamatA se bhara jAtA hai, aura vaha apane sabhI AbhUSaNoM ko utAra kara usakI gAr3I meM bhara detI hai| vaha bacce se kahatI hai ki aba to maiM terI mAM bana gayI na, le ina gahanoM se sone kI gAr3I banavA le / (eSedAnI te jananI saMvRttA! tad gRhANa tamalaMkAram / sauvarNazakaTikA kAraya ! ) / upayukta ghaTanA hI isa nATaka ke nAmakaraNa kA AdhAra hai| para, yahA~ prazna uThatA hai ki isa ghaTanA kA nAmakaraNa ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai ? isa nATaka kA 'mRcchakaTika' nAma pratIkAtmaka hai tathA asantoSa kA pratIka hai| 'mRcchakaTika' ke adhikAMza pAtra apanI sthiti se asantuSTa haiM aura unake asantoSa kI jhalaka isa nATaka meM milatI hai| vasantasenA sulabha zakAra ko pyAra na kara sarvaguNasampanna cArudatta ko cAhatI hai, cArudatta bhI dhUtA se asantuSTa hai aura vaha vasantasenA kI ora AkRSTa hotA hai| bAlaka rohasena bhI miTTI kI gAr3I se santuSTa nahIM hai aura vaha sone kI gAr3I cAhatA hai / kavi ne yaha dikhAyA hai ki jo loga apanI paristhitiyoM se asantuSTa hokara eka dUsare se IrSyA karate haiM, ve jIvana meM aneka kaSTa uThAte haiN| isa prakAra isake pAtroM kA asantoSa sarvavyAyI hai, jisake kAraNa pratyeka vyakti ko kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai| ataH isakA nAma sArthaka evaM mukhya vRtta kA aMga hai / isa abhidhA kA dUsarA karaNa yaha hai ki racayitA kA dhyAna suvarNa kI mahimA dikhAte hue bhI cArudatta kI daridratA evaM rohasena kI miTTI kI gAr3I para vizeSarUpa se hai| kavi ne vasantasenA kI samRddhi para dhyAna na dekara usake zIla para vicAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra cArudatta kI daridratA hI usake zIla kA pratIka hai jisakI chAyA rohasena kI gAr3I meM dikhAI par3atI hai| vastutaH kavi vasantasenA ke vaibhava ko mahattva na dekara cArudatta kI daridratA kI mahattA svIkAra karatA hai / ataH isakA nAma 'mRcchakaTika' upayukta siddha hotA hai, kyoMki vaha cArudatta kI daridratA kA paricAyaka hai| ___mahAkavi zUdraka ne bhAsa racita 'cArudatta' nAmaka nATaka kI kathAvastu ko AdhAra banAkara isakI racanA kI hai, kintu donoM ke racanA-vidhAna evaM prAkRta bhASA ke prayoga meM paryApta antara dikhAI par3atA hai| isameM kavi ne apanI pratibhA ke prakAza meM katipaya navInatAeM pradarzita kI haiN| bhAsa ne 'cArudatta' meM kevala vasantasenA evaM cArudatta kI praNaya kathA kA hI sanniveza kiyA thA, kintu zUdraka ne rAjanaitika kathAnaka ko guMphita kara navInatA pradarzita kI hai| isameM premiyoM kA bhAgya nagara ke rAjanaitika bhAgya ke sAtha sambaddha ho gayA hai| dvitIya aMka meM juAr3iyoM ke dRzya kA niyojana kavi kI maulika kalpanA hai, jisase nATaka jIvana ke adhika nikaTa A gayA hai aura isameM apUrva AkarSaNa kA samAveza huA hai / kavi ne zakAra ke caritra ke mAdhyama se hAsya kI yojanA kI hai tathA anya pAtroM ke mAdhyama se bhI hAsya kI sRSTi kI hai| ataH 'mRcchakaTika' kA hAsya zUdraka kI nijI kalpanA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| isameM kavi ne aneka navIna pAtroM kI kalpanA kara apanI maulikatA pradarzita kI hai| 'mRcchakaTika' meM sAta prakAra ke prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, aura isa dRSTi se yaha saMskRta kI apUrva nATya-kRti hai| TIkAkAra pUthvIdhara ke anusAra prayukta prAkRtoM ke nAma haiM-zaurasenI, avantikA, prAcyA,

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mRcchakaTika ] (421 ) [mRcchakaTika mAgadhI, zakArI, cANDAlI tathA ddhkii| TIkAkAra ne vibhinna pAtroM dvArA prayukta prAkRta kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| 1-zaurasenI-sUtradhAra, naTI, vasantasenA, madanikA, dhUtA, karNapUraka, radanikA, zodhanaka, shresstthii| 2-avantikA-vIraka, cndnk| 3-prAcyAvidUSaka / 4-mAgadhI-saMvAhaka, sthAvaraka, kumbhIlaka, vardhamAnaka, rohasena, bhikSu / 5zakArI-zakAra / 6-cANDAlI-cANDAla / 7-DhakkI-sabhika (pUtakAra), mAdhura / vastuvidhAna-'mRcchakaTika' kA vastu-vidhAna saMskRta nAvya-sAhitya kI mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai| yaha saMskRta kA prathama yathArthavAdI nATaka hai jise devI kalpanAoM evaM AbhijAtya vAtAvaraNa se mukta kara kavi yathArtha ke kaThora dharAtala para adhiSThita karatA hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se jahAM yaha eka ora prakaraNa kA rUpa upasthita karatA hai, vahIM pAzcAtya DhaGga kI kaumadI kI bhauti bhI manoraMjakatA se pUrNa lagatA hai| prakaraNa meM kavikalpita kathAvastu kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai, aura isakA nAyaka koI itihAsa prasiddha vyakti na hokara dhIra prazAnta lakSaNa se yukta koI brAhmaNa, vaNik athavA amAtya hotA hai| isakI nAyikA kulajA athavA vezyA donoM meM se koI eka yA donoM hI hotI haiN| isakA kathAnaka madhyama zreNI ke vyaktiyoM se sambaddha hotA hai, ataH usameM madhyama zreNI ke vyaktiyoM kI cAritrika durbalatAeM pradarzita kI jAtI haiN| isake pAtroM meM kitava ( dhUtaM ), dyUtakAra, sabhika, viTa, ceTa Adi bhI hote haiN| isa dRSTi se 'mRcchakaTika' prakaraNa siddha hotA hai, nATaka nahIM / prakaraNa meM dasa aMka hote haiM, jo isa prakaraNa meM bhI haiM / pAzcAtya kathA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se isakI pAMca avasthAe~ dikhAI par3atI haiMprArambha, vikAsa, caramasImA, nigati evaM anta / prathama aMka meM vasantasenA kA cArudatta ke ghara apane AbhUSaNoM ko rakhane se kathA kA prArambha hotA hai / isake bAda kathAnaka kA Age vikAsa hotA hai| vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNoM kA curAyA jAnA tathA usake badale meM dhUtA kA ratnamAlA denA evaM vasantasenA kA abhisAra vikAsAvasthA ke sUcaka haiN| zakaTa-parivartana aura vasantasenA kI zakAra dvArA hatyA caramasImA ke antargata aaegii| antima aMka meM cArudatta kA prANadaNDa nigati aura vasantasenA tathA cArudatta ke vivAha kI rAjAjJA anta hai| bhAratIya kathA-vidhAna ke vicAra se 'mRcchakaTika' meM arthaprakRtiyoM, kAryAvasthAoM evaM sandhiyoM kA niyojana atyadhika saphalatApUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| isake prathama aMka meM vasantasenA kA pIchA karate hue zakAra ke isa kathana meM nATaka kA 'bIja' pradarzita huA hai-'bhAva ! bhAva ! eSA garbhadAsI kAmadevAyatanodyAnAt prabhRti tasya daridracArudattasya anuraktA, na mAM kAmayate' (pRSTha 52, caukhambA sNskrnn)| dvitIya aMka meM karNapUraka kA vasantasenA ko cArudatta kA prAvAraka dikhAnA evaM usakA ( vasantasenA ) prasanna honA, bindu hai / tRtIya aMka meM juAr3iyoM kA prasaMga mUlakathA kA vicchinna kara detA hai aura yaha ghaTanA prAsaMgika kathA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| yahIM se zarvilaka kA caritra prArambha hotA hai aura mUlakathA ke anta taka calatA hai / ataH zavilaka kI kathA 'patAkA' evaM parivrAjaka bhikSu kA prasaGga 'prakarI' hai / anta meM cArudatta dvArA prasantasenA ko patnI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA 'kArya' hai| kAryAvasthA kA vidhAna isa prakAra hai-prathama

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 422 ) [ mRcchakaTika. aMka meM vasantasenA kA cArudatta ke gRha meM AnA tathA cArudatta kA usakI ora AkarSaNa 'ArambhAvasthA' hai| vasantasenA kA cArudatta ke gRha meM apane AbhUSaNa rakhakara jAne se lekara paMcama aMka paryanta taka kI ghaTanA 'yatna' hai| isa bIca do prayatna dikhAI par3ate haiM-vasantasenA kA AbhUSaNa chor3akara jAnA tathA dhUtA ke AbhUSaNa ko vasantasenA ke pAsa cArudatta dvArA bhijavAyA jaanaa| chaThe aMka se lekara dasaveM aMka taka kI ghaTanAeM 'prAptyAzA' ke rUpa meM upasthita hotI haiN| ina ghaTanAoM meM phala prApti kI AzA anukUla evaM pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM dolAyamAna rahatI hai| bauddha bhikSu ke sAtha vasantasenA kA sahasA Agamana 'niyatApti' hai aura vasantasenA tathA cArudatta kA vivAha 'phalAgama' / paMcasandhiyoM kA vidhAna bhI upayukta hai| prathama aMka ke prArambha se vasantasenA ke isa kathana meM 'caturo madhuzcAyamupanyAsaH' (svagata kathana ) 'mukhasandhi' dikhAI par3atI hai| 'pratimukhasandhi' prathama aMka meM hI vasantasenA ke isa kathana se prArambha hotI hai - 'AryaH yadyevamahamAyaMsya anugrAhyA' aura paMcama aMka ke anta taka dikhAI par3atI hai| chaThe aMka ke prArambha se lekara dasaveM aMka taka, cANDAla ke hAtha se khaDga chUTa jAne evaM basantasenA ke isa kathana meM-'AryAH ! eSA ahaM mandanAginI yasthAH kAraNAdepa vyApayate'--'garbhasandhi' hai| antima aMka meM cANDAla kI ukta-svaritaM kA punareSA' evaM kAra ke kathana meM-'AzcaryaH pratyujjIvito'smi' taka 'avamarza sandhi' calatI hai| isI aMka meM 'nepathye kalakala:' se lekara anta taka 'nirvahaNa sandhi' dikhAI par3atI hai| isa prakAra 'mRcchakaTika' kA vastu-vidhAna atyanta sundara sapA zAstrIya svarUpa kA nirvAha karane vAlA hai| isameM kathAvastu ke tIna sUtra dikhAI par3ate haiM jo paraspara guMphita hai-1-vasantasenA evaM cArudatta kA praNaya-prasaMga, 2..--zavilaka tathA madanikA kI prema-kathA, 3-rAjanaitika krAnti / __jisake anusAra atyAcArI rAjA pAlaka kA vinAza evaM gopAla-putra Aryaka kA rAjyAbhiSeka hotA hai| inameM basantasenA aura cArudatta kI praNaya kathA AdhikArika kathA hai aura zeSa donoM kathAyeM prAsaMgika haiN| inameM nATaka kI AdhikArika yA mukhya ...kayA kI mapanI viziSTatAeM haiN| isakI pahalI vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha prema nAyaka kI . bora se prArambha na hokara nAyikA kI ora se hotA hai| basantasenA cArudatta ke prema ko prApta karane ke lie adhika kriyAzIla evaM saceSTa hai, jaba ki nAyaka niskriya dikhAI paratA hai| isakI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha ki madhya meM Akara prema pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai tathA punaH isameM apratyAzita rUpa se nayA mor3a pAtA hai aura prema meM bAdhAeM upasthita ho jAtI haiN| kintu banda hote-hote nAyikA kA prema pUrNa ho jAtA hai| bilaka aura madanikoM kI praNaya-kathA mukhya kathA ko gati dene vAlI hai, kyoMki zaklika ho rAjanaitika krAnti kA eka pradhAna mNghai| kathA ko phala kI ora le jAne meM usakA mahatvapUrNa yoga dikhAI par3atA hai| rAjanaitika krAdhi kI ghaTanA ke sambandha meM katipaya vidvAnoM kA mantavya hai ki yaha svatantra kalA hai. aura isako pustaka se nikAla diyA jAya to AdhikArika kathA ko kisI prakAra kI kSati nahIM phuNcegii| isIlie, saMbhavataH, bhAsa ne apane nATaka meM isa kathA ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai / pro. rAiTara kA

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 423 ) [ mRcchakaTika www abhinaya sambandhI katipaya vicAra hai ki yaha rUpaka atyanta vistRta hai tathA isameM do nATakoM kI sAmagrI hai / usake anusAra rAjanaitika krAnti ko kathA ke kAraNa aMka do se pAMca taka mukhya kathA daba gayI hai aura prekSakoM ko patA nahIM calatA ki ve vasantasenA aura cArudatta kI praNaya kathA kA avalokana kara rahe haiN| para vastutaH yaha bAta nahIM hai / isakI prAsaMgika kathA mukhya ghaTanA se pRthak na hokara usI anusyUta dikhalAI par3atI hai aura krAnti kI ghaTanA mukhya kathA ko phala kI ora agrasara karane meM mahatvapUrNa yoga dikhAtI hai | isake sabhI mukhya pAtra mukhya ghaTanA se sambaddha haiM aura ve phalAgama meM sahAyaka hote haiM / Arya kA rAjyArohaNa cArudatta ke anukUla par3atA hai aura rAjAjJA se hI vaha vasantasenA ko vadhU ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra prAsaMgika kathA mukhya kathA para zAsana na kara usake vikAsa meM gati pradAna karatI hai / kavi ne tInoM kathAoM ko bar3I kuzalatA ke sAtha paraspara saMzliSTa kara apane prakaraNa ko uttama banAyA hai / ina sArI viziSTatAoM ke bAda bhI 'mRcchakaTika' meM doSa dikhalAI par3ate haiM / caturtha aMka meM vasantasenA ke bhavana adhika vistRta evaM darzakoM ke dhairya kI parIkSA lenevAlA hai bhI nATakIya dRSTi se koI mahattva nahIM rakhatA, aura vaha itanA vistRta hai ki darzaka Ubane lagate haiM / kAvya kI dRSTi se avazya hI isa varNana kA mahattva hai para raGgamaMca ke vicAra se yaha Uva paidA karanevAlA hai / kintu ye doSa bahuta alpa haiM aura 'mRcchakaTika' kA mahattva inase kama nahIM hotA / pAtra evaM caritra citraNa - 'mRcchakaTika' meM aneka prakAra ke pAtroM kA zIla-nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / kavi ne samAja ke aise caritroM kA bhI caritrAMkana kiyA hai jo heya evaM upekSita haiM / cora, dyUtakAra, ceTa, viTa Adi isameM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA upasthita karate haiM / ina pAtroM ke vyaktitva kI nijI biziSTatAe~ haiM tathA aise pAtra anyAnya saMskRta nATakoM meM nahIM dikhAI pdd'te| ina pAtroM ke atirikta dhanI vezyA, daridra premI, rAja-padAdhikArI, nyAyAdhIsa, atyAcArI rAjA, vidvAn tathA rAjA kA bigar3A huA sAlA kA bhI isameM varNana kiyA gayA hai / evaM sAta agina kA varNana / pA~caveM aMka kA varSA varNana cArudala - bAruda isa nATaka kA nAyaka aura janmanA brAhmaNa hai, kintu vaha vyavahAra ke vyApArI hai| prastAvanA meM sUtradhAra ne ise 'avantipuryAM dvijasAgaMvAhaH' kA spaTTokaraNa kiyA hai| dazama meM pAdata me svayaM apane ko grupane putra ko ba (pUrvaja atyadhika AhA kahA hai aura dAma ke 'detA hai- 'motikamathe kintu yaha samaya usako dAtA kA guNa haiM jinameM viSam ke phera se daridra ho gayA hai bhI hai| isake caritra kati maha ujjayinI ke nAmarikoM kA abhAva banA ra dAratA tathA paropakAra Adi / isakI isakA sikAra bhI karatA hai-"dInAnAM kalpavRkSaH svaguNaphalanataH sajjanAnAM kuTumbI, cAdarza zikSitAnAM sucarita nikaNaH zIlabelAsamudraH / satkarttA nAvamantA: puruSa guNanidhidakSiNodArasasvo, hokaH zlAghya sa jIvatyadhikaguNatayA cocchbasantIva cAnye // " "jo daridra manuSyoM kI bAMchita pUrti ke lie kalpataru

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 424 ) [ mRcchakaTika hai / apane hI dayAdi guNoM se vinamra, sAdhuoM ke paripoSaka, vinItoM ke Adarza, saccaritroM kI kasauTI, sadAcArarUpI maryAdA ke sAgara, lokopakArI, kisI kA bhI apamAna na karane vAle, mAnavoM ke guNoM ke sthAna tathA sarala evaM udAra citta vAle--anekoM guNoM se yukta akele cArudatta kA ho jIvana prazaMsanIya hai / aura logoM kA jIvana to vyartha hI hai / " cArudatta ke inhI guNoM ke kAraNa vasantasenA usakI ora AkRSTa hotI hai / jaba maitreya dhUtA kA AbhUSaNa lekara usake yahAM pahuMcAtA hai to vaha usake guNoM kI prazaMsA karatI huI usakA samAcAra pUchatI hai - "guNaprabAlaM vinayaprazAkhaM, visrambhamUlaM mahanIya puSpam / taM sadhuvRkSaM svaguNaiH phalADhyaM suhRdvihaGgAH sukhamAzrayanti / / " "udAratA Adi guNa jisake palana haiM, namratA hI vinamra zAkhAe~ haiM, vizvAsa hI jar3a hai, gaurava puSpa hai, paropakAra Adi apane guNa ho se jo phalavAna ho rahA hai usa cArudattarUpI uttama vRkSa para mitrarUpI pakSI kyA aba bhI sukhapUrvaka nivAsa karate haiM / " saMvAhaka cArudatta kI prazaMsA karate hue kahatA hai ki isa pRthvI para to kevala AyaM cArudatta kA hI jIvana hai, anya to vyartha hI jIvita haiM / isa kaSTamaya jIvana kI parijana use chor3akara hai / vaha satyaniSTha hai / samaya ke phera se cArudatta daridra ho gayA hai aura use isake lie duHkha hotA hai / vaha apane ghara kI saphAI bhI nahIM karA sakatA tathA usake dvAra para lambe-lambe ghAsa uga gae haiN| vaha daridratA ke kAraNa na to atithi satkAra kara sakatA hai aura na dUsaroM kI sevA hI karane meM samartha hai| vaha dAridraya se Uba kara apekSA mRtyu kA varaNa zreyaSkara mAnatA hai / usake mitra tathA pRthak ho gae haiM / use apanI koti kI cintA sadA banI rahatI zarbilaka dvArA curAe gae vasantasenA ke gahanoM ko vaha dhokhA se chipAnA nahIM cAhatA, balki usake badale meM apanI strI kI ratnamAlA bhijavA detA hai / vaha maitreya dvArA usake lie AbhUSaNa bhejakara jhUThI bAta kahalA detA hai ki vaha usakA AbhUSaNa jue meM hAra gayA hai / kintu isase usakI satyaniSThatA para AMca nahIM AtI; kyoMki vaha kabhI-kabhI asatya bhASaNa karatA bhI hai to apanI maryAdA kI rakSA ke lie yA dUsaroM ke kalyANa ke lie / vaha apane ghara meM cora dvArA seMdha lagAye jAne para prasanna hotA hai ki cora khAlI hAtha nahIM gayA, kyoMki use isa bAta kI cintA hotI ki itane bar3e sArthavAha ke para seMdha mArane para bhI cora ko kucha nahIM milatA aura vaha saba jagaha jAkara cArudatta kI daridratA kI carcA krtaa| vaha isIlie duHkhita rahatA hai ki daridratA ke kAraNa hI parijana usakA sAtha chor3a cuke hai aura atithi nahIM Ate / "etattu mAM dahati yad gRhamasmadIyaM kSINArthamityatizayaH parivarjayanti / saMzuSkasAndramadalekhamiva bhramantaH kAlAtyaye madhukarAH kariNaH kapolam // 1 / 12 dInAvasthA meM bhI vaha apane vaMza kI kIrti ko surakSita rakhatA hai| vaha matavAle hAthI se bhikSuka kA prANa bacAne ke lie karNapUraka ko apanA prAbAraka puraskAra meM detA hai| jaba peTa ke Agamana kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai to vaha use vastra detA hai de sakane ke kAraNa duHkhita ho jAtA hai / dvArA use vasantasenA ke kintu use pAritoSita na

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 425 ) [mRcchakaTika usameM Atma-sammAna kA bhAva pUrNarUpa se bharA huA hai| vaha kalaMkita hone se DaratA hai, kintu mRtyu se nahIM ddrtaa| 'na bhIto maraNAdasmi kevalaM dUSitaM yazaH / vizuddhasya hi me mRtyuH putrajanmasamo bhavet // 10 // 27 / vaha dhArmika prakRti kA vyakti hai tathA nitya pUjana evaM samAdhi meM nirata rahatA hai / vidUSaka dvArA devapUjA meM azratA prakaTa karane para vaha use kahatA hai ki yaha gRhastha kA dharma nahIM-bayasya ! mA maivam / gRhasthasya nityo'yaM vidhiH|' isa prakaraNa kA nAyaka hote hue bhI cArudatta kA pratyakSa rUpa se isakI ghaTanAoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM hai| vaha prema ke bhI kSetra meM niSkriya-sA rahatA hai| vaha gaMbhIra evaM cintanazIla pravRtti kA vyakti hai aura daridratA ne hI use daridratA kA dArzanika banA diyA hai| usane nidhanatA ke jisa darzana kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, usase isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| "nidhanatA se lajjA hotI hai, lajjita manuSya tejahIna ho jAtA hai, nisteja loka se tiraskRta hotA hai, punaH tiraskAra ke dvArA virakta ho jAtA hai, vairAgya hone para zoka utpanna hotA hai| zokAtura hone se buddhi kSINa ho jAtI hai, phira buTihIna hone para sarvanAza kI avasthA A jAtI hai-aho! daridratA sabhI ApattiyoM kI jar3a hai|' 'sakhe ! nirdhanatA hI manuSyoM kI nintA kA Azraya hai ! zatruoM ke apamAna kA sthAna, dUsarA zatru, mitroM kA puNApAtra tathA AtmIyajanoM ke vara kA kAraNa hai| daridra kI ghara chor3akara bana meM cale jAne kI icchA hotI hai| yahAM taka ki use strI kA bhI apamAna sahanA par3atA hai| aura kahA~ taka kahU~ hRdayasthita zokAmi eka bAra hI jalA nahIM DAlatI kintu ghulA-ghulA kara mAratI hai|' vaha dharma-parAyaNa hone ke kAraNa bhAgyavAdI bhI hai / vaha zakunoM meM vizvAsa karatA hai, kyoMki ye manuSya ke bhAgya ko rahasyamaya DhaMga se niyantrita karate haiN| vaha apanI nirdhanatA kA mukhya kAraNa bhAgya ko mAnatA hai-'bhAgyakSayapIDitAM dazAM nrH|' nyAyAlaya meM vidUSaka kI anavadhAnatA ke kAraNa AbhUSaNa ke gira jAne ko bhI vaha bhAgya kA hI khela svIkAra karatA hai-'asmAkaM bhAgyadoSAt patitaH pAtayiSyati / ' premI ke rUpa meM usakA vyaktitva niyantrita hai| vaha prema karatA hai kintu premila bhAvanAoM ke Aveza meM nahIM aataa| vasantasenA se prema karate hue bhI apanI patnI dhUtA se udAsIna nahIM rhtaa| usameM cAritrika dRr3hatA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| anya strI se apane vastra kA sparza hone se vaha kheda prakaTa karatA hai-'avijJAtAvasaktena dUSitA mama vAsasA' / vasantasenA ke prati usakA AkarSaNa svAbhAvika na hokara paristhitijanya hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai vasantasenA hI usakI ora AkRSTa hai aura isIlie cArudatta usakI ora AkRSTa hotA hai| vasantasenA ke prati usakA andha-prema nahIM dikhAI par3atA, apitu kartavya-buddhi se paricAlita hai| vaha apanI patnI kI cAritrika udAratA se prabhAvita hai, aura isake lie use garva hai / vaha use vipatti kI sahAyikA mAnatA hai aura vasantasenA ke AbhUSaNa ke badale ratnamAlA prApta kara harSita ho jAtA hai-'nAhaM daridraH yasya mama vibhavAnugatA bhAryA / ' vasantasenA ke rahate hue bhI usake prANadaNa kI sUcanA prApta kara citArohaNa karanevAlI dhUtA ko bacAne ke lie daur3a par3atA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki vasantasenA

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mRcchakaTika ! kA prema usake dAmpatya-jIvana kI usakA sneha dikhAI par3atA hai aura karatA hai / ( 426 ) [ mRcchakaTika madhuratA ko kSINa nahIM karatA / putra ke prati bhI.. mRtyu daNDa pAne para putra darzana kI hI abhilASA cArudatta kalApriya vyakti hai| vaha remila ke saMgIta kI prazaMsA karatA hai tathA seMdha lagAne kI kalA ko dekha corI kI cintA chor3akara usakI prazaMsA karatA hai| isa prakAra cArudatta dAnI, udAra, gambhIra, dhArmika, sahRdaya, premI, paropakArI evaM zaraNAgatavatsala vyakti ke rUpa meM upasthita hotA hai / vasantasenA - vasantasenA 'mRcchakaTika' prakaraNa kI nAyikA evaM ujjayinI kI prasiddha vezyA hai / vaha aisI vezyA yuvatI ke rUpa meM citrita hai jo apane dRr3ha saMkalpa evaM cAritrika zAlInatA ke kAraNa kulavadhU bana jAtI hai| pro0 jAgIradAra ke anusAra vaha 'jIvana ke Ananda' kA pratIka hai| usakA prema adamanIya evaM uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA se yukta hai / 'vaha tathya hI ki vaha gaNikA se kula strI banane kA athaka prayAsa karatI rahI hai aura prANoM ko saMkaTa meM DAla kara bhI vaha pada prApta kara liyA hai, isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki vasantasenA kevala mAtra 'jIvana kA Ananda' nahIM hai / vaha, apitu, 'AnandakhojI jIvana kA saMyama evaM sAhasa hai / " vasantasenA meM jIvanabhoga kI lAlasA hai, lekina vaha varaNIya pAtra kI pAtratA kI bhAvanA se anuprANita hai, maryAdita hai|' mahAkavi zUdraka pR0 286 / usane apane caritra kI dRr3hatA, udAratA, tyAga evaM vizuddha prema ke kAraNa gaNikAtva ke kAluSya ko pracchAlita kara bhAratIya gRhiNI kA pada prApta kara liyA hai| usake pAsa apAra sampatti hai para vaha daridra cArudatta ke prati Asakta hai / vaha dhana se prema na kara guNa ke prati AkRSTa hotI hai / usake apAra vaibhava ko dekha kara vidUSaka maitreya Azcaryacakita ho jAtA hai, aura usakI aSTa aTTAlikAoM ko dekhakara kaha uThatA hai ki 'yaha gaNikA kA gRha hai yA kubera kA bhavana hai / ' baibhavazAlinI basantasenA kA daridra evaM guNazAlI cArudatta ke prati AkRSTa honA usake hRdaya ke sacce anurAga evaM pavitratA kA botaka hai| varaNa karatI hai vaha rAja ke sAle kAra ke apUrva vaibhava kA tyAga kara pAdata kA aura kahAM taka ki babana mAtA dvArA bAra ke prati prema kezarane ke anurodha vikAra karatI hai bar3a -usake dvArA preSita daza sahala ke mUlya ke svarNAbhUSaNoM ko grahaNa nahIM karatI vaha gAvA ko spaSToM meM kaha detI hai ki yadi mahati rahane denA bar3I hai akAra kA na kre| jorNodAna meM kAra svayaM pralobhana dene bAbA kA vikAra karatI hai tathA usake hAthoM maratA zreyaskara samajha kara kA praNaya nivedana svIkAra nahIM karatI / cArudatta ke prati usakA prema itanA saccA hai ki evaM ke kAra dvArA malA moTe jAne para usI kA smaraNa kara 'namo gajja / vaha cArudatta ke prati apane AkarSaNa ko apanA gaurava mAnatI hai aura apanI mA~ se kahatI hai ki daridra vyakti ke prati Asakta gaNikA saMjIva nahIM mAnI jAtI / biTa usake prati apanA vicAra vyakta karate hue hai ki yadyapi vaha arun hai kintu usakA premila vyavahaH ra vezyAoM meM dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa| usake hRdaya

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mRcchakaTika. ] 1. mRcchakaTika meM saccA mAtRvAtsalya bharA huA hai / cArudatta ke putra rohasena ke dvArA yaha kahane para ki yaha merI mAtA nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha to AbhUSaNoM se ladI huI hai. vaha phUTa par3atI hai aura usakI bAtoM para mugdha hokara apane AbhUSaNa usakI gAr3I meM bhara detI hai / usake caritra kI anya vizeSatAe~ haiM-- komalatA, vinamratA, udAratA, snigdhatA, vinodapriyatA evaM buddhi kI satarkatA / madanikA ko dAsItva se mukta kara vaha zarvilaka ko sauMpate hue apUrva udAratA kA paricaya detI hai / vaha apane sAre AbhUSaNa madanikA ko hI samarpita kara apanI vAgcAturI kA bhI paricaya detI hai / vaha buddhimattApUrNa asatya bhASaNa karatI hai - "Arya cArudatta ne mujha se kahA ki- 'jo koI isa alaMkAra ko lauTAvegA usake lie madanikA ko samarpita kara denaa|' isalie madanikA Apako dI jA rahI hai" / zaklika ko madanikA ko samarpita karane se vaha madanikA ke lie 'bandanIya' bana jAtI hai / cArudatta ke prati anurakta hote hue bhI use apane gaNikA hone kA smaraNa hotA hai / vaha kulIna ke ghara meM praveza karane meM saMkoca karatI haiM tathA cArudatta ke yaha kahane para ki andara calo vaha mana hI mana kahatI ki maiM Apake antaHpura meM praveza karane ke lie abhAginI huuN| isase patA calatA hai ki vaha maryAdA kA ullaMghana karanA nahIM jAnatI / rAjamArga para zakAra usakA pIchA karatA hai aura viTa bhI usake sAtha hai / vaha viTa ke arthagabhita vacanoM kA artha samajha kara cArudatta ke ghara pahu~ca jAtI hai / isase usakI buddhimattA kA jJAna hotA hai| vaha viduSI hai evaM yadA-kadA saMskRta bhASaNa bhI karatI hai / vaha citra banAne kI kalA meM bhI nipuNa hai / cArudatta kA citra banAkara vaha madanikA ko dikhAtI hai / usameM ekamAtra vezyA kA guNa dikhAI par3atA hai aura vaha hai praNaya-kSetra meM sakriyatA / sampUrNa praNaya-vyApAra meM cArudatta niSkriya rahatA hai aura vasantasenA kI ora se hI sAre prayAsa hote haiM / isa prakAra zUdraka ne vasantasenA kA citrAMkana kara usameM strItva ke uttama guNoM ko darzAyA hai tathA gaNikA hote hue bhI, sadguNoM ke kAraNa use kulabadhU ke karAyA hai / pAvana pada para adhiSThita khalanAyaka hAsyAspada evaM pUrvatApUrNa uta zakAra vaha cArUdatta kA pratidvandvI tathA rASTriyapabAlaka hai aura isa prakaraNa meM rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| vaha apane DhaMga kA adbhuta evaM birala pAtra hai jisameM bikatva tathA khalanAyakatva kA mizraNa karAyA gayA hai usako Taka meM hAsya ko sRSTi karAyI gudetA hai hai vaha dUSita prakRti avaramatA, ijyamitA, mUrkhatA, cainamala tatvoM ke mela se usake vicitra kA prayoga apanI bebI merI bAtoM se hai aura prabaMdhanA, dhRSTatA ( 427 ) krUratA evaM vilAsitA bAri parasparaM . kA nirmANa huA hai| vaha bolane tathA paurANika ghaTanAoM evaM nAmoM ko ulaTa kara banI mUrkhatA pradarzita karatA hai / vaha rAma se DarI huI dropadI kI bhA~ti vasantasenA kA pIchA kara rahA hai tathA aura vaha use isa prakAra haraNa kara legA jaise vizvAvasu kI bahina subhadrA ko hanumAn ne hara liyA thA / vaha mUrkha evaM hAsyAspada hote hue bhI dhUrta evaM duSTa hai| vaha vasantasenA ko

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mRcchakaTika ] ( 428 ) [ mRcchakaTika AkRSTa karane meM asaphala hokara usakI hatyA kara detA hai aura ulTe cArudatta para hatyA nt abhiyoga lagAkara use prANadaNDa kI rAjAjJA karA detA hai / rAjA kA sAlA hone ke kAraNa rAjapadAdhikAriyoM, yahA~ taka ki nyAyAdhIza para bhI usakA prabhAva hai / usake svabhAva meM sthiratA kiMcit mAtra bhI nahIM dikhAI detI aura yaha bhI jJAta nahIM hogA ki vaha kaba kyA nahIM kara degaa| usake isa avivekI tathA durAgrahI svabhAva ke kAraNa usake viTa evaM ceTa bhI sadA usase zaMkita rahate haiN| vaha viTa ko dIvAra para bhI gAr3I car3hA dene kA mUrkhatApUrNa Adeza detA hai / vaha gAr3I meM strI ko bhI dekhakara bhayabhIta ho jAtA hai aura isalie duHkha prakaTa karatA hai ki eka strI kI hatyArUpI vIratApUrNa kArya ko dekhane ke lie usakI mAtA vidyamAna nahIM hai / hai vaha mUrkha hote hue bhI dhUrta hai aura SaDyantra meM apanI caturatA pradarzita karatA hai / vaha caturAI se viTa ko bhagAkara vasantasenA kI hatyA kara detA aura jaba viTa usake isa krUra karma kI bhatsanA karatA hai to vaha ulTe usa para hI hatyA kA jhUThA Aropa lagAkara use bhayabhIta kara detA hai| vaha ceTa ko bAMdha bhI detA hai aura vaha kisI prakAra chUTakara usake rahasya kA udghATana karatA hai to vaha viTa ko AbhUSaNa kA pralobhana dekara nyAyAdhIza ke samakSa use AbhUSaNa curA lene kA abhiyoga lagA detA hai / isa prakAra cArudatta ke viparIta amAnuSika guNoM se samanvita dikhAkara lekhaka ne ise khalanAyaka kA rUpa diyA hai| isa prakaraNa ke anya pAtroM meM maitreya viTa, zarvilaka, rohasena, dhUtA Adi bhI haiM, jinakA apanA nijI vaiziSTaya hai / isa prakaraNa meM kavi ne samAja ke vividha vargoM ke vyaktiyoM kA caritrAMkana kara saMskRta meM sarvathA navIna zailI kI kRti prastuta kI hai| adhikAMzataH nimna zreNI ke pAtroM kA caritra varNita karane ke kAraNa yaha prakaraNa yathArthavAdI ho gayA hai| isameM mukhya pAtroM kI bhA~ti gauNa pAtroM kI bhI cAritrika vizeSatAoM ke udghATana meM samAna rUpa te dhyAna diyA gayA hai aura sabhI pAtroM kA saphala rekhAcitra utArA gayA hai / isake pAtroM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unakA nijI vyaktitva hai aura ve 'TAipa' na hokara 'vyakti' haiM / pro0 rAiDara ke anusAra isake pAtra sArvadezika haiM aura ve saMsAra ke kisI bhI kone meM dikhAI par3ate haiM / ( adhika vivaraNa ke lie de0 zUdraka ) / rasa - 'mRcchakaTika' eka prakaraNa hai jisameM gaNikA vasantasenA ke prema kA varNana karane ke kAraNa zrRGgAra rasa aMgI hai| isameM kAra rasa ke ubhaya pakSoM-saMyoga evaM vipralambha meM se saMyoga kI hI pradhAnatA hai / zRGgAra rasa kA sthAyIbhAva rati vasantasenA ke hI hRdaya meM aMkurita hotI hai aura cArudatta isakA Alambana hotA hai / uddIpana ke rUpa meM prema kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA citraNa hai tathA paMcama aMka kA prakRti-varNana evaM varSA kA sundara citraNa uddIpana ke hI antargata AtA hai| isameM vasantasenA ke virahavarNana meM viyoga kA bhI rUpa pradarzita kiyA gayA hai tathA hAsya evaM karuNa rasa kI bhI yojanA kI gayI hai / zUdraka ke hAsya-varNana kI apanI vizeSatA hai jo saMskRta sAhitya meM virala hai / isameM hAsya gaMbhIra, vicitra tathA vyaMgya ke rUpa meM milatA hai / kavi ne hAsyAspada caritra evaM hAsyAspada paristhitiyoM ke atirikta vicitra vArtAlApoM evaM

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mekDonela ] ( 429 ) { meghadUta zleSa vacanoM se bhI hAsya kI sRSTi kI hai| maitreya ( vidUSaka ) evaM zakAra do pAtroM ke dvArA hAsya utpanna hotA hai / juAr3I saMvAhaka ke caritra meM bhI hAsya kA puTa diyA gayA hai| cArudatta kI daridratA ke citraNa meM karuNa rasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai| zakAra dvArA vasantasenA ke galA ghoMTane para viTa ke vilApa meM bhI karuNa rasa kI sRSTi huI hai tathA dhUtA ke citArohaNa evaM cArudatta ke mRtyudaNDa milane para maitreya tathA usake putra ke rudana meM karuNa rasa dikhAI par3atA hai| AdhAragrantha--1. mRcchakaTika-( hindI anuvAda ) caukhmbaa| 2. mahAkavi zUdrakaDaoN. ramAzaMkara tivArI / 3. saMskRta-kAvyakAra-TaoN0 haridatta zAstrI / 4. saMskRta-nATakasamIkSA-DaoN. indrapAla siMha 'indr'| 5. saMskRta nATaka ( hindI anuvAda ) kItha / 6. DrAmA ina saMskRta liTarecara-DaoN0 jaagiirdaar| 7. dI liTla kle kArTa-(bhUmikA) e. DablyU. rAiDara / 8. zUdraka-paM0 candra balI pANDeya / 9. inTroDakzana Tu da sTaDI oNpha mRcchakaTika-zrI jI0 vI0 devasthalI / 10. saMskRta DrAmA-zrI induzekhara / 11. priphesa Tu mRcchakaTika-jI0 ke0 bhaTTa / mekDonela-inakA pUrA nAma DaoN0 Arthara eMthanI mekDonela thA aura janma 11 maI 1854 I0 meM mujaphpharapura meM huA thaa| inake pitA alekjaNDara mekDonela bhAratIya senA ke eka uccapadastha adhikArI the| inakI zikSA goTiGgana ( jarmanI ) meM huI thii| inhoMne tulanAtmaka bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se jarmana, saMskRta evaM cInI bhASAoM kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| ye prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa moniyara viliyamsa, benaphI (bhASAzAstrI) raoNTa evaM maiksamUlara ke ziSya the| inakA janma bhArata meM huA thA kintu inheM videzoM meM hI zikSA prApta huI thii| 1907 I0 meM inhoMne chaha-sAta mAsa ke lie bhArata kI yAtrA kI thI aura isI yAtrAkAla meM bhAratIya hastalikhita pothiyoM para anusaMdhAna bhI kiyA thaa| ema0 e0 karane ke pazcAt inhoMne Rgveda kI kAtyAyana kRta sarvAnukramaNI kA pATha zodhakara usa para prabandha likhA, jisake Upara inheM lipajiga vizvavidyAlaya se pI0 eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta huii| tatpazcAt inakI niyukti saMskRta prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM AksaphorDa vizvavidyAlaya meM huii| inake granthoM kI nAmAvalI-1. Rgveda sarvAnukramaNikA kA 'vedArthadIpikA' sahita sampAdana; 1896 / 2. vaidika rIDara; 1897 / 3. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara; 1900 / 4. TippaNI sahita bRhaddevatA kA saMpAdana 1904 / 5. vaidika grAmara; 1910 / 6. vaidika iNDeksa ( kItha ke sahayoga se)| meghadUta-mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita vizva-vizruta gItikAvya yA khaNDa. kAvya jisameM eka virahI yakSa dvArA apanI priyA ke pAsa bAdala se saMdeza preSita kiyA gayA hai| viyogavidhurA kAntA ke pAsa megha dvArA prema-saMdeza bhejanA kavi kI maulika kalpanA kA paricAyaka hai| pustaka pUrva evaM uttara meSa ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai tathA zlokoM kI saMkhyA ( 63 + 52 ) 115 hai / 'meghadUta' meM gItikAvya evaM khaNDakAvya donoM ke hI tatva haiM; ataH vidvAnoM ne ise gIti-pradhAna khaNDakAvya kahA hai| isameM virahI yakSa kI vyaktigata sukha-duHkha kI bhAvanAoM kA prAdhAnya hai evaM khaNDakAvya ke lie apekSita kathAvastu kI kSINatA dikhAI par3atI hai| ise 'vyakti

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meghadUta ] [ meghadUta pradhAna' kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai| isakI kathAvastu isa prakAra hai- dhanAdhIza kubera ne apane eka yakSa sevaka ko, kartavya cyuta hone ke kAraNa, eka varSa ke lie alakApurI se nirvAsita kara diyA hai| vaha kubera dvArA abhizapta hokara apanI navapariNItA vadhU se dUra ho jAtA hai aura bhArata ke dakSiNAMcala meM avasthita rAmagiri parvata ke pAsa jAkara apanA nivAsa banAtA hai / vaha sthAna janakatanayA ke snAna se pAvana tathA rudrAkSa kI chAyA se snigdha hai / vaha avadhi-kAla kI dudina ghar3iyoM ko vedanAjarjarita hokara ginane lagatA hai / ATha mAsa vyatIta ho jAne para varSA Rtu ke Agamana se usake prema- kAtara hRdaya meM usakI prANa-priyA kI smRti harI ho uThatI hai| aura vaha megha ke dvArA apanI kAntA pAsa praNaya-sandeza bhejatA hai / . ) ( 430 priyA ke viyoga meM rote-rote usakA zarIra sUkha kara kITa ho jAtA hai aura kuza hone ke kAraNa kara kA kaMgana gira jAtA hai / ASAr3ha ke prathama dina ko, pahAr3a kI coTI para bAdala ko khelate hue dekhakara usakI antarvedanA udvelita ho uThatI hai aura vaha megha se sandeza bhejane ko udyata ho jAtA hai / kavi ne virahiyoM ke viSaya meM meghadarzana se utpanna tIvra vedanA kA bhI samarthana kiyA hai- 'meghAloke bhavati sukhino'ppayanyathAvRtti cetaH / kaNThAzlepapraNayini jane kiM punarasaMsthe / ' 3 pUrvamegha / kAmAttaM yakSa ko cetanAcetana kA bhI bhAva nahIM rahatA aura vaha svabhAvataH mUr3ha banA huA dhUma, jyoti, salila evaM maruta ke sannipAta se nirmita megha ko sandeza preSaNa ke lie upayukta samajha letA hai / vaha atinUtana kuTaja - puSpa ke dvArA megha ko adhyaM dekara usakA svAgata karatA hai tathA usakI prazaMsA karate hue use indra kA 'prakRtipuruSa' evaM 'kAmarUpa' kahatA hai| isI prasaMga meM kavi ne rAmagiri se lekara alakApurI taka ke bhAga kA atyanta sarala bhaugolika citra upasthita kiyA hai| isa avasara para kavi mAgaMvartI sthAnoM, nadiyoM evaM prasiddha nagariyoM kA bhI rasayukta varNana karatA hai / isI rUpa meM pUrvamegha kI samApti ho jAtI hai | meghadUta kA yAtrA-varNana atyanta sarasa evaM bhAratavarSa kI prAkRtika chaTA kA zobhana citra hai| DaoN0 agravAla ke anusAra - ( vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ) 'meghadUta kAvya kyA hai ? bhArata kI devamAtRka bhUmi para zrRMgAra aura AtmA ke caitanya kI paripUrNa bhASA hai / isameM to mAnoM prakRti ne svayaM apanI pUrI kathA bhara dI hai / - meghadUta eka adhyayana bhUmikA pR0 1 / pUrvamedha ke mAdhyama se mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne bhAratavarSa kI prAkRtika chaTA kA abhirAma varNana kara bAhya prakRti ke saundarya evaM kamanIyatA kA manorama citra vacita kiyA hai / megha kA mArga-varNana - megha kI yAtrA citrakUTa se prArambha hotI hai| pavana-padavI se calatA huA megha mArga meM biraha-vidhurA pathika vanitAoM ke keza haTA kara snigdha dRSTi se apane ko dekhane ke lie bAdhya kara detA hai / rAste meM jahA~ jahA~ pavaMta milate haiM vahA~-vahA~ vaha vizrAma karatA huA aura jalaprapAtoM ke jala kA pAna karatA huA calatA hai / vaha balAkAoM evaM rAjahaMsoM ke sAtha ( jo mAnasarovara ke yAtrI haiM ) mAlavabhUmi

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meSadUta ] ( 431 ) [ meghadUta evaM AmrakUTa parvata ko lAMghatA huA Age bar3hatA hai| vahAM use alhar3a yauvanA gvAline lalacAI huI A~khoM se dekhatI haiN| megha turata jotI huI bhUmi para jala barasane se nikalI huI soMdhI gandha kA ghrANa lekara, Age kI ora prasthAna karatA hai aura tAmrakUTa kI latA-kumjoM ko pAra kara vindhyAcala ke caraNatala meM pravAhita honevAlI revA nadI ko pAra karatA hai, jo nAyaka caraNapatitA nAyikA ke sadRza pratIta hotI hai| vaha revA ke svaccha jala kA pAna kara apane ko bhArI banA letA hai aura use havA ke ur3Ane kA bhaya nahIM rhtaa| Age calakara use vetravatI ke tIra para sthita 'dazANa' deza milatA hai| vaha vetravatI ke jala ko pIkara 'nIca' nAmaka parvata kI guphAoM meM rukatA hai, jahAM udyAma yauvana kA upabhoga karanevAlI vezyAoM ke zarIra ke sugandhita padArthoM se sArA vAtAvaraNa sugandhita ho rahA hai| jisase dazANa deza ke navayuvakoM kI praNayalIlA prakaTa hotI hai| vahAM vaha nadItIravartI jUhI kI kaliyoM ko sIMcatA huA aura puSpalAbiyoM ( mAline) ke sarasa gulAbI kapoloM para zItala chAyAdAna karatA huA Age bar3hatA hai| vaha nirvighyA nadI ke pUraba sthita avanti-nareza udayana kI mahAnagarI ujjayimI pahuMca kara ziprA nadI ke surabhita vAyu kA sevana kara caNDIzvara mahAkAla ke pavitra mandira meM pahuMcatA hai| vahA~ gandhavatI nadI bahatI hai / megha mahAkAla ke maMdira meM nRtya karatI huI vezyAoM ke nakhakSatoM para zItala bindupAta kara unake tIvra kaTAkSa kA Ananda lekara gambhIrA nadI ke pAsa pahuMca jAtA hai vahA~ se ur3akara vaha devagiri para pahuMcatA hai, jahA~ svAmI kAttikeya para umar3a-ghumar3a kara jala barasAtA huA unake vAhana mayUra ko natita karA detA hai| tadanantara gomedha karAnevAle rAjA rantideva kI rAjadhAnI dazapura pahu~ca kara brahmAvata ke nikaTa kurukSetra meM AtA hai, jahAM sahasra bANavarSI gANDIvadhArI arjuna kI yAda A jAtI hai| vaha sarasvatI nadI kA jalapAna kara kanakhala ke samIpa pahuMcatA hai aura nimala sphaTika ke sadRza gaMgA jala ko pIkara usameM jhukane ke kAraNa gaMgA-yamunA ke saMgama kI abhirAmatA lA detA hai| vahAM se himAlaya meM praveza kara devadAru ke vanoM meM bamarI gAyoM tathA kRSNasAroM se TakarAkara pAzva meM aMkita mahAdeva ke caraNa-cihnoM kI parikramA karatA humA himAlaya ke jaMgaloM meM praveza karatA hai| vahAM se vaha parazurAma ke yathomArga 'kroncarandhra' ko pAra kara uttara kI mora ur3atA hai| tadanantara vaha devasundariyoM ke mukurabhUta tathA ziva ke aTTahAsa kA pUMjIbhUta kailAsa parvata ke pAsa pahuMca kara usakA atithi banatA hai, jo kumuda-zveta zRGgoM se tuGga evaM nabhavyApI hai| kailAsa parvata para sura-ramaNiyAM kautUhalavaza apane kaMkana ke kone se use ragar3akara usakA jala nikAlatI haiM, kintu karNa-karkaza garjana se unheM roka detA hai| tatpazcAt vaha kailAsa parvata ke pAsa pahuMca jAtA hai vahIM, usakI goda meM baiThI huI alakA gaMgArUpI sAr3I ke sarakane se apane premI kI goda meM namI baiThI huI nAyikA kI taraha dikhAI par3atI hai| yakSa ne batAyA ki isI nagarI meM usakI priyatamA vAsa karatI hai / isa prakAra kavi ne citrakUTa se alakApurI taka meSa kI bhaugolika yAtrA kA manorama evaM kAvyamaya varNana kara bhAratIya bhUgola kA sundara citra upasthita kiyA hai|

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meSadUta ] ( 432 ) [ meghadUta uttarameSa meM alakA kA varNana, yajJa ke bhavana evaM usakI virahavidagdhA priyA kA citra khIMcA gayA hai| tatpazcAt kavi ne yakSa ke sandeza kA varNana kiyA hai jisameM mAnava-hRdaya ke saundarya evaM abhirAmatA kA vimala citraNa' hai| ___ uttaramegha meM viyogI yakSa kA sandeza-kathana atyanta hI hRdaya-drAvaka evaM premila. bhAvocchvAsa se pUrNa hai| isake prArambha se anta taka yauvana ke vilAsoM kI kalpanA siMcita hai tathA usameM nihita viyoga kA madhura rAga hamArI hattantrI ke tAra ko spaMdita kara detA hai| viyoginI yakSa patnI ke yathArtha citra ko aMkita kara usake jIvana kI karuNa gAthA ko abhivyakti dI gayI hai / Aloke te nipatati purA sA balivyAkulA vA matsAhazyaM virahatanu vA bhAvagamyaM likhantI / pRcchantI vA madhuravacanAM sArikAM paMjarasthA kaccidarsaH smarasi rasike tvaM hi tasya priyeti // uttaramegha 22 / utsaGge vA malinavasane saumya nikSipya vINAM manovAjhaM viracitapadaM geymudraatukaamaa| tantrImAI nayanasalila: sArayitvA kathaMciyo bhUyaH svayamapi kRtAM mUcchaMnA vismarantI // 23 / 'he saumya, phira malina vastra pahane hue goda meM vINA rakhakara netroM ke jala se bhIge hue tantuoM ko kisI taraha ThIka-ThAka karake mere nAmAMkita pada ko gAne kI icchA se saMgIta meM pravRtta vaha apanI banAI svaravidhi ko bhI bhUlatI huI dikhAI pdd'egii|' 23 / ___mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se 'meghadUta' kI preraNA grahaNa kI hai| unheM viyogI yakSa kI vyathA meM sItA-haraNa ke duHkha se duHkhita rAma kI pIr3A kA smaraNa ho AyA hai| kavi ne svayaM megha kI upamA hanumAna se tathA yakSa-patnI kI samatA sItA se kI hai-'ityAkhyAte pavanatanayaM maithilIvonmukhI sA' uttaramegha 37 / rAmacandra ne hanumAna ko sItA ke pAta bhejate samaya apanI mudrikA pahacAna ke rUpa meM dI thI, kintu kAlidAsa ne mUrta cihna kA vidhAna na kara yakSa dvArA megha ko ananyajJAta rati-vilAsa-rahasya batAkara isa abhAva kI pUrti kara dI hai| isakI kathA kA AdhAra rAmAyaNa se grahaNa karake bhI kavi ne ise sarvathA navIna rUpa diyA hai| meghadUta ke mAdhyama se kavi ne prakRti ke prati cetamatA meM vizvAsa prakaTa kara usameM apane hRdaya kA anurAga ur3ela diyA hai| kavi ko prasanna-madhurA vANI 'mandAkrAntA' chanda meM abhivyakta huI hai jisakI prazaMsA AcArya kSemendra ne apane grantha 'suvRtatilaka' meM kI hai'suvazA kAlidAsasya mandAkrAntA pravalgati' / 1-meghadUta meM prakRti ke atyanta sajIva svataH saMvedya citra prApta hote haiM jinheM 'Rgveda' athavA 'rAmAyaNa' ke prakRti varNana kI samatA meM rakkhA jA sakatA hai / 2-isameM sukha, duHkha, viraha-saMyoga evaM praNaya-pIr3A kA atyanta sUkSma evaM yathArtha citra urehA gayA hai aura ise vyakta karane ke lie vyaMjaka evaM madhura bhASA prayukta huI hai| 3-meghadUta meM aneka maMjula bhAvoM kA sanniveza kara bIca-bIca meM muhAvaroM, vAkyakhaNDoM tathA arthAntaranyAsa evaM dRSTAnta alaMkAroM kA prayoga kara bhASA ko spaSTa evaM sarala banA diyA gayA hai| 4-isameM kavi kI zAstrIyadarzitA tathA vicAroM kI paripakvatA bhI pradarzita hotI hai| kasyAtyantaM sukhamupanataM duHkhamekAntato vaa| nIcegacchatyupari ca dazA cakranemikrameNa // uttara meSa 46 / arthAntaranyAsa ke udAharaNa

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meghadUta ] ( 433 ) / meghadUta isa prakAra hai-yAcyA moghA varamadhiguNe nAdhame landhakAmA / pUrvamegha 6 / riktaH sarvo bhavati hi laghuH pUrNatA gauravAya // vahI 20 / strINAmAcaM praNayavacana vibhramo hi priyeSu // vahI 28 / jJAtAsvAdo vivRtajadhanAM ko vihAtuM samarthaH 1 // vahI 4115kavi ne vAlmIki ke prakRti-citraNa ke rUpa ko meghadUta meM vikasita kiyA hai tathA eka bhUgolavid evaM rasajJa kavi ke samanvita vyaktitva ko upasthita kara bhaugolika evaM rasa. zAstrIya adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| 6-kavi kI sAMskRtika praur3hi ke kAraNa meghadUta kI bhASA meM gAMbhIyaM evaM nikhAra dikhAI par3atA hai| meghadUta kI bhASA 'AvemamayI akRtrima-svacchanda-dhArA' hai / isameM prakRti ke vividha citroM kA aMkana kara viraha-bhAvanA ko ati tIva banA diyA hai| isameM pada-pada para bhAvAnukUla bhASA-zailI kA prayoga milatA hai| 7-isameM kathAnaka kA AdhAra svalpa hai| vaha kevala kavi kI anubhUti kI abhivyakti kA AdhAra mAtra hai| meghadUta atyanta lokapriya kAvya hai aura isake anukaraNa para saMskRta meM aneka sandeza-kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| isa para saMskRta meM lagabhaga 50 TIkAe~ prApta hotI haiM, jinameM mallinAtha kI TIkA sarvAdhika prasiddha evaM lokapriya hai| videzI vidvAnoM ne bhI ise Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai / saMsAra kI sabhI prasiddha bhASAoM meM isake gadyAnuvAda hue haiN| eca0 eca0 vilsana ne 1813 I0 meM isakA AMgla anuvAda prakAzita kiyA thaa| mallinAtha kI TIkA ke sAtha meghadUta kA prakAzana 1849 I0 meM banArasa se humA aura zrI Izvaracandra vidyAsAgara ne 1869 I0 meM kalakattA se svasampAdita saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyaa| isake Adhunika TIkAkAroM meM caritravarddhanAcArya evaM haridAsa siddhAnta. vAgIza atyadhika prasiddha haiN| inakI TIkAoM ke nAma haiM-'cAritryadinI' evaM 'cNclaa'| aneka saMskaraNoM ke kAraNa meghadUta kI zloka saMkhyA meM bhI antara par3a jAtA hai aura aba taka isameM lagabhaga 15 prakSipta zloka prApta hote haiN| hindI meM meghadUta ke aneka gadyAnuvAda evaM padyAnuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiN| hindI ke prasiddha anuvAdoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai 1-rAjA lakSmaNasiMha-vrajabhASA meM padyAnuvAda / 2-50 kezavaprasAda mizra - khar3I bolI kA padyAnuvAda / 3-zrInAgArjuna / 4-jayakizora nArAyaNa siMha / 5-zrI divAkara sAhityAcArya evaM satyakAma vidyAlaMkAra ke padyAnuvAda adhika sundara haiN| paTanA (vikrama) ke zrIpuNDarIka jI ne isakA magahI meM padyAnuvAda kiyA hai / mahApaNDita maiksamUlara ne jarmana bhASA meM isakA padyAnuvAda 1847 I0 meM kiyA thA tathA prasiddha jamana kavi zIlara ne meghadUta ke anukaraNa para 'meriyA sTuarTa' nAmaka kAvya kI racanA ko thii| jarmana bhASA meM zrI zveja ne 1859 I0 meM isakA gadyAnuvAda kiyA hai aura amerikA ke Arthara rAisara ne isakA padyAnuvAda kiyaa| 1841 I0 meM bona nAmaka vidvAna ne meghadUta kA lAtInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai aura cInI bhASA meM isakA anUdita saMskaraNa 1956 I0 meM prakAzita hayA hai| Aja se sAta sau varSa pUrva timbatI bhASA meM meSadUta prApta hayA thA tathA jApAna ke prAdhyApaka zrI eca. kyumurA ne jApAnI bhASA meM isakA anuvAda abhI kiyA hai| sI bhASA meM isakna 28saM0 sA0

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meSadUta-samasyAlekha] (14) [meghapratisandeza kathA anuvAda zrI pI0 rittera ne agasta krAnti ke cAra varSa pUrva kiyA thaa| isakA nepAlI anuvAda 'meghadUtachAyA' ke nAma se prakAzita hai aura anuvAdaka haiM zrI cakrapANi shrmaa| hindI ke anya padyAnuvAdakoM meM rAya devI prasAda pUrNa ( brajI meM 'dhArAdhara-dhAvana' ke nAma se ) zrI lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI, saMTha kanhaiyAlAla poddAra evaM mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI haiN| zrIrAmadahina mizra kA 'meghadUtavimarza tathA lalitAprasAda sukUla dvArA sampAdita meghadUta kA saMskaraNa atyanta upAdeya haiN| ____ AdhAragrantha-1. meghadUta-saMskRta-hindI TIkA-caukhambA saMskaraNa / 2 meghadUtahindI TokA sahita-zrIsaMsAracandra / 3. meghadUta eka adhyayana-DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 4. meghadUta : eka anucintana-zrI raMjanasUrideva / 5. meghadUta-saTIka evaM bhUmikA-DaoN. surendranAtha dIkSita / 6. kAlidAsa ko saundarya bhAvanA evaM meghadUtaAcArya zivabAlaka rAya / 7. meghadUta-saMskRta-hindI TokA-paM zeSarAja zarmA (caukhambA) 8. mahAkavi-kAlidAsa-DaoN. ramAzaMkara tivaarii| 9. saMskRta gItikAvya kA vikAsaDaoN. paramAnanda shaastrii| 10. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-kIya (hindI anuvaad)| ... meghadUta-samasyAlekha-isa sandeza-kAvya ke praNetA zrImegha-vijayajI jaina muni haiN| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1727 hai| inake guru kA nAma kRpAvijaya jI thA jinheM akabara bAdazAha ne jagadguru kI upAdhi pradAna kI thii| meghavijaya jI ne vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, nyAya, dharmazAstra Adi viSayoM para aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| inhoMne saptasandhAna, devanandAbhyudaya tathA zAntinApacarita nAmaka kAvyagranthoM kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai| 'meghadUtasamasyAlekha' meM kavi ne apane guru tapagaNapati zrImAna vijayaprabhasUri ke pAsa megha dvArA sandeza bhejA hai| kavi ke guru navyaraMgapurI ( auraMgAbAda ) meM cAtu. masyi kA Arambha kara rahe haiM aura kavi devapattana (gujarAta) meM haiN| vaha guru kI kuzalavArtA ke lie megha dvArA sandeza bhejatA hai aura devapattana se auraMgAbAda taka ke mArga kA ramaNIya varNana upasthita karatA hai / sandeza meM gurupratApa, guru ke viyoga kI vyAkulatA evaM apanI asahAyAvasthA kA varNana hai| anta meM kavi ne icchA prakaTa kI hai ki vaha kaba gurudeva kA sAkSAtkAra kara unakI vandanA karegA / isa kAvya kI racanA 'meghadUta' ke zloka kI antima paMkti kI samasyApUrti ke rUpa meM huI hai| isameM kula 131 zloka haiM aura antima zloka anuSTup chanda kA hai / kacchadeza kA varNana dekhiejambUdvIpe bharatavasudhAmaNDanaM kacchadezo yatrAmbhodhimuMvamanukalaM pUjayatyeva rtnaiH| pRcchan pUtA jananalalanaiH sUriNA yeramUni kaccidbhatuH smarasi rasike tvaM hi tasya priyeti // 15 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / meghapratisandeza kathA-isa sandeza-kAvya ke racayitA mandikala rAmazAstrI haiN| ye maisUra rAjya ke antargata mandikala saMjJaka nagarI meM '1849 I. meM utpanna hue the| inake pitA kA nAma veMkaTa subbAzAstrI thA jo rathItaragotrotpanna brAhmaNa the| kavi kI mAtA kA nAma akkAmbA thaa| ye dharmazAstra, karmakANDa, nyAya evaM sAhityazAstra ke prakANa paNDita the tathA ye bahuta dinoM taka zAradA-vilAsa-saMskRta pAThazAlA, maisUra meM adhyakSa pada para virAjamAna the| inhoMne kaI granthoM kI racanA kI hai| ve haiM-Aryadharma

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meSavijayagaNi] (435) [ medhAvirudra prakAzikA, cAmarAjakalyANacampU, cAmarAjarAjyAbhiSeka-caritra, kRSNarAjyAbhyudaya, bhaimIpariNaya ( nATaka ), kumbhaabhissekcmpuu| inheM aneka saMsthAoM evaM vyaktiyoM ke dvArA kaviratna, kavikulAlaMkAra, kaviziromaNi evaM kavikulAvataMsa prabhRti upAdhiyAM prApta huI thiiN| 'meghapratisandeza' kI racanA 1923 I. ke AsapAsa huI thii| isameM do sagaM haiM jinameM 68 +96 zloka ( 164) haiM aura ekamAtra mandAkrAntA chanda kA hI prayoga hamA hai| 'meghapratisandeza' meM kavi ne meghasandeza kI kathA kA pallavana kiyA hai| isake prathama sarga meM yakSI ke pratisandeza kA varNana evaM dvitIya sarga meM alakA se lekara rAmezvara tathA dhanuSkoTi taka ke mArga kA varNana hai| yakSa kA sandeza sunakara yakSI prasanna hotI hai aura viraha-vyathA ke kAraNa azakta hone para bhI kisI prakAra megha se bArtAlApa karatI hai| vaha megha ko bhagavAn kA varadAna mAnakara usakI udAratA evaM karuNA kI prazaMsA karatI huI yakSa ke sandeza kA uttara detI hai| pratisandeza meM yakSa ke sadguNoM kA kathana kara apanI viraha-dazA evaM ghara kI duravasthA kA varNana kara ziva jI kI kRpA se zApa ke zAnta hone kI sUcanA detI hai| anta meM vaha yakSa ko zoghra hI lauTa Ane kI prArthanA karatI hai| megha kA yakSa ke prati vacana yaha hai-sAbhijJAnaprahitakuzalastadvaSobhirmamApi prAtaH kundaprasavazithilaM jIvitaM dhArayethAH // 2 // 52 / AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / meghavijayagaNi-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / jyotiSazAstra ke mahAn AcArya meghavijayagaNi kA samaya vi0 saM0 1737 ke lagabhaga hai| inhoMne 'meghamahodaya' yA varSaprabodha', 'udayadIpikA', 'ramalazAstra' evaM 'hastasaMjIvana' prabhRti granthoM kI racanA kI hai| 'varSaprabodha' 13 adhikAroM tathA 35 prakaraNoM meM vibhakta haiM jisameM utpAta, sUrya tathA candragrahaNa kA phala, pratyeka mAha kA vAyu-vicAra, saMvatsara kA phala, grahoM kA rAziyoM para udayAsta evaM vakrI hone kA phala, ayana-mAsa-pakSa-vicAra, saMkrAntiphala, varSa ke rAjA evaM mantrI, dhAnyeza, raseza kA varNana, Aya-vyakta-vicAra, sarvatobhadracakra tathA zakuna prabhRti viSaya varNita haiN| 'hastasaMjIvana' tIna adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai jinheM darzanAdhikAra, sparzanAdhikAra tayA~ vimarzanAdhikAra kahA gayA hai| darzanAdhikAra meM hAtha dekhane kI vidhi tathA hastarekhAoM ke phalAphala kA vicAra hai| sparzanAdhikAra meM hAtha ke sparzamAtra se hI phalAphala kA nirUpaNa hai tathA vimarzanAdhikAra meM rekhAoM ke AdhAra para jIvana ke Avazyaka praznoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha sAmudrikazAstra kA atyanta hI mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| mAdharaganya-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| medhAvirudra-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| inakA dUsarA nAma medhAvI bhI hai / inakA koI graMtha upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu inake vicAra bhAmaha, rudraTa, namisAdhu evaM rAjazekhara Adi ke aMthoM meM prApta hote haiN| medhAvinA bharata evaM bhAmaha ke bIca par3ane vAle samaya ke sudIrgha vyadhAna meM utpanna hue hoNge| inakA samaya nizcita nahIM hai| upamA ke sAta doSoM kA vivecana karate hue bhAmaha ne inake mata kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake anusAra hInatA, asambhava, liMgameda, bacanabheda viparyaya, upamAnAdhikya evaM upamAnAsArakhya

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maiksamUlara] [ maiksamUlara ye sAta doSa haiN| kAvyAlaMkAra 2 / 39, 40 / medhAvI ko 'saMkhyAna' alaMkAra kI udbhAvanA karane kA zreya daNDI ne diyA hai-yathAsaMkhyamiti proktaM saMkhyAnaM krama ityapi / kAvyAdarza 21273 / namisAdhu ne batAyA hai ki maMdhAvI ke anusAra zabda ke pAra prakAra hote haiM-nAma, AkhyAna, upasarga evaM nipAta / inhoMne karmapravacanIya ko bamAnya ThaharA diyA hai-eta eva catvAraH zandavidhAH iti yeSAM samyaGmataM tatra teSu mAmAdiSu madhye medhAvirudraprabhRtibhiH karmapravacanIyA noktA bhaveyuH / kAvyAlaMkAra( rudraTa ) namisAdhu kRta TIkA pR. 9 ( 212) rAjazekhara ne pratibhA ke nirUpaNa meM inakA ullekha kiyA hai aura batAyA hai ki ve janmAMdha the| namisAdhu inheM kisI alaMkAra anya kA praNetA bhI mAnate haiM / pratyakSapratibhAvataH punarapazyatopi pratyakSa iva, yato medhAvirudrakumAradAsAdayo jAtyandhAH kavayaH zrUyante / kAvyamImAMsA pR0 11-12 / nanu daNDimedhAvisabhAmahAdikRtAni santyeva alaMkArazAstrANi / kAvyAlaMkAra kI TIkA 112 / AdhAragrantha-1. hindI kAvyaprakAza-A0 vizvezvara kRta (bhUmikA) 2. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga-1 A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / maiksamUlara-inhoMne apanA sArA jIvana saMskRta-vizeSataH vaidika vAGamaya ke adhyayana evaM anuzIlana meM lagA diyA thaa| maiksamUlara kA janma jarmana deza ke desAU nAmaka nagara meM 6 disambara 1823 I. ko huA thaa| inake pitA prAthamika pAThazAlA ke zikSaka the| unakA dehAnta 33 varSa kI alpAyu meM hI ho gayA thaa| usa samaya maiksamUlara kI avasthA cAra varSa kI thii| 6 varSa kI avasthA meM inhoMne grAmINa pAThazAlA meM hI 6 varSoM taka adhyayana kiyaa| inhoMne 1836 I0 meM laiTina bhASA ke adhyayana ke lie lipajiga vizvavidyAlaya meM praveza kiyA aura ve pAMca varSoM taka vahA~ adhyayana karate rhe| choTI avasthA se hI inheM saMskRta bhASA ke adhyayana kI ruci utpanna ho gayI thii| vizvavidyAlaya chor3ane ke bAda hI ye jarmanI ke rAjA dvArA iGgalaiNDa se kharIde gae saMskRta sAhitya ke bRhada pustakAlaya ko dekhane ke lie balina gae, vahAM unhoMne vedAnta evaM saMskRta sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| balina kA kArya samApta hote hI ve perisa gae, vahAM inhoMne eka bhAratIya kI sahAyatA se baMgalA bhASA kA adhyayana kiyA aura phreMca bhASA meM baMgalA kA eka vyAkaraNa likhaa| yahIM rahakara inhoMne Rgveda para racita sAyaNa bhASya kA adhyayana kiyaa| maiksamUlara ne 56 varSoM taka anavarata gati se saMskRta sAhitya evaM Rgveda kA adhyayana kiyA aura Rgveda para prakAzita huI videzoM kI sabhI TIkAoM ko ekatra kara unakA anuzIlana kiyaa| inhoMne sAyaNabhASya ke sAtha Rgveda kA atyanta prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA, jo chaha sahala pRSThoM evaM cAra khaNDoM meM samApta huaa| isa anya kA prakAzana IsTa iNDiyA kampanI kI ora se 14 apraila, 1847 60 ko huaa| maiksamUlara ke isa kArya kI tatkAlIna yUropIya saMskRtanoM ne bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI jinameM pro. vilsana evaM pro0 banapha Adi haiN| apane adhyayana kI suvidhA dekhakara maiksamUlara iGgaleNDa cale gae aura mRtyuparyanta lagabhaga 50 varSoM taka vahIM rhe| inhoMne 1859 I. meM apanA vizvavikhyAta granya saMskRta sAhitya

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maitrI yA maitrAyaNI upaniSad ] ( 437 ) [yajurveda kA prAcIna itihAsa likhA aura vaidika sAhitya kI vidvattApUrNa samIkSA prastuta kii| julAI 1900 meM maiksamUlara rogagrasta hue aura ravivAra 18 akTUbara ko unakA nidhana ho gyaa| maiksamUlara ne bhAratIya sAhitya aura darzana ke adhyayana evaM anuzIlana meM yAvajjIvana ghora parizrama kiyaa| inhoMne tulanAtmaka bhASA-zAstra evaM nRtatvazAstra ke AdhAra para saMskRta sAhitya ke aitihAsika adhyayana kA sUtrapAta kiyA thaa| inake graMthoM kI sUcI 1-Rgveda kA sampAdana / 2-e hisTrI oNpha di eMzyeMTa saMskRta liTarecara / 3lekcarsa oNpha di sAinsa oNpha laiMgveja (do bhAga ) / 4-oNna sTreTIphikezana oNpha laiMgveja / 5-vAyogrAphIja oNpha vaMDasaM aiNDa TIma oNpha AryAja / 6-inTroDakzana Tu di sAinsa oNpha relijana / 7-lekcararsa oNna orIjasa aiNDa grotha oNpha relijana / aija ilasTreTeDa bAI di relijansa oNpha iNDiyA / -necurala relijana / 9-phijikala relijana / 10-ainthopolijakala relijana / 11-thiyosAphI : Ara sAikolAjikala relijana / 12-kaMTrIbyUzana Tu di sAinsa oNpha saaikolojii| 13-hitopadeza ( jarmana anuvAda ) / 14-meghadUta (jarmana anuvAda ) / 15-dhammapada ( jarmana anuvAda ) / 16 -upaniSad (jarmana anuvaad)| 17-di saikreDa buksa oNpha di IsTa sIrIja granthamAlA ke 48 khaNDoM kA sampAdana / maitrI yA maitrAyaNI upaniSad-yaha upaniSad gadyAtmaka hai tathA isameM sAta prapAThaka haiN| isameM sthAna-sthAna para padya kA bhI prayoga huA hai tathA sAMkhyasiddhAnta, yoga ke SaDaGgoM kA varNana aura haThayoga ke mantrasiddhAntoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / isameM aneka upaniSadoM ke uddharaNa diye gae haiM, jisase isakI arvAcInatA siddha hotI hai / aise uddharaNoM meM 'Iza' 'kaTha', 'muNDaka' evaM 'bRhadAraNyaka' ke haiN| morikA-ye saMskRta kI kavayitrI haiM / 'subhASitAvalI' tathA 'zAGgaMdharapaddhati' meM inake nAma kI kevala cAra racanAeM prApta hotI haiN| isake atirikta inake sambandha meM koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| likhati na gaNayadi rekhA nirbhrbaasspaambudhautgnnddtlaa| avadhidivasAvasAnaM mA bhUditizaGkitA bAlA / / ___ yajurveda-yajJa-sampAdana ke lie adhvayu nAmaka Rtvija kA jisa veda se sambandha sthApita kiyA jAtA hai use 'yajurveda' kahate haiN| isameM adhvayu ke lie hI vaidika prArthanAeM sagRhIta haiM / 'yajurveda' vaidika karmakANDa kA pradhAna AdhAra hai aura isameM yajuSoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| yajuS zabda ke kaI artha haiM / katipaya vyaktiyoM ke anusAra gadyAtmaka mantroM kI yajuH saMjJA hotI hai| ataH gadyapradhAna mantroM ke Adhikya ke kAraNa ise 'yajurveda' kahate haiM-gadyAtmako yaju: / isa veda meM Rk aura sAma se sarvathA bhinna gadyAtmaka mantroM kA saMgraha hai-zeSe yajuH zabdaH / jisameM akSaroM kI saMkhyA nizcita yA niyata na ho vaha yajuS hai-aniyatAkSarAvasAno yajuH / karma kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa samasta vaidika vAGmaya meM 'yajurveda' kA apanA svatantra sthAna hai / 'yajurveda' se sambaddha Rtvij adhvaryu ko yajJa kA saMcAlaka mAnA jAtA hai| yajurveda kI zAkhAeM-'yajurveda, kA sAhitya atyanta vistRta thA, kintu samprati

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yajurveda ] ( 438 ) [ yajurveda usakI samasta zAkhAeM upalabdha nahIM hotI / mahAbhASyakAra patanjali ke anusAra isakI sau zAkhAyeM thiiN| isa samaya isakI do zAkhAe~ prasiddha haiM - 'kRSNayajurveda' evaM zukla yajurveda / inameM bhI pratipAdya viSaya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa 'zuklayajurveda' adhika mahasvazAlI hai / 'zuklayajurveda' kI mantrasaMhitA ko 'vAjasaneyIsaMhitA' kahate haiM, jisameM 40 adhyAya haiM tathA antima 15 adhyAya 'khila' hone ke kAraNa paravartI racanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAte haiM / isake ( zuklayajurveda ) prArambhika do adhyAyoM darza evaM porNamAsa yajJoM se sambaddha mantra varNita haiM tathA tRtIya adhyAya meM agnihotra aura cAturmAsya yajJoM ke lie upayogI mantra saMgRhIta haiM / catuthaM se aSTama adhyAya taka somayAgoM kA varNana hai / inameM savana ( prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaMkAla ke yajJa ), ekAha ( eka dina samApta hone vAlA yajJa ) tathA rAjasUya kA varNana hai| rAjasUya ke antargata dyUtakrIDA, astrakrIDA, Adi nAnA prakAra kI rAjyocita krIDAeM varNita haiM / gyAraha se 18 adhyAya taka 'anicayana' yA yajJIya homAgni ke lie vaidikA -nirmANa kA gayA hai / 19 se 21 adhyAyoM meM sotrAmaNi yajJa kI vidhi kA varNana hai tathA 22 se 25 taka azvamedha kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / 26 se 29 taka 'khilamantra' (pariziSTa ) saMkalita haiM aura tIsaveM adhyAya meM puruSamedha varNita hai / 31 veM adhyAya meM 'puruSasUkta' hai jisameM RRgveda' se 6 mantra adhika haiM / 32 evaM 33 meM badhyAya meM 'zivasaMkalpa' kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 35 veM adhyAya meM pitRmedha tathA 36 se 1: taka pravayAga varNita hai| isake antima adhyAya meM 'IzAvAsya upaniSad' hai| 'zuklayajurveda' kI do saMhitAe~ haiM - mAdhyandina evaM kANva / madrAsa se prakAzita kAvyasaMhitA meM 40 adhyAya, 326 anuvAk tathA 2066 mantra haiM / mAdhyandina saMhitA ke mantroM kI saMkhyA 1975 hai / varNana kiyA kRSNayajurveda - caraNavyUha ke anusAra 'kRSNayajurveda' kI 85 zAkhAe~ haiM jinameM kevala cAra hI upalabdha haiM- taittirIya, maitrAyaNI, kaTha tathA kapiSThala kaThazAkhA / taittirIya saMhitA- - isa zAstra ke sabhI saMhitA, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSad, zrItasUtra aura gRhyasUtra upalabdha haiM / taittirIya saMhitA meM 7 kANDa haiM tathA ve 44 prapAThaka evaM 631 anuvAk meM vibhakta haiN| isameM pauroDAza, yAjamAna, vAjapeya, rAjasUya Adi nAnA prakAra ke yajJoM kA vidhAna hai| maitrAyaNIsaMhitA - isameM gadya evaM padya donoM kA mizraNa hai| isake cAra khaNDa haiN| prathama kANDa meM 11 prapAThaka haiM jinameM darzapUrNamAsa, adhvara, AdhAna, punarAdhAna, cAturmAsya evaM vAjapeya yajJa varNita haiM / dvitIya rAjasUya evaM amiciti kA vistArapUrvaka tathA abhiciti, adhvaravidhi, sotrAmaNI evaM azvamedha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha kANDa ko khilakANDa kahate haiM jisameM kANDa meM 13 kANDa haiM tathA kAmya ISTi, varNana hai| tRtIya kANDa meM 16 prapAThaka haiM 14 prapAThaka haiM tathA pUrva varNita sabhI yajJoM se sambaddha sAmagriyoM kA vivecana hai / sampUrNa maitrAyaNI saMhitA meM 2144 mantra haiM jinameM 1701 RcAe~ 'Rgveda' kI haiM / kaThasaMhitA pA~ca khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai jinheM kramazaH iThimikA, madhyamikA, orimikA, mAjyAnuvAdayA tathA azvamedhAnuvacana kahA jAtA hai / isameM 40 sthAnaka, 13 anu

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yatirAjavijaya campU] ( 439 ) [yudhiSThira mImAMsaka vacana, 843 anuvAka , 3091 mantra tathA mantrabrAhmaNa ( donoM kI sammilita saMkhyA) 18 sahasra haiM tathA darzaporNamAsa, amiSToma, amihotra, AdhAna, kAmyeSTi, nirutapazubandha, vAjapeya, rAjasUya, agnicayana, cAturmAsya, sautrAmaNi tathA azvamedha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kapiSThala kaThasaMhitA-isa saMhitA kI ekamAtra prati vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke sarasvatI bhavana pustakAlaya meM hai, jo adhUrI hai| isakA vibhAjana aSTaka evaM adhyAyoM meM huA hai| AdhAragrantha-1-yajurveda hindI anuvAda-zrIrAma zarmA 2-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 1-vinTaranitsa (hindI anuvaad)|3-sNskRt sAhitya kA itihAsa-maikaDaoNnala (hindI anuvAda ) / 4-vaidika sAhitya-paM0 rAmagovinda trivedii| 5-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 6-vaidika bAGamaya kA itihAsa-bhAga 1-50 bhagavadatta / 7 .-iNDiyana liTarecara-vebara / 8-aiMziyanTa saMskRta liTarecara-maiksamUlara / 9-hama bhArata se kyA sIkheM-maiksamUlara ( hindI anuvAda ) / 10-vaidika sAhitya-prakAzana, zAkhA bhArata sarakAra / 11bhAratIya prajJA-moniyara viliyama ( hindI anuvAda ) / yatirAjavijaya campU-isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma ahobala sUri hai / unake pitA kA nAma veMkaTAcArya evaM mAtA kA nAma lakSmAmbA thaa| unake guru kA nAma zrI rAjagopAla muni thaa| lekhaka kA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarAdha hai / 'yatirAjavijayacampU' 16 ullAsoM meM vibhakta hai, para antima ullAsa apUrNa hai| isameM rAmAnujAcArya ke jIvana kI ghaTanAeM vaNita haiM tathA sthAna-sthAna para yamaka kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| kavi ne anya campU 'virUpAkSavasantotsava' ko bhI racanA kI hai jo madrAsa se prakAzita ho cukA hai| isameM cAra kANDa haiM tathA nau dinoM taka hone vAle virupAkSa mahAdeva ke vasantotsava kA varNana hai / prArambhika tIna kANDoM meM rathayAtrA evaM caturtha kANDa meM AkheTa yA mRgayA mahotsava varNita hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| yadhiSThira mImAMsaka-Adhunika yuga ke prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa / inakA janma 22 sitambara 1909 I0 ko rAjasthAna ke antargata jilA ajamera ke virakacyAvAsa nAmaka grAma meM huA thaa| inhoMne vyAkaraNa, nirukta, nyAya evaM mImAMsA kA vidhivat adhyayana evaM adhyApana kiyA hai aura saMskRta ke atirikta hindI meM bhI aneka grantha likhe haiN| saMskRta meM abhI taka 14 zodhapUrNa nibandha vividha patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiN| kucha ke nAma haiM-mantrabrAhmaNayorvedanAmadheyam, vaidikachandaHsaMkalanam, Rgvedasya RksaMkhyA, kAzakRtsnIyo dhAtupAThaH, bhAratIya bhASAvijJAnam, vedasaMjJA-mImAMsA / inhoMne saMskRta ke 10 granthoM kA sampAdana kiyA hai-niruktasamuccayaH, bhAgavRttisaMkalanam , dazapAyuNAdivRttiH, zikSAsUtrANi, kSIra-taraGgiNI, devaM puruSakAravAtikopetam, kAmakalA

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yudhiSThiravijaya] / 440 ) [yazastilaka campU vyAkaraNam, uNAdikoSa, mAdhyandina padapATha / samprati 'vedavANI' nAmaka mAsika patrikA ke smpaadk| yudhiSThiravijaya-(mahAkAvya )--isake racayitA vAsudeva kavi haiN| ve kerala nivAsI the| unhoMne 'tripuradahana' tathA 'zorikodaya' nAmaka kAvyoM kA bhI nirmANa kiyA thaa| 'yudhiSThiravijaya' yamaka kAvya hai / isake yamaka kliSTa na hokara sarala evaM prasanna haiM / yaha mahAkAvya ATha ucchvAsoM meM hai| isameM mahAbhArata kI kathA saMkSepa meM kahI gayI hai| isa para kAzmIgvAsI rAjAnaka ratnakaNTha kI TokA prakAzita ho cukI hai / TIkA kA samaya 1671 I0 hai| pathikajanAnAM kuravAn kurvan kuravo babhUva navAMkuravAn / prekSya rucaM cUtasya staSakeSu pikazcakAra cancU tasya // 2 / 44 / yazastilaka campa-isake racayitA somadeva sAra haiN| ve rASTrakUTa ke rAjA kRSNa tRtIya ke sabhAkavi the| isa campUkAvya kA racanAkAla 959 I0 hai| antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra para isake racayitA somadeva hI haiM-zrImAnasti sa devasaMghatilako devo yazaHpUrvakaH, ziSyastasya babhUva sadguNanidhiH shriinemidevaahvyH| tasyAzcayaMtapaHsthite. strinavatejaitumahAvAdinA, ziSyo'bhUdiha somadeva iti yastasyaiSa kAnyakramaH // yazastilaka bhAga 2 pR0 418 / somadeva kI 'nItivAkyAmRta' nAmaka anya racanA bhI upalabdha hai| 'yazastilaka campU' meM jaina muni sudatta dvArA rAjA mAridatta ko jainadharma kI dIkSA dene kA varNana hai| mAridatta eka krUrakarmA rAjA thA jisako dhArmika banAne ke lie muni jI ke ziSya abhayaruci ne yazodhara kI kathA sunAI thii| jainapurANoM meM bhI yazodhara kA carita varNita hai| kavi ne prAcIna graMthoM se kathA lekara usameM kaI navIna parivartana kiye haiN| isameM do kathAeM saMzliSTa haiM--mAridatta kI kathA tathA yazodhara kI kathA / prathama ke nAyaka mAridatta haiM tathA dvitIya ke yazodhara / isameM kaI pAtroM ke caritra citrita haiM - mAridatta, abhayaruci, munisudata, yazodhara, candramati, amRtamati, yazomati Adi / isa grantha kI racanA soddezya huI hai aura ise dhArmika kAvya kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| isameM kula ATha AzvAsa yA adhyAya haiM, jinameM pAMca AzvAsoM meM kathA kA varNana hai aura zeSa tIna AzvAsoM meM jainadharma ke siddhAnta vaNita haiM / nirveda kA paripAka hI isakA lakSya hai aura aGgIrasa zAnta hai / dhArmikatA kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI isameM zRGgAra rasa kA mohaka varNana hai| isakI gadya-zailI atyanta praur3ha hai tathA vayaMviSayoM ke anurUpa 'gAdabaddha vRhat samastapadAvalI' prayukta huI hai / kahIM-kahIM AvazyakatAnusAra choTechoTe vAkya evaM sarala padAvalI kA bhI prayoga huA hai / isake padya kAvyAtmaka evaM sUkti donoM hI prakAra ke haiN| isake catuSaM AzvAsa meM aneka kaviyoM ke zloka uddhata haiN| prArambha meM kavi ne pUrvavattI kadhiyoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate hue apanA kAvya. viSayaka dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne namratApUrvaka yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki bauddhika pratibhA kisI vyakti vizeSa meM hI nahIM rhtii| sarvajJakalpaH kavibhiH purAtamairavIkSitaM vastu kimasti samprati / edaMyugInastu kuzAgradhIrapi pravakti yattatsadRzaM sa vismayaH // 1 / 11 /

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yakSa-milana kAvya ] (441 ) [yatirAja vijaya campU AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana--DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| yakSa-milana kAvya-isa sandeza-kAvya ke racayitA paramezvara mA haiN| isakA dUsarA nAma ( yakSa-samAgama ) bhI hai| kavi kA samaya vi0 saM0 1917 se 1981 hai| ye vihAra ke darabhaMgA jilA ke taruvanI (taronI ) nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI the| inake pitA kA nAma pUrNanAtha jhA yA bAbUnAtha jhA thA jo vyAkaraNa ke acche paNDita the| paramezvara jhA svayaM bahuta bar3e vidvAn the aura vidvamaNDalI ne inheM vaiyAkaraNakesarI, karmakANDodvAraka tathA mahopadezaka prabhRti upAdhiyAM pradAna kI thiiN| inheM tatkAlIna sarakAra kI ora se.mahAmahopAdhyAya kI upAdhi bhI prApta huI thii| inake dvArA racita anya granthoM ke mAma haiM-mahiSAsura-vadha nATaka, vAtAhvAna kAvya, kusumakalikA-AkhyAyikA, RtuvarNana kAvya / 'yakSa-samAgama' meM mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'meghadUta' ke uttarAkhyAna kA varNana hai| kavi ne yakSa evaM usakI preyasI ke milana kA bar3A hI mohaka varNana kiyA hai| devotthAna hone para yakSa preyasI ke pAsa Akara usakA kuzala-kSema pUchatA hai / vaha apanI priyA se vividha prakAra kI praNaya kathAe~ evaM praNaya lIlAyeM varNita karatA hai / prAtaHkAla hone para bandIjana ke madhura gItoM kA zravaNa kara usakI nidrA TUTatI hai aura vaha uratA-DaratA kubera ke nikaTa jAkara unheM praNAma karatA hai / kubera usa para prasanna hote haiM aura use adhika uttaradAyitvapUrNa kAryabhAra dete haiN| yakSa aura yakSapatnI adhika dinoM taka sukhapUrvaka apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| yaha sandezakAvya laghu AkAra kA hai aura isameM kula 35 zloka haiN| isameM mandAkrAntA chanda prayukta huA hai| yakSa-patnI kA saundarya varNana dekhie-bAle bhAle ruciraruciraH sUkSmasindUrabinduH, karNe puSpaM dazanavasane gaaddhtaambuulraagH| sauvIrante dRzi nakhatato yAvakazcitravAso gore gAne guNini subhagambhAvukatvaM gRNanti // 23 / isa kAvya kA prakAzana 1817 zAke meM darabhaMgA se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / yatirAja vijaya campa-isake racayitA ahobala sUri the| inake mAtA-pitA kA nAma kramazaH lakSmAmbA evaM veMkaTAcArya thaa| zrI rAjagopAla muni ke ye ziSya the| inakA samaya caudahavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha hai / inhoMne 'virUpAkSavasantotsava campU' nAmaka anya grantha ko bhI racanA kI hai| [de0 virUpAkSavasantotsava campU ] 'yatirAjavijaya campU' satraha ullAsoM meM vibhakta hai para antima ullAsa apUrNa hai| kavi ne isa campU meM rAmAnujAcArya kA jIvana vRtta varNita kiyA hai tathA viziSTAdvaita sampradAya ke AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI prastuta kI hai| isakI zailI sarala evaM vyAsapradhAna hai tathA sthAna-sthAna para yamaka kA bhI prayoga hai aura vAkya-vinyAsa kI pravRtti saralatA kI ora hai / viziSTAdvaita sampradAya kI AcArya-paramparA kA nidarzana kavi ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai--Adau sarazzaTharipupramukhAvatArAm nAthAyaMyAmunamunipravaraprabhAvAn / rAmAnujasya caritaM nipuNaM bhaNAmi hRdheravadyavimukhairatha gadyapadyaH / / 1 / 10 / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai / vivaraNa ke lie / de0 ri0 keTa laoNga madrAsa 12338 /

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yamasmRti ] ( 442 ) [ yAzalkya smRti AdhAra grantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / yamasmRti - isa smRti ke racayitA yama nAmaka dharmazAstrI haiM / yAjJavalkya ke anusAra yama dharmavaktA haiM / 'vasiSThadha maMsUtra' meM yama ke uddharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiM aura yahAM ke cAra zlokoM meM tIna zloka 'manusmRti' meM bhI prApta ho jAte haiM / jIvAnandasaMgraha meM 'yamasmRti' ke 78 zloka tathA AnandAzrama saMgraha meM 99 zloka prApta hote haiM / ina zlokoM meM prAyazcitta zuddhi, zrAddha evaM pavitrIkaraNa viSayaka mata prastuta haiM / inake atirikta vizvarUpa, vijJAnezvara, aparAkaM evaM 'smRticandrikA' tathA anya paravartI granthoM meM 'yamasmRti' ke 300 ke lagabhaga zloka prApta hote haiM / 'mahAbhArata' ( anuzAsanaparva 104, 72 - 74 ) meM bhI yama kI gAthAeM haiM / 'mitAkSarA', haradatta tathA aparAkaM meM prAyazcitta ke sambandha meM bRhada yama kA ullekha karate haiM aura haradatta tathA aparAkaM ke graMthoM meM laghu yama tathA vedAcAryakRta 'smRtiratnAkara' meM svalpa yama kA nAma AyA hai| DaoN0 kANe ke anusAra sabhI grantha eka hI graMtha ke bhinna-bhinna nAma jJAta hote haiM / yama ne manuSyoM ke lie kucha pakSiyoM ke mAMsa bhakSaNa kI vyavasthA kI hai tathA striyoM ke lie saMnyAsa kA niSedha kiyA hai / AdhAragrantha--- dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pI0 vI0 kANe bhAga 1 ( hindI anuvAda ) / yAjJavalkyasmRti -- isake racayitA RSi yAjJavalkya haiN| unhoMne rAjA janaka ko jJAnopadeza diyA thA / 'bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' meM ve eka bar3e dArzanika ke rUpa meM citrita haiM / ' yAjJavalkyasmRti' kA 'zuklayajurveda' ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai tathA unakA nAma 'zuklayajurveda' ke udghoSaka ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai / pANinisUtra ke vAsika meM kAtyAyana ne yAjJavalkya ko brAhmaNoM kA racayitA kahA hai / 'yAjJavalkya - smRti' meM bhI ( 3 | 110 ) yAjJavalkya ko AraNyakoM kA lekhaka kahA gayA hai| para, vidvAnoM ne AraNyaka evaM smRti kA lekhaka eka vyakti ko nahIM mAnA, kyoMki donoM kI bhASA meM bahuta antara dikhAI par3atA hai| vijJAnezvara racita mitAkSarA ke anusAra yAjJavalkya ke kisI ziSya ne hI dharmazAstra ko saMkSipta kiyA thA / ' yAjJavalkya smRti' kA prakAzana tIna sthAnoM se huA hai- nirNayasAgara presa, trivendram saMskaraNa tathA AnandAzrama saMskaraNa / inameM ilokoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 1010, 1003 tathA 1006 hai / isake prathama vyAkhyAtA vizvarUpa haiM jinakA samaya 500-825 I0 hai / isa ke dvitIya AkhyAtA ( vijJAnezvara ) 'mitAkSarA' ke lekhaka haiM, jo vizvarUpa ke 250 varSa pazcAt hue the / yAjJavalkyasmRti' 'manusmRti' kI apekSA adhika susaMgaThita hai / isameM viSayoM kI punarukti nahIM hai, kintu yaha 'manusmRti' se saMkSipta hai| donoM hI smRtiyoM ke viSaya eka haiM tathA zlokoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM zabdasAmba hai aisA lagatA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne isakI racanA 'manusmRti' ke AdhAra para kI hai| isameM tIna kANDa haiM jinakI viSaya-sUcI isa prakAra hai- prathama kANDa - cIdaha vidyAoM tathA dharma ke bIsa vizleSakoM kA varNana, dharmopAdAna,

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yAmunAcArya] ( 443) [yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta pariSad-gaThana, garbhAdhAna se vivAha paryanta sabhI saMskAra, upanayanavidhi, brahmacArI ke kartavya tathA varjita padArtha evaM karma, vivAha evaM vivAhayogya kanyA kI pAtratA, vivAha ke ATha prakAra, antarjAtIya vivAha, cAro varNoM ke adhikAra aura katrtavya, snAtaka katrtavya, vaidika yajJa, bhakSyAbhakSya ke niyama tathA mAMsa-prayoga, dAna pAne ke pAtra, bAda tathA usakA ucita samaya, zrAddha-vidhi, zrAddha-prakAra, rAjadharma, rAjA ke guNa, mantrI, purohita, nyAyazAsana Adi / dvitIya kANDa-nyAyabhavana ke sadasya, nyAyAdhIza, kArya-vidhi, abhiyoga, uttara, jamAnata lenA, nyAyAlaya ke prakAra, balaprayoga, vyAja dara, saMyukta parivAra ke RNa, zapathagrahaNa, mithyAsAkSI para daNDa, lekha-pramANa, baMTavArA tathA usakA samaya, vibhAjana meM strI kA bhAga, pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda vibhAjana, vibhAjana ke ayogya sampatti, pitA-putra kA saMyukta svAmitva, bAraha prakAra ke putra, zUdra aura banArasa putra, putrahIna pitA ke lie uttarAdhikAra, strIdhana para pati kA adhikAra, juA evaM puraskAra-yuddha, apazabda, mAna-hAni, sAjhA, corI, vyabhicAra / tRtIya kANDamRta vyaktiyoM kA jala-tapaMNa, janma-maraNa para tatkSaNa pavitrIkaraNa ke niyama, (samaya, magnikriyA saMskAra, vAnaprastha tathA yati) ke niyama, bhrUNa ke katipaya stara, satva, raja evaM tama ke AdhAra para tIna prakAra ke kArya / DaoN0 pA0 vA. kANe ke anusAra isakA samaya IsApUrva prathama zatAbdI se IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda kahIM bhI ho sakatA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. yAjJavalkyasmRti (hindI anuvAda sahita ) anuvAdaka 0 umezacandra pANDeya ( cokhambA prakAzana ) / 2. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga-1 ( hindI anuvAda) DaoN0 pA0 vA. kANe / ___ yAmunAcArya-viziSTAdvaitavAda ke prasiddha aacaary| ye nAthamuni ke pautra haiN| inakA samaya dazama zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| ye zrIraMgam kI AcArya pITha para 973 I0 meM adhiSThita hue the| inhoMne kAvya evaM darzana donoM hI prakAra ke granthoM kI racanA kI hai| inake dvArA racita grantha haiM-gItArthasaMgraha, zrI catuHzlokI ( isameM lakSmI jI kI stuti hai ) sidvitaMtra ( isameM Atmasiddhi, Izvarasidi, mAyA-khaNDana evaM AtmaviSaya-sambandha pratipAdaka saMvit siddhi kA varNana hai ), mahApuruSanirNaya ( isameM viSNu kA zreSThatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ) AgamaprAmANya ( yaha pAcarAtra kI prAmANikatA kA vivecana karanevAlA mahanIya grantha hai ), bAlabandArastotra ( isameM 70 zlokoM meM AtmasamarpaNa ke siddhAnta kA sundara varNana hai)| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta-videzoM meM saMskRta adhyayana ke prati niSThA bahuta prAcIna samaya se rahI hai| paMcatantra ke anuvAda ke mAdhyama se sAtavIM zatAbdI se hI yUropIya vidvAn saMskRta se paricita ho cuke the| tathA dharma pracArArtha kitane IsAI mizanarI bhArata Akara saMskRta dharma-panyoM ke adhyayana meM pravRtta hue the| abrAhama rojara nAmaka eka IsAI pAdarI ne bhartRhari ke zlokoM kA purtagAlI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA

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yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta ] (444 ) [yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta thaa| vArena hesTigsa ne saMskRta paNDitoM kI sahAyatA se vivAdadarpaNasetu' nAmaka dharmazAstraviSayaka prantha kA saMkalana karavAyA thA jo 'e koDa oNpha geSTolA' ke nAma se aMgrejI meM 1785 I0 meM prakAzita huA. cAsaM vilkisa kRta gItA kA aMgarejI anuvAda 1785 I0 meM iGgalaiNDa se prakAzita huA thaa| isI ne 'mahAbhArata' meM varNita zakuntalopAkhyAna evaM 'hitopadeza' kA bhI aMgarejI meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| ___ sarvaprathama sara vilayama jonsa ne 11 varSoM taka bhAratavarSa meM raha kara saMskRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA vidhivat jJAna ajita kiyaa| inhIM ke prayAsa se 1784 I0 meM 'eziyATika sosAiTI oNpha baGgAla' kI sthApanA huI jisameM saMskRta kI hastalikhita pothiyoM kA uddhAra huA tathA anusaMdhAna sambandhI kArya prArambha hue| viliyama jonsa ne 1789 I0 meM 'abhijJAnazAkuntala' kA aMgarejI anuvAda prakAzita kiyA, jisase yUropIya vidvAn saMskRta ke adhyayana kI ora AkRSTa hue / viliyama jonsa ne 'manusmRti' evaM 'RtusaMhAra' kA bhI aMgarejI meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| inake aMgarejI anuvAda ke AdhAra para jarmana vidvAna jArja phorTara ne 'zakuntalA' kA jarmana bhASA meM anuvAda ( 1791 I.) kiyA jisakI prazaMsA mahAkavi geTe ne muktakaNTha se kii| isI samaya thAmasa kolabuka ne 'amarakoSa' 'hitopadeza' 'aSTAdhyAyI' tathA 'kirAtArjunIya' kA anuvAda kiyaa| inhoMne 'e DAijesTa oNpha hindU lA oNpha kAMTrekTsa' nAmaka grantha kI bhI racanA kii| prasiddha jarmana vidvAn zlIgala ne ( AgasTaka ) 'bhagavadvItA' evaM 'rAmAyaNa' (prathama bhAga) kA anuvAda 1829 I0 meM kiyaa| zlIgala ke samakAlIna pheMca vidvAn bopa hue| inakA janma 1791 I0 meM huA thaa| inhoMne 1816 I. meM saMskRta kA tulanAtmaka bhASA-vijJAna para nibandha likhA tathA 'naladamayantI' AkhyAna kA laiTina bhASA meM anuvAda kiyaa| inhoMne saMskRta kA eka vyAkaraNa evaM koSa bhI likhA hai| jarmana vidvAn vAna habolTa tathA usake bhAI alekjeMDara habolTa ne bhAratIya darzanoM kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| zeliMga, zilara Adi ne jarmana bhASA meM upaniSadoM kA anuvAda kiyA hai| phargusana jemsa nAmaka vidvAn ne dakSiNa bhAratIya mandiroM ke khaMDaharoM evaM devAlayoM kA nirIkSaNa kara purAtatva-sambandhI sAmagriyoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai aura 1848 I0 meM 'hindU priMsipala oNpha vyUTI ina ArTa' nAmaka pustaka kI racanA kI hai| paMDita maiksamUlara kA kArya to apratima mahattva kA hai [de0 maiksamUlara ] vilsana nAmaka vidvAn ne 'hindU thieTara' nAmaka pustaka likhI tathA 'viSNupurANa' evaM 'Rgveda' kA 6 khaNDoM meM anuvAda kiyaa| vedArtha anuzIlana ke kSetra meM jarmana vidvAn raoNpa racita 'saMskRta-jarmana-vizvakoza' kA atyadhika mahatva hai| 1870 I0 ke AsapAsa eca0 grAsamaina evaM vilsana ne sAyaNabhASya ke AdhAra para 'Rgveda' kA aMgarejI meM anuvAda kiyA thaa| DaoN. pizela kRta 'vaidika sTaDIja' nAmaka grantha atyanta mahatva kA hai| ye balina vizvavidyAlaya meM saMskRta ke - adhyApaka the, bebara evaM maikDonala tathA kItha kI saMskRta sevAeM prasiddha haiN| ( inakA vivaraNa pRthak hai| inake nAma ke samakSa dekheM ) / saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa-lekhakoM meM jarmana vidvAn viSTaranitsa kA nAma mahatvapUrNa hai| inhoMne cAra khaNDoM meM saMskRta sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa likhA hai|

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yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta ] ( 445 ) [yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta jarmana paNDita DaoN0 thIbo maiksamUlara ke samparka meM Akara saMskRta adhyayana kI ora pravRtta hue the| ye 1885 I0 meM banArasa meM adhyApaka hokara Aye the aura vahA~ 1880 I0 taka rhe| inhoMne mImAMsA evaM jyotiSa aura nibandha likhA thA zaMkara evaM rAmAnuja sahita 'vedAntasUtra' kA bhASya prakAzita kiyaa| jaina sAhitya ke marmajJa pro0 jakobI ne jainasUtroM kA anuvAda kiyA hai / pANini ke Upara golDasTUkara ne atyanta prAmANika grantha likhA hai| ( aMgrejI meM ) / isameM pANini ke sthitikAla para vistArapUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta vAGmaya ke hastalikhiti granthoM kA vivaraNa taiyAra kara DaoN0 aphekTa ne 'keTelogasa keTegorama' nAmaka bRhad sUcIgrantha kI racanA kii| isI prakAra aMgareja vidvAn muira kRta 'orijinala saMskRta TesTa' nAmaka 5 khaNDoM meM samApta hone vAle grantha kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM saMskRta sAhitya-vizeSataH vaidika vAGmaya-ke mUla aMza evaM unake aMgarejI anuvAda diye hue haiN| ADaphezta nAmaka romana vidvAna ne 'Rgveda' evaM aitareyabrAhmaNa' kA romana meM anuvAda kiyA hai tathA eka anya romana vidvAna edArUka ne Rgveda kI samIkSA romana meM likhI hai| amerikA ke prasiddha vidvAn viliyama hvAiTa hviTanI ne ( 1827.94 ) sarvaprathama amerikA meM saMskRta anuzIlana kA kArya kiyA / inhoMne 1879 I0 meM saMskRta kA vyAkaraNa likhA jo apane kSetra meM bejor3a hai| hviTanI ne 'atharvaprAtizAkhya' kA aMgarejI meM anuvAda kiyA tathA 'sUryasiddhAnta' nAmaka jyotiSa grantha kA aMgarejI meM rUpAntara kiyaa| inhoMne prAcyavidyA-sambandhI lagabhaga 36. nibandha likhe haiN| pro0 olDenavarga ne 'vinayapiTaka' kA anuvAda evaM 'sAMkhyAyana, gRhyasUtroM' kA sampAdana kiyA hai| pro. blUmaphIlDa kRta atharvaveda kA anuvAda atyanta prasiddha hai| inhoMne 'vaidika kaMkAraDensa' nAmaka eka vizAla grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai| vedajJa hilebaSTa ne tIna khaNDoM meM 'vaidika maitholaoNjI' nAmaka grantha likhA hai aura 'zikhAyana zrautasUtroM kA sampAdana bhI kiyA hai| suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa bolika ne 'bRhadAraNyaka' tathA 'chAndogya upaniSada' kA sampAdana kiyA hai tathA 'aSTAdhyAyI' evaM hemacandra racita ( abhidhAna citAmaNi kA vizuddha saMskaraNa nikAlA hai| bauddha sAhitya para rAija DeviDsa, mArisa hAdi, speyara Adi vidvAnoM ne mahattvapUrNa kArya kiye haiN| moniyara viliyama evaM TI0 baroM ne saMskRta ke bhASAzAstrIya vyAkaraNa likhe haiN| inameM barokRta 'saMskRta laiMgveja' nAmaka grantha. adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / mahAbhArata ke nAmoM aura viSayoM kI anukramaNikA sorensana nAmaka vidvAn ne 'mahAbhArata iMDeksa' ke nAma se likhI hai| saMskRta kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa bhASAvaijJAnika vyAkaraNa jarmana bhASA meM vAkaranegala nAmaka vidvAn ne likhA hai jo cAra bhAgoM meM samApta humA hai / yUropIya vidvAn abhI bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke anuzIlana meM lage hue haiN| phreMca vidvAn lUI reno ne 'vaidika. iNDiyA' evaM 'vaidika bibliyogrAphI' nAmaka pustakeM phrenca bhASA meM likhI haiN| griphiSa kRta vedoM kA padyAnuvAda eka mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / samprati rUsa meM saMskRta paThana-pAThana ke prati vidvAnoM kI abhirucI bar3I hai aura kaI granthoM ke rUsI bhASA meM anuvAda kiye gae haiM / hAla hI meM mahAbhArata kA rUsI anuvAda prakAzita hayA hai|

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yoga-darzana ] [ yoga-darzana / isa dRSTi se yoga-darzana - maharSi pataJjali dvArA pravartita bhAratIya darzana kI eka dhArA / isameM sAdhanA ke dvArA cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha para bala diyA jAtA hai| isakA mUlagrantha 'yogasUtra' hai, jisake racayitA patanjali mAne jAte haiM / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali aura yoga-darzana ke pravartaka patajali donoM eka the / [ de0 hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga 2 pR0 235 - 235 DaoN0 dAsagupta ] 'yogasUtra' kA racanAkAla IsApUrva dvitIya zatAbdI nizcita hotA hai / para yaugika prakriyA atyanta prAcIna hai aura isakA nirdeza saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM aura upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai / ' yAjJavalkyasmRti' se vidita hotA hai ki 'hiraNyagarbha' nAmaka AcArya yoga ke vaktA the aura pataJjali ne kevala isakA anuzAsana kiyA thA, arthAt ve yoga ke pravartaka na hokara upadezaka yA pracAraka the / 'yogasUtra' ke Upara vyAsa kRta bhASya upalabdha hotA hai jo 'vyAsabhASya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa para vAcaspati mizra kI TIkA 'tatvavaizAradI' hai / vijJAnabhikSu ne 'vyAsabhASya' ke Upara 'yogavAtika' nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kI thii| yogasUtra kI anya aneka TIkAe~ bhI upalabdha haiM / pAtamjala 'yogasUtra' ke cAra vibhAga (pAda) haiM-samAdhipAda, sAdhanApAda, vibhUtipAda evaM kaivalyapAda / prathama pAda ( samAdhipAda ) ke viSaya haiM-yoga kA svarUpa, uddezya aura lakSaNa, cittavRttinirodha ke upAya tathA anekAneka prakAra ke yogoM kA vivecana / dvitIyapAda meM kriyAyoga, kleza, karmaphala, unakA duHkhAtmaka svabhAva, du:kha, duHkhanidAna, duHkhanivRtti tathA duHkhanivRtti ke upAyoM kA nirUpaNa hai / tRtIyapAda meM yoga kI antaraGga avasthAoM tathA yogAbhyAsa dvArA utpanna hone vAlI siddhiyoM kA vivecana hai / caturtha pAda meM kaivalya yA mukti kA vivecana tathA AtmA, paraloka Adi viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'yoga' zabda 'yuj' dhAtu ( yuj samAdhI ) se banA hai jisakA artha samAdhi hai / patanjali ke anusAra cittavRtti ke nirodha ko yoga kahate haiMyogazcittavRttinirodhaH / yahA~ citta kA abhiprAya antaHkaraNa ( mana, buddhi evaM ahaMkAra ) se hai / yoga-darzana meM yaha vicAra prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai ki AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prApta karane ke lie zArIrika evaM mAnasika vRttiyoM kA damana kiyA jAya arthAt zarIra, mana, indriya, buddhi aura ahaMkAra para vijaya prApta kI jaay| isake bAda yaha jJAna ho jAyagA ki zarIra, mana Adi se AtmA sarvathA bhinna hai tathA deza, kAla evaM kAraNa ke bandhana se pare hai| AtmA nitya aura zAsvata hai| isa prakAra kA anubhava AtmajJAna kahA jAtA hai aura isakI prApti se mukti hotI hai evaM duHkhoM se chuTakArA. mila jAtA hai| Atma-jJAna kI prApti ke lie yoga-darzana meM adhyayana, manana bora nididhyAsana kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / ( 446 ) yoga kA artha AtmA aura paramAtmA kA milana na hokara AtmA ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna se hai, aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba ki citta kI samasta vRttiyoM kA niSa ho jAya / yoga ke ATha aGga haiM- yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna tathA samAdhi / inheM yogAMga kahA jAtA hai / ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacayaM aura aparigraha ko yama kahate haiN| sadAcAra ke pAlana ko niyama kahate haiN| isake pA~ca aGga

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yoga-darzana ] ( 447 ) [yoga-darzana haiM-zauca, saMtoSa, tapa svAdhyAya tathA Izvara-praNidhAna / zauca se abhiprAya bAhya evaM Abhyantara zudi se hai| IzvarapraNidhAna ke antargata Izvara kA dhyAna evaM una para apane ko pUrNataH Azrita kara denA hai / Asana-yaha zarIra kA sAdhana hotA hai / isameM zarIra ko isa prakAra kI sthiti ke yogya banA diyA jAtA hai, jisase ki vaha nizcala hokara sahaja rUpa se dera taka sthira raha sake / cina kI ekAgratA evaM anuzAsana ke lie Asana kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai, jisake kaI bheda hote haiM-padmAsana, vIrAsana, bhadrAsana, siddhAsana, zIrSAsana, garur3Asana, mayUrAsana tathA zavAsana aadi| yogAsanoM ke dvArA zarIra nIroga ho jAtA hai aura usameM samAdhi lagAne kI pUrNa kSamatA utpanna ho jAtI hai| isake dvArA sabhI aMgoM ko vaza meM kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA mana meM kisI prakAra kA vikAra utpanna nahIM hotaa| prANAyAma-zvAsa-prazvAsa ke niyantraNa ko prANAyAma kahate haiN| isake tIna aMga haiM-pUraka ( bhItara kI ora zvAsa khIMcanA), kumbhaka ( zvAsa ko bhItara rokanA) tathA recaka ( niyata rUpa se svAsa chodd'naa)| prANAyAma ke dvArA zarIra svastha hotA hai aura mana meM dRr3hatA AtI hai| pratyAhAra-indriyoM ko bAhyaviSayoM se haTAkara unheM apane vaza meM rakhane ko pratyAhAra kahate haiN| yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma aura pratyAhAra yoga ke bahiraMga sAdhana mAne jAte haiM tathA dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi ko antaraMga sAdhana kahA jAtA hai| dhAraNA--citta ko abhISTa viSaya para kendrastha karanA dhAraNA hai / yogadarzana meM 'citta kA deza meM bAMdhanA' hI dhAraNA hai / kisI viSaya para citta ko dRr3hatApUrvaka kendrita karane ke abhyAsa se samAdhi meM bar3I sahAyatA milatI hai| dhyAna-dhyeya ke nirantara manana ko dhyAna kahA jAtA hai| isa sthiti meM viSaya kA avicchinna jJAna hotA rahatA hai aura viSaya atyanta spaSTa hokara mana meM citrita ho jAtA hai| yogI dhyAna ke dvArA dhyeya padArtha kA yathArtha rUpa prApta kara letA hai| samAdhi-yogAsana kI carama pariNati samAdhi meM hotI hai aura yaha isa viSaya kI antima sthiti hai| isa avasthA meM Akara mana kI, dhyeya vastu ke prati, itanI adhika tanmayatA ho jAtI hai ki use usake atirikta kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA aura dhyeya meM hI apane ko lIna kara detA hai / yaha avasthA dhyeya viSaya meM AtmalIna kara dene kI hai| samAdhistha hone para yogI ko yaha bhI dhyAna nahIM rahatA ki vaha kisake dhyAna meM lagA huA hai| yogAbhyAsa karane para yomiyoM ko nAnA prakAra kI siddhiyAM prApta hotI haiM, jinakI saMkhyA ATha hai / aNimA ( aNu ke samAna choTA yA adRzya honA), ladhimA ( atyanta halkA hokara ur3ane kI zakti prApta karanA), mahimA ( parvata kI bhAMti bar3A bana jAnA), prApti ( icchita phala ko jahA~ se cAhe vahAM se prApta kara lenA), prAkAmya ( yogI kI icchA zakti kA bAdhArahita ho jAnA), vazitva (saba jIvoM ko vaza meM karane kI zakti prApta karanA), yatra kAmAvAsAyitva ( yogI ke saMkalpa kI siddhi), yoga-darzana kA spaSTa nirdeza hai, ki yogI siddhiyoM ke AkarSaNa meM na par3akara kevala mokSa kA.prayAsa kre| yadi vaha inake cAkyacikya meM par3egA to yogabhraSTa ho jaaygaa| isakA antima lakSya bAtma-darzana hai|

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yoga-darzana ] ( 448 ) [yogaratnAkara Izvara-yoga-darzana ke prAcIna AcArya Izvara ko adhika mahatva nahIM dete| svayaM patanjali ne Izvara kA jitanA adhika vyAvahArika mahatva mAnA hai-utanA saidAntika nhiiN| citta kI ekAgratA ke lie Izvara ke dhyAna kA mahattva avazya hai, para paravartI lekhakoM ne Izvara-siddhi para adhika bala dekara yoga-darzana meM usake mahattva kI sthApanA kii| isameM Izvara ko sabhI doSoM se pare tathA paramapuruSa mAnA gayA hai| vaha nitya, sarvavyApI, sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAn tathA paramAtmA hai| jIva sabhI prakAra ke klezoM ko bhogatA hai tathA avidyA, ahaMkAra, rAga-dveSa aura vAsanA Adi se apane ko mukta nahIM kara paataa| bhAMti-bhAMti ke karma karate hue use sukha-duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai| yogadarzana meM Izvara-siddhi ke lie nimnAMkita pramANa upasthita kiye gae haiM- ka. zruti evaM zAstra eka svara se Izvara kI sattA svIkAra karate haiM tathA usake sAkSAtkAra ko hI ekamAtra jIvana kA lakSya mAnate haiN| kha. nyUnAdhika mAtrAvAlI vastuoM kI do koTiyAM hotI haiM-alpatama evaM uccatama koTi / vastu kA alpatama rUpa paramANu evaM uccatama rUpa AkAza hai| isI prakAra jJAna tathA zakti kI bhI vibhinna sImAyeM dikhAI par3atI haiM / ataH unakI bhI eka uccatama sImA honI caahie| yaha adhikatama sImA Izvara ke atirikta aura koI nahIM hai| Izvara ke rUpa meM sarvAdhika jJAna-sampanna puruSa kI AvazyakatA hai mIra usake samAna anya koI nahIM hai| yadi aura koI hotA to donoM meM saMgharSa ho jAtA jisake kAraNa saMsAra meM avyavasthA ho jaatii| ga. Izvara kI sattA kI siddhi prakRti aura puruSa ke saMyojaka tathA viyojaka tatva ke rUpa meM hotI hai / prakRti tathA puruSa ke saMyoga se sRSTi hotI hai aura unake viccheda se pralaya hotA hai| donoM kA saMyoga tathA viyoga svabhAvataH na hokara kisI sarvazaktimAn puruSa ke hI dvArA hotA hai, aura vaha Izvara ke atirikta dUsarA nahIM hai| vahI donoM kA sambandha ghaTita kara sRSTi aura pralaya kI sthiti utpanna karatA hai / ataH usakA ( Izvara kA ) astitva nirvivAda hai| yoga-darzana kA sAMsya ke sAtha aneka dRSTiyoM se sAmya hai, para jahAM taka Izvarasiddhi kA prazna hai, vaha sAMkhya kI bhAMti nirIzvaravAdI na hokara IzvaravAdI hai evaM sAdhanA aura siddhAnta donoM hI dRSTiyoM se Izvara kI upayogitA siddha karatA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga 2-DaoN0 dAsagupta / 2. bhAratIya darzana-caTarjI aura batta ( hindI anuvaad)| 3. bhAratIya-darzana-60 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. yoga-darzana-DaoN0 sampUrNAnanda / 5. yogasUtram-(hindI anuvAda) paM0 zrIrAma zarmA / 6. yogabhASya (hindI anuvAda) zrI hariharAnanda / 7. yogasUtra (hindI anuvAda)-gItA presa, gorakhapura / 8. vaidika yogasUtra-paM0 harizaMkara joshii| 9. adhyAtma yoga aura cittavikalana-zrI veMkaTa zarmA, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad pttnaa)| yogaratnAkara-AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / yaha anya kisI ajJAta lekhaka kI racanA hai jo 1746 I. ke AsapAsa likhA gayA hai| isakA eka prAcIna hastalekha 1668 zakAgda kA prApta hotA hai| isa grantha kA prabhAra mahArASTra meM adhika hai| isameM

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raghunandana ] ( 449 ) [ raghunAtha ziromaNi 'yogaratnAkara' meM rogaparIkSA, dravyaguNa, nighaNTu tathA rogoM kA varNana hai tathA vaidyajIvana ( lolimbarAja kRta de0 vaidyajIvana ) kI bhAMti zRGgArI padoM kA bhI bAhulya hai / sAraM bhojanasAraM sAraM sAraGgalocanAdharataH / piba khalu vAraM vAraM no cenmudhA bhavati saMsAraH // 'yogaratnAkara' kI eka mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai rogoM kI pathyApathya vidhi kA varNana | isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM isa viSaya kA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isake karttA ne bhI isa tathya kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai-- Alokya vaidyatantrANi yatnAdeva nibadhyate / vyAdhitAnAM cikitsArthaM pathyApathyavinizciyaH // nidAnauSadhapathyAni trINi yatnena cintayet / tenaiva rogAH zIyante zuSke nIra ivAGkurAH // isa grantha kA prakAzana vidyotinI hindI TIkA sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana se ho cukA hai / AdhAragrantha-- Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrImatrideva vidyAlaMkAra / raghunandana - ye baMgAla ke antima dharmazAstrakAra mAne jAte haiM / inhoMne 'smRtita sva' nAmaka vRhat grantha kI racanA kI hai| yaha grantha dharmazAstra kA vizvakoza mAnA jAtA hai| jisameM 300 graMthoM tathA lekhakoM kA ullekha hai / inake pitA kA nAma harihara bhaTTAcArya thA jo bandhaghaTIya brAhmaNa the / raghunandana kA samaya 1490 se 1570 I0 ke bIca hai / 'smRtitatva' 28 tattvoM vAlA hai / isake atirikta inhoMne 'tIrthatasva' 'dvAdazayAtrAta sva', 'tripuSkarazAnti - tasva', 'gayA zrAddhapaddhati', 'rAsayAtrApaddhati' Adi granthoM kI racanA kI hai / kahA jAtA hai ki raghunandana evaM caitanya mahAprabhu donoM ke hI guru vAsudeva sArvabhauma the / raghunandana ne dAyabhAga para bhASya kI bhI racanA kI hai / AdhAragrantha-- dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe bhAga 1, ( hindI anuvAda ) / 1 raghunAthavijaya campU - isa campU kAvya ke racayitA kavi sArvabhauma kRSNa haiM / isakA racanAkAla 1885 I0 hai / kavi ke pitA kA nAma tAtAyaM thA jo dugaMpura ke nivAsI the / isa kAvya meM pAMca vilAsa haiM aura paMcavaTI ke nikaTastha vicUrapuranareza raghunAtha kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai / kavi ne yAtrAprabandha evaM caritavarNana kA mizrita rUpa prastuta kara isa kAvya ke svarUpa ko saMvArA hai / svayaM kavi ke anusAra isa kAvya kI racanA eka dina meM hI huI / kavisAvaM bhaumavirudAkalitaH zrIveMkaTAyaM sahajAtaH / raghunAtha vijayamenaM vyatanod dinamekameva kRSNAkhyaH / / 5 / 24 / isa kAvya kA prakAzana gopAla nArAyaNa kampanI, bambaI se ho cukA hai| bAdhAragrantha- campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / raghunAtha ziromaNi kA nAma raghunAtha ziromaNi -- navadvIpa ke navya naiyAyikoM meM mahatvapUrNa hai ( navyanyAya ke lie de0 nyAyadarzana ) / inakA AvirbhAva 16 jIM zatAbdI meM huA thA / nyAyaviSayaka prakANDa pANDitya ke kAraNa navadvIpa ke tatkAlIna naiyAyikoM ne inheM 'chiromaNi' kI upAdhi se alaMkRta kiyA thA / inhoMne prasiddha maithila naiyAyika evaM navyanyAya ke pravartaka AcArya gaNeza upAdhyAya kRta 'tasyacintAmaNi ke 26 saM0 sA0

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raghuvaMza mahAkAvya ] . ( 450 ) [ raghuvaMza mahAkAvya Upara 'dIdhiti' nAmnI vivavaraNAtmaka TIkA likhI hai| yaha grantha mUla grantha ke samAna hI pANDityapUrNa evaM racayitA kI maulika dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / raghuvaMza mahAkAvya--yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita mahAkAvya hai| isameM 19 sargoM meM sUryavaMzI rAjAoM kA caritraM varNita hai| isakI sargAnusAra kathA isa prakAra hai-prathama-isameM vinaya-pradarzana karane ke pazcAt kavi ne raghuvaMzI rAjAoM kI viziSTatA kA sAmAnya varNana kiyA hai| prathamataH rAjA dIlIpa kA caritra varNita hai / putrahIna hone ke kAraNa, rAjA cintita hokara apanI patnI sudakSiNA ke sAtha kulaguru vaziSTha ke Azrama meM pahuMcate haiM tathA Azrama meM sthita nandinI gAya kI sevA meM saMlama ho jAte haiN| dvitIya sarga meM rAjA dilIpa dvArA nandinI kI sevA evaM 21 dinoM ke pazcAt unakI niSThA kI parIkSA kA varNana hai| nandinI eka kAlpanika siMha ke caMgula meM phaMsa jAtI hai aura rAjA gAya ke badale apane ko samarpita kara dete haiN| isa para nandinI prasanna hokara unheM putra dene kA AzvAsana detI hai| patnI sahita rAjA RSi kI AjJA se nandinI kA dUdha pIkara utphucha citta rAjadhAnI lauTa Ate haiN| tRtIya sarga meM rAnI sudakSiNA kA garbhAdhAna, raghu kA janma evaM yauvarAjya tathA dilIpa dvArA azvamedha karane kA varNana hai| sarga ke anta meM sudakSiNA sahita rAjA dilIpa ke vana jAne kA varNana hai| caturtha sarga meM raghu kA digvijaya evaM paMcama meM unakI asIma dAnazIlatA kA varNana hai| atyadhika dAna karane ke kAraNa unakA koSa rikta ho jAtA hai| usI samaya kautsa nAmaka eka brahmacArI Akara unase 14 karor3a svarNamudrA.kI mAMga karatA hai| rAjA dhaneza kubera para AkramaNa kara unase svarNamudrA le Ate haiM aura kotsa ko samarpita kara dete haiM, jise lekara vaha unheM putra-prApti kA varadAna dekara calA jAtA hai| 6 The sarga meM raghu ke putra aja kA indumatI ke svayaMvara meM jAne evaM sAtaveM sarga meM aja-indumatI vivAha evaM aja kI ISyAlu rAjAoM para vijayaprApti kA varNana hai / AThaveM sagaM meM aja kI prajApAlitA, raghu kI mRtyu, dazaratha kA janma, nArada kI puSpamAlA girane se indumatI kI mRtyu evaM baziSTha kA zAnti-upadeza tathA aja kI mRtyu kA varNana hai| navama sarga meM rAjA dazaratha ke zAsana kI prazaMsA, unakA vivAha, vihAra, mRgayAvarNana, vasantavarNana tathA dhokhe se muniputra zravaNa kA vadha evaM muni ke zApa kA varNana hai| dasaveM sarga meM rAjA dazaratha kA putreSTi ( yajJa) karanA tathA rAvaNa ke bhaya se devatAoM kA viSNu ke pAsa jAkara pRthvI kA bhAra utArane ke lie prArthanA karane kA varNana hai| gyArahaveM evaM bArahaveM sarga meM vizvAmitra evaM tAr3akA vadha-prasaMga se lekara zUrpaNakhA-vRttAnta evaM rAvaNavadha taka kI ghaTanAeM varNita haiM, aura terahaveM sarga meM vijayI rAma kA puSpaka vimAna se ayodhyA lauTanA evaM bharata-milana kI ghaTanA kA kathana hai| caudahaveM sarga meM rAma-rAjyAbhiSeka evaM sItA-nirvAsana tathA paMdrahaveM meM lavaNAsura kI kathA, zatrughna dvArA usakA vadha, lava-kuza kA janma, rAma kA azvameSa karanA tathA suvarNa sItA kI sthApanA, vAlmIki dvArA rAma ko sItA ko grahaNa karane kA Adeza, sItA kA pAtAlapraveza evaM rAmAdi kA svargArohaNa varNita hai|

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ratnAkara ] ( 451 ) [ranAkara solahaveM sarga meM kuza kA zAsana, kuzAvatI meM rAjadhAnI banAnA, svapna meM nagaradevI ke rUpa meM ayodhyA kA darzana, kuza kA punaH ayodhyA AnA tathA kumudatI se vivAha kA varNana hai| satrahaveM sarga meM kumudatI se atithi nAmaka putra kA janma evaM kuza kI mRtyu varNita hai| aThArahaveM sagaM meM aneka rAjAoM kA varNana tathA unnIsaveM meM bilAsI rAjA agnivarNa kI rAjayakSmA se mRtyu tathA garbhavatI rAnI dvArA rAjya saMbhAlane kA varNana hai| 'raghuvaMza' meM kAlidAsa kI pratibhA kA praur3hatama rUpa abhivyakta huA hai| kavi ne vistRta AdhAraphalaka para jIvana kA virAT citra aMkita kara ise mahAkAvyocita garimA pradAna kI hai| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne raghuvaMza ke hI AdhAra para mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa nirmita kiye haiN| isameM eka vyakti kI kathA na hokara kaI vyaktiyoM kI kahAnI hai, jisake kAraNa 'raghuvaMza' kaI caritroM kI citrazAlA bana gayA hai| dilIpa se lekara agnivarNa taka kavi ne kaI rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, kintu usakA citta dilIpa, raghu, aja, rAma evaM agnivarNa ke citraNa meM adhika ramA hai / mukhyataH kavi kA uddezya rAjA raghu evaM rAmacandra kA udAtta rUpa hI citrita karanA rahA hai, jisake lie dilIpa, aja Adi aMga rUpa se prastuta kiye gae haiN| agnivaNaM ke vilAsI jIvana kA karuNa anta dikhAkara kavi yaha vicAra vyakta karatA hai ki caritra kI udAttatA evaM Adarza ke kAraNa raghu evaM rAma ne jisa vaMza ko utanA gauravapUrNa banAyA thA vahI vaMza vilAsI evaM rugNamanovRtti vAle kAmI agnivarNa ke kAraNa duHkhada anta ko prApta huaa| agnivarNa kI garbhavatI patnI kA rAjyAbhiSeka karAkara kavi kAvya kA anta kara detA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isa prakAra ke Adarza caritroM ke nirmANa meM mahAkavi ne tatkAlIna gupta samrAToM ke caritra evaM vaibhava se bhI prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai tathA apanI navanavonmeSazAlinI kalpanA kA samAveza kara use prANavanta banA diyA hai| putravihIna dilIpa kI gaubhakti evaM tyAgamaya jIvana bar3A hI AkarSaka hai / raghu kI yuddhavIratA evaM dAnazIlatA, aja aura indumatI kA praNaya-prasaMga evaM ciraviyoga meM hRdayadrAvaka duHkhAnubhUti kI vyaMjanA tathA rAmacandra kA udAtta evaM Adarza caritra saba milAkara kAlidAsa kI caritra-citraNasambandhI kalA ko sarvocca sImA para pahuMcA dete haiN| itivRttAtmaka kAvya hote hue bhI 'raghuvaMza' meM bhAvAtmaka samRddhi kA carama rUpa dikhalAyA gayA hai| isameM kavi ne pramukha rasoM ke sAtha ghaTanAvalI ko sambada kara kathAnaka meM ekasUtratA evaM camatkAra lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| raghuvaMza atyanta lokapriya kAvya hai| isakI saMskRta meM 40 TIkAeM racI gayI haiN| isa para mallinAtha kI TIkA atyanta lokapriya hai| AdhAragranya-1. raghuvaMza mahAkAvya (saMskRta, hindI TIkA ) caukhambA prakAzana / 2. mahAkavi kAlidAsa-DaoN0 ramAzaMkara tripaatthii| ratnAkara-ye kAzmIraka kavi evaM 'haravijaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA hai| inake pitA kA nAma amRtabhAnu thaa| ye kAzmIranareza cippaTa jayApIDa (2000)

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lAvalI] ( 452 ) [ratnAvalI ke sabhApaNDita the| kalhaNa kI 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM inheM avantivarmA ke rAjyakAla meM prasiddhi prApta karane kA ullekha hai| ye navama zataka ke prathamArdha taka vidyamAna the| muktAkaNaH zivasvAmI kviraanndvrdhnH| prathAM ratnAkarazcAgAt sAmrAjye'vantivarmaNaH // 'haravijaya' meM 50 sarga evaM 4321 padya haiN| ( isakA prakAzana kAvyamAlA saMskRta sIrIja bambaI se ho cukA hai) / ratnAkara ne mAgha kI khyAti ko dabAne ke lie hI isa kAvya kA praNayana kiyA thaa| isameM zaMkara dvArA andhakAsura ke vadha kI kathA kahI gayI hai| kavi ne svalpa kathAnaka ko alaMkRta, pariSkRta evaM vistRta banAne ke lie jalakrIr3A, sandhyA, candrodaya Adi kA varNana karane meM 15 sagaM vyaya kiye haiN| kavi kI garvokti hai ki isa kAvya kA adhyetA akavi kavi bana jAtA hai aura kavi mahAkavi ho jAtA hai-haravijaye mahAkaveH pratijJAM zRNuta kRtapraNayo mama prabandhe ! api zizura kaviH kaviprabhAvAt bhavati kavizca mahAkaviH krameNa // ratnAvalI-yaha harSavardhana yA harSa (de0 harSa ) racita nATikA hai| isa nATikA meM rAjA udayana tathA ratnAvalI kI prema-kathA kA varNana hai| nATikAkAra ne prastAvanA ke pazcAt viSkambhaka meM nATikA kI pUrva kathA kA AbhAsa diyA hai| udayana kA maMtrI yaugandharAyaNa jyotiSiyoM kI vANI para vizvAsa kara letA hai ki rAjya kI abhyunnati ke lie siMhalezvara kI duhitA ratnAvalI ke sAtha rAjA udayana kA pariNaya Avazyaka hai| jyotiSiyoM ne batalAyA ki jisase ratnAvalI pariNIta hogI usakA cakravattitva nizcita hai| isa kArya ko sampanna karane ke nimitta vaha siMhalezvara ke pAsa ratnAvalI kA vivAha udayana ke sAtha karane ko saMdeza bhejatA hai, para rAjA udayana vAsavadattA ke kAraNa siMhalezvara kA prastAva svIkAra karane meM asamartha ho jAtA hai| para, isa kArya ko sampanna karane ke lie yogandharAyaNa ne yaha asatya samAcAra pracArita karA diyA ki lAvANaka meM vAsavadattA Aga lagane se jala mrii| isI bIca siMhalezvara ne apanI duhitA ratnAvalI ( sAgarikA ) ko apane maMtrI vasumati tathA kaMcukI ke sAtha udayana ke pAsa bhejA, para devAt ratnAvalI ko le jAne vAle jalayAna ke TUTa jAne se vaha pravAhita ho gayI tathA. bhAgyavaza kozAmbI ke vyApAriyoM ke hAtha lgii| vyApAriyoM ne use lAkara yaugandharAyaNa ko sauMpa diyaa| yogandharAyaNa ne usakA nAma sAgarikA rakha kara, use vAsavadattA ke nikaTa isa uddezya se rakhA ki rAjA usakI ora AkRSTa ho sake / yahIM se mUla kathA kA prArambha hotA hai| prathama aGka kA prArambha madanotsava se hotA hai / jaba udayana apane nAgarikoM ke sAtha madanotsava meM Ananda magna thA, usI samaya use sUcanA prApta huI ki rAnI vAsadattA ne unheM kAma-pUjana meM sammilita hone kI prArthanA kI hai ki ve zIghra hI makarandodyAna meM raktAzoka pAdapa ke nIce aayeN| pUjA kI sAmagrI ko sAgarikA dvArA lAyA dekhakara vAsavadattA usako rAjA kI dRSTi se bacAnA cAhatI hai| ataH, vaha pUjA kI sAmagrI kAMcanamAlA ko dilA detI hai evaM sArikA kI.dekhabhAla karane ke lie sAgarikA ko bheja detI hai| sAgarikA vahIM para chipa kara kAma-pUjA kA avalokana karatI hai tathA

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ratnAvalI] (453 ) [ratnAvalI kandapaM sadRza sundara rAjA ko dekhakara unake prati AkRSTa ho jAtI hai| yahIM se usake mana meM praNaya kA aMkura jama jAtA hai| dvitIya aMka meM sAgarikA, apanI sakhI susaMgatA se udayana ke prati, apane premAkarSaNa kI bAta kahatI hai| sAgarikA ne citra-phalaka para rAjA kA citra banAyA thA; susaMgatA ne usake pAzva meM udayana kA citra banA diyaa| isI bIca rAja-pAlita eka bandara upadrava macAtA huA vahA~ AyA aura sAgarikA susaMgatA ke sAtha citra-phalaka chor3a kara bhayabhIta hotI huI bhAga gyo| tabhI rAjA udayana vidUSaka ke sAtha ghUmate hue AtA hai aura use citra mila jAtA hai| jaba donoM yuvatiyAM citra lene ke lie AtI haiM, tabhI ve chipa kara rAjA aura vidUSaka kA vidhaMbhAlApa sunatI haiN| susaMgatA rAjA aura sAgarikA kA milana karA detI hai, para rAnI ke Agamana ke kAraNa unakA milana Age cala nahIM paataa| rAnI ko vidUSaka kI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa citra-phalaka mila jAtA hai aura vaha aMkita citra ko dekhakara apane prabala krodha ko prakaTa kiye binA calI jAtI hai| usako zAnta karane ke lie rAjA niSphala prayatna karatA hai, para vAsavadattA ko sArI sthiti kA parijJAna ho jAtA hai| tRtIya aMka meM vidUSaka dvArA donoM premiyoM ko milAne kI yojanA saphala ho jAtI hai / sAgarikA vAsavadattA kA tathA sAgarikA kA veSa dhAraNa kara susaMgatA rAjA se milane ke lie taiyAra hotI haiM, para isa SaDyantra kA patA vAsavadattA ko laga jAtA hai aura mahArAja kI isa kutsita bhAvanA para use atyadhika krodha hotA hai| jaba sAgarikA usI veza meM udayana me milatI hai, usI samaya vAsavadattA bhI vahAM pahuMca jAtI hai aura use bar3A krodha AtA hai| vaha udayana kA praNaya-nivedana bhI suna letI hai| vAsavadattA donoM premiyoM ko saMyuktaM dekhakara pracaMDa krodha meM bhara kara vidUSaka aura sAgarikA ko bandI banA kara cala detI hai| caturtha aMka ke pravezaka se patA calatA hai ki sAgarikA rAnI vAsavadattA dvArA bandI banAkara ujjayinI bheja dI gayI, para yaha ghaTanA pracArita kI gayI hai, vAstavika nahIM hai| isI bIca eka aidrajAlika rAjA ko jAdU dikhAne ke liye praveza karatA hai| khela dikhAte samaya hI antaHpura meM Aga laga jAtI hai aura usakI lapaTeM cAroM ora phailane lagatI haiN| vAsavadattA ne sAgarikA ko bandI banAkara rakhA thA, ataH use usake jala jAne kI cintA hone lgii| isaliye usane usakI rakSA ke nimitta rAjA se yAcanA kii| rAjA usakI sahAyatA ke lie Aga meM kUda par3atA hai aura nigar3a-bada sAgarikA ko surakSita sthiti meM lAkara bAhara A jAtA hai| para, yaha Aga bhI aindrajAlika khela hI thii| tatkSaNa yogandharAyaNa prakaTa hokara samasta ghaTanA kA rahasyodghATana karatA hai| vasubhUti aura brAbhavya kA Agamana hotA hai aura donoM hI. pota-mana kI bAta kahate haiN| basubhUti rAjakumArI ratnAvalI ko pahacAna letA hai aura usakA vAstavika paricaya detA hai| vAsavadattA ratnAvalI ko gale lagAtI hai aura rAjA se byAha karane kI saharSa anumati de detI hai| vAsavadattA kI prArthanA para rAjA ratnAvalI ko patnI rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura bharatavAkya ke sAtha nATikA kI samApti ho jAtI hai|

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ratnAvalI ] ( 454 ) [ ratnAvalI 'ratnAvalI' saMskRta sAhitya ke prasiddha nATikAoM meM hai, jise nATyazAstriyoM ne atyadhika mahatva dete hue apane granthoM meM uddhRta kiyA hai| isameM nATyazAstra ke niyamoM kA pUrNarUpa se viniyoga kiyA gayA hai / 'dazarUpaka' yA 'sAhitya darpaNa' prabhRti zAstrIya granthoM meM ratnAvalI ko AdhAra banAkara nATikA kA svarUpa-mImAMsana kiyA gayA hai tathA ise hI udAharaNa ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai / 'dvayornAyikAnAyakayoH / yathA - ratnAvalI viddhazAlabhaJjikAdi: / ' sAhitya-darpaNa 3 / 72 | nATikA ke zAstrIya svarUpa kI mImAMsA 'sAhitya-darpaNa' ke anusAra isa prakAra hai-nATikA klRptavRttA syAtstrIprAyA caturaGkikA prakhyAto dhIralalitastatra syAnnAyako nRpaH // syAdantaHpurasambaddhA saMgItavyApRtAthavA / navAnurAgA kanyAtra nAyikA nRpavaMzajA // saMpravartteta netAsyAM devyAstrAsena zaGkitaH devI bhavetpunarjyeSThA pragalbhAnRpavaMzajA // pade pade mAnavatI tadRzaH saMgamo dvayoH / vRttiH svAs kaisikI svalpavimarzAH saMdhayaH punaH // 3 / 269-172 / "nATikA kI kathA kavikalpita hotI hai / isameM adhikAMza striyAM hotI haiM, cAra aGka hote haiM / nAyaka prasiddha dhIralalita rAjA hotA hai| ranavAsa se sambandha rakhanevAlI yA gAnevAlI rAjavaMza kI koI navAnurAgavatI kanyA isameM nAyikA hotI hai| nAyaka kA prema devI ( mahArAnI ) ke bhaya se zaGkhAyukta hotA hai, aura devI rAjavaMzotpanna pragalbhA nAyikA hotI hai / yaha pada-pada para mAna karatI haiN| nAyikA aura nAyaka kA samAgama isI adhIna hotA hai| yahAM vRtti kaizikI hotI hai aura alpa vimazaMyukta athavA vizUnya' sandhiyAM hotI haiM / " / uparyukta sabhI niyamoM kI pUrNa vyApti 'ratnAvalI' meM hotI hai| isameM cAra aMka haiM tathA strI pAtroM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| isakA nAyaka rAjA udayana dhIralalita yA saMgIta evaM kalApremI vyakti hai / isakI nAyikA ratnAvalI anurAgavatI evaM rAjakanyA hai jisakA sambandha ranavAsa se hai / rAjA aura ratnAvalI kA prema rAnI vAsavadattA ke bhaya ke kAraNa sampanna nahIM ho pAtA, aura donoM ko vAsavadattA kI zaMkA lagI rahatI hai / vAsavadattA rAjavaMzodbhava pragalbhA nAyikA hai| isake hI adhIna nAyaka evaM nAyikA kA samAgama hai tathA yaha pada-pada para mAna karanevAlI hai| isameM sarvatra kaiziko vRtti apanAyI gayI hai / isameM aMgI rasa zrRMgAra hai aura dhIralalita nAyaka kI praNaya lIlAoM ke citraNa ke lie sarvathA upayukta hai vidUSaka kI yojanA kara hAsyarasa kI bhI sRSTi kI gayI hai / zRGgAra aura hAsya ke atirikta vIra tathA bhayAnaka rasa kA bhI saMcAra kiyA gayA hai / kavi ne rumaNyavAna ke yuddha kA varNana kara apanI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| jahA~ taka nATakIya kathAnaka ke vikAsa kA prazna hai, isa ghaTanA kA mahattva arthAt rumaNvAna dvArA kozala- vijaya kI ghaTanA, alpa hai| isa ghaTanA ko nATikA se nikAla dene para racanA-sauSThava evaM kathAnaka ke gaThana meM adhika cAstA A jAyagI / ataH, kathAnaka ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se yaha ghaTanA anupayukta hai| aisA lagatA hai ki kavi me vIrarasa kI sRSTi ke lie hI isakA samAveza kiyA hai| sahasA rAjakIya bandara ke chUTane evaM antaHpura meM Aga lagane kI ghaTanA se bhayAnaka rasa kI sRSTi huI hai| isa hRdaya kA kavi ne bar3A hI svAbhAvika citraNa kiyA hai / "harmyANAM hemazRGgazriyamiva

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ratnAvalI ] ( 455 ) [ratnAvalI nicayairaciSAmAdadhAnaH sAndrodyAnadrumAgraglapanapizunitAtyanta tIvAbhitApaH / kurvan krIDAmahIdhaM sajalajaladharazyAmalaM dhUmapAtaireSa ploSAtayoSijjana iha sahasaivotthito'ntaH pure'gniH // " 414 / "are, antaHpura meM acAnaka agni laga gaI hai, jisase bhayabhIta hokara striyAM AttaMnAda kara rahI haiN| agni kI lapaToM ke phaila jAne se rAjaprAsAdoM ke zikhara svarNakAnti ke sadRza ho gaye haiM, udyAna ke ghane vRkSoM ko sulasAkara agni ne apane tIvra tApa ko prakaTa kara diyA hai . tathA agni se uThe hue dhueM ke kAraNa krIr3A parvata sajala megha ke sadRza kAlA ho gayA hai|" aindrajAlika ke camatkAroM se adbhuta rasa kI tathA vasubhUti dvArA ratnAvalI ke DUbane kA samAcAra sunakara vAsavadattA ke ro par3ane meM karuNa rasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai| kavi ne zrRMgAra ke ubhaya rUpoM-saMyoga tathA viyoga-kA sundara dRzya upasthita kiyA hai| sAmarikA aura udayana ke prema ko pUrvAnurAga ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, jo viyoga zRGgAra ke hI antargata aayegaa| __'ratnAvalI' meM nATya-racanA-kozala kA pUrNa paripAka huA hai| isameM kavi ne zRGgAra rasa kI mArmika abhivyakti kI hai / isa nATikA meM raMgamaMca para abhinIta hone vAlI sabhI vizeSatAeM haiN| isameM kavi ne apanI pratibhA ke dvArA aisI ghaTanAoM kA niyojana kiyA hai jo na kevala camatkAriNI haiM, apitu svAbhAvika bhI haiM tathA kathAvastu ke vikAsa meM tIvratA lAne vAlI haiN| sArI ghaTanAoM ke nATakIya DhaGga se ghaTita hone ke kAraNa isakA kathAnaka kautUhalapUrNa hai| dvitIya aGka meM sArikA dvArA sAgarikA evaM susaMgatA ke bArtAlApa kI punarAvRtti rAjA ke hRdaya meM sAgarikA ke prati premodreka meM sahAyaka banatI hai| kavi kI yaha kalpanA atyanta prabhAvapUrNa evaM kathA ko gati denevAlI hai| veSa-viparyaya vAlA dRzya atyanta hRdayagrAhI hai| sAgarikA dvArA vAsavadattA kA vastra dhAraNa kara abhisaraNa karanA tathA usa ghaTanA kA rahasya vAdavadattA ko prApta ho jAne ke varNana meM harSa kI kalpanAzakti ke uccatama rUpa kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra aindrajAlika kI ghaTanA tathA rAjakIya bandara ke bhAgane kI kalpanA meM harSa kI pratibhA ne nATikA meM adbhuta saundarya kI sRSTi kI hai| kAvyatva-cAratA to isa nATaka kI apanI vizeSatA hai| kavi ne sarasa, mRdula tathA komala zabdoM ke dvArA samasta kRti ko AkarSaka banAyA hai| sthAnasthAna para to kAvya kI madhurimA avalokanIya hai, jahAM kavi ne ramaNIya padAvalI kA nidarzana kara citra ko adhika saghana evaM mohaka banAyA hai| isameM kahIM bhI duruha zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, aura na kaThina samAsabandha hI haiN| isake sabhI pAtra prANavanta evaM AkarSaka haiN| kavi ne viSaya ke anurUpa isakI nAyikA ratnAvalI ko mugdhA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai / zRGgAra rasa kI puSTi ke nimitta vasanta, sandhyA Adi ke madhura citra upasthita kiye gae haiN| vaidarbhI rIti kA sarvatra prayoga karane ke kAraNa nATikA meM mAdhurya guNa ota-prota hai| caritra-citraNa-ratnAvalI meM pradhAna pAtra tIna hai-rAjA udayana, ratnAvalI evaM vAsavadattA / gauNa pAtroM meM yogandharAyaNa, vidUSaka Adi Ate haiN| rAjA udayana-isa

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ratnAvalI] (456 ) [ ratnAvalI nATikA kA nAyaka rAjA udayana dhIralalita nAyaka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| rAjA rAjanayika tathA prazAsanika kAryoM ko yogya mantriyoM para chor3a kara tathA vizvasta citta se pUrI nizcitatA ke sAtha apane mitra vidUSaka kI sahAyatA lekara vAsavadattA ke praNaya meM lIna ho jAtA hai| "rAjyaM nirjitazatruyogyasacive nyastaH samasto bharaH samyak pAlanalAlitAH prazamitAzeSeprasargAH prjaaH| pradyotasya sutA vasantasamayastvaM ceti nAmnA dhRti kAmaH kAmamupaisvayaM mama punarmanye mhaanutsvH|" 19 / "rAjya ke sabhI zatru parAsta kara diye gaye, yogya mantrI para sampUrNa kAryabhAra sauMpa diyA gyaa| prajAyeM acchI rIti se pAlita hone ke kAraNa nirupadrava haiM taba pradyotasutA vAsavadattA hai, tuma ho saba taraha se yaha mahotsava mere liye hai, kandapaM kA to isake sAtha nAmamAtra kA sarokAra hai|" rAjA ke isa kathana se usake caritra kA durbala pakSa vyaMjita hotA hai, aura vaha apane uttaradAyitva ke prati jAgarUka nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| para, yahAM kavi ne rAjA ke anya rUpa kA citraNa na kara kevala usake premila vyaktitva ko hI prastuta kiyA hai| yahAM udayana kA vyaktitva premI, kalAprie tathA vilAsI kA hai| jahA~ taka prema kA sambandha hai, vaha dakSiNa nAyaka ke rUpa meM citrita huA hai| vaha sAgarikA ke prati Asakta hote hue bhI vAsavasattA se anurAga rakhate hue usakA sammAna karatA haiM tathA use ruSTa karanA nahIM cAhatA / vAsavadattA ke prati usakA saccA prema hai tathA apane prati vAsavadattA ke ananya prema kA vizvAsa bhI hai / sAgarikA ke prati udayana ke prema prakaTa hone tathA pAdapatana ke bAda bhI rAjA para prasanna na hone evaM udayana kI cintA bar3ha jAne ke varNana meM isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| rAjA apanI vivardhita cintA kA varNana vidUSaka se karatA hai-priyA muJcatyA sphuTamasahanA jIvitamasau prakRSTasya premNaH skhalitamaviSA hi bhavati / / " 315 "nizcaya hI merI priyA prANa tyAga degI kyoMki gAr3he sneha kI truTi bhayAnaka hotI hai|" prathamataH sAgarikA ke prati usakA prema vAsanAmaya lagatA hai| vaha Antarika nahIM pratIta hotA / kyoMki sAgarikA ke viraha meM vyathita hone para bhI vAsavadattA ke Agamana ke kAraNa usake prema kA bhaya meM pariNata ho jAnA rAjA ke prema ko mAMsala siddha karatA hai| vaha vAsavadattA se aisI bAteM karatA hai ki sAgarikA ke prati usakA pAkarSaNa ziSTAcAra mAtra tathA bAharI hai| usake isa asatyAcaraNa se usakA caritra dUSita ho jAtA hai, aura vaha kAmalipsu vyakti ke hI rUpa meM pradarzita hotA hai| "jisa samaya baha sAgarikA ko apane prema kA vizvAsa dilAne ke bAda punaH vAsabadattA ke Ane para use apane asatya vacana se manAne kA prayatna karatA hai, usa samaya baha dhRSTa nAyaka kI koTi meM pahuMcatA pratIta hotA hai|" para, sAgarikA ke viraha meM usakI vAsanA jala jAtI hai aura usakA prema usa samaya ujjvala ho jAtA hai, jaba sAmarikA ko balane se bacAne ke lie vaha vidUSaka ke rokane para bhI apane prANoM kI bAbI lagA kara bhayaMkara agni kI lapaToM meM kUda par3atA hai| rANA vyavahArapaTu, komala tathA ziSTa hai| vaha parijanoM tathA sAmAnya dAsI ke prati bhI bahavayatA pradarzita karate hue komala bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai| usake kapopa

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ratnAvalI ] ( 457 ) [ ratnAvalI kathana meM kahIM bhI usakA adhikAra-mada prakaTa nahIM hotA aura vaha sabake sAtha premapUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai / antaHpura kI dAsI susaMgatA ke prati usakA kathana kitanA ziSTa hai - susaGgate ! svAgatam, ihopavizyatAm / yadyapi 'ratnAvalI' meM udayana pradhAnarUpa se vilAsI evaM premI ke hI rUpa meM citrita hai tathApi katipaya avasara para usakI rAjanaitika paTutA evaM vIratA ke bhI darzana hote haiM / vaha apane vIra bairI kozalapati kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sunakara usakI vIratA kI prazaMsA kiye binA nahIM rahatA - " sAdhu kozalapate sAdhu / mRtyurapi te zlAghyo yasya zatrave'pyevaM puruSakAraM varNayati / " "dhanya ho, kozalapati tuma dhanya ho, tumhArI mRtyu bhI prazaMsanIya hai, jisake zatru bhI isa prakAra tumhArI vIratA kI sarAhanA karate haiM / " praNaya-lIlA ke madhura kSaNoM tathA viraha-vedanA ke pIr3Amaya divasoM meM bhI vaha rAjya kI samasyAoM se virata nahIM rhtaa| vijayavarmA se kozala kA samAcAra sotsAha sunanA tathA apane senApati rumaNvAn kI raNacAturI evaM zatru-vijaya ke lie use sAdhuvAda dene meM usakI rAjanItika paTutA jhalakatI hai / rAjA kI AjJA ke binA sAgarikA ke lAne ke prayatna meM yaugandharAyaNa bhayabhIta hotA hai, para rAjA ke svagata kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha rAjanIti se udAsIna nahIM rahatA - yaugandharAyaNena nyastA ? kathamasI mAmanivedya kiMcitkariSyati / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki harSa ne atyanta paTutA ke sAtha udayana ke premI evaM rAjatItijJa ubhaya rUpoM kA citraNa kiyA hai / ratnAvalI - siMhalezvara-sutA ratnAvalI isa nATikA kI nAyikA hai / usI ke nAma para isa nATikA kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / sAgara meM nimajjita hokara baca jAne ke kAraNa usakA nAma sAgarikA rakhA gayA hai / vaha yaugandharAvaNa dvArA lAI jAkara antaHpura meM rAnI vAsavadattA kI dAsI ke rUpa meM rakhI jAtI hai / nATikA ke antima aMza ko chor3akara vaha sarvatra sAgarikA ke hI nAma se abhihita huI hai / vaha asAdhAraNa sundarI thI, isIlie rAnI sadA use rAjA kI dRSTi se bacAtI rahI ki kahIM rAjA isa para AkRSTa na ho jAya / vaha mugdhA nAyikA ke rUpa meM citrita huI hai / udayana ke prathama darzana se hI usakI jo sthiti hotI hai usase usake mugdhatva kI vyaMjanA hotI hai / vaha apane mana meM kahatI hai ki 'inheM dekhakara atyanta lajjA ke kAraNa maiM eka paga bhI nahIM cala sakatI' / susaMgatA dvArA citrita usake citra ko dekhakara rAjA ne jo udgAra vyakta kiye haiM, unase usake apratima saundayaM kI abhivyakti hotI hai / "zastu pRthurIkRtA jitanijAbjapatratviSazcatubhirapi sAdhu sAdhviti mukhaiH samaM vyAhRtam / zirAMsi calitAni vismayavazAd dhruvaM vedhasA vidhAya lalanAM jagattrayalalAmabhUtAmimAm / 2 / 16 / 'isa triloka sundarI ramaNI ko banA cukane para brahmA bhI AMkheM phAr3a kara dekhane lage hoMge unake cAroM mukhoM se eka sAtha sAdhuvAda nikalA hogA, aura vismaya se nizcaya hI unake zira hilane lage hoMge / ' ratnAvalI atyanta bhAvuka nArI jJAta hotI hai / rAjA ko dekhate hI, prathama darzana meM hI vaha una para anurakta ho jAtI hai / yaha jAna kara bhI ki rAnI kI dAsI hote hue usakA rAjA se prema karanA kitanA khataranAka hai, apane Upara niyaMtraNa nahIM karatI,

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ratnAvalI] ( 458 ) [ratnAvalI yaha usakI bhAvukatA nahIM to kyA hai ? usakI bhAva-pravaNatA kA dUsarA udAharaNa prANatyAgane ke lie utArU ho jAnA bhI hai| rAjA ko dekhate hI usakI kAma-vyathA isa prakAra bar3ha jAtI hai ki vaha yaha kahane ko bhI utArU ho gayI-'sarvathA mama mandabhAginyA maraNamevAnena dunimittenopasthitam / rAjA ke hAtha citra-phalaka par3ane para jaba vidUSaka rAjA se pUchatA hai ki yaha unheM kaisI laga rahI hai, taba ratnAvalI apane sambandha meM rAjA kI pratikriyA jAnane ko utsuka hotI hai| vaha latA-kunja meM chipa kara unakA vArtAlApa sunatI hai| yadi rAjA ne hAM kaha diyA to acchA, anyathA nahIM kahane para vaha apanA prANa tyAga degI / ( Atmagata) kimeSa bhaNiSyatIti yatsatyaM jIvitamaraNayorantarAle varte' / vaha durbala hRdaya kI nArI hai| saMketa sthAna para Akara jaba vaha rAjA ko nahIM pAtI, taba jAna jAtI hai ki usakI abhisAra-ceSTA kA parijJAna rAnI ko ho gayA hai, ataH vaha mRtyu kA hI varaNa karanA zreSTha samajhatI hai-'varamidAnI' svayamevAtmAnamudabadhyoparatA na punarjAtasaMketavRttAntatayA devyA pribhuutaa|' ratnAvalI kalA-premikA hai aura use citra-kalA kI vizeSa paTutA prApta hai| vaha udayana ke prati Asakta hokara citra dvArA hI apanA manoraMjana karatI hai / usakI citrakalA kI prazaMsA susaMgatA bhI karatI hai / usameM vaMzAbhimAna evaM AtmasammAna kI bhAvanA kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai| dAsI ke rUpa meM jIvana-yApana karate hue apanI abhinnahRdayA sakhI susaMgatA se apane vaMza kA paricaya nahIM detii| isameM vaha apane sadaMza kI apratiSThA mAnatI hai| paristhitivaza rAjakumArI hokara bhI use dAsI kA ghRNita kArya karanA par3atA hai, jisase usake mana meM AtmaglAni kA bhAva AtA hai aura vaha jIvita rahanA bhI nahIM cAhatI, para rAjA ke prema ko prApta kara use jIne kI lAlasA ho jAtI hai| usameM AtmasammAna kA bhAva isa prakAra bharA huA hai, ki usakA vaMzAbhimAna samaya-samaya para jAgarUka ho jAtA hai aura kisI prakAra kA apanA apamAna hone para vaha nilaMjja jIvana vyatIta karane se maraNa ko upayukta mAna letI hai| udayana ke prati usakA prema vAsanAjanya na hokara, vAstavika hai tathA usameM andhatva kA abhAva evaM maryAdA kI bhI bhAvanA hai| vaha udayana ke rUpa kI prazaMsaka hai, para sahasA unakI ora AkRSTa nahIM hotii| jaba use yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki yaha vahI udayana hai jisake lie usake pitA ne usako bhejA thA, to rAjA ke saundarya kA AkarSaNa prema meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| vaha aucityapUrNa prema kA samarthana karatI hai'na kamalAkaraM varjayitvA rAjahaMsyanyatrAbhiramate / ' 'usake hRdaya meM udayana ke prati prema, vAsavadattA se bhaya, susaMgatA ke prati bhaginIvata sneha aura apane jIvana ke prati glAni aura moha eka sAtha hai|' ____ vAsavadattA-vAsavadattA udayana ko pradhAna mahiSI hai| vaha atyanta prIti-pravaNa evaM svabhAva se mRdu hai| rAjA ke prati usake mana meM sammAna evaM prema kA bhAva hai| vaha premila pratimA ke rUpa meM citrita huI hai| vaha rAjA ke prati isa prakAra anurakta hai ki use apanI jAna kI bhI sudhi nahIM rhtii| rAjA ke mana meM bhI uske| ti hada vizvAsa hai| isI kAraNa jaba vaha mAna karatI hai to. rAjA usake caraNoM para gira

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rasaratnAkara] ( 459 ) [rasaratnasamuccaya par3atA hai| rAjA ko binA use manAye caina nahIM par3atA, kyoMki unakA vizvAsa hai ki unake prema meM kiMcit antara Ane para bhI vaha jIvita nahIM raha sakatI-'priyA munca. tyadya sphuTamasahanA jIvitamaso prakRSTasya premNaH skhalitamaviSAM hi bhavati / ' vAsavadattA rAjA kI rUpalipsA se paricita hai, ataH vaha sAgarikA ko rAjA ke netroM ke sammukha nahIM hone detI, aura asAvadhAnI se vaha rAjA ke sAmane Ane lagatI hai to vaha apanI dAsiyoM para bigar3ane lagatI hai-'aho ? pramAdaH parijanasya / ' rAjA ke prati pragAr3ha sneha hone ke kAraNa vaha unake Upara ekAdhikAra cAhatI hai| vaha udayana ko sAgarikA se prema karate dekhanA nahIM caahtii| udayana ke sAtha sAgarikA kA citra citrita dekhakhara vaha sira kI pIr3A kA bahAnA banAkara mAna karatI hai, tathA sAgarikA ke abhisAra ke rahasya ko jAnakara udayana ke pAda-patana para bhI nahIM maantii| usameM sapatnI kI IrSyA kI bhAvanA bharI huI hai| rAjA ke prati anurAga hone ke kAraNa vaha adhika dera taka ruSTa nahIM raha paatii| rAjA kI dInatA aura apanI kaThoratA ke prati use pazcAttApa hotA hai aura rAjA ko prasanna karane ke lie kahatI hai-'maiMne rAjA ko usa sthiti meM chor3akara acchA nahIM kiyA, calUM, unake pIche jAkara unake gale se lipaTa kara unako manA luuN|' vaha sarala evaM dayAlu hRdaya kI nArI hai, para usameM kaThoratA kA bhAva paristhitijanya hai / vaha sAgarikA ke avinaya ke kAraNa use kArAgAra meM banda kara antaHpura ke kisI nibhRta sthAna para rakha detI hai, para agnikANDa ke kAraNa usake jIvana ke anartha kI AzaMkA se usako bacAne ke lie rAjA se prArthanA karatI hai / sAgarikA kA rahasyodghATana hone para apane prAcIna bhAvoM ko bhulAkara use gale se lagA letI hai| sAgarikA ke prati apane vyavahAra se use pazcAttApa hotA hai, para vaha use apane vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kara rAjA se patnI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kI prArthanA karatI huI samasta vAtAvaraNa ko madhura banA detI hai| AdhAragrantha-1. ratnAvalo (hindI anuvAda sahita )-caukhambA prakAzana / 2. saMskRta nATaka-(hindI anuvAda ) zrI kItha / 3. saMskRta nATaka-samIkSA-zrI indrapAla siMha 'indra' / 4. saMskRta kAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta shaastrii| rasaratAkara-Ayurveda kA grantha / yaha rasazAstra kA vizAlakAya grantha hai jisameM pAMca khaNDa haiM-rasakhaNDa, rasendrakhaNDa, vAdikhaNDa, rasAyanakhaNDa evaM mantrakhaNDa / isake sabhI khaNDa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| isake lekhaka kA nAma nityanAtha siddha hai| inakA samaya 13 vIM zatI hai| grantha meM auSadhiyoga kA bhI varNana hai para rasayoga para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / isameM yatratatra tAMtrika yoga kA bhI varNana hai| 'rasaratnAkara' mukhmataH zodhana, mAraNa Adi rasavidyA ke viSayoM se pUrNa hai aura isake Arambha meM jvarAdi kI bhI cikitsA varNita hai| AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasaratnasamuccaya-AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / isa grantha ke racayitA kA nAma vAgbhaTa hai to siMhagupta ke putra the| lekhaka kA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI hai| yaha rasazAstra

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rasaralAkara yA rasendramaMgala ) (460 ) [rasahRdayatantra kA atyanta upayogI evaM vizAla grantha hai| rasotpatti, mahArasoM kA zodhana, uparasa, sAdhAraNa rasoM kA zodhana mAdi viSaya pustaka ke prArambhika gyAraha adhyAyoM meM varNita haiM tathA zeSa bhAgoM meM jvarAdi rogoM kA varNana hai| isameM rasazAlAnirmANa kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai tathA katipaya arvAcIna rogoM kA varNana hai| isameM khanijoM (rasazAstra meM) ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-rasa, uparasa, sAdhAraNarasa, ratna tathA loha / isakA hindI anuvAda AcArya ambikAdatta zAstrI e0 ema0 esa0 ne kiyA hai| AdhAramanya-Ayurveda kA bRhata itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasaratnAkara yA rasendramaMgala-Ayurveda kA prantha / yaha AyurvedIya rasavidyA kA prAcInatama graMtha mAnA jAtA hai| isake lekhaka nAgArjuna haiM jinakA samaya sAtavIM yA AThavIM zatAbdI hai / isakA prakAzana 1924 I0 meM zrIjIvarAma kAlidAsa ne goMDala se kiyA hai| isa grantha meM ATha adhyAya the kintu upalabdha grantha khaNDita hai aura isameM cAra hI adhyAya haiN| isa grantha kA sambandha mahAyAna sampradAya se hai aura isakA pratipAdya viSaya rasAyana yoga hai| lekhaka ne rAsAyanika vidhiyoM kA varNana saMvAdazailI meM kiyA hai jisameM nAgArjuna, mAMDavya, vaTayakSiNI, zAlivAhana tathA ratnaghoSa ne bhAga liyA hai| grantha meM vividha prakAra ke rasAyanoM kI zodhanavidhi prastuta kI gayI haijaise rAjAvattaMzodhana, gandhakazodhana, daradazodhana, mAkSika se tAmra banAnA tathA mAkSika evaM tApya se tAmra kI prApti / pArada aura svarNa ke yoga se divya zarIra prApta karane kI vidhi dekhie-rasaM hema samaM madyaM pIThikA girigandhakam / dvipadI rajanIrambhAM mardayet TaMkaNAnvitAm // naSTapiSTaM ca muSkaM ca andhamUSyAM nidhApayet / tuSAllaghupuTaM datvA yAvad bhasmatvamAgataH / bhakSaNAt sAdhakendrastu divyadehamavApnuyAt :! 3 / 30-32 / nAgArjuna racita dUsarA grantha 'AzcaryayogamAlA' bhI kahA jAtA hai| AdhAragraMtha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrIatrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasahRdayatantra-AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / yaha grantha rasazAstra kA vyavasthita evaM upayogI grantha hai| isake racayitA kA nAma govinda hai jo gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM vidyamAna thaa| isameM adhyAyoM kI saMjJA avabodha hai tathA unakI saMkhyA 19 hai| prathama avabodha meM rasaprazaMsA, dvitIya meM pArada ke 18 saMskAroM ke nAma tathA svedana, madana, mUcrchana, utthApana, pAtana, rodhana, niyamana evaM dIpana Adi saMskAroM kI vidhi varNita hai / tRtIya evaM caturtha avabodha meM abhrakagAna kI prakriyA evaM abhraka ke bheda aura abhraka sattvapAtana kA vidhAna hai| pAMcaveM meM garbhadruti kI vidhi, chaThe meM jAgaraNa tathA sAtaveM meM viDavidhi varNita hai| isI prakAra kramazaH unnIsaveM avabodha taka rasaraMjana, bIjavidhAna, vaikrAntAdi se sasvapAtana, bojanirvAhaNa, dvandAdhikAra, saMkarabIjavidhAna, saMkarabIjajAraNa, bAhyadruti, sAraNa, krAmaNa, vedhavidhAna tathA zarIra-zuddhi ke lie rasAyana sevana karane vAle yogoM kA varNana hai| isameM pArada ke sambandha meM atyanta vyavasthita jJAna upalabdha hote haiN| isakA prathama prakAzana Ayurveda granthamAlA se huA thA jise zrI yAdava jI trikamajI AcArya ne prakAzita karAyA thaa| isakA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana caukhambA picA bhavana se huA hai|

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rasendracintAmaNi ] [rAghavapANDavIya AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasendracintAmaNi-AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / isake racayitA DhUnDhInAtha haiM jo kAlanAtha ke ziSya the| isakA racanAkAla 13 evaM 14vIM zatI ke AsapAsa hai| yaha rasazAstra kA' atyadhika prasiddha grantha hai| isake lekhaka ne likhA hai ki isakI racanA anubhava ke AdhAra para huI hai / isa grantha kA prakAzana rAyagar3ha se saM0 1991 meM huA thA jise vaidha maNizarmA ne svaracita saMskRta TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA thaa| ___ AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasendracUr3AmaNi-AyurvedazAstra kA grnth| yaha rasazAstra kA prasiddha grantha hai jisake racayitA somadeva haiN| inakA samaya 12 vIM evaM terahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai / isameM varNita viSayoM kI tAlikA isa prakAra hai-rasapUjana, rasazAlA-nirmANaprakAra, rasazAlAsaMgrAhaNa, paribhASA mUSApuTayantra, divyoSadhi, oSadhigaNa, mahArasa, uparasa, sAdhAraNarasa, yatnadhAtu tathA inake rasAyana yoga evaM pArada ke 18 saMskAra / isakA prakAzana lAhaura se 1989 saMvat meM huA thaa| AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / rasendrasArasaMgraha-Ayurveda kA grantha / yaha rasazAstra kA atyanta upayogI grantha hai| isake racayitA mahAmahopAdhyAya gopAlabhaTTa haiM / pustaka kA racanAkAla 13 vIM zatAbdI hai| isameM pArada kA zodhana, pAtana, bodhana, mUcrchana, gandhakazodhana, vakrAnta, abhraka, tAla, mainsila kA zodhana evaM mAraNa Adi kA varNana hai| isakI lokapriyatA baGgAla meM adhika hai / isake do hindI anuvAda hue haiM-ka-vaidya dhanAnandakRta saMskRtahindI TIkA / kha-girijAdayAlu zuklakRta hindI anuvAda / AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / __ rAghavapANDavIya-( mahAkAvya )-yaha zleSapradhAna mahAkAvya hai, jisake racayitA haiM kavirAja / isa mahAkAvya meM kavi ne prArambha se anta taka eka hI zabdAvalI meM rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata kI kathA kahI hai| svayaM kavi ne apane ko vAsavadattA ke racayitA subandhu evaM bANabhaTTa kI zreNI meM apane ko rakhate hue 'bhaDimAmayazleSaracanA' kI paripATI meM nipuNa kahA hai, tathA yaha bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki isa prakAra kA koI catuthaM kavi hai yA nahIM, isameM sandeha hai| subandhurbANabhaTTazca kavirAja iti trayaH / vakroktimArganipuNAzcaturthI vidyate na vA / / 1141 / isa kavi kA vAstavika nAma mAdhavabhaTTa thA aura kavirAja upAdhi thii| ye jayantIpura meM kAdambavaMzIya rAjA kAmadeva ke sabhA-kavi the| kAmadeva nareza kA zAsana-kAla 1182-1187 I0 hai / isa mahAkAvya meM 13 sarga haiM aura sabhI sargoM ke anta meM kAmadeva zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prArambha se lekara anta taka kavi ne rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata kI kathA kA, zleSa ke sahAre, eka hI zabda meM nirvAha kiyA hai| rAma-pakSa kA varNana yudhiSThira-pakSa ke sAtha evaM rAvaNa-pakSa kA varNana duryodhana-pakSa ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai, para kahIM-kahIM isakA viparyaya bhI dikhAI detA hai / 'rAghavapANDavIya' meM mahAkAvya ke sAre lakSaNa pUrNataH ghaTita hue haiN| rAma evaM yudhiSThira dhIrodAtta nAyaka haiM tathA vIra rasa aMgI yA pradhAna hai| yathA

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rAjataraGgiNI ] ( 462 ) [ rAjataGgiNI saMbhava sabhI rasoM kA aGgarUpa se varNana hai / granthArambha meM namaskriyA ke atirikta khaloM kI nindA evaM sajjanoM kI stuti kI gayI hai / rAma kA sandhyA, sUryendu kA saMkSipta kintu mRgayA, zaila, vana evaM sAgara kA vizada varNana hai / vipralambha zRGgAra, saMbhoga, muni, svarga, naraka, yuddhayAtrA, vijaya, vivAha, mantraNA, putraprApti, evaM abhyudaya kA sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa mahAkAvya ke prArambha meM rAjA dazaratha evaM pANDu donoM kI paristhiyoM meM sAmya dikhAte hue mRgayAvihAra, munizApa Adi bAteM bar3I kuzalatA se milAI gayI haiN| punaH rAjA dazaratha evaM pANDu ke putroM kI utpatti kI kathA mizrita rUpa se kahI gayI hai / tadanantara donoM pakSoM kI samAna ghaTanAe~ varNita haiM- vizvAmitra ke sAtha jAnA tathA yudhiSThira kA vAraNAvata nagara jAnA, tapovana jAne ke mArga meM donoM kI ghaTanAe~ milAI gayI haiM / tAr3akA aura hiDimbA ke varNana meM yaha sAmya dikhalAI par3atA hai / dvitIya sagaM meM rAma kA janakapura ke svayaMvara meM tathA yudhiSThira kA rAjA pAMcAla ( drupada ) ke yahA~ draupadI ke svayaMvara meM jAnA varNita hai / punaH rAjA dazaratha evaM yudhiSThira ke yajJa karane kA varNana hai / phira maMtharA dvArA rAma ke rAjyApaharaNa evaM dyUtakrIDA ke dvArA yudhiSThira ke rAjyApaharaNa kI ghaTanAe~ milAI gayI haiM / anta meM rAvaNa ke dasoM mukhoM ke kaTane evaM duryodhana kI jaMghA TUTane kA varNana hai / agniparIkSA se sItA kA agni se bAhara hone tathA dropadI kA mAnasika duHkha se bAhara nikalane ke varNana meM sAmya sthApita kiyA gayA hai / isake pazcAt eka hI zabdAvalI meM rAma evaM yudhiSThira ke rAjadhAnI lauTane tathA bharata evaM dhRtarASTra se milane kA varNana hai / kavi ne rAma ora pANDava pakSa ke varNana ko milAkara anya anta taka kAvya kA nirvAha kiyA hai, para samucita ghaTanA ke abhAva meM vaha upakrama ke viruddha AcaraNa karane ke lie vAdhya huA hai / ka -- rAvaNa ke dvArA jaTAyu kI durdazA se milAkara bhIma ke dvArA jayadratha kI durdazA kA varNana / khameSanAda ke dvArA hanumAn ke bandhana se arjuna ke dvArA duryodhana ke avarodha kA milAna 1 ga - rAvaNa ke putra devAntaka kI mRtyu ke sAtha abhimanyu ke nidhana kA varNana gha sugrIva ke dvArA kumbharAkSasa vadha se karNa ke dvArA ghaTotkacabadha kA milAna / AdhAragrantha - rAghavapANDavIya ( hindI anuvAda tathA bhUmikA) anu0 paM0 dAmodara jhA, caukhambA prakAzana ( 1965 I0 ) / rAjataraGgiNI - saMskRta kA sarvazreSTha aitihAsika mahAkAvya / isake racayitA mahAkavi kalhaNa haiM [ de0 kalhaNa ] / isameM ATha taraGga haiN| jinameM kAzmIra-narezoM kA itihAsa varNita hai / kavi ne prArambha-kAla se lekara apane samakAlIna ( 12 vIM zatAbdI) nareza taka kA varNana kiyA hai| isake prathama tIna taraGgoM meM 52 rAjAoM kA varNana hai / yaha varNana aitihAsika na hokara paurANika gAthAoM para bAdhita hai, tathA usameM kalpanA kA bhI AdhAra liyA gayA hai / isakA prArambha vikramapUrva 12 sau varSa ke govinda nAmaka rAjA se huA hai, jise kalhaNa yudhiSThira kA samasAmayika mAnate haiM / ina varNanoM meM kAlakrama para dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai, aura na inameM itihAsa aura purANa meM antara hI dikhAyA gayA hai / catuthaM taraGga meM kavi ne karakoTa vaMza kA varNana

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rAjazekhara ( 463 ) [ rAjazekhara kiyA hai / yadyapi isakA bhI prArambha paurANika hai, para Age cala kara itihAsa kA rUpa milane lagA hai / 600 I0 se lekara 855 I0 taka durlabhavardhana se anaGgapIr3a taka ke rAjAoM kA isameM varNana hai / isa vaMza kA nAza sukhavarmA ke putra avantISarmA dvArA parAjita hone ke bAda ho jAtA hai| pAMcavIM taraGga se vAstavika itihAsa prArambha hotA hai, jisakA prArambha avantIvarmA ke varNana se hotA hai / 6 ThI taraGga meM 1003 I0 taka kA itihAsa varNita hai jisameM rAnI diddA taka kA varNana hai / sAtavIM taraGga kA prArambha rAnI diddA ke bhatIje se hotA hai jisase lohara vaMza kA prArambha huA / isa taraGga meM 1001 I0 taka kI ghaTanAeM 1739 padyoM meM varNita haiM / kavi rAjA harSa kI hatyA taka kA varNana isa sagaM meM karatA hai antima taraGga atyanta vistRta hai tathA isameM 3449 padya haiM / isameM kavi ucchala ke rAjyArohaNa se lekara apane samayataka kI rAjanItika sthiti kA varNana karatA hai| isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki 'rAjataraGgiNI' meM kavi ne atyanta lambe kAla taka kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai / isameM sabhI vivaraNa azuddha evaM kAlpanika haiM tathA unameM nirAdhAra kalpanA evaM janazruti ko AdhAra banAyA gayA hai / para, , jaise- jaise ve Age bar3hate gae haiM. unake vivaraNoM meM aitihAsika tathya A gae haiM aura kavi vaijJAnika DhaMga se itihAsa prastuta karane kI sthiti meM A gayA hai / ye vivaraNa paurANika evaM kAlpanika na hokara vizvasanIya evaM prAmANika haiM / / [ hindI anuvAda sahita rAjataraGgiNI kA prakAzana paNDita pustakAlaya, vArANasI se ho cukA hai ] / rAjazekhara -- saMskRta ke prasiddha nATakakAra evaM kAvyazAstrI / inakA jIvanavRtta anya sAhityakAroM kI bhAMti dhUmila nahIM hai / inhoMne apane nATakoM kI prastAvanA meM vistArapUrvaka apanI jIvanI prastuta kI hai| ye mahArASTra kI sAhityaka paramparA se vimaNDita eka brAhmaNa vaMza meM utpanna hue the| inakA kula mAyAvara ke nAma se vikhyAta thA / kItha ne bhramavaza inheM kSatriya mAna liyA hai| inakI patnI avazya hI, johAna kulotpanna kSatriya thIM, jinakA nAma avantisundarI thaa| ye prAkRta tathA saMskRta bhASA kI viduSI evaM kavayitrI thiiN| rAjazekhara ne apane sAhityazAstrIya grantha 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM 'pAka' ke prakaraNa meM inake mata kA AkhyAna kiyA hai / rAjazekhara kAnyakubja nareza mahendrapAla evaM mahIpAla ke rAjaguru the / pratihAravaMzI zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para mahendrapAla kA samaya dasavIM zatI kA prArambhika kAla mAnA jAtA hai, ataH rAjazekhara kA bhI yahI samaya hai / usa yuga meM rAjazekhara ke pANDitya evaM kAvyapratibhA kI sarvatra tUtI bolatI thI aura ve apane ko vAlmIki, bhartRmeSTha tathA bhavabhUti ke avatAra mAnate the / babhUva valmIkibhavaH kaviH purA tataH prapede bhuvi bhartRmeSThatAm / sthitaH punaryo bhavabhUtirekhayA sa vartate samprati rAjazekharaH // bAlabhArata / inake sambandha meM subhASita saMgrahoM tathA aneka granthoM meM jo vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiM unakI yahA~ udhRta kiyA jA rahA hai - 1. yAyAvaraH prAjJavaro guNajJairAzaMsitaH sUrisamAjavaryaiH / nRtyatyudAraM bhaNite guNasthA naTI vayasyoDharasA padazrIH // 'soddhl'| 2. pAtuM karNarasAyanaM

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rAjazekhara ] ( 464 ) [ rAjazekhara racayituM vAcaM satAM saMmatAM, vyutpatti paramAmavAptumavadhi labdhuM rasasrotasaH / bhoktuM svAdu phalaM ca jIvitataroryadyasti te kautukaM tad bhrAtaH zRNu rAjazekharakaveH sUktaH sudhAsyandinIH / zaGkaravarmaNaH / saduktikarNAmRta 5 / 27 / 3 / 3. samAdhiguNazAlinyaH prasannaparipaktrimAH / yAyAvara kavervAco munInAmiva vRttayaH // dhanapAla tilakamaMjarI 33 / 4. svayaM kavi kI apane sambandha meM ukti - karNATI- dazanAGkitaH zivamahArASTrI kaTAkSAhataH prauDhAndhIstanapIDitaH praNayinIbhrUbhaGgavizvAsitaH / lATIbAhuviveSTitazca malayastrItarjanItajitaH soyaM saMprati rAjazekharakaviH vArANasIM vAnchati // rAjazekhara kI abataka dasa racanAoM kA patA calA hai, jinameM cAra rUpaka, pAMca prabandha evaM eka kAvyazAstrIya grantha hai / inhoMne svayaM apane SaTprabandhoM kA saMketa kiyA hai -- viddhinaH SaT prabandhAm -- bAlarAmAyaNa 1 / 12 / ina prabandhoM meM pAMca prabandha prakAzita ho cuke haiM tathA eka 'haravilAsa' kA uddharaNa hemacandraracita 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM milatA hai / 'kAvyamImAMsA' inakA sAhityazAstra viSayaka grantha hai / cAra nATakoM ke nAma haiM'bAlarAmAyaNa', 'bAlamahAbhArata', 'viddhazAla majjikA' evaM 'karpUramaMjarI' / 1 bAlarAmAyaNa - isakI racanA 10 aMkoM meM huI hai tathA rAma kathA ko nATaka kA rUpa diyA gayA hai [ de0 bAlarAmAyaNa ] / 2. bAlamahAbhArata - isakA dUsarA nAma 'pracaMDapANDava' bhI hai / isameM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA varNana hai / isake do prArambhika aMka hI upalabdha haiM [ de0 bAla mahAbhArata ] / 3. viddhazAlamabjikA - yaha cAra aMkoM kI nATikA hai jisameM lATa ke sAmanta rAmacandravarmA kI putrI mRgAGkAvalI kA samrAT vidyAdhara ma ke sAtha vivAha hone kA varNana hai [ de0 viddhazAlabhaMjikA ] / 4. karpUramaMjarI - isakI racanA cAra yavanikAMtaroM meM huI hai, ataH yaha bhI nATikA hI hai, para sampUrNa racanA prAkRta meM hone ke kAraNa ise saTTaka kahA jAtA hai / rAjazekhara ne svayaM apane ko kavirAja kahA hai aura mahAkAvya ke prati Adara kA bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai| ye bhUgola ke bhI mahAjJAtA the bhUgola - viSayaka 'bhUvana koSa' nAmaka grantha kI bhI racanA kI thI, kintu grantha anupalabdha hai, aura isakI sUcanA 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM prApta hotI hai| bahubhASAvijJa the / inhoMne kavirAja use kahA hai jo samAna adhikAra ke sAtha aneka bhASAoM meM racanA kara ske| inhoMne svayaM aneka bhASAoM meM racanA kI thI / inakI ukti dhyAtavya hai - giraH zravyA divyAH prakRtimadhurAH prAkRtadhurAH subhaNSyo'pabhraMzaH sarasaracanaM bhUtavacanam / vibhinnAH panthAnaH kimapi kamanIyAzca ta ime nibaddhA yastveSAM sa khalu nikhile'smin kavivRSA // rAjazekhara kI racanAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai| ki ve nATakakAra kI apekSA kavi ke rUpa meM adhika saphala haiM / 'bAlarAmAyaNa' kI vizAlatA use abhineya hone meM bAdhaka siddha hotI hai / inhoMne pradarzana kara isa nATaka meM apanI adbhuta kAvya-kSamatA kA paricaya guNa usake nATakIya rUpa ko naSTa kara dene vAlA siddha hotA hai / 'bAlarAmAyaNa' meM varNana cAturI kA diyA hai, para yahI kula 741 paca haiM tathA 'inameM bhI 200 padya zArdUlavikrIDita sragdharAvRtta meM haiM / antika aMka meM kavi ne 105 padyoM meM praNetAoM ke aura inhoMne samprati yaha rAjazekhara chanda meM evaM 86 padma rAmacandra ke ayodhyA

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rAjAnaka ruyyaka] [rAjAnaka ruyyaka pratyAvartana kA varNana kiyA hai, jo kisI bhI nATya kRti ke lie anupayukta mAnA jA sakatA hai| rAjazekhara zArdUlavikrIDita chanda ke siddhahasta kavi haiM jisakI prazaMsA kSemendra ne apane 'suvRttatizraka' meM kI hai-zAdUla-vikroDitaireva prakhyAto rAjazekharaH / zikharIva paraM vaH sollekhairuccazekharaH // rAjazekhara ne apane nATakoM ke 'bhaNitiguNa' svayaM prazaMsA kI hai| 'bhaNitiguNa' se inakA tAtparya hai usa guNa se jisake kAraNa ukti sarasa, sundara evaM subodha banatI hai| inhoMne 'bAlarAmAyaNa' ke 'nATyaguNa' ko mahatva na dekara use pATya evaM geya mAnA hai / ye apane nATakoM kI sArthakatA abhineya meM na mAnakara par3hane meM svIkAra karate haiN| brUte yaH ko'pi doSaH mahaditi sumatirbAlarAmAyaNe'smin praSTavyo'sau paTIyAn iha bhaNitiguNo vidyate vA na veti / yadyasti svasti tubhyaM bhava paThanaruciH / / 1 / 12 bAlarAmAyaNa / AcAryoM ne rAjazekhara ko 'zabda-kavi' kahA hai| sItA ke rUpa kA varNana atyanta mohaka hai-sItA ke mukha ke samakSa candramA aisA lagatA hai mAnoM use aMjana se lIpa diyA gayA ho| mRgiyoM ke netroM meM mAnoM jar3atA praviSTa kara gayI hai tathA mUMge kI latA kI lAlimA phIkI par3a gayI hai| sone kI kAnti kAlI ho gayI hai tathA kokilAoM ke kalakaNTha meM mAnoM kalA ke rUkhepana kA abhyAsa karAyA gayA hai| moroM ke citra-vicitra paMkha mAnoM nindA ke bhAra se dabe hue haiN| indulipta ivAjanena jaDitA dRSTimaMgINAmiva, pramlAnAruNimeva vidrumalatA zyAmeva hemadyutiH / pAruSyaM kalayA ca kokilAvadhU-kaNTheSviva prastutaM, sItAyAH puratazca hanta zikhinAM barhA sagIM iva // bAlarAyAyaNa 1142 / rAjazekhara meM prathamakoTi kI kAvyapratibhA thii| varNana kI nipuNatA tathA alaMkAroM kA ramaNIya prayoga inheM uccakoTi ke kavi siddha karate haiN| inameM kalpanA kA apUrva pravAha dikhAI par3atA hai tathA zabda-camatkAra pada-pada para pradarzita hotA hai| inhoMne apanI racanA meM lokoktiyoM evaM muhAvaroM kA bhI camatkArapUrNa vinyAsa kiyA hai / 'nava nagada na teraha udhAra' kA sundara prayoga kiyA gayA hai-'varaM tatkAlopanatAM tittirI na punaH divasAM taritA myuurii'| [de0 kAvyamImAMsa / ] ___ AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. saMskRta naattk-kiith| rAjAnaka ruyyaka-sAhityazAstra (kAvyazAstra) ke AcArya / inakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| ye kAzmIraka batAye jAte haiM aura rAjAnaka inakI upAdhi thii| inakA dUsarA nAma rucaka thaa| 'kAvyaprakAzasaMketa' nAmaka grantha meM (prArambhika dvitIya padya ) lekhaka ne apanA nAma rucaka diyA hai-kAvyaprakAzasaMketo rucaneneha likhyate / isake atirikta alaMkArasarvasva ke TIkAkAra cakravartI ne bhI rucaka nAma diyA haiaura kumArasvAmI ( ratnApaNaTIkA, pratAparudrIya ) appaya dIkSita Adi ne bhI rucaka nAma diyA hai| maMkhaka ke 'zrIkaNThacarita' mahAkAvya meM [ de0 maMkhaka ] ruyyaka abhidhA dI gayI hai / ataH inakA donoM hI nAma prAmANika hai aura donoM hI nAmadhArI eka hI vyakti the| ruyyaka ke pitA kA nAma rAjAnaka tilaka thA jinhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha' para udaTaviveka yA vicAra nAmaka TIkA likhI thii| ye rUpaka ke guru bhI the| 30 saM0 sA0

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rAmacandra ] ( 466 ) [ rAmacandra maMkhakakRta 'zrIkaNThacarita' kA nirmANakAla 1135-45 ke madhya hai / ruyyaka ne 'alaMkArasavaMsva' meM zrIkaNThacarita ke 5 zloka udAharaNasvarUpa uddhRta kiye haiM, ataH inakA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hI nizcita hotA hai / 'alaMkAra sarvasva' lekhaka kI pror3ha kRti hai ataH inakA AvirbhAvakAla 12 vIM zatAbdI kA prArambha mAnA jA sakatA hai / sarvasvakAra ne sAhitya ke vibhinna aMgoM para svatantra rUpa se yA vyAkhyAtmaka granthoM ko racanA kI haiM / inakI racanAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai- sahRdayalIlA ( prakAzita ), sAhitya mImAMsA, ( prakAzita), nATakamImAMsA, alaMkArAnusAriNI, alaMkAramaMjarI, alaMkAravAtrtika, alaMkArasarvasva ( prakAzita ), zrIkaNThastava, kAvyaprakAzasaMketa ( prakAzita), harSacaritavArtika. vyaktivivekavyakhyAnavicAra ( prakAzita ) evaM vRhatI / sahRdayalIlA atyanta choTI pustaka hai jisameM 4-5 pRSTha haiN| isameM 'utkarSa jJAna ke dvArA vaidagdhya aura usake dvArA sahRdaya banakara nAgarikatA kI siddhi' kA varNana hai / sAhityamImAMsA - yaha sAhityazAstra kA grantha hai jisameM ATha prakaraNa haiM / grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai kArikA, vRtti evaM udAharaNa / sAhityapariSkAra ke doSaguNatyAga, kavi evaM rasikoM kA varNana, vRtti evaM usake bheda, padadoSa, kAvya guNa, alaMkAra, rasa, kavibheda evaM pratibhAvivecana evaM kAvyAnanda Adi viSayoM kA isameM bivecana hai| isameM vyaMjanAzakti kA varNana nahIM hai aura tAtparyavRtti ke dvArA rasAnubhUti hone kA kathana kiyA gayA hai- apadArtho'pi vAkyArtho rasastAtpayaMvRttitaH - sA0 mI0 pR0 65 | 'alaMkArasarvasva' inakA sarvotkRSTa grantha hai jisameM alaMkAroM kA praur3ha vivecana hai [ de0 alaMkAra sarvasva ] | 'nATaka mImAMsA' kA ullekha 'vyaktivivekavyAkhyAna' nAmaka grantha meM kiyA gayA hai, samprati yaha grantha anupalabdha hai- asya ca vidheyA vimazaMsyAnavetaraprasiddhalakSyapAtitvenAsmAbhirnATakamImAMsAyAM sAhitya mImAMsAyAM ca teSu teSu sthAneSu prapaMco darzitaH / pR0 243 // alaMkArAnusAriNI, alaMkAravAtrtika evaM alaMkAramaMjarI kI sUcanA jayarathakRta vimarzaNI TIkA meM prApta hotI hai / 'kAvyaprakAzasaMketa' kAvyaprakAza para saMkSipta TIkA hai aura 'vyaktivivekayAkhyAna' mahimabhaTTa kRta 'vyaktiviveka' kI vyAkhyA hai jo apUrNa rUpa meM ho upalabdha hai / ruyyakta dhvanivAdI AcArya haiM / inhoMne 'alaMkArasarvasva' ke prArambha meM kAvya kI AtmA ke saMbaMdha meM bhAmaha, udbhaTa, rudraTa, vAmana, kuMtaka, mahimabhaTTa evaM dhvanikAra ke mata kA sAra upasthita kiyA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se inake vivecana kA atyadhika mahatva hai / paravartI AcAyoM meM vidyAdhara, vidyAnAtha evaM zobhAkara mitra ne ruyyaka ke alaMkArasaMbaMdhI mata se paryApta sahAyatA grahaNa kI hai / AdhAragrantha - alaMkAra-mImAMsA - DaoN0 rAmacandra dvivedI / rAmAcandra- ye hemacandrAcArya ke ziSya tathA kaI nATakoM ke racayitA evaM prasiddha nATyazAstrIya graMtha 'nATyadarpaNa' ke praNetA haiM, jise inhoMne guNacandra kI sahAyatA se likhA hai| ye gujarAta ke rahane vAle the / inakA samaya bArahavIM zatI haiM / inhoMne vibhinna viSayoM para rUpaka kI racanA kara apanI bahuvidha pratibhA kA nidarzana kiyA hai / inake

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rAmacandracampU] ( 467 ) [rAmacandra guNacandra samagra granya prApta nahIM hote, para choTe-choTe prabaMdhoM ko lekara lagabhaga tIsa grantha upalabdha ho cuke haiM / inhoMne rUpakoM ke antargata nATaka, prakaraNa, nATikA tathA vyAyoga kA varNana kiyA hai| inameM nATakoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-'nalavilAsa' evaM 'satyaharizcandra' donoM hI nATaka prakAzita ho cuke haiN| 'yAdavAbhyudaya', 'rAghavAbhyudaya' tathA 'raghuvilAsa' nAmaka tIna grantha aprakAzita haiM tathA inake uddharaNa 'nATyadarpaNa' meM prApta hote haiM / inhoMne tIna prakaraNoM kI bhI racanA kI hai jisameM 'kaumudI mitrAnanda' kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, kintu 'rohiNImRgAMkaprakaraNa' evaM 'malikAmakaraMda' 'nATyadarpaNa' meM hI uddhRta haiN| inhoMne 'vanamAlA' nAmaka nATikA kI bhI racanA kI thI jo aprakAzita hai| isake 'nATyadarpaNa' meM uddharaNa prApta hote haiM, jisase patA calatA hai ki isameM nala-damayantI kI kathA varNita hai| inhoMne 'nirbhayabhIma' nAmaka vyAyoga kI racanA kI hai jo prakAzita ho cukA hai / uparyukta sabhI granthoM ke praNayana se jJAta hotA hai ki rAmacandra pratibhAzAlI vyakti the, jinhoMne vyApaka racanA-kauzala evaM nATyacAturI kA paricaya diyA hai| 'raghuvilAsa' ko prastAvanA meM inakI prazasti isa prakAra kI gaI hai-pancaprabandhamipaJca mukhAnakena vidvanmanaHsadasi nRtyati yasya kIrtiH / vidyAtrayIcaraNacumbitakAvyatandra kastaM na veda sukRtI kila rAmacandram // rAmacandracampU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA mahArAja vizvanAtha siMha haiM / ye rIvA ke nareza the aura inakA zAsanakAla 1721 se 1740 I. taka hai| isameM kavi ne ATha paricchedoM meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| pustaka kA prArambha sItA kI vandanA se huA hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa mitrA kaiTalaoNga, vola 1, saM0 73 meM prApta hotA hai| mAdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| rAmacandra guNacandra-nATyazAstra ke aacaary| donoM hI AcArya hemacandrAcArya ke ziSya evaM prasiddha jaina vidvAn the| donoM kI sammilita racanA 'nATyadarpaNa' hai| inameM guNacandra kI anya kRti prApta nahIM hotI para rAmacandra ke aneka grantha prApta hote haiM jinameM nATakoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| inake 11 nATakoM ke ubaraNa 'nATyadarpaNa' meM prApta hote haiN| inheM 'prabandhazatakartA' kahA jAtA hai| donoM hI pAcArya gujarAta ke tIna rAjAoM-sivarAja, kumarapAla tathA ajayapAla ke samaya meM vidyamAna the| inakA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki ajayapAla ke Adeza se rAmacandra ko mRtyudaNDa milA thaa| 'nATyadarpaNa' nATyazAstra kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isakI racanA kArikAzailI meM huI hai jisa para svayaM granthakAra ne vRtti likhI hai| grantha cAra viveka ( adhyAya ) meM vibhakta hai| prathama viveka meM nATaka ke tatvoM kA vivecana hai tathA dvitIya meM prakaraNAdi rUpaka ke nI bheda varNita haiN| tRtIya viveka meM nATyavRtti, abhinaya evaM rasoM kA vistRta vivecana evaM caturtha meM nAyaka-nAyikA-bheda, striyoM ke alaMkAra tathA uparUpaka ke bhedoM kA varNana hai| isameM rasa ko kevala susAramaka na mAnakara duHkhAtmaka bhI siddha kiyA gayA hai| isameM lagabhaga 35 aise nATakoM ke

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rAmacarita] ( 468 ) [rAmAnujAcArya uharaNa haiM jinakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se isa grantha kA aitihAsika mahatva siddha hotA hai| zrIvizAkhadatta kRta 'devIcandraguptam' nAmaka anupalabdha nATaka kA uddharaNa isameM prApta hotA hai| isa grantha kA hindI anuvAda AcArya vizvezvara sivAntaziromaNi ne kiyA hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. hindI nATyadarpaNa-anu0 A0 vizvezvara, 2. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / rAmacarita-yaha zleSa kAvya hai| isake racayitA sandhyAkaranandI haiM jo baMgAla ke nivAsI the| unake pitA kA nAma prajApatinandI thaa| 'rAmacarita' kI racanA madanapAla ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI jinakA samaya ekAdaza zataka kA antima bhAga hai| isameM kavi ne bhagavAn rAmacandra tathA pAlavaMzI nareza rAmapAla kA eka hI sAtha zleSa ke dvArA varNana kiyA hai| [vIrendra risarca sosAiTI ( kalakattA) se 1939 I. meM prakAzita, sampAdaka DaoN. ramezacandra majUmadAra ] rAmadaivakSa-jyotiSazAstra ke aacaary| inakA sthiti-kAla 1565 I0 hai| ye prasiddha jyotiSazAstrI anantadaivajJa ke putra the aura nIlakaNTha ( jyotiSa ke AcArya) inake bhAI the| rAmadaivajJa ne 'muhattacintAmaNi' nAmaka phalita jyotiSa kA atyanta hI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA hai jo vidvAnoM ke bIca atyadhika lokapriya hai| kahA jAtA hai ki akabara kI AjJA se inhoMne 'rAmavinoda' saMjJaka jyotiSazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI thI aura ToDaramala ke prasannArtha 'ToDarAnanda' kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| 'ToDarAnanda' saMhitAviSayaka grantha hai jo samprati upalabdha nahIM hai / AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicanda shaastrii| rAmAnujAcArya-zrI vaiSNava mata ke pratiSThApaka tathA viziSTAdvaitavAda nAmaka vaiSNava sampradAya ke pravartaka / inakA janma 1017 I0 meM ( samaya 1017 se 1137 I0 ) madrAsa ke nikaTastha grAma teraMkudUra meM huA thaa| ve prasiddha AcArya yAmunAcArya ke nikaTa sambandhI the| unake pitA kA nAma kezavabhaTTa thaa| unhoMne yAdavaprakAza nAmaka advaitI vidvAn se kAMcI meM jAkara zikSA grahaNa kii| kintu upaniSad-viSayaka artha meM guru-ziSya meM vivAda upasthita hone ke kAraNa yaha adhyayana-krama adhika dinoM taka nahIM calA sakA, phalataH unhoMne svatantrarUpa se vaiSNavazAstra kA anuzIlana karanA prArambha kara diyaa| unake prasiddha grantha haiM-'vedArthasaMgraha' (isameM zAMkara advaita tathA bhedAbhedavAdI bhAskaramata kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai ), 'vedAntasAra' (yaha brahmasUtra kI ladhvakSarA TIkA hai ), 'vedAntadIpa' (brahmasUtra kI vistRta vyAkhyA ), 'gItAbhASya' ( zrIvaiSNavamatAnukUla gItA kA bhASya), brahmasUtra kA viziSTAdvaitaparaka bhASya jise 'zrIbhASya' kahate haiN| tatvamImAMsA-rAmAnujAcArya kA mata viziSTAdvaitavAda kahA jAtA hai| isa mata meM padArthatraya kI mAnyatA hai-cit, acit tathA Izvara / cit kA artha bhoktA jIva se hai tathA acita bhogya jagat ko kahate haiM / Izvara sarvAntaryAmI paramezvara hai| rAmAnuja ke anusAra jIva aura jagat bhI nitya aura satya haiM, kyoMki ye Izvara ke aMga haiM,

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rAmAnujAcArya ] ( 469 ) [ rAmAnujAcArya kintu inakI sattA svatantra padArtha ke savizeSa hotA hai, kintu saMsAra ke anusAra Izvara jagat kA nimitta evaM kA niyamana karate hue unheM kArya meM para Azrita hote haiM / Izvara vizeSya vizeSya yA brahma kI sattA pRthak rUpa se hone ke kAraNa Izvara se sambaddha hote haiM ke kAraNa inakA siddhAnta viziSTAdvaitavAda ke nAma se prakhyAta hai / rUpa meM hai / unake anusAra Izvara sadA saguNa sabhI padArthaM guNa viziSTa hote haiM / rAmAnuja ke upAdAna kAraNa donoM hI hai / vaha cit acit pravRtta karatA hai / cidacit donoM hI Izvara hotA hai aura jIva jagat vizeSaNa hote haiM / siddha hai kintu jIva aura jagat vizeSaNa rUpa advaita brahma ko saguNa aura savizeSa mAnane / sUkSma rUpApanna Izvara - Izvara jagat kI utpatti lIlA karane ke lie karatA hai aura use isa kArya se AnandAnubhava hotA hai / brahma kI sRSTi hone ke kAraNa jagat utanA hI vAstavika evaM satya hai jitanA ki brahma / ve sRSTi aura jagat ko bhrama nahIM mAnate / viziSTAdvaitavAda meM Izvara do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-- kAraNavastha brahma evaM kAryAvastha brahma / sRSTikAla meM jagat sthUla rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai, kintu pralayakAla meM usakI pratIti sUkSmarUpa meM hotI hai / ata: pralayakAla meM jIva aura jagat kA hone se unase sambaddha Izvara kAraNabrahma kahA jAtA hai, kintu sRSTi ke ke sthUla hone ke kAraNa usI cidacidviziSTa Izvara ko 'kAyaM brahma' kisI bhI sthiti meM viziSTatA se hIna nahIM hotA / pralayakAla meM bhI jaba ki cit aura acit sUkSma rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiM usa samaya bhI Izvara cit aura acit se viziSTa hone ke kAraNa saguNa evaM savizeSa banA rahatA hai / vaha bhaktoM para anugraha karane ke lie pAMca rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai / para vyUha, vibhava, antaryAmI aura arcAvatAra | samaya cidacid kahate haiM / brahma cit - cit jIva ko kahate haiM jo deha-indriya-mana-prANa-buddhi se vilakSaNa, ajar3a, AnandarUpa, nitya, aNu, avyakta, acintya, niravayava, nirvikAra tathA jJAnAzraya hotA hai / vaha apane sabhI kAryoM ke lie Izvara para Azrita hotA hai / rAmAnuja ke anusAra jIva aura Izvara kA sambandha deha aura dehI kI bhAMti yA cinagArI aura agni kI taraha hai / acit - acit jar3a aura jJAnazUnya vastu ko kahate haiN| isake tIna bheda haiM-zuddhasarava, mizrasattva evaM satvazUnya / sattvazUnya acit tasva 'kAla' kahA jAtA hai / tama aura raja se mizrita tattva ko mizrasattva kahate haiN| isI kA nAma mAyA yA avidyA hai / zuddhasattva meM raja aura tama kA lezamAtra bhI nahIM rahatA tathA vaha zuddha, nitya, jJAnAnanda kA janaka tathA niravadhika teja svarUpa dravya hotA hai / Izvara bhakti - rAmAnuja ne mukti kA sAdhana Izvara bhakti ko mAnA hai| kore jJAna yA vedAnta ke adhyayana se mukti nahIM prApta ho sakatI / karma aura bhakti ke dvArA utpanna bhakti hI mukti kA sAdhana hai| rAmAnuja vedokta karmakANDa yA varNAzrama ke anusAra nitya naimittika karma para adhika bala dete haiN| binA kisI kAmanA yA svargAdi kI prApti kI icchA se bhagavAn kI bhakti karanI caahie| Izvara kI ananya bhakti ke

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rAmAyaNa] ( 470 ) rAmAyaNa dvArA bhakta meM prapatti yA pUrNa AtmasamarpaNa kA bhAva AtA hai| bhakti aura prapatti hI mokSa ke sAdhana haiN| inake dvArA avidyA aura karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai tathA AtmA paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara sadA ke lie mukta ho jAtA hai / sAdhaka kI bhakti tathA prapatti se prasanna hokara paramAtmA use mukti pradAna karate haiM aura jIva AvAgamana ke cakra se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai| mukti kA artha paramAtmA meM AtmA kA mila kara ekAkAra honA na hokara mukta AtmA kA zuddha evaM nirmala jJAna se yukta hokara brahma ke samAna nirdoSa ho jAnA hai| zrIvaiSNavamata meM dAsyabhAva kI bhakti svIkAra kI gayI hai| apane svAmI nArAyaNa ke caraNoM meM apane ko chor3a denA tathA sabhI dharmoM kA tyAga kara zaraNApanna honA hI bhakti kA rUpa hai| rAmAnujAcArya ne bhagavAn nArAyaNa kI upAsanA kI paddhati claaii| isa mata meM guru yA. AcArya kA bhI mahattva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| jIva ko apane svAmI bhagavAn ke pAsa pahuMcane ke lie guru kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isa sampradAya kA janma zAMkara advaita kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA thA aura dArzanika jagat meM isI kAraNa yaha vizeSa mahatva kA adhikArI hai| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAgavata sampradAya-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. bhAratIyadarzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. vaiSNavamata--paM0 parazurAma cturvedii| 4. rAmAnujadarzana-DaoN0 saranAma siNh| rAmAyaNa-yaha saMskRta kA Adi kAvya hai jisake racayitA maharSi vAlmIki haiM [30 vAlmIki ] | 'rAmAyaNa' caturvizatisaMhitA' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai kyoMki isameM 24 sahasra zloka haiN| gAyatrI meM bhI 24 akSara hote haiN| vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki 'rAmAyaNa' ke pratyeka hajAra zloka kA prathama akSara gAyatrI mantra ke hI akSara se prArambha hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra Adi kavi vAlmIki ne tretAyuga ke prArambha meM, rAma ke janma ke pUrva hI, rAmAyaNa kI racanA kI thii| bhAratIya jana-jIvana meM Adi kAvya dhArmika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| 'rAmAyaNa' kI zailI praur3ha, kAvyamaya, parimArjita, alaMkRta evaM pravAhapUrNa hai tathA isameM alaMkRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se samagra mAnavajIvana kA atyanta ramaNIya citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai evaM kavi kI dRSTi prakRti ke anekavidha manorama dRzyoM kI ora bhI gayI hai| rAmAyaNa kA kavi prakRti kI suramya vanasthalI se apane ko dUra nahIM kara pAtA aura varNana kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM athavA mana ko ramAne ke lie yAH mAnavIya bhAvoM kI abhivyakti ke lie prakRti kA sahArA grahaNa karatA hai / sampUrNa 'rAmAyaNa' sAta kANDoM meM vibhakta hai-bAlakANDa, ayodhyAkANDa, baraNyakANDa, kiSkindhAkANDa, sundarakANDa, yuddhakANDa evaM uttarakANDa / isake pratyeka kADa meM aneka sarga haiN| jaise, bAla meM 77, ayodhyA meM 119, araNya meM 75, kiSkindhA meM 67, sundara meM 68, yuddha meM 128 tathA uttarakANDa meM 111 / rAmAyaNa eka aitihAsika mahAkAvya hone ke atirikta bhAratIya saMskRti, sabhyatA evaM cintana praNAlI kA apUrva koza hai, jisameM bhASA aura bhAva kA atyanta udAtta spa tathA alaMkRta zailI kA bhavya rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM rAma kI mukhya kA ke atirikta bAla evaM uttarakANDa meM aneka kathAyeM evaM upakathAyeM haiN|

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rAmAyaNa ] ( 471 ) | rAmAyaNa grantha ke Arambha meM vAlmIki dvArA yaha prazna kiyA gayA hai ki isa loka meM parAkramI evaM guNavAn kauna vyakti hai ? nArada jI ne unheM dazarathasuta rAma kA nAma batalAyA | Age ke sagaM meM ayodhyA, rAjA dazaratha evaM unake zAsana tathA nIti kA varNana hai / rAjA dazaratha putra prApti ke lie putreSTiyajJa karate haiM tathA RSyazRGga ke dvArA yajJa sampanna hotA hai aura rAjA ko cAra putra utpanna hote haiM / vizvAmitra apane yaza kI rakSA ke lie rAjA se rAma-lakSmaNa ko mAMga kara le jAte haiM, vahAM unheM balA aura atibalA nAmaka vidyAyeM tathA aneka astra prApta hote haiM / rAma tAr3akA, mArIca evaM subAhu kA vadha kara viSNu kA siddhAzrama dekhate haiM / bAlakANDa - isa kANDa meM bahuta-sI kathAoM kA varNana hai jinheM vizvAmitra ne rAma ko sunAyA hai / vizvAmitra ke vaMza kA varNana tathA tatsambandhI kathAyeM, gaMgA evaM pArvatI kI utpatti kI kathA, kArtikeya kA janma, rAjA sagara evaM unake sATha sahasra putroM kI kathA, bhagIratha kI kathA, diti-aditi ko kathA tathA samudra-maMthana kA vRttAnta, gautama - ahalyA kI kathA, rAma ke caraNasparza se ahalyA kI mukti, vasiSTha evaM vizvAmitra kA saMgharSa, trizaMku kI kathA, rAjA ambarISa kI kathA, vizvAmitra dvArA tapasyA karanA evaM menakA kA tapa bhaMga karanA, vizvAmitra dvArA punaH tapasyA evaM brahmarSi pada kI prApti / sItA aura urmilA kI utpatti kI kathA, rAma dvArA dhanurbhaGga evaM cAroM bhAiyoM kA vivAha / ayodhyAkANDa-kAvya kI dRSTi se yaha kANDa atyanta mahanIya hai / isameM adhikAMza kathAyeM mAnavIya haiM / rAjA dazaratha dvArA rAma-rAjyAbhiSeka kI carcA sunakara kaikeyI kI dAsI maMtharA ko kaikeyI kA bahakAnA, kaikeyI kA rAjA se varadAna mAMganA jisake anusAra rAma ko caudaha varSa kA vanavAsa evaM bharata ko rAjagaddI kI prApti / isake phalasvarUpa rAma, sItA aura lakSmaNa kA vanagamana evaM dazaratha kI mRtyu / nanihAla se bharata kA ayodhyA Agamana aura rAma ko manAne ke lie citrakUTa prasthAna / rAmalakSmaNa kA sandeha aura vArtAlApa, bharata aura rAma kA vilApa, jAvAli dvArA rAma ko nAstika darzana kA upadeza tathA rAma kA una para krodha karanA, pitA ke vacana ko satya karane ke lie rAma kA bharata ko lauTa kara rAjya karane kA upadeza, rAma kI caraNapAdukA ko lekara bharata kI nandigrAma meM bAsa, rAma kA daNDakAraNya meM praveza karanA / araNyakANDa - daNDakAraNya meM RSiyoM dvArA rAma kA svAgata tathA virodha kA sotA ko chInanA, virAdhavadha, paMcavaTI meM rAma kA Agamana, jaTAyu se bheMTa, zUrpaNakhA vRttAnta, khara dUSaNa evaM trizirA ke sAtha rAma kA yuddha evaM tInoM kI mRtyu, mArIca ke sAtha. rAvaNa kA Agamana tathA mArIca kA svarNa mRga bananA, svarNamRga kA rAvaNa dvArA sItA haraNa / rAma dvArA varSa tathA kiSkindhAkANDa- - pampA ke tIra para rAma-lakSmaNa kA gokapUrNa saMvAda, pampAsara kA varNana, rAma tathA sugrIva kI maitrI, vAlI kA vadha tathA sItA ko khojane ke lie sugrIva kA bandaroM ko Adeza denA, bAnaroM kA mAyAsura-rakSita RkSabila meM jAnA tathA vahAM

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rAmAyaNa] (472) [rAmAyaNa me svayaMprabhA tapasvinI kI sahAyatA se sAgara-taTa para pahuMcanA, sampAtI se bAnaroM kI bheMTa tathA usake paMkha jalane kA kathA, jAmbAna dvArA hanumAna kI utpatti kA kathana krnaa| sundarakANa-samudra-saMtaraNa karate hue hanumAn kA alaMkRta varNana tathA hanumAna kA laGkA-darzana, laGkA kA bhavya varNana, rAvaNa ke zayana evaM pAnabhUmi kA varNana, azoka vana meM sItA ko dekhakara hanumAna kA viSAda karanA, laGkA-dahana tathA vATikA-vidhvaMsa kara hanumAna kA jAmbavAna Adi ke pAsa lauTa AnA tathA sItA kA kuzala rAma-lakSmaNa ko sunaanaa| yuddhakANDa-rAma kA hanumAn kI prazaMsA, laMkA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM prazna, rAmAdi kA laMkA-prayANa, vibhISaNa kA rAma kI zaraNa meM AnA aura rAma kI usake sAtha mantraNA / aMgada kA dUta bana kara rAvaNa ke darabAra meM jAnA tathA lauTakara rAma ke pAsa AnA, laMkA para car3hAI, meghanAda kA rAma-lakSmaNa ko ghAyala kara puSpaka vimAna se sItA ko dikhAnA; suSeNa vaidya evaM garur3a kA Agamana evaM rAma-lakSmaNa kA svastha honA, meghanAtha dvArA brahmAstra kA prayoga kara rAma lakSmaNa ko mUcchita karanA, hanumAna kA droNa parvata ko lAkara rAma-lakSmaNa evaM bAnarasenA ko cetanA prApta karAnA, meghanAda evaM kumbhakarNa kA vadha, rAma-rAvaNa yuddha, rAvaNa kI zakti se lakSmaNa kA mUcchita honA, rAvaNa ke siroM ke kaTane para punaH anya siroM kA honA, indra ke sArathI mAtali ke parAmarza se brahmAstra se rAma dvArA rAvaNa kA vadha, rAma ke sammukha sItA kA mAnA tathA rAma kA sItA ko durvacana kahanA, lakSmaNaracita agni meM sItA kA praveza karanA tathA sItA ko nirdoSa siddha karate hue agni kA rAma ko samarpita karanA, dazaratha kA vimAna dvArA rAma ke pAsa AnA tathA kaikeyI evaM bharata para prasanna hone ke lie prArthanA karanA, indra kI kRpA se bAnaroM kA jI uThanA, vanavAsa kI avadhi kI samApti ke pazcAt rAma kA ayodhyA lauTanA tathA abhiSeka, sItA kA hanumAn ko hAra denA tathA rAmarAjya kA varNana evaM rAmAyaNa zravaNa karane kA phl| ___ uttarakANDa-rAma ke pAsa kauzika, agastya Adi maharSiyoM kA Agamana, unake dvArA meghanAda kI prazaMzA sunane para rAma ko usake sambandha meM jAnane kI jijJAsA prakaTa karanA, agastya muni dvArA rAvaNa ke pitAmaha pulastya evaM pitA vizravA kI kavA sunAnA, rAvaNa, kumbhakarNa evaM vibhISaNa kI janma-kathA tathA rAvaNa kI vijayoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana, rAvaNa kA vedavatI nAmaka tapasvinI ko bhraSTa karanA aura usakA sItA ke rUpa meM janma lenA, hanumAna ke janma kI kathA, janaka, kekaya, sugrIva, vibhISaNa bAdi kA prasthAna, sItA-nirvAsana tathA vAlmIki ke Azrama para unakA nivAsa, madhu yA lavaNAsura ke vadha ke lie zatrughna kA prasthAna tathA vAlmIki ke Azrama para ThaharanA, lava-kuza kI utpatti, brAhmaNaputra kI mRtyu evaM zambuka nAmaka zUdra kI tapasyA tathA rAma dvArA usakA vadha evaM brAhmaNaputra kA jI uThanA, rAma kA rAjasUya karane kI icchA prakaTa karanA, vAlmIki kA yajJa meM Agamana tathA lava-kuza dvArA rAmAyaNa kA gAna, rAma hArA sItA ko apanI zuddhatA siddha karane ke lie zapatha lene kI bAta kahanA, sItA kA

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rAmAyaNa] ( 473 ) [rAmAyaNa zapatha lenA, bhutala se siMhAsana kA prakaTa honA aura sItA kA rasAtala praveza, tApasadhArI kAla kA brahmA kA sandeza lekara rAma ke pAsa AnA, durvAsA kA Agamana evaM lakSmaNa ko zApa denA, lakSmaNa kI mRtyu tathA sarayU tIra para padhAra kara rAma kA svargArohaNa karanA / rAmAyaNa ke pATha kA phala-kathana / rAmAyaNa' ke bAlakANDa evaM uttarakANDa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki ye . pratipta aMza haiN| isa sambandha meM yUropIya vidvAnoM ne hI aise vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| unake anusAra bAlakANDa aura uttarakANDa kI racanA vAstavika kAvya ke bahuta bAda huii| mUla grantha kI zailI evaM varNana-paddhati ke AdhAra para bhI donoM kANDa svatantra racanA pratIta hote haiN| ___ bAlakANDa ke prArambha meM rAmAyaNa kI jo viSayasUcI dI gayI hai usameM uttarakANDa kA ullekha nahIM hai| jarmana vidvAn yAkobI ke anusAra mUla rAmAyaNa meM pAMca hI kANDa the| laMkAkANDa ke anta meM andha-samApti ke nirdeza prApta ho jAte haiM jisase jJAta hotA hai ki uttarakANDa Age cala kara jor3A gyaa| uttarakANDa meM kucha aise upAkhyAnoM kA varNana hai jinakA koI saMketa pUrvavartI kANDoM meM nahIM miltaa| vidvAnoM kA aisA vizvAsa hai ki 'rAmAyaNa' ke prakSiptAMza 'mahAbhArata' ke 'zatasAhasrI' rUpa prApta hone ke pUrva race jA cuke the| "kevala pahale aura sAtave kANDoM meM ho rAma ko devatA, viSNu kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai / kucha aise prakaraNoM ke alAvA jo nissandeha prakSipta haiM, dUsare kANDa se chaThe kANDa taka rAma sarvadA manuSya ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| mahAkAvya ke sAre nirvivAda rUpa se asalI bhAgoM meM rAma ke viSNu avatAra hone kA koI bhI saMketa nahIM miltaa| asalI bhAgoM meM, jahAM purANa-kalpanA kA sahArA liyA gayA hai, viSNu ko hI nahIM balki vedoM kI taraha indra ko sabase bar3A devatA mAnA gayA hai|" vinTaranitsa-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, bhAga 1, khaNDa 2, pR0 167-168 (hindI anuvAda ) / ___'rAmAyaNa' kA racanAkAla batalAne ke lie abhI taka koI sarvasammata pramANa upasthita nahIM ho sakA hai| prathama evaM sAtave kANDa ko AdhAra banAte hue maikaDonala ne apanI sammati dI hai ki yaha eka vyakti kI racanA nahIM hai| unhoMne 'rAmAyaNa' kA antyeSTikAla 500 I0 pU0 tathA usameM kiye gae prakSepoM kA samaya 200 I0 pU0 svIkAra kiyA hai / 'rAmAyaNa' ke sAmAjika-citraNa ke AdhAra para bhAratIya vidvAn isakA samaya 500I0 pU0 mAnate haiN| eka zlegala ke anusAra rAmAyaNa kI racanA 1100I0 pU0 huI thii| jI0 goresiyo ke anusAra 1200 I0 pU0 tathA hvIlara evaM vebara ke anusAra isa para bauddhamata kA prabhAva hone ke kAraNa isakI racanA aura bhI pIche huI hai| yAkovI isakI racanA 500 I0 pU0 se 500 I. pU0 ke bIca mAnate haiN| para, bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra rAmAyaNa kI racanA lAkhoM varSa pUrva tretAyuga ke prArambha meM huI thI, kintu isa sambandha meM abhI pUrNa anusandhAna kI AvazyakatA hai ki tretAyuga kI kAla-sImA kyA ho ? 'mahAbhArata' meM 'rAmAyaNa' kI kathA kI carcA hai| ataH isakI racanA 'mahAbhArata' ke pUrva huI thii| isameM bIradharma

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rAmAyaNa] ( 474 ) [rAmAyaNa. yA buddha kA nAma bhI nahIM hai, ataH isakA vartamAna rUpa bauddhadharma ke janma ke pUrva pracalita ho cukA hogaa| vartamAna samaya meM 'rAmAyaNa' ke tIna saMskaraNa prApta hote haiM aura tInoM meM pAThabheda bhI dikhAI par3atA hai| uttarI bhArata, baMgAla evaM kAzmIra se 'rAmAyaNa' ke tIna saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM jinameM paraspara zlokoM kA hI antara nahIM hai apitu kahIM-kahIM to inake sagaM ke sagaM bhinna haiN| 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' kI TIkAoM kI saMkhyA DaoN0 auphekTa ke anusAra 30 hai| 1-rAmAnuja kI 'rAmAnujIyam' vyAkhyA kA samaya 1400 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| ve vAdhUlagotrIya varadAcArya ke putra the| isa TIkA kA ullekha vaidyanAtha dIkSita tathA govindarAja ne kiyA hai| 2-veMkaTakRSNAdhvarI yA pheMkaTeza yajvA likhita 'sarvArthasAra' nAmaka TIkA kA samaya 1475 I. ke lagabhaga hai / 3-vaidyanAtha dIkSitainakI TIkA kA nAma 'rAmAyaNadIpikA' hai aura samaya 1500 I0 ke AsapAsa hai / 4-Izvara dIkSita ne do TIkAe~ likhI haiM jinheM 'bRhadavivaraNa' evaM 'laghuvivaraNa' kahA jAtA hai| prathama kA racanAkAla 1518 I0 evaM dvitIya kA 1525 I0 ke AsapAsa hai| 5-tIrthIya-inakA nAma mahezvara tIrtha tathA TIkA kA nAma 'rAmAyaNatattva. dIpikA' hai| 6-rAmAyaNabhUSaNa-isa TIkA ke racayitA govindarAja the| 7ahobila Atreya-inakI TIkA kA nAma 'vAlmIkihRdaya' hai| inakA samaya 1625 I0 ke lagabhaga hai| -katakayogindra-inhoMne 'amRtakataka' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / samaya 1650 I0 ke nikaTa / 9-rAmAyaNatilaka-yaha 'rAmAyaNa' kI sarvAdhika lokapriya TIkA hai| isake racayitA prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa nAgeza the| nirNayasAgara presa se prakAzita / 10-rAmAyaNa ziromaNi-isake racayitA vaMzIdhara tathA zivasahAya haiM / racanAkAla 1853 I0 / 11-manoharA-isake racayitA baMgadezIya zrI lokanAtha cakravartI haiM / 12-dhamIkRtama-yaha rAmAyaNa kI AlocanAtmaka vyAkhyA hai / isake racayitA kA nAma tryambakamakhI tathA racanAkAla 17 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarAdha hai / 'vAlmIki rAmAyaNa' kAvyamAtra na hokara do bhinna saMskRtiyoM evaM sabhyatAoM ke saMgharSa kI kahAnI hai| Adi kavi ko saundarya-cetanA kavitvamayI hai| rAmAyaNa ke prakRti-citraNa meM kavi kI saundarya-saMvedanA kA praur3ha rUpa milatA hai| yadi isameM prakRti ke adhikAMza citra vivaraNAtmaka hai tathApi usameM kavi kI citraNakalA kA apUrva kauzala dikhAI par3atA hai| vivaraNAtmaka sthaloM meM hI kavi ne adhika citra-vidhAna kiye haiN| rAmAyaja meM prakRti-citraNa pracura mAtrA meM hai jisameM nihita kavi kI dRSTi prakRti kavi kA rUpa prastuta karatI hai| udAharaNa ke lie gaGgA kA varNana liyA jA sakatA hai-jalAghAtATTahAsogrAM phenanirmalahAsinIm / kvacid veNIkRtajalo kvacidAvataMzobhitAm // kvacitstimitagambhIrAM kvacid vegasamAkukvacidgambhIranirghoSAM kvacid bhairava niHsvanAm // ayodhyAkANDa 50 / 16 / 17 / "jala ke ApAta se gaMgAjI ugra aTTahAsa-sA karatI haiM, nirmala phenoM meM

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rAmAyaNa ] ( 475 ) [ rAmAyaNa ve ha~satI haiM / kahIM unakA jala veNI ke AkAra kA lagatA hai, kahIM bha~vara unakI zobhA bar3hAte haiN| gaMgA kA pravAha kahIM sthira aura gambhIra hai, kahIM vegavAn aura caMcala / " rAmAyaNa kA kavi upamA, utprekSA prabhRti zAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM ke atirikta zabdAlaMkAroM kA prayoga kara apanI zailI ko alaMkRta karatA hai / vAlmIki saMskRta kAvya ke itihAsa meM 'svAbhAvika zailI' ke pravattaMka mAne jAte haiM, jisakA anugamana azvaghoSa tathA kAlidAsa prabhRti kaviyoM ne pUrI saphalatA evaM manoyoga ke sAtha kiyA hai / 'rAmAyaNa' meM sahaja aura akRtrima zailI ke atirikta kahIM-kahI alaMkRta zailI kA bhI prayoga hai / sundarakANDa kA 'candrodaya varNana' meM antyAnuprAsa kI manorama chaTA pradarzita kI gayI hai, kintu vahAM padya alaMkAra ke duSprayoga ke kAraNa bojhila nahIM ho sakA hai aura na zailI kI kRtrimatA se yAnasika tanAva utpanna karatA hai / vAlmIki kI sarvAdhika vizeSatA hai unakA prakRta prema / prakRti ke komala bhayaMkara yA alaMkRta rUpoM kA sUkSma paryavekSaNa karate hue unhoMne apanI apUrvaM nirIkSaNazakti kA paricaya diyA hai / prakRti citraNa meM kavi ne kahIM bimbagrahaNavAlI anAbila alaMkRta zailI ke dvArA prakRti kA yathAvat citra upasthita kiyA hai to kahIM mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI tulanA prakRti ke kriyA-kalApa se karate hue alaMkRta zailI kA nibandhana kara svataHsaMbhavI aprastuta vidhAna kA niyojana kiyA hai, kintu vaha vaicitryamUlakaM akRtrima citra kI ora dhyAna nahIM detA / kavi vaktA yA pAtra kI manovaijJAnika prakriyA kI jhalaka bAhya prakRti meM dikhAte hue donoM ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karatA hai / isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAlmIki prakRti kA saccA citerA hai jo bahuvidha raMgoM ke dvArA bhAvoM ke AdhAraphalaka para usakA citra urehane meM pUrNataH saphala huA hai jisakI rekhAeM atyanta sUkSma evaM sahaja haiM / kavi kI lekhanI thakanA prakRti-citraNa kI bhAMti nArI ke rUpa citraNa meM yA kisI viSaya ke varNana meM kavi kI lekhanI bhAvoM kI navIna udbhAvanA karatI huI manorama citra upasthita karane meM pUrNa samartha hai / rAvaNa ke antaHpura meM zayanAgAra meM astavyasta par3I huI ratizrama se nAriyoM kA anAvila citra atyanta hRdayagrAhI evaM svAbhAvika hai| isI prakAra madavihvalA tArA ke mAdaka rUpa aura yovana kA citraNa karane meM nahIM jAnatI / nitamboM taka pralambamAna kAMcI ke lola nRtya ke varNana meM kavipratibhA kA sundara rUpa pradarzita hotA hai / mAnava prakRti ke citraNa meM bhI vAlmIki ne sUkSma payaMvekSaNazakti kA paricaya diyA hai / rAma, sItA, bharata, hanumAn, vibhISaNa, rAvaNa Adi ke caritrAMkana meM caritra-citraNa kA vaividhya dikhAI par3atA hai / inake rAma mAnavasulabha guNoM se yukta haiM, kintu unameM guNoM ke atirikta mAnavIya durbalatAeM bhI haiM, jisase ve atimAnava nahIM bana pAte aura pUre mAnava ke rUpa meM upasthita hote haiM / kathAnaka ke saMyojana meM kavi kI utkRSTa varNanAtmaka zakti prakaTa hotI hai / varNanAtmaka dhArA kI pUrNa kalpanA tathA ghaTanA sambandhI sajIvatA ke lie kavi ne aneka vivaraNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / katipaya pAtroM ke dvArA dekhe gae duHsvapnoM ke dvArA kathAnaka meM tIvratA evaM mArmikatA A gayI hai / bharata evaM trijaTA ke duHsvapna aiseM hI haiN| bhAratIya jIvana kI

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rAmAyaNacampU ] ( 476 ) [ rAmAyaNacampU udAttatA, saundarya, nIti-vidhAna, rAjadharma, sAmAjika Adarza Adi kI sukhakara abhivyakti rAmAyaNa meM hai jisase isakI mahAkAvyAtmaka garimA meM vRddhi huI hai / vastuvyaMjanA, bhAvavyaMjanA evaM zailI kA sahaja tathA alaMkRta rUpa ise mahAkAvya kI udAtta zreNI para pahu~cAye binA nahIM rahatA / vAlmIki mahAkANyAtmaka kathAnaka ke vistRta kSetra ke pUrNa gItAtmaka aura kavitvamaya rUpa kA varNana karane vAle prakRta kavi haiM / AdhAragrantha - 1 - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 - vinTaranitsa (hindI anuvAda), / 2 - saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa - zrI kRSNa caitanya (hindI anuvAda) / 4 -- -- saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa -- zrI vAcaspati zAstrI gairolA / 5 - bhAratIya saMskRti -- DaoN0 devarAja / 6 - rAmAyaNa koSa- zrI rAmakumAra rAya / 7- rAmakathA - phAdara kAmila bulke / 8 - rAmAyaNakAlIna saMskRti -- DaoN0 nAnUrAma vyAsa / 9 - rAmAyaNakAlIna samAja * DI0 nAnUrAma vyAsa / 10 - prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikADaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 11 - vyAsa eNDa vAlmIki - maharSi aravinda ( aMgarejI ) / 12 - rAmAyaNa ( hindI anuvAda sahita ) - gItA presa, gorakhapura / zamAyaNa ke kucha prasiddha anuvAda evaM anya grantha 1- dasa rAmAyaNa ( jarmana ) - yAkobI, bona 1893 I0 / 2 - ubera dasa rAmAyaNa ( jarmana ) - e. e. vebara, 1870 I0 / 3 di riDaDla oNpha rAmAyaNa - sI. bI. vaidya, bambaI 1906 I0 / 4 - laiTina bhASA meM anubAda - slegala (1829 - 38 I0 ) ( do bhAgoM meM ) / 5 - aMgarejI padyAnuvAda Ara. TI. eca. graphitha 5 bhAgoM meM / 6 - manmathanAtha dvArA aMgrejI gadyAnuvAdakalakattA 1892-94I0 / 7 - saMkSipta padyAnuvAda - ramezacandra datta, laMDana 1900 I0 / 8 - itAlavI anuvAda - jI0 goresiyo ( 1847 - 58 ) / 9 - phreMca anuvAda - e0 rosela ( 1903 - 1109, perisa ) / 10 - prathama kANDa kA jarmana anuvAda - je0 manarADa (1897) / 11 - kucha aMzoM kA jarmana anuvAda - phre0 rUkaTaM / ke rAmAyaNacampU - isake racayitA dhArAdhipa paramAravaMzI rAjA bhoja haiM (de0 bhoja ) / isakI racanA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa AdhAra para huI hai| isameM bAlakANDa se sundarakANDa taka kI racanA bhoja ne kI hai tathA antima yuddhakANDa lakSmaNasUri dvArA racA gayA hai / isameM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA bhAvApaharaNa pracura mAtrA meM hai tathA bAlakANDa ke atirikta zeSa kANDoM kA prArambha rAmAyaNa ke hI zlokoM se kiyA gayA hai / isameM gadyabhAga saMkSipta evaM padya kA bAhulya hai / kavi ne svayaM vAlmIki kA AdhAra svIkAra kiyA hai - vAlmIkigIti raghupuMgava kI tti leza stRpti karomi kathamapyadhunA budhAnAm / gaMgAjalairbhuvi bhagIratha yatnalabdhaH kiM tarpaNaM na vidadhAti naraH pitRnAm / 1 / 4 AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI rAmAvatAra zarmA ( mahAmahopAdhyAya ) - bIsavIM zatAbdI ke asAdhAraNa vidvAn / inakA janma 6 mArca 1877 I0 meM vihAra ke chaparA jile meM huA thA / inhoMne prathama zreNI meM sAhityAcArya evaM ema0 e0 ( saMskRta ) kI parIkSAe~ uttIrNa kI

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rAvaNArjunIyamahAkAvya ] ( 477 ) [rukmiNIharaNama thIM tathA paTanA kAlija ke saMskRta vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM prAcyavibhAga ke prAcArya pada para niyukta hue the| inhoMne vaijJAnika vidhi se sabhI zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| inakA dehAnta 1929 I0 meM huaa| inhoMne nATaka, gIta, kAvya, nibandha Adi ke sAtha-hI-sAtha darzana (paramArtha ) tathA saMskRta vizvakoza kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai| inake 'paramArtha-darzana' kI khyAti saptama darzana ke rUpa meM huI hai / 15 varSa kI avasthA meM zarmA jI ne 'dhIranaiSadha' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kI thI jisameM padya kA bAhulya hai| 'bhAratagItikA' (1904 ) tathA 'mudgaradUta' (1914 ) inake kAvya grantha haiN| 'mudgaradUta' (1482 zloka ) meM 'meghadUta' ke AdhAra para kisI vyabhicArI mUkhadeva kA jIvana citrita kiyA gayA hai| inakA prasiddha padyabaddha koza 'vAGmayANava' ke nAma se jJAnamaNDala, vArANasI se ( 1967 I0) prakAzita huA hai / 'mudgaradUta' kA prArambhika zloka-ki me putrairguNanidhirayaM tAta evaSa putraH zUnyadhyAnaistadahamadhunA vartaye brahmacaryam / kazcinmUkhaMzcapalavidhavA snAnapUtodakeSu svAnte kurvanniti samavasatkAmagiryAzrameSu // rAvaNArjunIyamahAkAvya-isake racayitA bhaTTabhIma yA bhaumaka hai| yaha saMskRta ke aise mahAkAvyoM meM hai jinakI racanA vyAkaraNika prayogoM ke AdhAra para huI hai| isakI racanA bhaTTikAvya ke anukaraNa para huI hai [ de0 bhaTTikAvya ] / isameM rAvaNa evaM kArtavIyaM arjuna ke yuddha kA varNana hai| kavi ne 27 sargoM meM 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke krama se padoM kA nidarzana kiyA hai| jJemendra ke 'suvRttatilaka' meM (14) isakA ullekha hai, ataH bhaTTabhIma kA samaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI se pUrva siddha hotA hai / bhaTTabhIma kAzmIraka kavi the| rukmiNIpariNaya campU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA ammala yA amalAnanda haiN| inakA samaya caudahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / , inake nivAsasthAna Adi ke sambandha meM koI nizcata pramANa prApta nahIM hotaa| ammala ko amalAnanda se abhinna mAnA gayA hai jo prasiddha vaiSNava AcArya the| inhoMne 'vedAntakalpataru' (bhAmatI TIkA kI vyAkhyA) zAstradarpaNa tathA paMcapAdikA kI vyAkhyA nAmaka pustakoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| isa campUkAvya meM rukmiNI ke vivAha kI kathA atyanta prAMjala bhASA meM varNita hai jisakA AdhAra 'harivaMzapurANa' evaM zrImadbhAgavata kI tatsambandhI kathA hai / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa maisUra kaiTalaga saMkhyA 270 ___ AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| rukmiNIharaNam mahAkAvya-yaha bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha mahAkAvyoM meM hai| isake racayitA paM0 kAzInAtha zarmA dvivedI 'sudhIsudhAnidhi' haiN| inakA nivAsasthAna assI ( vArANasI) 1222 hai| isa mahAkAvya kA prakAzana 1966 I0 meM huA hai / isameM 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI prasiddha kathA 'rukmiNIharaNa' ke AdhAra para zrIkRSNa evaM rukmiNI ke pariNaya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna zAstrIya paripATI ke anusAra

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rudraTa] / 478 ) nyAyapancAnana kavi ne mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai tathA vividha chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isameM kuNDinapura nareza rAjA bhISmaka kA varNana, rukmiNI janma, nArada jI kA kuNDinapura meM jAnA, rukmiNI ke pUrvarAga kA varNana, kuNDinapura meM zizupAla kA jAnA, rukmiNI kA kRSNa ke pAsa dUtasampreSaNa, zrIkRSNa kI kuNDinapura yAtrA evaM rukmiNI kA haraNa karanA Adi ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai| isa mahAkAvya meM kula 21 sarga haiM tathA vastuvyajanA ke antargata samudra, prabhAta evaM SaDRtuoM kA manorama varNana kiyA gayA hai| prabhAta varNana kA eka citra dekheM-yAmeSvatha triSu gateSu nizIthinI sA, niSpandanIravatarAdhvanitAkrameNa / nidrA'laseva ramaNI ramaNIyavAcAM, vAcAM bhareNa raNitA'bharaNA babhUva / / 13 / 1 / rudraTa-kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya navama zatAbdI kA Arambhika kAla hai| inhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkAra' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa graMtha kI racanA kI hai (de0 kAvyAlaMkAra ) / inake jIvana ke sambandha meM adhika sAmagrI prApta nahIM hotii| nAma ke AdhAra para inakA kAzmIrI honA nizcita hotA hai| 'kAvyalaMkAra' ke prArambha evaM anta meM gaNeza-gaurI tathA bhavAnI, murAri evaM gajAnana kI vandanA karane ke kAraNa ye zaiva mAne gae haiM / TIkAkAra namisAbhu ke anusAra inakA anya nAma zatAnanda thA aura ye vAmukabhaTTa ke putra the / zatAnanda parAkhyena bhaTTavAmukasUnunA / sAdhitaM rudraTenedaM sAmAjAdhImatA hitam // kAvyAlaMkAra 412-14 kI ttiikaa| inake pitA sAmavedI the| rudraTa ne bhAmaha, daNDI, udbhaTa kI apekSA alaMkAroM kA adhika vyavasthita vivecana kiyA hai aura katipaya navIna alaMkAroM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ataH ye upayukta AcAryoM se paravartI the| inake mata ko dazamI zatAbdI ke AcAryoM-rAjazekhara, pratihArendurAja, dhanika evaM abhinavagupta prabhRti-ne uddhRta kiyA hai, ataH ye unake pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| isa prakAra inakA samaya navama zataka kA pUrvArTa upayukta jAna par3atA hai| rudraTa ne kAvyalakSaNa, bheda, zabdazakti, vRti, doSa, alaMkAra, rasa, nAyakanAyikA bheda kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai aura aneka navIna tathya prakaTa kiye haiN| inhoMne 'preyAn' nAmaka dazama rasa kI udbhAvanA kI hai aura rasa ke binA kAvya ko niSprANa evaM ramyatAvihIna mAna kara kAvya meM usakA ( rasa kA) mahattva sthApita kiyA hai| bharata ke bAda rudraTa rasasiddhAnta ke pravala samarthaka siddha hote haiN| kAvyAlaMkAra 16 adhyAyoM kA bRhat kAvyazAstrIya graMtha hai jisameM sabhI pramukha viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai / isameM alaMkAroM ke cAra vaijJAnika varga banAye gae haiM aura vAstava, bopamya, atizaya tathA zleSa ke rUpa meM unakA vibhAjana kiyA hai| __ AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya kAvyazAstra bhAga 1-A0 . baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. kAvyAlaMkAra kI bhUmikA (hindI bhASya ) DaoN. satyadeva caudhrii| ruddha nyAyapazcAnana-ye navadvIpanivAsI kAzInAtha vidyAnivAsa ke putra the| inake pitAmaha kA nAma ratnAkara vidyAvAcaspati thaa| ye suprasiddha naiyAyika evaM bahupratibhAsampanna vyakti the| inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA jAtA hai| zrIpaJcAnana dvArA racita pranyoM kI saMkhyA 39 hai| adhikaraNacandrikA, kAraka

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rudrabhaTTa ] ( 479 ) [ rudrabhaTTa pariccheda, kArakacakra, vidhirUpanirUpaNa, udAharaNalakSaNa- TIkA, upAdhipUrvapakSagrantha- TIkA, kevalAnvayi - TIkA, pakSatApUrva grantha- TIkA, nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI TIkA, vyAdhyanugama- TIkA, kArakAdyarthaM nirNaya TIkA, savyabhicAra - siddhAnta - TIkA, bhAvaprakAzikA, anumati TIkA, anumiti TIkA, kArakavAda, tatvacintAmaNidIdhiti TIkA Adi / inake dvArA racita tIna kAvya grantha bhI haiM-- bhAvavilAsakAvya, bhramaradUta evaM vikadUta / bhramaradUta meM rAma dvArA kisI bhramara se sItA ke pAsa sandeza bhejane kA varNana hai / isameM 232 zloka haiM aura samagra grantha mandAkrAntA vRtta meM hI likhA gayA hai / 'pikadUta' nAmaka sandezakAvya meM rAdhA ne pika ke dvArA zrIkRSNa ke pAsa sandeza bhejA hai / yaha kAvya atyanta choTA hai aura isameM kula 31 zloka haiM / kokila ko dUta banAne ke kAraNa para rAdhA mukha se varNana suniye - sarvAsveva sabhAsu kokila bhagavAn vaktA yatastvadvacaH / zrutvA sarvanRNAM mano'pi ramate tvaM cApi lokapriyaH / / 4 / isameM rAdhA evaM zrIkRSNa ke ananya prema kA atyanta sundara rUpa pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / ke AdhAragrantha saMskRta ke sandeza- kAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / rUdrabhaTTa:- kAvyazAstra ke AcAryaM / inhoMne 'zRGgAratilaka' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai jisameM rasa evaM nAyaka-nAyikA bheda kA vivecana hai / inakA samaya DaoN0 esa ke. De ke anusAra dasavIM zatAbdI hai / 'zrRGgAratilaka' kA sarvaprathama uddharaNa hemacandrakRta kAvyAnuzAsana' meM prApta hotA hai| hemacandra kA samaya 1088-1172 I0 mAnA jAtA hai, ataH ruddhaTa kA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI hai / bahuta dinoM taka rudraTa evaM rudrabhaTTa ko eka hI vyakti mAnA jAtA rahA hai kintu aba nizcita ho gayA hai ki donoM bhinna-bhinna vyakti the / vebara, buhalara, auphaTa evaM pizala ne donoM ko abhinna mAnA hai / para rudraTakRta 'kAvyAlaMkAra' evaM 'zRMgAratilaka' ke adhyayana ke uparAnta donoM kA pArthakya spaSTa ho cukA hai / zRGgAratilaka' kI aneka hastalikhita pratiyoM meM isakA lekhaka rudra yA rudraTa kahA gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM grantha kA nAma 'zRMgAratilakAkyakAvyAlaMkAra' bhI prApta hotA hai / 'bhAvaprakAzana' evaM 'rasArNavasudhAkara' nAmaka granthoM meMdra ke nAma se hI 'zRMgAratilaka' ke mata uddhRta haiM aura aneka subhASita granthoM meM bhI donoM lekhakoM ke sambandha meM bhrAntiyAM phailI huI haiM / zRGgAratilaka meM tIna pariccheda haiM aura mukhyataH isameM zRGgAra rasa kA vistRta vivecana hai / prathama pariccheda meM nau rasa, bhAva evaM nAyikA bheda kA varNana hai / dvitIya pariccheda meM vipralambha zRMgAra evaM tRtIya meM zRGgAretara ATha rasa tathA vRttiyoM kA nirUpaNa hai / 'zRGgAratilaka' meM sarvaprathama kAvya kI dRSTi se rasa ko nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura candramA ke binA rAtri, pati ke binA nArI evaM dAna ke binA lakSmI ko bhIti rasa ke binA vANI ko azobhana mAnA gayA hai-- prAyo nATyaM pratiproktA bharatAdya rasasthitiH / yathAmati mayApyeSA kAvyaMprati nigadyate // 1 / 4 yAminIvendunA muktA nArIva ramaNaM vinA / lakSmIriva Rte tyAgAnno vANI bhAti nIrasA // 1 / 6 / 'zRGgAratilaka' evaM rudraTakRta 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ke adhyayana ke uparAnta vidvAnoM ne nimnAMkita antara prastuta kiye haiM ka--rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ke cAra adhyAyoM ke varNita viSaya 'zRGgAratilaka' se

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rUpagosvAmI ] (850) www pUrNa sAmya rakhate haiM ataH eka hI racayitA ke lie eka hI viSaya kA do bAra likhanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai / kha - ' - 'zRGgAratilaka' meM no rasoM kA varNana hai jaba ki rudraTa ne preyAn nAmaka navIna rasa kA nirUpaNa kara daza rasoM kA vivecana kiyA hai / rudraTa ne udbhaTa ke anukaraNa para pAMca vRttiyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai-- madhurA, praur3hA, paruSA, lalitA evaM bhadrA / jaba ki rudrabhaTTa kaizikI Adi cAra vRttiyoM kA hI varNana karate haiM / - nAyaka-nAyikAbheda ke nirUpaNa meM bhI donoM meM paryApta bheda hai / rudrabhaTa ne nAyikA tRtIya prakAra vezyA kA bar3e manoyoga ke sAtha vistRta varNana kiyA hai kintu rudraTa ne kevala do hI zloka meM isakA calatA huA varNana kara isake prati tiraskAra kA bhAva vyakta kiyA hai / Ga-rudraTa eka mahanIya AcArya ke rUpa meM Ate haiM / jinhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkAra' meM kAvya ke sabhI aMgoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai, para rudrabhaTTa kI dRSTi parimita hai aura ve kAvya ke eka hI aMga rasa kA varNana karate haiN| inakA kSetra saMkucita hai aura ve mukhyataH kavi ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3ate haiM / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1 - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. zRGgAratilaka - hindI anuvAda - paM0 kapiladeva pANDeya prAcya prakAzana, vArANasI 1968 / 3. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pA0 vA0 kANe / [ rUpagosvAmI rUpagosvAmI -- bhakti evaM rasazAstra ke AcAryaM / ye prasiddha vaiSNava evaM caitanya mahAprabhu ke ziSya haiM / inhoMne vaiSNava dRSTi se hI aneka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / inake mUlavaMzaja karnATaka brAhmaNa the aura caudahavIM zatI ke antima yA pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke Adi caraNa meM baMgAla meM Akara raha rahe the| ye bhAradvAjagotrIya brAhmaNa the / inake pitA kA nAma zrImAra aura pitAmaha kA nAma zrI mukunda thA / rUpagosvAmI ke anya do bhAI bhI the jinakA nAma sanAtana evaM anupama thA / sanAtana gosvAmI tathA rUpagosvAmI donoM hI prasiddha vaiSNava AcArya haiN| baMgAla meM inakI janmabhUmi kA nAma jAkara basa ge| vaphala thA / vahA~ se ye mahAprabhu caitanya kI preraNA se vRndAvana meM rUpagosvAmI ne 17 granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM 8 grantha atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiMhaMsadUta ( kAvya ), udbhava - sandeza ( kAvya ), vidagdhamAdhava ( nATaka), lalitamAdhava (nATaka), dAnakelikaumudI, bhaktirasAmRta sindhu, ujjvalanIlamaNi evaM nATakacandrikA | inameM se antima tIna grantha kAvyazAstrIya grantha haiM / inhoMne 'vidagdhamAdhava' kA racanAkAla 1533 I0 diyA hai / inakA samaya 1490 se lekara 1553 I0 taka hai| caitanya mahAprabhu kA samaya 15 vIM zatAbdI kA antima zataka hai / ataH rUpagosvAmI kA uparyukta samaya hI upayukta jJAta hotA hai / inake dvArA racita anya granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai--- laghubhAkvatAmRta, padyAvalI, stavamAlA, utkalikAmanjarI, Ananda mahodadhi, mathurAmahimA, govindavirudAvalI, mukundamuktAvalI tathA aSTAdazachanda | rUpagosvAmI kI mahattA tIna kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke hI kAraNa adhika hai / mAnA jAtA 1 1. bhaktirasAmRta sindhu - yaha graMtha 'bhaktirasa' kA anupama grantha hai / isakA vibhAjana cAra vibhAgoM meM huA hai aura pratyeka vibhAga aneka lahariyoM meM vibhakta hai / pUrvavibhAga meM bhakti kA sAmAnya svarUpa evaM lakSaNa prastuta kiye gae haiM tathA dakSiNa vibhAga meM bhakti rasa

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raMganAtha ] ( 481 ) [lakSmIdhara bhaTTa ke vibhAva, anubhAva, sthAyI, sAttvika evaM saMcArI bhAvoM kA varNana hai| pazcima vibhAga meM bhaktarasa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA usake zAntabhaktirasa, prIti, prema, vAtsalya evaM madhurabhaktirasa nAmaka bheda kiye gae haiN| uttara vibhAga meM hAsya, adbhuta, vIra, karuNa, raudra, bIbhatsa evaM bhayAnaka rasoM kA varNana hai| isakA racanAkAla 1541 I. hai| 2: ujjvalanIlamaNi- isameM 'madhurazRGgAra' kA nirUpaNa hai aura nAyaka-nAyikAbheda kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isameM zRGgAra kA sthAyIbhAva premArati ko mAnA gayA hai aura usake chaha vibhAga kiye gae haiM-sneha, mAna, praNaya, rAga, anurAga evaM bhAva / AcArya ne 'ujjvalanIlamaNi' meM nAyaka ke cAra prakAroM ke do vibhAga kiye haiM-pati tathA upapati evaM inake bhI dakSiNa, dhRSTa, anukUla evaM zaTha ke nAma se 96 prakAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| isI prakAra nAyikA ke do vibhAga kiye gae haiMsvakIyA evaM parakIyA aura punaH unake aneka prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 3. nATakacandrikA-yaha nATyazAstra kA grantha hai jisameM bharata muni ke AdhAra para nATaka ke tattvoM kA saMkSipta varNana hai / rUpagosvAmI ke bhatIje jIvagosvAmI ne 'bhaktirasAmRtasindhu' evaM 'ujjvalanIlamaNi' para kramazaH 'durgamasaGgaminI' tathA 'locanarocanI' nAmaka TIkAoM kI racanA kI hai| inake upayukta tInoM hI granthoM ke hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiN| __ AdhAra grantha-1. bhaktirasAmRtasindhu-(1) hindI vyAkhyA-A0 vizvezvara / (2) DaoN0 rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya / 2. ujjvalanIlamaNi-hindI TIkA-DaoN0 rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya / 3. nATakacandrikA-hindI TIkA-paM0 bAbUlAla zukla ( caukhambA prakAzana ) / raMganAtha-jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya / ye kAzInivAsI the| inakA janma 1575 I0 meM huA thA / raMganAtha ke mAtA-pitA kA nAma moji evaM vavAla thaa| 'sUryasiddhAnta' ke Upara 'gUDhArtha prakAzikA' nAmaka inakI TIkA prasiddha hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| lakSmIdhara bhaTTa-rAjadharma ke nibandhakAra / ye kAnyakubNezvara jayacandra ke pitAmaha govindacanda ke mahAsandhivigrahika (videza mantrI) the| inakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA prArambha hai / inakA grantha 'kRtyakalpataru' apane viSaya kA atyanta prAmANika evaM vizAlakAya nibandha grantha hai / yaha grantha caudaha kANDoM meM vibhAjita hai, kintu abataka sabhI kANDa prakAzita nahIM ho sake haiN| isakA 'rAjadharma' kANDa prakAzita ho cukA hai jisameM rAjyazAstraviSayaka tathya prastuta kiye gae haiN| 'rAjadharmakANDa' ikosa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| prArambhika bAraha adhyAyoM meM saptAMga rAjya ke sAta aMga varNita haiN| terahaveM tathA caudahaveM adhyAyoM meM SADguSyanIti tathA zeSa sAta adhyAyoM meM rAjya ke kalyANa ke lie kiye gae utsavoM, pUjA-kRtyoM tathA vividha paddhatiyoM kA varNana hai| isake ikkIsa adhyAyoM ke viSaya isa prakAra haiM-rAjaprazaMsA, abhiSeka, rAjaguNa, amAtya, durga, vAstukarmavidhi, saMgrahaNa, koza, daNDa, mitra, rAjaputrarakSA, mantra, bAguSyamantra, yAtrA, 31 saM0 sA0

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(852) [ liMgapurANa abhiSiktasya kRtyAni devayAtrA vidhi, kaumudImahotsava, indradhvajocchrAyavidhi, mahAnavamIpUjA, vihnavidhi, gavotsagaM tathA vasordhArA / lakSmIdhara ke grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki ve atyanta zAkaniSTha evaM dharmazAstroM ke paNDita the / AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA - DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / . lalla - ye jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya haiM / inhoMne 'ziSyadhIvRddhida taMtra' nAmaka prasiddha jyotiSazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI [ sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA saMpAdita evaM 1886 I0 me banArasa se prakAzita ] hai jisameM eka hajAra zloka evaM 13 adhyAya haiN| yaha mUlataH jyotiSazAstra kA hI grantha hai aura isameM aMkagaNita yA bIjagaNita ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai / inake samaya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai / ma0 ma0 paNDita sudhAkara dvivedI ke anusAra inakA samaya 421 zaka saMvat hai, para zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita inakA samaya 560 zaka mAnate haiN| prabodhacandra khAdyaka' kI TIkA ( brahmagupta jyotiSI racita grantha ) kI bhUmikA 670 zaka mAnate haiM jisakA samarthana DaoN0 gorakha prasAda ne bhI kiyA hai racanA kA kAraNa dete hue batAyA hai ki AryabhaTTa athavA unake ziSyoM dvArA likhe gae granthoM ke durUha hone ke kAraNa inhoMne vistArapUrvaka ( udAharaNa ke sAtha ) karmakrama se isa grantha kI racanA kI hai / senagupta ' khaNDa meM inakA samaya / lakSa ne grantha vijJAya zAstramalamAyaM bhaTapraNItaM taMtrANi yadyapi kRtAni tadIyaziSyaiH / lata ] mmm kamaMkramo na khalu samyagudIritastaiH karma bravImyahamataH kramazastaduktam // 2 // madhyamadhikAra 'pATIgaNita' evaM 'ratnakoza' inake anya do grantha bhI haiM, para ve prApta nahIM hote / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa zrI zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ( hindI anuvAda, hindI -samiti ) / liMgapurANa - kramAnusAra 11 vIM purANa / isakA pratipAdya hai vividha prakAra se zivapUjA ke vidhAna kA pratipAdana evaM liMgopAsanA kA rahasyodghATana / 'zivapurANa' batAyA gayA hai ki liMga ke carita kA kathana karane ke kAraNa ise 'liMgapurANa' kahate haiM / 'matsyapurANa' ke anusAra bhagavAna zaMkara ne agniliGga ke madhya meM sthita hokara tathA kalpAntara meM agni ko lakSita karate hue dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa ina cAroM padArthoM kI upalabdhi ke lie jisa purANa meM dharma ko Adeza diyA hai, use brahmA liMga yA laiMgapurANa kI saMjJA dI hai [ matsyapurANa adhyAya 53 ] / isa purANa se patA calatA hai ki bhagavAn zaMkara kI liMga rUpa se upAsanA karane para hI agnikalpa meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / 'liMgapurANa' meM zlokoM kI saMkhyA gyAraha hajAra evaM adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA 163 hai / isake do vibhAga kiye gae haiM-pUrva evaM uttara / pUrvabhAga meM ziva dvArA hI sRSTi kI utpatti kA kathana kiyA gayA hai tathA vaivasvata manvantara se lekara kRSNa ke samaya taka ke rAjavaMzoM kA varNana hai| zivopAsanA kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa isameM vibhinna sthAnoM para unheM viSNu se mahAn siddha kiyA gayA hai| isa purANa meM bhagavAn zaMkara ke

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vatsabhaTTa ] ( 483 ) [ vatsarAja 26 avatAra varNita haiM tathA zaiva vratoM evaM zaivatIthoM kA vizada vivecana hai / isake uttara bhAga meM zaivatantroM ke anusAra hI pazu, pAza aura pazupati kA varNana hai / isameM liMgopAsanA ke sambandha meM eka kathA bhI dI gayI hai ki kisa prakAra ziva ke vanavAsa karate samaya muni patniyAM unase prema karane lagIM aura muniyoM ne unheM zApa diyA / isake 92 veM adhyAya meM kAzI kA vizada vivecana hai tathA usase sambaddha aneka tIrtho ke vivaraNa diye gaye haiM / isameM uttarArddha ke kaI adhyAya gadya meM hI likhita haiM tathA 11veM dhyAya meM ziva kI prasiddha aSTamUrtiyoM ke vaidika nAma ullikhita haiN| isakI racanAtithi ke sambandha meM abhI taka koI sunizcita vicAra sthita nahIM ho sakA hai, para katipaya vidvAn isakA racanA - kAla sAtavIM evaM AThavIM zatAbdI svIkAra karate haiM / isameM kalki aura bauddha avatAroM ke bhI nAma haiM tathA 9 veM adhyAya meM yogAntarAyoM kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha 'vyAsabhASya' se akSarazaH milatA-julatA hai / 'vyAsabhASya' kA racanA -kAla SaSTha zataka hai, ataH isase bhI isake samaya para prakAza par3atA hai / isakA nirdeza alaberunI tathA usake paravartI lakSmIdhara bhaTTa ke 'kalpataru' meM bhI prApta hotA hai / alaberunI kA samaya 1030 I0 hai / 'kalpataru' meM 'liMgapurANa' ke aneka uddharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiM / inhIM AdhAroM para vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya AThavIM evaM navIM zatAbdI ke bIca svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu yaha tithi abhI prAmANika nahIM mAnI jA sakatI evaM isa para abhI samyak anuzIlana apekSita hai / 'liMgapurANa' caivavratoM evaM anuSThAnoM kA pratipAdana karane vAlA atyanta mahanIya purANa hai jisameM zaiva darzana ke aneka tattva bhare hue haiM / AdhAragrantha - 1. liMgapurANa - navalakizora presa, lakhanaU / 2. purANa-vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. purANatasvamImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 4. purANam ( dvitIya bhAga 1960 ) pR0 76 - 81 / vatsabhaTTi - inakI koI pustaka upalabdha nahIM hotI kIrti ke rUpa meM ekamAtra mandasaura - prazasti prApta hotI hai, jo kumAragupta ke rAjyakAla meM utkIrNita huI thI / isakA racanAkAla mAlava saMvat 529 hai / isa prazasti meM rezama bunakaroM dvArA nirmita eka sUrya mandira kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisakA nirmANa 437 I0 meM huA thA evaM isakA punaruddhAra 473 I0 meM huA 'mandasaura - prazasti' meM kula 44 zloka haiN| isake prArambhika zlokoM meM bhagavAn bhAskara kI stuti evaM bAda ke chandoM meM dazapura ( mandasaura) kA manorama varNana hai / kavi ne isameM tatkAlIna nareza narapatibandhuvarmA kA prazasti gAna kiyA hai, jinakA samaya pAMcavIM zatAbdI hai / kAvyazAstrIya dRSTi se yaha prazasti uccakoTi kI hai tathA isa para mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI chAyA parilakSita hotI hai / vatsarAja - saMskRta ke nATakakAra haiM jo kAliMjara-nareza paramardideva ke maMtrI the / inakA samaya 1163 se 1203 IsvI taka ke madhya hai / inake dvArA racita chaha nATaka prasiddha haiM / 1. karpUracarita - isameM dhUta ke khilAr3I kapUra ke manoraMjaka anubhavoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha ekAMkI bhANa hai / 2. kirAtArjunIya - isakI racanA

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paravAmbikA pariNayacampU] ( 484 ) [vakroktijIvita mahAkavi bhAravi racita 'kirAtArjunIya' mahAkAvya ke AdhAra para huI hai| yaha ekAMkI dhyAyoga hai| 3. hAsyacUr3AmaNi-yaha eka aMka kA prahasana hai / 4. rukmiNIharaNa'mahAbhArata' kI kathA ke AdhAra para isakI racanA hai / yaha cAra aMkoM vAlA IhAmRga hai| 5. tripuradAha-isameM bhagavAn zaMkara dvArA tripurAsura kI nagarI ke dhvaMsa hone kA varNana hai| yaha cAra aMkoM kA Dima hai / 6. samudramaMthana-isameM devatA evaM dAnavoM dvArA samudramaMthana kI kathA prastuta kI gaI hai / antataH caudaha ratnoM ke prApta karane para viSNu tathA lakSmI ke vivAha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha tIna aMkoM kA samavakAra hai / vatsarAja kI zailI atyanta sarasa evaM madhura hai| sthAna-sthAna para dIrghasamAsa evaM durUha zailI kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| inake rUpakoM meM kriyAzIlatA, rocakatA tathA ghaTanAoM kI pradhAnatA spaSTataH dRSTigocara hotI hai / ' saMskRta nATakakAra pR. 203 / varadAmbikA pariNayacampU-isa campUkAvya kI racayitA tirulambA nAmaka kavayitrI haiM jo vijayanagara ke mahArAja acyutarAya kI rAjamahiSI thiiN| isakA racanAkAla 1540 I0 ke AsapAsa hai / acyutarAya kA rAjyakAla 1529 se 1542 I. taka hai| isa campU kAvya kI kathA vijayanagara ke rAjaparivAra se sambaddha hai aura acyutarAya ke putra cina vekaTAdri ke yuvarAja pada para adhiSThita hone taka hai| kavayitrI ne itihAsa aura kalpanA kA samanvaya karate hue isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| isakI kathA premapradhAna hai aura bhASA para lekhikA kA pragAr3ha Adhipatya dikhAI par3atA hai| isameM saMskRta gadya kI samAsabahula evaM dIrghasamAsa kI padAvalI prayukta huI hai| dIrghasamAsavatI gadyaracanA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha manorama evaM sarasa padyoM kI racanA isa campU ko prANavanta banAne meM pUrNa samartha hai| gadyabhAga kI apekSA isakA padyabhAga adhika sarasa evaM kamanIya hai aura usameM lekhikA kA kalpanA-vaibhava pradarzita hotA hai / alaMkAroM kA prAdhurya, zAbdI krIr3A, varNana-saundarya evaM kathAvastu kA vikAsa Adi kA rAsAyanika saMmizraNa isa kAvya meM hai| bhAvAnurUpa bhASA meM sarvatra parivartana dikhAI par3atA hai| 'satatalilavasatijanitajaDimaharaNakaraNataraNikiraNaparicaraNaparajalamAnavamANavakArohAbarohasanditapurandara Urmisantatim' / kAverI ke isa dRzyacitraNa meM komalakAnta padAvalI saMguMphana dikhAI par3atA hai| maiM0 lakSmaNasvarUpa dvArA sampAdita hokara yaha grantha lAhaura se prakAzita huA thaa| isakA hastalekha taMjaura pustakAlaya meM hai| .. AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha pANDeya / vakroktijIvita-yaha vakrokti siddhAnta kA prasthAna grantha hai jisake racayiyA bAcAyaM kuntaka haiM [ de0 kuntaka ] / yaha anya cAra unmeSa meM vibhakta hai tathA isake tIna bhAga haiM-kArikA, vRtti aura udAharaNa / kArikA evaM vRtti kI racanA svayaM kuntaka ne kI hai aura udAharaNa vibhinna pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI racanAoM se lie gae haiM / isameM kArikAoM kI kula saMkhyA 165 hai (5+3+46+26) / prathama unmeSa meM kAvya ke prayojana, kAvyalakSaNa, vakrokti kI kalpanA, usakA svarUpa evaM chaha bhedoM kA varNana hai| isI unmeSa meM boja, prasAda, mAdhurya, lAvaSya evaM bhAbhijAtya guNoM kA nirUpaNa

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varAhamihira] ( 485 ) [varAhamihira hai| dvitIya unmeSa meM SaDvidhavakratA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| ve haiM-rUr3hivakratA, paryAyavakratA, upacAravakratA, vizeSaNavakratA, saMvRtivakratA evaM vRttivaicitryavakratA / ina vakratAoM ke kaI avAntara bheda bhI isI unmeSa meM varNita haiN| isa unmeSa meM varNavinyAsavakratA, padapUrvAdhavakratA evaM pratyayavakratA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana karate hue inake avAntara bheda bhI kathita haiM / [ kuntaka ke anusAra vakrokti ke mukhya chaha bheda haiM-varNavinyAmavakratA, padapUrvAdhavakratA, padaparAdhavakratA, vAkyavakratA, prakaraNavakratA evaM prabandhavakratA / inakA nirdeza prathama unmeSa meM hai ] 1 tRtIya unmeSa meM vAkyavakratA kA vivecana hai aura caturtha unmeSa meM prakaraNavakratA evaM prabandhavakratA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 'vakroktijIvita' meM dhvani siddhAnta kA khaNDana kara usake bhedoM ko vakrokti meM hI antarbhUta kiyA gayA hai aura vakrokti ko hI kAvya kI AtmA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gayI hai / isa grantha kA sarvaprathama sampAdana DaoN0 esa0 ke0 De ne kiyA thA jisakA tRtIya saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cukA hai| tatpazcAt AcArya vizvezvara siddhAntaziromaNi ne hindI bhASya ke sAtha 'vakrokti jodhita' ko prakAzita kiyA ( 1955 I0 meM ) / isakA anya hindI bhASya cokhambA vidyAbhavana se nikalA hai| bhASyakartA haiMpaM0 rAdhezyAma mizra / varAhamihira bhAratIya jyotiSazAstra ke apratima aacaary| inakA janmasamaya 505 I. hai| bhAratIya jyotividoM meM varAhamihira apratima pratibhA sampanna AcArya mAne jAte haiN| inakA suprasiddha grantha hai 'bRhjjaatk'| inake dvArA racita anya grantha haiM-paJcasiddhAntikA, bRhatsaMhitA, laghujAtaka, vivAha-paTala, yogayAtrA tathA smaassNhitaa| bRhajjAtaka meM lekhaka ne apane viSaya meM jo kucha likhA hai usase jJAta hotA hai ki inakA janmasthAna kAlapI yA kAmpilla thaa| inake pitA kA nAma AdityadAsa thA jinase varAhamihira ne jyotiSazAstra kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA aura ujjainI meM jAkara 'bRhajjAtaka' kA praNayana kiyA / ye mahArAja vikramAditya ke sabhAratnoM ( navaratnoM) meM se eka mAne jAte haiN| inheM 'triskandha jyotizAstra kA rahasyavettA tathA naisagika kavitAlatA kA premAzraya' kahA gayA hai| varAhamihira ne jyotiSazAstra ko tIna zAkhAoM meM vibhakta kiyA thaa| prathama ko tantra kahA hai jisakA pratipAdya hai siddhAntajyotiSa evaM gaNita sambandhI aadhaar| dvitIya kA nAma horA hai jo janma-patra se sambaddha hai| tRtIya ko saMhitA kahate haiM jo bhautika phalita jyotiSa hai| inako 'bRhatsaMhitA' phalita jyotiSa ko sarvamAnya racanA hai jisameM jyotizAstra ko mAnava jIvana ke sAtha sambaddha kara use vyAvahArika dharAtala para pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| inakI asAdhAraNa pratibhA kI prazaMsA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI kI hai| isa grantha meM sUrya kI gatiyoM ke prabhAvoM, candramA meM hone vAle prabhAvoM evaM grahoM ke sAtha usake sambandhoM para vicAra kara vibhinna nakSatroM kA manuSya ke bhAgya para par3anevAle prabhAvoM kA vivecana hai| 'yogayAtrA' meM rAjAoM ke yuddhoM kA jyotiSazAstra kI dRSTi se vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inake granthoM kI zailI prabhAvapUrNa evaM kavitvamayI hai| unake AdhAra para ye uccakoTi ke kavi siddha hote haiN| 'bRhajjAtaka' meM lekhaka ne anekAneka yavana jyotiSa

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vasavarAjIyam ] ( 486 ) [ balAlasena ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai tathA aneka yavanAcAryoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / DaoN0 kItha ne ( e0 bI0 kotha ) apane 'saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa' meM inakI aneka kavitAoM ko udadhRta kiyA hai / 'bRhatsaMhitA' meM 64 chanda prayukta hue haiM / pepIyate madhumadha saha kAminIbhi jegIyate zravaNahAri saveNavINam / bobhujyate'tithi suhRtsvajanaiH sahAnna mabde sitasya madanasya jayAvaghoSaH // 'vasanta meM kAminiyoM ke sAtha meM acchI taraha madhupAna kiyA jAtA hai; veNu aura vINA ke sAtha zravaNasukhada gItoM kA pracura gAna kiyA jAtA hai / atithiyoM, suhRdoM aura svajanoM ke sAtha khUba bhojana kiye jAte haiM aura sita ke varSa meM kAmadeva kA jayaghoSa calatA hai / ' AdhAragrantha- - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa- DaoN0 gorakha prasAda / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa - (hindI anuvAda) zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita / 3. bhAratIya jyotiSaDaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI / 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa- DaoN0 kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) | vasavarAjIyam - AyurvedazAstra kA grantha / isa grantha ke racayitA vasavarAja Andhrapradeza ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / vasavarAja zivaliMga ke upAsaka the- zivaliMgamUttimahaM bhaje pR0 290 / inake pitA kA nAma namaH zivAya thA / granthakarttA kA janma nIlakaNTha vaMza meM huA thA aura inake janmasthAna kA nAma koTTUra grAma thaa| isa grantha kA pracAra dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika hai / isameM 25 prakaraNa haiM tathA nADIparIkSA, rasa-bhasma - cUrNaM guTikA, kaSAya, avaleha tathA jvarAdi rogoM ke nidAna evaM cikitsA kA vivecana hai / grantha kA nirmANa aneka prAcIna granthoM ke AdhAra para kiyA hai - kRte tu carakaH proktastretAyAM tu rasArNavaH / dvApare siddhavidyAbhU: kalI vasavakaH smRtaH / isa grantha kA prakAzana paM0 govardhana zarmA chAMgANI jI ne nAgapura se kiyA hai / AdhAragrantha - Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra | callAlasena - jyotiSazAstra ke prasiddha AcAryaM / ye mithilAnareza lakSmaNasena ke putra / inhoMne 1168 I0 meM 'adbhutasAgara' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thA / yaha grantha unake rAjyAbhiSeka ke ATha varSoM ke pazcAt likhA the gayA thA / inhoMne grahoM sArthakatA usake varNita ke sambandha meM jitanI bAteM likhI haiM unakI svayaM parIkSA karake vivaraNa diyA hai| yaha apane viSaya kA vizAla graMtha hai jisameM lagabhaga ATha hajAra zloka haiM / lekhaka ne bIcabIca meM gadya kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / grantha ke nAmakaraNa kI viSayoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai / isameM vivecita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra haisUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, guru, bhRgu, zani, ketu, rAhu, dhruva, grahayuddha, saMvatsara, RkSa, pariveSa, indradhanuSa, gandharvanagara, nirghAta, digdAha, chAyA, tamodhUmanIhAra, ulkA, vidyut, vAyu, megha, pravarSaNa, ativRSTi kabandha, bhUkampa, jalAzaya, devapratimA, vRkSa, gRha, vastropAnahA

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vasiSThadharmasUtra ] ( 487 ) [vasiSThadharmasUtra sanAca, gaja, azva, viDAla Adi [ yaha sUcI 'bhAratIya jyotiSa' se uddhRta hai ] isa trya kA prakAzana prabhAkarI yantrAlaya kAzI, se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha- 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| 2.bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa-DaoN0 gorakha prasAda / vasiSThadharmasUtra-kumArilabhaTTa ne apane 'tantravAttika' meM 'vasiSThadharmasUtra' kA sambandha Rgveda' ke sAtha batalAyA hai| isameM sabhI vedoM ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM ataH 'pasiSThadharmasUtra' ko kevala 'Rgveda' kA dharmasUtra nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake mUlarUpa meM kAlAntara meM paribRMhana, parivadhana evaM parivartana hotA rahA hai aura samprati isameM 30 badhyAya pAye jAte haiN| vasiSThadharmasUtra' kA sambandha kaI prAcIna granthoM se. hai| isameM 'manusmRti' ke lagabhaga 40 zloka milate haiM tathA 'gautamadharmasUtra' ke 19 veM adhyAya tathA 'vasiSThadharmasUtra' ke 22 veM adhyAya meM akSarazaH sAmya dikhAI par3atA hai| pramANoM ke abhAva meM yaha kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki inameM se kauna-sA grantha paravartI hai aura kauna puurvvrtii| 'vasiSTadharmasUtra' kI viSayasUcI isa prakAra hai (1) dharma kI paribhASA tathA AryAvarta kI sImA, pApI ke lakSaNa, naitika pApa, eka brAhaNa kA kisI bhI tIna ucca jAtiyoM se vivAha karane kA niyama, 6 prakAra ke vivAha, rAjA kA prajA ke AcAra ko saMyamita karane vAlA mAnanA tathA use kara ke rUpa meM SaSThAMza grahaNa karane kI vyavasthA / (2) cAro varNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra evaM kartavya kAvarNana, vipattikAla meM brAhmaNa kA kSatriya yA vaizya kI vRtti karane kI chUTa, brAhmaNa dvArA katipaya diziSTa vastuoM ke vikraya kA niSedha, vyAja lenA niSiddha evaM vyAja ke dara kA varNana / (3) apar3ha brAhmaNa kI nindA, dhana-sampati prApti ke niyama, AtatAyI kA varNana, paMkti kA vidhAna Adi / ( 4 ) cAro varNoM ke nirmANa ko karma para Azrita mAnanA, sabhI vargoM ke sAdhAraNa katrtavya, janma, mRtyu, evaM azauca kA varNana, atithi-satkAra, madhuparka Adi / (5) striyoM kI AzritatA tathA rajasvalA nArI ke niyama / (6 ) AcArya kI prazaMsA tathA mala-mUtratyAga ke niyama, zUdra tathA brAhmaNa kI vizeSatAeM, zUdra ke ghara para bhojana karane kI nindaa| (7) cAro AzramoM tathA vidyArthI kA kattavya / (8) gRhastha-kattaMvya evaM atithi-satkAra / (9) araNyavAsI sAdhuoM kA kattaMvya / (10) saMnyAsiyoM ke katrtavya evaM niyama (11) viziSTa Adara pAnevAle 6 prakAra ke vyakti / upanayanarahita vyaktiyoM ke niyama / (12) snAtaka ke AcAra-niyama / (13) vedAdhyayana prArambha karane ke niyama / (14) vajita evaM avajita. bhojana / ( 15) goda lene ke niyama, vedoM ke nindaka tathA zUdroM ke yajJa karAne vAloM tathA anya pApoM ke niyama / (16 ) nyAyazAsana tathA rAjA ke viSaya / (17) aurasaputra kI prazaMsA, kSetrajaputra ke sambandha meM virodhI mata / (18) pratiloma jAtiyoM tathA zUdroM ke lie vedAdhyayana kA niSedha / ( 19) rAjA kA kartavya evaM purohita kA mahattva / (20) jAne yA anajAne hue karmoM ke prAyazcitta / ( 21 ) zUdrA evaM brAhmaNa strI ke sAtha vyabhicAra ke lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA / (22 ) surApAna tathA saMbhoga karane para brahmacArI ke lie prAyazcitta kI vyvsthaa| (23) kRcchra tathA atikRcchr| ( 24)

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vastupAla ] (488 ) guptavrata tathA halke pApoM ke lie vrata / ( 25) 26 ) prANAyAma ke guNa / ( 27 )(28) nArI kI prazaMsA tathA dAna sambandhI vaidika mantroM kI prazaMsA / (29) dAnapuraskAra evaM brahmacarya vrata Adi / (30) dharma kI prazaMsA, satya aura brAhmaNa kA varNana / isakA samaya IsA pUrva 300 varSa evaM 200 ke bIca hai| AdhAragrantha-1. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA0 vA. kANe ( bhAga 1 hindI anuvAda ) 2. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / vastupAla-13 vIM zatAbdI ke jaina kvi| inhoMne 'naranArAyaNAnanda' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| isameM 16 sarga haiM tayA kRSNa aura arjuna kI mitratA, unako giranAra parvata para krIr3A tathA subhadrAharaNa kA varNana hai| ye gujarAta ke rAjA vIradhavala ke mantrI the aura vidvAnoM ko sammAna evaM Azraya pradAna karane ke kAraNa 'laghubhojarAja' ke nAma se prakhyAta the| vasucaritra sampU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA kavi kAlAhasti the jo appayadIkSita ke ziSya kahe jAte haiN| inakA samaya solahavoM zatAbdI hai| isa campUkAvya kI racanA kA AdhAra telagu meM racita zrInAtha kavi kA 'vasucaritra' hai| prArambha meM kavi ne gaNeza ko vandanA kara pUrvavartI kaviyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| grantha kI samApti kAmAkSI devI kI stuti se huI hai| isameM kula chaha AzvAsa haiN| 'vAlmIkipArAzarakAlidAsadaNDiprahRSyadbhavabhUtimASAn / valganmayUraM varabhAraviM ca mahAkavIndrAn manasA bhaje tAn // yaha kAvya abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalaoNga saMkhyA 4 / 46 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAramantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chaSinApa tripaatthii| vasubandhu-bogdarzana ke vaibhASika mata ke AcAryoM meM vasubandhu kA sthAna sarvopari hai| ye sarvAstivAda (de0 boradarzana ) nAmaka siddhAnta ke pratiSThApakoM meM se haiN| ye asAdhAraNa pratibhA sampanna kauzikagotriya bAhmaNa the aura inakA janma puruSapura (pezAvara ) meM huA thaa| inake AvirbhAvakAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| jApAnI vidvAn takAsuku ke anusAra inakA samaya pAMcavoM zatAbdI hai para yaha mata amAnya siddha ho jAtA hai, kyoMki inake bar3e bhAI asaMga ke granthoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda 400 I0 meM ho cukA thaa| dharmarakSa nAmaka vidvAn ne jo 400 I. meM cAna meM vidyamAna the, inake granthoM kA anuvAda kiyA thaa| inakA sthitikAla 280 I0 se lekara 16. I. taka mAnA jAtA hai| kumArajIva nAmaka vidvAna ne vasubandhu kA jIvana-carita. 401 se 409 ke boca likhA thA, ataH uparyukta samaya ho adhika tarkasaMgata siddha hotA hai| ye tIna bhAI the asaMga, vasubandhu evaM viriJcivatsa / kahA jAtA hai ki praur3hAvasthA meM inhoMne ayodhyA ko apanA kAryakSetra banAyA thaa| inakI prasiddha racanA 'abhidharmakoza' hai jo vaibhASika mata kA sarvAdhika prAmANika grantha hai| yaha anya bATha paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM nimnAMkita viSayoM kA vivecana hai-1 dhAtunirdeza, 2 indriyanirdeza, 3 lokadhAtu nirdeza, 4 kamanirdeza, 5 anuzayanirdeza,

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vyaktivika] (489) [vyaktiviveka 6 AyaM pudgalanirdeza, 7 jJAnanirdeza evaM 8 dhyAnanirdeza / yaha vibhAjana adhyAyAnusAra hai| jIvana ke antima samaya meM inhoMne apane bhrAtA asaMga ke vicAroM se prabhAvita hokara bhASika mata kA parityAga kara yogAcAra mata ko grahaNa kara liyA thaa| inake anya grantha haiM 1. paramArtha saptati-isameM vindhyavAsI praNIta 'sAMkhyasaptati' nAmaka grantha kA khaNDana hai| 2. tarkazAstra-yaha baudanyAya kA prasiddha grantha hai jo tIna paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM pancAvayava, jAti aura nigraha-sthAna kA vivecana hai| 3. vAdavidhi-yaha bhI nyAyazAstra kA grantha hai| 4. abhidharmakoza ko TIkA, 5. saddharmapuNDarIka kI TIkA, 6. mahAparinirvANasUtra-TIkA, 7. vajanchedikA prajJApAramitATIkA, 8. vijnyptimaatraasiddhi| tibbatI vidvAn vustona ke anusAra vasubandhu-racita anya grantha haiM-paMcaskandhaprakaraNa, vyAkhyAyukti, karmasidiprakaraNa, mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra-TIkA pratItyasamutpAdasUtra. TIkA tathA madhyAntavibhAgabhASya / 'abhidharmakoza' kA uddhAra karane kA zreya DAkTara purse ko hai| inhone mUla grantha tathA cInI anuvAda ke sAtha isakA prakAzana kaca bhASA kI TippaNiyoM ke sAtha kiyA hai / isakA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana hindustAnI akAdamI se ho cukA hai jisakA anuvAda evaM sampAdana A0 narendradeva ne kiyA hai| bauddhadharma ke Akara granthoM meM 'abhidharmakoza' kA nAma visyAta hai| isa para yazomitra ne 'sphurArthA' nAmaka saMskRta-TIkA likhI hai [ "vijJaptimAtratAsiddhi' kA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja se ho cukA hai / anuvAdaka DaoN. maheza tivArI] bAdhAragrantha-1. bauddha-darzana-A0 baladeva upaadhyaay| 2. bhAratIya-darzanaA0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. baudadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa-DaoN. govindacana pANDeya / 4 bauddhadarzana evaM anya bhAratIya darzana-DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI vAcaspati gairolA / vyaktiviveka-isa grantha ke racayitA AcArya mahimabhaTTa haiM / de0 mahimabhaTTa ] / isakI racanA Anandavana kRta 'dhvanyAloka' meM pratipAdita dhvanisiddhAnta ke khaNDana ke lie huI thii| isake maMgalAcaraNa meM hI lekhaka ne apane uddezya kA saMketa kiyA hai'anumAne'ntarbhAvaM sarvasyaiva dhvaneH prakAzayitum / vyaktiviveka kurute praNamya mahimA parAM. vAcam // 'vyaktiviveka' meM tIna vimarza haiN| prathama vimarza meM dhvani kI parIkSA karate hue usake lakSaNa meM (Anandavardhana dvArA pratipAdita lakSaNa meM ) dasa doSa pradarzita kiye gae haiN| lekhaka ne vAcya tathA pratIyamAna artha kA ullekha kara pratIyamAna artha ko anumiti grAhya siddha kiyA hai| mahimabhaTTa ne dhvani kI taraha anumiti ke bhI tIna bheda kiye haiM-vastu, alaMkAra evaM rs| dvitIya vimarza meM zabdadoSoM para vicAra kara dhvani ke lakSaNa meM prakramabheda tathA ponarukti Adi doSa dikhalAye gae haiN| tRtIya vimarza meM dhvanyAloka ke una udAharaNoM ko anumAna meM gatArtha kiyA gayA hai jinheM ki dhvanyAlokakAra ne dhvani kA udAharaNa mAnA hai| 'vyaktiviveka' kA mukhya pratipAva hai

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vAkyapadIya ] ( 490) [vAkyapadIya 'dhvani yA vyaMgyA kA khaNDana kara parArthAnumAna meM usakA antarbhAva krnaa|' yaha saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA atyanta praur3ha grantha hai jisake pada-pada para usake racayitA kA pragAr3ha adhyayana evaM adbhuta pANDitya dikhAI par3atA hai| isa para rAjAnaka ruyyaka kRta 'vyaktivivekavyAkhyAna' nAmaka TIkA prApta hotI hai jo dvitIya vimarza taka hI hai / isa para paM0 madhusUdana zAstrI ne 'madhusUdanI' vivRti likhI hai jo caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai| 'vyaktiviveka' kA hindI anuvAda paM0 revAprasAda trivedI ne kiyA hai jisakA prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana se huA hai / prakAzanakAla 1964 I0 / * vAkyapadIya-yaha vyAkaraNa-darzana kA atyanta praur3ha grantha hai jisake lekhaka haiM bhartRhari [de0 bhartRhari ] / isameM tIna kANDa haiM-Agama yA brahmakANDa, vAkyakANDa evaM padakANDa / brahmakANDa meM akhaNDavAkyasvarUpa sphoTa kA vivecana hai / samprati isakA prathama kANDa hI upalabdha hai| 'vAkyapadIya' para aneka vyAkhyAeM likhI gayI haiN| svayaM bhartRhari ne bhI isakI svopajJa TIkA likhI hai| isake anya TIkAkAroM meM vRSabhadeva evaM dhanapAla kI TIkAe~ anupalabdha haiN| puNyarAja (11 vIM zatI) ne dvitIyakANDa para sphuTArthaka TIkA likhI hai| helArAja ( 11 vIM zatI) ne 'vAkyapadIpa' ke tInoM kANDoM para vistRta vyAkhyA likhI thI, kintu isa samaya kevala tRtIya kANDa hI upalabdha hotA hai| inakI vyAkhyA kA nAma 'prakoNa-prakAza' hai / 'vAkyapadIya' meM bhASAzAstra evaM vyAkaraNa-darzana se sambaddha katipaya maulika prazna uThAye gae haiM evaM unakA samAdhAna bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM vAk kA svarUpa nirdhArita kara vyAkaraNa kI mahanIyatA siddha kI gayI hai| isakI racanA zlokabaddha hai tathA kula 1964 zloka haiN| prathama meM 156, dvitIya meM 493 evaM tRtIya 1325 zloka haiN| isake tInoM kANDoM ke viSaya bhinna-bhinna haiN| vastutaH, isakA pratipAdya do hI kANDoM meM pUrNa ho jAtA hai tathA prathama do kANDoM meM Ae hue prAkaraNika viSayoM kA vivecana tRtIya kANDa meM kiyA gayA hai| isake dvitIyakANDa kA nAma vAkya kANDa hai aura isI meM isake nAma kI sArthakatA siddha ho jAtI hai| isa kANDa meM vAkya evaM pada athavA vAkyArtha evaM padArtha kI sApekSa sattA kA sAdhAra vivecana tathA bhASA kI AdhArabhUta ikAI kA nirUpaNa hai| 1-brahmakANDa-isameM zabdabrahmaviSayaka siddhAnta kA vivecana hai| bhartRhari zabda ko brahma mAnate haiN| unake anusAra zabda tattva anAdi aura ananta hai| unhoMne vyAkaraNa kA viSaya icchA na mAnakara bhASA ko hI usakA pratipAdya svIkAra kiyA hai tambatAyA hai ki prakRti-pratyaya ke saMyoga-vibhAga para hI bhASA kA yaha rUpa Azrita hai| pazyantI, madhyamA evaM vaikharI ko vANI kA tIna caraNa mAnate hue inhIM ke rUpa meM vyAkaraNa kA kSetra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 2-dvitIya kANDa-isa kANDa meM bhASA kI ikAI vAkya ko mAnate hue usa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isake viSaya kI udghoSaNA karate hue bhartRhari kahate haiM ki 'nAdoM dvArA abhivyajyamAna Antarika. zabda hI bAhyarUpa se zrayamANa zabda kahalAtA hai| ataH inake anusAra sampUrNa vAkya zabda hai / 'yadantaH zabdatattvaM tu nAdairekaM prakAzitam / tamAhurapare zabde tasya vAkye

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vAgbhaTa] [vAgbhaTa tarthakatA / / 2 / 30 / vAkyaM prati matibhinnA bahudhA nyAyavAdinAm // 2 / 2 / bhartRhari ke anusAra zrotA tathA grahItA meM bhASA ke AdAna-pradAna ke cAra caraNa hote haiM, jinheM grahItA meM nAda, sphoTa, dhvani (vyakti) tathA svarUpa kahA jAtA hai| arthabhAvanA evaM zabda ko apanI abhivyakti ke lie upayukta cAra tattvoM para hI Azrita rahanA par3atA hai| isI kANDa meM prAsaMgika viSaya ke antargata 'zabdaprakRtirapabhraMza' para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ve zabdazaktiyoM kI bahumAnya dhAraNAoM ko svIkAra nahIM karate aura kisI bhI artha ko mukhya yA gauNa nahIM maante| unake anusAra artha-vinizcaya ke AdhAra haiM-vAkya, prakaraNa, artha, sAhacarya Adi / unake anusAra jaba kozoM meM nizcita kie gae athavA prakRti-pratyaya vibhAga ke dvArA prApta arthoM se kucha bhI nizcaya nahIM hotA to pratibhA, abhyAsa, viniyoga evaM loka-prayoga ke dvArA artha kA vinizcaya hotA hai| tRtIyakANDa-ise padakANDa yA prakIrNaka kahate haiN| isa kANDa meM pada se sambaddha nAma yA subanta ke sAtha vibhakti, saMkhyA, liMga, dravya, vRtti, jAti para bhI viz2Ara kiyA gayA hai| isameM caudaha samuddeza haiN| prathama aMza kA nAma jAti samuddeza hai / Age ke samudezoM meM guNa, sAdhana, kriyA, kAla, saMkhyA, liMga, puruSa, upagraha evaM vRtti ke sambandha meM maulika vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiN| AdhAragrantha-1. philaoNsaphI oNpha saMskRta graamr-ckrvrtii| 2. thiyarI oNpha mIniMga ina iNDiyana philaoNsaphI-DaoN0 rAmacandra pANDeya / 3. arthavijJAna aura vyAkaraNadarzana-DaoN. kapiladeva dvivedii| 4. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, 2paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 5. vAkyapadIya (hindI TIkA )-anuvAdaka paM0 sUryanArAyaNa zukla, caukhambA prakAzana / 6. bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya-DaoN. satyakAma varmA 7. vAkyapadIya meM AkhyAta vivecana-DaoN0 rAmasureza tripAThI ( aprakAzita zodha prabandha ) / __ vAgbhaTa-saMskRta meM vAgbhaTa nAmadhArI cAra lekhaka haiM-'aSTAMgahRdaya' (vaidyakagrantha) ke lekhaka, 'neminirmANa' ke kartA, 'vAgbhaTAlaMkAra' ke racayitA tathA 'kAvyAnuzAsana' ke prnnetaa| yahAM jaina kavi vAgbhaTa kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai / inhoMne 'neminirmANa' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM 15 soM meM jaina tIrthakara neminAtha kI kathA kahI gayI hai| inakA janma ahichatra (vartamAna nAgauda ) meM huA thA aura ye parivATavaMzIya chAhayu yA bAhar3a ke putra the| 'meminirmANa' para bhaTTAraka jJAnabhUSaNa ne 'paMjikA' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| vAgbhaTa-Ayurveda ke mahAna lekhaka / samaya 5 vIM zadAbdI / inhoMne 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' vikhyAta granya kI racanA kI hai| inake pitA kA nAma siMhagupta evaM pitAmaha kA nAma vAgbhaTa thaa| ye sindhu nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI the| inake guru kA nAma avalokitezvara thA jo bauddha the| inhoMne apane grantha meM svayaM uparyukta tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai-bhiSagvaro vAgbhaTa ityabhUnme pitAmaho nAmadharo'smi yasya / suto bhavattasya ca siMhaguptastasyApyahaM sindhuSu labdhajanmA // samadhigamya guroravalokitA gurutarAcca pituH

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vAgbhaTa prathama | ( 492 ) [ vAgbhaTa dvitIya pratibhAM mayA / ' ( saMgraha, uttara adhyAya 50) vAgbhaTa svayaM bhI bauddhadharmAvalambI the / vAgbhaTa ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' evaM 'aSTAMgahRdaya' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai / para inakI ekamAtra racanA 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' hI hai jo gadyapadyamaya hai / 'aSTAMgahRdaya' svatantra racanA na hokara 'aSTAMgahRdaya' kA padyamaya saMkSipta rUpa hai / 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' kA nirmANa 'caraka' evaM 'suzruta' ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai aura isameM Ayurveda ke prasiddha ATha aGgoM kA vivecana hai / Ayurveda ke prAcIna granthoM meM sarvAdhika TIkAe~ 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' para hI prApta hotI haiN| 'aSTAMgahRdaya' ke Upara caraka evaM suzruta ke TIkAkAra jaijjara ne bhI TIkA likhI hai / isa para kula 34 TIkAoM ke vivaraNa prApta hote haiM jinameM AzAdhara kI udyota TokA, candracandana kI padArthacandrikA, dAmodara kI saMketamaMjarI, aruNadatta kI sarvAMgasundarI TIkA adhika mahatvapUrNa haiM / 'aSTAMgahRdaya' meM 120 adhyAya haiM aura isake chaha vibhAga kiye gae haiM-- sUtrasthAna, zArIrasthAna, nidAnasthAna, cikitsAsthAna, kalpasthAna tathA uttaratantra / donoM hI granthoM ke hindI anuvAda ho cuke haiM / aSTAGgasaMgraha - zrI govarddhana zarmA chAMgaNIkRta arthaprakAzikA hindI TIkA / aSTAGgahRdaya - hindI TIkAkAra zrI atrideva vidyAlaGkAra | prakAzanasthAna - caukhambA vidyAbhavana / AdhAragrantha - 1. Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa - zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / 1. vAgbhaTa vivecana - paM0 priyavrata zarmA / vAgbhaTa prathama - kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / inhoMne 'vAgbhaTAlaMkAra' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai / inakA samaya bArahavIM zadAbdI kA pUrvabhAga hai / vAgbhaTa kA prAkRta nAma bAhar3a thA aura ye soma ke putra the / inakA sambandha jayasiMha ( 10931143 I0 ) se thA / vAgbhaTa ne apane grantha meM saMskRta tathA prAkRta donoM bhASA ke udAharaNa diye haiM / 'vAgbhaTAlaMkAra' kI racanA pAMca paricchedoM meM huI hai / isameM 260 paca haiM jinameM kAvyazAstra ke siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai| prathama pariccheda meM kAvya ke svarUpa tathA hetu kA varNana hai| dvitIya meM kAvya ke vividha bheda pada, vAkya evaM arthadoSa tathA tRtIya pariccheda meM dasa guNoM kA vivecana hai / caturtha meM cAra zabdAlaMkAra evaM 35 arthAlaMkAra tathA gor3I evaM vaidarbhI rIti kA varNana hai / paMcama pariccheda meM navarasa evaM nAyaka-nAyikA bheda kA nirUpaNa hai / isa para ATha TIkAoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai jinameM do hI TIkAeM prakAzita haiN| isakA hindI anuvAda caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita hai| anuvAdaka haiM DaoN0 satyavrata siMha / vAgbhaTa jainadharmAvalambI I AdhAragrantha - bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1 - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vAgbhaTa dvitIya - kAvyazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hai / inhoMne 'kAvyAnuzAsana' nAmaka lokapriya grantha ( kAvyazAstrIya ) kI racanA kI hai / ye jaina matAvalambI the| inake pitA kA nAma nemakumAra thA / inhoMne 'chando'nuzAsana' evaM 'RSabhadevacarita' nAmaka kAvya kI bhI racanA kI thii| 'kAvyAnu zAsana' sUtrazailI meM racita kAvyazAstrIya grantha hai jisa para svayaM lekhaka ne 'alaMkAratilaka nAmaka '

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vAcaspati mizra] ( 493 ) [vAjasaneyi prAtizAkhya vRtti likhI hai| grantha pAMca adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyAya meM kAvya ke prayojana, hetu, kavi samaya evaM kAvyabhedoM kA varNana hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM 16 prakAra ke padadoSa, 14 prakAra ke vAkya evaM arthadoSa varNita haiN| tRtIya adhyAya meM 63 arthAlaMkAra evaM caturtha meM chaha zabdAlaMkAroM kA vivecana hai / paMcama adhyAya meM no rasa, nAyakanAyikAbheda, prema kI dasa avasthA evaM rasa-doSa kA varNana hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vAcaspati mizra-maithila naiyAyikoM meM vAcaspati mizra Ate haiN| inhoMne sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA pragAr3ha anuzIlana kiyA thaa| nyAyadarzana sambandhI inakA prasiddha grantha haiM- 'nyAyavAttika tAtparya ttiikaa'| inhoMne 'sAMkhyakArikA' ke Upara 'sAMkhyatatva. kaumudI', yogadarzana ( vyAsabhASya ) ke Upara 'tattvavaizAradI' tathA vedAntadarzana ke Upara bhI granthoM kI racanA kI thii| zAGkarabhASya ke Upara inakI 'bhAmatI' nAmaka TIkA prasiddha hai jisakA nAmakaraNa inakI patnI ke nAma para huA hai| inake guru kA nAma trilocana thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki vAcaspati mizra gRhastha hote hue bhI gRhastha dharma se sadA parAGmukha rahA karate the| 'bhAmatI TIkA' inakI sarvAdhika praur3ha racanA hai jo bhAratIya darzanoM meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai / 'nyAyavAttika-tAtparyaTIkA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kA uddezya bauda AcArya dharmakIti ke matoM kA khaNDana karanA thA [ de0 dharmakIti] / dharmakIti ne brAhmaNa naiyAyikoM ke vicAra kA khaNDana kara bauddhanyAya kI mahattA siddha kI hai, vAcaspati mizra ne unake matoM kA nirAsa kara nyAyazAstra kI prAmANikatA evaM praur3hatA kA nidarzana kiyA hai| inakA AvirbhAva kAla 841 vikrama saMvat ke AsapAsa hai| inhoMne 'nyAyasUcI' nAmaka anya nyAyazAstrIya grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai jisakA racanAkAla 898 saMvat diyA hai| nyAyasUcInibandhoyamakAri sudhiyAM mude / zrIvAcaspatimizreNa vasvaMkavasu ( 898) vtsre||' AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya darzana-A. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. hindI tarkabhASA-A. vizvezvara (bhuumikaa)| 3-hindI nyAyakusumAnjali-A0 vizvezvara ( bhUmikA ) / vAjasaneyi prAtizAkhya-yaha 'zuklayajurveda' kA prAtizAkhya hai jisake racayitA kAtyAyana muni haiN| ye vArtikakAra kAtyAyana se bhinna tathA pANini ke pUrvavartI haiN| isa prAtizAkhya meM ATha adhyAya haiM tathA mukhya pratipAdya hai paribhASA, svara evaM saMskAra kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana / prathama adhyAya meM pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa diye gae haiM evaM dvitIya meM tIna prakAra ke svaroM kA lakSaNa evaM viziSTatA kA pratipAdana hai| tRtIya se saptama adhyAyoM meM sandhi yA saMskAra kA vistRta vivecana hai| inameM sandhi. padapATha banAne ke niyama aura svara-vidhAna kA varNana hai| antima adhyAya meM varNoM kI gaNanA evaM svarUpa kA vivecana hai| pANini-vyAkaraNa meM isake aneka sUtra grahaNa kara lie gae haiM-varNasyAdarzanaM lopaH (1 / 141), adarzanaM lopaH ( 111660) / isase ye pANini ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| isa prAtizAkhya kI do zAkhAeM haiM jo prakAzita

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vAdirAjasUri] [vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra ho cukI haiM-ugvaTa kA bhASya evaM ananta bhaTTa kI vyAkhyA kevala madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya se prakAzita hai aura uvvaTa bhASya kA prakAzana kaI sthAnoM se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vAdirAjasUri-ye jainadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya haiN| inakA AvirbhAva navama zatAbdI meM huA hai| ve digambara sampradAya ke mahanIya tarkazAstrI mAne jAte haiM / vAdirAja dakSiNa ke solaMkIvaMzI nareza jayasiMha prathama ke samasAmayika mAne jAte haiM jinakA samaya zaka saMvat 938 se 964 hai| inhoMne 'nyAyavinizcayanirNaya' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa jainanyAya kA grantha likhA hai| yaha anya bhaTTa akalaMka kRta 'nyAyavinizcaya' kA bhASya hai / inhoMne 'pAzrvanAthacaritra' mAmaka suprasiddha kAvya grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIyadarzana-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / vAtsyAyana-nyAyasUtra ke prasiddha bhASyakartA vAtsyAyana haiN| inake grantha meM aneka vAttikoM ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM jisase jJAta hotA hai ki inake 'pUrva bhI nyAyasUtra para vyAkhyA granthoM kI racanA huI thI, para samprati vAtsyAyana kA bhASya hI etadviSayaka prathama upalabdha racanA hai| inake bhASya ke Upara udyotakarAcArya ne vistRta vAttika kI racanA kI hai [ de0 udyotakara ] / vAtsyAyana kA grantha 'vAtsyAyanabhASya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai jisakA samaya vikrama pUrva prathama zataka mAnA jAtA hai| saMskRta meM vAtsyAyana nAma ke aneka vyakti haiM jinameM kAmasUtra ke racayitA vAtsyAyana bhI haiN| para, nyAyasUtra ke bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana unase sarvathA bhinna hai [ 30 kaamshaastr]| hemacandra kI 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' meM vAtsyAyana ke aneka nAmoM kA nirdeza hai jinameM cANakya kA bhI nAma A jAtA hai| 'vAtsyAyano makhanAgaH kauttilyshcnnkaatmjH'| drAmila: pakSilasvAmI, viSNugupto'gulazca saH // ' yahA~ vAtsyAyana, pakSilasvAmI, cANakya aura kauTilya eka vyakti ke nAma kahe gaye haiN| 'vAtsyAyanabhASya' ke prathama sUtra ke anta meM cANakyaracita 'arthazAstra' kA eka zloka bhI uddhRta hai, ataH vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki kauTilya hI nyAyasUtra ke bhASyakAra haiN| 'pradIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyaH sarvakarmaNAm / AzrayaH sarvadharmANAM vidyoddeze prakIrtitA // ' para, yaha mata abhI taka pUrNataH mAnya nahIM ho sakA hai / vAtsyAyana ne 'nyAyadarzana' adhyAya 2, a0 1, sUtra 40 kI vyAkhyA meM udAharaNa prastuta karate hue bhAta banAne kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai jisake AdhAra para vidvAn inheM dravir3a deza kA nivAsI mAnate haiN| AdhAragrantha-1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI-bhAga 2-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. hindI takabhASA-A0 vizvezvara / vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra-yaha bhAratIya kAmazAstra yA kAmakalAvijJAna kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM vizvavizruta grantha hai| isake lekhaka vAtsyAyana ke nAma para hI ise 'vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra' kahA jAtA hai| vAtsyAyana evaM cANakya ke jIvana, sthitikAla tathA nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM prAcInakAla se hI matabheda dikhAI par3atA hai| kauTilya tathA vAtsyAyana 'hemacandra', 'vaijayantI', 'trikANDazeSa' tathA 'nAmamAlikA' prabhRti kozoM

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vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra] ( 495 ) [vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra meM eka hI nAma vAle vyakti kahe gae haiM, para ye nAma bhramavaza eka zAtha juTa gae haiN| 'nItisAra' ke racayitA kAmandaka ko cANakya kA pradhAna ziSya mAnate hue use vAtsyApana se abhinna mAnA gayA hai| subandhuracita 'vAsavadattA' meM kAmasUtrakAra kA nAma mallanAga diyA huA hai| kAmasUtra ke TIkAkAra ( jayamaMgalA) yazodhara bhI vAtsyAyana kA vAstavika nAma mallanAga svIkAra karate haiM tathA bahuta se vidvAn nyAyabhASyakartA vAtsyAyana ko kAmasUtra ke praNetA vAtsyAyana se abhinna mAnate haiN| isI prakAra vAtsyAyana ke sthitikAla ke viSaya meM bhI matabheda dikhAI par3atA hai| ma0 ma0 haraprasAda zAstrI ke anusAra vAtsyAyana kA samaya I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI hai, para zeSa itihAsakAroM ne inakA AvirbhAva tIsarI yA cauthI zatI meM mAnA hai| paM0 sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa (prasiddha jyotirvida ) ne inakA sthitikAla kAlidAsa ke pazcAt I0pU0 prathama zatAbdI mAnA hai| isa prakAra vAtsyAyana ke nAmakaraNa tathA unake AvirbhAvakAla donoM ke hI sambandha meM vividha matavAda pracalita haiM jinakA nirAkaraNa abhI taka na ho sakA hai / 'kAmasUtra' kA vibhAjana adhikaraNa, adhyAya tathA prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| isake prathama adhikaraNa kA nAma 'sAdhAraNa' hai tathA isake antargata grantha-viSayaka sAmAnya viSayoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| isa adhikaraNa meM adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA pAMca hai tathA pAMca prakaraNa haiM--zAstrasaMgraha, trivargapravipatti, vidyAsamuddeza, nAgarakavRtta tathA nAyaka sahAya-dUtIkarma vimarza prkrnn| prathama prakaraNa kA pratipAva viSaya dharma, artha tathA kAma kI prApti hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki manuSya zruti, smRti Adi vibhinna vidyAoM ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se kAmazAstra kA bhI adhyayana kare / kAmasUtrakAra ke anusAra manuSya vidyA kA adhyayana kara * arthopArjana meM pravRtta ho tatpazcAt vivAha karake gArhasthya jIvana vyatIta kare / kisI dUtI yA dUta ko sahAyatA se use kisI nAyikA se samparka sthApita kara prema-sambandha bar3hAnA cAhie, taduparAnta usI se vivAha karanA cAhie jisase ki gArhasthya jIvana sadA ke lie sukhI bne| dvitIya adhikaraNa kI abhidhA sAmprayogika hai jisakA artha hai sambhoga / isa adhikaraNa meM dasa adhyAya evaM satraha prakaraNa haiM jinameM nAnA prakAra se strI-puruSa ke sambhoga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki jaba taka manuSya sambhogakalA kA samyak jJAna nahIM prApta karatA taba taka use vAstavika Ananda nahIM miltaa| tRtIya adhikaraNa ko kanyA sAmprayukta kahA gayA hai| isameM pAMca adhyAya tathA nau prakaraNa haiN| isa prakaraNa meM vivAha ke yogya kanyA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kAmasUtrakAra ne vivAha ko dhArmika bandhana mAnA hai| caturtha adhikaraNa ko bhAryAdhikaraNa' kahate haiN| isameM do adhyAya tathA ATha adhikaraNa haiM tathA bhAryA ke do prakAra ( vivAha hone ke pazcAt kanyA ko bhAryA kahate haiM ) varNita haiM ekacAriNI tathA sptnii| isa adhikaraNa meM donoM bhAryAoM ke prati pati kA tathA pati ke prati unake kartavya kA varNana hai| pAMcaveM adhikaraNa ko saMjJA 'pAradArika' hai| isa prakaraNa meM adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA chaha tathA prakaraNoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai| isakA viSaya parastrI tathA parapuruSa ke prema kA varNana hai| kina paristhitiyoM meM prema utpanna hotA hai, bar3hatA evaM

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vAmana ] [vAmana TUTa jAtA hai, kisa prakAra paradArecchA kI pUtti hotI hai tathA striyoM kI vyabhicAra se kaise rakSA ho sakatI hai, Adi viSayoM kA yahAM vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| chaThe prakaraNa ko 'vaizika' kahA gayA hai| isameM chaha adhyAya tathA bAraha prakaraNa haiN| vezyAoM ke carita tathA unake samAgama ke upAyoM kA varNana hI isa adhikaraNakA pramukha viSaya hai / kAmasUtrakAra ne vezyAgamana ko duvryasana mAnA hai| saptama adhikaraNa kI saMjJA 'aupaniSadika' hai| isameM do adhyAya tathA chaha prakaraNa haiM tathA tantra, mantra, auSadhi, yantra Adi ke dvArA nAyaka-nAyikAoM ko vazIbhUta karane kI vidhiyAM dI gayI haiN| rUpalAvaNya ko bar3hAne ke upAya, naSTarAga kI punaH prApti tathA vAjIkaraNa ke prayoga kI vidhi bhI isameM varNita hai| aupaniSadika kA artha 'ToTakA' hotA hai| isa grantha meM kula sAta adhikaraNa, 36 adhyAya, 64 prakaraNa evaM 1250 sUtra ( zloka ) haiM / kAmasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama isa zAstra kA pravacana brahmA ne kiyA thA jise nandI ne eka sahasra adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| usane apanI ora se kucha ghaTAva nahIM kiyA / zvetaketu ne nandI ke kAmazAstra ko sampAdita kara isakA saMkSiptIkaraNa kiyaa| ____ kAmasUtra' meM maithuna kA caramasukha tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-1-sambhoga, santAnotpatti, jananendriya tathA kAma-sambandhI samasyAoM ke prati Adarzamaya bhAva / 2-manuSya jAti kA uttaradAyitva-3-apane sahacara yA sahacarI ke prati uccabhAva, anurAga, zraddhA aura hitakAmanA / vAtsyAyana ne isameM dharma, artha aura kAma tInoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| kAmasUtra meM vaivAhika jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke lie tathA premI-premikAoM ke paraspara kalaha, anabana, sambandhaviccheda, gupta-vyabhicAra, vezyAvRtti, mArIapaharaNa tathA aprAkRtika vyabhicAroM Adi ke duSpariNAmoM kA varNana kara adhyetA ko zikSA dI gayI hai jisase ki vaha apane jIvana ko sukhI banA ske| saMskRta meM 'kAmasUtra' ke AdhAra para aneka granthoM kI racanA huI hai| inake lekhakoM ne 'kAmasUtra' ke katipaya viSayoM ko lekara svatantra rUpa se granya-racanA kI hai, jina para vAtsyAyana ko prabhAva spaSTa hai| kokapaNDita ne 'ratirahasya', bhikSupamadhI ne 'nAgarasarvasva' tathA jyotirIzvara ne 'paMcasAyaka' nAmaka grantha likhe haiM / 'kAmasUtra' ke AdhAra para 'anaGgaraGga' 'kokasAra' 'kAmaratna' Adi grantha bhI likhe gae haiN|. mAdhAragrantha-1. kAmasUtra (hindI vyAkhyA sahita )- (jayamaGgalA mahita) vyAkhyAtA zrIdevadatta zAstrI-cokhambA prakAzana / 2. kAmasUtra parizIlana-zrI vAcaspati gairolA ( saMvartikA prakAzana, ilAhAbAda ) 3. kAmakubjalatA-saM0 A0 DhuNDirAja shaastrii| vAmana-kAvyazAstra ke praacaary| ye rItisampradAya ke pravattaMka mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM rIti' ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA gayA hai [de0 kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti ] / ye kAzmIra nivAsI tathA udbhaTa ke sahayogI hai| 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM vAmana ko jayApor3a ( kAzmIra nareza ) kA mantrI likhA gayA hai

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vAmanapurANa] ( 497 ) [vAmanapurANa manorathaH zaGkhadattazcaTakaH sndhimaaNstthaa| babhUvuH kavayastasya vAmanAdyAzca mantriNaH / / 4 / 497 jayApIr3a kA samaya 779 se 813 I0 taka hai / vAmana kA ullekha aneka AlaMkArikoM ne kiyA hai jisase unake samaya para prakAza par3atA hai| rAjazekhara ne 'kAvyamImAMsA' meM 'vAmanIyAH' ke nAma se inake sampradAya ke AlaMkArikoM kA ullekha hai tathA abhinavagupta ne eka zloka [ dhvanyAloka meM uddhRta-anurAgavatI sandhyA divsstt-purHsrH| aho devagatiH kIdRk tathApi na samAgamaH / / ] ke sambandha meM batAyA hai ki vAmana ke anusAra isameM AkSepAlaMkAra hai| isa prakAra rAjazekhara evaM abhinava se vAmana pUrvavartI siddha hote haiM / 'kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti' meM 319 sUtra evaM pAMca adhikaraNa haiN| svayaM vAmana ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki unhoMne sUtra evaM vRtti donoM kI racanA kI hai-praNamya paramaM jyotiminena kavipriyA / kAvyAlaMkArasUtrANAM sveSAM vRttividhIyate / / maMgalazloka / isameM guNa, rIti, doSa evaM alaMkAra kA vistRta vivecana hai| vAmana ne guNa evaM alaMkAra ke bheda ko spaSTa karate hue kAvyazAstra ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA hai| inake anusAra guNa kAvya ke nityadharma haiM aura alaMkAra anitya / kAvya ke zobhAkAraka dharma alaMkAra evaM usako atizAyita karane vAle guNa haiM, saundarya hI alaMkAra hai| inhoMne upamA ko mukhya alaMkAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai aura kAvya meM rasa kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. hindI kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti-A0 vizvezvara / 2. bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1, 2-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vAmanapurANa-purANoM meM kramAnusAra caudahavAM purANa / 'vAmanapurANa' kA sambandha bhagavAn viSNu ke vAmanAvatAra se hai / 'matsyapurANa' meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa purANa meM trivikrama yA vAmana bhagavAn kI gAthA kA brahmA dvArA kIrtana kiyA gayA hai aura jisameM bhagavAn dvArA tIna pagoM se brahmANDa ko nApa lene kA varNana hai, use 'vAmanapurANa' kahate haiN| isameM dasa sahasra zloka evaM 92 adhyAya haiM tathA pUrva aura uttara bhAga ke nAma se do vibhAga kiye gae haiN| isa purANa meM cAra saMhitAeM haiM-mAhezvarIsaMhitA, bhAgavatIsaMhitA, sorIsaMhitA aura gaanneshvriisNhitaa| isakA prArambha vAmanAvatAra se hotA hai tathA kaI adhyAyoM meM viSNu ke avatAroM kA varNana hai| viSNuparaka purANa hote hue bhI isameM sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA nahIM hai, kyoMki viSNu kI avatAra-gAthA ke atirikta isameM ziva-mAhAtmya, zaivatIrtha, umA-ziva-vivAha, gaNeza kA janma tathA kAttikeya kI utpatti kI kathA dI gayI hai| 'vAmanapurANa' meM varNita zivaNavaMtIcarita kA 'kumArasaMbhava' ke sAtha Azcaryajanaka sAmya hai| vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki kAlidAsa ke kumArasaMbhava se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa isakA samaya kAlidAsottara yuga hai| veMkaTezvara presa kI prakAzita prati meM nAradapurANokta viSayoM kI pUrNa saMgati nahIM baitthtii| pUrvAddha ke viSaya to pUrNataH mila jAte haiM kintu uttarArda kI mAhezvarI, bhAgavatI, saurI aura gANezvarI nAmaka cAra saMhitAeM mudrita prati meM prApta nahIM hotii| ina saMhitAoM kI zloka saMkhyA cAra sahana hai / vAmana purANa kI viSaya-sUcI-kUmakalpa ke vRttAnta kA varNana, brahmAjI ke ziraccheda kI kathA, kapAla. 32 saM0 sA0

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vAmanabhaTTa bANa ] ( 498 ) [ vAyupurANa mocana AkhyAna, dakSayajJa-vidhvaMsa, madana-dahana, prahlAdanArAyaNayuddha, devAsura saMgrAma, sukezI tathA sUrya kI kathA, kAmyavrata kA varNana, durgAcaritra, tapatIcaritra, kurukSetravarNana, anupamasatyA mAhAtmya, pArvatI kI kathA, janma evaM vivAha, kauzikI upAkhyAna, kumAracarita, andhakavadha, sAdhyopAkhyAna, jAvAlicarita, andha evaM zaGkara kA yuddha, rAjA bali kI kathA, lakSmI caritra, trivikrama-caritra, prahlAda kI tIrthayAtrA, dhundhucaritapretopAkhyAna, nakSatrapuruSa kI kathA, zrIdAmAcarita / uttara bhAga -- mAhezvarI saMhitAzrIkRSNa evaM unake bhaktoM kA caritra, bhAgavatI saMhitA -jagadambA ke avatAra kI kathAsaurI saMhitA - sUrya kI pApanAzaka mahimA kA varNana, gANezvarI saMhitA - ziva evaM gaNeza kA caritra AdhAragrantha - 1 - vAmanapurANa e sTaDI-DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla / 2- purANam - varSa 4, pR0 189 - 192 vahI - bhAga 5, 1963 / 3 - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 - vinTaranitsa / 4 - purANa vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5 - purANatasvamImAMsA -- zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / purANAMka - gItA presa, gorakhapura / 6 - vAmana vAmanabhaTTa bANa - ye rAja vemabhUpAla ke rAjakavi the| inakA samaya vikrama kA paMcadaza zataka hai / inhoMne vibhinna sAhityika vidhAoM para pUrNa saphalatA ke sAtha lekhanI calAyI hai / inakI racanAoM meM kAvya, nATaka, gadyagrantha evaM koza grantha prApta hote haiM / 1 - nalAbhyudaya - inameM nala-damayantI kI kathA varNita hai| yaha grantha apUrNa rUpa meM trivendrama saMskRta sIrIja se prakAzita huA hai| isameM navama sagaM zloka saMkhyA 3 taka kehI aMza prApta hote haiM / 2 - raghunAthacarita - yaha kAvye tIsa sargoM meM hai, kintu abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isake do hastalekha taMjora hastalikhita pustaka saMgraha bhAga 6, saM0 3721 evaM aDyAra pustakAlaya 2, 27 meM prApta hote haiM / 3 haMsadUta - meghadUta ke anukaraNa para racita sandeza kAvya jisameM 61 + 60 = 121zloka haiM / sampUrNa grantha mandAkrAntA vRtta meM likhA gayA hai / 4 - bANAsura vijaya - yaha kAvya aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa oriyanTala lAibrerI madrAsa kI trivarSIya hastalikhita pustaka sUcI 6, saM0 7181 meM prApta hotA hai / 5 - pArvatIpariNaya - pAMca aMkoM ke isa nATaka meM kumArasambhava ke AdhAra para ziva pArvatI vivAha kA varNana hai / 6- kanakalekhAisa nATaka kI racanA cAra aMkoM meM huI hai aura vyAsavamaMn tathA kanakalekhA ke vivAha kA varNana hai / graMtha aprakAzita hai / 7- zRGgArabhUSaNa bhANa - yaha eka baMDU meM samApta hone vAlA bhAga hai| isakA nAyaka vilAsazekhara nAma kA dhUtaM vyakti hai / 8 - vemabhUpAla carita - isameM vemabhUpAla kA jIvanacarita gadya meM varNita hai| isakA prakAzana zrIraMgam se ho cukA hai / 9 - zabdacandrikA - yaha koza graMtha hai aura abhI taka aprakAzita hai / 10 - zabdaratnAkara - yaha koza grantha bhI abhI taka aprakAzita hai / AdhAragrantha- saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / - vAyupurANa - kramAnusAra cothA purANa / ise katipaya vidvAn 'zivapurANa' bhI kahate haiM / arthAt 'zivapurANa' aura 'vAyupurANa' do pRthak purANa na hokara eka hI purANa

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vAyupurANa] (499) [vAyupurANa ke do nAma haiM, para kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra donoM bhinna-bhinna purANa haiN| yahI bAta purANoM meM bhI kahI gayI hai| "viSNu', 'mArakaNDeya', 'kUma', vArAha', 'liGga', 'brahmavaivarta evaM 'bhAgavatapurANa' meM 'zivapurANa' kA varNana hai kintu 'matsyapurANa', 'nAradapurANa' aura 'devIbhAgavata' meM 'vAyu' kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| para, isa samaya donoM hI purANa pRthak-pRthak rUpa meM prApta haiM aura unake viSaya-vivecana meM bhI paryApta antara hai [de0 zivapurANa / 'vAyupurANa' meM zloka saMkhyA gyAraha sahasra hai tathA isameM kula 112 adhyAya haiN| isameM cAra khaNDa haiM, jinheM pAda kahA jAtA hai-prakriyA, anuSaMga, upoTAta evaM upasaMhArapAda / anya purANoM kI bhAMti isameM bhI sRSTi-krama evaM vaMzAvalI kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / prArambha ke kaI adhyAyoM meM sRSTi-krama kA vistArapUrvaka varNana ke pazcAt bhaugolika varNana hai, jisameM jambUdvIpa kA vizeSa rUpa se vivaraNa tathA anya dvIpoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| tadanantara aneka adhyAyoM meM khagola-varNana, yuga, RSi, tIrtha tathA yajJoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isake 60 veM adhyAya meM veda kI zAkhAoM kA vivaraNa hai aura 86 tathA 87 adhyAyoM meM saMgIta kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isameM kaI rAjAoM ke vaMzoM kA varNana hai tathA prajApati vaMza-varNana, kazyapIya, prajAsarga tathA RSivaMzoM ke antargata prAcIna bAhya vaMzoM kA itihAsa diyA gayA hai| isake 99 adhyAya meM prAcIna rAjAoM kI vistRta vaMzAvaliyAM prastuta kI gayI haiN| isa purANa ke aneka adhyAyoM meM dhAna kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA anta meM pralaya kA varNana hai / 'vAyupurANa' kA pratipAya hai,-ziva-bhakti evaM usakI mahanIyatA kA nidarzana / isake sAre AkhyAna bhI ziva-bhaktiparaka haiN| yaha zivabhaktipradhAna purANa hote hue bhI kaTTaratA-rahita hai aura isameM anya devatAoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA kaI adhyAyoM meM viSNu evaM unake avatAroM kI bhI gAthA prastuta kI gayI hai / 'vAyupurANa' ke 11 se 15 adhyAyoM meM yaugika prakriyA kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai tathA ziva ke dhyAna meM lIna yogiyoM dvArA zivaloka kI prApti kA ullekha karate hue isakI samApti kI gayI hai| racanAkauzala kI viziSTatA, sagaM, pratisagaM, vaMza, manvantara evaM vaMzAnucarita ke samAveza ke kAraNa isakI mahanIyatA asaMdigdha hai| isa purANa ke 104 se 112 adhyAyoM meM vaiSNavamata kA puSTikaraNa hai, jo prakSipta mAnA jAtA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki kisI vaiSNava bhakta ne ise pIche se jor3a diyA hai / isake 104 veM adhyAya meM bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kI lalita lIlA kA gAna kiyA gayA hai, jisameM rAdhA kA nAmollekha hai / 'vAyupurANa' ke antima ATha adhyAyoM ( 105-112 ) meM gayA kA vistArapUrvaka mAhAtmya-pratipAdana hai tathA usake tIrthadevatA 'gadAdhara' nAmaka viSNu hI batAye gae haiN| isa purANa ke cAra bhAgoM kI adhyAya saMkhyA isa prakAra hai-prakriyApAda 1-6, upodghAtapAda 7-64, anuSaMgapAda 65-99 tathA upasaMhArapAda 100-112 / 'vAyupurANa' kI lokapriyatA bANabhaTTa ke samaya meM ho gayI thii| bANa ne 'kAdambarI' meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai-'purANe vAyu pralapitam' / zaMkarAcArya ke 'brahmasUtrabhASya' meM bhI isakA ullekha hai ( 1 / 28, 133230 ) tathA usameM 'vAyupurANa' ke zloka upadhRta

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bArAha mA barAhapurANa ] ( 500 ) [ vArAha yA varAhapurANa haiM ( 832, 33 ) / 'mahAbhArata' ke banaparva meM bhI 'vAyupurANa' kA spaSTa nirdeza haieva te sarvamAkhyAtamatItAnAgataM mayA / vAyuproktamanusmRtya purANamRSisaMstutam // 19116 / isase isa purANa kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai / AdhAragrantha - 1 - vAyupurANa ( hindI anuvAda ) - anu0 paM0 rAmaprasAda tripAThI / 2 - dI vAyupurANa - ( aMgarejI ) - DaoN0 hAjarA ( iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTarlI ) bhAga 14 / 1938 / 3 - purANatatvamImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 4purANa - vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5 - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya - vinTara nitsa bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 6 - itihAsa purANAnuzIlana - DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcAyaM / 7- vedasya purANagata sAmagrI kA adhyayana - DA0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya / vArAha yA varAhapurANa - kramAnusAra 12 vAM puraann| isa purANa meM bhagavAna viSNu ke varAha avatAra kA varNana hai, ataH unhIM ke nAma para isakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / viSNu ne varAha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara pAtAlaloka se pRthvI kA uddhAra kara isa purANa kA pravacana kiyA thA / yaha vaiSNavapurANa hai / 'nArada' aura 'matsyapurANa' ke anusAra isakI zloka saMkhyA 24 sahasra hai, kintu kalakate kI eziyATika sosAiTI ke prakAzita saMskaraNa meM kevala 10700 zloka haiM / isake adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA 217 hai tathA gaur3Iya aura dAkSiNAtya nAmaka do pATha-bheda upalabdha hote haiM, jinake adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI antara dikhAI par3atA hai| yahAM taka ki eka hI viSaya ke varNana meM ilokoM meM bhI antara A gayA hai| isameM sRSTi evaM rAjavaMzAvaliyoM kI saMkSipta carcA hai, para purANokta viSayoM kI pUrNa saMgati nahIM baiTha paatii| aisA lagatA hai ki yaha purANa viSNu bhaktoM ke nimitta praNIta stotroM evaM pUjA-vidhiyoM kA saMgraha hai / yadyapi yaha vaiSNava purANa hai, tathApi isameM ziva evaM durgA se sambaddha kaI kathAe~ vibhinna adhyAyoM meM varNita haiM / 90 se 95 adhyAya taka kiyA gayA isameM mAtR-pUjA aura deviyoM kI pUjA kA bhI varNana hai tathA gaNeza janma kI kathA evaM gaNezastotra bhI diyA gayA hai / 'vArAhapurANa' meM zrAddha, prAyazcita, deva-pratimA nirmANa vidhi Adi kA bhI kaI adhyAyoM meM varNana hai tathA 152 se 168 taka 17 adhyAya lagAye kRSNa kI janmabhUmi mathurA - mAhAtmya ke varNana meM gae haiM / mathurA - mAhAtmya meM mathurA kA bhUgola diyA huA hai tathA usakI upayogitA isI dRSTi se hai| isameM naciketA kA upAkhyAna bhI vistArapUrvaka varNita hai jisameM svarga aura naraka kA varNana hai / viSNu-sambandhI vividha vratoM ke varNana meM isameM vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, tathA dvAdazI vrata kA vistArapUrvaka varNana karate hue vibhinna mAsoM meM hone vAlI dvAdazI kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isa purANa ke kaI sampUrNa adhyAya gadya meM nibaddha haiM ( 81-83, 86-87, 74 ) tathA katipaya adhyAyoM meM gadya aura padya donoM kA mizraNa hai / 'bhaviSyapurANa' ke do vacanoM ko udhRta kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha usase arvAcIna siddha hotA hai / [ 177 / 51 ) isa purANa meM rAmAnujAcArya ke mata kA vizada rUpa se varNana hai / inhIM AdhAroM para vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya navama-dazama zatI ke lagabhaga nizcita kiyA haiM / AdhAragrantha - 1 - prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 - vinTara nirasa /

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vAlmIki ] ( 501 ) [ vAlmIki 2 - purANatasvamImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 3 - itihAsa purANa kA anuzIlana - DaoN rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcAryaM / 4- purANam varSa 4 ( 1962 ) pR0 360 - 383 5 - purANa - vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vAlmIki - saMskRta ke Adi kavi / inhoMne 'rAmAyaNa' nAmaka Adi mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai [ de0 rAmAyaNa ] / vAlmIki ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki sarvaprathama inake mukha se hI kAvya kA AvirbhAva huA thA / 'rAmAyaNa' ke bAlakANDa meM yaha kathA prArambha meM hI milatI hai / tamasA nadI ke kinAre maharSi bhramaNa kara rahe the, usI samaya eka vyAdhA AyA aura usane vahAM vidyamAna krauMca pakSI ke jor3e para bANa-prahAra kiyA / bANa ke lagane se krauMca mara gayA / ora krauMcI karuNa svara meM ArtanAda karane lagI / isa karuNa dRzya ko dekhate hI maharSi ke hRdaya meM karuNA kA naisargika srota phUTa par3A aura unake mukha se akasmAt zApa ke rUpa meM kAvya kI vegavatI dhArA pravAhita ho gayI / unhoMne vyAdhe ko zApa dete hue kahA ki jAo, tumheM jIvana meM kabhI bhI zAnti na mile kyoMki tumane pyAra karate hue krauMca mithuna meM se eka ko mAra diyA / mA niSAda pratiSThAM tvamagamaH zAzvatIH samAH / yat krauMcamithunAdekamavadhIH kAmamohitam // kavi kA zoka zloka meM pariNata ho gayA, jo sama-akSara yukta cAra pAdoM kA thA / isI zloka ke sAtha saMskRta vAgdhArA kA janma huA aura isI meM mahAkAvya kI garimA saMpRkta huI / vAlmikI ko saccA kavi hRdaya prApta huA thA aura unameM mahAn kavi ke sabhI guNa vidyamAna the| kahA jAtA hai ki 'mAniSAda' vAlI kavitA ko sunakara svayaM brahmAjI RSi ke samakSa upasthita hokara bole ki - maharSe ! Apa Adyakavi haiM, aba Apake 'prAtibhacakSu kA unmeSa huA hai| mahAkavi bhavabhUti ne isa ghaTanA kA varNana 'uttararAmacarita' nAmaka nATaka meM kiyA hai-- RSe prabuddho'si vAgAtmani brahmaNi / tad brUhi rAmacaritam / avyAhatajyotirArSa te cakSuH pratibhAti / AdyaH kavirasi / samAkSaraizcatubhiH pAdairgoto maharSiNA / so'nuvyAharaNAd bhUyaH zokaH zlokatvamAgataH // 1 / 2 / 40 | mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne bhI isa ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA hai-tAmabhyagacchad ruditAnusArI kaviH kuzedhmAharaNAya yAtaH / niSAdavidvANDajadarzanotthaH ilokatvamApadyata yasya zokaH / / raghuvaMza 14 / 70 / dhvanikAra ne bhI apane grantha meM isa tathya kI abhivyakti kI hai- - kAvyasyAtmA sa evArthastathA cAdikaveH purA / krauMcadvandvaviyogotthaH zokaH zlokatvamAgataH // dhvanyAloka 1 / 5 / vAlmIki ne 'rAmAyaNa' ke mAdhyama se mahArAja rAmacandra ke pAvana, lokavizruta tathA Adarza carita kA varNana kiyA hai| isameM kavi ne kalpanA, bhAvanA, zailI evaM carita kI udAttatA kA apratima rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| vAlmIki naisargika kavi haiM / jinakI lekhanI kisI viSaya kA varNana karate samaya usakA citra khIMca detI hai / kavi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA varNana karate samaya unakA yathAtha rUpa zabdoM dvArA mUrtita kara detA hai / vAlmIki rasapezala kavi haiM aura inakI dRSTi mukhyataH rasa-sRSTi kI ora rahI hai / rAmAyaNa meM manorama upamAoM tathA utprekSAoM kI virAT dRzyAvalI dikhAI par3atI hai / kavi kisI viSaya kA varNana karate samaya, aprastuta vidhAna ke rUpa meM, alaGkAroM kI

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vAsudeva vijaya ] (502.) [vikaTanitambA chaTA chiTakA detA hai| vAlmIki prakRti ke kavi haiN| inhoMne apanI rAmAyaNa meM unmukta rUpa se prakRti kA citraNa kiyA hai| kisI bhI sthiti meM kavi prakRti se dUra nahIM rahatA aura kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakRti ko upasthita kara detA hai| prakRti-citraNa meM vividhatA dikhAI par3atI hai, phalataH kavi prakRti ke na kevala komala dRzyoM kA hI varNana karatA hai, apitu bhayaMkara evaM kaThora rUpoM kA bhI nidarzana karate hue dikhAI par3atA hai| dhyAmizritaM sarjakadambapuSpainavaM jalaM parvatadhAtutAmram / mayUrakekAbhiranuprayAtaM zailApagAH zIghrataraM vahanti // meghAbhikAmA parisaMpatanti saMmoditAH bhAtibalAkapaMktiH / vAtAvadhUtA parapoparIkI lambeva mAlA rucirAmbarasya / kiSkindhAkANDa 2818,23 / "zailanadiyAM usa jala ko, jisameM saja aura kadamba ke phala baha rahe haiM, jo parvata kI dhAtuoM se tAmravarNa ho rahA hai aura jisameM moroM kI kekAvANI kI anugunja hai, tejI se bahA kara le jAtI haiM / meSoM kI kAmanA rakhane vAlI, ur3atI huI zveta bakapaMkti zreSTha zveta pakSoM se nirmita, havA meM DolatI huI, AkAza kI sundara mAlA-sI jAna par3atI hai / " Adi kavi ne zabda-krIr3A kI pravRtti bhI pradarzita kI hai| varSA-varNana (kiSkindhAkANDa) evaM candrodaya-varNana (laMkAkANDa) meM yaha pravRtti adhika hai| nidrA zanaiH kezavamabhyupaiti drutaM nadI sAgaramabhyupaiti / hRSTA balAkA dhanamabhyupaiti kAntA sakAmA priyamabhyupaiti / kiSkindhAkANDa 28 / 25 / "pore-dhIre nizA kezava ko prApta hotI hai, nadI tejI se sAdara taka pahuMcatI hai, harSabharI bamulI vAdApAsa pahuMcatI hai hai aura kAmanAvatI ramaNI priyatama ke pAsa / " rAmAyaNa meM adhikAMzataH anuSTup chanda kA prayoga humA hai, para sagaM ke anta meM basantatilakA, vaMzastha yA drutavilaMbita chanda prayukta hue haiN| isakI bhASA sarala evaM viSayAnusAriNI hai / kavi ne sarvatra varNana-kauzala kA pradarzana kara apanI badbhuta kAvyapratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| vAlmIki saMskRta meM rasa-dhArA ke prathama prayoktA mahAkavi haiN| inake sambandha meM aneka prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM unameM se kucha ko uddhRta kiyA vAtA hai| 1-yasmAdiyaM prathamataH paramAmRtoSanighoSiNI sarasasUktitaraGgabhaGgiH / gaMgeva dhUrjaTijaTAJcalataH pravRttA vRttena vAktamahamAdikavi prapayeM // sUktimuktAvalI 4 // 39 / 2-carcAbhizcAraNAnAM kSitiramaNa ! parAM prApya saMmodalIlA mA kIrteH sovidallAnavagaNaya kavivAtavANIvilAsAn / gItaM khyAtaM na nAmnA kimapi raghupateradya yAvat prasAdAda, vAlmIkereva dhAtrIM dhavalayati yazomudrayA rAmacandraH / vAsudeva vijaya-isa mahAkAvya ke praNetA keralIya kavi vAsudeva haiM, jisameM bhagavAn zrIkRSNa kA carita varNita hai| yaha mahAkAvya adhUrA prApta hai aura isameM kevala tIna sarga haiN| kavi ne pANinisUtroM ke dRSTAnta prastuta kiye haiN| isakI pUtti nArAyaNa nAmaka kavi ne 'dhAtukAvya' likha kara kI hai| isake kathAnaka kA anta kaMsa- . vadha se hotA hai| vikaTanitambA-ye saMskRta kI prasiddha kavayitrI haiN| inakA janma kAzI meM hunA thaa| abhI taka inake sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai, aura inakA bIvana-vRtta timirAna hai / 'sUktimuktAvalI' meM rAjazekhara ne inake sambandha meM apane

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vikrama carita yA siMhAsana dvAtrizikA]( 503 ) [vikramovaMzIya vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM-ke vaikaTanitambena girAM gumphena raMjitAH / nindanti nijakAntAnAM na maugdhyamadhuraM vcH| inakI eka kavitA dI jA rahI hai-anyAsu tAvadupamadaMsahAsu bhRGga! lola vinodaya manaH sumnoltaasu| mugdhAmajAtarajasaM. kalikAmakAle vyartha kadarthayasi ki mavamakhikAyAH // ra bhaure! tere mardana ko sahanevAlI anya puSpalatAoM meM apane caMcala citta ko vinodita kara / anakhilI kesararahita isa navamallikA kI choTI kalI ko abhI asamaya meM kyoM vyartha duHkha de rahA hai| abhI to usameM kesara bhI nahIM hai, becArI khilI taka nahIM hai| ise duHkha denA kyA tujhe suhAtA hai ? yahA~ se haTa jaa|' vikrama carita yA siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA-yaha saMskRta kA lokapriya kathAsaMgraha hai| isake racayitA kA patA nahIM cltaa| isake tIna saMskaraNa upalabdha haiMkSemaMkara kA jaina saMskaraNa, dakSiNa bhAratIya pATha evaM vararuciracita kahA jAne vAlA baGgAla kA paatthaantr| isameM 32 sihAsanoM yA 32 putaliyoM kI kahAnI hai| rAjA bhoja pRthvI meM gar3e hue mahArAja vikramAditya ke siMhAsana ko ukhAr3atA hai aura jyoMhI usa para baiThane kI taiyArI karatA hai ki battIsoM putaliyAM rAjA vikrama ke parAkrama kA varNana kara use baiThane se rokatI haiN| ve use ayogya siddha kara detI haiN| isameM rAjA kI udAratA evaM dAnazIlatA kA varNana hai| rAjA apanI vIratA se jo bhI dhana prApta karatA thA usameM se AdhA purohita ko dAna kara detA thaa| kSemaMkara jaina vAle saMskaraNa meM pratyeka gadyAtmaka kahAnI ke Adi evaM anta meM padya diye gae haiM, jinameM viSaya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| isake eka anya pATha meM kevala padya prApta hote haiN| aMgareja vidvAn iDagaTana ne sampAdita kara ise romana akSaroM meM prakAzita karAyA thA, jo do bhAgoM meM samApta huA hai| isakA prakAzana hAravarDa oriyaNTala sIrIja se 1926 I. meM humA hai| isakA hindI anuvAda siMhAsanabatIsI ke nAma se huA hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA racanA kAla 13 vIM zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM mAnA hai| DaoN. harTala kI dRSTi meM jaina vivaraNa mUla ke nikaTa evaM adhika prAmANika hai, para iDagarTama dakSiNI vanikA ko hI adhika prAmANika evaM prAcInatara mAnate haiN| donoM vivaraNoM meM hemAdri ke 'dAnakhama' kA vivaraNa rahane ke kAraNa ise 13 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| [hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambhA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita ] / vikramorvazIya-yaha mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita pAMca aMkoM kA troTaka hai [ uparUpaka kA eka prakAra ] / isake nAyaka-nAyikA mAnavI tathA devI donoM hI koTiyoM se sambaddha haiN| isameM mahArAja pururavA evaM usI kI praNaya-kathA kA varNana hai / kailAza parvata se indraloka lauTate samaya rAjA pururavA ko jJAta hotA hai ki svarga kI apsarA usI ko kubera bhavana se mAte samaya kezI nAmaka daitya ne pakar3a liyA hai| rAjA usI kA usa daitya se uddhAra karatA hai tathA usake naisargika evaM udabhuta saundayaM para anurakta ho jAtA hai| rAjA urvazI ko usake sambandhiyoM ko sauMpa kara rAjadhAnI loTa bAtA hai aura urvazI-sambandhI apanI manovyathA kI sUcanA apane mitra vidUSaka ko de detA hai| isI bIca bhojapatra para likhA hubA urvazI kA eka premapatra rAjA ko milatA

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vikramasena campU] ( 504 ) [vikramasena campU hai, jise par3hakara vaha AndAtireka se bhara jAtA hai| rAjakIya pramadavana meM donoM milate haiN| tatpazcAt bharata muni dvArA lakSmI svayaMvara nATaka khelane kA Ayojana hotA hai, jisameM urvazI ko lakSmI kA abhinaya karanA hai| pramadavana meM hI, saMyogavaza, purUravA kI patnI, rAnI auzInarI, ko urvazI kA prema-lekha mila jAtA hai aura vaha kupita hokara dAsI ke sAtha lauTa jAtI hai| abhinaya karaye samaya uvaMzI pururavA ke prema meM nimagna ho jAtI hai, aura usake muMha se puruSottama ke sthAna para, bhrama se, pururavA nAma nikala par3atA hai| yaha sunakara bharata muni krodhita hokara use svagacyuta hone kA zApa dete haiN| taba indra uvaMzI ko yaha Adeza dete haiM ki jaba taka purUravA tere putra kA muMha na dekha le, taba taka tumheM matyaloka meM hI rahanA pdd'egaa| rAjadhAnI lauTakara rAjA urvazI ke viraha meM vyAkula ho jAtA hai aura vaha matyaloka meM Akara rAjA kI virahadazA kA avalokana karatI hai / use apane prati rAjA ke aTUTa prema kI pratIti ho jAtI hai| urvazI kI sakhiyAM rAjA ke pAsa use saupa kara svargaloka ko calI jAtI haiM aura donoM ullAsapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane laga jAte haiN| kucha samayoparAnta purUravA aura ubaMzI gandhamAdana parvata para jAkara vihAra karate haiM, eka dina mandAkinI ke taTa para khelatI huI eka vidyAdhara kumArI ko pururavA dekhane lagatA hai aura urvazI kupita hokara kAttikeya ke gandhamAdana udyAna meM calI jAtI hai / vahAM strI kA praveza niSiddha thA / yadi koI strI jAtI to latA bana jAtI thI / urvazI bhI vahAM jAkara latA ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtI hai aura rAjA usake viyoga meM unmata kI bhAMti vilApa karate hue pAgala kI bhAMti nirjIva padArthoM se uvaMzI kA patA pUchane lagatA hai| usI samaya AkAzavANI dvArA yaha nirdeza prApta hotA hai ki yadi pururavA saGgamanIya maNi ko apane pAsa rakhakara latA banI huI uvaMzI kA AliMgana kare to baha pUrvavat use prApta ho jaaygii| rAjA vaisA hI karatA hai aura donoM lauTakara rAjadhAnI meM sukhapUrvaka rahane lagate haiN| jaba ve donoM bahuta dinoM taka vaivAhika jIvana vyatIta karate hue rahate haiM, tabhI eka dina vanavAsinI strI eka alpavayaska yuvaka ke sAtha bAtI hai aura use vaha samrATa kA putra ghoSita karatI hai| usI samaya urvazI kA zApa nivRtta ho jAtA hai aura vaha svargaloka ko calI jAtI hai| urvazI ke viyoga meM rAjA vyaSita ho jAte haiM aura putra ko abhiSikta kara vairAgI banakara vana meM cale jAne ko socate haiN| usI samaya nArada jI kA Agamana hotA hai jinase use yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki indra ke icchAnusAra urvazI jIvana paryanta usakI patnI banakara rhegii| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne isa troTaka meM prAcIna kathA ko naye rUpa meM sajAyA hai| bharata kA zApa, urvazI kA rUpa parivattaMna tathA pururavA kA pralApa Adi kavi kI nijI kalpanA haiN| isameM vipralambhazRGgAra kA adhika varNana hai tathA nArI-saundarya kA atyanta mohaka citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| vikramasena campU-isa campU ke praNetA nArAyaNa rAya kavi haiN| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa evaM aTThArahavIM zatAbdI kA Adi caraNa mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne anya meM apanA jo paricaya diyA hai usake anusAra ye marAThA zAsana

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vijJAnezvara] (505) [vijjikA ke saciva the aura inake bhAI kA nAma bhagavanta thaa| ye gaGgAdhara amAtya ke putra the| isa campUkAvya meM pratiSThAnapura ke rAjA vikramasena kI kAlpanika kathA kA varNana hai / "iti zrItryambakakArthatArtIyIkAdhamaNyapArISagaMgAdharAmAtyanArAyaNarAyasacivaviracito vikramasenacampUprabandhaH samAptimagamat / " yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga meM 7,4148 meM prApta hotA hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| vijJAnezvara-inhoMne 'mitAkSarA' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai jo bhAratIya vyavahAra ( vidhi, laoN) kI mahanIya kRti ke rUpa meM samAhata hai| "mitAkSarA' yAjJavalkyasmRti kA bhASya hai jisameM vijJAnezvara ne do sahasra varSoM se pravahamAna bhAratIya vidhi ke matoM kA sAra guMphita kiyA hai| yaha yAjJavalkyasmRti kA bhASyamAtra na hokara smRti-viSayaka svatantra nibandha kA rUpa lie hue hai| isameM aneka smRtiyoM ke uddharaNa prApta hote hai tathA unake antanirodha ko dUra kara unakI saMzliSTa vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isameM pramukha smRtikAroM ke nAmollekha haiM tathA aneka smRtiyoM ke bhI nAma Ate haiN| vijJAnezvara pUrvamImAMsA ke prakANDa paNDita the / isa grantha meM inhoMne sthAna-sthAna para pUrvamImAMsA kI hI pati apanAyI hai / 'mitAkSarA' kA racanAkAla 1070 se 1100 I0 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai / isa para aneka vyaktiyoM ne bhASya kI racanA kI hai jinameM vizvezvara, nandapaNDita tathA bAlabhaTTa ke nAma vizeSa prasiddha haiN| vijJAnezvara ne dAya ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-aprativandhu evaM sapratibandhu / inhoMne jora dekara kahA hai ki vasIyata para putra, pautra tathA prapautra kA janmasiddha adhikAra hotA hai| AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA. vA. kANe bhAga 1 (hindI anuvaad)| vijJAnabhikSu-sAMkhyadarzana ke antima prasiddha AcArya vijJAnabhikSu haiM jinakA samaya 16 vIM zatAbdI kA prathamAdha hai| ye kAzI ke nivAsI the| inhoMne sAMkhya, yoga evaM vedAnta tInoM hI darzanoM ke Upara bhASya likhA hai| sAMsyasUtroM para inakI vyAkhyA 'sAMkhyapravacanabhASya' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| vyAsabhASya ke Upara inhoMne 'yogavAttika' tathA brahmasUtra para 'vijJAnAmRtabhASya' kI racanA kI hai| inake atirikta inake anya do grantha haiM-'sAMkhyasAra' evaM 'yogasAra' jinameM tattat darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai| bAdhAragrantha-bhAratIya-darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya vijjikA-ye saMskRta kI suprasiddha kavayitrI haiN| inakI kisI bhI racanA kA abhI taka patA nahIM calA hai, para sUkti saMgrahoM meM kucha padya pApta hote haiN| inake tIna nAma milate haiM-vijjakA, vijjikA evaM vidyA / 'zAGgaMdharapaddhati' ke eka zloka meM vijjikA dvArA mahAkavi daNDI ko DAMTane kA ullekha hai| 'nIlotpaladalaNyAmAM vijjikA maamjaantaa| vRthaiva daNDinA proktaM sarvazuklA srsvtii|" vijjikA ke

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vidyAdhara] ( 506 ) [vidyAnApa aneka zloka saMskRta AlaMkArikoM dvArA uddhRta kiye gae haiN| mukulabhaTTa ne 'abhidhAvRttimAtRkA' meM 'dRSTi he prativezini kSaNamihApyasmadgRhe dAsyasi' tathA mammaTa ne 'kAvyaprakAza' meM (catuSaM ullAsa arthamUlaka vastu pratipAdya dhvani ke udAharaNa meM ) 'dhanyAsi yA kathayasi' ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mukulabhaTTa kA samaya 925 I. ke AsapAsa hai, ataH vijjikA kA anumAnita samaya 710 se 150 I. ke bIca mAnA jA sakatA hai| inakI racanAe~ zRGgArapradhAna haiN| kaverabhiprAyamazandagocaraM sphurantamAdreSu padeSu kevalam / vadabhiraGgaH kRtaromavikriyajanasya tUSNIM bhavato'yamanjaliH // yahAM sahRdaya bhAvuka kA varNana hai| vAstavika kavi apane bhAvoM ko abhidhA dvArA prakaTa na kara vyaMjanA kI sahAyatA se vyakta karatA hai / zabdoM se bhAvoM kI abhivyakti nahIM hotI, kintu rasasikta manorama padoM ke dvArA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai| aise mahAkavi ke kAvya kA mamaMza vaha hotA hai jo rasabharI padAvalI kA artha samajha kara zabdoM dvArA prakaTa nahIM karatA para cupa rahakara romAMcita aGgoM ke dvArA kavi ke gUDha bhAva ko vyakta kara detA hai| vidyAdhara-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'ekAvalI' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya anya kI racanA kI hai jisameM kAvya ke dAMgoM kA varNana hai| inakA samaya 93 vIM zatAbdI kA anta yA 14 vIM zatAbdI kA Arambha hai| ekAvalI' para mallinAtha (14 vIM zatAbdI kA anta ) ne 'taralA' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isa grantha ke samasta udAharaNa svayaM vidyAdhara dvArA racita haiM aura ve uskalanareza narasiMha kI prazasti meM likhe gae haiN| 'ekAvalI' meM ATha unmeSa haiM aura anya tIna bhAgoM meM racita hai-kArikA, vRtti evaM udaahrnn| tInoM hI bhAga ke racayitA vidyAdhara haiN| isake prathama unmeSa meM kAvya ke svarUpa, dvitIya meM vRttivicAra, tRtIya meM dhvani evaM caturtha meM guNIbhUtavyaGgaya kA varNana hai| paMcama unmeSa meM guNa evaM rIti, SaSTha meM doSa, saptama meM zabdAlaMkAra evaM aSTama meM arthAlaMkAra varNita haiN| isa grantha para 'dhvanyAloka', 'kAvyaprakAza' evaM 'alaMkArasarvasva' kA pUrNa prabhAva hai| alaMkAra-vivecana para hayyaka kA RNa adhika hai aura pariNAma, ullekha, vicitra evaM vikalpa alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa 'alaMkArasarvasva' se hI uddhRta kara diye gae haiN| vidyAdhara ne alaMkAroM kA vargIkaraNa bhI kiyA hai jo ruyyaka se prabhAvita hai / lekhaka ne pustakaracanA ke uddezya ko isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA hai-eSa vidyAdharasteSu kAMtAsaMmitalakSaNam / karomi narasiMhasya cATuzlokAnudAhaH ran // ekAvalI 1646 / vidyAdhara ne 'kelirahasya' nAmaka kAmazAstrIya grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai / 'ekAvalI' kA prakAzana zrItrivedI racita bhUmikA evaM TippaNI ke sAtha bambe saMskRta sIrIja se huA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. ekAvalI-zrI trivedI dvArA sampAdita prati / 2. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA. vA. kANe / 3. alaMkArAnuzIlana-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hiiraa'| vidyAnAtha-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'pratAparudrayazobhUSaNa' yA 'pratAparudrIya' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| vidyAnAtha (mAndhra pradeza ke.)

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vibudhAnanda prabandha campU] (507 ) [vizAlabhaMjikA kAkatIyavaMzI rAjA pratAparudra ke Azrita kavi the jinakI prazaMsA meM inhoMne 'pratAparudrIya' ke udAharaNoM kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya 14 vIM zatI kA prArambha hai / pratAparudadevasya guNAnAzritya nirmitH| alaGkAraprabandho'yaM santaH kaNotsavo'stuM vaH / / pratApa0 119 / isa grantha ke tIna bhAga haiM-kArikA, vRtti evaM udAharaNa evaM tInoM ke hI lekhaka vidyAnAtha haiN| isa para 'kAvyaprakAza' ( mammaTa kRta ) evaM 'alaMkArasarvasva' ( ruyyaka racita ) kA pUrNa prabhAva hai / pustaka nau prakaraNoM meM vibhakta hai aura nAyikAbheda, nAyaka, kAvya, nATaka, rasa, doSa, guNa, zabdAlaMkAra, arthAlaMkAra tathA mitrAlaMkAra kA varNana hai| isa para kumArasvAmI kRta ratnAyaNa TIkA milatI hai aura ratnazANa nAmaka anya apUrNa TIkA bhI prApta hotI hai| isa grantha kA pracAra dakSiNa meM adhika hai / isakA prakAzana bambe saMskRta sIrIja se huA hai jisake sampAdaka zrI ke0 pI0 trivedI haiN| AdhAragrantha-1.trivedI dvArA sampAdita-pratAparudrIya / 2. saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-kANe / 3. alaMkArAnuzIlana-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hiiraa'| vibudhAnanda prabandha campU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA kA nAma veMkaTa kavi hai| inakA samaya aTThArahavIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| inake pitA kA nAma vIra. rAghava thaa| isa grantha kI kathA kAlpanika hai jisameM bAlapriya tathA priyaMvada nAmaka vyaktiyoM kI bAdarikAzrama kI yAtrA kA varNana hai jo makaraMda evaM zIlavatI ke vivAha meM sammilata hone jA rahe haiN| donoM hI yAtrI zuka haiN| kavi vaiSNava hai| anya ke prArambha meM usane vedAntadezika kI vandanA kI hai-kavitArkikakesariNaM vedAntAcAryanAmadheyajuSam / bAmnAyarakSitAraM kamapi praNamAmi dezikaM zirasA // yaha kAvya abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12351 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayanaDaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| viddhazAlabhaMjikA-rAjazekhara kRta nATikA hai| isameM cAra aMka haiM tathA isakI racanA 'mAlavikAgnimitra', 'ratnAvalI', evaM 'svapnavAsavadattam' ke AdhAra para huI hai| isameM kavi ne rAjakumAra vidyAdharamaha evaM mRgAMkAvalI aura kuvalayamAlA nAmaka do rAjakumAriyoM kI praNaya-kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| prathama aMka meM lATa deza ke rAjA ne apanI putrI mRgAMkAvalI ko mRgAMkavarmana nAmaka putra ghoSita kara rAjA vidyAdharamaba kI rAjadhAnI meM bhejaa| eka dina vidyAdhara ne apane vidUSaka se batalAyA ki usane svapna meM dekhA hai ki jaba vaha eka sundarI ko pakar3anA cAhatA hai to vaha motiyoM kI mAlA vahAM chor3akara bhAga jAtI hai| vidyAdhara kA maMtrI isa bAta ko jAnatA thA ki mRgAMkavarmana lar3akI hai aura jyotiSiyoM ne usake sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI kI hai ki jisake sAtha usakA vivAha hogA vaha cakravartI rAjA bnegaa| isI kAraNa usane mRgAMkavarman ko rAjA ke nikaTa rkhaa| jisa samaya mRgAMkavarman rAjA ke pAsa bAyA usane dekhA ki rAjA apanI preyasI vivazAlabhaMjikA ke gale meM motiyoM kI mAlA gala

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virUpAkSa vasantotsava campU ] ( 508 ) [ vizAkhadatta rAjA rahA hai / rAjA mRgAMkavarmana kI sthiti se avagata nahIM thA / dvitIya aMka meM kuMtala rAjakumArI kuvalayamAlA kA vivAha mRgAMkavarman se karanA cAhatI hai / rAjA ne eka dina mRgAMkavarman ko vAstavika sthiti meM krIr3A karate tathA praNaya lekha par3hate hue dekhA aura usake saundarya para mohita ho gyaa| tIsare aMka meM vidUSaka ke sAtha mRgAMkAvalI se milA evaM usake sAtha premAlApa karate hue usa para Asakta ho gayA / caturthaM aMka meM mahArAnI ne mRgAMkavarman ko apane prema kA pratidvandvI samajha kara use strI veza meM susajjita kara usakA vivAha rAjA ke sAtha karA diyaa| mahArAnI ko apanI asaphalatA para bahuta bar3A AghAta pahuMcatA hai aura vaha bAdhya hokara kuvalayamAlA kA vivAha rAjA vidyAdhara ke sAtha karA detI hai / virUpAkSa vasantotsava campU- isake racayitA ahobala haiM [ inake jIvana sambandhI vivaraNa ke lie de0 yatirAjavijaya campU ] / yaha grantha bhI khaNDitarUpa meM hI prApta hai ora zrI Ara0 esa0 paMcamukhI dvArA sampAdita hokara madrAsa se prakAzita hai / grantha ke antima pariccheda ke anusAra isakI racanA pAmuDipaTTana ke pradhAna ke Agraha para huI thI / yaha campUkAvya cAra kANDoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM kavi ne birUpAsa mahAdeva ke vasantotsava kA varNana kiyA hai / prathamataH vidyAraNya yati kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jo vijayanagara rAjya ke sthApaka the| isake bAda kAzmIra ke bhUpAla evaM pradhAna puruSa rAzidezAdhipati kA varNana hai / kavi mAdhava navarAtra meM sampanna honevAle virUpAkSa mahAdeva ke vasantotsava kA varNana karatA hai / prArambhika tIna kANDoM meM rathayAtrA tathA caturthakANDa meM mRgayA mahotsava varNita hai / kavi ne avAntara kathA ke rUpa meM eka lobhI tathA kRpaNa brAhmaNa kI rocaka kathA kA varNana kiyA hai / sthAnasthAna para bANabhaTTa kI zailI kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai para isameM svAbhAvikatA evaM saralatA ke bhI darzana hote haiN| nagaroM kA varNana pratyakSadarzI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| vyaMgyAtmakatA evaM vastuoM kA sUkSma varNana kavi kI apanI vizeSatA hai / AdhAragrantha-- campUkAvya kA chabinAtha tripAThI / AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana -- DaoN0 uddharaNa 'nATyadarpaNa' / isa nATaka meM kavi vizAkhadatta - saMskRta ke prasiddha nATakakAra aura kavi / inakI ekamAtra prasiddha racanA 'mudrArAkSasa' upalabdha hai tathA anya kRtiyoM kI bhI sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiM, jinameM 'devIcandraguptam' nAmaka nATaka pramukha hai| isa nATaka ke tathA 'zRGgAraprakAza' nAmaka kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM prApta hote haiM ne dhruvasvAminI evaM candragupta ke praNaya prasaMga kA varNana kiyA hai tathA candragupta ke bar3e bhAI rAmagupta kI kAyaratA kI kahAnI kahI hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' meM saMgharSamaya rAjanItika jIvana kA kathA kahI gayI hai aura candragupta, cANakya evaM malayaketu ke mantrI rAkSasa ke caritra ko isakA vaNyaM viSaya banAyA gayA hai| anya saMskRta lekhakoM kI bhAMti vizAkhadatta ke jIvana kA pUrNa vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA / vizAkhadatta evaM vizAkhadeva / inhoMne 'mudrArAkSasa' kI thor3A bahuta jo kucha bhI kahA hai vahI inake vivaraNa kA inake do nAma milate haiMprastAvanA meM apane viSaya meM prAmANika AdhAra hai / isase

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vizAkhadatta] (509) [vizAkhadatta patA calatA hai ki vizAkhadatta sAmanta vaTezvaradatta ke pautra the aura inake pitA kA nAma pRthu thA / pRthu ko mahArAja kI upAdhi prApta thI aura inake pitAmaha sAmanta the| adya sAmantavaTezvaradattapautrasya mahArAjapadabhAk "pRthusUnoH kavevizAkhadattasya kRtiH mudrArAkSasaM nAma nATakaM nATayitavyam / " prastAvanA pRSTha 7[de0 mudrArAkSasa] / ina vyaktiyoM kA vivaraNa anyatra prApta nahIM hotA ataH vizAkhadatta kA jIvana vicitra anizcitatA se yukta hai / inake samaya-nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' ke bharata vAkya meM candragupta kA ullekha hai, para katipaya pratiyoM meM candragupta ke sthAna para dantivarmA, avantivarmA evaM rativarmA kA nAma milatA hai| vidvAnoM ne anumAna lagAyA hai ki saMbhavataH avantivarmA maukharI nareza hoM jisake putra ne harSa kI putrI se vivAha kiyA thaa| ise kAzmIra kA bhI rAjA mAnA gayA hai, jisakA samaya 855-83 I. taka hai| yAkobI nATaka meM ullikhita grahaNa kA samaya jyotiSa gaNanA ke anusAra 2 disambara 860 I0 mAnate haiM tathA unakA yaha bhI vicAra hai ki rAjA ke mantrI zUra dvArA isa nATaka kA abhinaya karAyA gayA thaa| para, isake sambandha meM koI pramANa prApta nahIM hotaa| DaoN. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ( iNDiyana enTIkverI ( 1913 1. 265-67 LXIII ), sTena kono ( iNDiyana enTIkverI 1914 pR0 66 XLII ) tathA esa0 zrIkaNTha zAstrI ( iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI bhAga 7, 1931 pR0 163-69) ne ise candragupta dvitIya kA samakAlIna mAnA hai| jisakA samaya 375-413 I0 hai| cApenTiyara ise antima guptavaMziyoM meM se samudragupta kA samakAlIna mAnate haiM, para kItha ke anusAra vizAkhadatta kA samaya navIM zatAbdI hai| kono candragupta ko guptavaMzI rAjA samajhate haiM aura vizAkhadatta ko kAlidAsa kA kaniSTha samasAmayika mAnate haiN| parantu yaha unakI havAI kalpanA hai| vizAkhadatta dvArA ratnAkara ke anukaraNa kA kucha sAkSya avazya milatA hai. kintu yaha unake samaya ke viSaya meM kadAcit nirNAyaka nahIM hai| isa tathya meM koI sAra nahIM hai ki hastalikhita prati meM nAMdI kI samApti ke bAda nATaka kA Arambha hotA hai, kyoMki bhAsa paramparA kA anusaraNa karane vAle dAkSiNAtya hastalekhoM kI yaha svAbhAvika vizeSatA mAtra hai / aisI koI bAta nahIM hai jo unheM navIM zatAbdI kA mAnane meM ar3acana DAle, yadyapi yaha kRti aura pahale kI ho sakatI hai / " saMskRta nATaka pR0 212 (hindI) 'dazarUpaka' evaM 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM 'mudrArAkSasa' ke udaraNa prApta hone ke kAraNa isakA sthitikAla navama satI se pUrva nizcita hotA hai, kyoMki donoM granthoM kA racanAkAla dasavIM yA gyArahavIM zatAbdI hai / samprati vidvAnoM kA bahusaMkhyaka samudAya vizAkhadatta kA samaya chaThI zatI kA uttarArdha svIkAra karane ke pakSa meM hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' kI racanA bauddhayuga ke hrAsa ke pUrva ho cukI thii| pro. dhruva ke anusAra 'mudrArAkSasa' kI racanA vizAkhadatta ne chaThI zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM evaM kannauja ke maukharI nareza avantivarmA kI hUNoM ke Upara kI gayI vijaya ke upalakSya meM kI thii| ___ 'mudrArAkSasa rAjanItika nATaka hai para isameM kavi kI kavitva-zakti kA apUrva vikAsa dikhAI par3atA hai| rAjanItika dAva-peMca ko kathAnaka kA AdhAra banAne ke

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vizvanAtha paJcAnana] (510) [vizvanAtha pancAnana kAraNa isameM zrRMgArarasa kI madhurimA ko avakAza nahIM milA hai| isameM kavi ne utkRSTa kavitva-kalA evaM racanA-cAturI kA paricaya diyA hai| isakI kAvyazailI sazakta evaM pravAhapUrNa hai tathA paravartI kaviyoM kI yatnasAdhya kRtrima zailI ke darzana yahAM nahIM hote| kavi ne vaidarbhI rIti kA prayoga kara bhASA meM pravAha lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura bhAvoM kI abhivyakti meM yathAsAdhya saralatA utpanna karane kI ceSTA kI hai / isa nATaka kA viSaya bauddhika stara kA hai, phalataH isameM jaTila evaM nIrasa gadya kA prayoga hai, para kAvyocita udAttatA kA abhAva nahIM hai / cANakya ke kathana meM kavi ne vIrarasa kA sundara paripAka kiyA hai tathA usakI rAjanIti kA bhI AbhAsa karAyA hai / kenottuGgazikhAkalApakapilo baDhaH paTAnte zikhI ? pArzaH kena sadAgateragatitA sadyaH samAsAditA ? kenAnekapadAnavAsitasaTaH siMhorpitaH panjare ? bhImaH kena calekana makaro do'bhyA pratIrNo'NaMdaH / 16 / kisane vastra ke chora meM UMcI zikhA vAlI agni ko bAMdha liyA? kisane turanta hI apane jAla se pavana ko bhI gatihIna kara liyA ? kisane aneka hAthiyoM ke madajala se gIlI saTAoMvAle siMha ko piMjar3e meM banda kara diyA ? kisane nakra aura magara se vilor3ita bhayaMkara mahAsamudra ko hAthoM se hI tairakara pAra kara liyA ?' 'mudrArAkSasa' kI zailI viSaya ke anurUpa badalatI huI dikhAI par3atI hai / adhikAMzataH kavi ne vyAsa-pradhAna zailI kA prayoga kara choTe-choTe vAkyoM ke dvArA bhAvAbhivyakti kI hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' ke padoM meM vicitra prakAra kA pauruSa dikhAI par3atA hai| kavi ne pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga kara apanI kuzalatA kA paricaya diyA hai| isameM alaMkAroM kA prayoga bhASA kI svAbhAvikatA ko surakSita karanevAlA hai| 'alaMkAroM kA padyoM meM utanA hI prayoga hai jisase bhAvoM ke prakaTana meM athavA mUtaM kI kalpanA meM tIvratA kA vaizava se janma ho jAtA hai| saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-upAdhyAya pR0 511 / cANakya kI kuTiyA kA varNana atyanta AkarSaka evaM svAbhAvikatA se pUrNa hai-upalazakalameta bhedaka goyamAnAM baTubhirupahRtAnAM bahiSAM stUpametat / zaraNamapi samitiH zuSyamANAbhirAbhivinamitapaTalAntaM dRzyate jIrNakukhyam // 3 // 15 / AdhAraanya-1. saMskRta nATaka-kItha (hindI anuvAda ) / 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-De evaM dAsagupta / 3. saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 5. saMskRta kAvyakAra--DaoN0-haridatta zAstrI / 6. mudrArAkSasa-(hindI anuvAda) anuvAdaka DaoN. satyavratasiMha, caukhambA prakAzana ( bhUmikA bhaag)| 7. saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa-(hindI anuvAda ) kRSNa caitanya / vizvanAtha paJcAnana--vaizeSikadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya vizvanAtha paJcAmana vaMgadezIya the| inakA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI hai| ye navadvIpa (baMgAla ) ke navyanyAya pravattaMka raghunAtha ziromaNi ke guru vAsudeva sArvabhauma ke anuja ratnAkara vidyAvAcaspati ke pautra the| inake pitA kA nAma kAzInAtha vidyAnivAsa thA jo apane samaya ke prasiddha vidvAna the| vizvanAtha paJcAnana ( bhaTTAcArya ) ne nyAya-vaizeSika ke Upara do anyoM kI racanA kI hai 'bhASApariccheda' evaM 'nyaaysuutrvRtti'| bhASApariccheda-yaha

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vizvezvara paNDita ( 511 ) [viSNudatta zukla 'viyogI' vaizeSikadarzana kA grantha hai jisakI racanA 168 kArikAoM meM huI hai| viSayapratipAdana kI spaSTatA evaM saralatA ke kAraNa ise atyadhika lokapriyatA prApta huI hai| isa para mahAdeva bhaTTa bhAradvAja kRta 'muktAvalIprakAza' nAmaka adhUrI TIkA hai jise TIkAkAra ke putra dinakarabhaTTa ne "dinakarI' ke nAma se pUrNa kiyA hai| 'dinakarI' ke Upara rAmarudrabhaTTAcArya kRta "dinakarItaraMgiNI' nAmaka prasiddha vyAkhyA hai jise 'rAmarudrI' bhI kahate haiN| nyAyasUtravRtti-isa grantha kI racanA 1631 I. meM huI thii| isameM nyAyasUtroM kI sarala vyAkhyA prastuta kI gayI hai jisakA AdhAra raghunAtha ziromaNi kRta vyAkhyAna hai| __AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. bhAratIya-darzanaDaoN0 umeza mishr| vizvezvara paNDita-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| inhoMne 'alaMkArakaustubha' nAmaka atyanta praur3ha alaMkAra grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| inakA samaya 18vIM zatAbdI kA prArambhika kAla hai| ye uttara pradeza ke almor3A jile ke 'paTiyA' nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI the| inakI upAdhi pANDeya thI tathA pitA kA nAma lakSmIdhara thaa| ye apane samaya ke pratiSThita mUrdhanya vidvAna evaM alaMkArazAstra ke antima praur3a bAcAya the| inhoMne vyAkaraNa, sAhityazAstra evaM tarkazAstra para samAna adhikAra ke sAtha mekhanI calAyI hai| 'vyAkaraNasiddhAntasudhAnidhi' vyAkaraNa kA vizAlakAya grantha hai jo apanI utkRSTatA ke lie prasiddha hai| nyAyazAstra para inhoMne 'takaMkutUhala' evaM 'dIdhitipraveza' nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| sAhityazAstraviSayaka inake pAMca grantha hai-alaMkArakaustubha, alaMkAramuktAvalI, alaMkArapradIpa, rasacandrikA evaM kavIndrakavThAbharaNa / inameM prathama grantha hI inakI asAdhAraNa racanA hai / 'alaMkArakaustubha' meM navyanyAya kI zelI kA anusaraNa karate hue 61 alaMkAroM kA takapUrNa evaM prAmANika vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa grantha meM vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA bar3hAye gae alaMkAroM kI parIkSA kara unheM mammaTa dvArA varNita 61 alaMkAroM meM hI gatArtha kara diyA gayA hai aura hatyaka, zobhAkaramitra, vizvanAtha, appayadIkSita evaM paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke matoM kA yuktipUrvaka khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| anya ke upasaMhAra meM lekhaka ne isake uddezya para prakAza DAlA hai anyarudIritamalaMkaraNAntaraM yat kAvyaprakAzakathitaM tadanupravezAt / saMkSepato bahunibandhavibhAvanenAlaMkArajAtamiha cArumayAnyarUpi // alaMkArakostubha pR0 419 / / 'balaMkArakaustubha' para svayaM lekhaka ne hI TIkA kI racanA kI thI jo rUpakAlaMkAra taka hI prApta hotI hai / vizvezvara acche kavi the| inhoMne alaMkAroM para kaI svaracita sarasa udAharaNa diye haiN| viSNudatta zukla 'viyogI'-inakA janma 1895 I0 meM huA hai| inhoMne 'maMgA' evaM 'solocanIya' nAmaka do kAvyagrantha likhe haiN| 'gaMgA' pAMca soM meM racita khaNDakAvya hai| 'saulocanIya' kA prakAzana 1958 I0 meM vANIprakAzana, 2011 kastUrabA gAMdhI mArga, kAnapura se huA hai| isameM meghanAda ( rAvaNa kA putra ) kI

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viSNudharmottarapurANa ] ( 512 ) [ viSNudharmottarapurANa patnI sulocanA kA vRtta varNita hai| kavi ne zailI kI prAcIna paddhati na apanAkara Adhunika zailI kA anugamana kiyA hai| pakSivrajAnAM kalakUjanena, yathA banAntaM mukharaM babhUva / kakSAzca sarve'pi tathA gRhANAM vAlehaMsadbhiH mukharA babhUvuH // saulocanIya 133 / viSNudharmottarapurANa--isako gaNanA 18 upapurANoM meM hotI hai| yaha bhAratIya kalA kA vizvakoza hai jisameM vAstukalA, mUrtikalA, citrakalA evaM alaMkArazAstra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / "viSNudharmottarapurANa' meM nATyazAstra tathA kAvyAlaMkAraviSayaka eka sahasra zloka haiN| isake cAra adhyAya 18, 19, 32, 36-gadya meM likhe gae haiM jinameM gIta, mAtodya, mudrAhasta tathA pratyaGgavibhAga kA varNana hai| isake jisa aMza meM citrakalA, mUrtikalA, nATyakalA tathA kAvyazAstra kA varNana hai use citra. sUtra kahA jaataa| isakA prakAzana veMkaTezvara presa bambaI se zaka saM0 1834 meM huA hai tathA citrakalA vAle aMza kA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana, hindI sAhityasammelana, prayAga kI sammelana patrikA ke 'kalA aMka' meM kiyA gayA hai / isakA prArambha baja aura mArkaNDeya ke saMvAda se hotA hai| mArkaNDeya ke anusAra 'devatA kI usI mUrti meM devatva rahatA hai jisakI racanA citrasUtra ke AdezAnusAra huI hai tathA jo prasannamukha hai|' saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-kANe pR0 83 / citrasUtravidhAnena devatAcI vinirmitAm / surUpAM pUjayedvidvAn tatra saMnihitA bhavet // 17 / isake dvitIya adhyAya meM yaha bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki binA citrasUtra ke jJAna ke 'pratibhAlakSaNa' yA mUrtikalA samajha meM nahIM A sakatI tathA binA nRtazAstra ke parijJAna ke citrasUtra samajha meM nahIM A sakatA / nRtta vAdya ke binA saMbhava nahIM tathA gIta ke binA vAda meM bhI paTutA nahIM A sktii| vinA tu nRttazAstreNa citrasUtraM sudurvidam / mAtodhana binA nRttaM viyate na kathaMcana / na gItena vinA zakyaM jJAtumAtodyamapyuta // ' isake tRtIya adhyAya meM chanda varNana tathA caturtha adhyAya meM 'vAkya parIkSA' kI carcA kI gayI hai| paMcama adhyAya ke viSaya hai anumAna ke pAMca avayava, sUtra kI 6 vyAkhyAeM, tIna pramANa (pratyakSAnumAnAptavAkyAni) evaM inakI paribhASAeM, smRti, upamAna tathA maryApatti / SaSTha adhyAya meM 'tantrayukti' kA varNana hai tathA saptama adhyAya meM vibhinna prAkRtoM kA varNana 11 zlokoM meM kiyA gayA hai| aSTama adhyAya meM devatAoM ke paryAyavAcI zabda diye gae haiM tathA navam aura dazam adhyAyoM meM bhI zabdakoza hai| ekAdaza, dvAdaza evaM trayodaza adhyAyoM meM liGgAnuzAsana hai tathA pratyeka adhyAya meM 15 zloka haiN| catudazaM adhyAya meM 17 alaMkAroM kA varNana hai| paMcadaza adhyAya meM kAvya kA nirUpaNa hai jisameM kAvya evaM zAstra ke sAtha antara sthApita kiyA gayA hai| isameM kAvya meM 9 rasoM kI sthiti mAnya hai| SoDaza adhyAya meM kevala pandraha zloka haiM jinameM 21 prahelikAoM kA vivecana hai / saptadaza adhyAya meM rUpaka-varNana hai tathA unakI saMkhyA 12 kahI gayI hai / isameM kahA gayA hai ki nAyaka kI mRtyu, rAjya kA patana, nagara kA avarodha evaM yuddha kA sAkSAta pradarzana nahIM honA cAhie, inheM pravezaka dvArA vArtAlApa ke hI rUpa meM prakaTa kara denA caahie| isI adhyAya meM ATha prakAra kI nAyikAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| [zloka saMkhyA

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viSNupurANa] ( 513) [viSNupurANa 16-59] / 'viSNudharmottarapurANa' ke aSTAdaza adhyAya meM gIta, svara, grAma tathA mUrchanAoM kA varNana hai jo gadya meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unnIsavAM adhyAya bhI gadya meM hai jisameM cAra prakAra ke vAdya, bIsa maNDala evaM pratyeka ke do prakAra se dasa-dasa bheda tathA 36 aGgahAra vaNita haiN| bIsaveM adhyAya meM abhinaya kA varNana hai| isa adhyAya meM dUsare ke anukaraNa ko nATya kahA gayA hai, jise nRtta dvArA saMskAra evaM zobhA pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| ____ adhyAya 21-23 taka zayyA, Asana evaM sthAnaka kA pratipAdana evaM 24-25 meM bAMgika abhinaya varNita hai| 26 veM adhyAya meM 13 prakAra ke saMketa tathA 27 veM meM bAhAryAbhinaya kA pratipAdana hai| AhAryAbhinaya ke cAra prakAra mAne gae haiM-prasta, balaMkAra, aGgaracanA evaM saMjIva / 29 veM adhyAya meM pAtroM kI gati kA varNana evaM 30 veM meM 28 zlokoM meM rama-nirUpaNa hai| 31 meM adhyAya meM 58 zlokoM meM 49, bhAvoM kA varNana tathA 32 veM meM hastamudrAoM kA vivecana hai| 33 veM adhyAya meM nRtyaviSayaka mudrAyeM 124 zlokoM meM varNita haiM tathA 34 veM adhyAya meM nRtya kA varNana hai| 35 se 43 taka citrakalA, 44-85 taka mUrti evaM sthApatya kalA kA varNana hai / viSNudharmottara ke kAvyazAstrIya aMzoM para nATya zAstra kA prabhAva hai, kintu rUpaka aura rasoM ke sambandha meM kucha antara bhI hai| DaoN. kANe ke anusAra isakA samaya pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta poiTiksa-ma0 ma0 kANe / 2. ukta grantha kA hindI anuvAda-motIlAla bnaarsiidaas| 3. sama kansepTas oNpha alaMkArazAstra-vI. rAghavan / 4. alabelanI kA bhArata-hindI anuvAda ( Adarza pustkaaly)| viSNupurANa-yaha kramAnusAra tRtIya purANa hai| isa purANa meM viSNu kI mahimA kA AkhyAna karate hue unheM ekamAtra sarvocca devatA ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| yaha purANa chaha khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai, jisameM kula 126 adhyAya evaM 6 sahasra zloka haiN| isakI zloka saMkhyA ke sambandha meM 'nAradIyapurANa' evaM 'matsyapurANa' meM mataikya nahIM hai aura prathama ke anusAra 24 hajAra tathA dvitIya ke anusAra isakI zlokasaMkhyA 23 hajAra mAnI gayI hai| isa purANa kI tIna TIkAyeM upalabdha hotI haiMzrIdharasvAmI kRta TIkA, viSNucitta kRta viSNucittIya tathA ratnagarbhabhaTTAcArya kRta vaiSNavAkUta candrikA / isake vaktA evaM srotA parAzara aura maitreya haiN| viSNupurANa' ke prathama aMza meM sRSTivarNana tathA dhruva aura prahalAda kA caritra varNita hai tathA devoM, daityoM, vIroM evaM manuSyoM kI utpatti ke sAtha-hI-sAtha aneka kAlpanika kathAoM kA varNana hai| dvitIya aMza meM bhaugolika vivaraNa hai jisake antargata sAta dvIpoM, sAta samudroM evaM sumeru parvata kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| pRthvIvarNana ke anantara pAtAlaloka kA bhI vivaraNa hai tathA usake nIce sthita narakoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isake bAda dhuloka kA varNana hai, jisameM sUrya, unake ratha aura ghor3e, unakI gati evaM grahoM ke sAtha candramA evaM candramaNDala kA varNana hai| isameM bhAratavarSa nAma ke prasaMga meM rAjA bharata kI kathA kahI gayI hai| 33 saM0 sA0

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vIranandI] (514 ) [veNIsaMhAra __ tRtIya aMza meM Azrama-viSayaka kartavyoM kA nirdeza evaM tIna adhyAyoM meM vaidika zAkhAoM kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| isI aMza meM vyAsa evaM unake ziSyoM dvArA kiye gae vaidika vibhAgoM tathA kaI vaidika sampradAyoM kI utpatti kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake bAda aThAraha purANoM kI gaNanA, samasta zAstra evaM kalAoM kI sUcI prastuta kI gayI hai| caturtha aMza meM aitihAsika sAmagrI kA saMkalana hai jisake antargata sUrya evaM candravaMzI rAjAoM ko vazAvaliyAM haiN| isameM purUravA-urvazI, rAjA yayAti, pANDavoM evaM kRSNa kI utpatti, mahAbhArata ko kathA tathA rAma-kathA kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI bhAga meM bhaviSya meM honevAle rAjAoM-magadha, zaizunAga, nanda, moya, zuGga, kANvAyana tathA AndhrabhRtya-ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANiyAM kI gayI haiN| paMcama aMza meM 'zrImadbhAgavata' kI bhAMti bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ke alaukika carita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / SaSTha aMza apekSAkRta adhika choTA hai| isameM kevala ATha adhyAya haiN| isa khaNDa meM kRtayuga, tretA, dvApara evaM kaliyuga kA varNana hai aura kali ka doSoM ko bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla IsvI san ke pUrva mAnA gayA hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. viSNupurANa-(hindI anuvAda sahita ) gItA presa, gorakhapura / 2. viSNupurANakAlIna bhArata-DaoN0 sarvadAnanda pAThaka / 3. viSNupurANa ( aMgarejI anuvAda )-eca. eca. vilsana / 4. purANa-vimarza-50 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5. iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kA TelI bhAga 7, kalakattA 1931 / vAranandI-inakA samaya 1300 I0 hai| ye jainamatAvalambI haiN| inhoMne 'candraprabhacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM 18 sagaM haiN| isameM saptama jaina tIrthakara candraprabha kA jIvanacarita varNita hai / veMkaTanAtha-ye viziSTAdvaitavAda nAmaka vaiSNava darzana ke AcArya the| inakA samaya 1269-1369 hai| inheM vedAntAcArya bhI kahA jAtA hai tathA 'kavitArkikasiMha' evaM 'savaMtantrasvatantra' nAmaka upAdhiyoM se ye samalaMkRta hue the| inhoMne sAmpradAyika granthoM ke atirikta kAvyoM kI bhI racanA kI thI jinameM kAvyatatvoM kA suMdara samAveza hai / inake kAvyoM meM 'saMkalpa sUryodaya', 'haMsadUta', 'rAmAbhyudaya', 'yAdavAbhyudaya', 'pAdukAsahasra' bAdi haiN| veMkaTanAtha ke pramukha dArzanika granthoM kI tAlikA isa prakAra hai-tasvaTIkA (yaha 'zrIbhASya' kI vizada vyAkhyA hai ), nyAyaparizuddhi tathA nyAyasivAjana ( donoM granthoM meM vizuddhAdvaitavAda ko pramANamImAMsA kA varNana hai ), aSikaraNasArAvalI ( isameM brahmasUtra ke adhikaraNoM kA zloka-bada vivecana kiyA gayA hai), tatvamuktAkalApa, gItArthatAtparyacandrikA, (yaha rAmAnujAcArya ke gItA-bhASya kI TIkA hai), IzAvAsyabhASya, dravir3opaniSadatAtparyaratnAvalI, zatadUSagI, sezvaramImAMsA, pAca. rAtrarakSA, saccaritrarakSA, nikSeparakSA, nyAsaviMzati / de. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / veNIsaMhAra-yaha bhaTTanArAyaNa likhita (de0 bhaTTanArAyaNaNa) nATaka hai| 'veNIsaMhAra' meM mahAbhArata kI usa prasiddha ghaTanA kA varNana hai jisameM droparI ne pratijJA

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veNIsaMhAra [veNIsaMhAra kI thI ki vaha tabataka apanI veNI nahIM bAMdhegI jabaki usake apamAna kA badalA nahIM liyA jaataa| kavi ne isI ghaTanA ko nATakIya rUpa diyA hai| isa nATaka meM chaha baMka haiN| prathama aMka-nAndI ke anantara prastAvanA meM sUtrAdhAra ke dvArA zliSTa vacanoM meM pANDavoM tathA kauravoM ke bIca sandhi karAne ke lie zrIkRSNa ke Agamana kI sUcanA dI gayI hai| sandhi ke prastAva ko sunakara bhIma tathA draupadI ko atyadhika krodha hotA hai| ve apane apamAna kA pratIkAra yuddha dvArA karanA cAhate haiM, sandhi se nhiiN| bhIma spaSTataH yaha kaha dete haiM ki binA pratizodha lie maiM raha nahIM sakatA aura sandhi kA prastAva karane para yudhiSThira se bhI sambandha viccheda kara duuNgaa| bhIma ko zAnta karane kA sahadeva kA prayatna bhI niSphala siddha hotA hai, aura dropadI apane kezoM ko dikhAkara bhIma ke krodha ko dviguNita kara detI hai| bhIma draupado ko sAntvanA dete haiM ki ve apanI bhujAoM se gadA ko ghumAte hue duryodhana ko jAMgha tor3a DAleMge tathA usake raktaranjita hAthoM se hI usakI (dropadI kI ) veNI bdhiNge| isa samaya nepathya se zrIkRSNa ke asaphala prayatna ko sUcanA hotI hai aura kruddha yudhiSThira raNaghoSaNA karate haiN| raNa-ghoSaNA sunate hI bhIma evaM dropadI ullasita hote haiM tathA bhIma aura sahadeva umaMga bhare citta se dropadI se vidA lekara raNa-kSetra kI yAtrA karate haiN| dvitIya aMka kA prArambha duryodhana kI patnI bhAnumato ke azubha svapna se hotA hai / vaha rAtri meM dekhe gae amaGgalajanaka svapna ko apano sakhiyoM se kaha kara vyathita ho jAtI hai aura bhAvI AzaMkA kI cintA se usake nivAraNa kA upAya jAnanA cAhatI hai| usane dekhA ki eka nakula, sau sau kA vadha kara, usake stanAMzuka harane ke lie prayatna kara rahA hai| duryodhana chipa kara isa ghaTanA ko sunatA hai tathA mAdroputra nakula evaM apanI patnI ke gupta prema ke prati saMdeha hone se krodhita ho uThatA hai / para sampUrNa svapna kI ghaTanA suna kara usake sandeha kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| sakhiyAM amaMgala ke doSa ko haTAne ke lie pUjA kA vidhAna karatI haiN| bhAnumato sUrya ko pUjA meM rata hokara apanI dAsI se ayapAtra mAMgatI hai, para vaha anyatra vyasta hone ke kAraNa nahIM AtI, usI samaya svayaM duryodhana adhyaMpAtra lekara praveza karatA hai / vaha vrata meM saMlagna bhAnumatI ke sondayaM kI prazaMsA karatA hai aura usake manA karane para bhI use AliMganapAza meM jakar3a letA hai| isI samaya tIvra zaMzAvAta ke SAM jAne se bhAnumatI bhayatIta hokara duryodhana se lipaTa jAtI hai| jhaMjhAvAta ke zAnta hone para jayadratha kI mAtA evaM patnI ( duryodhana kI bahina ) Akara use sUcita karatI haiM ki abhimanyu kI mRtyu se duHkhita hokara arjuna ne sUryAsta hone taka jayadratha ko mArane kI pratijJA kI hai, ataH Apa usakI rakSA ko vyavasthA kreN| duryodhana umeM sAmsvanA dekara; rathArUr3ha ho; saMgrAma sthala kI ora prasthAna karatA hai| tRtIya aMka ke pravezaka meM eka rAkSasa evaM rAkSasI ke vArtAlApa se bhISaNa yuddha kI sucanA prApta hotI hai tathA yaha bhI jAta hotA hai ki drorNAcArya kA vaSa ho pukA hai| tatpazcAt pitA kI mRtyu se kucha azvatthAmA kA raMgamaMca para praveza hotA hai /

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devIsaMhAra] [veNIsaMhAra rUpAcArya use sAntvanA dekara tathA droNAcArya ke vadha kA pratIkAra karane ke lie use duryodhana ke pAsa le jAkara senAdhyakSa banAne ke lie anurodha karate haiN| para, duryodhana ne isake pUrva hI kaNaM ko senApati banAne kA vacana de diyA hai| isa para karNa evaM azvatthAmA ke bIca bhISaNa vAgyuddha hotA hai aura azvatthAmA pratijJA karatA hai ki jaba taka karNa jIvita rahegA taba taka vaha astra nahIM grahaNa kregaa| isI bIca nepathya se bhImasena kI lalakAra sunAI par3atI hai aura ve duHzAsana ko pakar3akara use bacAne ke lie kauravoM ko cunautI dete haiN| duryodhana, karNa evaM azvatthAmA usakI rakSA ke lie Ate haiM taba taka bhImasena duHzAsana kA vadha kara apanI pratijJA pUrNa kara letA hai| caturtha aMka meM yuddha meM Ahata duryodhana ghara AtA hai aura use duHzAsana ke vadha kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| jaba vaha zokagrasta hokara rudana karatA hai| usI samaya sundaraka nAmaka dUta Akara use yuddha kI sthiti kA patA batAtA hai| dUta kaNaM kA eka patra bhI detA hai jo duHkhAtireka se pUrNa hai| duryodhana use par3hakara punaH yuddhasthala meM jAne ko udyata hotA hai, kintu usI samaya gAMdhArI, dhRtarASTra tathA saMjaya ke Agamana se ruka jAtA hai| paMcama aMka meM dhRtarASTra evaM gAndhArI dvArA duryodhana ko samajhAne evaM sandhi kara yuddha kI vibhISikA ko banda karane kA prastAva varNita hai, para duryodhana unase sahamati nahIM prakaTa krtaa| usI samaya karNa ke mAre jAne kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai aura duryodhana yuddha ke lie prasthAna karatA hai| duryodhana ko khojate hue bhIma evaM arjuna Ate haiM aura gAMdhArI tathA dhRtarASTra ko praNAma karate haiN| bhIma praNAma karate hue bhI kaTUktiyoM kA prayoga karatA hai / duryodhana bhIma ko phaTakAratA hai tathA donoM meM vAgyayuddha hotA hai / isI bIca bhIma aura arjuna ko yudhiSThira kA Adeza prApta hotA hai ki sandhyA ho gayI hai aura yuddha-samApti kA samaya ho gayA hai| tabhI azvatthAmA Akara duryodhana se kaNaM kI nindA kara svayaM apane bAhubala se pANDavoM kA saMhAra karane kI bAta kahatA hai / para, duryodhana use upAlambha dete hue kahatA hai ki jisa prakAra usane karNa ke vadha kI pratIkSA kI hai usI prakAra aba duryodhana kI mRtyu kI bhI pratIkSA kre| azvatthAmA apamAnita hokara calA jAtA hai, para dhRtarASTra saMjaya ko bheja kara usake krodha ko zAnta karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| __chaThe aGka meM nATakakAra ne atyanta rocakatA ke sAtha kathAnaka meM nayA mor3a diyA hai / yudhiSThira cintita mudrA meM dikhAI par3ate haiN| unakI cintA kA kAraNa hai bhIma kI yaha pratijJA jisake anusAra yadi ve sandhyA samaya taka duryodhana kA vadha na kareM to svayaM prANa de deNge| yaha bAta sunate hI duryodhana chipa jAtA hai aura bahuta khoja karane para bhI usakA patA nahIM cltaa| usI samaya zrIkRSNa kA sandeza lekara eka dUta AtA hai aura yaha sUcanA detA hai ki bhIma aura duryodhana meM gadA-yuddha ho rahA hai jisameM bhIma kI vijaya nizcita hai, ataH ve zIghra hI rAjyAbhiSeka kI taiyArI kreN| yudhiSThira haSita hai aura draupadI 'veNIsaMhAra' kA utsava manAne ke lie tatpara hai| usI samaya

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veNIsaMhAra ] ( 517 ) [ veNIsaMhAra duryodhana ke dala kA cArvAka nAmama rAkSasa saMnyAsI kA veSa dhara kara AtA hai aura kahatA hai ki usane bhIma evaM duryodhana kA gadA-yuddha to dekha liyA hai para pracaNDa dhUpa ke kAraNa, tRSArta ho jAne se, arjuna aura duryodhana kA yuddha nahIM dekha sakA / usane batAyA ki bhIma kI mRtyu ho cukI hai / kRSNa ko lekara balarAma mathurA cale gae haiM, ataH gadAyuddha meM arjuna kI mRtyu nizcita hai / isa hRdaya vidAraka samAcAra ko suna kara yudhiSThira aura draupadI zokAbhibhUta hokara marane ko tatpara hote haiM aura cArvAka kI sahAyatA se citA taiyAra kI jAtI hai / cArvAka unheM aura bhI adhika ukasAtA hai aura citA taiyAra hone para vahA~ se khisaka jAtA hai / vaha chipa kara donoM ke citArohaNa kI pratIkSA karane lagatA hai / usI samaya nepathya meM kolAhala sunAI par3atA hai aura yudhiSTira duryodhana kA Agamana jAna kara zastra dhAraNa karate haiM tathA draupadI chipane kA prayatna karatI hai / tatkSaNa duryodhana ke zoNita se raMjita bhImasena Akara draupadI ko pakar3a kara usakA veNI saMhAra karanA cAhate haiM aura yudhiSThira unheM duryodhana samajhakara bhujA meM kasa kara mAranA cAhate haiM / bhImasena unheM apanA paricaya detA hai aura kRSNa tathA arjuna bhI A jAte haiN| bharata vAkya ke pazcAt nATaka kI samApti ho jAtI hai / / 'veNIsaMhAra' kA uparyukta kathAnaka 'mahAbhArata' para AdhRta hote hue bhI kavi dvArA aneka parivatrtana kara lokapriya banAyA gayA haiM / isameM bhaTTanArAyaNa kI kAvyacAturI tathA nATyakalA donoM parilakSita hotI hai / yaha saMskRta kA adbhuta nATaka tathA isakA nAyakatva bhI vivAda kA prazna banA huA hai| vidvAnoM ne yudhiSThira, bhIma evaM duryodhana tInoM ko hI isakA nAyaka mAnakara apane mata kI puSTi ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke tarka upasthita kiye haiM isameM koI bhI pAtra aisA nahIM hai jo nAyaka kI sArI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara sake para sAtha hI kaI pAtra aise haiM jo nAyaka ke pada para adhiSThita kiye jA sakate haiN| aba yahAM hameM vicAra karanA hai ki isa pada ke lie kauna-sA pAtra adhika upayukta hai / pahale duryodhana ko liyA jAya - isa nATaka kI adhikAMza ghaTanAeM duryodhana se sambaddha haiM tathA vaha vIratA evaM AtmasammAna kI mUrti hai / vaha snehI bhrAtA, vizvasta mitra tathA kaTTara zatru ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / nATaka ke maMca para vaha adhika se adhika pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya, tRtIya, caturtha tathA paMcama a meM to vaha pratyakSa rUpa se upasthita rahatA hai tathA prathama aGka meM kRSNa ko bandI banAne meM usakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / antima aMka meM bhI bhImasena ke sAtha gadA-yuddha karane meM usakA kaI bAra ullekha huA hai| kauravoM kA rAjA hone ke kAraNa vaha nAyaka - pada ke lie sarvathA upayukta hai / katipaya vidvAn 'veNIsaMhAra' ko duHkhAnta racanA mAnakara usakA nAyaka duryodhana kI hI svIkAra karate haiN| para, isa mata meM bhI doSa dikhAI par3atA hai, kyoMki bhAratIya nATya paramparA ke anusAra nAyaka kA vadha varjita hai - 'nAdhikArivadhaM kApi' / dazarUpaka 3136, 'adhikRtanAyakavadhaM pravezakAdinA'pi na sUcayet / ' vahI dhanika kI TIkA anya kaI kAraNa bhI aise haiM jinase duryodhana isa nATaka kA nAyaka nahIM ho sakatA / nATyazAstrIya vyavasthA ke anusAra nAyaka kA dhIrodAtta honA Avazyaka hai, jo mahA

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veNIsaMhAra ] ( 518 ) | veNIsaMhAra www~~~~~ ~www sattva, ati gambhIra, kSamAvAn, avikatthana, sthira, nigUr3hAhaMkAra aura dRr3hata hotA hai / duryodhana meM uparyuka guNa nahIM pAye jAte, ataH bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra vaha nAyaka nahIM ho sakatA / bhImasena kI vIratA saMgrAmasthala meM dikhAI par3atI hai, kintu duryodhana kA vIratva vacanoM meM hI abhivyakta hotA hai / dvitIya aGka meM apanI patnI ke sAtha usakI zRGgArika bhaMgimAoM kA nidarzana anupayukta hai / jaba yuddha kI taiyArI ho rahI hai vaha bhAnumatI ko AliMgana pAza meM bAMdhe hue hai| isa nATaka meM kavi kA lakSya duryodhana kA vinAza dikhAnA hI hai / "aise samRddhizAlI vyakti kA vinAza citrita kara kavi ne deva kI parivartanazIla gati ko prastuta karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai / adhaHpatana kI ora jAtA huA duryodhana vorarasa kI uktiyoM meM yadyapi kisI prakAra bhI kama nahIM hai, para jIvana ke antima dinoM meM kicidapi camatkAra evaM puruSatva na dikhAne se use AtmasammAna evaM vIratA kI jAgrata mUtti samajhanA ucita pratIta nahIM hotA !" saMskRta nATakakAra pRSTha 176 / 'veNIsaMhAra' ke nAyakatva kA dUsarA pratyAzI bhImasena hai| isa nATaka ko pramukha ghaTanA evaM zIrSaka kA sambandha bhImasena se hI hai / isakI pramukha ghaTanA hai dropadI kI veNI kA saMhAra ( saMvAranA ), jise bhIma hI duryodhana kI jAMghoM ko tor3akara, usake rakta se hI, sampanna karatA hai / apane raktaraMjita hAthoM se, dropadI kI beNI gUMthakara vaha apanI pratijJA pUrNa karatA hai| yadi ise hI nATaka kA phala mAna liyA jAya to nATaka ke phala kA bhoktA bhImasena siddha hotA hai / apane lakSya kI pUrti meM vaha satata prayatnazIla dikhAI par3atA hai aura Arambha se anta taka usI kI darpoktiyAM sunAI par3atI haiM ( dvitIya aMka se duryodhana kA yaha kArya kaMcukI duryodhana kI jaMghA ke prasaMga meM 'bhanaM bhImena' kaha kara sabakA dhyAna AkRSTa kara detA hai / duryodhana kI bhAMti bhIma kA bhI prabhAva sampUrNa nATaka para chAyA rahatA hai, ataH uparyukta kAraNoM se katipaya Alocaka bhIma ko hI 'veNosaMhAra' kA nAyaka svIkAra karate haiM (de0 veNIsaMhAra : e kriTikala sTaDI pro0 e0 bI0 gajendragaDakara ), Arambha se anta taka bhImasena apanI vIratA pradarzita karatA hai ora chaThe aMka meM yaha bhI sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki duryodhana bAMdhavoM evaM sahAyakoM ke mAre jAne ke pazcAt prANoM ke bhaya se, kisI sarovara meM chipA huA hai| kSatriyocita karma kI dRSTi lAghanIya nahIM hai / yadyapi bhImasaina kA caritra prArambha se vIratA se pUrNa hai, tathApi bhAratIya paramparA use nAyakatva nahIM hai / bhIma dhIrodAtta nAyaka na hokara pratipakSI nAyaka karatA hai / vaha krodhI, AtmaprazaMkhI tathA ahaMkArI hone se nahIM baiThatA tathA dhRtarASTra evaM gAndhArI ko kaTuktiyoM se hicakatA / vaha apanI vANI para saMyama nahIM rakhatA, ataH nAyaka pada ke lie anupayukta siddha hotA hai / anta taka ujjvala tathA pradAna karane ko prastuta dhIroddhata kA pratinidhitva nAyakatva ke tRtIya pratyAzI dhIrodAtta nAyaka haiM, ata: inameM nAyaka pada ke lie upayukta marmAhata karane meM bhI nahIM yudhiSThira haiM, ye bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra nAyakatva kI pUrI kSamatA hai / ve dhIra, zAnta tathA avikatthana haiM / yudhiSThira ke pakSa meM anya aneka tathya bhI haiM jinase inakA

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veNIsaMhAra] (519) [ veNIsaMhAra nAyakatva khaNDita nahIM hotaa| isa nATaka kA nAmakaraNa pramukha ghaTanA para huA hai kintu vahI isakA 'phala' nahIM hai| isakA phala draupadI kA 'veNIsaMhAra' na hokara 'zatrusaMhAra' evaM rAjya kI prApti hai| tathA ina donoM ke hI bhoktA maharAja yudhiSTira haiM / bharata vAkya kA kathana karane vAlA vyakti hI nAyaka hotA hai aura isa nATaka meM yaha kArya yudhiTira dvArA sampAdita karAyA gayA hai, ataH inake nAyaka hone meM kisI prakAra kI dvidhA nahIM raha jaatii| vizvanAtha ne apane 'sAhitya-darpaNa' meM yudhiSTira ko hI 'veNIsaMhAra' kA nAyaka mAnA hai| paramparA ke vicAra se yudhiSTira hI isake nAyaka siddha hote haiM, para kavi ne inake caritra ko pUrNarUpa se ubharane nahIM diyA hai aura nAyaka ke caritra kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai| yudhiSThira nATaka ke antima aMka meM hI sAmane Ate haiM, zeSa aMkoM meM inakA vyaktitva ojhala rahatA hai tathA prathama evaM paMcama aka meM inakA ullekha nepathya se hotA hai| niSkarSa yaha ki paramparA ke vicAra se bhale hI isake nAyaka yudhiSThira hoM kintu kavi ne inake nAyakocita vikAsa para dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| vastu-yojanA'-veNIsaMhAra' saMskRta ke una nATakoM meM hai jisameM zAstrIyatA kA pUrNa nirvAha hai tathA nATyazAstrIya granthoM meM ise udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sandhiyoM, arthaprakRtiyoM evaM avasthAoM kA isameM saphala niyojana kiyA gayA hai| para, sandhyaGgoM kI yojanA ke sambandha meM vihAnoM ko katipaya truTiyAM dikhAI par3atI haiM / udAharaNasvarUpa-nATyazAstrIya granthoM meM mukhasandhi ke aMgoM ke pUrva hI vilobhana' kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai tatpazcAt prApti kA, para 'veNIsaMhAra' meM pahale prApti kA udAharaNa milatA hai taduparAnta vilobhana kaa| isI prakAra kA vyatikrama anya sandhiyoM meM bhI dikhAI par3atA hai| isa nATaka kA pradhAna kArya hai draupadI kA veNI bAMdhanA aura isakA bIja hai yudhiSThira kA krodha / kyoMki jaba taka ve krodhita nahIM hote yuddha kI ghoSaNA sambhava nahIM thii| 'veNIsaMhAra' ke prathama aMka ke antargata 'svasthA bhavantu mayi jIvati dhArtarASTrAH' bhIma ke isa kathana se lekara 'krodhajyotiridaM mahatkuruvane yaudhiSThiraM jambhate' ( 1124 ) taka yudhiSThira ke krodhasvarUpa bIja sUcita hotA hai, ataH prathama aMka meM mukhasandhi kA vidhAna hai| dvitIya aMka meM pratimukha sandhi dikhAI gayI hai, jahAM yudhiSThira kA krodharUpI bIja bindu ke rUpa meM prasarita hotA hai| tRtIya aMka meM garbhasandhi hai aura yaha paMcama aGka taka rahatI hai| chaThe aGka meM avamarza tathA nirvahaNa donoM sandhiyAM calatI haiN| prArambha meM yudhiSThira kI sandehAspada avasthA dikhAI par3atI hai aura vaha sthiti bhIma ke pahacAne jAne taka calatI hai, kintu kaMcukI dvArA bhImasena ke pahacAne jAne para nimhaNa sandhi mAtI hai aura usakA vidhAna anta taka hotA hai / isa prakAra zAstrIya dRSTi se 'isa nATaka kI kathAvastu kI yojanA upayukta pratIta hotI hai| para nATakIya dRSTi se isameM katipaya doSa dikhAI par3ate haiM / isa nATaka kI pramukha ghaTanA hai duryodhana kI jAMgha tor3akara bhIma dvArA draupadI kI veNI ko saMjAnA, para isameM mahAbhArata kI sampUrNa kathA kA niyojana kara nATakakAra ne kathAnaka ko vizRMkhala kara diyA hai| isameM aneka asambaddha ghaTanAoM kA bhI niyojana kara diyA gayA hai, jisase mUlakArya tathA kathA kI gati meM vyavadhAna upasthita ho jAtA hai| kArya-vyApAra ke

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veNIsaMhAra] (520 ) [veNIsaMhAra bAdhikya ke kAraNa, nATaka meM kAryAnviti kA abhAva hai tathA sabhI aDDoM ke dRzya asambaddha evaM vikhare se pratIta hote haiM / isI prakAra sabhI akhoM ke dRzya paraspara anusyUta nahIM dikhAI par3ate, aura na eka akha kI kathA kA dUsare meM vikAsa hotA hai| dvitIya aGka meM varNita bhAnumatI ke sAtha duryodhana kA praNaya-prasaGga nitAnta anupayukta evaM asambada hai tathA nATaka kI mukhya kathA ke sAtha isakA tuka bhI nahIM baiThatA aura vIrarasapradhAna nATaka ke lie yaha nitAnta anucita pratIta hotA hai| ataH AcArya mammaTa ne ise 'akANDe prathanam' nAmaka doSa meM parigaNita kiyA hai / 'vaNIsaMhAra' meM ghaTanAoM kA Adhikya hai, para unameM vyApArAnviti ( yUniTI oNpha ekzana ) kA abhAva hai| tRtIya aGka kA karNa-avazvatthAmA vivAda mArmika bhale hI ho, para nATakIya kathAvastu ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se anAvazyaka hai tathA donoM yoddhAoM kI pratispardA meM nATakIya sambhAvanAgoM kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakA hai| caturtha meM sundaraka dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA yuddha kA vistRta vivaraNa, nATaka ke lie upayukta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki yahAM nATakIya gati avaruddha ho gayI hai| yuddha ke sAre vyApAra ko maMca para upasthita na karAkara sundaraka ke hI muMha se sUcita karAyA gayA hai| itanA vistRta vivaraNa sAmAjikoM ke lie Uba paidA kara unake kautuhala ko naSTa kara detA hai| antima aGka meM cArvAka muni kI upakathA kA samAveza bhI anAvazyaka pratIta hotA hai tathA yudhiSThira kA bhIma ko duryodhana samajha lenA asvAbhAvika jJAta hotA hai| isa prakAra kathAvastu vyApArAnviti ke abhAva ke kAraNa zithila evaM vistRta saMvAdoM ke samAveza se gatihIna ho gayI hai / isake yuddhoM ke vistRta varNana zravyakAvya kI dRSTi se avazya hI mahatvapUrNa haiM, para raMgamaMca para unakA dikhAnA sambhava nahIM hai| ina sArI truTiyoM ke hote hue bhI, yaha nATaka, zAstrIya vidhAna kI dRSTi se, zuddha evaM lokapriya hai| adhikAMza AcAryoM ne zAstrIya vivecana meM-ise sthAna dekara, isakI vaidhAnika zuddhatA kI puSTi kI hai| nATakakAra ne isameM kAryAvasthA evaM arthaprakRti kI sundara rUpa se yojanA kI hai| bIja, vindu, patAkA, prakarI aura kArya ye pAMca artha prakRtiyAM haiN| isa nATaka kA 'kArya' yA phala hai draupadI kI veNI kA saMhAra yA sNvaarnaa| 'veNIsaMhAra' meM bhIma dvArA utsAhita yudhiSThira kA krodha hI 'bIja' hai aura vahI draupadI ke keza-saMyamanarUpa kArya kA hetu hai| isake dvitIya aGka meM duryodhana kI praNaya-ceSTA 'vindu' hai kyoMki yaha prasaGga mukhya itivRtta ko vicchinna kara detA hai, para jayadratha kI mAtA ke A jAne se punaH usakA dhyAna yuddha kI ora laga jAtA hai| tRtIya aGka meM azvatthAmA kA pitR-zoka tathA vilApa evaM karNa ke sAtha vAmmuTha patAkA' hai tathA sundaraka dvArA kiyA gayA yuddha-varNana bhI patAkA kI zreNI meM bAtA hai| paMcama aGka meM dhRtarASTra kA sandhi-prastAva evaM usake lie duryodhana ko samajhAnA aura cArvAka rAkSasa kA prasaGga 'prakarI' ke antargata Ate haiN| duryodhana-vadha ke pazcAta draupadI kA keza-saMyamana 'kArya' ho jAtA hai| kAryAvasthA kA niyojana-isameM pAMcoM avasthAoM Arambha, basna, prAptyAzA, niyatApti evaM phalAgama kI sundara DhaMga se yojanA kI gayI hai / prathama aMka meM draupadI kekeza-saMyamana ke lie bhImasena kA duryodhana ke rakta se usa kriyA ko sampanna karate

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beNIsaMhAra ] ( 521 ) [ veNIsaMhAra kI icchA vyakta karanA 'Arambha' nAmaka avasthA hai / dvitIya aMka meM jayadratha kI mAtA dvArA arjuna ke parAkrama kA varNana karanA 'yatna' hai / tRtIya evaM caturtha aMka meM prApyAzA kA rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai / bhImasena ke isa kathana meM 'so'yaM maddabhujapajare nipatitaH saMrakSyatAM kauravaH' tathA catuthaM aMka meM duryodhana kI mRtyu kI saMbhAvanA ke sUcaka zloka ( 2, 3, 4, 9 ) isI avasthA ke dyotaka haiN| chaThe aMka meM duryodhana kA patA laga jAnA tathA pAMcAlaka kA kRSNa kA sandeza lekara yudhiSThira ke pAsa AnA 'niyatApti' hai / antima avasthA 'phalAgama' kA rUpa bhImasena dvArA draupadI ke keza-saMyamana meM dikhAI par3atA hai / pAtra tathA caritra-citraNa - bhaTTanArAyaNa ne pAtroM ke zIla-nirUpaNa meM apUrva saphalatA prApta kI hai / yadyapi mahAbhArata se kathAvastu lene ke kAraNa, bhaTTanArAyaNa pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa meM pUrNataH svatantra nahIM the phira bhI unhoMne yathAsaMbhava unheM prANavanta evaM vaividhyapUrNa citrita kiyA hai| isake pramukha pAtra haiM-- bhIma, duryodhana, yudhiSThira, kRSNa, azvatthAmA, kaNaM evaM dhRtarASTra / nArI caritroM meM draupadI, bhAnumatI evaM gAndhArI haiM / bhImasena - 'veNIsaMhAra' nATaka meM Adyanta bhImasena kA prabhAva paridarzita hotA hai tathA pratyeka aMka meM usakI roSapUrNa garjanA tathA pratijJA sunAI par3atI hai| vaha roSa, sphUrti evaM utsAha kA pratIka evaM dRr3hapratijJa vyakti ke rUpa meM citrita hai / yudhiSThira use 'priyasAhasa' ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| isa nATaka kA prArambha bhImasena ke hI praveza se hotA hai tathA pUre nATaka para usake vyaktitva kI akhaNDa chApa dikhAI par3atI hai / vaha prArambha se hI pratizodha kI jvAlA meM saMtapta hai evaM sAtha zrIkRSNa kI sandhi-vArtA usake lie asahya hai / usakA pratizodha aura isake lie yadi usake bar3e bhAI yudhiSThira avarodha upasthita kareM, to vaha unakI AjJA kA ullaMghana karane ko bhI prastuta hai / tRtIya aMka meM sArI kaurava senA ke samakSa vaha duHzAsana ko pakar3a kara, kauravoM ko usakI rakSA kI cunautI detA huA, use mAra kara apanI pratijJA pUrI karatA hai| paMcama aMka meM vaha duryodhana ke sammukha buddha evaM vikala dhRtarASTra ko kaTUktiyoM ke prahAra se vyathita kara detA hai, jisameM usakA jaMgalIpana evaM uddhata svabhAva prakaTa hotA hai / vaha aisA darpommatta uddhata nAyaka hai jisake vyaktitva kI ekamAtra vizeSatA hai-pratizodha evaM pratijJA-pUrti / usakI garvoktiyoM ke dvArA nATakakAra ne raudrarasa kI sRSTi apUrva saphalatA prApta kI hai| vaha apamAna kA badalA lene ke Aveza meM ucitAnucita ko bhI bhUla jAtA hai aura yahI usake caritra kA durbala pakSa hai / duryodhana- isa nATaka meM duryodhana ke caritra meM vividhatA dikhAI par3atI hai / bahuta aMzoM meM isakA caritra bhImasena se sAmya rakhatA hai / vaha bhIma kI bhA~ti uddhata svabhAva kA hai tathA kabhI bhI, kisI paristhiti meM bhI, hAtha-para-hAtha dhara kara nahIM baiThatA / har3a nizcaya usake caritra kI bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| vaha AtmavizvAsI hai, ataH use apanI vijaya para dRr3ha vizvAsa hai / isa nATaka meM vaha sarvaprathama dvitIya aMka meM dikhAI kauravoM ke bhayaMkara hai,

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veNIsaMhAra] (522) [veNIsaMhAra par3atA hai, jahAM eka zRGgArI evaM vilAsI vyakti ke rUpa meM citrita hai| vaha yuddha kI vibhISikA ko bhUla kara apanI patnI ke prati praNaya-krIr3A meM vyasta ho jAtA hai tathA premAvezameM priyA ke vrata ko bhaMga kara use hAliMgana meM Abaddha kara letA hai / dvitIya aMka meM hI vaha vIratva se pUrNa bhI dikhAI par3atA hai tathA apanI patnI kI AzaMkAoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahatA hai ki tuma siMharAja kI patnI hokara bhayabhIta kyoM hotI ho / vaha luka-chipa kara yuddha na kara zatru se pratyakSa rUpa se lar3anA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra vIratA meM vaha nizcita rUpa se siMharAja hI pratIta hotA hai / vaha dayAvAn bhI hai tathA apane AzritoM para sadaiva dayA dikhAtA hai| vaha vIratA kA pratIka hai tathA acetAvasthA meM bhI sArathI ko raNakSetra se apane ko haTA dene meM kAyaratA samajhatA hai / vaha sahRdaya bhrAtA ke rUpa meM citrita hai tathA duHzAsana ke lie apane prANoM kI bAjI lagAne ko bhI prastuta rahatA hai| vaha saccA mitra bhI hai aura kaNaM ke prati apUrva prema pradarzita karatA hai / usakI mRtyu kA samAcAra suna kara vaha thoka vihvala ho uThatA hai / mAtA-pitA ke prati usake mana meM sammAna kA bhAva hai| usakA gavaMzIla vyaktitva kabhI mukanA nahIM cAhatA aura vaha jo kucha bhI karatA hai usake lie kheda nahIM karatA / SaSTha aMka meM jaba yaha prastAva AtA hai ki pAMcoM pANDavoM meM se vaha kisI ke sAtha bhI gadAyuddha kare to vaha durbaloM ko na cunakara bhImasena se hI lar3ane ko prastuta hotA hai| duryodhana kA na jhakane vAlA vyaktitva hI isa nATaka meM AkarSaNa kA kAraNa hai / ___yudhiSThira-veNIsaMhAra' meM yudhiSThira kA caritra thor3I dera ke liye upasthita kiyA gayA hai| nATaka ke antima aMka meM ve raMgamaMca para Ate haiN| ve svabhAva se nyAyapriya evaM sahanazIla vyakti haiN| ve krodha ko yathAsaMbhava zamita karanA cAhate haiM para atyAcAra ke samakSa jhukanA nahIM cAhate aura antataH yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAte haiN| prathama aMka meM kRSNa dvArA zAnti-prastAva le jAnA yudhiSThira kI zAntipriyatA kA ghotaka hai, para kRSNa ke prayAsa ke asaphala hone para ve yuddha kI ghoSaNA kara dete haiN| inake caritra meM vIratA ke sAtha nyAyapriyatA evaM zAnti unake vyaktitva kA asAdhAraNa guNa hai| inakA vyaktitva karuNA tathA bhAvukatA kA samanvita rUpa prastuta karatA hai / bhIma kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sunate hI ve agni meM jala jAne ko taiyAra ho jAte haiM aura isa para zAnta citta se vicAra nahIM karate / nATaka kI sArI kathA ke kendra rUpa meM inakA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa, kaNaM evaM azvatthAmA kA caritra alpa samaya ke lie citrita kiyA gayA hai| kRSNa nATaka ke anta meM dikhAI par3ate haiM tathA rAjanIti meM siddhahasta puruSa ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gae haiN| ve sampUrNa nATaka kI ghaTanA ke sUtradhAra tathA bhagavAn bhI haiN| draupadI-yaha vIrapatnI ke rUpa meM citrita kI gayI hai| isameM AtmasammAna kA bhAva bharA huA hai / vIratA ke prati usakA isa prakAra AkarSaNa hai ki use yudhiSThira kI nyAyaparAyaNatA bhI durbalatA siddha hotI hai / saccI kSatrANI ke anurUpa usakA krodha dikhAI par3atA hai| sahadeva evaM bhIma ke raNakSetra meM jAte samaya unakI maMgala-kAmanA karatI hai,

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vedAMga jyotiSa ] ( 523 ) [ vedAMga jyotiSa isameM isakI nArIsulabha komalatA pradarzita hotI hai / vaha patnI ke rUpa meM bhIma ko apane zarIra se asAvadhAnI nahIM rakhane para jora detI hai aura bhIma evaM arjuna kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sunakara jala marane ko prastuta ho jAtI hai / bhAnumatI Adarza hindU gRhiNI ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atI hai jo sadA apane pati ke maMgala kI kAmanA karatI hai tathA isIlie vrata karatI hai / vaha eka dharma bhIru nArI kI bhA~ti duHsvapna para vizvAsa kara, bhAvI AzaMkA se pIr3ita hokara, usake parihAra kA upAya karatI hai / rasa- 'veNIsaMhAra' vIrarasapradhAna nATaka hai / isake prathama aMka meM hI vIrarasa kI jo ajastra dhArA pravAhita hotI hai vaha apratihata gati se anta taka calatI hai| bIca-bIca meM zRGgAra, karuNa evaM anya rasoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai, kintu inakI pradhAnatA nahIM hai| vIroM ke darpapUrNa vArtAlApa evaM kaTUktiyoM meM raudrarasa kA bhI rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai / dvitIya aMka meM duryodhana kI premila -bhaMgimAoM meM zRGgArarasa kA varNana hai / vIrarasa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha isameM karuNa rasa kI sarvatra chAyA dikhAI par3atI hai / vRSasena evaM kaNaM kI mRtyu se duryodhana ke zokamagna hone meM karuNa rasa kI vyabjanA huI hai / SaSTha aMka cArvAka dvArA bhIma aura arjuna kI mRtyu kA samAcAra pAkara yudhiSTira aura draupadI ke zokagrasta hone meM bhI karuNa rasa kI abhivyakti huI hai / katipaya vidvAn isa nATaka ko duHkhAnta mAnate hue, karuNa rasa kA hI prAdhAnya mAnate haiM / tRtIya aMka ke pravezaka meM rAkSasa aura rAkSasI ke vArttAlApa meM bIbhatsarasa dikhAI par3atA hai / sampUrNa nATaka meM vIrarasa kI hI pradhAnatA hai aura anya rasa usake sahAyaka rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM / bhIma kI garvokti meM vIrarasa kI vyaMjanA huI hai / yogirAja zrIkRSNa ke duryodhana kI sabhA se asaphala lauTane meM bhImasena kI ukti meM zAnta rasa kI chaTA dikhAI gayI hai AdhAragrantha - 1. veNIsaMhAra - hindI anuvAda sahita - caukhambA prakAzana / 2. veNIsaMhAra : e kriTikala sTaDI ( aMgarejI ) e0 vI0 gajendragaDakara / 3 TujeDija ina saMskRta --- prosiDiMgas oNpha eTa orienTala kaoNnapherensa - 1935, pR0 299 lekhaka zrIrAmacandrarAva / 4. saMskRta kAvyakAra - DaoN0 haridattazAstrI / 5. saMskRta nATakakAra - kAntikizora bharatiyA / 6. saMskRta nATaka ( hindI anuvAda ) kItha / 7. saMskRta nATaka-samIkSA - indrapAla siMha 'indra' | vedAMga jyotiSa - yaha bhAratIya jyotiSazAstra kA sarvAdhika prAcIna grantha hai / vidvAnoM ne bhASA evaM zailI ke parIkSaNa ke AdhAra para isakA samaya I0 pU0 500 mAnA hai / isameM kula 44 zloka haiN| isake do pATha prApta hote haiM- 'Rgveda jyotiSa' tathA 'yajurveda jyotiSa' 'Rgveda jyotiSa' meM 36 zloka haiM aura 'yajurveda jyotiSa' meM 44 / donoM ke adhikAMzataH zloka milate-julate haiM para unake krama meM bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai / 'vedAMga jyotiSa' meM paMcAga banAne ke Arambhika niyamoM kA varNana hai / isameM mahInoM kA krama candramA ke anusAra hai aura eka mAsa ko tIsa bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara pratyeka bhAga ko tithi kahA gayA hai| isake lekhaka kA patA nahIM calatA para grantha ke anusAra kisI lagadha nAnaka vidvAn se jJAna prApta karake ho isake lekhaka ne isakI

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vIrabhadrasena campU ] ( 524 ) racanA kI thii| isameM varNita viSayoM ko sUcI prArambha meM dI gayI hai / paJcasaMvatsaramayayugAdhyakSaM prajApatim / dinatthaMyanamAsAGgaM praNamya zirasA zuciH // jyotiSAmayanaM puNyaM pravakSyAmyanupUrvazaH / sammataM brAhmaNendrANAM yajJakAlArthasiddhaye // zloka 1, 2 // AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa - DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda / [ veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa mw vIrabhadrasena campU- isake racayitA padmanAbha mizra haiN| inake pitA kA nAma balabhadra mizra thA / inhoMne kAvya ke atirikta darzana-granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| inake sabhI granthoM kI saMkhyA gyAraha hai| inakI pramukha racanAeM haiM- vIrabhadradevacampU ( racanA kAla 1577 I0 ) tathA jayadeva kRta 'candrAloka' kI zaradAgama TIkA / apane campUkAvya ke nirmANa-kAla kavi ne svayaM diyA hai - yugarAmatuMzazAMka varSe caitre site prathame / zrIvIrabhadracampUH pUrNAbhUcchreyase viduSAm // 7 / 7 yaha grantha sAta ucchvAsoM meM vibhakta hai jise kavi ne mahArAja rIvA nareza rAmacandra ke putra vIrabhadradeva ke Agraha para likhA yA / vIrabhadra svayaM bhI kavi the aura inhoMne 1577 I0 meM 'kandapaM cUDAmaNi' nAmaka kAvya kI racanA kI thii| kavi ne isa campU meM vIrabhadradeva kA carita varNita kiyA hai aura kathA ke krama meM mandodarI evaM vibhISaNa kA bhI prasaMga upasthita kara diyA hai / kavi ne rIvAnareza kI tatkAlIna samRddhi kA atyanta hI sundara varNana kiyA hai / isa campU kA prakAzana prAcyavANI mandira 3 pheDarezana sTrITa kalakattA 9, se ho cukA hai / isake gadya evaM padya donoM hI lalita haiM / sahajadhavalamacchaM bhAlabAlenduyogAdapi ca vimalakAnti svardhunIvAripUraiH / nijavapuramRtAbhaM nirjitaM yasya kIrtyA dhavalayati nitAntaM bhasmanA bhUtanAthaH // 1 / 11 AdhAragrantha - campU- kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / 1 vetAlapaJcaviMzati- isameM saMskRta kI 25 rocaka kathAoM kA saMgraha hai / isakI racanA zivadAsa nAmaka vyakti ne kI thii| prasiddha jarmana vidvAna harTala ke anusAra isakI racanA 1487 I0 ke pUrva huI thii| isakA prAcInatama hastalekha isI samaya kA prApta hotA hai / jarmana vidvAn hAinariza Ule ne 1884 I0 meM lAijiMga se isakA prakAzana karAyA thaa| isameM gadya kI pradhAnatA hai aura bIca-bIca meM zloka bhI diye gae haiN| DaoN0 kItha ke anusAra zivadAsa kRta saMskaraNa 12 vIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA nahIM hai / isakA dvitIya saMskaraNa jambhaladatta kRta hai tathA isameM padyAtmaka nItivacanoM kA abhAva hai / zivadAsa ke saMskaraNa meM kSemendra kRta 'bRhatkathAmamjarI' ke bhI paca prApta hote haiM / [ hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita, anuvAdaka paM0 dAmodara jhA ] veda kA samaya nirUpaNa - veda ko racanAtithi ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM atyadhika matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| vedoM ke nirmANa-kAla ke sambandha meM adyAvadhi jitane anusaMdhAna hue haiM unameM kisI prakAra kI nizcitatA nahIM hai / bhAratIya vizvAsa ke anusAra veda anAdi aura apauruSeya haiM, ataH unheM samaya kI paridhi meM Abaddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / kucha Adhunika dRSTivAle vidvAnoM ne bhI vedoM kA kAla atyanta

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veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa] (525 ) [veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa prAcIna yA pacAso hajAra varSa pUrva nizcita kara prakArAntara se isa vicAra kA poSaNa kiyA hai| ThIka isake viparIta pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi vaijJAnika DhaMga se isa prazna ke samAdhAna kI ora rahI hai| ve vedoM ko RSiyoM kI racanA mAnakara unheM pauruSeya svIkAra karate haiN| vedoM ko manuSya kI kRti mAna kara unhoMne jo unakI nizcita sImA nirdhArita kI hai use bhI antima satya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, para unakI zodhAtmaka paddhati evaM niSkarSa sarvathA nirmUla evaM upekSaNIya bhI nahIM hai| vinTaranitsa kA kahanA hai ki "kintu veda bhAratIya vAGmaya kI prAcInatama kRti hai, iNDo-Aryana sabhyatA kA mUla AdhAra evaM srota hai, so, prastuta prazna kA kicit samAdhAna aitihAsikoM, purAtatvavidoM, api ca bhASAvidoM ke lie bhI paryApta mahattvapUrNa hai| aura sacamuca, yadi iNDo-Aryana tathA iNDo-yUropiyana saMskRtiyoM ke aitihAsika yugoM kA kucha nizcita krama biThAyA jA sakatA hai, to vaha bhI bhAratavarSa meM niSpanna Arya-saMskRti ke prAcInatama avazeSoM ke vibhinna kAloM ko yathAkrama sthira karake hI ( siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ); anyathA nhiiN|' prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 1 pR0 224 / ___ maiksamUlara kA vicAra-pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM sarvaprathama maiksamUlara ne isa prazna kI chAnabIna meM jIvana paryanta zodha-kArya kiyaa| unhoMne 1859 I0 meM apane grantha 'prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya' meM sarvaprathama Rgveda kA nirmANa kAla khojane kA prayatna kiyA aura nirNaya diyA ki usakI racanA vikramapUrva 1200 varSa huI thii| unhoMne apane nirNaya kA 'kendrIya tithi-bindu' bauddhadharma ke udaya ko mAna kara batAyA ki usa samaya taka sabhI vaidika sAhitya (saMhitA, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSad evaM kalpAdi) kA nirmANa ho cukA thA, kyoMki brAhmaNoM aura zrautasUtroM meM varNita yajJAnuSThAna kA hI buddhadeva dvArA ghora virodha kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne samasta vaidika yuga ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA-chandakAla, mantrakAla, brAhmaNakAla evaM sUtrakAla tathA pratyeka yuga ke lie do-do sau varSoM kA samaya nizcita karate hue sUtrakAla ko 600 varSa pUrva, brAhmaNakAla ko 600 se 200I0pU0 aura mantrayuga ko 1000 vi0pU0 mAnA / unake anusAra 1200 vi0 pU0 se 1000 taka vaidika saMhitAoM kA racanA-kAla hai| maiksamUlara kI isa dhAraNA ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnyasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyaa| tIsa varSa bAda maiksamUlara ne 'bhautikadharma' zIrSaka jiphorDa bhASaNamAlA meM batAyA ki saMsAra kI koI bhI aisI zakti nahIM hai jo yaha nizcita kara de ki vedoMkI racanA 1000 yA 1500 yA 2000 yA 3000 varSa I0 pU0 huI thii| unakA kahanA hai ki 1000 I0 pU0 taka veda bana cuke the; 1500 yA 2000 yA 3000 I0 pU0 taka prathama vaidika kavitA sunI gaI, ise jAnane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nhiiN|" maiksamUlara kA kAla-nirNaya kAlpanika AdhAroM para pratiSThita hai| tathA kisI bhASA yA sAhitya ke vikAsa ke lie do sau varSoM kI sImA bhI paryApta anucita hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI maiksamUlara ke isa vicAra kI AlocanA kI hai| hiTanI ne unakI isa bandha-paramparA kI spaSTa sabdoM meM nindA kI thI tathA zreTara ne 1500

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veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa] ( 526 ) yA 2000 varSa pUrva vaidika vAGmaya ko pahuMcAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| usI samaya yAkobI ne jyotiSavijJAna kI gaNanA ke AdhAra para vedoM kA samaya cAra sahasra varSa pUrva nizcita kiyaa| bhAratIya vidvAn lokamAnya tilaka ne bhI jyotiSavijJAna kA AdhAra grahaNa karate hue veda kA racanA kAla 6000 vi0 pU0 se 2500 vi0 pU0 taka nizcita kiyaa| tilaka ke pUrva prasiddha mahArASTrI vidvAn zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ne apane grantha 'bhAratIya jyotiH zAstra' (pUnA 1896 I0 ) meM jyotiSa-gaNanA ke AdhAra para Rgveda kA kAla 3500 varSa.vi0 pU0 nirdhArita kiyA hai / unhoMne 'zatapathabrAhmaza' meM nakSatra-nirdezaka varNana prApta kara usake racanA-kAla para vicAra kiyA hai| jarmana vidvAna yAkobI ne kalpasUtra ke vivAha-prakaraNa meM vara. vadhU ko dhruva dikhAne ke varNana 'dhruvaiva sthirAbhava' kA kAla 2700 I0 pU0 kA mAnA hai| Rgveda ke vivAhamantroM meM dhruva dikhAne kI prathA kA ullekha nahIM hai| isake AdhAra para yAkobI ne Rgveda kA kAla 4000 I0 pU0 nizcita kiyaa| yAkobI ke isa mata kA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA pUrNa virodha huA / lokamAnyatilaka ne 'orAyana' nAmaka grantha meM vedoM ke kAlanirNaya para vicAra karate hue jyotirvijJAna kA hI sahArA liyA hai| unhoMne nakSatra-gati ke AdhAra para brAhmaNoM kA racanA-kAla 2500 vi0 pU0 nirdhArita kiyaa| tilaka jI ne batAyA ki jisa samaya kRttikA nakSatra kI sabhI nakSatroM meM pramukhatA thI tathA usake AdhAra para anya nakSatroM kI sthiti kA patA calatA thA, vaha samaya Aja se 4500 varSa pUrva thaa| unhoMne mantra saMhitAoM kA nirmANa-kAla mRgazirA nakSatra ke AdhAra para nizcita kiyaa| unake anusAra mRgazirA nakSatra ke dvArA hI Rgveda meM mantra saMhitAoM ke yuga meM basanta-sampAt ke hone kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai| khagolavidyA ke anusAra mRgazirA kI yaha sthiti Aja se 6500 varSa pUrva nizcita hotI hai| yadi mantra-saMhitA ke nirmANa se 2000 varSa pUrva vedamantroM kI racanA kI avadhi svIkAra kara lI jAya to veda kA samaya vi0 pU0 6500 varSa hogaa| unhoMne vaidika kAla ko cAra yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| 1aditikAla (6000-4000 vi0 pU0), 2-mRgazirAkAla ( 4000-2500 vi0 pU0), 3-kRttikAkAla ( 2500-1400 vi0 pU0) 4-antimakAla (1400500 vi0 puu0)| zilAlekha kA vivaraNa-1907 I. meM DAkTara hago vimkalara ko eziyAmAinara (TarkI) ke 'boSAja-koi' nAmaka sthAna meM 'hittitti' evaM 'mitAni' jAti ke do rAjAoM ke bIca kabhI hue yuddha ke nivAraNArtha sandhi kA ullekha thaa| isa sandhi kI sAkSI ke rUpa meM donoM jAtiyoM ke devatAoM kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| devoM kI sUcI meM hittitti jAti ke devoM ke atirikta mitAni jAti ke devatAoM meM varuNa, indra nAsatyo ( azvina ) ke nAma diye gae haiN| ye lekha 1400 I0 pU0 ke haiN| isake dvArA yUropIya vidvAnoM ne mitAni jAti ko bhAratIya AryoM kI eka zAkhA mAna kara donoM kA sambandha sthApita kiyaa| isase yaha sikha humA ki 140060 pU0 bhAratavarSa meM

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veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa ] ( 527 ) vaidika devatAoM kI pratiSThA ho cukI thI / isake AdhAra para veda kA racanA-kAla 2000 se 2500 I0 pU0 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai / DaoN0 avinAzacandra dAsa ne 'Rgvedika iNDiyA' nAmaka grantha meM bhaugolika tathA bhUgarbha-sambandhI ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para isakI racanA evaM vaidika sabhyatA ko IsA se 25 hajAra varSa pUrva siddha kiyA hai, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vaijJAnika na mAnakara bhAvuka RSiyoM kI kalpanA kahA hai / paNDita dInAnAtha zAstrI cuTela ne apane 'vedakAlanirNaya' nAmaka grantha meM jyotiSazAstra ke AdhAra para vedoM kA samaya Aja se tIna lAkha varSa pUrva siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| DaoN0 vinTaranitsa ne vaidika kAlagaNanA ke vivecana kA sArAMza prastuta karate hue jo apanA nirNaya diyA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai [ veda kA samaya nirUpaNa W 1 1 - nakSatra-vijJAna ke AdhAra para vaidika-kAla-nirNaya kucha nizcita nahIM ho pAtA, kyoMki aise prakaraNoM kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha hI abhI taka paryApta matabheda hai / sovaijJAnika dRSTi se ye tithiyAM kitanI ho sahI hoM, kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie unakA mUlya taba taka kucha bhI nahIM - jaba taka ki ukta prakaraNoM ke sambandha meM vidvAn ekamata nahIM ho jAte / 2 - kyUniphArma abhilekhoM meM athavA boghAjakoi ke sikkoM meM Aye aitihAsika tathya apane Apa meM itane anizcita haiM, aura vaidika prAcInatA kA iNDo-yUropiyana yuga ke sAtha paraspara-sambandha bhI eka aisI asthira so yukti hai - ki jisake AdhAra para vidvAna adyAvadhi nitAnta vibhinna niSkarSo para pahuMcate raheM haiN| hAM, eziyAmAinara tathA pazcimI eziyA ke sAtha bhAratIyoM ke sambandha kI yukti, alabattA, vaidika yuga ko dUsarI sahasrAbdI IsavI pUrva se bahuta idhara nahIM lA sakatI / 3 - veda aura avestA meM vaidika aura laukika meM ( bhASAgata ) paraspara sAdRzya-vibheda kI yukti bhI hameM kinhIM nizcita tathyoM para pahu~cAtI pratIta nahIM hotI / 4 - alabattA, bhASA kI yahI yukti hameM saceta avazya kara detI hai ki-vyartha hI hama bhUgarbhavidyA athavA hiraNyagarbhavidyA ke jhAMse meM Akara vedoM ko kahIM bIsa cAlIsa hajAra sAla IsavI pUrva taka le jAne na laga jAyeM / 5- aura anta meM, jaba sabhI yuktiyA~-sabhI sAkSiyoMvyartha siddha ho jAtI haiM, taba veda kI tithi ke sambandha meM eka hI pramANa baca rahatA hai - aura vaha ( pramANa ) hai : bhAratIya vAGmaya kI aitihAsika paramparA kA svato'bhyudaya | bhArata ke aitihAsika purANapuruSa pAvaM, mahAvIra, buddha-sampUrNa vaidika vAGmaya kI sattA ko apane se pUrva 'vinizcita' svIkAra karate haiM, arthAt vaidika vAGmaya ke kisI bhI aMga ko hama 500 I0 ke pU0 se idhara ( kisI bhI hAlata meM ) nahIM lA sakate; aura suvidhA ke lie yadi 1200 yA 1500 I0 pU0 ko hama vaidika vAGmaya kA Arambha-bindu mAna leM, to zeSa sAhitya kI vipulatA ko hama 700 varSoM kI choTI-sI avadhi meM phalatA-phUlatA nahIM dekha sakate / so, isa mahAn sAhityika yuga kA zrIgaNeza 2500/2000 I0 pU0 meM huA aura anta 750 / 500 I0 pU0 meMaisA mAnane se hama donoM prakAra kI atiyoM se bhI baca jAte haiM : isase na to veda itane prAcIna ho jAte haiM ki unameM pauruSeyatA kA aMza nipaTa durlabha ho jAya aura na itane -

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veda ke bhASyakAra] ( 528 ) [veda ke bhASyakAra arvAcIna hI ki unakI sAhityika saMgati nipaTa Adhunika pratIta hone lage-avaidika hI pratIta hone lage / prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-bhAga 1, khaNDa 1 pR0 216-37 / / Rgveda ke kAla-nirNaya ke sambandha meM ye hI pradhAna vicAra haiM / ina khojoM ke AdhAra para pAzcAtya vidvAn bhI ise aba utanA arvAcIna siddha nahIM karate aura unake vicAra se bhI vedoM kA nirmANakAla IsA se 2500 varSa pUrva nizcita hotA hai| katipaya bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne idhara kaI dRSTiyoM se beda kI racanA-tithi para vicAra kiyA hai, kintu unake mata ko pUrNa mAnyatA nahIM prApta ho skii| 1. pro0 lATUsiMha gautama-40 lAkha bIsa hajAra varSa pUrva (Aja se ) 2. zrI amalanekara-I0 pU0 4500 vrss| 3. zrIraghunandana zarmA-88000 varSa I0pU0 / 4. pAvagI-8000 varSa pUrva ( Aja se ) 5. vaidya-3100. varSa I0 puu0| 6. pANDara bhaNDArakara-3000 I0 puu0| 7. jayacandravidyAlara-3000 I0 puu0| grantha-sUcI ( jinameM vaidika kAla-nirNaya para vicAra kiyA gayA hai ) 1. vebarahisTrI baoNpha iNDiyana liTarecara / 2. hviTanI-oriyanTala eNDa liMgvisTika sTaDija, phasTa sIrIja / 3. zreDara-iNDiyana liTarecara eNDa kalpara / 4. luDaviza-ubera De iravAhanaMga sonmena phinTaTaranissena ina Rgveda ( jarmana ) / 5. maiksamUlara-hisTrI aoNpha ensiyanTa saMskRta littrecr.| 6. avinAzacandra dAsa-Rgvedika innddiyaa| 7. vaidya-hisTrI baoNpha vaidika liTarecara bhAga 1 / 8. luI reno-Rgvedika igiyA / 9. bhAratIya vidyAbhavana mAlA-saM. zrI ke. ema. munzI-vedika ej| 10. lokamAnya vilaka-orAyana / 11. vinTaranitsa-prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 1 ( hindI anuvaad)| 12. zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita-bhAratIya jyotiSa ( hindI anuvaad)| 13. paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti / 14. 50 bhagavaddatta-vaidika vAGmaya kA itihAsa bhAga 1 / 15. DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan-bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 (hindI anuvaad)| 16. paM0 rAmagovinda trivedI-vaidika sAhitya / ' 17. zrIaravinda-veda rahasya ( hindI anuvaad)| 18. paM0 raghunandana zarmA-vaidika smptti| veda ke bhASyakAra-pratyeka veda ke baneka bhASyakartA hue haiN| unakA yahA~ paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| 1. skandasvAmI-inhoMne Rgveda para bhASya likhA hai| inakA kAla saM0 682 (625 I0 ) hai| inhoMne nirukta para bhI TIkA likhI thii| inakA RgbhASya atyanta vistRta hai jisameM pratyeka sUkta ke devatA evaM RSi kA bhI ullekha hai tathA apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie anukramaNI granthoM, nighaNTu tathA niraka Adi ke uddharaNa die gae haiN| isameM vyAkaraNa-sambandhI tathyoM kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhASya kevala cauthe aSTaka taka hI prApta hotA hai / isakA prakAzana ananta zayana granthAvalI se ho cukA hai| 2. nArAyaNa-veMkaTa mAdhava ke Rgveda bhASya ke eka zloka se patA calatA hai ki skanda svAmI, nArAyaNa evaM udgItha ne kramaka sammilita rUpa se eka hI RgbhASya likhA hai| inakA AnumAnika saMvat 7vIM zatAbdI hai| skandasvAmI nArAyaNa udgItha iti te kramAt / cakra: mahakamRgbhASyaM padavAkyAI

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veda ke bhASyakAra ] ( 529 ) [ veda ke bhASyakAra pUrvavartI the / mata diyA hai nighaNTu ke gocaram || 3 udgItha - inakA ullekha sAyaNa evaM AtmAnanda ne apane bhASyoM meM kiyA hai / 4 mAdhava bhaTTa -- Rgveda ke mAdhava nAmaka cAra bhASyakAroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / inameM eka kA sambandha sAmaveda se tathA zeSa kA sambandha Rgveda se hai / eka mAdhava to sAyaNAcArya ho haiM / dUsare mAdhava haiM veMkaTamAdhava / eka anya mAghava kI prathama aSTaka kI TIkA prakAzita huI hai ( madrAsa se ) / yaha TIkA alpAkSara hai kintu mantroM ke artha-jJAna ke lie atyanta upayogI hai / 5. veMkaTamAdhava - inhoMne sampUrNa Rk saMhitA para bhASya likhA hai / bhASya ke antima adhyAya meM inhoMne jo apanA paricaya diyA hai usake anusAra inake pitAmaha kA nAma veMkaTamAdhava pitA kA nAma veMkaTAcArya, mAtAmaha kA nAma bhavagola evaM mAtA kA nAma sundarI thA / inake do putra the veMkaTa evaM govinda / ye coladeza ( AndhraprAnta ) ke nivAsI the| ye sAyaNa ke sAyaNa ne R0 10 86 1 ke bhASya meM mAdhavabhaTTa kA bhASyakAra devarAja yajvA ne apane bhASya ke upodghAta meM veMkaTAcAyaMtanaya mAdhava kA ullekha kiyA hai-- zrIveMkaTAcAryatanayasya mAdhavasya bhASyakRto nAmAnukramaNyAH paryAlocanAt kriyate / isase ye devarAja yajvA ( maM0 1370 ) ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiM / inakA samaya 1300 vikrama se pUrva nizcita hotA hai / inakA bhASya atyanta saMkSipta hai jisameM kevala mantroM ke padoM kI hI vyAkhyA hai-- 'varjayan zabdavistAraM zabdaH katipayairiti / isakA prakAzana DaoN0 lakSmaNasarUpa ke saMpAdana meM motIlAla banArasIdAsa se ho cukA hai / 6. dhAnuSkayajvA - inakA samaya 1300 vi0 saM0 se pahale kA hai / inhoMne tInoM vedoM para bhASya likhA hai / inakA ullekha vedAcArya kI sudarzana 'mImAMsA' meM hai / 7. AnandatIrthaM - ye prasiddha dvaitavAdI AcArya madhva haiM / inhoMne Rgveda ke katipaya mantroM kI vyAkhyA kI hai jinameM 40 sukta haiM tathA yaha bhASya padyAtmaka hai / 8. AtmAnanda - inhoMne Rgveda ke antargata 'asya vAmIya' sUkta para bhASya likhA hai / isameM skanda bhAskara Adi kA nAmollekha hai para sAyaNa kA nahIM / ye sAyaNa ke pUrvavartI jJAta hote haiM / inhoMne svayaM apane bhASya ko adhyAtmaparaka kahA hai - adhiyajJaviSayaM skandAdibhASyam, niruktamadhidaivataviSayam; idantu bhASyamadhyAtmaviSayamiti / na ca bhinnaviSayANAM virodhaH / asya bhASyasya mUlaM viSNudharmottaram / 9. sAyaNa - inake paricaya ke lie de0 sAyaNa / / sAmabhASya - 1. mAdhava - ye sAma-saMhitA ke prathama bhASyakAra haiM / inhoMne 'vivaraNa' nAmaka bhASya likhA hai / inakA bhASya abhI taka aprakAzita hai / inakA samaya vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI hai / inakA ullekha mahAkavi bANabhaTTa ne kiyA hai / 'rajojuSe janmani sattvavRttaye sthitI prajAnAM pralaye tamaHspRze / ajAya sargasthitinAzahetave trayImayAya triguNAtmane namaH / 2. bharata svAmI - bharatasvAmIkRta bhASya abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakA hai| inhoMne apanA paricaya diyA hai usase patA calatA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma nArAyaNa evaM mAtA kA nAma yajJadA thA / itthaM zrIbharata svAmI kAzyapo yajJadAsutaH / nArAyaNAyaMtanayo vyAkhyat sAmnAmRco'khilAH || ye dakSiNa 34 saM0 sA0

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veda ke bhASyakAra] ( 530 ) [veda ke bhASyakAra bhArata ke nivAsI the tathA inakA racanAkAla saMbhavataH 1345 vi0 saM0 ke lagabhaga hai| inhoMne sAma brAhmaNoM para bhI bhASya kI racanA kI hai| 3. guNaviSNu-inhoMne 'sAmamantravyAkhyAna' nAmaka sAmaveda kA bhASya likhA hai jisakI prasiddhi mithilA aura baMgAla meM hai| inakA 'chAndogya mantrabhASya' saMskRta-pariSad kalakattA se prakAzita ho cukA hai| yaha bhASya sAmaveda kI kauthuma zAkhA para hai| inakA samaya 12 vIM zatAbdI kA antima bhAga yA 13 vIM zatAbdI kA prArambhika bhAga hai| zuklayajurvedabhASya-1. UvaTa-inhoMne rAjA bhoja ke zAsanakAla meM apanA bhAvya likhA thA / ye Anandapura ke rahanevAle the / inake pitA kA nAma vajaTa thaa| inakA racanA kAla 11 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| inhoMne bhASya ke anta meM apanA paricaya diyA haiAnandapuravAstavyavajayAkhyasya sUnUnA / UvaTena kRtaM bhASyaM padavAkyaiH sunizcitaiH / / RSyAdIMzca puraskRtya avantyAmUvaTo vasan / mantrANAM kRtavAn bhASyaM mahIM bhoje prazAsati // ___inake anya grantha haiM-RprAtizAkhya kI TIkA, yajuHprAtizAkhya kI TIkA, RksarvAnukramaNI para bhASya, IzAvAsya upaniSad para bhASya / sabhI pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| 2. mahIdhara-inhoMne 'vedadIpa' nAmaka bhASya kI racanA kI hai| ye kAzI nivAsI nAgara brAhmaNa the| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1645 hai| inake bhASya para uvaTa-bhASya kI chAyA hai| kANvasaMhitA bhASya - anantAcArya evaM Anandabodha prabhRti vidvAnoM ne zuklayajurveda kI kANva saMhitA para bhASya likhA hai| ye sAyaNa ke paravartI the| sAyaNa ke pUrvavartI bhASyakAra halAyudha haiM jinake bhASya kA nAma 'brAhmaNa' sarvasva hai| ye baMgAla ke antima hindU nareza lakSmaNasena ke dharmAdhikArI the| inakA samaya vi0 saM0 1227-1257 hai| anantAcArya mAdhvavaiSNava vidvAn the| inakA samaya 16 vIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne kANvasaMhitA ke uttarAdha para apanA bhASya likhA hai| ye kAzI nivAsI the| Anandabodha bhaTTAcArya-isa bhASya kA prakAzana vArANaseya vizvavidyAlaya kI sArasvatI suSamA nAmaka patrikA meM saM0 2009-2011 taka prakAzita huA hai| abhI taka 31-40 taka kA hI aMza prakAzita huA hai kintu sampUrNa grantha upalabdha hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke kArya-1805 I0 meM sarvaprathama kolaka ne 'eziyATika risaceMja' nAmaka patrikA meM vedaviSayaka eka vizada vivecanAtmaka nibandha likhA jisameM vaidika sAhitya kA vivaraNa evaM mahatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| 1846 I. meM ruhAlpha rAtha nAmaka jarmana vidvAna ne 'vaidika sAhitya aura itihAsa' nAmaka choTI pustaka likhii| inhoMne 'saMskRta-jarmana mahAkoza' kI bhI racanA kI hai jisameM pratyeka zabda kA aitihAsika krama se vikAsa evaM artha diyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA vedaviSayaka adhyayana tIna dhArAoM meM vibhAjita hai-vaidika granthoM kA vaijJAnika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa, vaidika granthoM kA anuvAda evaM vedaviSayaka anuzIlanAtmaka grantha / panthoM ke vaijJAnika saMskaraNa-sarvaprathama maiksamUlara ne ( jarmana vidvAn ) sAyaNa

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veda paricaya ] ( 531 ) [ veda paricaya bhASya ke sAtha Rgveda kA vaijJAnika saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyaa| vaijJAnika sampAdana kI dRSTi se yaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / isakA samaya 1849 - 1875 I0 kA madhya hai| isakI lambI bhUmikA atyanta upAdeya hai / sampUrNa grantha meM tIna sahasra pRSTha haiM / inake vedaviSayaka anya prasiddha grantha haiM - prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya (hisTrI oNpha enasienTa saMskRta liTarecara) vATa iMDiyA kaina TIca asa Adi / vebara ( jarmana vidvAn ) ne yajurveda saMhitA aura taittirIya saMhitA kA saMpAdana kiyA tathA 'i dize stUdiyana' nAmaka zodha patrikA kA jarmana meM prakAzana kara vaidika zodhakArya ko gati do / AuphrekTa nAmaka vidvAn ne romana lipi meM ( 1862-63 I0 ) RRgveda kA saMskaraNa sampAdita kiyaa| jarmana vidvAna zrodara ne maitrAyaNI sahitA kA eka vaijJAnika saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA hai tathA kAThaka saMhitA kA saMskaraNa 1900 - 11 meM / sTevensana ne rANAyanI zAkhA kI sAmasaMhitA ko agli anuvAda ke sAtha 1842 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA hai / tr aura hvITanI kA atharvaveda kA saMyukta saMskaraNa 1856 I0 meM prakAzita huA hai / pro0 blUmaphIlDa tathA nArve ne atharvaveda kI pippalAda zAkhA kA eka jINaM prati ke AdhAra para saMpAdana kara prakAzana karAyA hai / veda paricaya - veda vizva ke sarvAdhika prAcIna grantha tathA bhAratIya saMskRti ke prANa haiM / bhAratIya dharma, sAhitya, sabhyatA, darzana saboM ko AdhArazilA vedoM ke rAjaprAsAda para adhiSThita hai / 'veda' zabda kA vyAkaraNalabdha artha hai 'jJAna', kyoMki yaha zabda jJAnArthaMka vida dhAtu se niSpanna hai / yahA~ jJAnArthaM pratipAdaka veda zabda IzvarIya jJAna kA dyotaka hai| hindUdharma ke anusAra veda tapaHpUta maharSiyoM ke dvArA dRSTa jJAna haiM / vaidika jJAna ko RSiyoM ne mantra dvArA abhivyakta kiyA hai / RSiyoM ko mantradraSTA kahA gayA hai, kyoMki bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra veda kisI vyaktivizeSa kI racanA na hokara apauruSeya kRti hai / maharSiyoM ne jJAna aura tapasyA kI carama sImA para pahuMca kara prAtibhajJAna ke dvArA jo anubhava prApta kiyA hai, vahI AdhyAtmika jJAnarAzi veda hai / vibhinna smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM bhI veda kI prazaMsA huI hai / manu ke anusAra veda pitRgaNa, devatA tathA manuSyoM kA sanAtana tathA nirantara vidyamAna rahanevAlA cakSu hai / sAyaNa ke anusAra pratyakSa yA anumAna ke dvArA durbodha tathA ajJeya upAya kA jJAna karAne meM veda kI vedatA hai - pratyakSeNAnumityA vA yastUpAyo na budhyate / etaM vidanti vedena tasmAt vedasya vedatA / vedake mahattva ko ho dhyAna meM rakhate hue manu ne vedanindakoM ko nAstika kI saMjJA dI hai- nAstiko vedanindakaH / brAhmaNoM ne bhI vedAdhyayana kA mahatva batalAyA hai / vedoM ke svAdhyAya para jora dete hue 'zatapatha brAhmaNa' kA kahanA hai ki dhana evaM pRthvI kA dAna karane se manuSya jisa loka ko prApta karatA hai, tInoM vedoM ke adhyayana se usase bhI adhika akSaya loka ko prApta karane kA zreya use milatA hai / [ zatapatha brAhmaNa 11/5/61 ] Apastamba kI 'yajJaparibhASA' meM ( 31 ) veda kA prayoga mantra aura brAhmaNa ke lie huA hai-- mantrabrAhmaNayorvedA nAmadheyam / jisakA manana kiyA jAya use mantra kahate haiM / inake dvArA yajJAnuSThAna evaM devatA kI stuti kA vidhAna hotA hai-- mananAt mantrAH /

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baida pariSaya] ( 532 ) [veda paricaya 'bAhmaNa' zabda granthavizeSa kA dyotaka hai, 'brahman' ke kaI artha hote haiM unameM eka artha yA bhI hai| ataH brAhmaNa grantha unheM kahate haiM, jisameM yajJa kI vividha kriyAoM kA barSana ho| brAhmaNa ke tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiM-brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSad / svarUpa-bheda se veda ke tIna prakAra hote haiM-Rk , yajuH tathA saam| jisameM arthavazAt pAdavyavasthA ho use Rk yA RcA kahate haiM-teSAmRga yatrArthavazena pAdavyavasthAjaiminIsUtra 2 // 1 // 35 ina RcAoM para gAye jAne vAle gAyana ko gItirUpa hone se sAma kahA jAtA hai-gItiSu sAmAkhyA-jaiminIsUtra 2 / 1 / 36 / RcAoM aura sAmoM se atirikta mantroM ko yajuSa kahA jAtA hai-zeSe yajuHzabdaH, jaiminisUtra 2 / 1 / 37 / isa prakAra tIna taraha ke mantroM ke hone se vedatrayI kahe jAte haiN| saMhitA kI dRSTi se vedoM ke cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiM aura mantroM ke samUha ko 'saMhitA' kahate haiN| yajJAnuSThAna ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vibhinna RtvijoM ke upayogArtha mantra saMhitAoM ke saMkalana kiye gae haiN| isa prakAra kA saMkalana vedavyAsa dvArA kiyA gayA hai jinakI saMkhyA ( mantra saMhitAoM kI ) cAra hai-RksaMhitA, sAmasaMhitA, yajuSasaMhitA aura athavaMsaMhitA / yajJa meM cAra prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura unhIM ke AdhAra para cAro saMhitAoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| cAra Rtvija haiM-hotA, udgAtA, adhvaryu aura brahmA / hotA nAmaka Rtvija hotrakarma kA sampAdana karatA hai| arthAt yajJAnuSThAna ke samaya vaha 'Rgveda' kA pATha karate hue yajJAnurUpa devatAoM kA AhvAna karatA hai / hotA kA artha hai 'pukaarnevaalaa'| yaha devatAoM ko mantroM ke dvArA pukAra kara yajJa meM AsIna karAtA hai| udgAtA kA artha hai 'gAnevAlA' / yaha audagAtra karma kA sampAdaka hotA hai| isakA sambandha 'sAmaveda' se hotA hai aura yaha yajJIya devatAoM kI stuti karatA huA sAmagAna karatA hai| ye sAmagAna stotra ke nAma se abhihita hote haiN| udgAtA ke hI kArya kI siddhi ke lie 'sAmaveda' ke mantroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| adhvaryu kA kAma yajJakAryoM kA niyamapUrvaka sampAdana karanA hai| isakA sambandha 'yajurveda' se hai| yaha yajJakarmoM kA sampAdaka pradhAna Rtvija huA karatA hai aura yajurveda' ke mantroM kA uccAraNa kara apanA kArya sampAdita karatA hai, bahmA kA uttaradAyitva sarvAdhika hai| yaha yajJa kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA hai tathA isakI hI dekharekha meM yajJa kA sArA kAma sampanna hotA hai / yajJa kI bAharI vinoM se rakSA, svaroM kI azuddhiyoM kA mArjana tathA yajJIya anuSThAna meM utpanna hone vAle doSoM kA dUrIkaraNa Adi isake pradhAna kArya haiN| yaha yajJa kA adhyakSa hokara usake sampUrNa anuSThAna kA uttaradAyitva grahaNa karatA hai| isakA apanA koI nijI veda nahIM hotaa| ise samasta vedoM kA mAtA mAnA jAtA thA, para kAlAntara meM isakA pradhAna veda atharvaveda mAnA jAne lgaa| inhIM cAro RtvijoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue cAra vedoM ke rUpa meM mantroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jisakA saMketa 'Rgveda' ke eka mantra meM hai-RcA tvaH poSamAste pupuSvAn gAyatraM tvo gAyati zakarISu brahmA tyo vadanti jAtavidyAM yajJasya mAtra vimimIta u tvaH // 1071 / 11 vedoM ke rUpa meM bhAratavarSa kI akhaNDa sAhityika paramparA 6 sahana varSoM se satata

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vedAGga ] ( 533 ) [ vedAGga tIvra pravahamAna hai| vaidikayugIna SiyoM ne prakRti ke bAhya saundarya para mugdha hokara apane hRdaya kI bhAvadhArA kI jo abhivyakti kI hai vaha vaidika sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai / prakRti ke komala evaM raudra rUpoM ko dekhate hue una para divyatva kA Aropa kiyA aura apane yoga-kSema kI kAmanA kara unakI kRpA kI yAcanA kI / tadyugIna AryoM ke jIvana meM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ nitya yoga detI thIM / varuNa, savitA, uSA, abhi, indra Adi ke prati unake bhAvodgAroM meM utkRSTa koTi kA kAvyatattva vidyamAna hai jinameM rasa, alaMkAra chanda-vidhAna evaM saMgItatattva kI apUrva chaTA dikhAI par3atI hai / cirakumArI uSA ke adhakhule lAvaNya ko dekhakara unake hRdaya meM jo bhAvAbhivyakti huI hai usameM bhAvanA aura kalpanA kA saghana tathA saMzliSTa Avega prasphuTita huA hai / kramazaH vaidika kAvya meM cintana tattva kA praveza hotA gayA aura 'kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema' ke dvArA vaidika RSiyoM ne apanI rahasyamayI vRtti kI abhivyakti kI / vaidika sUktoM meM, nAnA prakAra ke devatAoM kA yajJa meM AvAhana karane ke lie nAnA prakAra ke chandoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| ina sUktoM meM bhAvoM kA vaividhya tathA kAya kalA kA bhavya evaM rucikara rUpa abhivyakta huA hai / uSA sambandhI mantroM meM saundaryabhAvanA kA Adhikya hai, to indra-viSayaka mantroM meM tejasvitA kA bhAva spandita hai| abhi ke varNana meM svAbhAvikatA pradarzita kI gayI hai, to varuNa ke varNana meM hRdaya ke madhura evaM komala bhAvoM kI vyaMjanA hai / AdhAragrantha- vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti - paM0 valadeva upAdhyAya / artha jAnane evaM usake karma vedAGga - vedAGga aise granthoM ko kahate haiM jo veda kA kANDa meM sahAyaka hoM / veda kA vAstavika jJAna prApta karane ke lie vedAGgoM kI racanA huI hai / aise granthoM ke 6 varga haiM - zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda aura jyotiSa / aGga kA artha upakAraka hotA hai / veda kA aja hone se inakI upayogitA asaMdigdha hai| vaidika mantroM kA zuddha uccAraNa karane, karmakANDa kA zuddha rUpa se pratipAdana karane, vaidika sAhitya meM upanyasta zabdoM kA nirmANa evaM unakI zuddhatA kA nirNaya karane, pratyeka vaidika mantra ke chandoM kA jJAna prApta karane, yajJa-sampAdana kA viziSTa samaya jAnane evaM vaidika zabdoM ke arthabodha ke lie chaha pRthak zAstroM kI udbhAvanA huI jisase uparyukta sabhI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa huaa| inheM hI vedAGga kahA gayA / rahatA hai| isameM 1. zikSA - svara evaM varNoM ke uccAraNa kA niyama zikSA meM udAtta, anudAtta evaM svarita ina tInoM svaroM kI uccAraNa-vidhi kA varNana hotA hai / zikSAgranthoM kI saMkhyA bahula hai, jinameM Adhunika dhvanivijJAna kA vaijJAnika adhyayana kiyA gayA hai [ de0 zikSA ] / 2. kalpa - vedoM kA mukhya uddezya hai vaidika karmakANDa tathA yajJoM kA vidhAna karanA / vaidika karmakANDa ke vistAra ko dekhate hue use sUtrabaddha karane ke lie kalpoM kI racanA huI hai / kalpa meM yajJa ke prayogoM kA samarthana kiyA jAtA hai / pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthak kalpa haiM, jinake cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiMka - zrautasUtra - inameM vedavihita darzapUrNamAsa prabhuti nAnA prakAra ke yajJoM kA pratipAdana

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vedAGga ] ( 534 ) [ vedAGga nizcaya karane meM 4- chanda - vaidika kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka veda ke alaga-alaga zrautasUtra haiM / kha - gRhyasUtra - inameM gRhAgni meM sampanna hone vAle yajJoM, vivAha, upanayana prabhRti vividha saMskAroM kA varNana hotA hai / pratyeka veda ke apane-apane gRhyasUtra haiM / gandharmasUtra - dharmasUtroM meM caturvaNaM evaM cAro AzramoM ke kartavyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ye 'hindUvidhi' yA smRtigranthoM ke mUla srota haiM / gha zulbasUtra - ina granthoM meM vedikA nirmANa kI kriyA kA vivecana hai / bhAratIya jyAmitizAstra kA rUpa inhIM granthoM meM prApta hotA hai / de0 dharmasUtra ] / 3 - vyAkaraNa - vyAkaraNa meM padoM kI prakRti evaM pratyaya kA vivecana kara unake vAstavika rUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai tathA usake dvArA hI zabdoM ke artha kA jJAna hotA hai| padoM kA svarUpa evaM artha kA upayogitA dikhAI par3atI hai ! de, vyAkaraNa ] | adhikAMza padyabaddha hai / ata: usake vAstavika jJAna ke lie vaidika mantroM ke chandoM kA paricaya Avazyaka hai / vaidika chandoM meM laghu-guru kI gaNanA nahIM hotI, kevala akSaroM kohI gaNanA hotI hai / vaidika chandoM ke nAma haiM - gAyatrI ( 8+8+8 akSara ), uSNik ( 8 +8+12), anuSTup ( 8 akSaroM ke cAra caraNa) bRhatI ( 8+8+ 12 + akSara), paMkti ( ATha akSaroM ke pAMca pAda), triSTup ( 11 akSaroM ke cAra pAda ), jagatI ( 12 akSaroM ke cAra pAda ) / 5 - jyotiSa - vaidika yajJAM ke vidhAna ke lie viziSTa samaya kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai / dina, rAta, Rtu, mAsa, nakSatra, varSa Adi kA jJAna jyotiSa dvArA hI prApta hotA hai / yajJa-yAga ke lie zuddha samaya kI jAnakArI jyotiSa se hI hotI hai / 'taittirIya AraNyaka' meM aisA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jisake anusAra brAhmaNa ko vasanta meM agni kA AdhAna karanA cAhie, kSatriya 1 ko ko grISma meM tathA vaizya zarat Rtu meN| kucha yajJa sAyaMkAla meM, kucha prAtaHkAla meM, kucha viziSTa mAsoM evaM viziSTa pakSoM meM kiye jAte haiN| ina niyamoM kA vAstavika nirvAha binA jyotiSa ke ho nahIM sakatA / isalie vidvAnoM ne aisA vidhAna kiyA ki jyotiSa kA jAnakAra hI yajJa kare / vedA hi yajJArthamabhipravRttAH kAlAti pUrvA vihitAzca yajJAH / tasmAdidaM kAlavidhAnazAstraM yo jyotiSaM veda sa veda yajJam // vedAGgajyotiSa zloka 3 | jyotiSa ko veda puruSa kA cakSu mAnA gayA hai| jyotiSajJAna ke binA samasta vaidika kArya andhA ho jAtA hai [ de0 jyotiSa ] / 'vedAGga jyotiSa' meM jyotiSa ko veda kA sarvottama aMga siddha kiyA gayA hai / mayUroM ko zikhA evaM sarpoM kI maNi kI taraha jyotiSa bhI vedAMgoM kA sira hai - yathA zikhA mayUrANAM nAgAnAM maNayo yathA / tadvad vedAGgazAstrANAM gaNitaM mUrdhani sthitam // vedAnta jyo0 4 / 6 - nirukta - nirukta padoM kI vyutpatti yA nirukti karatA hai / isameM mukhyarUpa se vaidika zabdoM kI vyutpatti jAnane ke niyama haiM / nirukta. 'nighaNTu' saMjJaka vaidika koza kA bhASya hai jisameM sabhI zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI gayI hai / nirukta ke dvArA vaidika zabdoM ke 'arthAvagama' meM sahAyatA prApta hotI hai [ de0 nirukta tathA nighaNTu ] / zikSA prabhRti SaDaMgoM kA vibhAjana 'pANinizikSA' meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai- chandaH pAdau tu vedasya hastI kalpo'ya paThyate / jyotiSAmayanaM cakSuniruktaM zrotramucyate // 41, zikSA ghrANaM tu vedasya mukhaM vyAkaraNa kI saMhitA kA

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vedAnta ] (535 ) [ vedAnta vyAkaraNaM smRtam / tasmAtsAGgamadhItyaiva brahmaloke mahIyate // 42 // chamda vedoM kA paira, kalpa hAtha, jyotiSa netra, nirukta zravaNa, zikSA ghrANa evaM vyAkaraNa mukha hotA hai / AdhAramantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vedAnta-bhAratIyadarzana kA eka mahanIya siddhAnta / vedAnta kA artha hai veda kA anta / veda ke tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiM-brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSad / prArambha meM vedAnta upaniSad kA hI bodhaka thA, kyoMki upaniSad hI veda kA antima vibhAga hai| 'vedAnta' zabda kA prayoga upaniSadoM meM bhI huA hai-vedAntavijJAnasunizcitArthAH muNDakopaniSad 3 / 2 / 6 / veda ke adhyAtma-viSayaka vicAra jo vibhinna upaniSadoM meM bikhare hue haiM, unheM sUtrarUpa meM ekatra kara vAdarAyaNa vyAsa ne vedAnta sUtra kA rUpa diyA jise brahmasUtra bhI kahate haiM / 'brahmasUtra' meM cAra adhyAya haiM tathA sUtroM kI saMkhyA sAr3he pAMca sau hai / brahmasUtra kA racanAkAla vi0 pU0 SaSTha zataka ke bAda kA nahIM hai / 'gItA' meM bhI isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai-brahmasUtrapadaizcaiva hetumadbhivi nizcitaiH 13 / 4 / isake prathama adhyAya ko samanvayAdhyAya kahate haiM, jisameM brahma-viSayaka samasta vedAnta vAkyoM kA samanvaya hai| prathama pAda ke prathama adhyAya ke cAra sUtra atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM jinheM 'catuHsUtrI' kahA jAtA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM smRti, takaM Adi sambhAvita virodha kA parihAra karate hue avirodha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya kA nAma avirodhAdhyAya hai| tRtIya adhyAya ko sAdhanAdhyAya kahate haiM jisameM vedAnta-viSayaka vibhinna sAdhanoM kA vivecana hai tathA caturtha adhyAya meM inake phala para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 'vedAntasUtra' para aneka AcAryoM ne bhASya likhakara kaI vicAradhArAoM kA pravartana kiyA hai| kramanAma bhASya kA nAma mata 1-zaMkara-788-880 I0- zArIraka bhASya- kevalAdvaita yA nivizeSAdvaitavAda 2-bhAskara- 1000 I0- bhASkara bhASya bhedAbheda 3-rAmAnuja- 1140 I0- zrIbhASya viziSTAdvaitavAda 4-madhva- 1238 I0- pUrNaprajJabhASya5.-nimbArka- 1250 I0- vedAntapArijAta- dvaitAdvaita 6-zrIkaNTha-- 1270 I0 zevabhASya zaivaviziSTAdvaita 7-zrIpati- 1400 I0- zrIkarabhASya- vIrazaiva viziSTAdvaita 8-vallabha- 1479 I0- aNubhASya zuddhAdvaita 9-vijJAnabhikSu- 1600- vijJAnAmRta avibhAgAdvaita 10-baladeva- 1725.-- govindabhASya acintyabhedAbheda / zaMkarAcArya ke pUrva aneka advaita vedAntI AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinameM gauDapAda kA sthAna sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| unhoMne 'mANDUkya upaniSad' ke Upara kArikAbaddha bhASya likhA hai| dvaitavAda

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vedAnta ] ( 536 ) [vedAnta .tattvamImAMsA-vedAnta meM brahma zabda paramatattva yA mUla sattA ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai tathA sRSTikartA ke artha meM bhii| brahma aura Izvara donoM pRthak tattva na hokara eka hI haiM / isameM Izvara kI sattA kA jJAna zruti ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai, yukti para nhiiN| vedAnta ke anusAra Izvara ke sambandha meM vaidika mata hI prAmANika hai aura vedAntI zruti ke AdhAra para hI takaM dekara Izvara kI sattA siddha karatA hai| vAdarAyaNa ke sUtra kA pratipAdya brahma hai, ataH unakA grantha 'brahmasUtra' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| manuSya yA zarIrI ko mahatva dete hue isa sUtra kA nAma zArIrakasUtra bhI diyA gayA hai / __zAkUra advaita-jagat-zaMkara ne jagat ko mithyA mAnA hai| upaniSadoM meM jahA~ eka ora sRSTi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora nAnA viSayAtmaka saMsAra ko mithyA kahA gayA hai| sRSTi ko satya mAnate hue nAnAtva ko asvIkAra kaise kiyA jAya ? zaMkara ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna karane ke lie saMsAra kI tulanA svapna yA bhrama se kI hai| yaha saMsAra mithyA jJAna ke kAraNa satya pratIta hotA hai, kintu jyoM hI tattvajJAna kA udaya hotA hai tyoM hI yaha jagat mithyA jJAta hotA hai| jaise; svapna kI sthiti meM sArI ghaTanAe~ satya pratIta hotI haiM, para jAgrata avasthA meM ve asatya ho jAtI haiN| bhrama yA avidyA kI siddhi ke lie zaMkara ne mAyA kI sthiti svIkAra kii| mAyA ko Izvara kI zakti mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra bami se ami kI dAhakatA bhinna nahIM haiM, usI prakAra mAyA bhI brahma se abhinna hai / mAyA kI sahAyatA se hI Izvara sRSTi kI lIlA prakaTa karate haiM jo ajJAniyoM ke anusAra satya evaM tatvadarziyoM ke lie asatya hai| inake anusAra isa saMsAra meM kevala brahma hI satya hai| mAyA bhrama yA avidyA hai| isake do kArya haiMjagat ke AdhAra brahma ke vAstavika rUpa ko chipA denA tathA use saMsAra ke rUpa meM AbhAsita krnaa| yaha mAyA anAdi hai, kyoMki sRSTi ke prArambha kA koI nizcita samaya nahIM hai| zaMkara ne mAyA ko brahma kA nitya svarUpa nahIM mAnA hai, balki vaha brahma kI icchA mAtra hai jise vaha icchAnusAra tyAga bhI sakatA hai| brahma-zaMkarAcArya ne brahma kA vicAra do dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai-vyAvahArika evaM pAramArthika / vyAvahArika dRSTi ke anusAra jagat satya hai tathA brahma isakA mUla kAraNa hai| vahI sRSTikartA, pAlaka, saMhAraka, sarvajJa tathA sarvazaktimAna hai| isa rUpa meM vaha saguNa aura sAkAra hai tathA usakI upAsanA kI jAtI hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se brahma meM jagat yA jIva ke guNa ko Aropita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha vijAtIya, sajAtIya tathA svagata sabhI bhedoM se pare hai| zaMkara brahma ko nirguNa mAnate haiM, kyoMki vaha satya evaM ananta jJAna-svarUpa hai| vaha mAyA-zakti ke dvArA hI jagat kI sRSTi karatA hai| saguNa aura nirguNa brahma eka hI haiM, donoM meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM hai| donoM kI eka hI sattA hai, kintu vyavahAra yA upAsanA ke lie saguNa brahma kA astitva svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| zAMkaramata ko batavAda kahate haiN| isake anusAra ekamAtra brahma kI sattA hai tathA jIva aura Izvara (zAtA aura zeya ) kA bheda mAyA ke kAraNa hai|

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vedAnta] ( 537 ) [ vedAnta isa siddhAnta ke anusAra jIva aura brahma eka haiM, donoM meM kisI prakAra kA antara nahIM hai| ise hI upaniSadoM meM 'tattvamasi' kahA gayA hai, jisakA artha hai jIvAtmA aura brahma kI ektaa| AtmA-advaita vedAnta kA mUla uddezya hai 'paramArtha sattA rUpa brahma kI ekatA tathA anekAnta jagat kI mAyikatA kI siddhi' / isa siddhAnta meM AtmajJAna kI svayaMsiddhi atyanta maulika tathya hai| anubhava ke AdhAra para AtmA kI sattA svataH siddha hotI hai, kyoMki jagat ke sAre vyavahAra anubhava ke hI AdhAra para paricAlita hote haiN| viSaya kA anubhava karate hue cetana viSayI kI sattA svataH siddha ho jAtI hai, kyoMki jaba taka jJAtArUpa AtmA kI sattA nahIM mAnI jAtI taba taka viSaya kA jJAna saMbhava nahIM hotaa| zaMkara ke anusAra mAtmA hI pramANa Adi sabhI vyavahAroM kA Azraya hai| AtmA kI sattA isI se jAnI jAtI hai ki pratyeka vyakti AtmA kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| koI bhI aisA nahIM hai jo yaha vizvAsa kare ki maiM nahIM huuN| AtmA ke abhAva meM kisI ko bhI apane na rahane meM vizvAsa nahIM hotaa| ataH AtmA svataH siddha hai| vedAnta atyanta vyAvahArika darzana hai jisane saMsAra ke kaNa-kaNa meM eka brahmatatva kI sattA ko svIkAra kara 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI zikSA dI hai| yaha vizva ke bhItara pratyeka jIva yA prANI meM brahma kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA viSayasukha ko saNika yA bhrama mAnakara AdhyAtmika sukha yA brahmasukha ko zAzvata svIkAra karatA hai| vedAnta ke anusAra pratyeka jIva ananta zaktisampanna hai, isa prakAra kA sandeza dekara vaha jIva ko Age bar3hane kI zikSA detA hai / jIva ko brahma batAkara vaha nara ko nArAyaNa banA detA hai| vedAnta-sAhitya-vedAnta kA sAhitya pANDitya evaM maulika vicAra kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / AcArya zaMkara ne advaitavAda ke pratipAdana ke lie 'brahmasUtra', upaniSad evaM 'gItA' para bhASya likhA thaa| zaMkarAcArya ke samakAlIna vidvAn maMDanamizra ne aneka viSayoM para pANDityapUrNa maulika granyoM kI racanA kI hai| inakA vedAntaviSayaka grantha hai 'brahmasiddhi' / vAcaspatimizra ne zaMkara praNIta brahmasUtra ke bhASya ke Upara 'bhAmatI' nAmaka pANDityapUrNa bhASya likhA hai| inakA samaya navama zatI hai| surezvarAcArya ne upaniSad bhASya para vAttikoM kI racanA kI hai / inakA 'vRhadAraNyakabhASya' atyanta praur3ha evaM vizAlakAya grantha hai / surezvara zaMkara ke ziSya the| surezvarAcArya ke ziSya 'sarvajJAtmamuni' kI brahmasUtra ke Upara 'saMkSepazArIraka' nAmaka padyabaddha dhyAsyA hai| isa para nRsiMhAzrama ne 'tasvabodhinI' tathA madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 'sArasaMgraha' nAmaka vyAkhyA-grantha likhe haiN| 'naiSadhacarita' mahAkAvya ke praNetA zrIharSa ne nyAya kI zailI para 'khaNDanakhaNDakhAca' nAmaka uccastarIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| zaMkara mizra jaise naiyAyika ne isa para TIkA likhI hai| citsukhAcArya kI ( 13 vIM zatAbdI) prasiddha racanA 'tattvadIpikA' vedAnta-viSayaka prakhyAta grantha hai| inake anya grantha hai

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vedAnta dezika ] ( 538 ) [ vebara zArIraka bhASya kI TIkA 'bhAvaprakAzikA', brahmasiddhi kI TIkA 'abhiprAya prakAzikA' tathA 'naiSkamyaM siddhi' kI TIkA 'bhAvatattvaprakAzikA' / mAdhavAcArya ne 'paMcadazI' nAmaka asAdhAraNa grantha likhA hai / madhusUdana sarasvatI kI 'advaita siddhi' nAmaka pustaka vedAntaviSayaka zreSTha grantha hai / dharmarAjAdhvarIndra kRta 'vedAnta paribhASA' apane viSaya kI atyanta lokapriya racanA hai jo vedAnta prAmANyazAstra para likhI gayI hai / sadAnanda kRta 'vedAntasAra' ( 16 vIM zatAbdI ) meM vedAnta ke sabhI siddhAnta para prArambhika jJAna ke rUpa meM varNita hai / yaha atyanta lokapriya pustaka hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIyadarzana - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. bhAratIyadarzana - caTarjI aura datta ( hindI anuvAda ) / 3 SaDdarzana rahasya - paM0 raMganAtha pAThaka / 4. bhAratIya IzvaravAda - DaoN0 rAmAvatAra zarmA / 5. darzana-saMgraha - DaoN0 dIvAnacanda, anya TIkA grantha -- 6. brahmasUtra - ( hindI bhASya ) - gItA presa, gorakhapura / 7. hindI brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASya / ( catuHsUtrI ) - vyAkhyAtA A0 vizvezvara ( caukhambA prakAzana) / 8. hindI brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASya - vyAkhyAtA svAmI hanumAna prasAda ( caukhambA prakAzana) / 9. vedAnta paribhASA - ( hindI anuvAda ) caukhambA prakAzana / 10. vedAntasAra ( hindI TIkA ) caukhambA prakAzana / 11. vedAnta darzana - zrIrAma zarmA ( brahmasUtra kA hindI anuvAda ) / 12. khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya - - ( hindI anuvAda) anuvAdaka - svAmI hanumAna prasAda ( caukhambA prakAzana ) / vedAntadezika - [ samaya 1250 se 1350 I0 ke madhya ] inhoMne 'yAdavAbhyudaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM zrIkRSNa kI lIlA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM hRdayapakSa gauNa evaM buddhipakSa pradhAna hai / inhoMne 'haMsadUta' nAmaka sandeza kAthya bhI likhA hai [ de0 haMsadUta ] / vebara - jarmanI nivAsI saMskRta ke vidvAn / inakA janma 1825 I0 meM huA thA / inhoMne barlina (jarmanI) ke rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM saMskRta kI hastalikhita pothiyoM kA bRhat sUcIpatra prastuta kiyA hai / saMskRta-sAhitya ke anuzIlana ke lie isa sUcIpatra kA atyadhika mahatva hai / inhoMne atyadhika parizrama ke pazcAt 1882 I0 meM bhAratIya sAhitya ke sarvaprathama itihAsa kA praNayana kiyA / inakA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa grantha hai 'iMdiskena stadiyana' jisake nirmANa meM lekhaka ne jIvana ke 35 varSa lagAye haiM tathA yaha grantha 1850 se 1685 ke bIca anavarata gati se likhA jAtA rahA hai / yaha mahAgrantha satraha bhAgoM meM samApta huA hai| isa manISI ke kAryoM evaM pratibhA se prabhAvita hokara aneka yUropIya evaM amerikI vidvAn isake ziSya hue aura bhAratIya vidyA- vizeSakara saMskRta ke adhyayana meM nirata hue| vebara vaidika vAGmaya ke asAdhAraNa vidvAn the / veda-vivayaka racita inake granthoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai1 - zatapatha brAhmaNa kA sAyaNa, harisvAmI evaM gaGgAcArya kI TIkAoM ke sAtha sampAdana, 1844 / 2 - yajurveda kI maitrAyaNI saMhitA kA sampAdana, 1847 / 3 - zukla yajurveda kI kaNva saMhitA kA prakAzana, 1852 / 4 - kAtyAyana evaM zrautasUtra

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veMkaTanAtha kRta haMsasandeza] ( 539 ) [veMkaTAdhvari M kA prakAzana, 1859 / 5. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, 1882 / 6. iMdiskena stadiyana, 1850-1885 / / veMkaTanAtha kRta haMsasandeza-veMkaTanAtha kA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI hai| ye rAmAnuja sampradAya ke suprasiddha AcArya haiN| inakA janma tuppila nAmaka grAma meM kAMjIvaram ke nikaTa huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma anantasUri evaM mAtA kA nAma totarammA thaa| ye vedAnta ke mahAn vyAkhyAtA mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne 'haMsasandeza', 'yaduvaMza', 'mArasaMbhava' evaM 'yAdavAbhyudaya' (21 sarga kA mahAkAvya ) nAmaka kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| inakA 'saMkalpasUryodaya' nAmaka eka mahAnATaka bhI hai| inakI anya racanAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM---hayagrIvastotra, yathoktakAristotra, dazAvatArastotra, nyAsatilaka, godAstuti, yatirAjasaptati, devarAjapaMcAzat, aSTabhujASTaka, abhItistava, zrIstuti, sudarzanazataka, dhAtrIpaMcaka, gopAlaviMzati, paramArthastuti, nyAsadazaka, bhUstuti, SoDazAyudhastuti, vairAgyapaMcaka, dehalI-stuti, bhagavaddhyAnasopAna, nyAsaviMzati, nIlAstuti evaM garuDapaMcaka / veMkaTanAtha kA dUsarA nAma vedAntadezika bhI hai| inake 'haMsasandeza' kA AdhAra rAmAyaNa kI kathA hai| isameM hanumAna dvArA sItA kI khoja karane ke bAda rAvaNa para AkramaNa karane ke pUrva rAma kA rAjahaMsa ke dvArA sItA ke pAsa sandeza bhejane kA varNana hai| yaha kAvya do AzvAsoM meM vibhakta hai aura donoM meM ( 60 + 51 ) 111 zloka haiN| isameM kavi ne saMkSepa meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA prastuta kI hai aura sarvatra mandAkrAntA chanda kA prayoga kiyA hai| rAvaNa ke yahA~ bandinI sItA kA citra dekhie-zuddhAmindozvapacabhavane kaumudI visphurantIM AnItA vA viSataruvane pArijAtasya zAkhAm / sUkti ramyAM khalaparisare satkaveH koya'mAnAM manye dInAM nizicara-gRhe maithilasthAtmajAtAm / / 2 / 13 // AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza-kAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / veMkaTAdhvari-inhoMne saMskRta ke tIna prasiddha evaM lokapriya campU kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| ve haiM-'vizvaguNAdarza campU' (nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI se 1923 I0 prakAzita ), 'varadAbhyudaya' yA 'hastigiri campU' ( saMskRta sIrIja maisUra se 1908 I0 meM prakAzita ) tathA 'uttararAmacaritacampU' ( gopAla nArAyaNa eNDa kaM0 bambaI se prakAzita ) / inake pitA kA nAma raghunAtha dIkSita thaa| veMkaTAdhvari appaya guru nAmaka vyakti ke nAtI the| ye rAmAnuja ke matAnuyAyI tathA lakSmI ke bhakta the / inakA racanAkAla 1637 I. ke AsapAsa hai| inakA nivAsasthAna kAMcIpura ke nikaTa arzanaphala (asanapallI) nAmaka grAma thaa| 'vizvaguNAdazaM campU' meM 254 khaNDa tathA 597 zloka haiN| isameM kavi ne vizvadarzana ke lie utsuka kRzAnu tathA vizvAvasu nAmaka do kAlpanika gandhavoM kA varNana kiyA hai| sArA campU kathopakathana kI zailI meM nirmita hai| 'varadAbhyudaya' meM lakSmI evaM nArAyaNa ke vivAha kA varNana hai jo pAMca vilAsoM meM vibhakta hai| isa grantha ke anta meM kavi ne apanA paricaya dete hue apanI mAtA kA nAma sItAmbA diyA hai / 'uttararAmacaritacampU' meM

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veMkaTeza campU] ( 540 ) (vaidika devatA rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA kA varNana hai| isameM uktivaicitrya evaM zabdAlaMkAroM kI chaTA darzanIya hai| inhoMne 'lakSmIsahasram' nAmaka kAvya kI bhI racanA kI thii| 'uttararAmacaritacampU' kavi kI praur3ha racanA hai jisameM varNana-saundarya kI AbhA dekhane yogya hai / cakitahariNazAbacaMcalAkSI madhuraraNanmaNimekhalAkalApam / calavalayamurojalolahAraM prasabhamumA pariSasvaje purArim / / 78 / __ AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DoM chavinAtha tripaatthii| vekaTeza campU-isa campU kAvya ke praNetA dharmarAja kavi the| inakA nivAsasthAna taMjora thaa| ye satrahavIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM vidyamAna the| isameM tirupati ke adhiSTAtR devatA veMkaTeza jI kI kathA varNita hai| prArambha meM kavi ne maMgalAcaraNa, sajjanazaMsana evaM khalanindA kA varNana kiyA hai| isake gadya bhAga para 'kAdambarI' evaM 'dazakumAracarita' kI bhAMti saundayaM dikhAI par3atA hai tathA sthAna-sthAna para tIkhe vyaMgya se pUrNa sUktiyoM kA nibandhana kiyA gayA hai| yaha campU abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora kaiTalAga saMkhyA 4158 meM prApta hotA hai| doSAkaro bhavatu veMkaTanAthacampUH santastathApi zirasA paripAlayantu / dopAkarastu labhate nijamUni zambhoH sarvajJatA na kimasI sakalopavandyA / AdhAragantha-campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| vaidyajIvana-AyurvedazAstra kA prasiddha grantha / isa grantha ke racayitA kavi lolimbarAja haiN| inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI hai / lekhaka ke pitA kA nAma divAkara bhaTTa thaa| lolimbarAja ne 'vaidyAvataMsa' nAmaka anya grantha kI bhI racanA kI hai / isa grantha kI racanA sarasa evaM manohara lalita zailI meM huI hai aura roga evaM auSadhi kA varNana lekhaka ne apanI priyA ko sambodhita kara kiyA hai| isameM zRGgAra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai| isake sambandha meM lekhaka ne svayaM likhA hai-gadabhajanAya caturaizcarakAyemunibhirnRNAMvaruNayA yatkathitam / akhilaM likhAmi khalu tasya svakapolakalpitabhidAsti na kiJcit // kAvyaracanA-cAturI kA eka patra dekhie-bhidanti ke kujarakarNapAli kimavyayaM vyaktirate nvoddhaa| sambodhanaM kiM nUH raktapittaM nihanti vAmoru vadatvameva // vaidyajIvana kA hindI anuvAda ( abhinava sudhA-hindI TIkA ) zrIkAlikAcaraNa zAstrI ne kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / vaidika devatA-vaidika devatAoM ke tIna varga kiye gae haiM-gusthAna, antarikSasthAna evaM pRthivIsthAna ke devtaa| dhusthAna ke antargata varuNa, pUSan, sUrya, viSNu, azvina evaM uSA haiM tathA antarikSasthAna meM indra, rudra evaM maruta kA nAma AtA hai| pRthivIsthAna ke deva haiM-ami, bRhaspati tathA soma / vaidika devatA prAyaH prAkRtika vastuoM ke rUpa mAtra haiM; jaise sUrya, uSas , ani tathA marut / isa yuga ke adhikAMza

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vaidika devatA / ( 541 ) _ [vaidika devatA devatA apane bhautika AdhAra se hI sambaddha haiM aura unakA mUtaM svarUpa mAnavIya hai| unake zArIrika vividha avayava bhI-sira, hAtha, paira, mukha Adi bhI batAye gae haiM, para unakI pratimA kevala chAyAtmaka mAnI gayI hai tathA unakA varNana AlaMkArika rUpa meM huA hai / jaise; agnideva kI jihvA evaM gAtra jvAlA ko khnaa| vaidika devatAoM kA bAhyasvarUpa spaSTa rUpa se kalpita hai, para unakI Antarika zakti kA saMbaMdha prAkRtika tattvoM ke sAtha sthApita kiyA gayA hai| 'Rgveda' meM devatAoM kI pratimA kA varNana nahIM milatA; sUtra granthoM meM pratimA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA kucha devatA vIra bhaTa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiye gae haiN| unakA varNana zirasANa dhAraNa karate hue, bhAlA liye hue evaM ratha hAMkate hue kiyA gayA hai| unake hAtha meM dhanuSa-bANa bhI haiM tathA ve divya ratha para ArUr3ha hokara AkAza meM calate rahate haiN| ve rathArUr3ha hokara yajJa meM apanA bhAga lene ke lie Ate haiM aura kabhI-kabhI unakA bhAga anideva ke dvArA pahuMcAyA jAtA hai| sabhI devatAoM ko upakAraka, dorghAyu evaM abhyudaya pradAna karane vAlA citrita kiyA gayA hai, para ekamAtra rudra aise devatA haiM jinase bhaya yA hAni kI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| devatAoM kA caritra naitika dRSTi se ucca mAnA gayA hai| ve satyavAdI, chala na karane vAle, dharma evaM nyAya ke pakSapAtI citrita kiye gae haiN| vedoM meM devatA aura yajamAna kA rUpa anugrAhaka evaM anugrAhya kA hai / bhakta vali car3hA kara unase kucha prApta karane kI kAmanA karatA hai / Rgveda meM devatAoM kI saMkhyA tIsa hai aura kaI sthAnoM para triguNa ekAdaza ke rUpa meM unakA kathana kiyA gayA hai| kintu kahIM-kahIM anya devatAoM ke bhI saMketa haiN| Rgveda ke pradhAna devatA haiM-indra, agnideva aura soma / ziva, viSNu sarIkhe devatA usa samaya pramukha devatAoM se nimna stara para adhiSThita kiye gae haiM / mUlataH ye devatA bhautika jagat ke hI adhiSThAtA haiN| Rgveda ke prArambhika yuga meM bahudevavAda kA prAdhAnya thA, kintu-jaise-jaise AryoM kA boddhika vikAsa hotA gayA vaise-vaise unakI cetanA bahudevatAoM ke adhipati yA eka devatA kI kalpanA kI ora gayI; arthAt Age calakara ekezvaravAda kA janma huaa| Rgveda ke puruSasUkta meM sarvezvaravAda kI sthApanA kI gayI hai / vaidika devatAoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki jisa kisI devatA kI stuti kI jAtI hai use hI mahAna samajha liyA jAtA hai, aura vahI sarvAdhika vyApaka, jagat kA sraSTA evaM vizva kA kalyANakartA siddha kiyA jAtA hai / maiksamUlara ne ise ati prAcIna dharmoM kI eka vizeSatA mAnI hai| uparyukta tathya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke AdhAra para upasthita kiye haiM, para bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA isake viparIta hai| yAska ne vaidika devatAoM kA vivecana karate hue eka aizvaryazAlI evaM mahattvazAlI zakti kI kalpanA kI hai jise 'Izvara' kahate haiN| vaha eka evaM advitIya hai tathA usakI prArthanA aneka devoM ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| mAhAbhArayAd devatAyA eka eva AtmA bahudhAstUyate / ekasyAtmano'nya devAH pratyaGgAni bhavanti // 7489 / nirukta inake anusAra Rgveda meM eka sarvavyApI brahma sattA kA hI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| aitareya AraNyaka meM isa tathya kA pratipAdana hai

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vaidika devatA] ( 542 ) [vaidika devatA ki eka hI mUla sattA kI Rgveda meM 'uktha' ke rUpa meM, yajurdheda meM yAjJika agni ke rUpa meM tathA sAmaveda meM 'mahAvata' ke nAma se upAsanA kI jAtI hai| Rgveda meM devatAoM ke lie 'asura' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jisakA artha hai 'asuviziSTa yA prANazaktisampanna |'-tdevsy savituH asurasya pracetasaH ( 4 / 5 / 3 / 1) (paryanyaH ) asuraH pitA naH / (5 / 13 / 6 ) / indra, savitA, varuNa, uSA Adi devatAoM kI vizeSatAeM haiM unakI sthiratA ( AtasthivAMsaH ), anantatA ( anantAsaH ) aadi| ye deva vizva ke samagra prANiyoM meM sthita rahate haiN| inameM vidyamAna zakti eka hI mAnI gayI hai| Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jIrNa oSadhiyoM meM, navIna utpanna hone vAlI oSadhiyoM meM pallava tathA puSpa meM suzobhita oSadhiyoM meM tathA garbha dhAraNa karane vAlI oSadhiyoM meM eka hI zakti vidyamAna rahatI hai| devoM kA mahat sAmarthya vastutaH eka hI hai / 'Rgveda 3054 / 4 / Rgveda meM Rta yA satya yA avinAzI sattA kI mahimA gAyI gayI hai tathA Rt ke kAraNa hI jagat kI utpatti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake kAraNa saMsAra meM suvyavasthA, pratiSThA evaM niyamana hotA hai| yaha Rt satyabhUta brahma hI hai tathA devagaNa isI ke rUpa mAne gae haiN| sabhI devoM evaM sabhI kAryoM ke bhItara isI sArvabhauma sattA kA nivAsa hai jisase jagat ke sAre kriyA-kalApa hote rahate haiN| Rgveda meM devatAoM ke tIna rUpoM kA ullekha hai-sthUla ( Adhibhautika) sUkSma yA gUr3ha (Adhidaivika) evaM AdhyAtmika / ina sAre tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki vedoM meM eka parama satya ko satA yA brahmatatva kI mAnyatA svIkAra kI gayI hai tathA isakA AdhAra advaitavAda hai| pramukha devatAoM kA paricaya-varuNa-varuNa AryoM ke mahattvapUrNa devatA haiM / ve jala ke adhipati yA devatA haiN| Rgveda meM unakI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai, 'he varuNa ! jala ke madhya meM sthita hote hue bhI tumhAre bhakta ko tRSA satA rahI hai / he Izvara ! tU mujhe sukhI banA, mujha para dayA kara / ' 7 / 89 / 4 / apAM madhye tasthivAMsaM tRSNovidajaritAram / mRkA sukSatra mRkaye // Rgveda meM varuNa kA svarUpa atyanta sundara citrita kiyA gayA hai| unakA gharIra mAMsala evaM puSTa hai ve ratha hA~kate haiM; baiThate evaM khAte-pIte haiM, unakA kavaca sone ke raMga kA evaM darzakoM ko cakAcauMdha karanevAlA hai| unake sahasra netra haiM jinase ve dUrasthita padArthoM ko bhI dekhate haiN| sUrya unakA netra ke rUpa meM citrita hai ve sabhI bhuvana ke padArthoM ko dekhate haiM tathA mAnava ke hRdaya meM udbuddha honevAle sabhI bhAvoM kA jJAna unheM rahatA hai| unakA ratha atyanta camakIlA haiM jisameM ghor3e jute hue haiN| ve Urdhvatamaloka meM sthita apane suvarNa prAsAda meM jisameM pahasroM khaMbhe evaM dvAra haiM, baiTha kara atIta evaM bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM kA paryavekSaNa karate rahate haiM / ve samrATa evaM svarAT kI upAdhi se vibhUSita haiN| kSatra yA prabhutva ke adhipati hone se unheM kSatriya kahA jAtA hai| ve apanI anirvacanIya zakti mAyA ke dvArA saMsAra kA paricAlana kiyA karate haiN| mAyA vAM mitrAvaruNA divizritA sUryo jyotizcarati citramAyudham / tamabhreNa dRSTyA gRhatho divi pajanya drapsA madhumanta Irate // Rgveda 5 / 6 / 4 / 'he mitrAvaruNa ! ApakI mAyAzakti AkAza kA Azraya lekara nivAsa

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vaidika devatA] ( 543 ) [vaidika devatA karatI hai| citra-vicitra kiraNoM se sampanna honevAlA jyotiSmAn sUrya isI zakti ke sahAre calatA hai| AkAza meM usa sUrya ko megha tathA vRSTi se Apa loga chipA dete haiM / jisase parjanya madhumAn jalabinduoM kI varSA kara jagatI ko madhumayI, maMgalamayI tathA modamayI banA detA hai| yaha samasta gaurava hai ApakI mAyAzakti kaa|' varuNa sarvazaktimAn deva ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gaye haiM, jinake anuzAsana se nakSatra AkAza meM apanI gati kA nizcaya karate haiM evaM candramA rAtri meM camakatA hai / unake anuzAsana meM hI saMsAra ke padArtha aNu se mahattara banate haiM aura unake niyama ko ullaMghana karane para kisI bhI vyakti ko kSamA nahIM kiyA jaataa| ve pAzadhArI haiM jisase doSiyoM ko daNDa diyA karate haiN| niyama kI nizcitatA evaM dRr3hatA ke kAraNa varuNa 'dhRtavata' kahe jAte haiN| ve sarvajJa haiN| saMsAra kA pattA-pattA unake hI anuzAsana se DolatA hai / ve apane anugraha ke dvArA aparAdhI ko kSamA kara dete haiM, jaba vaha apanA aparAdha svIkAra kara le| ve kamaMdraSTA Izvara ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gae haiN| varuNa kA loka yaha nIlA AkAza hai jisake dvArA ve jagat para AvaraNa DAlate haiM; saMsAra ko Dhoka lete haiN| varuNa kA artha AvaraNakartA hai-vRnnotisrvm| kAlAntara meM varuNa kI zakti meM hrAsa hotA hai aura vaidika yuga ke anta hote-hote ye jala ke devatA mAtra bana kara raha jAte haiN| unakA ullekha grIsa deza ke devatAoM meM bhI huA hai jahAM unheM 'yUrenasa' kahA gayA hai| vogAjakoI ke zilAlekha meM bhI varuNa mitAnI logoM ke devatA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM tathA I0 pU0 1500 varSa meM unake upAsya ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| varuNa kA rUpa nimnAMkita udaraNa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai-'varuNa ke zAsana se dhau aura pRthivI pRthak-pRthaka rahate haiM; usIne svarNa cakra (sUrya) AkAza ko dhamakAne ke lie banAyA bhora isI cakra ke lie vistRta patha kA nirmANa kiyaa| gaganamaMDala meM jo pavana bahatA hai, vaha varuNa kA niHzvAsa hai / usI ke adhyAdeza se camakIlA cAMda rAta meM sancAra karatA hai, aura rAta meM hI tAre camakate haiM jo dina meM lupta se ho jAte haiM / varuNa hI nadiyoM ko pravAhita karatA hai, usI ke zAsana se ve satata bahatI haiN| usI kI rahasyamayI zakti ke kAraNa nadiyAM vega se samudra meM jA milatI haiM aura phira bhI samudra meM bAr3ha nahIM aatii| vaha ulaTe rakhe hue pAtra se pAnI TapakAtA hai aura bhUmi ko Adra karatA hai| usI kI preraNA se parvata megha se Acchanna hote haiN| samudra se to isakA sambandha bahuta svalpa hai, saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-maikDonala pR0 63 / sUrya-sUyaM vaidika devatAoM meM atyanta Thosa AdhAra para adhiSThita hai| vaha grIka devatAoM meM 'heliyA~sa' kA paryAya hai| vaha prakAza se zAzvata rUpa se sambaddha hai tathA samasta vizva ke gar3ha rahasya kA draSTA hai| use A~kheM bhI haiM jisase vaha bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke sakRta evaM kakRta ko dekhatA hai| yaha sabhI carAcara kI AtmA tathA abhibhAvaka rUpa meM citrita hai| usake udaya hote hI sabhI prANI kAryarata ho jAte haiN| vaha sAta azvoM se yukta eka ratha para ArUka rahatA hai| astakAla meM jaba vaha apane ghor3oM ko

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vaidika devatA ] ( 544 ) [ vaidika devatA andhakAra chA jAtA hai| padedayukta haritaH sadhasthAdauSaspati kahA jAtA hai / vizrAma detA hai tabhI rAtri kA badrAtrI vAsastanute simasmai // Rgveda 1 / 115 / 4 / / use vaha dina kA parimANa evaM Ayu ko bar3hAnevAlA hai / use mitrAvaruNa kA netra kahA gayA hai tathA AkAza meM uDane vAle pakSI, lAla pakSI yA gRddha ke rUpa meM sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / vaha roga tathA duHsvapnoM ko dUra kara detA hai / use apane gaurava evaM mahattva ke kAraNa 'devapurohita' ( asuyaM purohitaH ) kahA gayA hai / udveti subhago vizvacakSAH sAdhAraNaH sUryo mAnuSANAm / cakSumitrasya varuNasya devazcarmeva yaH samavivyak tamAMsi // Rgveda 7 / 63 / 1 / / viSNu - vedoM meM viSNu atyadhika mahattvapUrNa devatA ke rUpa meM citrita nahIM haiM / Rgveda meM savitA, pUSA, sUyaM prabhRti devoM kI apekSA unakI stuti kama huI hai / ve sUrya ke pratIka ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gae haiN| unheM trivikrama kahA gayA hai kyoMki ve tInoM lokoM meM saMcaraNa karate haiN| viSNu kI kalpanA mUlataH sUrya ke hI rUpa meM kI gayI hai tathA ve sUrya ke triyAzIla rUpa kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / sabameM vyApta hone ke kAraNa unheM viSNu kahA jAtA hai / unakA sarvocca padakrama svargaM mAnA gayA hai jisako pAne ke lie AyaM logoM ne prArthanA kI hai / usa sthAna para devatA evaM pitRgaNa kA nivAsa hai / tadesya priyamabhipAtho azyAM naro yatra devayavo bhadanti / urukramasya sa hi bandhurityA viSNoH prade parame madhva utsaH / Rgveda 1 / 154 / 5 / 'he bhagavan ! maiM viSNu devatA ke paramapriya dhAma ko prApta kara sakUM jahAM usake bhaktagaNa devatAoM ke madhya Amodapramoda karate haiM / viSNu hamAre parama bAndhava haiM, unakA padakrama bahuta hI zaktizAlI hai, unake paramapada meM amRta kA srota hai / ' viSNu ne tIna Daga meM pRthvI ko mApa DAlA hai - eko vimame tribhirita padebhiH / ina vizAla pAdoM ke kAraNa inheM 'urukrama' yA urugAya kahA gayA hai / idaM viSNurvicakrame tredhA nidadhe padam / samUDhasya pAMsure // R0 1 / 22|7 | viSNu kA vikAsa paurANika yuga meM huA jisakA bIja vedoM meM hai / 1 vaha uSA -- uSA se sambaddha sUktoM meM gIti kAvya kA manorama rUpa milatA hai / usake saundarya varNana meM uccakoTi kI kavikalpanA ke darzana hote haiM / vaha nattaMkI sadRza prakAzamAna vastroM se AveSTita citrita kI gayI hai / prAcI kSitija para udita hokara vaha rajanI ke andhakAra ko dUra kara detI hai / dyoH kI putrI tathA zyAma rajanI kI bhAsvara bhaginI hai / vaha sUrya ko praNayinI hai tathA usI kI prabhA se udbhAsita hotI hai| sUrya usI ke mArga kA anusaraNa navayuvaka kI bhA~ti karatA hai / vaha prAcI kSitija para bhavya vastroM se susajjita hotI huI apanI mohinI kriyAyeM prakaTa karatI hai / usakA raMga hiraNyavarNa kA hai tathA usake suvarNamaya ratha ko lAla raMga vAle sundara aura sudakSa ghor3e khIMcate haiM jisase yaha AkAza meM pahu~ca jAtI hai / yaha logoM ko prAtaH kAla meM jagAkara prAtaHkAlIna agnihotra ke lie prerita karatI hai| sUrya se prathama udita hone ke kAraNa use kahIM-kahIM sUrya kI jananI kahA gayA hai tathA AkAza meM udita hone ke kAraNa diva kI putrI ke rUpa meM citrita kI gayI hai / use maghonI ( dAnazIla )

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vaidika devatA] / 545) [vaidika devatA vizvavArA (samasta prANiyoM ke dvArA varane yogya ), subhagA tathA revatI (dhana se yukta) bAdi vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| nitya prati niyamita rUpa se udita hokara yaha prakRti ke niyama kA pAlana karatI hai| indra-indra antarikSasthAna ke pradhAna devatA haiN| Rgveda meM unakI stuti caturSAta sUktoM meM kI gayI hai| ve vaidika AryoM ke lokapriya evaM rASTrIya devatA haiN| inake svarUpa kA varNana mAlaMkArika rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unakA raMga bhUrA hai aura keza tathA dAr3hI kA bhI raMga bhUrA hai| ve atyanta zaktimAna hone ke kAraNa sabhI devatAoM ko abhibhUta karate haiN| ve caMcala pRthvI evaM hilanevAle parvatoM ko sthira kara dete haiN| indra atyanta balazAlI evaM gaThIle zarIra ke haiN| ve hAtha meM vaSa dhAraNa karate haiN| unakI hanu atyanta sundara evaM bAhu balavAna haiN| unakA vajU tvaSTA dvArA lohe se nirmita hai jisakA raMga sunahalA bhUrA, teja tathA aneka siroM se yukta hai| vajU dhAraNa karane se 'bajUbAhu' yA 'bajI' kahe gaye haiN| ve bhUre raMga ke do ghor3oM se yukta rapa para car3ha kara zatruSoM ke sAtha yuddha karate haiN| indra somapAna ke adhika abhyAsI haiM, ataH unheM 'somapA' kahate haiN| soma-pAna se unameM utsAha evaM vIratA kA bhAva AtA hai / vRtra ke yuddha meM unhoMne somarasa se bhare tIna tAlAboM kA pAna kara liyA thaa| unakI patnI indrANI kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| ve zacIpati ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| unhoMne vRtra kA nAza kiyA hai jo akAla kA asura hai| unhoMne vRtrAsura kA vadha kara avaruddha jala ko mukta kiyA tathA parvatoM kI unnati rokii| ve parvatoM ko cUra-cUra kara jala ko nikAla dete haiN| vRtrakathA ke kAraNa unakA nAma vRtrahat par3A hai| Rgveda ke prArambhika yuga meM indra aura varuNa kA mahatva samAna thA kintu uttara vaidika yuga meM indra kI mahattA adhika ho gyii| brAhmaNa evaM paurANika yuga meM indra kI saMjJA pradAna kI gyii| AryoM ko vijaya pradAna karanevAle devatA ke rUpa meM indra kI bhUrizaH prazaMsA kI gayI hai tathA unakI vIratA ke bhI gIta gAye gae haiN| 'indradeva ke sAmane na bijalI Tika sakI, na meghoM kI grjnaa| usake sAmane phailA huA hima lupta ho gayA tathA oloM kI varSA bhI lupta se gyii| inakA vRtrAsura ke sAtha bhISaNa saMgrAma havA aura anta meM zaktizAlI indra kI vijaya huii|' Rgveda 1 / 32 / 13 / 'anavarata jala kI dhArA meM vRtrAsura jA girA aura usake zava ko jaladhArA pravAhita karake gyii| vaha asura sadA ke lie andhatamisra meM antahita ho gayA / ' Rgveda 1 / 32 / 14 'jisane isa vizAla pRthvI ko kAMpatI huI avasthA meM susthira kiyA, jisane upadrava macAne vAle parvatoM kA zamana kiyA, jisane antarikSa ko mApa DAlA aura bAkAza kA stambhana kiyA, vahI, he mAnavo! yaha indra hai| Rgveda 2 / 12 / 2 / rudra-Rgveda ke kevala tIna sUktoM (prathama maNDala kA 114 vA, dvitIya maNDala kA 33 vAM tathA 7 maNDala kA 46 vAM sUkta) meM rudra kI stuti kI gayI hai| inakA mahattva, agni, baruNa tathA indra Adi devatAoM kI bhAMti nahIM hai| para yaha sthiti kevala Rgveda meM hI hai, yajurveda evaM atharvaveda meM unheM kucha avazya hI adhika mahatva prApta huA hai| yajurveda kA eka pUrA adhyAya 'pAdhyAya' kahA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM 35 saM0 sA0

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vaidika devatA ] ( 546 ) [ vaidika devatA unake svarUpa kA isa prakAra varNana hai--ve baliSTha zarIra vAle tathA jaTAjUTa se yukta mastaka vAle haiM / unake hoTha atyanta sundara haiM jisase unheM 'suzipraH' kahA gayA hai / unakI AkRti dedIpyamAna hai tathA jaTAoM kA raGga bhUrA hai| ve nAnA prakAra kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM tathA unake aGgoM meM suvaNaM ke vibhUSaNa camakate rahate haiM / rudra ratha para car3hate haiM / rudrasUktoM meM unake bhayaMkara evaM dAruNa rUpa kA varNana hai / yajurveda ke rudrAdhyAya meM unheM sahasranetra vAlA kahA gayA hai aura ve nIlagrIva batAye gaye haiM / unake kaMTha kA raMga ujalA hai ( zitikaNTha ) tathA sira para jaTAjUTa hai / unake kezoM kA raGga lAla yA nIlA hai / kahIM-kahIM unheM muNDita keza bhI kahA gayA hai / ve prAyaza: dhanuSa dhAraNa kiye hue varNita haiM tathA kahIM-kahIM vajra evaM vidyunmaya astra dhAraNa kiye hue citrita kiye gaye haiM / ve antarikSa ke 'lohita varAha' haiM, unakA svarUpa bhISaNa tathA ghAtaka hai / rudrasUktoM meM ve prAyaH bhayAnaka devatA ke rUpa meM varNita haiM, para paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM unakA rUpa aura bhI adhika ugra ho gayA hai tathA ve saMhArakArI prakaTa hue haiN| Rgveda meM 'ziva' nAma bhI rudra ke hI vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / unakA rUpa kahIM bhI apakArI nahIM hai, kyoMki ve kaSTa zamana ke sAtha-hI-sAtha varaprApti tathA mAnava aura pazuvarga ke kalyANa ke lie bhI stuta kiye gae haiN| unakA nAma trayambaka bhI hai aura isakA prayoga Rgveda ke eka mantra meM kiyA gayA hai-- dhyambakaM yajAmahe sugandhiM puSTivardhanam / urvArukamiva bandhanAnmRtyormukSIya mAmRtAt / 7 / 53|14| rudra agni ke pratIka haiM aura agni ke bhautika AdhAra para hI unakI kalpanA kI gayI hai / agni kI uThatI huI zikhA ke rUpa meM UrdhvaM zivaliMga kI bhAvanA kI gayI hai / maruta - maruta devatA rudra ke putra ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| Rgveda ke 33 sUktoM meM svatantra rUpa se tathA 7 sUktoM meM indra ke sAtha unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai / unakI saMkhyA kahIM 21 aura kahIM 100 batalAyI gayI hai / raGga-viraGge jalada-dhenu 'prazni' unakI mAtA hai / unakI patnI kA nAma rodasI devI hai aura ve unake ratha para ArUr3ha rahatI haiM / unakAM raGga suvarNa ke samAna tathA agni ke sadRza prakAzapUrNa hai / unakA prabhAva apUrva hai jisake samakSa parvata evaM dyAvApRthivI kAMpate rahate haiM / unakA pradhAna kArya jala kI varSA karanA hai jisase ve pRthvI ko DhaMka lete haiN| ve indra ke pradhAna sahAyaka hokara vRtrAsura ke vadha meM sahAyatA karate haiN| unakI prArthanA vipattiyoM se rakSA karane ke lie, roga kA nivAraNa karane ke lie tathA dRSTi karane ke liye kI gayI hai / vidyuta se camakate hue suvarNamaya ratha para ve ArUr3ha rahate haiM / unakA svarUpa vanya varAha kI bhAMti bhISaNa citrita kiyA gayA hai / agni - pRthivI sthAna ke devatAoM meM agni pradhAna haiN| ve yajJIya agni kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| unakI stuti lagabhaga do so sUktoM meM kI gayI hai jisase prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se unakA sthAna indra ke bAda siddha hotA hai| unakA svarUpa garjanazIla vRSabha ke sadRza kahA gayA hai| utpatti kAla meM ve eka bachar3e kI bhAMti evaM prajvalita hone para devatAoM ko lAnevAle azva kI taraha pratIta hote haiN| unakI jvAlA ko

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vaidika sAhitya] (547 ) [vaidika sAhitya saura kI kiraNoM kI taraha, uSA kI prabhA evaM vidyuta kI chaTA kI bhAMti kahA gayA hai| unake bhojana haiM-kASTha aura ghRta tathA Ajya pInevAle pdaarth| unheM kabhI to dyAvApRthivI kA putra kahA gayA hai aura kabhI ve dyauH ke sUnu kahe gae haiN| unakA nivAsasthAna svarga hai jahAM se mAtarizvA ne mAnava-kalyANa ke lie unheM bhUvala para utArA hai| soma-soma kI stuti 120 suktoM meM gayI hai| usakA nivAsasthAna svarga mAnA gayA hai para kahIM use parvata se utpanna hone vAlA mAnA gayA hai| isakA pAna kara indra madamatta hokara vRtrAsura se yuddha karate haiN| ise svarga kA putra, svarga kA dUdha tathA svarga kA nivAsI kahA gayA hai / yaha amRta-pradAyI hai| ise vanaspati bhI kahate haiM / __AdhAragrantha-1. vaidika darzana-(2 bhAgoM meM )e0 bI0 kItha (hindI anuvaad)| 2. vaidika maitholaoNjI (hindI anuvAda) maikaDonala evaM koSa-anu0 zrI rAmakumAra rAya / 3. vaidika devatAzAstra-vaidika maitholaoNjI kA hindI anuvAda, anu0 DaoN0 suurykaantshaastrii| 4. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-maikDonala (hindI anuvAda bhAga 1) 6. Rgvedika mAya-mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyayAyana / vaidika sAhitya-veda aura vaidika sAhitya do bhinna arthoM ke dyotaka haiN| veda se kevala cAra mantra saMhitAoM kA jJAna hotA hai-Rgveda, sAmaveda, yajurveda aura atharvaveda, to vaidika sAhitya veda-viSayaka samasta vAGmaya kA dyotaka hai jisake antargata saMhitA, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSada evaM vedAMga Ate haiN| veda ke cAra vibhAga haisaMhitA, brAhmaNa, mAraNyaka aura upaniSad / saMhitA bhAga meM mantroM kA saMgraha hai, jisameM stutiyAM haiN| inameM vibhinna RSi muniyoM ke anubhavasida AdhyAtmika vicAra saMgRhIta haiN| saMhitAbhAga ke cAra khaNDa hai-Rk, sAma, yajuH aura athavaM / Age calakara karmakANDa, upAsanAkANDa evaM mAnakANa ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, AraNyaka evaM upaniSad anyoM kA nirmANa huaa| brAhmaNagranthoM meM mantroM ke vidhibhAga kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai yA yAjJika anuSThAnoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| AraNyaka grantha una vyaktiyoM ke lie upayogI haiM jo vItarAga hokara araNya kA sevana karate hue zAnta vAtAvaraNa meM bhagavad upAsanA meM lIna rahate haiN| inameM brAhmaNa anyoM meM varNita vaidika ko yA yAzika kAryoM ke AdhyAtmika pakSa kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad vedoM ke antima bhAga haiM aura ve jAnakArI se sambana haiM / inameM vaidika mantroM kI dArzanika vyAkhyA hai| Rgveda-yaha vaidika sAhityakA sumeru hai| anya tIna veda kisI-na-kisI rUpa se Rgveda se prabhAvita haiN| prArambha meM isakI pAMca zAkhAeM thIM-zAkala, bASkala, AzvalAyana, zAMkhAyana aura mANDakya para isa samaya kevala zAkala zAkhA hI upalabdha hai| isake do krama hai-aSTaka evaM maNDala / prathama krama ke anusAra sampUrNa pranya ATha aSTakoM meM vibhakta hai aura pratyeka aSTaka meM mATha adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya vargA meM vibhAjita hai| adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA 64 evaM vargoM kI saMkhyA 206 hai| maMDalakrama

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vaidika sAhitya] ( 548 ) [vaidika sAhitya anusAra Rgveda dasa mahaloM meM vibhakta hai jinameM 1017 sUkta haiM aura pratyeka sUkta meM kaI mantra haiM / mantroM kI saMkhyA 10580 hai / [ de0 Rgveda | .. yajurveda-yajuS zabda kA artha hai pUjA aura yjny| isameM bAdhvayaM karma ke lie prayukta yAjuSa saMgRhIta haiM / yaha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-kRSNa evaM zukla yajurveda / gveda ke bahuta se mantra yajurveda meM saMgrahIta haiM [ de0 yajurveda] / sAmaveda-sAmaveda meM sAmagAnoM kA saMgraha hai jo udgAtA nAmaka Rtvija ke dvArA uccasvara meM gAye jAte the / isameM 1875 RcAeM haiM jinameM 1071 RcAyeM to Rgveda kI hI haiM, zeSa 105 mantra navIna haiN| atharvaveda-isameM abhicAra yA mAraNa, mohana, uccATana mantroM kA saMgraha hai| yaha bIsa kANDoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM bhI Rgveda ke bAraha sau mantra haiN| brAhmaNa-brAhmaNa granthoM kI racanA gadya meM huI hai| pratyeka veda ke pRthak-pRthaka bAhmaNa haiN| inakA pradhAna viSaya hai karmakANDa / inameM yajJIya karmoM tathA mantroM ke yasasambandhI viniyoga vaNita haiM tathA anekAneka laukika evaM AdhyAtmika pAkhyAnoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai [de0 brAhmaNa] / AraNyaka-ye brAhmaNa granthoM ke hI pariziSTa haiN| inameM darzana sambandhI vicAra bhare para haiM / de0 aarnnyk]| __ upaniSada-vedoM ke antima bhAga ko upaniSad kahA jAtA hai| inakA pratipAdya hai brahmavidyA / upaniSadoM kI saMkhyA 108 hai para unameM 11 pramukha haiM-Iza, kena, kaTha, prazna, muNDa, mANDaSaya, taittirIya, aitareya, chAndogya, bRhadAraNyaka evaM zvetAzvatara [de0 upaniSada ]. ___ vedAMga-vedAMgoM kI saMkhyA 6 hai-zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda aura jyotiSa / vedoM kI bhASA kI zuddhatA evaM uccAraNa ko surakSita rakhane ke lie zikSAanyoM kI racanA huI hai| kalpa ke cAra vibhAga hai-zrautasUtra, gRhyasUtra, dharmasUtra tathA zulbasUtra / pratyeka veda ke alaga-alaga kalpasUtra haiN| zrautasUtroM meM vividha yajJoM kA vidhAna tathA gRhyasUtroM meM sAmAjika saMskAroM-vivAha, upanayana evaM pATha-kA varNana hai / dharmasUtroM meM cAro varNoM evaM AzramoM ke kartavya-karma kA vivecana evaM zulba sUtroM meM vedikAmApana-vidhi kA varNana hai [ de. vedAMga] / ___ vyAkaraNa-samprati vaidika vyAkaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai / pANini-dhyAkaraNa meM hI vedoM kA vyAkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nirukta-nirukta meM vaidika zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI gayI hai| nighaSTra kI TIkA kA nAma nirukta hai aura nighaNTu meM cune hue vaidika zabda haiM | de. nirukta ] / chanda-vedoM kI racanA chandobaddha hai| inameM kaI prakAra ke chandoM kA prayoga hai| jinakA vizleSaNa prAtizAkhyoM tathA piMgala kRta 'chandaHsUtra' meM kiyA gayA hai [20 chanda || jyotiSa-yajJa-sampAdana ke lie kAlajJAna kI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue jyotiSapranthoM kI racanA huI hai| inameM dina, rAta, Rtu, mAha, varSa, nakSatra Adi kA samyak

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vaiyAghrapAda ] ( 549 ) [vaizeSika darzana anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai / 'vedAMgajyotiSa' ekamAtra vaidika jyotiSa kA grantha hai jisake racayitA lagadha muni haiM / jyotiSa ko veda kA netra kahA gayA hai [de. jyotiSa ] / AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / vaiyAghrapAda-saMskRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa (pANini ke pUrvavartI ) jinakA samaya mImAMsakajI ne 3100 vi0pU0 mAnA hai| vaiyAghrapAda kA ullekha 'kAzikA' meM vyAkaraNa-pravaktA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| guNaM svigante napuMsake vyAghrapadA variSThaH / kAzikA 7 / 194 / inake pitA maharSi vasiSTha the isa bAta kA ullekha mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva meM hai-vyAghrayonyAM tato jAtA vasiSTasya mhaatmnH| ekonaviMzatiH putrAH khyAtA vyAghrapadAdayaH // 53 // 30 / isake atirikta zatapatha brAhmaNa (106) jaimini brAhmaNa, jaiminIya upaniSad brAhmaNa ( 37 // 3 // 2 // , 4 / 9 / 1 / 1 ) evaM zAMkhyAyana bhAraNyaka ( 97 // ) meM bhI vaiyAghrapAda kA nAma upalabdha hotA hai| kAzikA ke eka udAharaNa se jAta hotA hai ki vaiyAghrapAdIya vyAkaraNa meM dasa adhyAya rahe hoNge| 'dazakAH vaiyaaghrpdiiyaaH| 4265 / dazakAM vaiyAghrapadIyam' kAzikA 51158 / vaMgalA ke prasiddha 'vyAkaraNa zAstretihAsa' ke lekhaka zrIhAladAra ne inake vyAkaraNa kA nAma vayAgrapada evaM inakA nAma vyAghrapAta likhA hai, kintu mImAMsakajI ne prAcIna uddharaNoM ke AdhAra para inake mata kA khaMDana karate hue 'vaiyAghrapAda' nAma ko hI prAmANika mAnA hai| isa sambandha meM sImAMsakajI ne apanA mata sthira karate hue kahA hai ki 'mahAbhASya' / eka anya vyAghrapAna nAmaka vaiyAkaraNa kA ullekha hai, kintu ve vaiyAghrapAda se abhinna nahIM haiN| 'hAM, mahAbhASya 62 / 26 meM eka pATha hai-ApizalapANinIyavyADIyagautamIyAH' / isameM vyADIya kA eka pAThAntara 'vyAghrapadIya hai| yadi yaha pATha prAcIna ho to mAnanA hogA ki AcArya 'vyAghrapat' ne bhI kisI vyAkaraNazAstra kA pravacana kiyA thaa| 'saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa' pR0 124 (prathama bhaag)| inake sambandha meM anya adhika vivaraNa prApta nahIM hote| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa-paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / vaizeSika darzana-yaha maharSi kaNAda dvArA pravartita bhAratIya darzana kA eka sampradAya hai / 'vizeSa' nAmaka padArtha kI vizada vivecanA karane ke kAraNa ise vaizeSika kahA jAtA hai| kaNAda kA vAstavika nAma 'ulUka' thA, kintu kaNoM para jIvana dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa unheM kaNAda kahA gyaa| vaizeSika darzana ko 'olUkyadarzana bhI kahA jAtA hai| 'vaizeSikasUtra' isa darzana kA mUla grantha hai, jisakI racanA kaNAda ne ko thii| isameM dasa adhyAya haiM aura sUtroM kI saMkhyA 370 hai| pratyeka adhyAya do-do AhnikoM meM vibhAjita haiN| isake Upara rAvaNa ne bhASya likhA thA, jo 'rAvaNabhASya' ke nAma se prAcIna granthoM meM nirdiSTa hai / kintu, yaha abhI taka anupalabdha hai| isa para prazastapAda kA 'padArthadharma-saMgraha' nAmaka prasiddha bhASya hai jo maulika grantha ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| prazastapAdabhASya kI do TIkAeM hai-udayanAcArya kI kiraNAvalI' evaM zrIdharAcArya kI 'nyaaykNdlii'| isake bAda vaizeSika darzana ke jitane bhI. grantha likhe gaye saboM meM nyAya aura vaizeSika kA mizraNa hai| inameM zivAditya kI 'saptapadArthI',

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vaizeSika darzana] [vaizeSika darzana lolAkSibhAskara kI 'takakaumudI', valabhAcArya kI 'nyAyalIlAvatI' evaM vizvanAtha paMcAnana kA 'bhASA-pariccheda' nAmaka grantha prasiddha haiN| tasvamImAMsA-vaizeSika darzana meM saMsAra kI vastuoM ko 'padArtha' kahA jAtA hai / padArtha kA artha 'nAmadhAraNa karanevAlI vastu' hai| ise ( padArtha ko ) pramiti (jJAna) kA viSaya honA bhI kahA gayA hai / ataH padArtha ke do lakSaNa hue jJeyatva evaM abhidheyatva / dravya-'jisameM kriyA aura guNa ho aura jo samavAyI kAraNa ho, use dravya kahate haiM / vaizeSika sUtra 1 / 1 / 15 / dravya se hI nayI vastueM banAyI yA gar3hI jAtI haiM, ataH yaha kisI bhI kArya kA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai| isameM guNa aura kriyA kA bhI sAdhAra rahatA hai| dravya ke binA koI bhI karma aura guNa nahIM raha skte| inake anusAra dravya nau haiM-pRthvI, teja, jala, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, AtmA tathA mana / inameM prathama pAMca ko 'paMcabhUta' kahA jAtA hai / pRthvI, jala, teja tathA vAyu ke paramANu nitya hote haiM aura inase nirmita padArtha anitya / pRthvI-isakA guNa gandha hai| anya vastuoM, jaise jala aura vAyu meM bhI jo gandha kA anubhava hotA hai vaha pRthvI kA hI tatva yA aMza hai, jo unameM mila gayA hai / jala kA guNa rasa hai, teja kA rUpa, vAyu kA sparza tathA AkAza kA zabda / ina pAMca guNoM kA pratyakSIkaraNa pAMca bAhyendriyoM ke dvArA hotA hai| pRthvI do prakAra kI hainitya tathA banitya / isameM ( pRthvI meM ) gandha ke atirikta rUpa, rasa tathA sparza bhI haiM jo agni, jala aura vAyu ke tatva haiN| vAyu meM apane guNa, sparza ke atirikta teja aura jala ke kAraNa uSNatA tathA zItalatA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| AkAza meM kisI anya dravya kA guNa nahIM pAyA jaataa| teja meM apane svAbhAvika guNa ke atirikta vAyu kA guNa sparza bhI vartamAna rahatA hai tathA jala meM bhI anya dravya ke saMyoga se rUpa evaM sparza bhI prakaTa hote haiN| inameM AkAza na to kisI kA guNa grahaNa karatA hai aura na apanA guNa kisI ko detA hai / AkAza sarvavyAyI tathA aparimita hai| vaha zabda kA sarva vyApI AdhAra hai aura zabda se hI usakA jJAna hotA hai| AkAza kI taraha dik aura kAla bhI apratyakSa tathA agocara tatva haiN| AkAza to zabda se jAnA bhI jAtA hai para dik kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| yahAM, vahAM nikaTa tathA dUra ina pratyayoM kA kAraNa dik hotA hai / AkAza, kAla aura dik sabhI niravayava, sarvavyApI evaM upAdhi-bheda se aneka jJAta hote haiM tathA inake aMza bhI paraspara bhinna hote haiM / udAharaNa ke lie ghaTa kA AkAza vAstavika AkAza se bhinna hai tathA pUrva-pazcima evaM 'dinaghaMTA' Adi bhI dik aura kAla ke aupAdhika bheda haiM [ de0 bhAratIya darzanacaTarjI-datta pR0 153] / AtmA kI siddhi-zarIra ke kArya yA vyApAra ke dvArA jisa cetanatA kA anumAna yA jJAna ho use AtmA kahate haiN| yaha caitanya kA AdhAra tathA nitya aura sarvavyApI tasva hotA hai / isake do prakAra haiM-jIvAtmA tathA paramAtmA / jImAtmA kA jJAna sukhaduHkha ke vizeSa anubhavoM se hI hotA hai| bhinna-bhinna zarIra meM bhinna-bhinna jIvAtmAoM

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vaizeSika darzana] ( 551) [vaizeSika darzana ke rahane se isakI anekatA siddha ho jAtI hai| paramAtmA yA Izvara jagata kA kartA hai bora usakA anumAna isI rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai / vaha eka hai / jImAtmA ke Antarika guNoM ko prakaTa karane vAlA jo sAdhana hai, vaha mana kahalAtA hai| yaha paramANu rUpa hone ke kAraNa dikhAI nahIM par3atA, para isake astitva kA do kAraNoM se jJAna hotA hai| ka-jisa prakAra saMsAra ke bAhya padArthoM kA jJAna bAhyendriyoM se hotA hai, usI prakAra Abhyantarika padArtho (sukhaduHkhAdi) kA zAna Antarika sAdhana ke dvArA hI hogA aura vaha sAdhana mana hI hai| kha-AtmA, indriya tathA viSaya ina tInoM ke rahane se hI kisI cIja kA jJAna hotA hai, kintu kabhI aisA bhI hotA hai ki tInoM ke rahane para bhI viSaya kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| usa samaya AtmA, indriya aura viSaya tInoM hI vidyamAna rahate haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki kisI viSaya ke pratyakSa jJAna ke lie upayukta tInoM sAdhana hI paryApta nahIM haiM, balki usake lie mana kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| __ guNa-vaizeSikasUtra meM guNa kI paribhASA isa prakAra hai-'jo dravya ke Azrita ho, jo Apa guNarahita ho, jo saMyoga aura viyoga kA utpAdaka kAraNa na ho, aura jo kisI anya guNa kI upekSA na kare, vaha guNa hai / ' guNa dravya para Azrita rahatA hai, para usameM koI anya guNa nahIM hotA / guNa kI cAra vizeSatAyeM pradarzita kI gayI haiM-kadravya aura guNa sApekSa tathA eka dUsare se mile rahate haiM / guNa paratantra hote haiM aura dravya ke (rUpa, rasa, gandha Adi) binA raha nahIM sakate / kha-guNa saMyoga aura viyoga kA kAraNa nahIM hotaa| ga-vaha anya guNa para Azrita nahIM hotaa| gha-isameM koI guNa yA kama nahIM hotaa| guNoM kI saMkhyA 24 hai-rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, zabda, saMkhyA, pariNAma, pRthaktva, saMyoga, viyoga, paratva, aparatva, buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayatna, gurutva, dravyatva, sneha, saMskAra, dharma, adharma / kama-'vaizeSikasUtra' meM karma kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai-'jo dravya para Azrita ho, guNa se rahita ho, aura kisI anya padArtha kI apekSA na karatA huA, saMyoga-vibhAga kA kAraNa ho, vaha kama hai' (1 / 1 / 17) / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki kama svatantra na hokara kisI kartA para hI Azrita rahatA hai| isameM guNa nahIM hotA, kyoMki guNa kama nahIM kara sktaa| guNa aura karma donoM hI dravya para Azrita hote haiN| kama meM guNa nahIM rhtaa| dravya, guNa aura kama meM, dravya pradhAna hotA hai aura zeSa donoM gauNa hote hai| kama pAMca prakAra kA hotA hai-utkSepaNa (Upara pheMkanA), avakSepaNa ( nIce pheMkanA), bAkucana ( sikur3anA ), prasAraNa (phailAnA ) aura gamana ( jAnA ) / ___sAmAnya-nyAya aura vaizeSika meM sAmAnya sabandhI mata 'vastuvAda' kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnya 'jAti' ko kahate haiN| vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra sAmAnya nitya hotA hai tathA vastuoM se bhinna hokara bhI unameM samaveta rahatA hai| jaise, manuSya raheM yA mara jAeM, kintu manuSyatva barAbara banA rhegaa| yaha eka hote hue bhI anekAnugata hotA hai, jaise,eka gotva aneka goSoM meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| isake tIna bheda hote haiM-para, apara tathA parApara / jo sAmAnya sabase adhika vyaktiyoM meM vidyamAna ho vaha para, jo sabase

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vaizeSika darzana ] ( 552 ) [vaizeSika darzana kama vyApaka ho vaha apara aura madhyabAleko parApara kahate haiN| sattA para sAmAnya kA, ghaTatva apara sAmAnya kA evaM dravyatva parApara sAmAnya kA udAharaNa hai| vizeSa--yaha sAmAnya ke viparIta hotA hai| usa dravya ko vizeSa kahate haiM jo niravayava hone ke kAraNa nitya hotA hai| aise dravyoM meM AkAza, dik, kAla, AtmA paura mana pAte haiN| eka zreNI ke samAna guNavAle vyaktiyoM ke pArasparika bheda ko sita karane vAlA padArtha 'vizeSa' hI hai| samavAya-sambandha ke do prakAra hote haiM-saMyoga aura samavAya / bhinna-bhinna vastuoM kA thor3I dera ke lie paraspara mila jAnA saMyoga hai| yaha sambandha anitya hotA hai| jaise,-nadI ke jala ke sAtha nAva kA sambandha / samavAya sambandha nitya hotA hai| yaha do padArthoM kA vaha sambandha hotA hai jisake kAraNa eka dUsare meM samaveta rahatA hai' / jaise,--kArya kAraNa sabandha / abhAva-yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai-saMsargAbhAva tathA anyonyAbhAva / kisI vastu kA kisI vastu meM na honA saMsargAbhAva hai| do padArthoM meM hone vAle saMsarga ke abhAva yA niSedha ko hI saMsargAbhAva kahate haiN| jaise, bagni meM ThaMDaka kA abhAva / eka vastu kA anya vastu na honA anyonyAbhAva hai, jaise agni kA jala na honaa| saMsargAbhAva tIna prakAra kA hotA hai prAgabhAva, dhvaMsAbhAva tathA atyantAbhAva / utpatti ke pUrva kisI vastu meM kisI vastu ke abhAva yA kAraNa meM kArya ke abhAva ko prAgabhAva kahate haiN| jaise, utpatti ke pUrva miTTI meM ghaTa kA abhAva / utpatti ke bAda kAraNa meM kArya kA abhAva honA pradhvaMsAbhAva hai| jaise, phUTe hue ghar3e ke Tukar3e meM ghar3e kA abhAva / do vastuoM meM kAlika sambandha ke abhAva ko asyantAbhAva kahate haiN| yaha zAzvata yA anAdi bora ananta hotA hai| sRSTi tathA pralaya-vaizeSika mata ko paramANuvAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / isake anusAra saMsAra ke sabhI dravya cAra prakAra ke paramANuoM se nirmita hote haiN| ve haiM-pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu / vaizeSikamata meM AkAza, dik, kAla, mana aura AtmA ke paramANu nahIM hote / vaizeSika ke paramANuvAda kA AdhAra AdhyAtmika siddhAnta hai| isake anusAra Izvara ke dvArA hI paramANuoM kI gati niyantrita hotI hai tathA vaha jIvoM meM adRSTa ke anusAra hI karmaphala kA bhoga karAne ke lie paramANuoM ko kriyAzIla karatA hai| sRSTi aura pralaya Izvara kI icchA ke anusAra hote haiN| jaba do paramANuoM kA saMyoga hotA hai to use paNuka evaM tIna ghaNukoM kA saMyoga vyaNuka yA trasareNu kahA jAtA hai| ye sabhI sUkSma hone ke kAraNa dRSTigocara nahIM hote tathA anumAna ke dvArA hI inakA jJAna hotA hai| sArA saMsAra inhIM paramANuoM ke saMyoga se banA hai| jIva apane buddhi, jJAna tathA kama ke dvArA hI sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sukha-duHkha kama-phala ke niyama para bhI avalambita hai, kevala prAkRtika niyamoM para nhiiN| sRSTi aura pralaya ke kartA mahezvara mAne gae haiN| ve jaba caahte| taba sRSTi hotI hai aura unakI icchA se hI pralaya hotA hai| isakA pravAha ananta bAra

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vyAkaraNa] (55) [vyAkaraNa panAdi kAla se calA A rahA hai| pralaya ke samaya vizvAtmA brahmA apanA zarIra tyAga kara dete haiM aura mahezvara sRSTi kA saMhAra karane kI icchA karate haiN| pralaya meM kevala parIra hI naSTa hotA hai, kintu AtmA anitya hone ke kAraNa naSTa nahIM hotaa| vaizeSika darzana meM Izvara, jIvAtmA evaM paramANu tInoM kI sattA mAnya hai / isase vaha IzvaravAdI hote hue bhI anekavAdI siddha hotA hai| AdhAramanya-1. vaizeSikadarzana-50. harimohana maa| 2. padArthazAstra-paM0 Ananda jhaa| 3. bhAratIyadarzana-paTaMjI bora datta (hindI anuvaad)| 4. bhAratIya darzana-50 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5. darzana-saMgraha-DaoN.dIvAnacandra / 6. hindI vaizeSika darzana-paM0 DaNDirAja zAstrI (caukhambA prakAzana ) / 7. vaizeSikasUtra-zrIrAma zarmA (hindI anuvAda shit)| vyAkaraNa-vedAMgoM meM vyAkaraNa kA tIsarA sthAna hai [de. vedaangg]| ise veda kA mukha mAnA jAtA hai-mukhaM vyAkaraNaM smRtam / veda-puruSa kA mukha hone ke kAraNa isakI vedAMgoM meM pramukhatA hai / vedoM meM bhI vyAkaraNa kI prazaMsA meM aneka mantra upagyasta haiN| Rgveda ke eka prasiddha mantra meM zabdazAstra yA vyAkaraNa vRSabha ke rUpa meM varNita hai| isake nAma, AkhyAta (kriyA), upasarga aura nipAta cAra.sIMga haiM tathA vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya tInoM kAla tIna pAda kahe gae haiN| sup aura tiG do sira hai tathA sAto vibhaktiyAM sAta hAtha hai| yaha ura, kaNTha aura sira tIna sthAnoM meM baMdhA hai| catvAri zRGgA yo asya pAdA dezI saptahastAso asya / tridhA baDo vRSabho roravIti mahodevo mayAM vAviveza // Rgveda 4 / 586 / 'Rgveda' ke eka anya mantra meM vyAkaraNa ke vizeSajJa evaM anabhinna kI tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vyAkaraNa se anabhijJa puruSa dekhakara bhI nahIM dekhatA aura suna kara bhI nahIM sunavA, para vaiyAkaraNa ke samakSa vANo apane svarUpa ko usI prakAra prakaTa kara detI hai, jisa prakAra kAminI apane pati ke samakSa zobhana vastroM ko utAra detI hai| utatvaH pazyan na dadazaM vAcam utatvaH mRNvan na praNotyenAm / uto tvasme tanvaM visale jAyeva patye uzatI suvAsAH // Rgveda 1071 / 4 AcArya vararuci ne vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke pAMca prayojana batAye haiN| patamjali ke anusAra vyAkaraNa ke teraha prayojana hote haiM / unhoMne isa viSaya kA vivaraNa 'mahAbhASya' (paspazAhika) ke prArambha meM kiyA hai| pradhAna pAMca prayojana hai-rakSA, maha, Agama, laghu tathA asandeha / rakSohAgamalavyasandehAH prayojanam (mhaabhaassy-pspshaahik)| 1. rakSA-veda kI rakSA hI vyAkaraNa adhyayana kA pradhAna uddezya hai| vedoM kA upayoga yajJoM ke vidhAna meM hotA hai| kisa mantra kA kisa yajJa meM upayoga ho tathA kisakA kahAM viniyoga kiyA jAya,. ise vahI batA sakatA hai jo vedamantroM ke padoM kA artha acchI taraha se jAna ske| yaha kArya vaiyAkaraNa hI kara sakatA hai isalie veda kI rakSA vyAkaraNa se hI saMbhava hai / 2. Uha-naye padoM kI kalpanA ko 'Uha' kahate haiM / yajJAnurUpa vividha vaidika maMtroM ke zabdoM kI vibhakti evaM liMga-nirNaya karanA Avazyaka , he aura yaha kArya koI vyAkaraNa kA nAtA hI kara sakatA hai| 3. Agama-zruti meM vaiyAkaraNa kA mahattva pradarzita karane ke lie brAhmaNa ko aMgoM sahita vedoM kA adhyayana

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vyAkaraNa-zAna kA itihAsa] (554) vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa bAvazyaka batAyA gayA hai / 4. laghu-laghutA ke lie vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana anivArya hai| isake dvArA sabhI zAstroM kA rahasya alpakAla meM jAnA jA sakatA hai| (laghutA laghu upAya kA ghotaka hai)| 5. asandeha-vaidika zabdoM ke sambandha meM utpanna sandeha kA nirAkaraNa vyAkaraNa ke dvArA hI hotA hai| upayukta pAMca prayojanoM ke atirikta patanjali ne teraha anya prayojanoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ve haiM-apabhASaNa, duSTazabda, arthajJAna, dharmalAbha, nAmakaraNa Adi / ka. apabhASaNa-zabdoM ke azuddha uccAraNa se dUra haTAne kA kArya vyAkaraNa karatA hai| varSoM evaM zabdoM kA zuddha uccAraNa karanA Arya hai evaM azuddha uccAraNa mleccha / ataH mleccha hone se bacane ke lie vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai / kha. duSTazabdasamdoM kI zuddhatA evaM azuddhi kA jJAna vyAkaraNa dvArA hI hotA hai| azuddha zabdoM ke prayoga se anapaM ho jA sakatA hai| ataH duSTa zabdoM ke prayoga se bacane ke lie vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| ga. ajJAna-vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke binA veda kA arthazAna nahIM ho sktaa| arthajJAna hone para hI zabda-jJAna hotA hai| gha. dharmalAbhazuddha zabdoM kA prayoga karane vAlA svarga prApta karatA hai aura apazabdoM kA prayoga karanevAlA pApa kA bhAjana hotA hai| ataH dharma-lAbha ke lie vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai / i. nAmakaraNa-gRhyakAroM ke anusAra navajAta zizu kA nAma dazama dina honA cAhie / nAmakaraNa ke viziSTa niyamoM ke anusAra vaha kRdanta honA cAhie vanitAnta nhiiN| isa viSaya kA jJAna kevala vyAkaraNa dvArA hI saMbhava hai| saMskRta meM vaidika aura laukika donoM rUpoM ke anekAneka vyAkaraNa haiM jinameM pANini-vyAkaraNa atyanta prasiddha hai [anya vyAkaraNoM ke vivaraNa ke lie de0 vyAkaraNa kA itihAsa]. AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa-bhAratavarSa kA vyAkaraNa zAstra vizva kI sarvAdhika prAcIna evaM praur3ha vidyA hai jisakA mUla rUpa Rgveda meM hI prApta hotA hai| vaidika mantroM meM aneka padoM kI vyutpattiyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| rAmAyaNa, gopatha brAhmaNa, muNDakopaniSad tathA mahAbhArata meM zabdazAstra ke lie vyAkaraNa zabda kA prayoga milatA hai jisase isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| sarvArthAnAM vyAkaraNAd vaiyAkaraNa ucyate / tanmalato vyAkaraNaM vyAkarotIti tattathA / / mahAbhArata, udyoma 4361 / bhAratavarSa meM vyAkaraNazAstra kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa huA hai aura isake antargata Adhunika bhASA-vijJAna ke sabhI maGgoM kA samAveza hotA hai| Rgveda meM 'catvAri zRGgA trayo asya pAdAH'(4-58.3) tathA 'catvAri vAkparimitA padAni' Rga0 (1.164-45) / uhisita mantroM kI vyAkhyA vaiyAkaraNika pati se karate hue pataMjali ne nAma, bAkhyAta, upasarga, nipAta ina zabda-vibhAgoM tathA tIna kAloM aura sAta vibhaktiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, evaM sAyaNa ne bhI unakA vaiyAkaraNika artha prastuta kiyA hai| SaDaGga zabda ke sAtha brAhmaNa-pranthoM meM vyAkaraNa kA bhI nirdeza hai| zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda, kalpa evaM jyotiSa ina chaha vedAMgoM ko gopatha brAhmaNa, bodhAyanAdi

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vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa] (555) . [vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa dharmazAstra tathA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM SaDaGga ke rUpa meM niddiSTa kiyA gayA hai SaDaGga vidastat tathAdhImahe / go0 brA0 pU0 1127 / nASaDaGgavidatrAsti nAvato nA bahuzrutaH // bAlakANDa 615 / brAhmaNoM meM kRta, kuvaMta aura kariSyat zabdoM kA prayoga liMga, vacana tathA bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSyat ke artha meM huA hai tathA bAraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM meM bhI vANI ke prasaGgoM ke antargata svara, USman, sparza, dhAtu, prAtipadika, nAma, mAsyAta, pratyaya, vibhakti Adi zabda prayukta hue haiM / gopatha brAhmaNa meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA ullekha hai ( ||124)ongkaarN pRcchAmaH-ko dhAtuH, kiM prAtipadikam, kiM nAmAkhyAtaM, kiM liGga, kiM vacanaM, kA vibhaktiH, kaH pratyayaH, kaH svara upasargo nipAta; kiM ve vyAkaraNaM, ko vikAraH, ko dhikArI, katibhAgaH, kativarNaH, katyakSaraH, katipadaH, kaH saMyogaH / upayukta vivecana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki brAhmaNa kAla taka vyAkaraNa kI rUparekhA taiyAra ho cukI thii| Age cala kara vaidika zabdoM ke nirvacana evaM vivecana ke lie aneka zikSA granya, prAtizAkhya, tantra, nirukta evaM vyAkaraNa likhe gae jinameM vaidika padoM ke svara, uccAraNa, samAsa, sandhi, vRtta evaM vyutpatti para vicAra kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya manISA ke anusAra samasta vidyAoM kA pravacana brahmA jI dvArA huA hai tathA ve hI prathama vaiyAkaraNa haiM / brahmA ke bAda bRhaspati ne vyAkaraNa kA pravacana kiyA aura unake bAda indra ne / mahAbhASya meM bhI isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki bRhaspati ne indra ke lie pratipada pATha kA zabdopadeza kiyA thA-bRhaspatirindrAya divyaM sahasravarSa pratipadoktAnAM zabdAnAM pArAyaNaM provAca / 11111 / pANini se pUrva aneka vaiyAkaraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jisase vidita hotA hai ki saMskRta meM unase pUrva vyAkaraNa kI svastha paramparA bana cukI thI aura aneka mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA nirmANa ho cukA thA, kintu pANini vyAkaraNa kI bhAsvaratA meM ve sabhI nisteja evaM naSTa ho gaye para unakI chApa aSTAdhyAyI para par3I rhii| prAkpANini vaiyAkaraNoM meM indra, vAyu, bhAradvAja, bhAguri, pauSkarasAdi, cArAyaNa, kAzakRtsna, vaiyAghrapada, mAdhyandinI, raur3hi, zaunaka, gautama, vyADi Adi teraha prAcInatama AcArya Ate haiN| inake atirikta dasa aise vaiyAkaraNa haiM jinakA ullekha aSTAdhyAyI meM kiyA gayA hai, ve haiM-Apizali, ( 6 / 1 / 92 ) / kAzyapa (1 / 2 / 25 tathA 8467.), gAgyaM ( 7399, 8320, 8 / 4 / 67), gAlava (6 / 3 / 61,743399, 8 / 4 / 67), cAkravarmaNa, (631.130), zAkalya (131316, 6 / 1 / 127, 83 / 19), zAkaTAyana ( 8 / 3 / 12, 8 / 4 / 50), senaka (24112), sphoTAyana ( 6 / 1 / 123 ), bhAradvAja ( 72 / 63) / isa prakAra prAkpANinIya paramparA ke pravartaka teIsa AcArya Ate haiM, jinhoMne vibhinna sampradAyoM kI sthApanA kara saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko praur3ha banAyA thaa| prasiddha vaiyAkaraNika sampradAyoM meM aindra sampradAya, bhAgurIya sampradAya, kAmanda vivaraNa, kAzakRtsna sampradAya, senakIya sampradAya, kAzyapIya vyAkaraNa, sphoTAyana, cAkravamaNIya vyAkaraNa, Apizali, vyAkaraNa tathA vyADIya vyAkaraNa-sampradAya haiN| DaoN0 varnela ke anusAra inameM aindra vyAkaraNa-zAkhA prAcInatama zAkhA thI aura pANini ne bahuta kucha unake mantroM ko liyA bhI thaa| Aja prAkapANi

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dhyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa] (556 ) [vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa nIya AcAryoM ke grantha lupta ho cuke haiM aura unakA vyaktitva aba racayitA kI apekSA vaktA evaM pravaktA ke rUpa meM adhika upalabdha hai| pANini ne inake vivecana se lAbha uThAte hue apane anya ko pUrNa kiyA hai| pANini ke AvirbhAva se saMskRta-vyAkaraNa kA rUpa sthira ho gayA aura use prauDhatva prApta huaa| saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke itihAsa ko musthataH cAra kAloM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-1-pUrvapANini kAlaprArambha se pANini taka, 2-munitraya kAla-pANini se pataMjali taka, 3-vyAkhyA kAla-kAzikA se 1000 IsvI taka, 4-prakriyA kAla-(1000I0 se 1700 IsvI taka), 5-isakA pAMcoM kAla Adhunika vyAkhyAtAoM kA hai jaba saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana evaM anuzIlana pAzcAvya paNDitoM ne tathA Adhunika bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne kiyaa| pANini, kAtyAyana aura pataMjali saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke trimuni ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM jinhoMne sUtra, vAttika evaM bhASya kI racanA kii| jaba avAntara kAla meM utpanna hue bhASA-maida ke kAraNa pANini ke sUtroM se kAma na calA to unako nyUnatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kAtyAyana yA vararuci ne vAttikoM kI racanA kii| inakA janma pANini ke lagabhaga 200 varSoM ke pazcAt huaa| inake kucha to vAtika gadya rUpa meM haiM aura kucha chandobata hai| kAtyAyana yA vararuci ke nAma se mahAbhASya meM 'vArarucaM kAvyaM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki inhoMne kisI kAvya grantha kI bhI racanA kI thii| inake nAma se aneka zloka 'subhASitAvalI' evaM 'zAGgaMdharapadati' meM upalabdha hote haiM / 'saduktikarNAmRta' meM bhI vararuci ke padya prApta hote haiN| kavi vararuci tathA vAttikakAra kAtyAyana eka hI vyakti haiM para prAkRta prakAza kA racayitA ke mata se vararupi koI bhinna vyakti hai / rAjazekhara ke anusAra inake kAgya kA nAma 'nIlakaNThacarita' thaa| Age calakara pANini kI 'aSTAdhyAyI' para aneka vAtika likhe gae jinameM bhAradvAja evaM sonAga ke vAttika pATha prasiddha haiN| pataMjali (de0 pataMjali evaM mahAbhASya ) ne aSTAdhyAyI ke atirikta vAttikoM para bhI bhASya likhA tathA mahAbhASya ke bAda bhI kaI bhASya vAttikoM para likhe gae-jinameM helArAja, rAghavasU aura rAjakadra ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA pror3ha rUpa pANini meM dikhAI par3A aura kAtyAyana ke vAttikoM se vikasita hokara mahAbhASya taka Akara carama pariNati para pahuMca gayA tathA isakI dhArA yahIM Akara avaruta ho gyii| kAlAntara meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI dhArA meM nayA mor3a upasthita huA aura vyAkhyA kAla ke antargata navIna vicAra saraNiyoM kA janma huA, kintu inhoMne pANini kI bhAMti nabIna vyAkaraNika ubhAvanAeM nahIM kii| isa yuga ke AcArya pANini aura pataMjali kI vyAkhyAeM evaM TIkAeM karate rahe aura unake spaSTIkaraNa meM hI vyAkaraNa kI katipaya nUtana dhArAoM kA vikAsa huaa| aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAroM ne kuNi, mAthura, zvobhUti, vararuci, devanaMdI, duvinIta, pukhibhaTTa, nilUra, jayAditya, vAmana, vimalamati, bhartRzvara, jayaMtabhaTTa, abhinanda, kezava, indumitra, maitreyarakSita, puruSotamadeva, sRSTidhara, bhaTTojI dIkSita Adi ke nAma vizeSa

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vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa ] ( 557 ) [ vyAkaraNa - zAstra kA itihAsa ullekhanIya haiM | ( inake vivaraNa ke lie de0 aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra ) / inameM vAmana aura jayAditya kI saMyukta vRtti kAzikA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| kAzikA meM ATha adhyAya haiM jinameM prArambhika pAMca jayAditya dvArA tathA zeSa tIna vAmana dvArA likhe gae haiM / itsiMga ke yAtrA vivaraNa se patA calatA haiM ki vAmana kI mRtyu vikrama 718 meM huI thI / aSTAdhyAyI kI vAstavika vyAkhyA kAzikA meM hI upasthita kI gayI hai / isameM aSTAdhyAyI ke sabhI sUtroM para sarala vyAkhyA tathA anuvRttiyoM kA nirdeza karate hue udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye gae haiN| Age calakara kAzikA ko bhI TIkA likhI gayI aura aSTAdhyAyI ke vicAra adhika spaSTa hue / kAzikA kI vyAkhyA kA nAma hai nyAsa yA kAzikA - vivaraNa - paMjikA jisake lekhaka haiM jinendrabuddhi / kAzikA kI anya TIkAeM bhI likhI gayIM jinameM haradatta kI 'padamaMjarI' ullekhya hai- ( de0 kAzikA ke TIkAkAra ) / aSTAdhyAyI ke AdhAra para usake sUtroM ko spaSTa karane ke lie paravartI kAla meM atyadhika prayatna hue jisase tadviSayaka prabhUta sAhitya racA gyaa| mahAbhASya ke Upara bhI asaMkhya grantha TIkAoM aura bhASyoM ke rUpa meM race ge| inameM se kucha to TIkAeM naSTa ho gayI haiN| bahuta kucha hastalekhoM meM vidyamAna haiM, aura kucha kA kucha bhI paricaya nahIM prApta hotA / mahAbhASya ke TIkAkAroM meM bhartRhari kRta 'mahAbhASyadIpikA', kaiyaTa 'kRta 'mahAbhASya pradIpa' ke nAma vizeSa prasiddha haiM / anya TIkAkAroM ke nAma haiM. jyeSTha kalaza, maitreya rakSita, puruSottamadeva, zeSanArAyaNa, viSNumitra, nIlakaNTha, zeSaviSNu, shivr|mendrsrsvtii, Adi / ( inake vivaraNa ke lie dekhie mahAbhASya ) / mahAbhASya kA sAhitya Age calakara bahuta vistRta ho gayA ora kaiyaTaracita, 'mahAbhASya pradIpa' kI bhI aneka vyAkhyAeM racI gyiiN| inameM (ciMtAmaNikRta ) mahAbhASya kaiyaTaprakAza, (nAganAtha mahAbhASya pradIpodyotana, rAmacandrakRta vivaraNa, IzvarAnandakRta mahAbhASyapradIpa vivaraNa, abhaTTa mahAbhASya pradIpodyotana, nArAyaNa zAstrI kRta mahAbhASya pradIpa vyAkhyA, nAgeza bhaTTa kRta mahAbhASyapradIpodyotana, laghuzabdenduzekhara, bRhadazabdenduzekhara, paribhASenduzekhara, laghumaMjUSA, sphoTavAda tathA mahAbhASya pratyAkhyAna saMgraha ke nAma prasiddha haiM / nAgezabhaTTa ke * ziSya vaidyanAtha pAyaguMDe ne mahAbhASyapradIpodyotana para 'chAyA' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / isa prakAra mahAbhASya kI TIkAeM evaM unakI TIkAoM kI bhI TIkAeM prastuta karate hue sahasroM grantha likhe gae aura mahAbhASya viSayaka vizAla sAhitya prastuta huA / * prakriyA grantha - isI bIca pANini vyAkaraNa ke sambandha meM atyanta mahattva pUrNaghaTanA ghaTI jisase isake adhyayana-adhyApana evaM vivecana meM yugAntara kA praveza huA / ise 'prakriyA kAla' kahA jAtA hai / hama Upara dekha cuke haiM ki pANini evaM pataMjali sambandhI prabhUta sAhitya kI racanA hotI gayI aura vyAkaraNa kA viSaya dinAnudina durUha hotA gayA / phalataH vidvAnoM ko paThana-pAThana kI rIti meM parivartana Avazyaka dikhAI par3A / pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI kA jaba taka pUrA adhyayana nahIM kiyA jAtA taba taka use kisI bhI viSaya kA pUrNa jJAna nahIM hogA, kyoMki 'aSTAdhyAyI' kI racanA viSayavAra nahIM huI hai| usake vibhinna viSayoM ke sUtra aura niyama eka sthAna para na hokara aneka sthaloM para bikhare hue haiN| isalie alpamedhas yA alpa samaya meM vyAkaraNa kA zona

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vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa] ( 558 ) [vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa prApta karane ke lie aneka vyAkaraNa prakriyAkramAnusAra likhe gae / inakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki chAtra ina granthoM kA jitanA aMza par3ha jAya use usa aMza kA pUrNa jJAna ho jaaygaa| ataH vyAkaraNa ko adhika sarala banAne ke lie 'rUpamAlA' mAmaka vyAkaraNa kI racanA 1350 I0 meM huI jise vimala sarasvatI ne likhaa| isa graMtha kI racanA viSayavAra 'kaumudI' ke DhaGga para huI thii| bAda meM rAmacandra ne 'prakriyA kaumudI' evaM viTThalAcArya tathA zeSakRSNa ne usakI vyAkhyAeM likhiiN| Age calakara 'prakriyAkomudI' ke AdhAra para bhaTToji dIkSita (saM0 1510-1575 ke madhya ) ne prayogakramAnusArI 'siddhAnta kaumudI' nAmaka aSTAdhyAyI kI TIkA likhI jisameM pANini ke samasta sUtroM kA samAveza kiyA gayA thaa| inake pUrva 'rUpamAlA' tathA 'prakriyAkaumudI' meM pANini ke sabhI sUtra sanniviSTa nahIM kie gae the| usa samaya se adyAvadhi samasta bhAratavarSa meM 'siddhAntakaumudI' kA hI adhyayana-adhyApana hotA hai aura usakI jar3eM jama cukI haiN| siddhAntakaumudI kI 'prauDhamanoramA' evaM 'bAlamanoramA' nAmaka TIkAeM haiN| siddhAntakaumudI kI bhI aneka TIkAeM racI gayI haiM aura isake vyAkhyAtAoM meM rAmananda kI sattvadIpikA (saM0 1680-1720) tathA nAgezabhaTTa (saM0 1720-1780 ) ke 'vRhacchandenduzekhara tathA laghuzabdenduzekhara' nAmaka graMtha atyadhika mahattva ke haiN| ... dIkSita kI hI paramparA meM varadarAjAcArya hue jinhoMne chAtropayogI tIna vyAkaraNa grantha likhe-'madhyasiddhAnta kaumudI' 'laghusiddhAnta kaumudI' tathA 'sArasiddhAnta kaumudI' / tInoM hI paMtha prArambhika kakSA ke chAtroM ke lie atyanta upayogI haiM aura samprati samasta bhArata kI prathamA evaM madhyamA parIkSAoM meM inakA adhyApana hotA hai| pANini ke . uttaravartI vyAkaraNa ke sampradAya-saMskRta sAhitya meM pANinivyAkaraNa kI hI amiTa chApa hai, kintu isake atirikta svatantra rUpa se bhI vyAkaraNazAstra kA vikAsa humA aura tatsambandhI kaI dhArAoM kA bhI udyotana humA / pANini ke paravartI vyAkaraNika sampradAyoM meM, jo Aja bhI vidyamAna haiM, nimnAMkita hai1 cAndra-sampradAya, 2 jenendra-sampradAya, 3 zAkaTAyana sampradAya, 4 haima-sampradAya, 5 kAtaMtra-sampradAya, 6 sArasvata-sampradAya, 7 bopadeva aura unakA sampradAya, 8 kramadIzvara tathA jenara sampradAya, 9 saupadya-sampradAya / cAndra sampradAya-bauddha vidvAn candragomI ne cAndra vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI thii| inakA samaya 500 I0 hai| yaha sampradAya laMkA meM adhika pracalita huA / 13 vIM zatAbdI ke bauddhAcArya kAzyapa ne 'bAlAvabodha' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kara cAna vyAkaraNa kA pariSkAra kiyA thaa| jainendra sampradAya-jainadharmAvalambiyoM ne apane vyAkaraNa ko jainendra sampradAya kA vyAkaraNa kahA hai, jisake racayitA mahAvIra jina the| kahA jAtA hai ki jaba mahAvIra ATha varSa ke the tabhI unhoMne indra se vyAkaraNa-sambandhI prazna kiye the aura unase uttara ke rUpa meM jo vyAkaraNasambandhI vicAra pAyA use 'jinendra' vyAkaraNa kA rUpa diyaa| jina aura indra ke sammilita prayAsa ke kAraNa isakA nAma jinendra par3A hai| isameM eka sahana sUtra haiM jinameM sAta sau sUtra apane haiM tathA tIna sau sUtra saMkalita haiN| isa para

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vyAkaraNa- zAstra kA itihAsa ] ( 559 ) [ vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa somadeva kI TIkA hai / isameM maulikatA alpa hai aura pANini ke sUtroM ko apane sampradAyAnusAra grahaNa kara liyA gayA hai / zAkaTAyana-saMpradAya - zvetAmbarIya jaina vidvAn zAkaTAyana ne 'zabdAnuzAna' nAmaka vyAkaraNa grantha likha kara zAkaTAyana sampradAya kI paramparA kA pravartana kiyA, jinakA samaya navama zatAbdI hai| isa para unhoMne svayaM TIkA likhI jo 'amoghavRtti' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa grantha ke upajIvya pANini, cAndra vyAkaraNa evaM jainendra vyAkaraNa rahe haiM / haima sampradAya - prasiddha jainAcArya siddha hemacandra ne ( 1088-1972 I0 ) 'zabdAnuzAsana' nAmaka prasiddha vyAkaraNa grantha likhA hai jisa para inhoMne 'bRhadvRtti' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / aSTAdhyAyI kI bhA~ti isameM bhI ATha adhyAya haiM tathA sUtroM kI saMkhyA 4500 hai / isake anta meM prAkRta kA bhI vyAkaraNa diyA gayA hai| isa para aneka choTe-choTe grantha likhe gae haiM jinameM 'haimalaghuprakriyA' ( vinayavijayAgni kRta ) tathA 'modI' ( medhAvijaya kRta ) prasiddha hai / kAtaMtra sampradAya - zavaMzarmA yA zivazarmA dvArA 'kAtaMtrazAkhA' kA pravattana huA hai jo kAtaMtra, kImAra aura kalApa ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isakA samaya I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI hai / isameM kula 1400 sUtra the jisa para durgAsiMha kI vRtti hai / sArasvata sampradAya - narendra nAmaka vyakti ( 13 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya ) ne 700 sUtroM meM 'sArasvata vyAkaraNa' kI racanA kI thI jisameM pANini ke hai / isakA uddezya vyAkaraNa kA zIghrabodha karAnA thA / hI mata kA samAveza bopadeva evaM unakA sampradAya - bopadeva ne 'mugdhabodha' nAmaka vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai / inakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI hai / inakA uddezya thA vyAkaraNa ko sarala nAnA jisake lie inhoMne kAtaMtra evaM pANini kA sahArA grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha vyAkaraNa bahuta lokapriya huA thA / anya sampradAyoM kA mahatva gauNa hai / bhoja kRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa - dhArAnareza mahArAja bhoja ne 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' nAmaka bRhada vyAkaraNa-grantha likhA hai ( samaya 1005 se 1054 I0 ) / isameM ATha adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya 4 pAdoM meM vibhAjita hai / isako sUtra saMkhyA 6411 hai / isake prArambhika sAta adhyAyoM meM laukika zabdoM kA tathA AThaveM adhyAya meM vaidika zabdoM kA sanniveza kiyA gayA hai tathA svara kA bhI vivecana hai / jomara zAkhA - 13 vIM - 14 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kramadIzvara nAmaka vaiyAkaraNa ne pANinivyAkaraNa ko saMkSipta kara 'saMkSiptasAra' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thI / ye jaumara sampradAya ke pravattaMka the / inake grantha para jamuranandI ne TIkA likha kara jImara zAkhA kA pariSkAra kiyA / vyAkaraNa-darzana- saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA carama vikAsa vyAkaraNa-darzana ke rUpa meM huA hai aura antataH vaiyAkaraNoM ne zabda ko brahma mAna kara use zabda brahma kI saMjJA dI hai / vyAkaraNa-darzana kI mahatvapUrNa dena haiM--sphoTa- siddhAnta / vyAkaraNa ke dArzanika rUpa kA prArambha pataMjali ke mahAbhASya se huA aura isakA pUrNa vikAsa humA bhartRhari

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vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa ] ( 560 ) [ vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa ( paSThazataka) ke 'vAkyapadIya' meM (de0 vAkyapadIya ) / maMDana mizra ne 'sphoTa - siddhi' nAmaka praur3ha grantha likhA jisameM 36 kArikAeM haiN| bharatamizra ne 'sphoTasiddhi' pustaka likhI hai jisameM tIna pariccheda haiM- pratyakSa, artha evaM Agama / mUla grantha kArikA meM likhA gayA hai aura usakI vyAkhyA gadya meM hai, aura vaha bhI bharata mizra kA likhA huA hai / kAlAntara meM sphoTa - siddhAnta ke Upara aneka grantha likhe gae jinameM nimnalikhita prasiddha haiM - kezava kavi - 'sphoTa pratiSThA', zeSakRSNa kavi - 'sphoTatasva', zrIkRSNabhaTTa - 'sphoTacandrikA', Apadeva - 'sphoTa nirUpaNa', kundabhaTTa - 'sphoTavAda' | kauNDabhaTTa racita 'vaiyAkaraNa bhUSaNasAra' bhI vyAkaraNa-darzana kA mahatvapUrNa grantha hai tathA nAgezabhaTTa kI 'vyAkaraNasiddhAnta maMjUSA' bhI dArzanika granthoM meM AtA hai / prAkRta-vyAkaraNa - prAkRta bhASA kA prathama vyAkaraNa 'prAkRtasUtra' nAmaka grantha haiM jisake racayitA Adi kavi vAlmIki mAne jAte haiN| isakA dUsarA nAma 'vAlmIki - sUtra' bhI hai / para Aja yaha jisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai use vidvAn paravartI racanA mAnate haiN| isa para trivikrama paNDita ne 'prAkRtasUtravRtti' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai jinakA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI hai / kucha logoM ke anusAra paMDita ho isake mUla lekhaka haiM / prAkRta prakAza - isake lekhaka vararuci haiN| isameM 507 sUtra haiM tathA isakI cAra prAcIna TIkAeM prApta hotI haiM- 'manoramA', prAkRta maMjarI', 'prAkRtasaMjIvanI' tathA 'subodhinI' / manoramA ke racayitA bhAmaha haiM / prAkRta ke anya vyAkaraNoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- prAkRta lakSaNa-caNDakRta - 1172 I0, saMkSipta sAra- kramadIzvarakRta, prAkRtavyAkaraNa ( zabdAnuzAsana ) - trivikrama deva - 1236 - 1300 I0, prAkRtarUpAvatArasiharAjakRta - 1300 - 1400 I0, SaDbhASAcandrikA - lakSmIdhara - 1541-1565 I0, prAkRta sarvasva - mArkaNDeya kavIndra | AdhAragrantha - 1. philaoNsaphI oNpha saMskRta grAmara - pro0 cakravartI / 2. iNDiyA ina pANini - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 3. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara -- e0 bI0 kItha / 4. vaidika grAmara -- - maikaDonala / 5. saMskRta grAmara - -hITanI / 6. saMskRta laiMguyeja - TI0 baro / 7. ligvisTika spekulezanas oNpha saMskRta - vaTakRSNa ghoSa / 8. phoneTiksa oNbjaravezanas ina enziyanTa iNDiyA - DaoN0 siddhezvara varmA / 9. pANinikAlIna bhArata- DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 10. saMskRta vyAkaraNa-zAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1, 2 - paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 11. vaidika svara-mImAMsA - paM0 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka / 12. saMskRta bhASA ( hindI anuvAda TI0 baro kRta grantha kA ) DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 13. saMskRta kA bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana - DaoN bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 14. pataMjalikAlIna bhArata - DaoN0 prabhudayAla agnihotrI / 15. vaidika vyAkaraNa ( maikaDonala kRta vaidika grAmara kA hindI anuvAda) anu0 DaoN0 satyavrata / 16. vaidika vyAkaraNa bhAga 1,2 - DaoN rAmagopAla / 17. pANini - DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 18. saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA saMkSipta itihAsa - paM0 ramAkAnta mizra / 19. artha vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa-darzana - DaoN0 kapiladeva dvivedI / 20. pratibhA darzana - paM0 harizaMkara "

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( 561 ) [ vyAsa ww jozI / 21. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - kItha ( hindI anuvAda) anu0 DaoN0 maMgaladeva zAstrI / 22. saMskRta grAmara - ra - moniyara viliyama / 23. grAmeTika DesaprAkRta sphukuMna ( mUla graMtha - jarmana bhASA meM ) - le0 pizela / aMgarejI anuvAdaka - DaoN0 subhadra jhA, hindI anuvAdaka - DaoN0 hemacanda jozI / 24. inTroDakzana TU prAkRta - 90 sI0 unnara / 25. prAkRta prakAza DaoN0 sarayU prasAda agravAla / vyAsa - vedavyAsa kA nAma aneka dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM ke praNetA ke rUpa meM vikhyAta haiM / ye vedoM ke vibhAgakarttA, mahAbhArata, brahmasUtra, bhAgavata tathA anya aneka purANoM ke karttA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| prAcIna vizvAsa ke anusAra pratyeka dvApara yuga meM Akara vedavyAsa vedoM kA vibhAjana karate haiN| isa prakAra isa manvantara ke aTThAIsa vyAsoM ke hone kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| vattaMmAna vaivasvata manvantara ke aTThAIsa dvApara bIta cuke haiN| 'viSNupurANa' meM aTThAIsa vyAsoM kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai - 3 | 3|10-31 / dvApare dvApare viSNurvyAsarUpI mahAmune / vedamekaM subahudhA kurute jagate hitaH // vIrya tejo balaM cAlpaM manuSyANAmavekSya ca / hitAya sarvabhUtAnAM vedabhedaM karoti saH // viSNupurANa 3 / 3 / 5-6 / aTThAIsaveM vyAsa kA nAma kRSNadvaipAyana vyAsa hai / inhoMne hI mahAbhArata evaM aThAraha purANoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / vyAsa nAmadhArI vyakti ke saMbaMdha meM aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha kisI kA abhidhAna na hokara pratIkAtmaka, kalpanAtmaka yA chadma nAma hai / maikDonala bhI isI vicAra ke samarthaka haiM, para bhAratIya vidvAn isa mata se sahamata nahIM haiM / prAcIna granthoM meM vyAsa kA nAma kaI sthAnoM para Adara ke sAtha liyA gayA hai / 'ahirbudhnyasaMhitA' meM vyAsa veda- vyAkhyAtA tathA vedavargayitA ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki vAk ke putra vAcyAyana yA apAntaratamA nAmaka eka vedajJa the hiraNyagarbha ke samakAlIna the| ina tInoM vyaktiyoM ne viSNu ke ( RgyajusAma), sAMkhyazAstra evaM yogazAstra kA vibhAga kiyA thaa| hai ki vyAsa nAma kapila evaM hiraNyagarbha kI taraha eka vyaktivAcaka saMjJA thI / ataH ise bhAvavAcaka na mAnakara abhidhAnavAcaka mAnanA cAhie | ahirbudhnya saMhitA meM vyAsa kA nAma apAntaratamA bhI prApta hotA hai aura isakI saMgati mahAbhArata se baiTha jAtI hai / mahAbhArata meM apAntaratamA nAmaka vedAcArya RSi kA ullekha hai, jinhoMne prAcInakAla meM ekabAra veda kI zAkhAoM kA niyamana kiyA thA / mahAbhArata ke kaI prasaMgoM meM apAntaratamA nAma ko vyAsa se abhinna mAna kara varNita kiyA gayA hai / katipaya vidvAn vyAsa ko upAdhisUcaka nAma mAnate haiN| vibhinna purANoM ke pravacanakarttA vyAsa kahe gaye haiM aura brahmA se lekara kRSNadvaipAyana vyAsa taka 27 se lekara 32 vyakti isa upAdhi se yukta batAye gae haiN| yadi purANa granthoM kI bAteM satya mAna lI jAyeM to 'jaya' kAvya ke racayitA tathA kaurava pANDava ke samakAlIna vyAsa nAmaka vyakti 32 vIM paramparA ke antima vyakti siddha hote haiM / isa prakAra vyAsa nAma kA vaividhya ise bhAratIya sAhitya kI taraha prAcIna siddha karatA hai / ma0 ma0 paM0 giridhara zarmA caturvedI kA kahanA hai ki 'vyAsa yA vedavyAsa, kisI vyakti-vizeSa kA jo kapila evaM Adeza se trayI isase siddha hotA 36 saM0 sA0 vyAsa ]

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vyAsa] ( 562 ) [vyAsa nAma nahIM, vaha eka padavI hai athavA adhikAra kA nAma hai| jaba jo RSi-muni vedasaMhitA kA vibhAjana yA purANa kA saMkSepa kara le vahI usa samaya vyAsa yA vedavyAsa kahA jAtA hai| kisI samaya vaziSTha aura kisI samaya parAzara Adi bhI vyAsa hue| isa aTThAIsaveM kaliyuga ke vyAsa kRSNadvaipAyana haiN| unake racita yA prakAzita grantha bAja purANa ke nAma se cala rahe haiN|' isa kathana se pratIta hotA hai ki vyAsa eka upAdhi thI jo vedoM evaM purANoM ke vargIkaraNa, vibhAjana evaM saMpAdana ke kAraNa pradAna kI jAtI thii| AcArya zaMkara ne vyAsa ke saMbaMdha meM eka navIna mata kI udbhAvanA kI hai| 'vedAntasUtrabhASya' meM inakA kahanA hai ki prAcIna vedAcArya apAntaratamA hI bAda meM ( dvApara evaM kaliyuga ke sandhikAla meM ) bhagavAn viSNu ke Adeza se kRSNadvaipAyana ke rUpa meM punarudbhUta hue the| kRSNadvaipAyana vyAsa ke saMbaMdha meM azvaghoSa ne tIna tathya prastuta kiye haiM-ka-inhoMne vedoM ko pRthak-pRthak vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| kha-inake pUrvaja vasiSTha tathA zakti the| ga-ye sArasvatavaMzIya the tathA inhoMne veda-vibhAjana jaisA dustara kArya sampanna kiyA thaa| mahAbhArata meM bhI kRSNadvaipAyana ko vyAsa kahA gayA hai jora inheM vedoM kA vargIkaraNa karane vAlA mAnA gayA hai-vyAsaM vasiSThanaptAraM zakteH potrama kalmaSam / parAzarAtmajaM bande zukatAtaM taponidhim // vyAsAya viSNurUpAya vyAsarUpAya viSNave / namo vai brahmanidhaye vAsiSThAya namo namaH // bhISmaparva / inhIM kRSNadvaipAyana kA nAma vAdarAyaNa vyAsa bhI thaa| inhoMne apane samasta mAna kI sAdhanA badarikAzrama meM kI thI, ataH ye vAdarAyaNa ke nAma se prasiddha hue| byAsa. praNIta 'vedAntasUtra' bhI 'bAdarAyaNasUtra' ke hI nAma se loka-vizruta huA hai| inakA anya nAma pArAzayaM bhI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma parAzara thaa| malaberUnI ne bhI inheM parAzara kA putra kahA hai aura paila, vaizampAyana, jaimini tathA sumantu nAmaka inake cAra ziSyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinhoMne kramazaH Rga , yaju, sAma evaM aparvaveda kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| pANini kRta 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM 'bhikSusUtra' ke racayitA pArAzayaM vyAsa hI kahe gae haiN| 'bhikSusUtra' 'vedAntasUtra' kA hI apara nAma hai| kRSNadvaipAyana kI jIvanI samprati upalabdha hotI hai| vaziSTha ke putra zakti the aura zakti ke putra parAzara / inhIM parAzara ke putra vyAsa hue aura vyAsa ke putra kA mAma zukadeva thA jinhoMne rAjA parIkSita ko bhAgavata kI kathA sunAI thii| parAzara kA vivAha satyavatI se huA thaa| jisakA nAma matsyagandhA yA yojanagandhA bhI thaa| isI se vyAsa kA janma huA thaa| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM inakA nivAsasthAna uttarApatha himAlaya batAyA gayA hai| vyAsa prathama vyakti haiM jinhoMne bhAratIya vidyA ko cAra saMhitAboM evaM itihAsa ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA thaa| ye mahAna dArzanika evaM uccakoTi ke kavi the inakI racanAvoM meM 'mahAbhArata' evaM 'zrImadabhAgavata' prasita hai, [de. mahAbhArata zrImadbhAgavata ] / aneka prAcIna granthoM meM vyAsa kI prazastiyAM prApta hotI haiM-1. mayaMyantreSu caitanyaM mhaabhaartvidyyaa| apaMyAmAsa tatpUrva yastasmai munaye namaH // avantI sundarI kathA 3 / 2. prastAvanAdipuruSo raghukauravavaMzayoH / bande bAlmIkikAnInI sUryAcandramasAviva // tilakamaMjarI 20 / 3. namaH sarvavide tasmai

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vyAsatIrthaM ] ( 563 ) [ zabara svAmI www vyAsAya kavivedhase / cakre sRSTi sarasvatyA yo varSamiva bhAratam // harSacarita 1 | 3 | 4. zravaNAJjalipuTapeyaM viracitavAn bhAratAkhyamamRtaM yaH / tamahamarAgamatRSNaM kRSNadvaipAyanaM bande // nArAyaNabhaTTa subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra 2 / 122 / vyAsatIrtha-ye mAdhvadarzana ke prasiddha AcArya haiN| inakA samaya 15 vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne aneka grantha likhe haiM jinameM TIkAe~ evaM maulika racanAe~ donoM hI haiM / inakA 'nyAyAmRta' nAmaka maulika grantha mAdhvadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA hai jisameM advaitavAda kA khaNDana kara dvaitamata ( mAdhvadarzana ) kI sthApanA kI gayI hai [ de0 mAdhvadarzana ], inake TIkA grantha haiM-tarkatANDava, tAtpayaMcandrikA, ( yaha jayatIthaM racita 'tatvaprakAzikA' kI TIkA hai, jayatIrthaM mAdhvamata ke AcArya the ), mandAramanjarI, bhedojIvana, mAyAvAda - khaNDana / 'nyAyAmRta' ke Upara 10 TIkAeM likhI gayI haiM inameM rAmAcArya racita 'taraMgiNI' tathA vijayIndratIrthaM kRta 'kaNTakoddhAra' atyadhika prasiddha haiM / de0 bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / vyAsasmRti - isa smRti ke racayitA vyAsa mAne jAte haiM / jIvAnanda tathA AnandAzrama ke saMgraha meM 'vyAsasmRti' ke 250 zloka prApta hote haiM / yaha smRti cAra adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / vizvarUpa, medhAtithi, aparAkaM Adi ne 'vyAsasmRti' ke lagabhaga 200 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / valAlasena kRta 'dAnasAgara' meM mahAvyAsa, laghuvyAsa evaM dAnavyAsa kA ullekha hai / 'smRticandrikA' ne gadyavyAsa kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / bRhadvyAsa ke uddharaNa 'mitAkSarA' 'prAyazcittamayUkha' evaM anya granthoM meM bhI prApta hote haiM / uparyukta sabhI granthoM ke racayitA eka the yA bhinna-bhinna isa saMbaMdha abhI taka koI nizcita mata nahIM hai / DaoN0 kANe ne 'vyAMsasmRti' kA samaya IsA kI dUsarI tathA pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA hai, ataH isake racayitA mahAbhAratakAra vyAsa se bhinna siddha hote haiM / isa smRti meM uttara ke cAra prakAra varNita haiM- mithyA, sampratipatti, kAraNa tathA prAGnyAya / lekhapramANa ke bhI tIna prakAra mAne gae haiM- svahasta, jAnapada tathA rAjazAsana / mAdhAragrantha - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa- DaoN0 pI0vI0 kANe bhAga 1, hindI anuvAda / zabara svAmI - mImAMsA darzana ke prasiddha bhASyakartA AcArya zabarasvAmI haiM / inakI ekamAtra racanA 'mImAMsAbhASya' hai / zabarasvAmI ne apane bhASya meM kAtyAyana evaM pANini kA ullekha kiyA hai - sadvAditvAt pANineH vacanaM pramANam, asadvAditvAt kAtyAyanasya, asadvAdI hi vidyamAnamapi anupalabhya brUyAt ( pR0 108 ) / ataH inakA samaya donoM ke bAda hI nizcita hotA hai / inakA sthitikAla I0 pU0 100 varSa mAnA jAtA hai / mImAMsA darzana kA paravartI vikAsa zabarasvAmI racita bhASya ko hI AdhAra mAna kara huA / katipaya vidvAn itanA janmasthAna madrAsa evaM kArya-kSetra bihAra mAnate haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM prAmANika rUpa se kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 'zAbarabhASya' vicAroM kI spaSTatA, zailI kI saralatA evaM viSaya- pratipAdana kI praur3hatA kI dRSTi se saMskRta sAhitya meM vizeSa sthAna kA adhikArI hai / isakA gadya saMskRta gadya-zailI ke vikAsa meM, saralatA ke kAraNa, apanA mahatva rakhatA hai /

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zAntideva ] ( 564 ) [ zAradAtanaya Apane atyanta sarala zailI meM viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / 'loke yeSvartheSu prasiddhAni padAni tAni sati saMbhave tadarthAnyeva sUtreSvityavagantavyam / nAdhyAhArAdibhireSAM parikalpanIyo'rthaH paribhASitavyo vA / anyathA iti prayatnagauravaM prasajyate / " zAvara bhASya 1|1|1 | yaha zailI ADambarahIna bhASA kA apUrva rUpa upasthita karatI hai / zabarasvAmI ne mImAMsA darzana ko svatantra dArzanika vicAradhArA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara bhAratIya AtmavAda, vedoM kI prAmANikatA, dharma evaM karmakANDa kI mahattA tathA hindU varNa vyavasthA kI rakSA kI / AdhAragrantha - ka. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, bhAga 2 - DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan / kha. mImAMsAdarzana - paM0 maMDana mizra / ga. bhAratIyadarzana - A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zAntideva - bauddha darzana ke zUnyavAdI AcAryoM meM zAntideva Ate haiM / ye saurASTranareza kalyANavarman ke putra the tathA tArAdevI dvArA protsAhita hokara bauddha dharma meM dIkSita hue the | inhoMne nAlandA vihAra ke paNDita jayadeva se dIkSA lI thii| inake tIna grantha prasiddha haiM / 1. zikSA - samuccaya- isameM kula 26 kArikAyeM haiM tathA mahAyAna ke AcAra evaM Adarza kA varNana hai| svayaM lekhaka ne isa para vistRta vyAkhyA likhI hai / isameM aise granthoM ( mahAyAna ke ) uddharaNa prApta hote haiM jo samprati naSTa ho cuke haiM : 2. bodhicaryAvatAra - isameM lekhaka ne SaTpAramitAoM kA vistRta vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| isameM kula nau pariccheda haiM tathA antima pariccheda meM zUnyavAda kA nirUpaNa hai / inakI tIsarI racanA kA nAma ' sUtra samuccaya' hai / zUnyavAda ke lie de0 bauddhadarzana | AdhAragrantha bauddhadarzana -A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / I zAntarakSita bauddhadarzana ke mAdhyamika sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM zAntarakSita kA nAma AtA hai / inakA samaya aSTama zataka hai| inhoMne 749 I0 meM tibbata ke rAjA kA AmantraNa prApta kara vahIM samme nAmaka bihAra kA sthApana kiyA thA aura vahIM 13 varSoM taka rahe / 762 I0 meM inheM tibbata meM hI nirvANa prApta huA thA / sambe bihAra tibbata kA prathama bauddha vihAra mAnA jAtA hai| inakI ekamAtra racanA 'tattvasaMgraha' hai jisameM brAhmaNa evaM anya sampradAya ke matoM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / isa para inake ziSya kamalazIla dvArA racita TIkA bhI prApta hotI hai / isameM lekhaka kA prakANDa pANDitya evaM pratibhA kA digdarzana hotA hai / mAdhyamika sampradAya ke lie de0 boddha-darzana / - AdhAragrantha bauddha darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zAradAtanaya - nATyazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya terahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya caraNa hai / inhoMne 'bhAvaprakAzana' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM dasa adhikAra ( adhyAya ) haiM / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai - 1 bhAva, 2 rasasvarUpa, 3 rasabheda, 4 nAyaka-nAyikA, 5 nAyikAbheda, 6 zabdArthasambandha, 7 nATyetihAsa, dazarUpaka, 9 nRtyabheda tathA 8 nATyaprayoga / isa grantha ke nirmANa meM bhojakRta 'zRGgAra -

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zAkaTAyana ] / 565 ) [zAkalya prakAza' evaM 'kAvyaprakAza' kA adhika hAtha hai / 'bhAvaprakAzana' nATyazAstra evaM rasa kA atyanta upAdeya evaM mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM sthAyIbhAva, saMcArI, anubhAva, nAyikA Adi ke viSaya meM aneka navIna tathya prastuta kiye gae haiM tathA vAsuki, nArada evaM vyAsa prabhRti AcAryoM ke mata kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra bhAga 1,-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zAkaTAyana-saMskRta ke prAcIna vaiyAkaraNa jo pANini ke pUrvavartI the tathA inakA samaya 3000 vi0 pU0 mAnA gayA hai| aSTAdhyAyI meM inakA tIna bAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai| laGH zAkaTAyanasyaiva / aSTAdhyAyI 3 / 4 / 111 / vyolaMghuprayatnataraH zAkaTAyanasya / 8 / 3 / 18 triprabhRtiSu zAkaTAyanasya / 8 / 4 / 50 / vAjasaneya prAtizAkhya tathA Rk prAtizAkhya meM bhI inakI carcA hai evaM nirukta' meM bhI inake mata uddhRta haiN| tatra nAmAnyAkhyAtajAnIti zAkaTAyano nairuktasamayazca // 1 / 12 / patanjali ne bhI spaSTataH inheM vyAkaraNa zAstra kA praNetA mAnA hai tathA inake pitA kA nAma 'zakaTa' diyA hai| vyAkaraNo zakaTasya ca tokam / mahAbhASya 3 / 3 / 1 / paM. gopInAtha bhaTTa ne zAkaTAyana nAmadhArI do vyaktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (nirukta 1 / 12) / unameM eka vAghrayazva. vaMzya haiM evaM dUsare kANyavaMzya / momAMsaka jI kANvavaMzIya zAkaTAyana ko hI vaiyAkaraNa mAnate haiN| inakA vyAkaraNa viSayaka grantha atyanta mahatvapUrNa thaa| tathA ve bahuja the| inake nAma para vividha viSayoM ke grantha prasiddha haiM-'devatagrantha', 'nirukta', 'koSa', 'Rktantra', 'laghuRktantra', 'sAmatantra', 'pancapAdI', 'uNAdisUtra' tathA 'zrAddhakalpa' / uparyukta nAmAvalI meM se kitane grantha zAkaTAyana dvArA viracita haiM isakA nizcita jJAna nahIM hai| mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra prathama do grantha hI caiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana dvArA praNIta haiM tathA zeSa granthoM kA racayitA sandigdha hai| 'bRhaddevatA' meM zAkaTAyana ke devatAsambandhI matoM ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM, jinase vidita hotA hai ki inhoMne nizcita rUpa se etadviSayaka koI grantha likhA hogaa| inake dhyAkaraNa-viSayaka uddharaNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne lokika tathA vaidika donoM prakAra ke padoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA thaa| AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa, paM0 yudhiSThira miimaaNsk| zAkalya-pANini ke pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa jinakA samaya ( mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra ) 3100 vi0 pU0 hai / aSTAdhyAyI meM. zAkaTAyana kA mata cAra sthAnoM para uddhRta hai-sambuddhI zAkalyasyetAvanA, 111 / 16, [ aSTAdhyAyI 6 / 1 / 127, 8 / 3 / 19, 8 / 4 / 51 ] / zaunaka tathA kAtyAyana ke.prAtizAkhyoM meM bhI zAkalya ke matoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta meM zAkalya nAmadhArI cAra vyaktiyoM kA ullekha hai-sthavira. zAkalya, vidagdhazAkalya, vedamitra ( devamitra ) tathA zAkalya / mImAMsaka jI ke anusAra vaiyAkaraNa zAkalya evaM Rgveda ke padakAra vedamitra zAkalya donoM eka hI vyakti haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki RkpadapATha meM vyavahRta katipaya niyamoM ko pANini ne zAkalya ke hI nAma se aSTAdhyAyI meM uddhRta kara diyA hai| prAtizAkhyoM meM uddhRta matoM se jJAta hotA hai ki zAkalya ne lokika tathA vaidika donoM hI prakAra ke zabdoM kA anvAkhyAna kiyA hai| inakA eka anya grantha 'zAkalyacaraNa' bhI mAnA jAtA hai|

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zAGgadharasaMhitA] ( 566 ) [zivacaritra bampU inake pitA kA nAma zakala thaa| vAyupurANa meM vedamitra zAkalya ko vedavittama kahA gayA hai, isase jJAta hotA hai ki zAkaltha ne hI 'padapATha' kA praNayana kiyA thaa| veda. mitrastu zAkalyo mahAtmA dvijasattamaH / cakAra saMhitAH paJca buddhimAn padavittamaH / / 60 / 63 / AdhAragrantha-vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1 / -50 yudhiSThira mImAMsaka zArGgadharasaMhitA-AyurvedazAstra kA suprasiddha grantha / isake racayitA zAGgaMdhara haiM jinake pitA kA nAma dAmodara thaa| grantha kA racanA kAla 12 vIM zatAbdI ke bhAsapAsa hai| yaha grantha tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama khaNDa ke vivecya viSaya haiM-auSadha grahaNa karane kA samaya, nAr3IparIkSA, dIpanapAcanAdhyAya, kalkAdivicAra, sRSTikrama tathA roggnnnaa| madhyama khaNDa meM nimnAMkita viSaya haiM-zvAsa, kvAtha, phAMTa, hima, kalka, cUrNa, guggula, avaleha, Asava, dhAtuoM kA zodhana tathA mAraNa, rasazodhana-mAraNa evaM rsyog| isameM auSadhinirmANa kI prakriyA tathA prasiddha yogoM kA bhI nidarzana hai / tRtIya khaNDa ke varNita viSaya haiM-snehapAnavidhi, svedavidhi, vamanavidhi, virecanAdhyAya, vasti, nirUhavasti, uttaravasti, nasya, gaNDUSa, kavala, dhUmapAna, lepa, abhyaMga, raktasrAvavidhi tathA netrkrmvidhi| isa para do saMskRta TIkAyeM upalabdha haiMADhamallakRta 'dIpikA' tathA kAzIrAma vaidya racita 'guuddhaarthdiipikaa'| ADhamalla kA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI hai / zAGgaMdharasaMhitA ke kaI hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiM / subodhinI hindI TIkA-caukhambA prakAzana / AdhAragrantha-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyaalNkaar| ziGgabhUpAla-nATyazAstra evaM saMgIta ke aacaary| inhoMne 'rasANavasudhAkara' nAmaka prasiddha nATyazAstrIya grantha kI racanA kI hai / inakA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne apane grantha meM apanA paricaya diyA hai jisake anusAra ye recalla vaMza ke rAjA the aura vindhyAcala se lekara zrIbela pavaMta taka inakA rAjya thaa| ye zUdra the aura inakI rAjadhAnI kA nAma 'rAjAcala' thaa| 'rasANavasudhAkara' kA pracAra dakSiNa bhArata meM adhika hai| isakI puSpikA meM lekhaka ne apanA paricaya isa prakAra diyA hai-iti zrImandAndhramaNDalAdhIzvarapratiguNabhairavazrI annaprotanarendranandanabhujabalabhImaziGgabhUpAlavira. cite rasANavasudhAkaranAmni granthe nATyAlaMkArarabjakollAso nAma prathamo vilAsaH / ziGgabhUpAla ne 'saGgItaratnAkara' nAmaka saMgItazAstra ke prasiddha grantha kI TIkA bhI likhI hai jisakA nAma saMgItasudhAkara hai| rasANavasudhAkara meM tIna vilAsa haiN| prathama vilAsa meM ( rajakollAsa ) nAyaka-nAyikA ke svarUpa, bheda evaM cAra vRttiyoM kA vivecana hai| dvitIya vilAsa kA nAma rasikojhAsa hai| isameM rasa kA vistRta vivecana hai| tRtIya vilAsa ko bhAvohAsa kahate haiN| isameM rUpaka kI vastu kA varNana hai| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra bhAga 1-A0 baladeva upaadhyaay| zivacaritra campU-isa campU-kAvya ke praNetA kavi vAdizekhara haiN| isameM kavi ne bhagavAna zaMkara ke mahanIya kAryoM kA varNana kiyA hai| isakI madrAsa vAlI prati tIna AzvAsoM meM prApta hotI hai aura tRtIya AzvAsa bhI madhya meM khaNDita hai / isameM

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zikSA] (567 ) . [zikSA samudramaMthana, ziva kA kAlakUTa pAna karanA tathA dakSayajJa vidhvaMsa prabhUti ghaTanAyeM vistAra. pUrvaka varNita haiN| isake racayitA ke sambandha meM anya bAteM jJAta nahIM hotii| isakI zailI sarala evaM sIdhI-sAdI padAvalI se yukta hai / kavi ke anusAra sukumAra kAvya meM kahIM-kahIM kAThinya adhika ramaNIya hotA hai-'kAvyeSu sukumAreSu kAThinyaM kutracipriyam // ' kAvya kI racanA kA uddezya kavi ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai-tamAdiza. tApasavezadhArI svapne kadAcitsvayameva shmbhuH| nijApadAnanikhilarupetaM prabandhamekaparikalpayeti / 13 / tata idamabhijAtagadyapadyapratipadapavitaprasAdaramyam / akRta sa kavivAdizekharo yaM zivacaritaM rasabhAsuraM prabandham / 1 / 4 / yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa taMjora keTalAga 4159 meM prApta hotA hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| zikSA-vedAGgoM meM prathama sthAna zikSA kA hai [ de. vedaangg]| zikSA kA artha hai svara, varNa evaM uccAraNa kA upadeza denevAlI vidyaa| 'svaravarNAccAraNaprakAro. yatra zikSyate upadizyate sA zikSA-RgvedabhASya bhUmikA pR0 49 / veda meM tIna prakAra ke svara hote haiM-udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita / vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa ke lie tInoM svaroM kA samyak jJAna evaM abhyAsa Avazyaka hotA hai, anyathA mahAn anartha ho jA sakatA hai| ucca svara se udAtta kA, dhIme svara se anudAsa kA evaM udAtta aura anudAtta ke bIca kI avasthAoM ko svarita kahate haiN| veda ke pratyeka svara meM koI svara udAtta avazya hotA hai aura zeSa anudAtta hote haiN| anudAttoM meM koI svara viziSTa paristhiti meM svarita bhI hotA hai| veda meM zabda eka ho taba bhI svara ke bheda se usameM artha-bheda ho jAtA hai aura svaroM kI sAdhAraNa truTi ke kAraNa anartha ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA ho jAtI hai| isa sambandha meM eka prAcIna kathA pracalita hai| vRtrAsura ne indra kA vinAza karane ke lie eka virATa yajJa kA Ayojana kiyA thA, jisameM homa kA mantra thA 'indra-zatrurvadhasva' arthAt 'indra kA zatru yA ghAtaka vijayI ho| yaha artha tabhI banatA jabaki 'indrazatruH' antodAtta hotA, kintu RtvijoM kI anavadhAnatA ke kAraNa Adi udAtta ( indra zabda meM '3') kA hI uccAraNa kiyA gayA jisase vaha tatpuruSa na hokara bahuvrIhi bana gayA aura isakA artha ho gayA 'indraH zatruH yasya' arthAt indra jisakA ghAta karane vAlA hai / isase yaha yajJa yajamAna kA ghAta karanevAlA siddha huaa| mantrI honaH svarato varNato vA mithyA prayukto na tamarthamAha / sa vAg bajo yajamAnaM hinasti yayendrazatruH svaratoparAdhAt // pA0zi0 52 / zikSA ke 6 aMga haiM-vaNaM, svara, mAtrA, bala, sAma aura santAna-zikSAM vyAkhyAsyAma; varNaH svaraH, mAtrA, balaM, sAma santAna ityuktaH, zikSAdhyAyaH, taittirIya 112 / 1-varNa-akSaroM ko varNa kahate haiN| veda-zAna ke lie saMskRta kI varNamAlA kA paricaya Avazyaka hai| pANini-zikSA ke anusAra saMskRtavargoM kI saMkhyA 69 yA 64 hai| 2-svara-isakA abhiprAya udAtta, anudAtta evaM svarita vAdi svaroM se hai|

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zikSAgrantha ] (568) [zikSAbandha 3-mAtrA-svaroM ke uccAraNa meM jo samaya lagatA hai, use mAtrA kahate haiM / mAtrAeM tIna prakAra kI hai-hasva, dIrgha aura pluta / eka mAtrA ke uccAraNa meM lagane vAlA samaya hrasva, do mAtrA ke uccAraNa ke samaya ko dIghaM tathA tIna mAtrA ke uccAraNa meM lagane vAle samaya ko pluta kahate haiN| 4-bala-sthAna aura prayatna ko bala kahA jAtA hai| svara yA vyaMjana kA uccAraNa karate samaya vAyu TakarAkara jisa sthAna para se nikale use una varNo kA sthAna kahA jaaygaa| isa prakAra ke sthAna ATha hai / akSaroM ke uccAraNa meM kiye gae prayAsa ko prayatna kahate haiM, jinakI saMkhyA do haiAbhyantara evaM bAhya prayatna / Abhyantara prayatna ke cAra prakAra hote haiM-spRSTa, ISatspRSTa, vivRtta tathA saMvRtta / bAhya prayatla 11 prakAra kA hotA hai-vivAra, saMvAra, zvAsa, nAda, ghoSa, aghoSa, alpaprANa, mahAprANa, udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita / 5-sAma-isakA artha doSa-rahita uccAraNa meM hotA hai| akSaroM ke uccAraNa meM utpanna hone vAle doSoM kA varNana zikSA granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai / pANini ke anusAra sundara DhaMga se pATha karane ke 6 guNa haiM-mAdhurya, akSaravyakti, ( akSaroM kA spaSTarUpa se pRthak-pRthak uccAraNa ), padaccheda (padoM kA pRthak-pRthak pratipAdana), susvara (sundara rIti se par3hanA), dhairya (dhIratApUrvaka par3hanA) tathA layasamayaM ( sundara laya se pddh'naa)| mAdhuryamakSaravyaktiH padacchedastu susvrH| dhairya layasamarthanca SaDete pAThakA guNAH / / pA0 zi0 33 / pANinizikSA meM adhama pAThaka ke bhI 6 lakSaNa batalAye gae haiM-gIti ( gAkara par3hanevAlA), zIghrI (zIghratA se par3hane vAlA), zira:kampI (zira hilAkara par3hane vAlA ), likhitapAThaka (lipibaddha pustaka se par3hane vAlA ), anarthajJa (binA artha samajhe par3hane vAlA) tathA alpakaNTha ( dhIre-dhIre dhIme se par3hane vAlA ) / gItI zIghrI ziraHkampI tathA likhitpaatthkH| anarthazo'lpakaNThazca SaDete pAThakA'dhamAH // pA0zi0 32 / inake atirikta pANini ne anya nindanIya pAThakoM kA bhI vivaraNa diyA hai-zaMkita, bhIta, utkRSTa, avyakta, sAnunAsika, kAkasvara, khIMcakara, sthAnarahita, upAMzu-( muMha meM budabudAnA ), daMSTa, tvarita, nirasta, vilambita, gadgada, pragIta, niSpIDita, akSaroM ko chor3a kara kabhI bhI dIna pATha kA prayoga na karanA / pA0zi0 34,35 / 6 santAnasaMhitA ko santAna kahate haiM jisakA artha padoM kI atizaya sanidhi yA nikaTatA hai| pratyeka veda meM varNa-uccAraNa eka sA na hokara bhinna-bhinna prakAra se hotA hai| ina viSayoM kA varNana zikSAgranthoM meM vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka veda kI apanI zikSA hotI hai aura unameM tadviSayaka vivaraNa diye gae haiN| AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zikSAgrantha-vaidika zikSAgranthoM kI saMkhyA 22 ke lagabhaga hai| unakA yahA~ paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| 1. pANinIya zikSA-isameM 60 zloka haiM tathA uccAraNa-vidhi se sambaddha viSayoM kA varNana hai| isake racayitA ke rUpa meM dAkSIputra kA nAma diyA gayA hai| zaMkaraH zAMkaro prAdAda dAkSIputrAya dhImate / vAGmayebhyaH samAhRtya devIM vAcamiti sthitiH / 56 / isake Upara aneka TIkAeM prAptahotI haiN| 2. yAjJavalkya zikSA-isameM 232

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zikSAmanya] ( 569 ) [zikSAgrantha zloka haiM tathA isakA sambandha zukla yajurvedIya vAjasaneyI saMhitA se hai| isa grantha meM vaidika svaroM kA sodAharaNa vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA lopa, Agama, vikAra aura prakRtibhAva nAmaka cAra sandhiyAM bhI varNita haiN| varNo ke bheda, svarUpa evaM pArasparika sAmya-vaiSamya kA bhI isameM varNana hai / 3. vAsiSThI zikSA-isakA sambandha vAjasaneyI saMhitA se hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki 'zaklayajurveda' meM Rgveda ke 1467 mantra haiM aura yajuSoM kI saMkhyA 2823 hai / 4. kAtyAyanI zikSA-isameM kevala 13 zloka haiN| isa para jayanta svAmI kI saMkSipta TIkA prApta hotI hai / 5. pArAzarI zikSA-isameM kula 160 zloka haiM tathA svara, varNa sandhi Adi kA vivecana hai| 6. mANDavya zikSA-yaha yajurveda kA zikSAgrantha hai| isameM kevala oSThaya varNo kA saMgraha hai| 7. amoghAnandinI zikSA-isameM 130 zloka haiM aura svaroM tathA varNoM kA vivecana hai| 8. mAdhyAndinI zikSA-yaha do rUpoM meM prApta hotI hai-gadyAtmaka evaM padyAtmaka / isameM dvitva niyamoM kA vivecana hai| 9. varNaratna-pradIpikA-isameM 227 zloka haiN| isake lekhaka bharadvAjavaMzI amareza haiN| isameM varNoM aura svaroM kA vistAra ke sAtha vivecana hai| 10. kezavI zikSA-isake racayitA kezava devajJa haiM jo gokula devajJa ke putra haiN| isake do rUpa prApta hote haiM-prathama meM mAdhyandina zAkhAsambandhI paribhASAeM tathA dvitIya meM 21 padoM meM svara kA vicAra hai| 11. mahazamaM zikSA-isameM kula 65 padya haiM tathA racayitA kA nAma hai mahazarmA / ye kAnyakubja brAhmaNa the aura inake pitA kA nAma khagapati thA (upmnyugotriiy)| isakA racanAkAla 1781 saMvat hai| 12. svarAGkaza zikSA-isameM 25 padyoM meM svaroM kA vivecana hai| racayitA kA nAma hai jayanta svaamii| 13. SoDaza-zlokI zikSA-isameM 16 pacoM meM varNa aura svaroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isake lekhaka rAmakRSNa nAmaka koI vidvAn haiN| 14. avasAna-nirNaya-zikSA-isakA sambandha zukla yajurveda se hai| lekhaka kA nAma hai anantadeva / 15. svara-bhakti lakSaNa-zikSA-isameM svarabhakti kA sodAharaNa vivecana hai / lekhaka kA nAma hai maharSi kAtyAyana / 16. prAtizAkhya-pradIpa-zikSA-isameM svara, varNa Adi ke sabhI viSayoM kA vivecana aneka prAcIna zikSAgranthoM ke matoM ko dete hue kiyA gayA hai| isake lekhaka haiM bAlakRSNa jinake pitA kA nAma sadAziva hai| 17. nAradIya zikSA-isakA sambandha sAmaveda se hai| isa para zobhAkarabhaTTa ne vistRta TIkA likhI hai| 18. gautamI zikSA-yaha sAmaveda kI atyanta choTI zikSA hai| 19. lomazI zikSA yaha bhI sAmadeva kI zikSA hai| 20. mANDUkI zikSA-isameM 179 zloka haiM / isakA sambandha atharvaveda se hai| ___ inake atirikta kramasandhAna zikSA, galahazikSA, manaHsvAra zikSA nAmaka anya zikSAviSayaka grantha haiM jinake racayitA yAjJavalkya RSi mAne jAte haiN| anya 50 zikSAgranthoM kA bhI patA calA hai jo hastalekha ke rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| ina granthoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAzAstra evaM uccAraNavidyA kA gambhIra anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai| sabhI grantha 'zikSA-saMgraha' ke nAma me 1893 I0 meM banArasa saMskRta sIrIja se prakAzita ho cuke haiN|

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zivapurANa] ( 570) [zivapurANa AdhAragrantha-vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zivapurANa-aSTAdaza purANoM ke antargata eka purANa jisameM bhagavAn ziva kA caritra vistArapUrvaka varNita hai| zivapurANa evaM vAyupurANa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke vibhinna mata haiN| de. vAyupurANa / katipaya vidvAna donoM ko abhinna mAnate haiM tathA kucha ke anusAra vibhinna purANoM meM nirdiSTa purANoM kI sUcI meM zivapurANa hI caturtha sthAna kA adhikArI hai / purANoM meM bhI isa viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai| bahusaMkhyaka purANa zivapurANa kA astitva mAnate hue ise caturtha sthAna dete haiM, jaise-'kUrma, 'padma', 'brahmavaivata', 'bhAgavata', 'mArkaNDeya', 'liMga', 'vArAha' tathA 'viSNupurANa' / para, 'devIbhAgavata', nArada' tathA 'matsya' 'vAyupurANa' ko hI mahattva pradAna karate haiN| 'zrImadbhAgavata' ke bArahaveM skandha ke sAtaveM adhyAya meM jo purANoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai usameM 'vAyupurANa' kA nAma nahIM hai| brAhma pApaM vaiSNavaM ca zaivaM laiMgaM sagAruDam / nAradIyaM bhAgavatamAgneyaM skandasaMjJitam / / bhaviSyaM brahmavaivarta mArkaNDeyaM savAmanam / vArAhaM mAtsyaM komaM ca brahmANDAvyamiti triSaT // para 'nAradIyapurANa' kI sUcI ( adhyAya 92 ) meM 'vAyupurANa' kA nAma hai / brAhma pAcaM vaiSNavaM ca vAyavIyaM tathaiva ca / bhAgavataM nAradIyaM mArkaNDeyaM ca kIrtitam / Agneyanca bhaviSyanca brahmavaivartaliMgake / vArAhaM ca tathA skAndaM vAmanaM kUrmasaMjJakam / mAtsya ca gAruDaM taba brahmANDAkhyamiti viSaT // samprati 'ziva' evaM 'vAyupurANa' saMjJaka do anya pracalita haiM jo vayaMviSaya tathA AkAra-prakAra meM paraspara bhinna haiN| zivapurANa kA prakAzana veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI se huA thA (saM0 1982) / isake anya do hindI anuvAda sahita saMskaraNa paMDita pustakAlaya, kAzI tathA saMskRti saMsthAna khurjA se bhI nikale hue haiN| vAyupurANa ke bhI tIna saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiM-bibliothekA iNDikA kalakattA ( 1880-89 I0), Ananda saMskRta granthAvalI, pUnA (1905 I0) tathA gurumaMDala pranthamAlA kalakattA ( 1959 ii.)| __veMkaTezvara presa se mudrita zivapurANa meM sAta saMhitAeM haiM-vidyezvara saMhitA, rudrasaMhitA zatarudrasaMhitA, koTirudrasaMhitA, umAsaMhitA, kailAsa saMhitA tathA vAyavIya saMhitA / isake vidhezvara saMhitA meM 25 adhyAya haiM tathA rudra saMhitA meM 187 adhyAya / isa saMhitA ke pAMca khaNDa haiM-sRSTikhaMDa, satIkhaMDa, pArvatIkhaMDa, kumArakhaMDa, yuddhakhaNDa / zatarudra saMhitA meM 42, koTirudra meM 43, umAsaMhitA meM 51, kailAsa saMhitA meM 23 tathA vAyavIya saMhitA meM 76 haiN| isake zlokoM kI saMkhyA 24 hajAra hai| zivapurANa ke uttarakhaNDa meM isakA varNana isa prakAra hai-yatra pUrvottare khaNDe zivasya caritaM bahu / zaivametatpurANaM hi purANajJA vadanti ca ha // zivapurANa kA eka anya saMskaraNa bhI hai jo lakSazlokAtmaka hai tathA isameM 12 saMhitAeM haiM, kintu samprati yaha grantha anupalabdha hai| zivapurANa kI vAyusaMhitA meM hI isakA nirdeza hai| isakI saMhitAoM ke nAma aura zloka die jAte haiM 1 vidyazvara sNhitaa-10000| 2. raudrsNhitaa-8000| 3. vinAyaka sNhitaa-8000| 4. aumsNhitaa-8000| 5. maatRsNhitaa-8000| 6.

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zivapurANa / ( 571 ) [zivapurANa rudrakAdaza sNhitaa-13000| 7. kailAsa saMhitA-6000 / 8. shtrudrsNhitaa10000| 9. koTirudra sNhitaa--10000| 10. sahasrakoTi saMhitA-10000 / 11. vAyuprokta saMhitA-5000 / 12. dharma sNhitaa-4000| yoga 100000 / ___ tatra zaivaM turIyaM yacchAvaM sarvArthasAdhakam / granthalakSapramANaM tad vyastaM dvAdazasaMhitam // nirmitaM tacchivenaiva tatra dharmaH prtisstthitH| taduktenaiva dharmeNa zevAstraivarNikA narAH // ekajanmani mucyante prsaadaatprmesstthinH| tasmAdvimuktimicchan vai zivameva samAzrayet // kahA jAtA hai ki isa lakSazlokAtmaka zivapurANa kI racanA sAkSAt bhagavAn zaMkara ne kI thI jisakA vyAsa jI ne 24 sahasra zlokoM meM saMkSiptIkaraNa kiyaa| 'zivapurANa' kA nirdeza alberUnI ke bhI prantha meM milatA hai| usane purANoM kI do sUciyAM dI haiM jinameM eka meM zivapurANa kA nAma hai tathA dUsarI meM vAyupurANa kaa| isase vidita hotA hai ki zivapurANa kI racanA 1030 IsvI ke pUrva ho cukI thii| isakI kailAsa saMhitA meM ( 16 veM 17 veM adhyAya meM ) pratyabhijJAdarzana ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana hai jisameM zivasUtra ke do sUtroM kA spaSTa nirdeza hai / caitanyamAtmetimune zivasUtraM pravartitam // 44 // caitanyamiti vizvasya sarvajJAna-kriyAtmakam / svAtantryaM tatsva. bhAvo yaH sa AtmA parikIrtitaH / / 45 // ityAdi zivasUtrANaM vArtikaM kathitaM mayA / jJAnaM bandha itIdaM tu dvitIyaM sUtramozitu // 46 // (kailAsa saMhitA ) isameM zivasUtra ke vAttikoM kA bhI spaSTataH ullekha kiyA gayA hai / zivasUtra ke racayitA vasugupta haiM jinakA samaya 850 I0 hai| ataH zivapurANa kA samaya dazamI zatI yuktisaMgata hai| isa prakAra yaha vAyupurANa se arvAcIna ho jAtA hai| zivapurANa meM tAntrika paddhati kA bahuzaH varNana prApta hotA hai, ataH ise tAMtrikatA se yukta upapurANa mAnanA cAhie / zivapurANa ziva-viSayaka vizAla purANa hai jisameM ziva se sambada aneka kathAoM, caritroM, pUjA paddhatiyoM tathA dIkSA-anuSThAnoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| isake rudrasaMhitA meM dakSaprajApati kI putrI satI kA caritra 43 adhyAyoM meM vistAra ke sAtha diyA gayA hai jisameM satI dvArA sItA kA rUpa dhAraNa karane tathA rAmacandra kI parIkSA lene kA varNana hai| isI prakAra pArvatIkhaNDa meM pArvatI ke janma, tapazcaraNa evaM ziva . ke sAtha unake vivAha kA vistRta varNana upalabdha hotA hai| vAyavIya saMhitA meM zaiva-darzana ke siddhAntoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai jisa para tAMtrikatA kA pUrNa prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| isameM zaivatantra se sambaddha upAsanA-paddhati kA bhI vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| zivapurANa kA yaha viSaya vAyupurANa se nitAnta bhinna hai| zivapurANa meM purANapaMca lakSaNa kI pUrNa vyApti nahIM hotI tathA isameM sarga, pratisagaM, manvantarAdi ke vivaraNa nahIM prApta hote / yatra-tatra kevala saMga ke hI vivaraNa milate haiN| mahAbhArata meM vAyuprokta tathA RSiyoM dvArA prazaMsita eka purANa kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jisameM atItAnAgata se sambaddha caritoM ke varNana kI bAta kahI gayI hai / upalabdha vAyupurANa meM isa zloka ke viSaya kI saMgati siddha ho jAtI hai| ataH vAyupurANa nizcita rUpa se-zivapurANa se prAcInatara siddha ho jAtA hai| zivapurANa meM rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI nahIM hai| isake mukhya viSaya isa prakAra haiM-zivapUjAvidhi, tArakopAkhyAna, ziva kI

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zivalIlANava] ( 572 ) [zivalIlArNava tapasyA tathA madanadahana, pArvatI kA janma, tapasyA, pArvatI ke tapa ko dekhakara devatAoM kA ziva ke pAsa jaanaa| brahmacArI ke veza meM ziva kA pArvatI ke pAsa pAnA, ziva-pArvatI saMvAda, ziva vivAha kA udyoga tathA ziva kA vivAha, kAttikeya kA janma, unakA devatAoM kA senApatitva grahaNa tathA tArakAsura kA vadha, viSNu ke upadeza se devagaNoM kA koTiziva mantra kA jApa, liGgArcana tathA usakA mAhAtmya, SoDazopacAra, gaNezacaritra, gaNeza kA vivAha evaM use zravaNa kara kAttikeya ko krodhita hokara krauMcaparvata para jAnA, rudrAkSadhAraNa mAhAtmya kathana, nandikeza tIrtha-mAhAtmya, zivarAtri vrata kA varNana tathA mAhAtmya, gaurI ke prati ziva kA kAzI-mAhAtmya-kathana, rAvaNa kI tapasyA kA mAhAtmya, vaidyanAtha kI utpatti, rAmezvara mAhAtmya, nAgeza mAhAtmya, vArAha rUpa se hiraNyAkSa kA vadha, prahlAdacaritra, nRsiMha caritra evaM hiraNyakazyapa vadha, nalajanmAntara kathA, vyAsa ke upadeza se arjuna kA indrakIla parvata para jAnA, tapasyA tathA indra kA samAgama, bhillarUpadhArI ziva kA AnA tathA arjuna ke sAtha unakA yuddha / arjuna kI varadAna prApti, pArthiva zivapUjA vidhi, vilvezvara mAhAtmya, viSNu dvArA sahasra kamala se ziva kI pUjA, ziva kI kRpA se viSNu kA sudarzana cakra prApta karanA, zivasahasranAma varNana, zivarAtri vrata kI prazaMsA tathA ajJAna meM bhI kiye isa vrata kI prazaMsA, caturvidha mukti kA varNana, ziva dvArA viSNu prabhRti kI utpatti kA varNana, ekamAtra bhakti sAdhana se hI ziva bhakti-lAbha, liMga pratiSTA, liMga nirmANa, brahmA-viSNu dvArA ziva kI pUjA, liMga pUjA kA niyama, zivatIrtha sevA mAhAtmya, paMcamahAyajJa kathana, pArthiva pratimAvidhi, praNavamAhAtmya, zivabhaktapUjAkathana, SaDliMga mAhAtmya, bandhana mukti-svarUpakathana, liMgakramakathana, rudrastava, ziva. sarvamAdikathana, rudraloka, brahmaloka tathA viSNuloka kA kathana / zivapurANa mukhyataH bhagavAna zaMkara evaM unake caritra se AcchAdita hai / AdhAraprantha-1. zivapurANa-paMDita pustakAlaya, vArANasI / 2. zivapurANagItA presa, gorakhapura (hindI anuvaad)| 3. zivapurANa-hindI anuvAda sahita ( saMskRti saMsthAna ) zrIrAma zarmA / 4. purANa-tatva-mImAMsA-zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 5. purANa-vimarza-paM baladeva upAdhyAya / 6. bhAgavata-darzana-DaoN. haravaMzalAla zarmA / 7. zevamata--DaoN. yaduvaMzI, rASTrabhASA pariSad pttnaa| 8. tAMtrikavAGmaya meM zAktadRSTi--ma0 ma0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja / 9. bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAdhanA bhAga 1, 2, ma0 ma0 DaoN0 gopInAtha kavirAja / 10. bhAratIya-darzana-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zivalIlArNava-(mahAkAvya ) isake racayitA satrahavIM zatAbdI ke taMjoranivAsI kavi nIlakaNTha haiN| isameM 22 soM meM madurA meM pUjita zivajI kI 64 lIlAyeM varNita haiN| nIlakaNTha ne 'gaMgAvataraNa' nAmaka eka anya mahAkAvya kI bhI racanA kI hai| zivalIlArNava' kA prakAzana sahRdaya saMskRta janala ke 17, 18 bhAga meM huA hai tathA 'gaMgAvataraNa' kAvyamAlA kA 76 vA prakAzana hai| gaMgAvataraNa' meM 8 saga haiN| nIlakaNTha kI bhASA alaMkRta, sarala evaM prabhAvazAlI hai| gaMgAvataraNa'

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zivasvAmI ] ( 573 ) [ zizupAlavadha meM inhoMne isa prakAra garvokti kI hai-- andhAste kavayo yeSAM panyAH kSuNNaH parairbhavet / pareSAM tu yadAkrAntaH panthAste kavikuljarAH / / 1 / 17 / zivasvAmI - ye 'kaphphiNAbhyudaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA evaM kAzmIranareza avantivarmA ke sabhApaNDita the / avantivarmA kA zAsanakAla 855 I0 se lekara 884 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai / rAjataraMgiNI meM inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai -- muktAkaNaH zivasvAmI kavirAnandavardhanaH / prathAM ratnAkarazcAgAt sAmrAjye'vantivarmaNaH || 5|34| isa mahAkAvya ( kaphphiNAbhyudaya ) ke caritanAyaka 'kaphphaNa' haiM jo bhagavAn buddha ke dvArA parAjita hokara unakI zaraNa meM Ate haiM, aura tabhI unakA abhyudaya hotA hai / isameM RtuvarNana kI zRGgAramayI paramparA kA pUrNa pAlana kiyA gayA hai / kaphpha kaphphiNa dakSiNadeza yA lIlAvatI ke rAjA the jinakA AkhyAna boddhasAhitya meM prasiddha hai / inhoMne zrAvastI ke rAjA prasenajita ko harAyA thA / kaphphaNa kI hI kathA ko zivasvAmI ne 20 sargoM meM varNita kara mahAkAvya kA rUpa diyA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI taraha citrayuddha kA varNana 18 meM sagaM meM ( citrakAvya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / 19 veM sagaM meM saMskRta- prAkRta mizrita bhASA kA prayoga hai tathA pratyeka sagaM ke antima zloka meM 'ziva' zabda kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa ise zivAMka kahA gayA hai | zivasvAmI zaivamatAvalambI the| inakI kavitA meM anuprAsamayI zailI, zabdoM kA sugumphana evaM sarasa bhAvoM kA sundara nidarzana hai / zivAditya mizra - ye vaizeSikadarzana ke AcArya haiM / inakA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI hai / inhoMne 'saptapadArthI' nAmaka suprasiddha grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai jisameM nyAya evaM vaizeSika siddhAnta kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai / inhoMne 'lakSaNamAlA' nAmaka eka anya mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM vaizeSikadarzana kA svatantra rUpa se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ye mithilA-nivAsI the / zivAditya mizra ne 'abhAva' ko saptama padArtha ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA haiM / zrIharSa ne 'khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya' nAmaka grantha meM inake siddhAntoM ( pramAlakSaNa ) kI AlocanA kI hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, bhAga 2 - DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan / 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. bhAratIya darzana - DaoN0 umeza mizra / zizupAlavadha - mahAkavi mAgha dvArA racita mahAkAvya [ de0 mAgha ] / isameM kavi ne yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya ke samaya kRSNa dvArA zizupAla ke vadha kA varNana kiyA hai, jo 20 sargoM meM samApta huA hai / kRSNa ke AkAzamArga se auddhatya kA utara kara varNana kara kahate haiN| ke zizupAla kA vadha karane kI icchA prakaTa kI hai / nAradajI zizupAla prathama sarga - isakA prArambha devarSi nArada ke pAsa Ane se hotA hai / nAradajI unase zizupAla ki indra ke vadha kI prArthanA kara AkAzamArga se punaH cale jAte haiM / dvitIya zrIkRSNa, balarAma evaM uddhava mantraNAgRha meM pahu~ca kara tatkAlIna samasyAoM para vicAra karate haiM / zrIkRSNa unase zizupAla ke vadha kI bAta karate haiM / usI samaya yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya kA bhI nintramaNa A jAtA hai| isa sagaM meM rAjanIti kA sundara varNana hai / sagaM - isa sagaM meM

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zizupAlavadha ] ( 574 ) [zizupAlavadha tRtIya sarga-isameM senA sahita zrIkRSNa ke indraprastha prasthAna kA varNana hai / caturthasargaisameM zrIkRSNa kI senA ke raivataka parvata para pahuMcane tathA raivataka kI zobhA kA varNana hai| paJcama sarga-zrIkRSNa senA sahita raivataka parvata para vizrAma karate haiN| isa sarga meM ghor3oM evaM yAnoM se utaratI huI striyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| SaSTha sarga-isameM SaD RtuoM kA Agamana tathA yamakAlaMkAra ke dvArA Rtu-varNana hai / saptama sargaisameM vana-vihAra kA vilAsapUrNa citra tathA yadu-dampatiyoM kA puSpacayana Adi vaNita hai / aSTama sarga-isameM jala-vihAra kA varNana hai| navamasarga-isakA prArambha sUryAsta se hotA hai| isameM candrodaya, striyoM ke zRGgAra, sUryAsta evaM dUtI-preSaNa kA varNana hai| ekAdaza sarga meM prabhAta kA manorama varNana tathA dvAdaza sarga-meM zrIkRSNa ke punaH prayANa kA varNana hai / trayodaza sarga meM zrIkRSNa evaM pANDavoM kA samAgama tathA yudhiSThira-zrIkRSNavArtAlApa kA varNana hai / caturdaza sarga-isa sarga meM rAjasUya Arambha hotA hai| isameM kavi ne darzana, mImAMsA evaM karmakANDa-viSayaka apane jJAna kA paricaya diyA hai| isI sagaM maiM yudhiSThira dvArA zrIkRSNa kI pUjA kI jAtI hai / bhISma kI ora se zrIkRSNa ko arghyadAna dene kA prastAva hotA hai| bhISma zrIkRSNa kI prArthanA karate haiN| paJcadaza sagaMzrIkRSNa kI pUjA se ruSTa hokara zizupAla bhISma, yudhiSThira evaM bhISma ko kharI-khoTI sunAtA hai| bhISma use cunautI dete haiM aura zizupAla-pakSa ke rAjA kSubdha ho jAte haiN| zizupAla kI senA yuddha ke lie taiyAra hotI hai| SaSThadaza sarga-isa sarga meM zizupAla ke dUta dvArA zrIkRSNa ko zleSagarbha sandeza sunAne kA varNana hai| jisameM unakI nindA aura stuti donoM kA bhAva hai| zrIkRSNa kI ora se dUta kA uttara sAtyakI detA hai| saptadaza sarga-isa sarga meM senA kI taiyArI evaM vIroM kA sannaddha honA varNita hai / aSTadaza sarga-isameM donoM senAoM kA samAgama evaM bhayaMkara yuddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| unnIsaveM sarga meM citrabandha vAle zlokoM meM dvandvayuddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA bIsaveM sarga meM zizupAla evaM zrIkRSNa kA astrayuddha tathA zizupAla kA vadha varNita hai / anta meM kavi ne apane vaMza kA paricaya diyA hai| __mahAbhArata kI choTI ghaTanA ke AdhAra para isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu saMghaTita kI gayI hai| kavi ne mUlakathA meM apanI udbhAvanAzakti evaM kalpanA ke prayoga ke dvArA aneka parivartana upasthita kiyA hai| prathama sarga meM AkAzamArga se nArada kA Agamana evaM kRSNa se indra kA sandeza sunAnA, dvitIya sarga meM balarAma, uddhava evaM kRSNa kA rAjanItika vArtAlApa, prAkRtika dRzyoM evaM yajJa kA vistRta varNana, ye kavi kI maulika udbhAvanAyeM haiN| jahAM taka mahAkAvyocita kathAnaka kA prazna hai, zizupAla. vadha kI kathAvastu saMkSipta hone ke kAraNa aparyApta hai / mahAkAvya ke lie jIvana kA vistAra apekSita hai kintu zizupAlavadha meM jIvana ke vistRta pakSoM kA nidarzana nahIM hai| zrIkRSNa ke jIvana kI eka choTI-sI ghaTanA ko mahAkAvya kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha kathA eka khaNDakAvya ke lie hI upayukta hai| isake aneka prasaMga jaise, pAnagoSThI, rUpa-vinyAsa, prAtaH, saMdhyA evaM RtuvarNana Adi kathAnaka se sambaddha na hone ke kAraNa svatantra rUpa se likhe gae-se lagate haiN| kathAvastu ke vikAsa

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zIladUta] ( 575 ) [zIlA bhaTTArikA meM inakA koI yoga nahIM hai| tIsare se lekara terahaveM sagaM taka zizupAlavadha meM aneka varNana AnuSaGgika haiN| samaSTirUpa se vicAra karane para yaha racanA asaphala mahAkAvya siddha hotI hai| isameM kavi ne mukhya aura prAsaMgika ghaTanAoM ke citraNa meM apanA santulana kho diyA hai| usakA dhyAna prabandha-nirvAha kI apekSA apane yuga kI pracalita sAhityika vizeSatAoM kI ora adhika hone ke kAraNa hI zizupAlavadha meM vana, nagara, parvata, candrodaya, sUryodaya, yuddha, nAyikAbheda, pAnagoSThI, rAtrikrIr3A, jalavihAra evaM vividha zRGgArika ceSTAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM pAtroM kI saMkhyA bhI atyalpa hai| kevala do hI pramukha pAtra haiM-zrIkRSNa evaM zizupAla, kucha pAtra jaise, nArada, yudhiSThira, uddhava, balarAma prasaMga-vizeSa se hI sambaddha haiN| kathAnaka kI svalpatA hI pAtroM kI nyUnatA kA kAraNa hai| isameM kavi kA dhyAna ghaTanA kI apekSA pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa para kama rahA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. zizupAlavadha (saMskRta TokA evaM hindI anuvAda ) caukhambA prakAzana / 2. zizupAlavadha ( hindI anuvAda)-anu0 paM0 rAmapratApa tripaatthii| zIladUta-isa sandeza kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma cAritrasundaragaNi hai| isa anya kA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1487 hai| isake lekhaka gujarAta rAjya ke khambhAta nAmaka sthAna ke nivAsI the| inake guru kA nAma zrIratnasiMha sUri thA / svayaM kavi ne isa tathya para prakAza DAlA hai-so'yaM zrImAnavanividito ratnasiMhAsyasUrijarjIyAra nityaM nRpatimahataH satapogacchanetA // 129 / zIladUta' kI racanA meghadUta ke zlokoM ke antima caraNa kI samasyApUrti ke rUpa meM huI hai| yaha kAvya pUrvabhAga evaM uttarabhAga ke rUpa meM vibhakta nahIM hai| isameM kula 131 zloka haiM tathA zAntarasa kA prAdhAnya hai| isa kAvya kA nAyaka zIlabhadra nAmaka vyakti hai jo jainadharma meM dIkSita ho jAtA hai / tadanantara guru kA Adeza prApta kara vaha apanI nagarI meM jAtA hai yahAM usakI patnI kozA apanI dInAvasthA kA varNana kara use punaH gRhasthI basAne ke lie kahatI hai| para zIlabhadra usako vairAgya bharA vacana kaha kara use bhI jainadharma meM dIkSita hone ke lie prerita karatA hai| usakI patnI usakA vacana mAna kara jainadharma meM dIkSita ho jAtI hai| viraha-varNana meM kavi ne anubhUti kI tIvratA evaM viraha-vyAkulatA ke atirikta bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra kA paricaya diyA hai| isa grantha kA prakAzana yazovijaya granthamAlA, banArasa se ho cukA hai| kozA kI sakhI caturA dvArA kozA kA viraha-varNana dekhane yogya hai___ eSA'naiSIt subhaga ! divasAna kalpatulyAniyantaM kAlaM bAlA bahula salilaM locanA. bhyAM svntii| asthAt duHsthA tava hi virahe mAmiyaM vAtaMyantI kaccid bhartuH smarasi hasike tvaM hi tasya priyeti // 2 // - AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya-DaoN. rAmakumAra aacaary| zIlA bhaTTArikA-saMskRta kI prasiddha kvyitrii| inakA koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA, kevala 'subhASitaratnakoza' (15,850) meM do zloka udadhRta haiN| rAjazekhara ne inakI prazasti kI hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ye dazama sataka kI paravartI nahIM haiN|

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zukasaptati] [zukasandeza zabdArthayoH samo gumphaH pAJcAlI riitirissyte| zIlAbhaTTArikAvAci bANoktiSu ca sA yadi // [pAMcAlI rIti meM zabda evaM artha donoM kA samAna gumphana hotA hai / aisI rIti kahIM to zIlA bhaTTArikA kI kavitA meM aura kahIM bANabhaTTa kI uktiyoM meM hai ] / inake kucha iloka prasiddha kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM prApta hote haiM / nimnAMkita zloka kAvyaprakAza meM uddhRta hai| yaH kaumAraharaH sa eva hi varastA eva caitrakSapAste conmIlitamAlatIsurabhayaH prauDhAH kadambAnilAH / sA cauvAsmi tathApi tatra suratavyApAralIlAvidhI revArodhasi vetasItarutale cetaH samutkapThate / / AdhAragrantha-saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zukasaptati-saMskRta kA loka-pracalita kathAkAvya / isameM kahAniyoM kA atyanta rocaka saMgraha hai| isa pustaka meM eka sugge dvArA, apanI svAminI ko kathA sunAI gayI hai, jo apane svAmI ke paradeza jAne para anya puruSoM kI ora AkRSTa hotI hai| suggA use kahAnI sunAkara aisA karane se rokatA hai| isakI do vacanikAeM upalabdha hotI haiM--eka vistRta aura dUsarI saMkSipta / vistRta vacanikA ke racayitA cintAmaNibhaTTa nAmaka vyakti haiM jinakA samaya 10 vIM zatAbdI hai| cintAmaNi ne pUrNabhadra ke pancatantra kA upayoga kiyA thaa| saMkSipta saMskaraNa kA lekhaka koI jaina hai| hemacandra ne bhI zukasaptati kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake aneka anuvAda anya bhASAoM meM hue haiN| caudahavIM zatAbdI meM isakA eka apariSkRta phArasI anuvAda huA thaa| phArasI anuvAda ke mAdhyama se isakI bahuta-sI kathAyeM eziyA se yUropa meM pahuMca gayI thiiN| DaoN. smitha ne zukasaptati ke donoM vivaraNoM kA jarmana anuvAda ke sAtha lAipajiga se prakAzita karAyA thaa| isakA prakAzana-kAla 1836 I0 (saMkSipta vivaraNa ) evaM 1846 I. (vistRta vivaraNa ) hai [ hindI anuvAda sahita caukhambA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita, anu0 zrIramAkAnta tripAThI ] zukasandeza-isa sandeza kAvya ke racayitA kavi lakSmIdAsa haiN| inakA samaya 15 vIM zatAbdI hai| kavi mAlAvAra prAnta kA rahane vAlA hai| inakI eka mAtra racanA 'zukasandeza' hai| isa kAvya meM guNakApurI ke do premI-premikAoM kA varNana hai / zarad Rta kI rAtri meM donoM hI premI-premikA sukhapUrvaka zayana kara rahe haiM / nAyaka svapna meM apane ko apanI priyA se dUra pAtA hai aura vaha rAmezvaram ke nikaTa rAmasetu ke pAsa pahuMca gayA hai| vaha svapna meM apanI patnI ke pAsa zuka ke dvArA sandeza bhejatA hai| isameM rAmezvaram se guNakApurI taka ke mArga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha kAvya meghadUta ke anukaraNa para racita hai| isameM bhI do bhAga haiM aura prathama meM mArgavarNana evaM dvitIya meM sandeza-kathana hai| sampUrNa kAvya meM mandAkrAntA chanda prayukta huA hai| kerala prAnta ke aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| isameM prakRti kA atyanta manorama citra upasthita kiye gae haiN| apanI preyasI kA varNana nAyaka ke zabdoM meM suneM-sA kAntiH sA giri madhuratA zItalatvaM tadaGye sA saurabhyodgatirapi sudhAsodaraH so'dharoSThaH / ekAsvAde bhRzamatizayAdanyalAbhena yasminnekIbhAvaM vrajati viSayaH sarva evendriyANAm // 2 // 35 //

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( 577) [zUdraka ___ AdhAragrantha-saMskRta ke sandeza kAvya-DaoN rAmakumAra aacaary| zukra-bhArata ke prAcIna raajshaastr-prnnetaa| inhoMne 'zukranIti' nAmaka rAjazAstrasambandhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM zukra daityaguru ke nAma se abhihita kiye jAte haiM / 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM zukra (uzanA-RSi) ko rAjazAstra kI eka pramukha dhArA kA pravartaka mAnA gayA hai tathA arthazAstra (kauTilya kRta ) meM bhI ye mahAn rAjazAstrI ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| para isa samaya jo 'zukranIti' nAmaka grantha upalabdha hai vaha utanA prAcIna nahIM hai / isa grantha ke lekhaka kA sambandha uzanA yA zukra se nahIM hai| ye zukra nAmadhArI koI anya lekhaka haiN| vidvAnoM ne inako guptakAla kA rAjazAstravettA svIkAra kiyA hai| 'zukranIti' meM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-rAjya kA svarUpa, devIsiddhAnta, rAjA kA svarUpa, rAjA ke katrtavya, rAjA kI niyukti ke siddhAnta paitrika adhikAra, jyeSThatA, zArIrika paripUrNatA, cAritrika yogyatA, prajA kI anumati, rAjyAbhiSeka kA siddhAnta, mantripariSad kI AvazyakatA, mantripariSad kI sadasyasaMkhyA tathA unakI yogyatAeM, rAjakarmacAriyoM kI niyukti ke siddhAnta, padacyuti kA siddhAnta, rAja kI Aya ke sAdhana, koza-saMgraha ke siddhAnta, nyAyavyavasthA, nyAyAlayoM kA saMgaThana, rASTra evaM usakI vibhinna bastiyAM, kumbha, pallI, grAma, grAma ke adhikArI, pAnthazAlA, sainyabala, senA-saMgaThana, senA ke aGga, yuddha, yuddha ke prakAra, daivikayuddha, Asurayuddha, mAnavayuddha, zastrayuddha, bAhuyuddha, dharmayuddha, dharmayuddha ke niyama Adi / zukranIti (vidyotinI hindI TIkA ke sAtha ) kA prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana se ho cukA hai| AdhAragrantha-bhArata ke rAjazAstra praNetA-DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / / zUdraka-saMskRta ke nATyakAroM meM zUdraka viziSTa mahattva ke adhikArI haiN| inhoMne 'mRcchakaTika' nAmaka mahAn yathArthavAdI evaM romAMTika nATaka kI racanA kI hai| yaha apane DhaMga kA saMskRta kA akelA nATaka hai| mRcchakaTika evaM usake racayitA ke saMbaMdha meM prAktana tathA adyatana vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra ke mata vyakta kiye haiN| isakI racanA kaba huI evaM kauna isakA racayitA hai, yaha prazna abhI bhI vivAda kA viSaya banA huA hai| kucha vidvAn mRcchakaTika ko hI saMskRta kA prathama nATaka mAnate haiM aura isakI racanA kAlidAsa se bhI pUrva svIkAra karate haiN| kintu yaha mata mRcchakaTika kI bhASA, prAkRta-prayoga, zailI evaM nATakIya-saMvidhAna kI dRSTi se khaNDita ho cukA hai aura isakA nirmANa-kAla kAlidAsa ke bAda mAnA gayA hai| paramparA se mRcchakaTika prakaraNa ke praNetA zUdraka mAne jAte rahe haiN| isakI prastAvanA meM batAyA gayA hai ki isake racayitA dvijazreSTha zUdraka the jo Rgveda, sAmaveda, hastividyA Adi meM pAraMgata the| unhoMne sau varSa 10 dina taka jIvita rahane ke bAda apane putra ko rAja dekara citA meM praveza kara apanA anta kara diyA thaa| 'RgvedaM sAmavedaM gaNitamathakalAM vaizikI hastizikSA jJAtvA sarvaprasAdAt vyapagatatimire cakSuSI copalabhya / rAjAnaM vIkSya putraM paramasamudayenAzvamedhena ceSTavA-labdhvA cAyuH zatAndaM dazadinasahitaM zUdra ko'gni praviSTaH // 4 // ' punaH usameM kahA gayA hai ki zudraka saMgrAma 37 saM0 sA0

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zUraka (578 ) [bhUka meM kuzala, jAgarUka, vaidikoM meM zreSTha, taponiSTha tathA zatruoM ke hAthI se mallayuddha karane kI abhilASA karane vAle rAjA the| 'samaravyasanI pramAdazUnya' kakudo vedavidAM tapodhanazca / paravAraNabAhuyuddhalubdhaH kSitipAlaH kila zUdrako babhUva // 5 // dviradendragatizca. koranetraH paripUrNendumukhaH suvigrahazca / dvijamukhyatamaH kavivaMbhUva prathitaH zUdraka ityagAdhasasvaH // 6 // ' zUdraka rAjA kA ullekha aneka saMskRta granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| skandapurANa meM bhI zUdraka kA varNana hai aura vetAlapaJcaviMzati, kathAsaritsAgara evaM kAdambarI meM zUdraka rAjA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / iSaMcarita meM zUdraka ko cakora ke rAjA candraketu kA zatru kahA gayA hai| skandapurANa meM vikramAditya ke sattAisa varSa pUrva rAjya karane kA zUdraka kA varNana hai| ina sAre granthoM ke vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki zUdraka nAma udayana kI bhAMti lokakathAoM ke nAyaka kA hai| yadi zUdraka ko isa prakaraNa kA racayitA mAnA jAya to kaI prakAra kI ApattiyAM uTha khar3I ho jAtI haiN| prasiddha nATakakAra apane maraNa kI bAta svayaM kaise likha sakatA hai ? ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prastAvanA ke padya -zUdraka racita nahIM haiN| taba prazna uThatA hai ki ye padya kisake dvArA baura kyoM jor3e gae haiN| isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM aneka prakAra ke vivAda uTha khar3e hue haiM aura aneka pAzcAtya paNDita mRcchakaTika ko zUdraka-kartRka hone meM sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| DaoN. pizela ke matAnusAra mRcchakaTika kA racayitA daNDI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki daNDI ke nAma para tIna prabandha pracalita haiN| unameM do haiM-dazakumAracarita aura kAvyAdarza, tathA tIsarI kRti mRcchakaTika hI hai| zrInerUrakara ne bhAsa ko hI isakA racayitA mAnA hai| para, ye donoM hI kalpanAe~ ThIka nahIM haiM kyoMki mRcchakaTika ke racayitA ke rUpa meM zUdraka kA hI nAma pracalita hai, bhAsa aura daNDI kA nhiiN| yadi ve donoM isake praNetA the to unake nAma pracalita kyoM nahIM hue ? mRcchakaTika kI prastAvanA meM zUdraka rAjA batalAye gae haiM aura na to daNDI hI rAjA haiM aura na bhAsa hii| ataH ye kalpanAyeM nirAdhAra haiN| DaoN. silavA levI kA mata hai ki kisI ajJAtanAmA kavi ne mRcchakaTika kI racanA kara use zUdraka ke nAma se prasiddha kara diyA hai| zrI levI zUdraka ko isakA racayitA mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| isake mUla lekhaka ne ise prAcIna siddha karane ke lie hI lekhaka ke rUpa meM zUdraka kA nAma de diyA hai| DaoN. levI ne apane mata kI puSTi meM jo takaM diye haiM unameM koI bala nahIM hai| DaoN. kItha ne zUdraka nAma ko ajIba mAna kara ise kAlpanika puruSa kahA hai| 'ina ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki zUdraka eka nijaMdharI vyakti mAtra the| unakA vicitra nAma, jo asAmAnya prakAra ke rAjA ke lie hAsyAspada hai, isa tathya kA samarthana hI karatA hai|' saMskRta nATaka pR0 126 / kIpa ke anusAra isakA racayitA koI dUsarA vyakti hai| para inakA prathama mata isa mAdhAra para khaNDita ho jAtA hai ki zUdraka kA ullekha aneka prAcIna granthoM meM hai, aura ve kAlpanika vyakti nahIM haiN| unakA ullekha eka jIvanta vyakti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / zUdraka ke nAma para zudrakacarita, zUdakavadha evaM vikrAntazUdraka prabhRti grantha pracalita hai, kintu ye upalabdha nahIM hote| zUdraka ke viSaya meM adyatana mata isa prakAra hai / zAka

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zudraka] ( 579 ) [ zuka aitihAsika vyakti haiM kintu Age cala kara inakA vyaktitva lokakathAoM ke ghaTATopa meM Acchanna ho gayA / mRcchakaTika zUdraka kI racanA nahIM hai, kisI dUsare kavi ne raca kara ise zUdraka ke nAma se pracalita kara diyA hai| bhAsa-racita 'daridracArudatta' ke AdhAra para kisI kavi ne isameM Avazyaka parivartana evaM kucha kalpanAoM kA samAveza kara isakA rUpa nirmita kiyA thA / gopAladAraka AyaMka evaM pAlaka kI kathA isI kavi kI dena hai jisakA srota use guNADhya kRta bRhatkathA meM athavA tatkAlIna pracalita anya lokakathAoM meM prApta huA hogA / kisI kAraNavaza usane apanA nAma na dekara zudraka ko isake lekhaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha kara diyaa| prastAvanA meM zUdraka ke paricaya vAle aMza meM parokSabhUte liT ke dvArA zUdraka kA varNana hai tathA ina zlokoM meM aitihyasUcaka 'kila' zabda bhI prayukta hai / isa sambadha meM yaha prazna uThatA hai ki aise kauna se kAraNa the jinhoMne lekhaka ko apanA nAma nahIM dene ko bAdhya kiyA thA / isa sambandha meM do kAraNoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai jo samIcIna bhI haiN| prathama to yaha ki mUla nATaka ke lekhaka bhAsa the ata: ise apane nAma para pracalita karane meM lekhaka hicakicA gayA hogA, phalataH usane zUdraka kA nAma dekara chuTTI pA lI hogI / dvitIya kAraNa yaha hai ki isa nATaka meM jina navIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika kalpanAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai unase tatkAlIna samAja evaM rAjayagaM para kazAghAta kiyA gayA hai aura unakI khillI ur3AI gayI hai / isameM nATakakAra ne krAntikArI vicAroM ko caramasImA para pahuMcA diyA hai / yahA~ brAhmaNa cora, juArI evaM cApalUsa ke rUpa meM citrita kie gae haiM aura kSatriyoM ko krUra evaM durAcArI dikhalAyA gayA hai / rAjA krUra aura durAcArI hai tathA nIca jAti ko rakheliyoM ko prazraya detA hai aura nIca jAti ke loga hI rAjya ke uccapadasya padAdhikArI haiM / nyAya kevala rAjA kI icchA para Azrita rahatA hai / ataH inhIM krAntikArI vicAroM ke samAveza ke kAraNa rAjadaNDa ke bhaya se kavi ne apanA nAma nahIM diyA / paM0 candrabalI pANDeya ne isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie navIna kalpanA kI hai, kintu unakI sthApanAe~ vizvasanIya nahIM haiN| unakA kathana isa prakAra hai - " adhika to kaha nahIM sakatA, para jI jAnatA hai ki yadi bhAsa ko rAjA zudraka kA rAjakavi mAna liyA jAya to 'cArudatta' aura 'mRcchakaTika' kI ulajhana bhI bahuta kucha sulajha jAya x x x x x x x bhAva yaha ki prabhUta pramANa isa pakSa meM hai ki bhAsa ko rAjA zudraka kA rAjakavi mAnA jAya aura khulakara kaha diyA jAya ki vAstava meM usI kI preraNA se kavi bhAsa 'cArudatta' kI racanA meM lIna kintu, daivadurvipAka kahie ki bIca hI meM cala base / nidAna zudraka ko Apa hI apanI kAmanA pUrI karanI par3I aura phalataH 'cArudatta' jhaTa 'mRcchakaTika' meM pariNata ho gayA" zUdraka pR0 60-61 | navInatama khojoM ke AdhAra para DaoN0 rAmazaMkara tivArI ne apane tIna niSkarSa diye haiM the| i ka - 'mRcchakaTika' ke racayitA zudraka ne dakSiNa bhArata meM rAjasattA kA upabhoga usa avadhi meM kiyA hogA jo gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ( 500 IsavI) se Arambha hotI hai aura thAnezvara ke mahArAja harSavardhana ke udaya kAla ( 606 IsavI) meM samApta

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( 580 ) [ zuka hotI hai| vaha yuga bhAratIya itihAsa meM vikendrIkaraNa kA kAla rahA hai jaba deza aneka choTe-choTe svAdhIna rAjyoM meM baMTA huA thA jinameM hUNoM dvArA saMsthApita rAjya bhI thA jo videzI AkrAntA the / zUdraka aise choTe-choTe narezoM meM thA jisako yA to satA prApti ke lie svayaM koI choTA-moTA saMgharSa karanA par3A thA yA phira kisI sattApaharaNa vAle kAMDa meM usakI gaharI dilacaspI thI / kha - zUdraka kA vyaktitva romAMTika thA / use yaha cintA nahIM thI ki vaha koI maulika praNayana kre| bhAsa kI racanA use milI aura kucha navIna tattvoM ko jor3akara, usane miTTI kI gAr3I raca dI kyoMki vaha sAdhAraNa miTTo kA manuSya thA." 'mRcchakaTika' kA praNayana-kAla IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI kA pUrA antarAla rahA hogA / mahAkavi zUdraka pR0 137-38 / daNDI ke 'kAvyAdarza meM 'mRcchakaTika' kA padya 'limpatIva tamo'GgAni ' udhRta hai / daNDI kA samaya vidvAn 700 I0 mAnate haiM, isa dRSTi se bhI zUdraka kA samaya IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI hI nizcita hotA hai / zUdraka kI ekamAtra yahI racanA prApta hotI hai / mRcchakaTika meM dasa aMka haiM, ataH zAstrIya dRSTi se ise prakaraNa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| isameM kavi ne brAhmaNa cArudatta evaM vezyA vasantasenA ke praNaya prasaMga kA varNana kiyA hai / 'mRcchakaTika' kaI dRSTiyoM se saMskRta kA viziSTa nATaka siddha hotA hai / isameM raMgamaMca kA zAstrIya TekanIka atyadhika gaThita hai aura rUr3hi evaM paramparA ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA hai| isakA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa aMga isakA hAsya hai / kathAnaka kI vibhinnatA evaM vastu kA vaicitrya, caritroM kI bahulatA evaM unakI svatantra tathA spaSTa vaiyaktikatA ghaTanAcakra kA gatimAna saMkramaNa, sAmAjika rAjanItika krAnti aura uccakoTi kA hAsya mRcchakaTika ko vizva nATaka ke itihAsa meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna karate haiM [ de0 mRcchakaTika ] | nATakakAra evaM kavi donoM hI rUpoM meM zUdraka kI pratibhA vilakSaNa siddha hotI hai / DaoN0 kItha kA kahanA hai ki " isa rUpaka ke guNa itane paryApta haiM ki lekhaka kI anucita prazaMsA anAvazyaka / isake racayitA mAne jAne vAle zUdraka ko sarvadezIya hone kA gaurava pradAna kiyA gayA hai| 'kavitAkAminI ke vilAsa' kAlidAsa aura vazyavAk bhavabhUti meM cAhe jitanA antara ho kintu mRcchakaTika ke lekhaka kI tulanA meM ina donoM kA paraspara bhAvanAsAmya kahIM adhika hai; zakuntalA aura uttararAmacarita kI racanA bhArata ke atirikta kisI bhI deza meM saMbhava nahIM thI, zakuntalA eka hindU nAyikA hai, mAdhava eka hindU nAyaka hai, jaba ki saMsthAnaka, maitreya aura madanikA vizvanAgarika haiM / parantu yaha dAvA svIkArya nahIM hai / mRcchakaTika apane pUrNa rUpa meM eka aisA rUpaka hai jo bhAratIya vicAradhArA aura jIvana se otaprota hai / " saMskRta nATaka pR0 138 / vastutaH mRcchakaTika ke pAtra bhAratIya miTTI ke pAtra hote hue bhI sArvabhauma bhI haiM, isameM kisI prakAra kI dvidhA nahIM hai / zudraka kI zailI atyanta sarala, AkarSaka tathA spaSTatA evaM sAdagI se pUrNa hai / inhoMne aisI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai jo kliSTa padAvalI se rahita tathA lambe-lambe samAsoM se mukta hai| mukhyataH inhoMne vaidarbhI rIti kA hI prayoga kiyA hai kintu yatra

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zUdraka] ( 581) [ zUdraka tatra AvazyakatAnusAra gor3I rIti bhI apanAyI gayI hai| bhAvAnusAra bhASA meM parivartana karane ke kAraNa hI yaha zailI-bheda dikhAI par3atA hai / inakI abhivyakti sabala hai / ye alpa zabdoM ke dvArA citra khIMcane kI kalA meM dakSa haiN| inhoMne lambe-lambe citraNoM se yathAsambhava apane ko bacAyA hai aura isI kAraNa inakI racanA raGgamancopayogI ho gayI hai / para kahIM-kahIM jaise, vasantasenA ke ghara kA vistRta varNana evaM varSA kA vizada citraNa mana ko ubAne vAle siddha hote haiN| zRGgAra aura karuNa rasoM ke citraNa meM zUdraka siddhahasta haiN| inhoMne donoM hI rasoM ke bar3e hI mohaka citra aMkita kiye haiM'dhanyAni teSAM khalu jIvitAni ye kAminInAM gRhamAgatAnAm / ArdrANi meghodakazItalAni gAtrANi gAtreSu pariSvajanti // 5 // 49 / ' unhIM manuSyoM kA jIvana dhanya hai; jo svayaM ghara meM AI huI kAminiyoM ke varSA jala se bhIge evaM zItala aGgoM ko apane aGgoM se AliGgana karate haiN|' vasantasenA kI zRGgAroddIpaka lalita gati kA citra dekhane yogya hai-kiM yAsi bAlakadalIva vikampamAnA raktAMzukaMpavanaloladalaM bahantI // raktotpalaprakarakuDUmalamutsRjantI TaLemanaH zila guheva vidAryamANA / / 1 / 20 / 'astra dvArA vidArita manaHzilA ke samAna lAla-lAla samUhoM ko (pada-padyoM se) aMkita kara rahI ho, vAyu ke sparza se aMcala caMcala ho rahA hai| isa prakAra lAla vastra dhAraNa kara navIna kele ke samAna kyoM kAMpatI huI jA rahI hai|' kavi ne prakRti citraNa uddIpana ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| paMcama aMka kA varSA-varNana atyanta sundara bana par3A hai| prAkRta-prayoga kI dRSTi se mRcchakaTika eka apUrva prayoga ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai| isameM sAta prAkRtoM kA prayoga hai-zaurasenI, mAgadhI, prAcyA, zakArI, cANDAlI, avantikA evaM ddhkkii| isa nATaka meM kavi ne aneka aise viSayoM ke varNana meM saundayaM DhUMr3hA hai jinakI ora kisI kA dhyAna bhI nahIM jaataa| zaklika ke mukha se yajJopavIta kI upayogitA kA varNana sunane yogya hai-'etena mApayati bhittiSu karmamArgAnetena mocayati bhUSaNasaMprayogAn / udghATako bhavati yantrahaDhe kapATe daSTasya kITabhujagaiH pariveSTananca / / 3 / 16 / ' 'isase seMdha phor3ate bhIta nApI jAtI hai / isase aMgoM meM saMlagna AbhUSaNa nikAle jAte haiN| yaha kisI dvArA dRr3hatApUrvaka banda kivAr3a kholane meM sahAyaka hotA hai tathA viSaile jIvoM tathA sarpo ke kATane para use bAMdhane meM kAma detA hai|' AdhAragrantha-1-hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara-dAsagupta evaM De / 2saMskRta nATaka-kItha (hindI anuvaad)| 3-iNDiyana DrAmA-sTena kono| 4-indroDakzana TU da sTaDI oNpha mRcchakaTika-jI vI0 devsthlii| 5-priphesa Tu mRcchakaTika-jI0 ke0 bhaTa / 6-da thiyeTara oNpha hindUja-ema. eca. vilsana / 7-saMskRta DrAmA-induzekhara / 8-saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 9-saMskRta sukavi-samIkSA-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 10- saMskRta kavi. darzana-DaoN. bholAzaMkara vyaas| 11-saMskRta kAvyakAra-DaoN. haridatta shaastrii| 12-mRcchakaTika-caukhambA saMskaraNa ( hindI-TIkA ) bhUmikA bhAga-paM. kAntAnASa zAstrI tailNg| 13-zUdaka-paM0 candrabalI pANDeya / 14-mahAkavi zUdraka-DaoN.

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zaivatantra] (582) [zevatantra rAmazaMkara tivaarii| 15- saMskRta nATya samIkSA-indrapAla siMha 'indr'| 16-saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa-kRSNa caitanya ( hindI anuvAda) / 17-AlocanA traimAsika aMka 27 mRcchakaTika para nibaMdha-DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya / 18-mRcchakaTika para nibaMdha-paM0 ilAcandra jozI saMgama sAptAhika 1948 / zaivatantra-ziva kI upAsanA se sambaddha tantra ko zaivatantra kahate haiN| dArzanika dRSTi se bhinnatA ke kAraNa isake cAra vibhAga ho gae haiM-pAzupatamata, zaivasiddhAntamata, vIrazaivamata evaM spanda yA pratyabhijJAmata / ziva yA rudra kI upAsanA vaidika yuga meM hI prArambha ho cukI thI aura vedoM meM rudraviSayaka aneka mantra bhI prApta hote haiM / 'yajurveda' meM 'zatarudrIya adhyAya' apanI mahattA ke lie prasiddha hai aura 'taittirIya AraNyaka' meM (10 / 16 ) samasta jagat ko rudra rUpa kahA gayA hai| 'zvetAzvatara upaniSad' meM (11) rudra ko sarvavyApI tathA savaMgata mAnA gayA hai, para ina granthoM meM tantrazAstrasaMbaMdhI pAribhASika zabdoM ke prayoga nahIM milate / 'mahAbhArata' meM zaivamatoM ke varNana prApta hote haiN| 'atharvaziras' upaniSad meM pAzupatamata ke aneka pAribhASika zabda prApta hote haiM jisase zaivamata kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai / zaivatantra vibhinna sampradAya bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM pracalita the| pAzupatamata kA kena puSarAta evaM rAjapUtAnA meM thA aura zaivasiddhAnta tAmila deza meM lokapriya thaa| vIravamatakA kSetra karnATaka pA aura pratyabhijJAdarzana kA kendra kAzmIra / 1-pAzupata mata-isa mata ke saMsthApaka lakulIza yA namusIza mAne jAte haiN| 'zivapurANa' ke 'kAravaNa mAhAtmya' meM inakA janma sthAna 'bhar3oMca' ke nikaTastha 'kAravana' saMjhaka sthAna mAnA gayA hai| rAjapUtAnA evaM gujarAta meM jo inakI mUrtiyAM prApta hotI haiM unakA sira kezoM se DhakA huA dikhAI par3atA hai| inake dAhine hAtha meM bIjapUra kA phala evaM bAyeM meM laguDa rahatA hai| laguDa dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa hI ye lakulIza yA laguDeza kahe ge| ziva ke 18 avatAra mAne gae haiM unameM nakulIza ko unakA bAcAvatAra mAnA jAtA hai / unake nAma haiM-lakulIza, kauzika, gAgyaM, maitrya, koruSa, IzAna, pAragAgyaM, kapilANDa, manuSyaka, aparakuzika, atri, piMgalAkSa, puSpaka, bRhadAya, agasti, santAna, rAzIkara tathA vidyAguru / pAzupatoM kA sAhitya atyanta alpamAtrA meM hI prApta hotA hai / 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' meM mAdhavAcArya ne 'nakulIza pAzupata' ke nAma se isa mata ke dArzanika siddhAnta kA vivecana kiyA hai| rAjazekhara sUri-racita 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' meM bhI 'yogamata' ke rUpa meM isa sampradAya kI AdhyAtmika mAnyatAeM varNita haiN| isa sampradAya kA mUlagrantha 'pAzupatasUtra' upalabdha hai jisake racayitA mahezvara haiM / yaha grantha 'pancArthI bhASya' ke sAtha anantazayana granthamAlA (saM0 143) se prakAzita hai / isa bhASya ke racayitA kauNDinya haiN| 2.-zaiva siddhAntamata-tAmila pradeza hI isa mata kA pradhAna kendra mAnA jAtA hai| isa prAnta ke zaivabhaktoM ne tAmila bhASA meM zivaviSayaka stotroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai jinheM veda ke sadRza mahattva diyA jAtA hai| isa mata meM 84 zaiva santa ho cuke haiM jinameM cAra atyanta prasiddha hai-appAra, santa jJAnasambandha sundaramUrti evaM maNikavAcaka

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jaivatantra (583 ) [vatantra ve santa cAra pramukha zaiva mAmA ke saMsthApaka mAne gae haiM-mArgacaryA, kriyA, yoga evaM mAna / inakA samaya saptama evaM aSTama zatAbdI hai| inakI racanAeM mukhyataH tamila meM hI hai aura kucha saMskRta meM bhI prakAzita ho rahI haiN| isake Agama ko 'zaiva siddhAnta' kahate haiM / zaivAgamoM kI saMkhyA 208 mAnI jAtI hai / kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn ziva ke pAMca mukhoM se 28 tantroM kA AvirbhAva huA hai jise bhagavAn ne apane bhaktoM ke uddhAra ke lie prakaTa kiyA thaa| zavAcAryoM ke sadyojyoti ( 8 vIM zatAbdI) haradatta zivAcArya ( 11 vIM zatAbdI), rAmakaNTha (11 vIM zatAbdI) evaM aghorazivAcArya Adi prasiddha AcArya haiN| inameM sadyojyoti ne narezvaraparIkSA, gauravAgama kI vRtti, svAyambhuva mAgama para udyota evaM sasvasaMgraha tatvatraya, bhogakArikA, mokSakArikA evaM paramokSanirAsakArikA nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| haradatta zivAcArya kI prasiddha racanA hai-zrutisUktimAlA yA caturveda tAtparya-saMgraha / ' 3-vIra zaivamata-isa mata ke anuyAyI liMgAyata yA jaMgama kahe jAte haiN| inheM varNavyavasthA mAnya nahIM hai| ye zaMkara ko liMgAyata mUti sadA gale meM dhAraNa kiye rahate haiN| isa mata kA pracAra karnATaka meM adhika hai| inake Adyapravartaka ( 12 vI zatAbdI) 'basava' kahe jAte haiM jo kalacuri ke rAjA bijjala ke mantrI the| vIra boM ke anusAra isa mata kI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai aura isakA upadeza pAMca mahApuruSoM ne vibhinna samaya para diyA thaa| unake nAma haiM-reNDakAcArya, dArukAcArya, ekorAmAcArya, paNDitArAdhya evaM vizvArAdhya / zivayogI zivAcAryakRta 'siddhAntazikhAmaNi' isa sampradAya kA mAnya grantha hai| 4-pratyabhijJAdarzana-isa mata kA pracalana kAzmIra meM adhika thaa| ise spanda yA trik darzana bhI kahA jAtA hai| pazu, pati evaM pAza tIna tatvoM kI pradhAnatA ke. kAraNa yaha darzana trika ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| athavA 92 AgamoM meM se simA nAmaka evaM mAlinI tantra kI pramukhatA hI vika nAma kA kAraNa hai| abhinavagupta ne 'tantrAloka' meM isa darzana ke AdhyAtmika pakSa kA vivecana kiyA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna ziva ne zaivAgamoM kI dvaitaparaka vyAkhyA ko dekhakara hI isa mata ko prakaTa kiyA thA jisakA uddezya advaitatatva kA pracAra thaa| bhagavAna ne durvAsA RSi ko isake pracAra kA Adeza diyA thaa| isa darzana (advaitavAdI) kA sAhitya atyanta vizAla hai jo kAzmIra granthamAlA se prakAzita hai| trika ke mUla AcArya vasugupta mAne jAte haiM jo 800 I0 AsapAsa the| inhoMne spandakArikA (52 kArikA ) meM zivasUtra kI vizada vyAkhyA kI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki 'zivapala' nAmaka caTTAna para 'zivasUtra' ur3ita the ( jinakI saMkhyA 77 hai ) jinheM bhagavAna ziva ne vasugupta ko svapna meM inake ukhAra kA Adeza diyA thaa| ye hI sUtra isa darzana ke mUla haiN| vasugupta ke do ziSyoM mahAmAhezvarAcArya kallaTa ( navama zataka kA uttarAda) evaM somAnanda ne kramazaH spandasiddhAnta evaM pratyabhijJA mata kA pracAra kiyaa| kallaTa kI prasiddha racanA hai 'spandakArikA' kI vRtti jise 'spandasarvasva' kahA jAtA hai / somAnanda ke pranyoM ke nAma hai-'zivadRSTi' evaM 'praatrishikaa-vivRtti'| utpalAcArya pratyabhimAdarzana ke prasiddha

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zobhAkara mitra ] (584 ) [zrIkRSNavilAsa campU AcArya haiM ( 900 I0 ) ye somAnanda ke ziSya the| inhoMne 'IzvarapratyabhijJAkArikA' nAmaka prasiddha grantha kI racanA kI hai| inake anya grantha haiM-ajaDapramAtRsili, Izvara siddhi, tathA sambandha-siddhi, shivstotraavlii| abhinavagupta utpalAcArya ke ziSya evaM lakSmaNagupta ke ziSya the| inakA 'tantrAloka' mantrazAstra kA mahAkoza mAnA jAtA hai / inake. anya graMtha haiM-IzvarapratyabhijJAvimazinI, tantrasAra Adi / de. abhinavagupta / isa darzana ke anya prasiddha AcArya kSemarAja ( 975-1025) haiN| ye abhinavagupta ke ziSya the| inake grantha hai--zivasUtravimazinI, svacchandatantra, vijJAnabhairava, netratantra para udyota TIkA, pratyabhijJAhRdaya, spandasandoha, zivastotrAvalI kI TIkA sahita / AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya sAdhanA, aura saMskRti bhAga 1,2-ma. ma. DaoN. gopInAtha kavirAja / 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. zaivamataDaoN. yduvNshii| zobhAkara mitra-malaMkArazAstra ke AcArya / inakA samaya saMvat 1250 se 1950 ke bIca hai| inhoMne 'alaMkAraratnAkara' nAmaka alaMkAra-viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| isameM sUtrazailI meM 133 alaMkAroM kA vivecana hai tathA vRttiyoM ke dvArA unakA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne aneka alaMkAroM-rUpaka, smaraNa, bhrAntimAna, sandeha, apahati Adi ke saMbaMdha meM navIna tathya prakaTa kiye haiM yathA 41 navIna balaMkAroM kA varNana hai / 'alaMkAra ratnAkara' meM kula 111 alaMkAra varNita haiN| isameM bar3hAye gae alaMkAroM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai-asama, udAharaNa, pratimA, vinoda, vyAsaMga, vaidhayaM, abheda, vitarka, pratibhA, kriyAtipatti, nizcaya, vidhyAbhAsa, sandehAbhAsa, vikalpAbhAsa, viparyaya, acintya, azakya, vyatyAsa, samatA, udreka, tulya, anAdara, Adara, anukRti, pratyUha, pratyAdeza, vyApti, Apatti, vidhi, niyama, pratiprasava, taMtra, prasaMga, badhamAnaka, avaroha, atizaya, zRGkhalA, viveka, parabhAga, ubheda evaM guuddh'| zobhAkara mitra kA alaMkAra vivecana atyanta praur3ha hai| inake alaMkAra-nirUpaNa ke lie de0 lekhaka kA zodhaprabandha-"alaMkAroM kA aitihAsika vikAsa : bharata se papAkara taka" alaMkAra ratnAkara kA prakAzana oriyanTala buka ejensI, pUnA ( 1942 I0 ) se ho cukA hai| bAdhAragrantha-alaMkArAnuzIlana-rAjavaMza sahAya 'hIrA' caukhambA prakAzana / zaunakopaniSadU-isakA prakAzana ADyAra lAibrerI kI ekamAtra pANDulipi ke AdhAra para huA hai| isameM ekAkSara 'OM' kI upAsanA kA mahatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai tathA asuroM para devoM kI vijaya evaM indra kA mahattva varNita hai| isake anta meM zaunaka RSi kA ullekha upadeSTA ke rUpa meM hai aura yahI isake nAma kA rahasya bhI hai| zrIkRSNavilAsa campU-isa campUkAvya ke racayitA narasiMha sUri kavi haiN| inake pitA kA nAma ananta nArAyaNa evaM mAtA kA nAma lakSmI thaa| isameM kavi ne solaha mAzvAsoM meM bhAgavata kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| racanA meM varNana vistAra paryApta mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai aura isakI bhASA pravAhapUrNa hai| kalAnidhi nAmaka

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zaMkarAnanda campU] ( 585 ) [zrIdhara vidvAn ne 'kallola' nAmaka TIkA isake 14 AzvAsoM para likhI hai| racanA kA samaya 17 vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12229 meM prApta hotA hai| grantha ke prArambha meM vAsudeva kI stuti kI gayI hai-'Anande citi satyananyayuji ca svasminnavidyAkRta-prArambhAdasato nivRttamanasAmasmAdabuddhAtmanAm / etattathyamiva svasaMgatatayA tanvan jagadyassvarA-DAtme. vAtmavidAM vibhAti sa sadA vo vAsudevo'vatAn // ' AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| zaMkagananda campU-isa campUkAvya ke praNetA kA nAma hai guru svayambhUnAtha rAma / inake jIvana evaM samaya ke saMbandha meM kucha bhI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotaa| yaha anya pAMca ucchavAsa meM vibhakta hai jisake antima katipaya pRSTha naSTa ho gae haiN| kavi ne 'mahAbhArata' ke anukaraNa para kirAtArjunIya kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai| inakI racanAzailI para pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI chAyA dekhI jAtI hai kintu grantha uttama zreNI kA hai| yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hai aura isakA vivaraNa DI. sI. madrAsa 12377 meM prApta hotA hai| prArambha meM kavi gaNeza kI vandanA kI hai tathA kathA kA prArambha kailAzaparvata ke ramaNIya varNana se kiyA gayA hai-'mAruhya yatra haravAhamahokSamohAd-gaNDopalaM gamanavIthiSu netukAmaH / AsphAlanottarala hastatalassahAsa-mAlokyate / samambikayA kumaarH||' AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-3t0 chavinAtha tripaatthii| zrIdhara-jyotiSazAstra evaM bIjagaNita ke mamaMza vidvAnoM meM zrIdhara kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| inakA samaya dazaka zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai, para kucha vidvAn inakA AvirbhAva-kAla 750 I. mAnate haiN| ye karNATaka prAnta ke rahane vAle the| inake pitA kA nAma baladeva zarmA evaM mAtA kA nAma avvokA thaa| pahale ye zaiva the kintu Age calakara jainadharmAvalambI bana ge| inhoMne jyotiSazAstra viSayaka tIna granthoM'gaNitasAra', 'jyotijJAnavidhi' evaM 'jAtakatilaka'-kI racanA kI hai jinameM prathama do anya saMskRta meM evaM antima kannar3a bhASA meM haiN| 'gaNitasAra' ke vaNita viSaya haiMbabhinnaguNaka, bhAgahAra, varga, vargamUla, ghanamUla, bhinna, samaccheda, bhAgajAti, prabhAgajAtibhAgAnubandha; bhAgamAtRjAti, trairAzika, saptarAzika, navarAzika, bhANDapratibhANDa, mizrakavyavahAra, bhAvyavyavahArasUtra, ekapatrIkaraNasUtra, suvarNagaNita, prakSepakagaNita, samakramavikramasUtra, zreNIvyavahAra, kSetravyavahAra, khAtavyavahAra, citivyavahAra, kohavyavahAra, rAzivyavahAra evaM chAyAvyavahAra / 'jyotirzAnavidhi' meM jyotiSazAstra ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| isameM saMvatsaroM ke nAma, nakSatra, yoganAma, karaNanAma evaM inake zubhAzubhatva, mAsazeSa, mAsAdhipatizeSa, dinazeSa, dinAdhipatizeSa Adi viSaya varNita haiN| bAdhAramanya-bhAratIya jyotiSa-DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii|

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zrInivAsa campU ] ( 586 ) [ zrImadabhAgavatapurANa zrInivAsa campU(- isa campUkAvya ke racayitA veMkaTa nAmaka kavi haiM / inake viSaya meM kucha bhI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA hai / 'zrInivAsacampU' ke do bhAga haiMpUrva vilAsa tathA uttaravilAsa / pUrvabilAsa pA~ca ucchvAsoM meM vibhakta hai aura uttara bilAsa meM pAMca ullAsa haiM / pUrvavilAsa meM kathAvastu kA vikAsa dikhalAyA hai to uttaravilAsa meM vAgvilAsa kA camatkAra / pUrvavilAsa ke prathama pariccheda meM rAjA zrInivAsa kA atizayoktipUrNa varNana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya meM padmAvatI kA rAjA dvArA darzana tathA tRtIya meM padmAvatI kA viraha-varNana hai / catuthaM meM rAjA zrInivAsa kA nArAyaNapura (padmAvatI kA nivAsasthAna ) meM bakulA dvArA saMdeza preSaNa tathA bakulA kI sahAyatA se rAjA zrInivAsa evaM padmAvatI kA milana varNita hai / paJcama ucchvAsa meM vidhi-vidhAna ke dvArA donoM kA vivAha varNita hai / uttaravilAsa meM vibhinna dezoM se Aye hue kaviyoM kA vAgvilAsa tathA samasyApUrti ke sAtha rAjA zrInivAsa kI prazasti kI gayI hai / sampUrNa kAvya meM ukti camatkAra tathA zleSa evaM yamaka kI chaTA pradarzita hotI hai aura kavi kA mukhya uddezya kAvyakauzala kA pradarzana rahA hai jisameM vaha pUrNa saphala huA hai / yamaka kA citra dekhie - kamalAkamalA yasya tAkSyaMstAkSyoM dharApate / nandinI nandinI yaraya sa te rAjan varovaraH / pR0 85 / isa kAvya kA prakAzana gopAlanArAyaNa kaM0 se ho cukA hai / -DaoN0 AdhAragrantha - campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - chavinAtha tripAThI / zrIpati - jyotiSazAstra ke bhAcArya / inhoMne gaNita evaM phalita donoM prakAra ke granthoM kI racanA kI hai| ye apane samaya ke mahAn jyotirvid mAne jAte the| inakA samaya 1039 I0 ke AsapAsa hai / inake dvArA racita grantha haiM-- 'pATIgaNita', 'bIjagaNita', 'siddhAntazekhara' ( tInoM grantha gaNita jyotiSa ke haiM ), 'zrIpatipaddhati', 'ratnAvalI', 'ratnasAra' evaM 'ratnamAlA' ( sabhI grantha phalita jyotiSa ke haiM ) / prabodhacandrasena ne 'khaNDakhAdyaka' nAmaka jyotiSa grantha kI aMgarejI TIkA ( pR0 93 ) meM batalAyA hai ki 'zrIpati ke pahale kisI bhAratIya jyotiSI ne kAla- samIkaraNa ke usa bhAga kA patA nahIM lagA pAyA thA jo ravimAgaM kI tiyaMkatA ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai' / bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa pR0 168 / ye na kevala gaNita jyotiSa ke hI maMmaMza the, apitu grahavedha-kriyA ke bhI jAnakAra the| inhoMne 'siddhAntazekhara' nAmaka grantha meM 'grahavedha-kriyA ke dvArA 'graha- gaNita' kI vAstavikatA jAnane kI vidhi kA saMkalana kiyA hai / inhoMne sarala evaM bodhagamya zailI meM apane granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / siddhAntazekhara, makkibhaTTa kRta TIkA ke sAtha kalakattA se 1947 meM prakAzita, sampAdaka - babuA mizra / AdhAragrantha - 1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa- DaoN0 gorakhaprasAda / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa - DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI / zrImadbhAgavatapurANa - kramAnusAra 5 va purANa / 'zrImadbhAgavata' ko mahApurANa kI saMjJA se vibhUSita karate hue sampUrNa purANoM meM isakA prAdhAnya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / ise 'brahmasammita' kahA jAtA hai - 'idaM bhAgavataM nAma purANaM brahmasammitam' / svayaM

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zrImadabhAgavatapurANa] (587 ) [zrImadabhAgavatapurANa bhAgavatakAra ne bhI ise "nigamakalpataru kA galita amRtamaya phala' kahA hai| yaha purANa vaiSNava AcAryoM ke bIca 'prasthAna-catuSTaya' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai aura sampUrNa bhAratIya cintana-paramparA meM isakA sthAna 'brahmasUtra' 'upaniSad' evaM 'gItA' kI bhAMti mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| yaha bhaktirasa kA AdhAragraMtha evaM dharma kA rasAtmaka svarUpa upasthita karanevAlA zAstrIya grantha bhI hai| zrImadbhAgavata bhAratIya vaiduSya kA caramazikhara hai jisameM naiSkayaM bhakti kA pratipAdana tathA bhagavAn kI cinmaya lIlA kA cinmaya saMkalpa evaM divya bihAra kA varNana karate hue premila bhAvanA kA zAstrIya evaM vyAvahArika rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM brahmaviSayaka jina tIna bAtoM kA prAdhAnya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai. ve haiM-adhiSThAnatA, sAkSitA aura nirapekSitA, aura unake tIna rUpoMbAdhyAtmika, Adhidaivika evaM Adhibhautika kI bhI vyaMjanA huI hai| isameM yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki zrIkRSNa hI brahma, paramAtmA evaM bhagavAna haiN|' vadanti tattatva vidastarakhaM yajjJAnamatyam / brahmeti paramAtmeti bhagavAniti zabdayate // ' zrImadabhAgavata, 1 // 211 ___'zrImadbhAgavata' meM 12 skandha, 335 adhyAya evaM lagabhaga 18 sahasra zloka haiN| 'nAradIyapurANa', 'padmapurANa', 'kauzikasaMhitA,' 'gaurItantra', 'skaMdapurANa' Adi graMthoM ke anusAra inameM 18 hajAra zloka haiM tathA skandhoM evaM adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA bhI uparivata hai| 'padmapurANa' meM isakI 332 zAkhAeM kahI gayI haiM 'dvAtriMzatrizataM ca yasya vilscchaasaaH| zrImadbhAgavata ke prAcIna TIkAkAra citsukhAcArya ne bhI 332 adhyAyoM kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai-'dvAtriMzatrizataM pUrNamadhyAyAH' katipaya vidvAn isI kAraNa isake tIna adhyAyoM ko prakSipta mAnate haiN| svayaM mahAprabhu bahabhAcAryajI ne bhI dazama skandha ke tIna adhyAyoM 88, 89, 90 ko prakSipta mAnA hai| kintu, rUpagosvAmI ne inheM prAmANika mAnate hue kahA hai ki 'jo ina adhyAyoM ko prakSipta mAnate haiM unake aisA mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai kyoMki saba dezoM meM ve pracalita haiM aura 'vAsanAbhASya' 'sambandhokti', 'viDhaskAmadhenu', 'zukamanoharA', 'paramahaMsapriyA' mAdi prAcIna evaM Adhunika TIkAoM meM isakI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| yadi apane sampradAya asvIkRta hone ke kAraNa hI ve unheM aprAmANika mAnate haiM to dUsare sampradAyoM meM svIkRta hone ke kAraNa prAmANika hI kyoM nahIM mAnate ? yadi 'dvAtriMzat trizataM ca' ko prAmANika mAnA hai to inTaikya svIkAra karake una padoM kA artha 365 ho sakatA hai arthAt 'dvAtriMzat ca tripaJcazatAni ca' vyAkhyA se 335 ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra 335 adhyAya saMkhyA mAnakara tattatpurANoM kI saMgati laga sakatI hai / " bhAgavatadarzana pR0 64 / vayaM viSaya-isake 12 skandhoM kA sAra isa prakAra hai prathama skandha-prArambha meM naimiSAraNya meM zaunakAdi RSiyoM dvArA sUta jI se manuSya ke prAtyantika zreya ke sAdhana kI jijJAsA evaM sUta jI dvArA zrIkRSNa kI bhakti ko hI usakA ekamAtra sAdhana btaanaa| caubIsa avatAroM kI kathA, zukadeva evaM parIkSita kI kathA, vyAsa dvArA zrImadbhAgavata kI racanA kA rahasya, nAradajI ke pUrvajanma kA varNana evaM unheM kevala bhakti ko Atma-zAnti pradAna karane kA sAdhana mAnanA,

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zrImadbhAgavatapurANa] (588 ) [zrImadbhAgavatapurANe mahAbhArata yuddha kI kathA tathA azvatthAmA dvArA draupadI ke pAMca putroM ke sira kATane kI kahAnI, bhISma kA dehatyAga, parIkSita janma, yAdavoM kA saMhAra, zrIkRSNa kA paramadhAma gamana, parIkSita kI digvijaya tathA unakI mRtyu / dvitIya skandha-zukadeva dvArA bhagavAn ke virATa rUpa kA varNana, vibhinna kAmanAoM kI siddhi ke lie vibhinna devatAoM kI upAsanA kA vidhAna, kacchapa evaM nRsiMhAvatAra kI kathA, bhagavadbhakti ke prAdhAnya kA nirUpaNa, sRSTi-viSayaka prazna aura zukadeva jI dvArA kathA kA prArambha, sRSTi-varNana, brahmAjI dvArA bhagavaddhAma darzana tathA bhagavAn dvArA unheM catuHzlokI bhAgavata kA upadeza, bhAgavata ke dasa lakSaNoM kA varNana / tRtIya skandha-uddhava aura vidura kI bheMTa tathA uddhava dvArA bhagavAn ke bAlacarita evaM anya lIlAoM kA varNana, maitreya dvArA vidura ko sRSTi-krama kA varNana sunAnA, virATa zarIra kI utpatti, brahmA dvArA bhagavAn kI stuti evaM dasa prakAra kI sRSTi kA varNana, manvantarAdi kAla-vibhAga evaM sRSTi kA vistAra, vArAha-avatAra kI kathA, sanakAdi dvArA jaya-vijaya ko zApa tathA jaya-vijaya kA vaikuNTha se patana, hiraNyakazipu aura hiraNyAkSa kI kathA tathA vArAha-bhagavAn dvArA hiraNyAkSa kA vadha, kardama evaM devahuti kI kathA, kapila kA janma evaM sAMkhya-darzana kA varNana, aSTAGgayoga-vidhi, bhakti kA rahasya aura kAla kI mahimA, manuSya yoni prApta karane vAle jIva kI gati kA varNana, devahUti kA tatvajJAna evaM mokSa-pada prApti kA vrnnn| caturtha skandha-svAyambhuva manu kI kanyAoM kA vaMza-varNana, dakSa prajApati evaM ziva ke manomAlinya evaM satI kI kathA, brahmAdi devatAoM dvArA kailAza para jAkara ziva ko manAnA, dakSayajJa kI pUrti, dhruva kI kathA tathA unakA vaMza-varNana, rAjA vena kI kathA, rAjA pRthu kI kathA, puranjanopAkhyAna varNana, pracetAoM ko viSNu bhagavAn kA vrdaan| paJcama skandha-priyavrata caritra, AgnIdhra tathA rAjA nAbhi kA caritra, RSabhadeva kI kathA, bharatacarita, bharata vaMza kA varNana, bhuvanakoza-varNana, gaMgAvataraNa kI kathA, bhinna-bhinna varSoM kA varNana, kimpuruSa aura bhAratavarSa kA varNana, 6 dvIpoM evaM lokAloka parvata kA varNana, sUrya kI gati, bhinna-bhinna grahoM kI sthiti kA varNana, zizumAra cakra kA varNana, saMkarSaNadeva kA vivaraNa, naraka varNana / SaSTha skandha-ajAmila kI kathA, dakSa dvArA bhagavAn kI stuti, nArada jI ke upadeza se dakSaputroM kI virakti evaM nArada kA dakSa ko zApa, bRhaspati dvArA devatAoM kA tyAga tathA vizvarUpa kA devaguru ke rUpa meM varaNa, nArAyaNa kavaca kA upadeza, vicaspa vadha, vRtrAsura dvArA devatAoM kI parAjaya tathA dadhIci RSi kI kathA, vRtrAsura kA vadha, citraketu ko aGgirA aura nArada kA upadeza, citraketu ko pArvatI kA zApa, aditi evaM diti kI santAnoM tathA marudraNoM kI utpatti kA varNana, puMsavana vrata kA vidhAna / saptama skandha-nArada-yudhiSThira-saMvAda evaM jaya-parAjaya kI kathA, hiraNyakazipu kI kathA, prahlAdacarita, mAnavadharma, varNadharma tathA strIdharma kA varNana, brahmadharma aura

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bhImadabhAgavatapurANa] ( 589) [zrImadbhAgavatapurANa vAnaprastha AzramoM ke niyama, yatidharma kA vivecana, gRhastha saMbandhI sadAcAra tathA mokssdhrm| aSTama skandha-manvantara varNana, gajendra kathA, samudra-mathana kI kathA, mohinI avatAra evaM devAsura saMgrAma, AgAmI sAta manvantaroM kA varNana, manu Adi ke karmoM kA varNana, rAjA bali kI kathA tathA vAmanacarita, matsyAvatAra kI kthaa| ___ navama skandha-vaivasvata manu ke putra rAjA sudyumna kI kathA, maharSi cyavana evaM sukanyA kA caritra, rAjA zaryAti kA vaMza varNana, nAbhAga aura ambarISa kI kathA, durvAsA kI duHkha nivRtti, ikSvAku vaMza varNana, mAndhAtA aura saubhari RSi kI kathA, rAjA trizaMku aura harizcandra kI kathA, sagara-caritra, bhagIratha caritra evaM gaMgAvataraNa, rAmacaritra, ikSvAkuvaMzIya rAjAoM kA varNana, rAjA nimi kA vaMza-varNana, candravaMzavarNana, parazurAma-kathA, yayAti caritra, puruvaMza tathA duSyantazakuntalopAkhyAna, bharatacaritra evaM bharatavaMza-varNana, rAjA rantideva kI kathA, pAMcAla, korava evaM magadhavaMzIya rAjAoM kA varNana, yaduvaMza-varNana tathA vidarbhavaMza varNana / dazama skandha-vAsudeva-devakI-vivAha tathA kaMsa dvArA devakI ke 6 putroM kI hatyA, zrIkRSNa janma kathA, pUtanA uddhAra, zakaTa bhaMjana evaM tRNAvataM kI kathA, yamalArjuna uvAra evaM kRSNa kA Ukhala meM bAMdhA jAnA, vatsAsura evaM vakAsura kA udAra, aghAsura-vadha, brahmAjI kA moha evaM brahmA dvArA bhagavAn kI stuti, dhenukAsura kA vadha evaM kAliyanAga kI kathA, pralambAsura kA uddhAra, gopoM kA dAvAnala se rakSA, varSA-zarad Rtu kA varNana, veNugIta, cIraharaNa, yajJapatniyoM para kRpA, indrayajJa nivAraNa, govardhanadhAraNa, rAsalIlA, gopikA gIta, sudarzana aura zaGkhacUDa kA uddhAra, ariSTAsura kA uddhAra evaM akrUra Agamana, zrIkRSNa-balarAma kA mathurA gamana, kaMsavadha tathA kunA kI kathA, zrIkRSNa balarAma kA yajJopavIta tathA gurukula-praveza, jarAsandha ke sAtha yuddha aura kRSNa kA dvArikApurI meM bAsa, balarAma kA vivAha, rukmiNI kathA evaM kRSNa ke sAtha vivAha, pradyumna kA janma tathA zambarAsura kA vadha, jAmbavatI evaM satyabhAmA ke sAtha kRSNa kA vivAha, anyAnya vivAhoM kI kathA, uSA-aniruddha kathA, vANAsuraparAbhava rAjA nRga kI kathA, balarAmajI kA brajagamana, poNDraka evaM kAzirAja kA uddhAra, dvivida kA vadha, kauravoM para balarAma jI kA kupita honA evaM sAmba kA vivAha / pANavoM ke rAjasUya yajJa kA Ayojana evaM jarAsaMdhavadha, zizupAla vadha, sudAmA kI kathA, kRSNa aura balarAma kA gopiyoM se punaH bheMTa, veda-stuti, ziva kA saMkaTamocana, kRSNa ke lIlA-vihAra kA varNana / ekAdaza skandha-RSiyoM dvArA yaduvaMziyoM ko zApa, mAyA, brahma evaM karmayoga kA nirUpaNa, bhagavAn ke avatAroM kA varNana, bhaktihIna puruSoM kI gati tathA bhagavAn ke pUjA-vidhAna kA varNana, devatAoM dvArA bhagavAn ko paramadhAma sidhArane ke lie prArthanA, avadhUtopAkhyAna, laukika aura pAralaukika bhogoM kI niHsAratA kA nirUpaNa, baTa, mukta evaM bhaktoM ke lakSaNa, satsaMga kI mahimA evaM karma tathA karmatyAga kA vidhAna, sanakAdi ko diye gae upadeza kA varNana-haMsarUpa se, bhaktiyoga evaM dhyAnavidhi kA varNana,

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zrImadbhAgavatapurANa ] ( 590 ) [ zrImadbhAgavatapurANa vibhinna siddhiyoM ke nAma tathA lakSaNa, bhagavAn kI vibhUtiyoM kA varNana, varNAzramadharma kA vivecana, vAnaprastha evaM sanyAsI ke dharmo kA kathana, bhakti, jJAna aura yama-niyamAdi sAdhanoM kA varNana, jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga, guNadoSa vyavasthA kA svarUpa aura rahasya, tatvoM kI saMkhyA tathA prakRti-puruSa-vivecana, sAMkhyayoga, tIna guNoM kI vRttiyoM kA nirUpaNa, purUravA kA vairAgya kathana, kriyAyoga kA varNana tathA paramArtha nirUpaNa, bhAgavatadharma-nirUpaNa evaM uddhava kA bardarikAzrama prasthAna, yaduvaMza kA nAza, . bhagavAn kA paramadhAma - gamana / zAkhAe~ evaM purANoM dvAdaza skandha- - kalizuga kI rAjavaMzAvalI, kaliyuga kA dharma, rAjya, yugadharma tathA kaliyuga ke doSoM se bacane ke upAya arthAt nAma saMkIrtana kA varNana, cAra prakAra pralaya, zrIzukadeva kA antima upadeza, parIkSita kI parama gati, janamejaya kA nAgayajJa tathA vedoM kI zAkhAoM ( zAkhA-bheda ) kA varNana, atharvaveda kI ke lakSaNa, mArkaNDeya jI kI tapasyA evaM vara-prApti, mArkaNDeya jI zaMkara dvArA unheM varadAna denA, bhagavAn ke aMga, upAMga evaM AyudhoM kA rahasya aura vibhinna sUryagaNoM kA varNana / zrImadbhAgavata kI saMkSipta viSaya-sUcI tathA vibhinna purANoM kI zloka saMkhyA evaM zrImadbhAgavata kI mahimA / kA mAyA darzana tathA vivecana - zrImadbhAgavata se vayaviSayoM kA avalokana karane se patA calatA hai ki isa grantha kA nirmANa suniyojita DhaMga se bhakti-tatva ke pratipAdanArthaM kiyA gayA hai / pratyeka skandha meM 'premalakSaNAbhakti' kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi zrImadbhAgavata meM bhakti ke kaI rUpoM - vaidhIbhakti, navadhAbhakti evaM nirguNabhakti kA varNana evaM vizada vivecana hai para isake aneka sthaloM para yaha bAta duharAI gayI hai ki bhakta ko parama siddhi kI prApti 'premalakSaNAbhakti' ke hI dvArA prApta ho sakatI hai / isameM kore zAna kI nindA kI gayI hai - 'dharmaH svanuSThitaH puMsAM viSvaksena- kathAsu maH / notpAdayedyadi ravi zrama eva hi kevalam // 1-2-8 kSudrAzA bhUri karmANo bAlizA vRddhamAninaH // 10-21 9 dhigjanma nastrivRdvidyAM dhigvataM dhigbahujJatAm / dhikkulaM dhik kriyA-dAkSyaM vimukhA ye svadhokSaje / / 10-23-39 / isa purANa kA pradhAna lakSya hai samanvayavAda arthAt sAMsya, mImAMsA, yoga, nyAya, vedAnta Adi sabhI darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kA samanvaya karate hue unakA paryavasAna bhakti meM hI kiyA gayA hai| isameM pAMcarAtra mata kA prAdhAnya haijisameM batalAyA gayA hai ki 'kriyAyoga' ko grahaNa karake hI manuSya amaratva kI upalabdhi karatA hai / isameM kaI sthaloM para ziva kA bhI mahatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai tathA unheM parama bhAgavata evaM vaiSNava batalAyA gayA hai| ziva ko sabhI vidyAoM kA pravartaka, sabhI prANiyoM kA Iza evaM sAdhu-janoM kA ekamAtra Azraya kahA gayA hai / 'IzAnaH sarvavidyAnAmIzvaraH sarvadehinAm // 12-10-8 / bhAgavata meM vedAnta-tarava ko adhika mahattva pradAna kiyA gayA hai tathA isakA ( bhAgavata kA ) cara pratipAdya tasva nirguNa brahma ko hI mAnA gayA hai / isameM vedAnta-mata ko bhakti tatva ke sAja samanvita karate hue navIna vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai /

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bhImadabhAgavatapurANa] (591) [zrImadbhAgavatapurANa zrImadbhAgavata kI TIkAe~-arthagAmbhIyaM evaM anya vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa isakI TokAe~ racI gayI haiM unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1-zrIdhara svAmI-bhAvArthaprakAzikA'-yaha sabhI TIkAoM meM zreSTha evaM prAcIna hai| isakA samaya 11 vIM zatAbdI hai| isake sambandha meM nimnAMkita zloka pracalita hai-'vyAso vetti zuko vetti rAjA vetti na vetti vaa| zrIdharaH sakalaM veti zrInRsiMha-prasAdataH / 2.-sudarzana sUri'zukapakSIyA'-yaha viziSTAdvaita TIkA hai| inakA samaya 14 vIM zatI hai| - bIrarAghavakRta 'bhAgavatacandrikA'-yaha atyanta vistRta TIkA hai| isakA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI hai| 4-valabhAcArya kI 'subodhinI TIkA'-yaha TIkA sampUrNa bhAgavata kI na hokara dazamaskandha evaM prArambhika kaI skandhoM kI hai| 5-zukadevAcArya kRta "siddhAntapradIpa'-yaha nimbArkamata kI TIkA hai / 6-sanAtana gosvAmI kRta 'vRhadvaiSNavatoSiNI'-yaha TIkA caitanyamatAvalambI TIkA hai aura kevala dazama skandha para hI hai| 7-jIvagosvAmIracita 'kramasandarbha' -vizvanAtha cakravartI viracita 'sArAyaMdazinI' / caitanyamatAnuyAyI ttiikaa| zrImadabhAgavata kA racanA-vidhAna-zrImadbhAgavata kI racanA sUta aura zaunaka saMvAda ke rUpa meM huI hai / ise sarvaprathama zukadeva jI ne rAjA parIkSita ko sunAyA thaa| isakI bhASA atyanta praur3ha, pANDityapUrNa evaM gambhIra hai jisakA rUpa anya ke prArambha se anta taka akSuNNa hai| vaha samAsa pradhAna, alaMkRta, pratIka-pradhAna tathA vyaMjanA ke gUr3ha sAdhanoM se yukta hai| inameM na kevala padya kA prayoga hai, apitu pravAhapUrNa gaDa kA bhI katipaya sthaloM para samAveza kiyA gayA hai, jo praur3hatA meM kAdambarI ke samakakSa hai| isakI bhASA ko 'kAvyamayI lalitabhASA' kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM aneka sthaloM para prakRti kA atyanta manorama citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai evaM vRkSoM kI nAmAvalI bhI prastuta kI gayI hai, vizeSataH rAsalIlA ke varNana meN| vallabhAcArya ne isakI bhASA ko 'samAdhi-bhASA' kahA hai, arthAt vyAsajI ne samAdhi avasthA meM jisa paramatatva kI anubhUti kI thI usakA pratipAdana zrImadbhAgavata meM kiyA gayA hai| 'vedAH zrIkRSNa. vAkyAni vyAsa-sUtrANi caiva hi / samAdhibhASA vyAsasya prAmANaM tat catuSTayam // ' zulAdaitamAtaMNDa pR0 49 / zrImadbhAgavata kI racanA-tithi-isake nirmANa-kAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| sarvaprathama svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne ise bopadeva ( 13 vIM zatAbdI) kI racanA kahA, kintu aneka vidvAnoM ne isa mata ko bhrAnta siddha karate hue batAyA ki yaha bopadeva se hajAra varSa pUrva likhA gayA thaa| bopadeva ne bhAgavata kI racanA na kara usase sambaddha tIna granthoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| ve hai-'harilIlAmRta' yA 'bhaagvtaanukrmnnii| isameM bhAgavata ke samasta adhyAyoM kI sUcI hai| 'muktAphala'-isameM navarasa kI dRSTi se bhAgavata ke zlokoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| inakA tRtIya grantha 'haMsapriyA' aprakAzita hai / zaMkarAcAryakRta 'prabodhasudhAkara' ke aneka padyoM para zrImadbhAgavata kI chAyA hai tathA unake dAdA guru AcArya gauDapAda ke granthoM para bhI isakA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai| zaMkarAcArya kA samaya saptama zataka hai, ataH unake dAdA

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zrIrAdhavAcArya ] ( 592 ) [ zrIrAmAnuja ca guru kA kAla SaSTha zataka kA uttarArddha hogA / isa dRSTi se zrImadbhAgavata kA SaSTha zataka se arvAcIna honA sambhava nahIM hai| pahAr3apura ( rAjazAhI jilA, baMgAla ) kI khudAI meM prApta rAdhAkRSNa kI mUrti ( paMcama zataka ) isakI aura bhI prAcInatA siddha karatI hai / bhAgavata kA kAla do sahasra varSa se bhI adhika prAcIna hai aura yadi yaha kiMbadantI satya ho ki isakI racanA vedavyAsa ne kI thI, to isakI prAcInatA aura bhI adhika siddha ho jAtI hai / zrImadabhAgavata ke racanA kSetra ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / uttara bhArata ko apekSA dakSiNa bhArata ke tIrthasthAnoM, nadiyoM evaM bhaugolika vivaraNoM meM Adhikya dikhAI par3atA hai, ataH vidvAn aisA niSkarSa nikAlate haiM ki isakA racayitA dAkSiNAtya hogA / isake ekAdazaskandha ( 5 / 38-40 ) meM drAvir3a deza kI payasvinI, kRtamAlA, tAmraparNI, kAverI evaM mahAnadI kA ullekha karate hue yaha vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki kaliyuga meM nArAyaNa-parAyaNa jana dravir3a deza meM bahulatA se hoMge evaM anya sthAnoM kahIM-kahIM hoMge / isameM yaha bhI vicAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai| jala pInevAle vyakti vAsudeva ke bhakta hoMge / vidvAnoM ne isa Ar3avAra bhaktoM kA saMketa mAnA hai / ki uparyukta nadiyoM kA kathana meM dravir3a deza ke AdhAragramya - 1 - zrImadbhAgavata ( hindI TIkA sahita ) - gItA presa, gorakhapura / 2- bhAgavata - darzana -- DaoN0 haravaMzalAla zarmA / 3 - purANa-vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4 - bhAgavata sampradAya - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5 - bhagavattatva- svAmI karapAtrI jI maharAja / zrIrAghavAcArya - inhoMne do campU kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai jinake nAma haiM'kuSThavijaya campU' ( aprakAzita, vivaraNa ke lie de0 DI0 sI0 madrAsa 12374 ) tathA uttaracampUrAmAyaNa' ( aprakAzita, vivaraNa ke lie de0 rAisa 1884 kaiTalAi saMkhyA 2289 pR0 246 ) | ye vatsagotrodbhava zrInivAsAcArya ke putra the / inakA samaya satrahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / inake guru ahovilam maTha ke pradhAna zrI raGganAtha the / zrIrAdhavAcArya rAmAnujamatAnuyAyI the / 'baikuSTha vijayacampU' meM jaba vijaya kA trilokI carita ko jAnane ke lie aneka tIrthoM ke bhramaNa karane kA varNana hai / isakI prati khaNDita hai / 'uttaracampUrAmAyaNa' meM rAmAyaNa ke uttarakANDa kI kathA varNita hai| zrI rAghavAcArya kA janma sthAna tiruvellora ji0 ceMgalaTa meM thA / 'vaikuNThaH vijayacampU' kI bhASA sarasa evaM sarala hai / 'gaMgA sabhaMgA jar3adhISTasaMgA kapAlino'ye kalitAnuSaMgA / sUrApageti prathitA kathaM nu toSTrayate'sau bhavatA nikAmam // ' AdhAragrantha - campU kAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / zrIrAmAnuja campU - isa campU kAvya ke praNetA rAmAnujAcArya haiM jo viziSTAdvaitavAda ke AcArya rAmAnuja ke vaMzaja the / inakA samaya solahavIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai| inake pitA kA nAma bhAvanAcArya thA / isa campU meM dasa stabaka haiM tathA rAmAnujAcArya ( viziSTAdvaitavAda ke pratiSThApaka ) kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai| isake gadya bhAga meM anuprAsa evaM yamaka kA pracura prayoga huA hai aura sarvatra gor3I rIti kA

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bImuka] (591) samAveza hai| isameM varNana-vistAra sAloM kA manorama varNana hai| kavi ne bhaktivaza kahIM-kahIM rAmAnuja ke atimAnavIya banA diyA hai| anya ke prArambha meM vividha AcAryoM kI sAinA kavi anva-racanA ke uddezya para vicAra karatA hai / pravRtto'haMlagdhuM paramapuruSAnubrahamaya, mahAdha mANikyaM yatipaticaritrAdhijaThare 1551 / isakA prakAzana 1942 I0 meM madrAsa se hunA hai| AdhAragrantha-campUkAvya kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-to chavinAtha tripAThI / zrIzaMkuka-kAvyazAstra ke aacaary| ye 'nATyazAstra' ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / inhoMne bharata ke rasasUtra para vyAkhyA likha kara anumitibAda nAmaka rasasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| inake anusAra rasa kI anumiti ( anumAna ) hotI hai, utpatti nhiiN| isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kara inhoMne bhaTTalobaTa ke utpativAda kA khaNDana kiyA hai (de0 bhaTTalobaTa ) inakA koI anya upalabdha nahIM hotA, kintu abhinavabhAratI, kAvyaprakAza Adi granthoM meM inake uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| kalhaNakRta 'rAjataraMgiNI' meM 'bhuvanAbhyudaya' nAmaka kAvya ke praNetA ke rUpa meM zrIkuka kA nAma AyA hai / kavibudhamanAH sindhuzazAMkaH zaMkukAbhidhaH / yamuddizyAkarot kAvyaM bhuvanAbhyudayAbhidham / / 4705 / inakA samaya 820 I0 ke bhAsapAsa mAnA jAtA hai| zrI. zaMkuka kA anumitivAda nyAyazAstra para Azrita hai jisameM 'citraturaganyAya' ke AdhAra para rasa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inake anusAra rasa kA jJAna sAmAjika yA darzaka ko hotA hai / isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra naTa kRtrima rUpa se anubhAva Adi kA prakAzana karatA hai| parantu unake saundayaM ke bala se usameM vAstavikatA-sI pratIta hotI hai| una kRtrima anubhAva Adi ko dekhakara sAmAjika, naTa meM vastutaH vidyamAna na hone para bhI usameM rasa kA anumAna kara letA hai aura apanI vAsanA ke vazIbhUta hokara usa banumIyamAna rasa kA AsvAdana karatA hai| hindI kAvyaprakAza-A. vizvezvara pR0 102 (dvitIya sNskrnn)| AdhAravaMSa-1-bhAratIya sAhityAsa bhAga 1-0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2-hindI kAvyaprakAza-A* vizvezvara / bhIharSa-'meSacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke prnnetaa| saMskRta ke anya kaviyoM kI bhAMti unakA jIvana dhUmila nahIM hai| unhoMne apane prasiddha grantha 'naivaSacarita' meM kaI sthAnoM para apanA paricaya diyA hai| isa mahAkAmya ke pratyeka sana meM unhoMne jo apanA paricaya diyA hai usake anusAra unake pitA kA nAma zrIhIra evaM mAtA kA nAma mAmahAdevI vaa| zrIharSa kavirAjarANimukuTAladvArahIraH sutam bIhIraH suSuve jite. nivaca mAmahadevI ca yam / tacintAmaNimantracintanaphale aGgAramajhyA mahAkAye pANi naivadhIyacarite sgotrmaaditH||1||145 / unake pitA bIhIra kAsI nareza gaharavAlavaMzI vijayacanA kI sabhA ke paNDita the| zrIharSa ne apane anya vaSacarita' meM likhA hai ki ye kAnyakumbhezvara ke sabhApanhita ye tavA unheM unakI sabhA meM do bIr3e pAna ke dvArA sammAnita kiyA jAtA thaa| tAmUlayamAsanaM ca labhate. kAya 30 saM0 sA0

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zrIharSa 1 ( 594 ) [ zrIharSa umezvarAt 22 / 153 ve apanI mAtA ke caraNopAsaka the, isakA saMketa inake mahAkAvya haiM-- mAtRcaraNAmbhojAlimole : 12 / 113 | zrIharSa kAnyakubjezvara vijayacandra evaM unake putra jayantacandra donoM ke hI darabAra meM the| jayantacandra itihAsa prasiddha kannoja nareza jayacandra hI haiM, kintu zrIharSa ke samaya meM inakI rAjadhAnI kAzI meM thii| donoM pitAputroM kA samaya 1156 I0 se lekara 1193 I0 taka hai / eka kiMvadantI ke anusAra unake pitA zrIhIra kA 'nyAyakusumAMjali' ke praNetA prasiddha naiyAyika udayanAcArya ke sAtha zAstrArthaM huA thA, jisameM unakI parAjaya huI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki isa parAjaya se lajjita hokara duHkha meM unhoMne zarIra tyAga kara diyA thA aura marate samaya apane putra ko Adeza diyA thA ki vaha apanI vidvattA se zatru ko parAsta kara usase badalA le| zrIharSa ne eka varSa taka gaGgAtIra para cintAmaNimantra kA jApa kara tripurasundarI kI ArAdhanA kI thI tathA devI ne prakaTa hokara inheM aparAjeya pANDitya kA varadAna diyA thA / zrIharSaM vara prApta kara rAjA ke darabAra meM gae kintu unakI vAkyAvalI itanI durUha thI ki loga unakI bAteM samajha na ske| kahate haiM ki unhoMne punaH devI kI ArAdhanA kI / devI ne kahA ki tuma rAtri meM sira gIlA kara dahI pI lenA, isase tumhArA pANDitya kama ho jAyagA / zrIharSa ne devI ke Adeza kA pAlana kiyA / tatpazcAt ve mahArAja vijayacandra kI sabhA meM gae aura unheM apanA yaha iloka sunAyA -- gobindanandanatayA ca vapuH zriyA ca mAssmin nRpe kuruta kAmadhiyaM taruNyaH / astrIkaroti jagatAM vijaye smaraH strI-rastrIjanaH punaranena vidhIyate strI // "taruNiyAM rAjA vijayacandra ko kevala isa lie kAmadeva na samajha leM, ki yaha govinda kA putra hai ( kAmadeva bhI pradyumna rUpa meM gobinda ( kRSNa ) ke putra haiM ) aura zarIra se ( kAmadeva jaise ) sundara haiM / kAmadeva meM aura isa rAjA meM tAsvika bheda hai / kAmadeva to saMsAra ko jItane ke lie striyoM ko astra banAtA hai, aura yaha rAjA yuddha meM lar3ane Aye hue astradhArI zatru-vIroM ko parAjita kara ( yA bhagAkara ) strI ke samAna puruSatvarahita banA detA hai|" zrIharSa ne jayacandra ke pitA vijayacandra ke nAma para 'vijayaprazasti' kI bhI racanA kI hai / 'tasya zrIvijayaprazastiracanA tAtasya navye' mahAkavi ne svayaM apane mahAkAvya meM likhA hai ki 5 / 168 kAzmIra meM usake kAvya ko adhika mahatva prApta huA - kAzmIra mahatIM caturdazatayoM vidyAM vidadbhirmahA / 16 / 161 thA darabAra meM apane pitA ke zatru ko dekhakara bhI unhoMne yaha zloka par3hA - sAhitye sukumAravastuni dRDhanyAyagrasandhile tarphe vA mayi saMvidhAtari samaM lIlAyate bhAratI / zayyA vA'stu mRdUtaracchadavatI darbhAkurerAstRtA bhUmirvA hRdayaGgamo yadi patistulyA ratiryoSitAm // tathA use zAstrArtha ke lie lalakArA jisakA abhiprAya yaha thA ki sukumAra sAhitya evaM nyAyabandha se jaTila tarka para unheM samAna adhikAra hai / zrIharSa kA pANDitya dekhakara vaha vyakti unakI prazaMsA karane lagA aura usane apanI parAjaya svIkAra kara lii| zrIharSa kI pratibhA para mugdha hokara rAjA ne unheM apanA sabhA paNDita banA diyaa| zrIharSa kevala uccakoTi ke kavi hI nahIM the, ve unnata yogI evaM mahAn sAdhaka bhI the| unhoMne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai-yaH sAkSAtkurute

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bIharSa ] ( 595 ) [mIharSa samApiSu paraM brahmapramodArNavam / yat-kAvyaM madhuvi dharvivaparAstaSu yasyoktayaH / zrIharSasya kaveH kRtiH kRtimude tasyAbhyudIyAdiyam // 22 // 15 // unhoMne apane mahAkAvya ke pratyeka sagaM ke anta meM apanI racanAoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| unakI prasiddha racanAoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai--sthairyavicAraNaprakaraNa-isakA saMketa caturtha saga ( naiSadha carita) ke 123 zloka meM hai| yaha racanA upalabdha nahIM hai| nAma se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha koI dArzanika pranya rahA hogA jisameM kSaNikavAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hogaa| 2-vijayaprazasti-jayacandra ke pitA vijayacandra kI prazasti kA isameM gAna kiyA gayA hai| vaha anya bhI aprApya hai| 3saNDanakhaNDakhAdya-yaha zrIharSa racita suprasiddha vedAnta anya hai jo namyanyAya kI zailI para likhA gayA hai / lekhaka ne nyAya ke siddhAntoM kA khaNDana kara vedAnta kA isameM mana kiyA hai| bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM isa grantha kA atyadhika mahatva hai tathA yaha zrIharSa ke prakhara pANDitya kA paricAyaka hai| yaha grantha hindI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita ho cukA hai| 5-goDovIzakulaprazasti-isameM kisI goDa nareza kI prazasti kI gayI hai, kintu anya milatA nhiiN| 5-arNavavarNana-isameM samudra kA varNana kiyA gayA hogA, jaisA ki nAma se prakaTa hai| yaha racanA milatI nhiiN| 6-chinda-prazasti-chinda nAmaka kisI rAjA kI isameM prazasti kI gayI hai| yaha grantha bhI anupalabdha hai / 7zivazaktisiddhi-yaha ziva evaM zakti kI sAdhanA para racita anya hai, para milatA nhiiN| -navasAhasAMkacaritacampU-nAma se jJAta hotA hai ki 'navasAhasAMka' nAmaka rAjA kA isameM carita varNita hogaa| yaha prantha anupalabdha hai| -naiSadhIyacaritaisameM niSadha nareza nala evaM unakI patnI damayantI kI praNaya-gAthA 22 soM meM varNita hai| yaha saMskRta kA prasiddha mahAkAvya evaM zrIharSa kI kavitvazakti kA ujjvala pratIka hai [ de. messdhiiycrit| mahAkavi zrIharSa kAlidAsottara kAla ke kalAvAdI kaviyoM meM sarvoca sthAna ke adhikArI haiN| unakA mahAkAvya dUrAda kalpanA, pANitya-pradarzana, bAlaMkArika sondarya, rasapezalatA evaM adbhuta aprastuta vidhAna kA bapUrva bhAnDAgAra hai| unakA uddezya sukumAramati pAThakoM ke lie kAvya-racanA karanA nahIM thaa| unhoMne kore rasikoM ke lie kAvya kI racanA na kara kevala paDitoM ke manovinoda ke lie adhyayanajanya granthilatA ke bhAra se bojhila 'panthandhi' kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| unakA dArzanika zAna nitAnta pror3a thA, ataH bIca-bIca meM unhoMne 'naiSadhIyacarita' ko dArzanika nimUha rahasyoM se saMpRkta kara diyA hai| naiSadha kA satrahavA sarga to ekamAtra dArzanika simAntoM se hI mApUrNa hai| isa sagaM meM kavi ne cArvAkamata kA atyanta saphalatA ke sAtha khanDana kiyA hai tathA apane praur3ha pANDitya kA bhI pradarzana kiyA hai| apane sabake uddezya para vicAra karate hue svayaM kavi ne aise tathya prastuta kiye haiM jinameM usakI kAvya-viSayaka mAnyatAboM kA nidarzana hotA hai-pranyAnpiriha vicidapi yAti prayatlAnmayA, prAsaMmanyamanA haThena paThitI mAsmin salamelatu / prAyabyusamayItahAyiH samAsAdayatvetaskAvyarasonimajjanasukhavyAsavarNa sambanaH // 21 // 152 /

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( 596 ) [zrIharSa bhI pAnabUbakara pra kahIM-kahIM isa kAvya meM yUha guttiyAM rakha dI hai yaha eka isIliye ki koI vihanmanya basa vavakSA ke sAtha yaha na kaha sakeM ki 'maiMne to avadhIyacarita' pUrA par3a liyA hai isameM kucha hai hI nahIM, aura sahRdaya sajjana to pratApUrvaka gurukhoM dvArA pattiyoM ko sulajhA kara isa kAmAmRta kA pUrNa mAnanda leMge hii|'' yathA yUnastAtparamaramaNIyApi ramaNI kumArANAmantaHkaraNaharaNaM naiva kurute / maduktizcedantarmadayati supInUpa sudhiyaH, kimasyA nAma svaadrmpurussaanaadrmH|| 221150 / 'atiramya lAvaNyamayI sundarI jisa prakAra yuvaka-varga ke hRdaya meM praveza karatI hai kyA usI prakAra zizuoM ke bhI mana ko vaza meM karegI? uso bhauti merI yaha kAvya-vANI yadi sahRdaya vidvAnoM ke hRdaya meM amRta banakara AnandadAyinI hotI hai to arasika nara pazuoM dvArA isakA apamAna hone para bhI isakA kyA bigar3atA hai|' dizi dizi girigrAvANaH svAM namantu sarasvatI, tulayatu mithastAmApAtasphuravaniDambarAm / sa paramaparaH kSIrodanvAnyadIyamudIyate, mathituramRtaM khedacchedi pramodanamodanam // 221151 / 'pavaMta ke pASANa-khaNDa idhara-udhara Upara-nIce girakara garjana ADambara karane vAle apane srota bahAyA kareM kintu kSIrasAgara se . unakI samatA hI kyA jisameM manthana karane vAloM ko parama sukhada, zramApahArI amRta prApta hotA hai| usI prakAra sUkti-racanA meM jar3a kavigaNa apane pada jor3A kareM aura unameM UparI alaMkAra, dhvani bAdi lAne kA bhI prayatna kareM, kintu kSIrasAgara ke samAna vaha zrIharSa nAma kA koI lokottara hI kavi hai jisake vANIpravAha meM paramAnandadAyI amRta kI prApti hotI hai|' bIharSa ne bhI parsanoM ke mata ko lekara unheM kAvya-kalpanA ke dvArA manorama banAyA hai| narU vIra damayantI ke mana ko do paramANugoM ke milane se navIna sRSTi niSita karane kI bAta vika darzana ke mAdhAra para kahI gayI hai-anyonyasaMgamava. bAvanA vimAtA yAvI manasI vikasadilAse / maSTuM punamanasijasya nanu pravRtta-nAdAviva ikka ra paramAnuyugmam // 3 // 125 / 'isa samaya paraspara milakara nala ke baura tumhAre donoM ke mana banI vilAsakasAnoM ko vyakta karate hue suzobhita hoN| mAno kAmadeva ke zarIra kA punaH nirmANa karane ke lie samAne meM do paramANu pravRtta hue hai|' baDhata tatva kA bhI isI prakAra pratipAdana ka ra sakI khAtmaka abhivyakti kI gayI hai / sAptuM prayacchati na pakSacatuSTaye to amaleni na paamottimaatre| dho dadhe nivatharAivimatI matAnAmatatatva iva satyapare'pi lokaH // 16 / 'jisa prakAra sAMsya bAdi bhinna matoM ke kAraNa sada, asat, sadasata, sadasaddhilakSaNa ina cAra prakAra ke sivAntoM dvArA mataikya sthApita na ho sakane se logoM kI atyanta satya tavA ina cAroM vAdoM se pare paMcama koTistha 'ekamevAdvitIyaM brahma neha nAnAsti kiMcana' ityAdi zruti pramANita advaita brahma meM AsthA nahIM ho pAtI, usI prakAra damayantI ko bhI kaI nala hone ke kAraNa nalaviSayaka sandeha hone para pAMcave sthAna meM baiThe hue vAstavika nala meM bhI vizvAsa na . kyoMki damayantI ko pAne kI abhilASA. se pAra samAna rUpa pAle nala usa vizvAsa ko hone hI nahIM dete the|' vizuddha kavitva kI dRSTi se bhAravi, mAtra bAdi se bIhAM bahakara hai| bhAravi aura

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boharSa ] ( 597 ) [zrIharSa bhASa dvArA udAkti evaM atizAyita kAvyavidhAna ko naivaSakAra ne paramotkarSa pradAna kiyA hai| saMskRta bhASA para to mAno inakA asAdhAraNa adhikAra hai aura vANI kavi kI vazattinI ho gayI hai| inameM navIna bhAvoM, AkarSaka kalpanAmoM, nave zabda-saMgaThanoM, vyaMjanAoM evaM citroM ko utsRSTa karane kI adbhuta kSamatA dikhAI par3atI hai| zrIharSa ne yugIna sAMskRtika cetanA ko AtmasAta karate hue apanI saMvelA ko usase prabhASita kiyA hai| inameM kucha navIna kahane kI pravRtti atyadhika balavatI hai| vakAlIna hrAsonmukhI hindUsamAja kI bhAvanAoM kA citraNa naiSadha meM pUre prakarSa para hai| isa saMbaMdha meM DaoN. devarAja kA kathana dhyAtavya hai-'zrIharSa kA saundaryaboSa tathA nItibodha bahata dUra taka paramparA kA-utkarSakAlIna udAtta paramparA kA anusaraNa karatA hai| aise bodha ke prakAzana meM jahAM-tahAM paryApta navInatA tathA camatkAra hai| kintu isa bodha ke sAtha vaha apane yuga ke viziSTa bodha ko anajAne hI mizrita kara detA hai, jisase prasaMgavizeSa kA samagra prabhAva mizrita, kucha ghaTiyA koTi kA bana jAtA hai| kahane kA matalaba yaha ki 'naiSadhIyacarita' meM UMce tathA ghaTiyA saundarya-bodha kA saMkula mizraNa hai| jahAM use bar3hiyA saundarya-bodha kA srota bhAratIya kAvya kI udAtta paramparA hai, vahA~ mAnanA cAhie ki usa bodha kI kamiyoM tathA bihmatAmoM kA hetu usake yuga kA apekSAkRta nicalA sAMskRtika dharAtala hai|' bhAratIya saMskRti pR0 170 / zrIharSa mukhyataH zrRMgAra rasa ke kavi haiM aura unhoMne viSayaka vividha bhaMgiyoM evaM svaspoM kA atyanta kuzalatA ke sAtha varNana kiyA hai inhoMne zrRMgAra-varNana meM (darzanoM ke pragAr3ha anuzIlana kI bhAMti ) sthAna-sthAna para vAtsyAyana kA bhI gaMbhIra adhyayana pradarzita kiyA hai / unhoMne aThArahaveM tathA bIsaveM sarga ke rati keli ke varNana meM, aneka sthaloM para, apane kAmazAstrIya jJAna kA pradarzana karate hue aneka prastuta vidhAna kiye haiN| saptama sagaM meM kiyA gayA damayantI kA nakhazikha varNana vilAsamaya citroM se ApUrNa hai tathA katipaya sthaloM para to maryAdA kA bhI atikramaNa kara diyA gayA hai| solahaveM sagaM ke jyonAra-varNana meM vArastriyoM kI ceSTAoM kA azlIla citraNa isakA pramANa hai / ghRtaplute bhojanabhAjane puraH sphurtpurNdhriiprtibimbitaakRteH| yuvA nidhAyorasi laDDukaDhayaM nakhaililekhAtha mamadaM nidaMyam // 16 // 103 / 'yuvaka ke sAmane ghI cikane camakate bhojana-pAtra meM sundarI kA pratibimba par3a rahA hai| yuvaka ne usa pratibimba ke vakSaHsthala do laDDU rakhakara unheM nakha se kuredanA prArambha kiyA, aura anta meM sundarI ke dekhate hue una donoM laDDuoM ko nirdayatA ke sAtha masala ddaalaa|' ___aprastuta vidhAna kI dUrArUr3hatA ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM unakA vipralambha-varNana isa prakAra bhArAkAnta ho gayA hai ki viyoga kI anubhUti bhI nahIM ho paatii| nakhazikhavarNana kI bahulatA naiSadha kI anyatama vizeSatA hai| kavi ne nala evaM damayantI donoM kA hI nakhazikha-varNana kiyA hai| inakA nakhazikha-varNana kathA ke pravAha kA avarodhaka to hai hI, sAtha-hI-sAtha piSTapeSaNa bhI karane vAlA hai, jisase pAThaka kA mana Ubane lagatA hai| aprastuta-vidhAna ke to zrIharSa akSaya bhaMDAra haiM aura isa guNa ke kAraNa ve sabhI kaviyoM meM agraNI siddha hote haiN| unhoMne utprekSA, atizayokti, apahati Adi alaMkAroM

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svetAzvatara upaniSada] (598) [zaMkaraghetovilAsa ! kA Azraya grahaNa kara vicitra kalpanAeM kI haiM aura kahIM-kahIM aprastuta-vidhAna ke baTATopa meM viSaya kI svAbhAvikatA ko bhI ojhala kara diyA hai| naiSadhakAra apane padalAlitya guNa ke kAraNa saMskRta vidvAnoM meM samAhata haiM aura naSaSa sundara padoM kA apUrva bhANDAgAra bhI dikhAI par3atA hai| unakA prakRti-citraNa anAvazyaka paurANika vivaraNoM evaM bAlaMkArika camatkAra se bharA huA hai| unnIsaveM sagaM kA bandiyoM dvArA kiyA gayA prabhAta-varNana inhIM doSoM ke kAraNa ubAne vAlA siddha hotA hai| kula milAkara naiSadhamahAkAmya kRtrima evaM alaMkRta zailI ko caramotkarSa para pahuMcAne vAlA eka mahanIya pranyaratna hai jo zrIharSa ko uccakoTi kA kavi siddha karatA hai| AdhAragrantha-1-saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 3-bhAratIya saMskRti-DaoN. devarAja / 4-naiSadhaparizIlana-DaoN0 caNDikA prasAda zukla / 5-naiSadhIyacarita- DaoN0 caNDikA prasAda zukla kRta hindI TIkA / zvetAzvatara upaniSad-isakA sambandha zaivadharma evaM rudra se hai| isameM rudra kA prAdhAnya pradarzita karate hue unheM paramAtmA se tAdAtmya kiyA gayA hai / isa upaniSad meM 6 adhyAya haiM tathA aneka upaniSadoM ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| vizeSataH kaThopaniSad ke| apekSAkRta yaha upaniSad arvAcIna hai| isakI arvAcInatA : pratipAdaka tathya haiM, isameM nihita vedAnta evaM yogazAstra ke siddhAnta / isake prathama adhyAya meM jagat ke kAraNa, jIvana kA hetu evaM sabake AdhAra ke sambandha meM RSiyoM dvArA prazna pUche gae haiM tathA ekamAtra paramAtmA ko hI jagat kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM yoga kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana tathA tRtIya, caturtha evaM paMcama adhyAyoM meM zaivasiddhAnta evaM sAMkhya-tattva kA nirUpaNa hai| antima adhyAya meM paramezvara tathA guru meM zraddhA-bhakti dikhAne kA varNana evaM gurubhakti kA tatva nirUpita hai| isakA mukhya lakSya hai bhakti-tattva kA pratipAdana tathA ziva ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM upasthita karanA-amRtAkSaraM haraH, 1 / 10 / isameM prakRta ko mAyA tathA mahezvara ko mAyA kA adhipati kahA gayA hai jo kAraNa-kArya samudAya se sampUrNa jagat meM vyApta hai-mAyAM tu prakRti vidyAnmAyinaM tu mahezvaram / tasyAvayavabhUtestu vyAptaM sarvamidaM jagat // 4 / 10 / SaDaviMza brAhmaNa-yaha 'sAmaveda' kA brAhmaNa hai| isameM pAMca prapAThaka tathA pratyeka ke kaI avAntara khaNa haiN| yaha 'pancaviMzavAhmaNa' kA pariziSTa jJAta hotA hai isIlie isakA nAma SaDviMza hai| isameM bhUkampa evaM akAla meM puSpa, latA tathA phala utpanna hone tathA anya utpAtoM ke zamana kI vidhi varNita hai| isake prathama kANDa ke prArambha meM RtvijoM ke veSa ke varNana meM kahA gayA hai ki ve lAla pagar3I evaM lAla kinArI ke vastroM ko dhAraNa karate the-38|22| isa upaniSad meM brAhmaNoM ke lie sandhyA-vandana kA samaya ahorAtra kA sandhikAla batAyA gayA hai-tasmAd brAhmaNo'horAtrasya saMyoga sandhyAmupAste, 404 / zaMkaracetovilAsa campU-isa campU-kAvya ke racayitA zaMkara dIkSita (saMkara mitra) hai| inakA samaya 1770I0 se 1781 hai jo kAzInareSa cetasiMha

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saMkara miya] ( 599) [zaMkarAcArya kA samaya hai| kavi ke pitA kA nAma bAlakRSNa tathA pitAmaha kA nAma tuSTIrAja paa| kavi ne isa kAvya kI racanA mahArAja vetasiMha se protsAhana prApta kara kI pii| yaha racanA apUrNa hai evaM aprakAzita bhii| (isake vivaraNa ke lie dekhie sI0 sI0 147) / isakI racanA tIna ubAsoM meM huI hai| anya ke Arambha meM rAjA cetasiMha ke prati maMgalakAmanA karate hue gaNeza kI vandanA kI gayI hai-udyasindUradaNDapratikRtivilasadabhAlabAlendukhaNDaH pratyUhavyUhabaNDa: pddlitvliimnndditaakhnnddmH| vegAdu dhUtazuNDaH suraripuvijayoddaNDadaNaH pracaNDaH kuryAc zrIcetasiMha-kSitipatibhavane maMgalaM vakratuH // 1 // 3 / ___ AdhAraprantha-campUkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana-DaoN. chavinAtha tripaatthii| zaMkara mibha-vaizeSika darzana ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM zrIzaMkara mizra kA nAma AtA hai| ye darabhaMgA ke nikaTastha sarisava grAma ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya 15 bataka hai| inhoMne apane grAma meM 'siddhezvarI' ke mandira kI sthApanA kI thI jo Aja bhI sthita hai| inake pitA kA nAma bhavanAtha mizra thA jo mImAMsA evaM vyAkaraNa prabhRti aneka zAstroM ke prakANa vidvAn the| ye ayAcI mizra ke nAma se prasiddha the| inake pitRvya jIvanAtha mizra bhI apane samaya ke vikhyAta vidvAn the| zaMkara mizra ne aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai jinakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-upaskAra ( yaha kaNAda sUtroM para racita TIkA hai ), kaNAdarahasya, Amoda ( yaha 'nyAyakusumAnjali' kI vyAkhyA hai ), kalpalatA ( Atmatatvaviveka nAmaka grantha kI TIkA ) Anandavardhana ( zrIhaSaracita khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya ke Upara racita TIkA), mayUkha (cintAmaNi nAmaka grantha kI TIkA ) kaNThAbharaNa ( nyAyalIlAvatI ke Upara racita vyAkhyA grantha), vAdivinoda ( yaha vAdavivAda saMbaMdhI svatantra grantha hai), bhedaratnaprakAza ( isameM nyAya evaM baizeSika ke dvaitasiddhAnta kA nirUpaNa hai tathA zrIharSakRta khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai)| AdhAra grantha-1-iNDiyana philaoNsaphI bhAga-2-DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan / 2-bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / zaMkarAcArya-AcAya zaMkara bhAratIya tatvaciMtana ke mahAn vicArakoM meM se haiN| ve vizva ke mahAna dArzanika tathA advaitavAda nAmaka sikhAnta ke pravartaka haiN| unakA janma 788 I. meM ( saMvan 845 ) tathA nirvANa 820 I0 meM huaa| kerala rAjya ke kAlaTI nAmaka grAma meM AcArya kA janma nambUdrI bAhmaNa ke ghara huA thaa| unake pitAmaha kA nAma vivAdhirAja yA vidyApipa tathA pitA kA nAma zivaguru thaa| unakI mAtA kA nAma 'satI' athavA viziSTA thaa| zaMkara bAlyAvasthA se hI pratibhAsampanna the| unhoMne tIna varSa meM apanI mAtRbhASA malayAlama sIkha lI thI tamA pA~ca varSa kI umra meM saMskRta bolane laga gae the| ye bAcAyaM gauDapAda ke ziSya govinda bhagavatpAda ke ziSya the| bATha varSa kI avasthA meM unhoMne pAro vedoM kA banayama kara liyA thA tathA dvAdaza varSa meM sarvazAstravida ho gae the| bolaha varSa kI avasthA

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zaMkarAcArya ] ( 600 ) [ zaMkarAcArya meM unhoMne bhASya kI racanA kI thiiN| isa sambandha meM eka zloka pracalita hai--aSTavarSa caturvedI dvAvake sarvazAstravit / poDaze kRtavAn bhASyaM dvAtriMze munirabhyagAt // kahA jAtA hai ki bATha varSo kI avasthA meM zaMkarAcArya ne mAtA se anumati mAMga kara sanyAsa grahaNa kiyA thA aura tadanantara samasta bhArata kA paribhramaNa kara advaitavAda kA pracAra kiyaa| badarikAzrama ke uttara meM sthita byAsamuhA meM AcArya ne cAra varSoM taka nivAsa kara 'brahmasUtra' 'gItAM,' 'upaniSad' tathA 'sanatsujAtIya' ke Upara apanA prAmANika bhASya likhA / zaMkarAcArya ke nAma se 200 grantha upalabdha hote haiN| para inameM se sabhI unake dvArA racita nahIM haiN| unake granthoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai-bhASya, stotra evaM prakaraNagrantha 'brahmasUtra' ke bhASya ko 'zArIrikabhASya' evaM gotA ke bhASya ko 'zAMkarabhASya' kahA jAtA hai / unhoMne 12 upaniSadoM para bhASya likhA hai - Iza, kena, kaTha, prazna, muNDaka, mAnDUkya, taittirIya, aitareya, chAndogya, bRhadAraNyaka, zvetAzvatara tathA siMhatApanIya / unake anya granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai- 1 mANDUkyakArikA bhASya - gauDapAdAcArya kRta 'mANDUkya upaniSada' kI kArikA ke Upara bhASya / isake sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai| 2- viSNusahasranAmabhASya / 3 - samatsu - jAtIya bhASya ( mahAbhArata, udyogaparva adhyAya 42 tathA 46 kA bhASya ) / 4 - hastAmalaka bhASya ( dvAdaza padyAtmaka zloka para, bhASya AcArya hastAmalaka racita ) 5 lalitA trizatI bhASya ( lalitA ke tIna sau nAmoM para bhASya ) / 6 gAyatrI bhASya / 7 jayamaGgalATIkA ( sAMkhyakArikA ke Upara bhASya stotragrantha - AcArya racita stotragranthoM kI saMkhyA ( gaNezapaMcaratna 6 iloka, gaNeza bhujaMgaprayAta 9 zloka, gaNezASTaka tathA varada gaNeza iloka ), zivastotra - ( zivabhujaMga 40 zloka, zivAnandalaharI 100 zloka, zivapAdAdike zAntastotra 41 zloka, zivakezAdipAdAntastotra 29 zloka, vedasAra zivastotra 112 zloka, zivAparAdhakSamApanastotra 152 zloka, suvarNamAlAstuti 50 valoka, dakSiNAmUrti varNamAlA 35 zloka, dakSiNAmUtyaMSTaka 10 zloka, mRtyujjaba mAnasikapUjA 46 zloka, zivAnamAvalyaSTaka 9 zloka, zivapaJcAkSara 5 zloka, umAmahezvarastotra 13 zloka, dakSiNAmUrtistotra 19 zloka, kAlabhairavASTaka zivapaMcAkSaranakSatramAlA 28 zloka, dvAdazaliMgastotra, dazazlokIstuti ) / para, yaha racanA sandehAspada hai ) / bahuta adhika hai / gaNezastotra devIstotra - saundaryalaharI 100 iloka, devIbhujaGgastotra 28 zloka, AnandalaharI 20 zloka, tripurasundarI vedapAdastotra 110 zloka, tripurasundarImAnasapUjA 127 zloka, devIcatuSaSTaSupacArapUjA 72 zloka, tripurasundaryaTaka 8 zloka, lalitApaJcaratna 6 zloka, kalyANavRSTistava 16 zloka, navaratnamAlikA 10 / zloka, mantramAtRkA puSpamAlAstava 17' iloka, gaurIdakSaka 11 kuka, bhavAnIbhujaGga 17 zloka, kanakadhArA stotra 11 zloka, banapUrNASTaka 12 zloka, mInAkSIpalcaratna 5 zloka, mInAkSIstotra 8 kloka, bhramarAmbASTakam, zAradA kuprayAtASTaka / viSNutoSa-kAmamujaGgaprayAta 19 kloka, viSNumujaprayAta, 14 zloka viSNu .

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zaMkarAcArya | ( 601 ) [ zaMkarAcArya pAdAdikezAnta 52 zloka, pANDuraGgATaka, acyutASTaka, kRSNASTaka, haramoDestotra 43 zloka, govindASTaka, bhagavana mAnasapUjA 17 zloka, jagannAthASTaka / yugaladevatAstotra - bardhanArIzvarastotra 9 zloka, umAmahezvarastotra 13 zloka, lakSmInRsiMha pabcaratna, lakSmInRsiMhakaruNArasastotra 17 zloka / nadI tIrtha-viSayaka stotra - narmadASTaka, gaGgASTaka, yamunASTaka ( do prakAra kA ), afrofengs, kAzIpaJcaka / sAdhAraNastotra - hanumatpaJcaratna 6 iloka, subrahmaNyabhujaGga 33 valoka, prAtaHsmaraNastotra 4 iloka, gurvaSTaka 9 zloka | prakaraNa -- - prakaraNa grantha - aise granthoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai, para yahAM mukhya granthoM kA vivaraNa diyA jA rahA hai -1 advaitapaJcaratna - advaitatasva pratipAdaka 5 zloka, 2--advaitAnubhUti - - 84 anuSTup chandoM meM advaitatattva kA nirUpaNa / 3 - anAtmazrI - vigarhaNa - isameM 18 zloka haiM tathA Atmatatva kA sAkSAtkAra na karane vAloM kI nindA hai / 4 - aparokSAnubhUti - 144 zloka meM aparokSa anubhava ke sAdhana tathA svarUpa kA barNana / 5 - AtmapaJcaka -- advaitapaJcaratna kA anya nAma / 6 - Atmabodha - 68 lokoM meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana / 7 - upadezapaJcaka - 5 zlokoM meM vedAnta ke AcaraNa kA varNana / 8 - upadezasAhasrI - isameM gadyaprabandha evaM padyaprabandha nAmaka do pustakeM haiM / padyaprabandha meM vividha viSayoM para 19 prakaraNa haiM / 9--kopIna paJcakavedAntatasva meM ramaNa karane vAle vyaktiyoM kA varNana / 10- - carpaTapaJjarikA - 17 zlokoM meM govindabhajana / 11 - jIvanmuktAnandalaharI - 17 zikhariNI chanda meM jIvanmukta puruSa kA varNana / 12 - tatvabodha - vedAntatasva kA praznottara ke rUpa meM varNana / 13 - tattvopadeza- -87 anuSTup chanda meM Atmatatva kI anubhUti / 14dazazlokI - Atmatatva kA 10 zlokoM meM varNana / 15- dvAdazapaJjarikA-vedAnta kI zikSA 12 padyoM meM / 16 - dhanyASTaka - 10 zlokoM meM brahmajJAna se dhanya banAne vAle puruSoM kA varNana / 17 - nirguNamAnasapUjA - 33 anuSTup chanda meM nirguNatattva kA varNana / 18 - nirvANamaJjarI - 12 zloka meM zivatatva kA nirUpaNa / 19nirvANASTaka - 6 zloka meM AtmarUpa kA varNana / 20- parApUjA - paramAtmA kI parApUjA kA varNana 6 zloka meM / 21 - pravodhasudhAkara - 257 AryAyoM meM vedAntatatva kA nirUpaNa / 22 - praznottararatnamAlikA - 67 AryAyoM meM vedAntatattva kA nirUpaNa / 23 - praur3hAnubhUti - 17 bar3e padyoM meM Atmatattva kA nirUpaNa / 24brahmajJAnAvalImAlA - 21 anuSTup chanda meM brahma kA nirUpaNa / 25 - brahmAnucitana - 29 zlokoM meM brahma svarUpa kA varNana / 26 - manISApaJcaka - caNDAla rUpadhArI ziva dvArA zaMkarAcArya ko upadeza dene kA varNana / 27 - mAyApaJcaka- -mAyA ke svarUpa kA pAMca padyoM meM varNana / 28. mumukSupaJcaka- 5 padyoM meM mukti pAne kA upadeza / 29. yoga tArAbalI - haThayoga kA varNana 29 zloka meM / 30. laghuvAkyAvRtti - jIva mora brahma kA aikyapratipAdana, 18 anuSTup chanda meM / 31. vAkyAvRtti - 53 zlokoM meM 'tattvamasi' vAkya kA vizada vivecana / 32. vijJAna naukA- 10 zlokoM meM bahai tatasya

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zaMkarAcArya ] ( 602 ) [ zaMkarAcArya kA vivecana / 33. vivekacUr3AmaNi - 581 padyoM meM vedAntatatva kA pratipAdana / 34. vairAgyapaJcaka- 5 zlokoM meM vairAgya kA varNana / 35. zatazlokI - 100 loka meM vedAnta kA varNana / 36. SaTpadI - 6 padyoM kA grantha / 37. sadAcArAnusandhAna - 55 zlokoM meM cittatasva kA pratipAdana / 35. sarvavedAntasiddhAnta saMgraha1006 zlokoM meM vedAnta ke siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa / 39. svAtma-nirUpaNa - 156 ilokoM meM Atmatatva kA vivecana / 40. svAtma prakAzikA - 60 zlokoM meM Atmatatva kA varNana | AcArya zaMkara ke granthoM meM pANDitya ke atirikta sarala kAvya kA bhI sundara samanvaya hai / unakA 'saundaryalaharI' nAmaka grantha saMskRta ke stotragranthoM meM sarvazreSTha mAnA jAtA hai| unakI kavitAoM meM kalpanAtasva, bhAvatasva, kalAtasva evaM buddhitatva kA samyak sphuraNa hai / 'saundaryalaharI' meM kalpanA kI U~cI ur3Ana, bhAvoM kI ramaNIyatA tathA arthoM kA nAvinya dekhane yogya hai / bhagavatI kAmAkSI kA varNana kAvya kI dRSTi se atyanta sarasa evaM manorama hai - tanotu kSemaM nastava vadana saundaryalaharIparIvAhaH srotaHsaraNiriva sImantasaraNI / vahantI sindUraM prabalakabarIbhAravimira-dviSAM vRndai vandIkRta miba navIna kiraNam / padya ke atirikta gadya lekhana meM bhI AcArya kI paTutA dikhalAI par3atI hai / unakA 'zArIrakabhASya' saMskRta gadya kI mahAn racanAoM meM parigaNita hotA haiM jisameM praur3ha gadyazailI ke darzana hote haiM / svayaM advaitavAdI hote hue bhI AcArya ne - apane stotragranthoM meM vibhinna devI-devatAoM kI upAsanA kI hai| isase patA calatA hai ki ve siddhAntaH advaitavAdI hote hue bhI vyavahAra bhUmi meM upAsanA kA mahattva svIkAra karate the / zaMkarAcArya kA pradhAna lakSya vaidika dharma kA pracAra karanA thaa| unake pUrva avaidika dharmAvalambiyoM ne vaidika dharma kI nindAkara tatkAlIna janatA ke hRdaya meM vaidika mata ke prati zraddhA kA bhAva bhara diyA thaa| AcArya zaMkara ne apane alaukika vaiduSya ke dvArA samasta avaidika matoM kI dhajjiyAM ur3A dIM tathA bar3e-bar3e bauddha vidvAnoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAsta kara AryAvarta meM sanAtana yA vaidika dharma kI dhvajA laharA dii| unhoMne dharmasthApana ko sthAyI banAne ke lie sanyAsiyoM ko saMghabaddha kiyA tathA bhAratavarSa kI cAroM dizAoM meM cAra pradhAna maThoM kI sthApanA kI / inheM jyotimaMTha ( josI maTha badarikAzrama ke nikaTa ) zRGgerImaTha ( rAmezvaram meM ), govardhanamaTha ( jagannAthapurI ) tathA zAradAmaTha ( dvArikApurI meM ) kahate haiN| ina maThoM kA adhikAra kSetra nirdhArita kara AcArya ne sampUrNa bhAratavarSa ko cAra kSetroM meM vibhAjita kara eka-eka kSetra kA adhikAra eka-eka maThAdhipati ko pradAna kiyaa| maTha ke adhyakSoM kA pradhAnakArya thA apane antargata par3ane vAle kSetroM meM varNAzramadharma ke anusAra vyavasthA sthApita karate hue dharmopadeza denA tathA vaidika dharma kI rakSA karanA / maThoM ke adhyakSa zaMkarAcArya ke pratinidhi svarUpa mAne jAte haiM evaM unheM zaGkarAcArya kahA jAtA hai| paTTaziSya adhiSThita hue| unhoMne govardhana maTha kA vaSyakSa pRthvIdhara yA hastAmalaka ko, zAradApITha kA cAra maThoM ke Upara inake cAra adhyakSa padyapAda ko, zRGgerI kA adhyakSa vizvarUpa yA surezvara ko

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bhRGgAraprakAza ] (601) [zRGgAraprakAza tathA jyotirmaTha kA adhyakSa toTaka ko banAyA / AcArya ne maThoM kI sthApanA ko hI apanA kartavya na mAnakara maThAdhIzoM ke lie bhI niyama nirdhArita kara vyavasthA banAyI, jisake anusAra unheM calanA par3atA thaa| unake ye upadeza 'mahAnuzAsana' ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| maThAdhIzvara ke lie pavitra, jitendriya, vedavedAGgavizArada, yogavida tathA sarvazAstrajJa honA vAvazyaka thaa| AcArya ne aisI bhI vyavasthA kI thI ki jo maThAdhIzvara upayukta niyamoM kA pAlana na kare, use adhikAracyuta kara diyA jAya / maThAdhIzvara rASTra kI pratiSThA ke lie sadA bhramaNa kiyA karate the tathA eka maTha kA adhIzvara dUsare ke kSetra meM hastakSepa nahIM karatA thaa| ina sArI bAtoM se Azcarya kI dUradarzitA evaM vyAvahArika jJAna kA patA calatA hai| zaMkarAcArya ko apane mata kA pracAra-prasAra karane meM aneka vidvAnoM se zAstrArtha karanA par3A thA / unameM maNDana mizra ke sAtha unakA zAstrArtha aitihAsika mahattva rakhatA hai / maNana mizra prasiddha mImAMsaka kumArila bhaTTa ke ziSya the| ve mipilAnivAsI the| unakI patnI kA nAma bhAratI thA / AcArya kA maNDana mizra ke sAtha jaba zAstrArtha huA to usakI madhyasthatA bhAratI ne kii| AcArya kI mRtyu 32 varSa kI avasthA meM bhagandara roga ke kAraNa huii| ve mahAn kavi, praur3ha lekhaka evaM yugapravattaMka dArzanika the| 'unake dArzanika siddhAntoM ke lie de0 vedaant)| AdhAragraMtha-1. AcArya zaMkara-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. saMskRta sukavi samIkSA-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. zaMkara kA AcAra darzana-DaoN0 rAmAnanda tivArI 4. bhAratIya darzana-caTaMjI aura datta ( hindI anuvaad)| zRGgAraprakAza---yaha kAvyazAstra kA suprasiddha grantha hai| isake racayitA AcArya bhoja haiM [ de0 bhoja 1 / yaha grantha abhI taka sampUrNa rUpa se prakAzita nahIM hamA hai| isake 14 prakAza do khaNDoM meM zrI jA. Ara jozayera dvArA sampAdita hokara prakAzita ho cuke haiM. inTaranezanala, akADemI oNpha saMskRta risarca maisUra 1955) / DaoN0 ve. rAghavana ne 'zRGgAraprakAza' kI hastalikhita prati ke AdhAra para aMgarejI meM vizAlakAya grantha kI racanA kI hai jisameM usake pratyeka prakAza kA sAra evaM varNita viSayoM kA vivecana hai| 'zRGgAraprakAza' ke mata ko jAnane ke lie yaha grantha AdhAragrantha kA kArya karatA hai / 'zRGgAraprakAza' bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kA sarvAdhika vizAlakAya graMtha hai jisakI racanA 36 prakAza evaM DhAI hajAra pRSThoM meM huI hai| isameM kAvyazAstra evaM nATyazAstra donoM kA vivecana hai / varNita viSayoM kI prakAza-krama se sUcI isa prakAra hai--1. kAvya, zabda evaM artha kI paribhASA tathA pratyeka ke 12 kArya kA varNana / 2. prAtipadika ke bhedopabheda, 3. pada tathA vAkya ke athaM evaM unake bheda, 4. artha ke 12 prakAroM kA varNana, 5. upAdhi kA artha, 6. 7. 8. meM samdazaktiyoM kA vivecana 5. prakAza meM guNa evaM doSavivecana, 10. veM prakAza meM zabdAlaMkAra, aryAlakAra evaM ubhayAlaGkAra kA vivecana, 11. evaM 12. meM prakAza meM rasa evaM nATaka tathA mahAkAvya kA varNana, 13 3 meM rati, mokSapaGgAra, dharmanAra, vRtti evaM rItivivecana, 143 meM harSa evaM 48 bhAva, 15. rati ke bAlambana vibhAva, 16. rati ke uddIpanavibhAva,

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zaktibhadra ] ( 604 ) [ zatapatha brAhmaNa 17. anubhAva, 18. dharmazRGgAra, 19. arthazRGgAra, 20. kAmazRGgAra, 21. mokSazRGgAra evaM nAyaka-nAyikA bheda, 22. anurAga varNana, 23. saMyoga evaM vipralambha zRGgAra-varNana, 24. vipralambha varNana, 25. pUrvAnurAgavipralambha varNana, 26. prApta nahIM hotA, 27. abhiyoga vidhi kA nirUpaNa, 28. dUtI evaM dUtakarma kA varNana, 29. dUta-preSaNa tathA sandezadAna varNana, 30. bhAva svarUpa, 31. pravAsa varNana, 32. karuNa rasa kA varNana, 33. sambhoga kA svarUpa 34. prathamAnurAgAntara sambhoga, 35. mAnaprabAsa evaM karuNa antargata sambhoga varNana, 36. cAra prakAra kI sambhogAvasthA kA varNana | zaktibhadra- ye saMskRta ke nATakakAra haiN| inakA nivAsasthAna kerala thA aura ye Adya zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya the| inhoMne 'AzcaryacUDAmaNi' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kI hai / isa nATaka kI prastAvanA se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha dakSiNa deza meM racita sarvaprathama saMskRta nATaka hai / zaMkarAcArya kA ziSya hone ke kAraNa inheM dazama zataka se pUrva honA cAhie / 'AzcaryacUDAmaNi' ke atirikta inake anya nATakoM kA bhI vivaraNa prApta hotA hai tathA 'vINAvAsavadattA' nAmaka eka adhUre nATaka kA prakAzana bhI ho cukA hai / 'unmAdavAsavadattA' nAmaka nATaka ke bhI zaktibhadra hI praNetA mAne jAte haiM / 'AzcaryacUDAmaNi' meM rAmakathA ko nATakIya rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isakA prakAzana 1926 I0 meM zrI bAlamanoramA sIrIja, madrAsa se huA hai| isa nATaka kI apanI viziSTatA hai, Azcaryarasa kA prdrshn| isameM kavi ne mukhyataH Azcaryarasa ko hI kathAvastu kA preraka mAnakara use mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| sAta aMkoM meM Azcaryarasa kI rocaka paramparA ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| nATyakalA kI dRSTi se ise rAma-sambandhI sabhI nATakoM meM utkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai / kavitva ke vicAra se bhale hI isakA mahatva kama ho. lekina abhineyatA kI dRSTi se yaha eka uttama nATaka hai| AdhAragrantha- saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya | huI thI [ de0 tilaka kRta zatapatha brAhmaNa - yaha yajurveda kA brAhmaNa hai / isakA sambandha zukla yajurveda kI mAdhyandina evaM kAvya donoM saMhitAoM se hai / so adhyAya se yukta hone ke kAraNa ise 'zatapatha' kahate haiM / isake Upara tIna bhASya upalabdha hote haiM- harisvAmI, sAyaNa evaM kavIndra ke / ina bhASyoM kI bhI aneka TIkAeM haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM 33 devatAoM kA ullekha hai-8 vasu, 11 rudra. 12 Aditya, 1 AkAza tathA 1 pRthvI / isake racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / tilaka tathA dAvagI mahArAja ke anusAra isakI racanA 2500 I0 pU0 'AkTika homa oNpha dI vedAja' pR0 387, tathA pAvagI racita 'di vaidika phAdarsa oNpha jiyolaoNjI' pR0 72 tathA 'di AryAvattika homa eNDa di Aryana kreDala ina da saptasindhuja' pR0 25, 27 ] / parantu prasiddha mahArASTra vidvAn zrI zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ne isakA racanAkAla zakapUrva 3100 varSa mAnA hai [ de0 bhAratIya jyotiSa, hindI anuvAda pR0 181, 205 ] / isameM vividha prakAra ke aise yajJoM kA varNana hai jo anya brAhmaNoM meM nahIM milte| yaha brAhmaNa sabhI brAhmaNoM meM isameM bAraha hajAra RcAeM, ATha hajAra yamu tathA cAra hajAra samaya haiN| vizAla hai / isameM

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sAhAyana bAraNyaka] (605 ) [samantabhadra upAkhyAnoM kA saMgraha hai-rAmakathA pururavAuvaMzI, balaplAvana kI kaSA, azvinI kumAroM kI kathA Adi / ina AkhyAnoM kA sAhityika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahatva hai| 'zatapatha' meM yajJayAza-vidhi ke atirikta aneka AdhyAtmika tathya bhI prastuta kiye gae haiM tathA isake upAkhyAna, aneka granthoM ke AdhAra rahe haiM [ vebara vArA 1955 I0 meM sAyaNa tathA harisvAmI bhASya ke sAtha prakAzita, punaH 1912 I. meM satyavata sAmazramI dvArA prakAzita ] / zAGgAyana AraNyaka-yaha Rgveda kA dvitIya AraNyaka hai / isameM 15 adhyAya haiM mora sabhI aitareya bAraNyaka ke hI samAna haiM [de0 aitareya baarnnyk]| isake tIna se 6 adhyAya ko 'kauSItaki upaniSad' kahA jAtA hai [ de0 kaussiitki]| zADAyana brAhmaNa-yaha Rgveda se sambara hai| ise 'koSItaki' bhI kahate haiN| isameM 30 adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya meM 5 se lekara 17 taka khaNa haiM, jinakI saMkhyA 226 hai| isakA pratipAdya aitareya ke hI sahaza hai, para viSayoM kA vivecana kiMcit vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| isameM rudra kI vizeSa mahimA varNita hai tathA unheM devoM meM sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai [ rudro ve jyeSThazca devAnAm, 2513 ] | isa brAhmaNa meM ziva ke lie rudra, mahAdeva, IzAna, bhava, pazupati, ugra tathA azani zabda prayukta hue haiM aura ina sabhI nAmoM kI vicitra utpatti bhI dI gayI hai| isameM ziva-sambandhI vratoM kA varNana hai / 7 veM adhyAya meM viSNu ko uccakoTi kA devatA tathA agni ko nimnastara kA devatA mAnA gayA hai-agniravarAyaH viSNuH praadhyH| isameM udIcya logoM ke saMskRta-zAna kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai tathA yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki tatkAlIna vyakti vahAM jAkara saMskRta sIkhate the, aura unheM prabhUta sammAna prApta hotA thA 86 / isake 222 adhyAya meM zakarI (chanda ) kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isI chanda ke kAraNa indra ko vRtrAsura ke saMhAra karane meM saphalatA prApta huI thii| isI meM dhakarI kA zakarItva hai-indro vRtramazakaDhantumAbhistasmAt shkryH| isa brAhmaNa meM gotra kI mahattA pradarzita kI gayI hai aura eka sthAna para ( 25 / 15) para kahA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya apane hI gotra bAloM ke sAtha nivAsa kareM, anya ke sAtha nhiiN| isakA prakAzana jenA se 1887 I0 meM huA, sampAdaka liNDenara / samantamadra-jainadarzana ke AcArya / inakA samaya vikrama kI tRtIya yA caturSI zatAbdI hai| inake dvArA racita granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-1. AptamImAMsAisakI racanA 114 kArikA meM huI hai| ise 'devAgama stotra' bhI kahate haiM / isa para do TIkAeM prApta hotI hai-bhaTTa bhAkata aSTavatI evaM vidyAnanda kI mssttshnii| 2. yuktvAnusandhAnasameM 64 pakha hai gaura apane mata sabA paramatoM kI bAlocanA hai / isa para vidyAnanda kI TIkA milatI hai| 3. svayaMbhUstotra-isameM 14 ca hai tathA tIthaMkuroM kI stuti evaM jainamata kA vivecana hai| 4. mina-stutizataka-isameM 116 zloka haiM jo bhakti-bhAva se ApUrNa hai| 1. ratnakaraNzrAvakAcArya-yaha zrAvakAcAra kA sarvAdhika prAcIna grantha hai| inake anya tIna grannoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai kintu ye grantha anupalabdha haiN|

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sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa] (606) [saMgItazAstra AdhArapantha- bhAratIya darzana-(bhAga 1)-. rAdhAkRSNan (hindI anuvAda ) 2. bhAratIyadarzana-A0 baladeva upaadhyaay| sarasvatIkaNThAmaraNa yaha kAvyazAstra kA atyanta prasiddha grantha hai jisake racayitA AcArya bhoja yA bhojarAja haiM (de0 bhoja / 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' mUlataH saMgraha anya hai jisameM vibhinna AcAryoM ke vicAroM kA saMgraha hai| ekamAtra 'kAvyAdarza' ke hI isameM 200 zloka upadhRta kiye gae haiN| isameM 1500 ke lagabhaga zloka pUrvavartI kaviyoM ke uddhRta kiye gae haiM ataH saMskRta sAhitya kI kAlAnukramaNikA ke vicAra se isakA mahatva basaMdigdha hai| isameM kaI aise alaMkAroM kA varNana hai jinakA anyatra ullekha nahIM milatA / sampUrNa grantha pAMca paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama pariccheda meM kAvya-prayojana, kAmyalakSaNa, kAvyameda tathA doSa-guNa kA vivecana hai| bhoja ne doSa ke tIna prakAra mAnakara padadoSa, vAkyadoSa evaM vAkyArtha doSa-pratyeka ke 16 bheda kiye haiM / isa prakAra bhojakRta doSoM kI saMkhyA 48 ho jAtI hai| inhoMne guNa ke bhI 48 prakAra mAne haiM aura unheM samdaguNa evaM vAkya guNa ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA hai| dvitIya pariccheda meM 24 zabdAlaGkAroM kA vivecana hai| ve haiM-jAti, gati, rIti, vRtti, chAyA, mudrA, ukti, yukti, bhaNiti, guMphanA, zayyA, paThiti, yamaka, zleSa, anuprAsa, citra, vAkovAkya, prahelikA, gULa, praznottara, adhyeya, zravya, prekSya tathA abhinava / tRtIya pariccheda meM 24 arthAlaMkAra varNita hai-jAti, vibhAvanA, hetu, ahetu, sUkSma, uttara, virodha, saMbhava, anyonya, parivRtti, nidarzana ( dRSTAnta ), bheda ( vyatireka ), samAhita, bhrAnti, vita, mIlita, smRti, bhAva, pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti aura bhAva / sarasvatI. kanThAbharaNa ke caturtha pariccheda meM 24 ubhayAlaMkAroM kA nirUpaNa hai| ve haiM-upamA, paka, sAmya, saMzayokti, apahuti, samAdhyuti, samAsokti, utprekSA, aprastutastuti, tulpayogitA, keza, sahokti, samuccaya, bAkSepa, arthAntaranyAsa, vizeSa, pariSkRti, dIpaka, krama, paryAya, atizaya, zleSa, bhAvika, tathA saMsRSTi / isake paMcama pariccheda meM rasa, bhAva, nAyaka-nAyikAbheda, nAvya sandhiyoM tathA cAra vRttiyoM kA nirUpaNa hai| 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, meM kula 643 kArikAeM haiN| isa para jagaDhara evaM ratnezvara kI TIkAeM prApta hotI haiN| ratnezvara kI TIkA kA nAma 'raladarpaNa' hai jisakI racanA tirahata nareza mahArAja rAmasiMhadeva ke AdezAnusAra huI thii| inakA samaya 14 vIM zatAbdI ke bhAsapAsa hai| 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM citrAlaMkAra kA atyanta vistRta vivecana hai jisameM isake lagabhaga 65 medoM kA ullekha hai| isI prakAra nAyikAbheda evaM zRGgArarasa ke nirUpaNa meM bhI aneka navIna tathya prastuta, kiye gae haiM jo bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI sthAyI nidhi hai| samprati sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa kA hindI anuvAda mudraNAdhIna hai| AdhAraandha-sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa-ratnezvara evaM jagavara TIkA sahita / saMgItazAla-bhAratIya saMgIta atyanta prAcIna evaM samRddha hai| vaidikakAla se hI isake vikAsa ke sUtra prArambha ho jAte haiN| dedoM meM sAmaveda meya' hai, ataH saMgIta ke tatva isI meM prApta hote haiN| cAra vedoM ke cAra upaveda mAne jAte haiM-Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharvaveda tathA sthApatya / inameM gAndharva yA saMgIta zArsa kA sambandha 'sAmaveda' ke sAtha

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saMgItazAstra ] ( 607 ) [ saMgItazAstra sthApita kiyA gayA hai| prArambha se hI kAvya aura saMgIta meM ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai aura saMgIta kA AdhAra chandobaddha kAvya hI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| sAmaveda ke dvArA isa tathya kI satyatA siddha ho jAtI hai / vaha saMsAra kA sarvAdhika prAcIna saMgIta viSayaka graMtha mAnA jAtA hai / 'sAmaveda' meM 'sAman' yA gIta Rgveda se liye gae mantra haiM / 'Rgveda' ke 'dazama maNDala meM bhI 'sAmana' zabda kA prayoga huA hai tathA 'yajurveda' meM bhI bairAja, bRhat tathA rathantara prabhRti aneka prakAra 'sAmanoM' kA ullekha hai| Rgveda meM aneka prakAra ke vAdyayantroM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai, jaise dundubhi, karkarI, kSoNI, bINA, bANa Adi / Rgveda 6-47 29-31 / vaidika sAhitya meM saMgItaviSayaka aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke prayoga prApta hote haiM aura svaravidhAna saMbaMdhI puSkala sAmagrI milatI hai / pUrvAcika uttarAcika, grAmagayagAna, AraNyageyagAna, stova stoma, Adi aneka zabda tatkAlIna saMgItazAstra kI samRddhi ke dyotaka haiN| sAmaveda ke geya chandoM meM svaravidhAna ke sAtha gAna-vidhi kA bhI nirdeza prApta hotA hai / zaunaka muni ke graMtha 'caraNavyUha' meM batAyA gayA hai ki sAmavedika saMgIta eka sahasra sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thA - sAmavedasya kila sahasrabhedA bhavanti ( pariziSTa ) / para samprati usake kevala tIna hI sampradAya raha sake haiM- kothuma, rANAyaNIya evaM jaiminIya / vaidika yuga meM tIna svara pradhAna the - udAtta, anudAsa aura svarita, tathA inase hI kAlAntara meM sapta svaroM kA vikAsa huA / niSAda aura gAMdhAra ko udAtta se RSabha aura dhaivata kI anudAsa se tathA SaDja, madhyama evaM paMcama kI svarita se utpatti huI thii| udAsa ko tAra bhI kahA gayA hai aura anudAsa ko ucca, manda yA khAda kahate haiM / svarita ko madhya, samatArakSakasvara kahA jAtA hai| 'RkprAtizAkhya' meM batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra tAra, manda evaM madhya ke dvArA baDja Adi sapta svaroM kA vikAsa huA thA / vaidika saMgIta ke sAta vibhAgoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai - prastavA, huMkAra udgIya, pratihAra, upadrava, vidhAna evaM praNava / purANoM tathA rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM saMgItazAstra ke vikasita svarUpa ke nidarzana prApta hote haiN| isa yuga saMgIta ke vidhAna, paddhati, nIti-niyama tathA prakAroM meM paryApta vikAsa ho cukA thA / 'harivaMzapurANa' meM gAMdhAra rAga kI prAcInatA vibhinna rAgarAginiyoM tathA bAhya granthoM kA bhI paricaya diyA gayA hai aura tatkAlIna aneka nartakiyoM evaM unake vAdyayantroM kA bhI ullekha hai / 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' meM saptasvara, paMcavidha grAmarAga, paMcavidhagIta, mUcchaMnAoM ke ikyAvana prakAra kI tAnoM, tIna grAmoM tathA cAra padoM ke vivaraNa prApta hote haiN| isI prakAra 'vAyupurANa' meM zrI saMgItaviSayaka aneka tathya upalabdha hote haiN| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata yuga meM saMgIta viziSTa vyaktiyoM yA jAtiyoM kI vastu na rahakara sarvasAdhAraNa kA viSaya ho gayA thaa| rAvaNa svayaM uccakoTi kA saMgItajJa thA aura usane saMgItazAstra ke Upara grantha-racanA bhI kI thI / usake dvArA racita 'rAvalIyam' nAmaka grantha Aja bhI pracalita hai kintu isakA rUpa parivartita ho gayA hai / 'rAmAyaNa' meM maharSi vAlmIki kI saMgItapriyatA sarvatra dikhAI par3atI hai| 'mahAbhArata' ke samaya meM saMgItakalA aura bhI adhika vikasita ho gayI

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saMgItavAna] (608) [saMgIta thI aura usa yuga ke sUtradhAra zrIkRSNa svayaM bhI gata bar3e saMgIta evaM vaMzIvAdaka the| pANini kI 'aSTAdhyAyI', kauTilya ke 'mazAstra' tathA bhAsa evaM kAlidAsa anyoM meM saMgIta tathA anya lalitakalAboM ke pramara ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| guptayuga bhAratIya kalA kA to svarNayuga mAnA ho jAtA hai aura samrAT samudragupta kI saMgItapriyatA itihAsa prasiddha hai / guptayuga meM saMgItazAstra para aneka grantha likhe gae haiM / saMgItazAstra ke andha-saMskRta meM saMgItazAstraviSayaka prathama vaijJAnika banda bharatakRta 'nAvyazAsa' hai| isameM bharatamuni ne tatkAlIna saMgItoM kI pravidhi kA atyanta sundara vivecana kiyA hai / bharata ne nATyazAstra ke 28,29 evaM 30 adhyAyoM meM isa viSaya kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai aura katipaya pUrvavartI bhAcAryoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| bharata se pUrva nAradamuni ne saMgItazAstra kA pratipAdana kiyA thA jinakA RNa 'nATyazAstra' meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai (nAdhyazAstra 0428) / gAnparva ke vivecana meM bharata me nArada ko hI apanA upajIvya mAnA hai| abhinavagupta ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai-prItivivadhamiti nAradIya-nibaMdhanaM sUcitamabhinavabhAratI madhyAya 28 zloka. 9 / saMgIta ke prAk bharata AcAryoM meM vizAkhilAcArya kA bhI nAma AtA hai| bharata ne aneka samakAlIna AcAryoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jinameM nandin, kohala, kAzyapa, zArdUla tathA dattila prasiddha haiN| datila evaM kohala kI eka saMyukta racanA 'dattilakohalIyam' hastalikhita rUpa meM sarasvatI mahala pustakAlaya, taMjora meM surakSita hai| navIM zatAbdI ke utpalAcArya ko abhinavagupta ne saGgItazAma kA prAmANika AcArya mAnA hai| bharatamuni ke pazcAta saMskRta meM saGgItazAstraviSayaka svatantra granthoM kA lekhana prArambha huaa| aise lekhakoM meM mataGga yA mAtaGga kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| inhoMne 'bRhaddezIya' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI hai| matAne grAma rogoM ke sambandha meM bharata koM uddhRta kiyA hai / ye bAMsurI ke AviSkAraka bhI mAne jAte haiM / zAGgadeva ne apane grantha meM kambala, azvatara tathA mAMjaneya muni kA ullekha kiyA hai jo bharatotara prasiddha AcAyo meM the| inhoMne bharata ke mata meM sudhAra karate hue paMcamI, madhyamA evaM paja madhyamA ke sambandha meM nayI vyavasthA dI thii| abhinavagupta ne bhaTTamAtRgupta, lATamuni tathA vidhAnAcArya prabhRti saMgItazAstriyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA 'saMgItaratnAkara' kI TIkA meM vizvAvasu, umApati tathA pAzrvadeva Adi zAstrakAroM ke bhI nAma Ate haiN| samprati inake anya prApta nahIM hote kintu abhinavagupta evaM cAGgadeva ke samaya meM ye avazya hI upalabdha rahe hoNge| saGgItazAma ke sambandha meM sabase mahatvapUrNa kArya zAGgadeva kA hai jinakA samaya 1210 I0 hai| inake pUrva pArvadeva ne 'saMgItasamayamAra', evaM somanAtha ne 'rAgavibodha' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| nAnyadevakRta 'sarasvatI hRdayAlapura (1096-1137 I.) nAmaka anya meM dAkSiNAtya, saurASTrI, mubaMrI baMgAlI tathA saindhavI prabhUti dezI rAgoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| zAdeva, 'saGgItaratnAkara' bapane viSaya kA praur3ha panya hai| isa paramazinAtha (1456-147760) ne vistRta TIkA likhI hai| pAva devagiri ke rAjA siMghana ke darabAra meM rahate the|

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saMgItazAstra] (609) [saMgItazAstra inakA grantha bhAratIya saMgItazAstra kA mahAkoza hai jisameM pUrvavartI saMgItazAstrakAroM ke prAmANika granthoM ko upajIvya banAkara isa viSaya kA praur3ha vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| lekhaka ne graMtha ke prArambha meM aise aneka lekhakoM kI sUcI dI hai / isa grantha meM vibhinna rasoM kI vizada vyAkhyA prastuta karate huye batAyA gayA hai ki kisa rasa meM kisa rAga kA prayoga karanA caahie| inhoMne 'saMgItasamayasAra' nAmaka eka anya graMtha kA bhI praNayana kiyA thaa| bar3odA ke prAcyavidyAmandira meM 'vINAprapAThaka' nAmaka grantha kA hastalekha milatA hai jisa para 'saMgItaratnAkara' kA adhika prabhAva hai| dakSiNa ke rAmAmAtya ne 1610 I0 meM 'svarasudhAnidhi' nAmaka eka mahatvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI thI jo zrIraGga ke rAjA rAmarAja ke Adeza se likhA gayA thaa| 'rAmAmAtya' ne apane pUrva kAlIna zAstrakAroM ke siddhAntoM kA saMzodhana isa rUpa meM kiyA ki ve tatkAlIna saMgItakalA ke vyAvahArika rUpa ke anukUla bana jaayeN|' svatantrakalAzAstra (prathama saMskaraNa) pR0 564 inhoMne svaroM kI saMkhyA sAta hI siddha kI hai| rAjA mAnasiMha vartamAna dhrupada rIti ke ArambhakartA mAne jAte haiN| tadanantara bhavadatta (1800 I.) ne 'anUpasaMgItaratnAkara' nAmaka granya kI racanA kara dhrupada kI navIna paribhASA prastuta kii| akavara ke kAla meM saMgItakalA kI paryApta unnati huii| usa yuga ke prasiddha saMgItakAroM meM svAmI haridAsa evaM tAnasena ke nAma Ate haiN| akabara ke hI samasAmayika puNDarIka viTThala ne saMgItaviSayaka cAra granthoM kI racanA kI-SaDAgacandrodaya, rAgamAlA, rAgamaMjarI evaM nattananirNaya / ye sabhI grantha hastalikhita rUpa meM bIkAnera pustakAlaya meM surakSita haiN| jahAMgIra ke samaya meM saMgItazAstra para do prasiddha granthoM kI racanA huI'saMgItadarpaNa' evaM 'sNgiitpaarijaat'| inake lekhaka kramazaH paNDita dAmodara evaM ahobala haiM / donoM granthoM meM uttara evaM dakSiNa kI sAMgItika paddhatiyoM kA sundara samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| paM0 hRdayadeva nArAyaNa ne 'hRdayakautuka' evaM 'rAjataraMgiNI' nAmaka do granthoM kI racanA kI jinake hastalekha bIkAnera rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM surakSita haiM / paM. bhAvabhaTTa ne ( 1674-1709 I.) saMgIta-sambandhI tIna graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA'anUpavilAsa', 'anUpAMkuza' tathA 'anpsNgiitrtnaakr'| tInoM hI apane viSaya ke mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM / isI samaya ke veMkaTamukhI nAmaka bhATa-racita 'caturdaNDaprakAzikA' grantha meM 71 thATa evaM 45 rAgoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gyaa| tadanantara mevAr3a ke rANA kumbhanadeva ne 'bAtharatnakoza' nAmaka graMtha kA praNayana kiyA jisameM vAdyoM kA sundara vivecana hai ( 1748 ii.)| zrIkaNTha nAmaka vidvAn kI 'rasakaumudI' nAmaka racanAM saMgItazAstra kI sundara kRti hai jo 18 vIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai / dakSiNa kI saMgItajJA madhuravANI dvArA racita eka grantha baMgalora meM prApta huA hai jisameM 14 sagaM evaM 1500 zloka haiN| isameM rAmAyaNI kathA ke AdhAra para saMgIta kA varNana hai| yaha graMtha tailaMga lipi meM hai / paM. kRSNAnanda vyAsa ne 1843 I0 meM 'rAgakalpadruma' nAmaka suprasiddha graMtha kI racanA kI, jisakA prakAzana kalakattA se ho cukA hai| dakSiNa ke saMgItajJoM meM taMjaura ke rAjA tulaba, tyAgarAja, muttUsvAmI dIkSita zyAmazAstrI atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| rAjA tulaja ne (1735 I.) 'saMgItasArAmRta' nAmaka grantha kA praNayana kiyA thaa| 36 saM0 sA0

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saMvatasmRti ] ( 610 ) [saMskRta kaSA sAhitya bhAratIya saMgIta kI antima kar3I ke rUpa meM viSNu nArAyaNa bhAtakhaNDe kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| inhoMne 'lakSyasaMgIta' nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI hai| isakA prakAzana 1910 I0 meM huA thA / bhAtakhaNDe hindustAnI saMgItakalA ke bahuta bar3e mamaMza the| inheM bhAratIya saMgotakalA kA sarvocca vidvAn mAnA gayA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. saMgItazAstra-zrI ke. vAsudeva zAstrI / 2. bharata kA saMgIta siddhAnta-zrI kailAsa candradeva 'vRhaspati' / 3. bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa-zrI umeza jozI / 4. bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa-zrI zaradacandra zrIdhara praaNjpe| 5. svatantrakalAzAstra-DaoN. kAnticandra pANDeya / 7. bhAratIya kalA aura saMskRti kI bhUmikA--DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya / 8. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-vAcaspati gairolaa| saMvartasmRti-isa smRti ke racayitA saMvataM nAmaka smRtikAra haiN| jIvAnanda tathA AnandAzrama ke saMgrahoM meM 'saMvatasmRti' ke 227 tathA 230 zloka prApta hote haiN| isa smRti kA prakAzana ho cukA hai, kintu prakAzita aMza maulika graMtha kA saMkSipta sAra hai / 'mitAkSarA' evaM 'smRtisAra' (harinAtha kRta ) meM bRhatsaMvataM svalpa saMvataM kA bhI ullekha hai| saMvata ne lekhapramANa ke samakSa maukhika bAtoM ko koI bhI mahatva nahIM diyA hai / inake anusAra arAjakatA ke na rahane para tathA rAjya kI sthiti sudRr3ha hone para adhikAra karanevAlA vyakti hI ghara, dvAra athavA bhUmi kA svAmI mAnA jAyagA aura likhita pramANa vyartha ho jAeMge / mujyamAne gRhakSetre vidyamAne tu rAjani / bhuktiyaMsya bhavettasya na lekhyaM tatra kAraNam / parA0 mA0 3 / AdhAragrantha-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. pA. vA. kANe,bhAga 1 (hindI anuvAda) saMskRta kathA sAhitya-bhAratavarSa ko saMsAra kI mahAnatama kathA-zraGkhalAoM ko prAramba karane kA zreya hai| sarvaprathama yahA~ hI kathA-sAhitya kA janma huA thA aura yahIM se anya dezoM meM isakA pracAra evaM prasAra huA / bhAratIya (prAcIna ) bAkhyAyikA sAhitya ko pazu-kathA tathA laukika AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pazu-AkhyAyikA kA rUpa vaidika vAGmaya meM bhI dikhalAI par3atA hai| isakI prathama chAyA vaidika sAhitya ke una sthaloM para dikhalAI par3atI hai jahA~ naitika sandeza dene ke lie apavA vyaMgya karane ke lie pazu manuSya kI bhAMti bolate yA vyavahAra karate dikhAI par3ate haiN| upaniSadoM meM satyakAma ko baila, haMsa evaM jalapakSI upadeza dete hue citrita kiye gae haiN| 'chAndogya upaniSad' meM purohitoM kI taraha mantroccAraNa karane tathA bhojana ke lie bhUkane vAle kuttoM kA varNana hai / 'mahAbhArata' evaM 'jAtaka kathAboM' meM bhI pazukathA kA varNana prApta hotA hai| prArambhika bauddha bhAcAryoM ne apane upadeza ke krama meM pazu-AkhyAyikAoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| bauddha vidvAn vasubandhu ne 'gAthAsaMgraha' ke upadeza meM hAsya kA puTa dekara use sajIva banAne ke lie pazu-kathA kA sahArA liyA hai| vizva-pazu-kathA kI paramparA meM 'paJcatantra' bhArata kI mahAna dena hai| prAcIna samaya se hI isake anuvAdoM kI dhUma macI huI hai aura phalasvarUpa pAlIsa prasiddha bhASAmoM

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saMskRta kathA sAhitya] (611) [saMskRta kathA sAhitya meM isake do sau anuvAda ho cuke haiM [ de0 pancatantra] | phArasa aura bhArata kA sambandha sthApita hone para vahAM ke rAjAoM ne apane vidvAnoM ke dvArA saMskRta kathA-sAhitya kA anuvAda karAyA thaa| 'burajoI' nAmaka hakIma ne 533 I0 meM pahale-pahala 'paJcatantra' kA pahalavI yA prAcIna phArasI meM anuvAda kiyaa| isa anuvAda ke pacAsa varSoM ke bhItara hI isakA anuvAda siriana bhASA meM (560 I0 ) kisI pAdarI dvArA prastuta huA / isa anuvAda kA nAma 'kalilaga aura damanaga' thA jo karakaTa aura damanaka nAmaka nAmoM kA hI sIriana rUpa thaa| sIriana anuvAda ke AdhAra para isakA bhASAntara arabI meM huA jisakA nAma 'kalIlaha aura damanaha' hai| arabI anuvAda anduvA bina alamukaphaphA nAmaka vidvAn ne 750 I0 meM kiyA thaa| arabI bhASA se isake anuvAda laiTina, grIka, jarmana, phreMca, spainiza evaM aMgarejI prabhRti bhASAoM meM hue / grIka kI suprasiddha kahAniyAM 'IzApa kI kahAniyAM' evaM araba kI kahAnI 'arebiyana nAiTsa' kA AdhAra pancatantra kI hI kahAniyAM bniiN| ina kahAniyoM kA madhyayuga meM atyadhika pracAra huvA aura logoM ko yaha jJAna bhI nahIM humA ki ye kahAniyAM bhAratIya haiN| paJcatantra kA mUla saMskaraNa prasiddha jarmana vidvAn haTaila ne atyanta parizrama ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA hai| isameM pAMca vibhAga haiM jinheM mitrabheda, mitralAbha, sandhi-vigraha, lagdha. praNAza evaM aparIkSita-kAraka kahA jAtA hai| isake lekhaka viSNu zarmA nAmaka vyakti haiN| granthakAra ne apane prArambha meM anta taka kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se sadAcAra kI zikSA dI hai| pancatantra ke AdhAra para saMskRta meM aneka nItikathAeM likhI gayIM jinameM hitopadeza' atyanta lokapriya hai| isake racayitA nArAyaNa paNDita haiM tathA isakA racanAkAla 14 vIM zatAbdI ke nikaTa hai [ de0 hitopadeza ] / saMskRta laukika kathA kI atyanta mahatvapUrNa racanA 'bRhatkathA' hai| isakA mUla rUpa paizAcI bhASA meM guNADhya nAmaka lekhaka dvArA racita thA jo rAjA hAla ke sabhA-paNDita the| isakA mUla rUpa naSTa ho cukA hai aura isake tIna saMskRta anuvAda prApta hote haiM-guSasvAmIkRta 'bahatkathA. zloka-saMgraha', kSemendrakRta 'bRhatkathA-maMjarI' tathA somadeva kRta 'kthaasritsaagr'| ina tInoM anuvAdoM meM guNADhya racita 'baDDakahA' kA mUla rUpa kitanA surakSita hai pramANa-bhAva meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bRhatkathA kI kahAniyoM ke nAyaka naravAhanadatta haiN| ve apane mitra gomukha kI sahAyatA prApta kara apanI priyatamA madanamaMjUSA ke sAtha vyAha karane meM samartha hote haiM tathA unheM vidyAdharoM kA sAmrAjya bhI prApta hotA hai| bRhatkathA kA mahattva daNDI, subandhu, bANabhaTTa evaM trivikramabhaTTa nAmaka kaviyoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| 1. bhUtabhASAmayIM prAhurabhutArthA bRhatkathAm-kAvyAdazaM 1128 / 2. bRhatkathAlambairiva saalbhNjikaanivhaiH-vaasvdttaa| 3. dhanuSeva guNAiyena niHzeSo rajito janaH-nalacampU 14 / ___ saMskRta ke anya prasiddha loka-kathAoM meM 'vetAlapaJcavidhati', 'siMhAsanAnizikA', 'zukasaptati' Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| 'vetAlapaMcaviMzati' meM 25 kayAmoM kA saMgraha hai jisake lekhaka zivadAsa nAmaka vyakti haiN| inakA samaya 1487 ke pUrva hai|

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saMsAta gadya] (612) [ saMskRta gadya isameM rocaka lokakathAoM kA saMgraha hai [ de. vetAlapaMcaviMzati ] | "vikramacarita' yA "siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA' meM 32 putaliyoM kI 32 kathAeM dI gayI haiN| isameM rAjAbhoja ko 32 putaliyoM dvArA utanI hI kathAeM sunAne kA varNana hai| isake do rUpa milate hai-padyabaddha evaM gdybddh| isakA samaya 13 vIM zatAbdI se prAcInatara nahIM hai [ de0 siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA ] / 'zukasaptati' meM eka sugge dvArA aphno gRhasvAminI ko kathA sunAne kA varNana hai jo apane pati ke paradeza-gamana para bhraSTAcAra meM pravRtta hone jA rahI hai| isakA samaya 10 vIM zatAbdI hai [ de0 zukasaptati ] / saMskRta meM jaina lekhakoM ne atyanta hI manoraMjaka kahAniyAM likhI haiN| inhone loka pracalita dhUna, viTa, mUrkha evaM striyoM se sambaddha kathAeM likhI hai / 'bharaTaka dvAtriMzikA' isI prakAra kI racanA hai jisameM pracalita lokabhASA ke bhI padya yatra-tatra prApta hote haiN| jaina lekhaka haimavijaya gaNi ne 'kathAratnAkara' nAmaka 256 choTI-choTI kathAoM kA grantha likhA hai, jisakA nirmANakAla 17 vIM zatAbdI hai| jaina kathAoM kA mukhya uddezya jaina siddhAnta ke pracAra kA rahA hai, ataH sAhityika tattva goNa par3a gayA hai| jena kaviyoM ne saMskRta meM vizeSa prakAra ke padya granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai jinheM 'jainapravandha' kahA gayA hai| ina prabandhoM meM bola-cAla kI bhASA meM adhaM aitihAsika puruSoM kI jIvanI likhI gayI hai| sarala zailI kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa inakI lokapriyatA adhika rahI hai| ina prabandhagranthoM meM 'prabandhacintAmaNi' evaM 'prabandhakoza' nAmaka do grantha prasiddha haiN| prabandha-cintAmaNi kI racanA merutuMgAcArya ne 1305 I0 meM kI thii| isameM pAMca prakAza yA khaNDa haiN| prathama prakAza meM vikramArka, sAtavAhana, muMja tathA mUlarAja-sambandhI kathAnaka haiN| dvitIya meM dhArAnareza bhoja kA varNana hai| tRtIya prakAza meM siddharAja aura jayasiMha kI kathAeM haiM tathA caturtha meM kumArapAla, vIradhavala tathA inake mahAmantrI dAnavIra jaina vastupAla tathA tejapAla kA vivaraNa hai| paMcama prakAza meM lakSmaNasena, jayacandra, varAhamihira, bhartRhari, vaidya vAgbhaTa Adi ke prabandha haiN| __ prabandhakoza ke racayitA rAjazekhara haiN| isameM 24 prasiddha puruSoM kA varNana hai tathA nirmANakAla 1405 saMvat hai| ina puruSoM meM 10 jainadharma ke AcArya, 4 saMskRta ke kavi, 7 prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna rAjA tathA 3 jainadharmAnurAgI gRhastha haiN| isakI bhASA vyAvahArika evaM sIdhI-sAdI hai / vallAlasena kRta 'bhojaprabandha' saMskRta kI atyanta lokapriya racanA hai| isakA racanAkAla 16 vIM zatAbdI hai [ de0 bhojaprabandha ] / AnandA racita 'mAdhavanalakathA' evaM vidyApati kavi-viracita 'puruSa-parIkSA' nAmaka pustake bhI saMskRta kathA sAhitya kI uttama racanAeM haiN| ___ saMskRta gadya-kisI bhI sAhitya kA prArambha padya se hotA hai| cUki padya meM saMgIta kA tatva sahaja rUpa se lipaTA rahatA hai, ataH manuSya naisargika rUpa se usakI ora AkRSTa hotA hai / geyatasva kI ora sahaja AkarSaNa hone ke kAraNa mAnavIya cetanA padya ke pariveza meM bhAveSTita rahatI hai| padya meM bhAvanA kA prAdhAnya hotA hai aura gadya meM vicAra ke tasya prabala hote haiN| saMskRta sAhitya vaidika gItoM ke rUpa meM hI prasphuTita

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saMskRta gadya ] [ saMskRta gadya huA hai, yaha padya bahula sAhitya hai / isameM zAstrIya granthoM kI bhI racanA padya meM hI huI hai / itanA hone para bhI, saMskRta meM gadya kA pracura sAhitya vidyamAna hai tathA isakA jitanA bhI aMza gadya meM likhA gayA hai usakI apanI viziSTatA hai / saMskRta gadya lekhana kI paramparA vaidika saMhitAoM kI taraha hI prAcIna hai| kRSNa yajurveda meM gadya kA prAcInatama rUpa upalabdha hai / gadya ke kAraNa hI vaidika saMhitA meM kRSNa yajurveda kA svatantra sthAna hai / isakI taittirIya saMhitA gadya kA prAcInatama rUpa upasthita karatI hai / ayavaveda kA chaThA bhAga bhI gadyarUpa meM hai / paravartI sAhitya meM brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM tathA upaniSadoM meM gadya kA vyAvahArika rUpa upalabdha hone lagatA hai jo vaidika gadya kI paramparA kA praur3ha evaM saMvardhanazIla rUpa prastuta karatA hai / kAlAntara meM tattvajJAna, vyAkaraNa, vijJAna viSayaka grantha, jyotiSa tathA TIkA granthoM meM gadya kA vyavahAropayogI zrI rUpa sAmane AyA / ina granthoM kA gadya vaidika sAhitya ke gadya kA vikasita rUpa stuta karatA hai tathA isa sthiti meM gadya jIvana ke nikaTa phalane-phUlane lagatA hai / kathAkAvya, AkhyAyikA, campUkAvya evaM kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM gadya ke sAhityika sahaja evaM alaMkRta rUpa ke darzana hote haiM aura inake saMskRta gadya apane pariniSThita rUpa meM pUrNataH samRddha hokara pratiSThita hotA hai / saMskRta meM gadyakAvyoM kI vizAla paramparA rahI hai, kintu samprati aneka grantha anupalabdha haiM / pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM vAsavadanA, 'bhairathI' evaM 'sumanottarA' prabhRti gadyakAvyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM - adhikRtya kRte granthe' bahulaM lugvaktabhyaH' vAsavadattA, sumanottarA / na ca bhavati / bhaimarathI [4 / 3 / 87 ] / pataMjali ke pUrva prasiddha vArtikakAra kAtyAyana bhI AkhyAyikAoM se paricita dikhAI par3ate haiM - lubAkhyAyikAbhyo bahulam, AkhyAnA AkhyAyiketihAsapurANebhyazca / saMskRta gadya kA vaiziSTya - zAstrIya granthoM ke mAdhyama se saMskRta AcAryoM ne sUtrAtmaka zailI ke gadya kA nirmANa kiyA hai / lAghava yA laghutA saMskRta gadya kI sarvAdhika vizeSatA hai jisameM pUre vAkya meM vyakta kiye gae vicAra ko eka hI pada meM rakhA jAtA hai / saMskRta bhASA meM samAsabahula gadya kA rUpa prApta hotA hai| vastutaH samAsa saMskRta bhASA kA prANa hai jisake kAraNa gadya meM bhAvagrAhitA, gAr3habandhatA evaM prabhAnviti AtI hai / ojaguNa saMskRta gadya kI anya viziSTatA hai / daNDI ke anusAra samAsa kA bAhulya hI oja hai aura oja kA jIvana hai- ojaH samAsabhUyastvametad gadyasya jIvitam / saMskRta gadya ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM-- bolacAla kA sarala yA sAdA gadya tathA praur3ha evaM alaMkRta gadya / vaidika sAhitya meM bolacAla kA sarala gadya prApta hotA hai, para laukika sAhitya meM praur3ha alaMkRta evaM prAMjala bhASA prayukta huI hai / ina donoM kA mizrita rUpa paurANika gadya kA hai jisameM alaMkRta gadya prApta hote haiM / zrImadbhAgavata evaM viSNupurANa meM aise hI gadya haiM / nadya kA vikAsa - vaidika saMhitA meM saMskRta gadya kA prArambhika rUpa prApta hotA hai / isa yuga kA gadya sarala, sodhA evaM bolacAla kI bhASA kA hai jisameM choTe-choTe vAkya evaM asamasta pada prayukta hote haiM / upamA evaM rUpaka prabhRti alaGkAroM ke samAveza se isameM vizeSa cArutA A jAtI hai / "vAtya AsodIyamAna eva sa prajApati samairayat / ( 613 )

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saMsmata ga] ( 614 ) [saMskRta gadya sa prajApati / suvarNamAtmannapazyat tat prAjanayat / tadekamabhavat, tabalAmabhavat, tanmaha. dabhavat, tajeSThamabhavat; tad brahmAbhavam tat tapo'bhavat tatsatyamabhavat tena prajAyata / atharva 15 kANDa 1 sUkta zilAlekhoM meM saMskRta gadya kA rUpa atyanta praur3ha evaM alaMkRta evaM samAsabahula hai| rudradAmana kA jUnAgar3ha kA zilAlekha tathA samudragupta kA prayAsa kA zilAlekha praur3ha gaya kA rUpa upasthita karatA hai / "pramANamAnonmAna-svaragativaNaM. sArasatvAdibhiH paramalakSaNaNyajanairupetakAMtamUrtinA svayamadhigata-mahAkSatrapanAmnA narendrakanyA svayaMvarAnekamAlyaprAptadAmnA mahAkSatrapeNa rudradAmnA setuM sudarzanataraM kAritam / " giranAra kA zilAlekha / zAstrIya gadya-samasta bhAratIya darzanagranthoM kA lekhana gadya meM hI huA hai, yadyapi katipaya apavAda bhI haiM / ina granthoM meM lekhaka kA dhyAna bhAvAbhivyakti evaM abhivyakti para adhika rahA hai / zabda zuSka bhale hI hoM, para unameM abhipreta artha kI pUrNa abhivyakti honI caahie| kucha aise bhI darzanakAra haiM jinhoMne alaMkRta evaM sAhityika zailI ke gaba vyavahRta kiye haiM / pataMjali, zavarasvAmI, zaMkarAcArya evaM jayantabhaTTa ke graMthoM meM zAstrIya gadya caramasImA para pahuMca gayA hai| inhoMne vyAkaraNa evaM darzana jaise jaTila, gambhIra evaM durUha viSaya kA sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAMjala zailI meM viveSana kiyA hai| pataMjali ne kathopakathana kI zailI meM bolacAla kI bhASA kA prayoga kara mahAbhASya kI racanA kI hai| inake vAkya atyanta choTe evaM pada asamasta haiN| aisA lagatA hai. AcArya sammukha baiThe chAtravarga ko vyAkaraNa par3hA rahe haiM ke punaH kAryAbhAvAnivRttI tAvat teSAM yatnaH kriyate / tad yathA ghaTena kArya kariSyan kumbhakArakulaM gatvAha kuru ghaTaM kAryamanena kariSyamIti / na tadvacchandAn prayuyukSamANo vaiyAkaraNakulaM gatvAha-kuru zabdAn prayokSya iti / " pspshaahnik| zabarasvAmI ne 'mImAMsAsUtra' para sarala bhASA meM bhASya likhA hai aura zaMkarAcArya kA vedAnta-bhASya kA gadya sAragarbha, praur3ha evaM prAnjala hai / jayantabhaTTa ne 'nyAyamanjarI' nAmaka nyAyadarzana kA prAmANika grantha likhA hai| inhoMne nyAya aise jaTila viSaya ko sarasa, vyaMgya yukta evaM caTula uktiyoM ke dvArA hRdayaMgama banAyA hai| saMskRta gadya kA vAstavika vikAsa AkhyAyikA evaM gadya kAvyoM se hotA hai| guptakAlIna tathA anya upalabdha zatAdhika abhilekhoM meM sAhityika gadya kA rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai jisase saMskRta gadya kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| bANabhaTTa ne 'harSacarita' meM bhaTTAraka harizcandra nAmaka siddhahasta gadya lekhaka kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA anya lekhakoM ke granthoM meM bhI aise zailIkAroM kI nAmAvalI dI gayI hai jo adyAvadhi ajJAta haiN| jalhaNa ne vararuti-racita 'cArumatI', romihasomillalikhita 'zUdrakakathA' tathA dhanapAla ne zrI pAlitakRta 'taraMgAvatIkathA', 'sAtakarNIharaNa' tathA 'namovantIkathA' Adi prAcIna granthoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ina granthoM ke nAmollekha se jJAta hotA hai ki subandhu, daNDI evaM bANabhaTTa se pUrva aneka mahAn gadya-lekhaka ho cuke the| subandhu, daNDI aura bANa saMskRta gadyakAvya ke mahAn dIpastambha haiN| subandhukRta 'vAsavadattA' prathama sAhityika kRti hai jisameM udayana evaM vAsavadattA kI praNayakathA varNita hai / inakA AvirbhAva 6 ThI

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saMskRta gadya ] ( 615 ) [ saMskRta gadya zatAbdI ke anta evaM saptama zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thaa| isameM pratyakSarazleSakauzala ke dvArA prabandha-racanA ko cAturI pradarzita kI gayI hai / daNDo ne 'dazakumAracarita' evaM 'avantisundarIkathA' nAmaka do gadyakAvyoM kI racanA kI hai / daNDI ke bAda bANabhaTTa ne 'harSacarita' evaM 'kAdambarI' kI racanA kara saMskRta gadya kA atyanta projjvala evaM praur3ha rUpa prastuta kiyaa| bANa ke anukaraNa para saMskRta meM aneka granthoM kI racanA huI jinameM dhanapAla - kRta 'tilakramaMjarI' ( 1000 I0) bAdIrbhAsaharacita 'gadya cintA - maNi' ( 11 vIM zatI) soDhallakRta 'udayasundarI' kathA ( 1100 I0) agastakRta 'kRSNacarita' ( 1400 I0), vAmanabhaTTabANaracita 'vemabhUpAlacarita' ( 1600 I0 ) Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| paM hRSIkeza bhaTTAcArya ( 1850 - 1913 I0 ) ne 'prabandhamaMjarI', paM0 ambikAdatta vyAsa ne 'zivarAjavijaya' ( 1901 I0 ) nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai / bIsavIM zatAbdI meM aneka lekhakoM ne saMskRta meM pAzcAttya upanyAsoM ke DhaMga para aitihAsika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika gadyagranthoM kI racanA kI hai tathA katipaya grantha mahApuruSoM tathA rASTrIya netAoM ke caritra para likhe gae haiN| isa zatAbdI meM aneka traimAsika, mAsika, pAkSika evaM sAptAhika patrikAoM kA prakAzana huA hai jinameM saMskRta gadya atyanta vyavahAropayogI hotA jA rahA hai| aisI patrikAoM meM 'saMskRtaratnAkara', 'bhAratI' evaM 'gANDIva' prabhRti pramukha hai / maisUra rAjya ke zrI narasiMhAcArya ne 'saudAminI ( bIsavIM zatI kA prArambha ) nAmaka upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai jisameM magadhanareza zUrasena evaM vidarbha kI rAjakumArI saudAminI kI praNayagAthA varNita hai / AcArya zrIzaila ne (janma 1893 I0 ) 'menakA' nAmaka paurANika upanyAsa kI racanA kI hai| bIsavIM zatI kA utkRSTa upanyAsa 'kumudinIcandra' hai jisake lekhaka haiM meghavratAcAyaM / yaha utkRSTa koTi kA kAvyAtmaka upanyAsa hai| isameM vIravara kesarIsiMha ke putra candrasiMha evaM kumudinI ke praNaya kA varNana hai / yaha upanyAsa 16 kalAoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM vyaMgyarUpa se vartamAna yuga kI samasyAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / san 1956 I0 meM zaradAzrama vidyAmandira ke pradhAnAdhyApaka 'lokamAnya tilakacarita' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jisakI Adyanta choTe-choTe vAkyoM se yukta hai| isakI racanA 18 parvo meM huI hai tathA tilaka ke janma se lekara unakI mRtyu taka kA itivRtta prastuta kiyA gayA hai / zrIbhagIratha prasAda tripAThI ne 'kathAsaMvatikA' nAmaka pustaka 06 kathAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| ye kathAeM Treat ke lie vizeSa rucikara haiN| paM0 rAmanArAyaNa zAstro kRta 'kaumudIkathA- kallolinI' nAmaka gadyakAvya kA prakAzana 1960 I0 meM ( caukhambhA prakAzana ) huA hai ! isameM lekhaka ne 'laghukomudI' ke sUtroM kA naravAhanadatta kI kathAoM ke AdhAra para hRdayaMgama karAyA hai| zrInivAsa zAstrI 'kRta 'candramahIpati' nAmaka anyanta sundara upanyAsa prakAzita huA hai [ de0 candramahIpati ] / aneka lekhakoM ne saMskRti, itihAsa, vijJAna, manovijJAna darzana, nItizAstra evaM vyAkaraNa para bhI granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai jinase ! zrIkRSNa vAmana citale ne bhASA atyanta sarala evaM 1

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saMskRta nATaka ] [ saMskRta nATaka saMskRta gadya parimArjita, praur3ha evaM puSTa hotA jA rahA hai| aise lekhakoM meM DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya, AcArya vizvezvara evaM prazA kumArI ke nAma ullekhanIya hai / inake granthoM ke nAma haiM kramaza: -- 'bhAratasya sAMskRtikanidhiH', 'manovijJAnamImAMsA', 'nItizAstram' evaM 'kAzikAyA: samIkSAtmakamadhyayanam' / samprati saMskRta kI zodha saMsthAoM evaM vizvavidyAlayoM meM zodhaprabandha ke rUpa meM maulika grantha-lekhana kA kAryArambha ho gayA hai, jinake Upara ucca- upAdhiyAM pradAna kI jAtI haiN| kaI lekhakoM ne gadya meM saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa bhI likhe haiM unameM zrI haMsarAja agravAla, 'saMskRta sAhityetihAsa: ), dvijendranAtha zAstrI ( saMskRtasAhitya vimarza: ), AcArya rAmacandra mizra ( saMskRta sAhityetihAsaH ) tathA AcArya rAmAdhIna caturvedI ( saMskRta bhASA vijJAnam ) ke nAma prakhyAta haiM / ina granthoM ke lekhana se saMskRta gadya ko prabhUta gati milI hai / AdhAragrantha--- 1. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - De evaM dAsagupta / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI kItha (hindI anuvAda) / 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa - DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 4 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI gairolA / --- saMskRta nATaka - saMskRta nATya sAhitya atyanta vikasita evaM praur3ha haiN| isakI avicchinna paramparA bhAsa se lekara Adhunika yuga taka calatI rahI hai / saMskRta sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM kI apekSA nATakoM kI lokapriyatA adhika rahI hai / ise kavitva kI caramasImA mAnakara AcAryoM ne isakI mahattA siddha kI hai - nATakAntaM kavitvam / cUMki nATaka raGgamaMca para abhinIta hote the ata: inakI upayogitA sArvajanika thI, aura ye sabake manoraMjana ke sAdhana bane hue the / AcArya bharata ne to nATaka ko sAvaNika veda kaha kara isakI sarvajanopakAritA kA mahatva pradarzita kiyA thaa| isameM kisI eka viSaya kA varNana na hokara tInoM lokoM ke vizAla bhAvoM kA anukIrtana kiyA jAtA hai - trailokyasyAsya sarvasvaM nATyaM bhAvAnukIrtanam / nATyazAstra 1 / 104 / isameM kavi lokavRtta kA anukaraNa kara jIvana kI jvalanta samasyAoM kA saMsparza karatA hai| tathA una sabhI viSayoM kA varNana karatA hai jo jIvana ko sukhI evaM duHkhI banAte haiM / bharata ke anusAra aisA koI jJAna, zilpa, vidyA, yoga evaM karma nahIM hai jo nATaka meM dikhAI na pdd'e| nAnAbhAvopasampannaM nAnAvasthAntarAtmakam / lokavRttAnukaraNaM nATyametanmayA kRtam // nATyazAstra 1 / 109 / na taj jJAnaM na tacchirUpaM na sA vidyA na sA kalA / na sa yogo na tatkamaM nATye'smin yatra dRzyate // vahI 1 / 114 / nATaka bhitra ruci ke vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se manoraMjana kA sAdhana hotA hai / nATyaM bhinnarucejanasya bahuvApyekaM samArAdhanam / kAlidAsa / saMskRta sAhitya meM nATakoM kA lekhana bahuta prAcInakAla se hotA rahA hai aura isake sUtra vedoM meM bhI prApta hote haiN| Rgveda ke aneka saMvAdasUktoM meM nATaka ke tattva milate haiM / purUravA uvaMzI-saMvAda, yama yamI, indra-indrANI - vRSAkapi, saramA-paNis Adi saMvAdoM meM nATyakalA kA yatheSTa rUpa dekhA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM nATaka se sambaddha anya tatvoM kA bhI rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai / uSA ke varNana meM nRtya kA ullekha hai aura ( 616 )

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saMskRta nATaka] ( 617 ) [saMskRta nATaka use nartakI ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya nATaka kA bIja vedakAlIna nRtya meM hI mAnA hai| nATaka ke pramukha do tatvoM-saMvAda evaM abhinayakI sthiti pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI vaidika sAhitya meM svIkAra kI hai| vaidika yuga meM saMgIta kA bhI atizaya vikAsa ho cukA thA aura sAmaveda to isake lie prasiddha hI thaa| Rgveda meM aisI nataMkiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jo sundara vastrAbharaNa se susajjita hokara navayuvakoM ke citta ko AtkRSTa karatI haiN| atharvaveda meM nAcane-gAne ke bhI saketa haiM / ina vivaraNoM ke dvArA hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki baidika yuga meM nAvyAtmaka abhinaya kA samyak pracAra thaa| lebI, maiksamUlara evaM hatala prabhRti vidvAn bhI isa tathya kA samarthana karate haiN| yajurveda meM 'zailuSa' kA prayoga huA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika kAla meM nATaka ke pramukha upakaraNoM-nRtya, saMgIta, abhinaya evaM saMvAda--kA pUrNa vikAsa ho cukA thaa| rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI nATaka ke kaI upakaraNoM kA ullekha hai| rAmAyaNa ke aneka prasaGgoM meM 'zailUSa', 'naTa' evaM 'nattaka' kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vAlmIki ne kahA hai ki jisa janapada meM rAjA nahIM rahatA vahAM naTa evaM nattaMka sukhI nahIM rahatenArAjake janapade prahRSTanaTanataMkAH / rAmAyaNa 2167115 / mahAbhArata meM aise vivaraNa prApta hote haiM-Anazci tathA sarve nttntNkgaayikaaH| vanaparva 15 // 13 / harivaMza puraNa jo mahAbhArata kA eka aMza hai, meM rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko nATaka ke rUpa meM pradarzita karane kA varNana prApta hotA hai| pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM zilAli evaM kRzAzva dvArA racita naTasUtroM kA bhI varNana hai-pArAzaryazilAlibhyAM bhikSunaTasUtrayoH / 4 / 3 / 120 / karmamandakRzAzvAdiniH 4 / 3 / 111 / isase jJAta hotA hai ki pANini ke pUrva nATakoM kA itanA vikAsa ho cukA thA ki unake niyamana ke lie naTasUtroM ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA ho gayI thii| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM kaMsavadha evaM balibandha nAmaka do nATakoM kA ullekha milatA hai tathA nATaka karanevAle naTa 'zobhAnika' evaM 'athAstabhika' zabda se saMbodhita kiye gae haiN| vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra evaM cANakya ke arthazAstra meM bhI kuzIlavoM kA ullekha hai jo nAgarakoM ke manoraMjanAthaM abhinaya kiyA karate the| pakSasya mAsasya vA prajJAte'hani sarasvatyA bhavane niyuktAnAM nityaM samAjaH / kuzIlavAzcAgantavaH prekSakameSAM dadyu:-kAmasUtra / isa prakAra vaidikakAla se lekara IsApUrva dvitIya zatAbdI taka nATakoM ke pracalana evaM naToM kI zikSA ke lie race gaye graMthoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM, jisase bhAratIya nATya sAhitya kI prAcInatA kA jJAna hotA hai| I0pU0 prathama zatAbdI meM kAlidAsa ne nATakoM kI racanA kI thii| ___ bhArata meM nATyakalA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke aneka matavAda pracalita haiN| DaoN. rijave ne bhAratIya nATakoM kI utpatti kA srota 'vIrapUjA' meM mAnA hai ( de0 DrAmA eNDa DrAmeTika DAnseja oNpha naoNna yUropIyama resej)| para yUropIya vidvAnoM ne hI isa mata ko amAnya ThaharA diyA hai| DaoN0 kIpa ke anusAra prAkRtika parivartanoM ko janatA ke samakSa mUrta rUpa se pradarzita karane kI abhilASA meM hI nATakoM kI utpatti kA srota vidyamAna hai| para yaha siddhAnta isa AdhAra para khaTita ho pAtA hai ki

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saMskRta nATaka] ( 618 ) {saMskRta nATaka bhAratIya granthoM meM isake kahIM saMketa nahIM prApta hote aura svayaM isa mata kA udbhAvaka (kIya ) bhI isake prati adhika AsthAvAna nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| jarmana vidvAn pizela ne nATakoM kA udbhava 'puttalikAnRtya' se mAnA hai / usake anusAra isakI utpatti sarvaprathama bhArata meM hI huI thI aura yahIM se isakA anyatra pracAra huA thaa| para, bhAratIya nATakoM ke rasasaMvalita hone ke kAraNa yaha siddhAnta AdhArahIna siddha ho jAtA hai / katipaya vidvAna jaise, pizela,0 lUTasa evaM DaoN0 stena kono ne chAyAnATakoM se bhAratIya nATaka kI utpatti mAnI hai, para bhArata meM chAyAnATakoM ke praNayana ke koI pramANa nahIM prApta hote, aura na inakI prAcInatA hI siddha hotI hai / 'dUtAMgada' nAmaka avazya hI, eka chAyAnATaka kA ullekha milatA hai, para yaha utanA prAcIna nahIM hai| bharata ne bhAratIya nATakoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM ve atyanta saTIka haiN| unake anusAra sAMsArika manuSyoM ko atyanta khinna dekhakara devatAoM ne brahmA jI ke pAsa jAkara eka aise veda ke nirmANa ko prArthanA kI jo vedAdhyayana ke anadhikArI vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI upayogI ho| yaha sunakara brahmA ne Rgveda se pAThya, sAmaveda se gAna, yajurveda se abhinaya evaM atharvaveda se rasa lekara 'nATyaveda' nAmaka paMcama veda kA nirmANa kiyA aura indrAdi ko isake pracAra kA Adeza diyA / brahmA ke kahane para bharatamuni ne apane so putroM ko nATyazAstra kI zikSA dii| jagrAha pAThyamRgvedAtsAmabhyo gItameva ca / yajurvedAdabhinayAna rasAnAyavaMNAdapi / / nATyazAstra 1 / 17 / isa vivaraNa se yaha siddha hotA hai ki nATakoM kA AvirbhAva vedoM se hI huA hai| aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne saMskRta nATaka para grIka ( yavana ) nATakoM kA prabhAva mAnA hai| bhAratIya nATakoM meM 'yavanikA' zabda kA prayoga dekhakara unhoMne isa mata kI puSTi ke lie paryApta AdhAra grahaNa kiyA hai, para unakI yaha bebuniyAda kalpanA aba khaNDita ho cukI hai / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne batalAyA hai ki vastutaH mUla zabda 'javanikA' hai, 'yavanikA' nhiiN| javanikA kA artha daur3akara chipa jAne vAlA AvaraNa hotA hai yA vega se sikur3ane yA phailane vAle AvaraNa ko javanikA kahate haiN| yavanikA kA artha 'yavanastrI' hai ataH isakA javanikA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya nATakoM kI maulikatA evaM grIka nATakoM kI pravidhi se sarvathA bhinna tattvoM ko dekhakara grIka prabhAva ko amAnya ThaharA diyA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM grIka nATakoM kI taraha saMkalanatraya ke siddhAnta kA pUrNataH paripAlana nahIM hotA aura duHkhAntatA kA nitAnta abhAva rahatA hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM rasa kA prAdhAnya hotA hai aura kavi kA mukhya uddezya rasa-siddhi ko hI mAnA jAtA hai| kaI bhASAoM kA mizraNa unakI apanI vizeSatA hotI hai / inake AkhyAna nitAnta bhAratIya tathA rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata para Azrita haiM aura inakA vibhAjana aMkoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| prArambha meM nAndI yA maMgalAcaraNa kA vidhAna hotA hai aura anta meM bharata vAkya kI yojanA kI jAtI hai / saMskRta meM rUpaka evaM uparUpaka ke rUpa meM nATakoM ke 28 prakAra hote haiN| rUpaka ke 10 evaM ugarUpaka ke 18 bheda hote haiN| vidUSaka saMskRta nATakoM kI nirAlI sRSTi hai aura isake jor3a kA pAtra grIka nATakoM meM nahIM miltaa| raMgamaMca kI dRSTi se saMskRta nATaka grIka

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saMskRta nATaka] ( 619 ) [saMskRta nATaka nATaka se sarvathA bhinna hote haiN| grIka meM kisI prakAra ke raGgamaMca kA vidhAna nahIM hai aura vahAM nATaka khule AkAza meM janatA ke sAmane kiye jAte jAte the| para, saMskRta nATakoM kA abhinaya raGgazAlAoM meM hotA thA aura rAjAoM kI rAjadhAniyoM meM nATakoM ke pradarzana ke lie raMgamaMca ke svarUpa-vidhAna para vistArapUrvaka vicAra prApta hotA hai| ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se saMskRta nATakoM para grIka-prabhAva ko nahIM svIkAra kiyA jA sktaa| _____ saMskRta nATakoM kI akhaNa paramparA vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI se prApta hotI hai| kAlidAsa ne 'mAlavikAgnimitra' kI prastAvanA meM kaviputra, bhAsa evaM soniDa nAmaka nATakakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu inameM kevala bhAsa kI hI racanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / bhAsa ke nATaka 1912 I. ke pUrva prakAza meM nahIM A sake the| sarvaprathama ma0 ma0 gaNapati zAstrI ne bhAsakRta teraha nATakoM kA prakAzana 1912 I0 meM kiyA, jo anantazayana pranthamAlA se prakAzita hue| ina nATakoM ke bhAsa racita hone ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM aneka matavAda haiM de0 bhaas| bhAsa kA samaya IsA pUrva caturtha zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai / inake nATaka haiM-'dUtavAkya', 'kaNaMbhAra', 'dUtaghaTotkaca', 'UrubhaGga', 'madhyamavyAyoga', 'paMcarAtra', 'abhiSeka', 'bAlacarita', 'avimAraka', 'pratimA', 'pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa', 'svapnavAsavadattam' tathA 'dridrcaarudtt'| inameM 6 nATakoM kA kathAnaka mahAbhArata se liyA gayA hai aura do kA rAmAyaNa se, zeSa pAMca nATaka anuzrutiyoM para AdhRta haiN| inake nATakoM meM nAndI kA abhAva hai tathA sukumAra evaM ukta donoM prakAra ke hAsa kA prayoga hai| inakA 'svapnavAsavadattam' nATakIya pravidhi evaM bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se adbhuta sRSTi hai| inhoMne caritra-citraNa evaM saMvAdoM ke niyojana meM adbhuta kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai| inakI zailI sarasa hai aura bhASA meM saralatA milatI hai| bhAsa ke bAda dUsare nATakakAra haiM mahAkavi kaalidaas| inhoMne saMskRta nATaka kI samRddha ho rahI paramparA ko apanI pratibhA ke saMsparza me Alokita kara use praur3hatA pradAna kI hai| kAlidAsa ke tIna prasiddha nATaka haiM-'mAlavikAgnimitra', 'vikramo. vaMzIya' tathA 'abhijJAnazAkuMtala' / zAkuntala meM, jo ki inakI antima nATya kRti hai, inakI pratibhA kA cUr3Anta nidarzana huA hai| mAlavikAgnimitra' meM mAlavikA evaM agnimitra kI praNaya-kathA pAMca aMkoM meM varNita hai| isameM kavi ne rAjAoM ke antaHpura meM vikasita hone vAle prema, IrSyA, rAjA kI kAmukatA, sapatnI-kalaha tathA rAjamahiSI kI dhIratA aura udAttatA kA saphala nidarzana kiyA hai| yahA~ nATakIya kauzala kI apekSA kavitva kA vilAsa adhika pradarzita hotA hai / isa nATaka kA viSaya-kSetra atyanta parimita hai| inake dvitIya nATaka 'vikramovaMzIya' meM rAjA pururavA evaM urvazI kI praNaya-gAthA varNita hai| isakA nAyaka purUravA agnimitra kI taraha kevala vilAsI na hokara pauruSa se sampanna dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha dhIrodAtta nAyaka hai aura nATaka ke prArambha evaM anta meM isake caritra ko udAttatA ke darzana hote haiN| kavi ne Rgveda evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa meM varNita urvazI evaM pururavA kI praNaya-kathA ko isa nATaka kA

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saMskRta nATaka ] ( 620 ) [saMskRta nATaka viSaya banAyA hai| isakA mukhya rasa hai zRGgAra jo ubhaya pakSoM ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ___ 'abhijJAna zAkuMtala' meM rAjA duSyanta aura zakuntalA ke praNaya, viyoga evaM pumilana kI kathA kahI gayI hai| isakI kathA mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM varNita duSyanta evaM zakuntalA ke upAkhyAna para AdhRta hai, para kavi ne kalpanA kA Azraya lekara kaI navIna tathyoM kA sanniveza kara isa kathA ko sundara banA diyA hai| durvAsA ke zApa kA niyojana kavi kI pratibhA kI dena hai jisase duSyanta lolupa, kAmI evaM kartavya cyuta vyakti na hokara udAtta caritra kA vyakti siddha hotA haiN| 'zAkuMtala' meM anya do nATakoM kI bhAti sapatnI-kalaha evaM praNayadvandva ko sthAna nahIM milA hai| isameM kavi ne niyatidvandva kA samAveza kara nATakIya gatyAtmakatA, autsukya evaM ghaTanAcakra kA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata kI hRdayahIna evaM svArthI zakuntalA mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI pratibhA ke Aloka meM bhAsvara hokara mahAn bana gayI hai aura kavi kI pratibhA ne maulika udbhAvanAoM ke dvArA usake vyaktitva ko unnata kara diyA hai| viraha kI AMca meM jalakara duSyanta evaM zakuMtalA donoM ke hI caritra ujjvala ho gaye haiM aura unake hRdaya kI vAsanA kA kaluSa bhasmIbhUta ho gayA hai| zakuntalA meM kAlidAsa kA zRGgAra svastha evaM bhAratIya garimA ke anukUla hai, jisakA uddezya putrotpatti kA sAdhana bananA hai| isameM sarasa evaM mArmika sthala atyadhika haiM tathA prakRti kA bar3A hI manorama citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai| sarasa sthaloM meM caturtha aMka kA zakuntalA kI vidAI vAlA dRzya bar3A hI hRdayahArI hai| sundara upamAoM evaM hRdaya kI mArmika bhAvavyaMjanA kI to 'zakuntalA' khAna hai| kavi kAlidAsa ne apane kavitva para pUrNataH niyantraNa rakhakara bhAvukatA ke atireka meM apane ko bahAyA nahIM hai aura nATakIya vyApAra kI gatyAtmakatA para dhyAna rakhate hue kAvya evaM nATaka donoM ke milana-vindu ko 'abhijJAnazAkuMtala' meM saphalatApUrvaka darzAyA hai| aura yahI unakI saphalatA kA rahasya bhI hai [ de0 abhijJAna zAkuntala] / saMskRta ke tRtIya prasiddha nATakakAra haiM 'zudraka' jinhoMne 'mRcchakaTika' nAmaka yathArthavAdI nATaka kI racanA kI hai| inhoMne bhAsakRta 'cArudasa' ke AdhAra para apane 'prakaraNa' kA nirmANa kiyA hai| 'mRcchakaTika' meM dasa aMka haiM aura brAhmaNa cArudatta tathA vezyA vasantasenA kI prema-kahAnI varNita hai| isakA pratinAyaka rAjA kA sAlA zakAra hai / isa prakaraNa meM sAtha-sAtha do pradhAna ghaTanAeM calatI haiM jinameM eka kA sambandha vasantasenA tathA cArudatta se hai tathA dUsarI Aryaka kI rAjya-prApti se sambaddha hai| nATakakAra ne prema kI kathA ko rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM ke sAtha sambaddha kara anaThI cAturI kA paricaya diyA hai aura do ghaTanAoM ko isa prakAra anusyUta kiyA hai ki ve pRthak nahIM hotii| 'mRcchakaTika' meM jIvana kI yathArtha bhUmi ko AdhAra banAkara aise caritra kI avatAraNA kI gayI hai jo sArvadezika haiN| yaha saMskRta kI prathama yathArthavAdI racanA hai jisameM rAjA-rAniyoM kI praNaya-gAthA prastuta na kara daridra, brAhmaNa, vezyA, cora, juArI evaM luccoM kI bANI mukharita huI hai / 'mRcchakaTika' aneka prakAra kI prAkRtoM ke prayoga,

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saMskRta nATaka] ( 621 ) [saMskRta nATaka anUThA hAsya-citraNa, sarasa tathA sadyaH pratyabhijJeya zailI evaM samakAlIna samAja kA vAstavika citra ubhArane ke kAraNa saMskRta nATakoM kA Aja bhI zRGgAra banA huA hai| mahAkavi azvaghoSa-kRta tIna nATaka upalabdha hue haiM jinheM DaoN0 lUDasaM ne 1910 I0 meM madhya eziyA ke tUrphAna nAmaka sthAna meM prApta kiyA thaa| inameM do adhUre haiM aura eka nau aMkoM 'zAriputraprakaraNa' hai jisa para bhagavAna buddha ke upadeza kA prabhAva hai / mahArAja harSavardhana kI tIna racanAeM prApta hotI haiM, jinameM do nATikAeM-'priyadarzikA' evaM 'ratnAvalI' haiM tathA eka rUpaka hai 'nAgAnanda' / prathama do nATikAoM meM vatsarAja udayana kI prema-kathA hai tathA 'nAgAnanda' meM vidyAdhara jImUtavAhana dvArA nAgoM ko garur3a se bacAne kI kathA varNita hai| kathAnaka ke gaThana kI dRSTi se 'ratnAvalI' uccakoTi kI racanA siddha hotI hai aura isameM zRGgArarasopayukta prasAda guNa yukta sarasa zailI prayukta huI hai| bhaTTa nArAyaNa kRta 'veNIsaMhAra' saMskRta kA vIrarasapradhAna nATaka hai| isakI racanA 6 aMkoM meM huI hai aura nATaka ke zAstrIya niyamoM kA kaThoratApUrvaka niyojana kiyA gayA haiN| isIlie ise nATyazAstrIya evaM kAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM bar3I prasiddhi prApta huI hai| isakI kathA paurANika hai aura mahAbhArata kI eka prasiddha ghaTana ko kathA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai, aura vaha hai, duryodhana ke rakta se raMjita hAthoMsebhImasema kA dropadI ke kezoM ko baaNdhnaa| isakI zailI ojaguNa se yukta hai tathA kaI ojapUrNa saMvAdoM kA niyojana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya aMka meM kavi ne duryodhana evaM usakI patnI bhAnumatI ke prema-pradarzana kA asvAbhAvika citraNa kara rasa kI dRSTi se anaucitya upasthita kara diyA hai, jise AcAryoM ne akANDa-prathana doSa kI saMjJA dI hai| vizAkhadatta ne 'mudrArAkSasa' nAmaka mahAn nATyakRti kI racanA kI hai jisameM rAjanaitika dAMvapeMca evaM kUTanIti kI pradhAnatA hai| isameM cANakya evaM sakSasa kITanItika cAloM kA rasAtmaka varNana hai jise AcAryoM ne nATakIya pravidhi kI saphalatA ke kAraNa zakuntalA ke samakakSa mAnA hai| isameM zRGgAra rasa evaM strI pAtroM tathA hAsya kA abhAva hai jo kavi kI anUThI kalpanA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| kavi ne viSaya ke anurUpa zailI kA gaThana kiyA hai| saMskRta nATakakAroM meM kAlidAsa ke bAda. mahAkavi bhavabhUti kA sthAna sarvathA gauravAspada hai| inake tIna nATaka haiM-'mAlatImAdhava', 'mahAvIracarita' evaM 'uttararAmacarita' / 'mahAvIracarita' prathama nATyakRti hai jisameM rAmacarita ko nATakIya rUpa diyA gayA hai / rAma-vivAha se lekara rAmarAjyAbhiSeka taka kI ghaTanAeM isameM varNita haiN| 'mAlatImAdhava' dasa aMkoM kA prakaraNa hai tathA isakI kathA kAlpanika hai| isameM mAlatI evaM mAdhava kI praNaya-kathA ke mAdhyama se kavi ne yauvana ke unmAdaka prema kA citraNa kiyA hai| 'uttararAmacarita' bhavabhUti kI sarvazreSTha racanA evaM saMskRta nATyasAhitya kA gaurava hai| isameM kavi ne uttara sItA-carita kA atyanta karuNa varNana kiyA hai / isa nATaka meM karuNa rasa kA saphala citraNa kara bhavabhUti ne usakI rasarAjatA siddha kI hai / isakI racanA sAta aMkoM meM huI hai| bhavabhUti ne gItinATya kI racanA kI hai jisameM kavitva evaM pANDitya kA adbhuta sammizraNa hai| bhavabhUti prahati se

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saMskRta nATaka] ( 622 ) [saMskRta nATaka gambhIra haiM aura inakI : yaha gaMbhIratA inakI bauddhikatA ke rUpa meM nATakoM meM rUpAyita huI hai| inhoMne prakRti ke ugra rUpa kA atyanta sundara varNana kiyA hai| bhASA para to inakA asAdhAraNa adhikAra hai| inake nATakoM meM hAsya kA abhAva hai aura raMgamaMcIya dRSTi se kaI prakAra ke doSa dikhAI par3ate haiN| bhavabhUti kA kavi bhAvukatA kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara apane nATakoM ko pAThya banA detA hai| inhoMne jIvana ke komala, kaTu, rodra evaM bIbhatsa sabhI pakSoM kA samAna adhikAra ke sAtha sundara citraNa kiyA hai| dAmpatya jIvana ke Adarza rUpa ko citrita karane meM bhavabhUti ne saMskRta ke sabhI kaviyoM ko pIche chor3a diyA hai| ____ saMskRta ke anya nATakakAroM meM aneka vyakti mAte haiN| paravartI nATakakAroM kI pravRtti anAvazyaka varNanoM evaM kAvyazailI ke cAkyadhikya kI ora gayI, phalataH saMskRta meM kAvya-nATakoM kI bAr3ha-sI A gayI hai| aise nATakoM ko aitihAsikoM ne hrAsonmukhI kAvyazailI kA nATaka kahA hai / aise nATakakAroM meM murAri Ate haiM jinhoMne 'anagharAghava' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kI hai| isameM rAmacarita ko nATakIya viSaya banAyA gayA hai tathA kavi kA dhyAna vividha zAstroM ke pANDitya-pradarzana tathA padalAlitya kI ora adhika hai| isameM nATakIya vyApAroM kA sarvathA abhAva hai evaM nATaka anAvazyaka varNanoM evaM lalita padoM ke bhAra se bojhila ho uThA hai| kavi ne lambe-lambe chandoM kA adhika varNana kara nATakIya aucitya evaM santulana ko kho diyA hai| inake bAda ke nATakakAroM para murAri kA hI adhika prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai / ____ bhavabhUti ke pazcAt eka prakAra se saMskRta nATakoM kA jvalanta yuga samApta ho jAtA haiM aura aise nATakoM kI racanA hone lagatI hai jo nAma bhara ke lie nATaka haiN| navama zatAbdI ke Arambha meM zaktibhadra ne 'AzcaryacUDAmaNi' nAmaka nATaka kI racanA kI jisa meM zUrpaNakhA-prasaGga se lekara laMkA-vijaya evaM sItA kI agni-parIkSA taka kI rAma-kathA varNita hai| isI zatAbdI ke anya nATakakAroM meM 'hanumannATaka' ke racayitA dAmodara mizra evaM rAjazekhara hue| rAjazekhara ne tIna nATaka evaM eka saTTaka-'kapUramaMjarI'likhA / tIna nATaka haiM-'vizAlabhaMjikA', 'bAlarAmAyaNa' evaM 'bAlamahAbhArata' / 'vizAlabhaMjikA' cAra aMkoM kI nATikA hai tathA 'bAlarAmAyaNa' dasa aMkoM kA mahAnATaka hai, jisameM rAmAyaNa kI kathA kA varNana hai / 'bAlamahAbhArata' ke do hI aMka upalabdha hue haiN| rAjazekhara ne apane nATakoM meM lambe-lambe varNanoM kA samAveza kiyA hai jo nATyakalA kI dRSTi se upayukta nahIM hai| inakI pratibhA mahAkAvyalekhana ke adhika upayukta thii| inhoMne zArdUlavikrIr3ita jaise lambe chanda kA adhika prayoga kiyA hai| 'hanumannATaka' 14 aMkoM kA mahAnATaka hai jisameM prAkRta kA prayoga nahIM hai aura gadya se adhika pakSoM kI saMsthA hai| baura bAcArya diGnAga (1000 I.) ne 'kundamAlA' nAmaka nATaka meM uttararAmacarita kI kathA kA varNana kiyA hai jo 6 aMkoM meM samApta hamA hai| ina para bhavabhUti kI zailI kA adhika prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| gyArahIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM kRSNamizra ne apanA prasiddha pratIkAtmaka nATaka 'praboSacandrodaya' lisA jisameM zAntarasa kI pradhAnatA hai / ye saMskRta meM pratIka nATaka ke pravartaka mAne jAte

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] ( 623 ) [ saMskRta mahAkAvya haiN| 'prabodhacandrodaya' ke anukaraNa para saMskRta meM aneka pratIkAtmaka nATaka likhe gae jinameM yazapAla ( 13 vIM zatI) racita 'mohaparAjaya', beMkaTanAtha ( 14 vIM zatI) biracita 'saMkalpa- sUryodaya' tathA karNapUra ( 16 vIM zatI) kRta 'caitanyacandrodaya' nAmaka nATaka atyadhika prasiddha haiM / jayadeva ( 1250 I0 ) kavikRta 'prasannarAghava' nATaka meM rAmacarita kA varNana hai / isa nATaka meM bhI hrAsonmukhI nATakoM ke sabhI doSa vidyamAna haiN| saMskRta meM rUpaka ke dasa evaM uparUpaka ke 17 bheda kiye gaye haiM / ina sabhI bhedoM ke AdhAra para saMskRta meM vizAla nATya sAhitya prastuta huA hai aura pratyeka bheda kI pRthak-pRthak aitihAsika paramparA rahI hai / inameM prahasana evaM bhANa kI saMkhyA adhika hai / saMskRta kA prAcInatama prahasana 'mattavilAsa' hai jisake racayitA mahendravikrama varmA the ( 576 - 600 I0 ) / anya prahasanakAroM meM kavirAja zaMkhadhara kA nAma prasiddha hai, inake grantha kA nAma hai 'laTakamelaka' / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta DrAmA - kItha / 2. saMskRta nATaka - kItha (hindI anuvAda) / 3. DrAmA ina saMskRta liTarecara - jAgIradAra / 4. saMskRta nATakakAra - kAnti kizorabharaliyA / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 6. bhAratIya nATyasAhitya - saM0 DaoN0 nagendra / 7. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - dAsa gupta evaM De / 8. saMskRta DrAmA - zrI induzekhara / -- saMskRta mahAkAvya - saMskRta sAhitma meM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna mahAkAvya kA hai / isakA sarvaprathama svarUpa vizleSaNa daNDI racita 'kAvyAdarza' meM prApta hotA hai tayaH kAlAntara meM rudraTa : kAvyAlaMkAra ) evaM mahApAtra vizvanAtha dvArA (sAhityadarpaNa) maiM ise pUrNa pror3hatA prApta hotI hai / mahAkAvya viSayapradhAna itivRttAtmaka kAvya hai jisameM sAnubandha kathA, bhAvavyaMjanA tathA vastuvyaMjanA para adhika bala diyA jAtA hai / vizvanAtha ke anusAra mahAkAvya kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai- "sagaMbandho mahAkAvyaM tatraiko nAyakaH suraH // sadvaMzaH kSatriyo vApi dhIrodAttaguNAnvitaH / ekavaMzabhavA bhUpAH kulajA bahavo'pi vA // zRGgAravIrazAntAnAmeko'GgI rasa iSyate / aGgAni sarve'pi rasAH sarve nATakasandhayaH / itihAsodbhavaM vRttamanyadvA sajjanAzrayam // catvArastasya vargAH syusteSvekaM ca phalaM bhavet // AdI namastriyAzIrvA vastunirdeza eva vA / kacinindA khalAdInAM satAM ca guNakIrtanam // ekavRttamayaiH pacairavasAne'nyavRttakaiH / nAtisvalpA nAtidIrghAH sargA aSTAdhikA iha // nAnAvRttamamaH kApi sargaH kazcana dRzyate / sargAnte bhAvisasya kathAyAH sUcanaM bhavet // sandhyA sUyendurajanI pradoSadhvAntavAsarAH / prAtarmadhyAhnamRgayAzailartuvanasAgarAH // saMbhogavipralambhI ca munisvagaMpurAdhvarAH / raNaprayANopayamamantraputrodayAdayaH // varNanIyA yathAyogaM sAGgopAGgA abhI iha / kavervRtasya vA nAmnA nAyakasyetarasya vA // nAmAsya, sarvopAdeyakathayA sarvanAma tu / asminnArSe punaH sargA bhavantyAkhyAna saMjJakAH // sAhitya darpaNa 6 / 315 - 125 mahAkAvya sagaMbaddha hotA hai jisakA nAyaka devatA yA savaMzodbhava kSatriya dhIrodAttaguNasamanvita hotA hai / kahIM eka hI vaMza ke ( satkulIna ) aneka rAje bhI isake nAyaka hote haiN| zRGgAra, bIra bora zAnta meM se eka

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] ( 624 ) [ saMskRta mahAkAvya rasa pradhAna tathA zeSa rasa goNarUpa se upasthita kiye jAte haiN| isameM sabhI nATakasandhi hotI haiM tathA kathA lokaprasiddha sajjanadharma-sambandhI yA aitihAsika hotI hai / dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa inameM se eka isakA phala hotA hai| prArambha meM AzIrvAda, namaskAra yA varNavastu kA nirdeza hotA hai tathA kahIM khaloM kI nindA evaM sajjana zaMsana hote haiN| na to bahuta bar3e aura na bahuta choTe isameM ATha se adhika sagaM hote haiM / pratyeka sagaM meM eka hI chanda kA prayoga hotA hai, kintu sarga ke anta meM chanda badala diyA jAtA hai / sargAnta meM bhAvI sagaM kI kathA hotI hai| isameM sandhyA, sUrya, candramA, rAtri, pradoSa, andhakAra dina prAtaHkAla, madhyAhna, mRgayA, parvata, Rtu, vana, samudra, saMbhoga, viyoga, mantra, putra aura abhyudaya Adi kA yathAsambhava sAMgopAMga varNana honA caahie| isakA nAmakaraNa kavi ke nAma se, vRtta ke nAma se yA caritranAyaka ke nAma se honA cAhie / inake atirikta bhI nAma saMbhava hai tathA sagaM ko varNanIya kathA ke AdhAra para hI sagaM sarga kA nAma rakhA jAnA cAhie / saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM uparyukta niyamoM kI pUrNa vyApti dikhAI par3atI hai / saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke bIca vedoM ke stutyAtmaka kAvya kI ghaTanAoM meM tathA saMvAdAtmaka sUtoM meM nihita haiN| yama yamI saMvAda, purUravA urvazI saMvAda, indra-aditisaMvAda, indra-indrANi-saMvAda, saramA-paNIsa-saMvAda indra maruta saMvAda nATaka evaM mahAkAvya ke tatvoM se samanvita haiN| ye sabhI saMvAda-sUkta gadya-padyAtmaka the, ata: olDena varga ne yaha vicAra prakaTa kiyA ki anumAnataH bhAratIya mahAkAvyoM kA prAcInatama rUpa gadyapaJcAtmaka rahA hogaa| saMskRta mahAkAvya kA prArambha 'rAmAyaNa' aura 'mahAbhArata' se hotA hai / 'rAmAyaNa' aisA kAvya hai jisameM kalA ke mAdhyama se jIvana kI saundaryazAstrIya vivecanA kI gayI hai / 'rAmAyaNa' aura mahAbhArata meM vibhinna prakAra ke upAkhyAna hai aura ve hI saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke srota rahe haiM / inhIM upAkhyAnoM, AkhyAnoM, kathAoM evaM akhyAyikAoM kA parizodhana, parivartana evaM parivarddhana karate hue mahAkAvyoM kA svarUpa vikAsa huaa| uparyukta donoM granthoM kI zailI evaM rUpa-zilpa ke AdhAra para maha sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki 'mahAbhArata' kI apekSA 'rAmAyaNa' meM kAvyotkarSakAraka guNa evaM anviti kA Adhikya hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM itihAsa ke tatva pradhAna haiM aura kAvyaguNa gauNa hai, para 'rAmAyaNa' pradhAna rUpa se kAvya hai aura isameM itihAsa ke guNa gauNa haiN| 'mahAbhArata' ke AdhAra para purANoM kA vikAsa huA aura alaMkRta evaM saundaryazAstrIya jIvana dRSTi ke kAraNa 'rAmAyaNa' ne mahAkAvyoM ko janma diyA / uttaravartI mahAkAvyoM kA preraNAsrota mukhyataH rAmAyaNa hI rahI hai / saMskRta ke adhikAMza lakSaNa graMtha 'rAmAyaNa' ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara mahAkAvya kA svarUpa prastuta karate haiM / saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA paravartI vikAsa rAmAyaNa ke rUpa- zilpa evaM zailI ke mAdhyama se 'mahAbhArata' kI viSaya-vastu ko lekara huA hai / mahAkAvyakAroM ne anya purANoM ko bhI apanA upajIvya banAkara unase viSaya-vastu lI hai para unhoMne use 'rAmAyaNa' kI hI zailI meM susajjita aura alaMkRta kiyaa| avazya hI, kucha mahAkAvya 'mahAbhArata' kI bhI zailI para nirmita hue, kintu ve vizuddha kahAkAvya kI zreNI meM

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] saMskRta mahAkAvya mm nahIM rakhe jA sake kyoMki unameM itihAsa kA prAdhAnya thA aura kAvya tasva halkA par3a gayA / saMskRta mahAkAvya kA zreNI vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai mahAkAvya pUrNavikasita vikasanazIla a vikasita prArambhika ( svacchanda) ( 625 ) alaMkRta ( kalAtmaka sAhityika yA anukRta zAstrIya paurANika aitihAsika romAMcaka rUpakakathAtmaka svacchandatAvAdI uttarakAlIna carita- prazasti- nATakIya gItAtmaka manovaijJAnika (rItibaddha) kAvya kAvya vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM meM 'rAmAyaNa' aura 'mahAbhArata' donoM hI parigaNita kiye jAte haiM / alaMkRta mahAkAvya ke antargata zAstrIya zailI meM azvaghoSa tathA kAlidAsa ke sabhI mahAkAvya tathA kumAradAsa kRta 'jAnakIharaNa' Ate haiM / dvitIya zailI ke rItibaddha zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM meM bhAravi kRta 'kirAtArjunIyam' ratnAkara kA 'haravijaya', zivasvAmI kRta 'kaphphiNAbhyudaya' tathA maMkhaka viracita 'zrIkaNThacarita' rakhe jAte haiM / alaMkRta zailI ke tRtIya rUpa ko zabda camatkAra - pradhAna mahAkAvya kaha sakate haiM jisake antargata 'bhaTTikAvya', hemacandra kA 'kumArapAlacarita' dhanaMjaya kA dvisandhAna, sandhyAkaranandI kA 'rAmacarita' vidyAmAdhava kA 'pAvatI - rukmiNIya', tathA haridatta sUri kRta 'rAghavaneSadhIya' Adi haiN| alaMkRta zailI ke paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM 'mahAbhArata' ko sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai / isa zailI ke anya mahAkAvya haiM - jinasena kA 'AdipurANa', guNabhadra kA 'uttarapurANa', jaTAsiMhanadI kA 'varAMgacarita', kSemendra kA 'rAmAyaNamaMjarI', 'mahAbhArata maMjarI' tathA 'dazAvatAracarita' hemacandra kRta 'triSaSTizalAkA puruSacarita' amaracandasUri kA 'bAlabhArata' veMkaTanAtha kA 'yAdavAbhyudaya', jayadratha kA 'haracaritacintAmaNi' kRSNadAsa kavirAja kA 'govindalIlAmRta', nIlakaNThadIkSita kA 'zivalIlArNava', yazodhara kA 'yazodharacarita', amaracanda kA 'paNAnanda', harizcandra kA 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya', abhayadevasUri kA 'jayantavijaya' tathA vAgbhaTa kA 'neminirmANa' Adi / alaMkRta zailI ke aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM meM azvaghoSacarita 'buddhacarita', padmagupta kA 'navasAhasAMkacarita', vilhaNa kA vikramAMkadevacarita', kalhaNa kI 'rAjataraMgiNI', hemacandra kA 'kumArapAlacarita', amarasiMha kA 'sukRtasaMkIrtana', bAlacanda sUri kA 'vasanta' vilAsa' tathA jayacandrasUri kRta 'hammIra mahAkAvya' Ate haiN| alaMkRta zailoM ke romAMcaka mahAkAvyoM ke antargata somadeva kRta 'kathAsaritsAgara', padmagupta kRta 'navasAhasAMkacarita' 40 saM0 sA0

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] ( 626 ) [saMskRta mahAkAvya vAgbhaTa kA 'naiminirmANakAvya', vIranandI kRta 'candraprabhacarita', somezvara kA 'surathotsava', bhavadevasUri kA 'pAzrvanAthacarita' tathA munibhadrasUri kRta 'zAntinAthacarita' haiN| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA-saMskRta meM aise aneka mahAkAvyoM kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai jo kAlidAsa ke pUrva likhe jA cuke the tathA unakI vidyamAnatA ke sambandha meM bhI pracura pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| yadyapi ye mahAkAvya Aja prApta nahIM hote, phira bhI unake astitva ko batalAne vAle prabala sAkSya vibhinna pranyoM meM dikhAI par3ate haiM / 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM 'devarSicarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA gAgyaM kahe gae haiM / paramparA meM 'jAmbavatIvijaya' yA 'pAtAlavijaya' nAmaka mahAkAdhya pANini dhArA racita batAyA gayA hai / isameM 18 sagaM the| lagabhaga 33 granthoM meM isake astitva kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai [ de0 pANini ] | pANinikAlIna vaiyAkaraNa vyADi bhI 'bAlacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA mAne jAte haiN| mahAkAvya ke kSetra meM vyADi. racita grantha 'pradIpabhUta' mAnA jAtA hai| mahArAja samudragupta ne likhA hai ki vyADi ne 'bAlacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhakara vyAsa aura bhArata ko bhI jIta liyA thA [kRSNacarita zloka 16,17] / 'amarakoza' ke eka ajJAtanAmA TIkAkAra ne bhI vyADikRta mahAkAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'bhaTTikAvya' ke 12 ve sarga kI bhAMti vyADi ke bhI mahAkAvya meM 'bhASA samAveza' nAmaka eka adhyAya thaa| de0 orieNTala jarnala, madrAsa pR0 353, 1932 I0] / sUkti saMgrahoM meM vararuciracita mahAkAvya ke aneka uddharaNa prApta hote haiN| patanjali ne bhI 'mahAbhASya' meM 'vArarucakAvyaM' kA ullekha kiyA hai [ mahAbhASya 4 / 3 / 110 ] [ de0 vararuci] | inake kAvya kA nAma 'svargArohaNa' thaa| mahAbhASyakAra patanjali bhI mahAkAvya ke praNetA kahe gaye haiM / unhoMne 'mahAnanda' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thI jisakA vivaraNa 'kRSNacarita ke prArambhika tIna zlokoM (prastAvanA ) meM prApta hotA hai| isa mahAkAvya kA sambandha magadha samrATa mahAnanda se thaa| isa prakAra dekhA jAtA hai ki saMskRta meM mahAkAvyoM kA udaya atyanta prAcIna hai, kintu pANini se vikramapUrva prathama zatAbdI taka kI racanAoM ke pUrNa paricaya prApta nahIM hote| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai-paurANika utthAnakAlIna yA abhyutthAnayugIna evaM hrAsakAlIna mahAkAvya / paurANika mahAkAvyoM meM 'rAmAyaNa' aura 'mahAbhArata' Ate haiN| vAlmIki ne sthAna-sthAna para isa kAvya ko alaMkRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isase unakA kAvya aura bhI adhika bhAsvara ho uThA hai| alaMkAroM ke dvArA rasAbhivyakti karane meM vAlmIki atyanta paTu haiM / sarasatA, svAbhAvikatA evaM prakRti-prema unakI apanI vizeSatAeM haiN| kAlidAsa ne vAlmIki kA AdhAra grahaNa karate hue mahAkAvya ke prakRta mArga kI udbhAvanA kI hai / unhoMne prakRticitraNa kI samasta padati vAlmIki se hI grahaNa kI, kintu usameM apanI pratibhA kA prakAza bhara kara use aura bhI jIvanta bnaayaa| yamaka ke mAdhyama se drutavilavita chanda meM prakRti-citraNa kI navIna paddhati unhoMne hI claaii| kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvyoM

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] (627) [saMskRta mahAkAvya 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'kumArasambhava'-meM kathAvastu kA prAcurya hote hue bhI bhAvavyamjanA, vastuvyaMjanA evaM abhivyaMjanA-zilpa kA nikhAra dikhAI par3atA hai| unhoMne mAnava evaM prakRti ke bIca eka hI bhAvadhArA kA pahavana kara donoM meM paraspara sambandha dikhalAyA hai, aura prakRti ko mAnavIya stara para lAkara usameM navIna prANavattA lA dI hai| unhoMne 'raghuvaMza' meM raghuvaMzI rAjAoM kA varNana kiyA hai [ de0 raghuvaMza ] tathA 'kumArasambhava' meM ziva-pArvatI-vivAha kA varNana hai [ de0 kumArasaMbhava] / kAlidAsa ke bAda saMskRta mahAkAvya meM nayA mor3a AyA aura 'vicitramArga' kI sthApanA huii| isa koTi kI racanAeM saMskRta ke hrAsonmukha-kAla kI kRti haiM, jinameM kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI yazogAthA kA gAna kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ne janasAdhAraNa ke anuraMjana ko lakSya banAkara sarasa, sarala evaM bodhagamya zailI meM jana-mAnasa kA hRdayAvarjana kiyA thA, kintu paravartI kAla ke kaviyoM ne pANDityamaya vAtAvaraNa meM sAhityika garimA pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| kAlidAsa ke bAda prAkRta bhASAe~ janasAdhAraNa meM baddhamUla ho gayI thI aura saMskRta kevala paMDitoM kI bhASA raha gayI thii| ataH, yugacetanA evaM sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para sAhitya kI viziSTa zailI kA janma huaa| kaviyoM ne yuga kI viziSTatA evaM sAhityika cetanA ke anurUpa kAlidAsa kI rasamayI paddhati kA parityAga kara alaMkRta zailI ko apanAyA jisame viSaya kI apekSA varNana-prakAra para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA thA, aura saralatA ke sthAna para pAMDitya pradarzana kI bhAvanA kI prabalatA thii| isa yuga ke kaviyoM ne mahAkAvyoM ko adhika alaMkRta, susajjita evaM vojhila banAne ke lie darzana evaM kAmazAstra jaise zAstroM kA bhI upayoga kiyaa| mahAkavi bhAravi hI isa navIna zailI ( vicitra mArga) ke pravartaka the aura mAgha tathA zrIharSa ne ise aura bhI adhika pariSkRta tathA vikasita kiyaa| mahAkAvya lekhana kI isa navIna zailI ko kuMtaka ne 'vicitramArga' kI saMjJA dii| kAlidAsa Adi ke mahAkAvyoM ke viSaya vistRta evaM jIvana kA vistAra liye hote the| unameM vizAla paTabhUmi para jIvana kI sArI samasyAoM kA nidarzana kiyA jAtA thA, para bhAravi Adi ne kathAvastu ke vistAra kI ora dhyAna na dekara vastuvyaMjanA para hI adhika bala diyaa| sandhyA, sUrya Adi tathA jalakrIr3A prabhRti zRGgArI varNanoM tathA astrazastroM kI phiharista juTAne meM inhoMne sagaM-ke-sagaM khatma kara diye| unhoMne zailI ke kSetra meM vAlmIki aura kAlidAsa kI svAbhAvika evaM rasapezala zailI kI avahelanA kara alaMkAra ke bhAra se dabI huI tathA zleSa evaM yamaka ke prayoga se jaTila banI huI durUha zailI kA prayoga kiyA aura bAge calakara mahAkAvya citrakAvya bana gae aura yamaka tathA zleSapradhAna kAvya kI racanA prArambha huii| yarthaka evaM vyarthaka mahAkAvyoM kI racanA hone lagI phalataH 'rAghava. pANDavIya', 'rAghavanaiSadhIya' evaM 'rAghavapANDavayAdavIya' sadRza mahAkAvya likhe gae / isa prakAra kAlidAsottara kAla ke mahAkAvyoM meM pANDityapradarzana, zailI kI vicitratA, akSarADaMbara, alaMkAra-vinyAsa evaM varNana-bAhulya kI pradhAnatA huI aura mahAkAvya sahaja evaM sukumAra mArga ko chor3akara vicitra mArga kI mora unmukha hue jise aitihAsikoM ne hrAsonmukhI racanA kI saMjJA dI hai| ina mahAkAvyoM meM alaMkRta zailI kA nikaTa rUpa

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saMsAta mahAkAvya ] (628) [saMskRta mahAkAvya prApta humA aura eka hI kAvya meM rAma, kRSNa evaM pANDavoM kI kathA prakaTa hone lagI bora sarga-ke-sagaM eka hI akSara meM likhe jAne lge| saMskRta ke prasikha mahAkAvyoM ke nAma-kAlidAsa ( raghuvaMza evaM kumArasaMbhava ), basvaSoSa (buddhacarita evaM saundarananda ), buddhaghoSa (padyacUr3AmaNi, 10 soM meM ), bhIma yA bhImaka ( rAvaNArjunIyam, 27 sarga), bhartRmeSTha ( hayagrIvavadha ), bhAravi ( kirAtArju. mIyam ), bhaTTi (bhaTTikAvya ), kumAradAsa ( jAnakIharaNa ), mAgha (zizupAlavadha ), ratnAkara ( haravijaya 50 sarga), zivasvAmI ( kaphphiNAbhyudaya ), abhinanda ( rAmacarita ) zaMkuka ( bhuvanAbhyudaya ), kSemendra ( dazAvatAracarita, rAmAyaNamaMjarI evaM mahAbhAratamaMjarI), maMkhaka (zrIkaNThacarita), harizcandra (dharmazarmAbhyudaya ), hemacandra ( dvayAzrayakAvya, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ), mAdhavabhaTTa ( rAghavapANDavIya ), caNDakavi ( pRthvIrAjavijaya ), vAgbhaTa ( neminirmANa ) tathA zrIharSa ( naiSadhacarita ) / [ uparyukta sabhI mahAkAvyoM kA paricaya isa 'koza' meM unake nAmoM para dekhie / 13 vIM zatI ke mahAkAvya-kRSNAnanda ( sahRdayAnanda, 15 sarga), jayaratha (haracarita cintAmaNi, 32 sarga), abhayadeva jaina kavi ( jayantavijaya, 19 sarga), amarasiMha ( sukRta kIrtana, 11 sarga), zrI bAlacandasUri ( vasantavilAsa 14 sarga), somezvara ( surathotsava 15 sarga), amaracandra (bAlabhArata, 44 sarga), candraprabhasUri (pANDavacarita, 18 sarga), vIranandI ( candraprabhacarita 18 srg)| 14 vIM zatI ke mahAkAvya-nayanacandra ( hammIra mahAkAvya 17 sarga), vAsudeva kavi ( yudhiSThiravijaya, nalodaya ) agastya (bAlabhArata, 20 sarga), gaGgAdevI (mathurAvijaya ), mahAcArya ( udArarASava), vedAntadezika ( yAdavAbhyudaya, 24 ) / 15 vI zatI ke mahAkAvya-vAmanabhaTTa (raghunAthacarita, 30 sarga) nalAbhyudaya, 8 sarga), jonarAja (jainarAjataraMgiNI), zrIvara ( jainarAjataraMgiNI ) tathA prAjyabhaTTa kRta (rAjA balipatAkA ) / 16 vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya-rAjanAtha tRtIya (acyutArAmAbhyudaya, 20 sarga), utprekSAvahama ( bhikSATana kAvya, apUrNa 39 sagaM ), rudrakavi ( rASTrauDhavaMza, 20 sarga), candrazekhara ( sujanacarita 20 srg)| 17 vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya-yajJa nArAyaNa dIkSita (raghunAthabhUpavijaya, 16 sarga), rAjacUr3AmaNi dIkSita ( rukmiNIkalyANa, 10 sarga), rAjA raghunAtha kI patnI rAmabhadrAcA ( raghunAthAbhyudaya, 12 sagoM meM apane pati kI vIratA kA varNana ), madhuravANI kavayitrI ( rAmAyaNa 14 sarga), nIlakaNTha dIkSita, appaya dIkSita ke putra (zivalIlAvarNana, 22 sarga), jaina dArzanika meSavijayagaNi (saptasandhAna, 9 sarga), [yaha zleSa kAvya hai aura vRSabhanAtha, zAntinAtha, pAzrvanAtha, neminAtha, mahAvIra svAmI, kRSNa tathA baladeva para samAna rUpa se ghaTatA hai, jaina vidvAn deva vimalagaNi (hIra saubhAgya, 17 sarga), cakrakavi (jAnakIpariNaya, 8 sarga), advaitakavi ( rAmaliMgAmRta) mohanasvAmI (rAmacarita ), zrInivAsa (bhUvarAhavijaya, 8 sarga), varadezika [ lakSmInArAyaNa parita tathA raghuvaravijaya ], bhagavanta ( mukundavilAsa 10 srg)|

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] (629 ) [saMskRta mahAkAvya 18 vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya-taMjora ke rAjamantrI mahAkavi ghanazyAma ne ('rAmapANipAdaM, 'bhavavatpAdacarita' tathA veMkaTezacarita] 100 granthoM kI racanA kI hai| kerala ke mahAkavi rAmapANipAda ne 8 sau meM 'viSNuvilAsa' saMjJaka mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA jisameM viSNu ke nau avatAroM kA AkhyAna hai| rAmavarmA ne ( 1800 I0 meM) 12 sargoM meM rAmacarita para mahAkAvya likhA jisakA nAma 'mahArAjacarita' hai| 19 vI tathA bIsavIM zatI ke mahAkAvya-trAvaNakora ke keralavarmA ( 18451910) ko kAlidAsa kI upAdhi prApta huI thI / inhoMne 'vizAkharAja' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai / mahAkavi paramezvara zivadvija keralanivAsI the| inhoMne 'zrIrAmavarmamahArAja. carita' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA hai / ma0 ma0 lakSmaNasUri (madrAsanivAsI) ne (18591919 I0) 'kRSNalIlAmRta' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya ne 'umApariNaya', evaM 'harizcandracarita' tathA taMjauranivAsI nArAyaNa zAlo ne (1860-1910 I0) 'saundaravijaya' (24 sarga) nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kii| godAvarI jile ke bhadrAdirAmazAstrI (1856-1915 I) ne 'rAmavijaya' tathA kAThiyAvAr3a ke mahAkavi zaMkaralAla (1844-1916 ) ne 'rAvajI kItivilAsa' tathA 'bAlacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhaa| hemacandrarAya (baGgAla, janma 1882 I.) ne 'satyabhAmAparigraha', 'haihayavijaya', 'pANDavavijaya' tathA 'parazurAmacarita' nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kA praNayana kiyA / - saMskRta meM kAlidAsottara mahAkAvya-lekhana kI paramparA meM yugAntara ke cihna spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hone lage the| phalataH usake kalevara meM hI nahIM antaH pravRtti meM bhI parivartana parilakSita huaa| hama dekha cuke haiM ki kisa prakAra bhAravi ne kAlidAsa kI rasasiddha lekhanI ke sthAna para AlaMkArika camatkAra evaM ajita duSya kA pradarzana kiyaa| saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke vikAsa meM yaha parivartana bhAravi se bArambha hokara anavarata gati se pravAhita hotA rahA jise hama mAgha, bhaTTi tathA zrIharSa prabhRti kaviyoM kI racanAoM meM dekha sakate haiN| inameM samAna rUpa se ekAtmakatA, kathAnaka kI svalpatA, vastu-varNana kA Adhikya, AlaMkArika camatkAra-sRSTi tathA pANitya-pradarzana kI pravRtti paridarzita hotI hai| eka guNa inameM avazya dikhAI par3A ki inhoMne 'varNana-vidhi meM kucha-na-kucha navIna kalpanA jor3ane kI satata ceSTA kii'| uttaravartI mahAkAvyakAroM meM tIna prakAra kI pravRttiyAM dikhalAI par3atI haiN| prathamataH aisI kRtiyAM haiM jinheM pUrNarUpa se citrakAvya kahA jA sakatA hai| aise mahAkAvyoM meM yamaka kAvyoM tathA dayAzraya zleSa kAvyoM kA bAhulya dikhAI par3A tathA mahAkAvya zAndika krIr3A ke kendra bana ge| 'nalodaya' evaM 'yudhiSThiravijaya' yamaka kAvya ke udAharaNa haiM jinameM yamaka ke sabhI bhedoM ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiN| zleSa kAvyoM meM kavirAjakRta 'rAghavapANavIya' pramukha hai| inameM pratyeka pada sabhaMga evaM abhanna zleSa ke AdhAra para rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI kathA se sambara ho jAtA hai| dvitIya zreNI ke mahAkAvya muktipradhAna

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saMskRta mahAkAvya ] ( 630 ) [ saMskRta mahAkAvya haiN| inameM kaviyoM ne dUra kI ur3Ana bharane tathA hetutprekSA evaM prauDhokti ke AdhAra para lambI kalpanA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| maMkhaka kRta 'zrIkaNThacarita' tathA mAgha kI racanA meM aise aprastuta vidhAnoM kA bAhulya hai para 'naiSadhacarita' meM yaha pravRtti carama sImA para pahuMca jAtI hai / mahAkAvya kI tRtIya paddhati carita kAvyoM kI hai jisameM itihAsa kama evaM kalpanA kA raGga gAr3hA hai / de0 aitihAsika mahAkAvya ] / saMskRta mahAkAvya kI aitihAsika rUparekhA kA upasaMhAra karate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kAlidAsa ne jisa rasasikta svAbhAvika zailI kA prArambha kiyA thA usakA nirvAha karane vAlA unakA koI bhI uttarAdhikArI na huA / kAlidAsa kA zRGgAra antataH zRGgAra-kalA kA rUpa lekara vAtsyAyana kA anugAmI banA, phalataH paravartI mahAkAvyakAroM ne AMgika saundarya kA vilAsamaya citra upasthita kara mana ko uttejita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / / bIsavIM zatAbdI - bIsavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvyoM meM bhASA, viSaya evaM zilpavidhAna kI dRSTi se navInatA ke darzana hote haiM katipaya kaviyoM ne rASTrIya bhAvanA kA bhI pavana tathA kitanoM ne Adhunika yuga meM mahApuruSoM ke jIvana para mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| isa yuga ke mahAkAvyoM meM prAcIna tathA navIna paramparAoM kA zailI aura bhAva donoM meM hI samAzraya huA hai / noAkhAlI ke annadAcaraNa ne 'rAmAbhyudaya' tathA 'mahAprasthAna' do mahAkAvya likhe haiM / kAzI ke paM0 baTukanAtha zarmA ( 18481944 ) ne 'sItAsvayaMvara', guruprasAda bhaTTAcArya ne 'zrIrAsa', zivakumAra zAstrI ne 'yatIndrajIvanacarita' ( yogI bhAskarAnanda kA jIvana ) nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kA praNayana kiyA / maisUra ke nAgarAja ne 1940 I0 'sItAsvayaMvara' tathA svAmI bhagavadAcArya ne 25 sargoM meM 'bhArata pArijAta' nAmaka mahAkAvya likhA / antima meM mahAtmA gAndhI kA jIvanavRtta varNita hai / viSNudatta kRta 'solocanIya', 'gaGgA' ( 1958 ) meghAvratasvAmI kRta 'dayAnanda digvijaya', paM0 gaGgAprasAda upAdhyAya racita 'Aryodaya' nAmaka mahAkAvya isa yuga kI mahatvapUrNa kRtiyAM haiM / anya mahAkAvya isa prakAra haiM- 'pArijAtaharaNa' ( umApati zarmA kavipati) prakAzana kAla 1958, zrIrAmasanehI kRta ( jAnakI'caritAmRta', dvijendranAtha kRta 'svarAjyavijaya', zrI harinandana bhaTTa kRta 'samrATacaritam', paM0 kAzInAtha zarmA dvivedI racita 'rukmiNIharaNam' tathA paM0 zrI viSNukAnta jhA racita 'rASTrapati rAjendravaMza - prazasti' / AdhAragrantha -- 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa -- zrI kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara - DaoN0 De tathA DaoN0 dAsagupta / 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI gairolA / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa - DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya / 6. saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa - ( hindI anuvAda ) - zrI kRSNa caitanya | 7. hindI mahAkAvya kA svarUpa vikAsa- DaoN0 zambhUnAtha siMha / 8. saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA - nibandha, AlocanA, akTUbara 1951, DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI /

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saMskRta zabda koza ] [saMskRta zabda koza saMskRta zabda koza-saMskRta meM koza-lekhana kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| vaidika kAla se hI kozapranyoM kA nirmANa hone laga gayA thA, para ve grantha samprati upalabdha nahIM hote, katipaya granthoM meM kevala unake uddharaNa hI prApta hote haiN| prAcIna samaya meM vyAkaraNa aura koza ke viSayoM meM atyadhika sAmya thA aura vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI kozapranthoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| usa samaya vyAkaraNa aura koza donoM hI zabdazAstra ke aMga mAne jAte the| una vilupta kozoM meM 'bhAguri-koza' kA eka uddharaNa 'amarakoza' kI TIkA meM prApta hotA hai [ de0 amara TIkA sarvasva, bhAga 1, pR0 111, 125, 193 tathA amarakSIraTIkA pR0 9, 5, 12] / 'haima abhidhAnacintAmaNi' kI svopajJa TIkA meM bhAguri kRta koza ke uddharaNa prApta hote haiM tathA sAyaNa kI 'dhAtuvRtti' (dhAtuvRtti, bhU-dhAtu pR0 30 ) meM bhI bhAguri kA eka zloka uddhRta hai| yahI zloka 'amaraTIkAsarvasva' meM bhI hai ( amaraTIkA sarvasva, bhAga 1, pR0 193) / bhAgurikRta kozagrantha kA nAma 'trikANDa' thA jisakI puSTi puruSottamadeva kI 'bhASAvRtti' (4 // 4 // 143 ), sRSTidhara kI 'bhASAvRttiTIkA' (4 / 4 / 143 ) tathA 'prabhAvRtti' se hotI hai| 'zaunakIya bRhadevatA' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki bhAguri ne 'trikANDa koza' ke atirikta anukramaNikA-viSayaka koI daivata grantha kI bhI racanA kI thI [ bRhadevatA 3 / 10, 240, 6 / 96, 107 ] / bhAnujI dIkSita kRta 'amarakoza' kI TIkA meM AcArya Api. zali kA eka vacana upalabdha hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki inhoMne bhI koza-viSayaka grantha likhA thA ( amaraTIkA, 111 / 66 pR0 28) / zAkaTAyana tathA vyAdhi ke bhI vilupta kozoM ke uddharaNa kaI granthoM meM prApta hote haiM, jinake dvArA unake koza-granthoM kI puSTi hotI hai| kezavakRta 'nAnArthArNava saMkSepa' meM zAkaTAyana ke vacana uddhRta haiM (nAnArthArNava saMkSepa, bhAga 1, pR0 19) / hemacandra kI 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' meM isa prakAra kA ullekha hai ki apane kozagrantha meM vyADi ne 24 bauddhajAtakoM ke nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai (abhidhAnacintAmaNi, devakANDa, zloka 147 kI TIkA pR0 100-101) / vaidika koza-vaidika zabdoM kA sarvaprathama koza 'nighaNTu' hai [de0 nighaNTu evaM nirukta yAska ne 'nighaNTu' para 'nirukta' nAmaka TIkA likhakara vaidika zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI hai| 'nirukta' se jJAta hotA hai ki unake pUrva aneka nighaNTu evaM nirutagrayoM kI racanA huI thii| Adhunika yuga meM kaI bhAratIya evaM yUropIya vidvAnoM ne baiMpika kozoM kI racanA kI hai / bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM zrI vizvabandhu zAstrI ne 'vaidikazabdArthapArijAta' (prathama khaNDa 1929 I.), sAta khaNDoM meM 'vaidikapadAnukrama koza' 'brAhmaNoddhAra koza' tathA 'upaniSadoddhArakoza' nAmaka prasiddha kozoM kI racanA kI hai| zrI campatikRta 'vedArtha zabdakoza' ( tIna khaNDoM meM ) bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa koza hai| anya mahattvapUrNa vaidikakozoM meM zrI madhusUdanazarmA kRta 'vaidika koza' zrI haMsarAja kA 'vaidika koza', zrI kevalAnanda sarasvatI kRta 'aitareya brAhmaNa AraNyaka koza', zrI gayAnanda zaMbhUsAdhale kRta 'upaniSada vAkya mahAkoza', zrI lakSmaNa zAstrI kRta 'dharmakoza' ke vyavahArakANDa

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saMskRta zabda koza ] [ saMskRta zabda koza 3 tathA upaniSadakANDa bhAga 4 ke nAma vizeSarUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| grAsamaina ne 'leksikana Tu di RRgveda' nAmaka prasiddha koza kI racanA kI hai / ( 632 ) lokika saMskRta koza - laukika saMskRta ke aneka mahatvapUrNa koza samprati prApta nahIM hote| ina kozoM kI zailI meM bheda dikhAI par3atA hai| kucha to koza padyabaddha haiM tathA kucha saMjJAzabdoM evaM dhAtu zabdoM ke saMgraha haiN| ina kozoM kA bhI krama zlokabaddha hai, kArAdi krama se nahIM / isameM samAnArthaka tathA nAnArthaka do prakAra ke zabda haiM / amarakoza - saMskRta kA atyanta lokapriya koza 'amarakoza' hai jise 'nAmaliMgAnuzAsana' bhI kahA jAtA hai| isakA racanAkAla cauthI yA pAMcavIM zatI ke bIca hai / isake racayitA amarasiMha haiN| isa para likhI gayI TIkAoM kI saMkhyA pacAsa ke lagabhaga hai, jisase isakI lokapriyatA kA patA calatA hai| ina TIkAoM meM 'prabhA', 'mAhezvarI', 'sudhA', 'rAmAzrayI', tathA 'nAmacandrikA' prasiddha haiM / 'amarakoza' tIna kANDoM evaM dasa-dasa tathA pAMca vargoM meM vibhakta hai / yaha koza mukhyataH paryAyavAcI koza hai / 'amarakoza' ke pazcAt saMskRta kozoM kA nirmANa tIna paddhatiyoM para huA - nAnArthaM koza ke rUpa meM, samAnArthaka zabdakoza tathA aMzataH paryAyavAcI koza / 'amarakoza' ke kucha samaya bAda zAzvata kRta 'anekArthasamuccaya' nAmaka koza kI racanA 800 anuSTup chanda meM huI thii| tatpazcAt 7 vIM zatI meM puruSottamadeva ne 'trikANDa koza' tathA 'hArAvalI' nAmaka do kozoM kA nirmANa kiyA / vararuci racita eka koza kA hastalekha rAjakIya halAyudha ne 'abhidhAna ratnamAlA' vikhyAta hai| isameM svarga, bhUmi, isa para 'amarakoza' 1337 I0 ke sAtha-hI-sAtha pustakAlaya, madrAsa meM surakSita hai / 10 vIM zatI meM nAmaka koza likhA jo 'halAyudhakoza' ke nAma se pAtAla, sAmAnya aura anekArthaM pAMca khaNDa tathA 900 zloka haiM / kA prabhAva hai / yAdavaprakAza nAmaka dAkSiNAtya vidvAn ne 1055 se baca 'vaijayantI' nAmaka prasiddha koza likhA jo bRhadAkAra hone ke prAmANika bhI hai| isameM paryAyavAcI, nAnArthaka, tathA akArAdi krama tInoM paddhatiyAM apanAyI gayI haiM / kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra ne 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' nAmaka prasiddha koza-grantha kA praNayana kiyA jo 6 kANDoM meM vibhAjita hai| isakA dUsarA nAma 'abhidhAnacintAmaNinAmamAlA' bhI hai| yaha paryAyavAcI koza hai / mahezvara (1111I0) ne do kozoM kI racanA kI hai- 'vizvaprakAza' tathA 'zabdabhedaprakAza' / 12 vIM zatI meM makhaka kavi ne 'amarakoza' ke AdhAra para 'anekArtha' nAmaka koza kI racanA kI thI / 12 vIM tathA 13 vIM zatI ke madhya ajayapAla ne 1007 zlokoM meM 'nAnArthasaMgraha ' nAmaka kozagrantha likhA / 12 vIM zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM dhanaMjaya ne 'nAmamAlA' nAmaka laghukoza kI racanA kI aura kezavasvAmI ne ( 12 vIM, 13 vIM zatI) 'nAnArthArNavasaMkSepa' tathA 'zabdakalpadruma' nAmaka koza likhA / 14 vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga medinikara kA 'nAnAthaM zabdakoza' likhA gayA jo 'medinikoza' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa para 'amarakoza' kA gaharA prabhAva hai / anya koza-granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM--jina prabhasuri - 'apavagaMnAmamAlA' ( 12 vIM zatI), kalyANamakRta

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saMskRta zabda koza ] (61) [saMskRta zabda koza 'zabdaratnapradIpa, 5 khaNDoM meM, (1374.I.), paparAgadatta-bhUrika prayoga', rAmezvara. zarmA-'zabdamAlA', daNDAdhinAtha-'nAnAtharatnamAlA' (14 vIM zatI), jaTAdhara'adhinatantra', nAmAMgadasiMha-'anekArtha', 'nAnArthamanjarI', rUpacandra-rUpamambarI' (nAmamAlA, 16 vIM zatI), harSakotiSara kRta 'zAradIya nAmamAlA' (16voM zatI), vAmanabhaTTabANa-'zabdaratnAkara', appaya diikssit-'naamsNgrhmaalaa'| madhureza'zabdaratnAvalI' (17 vIM zatI), vizvanAtha-kozakalpataru', sujana-nAnArthapadapIThikA' tathA 'vandaliMgAyacandrikA', kSemendra-'lokaprakAza', mahIpa-'anekArthamAlA', haricaraNasena-'paryAyamuktAvalI', veNIprasAda-paMcatatvaprakAza', 'anekArthatilaka', rAghava khADe. kara-kozAvataMsa', mahAkSapaNaka-'akekArthadhvanimanjarI', harSa-liMgAnuzAsana', aniruddha'zabda-bheda-prakA',zivadatta vaiya-'zivakoza' (becaka kA koza), 'gaNitArthanAmamAlA' tathA 'lkssnnkosh'| bhuvaneza-'lokikanyAyamuktAdalI', 'lokika nyAyakoza' tathA 'laukiknyaaysNgrh| Adhunika koza-saMskRta ke bAdhunika koNoM meM 'zabdakalpadruma' evaM 'vAcaspatyam' mahAn upalabdhiyAM haiN| rAjA syAra rAdhAkAntadeva racita 'sandakalpadruma' kI racanA 1828-1858 I0 meM huI hai| isameM pANini vyAkaraNa ke anusAra pratyeka zabda kI manutpatti hai tathA zabda prayoga ke udAharaNa bhI haiN| yaha koza samasta bhAratIya zAna kA bRhadakoza hai jo sAta khaNDoM meM likhA gayA hai| vAcaspatyam-yaha 'zabda kalpadruma' kI apekSA bRhattara pRchAdhAra liye hue hai / isake racayitA takaM vAcaspati tArAnAtha bhaTTAcArya haiM / isakA racanAkAla 187360hai| donoM hI koSoM meM zabdakoza evaM vizvakoza kA mizrita svarUpa prApta hotA hai| inameM sAhitya, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, tantra, darzana, saMgIta, kAvyazAstra, itihAsa, cikitsAzAma bAdi ke pAribhASika sabdoM kA vivecana hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM moniyara viliyama ta 'saMskRta iGgaliza DikzanarI', benaphe kI 'saMskRta iGgaliza DikzanarI' tathA vilsana evaM mekDAnala ke koza prasiddha haiN| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM ApTe ne 'saMskRta aMgarejI' bRhadakoza kI (tIna khaNDoM meM ) racanA kI hai to atyanta prAmANika koza hai| inhoMne saMskRta aMgarejI' tathA 'aMgarejI saMskRta' nAmaka do laghukoza bhI likhe haiN| prathama kA hindI. anuvAda ho cukA hai| anya prasiddha koza hai-saMskRta iGgaliza DikzanarI-blyU. yoTsa, 1946 I0 tathA raoNya evaM boliMga kRta 'saMskRta jarmana koza' (185875 ii.)| yaha sAta khaNDoM meM prakAzita bhAratIya vidyA kA mahAn koza hai / hindI meM 'amarakoza' ke aneka anuvAda haiM aura moniyama viliyama kRta koza ke bhI do anuvAda ho cuke haiM / ma0 ma.paM. rAmAvatAra zarmA kRta 'vAGmayArNava' bIsavIM zatI kA mahAn koza hai jo 1967 I0 meM prakAzita huA hai / yaha saMskRta kA padyabaddhakoza hai| ___AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI koSa (hindI anuvaad)| 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI vAcaspati gairolA / 3. hindI zabdasAgara bhAga 1-bhUmikA nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vaaraannsii| 4. saMskRta-hindI-koza-mApTe (hindI anuvaad)|

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saMskRta sAhitya ] ( 634 ) [ saMskRta sAhitya 1 saMskRta sAhitya - saMskRta sAhitya atyanta vizAla evaM vizva ke mahAna sAhityoM meM hai / ise, bhAropIya parivAra kA sarvotkRSTa sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai / mAtrA aura guNa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se isakA sAhitya utkRSTa hai / jIvana ko prabhAvita karane vAlI sabhI tatvoM evaM vicAradhArAoM kI ora saMskRta-lekhakoM kI dRSTi gayI hai aura unhoMne apanI pratibhA ke prakAza se sabhI kSetroM ko prodbhAsita kiyA hai / dharmazAstra, nIti, darzana, cikitsAzAstra, jyotiSa, gaNita, sAmudrikazAstra, karmakANDa, bhakti, kAmazAstra, kAvyazAstra, vyAkaraNa, saMgIta, nATyazAstra, kAvya, nATaka, kathAsAhitya, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya Adi se sambaddha saMskRta meM uccakoTi kA sAhitya likhA gayA hai mora sabhI kSetroM meM yaha sAhitya vipula pariNAma meM upalabdha hai / [ yahAM uparyukta sabhI aMgoM kA paricaya na dekara kevala kalAtmaka sAhitya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAyagA ] / [ vaise anya aMgoM kA vivecana vibhinna sthaloM para dekhA jA sakatA hai, ataH darzana, Ayurveda, saMgIta, kAmazAstra, vyAkaraNa Adi ke lie tattat prasaMgoM ko dekheM ] / saMskRta kA sAhitya mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-- vaidika evaM laukika / [ vaidika sAhitya ke lie de0 vaidika sAhitya ] / laukika sAhitya kA prArambha vAlmIki'rAmAyaNa' se hotA hai jise vidvAnoM ne Adi kAvya kahA hai| viSaya, bhASA, bhAva, chanda-racanA evaM abhivyakti praNAlI kI dRSTi se laukika sAhitya vaidika sAhitya se kaI aMzoM meM bhinna hai tathA saMskRta kA paravartI vikAsa laukika sAhitya se hI sambaddha rahA hai / 'rAmAyaNa' tathA 'mahAbhArata' laukika sAhitya kI Adya racanAe~ haiM evaM inake dvArA sarvaprathama mAnavIya caritra kA aMkana kara navIna zailI kA sUtrapAta kiyA gayA hai| donoM hI grantha kevala kAvya na hokara bhAratIya saMskRti, samAja, rAjanIti, dharma, darzana, arthazAstra, vidhizAstra prabhRti vidyAoM ke sarvAgINa AdhAra grantha haiM [ de0 rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata ] / vizvadhamaM aura darzana ke vikAsa meM saMskRta sAhitya kI apAra dena hai| DaoN0 maikaDonala ke anusAra " bhAropIya vaMza kI kevala bhArata nivAsinI hI zAkhA aisI hai jisane vaidika dharma nAmaka eka bar3e sArvabhauma kI racanA kI / anya sabhI zAkhAoM ne eka kSetra meM maulikatA na dikhAkara bahuta pahale se eka videzIya dharmaM ko apanAyA / isake atirikta bhAratIyoM ne svatantratA se aneka darzana sampradAyoM ko vikasita kiyA, jinase unakI U~cI cintanazakti kA pramANa milatA hai|" saMskRta sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti kA pUrNa paripoSaka hai| vidvAnoM ne isakI pA~ca vizeSatAoM kA udghATana kiyA hai / (1) yaha smRtyanumodita varNAzramadharma kA pUrNa paripoSaka hai / ( 2 ) isameM 'vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra' meM varNita vilAsI nAgarika jIvana kA citra aMkita hai ( 3 ) isa para bhAratIya darzana kI Astika vicAradhArAoM kA pUrNa prabhAva hai, kintu katipaya granthoM meM nAstika darzanoM kI bhI mAnyatAoM kA Akalana kiyA gayA hai, phalataH cArvAka, jaina evaM bauddha darzanoM ke AdhAra para bhI katipaya kAvyoM kI racanA huI hai / mukhyataH kaviyoM ne vedAnta, sAMkhya evaM nyAya-vaizeSika ke vicAroM ko apanAyA hai / kAlidAsa kA sAhitya sAMkhyayoga se anuprANita hai, to mAgha para sAMkhyayoga ke atirikta pUrvamImAMsA

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saMskRta sAhitya] ( 635.) [saMskRta sAhitya kA bhI prabhAva hai| zrIharSa para zAMkaravedAnta ke atirikta nyAya-vaizeSika evaM lokAyata mata kA prabhAva hai / azvaghoSa Adi kaviyoM ne baura-darzana kI mAnyatAoM kA avalamba liyA hai tathA kAvya ke mAdhyama se dArzanika vicAroM kI abhivyakti kI hai| (4) vibhinna kaviyoM kI kalAtmaka mAnyatAoM meM antara par3atA hai| kAlidAsa ne bhAvapakSa kI samRddhi para bala diyA hai to paravartI kaviyoM kI dRSTi kalAtmaka vaibhava kI ora lagI hai, phalataH saMskRta meM prabhUta mAtrA meM vyarthaka, anekArthaka evaM citrakAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| (5) saMskRta kI pAMcavIM vizeSatA hai usakI saaNgiitiktaa| saMskRta kAvya kA saMgItatattva apanI carama sImA para pahuMca gayA hai tathA pratyeka kavi kA saMgIta vyaktigata vizeSatA se vibhUSita hai| "kAlidAsa kA saMgIta madhura aura komala hai, mAgha kA gaMbhIra aura dhIra, bhavabhUti kA kahIM prabala aura udAtta evaM zrIharSa kA saMgIta eka kuzala gAyaka ke anavarata abhyAsa (riyAja) kA saMketa karatA hai / dUsarI ora vilAsitA meM sarAbora hai|" saMskRta kavi-darzana pR0 33-34 / mahAkAvya-saMskRta padya-sAhitya ke antargata mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA atyanta sabala, sazakta evaM garimAmayI hai [ de0 saMskRta mahAkAvya ] / saMskRta ke prasiddha mahAkAvya praNetA haiM-azvaghoSa ( buddhacarita, saundarananda ), kAlidAsa (raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava ), bhAravi (kirAtArjunIyam ), kumAradAsa (jAnakIharaNam ) bhaTTi (bhaTTikAvya), mASa (zizupAlavadha ) tathA zrIharSa ( naiSadhacarita ) / anya mahAkAvyakAroM kI bhI dena kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| Adhunika kAla taka saMskRta mahAkAvya lekhana kI paramparA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM akSuNNa hai| kAvya ke anya rUpoM meM khaDakAvya, gItikAvya, sandezakAvya, muktaka, stotra, upadezakAmya tathA aitihAsika kAvya Ate haiN| aitihAsika kAvyapraNetAoM meM papaguptaparimala ( navasAhasAMkacarita), vilhaNa (vikramAMkadevacarita ), kalhaNa ( rAjataraMgiNI) tathA jayacandrasUri ( hammIra mahAkAvya ) ke nAma prasiddha haiM [ de0 aitihAsika mahAkAvya ] / khaNDakAvya meM mahAkavi kAlidAsa racita 'meghadUta' kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai [ de0 meghadUta ] / isake AdhAra para saMskRta meM dUtakAvya yA sandezakAvya likhane kI paramparA kA pravartana huA aura aneka granthoM kI racanA huI [de0 sandezakAvya ] / saMskRta meM muktakakAvya ke kaI rUpa upalabdha hote haiM jinameM zRGgAra, nIti evaM vairAgya. sambandhI muktakoM kI sazakta paramparA rahI hai| bhartRhari ne zRGgAra, nIti evaM vairAgya nAmaka tIna zatakoM kI racanA kI hai / amaruka kavi kRta 'amarukazataka' tathA govardhanAcArya kI 'AryAsaptazatI' zRGgArI muktakoM kI mahatvapUrNa racanAeM haiN| gItikAvya ke antargata kavi jayadeva kA 'gItagovinda' apratima sthAna kA adhikArI hai jisameM zRGgAra bhakti evaM kalitakomalakAnta padAvalI kA samyak sphuraNa hai| jayadeva ke anukaraNa para aneka kaviyoM ne gItakAvyoM kI racanA kI jinameM 'abhinava gItagovinda', 'gItarAghava', 'gItagaGgAdhara' tathA 'kRSNagItA' Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kRta 'bhAminIvilAsa' gItikAvya kI mahatvapUrNa racanA hai|

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saMkara pAhitya ] (636 ) [saMskRta sAhitya saMskRta kA 'stotrasAhitya' atyanta praur3ha hai [ de0 stotrasAhitya ] / yaha atyanta vidyAla, sarasa evaM hRdayagrAhI hone ke sAtha-hI-sAtha abhivyaktikalA kI nipuNatA ke lie prasiddha hai| aneka dArzanikoM evaM bhaktoM ne apane iSTadeva evaM deviyoM kI prArthanA meM asaMkhya stotrakAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| inameM zaMkarAcArya, mayUra ( sUryazataka) tathA bANabhaTTa (caNDIzataka ) kI dena atyadhika mahatvazAlI hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI 'gaGgAlaharI' bhI stotrasAhitya kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai| saMskRta meM upadezakAvyoM kI prabhUta racanAeM prApta hotI haiN| aise kaviyoM meM kSemendra kA nAma atyadhika prasiddha hai [30 kSemendra / gava sAhitya-saMskRta kA adhikAMza sAhitya padyabaddha hai, kintu isameM jisa parimANa meM gadya kI racanA huI hai, usakA apanA vaiziSTya hai| saMskRta meM gadya-lekhana kI kaI zailiyAM haiN| upAkhyAna, nItikathA tathA lokakathAoM ke rUpa meM aneka granthoM kI racanA huI hai [ de0 saMskRta gadya ] / gadya ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM-bolacAla kA sarala gadya tathA laukika sAhitya kA praur3ha evaM alaMkRta gadya / isakA prathama rUpa zAstrIya tathA TIkApanyoM meM prApta hotA hai| zabarasvAmI (pUrvamImAMsAbhASya ), zaMkarAcArya (vedAntabhASya ) tathA nyAyadarzana ke prakhyAta bhASyakAra jayantabhaTTa ne saMskRta gaha kI zAstrIya zailI kA pariniSThita rUpa prastuta kiyA hai / mahAbhASyakAra patanjali kA gaba akRtrima, sahaja, sarala tathA pravAhapUrNa hai / purANoM meM vizezataH 'zrImadbhAgavat' tathA "viSNUpurANa' meM gava kA alaMkRta rUpa prApta hotA hai / saMskRta gadya kA praur3ha rUpa subandhu, daNDI, bANabhaTTa tathA paM0 ambikAdatta vyAsa ke granthoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai| inakI racanAeM sAhityika gava kA rUpa prastuta karatI haiN| saMskRta meM campUkAvyoM kI aba paramparA prApta hotI hai jisameM gava aura paba kA miSita rUpa prayukta hotA hai / zatAdhika lekhakoM ne campUkAvyoM kI racanA kara saMskRta sAhitya meM navIna zailI kI racanAeM prastuta kI haiM jinameM bhaTTa trivikrama ( nalacampU), somadevasUri ( yazastilakacampU), bhojarAja (campUrAmAyaNa) Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM [ de0 campUkAvya ] / saMskRta meM kathA-sAhitya ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM-nItikathA tathA lokkthaa| nItikathA meM rocaka kahAniyoM dvArA sadupadeza diyA jAtA hai / inameM 'hitopadeza' evaM 'paJcatantra' nAmaka grantha atyanta lokapriya haiN| lokakathAeM manoraMjanapradhAna hotI haiN| saMskRta meM guNAvyakRta 'bRhatkathA', somadevaracita "siMhAsanadvAtriMzikA' Adi granya lokakathA ke pratinidhi haiN| saMskRta kA nATyasAhitya atyanta praur3ha evaM vistRta hai| mAvya granthoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha isameM nATyazAstrIya granthoM kI bhI vizAla paramparA rahI hai / bharata ne 'nATyazAstra' kI racanA IsA pUrva kaI zatAbdI kI thI jisase jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRta nATya sAhitya atyanta prAcIna hai| prasisa nATakakAroM meM bhAsa, kAlidAsa, zUdraka, azvaghoSa, vizAkhadatta, harSa, bhaTTanArAyaNa, bhavabhUti evaM rAjazekhara Adi Ate hai| saMskRta meM rUpaka ke dasa tathA uparUpaka ke 18 prakAra mAne jAte haiN| ina sabhI vidhAoM ke Upara isameM pracura sAhitya upalabdha hai [ de0 saMskRta naattk]| prAcIna

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saMhitopaniSad brAhmaNa] (637 ) [ sandezakAvya zilAlekhoM meM bhI saMskRta kA pracura sAhitya surakSita hai tathA gadya evaM padya donoM meM hI vipula sAhitya bharA par3A hai| saMskRta meM sAhityazAstra tathA kAvyAlocana kI atyanta sazakta paramparA rahI hai| kAvyazAstra ke AdhAcArya bharatamuni hai, kintu inake pUrva bhI kaI AcAryoM ke nAma milate haiN| bharata se lekara paNDitarAja evaM vizvezvara paNDita taka saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA akSuNNapravAha dikhAI par3atA hai| kAvyazAstra ke 6 sampradAya haiM-rasa; alaMkAra, rIti, dhvani, vakrokti evaM aucitya / ina siddhAntoM ke dvArA saMskRta AlocakoM ne kAvyAlocana ke sArvabhauma rUpa kA mImAMsana kiyA hai / ___ Adharagrantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrIkIya (hindI. anuvAda) 2. saMskRta nATaka ( hindI anuvAda)-zrIkItha / 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsapaM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa bhAga 1-saM0 0 rAjabalI pANDeya / ___ saMhitopaniSad brAhmaNa-yaha 'sAmaveda' kA brAhmaNa hai| isameM pAMca khaNa haiM aura pratyeka khaNDa sUtroM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama khaNDa meM tIna prakAra kI gAnasaMhitAoM ke svarUpa evaM phala kA vivecana hai| tIna prakAra kI racanAoM ke nAma haiM-devahUsaMhitA, vAkzabahU saMhitA tathA amitrahU sNhitaa| inameM prathama kalyANakAraNa evaM antima donoM amaGgalaprada haiN| dUsare aura tIsare khaNDoM meM gAna-saMhitA kI vidhi, stoma, anuloma-pratiloma svara tathA anyAnya prakAra ke svaroM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha aura paMcama khaNDoM meM pUrvavaNita viSayoM ke pUraka tathya prastuta kiye gae haiN| saMhitA ke upaniSad yA rahasya kA varNana hone se isakI abhidhA saMhitopaniSad hai / saMhitA kA yahAM abhiprAya 'sAmagAyanoM kI saMhitA' se hai, mantroM ke samudAya se nhiiN| isake TIkAkAra dvijarAja bhaTTa ne isakI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki sAmabrahma ke rasajJoM ke lie isakA adhyayana vizuddha jJAna dene vAlA hai| isake do bhASya hai-sAyaNabhASya tathA viSNubhaTTa ke putra dvijarAjabhaTTa kA bhASya / sAyaNabhASya saMkSipta hai evaM kevala prathama khaNDa taka hI prApta hotA hai, para dvijarAjabhASya atyanta vistRta evaM pUrNa hai| dvijarAjabhaTTa kA samaya 15 vIM zatI ke AsapAsa hai / 1-isakA prathama prakAzana 1877 I0 meM barnela dvArA maMgalora se huA thA (romana lipi meM ) / 21965 I0 meM kendrIya saMskRta vidyApITha tirupati se vizuddha samIkSAtmaka saMskaraNa DaoN. be0 rA0 zarmA dvArA sampAdita hokara prakAzita / sandezakAvya-saMskRta meM sandezakAvyoM kA vizAla sAhitya hai| sandezakAvya ko dUtakAvya bhI kahate haiN| isameM virahI yA nAyikA dvArA apanI preyasI yA nAyaka ke pAsa dUta dvArA sandeza bhejane kA varNana hotA hai| ina sandezakAvyoM kA srota 'vAlmIkirAmAyaNa' meM prApta hotA hai, jahAM hanumAna dvArA rAma ke sandeza ko sItA taka pahuMcAne kA varNana hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa hI isa kAvyarUpa ke prathama prayoktA hai, jinhoMne 'meSadUta' yA "meghasamdeza' nAmaka praur3ha sandezakAvya kI racanA kI hai| inake banukaraNa para aneka sandezakAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| sandezakAvya ke do vibhAga hai

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sandezakAmya] ( 638) [sandezakAvya pUrva evaM uttr| pUrvabhAga meM nAyaka yA nAyikA kA varNana virahI ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai| isake bAda dUta kA darzana, usakA virahI dvArA svAgata evaM prazaMsA tathA usakI zakti evaM sAmarthya kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| punaH usase sandeza pahuMcAne kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai aura gantavya sthAna kA mArga batalAyA jAtA hai| yahAM taka pUrvabhAga kI samApti ho jAtI hai| uttarabhAga meM gantavya nagarI kA varNana, priya yA priyA ke nivAsasthAna kA vivaraNa tathA nAyaka yA nAyikA kI virahadazA evaM sajjanya saMbhAvanA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| tadanantara sandeza sunAne kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai tathA sandeza kI satyatA kI puSTi ke lie use sandeza bhejane vAle kI vizeSatAoM evaM antaraMga jIvana kI gupta ghaTanAoM kI carcA karanI par3atI hai / anta meM sandezavAhaka ke prati zubhakAmanA prakaTa karate hue kAvya kI samApti ho jAtI hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'meghadUta' kA yahI vayaMviSaya hai tathA paravartI kaviyoM ne bhI katipaya parivartanoM ke sAtha yahI kathAnaka rakhA hai| sandezakAvya kA pradhAna rasa viyoga zRGgAra hotA hai jisameM prakRti ko mAdhyama banA kara nAnA prakAra kI ceSTAoM evaM bhaMgimAoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| kAlAntara meM sandezakAvya meM navIna bhAvoM kA samAveza huA aura jainakadhiyoM tathA bhalakaviyoM dvArA dhArmika, bhaktiparaka evaM dArzanika racanAyeM prastuta kI gyiiN| jaina muniyoM dvArA navIna uddezya se anuprANita hokara hI sandezakAvya likhe gae jinameM zRGgArika vAtAvaraNa ko dhArmika rUpa dekara naI dizA kI ora mor3a diyA gayA hai| sandezakAvya kramazaH lokapriya hote gae aura uttaravartI bhaktakaviyoM ne 'rAmAyaNa', 'mahAbhArata' evaM 'bhAgavata' ke udAtta caritanAyakoM ke jIvana ko Azraya banA kara sandezakAvyoM kI racanA kii| vipralambha zrRMgAra evaM bhakti-bhAvanA ko lekara calanevAle sandezakAvyoM meM komala tathA madhura bhAvanAoM kA prAdhAnya hai| inameM viraha kI atyanta hI mArmika evaM sarvAGgINa chabi citrita kI jAtI hai jo anyatra durlabha hai| "guruviyoga meM ziSya kI bhAvavihvalatA, kRSNaviyoga meM gopiyoM kI AturatA tathA bhaktakaviyoM ko prabhuparAyaNatA kA ina kAvyoM meM bar3A hI bhAvapUrNa citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAvoM ko komalatA tathA madhuratA ke anurUpa bhASA bhI bar3I sarala tathA prasAdapUrNa dekhane meM AtI hai| mAdhurya aura prasAdaguNa ke sAtha-sAtha vaidarbhI rIti kA sandezakAvyoM meM parama utkarSa pAyA jAtA hai / " saMskRta ke sandezakAvya pR0 41 / sandezakAvya meM adhikatara mandA. krAntA chanda prayukta huA hai, para katipaya kaviyoM ne zikhariNI, vasantatilakA, mAlinI tathA zArdUlavikrIDita jaise chandoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| sandezakAvya kI prathama racanA 'meghadUta' evaM ghaTakapara kavi viracita 'ghaTakaparakAvya' hai| inameM se kisakI racanA prathama hai, isakA nizcaya abhI taka nahIM ho sakA hai| 'meghadUta' kI bhAvAnubhUti 'rAmAyaNa' se prabhAvita hai, to 'ghaTakaparakAvya' para 'mahAbhArata' kA RNa hai| isa kavi kA vAstavika nAma abhI taka ajJAta hai| abhinavaguptAcArya ne isa para TIkA likhI hai jisameM unhoMne ise kAlidAsa kI racanA mAnA hai [de0 abhi

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sandezakAgya] (639) [sandezakAvya navagupta-e hisTorikala eNDa philosphikala sTasI pR0 65 ] / sandezakAvya kA paravartI vikAsa adhikAMzataH meghadUta ke hI AdhAra para huA aura usameM 'ghaTakaparakAvya' kA bhI mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA / kRSNAcArya kA 'meghasandezavimarza', rAmacandra likhita 'dhanavRttam', kRSNamUrtikata 'yajJollAsa', rAmazAstrI racita 'meghapratisandeza' tathA maithila kavi ma. ma. paramezvara kSA praNIta 'yakSasamAgata' Adi kAvya uparyukta granthoM se prabhAvita hokara hI likhe gae haiM / sandezakAvya kI racanA meM jaina kaviyoM kA mahatvapUrNa yoga hai| jinasena jaina tIrthaMkara pAzvanAtha ke jIvanacarita ko 'pAzrvAbhyudaya' kAvya meM cAra sau meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| isameM 364 padya haiM jinameM 120 zloka meghadUta ke haiN| inakA samaya 814 I. hai| vikrama kavi (15 vIM zatI) ne 'nemidUta' kI racanA kI hai jisameM svAmI neminAtha ke jIvana kA varNana hai| anya jainakaviyoM kI racanAyeM haiM'zoladUta' (sundaragaNiracita ) cetodUta' ( ajJAtanAmA kavi ) tathA 'candradUta' (vimala. kIti, 17 vIM shtii)| - sandezakAvyoM kI praur3ha paramparA 13 vIM zatAbdI se prArambha huii| 12 vIM zatAbdI ke dhoI kavi viracita 'pavanadUta' eka utkRSTa racanA hai| 13 vIM zatAbdI ke avadhUtarAmayogI ne 13. zlokoM meM 'siddhadUta' nAmaka sandezakAvya kI racanA kii| 15 vIM zatAbdI ke viSNudAsa kavi kRta 'manodUta' tathA rAmazarmA kA 'manodUta', mAdhava kavIndrabhaTTAcAryakRta 'uddhavadUta' (16 vIM zatAbdI), rUpagosvAmI kA 'uddhavasandeza' (17 vIM zatAbdI ) Adi isa paramparA kI utkRSTa racanAeM haiN| 17 vIM zatAbdI meM rudranyAya vAcaspatikRta 'pikadUta', vAdirAjakRta 'pavanadUta', zrIkRSNa sArvabhauma racita 'pAdAMkadUta', lambodaravaidya kA 'gopIdUta' tathA trilocana kA 'tulasIdUta' Adi sandezakAvya likhe ge| rAma-kathA ko AdhAra banA kara aneka dUtakAvya likhe gae haiM jinake nAma haiMvedAntadezikakRta 'haMsasandeza', rudravAcaspati kA 'bhramaradUta, veMkaTAcArya kA 'kokilasandeza' tathA yodhapura ke nityAnanda zAstrI (20 vIM zatI) racita 'hnumduut'| ___ saMskRta meM dUtakAvyoM kI racanA 20 vIM zatAbdI taka hotI rahI hai| ma0 ma0paM0 rAmAvatAra zarmA ne 'mudgaladUta' nAmaka vyaMgyakAvya kI racanA kI thii| lagabhaga 74 sandezakAvyoM kA patA cala cukA hai jinameM 34 prakAzita ho cuke haiN| yaha vicitra saMyoga hai ki adhikAMza dUtakAvya baMgAla meM hI likhe ge| DaoN. paramAnanda zAstrI ne saMdezakAmya-viSayaka apane adhyayana kA niSkarSa prastuta karate hue pAMca tattvoM kA Akalana kiyA hai-1. dUtakAvya kI paramparA meM mukhyataH kAlidAsa kA hI anukaraNa huA aura bhASAzailI, chanda tathA bhAva kI dRSTi se maulikatA kA aMza alpa rahA / 2. dUtakAvyoM meM zRGgAra ke atirikta bhakti evaM darzana se sambaddha bhAvoM kI bhI abhivyakti huI / 3. aitihAsika aura paurANika vyaktiyoM tathA gAthAoM ke AdhAra para bhI dUtakAvya race gae kintu adhikatara unakI kathAvastu kalpita hI rhii| 4. samasyApUtti kI kalA ke vikAsa ko isa paramparA se bar3A bhArI bala milA aura meghadUta kI pratyeka paMkti ko samasyA mAnakara kaI dUtakAvya race ge| 5. muktaka kAvya kI bhAMti rUr3hipAlana ke

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samayamAtRkA ( 640) [samrATvaritam prati moha, pANDitya-pradarzana, zabdakrIr3A Adi vizeSatAe~ yuga kI pravRtti ke anusAra isa paramparA meM bhI samAna rUpa se samAviSTa huI / saMskRta gItikAvya kA vikAsa pR0 266 / ___ AdhArapranya-1 hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-ema0 kRssnnmaaghaarii| 2. hisTrI oNpha dUtakAvya oNpha baMgAla-DaoN. je. bI. caudhrii| 3. saMskRta ke sandezakAvya-DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-garolA (caukhmbaa)| 5. saMskRta gItikAvya kA vikAsa-DaoN0 paramAnanda shaastrii| 6. iNDiyA oNphisa lAibrerI kaiTalaoNga bhAga 2, khaNDa 1, 2-DaoN. prANanAtha tathA DaoN0 je0 bI0 caudharI / 7. hisTorikala epa philosikala sTaDI oNpha abhinavagupta-DaoN0 ke0 sI0 pANDeya / samayamAtRkA-isake racayitA kSemendra haiN| 'samayamAtRkA' kA artha hai 'samaya dvArA mAtA' / dAmodara kRta 'kuTTanImatam' se prabhAvita hokara kSemendra ne isakI racanA kI thii| yaha vezyAoM ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdaka sundara vyaMgyapradhAna grantha hai, jo sampattizAlI puruSoM ko vezyAoM ke mAyAjAla se bacane ke lie likhA gayA hai| pustaka ke anta meM isa bAta kA nirdeza hai ki isakA praNayana kAzmIra nareza anantadeva ke zAsanakAla meM huA thA (1050 ii.)| isameM ATha samaya yA pariccheda haiN| pustaka meM eka nApita kuTTanI kA veza banAkara kisI vRddhA kuTTanI se jisakA nAma kalAvatI hai bhaviSya meM vezyA bananevAlI eka strI kA paricaya karAtA hai aura use zikSA dilAtA hai| yahA~ kuTTanI kA upayoga, kAmukajanoM ko Asakta karane kI kalA tathA unase dhana aiMThane kI vidyA kI zikSA dI gayI hai| [185360 meM kAvyamAlA saMsthA 10, bambaI se prakAzita ] / samrATcaritam-yaha bIsavIM zatI kA mahAkAvya hai jisake racayitA paM0 harinandana bhaTTa haiM / ve bihAra rAjya ke antargata gayA jilA skUla ke pradhAna paNDita the| isa grantha kA prakAzana saMvat 1990 (1933 I.) meM huA thaa| isa mahAkAvya meM AMgla samrAT paMcama jaoNrja kA carita cAra sau pRSTha evaM 2500 zlokoM meM varNita hai| prArambha meM kavi ne laMDana nagarI kA bhavya varNana kiyA hai aura usakI tulanA ayodhyA tathA amarAvatI se kI hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM rAnI vikToriyA ke zAsana kA varNana tathA tRtIya meM usake rAjyakAla kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| caturtha adhyAya meM saptama eDavarDa kA vivaraNa tathA paMcama jaoNrja ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana hai| paMcama adhyAya meM paMcama jaoNrja kI bhArata yAtrA evaM samudra-yAtrA kA mohaka citraNa kiyA gayA hai| SaSTha adhyAya meM kAzInareza dvArA samrAT ke vArANasI Agamana kI prArthanA tathA unake vahA~ Ane kA varNana hai| aSTama adhyAya meM dikhI daravAra kA bhavya citraNa tathA navama meM samrAT ke laMDana pratyAvartana kA varNana hai| kavi kI bhASA pravAhapUrNa evaM praur3ha hai| laMDana nagarI kA varNana sImAvanI ki ramaNIyatAyA bhUmaNDanaM laNDananAma gheyA / pAre samudra nagarI garIyovipetA jayatIha loke // 11 // prAptisthAna-TAuna uccatara mAdhyamika vidyAlaya, pauraMgAbAda (bihaar)|

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sAMkhyadarzana] [sAMsthadarzana sAMkhyadarzana-bhAratIya darzana kA prAcInatama sivAnta jisake pravartaka kapila haiM / isa vicAradhArA kA mUla grantha kapila-racita 'taravasamAsa' hai jo atyanta saMkSipta evaM sAragarbhita hai / sAMkhyadarzana ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie kapila ne 'sAMkhyasUtra' nAmaka vistRta grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| 'tattvasamAsa' meM choTe-choTe kevala 22 sUtra haiM, kintu 'sAMsyasUtra' 6 adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita hai| usakI sUtrasaMkhyA 537 hai / maharSi kapila ke do ziSyoM-Asuri evaM paMcazikha-ne bhI sAMkhya-darzana para pustakeM likhI thI, kintu samprati ve anupalabdha haiN| tatpazcAt IzvarakRSNa ne 'sAMkhyakArikA' nAmaka atyanta prAmANika evaM lokapriya grantha kI racanA kI jisa para gauDapAda ne 'sAMkhyakArikA-bhASya' evaM vAcaspatimizra ne 'sAMkhyatatva-kaumudI' nAmaka vyAkhyA-prantha likhe| sAMsyazAstra ke anya mahattvapUrNa granthayoM meM vijJAnabhikSu-viracita 'sAMkhyapravacana-bhASya' tathA 'sAMkhyasAra' hai| inakA samaya 15 vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki saMkhyA se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma sAMkhya par3A hai| isameM tattvoM ko saMkhyA nirdhArita kI gayI hai| ataH saMkhyA ko hI mUla siddhAnta hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma sAMkhya par3A hai / sAMkhya dvaitavAdI darzana hai, kyoMki yaha prakRti tathA puruSa do tatvoM kI hI maulikatA siddha karatA hai / tattva-mImAMsA-sAMkhyadarzana meM 25 tatvoM kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| inake marma ko jAna lene para duHkhoM se nivRtti ho jAtI hai aura manuSya mukta ho jAtA hai| ina 25 tatvoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| prakRti-yaha tattva sabakA kAraNa hotA hai, para kisI kA kArya nahIM hotaa| 2-vikRti-kucha tatva kisI se utpanna hote haiM, para unase kisI anya kI utpatti nahIM hotii| 3-kucha tatva kAryakAraNa donoM hI hote haiM arthAt kisI se utpanna hokara kisI ke utpAdaka bhI hote haiM, ye prakRti-vikati kahalAte haiN| 4-kArya evaM kAraNa donoM prakAra ke sambandha se zUnya tasva jo na prakRti na vikRti kahe jAte haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra haiprakRti-isakA nAma pradhAna, avyakta evaM prakRti hai jo saMkhyA meM eka hai| (kha) vikRti-inakI saMkhyA 16 hai-paMca jJAnendriya, paMca karmendriya, mana aura paMcamahAbhUta (pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza ) (ga) prakRti-vikRti-inakI saMkhyA sAta haimahattatva, ahaMkAra, paJcatanmAtra (zabdatantramAtra, sparzatanmAtra, rUpatanmAtra, rasatanmAtra, gandhatanmAtra) / (gha) na prakRti na vikRti arthAta puruSa 1 / kula yoga 25 / inakA vivaraNa 'sAMkhyakArikA' meM isa prakAra hai-mUlaprakRtiravikRtimahadAdyAH prakRtivikRtayaH sapta / SoDazakastu vikAro na prakRtinaM vikRtiH puruSaH // 3 sAMkhyadarzana kA mahatvapUrNa sidAnta satkAyaMvAda hai| satkAryavAda-yaha kArya-kAraNa kA viziSTa siddhAnta hai jo sAMsyadarzana kA mUlAdhAra bhI hai| isameM yaha vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki kArya kI sattA kAraNa meM rahatI hai yA nahIM; arthAta vividha prakAra kI sAmagrI evaM prayatna se kArya kI utpati hotI hai kyA utpatti se pUrva kArya kAraNa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai yA nahIM? nyAya-baizeSika isakA 70 mA

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sAMsyadarzana ] (642 ) [sAMsyadA nakArAtmaka uttara dete haiN| unake anusAra kumbhakAra dvArA ghaTa-nirmANa ke pUrva miTTI meM par3A vidyamAna nahIM rahatA, yadi pahale se hI usakI sthiti hotI to kumbhakAra ko parizrama karane kI AvazyakatA hI kyA thI? isI prakAra yadi kArya kAraNa meM pahale se hI vidyamAna hai to phira donoM meM antara hI kyA raha jAyagA? donoM ko bhitra kyoM mAnA jAtA hai? isa sthiti meM miTTI aura ghaTa ko bhinna nAma kyoM diyA jAtA hai| donoM kA eka hI nAma kyoM nahIM rahatA? kintu vyavahAra meM yaha bAta bhinna ho jAtI hai / ghar3e meM jala rakhA jA sakatA hai kintu miTTI ke loMde meM isakA rakhanA sambhava nahIM hai| miTTI kA loMdA ghar3A kA kAma kyoM nahIM karatA ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki donoM kA (ghar3A aura miTTI kA ) bheda AkAragata hai to yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki kArya meM aisI koI vastu khA gayI jo kAraNa meM nahIM thii| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki kArya kAraNa meM vidyamAna nahIM rhtaa| naiyAyikoM ke isa siddhAnta ko asatkAryabAda kahate haiN| ___ sAMkhyadarzana asatkAryavAda kA khaNDana karate hue satkAryavAda kA sthApana karatA hai| isake anusAra kArya kAraNa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| isakI siddhi ke lie nimnalikhita yuktiyAM dI gayI haiM-asadakaraNAdupAdAnagrahaNAt savaMsaMbhavAbhAvAda / zaktasya zakyakaraNAt kAraNabhAvAcca sat kAryam // sAMsyakArikA / yahA~ pAMca bAtoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai-(1) asat yA avidhamAna hone para kArya kI utpatti ho hI nahIM sakatI, (2) kArya kI utpatti ke lie usake upAdAna kAraNa ko avazya grahaNa karanA par3atA hai, arthAta kArya apane upAdAna kAraNa se niyata-rUpa se sambaddha hotA hai / (3) sabhI kArya sabhI kAraNa se utpanna nahIM hote ( 4 ) jo kAraNa jisa kArya ko utpanna karane meM vakta yA samaya hai, usase usI kArya kI utpatti hotI hai; aura (1)kArya kAraNAtmaka arthAta kAraNa se abhinna yA usI ke svarUpa kA hotA hai| hindI sAMkhyatasvakImudI pR0 67 / (1) asadakaraNAta-yadi kArya kAraNa meM vidyamAna na rahe to kisI bhI prakAra se usakA AvirbhAva nahIM hotA; kAraNa ki avidyamAna padArtha kI utpatti sambhava nahIM hai| kartA kitanA bhI prayatna kyoM na kare, kintu kArya utpanna hotA hI nahIM / udAharaNa ke lie; kyA bAlU se tela nikAlA jA sakatA hai ? kintu, tila se tela nikAlA jAtA hai, kyoMki tila meM tela kA kAraNa vidyamAna hai| pahale se hI usameM tela rahatA hai| vaha vizeSa sthiti arthAt kolhU meM DAlane para prakaTa ho jAtA hai| nimitta kAraNa ke dvArA upAdAna kAraNa meM apratyakSa rUpa se vidyamAna kArya pratyakSa ho jAtA hai| __ . 2. upAdAnagrahaNAda-dravya kI niSpAdaka vastu ko upAdAna kahate haiM, vaise; ghaTa ke lie miTThI usakA upAdAna kAraNa hai| kisI viziSTa kArya kA bAvirbhAva kisI vizeSa kAraNa se hI hotA hai| jaise; dahI kA SamAnA duSa se hI sambhava hai vA tela kA tika yA velahana se niklnaa| kisI khAsa kAraNa se kisI khAsa kArya kI utpati yaha bhUSita karatI hai ki kArya viSeSa kAraNa vizeSa meM pahale se hI vartamAna rahatA hai|

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sAMsyadarzana] (643) [sAMkhyadarzana 3. sarvasambhavAbhAvAt-sabhI kArya sabhI kAraNa se utpanna nahIM hote / kevala samacaM kAraNa se hI Ipsita kArya kI upalabdhi sambhava hotI hai| isase yaha bAta hotA hai ki kAraNa meM kArya pahale se hI sUkSma rUpa se vidyamAna rahatA hai aura utpanna hone ke pUrva vaha (kArya) avyaktAvasthA meM rahatA hai| 4. zaktasya zakyakaraNAta-zakta yA zaktisampanna vastu meM kisI khAsa vastu ko utpanna karane kI zakti rahatI hai; arthAta jo kAraNa jisa kArya ko utpanna karane meM zakta yA samartha hai, usase usI kArya kI utpatti hotI hai| jaise; tila se tela hI nikala sakatA hai, ghI nhiiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki kArya aura kAraNa paraspara sambaddha hote haiN| 5. kAraNabhAvAt-isakA abhiprAya yaha ki kArya kAraNa se abhinna hai yA usI kA svarUpa hai / udAharaNa ke lie; ghar3A miTTI se pRthak na hokara abhinna hai aura usakA svabhAva miTTI kA hI hogaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki kAraNa kA jaisA svabhAva hogA kArya kA bhI vaisA hI hogaa| phalataH, kArya-kAraNa meM svabhAva bhI ekatA banI rahegI / isa dRSTi se satkAryavAda kI yuktiyuktatA siddha ho jAtI hai / satkAryavAda ke do rUpa haiM-pariNAmavAda aura vivartavAda / pariNAmavAda kA artha hai kAraNa se utpanna kArya kA vAstavika honaa| yahAM kArya kI utpatti se abhiprAya hai kAraNa ke vAstavika rUpAntara se| jaise; dUdha se dahI kA utpanna honA / yahAM dahI ko dUdha kA pariNAma kahA jaaygaa| dUdha kA vAstavika vikAra hI dahI ke rUpa meM mA jAtA hai / yaha mata sAMkhya kA hai / dUsarA mata vivattavAda vedAnta kA hai / isake anusAra kAraNa meM vikAra yA rUpAntara vAstavika na hokara, bAbhAsa mAtra hai| nAnA prakAra ke parilakSita hone vAle vikAra bhrama yA AbhAsa mAtra haiN| jaise; andhakAra meM par3I huI rassI ko dekhakara use sapaM samajhate hue hama bhAga khar3e hote haiM, kintu dIpaka se dekhane para yaha prama dUra ho jAtA hai aura hama rassI ko hI dekhate haiM, marpa ko nhiiN| yahA~ rassI meM sarpa kI pratIti mAtra hotI hai, sarpa ke rUpa meM rassI pariNata nahIM hotii| isI prakAra kAyaM kAraNa kA vAstavika rUpAntara na hokara vivartamAtra hotA hai| yahAM kAraNa se kArya kA asatya rUpAntara hotA hai| vedAnta ke anusAra nAmarUpAramaka bagata kI utpatti brahmA se hI hotI hai, kintu jagat bhrama yA kalpanAmAtra hai, vaha akhatya hai, svapnavat jhUThA hai| jagat kI kevala pratIti hotI hai aura ekamAtra brahma hI satya hai| prakRti aura usake guNa-sAMkhyadarzana pariNAmavAda ko mAnatA hai| isake anusAra prakRti bora puruSa do hI pradhAna tatva haiM, jinake sambandha se hI jagat kI sRSTi hotI hai| prakRti bar3a evaM eka hai kintu puruSa cetana tathA aneka / jagat ke mAvirbhAva ke lie ubhaya tattva ko mAnane ke kAraNa sAMsya detavAdI darzana hai| mana, buddhi, zarIra, indriya kI utpatti kisa mUla tatva se huI hai, isI kA anveSaNa darzana kA viSaya hotA hai| bola, jaina, nyAya-vaizeSika tathA mImAMsA ke anusAra yaha mUla vatta mukma 'paramANu' hI hai| para, sAMsa isa mata ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isake banuvAra bhautika paramANu

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sAMtyadartana ] (644) [ sAMkhyadarzana se nagara aisA sthUla padArtha bhale hI utpanna ho jAya kintu mana, buddhi prabhRti sUkSmapadArtha kaise utpanna hoMge ? ataH sthUla evaM sUkSma sabhI kAryoM ko utpanna karanevAlI prakRti ko hI mAnA gyaa| sAMkhyazAstra meM prakRti kI sattA siddha karane ke lie aneka yuktiyAM dI gayI hai| (1) vizva ke samasta viSaya-buddhi se lekara pRthvI taka-sImita evaM paratantra haiM, ataH inakA mUla kAraNa avazya hI asImita evaM svatantra hogaa| (2) saMsAra ke sabhI viSaya sukha, duHkha evaM moha utpanna karate haiM, ataH sabhI padArthoM meM tIna guNoM kI sattA parilakSita hotI hai| isase yaha sUcita hotA hai ki inake mUla kAraNa meM bhI trividha guNoM kI vidyamAnatA hogii| ( 3 ) saMsAra ke sabhI kArya kAraNa se samudbhUta hote haiN| arthAt saMsAra kAryoM kA vizAla samUha hai jo kisI kAraNa jagat ke rUpa meM avyakta rUpa se vidyamAna rahatA hai, aura vaha avyakta tatva prakRti hI hai| (4) kArya kAraNa se utpanna hokara punaH usI meM vilIna ho jAtA hai; arthAt kArya kA AvirbhAva aura tirobhAva donoM hI kAraNa meM hotA hai / jisa prakAra pratyeka kArya apane kAraNa se utpanna hotA hai, usI prakAra vaha kAraNa bhI sUkSmatara kAraNa se utpanna hogaa| isa prakAra kramazaH kAraNoM kI zRGkhalA bar3hatI jAtI hai aura jahAM yaha zrRMkhalA samApta ho jAtI hai vahA~ sabakA sUkSmatama kAraNa prakRti hI siddha hotI hai| sabase Upara jagat kA eka mUla kAraNa hotA hai, jo prakRti ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| pralayAvasthA meM sthUla kArya yA bhautika padArtha apane kAraNa yA sUkSma paramANuoM meM lIna ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra kI paramparA cala kara jahA~ samApta hotI hai, vahI prakRti yA sUkSmatama avyakta tattva hai| ise hI sAMkhya Adi kAraNa parA yA mUla prakRti kahatA hai / prakRti ke guNa-prakRti ke tIna guNa haiM satva, raja aura tm| ina tInoM kI sAmyAvasthA hI prakRti kahI jAtI hai / jagata ke padArthoM meM bhI yahI tInoM guNa vartamAna rahate haiN| sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti ko mUlatattva evaM nitya mAnA jAtA hai| vaha saMsAra ko utpanna karatI hai, kintu svayaM kisI se utpanna nahIM hotii| vaha eka, vyApaka tathA kisI para Azrita nahIM honevAlI tathA svatantra hotI hai| usakA koI rUpa nahIM hotaa| vaha kevala kAraNa hai aura kArya ko utpanna karatI hai| vaha sabhI kAryoM kI jar3a hai| isakI koI jaMr3a nahIM hai / usakA bhI kAraNa mAnA jAya to anavasthA doSa ho jaaygaa| usake kaI nAma hai-avyakta, pradhAna evaM prakRti / / guNa-prakRti ke tInoM guNa ( satva, raja aura tama ) pratyakSataH dikhAI nahIM par3ate para kAryoM yA sAMsArika viSayoM ko dekha kara unake svarUpa kA aMdAja lagAyA jA sakatA haiM / saMsAra ke sabhI (sUkSma aura sthUla ) padArthoM meM tInoM guNa pAye jAte haiN| ye prakRti ke mUla tattva haiM aura inhIM ke dvArA saMsAra ke viSayoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| ye saMsAra meM sukha, duHkha evaM moha utpanna karane vAle haiN| eka hI vastu eka ke mana meM sukha, dUsare ke mana meM duHkha evaM tIsare ke mana meM bodAsInya kA bhAva lA detI hai| udAharaNa ke lie; saMgIta ko liyA jA sakatA hai jo rasika ko sukha, rogI ko kaSTa evaM tRtIya

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sAMsyadarzana ] ( 645) [ sAMsyadarzana vyakti ko na to sukha mora na kaSTa hI detA hai| sAMkhya kArya aura kAraNa ke dharma meM saMgati sthApita karatA hai, arthAn jo guNa kArya meM hote haiM vahI kAraNa meM bhI vidyamAna rahate haiN| isIlie saMsAra ke mUla kAraNa prakRti meM bhI tInoM guNoM kI sattA hai| sattvaguNa laghu yA halkA, prakAzaka tathA iSTa yA mAnanda svarUpa hotA hai| yaha jahA~ bhI rahegA vahA~ isI prakAra rhegaa| sattvaguNa ke hI kAraNa Aga kI jvAlA tathA bhApa kI gati UdhvaMgAminI hotI hai| sabhI prakAra ke sukha, harSa, uhAsa Adi satvaguNa ke hI kAraNa hote haiN| rajoguNa pravRttizIla yA caMcala hotA hai tathA uttejaka hone ke kAraNa dUsaroM ko bhI caMcala banA detA hai| yaha kriyA kA pravattaMka hotA hai| rajoguNa ke kAraNa vAyu meM caMcalatA evaM gatizIlatA A jAtI hai aura raja ke hI kAraNa indriyAM viSaya kI ora jAtI haiM, tathA mana caMcala rahatA hai| sattva aura tama niSkriya hote haiM; unameM raja ke hI kAraNa gatizIlatA AtI hai| yaha duHkhAtmaka hotA hai, ataH vastu meM isakA prAdhAnya hone para duHkha utpanna hotA hai| tamoguNa bhArI evaM avarodhaka yA niyAmaka hotA hai| yaha sattvaguNa kA virodhI tathA rajoguNa kI pravRtti ko rokanevAlA hai jisase vastu kI gati niyantrita ho jAtI hai / isake kAraNa jJAna kA prakAza phIkA par3a jAtA hai aura ajJAna yA andhakAra utpanna hotA hai| yaha moha bora ajJAna ko utpanna karanevAlA tathA nidrA, tandrA aura Alasya kA utpAdaka hai / yaha duHkha evaM udAsInatA kA kAraNa hotA hai| sattvaguNa kA raMga zukla ( ujjvala), rajoguNa kA lAla tathA tamoguNa kA kAlA hotA hai| uparyukta tInoM guNa virodhI hote hue sahayogI bhI haiN| inameM eka svayaM koI kArya kara nahIM paataa| ye paraspara viruddha hote hue bhI puruSa kA kArya sampanna karate haiN| puruSa yA AtmA-'sAMsyakArikA' meM puruSa kA astitva siddha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "saMghAta ke parAthaM hone se, triguNAdi se viparIta hone se, sabhI triguNAtmaka vastuoM ke lie (cetana) adhiSThAtA evaM bhoktA kI apekSA hone tathA mokSa kI ora pravRtti hone se puruSa kI pRthak sattA siddha hotI hai|" 17 sAMkhyadarzana meM AtmA kA astitva svayaM siddha hotA hai tathA usake astitva kA kisI prakAra khaMDana nahIM hotaa| vaha ( puruSa ) zarIra, indriya, mana tathA buddhi se bhinna zuddhacaitanya svarUpa hai| vaha prakRti ke ghere se pRthak rahatA hai tathA niSkriya aura udAsIna hai / vaha nitya, myApaka, kUTastha tathA avikArI hai, usameM vikAra nahIM utpanna hotaa| use sukha-duHkha kA anubhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha prakRti ke ghere se bAhara hotA hai| vaha sabhI viSayoM se asampRkta tathA rAga-dveSa se rahita hai| sAMkhya puruSa kA anekatva svIkAra karatA hai| isake anusAra pratyeka jIva kI AtmA pRthak-pRthak hai / janma, maraNa tathA indriyoM kI vyavasthA, eka sAtha pravRtti ke abhAva tathA guNoM ke bheda ke kAraNa puruSa kI anekatA siddha hotI hai| ___ sRSTi-prakRti aura puruSa ke saMyoga se hI sRSTi hotI hai| prakRti bar3a hotI hai aura puruSa niSkriya hotA hai| ataeva, sRSTinirmANa ke lie donoM kA saMyoga Avazyaka

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sAMsyadarzana ] [ sAMkhyadarzana arthAt pratyeka jIva meM hotA hai / paraspara bhinna evaM viruddhadharmaka padArthoM se sRSTi kA honA evaM unakA saMyoga kaise sambhava hai / isakA uttara dete hue sAMkhya kahatA hai ki "puruSa ke dvArA pradhAna kA darzana tathA pradhAna ke dvArA puruSa kA kaivalya sampanna hone ke lie paMga aura aMdhe ke samAna donoM kA saMyoga hotA hai jisase sRSTi hotI hai / " pralaya kI sthiti meM tInoM hI guNasAmyAvasthA meM hote haiM, kintu prakRti mora puruSa ke saMyoga se unameM kSobha yA vikAra utpanna hotA hai| sabhI guNa paraspara virodhI guNoM ko dabAne meM saMlagna ho jAte haiN| aisI sthiti meM unakA pRthakkaraNa ho jAtA hai / ataH bhinna-bhinna anupAtoM meM unake saMyoga ke kAraNa sRSTi prArambha ho jAtI hai| sabase pahale mahattattva yA buddhi utpanna hotI hai / yaha sRSTi kI utpatti meM bIja rUpa se sthita rahatA hai; vidyamAna rahatA hai / saMsAra ke vikAsa meM mahatvazAlI kAraNa hone se ise 'mahat' kahA jAtA hai / tadanantara ahaMkAra kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| 'maiM' aura 'merA' kA bhAva hI ahaMkAra hai / isI ke kAraNa puruSa apane ko karttA, kAmI tathA svAmI samajha letA hai, jo usakA mithyA bhrama hai / yaha sAvika, rAjasa tathA tAmasa ke rUpa se tIna prakAra kA hotA hai / sAtvika ahaMkAra se ekAdaza indriyoM kI tathA tAmasa se paMca tanmAtrAoM kI utpatti hotI hai| rAjasa ina donoM ahaMkAroM kA sahayogI hotA hai / ekAdaza indriyoM ke antargata paMca jJAnendriya, paMca karmendriya evaM mana Ate haiN| paMcatanmAtrAoM ke antargata zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa aura gandha haiM / zabda tanmAtrA se AkAza kI, zabda aura sparza ke saMyoga se vAyu kI, rUpa aura zabda-sparza tammAtrAoM se agni yA teja kI, rasa tanmAtrA tathA zabda, sparza, rUpa tanmAtrAoM se jala kI tathA gandhatanmAtrA evaM zabda, sparza, rUpa rasa tanmAtrAoM ke saMyoga se pRthvI kI utpatti hotI hai / pramANa - mImAMsA - sAMkhya kI jJAnamImAMsA dvaita tatva para Azrita hai / isameM kevala tIna pramANa mAnya haiM-- pratyakSa, anumAna aura zabda tathA upamAna, arthApatti evaM anupalabdhi ko inhIM meM gatArtha kara liyA gayA hai| ( 646 ) viveka jJAna hai / ise mokSa yA kaivalya-saMsAra meM duHkha kA kAraNa aviveka evaM duHkha-nivRtti kA sAdhana viveka hai| sabhI sadA ke lie duHkha se chuTakArA cAhate haiN| sabhI prakAra ke duHkhoM se mukti hI apavarga yA mokSa hai| mokSa prApti kA ekamAtra sAdhana puruSa aura prakRti se pRthak hone kA jJAna kahate haiN| isase ( viveka se ) puruSa aura prakRti donoM hI dikhAI par3ate haiN| Age cala kara duHkha se nivRtti hokara mokSa kI prApti ho jAtI hai / puruSa zArIrika aura mAnasika vikAroM se nirlipta rahatA hai / isameM sukha-duHkha kI vyApti nahIM hotii| vaha zuddha, caitanya, nitya, avinAzI tathA mukta hotA hai| puruSa kA na to bandhana hotA hai aura na mokss| aneka puruSoM ke Azraya se rahanevAlI prakRti kA hI bandhana aura mokSa hotA hai / mRtyu ke uparAnta deha se mukti ho jAtI hai aura isa avasthA meM sthUla, sUkSma sabhI prakAra ke zarIroM se sambandha chUTa kara pUrNa mukti prApta ho jAtI hai / Izvara - Izvara ke prazna ko lekara sAMkhyamatAnuyAyiyoM meM matabheda hai| prAcIna sAMsyAnuyAyI Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ( 1 ) unake anusAra jagat

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sAMsyadarzana] [sAMkhyadarzana kA kAraNa nitya pariNAmI (parivartanazIla) prakRti hai, Izvara nhiiN| Izvara nitya, nirvikAra (apariNAmI) tathA paramAtmA mAnA gayA hai| jo svayaM pariNAmI nahIM hai vaha kisI padArtha kA nimitta kAraNa kaise hogA ? (2) yadi yaha kahA jAya ki bar3a prakRti kA saMcAlana karane ke liye kisI cetana zakti kI AvazyakatA hai aura vaha Izvara ke atirikta aura koI nahIM hai, to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM / sAMsya ke anusAra prakRti kA niyamana aura saMcAlana to kriyA hai aura IzvaravAdI kahate haiM ki Izvara kriyA nahIM krtaa| yadi Izvara kA koI uddezya nahIM rahatA to phira vaha kriyA karane meM pravRtta kyoM hogA ? yadi kahA jAya ki usakA koI uddezya nahIM rahatA to pUrNa paramAtmA meM apUrNa icchA yA manoratha kA rahanA asaMbhava hai| isI prakAra anya jIvoM kI uddezyapUrti ko hI Izvara kA uddezya mAnA jAya to yaha mata bhI samIcIna nahIM hai, kyoMki binA svArtha ke koI dUsare ke uddezya kI pUtti nahIM krtaa| ataH Izvara kI sattA asaMdigdha haiN| saMsAra duHkha aura pApa se pUrNa hai, ataH kahanA ThIka nahIM ki Izvara prANiyoM ke hitasAdhana ke lie sRSTi karatA hai| (3) Izvara meM vizvAsa karane para jIvoM kI amaratA evaM svatantratA khaNDita ho jAtI hai| jIva ko Izvara kA aMza mAnA jAya to usameM vaha zakti dikhAI nahIM pdd'tii| ina saba tathyoM ke AdhAra para Izvara kI sattA saMdigdha ho jAtI hai, aura prakRti ko hI jagat kA mUla kAraNa mAnanA par3atA hai / ataH sAMsya nirIzvaravAdI darzana hai| para, vijJAnabhikSu tathA anya TIkAkAra ise IzvaravAdI darSana svIkAra karate haiN| inake anusAra sRSTi-kriyA ke pravattaka ke rUpa meM bhale hI Izvara ko na mAnA jAya para aise Izvara kI kalpanA to karanI hI par3egI jisake sAmIpya yA samparka se prakRti meM kriyAzIlatA mA jAtI hai| aisA Izvara nitya tathA pUrNa hai, para sAMsya isa mana ko nahIM maantaa| sAMsyadarzana vastuvAda tathA dvitvavAda kA pratipAdaka hai| isake anusAra prakRti aura pula ke dvArA hI jagat kI sRSTi hotI hai| prakRti bhautika jagat kA mUla kAraNa hai| vaha sadA kriyAzIla tathA parivartanazIla hai, kintu sAtha-hI-sAtha jar3a bhI hai| ataH usakI jar3atA ko dUra karane ke lie caitanyazakti puruSa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / cetana puruSa ke samparka se hI prakRti sRSTi karatI hai tathA puruSa kI chAyA prApta karake hI usameM mAna Adi kriyAe~ jAtI hai| para, puruSa kI sannidhi se prakRti meM hI kyoM vikAra utpanna hotA hai aura puruSa meM kyoM nahIM hotA, tathA jar3a buddhi meM jJAna kaise utpanna hotA hai, isakA samAdhAna sAMkhya kI yuktiyoM se nahIM hotaa| phira bhI Atmonnati, mukti ke sAdhana, duHkha-nivRtti tathA sRSTi-prakriyA ke siddhAnta ke kAraNa sAMsyadarzana kA mahatva asaMdigdha hai| ___ AdhAramantha-1. ipiyana philAsaphI-DaoN. esa. rAdhAkRSNan / 2. bhAratIya darzana-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / . darzana-saMgraha-DaoN. dIvAna canda / 4. bhAratIya darzanacaTarjI evaM datta (hindI anuvaad)|5. sAMsyataravakaumudI (hindI vyAkhyA)-DaoN. bAcA prasAda mizra / 6. sAMkhyasUtra-(hindI anuvAda) zrIrAma zarmA / .. sAMsyakArikA

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sAgaranandI] (648 ) [sAmavera (hindI anuvAda) caukhambhA prakAzana / 8. sAMkhya darzana kA itihAsa-zrI udayavIra shaanii| 9. sAMsyatasva-mImAMsA-zrI udayavIra shaastrii| 10. sAMkhyadarzanam-zrI udayavIra shaastrii| 11. prAcIna sAMkhya evaM yogadarzana kA punaruddhAra-paM0 harizaMkara joshii| 12. sAMkhyadarzana kI aitihAsika paramparA-DaoN. AdyA prasAda mizra / sAgaranandI-prasiddha naattyshaastrii| inhoMne 'nATakalakSaNaratnakoza' nAmaka nATyazAstra viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| inakA samaya 11 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya mAnA jAtA hai| inakA vAstavika nAma sAgara thA kintu nandI kula meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa sAgaranandI ho gyaa| inhoMne AdhArabhUta AcAryoM kA nAma apane pranya meM diyA hai-zrIharSa-vikramanarAdhipa-mAtRguptagargAzmakuTTanakhakuTTaka-bAdarANAm / eSAM matena bharatasya mataM vigAhma ghuSTaM mayA samanugacchata ratnakozam / / antima zloka / isa grantha kI racanA mukhyataH bharatakRta 'nATyazAstra ke AdhAra para huI hai aura 'nATyazAstra' ke kaI zloka jyoM ke tyoM udhRta kara diye gae haiN| isameM nATyazAstra se sambaddha nimnAMkita viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai-rUpaka, avasthApaJcaka, bhASAprakAra, arthaprakRti, baMka, upakSepaka, sandhi, pradeza, patAkAsthAnaka, vRtti, lakSaNa, alaMkAra, rasa, bhAva, nAyikA-bheda tathA nAyikA ke guNa, rUpaka evaM uparUpaka ke bheda / inhoMne zAstrIya dRSTi se kaI navIna tathya prakaTa kiye haiN| jaise battamAna nRpati ke caritra ko sAgaranandI ne anya kA viSaya banAne kA vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai para abhinavagupta ke anusAra vartamAna narapati ke carita ko nATya kI vastu nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| isakI pANDulipi sarvaprathama zrI silavAMvI ko nepAla meM prApta huI thI ( 1922 I0 meM ) / tadanantara ema. Dilana dvArA sampAdita hokara yaha grantha landana se ( oNksaphorDa vizvavidyAlaya ) 1937 I0 meM prakAzita huaa| hindI anuvAda caukhambhA vidyAbhavana se prakAzita anu0 50 bAbUlAla shaastrii| AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / sAmaveda-vaidika saMhitAboM meM 'sAmaveda' kA sthAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM 'gItitatva' kI pradhAnatA hai jise udgAtA nAmaka Rtvij uccasvara se gAtA thA [ de. vedaparicaya ) / isakA mahatva eka viziSTa kAraNa se bhI adhika hai, jo anya vedoM meM prApta nahIM hotaa| isakI RcAeM geyatA ke kAraNa eka rUpa hokara bhI, anekAtmaka hokara, vividha rUpa dhAraNa kara letI haiM / 'bRhadevatA' meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo vyakti sAma ko jAnatA hai vahI veda kA rahasya jAnatA hai| 'gItA' meM zrIkRSNa ne apane ko 'sAmaveda' kaha kara isakI mahattA pradarzita kI hai-'vedAnAM sAmavedo'smi' 1042 / 'Rgveda' aura 'atharvaveda' bhI 'sAmaveda' kI prazaMsA karate haiN| 'Rgveda' meM kahA gayA hai ki jAgaraNazIla vyakti ko hI sAma kI prApti hotI hai| nidrA meM lIna rahane vAlA sAmagAna meM pravINatA nahIM prApta kara sakatA [ 524414] / ___sAma kA artha-RkmantroM ke Upara gAye jAne vAle gAna 'sAma' zabda ke bodhaka haiM tathA RkmantroM ke lie bhI sAma banda prayukta hotA hai / 'bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' meM 'sAma' kI mmutpatti dI gayI hai| 'sA' kA artha hai RSA aura 'bama' kA svara / ma

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sAmaveda ( 649) [sAmaveda prakAra 'sAma' kA artha hubA 'Rk ke sAtha sambaddha svrprdhaanmaayn'| sA ca amazceti tatsAmnaH sAmatvam / tayA saha sambana; amo nAma svaraH yatra vartate tatsAma [1 // 3 // 22] / mantra aura svara kA samavAya hI sAma kahA jAtA hai| svara meM gItitatva kA samAveza hotA hai / sAma zabda ke aneka artha kiye gae haiM-chanda kI pavitra pustaka', 'yabhASaNa' tathA saMgIta grantha aadi| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ise 'maijika sAMga' kahA hai| udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita ke AdhAra para isake asaMkhya bheda kiye gae haiN| aMgreja vidvAn sAimana ne svaroM kI saMkhyA ATha hajAra batalAyI hai / sAmaveda kA paricaya-'sAmaveda' ke do vibhAga haiM-vAcika evaM gAna / Acika zabda kA artha Rk-samUha hotA hai jisake do bhAga haiM--pUrvAcika evaM uttarAcika / donoM kI mantra-saMkhyA 1810 hai jinameM, 261 mantroM kI punarAvRtti huI hai jisase mantroM kI saMkhyA 1549 hotI hai| inameM 75 naye mantra haiM, zeSa sabhI mantra 'Rgveda' ke haiN| ye mantra aSTama aura navama maNDala se liye gae haiN| isa dRSTi se 'sAmaveda ke apane mantra kevala 75 haiM aura yaha sabhI vedoM meM choTA hai| vinTaranitsa kA kahanA hai ki "Rgveda meM na milane vAle 75 mantra anya saMhitAoM meM jahAM-tahAM, aura kabhI-kabhI karmakANaparaka granthoM meM bhI, prakINaM milate haiN| sambhava hai inameM kucha kisI ajJAta saMskaraNa se bhI liye gae hoN| vaise yahI pratIta hotA hai ki Rgveda kI vikharI paMktiyoM ko milAkara inakA eka aura arthahIna-sA saMskaraNa sthApita kara diyA gayA hai, baza / 'Rgveda' aura 'sAmaveda' meM kucha pATha-bheda bhI milate haiM jinakA abhiprAya yaha kahA jAtA hai ki koI aura prAcInatara saMhitA thI jo bAja hameM nahIM miltii|" prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, bhAga 1, khaNDa 1 pRSTha 126 / Aphekta nAmaka jarmana vidvAn ne ina pATha-bheda ke kAraNoM kI bhI khoja kI hai aura batAyA hai ki ye pATha-bheda jAnabUjha kara gAna kI suvidhA ke liye kiye gae haiN| 'sAmaveda' kA vibhAjana 'prapAThaka' meM kiyA gayA hai| pUrvAcika meM 6 prapAThaka haiM tathA pratyeka prapAThaka do 'adha' yA 'khaNa' meM vibhAjita hai paura pratyeka khaNDa 'dazati' meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka dazati kA vibhAjana 'mantra' meM huA hai| para, pratyeka 'dazati' meM dasa mantroM kA sabhI jagaha nirvAha nahIM kiyA gayA hai; kahIM-kahIM inakI saMkhyA 8 aura 9 bhI hai| sampUrNa pUrvAcika meM 585 mantra haiM / uttarAcika meM nau prapAThaka haiM, jinameM prArambhika pAMca prapAThaka do adha bhAgoM meM tathA zeSa cAra meM tIna ardhaka haiN| nau prapAThakoM meM 22 adhaM, 119 khaNDa evaM 400 sUkta haiM tathA mantroM kI saMkhyA 1810 hai / 'sAmaveda' ke mUla mantroM ko 'yoni ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| yoni svaroM kI jananI ko kahate haiM / katipaya purANoM meM 'sAmaveda' kI eka sahana zAkhAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, para Aja kala isakI tIna hI zAkhAeM prApta hotI haiM-kauthumIya, rANAyanIya tathA.jaiminIya / 'mahAbhASya' meM bhI 'sAmaveda' kI sahasra zAkhAoM kI puSTi hotI hai-sahasravarmA sAmavedaH / kauthumazAkhA atyanta lokapriya hai aura isakA pracAra gujarAta meM hai| isakI 'tANDya' nAma kI eka zAkhA bhI prApta hotI hai / 'tANDyabAhmaNa' evaM 'chAndogya upaniSad' kA sambandha isI zAkhA se hai| sUtra-pranthoM meM 'kalazakalpasUtra', 'lAvyAyana dhautasUtra' tathA

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sAmaveda] (650 ) . [sAmaveda gobhila 'gRhyasUtra' kA sambandha isI zAkhA se hai| isakA sampAdana kara benphI nAmaka jarmana vidvAn ne jarmana anuvAda ke sAtha 184860 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| rANAyanIyazAkhA-isakA pracAra mahArASTra meM adhika hai| 'kaughumazAkhA' se yaha adhika bhinna nahIM hai / isameM kahIM-kahIM ucAraNa kI bhinnatA dikhAI par3atI hai| jaise; koyumIya uccAraNa 'hAu'aura 'rAI' 'rANAyanIya' meM 'hAbu' aura 'rAyI' ho jAtA hai / [ jI0 sTevensana dvArA 1842 I0 meM aMgarejI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita ] / jaiminIyazAkhA-isakA sambandha 'jaiminIya saMhitA' 'jaiminIya brAhmaNa', 'kenopaniSad' jaiminIya upaniSada', 'jaiminIyatrautasUtra' aura 'jaiminIya gRhyasUtra' se hai| brAhmaNoM evaM purANoM meM sAmamantroM, unake padoM tathA gAyanoM kI saMkhyA isa samaya prApta aMzoM se kahIM adhika kahI gayI hai| 'zatapathabrAhmaNa' meM sAmagAnoM ke pada kI saMsthA cAra sahana bRhatI tathA sAmamantroM ke pada eka lAkha 44 hajAra kahe gae haiN| sAmoM kI saMkhyA ATha sahana aura gAyanoM kI eka hajAra pATha sau bIsa hai| aSTo sAma sahasrANi chandogArSikasaMhitA / gAnAni tasya vakSyAmi sahasrANi catudaMza // aSTau zatAni geyAni dazottaraM dava / bAhmaNaM copaniSadaM sahasra-tritayaM tathA // caraNavyUha / / __sAmaveda kI gAna-pati-sAmagAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA haipAmageyagAna, bhAraNyakagAna, ahagAna aura UvaMgAna / 'sAmaveda' ke gAna kI prAcIna pati kyA rahI hogI tathA usameM kina svaroM meM gAna hotA thA; isake lie koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM hai| vartamAna yuga ke sAta svara usa samaya pracalita the athavA nahIM isakA koI puSTa pramANa nahIM miltaa| 'chAndogya upaniSada' se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya sAmagAna ke sAta aMga the-hiMkAra, Adi, upadrava, prastAva, udgIya, pratihAra tathA nidhana / inake atirikta anya pAMca vikAroM kA bhI ullekha hai-vikAra, vizleSaNa, vikarSaNa, abhyAsa, virAma aura snIya / prastAva-mantra ke prArambhika bhAga ko prastAva kahate haiM aura yaha 'haM' se bhArambha hotA hai| isakA gAna prastotA nAmaka Rtvij dvArA hotA hai| udgItha-isake prArambha meM 'OM' lagatA hai| yaha udgAtA dvArA gAyA jAtA hai| pratihAra-do ko jor3ane vAle ko pratihAra kahate haiN| isakA gAyaka pratihAra nAmaka Rtvija hotA hai| upadrava-isakA gAyaka udAtA hotA hai| nidhana-isameM mantra ke do padyAMza tathA 'OM lagA rahatA hai| isake tIna Rtvij-prastotA, udgAtA tathA pratihartA-milakara gAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie eka mantra liyA jA sakatA hai| agna AyAhi vItaye gRNAno hmydaatye| nihotA satsi bahiSi // 1-1 bhognAI (prastAva), 2-oma AyAhi vItaye gRNAno hanyadAtaye ( uddIpa, 3-ni hotA sarisa barhiSi om (pravihAra ) / pratihAra ke do bhedoM ko me prakAra se gAyA jaaygaa| 4-nihotA sasi ba ( upadrava) 5-hirSi bom (nidhn)| isa sAma ko jaba tIna bAra gAyA jAyagA taba use 'soma' kahA jaaygaa| gAyana ke liye kabhI-kabhI nirarthaka padoM ko bhI jor3A jAtA hai, jinheM 'stobha' kahate haiN| hai-bI, ho, vA, hA mAdi / 'sAmaveda ke gAne kI laya ke nAma hai-kuTa, prathamA, dvitIyA, caturSI, mandra bora atisvArtha /

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sAyaNa] (651 ) [sAyama 'sAmaveda' ke pramukha devatA savitA yA sUrya haiN| isameM agni aura indra kI bhI prArthanA kI gayI hai, para unakA prAdhAnya nahIM hai| isameM upAsanA kANa kI pradhAnatA hai tathA agnirUpa, sUryarUpa, somarUpa Izvara kI upAsanA kI gayI hai| vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA se bhare hue isameM aneka mantra haiN| geyatA evaM anya viSayoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa 'sAmaveda' kA sthAna avazya hI mahanIya hai| RSiyoM ne pracAra evaM prasAra kI dRSTi se gItAtmakatA ko prazraya dete hue 'Rgveda' ke mantroM kA cayana kara 'sAmaveda' kA saMkalana kiyA aura use gatizailI meM DAla diyA, jisase mantroM meM svara-sandhAna ke kAraNa apUrva camatkAra kA samAveza huaa| sAmaveda ke hindI anuvAda-ka. sAmaveda (hindI anuvAda)-zrI tulsiiraamsvaamii| kha-sAmaveda (hindI adhuvAda)-zrI jayadeva vidyAlaMkAra / ga-sAmaveda (hindI anuvAda)-zrI rAmazarmA / AdhAragrantha-1. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-vinTaranisa bhAga 1, saha 1 (hindI anuvAda)-vinTaranitsa / 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-(hindI anuvAda) maikddonl| 3. vaidika sAhitya-sUcanA vibhAga, bhArata sarakAra 1955 I0 / 4. bhAratIya saMskRti-(vaidikadhArA). maMgaladevajJAnI / 5. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladevaupAdhyAya / sAyaNa-AcArya sAyaNa vijayanagaram ke mahArAja buka tathA mahArAja harihara ke mantrI evaM senAnI the| ve buka ke yahA~ 1364-1378 I. taka amAtyapada para bAsIna rahe tathA harihara kA mantritva 1379-1387 I. taka kiyaa| unakI mRtyu 1387 I0 meM huii| unhoMne vedoM ke atirikta brAhmaNoM para bhI bhASya likhA hai| unake likhe hue suprasiddha bhASyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-saMhitA-'taittirIya saMhitA' (kRSNayajurveda kI ), 'RgvedasaMhitA', 'sAmaveda', 'kANva saMhitA', 'atharvavedasaMhitA' / kula 5 / brAhmaNa-'taittirIyabrAhmaNa', 'taittirIyAraNyaka', 'aitareyabrAhmaNa', 'aitareyamAraNyaka', 'tADaya' (pancaviMza brAhmaNa), 'sAmavidhAnabrAhmaNa', 'AyabrAhmaNa', 'devatAdhyAya, 'upaniSadrAhmaNa', 'saMhitopaniSadabrAhmaNa', 'vaMzavAhmaNa' tathA 'zatapathabrAhmaNa' / kula 13 / 'taittirIyasaMhitA' ke prArambha meM bhASya-racanA.kA upakrama diyA huA hai| jisake anusAra mahArAja buka ke anurodha para sAyaNAcArya ne bhASyoM kI racanA kI thii| mahArAja ne vaidika sAhitya kI vyAkhyA likhane ke lie apane bAdhyAtmika guru mAdhavAcArya se prArthanA kii| ve 'jaiminIya nyAyamAlA' nAmaka grantha ke racayitA the, para anya kAryoM meM vyasta rahane ke kAraNa yaha kArya na kara sake aura unhoMne apane anuja sAyaNa se hI yaha kArya sampanna karAne ke liye rAjA ko parAmarza diyaa| mAdhavAcArya kI icchA ke anusAra prAcArya sAyaNa ko isa kArya ke lie niyukta kiyA gayA aura unhoMne vedoM kA bhASya likhA / tatkaTAkSeNa tadrUpaM dakSa bukmhiiptiH| bAdikSanmAdhavAcArya vedAvaMsya prakAzane // sa prAha nRpati 'rAjan ! sAyaNAcAryoM mamAnujaH / sarva vetyeSa vedAnA vyAkhyAtRtve niyujyatAm // ityukto mAdhavAcAryaNa bIro pusmhiiptiH| banpazAda

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sAyaNa ] ( 652 ) sAyaNAcArya vedArthasya prakAzane // ye pUrvottaramImAMse te vyAkhyAyAti saMgrahAt / kRpAluH sAyaNAcAryo vedArtha vaktumudyataH // ( taittirIya saMhitAbhASyopakramaNikA ) / [ sAyaNa w sAyaNAcArya ke bhASya-lekhana kA vizeSa krama hai, jisakI sUcanA unake granthoM ke upodghAtoM se prApta hotI hai / sarvaprathama 'vaittirIya saMhitA' tathA usake brAhmaNoM kI racanA kI gayI hai / sAyaNa ne isakA kAraNa yaha diyA hai ki yajJa-saMcAlana ke samaya cAra RtvijoM meM adhvaryuM kI sarvAdhika mahattA siddha hotI hai, ataH sarvaprathama isI kI saMhitA; arthAt yajurveda kA bhASya likhA gayA / 'taittirIya saMhitA' sAyaNAcArya kI apanI saMhitA thI, kyoMki ve taittirIyazAkhAdhyAyI brAhmaNa the| tadanantara unhoMne 'taittirIya brAhmaNa' evaM 'taittirIyamAraNyaka' kI vyAkhyA kii| isake bAda 'Rgveda' kA bhASya likhA gayA / sAyaNa ne hotrakamaM ko mahattva dete hue 'Rgveda' ko dvitIya sthAna diyA / 'Rgveda' ke pazcAt 'sAmaveda' evaM 'atharvaveda' kI vyAkhyAeM racI gyiiN| sabhI bhASyoM meM 'zatapathabrAhmaNa' kA bhASya pIche likhA gayA hai| unhoMne apane vedabhASya kA nAma 'vedArthaprakAza' rakhA hai tathA use apane guru vidyAtIrthaM ko samarpita kiyA / bhASyoM ke racanA-kAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki vi0 saM0 1420 se lekara 1444 taka ke bIca hI inakA lekhana huA hai, aura 24 varSoM kA samaya lgaa| svayaM sAyaNa ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki unhoMne rAjA buka evaM unake putra mahArAja harihara ke yahA~ 24 varSo taka amAtya pada kA saMcAlana kiyA thaa| bar3audA kI senTrala lAibrerI meM sAyaNaracita 'RgvedabhASya' kI eka prati saM0 1452 ko surakSita hai, jise sAyaNa kA hastalekha mAnA jAtA hai / sAyaNAcArya kA nidhana vi0 saM0 1444 I0 meM huA thA, ataH unakI mRtyu ke bATha varSa pUrva ukta prati taiyAra kI gayI hogii| sAyaNa ne 'RgvedabhASya' kI puSpikA meM buka mahArAja kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA mahArAja harihara ke sambandha meM bhI likhA hai-taskaTAkSeNa tadrapaM dadhato bukabhUpateH / abhUd hariharo rAjA kSIrAbdheriva candramAH // vedabhASyasaMgraha pR0 119 / vedabhASyoM kI racanA ke samaya sAyaNa kI avasthA lagabhaga 48 varSo kI thI / sAyaNAcArya ke katipaya granthoM meM granthoM ke nAmoM ke pUrva 'mAdhavI' zabda likhA huA hai tathA unake dvArA nirmita 'dhAtuvRtti' 'mAdhavIyadhAtuvRtti' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai / 'RksaMhitA kA bhASya bhI mAdhavIya ke nAma se prasiddha hai / ina nAmoM ko dekhakara vidvAnoM ko bhrama huA hai ki upayukta granthoM ke racayitA mAdhava hI haiN| para vAstavika racayitA to sAyaNa hI haiN| rahasya hai mAdhava dvArA protsAhana prApta kara sAyaNa kA veda bhASya kI honA / mAdhavIya nAma kA racanA meM pravRtta kiyA hai ki fago vedabhASyoM ko dekhate hue Adhunika vidvAnoM ne yaha sandeha prakaTa amAtya jaise vyasta pada ko sa~bhAlate hue sAyaNa ne itane granthoM kA bhASya kaise likha diyA, ataH ye bhASya unakI kRti na hokara unake nirdezana meM ke grantha haiM / saMvat 1386 meM nArAyaNa vAjapeyI jI, narahari likhe gae likhita eka zilAlekha se isa mata kI somayAjI tathA paNDari dIkSita ko svAmI ke samakSa caturvedabhASya-lekhana ke lie agrahAra dekara sammAnita vibhinna vidvAnoM puSTi hotI hai ki vicAraNya zrIpAda kiyA gayA thA /

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sAhityadarpaNa] ( 653 ) [sAhityadarpaNa mmaamaraaaaaaaaaaaaaaansaaraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaxi isase jJAta hotA hai ki uparyukta tIna paNDitoM ne bhASya-lekhana meM sAyaNa ko sahAyatA dI thii| isI zilAlekha kI sAkSI para narasiMhAcAyaM tathA DaoN0 guNe ne antaraMga parIkSA ke AdhAra para bhASyoM kA racayitA eka vyakti ko nahIM mAnA hai [de0 maisUra bhAraphlA. jikala riporTa 1908 pR0 54 tathA iNDiyana aiTikverI, varSa 1916, pR0 19] / DaoN. guNe ke anusAra vedabhASya ke vibhinna aSTakoM kI bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyAzailI ke dvArA unheM eka vyakti kI racanA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA [ de0 AzutoSa jubilI kAmamorezana vAluma, bhAga 5 pR0 437-473 ] / paNDita baladeva upAdhyAya ne bhASyoM kA racayitA sAyaNa ko hI mAnA hai| 'vedoM ke bhinna-bhinna saMhitA-bhASyoM ke anuzIlana karane se hama isI siddhAnta para pahuMcate haiM ki ye saba bhASya na kevala eka hI paddhati se likhe gae haiM; balki inake mantroM ke artha meM bhI nitAnta sAmanjasya hai| mAtra artha meM virodhAbhAsa ko dekhakara bhale hI katipaya Alocaka cakkara meM par3a jAye aura sAyaNa ke kartRtva meM azraddhAlu hoM, parantu vedabhASyoM kI vizAlatA dekhakara, mantrArthoM kI vyAkhyA kA anuzIlana kara, vedabhASyoM ke upodghAtoM kA manana kara, hama isI siddhAnta para pahuMcate haiM ki katipaya bAhya virodhoM ke astitva hone para bhI inake Upara eka hI vidvAn racayitA kI kalpanA kI chApa hai aura vaha racayitA sAyaNAcArya se bhinna koI vyakti nahIM hai|' vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti pR0 86 / sAyaNa-bhASya vedArtha-anuzIlana ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| unhoMne pUrvavartI sabhI vedabhASyoM se sahAyatA lekara paramparAgata paddhati ke AdhAra para apanA bhASya nirmita kiyA hai| vedoM kA artha karate hue unhoMne vedAMgoM kI bhI sahAyatA grahaNa kI hai tathA apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie purANa, itihAsa, smRti tathA mahAbhArata Adi granyoM se bhI uddharaNa diye haiN| sAyaNa ne Rgveda ke prathama maSTaka kI vyAkhyA meM mahattvapUrNa zabdoM ke prayoga, utpatti evaM siddhi ke lie pANini-vyAkaraNa ke lie atirikta prAtizAkhyoM kA bhI AdhAra grahaNa kiyA hai| sUktoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue unhoMne RSi, devatA Adi kA nirdeza kiyA hai tathA sUkta-viSayaka alabhyamAna AkhyAyikAe~ bhI de dI haiN| veda-viSayaka samasta viSayoM kA pratipAdana karate hue sAyaNa ne usake rahasya ko sulajhAyA hai tathA pratyeka veda ke prArambha meM upodghAta ke rUpa meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA prastuta kI hai / unake bhASya meM tatkAlIna yAzika paddhati kA bhI samAveza hai / sArAMza yaha ki apane samaya kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra sabhI AvazyakatA evaM upayogI viSayoM kA samAveza kara sAyaNa ne apane bhASya ko pUrNa banAyA hai, ataH vedArtha-anuzIlana ke itihAsa meM isakI dena amara hai| vaidika bhASA aura sAhitya ke saundaryodghATana ke lie sAyaNa kA Aja bhI vahI mahatva hai aura vahI eka prAmANika sAdhana hai jisake dvArA vedoM kA artha sugamatApUrvaka jAnA jA sakatA hai| ASAragrantha-1. AcArya sAyaNa aura mAdhava-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / sAhityadarpaNa-yaha mahApAtra vizvanAtha-racita kAvya ke dAMgoM kA varNana karane vAlA praur3ha grantha haiM [20 vizvanAtha ] / 'sAhityadarpaNa' lokapriyatA kI dRSTi

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sAhityadarpaNa ( 654 ) [sAhityada paMca se sabhI alaMkArazAstraviSayaka granthoM meM pramukha hai| isameM dasa pariccheda haiM tathA zravya kAvya ke bhedoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dRzyakAvya kA bhI vistArapUrvaka varNana hai| prathama pariccheda meM kAvya kA svarUpa evaM bheda kA varNana tathA dvitIya meM vAkya, pada evaM zamdazaktiyoM kA nirUpaNa hai| tRtIya pariccheda meM vistArapUrvaka rasa kA varNana hai jisake antargata rasasvarUpa, anja, bhAva, no rasa, nAyaka-nAyikAbheda tathA rasa-sambandhI anyAnya viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| caturtha pariccheda meM dhvani tathA guNIbhUta vyaMgya kA evaM paMcama meM vyaMjanA kI sthApanA kI gayI hai| SaSTha pariccheda meM vistAra* pUrvaka avyakAvya ke bhedoM-muktaka, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya Adi evaM rUpaka tathA upaspaka ke bhedoM evaM nAvyaviSayaka sabhI pramukha tathyoM kA vivecana hai / saptama pariccheda meM 70 kAvyadoSoM evaM aSTama meM guNa-vivecana hai| navama pariccheda meM vaidarbhI, gaur3I, lATI tathA pAMcAlI vRttiyAM varNita haiM aura dazama pariccheda meM vistAra ke sAtha dhandAladhAra, aryAlalAra, evaM mimAlavAra kA nirUpaNa hai| isameM varNita alaGkAroM kI saMkhyA 77 hai-zabdAlaGkAra-1 punaraktavadAbhAsa, 2 anuprAsa, 3 yamaka, 4 vakrokti, 5 bhASAsamaka, 6 zleSa evaM 7 citrAlavAra, / aryAlaGkAra-1. upamA, 2 ananvaya, 3 upameyopamA, 4 smaraNa, 5 rUpaka, 6 pariNAma, 7 sandeha, 8 bhrAntimAna, 9 ullekha 10 apahRti, 11 nizcaya, 12 utprekSA, 13 atizayokti, 14 tulyayogitA 15 dIpaka, 16 prativastUpamA, 17 dRSTAnta, 18 nidarzanA, 19 vyatireka, 20 sahokti, 21 vinokti, 22 samAsokti, 23 parikara, 24 zleSa, 25 aprastutaprazaMsA, 26 paryAyokti, 27 arthAntaranyAsa, 28 kAyaliGga, 29 anumAna, 30 hetu, 21 anukUla, 32 AkSipa, 23 vibhAvanA, 34 vizeSokti, 35 virodha, 36 asaGgati, 37 viSama, 38 sama, 31 vicitra, 40 adhika, 41 banyonya, 42 vizeSa, 43 vyAghAta, 44 kAraNamAlA, 45 mAlAdIpaka, 46 ekAvalI, 47 sAra, 48 yathAsaMkhya, 49 paryAya, 50 parivRtti, 51 parisaMkhyA, 52 uttara, 55 aryApatti, 54 vikalpa, 55 samuccaya, 56 samAdhi, 57 pratyanIka, 55 pratIpa, 59 mIlita, 6. sAmAnya, 61 tadguNa, 62 atadguNa, 63 sUkSma, 64 vyAjokti, 65 svabhAvokti, 66 bhAvika, 67 udAtta, 68 saMsRSTi, 69 sakura / inake atirikta sAta rasavat alaGkAroM kA bhI varNana hai-rasavat, UrjasvI, preyasamAhita, bhAvodaya, bhASasandhi, bhaavshvltaa| 'sAhityadarpaNa' meM tIna navIna alaGkAroM kA varNana hai-bhASAsama, anukUla evaM nizcaya tathA anuprAsa ke do naye bheda varNita haiM-zrutyanuprAsa evaM antyaanupraas| isa para cAra TIkAeM upalabdha hai-mathurAnAtha zukla kRta TippaNa, gopInAtha racita prabhA, anantadAsa (vizvanAtha kavirAja ke putra) kRta locana tathA rAmacaraNa takaMvAgIza kRta vivRti / bAdhunika yuga meM bhI 'lakSmI' nAmaka TIkA racI gayI hai jo caukhambhA vicAbhavana se prakAzita hai| 'sAhityadarpaNa' ke do hindI anuvAda hue hai-ka-paM. zAlagrAmavAsita vimA' TIkA / sa-DaoN. satyavrata siMha kRta 'vadhikalA' hindI vAsyA polambA vidhAbhavana, vaaraannsii|

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sItAsvayaMvara ] (655) sItAsvayaMvara (mahAkAvya)-isake praNetA zrI nAgarAja haiM jinhoMne 1940 I. meM 'sItAsvayaMvara' kI racanA kI thii| isakA prakAzana maisUra se huA hai| isakI anya racanAeM hai-'stotramulAphala', 'bhAratIya dezabhaktacarita', 'zabarIvilAsa' Adi / 'sItAsvayaMvara' meM 16 sagaM haiN| isakA kathAnaka vAlmIki rAmAyaNa para bAta hai| isake pramukha prakaraNa haiM-vizvAmitrAgamana, sagarodanta, gaGgAvataraNa, ahalyouraNa, kAmuka-bhaMjana tathA jAnakI-pariNaya / isakI zailI alaMkRta hokara bhI sarala hai| zaradi gaganasaMsthaM candrikevAmRtAMzu navajaladamanalpaM cancalevAtinIlam / kanakakhacitavahI meruzelaM yathA vA naravaramabhipede jAnakI jIvitezam // 15 // 101 / / siddhayoga-AyurvedazAstra kA prasiddha grantha / isake racayitA kA nAma vRnda hai| inakA samaya navama zataka ke AsapAsa hai| isa grantha kI racanA 'caraka', 'suzrata' evaM 'bAgbhaTa' ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| isameM rogoM kA krama 'mAdhavanidAna' ke anusAra rakhA gayA hai tathA apane anubhavasiddha yogoM kA bhI saMgraha hai-nAnAmatapraSitadRSTaphalaprayogaH prastAvavAkyasahitairiha siddhyogH| vRndena mandamatinAtmahitArthinA'yaM saMlikhyate gadavinizcayaprakrameNa // vRnda ke eka TIkAkAra ke anusAra isameM pazcima meM utpanna hone vAle rogoM kA adhika varNana hai, ataH isakA lekhaka mAravAr3a yA pazcima bhArata kA rahA hogaa| isa grantha meM sarala evaM lalita bhASA meM yogoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI racanA mukhyataH cikitsA ke dRSTikoNa se huI hai aura rogoM kA nidAna nahIM hai| lekhaka ne khanija dhAtuoM kA bhI prayoga kama kiyA hai kintu loha tayA mahara ke prayoga kA bAhulya darzAyA hai| isakI ekamAtra TIkA zrIkaNTharacita 'kusumAvalI' prApta hotI hai| AdhAragranya-Ayurveda kA bRhat itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra / siddhasena divAkara jainadarzana ke aacaary| inakA samaya 5 vIM zatAbdI hai / purAvAdI nAmaka vyakti inake guru the| siddhasena divAkara jaina-nyAya ke prasthApaka mAne jAte haiN| inake dvArA racita anya isa prakAra hai-1. nyAyAvatAra jisakI TIkA 10 vIM patAbdI meM sivarSi dvArA likhI gayI hai| 2-sanmati-taka-isa para abhayasUri ne TIkA likhI hai| 3-tasvArtha TIkA 4-kalyANa-mandira stotra / AdhAragrantha-bhAratIya darzana-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / subandhu-saMskRta gadyakAvya ke praur3ha lekhaka evaM 'vAsavadattA' nAmaka pustaka ke rcyitaa| inakA jIvanavRtta evaM tiSikrama bhAta nahIM hai| inakI ekamAtra racanA 'vAsavadattA' upalabdha hai, kintu usase bhI inake jIvanavRtta kI jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotii| inake sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matakya nahIM hai / kucha vidvAn inheM kAzmIrI svIkAra karate haiM to kucha ke anusAra ye madhyadezIya haiN| vANa ke 'harSacarita' meM uttarAMcala ke kaviyoM kI zleSapriyatA kA ullekha hai| subandhu ne apanI racanA ko 'pratyakSarazvamayaprabandha' kahA hai, bataH isa dRSTi se ye kAzmIrI siddha hote haiN| yaha ilevapriyatA saMbhavataH inakI prAntagata vizeSatA ke kAraNa ho sakatI hai| yadi subandhu kI racanA meM sevASikya kA kAraNa unakA udIcya honA svIkAra kareM vo unheM kAzmIrI mAnA jA sakatA hai|

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subandhu ] ( 656 ) [ subandhu pR0 71-73 tathA bhAratIya vidvAn bhI 'saMskRta-kAvyakAra pR0 259 / inake mAtA-pitA, jAti, vaMza Adi ke sambandha meM hai| koI bhI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotii| anumAna se jJAta hotA hai ki ye vaiSNava the kyoMki ' vadattA' ke prArambha meM inhoMne sarasvatI kI vandanA karane ke pazcAt do zlokoM meM kRSNa kI bhI stuti kI hai aura eka zloka ziva ke sambandha meM likhA hai / daNDI, bANa evaM subandhu kI pUrvAparatA ke sambandha meM bhI vidvAn ekamata nahIM haiN| DaoN0 kItha evaM esa0 ke0 De ko daNDI, subandhu evaM bANabhaTTa kA krama svIkAra hai tathA DaoN0 piTasana bANa ko subandhu kA pUrvavartI mAnate haiM / inhoMne apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie aneka tarka diye haiM aura batalAyA hai ki subandhu ne bANa kI zailI evaM varNyaviSaya kA anukaraNa kiyA hai / [ de0 piTasana dvArA sampAdita kAdambarI kI bhUmikA ( aMgarejI ) saMskRta kAvyakAra DaoN0 haridatta zAstrI pR0 260 - 61 ] / aneka subandhu ko bANa kA paravartI mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| para, subandhu ko bANa kA pUrvavartI svIkAra karane vAle vidvAnoM ke bhI tarka bejor3a haiN| inake anusAra vAmana kRta 'kAvyAlaGkArasUtravRtti' meM 'subandhu evaM bANabhaTTa donoM ke ho uddharaNa haiM / vAmAnAcArya kA samaya 800 I0 se bhI pUrva hai, ataH donoM hI lekhaka isase pUrva hue hoMge / 'rAghavapANDavIya' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke praNetA kavirAja ne subandhu, bANa tathA apane ko vakrokti meM dakSa batalAyA hai / kavirAja kA samaya 1200 I0 hai / inhoMne nAmoM ke krama meM subandhu ko pahale rakhA hai, ataH subandhu kI pUrvabhAvitA nizcita ho jAtI hai / subandhurbANabhaTTazca kavirAja iti trayaH / vakroktimAgaMnipuNAzcaturtho vidyate na vA // prAkRta kAvya 'gauDavaho' meM subandhu kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, kintu bANa kA nahIM / isa kAvya kI racanA 700- 725 I0 ke madhya huI thii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki aSTama zatAbdI ke Arambhika kAla meM bANa prasiddha nahIM ho sake the, jaba ki subandhu ko prasiddhi prApta ho gayI thI / maMsakakRta 'zrIkaNThacarita' meM kramAnusAra subandhu kA nAma prathama hai aura bANa kA pIche / bANa ne apanI 'kAdambarI' meM 'atidvayo' kA samAveza kara guNADhayakRta 'bRhatkathA' evaM 'vAsavadattA' kA saMketa kiyA hai / 'alabdhavaidagdhyavilAsamugdhayA dhiyA nibaddheyamatidvayI kathA / ' ina mantavyoM ke AdhAra para subandhu bANa ke samakAlIna yA paravartI na hokara pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| svayaM bANa ne bhI 'hapaMcarita' meM 'vAsavadattA' kA nAmollekha kiyA hai para vidvAn use kisI anya vAsavadattA kA mAnate haiM / vibhinna granthoM evaM subhASita saMgrahoM meM 'subandhu' evaM unakI kRti ke sambandha meM anekAneka uktiyA~ prApta hotI haiM / 9. kavInAmagaladdapoM nUnaM vAsavadattayA / zaktyeva pANDuputrANAM gatayA kaNagocaram / harSacarita / 111 / 2. subandhuH kila niSkrAnto bindusArasya bandhanAt / tasyaiva hRdayaM baddhvA vatsarAjo // daNDI, avantisundarIkathA 6 / 3. rasainiraMntaraM kaNThe girA zlebaikalagnayA / subandhuvidadhe dRSTvA kare badaravajjagat // subhASitAvalI 16, harihara / 1 subandhu ne grantha ke Arambha meM apanI zleSa -priyatA kA ullekha kiyA hai| zloka saMkhyA 13 | sarasvatIdattavaraprasAdazcakre subandhuH sujanaikabandhuH / pratyakSaravaleSamayaprabandhavinyAsavaidagdhyanidhirnibandham // 'sarasvatI devI me vara pradAna kara jisa para anugraha kiyA

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subandhu ] ( 657 ) [ subandhu hai aura jo sajjanoM kA ekamAtra bandhu hai usa subandhu ne pratyeka akSara meM zleSa dvArA saprapaJca racanA kI nipuNatA kA paricAyaka vAsavadattA nAmaka grantha kA nirmANa kiyA hai / ' subandhu racita 'vAsavadattA' kA sambandha udayana evaM vAsavadattA se nahIM hai / isameM kavi ne aisI kAlpanika kathA kA varNana kiyA hai jo usake mastiSka kI upaja hai / subandhu alaMkRta gadyazailI ke praNetA evaM zleSa priya gadya-kAvya-lekhaka haiM / inhoMne apanI racanA ke pratyeka akSara ko zleSamaya banAne kI pratijJA kI hai aura isameM ve pUrNataH saphala hue haiN| inakI zailI meM bauddhikatA kA prAdhAnya evaM rAgAtmakatA kA kama nirvAha kiyA gayA hai / inhoMne pAtroM ke haSaM duHkhAdi bhAvoM ke citraNa meM apanI vRtti ko lona na kara zAbdI - krIr3A-pradarzana kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA hai| subandhu prema-kathA kA varNana karate hue bhI nAyaka-nAyikA ke hRdaya ke bhAvoM ko pUrNataH abhivyakta karane meM sakSama nahIM ho sake, kAraNa ki inakA dhyAna zleSa - bAhulya evaM zailI pakSa ke alaMkaraNa kI ora adhika thA / inhoMne nAnA vidyAoM -- mImAMsA, nyAya, boddha Adi darzanoM ke pANDitya pradarzana ke cakkara meM par3akara tathA yatnasAdhita alaMkAra-yojanA ke kAraNa pAThaka kI buddhimAtra ko hI camatkRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / bhAva pakSa ke citraNa meM inhoMne utkRSTa kavitvazakti kA paricaya nahIM diyA hai aura inakI zailI kRtrima alaMkAra - prayoga ke kAraNa bojhila ho gayI hai / vAsavadattA ke viraha-varNana meM kavi sAnuprAsika chaTA ko hI adhika mahattva detA hai-- 'sukAnte kAntimati ! mandaM mandamapanaya bASpabindUn / yUthikAlaGkRte yUthike / saMcAraya nalinIdalatAlabuntenArdravAtAn / ehi bhagavati nidre / anugRhANa mAm, dhik, indriyairaparaiH kimiti locanamayAnyeva na kRtAnyaGgAni vidhinA / bhagavan kusumAyudha tathAyamajjaliH, anuvazo bhava bhAvayati mAdRze jane / malayAnila surata mahotsava dIkSAguro vaha yatheSTam, apagatA mama prANAH, iti bahuvidhaM bhASamANA vAsavadattA sakhIjanena samaM saMmumUcchaM / pR0 143-44 / 'sundarI kAntimatI ! dhIre-dhIre AMsU poMcha do / jUhI ke puSpoM se alaMkRta yUthike ! kamala-patra ke paMkhe se zItala havA karo / bhagavati nidre ! Ao, mujha para kRpA karo / anya ( netrAtirikta) indriyoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, brahmA ne saba indriya netra svarUpa kyoM nahIM banAI / ( ataH ) use dhikkAra hai / bhagavan kusumAyudha ! yaha hAtha jor3atI hU~, isa anuraktajana para kRpA karo / suratarUpI mahotsava ke pravataMka ! malayAnila ! aba tuma icchAnukUla calo, mere to prANa nikala hI gae, isa taraha aneka prakAra se kahatI huI sakhiyoM ke sAtha mUcchita ho gayI' / pANDitya pradarzana ke moha meM subandhu rasoM kA samyak paripAka nahIM karA sake aura avasara kA binA vicAra kiye hI zleSa, yamaka, virodhAbhAsa, parisaMkhyA evaM mAlAdIpaka kI inhoMne senA taiyAra kara dI hai avazya hI, inhoMne choTe-choTe vAkyoM kI racanA kara tathA zleSa - prema kA tyAga kara rocaka zailI meM isa kAvya kA sahRdayoM ke manoraMjana kA paryApta sAdhana prastuta ho gayA hai, kadAcit hI dikhAI par3ate haiM / bANa kI bhAMti inhoMne lambe-lambe adhikAMzataH choTe-choTe vAkyoM kA hI sanniveza kiyA hai / inhoMne lambe-lambe samAsAnta padAvalI ke prati bhI adhika ruci pradarzita nahIM kI hai| kisI viSaya kA varNana karate praNayana kiyA hai vahA~ parantu aise sthala kvacit vAkyoM kA prayoga na kara 42 saM0 sA0 "

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sudarzana sUri ] (658) [sudhAkara dvivedI samaya inake vAkya bar3e ho jAte haiM tathA kahIM-kahIM to ye bIsa pRSThoM taka ke bhI vAkya likha dete haiM / aneka sthaloM para inhoMne svAbhAvikatA kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai| ___ AdhAragrantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI kItha (hindI anuvAda ) / 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta klAsikala liTarecara- DaoN. dAsagupta evaM DaoN. he| 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM. baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholA. zaMkara vyAsa / 5. saMskRta kAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta shaastrii| 6. vAsavadattA(saMskRta-hindI-TIkA)-hindI anuvAdaka paM. zaMkaradeva zAstrI (caukhambA prkaashn)| sudarzana sUri-viziSTAdvaitavAda nAmaka vaiSNava darzana ke AcArya sudarzana sUri haiN| inakA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI kA antima caraNa hai / inake guru kA nAma varadAcArya paa| inhoMne rAmAnujAcArya racita zrIbhASya ke Upara 'zruta-prakAzikA' nAmaka vyAkhyAgraMtha kI racanA kI thii| isake anya graMtha haiM-'zratadIpikA', 'upaniSad-vyAkhyA', 'tAtparyadIpikA' (yaha 'vedArthasaMgraha' kI TIkA hai ) tathA zrImadbhAgavata kI 'shukpkssiiyttiikaa'| de. bhAratIya darzana-A0 baladeva upAdhyAya / . sudhAkara dvivedI-bIsavIM zatAbdI ke asAdhAraNa jyotirvida / inheM vartamAna jyotizAstra kA uddhAraka mAnA jAtA hai| ye jyotiSa ke atirikta anya zAstroM ke bhI marmajJa the| phreMca, aMgarejI, marAThI tathA hindI Adi bhASAoM para inakA samAna adhikAra thaa| inakA janma 1860 I. meM huA thA aura mRtyu 1922 I0 meM huii| ye banArasa ke saMskRta kaoNlija meM jyotiSa tathA gaNita ke adhyApaka the| inheM sarakAra kI ora se mahAmahopAdhyAya kI upAdhi bhI prApta huI thii| inhoMne aneka prAcIna granthoM ( jyotiSaviSayaka) kI zodhapUrNa TIkAeM likhI haiM tathA arvAcIna ucca gaNita-viSayaka kaI granthoM kI racanA kI hai / inake granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. dIrghavRtta lakSaNa / 2. vAstava candragonnatisAdhana-isameM prAcIna bhAratIya jyotiSa zAstriyoM-lalla, bhAskara, zAnarAja, gaNeza, kamalAkara prabhRti-ke siddhAntoM meM doSa darzAte hue tadviSayaka yUropIya jyotiSazAstra ke anuzAra vicAra prastuta kiye gae haiM / 3. vicitra prazna-isameM jyotiSa saMbaMdhI 20 kaThina praznoM ko hala kiyA gayA hai| 4. dhucaracAra-isameM yUropIya jyotiSazAstra ke anusAra grahakakSa kA vivecana hai| 5. piMTaprabhAkara-isameM bhavananirmANa saMbaMdhI bAtoM kA varNana hai| 6. dharAbhrama-isameM pRthvI kI dainika gati para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 7. grahagrahaNa meM grahoM kA gaNita varNita hai| 8. gaNakataraMgiNI-isameM prAcIna bhAratIya jyotiSazAstriyoM kI jIvanI evaM unakI pustakoM kA vivaraNa hai| inake anya maulika granthoM meM 'golIya reNAgaNita' evaM pAzcAtya jyotiSazAstrI yUkliDa kI 6ThI, 11vIM evaM 12vIM pustaka kA saMskRta meM zlokavana anuvAda hai| inake dvArA racita TIkA granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai| ka-yaMtrarAja ke Upara 'pratibhAbodhaka' nAmaka TIkA / kha-bhAskarAcArya racita 'lIlAvatI' evaM 'bIjagaNita' kI 'sopapattika TIkA' / ga-bhAskarAcArya-racita 'karaNa kutUhala' nAmaka grantha kI 'vAsanAvibhUSaNa' TIkA / pa-varAhamihira kI 'paMcasivAntikA' para 'paMcasiddhAntikA

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subhadrA] ( 659) [ suzrutasaMhitA prakAza' nAmnI ttiikaa| cha-'sUryasiddhAnta' kI 'sudhAvarSiNI' TIkA / ca-bAhmasphuTasiddhAnta' kI ttiikaa| cha-'mahAsiddhAnta' (AryabhaTTa dvitIya racita) kI ttiikaa| ja'prahalAghava' kI sopapattika' ttiikaa| inhoMne hindI meM bhI 'calanakalana', 'cakarAzikalana', evaM 'samIkaraNamImAMsA' nAmaka uccastarIya gaNita granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| AdhAragrantha-1. bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa-DaoN. gorakhaprasAda / 2. bhAratIya jyotiSa- DaoN0 nemicandra shaastrii| subhadrA-ye saMskRta kI kavayitrI haiN| inakI racanAoM kA koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hotA, para valabhadeva kI 'subhASitAvalI' meM inakA kevala eka padya udhRta hai / rAjazekhara ne inake kavitAcAturya kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai-pArthasya manasi sthAnaM lebhe madhu subhdryaa| kavInAM ca vacovRtti-cAturyeNa subhadrayA // sUktimuktAvalI 4195 / inake nimnAMkita zloka meM sneha ke duSpariNAmoM kA varNana hai-dugdhaM ca yattadanu yat kvathitaM tatonu, mAdhuryamasya hRtamunmathitaM ca vegAt / jAtaM punadhRtakRte navanItavRtti-sneho nibandhanamanarthaparamparANAm // sneha anartha kI paramparA hai| becAre dUdha ke Upara sneha ke kAraNa hI itanI ApattiyAM AtI haiN| use khUba auTA jAtA hai tathA kAMjI yA khaTAI DAlakara isakI miThAsa dUra kI jAtI hai / punaH ise joroM se mathA jAtA hai taba yaha ghI ke lie makkhana kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai| suzrutasaMhitA-AyurvedazAstra kA suprasiddha grantha / isa grantha ke upadeSTA kA nAma kAzirAja dhanvantari hai| sampUrNa grantha suzruta ko sambodhita kara racA gayA hai / suzruta ne dhanvantari se zalyazAstra-viSayaka prazna pUchA hai aura dhanvantari ne isI viSaya kA upadeza diyA hai| isameM pAMca sthAnoM-sUtra, nidAna, zarIra, cikitsA evaM kalpameM se zalya kA hI prAdhAnya hai| vartamAna rUpa meM upalabdha 'suzrutasaMhitA' ke pratisaMskartA nAgArjuna mAne jAte haiM / ye dvitIya zatAbdI meM hue the aura dakSiNa ke rAjA sAtavAhana ke mitra the| suzruta meM 120 adhyAya haiM kintu isameM uttaratantra kI gaNanA nahIM hotI, yaha isakA pariziSTa yA khila hai / adhyAyoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-sUtrasthAna 46, nidAna 16, zArIra 10, cikitsAsthAna 40, kalpasthAna 8 tathA uttaratantra 66 / zalyatantra kA kriyAtmaka jJAna denA isa grantha kA mukhya uddezya hai| isameM zavaccheda sIkhane kI vidhi bhI batalAyI gayI hai| isameM varNitAgAra ( aspatAla ) kA vivaraNa, yantazastra (inakI saMkhyA 100 hai ) tathA inake prakAra-svastika, sandeza, tAla, nAr3IzalAkA evaM upayantra, zastra kI tIkSNatA kI pahacAna, plAlTika sarjarI Adi viSayoM ke varNana atyanta vistRta haiN| suzruta meM rogiyoM ke pAsa strIparicArikAoM kA rahanA niSiddha hai| isake aneka TIkAkAroM ke vivaraNa prApta hote haiN| prathama TIkAkAra bejjaTa the| dUsare TIkAkAra haiM gayadAsa, inakI TIkA kA nAma paMjikA hai| isa para anya 14 TIkAgrantha upalabdha hote haiN| hindI meM kavirAja ambikAdatta zAmbI ne isakI TIkA likhI hai| AdhArapanya-Ayurveda kA bRhata itihAsa-zrI atrideva vidyAlaMkAra /

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saktibaha yA subhASita-saMgraha ] ( 66.) [sUktisaMgraha yA subhASita-saMgraha sUktisaMgraha yA subhASita-saMgraha-saMskRta meM aise katipaya padya-saMgraha hai binameM aise kaviyoM kI racanAeM saMgrahIta haiM, jo samprati upalabdha nahIM hotiiN| ina saMgrahoM meM zatAdhika kaviyoM ke lupta granthoM ke saMgraha vidyamAna haiN| inameM muktakoM ke atirikta prabandhakAvyoM ke bhI aMza upalabdha hote haiN| ina sUktigranthoM ne aneka vismRta kaviyoM ko prakAza meM lAkara unakA paricaya diyA hai saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa-lekhana meM ina granthoM kI upAdeyatA asaMdigdha hai| 1-subhASita ratnakoSa-isake saMgrahakartA ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai, para jina kaviyoM kI racanAe~ isameM saMkalita haiM ve eka hajAra IsvI se idhara kI nahIM haiM / isakA racanAkAla gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda kA hai| 2-subhASitAvalI-isake saMgrahakartA kAzmIranivAsI vallabhadeva the| yaha vizAla saMgrahAnya hai jisameM 101 paddhatiyoM se 3527 padyoM kA saMgraha hai| isameM avAntara kaviyoM kI racanAeM saMkalita haiN| ataH isakA saMgraha 15vIM zatI se pUrva nahIM huA hogaa| isameM kavi tathA kAvyoM kI saMkhyA 360 hai / [ bambaI saMskRta sIrIja se prakAzita ] / 3-saduktikarNAmRta-isakA saMkalana 1205 I0 meM kiyA gayA thaa| isake saMkalanakartA kA nAma zrIdharadAsa hai, jo baMgAla ke rAjA lakSmaNasena ke dharmAdhyakSa baTukadAsa ke putra the| isameM baMgAla ke bahuta se ajJAta kaviyoM kI racanAeM saMkalita haiN| isakA vibhAjana pAMca pravAhoM meM kiyA gayA hai-amara, zrRMgAra, cATu, upadeza tathA uccAvaca / pratyeka pravAha bISiyoM meM vibhAjita hai, jinakI saMkhyA 476 hai| pratyeka bIci meM pAMca zloka haiN| zlokoM kI kula saMkhyA 2380 hai| isameM uddhRta kaviyoM kI saMkhyA 485 hai jinameM 50 suprasiddha kavi haiM aura zeSa 435 kavi ajJAta haiN| [ma. ma. rAmAvatAra zarmA dvArA sampAdita tathA paMjAba oriyaNTala sIrIja saM0 15 se prakAzita ] | 4-sUktimuktAbalI-isake saMgrahakartA kA nAma jahmaNa thaa| ye dakSiNa bhArata nareza kRSNa ke mantrI the tathA inake pitA kA nAma lakSmIdeva thaa| inakA samaya 13vIM zatI hai| isameM saMskRta kaviyoM kI prazastiyAM haiN| 5-zAGgadharapaddhati-isake racayitA dAmodara ke putra zAGgaMdhara haiN| isakA racanAkAla 1362 I0 hai| isameM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 4689 hai tathA ye zloka 163 viSayoM meM vibhakta haiN| 6-padyAvalI-isake saMgrahakartA zrI rUpagosvAmI haiN| isameM kRSNaparaka sUktiyoM kA saMgraha hai| padyAvalI meM 125 kaviyoM ke 386 padya haiN| isakA prakAzana DhAkA vizvavidyAlaya se 1934 I0 meM huA hai| 7-sUktiratnahAra-14vIM zatI ke pUrvArddha meM sUryakaliMgarAya ne isakA saMkalana kiyA thaa| ye dAkSiNAtya the| yaha anantazayana granthamAlA se 1939 I0 meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| 8-padyaveNI-isake saMkalanakartA kA nAma veNIdatta hai jo nIlakaNTha ke pautra tathA jagajjIvana ke putra the| 'padyaveNI' meM madhyayugIna kaviyoM kI racanAoM kA saMkalana hai jisameM 144 kaviyoM kI racanAeM saMgRhIta haiM jinameM kaI strI kaviyoM kI bhI racanAeM haiN| 9-padyaracanA-isake racayitA lakSmaNabhaTTa AMkolara haiN| isameM 15 pariccheda hai-devastuti, rAjavarNana, nAyikAvarNana, Rtu, rasa Adi / kula padoM kI

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soDUDala kRta udayasundarIkathA ] ( 661 ) [ somadeva sUri saMkhyA 756 hai / isakA samaya 17vIM zatAbdI kA prathamAdhaM hai / 1908 I0 meM kAvyamAlA granthamAlA 89, bambaI se prakAzita / 10 - padmAmRtataraMgiNI - haribhAskara isake saMgrahakartA haiM / samaya 17vIM zatI kA uttarAddhaM / 11 - sUktisundara -- isake saMkalanakartA kA nAma sundaradeva hai| isakA samaya 17vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai / 12 -- kavIndra bacana samuccaya - 12vIM zatAbdI kI hastalikhita ( nepAla kI ) prati ke AdhAra para zrI epha0 DablyU * TaoNmasa dvArA isakA sampAdana huA hai / isameM 525 padyoM kA saMgraha hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI e0 bI0 kItha ( hindI anuvAda ) / 2. hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara- DaoN0 dAsagupta evaM De / 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta sukavi samIkSA - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / - soDDhala kRta udayasundarIkathA -- isa campUkAvya ke racayitA soDDala, gujarAtI kAyastha the / ye kokaNa ke tIna rAjAoM - cittarAja, nAgArjuna tathA summuni ke rAjadarabAra meM samAhata the / inakA zilAlekha 1060 I0 kA prApta hotA hai / cAlukyanareza vatsarAja kI preraNA se inhoMne 'udayasundarIkathA' kI racanA kI thI / 'subhASitamuktAvalI' meM inakI prazasti kI gayI hai| tasmin suvaMze kavimauktikAnAmutpattibhUmo kacidekadeze / kazcit kaviH soDhala ityajAtaniSpattirAsIjjalabindurekhA // jaDena tenodaya sundarIti kathA durAlokini kAvyamAgeM / sArasvatAlokakalekadRSTA sRSTA kavimanya manorathena || 'udayasundarIkathA' meM pratiSThAnanagara ke rAjA malayavAhana kA nAgarAja zikhaNDatilaka kI kanyA udayasundarI ke sAtha vivAha varNita hai / isameM bANakRta 'harSacarita' kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA prakAzana gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja, saMkhyA 11 kAvyamImAMsA ke antargata 1920 I0 meM huA hai / AdhAragrantha-- campUkAvya kA aitihAsika evaM AlocanAtka adhyayana - DaoN0 chavinAtha tripAThI / somadeva sUri- prAcIna bhArata ke rAjazAstrapraNetA evaM kavi / inhoMne 'nItivAkyAmRta' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai / inakA likhA huA 'yazastilakacampU' nAmaka grantha bhI hai / ye jainadharmAvalambI the / inake dvArA racita tIna anya grantha bhI haiM kintu ve abhI taka anupalabdha haiM- yukti-cintAmaNi, trivagaMmahendramAtali saMkalpa tathA SaNNavatiprakaraNa / isakA racanAkAla 1016 vi0 saM0 ke AsapAsa hai / nItivAkyAmRta gadyamaya hai jisameM choTe-choTe vAkya evaM sUtra haiN| isakA vibhAjana battIsa samuddezyoM (adhyAyoM) meM huA hai jisameM kula savA pandraha sau sUtra haiM / isameM varNita viSayoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai -vidyA ko vibhAjana - AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA evaM daNDanIti, rAjya kI utpatti, rAjA kA divyapada, devI rAjA kI vizeSatA, rAjya kA svarUpa, rAjA kI niyukti ke siddhAnta - kramasiddhAnta, AcArasampatti siddhAnta, vikramasiddhAnta, buddhisiddhAnta, saMskAra siddhAnta, caritrasiddhAnta, zArIrika paripUrNatA siddhAnta uttarA

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saundarananda ] ( 662 ) [ saundarananda dhikAravidhi, rAjA ke kartavya, varNAzramavyavasthA kA samyak saMcAlana, prajAparipAlana, nyAyavyavasthA kI sthApanA, asahAya tathA anAtha- pariSoSaNa, rAjA kI dinacaryA, rAjA kI rakSA, mantriyoM kI AvazyakatA, mantrisaMkhyA, mantra- nirNaya mantripada kI yogyatA - nivAsayogyatA, AcAra-zuddhi, abhijana-vizuddhi, abhyasanazIlatA, vyabhicAravizuddhi, vyavahAratantrajJatA, astrazatA, upadhA vizuddhi, mantrasAdhyaviSaya dUtapada, dUta kI yogyatA, bheda, kattaMvya evaM dUta kI avadhyatA, cara evaM usakI upayogitA, cara-bheda nyAyAlaya evaM usake bheda, zAsana-pramANa, koza evaM usake guNa, vividha kara, durga-bheda, SADguNya nIti, sainyabala, yuddha-niSedha, yuddhavidhi Adi / AdhAragrantha - bhAratIyarAjazAstra praNetA DaoN0 zyAmalAla pANDeya / saMkIrNa dharAtala se saundarananda ( mahAkAvya ) - isake racayitA mahAkavi azvaghoSa haiM [ de0 azvaghoSa ] | isa mahAkAvya kI racanA 18 sargoM meM huI hai| isake do hastalekha nepAla ke rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM surakSita haiM, jinake AdhAra para haraprasAda zAstrI ne isakA prakAzana 'bibliothekA iNDikA' meM karAyA thaa| isakA sambandha buddha ke carita se hI hai / usameM kavi ne yovanajanita uddAma kAma tathA dharma ke prati utpanna prema ke viSama saMgharSa kI kahAnI ko rocaka evaM mahanIya bhASA meM vyakta kiyA hai / yaha 'buddhacarita' kI apekSA kAvyAtmaka guNoM se adhika maNDita tathA usase sundara evaM afer snigdha hai [ de0 buddhacarita ] / isa kAvya meM azvaghoSa ne buddha ke sautele bhAI nanda evaM unakI patnI sundarI kI manorama gAthA kA varNana kiyA hai| 'buddhacarita' meM kavi kA dhyAna mukhyataH unake sampUrNa jIvana ko citrita karane, bauddhadhamaM ke upadezoM tathA darzana para hI kendrita thA para 'saundarananda' meM vaha apane ko Upara uThAkara kAvya ke vizuddha pakSa kI ora agrasara hotA huA dikhAI par3atA hai / isakI kathA isa prakAra hai-prathama se tRtIya sagaM meM batAyA gayA hai ki buddha ke vimAtRja bhrAtA nanda parama sundara the aura unakI patnI sundarI atyanta rUpavatI thii| donoM eka dUsare ke prati cakravAkI evaM cakravAka kI bhA~ti Asakta the / maMgalAcaraNa ke sthAna para buddha kA ullekha kara kapilavastu kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| zAkyoM kI vaMzaparamparA, siddhArtha kA janma Adi 'buddhacarita' ko kathA yahA~ saMkSepa meM varNita hai| dvitIya sagaM meM rAjA zuddhodana kA guNa-kIrtana evaM buddha ke janma kI kathA hai| isI sagaM meM nanda ke janma kA bhI varNana hai / tRtIya sagaM meM gotama kI buddhatva prApti Adi ghaTanAeM varNita haiM / caturtha sarga kA prArambha nanda evaM sundarI ke vihAra evaM rati-vilAsa se hotA hai / kAmAsakta nanda evaM sundarI ko koI dAsI Akara sUcita karatI hai ki usake dvAra para buddha bhikSA mA~gane ke lie Aye the, para bhikSA na milane ke ki donoM praNaya krIr3A meM nimagna the, ataH kisI kA dhyAna buddha ke cale jAne ke lie cala par3atA hai| aura buddha usake hAtha meM dete haiM, tathA nanda kASAya 1 kAraNa loTa kara cale gae / tathAgata kI ora na gayA / pazcAt nanda lajjita evaM duHkhita hokara unase kSamA-yAcanA ke paMcama sarga meM nanda mArga me buddha ko dekhakara praNAma karatA hai| bhikSA kA pAtra rakha kara use dharma meM dIkSita hone kA upadeza dhAraNa kara letA hai| vaha sagaM meM kavi ne pati kI pratIkSA

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skandapurANa] ( 663 ) [ skandapurANa karatI huI sundarI kA karuNa citra aMkita kiyA hai| saptama sagaM meM nanda apanI priyA kA smaraNa kara duHkhI hokara ghara lauTane kI ceSTA karatA hai / aSTama sarga meM vaha apane duHkha kA kAraNa kisI zramaNa se pUchatA hai aura vaha bhikSu use upadeza detA hai, tathA striyoM kI nindA karate hue use tapasyA kA bina batalAtA hai| dazama sarga meM buddha dvArA nanda ko samajhAne kA varNana hai| jaba burako jJAta huA ki nanda vrata tor3anA cAhatA hai to ve use AkAza meM lekara ur3a jAte haiM aura use eka bandarI ko dikhAkara pUchate haiM ki kyA tumhArI patno isase bhI sundara hai to nanda uttara detA hai ki 'haa'| isa para buddha rUpavatI devAMganAoM ko dikhAkara pUchate haiM ki kyA tumhArI patnI inase bhI sundara hai ? isa para nanda kahatA hai ki merI patnI inake sAmane kAnI bandarI kI bhAMti hai| apsarAoM ko dekhakara nanda apanI patnI ko bhUla jAtA hai aura unheM prApta karane ke lie lAlAyita ho uThatA hai / buddha use batAte haiM ki tapasyA karane para hI tuma unheM prApta kara skoge| ekAdaza sarga meM Ananda nAmaka eka bhikSu use apsarA kI prApti ke lie tapasyA karane para usakI khillI ur3AtA hai| bArahaveM sagaM meM nanda tathAgata ke pAsa jAkara nirvANa kI prApti kA upAya pUchatA hai| trayodaza sarga meM bura dvArA nanda ko upadeza dene kA varNana hai| catudaMza sarga meM indriyoM para vijaya prApti ke kartavya kA varNana tathA paMcadaza sagaM meM mAnasika-zuddhi kI vidhi batalAyI gayI hai| SaSThadaza sarga meM bauddhadharmAnusAra cAra AyaM satya-varNana evaM saptadaza sagaM meM amRta-tatva kI prApti kA nirUpaNa hai / antima sarga meM nanda kI tapasyA, mAra para vijaya evaM usake ajJAna kA naSTa hokara jJAnodaya hone kA varNana hai / antima do zlokoM meM grantharacanA ke uddezya para vicAra kiyA gayA hai-ityahaMtaH paramakAruNikasya zAstuH mUnA vazca caraNI ca samaM gRhItvA / svasthaH prazAnta hRdayo vinivRtta kAryaH pAzrvAnmuneH pratiyayau vimadaH karIba // 18 // 61 // skandapurANa-kramAnusAra terahavAM purANa / 'skandapurANa' purANoM meM bahakAya purANa hai jisameM 81 hajAra zloka haiN| isa purANa kA nAmakaraNa ziva ke putra svAmI kAttikeya tathA devatAoM ke senAnI ke nAma para huA hai| isameM svayaM svAmI kAttikeya ne hI zaiva tattvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yaha purANa 6 saMhitAoM evaM sAta khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| isake do saMskaraNa upalabdha hote haiM-khaNDAtmaka tathA saMhitAtmaka / 'matsyapurANa' ke 53 meM adhyAya meM isa purANa kA jo vivaraNa prApta hotA hai usake anusAra skanda ne tatpuruSa kalpa ke prasaMga meM 'skandapurANa' meM nAnA carita upAsyAna evaM mAhezvaradharma kA vivecana kiyA thA, jisameM 81 hajAra eka sau zloka the / yatra mAhezvarAn dharmAnadhikRtyaca ssnnmukhH| kalpe tatpuraSe vRtte caritairupabRMhitam // skAnda nAma purANaM tadekAzIti nigadyate / sahasrANi zatai caikamiti matryeSu gdyte| samAtmaka vibhAjana meM isake khaNDoM ko saMkhyA bAta hai-mAhezvarakhaNDa, vaiSNavakhaNDa, brahmakhaNDa, kAzIkhaNDa, revAkhaNDa, tApIkhaNDa aura prbhaaskhnn| isakI saMhitAnusAra zloka saMsthA isa prakAra hai

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skandapurANa] (664) [skandapurANa 1. sanatkumAra saMhitA-36,000 2 sUta saMhitA- 6,000 3. zaMkara saMhitA- 30,000 4. vaiSNava saMhitA- 5,000 hya sahitA- 3,000 6. saura saMhitA- 1,000 21,000 saMhitAoM meM 'sUtasaMhitA' kA zivopAsanA ke kAraNasarvAdhika mahatva hai| isameM vaidika evaM tAntrika donoM prakAra kI pUjAoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa saMhitA ke Upara mAdhavAcArya ne 'tAtparya-dIpikA' nAmaka atyanta prAmANika evaM vistRta TIkA likhI hai jo AnandAzrama se prakAzita ho cukI hai| isa saMhitA ke cAra khaNa haiN| prathama khaNa ko 'zivamAhAtmya' kahate haiM jisake 13 adhyAyoM meM zivamahimA kA nidarzana kiyA gayA hai| isake dvitIya khama ko 'mAnayoga' khaNDa kahate haiM jisake bosa adhyAyoM meM bAcAra dharma tathA haThayoga kI prakriyA kA vivecana hai| isake tRtIya khaNDa ko 'muktisama' kahate haiM jisameM mukti ke sAdhanoM kA varNana nau adhyAyoM meM hai / catuSaM maga kA nAma hai 'yazavaibhavakhaNDa' jo sabhI khaNDoM meM bar3A hai tathA isake pUrva evaM uttara bhAga ke nAma se do vibhAga kiye gae haiN| isake pUrva bhAga meM 47 adhyAya evaM uttara bhAga meM 20 adhyAya haiN| pUrva bhAga meM advaita vedAnta ke siddhAntoM ko zivabhakti se saMpRkta karate hue vaNita kiyA gayA hai| isa saMhitA ke uttara khaNDa meM do gItAeM milatI haiM, jo 12 evaM 8 adhyAyoM meM samApta huI haiN| inameM prathama kA nAma 'brahmagItA' evaM hitIya kA nAma 'sUtagItA' hai| _ 'zaMkarasaMhitA' kaI khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| isakA prathama khaNDa sampUrNa saMhitA kA bAdhA hai, jisameM 13000 hajAra zloka haiN| isameM sAta kAma hai-sambhavakANDa, bAsurakANDa, mAhendrakANDa, yuddhakAma, devakANDa, dakSakANDa tathA updeshkaann| sanatkumAra saMhitA ke atirikta anya saMhitAyeM samprati upalabdha nahIM hotii| samakrama se skandapurANa kA paricaya-1. mAhezvarIkha-isameM kedAra evaM kumArikA nAmaka do bama haiN| inameM ziva-pArvatI kI bahuvidha lIlAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 2. vaiSNavasaNa-isameM jagannAtha jI ke mandira, pUjAvidhAna, mAhAtmya tapA tadviSayaka aneka upAsyAna diye gae haiM aura zivaliMga ke AvirbhAva evaM mAhAtmya kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai|. 3. brahmavaNa-isa khaNa meM brahmAraNya evaM brahmottara nAmaka do khaNa haiN| prathama meM dharmAraNya nAmaka sthAna kI mahattA kA pratipAdana hai to dvitIya sama meM ujjainI ke mahAkAla kI pratiSya evaM pUjana-vidhi kA varNana hai / 4. kAzIkhaNDaisameM kAzI sthita samasta devatAoM tathA zivaliMga kA mAhAtmya varNita hai aura kAzI kA bhUgola diyA gayA hai| 5. revAkha-isa khaNDa meM narmadA nadI ke udbhava kI kathA dI gayI hai tathA usake taTavartI samasta tIyoM kA varNana hai| revAkhaNDa meM hI suprasiddha 'satyanArAyaNavata' kI kathA varNita hai| 6. babantikhaNDa-sa saNa meM avantI yA

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stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya ] ( 665 ) [ stotrakAvya yA bhakti kAvya ujjaina sthita vibhinna zivaliGgoM ke mAhAtmya evaM utpatti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, tathA mahAkAlezvara kA vistArapUrvaka varNana hai / 7. tAptIkhaNDa- isameM tAptI nadI ke tIravatrtI sabhI tIrthoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake tIna pariccheda haiM- vizvakarmA upAkhyAna, vizvakarmAvaMzAkhyAna tathA hATakezvara mAhAtmya / isa khaNDa meM nAgara brAhmaNoM kA varNana milatA hai / 8. prabhAsakhaNDa - isameM prabhAsa kSetra kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai jo dvArikA ke bhaugolika vivaraNa ke kAraNa mahatvapUrNa hai / isa purANa meM purANaviSayaka anya sabhI viSayoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai / yaha zaiva purANa hai / isake samaya nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM vibhinna prakAra kI bAteM kahI gayI haiM / jagannAtha mandira kA varNana hone ke kAraNa vilsana prabhRti vidvAn isakA racanAkAla 11 vIM zatAbdI nizcita karate haiM, para yaha mata yukti-saMgata nahIM hai / saMsAra ke sarvAdhika prAcIna grantha 'Rgveda' ke 'yathAruplabate' mantra meM jagannAtha jI ke mandira kA varNana hai / isa purANa ke prathamakhaNDa meM 'kirAtArjunIyam' mahAkAvya ke prasiddha zloka 'sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAm' ko chAyA para likhita zloka prApta hotA hai tathA kAzIkhaNDa ke 24 veM adhyAya meM bANabhaTTa kI zailI kA anukaraNa karate hue kaI zloka racita haiM, jinameM parisaMkhyA alaMkAra ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gae haiM- vibhramo yatra nArISu na vidvatsu ca karhicit / nadyaH kuTilagAminyo na yatra viSaye prajAH // 2419 | vidvAnoM ne isakA samaya saptama evaM navama zatI ke madhya mAnA hai / isa purANa meM vedaviSayaka sAmagrI paryAptarUpeNa prApta hotI hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. skandapurANa ( prathama prakAzana) banArasa 1886 I0 / 2. skandapurANa ( dvitIya prakAzana ) kalakattA 1873-80 / 3. skandapurANa ( tRtIya prakAzana ) bambaI 1881 I0 / 4. skandapurANAMka ( hindI ) - gItA presa, gorakhapura / 5. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya - zrIvinTaranitsa bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 ( hindI anuvAda ) / 6. purANa- tattva-mImAMsA - zrIkRSNamaNi tripAThI / 7. purANa - vimarza - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 8. purANasya vaidika sAmagrI kA anuzIlana - DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcAryaM / 9. purANaviSayAnukramaNikA - DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya / 10. skandapurANa - e sTaDI ( aMgarejI ) bhAga 1, 2 ( zodhaprabandha ) DaoN0 e0 bI0 ela0 abasthI / stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya-saMskRta meM stotrasAhitya atyanta vizAla evaM - hRdayagrAhI hai / dhArmika bhAvanA kA prAdhAnya hone ke kAraNa stotrakAvya kA pracAra janasAdhAraNa evaM bhaktajanoM meM adhika huA hai| isameM anurAga tathA virAga donoM prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ parivyApta haiM / ataH AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se isakI lokapriyatA sarvavyApaka hai / apane ArAdhya kI mahattA aura apanI dInatA kA niSkapaTa bhAva se pradarzana karate hue saMskRta bhakta kaviyoM ne apUrva tanmayatA ke sAtha hRdaya ke svataHsphurita udgAroM ko vyakta kiyA hai| vaha bhagavAn kI divya vibhUtiyoM kA darzana kara Azcaryacakita ho jAtA hai evaM unakI vizAlahRdayatA tathA asIma anukampA ko dekhakara unake ahetuka sneha kA gAna karate hue AtmavismRta ho jAtA hai kSudratA aura bhagavAn kA akAraNa sneha usake hRdaya meM bhAvoM kA / apane jIvana kI udvelana karAne lagate

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stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya ] ( 666 ) [ stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya haiM, phalataH vaha iSTadeva kI gAthA gAkara apUrva AtmatoSa prApta karatA hai| ina stotroM meM mohakatA, hRdayadrAvakatA, geyatA tathA kalAtmaka samRddhi kA aisA rAsAyanika sammizraNa hai, jisase isakI prabhAvotpAdakatA adhika bar3ha jAtI hai / sAMgItika tatvoM ke atirikta zabda-sauSThava evaM abhivyakti-saundayaM stotroM kI vyaMjanA meM adhika AkarSaNa bhara dete haiM / saMgItAtmaka pariveza meM kAvyAtmaka lAlitya kI yojanA kara saMskRta ke bhakta kaviyoM ne aise sAhitya kA sarjana kiyA hai jisakA mAdaka AkarSaNa Aja bhI usI rUpa meM hai / stotrasAhitya kI pracura sAsagrI upalabdha hotI hai jisameM kucha kA to prakAzana huA hai, kintu adhikAMza sAhitya abhI taka aprakAzita hai, aura vaha hastalekhoM ke rUpa meM vartamAna hai| madrAsa sarakAra kI oriyaNTala mainyuskripTa lAibrerI meM hI pANDulipiyoM kI sUcI tIna bhAgoM meM prakAzita ho cukI hai ( bhAga 15-20 ) / zrI esa0 pI0 bhaTTAcArya ne 1925 I0 me 'iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI' bhAga 1 ( pR0 34060 ) meM isa sAhitya kA saundaryodghATana kara vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA thA, kintu isa sambandha meM vyApaka adhyayana abhI zeSa hai / stotrasAhitya kI paramparA kA prArambha vedoM se hI hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM aneka aise mantra haiM 'jinameM mAnava AtmA kA Izvara ke sAtha bAlaka athavA premikA jaisA sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA hai / "ye gIta komala aura marmasparzI AkAMkSAoM, tathA pApa kI cetanA se utpanna sattAnivRtti kI duHkhada bhAvanA se yukta haiN| yaha gItAtmaka vizuddhatA kadAcit hI kabhI pUrNatayA nikhara sakI hai; phira bhI, sUktoM kA vikAsa eka abhijAta paramparA ke rUpa meM huA hai, jisane kramazaH eka sAhityika prakAra ke rUpa meM eka viziSTa rUpa tathA svatantra maryAdA arjita kara lI hai / " saMskRta sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa pR0 442 / 'rAmAyaNa', 'mahAbhArata' tathA purANoM meM bhI aise stotra pracura mAtrA meM prApta hote haiM / 'rAmAyaNa' meM 'AdityahRdaya stotra' milatA hai jise agastya muni ne rAma ko batalAyA thA / [ rAmAyaNa laMkAkANDa ] / 'mahAbhArata' meM 'viSNusahasranAma' prasiddha stotra hai jise bhISma ne yudhiSThira ko upadezita kiyA thA / 'mArkaNDeyapurANa' meM bhI prasiddha 'durgAstotra' hai / ina granthoM meM stotrakAcya kA rUpa to avazya dikhAI par3atA hai, kintu kAlAntara meM svatantra racanAoM ke rUpa meM pRthak sAhitya likhA gyaa| kAlAntara meM hindU bhaktoM ke atirikta jaina evaM bauddha kaviyoM ne bhI stotra - kAvya kI racanA kii| saMkhyA evaM guNa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindU bhaktikAvyoM kA sAhitya jaina evaM bauddhoM kI kRtiyoM se utkRSTa hai / hindU-stotra - sAhitya - stotroM meM pramukha sthAna 'zivamahimnaH stotra' ko diyA jAtA hai| isakI racanA zikhariNI chanda meM huI hai tathA pratyeka padya meM ziva kI mahimA kA bakhAna karate hue eka kathA dI gayI hai / samprati isake 40 zloka prApta hote haiM, para madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 32 ilokoM para hI apanI TIkA likhI hai| mAlavA meM narmadA nadI ke taTa para sthita amarezvara mahAdeva ke mandira meM 'zivamahimnaH stotra' ke 31

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stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya ] ( 667 ) [stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya zloka utkIrNa haiM jisakA samaya 1120 saMvat (1063 I.) hai| isase yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki usa samaya taka isake 31 zloka hI pracalita the tathA antima 1 zloka Age cala kara bar3hA diye gae haiN| isake TIkAkAroM ne 'puSpadanta' ko isakA racayitA mAnA hai, para madrAsa kI kaI pANDulipiyoM meM kumArila bhaTTAcArya hI isake racayitA ke rUpa meM haiN| isakA racanAkAla 8vIM zatAbdI hai| mayUrabhaTTa aura bANabhaTTa kI do prasiddha racanAeM haiN| donoM sage sambandhI the tathA donoM kI pratiSThA kAnyakubja nareza harSavardhana ke yahAM pii| kahA jAtA hai ki kisI kAraNa mayUra evaM bANa donoM ko kuSTharoga ho gayA thA, jisake nivAraNa ke lie unhoMne kramazaH 'sUryazataka' evaM 'caNDI. zataka' kI racanA sragdharAvRtta meM kii| donoM meM hI 100-100 zloka haiM tathA hrAsonmukhayuga kI vizeSatAoM kA Akalana hai| zleSasamAsAnta padAvalI kI gAr3abandhatA tathA AnuprAsika saundarya ke dvArA saMgItAtmaka saMkrAntatA kI vyaMjanA inakI apanI vizeSatA hai / donoM meM bANa kI racanA kalAtmaka samRddhi kI dRSTi se bar3hakara hai| kAlAntara meM jaba stotra-sambandhI pracura sAhitya kI racanA huI to kaviyoM kA dhyAna uttAna zrRMgAra, uktivaicitrya evaM suSTra zabda-vinyAsa kI ora gyaa| phalataH lakSmaNa AcArya kRta 'caNDI-kuca-paMcAzikA' prabhRti racanAoM kA nirmANa huA, jisameM pacAsa zlokoM meM devIjI ke kucoM kA varNana hai| zaMkarAcArya ne do sau vedAnta-viSayaka stotroM kI racanA kI hai| advaitavAda ke pratiSThApaka hote hue bhI unhoMne viSNu, ziva, zakti, gaMgA Adi devoM kA stavana kiyA hai| inameM dArzanika sidAntoM ke sAtha bhakti kA maNikAMcana yoga dikhAI par3atA hai| 'zivAparAdhakSamApana' 'mohamudgara', 'capaMTamaMjarikA', 'dazazlokI', 'Atmazataka' Adi zlokoM meM 'dArzanika siddhAntoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM bhakti kI madhura abhivyakti huI hai|' [de. zaMkarAcArya ] | unhoMne 'saundaryalaharI' meM devIjI kA divya saundarya aMkita kiyA hai| kulazekhara kRta 'mukundamAlA' evaM yAmunA. cArya ke 'AlambandArastotra' zrIvaiSNavamata ke stotroM meM adhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| 'mukundamAlA' meM kevala 342 zloka haiM evaM inameM hRdayAvarjana kI apUrva kSamatA hai| lIlAzuka racita 'kRSNakarNAmRta' mahAprabhu caitanya kA paramapriya stotra hai| isameM bhAva sundara evaM camatkArI haiM tathA bhASA rasapezala hai| isameM 300 zloka tathA tIna AzvAsa haiN| yaha saMskaraNa dAkSiNAtya hai para baMgAla vAle saMskaraNa meM eka hI AzvAsa hai, jisameM 112 zloka haiN| veMkaTadhvarI-ye madrAsa nivAsI zrIvaiSNava the| inakA sthitikAla 17vIM zatAbdI hai| inhoMne 'lakSmIsahasra' nAmaka stotra kAvya meM lakSmIjI kI stuti eka sahasra zlokoM meM kI hai| inakI kavitA meM pANDitya-pradarzana kA Agraha hai tathA zloka ke prati prabala AkarSaNa dikhAI par3atA hai| ___somezvara-inhoMne 100 zlokoM meM 'rAmazataka' kI racanA sragdharA vRtta meM kI hai| isameM rAma kI jIvana-kathA kA varNana kara stuti kI gayI hai| bhagavAn viSNu ke Upara aneka stotra likhe gae haiN| zaMkarAcArya nAmaka kavi kRta 'viSNupadAdikezAntavarNana'

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stotra kAvya yA bhaktikAvya ] [ stotrakAvya yA bhaktikAvya nAmaka 51 sragdharAvRtta meM likhita stotra meM bhagavAn viSNu kA nakhazikha varNita hai / isake racayitA AdyazaMkarAcAyaM na hokara koI pIThAdhIza haiN| madhusUdana sarasvatI ( 16vIM zatI) ne 'AnandamandAkinI' nAmaka stotra meM viSNu ke svarUpa kA madhura citraNa kiyA hai| isameM 102 padya haiN| mAdhavabhaTTa kRta 'dAnalIlA' kRSNa evaM gopiyoM kI vizeSa lIlA ke AdhAra para racita hai| isameM 48 padya haiM tathA racanAkAla 1628 saMvat ( 1571 I0 ) hai / apyaya dIkSita ne 'varadarAjastava' nAmaka stotra kI racanA kAMcI ke bhagavAn varadarAja kI stuti meM kI hai| isameM 106 zlokoM meM bhagavAn ke rUpa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / paNDitarAja jagannAtha ne 'bhAminIvilAsa' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai, jisameM pAMca lahariyA~ haiM--karuNA, gaMgAlaharI, amRtalaharI ( yamunAlaharI ), lakSmIlaharI evaM sudhAlaharI ( sUryalaharI ) [ de0 paNDitarAja jagannAtha ] / ina stutiyoM meM kavitA kA svAbhAvika pravAha tathA kalpanA kA mohaka citra hai / zaivastotra - bhagavAn zaMkara kI stuti aneka kaviyoM ne likhI hai| kAzmIrI kaviyoM ne aneka zivastotroM kI racanA kara stotra sAhitya ko samRddha kiyA hai / inameM utpaladeva kRta 'zivastotrAvalI' evaM 'jagaddharabhaTTa' racita 'stuti kusumAMjali' atyanta prasiddha haiM / 'zivastotrAvalI' meM 21 vibhinna stotra saMkalita haiM tathA 'stutikusumAMjali' meM 38 stotra haiM, jinameM 1415 zloka haiM / anya zeva stotra haiM--nArAyaNa paNDitAcArya kI 'zivastuti' (13 zloka ) tathA gokulanAtha kRta 'zivazataka' / ye 18vIM zatI meM hue the 1 jaina stotra - jaina stotroM meM mAnatuMga kRta 'bhaktAmara' tathA siddhasena divAkara racita 'kalyANamandira' bhASA sauSThava evaM bhAvoM kI maMjula abhivyakti ke lie prasiddha haiM / caubIsa tIrthakaroM ke pRthak pRthak samaya meM stotra likhe gae haiM / samantabhadra se jina prabhasUra taka ke AcAryoM ne 'catuvizikA' meM stotroM kA saMgraha kiyA hai / isake atirikta zrIvAdirAja kRta 'ekIbhAvastotra' somaprabhAcAyaM racita 'sUktimuktivalI' tathA jambUguru kRta 'jinazataka' haiM / bauddhastotra - mahAyAna sampradAya ke bauddhoM ne saMskRta ko abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banAyA hai / isa sampradAya meM zuSkazAna kI apekSA bhaktitatva para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / zUnyavAda ke AcArya nAgArjuna ne bhI bhaktistotroM kI racanA kI thI / inake cAra stotra 'catuHstava' ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| ina para kAlidAsa kI chAyA dikhAI par3atI hai / navama zatI ke vajradatta ne 'lokezvarazataka' stotra kI racanA kI, jisameM sagdharA chanda meM avalokitezvara kI stuti hai / kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne kuSTharoga ke nivAraNArtha hI isa grantha kI racanA kI thI / sarvajJamitra ( 8 vIM zatAbdI) ne devI tArA-sambandhI stotra kI racanA 37 zlokoM meM kI hai / ye kAzmIraka the| inakI racanA kA nAma hai 'AryAtArA- tragdharAstotra' / baMgAla - nivAsI rAmacandra kavibhAratI ( 1245 I0) ne 'bhaktizataka' kI racanA kara bhagavAn buddha kI stuti kI hai / yaha bhakti-sambandhI praur3ha kRti hai| AcArya hemacandrakRta 'anyayogavyavacchedikA' nAmaka stotragrantha bhI prasiddha hai / ina granthoM ke atirikta aneka stotra prasiddha haiM, jaise - 'debopuSpAMjali' tathA ( 668 )

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sphoTAyana] (669 ) [smRti dharmazAna "zivatANDavastotra' aadi| inake lekhakoM kA patA nahIM calatA hai, para inakI lokapriyatA adhika hai| adhikAMza stotragranthoM meM zRGgArikatA, zabdajAla evaM zleSa tapA yamaka ke prati AkarSaNa dikhAI par3atA hai| stotra-sAhitya ke anuzIlana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki isa para kAmazAstra kA bhI prabhUta prabhAva par3A aura nakhazikha kI paripATI kA samAveza huaa| uttarakAlIna granthoM meM pANDitya-pradarzana, camatkAra-sRSTi, zabdacamatkAra evaM uktivaicitrya kI pradhAnatA dikhAI pdd'ii| isa para tantrazAstra kA bhI prabhAva pdd'aa| __AdhAragantha-1. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI kItha (hindI anuvaad)| 2. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta klAsikala liTarecara-DaoN0 dAsa gupta evaM hai| 3. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta sAhitya kA nUtana itihAsa zrIkRSNa caitanya / 5. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-zrI gairolaa| sphoTAyana-pANini ke pUrvavartI saMskRta vaiyAkaraNa jinakA samaya mImAMsakajI ke anusAra 2950 vi0 pU0 hai / inake vAstavika nAma kA patA nahIM cltaa| pANini ne 'aSTAdhyAyI' ke eka sthAna para inake mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai| avaG sphoTAyanasya / 6 / 1 / 123 / padamanjarIkAra haridatta ne 'kAzikA' meM isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA hai ki sphoTAyana sphoTavAda ke pravartaka AcArya haiN| bhAradvAja ke 'vaimAnikazAstra' meM sphoTAyana vimAnazAstra ke bhI vizeSajJa mAne gae haiM-vRhadavimAnazA pR0 74 / inake sambandha meM anya vivaraNa prApta nahIM hote| sphoTavAda (vyAkaraNazAstra kA.) atyanta prAcIna siddhAnta hai| isakA pravartaka hone ke kAraNa inakA mahatva asaMdigdha hai| AdhAragrantha-saMskRta vyAkaraNazAstra kA itihAsa-bhAga 1-50 yudhiSThira miimaaNsk| smRti (dharmazAla)-smRtiyoM kA nirmANa hindU-dharma kI vyApakatA evaM carama vikAsa kA dyotaka hai / 'smRti' zabda kA prayoga vyApaka artha meM hotA thA jisake antargata SaDvedAMga, dharmazAstra, itihAsa, purANa, arthazAstra tathA nItizAstra sabhI viSayoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| kAlAntara meM smRti kA prayoga saMkINaM apaM meM, dharmazAstra ke lie hone lagA jisakI puSTi manu ke kathana se bhI hotI hai-zrutistu vedo vizeyo dharmazAstraM tu vai smRtiH / manusmRti 2010 / 'taittirIya AraNyaka (12) meM bhI smRti zanda kA ullekha hai aura gautama ( 112) tathA vasiSTha (1 / 4) mI smRti ko dharma kA upAdAna mAnate haiN| prArambha meM smRtigranthoM kI saMkhyA kama thI, kintu Age calakara purANoM kI bhAMti inakI bhI saMkhyA 18 ho gyii| gautama ne ( 11119) manu ke atirikta kisI bhI smRtikAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| bodhAyana ne apane ko chor3akara jina sAta dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma liye haiM, ve haiM-aupajeSani, kAtya, kAzyapa, gautama, prajApati, maudagalya tathA hArIta / vasiSTha ne kevala pAMca nAmoM kI parigaNanA kI haigautama, prajApati, manu, yama tathA hArIta / manu ne 6 smRtikAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai

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smRti dharmazAstra] (670 ) [smRti dharmazAstra atri, utathya ke putra, bhRgu, vaziSTha, vaikhAnasa evaM zaunaka / sarvaprathama yAjJavalkya ne 20 dharmazAstrakAroM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai tathA kumArila ne 18 dharmasaMhitAoM ke nAma diye haiN| 'caturvizatimata' nAmaka grantha meM 24 dharmazAstrakAroM ke nAma haiN| baiSThInasi ne 36 smRtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA 'bauddhagotamasmRti' meM 57 dharmazAstroM kA nAma AyA hai| mitrodaya' meM 18 smRti, 18 upasmRti tathA 21 anya smRtikAroM ke nAma Aye haiN| smRtikAra-manu, bRhaspati, dakSa, gautama, yama, aMgirA, yogIzvara, pracetA, zAtAtapa, parAzara, saMvataM, uzanA zaMkha, likhita, atri, viSNu, Apastamba evaM hArIta / upasmRtikAra-nAradaH pulaho gAgyaH paulastyaH zaunakaH krtuH| bodhAyano jAtukarNo vizvAmitraH pitAmahaH / / jAbAlirnAciketazca skando laugaakssikshypii| vyAsaH sanatkumArazca zantanujanakastathA // vyAghraH kAtyAyanazcaiva jAtUkamyaH kapimjalaH / baudhAyanazca kaNAdo vizvAmitrastathaiva ca // paiThInasirgobhilazcetyupasmRtividhAyakAH / anya 21 smRtikAra-vasiSTho nAradazcava sumantuzca pitAmahaH / viSNuH kArNAjiniH satyavrato gAgyazca devalaH / / jamadagnirbhAradvAjaH pulastyaH pulahaH RtuH| Atreyazca gavezca marIcivaMtsa eva ca / pAraskarazcaSyazRGgo vaijavApastathaiva ca // ityete smRtikAra ekaviMzatirIritAH // vIramitrodaya, paribhASA pra0, pR0 18 / vaise pramukha smRtiyAM 18 haiM jinake nirmAtAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-manu, yAjJavalkya, atri, viSNu, hArIta, uzanas, aMgirA, yama, kAtyAyana, bRhaspati, parAzara, vyAsa, dakSa, gautama, vasiSTha, nArada, bhRgu tathA aMgirA / uparyukta sabhI smRtiyAM upalabdha nahIM hotii| 'mAnavadharmazAstra' nAmaka smRtigrantha sarvAdhika prAcIna hai jisake praNetA manu haiN| isake katipaya aMza prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hote haiM, kintu isa samaya 'manusmRti' ke nAma se jo grantha prApta hai usakA mela 'mAnavadharmazAstra' ke prAptAMza se nahIM hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'mAnavadharmazAstra' ke sUtroM ke AdhAra para 'manusmRti' kA nirmANa huA hai [ de. manusmRti ] / ___smRtiyoM kI paramparA--'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM 'manusmRti' se milate-julate viSaya kA varNana hai| usameM brahmA dvArA racita eka 'nItizAstra' nAmaka grantha kA ullekha hai, jisameM eka lAkha adhyAya the tathA dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM kA vistRta vivecana thaa| Age cala kara bhagavAn zaMkara ne use dasa hajAra adhyAyoM meM saMkSipta kiyA tathA punaH indra ne use pAMca hajAra adhyAyoM meM saMkSipta kara 'bAhudantakathAzAstra' kI saMjJA dii| tadanantara yahI grantha 'bArhaspatyazAstra' ke nAma se prasiddha huA jise zukrAcArya ne eka hajAra adhyAyoM meM nirmita kiyaa| kAlAntara meM yahI prantha RSimuniyoM dvArA manuSya kI Ayu ke hisAba se saMkSipta hotA rahA [de. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva adhyAya 59] / 'mahAbhArata' ke isa vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki dharmazAstra ke antargata arthazAstra, rAjanIti, samAjazAstra, zilpa evaM rasAyanazAstra kA samAveza thaa| bRhaspati ne dharmazAstra ke Upara bRhagrantha kI racanA kI thii| dharmazAstra sambandhI vividha anthoM se saMgraha kara lagabhaga 2300 zlokoM kA saMgraha bar3odA se prakAzita huA hai, jo 'bArhaspatyazAstra' kA hI aMza hai| isake saMpAdaka zrIraMgAcArya kA kathana hai ki 'vRhaspa

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smRti dharmazAstra] ( 671) [smRti dharmazAstra tismRti' ke adhikAMza upalabdha vacana IzA pUrva dUsarI zatI ke haiM / samprati 'manusmRti' ke atirikta 'nAradasmRti', 'yAjJavalkyasmRti' evaM 'parAzarasmRti' upalabdha haiN| inake atirikta anya smRtiyAM bhI prApta hotI haiM jinakA prakAzana evaM hindI anuvAda tIna khaNDoM meM zrIrAma zarmA dvArA ho cukA hai| kaI smRtiyoM kA prakAzana kalakattA se bhI smRtiyoM kA viSaya-dharmazAstra ke antargata rAjA-prajA ke adhikAra kartavya, sAmAjika AcAra-vicAra, vyavasthA, varNAzramadharma, nIti, sadAcAra tathA zAsana sambandhI niyamoM kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| smRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya manISiyoM ne hindUjIvana ke sudIrghakAlIna niyamoM kA kramabaddha rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| zatAbdiyoM se pracalita sAmAjika rIti-nIti evaM vyavasthA ko suvyavasthita karate hue unheM prAmANikatA pradAna karane kA zreya smRtigranthoM ko hI hai| adhikAMza smRtigrantha zlokabaddha haiM, kintu 'viSNusmRti' meM gadya kA bhI prayoga hai| ina granthoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke rIti-rivAjoM tathA dhArmika evaM rAjanItika niyamoM para vistArapUrvaka prakAza DAlA gayA hai| smRtigranthoM meM sAmAjika niyamoM, varNAzrama-vyavasthA, pati-patnI ke kartavyAkartavya kA pratipAdana, prAyazcitta, khAdyAkhAdya-vivecana, daNDanIti, uttarAdhikAra kA niyama, zuddhi, vivAha, upanayana Adi solaha saMskAra, rAjadharma Adi kA vivecana hai| smRtigranthoM meM varNita vidhAna Aja ke vidhi-granthoM kI taraha usa samaya rAjakIya niyama ke rUpa meM pracalita the| unakA mahatva Aja bhI hindUsamAja ke lie usI rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| smRtigrantha apane yuga ke vidhi grantha hI the, jinakI svIkRti tatkAlIna zAsanayantra dvArA huI thI aura inhIM ke AdhAra para daNDAdi vidhAna kiye jAte the| smRtiyoM kI racanA 600 I0 pU0 se lekara 1800 I0 taka kramabaddha rUpa se hotI rahI hai| inake pramukha viSaya yA aMga cAra haiM-AcAra-viSayaka, vyavahArasambandhI, prAyazcitta tathA karmaphala / inameM caturvaNaM evaM cAra AzramoM ke AdhAra para vividha vidhiyoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa samaya smRtiyoM kI saMkhyA 152 mAnI jAtI hai| 'manusmRti', 'yAjJavalkyasmRti', 'nAradasmRti', 'parAzarasmRti', 'bRhaspatismRti' ke atirikta anya prasiddha granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-'dharmarana' (jImUtavAhana, 12vIM zatI), 'smRtikalpataru' (lakSmIdhara ), 'brAhmaNasarvasva' (halAyudha, 12vIM zatI), 'smRticandrikA' (revaNNabhaTTa, 13vIM zatI), smRtisaMgraha' ( varadarAja ), 'catuvaMgacintAmaNi' ( hemAdri ), 'madanapArijAta' ( vizvezvara, 14vIM zatI ), 'smRtiratnAkara' ( caNDezvara ), 'kAlamAdhavIya' (mAdhava ), 'cintAmaNi' (vAcaspati, 15vIM zatI), 'sarasvatIvilAsa' (pratAparudradeva, 16vIM zatI.), 'agniparIkSA' (raghunandana ), 'smRtimuktAphala' (vaidyanAtha dIkSita ), 'tithinirNaya' ( bhaTTojidIkSita, 17vIM zatI), 'nirNayasindhu' (kamalAkara bhaTTa), 'bhagavanta-bhAskara' (nIlakaNTha), 'vIra. mitrodaya' ( mitra mizra ) / AdhAragrantha-1. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 1-kANe (hindI anuvaad)| 2. pramukha smRtiyoM kA adhyayana-DaoN. lakSmIdatta ThAkura /

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svapnavAsavadatta ] ( 672 ) [ svapnavAsavadatta svapravAsavadatta - yaha mahAkavi bhAsa racita unakA sarvazreSTha nATaka hai [ de0 bhAsa ] / isameM 6 aMka haiM tathA vatsarAja udayana kI kathA varNita hai / udayana rAjA pradyota ke prAsAda se vAsavadattA kA haraNa kara viSaya-vAsanA meM lipta ho rAjakIya kAryoM se virata ho jAtA hai| isI bIca usakA zatru AruNi usa para AkramaNa kara detA hai, para udayana kA mantrI yaugandharAyaNa saceta hokara sArI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nikAla letA hai / yaugandharAyaNa magadhanareza kI putrI padmAvatI se rAjA kA ( udayana kA ) vivAha karA kara usakI zaktivistAra karanA cAhatA hai, para rAjA vAsavadattA ke prati atyanta anurakta hai, ataH vaha dAva peMca ke dvArA yaha kArya sampanna karanA cAhatA / vaha vAsavadattA se sArI yojanA banAkara isa kArya meM usakI sahAyatA cAhatA hai / eka dina jaba rAjA mRgayA ke lie jAte haiM to yogandharAyaNa yaha aphavAha phailA detA hai ki vAsavadattA aura vaha donoM hI Aga meM jala ge| jaba rAjA AkheTa se Ate haiM to atyadhika saMtApa se pIr3ita hokara prANatyAga karane ko udyata ho jAte haiM, para amAtyoM ke samajhAne para virata hote haiM / amAtya rumaNyavAn rAjya kA saMrakSaNa karane lagatA hai / yaugandharAyaNa parivrAjaka kA veSa banAkara vAsavasattA ko lekara magadhanareza kI rAjadhAnI meM ghUmatA hai / usI samaya padmAvatI apanI mAtA ke darzana ke lie jAtI hai aura kaMcukI AzramavAsiyoM se pUchatA hai ki jise jo vastu abhISTa ho, vaha mAMge / yaugandharAyaNa Age Akara pUchatA hai ki yaha merI bhaginI proSitapatikA hai Apa isakA saMrakSaNa kreN| usane daivajJoM se suna rakhA thA ki padmAvatI ke sAtha udayana kA vivAha hogA, ataH vaha vAsavadattA ko padmAvatI ke sAtha rakhanA upayukta samajhatA hai / padmAvatI ke sAtha udayana kA vivAha ho jAtA hai| rAjA ko vAsavadattA kI smRti A jAtI hai aura ve usake viyoga meM becaina ho jAte haiM / unake netroM meM AMsU A jAte haiM / usI samaya padmAvatI A jAtI hai aura udayana usase bahAnA banAte hue kahatA hai ki usakI AMkhoM meM puSva-reNu par3a gae the| padmAvatI zirovedanA ke kAraNa calI jAtI hai aura rAjA so jAtA hai / vaha svapna meM vAsavadattA kA nAma lekara bar3abar3Ane lagatA hai / usI samaya vAsavadattA AtI hai aura rAjA ko padmAvatI samajhakara usake pAsa so jAtI hai| rAjA vAsavadattA kA nAma pukArane lagatA hai / vAsavadattA vahA~ se cala detI hai, para nIMda TUTane para udayana usakA pIchA karatA hai aura dhakkA lagane para dvAra ke pAsa gira par3atA hai / vidUSaka use batalAtA hai ki yaha svapna thA / eka dUta mahAmena ke yahA~ se Akara rAjA udayana evaM vAsavadattA kA citra - phalaka lAkara rAjA ko detA hai | padmAvatI use dekhakara kahatI ki aisI hI strI eka mere pAsa bhI hai jise eka brAhmaNa ne proSitapatikA kaha kara mere pAsa rakhA thaa| rAjA usase tulyarUpatA kI saMbhAvanA kI bAta kahatA hai, ataH vaha koI anya strI hogii| isI bIca yaugandharAyaNa A jAtA haiM aura padmAvatI se apanA nyAsa mAMgatA hai / vAsavadattA A jAtI hai aura sabhI loga use pahacAna lete haiM / yaugandharAyaNa rAjA ke caraNoM para gira par3atA hai aura apane avinaya ke lie kSamA mAMgatA hai| rAjA dvArA isa rahasya ko pUchane para vaha batalAtA hai ki devazoM ne padmAvatI ke sAtha Apake vivAha kI bAta

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svapnavAsavadatta ] ( 673 ) vAsavadatta kahI thii| isa samaya magadha rAjya kI sahAyatA se Apako padmAvatI aura rAjya donoM hI prApta hue| sabhI loga mahAsena ko yaha saMvAda sunAne ke lie ujjayinI jAne ko udyata hote haiM aura bharatavAkya ke pazcAt nATaka samApta ho jAtA hai| rAjA dvArA svapna meM vAsavadattA ko dekhane ke kAraNa isa nATaka kA nAma 'svapnavAsavadattam' rakhA gayA hai| 'svapnavAsavadatta' meM bhAsa kI kalA kI carama pariNati dikhAI par3atI hai| nATakIya saMvidhAna, caritrAMkana, saMvAda, prakRti-citraNa tathA rasonmeSa sabhI tatvoM kA isa nATaka meM pUrNa paripAka huA hai| yoM to isake sabhI dRzya AkarSaka haiM, para svapna vAlA dRzya adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| ise dekhakara darzaka vizeSa rUpa se abhibhUta ho jAye haiN| dhIralalita nAyaka udayana kI kalApriyatA jahA~ eka ora darzakoM kA Avarjana karatI hai, vahIM kUTanItijJa yogandharAyaNa kA buddhi-kauzala unheM camatkRta kara detA hai| isameM pradhAna rasa zRMgAra hai tathA gauNa rUpa se hAsya evaM vIrarasa kI bhI udbhAvanA kI gayI hai / vAsavadattA tathA udayana kI kathA ke AdhAra para isameM vipralambha zrRMgAra kI pradhAnatA hai| padmAvatI evaM vAsavadattA ke vinoda meM ziSTa hAsya kI jhalaka hai tathA vidUSaka ke vacanoM se hAsya kI sRSTi kI gayI hai| caritra citraNa-caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se bhI yaha nATaka saphala hai| isameM pradhAna hai-udayana, vAsavadattA, papAvatI evaM yogandharAyaNa / udayana-isa nATaka ke nAyaka udayana haiN| zAstrIya dRSTi se ve dhIralalita nAyaka haiM / ve kalApremI, vilAsI tathA rUpavAn haiM aura vINA-vAdana kI kalA meM dakSa haiN| jaba ve AkheTa ke lie jAte haiM tabhI lAvANaka gRha kI ghaTanA ghaTatI hai| ve bahupatnIka hote hue bhI dAkSiNya guNa se yukta haiM / eka patnI ke rahane para ve jAna bUjhakara dvitIya vivAha nahIM karate, apitu paristhitivaza vaisA karane ko prastuta hote haiN| vAsavadattA ke prati unakA pragADha prema hai aura papAvatI se pariNaya hone para bhI vAsavadattA kI smRti unheM banI rahatI hai| padmAvatI se vivAha karane ke pazcAt jaba vidUSaka unase vAsavadattA ke sambandha meM pUchatA hai to ve uttara dete haiM ki panAvatI vAsavadattA kI bhAMti unake mana ko AkRSTa nahIM krtii| vAsavadattA kI mRtyu ho jAne ke pazcAta bhI usakA prema unake hRdaya meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| ve vAsavadattA ke prati agAdha prema kA bhAva rakhate hue bhI padmAvatI ke prati udAra bane rahate haiM aura use kisI prakAra se duHkha nahIM pahuMcAte / vAsavadattA ke viyoga meM asikta netra hone para ve pAvatI se azrupUrNanetra hone kA kAraNa puSpoM ke parAga netroM meM par3a jAne ko kahate haiN| dAkSiNya guNa unameM kUTa-kUTakara bharA huA hai aura ve vAsavadattA ke prati apane prema ko papAvatI para prakaTa nahIM hone dete| rAjA atyadhika kalAparAyaNa haiM aura mRdu hone ke kAraNa unameM krodha kA abhAva hai| para, inameM zauyaM kI kamI nahIM hai / paMcama aMka meM AmaNi para rumaNvAn dvArA AkramaNa karane kI bAta suna kara ve yuddha ke lie ucata ho jAte haiN| unameM gurujanoM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA hai| mahAsena tathA baMgAravatI ke yahAM 43 saM0 sA0

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hanuma nATaka ] ( 674 ) [ hanumannATaka se Aye hue brAhmaNa kA sandeza sunane ke lie ve Asana se uTha jAte haiN| bhAsa ne isa nATaka meM unake caritra ko sundara, udAtta evaM manovaijJAnika banA diyA hai / vAsavadattA - vAsavadattA tyAga kI pratimUrti evaM rUpayauvanavatI patiprANAramaNI hai / vaha svAmI ke hita ke lie apanA sarvasvatyAga dene meM bhI nahIM hicakatI / vaha ujjayinI - nareza mahAsena pradyota kI putrI hai| jaba udayana usake pitA ke yahA~ bandI the tabhI usakA unase paricaya huA thA, aura antataH yaha paricaya pragAr3ha prema ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayA / vAsavadattA meM svAbhimAna kA bhAva bharA huA hai / vaha atyanta udAra hai| tathA padmAvatI ke prati IrSyA kA bhAva prakaTa nahIM krtii| vaha padmAvatI ke vivAha ke samaya svayaM mAlA graMthatI hai / vAsavadattA kAphI catura hai tathA kisI bhI sthiti meM apanI mRtyu ke rahasya ko kholatI nahIM / vaha dhairya ke sAtha sArI paristhitiyoM kA -sAmanA karatI hai aura apane pati ke lie yogandharAyaNa ke sAtha dara-dara bhaTakatI rahatI hai / vaha guNagrAhiNI bhI hai tathA sadaiva padmAvatI ke rUpa kI prazaMsA kiyA karatI hai / udayana kA prema hI usake jIvana kA saMbala hai aura unake mukha se apanI prazaMsA sunakara vaha uchasita ho jAtI hai| vaha bhojana banAne ke kArya meM kAphI kuzala hai aura miSTAnna banAkara vidUSaka ko prasanna karatI hai| Adarza rAnI, patnI evaM sauta ke rUpa meM usakA caritra ujjvala hai / use pativratA nArI ke dharma kA pUrNa parijJAna hai, ataH vaha parapuruSa ke darzana se dUra rahatI hai / padmAvatI - padmAvatI magadhanareza kI bhaginI hai aura vAsavadattA kI sota hote hue bhI usake prati atyadhika udAra hai| vaha atyanta rUpavatI hai / usake saundarya kI prazaMsA - vAsavadattA kiyA karatI hai| vidUSaka ke anusAra vaha 'sarvasadguNoM kA Akara' hai / rAjA bhI usake rUpa kI prazaMsA karatA hai / vaha rAjA ke prati prema, apanI sota - vAsavadattA ke prati Adara tathA anya janoM ke prati sahAnubhUti rakhatI hai| vaha - bAsavadattA kI bhAMti Adarza sota hai tathA usake mAtA-pitA ko apane mAtA-pitA kI bhati Adara evaM sammAna pradAna karatI hai / vaha buddhimatI nArI hai / vAsavadattA kA -rahasya prakaTa hone para vaha apane avinaya ke lie usase kSamA mAMgatI hai / yaugandharAyaNa - yaugandharAyaNa Adarza mantrI ke rUpa meM citrita hai| isa nATaka kI sArI ghaTanA usI kI kAryadakSatA evaM buddhikauzala para calatI hai / usameM svAmibhakti kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai aura vaha rAjA ke hita sAdhana ke lie apanA sarvasva tyAgane ko taiyAra rahatA hai / jyotiSiyoM ke kathana ko hI satya mAna kara ki rAjA padmAvatI kA pati hogA yaugandharAyaNa sArA khela raca detA hai| usake buddhikauzala evaM svAmibhakti ke kAraNa rAjA ko usakA khoyA huA rAjya prApta hotA hai / sAre bheda ke khula bAne para vaha rAjA ke pairoM para gira par3atA hai / AdhAragrantha - 1. mahAkavibhAsa eka adhyayana - paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 2. saMskRta nATaka - ( hindI anuvAda ) - kotha / hanumannATaka -- isa nATaka ke racayitA dAmodara mizra haiN| 'hanumannATaka' ko mahAnATaka bhI kahA jAtA hai| isake katipaya uddharaNa Anandavarddhana racita 'dhvanyAloka'

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hammIra mahAkAvya ] (675) [haracarita cintAmaNi meM haiN| Anandavarddhana kA samaya 850 I0 hai, ataH dAmodara mitra kA samaya navIM zatAbdI I0 kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai| isa nATaka kI racanA rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para huI hai| yaha dIrghavistArI nATaka hai tathA isameM eka bhI prAkRta padya kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| isake do saMskaraNa prApta hote haiM-prAcIna aura navIna / prAcIna ke praNetA dAmodara mizra mAne jAte haiM to navIna kA racayitA madhusUdanadAsa ko kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna meM 14 tathA navIna meM 9 aMka prApta hote haiN| isameM gaya kI nyUnatA evaM padya kA prAcurya hai| isakI anya vizeSatAeM bhI draSTavya haiM; jaise vidUSaka kA abhAva tathA pAtroM kA Adhikya / isameM viSkambha bhI nahIM hai tathA sUtradhAra kA bhI abhAva hai| maiksamUlara ke anusAra yaha nATaka na hokara nATaka kI apekSA hAmya ke adhika nikaTa hai tathA isase prAcIna bhAratIya prArambhika nATyakalA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| pizela tathA lyUDsa ne ise 'chAyAnATaka' kI Arambhika avasthA kA dyotaka mAnA hai| sTenakono, viMTaranitsa tathA anya pAzcAtya vidvAn bhI isI mata ke samarthaka haiM, para kItha ke anusAra yaha mata prAmANika nahIM hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki isakI racanA pradarzana kI dRSTi se nahIM huI thii| isake antima pada se isake racayitA dAmodara mizra jJAta hote haiN| "racitamanilaputreNApa vAlmIkinAndhI nihitamamRtabuddhapA prAG mahAmATakaM yat / sumatinRpatibhojenodhRtaM tat krameNa prathitamavatu vizvaM mizradAmodareNa // " 14 / 96 [isa nATaka kA hindI anuvAda sahita prakAzana caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se ho cukA hai ] hammIra mahAkAvya-isake racayitA haiM nyncndrsuuri| isameM kavi ne ahAuddIna evaM raNathambhora ke prasiddha rANA hammIra ke yuddha kA A~khoM dekhA varNana kiyA hai, jisameM hammIra lar3ate-lar3ate kAma Aye the| isa mahAkAvya meM 14 sagaM evaM 1572 zloka haiM / isakI pramukha ghaTanAeM haiM-alAuddIna kA hammIra se kucha hone kA kAraNa, raNathambhora ke kile para musalamAnoM kA AkramaNa, nusarata khAM kA yuddhasthala meM mArA jAnA, allAuddIna kA svayaM yuddha kSetra meM Akara yuddha karanA, ratipAla kA vizvAsapAta, rAjapUtoM kI parAjaya tathA jauharavrata evaM 'sAkA' / ina sArI ghaTanAoM kA citra atyanta prAmANika hai jisakI puSTi aitihAsika granthoM se bhI hotI hai| yaha mahAyuddha 1957 vikrama saMvat meM huA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki nayanacandrasUri me isa yuddha ko svayaM dekhA thA aura usake dekhanevAloM se bhI jAnakArI prApta kI thii| yaha vIrarasa pradhAna kAvya hai| isameM ojamayI padAvalI meM vIrarasa kI pUrNa vyaMjanA huI hai| kaSi ne vinamratA. pUrvaka mahAkavi kAlidAsa kA RNa svIkAra kiyA haiN| nIce ke zloka para 'raghuvaMza' kA prabhAva hai-"kvaitasya rAjJaH sumahaccaritraM kSaiSA punameM dhiSaNAnurUpA / tato'ti. mohAda mujayakayaiva mugdhastitIrSAmi mahAsamudram" // 1 / 11 isakA prakAzana 1818 I. meM bambaI se huA hai, sampAdaka haiM zrI nIlakaNTha janArdana kIrtane / haracarita cintAmaNi-isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA hai kAzmIra nivAsI kavi jayadraya / isameM bhagavAna zaMkara ke caritra evaM lIlAvoM kA varNana hai| isakI racanA

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harivaMza purANa ] [ harivaMza purANa anuSTup chanda meM huI hai / jayadratha 'alaMkArasarvasva' ke TIkAkAra jayaratha ( vimarzinI TIkA ) ke bhAI haiM / ye kAzmIranareza rAjA rAjadeva yA rAja ke sabhA-kavi the, jinakA zAsanakAla 1204 se 1226 I0 hai / isa kAvya kI bhASA sarasa evaM subodha hai| ( 676 ) harivaMza purANa - harivaMza purANa mahAbhArata kA pariziSTa kahA jAtA hai jise mahAbhArata kA 'khila' parva kahate haiM / vidvAnoM kA dhyAna harivaMza ko svatantra purANa mAnane kI ora kama gayA hai| isakA sthAna na to maThAraha purANoM meM ora na aThAraha upapurANoM meM hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mukhyataH purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 hI mAnI gayI, phalataH harivaMza ko isase vaMcita ho jAnA pdd'aa| harivaMza meM sabhI paurANika tatva vidyamAna haiM / isIlie katipaya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ise mahApurANoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai / bhAratIya vidvAn ise mahAbhArata kA hI aMga mAnate haiN| para, DaoN. vinTara nirasa kA kahanA hai ki 'harivaMza zuddha rUpa se eka purANa hai yaha bAta isase bhI siddha hotI hai ki bahudhA zabdaza: samAna aneka uktiyA~ isa saMbaMdha kaI purANoM meM upalabdha haiM / " bhAratIya sAhitya bhAga 1, khaNDa 2 pR0 129 // inhoMne ise khila ke atirikta svatantra purANa ke bhI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| phakuMhara ne harivaMza kI gaNanta purANoM meM kI hai tathA ise bIsava purANa mAnA hai / ( AuTalAina oNpha relijasa liTarecara oNpha iNDiyA pR0 136 ) haoNpakiMsa ke anusAra 'harivaMza' 'mahAbhArata' ke arthAcIna parvoM meM eka hai| hAjarA ne rAsa ke AdhAra para isakA samaya caturtha zatAbdI mAnA hai / 'harivaMza' tIna bar3e parvoM meM vibhAjita hai aura isakI zloka saMkhyA 16374 hai / . prathama pakSaM 'harivaMza' parva kahA jAtA hai jisameM 55 adhyAya haiN| isake dvitIya parva ko viSNu parva kahate haiM jisameM 81 adhyAya haiM tathA tRtIya ( bhaviSya ) pasaM ke adhyAyoM kI saMkhyA 135 hai / isameM vistArapUrvaka viSNu bhagavAn kA caritra varNita hai tathA kRSNa kI kathA evaM braja meM kI gayo unakI vividha lIlAoM kA mohaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM purANa paMca lakSaNa kA pUrNataH viniyoga huA hai tathA isakA prArambha sRSTi kI utpatti se hI kiyA gayA hai| isameM pralaya kA bhI varNana hai tathA vaMza aura manvantaroM ke anurUpa rAjAoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM tathA RSiyoM ke vividha AkhyAna prastuta kiye gae haiN| isameM purANoM meM varNita aneka sAmpradAyika prasaMga bhI milate haiM; jaise vaiSNava, zaiva evaM zAkta vicAra dhArAe~ / harivaMza meM yoga tathA sAMkhya-saMbaMdhI vicAra bhI haiM tathA aneka dArzanika tatvoM kA bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai / isake prathama parva ( harivaMza ) meM dhruva kI kathA, dakSa tathA unakI putriyoM kI kathA, veda aura yajJavirodhI rAjA vena kI kathA, unake putra tathA pRthu vizvAmitra evaM vasiSTha ke AkhyAna varNita haiN| anya viSayoM ke antargata rAjA ikSvAku evaM unake vaMzadharoM tathA candravaMza kA varNana hai| dvitIya (viSNu) parva meM mAnava rUpadhArI viSNu arthAt kRSNa kI kathA atyanta vistAra ke sAtha kahI gayI hai| isameM viSNu aura ziva se sambaddha stotra bhI bhare par3e haiN| bhaviSya parva meM Ane vAle yugoM ke saMbaMdha meM isI parva meM vArAha, nRsiMha evaM vAmana avatAra kI kathA bhaviSya vANiyAM kI gayI haiM / atyanta vistAra ke sAtha dI

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harivaMza purANa] ( 677) [harivaMza, purANa gayI hai tathA ziva aura viSNu ko eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ziva aura viSNu ko eka dUsare kI stuti karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| isI adhyAya meM kRSNa dvArA rAjA pauNDra ke vadha kA varNana hai| isake aMta meM mahAbhArata evaM harivaMza purANa kI mahimA gAyI gayI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isa tathya kA saMketa hai ki harivaMza mahAbhArata kA 'khila' yA parijiSTa hai tathA harivaMza parva evaM viSNu parva ko mahAbhArata ke antima do parvo ke rUpa meM hI parigaNita kiyA gayA hai / "harivaMzastataH parva purANaM khilasaMjJitam / bhaviSyat parva cApyuktaM khileSvevAdbhutaM mahat // " mahA0 112 / 69 // harivaMza meM bhI aise pramANa milate haiM jisase patA calatA hai ki isakA sambandha mahAbhArata se hai| 'ukto'yaM harivaMzaste parvANi nikhilAni c'| hari0 3 // 2 // isake sAtha hI aneka prAcIna granthoM meM ise svatantra grantha ke rUpa meM bhI pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai |jaise agnipurANa meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ke sAtha harivaMza kA bhI ullekha hai| "sarve matsyAvatArAdyA gItA rAmAyaNaM rivaha / harivaMzo bhArataM ca nava sargAH prdrshitaaH| Agamo vaiSNavo gItaH puujaadiikssaaprtisstthyaa|" agnipurANa 383152-. 53 // garuDapurANa meM mahAbhArata evaM harivaMzapurANa kA kathAsAra diyA gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki uttarakAla meM harivaMza svatantra vaiSNava grantha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isa sambandha meM * DaoN. vINApANi pANDe ne apane zodha-prabandha meM yaha niSkarSa prastuta kiyA hai| "mahAbhArata viSayaka aneka pramANa do niSkarSa prastuta karate hai / pahale niSkarSa ke anusAra harivaMza purANa mahAbhArata kA antaraMga bhAga hai| dvitIya niSkarSa ke pariNAmasvarUpa khila harivaMza eka sampUrNa vaiSNava purANa ke rUpa meM dikhalAI detA hai| harivaMza ke purANa pancalakSaNoM ke sAtha purANoM meM samAnatA rakhanevAlI kucha smRti sAmagrI bhI milatI hai| isI kAraNa khila hone para bhI harivaMza kA vikAsa eka svatantra purANa ke rUpa meM huA hai|" harivaMzapurANa kA sAMskRtika vivecana pR07 harivaMza meM anya purANoM kI apekSA aneka navIna evaM mahattvapUrNa tathyoM kA vivecana hai jisase isakI mahanIyatA siddha hotI hai| isameM anya purANoM kI apekSA kRSNa ke caritra. varNana meM navInatA hai; jaise 'ghAlikyageya' nAmaka vAkya mizrita saMgIta tathA abhinaya kA kRSNa carita ke antargata varNana tathA piNDArakatIrtha meM yAdavoM evaM antaHpura kI samasta rAniyoM ke sAtha kRSNa kI jlkriiddaa| hari0 2 / 8889 isameM bajranAbha nAmaka daitya kI navIna kathA hai jisameM bajanAbha kI kanyA padmAvatI ke sAtha pradyumna ke vivAha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI prasaMga meM bhadra nAmaka naTa dvArA 'rAmAyaNa evaM 'kauberAbhbhisAra" nAmaka nATakoM ke khelane kA ullekha bhAratIya nATyazAstra kI eka mahatvapUrNa sUcanA hai| harTela aura kItha prabhRti vidvAna isI prasaMga ke AdhAra para hI saMskRta nATakoM kA sUtrapAta mAnate haiN| harivaMza meM varNita 'ghAlikya' vividha vAdyoM ke sAtha gAyA jAnegalA eka bhAvapUrNa saMgIta hai jisake janmadAtA svayaM kRSNa kahe gae haiN| "pAlikyagAndharva guNodayeSu, ye devgndhrvmhrssisNghaaH| niSThI prayAntItyavagaccha burAdhA,

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harivilAsa mahAkAvya ] ( 678 ) [harizcandra chAlikyameva madhusUdanena // " harivaMza 2 / 8963 / "yatra yajJe vartamAne sunATyena naTastadA / maharSIstoSayAmAsa bhadranAmeti nAmataH // " vahI 2 / 11 / 26 isameM 'dAravatI' ke nirmANa meM bhAratIya vAstukalA kA utkRSTa rUpa milatA hai tathA vAstukalA-sambandhI kaI pAribhASika zabda bhI prApta hote haiM jo tadayugIna vAstukalA ke vikasita rUpa kA paricaya dete haiN| jaise 'aSTamArgamahArathyA' tathA 'mahASoDazacatvara' / isake dArzanika vivecana meM bhI aneka navIna tathya prastuta kiye gae haiM tathA sagaM aura pratisarga ke prasaMga meM bhAratIya darzana kI suvyavasthita paramparA kA pUrvakAlika rUpa prApta hotA hai| harivaMza ke kAla-miNaya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| hApakiMsa, hAjarA evaM phakuMhara ke anusAra isakA samaya caturthazatAbdI hai, para antaHsAkSya evaM bahiHsAkSya ke AdhAra para isakA samaya tRtIyazatAbdI se bhI pUrva nizcita hotA hai| azvaghoSa ne harivaMza ke katipaya zlokoM ko grahaNa kiyA hai| azvaghoSa kRta 'vajUsUcI' ke kucha zloka harivaMza meM bhI prApta hote haiM, ataH isakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| azvaghoSa kA samaya prathama se dvitIya zatI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prathama zatI meM bhI harivaMza vidyamAna thaa| bebara evaM re caudharI ne isa mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| . AdhAragrantha-1. harivaMza purANa (hindI anuvAda sahita ) gItApresa gorakhapura / 2. je0 ena0 phakuhara-aina AuTalAina oNpha relijasa liTarecara oNpha iMDiyA / 3. epha0 DablyU. haoNpakiMsa-va greTa epiksa oNpha inddiyaa| 4. e. bI. kItha-saMskRta ddraamaa| 5. esa. kono-dasa inDikA DrAmA-balina 1920 / 6.harivaMza purANa eka sAMskRtika adhyayana-DaoN. vINApANi pANDeya / harivilAsa (mahAkAvya)-isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA prasiddha vaidyarAja lolimbarAja haiN| isameM zrIkRSNa kI lalita lIlAeM varNita haiM tathA pAMca sau meM bAla-lIlA kA varNana hai| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie de0 [ lolimbarAja ] inakA samaya 11 vIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| ye dakSiNanareza harihara ke samakAlIna the| inhoMne 'vaidyajIvana' nAmaka prasiddha vaidyakagrantha kI racanA kI hai| harizcandra-ye jainakavi the| inakA samaya 12 zataka mAnA jAtA hai| ye maka nAmaka vaMza meM utpanna hue the| inake pitA kA nAma Ardradeva evaM mAtA kA nAma rakhyA devI thaa| ye jAti ke kAyastha the| inhoMne 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' mahAkAvya evaM 'jIvandharacampU' kI racanA kI hai| 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' 21 sau kA mahAkAvya hai jisameM pandrahaveM tIrthakara dharmanAtha jI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM kavi ne apane ko rasadhvani kA pathika kahA hai-rasadhvaneradhvani sArthavAhaH-prazastizloka 7 / isakA prakAzana kAvyamAlA (saM08) bambaI se 1899 I0 meM huA hai| isa mahAkAvya kI racanA vaidarbhI rIti meM huI hai| 'jIvandharacampU' meM rAjA satyaMdhara tathA vijayA ke putra jaina rAjakumAra jIvanadhara kA carita varNita hai / isake Arambha meM jinastuti hai tathA kula 11 lambaka haiM-sarasvatIlambha, govindAlambha, gandharvadattAlambha, guNamAlAlambha, pAlambha, lakSmaNAlambha tathA muktilambha / isameM sthAna-sthAna para jainasiddhAnta ke anusAra dharmopadeza diye gae haiN| isa pampa kA uddezya jIvandhara ke parita ke mAdhyama se jainadharma ke siddhAntoM

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hariSeNa ] ( 679) [harSa-parita kA pratipAdana kara use lokapriyatA pradAna karanA hai| isameM sarala tathA alaMkRta donoM hI prakAra kI bhASA ke rUpa dikhAI par3ate haiM, phalataH bhASA meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| sarasvatI vilAsa sIrIja, tanjora se 1905 I0 meM prakAzita / - hariSeNa-ye saMskRta ke aise kaviyoM meM haiM jinakI racanA pASANa-khaNDoM para prazastiyoM evaM antalekhoM ke rUpa meM utkINita hai| inakI jIvanI evaM kAvyapratibhA kA patA inake dvArA racita prayAga-prazasti para utkINita hai| ye samudragupta ke Azrita kavi the aura inhoMne apane AzrayadAtA kI prazaMsA meM eka lekha kI racanA 345 I. meM kI thI, jo prayAga ke azoka-stambha para virAjamAna hai / isa prazasti meM samAda samudragupta kI digvijaya tathA asAdhAraNa evaM UrjasvI vyaktitva kA patA calatA hai| isa prazasti meM kavi kI jIvanI bhI surakSita hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki inake pitA kA nAma dhruvabhUti thA jo tatkAlIna gupta nareza ke mahAdaNDanAyaka, eka uccakoTi ke rAjanItijJa evaM prakANDa paNDita the| hariSeNa bhI apane pitA kI bhAMti samrATa ke padAdhikArI the jo kramazaH unnati karate hue sAMdhivigrahika, kumArAditya tathA mahAdaNDanAyaka ke uccapada para adhiSThita hue| ye samudragupta kI rAjasabhA ke zIrSastha vidvAna the| hariSeNa racita 'prayAga-prazasti' utkRSTa koTi kI kAvya-pratibhA kA paricAyaka hai| isakA Arambha sragdharA chanda meM huA hai tathA anya aneka chandoM ke atirikta isameM gadya kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jo alaMkRta koTi kI gadya-zailI kA rUpa pradarzita karatA hai| isakA padyAtmaka vidhAna kAlidAsa kI pratibhA kA saMsparza karatA hai to gadyAtmaka bhAga meM bANabhaTTa kI sI zailI ke darzana hote haiN| inakI anya koI kIrti upalabdha nahIM hotii| harSa-carita-yaha bANabhaTTa racita gadya-racanA hai| isameM kavi ne ATha ucchvAsoM meM tatkAlIna bhArata samrATa harSa ke jIvana kA varNana kiyA hai / isa kRti ko svayaM bANa ne AkhyAyikA kahA hai / "tathA'pi nRpatebhaktyA bhIto nirNanAkulaH / karomyAkhyAyikAmmogho jihvAplavanacApalam // " harSacarita 19 / isake prathama ucchvAsa meM vAtsyAyanavaMza kA varNana hai| prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa, kukavi-nindA, kAvya-svarUpa evaM AkhyAyikAkAra kaviyoM kA varNana hai / bANa ne bhUmikA bhAga meM ( jo zlokabaddha hai ) vAsavadattA, vyAsa, harizcandra, sAtavAhana, pravarasena, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bRhatkathA, mAyarAja Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| punaH kavi ne apane vaMza kA paricaya diyA hai| bANa ne apane vaMza kA sambaMdha sarasvatI se sthApita karate hue batAyA hai ki brahmaloka meM eka bAra durvAsA RSi ne kisI muni se kalaha karate hue sAmaveda ke mantroM kA azuddha uccAraNa kara diyaa| isa para sarasvatI ko haMsI AI aura durvAsA ne apane Upara hasate dekhakara unheM zApa de diyA ki vaha matyaM loka meM calI jAya / brahmaloka se prasthAna kara sarasvatI matyaloka meM AI aura zoNanada ke taTa para apanA nivAsa banAkara rahane lgii| usake sAtha usakI priya sakhI sAvitrI bhI rahatI thii| eka dina usane ghor3e para car3he hue eka yuvaka ko dekhA jo cyavana RSi kA putra dadhIca thaa| sarasvatI usase

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harSa-carita] ( 680) [harSacarita prema karane lagI aura donoM ke saMyoga se sArasvata nAmaka putra utpanna huaa| zApa kI samApti ke pazcAt donoM sakhiyA brahmaloka calI gaI tathA dadhIca ne apane putra sArasvata ko akSamAlA nAmaka eka RSi patnI ko lAlana-pAlana ke lie sauMpa diyaa| akSamAlA ke putra kA nAma vatsa thA, bANa ne isI ke sAtha apanA saMbaMdha jor3A hai| usane apane sAthiyoM kA bhI paricaya diyA hai tathA batAyA hai ki prArambha se hI vaha ghumakkar3a thaa| dvitIya ucchvAsa meM rAjadarzana kA varNana hai| dvitIya ucchvAsa ke prArambha meM grISma Rtu kA atyanta vistRta varNana huA hai| tatpazcAt bANa kA prItikUTa ( nivAsasthAna ) se bAhara jAne tathA majakUTa aura vanagrAmaka pAra karake rAjadvAra para pahuMcane kA varNana hai| isa prasaMga meM gajazAlA, azvazAlA, dapazAta hAthI tathA samrATa harSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bANa ne eka sau cAlIsa paMktiyoM ke eka laMbe vAkya meM mahArAja harSa kA varNana kiyA hai aura anta meM bANa aura harSa kI bheMTa tathA donoM kI tIkhI bAtacIta kA varNana hai| tRtIya ucchvAsa meM rAjavaMza varNana kiyA gayA hai| bANa rAjadhAnI se lauTa kara ghara AtA hai aura apane bhrAtA ( cacerA bhAI ) zyAmala ke anurodha para harSa kA carita sunAtA hai| prathamataH zrIkaNThajanapadavarNana, sthANvIzvara, puSpabhUti, bhairavAcArya ke ziSya evaM bhairavAcArya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| puSpabhUti rAjA bANa kI kalpanA hai tathA isI ke sAtha harSa kA saMbaMdha sthApita kiyA gayA hai| caturtha ucchavAsa meM puSpabhUti ke vaMza meM prabhAkaravaddhana kA janma lenA varNita hai| tatpazcAt prabhAkaravadana kI rAnI yazomatI ke svapna evaM rAjyavarTana kI utpatti kA varNana hai| harSa kI utpatti evaM rAjyazrI kA janma hone para honevAle mahotsava kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| rAjyazrI ke yuvatI hone para usakA vivAha mokharinareza grahavarmA ke sAtha hotA hai| paMcama ucchavAsa meM mahArAja prabhAkaravardana kI mRtyu vaNita hai| rAjA prabhAkaravaddhana hUNoM se yuddha karane ke lie rAjyavarddhana ko bhejate haiN| hapaM bhI unake sAtha jAtA hai aura bIca meM AkheTa ke lie Thahara jAtA hai| vahIM para use samAcAra prApta hotA hai ki usake pitA rogagrasta haiN| maraNAsanna rAjA apane putra ko dekha kara gale lagAtA hai| rAjA kI mRtyu ke kAraNa zokAkula rAjabhavana tathA rAnI ke satI hone kA varNana, prabhAkaravarddhana dvArA harSa ko sAntvanA denA tathA prabhAkaravarTana kI mRtyu Adi ghaTanAe~ isI ucchvAsa meM varNita haiM / SaSTha ucchvAsa-rAjyavarddhana kA lauTanA tathA harSa ko samajhAnA, harSacintA, mAlavarAja dvArA grahavarmA kI mRtyu tathA rAjyazrI ko kArAvAsa diye jAne kA samAcAra, rAjyavardhana kA krodha karanA aura yuddha ke lie prasthAna, rAjyavardhana kI mRtyu evaM harSa kI digvijaya kI pratijJA, gajasenAdhyakSa skanda gupta ko hastisenA saMgaThita karane kA Adeza, skandagupta dvArA harSa ko rAjAoM ke chala-kapaTa kA varNana Adi ghaTanAeM SaSTha ucchvAsa meM varNita haiN| saptama ucchvAsa-harSa kA vizAla raNavAhinI ke sAtha yuddha ke lie prasthAna, sainika-prayANa se janatA ko kaSTa tathA harSa dvArA senA kA nirIkSaNa, prAgajyotiSezvara ( AsAma nareza ) dvArA harSa ko divya putra kI bheMTa tathA bhAskaravarmA dvArA bheje gae anya upahAroM kA varNana / rAjyazrI kA parijanoM ke sAtha vinya-praveza karane kI sUcanA tathA harSa kA azvArUr3ha hokara

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harSa yA harSavardhana ] ( 681) [harSa yA harSavardhana use khojane ke lie jAnA, vindhyATavI kA varNana / aSTama ucchvAsa-nirdhAta nAmaka zabara yuvaka kA rAjyazrI kI khoja meM sahAyatA dene kA vacana tathA harSa evaM zabara yuvaka kA divAkara mitra ke Azrama meM jAnA, harSa kA Agamana-prayojana kA kathana, eka bhikSu kA rAjyazrI kI dazA kA varNana tathA harSa kA rAjyazrI ke nikaTa jAnA, divAkara mitra kA harSa ko ekAvalI denA, divAkara mitra kA rAjyazrI ko upadeza denA tathA rAjyazrI ko lekara harSa kA senA meM AnA, sUryAsta candrodaya-varNana / antima ghaTanA ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi ne harSa kI sampUrNa jIvana-gASA kA varNana na kara kevala unake jIvana kI prArambhika ghaTanAoM kA hI varNana kiyA hai| kavi ne 'harSacarita' kA prArambha paurANika kathA ke DhaMga para kiyA hai / brahmaloka meM bike hue kamala ke Asana para brahmAjI baiThe haiM jinheM indrAdi devatA ghere hue haiN| brahmA kI sabhA meM vidyAgoSThiyo ke calane kA bhI varNana hai / 'harSacarita' kI racanA AkhyAyikA zailI para huI hai| svayaM lekhaka ne bhI ise AkhyAyikA kahA hai / 'bANa ke anusAra harSacarita' AkhyAyikA hai aura kAdambarI kthaa| AkhyAyikA meM aitihAsika AdhAra honA caahie| kathA kalpanAprasUta hotI hai| kama-se-kama harSacarita aura kAdambarI ke udAharaNa se aisA jJAta hotA hai| kintu kathA aura AkhyAyikA ke sambandha meM bANa aura daNDI ke samaya meM bahuta kucha vAda-vivAda thaa| daNDI ne una donoM kA bheda batAne kI koziza kI-jaise, AkhyAyikA kA vaktA svayaM nAyaka hotA hai, kathA kA nAyaka yA anya koI; kintu yaha niyama saba jagaha lAgU nhiiN| phira nAyaka svayaM vaktA rUpa meM ho athavA anya koI vyakti, isameM koI bAta nahIM hotI, isalie yaha bheda avAstavika hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata thA ki AkhyAyikA meM vaktra aura apara vaktra chandoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai aura usameM kathAMza ucchvAsoM meM baMTA rahatA hai / yadyapi daNDI ne prasaMgavaza kathA meM bhI ina lakSaNoM kA honA kahA hai aura isa bheda ko asvIkAra kiyA hai, tathApi bANa ke harSacarita meM yaha lakSaNa avazya ghaTita hotA hai| daNDI ke mata se to kathA aura AkhyAyikA meM kevala nAma kA hI bheda hai, donoM kI jAti eka hI hai / para bANa ne harSacarita ko AkhyAyikA aura kAdambarI ko kathA mAnA hai| harSacarita ke Arambha meM kahA hai ki capalatAvaza maiM isa AkhyAyikArUpI samudra meM apanI jihvA kA cappU calA rahA hai| kAdambarI kI bhUmikA meM use vAsavadattA aura bRhatkathA ina donoM ko mAta karanevAlI [ ativyo ] kathA kahA hai| harSacarita-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 5 / 'harSacarita' ke kaI hindI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiM, yahAM cokhambA prakAzana kI prati se sahAyatA lI gayI hai| AdhAra grantha-1. harSacarita ! hindI anuvAda ] AcArya jagannAtha pAThaka / 2. harSacarita ( hindI anuvAda ] sUryanArAyaNa caudhrii| harSa yA harSavardhana-prasiddha samrAT tathA kAnyakumja ke raajaa| unhoMne 606 I. se lekara 648 I. taka zAsana kiyA thaa| unhoMne jahA~ bANabhaTTa, mayUra prabhRti kaviyoM ko apane yahA~ Azraya dekara saMskRta sAhitya kI samRddhi meM yoga diyA, vahIM svayaM

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harSa yA harSavardhana ] ( 682 ) [ harSa yA harSavardhana sAhitya-sarjana kara bhAratI kI sevA kii| unake jIvana kI jAnakArI bANabhaTTa racita 'harSacarita' evaM cInIyAtrI hvenatsAMga ke yAtrA vivaraNa se prApta hotI hai / isa sAmagrI ke anusAra unake pitA kA nAma prabhAkaravardhana evaM mAtA kA nAma yazomatI thA / inakI bahina kA nAma rAjyazrI thA jisakA vivAha maukhari nareza grahavarmA ke sAtha huA thA / unake bar3e bhAI mahArAja rAjyavardhana the, para ve adhika dinoM taka zAsana na kara sake, phalata: mahArAja harSavardhana ko zAsanasUtra saMbhAlanA pdd'aa| harSa kI rAjadhAnI thAnezvara yA sthANvIzvara meM thii| ve dhIra, vIra evaM catura zAsaka ke atirikta lalita kalAoM ke bhI upAsaka the / aneka granthoM tathA subhASitAvaliyoM meM inake sambandha meM vividha prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye gae haiM - 1. sacitra varNavicchittihAriNoravanIpati | zrIharSa iva saMghaTTaM cakre bANamayUrayoH // navasAhasAMkacarita 2018 | 2. zrIharSa ityavanirvAtiSu pArthiveSu nAsteva kevalamajAyata vastutastu / gIrhaSaM eva nijasaMsadi yena rAjJA saMpUjitaH kanakakoTizatena bANaH / / soDhala / 3. hemno bhArazatAni vA madamuco vRndAni vA dantinAM zrIharSeNa samarpitAni kavaye bANAya kutrAdya tat / yA bANena tu tasya sUktinikarairuGkitAH kIrtayastAH kalpa pralaye'pi yAnti na manAG manye parimlAnatAm // sArasamucca, subhASitAvalI 150 // 4. zrIharSo vitatAra gadyakavaye bANAya vANIphalam // subhA0 // 5. arthArthinAM priyA eva zrIharSodIritA giraH / sArasvate tu saubhAgye prasiddhA tadviruddhatA // harihara [ subhA0 19]6. suzliSTasandhibandhaM satpAtrasuvarNayojitaM sutarAm / nipuNaparIkSakadRSTaM rAjati ratnAvalI ratnam // kuTTanImata AryA 947 / harSavardhana racita tIna kRtiyoM kA patA calatA hai - 'priyadarzikA', 'ratnAvalI' evaM 'nAgAnanda' / inameM 'priyadarzikA' tathA 'ratnAvalI' nATikAeM haiM aura 'nAgAnanda' nATaka hai / 'ratnAvalI' ke kartRtva ko lekara sAhitya-saMsAra meM bahuta bar3A Andolana uThA hai ki isake racayitA haSaM na hokara dhAvaka the / isa bhrama ko janma dene kA zreya AcArya mammaTa ko hai / inhoMne 'kAvyaprakAza' meM 'zrIharSAderdhAvakAdInAmiva dhanam' nAmaka vAkya likhA hai jisakA artha aneka TIkAkAroM ne yaha kiyA ki dhAvaka ne 'ratnAvalI' kI racanA kara harSa se asaMkhya dhana prApta kiyA hai / isa kathana para vizvAsa kara bahusaMkhyaka yUropIya vidvAnoM ne 'ratnAvalI' kA racayitA dhAvaka ko hI mAna liyA / 'kAvyaprakAza' kI kisI-kisI prati [ kAzmIrI prati ] meM dhAvaka ke sthAna para bANa kA bhI nAma milatA hai, jisake AdhAra para vidvAn bANabhaTTa ko ho 'ratnAvalI' kA racayitA mAnate haiM / para, Adhunika bhAratIya paNDita isa vicAra se sahamata haiM ki tInoM kRtiyoM [ uparyukta ] ke lekhaka harSavardhana ho the / 'kuTTanImatam' ke racayitA dAmodaragupta ne spaSTa rUpa se ratnAvalI ko harSa kI kRti hone kA ullekha kiyA hai / [de0 'kuTTanImatam AryA 947 ] / 1 - ratnAvalI- yaha saMskRta kI prasiddha nATikA hai, jisake aneka uddharaNa evaM udAharaNa nAvyazAstrIya granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| isameM cAra aMka haiM tathA vatsarAja udayana evaM ratnAvalI ke praNaya prasaMga kA varNana hai [ de0 ratnAvalI ] 2 - priyadarzikA - isakA sambandha bhI udayana ke jIvana carita se hai / [ de0 priyadarzikA ] 3 - nAgAnanda - isa nATaka meM rAjakumAra jImUtavAhana dvArA garur3a se nAgoM ke bacAne kI kathA hai| isakI

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harSa yA harSavardhana ] ( 683 ) [ havaM yA harSavardhana ~ nAndI meM bhagavAn buddha kI stuti kI gayI hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki harSavardhana bauddhamatAnuyAyI the / [ de0 nAgAnanda ] harSa kI kAvyapratibhA uccakoTi kI hai tathA ve nATakakAra evaM kavi donoM hI rUpoM meM prasiddha haiM / unakI kavitA meM mAdhuyaM evaM prasAda donoM guNoM kA sAmaMjasya dikhAI par3atA hai / kavi ne rasamaya varNana ke dvArA prAkRtika saundarya kI abhivyakti kI hai tathA sthala - sthala para prakRti ke aneka mohaka citroM kA manohara zabdoM meM citra upasthita kiyA hai / paramparA prathita varNanoM ke prati unhoMne adhika ruci darzAyI hai, phalataH saMdhyA, madhyAhna, udyAna, tapovana, phulavArI, nirjhara, vivAhotsava, snAna-kAla, malaya parvata, bana, prAsAda Adi inake priya viSaya ho gae haiN| DaoN0 kItha ke anusAra "pratibhA aura lAlitya meM ve kAlidAsa se nizcaya hI ghaTakara haiM, parantu abhivyaMjanA aura vicAroM kI saralatA kA mahAn guNa unameM vidyamAna hai / unakI saMskRta pariniSThita aura arthagabhita hai / zabdAlaMkAroM evaM arthAlaMkAroM kA prayoga saMyata tathA surucipUrNa hai / " saMskRta nATaka pR0 180 / unakI zailI sarala tathA prabhAvAbhivyaMjaka hai aura padyoM meM doghaM samAsoM kA abhAva tathA saralatA hai| sarala zabdoM ke niyojana tathA apratihata pravAha ke kAraNa kavi bhASA ko AkarSaka banAne kI kalA meM nipuNa hai| unakA gadya bhI sarala tathA arthAbhivyakti kI kSamatA se ApUrNa hai aura bhASA meM ramAnukUla pravAha tathA abhISTa artha ko abhivyakta karane kI pUrNa kSamatA hai / unhoMne alaMkAroM kA svAbhAvika rUpa se prayoga kiyA hai| "abhISTa artha kI abhivyaMjanA meM alaMkAra sahAyaka hue haiN| alaMkAroM kA prayoga kavitA ke mAdhuyaM ke sAtha huA hai / aise sthaloM para bhASA sarala, sarasa aura mAdhuyaM guNa-maNDita hai / " saMskRta ke mahAkavi aura kAvya pR0 270 / udAharaNasvarUpa cATukAra udayana kI ukti ke dvArA vAsavadattA ke saundaryavarNana ko rakhA jA sakatA hai - "devi tvanmukhapaGkajena zazinaH zobhA tiraskAriNA pazyAbjAni vinirjitAni sahasA gacchanti vicchAyatAm / zrutvA tvatparivAravAravanitAbhRGgAMganA lIyante mukulAntareSu zanakaiH saMjAtalajjA iva // " ratnAvalI 1 / 25 'devi ! candramA kI zobhA ko tiraskRta karane vAle tumhAre mukha rUpa kamala ne jalastha kamaloM ko jIta liyA hai / isI kAraNa inameM sahasA mlAnatA A rahI hai / tumhAre ina parijanoM tathA gaNikAoM kA madhura saMgIta sunane meM bhRGgAGganAyeM kaliyoM meM chipatI jA rahI haiM, mAno unheM apanI honatA para lajjA A rahI ho| inake nATakoM meM zleSa tathA anuprAsAdi zabdAlaMkAra adhika prayukta hue haiM, para ve bhAvoM ke utkarSaka tathA svAbhAvika haiM / chandoM ke prayoga ke saMbaMdha meM harSa kI nijI viziSTatAeM haiN| unhoMne adhikAMzataH lambe evaM jaTila chandoM ke prati adhika ruci pradarzita kI hai jo nATakIya dRSTi se upayukta nahIM mAne jA skte| unakA priya chanda zArdUlavikrIDita hai jo 'ratnAvalI' meM 23 bAra 'priyadarzikA' meM 20 bAra tathA 'nAgAnanda' meM 30 bAra prayukta huA hai| isI prakAra lagdharA, AryA, indravajrA, vasaMtatilakA, mAlinI, zikhariNI Adi chandoM ke prati bhI kavi kA vizeSa Agraha hai / itanA avazya hai ki unake chanda lambe hote hue bhI sAMgItikatA se pUrNa haiM / prAkRtoM meM harSa ne vizeSataH zaurasenI evaM

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haribhadra ] (684) [hitopadeza mahArASTrI kA prayoga kiyA hai jo prAkRta vyAkaraNa-sammata haiN| nATakIya dRSTi se unakI tInoM kRtiyoM meM abhineyatA kA tattva vipula mAtrA meM dikhAI par3atA hai| unake saMvAda choTe evaM pAtrAnukUla haiM tathA nATakoM kI laghutA unheM raMgamaMcopayogI banAne meM sakSama hai| prAyogika kaThinAI unake nATakoM meM nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii| romAMcaka 'praNayanAyikA' ke nirmAtA kI dRSTi se harSa kA sthAna saMskRta ke nATakakAroM meM goravAspada hai| unhoMne bhAsa evaM kAlidAsa se preraNA grahaNa kara apane nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| "romAnTika DrAmA ke jitane kamanIya tathA upAdeya sAdhana hote haiM una sabakA upayoga harSa ne ina rUpakoM meM kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ke hI samAna harSa bhI prakRti aura mAnava ke pUrNa sAmarasya ke pakSapAtI haiN| mAnava bhAva ko jAgrata karane ke lie donoM ne prakRti ke dvArA sundara paristhiti utpanna kI hai|" saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya saptama saMskaraNa pR0 537 / AdhAragrantha-1. hisTrI oNpha klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara-DaoN. dAsagupta evaM he 2. saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-pa0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 3. saMskRta sukavi-samIkSApaM0 baladeva upAdhyAya / 4. saMskRta kavi-darzana-DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa / 5. saMskRtakAvyakAra-DaoN0 haridatta shaastrii| 6. saMskRta nATaka (hindI anuvAda )-DaoN0 e0 bI0 kiiy| haribhadra-jaina darzana ke aacaary| inakA samaya vikrama kI AThavIM zatAbdI hai| inake prasiddha grantha haiM-'SaDdarzana samuccaya' evaM 'anekAnta jayapatAkA' / AdhAra grantha-bhAratIya darzana-AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya / halAyudha kRta kavirahasya-bhaTTikAvya ke anukaraNa para hI 'kavirahasya' mahAkAvya kI. racanA huI hai| yaha zAstrakAvya hai| isameM rASTrakUTavaMzIya rAjA kRSNarAja tRtIya ( 940-953 I0) ko prazaMsA hai| kavi ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para isakA varNana kiyA hai tathA sabhI udAharaNa AzrayadAtA kI prazaMsA meM nibaddha kiye haiN| hitopadeza-'paMcatantra' se nikalA huA kathA-kAvya / yaha pazukathA atyanta lokapriya grantha hai| isake lekhaka nArAyaNa paNDita haiN| ye baMgAla nareza dhavalacandra ke sabhA-kavi the tathA inakA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hai| svayaM granthakAra ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki isa grantha kA mUlAdhAra 'paMcatantra' hai| isa grantha ko eka hastalikhita prati 1373 I0 kI prApta hotI hai| nArAyaNa ne bhaTTAraka vAra ( ravivAra ) kA ullekha aise dina ke rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa dina koI kAma nahIM karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para vidvAnoM ne kahA ki aisI zabdAvalI ke prayoga kA rivAja 900 I. taka nahIM thaa| 'mitralAbha' ke cAra pariccheda haiM-mitralAbha, suhRd-bheda, vigraha evaM sandhi / isameM lekhaka ne zikSAprada kathAoM ke mAdhyama se nItizAstra, rAjanIti evaM anya sAmAjika niyamoM kI zikSA dI hai| isa pustaka kI racanA mUlataH gadya meM huI hai para sthAna sthAna para pracura mAtrA meM padyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isameM lagabhaga 679 nIti-viSayaka padoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai jinheM lekhaka ne, apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie, 'mahAbhArata', 'dharmazAna', purANa Adi se liyA hai| 'hito.

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hemacandra ] (685) [haMsa sandeza padeza' ke pratyeka khaNDa ke anta meM ziva ke anugraha kI kAmanA karane vAle AzIrvAdAsmaka vacana prApta hote haiM, isase jJAta hotA hai ki isakA lekhaka zaiva thaa| isameM 'paMcatantra' ke gadya kA lagabhaga 3 bhAga evaM padya bhAga prApta hotA hai| zikSA dene kI zailI kA prayoga karane ke kAraNa isakI bhASA atyanta sarala hai aura yahI isakI lokapriyatA kA kAraNa bhI hai| isa samaya prAyaH sAre bhAratavarSa meM saMskRta-zikSaNa kA prArambha isI pustaka se hotA hai / isakI zailI sIdhI-sAdI evaM sarala hai-vizeSataH gadya kI bhASA, para zlokoM kI bhASA apekSAkRta kaThina hai| isake aneka hindI anuvAda prApta hote haiN| hemacandra jaina dharma ke prasiddha AcArya evaM kaavyshaastrii| AcArya hemacandra jaina lekhakoM meM atyadhika praur3ha pada ke adhikArI haiN| inakA janma gujarAta ke ahamadAbAda jile ke antargata dhundhuka grAma meM huA thaa| inakA janmakAla 1145 vi0 saM0 evaM mRtyukAla 1229 saM0 hai / inake mAtA-pitA kA nAma cAciga evaM pAhinI thaa| inakA vAstavika nAma caMgadeva thA kintu jaina dharma meM dIkSita ho jAne para ye hemacandra ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| inhoMne aneka viSayoM para aneka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| inake prasiddha grantha hai- sidahemacandra yA zabdAnuzAsana (vyAkaraNa kA vikhyAta anya ) kAvyAnuzAsana (kAvyazAstrIya granya ) chandonuzAsana, dravyAnuzrayakAma, abhidhAnacintAmaNi ( koza ) dezInAmamAlA, triSaSTizalAkASuruSacarita tathA yogazAstra / 'kAvyAnusAsana' kI racanA ATha adhyAyoM meM evaM sUtrazailI meM huI hai| isa para lekhaka ne 'viveka' nAmaka TIkA bhI likhI hai| isameM varNita viSayoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-prathama adhyAyakAvya-prayojana, kAvyahetu, pratibhA ke sahAyaka, kAvyalakSaNa tathA zabdazakti vivecn| dvitIya adhyAya-rasa evaM usake bhedoM kA varNana / tRtIya adhyAya meM doSa tathA caturtha meM mAdhurya, poja evaM prasAda guNa kA nirUpaNa / paMcama adhyAya meM chaha zabdAlaMkAra evaM SaSTha meM 29 arthAlaMkAroM kA vivecana / saptama adhyAya meM nAyaka-nAyikAbheda evaM aSTama meM adhyAya prekSya tathA zravya kAvya ke do bheda varNita haiN| 'kAvyAnuzAsana' maulika grantha na hokara aneka granthoM ke vicAra kA saMgraha grantha hai| isameM vibhinna granthoM meM 1500 zloka uddhRta haiN| 'zabdAnuzAsana' atyanta prauDha vyAkaraNa grantha hai| isa para DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne 'zabdAnuzAsana eka adhyayana' nAmaka khojapUrNa grantha likhA hai| [caukhambA prakAzana ] kAvyAnuzAsana kAvyazAstra kI sAdhAraNa racanA haiM / __ AdhAragrantha-saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa-DaoN. kANe / haMsa sandeza-isa sandeza kAvya ke racayitA kA nAma pUrNasArasvata hai| kavi kA samaya vikrama trayodazazataka kA prArambha hai / lekhaka ke saMbaMdha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA kevala nimnAMkita zloka ke AdhAra para usake nAma kA anumAna kiyA gayA hai / azyaM viSNoH padamanupatan pakSapAtena haMsaH pUrNajyotiH padayugajuSaH puurnnsaarsvtsy| krIgtyeva sphuTamakaluSe mAnase sajjanAnAm meghenonijarasabharaM varSatA dhaSite'pi // 102 isa kAvya kA racayitA keralIya jJAta hotA hai| 'haMsa sandeza' meM kAMcIpura nagara kI

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hRdayadarpaNa ] ( 686 ) [ hRdayadarpaNa kisI strI ke dvArA zrIkRSNa ke pAsa haMsa dvArA sandeza bhejA gayA hai| haMsa ke vaMza, nivAsasthAna evaM sAmathryaM kI prazaMsA kara vibhinna sthAnoM meM zrIkRSNa kI khoja karate hue antataH use vRndAvana meM jAne ko kahA gayA hai / grantha meM 102 mandAkrAntA chanda prayukta hue haiM / prakAzana trivendram saMskRta sIrIja se ho cukA hai / kAvya kA prArambha meghadUta kI bhA~ti kiyA gayA hai- kAcit kAntA virahazikhinA kAminI kAmataptA nidhyAyantI kamapi dayitaM nirdayaM dUrasaMstham / bhUyo bhUyo raNaraNakataH puSpavATI bhramantI lIlAvApIkamalapathikaM rAjahaMsaM dadarza // 1 // AdhAragrantha - saMskRta ke sandezakAvya - DaoN0 rAmakumAra AcArya / - hRdayadarpaNa - yaha kAvyazAstra kA grantha hai / isake praNetA bhaTTanAyaka haiM / [ de0 bhaTTanAyaka ] yaha grantha abhI taka anupalabdha hai / 'hRdayadarpaNa' kI racanA dhvani siddhAnta ke khaNDana ke lie huI thii| 'hRdayadarpaNa' 11vIM zatAbdI se aprApta hai| isakA ullekha dhvanivirodhI AcArya mahimabhaTTa ne kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki binA 'darpaNa' ko dekhe hI maiMne dhvani siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai yadi mujhe 'hRdayadarpaNa' ke dekhane kA avasara prApta huA hotA to merA grantha adhika pUrNa hotA - sahasA yazo'bhimatuM samudyatA'dRSTadarpaNA mama dhIH / svAlaGkAravikalpa prakalpanevetti kathamivAvadyam || 'hRdayadarpaNa' ko 'dhvanidhvaMsa' bhI kahA jAtA hai /

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pariziSTa akhilAnanda kaviratna-inakA janma badAyUM ( uttara pradeza ) jile ke antargata candranagara grAma meM huA thaa| [ janmatithi tRtIyA mASa zukla vi0 saM0 1937 ] inake pitA kA nAma TIkArAma zAstrI thaa| inhoMne 'dayAnanda digvijaya' nAmaka prasiddha mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisakA prakAzanakAla 1910 I0 hai| inake dvArA racita kAvyoM kI saMkhyA 22 hai aura samasta kAvyoM kI zloka saMkhyA 95000 hai| granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai-'virajAnandacaritam', 'bhAminIbhUSaNa-kAvya', 'Izvarastuti-kAvya', 'dharmalakSaNavarNana-kAvya', 'gurukulodaya-kAvya', 'vidyAvinoda-kAvya', 'upanayanavarNana-kAvya', vivAhotsavavarNana kAvya', 'AyavRttenducandrikA', paropakArakalpadruma', 'ramAmahaSisaMvAda. kAvya', 'dazAvatArakhaNDana-kAvya', 'devopAlambhakAvya', 'AryasaMskRtagItayaH', 'dvijarAja. vijayapatAkA-kAvya', 'bhAratamahimAvarNana-kAvya', 'Ayavinoda-kAvya', 'saMskRtavidyAmandira-kAvya', AryasutAzikSAsAgara-kAvya', 'maharSicaritAdarza-kAvya', 'AyaMzirobhUSaNakAvya', shoksmmuurchn-kaavy'| akhilAnanda zarmA kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa racanA 'dayAnandadigvijaya' hai jisakI racanA 21 sau meM huI hai| isameM maharSi dayAnanda kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai| prathama sarga meM svAmI dayAnanda ke AvirbhAvakAla kI paristhitiyoM tathA maharSi ke prabhAva kA varNana hai| dvitIya tathA tRtIya soM meM kavi ne caritanAyaka ke bAlyakAla evaM vidyAdhyayana kA varNana kiyA hai| caturtha sagaM meM dayAnanda jI ke AvirbhAvakAla meM vidyamAna sampradAyoM-zaiva, zAkta, vaiSNava bAdi kA varNana evaM paMcama meM svAmI jI ke pramukha upadezoM kA nidarzana hai| SaSTha sagaM meM svAmI jI ke vArANasI zAstrArtha kA varNana hai jisameM kAzIstha svAmI vizuddhAnanda evaM bAlazAstrI ke sAtha maharSi dayAnanda ke zAstrArtha kA ullekha hai| saptama sagaM meM svAmI jI kA bambaI-pravAsa evaM aSTama meM dayAnanda jI ke granthoM kA vivaraNa hai| navama sarga meM caritanAyaka kI prazaMsA evaM dazama meM mRta-zrAddha, tIrtha-purANa evaM mUrtipUjA kA khaNDana hai| isI sarga meM mahAkAvya kA pUrvArda samApta hotA hai aura uttarAdaM meM 11 saga haiN| ekAdaza sarga meM AryasamAja ke dasa niyamoM kA ullekha evaM svAmI jI ke. lAhoragamana kA varNana hai| dvAdaza sarga meM dayAnanda jI kI kalakattA-yAtrA evaM trayodaza meM AryasamAja kI sthApanA kA varNana kiNA gayA hai| caturdaza sagaM kI racanA citrakAmya kI zailI meM huI hai jisameM sarvatogamanabandha, Sogzakamalabandha, gomUtrikAbagdha, chatrabandha, hArabandha ke prayoga kiye gae haiN| paMcadaza saga meM paropakAriNI sabhA kI sthApanA varNita hai aura SaSThadaza sagaM meM sabhAsadoM kA paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| saptadaza sarga meM vibhinna matoM-zaiva, vaiSNava, zAkta, jaina, boTa, vedAnta, zAkura, gANapatya-kI Alo. canA kI gayI hai| aSTadaza sagaM meM maharSi dayAnanda ke jodhapura nivAsa kA varNana evaM unnIsaveM sagaM meM unake svargArohaNa kA ullekha hai| bIsaveM sarga meM svAmIjI ko mRtyu

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[ arhaddAsa ambikAdattavyAsa ] ( 688 ) www ke uparAnta unake anuyAyiyoM ke zoka kA atyanta karuNa varNana hai / antima sarga meM kavi 'apanA paricaya diyA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM kula 2348 zloka haiM aura zAnta rasa kA prAdhAnya hai / yatra-tatra prakRti kI manorama chaTA pradarzita kI gayI hai aura katipaya sthAnoM para kavi alaMkRta varNana prastuta karatA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM sarvatra prasAdamayI zailI kA prayoga huA hai / dayAnandajI kA paricaya prastuta karate hue bhASA kI prAsAdikatA spaSTa ho gayI hai - abhUdabhUmiH kalikAlakarmaNAm azeSasaundarya nivAsavAsaH / jagattraye darzitavedabhAskaraH prabho dayAnanda iti pratApavAn // 1 / 2 RSi dayAnanda aura Arya samAja kI saMskRta sAhitya ko dena pR0 137 - 147 / mm ambikAdattavyAsa - [ 1859 se 15 navambara 1900 I0] jayapura ( rAjasthAna ) ke nikaTa bhAnapura grAma meM janma pitA kA nAma zrI durgAdatta ( gor3a brAhmaNa ) / kAzmIra saMskRta kaoNleja meM adhyayana aura vahIM vyAsa kI upAdhi se vibhUSita / 1893 I0 meM bhArataratna kI upAdhi prApta / 1880 I0 meM eka ghar3I meM sau zlokoM kI racanA karane ke kAraNa 'ghaTikAzataka' kI upAdhi / 1897 I0 meM chaparA kaoNleja meM saMskRta ke adhyApaka anta meM gavarnameSTa saMskRta kaoNleja paTanA meM saMskRta ke prAdhyApaka / granthoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-gaNezazatakam, zivavivAhaH ( khaNDakAvya ), sahasranAma - rAmAyaNam, puSpavarSA ( kAvya ) upadezalatA ( kAvya ), sAhityanalinI, ratnASTaka ( hAsya rasa kI kahAniyA~), kathAkusumam, zivarAjavijaya: ( upanyAsa ) 12 nizvAsoM meM kAdambarI kI zailI para racita vIrarasAtmaka upanyAsa / samasyApUttayaH, sAmavatam (nATaka), lalitAnATikA, mUrtipUjA, guptAzuddhipradarzanam, kSetrakauzalam, prastAradIpikA, sAMkhyasAgarasudhA / sakhi he nandatanaya Agacchati / mandaM mandaM muralIraNanaiH samadhikasukhaM prayacchati / bhairavarUpaH pApijanAnAM satAM sukhakaro devaH kalitalalitamAlatI malikaH suravaravAMchitasevaH // de0 Adhunika saMskRta sAhitya -- DaoN0 hIrAlAla zukla / arhaddAsa-jainadharmAbalaMbI saMskRta mahAkAvyakAra / kavi kA paricaya abhI taka upalabdha nahIM hotA / vidvAnoM ne 'munisuvrata' mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla saM0 1301 se 1325 ke madhya mAnA hai | adAsa ke adyAvadhi tIna kAvyagrantha upalabdha haiM- 'munisuvratakAvya', 'puruSadevacampU' tathA 'bhavyakaNThAbharaNa' / inake kAvyaguru kA nAma AzAdhara thaa| 'munisuvratakAvya' kA anya nAma 'kAvyaratna' bhI hai| isameM bIsaveM tIrthaMkara (jaina) munisuvrata svAmI kI jIvanagAthA dasa sargoM meM racita haiN| isameM kavi ne zAstrIya tathA paurANika mahAkAvya kI ubhaya zailiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| yaha mahAkAvya laghu kalevara kA hai jisameM chandoM kI saMkhyA 408 hai / prathama sarga meM maMgalAcaraNa, magadha evaM rAjagIra kA varNana tathA dvitIya meM magadhanareza rAjA sumitra aura unakI rAnI padmAvatI kA varNana hai| tRtIya evaM caturtha sargoM meM padmAvatI ke garbha se jinezvara ke avatIrNa hone evaM puMsavanAdi saMskAroM kA kathana hai| paMcama meM indrANI kA jina mAtA kI goda meM kapaTa zizu ko DAlanA tathA jinendra ko uThAkara unheM indra ko de denA evaM indra

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gargasaMhitA] (689) [giridharasarmAH caturvedI dvArA unheM airAvata para biThAkara maMdarAcala para jAne kI ghaTanA vaNita hai| SaSTha meM indra jitendra kA abhiSeka kara unheM punaH mAtA ke pAsa de dete haiM aura unakA nAma munisuvrata rakhate haiM / saptama meM munisuvrata kA vivAha evaM rAjyArohaNa tathA aSTama sarga meM eka vizeSa ghaTanA ke kAraNa muni ke vairAgya grahaNa karane kA varNana hai / navama sarga meM muni dvArA eka varSa taka kAyakleza nAmaka tapasyA karanA evaM dazama meM muni kI mokSa-prApti kI ghaTanA varNita hai / isa mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka suniyojita vikAsakrama se yukta hai| isameM na to kisI ghaTanA kA ativistAra hai aura na ati saMkSepa / isI kAraNa yaha grantha mahAkAvyocita anviti ( kathAnaka meM ), dhArAvAhikatA evaM gatizIlatA se yukta hai / isakA kathAnaka purANasammata hai| kavi prakRti-saundayaM ke atirikta mAnavIya saundarya ke varNana meM bhI sudakSa dikhAI par3atA hai| isameM kula 12 chanda prayukta hue haiM aura alaMkAroM kA bAhulya hai| bhrAntimAn alaMkAra kA varNana dekheM-ratikriyAyAM viparItavRttI ratAvasAne kila pAravazyam / babhUvaM malleSu gadAbhiSAto bhayAkulatvaM ravicandrayozca // // 32 / de0 terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina-saMskRta-mahAkAvya-DaoN. zyAmazaMkara diikssit| gargasaMhitA-isake racayitA jyotiSazAstra ke AcArya garga haiN| isameM zrIrAdhA aura kRSNa kI mAdhuyaMbhAvamizrita lIlAoM kA varNana sarasa evaM prAnjala zailI meM kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata [zalyaparva 3714-18] se jJAta hotA hai ki gargAcArya ne kurukSetra ke gagaMnota nAmaka sthAna meM apanA Azrama banAyA thA jo sarasvatI ke taTa para sthita thaa| yahIM para inhoMne jyotiSaviSayaka sabhI anyoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| 'gargasaMhitA' nAmaka itihAsa grantha kI racanA gargAcala para huI thii| mahAbhArata evaM bhAgavata mahApurANa ke anusAra ye mahArAja pRthu tathA yaduvaMziyoM ke muru the [mahA. zAnti, 59 / 11, bhAgavata, 108] / gargasaMhitA meM kevala zrIkRSNa kA varNana hone ke kAraNa ise purANa na kaha kara itihAsa kahA gayA hai / isake zloka kAvyaguNoM se samanvita haiM / yaha grantha goloka khaNDa ( 20 adhyAya ), zrIvRndAvana khaNDa (26 adhyAya), girirAja khaga (11 adhyAya), mAdhuryakhaNDa (24 adhyAya), zrImathurAkhaNa (26 adhyAya), dvArakA khaNDa ( 22 adhyAya ), vizvajita khaNDa (50 adhyAya), zrIbalabhadrasaha (13 adhyAya ), zrIvijJAna khapaDa ( 10 adhyAya) tathA azvameSa (62 adhyAya), khaNDoM ke rUpa meM 10 bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / gargAcArya ne 'gagaMmanoramA' tathA 'vRhadagargasaMhitA' nAmaka jyotiSa ke anyoM kI racanA kI hai| yo rASikAhRdayasundaracandrahAraH zrIgopikAnayanajIvanamUlahAraH / golokadhAmadhiSaNadhvaja AdidevaH sa tvaM vipatsu vibudhAn paripAhi pAhi // goloka 321 / gargasaMhitA kA hindI anuvAda gItA presa gosapura se prakAzita, 1970,1971 giridharazarmA caturvedI (mahAmahopAdhyAya)-caturvedI jI kA janma 29 sitambara 1881 meM jayapura meM huA thaa| ye bosayoM zatAmdo ke zreSTha saMta vidvAna evaM vaktA the| inhoMne hindI evaM saMskRta donoM hI bhASAoM meM samAna adhikAra ke 44 saM0 sA0

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gurugovindasihacaritam ] . ( 690) [gurugovindasiMhacaritam sAtha utkRSTa koTi ke granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| inhoMne paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya se zAstrI evaM jayapura se vyAkaraNAcArya kI parIkSAeM uttIrNa kI thiiN| inheM bhArata sarakAra kI ora se mahAmahopAdhyAya kI evaM hindI sAhitya sammelanase sAhitya vAcaspati kI upAdhiyA~ prApta huI thiiN| inheM rASTrapati dvArA bhI sammAna prApta huvA thaa| caturvedI jI 1908 se 1917 taka RSikula brahmacaryAzrama haridvAra meM AcArya the aura sanAtanadharma kaoNleja lAhaura meM 1918 se 1924 taka AcArya pada para vidyamAna rahe / san 1925 se 1944 taka ye jayapura mahArAjA saMskRta kaoNleja ke darzanAcArya ke pada para rahane ke pazcAt 1950 se 1954 taka vArANasI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM saMskRta adhyayana evaM anuzIlana ke adhyakSa rhe| 1960 I0 se ve vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM sammAnita adhyApaka pada ko suzobhita karate rhe| Apane aneka saMskRta patrikAoM kA saMpAdana kiyA thaa| Apako 'vaidika vijJAna evaM bhAratIya saMskRti' nAmaka grantha para 1962 I0 meM sAhitya akAdamI kA puraskAra prApta huA thaa| caturvedI jI veda, vyAkaraNa evaM darzanazAstra ke asAdhAraNa vidvAn the| Apane aneka mahanIya granthoM kA sampAdana kiyA hai jinameM pataMjalikRta 'mahAbhASya' bhI hai| ApakI saMskRta racanAoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-'mahAkAvya saMgraha', 'maharSikulavabhava', 'brahmasiddhAnta', 'prameyapArijAta', 'cAturvaNya', 'pANinIya paricaya', 'smRtivirodha. parihAra', 'gItAbyAkhyAna', 'vedavijJAna vindu' evaM 'purANapArijAta' / Apane aneka mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA hindI meM praNayana kiyA hai / 'gItAvyAkhyAna', 'upaniSadavyAkhyAna', 'purANa parizIlana', 'vaidikavinAna' evaM bhAratIya saMskRti' Adi / 'caturvedasaMskRtaracanAvaliH' bhAga 1 evaM nibandhAdarza' nAmaka pustakeM saMskRta bhASA meM likhita vividha viSayoM se sambaTa nibandha-saMgraha haiN| 'purANapArijAta' nAmaka grantha do khaNDoM meM hai / caturvedI jI kA nidhana 10 jUna 1966 I. ko huaa| gurugovindasiMhacaritam-yaha bIsavIM zatAbdI kA suprasiddha mahAkAvya hai jisake racayitA DaoN. satyavrata zAstrI haiM [de0 styvrtshaastrii]| isa grantha ke Upara lekhaka ko 1968 I0 kA sAhitya akAdamI kA puraskAra prApta huA hai| yaha mahAkAvya cAra khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM kavi ne gurugovinda siMha ke vizAla vyaktitva kA paricaya diyA hai / prathama khaNDa meM gurugovinda siMha ke janma, bAlyakAla, zikSA-dIkSA, unake pitA gurutegabahAdura ke balidAna, gurugovinda siMha kI gurupada-prApti tathA guru dvArA ziSyoM kI sainika-zikSA kA varNana hai| dvitIya khaNDa meM gurugovinda siMha ke vivAha, poSTAsAhaba nAmaka ramaNIya parvatIya sthAna meM nivAsa, 52 paNDitoM ke dvArA vidyAdhara nAmaka vizAla anya kI racanA, vilAsapura ke rAjAoM kI auraGgajeba ke pratinidhi myA khAM ke viruddha sahAyatA, pahAr3I rAjAoM kA unake sAtha yuddha evaM unakI parAjaya Adi kA varNana hai / tRtIya khaNDa meM khAlasA pantha ke saMgaThana, auraGgajeba ke sAmantoM kI pahAr3I rAjAoM ke sAtha sAMThagAMTha se gurugovindasiMha kI nagarI Anandapura para AkramaNa evaM gurujI kA usa nagarI se niSkramaNa Adi ghaTanAeM varNita haiN| caturya khaNDa meM pIchA

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jayantavijaya] ( 691) / [jayantaviSaya karatI huI mugalasenA kA cAlIsa sikhoM dvArA camakaura nAmaka grAma meM sAmanA karane, gurujI ke donoM hI bar3e putroM ke usameM mAre jAne, do choTe putroM ke sarahinda ke darabAra meM mAre jAne, bandA vairAgI se bheMTa, use upadeza dekara paMjAba le jAne, unake dezATana, eka paThAna dvArA gurujI para pracchanna rUpa se prahAra evaM unakI nirvANaprApti Adi kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa hai| isa mahAkavya kI bhASA pravAhapUrNa evaM alaMkRta hai| kavi kA bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra parilakSita hotA hai| anuprAsa evaM yamaka kA camatkAra sthala-sthala para dikhAI par3atA hai| para sarvatra hI alaMkAroM kA samAveza anAyAsa evaM svAbhAvika rIti se huA hai| yatra-tatra kavi ne prAkRtika chaTA kA suramya varNana prastuta kiyA hai| poSTA sAhiba ko prAkRtika chaTA kA varNana avalokanIya haiekAntaramyaM vanasaNDamArAd dRSTvA sa hRSTojani saumydRssttiH| adRSTapUrvA prakRte manojJA chaTA balAttasya jahAra cetaH // phUle kvacid bhAnusutA'pagAyAH krIDanti vRndAni sukhaM pazUnAm / kacitAmaNDapamaNDitAni ramyANi sAndrANi ca kAnanAni / / ..jayantavijaya-saMskRta ke prasiddha jaina kavi abhayadevamUri viracita paurANika mahAkAvya jisameM maganareza jayanta evaM unakI vijayagAthA kA varNana 19 sargoM meM kiyA. gayA hai [ de0 abhydevsuuri]| isa mahAkAvya meM zlokoM kI saMkhyA 2200 hai, para nirNaya sAgara, presa kI prakAzita prati meM 1548 chanda haiN| isake prathama sarga meM tIrthaMkaroM kI prArthanA ke pazcAt rAjA vikramasiMha tathA unakI patnI prItimatI evaM subuddhi nAmaka mantrI kA paricaya hai| isa saga kA nAma 'prastAvanAnirUpaNa' hai| dvitIya sarga meM rAnI sarovara meM apane gaja ko kariNI ke sAtha krIr3A karate hue dekha kara santAnAbhAva ke kAraNa ciMtita hotI hai kintu rAjA usakI icchA ko pUrNa karane kI pratijJA karatA hai / tRtIya sarga meM rAjA sabhA meM apanI pratijJA kI carcA subuddhi nAmaka maMtrI se karatA hai aura vaha isakI pUrti kA ekamAtra sAdhana 'zrIpaMcaparameSTinamaskAramaMtra' ko batA kara rAjA ko ise grahaNa karane kA parAmarza detA hai / caturtha sarga meM zmazAnavAsI sura dvArA rAjA ko bandhyA strI ko saMtAna prApti hone vAle hAra kI upalabdhi evaM paMcama tathA SaSTha saga meM sura dvArA vikramasiMha ke pUrvajanma vRttAnta, prItimatI kI bahina se rAjA kA vivAha tathA usase putraratna kI prApti kA varNana hai / putra kA nAma jayanta rakhA jAtA hai jo sura-pradatta hAra ke prabhAva se utpanna hotA hai| saptama evaM aSTama sagoM meM jayanta kA yuvarAja honA tathA dolAvilAsa puSpAvacayajalakeli aura sUryAsta candrodaya kA varNana hai| naveM se gyArahaveM sagaM meM siMhalabhUpati ke hAthI kA vikramasiMha kI rAjadhAnI meM bhAga Ane tathA siMhala-bhUpa ke dUta ke mAMgane para hAthI dene se rAjA kI asvIkArokti, phalataH siMhala nareza harirAja kA jayanta para AkramaNa karane kI ghaTanA varNita hai| jayanta dvArA siMhala nareza kI yuddha meM mRtyu evaM jayanta kI digvijaya kA varNana / bArahave evaM terahaveM soM meM jayanta kA jinazAsana devatA dvArA kanakAvatI ke lie apaharaNa evaM donoM kA vivAha varNita hai| caudahaveM sagaM meM mahendra kA jayanta se yuddha evaM jayanta kI vijaya tathA solahaveM sarga taka jayanta kA hastinApura ke nareza vIrasiMha kI putrI

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binapAka upAdhyAya] (692) [jinaprabhasUri ratisundarI ke sAtha vivAha kA varNana hai| satrahaveM sarga meM vidyAdevI dvArA jayanta evaM ratisundarI ke pUrvajanma kI kathA, aThArahaveM sagaM meM RtuvarNana ke atirikta hastinApura ke rAjA dvArA jayanta ko rAjya sauMpakara dIkSA grahaNa karane kA varNana hai| unnIsa sarga meM rAjA vikramasiMha sasamAroha jayanta ko apanA rAjya dekara svayaM pravrajyA grahaNa karate haiM / yaha mahAkAvya bhAratIya kAvyazAstriyoM dvArA nirUpita mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa para pUrNataH saphala siddha hotA hai| isakI bhASA zuddha, sarala evaM svAbhAvika hai| kavi prasaMgAnukUla bhASA meM mRdulatA evaM karkazatA kA niyojana karane meM sudakSa hai| zrutimadhura anuprAsa kA prayoga dekheM-bahuvihaganinAdaibandivRndairivokte vikaTaviTapavIpIcchAyayA zItamAgeM / pRthusarasi sa haMsImaNDaleneva haMsaH samacaradatha tasminsAddhamantaHpureNa // 5 // 57 / jinapAla upAdhyAya-saMskRta ke prasiddha jaina kavi evaM 'sanatkumAracakicaritra' mahAkAvya ke praNetA / inake dIkSAguru kA nAma jinapatisUri thaa| jainadharma meM dIkSita ho jAne ke pazcAt inakA nAma jinapAlagaNI ho gayA / kavi kA nidhana saM0 1311 I0 meM huaa| jinapAla ne ghaTasthAnakavRtti nAmaka grantha kI racanA saM0 1262 meM kI thii| 'sanatkumAracarita' kI racanA saM0 1262 se saM0 1278 ke madhya huI thii| 'sanatkumAracakricaritra' caubIsa sau meM racita paurANika mahAkAvya hai jisameM sanatkumAra. cakrI ke caritra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha mahAkavya abhI taka aprakAzita hai / AlakArikoM dvArA nirdhArita mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNoM kA isameM saphala nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne sagavaDa kRti ke rUpa meM isakI racanA kara mahokAvyocita vistAra kiyA hai / isakA nAyaka sanatkumAra dhIrodAtta hai aura aMgI rasa zAnta hai evaM anAra, vIra, raudra evaM bIbhatsa rasoM kA paripAka aMgarUpa meM hai| isakA kathAnaka aitihAsika evaM lokapriya janasAhitya evaM dharma meM vikhyAta hai| prakRticitraNa, samAjacitraNa, dharma evaM darzana, rasa-paripAka, bhASA-sauSThava, alaMkRti tathA pANDitya-pradarzana kI dRSTi se eka mahanIya kRti hai| tasyAvabhI zmazruvinIlapaMktiH saurabhyapAtraM parito mukhAmbam / bhuMgAvalI nUnamapUrvagandhalubdhopaviSTA pravihAya papam // 15 // 17 / jinaprabhasari-ye saMskRta ke prasiddha jaina mahAkAvyakAra hai / inakI prasiddha racanA hai 'zreNikacaritra' jo zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM kI zreNI meM AtA hai| isa mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla saM0 1356 vi0 hai| jinaprabhasUri zrIjinasiMhasUri ke ziSya the| inhoMne aneka stotra kASyoM kI racanA kI hai jinameM 'paMcaparameSTistava', 'siddhAntAgamastava', 'tIrthakalpa' Adi prasiddha haiN| kavi ne AcArya nandiSeNa viracita 'ajita zAntistava' para 'subodhaka' TIkA likhI hai / 'zreNikacaritra' 18 sagoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM zlokoM kI kula saMkhyA 2267 hai / isa mahAkAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samasAmayika rAjA zreNika kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai / isakA nAyaka rAjA zreNika dhIrodAtta guNa samanvita hai / isameM pradhAna rasa zAnta hai tathA zRGgAra, vIra, karuNa evaM raudra rasoM kA varNana aMga rasa ke rUpa meM huA hai| kavi ne vRSabhanAtha kA smaraNa karate hue apane kAvya meM maMgalAcaraNa kA vidhAna

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tripuradahanam ] ( 693 ) | dayAnanda sarasvatI kiyA hai / isa mahAkAvya ke prathama sAta sagaM jainadharma -vidyAprasArakavarga, pAlitAnA se prakAzita ho cuke haiN| isakA eka hastalekha jainazAlAno bhaNDAra, khambhAta meM surakSita hai / isa mahAkavya meM dhArmika tattva evaM vividha jJAna ke atirikta saundarya-vidhAna tathA rasa kA sundara paripAka huA hai / isake pratyeka sagaM meM anuSTup chanda kA prayoga huA hai, para sagaM ke anta meM anya chanda prayukta hue haiM / tripuradahanam - mahAkAvya / isake praNetA vAsudeva haiM / vAsudeva ne 'yudhiSThiravijaya' nAmaka eka anya yamakapradhAna mahAkAvya kI bhI racanA kI hai| isa mahAkAvya meM ATha AzvAsa haiM aura mahAbhArata kI kathA kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai / kavi pANDu kI mRgayA varNana kI ghaTanA se kAvya kA prArambha kara yudhiSThira ke rAjyAbhiSeka taka kI kathA kA varNana karatA hai / 'tripuradahanam' meM asuroM dvArA trailokya ke pIr3ita hone para devatAoM kA zaMkara bhagavAn se prArthanA karanA evaM bhagavAn zrI hari kA kailAza parvata para jAkara zaMkara jI kI ArAdhanA karane kA varNana hai / dharmabhraSTa asuroM para ziva jI kA kruddha honA evaM asuroM kA unakI krodhAbhi meM bhasmIbhUta hone kI ghaTanA ko isa mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka banAyA gayA hai| isa para paMkajAkSa nAmaka vyakti ne 'hRdayahAriNI' vyAkhyA kI racanA kI hai| isa mahAkAvya meM tIna AzvAsa haiM / dayAnanda sarasvatI-AyaM samAja ke saMsthApaka svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI kA janma kAThiyAvAr3a (gujarAta) ke mauravI rAjya ke TaMkArA nAmaka grAma meM ( 1881 vi0 saM0 meM ) huA thaa| inakA mUla nAma mUla zaMkara thA / svAmI jI ke pitA kA nAma karasana jI trivedI thA jo sAmavedI sahasra audIcya brAhmaNa the| maharSi ne Arya samAja kI sthApanA kara veda evaM saMskRta-sAhitya kA punarutthAna kiyA / vastutaH Adhunika yuga meM vedoM kA mahatva pradarzita karane kA zreya svAmI jI ko hI hai / Apane saMskRta grantha racanA ke atirikta saMskRta paThana-pAThana kI vidhi kA nirmANa, saMskRta pAThazAlAoM kI sthApanA evaM saMskRta bhASA ke pracArArtha AndolanAtmaka kArya bhI kiye ApakA saMskRta bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra thA aura bhASA vAgvazA thI / Apake dvArA racita granthoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - ka -- RgvedAdi bhASyabhUmikA tathA vedabhASya, kha- khaNDanAtmaka grantha, ga - vedAGgaprakAza prabhRti vyAkaraNa grantha / Apane sAyaNAcArya kI taraha 'RgvedAdibhASyabhUmikA' kI racanA kI hai| isa grantha kA saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM mahanIya sthAna hai / Apane 'yajurvedabhASya' ( samApti kAla 1939 vi0 saM0), 'RgvedabhASya' ( Rgveda ke sAtaveM maNDala ke 62 veM sUkta ke dvitIya mantra taka ), 'caturvedaviSayasUcI', 'paJcamahAyajJavidhi', 'bhAgavata - khaNDanam', 'vedaviruddha mata khaNDanam', 'zikSApatrIdhvAntanivAraNa', 'saMskRtavAkya prabodha' ( saMlApazailI meM 52 prakaraNa ) 'vedAGgaprakAza' ( saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko sarvasulabha banAne ke lie 14 bhAgoM meM nirmita), 'varNoccAraNazikSA' tathA 'aSTAdhyAyI bhASya' nAmaka grantha likhe haiM / isake atirikta svAmI jI ne saMskRta meM aneka patra bhI likhe haiM jinakA atyadhika mahatva hai / gadya ke atirikta svAmI jI ne aneka zlokoM kI bhI racanA

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dAmodara zAstrI] ( 694) [dilIpa zamA kI hai jinameM inakA kavi rUpa abhivyakta huA hai| svAmI jI ke padya adhikAMzataH nItipradhAna haiM-vidyAvilAsamanaso dhRtizIlazikSAH satyavratA rahitamAnamalApahArAH / saMsAraduHkhadalanena subhUSitA ye dhanyA narA vihitakarmaparopakArAH // dayAnanda jI kA saMskRta gadya pariniSThita, udAtta evaM zreSThazailI kA udAharaNa upasthita karatA hai / unakI grantharAzi ke dvArA saMskRta sAhitya ke zAstrIya, dhArmika evaM vyAvahArika sAhitya kI samRddhi huI hai / ve saMskRta ke mahAn evaM yugapravartaka lekhaka evaM zailIkAra the / svAmI jI kA nirvANa 30 akTUbara 1883 I0 (dIpAvalI) ko huaa| __ AdhAragrantha-RSi dayAnanda aura AryasamAja kI saMskRta sAhitya ko dena#. bhavAnIlAla bhAratIya / dAmodara zAstrI-(saM0 1957-1998) ye gayA jile (bihAra) ke antargata karaharI nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI (auraMgAbAda ) the| inakA janma zAkadvIpIya brAhmaNa parivAra meM huA thaa| chAtra-jIvana se hI kavi meM citrakAvya-racanA kI pratibhA vidyamAna thii| inhoMne 'citrabandha-kAvyam' nAmaka citrakAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai jo saM 2000 meM prakAzita huA hai| zAstrI jI kavi ke atirikta prakhyAta tAMtrika bhI the / ye aneka rAjAoM ke Azraya meM rhe| rAyagar3ha nareza kI chatrachAyA inheM lambI avadhi taka prApta huI thii| 'citrabandha kAvyam' kI 'pramodinI' nAmaka TIkA svayaM kavi ne likhI hai / kavi kI adhikAMza racanAe~ abhI taka aprakAzita haiM aura ve unake putra paM0 baladeva mizra ke pAsa haiM, (auraMgAbAda gyaa)| udAraNa panavandha kAmadhyataH parito gacchennemAvapi tataH param / iti zailI vijAnantu bandhe'tra candrasaMjJake // rakSa tvaM dharaNIdhIra ! raghurAja ! ramezvara ! janmakarmadharmadhAra ! ramayasva ratAn vraja / / dilIpa zarmA-inakA janma kRSNapura jilA bulandazahara meM huA thaa| inakA nidhana 28 navambara 1952 I0 ko huA hai| isake pitA kA nAma zrI bhedasiMha hai / inakI zikSA gurukula mahAvidyAlaya jvAlApura meM huI thii| inakI prasiddha racanA 'municaritAmRta' mahAkAvya hai| inake dvArA racita anya grantha haiM-'pratApacampU', 'saMskRtAzloka', 'RtuvarNana', 'yogaratna' Adi / 'municaritAmRta' meM maharSi dayAnanda kA carita hai / isa mahAkAvya ke pUrvArda kA prakAzana saM0 1971 vi0 meM darzana presa jvAlApura se huA paa| uttarAkhaM adyAvadhi aprakAzita hai / grantha kA pUrvAddha 11 binduoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama bindu meM maMgalAcaraNa, apanI vinamratA, sajjanazaMsA, durjananindA tathA maharSi dayAnanda ke janmakAla evaM bAlacarita kA varNana hai| dvitIya bindu meM zivarAtrivratakathA tathA bAlaka mUlazaMkara kI prArambhika zikSA-dIkSA kA ullekha hai tathA tRtIya meM mUlazaMkara ko vairAgya utpanna hone evaM unake gRhatyAga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isI sarga meM mUlazaMkara kI bahina evaM cAcA kI mRtyu kA hRdayasparzI varNana hai jisameM karuNa rasa kA paripAka huA hai| caturtha bindu meM mUlazaMkara ke gRhatyAga evaM unakI mAtA ke vilApa kA tathA paMcama meM brahmacArI ke pitA kI antima bheMTa varNita hai| SaSTha evaM saptama binduoM meM zuddha caitanya kA kramazaH siddhapura se palAyana evaM vedAnta adhyayana

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naranAyaNAnanda ] [ naranArAyaNAnanda tathA unake saMnyAsa grahaNa kI ghaTanAyeM ullikhita haiN| aSTama bindu meM maharSi dayAnanda dvArA haridvAra tathA uttarAkhaNDa ke bhramaNa kA varNana hai| navama bindu meM prAkRtika saundarya evaM mahAkAvyocita Rtu-varNana kA nidarzana humA hai| dazama bindu meM RSi dvArA narmadA srota kA anveSaNa evaM antima bindu meM daNDI virajAnanda pAThazAlA meM svAmI jI ke adhyayana kA varNana huA hai| isa mahAkAvya kI bhASA prasAdaguNamayI evaM alaMkAra se pUrNa hai| isameM sarvatra anuprAsa evaM yamaka alaMkAroM kA camatkArapUrNa saMguMphana huA hai / yatra-tatra kavi ne sundara sUktiyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai / vasanta Rtu kA manorama citra dekhie-nAnArasAsvAdanAyAsazIlA phulaprasUnavajAsattilIlA / gurujadvirephAvalI kApi dhIraM kattuM vasantodbhavasajjitena // 9 / 17 / AdhAragrantha-RSi dayAnanda aura Arya samAja kI saMskRta sAhitya ko denaDaoN0 bhavAnIlAla bhAratIya / naranArAyaNAnanda-saMskRta kA prasiddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya jisameM mahAbhArata kI kathA ke AdhAra para arjuna tathA kRSNa kI maitrI evaM subhadrAharaNa kI ghaTanA kA 740 zlokoM evaM 16 sargoM meM varNana hai| isake racayitA jaina kavi vastupAla haiM [di0 vastupAla] / grantha ke antima sagaM meM prazasti hai jisameM kavi ne apanI.vaMza-paramparA evaM guru kA paricaya prastuta kiyA hai| prathama sarga meM samudra ke madhya sthita dvAravatI nagarI evaM zrIkRSNa kA varNana hai| isakA nAma 'puranRpavarNana sarga' hai / dvitIya sarga 'sabhAparva' meM pANDuputra arjuna ke prabhAsatIrtha meM Agamana kI sUcanA zrIkRSNa kI sabhA meM kisI dUta dvArA prApta hotI hai| tRtIya sarga 'naranArAyaNasaMgama' meM zrIkRSNa evaM arjuna ke milana evaM raivataka parvata kA varNana hai| caturtha sarga kA nAma 'RtuvarNana' hai jisameM SaDRtuoM kA paramparAgata varNana kiyA gayA hai / 'candrodaya' nAmaka paMcamasarga meM sandhyA evaM candrodaya kA varNana hai| SaSTha sarga meM dvAravatI ke navayuvaka evaM navayuvatiyoM kA surApAna tathA suratavilAsa varNita hai| isa sarga kA nAma 'surApAnasuratavarNana' hai| saptama sarga kA nAma 'sUryodaya' hai jisameM kavi ne rAtri ke avasAna evaM sUryodaya kA varNana kiyA hai| aSTamasarga meM balarAma kA saparivAra apanI senA ke sAtha raivataka pavaMta para Agamana dikhalAyA gayA hai| isa sarga kA nAma 'senAnivezavarNana' hai / naveM sarga 'puSpAvacayaprapaMca' meM zrIkRSNa evaM arjuna kI vanakrIDA vaNita hai| dasaveM sarga kA nAma 'subhadrAdarzana' hai jisameM jalakrIDA ke avasara para arjuna evaM subhadrA ke prathama darzana evaM paraspara AkarSaNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| gyArahaveM 'dUtikAdyotaka' sagaM meM arjuna evaM subhadrA ke viraha evaM zrIkRSNa dvArA arjuna ko Asura vidhi se subhadrAharaNa kA saMketa dilAyA gayA hai / 'subhadrAharaNa' nAmaka bArahaveM sarga meM arjuna kA subhadrA ko ratha para car3hA kara bhAganA evaM kruddha balarAma kA sAtyaki sahita senA ke sAtha arjuna ko pakar3ane kA Adeza evaM anta meM zrIkRSNa ke samajhAne para unakA zAnta honA varNita hai / terahaveM sarga ( saMkulakalisaMkalana sarga ) meM sAtyaki kI senA ke sAtha arjuna kA yuddha tathA caudahaveM sarga 'arjunAvarjana' meM balarAma evaM zrIkRSNa dvArA donoM pakSoM ko yuddha se

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nemicandra zAstrI ( 696 ) [ nemicandra zAstrI virata karane kA varNana hai| 'vivAha-varNana' nAmaka paMdrahaveM sagaM meM svayaM balarAma subhadrA evaM arjuna kA vivAha karAte haiM / isake antima sarga meM kavi vaMza varNana hai| caritracitraNa, prakRti-varNana, saundarya-citraNa, rasaparipAka, pAMDityapradarzana, alaMkAra vidhAna, chandayojanA, bhASAzailI evaM zabdakrIr3A kI dRSTi se yaha mahAkAvya zizupAlavadha ke samakakSa hai / prAtaHkAla kI prakRti kA surucipUrNa citra dekhane yogya hai-svapne nirIkSya caraNapraNataM yuvAnaM sadyaH prasAdarabhasAduSasi prbudaa| abhyAgataM cakitameva cirAya kAcidAzcaryamamamanayatparirabhya talpe // 9 / 4 / nemicandra zAstrI-pauSa kRSNa dvAdazI saMvat 1979 meM basaI dhiyArAma grAma dhaulapura (rAjasthAna ) meM janma / pitA kA nAma balavIra jii| jaindhrmaavlmbii| nyAyatIrtha, kAvyatIrtha, jyotiSatIrtha, jyotiSAcArya prabhRti upAdhiyA~ / ema0 e0 (saMskRta, hindI, prAkRta evaM jainolaoNjI) pI-eca0 DI0, DI0 liT / samprati eca0 DI0 jaina kaoNleja, ArA ( magadhavizvavidyAlaya ) meM saMskRta-prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa / hindI, saMskRta aura aMgarejI tInoM bhASAoM meM racanA / 'saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna' viSaya para magadhavizvavidyAlaya se DI0 liT / [ bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI se ukta pustaka kA prakAzana 1971 ii.]| saMskRta bhASA meM 'saMskRtagItikAvyAnucintanam' tathA 'vANazabdAnuzIlanam' nAmaka AlocanAtmaka granthoM kI racanA / prathama grantha para gaMgAnAtha jhA puraskAra hindI samiti ) prApta / 'saMskRtagItikAvyAnucintanam' meM pAMca adhyAya haiN| prathama adhyAya meM pAzcAtya vicArakoM dvArA abhimata gItikAvya kI paribhASAoM kI samIkSA tathA bhAratIya AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita gIti tattvoM kA nirdeza / dvitIya adhyAya meM saMskRta gItikAvyoM kI utpatti tathA vikAsakrama meM Rgveda, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa Adi meM samAhita gItikAvyoM ke vizleSaNa ke anantara RtusaMhAra, ghaTakapara, pavanadUta, nemidUta, zatakatraya, zRGgAratilaka, amarukazataka, paJcAzikA, AryAsaptazatI, gItagovinda ke gItitatvoM kA vizleSaNa aura vivecana / tRtIya adhyAya meM saMskRta nATakoM meM samAhita gItiyoM ke vivecana ke pazcAt stotragItikAvya, meghadUta, pArvAbhyudaya, amaruka, gItagovinda ke gIti evaM kAvyamUlyoM ke vivecana ke pazcAt aneka navIna granthoM ke gItitattvoM kA mUlyAMkana / caturtha adhyAya meM saMskRta gItikAvyoM ke AdAna-pradAna para vicAra karate hue therI gAthAe~ tathA gAthA saptazatI ke abhAva kA vizleSaNaM kiyA gayA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM saMskRta gItikAvyoM kA sAMskRtika dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / suzIlA prakAzana, dhaulapura, 1970 I0 / zAstrI jI bahumukhI pratibhA sampanna sAhityakAra haiN| inhoMne gadya ke atirikta saMskRta meM zlokoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| bApU zIrSaka kavitA kI kucha paMktiyA~-na vAhAnAM vyUhaH zrayati na ca sainyaM karighaTA, na yAnaM zAstrANAmapi na ca samIpe parikaraH / ahiMsAvyAkhyAnaiH sakalamarilokaM vighaTayan apUrvaH ko'pyevaM samarabhuvi vIro vijayate // Apane vratatithinirNaya, kevala jJAnapraznacUr3AmaNi, bhadrabAhusaMhitA, muhUrtadarpaNa, riTusamuccaya (prAkRta ) ratnAkarazataka (do bhAga ) tathA dharmAmRta kA hindI meM anuvAda kara inakA

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padyAnanda ] ( 697 ) [ baladeva upAdhyAya mmm saMpAdana kiyA hai / mAgadham (saMskRtazodhapatra ) jaina siddhAntabhAskara ( hindI zodhapatra ) jaina eNTIkkeTI evaM bhAratI jaina sAhitya - parivezana ke Apa saMpAdaka haiM / padmAnanda - paurANika zailI meM racita saMskRta kA prasiddha mahAkAvya jisake praNetA jainakavi amaracandrasUri haiM [ de0 amaracandrasUri ] / 'padyAnanda' kavi ke anya mahAkAvya 'bAla mahAbhArata' kI bhAMti 'vIrAGka' mahAkAvya hai / isameM prasiddha jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA carita 19 sargoM meM varNita hai tathA chandoM kI saMkhyA 6381 hai / isa grantha kI racanA hemacandrasUri viracita 'triSaSTizalAkAsatpuruSacaritra' ke AdhAra para huI hai| svayaM isa tathya kI svIkArokti kavi ne kI hai-mayA zrIhemasUrINAM triSaSTicaritakramaH / yUthaprabhoribhasyAdhvA kalameneva sevyate // 19 / 60-61 / 'padmAnanda' meM paurANika mahAkAvya ke sabhI tattva vidyamAna haiM / isakI kathAvastu prasiddha jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se sambaddha hai jo dhIraprazAnta guNa samanvita haiM / yaha grantha zAntarasaparyaMvasAyI hai aura zRMgAra, karuNa, vIra Adi aMgarasa ke rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| mahAkAvya ke antargata kavi ne SaD Rtu, nagara, arNava, zaila, mantrI, dUta, putrotsava, sUryodaya evaM prayANa Adi kA yathocita varNana kiyA hai| isameM RSabhadeva ke teraha bhavoM kA varNana hai tathA kavi svadharmaprazaMsA evaM anya matoM ke khaNDana meM bhI pravRtta huA hai| tRtIya sagaM meM mantrI svayaM buddha dvArA cArvAka, bauddha evaM zAMkara mata kA khaNDana kara jainadharma kI sarvoccatA pratipAdita kI gayI / isakI bhASA prasAdaguNayukta evaM asamasta padAvalI se guMphita haiM kintu yuddha ke prasaMga meM bhASA ojaguNayukta ho jAtI hai / paramezvara jhA - [ 1556-1924 I0 ] ye darabhaMgA ( bihAra ) jile ke taraunI nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI the / isake pitA kA nAma pUrNanAtha jhA thA / inhoMne kvIMsa kaoNleja, vArANasI meM adhyayana kiyA thA / inheM 'vaiyAkaraNakesarI' tathA 'karmakANDoddhAraka' prabhRti sammAnita upAdhiyA~ prApta huI thIM tathA sarakAra kI ora se ( 1914 I0 meM ) mahAmahopAdhyAya kI upAdhi bhI milI thI / inhoMne kaI grabhthoM kI racanA kI hai(1) mahiSAsuravadham ( nATaka ), ( 2 ) vAtAhvAna ( kAvya ), ( 3 ) kusumakalikA (AkhyAyikA ), ( 4 ) yakSasamAgama (khaNDakAvya), (5) RtuvarNana kAvya, (6) mithileza prazasti, (7) paramezvarakoSa / navakisalayadambhAkSipta- sindUramuSTiH pratinavati lakSmyAkrIDya holyutsave'sI / kamaladalamiSeNotkIryaM sovIramabhraM sarasikavi sahAyaH snAti kisiddhasantaH // de0 Adhunika saMskRta sAhitya - DaoN hIrAlAla zukla baladeva upAdhyAya - janma Azvina zukla dvitIyA, saM0 1956 ( 10 / 10 1899 I0 ) / baliyA jile ( uttara pradeza ) ke antargata sonavarasA nAmaka grAma ke nivAsI / pitA kA nAma paM0 rAmasucita upAdhyAya / 1122 I0 meM saMskRta ema0 e0 kI parIkSA meM prathama zreNI meM prathama ( hindU vizvavidyAlaya ) / sAhityacAyaM kI parIkSA prathama zreNI meM uttINaM / hindU vizvavidyAlaya, kAzI meM 38 varSoM taka adhyApana aura rIDara pada se 1960 I0 meM avakAza grahaNa / punaH saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya (vArANasI) meM do varSoM taka purANetihAsa vibhAga ke adhyakSa tathA cAra varSoM taka vahIM zodhapratiSThAna I

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bAlacandasUri] ( 698 ) [bAlacandasUri ke nidezaka / 1970 meM avakAza prApta / hindI meM saMskRta sAhitya, bhAratIya darzana tathA bhAratIya sAhitya para do darjana pustakoM kA lekhana / 'bhAratIyadarzana' nAmaka pustaka para maMgalAprasAda pAritoSika prApta tathA 'baudadarzana' para DAlamiyA~ puraskAra / 'bhAratIyadazama' evaM 'AcArya zaMkara' nAmaka pustakoM kA kannaDa meM anuvAda huA / baramI aura siMhalI bhASA meM 'bauddha darzana-mImAMsA' nAmaka pustaka kA anuvAda prakAzita / 'nATyazAstra', bhAmaha kRta 'kAvyAlaMkAra' 'nAgAnanda' nATaka, 'zaMkara digvijaya', 'prAkRta. prakAza', 'vedabhASyabhUmikAsaMgraha', 'amipurANa', 'kAlikApurANa' evaM 'bhakticandrikA' kA sampAdana / saMskRta meM 'devabhASAnibandhAvalI' nAmaka AlocanAtmaka grantha kI racanA / 'vedabhASyasaMgraha' evaM 'bhakticandrikA' kI saMskRta meM vistRta bhUmikA-lekhana / saMskRta meM zloka-racanA-dinakaratanayAtIre pratiphalitAtmarUpa iva niire| jayati haran bhavatApaMko'pi tamAlazcidekaDamUlaH / / yamunA ke taura para apane rUpa ke prativimbita hone se nIla raMga ke jala meM caitanyarUpI dRDha mUlavAlA koI tamAla vRkSa khilA huA hai / saMsAra ke santApa ko dUra karanevAle isa vRkSa kI jaya ho| viziSTa saMskRta sevA ke lie 'rASTrapati puraskAra se sammAnita' / samprati 'vidyAvilAsa', ravIndrapurI, durgAkuNDa, vArANasI meM svatantra saahitysevaa| bAlacandasUri-saMskRta ke prasiddha jaina mahAkAvyakAra / inhoMne 'vasantavilAsa' nAmaka aitihAsika mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai jisameM dhaulakA ke (gujarAta) rAjA vIradhavala ke amAtya vastupAla (prasiddha kavi ) kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai [de0 vastupAla ] / kavi kA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1296-1334 ke madhya taka hai| inake pitA kA nAma dharAdeva evaM mAtA kA nAma vidyutagarbha thaa| kavi ke pitA gujarAta ke moDheraka grAma ke nivAsI the| prArambha meM kavi kA nAma muMjAla thA, para haribhadrasUri se dIkSita hone ke uparAnta isakA nAma bAlacanda rakhA gyaa| 'vasantabilAsa' ke atirikta bAlacandasUri ne 'karuNAvavAyudha' nAmaka 5 aMkoM ke eka nATaka kI bhI racanA kI hai| 'vasantavilAsa' ke prathama sarga meM kavi ne apanA vRttAnta prastuta kiyA hai| bAlacanda ne AsaDa kaviracita vivekamaMjarI' tathA 'upadezakaMdalI' nAmaka granthoM kI TIkA bhI likhI hai / vasantavilAsa kI racanA 14 sagoM evaM 1516 chandoM meM huI hai / vastupAla kA anya nAma vasantapAla bhI thA ataH caritanAyaka ke nAma para hI isa mahAkAvya kI saMjJA 'vasantavilAsa' hai / isameM ahilapattana nAmaka rAjadhAnI ke durga tathA dulaMbharAjanirmita sarovara kA varNana kara mUlarAja se lekara bhImadeva dvitIya taka gujarAta ke rAjAoM kA varNana hai ( sagaM 2-3) / punaH vastupAla ke mantriguNavarNana ke pazcAt vIradhavala dvArA vastupAla kI mantripada para nimukti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vIradhavala kA vastupAla ko khambhAta kA zAsaka niyukta karanA tathA vastupAla dvArA mAravAr3a nareza ko parAjita karane kA varNana hai (sarga 4-5 ) / tadanantara paramparAgata RtuvarNana, puSpAvacayadolAjalakeMlivarNana, sandhyA, candrodaya evaM sUryodaya varNana ke uparAnta vastupAla ke svapnadarzana kA ullekha hai jisameM dharma kaliyuga meM eka pAda

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bAlazAstrI rAnaDe ] ( 699 ) [ maMgaladeva zAstrI ~~ para khar3A hokara usake pAsa Akara tIrthATana karane kA Adeza detA hai ( sagaM 6-9 ) / dasaveM se lekara terahaveM sagaM taka vastupAla kI tIrthayAtrA kA vistRta varNana kara caudahaveM sagaM meM vastupAla ke dhArmika kRtyoM kA ullekha huA hai| isI sagaM meM vastupAla sadgati ko prApta kara svargArohaNa karate haiN| isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu atyanta kSINa hai, para kavi ne vastuvyaMjanA ke dvArA isakA vistAra kiyA hai| isakI bhASA samAsayukta padAvalIsaMvalita evaM asvAbhAvika haiM padavinyAsa ( yatra tatra ) prasaMgocita evaM bhAvAnukUla haiM / kavi ne AnuprAsika prayoga dvArA padAvalI meM zrutimadhuratA bharane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / vasantakrIDA ke varNana meM bhASA kI mRdulatA draSTavya hai / pratidizaM lavalIlavalIghutA'dbhutatamAlatamAla tarUttaraH / abhisAra sasArasakUjito ghRtalavaGgalavaGga latAdhvajaH // 6 / 45 / AdhAragrantha -- terahavIM -caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina-saMskRta mahAkAvya - DaoN0 zyAmazaMkara dIkSita | bAlazAstrI rAnaDe - [ 1819 - 1880 I0 ] unnIsavIM ke zatAbdI advitIya vidvAn tathA suprasiddha saMskRta vidvAn zivakumAra zAstrI evaM dAmodara zAstrI ke guru / inakA janma mahArASTra meM huA thA aura zikSA-dIkSA gvAliyara meM huI / bAjIrAva pezavA ne inheM bAlasarasvatI kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA thA / gavarnamenTa kaoNleja, vArANasI meM saMskRta kA adhyApana / inhoMne 'mahAbhASya' kI TippaNI likhI hai / inake anya granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM - ' sArAsAraviveka', 'bRhajjyotiSTomapaddhati'; 'vedAnta sUtrabhASya' ( bhAmatI TippaNI sahita ), 'sumano'njali:' ( vArANasI, 1870 I0, pR0 3 ) DayUka oNpha eDinabarA kI 5 zlokoM meM prazasti / inhoMne 'kAzIvidyAsudhAnidhi' meM kaI utkRSTa koTi ke nibandha likhe the / buddhaghoSa - saMskRta ke bauddha kavi [ samaya 386 se 557 I0 taka ] / bauddhadhamaM kI eka kiMvadantI ke AdhAra para buddhaghoSa 387 I0 meM buddha ke tripiTaka kA pAlI anuvAda lAne ke lie laMkA gae hue the / 'padyacUr3AmaNi' meM daza sargoM meM bhagavAn buddha ke janma, vivAha evaM unake jIvana kI anya ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai / kavi ne vibhinna alaMkAroM evaM chandoM kA prayoga kara apane grantha ko alaMkRta kiyA hai| isa para 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'buddhacarita' kA paryApta prabhAva hai| isameM zAntarasa kI pradhAnatA hai evaM anya rasa aMga rUpa se prayukta hue haiM / grantha meM alaMkRti evaM vidagdhatA ke sarvatra darzana hote haiM / kRtAbhiSekA prathamaM dhanAmbudhighRtottarIyAH zaradabhrasaMcayaiH / viliptagAtryaH zazirazmicandanaidizo dadhustArakahArakAmAH // 5 / 47 / maMgaladeva zAstrI ( DAkTara ) - ye gavarnamenTa saMskRta kaoNleja ke prAcArya tathA saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke upakulapati raha cuke haiM / inhoMne saMskRta, hindI evaM aMgrejI meM aneka mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / NAstrI jI ne 'RgvedaprAtizAkhya' kA tIna bhAgoM meM saMpAdana kiyA hai / grantha kA tRtIya bhAga 'Rgveda prAtizAkhya' kA aMgrejI anuvAda hai / ye bhArata ke prasiddha bhASAzAstrI bhI mAne jAte haiM /

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madhusUdanasarasvatI] (700) [ madhusUdana ojhA inhoMne bhAratIya saMvidhAna ke uttarAkhaM kA saMskRta meM anuvAda kiyA hai| zAstrI jI ne kaI zodhanibandhoM kA bhI praNayana kiyA hai jo vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM jaise-aitareya brAhmaNa paryAlocana, aitareyAraNyaka paryAlocana, kauSItaki brAhmaNa paryAlocana, evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa paryAlocana / inhoMne 'razmimAlA' evaM 'amRtamaMthana' nAmaka do nIti upadezapradhAma kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| 'razmimAlA' meM 16 razmiyAM haiM aura nIti, sadAcAra, lokanIti, rAjanItijAdhyAtmaka evaM Izvarabhakti-viSayaka padya haiM / 'amRta-maMthana' ke tIna vibhAga haiM-lammAna, jIvanapAtheya tathA prajJA prasAda / unakI 'prabandha prakAza' nAmaka saMskRta gadyaracanA do bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| inakI padyaracanA sarasa evaM praur3ha hai| avApya vidyA vinayena zUnyA ahaMyavo durjanatAM vrajanti / dugdhasya pAnena bhujaGgamAnAM viSasya vRddhibhuvanAsitA // saptarazmi 29 / madhusUdanasarasvatI-inakA janma baMgalAdeza ke koThAlIpAda nAmaka sthAna (jilA pharIdapura ) meM 16 vIM zatAbdI meM huA thaa| ye go0 tulasIdAsa ke samakAlIna the aura vArANasI meM rahakara granthalekhana karate the| inake pitA kA nAma purandarAcArya thaa| yahAM se ye navadvIpa meM nyAyazAstra ke adhyayana ke nimitta gaye the aura vahA~ se vArANasI ge| inake dvArA racita granthoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai-vedAntakalpalatikA, advaitaratna rakSaNa, siddhAntabindu, saMkSepazArIrakasArasaMgraha, gItA gUDhArthadIpikA, bhaktirasAyana, bhAgavatapurANaprathamazlokavyAkhyA, mahimnastotraTIkA / inakI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa racanA gItA kA bhASya hai| bhaktirasAyana bhakti rasa kI mahanIya racanA hai jisameM ekamAtra bhakti ko hI parama rasa siddha kiyA gayA hai| madhusUdana advaitavAdI AcArya the / inhoMne advaitisiddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI bhaktirasa ko sarvotkRSTa rasa mAnA hai| inake anusAra paramAnanda-rUpa paramAtmA ke prati pradarzita rati hI paripUrNa rasa hai aura zrRMgArAdi kSudrarasoM se usI prakAra prabala hai jisa prakAra ki khadyotoM se sUrya kI prabhA / paripUrNarasA kSudrarasebhyo bhagavadatiH / khadyotebhya ivAdityaprabheva balavattarA / / bhagavadbhaktirasAyana, 2178 / de0 sTaDIja ina da philaoNsaphI oNpha madhusUdanasarasvatIDaoN0 saMyuktA guptaa| madhusUdana ojhA (vidyAvAcaspati)-(samaya 1845 I. 1918 ii0)| inakA janmasthAna bihAra rAjya ke antargata mujaphpharapura jile kA gAr3hA gAMva hai| inake pitA vaidyanAtha ojhA saMskRta ke udbhaTa vidvAn the| omAjI apane pitA ke bar3e bhAI ke dattaka putra the / inhoMne vArANasI meM zikSA pAyI thI aura 1868 I. meM mahArAjA saMskRta kaoNleja, jayapura meM vedAnta ke adhyApaka niyukta hue| ye 1902 I0 meM eDavarDa ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para iMglaiNDa gae / inheM samIkSAcakravartI, vidyAvAcaspati tathA mahAmahopadezaka kI upAdhiyAM prApta huI thiiN| inhoMne lagabhaga 135 granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| divyavibhUti, AryahRdayasarvasva, nigamabodha, vijJAnamadhusUdana, yajJavijJAnapaddhati, prayogapArijAta, vizvavikAsa, devayugayugAbhAsa, jyotizcakradhara, bhAtmasaMskArakalpa, vAkpadikA, gItAvijJAnabhAjyasya prathamarahasyakANDam, gItAvijJAnabhASyasya dvitIyamUla.

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mANikyadeva sUri] (701) [ meghavrata AcArya kANDam , gItAvijJAnabhASyasya tRtIyAcAryakANDam , gItAvijJAnabhASyasya caturthahRdayakANDam , zArIrikavijJAnabhASyasya prathamabhAgaH, zArIrikavijJAnabhASyasya dvitIyabhAgaH, brahmavijJAnapravezikA, brahmavijJAnam, purANotpattiprasaGga, purANanirmANAdhikaraNam, kAdambinI. jagadguruvaibhavam, vedArthabhramanivAraNam, sadasadvAda, vyomavAda, kAlavAda, AvaraNavAda, ambhovAda, ahorAtravAdaH, brahmasamanvaya, vedadharmavyAkhyAnam, vaidikakoSa, maharSikulavaibhava, rajovAdaH, devavAdaH, siddhAntavAdaH Adi / mANikyadeva sUri-saMskRta ke prasiddha jaina mahAkAvyakAra / inakA vizeSa paricaya prApta nahIM hotaa| kavi kA racanAkAla saM0 1327 se 1375 ke madhya hai| inhoMne 'nalAyanam' 'anubhavasAravidhi', 'municarita', 'manoharacarita', 'paMcanATaka' tathA 'yazodharacaritra' nAmaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA thA jinameM 'nalAyanam' pramukha hai| 'nalAyanam' paurANika zailI kA mahAkAvya hai jisameM sau sagaM evaM dasa skaMdha haiM / isameM kavi ne rAjA nala evaM damayantI ke prAcIna AkhyAna kA varNana kiyA hai / rAjA nala kI kathA janma se mRtyu paryanta varNita hai / kathA kA vibhAjana skandhoM evaM sargoM meM huA hai aura zlokoM kI saMkhyA 4050 hai| prathama meM 15 sarga, dvitIya meM 16, tRtIya meM 9, caturtha meM 13, paMcama meM 21, SaSTha meM 7, saptama meM 7, aSTama meM 4, navama meM 4 evaM dazama skaMdha meM 4 sagaM haiN| isameM mahAbhArata meM upalabdha nala kI kayA meM aneka parivartana kiye gae haiM aura jana-paramparAgata nalacarita kI kathA ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake aneka sthala para naiSadha kI chApa dRSTigocara hotI hai / aneka sthaloM para sandakrIr3A evaM pANDityadarzana meM kavi citrakAvya kI yojanA kara bhASA ke sahaja svArasya ko naSTa kara galatA hai / para sarvatra bhASA meM saralatA vidyamAna hai| tadetat tilakaM bhAle bAlAruNasamaprabham / vibhAvarIva vikSiptA kabarI yasya sanidhI // 2 / 9 / 2 / meghavrata AcArya-bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha AryasamAjI vidvAn evaM pratibhAzAlI kavi / inakA janma mahArASTra ke nAsika jile ke yevalA nAmaka grAma meM 7 janavarI 1895 I0 ko huaa| inakI nidhana tithi 21 navambara 1964 I0 hai| inake pitA kA nAma zrI jagajIvana evaM mAtA kA nAma sarasvatI devI thaa| inakI pratibhA bahumukhI thii| inhoMne.mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, gItikAvya, stotrakAvya, upanyAsa tathA nATaka sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM ko apanI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banAyA / inake granthoM meM 'dayAnandadigvijaya' ( mahAkAvya ) evaM 'kumudinIcandra' (upanyAsa) atyadhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / meghavatAcArya racita anya grantha haiM-brahmarSi virajAnanda caritaisameM svAmI dayAnanda ke zikSA-guru svAmI virajAnanda kA carita 10 soM meM varNita hai jisameM kula 424 zloka haiM / anya kA racanAkAla Azvina 2009 saMvat hai / prakAzanakAla 2012, gurukula jhajjara / nArAyaNasvAmicarita ( mahAtmamahimamaNi-maMjUSA)isa kAvya meM AryasamAja ke saMnyAsI mahAtmA nArAyaNa svAmI kA parita 12 alaMkAroM (sau ) meM varNita hai| isameM 300 zloka haiN| gurukulazataka-isameM 116 zlokoM meM gurukula ke Adarza kA varNana haiM / drayAnandalaharI-gaMgAlaharI ke anukaraNa para 52 zlokoM

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yAgezvara zAstrI] / 702) [ rAmacandra jhA meM dayAnandalaharI kI racanA huI hai| divyAnandalaharI-isameM bhI 52 zloka haiM tathA adhyAtmatattva evaM Izvara-mahimA prabhRti viSayoM kA nirUpaNa haiN| prakRti-saundayaM-yaha chaha aMkoM kA nATaka hai / kumudinIcandra-isa upanyAsa kA praNayana kisI gujarAtI kathA ke AdhAra para huA hai / isakA prakAzana 1976 vi0 saM0 meM huA thaa| isakA kathAnaka hindI ke lokapriya upanyAsa 'candrakAntA' se milatA-julatA hai| isameM ajitagar3ha durga ke svAmI kesarI siMha ke putra candrasiMha evaM vijayanagara ke rAjA vijayasiMha kI kanyA kumudinI kI praNayagAthA varNita hai / upanyAsa meM nAyaka-nAyikA kI kathA ke atirikta vijaya siMha ( nAyaka ) ke anuja raNavIra siMha tathA amarakaNTaka kI rAjakumArI ratnaprabhA kI bhI kathA samAnAntara calatI hai| isakA khalanAyaka sUryapura ke padacyuta rAjA kA putra karasiMha hai| isa upanyAsa kA vibhAjana solaha kalAoM meM huA hai| lekhaka ne RtuvarNana ke manorama prasaMga prastuta kiye haiM / lekhaka ne 'zuddhigaGgAvatAra' nAmaka eka anya upanyAsa bhI likhanA prArambha kiyA thA para vaha pUrNa na ho skaa| dayAnanda digvijaya-isa mahAkAvya meM svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI kI jIvanagAthA 27 sargoM meM varNita hai jisameM 2700 zloka haiN| mahAkAvya pUrvAddhaM evaM uttarAddha ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai jinakA prakAzana kramazaH 1994 vi0 saM0 evaM 2002 meM huaa| isameM zAnta rasa kI pradhAnatA hai| katipaya sthaloM para kavi ne prakRti kA ramaNIya citra aMkita kiyA hai| isameM sarvatra AlaMkArika saundarya ke darzana hote haiM tathA kAvya vibhinna prakAra kI preraNAdAyaka sUktiyoM se suguMphita hai| vasantavarNana draSTavya hai-namaH prasannaM salilaM prasannaM nizAH prasannA dvijacandraramyAH / iyaM vasante ruruce vasantI prasaH lakSmIH prativastu divyagA // 8 / 16 / de0 RSi dayAnanda aura AryasamAja kI saMskRta sAhitya kI dena, pR0 152-170 / yAgezvara zAstrI-(1840 I0-1900 I0 ) / imakA janma baliyA jile meM rudrapura nAmaka grAma meM huA thaa| vyAkaraNa ke vidvAn; vizeSataH prakriyA-zailI ke / inhoMne 'haimavatI' (vyAkaraNa) nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai jo nAgezabhaTTa ke 'pari. bhASenduzekhara' kI prameyabahula tathA pANDityapUrNa TIkA hai / isameM inake molika vicAra bhI niviSTa haiM / yaha prakriyA paddhati ke anusAra mahattvazAlI vyAkhyAna tathA vaiyAkaraNa tathyoM kA pratipAdaka grantha hai / vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, se 1972 I0 meM prakAzata / rAmacandra jhA (vyAkaraNAcAyaH)-janma 1912 I0 / janmasthAna 'taraunI' (darabhaMgA : bihAra) vartamAna nivAsasthAna DI 2/9 jayamaMgalAbhavana, dharmakUpa, vArANasI / adhyayanoparAnta 1939 I0 se arthavimukha hokara Apane sArA jIvana saMskRta sAhitya ke pracAra-prasAra meM lagA diyA hai / Apake maulika granthoM ke nAma haiM-saskRta-vyAkaraNam, sandhicandrikA, rUpalatA, sampUrNa siddhAntakaumudI, madhyakomudI tathA laghukaumudI ke bAlakopayogI savivaraNa noTsa / zikSAjagata meM ApakI 'indumatI' nAma kI TIkA prasiddha hai| Apane laghukaumudI, madhyakImudI, takasaMgraha, rAmavanagamana, paJcatantra, anaGgaraMga ( kAmazAstra) Adi pranthoM kI atyanta sarala subodha savimarza TIkA likhI hai| caukhambA-saMsthAna ke antargata saMsthApita 'kAzI mithilA granthamAlA' ke Apa

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rAmanAtha pAThaka] [viSNukAnta mA pradhAna sampAdaka haiM / isa granthamAlA se prakAzita sabhI granthoM ke savimarza saTippaNa sAnuvAda sampAdaka Apa hI haiN| Apane apanI prathama sva0 patnI 'indumatI' ke nAma para zatAdhika saMskRta granthoM kI savimarza TIkA-TippaNI likhI hai aura aharniza likha rahe haiN| rAmanAtha pAThaka 'praNayI'-zAhAbAda jile (bihAra) ke dhanAhA~ nAmaka grAma meM janma / sAhitya, vyAkaraNa tathA Ayurveda meM AcArya kI upAdhi tathA saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM ema0 e0 / samprati eca0 DI0 jaina kaoNleja dhArA meM saMskRta-prAkRta ke prAdhyApaka / 'rASTra-vANI' nAmaka pustaka meM navIna zailI ke saMskRta gIta / saMskRta meM gaDa evaM padya donoM meM rcnaa| hindI evaM bhojapurI ke suprasiddha kavi / 'rASTra-vANI' kI kavitA Adhunika vicAroM se pUrNa hai| isameM deza-deza kI prAkRtika nidhi, dezabhakti tathA rASTraprema ko AdhAra banAkara navagItoM kI racanA kI gayI hai / bhAvoM aura chandoM meM jIvantatA evaM bhASA meM saralatA hai| 'aham' nAmaka kavitA dekheM-ahamasmi raNabherIravaH ? pratipakSi hRdaya-vidArakaH, madamatta-kunjara-mArakaH, pavi-puruSa-hRdaya-spandano vananandanaH kaSThIravaH / ahamasmi rnnbheriirvH| isameM kula 75 gIta haiM tathA 'aham' aura 'banani' zIrSaka do Atmaparaka gIta bhI saMkalita haiN| pustaka saMvat 2008 meM prakAzita rAmarUpa pAThaka-inakA janma bihAra rAjya ke zAhAbAda jilAntargata sAsArAma zahara meM dinAMka 26 / 12 / 1891 I0 ko huA thaa| inake pitA paM0 vizvezvara pAThaka saMskRta ke vidvAn evaM hindI ke sukavi the jinhoMne vrajabhASA meM 'bhAgavatacUrNikA' nAmaka pustaka kA praNayana kiyA hai| zrIrAmarUpa pAThaka jI sAhityAcArya haiN| inhoMne 'citrakAvyakotukam' nAmaka atyanta praur3ha citrakAvya kI racanA kI hai jisa para inheM 1967 I0 meM sAhityaakAdamI kA puraskAra prApta huA hai| kavi kRta anya kAvyaanya haiM-'dAsAhaMcaritam' 'samasyAsaMgrahaH' 'tejoliGgakathA', 'ekaliGgakathA', 'dharmapAlakathA' 'kAmezvarakathA' tathA 'shriiraamcritm'| vizvezvara AcArya-ye vRndAvanastha gurukula vizvavidyAlaya ke AcArya evaM anusandhAna saMcAlaka the| inakA janma uttarapradeza ke pIlIbhIta jile ke makatula grAma meM huA thaa| inhoMne ema0e0 evaM siddhAntaziromaNi parIkSAeM uttIrNa kI thiiN| inhoMne saMskRta meM 'darzana-mImAMsA', 'nItizAstram', 'manovijJAnamImAMsA', 'pAzcAtyatakaMzAstram' 'sAhityamImAMsA' evaM 'vaidikasAhityakaumudI' nAmaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai / ye darzana evaM kAvyazAstra ke prakANDa paMDita the| inhoMne hindI meM 'dhvanyAloka, kAvyaprakAza, kAvyAlaMkArasUtra, abhinavabhAratI, abhidhAvRttimAtRkA, nATyadarpaNa, vakroktijIvita, bhaktirasAmRtasindhu, tarkabhASA, nyAyakusumAJjali evaM nirukta kA vistRta bhASya prastuta kiyA hai / inakA nidhana 30 julAI 1962 I0 ko huaa| viSNukAnta jhA-bihAra ke prasiddha jyotiSI evaM hastarekhAvid / paTanA jile (bihAra) ke vaikuNThapura nAmaka grAma meM saMvat 1968 Azvina kRSNa mAtRnavamI zanivAra ko maithilabrAhmaNa parivAra meM janma huA thaa| pitA paM0 ugranAtha zA suprasiddha vidvAn

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vastupAla ] ( 704 ) [ zAntinAtha caritra evaM jyotiSI the / abhI taka unakI cAra pustakeM prakAzita ho cukI haiN| (1) gaMgAbhArata saMskRti:, (2) ugravaMzaprazastiH, (3) zrIvaidyanAthaprazastiH, (4) rASTrapatirAjendravaMzaprazastiH / zrIdurgApUjA paddhati: ( nAnAtantra veda purANadharmazAstra ke AdhAra para racita ) tathA jyotiSaviSayaka grantha prakAzyamAna haiM / antima grantha meM 32 varSoM ke jyotiSasambandhI anubhava kA ullekha hai / 'rAjendravaMzaprazastiH' meM rASTrapati rAjendraprasAda ke jIvana caritra ke atirikta una sabhI vyaktiyoM aura unake kArya-kalApoM kA bhI varNana hai| jinhoMne Adhunika bhArata ke nirmANa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA grantha kI zailI prasAda guNa samanvita evaM prauDha hai / gaNatantradivasotsava kA varNana dekheN| zailI meM nirmita hai / isameM kula 555 zloka haiN| tasmin rathe mahavidhI vararASTrapo'so sthitvA sukhaM svabhavanAt saha sainikaistaiH / saMvandyamAna iha yAti mudA prapazyan nAnAvidhAn nRpapathasthita darzakAMstAn // 454 granthakAra ko rASTrapati dvArA padmazrI kI upAdhi prApta hai / / sArI racanA pravAhapUrNa vastupAla - saMskRta ke jainadharmAvalambI mahAkAvyakAra | inakA racanAkAla saM0 1277 se 12:7 ke madhya hai / kavi ne 'naranArAyaNAnanda' nAmaka prasiddha zAstrIya mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai jisameM zrIkRSNa evaM arjuna kI maitrI evaM mahAbhAratIya prasaMga ke AdhAra para 'subhadrAharaNa' kI prasiddha ghaTanA varNita hai / [ de0 naranArAyaNAnanda ] kavi ke pitA kA nAma AzArAja yA azvarAja thA aura mAtA kA nAma kumAradevI ( naranArAyaNAnanda prazasti saMgaM zloka 16 ) inake guru kA nAma vijayasena sUri thA / mahAkavi vastupAla dholakA (gujarAta) ke rAjA vIradhavala evaM unake putra bIsaladeva kA mahAmAtya thA / vaha kavi, vidvAna, vIra, yoddhA evaM nipuNa rAjanItijJa ke rUpa meM vikhyAta thaa| unake dvArA racita anya grantha haiM - 'zatrujaya maMDana', 'AdinAthastotra', 'girinAramaNDana', 'neminAthastotra', tathA 'ambikAstotra' Adi / saMskRta ke subhASita granthoM evaM giranAra ke utkIrNa lekha meM vastupAla 'kavikuMjara' 'kavicakravartI' 'vAgdevatAsuta', 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' Adi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita haiN| somezvara ne apane 'ullAghalAghava' nAmaka nATaka meM vastupAla kI sUktiyoM kI prazaMsA kI hai ( 8 va aMka ) / ambhojasambhavasutA vaktrAmbhoje'sti vastupAlasya / yadvINAraNitAni zrUyante sUktidammena // kavi kA anyanAma vasantapAla bhI thA / zAntinAtha caritra - yaha jainabhadrasUri (saMskRta ke jaina kavi ) racita paurANika mahAkAvya hai / isameM mahAkAvya evaM dharmakathA kA samAveza hai| jainabhadrasUri kA racanAkAla sa0 1410 vikrama hai / isa mahAkAvya kI racanA 19 saMga meM huI hai tathA solahaveM tIrthakara zAntinAtha jI kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai| isake nAyaka alaukika vyakti haiM, phalataH mahAkAvya meM alaukika evaM atiprAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA bAhulya hai / isa mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka lokavizruta hai jisakA AdhAra paramparAgata caritragrantha hai / isake nAyaka dhIraprazAntaguNopeta hai aura zAntarasa aMgI rasa hai / kavi ne dharmaM bora mokSa kI prApti ko hI isa mahAkAvya kA pradhAna phala siddha kiyA hai / prArambha meM maMgalA

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zivakumAra zAstrI ] ( 705 ) [ satyavrata zAstrI caraNa svarUpa jinezvara kI stuti kI gayI hai tathA vastuvyaMjanA ke rUpa meM nagara, vana, SaDRtu, saMyoga, viyoga, vivAha, yuddha Adi vividha viSaya varNita haiN| mahAkAvya meM jAtIya jIvana kI abhivyakti evaM prauDha bhASAzailI ke darzana hote haiN| prasAdaguNamayI bhASA ke prayoga se yaha grantha dIpta hai / putraM binA na bhavanaM suSamAM dadhAti candraM vineva gaganaM samudagratAram / siMhaM vineba vipinaM vilasatpratApam kSetrasvarUpakalitaM puruSaM vineva 3 / 71 / zivakumAra zAstrI - [ 1840 - 1918 I0 ] inakA janma vArANasI se uttara bAraha mIla kI dUrI para sthita undI nAmaka grAma meM huA thA / inakI mAtA kA nAma matirAnI evaM pitA kA nAma rAmasevaka mizra thA / ye sarayUpArINa brAhmaNa the / inhoMne vANIdatta caube se vyAkaraNa kA adhyayana kiyA thA tathA 1851 I0 meM gavarnamenTa saMskRta kaoNleja, vArANasI meM praveza kiyA / inheM tatkAlIna sarakAra dvArA mahAmahopAdhyAya kI upAdhi prApta huI tathA zRMgerI ke jagadguru zaMkarAcArya ne 'sarvatantra svatantrapaNDitarAja' kI upAdhi se alaMkRta kiyA / inhoMne ane granthoM kI racanA kI hai / ( 1 ) lakSmIzvarapratApa :- yaha mahAkAvya hai jisameM lakSmIzvara siMha taka darabhaMgA narezoM kI vaMza gAthA kA varNana hai / yatI vanacaritam - yaha 132 zlokoM kA khaNDakAvya hai / isameM bhAskarAnandasarasvatI kA jIvana carita varNita hai / ( 3 ) zivamahimnazloka kI TIkA, (4) paribhASenduzekhara kI vyAkhyA, ( 5 ) liGgadhAraNacandrikA zloka hai - dine dine kAlaphaNI prakopaM kurvan samAgacchati sannidhAnam / nipItamohAsavajAtamAdo na bhItimAyAti kadApi ko'pi // de0 Adhunika saMskRta sAhitya DaoN0 hIrAlAla zukla / 14 varSa kI alpAvasthA meM uttIrNa kii| 1953 I0 satyavrata zAstrI ( DAkTara ) - inakA janma 1930 I0 meM lAhaura meM huA thA / inhoMne apanI prArambhika zikSA apane pitA evaM saMskRta ke suprasiddha vidvAn paM0 cArudeva zAstrI ke nirdezana meM prApta kii| DaoN0 satyavrata ne hI paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya kI zAstrI parIkSA 1944 I0 meM meM inhoMne saMskRta ema0 e0 kI parIkSA paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya se uttINaM kI ora prathama zreNI meM prathama rhe| inheM 1955 I0 meM hindUvizvavidyAlaya se pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta huI / inake anusandhAna kA viSaya thA- 'sama impaoNrTenTa espekTas oNpha da philaoNsaphI oNpha bhartRhari - TAima eNDa spesa' / ye 1970 I0 se dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRtavibhAga meM adhyakSa haiM / inhoMne 'zrI bodhisatvacaritam' nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA eka sahasrazlokoM meM kI hai| inakA anya mahAkAvya 'gurugovinda siMhacaritam' hai, jisameM sikhoM ke guru gurugovinda siMha kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai / isa grantha para kavi ko 1968 I0 ke sAhitya akAdamI kA puraskAra prApta huA hai / [de0 'guru govinda siMhacaritam'] lekhaka kI anya racanAoM ke nAma isa prakAra hai-maikaDonala kRta 'vaidikagrAmara' kA hindI anuvAda 'eseja oNna iNDolaoNjI', 'da rAmAyaNa : e liMgviSTika sTaDI', 'da kansepTa oNfa TAima eNDa spesa ina iNDiyana thaoNTa' evaM 'da laiMgueja eNDa posTrI oNpha da yogavAsiSTha' / 45 saM0 sA0

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nAmAnukramaNikA pRSThAkaH AcArya daNDI AcArya digvijaya campU akAlajalada AcArya paNDitarAja jaganAtha akhilAnanda kavirata (pari.) Anandavardhana agnipurANa bhAnanda vRndAvana campU ahirAsmRti AcArya vijaya campU atharvaveda AnandaraMga vijaya campU atharvavedaprAtizAkhyasUtra Adi purANa anargharAghava Ananda rAmAyaNa bhanantadeva Apastamba dharmasUtra asaMbhaTTa Apizali anukramaNI AraNyaka appayadIkSita Aryadeva abhayadeva mAryabhaTTa (prathama) abhinanda (prathama) AryabhaTTa (dvitIya) abhinanda (dvitIya) AzAdhara bhaTTa abhinava kAlidAsa Ayurveda zAstra abhinava gupta Ayurveda kI paramparA abhiSeka AryazUra abhijJAna zAkuntala bhAryA saptazatI amaracandra aura bharisiMha | Aryodaya mahAkAvya amaracandra sUri mAya brAhmaNa amaraka ArSeyopaniSad amogha rAghava campU Asuri ambikAdatta nyAsa 264,68 ahaMdAsa (pari.) alaMkAra sarvasva indulekhA asaMga azvaghoSa IzvarakRSNa azvaghoSa kI dArzanika mAnyatAyeM " IzAvAsya yA Iza upaniSad aSTAdhyAyI aSTAdhyAyI ke vRttikAra uttara purANa A uttarasampU bhAcArya jayadeva 47 / uttararAmacarita

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( 708) usaba sandeza udayanAcArya uhavAmadeva upaniSad upaniSada-darzana upaniSadmANa 121 11 umApati zarmA umAsvAti upotakara 121 73 kavi karNapUra kAkurasthavijaya campU kArtavIrya prabandha kAtyAyana kAtyAyana smRti kAdambarI kAlidAsa kAmyAlaMkAra (ruTa) kAmyAlaMkArasUtravRtti kAmyAlaMkAra sArasaMgraha kAmyaprakAza kAvya-mImAMsA kAvyAdarza kAmyAlaMkAra (bhAmaha) kAgyazAkha kAmandaka kAzakRtsna kAzInAtha upAdhyAya kAzyapa kAzyapasaMhitA kirAtArjunIya kIya e.bI. kuTTanImata kumAradAsa kumAra bhArgavIya kumArasaMbhava 120 128 RtusaMhAra RSiputra aitareya bAraNyaka aitareva upaniSada aitarevamAmaNa aitihAsika mahAkAvya kaThopaniSad karNabhAra 152 " kapika kamakAkara bhaTTa (dharmazAlI) kamalAkara maha (devara) 145 kalyANavaDI kalyANa kalyANavarmA kavimanoraMjaka campU kavirAjadhovI kavirAja vizvanAtha 146 147 kumArasambhava campa kumArila maha kuMtaka kundakundAcArya kuvalayAnanda kUrmapurANa kRSNAnanda kenopaniSad 100 keralAbharaNam kezava 102/ kezava mitra 148 : :

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( 704 ) 149 1." 150 kezava mitra (tArkika) kaMpaTa kokasandeza kokilasandeza kauTilIya arthazAkha kauSItaki upaniSad mIvara campUrAmAyaNa caraka saMhitA candramahIpati candrazekhara campU pampUkAvya kA vikAsa cArAyaNa 15 154 " cArvAka darzana cArvAka kI jJAnamImAMsA citracampU ciraMjIva bhaTTAcArya cetodUta caMtanyamata colacampU 157 chanda chAgaleyopaniSad 181 182 83 kha khaNDadeva mizra ga gaGgAdevI gAvataraNa campU prabandha gaGgeza upAdhyAya gaNeza gadanigraha gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya garuDa purANa gargasaMhitA (pari.) gAye gAlava giridharazarmA caturvedI (pari.) gItA gurugovinda siMhacarita (pari.) godApariNaya campU gopathabrAhmaNa gopAla gopAla campU govinda caritAmRta gautama gautama dharmasUtra gaurI mAyUramahAtmya campU 191 690 19 // 159 jayamtabhaTTa jayatIrtha jayadeva (gItakAra) jayadeva (nATakakAra) javantavijaya (pari.) jAnakI caritAmRta jinapAla upAdhyAya jinaprabhasUri (pari.) jImUtavAhana jaina darzana jaina sAhitya jaina meghadUta jaimini jaiminIya brAhmaNa jyotiSazAsa 159 11. ca caturbhANI 168 duNDirAja caMDezvara candrakIrti 20,

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( 710) 226 tatvaguNAdarza sAvya yA paJcaviMza mAhmaNa tIrtha yAtrA-prabandha campU taittirIya AraNyaka taittirIya-upaniSad taittirIya prAtizAmya taittirIya brAhmaNa tripuravahana (pari.) tripuravijaya campU (dvitIya) tripuravijaya campU (prathama) trivikramabhaTTa 228 229 " 695 229 230 233 233 235 dAsmRti 693 dattAtreya campU daNDI svAnandasarasvatI (pari.) pazakumAracarita zarUpaka dAmodarazAsI (pari.) disnAga dilIpa zarmA (pari.) divAkara diyaNapavijaya campU dUtabaTotkaca pRSThA 202 dhanezvarasUri dharmakIrti 203 dharmavijaya campU dharmasUtra dhvanyAloka nandikezvara narmamAlA naracandra upAdhyAya naranArAyaNAnanda (pari.) narasiMha kavi nalacampU nAgArjuna nAgAnanda nAgezabhaTTa nATakakAra kAlidAsa naamy' nAthamuni nAthamuni vijaya campU | nAradapuraNa yA bRhabAradIpa purANa nAradasmRti nArAyaNa nArAyaNabhaTTa nityAnanda nimbArkamata | nirukta nItiviSayaka upadezAtmaka kAvya nIlakaNTha nIlakaNThabhaTTa nIlakaNThavijayacampU nIlAmbara jhA nRmiha campU nRsiMha campU yA prahAda campU nemicandra zAstrI (pari.) naiSadhIya carita nyAyadarzana nyAya-pramANa-mImAMsA 244 245 246 247 248 devatAdhyAyabrAhmaNa devakumArikA devaNabhaTTa devaprabhasari devavimala gaNi devIbhAgavata vijendranAtha mizra hisavAna kAgya dezopadeza draupadI pariNaya pampU 249 259 260 224 696 249 252 dha dhanaJjaya 225/ pAtantra

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pacarAja pacazikha paNDitarAja jagannAtha pataJjali padAGkadUta padmagupta parimala padmapurANa padmaprabhasUri padmAnanda (pari.) paramezvara jhA (pari.) parAzarasmRti parAzara pavanadUta pAcarAtra pANini pArthasArathi mizra pArijAtaharaNa pArijAtaharaNa campU pArzvAbhyudaya pitAmahasmRti purANa purudeva catrapU pulastyasmRti puSpasUtra pRthvIrAjavijaya pauSkarasAdi prakaraNa prajApatismRti pratijJAyaugandharAyaNa pratimAnATaka prabodhacandrodaya prabhAkara mizra prazastapAda praznopaniSad prAkapANini katipaya vaiyAkaraNa prAtizAkhya priyadarzikA ba baladeva upAdhyAya (pari.) ( 711 ) pRSThAGkaH 262 bANabhaTTa 263 | bANAsura vijaya campU bApUdevazAstrI 39 265 bAlacarita 272 bAlarAmAyaNa 269 | bAlacandrasUri bAlazAstrI (pari.) 99 272 bASkalamantropaniSad 697 bilhaNa buddhaghoSa 273 | buddhacarita " 99 274 bRhatkathA 274 | bRhaspatismRti 99 282 276 280 | baudhAyanadharmasUtra 281 bauddha darzana brahmaguptaM 64 39 291 292 39 39 293 "" . 294 bUlara je0 jI0 295 296 "" 297 298 298 298 299 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad brahmapurANa brahmavaivartapurANa brahmANDapurANa brAhmaNa bha bhaTTa akalaMka bhaTTanAyaka bha bhaTTa loiTa bhaTTanArAyaNa bhaTTi mahAji docita bhaTTotpala yA utpala bharata bharatezvarAbhyudaya campU bhartRmeNTha bhartRhari bhartRhari bhaTa 697 | bhavabhUti pRSThAGkaH 300 303 304 "" 15 305, 698 699 385 306 306, 699 306 307 309 310 19 311 24 308 315 317 318 319 321 39 322 323 324 326 328 329 330 "" .331 332 19 332 .133

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(712) 364 343 344 382 383 70. pRSThAGkaH bhaviSyapurANa mandAra-maranda pampU bhAgavata campU mammaTa bhAgIrathI campU mayUrabhaTTa bhAguri mayUrasandeza bhANa majhisena bhAnudatta mahAbhArata bhAmaha mahAbhASya bhArata campU mahAvIra-carita mAratacampatilaka mArakaNDeyapurANa bhArata pArijAta mahAkAmya mahAnArAyaNopaniSad bhAratIya-darzana mahAprabhu zrIvajAbhAcArya bhAradvAja mahAvIrAcArya bhAravi mahimabhaTTa bhAvaprakAza bhAskarAcArya 349 mahimodaya bhAsa 350 mahendra sUri bhAsarvajJa 354 maMkhaka misakanyA pariNaya campU 355 mAgha bhuzuNDI rAmAyaNa mANikyadeva sari (pari.) 355 muMgadUta 354 mANDUkya upaniSad muMgasandeza mAtRceSTa mela saMhitA mAdhavanidAna bhaiSmIpariNaya campU mAdhyandini bhoja mAdhyamata bhojaprabandha mAruti vijaya campU bhotala vaMzAvalI campU mArgasahAya campU mAlatI mAdhava maMgaladeva zAlI (pari.) mAlavikAgnimitra matsyapurANa mitra mizra maNDana mizra mInApIkalyANa campU mathurAnAtha mImAMsAdarzana mathurAprasAda dIkSita mahamahopAdhyAya 375 mukulamaTTakRta abhidhAvRttimAtRkA mahakanyA pariNaya campU 361 muktaka kAvya madhusUdana ojhA (pari.) 700 muMjAla madhusUdana sarasvatI ( pari.) muNDakopaniSad madhyamamyAyoga mudArAcasa manusmRti munIzvara mamodUta 360 / murAri-mimA 390 393 398 " 359 403 402 403 404 F7 " murAri manodUta 511

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( 713) . . mRcchakaTika mekDonela meghadUta meghadUta-samasyAlekha meghapratisaMdeza kathA meghavijayagaNi meghavrata AcArya (pari.) medhAvirudra maivasamUlara maitrI yA maitrAyaNI upaniSad morikA 435 ya pRSThAGkaH 416 rasendracintAmaNi 429 rasendracUDAmaNi rasendrasArasaMgraha 434 rAghavapANDavIya rAjataraMgiNI 462 rAjazekhara 463 701 rAjAnakaruyyaka rAmacandra 436 rAmacandracampU 467 437 rAmacandra guNacandra rAmacandra jhA (pari.) 702 rAmacarita 468 441 rAmadevajJa rAmanAtha pAThaka (pari.) rAmarUpa pAThaka (pari.) 440 rAmAnujAcArya 468 442 rAmAyaNa 470 441 rAmAyaNacampU 476 702 rAmAvatAra zarmA ( mahAmahopAdhyAya) , 442 rAvaNArjunIyamahAkAvya 443 rukmiNIpariNaya campU rukmiNIharaNam 440 rudraTa 443 rudra nyAyapatra nana 146 479 rUpagosvAmI 480 yasa-milana kAmya yajurveda yatirAjavijaya campU yazastilaka campU yamasmRti yatirAja vijaya campU yAgezvara zAkhI (pari.) yAjJavalkyasmRti yAmunAcArya yudhiSThira mImAMsaka yudhiSThira-vijaya yUropIya vidvAn aura saMskRta yoga-darzana yogaravAkara 703 478 448 lakSmIdhara maha 181 449 481 482 liMgapurANa 483 raMganAtha raghunandana raghunAthavijaya campa raghunAtha ziromaNi raghuvaMza mahAkAvya rakhAkara rakhAvalI rasaratnasamuccaya rasaravAkara rasaravAkara yA rasendramaMgala rasahadayatantra vatsarAja 484 450 vatsabhaTTi 451 452 | varadAmbikA pariNayacampU vakroktijIvita varAhamihira 460 | ballAlasena " | basavarAjIyam 459 185

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vasiSTadharmasUtra vasucarita ca vasubandhu vastupAla vAkyapadIya vAgmaTa vAgbhaTa vAgbhaTa (prathama) vAgbhaTa (dvitIya) vAcaspati mizra bAjasaneyi prAtizAkhaba vAtsyAyana vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra vAdirAjasUri vAmana vAmanapurANa vAmanabhaTTa bANa vAyupurANa vArAha yA varAhapurANa vAzmIki vAsudeva vijaya vikaTanitambA vikramorvazIya vikramasena campU vijjikA vijJAnabhitra vijJAnezvara vidyAdhara vidyAnAtha vizAlabhaMjikA vibudhAnanda prabandha campU virUpAcavasantotsava campU vizAkhadatta vizvanAthapaJcAnana 39 vikrama carita yA siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA 503 503 504 vizvezvara AcArya (pari.) vizvezvara paNDita ( 714 ) viSNukAnta jhA (pari.) viSNudattazukla 'viyogI' pRSThAGkaH 487 viSNudharmottarapurANa 488 | viSNupurANa vIranandI 39 48, 704 | vIrabhadrasena campU 490 veMkaTanAtha 491veNIsaMhAra vetAlapaJcaviMzati 99 492 | veda kA samaya-nirUpaNa veda ke bhASyakAra 39 493 | vedaparicaya vedAMga 99 494 | vedAMga jyotiSa 39 99 496 497 498 99 500 501 502 39 505 vedAnta vedAnta dezika vebara "9 507 veMkaTanAtha kRta haMsasandeza veMkaTAdhvari veMkaTeza campU vaidyajIvana vaidika devatA vaidika sAhitya vaiyAghrapAda vaizeSika darzana vyAkaraNa vyaktiviveka vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa gyAsa 19 vyAsatIrtha 506 vyAsasmRti za zabara svAmI zaMkaracetovilAsa campU " 508 zaMkaramizra 39 zaMkarAcArya 510 zaktibhadra 703 | zatapatha brAhmaNa 511 | zAntideva 703 zAntinAtha caritra (pari.) 511 | zAntara cita pRSThAGgaH 512 513 514 524 514 39 524 33 128 531 533 523 535 538 19 539 " 540 39 " 547 549 29 553 489 554 561 563 563 563 598 599 99 604 19 564 704 564

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pRSThA zAradAtanaya 640 . zAGkAyana bhAraNyaka zAGkAyana brAhmaNa zAdhara saMhitA zibhUpAla zivacaritra campU zikSA 651 653 655 zivAgrantha 653 655 705 158 572 575 zivakumAra zAstrI (pari.) zivapurANa zivalIlArNava zivasvAmI zivAdisyamizra zizupAlavadha bhIladUta zIlA bhaTTArikA zukasaptati zukasandeza bhAraprakAza zrIzaMkuka zrIharSa ghetAzvatara upaniSad 576 66 pRSThA | samayamAtRkA 565 samrATacaritam 605 sAgaranandI sAmaveda sAyaNa sAhityadarpaNa sidayoga siddhasena divAkara sItAsvayaMvara 568 sudarzana sari 570 sudhAkara dvivedI subhadrA suzrutasaMhitA sUktisaMgraha yA subhASita-saMgraha soDala kRta udayasundarIkathA somadeva sUri saundarananda skandapurANa stotrakAmya yA bhaktikAmya sphoTAyama 595 | smRti (dharmazAsa) svamavAsavadattam . haMsasandeza hanumabATaka hammIra mahAkAvya haracarita cintAmaNi haribhadra harivaMzapurANa harivilAsa harinandra hariSeNa harSacarita 134 harSa yA harSavardhana 637 halAyudha kRta kavirahasya hitopadeza 606 hRdayadarpaNa 237 | hemacandra 665 " (72 685 SaDaviMza brAhmaNa 6.6 616 2 saMgItazA saMvartasmRti saMskRta kathA sAhitya saMskRta gaya saMskRta nATaka saMskRta mahAkAvya saMskRta zabda koza saMskRta sAhitya saMhitopaniSad brAhmaNa satyavrata zAsI (pari.) samantabhadra sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa sandezakAvya 681 684 685

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: vaidika-iNDeksa mUla lekhaka-maikDonela tathA kItha anuvAdaka-DaoN0 rAmakumAra rAya isameM sandarbha sahita saMkhyAyeM tathA phuTanoTa meM unakI vyAkhyA kA krama vahI kiyA gayA hai jaisA kI mUla grantha meM hai| isa vyAkhyA ke kAraNa, jo niHsandeha atyanta kaThina aura kahIM-kahIM asambhava-sA kArya thA, anuvAda kI upayogitA aura viSaya-vyAkhyA kI prAmANikatA atyanta bar3ha gaI hai| 1-2 bhAga 150-00 rAjataraGgiNIkozaH sampAdaka-DaoN0 rAmakumAra rAya kalhaNa kRta rAjataraGgiNI kA yaha koza hindI meM sarvaprathama prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| isameM rAjataraGgiNI meM Aye sabhI nAmoM aura viSayoM kI sasandarbha vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai| sAtha hI lekhaka ne eka vistRta bhUmikA meM kalhaNa ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva kA vivecana karate huye vibhinna viSayoM, jaise rAjanIti, samAjazAstra, dharma aura nIti Adi se sambaddha unake vicAroM ko prastuta kiyA hai| rAjataraGgiNI meM Aye vibhinna rAjAoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM tathA kalikramAgata tAlikAoM kA bhI bhUmikA meM samAveza kiyA gayA hai / -40-00 Adarza hindI-saMskRta-koza sampAdaka-pro0 rAmasvarUpa zAstrI isa koza meM lagabhaga cAlIsa sahasra hindI-hindustAnI zabdoM tathA muhAvaroM ke saMskRta paryAya diye gaye haiN| pratyeka zabda kA liMga-nirdeza bhI kiyA gayA hai| hindI kriyApadoM ke saMskRta dhAtuoM ke gaNa, pada, seTa, aniTa, veTa, Nijanta Adi ke rUpa bhI diye gaye haiN| susaMskRta tathA parivadhita dvitIya sNskrnn| 100-00 abhidhAnacintAmaNiH 'maNi vyA . prastuta koza-grana apUrva koza-kalA se paripUrNa hai| isake nava-zabda-yojanA tathA aMtima zabdAnukramA ...... gAra prazasta hai| 75-00 - anya prAptisthAna caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana ke0 37/117. gopAla mandira lena, po0 bA0 1129, vArANasI-221001