Mahavira Nirvan Bhumi Pava Ek Vimarsh

Author(s): Bhagwati Prasad Khetan
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002135/1

Page #1
pArzvanAtha zodhapITha granthamAlA : 61 pha UrmimAM e AAAAAA saccaM logammi sArabhUyaM 1890 pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza lekhaka bhagavatIprasAda khetAna sampAdaka DA0 azokakumAra siMha pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI - 5 Jain " PARSVANATHA SODHAPITHA VARANASI Sibrary jainelibrary.org

Page #2
abhimata 'mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza' kI racanA meM zrI bhagavatI prasAdajI khetAna ne jo parizrama kiyA hai, vaha sarAhanIya hai| unhoMne paDaraunA ko prAcIna pAvA siddha karane kA jo prayatna kiyA hai, vaha tarkasaMgata to lagatA hai, kintu pAvA kA rUpAntara paDaraunA nahIM ho sakatA hai| paDaraunA 'pAdaravana' se banA hai| gujarAtI meM Aja bhI 'pAdara' nagara ke bAharI bhAga ko kahate haiN| sambhavataH uttara pradeza meM use 'pADara' kahate hoN| ho sakatA hai ki pAvA nagara lupta ho gayA ho aura usake bAhya bhAga meM paDaraunA kA vikAsa huA ho| yadi zrI khetAna jI kA parizrama vidvanmAnya ho sake to yaha bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogii| padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA zrI bhagavatIprasAda jI khetAna ne mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi prAcIna pAvA ke anveSaNa hetu jo kaThina parizrama kiyA hai, vaha nizcaya hI spRhaNIya hai| eka vyavasAyI vyakti meM itanI zodha-niSThA kA honA stutya hai / mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi 'pAvA' ke saMdarbha meM Aja vidvat varga meM Ama sahamati nahIM hai| AdaraNIya khetAna jI ne aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para 'pAvA' ko paDaraunA ke samIpa avasthita hone kI jo avadhAraNA prastuta kI hai, vaha vidvat varga aura samAja ko mAnya ho sake, to eka bar3I upalabdhi hogii| prastuta kRti meM khetAna jI ne apanI mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM jo sabala tarka prastuta kiye haiM, ve itihAsajJoM ko isa dizA meM vicAra karane ko vivaza karate haiN| unakA zrama zodha kI dizA meM eka navonmeSa detA hai| pro0 sAgaramala jaina www.jainelibra

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pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza pArzvanAtha zodhapITha granthamAlA : 61 lekhaka bhagavatI prasAda khetAna sampAdaka DA0 azoka kumAra siMha pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha vArANasI - 5

Page #4
pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha AI0 TI0 AI0 (karauMdo) ke samIpa po0 bI0 eca0 yU0, vArANasI-5 phona : 311462 prathama saMskaraNa : 1992 mUlya : 60 rupaye Mahavira Nirvana Bhumi Pava Eka Vimarsa By. B. P. Khetan Price : Rs. 60.00 First Edition : 1992 mudraka : varddhamAna mudraNAlaya javAharanagara kAlonI, vArANasI-10

Page #5
prakAzakIya prastuta grantha mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : ekavimarza-pAThakoM ke sammukha prastuta karate hue hameM ati prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA kI bhaugolika avasthiti kI pahacAna karanA eka jaTila samasyA banI huI hai| vidvadvarga gaMgA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM rAjagRha ke nikaTa sthita pAvA ko mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI mAnane ke lie aneka kAraNoM se sahamata nahIM hai| vidvAnoM kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa sthalI vaizAlI aura zrAvastI ke madhya gaMgA ke uttara meM gaMDaka ke samIpa kahIM thii| phira bhI isa sandarbha meM nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hI banA huA thaa| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI khoja ke pariNAma svarUpa do dRSTikoNa sAmane aaye| eka dRSTikoNa ke anusAra phAjila nagara-saThiyA~va pAvA hai to kucha ke anusAra paDaraunA hI pAvA hai| isI sandarbha meM zrI bhagavatI prasAda jI khetAna ne atyanta parizrama pUrvaka prastuta kRti meM yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vAstavika pAvA paDaraunA hI hai| isa sambandha meM unake apane tarka aura niSkarSa haiM jo puSTa evaM yuktisaMgata pratIta hote haiM aura vidvadvarga ke lie avazya hI vicAraNIya haiN| pramukha rUpa se vyavasAyI hote hue bhI unhoMne vAstavika pAvA ke abhijJAna ke lie jo zodhapUrNa prayatna kiyA hai vaha nizcaya hI sarAhanIya hai| inake isa prayatna ko prAcIna itihAsa evaM jaina vidyA ke aneka vidvAnoM dvArA protsAhana bhI milA hai| ____ ataH pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ne unakI isa kRti ko prakAzita karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| yadyapi unhoMne kaThina parizrama karake aitihAsika tathyoM kA saMkalana kiyA thA aura ina tathyoM ke AdhAra para yakti saMgata niSkarSa nikAle bhI jA sakate the| kintu isa sampUrNa saMkalita sAmagrI ko vidvadbhogya aura prakAzana yogya banAne meM kaThina parizrama kiyA saMsthAna ke zodhAdhikArI DA0 azoka kumAra siMha ne| lagabhaga eka varSa taka kaThina parizrama karake isa kRti ko yathAsAmarthya pUrI taraha sajAyA aura sa~vArA hai| yadyapi DA0 azoka kumAra siMha hamAre apane hI haiM kintu grantha prakAzana kI isa belA meM unakA AbhAra pradarzana aparihArya hai|

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4 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza zrI khetAna jI ne isa kRti ko hameM prakAzana hetu diyA, ataH hama unake AbhArI hai / hameM pUrNa vizvAsa hai zrI khetAna kI yaha kRti mahAvIra ke nirvANa-sthalake sambandha meM naye anusaMdhAnoM meM vidvAnoM kA mArga prazasta karegI / hamArI prakAzana gatividhiyoM ke kendra bane hue haiM hamAre nidezaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina / prastuta kRti ke prakAzana meM unakA sahayoga bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai / ataH hama unake bhI AbhArI haiM / isa grantha kI prUpha rIDiMga mukhyataH DA0 azoka kumAra siMha ne hI kI hai ataH hama punaH unheM dhanyavAda dete haiM / prUpharIDiMga meM DA0 indrezacandra siMha ne bhI sahayoga kiyA hai ataH hama unake bhI AbhArI haiM / mudraNa kA kArya varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ne pUrNa kiyA ata: unake prati bhI hama AbhAra vyakta karate haiM / mantrI bhUpendranAtha jaina

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prAkkathana pro0 kRSNadeva jenarala kaniMghama bhAratIya purAtatva ke janaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya itihAsa ke mahAna 'draSTA' bhI the / bhAratIya purAtattva kA vizAla bhavana unhIM kI rakho Thosa AdhAra-zilA para khar3A hai| sAhityika evaM aitihAsika sAkSyoM, cvAnaccAG ke yAtrA-vRttAnta tathA purAtAttvika anveSaNa ke AdhAra para nAlandA, zrAvastI, kuzInagara, vaizAlI tathA kauzAmbI prati aneka prAcIna sthaloM kI pahicAna unakI anupama pratibhA aura antadaSTi kA paricaya detI hai| malloM kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kA devariyA jilA sthita paDaraunA se samIkaraNa usI mAlA kI eka kar3I hai / pAvA samaddha aura prasiddha nagarI thI aura uttara bhArata ke eka mahApatha para gaNDakI nadI ke taTa para avasthita thI jisa para prAcIna bhArata ke santa, vyApArI evaM yAtrI yAtAyAta karate the| pAvA ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA nirvANa-sthala hone kA gaurava prApta thaa| vaizAlI se kuzInagara kI antima yAtrA ke daurAna baddha ne vahIM AkhirI par3Ava kiyA thA aura yahA~ ke nAgarika-cunda kA Atithya grahaNa kiyA thaa| isI yAtrA ke daurAna buddha ne AlAra kAlAma ke ziSya pukkusa malla ke netRtva meM 500 gAr3iyoM kA kAphilA kuzInagara se pAvA kI ora jAte dekhA thaa| jaina-graMthoM ke anusAra pAvA meM hastipAla nAmaka rAjA kI rajjukazAlA thii| "sumaMgala vilAsinI" TIkA ke anusAra pAvA kuzInagara se tIna gavyUti arthAt 12 mIla kI dUrI para thaa| ye sabhI lakSaNa paDaraunA para ghaTate haiM jo gaNDakI nadI kI dhArA para avasthita kuzInagara se 12 mola uttara, uttara-pUrva meM hai| yahA~ aneka purAne TIle haiM aura kaniMghama kI khudAI se do stUpoM tathA eka vizAla vihAra ke prAMgaNa ke avazeSa mile the| aneka prAcIna vastue~ tathA mUrtiyA~ yahA~ upalabdha huI haiM jinameM sabase purAnI yakSa ko zugakAlIna khaMDita mUrti hai jo lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM rakhI hai| mUrtiyoM meM adhikAMza bauddha aura jaina dharma kI haiM, jo iMgita karatI haiM ki yaha prAcIna bauddha aura jaina tIrtha-sthala thaa| pAvA ke nikaTavartI saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara meM bhI prAcIna stUpoM ke avazeSa mile haiM jinase kArlAila ko bhrama ho gayA thA ki pAvA vahIM

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6 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hogA / para " zreSThigrAma" kI lekhAMkita mudrA kI upalabdhi se aba koI sandeha nahIM raha gayA hai ki isa sthAna kA prAcIna nAma "zreSThigrAma" thA, na ki " cetiyA grAma" jisakA samIkaraNa pAvA se saMbhava ho / zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna ne aitihAsika, bhaugolika, sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kA samIkSaNa kara yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki prAcIna apApA yA pAvA paDaraunA se bhinna nahIM thA / varSoM ke bhagIratha parizrama se aitihAsika tathyoM kA manana aura avagAhana kara yaha sthApita kiyA hai ki prAcIna pAvA paDaraunA thA na ki nAlandA kA nikaTavartI pAvA nAmaka sthala, jisakI aitihAsikatA 16vIM zatI se pUrva nahIM jAtI / AzA hai isa prAmANika grantha kA vidvAn aura manISI ucita mAna kareMge / vArANasI zrI mahAvIra jayantI 18-4-89

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prastAvanA pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM jaina-dharma kA ullekhanIya yogadAna hai| isa saMskRti meM cAra mukhya staMbha-satya, ahiMsA, tyAga aura paropakAra haiN| jaina-dharma meM inake mahattva ko svIkAra kara, vibhinna vicAradhArAoM meM samanvaya kI bhAvanA para bala diyA gyaa| jaina-dharma meM vaidika AsthA kI jagaha zramaNa-paramparA kA mahattva hai| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya evaM abhilekhoM meM zramaNa-paramparA tathA usake pramukha pravaktA mahAvIra ke sambandha meM pracura ullekha milate haiN| tatsaMbaMdhI aneka sAhityika mAnyatAoM ko mUrtikAroM tathA citrakAroM ne bhI apanI kRtiyoM meM mUrta rUpa pradAna kiyaa| jaina dharma sambandhita purAlekhoM, mUrtiyoM tathA citroM ke rUpa meM puSkala sAmagrI upalabdha hai| inase sAhityika vivaraNoM kI puSTi meM sahAyatA milI hai| jaina-dharma meM naitika AcaraNa tathA saha-astitva kI bhAvanA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA / ataH yaha dharma janatA meM bahuta Adata huaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra se pahale teIsa tIrthaMkara he| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI unakI candana kI pratimA nirmita hone ke ullekha milate haiN| anuzruti ke anusAra mahAvIra kI candana pratimA sindhusauvIra ke zAsaka uddAyaNa ( rudrAyaNa ) ke adhikAra meM thii| bAda meM ujjaina ke zAsaka pradyota ne unase mUrti lekara use vidizA nagarI meM rkhaa| usakI eka pratikRti banavAkara vItabhayapaTTana nAmaka nagara meM rakhI gyii| daivayoga se bhArI jhaMjhAvAta ke kAraNa vaha pratikRti bhUmi ke nIce daba gii| usake dabane se sArA nagara naSTa ho gayA / zrI hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra gujarAta ke prasiddha zAsaka kumArapAla ne usa pratikRti ko nikalavAkara use aNahilapATana nagara meM pratiSThApita kraayaa| ___ mahAvIra kI isa candana-pratimA ke AdhAra para kAlAntara meM anya mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huA hogaa| kaliMga ke prasiddha zAsaka khAravela kA eka abhilekha bhuvanezvara ke samIpa hAthIguphA meM milA hai| isa lekha ke anusAra kaliMga meM tIrthaMkara kI eka prAcIna mUrti thI, jise magadha ke

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8 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza zAsaka nanda apanI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra le gye| lekha meM Age likhA hai ki khAravela ne isa pratimA ko magadha se kaliMga meM le jAkara vahA~ usakI pratiSThApanA kii| isa ullekha se IsavI pUrva cauthI zatI meM tIrthaMkara pratimA ke astitva kA patA calatA hai| __ mathurA, kauzAmbI Adi kaI sthaloM se patthara ke bane hue vargAkAra yA AyatAkAra 'AyAgapaTTa' mile haiN| pUjA ke lie unakA prayoga hone ke kAraNa unheM "AyAgapaTTa" kahA jAtA thaa| aneka paTToM para bIca meM dhyAna-mudrA meM padmAsana para avasthita tIrthaMkara mUrti hai| usake cAroM ora aneka sundara alaMkaraNa tathA prazasta citra bane haiN| AyAgapaTToM kA nirmANa IsavI pUrva prathama zatI se Arambha haa| una para utkIrNa lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM se adhikAMza kA nirmANa mahilAoM kI dAnazIlatA ke kAraNa haa| maMdiroM, vihAroM tathA matiyoM ke nirmANa meM puruSoM kI apekSA striyA~ adhika ruci letI thiiN| prAcIna zilAlekhoM se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| kuSANa-kAla ( I0 prathama-dvitIya zatI ) se jaina "sarvatobhadrikA" pratimAoM kA nirmANa Arambha haa| ina para cAroM dizAoM meM pratyeka ora eka-eka jina mUrti padmAsana para baiThI huI yA khaDgAsana meM khar3I huI milatI hai| ye tIrthaMkara prAyaH AdinAtha ( RSabhanAtha ) pArzvanAtha, neminAtha tathA mahAvIra haiN| madhyapradeza ke dhuvelA saMgrahAlaya meM eka sundara sarvatobhadra mUrti hai, jo pUrva-madhyakAla kI hai / usa para ukta cAroM tIrthakaroM ke cihna bhI aMkita haiM, jisase unake pahacAnane meM koI saMdeha nahIM raha jaataa| sarvatobhadrikA pratimA kI paramparA madhyakAla ke anta taka jArI rhii| mathurA, devagar3ha Adi sthAnoM se prApta aneka sarvatobhadrikA mUrtiyA~ abhilikhita haiM aura mUrtivijJAna kI dRSTi se bar3e mahattva kI haiN| mahAvIra ke mandiroM kA nirmANa kaba se Arambha huA, yaha vivAdagrasta hai| prAcIna jaina AgAmoM meM prAyaH tIrthaMkara maMdiroM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| mahAvIra svAmI apane bhramaNa ke samaya maMdiroM meM nahIM Thaharate the, balki caityoM meM vizrAma karate the| ina caityoM ko TIkAkAroM ne "yakSAyatana" ( yakSa kA pUjA-sthala ) kahA hai| bhArata meM yakSa-pUjA bahuta prAcIna hai| yakSoM ke maMdiroM yA "thAnoM" meM unako pUjA hotI thii| Agama grantha "bhagavatI sUtra" ke anusAra mahAvIra ne "pRthvI zilApaTTa" ke Upara

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prastAvanA : 9 vaiThakara eka vRkSa ( zAla ) ke nIce tapa kiyA, jahA~ unheM samyakjJAna kI prApti huI / buddha ne pIpala vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara jJAna prApta kiyA thA / buddha ke usa Asana kA nAma "bodhimaMDa" prasiddha huA / unakA aMkana Arambhika bauddha kalA meM bahuta milatA hai, jisakI pUjA kA bar3A pracAra huA / bodhimaMDa tathA buddha se saMbaMdhita bodhivRkSa, dharmacakra, stUpa Adi kI hI pUjA pahale hotI thI / buddha kI mAnuSI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa bAda zurU huA / usake pahale tIrthakaroM kI mAnuSI pratimAe~ astittva meM A cukI thIM / jaina sarvatobhadra pratimAoM kI taraha hI bauddha mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa bodhagayA Adi sthAnoM meM uttara - guptakAla meM huA / meM caitya vRkSa kI pUjA jaina-dharma kA eka vizeSa aMga bana gaI / vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM se saMbaMdhita caitya vRkSoM ke vivaraNa jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM / aise taruvaroM meM kalpavRkSa, zAla, Amra Adi vRkSoM ko mahattva milA aura unakA pradarzana tIrthaMkara pratimAoM tathA unake zAsana devatAoM ke sAtha kiyA jAne lagA / caitya vRkSa hI maMdiroM ke Arambhika rUpa meM mAnya hue / yadyapi Adhunika artha meM prAcInatama jina-maMdiroM ke svarUpa kA spaSTa patA nahIM hai, para itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki kucha devAyatana IsA se kaI sau varSa pUrva astitva meM A cuke the / licchaviyoM ke eka prAcIna jJAtRkula meM bihAra kI vaizAlI nagarI ke - samIpa kuNDagrAma ( Adhunika vAsukuNDa ) meM I0 pU0 599 meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma huA / unake pitA siddhArtha isa kula ke mukhiyA the / mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA vaidehI vaizAlI ke nareza ceTaka kI bahana thIM / prAcIna jainagranthoM meM mahAvIra svAmI ko "videha kumAra " tathA "vaizAlika " nAma bhI diye gaye haiM / unhoMne dakSiNa bihAra ke parvatIya tathA bAMgalikapradeza ke bhramaNa meM aneka varSa bitaae| isase yaha svAbhAvika thA ki vaha pradeza mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA vizeSa kSetra hotA / jaina anuzruti ke anusAra rAjagRha nagara mahAvIra ko sabase adhika pasaMda thA / unhoMne caudaha varSAvAsa rAjagRha tathA nAlaMdA meM kiye / rAjagRha meM mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara munisuvrata kA bhI janma huA thA / munisuvrata kA nAma mathurA se prApta dvitIya zatI kI eka pratimA para utkIrNa milA hai / prAcIna sAhityika vivaraNoM ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa pAvApurI meM huaa| usa samaya ve 72 varSa ke the / pAvA ke abhijJAna ke -saMbaMdha meM vivAda hai / kucha vidvAna vartamAna nAlaMdA jile meM sthita pAvA ko

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10 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA eka vimarza prAcIna pAvApurI mAnate haiM / parantu use prAcIna nagarI mAnane meM kaThinAI yaha hai ki vahA~ prAcIna purAtatvIya avazeSa nahIM mile haiN| prAcIna bhaugolika pramANoM se bhI isakI puSTi nahIM hotI / vidvAnoM kA dUsarA varga prAcIna pAvApurI kI sthiti uttara pradeza ke devariyA jile meM phAlijanagara tathA saThiyAMva nAmaka gAvoM ke kSetra ko mAnatA hai / usa kSetra meM AsamAna - pura aura usake samIpa kucha TIle haiM, jinase ThIkaroM, sikkoM, mUrtiyoM Adi ke rUpa meM purAtattva kI sAmagrI milI hai| isa mudrA para utkIrNa brAhmI lekha se jJAta huA hai ki saThiyAMva kA prAcIna nAma zreSThigrAma thA, na ki pAvA / 1952 meM uttara pradeza ke purAtattva adhikArI ke rUpa meM mere dvArA sarayUpAra kSetra kA vistRta sarvekSaNa kiyA gayA / usameM baharAica, goMDA, bastI, gorakhapura aura devariyA jile ke prAcIna sthaloM kA adhyayana kiyA gayA / bihAra meM vaizAlI, nAlaMdA, rAjagRha tathA unake samIpastha kaI sthaloM ko bhI dekhA gayA / una prAcIna sthaloM tathA unase prApta sAmagrI kA adhyayana karane ke bAda maiM isa niSkarSa para pahu~cA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANasthala pAvAnagara kA abhijJAna uttara pradeza meM devariyA jilA ke vartamAna paDaraunA se karanA adhika yuktisaMgata hai / pichale kaI varSoM meM isa viSaya para mere anusaMdhAnoM se ukta vicAra ko puSTi huI hai / bhAratIya itihAsa meM prAcIna sarayUpAra kSetra tathA pazcimI bihAra kA vizeSa sthAna hai / usa bhUbhAga meM kosala, kAzI tathA magadha - ina tIna pramukha rAjataMtroM ke alAvA zAkya, malla, licchivi Adi gaNarAjya the / bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra svAmI kA janma kramazaH zAkya aura licchivi gaNoM meM huA / ina gaNarAjyoM kA apanA saMvidhAna thA, jisake antarga ve prazAsakIya tathA sAMskRtika kArya karate the / dhArmika-sAmAjika utthAna meM aneka gaNarAjyoM kA vizeSa yogadAna thA / isa kSetra kA yaha saubhAgya thA ki vahA~ vaidika - paurANika dharma kI vividha zAkhAoM evaM bauddha, jaina-dharma tathA aneka loka dharmoM ko sAtha-sAtha vikasita hone kA avasara zatAbdiyoM taka prApta rahA isase isa kSetra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA para prakAza par3atA hai| eka-dUsare ke AcAra-vicAra ke prati yahA~ ke logoM meM Adara kI bhAvanA thI / svataMtra ciMtana ke prati AsthA hone ke kAraNa vahA~ vividha vicAroM ke pallavana kA avasara milA isake saMbaMdha meM sAhityika tathA purAlekhIya vivaraNoM ke alAvA bahusaMkhyaka

Page #13
prastAvanA : 11 kalAkRtiyA~ upalabdha haiN| ve isa kSetra ke ukta vyApaka dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karatI haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa pAvA meM huaa| yaha nagara mallagaNa kI rAjadhAnI thii| prAcIna bauddha-jaina sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi granthoM meM pAvA ke mahattva kA patA calatA hai| malla jana sUrya vaMza kI ikSvAku zAkhA ke the / pahale unhoMne nRpataMtra sthApita kiyA, bAda meM ve gaNarAjya ke rUpa meM prasiddha hue| unakA vistRta rAjya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta huaa| prathama mukhya bhAga kA kendra pAvA banA / usake dakSiNa ke kSetra kI rAjadhAnI kuzAvatI huI, jisakA paravartI nAma kusInArA (kuzInagara ) huaa| apane samIpavartI gaNarAjyoM tathA kosala mahAjanapada ke sAtha malloM ke saMbaMdha acche rahe / pUrva meM magadha kA sAmrAjya gaNarAjyoM ke prati IrSyA rakhatA thA aura unakI unnati meM bAdhaka thaa| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM magadhanareza mahApadmanaMda ne malloM ke donoM gaNarAjyoM ke svataMtra zAsana ko samApta kara diyaa| ___ malloM tathA vajjiyoM ke janapadoM ke bIca kI sImA-rekhA sadAnIrA ( gaMDakI) thii| bhaugolika sthiti aura acchI jalavAya ke kAraNa pAvA nagara kA mahattva bddh'aa| buddha tathA mahAvIra-donoM usake prati AkRSTa the| donoM ke prati malla janoM kA prabhUta Adara thaa| usa samaya pAvA nagara dhArmika tathA Arthika samaddhi kA kendra thaa| zrAvastI se vaizAlI taka jAne vAlA laMbA rAjapatha pAvA hokara jAtA thaa| jaina sAhitya meM pAvA ke hastipAla nAmaka rAjA ko rajjukazAlA kA ullekha hai| bauddha-granthoM meM pAvA ke "kammAra-putta cunda" kA nAma AyA hai| gautama buddha aura unake sAthiyoM kA cunda ne bar3A satkAra kiyaa| jaba buddha pAvA se kusInArA (kuzInagara ) ke mArga para the taba uhoMne 500 bailagAr3iyoM kA eka bar3A samUha dekhA, jo AlAra kAlAma ke ziSya ke pIche jA rahA thaa| bauddha grantha "dIvanikAya" meM vaizAlI se pAvA hokara kuzInagara kI ora jAte hue gautama buddha kI antima yAtrA kA vistRta varNana hai| yaha mArga usa samaya bahuta prasiddha thaa| bAbari ke ziSyoM tathA mahAkazyapa Adi ne isa mArga se yAtrAe~ kI thiiN| vaizAlI chor3ane ke bAda sAthiyoM sahita buddha bhaNDagAma, hatthigAma, jambugAma hokara bhoganagara phuNce| vahA~ se pAvA pahu~ca kara unhoMne vahA~ canda ke yahA~ bhojana kiyaa| bhojana ke bAda hI unako tabiyata bigar3a gayI aura peTa meM bhayaMkara pIr3A huii| ve pAvA se kuzInagara kI Ara cala par3e jo pAvA se dakSiNa-pazcima lagabhaga.

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12 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza aThAraha kilomITara dUra thA / kuzInagara meM malloM ke zAlavana meM buddha kA nirvANa huaa| malloM ne bar3e samAroha ke sAtha buddha kA antima saMskAra sampanna kara vahA~ smAraka kI sthApanA kii| jaina-sAhitya meM malla rASTra kI bar3I prazaMsA milatI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pAvA meM apane upadeza diye| vahA~ unhoMne kucha samaya bAda nirvANa prApta kiyaa| isakI puSTi jaina tathA bauddha-sAhitya se hotI hai| licchaviyoM tathA anya janoM ke sAtha malloM ke nau pramukhoM ne mahAvIra svAmI kA saMskAra bhavya rUpa meM kiyA aura unake smAraka banavAye / ____ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki mahAvIra svAmI tathA gautama buddha donoM ne malla rASTra ko hI apanA nirvANa kSetra cunakara usa janapada ko gauravAnvita kiyA / isa kSetra ke prati unhoMne jo bhAva vyakta kiye tathA ukta tathya se donoM manISiyoM kA malla rASTra ke prati atizaya sneha vyakta hotA hai| ___madhyakAlIna prasiddha jaina lekhaka jinaprabhasUri ke grantha "vividhatIrthakalpa meM apApA purI kA varNana milatA hai| unake anusAra apApA kA ho nAma bAda meM pAvApurI ho gayA / isa grantha ke bhaugolika krama ko dekhate hue pAvApurI kA abhijJAna vartamAna par3araunA se karanA samIcIna hai| lumbinI tathA vaizAlI ke madhya maurya samrATa azoka dvArA aneka staMbha sthApita kiye gye| azoka kA uddezya thA ki apane sAmrAjya ke yAtrApathoM meM pramukha-sthaloM para zilAlekha tathA stambhalekha, bauddha dharma ke pracAra hetu, sthApita kiye jaayeN| yadyapi sarayUpAra kSetra ke aneka sthaloM para lagAye gaye azoka ke smAraka aba prApta nahIM haiM, para itanA nizcita rUpa se jJAta ho sakA hai ki lumbinI aura rAjagaha kA kSetra use vizeSa priya thA aura ina donoM ke madhya bAle bar3e rAjamArga ko prasiddha karane kA udyoga kiyA thaa| paDaraunA meM aneka prAcIna TIle abhI avaziSTa haiN| unase jo purAtAtvika sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai vaha usa sthala kI prAcInatA ko ghotita karatI hai / prasiddha purAtattvavettA janarala kaniMghama ne isa sAmagrI tathA bhaugolika vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para pAvA kI pahacAna paDaraunA se kI thii| kaniMghama ke bAda isa kSetra meM jo kArya huA hai usase bhI yaha bAta puSTa hotI hai| / zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna ne bar3e zrama ke sAtha saMbaMdhita sAmagrI kA saMkalana tathA vivecana kiyA hai| unhoMne purAtAtvika sAmagrI ke sAtha

Page #15
prastAvanA : 13 upalabdha sAhitya saMdarbho tathA videziyoM ke vivaraNoM kA bhI anuzIlana kiyA hai / prastuta pustaka kI racanA kara unhoMne sarayUpAra-kSetra ke itihAsa aura saMskRti ke udaghATana meM jo upalabdhi prApta kI hai usake lie ve sAdhuvAda ke pAtra haiN| kRSNadatta bAjapeyI sevA nivRtta Taigora prophesara tathA sAgara ( ma0 pra0) adhyakSa, jyeSTha pUrNimA, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti 19 jUna, 1989. tathA purAtatva vibhAga sAgara vizvavidyAlaya -

Page #16
Atma-nivedana paDaraunA ( janapada devariyA, u0 pra0) merA janma sthAna hai para udyoga evaM vyApArika kAryoM ke kAraNa maiM prAyaH bambaI meM hI rhaa| jaba kabhI bhI maiM paDaraunA AtA thA to yahA~ se tIna ki0mI0 dUra pUrva meM sthita zrI siddhanAtha jI kI pAvana evaM bahucita siddhasthalI 'sidhuvA~' kA darzana karane azvaya jAyA karatA thA / prAcIna, manorama aura AdhyAtmika zAntipradAna karane vAle isa sthala kI khyAti sadiyoM pUrva se isa kSetra meM vyApta hai| isakI aitihAsika, sAMskRtika evaM AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi jAnane ke lie maiM zurU se hI jijJAsu rahA huuN| isI krama meM sAhityika evaM dhArmika granthoM, aitihAsika evaM purAtAttvika kRtiyoM ke adhyayana ke daurAna isakI sAMskRtika evaM aitihAsika virAsata ke viSaya meM jAnakara praphullita ho utthaa| mujhe yaha jAnakara Azcarya huA ki yaha kSetra rAma, kRSNa, mahAvIra, buddha Adi mahApuruSoM kI caraNadhUli dvArA pavitra huA hai / gorakhapura gajeTiyara se sUcanA milatI hai ki eka siddha mahApuruSa ne dakSiNa-pazcima se Akara yahA~ sAdhanA kI thI evaM siddhi prApta kara samAdhistha hue the| kiMvadantiyoM ke anusAra zrI siddhanAtha jI giranAra se yahA~ padhAre the| giranAra prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka jaina dharma kA eka mahAna kendra rahA hai| ukta tathyoM ke Aloka meM sahasA mujhe antaHpreraNA huI ki mahApuruSoM kI caraNa-raja se pAvana bhUmi paDaraunA hI, vaha prAcIna pAvA hai jahA~ mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA, jise prAcIna bauddha tathA jaina dharma granthoM meM pavitra bhUmi ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA rahA hai| sambhavataH siddhanAtha jI kA yahA~ Ane kA ekamAtra prayojana yahI rahA hogA ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI pavitra sthalI ko apanI sAdhanA evaM samAdhi kA sthala bnaaveN| isa viSaya para adhyayana, manana evaM cintana se merI ina mAnyatAoM kI uttarottara puSTi hotI rahI ki yahA~ kI miTTI ke kaNa-kaNa, jala kI baMda-bada evaM vAya kI taraMgAyita taraMgoM se isakI pavitratA kA bodha hotA rahatA hai / yaha pavitra bhUmi sarvadA hI apanA mUka saMdeza detI raho hai, bhale hI loga use anubhava karane meM asamartha rheN|

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Atma-nivedana : 15 dUsare yaha ki kisI bhI sthala kI jAnakArI ke lie zruti, smRti evaM kiMvadantI kA bhI sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai kevala itihAsa kA jJAna paryApta nahIM hai| pIr3hI dara pIr3hI se chana-chanakara janamAnasa meM vyApta smRtiyoM meM kahIM na kahIM, kucha na kucha satya kA aMza avazya vidyamAna rahatA hai, bhale hI usameM kAla ke pravAha se kucha parivartana ho jaaye| tIsarI bAta yaha ki gaNDaka nadI kA isa kSetra meM atyanta prAcIna yuga se hI mahattva hai aura prAcIna kAla meM jo bhI mArga rahe haiM kAla-krama ke dIrgha antarAla ke bAvajUda ve Aja bho vidyamAna haiN| bhale hI unameM gaNDaka ke pravAha meM Aye parivartanoM ke phala svarUpa kvacita parivartana huA hai| ____ apanI uparokta AsthA evaM mAnyatAoM ke Aloka meM yathAsAmarthya anveSaNa, vivecana evaM anusandhAna kara vAstavika pAvA ko pahacAnane aura tadsambaddha bhrAntiyoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha kArya mahAn hai patA nahIM maiM isameM kahA~ taka saphala ho pAyA hU~ kyoMki itihAsa merA viSaya nahIM rahA hai| paristhitivaza jo bhI tathya sAmane Ate gaye 'madhusaMcaya' nyAya se unheM saMkalita karatA gyaa| zuddha rUpa se maiM saMkalana kartA huuN| prastuta grantha vigata bIsa varSoM ke mere anavarata parizrama evaM adhyavasAya kA pariNAma hai| itihAsavid, purAtattvavettA evaM anya vidvAn hI isakA nirNaya kara sakeMge ki merA prayAsa kahA~ taka saphala hai / pramAdavaza kucha bhUla ho gaI ho to vidvajjana mujhe kSamA kareMge tathA use sudhArane hetu mujhe sUcita kareMge / isa mahatI kRpA ke lie maiM sadaiva unakA AbhArI rhuuNgaa| pAvA-anusandhAna ke lambe daura meM mujhe aneka logoM se jo sauhArda evaM sahayoga milA unakA maiM ciraRNI hU~ aura unake prati AbhAra vyakta karanA merA kartavya hai| __sarvaprathama maiM una vidvAnoM ke prati sAdara bhAva se natamastaka hU~ jinhoMne isake pUrva isa viSaya para pustakoM tathA lekhoM ke mAdhyama se apane vicAra vyakta kiye haiM aura jinake avalokana evaM upayoga kA mujhe saubhAgya prApta huA hai| ___maiM mAnanIya zrI zreyAMsa prasAda jI jaina kA atyanta anugrahIta haiM jinakI kRpA se digambara jaina patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hokara hamAre lekha vidvAnoM taka pahu~ce / maiM svargIya zrI saccidAnanda horAnanda jI vAtsyAyana ajJaya, naI dillI, paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ahamadAbAda, DA0 esa0 pI0

Page #18
16 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza nAgendra bhUtapUrva kulapati. lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU, pro0 yogendra mizrA pUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa, itihAsa vibhAga paTanA vizvavidyAlaya, pro0 zailanAtha caturvedI, pUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtatva vibhAga, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya gorakhapura, pro0 madhusUdana DhAkI, esosieTa DAirekTara amerikana iMsTIcyUTa Apha iNDiyana sTaDIja rAmanagara, vArANasI, DA0 Ara0 sI0 zarmA, nidezaka rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya kalakattA, pro0 bI0 ena0 zrIvAstava, vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtatva vibhAga lakhanaU, pro0 upendra nAtha ThAkura, vibhAgAdhyakSa, eziyana sTaDIja evaM prAcIna itihAsa magadha vizvavidyAlaya bodha gayA, DA. vijaya bahAdura rAya evaM DA0 zivAjI siMha, prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtattva vibhAga gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, DA0 TI0 pI0 varmA prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtattva vimAga kA0 hi* vi0 vi0, bauddhabhikSu buddhamitra jI (saMsthApaka zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana saMsthAna) Adi kA maiM sadaiva hRdaya se anugrahIta raha~gA jinhoMne nirantara preraNA dekara mujhe Atmabala pradAna kiyA hai tathA jinake AzIrvAda evaM amUlya sahayoga se isa kArya ko karane meM saphala ho pAyA huuN| maiM zrI premacanda siMha, (hindI vibhAga snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya paDaraunA ) ke prati bhI unase prApta AtmIyatA pUrNa sahayoga ke lie AbhArI huuN| zrI rAya devendra prasAda jI jaina adhyakSa va AcArya ananta prasAda jaina mantrI pAvA nagara nirvANa kSetra samiti, gorakhapura evaM jaina dharmake mUrdhanya vidvAn AdaraNIya bhaMvaralAla jo nAhaTA kalakattA ke prati bhI maiM kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~ jinase vicAra-vimarza kara mujhe socane, samajhane aura likhane kI naI dizA milii| maiMne grantha lekhana kI avadhi meM vibhinna pustakAlayoM tathA saMgrahAlayoM, vizeSarUpa se rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya kalakattA, DA0 ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla zodha saMsthAna paTanA, amerikana iMsTIcyaTa Ava iNDiyana sTaDIja rAmanagara, eziyATika sosAyaTI bambaI, sinhA lAyabrerI paTanA, bihAra risarca sosAiTI paTanA evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI, ke adhikAriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM ke prati kRtajJatA prakaTa karane se kaise vimukha ho sakatA hU~, jinhoMne apanA bahumUlya samaya tathA hara prakAra se sahayoga pradAna kiyaa|

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Atma-nivedana : 17 maiM AkAzavANI kendra gorakhapura ke prati AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ jahA~ mujhe pAvA ke viSaya meM apanA vicAra prastuta karane ke lie samayasamaya para avasara pradAna kiyA gayA jisase merA utsAhavardhana huA / maiM una samAcAra patroM evaM patrikAoM ke sampAdakoM kA bahuta AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne pAvA sambandhI lekhoM ko prakAzita karane kI kRpA kI / pro0 kRSNa deva jI ( salAhakAra amerikana iMsTIcyUTa Ava iNDiyana sTaDIja rAmanagara, vArANasI tathA bhUtapUrva nidezaka, bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga bhArata sarakAra naI dillI ) evaM pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ( pUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtattva vibhAga sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara ma0 pra0 ) ne merA nirantara mArgadarzana kiyA hai evaM mujhe prerita kiyA hai| pro0 kRSNadeva jI ne saharSa isa pustaka kA prAkkathana aura pro0 vAjapeyI ne prastAvanA likhakara mujha para mahatI kRpA kI hai / isa pustaka meM upalabdha mAnacitroM ke rekhAMkana meM zrI pI0 vI0 siMha rANA se bahumUlya sahayoga milA ataH maiM unakA AbhArI hU~ / grantha ke pANDulipikartA zrI zivamUrti pAThaka kA bhI maiM hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka DA0 sAgaramala jaina ne ise prakAzita karane kI svIkRti dekara jo udAratA dikhAI hai usake lie maiM unakA aura saMsthAna ke prabandhakoM kA AbhArI hU~ / anta meM mahAna jarmana kavi geTe ke zabdoM 'satya ko asatya se, nizcita ko anizcita se aura asaMdigdha ko saMdigdha se pRthak karanA itihAsakAra kA apanA kartavya hai' ke sAtha vidvAnoM, itihAsavettAoM, purAtattvavidoM, bhUgola zAstriyoM evaM vaijJAnikoM se namra nivedana hai ki apane gahana anuzIlana, manana, adhyayana evaM sarvekSaNa dvArA vAstavika pAvA kI khoja meM sahAyaka hoM, jisase isa sambandha meM aba taka jo bhI bhrAntiyoM phailI huI haiM ve sadA ke lie dUra ho sakeM tathA vAstavika pAvA kI pahacAna ho sake / maiM apane isa akiMcana prayAsa ko itihAsakAroM, purAtattvavettAoM evaM vidvAnoM ko samarpita karatA hU~ tvadIyaM vastu govindaM tubhyameva samarpaye / khetAna hAusa, par3araunA, devariyA (u0 pra0) pina - 274304 -bhagavatI prasAda khetAna

Page #20
viSaya-sUcI prathama adhyAya : viSaya-praveza 1-6 pAvA vyutpatti 1, pAvA-mahattA 2, pAvA-patana 4 dvitIya adhyAyaH sAhityika sAkSya 7-27 jaina sAhitya meM pAvA 10, bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA 19 tRtIya adhyAya : mallarASTra 28-65 malla zabda vyutpatti 28, mallarASTra prArabaddha yuga 30 buddhayuga 34, bhaugolika sthiti 36, kozala rAjya 36, zAkyadeza 36, koliya rAjya 36, moriya rAjya 36, magadharAjya 37, mallarAjya 37, vajjisaMgha 38, gaNatantra ke rUpa meM mallarAjya, 40, mallarASTra kI zAsana praNAlI 40, saMsthAgAra 43, kAryapAlikA 43, nyAyapAlikA 44, mahAvIra aura buddha 46, mahAvIra-buddha dezanA 55, mallarASTra kA patana 59 caturtha adhyAya : pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata pAvA ke rUpa meM pahacAna vAle sthala-papatAra 67, pavaiyyA 67, mAjhA 67, usmAnapura 68, jharamaThiyA 68, papaura. 71, saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara 72, pAvApurI-nAlandA 76, pAvA ke rUpa meM paDaraunA anuzIlana 92, paDaraunA samarthaka Adhunika vidvAnoM kI pramakha kRtiyA~ 94, bhaugolika vivecana 97, pAvAgaNDaka sambandha 103, purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa 111 prAgbuddhakAlInamArga 136, buddhakAlIna mArga 143 / paMcama adhyAya : pAvAmArga-anusaMdhAna 150-193 vaizAlI-lauriyAnandanagar3ha rAjamArga para sthApita azoka stambha-kolhaA grAma stambha 152, lauriyA arerAja 158, lauriyA nandana gar3ha 161, bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para pAvAmArga anusandhAna 167, zrAvastI-vaizAlI mArga para aura usake nikaTa sthita pramukha nagara-lumbinI 168, kapilavastu 170, zrAvastI :72, bA~sI 175, rAmagrAma 178. pippali vana 180, kuzInArA 183, SaSThama adhyAya : upasaMhAra 194-204 pariziSTa 205-221, saMdarbha grantha-sUcI 222-234

Page #21
prathama adhyAya viSaya-praveza bhAratIya paramparA kI yaha viDambanA rahI hai ki usake adhikAMza zalAkA-puruSoM ke jIvana carita ke viSaya meM aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA nitAnta abhAva hai | Aja hameM unake viSaya meM jo kucha jJAta hai usameM anuzrutiyoM evaM kiMvadantiyoM kA bAhulya hai / nirvivAda tathyoM ke abhAva meM unake prAdurbhAva ke hajAroM sAla bAda bhI unakA carita prAmANika evaM sarvamAnya nahIM ho sakA hai / jaina paramparA ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiM / unake nirvANa se sambaddha pAvA nagarI kI sthiti Aja bhI vivAdAspada hai aura sadaiva carcA kA viSaya rahI hai / nirvANasthalI pAvA kI vAstavika bhaugolika sthiti nizcita karanA hI isa grantha kA vivecya hai / carcA kA Arambha hama pAvA zabda kI vyutpatti se kreNge| vyutpatti - pAvA zabda kI vyutpatti atyanta rocaka hai / jinaprabhasUri ne 'vividhatIrthaMkalpa" ke 'apApA bRhatkalpa' ke antargata 'apApA' 'pApA', aura 'pAvA' tIna nAmoM se isa nagarI kA ullekha kiyA hai / granthakAra ke anusAra pUrvakAla meM madhyamA pApA kA nAma apApApurI thA / zakrendra ne pAvApurI nAma kiyA, kyoMki yahA~ mahAvIra svAmI kA nirvANa huA / isa prakAra mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi hone ke kAraNa yaha sthalI 'apApA' kahI gaI' | 'pApA' aura 'pAvA' isI apApA ke anya nAma haiM / divya jyoti ke asta ho jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma 'pApA' par3A / pApoM se mukti dilAne vAlI sthalI hone ke kAraNa bhI yaha pApA nAma se vikhyAta huI - pApAt pAti iti pApA / sambhavataH prAkRta bhASA meM 'pa' kA va ho jAne ke kAraNa hI pApA, pAvA ke 1. vividha tIrthaMkalpa - jinaprabhasUri pR0 43, siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, zAntiniketana, san 1934 2. majjhimapAvAe puvvi apAvApuri ti nAmaM Asi / sakkeNaM pAvApuriti nAmaM kayaM / jeNa ittha mahAvIrasAmI kAlagao - vahI, pR0 43

Page #22
2 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza rUpa meM prasiddha huI / abhidhAna rAjendra' meM prAcIna jaina granthoM ke uddharaNa ke AdhAra para 'pAvA' ko 'pApA' kahA gayA hai-pAvA pApA, madhyamA'para nAmyA / saMkSipta hindI zabdasAgara meM bhI pAvA ko pApA mAnA gayA hai tathA saMskRta-iMgliza DikzanarI meM pAvApurI ko apApApurI mAnA gayA hai / prasiddha aMgreja purAtattvavettA e0 kaniMghama ke mata meM pAvana, pakhana, padramana evaM padakhana, pAvA kA hI rUpAntara hai jisakA saMzodhita rUpa paDa hai / tibbatI kanjura 'kohagyUra' meM ise digpacana nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / tibbatI meM 'dig' zabda kA artha hai - pavitra, pUjya / pacana zabda kA artha hai - nagara, nivAsasthAna yA bastI / isa prakAra tibbatI digpacana, saMskRta ke pAvanapura, pAvana nagara yA pAvana Alaya kA samAnArthI hai / aisI sthiti meM kaniMghama kA abhimata hai ki pAvA mUlataH bhAratIya nAmakaraNa hai yA tibbatI zabda kA anuvAda, yaha kahanA kaThina hai / e0 sI0 kArlAila" ne pAvA kI utpatti saMskRta zabda pAvana se mAnI hai / pAvana zabda se pavitra, zuci, vimala, nirmala Adi bhAvoM kA bodha hotA hai / isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka pAvA zabda nirvivAda rUpa se pavitratA ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / mahatA pAvA kA itihAsa atiprAcIna hai / niHsandeha mahAvIra aura buddha ke pUrva hI yaha nagarI sthApita ho cukI thI / prAcInakAla meM isa nagarI ke Arthika rUpa se sudRr3ha evaM vaibhava-sampanna hone evaM rAjamArgoM dvArA bhAratavarSa ke pramukha nagaroM se jur3e hone ke sAkSya milate haiM / pAvA jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharmAvalambiyoM ke lie pUjya thI / jainoM ke lie mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi hone ke kAraNa to bauddhAnuyAyiyoM ke lie kuzInagara meM mahAprayANa se pUrva buddha kI antima vihAra-sthalI hone ke kAraNa / yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki kyA mahAvIra aura buddha se sambaddha pAvA 1. abhidhAna rAjendra - saM0 rAjendrasUri, paJcama khaNDa, - pR0 2. saMkSipta hindI zabda sAgara - pR0 28 3. saMskRta-iMgliza DikzanarI - saM0 monaya raviliyamsa, 884 pR0 628 4. eM0, jyA0 iM0, pR0 366-67 A0 sa0 i0 ri0 TU0 go0 sA0 gA0 khaNDa 22, pR0 34

Page #23
viSaya-praveza : 3 eka ho thI? sambhavataH isa prazna ke uttara meM pAvA-anusandhAna kA mahattvapUrNa sUtra antarnihita hai / parantu isa prazna kI carcA bAda meM, abhI hama pAvA ke mahattva para hI vicAra kreNge| jainoM ke sampradAya-bheda kI dRSTi se bhI isa nagarI kA mahattva hai / 'dIghanikAya' ke pasAdika sutta' evaM sAmagAmasuttoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama pAvA meM hI jainiyoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara nikAyoM kI sRSTi huI jisakI sUcanA buddha ko pahale hI prApta ho cukI thii| dIghanikAya ke anusAra apane jIvanakAla meM hI buddha dvArA apane anuyAyiyoM ke lie pAvA ko tIrthasthala ghoSita kara diyA gayA thA / buddha ne kahA thA, jahAM tathAgata ne parinirvANa pUrva antima bhikSA grahaNa kI usakA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA usa sthala kA jahA~ prathama piNDapAta grahaNa kara tathAgata anupama samyak sambodhi ko prApta hue| pAvA kI mahattA kuzInagara kI apekSA adhika thii| buddha ke pramukha ziSya Ananda ne 'mahAparinivvANasutta' meM kuzInagara ko eka kSudra aura jaMgalI nagalA (kUDa nagarakaM ujjagala nagarakaM) mAva kahA thaa| pro0 rAdhAkumada mukharjI" bhI sahamata haiM ki pAvA kI pradhAnatA thI aura kuzInagara usakI thor3I bahuta adhInatA meM thaa|' 'mahAparinivvANa sutta' meM buddha ke parinirvANa ke avasara para kuzInagara meM malloM dvArA Ayojita utsava ke vivaraNa se unake vaibhava, kalA, saMgIta ityAdi kA jo paricaya milatA hai usa AdhAra para sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki pAvA ke malla kitane vaibhavazAlI rahe hoNge| pAvA kI Arthika sampannatA evaM vaibhava ke kAraNa yahA~ se anya sthAnoM ko AvAgamana huA karatA thaa| nalinAkSadatta evaM pro0 kRSNadatta bAjapeyI ne pUrva buddhakAlIna uttara bhArata ke bahumukhI vikAsa kA varNana 1. dIghanikAya (hindI anvAda ) pasAdika sutta 3/6 pR0 252-259 , sAmagAmasutta 3/9/4 pR0 449 , pR0 140 , mahAparinivvANasutta 2/3 pR0 143 . 5. DaoN0 mukharjI rAdhAkumada-hindU sivilAijezana pR0 199 6. dIghanikAya (hindI anuvAda) mahAparinivvANa sutta 2/4 pR0 152 7. nalinAkSadatta evaM kRSNadatta vAjapeyI-DevalapameNTa Ava buddhijma ina uttara pradeza pR0 20, 29 mh lh s >>

Page #24
4 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza karate hue do pramukha mArgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / eka zrAvastI se pratiSThAna taka jo sAketa, kauzAmbI, vidizA, gomadi, ujjayinI aura mahiSmatI nagaroM se hokara jAtA thaa| dUsarA pramukha mArga zrAvastI aura rAjagRha ko jor3atA thaa| isa mArga para yAtrA karane vAle pahale zrAvastI se vaizAlI jAte the phira vahA~ se dakSiNa kI ora mur3akara rAjagRha pahu~cate the / isa mArga para kaI pramukha nagara evaM par3Ava the jaise setavyA, kapilavastu, kuzInagara, pAvA, hastigAma, bhaNDagAma, vaizAlI, pATaliputra, nAlandA Adi / isa prakAra pAvA buddhakAlIna bhArata ke pramukha mArgoM se jur3A huA thaa| mahAvIra-nirvANa ke pazcAt jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI dRSTi meM pAvA kA mahattva itanA bar3ha gayA thA ki vibhinna sthaloM, vizeSakara dhArmika sthAnoM ke nAma pAvA rakhe jAne lge| vartamAna meM kaI pAvA nAmaka sthAna milate haiM, jaise bundelakhaNDa ke antargata TIkamagar3ha ke nikaTa papaurA, lalitapura yA jhA~sI, u0 pra0 ke madhya 'pavA' yA 'pavAjI', indaura (ma0 pra0' ke nikaTa pAvAgira, bar3audA, (gujarAta) ke samIpa pAvAgar3ha yA pAvAgira Adi / ina sthAnoM kI puSTi paM0 nAthUrAma premI' ne bhI kI hai| pro0 ke0 DI bAjapeyo ne bhI gujarAta meM paMcamahAla janapada ke pAvAgiri evaM campAnera ke nikaTa pAvAgar3ha kA ullekha kiyA hai| parantu durbhAgyavaza buddha ke mahAparinivvANa ke pazcAt kAlakrama se mallarASTra ke magadha sAmrAjya meM vilIna ho jAne ke kAraNa zanaiH zanaiH pAvA kI mahattA ghaTane lagI aura antatogatvA usakA astitva hI samApta ho gyaa| pAvA-patana uttara mauryakAlIna itihAsa ke anusAra samrATa azoka ke pautra sampatti ke zAsanakAla taka pAvA kA lopa ho cukA thA / jaina sAhitya se sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki usake zAsanakAla meM maurya sAmrAjya kI nimnalikhita bhUktiyA~ thIM: 1. premI, paM0 nAthUrAma-jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 42-43 2. pro0 bAjapeyI kRSNadatta-lokezana Ava pAvA, purAtatva, pR0 51

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viSaya-praveza : 5 kra0 saM0 rAjya evaM bhukti rAjadhAnI v v v v v v v v v 2 a c m = = magadha aMga baMga kaliMga kAzI kozala kuru kuzAta ( kusahA ) paMcAla jaMgala saurASTra videha vaccha ( vatsa) zANDilya rAjagRha campA tAmaliti ( tAmralipti) kAMcanapura ( kacaNapura) vArANasI (banArasa) sAketa gajapura ( hastinApura) soriya (zauripura) kapillapura (kAmpilyapura) ahichatA coravAr3a (dvAravatI) mihilA (mithilA) kozAmbI nandipura bhaTTilapura verADa acchA mRtikAvato suttivaI (zukti) vIi-bhaya (vItibhaya) mahurA ( mathurA) pAvA ( pApA) mAsapurI sAvatthI (zrAvastI) koDivarisa ( koTivarSa) malaya va (ma) ccha (matsa) varaNA dazaNNa ( dazArNa) cedi sindhu-sovarI 9 s = = = = = = = sUrasena bhaMgi purivaTTA kuNAlA lATa 253 kegai addha kekayI ardha seyaviyA upayukta tAlikA sUcita karatI hai ki paravartI mauryayuga ke adhikAMza prAcIna nagara naSTa ho cuke the tathA unake sthAna para navIna nagaroM kA nirmANa ho cukA thA / isameM kapilavastu kA nAma lupta hai| videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilA arthAt janakapurI aMkita hai / parantu magadha kI maurya

Page #26
6 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kAlIna rAjadhAnI pATaliputra ke sthAna para usakI prAcIna rAjadhAnI rAjagRha kA ullekha vAstava meM Azcaryajanaka hai| isameM vaizAlI kA ullekha nahIM hai / buddhakAlIna mallarASTra kI rAjadhAnI pAvA ke sthAna para samrAT samprati ke zAsanakAla meM bhaMgi rAjya kI rAjadhAnI pAvA ullikhita hai / pratIta hotA hai ki buddhakAlIna zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kuzInagara evaM pAvA kA lopa ho cukA thA / ukta tAlikA meM aMgadeza kI rAjadhAnI campA ullikhita hai / motIcandra' pAvA ke viSaya meM saMzaya kI sthiti meM haiM, ve pAvA aura campA donoM kA aMgadeza kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM ullekha karate haiM / itanA nizcita hai ki mallarASTra kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kA usa kAla taka koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA ke anusAra 'bhaMgideza pArasanAtha kI pahAr3iyoM ke kSetra meM sthita honA cAhie jisakI rAjadhAnI pAvA rahI hai| pro0 bAjapeyI ne bhI isakI puSTi kI hai| unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki uttaramauryakAlIna pAvA hajArIbAga janapada meM thA / 3 uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla se hI bhArata meM pAvA kA viziSTa evaM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / paristhitivaza bhale hI pAvA samaya ke pravAha meM baha gayA ho lekina isa sthAna kI pavitratA kA bodha kisI na kisI rUpa meM sadaiva hI rahA hai / 1. DaoN0 motIcandra, sArthavAha, pR0 76 2. pro0 mehatA, mohanalAla prAkRta prApara nemsa - bhAga 1, pR0 451 3. lokezana Ava pAvA, pR0 51

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dvitIya adhyAya sAhityika sAkSya pAvA zabda kI vyutpatti, nagarI kI mahattA evaM isake patana para prakAza DAlane ke pazcAt kramazaH jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA ke viSaya meM upalabdha tathyoM ko prastuta kreNge| pAvA viSayaka jaina aura bauddha sAhitya kA vivecana karane ke krama meM hama sarvaprathama donoM paramparAoM ke eka-eka grantha kramazaH 'jainAgama' kalpasUtra aura bauddhagrantha 'dIghanikAya' ke 'mahAparinivvANa' meM upalabdha tadviSayaka sAmagrI kA avalokana kreNge| nizcita rUpa se inameM varNita tathya donoM paramparAoM meM tadviSayaka prApta sAmagrI kA pUrNa paricaya dete haiM aura isa dRSTi se inheM pratinidhi grantha kahA jA sakatA hai| bhadrabAhu racita kalpasUtra' ( vI0 ni0 saM0 980 yA san 453 ) meM pAvA ko 'majjhimApAvA' nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| pratIta hotA hai ki pAvA nAma kI kaI nagariyoM ke vidyamAna hone se mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI pAvA ko majjhimApAvA nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| anya pAvA nagariyoM se pArthakya bodha hetu hI isake tatkAlIna zAsaka hastipAla rAjA kA bhI ullekha hai / isake anusAra ( sUtra 121-122 )2 janapadoM kA vihAra karate hue mahAvIra ne antima 42vA~ cAturmAsa pAvApurI ke hastipAla rAjA kI purAnI rajjukazAlA meM bitAyA / sUtra 123 meM varNita hai ki vahA~ majjhimApAvA meM cAturmAsa ke sAtaveM pakSa meM mahAvIra kAladharma ko prApta hue| sUtra 124 ke anusAra usa samaya devadeviyoM ke Agamana se rAtri atyanta prakAzamayI ho gyii| 128 veM sUtra meM ullekha hai ki jaba mahAvIra kAladharma ko prApta hue to usa rAtri meM kAzI-kozala deza ke ( kAsI-kosalagA) 9 malla aura 9 licchavI 18 gaNarAjyoM ne yaha kahakara dIpAvalI prajjvalita kI ki jJAna jyoti asta 1. kalpasUtra, sUtra 121 2. vahI, sUtra 121-122 3. vahI, sUtra 123

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8 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza ho gayI hai, aba hama paudgalika dravyoM se prakAza kreN| isI grantha ke 147 ve sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki avasarpiNI ke pA~caveM kAla ke vyatIta hone meM tIna varSa sAr3he ATha mAha zeSa rahane para pAvA-majjhimA ke rAjA hastipAla kI rajjukazAlA meM unhoMne ekAkI advitIya ( ege abIe) svAtI nakSatra ke pratyUSakAla meM sukha-vipAka duHkha-vipAka, evaM uttarAdhyayana sUtroM kA upadeza diyA thaa| bauddhagrantha dIghanikAya ke mahAparinivvANasutta' meM batAyA gayA hai ki mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva buddha kA pAvA meM antima par3Ava thaa| buddha bhoganagara se calakara pAvA aura pAvA se kuzInagara A pahu~ce the / isa yAtrA meM ve pAvA ke sannikaTa karmakAra pUtra canda ke Amravana meM vizrAma kiye the aura apanA antima AhAra grahaNa kiye the / yahIM unhoMne antima upadeza diye the| grantha meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki baddha ke mahAparinirvANoparAnta unake dhAtu avazeSoM kA eka bhAga pAvA meM rakhA gayA thaa| yaha vastutaH pAvA ke malla zAsakoM kA aMza thaa| mahAparinirvANa belA ke atirikta eka bAra pahale bhI baddha ke pAvA jAne kA ullekha hai| usa samaya ve vahA~ ajakalApaka yA ajakapAlIya nAmaka caitya meM Thahare the aura ajakalApaka yakSa ko vinIta kiye the / bauddha sthavira khaNDasumana kI janmabhUmi bhI pAvA nagarI hI thii| ___ kalpasUtra aura mahAparinivvANasutta meM upalabdha tathyoM ke avalokana se kucha prazna hamAre sammukha Ate haiM (1) kyA mahAvIra apane antima cAturmAsa meM aura buddha apanI caryA ke anta meM kramazaH hastipAla aura malla zAsakoM ko jisa pAvA meM Aye the, vaha pAvA eka hI thI aura kuzInagara ke nikaTa sthita thI ? (2) kyA hastipAla mallazAsaka thA ? (3) kalpasUtra ke 122 veM sUtra meM pAvApurI aura 123 / sUtra meM madhyamApAvA eka hI prasaGga meM ullikhita hai ? pAvApurI meM antima cAturmAsa kA aura pAvA majjhimA meM antima upadeza, nirvANa, dIpa-prajjvalana Adi ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai / aiso sthiti meM kyA kalpasUtrakAra ke kAla meM pAvA aura pAvAmajjhimA eka hI 1. dIghanikAya-mahAparinivvANasutta-213 pR0 136 2. dIghanikAya-mahAparinivvANasutta 2/3, pR0 136

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sAhityika sAkSya : 9 the? pratIta yahI hotA hai ki pAvA aura majjhimA pAvA eka hI the| jahA~ taka pAvA aura majjhimApAvA kA ullekha thA vizeSataH uttaravartI granthoM AvazyakacUrNi, kalpasUtravRtti Adi meM majjhimApAvA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jabaki Avazyakaniyukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya jaise apekSAkRta pUrvavartI granthoM meM pAvA kA hI ullekha hai|' isa sambandha meM Adhunika lekhakoM aura vidvAnoM ke vivecana se ulajhana utpanna huI hai / jahA~ taka prathama aura dvitIya prazna kA sambandha hai, vastutaH jainasAhitya meM ullikhita hastipAla hI bauddha sAhitya meM mallazAsaka ke rUpa meM citrita hai| kyoMki kalpasUtra meM jahA~ para nirvANa ke avasara para 9 malla aura 9 licchavI gaNarAjyoM ke rAjAoM ke upasthita hone kA ullekha hai vahA~ hastipAla kA alaga se nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| aisA sambhava nahIM hai ki hastipAla kI rAjadhAnI meM jahA~ 18 anya rAjA upasthita hoM vahA~ vaha svayaM upasthita na ho aura yaha bhI taba jabaki uso ko rajjukazAlA meM ho mahAvIra Thahare hue the| spaSTa hai 9 malloM meM hI hastipAla kI gaNanA kara lI gaI hai| isa prakAra hastipAla ko rAjadhAnI majjhimApAvA aura mallazAsakoM kI pAvA meM zaMkA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / yadi yaha tathya itanA hI sarala aura spaSTa hai to itihAsakAroM aura vidvAnoM ke mastiSka meM pAvA ke viSaya meM zaMkA kaise banI rahI ? ve ina tathyoM ke prakAza meM nirNaya kI sthiti meM pahu~ce kyoM nahIM ? yA unameM sAhityika, abhilekhoya, purAtAttvika aura bhaugolika adhyayana tathA sarvekSaNa ke samanvita prayAsa kA abhAva rahA / jo bhI ho, uparokta vivecana hameM mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalo nizcita karane hetu adhyayana kI rUparekhA prastuta karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai / maiMne pAvA-viSayaka anusaMdhAna hetu jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA, mallarASTra evaM isake par3osI dezoM kI bhaugolika sthiti, mahAvIra ke cAturmAsa aura buddha kI caryA ke pariprekSya meM prArabuddhakAlIna evaM buddhakAlIna mArgoM kA, sAhityika ke sAtha-sAtha parAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para adhyayana ko graMtha kA mukhya AdhAra banAyA hai| sAtha hI nirvANa-sthalI ke rUpa meM vidvAnoM dvArA pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnya sabhI nagariyoM kI sthiti kI bhI samIkSA kI hai| 1. pro0 mehatA mohanalAla, prAkRta prApara nemsa khaMDa 1, pR0 451

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10 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza jaina sAhitya meM pAvA __ jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha pAvA sambandhI vivecana ke krama meM hama sarvaprathama isakI bhaugolika sthiti para vicAra kareMge / jainasAhitya meM bhaugolika vivaraNa prAyaH upekSita hI rahA hai / DA0 motIcandra' kA abhimata hai ki jainasAhitya jJAna kA bhaNDAra hote hue bhI sAmAnyataH tatkAlIna bhaugolika tathyoM para prakAza DAlane meM asamartha hai / isakA kAraNa jaisA ki bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullikhita hai adhikatara jainabhikSuoM kI yAtrA jainatIrthaMkaroM ke janma, niSkramaNa, kaivalya aura nirvANasthaloM taka sImita thii| jaina granthakAra sAmAnya bhaugolika vivaraNa prastuta karane ke prati saceSTa nahIM rahe haiN| jahA~ taka jainasAhitya meM pAvA kI sthiti kA prazna hai, sabhI graMtha ise madhyadeza meM sthita batAte haiM parantu samaya-samaya para isa deza kI sImAoM ke ghaTane-bar3hane se vibhinna granthoM meM alaga-alaga sImAyeM dI gaI haiN| bRhatkalpa bhASya meM isakI sImAyeM, pUrva meM magadha tathA aMga, pazcima meM kurukSetra, uttara meM kuNAla aura dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI taka batAyI gaI hai| jabaki punnATasaMghIya jinasena kRta 'harivaMza purANa' 3 (san 783 ) ke anusAra isake uttara meM nepAla, dakSiNa meM gaMgA va magadha, pUrva meM aMgadeza tathA pazcima meM kAzI va kozala deza batAyA gayA hai| jJAnacandra jaina ke anusAra pazcima meM kuru janapada se lekara pUrva meM aMgajanapada taka, uttara meM himAlaya kI tarAI se lekara dakSiNa meM godAvarI ke taTa para sthita azmaka janapada taka phaile hue pradeza ko AryakSetra athavA majmiyadeza yA madhyadeza kahA gayA hai| DaoN0 yogendra mizra ke anusAra madhyadeza kI sImA uttara meM himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa meM vindhyAcala taka, 1. DaoN0 motIcandra, sArthavAha pR0 1 2. kaddaI nigganthANaM vA nigganthINa vA purAlImeNaM jAva aGgAmagahAo ettae, dakSiNeNa jAva-kosambIo ettae, paccAlImeNa jAva visAyAo ettae, uttareNa jAva kuNAlAvisa yAo ettae-bRhattkalpa bhASya, pR0 1229 3. harivaMzapurANa-sarga 2 kA anta aura sarga 3 kA Adi / 4. jaina jJAnacandra-niggaMTha jJAtaputra, pR0 24 5. DaoN. mizra, yogendra kumAra-zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vAstavika nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR0 22

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sAhityika sAkSya : 11" pUrva meM prayAga se rAjamahala taka ghaTatI-bar3hato rahI thI tathA pazcima meM isakI sImA vinazana taka phailI huI thI / vastutaH madhyadeza kI sImA meM himAlaya tathA vindhyAcala ke madhya kA bhAga aura pazcima meM vinazana tathA pUrva meM prayAga kA bhAga ati prAcIna kAla se, sammilita mAnA jAtA rahA hai / manusmRti meM bho madhyadeza ko isI somA kA ullekha hai aura yaha parikalpanA ucita pratIta hotI hai / jainasahitya ke Aloka meM madhyadeza kI sImA nizcita ho jAne ke pazcAt pAvA ke 'madhyamA' nAmakaraNa para vicAra karane se isakI tIna sambhAvanAyeM pratIta hotI haiM : (1) sambhavataH mahAvora ke nirvANa-kAla meM pAvA eka vizAla nagara thA aura isake zAsaka hastipAla kI rajjuzAlA, jahA~ mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA, nagara ke madhya meM sthita hone ke kAraNa hI ise majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA / (2) madhyadeza kI ukta sImAoM ke sandarbha meM gaMgA ke uttara meM nepAla tathA campAraNa ke samIpa devariyA janapada meM sthita isa pAvA ko madhyamA pAvA kahanA ucita hai / (3) yaha bhI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai ki bhAratavarSa meM prasiddha tIna pAvA nAmaka sthaloM meM mahAvIra ko nirvANa bhUmi pAvA kI sthiti anya donoM sthaloM ke madhya hone ke kAraNa ise madhyamA pAvA kahA gayA ho / pAvA nAmaka tInoM sthaloM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai (a) kuzInagara, devariyA (uttara pradeza) ke nikaTa sthita mallakSatriyoM kI rAjadhAnI pAvA / bauddha granthoM meM bhI isakA vistAra se varNana milatA hai / (ba) rAjagRha, nAlandA, bihAra ke pAsa kI pAvA - itihAsa meM kahIM bhI isake rAjadhAnI hone kA ullekha nahIM hai / (sa) mirjApura ke pAsa kI pAvA -: - bhaggo yA bhArgava kSatriyoM kI rAjadhAnI / parantu balabhadra jaina ' ne mirjApura kI isa pAvA ke sthAna para tIsarI pAvA hajArIbAga aura mAnabhUmi pradeza meM sthita mAnA hai jo isakI rAjadhAnI thI / para yaha tarkasaMgata nahIM lagatA / jaisA ki DaoN0 mizra ne 1. jaina, balabhadra pAvApurI, pR0 173 2. DA0 mizra yogendra kumAra - zramaNamahAvIra kI vAstavika nirvANabhUmi pAvA pR0 26

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12 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza likhA hai, itihAsa meM hajArIbAga mAnabhUmi sthita, mallajanapada evaM usakI rAjadhAnI pAvA kA koI patA nahIM calatA hai| sambhavataH rAjagRha, nAlandA sthita pAvA ko hI madhyamA pAvA siddha karane ke lie isa pAvA kI parikalpanA kara lI gaI hai| vAstava meM itihAsa prasiddha pAvA to eka hI thI jo mahAvIra ko apane kroDa meM rakhakara dhanya huI hai| ___ isa prakAra spaSTataH mallakSatriyoM kI rAjadhAnI hI madhyamA pAvA pratIta hotI hai| isake bAda pAvA-viSayaka vivaraNa ke lie jainasAhitya ko zvetAmbara aura digambara sAhitya meM vargIkRta kara sarvaprathama zvetAmbara sAhitya meM upalabdha vivaraNa ko prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai kalpasUtra meM upalabdha vivaraNa sambhavataH uttaravartI jaina sAhitya jaise Agamika cUNiyoM, TokAoM evaM caritraviSayaka anya granthoM kA mUlasrota rahA hai| kAlAntara meM brAhmaNapurANoM meM varNita tIrtha mAhAtmyoM ke samAna hI nAnA prakAra ke mAhAtmya isameM jor3a diye gaye haiM :____kalpasUtra se sambandhita vivaraNa adhyAya ke Arambha meM de cuke haiM / AvazyakacUrNi' evaM kalpasUtravRtti meM pAvA ko pAvAmajjhimA evaM majjhimA nagarI kahA gayA hai| isake anusAra mahAvIra ne RjubAlukA nadI ke taTa para vaizAkha zukla dazamI ko kevala jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt vaizAkha zuklA ekAdazI ke dina majjhimApAvA meM padhAra kara mahAsena vana meM tIrthapravartana kiyA thaa| vahA~ usa samaya somila brAhmaNa yajJa kara rahA thaa| mahAvIra kA dvitIya samavasaraNa vahIM para huA thA / usI sthalI para unhoMne pahalI dezanA dI thii| yahIM yajJa meM Aye hue indrabhUti, gautama Adi gyAraha prakANDa vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko unhoMne gaNadhara ke rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| titthogAliya' ke anusAra yahoM mahApadma (bhAvI tIrthaMkara) kA samavasaraNa hogA aura ve gyAraha gaNadharoM ko dIkSA deNge| AcArya hemacandra ne triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa-vRttAnta purANa zailI meM varNita kiyA hai| mahAvIra vihAra karate 1. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, pR0 322, 24, RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, 1928-29 2. DaoN0 mehatA, mohanalAla prAkRta prApara nemsa bhAga 1, pR0 451 3. kanhaiyAlAla, maNikalAla munzI, gujarAta eNDa iTsa liTarecara, pR0 62-79 4. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra-hemacandra, 12/440

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sAhityika sAkSya : 13 hue apApA nagarI pahuMce (jagAma bhagavAnnagarI ApAm) / vahA~ unhoMne apanI kSoNAyu jAnakara antima dezanA hetu samavasaraNa rcaayaa| jinaprabhasUri ne vividhatIrthakalpa (san 1327 I0) ke apApA bRhatkalpa (21) meM pAvA kI utpatti Adi kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai jisakA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| isa kalpa ke anta meM varNana hai ki jambhikagrAma meM kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt 12 yojana dUra majjhimApAvA Akara mahAvIra ne gautamAdi gaNadharoM ko dIkSita kiyA / gaNadharoM ne yahIM dvAdazAMga kA prarUpaNa kiyaa| yahIM mahAvIra ke kAnoM se siddhArtha vaNik ke upakrama se kharaka vaidya dvArA kASThazalAkA nikAlane kA varNana hai| __vividhatIrthakalpa ke 'pAvA' zIrSaka anya kalpa (14) meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se jur3I eka janazruti kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra kAlAntara meM kArtika amAvasyA kI rAtri meM nirvANasthalI para mithyAdRSTi logoM ne vIra-stUpa sthAna para nAgamaNDapa kI sthApanA kara dii| Aja bhI cAroM vargoM ke loga usakA yAtrA-mahotsava manAte haiN| usa rAtri meM kue~ se nikAle gaye jala se pUrNa miTTI kA dIpa devatAoM ke prabhAva se binA tela ke jalatA hai| isI prasaGga meM unhoMne likhA hai ki jahA~ Aja bhI (jinaprabhasUri ke kAla taka) nAgakumAra, sA~pa ke rUpa meM prabhAva dikhAte haiN| yahA~ amAvasyA kI rAtri meM telarahita, jala se bhare hae dIpaka jalAte haiM / aneka AzcaryoM kI bhUmi paramajinezvara ke stUpa se manohara svarUpa vAlI zreSThapurI madhyamApAvA yAtriyoM ko samRddha kre| . pratIta hotA hai ki vividhatIrthakalpa meM tIrthoM se sambandhita janazrutiyoM kA bhI ullekha hone ke kAraNa tIrthoM ke varNana meM aitihAsikatA kA abhAva hai| "vividhatIrthakalpa' se tIrthoM kI bhaugolika sthiti kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| pro0 bAjapeyI grantha ke bhaugolika tathyoM ke vivecana ke pazcAt isa 1. vividhatIrthakalpa-jinaprabhasUri, pR0 21, siMghI jainajJAnapITha na0 10, zAntiniketana, san 1934 2. vahI, pR0 43 3. pro0 bAjapeyI ke0 DI0-lokezana Ava pAvA, pR0 53, purAtattva, buleTina Ava da (iNDiyana ArkelAjikala sosAiTI, naI dillI 1987

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-14 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiM ki jinaprabhasUri ne sabhI tIrthoM kA bhramaNa kiyA thA aura unhoMne tIrthoM kA varNana bhaugolika sthiti ke krama se kiyA hai / ve . kauzAmbI aura ayodhyA ( 12vA~ 13vA~) kA varNana karane ke pazcAt hI apApA (pAvApurI) kA varNana karate haiM / isa prakAra ayodhyA ke pAsa hI pAvA sthita honA cAhie / 1 digambara sAhitya meM pAvA sambandhI vivaraNa kI dRSTi se sarvaprathama - jinasena kRta 'harivaMza purANa" (783 I0 ) kA krama AtA hai / isake * anusAra pAvA nagarI meM nirvANa ke pazcAt dIvAlI manAyI gaI thI / usI samaya se bhArata meM prativarSa uktatithi para dIvAlI utsava manAne kI prathA calI, jo ajJAnarUpI andhakAra se mukta hokara kevalajJAna kI ora AtmayAtrA hai / isameM zreNikAdi rAjAoM dvArA nirvANa kalyANaka dRzya ke avalokana ko bhI carcA hai / parantu DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI kA mantavya hai ki yaha asAvadhAnIvaza kI gaI eka aitihAsika bhUla hai / itihAsa pramANita karatA hai ki zreNika (bimbasAra ) kA dehAnta mahAvIra ke nirvANa se kama se kama pA~ca varSa pUrva ho gayA thA / Rs jaTAsiMha nandi yA jaTAcArya kRta 'varAMgacarita' meM anya tIrthaMkaroM ke janma evaM nirvANasthaloM ke mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI pAvA kA varNana hai-- 1. jinendravIro'pi vibodhya saMtataM samantato bhavyasamUha saMtatim / prapadya pAvAnagarI garIyasIM manoharodyAnavane tadIyake // 15 // jvalatpradIpapAlikayA pravRddhayA surAsuraidIpitayA pradIptayA / tadAsma pAvAnagarI samaMtataH pradIptinAkAza talA prakAzate // 19 // tathaiva ca zreNika pUrvabhUbhujA, pravRtyA kalyANamahaM sahaprajA / prajagmurindrAzca surairyathA yathaM prayAcamAnA jinavodhimarthinaH ||20|| harivaMza purANa - jinasena, sagaM 66 / 19, 20 2. DaoN0 caudharI, gulAbacandra, bhagavAn mahAvIra ko nirvANabhUmi pAvA, prAcIna pAvA, pR0 45-70, gorakhapura, san 1973 / 3. kailAsazaile vRSabho mahAtmA caMpApure caivahi vAsupUjyaH / dazArhanAthaH punarurjayante pAvApure zrIjinavardhamAnaH // 91 // varAMgacarita - jaTAsiMha nandI (sAtavIM zatAbdI) varNana ke prasaGga meM

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sAhityika sAkSya : 15 digambara grantha 'kaSAya pAhuDa' ko prasiddha TIkA jayadhavalA' ko gAthA 30-31 meM bhI pAvA viSayaka varNana prApta hotA hai ___ yAcchA pAvANyera katiyamAsassa kiNha caudhasi // jinasena ziSya guNabhadra' (9voM sadI uttarArdha) kRta uttarapurANa meM pAvApurI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA ullekha hai| ___ ajJAtakartRka prAkRta grantha (nirvANa bhakti) meM, jise vidyAdhara joharApurakara ne prabhAcandra aura AzAdhara ke kAla ke madhya ko 12vIM13vIM zatAbdI kI racanA mAnA hai, pAvA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa hone kA ullekha hai| madanakIrti (13vIM sadI) ne 'zAsana catustrizikA meM pAvA meM mahAvIra kI caraNa pratimA kA isa prakAra varNana kiyA hai| jinako tiryaMca bhI bhaktipUrvaka apanI vANI se namaskAra karate haiM aura jinake donoM caraNoM ke darzana se bhavya jIvagati durgati ko nahIM prApta hote evaM pAvApura meM jinake donoM caraNakamala indra dvArA sampUjita haiM, ve pApoM ko naSTa karane vAle jinendra, digambara zAsana kI rakSA kreN| kASThAsaMghIya mAthuragaccha ke puSkaragaNa ke bhaTTAraka guNakIti ke anuja evaM mahAkavi raidhU ke guru bhaTTAraka yaza kIrti (1424-1423 ke madhya) 1. jayadhavalA 2. ityantatIrdhanAtho'pi vihatya viSayAn bahUn // 508 // kramAt pAvApuraM prApya manohara vatAntare / bahUnAM sarasAM madhye mahAmaNi zilAtale // 509 / / sthitvA dinadvayaM vItavihAro vRddhanirjaraH / kRSNakArtika pakSasya caturdazyAM nizAtyaye // 510 // svAtiyoge tRtIyeddha zukladhyAna parAyaNaH / kRtatriyogasaMrodhaH samucchinnakriyaM zritaH // 511 // hatAdhAticatuSkaH sannazarIro guNAtmakaH / gantA munisahasreNa nirvANaM sarvavAJchitam / / 512 // uttarapurANa-guNasena 76/508-512 3. aTThAvayAmmi usaho caMpAe vAsupUjyAjiNaNAho / ujjate NemijiNo pAvAe Nivvudo mahAvIro // 1 // -nirvANa bhakti

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16 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kI racanA 'jiNarAtti" ke anta meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne 30 varSaM taka vihAra kara pRthvI para anindha dharma ko prakaTa kiyA, phira pAvApura meM AtmadhyAna karake ve mukta hue / unhoMne avaziSTa cAraghAtI karmoM kA vinAza karake siddhAlaya meM nivAsa kiyA, taba amAvasyA ko dIpAvalI kI gaI aura caturnikAya devoM ne Akara nirvANa kalyANaka kI pUjA kI / 2 kavi megharAja kRta 'tIrthavandanA ' (16vIM zatI) evaM bhaTTAraka abhayanandi ziSya sumati sAgara (16vIM zatI) kRta 'tIrthaM jayamAlA ina donoM gujarAtI racanAoM meM pAvA kA mahAvIra ke nagara ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / bhaTTAraka sumatisAgara kI anya kRti 'jambUdvIpa jayamAlA " meM bhI jaina tIrthoM ke varNana ke krama meM pAvA ke viSaya meM ullekha hai / kASThAsaMgha nandItatgaccha ke hI bhaTTAraka ratnabhUSaNa ke ziSya jayasAgara ( 17vIM sadI) ne gujarAtI racanA tIrthaMjayamAlA' meM pAvA kA varNana kiyA hai / kASThAsaMgha nandItaTagaccha ke bhaTTAraka zrI bhUSaNa ke ziSya jJAnasAgara ( 1578 - 1650) kI pramukha gujarAtI racanA 'sarvatIrthavandanA' meM pAvApura kA ullekha prApta hotA hai 1. daha - tiuNa varisi par3evi viharivi jiNendu, mahiyAli aNendu dhammu vara majjhahi jiNesu, ujjhivi mutti Isu // kari viNAsu, nivAsa vAsu / pAvApura vediga saha cause saha saMpattau kammaha siddha aleu, devAhideu || aimaNujja Aivi viraiya nivvANapujja || 2. siddhavIra jinaMda nagara kahu pAvApurIe // 2 // devAlI ammAvasa maho deu bohi caudeva- NikAyaha 3. supAvApuri vara vIra munIndra // 6 // 4. pAvApuri mahAmuni jina kahiyA ||37|| 5. suvAsapUjya caMpApuri deva / vaDDhamANa pAvApuri seva / sumiranAri che nemijiNaMda / pUjo bhaviyaNa paramAnanda ||7||

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mAgadhadeza vizAla nayara pAvApura jANo / jinavara zrImahAvIra tAsa nirvANa bakhANo || abhinava eka talAva tasa madhye jinamaMdira | racanA racita vicitra sevaka jAsa puraMdara // jinavara zrImahAvIra tihA~ karma haNi mokSe gayA / brahma jJAnasAgara vadati siddha taNu pada pAmayA ||5|| sAhityika sAkSya : 17 marAThI jaina sAhitya ke prAcInatama lekhakoM meM mAnya gaNakIrti ( 15vIM sadI uttarArddha) ne gadya racanA 'tIrthavandanA' ke 67veM pariccheda meM tIrthakSetroM kA vandana kiyA hai / isameM pAvA kA ullekha ina zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai : tyA siddhAsi namaskAra mAjhA pAvApura nagari zrI vardhamAna cauvosavA tithaMkaru siddhisi pAvale / tyA siddha kSetrAsi namaskAra mAjhA | mUlasaMgha- balAtkAragaNa ko lAtUra zAkhA ke bhaTTAraka ajitakoti ke ziSya cilaNA paNDita ( 1659 - 1670) ne marAThI racanA 'torthavandanA' meM pAvApurI kA isa prakAra citraNa kiyA hai siddhArtha mahopati vIra janmale kuNDalapuro / trisalyo udarI // tIsavarSa kumAra dokSA sikArI / pAvApurI mukti padmasarovaro // 7 // digambara pratikramaNa pIThikA meM pAvA ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai ki urdhvAdhastiryagloke siddhayatanAni namaskaromi siddhaniSiddhakA aSTApadaparvate, sammet urjayante campAyAM pAvAyAM madhyamAyAM hastipAlikA maNDape namasyAmi / mahAvIra ke jIvana carita ke viSaya meM zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA meM nimna mukhya binduoM para matabheda hai pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke samaya ve vivAhita the athavA nahIM, unake mAtA-pitA jIvita the athavA nahIM, unakI mAtA trizalA kA rAjA ceTaka se sambandha, mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi Adi / pravrajyA ke samaya digambara paramparA unheM avivAhita mAnatI hai jabaki anya mata meM pravrajyA ke samaya ve eka putrI ke pitA the / 30 varSa kI Ayu meM pravrajyA ke samaya digambara paramparAnusAra unake mAtA-pitA jIvita the, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA 2

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18 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza ke anusAra 28 varSa kI Aya meM hI unake mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta ho gayA thaa| apane bhAI ke anurodha para unhoMne 2 varSa aura gahavAsa karanA svIkAra kiyA thaa| digambara paramparA trizalA ko gaNarAjya vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kI putrI mAnatI hai to zvetAmbara paramparA unheM ceTaka kI bahana mAnatI hai| nirvANa-tithi ke viSaya meM bhI donoM meM matabheda hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra kI nirvANa-tithi kArtika kRSNA amAvasyA mAnI jAtI hai jabaki digambara paramparA ise kArtika kRSNA caturdazI mAnatI hai|

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bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA samagra bhAratIya sAhitya meM tatkAlIna bhaugolika, aitihAsika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika aura dArzanika paramparAoM evaM gatividhiyoM kA jaisA vyavasthita vivaraNa bauddha sAhitya meM upalabdha hai, vaisA anyatra nhiiN| bauddha sAhitya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM gautama buddha ke jIvana evaM upadezoM ke sAtha-sAtha samakAlIna dharma guruoM, rAjyAdhyakSoM, Arthika evaM sAmAjika sthitiyoM kA citraNa hai / isa carcA meM hama pAlitripiTakoM, aTThakathAoM aura siMhalI bauddha sAhitya meM prApta mahAvIra evaM pAvA viSayaka ullekhoM para vicAra kreNge| sarvaprathama bauddha sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM madhyadeza kI, jisameM pAvA sthita hai, bhaugolika sthiti para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| pAlitripiTaka' meM madhyadeza ko jambU kA sarvazreSTha pradeza batAyA gayA hai / buddha ne jambU dvIpa meM janma lene kA saMkalpa karane ke pazcAt madhyadeza meM hI janma lenA ucita samajhA / jAtaka aTThakathAoM meM isa prakAra ullikhita hai ki kisa pradeza meM buddha janma lete haiM isa para vicAra karate hue unhoMne madhyadeza ko dekhaa| ___ bauddha sAhitya meM madhyadeza kI sImAoM kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama vinayapiTaka' se prApta hotA hai / isake pUrva meM kajaMgala nAmaka nigama, pUrvadakSiNa meM salilavatI nadI, jo medinIpura janapada meM hokara bahatI hai, dakSiNa meM setakaNika nAmaka nigama aura pazcima meM thaNa nAmaka brAhmaNa grAma batAyA gayA hai| uttaradizA meM uzIradhvaja nAmaka parvata hai usake bAda somAnta deza / jAtaka aTThakathA se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| 1. jAtaka aTThakathA-( hi0 ) prathama bhAga, pR0 38, saM0 bhi0 dharmarakSita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1951 / 2. vinayapiTaka (hi.), pR0 213, saM050 sAMkRtyAyana rAhula, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1935 / jAtaka aTThakathA (hi0 ), prathama bhAga, saM0 bhi0 dharmarakSita, jJAnapITha kAzI 1951 / "majjhimadeso nAma purathimadisAya kajaMgalaM nAma nigamo, tassa aparena mahAsAlA, tato paraM paccantimA janapadA orato majjhe, pubbadakkhi 2

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20 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza Adhunika vidvAnoM ne buddhakAlIna madhyadeza ke sImA sambandhI nigamoM, nagaroM va nadiyoM kI pahacAna kA prayatna kiyA hai| madhyadeza ke pUrva meM sthita kajaMgala nAmaka nigama kI pahacAna kaniMghama' ne hvenasAMga kI yAtrA meM varNita ka-cu-ven ki-lo' yA ki-cu-khi-lo' yA vartamAna kaMkajola nAmaka sthAna se kI hai / yaha bihAra pradeza ke saMthAla paraganA janapada meM rAjamahala se 18 mIla dakSiNa meM sthita hai| isakI puSTi paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne kI hai| madhyadeza ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM sthita salilavatI nAmaka nadI ko vartamAna silaI nadI se samIkRta kiyA gayA hai / yaha hajArobAga aura medinIpura janapada se hokara bahatI hai| madhyadeza ke dakSiNa meM setakaNika nAmaka nigama kI pahacAna karane meM koI vidvAn saphala nahIM ho pAyA hai| paM0 rAhala sAMskRtyAyana ne bhI isake sambandha meM kevala yaha kahA hai ki yaha hajArIbAga janapada meM koI sthAna thA / madhyadeza kI pazcimI somA para thUNa nAmaka brAhmaNa grAma sthita hai| surendranAtha majumadAra" ne ise sthANIzvara yA vartamAna thAnezvara ( janapada karanAla ) se samokRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai jisakI puSTi vimalacaraNa lAhA tathA rAhala sAMkR NAya disAya salalavatI nAma nadI, tato paraM paccantimA janapadA orato majjhe, dakkhiNAyadisAya setakaNikaM nAma nigamo, tato paraM paccantimA janapadA orato majjhe, pacchimAya disAya thUnaM nAma bAhmaNagAmo, tato paraM paccantimA janapadA orato majjhe, uttarAya disAya usIraddhajo nAma pabbato, tato paraM paccantimA janapadA orato majjheti / " 1. e0 kaniMghama, ezyeNTa z2yAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 723, cakravartI, caTarjI eDa kampanI, kalakattA 1924 / 2. buddhacaryA ( hi0 ), sAMkRtyAyana rAhula, pR0 271, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, banArasa 1952 / 3. vinaya piTaka-(hi0 ) paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0 213, mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha, vArANasI 1935 / 4. vahI, pR0 213 / 5. saM0 majumadAra, esa0 ena0, eMzyeNTa jyAnako Ava iNDiyA-pR0 43, TippaNI / cakravartI, caTarcI eNDa kampanI kalakattA 1924 / 6. lAhA, vimalacaraNa-jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma, pR0 2, keganapAlaTreca Trabunara eNDa kampanI, landana, 1932 /

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sAhityika sAkSya : 21 tyAyana' ne bhI kI hai| pAlivivaraNa ke anusAra madhyadeza kI uttarI sImA para uzIradhvaja parvata avasthita thaa| vimalacaraNa lAhA ne ise haridvAra ke samIpa kanakhala ke uttara meM uzIragiri nAmaka parvata se milAyA thA, isakI puSTi rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhI kI hai| isaprakAra vibhinna bauddha vidvAnoM evaM cInI yAtriyoM ke mata ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki pAlitripiTaka meM ullikhita majjhimadeza, uttara meM himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa meM vindhyAcala taka tathA pUrva meM aMga janapada se lekara pazcima meM kururASTra taka phailA thaa| jAtaka aTThakathAoM ke anusAra madhyadeza kA vistAra lambAI meM tIna sau yojana, caur3AI meM DhAI sau yojana aura ghere meM 9 sau yojana hai| isake pazcAt bauddha sAhitya meM varNita pAvA ko bhaugolika sthiti tathA yahA~ upalabdha pAvA aura mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI tathyoM kA vivecana prastuta karate haiM: suttanipAta" ke 'parAyaNavagga' ke anusAra pAvA zrAvastI se kuzInagara aura kuza nagara se vaizAlI Ane-jAne vAle mukhya mArga para sthita thaa| sUmaMgala-vilAsinI jo pAlitripiTaka meM varNita tathyoM ko vyAkhyA karatI hai / isameM mahAparinivvANasutta meM varNita bhagavAn kI rAjagRha se kuzInagara yAtrA kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isake anusAra rAjagRha se kuzInagara taka kI dUrI 3 gavyUti ( 12 mIla ) batAI gaI hai (pAvA nagara to toNi gAvatAni kusInArA nagara) | ____ majjhimanikAya ke 'sAmagAma sutta se mahAvIra ke nirvANoparAnta 1. buddhacaryA ( hi0 ) pR0 1 va 371, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, dvi0 saM0 1952 / 2. lAhA, vimalacaraNa, jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma, pR0 2 / .. 3. buddhacaryA (hi.), pR0 546 / / 4. jAtaka aTThakathA ( hi0 ), pra. bhA0, pR0 39, saM0 bhikSu dharmarakSita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1951 / 5. suttanipAta-parAyaNavagga ( hi0), pR0 432, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1951 I0 / / 6. sUmaMgalavilAsinI, dIghanikAya aTThakathA-dvi0 bhA0, TIkA maheza tivArI, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA 1974 / 7. majjhimanikAya ( sAmagAma sutta) 3/1/4, (hi.), paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, pra0 sa0 1934 /

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22 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza jaina zramaNoM meM utpanna kaTutA, kalaha, IrSyA tathA pratidvandvitA kA jJAna hotA hai / jaba buddha sAmagAma meM varSAvAsa kara rahe the apanA varSAvAsa samApta kara candazramaNodadezya pAvA se vahA~ aayaa| Ananda ko usane mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura jainazramaNoM ke paraspara dveSa aura lar3AI kI sUcanA dii| unake anuyAyI do daloM meM vibhakta hokara aise vivAda kara rahe the mAno paraspara yuddha ho rahA ho| cunda evaM Ananda donoM ne buddha ke pAsa jAkara yaha sacanA dii| isI prasaMga meM Ananda ne apane mana kI zaMkA prakaTa kI ki mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke bAda jaise unake bhikSuoM meM kalaha va pratidvandvitA cala rahI hai vaise hI Apake na rahane para apane (bauddha) saMgha meM na calane lge| dIghanikAya ke 'pAsAdika sutta' se bhI pAvA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt unake anuyAyiyoM meM phUTa kI jhalaka milatI hai| usa samaya buddha zAkyadeza meM vadhajjA nAmaka Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the jaba cunda aura Ananda ne ukta vRttAnta btaayaa| isa avasara para buddha ne cunda ko upadeza diyA-jahA~ zAstA ( guru ) samyak buddha nahIM hotA, dharma durAkhyAta hotA hai| ataH cunda ! jisa dharma kA maiMne bodhakara upadeza kiyA hai use sabhI mila-julakara samyaka rUpa se samajheM, bUjheM, vivAda na kreN| ___ dIghanikAya' ke 'saMgIti paripApa sutta ke anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt 500 bhikSuoM sahita malladeza meM cArikA karate hue pAvA pahu~cakara buddha ne kammariputra ke Amravana meM vihAra kiyA / pAvA ke malloM ne navanirmita unnati (unmataka ) saMsthAgAra kA udghATana karane hetu unase nivedana kiyA / buddha bhikSusaMgha ke sAtha sabhAgAra meM padhAre / dharmakathA dvArA unhoMne pAvAvAsI malloM ko samuttejita evaM sampraharSita kiyaa| jaba malla saMsthAgAra se cale gaye taba buddha ne apane bhikSuoM ko zAnta dekhakara sAriputra ko dharmakathA sunAne hetu AmaMtrita kiyaa| sAriputra ne bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA evaM sUcita kiyA ki nirgrantha jJAta putra pAvA meM abhI-abhI kAlagata hae aura niggaNThoM meM phUTa par3a gaI aura ve do bhAgoM 1. dIgha nikAya ( pAsAdika sutta) 3/6 (hi.) paM0 sAMkRtyAyana rAhula va bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, bhAratIya bauddha vihAra pariSad, lakhanaU, dvi0 saM0 ____2. vahI, saMgIti paripApa sutta 3/10 vahI

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sAhityika sAkSya : 23 meM ba~Ta gaye / kintu unheM arthAt bauddhabhikSukoM ko kalaha rahita hokara bauddhasaMgha ko cirasthAyI banAnA cAhiye / buddha ne isa upadeza ke lie sAriputra kI prazaMsA kI / 'mAjjhimanikAya ' ke sAmagAmasutta, 'dIrghanikAya' ke 'pAsAdika sutta ' ora ' paripApasutta' meM lagabhaga eka hI tathya varNita hai / mahAvIra ke pazcAt unake anuyAyiyoM meM paraspara kalaha kI sthiti utpanna ho gaI thI evaM pAvA meM upasthita buddha ko isakI sUcanA Ananda se milI aura Ananda ko pAvA ke cunda se / tRtIya prakaraNa kucha svatantra hai / isameM mahAvIrAnuyAyiyoM meM kalaha ko dekhate hue apane saMgha ko bikherane se rokane hetu buddha ne bhikSuoM ko upadeza dilavAyA thA / 'suttapiTaka' ke 'khuddaka nikAya kI pustaka 'udAna" se buddhakAlIna pAvA meM ajakalApaka yA AjakapAliya caitya meM ajakalApa nAmaka bhayaMkara yakSa ke vAsa kA patA calatA hai / vaha nagaravAsiyoM ko nirantara AtaMkita kiyA karatA thA, use nitya bakare kI bali arpita kI jAtI tho / buddha pAvA meM ajakalApaka yA ajakapAliya caitya meM vihAra kara rahe the / isa yakSa ne unheM bhayabhIta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, parantu buddha ne apane prabhAva se use vinota kara diyA thaa| DA0 Ara0 ena0 mizra ne apanI pustaka 'yakSa kalTa eNDa AikanogrAphI' meM isa prakaraNa kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai / ullekhanIya hai ki 'udAna' ke anusAra ajakalApaka caitya pATaligrAma meM thA jabaki isakI aTThakathA meM ise pAvA meM sthita batAyA gayA hai / 'udAna' ke 'ajakalApaka sutta' meM yaha vivaraNa ina zabdoM meM milatA hai-- "eke samayaM bhagavA pAvAyaM viharati / ajakalApake cetiye ajakalApakassa yakkhassa bhavane / tena kho pana samayena bhagavA standhakarAtimi sAyaM akkhokAse nisinno hoti, devoka ekameva phusAyati / atha kho ajakalApako pakkho bhagavato bhayaM chammi tata lobhahaMsaM uppAhetu kAmoyena 1. udAna ( hi0 ) bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, buddhAbda 2482 / 2. yakSa kalTa eNDa AikanogrAphI, pR0 114- 115, muMzIrAma manoharalAla, naI dillI, pra0 saM0 1981 / 3. udAna aTTakathA ( hi0 ), ( ajakalApaka sutta), bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, navanAlandA mahAvihAra nAlandA, paTanA, 1959 /

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24 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhagavA tenu pasaGkami upasaGkamitvA bhagavato avidUre tikkhatu "akkulo kulo" ti akkula pakkulikaM akAsi eso te samaNa pisAco ti / atha kho bhagavA etamatthaM bhiditvA tApaM velAyaM imaM udAnaM udAnesi / yadAsakesu dham pAragU hoti brAhmaNo atha etaM pisAca ca pakkula bAtiktatIti // " isI AdhAra para mallasekara' ne bhI ise pAvA meM hI sthita mAnA hai / bharata siMha upAdhyAya evaM kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne isakA samarthana kiyA hai| bhaugolika adhyayana kI dRSTi se 'mahAparinivvANasuta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / isameM mahAparinivvANapUrva rAjagRha se kuzInagara kI yAtrA tathA mArga meM par3ane vAle par3AvoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / isa grantha ke vivaraNa meM itanI maulikatA hai ki pratIta hotA hai ki vAstavika yAtrA ke AdhAra para varNana kiyA gayA hai / vizAla bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha pAvA pahu~ca - kara cunda karmakAra ke Amravana meM buddha dvArA vihAra karane para cunda unake samIpa pahu~cA aura apane ghara AhAra grahaNa karane hetu Amantrita kiyA / . buddha dvArA cunda ke ghara sUkara-mardava grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / bhojanoparAnta buddha ko raktAtisAra kI bImArI huI / isI vyAdhi meM ve bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha kuzInagara ke lie prasthAna kiye the / sumaGgalavilAsinI" se buddha ke mahAparinivvANa ke pUrva pAvA- vihAra kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai / isameM bhI buddha dvArA cunda karmakAra ke nivAsa para buddha ke bhojana grahaNa karane kA vivaraNa hai / yahA~ ullekha hai ki sUkaramArdava eka vizeSa prakAra kI rasAyana vidhi dvArA nirmita bhojana thA 4 1. mallasekara, jI0 pI0, DikzanarI Ava pAliprApara nemsa, pR0 193, landana, 1938 / 2. upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 312, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga pra0 saM0 1961 3. pro0 vAjapeyI, ke0 DI0, lokezana Ava pAvA, pR0 56 / 4. dIrghanikAya ( mahAparinivvANasutta) hi0, paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana evaM bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pR0 122-140, bhAratIya bauddhavihAra pariSad, lakhanaU, dvi0 saM0 1999 / 5. sumaMgala vilAsinI ( dIghanikAya a0 ka0 ) TokA pro0 maheza tivArI, dvi0 bhA0, pR0 275, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA, 1974 |

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sAhityika sAkSya : 25 jise buddha ne apane antima samaya meM grahaNa kiyA thA / isa prasaGga meM ukta - graMtha kA yaha uddharaNa draSTavya hai , sUkaramaddavaM ti nAti taruNassa nAti jiSNassa eka jeTThaka sUkarassa pavattamaMsaM / taM kira muduceva siniddhaJca hoti / taMpaTiyA pApetvA sAdhukaM pacAtvati attho / eke bhaNanti - " sUkaramaddavaM tipana mudu odanassa paJca gorasapUsa pAcana vidhAnassa nAmetaM yathAgavapAnaM nAma pAka nAmaM ti / keci bhaNanti - sUkaramaddavaM nAma rasAyana vidhi / taMpana rasAyana satthe Agacchati taM cundena - 'bhagavato parinivvAna na bhaveppA ti rasAyanaM paTipattaM 'ti / tatthapana dvisahassa dIpa pari vAresu catUsu mahAdIpesu devatA - ojaM pakkhipisu // majjhimanikAya kI aTThakathA papaMcasUdanI' ke anusAra nirvANa ke kucha samaya pUrva taka mahAvIra nAlandAvAsI the / ve vahA~ se pAvA cale Aye jahA~ kAlagata hue / nAlandA meM bauddhoM kI pradhAnatA thI / isI prasaGga meM kisI ke pUchane kA ullekha hai ki mahAvIra to nAlandAvAsI the, kaise kAlagata hue ? aura batAyA gayA hai ki satyalAbhI upAli gRhapati kI dasa gAthAoM meM buddha ke guNoM ko sunakara unhoMne ( mahAvIra ne ) garama khUna ugala diyaa| bImArI kI hAlata meM unheM pAvA le jAyA gayA vahA~ ve nirvANa ko prApta hue / pAvA meM mahAna bauddha dharmAnuyAyI evaM bauddha dharma ke pracAraka sthavira khaNDasumana ko janmasthalI pAvA hI thI, jisakI puSTi bharata siMha upAdhyAya ne kI hai / bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA ke viSaya meM yaha eka aura mahattvapUrNa kar3I jor3atI hai| buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke lagabhaga 100 varSa pazcAt vaizAlI meM dvitIya saMgIti kA Ayojana huA thA, jisameM bhAratavarSa ke vibhinna sthAnoM 1. majjhima nikAya (a0 kathA) paMpaMcasUdanI, saM0 DA0 TATiyA, nathamala, khaNDa 4, pR0 34, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA, 1775 / "nanu ayaM nAtaputto nAlandA vAsikau / sau kasmA pAvAyAM kAlakattoti / so kira upAlanA gAhApattinA / paTivaddha saccena dasahi gAthAhi bhASite buddha guNe sutvA uNha lauhitaM char3aDesi / atha naM aphAsukaM gatvA pAvAM AgamaMsu / so tattha kAlaM akAsi / 2. AdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 322, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, pra0 saM0 1961 /

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26 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bauddha bhikSu ekatrita hue the, jisameM pAvA ke bhI bhikSu upasthita the jaisA ki siMhalI graMtha 'mahAvaMsa" se jJAta hai 17. 18. 19. -: therI uggamya nabhasA, gantvA kosambiyaM tato / pAvepyakAvantikAnaM, bhikkhUnaM santikaM lahuM / pesesi dUte tu sayaM gantvA hogaGgahiha pavvataM / Aha sambhUta tatherassa, na savvaM sANavAsino | pAveyyakA saTThi therA, AsI tAvantikA pica / mahAkhINAsatA sabve, ahogaGga hiha otaru || uparyukta adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA-viSayaka viva-raNa bahulatA se prApta hotA hai aura buddhakAla meM pAvA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / pAvA ke viSaya meM saMskRta bauddha sAhitya se bhI vistRta jAnakArI milatI hai, isake sambandha meM DA0 agane lAla ne vistAra se varNana kiyA hai / jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM varNita kucha tathyoM meM antara dikhAI par3atA hai / udAharaNArtha bauddha sAhitya meM varNita pAvA ke malla evaM kuzInArA ke malla isa prakAra kI do zAkhAoM kA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai / isake viparIta kalpasUtra ityAdi jaina granthoM meM navamallaI, navamallaki yA navamalla rAjAoM kA ullekha hai / sAtha hI bauddha graMthoM meM kevala eka hI pAvA kA ullekha hai cAhe vaha prasiddha vyApAra mArga para sthita ho athavA mahAvIra ke nirvANa se sambandhita ho yA buddha tathA unake ziSyoM yA malloM ke saMsthAgAra se / bauddha granthoM meM malloM kI pAvA yA pAvA ke malloM kA bahudhA ullekha AtA hai / adhikAMza jainagranthoM meM nirvANa bhUmi kA nAma pAvA mAtra diyA gayA hai| kucha granthakAroM ne pAvA majjhimA yA apApA nAma bhI diyA hai| kucha majjhimA ko pAvA se bhinna batAte haiM / kucha jainagranthoM meM purANoM ke tortha-mAhAtmya kI varNana zailI meM sabhI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / jaina granthoM meM eka hI graMtha meM eka hI vRttAnta do sthaloM para alaga-alaga rUpa meM varNita hai / kalpasUtra meM 1. mahAvaMsa - vyA0, vAsudeva zrIdhara, pR0 124-125, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA, 1971 / 2. DA0 agnelAla, saMskRta bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya jIvana, pR0 38, kailAza prakAzana, lakhanaU, 1968 / ,

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sAhityika sAkSya : 27. eka sthAna para pAvA ko hastipAla rAjA kI pAvA kahA gayA hai to dUsare sthAna para majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| ___ isa prakAra saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainagraMthoM meM bauddhagranthoM jitanA vyavasthita vivaraNa nahIM hai| phira bhI itanA satya pratIta hotA hai ki ye vivaraNa pAvA ko malloM se sambaddha aura kusInagara ke samIpa sthita hone kI ora saMketa karate haiN|

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tRtIya adhyAya mallarASTra uttarI mallarASTra buddhakAla meM madhya deza meM sthita 16 mahAjanapadoM meM se eka thA jisako rAjadhAnI pAvA thii| ataH pAvA para vicAra karane ke pUrva mallarAjavaMza evaM rASTra kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isa krama meM hama sarvaprathama malla zabda kI vyutpatti para vicAra kreNge| vyutpatti ___ malla zabda kI vyutpatti abhidhAna rAjendra' meM isa prakAra dI gaI hai-mallate dhArayati balamiti (malla + ac ) bAhuyodhau itymrbhrtii| mAla iti bhASA / saMskRta-hindI koza ke anusAra malla se ac pratyaya hokara malla banatA hai, jisakA artha hRSTa-puSTa, balazAlI, vyAyAmazIla hai| vibhinna graMthoM meM mallazabda kA artha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / 'pANini aSTAdhyAyI'3 meM malla zabda kA artha 'sannimuSThau' sUtra se 'malla ko muSThiyoM kI pakar3a' (aho mallasya saMgrAha ) batAyA gayA hai / pANinIya dhAtupATha samIkSA meM malla kA artha bAhu-yoddhA mAnA gayA hai| 'bhagavatIsUtra meM isakA artha baladhAraNa karane vAlA kahA gayA hai-malla ( saka0) dhAraNe / 'pAtaMjala mahAbhASya meM malla aura muSTika 1. abhidhAna rAjendra, saM0 vijayarAjendra sUri, SaSThama bhAga, pR0 157, ratalAma, ma0pra0 1913 / 2. ApTe, saMskRta-hindI koza, pR0781, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI,1963 / 3. aSTAdhyAyI, pANini, saM0 agravAla, vI0 esa0, pR0 162, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, banArasa / 4. dhAtupATha samIkSA pANini, pR0 355, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 1984-85 / 5. bhagavatI sUtra 9/33, jainabhavana, pI0 25, kalAkAra sTrITa, kalakattA 7, 1980 / 6. mahAbhASya pAtaMjala, saM0 abhyaMkara, ema0 ema0 ke0 vI0, khaNDa 3/3/36/ 148, bhANDArakara orieNTala iMsTIcyUTa pUnA, 4, 1927 /

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mallarASTra : 29 : saMgraha kA ullekha hai / kuztI kA Arambha do malloM kI paraspara lalakAra se hotA hai-- mallomallamAhaSate / 'pAia saddamahaNNavo" meM malla zabda kA abhiprAya 'bAhuyoddhA', kuztI lar3ane vAlA pahalavAna, bhIta kA avastambhanastambha, chappara kA AdhArabhUta kASTha evaM eka rAjakumAra milatA hai / vizva- koSa ke anusAra matsya arthAt lakSya bheda meM pravINa aura balavAna hone ke kAraNa candraketu ko malla kI saMjJA dI gayI hai / DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne bhI isakI puSTi kI hai| bRhat hindI koza meM malla zabda kA artha kuztI lar3ane vAlA pahalavAna, eka prAcIna vrAtya, kSatriyajAti, prAcIna janapada, kapola, pAtra Adi hai / Adarza hindI-saMskRtakoza" ke anusAra malla kA artha prAcIna jAtivizeSa, mahAbala, mAMsala sthUla-mahAkAya hotA hai / malla zabda kI vyutpatti evaM artha para vicAra karane se pratIta hotA hai ki baliSTha, pahalavAna, vyAyAmazIla, kuztI lar3ane kI nipuNatA ke kAraNa malloM ne apanI pahacAna banA lo thI, isIlie jisa kSetra meM ve nivAsa karate the use mallakSetra, mallabhUmi evaM mallarASTra Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA / isa mallabhUmi ke adhiSThAtA lakSmaNa ke kaniSTha putra rAjakumAra candraketu mAne jAte haiM / inakA eka nAma malla bhI batAyA jAtA hai isa prakAra rAmAyaNakAla meM mallarASTra kI sthApanA ho cukI thI / mahAbhArata meM bhI isakA ullekha hai / buddhakAlIna 16 mahAjanapadoM meM yaha sammilita thA / himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita malla rASTra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA / eka kA kendra kuzInagara aura dUsare kA pAvA thA / kAlakrama kI dRSTi se mallarASTra kA adhyayana do bhAgoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai(i) prAgbuddha yuga (ii) buddhayuga 1. pAiasaddamahaNNavo, saM0 banArasIdAsa, dillI 7, 2. vizvakoza (hindI), bhAga 1, saM0 vasu, ena0 ena0, kalakattA, 1928 / 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM, kA itihAsa, 52 pR0 gorakhapura, 1946 / 4. bRhat hindI koza, pR0 1053, jJAna maNDala limiTeDa, banArasa, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1956 / Adarza hindI-saMskRta koza, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1979 / 5. paM0 haragovindadAsa, pR0 675, motIlAla dvi 0 saM0 1963 /

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30 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza mallarASTra-prAgbuddhayuga mallarASTra kI sthApanA ke pUrva yaha kSetra kozala rAjya meM thA / brAhmaNagranthoM tathA upaniSadoM meM videharAja janaka ke kAla ke uttarabhArata kI rAjanaitika sthiti para kucha prakAza DAlA gayA hai / ina granthoM ke anusAra uttarabhArata meM videha ke atirikta 9 mahattvapUrNa rAjya the' - (1) gandhAra (2) kekaya (3) madra (4) uzInara (5) matsya (6) kuru (7) paMcAla (8) kAzI (9) kozala vaidika sAhitya se ina rAjyoM kI bhaugolika sImA para prakAza nahIM par3atA hai / ataH inakI bhaugolika sthiti jAnane ke lie vedoM ke pazcAttavartI sAhitya ko adhyayana kA AdhAra banAnA hogA / rAyacaudhurI ra ke anusAra vastutaH vartamAna avadha hI prAcIna kozala rAjya thA / uttara meM isakI sImA nepAla kI pahAr3iyoM kI talahaTI taka phailI huI thI / pUrvadizA meM sadAnIrA nadI ise videha se alaga karatI thI / sadAnIrA kisI samaya Arya jagata kI pUrvI sImA thI isake dUsarI ora vistRta jaMgala thA / brAhmaNa loga isa pradeza meM nahIM jAte the / parantu mAdhava videha kI isa pradeza para vijaya ke pazcAt yahA~ videha ke samRddha rAjya kI sthApanA * huI thI / mAdhava videha vRttAnta se spaSTa hai ki kozala- rAjya para brAhmaNoM kA Adhipatya videha se pUrva huA thA / kozala ke dakSiNa meM sarpikA athavA syandikA nAmaka nadI thI aura pazcima meM gomatI, jo naimiSAraNya se hokara bahatI thI / yaha nadI kozala tathA pAMcAla sahita anya rAjyoM ke bIca sImA rekhA kA kArya karatI thI / vaidika sAhitya meM kozala ke kisI 1 9. rAyacaudhurI, eca0 sI0, prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanItika itihAsa, pR0 48 / 2. vahI, pR0 62-63 /

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mallarASTra : 31 nagara kA ullekha nahIM hai / rAmAyaNa kAla meM kozala kI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA sarayU ke taTa para basI huI thI / buddha yuga ke pUrva bhI mallarASTra bhAratIya itihAsa meM prasiddha thA / sarvaprathama vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM malla jAti evaM mallarASTra kI utpatti evaM isakI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM vistAra se sUcanA prApta hotI hotI hai| isameM azvamedha yajJa ke pazcAt zrIrAma dvArA anuja putroM ko maNDalIya rAjya dene ke sambandha meM lakSmaNa se mantraNA karane kA ullekha hai| rAma kahate haiM ki apane donoM kumAra aMgada evaM candraketu dharma ke tattva ko samajhane vAle aura rAjya zAsana ke lie apekSita dRr3hatA se yukta parAkramI haiM / inakA rAjyAbhiSeka karane kI merI icchA hai| aisA deza batAo jo ramaNIya aura bAdhA rahita ho jahA~ para ye donoM dhanurdhArI Ananda se vicaraNa kara skeN| vaha aisA pradeza ho jahA~ na to rAjA ko pIr3A aura na AzritoM kA vinAza ho / he saumya ! aisA deza batalAo jisako ina rAjakumAroM ko dekara hama aparAdhI na kahalAyeM / ' isI prasaGga meM bharata ne apanI mantraNA meM aMgada ke lie kArupatha tathA candraketu ke lie candrakAntA nAmaka nagara ke nirmANa kA sujhAva diyA aura candraketu jo malla ke samAna hRSTa-puSTa the usake lie 1. imau kumArau saumitre tava dharmavizAradau / aGgadazcandraketuzca rAjyArthe dRDhavikramI ||2 // imau rAjye'bhiSekSyAmi dezaH sAdhu vidhIyatAm / ramaNIyo hyasambAdho rametAM yatra dhanvinau ||3|| na rAjJAM yatra pIDA sthAnnAzramANAM vinAzanam / sa dezo dRzyatAM saumya nAparAdhyAmahe yathA // 4 // vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, uttara khaNDa, sarga 102 / 2-4 gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1967 / 2. tathoktarvAta rAme tu bharataH pratyuvAca ha / ayaM kArupatho dezo ramaNIyo nirAmayaH // 5 // nivezyatAM tatra puramaGgadasya mahAtmanaH / candraketoH suruciraM candrakAntaM nirAmayam // 6 // vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, sagaM 102, 5-6

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32 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza : malla bhUmi para candrakAntA nAma se vikhyAta svarga kI amarAvatI nagarI ke samAna nagarI basAI gaI / bharata evaM candrakAnta nagarI ke viSaya meM zrImad vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa meM eka aura ullekha prApta hotA hai ki rAjakumAra candrakAnta ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke bAda bharata ne unake sahAyatArthaM candrakAnta nagarI meM eka varSa se kucha adhika kAla taka vAsa kiyA thA, jaba candraketu kA rAjya dRr3ha ho gayA thA to ve punaH ayodhyA Akara zrIrAma ke caraNoM ko sevA karane lage / isI tathya kA DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne ina zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA hai - vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki kArupatha ke pUrvottara bhAga ko jahA~ candraketu kI rAjadhAnI candrakAntA basAI gaI thI kAlAntara meM mallabhUmi kahA gayA | candraketu mahAbalI the, mallayuddha meM nipuNa the ataH unheM malla upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / nissandeha mallabhUmi yA mallarASTra ke ve hI saMsthApaka the / kSatriya mallajAti ke ve hI pUrvaja the / bhAratIya itihAsa meM eka hI mallabhUmi yA mallarASTra hai jo gAMrakhapura devariyA janapada meM hai / mahAbhArata meM malloM ke aneka sandarbha prApta hote haiM / ajJAtavAsasthaloM ke sandarbha meM arjuna dvArA ginAye gaye dezoM meM mallarAjya sammilita thA / dhRtarASTra-saMjaya saMvAda meM tatkAlIna bhArata ke rAjyoM ke varNana meM mallarAjya kA ullekha AyA hai / bhISmaparva ke chaThaveM adhyAya meM bhI Arya candraketozca mallasya mallabhUmyAM nivezitA / candrakAnteti vikhyAtA divyA svargapurI yathA // 9 // 9. vahI, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, sarga 0 102 / 9 2. bharato'pi tathaivoSya saMvatsaramato'dhikam / ayodhyA punarAgamya rAmapAdAvupAsta saH // 14 // 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 52-53 gorakhapura, 1967 I0 / 4. dazArNA navarASTrAzca mallAH zAlvA yugandharAH / kuntirASTraM ca vipulaM surASTrAvantayastayA // 13 // [mahAbhArata, virATa parva - pANDavapravezaparva, prathamo'dhyAyaH zloka saM0 13 gItApresa gorakhapura

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mallarASTra : 33 bhUmi kI tAlikA meM mallarAjya kA ullekha hai / azvamedha parva se mahAbhArata kAlIna malla rAjya kI bhaugolika sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai / yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa ke pUrva bhomasena ne jina rAjyoM kA digvijaya kiyA thA usameM ayodhyA ke pUrva meM sthita gopAlaka evaM malla rAjya bhA the / mahAbhArata ke digvijaya parva meM spaSTa ullikhita hai ki mallarASTra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA-- 1. mukhya malla 2. dakSiNI malla kRSNakAlIna uttarApatha ke mAnacitra se spaSTa hai ki yaha deza gaNDaka ke donoM ora ke kSetra meM phailA huA thA / paurANika sAhitya meM mallarASTra sambandhI vivaraNa ke sandarbha meM DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya kA abhimata hai ki purANoM meM magadha sAmrAjya kI rAjavaMzAvaliyoM ke atirikta koI mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika sAmagrI nahIM milatI hai / inameM sarayU aura bar3I gaNDaka ke madhya mallarASTra kA ullekha mAtra hai | candraketu ke vaMzajoM (malloM) ne kuzAvatI aura zarAvatI ko pahale hI apane adhIna kara liyA thA / idhara unhoMne pazcimI kArUpatha (bastI) ke gopAlaka (gopAlapura ) para bhI apanA Adhipatya jamA liyA / prArambhika 1. azmakAH pANDurASTrAzca goparASTrAH karItayaH / adhirAjya kuzAdyAzca mallarASTra N ca kevalam // 44 // 'cakrAzcakrAtayaH zakAH / vAravAsyAyavAhAraca videhA magadhAH svakSA malajA vijayAstathA // 45 // aGgA vaGgAH kaliGgAzca yakRllomAna eva ca / mallAH sudeSNAH prahlAdA mAhikAH zazikAstathA // 46 // [ mahAbhArata, bhISma parva, jambUkhaNDavinimaNiparva: zloka saM0 44, 45, 46 gItA presa, gorakhapura, 2. tato gopalakAM ca sottarAnapi kosalAn / mallAnAmadhipaM caiva pArthivaM cAjayat prabhuH // 3 // tato dakSiNamallAMzca bhogavantaM ca parvatam / tarasaivAjayad bhImo nAtitIvreNa karmaNA // 12 // [ mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, digvijaya parva, zloka saM0 3, 12, gItA presa, gorakhapura 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 58 / 3

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34 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza yugoM meM mallarASTra kozala se bilkula svatantra hokara alaga rASTra ho gayA thA / isI krama meM kuzAvatI kA punarutthAna huaa| isase spaSTa hai ki candraketu ke vaMzajoM (malloM) kA varcasva mahAbhArata kAla ke pazcAt taka banA huA thaa| isa kSetra ke mahAbhAratakAlona anya rAjyoM kI tulanA meM malla rAjya kA adhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / buddha kAla ke pUrva mahAjanapada yuga kA Arambha ho cukA thaa| buddhacaryA' se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI sAtavIM sadI pUrva bhI madhya deza solaha mahAjanapadoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina mahAjanapada meM lar3AiyA~ bhI hotI thIM, parantu Apasa meM sAMskRtika aura vyApArika sambandha kabhI bAdhita nahIM huaa| I0 pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM rAjanaitika sthiti kucha badala gayI thI kyoMki kozala ne kAzI ko apane sAtha milA liyA thA aura magadha ne aMga ko / dakSiNa meM, kozala kI sImA kAzI taka pahuMcatI tho| jahAM zAyada kAzI ke logoM kA mAna rakhane ke lie prasenajita kA choTA bhAI ThIka usI taraha kAzirAja banA huA thA jaise magadha dvArA aMga para adhikAra ho jAne ke bAda bhI campA ke zAsaka ko aMgarAja sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| mallarASTra-buddhayuga buddhakAla meM mahAjanapada yuga meM gaNatantra-zAsana praNAlo apanI caramotkarSa para thii| bhAratIya itihAsa kA mahAjanapada yuga lagabhaga 1000 varSa IsApUrva se Arambha hokara lagabhaga 500 varSa I0 pU0 taka mAnA jAtA rahA hai| bauddha sAhitya se mallarASTra kI vistRta jAnakArI prApta hai| mallarASTra usa kAla ke 16 mahAjanapadoM meM agraNI thA / aMguttara nikAya meM 16 mahAjanapadoM kI sUcI isa prakAra milatI hai 1. buddhacaryA, saM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhisabhA, sAranAtha, banArasa, 1952, / "so imesaM solasatraM mahAjanapadAnaM pahUtasattaratanAna issarAdhipacca rajja kAreyya, seyyathIMda-aMgAnaM, magadhAnaM, kAsInaM, kosalAnaM, vajjInaM, mallAnaM, cetInaM (cetIyAna), vaMsAnaM, kurunaM paJcAlAnaM, macchAnaM, sUrasenAnaM, assakAnaM, avattInaM, gandhArAnaM, kambojAna" 2. aMguttaranikAya (mUla), khaNDa 4, pR0 252, 256, 260, bihAra rAjakIya pAli prakAzana maNDala, nava nAlandA, 1960 /

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mallarASTra : 35 jenagrantha bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI mahAjanapadoM kI sUcI kucha bhinna prakAra se prApta hotI hai(2) aMga (9) pAr3ha (pANDya yA pauNDra) (2) baMga (10) lAr3ha (lATa yA rADha) (3) magadha (magaha) (11) vajji (vajji) (4) malaya (11) molI (malla) (5) mAlava (13) kAsI (kAzI) (6) accha (14) kozala (7) vaccha (vatsa) (15) avAha (8) koccha (kaccha ?) (16) sambhUttara (sumhottara?) uparyukta sUciyoM meM aMga, magadha, vatsa, vajji, kAzI tathA kozala ke nAma samAna haiN| sambhavataH aMguttara sUcI kA avantI hI bhagavatI sUtra kA mAlava hai tathA' malla sambhavataH molI zabda kA hI apabhraMza hai| inake atirikta bhagavatI meM jo nAma Aye haiM ve naye haiM aura unase patA calatA hai ki jaina lekhakoM ko sudUrapUrva tathA sudUra dakSiNa bhArata kI jAnakArI thii| bhagavatI sUcI kA vistRta kSetra hone se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha sUcI aMguttara nikAya ke bAda kI hai| ataH janaka vaMza ke ke pazcAt bhArata ko rAjanItika sthiti jAnane ke lie hama bauddha sUcI ko hI sahI aura prAmANika maanegeN| buddhakAlIna mahAjanapadoM evaM gaNatantrIya rAjyoM ke viSaya meM aNe ne likhA hai ki pAligranthoM se sUcanA milatI hai ki I0 pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM kozala ke pUrva meM, himAlaya aura gaMgA ke madhya meM zAkya, bulI, kalAma, bhagga, koliya, pAvA ke malla, kuzInagara ke malla, moriya tathA licchavI gaNatantra rAjya upasthita the| uparyukta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki buddhakAlIna mahAjanapadoM evaM gaNatantroM meM mallarASTra eka pramukha, mahattvapUrNa evaM zaktizAlI gaNatantra ke rUpa meM ubharakara sAmane A cukA thA / 1. bhagavatI sUtra-pariziSTa 2, 225, jainabhavana, pI0 25, kalAkAra sTrITa kalakattA 7, 1980 / 2. aNe, mAdhavazrIhari : glimpseja Ava vaizAlI, vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, vaizAlI pR0 34-38 /

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36 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhaugolika sthiti lie isake samIpa - magadha aura vajji mallarASTra kI bhaugolika sthiti spaSTa karane ke vartI rAjyoM kramazaH kozala, zAkya, koliya, moriya, saMgha kI sImAoM evaM sthitiyoM kA buddhakAlIna bhUgola ke AdhAra para adhyayana kareMge kozala rAjya kozala rAjya kA vistAra pAli vivaraNoM meM 300 yojana batAyA gayA hai / buddhakAla meM kosala deza uttara meM himAlaya paryanta, pUrva meM acirAvatI (rAptI) dakSiNa meM saI ( sundarikA ) yA (adhika se adhika gaMgA nadI taka) aura pazcima meM gomatI nadI taka phailA huA thA / isako rAjadhAnI zrAvastI (sAvatthi ) thI / zAkya deza - yaha vartamAna uttarapradeza ke uttarapUrva meM nepAla kI sImA se hotA huA baharAica aura gorakhapura ke madhya phailA huA thA / isake uttara meM himAlaya parvata, pUrva meM rohiNI nadI, dakSiNa yA dakSiNa-pUrva meM malloM kA gaNatantra tathA pazcima meM kosala deza sthita thA / isakI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu (kapilavatthu ) thI / koliya rAjya yaha rAjya rohiNI ke pUrva, dakSiNI ghATI meM rohiNI tathA acirAvato (rAptI) ke saMgama ke Age rAptI ke dakSiNa meM sthita thA / isake uttarapazcima meM zAkya rAjya, dakSiNa-pUrva meM moriya, uttara pUrva meM mallarASTra sthita thA / isakI rAjadhAnI rAmagrAma thI jisake antargata gorakhapura janapada ke sadara tahasIla kA dakSiNI bhAga tathA bA~sagA~va tahasIla kA pazcimI bhAga sammilita thA / moriya rAjya isake uttara, uttara-pUrva meM mallarASTra, uttara-pazcima meM koliya rAjya tathA dakSiNa meM magadharAjya sthita the / rAptI evaM sarayU nadiyA~ isakI sImA banAtI thIM / isakA AkAra anya rAjyoM kI apekSA choTA thA, isakI rAjadhAnI pippalovana thI / yaha rAjya gorakhapura janapada kA 1. vinayapiTaka (hindI) paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0 199-200, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha /

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mallarASTra : 37 dakSiNI-pUrvI tathA devariyA janapada kA dakSiNI-pazcimI kSetra thA, jo pazcima meM rAptI nadI ke kinAre DIha ghATa se lekara pUrva meM vartamAna barahaja nagara taka thA / isake antargata rAptI, gurrA, pharendra (pUrva meM vathUvA ) tathA karuNA (kurnA) nadiyA~ thIM / Aja bhI nadiyoM ke kinAre rAjadhAnI (dhAnI) ke atirikta mIthAvela, nAtha nagara, rudrapura, donApAra, madanapura, barA~va, samogara, mahena, kaparavAra, barahaja ityAdi sthAnoM para prAcIna nagaroM ke dhvaMsAvazeSa dRSTigocara hote haiM / magadha rAjya pAli- vivaraNoM ke anusAra bimbasAra ke rAjya kA vistAra kosala ke samAna 300 yojana thA / usameM 200 yojana kI vRddhi ajAtazatru ne kI thii| isa prakAra magadha kI sImA kAphI vistRta ho gayI / magadha rAjya pUrva meM aMga rAjya ( jisameM aMguttarApa arthAt gaMgA aura kosI nadI ke madhya aMgadeza kA bhI bhAga sammilita thA) kI antima somA kosI nadI taka phailA huA thA / magadha ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM suhyoM kA janapada thA, dakSiNa meM kaliMgAraNya tathA uttara meM vajjigaNatantra thA / jo mahI (gaNDaka) nadI se lekara bAhumatI (bAgamatI) nadI taka phailA huA thA / gaMgA nadI magadha evaM vajjigaNatantra ko vibhAjita karatI thii| gaMgA ke dakSiNa meM magadha tathA uttara meM vajji gaNatantra thA / magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha thI / malla rAjya bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM gaNDaka mallarASTra ke andara se hokara bahatI thI / prAcIna mahInadI hI Adhunika gaNDaka hai| mahI ko saMyuktanikAya ke samvejjasutta' meM mahAmahI bhI kahA gayA hai / isase isakA bar3I gaNDaka honA siddha hotA hai / isa nadI ke eka taTa para mallagaNarAjya sthita thA tathA dUsare taTa para vajjisaMgha | mallarASTra kI sthiti vajjigaNatantra aura kosala rAjya ke bIca, himAlaya kI tarAI thI / isake pUrva yA dakSiNa-pUrva meM vajjigaNarAjya thA / mallagaNatantra ke pazcimottara meM zAkya janapada thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu thI aura isakI pazcimI sImA para acirAvatI (rAptI) nadI thI / yaha nadI kosala aura malla rAjya ke madhya vibhAjaka rekhA thI / malla rAjya ke 1. upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 132, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, pra0 saM0 1961 / :

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38 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimaza sudUra dakSiNa-pUrva meM magadha rAjya thaa| malla rAjya ke pazcima meM hI magadha aura zAkya janapada ke bIca koliya rAjya thaa| mallarASTra aura magadha ke bIca moriyo kA choTA sA rAjya sthita thA / mallarASTra ke antargata gorakhapura janapada kA pUrvIbhAga sampUrNa devariyA janapada tathA sArana janapada kA adhikAMza bhU-bhAga sammilita thaa| dakSiNa meM saraya ke dAhine taTa kA bhI kucha bhAga sammilita thaa| mallarASTra gaNatantroM ke vistAra kI dRSTi se vizAlatama thaa| sAdhana-sampanna tathA sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI mAnA jAtA thaa| pAli tripiTaka ke anusAra mallaraTra (mallarASTra) do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA, jinakI rAjadhAniyAM kramazaH kuzInArA aura pAvA thiiN| rAjadhAniyoM ke AdhAra para 'mallA kosinArakA' (kuzInArA ke malla) aura 'mallA pAvepyakA (pAvA ke malla) kahe jAte the / kukutthA nadI ina pradezoM ko vibhAjaka rekhA thii| e0 kaniMghama kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki pAvA gaNDaka ke kinAre sthita thI, to nizcita hai ki yahAM prAcIna ghATa rahe haiM jisase buddhakAla meM nirantara AvAgamana hotA rahA hai| isake atirikta mallarASTra ke pramukha nagaroM meM brAhmaNagrAma uru velakappa, anUpiyA evaM thUNAMka the| unake anusAra kasayA se 8 mIla nIce choTI gaNDaka yA hiranA nadI ke dakSiNI chora para prApta kukutthA nadI kA nAma Adhunika kAla meM bAr3I yA barahI yA bAndhI nAlA hai| vajjisaMgha ___ gaMgA ke uttara meM nepAla ko tarAI taka phailA huA vajjisaMgha 16 mahAjanapadoM meM pramukha thaa| rAhula sAMkRtyAyana' ke matAnusAra vajjisaMgha meM vartamAna bihAra pradeza ke campArana, sArana, mujaphpharapura evaM darabhaMgA ke kucha bhAga sammilita the| isake pUrva meM bAhumatI (bAgamatI) nadI bahatI thI aura pazcima meM gaNDaka / isa prakAra usakI sImA mallagaNatantra aura magadha rAjya taka phailI huI thii| vajjisaMgha malla rAjya ke pUrva yA dakSiNa-pUrva meM tathA magadha rAjya ke uttara meM thaa| e0 kaniMghama vajjisaMgha kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM likhate haiM ki vajjisaMgha pUrva se pazcima kI dizA meM uttara se dakSiNa kI apekSA 1. buddhacaryA-saM050 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula-10 380 / 2. kaniMghama, e0, eNzyeSTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378, cakravartI, caTarjI eNDa kampanI, kalakattA 1924 /

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mallarASTra : 39 lambA thA / pUrva se pazcima kI ora usakI lambAI tIna sau mIla aura uttara se dakSiNa kI ora eka sau mIla thI / 1 vajji janapada buddhakAla meM eka prabhAvazAlI gaNatantra thA / magadha se isakI pratidvanditA buddhakAlIna rAjanaitika itihAsa kI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai / vajjisaMgha meM ATha gaNarAjya sammilita the aura ye 'aTThakulika' kahalAte the / vajjiyoM ke ina ATha kuloM meM se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa rASTra, vajji, licchavI aura videha hI the / cauthe gaNatantra kA nAma sambhavataH 'Atika' yA jJAtika thA, jisakI nagarI nAdikA mAnI gayI hai / vajjika saMgha ke zeSa cAra gaNatantroM ke sambandha meM pAli srotoM se kucha nizcita sUcanA nahIM milatI / parantu hemacandra rAya caudhurI' ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki ye sambhavataH ugra ( vaizAlI yA hastagrAma) bhoga ( bhoganagara ke ) atra ( kurukSetra ke brAhmaNa jo pUrva kAla meM videha meM Akara basa gaye the) evaM aikSvAku (vaizAlI) ke the / e0 kaniMghama vajjisaMgha kI bhaugolika sthiti ke haiM ki vajjisaMgha pUrva se pazcima kI dizA meM uttara se lambA thA / pUrva se pazcima kI ora usakI 'lambAI uttara se dakSiNa kI ora eka sau mIla thI / e0 kaniMghama ne bauddha sAhitya aura hvenasAMga ke yAtrA - vivaraNa ke AdhAra para likhA hai 'vajjisaMgha tantra meM kaI prAcIna nagara the, jo sambhavataH ATha alaga-alaga gaNarAjyoM kI rAjadhAniyAM rahI hoMgI / buddhakAla meM isa kSetra ke pramukha kendroM meM vaizAlI, kesariyA, janakapura, nandanagar3ha,saramana, darabhaMgA, pUrNiyA aura motIhArI sammilita the / kaniMghama ne 1862 meM nandanagar3ha kA svayaM nirIkSaNa kiyA thA / ' hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke mAnacitra meM jina nagaroM kA varNana kiyA hai, una nagaroM ke atirikta kaniMghama ne apane mAnacitra meM karavarA, loriyA, sambandha meM likhate dakSiNa kI apekSA tIna sau mola aura 1. rAyacaudhurI, hemacandra re, poliTikala hisTrI Ava aiMzyeNTa iNDiyA - 10 118-120, yUnivarsiTI presa, hajArA roDa, kalakattA 1972 / 2. e0 kaniMghama, aiMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378, cakravartI eNTa caTarjI eNDa kampanI, kalakattA 1924 // 3. vahI 1924 / 4. vahI, mAnacitra, hvenasAMga yAtrA, Age /

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40 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza arerAja, betiyA, ratavala nagaroM ko bhI aMkita karate hue inheM buddhakAla kA pramukha nagara mAnA hai| gaNatantra ke rUpa meM mallarAjya 'dIghanikAya' ke janavasamaH sutta' meM ina donoM par3osI gaNatantroM kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha kiyA gayA hai-'vajjimallesU' / itihAsa ke pannoM meM bhI isakA vivaraNa sAtha-sAtha milatA hai| malla evaM licchavI donoM rASTroM kI yaha mukhya vizeSatA thI ki ye prajAtantrIya zAsana praNAlI meM vizvAsa karate the| ___malla aura licchaviyoM kA sagha thA itanA nizcita hai kyoMki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya yaha saMgha upasthita thA / yadyapi isa saMgha kI kAryapraNAlI kA koI vistRta vivaraNa nahIM prApta hotA hai| parantu itanA avazya hai ki vartamAna federation yA saMgha ke samAna hI saMghasamiti meM kSetraphala va janasaMkhyA Adi kA vicAra na kara sabhI saMgha samAna rUpa se sadasya rahate the| yaha isI se spaSTa hai ki saMgha ke pariSada meM 9 licchaviyoM aura 9 malloM ko milAkara kula 18 sadasya the| mallarASTra ko zAsana praNAlI : buddhakAla meM malla aura licchavi rASTroM meM gaNatAntrika rAjyapraNAlI aura bauddha dharma kA vikAsa ina do tathyoM ne sampUrNa bhAratIya itihAsa ko prabhAvita kiyA evaM mAnava samAja ko navIna preraNA pradAna kiyaa| buddhakAla meM mallarASTra, vajjirASTra tathA inake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM gaNatAntrika zAsana-praNAlI kA pUrNarUpeNa vikAsa ho cukA thaa| sAtha ho -sAtha sAmAjika evaM Arthika pragati bhI ho rahI thii| usa samaya saMghIya gaNatantra the jisake aneka rASTra sadasya hote the / vastutaH mahA-janapada yuga meM saMghoM kI paramparA mithilA se lekara, vAhalika taka phailI huI thii| malla evaM vajjirASTra bhI tatkAlIna saMgha-zrRMkhalA ko kar3I the| vajji gaNatantra kI zAsana-praNAlI ke mUla siddhAntoM kA digdarzana zAkya muni. tathA Ananda ke saMvAda se hotA hai1. dIghanikAya-janavasamaH sutta (hi0 a0), pR0 160 / 22. dIghanikAya (hi0 ) bhAga-2, mahAparinibbANa sutta, pR0 59-62 / atha kho bhagavA AyasmantaM AnandaM Amantesi-"kinti, te Ananda, sutaM,'vajjI abhiNhaM sannipAtA sannipAta--bahulA' " ti ? "sutaM metaM bhante-'vajjI abhiNhaM sannipAtA sannipAtabahulA'" ti /

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mallarASTra : 41 1 - jaba taka vajji apanI pariSada ko baiThakeM, bharapUra rUpa meM aura bAra-2 karate haiM / 2- jaba taka ve milakara baiThate uThate aura apane vajjikAryo ( rASTrIya kAryoM ) ko milakara karate haiM / "yAvakIvaM ca, Ananda, vajjI abhihaM sannipAtA sannipAtAbahulAbhavi - santi, buddhiyeva, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no parihAni / kinti te, Ananda, sutaM - 'vajjo samaggA sannipatanti samaggA vuTThahanti samaggA vajji karaNIyAni karontI' ti ? 97 "sutaM metaM, bhante - ' vajjI samaggA sannipatanti samaggA vuTThahanti samaggA vijjikaraNIyAni karontI' ti / "3 " yAvakIvaM ca, Ananda, vajjI samaggA sannipatissanti samaggA vuTThahissanti samaggA vajjikaraNIyAni karissanti, vuddhiyeva, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no parihAni / kinti te, Ananda, sutaM - ' vajjI appaJJattaM na paJJAnti, paJJattaM na samucchidanti yathApaJJatte porANe vajjidhamme tantI' " ti ? samAdAya "sutaM metaM mante - ' vajjI apaJcattaM na paJJAnti, paJcattaM na samucchindanti, yathApatte porANe vajjidhamme samAdAya vattantI' " ti / , yAvakIvaM ca, Ananda, vajjI appaJJattaM na paJcApessanti, paJJattaM na samucchindirasanti, yathApaJJatte porANe vajjidhamme samAdAya vattissanti, buddhiyetra, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no parihAni / 'kinsi te, Ananda, sutaM - " vajjI ye te vajjInaM vajjimahallakA te sakkaronti garuM karonti mAnenti pUjenti tesaM ca sotabbaM maJJantI' " fa? "sutaM metaM, bhante - ' vajjI ye te vajjInaM vajjimahallakA te sakkaronti garuM karonti mAnenti pUjenti tesaM ca sotabbaM maJJantI' ti / yAvikIvaM ca Ananda, vajjI ye te vajjInaM vajjimahallakA te savakarissanti garuM karissanti mAnessanti pUjessanti tesaM ca sotabbaM maJJissanti, buddhiyeva, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no parihAni / kiMnti te, Ananda, sutaM - vajjI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na okkassa pasamUha vAsentI' " ti ? " 14 'sutaM mete bhante - ' vajjI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na okkassa pasapya vAsantI' " ti / "yAvakIvaM ca, Ananda, vajjI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na okkassa pasaha vAsessanti, buddhiyeva, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no pari

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42 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 3-jaba taka ve, ucita prakriyA ke binA koI kAnUna lAgU nahIM krte| vidhipUrvaka nirmita kAnUna kA ullaMghana kara koI kArya nahIM karate aura ye vajjiya vidhi-sammata DhaMga se sthApita prAcIna saMsthAoM ke anukUla AcaraNa karate haiN| 4-jaba taka ve apane vRddhoM aura guruoM kA sammAna karate, Adara-satkAra karate, unheM mAnate-pUjate aura unakI sunane yogya bAtoM ko sunate,. __ mAnate aura tadanukUla AcaraNa karate haiN| 5-jaba taka ve apanI kulavadhuoM aura kula kumAriyoM ko balAt nahIM rokate yA una para atyAcAra nahIM krte| 6-jaba taka ve, vajji-caityoM (jAtIya maMdiroM aura smArakoM ) kA Adara-satkAra aura mAna karate tathA unako pUrva pradatta dharmAnukUla bali ( car3hAvA, pUjA Adi jo una maMdiroM aura smArakoM ko banAye rakhane, unakI marammata Adi meM kharca hotA thA) kA apaharaNa nahIM karate, use nahIM chdd'aate| 7-jaba taka ve apane AzritoM kI zaraNa, rakSA aura poSaNa kA ucita prabandha karate-taba taka "vajjiyoM kI, vRddhi hI samajhanI cAhie, hAni nhiiN|" hAni / kinti te, Ananda, sutaM-'vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni abbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni ca, tAni sakkaronti garuM karonti mAnentiH pUjenti, tesaM ca dinnapubbaM katapubbaM dhammikaM baliM no parihApentI' " ti ? "sutaM metaM, bhante-'vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni anbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni ca, tAni sakkaronti garuM karonti mAnenti pUjenti, tesaMca. dinnapubbaM katapubbaM dhammikaM baliM no parihApentI'" ti / "yAvakIvaM ca, Ananda, vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni abbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni ca, tAni sakkarissanti garuM karissanti mAnessanti pUjessanti, tesaM ca dinnapubbaM katapubbaM dhammikaM baliM no parihApessanti, vuddhiyeva, Ananda, vajjInaM pATikaGkhA, no parihAni / kinti te, Ananda, sutaM-'vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAvaraNagutti susaMvihitA, kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM AgaccheyyuM, AgatA ca arahanto vijite phAsu. vihareyyu'" ti? "sutaM metaM, bhante-'vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAvaraNagutti susaMvihitA,. kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM Agaccheyyu, AgatA ca arahanto vijite phAsu vihareyyu' " ti|

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mallarASTra : 43 ukta saMvAda se spaSTa hai ki kisI bhI rAjya kI sthAyI evaM sudRr3ha zAsana vyavasthA vahA~ ke nAgarikoM ke saha-astitva, vidhisammata zAsana saMcAlana, paraspara Adara bhAva evaM sneha, vRddhajanoM ke prati zraddhA, striyoM ke prati sammAna Adi mUlabhUta siddhAntoM para nirbhara karatI hai / saMsthAgAra : buddhakAlIna gaNataMtrAtmaka zAsana praNAlI meM saMsthAgAra kA pramukha mahattva rahA hai / usa samaya ke saMsthAgAra kI kArya-paddhati kI tulanA vartamAna meM saMsada se kI jA sakatI hai| saMsthAgAra meM vidhi-nirmANa ke atirikta anya sAmAjika viSayoM para vicAra-vimarza hetu baiThakeM hotI thIM / kabhI-kabhI vahA~ atithiyoM ko bhI ThaharAyA jAtA thA / isakA gaThana bhikSu saMgha ke saMgaThana ke AdhAra para hotA thA / saMsthAgAra kI baiThaka rAjA athavA uparAjA kI adhyakSatA meM hotI thI / isake pramukha sadasyoM meM rAjA - uparAjA, senApati, aSTakulika, vyAvahArika aura vinizcaya mahAmAtya, bhAMDArika ( koSAdhyakSa ) sammilita the / sarvasammati se jaba saMsthA kisI nirNaya para nahIM pahu~catI thI, taba nirNaya para pahu~cane ke liesammati yA voTa ( chaMda ) kA prAvidhAna thA / chaMda grahaNa ke lie raMgIna zalAkAoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA, jise chaMdazalAkA kahA jAtA thA / saMsthAgAra meM hue bahumata ke nirNaya ko 'padabhUpatika' kahA jAtA thA / vicAra-vimarza kI kAryavAhI ko lipibaddha kara abhilekha taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA aura ise lekhAgAra meM surakSita rakhA jAtA thA / kAryapAlikA : saMsthAgAra vidhAyI kAryoM kA dAyitva vahana karatA thA tannimita kAnUnoM evaM niyamoM ke kriyAnvayana kA uttaradAyitva kAryapAlikA kA hotA thA / isake lie kAryakAriNI samiti kA gaThana hotA thA, jo dina-pratidina zAsana kA kArya dekhatI thii| kAryakAriNI samiti ko 'udvAhikA' kahA jAtA thA / rAhula sAMkRtyAyana' ke matAnusAra 'udvAfear ke nirvAcana hetu prastAva prastuta karane vAle ko 'anuzrAvaNa' kahA jAtA thaa| saMgha ke kisI bhI sadasya ko adhikaraNa ke viSaya meM apane vicAra prakaTa karane ko pUrNa svataMtratA thI aura sadasyoM ko tIna bAra yaha 1. paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, vaizAlI kA prajAtantra, vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, pRSTha 43-45, vaizAlI, vihAra, 1985 /

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44 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza avasara pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / prastAva kA kisI ke dvArA virodha na karane para yaha udvAhikA ke sadasyoM dvArA svIkRta hotA thA / kalpasUtra meM ullikhita gaNoM meM sambhavataH 9 licchavi gaNa ke tathA 9 malla gaNa ke kula 18 kAryavAhaka adhikArI the / nyAyapAlikA : lAhA' ke matAnusAra gaNoM kI nyAya prakriyA meM mahAmAtya, vidhi 'pAraMgata vohArikA ( kAnUna vizeSajJa), sUtradhAra, aTThakulaka ( ATha kula ' ke ucca nyAyAdhIza ), senApati, rAjA ke nyAyAlayoM meM nIce se Upara ke stara taka aparAdhI ko gujaranA par3atA thA / dhyeya yaha hotA thA ki kisI "vyakti ke aparAdha aura usa hetu pradatta daNDa kI samyak prakAra se samIkSA kara hI use daNDita kiyA jAya tAki koI niraparAdha daNDita na ho * jAya aura aparAdhI kRta aparAdha kI koTi se kama yA adhika daNDita na ho jAya / isa prakAra gaNarAjyoM kI nyAya vyavasthA Adarza koTi kI thI / uparyukta adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki gaNatantrAtmaka zAsana praNAlI paraspara samAnatA, ekatA, vicAra svAtantrya aura adhikAra evaM karttavya ke bIca saMtulana ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM para AdhArita thii| usa samaya taka nAgarikoM ko gaNataMtrIya praNAlI ke saMcAlana kA pUrNa anubhava prApta ho cukA thA, Adhunika saMsada ke samAna saMsthAgAra meM kAnUna yA vidhi banAne kA prAva thA, jisake kriyAnvayana hetu kAryapAlikA ( kAryakAriNI samiti ) gaThita thI / nyAyapAlikA kA stara sarvocca thA / ( vidhAyikA), vyavasthA - pikA, kAryapAlikA evaM nyAyapAlikA tInoM ke tAlamela ne gaNataMtrIya zAsana praNAlI ko saphalatA ke carama zikhara para pahu~cA diyA thA / buddhakAla meM mallarASTra kI vyApArika mahattA thI / vahA~ ke vyApArI kuzala, sAhasI, sAdhana-sampanna the / dharmarakSita ke anusAra pAvAvAsI malla vyApArI 'pakkusa malla' ratnajaTita 500 gAr3iyoM ko lekara vyApAra ke lie jAtA thA / bandhula malla sone aura hIre kI jar3I huI 'gadA' rakhatA thA / vastra-vyApAra, ra~gAI, Adi unnati para thI / yahA~ ke mahIna vastra ( malamala ) prasiddha the / malla nAgarika svayaM isakA upayoga karate the / 1. vaizAlI ina aiMzyeNTa liTarecara, vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, pRSTha 177-78, vaizAlI, bihAra, 1985 / 2. bhikSu, dharmarakSita, kuzInagara kA itihAsa, pRSTha 26, 68, 76, 89, 91, kuzInagara ( prakAzana ) kuzInagara, devariyA, buddhAbda, 2493 /

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mallarASTra : 45 'licchaviyoM kI bhA~ti malla bhI gaNataMtrIya zAsana praNAlI meM hI nahIM rahana-sahana meM bhI samAnatA rakhate the / 'aSTakUlika' kI raMga-viraMgI veza-bhUSA, sAja-zRMgAra ityAdi se sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki malla rASTra ke nava malla rAjyoM ke nAyaka bhI usI prakAra ke vibhinna raMgoM se susajjita evaM alaMkRta rahe hoNge| gAMgalI' kA kathana hai ki prAcIna bauddha grantha 'mahAvastU' se licchavi. aSTakulika kI ruci, kalA-pradarzana kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai, isameM tathAgata sambodhi lAbha ke 3 varSa pazcAt jaba vaizAlI jA rahe the. to licchavi gaNatantra ke 'aSTakulika' rAja-vaMza apane-apane rAjya ke pratIka svarUpa vibhinna raMgoM ke sAja-zRMgAra se yukta, unake svAgata heta gaMgA taTa para upasthita hue / alaga-alaga daloM kI, alaga-alaga raMgoM ko sAja-sajjA darzanIya thii| koI nIle raMga kA pratIka banA huA thA, to koI lAla / eka samUha pIle raMga ke ratha para ArUr3ha suzobhita hokara prasanna mudrA meM upasthita huaa| __ DA0 mukarjI ne licchaviyoM kI ruciyoM kA gahana adhyayana kara vizad vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| unake anusAra pratyeka kI vibhinna raMgoM kI nolI, pIlo, harita, bhajiSThA (lAla lohita) zveta (odAta) evaM mizrita (vyAyuktA) vezabhUSA rahatI thii| unakI veSa-bhUSA, ratha, pagar3I chAte, jUte, cAbuka, daNDa Adi ke vibhinna raMga unake pratoka ke rUpa meM . dRSTigocara hote the| kuzInagara ke malloM kI sampannatA evaM kalA-priyatA tathA kArya praNAlI kI nipuNatA kA vivaraNa mahAparinibbAna sutta se jJAta hotA . 1. vaizAlI kI mahattA, vai0 a0 graM0, 10 20-21 / satyatra licchavayaH pItAsyA pItarathA, pItarazmi pratyoda-yaSThi / pItavastrA, pItAlaMkArA, pItoSNIzA, patichatrAH pItakhaDga muni paadukaa|" taducyate:- . potAsyA, pItarathA, piitrshmi-prtyodmussnniishaa| pItA ca paMcakakudA pItavastrA alaMkArA / / aura eka dala AyA pUrNataH nIlI cIjoM se sajadhaja kara :__nIlAsyA, nIlarathA, nIlarazmi-pratyodamuSNIzA / nIlAca paMcakakUdA nIlAvamlA alNkaaraa|| 2. vaizAlI ina iNDiyana hisTrI eNDa kalcara, vai0 a0 pra0, pR0 10 / 3. dI0ni0-mahAparinibbAna sutta (hindI anuvAda), pR0 148-419 /

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..46 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hotA hai / buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt, malloM dvArA unake antyeSTiutsava ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki AyuSmAn Ananda dvArA buddha ke mahAparinirvANa kA sandeza prApta hone para saMsthAgAra meM ekatrita kuzInArA ke malla gandhadravyoM, mAlAoM tathA vAdyoM ko ekatrita kara 5 hajAra thAna vastra lekara buddha ke mahAparinirvANa sthalo upavana gaye / vahA~ paha~ca kara ve buddha ke zava kI gIta, vAdya, nRtya, mAlA, gandha Adi se arcanA karate hae 5 dina taka vitAna kI racanA karate rhe| sAtaveM dina unake pArthiva zarIra ko vitAna meM rakhakara vAdya, gIta, gandha tathA mAlA se pajita, mAnita tathA satkRta karate hue, ve kukuTa bandhana caitya phuNce| vahA~ una logoM ne buddha ke zarIra ko naye vastra meM lapeTa kara, dhune hue kapAsa meM lpettaa| punaH naye vastra se lapeTa kara dhune hue kapAsa meM lapeTA / isa prakAra kI prakriyA 500 bAra ko gaI / tatpazcAt buddha ke zarIra ko lohe ke taila-droNi meM rakhakara, dUsare taila drauNi se Dhakakara vibhinna gandhoM kI citA banAkara usa para droNi ko rkkhaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki mallarASTra ke nAgarika Arambha se ho gaNatantrIya zAsana-praNAlI, dhArmika, vIra, vaibhavasampanna, vividha kalAoM ityAdi vidhAoM meM pAraMgata the / mahAvIra aura buddha mahAvIra tathA baddha donoM kI jIvana-gAthA meM bahuta kucha samAnatAyeM haiN| donoM kA janma gaNarAjyoM ke rAjakuloM meM huA thaa| mahAvIra kA janma vajji ke 'aSTakulikA' licchavI gaNatantra kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI se rAjagRha jAne vAle mahApatha para sthita pahale sanniveza (sArthavAha kA par3Ava) kuNDagrAma meM huA thaa| isI kAraNa inheM vaizAlika kahA jAtA thaa| buddha kA janma zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu ke nikaTa lumbinI meM huA thaa| isI kAraNa inheM zAkyaputra kahA jAtA hai| mahAvIra aura buddha donoM kSatriya kularatna the aura inakA sambandha ikSvAkuvaMza se thaa| donoM yugapravartaka evaM jIvana kalyANa mArga kI prApti hetu taruNAvasthA meM hI anagAra bana gye| donoM kaivalya athavA buddhatva prApta kara apane jJAna se vizva ko Alokita kie| mahAvIra ke bacapana kA nAma vardhamAna tathA buddha kA siddhArtha thaa| isake atirikta bhI donoM mahApuruSa vibhinna saMjJAoM se sambodhita kiye jAte the| vardhamAna ko mahAvIra, nirgrantha, jJAtaputra, kaivalyamArgadarzaka,

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mallarASTra : 47 - sarvajJa, zramaNadharmA, vaizAlika Adi nAmoM se tathA siddhArtha ko zramaNa, gautamabuddha, zAkyaputta, zAkyamuni, bodhisatva, sarvArthasiddha, tathAgata, zAkyasiMha, zauddhodhana ityAdi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / mahAvIra ko videha, videhakumAra, videhadatta, videha zakamAla, trizalAsuta Adi saMjJAyeM bhI dI gaI thiiN| donoM ko pradatta upAdhiyA~ unakI garimA kI dyotaka haiM / ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI samakAlInatA tathA inakA kAla nirNaya Arambha se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddha kI jyeSThatA * evaM kaniSThatA tathA donoM ke nirvANa prApti ke paurvAparya ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apanA mata vyakta kiyA hai| muni nagarAja' ne una sabake vicAroM kI samIkSA prastuta kI hai / unake anusAra DA0 Ara0 so0 majumadAra, DA0 eca0 sI0 rAyacaudhurI va DA0 ke0 ke0 datta - mahAvIra ko buddha se jyeSTha tathA buddha ke pazcAt nirvANa prApta karane * vAlA svIkAra karate haiM / DA0 harnale, DA0 ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla Adi mahAvIra ko buddha se kaniSTha tathA pahale nirvANa prApta karane vAlA batAte haiM / DA0 harmana yAkobI evaM DA0 zArla zArpeNTiyara, mahAvIra ko buddha se kaniSTha to mAnate haiM parantu nirvANa buddha ke pazcAt mAnate haiM / DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI mahAvora ko jyeSTha evaM buddha se pUrva nirvANa prApta karane vAlA mAnate haiM / muni nagarAja ne bhAratIya evaM videzI vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA 1. muni nagarAja, mahAvIra evaM buddha kI samasAmayikatA, AtmArAma eNDa sansa, naI dillI - 6, 1969 / : draSTavya- (1) aina eDavAnsa hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pR0 85-86 / (2) inasAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa hAsTIMga dvArA / (3) jarnarala Apha bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI -- XIII, pR0 245 / (4) 'zramaNa' patrikA meM DaoN0 jaikobI ke jarmana lekha kA anuvAda, varSa 13, aMka -- 7, pR0 10 / (5) iNDiyana enTIkverI, 1914, pR0 125, 116, (6) kalcara hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, eja Apha impIriyala yUniTI, jilda - I pR0 40, pada- saMketa / ( 7 ) kaimbrija hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, jilda I, pR0 152 / 2. muni nagarAja, mahAvIra evaM buddha kI samasAmayikatA - pR0 104 // AtmArAma eNDa sansa, dillI 1969 /

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48 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza adhyayana kara mahAvIra evaM buddha ke kAla ke sambandha meM nimna mata vyakta kiyA haimahAvIra gautamabuddha janma I0 pU0 599 I0 pUrva 582 gRhatyAga I0 pU0 569 I0 pUrva 544 kaivalya I0 pU0 557 I0 pU0 447 nirvANa I0 pU0 527 I0 pU0 502 parantu muni nagarAja kA yaha mata donoM mahApuruSoM ke samaya sambandhI bhrama kA nivAraNa nahIM kara sakA hai| pro0 madhusUdana DhAkI', pro0 vI0 sI0 zrIvAstava Adi vidvAn muni nagarAja ke vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiN| unhoMne harmana yAkobI ke vicAroM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I0 pU0 284 mAnA hai| parantu DA0 ke0 DI0 vAjapeyI ne muni nagarAja ke mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| ___ kucha anya labdha pratiSTha pUrvavartI vidvAnoM ne mahAvIra aura buddha ke kAla para apanA abhimata vyakta kiyA hai| DA0 esa. rAdhAkRSNan ne mahAvIra kA janma evaM nirvANa kramazaH 599 I0 pUrva tathA 527 I0 parva evaM buddha kA janma evaM parinirvANa kramazaH I0 pU0 567 tathA I0 pUrva 488 batAyA hai| DI0 Ara0 pATila ke anusAra baddha kA mahAparinirvANa varSa I0 pUrva 487 tathA I0 pUrva 483 ke madhya honA caahie| ___ videzI vidvAna heDanja vecarDa ne mahAvIra evaM buddha kI tithiyoM para vicAra kiyA hai| unhoMne anya vidvAnoM ke mata kA vistata vivecana karate hue buddha kA mahAparinirvANa samrATa azoka ke rAjyAbhiSeka se 85 se lekara 150 varSa pUrva mAnA hai| isa AdhAra para unhoMne buddha kA mahAnirvANa I0 pU0 350 ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke viSaya meM unakA kathana hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA 1. vArtA ke AdhAra pr| 2. vArtA ke AdhAra para / 3. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan, esa, bhAratIya darzana (hi0) pra0 kha0, pR0 236, rAjapAla eNDa sansa kazmIrI geTa, dillI 1986 / 4. pATila, DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara, pR0 7, ArkiyAlAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA, nyU0 dehalI, pra0 saM0 1957 /

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mallarASTra : 49 nirvANa 528 IsA pUrva huA thA tathA digambara paramparAnusAra 510 IsA pUrva huA thaa| ve therAvalI se kisI nizcita mata para nahIM pahuMca pAte haiN| unakA kathana hai ki aitihAsika pustakoM kI mAnyatA ke viparIta mahAvIra kA nirvANa bAda kA honA caahie| unakA abhimata hai ki yadi buddha kA nirvANa kAla I0 pU0 350 nizcita hai to mahAvIra kA nirvANa bhI usake nikaTastha samaya meM honA caahie|' uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke nirvANa kI tithi ke viSaya meM sarvasammata nirNaya para nahIM pahuMcA jA sakA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM sarvatra buddha kA nirvANa mahAvIra ke pazcAt batAyA gayA hai| jena sAhitya meM buddha ke nirvANa ke samaya kA ullekha nahIM hai| isa AdhAra para bauddha sAhitya ke vivaraNa ko AdhAra mAnate hue mahAvIra ke pUrva nirvANa prApta karane kI bAta svIkAra kara sakate haiN| ___ jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharmoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ evaM kucha vibhinnatAyeM haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI nivRttimArgI zramaNaparamparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| donoM hI satya, ahiMsA, tyAga, tapasyA, paropakAra, kaSTa-sahiSNutA tathA jana-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se ota-prota rahe haiN| donoM arhat buddhi, tarka, karma, saMgha evaM bhikSAcaryA meM vizvAsa karate the| donoM ne vaidika dharma evaM brAhmaNavAda para kuThArAghAta kiyA evaM pazuvali, jAti evaM vargaprathA ke viruddha the| donoM hI anIzvaravAdI evaM sudhAravAdI the| ___ sAtha hI donoM meM kucha mUlabhUta antara bhI thA / mahAvIra kaThora tapasyA mArga ke samarthaka the, buddha madhyamamArgI the| mahAvIra AtmavAdI the buddha anAtmavAdI the| isake atirikta AcArya caturasena ke matAnusAra baddha aura mahAvIra meM eka antara yaha hai ki buddha ne dUsare kisI pUrvavartI yA samakAlIna mata kA samanvaya nahIM kiyA, jabaki mahAvIra ne pUrvakAlIna pApityakoM ke mata kA samanvaya kiyA hai| 1. (a)-vecarDa, heDanja, DeTa Ava buddha riskalIDarDa pR0 29-36, iNDolAjikA teUreneziyA khaNDa 10, iTalI, 1982 / (ba)-rimArka Anada prAblama Ava DeTa Ava mahAvIra, pR0 70-75, vahI 19 vahI 1983 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, saM0 dozI, ratanalAla 310/23, sailAnA, ma0pra0, 1962 ii0|

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50 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza mahAvIra evaM buddha ke paraspara sAkSAtkAra ke viSaya meM bhI vidvAnoM meM mata-vaibhinnya rahA hai / paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana' tathA bha~varalAla nAhaTA kI dRSTi meM mahAvIra evaM buddha kA kabhI sAkSAtkAra nahIM huA thA / parantu veMkaTaramaiyyA tathA pro0 ke0 DI0 vAjapeyI 3 kA spaSTa mata hai ki una donoM meM paraspara zrAvastI meM zAstrArtha huA thA / sAhityika sAkSyoM ke anusAra donoM mahApuruSa eka hI samaya eka hI nagara jaise - nAlandA, vaizAlI, zrAvastI ityAdi meM vihAra kiyA hai / donoM ke bhikSuoM ( zramaNoM) evaM gRhastha ziSyoM (zrAvakoM ) meM bAra-bAra vivAda hote rahate the / mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana' ne ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI pratidvitA ke viSaya meM vistAra se carcA kI hai / eka bAra nAlandA meM jaba mahAvIra vAsa kara rahe the, buddha vizAla bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha vahA~ pahu~ce the / usa samaya nAlandA akAla tathA mahAmArI roga se grasta thA / mahAvIra ne nAlandAvAsI asibandhakaputra ko buddha ke pAsa yaha kahakara bhejA ki aise samaya meM jabaki nAlandAvAsI jIvana-rakSA ke lie saMgharSa kara rahe hoM, gautama kA itane bar3e bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha AnA kyA ucita mAnA jAyegA ? jaba mahAvIra aura buddha nAlandA meM eka sAtha vihAra kara rahe the, to mahAvIra ne apane ziSya dIrghatapasvI se mahAtmA buddha kA vAda-vivAda karavAyA thA / ziSya ke parAjita hone pazcAt unhoMne gRhastha zrAvaka upAli gRhapati ko buddha ke pAsa bhejA / vaha buddha se itanA prabhAvita ho gayA ki unake vicAroM kA anupoSaka ho gayA / ke vaizAlI meM bhI isI prakAra buddha evaM mahAvIra kI pratidvandvitA kA pramANa milatA hai / mahAvIrAnuyAyI vaizAlI nareza ceTaka kA putra senApati siMhabhadra buddha kI khyAti sunakara unakA darzana karanA cAhatA thaa| bArabAra mahAvIra ke rokane para bhI vaha buddha kA darzana karane gayA aura itanA 1. buddhacaryA (hi0), sAMkRtyAyana rAhula, pR0 103-104 / 2. saM0 lalavAnI, jI0 pI0, bha~varalAla nAhaTA abhinandana grantha, pR073, bI0 ela0 nAhaTA abhinandana samiti, 88 keniMga sTrITa, kalakattA1986 / -1, 3. saM0 pro0 bAjapeyI, ke0 DI0, zrAvastI, pR0 7, sAhityaniketana, 37/50 gilisa bAjAra, kAnapura 1987 / 4. buddhacaryA sAMkRtyAyana rAhula, pR0 103-104, 414-423 //

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mallarASTra : 51 prabhAvita huA ki unako saMgha ke sAtha mAMsAhArI ( zUkara mAdava ) bhojana ke lie Amantrita kiyA jise svIkAra kara apane bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha vahAM jAkara buddha ne zUkara-mArdava grahaNa kiyaa| mAMsAhAra ko mahAvIra bahuta nindanIya mAnate the| buddha ke isa kRtya ke lie mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne vaizAlI meM ghUma-ghUma kara buddha evaM siMhabhadra senApati kI ghora nindA kI / mahAvIra evaM buddha meM vidyamAna pratidvandvitA evaM kaTutA kI bhAvanA kI puSTi harmana yAkobI' ne bhI kI hai| parantu donoM mahApuruSoM ke pratyakSa sAkSAtkAra kI sambhAvanA ko svIkArA nahIM jA sakatA hai / yadi donoM kA sAkSAtkAra huA hotA to nizcita hI aisI ghaTanA avazya huI hotI jisakA dUragAmI evaM pratyakSa pariNAma dRSTigocara haA hotaa| isakI bhI sambhAvanA hai ki yadi sAkSAtkAra huA hotA to vAda-vivAda meM jaya-parAjaya bhI ho sakatI thI jo donoM kI pratiSThA ke lie ghAtaka siddha ho sakatI thI jisakA unake anuyAyiyoM evaM sAmAnya janoM ke bIca unake dharma pracAra-prasAra para pratyakSa rUpa se prabhAva par3atA, unakI maryAdA ko Thesa pahu~ca sakatI thii| ataH yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM mahApuruSoM kA sAkSAtkAra kabhI nahIM huA thaa| mahAvIra evaM buddha ke sAkSAtkAra vivecana ke pazcAt hama unake kaivalya-prApti se lekara nirvANa-prApti paryanta ve kina-kina nagaroM meM varSARtu meM vAsa kiye, isakA adhyayana kareMge jisase yaha jJAta ho sake ki unake cAturmAsa aura varSAvAsa se sambaddha nagara kauna-kauna the aura unhoMne kina nagaroM ko pramukhatA dI ? kaThora ahiMsAvAdI hone ke kAraNa varSA kAla meM jIva-jantuoM, prAkRtika vanaspatiyoM kI adhikatA ke kAraNa isa Rtu meM hiMsA kI sarvAdhika sambhAvanA hotI hai| isase bacane ke lie tathA nadiyoM Adi meM bAr3ha ke kAraNa AvAgamana kI suvidhA na hone ke kAraNa paristhitivaza eka sthAna para vAsa karane kI paramparA jaina aura bauddha dharma meM pracalita huI / isa pravAsa ko jaina dharma meM 'cAturmAsa' aura bauddha dharma meM varSAvAsa kahakara sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| jainoM kA 'cAturmAsa' zrAvaNa se kArtika taka evaM bauddhoM kA varSAvAsa zrAvaNa se Azvina taka hotA thaa| 1. yAkobI, harmana, jainijma, inasAiklopIDiyA Ava rilijana eNDa ethiksa, khaNDa 7, pra0 477, nyUyArka 1980 /

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52 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza dharmoM ko rAjya saMrakSaNa prApta hone ke kAraNa cAturmAsa evaM varSAvAsa sAmAnyatayA una nagaroM meM kiyA jAtA thA jahA~ AvAgamana ke samucita sAdhana upalabdha rahate the, AvAsa bhojana Adi kI paryApta vyavasthA hotI thI / cAturmAsa evaM varSAvAsa se jaina evaM bauddha zramaNoM ko dharma pracAraprasAra kA suyogya avasara prApta hotA thA / kaivalya prApti ke pazcAt mahAvIra ke cAturmAsoM' ke tathA buddha ke sambodhi prApti ke pazcAt buddha ke varSAvAsoM kI kramAnusAra tAlikA nimnalikhita hai mahAvIra 1. rAjagRha 2. vaizAlI 3. vANijya grAma 4. rAjagRha 5. vANijya grAma 6. rAjagRha 7. rAjagRha 8. vaizAlI 9. vaizAlI 10. rAjagRha 11. vANijya grAma 12. rAjagRha 13. rAjagRha 14. zreNika kI mRtyu koNika kA rAjyAropaNa - campA kI rAjadhAnI mithilA cAturmAsa / buddha 1. RSipattana mRgadAva ( sAranAtha ) ra 2. rAjagRha mahAvIra ke sAtha kI divyazakti kI ghaTanA 3. rAjagRha 4. rAjagRha ajJAtazatru kA buddha se milana ( zramaNa- phala pUchanA ) 5. vaizAlI 6. maMkula parvata 7. trAstriza 8. suMsumAragiri 9. kozAmbI 10. parileyyaka vana 11. nAlA brAhmaNa grAma 12. veraMjA 13. cAliya parvata 14. zrAvastI 15. kapilavastu 1. zAstrI, neminAtha, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI dezanA, pR0 160, a0 bhA0 di0 jaina, vi0 kAryAlaya, varNIbhavana, sAgara, ma0 pra0 1974 / 2. ( a ) cullavAga -saM0 bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza 5, pAlimudraNa pariSada, bihAra sarakAra, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, pa0 nAlandA, paTanA, 1956 ( ba ) dhammapada aTTakathA, saM0 DA0 TATiyA, nathamala, 4-2, paTanA, 1973 /

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mahAvIra 15. mahAvIra kA campA meM padArpaNa rathamUsala va mahAzilAkaMTaka yuddha kA prArambhazreNika kI rAniyoM kI dIkSA zrAvastI meM padArpaNa gozAlaka kI mRtyu mithilA caturmAsa / 16. vANijya grAma 17. rAjagRha 18. vANijya grAma 19. vaizAlI 20. vaizAlI 21. rAjagRha 22. nAlandA 23. vaizAlI 24. 39 25. rAjagRha 26. nAlandA 27. mithilA 28. 39 29. rAjagRha 30. pAvApurI ( malla rAjya ) meM antima varSAvAsa kArtika amAvasyA meM nirvANa | 16. AlavI 17. rAjagRha 18. cAliya parvata 19. " buddha mallarASTra : 53 20. rAjagRha 21. 45 - zrAvastI ( anAthapiNDika dvArA nirmita jetavanArAma aura mRgAra mAtA ke pUrvArAma prAsAda meM ) 46. vaizAlI ke samIpa veluva grAma meM / vaizAlI se pAvA hokara kuzInagara meM mahAparinirvANa | mahAvIra ke cAturmAsoM evaM buddha ke varSAvAsoM kI uparyukta tAlikA ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki jahA~ mahAvIra ne 11 cAturmAsa rAjagRha, 7 vaizAlI, 5 vANijya grAma, 4 mithilA, nAlandA tathA 1 pAvApurI meM vyatIta kiyA thA, vahIM buddha 26 varSAvAsa zrAvastI, 5 rAjagRha, 3 cAliya parvata, 2 vaizAlI, 1 kapilavastu, 1 RSipattana mRgadAva ( sAranAtha ), 1 maMkula parvata, 1 trAyAstriza, 1 susumAra giri, 1 kozAmbI, 1 parileyyaka vana, 1 nAlA brAhmaNa grAma, 1 veraJjA aura

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54 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 1 AlavI meM vyatIta kiye the| isake atirikta bharata siMha upAdhyAya' ke anusAra pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI pAli vivaraNoM meM bhagavAna baddha ke uttarakurudvopa, kailAza, mAnasarovara, candrabhAgA, cinAva nadI ke taTa, narmadA nadI ko pAra kara sUcanoparAnta janapada laMkA aura varmA taka jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / parantu unakI yAtrA kA na to kahIM varNana kiyA gayA hai aura na usameM lage samaya kA yA rAste meM par3ane vAle vizrAma sthaloM kA nizcita ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prAyaH vAyumArga se yA Rddhi bala se hI unheM pahu~cA diyA gayA hai jise paurANika vivaraNa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI buddha kI caryAoM kA krama kyA thA isa para na to tripiTakoM se prakAza par3atA hai aura na hI aTThakathAoM se / ataH buddha kI cArikAoM kA kAlakrama ke anusAra pUrNa bhaugolika vivaraNa asambhava hai| bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki buddha ne prAyaH madhyadeza kI sImA ke antargata hI apanI cArikAyeM kI thI / uttara meM ve himAlaya ke pArzva meM sthita koliya janapada ke nigama sAyuga evaM haridvAra ke samIpa zrI dhvaja pavaMta, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI, pUrva meM madhya pradeza kI pUrvI sImA para sthita kajaMgala nigama ke veNu vana tathA mukhela vana meM vihAra kiyA thA / ve aMguta rAya ke apaNa nAmaka grAma meM vizrAma kiye the / parantu unake dvArA kozI nadI pAra karane kA kahIM vivaraNa nahIM hai| buddha pazcima meM mathurA taka gaye the| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki buddha ke cArikA evaM dezanA kA kSetra yadyapi madhyadeza taka hI sImita rahA hai, parantu mahAvIra ke cArikA evaM dezanA ke kSetra se vistRta rahA hai| adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA adhikAMza samaya prAyaH bihAra meM vyatIta huaa| pUrvI uttara pradeza ke devariyA janapada se bhI unakA ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| buddha kI cArikA evaM dharma-pracAra kA kSetra jitanA bihAra meM rahA hai utanA hI pUrvI uttara pradeza meM bhI rahA hai| Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke viSaya meM bauddha sAhitya meM prAyaH 1. buddhacaryA-paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, pR0 89, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, banArasa, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1952 / 2. buddhacaryA (hi.) paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula pR0 67, majjhimanikAya (hi.) paM0 sAMkRtyAyana rAhula, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1933 /

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mallarASTra : 55 vivaraNa prApta hotA hai jabaki buddha ke viSaya meM jaina sAhitya evaM jaina zAstroM meM bauddha dharma ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM buddha kA kahIM nAmollekha taka nahIM milatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM samakAlIna mahApuruSoM, mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA varNana gauNa rahA haiM / isameM upadezoM evaM siddhAntoM kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai / jabaki bauddha sAhitya meM upadeza evaM siddhAntoM ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna samasAmayika mahApuruSoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI bhI vyavasthita carcA kI gaI hai / mahAvIra - buddha dezanA prAcInakAla se hI dezanA (upadeza) dharma-pracAra kA pramukha sAdhana rahA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddha bhI dharma pracAra hetu vibhinna sthaloM kI yAtrA karate the aura upadeza dete the / sAhityika sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mallarASTra donoM yuga-puruSoM kI dezanA kA pramukha kendra rahA hai aura yahA~ jaina evaM boddha dharmAvalambiyoM kI saMkhyA adhika thI / mallarASTra aura buddha ke sambandha ke viSaya meM sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAparinirvANa pUrva buddha ne kaI bAra kuzInArA kI yAtrAyeM kI thiiN| mahAvagga' se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra ApaNa meM vihAra karane ke pazcAt sAr3he bAraha sau bhikSuoM ke saMgha ke sAtha buddha ne kuzInArA ke lie prasthAna kiyA / unake Agamana kA samAcAra prApta kara malloM ne nizcaya kiyA font buddha svAgata ke lie nahIM jAyeMge unako pA~ca sau kArSApaNa kA daNDa diyA jAyegA / buddha kA svAgata karane vAloM meM buddha ke ananya ziSya Ananda kA abhinna mitra rAjamalla bhI anicchApUrvaka sammilita thA / rAjamalla ke hRdaya meM buddha evaM bauddha dharma ke prati kisI prakAra kI AsthA nahIM thI / isI samaya vaha buddha se prabhAvita hokara unakA upAsaka banA tathA bauddhadharma svIkAra kara liyA / usane vizeSataH zAkabhAjI se buddha kA satkAra kiyA / kuzInArA ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM hiraNyavatI nadI ke taTa para malloM kA upavatana nAmaka zAlavana thA / mahAparinirvANa pUrva buddha kA Agamana isa zAlavana meM huA thA, jahA~ para subhadra nAmaka brAhmaNa parivrAjaka ne unake darzana se prabhAvita hokara bauddha dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kI thI / isa zAlavana 1. vinayapiTaka (hi0) mahAvagga 6, pR0 252-253. ma0 paM0 sAMskRtyAyana, rAhula, mahAbodhisabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI 1935 /

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56 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza meM buddha ne antima upadeza' dekara mahAparinirvANa prApta kiyA thA / upavatana zAlavana ko kaniMghama' ne kasayA ke mAthA ku~vara koTa se samIkRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jo vartamAna meM mahAparinirvANa mandira se 400 gaja kI dUrI para sthita hai / __ mahAparinirvANa-yAtrA ke pUrva bhI buddha kA kuzInArA ke upavatana meM Agamana huA thA, jahAM unhoMne 'aMguttara nikAya ke kuzInArA sutta' kA upadeza diyA thaa| upavatana zAlodyAna ke atirikta kuzInArA ke samIpa baliharaNa vana aura khaNDavana bhI sthita the, jahA~ buddha kaI bAra caryA kara vihAra kiye the| vahIM para unhoMne 'majjhima nikAya' ke 'kintisutantra' tathA 'aMguttara nikAya' ke 'kuzInArA sutta' kA upadeza diyaa| bauddha sAhitya'saMgIti paripApausutta' doghanikAya 3/10 se jJAta hotA hai ki buddha 500 bhikSu-saMgha ke sAtha cArikA karate hue cundakAra ke Amravana meM vihAra kiye the| usa samaya unhoMne pAvA ke navIna saMsthAgAra kA udghATana kara pAvA ke malloM ko upadeza diyA thaa| isa avasara para sAriputra ne bhikSuoM ko saMgaThita rahane kA bhI upadeza diyA thaa| eka bAra buddha pAvA ke Ajakalapiya athavA 'ajakapAliya' nAmaka caitya meM vihAra karate hue Thahare the to unhoMne AjakalApa yakSa ko vinIta kiyA thA, jaisA ki 'udAna" se jJAta hotA hai| ina ghaTanAoM kA pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| 'mahAparinivvANa sutta" ke anusAra mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva antima 1. dIgha nikAya (hi0) mahAparinirvANa sutta, pR0 146, bhAratIya bauddha bihAra pariSad, lakhanaU, vi saM0 1919 / 2. kaniMghama, e. ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 1, pR0 77-83 evaM aizyeMTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 494, bhAratIya pabliziMga hAusa, vArANasI, 1975 / 3. aMguttaranikAya (hi0) kausalyAyana, bhadanta Ananda, pR0 255-256, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 1957 / 4. mallasekara, jI0 pI0 DikzanarI Ava pAli prApararemsa, khaNDa 1, pR0 655, jAnamure alamArTA sTroTa, landana, 1938 / 5. udAna (hi.) bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza, pR0 8, mahAbodhi sabhA sAranAtha buddhaabdh-482| 6. dIghanikAya (ma0 pari0 ni0 sutta hindI) bhAratIya bauddha bihAra pariSad, lakhanaU, dvi0 saM0 1919 / .

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mahArASTra : 57 par3Ava ke samaya cundakarmAra ke ghara para zUkara-mAdeva kA antima bhojana grahaNa kara buddha rogagrasta ho gaye the| anya nigamoM aura grAmoM ke viSaya meM yaha nizcita nahIM ho pAyA hai 'ki ye nagara pAvA ke mallarASTra meM the athavA kuzInArA ke / aruvelakappa mallarASTra kA eka nagara thaa| buddha kaI bAra vahAM gaye the| saMyuttanikAya ke 'bhadda sutta' aura 'mallika sutta'2 kA upadeza isa nagara meM hI diyA gayA thA / aMguttaranikAya meM bhI Ananda ko sAtha lekara buddha dvArA isa nagarI meM vihAra karane kA ullekha hai / Ananda ko yahA~ Thaharane kA Adeza dekara buddha svayaM dina meM dhyAna ke lie samIpastha mahAvana meM cale gaye the| isI samaya tapassu nAmaka eka gRhastha se Ananda Akara milA thaa| Ananda use lekara buddha ke pAsa gaye the| buddha ne use duHkha kI utpatti aura nirodha kA upadeza diyA, jisase usake citta ko zAnti milii| 'anUpiyA' mallarASTra kA eka prasiddha nigama thaa| mahAvastu meM ise anomiya kahA gayA hai aura ise mallarASTra meM sthita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki zAkya kumAra ne mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke bAda anomA nadI ko pArakara anUpiyA ke Amravana meM sAta dina taka dhyAna kiyA thaa| pAliparamparA ke anusAra yaha kasbA kapilavastu se 20 yojana dUra thaa| isa prakAra kapilavastu aura rAjagRha ke bIca meM yaha sthita thA / anUpiyA kapilavastu ke pUrva meM sthita thA, kyoMki zAkya kumAra ne ghara se calakara zAkya, koliya aura malla ina tIna pradezoM ko kramazaH pAra kiyA thaa| buddhatvaprApti ke pazcAt kaI bAra bhagavAn anupiyA meM Aye the / kapilavastu kI prathama yAtrA se vApasa lauTate hue ve anUpiyA hokara rAjagRha Aye the| isa yAtrA kA vistRta vivaraNa 'cullavagga" se jJAta hotA hai| 1. saMyukta nikAya (hi0) bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza, khaNDa 2, bhaddasutta, pR. 586.88 / 2. vahI, mallika sutta, pR0 727, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1954 / 3. aMguttara nikAya (hi0) kausalyAyana, bhadanta Ananda, khaNDa 4, pR0 438, 444, mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 1957 / 4. mahAvatta ? khaNDa-2, pR0 189 / 15. cullavagga, sampA0 bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza, 7/3, pAli prakAzana maNDala, nAlandA, paTanA, 1956 /

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58 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kapilavastu meM putra rAhula ko pravrajita karane ke pazcAt, rAjagRha jAne ke pUrva buddha mallarASTra sthita anUpiyA ke Amravana meM vihAra kara rahe the / usa samaya zAkya dezavAsI aniruddha ne apane agraja - mahAnAma se preraNA pAkara apane mitra zAkyoM, rAjakumAra bhaddiya (bhadra ) Ananda, bhRgu, kimbila, devadatta evaM upAlI nApita ke sAtha vahA~ pahu~cakara pravrajyA grahaNa kiyA / 'dIgha nikAya' ke pathika sutta' meM bhI buddha ke anUpiyA kasbe meM vihAra karane kA ullekha hai / yahIM bhArgava gotra parivrAjaka kA Azrama thA, jahA~ bhagavAn eka bAra gaye the / 'sukhavihArI jAtaka ka upadeza anUpiyA ke Amravana meM hI diyA gayA thA / bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa grAma mallarASTra ke anta-rgata thA / udAna' meM buddha dvArA kucha bhikSuoM ke sAtha isa grAma meM jAne aura vahA~ ke brAhmaNoM dvArA unake sAtha acchA vyavahAra nahIM kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / jAtaka se bhI mallarASTra ke isI yUNa brAhmaNa-grAma kA paricaya milatA hai, jisakI sthiti mithilA evaM himavanta ke bIca mAnI gaI hai| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki yaha yUNa brAhmaNa-grAma malla rASTra kI pUrvI sImA para sthita thA / mallarASTra, vaizAlI (vaizAlI janapada ) evaM zrAvastI ( baharAica aura goMDA janapadoM) ke madhya sthita thA / ina mahAnagaroM se buddha kA ghaniSTha sambandha thA / buddha kI cArikAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki unakA rAjagRha, vaizAlI, kapilavastu meM nirantara AvAgamana huA karatA thA / ina nagaroM ke AvAgamana ke lie buddha ko mallarASTra se hokara hI jAnA par3atA thA / yahA~ ke nagaroM evaM nigamoM meM ve vihAra kiyA karate the, tathA yahA~ ke nAgarika unake upadezoM se sadA hI lAbhAnvita huA karate the / buddha ke jIvana tathA dezanA ke sandarbha meM mallarASTra kI mahattA isI se dyotita: hotI hai ki unakI prathama yAtrA yahIM se prArambha huI thI, tathA antima yAtrA bhI yahIM samApta huI thI / AvazyakacUrNa meM mahAvIra dvArA pAvA meM dezanA dene kA ullekha bAra 1. cu0 va0 7/3 - dI0 ni0 (pathika sutta), 3 / 1, pR0 315 | 2. udAna ( hi0 anu0 ) pR0 106 - 107 / 3. jA0 prathama khaNDa (hi0 anu0 ) pRSTha 106-107 / 4. A0 cU0 (prathama bhAga ), pR0 322 - 324 //

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malla rASTra : 59 : bAra AtA hai / mahAvIra ne vaizAkha zukla ekAdazI ke dina majjhimapAvA meM padhAra kara mahAsena vana meM tIrtha pravarttana kara sAmAyika prakAza kiyA thA, jahA~ para somila brAhmaNa yajJa kara rahA thaa| mahAvIra ne usI sthalI para pahalI dezanA dI thI, tathA unakA dvitIya samavazaraNa bhI vahIM para huA thA / yahIM, yajJa meM Aye hue indrabhUti gautama Adi gyAraha brAhmaNoM ko unhoMne gaNadhara ke rUpa meM dIkSita kiyA thA, isIlie ve dhammavara cakkavaTTI kahalAye / ukta grantha ' se jJAta hotA hai ki malla deza ke thUNAMka sanniveza ka bAhara pahu~cakara nigaMTha jJAtaputta dhyAnalIna ho gaye tathA pA~cavA~ varSAkAla samApta hone para unhoMne malladeza kI ora prasthAna kiyA aura thUNiya sanniveza (anUpiyA) pahu~ce / kalpasUtra ke 121, 122 sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki 42va cAturmAsa pAvApurI ke rAjA hastipAla kI purAnI rajjukazAlA meM vyatIta kiyA / vahA~ para unhoMne 16 hajAra pahara taka niraMtara upadeza diyA thA, tatpazcAt. cAturmAsa ke 7 veM pakSa meM zramaNa mahAvIra kAladharmaM ko prApta hue the / uparyukta varNana se isakI sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha kA mallarASTra meM niraMtara AvAgamana huA karatA thA / mallarASTra meM bauddha evaM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI saMkhyA adhika thI / apane dharma pracAra hetu donoM isa kSetra para apane ko kendrita kiye hue the / isakA spaSTa kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki donoM ko isa kSetra se vizeSa lagAva thA, tathA AvAgamana ke sAdhana kI sugamatA thI / isa sambhAvanA se bhI nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai ki isake mUla meM unakI pArasparika pratidvanditA evaM pratispardhA kI bhAvanA vidyamAna thI / mallarASTra kA patana jaba taka mallarASTra sAdhana-sampanna rahA, sainika dRSTi se zaktizAlI rahA, zAsaka kuzala raNanItijJa rahe, usakI zAsana vyavasthA sudRr3ha rahI, samAja susaMgaThita rahA, taba taka magadha samrAT mallarASTra para A~kheM uThAne kA sAhasa nahIM kara pAye / kintu nikaTavartI gaNatantrIya rASTroM ke patana tathA isakI anya nirbalatAoM ke kAraNa mallarASTra kI zakti zanaiH zanaiH kSINa hone lago / nandavaMzIya mahApadma ke zAsana kAla meM mallarASTra ne.. 1. A0 cU0 prathama bhAga, pR0 280, 282, 292 /

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60 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza magadha kI adhInatA svIkAra kara lI / antatogatvA prathama zuMga zAsaka puSyamitra ke zAsana kAla meM mallarASTra, magadha sAmrAjya meM pUrNatayA vilIna ho gayA, isa prakAra isakA astitva sadA ke lie samApta ho gayA / buddha ke mahAparinirvANoparAnta tatkAlIna nikaTavartI rASTroM ke itihAsa kA avalokana mallarASTra ke aitihAsika adhyayana hetu Avazyaka hai / buddha ke jIvana kAla meM hI apanI vistAravAdI sAmrAjya nIti ke kAraNa nAgavaMzIya vaidehIputra samrAT ajAtazatru kI dRSTi vajji saMgha para lagI huI thI / unake mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt hI mahatvAkAMkSI ajAtazatru ne gaNasaMgha ke mukhya sadasya licchavi gaNasaMgha para apanA Adhipatya sthApita kara liyA / phira bhI mallarASTra isake adhikAraM se pare rhaa| ajAtazatru ke pazcAt usake vaMzaja rAjA zizunAga ne kosala tathA unake nikaTavartI rAjyoM para vijaya prApta kara magadha sAmrAjya kA aura vistAra kiyA thA / kintu rAjanaitika sUjha-bUjha ke kAraNa mallarASTra isase prabhAvita nahIM huA / tatpazcAt rAjA mahApadma ne bhI bhArata kI digvijaya karate samaya kucha anya rAjAoM ko samUla naSTa kara diyA tathA kucha ko apane adhInastha kara chor3a diyA, jisakA varNana 'kaliyugarAja vRttAnta" se prApta hotA hai kali ke prabhAva se mahAnandI ( zaizunAga vaMza kA antima rAjA ) dvArA zUdrA rAnI se mahApadma (jisako ghanananda bhI kahate the) nAmaka prasiddha rAjA utpanna huA / vaha atyanta lobhI, atyanta balavAna aura saba kSatriyoM kA nAza karane vAlA thA / dUsare parazurAma ke samAna vaha ikSvAkuvaMzI, pAncAla, kuruvaMzI, haihaya ( candravaMza kI eka zAkhA ), kAlaka eka liMga, zUrasena, maithila tathA dUsare rAjAoM ko jItakara ekarATa (samrAT) tathA 1. mahAnandezca zUdrAyAM mahiSyAM kAlicoditaH / utyatsyate mahApadmo dhanananda iti zrutaH // ati lubdho'tibalo sarvakSatrAntako nRpaH / aikSvAkAMzca pAJcAlAn kauravyAMzca hyAna // kAlakAneka liMgAMzca zUra senAMzca maithilAn / jitvA cAnyAMzca bhUpAlAn dvitIya iva bhArgavaH // ekarAT sa mahApadmaH ekacchatro bhaviSyati / sakRtsnAmeva pRthvImanullaMghita zAsanaH zasiSyati mahApadmo madhye vindhya himAlayoH / kaliyuga rAjavRttAnta (tRtIya bhAga) adhyAya - 2

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mallarASTra : 61 ekacchatra rAjA hogA / vaha anullaMdhita zAsana hokara vindhya aura himAlaya ke bIca sampUrNa pRthvI para zAsana kregaa| uparyukta vijita rAjAoM kI sUcI meM 'aikSvAkAn' arthAt ikSvAku vaMza ke antargata zAkya, maurya evaM malla sammilita rahe haiN| isa sUcI meM nAgavaMzIya koliyoM kA kahIM svatantra ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai, niHsaMdeha ve 'anya rAjyoM meM sammilita rahe haiM / isase jJAta hotA hai ki magadha samrATa mahApadma ne isa janapada para AkramaNa kiyA thA, jisake pariNAma svarUpa zAkya evaM koliya gaNatantra kA rAjanaitika astitva sadA ke lie naSTa ho gayA aura isI kAraNa uttaravartI granthoM se ina rASTroM kI koI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai| kintu maurya sAmrAjya ke udaya ke samaya ina donoM rAjyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki malla evaM maurya gaNatantra magadha kI AdhInatA svIkAra kara apanI svatantra sattA kA bhoga karate rahe haiN| aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke anusAra maurya zAsana kAla meM bhI mallarASTra kA astitva kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya rahA hai| kauTilya arthazAstra' se mauryakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI zAsana praNAlI ke sambandha meM sUcanAyeM prApta hotI haiN| maurya samrAT candragupta ne sabhI ekatAMtrika (rAjAoM dvArA zAsita) rAjyoM ko samUla naSTa kara diyA tathA uttara bhArata ke gaNataMtroM ko adhIna kara liyA thA, lekina unakI svatantra sattA banI rhii| maurya kAlIna gaNatantroM kI nimnalikhita sUcI meM mallaka gaNatantra kA bhI. ullekha hai| 1. kAmbhoja 2. surASTra 7. pAncAla 3. kSatriya 8. mallaka 4. madraka 9. licchavi 5. kukura 10. vajji uparyukta gaNatantroM kI sUcI ke prathama tIna bhAratavarSa ke pazcimottara bhAga tathA cauthe se sAta pUrvI paMjAba evaM pazcimI uttara pradeza ke gaNataMtra the| bihAra meM licchavi evaM vRjji (vajji) gaNatantra kA astitva banA rahA tathA pUrvI uttara pradeza meM kevala mallarASTra hI zeSa raha gayA thaa| sUcI meM, 1. kauTilya, arthazAstra 11/1 /

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* 62: mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza mallarASTra ke lie mallaka kA ullekha ('mallaka' meM 'ka' laghuvAcaka pratyaya) sambhavataH isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki mallarASTra kI zakti pahale se kSINa ho gaI thI, phira bhI usakA svatantra astitva banA huA thA / isase pratIta hotA hai ki mauryakAla meM mallarASTra ke zAsanAdhyakSa apanI kuzalatA evaM rAjanaitika pravINatA ke kAraNa magadha samrAT ke sAtha madhura sambandha sthApita kiye hue the / samrAT azoka kA buddha kI pari nirvANa bhUmi kuzInagara meM Agamana mallarASTra se mitravat sambandha kA paricAyaka hai / samrAT azoka ke pazcAt maurya sAmrAjya kI zAsana vyavasthA zithila par3ane lagI / morya vaMza ke antima kAla meM deza kI avyavasthA ke kAraNa punaH yUnAniyoM (bAtriyoM) ke AkramaNa kI AzaMkA bar3ha gaI thI / nirbala tathA prajApAlana meM akSama antima maurya rAjA bRhadratha ko usake senApati puSyamitra zuMga ne zAsanacyuta kara bAgaDora apane hAtha meM lii| isa prakAra zuMga-yuga kA Arambha huA / puSyamitra vaidika dharmaM kA prabala samarthaka tathA bauddha dharma kA kaTTara virodhI thA, isakI dhArmika kaTTaratA ke kAraNa hI usake zAsana kAla meM mallarASTra kA astitva sadaiva ke lie samApta ho gayA / isake pazcAt mallarASTra yA gaNatantra kI carcA kahIM prApta nahIM hotI hai / zuMgoM ke samakAlIna pAtaMjala 'mahAbhASya' meM jahA~ aneka pradezoM evaM rAjyoM kA ullekha hai, vahA~ mallarASTra athavA gaNatantra kI kahIM bhI carcA nahIM hai / zuMga zAsana kAla meM likhita manusmRti meM malloM ke viSaya meM ullekha hai : : jhallo mallazca rAjanyAda vrAtyannicchivikheca / naTazca karaNazcaiva khaso draviDa eva ca // ' vrAtya (vaidika saMskAra se cyuta) kSatriya evaM savarNa striyoM se jhalla, malla, nicchavi ( licchavi), naTakaraNa, khasa, dravir3a Adi jAtiyA~ utpanna huiiN| manusmRti ke uparyukta vivaraNa se malloM ke viSaya meM spaSTa hai ki zuga-yuga meM vaidika dharma ke vyApaka pracAra ke kAraNa hI bauddha dharmAvalambI malloM ko vaidika saMskAra se cyuta ghoSita kara varNasaMkara jAti (nimnazreNI) meM sthAna diyA gayA thA, jo ucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai / uparokta adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt malla gaNatantra ne nAgavaMzI evaM mauryavaMzI samrAToM ke adhInastha 1. manusmRti, 10 / 22 /

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mallarASTra : 63 rahate hue bhI apanI kuzalatA, rAjanaitika sUjha-bUjha evaM vAkpaTutA ke kAraNa unase madhura sambandha sthApita kara apanA astitva surakSita rakkhA thA, kintu zuga vaMza ke prathama zAsaka puSyamitra ke zAsana kAla meM usakA patana ho gyaa| kisI bhI rASTra ke lopa ho jAne ke kAraNa usakI pramukha jAti kI mahattA bhale hI ghaTa jAya, kintu usakA astitva samApta nahIM hotA hai| vizAla malla rAjya kA samaya-samaya para vistAra evaM saMkucana hotA rahA, antatogatvA usakA astitva samApta ho gyaa| lekina malla jAti aba bhI vartamAna hai| kAlAMtara meM malla jAti kI aneka zAkhAyeM vikasita huI haiM, jisameM majhaulI ke malla pramukha haiN| inakA sambandha visena vaMza se hai| visena vaMza kI utpatti ke viSaya meM itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai ki vikrama se 300 varSa pUrva isa kSetra meM maurya aura malla do rASTra the| maurya sAmrAjya ke udaya se maurya gaNatantra usameM vilIna ho gayA, kintu mallarASTra ne maurya sAmrAjya ke adhIna rahakara bhI apane astitva ko bacAye rakkhA / mauryoM meM bahuta se kSatriyoM ne bauddha dharma grahaNa nahIM kiyA thaa| candragupta bhI bauddha dharmAvalambI nahIM thaa| usa samaya taka mauryoM meM ekatantrAtmaka zAsana praNAlI kI pravRtti utpanna ho cukI thii| malloM para bhI isakA prabhAva par3A thaa| jisake phalasvarUpa vizAla mallarASTra ke dakSiNI bhAga, majhaulI meM, jo devariyA janapada ke dakSiNI chora para, devariyA se dakSiNa-pUrva meM 35 ki0 mI0 kI dUrI para sthita hai, eka choTe rAjavaMza kI sthApanA huI thii| aisA jJAta hotA hai ki amaka vaidika dharmAvalambI maurya kA vivAha majhaulI kI malla rAjakumArI ke sAtha huA thA, jisase utpanna vizvasena isa rAjavaMza ke prathama puruSa the, kintu isake nanihAla meM rahane ke kAraNa isake abhijana apane ko visena sambodhita karane lge| isa prakAra malloM ke majhaulI rAjya meM visena vaMza kI sthApanA huii| visena kSatriyoM ke viSaya meM DaoN0 rAja. balI pANDeya kA mata hai ki malla evaM mauryoM ke mizraNa se utpanna haI navIna rAjavaMzakI kSatriya jAti kI zAkhA ko visena sambodhita kiyA jAne lagA / majhaulI ke visena (malla) rAjavaMza ke viSaya meM ve isa niSkarSa para paha~cate haiM ki : 1. mukhya rAjavaMza kI malla upAdhi thii| 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada kI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 145-146 /

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64 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza 2. mayUra (maurya) se unakA sambandha thA / 3. majhaulI unakI rAjadhAnI thI / mata hai ki malloM kA malla jAti ke viSaya meM kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla' kA mauryoM ke samaya meM yA isake kucha pIche gaNajAti ke rUpa meM tirobhAva ho gayA thA, yadyapi gyArahavIM zatAbdI tathA isake bAda taka tirahuta aura nepAla meM vyaktigata malla parivAroM kA udaya hotA rahA hai / malloM ke vartamAna pratinidhi gorakhapura aura Ajamagar3ha jiloM meM malla jAti ke loga haiM / haranandana pANDeya kA kathana hai ki pAvA (nagarI) kuzInagara ke bahuta pAsa sthita thI / Aja bhI isa kSetra meM rahane vAloM kA eka bhAga apane ko malla kahatA hai hindU samAja meM unheM saiMthavAra kahA jAtA hai, unakA samAja meM sthAna Arthika samRddhi evaM sthAnIya prabhAva para avalambita hai| unameM se kucha to jAti krama meM kSatriyoM ke bAda mAne jAte haiM / par3araunA tahasIla meM saiMthavAroM ke so gA~va haiM / ve Arya pUrvajoM se utpanna hue samajhe jAte haiM / aisA anumAna hai ki saiMthAvaroM kA yahA~ Agamana Ajamagar3ha janapada ke lakhanaura paraganA se huA thA, jahA~ para unake parivAra vAle aba bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM nivAsa karate haiM aura jo apane ko malla sambodhita karate haiM / eka mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki ye humAyU~ ke zAsana kAla meM majhaulI ke rAja darabAra meM saiMthavAra sainika ke rUpa meM ilAhAbAda se Aye hue the / unake vaMzaja rAjapUta the tathA ve malla upAdhi dhAraNa kiye. hue / ucca varga ke saiMthavAroM ko aba bhI malla sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai / ve kSatriya hone kA dAvA karate haiM jinako sthAnIya ucca varga ke hindU anucita mAnate haiM / niSkarSa yaha hai ki saiMthavAroM ke pUrvaja sainika rahe haiM / kSatriyoM se utpatti kA dAvA karate haiM tathA apane ko malla sambodhita karate haiM / unameM se adhikAMza ( dhArmika udAsInatA ke kAraNa ) dvijAdyocita saMskAra nahIM karate haiM / uparyukta tathya Adhunika malloM evaM (bauddha dharma se prabhAvita) prAcIna prasiddha malloM ke madhya ghaniSTha sambandha ke dyotaka haiM / rAjabalI pANDeya ke anusAra 'saiMthavAra' zabda prAcIna 'saMsthAgAra' kA prAkRta rUpa hai / saMsthAgAra gaNajAtiyoM kA sabhAbhavana thA / ye jAtiyA~ gaNatantra ke TUTa jAne para bhI, bauddha saMgha ke prabhAva se (bauddha saMgha kA saMcA 1 1. hi0 po0 prathama bhAga, pR0 50 / 2. pANDeya haranandana, jarnala Apha bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI, khaNDa 6, bhAga 2, pR0 262-265 /

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mallarASTra : 65 lana barAbara gaNatAMtrika DhaMga se hotA thA), apane sAmAjika aura dhArmika kAmoM ke lie saMsthAgAra (sabhA-bhavana = paMcAyata sthAna) kA upayoga karatI rahIM isIlie saiMthavAra nAma se ye loga prasiddha ho gaye aura vaha nAma abhItaka pracalita hai|"1 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhI isa mata kI puSTi karate hue likhA hai ki Ajakala ke 'seMthavAra jAti ke loga kUzInArA (kuzInagara) ke malloM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| ___ uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki mallarASTra ke magadha sAmrAjya meM vilIna hone ke pazcAt bhI malloM kA astitva banA huA hai| malla evaM isakI upajAtiyA~ udAharaNa svarUpa vizena, saiMthavAra Adi gorakhapura maMDala ke devariyA, gorakhapura, Ajamagar3ha, bastI Adi janapadoM meM bikharI huI haiM, jisakA mukhya kendra devariyA janapada kA majhaulI evaM paDaraunA kSetra hai| uparyukta adhyayana se malla rASTra ke gauravazAlI itihAsa kA AbhAsa hotA hai / rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kAla meM isakI mahattA ke kAraNa hI isakA nirantara ullekha AtA hai / buddhakAla meM yaha unnati ke zikhara para pahuMca cukA thaa| isakA eka mAtra kAraNa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra evaM mahAtmA buddha kA isa kSetra se aTUTa sambandha rahA hai| rAmAyaNa kAla se buddha kAla ke samaya ko malla rASTra ke svarNima yuga kI saMjJA se suzobhita kiyA jA sakatA hai / gaNataMtrIya zAsana-praNAlI, saMgaThita samAja, agrajoM ke prati Adara, anujoM ke prati sneha, mahilAoM ke prati sammAna evaM saha-astitva kA yaha sazakta hastAkSara hai| yahA~ kI Arthika sampannatA, dhArmikasahiSNutA, sAhitya evaM kalA kI unnati, malloM kI pariSkRta abhiruci kA anupama udAharaNa hai| utthAna meM hI patana nihita hotA hai / malla rASTra bhI isase achUtA nahIM rhaa| 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI-gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 152, 159 / / 2. paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, buddhacaryA (hi0), pR0 167 /

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caturtha adhyAya pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata jaina aura bauddha sAhityika sAkSyoM ke vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apApA, pAvA yA pApA mahAvIra aura buddha donoM se hI sambaddha rahI aura apanI rAjanItika sthiti, kalA, saMskRti evaM vaibhava kI dRSTi se isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| phira bhI isakI prAcInatA, bhaugolika sthiti Adi ke viSaya meM Aja bhI vidvAn sarvasammata nirNaya para nahIM pahu~ca sake haiN| samaya-samaya para vibhinna sthaliyoM kI pahacAna pAvA ke rUpa meM kI jAtI rahI hai| isa prakaraNa meM adyAvadhi pAvA ke rUpa meM prasiddha yA pAvA saMjJaka sthaliyoM kA adhyayana prastuta kreNge| jahA~ taka pAvA kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ke anusAra isa nagarI kA baddha-pUrva koI saMketa nahIM milatA hai parantu DaoN0 bAjapeyI ne mahAbhArata meM kaI sthaloM para pAvA ke ullekha kI carcA kI hai / kheda kA viSaya hai ki itihAsakAroM, purAtattvavettAoM dvArA samaya-samaya para prayAsa ke bAda bhI pAvA ke itihAsa evaM isakI sthiti ke viSaya meM sarvasammata nirNaya para nahIM pahuMcA jA skaa| adyAvadhi nimna sthaloM ko pAvA siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai 1. grAma-papatAra, tahasIla-paDaraunA, janapada-devariyA ( u0 pra0) 2. pavaiyyA, janapada-gorakhapura ( u0 pra0) 3. mAjhA, janapada-campAraNa (bihAra) 4. usmAnapura, tahasIla-paDaraunA, jnpd-devriyaa| u0 pra0) 5. jharamaThiyA, tahasIla-paDaraunA, janapada-devariyA ( u0 pra0) 6. papaura, tahasIla-hATA, janapada-devariyA ( u0 pra0) 7. saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara,tahasIla-paDaraunA, janapada-devariyA (u0 pra0) 8. pAvApurI, janapada-nAlandA (bihAra) 9. paDaraunA, tahasIla-paDaraunA, janapada devariyA ( u0 pra0) 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usako kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa', pR0 77, gorakhapura 1946 / 2. pro0 bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta 'lokezana Ava pAvA', pR0 47, purAtatva , naI dillI 1987 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 67 sAhityika sAkSyoM evaM sthala-sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para ukta sthaloM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : 1. papatAra : devariyA janapada ke paDaraunA tahasIla sthita papatAra kI pAvA ke rUpa meM carcA milatI hai / mAtra gorAMgagopAla senagupta' ne isa grAma ko pAvA ke rUpa meM pahacAna kI hai / paDaraunA tahasIla ke sarvekSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki yahA~ papatAra nAmaka grAma kA koI astitva nahIM hai / vidvAn kI isa mAnyatA kA AdhAra kyA rahA hai isa sambandha meM kucha kaha pAnA kaThina hai / 2. pavaiyyA : DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina ke mata meM gorakhapura janapada sthita pavaiyyA nAmaka sthAna pAvA hai kintu DaoN0 jaina apane mata ke samarthana meM koI sAhityika athavA purAtAttvika sAkSya prastuta nahIM kara pAte haiM / svatantra janapada ghoSita hone ke pUrva devariyA gorakhapura janapada kA hI aMga thA / ataH kuzInagara kA nikaTavartI kSetra gorakhapura janapada kA hI aMga rahA hogA / ataH sambhava hai pahale gorakhapura meM sammilita vartamAna paDaraunA athavA papaura ( devariyA ) hI asAvadhAnIvaza pavaiyyA ullikhita athavA mudrita ho gayA ho / 3. mAjhA : 1 bihAra pradeza ke gopAlagaMja janapada kI sadara tahasIla meM pUrvottara relave kI gopAlagaMja chaparA lUpa lAina para gopAlagaMja ke nikaTa sthita mAjhA ( mAjhAgar3ha ) ko kapiladevagiri ne pAvA ke rUpa meM pahacAna karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| lekina apane pakSa meM ve koI Thosa tarka nahIM de pAye haiM jisase use pAvA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sake / 1. senagupta, gorAMgagopAla, 'DelIlaiNDaruTsa ina eMzieMTa iNDiyA', pR0 1-4, paTanA 1968 / 2. jaina, hIrAlAla, 'pAvAsamIkSA' - saM0 kanhaiyAlAla sarAvagI, pR0 15, azoka prakAzana, kaTarA bAjAra, chaparA bihAra 1972 / 3. giri, kapiladeva - 'mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA kI sthiti', zramaNa, navambara 1970 /

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68 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 4. usmAnapura : devariyA janapada ke antargata phAjilanagara se dakSiNa-pUrva meM 6 ki0 mI0 kI dUrI para usmAnapura grAma sthita hai / isake pAvA hone kI sambhAvanA se bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga ne 1973-74 meM yahA~ utkhanana karavAyA thA / parantu koI aisA sAkSya nahIM prApta huA jo ise pAvA siddha kara sake / 5. jharamaThiyA : devariyA janapada meM paDaraunA se dakSiNa-pUrva dizA kI ora 12 ki0 mI0 dUrI para sthita kubera sthAna se 7 ki0 mI0 para turapaTTI kA TolA nuniyA paTTI hai / nuniyA paTTI se jharamaThiyA 10 kimI0 hai / isa prakAra paDaraunA se dakSiNa-pUrva meM 28 kimI0 kI dUrI para sindUriyA bujurga grAmasabhA meM jharamaThiyA hai / yahA~ se 1.5 ki0mI0 pazcimottara meM loha la~gar3I grAma hai jahA~ bhagnAvazeSoM kA TIlA hai| TIle kA zIrSa bhAga samatala hai / saThiyAMva phAjilanagara se yaha uttara-pUrva dizA meM 7 ki0 mI0 para sthita haiM / janazruti ke anusAra ise 52 bIghA TIlA kahA jAtA hai| kisI samaya meM yaha madanasiMha kA koTa rahA hai / vartamAna meM TIle ko kaMkAlIsthAna nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai aura yahA~ narvadezvarI ziva mandira sthApita hai / kArlAila' ne isa TIle kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai / unake mata meM sambhavataH ise rAjAjobanAtha ne nirmita karAyA thA / isakI mahattA ko puSTi fyUrara ne bhI kI hai / purAtattva ke vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pAvA ke nirNaya hetu isa sthala kA sarvekSaNa tathA utkhanana honA caahie| pAvA ke samIkRta kiye jAne vAle uparokta apekSAkRta kama mahattvapUrNa pA~ca sthaloM papatAra, pavaiyyA, mAjhA, usmAnapura aura jharamaThiyA ke alAvA papaura, saThiyA~va, phAjilanagara, pAvApurI aura paDaraunA ko pAvA siddha 1. inDiyana ArkiyolAjI rivyU, riporTa 1973-74 / 2. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela0, 'ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA' riporTa 1975-76-77, pR0 115-16 / 3. phyUrara, e0 - mAnumenTala eMTikviTIja eNDa inskripzansa vesTarna prAvinseja eNDa avadha, pR0 240 inDolAjikala buka hAusa, vArANasI ina nArthaM 1969 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 69 karane hetu vidvAnoM ne gambhIra prayAsa kiyA hai| ina vidvAnoM ne apanI mAnyatA ke pakSa meM yathAsambhava sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika pramANa prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa krama meM harmana yAkobI' hI prathama vidvAn haiM jinhoMne mahAvIra ke nirvANa-sthala ke viSaya meM mukhyataH nimna do sthaloM kI carcA kI hai-prathama bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para pAvA zAkya rAjya meM sthita thI jahA~ mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA aura buddha ne mahAparinirvANa pUrva antima pravAsa kiyA thaa| dUsarA sthala jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke mAnyatAnusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa-tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha vartamAna nAlandA jile ke antargata rAjagRha ke samIpa sthita pAvA / harmana yAkobI pAvA ke viSaya meM asamaMjasa kI sthiti meM haiN| eka ora ve yaha mAnakara calate haiM ki jisa prakAra pAvA kAlpanika ho sakatI hai usI prakAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA bhI kAlpanika ho sakatI hai| dUsarI ora unakA mAnanA hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa sthalI ke sambandha meM jainoM kI paramparA ke viSaya meM zaMkA karanA ucita nahIM haiN| yAkobI ke mata para pratikriyA vyakta karate hue muni nAgarAja ne kahA hai ki sambhava hai bauddha zAstroM meM jisa pAvA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, nAmasAmya ke kAraNa usameM kucha bhUla huI ho aura aisI bhUloM kA honA asambhava bhI nahIM hai lekina isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki nirvANa sambandhI sampUrNa tathya hI managaDhanta haiN| vastusthiti yaha hai ki aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke pariprekSya meM pAvA ke viSaya meM yAkobI kI zaMkA nimUla siddha hotI hai / paramparA aura itihAsa meM bahudhA AkAza-pAtAla kA antara ho jAtA hai| paramparA sammata pAvA dakSiNa bihAra meM hai vahA~ ke bhavya mandiroM ne use jaina tIrtha banA diyA hai| lekina aitihAsika evaM sAhityika sAkSya nizcita rUpa se isake pratikUla pratIta hote haiM / mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke avasara para malloM aura licchaviyoM ke 18 gaNarAjAoM kI upasthiti dakSiNI bihAra ke pAvA meM sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki vaha unake zatru pradeza magadha meM sthita thii| 1. yAkobI, harmana-'sekreDa buksa Ava dI IsTa' vAlyU0 31, pR0 9, 19 264, AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa laMdana, 1844 / 2. muni, nagarAja-Agama aura tripiTaka....eka anuzIlana-bhAga-1, pR0 54, kalakattA 1920 /

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70 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza zArpenTiyara' bhI pAvA-viSayaka bauddha sAhitya ke ullekhoM se asahamata hote hue dakSiNa bihAra vAlI pAvA ko mAnyatA dete haiM / roja DeviDsa pAvA kI sthiti ke viSaya meM kisI nirNaya para nahIM pahu~ca pAte haiM / ve buddhakAlIna 16 mahAjanapadoM meM se eka malla janapada kI rAjadhAnI pAvA ko himAlaya aura gaMgA ke madhya meM kozala ke pUrvaM sthita hone kA anumAna karate haiM / smitha, 3 hiraNAvatI nadI ko gaNDaka se samIkRta karate haiM / hiraNAvatI nadI ke nikaTa kRzAvatI yA kuzInArA kI sthiti mAnate haiM aura kuzInArA ke Asa-pAsa pAvA ko khojane kA prayAsa karate haiM / vIla evaM DaoN0 vimalacaraNa lAhA ne pAvA ko kuzInagara ke antargata mAnA hai / ina vidvAnoM ke anusAra hvenasAMga ne cunda kA nivAsa sthAna kuzInagara meM dekhA thA, cU~ki cunda pAvA kA nivAsI thA isalie ve pAvA evaM kuzInagara ko eka hI nagara mAnate haiM / pAvA ke sambandha meM DA~0 lAhA " kA mata vicAraNIya hai jo unakI nimna pustakoM meM prApta hotA hai : 1. hisTorikala jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA : isa grantha meM vIla dvArA pratipAdita mata ki cunda kA gRha kuzInagara meM thA, ke AdhAra para kuzInagara va pAvA ko eka batAyA gayA hai / sAtha hI smitha kI mAnyatA ki sambhavata: hiraNyavatI ho gaNDaka hai, jisake taTa para kuzInagara yA kuzAvatI sthita thI, ke AdhAra para kuzInagara meM hI pAvA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / 2. jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma : isa grantha meM lAhA saMzaya kI sthiti meM dikhAI par3ate haiM / kisI sthAna 1. zArpenTiyara je0 - 'di DeTa Ava mahAvIra iNDiyana enTIkvarI' vAlyU0 XLIII pR0 118, 125, 167, bAmbe 1914 / 2. DeviDsa, roz2a - buddhisTa rikArDa Ava da vesTarna varlDa, vAlyU0 2, pR0 31-32 / :-- 3. smitha, vI0 - 'arlI hisTrI Ava iNDiyA', pR0 167, caturtha saMskaraNa, AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, landana, 1924 / 4. DaoN0 lAhA, vimalacaraNa - hisTorikala jyAgraphI Ava enzieNTa iNDiyA pu0 116, perisa 1954 / 5. vahI, pR0 116 / 6. DaoN0 lAhA, vimalacaraNa -- ' jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma', pR0 19, landana 1932 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 71 para ve kaniMghama dvArA pratipAdita paDaraunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, jo kuzInagara se 12 mIla kI dUrI para uttara-pUrva dizA meM hai to kahIM para ve kArlAila dvArA mAnya kuzInagara se 12 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva meM sthita phAjilanagara saThiyA~va ko pAvA kahate haiN| ___itanA hI nahIM isa grantha ke anta meM lekhaka' dvArA bhArata varSa kA mAnacitra prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisameM pAvA ko spaSTataH kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM aMkita karate hue svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki saThiyA~va phAjilanagara pAvA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lAhA svatantra vicAra nahIM banA pAye haiM, nahIM to ve kisI eka sthala ko hI pAvA ghoSita krte| upayukta vivaraNa prastuta karane kA Azaya yahI hai ki bhaugolika sthiti ke anusandhAna kA aneka vidvAnoM ne prayAsa kiyA hai, kintu ve sadA hI asamaMjasa kI sthiti meM rahe haiN| isakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki kSetroM kA sarvekSaNa evaM utkhanana sambhava nahIM ho pAyA hai aura sAhityika sAkSyoM para vidvAn gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra nahIM kara pAye haiN| pAvA-papaura devariyA janapada ke antargata paDaraunA tahasIla meM paDaraunA se 6 mIla uttara-pazcima meM paDaraunA-rAmakolA rAjamArga ke uttara tathA paDaraunArAmakolA relave lAina ke uttara-dakSiNa donoM tarapha papaura grAma basA haA hai| isakI janasaMkhyA lagabhaga 2000 hai| papaura grAma se 14 phalAMga pazcima meM papaura 'dhUsa' (TIlA ) relave lAina ke donoM tarapha (uttara aura dakSiNa meM) sthita hai| isa dhUsa para mA~ kAlI kA mandira hai| ___paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana prathama vidvAn the jinhoMne papaura ko pAvA kI saMjJA dI thii| lekina isa sthala ke nirvANa bhUmi hone ke sambandha meM unheM saMzaya pratIta hotA hai| eka ora ve kasayA se 12 mIla uttara-pUraba sthita paDaraunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dete haiM to dUsarI ora paDaraunA ke samIpastha papaura ko nirmANa bhUmi (pAvA) mAnate haiM / 2 / / 1. DaoN0 lAhA, vimalacaraNa--jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma, pR0 19, laMdana 1932 / 2. paM0 sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, buddhacaryA (hindI), pR0 352 /

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72 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza motIcandra' zrAvastI-rAjagRha mArga kA vistAra se ullekha karate hue pAvA kI pahacAna paDaraunA tahasIla ke papaura gA~va se karate haiN| isa sambandha meM unhoMne paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke mata kA anumodana mAtra hI kiyA hai apanA koI svatantra vicAra nahIM upasthita kiyA hai| nAthUrAma premI bhI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kI bhA~ti papaura ko hI pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| vidyAdhara joharApurakara bhI papaura ko hI pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM haiN| baladeva upAdhyAya pahale papaura ko pAvApura se jor3ate the kintu 'pAvA kI pahacAna tathA vaizAlI-pAvA mArga kI khoja" para apanI pratikriyA vyakta karate hue svIkAra kiye haiM ki paDaraunA hI pAvA jJAta hotA hai| papaura ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dene ke viruddha do bAteM mukhya rUpa se hamAre samakSa AtI haiN| prathama papaura Tole ke madhya se paDaraunA-rAmakolA relave lAina nikalI hai| relave lAina ke nirmANa ke samaya utkhanana meM koI aisI purAtAttvika sAmagrI nahIM prApta ho sakI jisase papaura TIle ko pAvA se sambaddha kiyA jA ske| dUsare, papaura grAma se Tole para jAne ke lie Aja koI mArga nahIM hai| rAmakolA se bhI TIle para jAne ke lie pagaDaNDI athavA relave lAina kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| prAcIna kAla meM bhI yadi koI mArga rahA hotA to Adhunika kAla meM bhI vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna rhtaa| isa prakAra mere vicAra se papaura ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dene kA koI Thosa AdhAra nahIM hai| pAvA : saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara pUrvI uttara pradeza ke devariyA jile meM paDaraunA tahasIla ke antargata saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara sthita hai| yaha kuzInagara se 10 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva 1. DA0 motIcandra, sArthavAha, pR0 17, 18 / 2. premI, paM0 nAthUrAma, jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 424 / 3. saM0 joharApurakara, vidyAdhara-tIrthavandana saMgraha, pR0 157 / 4. upAdhyAya, paM0 baladeva-bhagavAna mahAvIra vaizAlI kI divyavibhUti, vaizAlI -. abhinandana grantha, pR0 241 / 5. yugayugIna sarayUpArINa, pR0 59-78 / 6. paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya ke 22-2-88 ke patra ke AdhAra pr|

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 73 260.80 akSAMza uttara aura 84deg 18 dezAntara pUraba lakhanaU - gohATI rAjamArga naM0 28 para sthita hai / saThiyAMva evaM phAjilanagara do alagaalaga grAma haiM / saThiyAMva meM eka DIha ( TIlA ) hai| TIle para evaM pArzvavartI kSetroM meM grAma basA hai / yaha vizAla TIlA bhUmi se lagabhaga 6 mITara U~cA hai / isakI lambAI pUrva se pazcima lagabhaga 120 mITara aura uttara se dakSiNa lagabhaga 80 mITara hai / phAjilanagara, saThiyAMva se uttarIpUrvI kone meM pUraba- uttara-pUrva kI ora karIba 2300 phITa yA 1/2 mIla se bhI kama dUrI para sthita hai / phAjilanagara thAne ke samIpa hI mukhya rAjamArga ke uttarI ora phAjilaDIha ( TIlA ) sthita hai / yaha TIlA sar3aka ke kinAre-kinAre pazcima se pUrva ko calA gayA hai / phyUrara' ne saThiyAMva DIha yA TIle kI lambAI uttara se dakSiNa 1900 phITa tathA caur3AI pUrva se pazcima 900 phITa batAyA hai / isa Doha ke pazcima meM 1200 x 550' kA eka tAlAba hai / isa Doha se lagabhaga 650' ko dUrI para dakSiNa-pazcima meM dUsarA vRttAkAra TIlA ( vyAsa 270 ) hai / isake alAvA DIha ke nikaTa aneka TIle evaM pokhare haiM / saThiyAMva Doha se lagabhaga 2 mIla dUrI para uttara-pUrva meM phAjilA yA phAjilanagara sthita hai / isake nikaTavartI TIle para eka vizAla AyatAkAra stUpa ke bhagnAvazeSa dRSTigocara hote haiM jisakI lambAI pUrva se pazcima 270 ' phITa tathA caur3AI uttara-dakSiNa 157' hai / isa stUpa ke dharAtala kI paridhi lagabhaga 400' evaM U~cAI 63.5 ' phITa honI cAhie / * TIle ke vistRta pUrvI bhAga meM ukta stUpa se lagabhaga 40 phITa uttara-pUrva dizA meM eka TIlA hai jisakI paridhi lagabhaga 170 ' hai jo prAcIna AyatAkAra mandira kA bhagnAvazeSa pratIta hotA hai isakI lambAI pUrva se pazcima * lagabhaga 30' tathA caur3AI uttara se dakSiNa lagabhaga 21' hai / / kArlAila pahale vidvAn haiM jinhoMne saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara ko hI .2 1. phyUrara e0, mAnumenTala enTIkviTIja eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTarna prAvinseja eNDa avadha, pR0 240, inDolAjikala buka hAusa, vArANasI 1969 / 2. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa khaNDa, 18, pR0 101, inDolAjikala buka hAusa, vArANasI 1969 /

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74 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thii| DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne bhI kArlAila ke siddhAnta kA anumodana karate hue saThiyAMva phAjila nagara ko hI pAvA mAnA hai| bhikSa dharmarakSita tripiTakAcArya ne bhI ise hI pAvA svIkAra kiyA hai| kArlAila, DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya, dharmarakSita, Adi vidvAn saThiyAMva ko caityagrAma kA apabhraMza mAnate hue ise hI pAvA samajhate haiM / parantu 1979 meM vahA~ ke utkhanana se yaha nizcita ho gayA hai ki saThiyA~va, 'caityagrAma' kA apabhraMza na hokara zreSThigrAma kA apabhraMza hai| bhASA-vijJAna ke AdhAra para bhI saThiyAMva se pAvA kA sambandha jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| kanhaiyAlAla sarAvagI ke anusAra saThiyAMva zrIpAvA kA apabhraMza hai| 'zrI' kA prAkRta rUpa sari yA saThi hotA hai pAvA kA kAlAntara meM yAvA-yA~vA ho gyaa| isa prakAra zrIpAvA = saripAvA = saThipAvA = saThiyA~vA bana gyaa| bolacAla meM suvidhA hetu ise saThiyA~vA kahane lge| parantu DaoN. nemicanda zAstrI ke anusAra pAvA kA apabhraMza saThiyAMva siddha karane hetu prastuta tarka yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| prAkRta niyamAnusAra zrI kA 'sari' honA to ucita hai parantu ra kA Tha nahIM banatA hai| isa prakAra saThiyAMva ko 'pAvA' kA apabhraMza mAnanA yukti saMgata nahIM hai aura Aja to purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se saThiyA~va kA prAcIna rUpa 'zreSThigrAma' pramANita ho jAne ke pazcAt yahA~ kalpanA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM raha jAtA hai / prAcIna pAvA kA nAma parivartita hokara phAjilanagara ho jAne ke 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 78, gorakhapura 1946 / 2. bhikSu, dharmarati-'kuzInagara kA itihAsa', pR0 216-226 kuzInagara prakAzana, kuzInagara devariyA, buddhAbda 2493 / 3. phAjilanagara-saThiyAMva utkhanana, saMkSipta paricaya, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura 1979 / 4. sarAvagI, kanhaiyAlAla-pAvA samIkSA, pR0 42, azoka prakAzana, chaparA, sAraNa bihAra 1972 / 5. DaoN0 zAstrI, nemicandra, 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI dezanA, pR. 301, 303, digambara jaina vidvat pariSad, sAgara, madhyapradeza 1974 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 75 viSaya meM Ananda prasAda jaina' kA kathana hai pAvA kAla ke pravAha meM smRtipaTala se ojhala ho gyaa| sambhavataH kisI musalamAna zAsaka ne 'pAvA nagara' nAma ko phAjilanagara ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyaa| isa prakAra pAvA sadA ke lie bhulA diyA gayA / parantu yaha kathana ucita nahIM pratIta hotA kyoMki itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai ki maurya zAsana kAla ke uttarArdha meM pAvA kA lopa ho cukA thA aura maurya kAla meM bhArata meM muslima sattA kA astitva hI nahIM rahA hai| saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara ke utkhanana se nimna tathya spaSTa hote haiM 1. pAMcavIM zatAbdI IsvI meM phAjilanagara se saTe grAma saThiyAMva kA nAma zreSThigrAma thaa| 2. yahA~ se miTTI kI 10 mudrAyeM prApta huI haiN| isameM eka mudrA para 'zreSThigrAmAgrahArasya' lekha hai / vartamAna saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara svayaM agrahAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| isakA nirmANa vartamAna phAjilanagara ke bAlU ke TIle ke Upara guptakAlIna bastI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA thA / 'agrahAra' eka vizeSa prakAra kA sanniveza thA, jo rAjya kI ora se vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko upahAra svarUpa diyA jAtA thA jahA~ zAsaka vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko Amantrita kara basA dete the| usa bhUbhAga kA bhUmikara agrahAra vAsiyoM ko prApta hotA thaa| agrahAra kI sthApanA kI paramparA guptakAla se prArambha huI / guptakAla meM yaha zikSA kA kendra bana cukA thaa| ___ 3. yahA~ khaNDita-avasthA meM miTTI kI mAnava evaM pazu kI kaI laghu mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiM, jisameM guptakAlIna zailI kA saundarya pUrNarUpeNa upasthita hai / isameM azva evaM azvArohoM kI mUrti pramukha hai| 4. yahA~ se guptakAlIna bhavanoM kI kucha bhagnadIvAreM va vRttAkAra cabUtare kA madhyakuNDa prApta huA hai| burja ke AkAra kI golAkAra saMracanAoM se kisI gar3hI ke nirmANa kI dhAraNA vyakta kI gaI hai| 5. saThiyA~va ke gaDDhe se mauryayuga kI IMToM se nirmita dIvAra ke avazeSa lAlaraMga ke bartana ke sAtha, kAle lepayukta (blaika khaNDa) tathA kRSNamAjita 1. jaina, Ananda prasAda ( zodhapatra ) nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, magadha vizvavidyAlaya saMgoSThI, apraila 1975 / 2. phAjilanagara saThiyAMva utkhanana-gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura 1979 /

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76 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhANDa ( ena0 vI0 vI0 ) tathA dharAtala se kucha kAle-lAla bhANDa ( blaika eNDa reDa ThIkareM ) bhI mile the / yahA~ se prApta IMToM kI mApa - 42 semI 0 x 26 se0 mI0 x 6 se0 mI0 hai / ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saThiyAMva prAcIna zreSThigrAma hai aura phAjilanagara saThiyAMva kSetra kA nirmANa mauryakAla evaM guptakAla meM Arambha huA thA / isake pahale koI astitva nahIM thA / ina riporToM se yaha spaSTa rUpa se vidita hotA hai ki zreSThigrAma kA pAvA se koI sambandha nahIM hai / jahA~ taka saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara kI pAvA ke rUpa meM pahacAna kA prazna hai, vidvAn anizcaya kI sthiti meM rahe haiM / 'e hisTArikala eTalasa Apha sAutha eziyA" meM saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara ke nikaTa pAvA aMkita hai / isa nagara ke pAvA hone para praznacinha lagA diyA gayA hai siMhalI bauddha grantha dIpavaMsa evaM mahAvaMsa meM pAvA kI sthiti kuzInagara se mahI (gaMDaka nadI kI ora ( tIna gavyUti ) 12 mIla batAI gaI hai| phAjilanagara saThiyAMva kuzInagara se 10 mIla pUrva-dakSiNa meM sthita hai| mahI (gaMDaka ) nadI se saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara kA na sambandha rahA hai aura na hai / isa prakAra purAtAttvika sAkSya evaM bauddhasAhitya ke ullekha saThiyAMva phAjilanagara ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM haiM / ataH saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara kI pahacAna pAvA ke rUpa meM karanA ucita nahIM hai / pAvApurI : nAlandA dakSiNa bihAra ke nAlandA janapada meM mukhyAlaya se lagabhaga 7 mIla dakSiNa-pazcima meM pAvApurI sthita hai / pAvApurI paraspara 1.5 - 2 mIla dUrI para sthita pAvA tathA purI nAma ke pRthak grAma haiN| pAvApurI paTanA- rA~cI mArga para paTanA se 5 mIla dUra tathA 25deg5 akSAMza evaM 85deg 32' dezAntara para sthita hai / yahA~ se bihAra zarIpha ( uDDayanapurI ) 7 mIla kI dUrI para dakSiNa dizA meM hai / giriyaka kI pahAr3I se yaha lagabhaga 3 mola uttara ko dizA meM basI huI hai / rAjagRha se pagaDaNDI 3. sampA0 pAla, viTale - e hisTArikala eTalasa Ava sAutha eziyA, yUni - varsiTI Ava zikAgo presa, zikAgo eNDa laMdana, 1978 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 77 . dvArA pAvApurI kI dUrI 8 mIla hai, tathA mArga dvArA 22 mIla hai| kuzInagara se yaha pAvApurI gaMgA ke usa pAra dakSiNa-pUrva meM lagabhaga 235 mIla kI dUrI para hai| sarvaprathama bukanana' ne 1812 meM pAvApurI tathA isake nikaTavartI kSetra kA nirIkSaNa evaM sarvekSaNa kiyA thaa| isake bAda phreMkalina ne 1820 meM tathA koTTo ne 1847 meM isakA sarvekSaNa kiyaa| kaniMghama, brADale" evaM veglara ne isakA sarvekSaNa kara apanI riporTa prastuta kii| aneka patrapatrikAoM meM bhI isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai jaise lisTa Ava mAnumeTsa Ava baMgAla, bihAra evaM ur3IsA DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa, bhaNDArakara lisTa kurezI lisTa meM pAvApurI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| jahA~ taka pAvA aura purI kA sambandha hai purI meM mandiroM kA samUha hai jabaki pAvA meM mandira nagaNya haiN| bakanana1 ke sarvekSaNa ke samaya pokhare ke uttara meM purI grAma tathA vahAM se lagabhaga 1 mIla kI dUrI para pAvA grAma 1. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, 'hisTrI enTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA', khaNDa 1, pR0 168, 169, 195, 197, dillI, 1976 2. phraiMkalina-iNDiyana enTIkvarI khaNDa 31, pR0 70, bAmbe-1902 3. koTTo, ema0-'Ana da rUTa Ava phAhyAna', jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava beMgAla, pR0 955, kalakattA 1847 4. kaniMghama, e0-'ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa-1, 10 28, inDolAjikala buka hAusa, vaaraannsii| 5. jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava baMgAla, pR0 28, 34, kalakattA 1847 6. AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa, khaNDa-8, pR0 77-78 7. lisTa Ava mAnumenTsa Ava baMgAla, pR0 242-256 kalakattA / 8. DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa, baMgAla-ur3IsA, pR0 217-230, rivenyU DipArTamenTa, paTanA, bihaar| 9. bhaNDArakara lisTa khaNDa-19 se 23 10. kurezI lisTa, pR0 67, 94 11. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hisTrI enTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iMDiyA, khaNDa 1 ( paTanA, gayA) dillI, . dvi0 saMskaraNa 1976 /

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78 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza sthita thaa| gulAbacandra caudharI ke anusAra nAlandA jile meM sthita pAvApurI yA pAvA nagarI yA pAvA grAma eka na hokara pAvA aura pUrI do bhinna gA~voM kA sammilita nAma hai| paraspara ve 1.5, 2 mIla dUrI para sthita haiN| jaina dharmAvalambI, pokharapura evaM dazarathapura ke madhya ke bhUbhAga ko pAvApurI siddhakSetra rUpa meM mAnate haiN| purI meM vizAla mandiroM kI zRGkhalA dRSTigocara hotI hai| purI ke prAcIna kAla se hI grAma hone kI puSTi yahA~ sthita mukhya, grAma mandira yA samavasaraNa mandira, jahA~ mahAvIra ne kaivalya prApti ke pazcAt upadeza diyA thA, se hotA hai| grAma mandira ke atirikta jalamandira va zvetAmbaroM evaM digambaroM ke aneka mandira, yahA~ nirmita haiN| yAtriyoM ko sukha-suvidhA ke lie dharmazAlAyeM bhI nirmita haiN| vartamAna meM yahA~ vidyamAna do maMjilA grAma mandira ke 5 bhavyazikhara do maMjilA bhavya dharmazAlA usake mukhya vizAla dvAra, nikaTavartI anya dharmazAlAe~, donazAlA, jalamandira evaM nikaTavartI paryaTaka vibhAga kAryAlaya, mahatAva bIbI mandira, digambara mandira Adi AkarSaka bhavana haiN| 1812 meM bukanana ne isa kSetra kA sarvekSaNa kiyaa| unake anusAra purI sthita grAma mandira ke donoM A~gana ke cAroM koNoM para 4 zikhara nirmita the| mukhya mandira IMTa nirmita vRttAkAra cabUtare ke rUpa meM thA, isa para palastara kiyA huA thaa| cabUtare kI paridhi nicale bhAga kI paridhi se bar3I thI jisa para prastara nirmita mahAvIra ke yugala caraNa sthApita the| Upara jAne ke lie sIr3hiyAM nirmita thiiN| ina mandiroM ke nirmANa kA zreya prasiddha jagata seTha tathA unake parivAra vAloM ko thaa| kaniMghama grAma mandira yA samavasaraNa mandira ko apUrva, darzanIya evaM nirmANa kalA kA anupama udAharaNa mAnate haiN| brADale' ne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki purI ke dakSiNa meM sarovara ke nikaTa gumbadAkAra prAcIna 1. DaoN0 caudharI, gulAbacandra, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR0 48, gorakhapura 1973 / 2. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hisTrI enTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iMDiyA, ( paTanA-gayA ) khaNDa 1, pR0 168-69 / 3. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa, jilda--1, pR0 28 / 4. jarnala Ava esiyATika sosAyaTI Ava beMgAla 1872 pR0 299 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 79 TIle kA jo avazeSa rahA hogA, use samavasaraNa mandira ke cabUtare ke nirmANa ke samaya upayoga meM liyA hogA / vahA~ se unheM aneka buddha pratimAyeM prApta huI thiiN| isI kAraNa unhoMne ise bauddha smAraka athavA stUpa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / je0 DI0 beMgalara' ne 1872-73 ke apane sarvekSaNa ke samaya purI ke mukhya mandira kA jIrNoddhAra hote hue dekhA 'thaa| gulAbacandra jaina ke anusAra purI grAma meM zvetAmbaroM kA eka bRhada jaina mandira hai / purI ke mandiroM kI tulanA meM pAvA ke mandira nagaNya 'pratIta hote haiM / pAvA ke sarvekSaNa ke samaya bukanana ne 60' x 150' ke ' dharAtala para nirmita iMTa evaM miTTI ke khaNDita avasthA meM prApta TIle ko dekhA thA / inhoMne TIle meM buddha kI kucha kalAkRtiyoM ke hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI thii| ina bhagnAvazeSa ke donoM tarapha sarovara the / - eka sarovara ke samIpa eka laghusUrya mandira, jisameM lakSmI kI pratimA sthApita thI, nirmita thA / isake 18 vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM nirmita hone kI sambhAvanA hai / DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI ke anusAra purI grAma meM zvetAmbaroM kA eka vizAla jaina mandira hai, purI ke mandiroM kI tulanA meM pAvA ke mandira nagaNya pratIta hote haiM / pAvA ke viSaya meM DaoN0 caudharI ne likhA hai, "pAvA eka grAma kA nAma hai jo prasiddha prAcIna bauddha bihAra ghoSitarAma ( ghusarAnA ) tathA timirarAma ( titarAMvA ) ke samIpa sthita hai / vahA~ prAcInatA ke dyotaka cinha nahIM prApta hote haiM / yahA~ jaina dharmAvalambI kabhI bhaktibhAva prakaTa karane bhI nahIM gaye haiM / mahAvIra kI nirvANa sthalI se pAvA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / kyoMki pAvA grAma kI janazrutiyoM meM bhI isakI koI carcA nahIM hai | purI ke grAma mandira kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM aneka rocaka tathya 1. ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa 8, pR0 77-78, ( 187273 ) / - 2. DaoN0 caudharI - gulAbacandra - bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR048 / 3. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0 hisTrI enTI kviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iMDiyA ( paTanA-gayA) khaNDa 1, pR0 168-69 / 4. DaoN0 caudharI, gulAbacandra, bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR0 49 /

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80 : mahAvIra nirmANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza prakAza meM Ate haiM / je0 DI0 beMgalara' ke anusAra isa mandira meM kucha prAcIna mUrtiyA~ haiM jo Aja se zatAbdiyoM pahale khaNDita ho jAne ke kAraNa apUjya ho gaI thiiN| DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI ne batAyA hai ki ina mUrtiyoM meM se eka para saMvat 1260 kA abhilekha utkIrNa hai - "saMvat 1260 jyeSTha sudI 2 renumA ? pra0 corAkenAtmaka zreyo'rthaM zrI mahAvIra bimbakAritaM pratiSThitaM ca zrI abhayadevasUribhiH / pUrNacanda nAhara ne bhI isakI puSTi kI hai| isa prakAra pAvApurI kA sabase prAcIna abhilekha sat 1203 I0 kA hai, jisake anusAra vi0 0 saM0 1260 jyeSTha sudI 2 meM zrI mahAvIra kA bimba taiyAra huA jise abhayadevasUri dvArA pratiSThita kiyA gayA thA / isameM na to isa sthala ko mahAvIra nirvANa sthalI batAyA gayA hai aura na usakI nirvANa sthalI ke rUpa meM pAvApurI kA nAma aMkita hai / DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI ne bhI isa tathya kA ullekha kiyA hai ki isameM na to sthAna kA nAma utkIrNa hai aura na isameM mahAvIra kI nirvANa sthalI hone kA koI dAvA hI peza kiyA gayA hai / anumAnataH bhaktoM dvArA pUjA-arcanA kI suvidhA hetu atIta kAla meM rAjagRha Adi sthAnoM se lAkara isa mUrti ko yahA~ sthApita kiyA gayA thA / grAma mandira kA dUsarA abhilekha mugala samrATa zAhajahA~ ke zAsana kAla kA hai jise bukanana ne lipibaddha kiyA hai / unake matAnusAra vahA~ se prApta abhilekhoM meM sabase prAcIna abhilekha vikrama saMvat 1605 ( 1548 I0 ) kA hai / bhaNDArakara kI sUcI meM isa abhilekha ko vi saMvat 1697 ( 1640 ) kA mAnA gayA hai / kintu bAda ke vidvAnoM ne isako baisAkha sudI 5 vi0 saMvat 1698 ( 1649 I0 ) kA mAnA hai / 1. ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava 2. DaoN0 caudharI, gulAbacandra, pR0 49 / 3. nAhara, pUrNacanda - jaina lekha saMgraha bhAga 3, pR0 273 iMDiyana mirara sTrITa kalakattA 1927 / iMDiyA riporTa 8, 172-73, pR0 77 / bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, 4. DaoN0 caudharI gulAbacandra, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR0 49-50 / 5. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0 - hisTrI enTIkviTIja | TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA, khaNDa 1, pR0 168-69 6. bhaNDArakara lisTa - 1003

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pAvA ko avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 81 isa abhilekha se pAvApurI grAmamandira ke jIrNoddhAra ke viSaya meM jJAna hotA hai| isa abhilekha ko bihAra nivAsI kharataragacchIya mahAntiyANa saMgha ne zAhajahA~ ke zAsanakAla (1627-1658) meM vedI ke nIce sthApita karavAyA thaa| isa abhilekha meM 21 paMktiyA~ haiN| vijayasiMha nAhara' ke anusAra isa vizAla prazasti zilAlekha ko purAtattvavid pUrNacanda nAhara ne vedI se nikAlakara grAma mandira kI dIvAla meM sthApita karavAyA thaa| abhilekha kI dUsarI paMkti evaM tIsarI paMkti meM tithi tathA pAtizAha sAhijA~ha kI carcA hai| abhilekha kI dUsarI paMkti meM prathama bAra isa bAta kA ullekha milatA hai ki pAvApUrI caubIsaveM jinAdhirAja zrI vardhamAna svAmI ke nirvANa-kalyANaka se pavitra hai| uparokta tathyoM kI DI0 Ara0 pATila, gulAbacandra caudharI evaM yogendra mizra ne bhI puSTi kI hai| __ DI0 Ara0 pATila' kA mata hai ki vartamAna grAma mandira kI apekSA yaha abhilekha adhika prAcIna hai| sambhavataH prAcIna grAma mandira ke naSTa ho jAne para ise Adhanika grAma mandira meM sthApita kiyA gyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki muslima kAla meM AvAgamana kI asuvidhA evaM gaMgA ke uttarI kSetra se jainamatAnuyAyiyoM kA sambandha na hone ke kAraNa 1649 I0 meM nAlandA janapada kI yaha pAvApurI mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hokara pUjya ho gyii| grAma mandira se sambaddha 7 anya lekha kramazaH saMvat 1511 mAgha sudI somavAra, 1772, 1910, 1923, 1929, 1932, 1953 aura 1958 ke haiN| pratIta hotA hai ki murzidAbAda, kalakattA, bihAra zarIpha (paTanA-jilA ) pATana, yevalA 1. nAhara, vijayasiMha-'pAvApurI digdarzana' mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smArikA, pR0 87, nAlandA, bihAra 1974 2. pATila, DI0 Ara0-enTIkveriyana rimenseja ina bihAra, pR0 422 paTanA, 1963 3. DaoN0 caudharI, gulAbacandra-bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA-prAcIna pAvA, pR0 41, gorakhapura 1973 4. DaoN. mizra, yogendra-zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vAstavika nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, prAcIna pAvA, pR0 17, 45, gorakhapura 1973 5. pATila, DI0 Ara-enTIkveriyana rimenseja ina bihAra, pR0 422, paTanA 1963

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82 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza aura bambaI ke dhanavAna zrAvakoM ne isa tIrthasthalo ke vistAra meM yogadAna kiyA hai| mahattva ko daSTi se pAvApUro ke mandiroM meM grAma mandira ke pazcAt jalamandira kA krama AtA hai| isa mandira ke prAdurbhAva ke viSaya meM zro vijayasiMha nAhara ne rocaka tathya prastuta kiyA hai| mahAvIra kA nirvANa sunakara dUra-dUra se deva evaM mAnava Aye tathA grAma mandira se 1 mola dUra isI sthAna para unake pArthiva zarIra kA baDo dhUmadhAma se agni saMskAra kiyA gyaa| sabhI Agantuka deva evaM mAnava yahA~ ko thor3o-thor3o miTTI le gaye, phalataH itanA bar3A gaDDhA ho gayA jisane sarovara kA rUpa grahaNa kara liyaa| __zrI nAhara ne jalamandira evaM usake nirmANa ke viSaya meM bhI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI dI hai| bakanana ne 1812 ke apane sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para batAyA hai ki yaha jainamandira pokhare (jhola) meM TApU sadRza thA iso kAraNa inhoMne ise pokharapurI kI saMjJA dI hai / usa samaya TApU para jAne ke lie uttara dizA se pagaDaNDo thI / isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vartamAna pula bukanana ke sarvekSaNa ke bAda Aja se lagabhaga 100 varSa pahale banA hogA isake pahale jalamandira taka naukA dvArA jAnA par3atA thA aura sarvekSaNa ke bAda hI isa mandira kA jorNoddhAra bho kiyA gayA aisA vidvAnoM kA mata hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn je0 DI0 beMgalara ne san 187273 meM likhA hai ki vartamAna rUpa meM yaha mandira usako yAtrA ke kAla ke thor3A hI pahale banA hogaa| vahA~ pahu~cane kA rAstA miTTo bharakara banAyA gayA thaa| usane jaba pahale dekhA thA taba vaha kAma pUrA nahIM huA thaa| muni nagarAja ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki prAcIna jalamandira kA 1. nAhara, vijayasiMha-pAvApurI digdarzana, bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smArikA 10 27-28 2. mAnTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0-'hi0 e0 To0 sTai0 i0 i0' khaNDa-1, pR0 168-69 3. ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa, 8, pR0 77, 1872-73 4. muni nagarAja, nirvANa evaM parikalpanA, bhagavAn mahAvora nirvANa mahotsava smArikA, pR0 72

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 83 jIrNoddhAra evaM saMgamaramara lagavAne kA kArya sambhavataH 1912 I0 meM sampanna huA thaa| prAcIna pula kA jIrNoddhAra evaM use caur3A karavAne, usa para lAla pattharoM kI reliMga lagavAne tathA sudar3ha praveza dvAra ke 'nirmANa kA kArya sambhavataH 1938 meM Arambha huaa| isake nirmANa meM kaI varSa lge| praveza dvAra anupama hai, pula kI lambAI 600 phITa hai| isake nirmANa meM kalakattA ke jauhariyoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| cAroM ora parakoTA ke nirmANa kI yojanA thI, kintu vaha pUrI nahIM ho skii| __ aitihAsika ullekhoM aura paramparAoM meM virodha hone para kisI sthAna ke sambandha meM vastusthiti spaSTa karane meM kaThinAI kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| yahI bAta mahAvIra kI nirvANa-sthalI pAvA ke sambandha meM bhI hai| jainadharmAvalambI paramparAgata rUpa se nAlandA janapada meM sthita pAvApurI ko nirvANa-sthalI mAnate cale A rahe haiM kintu aitihAsika sAkSya isako nirvANa-sthalI mAnane ke viparIta haiN| paramparA evaM itihAsa ke isa antarvirodha se avagata zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA' kA mata ullekhanIya hai-bahata se sthAnoM kA sahI nirNaya kevala itihAsa ke AdhAra se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| paramparA kA bhI apanA mahattva hai| hajAroM varSoM se lokazraddhA bihAra-prAnta sthita madhyamA pAvA ko hI prabhu kA prayANa-sthala samajhakara apanI bhakti prakaTa karatI A rahI hai, isalie rAjanaitika yA nihita svArtha meM lipta kucheka varga yA sampradAya kI tAtvika vyAkhyA sAmayika lAbha ke lie hI hai| videzI vidvAnoM ne prAyaH bauddha tripiTakoM ko hI apane itihAsa lekhana meM sahAyaka mAnA hai / jaina siddhAnta evaM jainAgamoM meM vyakta vicAra unheM ekAMgI najara Aye haiM / phalataH unakA nirNaya spaSTa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki sampradAyagata vidveSa se eka dUsare ko heya samajhane ko bAdhya hai| merA apanA vicAra hai ki loka paramparA lokAcAra ke dvArA bihAra sthita madhyamA pAvA yA yugapuruSa kI nirvANa bhami ko apane vizvAsa kA kendra mAnatI AyI hai isalie hama usa lokamaMgalamayI lokabhAvanA ke samakSa natamastaka hone ko bAdhya haiN| hamArA itihAsa isake viruddha nahIM hai / bauddhoM dvArA mAnya pAvA vastutaH bauddhoM kI pAvA hai aura vaha jainoM ko pAvA nahIM hai| 1. nAhaTA, bha~varalAla, vizvamitra dainika, pR0 4, 12 apraila 1984 kalakattA

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84 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza ___ muni nagarAja ne bhI paramparA aura aitihAsikatA ke antavirodha ko svIkAra kiyA hai-paramparA sammata pAvA dakSiNa bihAra meM hai aura vahAM ke bhavya mandiroM ne use jainatIrtha banA diyA hai| sAtha hI unhoMne spaSTa kiyA hai ki aitihAsika sAkSya se isa bAta kA parijJAna nahIM hotA hai ki pAvA vahA~ hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke avasara para pAvA meM malloM aura licchaviyoM ke 18 gaNarAjAoM kI upasthiti pAvA ke uttarI bihAra meM sthita hone kI ora saMketa karatI hai| dakSiNa bihAra kI vartamAna pAvA to nizcaya hI unake zatru pradeza meM thii| ve apane kaTTara zatru mAgadhoM ke pradeza meM kaise upasthita ho sakate the ? dUsare yadi pAvA magadha rAjya meM sthita hotI to, mahAvIra nirvANa ke samaya jo usa kAla kI mahAna ghaTanA thI, samrATa kuNika ajAtazatru vahA~ avazya upasthita hote / / mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya pAvA meM aura buddha ke parinirvANa ke samaya kuzInagara meM magadha samrATa ajAtazatra kI anupasthiti ke sambandha meM DaoN. bAjapeyI ne likhA hai ki yaha Azcaryajanaka hai kintu kuzInagara meM ajAtazatru ke upasthita hone meM bAdhA yaha thI ki vaha malloM kI prasiddhi evaM lokapriyatA se IrSyA karatA thaa| vicAraNIya yaha hai ki usane magadha ke nivAsiyoM ke anurodha para apanA dUta buddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM ko prApta karane ke lie bhejA thaa| DaoN0 zailanAtha caturvedI bhI magadhasamrATa ajAtazatru kI usa punIta avasara para anupasthiti para Azcarya vyakta karate haiM kyoMki jaina srotoM ke manusAra vaha mahAvIra ke prati atyanta zraddhAvAna thA / yadi nirvANa magadha ke kisI sthAna para huA hotA to ajAtazatru vahA~ avazya pahu~catA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kalpasUtra ke anusAra nirvANa kAla meM kevala zatru rAjA hI upasthita the aisI sthiti meM magadha rAjya ke kisI bhI sthAna para pAvA kI sthiti asambhava thii| ataH mahAvIra ko nirvANa-sthalI magadha meM nahIM apitu aise pradeza meM honI cAhie jahA~ para malla aura licchavI to ekatrita ho gaye parantu ajAtazatru anupasthita rhaa| aisA sthala malla athavA licchavI pradeza meM hI sambhava thA anyatra nhiiN| harmana yAkobI 1. muni nagarAja, bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM buddha ko samasAmayikatA, pR0 161 2. DaoN0 bAjapeyI, kRSNacandra-lokezana Ava pAvA, pR0 54 / 3. DaoN. caturvedI, zailanAtha-prAcIna pAvA, pR0 5-6, gorakhapura 1973 / 4. DaoN0 yAkobI, harmana-se0 bu0 Ava da I0, khaNDa 22, pR0 266 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 85 ne likhA hai ki kalpasUtra ke anusAra jisa samaya mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA usa samaya magadha ke zatrugaNa ne eka mahotsava kiyA jo pandraha varSa pUrva vaizAlI ke yuddha kI kisI vijayapUrNa ghaTanA kI smRti meM manAyA mayA thaa| jahA~ taka aThAraha gaNoM kI bhaugolika sthiti kA prazna hai kalpasUtra meM ina gaNoM ko ( kAzI kozalastha ) kAzI kozala meM sthita batAyA gayA hai arthAt ye gaNarAjya magadha se alaga kAzI evaM kozala meM sthita the| ___ jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM kuNika ajAtazatru kA bahuzaH ullekha hone ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ke mastiSka meM yaha prazna uThA ki vaha jaina anuyAyI thA yA bauddhAnuyAyI yA donoM dharmoM meM se kisa dharma ke prati adhika anurAga rakhatA thA / TI0 DablyU. rIja DeviDa' kA mata hai ki yadyapi bauddha tripiTakoM meM samrAT ajAtazatru sambandhita varNana adhika prApta hotA hai phira bhI ve bauddha dharma ke hitaiSI mAtra the anuyAyo nhiiN| ajAtazatru dvArA buddha se milakara zrAmaNya phala pUchane kA eka ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa carcA ke pariNAma ke viSaya meM roja DeviDa ne likhA hai ki anta meM samrATa ajAtazatru ne buddha ko apanA mArga darzaka svIkAra kara liyA aura pitR-hatyA ke lie pazcAttApa kiyA / phira bhI nizcita pramANa ke abhAva meM kuNika ne bauddha dharma svIkAra kiyA yA nahIM isa viSaya meM kisI nirNaya para nahIM pahuMcA jA sakatA hai| rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ne bhI zrAmaNyaphala sUtra ke AdhAra para isI prakAra kA mata vyakta kiyA hai ki ajAtazatra kA jhukAva bauddha dharma ke prati thA kintu ise unhoMne dhAraNa nahIM kiyA thaa| roja DeviDa ke anusAra isa bAta kA bhI kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai ki kuNika dvArA buddha yA unake saMgha ke kisI bhI bhikSu kA darzana kiyA gayA yA kabhI unake sAtha dharma-carcA kI gii| yahA~ taka ki usake dvArA bhikSu ke jIvana kAla meM bhikSu saMgha ko kabhI Arthika sahAyatA dene kA 1. rIja DeviDa, TI0 DablyU.-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 15-16 kalakattA, prathama saM0 1950 / 2. mukharjI, rAdhAkumuda-hindU sivilAijezana, pR0 191, bhAratIya vidyAvabhana bambaI 1950 / 3. roja DeviDa, TI0 DablyU0,-buddhisTa iNDiyA pR015-16 /

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86 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhI ullekha nahIM hai| yogendra mizra' kA mata hai ki samrATa ajAtazatru kA jhukAva isa samaya bauddha dharma ko ora hI thaa| __jaina sAhitya meM bhI kuNika sambandhI saMsmaraNa kucha adhika rahA hai. sambhava hai unakA sambandha jaina dharma se adhika rahA ho| buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda ajAtazatru dvArA unake dhAtu avazeSoM kI mAMga ke viSaya meM rIja DeviDa kA kathana hai ki samrATa ne apane dUta dvArA yaha kahakara buddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM ko prApta kiyA ki ve bhI unhIM kI bhA~ti eka kSatriya haiN| buddha ke dhAtU avazeSoM ko prApta kara unhoMne usa para stUpa banavAyA / uttaravartI granthoM meM yaha ullekha hai ki baddha-nirvANa ke tatkAla bAda hI jaba rAjagRha meM prathama saMgIti huI, ajAtazatra ne saptavarNI guphA ke dvAra para eka sabhA bhavana banavAyA thA jahA~ bauddha piTakoM kA saMkalana huaa| sambhavataH bauddha dharma svIkAra na karake bho usane bauddha dharma ke prati bo sahAnubhUti dikhAI vaha bhAratIya rAjAoM kI isa mAnyatA ke anurUpa thI ki saba dharmoM kA saMrakSaNa rAjA kA kartavya hotA hai| yogendra mizra ne magadha samrATa ajAtazatru aura pAvA ke rAjA hastipAla ke eka hone kI sambhAvanA ko spaSTataH inkAra kiyA hai| vAstava meM pAvA ko bhaugolika sthiti aimI honI cAhie jahA~ para malla, licchavI evaM kAzI-kozala ke gaNa-rAjA mahAvIra nirvANa kI sUcanA pAte hI pahu~ca jaayeN| ina licchavI gaNarAjAoM meM kSatriya kuNDapura ke mahAvIra svAmI ke kucha svakulIna jJAtRka gaNa-rAjA bhI rahe hoNge| usa samaya kAzI-kozala meM kaI choTe-choTe gaNa rAjya phUla-phala rahe the| pAvA svayaM bhI to kAzI-kovAla kSetra meM hI thii| ataH bhaugolika sAmIpyatA, zAsana paddhati ko samAnatA evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI bhakti ke kAraNa kAzI-kovAla, vajji ke aTThAraha gaNa rAjA turanta A gaye / -- jaina granthoM meM pAvA ke viSaya meM vistAra se vivecana huA hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANoparAnta, sirpha pAvA kA hI varNana AtA hai, lekina 1. mitra, yogendra-zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vAstavika nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, rAjabalI pANDeya smRti grantha, pR0 196, kalAnidhi prakAzana, devariyA / 2. rISa DeviDa, TI0 DablyU-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 15-16 / 1. mizra, yogendra-zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vAstavika nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, pR0 196 /

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 87 7vIM se 12vIM zatAbdI ke jaina sAhitya meM pAvApurI kA nirantara ullekha AtA hai| gulAbacandra caudharI, ke anusAra-"pAvA viSayaka, jaina ullekhoM kA vizleSaNa karane se patA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM pAvA kI anuzruti, jaina granthakAroM ke pAsa thI kintu vaha kahA~ hai isakA jJAna unheM nahIM thaa| yadi unakA Azaya nAlaMdA jile kI vartamAna pAvApurI se hotA jo magadha kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI rAjagaha se ( Ajakala pagaDaMDI ke rAste ) 9-10 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai to magadha rAjya ke ullekha ke antargata pAvApurI kI carcA avazya rahI hotii| mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA varNana karate samaya rAjagRha aura pAvA kA sAthasAtha ullekha honA cAhie thA, para aisA kisI grantha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| rAjagRha kA varNana AcarAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatIsUtra; jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazAMga, anuttaropapAtika, uttarAdhyayana, tiloyapaNNatti, padmapurANa, harivaMza purANa, vividha tIrtha-kalpa Adi granthoM meM milatA hai| para kisI bhI grantha meM rAjagRha ke nikaTastha pAvApurI yA pAvA kA ullekha nahIM hai / jabaki rAjagRha se 1 mIla dUra sthita, nAlaMdA kA varNana, rAjagRha ke sAtha-sAtha bahuta bAra AyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyAya kA nAma nAlandIya adhyayana hai| vividha tIrthakalpa ( san 1307 I0 ) ke vaibhAragiri kalpa ( 11 vA~ ) meM rAjagRha ke Asa-pAsa ke sthAnoM kA varNana diyA gayA hai, usameM nAlandA kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai, para rAjagRha ke samIpastha pAvA kA isa kalpa meM ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| 'vaibhAragirikalpa' kA racanA kAla vi0 saM0 1364 hai| bauddha grantha mahAparinirvANasutta ke caturtha bhANavAra ke adhyayana sumaMgala vilAsinI meM, kuzInagara meM mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva pAvA meM cunda kumAra putra ke yahA~ sUkaramArdava kI antima bhikSA grahaNa kara buddha rugNa ho gaye the / ve pAvA se kuzInagara taka kI yAtrA meM 25 sthAnoM para Thaharate hue sAyaMkAla taka kuzInagara ke zAlavana meM pahuMca pAye the| Adhunika 1. caudharI, gulAbacandra-bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi pAvA, prAcIna pAvA, pR0 62 / 2. dIghanikAya, ( hideg anuvAda, ) mahAparinivvANa sutta, 2-3, pUrvokta pR0 / 136-140 / 3. pro0 tivArI, maheza-'sumaMgala vilAsinI' dvi0 kha0, pR0 282 nava nAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA 1974 /

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88 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza vidvAn malala sekara', zrI nAthUrAma premI evaM nemicandra zAstrI ne bho upayukta tathya kI puSTi kI hai| rugNatA kI aisI bhISaNa avasthA meM buddha ke lie bihAra zarIpha ke nikaTa sthita pAvApurI se devariyA janapada meM sthita kuzInagara taka 235 mola dUra taka Ane kI kalpanA na kevala atarkasaMgata varan asaMbhava hai| sAmagAmasutta meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke sambandha meM pUche gaye isa prazna meM, ki 'yaha nAtaputta to nAlandAvAso thA phira pAvA meM kaise kAlagata huA? vyakta Azcarya se yaha spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai ki nAlandA se pAvA kahIM bahuta dUra hai| yogendra mizra ne pAvA ko bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM gaMgA aura gaNDaka nadI ke sandarbha se vicAra kiyA hai| bhagavAn baddha rAjagaha se calakara gaMgA nadI pAra karake hI vaizAlI Aye the / vaizAlI se pAvA hokara kuzInagara jAne meM punaH gaMgA nado nahIM par3I thii| vaizAlI se pAvA jAne ke lie baddha ko gaNDaka nado pAra karanI par3I thii| isase siddha hotA hai ki pAvA vaizAlI evaM gaNDaka se pazcima meM sthita thii| yadi yaha vaizAlI evaM gaNDaka ke dakSiNa meM hotI to gaNDaka pAra karane kA unheM avasara nahIM AtA balki unheM gaMgA pAra kara jAnA pdd'taa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya kAzo-kozala ke 9 malloM, 9 licchaviyoM ina 18 rAjAoM ke upasthita hone kA varNana AtA hai, isase spaSTa hai ki pAvA kAzI-kozala kSetra meM hI thii| maitrI bhAvanA, bhaugolika sAmIpya, zAsana ko ekarUpatA tathA sabase bar3hakara mahAvIra ke prati inako zraddhA inheM eka sAtha pAvA le aayii| cInI yAtriyoM phAhyAna evaM hanasAMga ( 399-414 I0), (629645 I0) dvArA apanI bhArata yAtrA ke samaya bauddha sthaloM kA bhramaNa kara unakA vistRta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ina yAtriyoM ke vivaraNa se rAjagRha tathA nAlandA para vistRta prakAza par3atA hai kintu abhISTa sthala pAvApurI ke viSaya meM koI saMketa nahIM milatA hai / hvenasAMga ne 1 mArca 637 I0 se 1 janavarI 639 I0 taka nAlandA sthita vizvavidyAlaya meM adhyayana kiyaa| nikaTavartI dhArmika sthaloM kA bhramaNa kiyA aura unakA vivaraNa bhI diyA, parantu pAvA kA koI ullekha nahIM aayaa| isake viparIta kuzInagara yAtrA ke sandarbha meM unhoMne pAvA kA ullekha kiyA hai / it-siMga (673 I0 ) ne bhI nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya meM Akara kAphI samaya taka 1. malala sekara-pAli prAparanema pR0 193 / . .

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 89 adhyayana kiyA parantu unhoMne bhI pAvA ke viSaya meM koI jAnakArI nahIM dI / bauddha dharmAvalambI tibbatI yAtrI dharmasvAmI ( 1234 I0 ) ne bhArata ke dhArmika sthaloM kI yAtrA kI / unhoMne bhI pAvApurI kA ullekha nahIM 'kiyA hai / yadi ina videzI yAtriyoM ko yAtrA kAla meM nAlandA janapada meM sthita pAvA kA koI astitva rahA hotA athavA isako dhArmika mahattA rahI hotI to nAlandA evaM rAjagRha kA bhramaNa karate samaya inhoMne pAvA kA sarvekSaNa evaM nirIkSaNa avazya kiyA hotA / zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA nAlandA sthita pAvApurI ko ho mahAvora ko nirvANa sthalI pAvA mAnate haiM / phAhyAna ora hvenasAMga pradatta vivaraNa - ke AdhAra para ve nAlandA sthita isa pAvA kI dUrI kuzInagara se 12 mI batAte haiM / ve devariyA janapada sthita kuzInagara ko buddha kI mahAparinirvANa sthalI ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnate haiM / parantu unakI yaha mAnyatA tathya se pare hai / bauddha sAhitya meM kuzInagara kA malloM kI rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha hai / ata: ise magadha sAmrAjya ke antargata mAnane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai / kaniMghama ne phAhyAna evaM hva enasAMga ke yAtrAvivaraNa ke AdhAra para kuzInagara ke bhagnAvazeSoM kA utkhanana karAkara ise mahAtmA buddha kI parinirvANa sthalI ghoSita kara diyA / kAlAntara meM anya purAtattvavettAoM ne samaya- 2 para isa sthalI kA utkhanana karavAkara isa mAnyatA kI puSTi kii| buddha ke parinirvANa sthalI ke rUpa meM Aja yaha sarvamAnya hai / purAtAttvika dRSTi se bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA ne pAvApurI ke jalamandira kI IToM ko 2500 varSa purAnA mAnA hai / parantu DI0 Ara0 pATila ne pAvApurI kI jainadharma sthaliyoM kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM sandeha prakaTa kiyA hai| inakA mantavya hai ki yahA~ prApta koI purAtAttvika avazeSa 16 vIM zatAbdI se pUrNa kA nahIM hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA ise 6 vIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 kA mAnatI hai / I uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki pAvApurI meM aisI koI purAtAttvika kalAkRtiyA~, bhagnAvazeSa evaM anya sAmagriyA~ prApta nahIM ho pAI haiM, jinake AdhAra para ise mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthalI pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI jA sake / bauddha granthoM meM bho, magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha yA usake upanagara. nAlaMdA ke samIpastha pAvA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, jabaki nikaTavartI aneka grAmoM va nagaroM kA hai / pazcAtavartI, bauddha lekhakoM ne bhI ukta pAvA ke

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90 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza astitva kI kahIM carcA nahIM kI hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAyaH sabhI jaina graMthakAra (niyukti caNi, bhASya Adi lekhaka) pAvA yA majjhimA pAvA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa prasaMga ko likhane vAle, pazcima bhArata meM, adhikatara gujarAta, kAThiyAvAr3a meM lagabhaga 7vIM se 12vIM zatAbdI meM paidA hue haiM aura pUrva bhArata ke tatkAlIna azAnta rAjanItika paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa unakA samparka pUrvI tathA uttarI bhArata se bilkula TUTa gayA thaa| bhAratavarSa meM eka kendrIya zAsaka na thaa| sau, do sau varSa ke lie kisI eka choTe rAjabaMdhA kA udaya hotA thA aura bAda meM nirbala zakti ke kAraNa usakA vilaya ho jAtA thaa| bhArata Tukar3oM meM baMTA haA thaa| usa kAla ko samrAToM kI vAkti ke lie saMgharSa kA yuga kahate haiN| usI kAla meM, pUrva aura uttara, madhya bhArata ke adhikAMza bhAgoM meM naye-naye brAhmaNamatoM ke AvirbhAva hue. the| unheM rAjakIya saMrakSaNa milane ke kAraNa, jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA astitva prAyaH samApta ho cukA thaa| baMgAla-bihAra meM usI samaya pAla rAjavaMza ke udaya hone se jahA~ bauddha dharma ko rAjya saMrakSaNa prApta thA, vahIM jainadharma nirAzraya ho rahA thaa| 13vIM, 14vIM zatAbdI meM muslima sattA ke prabhAva ke bar3hane ke kAraNa, ukta pradezoM kI rAjanaitika dazA meM sudhAra huaa| isI kAraNa usa kAla meM. sthAnIya dhArmika vidveSa evaM kaTTaratA meM kamI pratIta hotI hai / ina zatAbdiyoM. meM muslima rAjAzraya se vyApAra karane vAle yA rAjakIya padoM para kAma karane vAle pazcimI bhArata ke aneka jaina pravAsI pUrvI bhArata meM tA~bA, lohA, abhraka Adi aneka khanija vyApAra ke lie dakSiNa bihAra aura baMgAla pradeza meM phailane lage, ina pradezoM meM unakA AvAgamana bar3ha gayA thA tathA una prAntoM meM ve phailane lage the| isI krama meM ve apane naimittika pUjA ArAdhanA ke lie mUrtiyoM, mandiroM aura tIrtha sthaloM kA nirmANa karane lge| isa kArya meM mAravAr3a, gujarAta ke logoM kA pramukha hAtha thaa| ye saba tIrthasthaliyAM dakSiNa bihAra baMgAla ke pramukha mArgoM, nadiyoM se AvAgamana ke mukhya kendroM, pahAr3oM Adi para sthApita kI gayI thI, jaise-gayA, paTanA, muMgera, hajArIbAga, siMhabhUmi ityaadi| isakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI thA ki isa vyApArika varga kA adhikatara AnA-jAnA aura rahanA, unhIM sthAnoM para hotA thaa| uttara-pUrva bhArata meM aisI koI khanija sampatti bhathavA vyApAra hetu koI AkarSaka vastu upalabdha nahIM thI, jisase una jaina pravAsiyoM kA dala usa kAla meM uttara-pUrva bhArata meM gayA hotaa| isI kAraNa pUrva bhArata meM hI jaina mandiroM kI vizeSataH sthApanA huI, evaM bihAra

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pAvA kI avasthiti sambandhI vibhinna mata : 91 pradeza ke nAlandA janapada kI pAvApurI kA nirmANa huA evaM dina-pratidina usakI mahattA aura prasiddhi meM nirantara vRddhi hotI gii| uparokta adhyayana se niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki jaina muniyoM, manISiyoM, mahAtmAoM, jaina dharmAvalambiyoM tathA vidvAnoM ne bihAra pradeza ke nAlaMdA janapada meM bihAra zarIpha ke nikaTa sthita pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| usake samarthana meM ve koI bhaugolika, aitihAsika, rAjanaitika, sAhityika, sAkSya nahIM prastuta kara sake, jisase yaha pramANita ho sake ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa sthalI pAvApurI hai / ullekhanIya tathya yaha hai ki yahA~ se prApta purAtAttvika bhagnAvazeSa, kalAkRtiyA~, mUrtiyA~ tathA anya sAmagriyoM ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para buddhakAlIna pAvA pramANita nahIM ho pAtI hai| yahA~ ke purAtAttvika sAkSya kevala zAhajahA~ ke zAsanakAla taka pahuMcAne meM samartha hote haiN| phAhiyAna evaM hanasAMga ke yAtrA-varNana meM yahA~ kA koI saMketa prApta nahIM hotA hai| 7vIM tathA 12vIM zatAbdI ke bIca ke jaina sAhityakAroM ne pAvApurI kI vizad vyAkhyA kI hai| kula milAkara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAvApurI se koI aisA pramANa nahIM milatA hai, jisake AdhAra para ise tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthalI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sake / yadi nAlaMdA janapada sthita pAvApurI vAstavika pAvA nahIM hai, to usa AdhAra kA anusaMdhAna Avazyaka hai jisase vAstavika pAvA kA abhijJAna prApta ho ske|

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para pAvA kA vivecana karane se pratIta hotA hai ki vidvAn itihAsakAra evaM purAtattvavettA pAvA ke sambandha meM kisI niSkarSa para nahIM pahuMca sake haiN| ataHpAvA kI vAstavika sthiti ke nirNaya ke prayAsa hetu pUrvavartI sabhI sAhityika, purAtAttvika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para sAMgopAMga vicAra ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna vidvAnoM dvArA kRta adhyayana kI samIkSA prastuta karanA Avazyaka hai| pAvA ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama sUcanA yaha milatI hai ki pAvA kA sambandha malla rASTra se rahA hai| rAmAyaNa kAla meM jahA~ taka mallarASTra kA prazna hai lakSmaNa ke putra candraketu ke rAjyAbhiSeka hetu jisa rAjya kI sthApanA kI gaI thI aura jisakI rAjadhAnI candrakAntA thI apane rAjA ke guNoM ke AdhAra para vaha malla rAjya kahA jAne lgaa| mahAbhArata kAla Ate-Ate yaha candraketu ke rAjya ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho cukA thaa| mahAbhArata meM do mallarAjyoM kA ullekha hai-mukhya malla rAjya evaM dakSiNI malla rAjya / mukhya malla rAjya se pAvA-par3araunA sambandhita rahA hai| mallarAjya ko kakUtthA nadI do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatI thii| uttarI mallarAjya (mukhya mallarAjya) kI rAjadhAnI candrakAntA thI tathA dakSiNI malla rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kuzInArA thii| kAlAntara meM mukhya mallarAjya ke nAgarikoM ko 'pAvA ke malla' tathA dakSiNI malla rAjya ke nAgarikoM ko 'kuzInArA ke malla' kahA jAtA thaa| yadi paDaraunA kI bhaugolika sthiti kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to jJAta hogA ki par3araunA kuzInagara se uttara, uttara-pUrva meM sthita hai, par3araunA tathA isake nikaTavartI kSetra kI bhaugolika sthiti kA sAmaMjasya mahAbhAratakAlIna mukhya malla rAjya kI 1. tato gopAlakakSaM ca sottarAnapi kosalAn / mallAnAmadhipaM caiva pArthivaM cAjayat prabhuH // 3 // tato dakSiNamallAJca bhogavantaM ca parvatam / tarasaivAjayad bhImo nAtitIvraNa karmaNA / / 12 / / mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, digvijayaparva zloka 3, 12, pRSTha 752 gItApresa, gorkhpur|

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. pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 93 bhaugolika sthiti se baiThatA hai| ataH pramANita hotA hai ki par3araunA kA nikaTavartI kSetra hI mahAbhArata kAla kA mukhya malla rAjya rahA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM pradatta baddha kI mahAparinivvANasthalI kuzInagara se dizA va dUrI ke AdhAra para bhI pAvA kI bhaugolika sthiti kA adhyayana karane para pUrvI uttara pradeza ke devariyA janapada meM sthita par3araunA hI pAvA siddha hotA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM varNita yaha pAvA buddhakAla ke pazcAt lupta ho gayI aura paravartI sAhitya meM kahIM bhI kuzInagara kI nikaTavartI pAvA kA ullekha nahIM hai| sambhavataH isI kAraNa vidvAnoM ne pAvA par3araunA kI sthiti ke anveSaNa kA prayAsa na kara, paramparA se prabhAvita hokara bihAra pradeza ke nAlandA janapada meM bihAra zarIpha ke nikaTa sthita pAvApurI ko vAstavika pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kara dii| __ parantu yaha bhI nahIM kahA sakatA ki Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bauddha sAhitya meM ullikhita pAvA kA anveSaNa karane kA prayAsa hI nahIM kiyaa| samayasamaya para vidvAnoM dvArA prayAsa hue haiN| isa krama meM bukanana sarvaprathama haiN| inhoMne bauddha sAhitya meM varNita, dizA evaM dUrI ke AdhAra para san 1814 meM par3araunA ke upanagara chAvanI se kubera sthAna taka jAne vAle mArga ke dAhinI ora chAvanI ke nikaTa sthita prAcIna TIle kA utkhanana krvaayaa| yahA~ prApta tIna mUrtiyA~ vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| bukanana kI pAvApar3araunA sambandhI purAtAttvika upalabdhiyoM kA vistRta varNana Age 'pAvA-par3araunA purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa' prakaraNa meM kreNge| bukanana' kI riporTa se prerita hokara elekjeNDara kaniMghama' ne san 1861 meM isa kSetra kA sarvekSaNa kara par3araunA ke ukta TIle kA utkhanana karavAyA thaa| unheM yahA~ se aneka mUrtiyA~ prApta huI thiiN| yahA~ upalabdha sabhI purAtAttvika sAmagrI ko ve apane sAtha lete gye| kaniMghama ke isa sarvekSaNa kA uparokta prakaraNa meM hI vistAra se vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| 1. mArTina mANTagomarI, do hisTrI eNTIkyUToja, TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Apha iNDiyA, jilda 2 pR0 saM0 356 dillI 1976 [ina mUrtiyoM kA rekhAMkana, jo par3araunA ke prAcIna maMdira keliyA meM dRSTigocara huI 382 evaM 383 ke madhya diyA hai| 2. kaniMghama, e0, do eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI oNpha iMDiyA, pR0 476 vArANasI 1975 /

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94 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza isa kSetra se prApta zuMga yuga kI vizAla yakSa pratimA kA nicalA bhAga tathA anya khaNDita mUrtiyA~ lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiN| ukta TIle ke pAsa meM prApta kaI jaina mUrtiyA~, gosvAmI tulasIdAsa vidyAlaya, par3araunA meM rakhI huI haiN| bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA kiye gaye utkhanana meM prApta mUrtiyA~ purAtattva saMgrahAlaya, paTanA meM haiN| TIle ke uttarI ora sar3aka ke usa pAra mahAvIra kI kAle patthara kI vizAla jainamUrti, aba bhI pAkar3a ke eka vRkSa ke nIce par3I huI hai, jise dekhakara bukanana' ne rekhAMkana kiyA thA jo rekhAcitra IsTarna iNDiyA nAmaka grantha meM prakAzita hai| cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga bhI pAvA (par3araunA) AyA thA yaha sunizcita hai / kaniMghama ne juliyana ke sandarbha se hvenasAMga dvArA kI gaI bhArata yAtrA kA silasilevAra varNana karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki hvenasAMga 1 janavarI 637 se 3 janavarI san 637 taka kuzInagara meM rhaa|"2 kaniMghama ne hvenasAMga kI kuzInagara se par3araunA (pAvA) kI yAtrA kA mAnacitra prastuta kiyA hai, jo saMlagna hai / kaniMghama prathama vidvAn haiM jinhoMne par3araunA ko pAvA ghoSita kiyA hai / paravartI aneka vidvAnoM dvArA samaya-samaya para isa tathya kA anumodana kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH par3araunA ke nAma se bhI pAvA kI ekAtmatA kA bodha hotA hai| uparyukta sandarbho ke Aloka meM par3araunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane hetu savistAra vicAra Avazyaka hogaa| pAvA ke anusandhAnakartAoM kI sUcI meM pAvA ke rUpa meM par3araunA kA nAma pramukha rahA hai| sAhitya evaM purAtattva ke AdhAra para adyAvadhi vidvAnoM dvArA likhita mahAvIra nirvANa sthalI pAvA ke sandarbha meM par3araunA ke samarthana meM sAkSya prastuta karane vAlI sAmagrI kA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1. Tarnara, jI- buddhisTa enalsa (noTa prathama buddhaghoSa), jaranala Ava eziyATika sosAiTI naM0 19 vAlyUma bhAga 2, kalakattA 1838 / 1. mAnTagomarI mArTina, do hisTrI enTIkyUTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTeTiksa oNpha IsTarna iMDiyA, jilda-dvitIya-bhAgalapura-gorakhapura, pR0 354 se 357 / 2. kaniMghama, alekjenDara, riporTa oNpha dI ArkelaoNjikala-sarve oNpha iMDiyA, jilda-1, pR0 69 zimalA 1871 /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 95 2. semAkArosI, sI0-noTsa Ana da lAipha eNDa da Detha Ava zAkya (eksTrakTasa phrAma prathama da tibbatana ethAriTI) vAlyUma pArTa 1, eziyATika risarceja, kalakattA, pRSTha 550 653 / 3. mArTina mAnTagomaro-da hisTro enTIkyUTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTi sTiksa Ava IrsTana iNDiyA, vAlyUma, (bhAgalapuragorakhapura) dillI, 1976, pRSTha 354,357, evaM 382 evaM 385 ke madhya rekhAcitra / 4. elekjeNDara, i0 vI0-sTeTisTikala, DiskripTiva eNDa hisTArikala ekAunTa Ava nArtha-vesTa prAvinseja, vAlyUma, gorakhapura, 1881, pRSTha 522-523 / 5. phyUrara, e- da mAnumenTala eNTIkyUTIja eNDa inskripzansa ina da nArtha vesTarna prAvinseja eNDa avadha, vArANasI 1969, pRSTha 249 / 6. nevila, eca0 Ara0-gorakhapura gajeTiyara, vAlyUma ilAhAbAda, 1909, pR0 279-289 / 7. pANDeya, harinandana--da mallAja Ava pAvA, jarnala Ava bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI, vAlyUma paTanA, 1919, pArTa pR0 262-265 / 8. mizra Ara0 jI0-kasiyA reliksa, da jaranala Ava da yUnAiTeDa (esa0 DI0 ema0, prAvinseja hisTArikala sosAiTI, vAlyUma, gAjIpura) jUna, lakhanaU, 1919, pR0 71-72 / 2. De, ena0 ela0,-da jyAgraphikala DikzanarI Ava enziyenTa eNDa meDivila iNDiyA, landana, DablyU, sI0 AI0, 1929 / 10. lAhA, vimala caraga-jyAgrako Ava arlI buddhijma, vArANasI, 1973, pR0 14 / 11. pATila, DI0 Ara0-kuzInagara-naI dillI, 1957, pR0 3-4 / (hindI) kedAranAtha zAstrI , 1957, pR0 3 / 12. sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula-buddhacaryA, vArANasI, 1952, pR0 352 / 13. , ,, sAhitya nibandhAvalI, ilAhAbAda, 1949, pR0 11 /

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96 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 14. rAyacaudhurI, hemacaMdra-poliTikala hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1953, pR0 126 / hindI anuvAda prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, ilAhAbAda, 1976, pR0 98-99 / 15. jAyasavAla, kAzI-hindU pAliTI, bhAga-1, baMgalora siTI, 1978, prasAda pR0 50 / 16. majUmadAra, -hisTrI eNDa kalcara oNva iNDiyana pIpula (da eja A0 sI0, Ava imporiyala yUniTI), bambaI, 1951, pR0 7 / 17. majUmadAra, Ara0-ena eDavAMsa hisTI Apha iNDiyA, naI dillI, sI0, rAya caudharI, 1983, pR0 57 / hemacandra, dattA kAlI kiMkara 18. lAla agane,- saMskRta sAhitya meM bhAratIya jIvana (prathama zatAbdI se tRtIya zatAbdI taka), lakhanaU, 1968, pR0 38 / 19. kausAmbI, dharmAnaMda-bhagavAna buddha-jIvana aura darzana, anuvAda, zrIpada jozI, ilAhAbAda-1, 1982, pR0 48, 49 / / 20. datta, nalinAkSa evaM-DevalapamenTa oNva buddhijma ina uttara pradeza, lakhanaU, bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta 1956, pR0 14 / / hindI anuvAda uttara pradeza meM bauddha dharma kA vikAsa, lakhanaU, 1956, pR0 10 / 21. upAdhyAya, bharata-buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga 1961, pR0 319-325 / 22. jaina, balabhadra-bhAratavarSIya digambara jainatIrtha, prathama khaNDa (uttara __ pradeza-dillI (rAjasthAna), bambaI, 1974, pR0 176 / 23. mehatA, mohanalAla-prAkRta prApara nemsa, bhAga 2, ahamadAbAda, 9, 1970, pR0 451 / 24. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta-lokezana oNva pAvA, yugayugIna sarayUpAra, vArANasI, 1987, pR0 47-57 / 25. pAla viTale tathA-da hisTArikala eTalasa Ava sAutha eziyA, sampAdaka maNDala ke-zikAgo eNDa laMdana, 1978, anya sadasyagaNa-pR0 16 / siMha

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 97 26. pANDeya, rAmaprasAda-gorakhapura jile kA itihAsa, prayAga, 1942, pR0 12, 36, 86 / 27. tripAThI, ramAzaMkara-hisTrI Ava ainziyenTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, dillI, 1942, pR0 86 / 28. salAma, sandIlavI-tArIkha-e-adIbAta gorakhapura, gorakhapura, pR0 3 / 29. siMha, satIza candra-cenjeja ina dI korsa Ava rIvarsa eNDa iTsa ephe kTsa Ana dI arabana seTalamenTasa ina dI miDila gaMgeja plena, vArANasI 1973 pR0 76-77 (mAna citra pR0 129) 30. siMha, kRpAzaMkara-laiNDa yUja eNDa nyUTrizana ina paDaraunA tahasIla (devariyA), aprakAzita, pR0 127 / 31. zrIvAstava, ema0-prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRta-kalA aura darzana, pI0 evaM rAjendra ilAhAbAda-2, pR0 97 / kumAra varmA 32. siMha, rAmavRkSa-gorakhapura maNDala ke prAcIna gaNarAjya, gorakhapura pR0 9, 13 / 33. pAThaka, vizuddhAnanda-devariyA kA prAcIna aitihAsika bhUgola, yuga vAtAyana, devariyA, pR0 8 / 34. caube, hanumAna prasAda-bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza, DA0 Ara0 sI0 guptA svatantracetanA 7-490 pR0 4, gorakhapura / 35. sarAvagI, ke0TI0esa0-arbana senTarsa eNDa arbanAijezana, pR0 155 / bhaugolika vivecana : paDaraunA tathA isake samIpavartI kSetra kA mahattva ati prAcIna kAla se hai| gaNDaka ke sannikaTa sthita tathA araNya ke ghire hone ke kAraNa yaha kSetra atyanta ramaNIya thaa| yahA~ ke jaMgaloM meM RSi, muni, sAdha, mahAtmA, tapasyArata rahA karate the| inake caraNa-raja se pavitra huI sthalI Aja bhI janamAnasa kA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai| rAmaprasAda pANDeya ke anusAra yaha kSetra (uttarI devariyA janapada) vaidika kAla meM AryoM kI 1. pANDeya, rAmaprasAda, gorakhapura janapada kA itihAsa, pR0 8, prayAga 1942 /

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98 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bastI thii| maulavI abdula gaphUra phArUkI' ke anusAra yaha eka bahuta kadIma (purAnA) mukAma hai, kahA jAtA hai ki yaha tretA jamAne meM bhI maujada thA / gautama muni jo jamAnA-e rAmacandrajI ke eka siratAja RSi the, unhoMne yahA~ tapasyA kI hai aura aksara yahA~ para RSiyoM evaM sAdhuoM kA majamA rahatA thaa| paDaraunA se lagabhaga 54 mIla (85.56 ki0 mI0) uttara dizA meM gaNDaka ke usa pAra triveNI parvata ke nikaTa nepAla ko pahAr3iyoM meM, bihArapradeza ke pazcimI campArana janapada kI sImA para bAlmIki Azrama sthita thA / prAcIna kAla ke avazeSoM, kalAkRtiyoM evaM mUrtiyoM ke AdhAra para janamAnasa meM aTUTa vizvAsa hai ki sundara ramaNIka jaMgaloM ke madhya tamasA taTa para bAlmIki Azrama meM nirvAsita sotA rahato thI aura vahIM rAjakumAra lava aura kuza kA janma huaa| bihAra pradeza zAsana ne bAlmIki Azrama kI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke pramANasvarUpa isake nikaTa hI pazcimo campAraNa meM bAlmIki nagara kI sthApanA kI hai| __zruti, smRti evaM kiMvadantiyoM ke AdhAra para janamAnasa meM mAnyatA hai ki rAmAyaNa kAla meM mahArAjA dazaratha ne janakapura jAte-Ate samaya yahIM gaMDaka taTa (rAma-ghATa) para vizrAma kiyA thaa| itihAsa sAkSI hai ki isa kSetra se dazaratha, rAma-kRSNa, bhIma, arjuna, karNa, mahAvIra, buddha Adi kA. sambandha rahA hai| buddhakAla ke prAdurbhAva ke pUrva gaNDaka taTa para sthita pAvA nagara kA cAturdika vikAsa ho rahA thaa| kuzInagara kI aitihAsikatA purAtAttvika srotoM ke AdhAra para pramANita ho cukI hai| Aja yaha antarrASTrIya kendra bana cukA hai| parantu abhI taka pAvA kA itihAsa purAtattva ke garbha meM chipA huA hai| pAvA ke viSaya meM aneka bhrAntiyA~ vidyamAna haiN| pAvA kI vAstavika pahacAna ke liye kuzInagara evaM isake samIpastha sthAnoM kA adhyayana vivecana Avazyaka hai| bauddha sAhitya evaM jaina sAhitya meM adhyayana hetu upayogI sUcanAyeM upalabdha haiN| 1.. phArUko, molavI abdula gaphUra, sajare zAdAba, pR0 91, navalakizora presa, lakhanaU, 1900 /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 99 suttanipAta' (jo bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se pAli bhASA kA prAcInatama grantha hai) ke parAyaNavagga ke anusAra pAvA uttara bhArata meM zrAvastI se kuzInagara aura kuzInagara se vaizAlI jAne vAle mukhya vyApAra mArga para thaa| 'sumaMgala vilAsinI'2 se jJAta hotA hai ki pAvA kuzInagara se 3 gavyati (12 mIla) kI dUrI para sthita thaa| amarakoza ke anusAra gavyUti 4 mIla ke barAbara hai / siMhalI bauddhagrantha dIpavaMsa evaM mahAvaMsa ke anusAra 'kuzInagara se 12 mIla dUra maNDakI nadI kI dizA meM pAvA sthita thii| Tarnara ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai-kuzInagara se pAvA kI dUrI 12 mIla hai| malalasekara bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM evaM bauddha sAhitya meM aneka bAra kuzInagara-pAvA mArga kA varNana prApta hone kA ullekha karate haiN| paDaraunA ke pI0 Dablya0 DI0 DAka baMgale se kasayA pI0 Dablya0 DI0 DAka baMgale kI dUrI 12 mIla hai| par3araunA DAka baMgalA ke nikaTa jahA~ mIla kA patthara hai, vahA~ se chAvanI ke nikaTa sthita TIle kI dUrI eka mIla hai| kasayA se kuzInagara ke khaNDaharoM kI dUrI eka mIla hai| isa prakAra par3araunA vAle stUpa (TIle se) kuzInagara ke stUpa (TIle) kI dUrI 12 mIla hai jo bhaugolika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika tarkasaMgata pratIta hotI hai| dharAtala ke parivartana meM bAhya aura Antarika zaktiyoM : prakRti, varSA, jalavAyu, tApamAna, bhUkampa Adi kA sadaiva nirNAyaka yogadAna rahA hai| par3araunA ( pAvA ) ke sAtha bhI yahI sthiti rahI hai| par3araunA (pAvA) ke nikaTa chAvanI ke pAsa sthita prAcIna TIle ke Asa-pAsa buddha 1. suttanipAta-parAyaNavagga pada, 1011, 1015, pR0 432 / 2. sumaMgala vilAsinI, pR0 282 / 3. gavyatistukrozayugalam-amarakoza, motIlAla banArasIdAsa dillI, 1984 / 4. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI-gorakhapura janapada aura usako kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 78 / 5. Tarnara, jo0-jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla, naM0 79, bhAga 2, pR0 7, kalakattA-16838 / 6. malalasekara, jI0 pI0, DikzanarI Ava pAliprAparanemsa, pR0 193 /

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100 : mahAvIra nirvAgabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kAla meM sarovara vidyamAna the| digambara grantha nirvANabhakti ke anusAra pAvA aneka sarovaroM se evaM U~ce sthaloM se ghirA huA thaa| ukta TIle ke pazcima meM Aja bhI eka sarovara vidyamAna hai| anya sarovara kAla ke garta meM cale gye| ___ aba hama par3araunA ke pAvA hone kI sambhAvanA prakaTa karane vAle bhaugolika vivaraNoM evaM sarvekSaNa se prApta tathyoM kI samIkSA kareMge digambara grantha 'nirvANa bhakti'2 meM pAvA kA padmavana ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| mahAvIra, nirvANa se pUrva pAvA nagara meM padmavana se suzobhita udyAna meM kAyotsarga hetu dhyAnArUr3ha hue the| bAda meM pAvApura nagara ke bAhara unnata bhUmi-khaNDa para kamaloM se suzobhita sarovara ke madhya niSpApa vardhamAna dvArA nirvANa prApta karane kA ullekha hai| ataH padmavana, pAvA aura paDaraunA eka hI hai| kaniMghama kA bhI yahI mata hai ki padmavana, padaravana, padaramana aura pavana ityAdi kA kramika vikAsa hI vartamAna meM par3araunA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne sarvekSaNa ke samaya pracalita par3araunA ke nAmoM kA ullekha apanI riporTa meM diyA hai, yaha vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : bukanana ( 1814 I0 ) kI riporTa ke anusAra usa samaya ise paronA yA paraunA ( Parrona ) yA ( Parrauna ) sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| kaniMghama ke sarvekSaNa kAla (1862 I0 ) meM par3araunA ( Padrona) kArlAila' ke sarvekSaNa (1876-77 ) meM ise par3araunA yA paraunA ( Pad1. padmavana dIpikAkula vividha druma khaNDa maNDite ramye / pAvA nagarIdhAne vyutsargeNa sthitaH sa muniH / / 16 // tIrthavandana saMgraha, pR0 5, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha solApura, pra0 saM0 1965 2. zloka saM0 16 evaM pAvApurasya vahirannata bhUmideze padmoptalAkulavaMtA sarasAM himamadhye / zrI vardhamAnajinadeva iti pratIto nirvANamApa bhagavAna pravidhUtapApmA // 24 // vahI, pR05 3. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0 hisTrI eNTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTeTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA, khaNDa 1, pR0 354, dvi0 saM0, 1976 4. kaniMghama e0, aizyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 366 5. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 22, pR0 29-30

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pAvA- par3araunA anuzIlana : 101 uraona ) yA ( Paraona ) nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / phyUrara' ke samaya ( 1886 - 1891 ) meM isameM kiMcita parivartana huA / yaha par3araunA (Padrauna ) yA paraunA ( Parauna ) pukArA jAne lagA / vartamAna kAla meM ise par3araunA ( Padrauna ) nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jaba lagabhaga 175 varSa meM itanA parivartana ho sakatA hai to pichale 2500 varSoM meM kitanA parivartana huA hogA, isakI sahaja kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| 1 par3araunA ke lie prayukta aMgrejI ke akSaroM para vicAra karanA ati Avazyaka hai / aMgrejI meM hindI 'da' akSara ke lie 'DI' akSara kA prayoga hotA hai / par3araunA vAstava meM hindI lipi meM padaraunA hai, jaisA ki kaniMghama ne padaravana, padaramana, paDravana ityAdi nAma par3araunA ke lie prayukta kiyA hai / aMgrejoM ke lie hindI zabda kA zuddha lekhana aura uccAraNa kaThina thA / isI kAraNa bukanana 'ne 'da' ke sthAna para aMgrejI meM R akSara kA prayoga kiyA hai, tathA kaniMghama ne R ke sAtha-sAtha DI kA prayoga kiyA hai / aMgreja apanI suvidhAnusAra hindI zabdoM ko tor3a-maror3a kara aMgrejI meM prayoga kiyA karate the / par3araunA uttara pradeza meM gorakhapura ke nikaTa devariyA janapada ke uttarIpUrvI chora para sidhuvA~ jobanA paraganA meM bihAra kI sImA se saTA huA 83.59deg pUrvI dezAntara evaM 26.54deg uttarI akSAMza para sthita hai / kuzI- nagara se 12 mIla uttara-pUrva bAr3I nadI ke taTa para vaha candrAkAra rUpa meM sthita hai / par3araunA se uttara-pazcima lumbinI evaM piparahavA ( kapilavastu ) kI sIdhI rekhA meM dUrI kramazaH 96 ki0 mI0 tathA 91 ki0 mI0 hai / yaha gaMDaka se pazcima meM 32.45 ki0 mI0 para sthita hai / par3araunA, tahasIla par3araunA kA mukhyAlaya hai jisakI sthApanA 1805 meM huI thI / yaha eka audyogika evaM vyApArika kendra hai / par3araunA tahasIla ke uttara meM devariyA kI hATA tahasIla, uttara-pUrva meM bihAra rAjya kA pazcimI campAraNa janapada, pUrva va dakSiNa-pUrva meM bihAra kA hI gopAlagaMja janapada, dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pazcima meM devariyA sadara tahasIla evaM pazcima meM devariyA sadara tathA hATA tahasIla sthita hai / isa prakAra par3araunA tahasIla kA bhAga bihAra se ghirA huA hai / zeSa bhAga devariyA tathA hATA tahasIla ke kSetra meM hai / bA~sI tathA gaMDaka nadiyA~ 1. phyUrara, e0, mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIja eNDa inskripzansa, nArdana, vesTarna prAvinseja, pR0 249 /

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102 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bihAra se isa tahasIla ko alaga karatI haiN| dakSiNa-pazcima meM khanuvA nAlA devariyA sadara evaM par3araunA tahasIla kI vibhAjaka rekhA hai| devariyA janapada uttara pradeza ke pUrvottara aMcala meM 26deg-28deg uttarI akSAMza evaM 33deg-85deg aMza dezAntara ke madhya sthita hai jo pahale gorakhapura janapada kA hI aMga rahA hai| gorakhapura janapada kI sthApanA 14 janavarI 1802 meM huI thii| usa samaya yaha uttara pradeza ke sabase vizAla janapada ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| prazAsanika suvidhA kI dRSTi se gorakhapura janapada ke pUrvI bhAga ko alaga kara 16 mArca 1946 meM devariyA janapada kA nirmANa kiyA gayA, jisake uttara meM bihAra pradeza kA pazcimI campAraNa, pUrva meM gopAlagaMja evaM sAraNa, dakSiNa meM baliyA, Ajamagar3ha, pazcima meM gorakhapura janapada sthita hai| par3araunA ke nikaTavartI kSetra ke prAkRtika bhUgola ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki yahA~ kA dharAtala prAyaH samatala evaM nIcA hai| yahA~ jalajamAva kI samasyA barAbara banI rahatI hai, jisakA prabhAva upaja para par3atA hai / himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita hone ke kAraNa jalavAyu AI aura nama hai / grISma Rtu ( maI) kA tApamAna 49.9deg se 40deg seMTIgreDa tathA zarada Rtu ( janavarI ) kA 10.80 se 20deg seMTIgre0 ke madhya rahatA hai / ausata vArSika varSA 100 semI0 se 150 semI0 hotI hai| yahA~ kI ArdratA julAI meM 84%, apraila meM 83% tathA vAyabhAra disambara meM 1008 milIvAra tathA julAI meM 990.7 milIvAra rahatA hai| prAcIna kAla se hI yaha kSetra vanAcchAdita rahatA hai| yahA~ ke Ama, kaTahala, lIcI prasiddha haiN| gannA yahA~ kI pramukha paidAvAra hai, jisake kAraNa par3araunA tahasIla meM 3 cInI mile 20vIM sadI ke Arambha se hI sthApita haiN| yahA~ upajAU bhUmi hone ke kAraNa sabhI prakAra kI phasaleM ugAI jAtI haiN| kacce mAla kI upalabdhi, pakke mAla kI khapata ke kAraNa yaha vyApArika evaM audyogika kendra rahA hai| __ par3araunA se gorakhapura dakSiNa-pazcima dizA meM 72 kilomITara para sthita hai, jo pUrvottara relave ( mITarageja ) tathA parivahana mArga se jur3A huA hai / gorakhapura-sIvAna ( sAraNa janapada, uttara-pazcima bihAra pradeza) lUpa lAina par3araunA se hokara jAtI hai| par3araunA, gorakhapura tathA sIvAna se kramazaH 72 ki0mI0 tathA 86 ki0mI0 dUrI para sthita hai| par3araunA se 1. saM0 Dagalasadevara, haiNDabuka prIkyUTInI rikArDa gavarnameNTa yU0 pI0, pR0 111, gavarnameNTa priNTiga presa, ilAhAbAda /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 103 kuzInagara hokara gorakhapura mArga hai| par3araunA se dakSiNa meM devariyA nagara sthita hai, jahA~ kuzInagara se hokara mArga jAtA hai| gorakhapura se rASTrIya vAyusevA upalabdha hai| par3araunA tathA isake samIpavartI kSetra ke bhaugolika adhyayana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki yahA~ ke saghana araNya isakI prAkRtika sampadA, urvara bhUmi tathA anukUla jalavAyu, Arambha se hI mahApuruSoM ko AkarSita evaM mohita karatI rahI hai, jisakA itihAsa sAkSI hai| nagara tathA kSetra kI Arthika sampannatA, kacce mAla ko upalabdhi evaM khapata (bAjAra), AvAgamana ke paryApta sAdhana, saghana janasaMkhyA evaM pakke mAla ke utpAdana ke kAraNa hI par3araunA eka pramukha audyogika evaM vyApArika kendra ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| gaNDaka-sambandha bauddha siMhalI granthoM' ( dIpavaMsa aura mahAvaMsa ) meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki pAvA kuzInagara se tIna gavyUti ( 12 mIla ) kI dUrI para gaNDaka kI dizA meM sthita thaa| kucha vidvAn jinameM kaniMghamare sarvaprathama haiM, pAvA ko spaSTataH gaNDaka para sthita mAnate haiN| nandalAla De bhI isa pAvA ke gaNDaka ke kinAre sthita hone kI puSTi karate haiN| Adhunika bAr3I nadI isI gaNDaka kI upadhArA hai jisake taTa para par3araunA sthita hai| par3araunA nagara arddhacandrAkAra basA huA hai| par3araunA ke nikaTa gaNDaka ke pravAhita hone ke purAtAtvika sAkSya bhI milate haiM / gorakhapura gajeTiyara ke anusAra par3araunA ke nikaTa eka pokhare kI khudAI ke samaya san 1978 meM eka bar3I nAva ke Tukar3e kA milanA isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki gaNDaka nadI kabhI isa chora se bahA karI thii| brahmadeva zarmA ne bhI ullekha kiyA 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 78 2. kaniMghama, e0, eziyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 497 3. De0, ena0 ela0, jyAgraphikala DikzanarI, eziyeNTa meDivala iNDiyA, pR0 250, lujAka eNDa kaMpanI, laMdana, 1927 4. nevila, eca0 Ara0, gorakhapura gajeTiyara, khaNDa 31, pR0 4-5, gavarnameNTa' priMTiMga presa, ilAhAbAda / 5. zarmA, brahmadeva, hamAre kSetra ke do siddhapITha, pR0 5, azoka priMTiMga presa, par3araunA, 1954

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104 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hai ki 1912 meM gorakhapura-sivAna lUpa lAina ke nirmANa ke samaya par3araunA ke nikaTa pUrva dizA meM siMdhavA ke dakSiNI kuNDa se sAkha ke lambe-lambe balle, nAva ke bar3e-bar3e Tukar3e tathA usake patavAra mile the| gaNDaka aura par3araunA kA sambandha spaSTa karane ke lie hama gaNDaka ke udgama sthala, pravAha kSetra Adi kA vivecana karane ke sAtha hI isa nadI ke viSaya meM prApta sAhityika vivaraNa para vicAra kareMge prAgaitihAsika kAla meM yaha sadAnIrA, nArAyaNI, zAlIgrAmI, bA~r3I, gaMDakAvatI, gaNDaka Adi nAmoM se vikhyAta thii| buddhakAla meM ise mahI nadI kahA jAtA thaa| ise zAlIgrAmI bhI kahA jAtA thA kyoMki isake dhArApravAha meM asaMkhya choTe-choTe zaila, paraspara ghisa jAne se sundara zAligrAma ke rUpa meM milate haiN| gaNDaka nadI himAlaya se nikalakara, tarAI ( nepAla evaM pUrvI uttara pradeza ) meM pravAhita hotI huI, uttara se sIdhe dakSiNa kI ora bihAra pradeza ke vaizAlI janapada sthita, hAjIpura evaM sonapura ke madhya gaMgA meM vilIna ho jAtI hai| ise harihara kSetra kahate haiN| harihara kSetra kA mahattva cirakAla se hai jahA~ prativarSa bahuta vizAla melA lagatA hai| 'gaMgA phlaDa kaMTrola kamIzana' kI riporTa se jJAta hotA hai ki gaNDaka kA udgama sthAna nepAla sImA ke nikaTa tibbata meM dhavalAgiri ke uttara meM, 29deg 18' uttarI akSAMza tathA 83deg 58' pUrvI dezAntara para, 7620 mI0 U~cAI para hai| isakA jala plAvana kSetra 46300 varga kimI0 hai, jisameM 7620 varga kimI0 kSetra bhAratavarSa meM, zeSa nepAla aura tibbata meM hai| jo kSetra bhAratavarSa meM par3atA hai, usameM 968 varga ki0 mo0 u0 pra0 meM, evaM 6652 varga ki0 mI0 bihAra meM hai| jo kSetra nepAla aura tibbata meM hai, usakA 1/6 bhAga himAcchAdita rahatA hai, jise parvatIya kSetra meM kAlI evaM kRSNagaMDaka sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| isakI nepAla tathA tibbata meM vAstavika lambAI 380 kimI0 hai tathA bhAratavarSa meM 260 kimI0 hai| yaha eka vilakSaNa nadI hai, jo nepAla ke himAcchAdita parvatoM kI zRMkhalAoM se nikalakara, pahAr3iyoM se bahatI haI DhalAna para aise mor3a se samatala maidAna para utaratI hai, jahA~ vaha adhika gaharAI nahIM banA pAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki isake dhArA pravAha, kaTAva va vega meM adhika tIvratA hai| varSAkAla meM gaNDaka nadI, jala kI adhikatA se maidAnI kSetra meM Ane 1. mAnITariMga riporTa, pR0 2-3, vATara risorseja kinisTrI, iNdhiyA gavarnameNDa, dillii|

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pAvA- par3araunA anuzIlana : 105: para ( kA~pa miTTI ) mulAyama miTTI ke bane dharAtala ke kAraNa gaharA kaTAva karatI hai tathA kaTI huI mulAyama miTTI ko apane sAtha bahAkara bichA detI hai / isa avarodha ke kAraNa bhayaMkara bAr3ha AtI hai| gorakhapura gajeTiyara' se spaSTa hai ki garmiyoM meM bhI isakI dhArA kA vega, haridvAra meM gaMgA ke vega se dUnA rahatA hai / pANDeya ne bhI isa tathya kI puSTi kI hai / gaMDaka irIgezana eNDa pAvara projekTa kI riporTa se jJAta hotA hai ki varSA ke dinoM meM gaMDaka kA vega 555, 460 kyUseksa tathA garmI ke dinoM meM ghaTakara 10,000 kyUseksa ho jAtA hai, isake pariNAmasvarUpa varSA ke dinoM meM gaMDaka nadI 40 se 50 phITa gaharAI taka bhUmi kA kaTAva karatI hai / briTiza sarakAra ne gaMDaka nadI para relave pula banavAyA thA, kintu nadI ke tIvra bahAva ke kAraNa pula ke kaI khambhe baha gaye / tatkAlona baMgAla nArtha-vesTarna relave (Adhunika nArtha isTarna relave) ke itihAsa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki chitaunI - bagahA ke madhya 1890 meM eka pula kA nirmANa huA thA, jisakI lambAI 900 mITara thI, ukta pula 1924 meM bhISaNa bAr3ha ke kAraNa baha gayA, isake kaI stambha dharAzAyI ho gaye, jisake khaNDahara Aja bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM / svatantratA prApti ke bAda isa kSetra ke AvAgamana ke samasyA samAdhAna hetu tatkAlIna pradhAnamaMtrI sva0 zrImatI indirA gA~dhI ne chitaunI - bagahA ke madhya vizAla relave pula ke nirmANa hetu zilAnyAsa 22 aktUbara 1973 meM khaDDA tathA chitaunI ke bIca malahiyA nAmaka sthAna para kiyA thA / kintu prastAvita yojanA kAryAnvita na ho sakane ke kAraNa tatkAlona relave maMtrI jArja pharnANDIja ne 7 janavarI 1990 ko punaH zilAnyAsa kiyA hai / himAlaya parvata kI U~cAI meM vRddhi, gaMDaka kI udgama sthalo, gaMDaka kI DhalAna evaM koNika pravAha meM parivartana, varSA kA AnupAtika sambandha Adi prAkRtika kAraNoM se gaMDaka ke pravAha kI dizA meM nirantara parivartana 1. nevila, eca0 Ara0, gorakhapura gajeTiyara, khaNDa 31, pR0 4 2. gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 11 3. gaNDaka irIgezana pAvara projekTa, pR0 334-35, bihAra gavarnameNTa, paTanA, 1951 4. hisTrI iNDiyana relaveja, pR0 110, relave borDa, gavarnameNTa priMTiMga presa.. naI dillI

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106 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hotA rahA hai / ataH nizcita hI rAmAyaNa kAla se pUrva gaNDaka nadI hATA tahasIla kI pUrvI sImA ke pAsa bahA karatI thI / yadi buddha kAla meM gaNDaka hATA tahasIla ke pUrvI chora para bahatI to kuzInagara aura par3araunA ke bhagnAvazeSa evaM kalAkRtiyA~ usake pravAha meM kabhI kI vilIna ho gayI hotIM / nizcita hI buddha kAla meM gaMDaka pAvA ( par3araunA ) ke samIpa bahA karatI thI / Adhunika kAla meM gaMDaka kI caur3AI ( pATa ) kahIM-kahI lagabhaga 6 mIla hai, jisake uttarI chora para bihAra kA nagara bagahA tathA dakSiNa chora para uttara pradeza kA jaTahA~ bAjAra sthita hai / DaoN kRpAsiMha' gaMDaka nadI ke pravAha aura kaTAva kA gahana adhyayana kara isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiM ki gaMDaka nadI kA jalagrahaNa kSetra 37007 kimI0 hai / gaMDaka ke mArga parivartana ke viSaya meM inakI dhAraNA hai ki pahale gaMDaka hATA tahasIla kI sImA para bahA karatI thI, Aja par3araunA tahasIla ko pAra karatI huI bihAra ke gopAlagaMja tahasIla ke pUrvI chora taka pahu~ca gayI hai / isakA pratyakSa pramANa baluI bhUmi ke TIle ( dhUsa ) kI zrRMkhalA ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hote haiM / isa prakAra aneka tAla-talaiyA, nadI-nAloM kA nirmANa huA hai / varSA kAla meM ina nadI-nAloM meM choTI gaMDaka, bA~sI ityAdi nadiyoM kA pAnI bhara jAtA hai aura bAr3ha kI sthiti ho jAtI hai / gorakhapura gajeTiyara' se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki sampUrNa par3araunA tahasIla tathA devariyA aura salemapura ke uttarI bhAga kI bhUmi kI banAvaTa bhA~Tha kisma kI hai / bhA~Tha bhUmi kA nirmANa nArAyaNI, choTI gaMDaka aura unakI sahAyaka nadiyoM dvArA lAI huI miTTI se huA hai / bhA~Tha kI miTTI sapheda hotI hai, jisakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki isa miTTI meM miTTI ke anupAta meM cUnA adhika hotA hai, tathA jala grahaNa karane kI zakti adhika hotI hai / DhUr3hIvArI se devariyA janapada ke bhATapAra sTezana taka eka rekhA khIMcI jAye to bhA~Tha kI bhUmi pUrva kI ora alaga ho jAyegI / isa kSetra ke sarvekSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki baluI bhUmi ke TIloM kI zRMkhalA ( dhUsa ), maharAjagaMja tahasIla ( gorakhapura janapada ) harapura se zurU hokara devariyA taka calI gaI hai, U~cI bhUmi kI dUsarI zreNI uttara-pazcima se zurU hokara pUrva-dakSiNa kI ora phailI huI 1. siMha, kRpAzaMkara, laiNDa yUja eNDa nyaTrIzana paDaraunA ( tahasIla ) devariyA ( aprakAzita ), pR0 127 2. gorakhapura gajeTiyara, pR0 4

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 107 dRSTigocara hotI hai, jisake nikaTa papaUra, bar3aharAgaMja, par3araunA, kubera sthAna ityAdi upanagara sthita haiN| inake samIpavartI bhAgoM meM kahIM nIcIU~cI, kahIM jhIla aura kahIM-kahIM para kaMkaDIlI bhUmi ke zaila caTTe pAye jAte haiM / isake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM gaNDaka nadI yahIM se hokara bahA karatI thii| . ___ nArAyaNI ( zAligrAmI) kI utpatti ke sambandha meM padmapurANa meM varNana hai ki pUrvakAla meM viSNu ne prajA ko atyanta pApalipta dekhakara inake pApa-prakSAlana hetu apanI kanapaTI ke pasIne se pApadhvaMsinI nArAyaNI kI sRSTi kii| apanI utpatti pasIne se jAnakara gaNDakI ne sahasroM divya varSoM taka kaThora tapasyA kiyaa| tapasyA se prasanna viSNu ne gaNDakI ke udara meM zAligrAma rUpa se svayaM sthita hone kA vara diyaa| varaprApti ke pazcAt gaNDakI zAligrAmI nAma se vikhyAta huii| rAmAyaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki gaNDaka (sadAnIrA ) kosalarAja kI sImA nirdhArita karatI thii| lAhA' ne bhI kosala ke dakSiNa meM gaMgA nadI, uttara meM himAlaya parvata, pUrva meM gaNDaka nadI tathA videha, pazcima meM kuru pAMcAla deza sthita batAyA hai| isa prakAra bar3I gaNDaka ( sadAnIrA) videha aura kosala ko vibhAjita karatI thii| __rAmAyaNa se sambaddha janazrutiyoM meM bhI gaNDaka aura usakI upadhArA bAsI kA ullekha AyA hai| janazruti ke anusAra mahArAja dazaratha bArAta lekara janakapura jAte samaya aura vahA~ se vApasa lauTate samaya gaNDaka ke taTa para par3Ava DAle the| isI upalakSa meM gaNDaka kI upadhArA bA~sI ke taTa para rAmaghATa meM, jo par3araunA se lagabhaga 5 mIla uttara dizA meM hai, prati varSa kArtika pUrNimA ko vizAla melA lagatA hai| Aja bhI logoM meM yaha dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki bA~sI nadI kA yaha ghATa zrIrAma kI bArAta ke mArga kA eka par3Ava thaa| zrIrAma ke pada-ramaNa ke kAraNa yaha kSetra prAcIna kAla se hI pavitra hai, aisA vizvAsa hai| ullekhanIya hai ki bukanana ke sarvekSaNa kAla (1814 ) meM bA~sI 1. lAhA, vimalacaraNa, aiMziyeNTa iNDiyana TrAibsa, pR0 34, paMjAba saMskRta buka Dipo, lAhaura, 1926 2. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, di hisTrI, eNTIkviTIja TopogrAphI sTai TisTiksa IsTarna iNDiyA, khaNDa-2, pR0 1255, kAsamo pablikezana, dariyAgaMja, dillI, 1976

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"108 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza gaNDaka kI mukhya dhArA thI aura rAma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa isI prakAra kA melA lagatA thaa| rAmaprasAda pANDeya ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki prativarSa kArtika pUrNimA ko yahA~ melA lagatA A rahA hai| ___mahAbhArata meM bhI gaNDaka kA kaI sthAnoM para ullekha AyA hai| mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM gaMgA Adi jina sAta nadiyoM ke jala-pAna se pApa naSTa hone kA ullekha hai unameM gaNDaka bhI eka hai| ___ mahAbhArata ke bhISmaparva meM bhArata kI pramukha nadiyoM kI sUcI meM sarayU nadI ke atirikta gorakhapura kI pradhAna nadI irAvatI, rAptI, rohiNI, gaNDakI aura bA~DI kA bhI ullekha hai| mahAbhArata meM varNita arjuna evaM bhIma ke sAtha jarAsandha-vadha hetu kRSNa dvArA kI gaI yAtrA, karNa kI nepAlavijaya aura bhIma kI divijaya ityAdi prakaraNa meM gaNDaka kA ullekha milatA hai, jisakA vivaraNa Age diyA gayA hai / isaprakAra mahAbhArata meM isa kSetra ke gaNDaka kA bAra-bAra ullekha yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki kuru pAMcAla Adi se magadha kI ora jAne ke lie yaha eka sulabha mArga thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI anya nAmoM se gaNDaka kA prAyaH ullekha milatA hai| buddhakAla meM bar3I gaNDaka madhyadeza kI pramukha nadI thI aura ise mahA1. pANDeya, rAmaprasAda, gorakhapura jile kA itihAsa, pR0 34, prayAga, 1942 2. gaGgAM ca yamunAM caiva plakSajAtAM sarasvatIm / / rathasthAM sarayU caiva gomatI gaNDakI tathA // 20 // aparyuSitapApAste nadIH sapta pibanti ye / mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 171 adhyAya, pR0 497 3. nadI vetravatIM caiva kRSNaveNAM ca nimnagAm / irAvatI vitastAM ca payoSNoM devikAmapi // 16 // zarAvatIM payoSNIM ca veNAM bhImarathImapi / kAverI culukAM cApi vANI zatabalAmapi / / 20 // xxx purAvatImanuSNAM ca zaibyAM kApI ca bhArata / sadAnIrAmadhRSyAM ca kuzadhArAM mahAnadIm // 24 // sadAkAntAM zivAM caiva tathA vIramatImapi / vastrAM suvastrAM gaurI ca kampanAM sahiraNvatIm // 25 // mahAbhArata, bhISmaparva, adhyAya 9, zloka 16, 20, 24, 25, pR0 2564 4. dekhie prAgbuddha mArga, adhyAya

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 109. nadI nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| saMyuttanikAya ke paDhama-samvejja sutta' meM isakI gaNanA pA~ca ( gaMgA, yamunA, acirAvatI, rAptI, sarabhU ( sarayU ) aura mahImahAnadiyoM meM thii| suttanikAya ke dutiya-samvejjasutta, samuddasutta, aMguttaranikAya, visuddhimagga tathA milinda panho' meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| udAna" meM ina pA~coM nadiyoM ko samudra kI ora bahate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| 'papaMca sUdanI' meM anya mahAnadiyoM ke samAna ise pUrva ko ora bahate dikhAyA gayA hai| ___ suttanipAta ke dhanika sutta meM ullekha AtA hai ki eka bAra bhagavAna buddha mahI nadI ke kinAre eka khulI kuTI meM rAtri meM Thahare hue the| kuTI Upara se khulI huI thii| AkAza meM ghanaghora varSAkAlIna bAdala chAye hue the| bhagavAn ne AkAza kI ora dekhakara kahA-deva, icchA ho to khUba baraso "varSa deva yathAsukhaM / " mahAparinivvANa sutta se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAparinivvANa ke pUrva buddha bhoga nagara se calakara pAvA Aye the| buddhakAlIna bhUgola se spaSTa hai ki bhoganagara vajjisaMgha meM sthita thA tathA vajjisaMgha evaM mallarASTra ke madhya mahI ( gaNDaka) nadI sImA kA kArya karatI thii| yadi pAvA gaNDaka ke taTa para sthita thA, to nizcita hI buddha ne bhoganagara se pAvA Agamana ke samaya gaNDaka pAra kiyA hogaa| vastutaH mallarASTra zrAvastI evaM vaizAlI ke madhya sthita thaa| ataH buddha ko ina mahAnagaroM ke madhya AvAgamana hetu mahI (gaNDaka ) nadI ko avazya pAra karanA par3A hogaa| buddha ne mahAparinirvANa pUrva pAvA se kuzInagara jAte samaya jina tIna 1. saMyukta nikAya ( hi0 ) bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 823 2. aMguttara nikAya ( hindI ) kausalyAyana, bhadanta Ananda, caturtha khaNDa, pR0 101 3. visuddhimagga ( hindI ) saM0 kosAmbI, dharmAnanda, 1124 ( pR0 6 ), bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, 1940 4. milindapanho ( hindI ), pR0 87, vArANasI 1979 5. udAna ( hindI ) bhikSu kAzyapa, jagadIza, pR0 73, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, buddhAbda 2482 6. papaMca sUdanI, DaoN0 TATiyA, nathamala, khaNDa 2, pR0 586, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA 1975 7. dIghanikAya mahAparininvANa sutta (hindI), pR0 136

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* 110 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza nadiyoM ko pAra kiyA thA usameM se do ko usa kAla meM kakutthA tathA hiraNyavatI nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| vartamAna khunuA hI tatkAlIna hiraNyavatI hai| inake atirikta mahAparinivvANa sUtra meM varNita tIsarI nadI vartamAna kAla meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotI hai| Aja bhI par3araunA ke upanagara chAvanI ke dakSiNa meM pazcima se pUrva kI nIcI jamIna kI peTI ( ca~vara ) dikhAI detI hai| yahA~ varSA kA pAnI bhara jAtA hai tathA garmI ke dinoM meM bhI lagA rahatA hai| sambhavataH usa ajJAta nado kI dhArA par3araunA ke nikaTa hokara jAtI thii| mahAparinivvANa se pUrva pAvA se kuzInagara jAte samaya mArga meM buddha ko pyAsa lagI aura unhoMne Ananda ko isI nadI se jala lAne ko kahA thaa| usa samaya usa nadI se 500 gAr3iyoM kA jatthA nikala cukA thA jisase nadI kA jala gandA ho gayA thaa| mahAtmA buddha ke Agraha ke pazcAt bhI Ananda Arambha meM, gande jala ke kAraNa jala lAne nahIM gaye bAda meM jala svaccha hone para unhoMne jala lAkara buddha kI pyAsa bujhaaii| ____mahAvIra evaM gaNDaka ke sambandha meM Avazyaka cUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki niggaNTha jJAtaputra 'jJAta' khaNDavana se prasthAna karake gaNDakI nadI ko, sthalamArga (pula) se pArakara karmAroM ( lohAroM) ke grAma karmarA pahuMce the| jAtaka kathAoM se nadiyoM para pUla kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai kintu chichale pAnI meM banda ( bA~dha) se pAra karane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| nadI meM gahare pAnI ko pAra karane ke lie nAva (droNi ) kA upayoga huA karatA thaa| rAjA bahudhA nAvoM ke ber3e ke sAtha yAtrA kiyA karate the| 'divyAvadAna' se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRha se zrAvastI ke rAjamArga para samrATa ajAtazatru ne nAva ke pula ( nausaMkramaNa) kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| licchaviyoM ke deza meM bhI gaMDaka para eka pula thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki ajAtazatru ke zAsanakAla meM rAjagaha se zrAvastI rAjamArga para licchavi gaNataMtra ke nikaTa gaMDaka para nAva kA pula nirmita thA, jisakA upayoga mahAvIra tathA buddha evaM unake ziSyoM dvArA haA karatA thaa| itanA nizcita hai ki pula nirmANa ke pUrva varSAkAla meM tIrthaMkara muni, bhikSu, vyApArIgaNa kama yAtrA kiyA karate the, sambhavataH jaina aura bauddha bhikSuoM ke cAturmAsa kI paramparA isI kAraNa Arambha huI hogii| uparyukta varNana se pramANita hotA hai ki gaMDaka kA isa kSetra ke itihAsa ke " sRjana meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai|

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzolana : 111 purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa kisI sthala ke prAmANika anusandhAna meM purAtAttvika evaM sAhityika sAkSya eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| balki yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki purA. tAttvika sAkSya sAhityika sAkSya se jyAdA mahattvapUrNa haiN| purAtAttvika sAkSya sAhityika vivaraNa para prAmANikatA kI muhara lagA dete haiN| purAtAttvika sAkSya ke antargata abhilekha evaM bhUgarbha ke utkhanana se prApta bhagnAvazeSa aura anya sAmagriyA~ jaise mUrtiyA~, kalAkRtiyA~ evaM pAtra, mudrAyeM Adi mukhya haiN| sAhityika sAkSya par3araunA ko hI pAvA pramANita karate haiN| isa adhyAya meM hama par3araunA sambaddha purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kA 'vivecana prastuta kareMge par3araunA se dakSiNa isake hI upanagara chAvanI ke nikaTa devarahA grAma, chAvanI se kubera sthAna jAne vAlI sar3aka ke dakSiNa meM sthita hai| yahA~ sthita eka prAcIna TIlA, purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA surakSita hai| isa TIle ke samIpastha mArga kI uttara dizA meM mahAvIra kI kAle prastara kI vizAla kalAtmaka pratimA Aja bhI pAkar3a ke vRkSa ke nIce par3I huI hai| isa prAcIna TIle evaM yahA~ se prApta mUrtiyoM kA sUkSmatA se nirIkSaNa par3araunA ko prAcIna nagarI siddha karane meM sahAyaka hote haiN| TIle sahita isa kSetra kA sarvekSaNa sarvaprathama bukanana' ne ( san 1854) karavAyA thaa| isa TIle kI lambAI pUrva-pazcima 224 tathA caur3AI uttaradakSiNa 128' hai| unake anusAra anumAnataH 20 varSa pUrva yahA~ ke tatkAlIna tahasIladAra zekhA UtullAha ke Adeza se isa TIle se IMTeM nikalavAkara tahasIla meM makAna Adi banavAye gaye the| IMTa nikalavAte samaya kucha mUrtiyA~ dRSTigocara hone se apazakuna mAnakara IMTa nikalavAne kA kArya roka diyA gyaa| vahA~ se prApta kucha mUrtiyoM ko bhUmi ke andara dabA diyA gayA thA tathA zeSa bAhara raha gayI thiiN| bukanana ke Agamana ke samaya bhI vahA~ tIna mUrtiyA~ vidyamAna thiiN| eka mUrti TIle ke samIpa sthita khAI ke nikaTa tathA zeSa do mUrtiyA~ nikaTa ke gA~va meM thiiN| ina mUrtiyoM meM se eka tIna chatradhArI puruSa mUrti hinduoM meM haTThI mA~ ke rUpa meM pUjita thii| bukanana ke sarvekSaNa ke lagabhaga 20 varSa pUrva 1794 meM kitanI IMTeM nikAlI gayIM tathA isake pUrva usa TIle ko kyA U~cAI rahI hogI, isakA 1. mANTagomaromArTina, ema0 Ara0-hisTro eNTokviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava isTarna iNDiyA, jilda 2 pR0 354 /

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112 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza anumAna lagAnA kaThina hI nahIM, asambhava hai| DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ke anusAra lakhanaU ke navAba vajIra aura IsTa iNDiyA kampanI ke madhya. samajhautA 10 navambara 1801 meM huA thA / RNa cukAne meM asamartha navAba vajIra ne sampUrNa gorakhapura, bastI, buTavala tathA Ajamagar3ha janapada kA uttarI bhAga IsTa iNDiyA kampanI ko de diyaa| isase yahI jJAta hotA hai ki 1794 meM navAba vajIra ke tatkAlIna tahasIladAra zekhA UtullAha par3araunA meM rahA karate the| bukanana ke utkhanana-riporTa se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna thAnedAra se kahakara kucha zramikoM ko unhoMne TIle ke kendra meM utkhanana ke lie lagAyA, lekina 5 ghana phuTa utkhanana ke pazcAt eka saMkIrNa patharIle galiyAre meM kucha mAnava asthiyA~ dRSTigocara hone ke kAraNa utkhanana kArya sthagita ho gyaa| ukta paristhiti meM isa TIle kA utkhanana pUrNa nahIM ho skaa| inakI dhAraNA thI ki isa TIle ke andara koI mandira yA stUpa honA caahiye| ___ san 1861 meM kaniMghama ko isa TIle kA utkhanana karavAte samaya vibhinna mUrtiyA~ evaM kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huii| unheM jJAta huA thA ki 8 varSa pUrva lagabhaga 1853 I0 meM eka sthAnIya jamIMdAra ne do bhavanoM ke nirmANa karavAne yogya IMTeM nikalavAI thiiN| isa kAraNa ukta TIle se nikAlI gaI IMToM evaM kaniMghama ke Agamana ke pUrva tathA isakI mUla prArambhika U~cAI jJAta karanA kaThina hai| kaniMghama ke sarvekSaNa ke samaya isa TIle kI lambAI (pUrva se pazcima) 220' tathA caur3AI ( uttara se dakSiNa) 120' evaM U~cAI 14 thii| isa tathya kI puSTi gairika tathA gorakhapura gajeTiyara se hotI hai| hamane 28 maI 1983 ko ukta TIle kI mApa karAyI jisameM nimnalikhita tathya pAye gaye1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 258-259 2. mANTagomarI mArTina ema0 Ara0-hisTrI eNTIkviTIz2a TopogrAphI, eNDa sTaiTi sTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA, jilda 2, pR0 354 3. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa khaNDa 1, pR0 74-75 4. nevila, Ara0, gorakhapura gajeTiyara khaNDa 31, pR0 279-289

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uttara meM dakSiNa meM pUraba pazcima meM - uttara se dakSiNa kI pUrva meM uttara se dakSiNa kI parimApa -- -- pAvA- par3araunA anuzIlana : 113 pUraba se pazcima kI lambAI 239 phITa se pazcima kI lambAI 258 phITa caur3AI 128 phITa caur3AI 233 phITa 858 phITa U~cAI 12' 8' Upara ke bindu se uttara kI dUrI 114 / thI / kaniMghama' ne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki isa TIle para bauddha vihAra nirmita rahA hogA / vihAra meM 100 varga phITa kSetraphala vAle A~gana ke cAroM ora AvAsIya kamare rahe hoMge / kamaroM ke madhya A~gana meM stUpa athavA mandira rahA hogaa| isa bauddha vihAra kA praveza dvAra pUraba dizA meM pratIta hotA hai| gorakhapura gajeTiyara meM bhI sambhAvanA vyakta kI gaI hai ki TIle para eka bauddha vihAra honA cAhiye aura usake madhya meM eka pramukha stUpa honA cAhiye / pAvA ke nAgarikoM ke dvArA buddha kA mahAparinirvANa ho jAne para unake dhAtu avazeSoM ke 8veM bhAga ko bhUmi ke andara rakhakara usa para yaha stUpa nirmita karavAyA gayA thA / karnighama' kI dRSTi meM TIle se upalabdha gola, sUjApaTTI tathA kucha gola kinAre vAlI ye IMTeM bodha gayA ke prasiddha vizAla mandira tathA giriyaka ke stUpoM meM prayukta IMToM se sAmya rakhatI haiN| kaniMghama ne IMToM ke AkAra ke AdhAra para yahA~ do stUpoM ke hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai / eka stUpa 30 phITa paridhi evaM dUsarA 9 phITa paridhi kA thA / utkhanana meM unheM bhUre raMga ke bAksAiTa patthara kA stambha prApta huA jo 5 iMca kA vargAkAra thaa| isa AdhAra kI U~cAI 6 phITa 13 iMca thI / stambha ke UparI kinAre parasAdI kalAtmaka dhAriyA~ nirmita thIM / unheM usa prAcIna TIle se mahAtmA buddha kI bhI kaI pratimAyeM prApta huI thIM / 1. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 1, pR0 74-75 2. gorakhapura gajeTiyarsa, khaNDa 31, pR0 279-289 3. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 1, pR0 74-75 4. kaniMghama, e0 aiMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 366 8

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114 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga, paTanA maNDala dvArA DaoN0 aruNa kumAra ke nirdezana meM ukta Tole kA utkhanana dinAMka 26-1-1985 se 15-3-1985 taka kiyA gayA thaa| utkhanana kI riporTa abhI taka aprakAzita hai| isakA pUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| utkhanana kI avadhi meM maiMne kaI bAra isa TIle kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jo kucha tathya mere sAmane Aye, ve isa prakAra haiM1. vAstavikatA yaha hai ki purAtAttvika dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa mukhya TIle ke zIrSa bhAga kA utkhanana aba taka huA hI nhiiN| 2. pUraba dizA meM mukhya TIle kA pleTaphArma alaga se dikhAI detA hai| yaha dhAraNA pUrI taraha satya nahIM hai ki uttara evaM dakSiNa kI dIvAroM kA eka dUsare se sambandha nahIM hai, kyoMki abhI taka dharAtala taka utkhanana nahIM huA hai, jisase antima niSkarSa para pahuMcA jA ske| 3. mukhya TIle ke pazcimI bhAga kA utkhanana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / 4. uttara kI dIvAra ke andara uttara-pUrva, dakSiNa-pazcima lete hue nIce ke dharAtala ( Basement ) taka utkhanana karavAne ke pazcAt hI nirmita sthalI ke vAstavika svarUpa kI sUcanA prApta hogii| 5. jahA~ taka choTe TIle ke utkhanana kA prazna hai usameM kevala uttara kI tarapha pazcimI kinAre para utkhanana huA hai| kintu pUrvI-dakSiNI tathA pazcimI bhAga meM utkhanana sambandhI kArya nahIM huA, jisakA utkhanana dharAtala taka karane kI AvazyakatA hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ukta TIle kI vyavasthita khudAI nahIM huI hai, jo atyAvazyaka hai| khudAI ke viSaya meM paTanA aura dillI meM carcA cala rahI hai| yahA~ prApta mUrtiyoM Adi ke viSaya meM jo sUcanAyeM hameM prApta haiM, unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1. halke baluA patthara meM bhagavAn buddha kI mukhAkRti, lambe kAnoM meM kuNDala pahane hue dhuMgharAle keza 445 se0mii0|| 2. kAle patthara kI nirmita, smita madrA vAlo bhagavAn buddha kI mukhA kRti / kalAtmaka dRSTi se bahuta hI sundara-13 x 15 se0mI0 / 3. baluve patthara se banI huI prabhAmaNDalayukta bhagavAn buddha kI mukhAkRti 14 4 8 se0mii0| 4. baluve patthara se hI nirmita kalAtmaka DhaMga kA khambhAyukta AlA (takSa) 15.50x10 se0mI0 /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 115 5. isI patthara se nirmita sundara keza vinyAsayukta eka mAnava mukhause kI khaNDita AkRti 750 x 6 semI 0 / 6. arddha- khaNDita kamara taka kI mahAvIra kI pratimA, jisake donoM ora do anucara khar3e haiM / bAyIM tarapha Upara kI ora sira ke pAsa padmAsana mudrA meM eka puruSa mukhAkRti hai, jo ghisI huI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vakSa para kamala aMkita hai - 27 x 23 semI0 / 7. siravihIna mAnava AkRti, paira khaNDita, gale meM AbhUSaNa 1073 se0mI0 / 8. vikasita vakSasthalayukta sudara nArI kI pratimA kaJcuka ( nArI kA vakSa Dha~kane kA adhovastra ), kAnoM meM kuNDala, susajjita kezavinyAsa, Upara kI ora dhyAna mudrA meM avasthita eka puruSa, usake bAyeM baiThI huI eka nArI tathA bartana meM kucha mathatI huI mukhya nArI kI pratimA kI goda meM eka bAlaka hai - 22 x 20 x 10 semI 0 / eka 'kAle patthara para camakadAra UparI sataha vAlA padArtha jisake andara kI ora kucha prAkRtika citraNa hai / 10x845 semI0 / ( durbhAgyavaza utkhanana ke samaya naSTa ho gayA hai / ) 10. miTTI ke cAra dIpaka 3.30 mITara kI gaharAI se mile, jisameM do TUTe hue haiN| 9. 11. lagabhaga 200 se adhika nakkAzIdAra IMTeM prApta huIM, jisameM 3 prakAra kI IToM kA ( de0 citra saM 0 9 ) byaurA nimnalikhita hai / pahalI dUsarI tIsarI nakkAzIdAra IMTeM IMToM kI lambAI IMToM kI caur3AI IMToM kI UMcAI 7.3 iMca 5 iMca 5 iMca 13 iMca 2 iMca ---- 12. 10 se lekara 12 golAkAra IMTeM prAta huI / 13. kaI arddha golAkAra IMTeM prApta huI / 14. 3.30 mITara kI gaharAI meM eka dIvAla jisakI lambAI 4.5 mITara hai, usa para eka manuSya kI khopar3I prApta huI / yaha dIvAla uttarI khAI ke dakSiNI tarapha hai / ( durbhAgyavaza utkhanana ke samaya naSTa ho gaI ) phyUrara' ke anusAra kuzInagara tathA saheta- maheta ke TIloM kI bhA~ti 5 iMca ica 1. phyUrara, e0, mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIja eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTarna prAviseja eNDa avadha, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, pR0 310, vArANasI, 1969

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116 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza par3araunA ke prAcIna TIle se bhI grAmavAsiyoM dvArA IMTeM tathA kalAkRtiyA~ nikAlakara prayoga meM lAyI gaI haiM jisase adhikAMzataH purAtAttvika sAkSya naSTa ho gaye haiN| pro0 bAjapeyI' ne akTUbara 1985 meM kasayA aura par3araunA kI yAtrA kara TIle kA vidhivat nirIkSaNa kiyaa| isakI durdazA dekhakara unakA vicAra thA ki Arambha se hI atyanta nirdayatApUrvaka isa prAcIna TIle se atyadhika sAmagriyA~ nikAlI gaI haiN| isase spaSTatayA yaha pramANita hotA hai ki isa sthAna kI prAcInatA ke adhikAMza sAkSya samApta ho cuke haiN| nissandeha yaha TIlA ati prAcIna hai / ___ janazruti ke anusAra TIle ke dakSiNa-pazcima ke kone ke kheta meM eka lambI mUrti athavA azoka stambha kA khaNDita bhAga dabA huA hai, jise kRSaka ne khodate samaya kheta meM dekhA thaa| lekina usane kheta se adhikAra samApta hone ke bhaya se bhayabhIta hokara use kheta meM hI dabA diyA / sarvekSaNa kAla meM bukanana ne tIna mUrtiyoM kA rekhAMkana kiyA thA jinakA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai / ( dekhiye phalaka 1, citra ka, kha, g)| isa rekhAcitra ke nIce spaSTa rUpa se likhA huA hai ki : "dI imejeja phrAma dI ruinsa eTa kelayA olDa Tempala niyara prraunaa|"2 1-prathama pratimA kA vivaraNa ___ kandhe taka kI puruSa kI khar3I vizAla pratimA pIThikA para sthita hai, yaha gardana tathA bhujArahita, khaNDita vizAla mUrti hai, nAbhi ke nIce taka puruSa AkRti hai, kintu usake Upara vastrAvRta vakSasthala hai| mUrti kA kaTi se nicalA bhAga ghuTane taka vastra-sajjita hai| cAmaradhArI indra tathA upendra donoM pArzva meM khar3e haiN| yadi gardana sahita, mUrti hotI to kucha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jaataa| yaha adbhuta mUrti vidvAnoM ke lie eka samasyA banI pratimA ke UparI ora dhyAnAvasthita avasthA meM do-do bodhisatva athavA mahAvIra kI mUrtiyA~ donoM tarapha dRSTigocara ho rahI haiN| dAhine tarapha, nIce kI ora, siMhAsana para sundara kalAtmaka nRtyamudrA meM khar3I huI eka hAtha se ca~vara kandhe para rakhI huI nArI kI pratimA dikhalAI detI hai, jisakA dUsarA hAtha jA~gha para rakhA huA hai / usakA keza-vinyAsa AkarSaka 1. pro0 bAjapeyI, kRSNa datta, lokezana oNva pAvA, purAtattva, pR0 43 2. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hisTrI, eNTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTeTisTiksa oNva IsTanaM iNDiyA, vAlyUma 11, pR0 382 aura 383 ke madhya /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 117 hai, karNa meM kuNDala dhAraNa kiye hue hai, gale meM eka galabanda, kandhe para do sundara lar3iyoM ke hAra tathA kamara meM kaI lar3iyoM kI karadhanI dvArA vaha suzobhita hai| vaha nArI pAradarzI vastra kI kaMcaku dhAraNa kI huI pratIta hotI hai, lagatA hai ki kaMcuka usake bA~ha ke UparI bhAga taka hai| kaTi ke nIce kA bhAga jA~ghaparyanta vastrayukta hai| usa vizAla pratimA kI bAyIM tarapha nIce kI ora pIThikA para kalAsmaka mudrA meM eka puruSa kI mUrti dRSTigocara hotI hai, isake keza vinyAsa anupama haiN| isake kAna meM kuNDala hai, yaha dAhine hAtha meM karatAla sadRza koI vastu dhAraNa kiye hae hai jabaki hAtha khaNDita hai| kaTi ke Upara kA bhAga nirvastra hai aura adhobhAga meM sundara kalAtmaka vastra dhAraNa kiye hue hai / mUrti kI kaTi kaI lar3iyoM kI karadhanI se susajjita hai| isa vizAla pratimA ko DaoN0 bAjapeyI' buddha kI hI pratimA mAnate haiM jisake donoM tarapha kaI choTI-choTI pratimAyeM tathA sahAyakoM kI pratimAyeM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| pro0 madhusudana DhAkI ke kathanAnusAra "yaha vizAla khaNDita pratimA addhavastra dhAraNa kiye hae hai, ataH isake jina pratimA hone kI sambhAvanA hai| isakA nirmANa rAjasthAna evaM gujarAta kI mUrti zailI para AdhArita hai, jisakA nirmANa kAla 10vIM athavA 11vIM sadI honA caahiye|" kRSNadeva ne bhI ise zailI ke AdhAra para dasavIM sadI kA svIkAra kiyA hai| 2-dvitIya mUrti kA vivaraNa padmAsana meM dhyAnAvasthita mudrA vAlI 22veM jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI kAle patthara kI vicitra evaM vizAla pratimA hai| isake Upara tIna chatra suzobhita haiM jo kramazaH nIce se Upara kI ora choTe hote cale gaye haiN| mahAvIra ke lambe kAna kuNDalayukta haiN| mUrti ke bA~yeM bhAga meM kalAtmaka mudrA meM upendra kI mUrti hai jisake dAhine hAtha meM ca~vara susajjita hai aura bAyA~ hAtha nIce kI ora donoM jaMghoM ke madhya sthita hai| keza vinyAsa 1. pro0 bAjapeyI, lokezana oNva pAvA, purAtattva, pR0 43 / / 2. vyaktigata vArtA ke AdhAra pr| 3. dinAMka 18-4-1989 ( mahAvIra jayantI ) kI vyaktigata vArtA ke AdhAra pr| 4. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hi0 e 0TosTe0I030, vAlyUma 11, pR0 382-383 ke madhya /

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118: mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bahuta hI kalAtmaka hai| kAna kuNDalayukta haiN| kaTi ke Upara kA bhAga nirvastra hai aura adhobhAga ghuTane ke nIce taka vastrayukta hai / vastra dhAraNa kI zailI bahuta kalAtmaka hai / isa mUrti ke ThIka Upara eka puruSa kI kalA - tmaka caitanya sthiti meM baiTha huI mUrti hai, jo donoM hAthoM se talavAra dhAraNa kiye hue hai| isakA dAyA~ paira nIce kI ora tathA bAyA~ paira Upara kI ora mur3A huA hai aura isake ThIka Upara DamarU nirmita hai, jisako bajAte hue do nArI hAtha dRSTigocara hote haiM / mahAvIra kI mUrti ke nIce bAyIM ora siMha kI mukhAkRti nirmita hai, jo zAnta mudrA meM hai / mUrti ke nIce madhya meM atyanta sundara paMkhur3iyoM vAlA kamala nirmita hai, kamala ke Upara baiThI huI eka nArI kI mUrti hai jo sira para mukuTa tathA kAna meM kuNDala dhAraNa kiye hue hai / isa mUrti ke kaTi ke Upara kA bhAga nirvastra, nIce kA bhAga vastrayukta hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nArI ke bAyeM hAtha meM eka nirvastra bAlaka aura dAhine hAtha meM kamala kI paMkhur3iyA~ haiM / yaha mUrti kisI Asana ke sahAre para baiThI huI pratIta hotI hai / isa mUrti ke donoM ora do mAlAdhArI vidyAdhara aMkita haiM, jisameM bAyeM pArzvavAle puruSa ke dAhine hAtha meM mUsala tathA bAyeM hAtha meM atyanta majabUtI se pakar3I gaI talavAra hai / dAhinI ora kI mUrti ke, dAhine hAtha meM mUsala sadRza koI vastu hai tathA usakA bAyA~ hAtha usake jA~gha para hai| hara dRSTi se yaha mUrti bahuta hI bhavya, adbhuta evaM kalApratibhA kA zreSTha udAharaNa hai / isa bhavya pratimA ke viSaya meM DaoN0 bAjapeyI' spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki yaha jaina tIrthaMkara kI hI bhavya mUrti hai, jo padmAsana mudrA meM hai| isakA pIThAsana kalAtmaka DhaMga se banA huA hai / isake donoM tarafa mAlAdhara vidyAdhara dRSTigocara hote haiM / pIThAsana ke sammukha ambikA kI sundara pratimA hai, jisakI goda meM bAlaka hai, jise vaha bAyeM hAtha se pakar3I huI hai / dAhine hAtha meM vikasita kamala kA DaNThala grahaNa ko huI hai / isake viSaya meM pro0 madhusUdana DhAkI' kA mata hai ki "yaha kAle patthara kI kalAtmaka pratimA tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI honI cAhie jisakA nirmANa kAla lagabhaga chaThavIM yA sAtavIM zatAbdI honA cAhie / " zrIkRSNadeva ne bhI isakI puSTi kI hai / 1. lokezana oNva pAvA, purAtattva, pR0 43 2. vyaktigata vArtA ke AdhAra para / 3. vyaktigata vArtA ke AdhAra para /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 119 3-tIsarI mUrti kA vivaraNa pAdapITha para sthita caturbhuja bhagavAn viSNu kI khar3I pratimA hai jisake mastaka para sundara kalAtmaka, chatrayukta mukuTa suzobhita hai| mUrti kaTi se nIce jAnu paryanta taka dhotI dhAraNa kI huI hai aura Upara uttarIya dhAraNa kI huI pratIta hotI hai| donoM lambe kAna, kuNDalayukta haiN| mUrti kA galA galabanda se sajjita hai aura vakSasthala para eka lar3I kA hAra citrita hai / isake dAhine hAtha meM gadA aura bAyeM hAtha meM pAza hai| isake do hAthoM meM kaMgana suzobhita haiM, jabaki zeSa donoM tarapha ke donoM hAtha AzIrvAda kI mudrA meM ThIka nIce dAhine tarapha khar3e hue puruSa aura bAyIM tarapha khar3I huI nArI ke mastaka para sthita haiN| AzISa prApta karatI huI puruSa-mUrti sundara keza-vinyAsa, kAna meM kuNDala, kamara ke nIce vastra dhAraNa kI huI bahata hI kalAtmaka mudrA meM hai| isa mUrti kA bAyA~ hAtha gadAdhara kI mUrti kI ora uThA huA hai tathA dAyA~ hAtha nIce kI ora jhukA huA hai, jo ki ThIka nIce kI ora baiThI huI bhagavAn gadAdhara kI ora dhyAnAvasthita mudrA meM puruSa pratimA ke mastaka para hai| jisase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki vaha isako AzIrvAda de rahA hai| isa vizAla pratimA kI bAyIM ora kalAtmaka mudrA meM khar3I, eka nArI kA citra aMkita hai, jisakA dAhinA hAtha gadAdhara kI vizAla pratimA kI ora uThA huA hai tathA bAyA~ hAtha nIce baiThI huI gadAdhara kI ora dhyAnAvasthita nArI pratimA ko AzIrvAda dete hue usake mastaka para hai| nArI kA jUr3A sahita keza-vinyAsa adbhuta hai| kAna meM kuNDala suzobhita hai| vaha kamara ke nIce vastra dhAraNa kiye hue hai| donoM mUrtiyoM ke donoM hAthoM ke ThIka nIce baiThe puruSa ke nIce puruSa, nArI ke nIce nArI kI mUrti hai, jo Upara vAlI mUrtiyoM se AzIrvAda grahaNa kara rahI hai| baiThI huI ye donoM pratimAyeM uttarIya dhAraNa kiye hue haiM aura bhagavAn gadAdhara kI ora unmukha hokara karabaddha hokara pUjA kI mudrA meM dRSTigocara ho rahI haiM / yaha bhagavAn gadAdhara kI mUrti apane Apa meM vAstukalA kI eka anupama upalabdhi hai| ____bukanana' dUsarI mUrti ko buddha kI mUrti batAte haiM aura isake sambandha meM eka ghaTanA kA ullekha karate haiM- "isa mUrti kI dArzanika muskAna ne 1. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hi0 e0, To0 sTe0 i0 i0, khaNDa 2, pR0 382-383 ke madhya / 2. vhii|

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120 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza eka musalamAna sainika ko itanA uttejita kara diyA ki usane apanI talavAra nikAlakara mUrti ke cehare ko hI vikRta kara diyA thA / 1861 meM kaniMghama' ko vahA~ prathama evaM tRtIya mUrtiyA~ dRSTigocara nahIM huIM, kevala dvitIya bukanana dvArA nirdiSTa buddha kI mUrti dRSTigocara huI / sUkSmatA se nirIkSaNa karane para unheM isa mUrti meM jaina mUrti hone ke lakSaNa dikhAI pdd'e| jisa cabUtare para yaha mUrti rakhI huI thI, usa para anya kaI prAcIna mUrtiyoM ke sAtha miTTI nirmita hAthI kI mUrtiyA~ rakhI huI thIM / ina mUrtiyoM ke atirikta buddha kI baiThI huI pratimAe~ bhI unheM dRSTigocara huI thIM / unheM eka nArI kI pratimA milI thI, jisakA UparI bhAga khaNDita thA / vahA~ prApta ina khaNDita mUrtiyoM ko dekhane se unheM lagA ki ye kisI vizAla mUrti kA aMga rahI haiN| isake atirikta vahA~ unheM koI ullekhanIya mUrti to nahIM dikhalAI dii| kucha mahattvapUrNa mUrti khaNDa avazya prApta hue tathA eka mUrti kA pAdapITha dRSTigocara huA, jise bukanana ne anadekhA kara diyA thA / yahA~ se prApta mUrtiyoM ko ve sAtha le gaye the / merI to yaha dhAraNA Arambha se hI rahI hai ki sara elekjeNDara kaniMghama ne yahA~ se prApta mUrtiyoM aura kalAkRtiyoM ko le jAkara bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya, kalakattA 1 avazya rakhavA diyA hogA, lekina hamAre pAsa nidezaka, bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya, kalakattAkA 21 maI 1986 kA nimnalikhita patra prApta huA : "With reference to the letter addressed to the Governor, West Bengal, dated 6.2.1986 and your letter addressed to the Director, Indian Museum, dated 6.4.86 this is to inform you that a thorough search has been made among the existing registers (records preserved in the Museum) and it is found that in the collection of Indian Museum, there are some backed clay medals and ornamental bricks of different sizes found from Kasia but none of these is reported to have been deposited by Sir Alexander Cunningham." isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki elekjeNDara kaniMghama dvArA tatkAlIna gorakhapura janapada se prApta kI gaI mUrtiyA~ evaM kalA kRtiyA~ vahA~ para nahIM huI haiN| 1. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 1, pR0 61-62

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 121 vI0vI0 veDakara' ke vicAra se kaniMghama dvArA prApta kI gaI mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM cauMkAne vAle tathya prakAza meM Ate haiM / unhoMne likhA hai : "It will be a shocking information to the historians of the world that the first superintendent of Indian Archaeology A, Cunningham, in the course of his official work of survey, made a very large and valuable collection of sculptures, coins and other objects of antiquarian interest, which alongwith his books, notes, papers and photo-negatives shipped to England through P & D Liner "Indus" which was unfortunately wrecked in the sea off the coast of Ceylon and thus this valuable collection is lost for ever in the sea." yaha jAnakArI veDakara ko prasiddha purAtattvavettA DaoN0 DI0 Ara0 pATila ke vyaktigata noTsa meM prApta haI, jise DaoN0 pATila ne ukta saMsthAna ko de diyA thaa| unake noTsa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki elekjeNDara kaniMghama kI mRtyu ke pazcAt briTiza purAtAttvika patrikA meM isa viSaya meM lekha prakAzita huA thaa| ataH yaha niSkarSa sugamatA se nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki kaniMghama dvArA yahA~ se prApta kI gaI mUrtiyoM aura kalAkRtiyoM ko jise anya mahattvapUrNa sAmagriyoM ke sAtha ve pI0 eNDa DI0 lAinara "iNDasa" nAmaka jalayAna se briTena bhejane kI vyavasthA kiye the, vaha silona ke taTa ke pAsa durghaTanA'grasta hokara samudra meM DUba gayA / 1972 meM hamane neminAtha kI isa mUrti ko dekhA to pAyA ki aba bhI loga usakI sindUra Adi lagAkara hadI bhavAnI ke rUpa meM pUjA karate haiM, neminAtha kI yaha adbhuta mUrti kAle patthara kI banI hai (phalaka 2, citra 1) / kucha vidvAn ise pAla-yugIna to kucha vidvAn evaM itihAsakAra ise pA~cavIM sadI kI batAte haiN| yogamudrA meM sthita yaha mUrti eka mITara lambI sATha seNTImITara caur3I hai| isa mUrti ke vakSa para zrIvatsa aMkita hai evaM mUrti ke nIce pAdapITha para donoM pArzva meM do siMha nirmita haiM aura una donoM ke madhya meM cakra hai| isa mUrti ke Upara tIna chatra bane hue haiM, jo 1. saM0 veDakara vi0 vi0, elekjeNDara kaniMghama, e0, hisTrI eNDa rilijana, khaNDa 5 aMka 3, ThANe, bambaI 1985 2. veDakara, vI0 vI0-elekjeNDara kaniMghama, hisTrI eNDa rilIjana, pR0 1

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122 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza kramazaH choTe hote cale gaye haiM, pArzva meM ( indra ) aura upendra aMkita haiM, jo cAra sajjita haiM / isa mUrti kA bukanana ke rekhAcitra se tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA gayA to jJAta huA ki bukanana ne mUrti kA sUkSmatA se citrAMkana kiyA hai tathA isakI citrakAritA ke sAtha pUrNatayA nyAya kiyA hai| unakI citrakalA meM eka kamI avazya dRSTigocara huI ki mUrti ke vakSa para aMkita cihna ko unhoMne anadekhA kara diyA thA / manAtha kI mUrti ke haTTImAI, nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM gairika' kA abhimata hai ki sambhavataH mUrti ke isa nAmakaraNa ke samaya mandira meM nArI kI koI mUrti avazya sthApita rahI hogI / ukta nArI kI mUrti yA to naSTa ho gaI hogI athavA vahA~ se haTA dI gaI hogii| isa mUrti ke viSaya meM phyUrara kA anumAna hai ki vaha zrIgaNeza kI mAtA pArvatI kI mUrti rahI hogI / Arambha se hI haTTImAI kA nAma calA A rahA hai / lokokti ke AdhAra para bukanana tathA kaniMghama kI yAtrAkAla se ise haTTImAI sambo-dhita kiyA jAtA hai / isa bhavya mUrti ke viSaya meM rAya devendra prasAda kA mata hai ki yaha mUrti manAtha kI pratIta hotI hai, mahAvIra kI nhiiN| kyoMki ukta mUrti para zAsana devI kI goda meM baccA aMkita hai / ataH ukta devI neminAtha kI zAsana devI haiN| unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki khaNDita pratimA ko unhIM logoM ne jor3akara vahA~ rakkhA hai / sImeNTa se jor3ane ke kAraNa isake vAstavika svarUpa meM vikRti A gaI hai / 4 1. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA ripoTrsa ina nArthaM eNDa sAutha bihAra, khaNDa 16, pR0 119 2. phyUrara, e0 - mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIja eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTarna prAvinseja, pU0 2249 3. ullekhanIya hai ki vArANasI meM bhI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya se relave sTezana jAne vAle mArga para mur3akaTTA bAbA kI eka mUrti hai, yaha vAstava meM koI jaina mUrti hai jo aba mur3a kaTTA bAbA ke nAma se pUjita hai / isa prakAra mUrtiyoM ke naye nAmakaraNa se pUjane kI yaha koI akelI ghaTanA nahIM hai / vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki par3araunA kI yaha mUrti aura mur3akaTTA bAbA kI mUrti donoM hI jaina pratimAe~ haiM / 4. 'saThiyAMva hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi hai', saM0 digambara jaina mahA

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 123 1975 meM zrI saccidAnanda hIrAnanda vAtsyAyana 'ajJeya' ne par3araunA Agamana para isa kalAtmaka pratimA kI prazaMsA sunakara isakA nirIkSaNa kiyA aura isase prabhAvita hokara isakA citra bhI liyA thA / isa bhavya mUrti ke citra ke AdhAra para zailendra kumAra rastogI ne apanA mata prakaTa kiyA hai ki "yaha jaina pratimA nizcita rUpa se hI 10vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI hai / 24 tIrthaMkaroM meM yaha kisa tIrthaMkara kI pratimA hai, isake viSaya meM ye koI nizcita vicAra vyakta nahIM kara pAte haiM / pratimA meM chatra ke nikaTa bAhya-yantra kA aMkita honA vAstava meM ullekhanIya hai / pratimA ke pRSThabhAga kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, isa para kucha lekhAMkana huA hai / "" manAtha kI ukta pratimA kI bhujA kA khaNDita bhAga gosvAmI tulasIdAsa vidyAlaya, par3araunA meM rakhA hai, jisakA rajisTrezana abhI taka nahIM ho pAyA hai / neminAtha kI vizAla kalAtmaka pratimA par3araunA kI amUlya nidhi hai, gauravazAlI atIta kI smRti hai / isakI sthiti dina-pratidina dayanIya ho rahI hai / 20 varSa ke antarAla meM khaNDita hokara vikRta ho yI hai / bhAratIya tathA prAntIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga se isa prAcIna adbhuta pratimA kA jIrNoddhAra kara vAstavika svarUpa pradAna kara ise surakSita rakhane ke lie vigata kaI varSoM se nirantara anurodha karatA A rahA hU~ / mujhe bhaya hai ki yadi isakI ucita vyavasthA nahIM huI to yaha kalAkRti naSTa ho jAyegI tathA par3araunA kI gauravazAlI smRti samaya ke pravAha meM baha jAyegI / isa mUrti ke nikaTa pAkar3a vRkSa kI jar3oM meM aba bhI kaI mUrtiyA~ pha~sI huI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vRkSa phailatA gayA, mUrtiyA~ vahIM dabI raha gayIM, jisako nikAlanA kaThina kArya hai, isake nIce aneka bikharI huI khaNDita mUrtiyA~ milI haiM jise gosvAmI tulasIdAsa uccatara mAdhyamika vidyAlaya, par3araunA, devariyA ke saMrakSaNa meM rakhavA diyA gayA hai, jisakA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai samiti buleTina, julAI 1984, pR0 3, zrI pArzvanAtha digambara jaina dharmazAlA, meraTha, 1984 1. 5-2-1986 ke patra ke AdhAra para /

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124 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kra0 rajisTrezana naM0 sAmagrI saM0 1. yU0pI0DI0 o0e0 - 77 2. yU0po0DI0 o0e0 - 80 3. yU0 pI0 DI0 o0 e0 - 78 "4. yU0 pI0 DI0 o0 e0 - 79 pASANa pratimA sambhavataH kisI puruSa kI khaNDita aspaSTa pratimA, jisakA zIrSa, grIvA va bhujAe~ pUrNatayA khaNDita haiM, udara ke nIce kA bhI samasta bhAga khaNDita hai, pratimA ghisI hone ke kAraNa spaSTa nahIM hai / pASANa pratimA sambhavataH kisI puruSa kI aspaSTa khaNDita pratimA hai, jisakA zIrSa, grIvA, bhujAyeM va udara ke nIce kA samasta bhAga khaNDita hai, pratimA ghisI hone ke kAraNa aspaSTa hai, pASANa ke donoM tarapha nirmita pratimAyeM aspaSTa evaM khaNDita haiM / pASANa pratimA mahAvIra svAmI kI Asanastha yogamudrA meM nirmita pratimA hai, jisameM donoM hAtha yogamudrA meM mur3e hue pairoM ke Upara haiM, Tai bhujA kA UparI hissA, gardana va zIrSa pUrNatayA khaNDita hai, caraNa caukI ke nIce bhI, pratimAyeM utkIrNa haiM, jo aspaSTa haiN| pASANa pratimA mahAvIra ko Asanastha yogamudrA meM nirmita pratimA hai, jisameM donoM hAtha yogamudrA meM mur3e hue pairoM ke Upara haiM / bAyIM bhujA kA UparI hissA zIrSa va gardana pUrNatayA khaNDita haiM, pAdapITha ke nIce bhI pratimAyeM utkIrNa haiM, jo aspaSTa haiM / (citra saM 0 6 ) AkAra 23449 semI 0 33 x 35 semI 0 33 x 35 semI 0 42x 37 semI 0

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 125 1. ya0 pI0 DI0 pASANa pratimA o0 e0-81 sambhavataH kisI nArI kI khaNDita 38428 pratimA hai, jisake zIrSa va grIvA pUrNa- semI0 tayA khaNDita haiM, bAyeM hAtha kA kucha bhAga va jaMghe ke nIce kA samasta bhAga khaNDita hai| pratimA kAphI ghisI hone ke kAraNa aspaSTa hai| (citra saM0 7) pro0 kRSNadatta bAjapeyI' ne par3araunA ke prAcIna Tole tathA isake samIpavartI kSetroM kA sUkSmatA se nirokSaNa evaM adhyayana kara vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki yahA~ se prApta paurANika mUrtiyA~ ( jaise-ziva, kubera Adi kI ) 650 I0-1100 I0 ke madhya nirmita huI haiN| par3araunA-tamakUhI mArga para par3araunA se tIna ki0mI0 kI dUrI para eka upamArga dakSiNa dizA meM nikalatA hai, jo chAvanI se chAvanI-kubera sthAna vAle mArga meM 3 ki0mI0 para gulelahA mallika paTTI ke nikaTa milatA hai| yaha upamArga 2 ki0mI0 kA hai| isa mArga para gulelahA, malikapaTTI se 1 ki0mI0 uttara meM sidhuvA~ devalahI grAma sthita hai, jisake nikaTa eka tAlAba hai| isa tAlAba ke nikaTa ukta mArga ke madhya 1954 meM patthara kA noka nikalA huA thA, jisase bailagAr3I tathA anya vAhanoM ke AvAgamana meM asuvidhA hotI thI, isa kAraNa grAmavAsiyoM ne ukta prastara noka ko nikAlane hetu khudAI kI to vahA~ para khaNDita yugala-caraNa sahita pIThAsana prApta huA evaM anya kalAkRtiyA~ bhI prApta huIM, jo rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM surakSita haiM, jisakA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai Padrauna Deoria 1955 285 A Buffer Sand-stone 1955 288 BI Red-Sand-stone 1955 284 Small fragment of a colossal Yaksha image, Sunga Period. 1955 228 Pedestal of a Colossal Yaksha image conta ining the feet of a Yaksha and the tenon supporting the whole image. The feet-wear 1. pro. bAjapeyI, kRSNadatta, lokezana oNva pAvA, purAtattva, pR0 58

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126 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza as generally found in Gandharva art, speckled Red Stone i.e. 2nd B.C. vizAla khaNDita yugala-caraNa sahita pIThAsana kA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai : (citra saM08) 95 se0mI0 nIMva ke patthara kI lambAI 33 se0mI0 nIMva ke patthara kA vyAsa 33 se0mI0 AdhAra ke Upara kI lambAI 51.5 x 14 se0mI0 AdhAra kI caur3AI 63 x 14 se0mI0 AdhAra kI lambAI 40 semo0 caraNa kI lambAI 13.17 semo0 caraNa kI caur3AI 19.8 se0mI0 do caraNoM ke bIca kI dUrI 13 se0mI0 er3I kI golAI 14 se0mI0 pAdukA kI golAI uparyukta varNana se sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jisa mUrti ke yugala caraNa-pIThAsana para nirmita haiM, usa mUrti kI U~cAI kama se kama 10' honI cAhie / yakSa ke caraNa kI dhArInumA pAdukA gAndhArakalA kI pratIka hai| mUrti kA anya bhAga usa tAlAba meM nIce yA sar3aka ke dUsarI ora dharAtala meM dabA honA cAhie / Ara0 sI0 gauDa ke patra se jJAta hotA hai ki ve uttara pradezIya purAtattva saMgaThana kI ora se san 1955 meM yakSa pratimA ke avazeSa ke nirIkSaNa hetu par3araunA Aye the| unake kathanAnusAra yakSa pratimA kA bhAga prApta sthAna para hI naSTa kiyA jA cukA thaa| jaba unhoMne, yakSa pratimA ke pIThAsana ke zeSa bhAgoM ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA tathA sthalI kA utkhanana karavAyA to unheM lAla balue prastara ke kattala ke Dhera mile the tathA sAtha hI pIThAsana sahita caraNa ke kucha aMza prApta hae the, jo eka vizAla yakSa pratimA ke aMza mAtra the| sambhavataH yaha pratimA I0 pUrva0 dvitIya yA tRtIya sadI kI hai| par3araunA meM kisI ne yakSa pratimA ko pratiSThita kiyA hogaa|'' isake viSaya meM pro0 madhusUdana DhAkI kA kathana hai "yadi yaha pratimA 1. Ara0 sI0 goDa ke patra dinAMka 15 janavarI 1988 ke AdhAra para / 2. byaktigata vArtA ke AdhAra para /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 127 I0pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI kI hai, to ise gandhAra kalA kI nahIM honI caahie| yadi yaha gandhAra kalA kI hai, to ise dUsarI zatAbdI kI honI caahie| yakSa ke caraNa meM dhArInumA cappala na hokara mUMja kA khar3AU pratIta hotA hai| pratimA kI U~cAI lagabhaga 10' honI caahie|" ___aba prazna uThatA hai ki kyA yaha vizAla yakSa-pratimA aja kapAlaka yakSa kI thI ? ajakapAlika caitya/cetiya ke viSaya meM bukanana ke 1814 ke sarvekSaNa se sUcanA prApta hotI hai / bukanana dvArA par3araunA ke nikaTa prApta tIna matiyoM ke rekhAMkana ke nIce spaSTa ullikhita hai ki "paDaraunA ke samIpa, keliyA ke prAcIna mandira ke bhagnAvazeSa kI pratimA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki "udAna" meM varNita jisa cetiya ko ajakapAlaka cetiya sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, vaha bukanana dvArA likhita 'keliyA cetiya' kA apabhraMza hai| yaha sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSya par3araunA ko pAvA kI mAnyatA pradAna karane meM mahattvapUrNa kar3I hai| prAcIna TIle ke nikaTavartI grAma ke nAmakaraNa kA sUkSmatA se adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki isake nikaTa ( dhUsa ke samIpa ) paliyA nAmaka grAma hai| paliyA grAma ke nAmakaraNa se ajakalApaka ke apabhraMza kA bodha hotA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA ke sAtha-sAtha ajakalApaka caitya kA varNana bAra-bAra AtA hai| bhArahuta sAcI meM ajakAlaka yakSa kA nAma AtA hai| isakI adhika sambhAvanA hai ki ajakalApaka se ajakalapIya tathA ajakapAliya se ajaka lupta ho gayA ho, pAliya zeSa bacA ho, jo kAlAntara meM "paliyA" meM parivartita ho gayA ho, evaM yahI ajakalApaka athavA ajakapAlIya caitya rahA ho| jaba taka, "ajakapAlaka", "ajakapAlIya", "pAlIya" evaM "paliyA" tathA "caitya", "cetiya", "keliya" evaM "keliyA" ke nAmakaraNa kA koI bhASAvaijJAnika anusandhAna kara parivartita zabdoM kI vizada vyAkhyA nahIM karatA hai, taba taka yaha apane Apa meM gUr3ha manoraMjaka rahasya banA rhegaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki ajakAlaka yA ajakalApa nAmaka yakSa pAvA ke ajakalApaka yA ajakapAliya caitya meM rahA karatA thA, jisake prati zraddhA evaM mahattA ke kAraNa hI pAvA ke nAgarikoM ne isakI 1. mANTagomarI mArTina, ema0 Ara0 hi0e0TosTe0I0 i0, vAlyUma 11, 10 282-283, (imeja oNpha rUinsa aiTa keliyA olDa Tempula niyara par3araunA ) /

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128 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarzaM vizAla kalAtmaka prastara- pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA thA / rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM surakSita par3araunA se prApta zuMgayugIna lAla prastara kI vizAla pratimA kA khaNDita yugalacaraNa sahita pIThAsana pAvA ke nAgarikoM kI kalA-kauzala evaM abhiruci kA pratIka hai / atIta kI gaurava gAthA kahatA hai, ajakalApa yakSa kA paricaya detA hai tathA sazakta pramANa prastuta karatA hai ki par3araunA hI buddhakAlIna pAvA hai / par3araunA ke upanagara chAvanI ke nikaTa dakSiNa meM, par3araunA - kasayA mArga ke pazcima meM kAle prastara kI kalAkRti kA khaNDita aMza prApta kiyA gayA hai / yaha padmAsana mudrA meM sthita mahApuruSa kI mUrti ke caraNa kA athavA hastakA khaNDita bhAga hai / vidvAnoM' ke matAnusAra yaha dasavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kI kalAkRti hai / par3araunA se 3 mIla pazcima-dakSiNa dizA meM lamuhA grAma sthita hai, yahA~ para eka vizAla TIlA rahA hai / janamAnasa meM aisA vizvAsa hai ki kaI varSa pahale yahA~ se prApta mUrtiyA~, dAndopura le jAyI gayIM, jo lamuhA se 3 mIla uttara-pazcima meM hai tathA par3araunA se 5 mIla pazcima meM hai / ina mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM jaba dAndopura se sUcanA prApta karane kI ceSTA kI gaI, to jJAta huA isa samaya vahA~ koI prAcIna mUrti nahIM hai / 1972 meM upanagara chAvanI ke pazcima tAlAba ke pAsa kheta meM kAma karate samaya gale kI tAbIja, sikke va AbhUSaNa prApta hue the / upanagara chAvanI ke pazcima sthita, kA~TI grAma meM vaTavRkSa ke nIce lagabhaga 13 ' Fat nArI kI prastara mUrti Aja bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / par3araunA se dakSiNa, dakSiNapUrva dizA meM 7 kimI0 kI dUrI para devariyA janapada meM gAMgarAnI grAma sthita hai / vayovRddha pujArI zrI jvAlA prasAda jI mizra kA kathana hai ki gAMgarAnI gA~va ke pazcima dizA meM jamuI pokhare ke uttara meM TIle ke jhuramuTa se lagabhaga 1919 meM jarmanavAsI kaI mUrtiyA~ bailagAr3I para lAdakara par3araunA le Ae, jisakI U~cAI lagabhaga 4' yA 43 rahI hai / kucha mUrtiyoM para prabhAmaNDala nirmita thA / nizcaya hI par3araunA ke samIpavartI kSetroM meM prAcIna mUrtiyA~ va kalAkRtiyA~ bikharI huI haiM / hameM jAnakArI prApta huI hai ki lagabhaga 18 varSa pahale mahAvIra kI bhavya pratimA ke nikaTa se gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga ke kisI vidyArthI ne kucha mUrtiyA~ le jAkara gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura meM rakhavA dI thIM, jisake viSaya meM kucha jJAta nahIM ho pA rahA hai / 1. pro0 kRSNadeva evaM madhusUdana DhAkI se vArtA ke AdhAra para /

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 129 uparyukta mUrtiyA~ evaM kalAkRtiyA~ apanI AtmakathA svayaM kahatI haiM evaM pramANita karatI haiM ki yaha kSetra zaiva, vaiSNava, jaina tathA bauddhadharma kI saMskRti evaM kalA kA mizrita kendra rahA hai / kalA hI kisI kSetra kI sabhyatA, saMskRti tathA vahA~ ke nAgarikoM kI abhiruci kA pratIka hai| deza-videza ke mahattvapUrNa sthAnoM para prApta paurANika evaM aitihAsika mUrtiyoM tathA pratimAoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna prakAra kI kiMvadantiyA~ pracalita rahI haiM / yaha kSetra bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai / isa kSetra meM bikharI huI mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI aneka prakAra kI kiMvadantiyA~ pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI se calI A rahI haiM / yahA~ vibhinna sthAnoM para kaI aitihAsika pASANakalAkRtiyA~ evaM mUrtiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki isa kSetra kA sadA se apanA alaga dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa rahA hai / DaoN0 zailanAtha caturvedI, ' ( vibhAgAdhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtatva vibhAga, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura ), mahAvIra sambandhI jaina tIrthasthaliyoM tathA bauddhadharma sambandhI tIrthasthaliyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiM ki 'yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai ki kisa samaya tIrthaMkara mahAvIra sambandhI tIrthasthaliyoM kI bhaugolika sthiti jaina matAvalambiyoM ko vismRta ho gaI jabaki bauddha dhArmika mahattva ke sthAnoM ke sambandha meM yaha bAta nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai / bauddhoM ne gautama buddha dvArA nirdiSTa pavitra sthaloM ko unake nirvANa ke kama se kama eka sahasra varSa se adhika taka na kevala smRti meM rakhA, apitu tIrthoM ke rUpa meM unakA paryApta vikAsa bhI kiyA / isa lambI avadhi meM ina sthAnoM para stUpa vihArAdi kA nirmANa hotA rahA / bauddha tIrtha sthAnoM ke viparIta mahAvIra se sambaddha sthaloM ko yaha sobhAgya prApta na ho skaa| buddha naye mata ke pravartaka the / unhoMne apane bhautika avazeSoM para stUpa nirmANa evaM sambandhita sthaloM kI tIrtha-yAtrA kA nirdeza apane mata ke pracAra evaM prasAra ke lie Avazyaka smjhaa| isake viparIta mahAvIra prAcIna mata ko Age bar3hA rahe the / ataH kisI naI paramparA kI sthApanA kI bAta sambhavataH unake mana meM nahIM uThI / yadyapi yaha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM tIrtha-yAtrA kA mahattva kaba se svIkRta huA, tathApi isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha paramparA mahAvIra ke kAloparAnta 1. mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala pAvA kahA~ hai ? prAcIna pAvA, pR0 1-2, gorakhapura, 1973

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130 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza Arambha huI vo bhI itane samaya bAda ki mahAvIra ke vAstavika janma evaM nirvANa sthaloM kI smRti pUrNataH lupta ho cukI thI' / ' yaha tathya sarvavidita hai ki mallarASTra buddhakAla ke pazcAt alpakAla taka hI unnati ke zikhara para thA / tatpazcAt zanaiH zanaiH vaha magadha rAjya meM vilIna ho gayA / kaniMghama kA mata hai ki buddhakAla meM miTTI ke stUpa nirmita huA karate the| DI0 Ara0 pATila ne isakI puSTi kI hai / buddha ne mahAparinirvANa se pUrva bauddha dharmAvalambiyoM ko nirdeza diyA thA ki lumbinI, bodhagayA, sAranAtha evaM kuzInagara tIrtha sthaliyA~ darzanIya tathA saMvejanIya (vairAgyapada ) haiM / unake dvArA nirdiSTa yAtrAsthaloM meM pAvA nahIM thA, isa kAraNa bauddha dharma meM pAvA kI mahattA nagaNya rahI / itihAsa sAkSI hai ki kisI bhI dharma kA saMvardhana rAjya sattA ke prazraya se hI hotA hai, rAjya saMrakSaNa se hI dharma- vizeSa kA pracAra-prasAra hotA hai| jaina dharma sattA hona hone ke kAraNa dina-pratidina lupta hotA calA gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki pAvA meM tatkAlIna stUpa Adi kisI prAcIna sAmagrI ke milane kI sambhAvanA kama hai / ke bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA isa TIle ke adhUre utkhanana para apanI pratikriyA vyakta karate hue pro0 bAjapeyI ne likhA hai " 1985 meM bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA utkhanana karavAyA gayA thA, vaha adhUrA hI rahA / isa prAcIna vistRta TIle kA vidhivat utkhanana avazya karavAyA jAnA cAhie tathA par3araunA Asa-pAsa ke kSetroM ke pUrNarUpeNa sarvekSaNa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| svayaM unhoMne mahAnirdezaka purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga, bhArata sarakAra se anurodha kiyA hai ki isa viSaya meM zIghra hI ucita kadama uThAveM / AzA hai ki ve loga isa para zIghra hI kAryavAhI kareMge / 4 merI Arambha se mAMga rahI hai ki ukta TIle ke utkhana ke sAtha pUrNa nyAya honA cAhie tathA Asa-pAsa ke kSetroM kA sUkSmatA se adhyayana, sarvekSaNa aura vizleSaNa hetu utkhanana zIghra hI honA cAhie, jisase ki sahI pAvA kI pahacAna ho sake / uparyukta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki par3araunA prAcIna nagara hai / par3araunA 1. mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala pAvA kahA~ hai ? prAcIna pAvA, pR0 1-2 / 2. kaniMghama eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378-79 3. pATila, DI0 Ara0, eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra, pR0 337 4. lokezana oNva pAvA, yugayugIna sarayUpArINa pAvA, pR0 57

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pAvA- par3araunA anuzIlana : 131 tathA isake nikaTa se prApta kI gayI purAtAtvika sAmagriyA~, kalAkRtiyA~ evaM mUrtiyA~ apanI kathA svayaM kahatI haiM tathA pramANita karatI haiM ki unakA nirmANa kAla IsA pUrva, dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara 11vIM zatAbdI taka kA hai / par3araunA kA purAtAtvika sAkSya hI yahA~ ke itihAsa kI puSTi karatA hai / pAvA par3araunA zaMkA samAdhAna nighama' ne apane sarvekSaNa evaM utkhanana ke AdhAra para 1861 meM pramANita kiyA thA ki par3araunA hI pAvA hai, kintu kArlAIla ne 187677 evaM 1877-78 meM isa sampUrNa kSetra kA nirIkSaNa evaM sarvekSaNa kara saThiyAMva - phAjilanagara ko nizcita rUpa se pAvA ghoSita kiyA thA / sarvaprathama par3araunA Akara kaniMghama jI kI dRSTi pAvA para thii| isa kSetra kA sUkSmatA se adhyayana kara unhoMne vicAra vyakta kiyA ki par3araunA kI 'bhaugolika sthiti sAmAnya yAtrA mArga se uttara dizA meM adhika dUrI para hai, ataH par3araunA ko pAvA kI mAnyatA pradAna karanA sambhava nahIM haiM / parantu jaisA pUrva meM bhI kahA jA cukA hai ki siMhalI bauddha sAhitya ke anusAra pAvA kuzInagara se 12 mIla gaNDaka kI ora sthita thA, isase yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha sthAna kuzInagara se pUrva meM, vaizAlI - kuzInagara mArga para sthita thA / siMhalI evaM barmI bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki pAvA aura kuzInagara ke bIca kakutthA nAmaka patalI dhArA ( choTI nadI ) bahA karatI thI, jahA~ mahAtmA buddha vizrAma kara snAna aura jalapAna grahaNa kiye the, parantu barmI bauddha sAhitya meM isakA kukukhA ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / sambhavataH yahI kasayA se pUrva-dakSiNa-pUrva kI dizA meM lagabhaga 6 mIla kI dUrI para bahane vAlI vartamAna ghAghI nadI hai / kArlAila kA tarka hai ki par3araunA kasayA se 12 mIla uttara, uttara-pUrva, arddha uttara dizA meM sthita hai / kuzInagara ke vAstavika khaNDaharoM se isakI dUrI 13 mIla hai lekina yaha dUrI mAnacitra para nitAnta sIdhI dUrI hai / 1. kaniMghama, e0 - ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA riporTa, khaNDa 1, pR0 74-75 / 2. ( ba ) A0 sa0 i0ri0 TU go0 sA0 gA0, vAlyUma 11, pR0 30 eva pR0 10 /

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132 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kuzInagara se par3araunA kI dUrI yadi mArga dvArA nApI jAya to yaha 7 kosa athavA 14 mIla hotI hai| yaha bhI nizcita hai ki prAcInakAlIna yAtrA mArgoM kI dUrI Aja ke mAnacitra para nApI gaI sIdhI dUrI se kama nahIM ho sakatI hai| prAcIna kAla meM pAvA se kuzInagara taka ke mArga kI dUrI 12 mIla thii| kAraNa yahI thA ki mArga meM nadI, nAle, daladala bhUmiyA~ evaM jaMgala the| yaha sarvadA asambhava hai ki vartamAna mAnacitra para nApane se sIdhI dUrI 13 mIla ho / ataH par3araunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA kA virodha karane kA yaha unakA prathama kAraNa rahA hai| paDaraunA ko pAvA na mAnane kI kArlAila dvArA pradatta dUsarI Apatti yaha rahI hai ki par3araunA prAcIna vaizAlI-kuzInagara mArga se ekadama haTakara adhika uttara kI ora sthita hai| parantu vaizAlI yA basAr3ha se kuzInagara mArga para pAvA ke hone se kuzInagara se dakSiNa-pUrva meM hI isakA honA sambhava ho sakatA hai| uparyukta vizleSaNa se yaha pramANita evaM sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki isI mArga dvArA buddha evaM usake pazcAt unake pradhAna ziSya mahAkazyapa magadha yA vaizAlI se pAvA hokara kuzInagara Aye the| ataH yaha bilkula spaSTa hai ki pAvA kI bhaugolika sthiti ke lie kuzInagara se dakSiNa-pUrva meM kahIM isakA avalokana karanA Avazyaka hai| kArlAila ke anusAra prAcIna kAla meM pAvA evaM kuzInagara ke madhya Ter3he-mer3he mArga dvArA yAtrA kI dUrI 12 mIla tho, to sambhava hai ki vAstavika dUrI eka sIdhI rekhA meM nApane para kevala 10 mIla ho ho sakatI hai| unhoMne siMhalI sAhitya ke AdhAra para batAyA hai ki pAvA, kuzInagara se 12 mola para gaNDaka nadI kI ora sthita thaa| kintu ve phAjilanagarasaThiyA~va ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dete samaya gaNDaka nadI ko bilakUla hI anadekhA kara dete haiN| ve kevala kuzInagara aura pAvA ke bIca kI dUrI taka hI apane ko sImita rakhate haiM, ve gaNDaka ke viSaya meM mauna rahanA hI ucita samajhate haiN| DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya' gaNDaka ko pAvA aura kuzInagara ke madhya mAnate haiM / yogendra mizra svIkAra karate haiM ki vaizAlI se pAvA jAne ke lie, buddha ko gaNDaka nadI pAra karanI par3I thI, kintu 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa pR0 78 / 2. mizra, yogendra, zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vAstavika nirvANa bhUmi pAvA prAcIna pAvA, pR0 37

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 133 ve usa sthala ko nirdezita nahIM kara pAte haiM, jahA~ para buddha ne gaNDaka pAra kiyA thaa| kanhaiyAlAla sarAvagI' kI daSTi meM buddha ko vaizAlI ke nikaTa gaNDaka pAra karAne meM suvidhA hotI hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki phAjilanagara-saThiyA~va se gaNDaka kA na tA pahale hI koI sambandha thA aura na aba bhI hai| kArlAila ke mata kA samarthana rAjabalI pANDeya ne kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki kArlAila ke pUrva kaniMghama ne vartamAna paDaraunA ko pAvApurI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI thA, kintu isa mata ke virodha meM do mukhya ApattiyA~ haiM / prathama Apatti hai ki yaha vaizAlI evaM kuzInagara mArga para sthita nahIM hai| yaha asambhava pratIta hotA hai ki mahAtmA buddha eva unake ziSya kazyapa vaizAlI tathA rAjagRha se kuzInagara jAne ke lie 13-14 mIla, uttara-pUrva par3araunA kI yAtrA kara phira kuzInagara Aye hoNge| dvitIya Apatti yaha hai ki kuzInagara se par3araunA kI mArga se dUrI ( sIdhI dUrI nahIM ) bauddha granthoM meM varNita dUro se adhika hai| ina ApattiyoM para vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki kuzInagara se par3araunA ke upanagara chAvanI ke prAcIna TIle kI dUrI rAjamArgoM dvArA ThIka 12 mIla hai / kArlAila jahA~ eka tarapha kuzInagara se saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara kI dUrI 10 mIla svIkAra karate haiM, use vakrAkAra pagaDaNDI dvArA 12 mola taka khIMcakara le jAte haiM / vahIM dUsarI tarafa Adhunika mArga dvArA kuzInagara par3araunA kI dUrI 13 mIla svIkAra karate haiM / yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai ki ve kisa AdhAra para kuzInagara-par3araunA mArga kI dUrI 14 mIla mAnate haiN| yaha to nirvivAda hai ki Adhunika yuga meM nirmita kuzInagara (mAila sTona) se kasayA kI dUrI 1 mIla tathA kasayA-caurAhe ( mAila sTona) se par3araunA, DAka baMgalA ( mAila sTona ) kI dUrI 12 mIla hai| par3araunA DAka baMgale meM chAvanI sthita prAcIna TIle ko durI 1 mIla hai| isa prakAra mArga dvArA par3araunA ke prAcIna TIle se kuzInagara kI dUrI 12 mIla nizcita hI hai, jise koI bhI nApa sakatA hai / ataH kArlAila dvArA pratipAdita kuzInagara-par3araunA mArga kI dUrI 7 kosa yA 14 mIla takasaMgata pratIta nahIM hotI hai / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki par3araunA se kuzInagara 1. sarAvagI, kanhaiyAlAla pAvA samIkSA pR0 21, 43 2. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa pR0 77 /

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134 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kI dUrI 13 mola hai, kintu par3araunA ke nikaTa sthita bahucarcita TIle se kuzInagara kI dUrI ThIka 12 mola ho hai / aisI paristhiti meM aba dUrI ko vivAdAspada banAnA tarkayukta nahIM hai / jahA~ taka mAnacitra para kuzInagara se par3araunA ke dUrI kA prazna hai, kArlAila mAnacitra para sIdhI rekhA khIMcakara kuzInagara-par3araunA TIle kI 12 mIla kI dUrI ko 13 mIla le jAte haiN| yadi mAnacitra para kuzInagara aura par3araunA ke madhya sIdhI rekhA khIMcI jAya to kisI bhI hAlata meM isako durI 12 mola se kama hogI, adhika hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai / vAstava meM yadi mAnacitra para kuzInagara se par3araunA TIle ke bIca sIdhI rekhA meM dUrI nApI jAya to 11 mIla hI hotI hai| kArlAila' isakI sambhAvanA vyakta karate haiM ki bauddhakAla meM yahA~ koI acchA mArga nahIM thA, aura mArga meM nadI, nAle, daladala tathA jaMgala par3ate the, isIlie ve kisI rAjamArga kI kalpanA nahIM pAte haiM, aura ve rAhI dUrI kI bAta karate haiM / yaha dhruva satya hai ki vaizAlI aura kuzInagara ke bIca (par3araunA) pAvA hokara rAjamArga nizcita ho thA, jisakA bauddha sAhitya meM bAra-bAra ullekha AtA hai| ___ kArlAila ne phAjilanagara-saThiyA~va ko pAvA siddha karane ke mArgoM ke sambandha meM akATya tarka prastuta kiyA hai / unake matAnusAra par3araunA usa prAcIna mArga para sthita nahIM hai, jo vaizAlI se kuzInagara jAtA thA, usakI sthiti prasiddha mArga se haTakara uttara, uttara-pUrva dizA meM hai, isa kAraNa par3araunA ko pAvA mAnane kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| kaniMghama ke anusAra vaizAlI-kuzInagara kA mArga par3araunA ( pAvA ) hokara jAtA thaa| kaniMghama ne kArlAila ke riporTa oNpha TUrsa ina gorakhapura sArana eNDa gAjIpura ina 1877-78 tathA 80, jilda 11 kI prastAvanA meM kArlAila kI aneka mukhya prAcIna sthaloM kI pahacAna sambandhI upalabdhiyoM kI vizeSa carcA karate hue unakI puSTi kI hai| kintu isameM unhoMne phAjilanagara-saThiyA~va ko pAvA ke rUpa meM kArlAila dvArA mAnyatA dene ke siddhAnta ke viSaya meM koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, tathA mauna rahanA hI ucita samajhA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne kArlAila dvArA 1. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA riporTa Ava TUrsa vAlyUma 11, pR. 29

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pAvA-par3araunA anuzIlana : 135 phAjilanagara-saThiyA~va ko pAvA ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karane ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| tatpazcAt unakI gerika ke sAtha riporTa oNpha TUrsa ina nArtha eNDa sAutha bihAra ina 1880-81, meM par3araunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dene ke siddhAnta kI puSTi kI hai| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki kaniMghama par3araunA kA vAstavika pAvA mAna lene ke kAraNa kArlAila ke saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ko pAvA mAnane ke siddhAnta se bilkula hI prabhAvita nahIM hue the| ___ kArlAila kI riporTa se jJAta hotA hai ki ve isa kSetra meM aneka varSa vyatIta kara yahA~ ke vibhinna prAcIna TIloM kA utkhanana karavAte rahe, kintu unhoMne saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ke TIloM ke utkhanana karavAye binA hI saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ko pAvA kI mAnyatA de dii| isake viparIta kaniMghama ne par3araunA ke prAcIna TIle kA utkhanana karavAkara yahA~ kI purAtAttvika kalAkRtiyoM evaM sAmagriyoM ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita rUpa se ghoSita kara diyA, ki par3araunA hI pAvA hai| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki kArlAila ne saMzaya kI sthiti meM rahane ke kAraNa hI saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ke prAcIna Tole kA utkhanana nahIM karavAyA thaa| yadi ve isakA vidhivat utkhanana karavAye hote to saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ko pAvA ghoSita nahIM kara paate| vidvAnoM meM vaizAlI-kuzInagara mArga ke viSaya meM mata-vaibhinya hai / jahA~ kArlAila, DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya, boddhabhikSu dharmarakSita Adi vidvAn saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara ko pAvA ke rUpa meM isa prAcIna mArga para pratipAdita karate haiM, vahIM bukanana, kaniMghama, gerika, bharatasiMha upAdhyAya tathA bAjapeyI Adi vidvAn par3araunA ko / uparyukta adhyayana pAvA viSayaka bhaugolika abhijJAna prApta karane meM asamartha hai / yaha kitanI bar3I viDambanA hai ki pAvA kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM koI Thosa pramANa milane meM saphalatA nahIM mila pAyI hai| yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki mahAvIra nirvANasthalI pAvA kahA~ thI, tathA vahA~ AvAgamana hetu kisa mArga kA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai ? aba mUla prazna mArga kA hai| buddhakAlIna evaM purAtAttvika sAkSya ke AdhAra para vaizAlI, kuzInagara prAcona mArga kA adhyayana atiAvazyaka hai|

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prAgabuddhakAlIna mArga prAcIna mArgoM kA sUkSma adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki mArgoM kI utpatti evaM vikAsa ke pIche mAnava kI suvyavasthita evaM suniyojita yojanA rahI hai | AdikAla meM mAnava ko jIvanayApana ke lie yAtrA karanI par3atI thii| Adima manuSyoM kI yAtrAoM kA uddezya aise sthAnoM kI khoja thI, jahA~ khAdya vastue~, kandamUla phala, pazuoM ke lie cArAgAha, aura rahane ke lie guphAyeM sulabha ho skeN| eka sthAna para rahate-rahate jaba vahA~ para vidyamAna jIvana nirvAha kI suvidhAoM kA abhAva hone lagatA thA to naye sthAna kI talAza meM ve vanoM aura parvatamAlAoM ko pAra karate hue Age bar3hate jAte the, isa prakriyA meM dUra taka nikala jAte the / mArga meM hiMsaka jantuoM aura dasyuoM Adi ke bhaya se akele- dukele yAtrA karanA nirApada nahIM thA / ataH ve samUha meM yAtrA karate the, isase sArtha kI paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| vaidika yuga Ate-Ate sArtha paramparA pUrNa vikasita ho cukI thI / par3araunA kSetra meM vaidika sabhyatA ke Agamana para motIcandra ne mata vyakta kiyA hai ki vaidika sAhitya se isa bAta kA patA calatA hai ki AryoM ke Age bar3hane meM unakI gatizIlatA aura baliSThatA adhika sahAyaka thI / jaMgaloM ke bIca rAste banAne ke bAda bhramaNa karate hue RSiyoM aura vyApAriyoM ne vaidika sabhyatA kA pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| kucha dinoM taka Arya sadAnIrA ( Adhunika gaNDaka) ke usa pAra jAne kA sAhasa nahIM juTA pAye the, tatpazcAt zatapatha brAhmaNa yuga meM sadAnIrA ke pUrva meM jAkara basa gae the / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM ullekha hai - "sahovAca / videdho ( ho ) mAtha ( dha ) vaH kvA haM bhavA nItya ta eva ho prAcInaM bhuvanA mihi ho vAca / saiSArtArha kozala videhA nAM maryAdA te hI mAtha ( dha ) vAH / 2 zatapatha brAhmaNa meM AryoM ke sadAnIrA ke pUrva meM basane kA vivaraNa isa prakAra upalabdha hai / sarasvatI nadI ke kinAre vaidika dharma kI patAkA 1. motIcandra, sArthavAha, pR0 39, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, 1953 2. zatapatha brAhmaNa, rAjasthAna vaidika tatva zodha saMsthAna, jayapura, 1958, 1-4-1-10-17

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prAgbuddhakAlIna mArga : 137 phaharAte hue, apane purohita gautama rAhugaNa tathA vaidika dharma ke pratIka, agni ke sAtha, videha mAdhava Age cala pdd'e| nadiyoM ko sukhAte evaM vanoM ko jalAte hue ve tInoM sadAnIrA ( Adhunika gaNDaka ) ke kinAre pahu~ce / isa prakAra zatapatha brAhmaNa kAla se pUrva usa nadI ke pAra, vaidika saMskRti nahIM pahu~cA thI tathA sadAnIrA nadI ke pUrva kA bhAga jaMgalI tathA kRSi - "vihIna thA / " videha mAdhava ke sadAnIrA ke pUraba pahu~cane ke pazcAt anya brAhmaNa bhI vahA~ pahu~ce, unhoMne yajJoM dvArA agni prajvalita kara kRSi karanA Arambha kara diyA / zatapatha brAhmaNakAra likhate haiM ki Aja bhI yaha nadI videha tathA kozala rAjyoM ke bIca sImA rekhA kA kArya karatI hai / mahAkAvya evaM paurANika sUciyoM meM dvitIya sthAna ke rAjA mithi videha kA nAma mAdhava videha kI yAda dilAtA hai / rAmAyaNa ke anusAra mithilA ke rAjavaMza kI sthApanA nimi nAmaka rAjA ne kI thI / yadyapi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilA kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, parantu jAtakoM meM isakA ullekha bAra-bAra kiyA gayA hai / nimi ke putra kA nAma mithi thA tathA mithi ke putra janaka, prathama rahe haiM / janaka vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM hai, isase janakavaMza kA bodha hotA hai / " dhRtestu bahulApUvo bhUd bahulAzva - sutaH kRtiH / tasmina saMtiSThate vaMzo janakAnAM mahAtmanAm // " uttara vaidika sAhitya meM spaSTa hai ki, mithilA ke rAjavaMza ko janaka - vaMza kahA gayA hai, unameM anekoM ne 'janaka' nAma dhAraNa kiyA thA, isa prakAra janakavaMza Arambha hotA hai / sampUrNAnanda ne bhI isakA samarthana karate hue likhA hai 'zuklayajurveda' : 1. vAyupurANa, khemarAjajI, kRSNadAsa, bambaI, 1810 I0, 89, 23 2. " rAjAbhUttriSu lokeSu vizrutaH svena karmaNA / nimiH paramadharmAtmA sarvasatvavatAM varaH // 3 // tasya putro mithirnAma janako mithiputrakaH / prathamo janako rAjA janakAdapyudAvasuH // 4 // " vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, pra0 khaM0, sarga 71 / 3 - 4, gItA presa, gorakhapura dvi0 saM0, 1947

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138 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza tathA usase sambandhita 'zatapatha-brAhmaNa' ke kAla taka to Arya sabhyatA nizcita hI bihAra taka pahu~ca cukI thii| kosala, kAzI aura mithilA ke rAjya sthApita ho cuke the| mAdhava videha vaidika agni ko sadAnIrA taTa se Age le jA cuke the| mithilA meM vaidika yajJa-yAga hone laga gaye the|"1 isI tathya kA ullekha karate hue ela0 esa0 ema0 omArle ne likhA hai ki agni ke sAtha videha, sarasvatI ke kinAre-kinAre calakara gaNDaka kI caur3I dhArA ke taTa para pahuMce, jahA~ agni ne unheM sUcita kiyA ki unakA nivAsa sthAna gaNDaka ke pUrvI taTa para hai| vahA~ jAkara unhoMne jaMgaloM ko sApha kiyA tathA bhUmi kA karSaNa kara kRSi utpAdana meM vRddhi kI aura vahA~ eka vizAla zaktizAlI rAjya ko sthApanA kI, jisake zAsaka rAjA janaka hI rhe| inake zAsana kAla meM mithilA bhAratavarSa kA bahata ho mahattvapUrNa evaM susaMskRta-sabhya rAjya rahA / "2 mathurAprasAda dIkSita ne vaizAlI kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM likhA hai 'zatapatha brAhmaNa' (1/4/10/19 ) ke anusAra sarasvatI ke taTa para videha (mithi ) nAmaka rAjA thA, jisakA purohita gautama rAhugaNa thaa| ye donoM agni vaizvAnara kA anusaraNa karate hue sadAnIrA nadI ke taTa taka phuNce| agni vahA~ ruka gaI tathA rAjA videha (mithi) sadAnIrA ke usa pAra arthAt pUrvI taTa para rahane lge| usI samaya se usa deza kA nAma videha athavA mithilA pdd'aa| kAlAntara meM videha do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA eka pUrva videha tathA dUsarA pazcima videha / pazcima videha ko loga vaizAlo bho kahate haiN|" motIcandra ke anusAra 'sarasvatI aura sadAnIrA' ke madhya bhUbhAga meM zatapatha-brAhmaNa kAla taka AryoM kI bastiyA~ evaM nagara kI sthApanA nahIM huI thI, mArga bhI nahIM bane hue the| aisI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI hai ki videha mAdhava ne jaMgaloM ke madhya vRkSoM ko kATakara aura jalAkara jo mArga banAyA thA, vahI mArga sarasvatI se sadAnIrA hokara, zrAvastI hote hue vaizAlI taka jAtA thaa|"4 upayukta varNana se sarasvatI ke taTa se 1. bhArata kA sAMskRtika tIrtha ( lekha), vai0 a0 gra0, pR0 393 2. hisTrI eNDa ArkiyolAjI oNpha vaizAlo ( lekha ), vai0 a0 pra0, pR0 434.435 3. vaidika kAla meM vaizAlI, vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, pR0 270 4. motIcandra sArthavAha, pR0 10, 25

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prAgbuddhakAlIna mArga : 139. mithilA taka mArga ke nirmANa kA jJAna prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra isa mArga kA itihAsa vicitra hai / kisI bhI nagara kI sthApanA aura usake vikAsa meM vahA~ ke nAgarikoM dvArA prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA samucita upayoga, surakSA kA dRSTikoNa, kRSi, vyavasAya evaM udyoga kI pragati tathA usakI nadI ke nikaTa kI sthiti, samudrI-bandaragAha ityAdi kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| prAcIna kAla meM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka jAne ke lie AvAgamana ke sImita sAdhana hone ke kAraNa, dina bhara meM AsAnI se jitanI dUrI taya kI jA sakatI thI, usI sthAna para apanI suvidhA ke anurUpa par3Ava DAlA jAtA thA / nagaroM ke vikAsa meM ina par3AvoM ko mukhya bhUmikA hotI thii| prAcIna rAjadhAniyoM ko jor3anA, prAcIna rAjapathoM kI pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai| rAjadhAnI badala jAne para mArga bhI badala jAte the / rAjadhAniyoM ke badalane kA mukhya kAraNa jalavAyu, vyApAra, rAjanIti, dharma, nadiyoM ke dhArAparivartana athavA rAjAoM kI svecchA hotI thii| kiMvadantI hai ki rAmAyaNa kAla meM mahArAja dazaratha janakapura jAte samaya, gaNDaka ke kinAre rAmaghATa para bArAta ke sAtha vizrAma kiye the| yaha sthala ayodhyA aura janakapura ke madhya rAjamArga para sthita thaa| janakapura se ayodhyA kI dUrI, rAjyamArga kI caur3AI Adi ko sUcanA "bAlmIki rAmAyaNa"1 se prApta hotI hai| dhanuSabhaMga hone para janaka kA sandeza lekara dazaratha ke pAsa ayodhyA pahuMcane meM rathArUDha unake mantrI ( dUta) ko rAste meM tIna rAtri vizrAma karanA par3A thaa| upayukta tathyoM se spaSTa haiM ki rAmAyaNa kAla se ayodhyA evaM janakapura ke bIca mArga vidyamAna thA aura mArga meM sadAnIrA ( gaNDaka ) nadI ko pAra karanA par3atA thaa| rAmaprasAda pANDeya ke anusAra, kisI ko Apatti nahIM honI cAhie ki prAcIna kAla meM ayodhyA aura janakapura ke bIca kA mArga, par3araunA 1. janakena samAdiSTA dUtAste klAntavA hnaaH| trirAtramuSitA mArge te'yodhyA prAvizan purIma // 1 // aSTaSaSTitamaH sargaH, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, pR0 161 2. pANDeya, rAmaprasAda, gorakhapura jile kA itihAsa, pR0 34, nAgarI presa, dArAgaMja, prayAga, 1942

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140 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza se hokara jAtA thA / sAketa aura bAlmIki Azrama ke bIca ke mArga ko yahIM se hokara jAne kI adhika sambhAvanA hai| ataH yaha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki nirvAsita sItA, lakSmaNa ke sAtha ratha para isI mArga se gayI thii| mahAbhArata meM isa mArga evaM sadAnIrA ( gaNDaka ) kA prAyaH ullekha AtA hai| kRSNa, jarAsandha vadha ke nimitta, bhIma aura arjuna ko lekara tapasviyoM ke veSa meM, himAlaya kI tarAI se hokara, janakapura meM kucha samaya vizrAma kara, rAjagaha gye| mArga meM saraya, rAptI, sadAnIrA (gaNDakI) ityAdi nadiyoM ko pAra kiyaa| ve tInoM kurukSetra pradeza se prasthAna kara, kuru jaMgala ke madhya hote hue ramaNIya padma sarovara phuNce| phira kAlakUTa parvata ko pAra kara gaNDaka, mahAzoNa, sadAnIrA evaM eka parvata pradeza kI saba nadiyoM ko kramazaH pAra karate hue Age bar3hate gye| isase pUrva unhoMne ramaNIsarayU nadI pAra kara, pUrvI kozala pradeza meM bhI padArpaNa kiyA thaa| kozala pArakara, bahata sI nadiyoM kA avalokana karate hae ve mithilA gye| gaMgA aura sonabhadra ko pAra karake ve tInoM acyuta vIra, pUrvAbhimukha hokara calane lge| kuza aura cIra se unhoMne apane zarIra ko Dhaka rakhA thA isa prakAra calate-calate ve magadha kSetra kI sImA ke andara pahu~ca gye| motIcandra ne mahAbhAratakAlIna mArgoM kA bahuta vistAra se varNana kiyA hai evaM isa tathya kI puSTi kI hai ki kurukSetra se rAjagRha mArga rAmagaMgA pAra karake sAketa aura uttara jAte hue zrAvastI se hokara kapilavastu pahu~cA thA, vahA~ se dakSiNa-pUrva kI dizA pakar3akara, kuzInagara aura 1. kurubhyaH prasthitAste tu madhyena kurujADgalam / ramyaM padmasarogatvA kAlakUTamatItya ca // 26 // gaNDakI ca mahAzoNaM sadAnIrAM tathaiva c| ekaparvatake nadyaH krameNatyA vajantate // 27 // uttIyaM sarayU ramyAM dRSTvA pUrvAzca kosalAn / atItya jagmumithilAM pazyanto vipulA nadIH / / 28 / / atItya gaGgAM zoNaM ca trayaste prAGmukhAstadA / kuzacIracchadA jagmurmAgadhaM kSetramacyutAH / / 29 / / mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, jarAsandhavadha, 20/26-29, pR0 723-24, gotA presa gorkhpur|

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prAgbuddhakAlIna mArga : 141 pAvA hotA huA yaha mArga vaizAlI pahu~cakara, dakSiNa rAste se mila jAtA thaa| phira vahA~ se dakSiNa-pUrva ko dizA meM mur3akara bhadiyA, campA, kajaMgala hotA huA tAmralipti nagara pahu~catA thA / vaizAlI se dakSiNa rAjagRha kA mArga pAligrAma, uruvela, gorathagiri ( pahAr3I ) hotA huA rAjagRha pahu~catA thaa| kurukSetra se rAjagRha ke isa mArga kA ullekha, mahAbhArata ( 2/18/26/30 ) meM bhI hai / arjuna aura bhIma ko sAtha lekara kRSNa isI mArga se jarAsandha ke pAsa rAjagRha pahu~ce the| mahAbhArata ke anusAra yaha mArga kurukSetra se Arambha hokara, kuru jaMgala ke madhya hokara tathA sarayU pAra kara, pUrva kosala ( zAyada kapilavastu ) hokara mithilA pahu~catA thaa| tatpazcAt gaMgA aura sona ke saMgama ko pAra kara vaha gorathagiri pahu~catA thA, jahA~ se rAjagRha spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA thaa|" ___ mahAbhArata meM karNa kI nepAla-vijaya ke varNana-prasaMga meM kuzInagara, zrAvastI, kapilavastu, kosala Adi prasiddha nagaroM kI vijaya ke sAtha irAvatI ( rAptI), gaNDaka nadI ko pAra kara nepAla nareza ko parAjita karane kA ullekha hai| isake pazcAt himAlaya se utara kara usane pUrva dizA kI ora AkramaNa kiyaa| isa prakAra isI kSetra se gaNDaka pAra kara nepAla jAne kA mArga nizcita ho gayA thA, kyoMki isa kSetra meM gaNDaka maidAna meM utaratI hai| pramukha nagaroM ke lie avAgamana kA rAjya mArga yahIM se hokara jAtA thaa| bhIma kI digvijaya kA bhI mahAbhArata meM vistAra se varNana milatA hai / vijaya abhiyAna meM unheM gaNDaka pAra kara, videha janapada jAnA par3A 1. motIcandra sArthavAha, pR0 19 2. nepAlaviSaye ye ca rAjAnastA navAjayat / avatIrya tataH zailAt pUrvo dizamabhidrutaH // 7 // mahAbhArata, vanaparva, a0 254, zloka 7, pR0 1655, gItA presa,. gorakhapura, 3. tataH sa gaNDakAnchUro videhAn bharatarSabhaH / vijityAlpena kAlena dazArNAnajayata prabhuH // 4 // tatra dAzArNako rAjA sudharmA lomaharSaNam / kRtavAn bhImasenena mahad yuddhaM nirAyudham / / 5 / / mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, adhyAya 29, zloka 4-5, pR0 751, gItA presa gorkhpur|

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142 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza thA / yaha vijaya yAtrA "gomUtrikA" gati se pUrva dizA meM bar3hatI huI kabhI uttara to kabhI dakSiNa kI ora ke janapadoM aura rAjAoM para do taraphA mAra karatI huI calatI thii| jisakA vivaraNa mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva meM isa prakAra milatA hai-"vahA~ se Age jAkara bharatavaMza ziromaNi zUravIra bhIma ne gaNDaka nadI ke taTavartI aura videha "mithilA" deza ko alpa samaya meM jItakara, dazArNa deza ko bhI adhikAra meM le liyaa|" isa prakAra spaSTa rUpa se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAbhArata meM, isa kSetra meM nirmita mArga tathA gaNDaka se isakI bhaugolika sthiti evaM unake pArasparika sambandha Adi ke viSaya meM kaI bAra ullekha huA hai| uparokta vivecana ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki AvazyakatAnusAra mArgoM ke nirmANa evaM unake vikAsa kA itihAsa rocaka hai| samayacakra ke anusAra, isakA svarUpa bhale hI badalatA rahe, lekina mUlataH vaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM apanA astitva banAye rakhatA hai isake pramANa AdikAla, rAmAyaNa kAla evaM mahAbhArata kAla ke upayukta vivaraNa haiN|

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buddhakAlIna mArga bauddha sAhitya meM buddhakAlIna rAjamArgoM ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai / rAjamArgoM kA adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna vaizAlI kuzInagara mArga kI sthiti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / isake nirNaya hetu madhyadezAntargata Ane vAle buddhakAlIna mukhya mArgoM kA vivecana evaM vizleSaNa ati Avazyaka hai / mArga sambandhI vivaraNoM para dRSTipAt karane se jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha sAhitya meM mArgoM kA varNana mukhyatayA buddha kI caryA aura vyApArika yAtrAoM ke krama meM huA hai / isa krama meM hama kucha vyApArika mArgoM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt buddha-sambaddha mArgoM kA vivecana kareMge / buddhakAlIna aTTakathA dhammapada' meM vaizAlI aura magadha ke rAjamArga kA varNana prApta hotA hai| zreSTha vyaktiyoM evaM mahApuruSoM ke AvAgamana hetu mArgoM kA jIrNoddhAra huA karatA thA / magadharAja vimbasAra ko jaba jJAta huA ki buddha 'vaizAlI se magadha ke lie prasthAna karane vAle haiM to unhoMne buddha se nivedana kiyA ki mArgoM ke jIrNoddhAra pUrNa hone taka, yAtrA ke kAryakrama ko sthagita karane kI kRpA kareM / rAjagRha se 5 yojana lambA mAgaM caurasa kara diyA gyaa| gaMgA ke usa pAra vajjiyoM ne bhI vaisI hI vyavasthA kI, tatpazcAt buddha ne rAjagRha yAtrA Arambha kI / buddhakAlIna mArgoM evaM unase yAtrA karane vAle vyApAriyoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna ullekha prApta hote haiM / mahAparinivvANasuttara se pukkasa malla dvArA 500 gAr3iyoM ke sAtha kuzInagara se pAvA kI yAtrA karane kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / buddha ke anusAra sunAparAnta janapada ( gujarAta ke ThANA aura sUrata ke jiloM kA aMza ), ke do vyApArI bhAI pA~ca-pA~ca sau gAr3iyA~ lekara vyApArArtha zrAvastI gaye / jAtakaTukathA kI nidAna - 1. dhammapada aTThakathA, saM0 DaoN0 TATiyA, nathamala, khaNDa 3, pR0 170 paTanA, 1976 2. doghanikAya ( hi0 ) mahAparinivvANasuta, 2 / 3, pR0 138- 139 3. buddhacaryA ( hi0) 50 376

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144 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kathA' ke anusAra zrAvastI kA prasiddha vyApArI anAthapiNDika vyApArikaH prayojana se 500 gAr3iyA~ lekara rAjagRha gayA thA / isI yAtrA meM usane prathama bAra gautama buddha kA darzana kiyA thA / dhammapada aTThakathA' meM ullikhita hai ki vArANasI kA eka vyApArA lAla vastroM se ladI huI gAr3iyo ke sAtha zrAvastI jAne ke lie nikalA, kintu mArga meM nadI pAra na kara sakane ke kAraNa taTa para hI sAmAna becane ke lie vivaza huA thA / suttanipAta ke parAyaNavagga * ( bAvari ke ziSyoM ke yAtrA-varNana kA prasaMga ) meM pAvA ko uttara bhArata meM zrAvastI - kuzInagara, vaizAlI ke pramukha vyApArika mArga para sthita batAyA gayA hai| rAjagRha - zrAvastI taka kA mArga pramukha rAjamArga thA, jisa para ambalaTTikA, nAlandA, pATaligrAma ( pATaliputra ), koTigrAma nAdika yA nAdikA, vaizAlI, bhaNDagAma, hatthigAma, ambagAma, jambugAma, bhoganagara pAvA, kuzInagara, pippalIvana, rAmagAma, kapilavastu, setavyA ityAdi nagara sthita the / isa mArga para buddhakRta carcA kA vistRta vivaraNa bauddha sAhitya se prApta hotA hai / kosala janapadAntargata eka suvikhyAta nagara evaM vyApArika kendra hone ke kAraNa zrAvasto, uttarApatha tathA dakSiNApatha se jur3A huA thA / parAyaNavagga meM prApta bAvari brAhmaNa ke ziSyoM kI yAtrA kA vRttAnta isa prakAra hai - zrAvastI meM utpanna bAvari, mantra - pAraMgata hokara dakSiNa patha para jAkara godAvarI ke taTa para alaka nAmaka sthAna ke nikaTa nivAsa karane lagA thA / kapilavastu tyAgane ke pazcAt, zAkyaputra ke parama jJAna prApta karane kI sUcanA bAvari ko milI / bAvari ne apane solaha ziSyoM ko zrAvastI jAkara unake jJAna kI parIkSA karane kA Adeza diyA / 1. jAtaka aTThakathA ( hi0 ), saM0 bhikSughamaMrakSita, pra0 kha0 pR0 119 , 2. dhammapada aTThakathA, saM0 DaoN0 TATiyA, nathamala, khaM 0 3, pR0 411 3. suttanipAta parAyaNavagga ( hi0), pada 1011-1015, pR0 432 4. vAvariM, abhivAdetvA katvA caM naM padakkhiNaM / jaTAjinadharA sabbe pakkAmuM uttarAmukhA // alakassa patiTThAnaM purimaM mahissati tadA / ujjeni vApi gonaddhaM vedisaM vana sandhyaM / kosambi cApi sAketaM sArvatthi ca purUttamaM / suttanipAta, parAyaNavagga ( hi0), pada 1011, 1015, pR0 432

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buddhakAlIna mArga : 145 zrAvastI jAkara baddha kA darzana na pAkara ziSyagaNa rAjagaha ke pASANa caitya pahuMce, jahA~ para ve vihAra kara rahe the| yahA~ bAvari ke ziSyoM kI alaka se rAjagaha-yAtrA kA varNana prApta hotA hai jisake anusAra bAvari-ziSya dakSiNa meM alaka se calakara patiThAna, mahissati (mahezvara), mahiSmatI, ujjainI, gonaddha ( vidisA ke nikaTa ), vedisaM (vidisA), vanasAdhya yA vanasabdhya ( gonA janapada meM tumaina ), kosambI ( kauzAmbI ), sAketa aura sAvatthi ( zrAvastI ) mArga kA anugamana kiye the| ziSyagaNa zrAvastI se rAjagRha jAte samaya zrAvastI setavyA, kapilavastu, kuzInagara, pAvA, bhoganagara, vaizAlI aura mAgadhapura ( rAjagRha ) ke vizrAma sthaloM ( par3AvoM) para Thaharate hue ramaNIya pASANa caitya meM phuNce| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki buddhakAlIna bhArata ke do pramukha mArga rahe haiM-zrAvastI-pratiSThAna evaM zrAvastI-rAjagRha / ina mArgoM ke madhya par3ane vAle bhaugolika dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa nagaroM tathA nigamoM ke sambandha meM bhI sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiM / 'mahAparinivvANasutta'2 rAjagRha-kuzInagara mArga ke viSaya meM vistRta sUcanAyeM detA hai sAtha hI mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva buddha ne vaizAlI se kuzonagara jAte hue jina nagaroM evaM gA~voM meM vihAra kiyA thA, usakA kramabaddha abhijJAna pradAna karatA hai| isake anusAra vaizAlI se calakara sarvaprathama ve bhaNDagAma meM vizrAma kiye / aMguttara nikAya ke anusAra yaha gA~va vajji janapada meM thA / bhaNDagAma kI sthiti vaizAlI aura hatthigAma ke madhya thii| hatthigAma bhI vajji janapada meM thaa| saMyuktanikAyavajjisutta meM ise vajjiyoM kA grAma batAyA gayA hai| mahAparinirvANasutta ke anusAra "bhaNDagAma aura ambagAma ke bIca hatthigAma sthita thaa|""htthigaam se calakara mahAtmA 1. setavyaM kapilavatthu kusInAraM ca maMdiraM / pAvaM ca bhoganagaraM vesAliM magadhapuraM, pAsANaka cetiyaM ca ramaNIyaM manoramaM / / ___ suttanipAta, parAyaNavagga, pada 1011, 1015, pR0 432 2. dIgha nikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta, 2/3, pR0 122, 140 3. aMguttaranikAya ( mUla ), khaM0 2, pR0 1 4. saMyuttanikAya (hi.), khaM0 2, pR0 497 5. bIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta ( hi0 ), pR0 135 10

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146 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza buddha ambagAma pahu~ce the, isake pazcAt jmbugaam| ataH donoM grAmoM ko bhI vajji janapada meM hI mAnanA tarkasaMgata hai| __bhikSudharmarakSita' ke anusAra ina grAmoM kA krama isa prakAra hai : bhaNDagAma, jambu gAma, hathigAma, ambagAma aura bhoganagara / inhoMne ambagAma ko hasthigAma aura bhojanagara ke madhya kisa AdhAra para batAyA hai, yaha jJAta nahIM hai| mahAparinivvANasutta meM grAmoM kA krama isa prakAra hai-bhaNDagAma, hatthigAma, ambugAma, jambugAma aura bhoganagara / bhikSudharmarakSita tripiTakAcArya ne ambugAma aura jambugAma ko bihAra rAjya ke kramazaH amayA aura jamunahIM nAmaka grAma se samIkRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| nAmasAmya ke vicAra se ise ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai parantu bhaugolika daSTi se vastu sthiti abhI taka spaSTa nahIM huI hai| bhikSudharmarakSita kA mata hai ki hasthigAma ke avazeSa bihAra rAjya ke Adhunika hAthizAla nAmaka grAma ke rUpa meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| unhoMne "ambagAma ko mallarASTra ke antargata batAyA hai| uparyukta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki dharmarakSita ne jambugAma, hatthigAma, ambagAma aura bhoganagara ko mallarASTra ke antargata hI mAnA hai, kintu yaha mata ucita nahIM pratIta hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mahAparinivvANasutta meM grAmoM kA jo krama diyA gayA hai, vaha mAnanIya vidvAn ko phAjilanagara-sAThiyA~va ko pAvA siddha karane meM sahAyaka nahIM thA, isIlie unhoMne krama meM parivartana kiyA hai, parantu yaha buddhigamya nahIM lagatA hai| uparokta yAtrA varNana se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jambugAma aura pAvA ke madhya bhoganagara sthita thA / vaizAlI aura pAvA ke madhya sthita upayukta pA~ca gA~voM ( bhaNDagAma, hatthigAma, ambagAma, jambugAma aura bhoganagara ) meM se kevala prathama donoM (bhaNDagAma aura hathigAma) pAli vivaraNa ke anusAra nizcita rUpa se vajji janapada meM the| zeSa tIna kisa janapada meM sthita the isako pAli sAhitya meM koI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| 1. bhikSudharmarakSita, kuzInagara kA itihAsa, pR0 7 2. dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta ( hi0 ), 2/3, pR0 135 3. bhikSudharmarakSita, kuzInagara kA itihAsa, pR0 17 4. bhikSudharmarakSita, kuzonagara kA itihAsa, pR0 57

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buddhakAlIna mArga : 147 isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai ki bhoganagara vajjisaMgha meM sthita thA athavA mallarASTra meM / bI0 sI0 lAhA' kA nizcita mata hai ki bhoganagara mallarASTra meM sthita thA / bharatasiMha upAdhyAya bhI sambhAvanA vyakta karate haiM ki pAvA ke adhika samIpa hone ke kAraNa ise mallarASTra meM hI mAnanA ucita hogA / kintu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana', hemacandra rAyacaudhurI 4 aura malalasekara" ise vajjisaMgha kA aMga aura nagara mAnate haiM / malalasekara ke mata kA samarthana karate hue yogendra mizra ' likhate haiM ki vajjideza sthita bhoganagara meM mahAparinirvANa se pUrva pAvA pahu~cane ke pahale buddha ne vizrAma kiyA thaa| bhoganagara gaNDaka ke taTa para sthita thA aura bhoganagara se pAvA jAne meM buddha ko gaNDaka nadI ko pAra karanA par3A thA / bhoganagara kA vajjisaMgha ke antargata honA aura gaNDaka ke taTa para honA hI tathyapUrNa pratIta hotA hai / vajjisaMgha aura mallarASTra ke bhaugolika adhyayana se bhI yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki gaNDaka mallarASTra aura vajjisaMgha kI vibhAjaka rekhA thI / ataH isa vivecana ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhaNDagAma, hathigAma, ambagAma, jambugAma aura bhoganagara vajjisaMgha ke antargata hI sthita the / buddha mahAparinirvANa se pUrva vaizAlI se calakara ina nagaroM evaM grAmoM se hote hue gaNDaka pAra kara mallagaNarAjya sthita pAvA pahu~ce, phira pAvA se kuzInagara ke lie prasthAna kiye / mahAparinivvANasutta meM buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt eka vizAla bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha bhikSu mahAkazyapa dvArA pAvA se kuzInagara taka yAtrA karane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / suttanipAta meM bAvari ke ziSyoM ke yAtrA varNana evaM mahAparinivvANasutta se mahAparinirvANa pUrva buddha 1. lAhA, vimalacaraNa, jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma, pR0 2 2. upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 327 3. doghanikAya ( hi0 ), pR0 325 4. rAyacaudhurI, hemacandra, poliTikala hisTrI oNva nArdarna iNDiyA, pR0 118-20 5. malalasekara, jI0 pI0, DikzanarI oNva pAli prApara nemsa, khaM0 2, pR0 93 6. mizra, yogendra, ena arlI hisTrI oNva vaizAlI, pR0 191-92, dillI, 1962 7. dIghanikAya mahAparinivvANasusa ( hi0), khaNDa 2, pR0 124

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148 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAtrA : eka vimarza kI rAjagRha-kuzInagara yAtrA se rAjagRha-kuzInagara mArga kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai / ina yAtrA-vivaraNoM se yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki buddhakAla meM rAjagRha aura zrAvastI ke bIca eka suvyavasthita rAjamArga avazya thA / ataH pAvA-kuzInagara mArga ke sandarbha meM kArlAila' kA yaha tarka tathya se pare pratIta hotA hai ki buddhakAla meM koI samucita mArga nahIM thA / mArga meM nadI, nAle, daladala bhUmiyA~ ityAdi thiiN| sambhavataH inake tarka se prabhAvita hokara hI DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya ne kuzInagara-paDaraunA ke mArga kA ullekha na kara rAhI dUrI ( sIdhI dUrI nahIM ) kI bAta ko hai / unakA kathana hai ki rAhI dUrI bauddha granthoM dvArA batAyI gayI dUrI se adhika hai| parantu adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne isa suvyavasthita mArga kI puSTi kI hai / Tanara' ne kuzInagara se pAvA kI dUrI 12 mIla batAyI hai / kaniMghama ne bhI henasAMga kI yAtrA kA kramika vivaraNa mAnacitra ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai / gaMgA kSetra ke mAnacitra meM spaSTa hai ki hvenasAMga ne kuzInagara se pAvA ( par3araunA) kI yAtrA kI thii| isa prakAra hanasAMga ke kAla (7 vIM zatAbdI) meM bhI kuzInagara se par3araunA kA mArga vidyamAna rahA hai| malalasekara' ke anusAra bhI bauddha sAhitya meM pAvA se kuzInagara ke mArga kA aneka bAra varNana AtA hai| isa prakAra pAvA-kuzInagara mArga ke vizleSaNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki buddhakAla meM kuzInagara-pAvA mArga vaizAlI se zrAvastI taka jAne vAle mukhya rAjamArga ke antargata AtA thaa| tatkAlona rAjamArga yojanAbaddha DhaMga se deza ke prasiddha nagaroM ko jor3ate the| dakSiNa pUrva se uttara-pazcima kA mahApatha rAjagRha se zrAvastI ko jor3atA "tena khApena samayena ApasmA mahAkassaNo pavAya kusinAraM addhAna bhaggappaTi pannohoti mahattA bhikkhu sar3aghena saddhi pancamattehi bhikkhu sateddi / " 1. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela, AkiyolAjikala sarve oNva iNDiyA riporTa 11, gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura, pR0 30, 406 2. DaoN. pANDeya, rAjabalI; gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 78 3. Tarnara, jI0, noTa phAma buddhaghoSa, janarala oNva da eziyATika sosAyaTI oNva bagAla, khaNDa 8, pR0 1005, je0 thAmasa baipisTa mizana presa kalakattA, 1838 4. kaniMghama, e0, aizyeNTa jyAgraphI oNva iNDiyA, pR0 477 5. malalasekara, jI0 pI0, DikzanarI oNva pAli prApara nemsa, 10 173

Page #169
buddhakAlIna mArga : 149 thA, jisa para mAgadhapura ( rAjagRha), koTigrAma, nadika yA nAdikA vaizAlI, bhaNDagAma, hatthigAma, ambagAma, jambugAma, bhoganagara, pAvA, kuzInagara, pippalIvana, rAmagAma, kapilavastu, setabyA, zrAvastI Adi nagara Ate the / mahAvIra aura buddha ke zramaNa- jIvana meM zrAvastI - rAjagRha mArga kA sarvAdhika mahattva rahA hai / ina mahApuruSoM kI carikAoM ke kAraNa hI yaha mArga gauravAnvita huA hai /

Page #170
pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna bauddha dharma ke unnAyakoM meM mauryavaMzIya samrATa candragupta ke pautra samrATa azoka ( 253 I0 pUrva- 232 I0 pUrva ) kA nAma sadaiva Adara ke sAtha liyA jAyegA / kaliMga yuddha meM hue bhISaNa raktapAta ko dekhakara hiMsA se virakta priyadarzI azoka ne ghoSaNA kI 'bherIghoSo aho dhammaghoSo' arthAt raNaghoSa aba dharmaghoSa ho aura ve bauddhadharma ke kaTTara anuyAyI ho gaye / inake dvArA sthApita zilAlekha evaM stambha lekha buddhakAlIna itihAsa evaM mauryakAlIna saMskRti tathA kalA ke sajIva pramANa haiM / inhoMne sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM vibhinna mArgoM para zilA stambha sthApita karavAye the / ye stambha buddha ke upadezoM ke pracAra-prasAra ke sAtha-sAtha rAjAjJA evaM mArganirdezana kA kArya karate the / inhIM prAcIna stambhoM ke AdhAra para kaniMghama' aura kArlAile ne prAcIna rAjamArgoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai / karnighama ne to kevala ina mArgoM kA saMketa hI kiyA hai parantu kArlAila ne azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para do mukhya rAjamArgoM kA vistAra se vivaraNa diyA hai- eka pATaliputra ( paTanA ) se kauzAmbI ( ilAhAbAda hokara paTanA se ramapuravA rAjamArga ) / unake mata meM azoka ne mukhya rAjamArgoM ke mukhya nagaroM va dhArmika sthaloM para hI ina stambhoM kA nirmANa karavAyA thA, jisase usa mArga se jAne vAle tIrthayAtrI va sAmAnya yAtrI una stambhoM para likhe hue dharmopadezoM ko par3heM tathA unase mArga-nirdezana prApta kareM / kArlAila ne apanI riporTa meM pATaliputra se nepAla ke purAne dUsare rAjamArga kA vivaraNa dete huye likhA hai ki gaMgA ke usa pAra vaizAlI se ramapuravA ke bIca cAra azoka stambha Aja bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM / gaNDaka se nizcita dUrI ko / 1. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 376, 378 2. kArlAila, e0 sI0 - ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa 11, gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura, pR0 55 3. hI - pR0 54

Page #171
pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 151 dhyAna meM rakhate hue samrATa azoka ne gaNDaka kI pUrva dizA meM vaizAlI aura uttara-pazcima kI dizA meM lauriyA nandanagar3ha kI ora sthApita karavAye the| samrATa azoka dvArA sthApita ina stambhoM ke sthAnoM se hI nahIM apitu ina stambhoM meM prayukta viziSTa prastaroM se bhI tatkAlIna mArga para prakAza par3atA hai| azoka ke stambhoM ke prastara cunAra ke prasiddha khadAna se lAye gaye the| yaha Azcaryajanaka tathya hai ki cunAra se itane vizAla pattharoM ko kisa prakAra bhArata ke vibhinna sthaloM para le jAyA gayA hogaa| mohammada hAmidakurezIkRta "sarite e phIroja zAho' meM phIrojazAha tugalaka" ke zAsanakAla meM ambAlA ke nikaTa ToparA tathA meraTha se do azoka-stambha dillI lAne kA varNana hai| ye sthAna kramazaH sau tathA pacAsa mIla kI dUrI para sthita haiN| ina stambhoM ke dillI lAne kI prakriyA kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai jo isa prakAra hai ina stambhoM ko sthAnAntarita karane ke lie inakI lambAI ke anupAta ke balle vAle pahiyedAra vAhana ( lAr3hA ) kA nirmANa kiyA gayA, jisa para kuzalatA se ye rakhe gye| lAr3hA meM donoM tarapha dasa-dasa lohe ke bar3e-bar3e challe lage hue the, jisameM moTe lambe rasse baMdhavAkara hAthiyoM ke samaha se ise khIMcA jA ske| cAra bar3e-bar3e challe lAde ke pIche bhI lage hae the, jisameM moTe rasse bAMdhakara pIche se AdamiyoM kA samUha DhalAna para lAr3he ko roka sake tathA sambhAvita khatare ko TAlA jA ske| parvatAkAra hAthiyoM kA vizAla samUha jaba lAr3he ko nahIM khIMca pAyA, to asaMkhya manuSyoM dvArA ise khiMcavAkara nadI ke taTa para lAyA gayA, jahA~ inheM le jAne lie vizeSa prakAra kI nAva nirmita thii| ukta pustaka se azoka stambha ko nAva para car3hAne ke samaya nAva ke tarapha vAle lAr3he ke pahiyoM ko nikAlakara rasse aura pulI kI sahAyatA se usa para rakhane kA varNana prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra azoka stambhoM ko nadI dvArA phirojAbAda ke kile ke nikaTa vAle ghATa para lAyA gyaa| 1. pega, je0 e0, memAyarsa Ana koTalA phIrojazAha dillI, AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, saM0 52, pR0 230 2. vahI pR0 230

Page #172
152 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza isase sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki gaNDaka ke kinAre-kinAre kolhuA, lauriyA arerAja, lauriyA nandanagar3ha ityAdi ke azoka stambhoM ko cunAra ke khadAnoM se gaMgA nadI ke dvArA pATaliputra le jAyA gayA hogA / pATaliputra ke nikaTa se bUr3hI gaNDaka dvArA gantavya sthAnoM para iso prakAra le jAyA gayA hogA / vaizAlI aura lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke madhya nimna sthaloM para tIna azoka stambha Adhunika kAla meM bhI vidyamAna haiM : 1 - vaizAlI ke nikaTa kolhuA grAma 2- lauriyA arerAja 3 - lauriyA nandanagar3ha ina sthAnoM kA paricaya isa prakAra haiM kolhuA: bhaugolika dRSTi se kolhuA 25 58deg akSAMza evaM 85deg7 dezAntara para vaizAlI janapada ke vizAlagar3ha se 2 mIla uttara-pazcima bakharA ke samIpa sthita hai / buddhakAla meM kolhuA vaizAlI kA abhinna aMga rahA hai / isakA prAcIna nAma kUTAgAra thA / kUTAgArazAlA mahAvana ke antargata sthita thI, jahA~ buddha aneka bAra vizrAma kiye the / bauddha sAhitya se spaSTa hai ki kUTAgAra ke dUsare khaNDa para mahAparinirvANa pUrva bodhisatva ne apane ziSyoM ko antima upadeza diyA thA / kolhuA stambha kalAtmaka dRSTi se anupama camakIle balue patthara se nirmita lagabhaga 7 mITara U~cA hai / isake zIrSa para vargAkAra prastara para svAbhAvika mudrA meM uttarAbhimukha siMha kI eka AkarSaka pratimA sthApita hai / siMha pichale pairoM ko sameTe hue Age ke pairoM para khar3A hai / isakA mukha AdhA khulA huA tathA jihvA bAhara nikalI huI hai / vargAkAra prastara ke ThIka nIce ghaNTI sadRza kamala nirmita hai / isa para koI abhilekha aMkita nahIM hai lekina isameM koI zaMkA nahIM honI cAhiye ki samrATa azoka kI rAjAjJAoM evaM dharmopadezoM ko likhavAne ke uddezya se yaha stambha sthApita kiyA gayA hogA / kolhuA ke azoka stambha kA aneka vidvAnoM ne samaya-samaya para sarvekSaNa kiyA hai jisakA ullekha vibhinna patrikAoM evaM sUciyoM meM prApta hotA hai / kolhuA ke azoka stambha kA ullekha jarnala Apha eziyATika

Page #173
pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 153 sosAiTI Apha baMgAla', ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA ke atirikta baMgAla lisTa, bihAra DisTrikTa gajeTiyara tathA, kurezI lisTa,5 meM bhI upalabdha hai| isake viSaya meM cInI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA-varNana se bhaH vistRta sUcanA prApta hotI hai / 1784 meM lAhA ne "eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla' meM eka nibandha "e zArTa ekAunTa Apha TU pilarsa TU da nArtha Ava paTanA" meM kolhuA ke azoka stambha ke viSaya meM kucha likhA hai yA nahIM yaha jJAta nahIM, lekina stambha ke viSaya meM isa nibandha se koI vizeSa mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI nahIM mila pAtI thI, isI kAraNa yaha nibandha aprakAzita rhaa| pahale isa stambha ko bakharA stambha ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA, kyoMki kolhuA grAma ke nikaTa bakharA hI mahattvapUrNa grAma thaa| bhAratIya citrakAra dvArA isakA eka rekhAMkita citra banavAkara, 1835 meM sTophensana aura prinsepa ne isa stambha para apanA lekha prakAzita 1. jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla, kalakattA, pR0 124, baMpisTa mizana presa, kalakattA, 1847 2. (a) ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa 1961-62 vAlyUma 1 pR0 58-64 (ba) ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa Ava TUsaM ina nArtha eNDa sAutha bihAra, pR0 12-16 (sa) bluca, TI0, enuala riporTa A0 sa0 I0 1903-4 pR0 83-84 3. baMgAla lisTa-pR0 396 4. baMgAla, ur3IsA, DisTrikTa gajeTiyasaM paTanA pR0 138-141 5. kurezI lisTa pra0 28-30 6. (a) bola, saimuela, buddhisTa rikArDa sa Ava da vesTarna varlDa, bhAga 2, pR0 86-67, 68, 71-80, landana, 1906 (ba) vATasa, thAmasa, Ana hvenasAMga Trevelsa ina iNDiyA vA0 1 pR0 63-78, 81-83 (sa) ganilsa eca 0 eca0, Trevelsa Ava phAhayAna, pR0 41-44, landana, 1902 7. jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla, kalakattA, pR0 124 vaipisTa mizana presa, kalakattA 1847 8. vahI

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154 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza karavAyA / isameM unhoMne 1784 ke lAhA ke lekha kA bhI vivaraNa diyA hai / prinsepa ne isa nibandha meM hagsana ke rekhAMkita citra ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai / isameM ullikhita janazrutiyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sTIphensana ke vahA~ jAne ke kucha varSa pUrva eka baMgAlI sajjana ne guptadhana prApta karane ke uddezya se isa stambha ke nikaTa utkhanana karavAyA, parantu ve barbAda ho gaye isI prakAra eka anya aMgreja sajjana ne bhI stambha kI nIMva taka khodane kA prayAsa kiyA, unheM bhI apane prANoM se hAtha dhonA par3A / vahA~ ko janatA meM andhavizvAsa hai ki yaha camatkArI stambha hai / sTIphensana sarvekSaNa ke samaya eka vairAgI ko usa stambha ke samIpa dekhA thA jo usakI upAsanA kiyA karatA thA / 1861 meM kaniMghama' ne bhI 30 varSIya eka saMnyAsI ko isa stambha ke sannikaTa nivAsa karate hue dekhA thA / kaniMghama dvArA prastuta mApa ke anu-sAra isa stambha kI lambAI AMgana ke dharAtala se 18' hai / ghaNTI sadRza kamalAkAra prastara tathA ThIka usake Upara ke vargAkAra prastara kI U~cAI. kramazaH 2' 10", evaM 1" tathA siMha kI U~cAI 3.6" hai / isa prakAra sampUrNa azoka stambha kI U~cAI 25 ' 4 thI / inhoMne isa stambha kI nIMva taka utkhanana karAne kA prayAsa kiyA, lekina 14' nIce taka utkhanana hote hI jala kI sataha prApta ho jAne ke kAraNa usake nIce utkhanana nahIM ho sakA / stambha ke UparI bhAga kI bhAMti adhobhAga bhI unheM pAliza kiyA huA dikhAI diyA thA / unakA anumAna thA ki 14' khudAI ke atirikta 41" aura gaharA honA cAhiye / isa prakAra unake anusAra azoka stambha kI sampUrNa U~cAI 43' 5" yA isase adhika honI cAhiye / jala taka isa stambha kA vyAsa 49' 8" tathA zIrSa bhAga kA vyAsa 38' 7" thA / sambha-vataH yaha stambha nIMva ke kamajora evaM adhika bhArI hone ke kAraNa 4" se 5" taka pazcima kI ora jhukA huA hai| kaniMghama kA mata hai ki usane jitane bhI siMhayukta stambhoM kA sarvekSaNa kiyA hai, unameM yaha sabase adhika bhArI hai, jisakA vajana 50 Tana hai / DI0 Ara0 pATila ke anusAra azoka stambha para utkIrNa kisI 1. kaniMghama, e0 ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa khaNDa 1 pR0 58, 64 va khaNDa 16, pR0 12, 16 / 2. pATila, Do0 Ara0, eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra, pR0 290-299. ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla risarca iMsTITyUTa paTanA 1963 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 155 sAmagrI kA patA lagAne ke lie samaya-samaya para aneka bAra nirIkSaNa, sarvekSaNa evaM utkhanana kiyA gyaa| ina prayAsoM se yahI niSkarSa nikalA ki isa para mAnava tathA pazu AkRtiyoM, cakra evaM nAndo ke pratIkAtmaka aMkana ke atirikta kucha bhI aMkita nahIM hai| kaniMghama' ko 1961-62 ke utkhanana ke samaya stambha ke nicale bhAga meM ghoMghe sadaza kucha vicitra utkIrNa kI gaI AkRtiyAM dRSTigocara huIM, parantu inake viSaya meM koI jAnakArI prApta nahIM ho sakI / isa stambha para nAgarI lipi meM yAtriyoM dvArA kucha aMkana kie gae haiN| aMgrejI meM bhI jI0 esa0 bAralo ( 1780) tathA rovina buro ( 1972 ) ke do aMkana haiN| ___ kolhuA ke azoka stambha ke nikaTa 1796-78 meM bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA 1000' x 600' x7deg U~cI bhUmi ke utkhanana ke phalasvarUpa eka vizAla stUpa evaM aneka manautI stUpa ( voTika stupa ) mile the| isa utkhanana se prAcIna stUpa ke nirmANa ke vibhinna caraNoM kA patA calatA hai| stUpa ke nirmANa ke prathama caraNa meM cUne kA palastara kiyA gayA thaa| dvitIya caraNa meM stUpa ke pradakSiNA patha ko choTA kara diyA gayA thaa| utkhanana se buddha kI mukhAkRti kI sundara kalAtmaka pratimA bhI prApta huI thii| isake atirikta azoka stambha ke dakSiNa meM rAmakuNDa hai jo 200' x 140' kA hai| pArvavartI bhAga meM anya kaI Tole dRSTigocara hote haiN| ___ kesariyA vaizAlI ( vasAr3ha ) se 30 mola uttara pazcima dizA meM 23.2 akSAMza evaM 84.52 dezAntara para kesariyA nAmaka mahattvapUrNa grAma sthita hai| grAma se lagabhaga do mIla dakSiNa mArga ke pUraba aneka TIloM ke madhya eka vizAla stUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai| vola ke anusAra phAhyAna ne kesariyA se vaizAlI kI dUrI 5 yojana ( 35 mIla ) evaM kesariyA se kuzInagara kI dUrI 12 yojana ( 84 mIla ) mAnA hai| thAmasa vATarsa ne hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke AdhAra para kesariyA kI sthiti vaizAlI se 1. kaniMghama e0 ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa khaNDa 1, 1861 pR0 58-64 / 2. vIla, saimuela, phAhyAna Traivala ina da vaizAlI rijana, pR0 328, vaizAlI abhinandana grantha / 3. vATasa, thAmasa, Ana hvenasAMga Trevalsa ina iNDiyA pR0 63-79 /

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156 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 200 lI ( lagabhaga 33 mIla ) svIkAra kiyA hai| hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke samaya yahA~ eka prAcIna nagara kA khaNDahara rahA hai jo zatAbdiyoM se upekSita thaa| kesariyA ke TIle kA ullekha jarnala Apha eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla', ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA riporTa2, baMgAla lisTa, bihAra DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa tathA kurezI lisTa meM upalabdha hai| 19vIM zatAbdI ke Arambha se hI vidvAnoM evaM purAtattvavettAoM kA dhyAna kesariyA TIle ko ora AkarSita hotA rahA hai| 1814 meM karnala mekenjI ke nirdezana meM isakA utkhanana huaa| yaha utkhanana pUrva se kendra taka huA, jisake phalasvarUpa unheM eka galiyArA dRSTigocara huaa| isa utkhanana ke viSaya meM vistRta vivaraNa aprApta hai| 1835 meM haMgsana ne isa khaNDahara kA rekhAcitra taiyAra kara prakAzita karavAyA, usase bhI koI vizeSa sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai| 1961-1965 meM kaniMghama ne isa TIle kA nirIkSaNa evaM sarvekSaNa kara apane nirdezana meM utkhanana krvaayaa| usa samaya isa TIle kI U~cAI 62 tathA paridhi 1400 thaa| isa TIle para 68.5" vyAsa tathA lagabhaga 51.6" U~cA IMTanirmita stapa kA bhagnAvazeSa thaa| unakI dhAraNA thI ki vAstavika stUpa kI U~cAI kabhI 80-90' tathA sampUrNa TIle aura stUpa kI U~cAI dharAtala se 150 se kama nahIM rahI hogii| TIle kI paridhi evaM AdhAra ke sambandha meM unakA anumAna hai ki isa TIle ke andara 160' vyAsa tathA 100' U~cA eka aura vizAla stUpa honA caahie| isa stUpa 1. jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava baMgAla, pR0 121, pleTa VII 2. kaniMghama e0, AkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA riporTa khaMDa 1, pR0 64 67 va khaMDa 16, pR0 16-19 / / 3. lisTa Ava mAnumeNTsa Ava baMgAla, pR0 376 / 4. bihAra DisTrikTa gajeTiyasa, pR0 159-60 / 5. kurezI lisTa-lisTa Ava aizyeNTa mAnumeNTsa, pR0 4, nyU impIriyala sirIja khaMDa 1 ela 1 1931 / 6. jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava baMgAla, pR0 121 pleTa VIII 7. kaniMghama, e0, AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, khaMDa 1, pR0 64-67 va khaMDa 16, pR0 16-19 /

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pAvA mAga anusaMdhAna : 157. ke cAroM ora parikramA mArga honA caahie| kaniMghama ke pazcAt TI0 blUca' ne isa sthalI kA nirIkSaNa evaM sarvekSaNa kara aneka sUcanAeM prApta kI lekina ve apUrNa rhiiN| ___ kesariyA ke stUpa ko rAjAvena kA devarA kahA jAtA hai| kaniMghama' ne apane bhramaNa kAla meM pracalita janazruti ke AdhAra para likhA hai ki rAjAvena yAvena eka paurANika rAjA hue haiN| unhoMne apanI rAnI (kamalAvatI) ke nikaTa ke tAlAba meM, DUba marane para zokAkula hokara parivAra sahita isa TIle para AtmadAha kara liyA thaa| yaha unhIM kA smAraka hai| ise Aja bhI rAjAvena cakravartI ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| pATila ke anusAra isa TIle kI gaurava gAthA kA sambandha buddhakAlIna svarNayuga se rahA hai| unhoMne isa TIle kI vizAlatA kI tulanA kuzInagara ke nikaTa rAmabhAra stUpa se kI hai, jahA~ buddha kI mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt antyeSTi huI thii| isa stUpa se 1/2 mIla uttara-pUrva ke andara hI 200 varga phoTa kSetra vAle eka anya TIle ko ranivAsa kahate the / isameM kamalAvatI rAnI rahatI thii| 1865 meM isakA utkhanana karavAte samaya kaniMghama ko eka bauddha vihAra evaM bauddha mandira ke bhagnAvazeSa dRSTigocara hue the| usameM unheM buddha ko vizAla mUrti bhI prApta huI thii| ve dUsarI bAra 1880 meM kesariyA gaye to vaha mUrti unheM dRSTigocara nahIM ho pAyo thii| hvenasAMga ke yAtrA-vivaraNa meM kesariyA se sambandhita buddha ke pUrva janma kA rocaka prasaMga AtA hai / jAtaka kathA 4 ke anusAra buddha, pUrva janma meM kesariyA ke prasiddha rAjA the, saMsAra meM inakA ekachatra rAjya thA / bodhisatva kesariyA meM mAnava tathA devatAoM kI saMgoSThiyoM meM nirantara upadeza diyA karate the| inake pAsa 6 koSAgAra the| vRddhAvasthA prApta hone para zarIra kI nazvaratA kA AbhAsa evaM AtmaprakAza hone para rAjagaddI ke sAtha deza ko bhI tyAga kara ve saMnyAsI ho gaye the| phAhiyAna ke yAtrA 1. blUca, TI0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA enuala ripoTa 1902,. 106 evaM eMzyeNTa jyogrAphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 376 / 2. kaniMghama, e, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava NDiyA riporTa pR0 64-67 / 3. pATila, DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA: pR 31, naI dillI, prathama saMskaraNa 1957 /

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158 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza vivaraNa ke AdhAra para kesariyA ke sambandha meM vIla' ne likhA hai ki licchavi buddha ke prati zraddhA evaM prema se bhAva-vibhora hokara unake sAtha nirvANa-sthalI kuzInagara jAnA cAhate the, kintu buddha ne vaizAlI ke nAgarikoM ko smati rUpa meM apanA bhikSA pAtra dekara sAntvanAyukta upadeza se Azvasta kara kesariyA se vidA kiyA / licchavi bhikSA pAtra pAkara atyanta harSita hokara, gaurava anubhava karane lge| isake upalakSa meM, vaizAlI meM mahotsava manAyA gayA / buddha ko mahAparinirvANa ke lie vidA karane tathA unase bhikSA pAtra prApta karane ke kAraNa kesariyA sthala kI itanI mahattA bar3ha gayI ki licchaviyoM ne isake smAraka ke rUpa meM yahA~ catuSpatha para stUpa kA nirmANa karAyA, jisakI puSTi kaniMghama ne kI hai| catuSpatha para nirmita stUpa siMhalI sAhitya ke usa ullekha se sAmya rakhatA hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki buddha ne apane ziSya Ananda se cakravartI rAjA ke lie catuSpatha para stUpa kA nirmANa karavAne kA upadeza diyA thaa| yaha tathya kaniMghama ko Tarnara dvArA likhita jarnala oNpha eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla, kalakattA se prakAzita lekha se jJAta hotA hai / unhoMne likhA hai yahA~ eka prasiddha caurAhA hai, jo paTanA betiyA mArga tathA chaparA se gaMDaka pAra kara nepAla mArga ko jor3atA hai, ina mArgoM kA vivaraNa hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai| lauriyA arerAja : kesariyA se 20 mIla uttara-pazcima, betiyA se 19 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva, motIhArI se 16 mIla pazcima, govindapura mArga 26deg33' akSAMza evaM 84.24' dezAntara rekhA para arerAja grAma sthita hai| isI grAma ke nikaTa dUsarA azoka stambha nirmita hai| yaha stambha lauriyA grAma se pUraba meM sthita hai isakA zIrSa bhAga lupta hai| camakIle pAlizadAra balue prastara ke isa stambha para sundara akSaroM meM azoka kI rAjAjJAyeM evaM dharmopadeza 4 pUrva kI evaM 2 pazcima kI ora utkIrNa haiN| 1. vIla, saimuela buddhisTa rekArDas Ava da vesTanaM varDa, khaNDa 1 bhAga 2 pR0 77-80, landana 1906, hvenasAMga Trevalsa ina vaizAlI, abhinandana grantha pR0 336 2. kaniMghama, e0, da eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 326 3. kaniMghama, e0, AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa 1861-62, khaNDa 1 pR0 64-67, khaNDa 16, pR0 276,

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pAvA mAgaM anusaMdhAna : 159 lauriyA zabda kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA / DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ke mata meM lauriyA, saMskRta zabda 'liMga' (laguDa) tathA bhojapurI zabda, 'laura' se banA hai / bhASA vijJAna ke AdhAra para bhojapurI bhASA meM lauriyA zabda kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to jJAta hogA ki 'laura' se labadA, lAThI kramazaH parivartita huA hai| ataH pratIta hotA hai ki lauriyA zabda kA abhiprAya lAThI se hai| janazruti meM ise bhIma kI lAThI kahA jAtA hai| kucha loga ziva kA liMga athavA laura kahate haiM, jise pavitra mAnakara pUjA hotI hai / arerAja tathA nandanagar3ha ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM lauriyA kA prayoga huA hai| lauriyA arerAja tathA lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke nAmakaraNa kA zreya kaniMghama ko hai| lauriyA arerAja kA azoka stambha yAtriyoM, vidvAnoM evaM purAtattvavettAoM ke lie Arambha se hI AkarSaNa kA kendra rahA hai, jisakA vistRta vivaraNa purAtAttvika sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai / isa stambha kA ullekha jarnala Apha eziyATika sosAiTI oNpha bagAla, ArkiyolAjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA kI vArSika riporTasa,sTeTisTikala ekAunTa, baMgAla lisTa, baMgAla eNDa ur3IsA DisTrikTa gajeTiyara evaM kurezI lisTa meM upalabdha hai| 1934 meM hagsana ne eka TippaNI stambha ke rekhAcitra ke sAtha priMsepa ko bhejA thA, jo 1835 meM priMsepa kI TippaNI ke sAtha prakAzita huaa| ukta lekha meM isa stambha ko "radhiyA" yA sArUnalATa ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA, jisakA ekamAtra kAraNa thA ki usa samaya lauriyA arerAja grAma nagaNya thA, rahariyA athavA rUhariyA usa samaya mahattvapUrNa grAma thA jo yahA~ se 1/2 mIla uttara pazcima meM hai| lauriyA arerAja 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka abhilekha, pR0 41 2. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, vAlyUma I pR0 67-68 3. jarnala Apha eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla, kalakattA, pR0124-126, 1847 4. kaniMghama, e0-ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA ripoTasa, 1861-62, khaNDa 1, pR0 67-68 "5. haNTara, sTaiTisTikala ekAuNTa Ava baMgAla, vAlyUma XIII, pR0 254 6. baMgAla lisTa-pR. 378 7. baMgAla, ur3IsA DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa, paTanA, pR0 138-141 8. kurezI lisTa pR0 5-9

Page #180
160 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza kA kaniMghama ne 1861-62 meM nirIkSaNa, sarvekSaNa evaM utkhanana kara vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai / hanTara ke sTeTisTikala ekAunTa meM bhI isakA varNana milatA hai | kaniMghama kI riporTa ke anusAra camakIle balue prastara se nirmita isa stambha kI dharAtala se U~cAI 36.6 " hai, tala para isakA vyAsa 41.8" tathA zIrSa bhAga para 37.6 " hai / unhoMne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki pRthvI ke nIce bhI yaha stambha kaI phITa hogA / unhoMne isakA kula sambhAvita vajana 40 Tana batAyA hai / unheM stambha ke zIrSa bhAga para koI pazu AkRti dRSTigocara nahIM huI thI phira bhI unhoMne sambhAvanA vyakta kI ki isa para koI na koI pazu AkRti avazya nirmita rahI hogI / smitha kA kathana hai ki isake zIrSa bhAga para garur3a kI pratimA sthApita thI / kanighama" ne sthAnIya logoM se isake viSaya meM jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA, parantu janasAmAnya meM koI carcA nahIM rahI ataH isake bAre meM koI sUcanA unheM prApta na ho sakI / isa stambha kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hanTara ne " sTaiTisTikala ekAunTa" meM diyA hai / kurezI' kI sUcI se bhI isakA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / DI0 Ara0 pATila ke mata meM isa stambha ke pAlizadAra bhAga para nIce se 3' kI U~cAI taka kaI vyatikramita rekhAe~ tathA kucha kAle raMga kI choTI vakrAkAra AkRtiyA~ aMkita thIM / isa stambha kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake Asa-pAsa koI prAcIna avazeSa dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai / jabaki bhAratavarSa ke anya stambhoM ke nikaTa prAcIna TIle evaM bhagnAvazeSa haiM | kolhuA aura lauriyA nandanagar3ha isake jvalanta pramANa haiM / unakA vicAra hai ki isa stambha ke nikaTavartI kSetra kA sarvekSaNa evaM 1. kaniMghama, e0 -- ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1861-62 vA0 I, pR0 67-68 2. haNTara, sTaiTisTikala ekAuNTa Ava baMgAla, nA0 XIII, pR0 254, 3. kaniMghama, e0 ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1861-62, vA0 I, pR0 67-68 4. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI - azoka abhilekha, pR0 11 5. kaniMghama, e0 ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1861-62, vA0 I, pR0 67-68; kurezIlisTa pR0 5, 9, 19, 29, 6. pATila, Do0 Ara0, eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra pR0 233, ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla risarca iMsTITyUTa paTanA 1963

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 161 utkhanana honA cAhie / isa para sundara akSaroM meM utkIrNa 6 abhilekha Aja bhI surakSita haiM, jisakA halTaja ne ( inskripzansa Ava azoka, nyU eDisana, kArapas inskripzansa iDikArama, vAlyUma, 1925 pR0 141 evaM lisTa Apha mAnumeMTsa ina bihAra eNDa ur3IsA, kurezI dvArA likhita, pR0 6-8, 1929 ) aMgrejI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai / rAjabalI pANDeya'ne lauriyA arerAja tathA lauriyAnandanagar3ha ke azoka stambhoM ke abhilekhoM kA gahana adhyayana kara likhA hai ki byUlara ne donoM stambhoM ke abhilekhoM ko jarmanI bhASA meM ( jeDa0 DI0 ema0 jI0 bhAga 45 tathA 46 ) tathA aMgrejI meM ( epi0 iNDi0 bhA0 2, pR0 245 tathA Age) meM sampAdita kiyA hai / aMgrejI ke saMskaraNa meM unhoMne zrI gairika mahodaya kA lipyantara bhI sAtha hI sAtha diyA hai / DI0Ara0 pATila ke anusAra - kaniMghama ne azoka stambha para Ar3I-tirachI rekhAoM se nirmita aneka AkRtiyoM ko dekhA thA, jise jemsa priMsepa ne ghoghA sadRzya AkRti kI saMjJA thI / usa para kucha paryaTakoM ke hastAkSara bhI haiM, udAharaNa svarUpa prasiddha gaNitajJa, khagolavettA evaM eziyATika sosAiTI ke sadasya rAbina bauro ke hastAkSara 1792 I0 meM aMkita hai, usI varSa unakA dehAvasAna ho gayA thA / 2 riyA arerAja meM nirmita azoka stambha, azoka kAlIna itihAsa kA jItA-jAgatA dastAveja hai, nizcita hI azoka stambha usa kAla ke mArga-nirdhAraNa meM mahattvapUrNa dizA nirdezana karatA hai / kintu lauriyA arerAja stambha ke nikaTa kisI prAcIna bhavana kA bhagnAvazeSa, prAcIna TIlA athavA stUpa dRSTigocara na honA, vAstava meM Azcaryajanaka tathya hai / lauriyAnandanagar3ha lauriyA arerAja se 34 mIla uttara-pazcima, betiyA se 15 mIla uttara-pazcima tathA bagahA se 25 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva dizA meM 26deg59' akSAMza evaM 84deg24' dezAntara rekhA para lauriyAnandanagar3ha nAmaka prAcIna evaM mahattvapUrNa grAma, betiyA - bagahA mArga para sthita hai / yahA~ se gaMDaka 10 mIla kI dUrI para dakSiNa meM bahatI hai / isa grAma se azoka stambha lagabhaga 1. iMskripzansa Ava azoka, pR0 141 2. pATila, DI0 Ara0, eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra, pR0 233, ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla risarca iMsTITyUTa, paTanA, 1963 11

Page #182
162 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 1/2 mIla para nirmita hai| isa para lauriyA arerAja stambha kI bhA~ti camakIle balue prastara para samrATa azoka ko rAjAjJAe~ evaM dharmopadeza utkIrNa haiN| stambha para kolhuA ke sadRza siMha kI svAbhAvika evam AkarSaka pratimA, caukora prastara para nirmita hai, jisake nIce ghaMTInumA prastara para kamala kI paMkhur3iyA~ utkIrNa haiM / janazruti ke AdhAra para isa stambha ko bhIma kI lAThI pukArA jAtA hai|| ___ Arambha se hI lauriyA arerAja kA azoka stambha evaM usake nikaTavartI prAcIna TIle yAtriyoM, vidvAnoM evaM purAtattvavettAoM ke AkarSaNa ke kendra rahe haiM, jisakA vivaraNa samaya-samaya para purAtAtvika riporTa tathA anya patrikAoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| lauriyAnandanagar3ha ke azoka stambha evaM prAcIna TIloM kA ullekha jaranala oNpha eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla', akiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA kI riporTa, sTesTikala ekAunTara, baMgAlalisTa, jaranala Apha rAyala sosAyaTI Apha greTa briTena eNDa AyaralaiNDa', bihAra DisTrikTa gajeTiyara', kurezI lisTa evaM ArkalAjI ina iNDiyA meM upalabdha hai| - lauriyA grAma ke nikaTa nandanagar3ha ke kile ke bhagnAvazeSa tathA TIloM ko zRMkhalAe~ dikhAI detI haiN| isa grAma ke prAcIna bhagnAvazeSa kI ora 1835 meM haDasana' AkarSita hue the| ise unhoMne maThiyA kA azoka stambha sambodhita kiyA, kyoMki usa samaya lagabhaga 5 mIla dakSiNa1. jaranala Apha eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla, haDasana 1835, pR0 126 2. (a) ArkalAjikala sarve Apha iMDiyA, kaniMghama, vailUma 1, pR0 68 (ba) gairika ( kaniMghama ), ArkalAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA, riporTa XVI pR0 104 3. sTaiTisTikala ekAuNTa, khaNDa XIII, pR0 254-255 4. baMgAla lisTa, pR0 380 5. jaranala Ava rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI Ava greTa briTena eNDa AyaralaiMNDa, 1902 6. bihAra DisTrikTa gajeTiyara, pR0 161-162 7. kurezIlisTa pR0 9, 16 / 8. ghoSa, e0, ArkiyolAjI ina iNDiyA, pR0 60-61, naI dillI, pR0 1950 lauriyA grAma ke nikaTa nandanagar3ha ke prAcIna kile ke bhagnAvazeSa 1. hasana-jaranala Ava eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla, pR0 126, kalakattA 1847,

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 163 pazcima meM mahattvapUrNa grAma maThiyA rahA hai, yadyapi lauriyAnandanagar3ha grAma azoka stambha se 1/2 mIla para hI sthita hai / 1862 meM e0 kaniMghama' ne isakA nirIkSaNa / sarvekSaNa kiyA thA / isake nikaTavartI TIloM tathA vizAla kiloM ke bhagnAvazeSoM ko dekhakara unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA ki yaha lauriyA navandagar3ha hai / yadyapi navandagar3ha grAma aprasiddha rahA hai, lekina prAcIna TIle ke AdhAra para isako mahattA dene tathA navandagar3ha TIle ke anusaMdhAna kA zreya kaniMghama ko hai / smitha ne sarvaprathama navandagar3ha kA zuddha nAmakaraNa nandanagar3ha kiyA hai, jo ucita pratIta hotA hai / e0 kaniMghama ke mata meM ye gumbadAkAra stUpa evaM rAjabhavanoM ke bhagnAvazeSa buddhakAla se pUrva 1500 I0 pUrva se 600 I0 pUrva ke madhya ke hoNge| kole bruka dvArA anUdita 'amara koza' se unheM jJAta huA ki usa kAla meM stUpa miTTI dvArA nirmita kiye jAte the / isI AdhAra para unhoMne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki miTTI nirmita lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke stUpa pUrva buddhakAlIna haiM / ina ToloM ko ve paurANika rAjA uttAnapAda kA rAjabhavana tathA nikaTavartIya TIloM ke samUha ko unake maMtriyoM kA nivAsa sthAna mAnate haiM / vajji rAjAoM ke stUpoM ke viSaya meM mahAtmA buddha ne Ananda ko sUcita kiyA thA ki ina stUpoM kI vahA~ ke nAgarika zraddhA evaM AdarapUrvaka pUjAArAdhanA kiyA karate the / e0 kaniMghama ke 1861-62 ke sarvekSaNa riporTa tathA usameM saMlagna rekhAcitra se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha stambha navandagar3ha grAma se lagabhaga 1/2 mIla uttara-pUrva turakahA nAlA ke pazcimI taTa para sthita hai / camakIle prastara se nirmita stambha 32 - 9" U~ce zIrSa bhAga para siMha pratimA nirmita hai / siMha kI U~cAI 6' 10 " hai / isa prakAra dharAtala se isakI U~cAI 39 7" hai / isa stambha ke nIce kA vyAsa 35 / 4 tathA zIrSa bhAga kA 1. kaniMghama, e0 - eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378-379 2. jaranala Ava rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava greTa briTena eNDa AyaralaiNDa, pR0 153, 1902, 3. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378 - 379 / 4. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, vAlyUma I, pR0 74-75 /

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164 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAtrA : eka vimarza vyAsa 26:2" thA evaM anya zIrSa bhAga kI AkRtiyA~ kolhuA stambha ke sadRza thIM / lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke azoka stambha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vargAkAra prastara ke, jisa para siMha AkRti nirmita thI, cAroM ora eka darjana bhikSuNiyA~ gardana jhukAe hue paMktibaddha rUpa meM siMha kI parikramA karatI huI aMkita haiM / anya dUsare azoka stambhoM kI tulanA meM yaha azoka stambha adhika sundara evaM AkarSaka hai tathA kolhuA evaM arerAja ke azoka stambhoM kI tulanA meM isakA bhAra kama hai| kaniMghama' ne pAlizayukta azoka stambha ke bhAga kA vajana 18 Tana anumAna kiyA hai / inake sarvekSaNa ke anusAra janazruti meM ise bhIma mArI kahA jAtA hai tathA isakI pUjA kI jAtI hai / 1880 meM kArlAIla ne azoka stambha kI nIMva taka utkhanana karavAyA thA / bhUmi ke andara 10' se kucha adhika gaharAI taka unhoMne utkhanana karavAyA / usa samaya unheM 74 vargAkAra prastara dRSTigocara huA thA, jisa para azoka stambha sthApita thA / yaha prastara khaNDa azoka stambha ke cAroM ora 2.2" bAhara kI ora nikalA thA / vargAkAra samatala prastara ke cAroM ora majabUtI ke lie, lambe zAla ke balle gar3e hue the / dharAtala ke lagabhaga 2' nIce azoka stambha para mudrikA sadRza 2" moTI paridhi nirmita thI / isase thor3A aura nIce 4" lambA mora utkIrNa thA, jise unhoMne moriya yA mauryoM kA pratIka mAnA hai / mudrikAkAra golAI ke kucha nIce taka stambha camakIlA thA, usake nIce ke stambha kA kucha bhAga khuradurA tathA 'chano mAsa' ke cihna se yukta thA / AdhArabhUta vargAkAra prastara tathA stambha ke madhya kucha rikta sthAna thA, jisameM ve cAkU ke phala ko ghusAne meM saphala hue the / isa viSaya meM rAjabalI pANDeya kA mata hai ki lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke azoka stambha ke zIrSa bhAga para siMha kI svAbhAvika rUpa meM uttarAbhimukha khar3I pratimA nirmita hai tathA azoka stambha ke kaMTha para rAjahaMsoM kI paMktiyA~ muktAoM ko cubhagatI huI dikhalAI gaI hai / 1. vahI, pR0 74-75 / 2. Arkiyolojikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, riporTa Ava TUrsa ina gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura, pR0 46-47 / 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka abhilekha, pR0 11 /

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pAvA mAga anusaMdhAna : 165 DI0 Ara0 pATila' kA kathana hai ki lauriyA arerAja azoka stambha ke 6 abhilekhoM ke samAna hI isa para bhI abhilekha aMkita haiM jo surakSita haiM / lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke abhilekha kA lauriyA arerAja kI bhA~ti halTajara ne aMgrejI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai ! 1 DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ke anusAra lauriyA arerAja abhilekha ko bhA~ti isa abhilekha kA bhI byUlara ne jarmana aura aMgrejI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai / isa stambha para azoka abhilekha ke atirikta nAgarIlipi meM do anya abhilekha bhI aMkita haiM, jisake viSaya meM kaniMghama ke mata ke AdhAra para DI0 Ara0 pATila " kA kathana hai ki eka abhilekha vikrama saMvat 1566 ( e0 DI0 1509 ) kA aMkita hai| dUsare abhilekha se ujjaina ke nareza nArAyaNa ke putra rAjA amara siMha tathA ujjaina ke kSatriyapati ke putra mahAsiMha ke viSaya meM varNana prApta hotA hai / lekina yaha kisa varSa meM utkIrNa huA hai, isakA saMketa nahIM milatA hai / kaniMghama ke anusAra nandanagar3ha ke azoka stambha para azoka ke atirikta mugala samrAT auraMgajeba kA bhI abhilekha hai jisakA DI0 A0 ra0 pATila ne vistAra se varNana kiyA hai isake dakSiNI bhAga para e0 eca0 1071 ( e0 DI0 1660-61 meM ) phArasI meM eka abhilekha utkIrNa hai / yaha samrAT auraMgajeba ke bAre meM hai / sambhavataH mIra jumilA IrSAlu thA ki usane stambha ke zIrSa bhAga para topa se golA pheMkA thA, jisake cihna Aja bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| DI0 Ara0 pATila kA kathana hai ki for boro ne kolhuA evaM lauriyA arerAja ke azoka stambhoM kI bhA~ti 1. pATila, DI0 Ara0, eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra, pR0 233 / 2. iMskripzansa Ava azoka, pR0 145-150 / 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka abhilekha, pR0 11 / 4. kaniMghama, e0, iMskripzansa Ava azoka, pR0 145-150 iNDolAjikala buka hAusa, vArANasI 1961 / 5. pATila, DI0 Ara0, eNTIkveriya rimensana ina bihAra, pR0 235 / 6. kaniMghama, e0 iMskripzansa Ava azoka, pR0 41 / 7. pATila, DI0 Ara0, eNTIkberiyana rimensa ina bihAra, pR0 235 / 8. vahI, pR0 235 //

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166 : mahAvora nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza isa para bhI 1792 meM apanA hastAkSara aMkita kiyA thA, isa varSa unakA dehAnta bhI ho gyaa| azoka stambha ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM 5.5 TIloM kI 3 paMktiyA~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM, isameM do katAreM samAnAntara uttara-pazcima-dakSiNa haiM tathA dUsarI katAra stambha ke dakSiNI ora pUrva se pazcima taka hai| isake atirikta nandanagar3ha kA vizAla stUpa grAma se 1 mIla kI dUrI para dakSiNa-pazcima meM sthita hai / yaha 250 vargaphuTa vargAkAra TIle ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| purAtattvavettAoM dvArA ina TIloM tathA stUpoM kA samaya-samaya para nirIkSaNa, sarvekSaNa tathA utkhanana kiyA gayA hai, jinase aneka sAmagriyA~ prApta huI haiN| DI0 Ara0 pATila' ke anusAra TIloM ke utkhanana se prApta sAmagriyoM meM zavapeTikA, mAnava asthipaMjara, haDDI ke Tukar3e, svarNa patra para nArI AkRti, ityAdi pramukha haiN| nandanagar3ha ke vizAla TIle se vibhinna prakAra ko prApta vastuoM, miTTI ke bartana ke raMgIna Tukar3e, cAkU, kaTAra, tIra tathA anya astra, kalama para khar3I huI lakSmI kI pratimA, jisake donoM tarapha sevikAe~ citrita haiM, vibhinna mudrAyeM, tA~be kA bartana ityAdi mahattvapUrNa haiN| isa TIle ke utkhanana se prApta bartanoM ke Tukar3oM para nArI kI vibhinna prakAra kI keza sajjA kI mudrAyeM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| uparyukta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki nandanagar3ha grAma vaizAlI, zrAvastI mArga para sthita prAcIna grAma rahA hai| yahA~ kA azoka stambha kalAtmaka dRSTi se akhaNDa, anupama evaM AkarSaka hai aura pratyeka dRSTi se surakSita hai| paDaraunA___ kaniMghama ne lauriyA nandanagar3ha kA varNana karate hue spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki yahA~ se gaMDaka kI dUrI 10 mIla hai| unhoMne isa sandarbha ko julIyansa hvenasAMga, pR0 402, mAnacitra saM0 11 se uddhRta kiyA hai| Adhunika kAla meM bhI yahA~ se pazcima dizA meM gaMDaka kI dUrI lagabhaga 10 mIla hai / unhoMne likhA hai ki paDaraunA, lauriyA nandanagar3ha (navandagar3ha) se sIdhI rekhA meM dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pazcima ke kone para 27 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| ratavala grAma lauriyA nandanagar3ha se pazcimottara dizA meM 1. vahI, pR0 236, 244 / / 2. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 378 /

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pAvA mAgaM anusaMdhAna : 167 lagabhaga 10 mIla kI dUrI para isa samaya bhI gaMDaka ke kinAre para sthita hai, yahA~ se paDaraunA jAne ke lie gaMDaka ke nadI pAra karane kI vizeSa suvidhA hai, yaha sabase nikaTavartI mArga hai| __ azoka stambha buddhakAla meM rAjamArgoM kI AdhArazilA rahI hai| vaizAlI-zrAvastI mArga para aneka stambha dRSTigocara hote haiN| isI AdhAra para par3araunA ko pAvA ke rUpa meM nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki janazruti ke anusAra par3araunA ke prAcIna TIle ke nikaTa dakSiNa-pazcima kI dizA meM kRSakoM ke kheta meM jutAI karate samaya eka lambA prastara khaNDa dikhAI diyA thA, jise usane apane kheta meM isalie dabA diyA thA ki yadi yaha tathya prakAza meM AyegA to isakA kheta sarakArI kabje meM calA jAyegA / sambhavataH yaha prastara khaMDa koI vizAla mUrti yA azoka stambha kA aMza hai jisakA vAstavika jJAna usa kheta ke utkhanana se hI ho paayegaa| azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para yaho pratIta hotA hai ki par3araunA ( pAvA ) vaizAlI aura zrAvastI rAjamArga para sthita hai / yahA~ se prApta purAtAttvika sAkSya evaM aneka mUrtiyA~, pratimAe~, kalAkRtiyA~, zuMga, gupta, pAla ityAdi kAla ke itihAsa ko pratibimbita karatI hai| kSetrIya itihAsa ke jharokhe se jhA~kane meM sahAyatA karatI haiM tathA sthala kI prAcInatA kI puSTi karate hue pAvA kI ora saMketa karatI haiM / kuzInagara ___ kuzInagara kasayA ke nikaTa par3araunA se 12 mIla kI dUrI para dakSiNapazcima meM sthita hai, jo mahAtmA buddha kI mahAparinirvANa sthalI hone ke kAraNa antarrASTrIya mahattva prApta kara cukA hai / kuzInagara ke nikaTa hone ke kAraNa par3araunA aura kuzInagara donoM kA kSetra eka hI hai| eka kA itihAsa dUsare se jur3A haA hai, donoM kI Arthika sampannatA, zAsana vyavasthA, sAmAjika paramparAyeM, sAMskRtika evaM kalA kI abhiruciyoM kA paraspara anyAnya sambandha hai / samayAnusAra kisI bhI rAjya kA utthAna, patana, vistaraNa evaM saMkucana hotA rahatA hai| pAvAmArga-anusaMdhAna-11 bauddha sAhitya meM varNita buddhakAlIna zrAvastI-vaizAlI mArga kA azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para adhyayana karane para ukta mArga sthita 1. (a) khasarA naM0 2518, 2519, kRSaka kA nAma TUkara ghossii| (ba) 2504, 2505, kRSaka kA nAma budhaI ghossii|

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168 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kapilavastu, rAmagrAma, pippalIvana, kuzInArA, pAvA ( par3araunA ), lauriyA, nandanagar3ha, lauriyA arerAja, kesariyA, kolhuA ityAdi sthAnoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| inakA ullekha bAvari ke ziSyoM ke yAtrA-prasaGga meM tathA mahAparinirvANa sUtra meM upalabdha mahAparinirvANa se pUrva buddha kI yAtrA ke vivaraNa se milatA hai| buddha kA vaizAlI se zrAvastI AvAgamana isI mArga se huA karatA thaa| yaha mArga prAcIna thA evaM rAjanaitika, dhArmika vyakti evaM vyApArI isI mArga se yAtrA karate the| isa mArga para zAkyoM ko rAjadhAnI kapilavastu sthita thii| buddha lumbinI meM janma liye the| lumbinI kapilavastu se 10 mIla uttara-pUrva meM sthita hai| buddhakAla meM lumbinI se kapilavastu taka rAjamArga thaa| lumbinI nepAla sthita buddha ke janma sthala lumbinI ko sthAnIya loga rominadeI kahate haiM / yaha nepAla ke lumbinI aMcala kA kendra sthala hai| rumminadeI, pUrvottara relave ke nautanavA relave sTezana se 15 kilomITara pazcima meM hai| lumbinI ( rumminadeI ) se piparahavA 25 kilomITara dakSiNa-pazcima kI dizA meM uttara pradeza ke siddhArtha nagara janapada meM nepAla deza kI sImA se saTA huA hai jisakI pahacAna prAcIna kapilavastu se kI gaI hai| yaha buddha ke pitA rAjA zuddhodhana kI rAjadhAnI thii| ___yahA~ sthita azoka stambha kA anusaMdhAna payUrara ne disambara 1896 meM kiyA thaa| yaha nIla sAgara stambha se 13 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva nepAla kI tarAI meM sthita hai| yaha stambha par3ariyA nAmaka grAma se lagabhaga 1 mola uttara tathA siddhArthanagara janapada ke dUlhA nAmaka grAma se lagabhaga 5 mIla uttara-pUrva kI ora sthita hai| isakI U~cAI 29' hai| anya azoka stambhoM kI apekSA yaha U~cAI kama hai / yaha IMToM kI vedikA se ghirA hai| lumbinI kA azoka stambha Aja bhI nirvivAda rUpa se ghoSaNA kara rahA hai ki 1. devAnaMpiyena piyadasina lAjina vIsati vasAbhisitena 2. atana agAya mahoyate hida vudhe jAte sakyamunI ti (1) 3. silA vigaDabhIcA kAlApita silAthabhe ca usapApite 4. hida bhagavaM jAte ti (2) luminIgAme ubalike kaTe 5. aThabhAgiye ca (3) .

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 169 rAjabali pANDeya' rumminadeI stambha abhilekha kA hindI bhASAntara isa prakAra kiyA hai-"bIsa varSoM se abhiSikta devAnAMpriya priyadarzI rAjA dvArA svayaM Akara ( sthAna kA ) gaurava kiyA gayA, kyoMki yahA~ zAkyamuni buddha janma liye the| patthara kI dRr3ha dIvAra yahA~ banAI gaI aura zilAstambha khar3A kiyA gayA, kyoMki bhagavAn yahA~ utpanna huye the| lumbinI grAma kara se mukta kiyA gayA aura aSTabhAgI banA diyA gayA / " zANTiyara ne silAvigaDabhI kA artha vigaDa ( azva ) dhAraNa karatI huI zilA pratipAdita kiyA hai, jisase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki stambha ke mukhya bhAga para azva nirmita thaa| unhoMne zabda ko silA + vigaDabhI do khaMDoM meM vibhakta kara yaha artha nikAlA hai| unhoMne hvenasAMga ke yAtrAvivaraNa kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM spaSTataH likhA huA hai ki azoka ne isa sthAna para eka stambha kI sthApanA kI thI jisake zIrSa bhAga para azva nirmita thaa| unake mata kA halatja ne bhI anumodana kiyA hai| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki ukta azoka stambha ke zIrSa bhAga para azva nirmita rahA hogaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke bIsa varSa pazcAt samrATa azoka kI tIrthayAtrA mahattvapUrNa rahI hai| bauddhagrantha "divyAvadAna"3 se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| isake anusAra azoka ne yaha tIrthayAtrA upagupta nAmaka bhikSu ke patha pradarzana meM kI thii| azoka sabase pahale buddha ke janma sthAna lumbinI vana gayA thA, vahA~ pahu~cakara upagupta ne apanI dAhinI bhujA uThAkara kahAasmin mahArAja pradeze bhagavAna jAtaH ( divyAvadAna, pR0 389 ) Aja lumbinI antarrASTrIya paryaTaka kendra hai| yahA~ para deza-videza ke bauddha dharmAvalambI paryaTakoM kA nirantara AvAgamana huA karatA hai| azoka stambha se thor3I dUra para eka prAcIna mandira hai, jisameM pASANa khaNDa sthApita hai| isa para buddha ke janma kA dRzya aMkita hai| buddha kI mAtA mahAmAyA prasava ke bAda tIna anya prANiyoM ke sAtha eka zAla vRkSa 1. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka abhilekha, pR0 189 / 2. zArpaNTiyara, je0, e0 noTa Ana da padariyA Ara rumminadeI iMskripzana, iNDiyana eNTIkverI, pR0 17-20, vA0 XLIII, bambaI / 3. saM0 vaidya, pI0 ela0 divyAvadAna, pR0 389, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1959 /

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170 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kI zAkhA pakar3akara khar3I huI dikhAI de rahI haiN| mahAmAyA kI uThAI huI dAhinI bhujA ke nIce unakI bahana prajApati gotamI, gotamI ke dAhinI ora navajAta buddha kI pUjA karane hetu oya hue indra tathA anta meM thor3A pIche kI ora sevikA khar3I hai| unake sAmane navajAta buddha khar3e haiN| mahAmAyA kI vikRta mUrti kI pUjA gA~va vAle rUmamadeI devI ke rUpa meM karate haiM / ataH lumbinI kI mahattA buddha kAla se calI A rahI hai / kapilavastu zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu lumbinI ke sannikaTa sthita thii| 1972 ke pUrva isakI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM vivAda rahA hai| pahale ise nepAla sthita tilaurAkoTa se samIkRta kiyA jAtA rahA hai / bauddha sAhitya' meM rAjagRha se isakI dUrI 60 yojana tathA sAketa se 6 yojana batAI gaI hai| cInI yAtriyoM ke vivaraNa se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| san 1972 meM bhAratIya sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA bastI janapada ke piparahavA grAma ke nikaTa vistRta utkhanana huaa| siddhArthanagara janapada ( u0 pra0) kI naugar3ha tahasIla meM piparahavA eka mahattvapUrNa grAma hai / yaha gorakhapura-goMDA mITarageja (pU0 u0 re0 ) lAina ke naugar3ha sTezana se 25.6 kimI0 uttara nepAla sImA se saTA huA hai| yaha bastI se 100 kimI0 tathA varDapura se 7.5 kimI0 uttara meM sthita hai| stUpa ke zIrSa para eka vizAla baluA prastara kI khaNDita peTikA (4.4" x 2'8.25" x 2'.2.25" ) hai| peTikA meM lakar3I evaM cA~dI ke aneka khaNDita pAtra the| ina pAtroM meM dhAtu avazeSoM ke atirikta aneka svarNAbhUSaNa, do nAriyoM kI AkRtiyoM kI chApa, svarNapatra para hAthI tathA siMha kI AkRtiyA~, svarNa evaM rajata ke sitAre, tAbIja ke AkAra kI sone kI DibbI, svarNa triratna, avirtayukta, svarNacakra, sone ko char3eM, svarNa pAtroM ke lapeTe hue Tukar3e, kaI AkAra ke motI, jinameM se kucha do, tIna evaM cAra kI saMkhyA meM paraspara jur3e hue haiM ityAdi bahumUlya vastuyeM prApta huI haiN| ye sabhI vastuyeM kalakattA sthita bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita. 1. papaMcasUdanI, saM0 TATiyA, nathamala khaNDa 2, pR0 152, nAlandA, paTanA, 1975 / 2. thAmasa, I0 je0, lAipha Ava buddha aijalIjeNDa hisTrI, pR0 16-17, laMdana, 1952 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 171 haiN| ina sAmagriyoM meM kalaza kA Dhakkana mahattvapUrNa hai jisa para nimnalikhita abhilekha utkIrNa hai : sukitibhatinaM sabhaginikaMsa pUtadalanaM / iyaM salilaMnidhane vudhasa bhagavate sakiyAnaM / / bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga ne ke0 ema0 zrIvAstava' ke nirdezana meM janavarI 1972 meM pUnaH isa stUpa kA utkhanana kArya Arambha krvaayaa| stUpa ke pazcimI bhAga kI AMzika khudAI karane para jJAta huA ki nicalA bhAga vargAkAra thA aura isameM 85 semI0 kI dUrI para Ale bane the, jo sambhavataH mUrti rakhane ke upayoga meM Ate the| stUpa ke UparI bhAga se 6 mITara nIce pakkI IMToM ke do koSThaka 82480 x 37 semI0 dRSTigocara hue, uttarI koSThaka ke Upara se IMToM ke tIna radde haTAne ke bAda selakhar3I kA eka dhAtu kalaza aura isake bagala meM lAla raMga kI khaNDita paraI se DhakI, isI prakAra ko anya paraI milii| dakSiNI koSThaka meM do kalaza, eka khaNDita taztarI evaM aneka DhakI huI paraiyA~ prApta huii| ye sabhI avazeSa uttara bhAratIya kRSNa parimArjita bhANDa (ena0 bI0 pI0) ke kAla ke mile jisase spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki ye sAmagriyA~ I0 pU0 pA~cavIM, cautho zatAbdI kI haiN| upayukta vivaraNa se pratIta hotA hai ki apane hisse ke buddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM ke AThaveM bhAga ko zAkyoM ne punaH prabhAvazAlI svajanoM meM vitarita kara liyaa| ina logoM ne apanI ruci ke anusAra ina avazeSoM ko vibhinna pAtroM meM pUjArtha rakha diyA thaa| stUpa ke nirmANa ke samaya kucha, logoM ne dhAtu avazeSa aMza ko stUpa meM rakha diyA hogaa| ___ abhiprAya yaha hai buddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM ko isa stUpa meM kapilavastu ke zAkyoM dvArA sthApita karavAyA gayA thaa| samaya-samaya para isakA jIrNoddhAra hotA rahA hai, isake jIrNoddhAra meM azoka kA mahAn yogadAna rahA hai / vATarsa ke anusAra phAhiyAna ne apanI yAtrA ke samaya azoka dvArA nirmita stUpa evaM stambha kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| unhoMne stUpa kI U~cAI 30' batAI evaM isake zIrSa bhAga para nirmita siMha kI bhI carcA kI 1. zrIvAstava, ke 0 ema0, sTaDIja ina iNDiyana epigrAphI, bhAga 2, pR0 106, 108, maisUra, 1875 / 2. vATarsa, thAmasa, oNna hvenasAMga Trevalsa ina iNDiyA, vA0 II, pR0 5-7 /

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* 172 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hai / hvenasAMga kI kapilavastu yAtrA ke AdhAra para isakI puSTi vIla' ne bhI hai | kapilavastu ke sarvekSaNa se ukta stambha kA abhijJAna nahIM hotA hai / piparahavA ke utkhanana se kapilavastu kA vivAda sadA ke lie samApta gayA hai tathA bauddhakAlIna zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI vAstavika kapilavastu kI pahacAna ho gaI hai / uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu ( piparahavA~ ) hI rahI hai / zrAvastI zrAvastI se kapilavastu pazcima- pazcimottara dizA meM lagabhaga 100 kimI kI dUrI para sthita hai | zrAvastI ko Adhunika kAla meM saheta - maheta - kahA jAtA hai / O saheta - maheta - buddhakAlIna kosaladeza kI rAjamAnI zrAvastI, baharAica janapada, u0 pra0 meM balarAmapura - baharAica mArga para rAptI ke taTa para * balarAmapura goDA se 28 ki0mI0 pazcimottara dizA meM 27deg 39 uttarI akSAMza tathA 82deg1 pUrvI dezAntara para sthita hai| buddhakAla meM ye bhArata ke 6 mahAnagaroM aura 8 mahattvapUrNa dhArmika nagaroM meM gine jAte the / ye paraspara rAjamArga se jur3e the / zrAvastI meM jaina tathA bauddha dharmAvalambiyoM kI bahulatA hone se yahA~ mahAvIra tathA buddha kA nirantara AvAgamana hotA thA / yahA~ ke prasiddha rAjA prasenajit mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samakAlIna the / ye pahale mahAvIra ke samarthaka the, bAda meM buddha ke samparka meM Ane para unake anuyAyI ho gaye / jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM prasenajit viSayaka bahuta gAthAe~ pracalita haiM / buddha ke jIvana kI aneka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAyeM yahA~ se jur3I huI haiM / yahA~ sthita anAthapiNDika dvArA buddha ke AvAsa hetu nirmita jetavana vihAra meM buddha dvArA ( 21 veM se 45 veM taka ) 25 varSAvAsa tathA niraMtara vizrAma, dasyu aMgulImAla dvArA buddha se prabhAvita hokara bauddha dharma kA aMgIkAra, zAstrArtha meM parAsta hone para pUrNa kAzyapa dvArA AtmahatyA ityAdi kathAyeM zrAvastI se sambaddha haiM / jetavana ke vizAla vihAra ke nirmANa meM battIsa karor3a svarNa mudrAyeM 1. vIla saimuela, buddhisTa rekArDa Ava vesTarna varDa, vA0 II, pR0 19, 32, landana, 1906 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 173 vyaya huI thIM / usake pUrvI dvAra ke donoM tarapha azoka stambha sthApita kiye gaye the / isakA vistRta vivaraNa phAhyAna tathA hvenasAMga ke yAtrA varNana se jJAta hotA hai| hvenasAMga ke anusAra ina azoka stambhoM kI U~cAI 21 mITara thI, eka ke zIrSa para cakra tathA dUsare para sA~Da nirmita thA / kaniMghama' ne 1862-63 meM saheta - maheta ke TIloM kA utkhanana karAkara ise zrAvastI ghoSita kiyA yahA~ unheM kausambIkuTI se bodhisattva kI 6' 4" U~cI mathurA ke lAla patthara se nirmita eka durlabha pratimA prApta huI thI / punaH unhoMne isa kSetra kA 1876 meM utkhanana karavAyA thA / tatpazcAt yahA~ se prApta purAtAttvika sAkSya se prabhAvita hokara bhAratIya purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa vibhAga dvArA yojanAbaddha kAryakrama ke anusAra samayasamaya para utkhanana kArya hotA jA rahA hai| phyUrara ke anusAra zrAvastI nagara kI vizAlatA evaM isake suniyojita nirmANa ke sambandha meM mahattva - pUrNa sUcanAe~ prApta hotI haiM / buddhakAlIna bhAratavarSa meM zrAvastI evaM vaizAlI kI gaNanA mahAnagaroM meM kI jAtI thI / prasiddha bauddha dharmasthalI hone ke kAraNa zrAvastI - vaizAlI mArga pramukha mArga rahA hai| isa mArga para zrAvastI ke pazcAt zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu pramukha nagara thA / zrAvastI se kapilavastu kA rAjanaitika, dhArmika evaM vyApArika sambandha, isI mArga se ke ghor3e zrAvastI hokara kapilavastu jAyA karate the / mArga para coroM kA upadrava adhika huA karatA thA / "4 thA / "sindhu pradeza zrAvastI - kapilavastu kaniMghama" ke anusAra pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM phAhyAna zrAvastI se pahale bhagavAn krakucchanda ( mahAtmA buddha ke cauthe pUrva bhava kA nAmakaraNa ) ke 1. kaniMghama, ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1862 - 3, vAlyUma e0, I evaM vAo XI | ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1907-8, 1908- 9, 190910, 1910-11, 1911-14 / 3. phyUrara, e0 mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIz2a eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTanaM prAvinseja eNDa avadha, pR0 306, 313, iNDolAjikala buka hAusa, vArANasI, 1969 pR0 77 / 4. jAtaka bhikSu dharmaMrakSita, pR0 77, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1951 / 5. kaniMghama, e0 eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 349 /

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- 174 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza janma sthAna gaye the, phira vahA~ se unhoMne kapilavastu kI yAtrA kI thI / unhoMne apane yAtrA varNana meM kapilavastu kI sthiti zrAvastI se dakSiNapUrva dizA meM 13 yojana ( 91 mIla) kI dUrI para svIkAra kiyA hai / gAilsa' ke matAnusAra phAhyAna, zrAvastI se dakSiNa-pUrva dizA meM 12 yojana calakara bhagavAn krakucchanda ke janma sthAna yahA~ se ve uttara dizA meM 1 yojana se kama dUrI para Azrama para gaye the / tatpazcAt vahA~ se pUrva dizA meM eka yojana se kama dUrI para sthita kapilavastu pahu~ce the / zrAvastI se kapilavastu kI dizA ke viSaya meM kaniMghama tathA gAilsa ekamata haiM / yadyapi dUrI ke viSaya meM inameM avazya hI matavaibhinya hai / sambhavataH gAilsa dvArA batAI gaI dUrI sahI nahIM hai / nAbhika nagara Aye the / sthita, kanakamuni ke kaniMghama' evaM vATarsa ke anusAra hvenasAMga, zrAvastI se kapilavastu kI dUrI dakSiNa-pUrva dizA meM 500lI0 ( 83 mIla) batAte haiM / afghama ne bhagavAn krakucchanda ke janma sthAna ko vartamAna kakuA grAma se samIkRta kiyA hai jisakI sthiti kapilavastu se 8 mIla pazcima meM hai / unhoMne zrAvastI evaM kapilavastu ke bIca kI dUrI 81 mIla mAnI hai / unake anusAra isa mArga para zrAvastI se 42 mIla kI dUrI para azoka stambha sthita hai, jahA~ se kapilavastu kI dUrI 39 mIla hai, sAtha hI nighama kI dhAraNA hai ki ghumAvadAra mArga ke hone para yaha dUrI 85 se 90 mIla ke madhya ho sakatI hai| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki zrAvastI se kapilavastu kI dUrI ke viSaya meM kaniMghama saMzaya kI sthiti meM rahe haiN| sAtha hI gAilsa evaM vATarsa bhI kisI niSkarSa para nahIM pahu~ca * sake haiN| uttara pradeza zAsana, buddhakAlIna mArga ( bauddha patha ), bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para sunizcita karane kA prayAsa kara rahA hai / vartamAna meM zrAvastI se piparahavA ( kapilavastu) mArga kI dUrI utaraulA hokara lagabhaga 83 mIla hai jaisA ki mAnacitra meM ( pariziSTa saMkhyA ) pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / hvenasAMga kI yAtrA ke vivaraNa se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kapila - 1. gAilsa, eca0 eca0, Traivelsa Ava phAhyAna, pR0 36, landana, 1959 / 2. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgrafI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 349 / 3. gAilsa, eca eca0, Traivelsa Ava phAha, yAna, pR0 36 / 4. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 349 /

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pAvA mAgaM anusaMdhAna : 175 vastu aura zrAvastI ke bIca kI dUrI 500 lI0 arthAt 83 mIla hai jo vartamAna saheta - maheta aura piparahavA kI dUrI se mela khAtI hai / ataH isase yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki saheta - maheta se piparahavA kA prAcIna buddhakAlIna mArga sambhavataH balarAmapura utaraulA soharatagar3ha palTAdevI hokara hI jAyA karatA thA / bA~sI buddhakAlIna pramukha mArgoM meM se eka zrAvastI - kuzInagara mArga para kapilavastu, rAmagrAma, pippalIvana Adi nagara sthita the / vasturAmagrAma ke madhya sthita nagaroM meM bastI janapada ke bA~sI nagara kI sthiti mahatvapUrNa hai / bA~sI kapilavastu se 43 kimI0 dakSiNa-pazcima tathA rAmagrAma se 55 kimI0 uttara-pazcima sthita hai / bA~sI rAptI nadI ke kinAre hai / pahale yaha nadI nagara ke dakSiNa se bahatI thI kintu aba uttara se bahatI 'hai / kaniMghama' ke anusAra baoNsa kI bahulatA ke kAraNa isa kSetra se bahane - vAlI nadI ko veNU athavA bAMsI nadI kI saMjJA dI gaI hogI, tathA isa nagara kA nAma bhI bA~sI par3A hogA / sambhava hai mahApuruSoM ke vAsa karane ke kAraNa nagara ko bA~sI kahA gayA ho / prAcIna mArga nirdhAraNa meM bA~sI ke azoka stambha kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai / vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne isa stambha kI sthiti mahAdevA nAmaka grAma meM svIkAra kI hai / mahAdevA grAma bA~sI - gorakhapura mArga para bA~sI se 4.5 kimI0 dakSiNa meM basA huA hai / vAstava meM azoka stambha mahAdevA meM nirmita rahA hai / jahA~ taka isa stambha kI vartamAna dazA kA prazna hai, Ara0 sI0 gaur3a ke anusAra " yaha khaNDita hai / isakA zIrSa bhAga lakhanaU purAtattva saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai / isake zIrSa bhAga kI siMha - AkRti naSTa ho cukI hai / isake nicale bhAga para ( adhomukhI) para kamalapuSpa kA eka tarapha kA kucha aMza khaNDita hai / stambha kA zeSa bhAga bA~sI ( mahadevA ) Aja bhI hai loga ise zivaliMga ke rUpa meM pUjate haiN| isa para tela, siMdUra kA adhika lepa hone se yaha jJAta honA kaThina hai ki utkIrNa zilAlekha vAlA bhAga yahI hai yA isa kSetra meM kahIM anyatra par3A hogA yA naSTa ho gayA hogA / 1. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pUrvokta, pR0 359 / 2. 15 janavarI 1988 ke patra ke AdhAra para /

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176 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya kI sUcanA ke anusAra stambha ke khaNDita zIrSa bhAga kA rajisTrezana naM0 55,284 hai aura yaha bA~sI se prApta azoka stambha ke siMha kA mukhya khaMDita aMza (phregameNTa oNpha ena azoka lAyana kaipiTala phrAma bA~sI ) hai| khaMDita siMha kI paMcha tathA donoM paira ke paMje daSTigocara hote haiN| sAtha hI khaNDita kamala kI dhAriyA~ tathA isakI paMkhur3iyA~ bhI dikhalAI detI haiN| gAilsa ke anusAra azoka stambha isa vana ke usa sthala ko sUcita karatA thA, jahA~ buddha apane pitA zrI zuddhodhana se mile tathA unheM upadeza diyA thaa| cInI yAtrova nasAMga ne vana meM jisa azoka stambha ko dekhA thA, vaha vana nikUktu-yA nyagrodhArAma (nigrodhArAma) bihAra thA, jahA~ mahAtmA buddha ne prathama bAra kapilavastu Ane para aura usake bAda kaI avasaroM para vizrAma aura nivAsa kiyA thaa| vaha vana kapilavastu se dakSiNa meM 3 yA 4 lI0 kI dUrI para sthita hai| usa samaya ke ghanaghora jaMgaloM ke kAraNa dUrI kA spaSTa anumAna lagAnA kaThina thA jabaki jaMgalI sImA dUra taka phailI huI thii| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki kapilavastu buddhakAla meM eka vizAla nagara rahA hai| ataH isakI sImA bhI vistRta rahI hogii| isakI sambhAvanA adhika hai ki hvenasAMga ne jisa dUrI kA varNana kiyA hai vaha mAtra anumAnita ho| uparyukta adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki buddhakAla meM bA~sI se kapilavastu, lumbinI evaM rAmagrAma ko mArga jAte rahe haiM / bA~sI rAmagrAma (gorakhapura) mArga para nandaura, bakhirA, kopiyA, magahara ityAdi pramukha nagara sthita haiN| magahara ke samIpavartI kSetroM meM stUpoM evaM TIloM kI bahulatA hai / kArarlAila' ke sarvekSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAthAnaDIha magahara se lagabhaga 25 mIla dakSiNa-pazcima, arthAta arddha-pazcima dizA meM, lakSmIpura gA~va se lagabhaga 1 mIla uttara tathA AmI ( amonA) nadI ke taTa para sthita tAmezvara se 4 mIla uttara-pUrva meM sthita hai| yahIM para vizAla khaNDaharoM kA TIlA hai| jisa para tAmezvaranAtha kA mandira hai| yahA~ para rAjakumAra siddhArtha ke azva ne chalA~ga lagAkara AmI nadI pAra kiyA thA, jisase ise kudavA nadI bhI kahate haiN| mahAthAna, sirasarA tAla ke pUrvI taTa para tathA 1. gAilsa, eca0 eca0-Traivelsa Ava phAha yAna, pR0 37 / 2. kArlAila, e0 sI0-ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa Ana isa Ava gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura, vA0 XXII, pR0 3-6 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 177 sirasarAva ke nikaTa uttara-pUrva meM hai| sirasarA grAma prAcIna bhagnAvazeSa ke TIle para sthita hai, jahA~ se lagabhaga 400' kI dUrI para, pUrva meM eka stUpa nirmita thA, jisake Upara zivaliMga sthApita hai| kArlAila kA spaSTa mata hai ki buddha dvArA yahA~ para muNDana karavAne ke kAraNa isa grAma ko sirasarA sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| sirasarA stUpa se lagabhaga 300' uttara-pUrva meM eka vizAla Thosa IMToM kA TIlA hai jisakA vyAsa lagabhaga 50' tathA paridhi lagabhaga 160' evaM U~cAI 5' se 6' hai| yaha azoka nirmita stUpa kA bhagnAvazeSa hai yahIM buddha ne sevaka chandaka evaM azva ko vidA kiyA thaa| isa stUpa se lagabhaga 370' uttara meM mahAthAna ( mahAsthAna) nAma se prakhyAta IMToM kA vizAla eka golAkAra TIlA hai jisakA zIrSa bhAga addha vRttAkAra hai| yaha TIlA buddha dvArA rAjasI vastra tyAgakara saMnyAsa dhAraNa karane kA smAraka sthala hai| isake samIpa pUrvI ora mahAthAna grAma aura lagabhaga 600' dakSiNa-pUrva meM paithana nAmaka grAma hai| isase bodha hotA hai ki paithana kA abhiprAya, buddha ke caraNa-sthAna se hai, jahA~ se unhoMne padayAtrA Arambha kI thI, athavA praveza karane se hai, jahA~ se unhoMne saMnyAsI jIvana meM praveza kiyA thaa| upayukta tathya kI puSTi kaniMghama' tathA phyUrara ne kI hai| ____ magahara se lagabhaga 6 mIla uttara AmI nadI ke taTa para kopiyAgrAma hai| yahA~ para prAcIna khaNDaharoM ke avazeSa ke rUpa meM IToM kA vizAla TIlA dRSTigocara hotA hai, isakA vyAsa lagabhaga 1/3 mola hai, jisakI banAvaTa vyatikramika hai| isase thor3I dera pUrva meM kAmezvara nAmaka arvAcIna ziva mandira hai, jo kopezvara mandira nAma se khyAta hai| uparokta vivaraNa se niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki kapilavastu-rAmagrAma mArga para bA~sI-mahAdeva, kopiyA, tAmezvara, mahAthAna ( mahAsthAna Adi) buddhakAlIna pramukha nagara rahe haiN| ye nagara saMbhavataH zAkyoM ke 9 pramukha nagaroM meM rahe haiN| 1. kaniMghama, e0, prastAvanA, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa TUrsa Ana gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura 1877-78, 79-80, vA0 XXII pR0 3 / 2. phyUrara e0, mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIz2a ina nArdanaM vesTarna prAvinseja eNDa avadha, pR0 224-226 / 18

Page #198
178 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza rAmagrAma : koliyoM ne koliya gaNatantra kI rAjadhAnI rAmagrAma meM buddha mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt unake dhAtu avazeSoM ko lAkara usa para eka vizAla stUpa kA nirmANa karavAyA thA / koliya rAjya evaM isakI rAjadhAnI rAmagrAma kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM vibhinna vidvAnoM meM matabheda rahA hai / kaniMghama' ke anusAra cInI yAtriyoM ne kapilavastu se rAmagrAma taka kI yAtrA kI thii| phAhyAna kA abhimata hai lumbinI se 5 yojana (40 mIla) kI dUrI para rAmagrAma sthita thA / hvenasAMga ne isakI dUrI 200 lI ( lagabhaga 33 2 mIla ) batAI hai / yaha grAma vaizAlIzrAvastI mArga para pippalIvana evaM kapilavastu ke bIca sthita thA / cInI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA-varNana ke AdhArapara rAmagrAma kapilavastu aura anomA nadI ke bIca do tihAI dUrI para sthita honA cAhiye / yaha dUrI 4 yojana ( 32 mIla) hai, isI AdhAra para ve devakAlI ko rAmagrAma ke rUpa meM samIkRta karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, jo tarkasaMgata pratIta nahIM hotA hai / kArlAila' ne vartamAna rAmapuravA, rAmapura devariyA ko rAmagrAma mAnA hai / yaha sthAna maravAtAla ke kinAre tathA bhuliyA se ThIka 26 mIla sIdhI rekhA meM dakSiNa - pUrva para sthita hai| unheM yahA~ eka stUpa bhagnAvazeSa ke rUpa meM, rAmapura devariyA se 500 phITa uttara-pUrva meM do tAloM ke bIca, dRSTigocara huA thA / ise unhoMne koliyoM ke rAmagrAma kA stUpa mAnA thA / lekina rAjabalI pANDeya rAmapura devariyA ko rAmagrAma nahIM mAnate haiM / unake anusAra yaha muNDerA se 1 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva maravAtAla ke kinAre rAmapura devariyA se 500' uttara-pUrva meM do tAloM ke bIca sthita hai / DaoN0 pANDeya ne kahA hai ki kArlAila ne, hva enasAMga kA yaha vivaraNa ki rAmagrAma kA stUpa nagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM thA, sahI nahIM mAnA hai / kArlAila ke mata meM vastutaH rAmagrAma se uttara-pUrva meM sthita stambha - stUpa ko dizA-bhrama ke kAraNa hva enasAMga ne dakSiNa - pUrva meM sthita mAna liyA hai / parantu kArlAila kA mata pANDeya ko tarkasaMgata pratIta nahIM hotA hai / DaoN0 bharata siMha 1. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA - pU0 pR0 354-55 / 2. kArlAila, e0 sI0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa TUrsa Ana gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura -- pR0 2 / 3. DaoN0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura isakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa -- pR0 69 / 4. upAdhyAya, bharatasiMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 309 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 179 upAdhyAya ne bhI kArlAila ke mata kA khaNDana karate hae DaoN0 pANDeya ke mata ko pUSTa kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kArlAila ne rAmapUra devariyA ko rAmagrAma siddha karane ke lie uparyukta tarka prastuta kiyA thA, jo ucita nahIM hai| smitha' kA yaha sujhAva ki rAmanAma kA anusaMdhAna dharmolI (dharmapurI) ke Asa-pAsa nepAla aura gorakhapura kI sImA para karanA cAhie, AgrahapUrNa pratIta hotA hai / dhammapada aTThakathA ke anusAra nizcita rUpa se rAmagrAma rohiNI nadI ke pUrva meM rahA hogA ( rohiNI ke pazcima zAkyoM kA rAjya thA ) isako sthiti rohiNI kI bAyIM ghATI ke dakSiNa bhAga meM ho honI cAhiye, kyoMki uttara kI ora malla rASTra phailA huA thaa| ____gorakhapura nagara ke samIpa sthita vizAla rAmagar3ha tAla ko prAcIna rAmagrAma se samIkRta kiyA jAtA hai| rAmagar3ha zabda se isake kisI samaya gar3ha athavA durga hone kA AbhAsa hotA hai para vAstava meM yaha sthalI buddhakAlIna, koliyoM kI rAjadhAnI rAmagrAma thii| yahA~ koliyoM ne eka puSkariNI ke kinAre buddha ke dhAtu-avazeSoM para stUpa kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| gAilsa ke anusAra pA~cavIM sadI meM phAhyAna ne rAmagrAma nagara ko bhagnAvasthA meM dekhA thA, nagara ke kinAre eka puSpakariNI thii| vahA~ eka nAga hone kA bhI ullekha hai, jo stUpa kI rakSA karatA thaa| azoka kI rAmagrAma yAtrA ke sandarbha meM isa nAga kA ullekha AtA hai| unake matAnusAra azoka ne jaba rAmagrAma ke stUpa ke punaHnirmANa ke samaya isake tala meM rakhe gaye dhAtu avazeSoM ko nikalavAne kA prayAsa kiyA, taba nAga kI prArthanA para usane apane vicAra tyAga diye| hvenasAMga ke yAtrA-vivaraNa meM pradatta dizA aura dUrI ke AdhAra para bhI rAmagrAma kI sthiti mela khAtI hai| vartamAna meM rAmagar3ha tAla ke kinAre kisI stUpa kA bhagnAvazeSa nahIM hai, jisakA kAraNa sambhavataH rAptI nadI evaM rAmagar3ha tAla hai| mahAvaMsa" se jJAta hotA hai ki rAmagrAma kA stUpa gaMgA ke 1. TippaNI (smitha), vATarsa, Ana hvenasAMga Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, vA0 II pR0 339, 2. dhammapada aTThakathA-saM0 DA0 TATiyA, nathamala, 15-7 3. gAilsa, eca0 eca0, Traivelsa Ava phAhyAna, pR0 38-39 4. vATarsa, Ana hva nasAMga Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, vA0 II, pR0 20, 5. mahAvaMsa ( hindI anu0 ) pR0 25, 26, 31

Page #200
180 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza kinAre nirmita thA, vaha gaMgA ke pravAha se TUTa gayA tathA stUpa kI prakAzavAna dhAtu kA karaNDa ( piTArI) bahakara samudra meM praviSTa ho gayA / " rAjabalI pANDeya rAmagrAma kI sthiti rAptI nadI ke kinAre mAnate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki gaMgA kI atyadhika mahattA ke kAraNa adhikAMza nadiyoM ko gaMgA kahA jAtA hai / siMhalI sAhitya mahAvaMsa meM prayukta gaMgA zabda bhI rAptI (acirAvatI) ke liye hogaa| unake anusAra jisa stapa ko hvenasAMga ne dekhA thA vaha mUla dhAtu-stUpa nahIM thA, use rAptI nadI pahale bahA le gayI thI, usake sthAna para nirmita dUsarA stUpa hI hvenasAMga ko dikhAI par3A hogA / bauddhadharma ke hrAsa ke bAda marammata ke abhAva meM stUpa khaNDita evaM dharAzAyI hone lage tathA rAptI nadI evaM rAmagar3ha ke jala meM DUba gaye / zatAbdiyoM se rAmagar3ha tAla bharatA huA nagara kI ora haTatA jA rahA hai| gorakhapura ke pArzvavartI kSetroM kA sarvekSaNa karane para pUrva dizA meM aneka tAla talaiyA evaM nicalI bhUmiyAM ekasIdha meM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki rAptI nadI kabhI gorakhapura ke uttara-pUrva dizA se hokara bahatI thii| ye sabhI tAla-talaiyA usI nadI ke avazeSa haiN| kAlAntara meM isakA mArga badala gyaa| aba vaha gorakhapura ke dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora se baha rahI hai| isa tAlAba ke AdhAra para aneka bhUgolavettAoM ne uparyukta tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai, tathA unakA kathana hai ki yaha tAlAba evaM nicalI bhUmi rAptI nadI kA chAr3ana hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki gorakhapura tathA rAmagar3ha tAla kA kSetra hI vAstavika rAmagrAma rahA hai| pippalivana __zrAvastI-kuzInagara mArga para rAmagrAma aura kuzInagara ke bIca sthita pippalivana moriya ( maurya ) rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahA~ saghana pIpala vRkSoM kA jaMgala hone ke kAraNa ise pippala vana kI saMjJA dI gayI thii| baddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM ko prApta karane ke lie uttara bhArata ke sabhI gaNataMtrAdhyakSoM evaM katipaya rAjyAdhyakSoM ne prayAsa kiyA thaa| pippalIvana ke maurya kSatriyoM ne bhI kuzInagara ke malloM ke pAsa apanA dUta isa saMdeza ke 1. DA. pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 69-70

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 181 sAtha bhejA ki "atha ravo pippalIvaniyA moriyA kosinArakAnaM mallAnaMdUtaM pAhesaM-bhagavApi khattiyoM mayaMpi khattiyA / mayaMpi arahAma bhagavato sarIrAnaM bhAgaM / bhagavAna bhI kSatriya the, hama bhI kSatriya haiN| bhagavAna ke zarIra kA bhAga pAne ke hama adhikArI haiN| saMyoga se yaha saMdeza kuzInagara bAda meM pahuMcA, isake pUrva hI buddha ke dhAtu avazeSoM kA ATha bhAga ho cukA thA, citA meM kevala aMgAra ( koyalA ) zeSa the| maurya una aMgAroM para hI saMtoSa kara unheM Adara pUrvaka pippalIvana le gaye aura una para stUpa nirmita krvaaye| gorakhapura janapada meM sadara tahasIla ke antargata dhAnI thA (rudhauliyA) upadhauliyA sthita hai / dhAnI rAjadhAnI kA vikRta rUpa hai, jo sambhavataH mauryoM kI rAjadhAnI pippalivana ke liye prayukta hai| gorakhapura se 14 mIla dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pUrva, arddha dakSiNa kI dizA meM gurrA nadI ke taTa para sthita upadhauliyA hI rAjadhAnI hai| dhAnI aura barahI do alagaalaga grAma haiM, jinake bIca kI dUrI 4 kimI0 hai| pazcima meM rAptI nadI se lekara pUrva meM pharenda nadI taka cAra mIla kI lambAI tathA 13/4 mIla kI caur3AI meM, pippalivana ( rAjadhAnI ) ke bhagnAvazeSa phaile hue haiN| isakA vistAra DIha ghATa se lekara gurrA nadI ke pUrva meM upadhauliyA DIha taka hai| vahA~ se 2/3 mIla para rAghAnI grAma sthita hai| rAjadhAnI ke uttara-pUrva eka vistRta AyatAkAra, purAne durga kA avazeSa hai, jise sahana koTa kahate haiN| vartamAna meM bhI pharenda nadI ke kinAre baragada, zAla, jAmuna Adi vRkSa dRSTigocara hote haiN| rAptI se pharenda taka phailA huA yaha DIha eka prAcIna nagara kA bhagnAvazeSa hai| bauddha sAhitya evaM cInI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA-varNana ke AdhAra para sahana koTa kA san 1814 meM nirIkSaNa evaM sarvekSaNa karane vAloM meM bukanana prathama the| unake anusAra sahana koTa ( sahana-kaTa ) kA kilA jaMgaloM se itanA ghirA huA thA ki dIvAra taka pahu~canA kaThina thA aura kilA 1 kosa pazcima se pUrva taka tathA isase bhI adhika dUrI meM uttara se dakSiNa taka phailA huA thaa| kile kI dIvAra moTI thI aura kAphI U~cI thii| isake bhagnAvazeSa eka U~ce vistRta TIle ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hote the| 1. dIgha nikAya (hi0 a0 ) mahAparinivvANa sutta 3/2 / 2. mANTagomarI, mArTina, hisTrI, eNTIkviTIja TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA, jilda II, bhAgalapura gorakhapura 1976, pR0 370 /

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182 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza bauddha sAhitya, cInI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA vivaraNa tathA bukanana dvArA varNita sahana koTa ke bhagnAvazeSoM ke AdhAra para kaniMghama' ne pippalivana kA vistRta anusaMdhAna kiyA / unake anusAra sahanakoTa AmI nadI ke caMdaulI ghATa se, sIdhI rekhA meM 20 mIla ( 32 kimI0 ) tathA mArga dvArA 25 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai / ve sahanakaTa ( sahanakoTa ) ko pippalivana arthAt maurya rAjadhAnI hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kiye haiM / hvenasAMga dvArA nirdiSTa dizA ke anusAra yahA~ se kuzInagara uttara-parva meM hai / phAhyAna ne pippalivana ke stUpa ko anomA nadI se cAra yojana ( 32 ) mIla dUra pUrva meM sthita svIkAra kiyA hai tathA hva enasAMga bhI ise 180 se 190lI0 arthAt 30 se 32 mIla pUrva meM sthita mAnate haiM para pippalivana grAma kA nAma nirdezana nahIM kara pAte haiM / kintu siMhalI, barmI evaM tibbatI sAhitya ke AdhAra para ve pippalivana ke stUpa ( sahanakoTa ) pahu~ca jAte haiM / tibbatI DulavA meM isa sthAna ko nyAyagrodhA ( nyAyagrodhA ) yA pippala vRkSoM kA nagara kahA gayA hai| siMghalI aura barmI sAhitya meM ise pippalIvana sambodhita kiyA gayA haiM / hva enasAMga ne apane vivaraNa meM isa sthAna ko pippala vRkSoM se AcchAdita hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| kanighama ko usa sthAna ke Asa pAsa khaNDahara ke rUpa meM pippalivana ( rAjadhAnI ) dRSTigocara huI thI isI ko sahanakoTa kahate haiM / unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki sahanakoTa TIle se bukanana e ko buddha kI aneka mUrtiyA~ prApta huI thIM, jisake AdhAra para ve sahanakoTa ke TIle ko pippalIvana ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kiye haiM / kArlAila' ke anusAra upadhauliyA DIha kA vistAra lambAI meM uttara se dakSiNa 1 mIla aura caur3AI meM pazcima se pUrva lagabhaga 1500 se 1600 phITa hai / isake pazcima bhAga meM prAcIna IToM kA eka stUpa hai / mauryoM ne buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt citA kI rAkha lAkara apanI rAjadhAnI pippalIvana meM isa stUpa kA nirmANa karavAyA thA / kArlAila ne ina bhagnAvazeSoM ko prAcIna pippalIvana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / 1. kaniMghama, e, eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 361-2 / 2. mANTagomarI mArTina, hisTrI, eNTIkviTIja, TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA jilda 11, pR0 370 / 3. kArlAila, e0 sI0, riporTa TUrsa ina gorakhapura sAraNa gAjIpura, pR0 7-8 13-15 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 183 rAjadhAnI athavA upadhauliyA DIha ke viSaya meM phyUrara' ne gorakhapura janapada kI sadara tahasIla ke havelI paraganA ke antargata varahI grAma ko kendra mAnakara vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| jilA mukhyAlaya se varahI 13 mIla uttara-pUrva rAptI nadI ke dakSiNI taTa para sthita hai| inhoMne bukanana, kaniMghama, kArlAila kI bhA~ti upadhauliyA DIha ko pippalivana mAnA hai / isake nikaTa dakSiNa-pUrva ke kone para eka aura khaNDita stupa hai jo lagabhaga 17' U~cA hai| ___ DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne pippalivana, upadhauliyA DIha evaM rAjadhAnI kA varNana karate hue kArlAila ke mata kI puSTi kI hai| unhoMne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki rAjadhAnI ke uttara-pUrva meM sahanakoTa nAma se vikhyAta pharendra nadI ke taTa para eka AyatAkAra prAcIna durga jaMgaloM ke bIca sthita hai / yaha pharendrA se rAptI taka phailA huA hai| yaha vistRta Doha eka hI prAcIna nagara kA bhagnAvazeSa hai| ise Aja bhI rAjadhAnI sambodhita kiyA jAnA spaSTa rUpa se pramANita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM yaha kisI rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| upAdhyAya pippalivana ke zabda-dhvani sAmya ke AdhAra para, eka ora jahA~ piparahavA~ ko pipalivana siddha karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora upadhaulI ke pippalivana hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta karate haiN| isa prakAra upayukta adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki gorakhapura janapada ke sadara tahasIla meM sthita vartamAna upadhauliyA, dhAnI yA rAjadhAnI grAma hI moriyoM kI rAjadhAnI pippalivana hai aura jisakI puSTi kaniMghama, kArlAila, phyUrara, aura rAjabalI pANDeya ne kI hai| kuzInArA - yaha devariyA janapada meM paDaraunA tahasIla ke antargata devariyA se 3541 kimI0 uttara-pUrva meM, paDaraunA se dakSiNa-pazcima meM 19 kimI0 para evaM gorakhapura se 55 kimI0 pUraba meM Lat 26deg 45deg N aura Long 85deg 55 E para sthita hai| 1. phyUrara, da mAnumeNTa la, eNTIkviTIja eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTarna prAviseja eNDa avadha, pR0 237-38 / 2. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 73-74 / 3. upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddha kAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola-pR0 314-315 /

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184 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka vimarza kuzInagara Arambha se hI vikhyAta rahA hai / kuzAvatI ( kuzInagara ) kI mahattA rAmAyaNa kAla se hI rahI hai / raghuvaMza se jJAta hotA hai ki "sthira buddhi vAle rAma ne zatrurUpI hAthiyoM ke lie aMkuza ke samAna bhayadAyaka kuza ko kuzAvatI kA rAjya de diyA aura madhura vacanoM se sajjanoM kI A~khoM se premAzru kI dhArA bahAne vAle lava ko zarAvatI kA rAjya diyA / "" kuzAvatI ke viSaya meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke bhinna-bhinna mata rahe haiN| kucha ise gujarAta meM tathA kucha ne ise viMdhya meM aMkita karane kI ceSTA kI hai kintu ina donoM pradezoM meM usa samaya poroM aura yAdavoM kA rAjya thA isalie kuzasthalI kI bhaugolika sthiti kI saMbhAvanA ina rAjyoM meM pratIta nahI hotI hai| gujarAta kI kuzasthalI ( dvArikApurI ) kuza se bhI prAcIna nagarI rahI hai ataH usako kuza dvArA sthApita batAnA aitihAsika vyatikrama hogA | jisaprakAra candraketu ke lie candrakAMtA nagarI basAyI gayI thI / usIprakAra kuza ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie kuzAvatI nagarI kA nirmANa huA thA / kuzAvatI nagarI ke itihAsa ke viSaya meM kuzajAtaka se saMketa milatA hai - 'prAcIna kAla meM mallarASTra meM kuzAvatI rAjadhAnI meM ikSvAku nAmaka ( ikSvAkuvaMzI ) rAjA dharmapUrvaka rAjya karate the / "" rAjabalI pANDeya ne bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karate hue likhA hai ki jisa prakAra candraketu ke nAma para candrakAMtA nagarI basAyI gayI thI usI prakAra kuza ke nAma para kuzAvatI nagarI basAyI gayI thI / Aja yaha nirvivAda siddha hai ki itihAsa prasiddha mallarASTra kI rAjadhAnI kuzAvatI, kuzasthalI, kuzInArA, kuzigrAmaka, kuzanagara vartamAna kuzInagara hI rahI hai| 1. sa nivezya kuzAvatyAM ripunAgAMkuzaM kuzam / zarAvatyAM satAM sUktairjanitAzru lavaM lavam II sarga 15, zloka 97 / sItArAma caturvedI, kAlidAsa granthAvalI ( raghuvaMza ), akhila bhAratIya vikrama pariSada, kAzI, dvi0 saM0, vi0 saM0 2001 / 2. atIte grallaraTThe kuzAvatI rAjahAniyA okkAko nAma rAjA dhammena samena rajjaM karoti / jAtaka saMkhyA 531 / ( vAstava meM ikSvAku nahIM, kintu ikSvAkuvaMzI ) / 3. pANDeya rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 54 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 185 kaniMghama' ke mata meM phAhyAna dvArA 'nirdiSTa moriyoM' ke aGgAra stUpa pippalivana se kuzInArA kI dUrI va dizA jo 12 yojana ( 96 mIla) pUrva batAyI gayI hai, samyak nahIM pratAta hotI hai / dUsare cInI yAtrI nasAMga ne pippalivana se kuzInArA kI sthiti uttara-pUrva mAnI hai kintu inhoMne dUrI kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / hvenasAMga ko hiMsaka jAnavaroM se yukta saghana jaMgaloM ke madhya hote huye pippalivana se kuzInArA pahu~cane meM kAphI samaya lagA thA / ina jaMgaloM meM jaMgalI hAthiyoM, DAkuoM zikAriyoM bahulatA thI / ataH unheM Ter3he-mer3he mArgoM dvArA yAtrA karanI par3I hogI / isI kAraNa phAhyAna evaM hvenamAMga ko pippalivana se kuzInagara kI sahI dUrI kA anumAna nahIM huA hogA / vAstava meM ( upadhaulI ) pippalivana se kuzInArA uttara-pUrva meM 65 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai / buddha kI mahAparinirvANasthalI kuzInagara bauddhoM ke cAra pramukha dhArmika kendroM meM se eka hai aura pramukha antarrASTrIya paryaTaka sthala ke rUpa meM vikasita ho rahI hai / yahA~ para mahAtmA buddha kA prAcIna nirvANa mandira, nikaTavartI stUpa, barmI, cInI, jApAnI tathA anya darzanIya maMdira, aneka bauddha vihAra evaM unake avazeSa darzanIya sthala haiM / parinirvANa mandira ke dakSiNa - pUrva meM 1.61 kimI0 dUrI para aniruddhavA grAma meM rAmabhAra stupa haiM / bauddha sAhitya meM isa sthAna ko mukuTa bandhana caitya ko saMjJA dI gayI hai / rAmabhAra stUpa ke viSaya meM DI0 Ara0 pATila kA kathana hai ki isa stUpa ke dharAtala kA vyAsa 47.24 mITara tathA stUpa kA vyAsa 34. 14 mITara hai / yahIM para mahAtmA buddha ko antyeSTi kriyA huI thI / kuzInagara ke utkhanana meM saikar3oM miTTI kI mudrAyeM prApta huI haiM jisase inhoMne sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki samaya-samaya para isakA jIrNoddhAra hotA rahA hai| phyUrara - kA abhimata hai ki kuzInagara ko adhikAMza IMTeM tathA purAtAttvika sAkSya lupta ho gaye haiM / yahA~ ke nikaTavartI grAmavAsiyoM ne yahA~ ke IToM ko le jAkara upayoga kiyA hai / ina sAmagriyoM ke naSTa hone kA anya mukhya kAraNa choTI gaMDaka meM AyI bAr3ha hai jo prAcIna kAla meM isa bhagnAvazeSa ke nikaTa se avazya bahatI rahI hogI jaisA ki donoM mukhya bhagnAvazeSoM ke bIca 1. kaniMghama, e0, eMzyeNTa jyAgrafI Ava iNDiyA, pR0 363 / 2. pATila, DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara pR0 31-32 / 3. ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, mA0 e0 i0 nA0 ve0 prA0 naI dillI pra0 saM0 1957, pR0 244 //

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186 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza vidyamAna kaI nAloM se vidita hotA hai / inameM varSAkAla meM aba bhI pAnI bhara jAtA hai / isa samaya kuzInagara ke pazcima meM nikaTa hI eka nAlA dRSTigocara hotA hai / kuzInagara kA mukhya AkarSaNa mahAparinirvANa maMdira evaM stUpa hai / yaha dharAtala se 2.75 mI0 OMce vizAla cabUtare para hai, / mahAparinirvANa mandira nirmANa kalA kI dRSTi se sundara evaM anupama hai / isake andara lAla prastara kI pIThikA para buddha kI kalAtmaka 20 phuTa lambI pratimA zayana mudrA meM (uttara mastaka evaM paira dakSiNa, dAhine karavaTa leTI huI ) sthApita hai / isa pratimA se nirvANa kAlIna zAnti phUTa-phUTa kara nikalatI huI pratIta hotI hai / pratimA kI pIThikA kI lambAI 23 9", caur3AI 5 ' 6', va U~cAI 1' 1" hai / isako vizeSatA yaha hai ki pIThikA sahita vizAlamUrti ekahI lAla prastara se nirmita hai| pIThikA ke agrabhAga kI ora 3 laghu pratimAe~ utkIrNa haiM jinake viSaya meM bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ke alaga-alaga mata haiM / DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya' ke anusAra pIThikA meM Age kI ora buddha ke paTTa ziSya Ananda, buddha ke nirvANa ke ThIka pahale bauddhadharma kI pravrajyA lenevAle yati subhadra tathA tatkAlIna mallarAjA ( sabhApati ) vajrapANi kI mUrtiyA~ aMkita haiM / ina mUrtiyoM ke atirikta pA~ca mUrtiyA~ aura haiM jinako pahacAna karanA kaThina hai | pIThikA ke nIce DI0 Ara0 pATila ko mAnava ko tIna mUrtiyA~ dRSTigocara huI thIM, inake anusAra bAyeM ora kI bikhare keza vAlI nArI kI mUrti zokAkula mudrA meM jhukI huI hai jisake donoM hAtha bhUmi para Tike hue haiM, dAhine ora kI mUrti nara kI hai yA nArI kI spaSTa nahIM hai / vaha apanI dAhinI hathelI para sira Teka kara baiThI huI hai / bIca kI mUrti puruSa kI hai, jo ( Asana mudrA meM ) buddha ke vizAla mahAparinirvANa mUrti ke sAmane baiThI duI dRSTigocara hotI hai / zokAkula ina tInoM mUrtiyoM kI pahacAna kaThina hai lekina madhya meM sthita nara kI mUrti pratIta hotI hai / ise DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne subhadra kI isake ThIka nIce utkIrNa hai ki haribala kI mUrti mUrti mAnI hai / deyadhamo'yaM mahAvihAre svAmino haribalasya / pratimA ceyaM ghaTitA dine ( ) mAsu mAthureNa || 1. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 172 | 2. pATila, DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara, pR0 20 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 187 arthAt "mahAvihAra meM svAmI haribala kA yaha dharma dAna hai / mathurA nivAsI dina zilpakAra dvArA yaha mUrti nirmita thii|"1 nirvANa mandira kI pUrvI dIvAra se 13' kI dUrI para uso dharAtala para eka vizAla stUpa nirmita hai, jisameM buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt unake dhAtu avazeSoM kA AThavA~ bhAga, jo kuzInagara ke malloM ko prApta huA thA, surakSita hai / stUpa kA jIrNoddhAra samaya-samaya para barAbara hotA rahA hai, hvenasAMga ke vivaraNa ke anusAra "mUla stUpa kA nirmANa azoka ne karAyA thA, jo usakI yAtrA ke samaya jIrNa ho gayA thaa| usa samaya isakI U~cAI lagabhaga 61 moTara thii|"2 purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa kI riporTa se jJAta hotA hai ki 1910-11 meM ukta vizAla stUpa ke madhya bhAga meM utkhanana kiyA gayA jisameM nakkAzIdAra IMTeM aura rAjA jayagapta ke kAla ke tA~be ke sikke prApta hue| lagabhaga 4.27 mITara gaharAI taka utkhanana ke pazcAt IMToM kA golAkAra laghu kakSa prApta huA jisakI lambAI, caur3AI, U~cAI, 64 ghana mITara thii| isake andara "nidAnasutta" utkIrNita tAmrapatra ke Dhakkana se DhaMkA huA eka tAmra kalaza sthApita thA, jisake anta meM "parinirvANa caitya' aMkita thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI utkIrNa thA ki isake jIrNoddhAra kartA haribala rahe haiN| tAmrakalaza ke andara kumAra gupta kAla ( pA~cavIM sadI) kI rajata mudrAyeM evaM anya sAmagriyA~ rakkhI haI thiiN| 10.36 moTara kI gaharAI taka utkhanana ke pazcAt 2.82 mITara U~cA laghu vRttAkAra stUpa prApta huA; jisake pazcima meM okhA (AlA) banA huA thA evaM jisake andara dhyAnAvasthA-mudrA meM baiThI haI baddha kI mati rakhI haI thii| stUpa ke andara ( koyalA-rAkha yukta ) dhAtu avazeSa mile, jisake buddha ke dhAtu avazeSa hone kI sambhAvanA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| haribala dvArA sthApita tAmrakalaza evaM tAmra-Dhakkana se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki yaha sthAna vahI kuzInagara hai, jahA~ buddha ne mahAparinirvANa prApta kiyA thA evaM unake dhAtu avazeSa ke AThaveM bhAga para stUpa kA nirmANa huA hai / nirvANa mandira ke lagabhaga 400 gaja dakSiNa-pazcima meM sleTI raMga ke gayA prastara se nirmita bodhi vRkSa ke nIce buddha kI bhUmi sparzamudrA meM eka 1. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, pUrvokta, pR0 172 / 2. bIla, saimuela, buddhisTa rikArDa Ava vesTarna varDa, landana 1906, pR0 31 , / 3. enuala riporTa ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, pR0 63 /

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188 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 'vizAla kalA kRti dRSTigocara hotI hai / ise mAthA ku~vara kI mUrti sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha sampUrNa kalAkRti 10-1/2 phITa U~cI tathA 3-3/4 phITa caur3I hai| isameM baddha kI pratimA 5 phITa 4-1/3 iMca U~cI hai / unake kandhe kI caur3AI 3 phITa 8-1/2 iMca tathA ghuTane ke boca kI dUrI 4 phITa 5 iMca hai / isa mUrti ke nIce kucha utkIrNa hai, jo apaThanIya hai| DI0 Ara0 pATila ke anusAra "isakA nirmANa kalcarI sthAnIya zAsaka bhImaTa dvitIya dvArA lagabhaga 10vIM-11vIM zatAbdI meM huA thaa|' vAstava meM yaha mUrti kalA kA anupama udAharaNa hai| yadi isakI tulanA paDaraunA se prApta sleTI prastara kI kalAtmaka jaina pratimA se kiyA jAya, to kaI navIna tathya ujAgara hoNge| vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra donoM pratimAoM kA nirmANa kAla lagabhaga dasavIM zatAbdI pratIta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM bhAvI anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para hI kucha nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai / nirvANa mandira ke pazcima meM vizAla bauddha vihAra ke bhagnAvazeSa tathA uttara-pUrva evaM dakSiNa meM aneka stUpa tathA khaNDahara dikhalAyo dete haiM jisakA samaya-samaya para nirmANa evaM jIrNoddhAra hotA rahA hai| kaI zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt san 1814 meM bukanana' hI ve prathama vidvAn hue jinhoMne kuzInagara ke viSaya meM carcA kI thii| 1854 meM eca0 eca0 vilsana ne kuzInagara ko buddha ko sambhAvita mahAparinirvANasthalI 'ghoSita kiyA thaa| san 1861-62 meM kaniMghama ne buddhakAlIna sAhitya evaM hvenasAMga ke yAtrA-vivaraNa ke AdhAra para kuzInagara ke ukta sthala ke sarvekSaNa hetu AMzika utkhanana karavA kara isa sthalI ko buddha kI mahAparinirvANasthalI ghoSita kiyA thaa| unake utkhanana ke 15 varSa bAda 1876-77, 1877-78 meM kArlAila' ne isakA utkhanana karavAyA jisase 1. pATila, DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara, pR0 30 / 2. bukanana, hisTrI, eNTIkviToja, TopogrAphI, sTeTisTiksa Ava isTarna iNDiyA, pR0 357-358 / 3. jarnala Ava rAyala esiyATika sosAyaTI Ava greTa briTena eNDa AyaralaiNDa, pR0 246 / 4. kaniMghama, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, vA0 I, pR0 76 / 5. kArlAila, e0 sI0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iDiyA riporTa Ava TUrsa Ava gorakhapura, sAraNa gAjIpura, pR0 62 /

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 189. mukhya stUpa evaM buddha parinirvANa mUrti prakAza meM AyI aura kuzInagara buddha kI mahAparinirvANa sthalI pramANita ho gyii| tatpazcAt bhArata sarakAra ke purAtattva vibhAga ne yojanAbaddha DhaMga se utkhanana karavAne kA vicAra kiyA jisake pariNAmasvarUpa 1904-1907 meM je0 pI0 eca0 vogala' tathA 1910-1912 meM hIrAnanda zAstrI ke nirdezana meM isa sthalI kA utkhanana huA jisameM aneka bauddha vihAra, stUpa evaM bhagnAvazeSa, maNa-mudrA, tAmra-patra Adi prApta hue the| yahA~ prApta aneka mudrAoM para zrI mahAparinirvANa vihAre bhikSusaMghasya "kusanagara' tathA tAmra-patra para "parinirvANa caitya tAmrapaTa' aMkita thaa| uparyukta vivecana se pUrNataH spaSTa evaM nizcita ho gayA ki yahI buddha kI mahAparinirvANasthalI kuzInagara hai| hvenasAMga ke kuzInagara sambaddha-vivaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki usane mahAparinirvANa mandira, stupa va bauddha vihAra ke nikaTa eka AkarSaka U~cA prastara-stambha dekhA thA kintu usase mahAparinirvANa tathA stambha-sthApanAtithi kI sUcanA nahIM prApta hotI thii| isIkAraNa isakA koI aitihAsika mahattva nahIM raha gyaa| usake vivaraNa se kuzInagara se dvitIya azoka stambha kI bhI sUcanA prApta hotI thI jise dvenasAMga ne buddha ke dhAtu-avazeSa ke vitaraNa-sthala para dekhA thA jisa para isa ghaTanA kA vivaraNa aMkita thaa| rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ne isakI puSTi kI hai| kArlAila' ne utkhanana ke samaya hvenasAMga-vivaraNa ke AdhAra para prastara-- stambha DhaMr3hane kA prayAsa kiyA parantu ve saphala nahIM ho paaye| unakI dhAraNA thI ki prastara-stambha stUpa ke dakSiNa dizA meM bhUmi ke andara dabA honA caahiye| ina azoka stambhoM ke viSaya meM bukanana, kaniMghama 1. vogala, je0 pI0 eca0, noTa Ana da aiksavezana aiTa kasiyA-enuala riporTa ___ A0 sa0 i0 1904-5, 1905-6, 1906-7, gavarnameNTa priMTiMgaprasa kalakattA 1908, 1909, pR0 kramazaH 43, 61 va 43 / 2. zAstrI hIrAnanda, vahI 1910-11, 1911-12, pR0 kramazaH 62 va 134 / / 3. bIla, saimuela, buddhisTa rikArDa Ava vesTarna varDa, pR0 31 / 4. mukharjI, rAdhAmukuda-'azoka' motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI 1962, pR0 85 5. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela0, A0 sa0 iM0 ri0 TUrsa Ava gorakhapura, sAraNa gAjIpura, pR0 28-29

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190 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza evaM bharata siMha upAdhyAya se koI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| kuzInagara meM azoka stambha kI anupalabdhi Azcaryajanaka aura vismayakAraka hai| kuzInagara ke itihAsa ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki yahA~ se prApta eka prastarAlekha aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| pI0 vI0 kANe ke anusAra kuzInagara se prApta kalacUri prastarAbhilekha ( epi0 iNDi0 jilda-8, pR0-128 ) meM gadya meM pahale rudra aura usake uparAnta buddha kA AhvAna huA hai / prathama do zloka zaka: ko stuti meM haiM, tIsarA tArA ( bauddha devI ) kI stuti meM tathA cauthA evaM pAcavA~ zloka buddha (munIMdra) kI prazaMsA meM kahA gayA hai| isake viSaya meM DA0 aravinda kumAra siMha kA mata hai ki kucha paMktiyA~ vaMdanA svarUpa haiM jisameM ziva ko mukhya sthAna prApta hai| ukta abhilekha kalacuri zAsakoM ke zaiva-matAvalambI hone ko puSTi karatA hai / bauddha dharma ke prati bhI unakA dRSTikoNa udAra thaa| tArA, buddha Adi anake bauddha devI-devatAoM kA varNana abhilekha meM huA hai / kuzInagara prastarAbhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kisa prakAra bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya para hindU dharma kI chApa par3I huI hai jaisA ki mukhya pratimA ke cAroM ora kinAre ke bhAgoM meM itara devI-devatAoM (zaMkara, viSNu Adi ) kI pratimAe~ evaM prazastiyA~ aMkita hone se spaSTa hai| isI viSaya kI puSTi karate hae DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya kA kathana hai ki kAle prastara para "OM namo buddhAya / namo buddhAya bhikSun" utkINita hai / yahA~ buddha ke sAtha 'OM' kA prayoga bhI mahAyAna para hindutva prabhAva ko sUcita karatA hai / mahAyAna ne bauddha dharma meM buddha ko Izvaratva ke pada para adhiSThita kiyaa| isake sAtha hI bodhisatva, avalokitezvara tathA aneka devI-devatAoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai|" kuzInagara abhilekha ke kAla ke viSaya meM lipi-zAstra ke AdhAra para dayArAma sAhanI, eca0 sI0 re0 ityAdi vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA vivecana karate 1. kANe, pI0 vI0;-dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 4, hindI saMsthAna, u0 pra0, dvi0 saM0 1984 lakhanaU, pR0 497-98, 2. siMha, a0 ku0- sarayUpAra, kasiyA evaM kahalA abhilekhoM ke prakAza meM, yuga yugIna sarayUpAra, pR0 5-10 3. DA0 pANDeya, rAjabalI, gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa, pR0 164,

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 191 hue DA0 aravinda kumAra siMha ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki rAjanaitika daSTi se 8vIM zatAbdI meM kalcuriyoM ne apanI alaga pahacAna kAyama kara lI thii| parantu unake parAbhava ke uparAnta yaha sattA 11vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM punaH kannauja ke adhIna ho gyii| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki ukta abhilekha-10-11vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kA honA caahie| mAthA ka~vara ( kuzInagara ) abhilekha ke khaNDita avasthA meM hone ke kAraNa usake nirmANa ke sambandha meM nizcita sUcanA prApta nahIM ho pAtI hai| phira bhI buddha kI eka vizAlakAya pratimA ke pAsa isa prastara abhilekha ke utkIrNa hone ke AdhAra para yaha anumAnita hai ki kalcuri zAsaka dvArA vahA~ para kucha nirmANa kArya ( sambhavataH pUjAsthala aura saMghArAma ) karavAyA gayA thaa| ___ kuzInagara ke uparokta prastara-stambha evaM prastarAbhilekha mahattvapUrNa haiM tathA itihAsa kI kar3iyoM ko saMyojita karane meM sahAyaka haiN| kuzInagara se prApta purAtAttvika kalA kRtiyA~ evaM sAmagriyA~ ise mahAparinirvANa sthalI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karatI haiN| kintu isake viSaya meM DI0 Ara0 pATila2 kA kathana hai ki vAstava meM yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki yahA~ se prApta purAtAtvika sAmagriyoM meM kahIM bhI kuzInagara kA sIdhA ullekha nahIM hai| niHsaMdeha buddha ke mahAnirvANa ke pazcAt kuzonagara kI mahattA meM vRddhi huI tho| divyAvadAna se jJAta hotA hai ki kuzInagara yAtrA ke samaya buddha kI isa parinirvANa sthalI ko dekhakara samrATa azoka bhAvAveza ke kAraNa mUchita ho gaye the / kuzInArA ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai-"idha tathAgato anupadisesApaM, nivvANa dhAtu yA parinibbatoti / "3 kuzInArA ko eka darzanIya aura vairAgyaprada ( saMbejanIya ) sthAna batAyA gayA hai| ___ azoka stambhoM ke vivecana se vaizAlI-zrAvastI tathA kapilavastulumbinI buddhakAlIna mahattvapUrNa mArga ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| isa prasiddha mArga para kolhuA, kesariyA, lauriyA arerAja, lauriyA nandanagar3ha, pAvA ( par3araunA ) kuzInagara, dhAnI-sahanakoTa ( pippalivana ) gorakhapura ( rAma1. DA0 siMha, a0 ku0, pUrvokta pR0 5-10 2. pATila-DI0 Ara0, kuzInagara, pR0 15 / 3. divyAvadAna, pR0 394

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192 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza grAma ) bA~sI ityAdi pramukha sthala sthita haiN| mahAvIra, buddha tathA unake ziSyoM, samrAToM, rAjanItijJoM, vyApAriyoM ityAdi ke AvAgamana kA yahI mArga thA / yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki samrATa azoka ne rAjyAbhiSeka ke 21 varSa pazcAt dhArmika sthaliyoM ke darzanArtha isI mArga se yAtrA kI thii| azoka stambhoM se azoka ke rAjya-vistAra kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / udAharaNa-svarUpa lumbino ke azoka stambha se jJAta hotA. hai ki unakI rAjya somA nepAla ke bhItara taka phailI huI thii| azoka stambhoM ke viSaya meM jAna iravina' kA mata mahattvapUrNa hai| unake anusAra samasta prastara stambhoM kI sthApanA samrATa azoka dvArA nahIM karavAyI gaI thI apitu kucha stambha unake pUrva nirmita the| udAharaNArtha-ramapuravA ke do stambhoM meM eka ke zIrSa bhAga para sA~r3a nirmita hai, jo azoka kAla ke pUrva kA hai| dUsare ke zIrSa bhAga para siMha nirmita hai jo azoka dvArA sthApita karavAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra zrAvastI meM eka prastara stambha para sA~r3a aura dUsare para siMha nirmita hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki azoka ke zAsana kAla ke pUrva bhI ukta prastarastambha mArga nirdezana karate rahe hoNge| azoka stambhoM ke zIrSa bhAga para nirmita siMhoM kI sthiti se spaSTa hai ki mArga iMgita karane meM ye sahAyaka rahe haiM, udAharaNa svarUpa kolhuA evaM lauriyA nandanagar3ha ke azoka stambha para nirmita siMha uttarAbhimukha hai| azoka stambha mauryakAlIna vastukalA evaM zilpakalA ke jvalaMta pramANa haiM / samrATa azoka dvArA aMkita dharmopadeza, rAjAjJAyeM evaM aitihAsika tathya Aja bhI utane hI mahattvapUrNa haiM jitane usa kAla meM / nizcita hI azoka-stambha mArga-nirdezana kA kArya karate haiM aura Adhunika yuga meM bhI sahI arthoM meM mIla ke patthara haiM aura bhaviSya meM bhI inakA utanA hI mahattva rahegA tathA ye Ane vAlI pIr3hiyoM ko niraMtara preraNA dete rheNge| _ ramapuravA parasA grAma bihAra rAjya ke pazcimI campAraNa jilAntargata betiyA se 32.5 mola uttara, lauriyAnandanagar3ha TIle se 29.5 mIla uttarapUrva, somezvara pahAr3I kI tarAI se cAra mIla dakSiNa, gaMDaka se 36 mIla pUrva, 27deg 15' 45' uttarI akSAMza tathA 84deg 34 pUrvI dezAntara para sthita hai / ramapuravA-parasAmeM do azoka stambha nirmita haiN| purAtAttvika 1. azokana pilarsa, viliMgTana maigajIna, pR0 710-718 2. vahI, pR0 715

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 193 dRSTi se ramapuravA ke donoM azoka stambha mArga nirdezana meM mahattvapUrNa kArya karate haiM / ina stambhoM ke anusaMdhAna kA zreya kArlAila' ko hai / isI ke AdhAra para unhoMne ( nepAla ) ke prAcIna mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jisakA aneka vidvAnoM ne anumodana kiyA hai / yaha jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai ki isa prAcIna mArga se nepAla kI tarAI meM sthita ramapuravA se isake uttara-pazcima meM sthita mahAtmA buddha ke janma sthAna lumbinI kA koI sambandha rahA hai yA nahIM / azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para ramapuravA - lumbinI mArga kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai, jisake antargata nigalovA nAmaka grAma sthita hai, jahA~ para azoka stambha dRSTigocara hotA hai / yaha grAma nepAla meM tilaurAkoTa se 4 mIla uttara-pUraba, piparahavA se 78 mIla uttarapazcima, lumbinI se 13 mIla uttara-pazcima kI dizA meM sthita hai| yaha sampUrNa rUpa se surakSita nahIM hai isakA UparI bhAga 14 9-1/2" U~cA hai | ( madhyakAlIna rekhAcitra aMkita hai ) isakA nicalA bhAga 10' U~cA hai / kArlAila ne apanI riporTa ke anta meM pleTa nambara 6 meM ukta mArga kA mAnacitra prastuta kiyA hai jisase yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha prAcIna mArga nepAla kI rAjadhAnI kAThamANDU se jur3A huA thA / vaizAlI se kapilavastu, lumbinI kA buddhakAlIna mArga pAvA, kuzInagara, pippalivana, rAmagrAma ityAdi nagaroM se hokara jAtA thA jisakA bauddha sAhitya meM vistRta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / kArlAila ra vaizAlI - kAThamANDU ( nepAla ) mArga kA azoka stambha evaM stUpa ke AdhAra para varNana karate haiM kintu lauriyA - nandanagar3ha se par3araunA ( pAvA ) kI dizA va dUrI ko pUrI taraha vismRta kara dete haiM / vaizAlI - kuzInagara mArga, par3araunA hokara jAtA hai aura isa para azoka stambhoM kI zrRMkhalA dRSTigocara hotI hai parantu ve isa vaizAlI - kuzInagara mArga ko anadekhA kara dete haiM / kArlAila vaizAlI - kuzInagara ke, saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara hokara jAne vAle, jisa mArga ko pratipAdita karate haiM, usa para eka bhI azoka stambha nirmita nahIM hai / vAstava meM yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki kArlAila vaizAlI - kuzInagara mArga-nirdhAraNa meM azoka stambha kI upasthiti kI 1. kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, TUrsa Ana gorakhapura, sAraNa, gAjIpura, khaNDa XXII pleTa naM0 6 2. vahI, pR0 54-58 13

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194 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza ora dhyAna nahIM de pAye haiM jabaki mArga-nirdhAraNa meM azoka stambhoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| prAcIna rAjakIya kAThamANDU ( nepAla )-pATaliputra mArga para sthita azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para smitha' kA vaizAlI-anusaMdhAna, buddhakAlIna itihAsa meM unakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| unakI dhAraNA hai ki bauddha AkhyAnoM ke AdhAra para vaizAlI kI sthiti gaMDaka ke uttara dizA meM, pATaliputra ke uttara kI ora, pATaliputra-kuzInagara mArga para honI cAhiye / mahAnirvANa pUrva gautama buddha kI pATaliputra se kuzInagara kI yAtrA ke sandarbha ke AdhAra para unhoMne likhA hai ki usa samaya yAtriyoM kI manovRtti adhikatara nadiyoM ke ghATapara apanA par3Ava DAlane kI thii| yahI prayAsa rahatA thA ki ve suvidhAnusAra itanI dUra kI yAtrA kara sakeM jisase unakA agalA par3Ava nadI ke ghATa para hI ho| smitha dvArA pATaliputra-kuzInagara mArga ke sandarbha meM yAtriyoM kI manovRtti ke varNana se spaSTa saMketa milatA hai ki unakA Azaya buddha ke mahAparinirvANa pUrva ko pATaliputra-kuzInagara yAtrA varNana meM gaMgA aura gaMDakI nadI kA mahattva prakaTa karanA thA, jisase buddha pATaliputra, lauriyA-nandanagar3ha mArga se Akara mahI ( gaMDaka ) pAra karate hue pAvA se kuzInagara gaye the, jaisA ki mahAparinirvANa sUtra se bhI spaSTa hai| kaniMghama ne isa mArga kI aitihAsikatA evaM vAstavikatA svIkAra kara par3araunA ko pAvA mAnA hai| unake vicAra se bhI buddha gaMDaka ( mahI nadI ) pAra kara pAvA pahu~ce the| vaizAlI-kuzInagara mArga ke viSaya meM upAdhyAya kA abhimata hai ki kArlAila, DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya tathA tripiTakAcArya bhikSu dharmarakSita ne saThiyA~va phAjilanagara ko pAvA kI mAnyatA dekara dizA ke AdhAra para jisa mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, vaha ucita hai| zrI upAdhyAya ne paDaraunA ko pAvA svIkAra kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki ukta vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA rahI hai ki donoM sthAnoM ke bIca sIdhI rekhA meM hI buddha calA karate the| Age jAkara pIche nahIM mur3a sakate the, cakkaradAra mArga nahIM le sakate the / parantu ve to eka mukta puruSa kI bhA~ti vicaraNa karate the, ve brahma1. kuzInagara Ara kuzInagara eNDa adara buddhisTa holIplesa-jarnala, rAyala esiyATika sosAyaTI Ava greTa briTena eNDa AyaralaiNDa, pR0 139-163 2. buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 322-23

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pAvA mArga anusaMdhAna : 195 vihAra karate the, yAtrA nhiiN| isalie yadi anya pramANoM ke AdhAra para kisI sthAna kI sthiti nizcita hotI dikhAI par3e to kevala dizA kA dhyAna rakhakara hameM use niSiddha nahIM kara denA caahiye| ataH par3araunA ( pAvA ) se ve kasayA ( kuzInagara ) A sakate the aura isa AdhAra para hameM isa sthAna kI pahacAna ke sambandha meM Apatti nahIM honI caahie| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki azoka stabhoM ke AdhAra para mArga ke nirdhAraNa ke prazna para upAdhyAya samyaka vicAra nahIM kara pAye the| nahIM to unheM tarka dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM huI hotii| yuga-puruSa buddha bhI eka mAnava kI bhA~ti mArgoM dvArA vicaraNa kiyA karate the, isameM raMca mAtra bhI sandeha nahIM hai| ____bauddha sAhitya evaM azoka stambhoM ke adhyayana se yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai ki buddha kAla meM vaizAlo-zrAvastI rAjamArga, pramukha mArgoM meM se eka thaa| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki vaizAlI se phAjilanagara saThiyAMva hokara kuzInagara kA koI pramukha prAcIna mArga nahIM rahA hai| azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki bhagavAn buddha mahAparinirvANa pUrva kI yAtrA meM vaizAlI se kolhuA, kesariyA, lauriyA arerAja, lauriyA nandanagar3ha, ratavala ghATa se gaMDaka pAra kara pAvA ( par3araunA ) hote hue , kzInagara pahuMce the| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prAcIna mArga para sthita pAvA eka prasiddha nagara rahA hai / ___ nagaroM evaM mArgoM ke itihAsa kA eka dUsare se aTUTa sambandha hai| buddha kAla meM hI nahIM apipu rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kAla meM bhI, zrAvastI-vaizAlI mahattvapUrNa mArga rahA hai jisake andara par3araunA kSetra rahA hai| yaha buddhakAla meM spaSTatayA pAvA ke rUpa meM ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai, jahA~ tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA tathA jahA~ mahAtmA buddha ne mahAnirvANa pUrva antima bhojana grahaNa kiyA thA, vahI pAvA Adhunika kAla meM par3araunA ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai /

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upasaMhAra sabhI dharmoM meM 'tIrtha' kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| jahA~ kinhIM dharmoM meM kucha sthaloM ko svataH hI pavitra mAna liyA jAtA hai aura una tIrthoM kI yAtrAoM evaM vahA~ snAnAdi ko eka dhArmika kRtya ke rUpa meM sampanna kiyA jAtA hai jaise gNgaa| dUsare kucha dharma aise haiM jo kisI sthala vizeSa ko svataH pavitra to nahIM mAnate kintu apane dharma pravartakoM evaM dharma AcAryoM ke janma, sAdhanA, deha-vilaya Adi se sambandhita viziSTa sthaloM ko pUjanIya evaM pavitra mAnate haiM evaM unakI yAtrA karanA eka dhArmika kRtya samajhA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM meM hindU dharma kI bhA~ti kinhIM vizeSa sthaloM ko svataH pavitra mAnakara tIrtha ke rUpa meM svIkAra to nahIM kiyA gayA kintu ina dharmoM meM buddha aura mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa sthaloM ko tIrtha ke rUpa se avazya hI mAnya kara liyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA tIrthakaroM ke garbha, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya aura nirvANa bhUmiyoM ko pavitra mAnA gayA aura inheM kalyANaka bhUmi ke rUpa meM tIrtha kI saMjJA pradAna kI gyii| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM kI ina kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ke prati vahI AsthA aura zraddhA dekhI jAtI haiM jo anya dharmoM meM apane-apane tIrthasthaloM ke prati dekhI jAtI hai| jainadharma ke tIrthaMkaroM meM pArzva aura mahAvIra aitihAsika vyaktiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiye gaye haiM aura jaina paramparA se antima do tIrthaMkaroM ke rUpa meM nikaTastha rUpa se jur3e hone ke kAraNa unake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM se sambandhita sthala bhI jaina paramparA meM parama pavitra tIrtha mAne gye| jainadharma ke anuyAyI prAcIna kAla se hI inheM tIrthabhUmi mAnakara inakI yAtrA bhI karate rhe| yadyapi buddha aura mahAvIra donoM hI samasAmayika rahe haiN| kintu jahA~ buddha ke jIvana se sambandhita pavitra sthala Aja bhI sujJAta aura sunizcita hai vahA~ mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita una pavitra sthaloM kI samyaka pahacAna kara pAnA Aja kaThina kArya ho gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke jIvana se sambandhita nimna 4 sthala bauddha dharma meM parama pavitra mAne jAte haiM yathA 1. lumbinI-buddha kI jnmsthlii| 2. bodhagayA-buddha ko buddhatva-prApti kA sthala /

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upasaMhAra : 197 3. sAranAtha-buddha dharma-cakra pravartana / 4. kuzInagara-buddha kA parinirvANa sthala / jisa prakAra bauddha paramparA meM buddha se sambandhita upayukta sthala tIrthasthaloM ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI kSatriyakuNDa ko mahAvIra ke janma evaM dIkSAsthala ke rUpa meM, RjubAlikA nadI ke taTa ko mahAvIra ke kaivalya prApti ke sthAna ke rUpa meM, rAjagRha athavA pAvA, mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha sthApanA ke rUpa meM evaM pAvA ko nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA jahA~ pAvA ko tIrthapravartana sthala ke rUpa meM mAnya karatI hai vahA~ digambara paramparA rAz2agRha ko tIrthapravartana sthala mAnatI hai| isa eka mata vaibhinnya ko chor3akara sAhityika dRSTi se ye saba sthala sunizcita haiM kintu inakI bhaugolika avasthita ke bAre meM rAjagRha ko chor3akara anya kisI ke bhI viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai ki jahA~ buddha se sambandhita pavitra sthaloM kI pahacAna sunizcita banI rahI vahA~ mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita pavitra sthala kyoM vismRti ke garbha meM cale gaye / hamArI dRSTi meM isake aneka kAraNa the| sarvaprathama to isakA kAraNa yaha rahA ki bauddha dharma meM buddha ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt unakI pavitra asthiyoM para, unake jIvana se sambandhita viziSTa sthaloM para unake stupoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| isa nirmANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa ke pazcAt hI punaH unakA jIrNoddhAra karavAkara azoka ke dvArA vahA~ stambha sthApita kiye gye| sAtha hI bauddha bhikSuoM ne ina sthaloM ko kendra banAkara vahA~ para bhikSuoM ke AvAsa, dhyAna, adhyayana Adi ke lie vihAroM kA nirmANa krvaayaa| jaba ki mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt unakI asthiyoM Adi para isa prakAra kA koI bhI nirmANa kArya nahIM ho paayaa| yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki Akhira mahAvIra ke asthisthaloM para isa prakAra ke nirmANa kArya kyoM nahIM huye? ___ vastutaH isakA kAraNa jainamuni kI AcAra-saMhitA thI jaba ki svayaM buddha aura bauddha bhikSu, buddha ke jIvanakAla se hI bhikSu-AvAsoM Adi ke nirmANa meM ruci lene lage the| buddha ke jIvana kAla meM aise aneka vihAroM kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| ataH buddha ke nirvANa para isaprakAra ke nirmANoM ko karavAnA aura unakA preraka banakA bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie svAbhAvika hI thaa| jaina grantha AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA

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198 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza hai ki mahAvIra ne apane zramaNoM ko kisI bhI nirmANa ke liye cAhe bhikSu AvAsa kA prazna kyoM na ho, varjita karAyA thA / jaina bhikSu apane lie nirmita AvAsa meM Thahara bhI nahIM sakatA thA / bhikSu ke dvArA kisI bhI nirmANa kArya Adi me bhAga lenA to dUra usakI preraNA taka bhI prAyazcitta yogya aparAdha mAna liyA gayA thA / ata: jaina bhikSuoM kI preraNA ke abhAva meM mahAvIra ke jIvana se sambandhita sthaloM para yA unake asthi - avazeSoM para koI bhI nirmANa kArya nahIM ho sake / aise smRti cihnoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhaviSya meM ina sthaloM kI pahacAna karanA kaThina ho gayA / dUsare ina tIrthasthAnoM kI yAtrAoM kA krama muslima AkramaNa ke kAla meM satat rUpa se banA nahIM rahA jisase ina sthaloM kI samyak pahacAna banI rahatI ataH ye sthala vismRti ke garbha meM cale gaye / ina sthaloM kI vismRti kA tIsarA kAraNa yaha bhI rahA ki jainadharma apane utpattisthala bihAra meM kramazaH vilupta hotA gayA aura bhArata ke sudUra pazcima aura dakSiNa bhAga meM kendrita hotA gayA aura una sthaloM para navIna tIrthasthaloM kI sthApanA ho gayI aura kAlAntara meM vahA~ mandira Adi bhI nirmita hue / ataH mahAvIra kI kalyANaka bhUmiyoM ke rUpa meM ina sthaloM ke prati jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA bane rahate hue bhI unakA jIvanta samparka unase nahIM rahA / deza kI rAjanaitika asthiratA samApta hone para lagabhaga 15 vIM zatAbdI se jaba jainadharma ke tIrthayAtriyoM kA isa ora punaH Agamana hone lagA to ve una sthaloM ko yathArtha rUpa meM nahIM pahacAna sake / mAtra rAjagRha eka aisA sthAna thA jisakI unhoMne yathArtha rUpa meM pahacAna kara lI / phira usake Asa-pAsa hI unhoMne janma, dIkSA, kaivalya, saMghasthApana aura nirvANa ke sthaloM kI parikalpanA kara lI thI / pariNAmataH mahAvIra ke janma aura parinirvANa se sambandhita sthaloM ke sambandha meM aneka bhrAntiyA~ utpanna ho gayIM / jahA~ taka bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janmasthala kA prazna hai sAmAnyatayA Aja bhI use digambara paramparA meM nAlandA ke samIpa sthita kuNDagrAma meM mAnA jAtA hai jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA use muMgera jilA ( bihAra ) ke lachuAr3a ko unakA janmasthAna mAnatI hai / abhI kucha varSoM pUrva pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika AdhAroM para vaizAlI ke nikaTa sthita vAsukuNDa grAma ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna siddha kiyA hai| mahAvIra ke sAtha jur3A huA vaizAlika vizeSaNa bhI unheM vaizAlI sambandhita karatA hai / ataH vidvadvavarga meM vaizAlI ke nikaTa

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upasaMhAra : 199 sthita vAsukuNDa grAma ko mahAvIra ke janma sthAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta karane kI pravRtti kA vikAsa huA hai / yadyapi paramparAgata rUpa se jainadharmAnuyAyo Aja bhI nAlandA ke samIpa sthita kuNDagrAma athavA muMgera jile meM sthita lachuAr3a ko hI mahAvIra kA janmasthAna mAna rahe haiM / lachuAr3a ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna siddha karane ke lie pramANa bhI juTAye jA rahe haiM para ve abhI vivAdAspada hI haiM / yahI samasyA mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ko lekara bhI hai / yadyapi zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAyeM rAjagRha ke nikaTa usase lagabhaga 10 mIla dUra sthita pAvA ko unakA nirvANasthala mAna rahI haiM kintu purAtattvavettAoM aura vidvAnoM ko, isa sthala ko mahAvIra kA nirvANasthala mAnane meM kaI kaThinAiyA~ pratIta hotI haiN| vartamAna pAvA rAjagRha ke itanA nikaTa hai ki vahA~ hastipAla rAjA ke kisI svatantra rAjya kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai / phira mahAvIra kA nirvANasthala pAvA prAcIna jainAgamoM meM mallarASTra kA aMga mAnA gayA hai / usake samIpa malloM aura licchaviyoM ke 18 gaNarAjya sthita the jabaki vartamAna pAvA ke sandarbha meM aise koI bhI saMketa upalabdha nahIM hote / isase lagatA hai ki mallarASTra meM sthita mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI pAvA kAlakrama meM lupta ho gaI aura jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko usa sthala kI spaSTa pahacAna nahIM raha sakI / kAlAntara meM navIna pAvA kI kalpanA kara vahA~ nirmANa kArya kara diye gaye / ataH mahAvIra ke nirvANasthala pAvA ko lekara bhrAnti utpanna ho gayI / prastuta grantha meM hamane usI bhrAnti ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ko nirvANasthalI kA yathArtha astitva kahA~ rahA hai / isa sambandha meM jo bhI aitihAsika, purAtAttvika evaM sAhityika sAkSya upalabdha ho sake haiM unako saMkalita kara yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki vAstavika pAvA vartamAna paDaraunA hI hai / prAcIna jainAgama sAhitya meM AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM aura kalpasUtra meM hI mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla aura nirvANasthala ke sabandha meM hameM sUcanAyeM milatI haiM / kalpasUtra ke anusAra janapadoM meM vihAra karate hue mahAvIra ne apanA antima cAturmAsa majjhimA pAvA ke rAjA hastipAla kI purAnI rajjukazAlA meM bitAyA thaa| vahIM cAturmAsa ke sAtaveM pakSa ke anta meM kArtika kRSNapakSa kI amAvasyA ko mahAvIra nirvANa ko prApta hue the / usa samaya kAzI, kozala deza ke nau malla aura nau licchavI

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200 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza rAjAoM kI nirvANa ke samaya upasthiti aura ajAtazatru kuNika kI anupasthiti yaha siddha karatI hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa magadha sthita pAvA meM na hokara malla rASTra ke antargata sthita pAvA meM hI huA hogA / kyoMki rAjagRha ke samIpa sthita pAvA meM yaha ghaTanA huI hotI to yaha sambhava nahIM thA ki mahAvIra kA paramabhakta ajAtazatru kuNika vahA~ upasthita nahIM hotA / punaH magadha ke vizAla sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ke upAnta para sthita vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA para kisI svatantra hastipAla nAmaka rAjA kA Adhipatya honA aura use apanI rAjadhAnI banAnA sambhava pratIta nahIM hotA hai / vartamAna rAjagRha ke atinikaTa sthita pAvA usa samaya magadha ke samrATa ke adhikAra ke atirikta kisI anya rAjA ke adhikAra meM rahI ho aisA mAnanA sambhava nahIM lagatA / punaH yadi rAjagRha kI nikaTavartI, vartamAna meM nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM mAnya pAvApurI hI mahAvIra ko nirvANasthalI hotI ho cAhe svayaM ajAtazatru campA meM hone ke kAraNa upasthita nahIM huA hotA to kama se kama usakA pratinidhi to rAjagRha se avazya hI AtA / jJAtavya hai ki zreNika ke ke pazcAt ajAtazatru kuNika ne apanI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se campA sthAnAntarita kara diyA thA / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala pAvA rAjagRha ke nikaTa na hokara anyatra sthita pAvA hogI / mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM jisa pAvA kI prasiddhi hai use kalpasUtra meM majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai isase eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki usa yuga meM pAvA nAma se prasiddha kaI nagara rahe hoMge aura unheM alaga- alaga pahacAnane ke lie hI majjhimA pAvA ( madhyavatI pAvA ) jaise vizeSaNa prayoga kiye jAte hoMge / kucha vidvAn yaha mAnate haiM ki mahAvIra kA prabhAva kSetra aura vihAra kSetra mukhya rUpa se gaMgA ke evaM gaNDaka ke pazcima-dakSiNa meM sthita kSetra hI thA ataH unakA nirvANa isI kSetra meM huA hogA / kintu yadi hama unake cAturmAsoM kI sUcI para vicAra kareM to jahA~ unake 14 cAturmAsa rAjagRha ke upAnta nAlandA meM hue vahIM unake 25 cAturmAsa vaizAlI, vANijya grAma aura mithilA meM bhI hue haiM / ataH isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki ve gaMgA ke uttara-pUrva tathA gaMgA ke dakSiNa-pazcima donoM hI kSetroM meM samAna rUpa se vihAra karate the / yadi rAjagRha ke upAnta aura nAlandA

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upasaMhAra : 201 ke atinikaTa hI pAvA jaise rAja-nagara kI avasthiti thI to mahAvIra ne apane nirvANa ke cAturmAsa ke atirikta koI bhI cAturmAsa pAvA meM nahIM 'kiyA jabaki usake nikaTa nAlandA meM 14 cAturmAsa kiye / niSkarSa yaha hai ki rAjagRha ke upAnta meM kisI aisI pAvA kI avasthiti honA jo hastipAla jaise svatantra rAjA kI rAjadhAnI ho sambhava nahIM hai / vahA~ nirvANa ke samaya malla aura licchavI gaNarAjya ke 18 gaNarAjAoM kI upasthiti honA bhI sambhava nahIM pratIta hotA / punaH apanI pUrva rAjadhAnI ke nikaTa mahAvIra kA cAturmAsa ho. vahIM unakA parinirvANa ho aura kuNika jaisA unakA pramukha bhakta samrATa yA usakA koI pratinidhi upasthita na ho yaha bhI mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH vartamAna meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM mAnya pAvA vastutaH mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala nahIM mAnI jA sakato / pAvA ke sAtha prayukta majjhimA vizeSaNa yaha siddha karatA hai ki pAvA kI sthiti madhyadeza meM hogI / sambhavataH vaizAlI aura zrAvastI ke madhya meM sthita hone ke kAraNa hI pAvA ko majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai aura usake Asa-pAsa ke pradezoM ko madhyadeza kahA gayA ho / yaha sunizcita hai ki yadi isI AdhAra para pAvA kA nAmakaraNa mAjjhimA pAvA huA ho to vaha pAvA paDaraunA hI hai / jaina aura bauddha sAhitya se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha prAyaH vaizAlI se zrAvastI AvAgamana karate rahe haiM / vaizAlI se zrAvastI kA yaha mArga majjhimA pAvA hokara hI thA / punaH rAjagRha se zrAvastI ke mArga meM bhI yaha majjhimA pAvA arthAt paDaraunA AtA hai / dUrI kI dRSTi se bhI yaha rAjagRha aura zrAvastI athavA vaizAlI aura zrAvastI ke madhya sthita hai | mallarASTra se buddha aura mahAvIra donoM kA hI atyanta lagAva thA / isIlie isI mArga se ve apanI cArikAyeM karate the / buddha aura mahAvIra kI aneka yAtrAyeM isa mArga se huI haiM / sambhavataH rAjagRha se vaizAlI hokara zrAvastI jAne ke lie mahAvIra ne prasthAna kiyA ho kintu vRddhAvasthA meM lambe vihAra na hone ke kAraNa madhya meM sthita majjhimA pAvA meM apanA cAturmAsa nizcita kiyA ho / yaha sunizcita hai ki rAjagRha- vaizAlI zrAvastI mArga usa yuga meM AvAgamana kA pramukha rAjamArga thA / vaizAlI se zrAvastI ke madhya prApta azoka stambha isa mArga kI paha cAna karAne ke prabalatama sAkSya haiM ve tatkAlIna mArga ke mIla ke patthara

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202 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza ke samAna haiM / hamane isI ko AdhAra mAnakara pAvA kA anveSaNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura isa AdhAra para majjhimA pAvA paDaraunA hI siddha hotA hai / paravartIkAla meM rAjagRha ke nikaTa sthita pAvA ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAnane kI jo vicAradhArA pracalita huI usakA kAraNa yaha thA ki muslima AkramaNa ke phalasvarUpa pUrva bhArata se jainoM kA sambandha kaTa gayA thA aura pUrvI bhArata meM jaina sAdhuoM kA vihAra na hone ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre jainadharma vahA~ se vilupta ho gayA / java 14vIM - 15vI zatAbdI meM pazcima bhArata se punaH jaina vyApArI aura muni Aye to unheM rAjagRha hI eka aisA kSetra milA jise ve sunizcita kara sake ataH zeSa kSetroM kI kalpanA unhoMne usI ko kendra sthala mAnakara kara lI / prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM to ina kalyANaka kSetroM ke nAma mAtra hI the / unameM pahacAna ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM thA / ataH unhoMne kalpanA ke AdhAra para anya tIrthoM ke sAtha dakSiNI vihAra meM isa pAvApurI kI kalpanA kI aura yahA~ mandira Adi banavAye / yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jaina dharmAvalambI usa kAla kI aitihAsika paristhitiyoM se itane abhibhUta the ki unhoMne uttara bhArata kI bhaugolika sthiti kA sahI jJAna prApta karane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA aura na to unhoMne uttarI bihAra meM athavA pUrvI uttara pradeza meM gaNDaka nadI ke nikaTa pAvA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA / parantu bauddha sAhitya evaM anya prAmANika granthoM meM bhI nAlandA sthita pAvApurI ke ullekha kA abhAva hai aura na hI vartamAna pAvA se koI aisI M purAtAttvika sAmagrI hI milI jo usake pakSa meM ho / vizeSa bAta to yaha hai ki cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne apanI yAtrA ke vivaraNa meM isa pAvA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai jabaki ve pAvA paDaraunA avazya Aye the yaha kaniMghama dvArA likhita 'eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA' meM hva enasAMga ke gaMgA pradezIya yAtrA ke vivaraNa ke mAnacitra se spaSTa hai / bukanana evaM kaniMghama una mahAna anusaMdhAna karttAoM meM pramukha haiM jinhoMne isa kSetra kA hI nahIM apitu bhArata varSa ke adhikAMza bhAgoM kA bhramaNa kara asIma viveka, dhairya, sAhasa evaM sahanazIlatA ke sAtha nirIkSaNa, sarvekSaNa evaM utkhanana kA kArya kiyA hai / kaniMghama ne bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza prAcIna mahattvapUrNa sthaloM kA anusandhAna kiyaa| unhoMne hI sarvaprathama spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA ki paDaraunA hI vAstavika pAvA hai / bAda meM kArlAila ne phAjila nagarasaThiyAMva ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI / adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne

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upasaMhAra : 203 kaniMghama kA samarthana kiyA kucha ne kArlAila kA / bahuta se aise bhI vidvAna raheM haiM jo pAvA ke sambandha meM asamaMjasa kI sthiti meM kucha bhI nizcita na kara taTastha bhAva se donoM kA mata lekara Age bar3he / udAharaNasvarUpa phyara jahA~ eka sthAna para paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnate haiM (mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIja eNDa iMskripzansa ina da nArtha vesTa prAvinsez2a eNDa avadha, pR0 249) vahI dUsare sthAna prara saThiyA~va-phAjila nagara ko bhI pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dete haiM (vahI, pR0 239) / isI prakAra prAcIna itihAsa aura purAtatva ke vidvAn vI0 sI0 lAhA ne ( jyAgrafI Ava arlI baddhijma pR0 98 ) meM mallarASTra kA varNana karate samaya kasayA se 12 mIla kI dUrI para gaNDaka ke kinAre sthita paDaraunA ko hI pAvA mAnA hai lekina phuTanoTa meM phAjilanagara ko pAvA kahate haiM aura pustaka ke anta meM jo nakzA saMlagna hai usameM phAjilanagara-saThiyA~va ko pAvA mAnate haiM / saThiyAMva ko pAvA mAnane ke pIche prabala AdhAra saThiyAMva ko caityagrAma kA apabhraMza mAnanA rahA hai parantu saThiyA~va ke purAtAttvika utkhanana meM prApta 'zreSThigrAma agrahArasya' kI mudrA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zreSThigrAma kA apabhraMza saThiA~va hai, caityagrAma kA nhiiN| isa prakAra saThiyAMva kA pAvA se koI sambandha nahIM hai aura isako pAvA mAnane kA AdhAra sadA ke lie samApta ho jAtA hai / bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga ke sUtroM se jJAta haA hai ki vaizAlI ke nikaTa buddhakAlIna prAcIna mArga ke avazeSa hone kA saMketa milA hai aura vahA~ para sarvekSaNa kara utkhanana kA vicAra cala rahA hai / isa utkhanana ke phalasvarUpa vaizAlI-kuzInagara mArga ke sandarbha meM nizcaya hI aisI purAtAttvika sAmagriyA~ prApta hoMgI jinase isa viSaya para mahattvapUrNa prakAza pdd'egaa| merA bhI nizcita mata hai ki yadi paDaraunA ke prAcIna TIle ke utkhanana ke sAtha nyAya kiyA jAya to mahattvapUrNa tathya aayeNge| pAvA ke gaNDaka taTa para sthita hone ke kAraNa isakI sambhAvanA adhika hai ki pAvA sambandhI AdhArabhUta purAtAttvika pramANa udAharaNa svarUpa miTTI ke stUpa, prAcIna bhagnAvazeSa gaNDaka ke pravAha meM bahakara vilona ho gaye haiN| jisa prakAra rAmagrAma ke buddhastUpa para rAmagar3ha tAla evaM acirAvatI ( rAptI) nadI ke kAraNa vinaSTa ho gaye evaM vaizAlI ke buddha stUpa ko gaNDaka nadI ne jalaplAvita kara usako nIMva ko kSatigrasta

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204 : mahAvIra narvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza karate hue mUla AkAra ko prabhAvita kiyA thA jisakA kramazaH DaoN. rAjabalIpANDeya (pU0 pR0 70 ) evaM DI0 Ara0 pATila ne varNana kiyA hai| uparyukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para par3araunA hI pAvA siddha hotA hai| ( e0 ri0 vi0, pR0 31-32)

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pariziSTa pAvA sambhAvita kSetraphala pariziSTa saM0 1 pAvA ke sambhAvita kSetraphala ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki pAvA eka samRddhizAlI evaM vizAla nagara rahA hai, jisakA kSetraphala vistRta rahA hai| pAvA kI vizAlatA ke viSaya meM Thosa pramANa ke abhAva meM sirpha saMbhAvanA hI vyakta kI jA sakatI hai / kRSNAnanda' ne par3araunA ko 'pAvA' ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karate hue. isakI vizAlatA para vicAra kiyA hai| unakA mata hai ki par3araunA ke upanagara chAvanI ke nikaTa TIle ke samIpavartI kSetra meM pAvA sambandhita aneka purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha honA caahie| unake anusAra pAvA kA kSetra bahuta hI vistRta rahA hai, jisakI sImA ke antargata par3araunA se dakSiNapUraba meM jhAramaThiyA, saThiyAMva phAjilanagara, usmAnapura ityAdi nagara sammilita honA cAhie / pAvA kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM mahAbhArata se mahattvapUrNa sUcanA prApta hotI hai / mahAbhArata kAla meM do malla rAjya sthApita raheM haiM : 1 - malla ( mukhya malla ) 2 - dakSiNI malla | mahAbhArata meM varNita hai hai ki pANDavoM ko indraprastha kA rAjya prApta hone ke pazcAt mahArAja yudhiSThira ne apane cAroM bhAiyoM bhIma, arjuna, sahadeva, nakula ko cAroM dizAoM meM digvijaya ke lie bhejA / bhIma ne pUrva dizA ke rAjAoM para vijaya prApta kiyA thA, isI prasaMga meM malla aura dakSiNa malla ke rAjAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / malla, pAvA ke malla rAjya tathA dakSiNI 1. vArtA ke AdhAra para / 2. tato gopAlakakSaM ca sottarAnapi kosalAna / mallAnAmadhipaM caiva pArthivaM cAjayat prabhuH // 3 // tato dakSiNamallAMzca bhogavantaM ca parvatam / tarasaivAjayad bhImo nAtitIvra eNa karmaNA // 12 // -- lekhaka (sabhAparva - digvijaya parva mahAbhArata pRSTha saMkhyA 750 )

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206 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza malla, kuzInagara ke malla rAjya ko udbodhita karatA hai| yadi pAvA ke antargata jhAramaThiyA~, saThiyAMva-phAjilanagara, usmAnapura ityAdi nagaroM kA kSetra sammilita hotA to, pAvA kA kSetra uttara kI apekSA dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pUraba kI ora adhika vistRta dRSTigocara hotaa| yadi pAvA kI aisI bhaugolika sthiti rahI hotI to, mahAbhArata kAla meM kuzInagara ke malla rAjya ko dakSiNI malla ke sthAna para kisI dUsarI dizA se sambodhita kiyA gayA hotaa| ___ buddhakAla meM pAvA evaM kuzInagara kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM vistRta sUcanA prApta hotI hai| bauddha sAhitya meM kuzInagara se pAvA kI dizA aura dUrI spaSTa rUpa se dI gayI hai / jaisA pahale ullekha kiyA gayA hai, kuzInagara se pAvA 3 gavyUti ( 12 mIla) kI dUrI para gaNDaka kI ora sthita thA / yadi pAvA ke pariprekSya meM par3araunA ke sAtha-sAtha jhAramaThiyA, saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara, usmAnapura ityAdi nagaroM ke kSetraphala para vicAra kiyA jAe to jJAta hogA ki isakA kSetraphala lagabhaga 140 varga ki0 mI0 honA cAhie jaisAki bauddhakAlIna sambhAvita mArga ke mAnacitra se jJAta hotA hai| isa paristhiti meM pAvA kI tulanA meM kuzInagara AkAra evaM kSetraphala meM nagaNya dRSTigocara hogA, jisakI sambhAvanA bahuta kama lagatI hai| upayukta tathyoM ke AdhAra para kRSNAnanda ke vicAra tarka saMgata pratIta nahIM hote haiN| buddhakAlIna mallarASTra eka vizAla rASTra rahA hai, isakI sambhAvanA adhika hai ki jhAramaThiyA, zreSThigrAma (saThiyA~va) usmAnapura ityAdi mallarASTra meM prasiddha nagara rUpa meM sthApita raheM hoMge / vastutaH jaisA sambhAvita pAvA kSetra parisImA ke mAnacitra meM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, pAvA kA sambhAvita kSetraphala lagabhaga 32.55 varga ki0mI0 rahA hogaa|

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pariziSTa-2 : 207 pariziSTa saM0 2 Hitory, Antiquities, Topography, Statistics of Eastern India -- Buchanan p. 354. PARRAONA--This also is a very large division. A little land near the Gandaki is yearly inundated, but in general this is an elevated level territory, with however some high Darrow banks, that wind for a considerable way in various directions, and considerably add to the beauty of the prospect. A long narrow forest, containing many mimosas and other prickly trees, and rather stunted, winds obliquely through the middle of the division in its southern part, and towards the north runs along the frontier, but is not ornamental. The remainder of the country is clear, with very numerous plantations, among which the fields wind in beautiful lawns, especially near Parraona, where the proportion occupied by plantations is enormous. The custom of fallowing is adopted here also, and renders the appearance of the country more beautiful by keeping down rank vegetation. There are no large lakes; but the south side of the division is very easily watered, the springs being very near the surface. The owners of land have three houses of brick. That of the Parraona family, the only one that I saw, is a small castle at a corner of the town, and is very ruinous, though still inhabited. There are 75 mud walled houses of two stories, of which five are covered with tiles, and 70 are thatched. Of the huts have mud walls, and of these 10 are covered with tiles, and 200 have wooden doors and window shutters. The remainder are thatched, and, if they have any door, it is a mat to shut the only aperture in the hut, except the crevices in the soof; 1. differ from those last mentioned in having their walls

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208 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza made of hurdles, the place for cooking being plastered with clay on the inside. P. 355. Parraona, when I saw it, contained about 700 houses. A few had two stories, and a few were tiled, but by far the greater part consisted of miserable thatched huts. The Raja's castle occupied one corner, and the whole had been surrounded by a ditch and bamboo hedge. Last year it had suffered much from fire, on which occasion about 200 families retired to the Saran district; and on the day after I left it, another very destructive fire took place, which will probably occasion a similar desertion, although Saran is overstocked with people but those near Parraona are dissatisfied with the present management of their country. The town had considerable manufactures of sugar, nitre, and cloth, and advances were made from the Company's factory at Gazipoor for the two latter; but those for cloth have for two years been discontinued. Simra contains about 100 houses; no other place deserves the name of a town. The Moslems have no place of worship at all remarkable; a monument of brick dedicated to Shah Burhan, about four miles east from Parraona, attracts a few votaries every Thursday night. The chief religious assembly of the Hindus is at Bangsi-ghat on the great Gandaki, where 50,000 bathe on the full moon of the month Kartik. At Kaharaliya, south and east from Parraona about 3 coss, there was about 15 years ago an image of the great god placed under a tree, and called Kubernath. No one know how it came there, and it attracted little notice, until an Atithi covered it by a small temple of brick and propagated an account of its power. Five thousand votaries now attend at the Sivaratri, and from 500 to 700 in the mouth Vaisakh. At Pureni south and west about 6 coss from Parraona, there is a place (sthan) dedicated

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pariziSTa-2 : 209 to the worship of the goddess (Bhawani), where 4,000 people assemble on the Dasahara of spring. There are other 10 places dedicated to the worship of the goddess, and 50 Linggas, of which 19 have small temples of brick. Every old mauza has a place dedicated to the worship of some ghost of the sacred order, with a kindred priest annexed. Those of whom I heard are Harirama Misra, and Govinda Vama Misra. Very few devils of lower rank presume to intermeddle with village affairs. About half-a-mile south from Parraona at Chbauni, which during the Nawab Vazir's government was a military station, there is a very considerable heap of bricks now covered by soil and trees, and of a conical form. It extends about 224 feet from east to west, and 128 from north to south. It is said, to have been the temple where Rasu, p. 356-the Musahar, who was family priest of Madan Sen, was wont to pray, nor is there any reason to doubt the tradition. I presume that it has been a solid temple, because on the top there is no cavity except a trench, that by orders of Sakhautullah, a Tabasildar, was dug about 20 years ago in search of materials for building. When a good many bricks had been teken several images were found, although the workmen had not penetrated into any chamber. On the images having been found, the work was abandoned as impious. Some of the images were buried again, one remains near the trench, and some have been removed by the Hindus to a small terrace at a little distance from the ruin, where one of them has become an object of worship. The image remaining near the trench (plate 1. A.) represents a male with two arms. He has a male and female attendant, and on each side is supported by two Buddhas. The one which has become an object worship, and has been placed on the terrace by the name of Hathi Bhawani, is evidently a Buddha, with a triple umbrella over his head (plate 1. B.). When the Hindus

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210 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza erected this male image as a representation of a goodess, which might have excited the smile of a philosopher, the wrath of a Fukir, belonging to the military corps then at the place was kindled, so that he drew his sword and smote off the face. This image is supported behind by several fragments, and a small image of a Buddha seated in the usual posture. By its side has been erected an image ( plate 1. C. ) resembling those called Vasudev, Lakshmi Narayan, Gadadhar, &c. in Behar.8 I requested the Thanahdar to employ people to dig a well from the centre of the top, and to sink it from thence to the level of the adjacent plain. This could not be done while I remained on the spot; and, after digging about 5 cubits, the workmen came to a small pavement of stone, on which they found some bones, where upon they desisted. These bones probably belonged to some Muhammedan, who had been buried on the ruin. About five miles east and south from this ruin at Kateya, it is said, Madana Sen had a fort. What are shown as the remains, consist of a small square place surrounded by a slight ditch, and earthen rampart, which has probaly been planted p.357-with a bamboo hedge. Within are a few scattered bricks, nor has the place any resemblance to the great works of the impure tribes, but entirely resembles the modern simplicity of the dens, in which the Rajas of pure birth skulked. There are besides about 20 such old forts, which were useful not only to secure the Rajas from the petty vexations of revenue officers, but from the attacks of the mercantile robbers named Bangjaras, who, during the governments of Suja-uddoulah and of his eldest son, were very troublesome. * See Vol. 1. plate IV No. 3. Plate VII. No. 1.

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pariziSTa-3 : 211 pariziSTa saM03 Archaeological Survey of India Report 1861-62 -A. Cunningham p. 74 The large village of Padaraona, or Padarvaana, is situated 12 miles to the west of the River Gandak, 27 miles in a direct line to the north north-west of Navandgarh Lauriya, and 40 miles to the north north-east of Gorakhpur. I believe that it is the ancient Pawa, as it is situated just 12 miles from Kasia, which agrees with the position assigned to Pawa in the Pali Annals with respect to Kusinagara. The very name of Pawa also seems to be only a corruption of Padara-vana or Padar-ban, which might easily be shortened to Parban, Parwan and Pawa. The remains at Padaraona consist of a large mound covered with broken brick and a few statues. The mound is 220 feet in length from west to east, 120 feet in breadth from north to south, and 14 feet in height at the western end above the fields. The long trench mentioned by Buchanan still exists on the west side, and looks as if a wall had been dug out for the sake of the bricks. About eight years ago a large hole was excavated to the cast of the trench by a zemindar for the sake of bricks. Two houses were built of the materials then obtained, but sufficient trace of the walls still remains to show that they were in straight lines, one of them being parallel to Buchapan's trench. From this I infer that there was a court-yard about 100 feet square, with cells on each side for the accommodation of monks. In the centre there was probably either a stupa or or a temple. But if I am right in my identification of Padaraona with Pawa,

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212 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza P. 75 the building would almost certainly have been a stupa; for we know that the people of Pawa, after the cremation of Buddha's body, obtained one-eighth of the relics, over which they erected a stupa. The entrance to the court-yard would appear to have been on the east side, where the mound is now low and thickly covered with bricks. In a small roofless brick building at a short distance to the northward, there are a few old figures. This temple is dedicated to Hathi Bhawani, or the Elephant Goddess, who is accordingly propitiated with rude votive figures of elephants in baked clay, of which numbers lie scattered about the temple, both inside and outside. The statue called Hathi Bhawani represents a squatted male figure with a triple umbrella over his head. The figure appears to be naked, and if so, it must belong to the Jains, and not to the Buddhists. A drawing of it is given by Buchanan. There are also two fragments with seated Buddhas, and a third with the upper half of a female figure. On referring to Buchanan I recognized all three fragments as having belonged to the statue sketched as fig. 2 in his Plate. The principle figure is now gone, but there are a few unimportant fragments not noticed by Buchanan, and in the village there is the pedestal of a statue I made an excavation on the highest part of the mound on the west side, and to the northward of the zemindar's excavation. In this I found bricks with rounded edges such as I had noticed in the mouldings of the Great Temple at Buddha-Gya, and of the stupa at Giryek. I found also wedge-shaped bricks of two sizes. The largest ones being only fragments, I was unable to ascertain their length, but their breadth was 20 at the end, and 19 inches at 6 inches Eastern India, II., Plate I., Fig. 2.

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pariziSTa-4 : 213 distance. As the larger end was rounded, these bricks must have formed part of some circular building and most probably of a solid stupa, which would have been just 30 feet in diameter. The smaller bricks were 8 inches long 5 inches broad at the widest end, and 5 inches at the narrow end, with a thickness of 27 inches. These may have belonged to a small stupa about 9 feet in diameter. In my excavation I found also the base of a pillar of coarse grey sandstone. It was 15 inches square and 6 inches high, with a few plain mouldings at the upper edge. The complete excavation of this mound would not be difficult, and the work might be superintended by the civil authorities of the place, who live close by. pariziSTa saM04 The Ancient Geography of India --'A' Cunningham Pawa, or Padraona p. 366 In the Ceylonese chronicles the town of Pawa is mentioned as the last halting-place of Buddha before reaching Kusinagara, where he died. After his death it is again mentioned in the account of Kasypa's journey to Kusinagara to attend at the cremation of Buddha's corpse. Pawa was also famous as one of the eight cities which obtained a share of the relics of Buddha. In the Ceylonese chronicles it is noted as being only 12 miles from Kusinagara, towards the Gandak river. Now 12 miles to the north-north-east of Kasia there is a considerabie village named Padaraona, or Padara-vana, with a large mound covered with broken bricks, in which several statues of Buddha bave been found. The name of Padara.vana,

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214 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza or Padarban, might easily be shortened to Parban, Paban, and Pawa. In the Tibetan 'Kahgyur' this town is called Digpachan, but as the meaning of the name is not given, it is impossible to say whether it is an original Indian name or a Tibetan translation. Between Pawa and Kusinagara there was a stream called Kukuttha or Kukukha, at which Buddha stopped to bathe and drink. This must be the persent Bodhi, or Barhi, or Bandhi Nala, which, after a coures of 36 miles, joins the Chota Gandak, or Hirana river on its left bank, 8 miles below Kasia. pariziSTa saM05 Report of Tours in Gorakhapur, Saran and Ghazipur --C, L. Carlyle p. 29 10. Pawa--After having completed my work at the Matha Kunwar or Kusinagara, the next object which I had in view was to make investigations regarding the true site of an ancient town called Pawa, at or near which Buddha is said to have rested and drunk water and bathed, before proceeding on to Kusinagara on his last journey, the course of which was from Vaisali or Besarh to Kusinagara. At Pawa there was a great stupa in which one of the original eight portions of the relics of Buddha was enshrined. In the Ceylonese Buddhist chronicles, Pawa is said to have been situated at the distance of about 12 miles from Kusinagara, in the direction of the Gandak River, that is some-where to the east of Kusinagara and on the old road or track which people travelled between Vaisali and Kusinagara. Now, some years ago, General Cunningham proposed to

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pariziSTa-5 : 215 identify Pawa with the well-known large village of Padraona or Paraona, which is situated at the distance of 12 miles to the north-north-east-half-north from Kasya, or 13 miles from the actual ruins of Kusinagara. But this 13 miles from the actual ruins of Kusinagara is only the direct distance, in a straight line as measured on the map; while the actual travelling distance, even with the improved roads of the present day, is 7 kos, or 14 miles. Now it will be generally allowed that the travelling distance in ancient times could not possibly have been less than the direct distance, in a straight line, as measured on the map at the present time. Consequently, if the travelling distance to Pawa in ancient times was only 12 miles, when there were no proper roads, but much jangal and water intervening, it is utterly impossible that the direct distance, when measured in a straight line on the map, could be 13 miles ! This is, however, only one of the objections which I have to bring forward against the possibility of Padraona being identified with Pawa. The second and much stronger objection which I have to make; is the position of Padraona as being far too far north and totally out of the way of the route from Vaisali to Kusinagara. The direction of the position of Vaisali, or Besarh, from Kusinagra, or Kasya, is south-east; and therefore if Pawa was met with on the road in coming from Vaisali to Kusinagara, Pawa would probably be somewhere to the south-east of Kusinagara a probability which becomes still more evident, nay even absolutely certain, from the fact that both Buddha himself, and afterwards also his chief disciple Kasyapa, passed through Pawa on their way from Magadha and Vaisali to Kusinagara. It is evident, therefore, that we must look somewhere to the south-east of Kusinagara for the position of Pawa Now if the travelling distance or distance by a winding

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216 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza track, from Pawa to Kusipagara, in ancient times, was 12 miles, it is probable that the actual direct distance, if measured in a straight line, would be only about 10 miles; and I have already shown that the direction from Kusinagara must have been about southeast. In accordance with these deductions, I find that, at the distance of about 10 miles to the south-east from the ruins of Kusinagara, there are the ruins of an ancient city at a place called Chetiyaon (the Suthyaoon of the maps), and that there is also the ruin of a large stupa at a place called Fajila or Fazilnagar, only half a mile to the north-east of Chetiyaon, there being also the remains of other extensive ruins near the stupa, which evidently originally formed simbly one portion of the same ancient city of which Chetiyaon formed another portion, there being merely a narrow belt of marshy land between the two ancient sites. Close or about a quarter of a mile to the north-east of the ruined stupa there is the bed of an ancient river, which is now called the Sonua or Sunawa, or Sonarra Nadi; but at some part of its course further south it would seem to take the pame of Kuku; for at the distance of about 10 miles to the south of Chetiyaon, I find that there is a ghat, or ferry, called Kuku Ghati; and along the bank of the same river, we also find such names as Karkulaba and Khurhuria and Kuteya. Now according to the Ceylonese and Burmese Buddhist chronicles, the river near Pawa, at which Buddha stopped to bathe and drink, was called Kukuttha or Kukuha. But in these chronicles this river is said to have flowed between Pawa and Kusinagara. Now about 12 mile to the west of Chetiyaon, there is another ancient river bed, which is called Anhea, but sometimes also Sonea or Sonawa. The name of this river bed called Anheya, or Anhea, may be connected with the Hindi anhana, to bathe, and anhan bathing, which latter is synonymous with the Sanskrit asnan, and therefore the Anhea or Anheya Nala may be the very river at

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pariziSTa - 6 : 217 which Buddha bathed ! About 2 miles to the west of the Anhea Nala there is another river called the Ghagi Nadi. pariziSTa saM0 6 Report of Tour in North and South Bihar in 1880-81 17-PADARAONA, or PADROWNA P. 118 At Padaraona, or Parowna, as the village is commonly called, there is a splendid tope of trees; one of the largest, I think, on that line of march. The trees are regularly planted in straight lines from east to west1. The remains here consist in a large mound, covered with broken brick and rubbish. This mound is 220 feet in length from west to east, and 120 feet in breadth from north to south, and 14 feet in height at the western end above the fields. General Cunningham concludes this mound, from the parellel lines of walls disclosed by excavation, to be the remains of a buliding for the accommodation of Buddhist monks, and identifies Padaraona, or Padaravana, with the ancient Pawa, both on account of its situation and the similarity of the names; taking the name of the village to be merely another reading of Padara vana or Padar-ban, which might have been shortened to Parban, Parwan, and Pawa. As there can be no reasonable doubt of this identity, the large village of Padaraona is the site where, after the cremation of Buddha's body, his followers raised a stupa over one-eighth of the sacred relics, -Garrison 1. In occurred to me, that the name of Parowna, by which this village is known, might possibly have some connection with this remarkable encamping-ground Parow, or Manzil, indicating a halt or stage. 15

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218 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza and consequently Padaraona must be a place of no small importance in Buddhistical history. Of this stupa no trace is now left. There is also at Padaraona, a little way to the north, a few old sculptures in a very ruinous Hindu temple. The principal statue is a squatted male figure with a triple umbrella overhead, and there are a few unintelligible fragments in and about the temple. I was somewhat puzzled at the inappropriate name given to this figure, and likewise to the temple, which the people call Hathi Bahwani, or "Elephant Goodess," the figure worshipped being unmistakeably that of a man; but it is just possible that at the time the temp'e was named, the deity inside was a female image, and the old name still serves, although this female figure might have been removed years ago. The manufacture of sugar seems to be quite an extensive industry in this part of the country. The mills are, of course of the old school, mostly of wood, and the manufactories consist of a thatched shed in which the juice extracte from the sugar-cane is evaporated and a number of blindfolded bullocks that toil wearily round and round, while the creaking old mill crushes the cane. In this short description we must not omit the diver who, by-the bye; is very often soundly asleep, perhaps the revolving motion of the machinery upon which he is seated is the cause of this, but I was informed by a cultivator that the capacity for slumber exhibited by this worthy man seldom lessens the daily production. If this be the case, why have a driver at all ? I believe the bullocks have become so accustomed to their driver, that they would cease describing their monotonous circle, were he absent from his post. The more general introduction of the Beheea sugar-cane mills would, I feel sure, greatly forward this industry; for the machine constructed and patented by Messrs. Thompson and Mylne of Beheea has fully proved its

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pariziSTa - 7 : 219 efficiency, as the following comparison with the Indian methods for crushing cane will show. Eighteen bighas of cane 11 acres) can be squeezed by a Beheea mill in a season of four months, with one mill, 4 bullocks, and 3 men; whereas two stone mills, tikurs, with 20 bulloks and 15 men, are necessary to crush the same quantity of cane in that time. But the wooden mill Kolhu or Raksab, though more simple, is still further behind the times, for by this, to extract the same quantity of juice in the above given time, three mills, worked by 12 men and 12 bullocks, are requisite. This alone is sufficient to prove the superiority of the Beheea mills, and the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, North-West Provinces and Oudh, have taken a step in the right direction, in obtaining the sanction of Government, to make advances to cultivators, in order that they may purchase these mills; and the prominent part this useful appliance obtains in district shows and fairs, is very creditable to the local authorities. It is to be hoped that the native's prejudice against innovations will be overcome by this apparent advantage to themselves. pariziSTa saM0 7 History, Antiquities and Inscriptions in the North west Provinces and Oudh -A. Fuhrer P. 249 24. Padarauna, or Parauna, tahsil, 49 miles north-northeast of Gorakhpur, has been identified by General Cunningham with the ancient Pawa, both on account of its situation and the similarity of names, taking the village to be merely another reading of Padaravana, which might have been shortened to Parban and Pawa. See, however, article on Chetiyaon,

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220 : mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza The remains to the south of Padarauna consist of a large mound covered with broken brick and a few statues. The mound is 220 feet in length from west to east, 120 feet in breadth from north to south and 14 feet in height at the western end above the fields. General Cunningham made an excavation on the highest part of the mound, and concludes that the mound must have been the site of a large Buddhist monastery, about 100 feet squre, with cells on each side for the accommodation of the monks. In the centre of the courtyard, whose entrance was seemingly on the eastern side, stood probably a relic stupa, as wedge-shaped bricks and bricks with rounded edges af two sizes as well as the base of a grey sandstone pillar were unearthed during the excavation. In a small roofless brick building at a short distance to the north of this mound there are a few old sculptures, The temple is dedicated to Hathi Bhavani, most probably to Parvati as mother of Ganesa. The principal image, however, from which the temple derives its name, is not that of Hindu god. dess, but of some naked Jain Trithankara squatting under a triple umbrella. pariziSTa saM08 Gazetteer of Gorakhpur Padrauna, Pargana Sidhura Jobpa, Tahsil Padrauna. The place which gives its name to the eastern Tahsil of the district is a town formed by the aggregation of five separate villages. It stands in 26deg 54 N, and 83deg X 59 E, on the road from Captainganj to Bansighat and Bottiah, at a distance of twelve miles north north-east by road from Kasia and 40 miles from Gorakhpur. Other unmetalled roads lead from Padrauna to Naurangie and Siswa Bazar on the noth to Tlwari

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rAmakolA ko sukhamavAlayA sahavADIha Fo U sambhAvita pApA kSetra parisImA nagadApara ko *00 moTara 1000 phITa bakalahA gAyaghATa jaMgala vizunapurA maTahiniyA burjuga jaMgala belavA svAsa galelA damavatiyA Tolsa dekhie, pariziSTa saM0 1 pR0 205-6 3)/A Haaila anhAravArI kuberasthAna ba tapA

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.. Tim 95 buddhakAlIna sambhAvita marga nana galAvA // mAvastImaheTa moTA papeTa.. niyama ConthmbanI AThamANDauko cirAiYA sadAye-nagara rAmapaMvAparasA ANET svAndanagar3ha rASTrIya sImA / sara(sarayA lariyAmA sIlamadI --- rAjya sImA nadI rASTrIya rAjamArgaH / malemapura R janapada mukhyAlaya pAlIporA anyApAsa - hen 7.. and prAcIna avazeSa 30 600 0 30 - :5) ( azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para buddhakAlIna mArga) dekhie pR0 191

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"RANGE NAD Maguraha 9) 223 Dic Domri Baiwa Rapwaliya SensiDih Ratanpur Harpur PARSA 4. BURIED PILLAR RAMPURWA fara Track AD Q Sissy NA Qid RIOR 7 Pipriya Mandiha Sarwa Scale 4400 P1Inchi Mgo 700 360 4400 ALOV 1 Bitiharw# kArlAila kA mAnacitra dekhiye pR0 193 /

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V ! ht Hlari w NEPALA Trivat Ganga Sac 1 1 1 savo * . h : capul VERAYU -RUSHTRA Kelsi ya Dharpne pour IN-RAruh Garut GAN GWARA n udenjoy . za TIRABKTM 31 ymy kram 15 AU) RVR RASHTRaw S3 m arcan VAIGALI as sala MATLAT FURA Ant DVLOR ga VT SYA Herte ROSANA CA F sanksi Mwand Km TRAVELS MWEN THSANG. GANGETIC PROVINCES sode.chi Ertanaboas n 11 ) hel WIONY dekhie pRSTha saM0 39, 94

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Sunnath "A TRA AUDA Bla INDIA showing the Sites of his ROCK AND PILLAR INSCRIPTIONS LAURITA afghama dvArA varNita azoka stambhoM kI sthiti INSCRIPTIONS OF ASOKA PLATE XXEL dekhie pR0 150

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Y phalaka 1 (ka) 2 ( paDaraunA ke nikaTa bukanana ko prApta tIna mUrtiyA~ ) dekhie, pR0 116 (11)

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citra saM0 4 (neminAtha kI saMbhAvita pratimA) dekhie pR0 121; tulanIya phalaka 1 (kha) citra saM0 5 [mahAvIra kI khaNDita (pIThAsanayukta) pASANa pratimA ] krama saM0 3, pR0 124

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B citra saM06 ( mahAvIra kI pASANa-pratimA) dekhie pR0 124 citra saM08 ( par3araunA se prApta yakSa ke yugala-caraNa ) dekhie pRSTha 126

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citra saM07 ( nArI kI khaNDita pratimA ) dekhie pR0 125 citra saM0 9 ( par3araunA utkhanana se prApta IMTe ) dekhie pR0 165

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pariziSTa-8 : 221 patti and Tamkuhi on the South east, and to Samur and Chapra on the south. Close to the town on the north flows the Bansi which becomes a running stream only in the rain. It probably represents an ancient course of the Gandak, a theory which was strengthened by the discovery in 1878 of a large boat during the excavation of a tank. The site is evidently of great antiquity, and General Cunningham1 identified it with the Pawa of the Buddhist pilgrims. To the south of the town is a large mound covered with broken bricks, about 220 feet broad from east to west 120 feet long and 14 feet high. It is supposed to mark the site of a Buddhist monastery which perhaps contained one of the prin cipal relic stupes, since the people of pawa obtained one-eight of the relices after Buddha's cremation. To the north of this is an old and ruinous Jain temple containing fragments of sculptures, close to which a new temple has recently been erected. 1. C. A. S. R., 1, 74; XVI, 118 In the earliest times this region was undoubtedly a centre of Buddhist worship and civilization, as is abundantly proved by the remains at Kasia and at Prdrauna. If, as is highly probable, the Kasia ruins are to be identified with those visited by the Chinese pilgrims in the fifth and seventh century, this tract contained one of the most venerated decline of that religion the country seems to have relapsed into jungle, and even in the days of Huien-Tsang, it was covered with forest and infested by wild beasts and robbers.

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI saMskRta 1. amarakoza amara siMha, saM0 vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI, motIlAla banArasI dAsa (javAhara nagara, baMgalA roDa ) dillI, pra0 sa0 1984 / 2. avadAna-zataka saM0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA,bihAra, 1958 3. aSTAdhyAyI maharSi pANini, saM0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, nepAlI khaparA banArasa 4. kaliyugarAja-vRttAnta dekheM hisTrI Ava klAsikala saMskRta liTarecara madrAsa, 1937 5. kAlidAsa granthAvalI saM050 sItArAma caturvedI, akhila bhAratIya vikrama pariSada, kAzI, dvi0 saM0, 1944 6. divyAvadAna saM0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1959 7. dhAtupATha samIkSA pANini; sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, 1984-85 8. padmapurANa saM0 DA0 azoka caTarjI, akhila bhA0 kAzirAja nyAsa rAmanagara, vArANasI, 1972 9. pANinIkAlIna vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, motIlAla banArasIdAsa bhAratavarSam vArANasI, 1955 10. manusmRti haragovinda zAstrI, caukhambA saMskRta sirIz2a, caukhambA, vArANasI, 1979 11. mahAbhArata gItApresa gorakhapura, 1956 12. mahAvastu (do khaNDa) saM0 sItAMzu zekhara vAgacI, bauddha saMskRta granthAvalI, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1970 13. varAMgacarita mA0 di0 jai0 gra0 sa0 hIrAbAga, bambaI-4, 1938

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI : 223 14. varAhapurANa anu0 abhibhUSaNa bhaTTAcArya, saM0 a.nanda svarUpa guptA, a0 bhA0 kAzirAja TrasTa rAmanagara, vArANasI 1923 15. vAyupurANa khemarAja jI kRSNadAsa, veMkaTezvara sTroTa presa kalyANa bambaI, 1810 16. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa (do bhAga) pra0 gItA presa gorakhapura, dvi0 saM0 1967 17. vyAkaraNamahAbhASyam / saM0 ema0 ema0 ke0 vI0 abhyaMkara, khaNDa 3 ( a0 6-8) bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca iMsTIcyUTa-pUnA 4, 1972 18. saMskRta-iMgliza moniyara viliyamsa, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, DikzanarI javAhara nagara dillI-7, 1963 19. saMskRta-hindI koza vI0 esa0 ApTe, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, javAhara nagara dillI 1973 20. zatapatha brAhmaNa motIlAla zarmA evaM anya, rAjasthAna vaidika tattva (do khaNDa) zodhasaMsthAna, jayapura, rAjasthAna-1958 prAkRta 21. abhidhAna rAjendra kozaH saM0 vijaya rAjendra sUri, jainazvetAmbara saMgha, (caturtha bhAga) _ratalAma madhyapradeza pra0 saM0 1913 / 22, Avazyaka niyukti bhadra bAhu, TIkA-haribhadra sUri, merulAla bhAga-1 kanhaiyAlAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, candanavAr3I epArTameNTa Ara0 Ara0 ThakkaramArga bAlakezvara, bambaI san 1925 23. Avazyaka cUrNi jinadAsa gaNi mahattara, RSabhadeva kezarImala pUrva bhAga zvetAmbara saMsthA ratalAma, ( ma0 pra0) san 1927 24. uttarapurANa (hi0 a0) guNabhadra, saM0 pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha durgAkuNDa vArANasI, pra0 saM0 1954 / 25. uttarAdhyana sUtra (saM0) ratanalAla dozI, sailAnA ma0 pra0, san . 1962 26. kalpasUtra bhadra bAhu, vijayasUryodaya sUri, bArasAsUtra prakAzana samiti, sUrata, gujarAta, I0 san 1980

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224 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 27. (bRhat) kalpasUtra jIvarAja ghelAbhAI dozI, satyavijaya priTiMga prema, ahamadAbAda san 1914 28. (bRhad) kalpasUtra bhASya AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara gujarAta, 1935 29, jayadhavalA TI0 AcArya vIrasena, saM0 phUlacandra , mahendrakumAra (kasAyapAhuDa) bhAratIya digambara jaina saMgha, caurAsI mathurA 1974 30. tIrthavandana saMgraha (sampA0) DA0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara, jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha solApura, pra0 saM0 1965 31. pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo saM0 paM0 haragovindadAsa, pra0 motIlAla banArasI dAsa dillI-7 dvi0 saM0 1963 32. bhagavatI sUtra anu0 ke0 sI0 lalavAnI, jaina bhavana, pI0 25 kalAkAra sTrITa, kalakattA-7, 1980 / 33. vividhatIrtha kalpa jinaprabhasUri, muni jinavijaya, siMghI jaina grantha mAlA, gra0 10, zAntiniketana, pazcima baMgAla 1934 34. harivaMza purANa (hi0 a0) pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha durgAkuNDa, vArANasI 1978 35. triSaSTi zalAkA hemacandra, saM0 puNyavijaya, jaina AtmAnanda sabhA puruSa caritra bhAvanagara saurASTra, 1950 pAli 36. aMguttanikAya (mUla) saM0 bhikkhu jagadIza kAzyapa, bihAra rAjakIya pAli prakAzana maNDala, mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA 1960 37. aMguttaranikAya (hi0 a0) bhAga (1-4) bhadanta Ananda kausa lyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA kalakattA 1957 38. udAna (hi0 a0) bhikSu jagadIzakAzyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, buddhAbda 2482 39. udAna aTThakathA - saM0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, bihAra rAjya, (ajakalApaka sutta) pAli prakAzana maNDala nava nAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA, 1959 40. cullavagga (saM0) bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pAli pablikezana borDa, bihAra gavarnameNTa, navanAlandA, mahAvihAra, nAlandA paTanA, 1956 /

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI : 225 '41. jAtaka aTThakathA (a) saM0 bhikSu dharmarakSita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI 1951 (ba) bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga 1946 42. theragAthA (aTThakathA) saM0 DA0 nathamala TATiyA, navanAlandA mahAprathama bhAga vihAra, paTanA, 1976 43. dIghanikAya ( hi0 a0) paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, bhAratIya bauddha vihAra pariSad, lakhanaU, dvi0 saM0 1919 44. dhammapada aTThakathA / saM0 DA0 nathamala TATiyA, navanAlandA, mahA(1-3 bhAga) vihAra, nAlandA, paTanA, 1973, 1976 45 prapaMcasUdanI bhAga 1-2 saM0 nathamala TATiyA, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA paTanA 1975 / / 46. majjhima nikAya anu0 paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha vArANasI pra0 saM0 1922 / 47. mahAvaMsa zrIdhara vAsudeva, navanAlandA, mahAvihAra, nAlandA, paTanA 1971 48. milindapahno mU0 va hindI TIkA, svAmI dvArikA dAsa zAstrI, vArANasI 1979 / 49. manoratha pUraNI (aMguttara saM0 DA0 nathamala TATiyA, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nikAya aTThakathA) nAlandA paTanA 1976 / pra0 bhAga 50. vinayapiTaka (hi0 a0) paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha vArANasI 1935 / / 51. visuddhimagga sa0 dharmAnanda kauzAmbI, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 1940 / 52. saMyukta nikAya bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, bhikSudharmarakSita, mahA(bhAga 1-2) bodhi sabhA, sAranAtha vArANasI 1954 / 53. sAmagAma sutta (majjhima nikAya aTThakathA) khaNDa 4, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha vArANasI 1933 / 54. suttanipAta bhAga 1-2 (mUla evaM hi0 anu0) bhikSu dharmaratna mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha vArANasI 1951 /

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226 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza 55. sumaMgala vilAsinI (pra0 bhAga) TIkA dIghanikAya aTThakathA, pro maheza tivArI, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA paTanA 1974 / aMgrejI enuala riporTa, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA-1903-4, 1905-6, 1906-7, 1907-8, 1908-9, 1909-10, 1910-11; 1911-12, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1973-74 AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, naI dillI dvi0 saM0 1981 baMgAla ur3IsA DisTikTa gajeTiyara revanyU DipArTameNTa paTanA / baMgAla lisTa, lisTa Ava mAnumeNTsa Ava baMgAla, pra0 po0 DablyU0 DI0 baMgAla sarakAra klkttaa| bIla, saimuela, buddhisTa rikArDa Ava vesTarna varDa, vA0 I, pArTa II, keganapAla TreMca Travanasa __ kampanI limiTeDa, brADave hAusa, 68/74 vATaralena, laMdana 1906 / veMgalara, je0 DI0, ArkiyolAjikila sarve Ava iNDiyA, pArTa VIII, rAjakIya mudraNAlaya zimalA 1872-73 bhaNDArakara, DI0 Ara0, lisTa Ava iMskripzansa ina nArdarna iNDiyA ina brAhmI eNDa iTsa DerIveTiva skripTsa phrAma ebAuTa 200 e0 sI0, ephigrAphikA iNDikA, vA0 19-23 epaiNDiksa TU epigrAphiyA iNDikA kArlAila, e0 sI0 ela0-AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa (1875 76, 77) 18 va (1877-78-79-80) khaNDa 22 pra0 iNDolAjikala buka hAusa vArANasI 1969 va 1966 kaniMghama, e. AkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA riporTa, 1861-62 khaNDa 1 kendrIya sarakAra prasa, zimalA 1871 riporTa, 1876 khaNDa XI, kalakattA 1880 / evaM riporTa Ava TUrsa ina nArtha eNDa sAutha bihAra khaNDa XVI, 1880-81 kaniMghama, e. eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA saM0 majUmadAra, esa0 ena0, cakravartI caTarjI kampanI kalakattA 1924

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sandarbha -grantha sUcI : 227. kaniMghama e. eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA-pra0 e0 ke0 caTarjI, bhAratIya pabliziMga hAusa vArANasI 1975 iMskripzansa Ava azoka, iNDolAjikala buka hAusa, sI0 ke0 38/16, bA~saphATaka vArANasI 1961 saM0 DallApikolA, e0 ela0, viligTana maigajIna vA0 XV landana, 1972 / datta, ena0 evaM bAjapeyI, ke0 DI0 DevalapameNTa Ava buddhijma ina uttarapradeza, pablikezana byUro, u0 pra0 zAsana lakhanaU 1956 (hi0 a0) uttarapradeza meM bauddha dharma kA vikAsa-u0 pra0 zAsana lakhanaU 1956 / De, ena0 ela0, da jyAgraphikala DikzanarI Ava eMzyeNTa eNDa miDiyAvela iNDiyA, lujAka kampanI, landana 1927 devara, Dagalasa, phrAma haiNDabuka Ava da iMgliza prIkyUTInI rikArDa ina da gavarnameNTa Ava yU' pI0 AgarA, avadha, rAjakIya mudraNAlaya ilAhAbAda eTakiMsana, I0 TI0, saM0 sTaiTisTikala ekAuNTa Ava da nArtha-vesTarna prAviseja Ava iNDiyA kha0 6-bhAga 2, 1881 ( gorakhapura DisTrikTa ) phyUrara, e0, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA-da mAnumeNTala eNTIkviTIz2a eNDa iMskripzansa ina nArtha vesTarna prAviseja eNDa avadha-prakAzaka iNDolA jikala buka hAusa vArANasI 1969 gAilsa, eca0 eca0 Trevelsa Ava phAhyAna, raTaleja eNDa keganapAla limiTeDa 68, 74 kArTara lena, landana, I0 sI0-4, ta0 saM0 1959 iksavesana eTa saThiyAvA~-phAjilanagara, ji0 devariyA, hiMsTrI eNDa Arkiyo lAjI, khaNDa 1, 1980 guptA, esa0 pI0 purAtattva, buleTina Ava iNDiyana AkiyolAjikala sosAiTI naI dillI-1 1985-86 evaM 87

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228 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza gupta, surendra nAtha dAsa e hisTrI Ava da iNDiyana philAsaphI, vA0 I motIlAla banArasIdAsa baMgalo roDa, javAhara nagara dillI-7, 1975 e0 ArkiyolAjI ina iNDiyA, pra0 zikSA vibhAga bhArata sarakAra, naI dillI 1950 ghoSa, halTaja, I0 sI0 iMskripsanasam iNDikAram vA0 I iMskripsana Ava azoka, nayA saMskaraNa, iNDolAjikala buka hAusa vArANasIM 1969 haNTara, sTaiTisTikala ekAuNTa Ava baMgAla, vA0 XIII, gavarnameNTa priMTiMga presa, kalakattA saM0 hesTigsa, jema0, inasAiklopIDiyA Ava rilijana eNDa ethiksa, vA0 VII, nyUyArka 1980 hisTrI eNDa ArkiyolAjI, vA0 I navambara 12, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda 1980 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana relaveja, relave borDa; gavarnameNTa Ava iNDiyA gavarnameNTa priMTiMgapresa, naI dillI / iNDiyana eNTIkverI, vA5 XXXI saM0 sara ricArDa kAraneka Tempula, ejUkezana sosAyaTI presa bambaI 1902 iNDolAjikA teUrenenziyA vA0 X 1982, vA0 XI 1983, Torino (iTalI) jAyasavAla, ke0 pI0 - hindU poliTI, bhAga 1, baMgalaura priMTiMga presa pablikezana kampanI limiTeDa, baMgalaura paMcama saMskaraNa 1978 jarnala Ava eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava baMgAla, kalakattA, sI0 vI0 livja baipisTa mizana presa kalakattA 9847 kurezI lisTa, lisTa Ava eMzyeNTa mAnu meNTsa ur3IsA, (ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava vA0 LI, 1931 ina da prAvisa Ava bihAra eNDa iNDiyA ) nyU impIriyala sirIja - kurezI, mohammada hAmida, mArsa oNna koTalA phorojazAha dillI, da ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA na0 52, dillI 1937 lisTa Ava eMzyeNTa mAnumeNTsa proTekTeDa aNDara ekTa VII Ava 1904, ina da prAvinsa Ava bihAra eNDa ur3IsA ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, nyU impIriyala sirIja vA0 L 1

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI : 229 lAhA, vI0 sI0 jyAgraphI Ava arlI buddhijma, keganapAlaTrenca Trabunara eNDa kampanI, landana 1932 eMzyeNTa iNDiyana TAibsa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, paMjAba saMskRta buka Dipo, sadAmikA sTrITa, lAhaura, 1926 / / iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa ina arlI TeksTsa Ava buddhijma eNDa jainijma, lujAka eNDa kampanI landana, 1941 hisTArikala jyAgraphI Ava eMzyeNTa iNDiyA sosAyaTI eziyATika Di perisa, perisa phrA~sa 1954 majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0, rAya caudhurI, eca0 sI0 va kiMkaradatta, ke0 ena eDavAMsa hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, maikamilana iNDiyA limiTeDa, naI dillI 1983 majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0, hisTrI eNDa kalcara Ava iNDiyana pIpula, eja Ava impIriyala yUniTI, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 1951 / malalasekara, jI0 pI0 DikzanarI Ava pAliprApara nemsa, jAnamure, alamArTA sTrITa, DablU, landana, 1938 mANTagomarI, mArTina, ema0 Ara0, hisTrI eNTIkviTIz2a TopogrAphI eNDa sTaiTisTiksa Ava IsTarna iNDiyA vA0 I, paTanA, gayA evaM vA0 II, bhAgalapura, gorakhapura kAsmo pablikezana, 24vIM ansArI roDa, darayAgaMgaja, dillI 1976 / mizra, Ara0 ena0 yakSakalTa eNDa AikanogrAphI gvAliyara, muzI manohara lAla, naI dillI pra0 saM0 1981 mukharjI, rAdhA kumuda, azoka, motIlAla banArasIdAsa dillI, 1962 muzI, ke 0 ema0 hindU sivilAijezana, bhA0 vi0 bhavana, bambaI 1950 gujarAta eNDa iTsa liTarecara ( phrAma arlI TAimsa TU 1852 ) bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI, tR0 saM0 1967 mehatA, DA0 mohanalAla, prAkRta prApara nemsa, do bhAga, ela0 DI0 iMsTIcyUTa ahamadAbAda 1970 /

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230 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza nevila, eca0 Ara0 gorakhapura gajeTiyara, vA0 XXXI, da DisTrikTa gajeTiyarsa Ava da yUnAiTeDa prAviseja Ava AgarA eNDa avadha, gavarnameNTa priMTiMga presa, ilAhAbAda pATila, DI0 Ara0 eNTIkveriyana rimensa ina bihAra, ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla, risarca iMsTIcyUTa, paTanA 1963, kuzInagara, ArkiyolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, naI dillI pra0 saM0 1957 (hi0 a0) zAstrI kedAranAtha bhAratIya pu0 sa0 vibhAga naI dillI dvi0 saM0 1961 rAdhAkRSNan, esa0 iNDiyana philAsaphI, vA0 I, jArja elena eNDa Alavina limiTeDa, landana, e0 AThavA~ saMskaraNa 1955 / evaM (hi0 a0) bhAratIya darzana prathama kha0 1 rAjapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI 1983 rAya caudhurI, eca0 sI0, poliTikala hisTrI Ava eMzyeNTa iNDiyA yUnivarsiTI presa, hajArA roDa, kalakattA 1972 (hi0 a0 ) prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, kitAba mahala thAna hila roDa ilAhAbAda, prathama saMskaraNa, 1971 rIja DeviDsa, TI0 DablyU0 buddhisTa iNDiyA, suzIla gupta iNDiyA limiTeDa, kalakattA pra0 bhA0 saM0 1950 hisTrI Ava buddhisTsa, kambrija hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, naI dillI / repsana, I0 je0, saM0 kaimbrija hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, pra0 esa0 cA~da eNDa kampanI naI dillI dvi0 bhAratIya punarmudraNa 1962 smitha, vi0-aina arlI hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, Aksa phorDa ca0 saM0 1924 sarAvagI, ke0 TI0 esa0, arbana senTarsa eNDa arbanAijena, vidyAnidhi pablizara dillI siMha; esa0 sI0, cenjeja ina da kosa Ava rIvara eNDa iTsa ephekTsa Ana da arabana seTalameNTa ina da miDila gaiMgeja plena, nezanala jyAgraphikala sosAiTI Ava iNDiyA, bI0 eca0 yU0, vArANasI 1973

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sandarbha-prantha sUcI : 231 tripAThI, ramAzaMkara hisTI Ava eMzyeNTa jyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgalo roDa, dillI-7, pra0 saM0 1952 / thAmasa, i0 je0 da lAipha Ava buddha aija lijiNDa eNDa hisTrI, landana, tR0 saM0 1952 aNDarasana, jAna, kaiTalAga eNDa haiNDabuka Ava ArkiyolAjikala kalekzana ina iNDiyana myU jiyama, kalakattA bhAga 3, 1883 vATarsa, thAmasa , Ana hvenasAMga Traivelsa ina iNDiyA vA0 1 viTale, pAla evaM anya saM0, da hisTArikala eTalasa Ava da sAutha eziyA, yUnivarsiTI Ava zikAgo prasa, zikAgo eNDa landana 1978 yAkovI, haramana, iMTroDakzana TU jaina sUtrAja bhAga 1, saikreDa buka Ava da IsTa vA0 XXXI, saM0 maiksamUlara, AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, veyarahAusa, landana 1844 hindI upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga pra0 saM0 1961 / saM0 kalyANavijaya gaNi zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ka0 vi0 zAstra-saMgraha samiti, jAlora ( mAravAr3a ) vi0 saM0 1998 / kANe, pI0 vI0, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, (anu0) arjuna caube kAzyapa, bhAga 4 pra0-u0 pra0 hindI saMsthAna, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga lakhanaU, dvi0 saM0 1984 / saM0-kAlikAprasAda evaM anya bRhada-hindI koza pra0 jJAna maNDala limiTeDa, banArasa, dvitIya saMskaraNa 2013 / kausambI, dharmAnanda, bhagavAna buddha jIvana aura darzana, anuvAdaka, zrIpadajozI, loka bhAratIya prakAzana, 15, e0 mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, ilAhAbAda caturtha saMskaraNa 1982 / saM0 gairolA, vAcaspati, kauTilya arthazAstra, vArANasI, 1962 / gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya gorakhapura, phAjilanagara saThiyAMva utkhanana ( saMkSipta paricaya ) gorakhapura 1979 / saM0 jaina, ananta prasAda, prAcIna pAvA, prakA0 pAvAnagara nirvANa kSetra samiti, alInagara, gorakhapura, 1973 /

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232 : mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza jaina, balabhadra-bhAratavarSa ke digambara jainatIrtha, (pra0 bhAga ) prakA0 bhA0 digambara jaina tIrtha kSetra samiti, hIrAbAga, bambaI 1974 / saM0 jozI, jayazaMkara halAyudha-koza, hindI samiti, sUcanA vibhAga uttara pradeza lakhanaU 1967 / nagarAja, muni, mahAvIra evaM buddha kI samasAmayikatA, AtmArAma eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI 6, 1969 / Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana, prathama bhAga ( itihAsa aura paramparA) arhat prakAzana, a0 bhA0 ja0 zve0 terApaMthI samAja, 366/68 lodIkArnara, 32 ijarAsTrITa; kalakattA saM0 1986 / saM0 nAgendra, bhAratIya sAhitya koza, prakA0 nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, 23 dariyAgaMja, naIdillI pra0 saM0 1981 / saM0 nAhara, pUrNacandra, jaina lekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, iNDiyana mirara sTrITa kalakattA 1927 / nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla,-mahAtIrtha pAvApurI ( eka vizleSaNa ) jaina zvetAmbara sevA samiti, 13 nArAyaNa prasAda, bAbU lena, kalakattA 1973 / pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka abhilekha, jJAnamaNDala vArANasI, saM0 2022 / gorakhapura janapada aura usakI kSatriya jAtiyoM kA itihAsa pra0 ThA0 mahAtama rAva, gorakhapura 1946 / pANDeya, rAma prasAda, gorakhapura jile kA itihAsa, nAgarI presa dArAgaMja, prayAga 1942 / 'pUrvAJcala kI purA sampadA' purAtattva vibhAga, u0 pra0 rA0 purAtattva saMgaThana, ___ javAhara bhavana, lakhanaU 1979 / phAjila-nagara saThiyAMva utkhanana ( sakSipta paricaya ) gorakhapura 1979 / premI, nAthUrAma, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, ThAkuradvArA roDa bambaI, dvi0 saM0 1956 / bhikSu dharmarakSita, kuzInagara kA itihAsa, kuzInagara prakAzana, kuzInagara devariyA dvi0 saM0 buddhAbda 2493 / bhikSu dharmarakSita, buddhakAlIna bhArata kA bhaugolika paricaya, vArANasI 1948 / motIcandra, sArthavAha, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, sammelana bhavana, paTanA-3, 1953 /

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI : 233 rAdhAkRSNana, esa0-bhAratIya darzana prathama khaNDa anu0 ena0 ke0 gobhilla, rAjapAla eNDa sansa kazmIrI geTa, dillI 1986 / lAmA-tArana, nAtha bhArata meM bauddhadharma kA itihAsa-anu0 Ara0 je0 ela0 lAmA jilda VIII, ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla zodha saMsthAna, paTanA 1971 / lAla, DA0 agane-saMskRta bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya jIvana (1-3rI sadI ), kailAza prakAzana lakhanaU, 1968 / varNI, kSu0 jinendra, jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga 2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, durgAkuNDa vArANasI 1971 / saM0 vasu, nagendra nAtha, hindI vizvakoSa-khaNDa 1, pra0 nagendra nAtha vasu eNDa vizvanAtha vasu-9, vizvakoSa lena, bAdha bAjAra, kalakattA, 1928 / vijayendra sUri, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra, yazodharma mandira 166 marjabAna roDa a~dherI bambaI, 58, san 1960 / 'vidyAlaMkAra, esa0, prAcIna bhArata sarasvatI sadana, e 1/32, saphadara jaMga iMkleva, naI dillI 29, dvi0 saM0 1987 / zarmA, brahmadeva, hamAre kSetra ke do siddhapITha, (sidhuvA-bur3hana zahIda) azoka priMTiMga presa paDaraunA 1954 / zAstrI, neminAtha, tIrthaGkara mahAvIra aura unakI dezanA, pra0a0 bhA0 digambara ____jaina vidvatpariSada kAryAlaya, varNIbhavana, sAgara ma0pra0 1974 / sarAvagI, kanhaiyAlAla, pAvA samIkSA, azoka prakAzana kaTarA bAjAra, (chaparAna sAraNa) bihAra 1972 / sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, sAhitya nibandhAvalI, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda, dvi0 saM0 1949 / DA0 sampUrNAnanda, hindI-zabda koza khaNDa 5, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI 1965 / zrIvAstava, ma0 pra0, varmA rAjendra kumAra prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti-phalA aura darzana, eziyA prakAzana, yUnivarsiTI roDa ilAhAbAda / saM0 tripAThI, DA0 karuNApati, saMkSipta hindI zabda sAgara, kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, 6vA~ saMskaraNa 1981 /

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234 ' mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza urdU phArukI - mohammada abdulagaphUra sajara-e-zadAba, gorakhapura 1901 / sandIlavI, salAma tArIkha-e-adaviyAta, gorakhapura, nusarata pablizara, haidarI mArkeTa, amInAbAda lakhanaU, pra0 saM0 1982 / abhinandana grantha sto rAjabalI pANDeya smRti grantha, pra0 lAnidhi prakAzana, devariyA 1976 // sa0 lalavAnI, zrIgaNeza, bha~varalAla nAhaTA abhinandana grantha, bI0 ela0 nAhaTA abhinandana samAroha samiti 88 keniMga sTrITa kalakattA- 1, 1986 / vaizAlI abhinandana grantha, vaizAlI bihAra 1985 / patrikA anekAnta, 24 kiraNa, si0 a0 1971 pra0 vIrasevA mandira, 21 dariyAgaMja dillI 1971 / kalyANa ( mahAbhArata vizeSAMka) poddAra eca0 pI0, gItA presa gorakhapura, 1943 / digambara jaina buleTina, meraTha 25 julAI, 1984, varSa 8, aMka 6 / saM0 varmA, DA0 TI0 pI0, yuga-yugIna sarayUpAra, ( gorakhapura parikSetra kA itihAsa ) itihAsa saMkalana samiti, vijayagar3ha hAusa, assI vArANasI 1987 / zramaNa, saM0 DA0 esa0 ema0 jaina; pA0 vi0 zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1981 / zrAvastI - saM0 pro0 bAjapeyI, ke 0 DI0, sAhitya niketana, 37/50 gilisa bAjAra, kAnapura 1987 / 2500 varSIya bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa mahotsava smArikA, jaina zvetAmbara bhaNDAra tIrtha pAvApurI, pAvApurI nAlandA bihAra 1974 / samAcAra-patra yugavAtAyana, saM0 sadAnanda dUbe, varSa 3, aMka 10, priMTiMgapresa devariyA 2-1-90 vizvamitra saM0 agravAla, kRSNadatta, vizvamitra kAryAlaya, 74 lenina sariNI kalakattA 1984 / sarcalAiTa, sarcalAiTa priMTiMga presa paTanA 1968 / svatantra cetanA, saM0 caube, hanumAnaprasAda (bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ) saMmpA0 DA0 Ara0 sI0 guptA, gorakhapura 7-4-90 /

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pR0 saM. 8 21 23 39 54 59 67 76 107 109 147 150 153 159 164 73 175 paMkti 18 7 sandarbha 3 sandarbha 1 14 sandarbha 1 25 sandarbha 2 2 1 " zuddhi-patraka azuddha 37 15 5 17 22 27 7 rAjagRha pAvA vahI 1924 pR0 89 hajAra pahara pR0 1-4 5 pR0 1255 vahI pR0 2 hokara lAhA 1934 chanI mAse cubhagatI vastu zuddha pAvA sAmagAma vahI pR0 5 ( bhUmikA ) pahara sarcalAiTa pR0 1-4 58 pR0 355 vaho, pR0 356 pR0 14 hokara, dUsarA lA 1834 chenI mArane cugatI kapilavastu

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pratiSThita vyavasAyI zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna kRta 'mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi : pAvA' ke prakAzana kA svAgata hai| prAcIna malla gaNa rAjya kI suprasiddha rAjadhAnI pAvA nagarI ke nirdhAraNa hetu yaha graMtha na kevala itihAsa peze se asambaddha eka itihAsa premI mahAnubhAva ke dIrghakAlIna gahana adhyavasAya, anusaMdhAna tathA citana kA paricAyaka hai, apitu prAcIna kSetrIya aitihAsika bhUgola kA gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana bhI hai| isa prastuti meM sAhityika, aitihAsika, purAtAttvika tathA bhaugolika sAkSyoM ke vizleSaNAtmaka vivecana para AdhArita vAstavika pAvApurI kI vaijJAnika DhaMga se punaH khoja evaM pahacAna karane tathA Adhunika paDaraunA nagara ko prAcIna pAvA sAbita karane kA tarkasaMgata prayAsa hai| isa prakAzana se purAtattvavettA janarala kaniMghama ke samaya se calA para abhI taka dabA huA vivAdAspada viSaya khetAna jI dvArA lAye naye prakAza se phira ubhara kara jaina dharmAcAryoM, itihAsa vidoM tathA manISiyoM ke liye nizcaya hI prAsaMgika banegA, bukanana aura kaniMghama ke vicAroM ko mAnyatA milegii| khetAna jI ko isakA zreya prApta hogA tathA tIrthaGkara mahAvIra svAmI kI nirvANa-sthalI ke rUpa meM paramparA ko tiraskRta kiye binA paDaraunA ko jaina sampradAya kA tIrthasthala sunizcita kiyA jaaygaa| pro0 hIrAlAla guptA bhU0 pU0 adhyakSa, bhAratIya itihAsa kAMgresa mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala 'pAvA' ke sambandha meM purAtattvavidoM meM matabheda rahA hai| kaniMghama ne paDaraunA ( kuzInagara ke uttara, jilA devariyA ), kAralAila ne phAjilanagara (jilA devariyA ) tathA vI0 e0 smitha ne rAjagRha ke nikaTa mAnA hai| eka vyavasAyI hote hue bhI zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna ne apane zodha grantha 'mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza' meM bauddha, jaina, saMskRta tathA Adhunika granthoM ke gahana adhyayana evaM purAtatva-vidvAnoM se vivecanA kara paDaraunA ko hI prAcIna pAvA pramANita kiyA hai / lekhaka kA yaha sujhAva mahattvapUrNa hai ki 'yadi paDaraunA ke prAcIna TIle ke utkhanana ke sAtha nyAya kiyA jAya to mahattvapUrNa tathya aayeNge|' bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNa vibhAga yadi isa cunautI ko svIkAra kara Avazyaka kAryavAhI kare to itihAsa kI eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA kA samAdhAna ho jaayegaa| zrI khetAna kA zodhakArya prazaMsanIya hai / maiM inheM sAdhuvAda detA huuN| pro0 harizaMkara zrIvAstava pUrva adhyakSa itihAsa vibhAga, Jal Education in emalionai gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya

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lekhaka zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna kA janma devariyA janapada ke paDaraunA nagara meM 28 navambara 1926 ko huaa| ApakI prArambhika zikSA yU0 ena0 ke0 hAIskUla, paDaraunA, devariyA janapada meM haI aura ucca zikSA sinDehema kAleja Ava kAmarsa eNDa arthazAstra, bambaI meM huii| ApakA nivAsa aura kAryakSetra mukhya rUpa se paDaraunA aura bambaI rahA hai| ApakI pArivArika pRSThabhUmi audyogika rahI hai| Apa devariyA janapada kI do cInI miloM IzvarI khetAna mila aura mahezvarI khetAna mila ke kramazaH prabandha-nidezaka aura nidezaka rahe haiN| isake atirikta Apa parivAra kI kaI anya vyAvasAyika gatividhiyoM ke saMcAlaka rahe haiN| Arambha se hI ApakI lekhana aura paryaTana meM ruci rahI hai| ApakA kahAnI saMgraha dIpadAna 1949 meM prakAzita huA hai| udyoga se jur3e hone ke kAraNa Apane audyogika samasyAoM para bhI lekhanI calAI hai| Apane pUrvAJcala cInI udyoga kI samasyAoM para 'prAblamsa Ava sugara iNDasTrIja ina IsTarna uttara pradeza' (1961) zIrSaka pustaka bhI likhI hai| zikSA, vyavasAya aura sAmAjika kriyAkalApa se jur3I kaI saMsthAoM ke adhyakSa, upAdhyakSa, kAryasamiti sadasya, AjIvana sadasya aura nAmAMkita sadasya rahe haiN| Apane 'uttara pradeza kRSaka samAja, paDaraunA' kI sthApanA kI aura roTarI klaba gorakhapura ke saMsthApaka sadasyoM meM rhe| ukta gatividhiyoM ke alAvA Apane aba taka lagabhaga 20 itihAsa viSayaka goSThiyoM aura adhivezanoM meM zodha-patra prastuta kiyA hai| vibhinna patra-patrikAoM, abhinandana granthoM meM Apake itane hI lekha prakAzita hue haiN| Apa kavi-sammelanoM meM kavitA-pATha bhI karate rahe haiM aura aneka avasaroM para AkAzavANI para Apane vibhinna viSayoM para vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| lagabhaga 67 varSIya zrI khetAna Aja bhI apanI jijJAsu pravRtti aura jJAnapipAsA ko zAnta karane ke lie sadaiva prayatnazIla rahate haiN| prastuta kRti mahAvIra-nirvANa bhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza isI kA pratiphala hai| For Private & Personal use only ainelibrary.org