Jain Darshan

Author(s): Mohanlal Mehta
Publisher: Sanmati Gyan Pith Agra
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010321/1

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sAhitya ratnamAlA kA cauvanavA~ ratna jaina - darzana mohanalAla mehatA, ema0 e0 (darzana va manovijJAna ), pI-eca0 DI0, zAstrAcArya jJAna zrI sanmati : AgarA pITha zrI sanmati jJAna po Tha lohAmaNDI, zrAgarA

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prakAzaka : zrI sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaNDI, prAgarA mudraka : prema ilaikTrika presa, maNDI saIdakhAM, AgarA prathama padArpaNa sanu 1659 vi0 saM0 2015 zAke 1580 mUlya cAra rupaye ..

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prakAzaka ke do bola yAdhunika yuga kI eka mA~ga hai -- eka sarvocca apekSA hai - pratyeka darzana kA eka pratinidhi granya; tattva-cintakoM ke sammukha ho / isI dizA meM jJAna pITha kI 9 se jaina- darzana kA pratinidhi grantha, jaina-darzana ke nAma se prastuta karate hue maiM parama zrahlAda kI anubhUti kara rahA hU~ / lekhaka ne jaina darzana ke sampUrNa tattvoM kA sUkSma cintana- mUlaka sundara, sarasa, bhAva-bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se adhunAtama grantha pradAna kiyA hai / maiM mAnatA hU~ yaha jaina darzana ke tattvoM kA sarvAMgapUrNa vizleSaNa hai, aura vidvAn loga ise pasanda kareMge / prastuta graMtha gata san 1958 ke mArca mahIne meM hI pAThakoM kI sevA meM pahu~ca jAtA, kintu presa sambandhI ar3acana tathA prUpha saMzodhanArtha meTara lekhaka ke pAsa pahuMcate rahane se vilamba hotA gayA / grastu jaina darzana kI atyadhika mAMga hone para bhI hama samaya para pAThakoM kI jJAnapipAsA zAnti meM yoga na de sake, ataH pAThakagaraNa hameM kSamApradAna kareM / grantha kA yaha prakAzana lekhaka, prakAzaka, sampAdaka yA AlocakoM se nahIM nApA jA sakatA / jaina darzana apane Apa meM kitanA pUrNa hai - yaha vidvAnoM kA cintana hI batA sakegA / anta meM maiM kRtajJatA - prakAzana kA yaha lobha saMvaraNa nahIM kara sakatA ki prastuta prakAzana kA yaha nayanAbhirAma saundarya tathA kalAtmaka vargIkaraNa upA dhyAya zrI jI ke antevAsI ziSya suvodha muni jI ke dvArA hI mukhara huA hai / mantrI - sonArAma jaina sanmati jJAna- pITha, grAgarA

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zubhAzIH mujhe prasannatA hai, ki jaina vidvAna, Aja ke yuga kI nitya-nUtana sAhityika pragati ko dekha kara apanI zakti kA satprayoga ThIka dizA meM karane lage haiN| apane dharma, darzana tathA saMskRti ke gaurava kI ora unakA dhyAna kendrita hone lagA hai| DAkTara mohana lAla jI mere nikaTa ke paricitoM meM se eka haiN| unakA mRdu svabhAva, komala vyavahAra, aura unakI gaharI vidvattA Aja ke samAja ke lie eka santopa kI vAta hai / vidvattA ke sAtha vinamratA mahetA jI kI apanI eka alagahI vizeSatA hai / kArya-paTutA aura kAryakSamatA--ina donoM guNoM ne hI mehatA jI ko itanA gaurava pradAna kiyA hai| DAkTara mehatA abhI taruNa haiM / ataH bhaviSya meM ve aura bhI adhika pragati kara sakeMge, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ___ 'sanmati jJAna pITha, AgarA' se unakA jaina-darzana prakAzita ho rahA hai / yaha grantha mujhe bahuta pasanda hai| kyoMki isameM jaina darzana ke prAyaH samagra pahaluoM para sundara DhaMga se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pramANa, prameya, naya aura sapta bhagI jaise gambhIra viSayoM para mehatA jI ne likhA hai, aura kAphI vistRta, sAtha hI rocaka bhASA meM likhA hai| yaha grantha bhAva, bhASA aura zailI-sabhI dRSTiyoM se sundara hai / jaina darzana kI ucca kakSAoM meM sthAna pAne yogya hai| __jaina-darzana jIvana-darzana hai / vaha vyartha ke kAlpanika AdazoM ke gagana kI ur3Ana nahI, kintu kadama kadama para jIvana ke pratyeka vya . rekI vastu hai / darzana kA mUla artha hapTi hai,isa artha meM jaina-darzana ne ke lie manuSya ko vivekahASTa detA hai / AdamI jaba stra pahacAna jAtA hai, tabhI vaha apane jIvana kA eka uddezya aura pUrI zakti ke sAtha usa ora agra-caraNa hotA hai| mehatA jI darzana ke ukta pakSa ko samajhAne meM kAphI saphala

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lekhaka kI anya kRtiyA~ Jaina Psychology Outlines of Jaina Philosophy Outlines of Karma in Jainism

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zubhAzIH sAla jI mere nikaTata kI gaharI vidvattA mahetA jI kI mujhe prasannatA hai, ki jaina vidvAna, Aja ke yuga kI nitya-nUtana sAhityika pragati ko dekha kara apanI zakti kA satprayoga ThIka dizA meM karane lage haiN| apane dharma, darzana tathA saMskRti ke gaurava kI ora unakA dhyAna kendrita hone lagA hai| DAkTara mohana lAla jI mere nikaTa ke paricitoM meM se eka haiN| unakA mRdu svabhAva, komala vyavahAra, aura unakI gaharI vidvattA Aja ke samAja ke lie eka santoSa kI bAta hai / vidvattA ke sAtha vinamratA mahetA jI kI apanI eka alagahI vizeSatA hai| kArya-paTutA aura kArya-kSamatA-ina donoM guNoM ne hI mehatA jI ko itanA gaurava pradAna kiyA hai| DAkTara mehatA abhI taruNa haiM / ataH bhaviSya meM ve aura bhI adhika pragati kara sakeMge, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ___'sanmati jJAna pITha, AgarA' se unakA jaina-darzana prakAzita ho rahA hai / yaha grantha mujhe bahuta pasanda hai| kyoMki isameM jaina darzana ke prAyaH samagra pahaluoM para sundara DhaMga se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pramANa, prameya, naya aura sapta bhagI jaise gambhIra viSayoM para mehatA jI ne likhA hai, aura kAphI vistRta, sAtha hI rocaka bhASA meM likhA hai| yaha grantha bhAva, bhASA aura zailI-sabhI dRSTiyoM se sundara hai / jaina darzana kI ucca kakSAoM meM sthAna pAne yogya hai| jaina-darzana jIvana-darzana hai| vaha vyartha ke kAlpanika AdazoM ke gagana kI ur3Ana nahIM, kintu kadama kadama para jIvana ke pratyeka vyavahAra meM DhAlane kI vastu hai / darzana kA mUla artha dRSTi hai,isa artha meM jaina-darzana sva-para ko pahacAna ne ke lie manuSya ko vivekahASTa detA hai / AdamI jaba sva-para ko ThIka taraha pahacAna jAtA hai, tabhI vaha apane jIvana kA eka uddezya sthira karatA hai, aura pUrI zakti ke sAtha usa ora agra-caraNa hotA hai / maiM samajhatA hU~, mehatA jI darzana ke ukta pakSa ko samajhAne meM kAphI saphala hue haiM / yaha ThIka

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hai ki kucha sthaloMpara mahetA jI kA cintana svatantra rAha bhI pakar3a letA hai, phira bhI vaha pAThaka ko cintana kI dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa preraNA detA hai, isameM to koI sandeha hai hI nhiiN| ___ grantha ko adyatana sundara rUpa meM prakAzita karane kI ora jJAnapITa ke vivekazIla adhikAriyoM ne paryApta dhyAna rakhA hai| AzA hai darzana-kSetra kA vijJa pAThaka prastuta jaina darzana kA hRdaya se samAdara karegA. aura bhaviSya meM mehatA jI se anya koI abhinava bhavya kRti prApta karane ke lie preraNAsrota banegA / basa, Aja itanA hii| sarasvatI ke mahAmandira meM sarasvatI ke barada putra kI yaha bheMTa cirAyu ho..."Ananda ! AgarA vIra jayantI: 1656 --upAdhyAya, amara muni

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puro vacana aAja ke vikAsa-yuga meM, cAroM ora vikAsa, pragati aura abhyudaya ho rahA hai / mAnava pratyeka kSetra meM, vikAsa aura pragati ke pada cinha chor3atA calA jA rahA hai / vijJAna, darzana, sAhitya, kalA aura bhASA ke kSetra meM bhI mAnava mastiSka ne adbhuta vikAsa evaM pragati kI hai| jaina sAhitya bhI usa vikAsa evaM pragati se aprabhAvita kaise raha sakatA thA ? yadyapi jaina-vicAradhArA kA virAT evaM vipula sAhitya-saMskRta, prAkRta tathA bhArata kI anya prAntIya bhASAoM meM cirakAla se upacita hotA calA A rahA thA, tathApi hindI bhASA meM vaha atyanta mandagati se A rahA thA / parantu harSa hai, ki aba rASTra bhASA hindI meM bhI jaina sAhitya apane vividha rUpoM meM druta gati se avatarita ho rahA hai / mujhe AzA hai, bhaviSya meM jaina vidvAna, apanI zreSTha kRtiyoM se rASTrabhASA ke bhaNDAra ko bharate raheMge / ___'jaina-darzana' para saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM vipula mAtrA meM likhA gayA haisarala se sarala aura kaThina se kaThina / kintu hindI bhASA meM isa viSaya para munirAja zrI nyAyavijaya jI kA jana-darzana' sarva prathama saphala prayAsa kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha grantha na bahuta gaharA hai aura na bahuta uthalA / 'darzana' jaise gambhIra viSaya ko isameM sarala, subodhya evaM sundara bhASA meM sarvajana bhogya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ___ DAkTara mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya kA 'jaina-darzana' bhI janatA ke hAthoM meM pahuMca cukA hai / usakI bhASA, zailI aura vipaya sabhI gambhIra haiN| pramANa aura pramANa ke phala kI isameM kAphI lambI carcA kI gaI hai| SaT dravya, sapta tattva, aura sapta nayoM kA saMkSipta,-parantu sArabhUta paricaya de diyA hai| vaha grantha vistata, gambhIra, aura tAtvika AlocanAtmaka hai| sAmAnya pAThaka usase utanA lAbhAnvita nahIM ho sakatA, jitanA darzana-kSetra kA eka suparicita vyakti lAbhAnvita ho sakatA hai / DAkTara mohanalAla mehatA kA 'jaina-darzana' apanI nayI zaMlI, sundara bhASA aura ucca bhAvanAoM ko lekara pAThakoM ke samakSa prArahA hai| niHsandeha

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( ba ) DAkTara mehatA kA yaha prayAsa ukta donoM granthoM ke bIca kI kar3I kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha gambhIra bhI hai, aura sarala bhI / yaha sarvajana - bhogya bhI hai, aura vidvajjana-bhogya bhI / bhASA, bhAva aura zailI sabhI dRSTiyoM se sundara hai / prastuta 'jaina darzana' meM pramANa aura prameya kA khAsA acchA paricaya karAne ke sAtha hI, usameM pUrva aura pazcima kI dArzanika vicAra dhArAoM meM 'jainadarzana' kA apanA sthAna kyA hai ? isa viSaya para kAphI spaSTa carcA kI gaI hai / itanA hI nahIM, kintu dharma, darzana aura vijJAna - ina tInoM ke sambandha meM bhI DAkTara mehatA ne spaSTa kahA-poha kiyA hai / dharma, darzana aura vijJAna kA paraspara kyA sambandha hai ? unameM vaiSamya kahA~ taka hai ? aura sAmya kahA~ taka ? isakI carcA bhI sundara DhaMga se kI gaI hai / ata: yaha prastuta grantha Adhunika pAThya granthoM kI zreNI meM bhI sahaja hI apanA eka viziSTa sthAna banA sakegA / kAleja aura mahAvidyAlayoM kI uccatara kakSAoM meM bhI yaha apanA ucita sthAna prApta karegA, isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM / 'jaina-darzana' ke parizIlana, cintana aura manana ke abhAva meM, anya darzanoM kA adhyayana grapUrNa hI rahatA hai / vaha isalie ki jaina darzana meM grAkara samasta anya darzanoM ke matabheda vilupta ho jAte haiM / jaina darzana kA apanA eka hI viziSTa dRSTikoNa hai, ki vaha vibhinna dArzanika dRSTiyoM meM pracchana satya ko prakaTa kara detA hai / granya darzanoM meM doSa-darzana, yahI mukhya nahIM hai, kintu una dArzanika matabhedoM ke bIca mataikya kahA~ hai ? aura vaha dUra kaise ho sakatA hai ? isa tathya kA anusandhAna hI jaina darzana kA apanA mukhya viSaya hai / vibhinna darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jo Aja ke yuga kI sabase bar3I zrAvazyakatA hai, usakI pUrti grAja se DhAI hajAra varSo se jaina darzana nirantara karatA calA AyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai, ki tat tat kAla ke jaina darzana sambaddha grantha kevala jaina-darzana kA hI parivodha nahIM karAte, valki tat tat kAla ke anya darzanoM kA prAmANika jJAna karAne meM bhI saphala sAdhana rahe haiM / mUla saMskRta meM vilupta vauddha granthoM aura tadgata mantavyoM ko jAnane kA jitanA acchA sAdhana pratiSTita jaina darzana kI grantha-rAzi hai utanA anya nahIM / vizeSatA yaha hai, ki dArzanika sUtra kAla se lekara bhASya, vArtika aura TIkAnuTIkAoMoM ke kAla meM bhI nirantara evaM kramazaH jaina dArzanikoM ne apane grantha likhe haiM, aura una meM apane kAla taka ko samagra dArzanika sAmagrI ko ekatrita karane kA pUrA satprayatna kiyA hai /

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( sa ) isa dRSTi se bhAratIya dArzanika cintana dhArAgoM kA kramika vikAsa, aura ghAta-pratighAta se niSpanna pratyeka darzana ke vikAsa ko jAnane kA sAdhana bhI jaina-darzana hai| dArzanikoM kA dhyAna abhI taka isa ora gayA nahIM hai, ataH jaina darzana ke mahattvapUrNa grantha bhI vidvAnoM kI upekSA ke viSaya bane hue haiN| parantu yaha upekSA ghAtaka hai, isameM jarA bhI saMzaya nahIM hai / bhAratIya rAjanIti meM saha astitva kA siddhAnta svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| usakI mUla dArzanika paramparA kI zodha jaina dArzanika granthoM se bhalI bhA~ti ho sakatI hai / kyA rAjanItika, kyA sAmAjika, aura kyA dArzanika, Aja ke jIvana meM sarvatra sahaastitva ke siddhAnta kI yAvazyakatA hai / Aja ke dAzaMnika vidvAnoM ko isa viSaya para gambhIratA ke sAtha vicAra karanA hogaa| DAkTara mehatA ke prastuta 'jaina-darzana' ko dekha kara vidvAnoM kI dRSTi yadi jaina-darzana ke maulika granthoM ke adhyayana kI ora gaI, to unakA zrama saphala hogaa| maiM isa grantha ke lie unheM badhAI detA hU~ / bhaviSya meM bhI ve isI prakAra apanI zreSTha kRtiyA~ dete raheMge, yaha AzA karatA huuN| ___ sanmati jJAna pITha ke adhikRta adhikArIgaNa ne isa grantha ko prakAzita karake jaina darzana ke adhyayana kI pragati meM mahatvapUrNa yoga-dAna diyA hai / ataH ve bhI dhanyavAda ke yogya haiM / maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki bhaviSya meM ve loga satsAhitya ke prakAzana meM apanA udAra yoga-dAna dete raheMge / vArANasI 18-3-56 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA

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paricaya-rekhA pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra eka hI sAMskRtika paramparA ke pracAraka-upadezaka the, yaha vAta Aja nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho cukI hai / isa bAta ko pramANabhUta mAna lene para yaha svataH siddha ho jAtA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke pravartaka mahAvIra se bhI pahale vidyamAna the| yaha paramparA kitanI purAnI hai, isakA antima nirNaya hamArI aitihAsika dRSTi kI maryAdA se bAhara hai| hama to itanA hI nizcita kara sakate haiM ki mahAvIra jaina vicAradhArA ke pravartaka na the, apitu pracAraka the, upadezaka the, sughAraka the, uddhAraka the / jaina tattvajJAna ko acchI taraha se samajhane ke liye, yaha Avazyaka hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke kucha mahattvapUrNa pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA jAya / pratyeka mahApuruSa apane siddhAnta kA vyApaka pracAra karane ke liye do prakAra ke kArya apane hAtha meM letA hai| pahalA kArya yaha hai ki apane siddhAnta se viparIta jitanI bhI mAnyatAeM samAja meM pracalita hoM unakA pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM khaNDana krnaa| yaha niSedhAtmaka kArya hai / dUsarA kArya vidheyAtmaka hotA hai, aura vaha hai, apane siddhAntoM kA khule rUpa meM pracAra karanA / mahAvIra ke sAmane bhI ye donoM prakAra ke kArya the / unhoMne usa samaya kI sAmAjika kurItiyAM, dhArmika andha-bhakti Adi para kaThora prahAra kiyA aura sAtha hI sAtha logoM ko zAnti evaM prema kA mArga batAyA / mahAvIra ne janatA ko zAnti kA jo sandeza diyA, vaha apUrNa arthAt kisI eka kSetra taka hI sImita na thaa| jIvana ke jitane pakSa the, saba para usakI chApa thii| kyA sAmAjika, kyA Arthika, kyA dArzanika, kyA dhArmika-sabhI kSetroM ke lie unakA eka hI sandeza thA aura vaha thA zAnti aura prema kA, vaha thA sadbhAvanA evaM sAmaMjasya kA, vaha thA ahiMsA aura anekAnta kaa| tatkAlIna mukhya mukhya samasyAoM para isakA prayoga kaise kiyA gayA, ise kramazaH dekhane kA prayatna karanA ThIka hogA : sAmAjika paristhiti : mahAvIra ke samaya meM sAmAjika viSamatA kAphI bar3hI huI thI, isameM koI saMzaya nhiiN| varNabheda ke nAma para manuSya-samAja ke aneka khaNDa ho rahe the| ye khaNDa kevala vyavasAya yA karma ke kSetra taka hI

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( kha ) sImita na the apitu jIvana ke sabhI aMgoM meM praviSTa ho cuke the / eka jAti dUsarI jAti se, eka varNa dUsare varNa se itanA gradhika kaTa cukA thA ki donoM meM kisI prakAra kI ekatA na rahI / pArasparika vivAha sambandha yA khAna-pAna kI bAta to eka cora rahI, paraspara sparza karanA bhI pApa mAnA jAne lagA / chuAchUta kA roga kevala eka varga taka hI sImita ho aisA bhI nahIM thA / zUdra varNa ke jitane loga the ve saba anya tIna varNoM kI dRSTi meM asparzya the / isake atirikta tInoM varNoM ke logoM meM bhI chuAchUta kA vyavahAra pracalita thA / brAhmaNa varga ke loga kisI bhI varga ke hAtha kA chunA huA bhojana nahIM khA sakate / brAhmaNoM kI dRSTi meM kisI dRSTi se tInoM varNa asparzya the / itanA hI nahIM apitu eka hI varNa kA eka varga dUsare varga ko samaya vizeSa para achUta samajhatA thA / Aja bhI yahI dazA samAja meM dekhI jAtI hai / yaha to huI varNavyavasthA kI bAta | isake atirikta liMga bheda bhI usa samaya kama na thA / strIjAti ko puruSa jAti se aneka avasaroM para hIna samajhA jAtA thA / striyoM kA vyApAra karanA sAdhAraNa sI bAta thI / isake aneka udAharaNa AgamoM meM milate haiM / mahAvIra ne ina sAre bhedabhAvoM ko samApta karane kA kArya apane hAtha meM liyA / varNa aura Azrama kI vyavasthA ko miTAne kA prayatna kiyA / sabhI logoM ko samAna sAmAjika adhikAra die / apane saMgha meM saba logoM ko Ane kA avasara diyA / unheM isa kArya meM usa samaya saphalatA bhI milI / unake zramaNa-saMgha meM brAhmaNa varNa ke logoM se lekara zUdra varNa ke nimnatama varga, bhaMgI, camAra Adi jAti ke loga the / Arthika samasyA : artha ke kSetra meM bhI mahAvIra ne samAnatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA / ahiMsA kI bhUmikA para khar3A hone vAlA aparigrahavAda unheM bahuta priya thA / unhoMne parigraha ko bahuta bar3A pApa batAyA / parigraha ke liye parigraha kI maryAdA kA upadeza diyA / yaha maryAdA anna-vastra se lekara sonA-cA~dI Adi taka thI / yaha kahanA sambhavataH ucita na hogA ki unhoMne sAmyavAda kA hI pracAra kiyA, kyoMki Aja ke sAmyavAda kA pracAra usa samaya kI samasyA hI na thI / Aja ke yuga kA Arthika DhA~cA usa yuga ke Arthika DhA~ce se bhinna prakAra kA hai / Aja ke yuga kA sAmUhika zoSaNa usa yuga meM pracalita na thA / phira bhI yaha bAta avazya hai ki usa samaya Arthika asamAnatA samAja meM vidyamAna thI / usa asamAnatA ko dUra karane kA mahAvIra

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kA prayatna usa yuga kI dRSTi se mahAna hai| itanA hote hue bhI mahAvIra ko isa kArya meM pUrI saphalatA milI ho, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke antima kAla taka Arthika asamAnatA banI rahI / mahAvIra ke bar3e bar3e bhakta-zrAvaka isa asamAnatA ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiye jA sakate haiN| hA~, jahA~ taka zramaNa-sagha kA prazna hai, mahAvIra ko aparigraha ke siddhAnta meM pUrI saphalatA milii| zramaraNa-saMgha kA koI bhI sAdhu AvazyakatA se adhika upabhoga-paribhoga kI sAmagrI nahIM rakha sakatA thaa| isa sAmagrI kI maryAdA kA bandhana bhI bahuta kaThora thaa| dhArmika mAnyatA : jisa samaya mahAvIra ne ahiMsaka dhAraNAoM kA pracAra karanA zurU kiyA usa samaya bhArata kI bhUmi para vaidika kriyAkANDoM kA bahuta jora thaa| yajJa ke nAma para kina kina prANiyoM ke prANoM kI Ahuti dI jAtI thI, yaha itihAsa ke vidyArthI se chipA nahIM hai / vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA sucAru rUpa se pAlana karavAne ke lie eka svatantra sampradAya hI bana cukA thaa| isa sampradAya kA nAma mImAMsA sampradAya hai| yahI sampradAya darzana-jagat meM pUrva mImAMsA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isake aneka grantha isI hetu se bane ki amuka kriyA kA amuka vidhi se hI pAlana honA cAhiye / pratyeka prakAra ke vidhividhAna ke lie alaga alaga prakAra ke niyama the| yajJa meM Ahuti dene kI viziSTa vidhiyAM thiiN| logoM kI yaha dhAraNA dRr3ha hotI jA rahI thI ki svargaprApti ke liye ye kriyA-kANDa anivArya haiM / vinA yajJa meM Ahuti die svargaprApti asambhava hai / mahAvIra ne ina saba dhAraNAoM ko dekhA evaM vaidika kiyAkANDa ke pIche hone vAlI bhayaMkara hatyAoM kA virodha karanA prArambha kiyA / ve khule rUpa meM hiMsApUrNa yajJoM kA virodha karane lge| isa virodha ke kAraNa unheM jagaha-jagaha apamAnita bhI honA par3atA thaa| kintu unhoMne kisI bhI prakAra kI paravAha kie vinA ahiMsA kA sandeza ghara-ghara pahuMcAnA varAvara cAlU rakhA / zAnti aura prema ke sandeza meM kabhI DhilAI na yAne dii| yadyapi vaidika kriyA-kANDa kA samarthaka varga bahuta bar3A evaM prabhAvazAlI thA kintu mahAvIra ko vaha na davA skaa| isakA kAraNa yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki eka to mahAvIra svayaM dRr3ha pratijJa vyakti the, dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki mahAvIra kA janma eka kSatriya rAja-parivAra meM hussA thA aura usakA aAsapAsa meM bahuta prabhAva thA / yadi aisA na hotA to sambhavataH unheM itanI jaldI saphalatA na milatI / buddha ke viSaya meM

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( gha ) bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| mahAvIra jaba apanA paricita kSetra chor3a kara anyatra gae to unheM kAphI yAtanAeM sahanI pdd'ii| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki usa kSetra meM kevala unakA vyaktigata prabhAva thA, na ki rAjavaMza kA koI asara / mahAvIra ne janatA ko ahiMsA-sandeza diyaa| unhoMne kahA ki Atmazuddhi hI sukha kA saccA evaM sIdhA upAya hai| jaba taka Atmazuddhi na hogI, vAyuzuddhi athavA devatAoM kI prasannatA se kucha nahIM ho skegaa| yadi Apa apane lie sukha cAhate haiM to use apane bhItara se hI nikaalie| vaha kahIM bAhara nahIM hai / dUsare prANiyoM kI hatyA se Apako sukha kaise mila sakatA hai ? apane kapAya kI hatyA karie, apane rAgadveSa kA vadha krie| isI se Apako saccA sukha milegaa| duHkha ke kAraNoM kA nAza hone para hI duHkha dUra hotA hai| jo duHkha ke vAstavika kAraNa haiM unheM naSTa kIjie- unakI Ahati dIjie / duHkha kA kAraNa to hai rAga-dveSa-kaSAya aura Apa nAza karate haiM dUsare prANiyoM kA / he bhole jIvo ! aisA karane se duHkha kaise dUra hogA ? svayaM sukha cAhate ho aura dUsaroM ko duHkha dete ho, yaha kahA~ kA nyAya hai ? jaisA hameM sukha priya hai vaisA dUsaroM ko bhI sukha priya hai| isalie kisI ko bhI duHkha mata do| kisI kI bhI hiMsA mata karo / jo dUsare kI hiMsA karatA hai vaha sacamuca apanI hI hiMsA karatA hai / hiMsA se duHkha bar3hatA hai, ghaTatA nahIM / mahAvIra kA yaha sandeza Aja ke yuga ke liye bhI atyanta upayogI hai| isase paraloka meM kalyANa hotA hai, yahI nahIM, apitu ihaloka bhI sukhI banatA hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM mahAvIra kA ahiMsA-sandeza Aja bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM jIvita hai| * dArzanika vivAda : mahAvIra ke sAmane aneka prakAra kI dArzanika paramparAe~ vidyamAna thiiN| nitya aura anitya, eka aura aneka, jar3a aura cetana Adi viSayoM kA aikAntika Agraha unakI vizeSatA thii| eka paramparA nityavAda para hI sArA bojha DAla detI thI to dUsarI paramparA anityavAda ko hI saba kucha samajhatI thii| koI paramparA antima tattva eka hI mAnatI thI to kisI paramparA meM eka kA sarvathA niSedha thaa| koI sAre saMsAra kI vibhinnatA kA kAraNa eka mAtra jar3a ko mAnatA thA to koI kevala prAtmatattva se hI saba kucha nikAla letA thaa| isa prakAra vividha prakAra ke virodhI vAda eka dUsare para prahAra karane meM hI apanI sArI zakti lagA dete the / pariNAma yaha hotA ki dArzanika jagat meM jarA bhI zAnti na rahatI / pArasparika virodha hI darzana kA

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mUla thA / mahAvIra ne socA ki vAta kyA hai ? kyA kAraNa hai ki sabhI vAda , eka dUsare ke virodhI haiM ? unheM aisA mAlUma par3A ki isa virodha ke mUla meM mithyA Agraha hai| isI Agraha ko unhoMne aikAntika aAgraha khaa| unhoMne vastutattva ko dhyAna se dekhA / unheM mAlUma huA ki vastu meM to bahuta se dharma haiM, phira kyA kAraNa hai ki koI kisI eka dharma ko hI svIkAra karatA hai to koI kisI dUsare dharma ko hI yathArtha mAnatA hai ? dRSTi kI saMkucitatA ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai, yaha hala niklaa| unhoMne kahA ki dArzanika dRSTi saMkucita na hokara vizAla honI cAhiye / jitane bhI dharma vastu meM pratibhAsita hote hoM, . saba kA samAveza usa dRSTi meM honA caahiye| yaha ThIka hai ki hamArA dRSTikoNa kisI samaya kisI eka dharma para vizeSa bhAra detA hai, kisI samaya kisI dUsare dharma para / itanA hote hue bhI, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vastu meM amuka dharma hai, aura koI dharma nhiiN| vastu kA pUrNa vizleSaNa karane para yaha pratIta hogA ki vAstava meM hama jina dharmoM kA niSedha karanA cAhate haiM ve sAre dharma vastu meM vidyamAna hai| isI dRSTi ko sAmane rakhate hue unhoMne vastu ko ananta dharmAtmaka kahA / vastu svabhAva se hI aisI hai ki usakA aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isI dRSTi kA nAma anekAntavAda hai| kisI eka dharma kA pratipAdana 'syAt' (kisI eka apekSA se yA kisI eka dRSTi se) zabda se hotA hai ataH anekAntavAda ko syAdvAda bhI kahate haiM / dArzanika kSetra meM mahAvIra kI yaha bahuta bar3I dena hai| isase unakI udAratA evaM vizAlatA prakaTa hotI hai / yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM ki anekAntavAda ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya mAtra hai| anekAntavAda eka vilakSaNa vAda hai| isakI jAti ekAntavAda se bhinna hai / ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya ho hI nahIM sktaa| samanvaya to sApekSavAdoM kA ho sakatA hai| anekAntavAda sApekSavAdoM kA samanvaya avazya hai| sApekSavAda anekAntavAda se abhinna haiM / aneka ekAnta dRSTiyoM ko jor3ane mAtra se anekAnta dRSTi nahIM bana sakatI / anekAnta dRSTi eka vizAla evaM svatantra dRSTi hai, jisameM aneka sApekSa hapTiyAM haiN| janadarzana kI vizeSatA : mahAvIra ne jisa dRSTi kA pracAra kiyA usa dRSTi kI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlanA Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana kI mukhya vizeSatA syAdvAda hai, yaha hamane dekhaa| mahAvIra ne vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa hamAre sAmane rakhane kI pUrI koziza kI aura usI kA pariNAma syAdvAda ke rUpa

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( ca . ) meM hamAre sAmane hai / isake atirikta jainadarzana kI aura bhI kaI vizeSatAeM haiN| unakA hama kramazaH ullekha kareMge / sarva prathama hama tattva ko leN| tattva ke sAmAnya rUpa se cAra pakSa hote haiM / eka pakSa tattva ko sat mAnatA hai / sAMkhya isa pakSa kA pravala samarthaka hai / dUsarA pakSa asatvAdI hai| usakI dRSTi se tattva sat nahIM ho sakatA / bauddha darzana kI zAkhA zUnyavAda ko isa pakSa kA samarthaka kaha sakate haiM / yadyapi zUnyavAda kI dRSTi se tattva na sat hai, na asat haiM, na ubhaya hai. na anubhaya hai, tathApi usakA jhukAva niSedha kI ora hI hai ataH vaha asatvAdI kahA jA sakatA hai / tIsarA pakSa sat aura asat --donoM kA svataMtra rUpa se samarthana karatA hai| yaha pakSa nyAya-vaizeSika kA hai| isakI dRSTi se sat bhinna hai, asat bhinna hai / ye donoM svatantra tattva haiM / sat asat se sarvathA bhinna tathA svatantra padArtha hai| usI prakAra asat bhI eka bhinna padArtha hai / cauthA pakSa anubhayavAda kA hai| isa pakSa kA kathana hai ki tattva anirvacanIya hai / vaha na sat kahA jA sakatA hai, na asat / vedAnta kI mAyA isI prakAra kI hai / vaha na sat hai na asada / jaina darzana ina cAroM prakAra ke ekAntavAdI pakSoM ko adhUrA mAnatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki vastu na ekAntarUpa se sat hai, na ekAntarUpa se asat hai, na ekAntarUpa se sat aura asat hai, na ekAntarUpa se sat aura asat donoM se anirvacanIya hai| yaha to jainadarzana-sammata tattva kI sAmAnya carcA huii| vizeSa rUpa se jainadarzana chaH dravya ( tattva ) mAnatA hai| ye chaH dravya haiMjIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla aura pudgala / jIvadravya ke viSaya meM jainadarzana kI vizeSa mAnyatA yaha hai ki saMsArI prAtmA deha-parimAraNa hotI hai| bhArata ke kisI anya darzana meM prAtmA ko svadeha-parimAraNa nahIM mAnA jaataa| kevala jaina darzana hI aisA hai jo AtmA ko deha-parimANa mAnatA hai / dharma aura adharma kI mAnyatA bhI jainadarzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai / koI anya darzana gati aura sthiti ke lie bhinna dravya nahIM maantaa| vaizeSikoM ne utkSepaNa Adi ko dravya na mAna kara karma mAnA hai| jainadarzana gati ke lie svatantra dravyadharmAstikAya mAnatA hai aura sthiti ke lie svatantra dravya-adharmAstikAya mAnatA hai / janadarzana kI prAkAza-viSayaka mAnyatA meM bhI vizeSatA hai / lokAkAza kI .. mAnyatA anyatra bhI hai kintu alokAkAza (kevala AkAza) kI mAnyatA anyatra nahIM milatI / pudgala kI mAnyatA meM yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaizeSikAdi pRthvI

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( cha ) Adi dravyoM ke bhinna-bhinna paramANuH mAnate haiM jaba. ki jainadarzana: pudgala ke alaga-alaga prakAra ke paramANu nahIM maantaa| pratyeka paramANu meM sparza, rasa, gandha aura rUpa ko yogyatA rahatI hai / sparza ke.paramANu rUpAdi ke paramANuoM se bhinna nahIM haiM / isI prakAra rUpa ke paramANu spAdi paramANuoM se alaga nahIM haiM / paramAraNu kI eka hI jAti hai / pRthvI kA paramANu pAnI meM pariNata ho sakatA hai, pAnI kA paramANu agni meM pariNata ho sakatA hai Adi / isake atirikta zabda ko paudgalika mAnanA bhI jainadarzana kI vizeSatA hai| tattvaviSayaka vizeSatAoM ke jJAna ke lie yaha vivaraNa kAphI hai| jJAnavAda kI mAnyatA meM saba se bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki jainetara darzana indriyajJAna ko pratyakSa mAnate haiM jaba ki janadarzana vAstava meM AtmA se hone vAle jJAna ko hI pratyakSa mAnatA hai arthAt jo jJAna indriyoM kI sahAyatA se na hokara sIdhA prAtmA se hotA hai vahI jJAna pratyakSa hai / indriyajJAna ko vyAvahArika pratyakSa kaha sakate haiM / pAramArthika athavA nizcaya-dRSTi se indriyajJAna parokSa hI hai / matijJAna aura zrutajJAna indriya aura mana kI apekSA rakhate haiM ataH parokSa haiM / avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevalajJAna indriya aura mana kI apekSA nahIM rakhate, kintu prAtmA se utpanna hote haiM ataH pratyakSa haiM / prAmANya kI samasyA kA utpatti aura jJapti kI dRSTi se jo samAdhAna jaina tAkikoM ne kiyA hai vaha bhI dUsaroM se bhinna hai / jainadarzana meM prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti parataH mAnI gaI hai jaba ki jJapti svataH aura parata: donoM prakAra se mAnI gaI hai / abhyAsa-dazA meM bapti svataH hotI hai, anamyAsa dazA meM parataH / pramANa aura phala ke sambandha meM bhI jaina dRSTikoNa bhinna hai / pramANa phala se kathaMcit bhinna hai kathaMcit abhinna / sthAdvAda praura naya ko jaina darzana kI dena atyanta mahattvapUrNa tathA viziSTa hai, hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM / naya kA AviSkAra karake janatAkikoM ne samyak ekAna kI siddhi karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai| apanI dRSTi taka sImita rahate hue bhI dUsaroM kI dRSTi para prahAra na karanA, yahI naya kA sandeza hai / kAmaMvAda para janadarzana ke prAcAryoM ne jitanA vizAla sAhitya tayAra kiyA hai utanA kimI dUsare darzana ke pAcAryoM ne nahIM kiyA / karma-siddhAnta kA itanA vyavapita evaM sarvAgapUrNa vivecana anya darzanoM meM nahIM miltaa|

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( ja } prastuta graMtha kA prathama adhyAya dharma, darzana aura vijJAna kI ke rUpa tulanA meM hai / isase darzana ke kSetra kA aura usakI paddhati kA jJAna hone meM sahAyatA milegii| dUsarA adhyAya AdarzavAda aura yathArthavAda ke dArzanika dRSTikoNoM ko samajhane ke lie hai| jainadarzana kA kyA dRSTikoNa hai va dUsare dRSTikoNoM se usameM kyA vizeSatA hai, yaha jAnane kI dRSTi se ise Avazyaka samajhA gayA hai / pAzcAtya aura prAcya vicAradhArAoM kI sAmAnya bhUmikA kyA hai, yaha bhI isase jJAta hogaa| tIsarA adhyAya jainadarzana ke sAmAnya svarUpa va usake AdhArabhUta sAhitya para hai / isameM Agama se lekara Ajataka ke sAhitya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai / jaina darzana ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jAnanA zrAvazyaka hai | cauthA adhyAya tattva para hai / tattva ke svarUpa, bheda Adi kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai / pA~cavA~ adhyAya jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra para hai / isameM Agamika mAnyatA aura tArkika mAnyatA- donoM kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / chaThA adhyAya syAdvAda para hai / zrAgamoM meM syAdvAda kisa rUpa meM milatA hai, bhagavatI prAdi meM saptabhaGgI kisa rUpa meM hai, saptabhaGgI AgamakAlIna hai yA bAda ke dArzanikoM ke dimAga kI upaja, Adi praznoM ko hala karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai aura sAtha hI syAdvAda para kiye jAne vAle prAcIna evaM arvAcIna prahAroM kA sapramANa uttara diyA gayA hai / sAtavA~ adhyAya naya para hai / isameM dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika dRSTi kA vivecana karate hue sAta nayoM kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / AThaveM adhyAya meM karmavAda para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / isa prakAra isa graMtha meM jaina-darzana kI maulika samasyAoM para prakAza DAlane kI pUrI koziza kI gaI hai / prAyaH mukhya mukhya sArI bAteM isameM A gaI haiM / koI bhI aisA mahattva kA viSaya nahIM hai jisa para isameM prakAza na DAlA gayA ho| aisI bAteM avazya chor3a dI gaI haiM jo kevala mAnyatA kI haiM, jinakA darzanika dRSTi se khAsa mahattva nahIM hai / hindI jagat meM isa prakAra ke granthoM kI kamI hai| prastuta graMtha isa kamI ko kisI aMza taka dUra karane kA namra prayAsa hai / pRSThoM ke nIce sthala-nirdeza va uddharaNa die gaye haiM jisase koI bhI bAta nirmUla mAlUma na ho / 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiMcit' kA yathA saMbhava pAlana kiyA gayA hai / graMtha kI pANDulipi sAta varSa pUrva hI taiyAra ho cukI thI kintu kinhIM kAraNoM se graMtha prakAzita na ho sakA / Aja ise isa rUpa meM hamAre sanmukha

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prastuta karane kA sArA zreya zrI sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA ko hai / isake lie maiM jJAnapITha kA hRdaya se prAbhArI huuN| sAtha hI zraddhaya upAdhyAya kavi amara munijI tathA apane guru paM0 dalasukha mAlavariyA kA bhI atyanta anugRhIta hU~ jinakI satpreraNA evaM zubhAzIrvAdoM ke phalasvarUpa hI yaha kArya niSpanna huaa| -mohanalAla mehatA zaikSaNika evaM vyAvasAyika parAmarza kendra rAjasthAna, bIkAnera 3-12-58

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kahA~-kyA hai ? ::::: * ALM pRSTha saMkhyA 1-dharma, darzana aura vijJAna ... 3-22 dharma kI utpatti dharma kA artha darzana kA svarUpa vijJAna kA kSetra dharma aura darzana darzana aura vijJAna dharma aura vijJAna 2-darzana, jIvana aura jagat .. 23-64 darzana kI utpatti bhAratIya paramparA kA prayojana darzana aura jIvana jagat kA svarUpa prAdarzavAda kA dRSTikoNa kucha mithyA dhAraNAe~ prAdarzavAda kI vibhinna dRSTiyAM yathArthavAda yayAvAdI vicAradhArAeM jaina-darzana kA yathArthavAda 3--jaina darzana aura usakA AdhAra ... ... 65-122 jaina dharma yA jaina darzana ... ... ... bhAratIya vicAra-pravAha ko do dhArAe~... ... . prAhmaNa saMskRti ::: :::::: ... ... ... 72

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pRSTha saMkhyA cha9, s zramaNa saMskRti 'zramaNa' zabda kA artha jaina paramparA kA mahattva jaina darzana kA prAdhAra Agama yuga AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa AgamoM para TIkAe~ digambara Agama sthAnakavAsI Agama grantha AgamaprAmANya kA sAra Agama yuga kA anta prAcArya umAsvAti aura tattvArtha sUtra"" tattvArtha para TIkAe~ anekAnta-sthApanA-yuga siddhasena samantabhadra mallavAdI siMhagariNa pAtrakezarI pramANazAstra-vyavasthA-yuga akalaMka haribhadra vidyAnanda zAkaTAyana aura anantavIrya mANikyanandI, sirSi aura abhaya deva... prabhAcandra aura vAdirAja jinezvara, candraprabha aura anantavIrya vAdI devasUri hemacandra uuuaw" . x win mm omorrow momorrow 004 or or or

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:: anya dArzanika navya-nyAya-yuga sampAdana evaM anusaMdhAna-yuga 4--jaina-darzana meM tattva jaina dRSTi se loka sat kA svarUpa dravya aura paryAya bhedAbhedavAda dravya kA vargIkaraNa yAtmA kA svatantra astitva prAtmA kA svarUpa jJAnopayoga darzanopayoga saMsArI prAtmA pudgala pRSTha saMkhyA ... .112 ... 114 ... 116 123-202 ... 126 ..... 126 ..... 133 .... 136 146 :::::::::::::: 151 158 65 praNu skandha pudgala kA kAya manda bandha mauSamya sthaulpa saMsthAna ::: 186 0 0 0 0 0 mn 1 Wm 160 bheda :::::: 160 191 121 dhAtA udyota .0 0

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'. pudgala aura AtmA audArika zarIra vaikriya zarIra :: avagraha hA avAya dhAraNA zratajJAna mati aura zruta avadhijJAna mana:paryayajJAna avadhi aura mana:paryaya kevalajJAna darzana aura jJAna AgamoM meM pramANacarcA tarkayuga meM jJAna aura pramANa ... ... AhAraka zarIra tejasa zarIra kArmaNa zarIra dharma adharma AkAza zraddhAsamaya 5 -jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra AgamoM meM jJAnavAda matijJAna indriya mana ... ... : : ... * : : ... ... ... ... : ... : : : : ... : ... : : : ... :: pRSTa saMkhyA 162 162 163 ... ... ... 203-272 ... ... ... 163. 193 163 194 166 167 166 ... 206 211 212 213 215 216 220 221 . 2.27 226 232 235 237 238 236 245 .-52

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saMkhyA 255 6 257 258 ... - : : 262 273-324 277 280 ... 283 .... ... -jJAna kA prAmANya pramANa kA phala pramANa ke bheda pratyakSa parokSa 6-syAdvAda .. vibhajyavAda aura anekAntavAda ... ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda ... loka kI nityatA anityatA sAntatA aura anantatA jIva kI nityatA aura anityatA ... sAntatA aura anantatA pudgala kI nityatA anityatA ekatA aura anekatA asti aura nAsti prAgamoM meM syAdvAda anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda sthAdvAda aura saptabhaGgI bhaGgoM kA AgamakAlIna rUpa saptabhaGgI kA dArzanikarUpa dopa-parihAra 7-nayavAda dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika dRSTi ... dravyAyika aura pradezArthika dRSTi vyAvahArika aura naizcayika dRSTi .." prardhanaya aura gavdanaya naya ke bheda nayoM kA pArasparika sambandha 283 285 287 288 260 261 ::::::::::::::::::::: ... 264 ... 266 .... 300 308 314 325-342 328 ... 326 ... 331 ... 332

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pRSTha saMkhyA .. 343-357 rU46 346 347 347 8-karmavAda karmavAda, niyativAda evaM icchAsvAtaMtrya karma kA artha karma-bandha kA kAraNa karma-bandha kI prakriyA karma-prakRti karmoM kI sthiti karma-phala kI tIvratA mandatA karmoM ke pradeza karma kI vividha avasthAe~ karma aura punarjanma 348 mr 354 mr 355 355 357

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deg5Eh* {pE

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eka: dharma, darzana aura vijJAna dharma kI utpatti dharma kA artha darzana kA svarUpa vijJAna kA kSetra dharma aura darzana darzana aura vijJAna .. dharma aura vijJAna

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna dharma, darzana aura vijJAna paraspara sambaddha to haiM hI, sAtha hI sAtha kisI na kisI rUpa meM eka dUsare ke pUraka bhI haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki ina dRSTiyoM ke mArga bhinna-bhinna haiN| tInoM apanI-apanI svataMtra paddhati ke prAdhAra para satya kI khoja karate haiM / tInoM apane-apane svataMtra dRSTibindu ke anusAra tattva kI zodha karate haiN| itanA hote hue bhI tInoM kA lakSya ekAnta rUpa se bhinna nahIM hai| isI dRSTi ko sAmane rakhate hue hama dharma, darzana aura vijJAna ke lakSaNoM va sambandhoM kA digdarzana karAne kA prayatna kreNge| dharma kI utpatti : sarvaprathama hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki dharma kI utpatti kA gayA kAratA hai| mAnava-jIvana meM aise kauna se prazna prAye, jinako mulajhAne ke lie mAnava jAti ko dharma kA prAdhya lenA pdd'aa| aisI kauna sI kaThinAiyAM AI, jinheM dUra karane ke lie manupyajAti ke hRdaya meM dharma kI pravala bhAvanAeM jAgata huii|

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jaina-darzana kisI kA mata hai ki manuSya ne jaba prakRti ke adbhuta kArya dekhe taba usake mana meM eka prakAra kI vicAraNA jAgrata huii| usane una saba kAryoM ke viSaya meM socanA prArambha kiyA / socate-socate vaha usa stara para pahu~ca gayA, jahA~ zraddhA kA sAmrAjya thA / yahIM se dharma kI vicAradhArA prArambha hotI hai| hya ma isa mata kA virodha karatA hai| usakI dhAraNA ke anusAra dharma kI utpatti kA mukhya AdhAra prAkRtika kAryoM kA cintana nahIM, apitu jIvana kI kArya-paramparA hai| mAnava-jIvana meM nirantara Ane vAle bhaya va AzAe~ hI dharma kI utpatti ke mukhya kAraNa haiN| jIvana ke ina do pradhAna bhAvoM ko chor3akara anya koI bhI aisA kArya yA vyApAra nahIM, jise hama dharma kI utpatti kA pradhAna kAraNa mAna skeN| hya ma kI isa mAnyatA kA virodha karate hue kisI ne kevala bhaya ko hI dharma kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnA / isa mAnyatA ke anusAra bhaya hI sarvaprathama kAraNa thA, jisane mAnava ko bhagavAn kI sattA meM vizvAsa karane ke lie vivaza kiyaa| yadi bhaya na hotA to mAnava eka aisI zakti meM kadApi vizvAsa na karatA, jo usakI sAmAnya pahu~ca va zakti ke bAhara hai / kAnTa ne ina sArI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana karate hue isa dhAraNA kI sthApanA kI ki dharma kA mukhya AdhAra na AzA hai, na bhaya hai aura na prakRti ke adbhuta kArya hI ? dharma kI utpatti manuSya ke bhItara rahI huI usa bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hotI hai jise hama naitikatA (Morality) kahate haiM / naitikatA ke atirikta aisA koI AdhAra nahIM, jo dharma kI utpatti meM kAraNa bana sake / jarmana ke dUsare dArzanika hegala ne kAnTa kI isa mAnyatA ko vizeSa mahattva na dete hue isa mata kI sthApanA kI ki darzana aura dharma donoM kA AdhAra eka hI hai / darzana aura dharma ke isa abhedabhAva ke siddhAnta kA samarthana krosa Adi anya vidvAnoM ne bhI kiyA hai| hegala ke samakAlIna dArzanika zlairamAkara ne dharma kI utpatti kA AdhAra mAnava kI usa bhAvanA ko mAnA, jisake anusAra mAnava apane ko sarvathA parataMtra (A bsolutely dependent) anubhava karatA hai| isI aikAntika paratatra bhAva ke AdhAra para dharma va Izvara kI utpatti

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna hotI hai / hegala pIra slaramAkara kI mRtyu ke kucha hI samaya uparAnta dharma kI utpani kA prapana DArvina ke vikAnavAda ke hAtha meM calA gayA / yaha parivartana darzana aura vinAna kI paramparA ke bIca eka gambhIra saMghapaM thaa| dharma kI utpatti kA prazna, jo aba taka dArganikoM ke hAtha meM thA, akasmAt vijJAna ke hAtha meM A gyaa| vijJAna kI zAkhA mAnava-vijJAna (Anthropology') apanI vikAsavAda kI dhAraNA ke aAdhAra para dharma kI utpatti kA adhyayana karane lgaa| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra AdhyAtmika zraddhA hI dharma kI utpatti kA mulya aAdhAra mAnI gaI / isa prakAra dharma kI utpatti ke mukhya prazna ko lekara vibhinna dhAraNAoM ne vibhinna vicAra-dhArAnoM kA samarthana kiyaa| ina saba vicAra-dhAgayoM kA vizlepaNa karane se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki dharma kI utpatti kA pradhAna kAraNa na to prAkRtika kAryoM kI viciatA hai. na pAdacarya hai aura na grAgA hI hai apitu mAnava kI asahAya avasthA hai. jinameM eka prakAra ke bhaya kA mizraNa rahA huA hai| imI avasthA se chuTakArA pAne ke lie manuSya eka prakAra kI zraddhApUrga bhAvanA kA nirmANa karatA hai / vahI bhAvanA dharma kA rUpa dhAragA karatI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma kI utpatti kA pradhAna kAraNa duHra mAnA gayA hai / manuSya nAMmArika dAma se mukti pAne kI prAzA. meM eka zraddhApUrgA mArga kA avalambana lenA hai / yahI mArga dharma kA mAghAramA karatA hai| jise pAlAla parampana maM amahAyAvasthA kahA gayA hai, vahI bhAratIya paramparA meM ba-mukti kI abhilASA hai| dhanaga ne donoM paramparAtroM meM bahuta nAmba hai / dharma pAnartha : dharma kI utpanine sambandha lAne vAlI vibhinna dhAvatroM kA mApana karane ke bAda jAnanA yAdava ko jAtA hai ki dharma kA bAI nayA: '' sadarAbI-TIkA artha narogI pani bipaka mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa se mamama meM nahI yA nmkii| garma kA tAlimalamA prarya hai.

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jaina-darzana "dhAraNAt dharmaH' arthAt jo dhAraNa kiyA jAe vaha dharma hai| 'dhR' dhAtu ke dhAraNa karane ke artha meM 'dharma' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / jaina paramparA meM vastu kA svabhAva dharma kahA gayA hai / pratyeka vastu kA kisI na kisI prakAra kA apanA svataMtra svabhAva hotA hai / vahI svabhAva usa vastu kA dharma mAnA jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke taura para agni kA apanA eka viziSTa svabhAva hai, jise uSNatA kahate haiM / yaha uSNatA hI agni kA dharma hai| prAtmA ke ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa Adi guNoM ko bhI dharma kA nAma diyA gayA hai| inake atirikta 'dharma' ke aura bhI aneka artha hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie niyama,vidhAna, paramparA, vyavahAra, paripATI,pracalana, AcaraNa, kartavya, adhikAra, nyAya, sadguNa, naitikatA, kriyA, satkarma Adi arthoM meM dharma zabda kA prayoga hotA AyA hai| jaba hama kahate haiM ki vaha dharma meM sthita hai to isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki vaha apanA kartavya pUrNa rUpa se nibhA rahA hai| jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki vaha dharma karatA hai to hamArA abhiprAya kartavya se na hokara kriyA-vizeSa se hotA hai--amuka prakAra ke kArya se hotA hai, jo dharma ke nAma se hI kiyA jAtA hai / vauddha paramparA meM dharma kA artha vaha niyama, vidhAna yA tattva hai jisakA buddha pravartana karate haiM / isI kA nAma 'dharma-cakrapravartana' hai / vauddha jina tIna zaraNoM kA vidhAna karate haiM unameM dharma bhI eka hai| isa prakAra 'dharma' zabda kA aneka . arthoM meM prayoga huA hai| bhinna-bhinna paramparAeM apanI-apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra vividha sthAnoM para 'dharma' zabda ke vividha artha karatI haiN| aisI koI vyAkhyA nahIM hai, jise sabhI svIkRta karate hoM / aisA koI lakSaNa nahIM hai, jo sarva-sammata ho / 1. batyumahAvo cammo 2. dhammo maMgalamukciTTa ahiMsa saMjamo tvo| 3. - Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( Monier Williams) 4. dhamma saraNaM gacchAmi, buddha saraNaM gacchAmi, saMgha saraNaM gacchAmi /

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna vastutaH 'dharma' se hamArA abhiprAya isa samaya usa zabda se hai, jise aMgrejI meM rilIjana' kahate haiM / aMgrejI ke 'rilIjana' zabda se hamAre mana meM jo sthira artha jama jAtA hai, 'dharma' zabda se vaisA nahIM hotA, kyoMki 'rilIjana' zabda kA eka vizeSa artha meM prayoga hotA haiM / 'rilIjana' zabda ke eka nizcita artha ko dRSTi meM rakha kara hI bhinna-bhinna vicAraka usa artha ko apanI-apanI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM abhivyakta karate haiM / una sava rUpoM meM usa artha kI mUla bhitti prAyaH eka sarIkhI hI hotI hai / 'dharma' zabda ke viSaya meM ekAnta rUpa se aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 'rilIjana' arthAt 'dharma' zabda kA pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne kina-kina rUpoM meM kyA artha kiyA hai; ise jarA dekha leM / kAnTa ke zabdoM meM grapane samasta kartavyoM ko IzvarIya pradeza samajhanA hI dharma hai / hegala kI dhAraNA ke anusAra 'dharma' sImita mastiSka ke bhItara rahane vAle apane asIma svabhAva kA jJAna hai arthAt sImita mastiSka kA yaha jJAna ki vaha vAstava meM sImita nahIM apitu asIma hai, dharma hai / meyarsa ne dharma kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA ki mAnava - zrAtmA kA brahmANDa - viSayaka svastha aura sAdhAraNa uttara hI dharma hai / ina tIna mukhya vyAkhyAtroM ke atirikta aura bhI aisI vyAkhyAe~ haiM jinheM dekhane se hamArI dharmaviSayaka dhAraNAe~ bahuta kucha spaSTa ho sakatI haiN| vhAiTaheDa ne dharma kI vyArayA karate hue kahA hai : vyakti apane ekAkI rUpa ke sAtha jo kucha vyavahAra karatA hai vahI dharma hai arthAt jisa samaya vyakti apane ko ekAnta meM sarvathA kelA pAtA hai aura yaha samajhatA hai ki jo kucha unakA svarUpa hai vaha yahI vyaktitva hai, aisI avasthA meM usakA apane sAtha jo vyavahAra hotA hai: vhAiTaheDa kI bhASA meM vahI dharma hai| yaha dharma kA vaiyaktika lakSaNa haiM / vyakti kA aMtima mUlya vya svayaM hI hai, aisA mAnakara dharma ko uparokta vyavasthA kI gaI hai / yaha dRSTiko ekAnta vyaktivAda ( Absolute Individualism) kA sUcaka hai| amerikA ke eka manovijJAnazAstrI Amena ne dharma ko ThIka isase viparIta vyAkhyA karate hue kahA : jo riyara se prema karatA hai vaha apane bhAI se avasya prema karatA hai /

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. jaina-darzana yaha dharma kI sAmAjika vyAkhyA hai / vyakti kevala vyaktigata sAdhanA se dhArmika nahIM ho sakatA / dhArmika banane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti samAja kI sevA kre| jo vyakti samAja kI upekSA karake dharma kI ArAdhanA karanA cAhatA hai vaha vAstava meM dharma se bahuta dUra hai / yaha dRSTikoNa samAjavAdI vicAradhArA kA poSaka aura samarthaka hai| ise hama ekAnta samAjavAda (Absolute Socialism) kA nAma de sakate haiN| habarTa spensara ne isI dhAraNA koM dRSTi meM rakhate hue dharma kA svarUpa isa DhaMga se batAyA ki dharma vizva ko vyApaka rUpa se samajhane kI eka kAlpanika dhAraNA hai| saMsAra ke samasta padArtha, eka aisI zakti kI abhivyakti hai, jo hamAre jJAna se pare hai| spensara kI yaha dhAraNA prAdarzavAdI dRSTikoNa ke bahata samIpa hai / hegala ke samAna spensara ne bhI dharma ke sAtha darzana kI vicAradhArA kA samanvaya kiyA hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| makdAgArTa ne isI lakSaNa ko jarA aura spaSTa karate hue kahA : dharma citta kA vaha bhAva hai jisake dvArA hama vizva ke sAtha eka prakAra ke mela kA anubhava karate haiN| jemsaphrajara ke zabdoM meM dharma, mAnava se U~cI ginI jAne vAlI una zaktiyoM kI pArAdhanA hai, jo prAkRtika vyavasthA va mAnava-jIvana kA mArgadarzana va niyaMtraNa karane vAlI mAnI jAtI haiM / dharma kA uparokta svarUpa vicArAtmaka va bhAvAtmaka na hokara kriyAtmaka hai, aimA mAlUma hotA hai / aArAdhanA yA pUjA mAnasika hone kI apekSA vizeSa rUpa se kAyika hotI hai, tathApi usake andara icchAzakti kA sarvathA abhAva nahIM hotaa| yadi aisA hotA to zAyada ArAdhanA karane kI preraNA hI na miltii| jahA~ taka preraNA kI jAgRti kA prazna hai, icchAzakti avazya kArya karatI hai / jisa samaya vaha preraNA kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotI hai, usa samaya usakA kriyAtmaka rUpa ho jAtA hai aura vaha kAyika zreNI meM A jAtI hai / jemsa jara kI uparokta vyAkhyA mAnasika va kAyika donoM dRSTiyoM se pArA banA kA vidhAna karatI hai, yaha vAta isa vivecanA se spaSTa ho jAtI hai / viliyama jemsa ne kisI ucca zaktivizepa kI pArAdhanA kA vidhAna na kara ke vizvAsa ke AdhAra para hI dharma kI nIMva

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna rakhI / jemsa ke zabdoM meM dharma eka zraddhA hai, jise dhAraNa kara manuSya mocatA hai ki jagata eka adRSTa niyama ke AdhAra para calatA hai jisake sAtha mela rakhane meM hI hamArA utkRSTa hita hai / isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra dharma kA, yArAdhanA yA pUjA se koI sambandha nahIM hai| manupya jagat ke sAtha maitrI kA vyavahAra kare, yahI isa vyAkhyA kA abhiprAya hai / saMsAra kA sArA vAyaM eka aise niyama ke anusAra calatA hai jinakA pASTa darzana hamArI yogyatA se bAhara hai| hama loga apanI sAdhAraNa buddhi ke AdhAra para usa niyama taka nahIM pahu~ca sakate / una niyama kA pUrNa vizlepaNa hamArI gavita se bAhara hai| apanI isa ayogyatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hA saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ke prati sadbhAvanA va mitratA kA vyavahAra rakhanA hI dharma hai / dharma kA yaha lakSagA naitikatA kA popaNa karaneke lie bahuta upayogI hai| ina gava vyAkhyAoM ko dekhane meM yaha sahaja hI samajha meM A namAnA hai ki dharma kA sarvasammata eka lakSaNa nirdhArita karanA kaThina hai| tanA hote hA bhI hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dharma, mAnava vicAra aura prAcAra kA prAvazyaka aMga hai| maha ThIka ki dharma ke cha cihna mAmAnya hote haiM aura kucha vige| mAmAnya viha. AdhAra para hI sampUrNa samAja kI unnati dhonI / vizeSa nita yA lakSaNa vidoSa paristhiti yA samaya kI dRSTi meM upayogI rAhA hote haiN| aise lakSaNoM kA sAmAnya rUpa meM upayoga nahIM ho sktaa| dharma cihna prAntara aura bAhya dhonI kAra hote haiN| bhAbhyantara cihna vicAra-pradhAna hote haiM bhIra ghAra vimAnAra-pradhAna / donoM meM akSA kA pramukha sthAna ..yAbAne kI sAyakAnA nhiiN| dAna kA svarUpa : kAra banAnA jitanA kATina hai. prAyaH gana kA bahAramikina hai mana kA nIdhA artha hotA hai : 1. Varieties of Religious Experience. puSTa .

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jaina-darzana dRSTi / isI dRSTi ko aMgrejI meM vijana (Vision) kahate haiN| sAdhAraNatayA pratyeka vyakti dekhatA hI hai| jisake A~kheM hotI haiM vaha unakA upayoga karatA hI hai| hama yahA~ para jisa 'dRSTi' kA prayoga kara rahe haiM, vaha 'dRSTi' sAdhAraNa dRSTi nahIM hai / A~khoM se dekhanA hI hamArI 'dRSTi' kA viSaya nahIM hai / darzana ke artha meM prayukta hone vAlI dRSTi kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai / isa dRSTi kA utpatti sthAna pAkheM na hokara buddhi hai, viveka hai, vicAra-zakti hai, cintana hai / sAdhAraNa dRSTi meM jahA~ A~kheM dekhatI haiM, darzanika dRSTi meM dekhane kA kAma vicAra-zakti karatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to sAdhAraNa dRSTi bAhya cakSutroM ko apanA karaNa banAtI hai aura dArzanika dRSTi Antarika cA se kAma letI hai / viveka, vicAra aura cintana isI Antarika cakSu ke paryAya haiN| manuSya apane AsapAsa aneka prakAra kI vastue~ dekhatA hai / vaha saMsAra ke bIca apane ko akelA nahIM pAtA, apitu anya padArthoM se ghirA huA anubhava karatA hai| vaha yaha samajhatA hai ki merA saMsAra ke saba padArthoM se koI na koI sambandha avazya hai / kisI na kisI rUpa meM maiM sAre jagat se ba~dhA huA huuN| jisa samaya manuSya isa sambandha ko samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai usa samaya usakA viveka jAgrata ho jAtA hai, usakI buddhi apanA kArya saMbhAla letI hai, usakI cintanazakti usakI sevA meM laga jAtI hai| isI kA nAma darzana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM darzana jIvana aura jagat ko samajhane kA eka prayatna hai / dArzanika jIvana aura jagat ko khaNDazaH na dekhatA huA donoM kA akhaNDa adhyayana karatA hai / usakI dRSTi meM jagat eka akhaeDa sattA hotI hai jisakA prabhAva jIvana ke pratyeka kArya para par3atA hai| jIvana aura jagat ke isa sambandha ko samajhanA hI darzana hai| eka saccA dArzanika vijJAnavettA kI taraha sattA ke amuka rUpa yA graMza kA hI adhyayana nahIM karatA, kavi yA kalAkAra kI bhA~ti sattA ke saundarya aMga kA hI vizlepaNa nahIM karatA, eka vyApArI kI bhA~ti kevala lAbha-hAni kA hI hisAba nahIM karatA, eka dharmopadezaka kI taraha kevala paraloka kI hI bAteM nahIM karatA, apatu sattA ke sabhI dharmoM

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna kA eka sAtha adhyayana karatA hai| apanI vicAra-zakti va buddhi kI yogyatAnusAra jagat ke pratyeka tattva kI gaharAI taka pahu~cane kA prayatna karatA hai / usakI khoja kisI samaya-vizepa yA sthAna-vizeSa taka hI sImita nahIM hotii| pleTo ke zabdoM meM vaha sampUrNa kAla va sattA kA draSTA hai| usakA dRSTikoNa itanA vizAla evaM vistRta hotA hai ki usake andara sava samA sakate haiM. kintu bAhara koI nahIM nikala sakatA / usakI khoja kahA~ se prArambha hotI hai, ise hareka samajha sakatA hai, kintu vaha kahA~ taka calA jAtA hai, yaha samajhanA dUsaroM ke lie bahuta kaThina hai / vaha kahA~ se calatA hai, yaha to dikhAI detA hai, kintu kahA~ pahu~catA hai, isakA patA nahIM lgtaa| usakI khoja kisI sImA-vizeSa se sImita nahIM hotii| isa vivecana se hama sahaja hI samajha sakate haiM ki dargana kA kSetra jJAna kI sava dhArAtroM meM vizAla hai| mAnava-buddhi kI sabhI zAkhAe~ darzana ke antargata pA sakatI haiM / jahA~ mAnava-mastiSka socanA prArambha gAntA hai, vahIM darzana kA prArambha ho jAtA hai / darzana jJAna kI pratyeka dhArA kA adhyayana karatA hai, aisA kahane kA yaha artha nahIM zikA pratyeka vastu ko pUrI gaharAI taka jAnatA hai, kyoMki aisA karanA mAnava kI gakti ke bAhara hai / darzana sampUrNa vizva kA acAna karatA hai, isakA artha yahI hai ki vizva ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kI coja hI unakA pradhAna lakSya hai| jagat ke mUla meM kaunasA tatva kAma kara rahA hai, jIvana kA usa tattva ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai, prAmANika prora bhautika tattvoM kI sattA meM kyA antara hai, donoM kI namAnatA aura asamAnatA kA kyA rahasya hai, antima sora vAstavika tattva hI bayA nAsoTI hai, jAna ca bAhA padArtha ke bIca pamA namvara , bhapa jJAna ne bhinna hai yA abhinna .........ratyAdi kI poja hI darzana kA pradhAna uddezya hai| jIvana aura jagat kI moniyamatyAe~ mAnava-mantiAna kI prayogazAlA meM kisa taraha na ho sakatI hai| isakA cintana karanA hI dAna kA mukhya kAma 1. Tht spectator of all time and existence.

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14 jaina-darzana hai / bhautika vijJAna kI bhA~ti darzana kevala jagat kA vizleSaraNa yA spaSTIkaraNa hI nahIM karatA grapitu usakI upayogitA kA bhI vicAra karatA hai / upayogitAvAda darzana kI maulika sUjha hai / isI sUjha ke bala para darzana jIvana kI vAstavikatA samajhane kA dAvA kara sakatA hai / jIvana kI vAstavikatA jagat kI vAstavikatA se sambaddha hai, ataH jIvana kI vAstavikatA samajhane vAlA jagat kI vAstavikatA bhI samajha letA hai, yaha svataH siddha hai | vijJAna kA kSetra : baraTranDa rasala likhatA hai : vijJAna ke do prayojana hote haiM / . eka ora to yaha icchA rahatI hai ki apane kSetra meM jitanA jAnA jA sake utanA jAna liyA jAya / dUsarI ora yaha prayatna rahatA hai ki jo kucha jAna liyA gayA hai use kama se kama 'sAmAnya niyamoM' meM gU~tha liyA jAya / rasala ke isa kathana meM vijJAna kA kSetra do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / prathama bhAga meM vijJAna ke adhyayana kI sAmagrI kI ora saMketa hai / yaha to prAyaH spaSTa hI hai ki vijJAna jitanI bhI sAmagrI ekatra karatA hai, apane avalokana ke prAdha ra para / avalokana ( Observation ) ko chor3akara usake pAsa aisA koI sAdhana nahIM hai jisakI sahAyatA se vaha apanI sAmagrI juTA sake / dharma aura darzana kI taraha kevala zraddhA yA cintana se vijJAna kA kArya nahIM cala sakatA | vijJAna to pratyeka prayoga ko avalokana kI kasauTI para kasatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to vijJAna pratyakSa anubhavavAdI hai / jisa cIja kA pratyakSa anubhava hotA hai vahI cIja vijJAna kI dRSTi se ThIka hotI hai / usakI sAmagrI kA grAdhAra pratyakSa anubhava hai / indriyoM kI sahAyatA se manuSya jitanA anubhava prApta karatA hai vahI vijJAna kA viSaya hai / grAtmapratyakSa, yogipratyakSa yA anya pratyakSa meM usakA vizvAsa nahIM hotA / vijJAna kA sarva prathama kArya yahI hai ki vaha anubhava ke AdhAra para jitanA jJAna prApta ho sakatA hai, prApta karane kI koziza karatA hai / apane abhISTa viSaya ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue indriyoM aura anya bhautika sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA

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dharma, darzana aura vijJAna se jitanA jJAna kaTTA ho sakatA hai, ikaTThA karane kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha vijJAna kI pahalI bhUmikA hai| ina bhUmikA kA jJAna vivAha hotA hai kI sAmagrI kA koI sAdhAraNIkaraNa nahIM honA / jIvana jisa rUpa meM kana ke AdhAra para prApta hotA hai vaha jJAna usI rUpa meM vikhana humA par3A rahatA hai / usakI koI buddhijanya vyavasthA nahIM hotI-usakA kisI prakAra kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa nahIM honA / jahA para vRddhijanya vyavasthA prAraMbha hotI hai vahIM se dUsarI bhUmikA kA prArambha hotA hai| yahI dUsarI bhUmikA rasala dUsare bhAga meM rakhI hai| isa bhUmikA meM vijJAna prApta sAmagrI ke grAvAra para yaha nirNaya karane kA prayatna karatA hai ki yaha sArI sAmagrI meM vibhAjita ho sakatI hai? kitanI aisI zreNiyAM bana gavAnI hai jArI sAmagrI ThIka-ThIka baiTha sake ? kA eka prakArako vargIkI bhUmikA hotI hai, jisameM aise kucha varga banAe jAte haiM jinakA nAgAnya AdhAra hotA hai| isa prakAra ke vargIka ko hI vAkara kahate haiM / mAnava jAti hamezA vyavasthita praNAlI pasanda karatI hai / avyavasthita jJAna yA paddhati se kisI jAti vA samAja kA kArya sucAru rUpa se nahIM cala sakatA, yoMki jAti vA nagAja kA parva hI vyavasthA hotA hai / vijJAna kI se kArya hotA hai / sAnI avyavasthita nAmagrI , 15. dvitIya eka vyavasthita rUpa dhAraNa kara detI hai / anubhavajanya jJAna ke isa vyavasthita rUpa kI sAmane kara hI vijJAna apane kSetra meM Age tIne prayoga (Experiment) prArambha hotA hai| prayoga kA hotA hai nispina | sAmAnya niyama yA sAdhAraNIkarake pApara paravAra kI janya sAmagrI kA parIkSaNa karatA. isI kA nAma nilokana yA prayoga hai | yadi pyoga meM yA sAmAnya niyama va utaratA hai to samama liyA jAtA hai ki hai| prayoga meM yadi kucha kabhI mAlUma hotI hai to meM kucha trui hai| senA (Laboratory) vijJAna ke niyamoM kA motIpana hai| jinako piyA detI hai

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1 16 jaina-darzana ! ve niyama antima rUpa se sahI samajha lie jAte haiM / aise pramANita niyama hI vijJAna kI dRSTi meM pramANabhUta sAmAnya niyama mAne jAte haiM / inhIM niyamoM ko sarvavyApI yA sArvatrika niyama (Universal Rules) kahate haiM / ye sArvatrika niyama hI vijJAna ke prANa haiM / yaha hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM ki ina niyamoM kA mukhya AdhAra hamArA anubhava hai / anubhava ke sAtha niyamoM kA mela hI vijJAna kA kArya hai / ainsTana ke zabdoM meM vijJAna kA kArya yahI hai ki vaha hamAre anubhavoM kA anusaraNa karatA hai aura sAtha hI sAtha unheM eka tarkasaMgata praNAlI meM jamA detA hai | dharma aura darzana : dharma aura darzana ke prazna ko lekara mukhya rUpa se do prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ kArya kara rahI haiM / eka vicAradhArA ke anusAra dharma aura darzana abhinna haiM / dUsarI vicAradhArA isa mata se bilakula viparIta hai / vaha isa mata kI puSTi karatI hai ki dharma aura darzana kA eka dUsare se koI sambandha nahIM / dharma kA kSetra bilakula alaga hai aura darzana kA kSetra usase bilakula bhinna hai / donoM apane-apane kSetra meM svataMtra haiM / udAharaNa ke taura para haramana spaSTa zabdoM meM kahatA hai ki dhArmika vyakti kA isase koI prayojana nahIM ki darzana kI amuka zAkhA IzvaravAda kA samarthana karatI hai yA anIzvaravAda kI sthApanA karatI hai / hegala ne ThIka isase viparIta bAta kahI / usake matAnusAra dharma kI satyatA darzana meM hI pAI jAtI hai / isa prakAra kI virodhI vicAradhArAoM ko dekhane se yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa se bhinna-bhinna vicArakoM ne dharma aura darzana kI bhinna-bhinna vyAkhyA kI hai / usa vyAkhyA ke anusAra amuka vicAraka dharma ko darzana se abhinna mAnatA hai to amuka vicAraka dharma se darzana ko bhinna mAnatA hai / vAstava meM dharma aura darzana kA kSetra bhinnabhinna hai / yadi donoM eka hI hote to do dRSTiyoM kI AvazyakatA hI na hotI / dharma kI apanI dRSTi hotI hai aura darzana kI apanI dRSTi hotI hai / donoM ko ekAnta rUpa se grabhinna kahanA tarka, aura zraddhA kA sAMkarya karanA hai / donoM ke bheda kA sarvathA nAza karanA, vicAra 1

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maM, paNana aura vimAna zakti aura zraddhApUrNa yAvaraNa ke bheda ko samApta karanA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki dharma aura darzana ke kucha viSaya sAmAnya haiM / Izvara, gunabhaya nyAdi aneka prazna donoM ke sAmane Ate haiN| itanA hote hue bhI donoM kI paddhati meM bahata antara hai| eka dhArmika vyakti Izvara pa, gambandha meM jina DhaMga kA vyavahAra karatA hai, eka dArzanika vaisA nahIM kara mAtA / dhArmika vyakti kA zraddhApUrNa pAcaraNa darzanazAstrI ko vivaza nahI kara sakatA ki vaha bhI Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa gare / eka dAyanika kI taka-zakti eka zraddhAlu dhArmika ko apane padha meM nahI bhigA nAtI / dharma aura darzana meM vAsa antara yaha hai ki dharma meM prAcarA yA vyavahAra pradhAna hotA hai aura siddhAnta yA zAna gogA hotA hai| dharma kI dRSTi meM kiyA kA jo mUlya hotA hai, sAnakA ghara mUlya nahIM hotA / isake viparIta darzana meM jJAna kA murUpa adhika hotA hai aura priyA kA kama / jJAna aura kriyA kI kAnAdhikAlAhI dAna aura dharma kI sImA-rekhA hai / dArzanika vicAradhArA kI saphalatA kI cujI vRddhi hai, jaba ki dharma ke kSetra meM gAnA malA mAnatI hai / dhArmika zraddhA aura dArzanika siddhAnta meM mAnisa bheda yA ki dAnika dRSTikoNa zuddha rUpa se bauddhika holA jaya kidhAmika bhalA kA mUla AdhAra bhAvukatA hai, jo FREET mI badalane se bhI nahIM cuktI / unakI dRSTi meM mAlapApo mUlya nahI hotA / jyoM hI zraddhA vadalatI hai, ginI dadana jAtA hai| itanA hote hue bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA nagalA ni. porAna ekAlarUpa se bhinna hai| dharma para jaba kilAkAra kA vAya naMkaTa prAtA hai usa samaya dana use bacAne navane pala prAge jAnA hai| dAna kI sahAyatA ke dinA :: kAla sanI Tika bhyaanaa| jina pratA ke pIche tarka niyAlI nahIM ho sakatI / tarpha kI kamoTI sAhIko mAnaka jIvita raha sakatI hai| dharma nAma nA sAdA hote hAra bhI para nahIM nahA najI prAmAnyatA ko apane tarpha sAla se mAdhAna mAnAeM dharma pe. kSetra meM hI

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jaina-darzana apanA prabhutva rakhatI haiN| kabhI-kabhI darzana isa prakAra kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana karane kA prayatna karatA hai to dharma ke sAtha usakA virodha ho jAtA hai aura usa viSaya meM vaha usakI bAta mAnane ke liye taiyAra nahIM hotaa| pariNAma svarUpa dharma aura darzana samayasamaya para TakarAte bhI rahate haiN| usa Takkara meM kabhI dharma kI hAra hotI hai to kabhI darzana kI / dharma aura darzana kA yaha saMgharSa hamezA se calatA AyA hai| isa DhaMga se hama isa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki dharma aura darzana meM maulika ekatA hote hue bhI donoM ke sAdhanoM meM antara hai / donoM kA viSaya eka hote hue bhI vahA~ taka pahu~cane kI paddhati va mArga meM antara hai / mAnava-jIvana kI do mukhya zaktiyoM-zraddhA aura tarka meM se eka kA AdhAra zraddhA hai aura dUsare kA AdhAra tarka hai / eka kA AdhAra vicArazakti hai aura dUsare kA AdhAra bhAvukatA hai / eka kA AdhAra sthiratA hai aura dUsare kA AdhAra gati hai| dharma hamezA zraddhA, bhAvukatA va sthiratA kA Azraya letA hai| darzana kA Azraya tarka, vicArazakti va gati hai / darzana aura vijJAna : darzana aura vijJAna do bhinna kSetroM meM kArya karate haiN| darzana vizva ko eka sampUrNa tattva samajha kara usakA jJAna karAtA hai aura vijJAna dRzya jagat ke vibhinna aMgoM kA alaga-alaga adhyayana karatA hai / isa prakAra darzana kA kSetra vijJAna se kaI gunA adhika hai| jJAna kI koI bhI dhArA jisakA mAnava-mastiSka se sambandha hai, darzana ke kSetra se bAhara nahIM ho sakatI / darzana hamezA jJAna kI dhArA ke pIche rahe hue antima tattva ko khojane kI koziza karatA hai aura usI ke AdhAra para usa dhArA ko spaSTa karatA hai| vijJAna dRzya jagat taka hI sImita hai, ata: usakA kArya hamezA padArthoM kA ekatrIkaraNa, vyavasthA aura vargIkaraNa hI rhegaa| jo cIjeM bAhya avalokana aura prayoga ke AdhAra para jaisI siddha hoMgI, vijJAna una cIjoM ko usI rUpa meM letA rhegaa| isa DhaMga se vijJAnapradatta jJAna hamezA dRzya jagat-viSayaka hogaa| vijJAna ne adhyayana kI suvidhA

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dharma, mo. vijJAna bhI dRSTi meM jagana ko tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTa rakhA hai-monika (Physical), prAga-mambandhI (Biological) aura mAnasika (fental) | ina nInoM bhAyAtroM kA jJAna hI prAja ke vijJAna kA pUrNa jAna , nAna pUrNa hone hA bhI dRzya jagana taka hI momita hotA hai, dhanaH pica kA mampUragaM aura nanlA jAna nahIM kaha sakate / viSya prAya aura gUTa siddhAnta vijJAna kI dRSTi meM promala rahate ., ana: na siddhAntoM ne prabhAva meM vijJAna kA jJAna pAramArthika dRSTi ma pugAM nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| vyAvahArika matya kI dRSTi meM bhale hI maga vimAnako pUrNa va mAMgI kaha sarane haiM, kinna antima matya kI TigA kAnA ThIka nhiiN| isa prakAra bajAnika dRSTikogA mesA apUrNa va palAMgI hotA hai aura mIlie dAgaMnika jAna, jo gi banarvAgI hotA.. unakI tulanA meM vaha maMkucita mAlUma / pagena vivecana ke prAdhAra para hameM yaha nahIM socanA cAhie jana provijJAna kA gAyana kSetrahI bhinna hai| jina prakAra ina yogI kA kSetra bhirajanI prakAra kI vidhi bhI bhinna hai / vijJAna maMgA dhAnunaviNa (Empirical) evaM vyApnimUlana (Indu. ki lii| unakA dhAyA megA bAhA anubhava hotA hai, jo balokana para prayoga para gayA hotA hai / darzana kI vidhi kA pAyA garanumAna nahIM hotA. apita yuti aura anubhava ani, ghora anubhava se mammilita prayatna se prApta FFERTIogana kI miyA kA nirmANa karatA hai| makAna mAma virodha hone para dAna anubhava farbAra manA dinna nakA tyAga mo. naramA vimAna bhI vipina dipIta hotI hai| manara Tonina nahI karanA maanaa| ? malA miyAnubhava ko hI mana pada na kI vidhi kA pAvana panAmada

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20 jaina- darzana 4 AdhAra kevala vyApti hai jabaki darzana vyApti (Induction ) aura nigamana ( Deduction ) ' donoM ko grAdhAra mAna kara calatA hai / isa prakAra darzana vijJAna kI vyApti-paddhati ko to apanAtA hI hai, sAtha hI sAtha nigamana-paddhati kA bhI upayoga karatA hai / vijJAna aura darzana meM dUsarA mukhya bheda yaha hai ki vijJAna apane nirNaya kA pradarzana apUrNa rUpa meM karatA hai, jabaki darzana apane viSaya kA spaSTIkaraNa pUrNa rUpa se karatA hai / vaijJAnika nirNaya pUrNa isalie nahIM hotA ki usakA AdhAra satya kA eka aMza dRzya jagat hI hai / isa graMza ke pIche rahane vAlA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa aMza - pralaukika athavA pAramArthika jagat (Noumenon) vijJAna ko dikhAI nahIM detA, pariNAmasvarUpa vijJAna kA darzana adhUrA hotA hai / darzana satya ke donoM aMzoM ko dekhatA hai aura unhIM aMzoM ke AdhAra para apanA nirNaya detA hai, phalasvarUpa darzana kA nirNaya pUrNa hotA hai / binA agni ke dhUma pahuMcate haiM ki dhUma 1 - vizeSa ghaTanAtroM ko dekhakara unake AdhAra para eka sAmAnya niyamakA nirmANa karanA vyApti ( Induction ) hai, udAharaNa ke lie dhUma zrIra agni ke kArya-kAraNa bhAva ko le sakate haiM / hama aneka sthAnoM para dhUma aura agni ko eka sAtha dekhate haiM tathA kahIM para bhI ko nahIM dekhte| isa avalokana se hama isa nirNaya para agni kA hI kArya hai / isa prakAra ke kArya kAraNabhAva ke grahaNa kA nAma vyAptigrahaNa hai / isI ko aMgrejI meM (Induction) kahate haiM / isake viparIta eka dUsarI paddhati hai jise nigamana ( Deduction) kahate haiM / isake anusAra sAmAnya niyama ke AdhAra para vizeSa ghaTanA kI kasoTI hotI hai / udAharaNa ke liye mAnavatA ko liijie| 'mAnavatA' eka sAmAnya siddhAnta yA guNa hai / jisameM hama yaha guNa dekhate haiM usI ko mAnava kahanA pasanda karate haiM / nigamana vidhi kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha hamAre anubhava ke AdhAra para nahIM banatI apitu hamArA anubhava usako grAdhAra mAna kara zrAge bar3hatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM vyApti saMyojanAtmaka ( Synthetic) hai, jabaki nigamana vizleSaNAtmaka (Analytic) hai / vyApti aneka ghaTanAoM ke saMyojana se eka niyama banAtI hai; nigamana kA kArya eka bane hue niyama kA vizlepaNa pUrvaka vividha ghaTanAoM ke mAtha mela sthApita karanA hai /

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vijJAna vijJAna meM usa prakAra mahattvapUrNa grantara hote hue bhI donoM meM kucha nAgya bhI hai| vijJAna aura darzana donoM kA eka sAmAnya hai aura vaha hai | spaSTIkaraNa kA grovanakA saMyuktIkaraNa | jJAna kA saMyuktIkaraNa arthAt vizeSa satya kA sAmAnya satya ke siddhAntoM meM parivartana / yadyapi vijJAna donoM spaSTIkaraNa ke sAmAnya uddezya ko nAmane yasa kAra dhAge bar3hate hai, kintu vijJAna usake antima chora taka nahIM pahu~ca pAtA, jabaki darzana vijJAna ko pIche chor3A baha jAtA hai aura satya ke antima kinAre taka jA pahuMcanA hai / kaI dArzanikoM kI kA pAraNA bhI hai ki vAstava meM darzana kA kArya vahIM se prAraMbha honA hai jarma para vijJAna kA kArya samApta hotA hai| hRdaya jagata kA jitanA anubhavajanya aura sAdhAraNa vivecana tathA ka hotA hai, yaha vijJAna ke kSetra ke grantargata dhAtA hai / jahA~ para vimAna kA panubhava kucha kArya nahIM kara sakatA. 'vaijJAnika gravalokana kI gati gada hI nahIM prapita ho jAtI hai. vahAM se darzana ko gIna prAya gIta hai| komoja kA zranta svayaM satya kA dhana hai / varSa taka nahI kahA~ taka darzana hai aura jahAM taka darzana // dharma aura vijJAna :

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22 jaina-darzana vijJAna ke samanvaya kA kAla thA / madhyakAlIna vijJAna ke agradUtagroseTeTa, koparanikasa aura rojaravekana bahuta bar3e mahanta the| satarahavIMaThArahavIM zatAbdI meM dharma aura vijJAna ne apanA-apanA kSetra sarvathA alaga kara liyaa| donoM ke bIca eka prakAra kA samajhautA ho gayA, jisake anusAra bhautika jagat kA bhAra vijJAna ke kandhoM para par3A aura AdhyAtmika jagat kA bhAra dharma ke lie baca gayA / DArvina ke vikAsavAda. ne dharma aura vijJAna ke bIca itanI gaharI khAI khoda dI ki donoM ke punarmilana kI AzA hamezA ke lie asta ho gii| Aja hama dharma aura vijJAna ke bIca jo kalaha yA saMgharSa dekhate haiM, vaha vAstava meM dharma aura vijJAna kA saMgharSa nahIM hai, apitu una do vastuoM ke bIca eka prakAra kI khaTapaTa hai, jo dharma aura vijJAna ke nAma se sikhAI jAtI hai / jisa prakAra kalA aura vijJAna ke bIca koI kalaha nahIM hai, kalA aura dharma meM koI jhagar3A nahIM hai, usI prakAra dharma aura vijJAna meM bhI koI saMgharSa nahIM hai| donoM kI apanI apanI dRSTi hai aura usI dRSTi ke AdhAra para donoM tattva ke do bhinna-bhinna aMzoM ko grahaNa karane kA prayatna karate haiM / sAdhAraNatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki dharma Antarika anubhava (Inner Experience) ko apanA AdhAra banAkara calatA hai aura vijJAna bAhya anubhava (Outer Experience) para khar3A hotA hai, kintu isa bheda para vizeSa jora denA ThIka nahIM, kyoMki kabhI-kabhI dharma bAhya anubhava ko bhI pramANa mAnatA huA Age bar3hatA hai| dharma aura vijJAna meM khAsa antara yaha hai ki vijJAna kA sambandha vastu ke astitva dharma se hI hotA hai / vijJAna, vastu ko kyA hai' kevala isI rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai| dharma, isa. 'kyA hai' ke sAtha-hI-sAtha usakA kyA mUlya hai' isa satya ko bhI pratipAdita karane kA prayatna. karatA hai / vijJAna kI dRSTi meM vastu kA. apanA astitva hotA hai, mUlya nhiiN| mUlyAMkana karanA dharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai /

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dI : darzana, jIvana aura jagata zAna kI utpatti bhAratIya paramparA kA prapojana dahAna aura jIvana jagat pA syaspa prAdarzavAda pA dRSTikoNa pura, micyA dhAraNAeM mAravAda kI vibhinna dRsTiyAM yApAra padhAyAdI vicArapAtAeM jaina darzana kA pApaM yAda

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darzana. jIvana aura jagat sana mAna-bAna bolika kSeSTanI para viniya upaja hai| FAtimAnadhAganIkI pekSA vana kA manbandha hamAre Artifi mobana sAla kama hai| jIvana ko mAlita karane sanIya pa lAniyA pArada itanA upayogI nahIM jitanA dilAna, nAnAsAdiyAnamAramadhyayana kA binA bhI vimAna jIbana mala manamAlo dina darzanamAstra kI limAna nikAmanA mAyA ? mAre gAri jIvana meM darzana karaNAra mApanI pAnI ghAmamA mAdanAramonalAmana bIcamA ha

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26 jaina-darzana nahIM, isa aMza kA mUlya vyAvahArika aMza se kaI gunA adhika hai athavA yoM kahie ki usakA mUlyAMkana karanA sAmAnya mAnava kI zakti se bAhara hai| kAvya, kalA, darzana Adi isI aMza kI pratiSThA va sevA karate haiM, isI kA parivardhana va pariSkAra karate haiM / ye jIvana ke vyAvahArika aMza ko bhI kabhI-kabhI mArgadarzana karate haiN| isa dUsare aMza ko hama AdhyAtmika jIvana (Spiritual Life) athavA Antarika jIvana (Inner Life) kaha sakate haiM / darzana kI utpatti meM yahI jIvana pradhAna kAraNa hai, aisA kaheM to anucita na hogA / sAmAnyarUpa se itanA samajha lene para Age yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki isa jIvana ke kauna-kauna se viziSTa dRSTikoNa darzana ko utpanna karane meM sahAyaka banate haiM / una kAraNoM ko samajha lene para AdhyAtmika jIvana kA pUrA citra sAmane A jaaegaa| darzana kI utpatti : socanA mAnava kA svabhAva hai / vaha kisa rUpa meM socatA hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu vaha socatA avazya hai / jahA~ socanA prArambha hotA hai vahIM se darzana zurU ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se darzana utanA hI prAcIna hai jitanA ki mAnava svyN| isa sAmAnya kAraNa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha mAnava jIvana ke AsapAsa kI paristhitiyA~ evaM usake paramparAgata saMskAra bhI darzana kI dizA kA nirmANa karane meM kAraNa banate haiM / pratyeka dArzanika kI vicAradhArA isI AdhAra para banatI hai aura inhIM kAraNoM kI anukUlatA-pratikUlatA ke anusAra Age bar3hatI haiN| svabhAva-vaicitrya aura paristhiti vizeSa ke kAraNa hI vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa hote haiN| socane ke lie jisa DhaMga kI sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai usI DhaMga se cintana prArambha hotA hai / isa sAmagrI ke viSaya meM alaga alaga mataH haiN| koI Azcarya ko cintana kA avalambana samajhatA hai, to koI. saMdeha ko usakA AdhAra mAnatA hai| koI bAhya jagat ko mahattva detA hai, to koI kevala Atma-tattva ko hI saba kucha samajhatA hai| ina saba dRSTikoNoM ke nirmANa meM mAnava kA vyaktitva evaM bAhya paristhitiyA~ kAma karatI haiN|

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dAna, jIvana zrI jagana Azcarya kucha dArzanika yaha mAnane hai ki mAnava ke nimna kA mukhya prAdhAra eka prakAra kA grAnayaM hai| manuSya jaba prAkRtika kRtiyoM evaM zaktiyoM ko dekhatA hai taba usake meM eka prakAra kA grAna utpanna honA hai| yaha socane lagatA hai ki yaha sArI lIlA kamI hai? isa nIlA ke pIche kisakA hAtha hai ? jaba use koI aisI ki pratyakSa se dRSTigocara nahIM hotI, jo isa lIlA ke pIche kArya kara rahI ho, taba usakA zrApa aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| una prakAra zrApa se utpanna huI vicAradhArA kramazaH Age bar3hatI jAtI hai au manuSya nAnA prakAra kI yuktiyukta kalpanAoM dvArA usa vicAraparamparA ko karane kA prayatna karatA hai | yahI prayatna dhA jAkara darzana meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| TInA anya prAraMbhika grIka dArzanikoM ne svayaM ke AdhAra para hI vArzanika mini kA nirmANa kiyA thA pare kucha dArzaniyoM kA vizvAsa hai ki darzana kI utpatti vayaM me nahI pati se hotI hai| jisa samaya vRddhipradhAna mAnava bAlajagat gatA ke kisI bhI aMga ke viSaya karane lagatA hai, usa samaya usako vicAraki jina mArga kAvyAlambana devI hai kI bhAvanA rUpa dhAraNa karanA hai / pazcima meM kA hI hotA hai / yaha zayana devana meM samavanA cAhie, jisane vijJAna ra darzana ke qur in fan werkt (Teachings of the Church) kona kI rAti kaa| usane sudhAra kA mukhya ApAra mata ganA para isI bAdhA paravivArapAsa piivaaii| isI prakAra ai meM bhI zrI vIra gyii| cIna -w parada kAryakrama nepAla usake pati para jI para isa hotA hai yahA~ prapatra madiza naye kiyA ji haiyA nahIM? isa yaha diyA ki dapat diely ki loga nahIM

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jaina-darzana nahIM, isa aMza kA mUlya vyAvahArika aMza se kaI gunA adhika hai athavA yoM kahie ki usakA mUlyAMkana karanA sAmAnya mAnava kI zakti se bAhara hai / kAvya, kalA, darzana Adi isI aMza kI pratiSThA va sevA karate haiM, isI kA parivardhana va pariSkAra karate haiN| ye jIvana ke vyAvahArika aMza ko bhI kabhI-kabhI mArgadarzana karate haiN| isa dUsare aMza ko hama AdhyAtmika jIvana (Spiritual Life) athavA aAntarika jIvana (Inner Life) kaha sakate haiM / darzana kI utpatti meM yahI jIvana pradhAna kAraNa hai, aisA kaheM to anucita na hogA / sAmAnyarUpa se itanA samajha lene para Age yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki isa jIvana ke kauna-kauna se viziSTa dRSTikoNa darzana ko utpanna karane meM sahAyaka vanate haiM / una kAraNoM ko samajha lene para AdhyAtmika jIvana kA pUrA citra sAmane A jaaegaa| darzana kI utpatti : ___ socanA mAnava kA svabhAva hai| vaha kisa rUpa meM socatA hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu vaha socatA avazya hai / jahA~ socanA prArambha hotA hai vahIM se darzana zurU ho jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se darzana utanA hI prAcIna hai jitanA ki mAnava svyN| isa sAmAnya kAraNa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha mAnava jIvana ke AsapAsa kI paristhitiyA~ evaM usake paramparAgata saMskAra bhI darzana kI dizA kA nirmANa karane meM kAraNa banate haiN| pratyeka dArzanika kI vicAradhArA isI AdhAra para banatI hai aura inhIM kAraNoM kI anukUlatA-pratikUlatA ke anusAra Age bar3hatI hai| svabhAva-vaicitrya aura paristhiti vizeSa ke kAraNa hI vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa. hote haiN| socane ke lie jisa DhaMga kI sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai usI DhaMga se cintana prArambha hotA hai / isa sAmagrI ke viSaya meM alaga alaga mata haiN| koI Azcarya ko cintana kA avalambana samajhatA hai, to koI saMdeha ko usakA AdhAra mAnatA hai| koI bAhya jagat ko mahattva detA hai, to koI. kevalaH Atma-tattva ko hI saba kucha samajhatA hai| inaH saba dRSTikoNoM ke nirmANa meM mAnava kA vyaktitva evaM bAhya paristhitiyA~ kAma karatI haiN|

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat Azcarya-kucha dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki mAnava ke cintana kA mukhya AdhAra eka prakAra kA prAzcarya hai| manuSya jaba prAkRtika kRtiyoM evaM zaktiyoM ko dekhatA hai taba usake hRdaya meM eka prakAra kA prAzcarya utpanna hotA hai / vaha socane lagatA hai ki yaha sArI lIlA kaisI hai ? isa lIlA ke pIche kisakA hAtha hai ? jaba use koI aisI zakti pratyakSa rUpa se dRSTi-gocara nahIM hotI, jo isa lIlA ke pIche kArya kara rahI ho, taba usakA. pAzcarya aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai / isa prakAra Azcarya se utpanna huI vicAradhArA kramazaH Age bar3hatI jAtI hai aura manuSya nAnA prakAra kI yuktiyukta kalpanAoM dvArA usa vicAraparamparA ko santuSTa karane kA prayatna karatA hai / yahI prayatna Age jAkara darzana meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| pleTo tathA anya prAraMbhika grIka dArzanikoM ne Azcarya ke AdhAra para hI dArzanika bhitti kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| sandeha-kucha dArzanikoM kA vizvAsa hai ki darzana kI utpatti Azcarya se nahIM, apitu sandeha se hotI hai / jisa samaya buddhipradhAna mAnava bAhya-jagat athavA apanI sattA ke kisI bhI aMza ke viSaya meM sandeha karane lagatA hai, usa samaya usakI vicArazakti jisa mArga kA pAlambana letI hai, vahI mArga darzana kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai / pazcima meM arvAcIna darzana kA prArambha sandeha se hI hotA hai / yaha prArambha bekana se samajhanA cAhie, jisane vijJAna aura darzana ke sudhAra ke lie dhArmika upadezoM ( Teachings of the Church ) ko sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhanA zurU kiyaa| usane sudhAra kA mukhya aAdhAra sandeha mAnA aura isI AdhAra para apanI vicAra-dhArA phailAI / isI prakAra DekArTa ne bhI sandeha ke AdhAra para hI darzana kI nIMva ddaalii| usane spaSTarUpa se kahA ki darzana kA sarvaprathama AdhAra sandeha hai / pahale pahala usane apane svayaM ke astitva para hI sandeha kiyA ki maiM haiM yA nahIM ? isI sandeha ke AdhAra para usane yaha nirNaya kiyA ki maiM avazya hU~, kyoMki yadi merA khuda kA astitva hI na hotA to sandeha karatA hI kauna ? jahA~ sandeha hotA hai vahA~ 1. "Cogito ergo snm"-I think therefore I exist.

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jaina- darzana sandeha karane vAlA bhI avazya hotA hai / isI prakAra usane bAhya jagat aura Izvara kA astitva bhI siddha kiyA / DekArTa kA dArzanika vivecana bekana kI apekSA adhika spaSTa evaM Age bar3hA huA thA / isIlie vaha pazcima ke arvAcIna darzana kA janaka ( Father of Modern Philosophy) ginA jAtA hai / vyAvahArikatA - prAzcaryaM zraura sandeha ke siddhAnta para vizvAsa na karane vAle kucha dArzanika aise bhI haiM, jo vyAvahArikatA ko hI darzana kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnate haiM / ve kahate haiM ki jIvana ke vyavahArapakSa kI siddhi ke lie hI darzana kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai / darzana kI yaha vicAradhArA vyAvahArikatAvAda (Pragmatism ) ke nAma se prasiddha hai | vAstava meM yaha vicAradhArA darzana kI apekSA vijJAna ke adhika samIpa hai / isakA dRSTikoNa bhautikatA - pradhAna hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM cArvAka darzana kA AdhAra vyAvahArikatAvAda hI thA / 28 buddhiprema - darzana kA AdhAra buddhiprema ( Love of wisdom ) hai, aisA kaI dArzanika mAnate haiM / unakI dhAraNA ke anusAra darzana kI utpatti kA koI bAhya kAraNa nahIM hai, jisako AdhAra banAkara darzana kA prAdurbhAva ho / mAnava apanI buddhi se bahuta prema karatA hai / vaha apanI buddhi kA pratyeka dRSTi se hita cAhatA hai / vaha kabhI yaha nahIM cAhatA ki usakI buddhi avikasita dazA meM par3I rahe / yaha dUsarI vAta hai ki logoM ko apanI buddhi ke vikAsa ke lie ucita vAtAvaraNa va sAdhana nahIM milate / / buddhiprema kI yaha abhivyakti darzana ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai / isa dhAraNA ke anusAra darzana kA koI anya prayojana nahIM hotA / buddhi ko santoSa prApta ho, buddhi kA khUba vikAsa ho - yahI darzana kA eka mAtra prayojana hotA hai| darzana apane grApa meM pUrNa hotA hai / usakA sAdhya koI dUsarA nahIM hotA / vaha svayaM hI sAdhana va svayaM hI sAdhya hotA hai / a~grejI zabda 'philosophI' jo ki darzana kA paryAyavAcI hai, grIka bhASA ke do zabdoM se mila kara banA hai / ve zabda haiM 'philosa' aura 'sophiyA | philosa (Philos ) kA artha hotA hai - prema (Love) aura sophiyA ( Sophia) kA artha hotA hai - buddhi (Wisdom ) / ina donoM zabdoM ko jor3ane se 'buddhi

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___ 26 darzana, jIvana aura jagat kA prema' (Love of Wisdom) artha nikalatA hai| yahA~ para 'buddhi' zabda se sAmAnya vicArazakti (Rationality) yA prAkRtika buddhi (Intellect) nahIM samajhakara 'vivekayukta buddhi' samajhanA caahie| AdhyAtmika preraNA-kucha dArzanika aise bhI haiM, jo darzana ko kevala buddhi kA khela nahIM smjhte| unakI dhAraNA ke anusAra darzana kA prAdurbhAva manuSya ke bhItara rahI huI AdhyAtmika zakti ke kAraNa hotA hai| apane AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa se athavA jagat ke bhItara rahI huI anya bhautika sAdhana-sAmagrI se jaba manuSya kI AtmA ko pUrNa saMtoSa nahIM hotA, vaha sArI sAmagrI meM kisI-na-kisI prakAra kI nyUnatA kA anubhava karatA hai, usakI prAntarika AvAja ke anusAra use zAzvata zAMti va saMtopa nahIM milatA, tava vaha naI khoja prAraMbha karatA hai, AdhyAtmika pipAsA kI zAnti ke lie navakUpa kA nirmANa karanA zurU karatA hai, aAntarika preraNA ko santuSTa karane ke lie naI rAha pakar3atA hai| manuSya ke isI prayatna ko darzana kA nAma diyA gayA hai| vaha eka aisI cIja dekhanA cAhatA hai jise sAmAnya cakSu nahIM dekha sakatI, aisI vastu kA anubhava karanA cAhatA hai jise sAdhAraNa indriyAM nahIM pA sktii| bhAratIya paramparA ke eka bahuta bar3e bhAga kA dArzanika grAdhAra yahI hai| vartamAna se asaMtopa aura bhaviSya kI ujjvalatA kA darzana, yahI prAdhyAtmika preraNA kA mukhya AdhAra hai| jise vartamAna se saMtoSa hotA hai vaha bhaviSya kI prAzA meM vartamAna ko kadApi khatare meM nahIM DAla sakatA / isIlie AdhyAtmika preraNA kI sabase pahalI zarta hai, vartamAna se asNtoss| kevala vartamAnakAlika asaMtopa se hI kAma nahIM calatA, kyoMki jabataka bhaviSya kI ujjvalatA kA darzana nahIM hotA tava taka vartamAna ko chor3ane kI bhAvanA utpanna nahIM ho sktii| isIlie vartamAnakAlIna asaMtopa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha bhaviSyatkAlIna ujjvalatA kA darzana bhI Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra kI preraNA se jisa darzana kA nirmANa hotA hai, vaha darzana bahuta gambhIra hotA hai, evaM usakA stara vahata UMcA hotA hai| bhautika vicAradhArA kA vyakti usase bahuta dUra bhAgane kA prayatna karatA hai| use usI rUpa meM grahaNa karanA, usake lie zAkya nahIM hotaa|

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jaina-darzana bhAratIya paramparA kA prayojana : Azcarya, jijJAsA aura saMzayAdi kAraNa, jinase darzana kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, mukhyarUpa se pAzcAtya paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / ava hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki bhAratIya paramparA isa viSaya meM kyA mAnatI hai ? sAmAnya rUpa se dekhane para yahI pratIta hotA hai ki bhArata ke prAyaH sabhI darzanoM ne darzana kI utpatti meM duHkha ko kAraNa mAnA hai| duHkha se mukti pAnA, yahI bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA mukhya prayojana hai aura isI prayojana kI siddhi ke lie vividha dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI utpatti huI hai / yadyapi duHkha sava darzanoM kI utpatti kA sAmAnya kAraNa hai, kintu duHkha kyA hai, usakA kyA rUpa hai, usake kitane bheda haiM, usase chuTakArA pAne kI kyA vidhi hai ? ityAdi praznoM ke AdhAra para saba darzanoM ne bhinna-bhinna DhaMga se apanI vicAradhArA kA nirmANa kiyA / pratyeka darzanazAstra kI utpatti kA rahasya samajhane ke lie isa vicAradhArA kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| ___ cArvAka - bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka darzana ekAnta rUpa se bhautikavAdI darzana hai / isane apanI vicAradhArA kA AdhAra bhautika sukha rkhaa| yadyapi cArvAka darzana ke maulika grantha upalabdha nahIM hai kintu anya darzanagranthoM meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM isakI mAnyatA kA jo ullekha milatA hai, use dekhane se yaha mAlUma par3atA hai ki isakI bhitti zuddha bhautikavAda hai / sukha duHkha isI janma taka sImita haiM, aisA usakA pakkA vizvAsa hai| isI AdhAra para cArvAka darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki isI janma meM adhika se adhika sukha bhoganA yahI hamAre jIvana kA lakSya hai| mRtyu ke bAda phira paidA honA par3atA hai- aisA kahanA mithyA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke rAkha ho jAne para kauna sI cIja bacatI hai jo phira janma letI hai ?' AtmA kI dhAraNA sarvathA bhrAnta hai, kyoMki cAra bhUtoM ke atirikta koI svatantra zrAtmA nahIM hai / jisa samaya cAroM bhUta amuka mAtrA meM amuka rUpa se milate haiM usa samaya zarIra bana jAtA hai aura usameM cetanA A jAtI hai| 1-bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH / . .

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat cAroM bhUtoM ke vApisa vikhara jAne para cetanA samApta ho jAtI hai| jo kucha hai vaha yA to bhUta hai yA bhautika hai| bhUtoM kA acche-se-acche rUpa meM upayoga karanA, unase khUba sukha prApta karanA, jIvana meM khUba AnaMda lUTanA, yahI hamAre jIvana kA lakSya hai| isI lakSya kI siddhi ke lie darzana kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| darzanazAstra hamAre lie aisI vyavasthA karatA hai jisase hameM adhika-se-adhika sukha mila ske| isa prakAra cArvAka mata ke anusAra aihika sukha kI siddhi ke lie hI dArzanika 'vicAradhArA kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| jaina - jaina darzana kA pradhAna prayojana yaha hai ki jIva sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukta hokara ananta AdhyAtmika sukha kA upabhoga kre| yaha darzana cha: maulika tattvoM ke AdhAra para sAre jagat kI vyavasthA karatA hai / ina cha: tattvoM meM jIva aura pudgala ye do tattva aise haiM, jinake pArasparika sambandha ke AdhAra para prANiyoM ko nAnA prakAra ke kaSTa bhogane par3ate haiM / jagat ke andara prApta hone vAlA tathAkathita sakha bhI inhIM ke sambandha kA pariragAma hai| jaina darzana kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki jaba taka ye donoM tattva eka dUsare se sarvathA bhinna nahIM ho jAte, ananta prAdhyAtmika sukha kI prApti asambhava hai / anAdikAla se paraspara sambaddha ye donoM tattva kisa prakAra alaga ho jAeM- isakA digdarzana karanA, yahI darzana kA mukhya prayojana hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra ye tInoM mila kara usa mArga kA nirmANa karate haiM, jisa para calane se jIvana aura pudgala antatogatvA alaga-alaga ho jAte haiN| pudgala se sarvathA mukta jIva hI zuddha prAtmA hai, siddha hai, paramAtmA hai / isa prakAra kI prAtmA ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta vIrya se yukta hotI hai| vaha phira kabhI bhI pudgala se sambaddha nahIM hotii| hamezA svatantra rahatI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana kA uddezya bhI yahI hai ki prANI duHkha se chuTakArA pAkara sukha kA upabhoga kre| 1-ana catvAri bhUtAni bhUmivAryanalAnilA: / tubhyaH khalu bhutebhyaracananyamupajAyate // 3 // -narvadarzanasaMgrahaH cArvAkadarzana ---samyagdarzanajAnacAritrANi mokssmaargH| --tattvArtha natra, 1/1/

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jaina-darzana bauddha-buddha kI zikSAoM kA dhyeya bhI yahI hai ki prANI saMsArI duHkha se mukta ho / duHkha prathama Aryasatya hai / saMsArAvasthA ke pA~ca skandhoM ko chor3a kara duHkha aura kucha nahIM hai / ye pA~ca skandha haiM-vijJAna, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura ruup| jisa samaya ye pA~coM skandha samApta ho jAte haiM, duHkha svataH samApta ho jAtA hai / ye skandha kaise samApta ho sakate haiM ? inakI paramparA kina kAraNoM se barAbara calatI rahatI hai ? paramparA samApta hone ke bAda kyA avasthA hotI hai ? ityAdi praznoM ke phalasvarUpa tIna anya Arya satya prAdurbhUta hote haiN| ina cAroM Arya satyoM ke AdhAra para sampUrNa bauddhadarzana vikasita hotA hai / AryasatyoM ke nAma ye haiMduHkha, samudaya, mArga aura nirodha / duHkha kA svarUpa pA~ca skandhoM ke rUpa / meM batA diyA gayA hai| samudaya use kahate haiM jisake kAraNa rAgAdi bhAvanAeM utpanna hotI haiM / yaha merI AtmA hai, ye mere padArtha haiM--ityAdi rUpa mamatva hI samudaya hai / mArga kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 'sAre saMskAra kSaNika haiM-kucha bhI nitya nahIM hai' isa prakAra kI vAsanA hI mArga hai / saba prakAra ke duHkhoM se mukti milane kA nAma hI nirodha hai / ' nirodhAvasthA meM AtmA kA ekAnta abhAva ho jAtA hai| kucha aAdhunika vicAraka isa ekAnta abhAva kI paramparA ko cunautI dete haiN| unakA kathana hai ki bauddhadarzana pratipAdita mokSAvasthA bhAvAtmaka hai / unakI vicAradhArA ke anusAra mAdhyamika kA zUnyavAda (Nihilism) artha ThIka nhiiN| jo kucha bhI ho / yahA~ para hama isa samasyA ko adhika mahatva na dete hue itanA hI kahanA cAhate haiM ki bauddhadarzana kA mUla 1-duHkhaM saMsAriNaH skandhAste ca paMca prakIrtitAH / vijJAnaM vedanA saMjJA, saMskAro rUpameva ca / / -SaDdarzanasamuccaya : bauddhadarzana / 2-samudeti yato loke, rAgAdInAM gaNo'khilaH / aAtmA''tmIyabhAvAkhyaH, samudayaH sa udAhRtaH // -vahI 3---kSaNikAH sarva saMskArA, ityevaM vAsanA yakA / sa mArga iha vijJa yo nirodho mokSa ucyate / / --vahI

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rzana, jIvana aura jagat nAdhAra bhI duHkhamukti hI hai / saMsAra meM rahane vAle prANI ko skandharUpa Hkha se mukta karanA-yahI bauddha-vicAradhArA kA uddezya hai| sAMkhyasAMkhya darzana kA prayojana bhI duHkhanivRtti hai| kapila ne svaracita 'sAMkhyasUtra' meM sabase pahile likhA hai ki jIvana kA sarvazreSTha puruSArtha tIna prakAra ke duHkhoM kI prAtyantika nivRtti hai| IzvarakRSNaracita 'sAMkhyakArikA' kA prathama zloka bhI isI vAta kA samarthana karatA hai / saMsAra meM aneka prakAra ke duHkha hote haiN| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra unakI tIna rAziyA~ hotI haiM--prAdhyAtmika, Adhidaivika, prAdhibhautika / AdhyAtmika duHkha do prakAra ke hote haiM-zArIrika evaM mAnasika / pA~ca prakAra ke vAta, pA~ca prakAra ke pitta, pA~ca prakAra ke zlepmA-inake vaipamya se jo roga paidA hote haiM, vaha zArIrika duHkha hai / kAma, krodha, moha, mada, matsara Adi se jo kleza utpanna hotA hai; vaha mAnasika duHkha hai / yakSa, rAkSasa, vinAyaka, graha Adi ke prAveza se jo duHkha hote haiM ve Adhidaivika duHkha haiM aura anya jaMgama prANiyoM se tathA prAkRtika sthAvara padArthoM se jo duHkha milatA hai, vaha Adhibhautika duHkha hai / adhyAtma, adhideva aura adhibhUta sadA abhedya rUpa se paraspara vaddha hai / kabhI kisI kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, to kabhI kisI kii| jisa samaya jisakI pradhAnatA hotI hai usa samaya usI kA nAma liyA jAtA hai ina tInoM prakAra ke duHkhoM kA aikAntika-zrAtyantika nAza dRSTa upAyoM se nahIM ho sakatA / isIlie aise upAya kI jijJAsA hotI hai jisase inakA samUla sArvadika vinAza ho jAya-ye hamezA ke lie jar3a se khatma ho jAeM / yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ? sAMkhya darzana apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra isakA uttara detA hai ki yaha kArya sacce jJAna se hI ho sakatA hai| yaha jJAna kyA hai ? usakI prApti ke kyA upAya haiM ? Adi praznoM ke samAdhAna ke rUpa meM puruSa aura prakRti ke AdhAra para sAMkhya-vicAradhArA Age bar3hatI hai / yahI sAMkhyadarzana kI utpatti aura gati kA AdhAra hai| 1---pradha prividhaduHkhAtyantanivRttiH atyantapuruSArthaH / 2 --duHkhaprayAbhighAtAjjinAsA tadapadhAtake hetii| mAnena nApavA ..................

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-- jaina-darzana ___ yoga-sAMkhya aura yoga meM Izvara-viSayaka ekAdha viSayoM ko chor3akara vizeSa antara nahIM hai| sAMkhya jJAna-pradhAna hai jabaki yoga kriyA kI pradhAnatA svIkAra karatA hai| aisI sthiti meM pataMjali ke yogasUtroM meM sAMkhya se milatI-julatI bAteM hoM, to koI Azcarya kI bAta nhiiN| pataMjali ne spaSTa likhA hai ki saMsAra Adi se aMta taka duHkhamaya hI hai| jise hama loga sukha samajhate haiM vaha vAstava meM sukha nahIM hai apitu duHkha hI hai| isa bAta ko sAdhAraNa loga nahIM samajha sakate / vivekI yaha acchI taraha se jAnatA hai ki sAMsArika sukha pariNAma meM duHkha hI detA hai| yaha jIvana nAnA prakAra kI vRttiyoM evaM vAsanAoM se paripUrNa hai| vividha prakAra kI vRttiyAM evaM vAsanAeM citta ke bhItara paraspara kalaha kiyA karatI haiM / eka vRtti kI pUrti se citta meM sukha hotA hai to dUsarI ke bhaMga se citta khinna ho jAtA hai / ina sava duHkhoM kA mUlakAraNa draSTA aura dRzya, puruSa aura prakRti kA saMyoga hai| usa saMyoga kA mukhya hetu avidyA hai-mithyAjJAna hai| usako dUra karane kA eka mAtra upAya hai viveka khyAti-tatva jJAna--saccA jnyaan| isa viveka-khyAti se hI saba karma aura klezoM kI nivRtti hotI hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya aura yoga kA uddezya prAyaH eka hai| yoga ne sAMkhyadarzana ke mUla siddhAntoM ko jyoMkA-tyoM lekara kriyApakSa para jora diyA / vivekakhyAti ke lie kriyApakSa ko Avazyaka maanaa| kriyA ke AdhArarUpa meM Izvara kI sattA svIkRta kii| yoga kA yaha Izvara nyAyavaizeSika ke Izvara ke samAna jagat-kartA na hokara preraNA-prApti kA sAdhanamAtra hai|| nyAya-gautama ne apane nyAyasUtra meM bhI yahI likhA hai ki darzana kA prayojana apavargaprApti hai| usanepramANa-prameya-saMzaya-prayojana-dRSTAnta-siddhAnta avayava-tarka-nirNaya-vAda-jalpa-bitaNDA- hetvAbhAsa-chala-jAti-nigrahasthAnaisa prakAra se solaha padArthoM kI sattA mAnI aura kahA ki * ina solaha 1-pariNAmatApasaMskAraduHkhaiguNavRttivirodhAca duHkhameva sarvaM vivekinaH / / dRSTadRzyayoH saMyogo heyahetuH / tasya heturvidyaa| vivekakhyAtira- :: viplavA hAnopAyaH / -~-yogasUtra--a0 2, sU0 15, 17, 24. 26 / /

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darzana. jIvana aura jagat padArthoM kA saccA jJAna hone se duHkha aura usake kAraNoM kI paramparA kA pramazaH kSaya hotA hai| isa kSaya ke anantara apavarga-mokSa-niHzreyasa. milatA hai / mokSAvasthA meM prAtmA ko na duHkha hotA hai, na sukha / duHkha sukhAdi, jo ki saMsArAvasthA meM prAtmA ke sAtha samavAya sambandha se rahate hai, apavarga meM usase atyanta vicchinna ho jAte haiM / aAtmA ke buddhi-AdiH guNoM kA atyanta uccheda hI mokSa hai| isa avasthA meM rahane vAlI zrAtmA. apane asalI svarUpa meM hotI hai, jahA~ usake sAtha buddhi-prAdi guNaH nahIM rhte| . . . vaizaMpika-'vaizepika-sUtra' ke racayitA karaNAda ke zabdoM meM bhI yahI jhalaka hai ki niHzreyasa kI prApti ke lie hI dharma kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma aura darzana meM utanA bheda nahIM hai jitanA ki pAzcAtya paramparA meM / dharma zabda meM darzana kA samAveza va darzana zabda meM dharma kA samAveza hamArI paramparA meM bahuta sAdhAraNa vAta hai| kaNAda ne apane sUtroM meM jagaha-jagaha dharma zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| aisA hote hue bhI usakA sampradAya vaizeSika darzana ke nAma se prasiddha hai, na ki vaizeSika dharma ke rUpa meM / dhArmika mAnyatAoM kI tarkayukta siddhi hI hamAre yahAM darzana ke nAma se prasiddha hai| kaNAda ne likhA hai-dharma vaha padArtha hai jisase sAMsArika abhyudaya aura pAramArthika niHzreyasa donoM milate haiN| vaiopika darzana kA yahI prayojana hai| pUrva mImAMsA-'mImAMsAsUtra' kA sarva prathama sUtra hai-'athAto dhrmjijaamaa'| isake bhASya ke rUpa meM 'zavara ne kahA hai-'tasmAd dharmoM jijJAmitavyaH / na hi niHzreyasena purupaM saMyunaktIti pratijAnImahe / ' dharma puruSa ko niHzreyasa kI prApti karAtA hai-kalyANa se jor3atA hai prataH dharma avazya jAnanA cAhie, yahI bhASyakAra kA abhiprAya hai| manRpya dharma hAta hI kalyANa-mArga kI ArAdhanA kara sakatA hai, ata: une dharma kA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| dharma ke svarUpa ko ThIka taraha se F~-yAyanUtra, 1/2 2-~pano'nyudayani:pamamiddhiH na dharmaH / -~opiyantra, 12

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3.6 N jaina-darzana samajhane ke lie, yaha jAnanA jarUrI hai ki dharma kyA hai, usake sAdhana kyA haiM, dharmAbhAsa aura sAdhanAbhAsa kyA haiM, dharma kA antima prayojana kaise pUrNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, matabheda aura vivAda meM par3e hue dharma kA uddhAra kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? zrAdi / ina praznoM kI mImAMsAyukti-yukta parIkSA kA nAma hI darzana hai / yadyapi mImAMsAzAstra kA sAkSAt sambandha karmakANDa se hai, itanA hote hue bhI usakA grantima lakSya vahI hai jo anya bhAratIya darzanoM kA hai / vedAnta - 'mImAMsAsUtra' meM jo pahalA sUtra hai, ThIka vahI sUtra 'brahmasUtra' meM bhI hai, antara kevala itanA hI hai ki pahale meM dharma zabda hai aura dUsare meM brahma zabda / vedAnta kA prayojana hai brahmajJAna / vaha brahma kaisA ? koI bhI vastu jisake adhikAra ke bAhara nahIM hai, jo saba kucha hai, saba kucha jisameM hai / jisakA svarUpa cetanA hai, jo citzakti rUpa hai, jo AtmA hI hai / brahma ko jAnane kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki brahma eka alaga padArtha hai, aura jAnane vAlA eka alaga tattva hai / brahma ko jAnane vAlA svayaM hI brahma ho jAtA hai / vahA~ jJAtA aura jJeya kA koI bheda nahIM rahatA / zAMkara vedAnta kA kathana hai ki bheda hI sarva duHkhoM kA mUla hai / jahA~ dvaita rahatA hai vahIM duHkha rahatA hai / hI saccA sukha hai / isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya paramparA kI sAdhanA kA mukhya prayojana duHkhamukti hai: / cArvAka kI dRSTi bhautikavAdI hai / usakA mukhya lakSya bhautika sukha kI vRddhi karanA hai / isI janma meM adhika-se-adhika sukha kA bhoga karanA use iSTa hai / vaha isI sukha ko jIvana - lakSya samajhatA hai / darzanazAstra kA janma isIlie hotA hai kiM vaha hamAre isa dhyeya ko gati pradAna karatA hai | darzana zAstra hamAre lie aisI vyavasthA karatA hai jisake AdhAra para hameM adhikase-adhika sukha milatA hai / jaina darzana kI dhAraNA ananta sukha kI prApti kI hai hI / pudgala tattva ko Atma-tattva se sarvathA vicchinna kara denA, yahI sabase bar3A sukha hai / jaba taka ye donoM tattva eka dUsare se sarvathA alaga nahIM ho jAte, ananta sukha kI prApti yA prAdurbhAva grasambhava hai / anAdi kAla se eka dUsare se mile hue ye donoM tattva kisa

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pAna, jIvana aura jagat prakAra alaga-alaga ho sakate haiM, yaha dikhAnA darzana kA mukhya prayojana / dUsare zabdoM meM grAtmA apane asalI rUpa meM kisa prakAra yA sakatI hai, isakA digdarzana karAnA darzana kA dhyeya hai / buddha kI zikSAoM kA sAra bhI yahI hai ki duHkha se kaise mukti mile / pAMca skandhoM kI parisamApti ho duHkhamukti hai / isa parisamApti kA mArga batAMnA darzanazAstra kA dhyeya hai / sAMkhya kI mAnyatA ke anusAra zrAdhyAtmika, zrAdhidaivika aura grAdhibhautika- ina tIna prakAra ke duHkhoM kI zrAtyantika nivRtti kaise saMbhava hai ? isa bAta kI khoja karane ke lie darzana kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| yogadarzana bhI isI bAta kA samarthana karatA hai / vaha kriyA-pakSa para vizeSa bhAra detA hai / nyAyadarzana kA prayojana zrapavarga prApti hai / duHkha aura usake kAraNoM kI paramparA kA kSaya karanA usakA dhyeya hai / duHkha ke kAraNoM kI paramparA kA kSaya hone para apavarga grarthAt niHzreyasa milatA hai / vaizeSika loga bhI niHzreyasa kI prApti ko jIvana-lakSya mAnate haiM / sAMsArika abhyudaya aura pAramArthika niHzreyasa ina donoM kI prApti hI darzana kA prayojana hai| mImAMsaka bhI niHzreyasa kI prApti ko mahattva dete haiM / ve kahate haiM ki dharma se puruSa ko niHzreyasa kI prApti hotI hai, grataH dharma zravazya jAnanA caahie| dharma ke svarUpa kA ThIka ThIka jJAna karanA- isI kA nAma darzana hai / vedAnta kA prayojana brahmajJAna hai / yahI sabase bar3A sukha hai, yahI sabase bar3A tattva hai | isa tattva kA sAkSAtkAra karanA - brahmamaya ho jAnA, yahI vedAnta ko iSTa hai / 1 darzana aura jIvana : - 37 jIvana ke sAtha darzana kA kyA sambandha hai, isakA ThIka-ThIka uttara prApta ho jAne para hama yaha sahaja hI meM samajha sakate haiM ki jIvana meM darzana kA kyA mahattva hai / jaba hama yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya kA svabhAva socanA yA ciMtana hai ghathavA yoM kahie ki cintana se hI manuSya sacamuca manuSya banatA hai, cintana hI eka aisA vizeSa guraNa hai, jo manuSya kI vAstavika rUpa meM manuSya banAtA hai to yaha samajhanA kaThina nahIM hai ki jIvana aura darzana kitane samIpa haiM / jabataka cintana yA .

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jaina-darzana socanA mAnava kA zrAvazyaka svabhAva banA rahegA tabataka mAnava-jIvana meM hamezA darzana rahegA / cintana mAnava ke jIvana se dUra ho jAya, yaha abhI taka to saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotaa| aisI dazA meM hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jahA~-jahA~ mAnava rahegA, darzana avazya rahegA / darzana ke prabhAva meM mAnava kA astitva hI asaMbhava hai| yaha . eka dUsarA prazna hai ki darzana kA stara kyA hai ? kisI samAja kI vicAradhArA adhika vikasita ho jAtI hai, to kisI kI prArambhika avasthA meM hI rahatI hai / inhIM avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hama darzana ke stara kA bhI nizcaya karate haiM / jIvana meM darzana rahegA avazya, cAhe vaha kisI bhI stara para rahe / 83.8 * dArzanika itihAsa ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki manuSya kI vicAradhArA yA cintana-zakti kA pramukha kendra usakA jIvana hI rahA hai | usane socanA prArambha to kiyA apane jIvana para, kintu jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha rahane vAlI yA tatsambaddha aneka samasyAoM para bhI use socanA par3A, kyoMki una samasyAyoM kA samAdhAna kie 'binA jIvana kA pUrA cintana saMbhava na thA / jIvana ke sarvAGgINa 'cintana ke lie yaha atyanta Avazyaka thA ki jIva' se sambandhita jagat ke anya tattvoM kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAtA aura huA bhI aisA hI / aisA hote hue bhI manuSya ne dUsarI samasyAoM ko itanA 'adhika mahattva nahIM diyA ki jIvana kA mUla prazna gauraNa ho jAtA / "kahIM-kahIM para usase yaha truTi avazya huI, kintu vaha zIghra hI saMbhalatA gayA aura apane kSetra ko barAbara saMbhAlatA rahA / darzana kA mukhya prayojana, jIvana kA cintana yA manana hai, aisA kahane kA artha itanA hI hai ki usa cintana yA manana kA kendra jIvana hai / jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha anya cIjoM ko bhI liyA jAtA hai, kintu gauNa rUpa se, arthAt usI sImA taka jahA~ taka ki jIvana ke cintana meM ve cIjeM sahAyaka baneM / . bAdhaka banane kI hAlata meM unheM chor3a diyA jAtA hai / jIvana ke mUla tattvoM kA adhyayana karanA aura unheM samajhane kA prayatna karanA aura viveka kI kasauTI para kase hue tattvoM ke anusAra AcaraNa : karanA - yahI darzana kA jIvana ke sAtha vAstavika sambandha hai / 2

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat dAnika hone kA artha vicAraka honA to hai hI, sAtha-sAtha hI yaha samajhanA bhI hai ki jIvana kA una vicAroM ke sAtha kitanA sAmaMjasya hai ? jIvana ke mala tattvoM para unakA kyA prabhAva hai ? jIvana kI mauliSatA se ve kitane mile hae hai ? unakI zailI jIvana ko kitanI gati pradAna karatI hai ? vRttiyoM ke niyantraNa meM unakA kitanA hAtha rahatA hai ? ina sAre praznoM kA cintana hI sacce vicAraka kI 'kasauTI hai| saccA dArzanika jIvana ke ina maulika tattvoM va praznoM ko aAdhAra banA kara hI apane cintana kSetra meM grAge bar3hatA hai aura bar3hatA-bar3hatA yahA~ taka bar3ha jAtA hai ki cintana kI sImA ko sAhasa ke sAtha pAra karatA huyA bahuta dUra nikala jAtA hai, jahA~ se vApisa loTanA saMbhava nhiiN| cintana va manana ke niyantrita kSetra ko pAra kara jIvana kA sAkSAtkAra karatA huA na jAne kahA~ calA jAtA hai ? jAtA huA dikhAI detA hai, kintu kahA~ jAtA hai, isakA patA nahIM lgtaa| jagat kA svarUpa : darzana aura jIvana kA sambandha samajha lene ke pazcAt hamAre lie yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki jisa jagat meM hamArA jIvana va darzana phalatA-phalatA hai, usa jagat kA svarUpa bhI samajhe / jagat kA svarUpa samabhate mamaya hameM yaha bhI mAlUma ho jAyagA ki vyakti ke jIvana vA jagat ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai| jIvana aura jagat kA mambandha jJAta ho jAne para darzana kA jagat ke mUlyAMkana meM kitanA hAdha hai, yaha bhI samajha meM yA jAyagA / darzana ke kSetra meM jagat kA vilepaNa karane vAlI do mukhya vicAradhArAe~ haiM / eka vicAradhArA padhAdhaMvAda ke nAmale prasiddha hai yAra dUsarI vicAradhArA AdarzavAda ke rUpa meM jAnI jAtI hai / yathArthavAda aura AdarzavAda kA jhagar3A koI nayA nahIM hai / yaha bhagar3A bahuta lambe kAla se calA bArahA hai| ila naga kA mukhya prAdhAra bhautika sattA (Material Existence) hai| hAla hI kI vaijJAnika zodhoM ne isa bhAgar3e ko aura protsAhana pradAna kiyA hai| jaDa yA bhUta ke svarUpa aura jagat kI racanA ke.

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'jaina- darzana - 1 praznoM ko lekara Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne jo naI-naI khojeM kI haiM unheM lekara dArzanika kSetra meM eka naI halacala maca gaI hai / kucha bhI ho, Aja bhI darzana kI donoM vicAradhArAe~ samAna bala se apane-apane pakSa ko lekara Age bar3ha rahI haiM aura apanI-apanI dhAraNA evaM tarka zakti ke bala para jagat ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA prayatna kara rahI haiM / sAdhAraNa vyakti bhautika yA jar3a jagat kI sattA meM kabhI saMdeha nahIM karatA / vaha kadApi yaha nahIM socatA ki jisa bhautika jagat kA maiM apanI indriyoM dvArA anubhava kara rahA hU~ vaha jagat usa rUpa meM jhUThA yA pratItimAtra hai / usakA vAstavika grAdhAra cetanA yA caitanya hai / bargasAM ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki hamArI bhASA Thosa padArthoM kI bhASA hai / " hama apanI bhASA dvArA Thosa padArthoM kA hI ThIka-ThIka varNana kara sakate haiM / hama kaI bAra mAnasika pravRttiyoM (Mental process) kA varNana kara sakate haiM aura una pravRttiyoM ke lie bhAvanA, preraNA, bhAvukatA Adi zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM kintu vAstava meM ina sArI pravRttiyoM kA maulika AdhAra va mahattva bhautika hI hotA hai / ina pravRttiyoM ke mUla meM bhautika preraNA hI kArya karatI hai, athavA yoM kahie ki ina pravRttiyoM kA prAdurbhAva bhautika preraNA ko prAlambana banAkara hI hotA hai / bhautika prAdhAra ke prabhAva meM ye pravRttiyA~ sAdhAraNa vyakti kI samajha meM grA hI nahIM sktii| itanA hI nahIM, inakA kathana bhI bhautika AdhArazilA para hI Tika sakatA hai| AdarzavAda aura yathArthavAda meM maulika bheda isI bhautika tattva kA hai| AdarzavAda bhautika tattva kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra nahIM karatA / yathArthavAda isa dhAraNA ko khulI cunautI detA hai / usakI dRSTi meM bhautika tattva usI rUpa meM svatantra evaM satya hai, jisa rUpa meM grAdhyAtmika tattva svataMtra evaM satya hai / pAzcAtya paramparA kA dArzanika itihAsa dekhane se patA lagatA hai ki sabase pahale grIka dArzanika pAramenAiDsa ne IsA se 500 varSa pUrva isa " bAta kI ghoparaNA kI thI ki jJAna aura jJeya ( Thought and the * 1. Our Language is a Language of solids. 40

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. 41 dagaMna, jIvana aura jagat Object of Thought) meM koI bheda nahIM hai / jAna ko chor3akara jaya koI bhinna padArtha nahIM hai| jJAna aura jJeya vAstava meM eka hI haiM / pleTo ne AdhyAtmika tattva kI sattA para jora diyA, kintu pUrNa rUpa se prAdarzavAdI na bana sakA / erisToTala to yathArthavAdI thA hii| caudahavIM zatAbdI meM nikolana ko yAdarzavAda kI thor3I-sI jhalaka milI, kintu vaha vahIM zAnta ho gii| prAdarzavAda aura yathArthavAda kA jo rUpa aAja hamAre sAmane hai usakA vIja DekArTa kI vicAradhArA meM milatA hai| DekArTa ne vistAra (Extension) aura vicAra (Thought) ke bheda se bhautika tattva aura AdhyAtmika tattva meM bheda DAlA / vaha yathArthavAdI thA kintu usake bAda dhIre-dhIre AdarzavAda kA jora bar3hatA gyaa| zrAdarzavAda kA dRSTikoNa : kucha loga yaha samajhate haiM ki AdarzavAda vaha siddhAnta hai, jo spaSTa rUpa se dikhAI dene vAle jagat ko yathArtha na samajha kara usake mUlyAMkana yA svarUpa-nirNaya meM kucha kamI kara detA hai / jagat kA svarUpa jaimA dikhAI detA hai, vaisA nahIM hai, kintu alaga hI prakAra kA hai, jo dRzyamAna jagat se thor3I kamI lie hue hai-arthAt bahuta sI aisI bAteM hameM isa jagat meM dikhAI detI haiM, jo vastutaH jagat meM nahIM haiN| kucha dArzanikoM kA yaha mata hai ki 'AdarzavAda' pada kA prayoga, una nava daraniyAsmoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai, jo yaha mAnate haiM ki vizva kI vyavasthA ke nirmANa meM prAdhyAtmika tattva kA pramukha hAtha hai| unakI dhAraNA ke anusAra prakRti kA avalambana yA prAdhAra yAtmatattva hai|' aisI avasthA meM yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki zrAdarzavAda kA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai ? 'aAdarzavAda' pada se hameM gayA bodha honA cAhie ? zrAdargavAda vaha nitAnta yA vizvAsa hai jisake anusAra vicAra-kti (Thought) yA tarka (Reason) tatva kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hai arthAt tattva kA yahI svabhAva hai ki & Prolegomena to an Idealistic Theory of Knowledge. 50 1. ... ... ........................

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42 jaina-dagaMna vaha vicAra yA tarka ke mAdhyama dvArA apane Apako prakaTa karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vicAra yA tarka se asambaddha yA svatantra tattva kI pratIti hamAre lie sarvathA asambhava hai| hameM jo kucha pratIta hotA hai, apanI vicArazakti yA tarkavala ke AdhAra para hI / pratIti ke isa mAdhyama ko chor3akara hamAre pAsa aisA koI sAdhana nahIM hai, jo tattvajJAna meM sahAyaka siddha ho ske| hamArA vicAra yA hamArA yuktibala jisa prakAra kA tattvajJAna karAtA hai, hameM usI prakAra kA tattvajJAna hotA hai / AdarzavAda kI isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra mAnava-buddhi (Human mind) hI eka aisA sAdhana hai, jise AdhAra banA kara tattva apane ko abhivyakta karatA hai / kucha mithyA dhAraNAe~ : kaI logoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AdarzavAda eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo chipe yA khule taura se yaha siddha karanA cAhatA hai ki vizva kI yaha sampUrNa racanA jhUThI hai-~-pRthvI, pAtAla aura svarga * kA yaha pUrA pradeza mithyA hai| vAstava meM vAta aisI nahIM hai / yaha ThIka hai ki vizva apane vAstavika rUpa meM vaisA nahIM hai jaisA ki dikhAI detA hai / kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM ki vaha bilkula jhUThA hai--sarvathA mithyA hai / AdarzavAda kI dRSTi meM usakA vAstavika rUpa kucha aura hI hai| vaha vizva ko vijJAna yA sAdhAraNa buddhi kI dhAraNA taka hI sImita nahIM karatA, apitu use ina sImAoM se thor3A Age le jAtA hai| ___ kucha loga barkale jaise adhUre AdarzavAdiyoM ko AdarzavAda kA Adarza samajhakara AdarzavAda para yaha Aropa lagAne ke lie utArU ho jAte haiM ki AdarzavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki hamArA darzana .(Perception) hI bAhya padArthoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai| barkale kI yaha dhAraNA ki darzana hI sat hai athavA sattA kA artha darzana ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai, ' ThIka nahIM hai / vaha tattva yA sattA ko 1. Esse est percipi. . . ....

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat vyaktigata darzana (Individual perception) taka hI sImita kara detA hai / prAge jAkara vaha darzana ke sthAna para dhAraNA (Conception) gabda ko apanA letA hai aura kahatA hai ki dhAraNA hI sat hai, kintu phira bhI vaha yAdarzavAdI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saccA prAdarzavAda yaha kabhI nahIM mAnatA ki darzana, dhAraNA, vicArazakti, tarka, yukti yA buddhi tattva athavA sattA kA nirmANa karate haiM / vaha to kahatA hai ki vicAra yA buddhi kA kArya nizcaya yA nirNaya karanA hai| nirmANa aura nirNaya bhinna-bhinna cIjeM haiN| vicAra kA kAryakSetra tattva ko mamabhanA arthAt apane mAdhyama dvArA tattva kA nirNaya karanA hai| tattva eka aisI sattA hai jo usase bhI bar3I hai, jo usake nirNaya kA viSaya banatI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to satya yA sattA vicAra yA kArya nahIM, apitu viSaya hai| viSaya ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha kArya bhI ho| tattva aura vicAra meM vipayavipayibhAva sambandha hai, na ki kAryakAraNabhAva sambandha / kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki zrAdarzavAda jagat kI vAstavika bAhya sattA meM kadApi avizvAsa nahIM krtaa| hAM, itanA avazya hai ki usakI antima sattA usI rUpa meM nahIM mAnatA, jisa rUpa meM ki vaha sAdhAraNa pratoti kA viSaya banatI hai / yadyapi ve padArtha jinheM hama jAnate haiM, apanI sattA ke lie hama para nirbhara nahIM rahate haiM / hama unheM jAneM yA na jAne, ye jagat meM rahate hI haiM / isakA artha yaha huA ki ve jJAtA se svatantra sattA rakhate haiN| itanA hote hue bhI padArtha-vipayaka sampUrNa nirNaya jAna se pUrNa sambaddha hotA hai / jJAna se asambaddha padArtha-nirNaya kadApi saMbhava nahIM hotaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jisa DhaMga se hameM padArthazAna hotA hai, usakI eka nidicata vidhi evaM mArga hai aura usa vidhi kI sImA ke andara raha kara ho hama vastutroM kA jJAna kara sakate hai / aisI dazA meM yadi yaha kahA jAya ki hama vAstavika jagat yA gharajagat (Youmenon) ko nahIM jAna sakate, kintu hamAga jAna dRzyajagata (Phenomenon) taka hI sImita rahatA hai to koI burA nahI / isakA kevala itanA hI adhaM hai ki padArtha hamArI dRSTi 1. ENSE Ost concipi.

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44 ... . . . . jaina-darzana meM vaisA hI pratibhAsita hotA hai jaisA ki hama use jAnate haiN| hamArA jJAna padArtha aura vicAra ke pArasparika sambandha se utpanna hotA hai, aisI hAlata meM vastutaH meM padArtha kyA hai, usakA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai, yaha hama apane sAdhAraNa jJAna se kaise jAna sakate haiM / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki padArtha apane Apa meM ( Thing-in-itselfDing an sich) kyA hai, yaha jAnanA hamAre lie asambhava hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki hama satya kA spaSTIkaraNa karane meM saphala nahIM ho sakate / vAstava meM satya kyA hai, isakA antima nirNaya karanA hamAre adhikAra se bAhara hai / hama jagat ko jisa rUpa meM dekhate haiM vaha rUpa kevala caitanya ke mAdhyama dvArA hamAre sAmane AtA hai / isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jagat kA antima rUpa. AdhyAtmika honA cAhie, kyoMki AdhyAtmikatA ke abhAva meM jJAna kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM rhtii| AdhyAtmika (caitanya) aura jar3a do prakAra kI svatantra sattA mAnane para unameM paraspara koI sambandha nahIM ho sakatA ! do paraspara virodhI sattAeM Apasa meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA sambandha sthApita nahIM kara sktiiN| isake atirikta sambandha kA kyA svarUpa hai aura vaha donoM sattAoM ko kaise jor3atA hai; isake lie kisI anya sambandha kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai athavA nahIM, ityAdi praznoM ko hala karanA bahuta kaThina hai / tAtparya yahI hai ki AdarzavAda anumAna dvArA isa nirNaya para pahu~catA hai ki jagat kA antima aura vAstavika svarUpa AdhyAtmika hai / vaha AdhyAtmika sattA se svatantra jar3a tattva kI sattA svIkAra nahIM krtaa| yaha AdhyAtmika tattva kyA hai, vyakti aura jagat kI abhivyakti kA AdhAra kyA hai; jJAna, vicAra, anubhava, buddhi Adi kA prAdhyAtmika sattA meM kaise antarbhAva hotA hai-ityAdi praznoM para bhinna-bhinna AdarzavAdiyoM ne bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kie haiM / hama unheM samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| .. zrAdarzavAda kI vibhinna dRSTiyAM : .. - AdarzavAda ke aneka dRSTikoNoM meM eka dRSTikoNa pleTo kA bhI hai| pleTo grIka dArzanika hai| usakI yaha dhAraNA thI ki tattva vicAroM kA eka

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dagaMna, jIvana aura jagat __ 45 susaMgaThita rAjya hai| pratyeka vicAra (Tdea) anAdi-anaMta evaM aparivartanapIla haiM / ' jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki vicAra hI tattva hai to isakA artha yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ve vaiyaktika mastiSka ke grAzrita evaM parataMtra haiN| vicAra apane Apa meM svataMtra, anAdi, anaMta evaM aparivartanazIla haiM; aimA samabhakara hI hameM pleTo kI dArzanika vicAra-dhArA kA adhyayana karanA caahie| ye vicAra hI hamAre isa dRzya jagat kA nirmANa karate haiM / yaha nirmANa kyoM va kaise hotA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue pleTo kahatA hai ki isa prazna kA isake atirikta koI santoSajanaka uttara nahIM hai ki kisI-na-kisI prakAra aisA ho jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huyA ki hama jisa jagat kA anubhava karate haiM, vaha jagat vAstava meM antima satya nahIM hai / antima satya to vicAroM kA eka saMgaThita samAja hai jo nitya evaM anAdi-anaMta hai| bAla kA nAma bhI zrAdarzavAdI dArzanika ke rUpa meM liyA jA sakatA hai; yadyapi vaha pUrNa zrAdarzavAdI nahIM hai| aisA hote hue bhI vaha yAdhunika yuga ye AdarzavAda kA nirmAtA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM / barkala ne apane pUrvaja loka ke isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA ki vastu meM do prakAra ke dharma hote hai.---zrAtmagata evaM vastugata / yAtmagata dharma kA artha honA hai. --oge guNa, jo vAstava meM padArtha meM to nahIM hote kintu jJAtA ke zAna kA aimA svabhAva hotA hai ki vaha una guNoM kA vantu meM prAropa kara detA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM varNa ko liijie| vAstava meM padArtha meM yA nahIM hotA kintu mAtA ke netra, mastiSka va darzana kA pemA gvabhAva hotA hai ki use ina lava kAraNoM kI upasthiti meM vastu meM varga biyAI detA hai / ibhI prakAra ne rama Adi guggoM ko bhI namana lenA cAhie / ina guNoM ko loka ne (Secondary qualities) yA (Subjective qualities) nAma diyA hai / vastugata dharma, vaha dharma yA gRNa hai. jo vAstava meM padArtha meM hotA hai| dRSTAnta ke lie saMkhyA le lIjie / padi mere sAmane pAMca ghaTa par3e hai to vAstava meM ve pAMca hai| maMtI unheM pAna nahIM danA detI, apitu ve apane brApa meM pAMca haiM / 1. Firma 114 1:nmutable.

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46 jana-darzana isI prakAra AkAra Adi ke viSaya meM bhI samajha lenA cAhie / isa prakAra ke guNoM ko loka kI bhASA meM (Primary qualities) yA (Objective qualities) kahate haiN| barkale ne loka kI isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana kiyA / usane spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki vastu meM isa prakAra kA bheda DAlanA nirI bhrAntatA hai| vAstava meM padArtha ke sAre hI guNa Atmagata hote haiN| hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki amuka-guNa to vastu ke apane guNa haiM aura amuka guNa hamArI kalpanA dvArA vastu para thope gae haiM / hameM tathAkathita vastugata dharma kA jJAna bhI ThIka usI prakAra hotA hai jisa prakAra ki Atmagata dharma kA / aisI sthiti meM hama yaha kaise kaha sakate haiM ki amuka dharma to vastu kA apanA dharma hai aura amuka dharma jJAtA dvArA Aropita hai| vAstava meM vastu meM aisA koI dharma nahIM hai jo Atmagata na ho| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to sArI vastu hI Atmagata hai kyoMki vividha dharmoM yA guraNoM se atirikta yA bhinna vastu apane Apa meM kucha nahIM hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki varkale ke matAnusAra jJAtA svayaM hI vastu kA nirmANa karatA hai| jJAtA ke darzana yA jJAna se bhinna koI bAhya padArtha nahIM hotA / jJAtA kA jJAna khuda hI bAhya padArtha kA AkAra dhAraNa karatA hai aura vaha aisA pratibhAsita hotA hai mAnoM apane se bhinna koI bAhya padArtha ho / vAstava meM jitane bhI bAhya padArtha kisI ko dikhAI dete haiM-kisI ke anubhava meM Ate haiM, sava anubhavakartA ke apane dimAga kI upaja hai-jJAtA kI apanI vicAradhArA kI kRti hai| barkale kI isa dhAraNA kA spaSTa mantavya yaha hai ki vyakti kI vicAradhArA hI bAhya padArthoM kI sattA kA nirmANa karatI hai| jagat apane Apa meM kucha nahIM hai / vyakti svayaM jagat kA nirmANa karatA hai aura svayaM miTAtA hai / vAstava meM vyakti kA citta yA. mana (Mind) hI antima tattva hai| sArA saMsAra usI kA khela hai / barkale ke isa AdarzavAda ko Atmagata AdarzavAda yA svagata AdarzavAda(Subjective Idealism)kaha sakate haiN| : kAnTa kA AdarzavAda dUsare hI prakAra kA hai| usakI dhAraNA ke anusAra hameM vAstavika padArtha kA jJAna ho hI nahIM sktaa| hamArA jitanA bhI jJAna yA anubhava hai vaha dRzyajagat taka hI sImita hai / yaha kaise ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kAnTa. kahatA hai ki hamAre jJAna kI

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darzana, jIvana aura jagan 47 utpatti meM vahata me me kAraNa haiM jinakI upasthiti meM hameM padArtha apane zrApa meM kyA hai arthAt padArtha kA apanA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai, isakA jAna nahIM ho sakatA / mAna lIjie, meM eka ghaTa kA jJAna kara rahA haiN| merA yaha ghaTanAna kisa prakAra kA hogA? isa ghaTajJAna meM samaya avazya rahegA, kyoMki maiM kisI-na-kimI samaya meM hI ghaTa kA anubhava kara mayatA hai / isake atirikta inameM sthAna kA hissA bhI rahegA hI, kyoMki merA yaha ghaTajJAna kisI na kisI jagaha para par3e hue ghaTa ke vipaya meM hI hogaa| ina donoM kAraNoM ke atirikta meM usa ghaTa ko asti yA nAsti arthAt hai yA nahIM hai athavA kArya yA kAraNa yA anya kisI rUpa meM hI jAna gA, athavA ina saba rUpoM meM jaangaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki merA ghaTajJAna kAla, AkAga aura vicAra kI kisI na kisI zreNI yA varga kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| kAnTa jJAna kI utpatti meM tIna prakAra kI avasthAoM kI sImA svIkRta karatA hai / jJAna kisI na kisI kAna meM utpanna hotA hai, kisI na kisI zrAkAga-sthAna se sambandha rakhatA ghora bAraha vicAra-koTiyoM ('Twelve Categories of Thought) meM se kisI na kisI vinAra-koTi kA prAzraya letA hai / prAkAgAra kAla ko vA antarapi (Intuition) ke do avaeDa rUpa mAnatA hai| bama vivecana ko samajha lene para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hamArA jAna gaMgA , ? hama kinI bhI padArtha ko usI rUpa meM jAnate hai, jina rUpa meM ki hameM ugakA uparokta bdhiti meM jJAna hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM nA jAca to hamAre kAna meM kAla kI maryAdA hai, yAkAga kI maryAdA dhAra mAya-hI-sAtha vicAra kI bhI maryAdA hai| hameM ina mada maryAdAtroM 6. nIma pavArya jayA kimAI detA hai, hama use unI rUpa meM jAnate haiN| malA meM padArtha jamA hai arthAta kAla. yAkAma aura vicAra kI bhImAnoM se pare gayA kyA kae hai. inakA jJAna hameM nahIM ho bhrtaa| mahAjagana nAmAna kara marate hai kintu pAramAdhikAgAjaviraH jagana kA mAna baranA hamAre adhikAra meM bAhara / jana jina kapa meM hamAre sAmane praninAmita honA / una ga me sAna mArane hai, apane amalI kAra meM nhiiN| ena mA dabATa jagaha mA hArajagat ( Plhene.

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48 . . . . - jaina-darzanamenon) aura pAramArthika jagat (Noumenon) ke rUpa meM vibhAjana karatA hai| hegala ne jagat kA antima tattva vicAra maanaa| usane kahA ki vicAra kI bhUmikA para hI sArA jagat Tika sakatA hai / yaha vicAra tattva barkale kI taraha vaiyaktika na hokara sArvatrika hai| sAtha hI sAtha sApekSa na hokara nirapekSa hai.| hegala yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki taka, hetu Adi isI vicAra ke paryAya haiM / vicAra, tarka, hetu Adi meM koI bheda nahIM hai / yaha nirapekSa vicAra ( Absolute Thought) sthitizIla (Static) na hokara gatizIla (Dynamic) hai / isI gatizIlatA ke kAraNa hegala ke darzana meM DAilekTika (Dialectic) kA janma hotA hai jo 'vadhi (Thesis), niSedha (Anti-thesis) aura samanvaya (Synthesis) ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| nirapekSa sArvatrika satya taka pahu~cane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vidhi aura niSedha kA sAmanA karate hue samanvaya taka pahu~cA jAya / yaha samanvaya kI bhUmikA hI antima hai| isa bhUmikA para pahu~cate hI jagat kI sArI vipratipatti (Contradiction) zAnta ho jAtI hai / vizva kA sampUrNa virodha, jo ki vidhi aura niSedha rUpa se hamAre sAmane AtA hai, svataH zAnta ho jAtA hai| vidhi aura niSedha vAstava meM tabhI taka paraspara virodhI mAlUma hote haiM jaba taka ki ve hamAre sImita anubhava ke. stara para rahate haiN| asIma stara para pahu~ca jAne para unakA virodha apane Apa hI zAnta ho jAtA hai kyoMki vahA~ para eka prakAra kI AdhyAtmika ekatA (Spiritual Unity) rahatI hai / sArvatrika nirapekSa tattva ke peTa meM saba samA jAte haiN| isI sthiti kA nAma samanvaya hai / samanvaya kI isa sthiti meM kisI kA nAza yA abhAva nahIM hotA apitu sabako ucita sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai / yahI hegala kA nirapekSa AdarzavAda yA vicAravAda hai| . ... - - hegala ke bauddhika netRtva kA anusaraNa karate hue breDale ne yaha siddha kiyA ki dravya, guNa, karma, AkAza, kAla, kArya, kAraNa Adi kA AdhAra aneka virodhI vicAroM ko utpanna karatA hai| usane ina saba * pratIyamAna tattvoM ko AbhAsa (Appearance) kahA / vAstavika tattva

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vana, jIvana zrIra jagat (Reality) ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha sambandha-nirapekSa (None-relational) ho, aisA kaha kara vo Dale ne yaha siddha kiyA ki sArvatrika 'anubhava' ho antima tattva hai| isa 'anubhava' ke bhItara buddhi, vedanA aura icchA tInoM rahate haiM / grapanI prasiddha kRti grapiyarensa guDa riyaliTI (Appearance and Reality) meM isa viSaya para bale ne bahuta pracchA prakAza DAlA hai / hamArI sAdhAraNa buddhi ko kisa prakAra zraneka vipratipattiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, isakA bahuta sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai / usameM yahI siddha kiyA gayA hai ki nirapekSa antima satya kA graha hamArI sAmAnya buddhi se bAhara kI cIja hai / vaha matyanIta hote hue pratyakSa anubhava grathavA sAkSAtkAra kA viSaya hai | vRddhi kI sArI vipratipatti vahA~ vilIna ho jAtI hai / athavA yo kahie ki hamArI sAdhAraNa buddhi, jo ki vipratipatti se paripUrNa hai, yahAM isa rUpa meM nahIM rahatI / usa dazA me vaha tattva ke sAtha ekarUpa ho jAtI hai / jagat ke padArtha tabhI taka zrAbhAsarUpa pratIta hote haiM jaba taka ki unakA jJAna, anubhava yA grahaNa sAmAnya buddhi dvArA hotA hai | isa prakAra kI pratIti apane sImita rUpa meM 'grAbhAna' kahI jAtI hai / isa prakAra kA sAbhAsa mAyA yA bhrama nahIM hai, zrapitu nImita evaM sApekSa satya hai| use hama pUrNa satya athavA tattva nahIM kaha sakate / pUrNa satya nirapekSa evaM asIma hotA hai, aura vahI satya antima tattva hai / isa karake matAnusAra tatva ke aneka stara yA zrama (Degrees ) hote hai| mimanirapekSa evaM pUrNa hotA hai aura vahI pratina tatva hai| 4 bInAMkeTa nezane kI paddhati kA anusaraNa karate hue tattva ko tArkika evaM ki nIMva para gar3A diyaa| usane bauddhika zakti para vizeSa jI diyaa| hohue bhI vAya jagat kI nattA kA nahI kiyA | usane kahA ki vicAra yA tarka kA sAra mAnasika pala me nahI pata vastu meM hai| yadi hama yaha kahe Y

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jaina-darzana ki tattva kA mAnasika pravRtti para niyantraNa rahatA hai to hama donoM meM ekatA lA sakate haiN| ___ bosAMkeTa kI dhAraNA ke anusAra vicAra yA tarka kA lakSya 'pUrNa' (Whole) hai / yaha 'pUrNa' svabhAva se hI nirmANa karane vAlA hai / jaba yaha vicAra apanI pUrNa zakti kA prayoga karatA hai-pUrNatA taka pahu~ca jAtA hai, tabhI tattva kI sampUrNatA kA nirmANa hotA hai / yaha pUrNatA AdhyAtmika advaita ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| yaha AdhyAtmika advaita hI anubhava kI ekatA hai| yaha antima AdhyAtmika tattva hI vAstavika tattva hai / vAhya jagat anubhava kI ekatA-AdhyAtmika tattva ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| bosAMkeTa ne anubhava ke sAtha hI sAtha mUlya (Value) para bhI jora diyA aura kahA ki prAdhyAtmika tattva meM mUlya kI ekatA ( Unity of Values) kA bhI samAveza hai| isa prakAra bosAMkeTa kA AdarzavAda buddhi-tarka-vicAra para vizeSa bhAra detA huA AdhyAtmika ekatA kI ora bar3ha jAtA hai| AdarzavAda kI isa dhArA ko hama AdhyAtmika advaitavAda kaha sakate haiN| isa prakAra hamane saMkSepa meM pAzcAtya AdarzavAdI vicAradhArAoM kA paricaya dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| aba hama yaha cAhate haiM ki isI DhaMga se bhAratIya AdarzavAdI paraMparA kA bhI saMkSipta paricaya ho jAya / bauddhadarzana kI mahAyAna zAkhA aura advaita vedAnta, bhAratIya AdarzavAda ke pratinidhi haiN| ina donoM paramparAoM meM bhAratIya AdarzavAda acchI taraha samA sakatA hai, aisA kahA jAya to koI atyukti na hogI / vauddhadazana kI mukhyarUpa se do dhArAe~ haiM-hInayAna aura mahAyAna / inameM se hInayAna khule rUpa se yathArthavAdI hai, isameM koI saMzaya nahIM / mahAyAna ke punaH do bheda haiM-mAdhyamika aura yogAcAra / mAdhyamika vicAradhArA ke anusAra tattva 'catuSkoTivinimukta' kahA gayA hai| mAnavIya buddhi kI cAroM koTiyA~ tattva-grahaNa kI yogyatA se ?-Life and Philosophy in Contemporary British Philosophy, pRSTha 61 2--catuSkoTivinimukta tattvaM mAdhyamikA viduH /

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gaMna, jIvana aura jagan rahita hai| hamArI sAmAnya buddhi meM itanI yogyatA nahIM ki vaha antima tanya taka pahu~ca sake / vaha kevala gaMvRti-satya (prapaMca) taka hI sImita hai / yaha naMvRnimatya vAstavika-evaM antima satya nahIM hai| hamArA sAdhAraNa jAna panamA matya taka nahIM pahuMca sktaa| yaha antima satya kyA hai ? ga prazna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM kucha matabheda hai| kucha vicAraka kahate haiM ki mAdhyamika paramparA isa antima nattva ko zUnya mAnatI hai arthAt yaha antima nanya vidhimpa na hokara niSedhampa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM zUnya kA prAcaM yA ho sakatA hai ki vaha tatva nabaMdhA agat hai--abhAvAtmaka hai / isa prakAra ina vicAroM kI mAnyatAnusAra mAdhyamika kA dUsarA artha zUnyavAda ho jAtA hai aura yahI kAnagA hai ki mAdhyamika zUnyavAda ke nAma se pramilA / chavicAraka aise hai, jo mAdhyamika pratipAdita tattva ko agata cA zUnya nahIM mAnanaM / unakI dhAgAnusAra yaha antima tattva vidhipa... mt| ve zUnya zabda kA prayoga avazya karate hai kintu ghanana nAmiddhi ke lie nahIM, apitu mana kI siddhi ke lie / ve kahate haiM zizUnya kA dozrayoM meM prayoga kannA cAhiye-eka svabhAva-zUnya grIna gaga prpNc-gur| prAtibhAnika tattva svabhAvazUnya hai, arthAt unakA apanA ko svabhAva athavA nyanandananA nahIM hai| vaha kevala prapaMca yA ninAmamAna, haliekA antima natva nahIM hai| vAstavika tattva prapaMcAnya garbhAta mAtra prakAra prAna yA pratimAna meM rahita hai| pAra meM nimamatva hai| vahI antima nanya hai| jaisA ki mahAnayA : " domaloM ke AdhAra para dharma-daMganA kii| unameM panoramata gamagAra maga pAnagAdhika nala hai / " ("pAramA rAma-jAnAkAratA vipara hai. sAla hai, prapaMca hila hai,

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52 -- jaina-darzana . yogAcAra vijJAnAtavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai| vijJAnAta kA artha hai kevala vijJAna hI sat hai-tattva hai| laMkAvatArasUtra meM isa tattva ko 'pAlayavijJAna' kahA gayA hai| yaha tattva grAhya-grAhaka bhAva se vinimukta hai| buddhi se vivecana karane para hama isa tattva kA koI bhI svarUpa nizcita nahIM kara skte| aisI avasthA meM yaha tattva anabhilApya evaM niHsvabhAva hai| . asaMga evaM vasubandhu ne isI tattva ko 'vijJaptimAtratA' kahA hai| vijJaptimAtratA kA pUrNa varNana hamArI zakti se bAhara hai / sAdhAraNa buddhi isakA varNana karane meM asamartha hai|' vijJAnAdvaitavAdapratipAdita vijJaptimAtratA yA vijJAna kSaNika hai yA nitya hai ? isa prazna kA uttara do rUpoM meM milatA hai| kucha vidvAn prAcIna AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karane kA prayatna karate haiM ki yogAcAra nityavAdI hai| unakA kathana hai ki vijJAnAta meM kSaNikatva kI kalpanA pIche ke tarkayuga ke prAcAryoM kI dena hai| kucha vicAraka mUlataH vijJAnAdvaita ko kSaNika mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kSaNika vijJAna-paramparA hI vijJAnAta kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai| . yogAcAra ne kabhI bhI nityavAda ko svIkRta nahIM kiyaa| vaha hamezA se anityavAdI arthAt kSaNikavAdI rahA hai| jo kucha bhI ho, itanA avazya hai ki yogAcAra kevala vijJAna ko hI antima tattva mAnatA hai| ____ advaita vedAnta brahma ko antima tattva mAnatA hai / yahI brahma AtmA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| brahma aura AtmA do tattva nahIM haiM, apitu brahma hI AtmA hai aura AtmA hI brahma hai| hamAre sImita jJAna kA asIma AdhAra yahI tattva hai / yadyapi hama apane sImita jJAna ke AdhAra para asIma brahma kA varNana nahIM kara sakate, tathApi hamArI buddhi ko .... ... ... .. .. 1-~-buddhayA vivicya.... laMkAvatArasUtra, pR0 116 2-viMzatikA, kA0 22 / 3 --Indian Philosophy : DA0 sI0 DI0 zarmA, pR0 166

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat kucha santoSa prApta ho, isa dRSTi se kahIM-kahIM brahma kA varNana karate samaya use nitya, aparivartanazIla, zAzvata, ananta, nirapekSa Adi vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / vaha na to utpanna hotA hai, na maratA hai, na vaha kisI kA Azraya hai, na usakA koI AdhAra hai, vaha aja hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai, purANa hai, na use koI mAra sakatA hai, na vaha kisI ko mAra sakatA hai / yaha aAtma tattva yA brahma tattva svayaMsiddha hai, kyoMki siddhi aura asiddhi donoM hI kI siddhi usakI siddhi ke vinA asiddha hai| yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki yadi ata vedAnta kA yaha antima tattva nitya aura aparivartanazIla hai, to phira jagat ke sAre padArtha pratikSaNa badalate kyoM rahate haiM ? isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie advaita vedAnta tattva ko tIna rUpoM meM dekhatA hai 1-vyAvahArika sttaa| 2-prAtibhAsika sattA / 3-pAramArthika sttaa| jAgrata avasthA kA sAdhAraNa jJAna vyAvahArika sattA kA pratIka hai / vyAvahArika sattA kI dRSTi se hamArA sAdhAraNa jJAna saccA hai, athavA yoM kahie ki jAgrata avasthA ke jJAna ke viSayIbhUta padArthoM kI vyAvahArika sattA hai / bhramAvasthA meM jo padArtha pratibhAsita hote haiM unakI prAtibhAsika sattA hai| isa sattA kA vyAvahArika sattA se khaNDana ho jAtA hai / brahma kI sattA pAramArthika sattA hai arthAt brahma hI antima sattA hai-yAtmA hI nirapekSa tattva hai / jAgrata dazA kI sattA isa sattA se bAdhita ho jAtI hai / isa sattA se bar3hakara dUsarI koI aisI sattA nahIM hai, jisase yaha bAdhita ho, kyoMki yahI sabase bar3I hai-ananta hai-nirapekSa haieka hai-sarvavyApI hai| isI tattva ko 'prapaMcasya ekAyanam' aura 'bhUmA' bhI kahA gayA hai / yadyapi yaha saba kA AdhAra hai, kintu apane 1-vedAntasiddhAntamuktAvalI, pRSTha 25 / 2-prapaMcasyaikAyanamanantaramabAhya kRtsnaM......... - zAMkarabhASya, 1 / 4 / 6 / 16

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. . . . jaina-darzana aAdhAra ke lie ise kisI anya kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| yaha apratiSThita aura anAzrita hai|' isa tattva kA jJAna tattvamaya hone para hI ho sakatA hai, tattva se alaga rahane para nhiiN| isIliye kahA gayA hai ki brahma ko jAnane vAlA brahma hI ho jAtA haiMbrahmavid brahma eva bhavati / usa avasthA meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA bheda nahIM rhtaa| yathArthavAda : yaha spaSTa hI hai ki yathArthavAda AdarzavAda kI taraha jar3a tattva kA apalApa nahIM krtaa| cArvAka-jaise kucha yathArthavAdI darzana aise to mila sakate haiM, jo svatantra cetana tattva na mAnate hoM, kintu aisA koI bhI yathArthavAdI darzana na milegA, jo jar3a tattva kA apalApa karatA ho| tAtparya yaha hai ki yathArthavAdI dRSTikoNa ke anusAra jar3atatva asat nahIM hai, apitu sat hai / bhautika tattva AbhAsa nahIM apitu yathArtha hai / isa bhautika yA jar3a tatva kA AdhAra koI cetana tattva yA vicAradhArA nahIM hai, apitu yaha svayaM apane Apa meM apanA AdhAra hai / isakA koI anya prAdhyAtmika pAzraya nahIM hai, apitu yaha svAzrita hai-svapratiSThita hai / ___aba prazna yaha hai ki kyA sacamuca jar3a yA bhautika tattva hai ? jise maiM gulAba kA phUla samajha rahA hU~, yA gulAba ke phUla ke rUpa meM dekha rahA hU~, kyA vaha sacamuca koI aisI cIja hai, jo mere jJAna se bhinna svatantra jar3a padArtha hai ? jisa samaya maiM use nahIM dekhatA hU~, kyA usa samaya bhI vaha phala usI rUpa meM maujUda hai ?. kyA vaha phUla vAstava meM phula rUpa se satya hai, yA kevala merI kalpanA kI utpatti hI hai, jisakA svapna ke padArtha kI taraha vAstava meM koI astitva nahIM hai ? usakA prAdhAra sArvatrika cetanA hai, yA vaha svayaM apanA AdhAra hai ? yathArthavAda ina sava praznoM ko hala karane kA prayatna karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM gulAba ke phUla kI usI taraha svatantra sattA hai, jisa 1- 'apratiSThito'nAzrito bhUmA kvacidapi' ~~chAndogya, 7 / 24 / 1 /

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55 darzana, jIvana aura jagat taraha ki merI usase bhinna svatantra sattA hai / jisa prakAra merI caitanya zakti apane astitva ke lie phula kI sattA para nirbhara nahIM hai, usI prakAra phUla kI sattA bhI apane grastitva ke lie mujha para nirbhara nahIM hai / itanA hI nahIM, grapitu kisI granya caitanya zakti, jJAna, vicAradhArA yA prAdhyAtmika tattva para bhI gravalambita nahIM hai / vaha grapane Apa meM sat hai, jar3a rUpa se sat hai, bhautika rUpa se sat hai, AdhyAtmika tattva se bhinna svatantra rUpa se sat hai / usakI sattA kA AdhAra na koI vaiyaktika vicAradhArA hai, aura na kisI - prakAra kI sArvabhauma jJAnadhArA yA sArvatrika prAdhyAtmika sattA hai / vaha svayaM sat hai, svayaM yathArtha hai, svayaM tattva hai / hA~, yaha ThIka hai ki usakA kisI anya tattva se sambandha ho sakatA hai, vaha kisI jJAna ke lie jJeya bana sakatA hai, kintu usakI sattA yA astitva kisI para nirbhara nahIM hai / vaha apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai, aura jJAna apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai / cetana aura jar3a meM jJAtAjJeya sambandha ho sakatA hai, utpAdyotpAdaka sambandha nahIM / I vAhya bhautika padArthoM kI siddhi ke lie yathArthavAdI graneka hetu upasthita karate haiM / unameM pradhAna hetu yaha hai ki yadi vAhya padArtha na ho, to indriya- pratyakSa ( Sensation ) nahIM ho sakatA / indriya- pratyakSa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki usa pratyakSa kA koI bAhya kAraNa vidyamAna ho / vAhya kAraNa ke prabhAva meM yaha vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI ki amuka indriya- pratyakSa kA gramuka viSaya hai / indriya- pratyakSa usI padArtha ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai, jo usakI sImA ke bhItara hotA hai / pratyeka indriya kI bhinna-bhinna yogyatA hoto hai, aura usI yogyatA ke anusAra vaha indriya kisI padArtha ko apanA viSaya banAtI hai / cakSurindriya kI apanI sImA hai, ghrANetriya kI apanI yogyatA hai, rasanendriya kA apanA kSetra hai / isI prakAra dUsarI indriyoM kI bhI apanI-apanI maryAdAe~ haiM / vAhya padArtha mukadUrI para amuka sthiti meM amuka yogyatA vAlA ho to vaha amuka paristhiti meM gramuka vyakti kI gramuka indriya kA pramuka sImA taka viSaya vana sakatA hai / isa prakAra bAhya padArtha kI maryA

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jaina-darzana dAnoM ke sAtha-sAtha indriya kI bhI maryAdAe~ hotI haiN| yadi vAstava meM svatantra rUpa se bAhya padArtha na ho to ye sArI sImAe~ vyartha ho jaaeNgii| bhrama, svapna yA anya kisI vikRta avasthA kA udAharaNa dekara isa satya ko anyathA siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki ina saba avasthAoM kA vAstavika AdhAra sAdhAraNa aura jAgrata avasthA hai / jaba taka hama yaha nahIM samajha lete ki hamArI jAgrata dazA kA sAdhAraNa aura avikRta jJAna yA anubhava saccA haiyathArtha hai-taba taka hameM yaha kahane kA koI adhikAra nahIM ki svapna yA bhramAvasthA kA vikRta jJAna jhUThA hai-ayathArtha haimithyA hai-bhrama hai| jAgrata dazA kA jJAna hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtA hai ki hamAre indriya-pratyakSa kA viSaya bAhya padArtha hai jo, AdhyAtmika yA vicAramAtra na hokara bhautika svabhAva vAlA hai| mere cakSurindriya-pratyakSa-kA viSaya, jise maiM gulAba kA phala kahatA hU~, AdhyAtmika yA vicAramAtra na hokara bhautika svabhAva vAlA hai| yadi usakI bhautika rUpa sattA na hotI, to maiM kisI bhI jagaha, kisI bhI samaya, kisI bhI indriya se usakA pratyakSa kara letA / vaha merI cakSurindriya kI maryAdAoM se sImita na hotA, usI prakAra merI cakSurindriya bhI usakI sImAoM se maryAdita na hotii| jJAna aura padArtha, viSayI aura viSaya, jJAtA aura jJeya-ina sArI samasyAoM kA saMtoSajanaka samAdhAna yahI hai ki jagat meM eka hI tattva nahIM hai, apitu aneka tattva haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki eka hI vastu aneka vyaktiyoM ke jJAna kA viSaya banatI hai / yadi usa vastu kI svatantra bhautika sattA nahIM hai to yaha kaise saMbhava ho sakatA hai ? udAharaNa ke taura para, mere sAmane eka meja par3I huI hai| jisa samaya maiM usa meja ko dekha rahA hU~, usa samaya mere pAsa baiThe hue do mitra bhI usI meja ko dekha rahe haiM / napane para yaha bhI nizcita ho rahA hai ki jitanI dUrI mere sAmane se hai ThIka utanI hI dUrI unake sAmane se bhI hai, kyoMki hama loga bilakula sIdhI paMkti meM baiThe hue haiN| raMga bhI prAyaH ekasA dikhAI de rahA hai / (prAyaH isalie ki raMga kA koI bAhya nApatola

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat 57 nahIM hai ) lambAI-caur3AI bhI sabako eka sarIkhI dikhAI de rahI hai " ityAdi / isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki hamAre sAmane koI aisI vastu avazya par3I huI hai, jo hamAre jJAna kA viSaya bana rahI hai / vaha vastu hama sabase bhinna koI svataMtra padArtha hai / rasala ke zabdoM meM " yadyapi vibhinna vyakti eka meja ko thor3I-sI vibhinnatA se dekha sakate haiM, phira bhI jisa samaya ve meja ko dekhate haiM, prAyaH eka sarokhI cIja hI dekhate haiM / isase sahaja hI isa nirNaya para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai ki saba vyaktiyoM ke jJAna kA viSaya eka hI sthira padArtha hai / " 1 bhautika padArthoM kI svatantra sattA svIkAra karane kA dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para gaNitazAstra kI prakriyA zIghra hI samajha meM A sakatI hai / yadi bAhya padArthoM kI vAstavika sattA na mAnI jAya, to gaNita kA koI bhI niyama kisI sthAna para lAgU nahIM ho sktaa| yaha ThIka hai ki gaNitazAstra kI utpatti kA AdhAra vicAra - vyApAra ( Conceptional process) hai, kintu vicAra - vyApAra kA AdhAra kyA hai, yaha socane para hameM bAhya padArthoM kI zaraNa lenI hI par3atI hai / vicAra kA sArA vyApAra Thosa padArthoM ke AdhAra para calatA hai / hamArA koI bhI aisA vicAra vyApAra nahIM hai, jisakI jar3a meM Thosa vastu kI sattA na ho / ' kevala vicAra' kI kalpanA kevala kalpanA hai, vAstavika satya nahIM / aura phira 'kevala kalpanA' bhI apane Apa meM kisI-nakisI vastu ko chipAe rakhatI hai / bhautika padArtha aura AdhyAtmika tattva ke svarUpa meM itanA adhika antara hai ki donoM abhinna ho hI nahIM sakate / zrAtmA kA svabhAva saMvedana yA jJAna hai, jabaki jar3a rUpAdi guNoM se yukta hai / jJAna yA saMvedana AtmA ke bhItara rahatA hai, jabaki bhautika padArtha hamArI iMdriyoM ke viSaya banate haiM aura bAhyasattA kA upabhoga karate haiN| mAna lIjie, mere sAmane isa samaya eka patthara par3A huA hai, 1--The Problems of Philosophy, pRSTha 21

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58 jaina-darzana jisakA mujhe iMdriya-pratyakSa ho rahA hai| yaha iMdriya-pratyakSa jJAna hai, kyoMki maiM usa pratyakSa kA anubhava kara rahA haiM-mujhe usakA saMvedana ho rahA hai| eka AdarzavAdI kI dRSTi se patthara se lagA kara jJAna taka saba kucha eka hI koTi meM hai| jo jJAna kA svabhAva hai vahI patthara kA svabhAva hai / patthara jJAna se koI bhinna vastu nahIM hai / yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki patthara, jo ki jJAna rUpa hai, mere jJAna taka hI sImita hai, yA usakA kSetra sArA vizva hai / jahA~ taka usake svabhAva kA prazna hai, vaha jJAnarUpa hai, cetanArUpa hai, vicArarUpa hai / ina AdhyAtmika dharmoM ko chor3akara usake bhItara aisA koI dharma nahIM hai, jise hama vAstavika kaha sakeM / yathArthavAdI isakA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahatA hai ki patthara bhI jJAna hai aura merA tadviSayaka pratyakSa bhI jJAna hai| aisI sthiti meM maiM usa patthara se dUsare vyakti kA sira phor3a sakatA hU~, kintu tadviSayaka apane jJAna se nahIM, aisA kyoM ? AdarzavAdI isa prazna kA saMtoSajanaka uttara nahIM de sakatA / yathArthavAdI spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki jJAna kA svabhAva aura bAhya padArtha kA svabhAva donoM bilakula bhinna haiN| do aise tattva ki jinakA svabhAva sarvathA bhinna hai, eka nahIM ho skte| bhautika tatva kA svabhAva bhinna hai, AdhyAtmika tattva kA svabhAva bhinna hai / aisI dazA meM donoM eka nahIM ho sakate / ina sava hetuoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA anucita nahIM ki bhautika padArthoM kI jJAna se bhinna svatantra sattA hai| jisa prakAra AdhyAtmika tattva kI sattA kA koI anya AdhAra nahIM hai, kintu vaha svayaM sat hai, ThIka usI prakAra jar3a yA bhautika tattva bhI apanI sattA ke lie kisI dUsare tattva kA muha nahIM tAkatA / vaha svayaM sat hai, svatantra hai, apane vala para TikA huyA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se yathArthavAda kA yahI dRSTikoNa hai| yaha bhautika tattva eka hai yA aneka hai, usakA jJAna aura AtmA ke sAtha kyA sambandha hai, aneka hone para unakA paraspara kyA sambandha hai, AtmA bhautika tattva se bhinna eka svatantra padArtha hai yA kevala usI kA pariNAma hai, ityAdi aneka samasyAoM ko sulajhAne ke lie yathArthavAdiyoM ne bhinna-bhinna

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yathArUpa se yathAthavA jar3A tavA kAraNa hai / ca darzana, jIvana aura jagat dRSTikoNoM kA Azraya liyA hai| aba hama ina dRSTikoNoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karate hue isa prakaraNa ko samApta kreNge| yathArthavAdI vicAradhArAe~ : __sAmAnya rUpa se yathArthavAda ke tIna bheda haiM-(1) jar3AdvaitavAda (2) dvaitavAda (3) naanaarthvaad| jar3AtavAda kevala eka tattva svIkAra karatA hai| vahI tattva jagat kA mukhya kAraNa hai / caitanya Adi anya jitane bhI tathAkathita tattva haiM, usI tattva kA rUpAntara mAtra haiN| prAraMbhika grIka dArzanika thelisa, enAksimenesa, herAkliTasa eka hI tattva meM vizvAsa karate the| thelisa kevala ap tattva ko pradhAna mAnatA thaa| usakI dRSTi meM anya sAre padArtha usI ke rUpAntara mAtra the / enAksimenesa ne vAyu ko pradhAna tattva mAnA / isI prakAra herAksiTasa kI dRSTi meM teja hI saba kucha thA / AtmA bhI teja kA hI eka rUpa hai, aisA usakA dRr3ha vizvAsa thA / enAksimAnDara ne sAmAnya jar3amAtra svIkAra kiyaa| usane usa sAmAnya tattva ko vizeSa nAma na dekara jar3a yA bhUtasAmAnya ke rUpa meM hI rkhaa| dvaitavAda isa siddhAnta ko na mAnakara kucha Age bar3hatA hai aura jar3a tattva ke sAtha eka cetana tattva bhI jor3a detA hai| usakI dRSTi meM jagat meM do mukhya tattva hote haiM-eka jar3a aura dUsarA caitanya jitane bhautika padArtha haiM, sabhI jar3a tattva ke antargata A jAte haiN| jitanA AdhyAtmika tattva hai, sArA caitanya ke andara prAjAtA hai / grIka dArzanika enAksAgorasa ne jar3a tattva ke sAtha-hI-sAtha Atmatattva bhI svIkRta kiyA jise usane (Nous) nasa kahA hai| gati aura parivartana kA mukhya kAraNa yahI nUsa hai, aisA usane pratipAdita kiyA hai / empiDokalsa ke viSaya meM thor3A sA matabheda hai, phira bhI yaha nizcita hai ki usane rAga aura dveSa (Love and Hate) nAmaka tattva kI sattA svIkRta kii| erisToTala ko bhI dvaitavAdI kaha sakate haiM / madhyakAlIna dArzanika dhArA to dvaitavAda ke jala se hI pravAhita hotI hai| bhAratIya darzana meM sAMkhya, mImAMsA tavAda ke pakke samarthaka haiN| .

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jaina-darzana nAnArthavAda, tattva kI saMkhyA ko do taka hI sImita nahIM rakhatA / usakI dRSTi do se Age bar3hatI haI asaMkhya aura ananta taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| bAda ke grIka dArzanika DemokriTsa Adi paramANuvAdI (Atomists) nAnArthavAda ke antargata Ate haiM / nAnArthavAdI aneka tattvoM ko antima satya mAnate haiN| ve eka yA do tattvoM ko mukhya na mAnakara aneka tattvoM ko mukhya aura svatantra mAnate haiN| sabhI tatva apane Apa meM pUrNa aura svatantra hote haiN| unheM apano pUrNatA yA sattA ke lie dUsare tattva para nirbhara nahIM rahanA par3atA / lAivanitsa nAnArthavAdI to thA, kintu bhautikavAda kA kaTTara virodhI thA, ataH use hama yathArthavAda kI dRSTi se nAnArthavAdI nahIM kaha sakate / usake ananta monADa (Infinite Monads) AdhyAtmika prakRti ke the ata: hama use AdhyAtmika nAnArthavAdI kaha sakate haiN| bhAratIya paramparA meM cArvAka, jaina, hInayAna bauddha, vaizeSika, naiyAyika Adi dArzanika vicAradhArAe~ nAnArthavAdI kahI jA sakatI haiN| isa prakAra saMkSepa meM yathArthavAda ke tInoM dRSTikoNoM ko samajha lene ke bAda bhAratIya yathArthavAdI vicAradhArA ko jarA adhika spaSTa karane kA prayatna karate haiM / mImAMsA ke anusAra jJAna aura jJeya bhinna-bhinna tattva haiN| jJeya ke abhAva meM jJAna utpanna hI nahIM ho sktaa| yaha jJeya tattva jaba indriya ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai, tabhI jJAna utpanna hotA hai| prabhAkara aura kumArila donoM prAcAryoM ne jJAna aura jJeya ke isa sambandha ko mAnA hai aura apanI-apanI kRtiyoM meM isa siddhAnta kA pUrNa samarthana kiyA hai| sAMkhya darzana spaSTarUpa se do tatva mAnatA hai| ye donoM tattva apane Apa meM sat haiN| ye tattva haiM-puruSa aura prakRti / donoM zAzvata haiM aura eka dUsare se svatantra haiM / puruSa kI sattA prakRti para nirbhara 1-'dravyajAtiguNeSvindriyasaMyogotthA sA pratyakSA pratItiH' ---prakaraNapaMcikA, pR0 52 /

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: 61 darzana, jIvana aura jagat nahIM hai, aura prakRti kI sattA puruSa se bhinna hai / puruSa na to vAstava meM baddha hotA hai, na mukta / saMsAra kA jitanA bhI prapaMca aura khela hai, saba prakRti ko hI mAyA hai / puruSa to eka draSTAmAtra hai, jo cupacApa saba kucha dekhA karatA hai / vaha na to kucha karatA hai, na vAstava meM kucha bhogatA hai / prakRti jar3a hai aura puruSa cit hai / prakRti se mahat, mahat se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se dasa indriyA~, mana aura pA~ca tanmAtrAe~, ye solaha aura ina solaha meM se pA~ca tanmAtrAoM se pA~ca bhUta, isa prakAra eka hI prakRti se sAre saMsAra kI utpatti hotI hai / rAmAnuja bhI cit tattva aura jar3a tattva donoM ko svatantra mAnatA hai / cit jJAna kA Azraya hai / jJAna aura cit donoM kA zAzvata sambandha hai | jar3a tattva tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta haipahalA vaha, jisameM kevala sattva hai / dUsarA vaha, jisameM tInoM guNa-sattva, rajas aura tamas haiM / tIsarA vaha, jisameM eka bhI guNa nahIM hai / yaha tattva nitya hai, jJAna se bhinna hai aura cit se svatantra hai / yaha parivartanazIla hai / yadyapi rAmAnuja viziSTAdvaita vAdI hai, kintu vaha yaha kabhI nahIM mAnatA ki jar3a aura cit kisI samaya brahma meM milakara eka rUpa ho jAe~ge / donoM tattva hamezA svatantra rUpa se jagat meM raheMge / isa dRSTi se donoM tattvoM kA AdhAra brahma bhale hI ho, kintu donoM kabhI bhI eka rUpa na hoMge / grataH rAmAnuja ko yathArthavAdI kahanA ucita hI hai / madhva to spaSTa rUpa se dvaitavAdI hai / vaha rAmAnuja kI taraha viziSTAdvaita meM vizvAsa nahIM rkhtaa| usakI dRSTi meM jar3a aura cit donoM sarvathA svatantra evaM bhinna-bhinna tattva haiM / unakA koI sAmAnya AdhAra nahIM hai / ve apane Apa meM pUrNa svatantra evaM sat haiM / ve brahma yA anya kisI bhI tattva ke guNa nahIM haiM apitu svayaM dravya haiM / nyAya aura vaizeSika pakke yathArthavAdI haiM. isameM tanika bhI saMzaya nahIM / vaizeSika darzana dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa, samavAya aura prabhAva - isa prakAra sAta padArthoM ko yathArthaM mAnatA hai / naiyAyika loga pramAraNa prameya Adi solaha padArtha mAnate haiM /

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. . . jaina-darzana hInayAna bauddha vicAradhArA ke do bheda haiM-vaibhASika aura sautrAntika / vaibhASika sarvAstivAdI haiN| .sarvAstivAdI. kA artha hai 'saba kucha hai'-isa siddhAnta ko mAnane vAlA / yahA~ para saba kucha se tAtparya jar3a aura caitanya se hai| Antarika aura bAhya donoM tattva jJAna aura jar3a rUpa se sat haiN| ye nitya na hokara anitya haiM, arthAt sthAyI na hote hue kSaNika haiN| sautrAntika bhI yahI mAnatA hai ki jJAna aura jar3a padArtha donoM hI kSaNika haiN| vaibhASika aura sautrAntika meM mukhya bheda yaha hai ki vaibhASika bAhya artha kA sIdhA pratyakSa mAna letA hai, jabaki sautrAntika kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jJAna ke AkAra se bAhya artha kA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai / artha ke anusAra jJAna meM AkAra AtA hai aura usa AkAra se artha kA jJAna hotA hai / artha kA jJAna sIdhA artha se nahIM hotA, apitu tadAkAra buddhi se hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to vaibhASika kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jJAna, buddhi yA cetanA nirAkAra hai, jabaki sautrAntika use sAkAra mAnatA hai / jaisA padArtha hotA hai vaisA hI buddhi meM prAkAra yA jAtA hai / uso prAkAra se hameM bAhya padArtha ke prAkAra kA jJAna hotA hai / vaibhASika kI dhAraNA ke anusAra bAhya padArtha kA sIdhA pratyakSa hotA hai| sautrAntika ke matAnusAra vAhya padArtha kA sIdhA pratyakSa na hokara buddhi ke AkAra ke dvArA usakA jJAna hotA hai| vaibhASika kA padArthajJAna pratyakSa (Direct) hai aura sautrAntika kA padArthajJAna parokSa (Indirect)-aisA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki vaibhASika aura sautrAntika donoM hI vAhya artha kI svataMtra sattA meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM, jo ki yathArthavAda ke lie Avazyaka hai| cArvAka pUrNa rUpa se jar3avAdI hai / vaha cetanA yA prAtmA nAmaka bhinna tattva nahIM mAnatA / jise hama loga aAtmA kahate haiM vaha vAstava meM jar3a se bhinna tattva nahIM hai apitu usI kA rUpAntara hai| jagat cAra bhUtoM kI hI racanA hai / ye cAra bhUta antima satya haiN| inake atirikta anya koI svatantra tattva yA satya nahIM hai / ye cAra bhUta haiMpRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu / ina cAra bhUtoM kA eka viziSTa saMyoga

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darzana, jIvana aura jagat Atmotpatti kA kAraNa hai| yadyapi ina cAroM tattvoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se cetanA nahIM hai, tathApi jisa samaya ye cAroM tattva eka viziSTa rUpa meM ekatra hote haiM usa samaya unase cetanA utpanna ho jAtI hai / isa prakAra cetanA bhUta se bhinna nahIM hai, apitu bhautika hai / cArvAka darzana kA yaha pakkA vizvAsa hai ki duniyA meM aisI koI cIja nahIM hai, jo na bhUta ho na bhautika ho / pratyeka padArtha yA to bhUta hai yA bhautika hai| jo na to bhUta hai na bhautika hI hai vaha kevala asat hai-abhAva hai / cArvAka kI isa mAnyatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue hama use jar3AdvaitavAdI kaha sakate haiM kintu yaha jar3Advaita grIka dArzanika thelisa, enAksimenesa, herAkliTasa prAdi ke DhaMga kA na hokara nAnArthavAda ke DhaMga kA hai| use caturbhUtavAdI yA caturbhUtajar3AhatavAdI kahanA bhI anucita nahIM hai| jaina darzana kA yathArthavAda : . sAdhAraNatayA jaina darzana do tattva mAnatA hai-jIva aura ajiiv| jIva tattva kA artha hai vaha tattva jisameM cetanA hai, jJAna hai, upayoga hai| cetanA, jJAna aura upayoga prAyaH eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiM / ajIva tattva acetana hai-jar3a hai| ina do tattvoM ke AdhAra para hI pAMca, chaH yA nava tattva banate haiN| mukhya rUpa se do hI tattva haiM, kintu ina donoM tattvoM ke vizleSaNa yA avasthAvizeSa se bhinna-bhinna sakhyaka tattvoM kI racanA va bodha hotA hai| anuyogadvAra (sUtra 123) meM kahA gayA hai-'avisesie dave, visesie jIvadavve ajovadavve ya' arthAt sAmAnyarUpa se dravyadravya rUpa se eka hai, vizeSarUpa se dravya jIva dravya aura ajIva dravya rUpa se do haiM / yaha vibhAjana apekSAkRta hai| kevala dravya kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to eka hI tattva hogA aura vaha hogA dravyasAmAnya / yaha dravya sAmAnya vedAnta yA cArvAka kI taraha kevala cetana yA kevala jar3a nahIM hai, apitu usake bhItara jaDa aura cetana donoM pAte hai aura donoM hI yathArtha haiN| isIlie vizeSarUpa se dravya ke do bheda kie gae haiM-jIvadravya aura ajiivdrvy| yahA~ para isa bAta kA rApa dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina darzana meM tattva, dravya, sat,

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64 padArtha, artha Adi zabdoM kA prAyaH eka hI artha meM zrAgamoM meM 'sat' zabda kA prayoga vahuta kama hai zabda kA hI prayoga hai aura dravya ko hI tattva kahA / jaina- darzana prayoga huA hai / vahA~ prAyaH dravya gayA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca eka saMvAda hai / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM - 'bhagavan ! yaha loka kyA hai ?' mahAvIra uttara dete haiM - ' gautama ! yaha loka paMcAstikAya rUpa hai / paMcAstikAya ye haiM-dharmAstikAya, gradharmAstikAya, grAkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya' / yahA~ para kAla kI svatantra rUpa se gaNanA nahIM kI gaI hai / kaI sthAnoM para kAla ko svatantra rUpa se ginA gayA hai / kahIM kahIM para kAla ke sthAna meM zraddhAsamaya zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai / isa prakAra kAla ko milA dene se kula chaH dravya ho jAte haiM / pratyeka dravya jIva aura ajIva ke vizleSaNa se banate haiM / jIvadravyako jIvAsti kAya kahA gayA / jIvadravya ke pA~cabheda kie gae -- dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya zrAkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya aura kAla ( zraddhAsamaya ) | jIva kI bhinna-bhinna vRttiyoM ke anusAra usakI bhinna-bhinna avasthAe~ hotI haiM aura unhIM avasthAoM ke AdhAra para tattva ke navabheda kiye gaye haiM / ina avasthAoM meM ajIva kA bhI hAtha rahatA hai / nava bheda ye haiM- jIva, jIva, grAsrava, baMdha, pApa, puNya, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / ina nava bhedoM meM kucha jIva kI apanI avasthAe~ haiM, kucha ajIva kI apanI avasthAe~ haiM, va kucha donoM kI mizrita avasthAe~ haiM / isa prakAra jaina darzana vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vibhinna tattva mAnatA hai / itanA hone para bhI yaha nizcita hai ki usakA dRSTikoNa pUrNa rUpa se yathArthavAdI hai / vaha cetana aura acetana donoM tattvoM ko yathArtha mAnatA hai / inhIM tattvoM ko jIva aura ajIva kahA gayA hai / 1 - 'tattva' kI carcA kA prakaraNa dekhie /

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jainadarzana aura usakA AdhAra jaina dharma yA jaina darzana bhAratIya vicAra-pravAha ko do dhArAeM brAhmaNa-saMskRti zramaraNa zabda kA artha jaina paramparA kA mahattva jaina darzana kA prAdhAra Agama yuga prAgamoM kA vargIkaraNa prAgamoM para TIkAeM digambara Agama sthAnakavAsI bhAgamagrantha prAgamaprAmANya kA sAra prAgamayuga kA anta prAdi................ anekAntasthApanA-yuga siddhasena prAdi prAcArya

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jaina-darzana aura usakA aAdhAra jaina paramparA darzana ke antargata grAtI hai yA usakA samAveza dharma ke andara hotA hai ? yaha hama jAnate haiM ki darzana tarka aura hetuvAda para avalambita hai, jaba ki dharma kA prAdhAra mukhya rUpa se zraddhA hai / zraddhA aura tarka donoM kA prAzraya mAnava hai, tathApi ina donoM meM prakAza aura andhakAra-jitanA antara hai| zraddhA jisa bAta ko sarvathA satya mAnatI hai, tarka usI bAta ko phaMka se ur3A detA hai / zraddhA ke lie jo sarvasva hai, tarka kI dRSTi meM usIkA sarvathA abhAva ho sakatA hai / jo vastu zraddhA ke lie AkAza-kusumavat hotI hai, hetu usI ke pIche apanI pUrI zakti lagA detA hai| aisI sthiti meM kyA yaha saMbhava hai ki eka hI paramparA dharma aura darzana donoM ho sake ? bhAratIya vicAradhArA to yahI batAtI hai ki darzana aura dharma sAtha-sAtha cala sakate haiM / zraddhA aura tarka ke sahAnavasthAna rUpa virodha ko bhAratIya paramparA AcAra aura vicAra ke vibhAjana se zAnta karatI hai| pratyeka paramparA do dRSTiyoM se apanA vikAsa karatI hai| eka ora grAcAra kI dizA meM usakI gati yA sthiti kA nirmANa hotA hai,

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jaina-darzana aura dUsarI ora buddhi evaM tarka-zakti ke saMtoSa ke lie vicAra kA vikAsa hotA hai / zraddhAlu vyaktiyoM kI santuSTi ke lie prAcAra-mArga sahAyaka hotA hai, tathA cintanazIla vyaktiyoM kI tRpti ke lie vicAra-paramparA kA pUrNa sahayoga milatA hai / jaina dharma yA jaina darzana : bauddha paramparA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna ke rUpa meM prAcAra aura vicAra kI do dhArAe~ milatI haiM / hInayAna mukhyarUpa se prAcArapakSa para bhAra detA hai / mahAyAna kA vicArapakSa para adhika bhAra hai| bauddha darzana meM prANa DAlane kA kArya yadi kisI ne kiyA hai to mahAyAna paramparA ne hii| zUnyavAda-mAdhyamika tathA yogAcAra vijJAnAdvaitavAda ne bauddha-vicAradhArA ko itanA dRr3ha evaM puSTa vanA diyA ki Aja bhI darzana jagat usakA lohA mAnatA hai| pUrvamomAMsA aura uttaramImAMsA ke nAma se vedAnta meM bhI yahI humA / kaI vidvAnoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki mImAMsA aura vedAnta eka hI mAnyatA ke do bAjU haiN| eka bAjU pUrvamImAMsA (pracalita nAma mImAMsA) hai aura dUsarA bAjU uttaramImAMsA (vedAnta) hai| pUrvamImAMsA prAcAra pakSa hai evaM uttaramImAMsA vicAra pakSa hai| mImAMsAsUtra aura vedAntasUtra eka hI grantha ke do vibhAga haiM-do adhyAya haiN| prAcArapakSa kI sthApanA mImAMsAsUtra kA viSaya hai| parantu vedAntasUtra kA prayojana vicAra pakSa kI siddhi hai / sAMkhya aura yoga bhI vicAra aura prAcAra kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| sAMkhya kA mukhya prayojana tattvanirNaya hai / yoga kA mukhya dhyeya cittavRtti kA nirodha hai-'yogazcittavRtti-nirodhaH' / isI prakAra jaina paramparA bhI prAcAra aura vicAra ke bheda se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI hai / yadyapi isa prakAra ke do bhedoM kA spaSTa ullekha isa paramparA meM nahIM milatA, tathApi yaha nizcita hai ki prAcAra aura vicAra rUpa.donoM dhArAe~ isameM barAbara pravAhita hotI rahI haiM / prAcAra ke nAma para ahiMsA kA jitanA vikAsa jaina paramparA meM huA hai, utanA bhAratIya 1. pAtaMjala yoga darzana 1, 2

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jaina-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra . paramparA kI kisI anya dhArA meM zAyada hI huA, athavA yoM kahie ki nahIM hayA / yaha jaina paramparA ke lie gaurava kA viSaya hai| vicAra kI dRSTi se anekAntavAda kA jo samarthana jaina darzana ke sAhitya meM milatA hai, usakA zatAMza bhI anya darzanoM meM nahIM milatA; yadyapi prAyaH sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAntavAda kA samarthana karate haiN| anekAntavAda ke AdhAra para phalita hone vAle anya aneka viSayoM para jainAcAryoM ne pratibhAyukta grantha likhe haiM, jinakA yathAvasara paricaya diyA jaaygaa| itanA hI nahIM apitu kaI bAteM jaina darzana meM aisI bhI haiM, jo Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI yathArtha haiN| yadyapi vaijJAnika paddhati se jainAcArya kisI prakAra ke AviSkArAtmaka prayoga na kara sake, kintu unakI dRSTi itanI sUkSma tathA arthagrAhI thI ki unakI aneka bAteM Aja bhI vijJAna kI kasauTI para kasI jA sakatI haiN| zabda, aNu, andhakArAdi viSayaka aneka aisI mAnyatAe~ haiM, jo Aja kI vaijJAnika dRSTi se viruddha nahIM haiN| yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki vaijJAnika satya kahA~ taka ThIka haiM ? tAtparya yaha hai ki jainaparamparA dharma aura darzana donoM kA milA-julA rUpa hai| darzana kI kucha mAnyatAeM vijJAna kI dRSTi se . bhI ThIka hai / AcAra meM ahiMsA aura vicAra meM anekAntavAda kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI jaina paramparA dharma aura darzana donoM ko apane aMka meM chipAe hue haiM / astu, dharma kI dRSTi se vaha jaina dharma hai / darzana kI dRSTi se vaha jaina darzana hai| bhAratIya vicAra-pravAha kI do dhArAeM: - bhAratIya saMskRti aneka prakAra ke vicAroM kA aitihAsika vikAsa hai| isa saMskRti meM na jAne kitanI dhArAe~ pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| anekatA meM ekatA aura ekatA meM anekatA-yahI hamArI saMskRti kI prAcIna paramparA hai / yahA~ para aneka prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ vhiiN| prAcInatA aura navInatA kA saMgharSa barAvara hotA rahA / isa saMgharSa meM navInatA panapatI rahI, kintu prAcInatA sarvathA naSTa na ho sakI / navInatA aura prAcInatA donoM kA hI yathocita sammAna hotA rahA / kisI samaya prAcInatA ko vizeSa sammAna milA darzana kI kucha mAnyatAra meM anekAntavAda apane aMka meM

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jaina-darzana to kabhI navInatA kA vizeSa Adara huA / donoM eka dUsare se prabhAvita bhI hote rahe, aura vaha prabhAva kAphI sthAyI bhI hotA rahA / vividhatAoM ke vaise to aneka rUpa rahe haiM, kintu ye sArI vividhatAe~ do rUpoM meM bA~TI jA sakatI haiM :- eka vaidika paramparA aura dUsarI avaidika paramparA / ye donoM paramparAeM kramazaH brAhmaNa-paramparA aura zramaNa- paramparA ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / brAhmaNa paramparA gradhika prAcIna hai yA zramaNa paramparA ? isa prazna kA santoSaprada uttara denA jarA kaThina hai / 70 brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prAcInatama upalabdha grAdhAra vaidika sAhitya hai / vedoM se adhika prAcIna sAhitya duniyA ke kisI bhI bhAga meM upalabdha nahIM hai / duniyA kI koI bhI dUsarI saMskRti itane prAcIna sAhitya kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatI / yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai / ' isI satya ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA yaha dAvA hai ki vaha duniyA kI prAcInatama saMskRti hai / dUsarI ora zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsaka yaha dAvA karate haiM ki zramaNa-saMskRti kisI bhI dRSTi se vaidika saMskRti se kama prAcIna nahIM hai / aupaniSadika sAhitya, jo ki vedoM (saMhitA - maMtrabhAga) ke bAda kA sAhitya hai zramaNa paramparA se pUrNarUpa se prabhAvita hai | vaidika mAnyatAoMoM kA upaniSad ke tattvajJAna se bahuta virodha hai / jo pracAra aura vicAra vaidika bhAga meM upalabdha hote haiM, unase bhinna grAcAra-vicAra upaniSadoM meM milate haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki upaniSad brAhmaNa-paramparA dvArA mAnya haiM, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM ki ve zramaNa paramparA ke prabhAva se sarvathA achUte haiM / vAstava meM upaniSad kA nirmANa karane vAle RSiyoM ne vaidika mAnyatAoM ke prati eka prakAra kA chipA vidroha kiyA aura usa vidroha ke pIche zramaraNa-paramparA kA mukhya hAtha thA / brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha dAvA ki vaha bhArata kI yA vizva kI sabase purAnI saMskRti hai, ThIka nahIM / usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA kI yaha dhAraNA ki usI ke prabhAva se upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM kI dRSTi meM akasmAt parivartana humrA, mithyA hai / ye donoM dhAraNAe~

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71 jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra isalie mithyA haiM ki inakA AdhAra mAtra aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi hai| kucha sahasra varSoM ke upalabdha sAhitya ko dekhakara, kevala usI para se kisI antima nirNaya para pahu~ca jAnA, sabase bar3I aitihAsika bhUla hai| kauna dhArA prAcIna hai, isakA jaba hama nirNaya karate haiM, to usakA artha hotA hai-kauna sabase prAcIna hai| jahA~ para sabase prAcInatA kA prazna aAtA hai, vahA~ para aitihAsika dRSTi kabhI saphala nahIM hotI, kyoMki vaha svayaM adhUrI hai| jaba taka vaha apane-Apako pUrNa na banAye, usakA nirNaya hamezA adhUrA rahegA-sApekSa rahegAsImita rhegaa| apanI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kie binA usakA jo nirNaya hogA, vaha sambhavataH satya ho sakatA hai| itihAsa kA AdhAra vAhya sAmagrI hai / jitanI sAmagrI upalabdha hogI, utane hI parimANa meM usakA nirNaya satya yA asatya hogaa| vartamAna samaya kA itihAsa isa bAta kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA ki usakI sAmagrI pUrNa hai, kyoMki jahA~ pUrNatA hai vahA~ matabheda nahIM ho sakatA aura jahA~ matabheda nahIM hai vahA~ itihAsa svayaM samApta ho jAtA hai| bAta yaha hai ki jahA~ matabheda nahIM hai vahA~ saba kucha eka hai, aura jahA~ sarvasva hai vahA~ pUrNatA hai-vahA~ na bhUta hai, na vartamAna hai, na bhaviSya hai| - satya yaha hai ki apane-Apa meM donoM vicAradhArAe~ anAdi haiN| na to brAhmaNa-paramparA adhika prAcIna hai aura na zramaNaparamparA / donoM sadaiva sAtha-sAtha calI haiM aura sAtha-sAtha calatI rheNgii| ye donoM paramparAe~ aitihAsika paramparAe~ nahIM haiM, apitu mAnava-jIvana kI do dhArAe~ haiM / ina donoM dhArAoM kA AdhAra do sampradAya-vizeSa nahIM haiM, apitu sampUrNa mAnavajAti hai| mAnava svayaM ina do dhArAoM kA srota hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ye donoM dhArAe~ manovaijJAnika satya para avalambita haiN| mAnava kA svAbhAvika pravAha hI aisA hai ki vaha ina donoM dhArAoM meM pravAhita hotA hai| kabhI vaha eka dhArA ko adhika mahattva detA hai to kabhI dUsarI ko| sattArUpa se donoM dhArAeM usameM hamezA maujUda rahatI haiN| jaba taka ki vaha mAnavatA ke stara para rahatA hai, usase sarvathA Upara nahIM

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jaina-darzana uTha jAtA athavA nIce nahIM gira jAtA, taba taka vaha ina donoM dhArAtroM meM pravAhita hotA hI rahatA hai / brAhmaNa saMskRti yA vaidika saMskRti donoM dhArAoM meM se eka dhArA kI pratIka hai / zramaNasaMskRti yA saMta-saMskRti dUsarI dhArA para adhika bhAra detI hai| eka samaya aisA AtA hai jisa samaya pahalI dhArA kA mAnava samAja para adhika prabhAva rahatA hai| dUsarA samaya aisA hotA hai, jaba dUsarI dhArA kA vizeSa prabhAva hotA hai| yaha paramparA na kabhI prArambha huI hai aura na kabhI samApta hogii| yaha pravAha anAdi hai, ananta hai / donoM dhArAe~ isa pravAha meM rahI haiM, Aja bhI haiM aura Age bhI rheNgii| una para na kAla kA vizeSa prabhAva hai, na vikAsa kA hI koI khAsa asara hai / kAla aura vikAsa unhIM ke do rUpa haiN| brAhmaNa saMskRti : brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparAmoM meM utanA hI antara hai, jitanA . bhoga aura tyAga, hiMsA aura ahiMsA, zoSaNa aura poSaNa, andhakAra aura prakAza meM antara hai / eka dhArA mAnava-jIyana ke bAhya svArtha kA poSaNa karatI hai to dUsarI dhArA manuSya ke yAtmika vikAsa ko bala pradAna karatI hai| eka kA AdhAra vaiSamya hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra sAmya hai / isa prakAra brAhmaNa aura zramaNa paramparA kA vaiSamya evaM sAmyamUlaka itanA adhika virodha hai ki mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne ahi-nakula evaM go-vyAghra jaise zAzvata virodha vAle udAharaNoM meM brAhmaNa-zramaNa ko bhI sthAna diyaa| jisa prakAra ahi aura nakula, gau aura vyAghra meM janmajAta virodha hai, ThIka usI prakAra brAhmaNa aura zramaNa meM svAbhAvika virodha hai / ' AcArya hemacandra bhI apane grantha meM isI bAta kA samarthana karate haiN| ina udAharaNoM ko upasthita karane kA artha yaha nahIM ki brAhmaNa aura zramaNa, samAja meM eka sAtha nahIM raha sakate / isakA abhiprAya kevala itanA hI hai ki jovana ke ye do pakSa eka dUsare ke virodhI haiM / 1-mahAbhASya 2,4,6 2-siddhahaima 3, 1. 141 .

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra jIvana kI ye do vRttiyA~ virodhI prAcAra aura vicAra ko prakaTa karatI haiN| ye donoM dhArAe~ mAnava-jIvana ke bhItara rahI huI do bhinna svabhAva-vAlI vRttiyoM kI pratIka mAtra haiN| brAhmaNa paramparA kA upalabdha mAnya sAhitya veda hai| veda se hamArA abhiprAya usa bhAga se hai, jo saMhitA-maMtrapradhAna hai / yaha paramparA mUla meM 'brahman' ke AsapAsa zurU aura vikasita huI hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai / 'brahman' zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM / yahA~ para hama kevala do arthoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| pahalA stuti yA prArthanA aura dUsarA yajJayAgAdi karma / vaidika mantroM aura sUktoM kI sahAyatA se jo nAnA prakAra kI prArthanAe~ evaM stutiyA~ kI jAtI haiM, vaha 'brahman' kahalAtA hai| vaidika mantroM dvArA hone vAlA yajJayAgAdi karma bhI 'brahman' kahalAtA hai / isakA pramANa yaha hai ki una mantroM evaM sUtroM kA pATha karane vAlA evaM yajJayAgAdi karma karAne vAlA purohitavarga 'brAhmaNa' varga kahalAtA hai| ___isa paramparA ke lie 'zarman' zabda kA prayoga bhI hotA hai / yaha 'zrR' dhAtu se banatA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-hiMsA karanA / yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki 'zarman' kA artha hiMsA karane vAlA to ThIka hai, kintu kisakI hiMsA ? isa prazna kA uttara-'zRNAti azubham' arthAt jo azubha kI hiMsA kare vaha 'zarman' isa vyutpatti se milatA hai| jahA~ taka azubha kI hiMsA kA prazna hai vahA~ taka to ThIka hai, kintu azubha kyA hai, isa prazna kA jahA~ taka sambandha hai, vaidika paramparA meM manuSya ke bAhya svArtha meM bAdhaka pratyeka cIja azubha ho jAtI hai / yAjJika hiMsA kA samarthana isI AdhAra para huyA hai / "mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni" kaha kara 'vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati' kA nArA lagAne kA prAdhAra manuSya kA bhautika svArtha hI hai| yajJa kA artha utsarga yA tyAga hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu kisakA utsarga ? yahA~ para phira vaidika paramparA vahI aAdarza sAmane rakhatI hai / tyAga aura utsarga ke nAma para dUsare prANiyoM ko sAmane rakha detI hai aura bhoga aura Ananda ke nAma para manuSya svayaM sAmane A dhamakatA hai / apane sukha ke lie dUsare kI Ahuti denA, yahI isa paramparA kA Adarza

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74 jaina-darzana rahA hai / yaha Adarza manuSya kI svArtha-pUrti kA sabase bar3A prAdhAra hai| yaha aAdhAra kRtrima nahIM, apitu svAbhAvika hai / isI kA nAma mAtsya-nyAya-matsya-galAgala (Logic of fish) hai| saMsAra kI gatividhi meM isa nyAya kA sabase adhika bhAga hai-sabase bar3A hAtha hai / hamArI sAdhAraNa pravRttiyoM kA yahI aAdhAra hai| hamArI yahI vRtti varga-saMgharSa ko utpanna karatI hai / isI vRtti ke kAraNa samAja meM vaiSamya paidA hotA hai / yahI bhAvanA ucca aura nIca, choTA aura bar3A, zreSTha aura nikRSTa, spRzya aura aspRzya, sevaka aura svAmI, zoSaka aura zoSita vargoM ke prati uttaradAyI hai| zramaraNa saMskRti : . yaha dhArA mAnava ke una guNoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo usake vaiyaktika svArtha se bhinna haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM zramaNa-paramparA sAmya para pratiSThita hai| yaha sAmya mukhya rUpa se tIna bAtoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai :-(1) samAja viSayaka (2) sAdhya viSayaka (3) prANI jagat ke prati dRSTi viSayaka / samAja-viSayaka sAmya kA artha haisamAja meM kisI eka varNa kA janmasiddha zreSTatva yA kaniSThatva na mAna kara guNakRta evaM karmakRta zreSThatva yA kaniSThatva mAnanA / zramaNa-saMskRti, samAja-racanA evaM dharma-viSayaka adhikAra kI dRSTi se 'janmasiddha varNa aura liMgabheda ko mahattva na dekara vyakti dvArA samAcarita karma aura guNa ke AdhAra para hI samAja-racanA karato hai / usakI dRSTi meM janma kA utanA mahattva nahIM hai, jitanA ki puruSArtha aura guNa kA / mAnava-samAja kA sahI AdhAra vyakti kA prayatna evaM karma hai, na ki janmasiddha tathAkathita zreSThatva / kevala janma se koI zreSTha yA hIna nahIM hotaa| hInatA aura zreSThatA kA vAstavika AdhAra svakRta karma hai / sAdhya viSayaka sAmya kA artha hai, abhyudaya kA eka sarIkhA rUpa / zramaNa-saMskRti kA sAdhya-viSayaka Adarza vaha avasthA hai, jahA~ kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rht.| vaha eka 1-jaina dharma kA prANa, pR0 1 2-bhagavatI sUtra, 6, 6, 383

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra 75 aisA Adarza hai - jahA~ aihika evaM pAralaukika sabhI svArthoM kA anta ho jAtA hai / vahA~ na isa loka ke svArtha satAte haiM, na paraloka kA pralobhana vyAkulatA utpanna karatA hai / vaha aisI sAmyAvasthA hai, jahA~ koI kisI se kama yogya athavA adhika yogya nahIM rahane pAtA / vaha avasthA yogyatA aura ayogyatA, adhikatA aura nyUnatA, hInatA aura zreSThatA - sabhI se pare hai / jahA~ viSamatA mUlataH naSTa ho jAtI hai vahA~ bhedabhAva kA koI artha nahIM / prANI jagat ke prati dRSTiviSayaka sAmya kA artha haijIva jagat ke prati pUrNa sAmya / aisI samatA ki jisameM na kevala mAnavasamAja yA pazu-pakSIsamAja hI samAviSTa ho, apitu vanaspatijame atyanta sUkSma jIvasamUha kA bhI samAveza ho / yaha dRSTi vizva - prema kI adbhuta dRSTi hai / vizva kA pratyeka prAraNI cAhe vaha mAnava ho yA pazu, pakSI ho yA kITa, vanaspati ho yA anya kSudra jIva - saba zrAtmavat haiN| kisI bhI prANI kA vadha karanA athavA use kaSTa pahu~cAnA, grAtmavadha va grAtmapIr3A ke samAna hai / 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhUmikA para pratiSThita yaha sAmyadRSTi zramaNa paramparA kA prAraNa hai / sAmAnya jIvana ko hI grapanA carama lakSya mAnane vAlA sAdhAraNa vyakti isa bhUmikA para nahIM pahu~ca sakatA / yaha bhUmikA sva aura para ke abheda kI pRSThabhUmi hai / yahI pRSThabhUmi zramaNa saMskRti kA sarvasva hai / zramaNa-paramparA kI aneka zAkhAe~ rahI haiM aura Aja bhI maujUda haiM / jaina, bauddha, cArvAka, AjIvaka Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to spaSTa rUpa se zramala saMskRti kI zAkhAe~ haiM / cArvAka aura grAjIvaka bhI isI paramparA kI zAkhAe~ haiM, kintu durbhAgya se Aja unakA maulika sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki nizcita rUpa se inake viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / aisA hote hue bhI itanA avazya mAnanA par3egA ki ye donoM paramparAe~ vaidika paramparA kI virodhI rahI haiM / ina paramparAtroM ne bhI vaidika paramparA se lohA lene .

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jaina-darzana meM koI kamI na rkhii| inake atirikta anya aneka paramparAe~ bhI zramaNa saMskRti ko AdhAra banAkara pracalita huI jinameM se kucha vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se prabhAvita ho usameM samA giiN| vaiSNava aura zaiva sampradAyoM kA itihAsa isa mata kI bahuta kucha puSTi karatA hai / kucha loga sAMkhya sampradAya ke viSaya meM bhI yahI dhAraNA rakhate haiM / kucha bhI ho, itanA nizcita hai ki zramaNa saMskRti kI do mukhya zAkhAe~ Aja bhI jIvita haiM aura ve haiM jaina aura bauddha / ye paramparAe~ Aja bhI khule taura para yaha kahatI haiM ki hama avaidika haiN| - jaina aura bauddha, donoM paramparAe~ vedoM ko pramANa nahIM maantiiN| ve yaha bhI nahIM mAnatIM ki veda kA kartA Izvara hai athavA veda apauruSeya hai| brAhmaNa varga kA jAti kI dRSTi se yA purohita ke nAte gurupada bhI svIkAra nahIM krtiiN| unake apane-apane grantha haiM, jo nirdoSa prApta vyakti kI racanAe~ haiN| unake lie ve hI graMtha pramANabhUta haiN| jAti kI apekSA vyakti kI pUjA karanA donoM ko mAnya, hai aura usa vyakti-pUjA kA AdhAra hai guNa aura karma / donoM paramparAoM ke sAdhaka aura tyAgI varga ke lie zramaNa, bhikSu, anagAra, yati, sAdhu, parivrAjaka, arhat, jina Adi zabdoM kA prayoga hotA rahA hai| eka 'nirgrantha' zabda aisA hai, jisakA prayoga jainaparamparA ke sAdhakoM ke lie hI hayA hai| yaha zabda jaina granthoM meM 'niggaMtha' aura bauddha granthoM meM 'niggaMTha' ke nAma se milatA hai ! isIlie jainazAstra ko 'nirgrantha pravacana' bhI kahA gayA hai / yaha 'niggaMtha pAvayaNa' kA saMskRta rUpa hai / 'zramaraNa' zabda kA artha : zramaNa-paramparA ke lie prAkRta sAhitya meM 'samaNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina-sUtroM meM jagaha-jagaha 'samaraNa' zabda AtA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai sAdhu / ukta 'samaraNa' zabda ke tIna rUpa ho sakate haiM :-zramaNa, samana aura zamana / zramaNa zabda 'zram' dhAtu se vanatA hai / 'zram' kA artha hotA hai-parizrama krnaa| :

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra 77 * tapasyA kA dUsarA nAma parizrama bhI hai / ' jo vyakti apane hI zrama se utkarSa kI prApti karate haiM, ve zramaNa kahalAte haiM / samana kA artha hotA hai smaantaa| jo vyakti prANI sAtra ke prati samabhAva rakhatA hai, viSamatA se hamezA dUra rahatA hai, jisakA jIvana vizva-prema aura vizvabandhutva kA pratIka hotA hai, jisake lie sva-para kA bhedabhAva nahIM hotA, jo pratyeka prANI se uso bhA~ti prema karatA hai jisa prakAra khuda se prema karatA hai, umaka kisI ke prati dvaSa nahIM hotA aura na kisI ke prati usakA rAga hI hotA hai, vaha rAga aura dveSa kI tuccha bhAvanA se Upara uThakara sabako eka dRSTi se dekhatA hai / usakA vizva-prema ghRNA aura Asakti kI chAyA se sarvathA achUtA rahatA hai| vaha sabase prema karatA hai kintu usakA prema rAga kI koTi meM nahIM pAtA / vaha prema eka vilakSaNa prakAra kA prema hotA hai, jo rAga aura dvaSa donoM kI sImA se pare hotA hai| rAga aura dveSa sAthasAtha calate haiM, kintu prema akelA hI calatA hai / zamana kA artha hai-zAnta krnaa| jo vyakti apanI vRttiyoM ko zAnta karane kA prayatna karatA hai, apanI vAsanAoM kA damana karane kI koziza karatA hai aura apane isa prayatna meM bahuta kucha saphala hotA hai vaha zramaNa-saMkRti kA saccA anuyAyI hai| hamArI aisI vRttiyA~, jo utthAna ke sthAna para patana karatI haiM, zAnti kI bajAya aMzAnti utpanna karatI haiM, utkarSa kI jagaha apakarSa lAtI haiM ve jIvana ko kabhI saphala nahIM hone detiiN| aisI akuzala vRttiyoM ko zAnta karane se hI sacce lakSya kI prApti ho sakatI hai / isa prakAra kI kuvRttiyoM ko zAnta karane se hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa ho sakatA hai / zramaNa saMskRti ke mUla meM zrama, sama aura zama, ye tInoM tattva vidyamAna haiM / yahI 'zramaNa' zabda kA rahasya hai| jaina-paramparA kA mahattva : zramaNa saMskRti kI aneka dhArAoM meM jaina-paramparA kA bahata mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha hama dekha cuke haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti kI do mukhya dhArAe~ Aja bhI jIvita haiN| unameM se vauddha paramparA kA 1.-'zrAmyantIti zramaNA : tapasyantItyarthaH' dazakAlikavRtti 1, 3 . :..

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78 jana-darzana bhAratIya jIvana se vizeSa sambandha nahIM raha gayA hai / yadyapi usakA thor3A bahuta prabhAva kisI na kisI rUpa meM Aja bhI maujUda hai aura Age bhI rahegA, kintu bhAratIya jIvana ke nirmANa aura parivartana meM jaina-paramparA kA jo hAtha atIta meM rahA hai, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM rahegA, vaha kucha vilakSaNa hai / yadyapi aAja kI pracalita jaina vicAradhArA, bhArata ke bAhara apanA prabhAva na jamA sakI, kintu bhAratIya vicAradhArA aura AcAra ko badalane meM isane jo mahattvapUrNa kAma kiyA hai, vaha isa deza ke jana-jIvana ke itihAsa meM bahuta samaya taka amara rhegaa| jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA zramaNa-saMskRti ke antargata haiM. kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA donoM eka haiN| jaina-paramparA jaina-paramparA hai aura bauddha-paramparA bauddhaparamparA hai / zramaNa-paramparA donoM meM pravAhita hone vAlI eka sAmAnya paramparA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kI dRSTi se donoM eka haiM, kintu paraspara kI apekSA se donoM bhinna haiM / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM bhinna-bhinna vyakti haiN| buddha kI paramparA aAja bauddha -dhArA ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura mahAvIra kI paramparA jaina-dhArA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha bAta hama bhAratIyoM ke lie vivAda se pare hai| hamaloga ina donoM paramparAmoM ko bhinna paramparAoM ke rUpa meM dekhate Ae haiN| isake viruddha kucha videzI vidvAn yahA~ taka likhane laga gaye the ki buddha aura mahAvIra eka hI vyakti haiM, kyoMki jaina aura bauddha paramparA kI mAnyatAoM meM bahuta bhArI samAnatA hai| pro0 lAsena Adi kI isa mAnyatA kA khaMDana karate hue pro0 vebara ne yaha khoja kI ki jainadharma bauddhadharma kI eka zAkhA-mAtra hai| pro0 yAkobI ne ina donoM mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana karate hue yaha siddha kiyA ki jaina aura bauddha donoM sampradAya svatantra haiN| itanA hI nahIM, apitu jaina sampradAya bauddha sampradAya se bhI prAcIna hai| jJAtaputra mahAvIra to usa sampradAya ke. antima tIrthaMkara mAtra haiN| isa prakAra jaina-paramparA kA svatantra 1-Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22, Introdu ction, pR0 18-16

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jaina-darzanaM aura usakA AdhAra 76 astitva svIkAra karane meM aba kisI ko Apatti nahIM rahI hai / itanA hI nahIM apitu aitihAsika sAmagrI ke AdhAra para to yaha bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha-paramparA para jaina-paramparA kA pUrA prabhAva hai / kucha bhI ho, jaina-paramparA kA svatantra astitva hai, yaha nirvivAda satya hai / isa paramparA kA bhAratIya jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM prabhAva hai / prAcAra aura vicAra - donoM para isakI amiTa chApa hai / aba hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jaina paramparA ke prAcAra aura vicAra kI bhitti kyA hai| jaina-paramparA dvArA mAnya prAcAra aura vicAra ke maulika siddhAnta kyA haiN| kina siddhAntoM para jainAcAra aura jaina vicAra khar3e haiM ? __ jainAcAra kI mUlabhitti ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA kA jitanA sUkSma vivecana jaina-paramparA meM milatA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI anya paramparA meM ho / / pratyeka AtmA, cAhe vaha pRthvI-sambandhI ho, cAhe vaha jalagata ho, cAhe usakA Azraya kITa athavA pataMga ho, cAhe vaha pazu aura pakSI meM rahatI ho, cAhe usakA nivAsasthAna mAnava hotAtvika dRSTi se usameM koI bheda nahIM hai| jainadRSTi kA yaha sAmyavAda bhAratIya saMskRti ke lie gaurava kI cIja hai| isI sAmyavAda ke AdhAra para jaina-paramparA yaha ghoSaNA karatI hai ki sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiN| koI vAstava meM marane kI icchA nahIM krtaa| . isalie hamArA yaha kartavya hai ki hama mana se bhI kisI kA vadha karanA na soceN| zarIra se kisI kI hatyA kara denA to pApa hai hI, - kintu mana se tadviSayaka saMkalpa karanA, yaha bhI pApa hai / mana, vacana aura kAyA.se kisI jIva ko santApa na pahu~cAnA; usakA vadha na karatA, use pIr3A na pahu~cAnA-yahI saccI ahiMsA hai| vanaspati se lekara mAnava taka kI ahiMsA kI yaha kahAnI jaina paramparA kI viziSTa dena hai / vicAroM meM eka AtmA-eka brahma kA prAdarza anyatra bhI mila sakatA hai kintu AcAra para jitanA bhAra jaina paramparA ne diyA hai utanA anyatra nahIM mila sktaa| AcAra-viSayaka ahiMsA kA yaha utkarSa 1-yAcArAMga sUtra-1, 1, 6 2-prAcArAMga sUtra 1, 4, 1

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8 . jaina-darzana jaina-paramparA kI apanI dena hai, jo Aja bhI adhikAMza bhAratIya janatA ke jIvana meM vidyamAna hai| jaina-paramparA ke anuyAyI to isase pUre-pUre prabhAvita haiM hI, isameM koI saMgaya nahIM / ahiMsA ko kendra mAnakara amRpAvAda, arateya, amaithuna aura aparigraha kA prAdarza sAmane rakhA gyaa| yathAzakti jIvana kA svAvalambI, sAdA aura sarala banAne ke lie hI zramaNa-paramparA ne ina saba bAtoM ko adhika mahattva diyaa| asatya kA tyAga, anadhikRta vastu kA agrahaNa aura saMyama kA paripAlana ahisA kA pUrNa sAdhanA ke lie aAvazyaka haiN| sAtha-hI sAtha aparigraha kA jA Adarza hai, vaha vahata hI mahattvapUrNa hai / parigraha ke sAtha yAtmavikAsa kI ghora zatrutA hai / jahA~ parigraha rahatA hai vahA~ aAtmavikAsa nahA raha sakatA / parigraha manuSya ke prAtmapatana kA bahata bar3A kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM parigraha pApa kA vahata bar3A saMgraha hai / jitanA adhika parigraha baDhatA jAtA hai utanA hI adhika pApa bar3hatA jAtA hai| mAnava-samAja meM vaiSamya utpanna karane kA sabase bar3A uttaradAyitva parigraha-buddhi para hai| parigraha kA dUsarA nAma granthi bhI hai / jitanA adhika gA~Tha bA~dhI jAtI hai utanA hI adhika parigraha bar3hatA hai| kisI kI gA~Tha mana taka hI sImita rahatI hai to koI bAhya vastumA kI gA~The vA~dhatA hai| yaha gA~Tha jaba taka nahIM khulatI taba taka vikAsa kA dvAra banda rahatA hai| mahAvIra ne granthibhedana para bahuta adhika bhAra diyaa| isIlie unakA nAma nirgrantha par3a gayA aura unakI paramparA bhI nirgrantha-sampradAya ke nAma se prasiddha huii| jainaparamparA ko chor3a. anya kisI paramparA ko yaha nAma nahIM diyA 'gyaa| aparigraha kA mArga vizvazAnti kA prazasta mArga hai| isa mArga kA ullaMghana karane vAlA saMsAra ko sthAyI zAnti nahIM de sakatA / vaha svayaM patanonmukha hotA hai, sAtha hI sAtha anya prANiyoM ko bhI apadastha karatA hai-nIce girAtA hai / svAdhInatA kI rakSA ke lie aparigraha atyanta Avazyaka hai| . . ___AcAra kI isa bhUmikA para karmavAda kA janma ho bAda kA artha hai kArya-kAraNavAda / pratyeka . . .

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra 81 kAraNa hotA hai aura pratyeka kAraNa kisI na kisI kArya ko utpanna karatA hI hai| yaha kAraNa aura kArya kA pArasparika sambandha hI jagat kI vividhatA aura vicitratA ko bhUmikA hai| hamArA koI karma vyartha nahIM jAtA / hameM kisI bhI prakAra kA phala binA karma ke nahIM miltaa| karma aura phala kA yaha avicchedya sambandha hI AcArazAstra ko noMva hai| yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki vyakti ke karmoM kA samAja para kyA prabhAva par3atA hai aura samAja ke karma vyakti ke jIvana-nirmANa meM kitane aMza meM uttaradAyI haiM ? itanA nizcita hai ki binA karma ke kisI prakAra kA phala nahIM mila sktaa| binA kAraNa ke koI kArya utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / karmavAda kA artha yahI hai ki vartamAna kA nirmANa bhUta ke AdhAra hotA hai aura bhaviSya kA nirmANa vartamAna ke aAdhAra para / vyakti apanI maryAdA ke anusAra vartamAna aura bhaviSya ko parivartita kara sakatA hai, kintu yaha parivartana bhI karmavAda kA hI aMga hai| jaina-paramparA niyativAda (Determinism) meM vizvAsa na karake icchA-svAtantrya (Freedom of will) ko mahattva detI hai kintu amuka sImA taka / prANI kI rAgadveSAtmaka bhAvanAoM ko jainadarzana meM bhAvakarma kahA gayA hai , ukta bhAvakarma ke dvArA AkRSTa sUkSma bhautika paramANu dravyakarma hai / isa prakAra jainadarzana kA karmavAda caitanya aura jar3a ke sammizraNa dvArA anAdikAlIna paramparA se vidhivat agrasara hotI huI eka prakAra kI dvandvAtmaka grAntarika kriyA hai| isa kriyA ke AdhAra para hI punarjanma kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa kriyA kI samApti hI mokSa hai / jainadarzana-pratipAdita caudaha guNasthAna isI kriyA kA kramika vikAsa hai, jo anta meM prAtmA ke asalI rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| prAtmA kA apane svarUpa meM vAsa karanA, yahI jainadarzana kA paramezvara-pada hai / pratyeka AtmA ke bhItara yaha pada pratiSThita hai| yAvazyakatA hai use pahacAnane kii| 'je appA se paramappA' arthAt 'jo AtmA hai vahI paramAtmA hai'-jaina paramparA kI yaha ghopaNA sAmya

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82 jaina-darzana dRSTi kA antima svarUpa hai, samabhAva kA antima vikAsa hai, samAnatA kA antima dAvA haiN| vicAra meM sAmpadRSTi kI bhAvanA para jo jora diyA gayA hai usI meM se anekAnta dRSTi kA janma huA hai / anekAnta dRSTi tattva ko cAroM ora se dekhatI hai / tatva kA svabhAva hI aisA hai ki vaha aneka prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai / vastu ke aneka dharma hote haiN| kisI samaya kisI kI dRSTi kisI eka dharma para bhAra deto hai tA kisI samaya dUsare kI dRSTi kisI dUsare dharma para jora detI hai / tatva ko dRSTi se usa vastu meM sAre dharma haiN| isIlie vastu ko aneka dharmAtmaka kahA gayA hai| apekSA-bheda se daSTibheda kA pratipAdana karanA aura usa dRSTibheda ko vastu dharma kA eka aMza samajhanA, yahI anekAntavAda hai| apekSAbheda ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue ananta-dharmAtmaka tattva kA pratipAdana 'syAd' zabda dvArA ho sakatA hai, ata: anekAntavAda kA nAma syAdvAda bhI hai / syAdvAda kA yaha siddhAnta jainadarzana ke atirikta anya darzanoM meM bhI milatA hai| momAMsA, sAMkhya aura nyAyadarzana meM yatra-tatra anekAntavAda vikharA hugrA milatA hai / buddha kA vibhajyavAda syAdvAda kA ho niSedhAtmaka rUpAntara hai| itanA hote hue bho kisI darzana ne syAdvAda ko siddhAntarUpa se svokata nahIM kiyA / apane pakSa ko middha ke lie unheM yatratatra syAdvAda kA prAzraya avazya lenA par3A; parantu unhoMne jAnabUjha kara use apanAyA ho aisI vAna nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ne jaise ahiMsA para adhika bhAra diyA hai vaise hA anekAntavAda para bhI atyadhika bhAra diyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM anekAntavAda jaina-darzana kA prANa hai| jaina-paramparA kA pratyeka prAcAra aura vicAra anekAntadRSTi se prabhAvita hai| jaina-vicAradhArA kA koI aisA kSetra nahIM, jisa para anekAnta-dapTi ko chAra na ho| jaina-dArzanikoM ne isa viSaya para eka nahIM, anekoM grantha likhe haiN| anekAnta-dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI nayavAda kA vikAsa hugrA hai| syAhAda aura nayavAda jaina paramparA kI amUlya sampatti hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke mukhya prAdhAra anekAnta dRSTi kI bhUmi meM utpanna hone vAle evaM bar3hane vAle syA

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra dvAda aura nayavAda haiN| prAgamika sAhitya se lekara Aja taka kA sAhitya syAdvAda aura nayavAda ke maulika siddhAntoM se bharA huA hai| jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha dRSTikoNa vizva kI dArzanika paramparA meM advitIya hai| jainadarzana kA prAdhAra : jaina darzana para grAja jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, use moTe taura para pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| yaha sAhitya mahAvIra se lagAkara Aja taka ke vikAsa ko hamAre sAmane upasthita karatA hai| vikAsa kA krama isa prakAra hai :--(1) aAgamayuga, (2) anekAntasthApanayuga, (3) pramANazAstra-vyavasthAyuga (4) navInanyAya yuga, (5) Adhunika yuga-sampAdana evaM anusaMdhAna / / Agamayuga : isa yuga kI kAla-maryAdA mahAvIra ke nirvANa arthAt vi0 pU0 470 se prArambha hokara prAyaH eka hajAra varSa taka jAtI hai| mahAvIra ke vicAroM kA sAra unake gaNadharoM ne zabdabaddha kiyaa| svayaM mahAvIra ne kucha nahIM likhaa| jainAgama tIrthaMkarapraNIta kahe jAte haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki artharUpa se tIrthakara praNetA hai aura grantharUpa se gaNadhara / AgamoM kA prAmANya gaNadhara-kRta hone se nahIM, apitu tIrthaGkara ko vItarAgatA evaM sarvajJatva ke kAraNa hai| gaNadharoM ke atirikta anya sthavira bhI Agama-racanA karate haiN| sthavira-kata Agama 'aMgavAhya' kahalAte haiM aura gaNadharakRta Agama 'aMgapraviSTa' kahalAte haiN| tIrthaGkara ke mukhya ziSya gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| anya prakAra ke zramaNa, jo yA to sampUrNa zrutajJAnI hote haiM yA dazapUrva-dhara, ve sthavira kahalAte haiM / gaNadhara aura sthavira donoM ke granthoM kA aAdhAra tIrthaGkara-praNota tattvajJAna hI hotA hai| isIlie unakI 1-jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana, pR0 1 . .., 2-nandIsUtra, 40 :-~-vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gA0 550

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84 jaina-darzana racanAe~ pramANabhUta mAnI jAtI haiN| dUsarI. bAta yaha hai ki catudezapUrvadhara (pUrNa zrutajJAnI) aura dazapUrvadhara ve hI sAdhaka ho sakate haiM, jo niyamataH samyagdRSTi hote haiM / ataH unake grantha mUla Agama se viruddha nahIM ho sakate / isa prakAra gaNadharakRta evaM sthavirakRta donoM prakAra ke AgamoM kA prAmANya svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| Aja AgamoM ke jo saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM, ve apane prastuta rUpa meM devardhigaNi kSamA-zramaNa ke samaya ke haiN| kAlakrama se smRti kA lopa hote hue dekhakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga 660 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM lambe kAla ke durbhikSa ke bAda jaina-zramaNasaMgha ekatrita huA / ekatrita hue zramaNoM ne paraspara pUcha kara 11 aMga vyavasthita kie| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA kucha kAraNoM se saMgraha na ho sakA / yaha prathama vAcanA hai / dUsarI vAcanA mathurA meM huI / bAraha varSa ke duSkAla ke kAraNa grahaNa-guNana-anuprekSA ke abhAva meM sUtra naSTa hone lage / Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM sAdhusaMgha ekatrita huyA / jisako jo yAda raha sakA usake AdhAra para zruta punaH vyavasthita kara liyA gyaa| isa vAcanA kA kAla sambhavataH vora nirvANa saMvat 827 se 840 taka ke vIca kA hai| ___ lagabhaga isI samaya vallabhI meM bhI nAgArjuna sUri ne zramaNasaMgha ko ekatrita karake AgamoM ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa| ___ lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa ke uparAnta puna: vallabhInagara meM devardhigariga kSamAzramaraNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNasaMgha ekatrita yA / isa samaya pUrvokta donoM vAcanAyoM ke samaya ekatrita kie gae siddhAntoM ke uparAnta jo jo grantha-prakaraNa maujUda the una sabako bhI likhA kara surakSita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA tathA donoM vAcanAoM ke siddhAntoM kA paraspara samanvaya kiyA gyaa| vartamAna meM jo Agamagrantha upalabdha haiM, unakA antima svarUpa isI samaya sthira huyA thaa|

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra prAgamoM kA vargIkaraNa : . aMgapraviSTa aura aMgavAhya AgamoM kA ullekha ho cukA hai / 12 aMga aMgapraviSTa haiM aura zeSa grantha aMgabAhya / isake atirikta nimna vargIkaraNa vizeSa prasiddha hai :-- (1) aMga : . 1-AcAra, 2-sUtrakRta, 3-sthAna, 4-samavAya, 5-upAsaka dazA, 6-bhagavatI, 7-jJAtRdharmakathA, 8-antakRddazA, 6-anuttaraupapAtika dazA, 10-praznavyAkaraNa, 11-vipAka, aura 12-dRSTivAda (jo upalabdha nahIM hai) (2) upAMga : . 1-aupapAtika, 2-rAjapraznIya, 3-jIvAbhigama, 4-prajJApanA, 5-sUryaprajJapti, 6-jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 7-candraprajJapti, 8-kalpikA, 6-kalpAvataMzikA, 10-puSpikA, 11-puSpacUlikA, 12-vRSNidazA / (3) mUla : 1-Avazyaka, 2-dazavaikAlika, 3-uttarAdhyayana, 4-piNDaniyukti athavA aodhaniyukti / (4) cUlikA sUtra : 1-nandI sUtra, 2-anuyogadvAra sUtra / (5) cheda sUtra : 1-nizItha, 2-mahAnizItha, 3-bRhatkalpa, 4-vyavahAra, 5-dazAtha taskandha, 6-pNcklp| (6) prakIrNaka : 1-catuHzaraNa, 2-yAturapratyAkhyAna, 3-bhaktaparijJA, 4-saMstAraka, 5-tandulavaicArika, 6-candravedhyaka, 7-devendrastava, 8-gaNividyA, ha-mahApratyAkhyAna, 10-vIrastava / uparokta granya jaina paramparA kI bahuta bar3I nidhi haiN| inakI bhASA prAkRta hai| kucha sUtra aise bhI haiM jinake kartA kA nAma milatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie dazakAlika ke kartA zayyaMbhavAcArya haiM, prajJApanA zyAmA

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jaina-darzana cAryakRta hai| dazAzru ta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ke karttA bhadrabAhu svAmI haiM / jJAna kI prAyaH sabhI zAkhAe~ uparyukta sUtroM meM A jAtI haiN| kucha sUtroM kA sambandha jaina AcAra se hai jaise prAcArAMga, dazavaikAlika Adi / kucha upadezAtmaka haiM jaise uttarAdhyayana, prakIrNaka aadi| kucha sUtra tatkAlIna bhUgola aura khagola para likhe gae haiM--jaise jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aadi| jaina sAdhunoM ke prAcAra sambandhI prautsargika aura pApavAdika niyamoM ke lie chedasUtra likhe ge| kucha sUtra aise haiM jinameM Adarza caritra die gae haiM-jaise upAsakadazA, anuttaraupapAtika dazA Adi / kucha sUtra aitihAsika aura kalpita kathAoM ke saMgraha haiM- jaise jJAtRdharmakathA aadi| vipAkasUtra zubha aura azubha karmoM kA kathAyukta varNana hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM mahAvIra ke sAtha hue praznottara evaM saMvAda saMgRhIta haiN| sUtraMkRta, prajJApanA, rAjapraznIya, bhagavatI, nandI, sthAnAMga, samavAya aura anuyoga mukhya rUpa se dArzanika viSayoM kI carcA karate haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM tatkAlIna dArzanika mantavyoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| bhUtAdvaitavAda kA nirAkaraNa karake AtmA kI pRthak siddhi kI gaI hai / brahmAdvaitavAda ke sthAna para nAnAtmavAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| karma aura usake phala kI siddhi kI gaI hai| jagadutpatti-viSayaka IzvaravAda kA khaNDana karake yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki saMsAra anAdi-ananta hai| tatkAlIna kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, vinayavAda, ajJAnavAda grAdi kA nirAkarA karake tarkasaMgata kriyAvAda kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| prajJApanA meM jIva ke vividha bhAvoM para vistRta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| rAjapraznIya meM pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke kezIzramaNa ne zrAvastI ke rAjA pradezI dvArA pUche gae praznoM ke uttara meM nAstikavAda kA nirAkaragA karake aAtmA aura paraloka Adi vipayoM ko dRSTAMta evaM yukti pUrvaka samajhAyA hai| bhagavatI mUtra meM naya, pramANa, saptabhaMgI, anekAntavAda Adi viSayoM para acchA prakAga DAlA gayA hai| nandImUtra jJAna ke svarUpa aura usake bheda aAdi kA varNana karane vAnA eka acchA grantha hai|

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jaina-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra 87 sthAnAMga meM prAtmA, pudgala, jJAna Adi viSayoM para acchI carcA hai| isameM sAta nihanavoM kA bhI varNana hai| mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM kI ekAMgI vAtoM ko lekara ekAntavAda kA pracAra karane vAle nihanava kahe gae haiN| samavAyAMga meM bhI jJAna, naya, pramANa Adi viSayoM para kAphI carcA hai| anuyoga meM zabdArtha kI prakriyA kA varNana mukhya hai| prasaMgavazAt pramANa, naya tathA tattva kA sundara nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / AgamoM para TIkAe~: upayukta AgamoM kI aneka TIkAeM milatI haiM / kucha TIkAe~ prAkRta meM haiM to kucha saMskRta meN| kucha gadya meM likhI gaI hai to kucha padya meN| prAkRta meM jo TIkAe~ huI haiM ve niyukti, bhASya aura cUriNa ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / niyukti aura bhASya padya meM haiM aura cUNi gadya meM / upalabdha niyuktiyAM prAyaH bhadrabAhu (dvitIya) kI racanAeM haiN| unakA samaya vikrama saMvat 400-600 taka kA hai| niyuktiyoM meM kahIM-kahIM dArzanika viSayoM para sundara vivecana milatA hai| pramANa, naya, jJAna, AtmA, nikSepa Adi vipayoM para acchI carcA milatI hai|| bhASyakAroM meM saMghadAsagagi aura jinabhadra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / inakA samaya vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya jinabhadra kI sundara kRti hai| isameM tattva kA vyavasthita evaM yuktiyukta vivecana milatA hai / saMvadAsagariekA bRhatkalpa bhASya sAdhuoM ke AhAravihAra ke niyamoM kA dArzanika evaM tArkika vivecana hai| cUgiyoM kA samaya lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsa mahattara kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / inhoMne nandI Adi aneka sUtroM para cUNiyA~ likhI haiM / cUNiyA~ saMkSipta evaM sarala haiN| kahIMkahIM kathAoM kA bhI samAveza kiyA gayA hai| saskRta TIkAkAroM meM prAcArya haribhadra kA vizeSa mahattva hai| jaina AgamoM para prAcInatama saMskRta TIkA inhIM kI hai| inakA samaya saMvat 757 se 857 ke vIca kA hai| haribhadra ne prAkRta cUNiyoM ke AdhAra se hI TIkA likhI hai| bIca-bIca meM dArzanika dRSTi kA vizeSa upayoga kiyA hai| haribhadra ke vAda zIlAMka sUri ne saMskRta TIkAe~ likhiiN| inakA

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jaina-darzana kAla dazavIM zatAbdI hai| unake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya hue| unhoMne uttarAdhyayana para bRhat TIkA likhii| inake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra abhayadeva hue| inhoMne nava aMgoM para TIkAe~ likhiiN| inakA samaya saM0 1072 se 1135 taka kA hai / isI samaya maladhArI hemacandra bhI hue| jinhoMne vizeSAvazyaka-bhASya para vRtti likhI / AgamoM para saMskRta TIkA likhane vAloM meM malayagiri kA vizeSa sthAna hai| inakI TIkAeM dArzanika carcA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sundara bhASA meM haiN| pratyeka viSaya para suspaSTaH DhaMga se likhane meM inheM acchI saphalatA milI hai / ye bArahavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn the| . ina TIkAtroM ke atirikta apabhraMza arthAt prAcIna gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI meM saMkSipta TIkAeM milatI haiN| inheM 'TabA' kahate haiN| TabAkAroM meM lokAgaccha ke prAcArya dharmasiMha muni kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / inakA samaya aThArahavIM zatAbdI hai| digambara Agama : digambara paramparA kA vizvAsa hai ki vIranirvANa ke bAda zruta kA kramazaH hrAsa hotA gyaa| yahA~ taka ki 683 varSa ke bAda koI aMgadhara yA pUrvadhara prAcArya rahA hI nahIM / hA~, aMga aura pUrva ke aMzamAtra ke jJAtA kucha prAcArya avazya hue haiM / aMga aura pUrva ke aMzadhara AcAryoM kI paramparA meM hone vAle puSpadanta aura bhUtabali prAcAryoM ne 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI racanA dUsare agrAhyaNIya pUrva ke aMza ke AdhAra se kI aura prAcArya guNadhara ne pA~caveM pUrva jJAnapravAda ke aMza ke AdhAra se 'kaSAyapAhuDa' ko racanA kii| isa prakAra Upara likhe gae pAgama aura unakI TIkAe~ zvetAmbara paramparA ko hI mAnya haiN| digambara paramparA ke matAnusAra prAcIna pAgama lupta ho ge| unake AdhAra se likhe gae SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa Adi grantha pAgama kI. hI bhA~ti pramANabhUta haiM / SaTkhaNDAgama aura kapAyapAhuDa ke atirikta mahAvandha kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai, jisakI 1- dhavalA, pu0 1, prastA0 pR0 71

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86 jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra racanA bhUtavali prAcArya ne kI hai| ina tInoM granthoM kA viSaya jIva aura karma se sambandhita hai| mUlagranthoM meM dArzanika carcA kA koI khAsa sthAna nahIM hai / hA~, vAda meM likhI jAne vAlI TIkAoM meM khaMDana-maMDana khUba milatA hai| paTkhaNDAgama kI racanA puSpadanta aura bhUtabali prAcAryoM dvArA aura kaSAyapAhuDa kI racanA prAcArya guNadhara dvArA vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke vAda huI hai aura unapara dhavalA aura jayadhavalA jaisI TIkAroM kI racanA vIrasenAcArya ne navamI zatAbdI meM kI hai| ina granthoM ke atirikta prAcArya kundakunda-kRta grantha pAgama ke samAna hI pramANabhUta mAne gaye haiN| unake granthoM meM pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, samayasAra, aSTapAhuDa, niyamasAra Adi prasiddha haiM / AtmA, jJAna, saptabhaMgI, dravya, guNa prAdi sabhI vipayoM para kundakunda ne apanI kalama calAI hai / vyAvahArika aura naizcayika dRSTiyoM para vizeSa bhAra diyA hai / amRta candra Adi vidvAnoM ne unake granthoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiM / kundakunda kA samaya abhI vivAdAspada hai| kucha loga unakA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI mAnate haiM to kucha pA~cavIM aura chaThI shtaabdii| sthAnakavAsI Agamagrantha : zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke mata se dRSTivAda ko chor3akara sabhI aMga surakSita haiM-jaisA ki zvetAmbara (mUrtipUjaka) paramparA mAnatI hai / aMgavAhya granthoM meM vAraha upAMga ve hI haiM, jo zvetAmbaroM ko mAnya haiM / ina teIsa granthoM ke atirikta nimnalikhita grantha bhI surakSita haiM, aisI isa paramparA kI mAnyatA hai : 4 cheda :-----vyavahAra, 2-vRhatkalpa, 3-nizItha, 4-dazAzrutaskandha / 4 mUla :- 1-davAvakAlika, 2-uttarAvyayana, 3-nandI, 4-anuyog| inake atirikta eka Avazyaka mUtra bhI hai| 1-jaina dAnika nAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 0

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jaina- darzana 1 kAla dazavIM zatAbdI hai / unake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya hue / unhoMne uttarAdhyayana para bRhat TIkA likhI / inake bAda prasiddha TIkA-kAra grabhayadeva hue / inhoMne nava aMgoM para TIkAe~ likhiiN| inakA samaya saM0 1072 se 1135 taka kA hai / isI samaya maladhArI hemacandra bhI hue jinhoMne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya para vRtti likhI / AgamoM para saMskRta TIkA likhane vAloM meM malayagiri kA vizeSa sthAna hai / inakI TIkAe~ dArzanika carcA ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sundara bhASA meM haiM / pratyeka viSaya para suspaSTaH DhaMga se likhane meM inheM acchI saphalatA milI hai / ye bArahavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn the / 88 ina TIkAoM ke atirikta apabhraMza arthAt prAcIna gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI meM saMkSipta TIkAe~ milatI haiM / inheM 'TavA' kahate haiM / TabAkAroM meM lokAgaccha ke prAcArya dharmasiMha muni kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / inakA samaya aThArahavIM zatAbdI hai / digambara Agama : digambara paramparA kA vizvAsa hai ki vIranirvAraNa ke bAda zruta kA kramazaH hrAsa hotA gayA / yahA~ taka ki 683 varSa ke bAda koI aMgadhara yA pUrvadhara grAcArya rahA hI nahIM / hA~, aMga zraura pUrva ke aMzamAtra ke jJAtA kucha prAcArya avazya hue haiM / aMga aura pUrva ke aMzadhara AcAryoM kI paramparA meM hone vAle puSpadanta aura bhUtabali prAcAryoM ne 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI racanA dUsare gragrAhyaraNIya pUrva ke graMza ke grAdhAra se kI aura grAcArya. guNadhara ne pA~caveM pUrva jJAnapravAda ke aMza ke AdhAra se 'kaSAyapAhuDa' kI racanA kI / " isa prakAra Upara likhe gae zrAgama aura unakI TIkAe~ zvetAmbara paramparA ko hI mAnya haiM / digamvara paramparA ke matAnusAra prAcIna grAgama lupta ho ge| unake grAdhAra se likhe gae SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa grAdi grantha grAgama kI hI bhA~ti pramANabhUta haiM / SaTkhaNDAgama graura kapAyapAhuDa pApA ke pratirikta mahAbandha kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai, jisakI 1 - dhavalA, pu0 1, prastA0 pR0 71

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86 jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra racanA bhUtavali prAcArya ne kI hai| ina tInoM granthoM kA viSaya jIva aura karma se sambandhita hai / mUlagranthoM meM dArzanika carcA kA koI khAsa sthAna nahIM hai / hA~, bAda meM likhI jAne vAlI TIkAoM meM khaMDana-maMDana khUba milatA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA puSpadanta aura bhUtabali prAcAryoM dvArA aura kaSAyapAhaDa kI racanA AcArya guNadhara dvArA vikrama kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke bAda huI hai aura unapara dhavalA aura jayadhavalA jaisI TIkAtroM kI racanA vIrasenAcArya ne navamI zatAbdI meM kI hai.|| __ ina granthoM ke atirikta AcArya kundakunda-kRta grantha pAgama ke samAna hI pramANabhUta mAne gaye haiN| unake granthoM meM pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, samayasAra, aSTapAhuDa, niyamasAra Adi prasiddha haiM / AtmA, jJAna, saptabhaMgI, dravya, guNa Adi sabhI viSayoM para kundakunda ne apanI kalama calAI hai / vyAvahArika aura naizcayika dRSTiyoM para vizepa bhAra diyA hai / amRta candra Adi vidvAnoM ne unake granthoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| kundakunda kA samaya abhI vivAdAspada hai| kucha loga unakA samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI mAnate haiM to kucha pA~cavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI / ' sthAnakavAsI Agamagrantha : ' zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke mata se dRSTivAda ko chor3akara sabhI aMga surakSita haiM-jaisA ki zvetAmbara (mUrtipUjaka) paramparA mAnatI hai / aMgavAhya granthoM meM bAraha upAMga ve hI haiM, jo zvetAmbaroM ko mAnya haiM / ina teIsa granthoM ke atirikta nimnalikhita grantha bhI surakSita haiM, aisI isa paramparA kI mAnyatA hai : 4 cheda :-1--vyavahAra, 2-bRhatkalpa, 3-nizItha, 4-dazAdhrutaskandha / ___mUla :- 1-dazavaikAlika, 2-uttarAdhyayana, 3-nandI, 4-anuyog| inake atirikta eka Avazyaka sUtra bhI hai| 1-jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 70

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jaina-darzana __isa prakAra 11 aMga+12 upAMga+4 cheda+4 mUla+ba 1 aAvazyaka= isa prakAra kula 32 sUtra haiN| ina 32 sUtroM ke atirikta niyukti prAdi TIkAe~ isa paramparA ko svataH pramANatvena mAnya nahIM haiN| AgamaprAmANya kA sAra : 1- zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA-11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 2 cUlikA sUtra, 6 cheda sUtra, 10 prakIrNaka-isa prakAra 45 aAgama grantha tathA niyukti, cUrNi, bhASya Adi ttiikaaeN| . 2-zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI evaM zvetAmbara terApanthI paramparA-11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 cheda, 4 mUla, va 1 zrAvazyaka-isa prakAra 32 pAgama grNth| 3-digambara paramparA-ye sabhI pAgama graMtha lupta / SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa, mahAbandha- isa prakAra tIna mUla graMtha evaM dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi TIkAe~ / kundakundAcArya ke grantha pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi mUlagrantha evaM ttiikaaeN| Agamayuga kA anta : Agama-sAhitya jJAna kI vividha zAkhAoM kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAMDAra hai, isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| itanA hote hue bhI kisI eka viSaya ko lekara saMkSipta aura sarala DhaGga se jo pratipAdana honA cAhie usakI isameM kamI hai / isa kathana kA yaha abhiprAya nahIM ki AgamoM meM kisI vipaya kA saMkSipta evaM vyavasthita pratipAdana hai hI nhiiN| kahIM-kahIM bahuta sarala evaM saMkSipta pratipAdana avazya milatA hai| kintu pratyeka viSaya para isa prakAra kI sAmagrI nahIM hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki Agama kI zailI meM punarukti kI mAtrA bhI kucha adhika hai| yaha mAtra Agama kI zailI kA dopa nahIM hai, kyoMki usa samaya ke sAhitya kI paramparA hI aisI thii| jaise-jaise samaya vyatIta hotA gayA, kucha aise granthoM kI AvazyakatA pratIta hone lagI, jo AkAra se choTe hoM aura viSaya kA saMkSipta pratipAdana karane vAle hoM / siddhAnta kI mukhya mukhya bAteM jinameM mila jAe~, kintu unakA bahuta vistAra na ho| isI aAvazyakatA

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jana-darzana aura usakA AdhAra 61 kI pUrti ke lie Agametara granthoM kI racanA prArambha huii| yadyapi Age jAkara punaH vistAra kA prAzraya lenA par3A aura yaha ThIka bhI thA, kyoMki jJAna kA kSetra vistRta hotA jA rahA thA aura dArzanika vAda-vivAda bar3hane laga gaye the| AcArya umAsvAti ne jaina-tattvajJAna, AcAra, khagola, bhUgola Adi aneka viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM pratipAdana karane kI dRSTi se prasiddha grantha 'tattvArthasUtra' likhA / grantha kI bhASA bhI prAkRta na rakhakara saMskRta rakhI / prAgametara sAhitya kA bIjavapana yahIM se hotA hai / prAcArya umAsvAti aura tattvArthasUtra : umAsvAti kaba hue, isa viSaya meM abhI koI nizcita mata nahIM hai / vAcaka umAsvAti kA prAcIna se prAcIna samaya vikrama kI pahalI zatAbdI aura arvAcIna se arvAcIna samaya tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI hai / ina tInacAra sau varSa ke bIca meM unakA samaya par3atA hai| prAcArya umAsvAti sarvaprathama saMskRta-lekhaka haiM, jinhoMne jainadarzana para apanI kalama utthaaii| unakI bhASA zuddha evaM saMkSipta hai| zailI meM saralatA evaM pravAha hai| unakA 'tattvArthAdhigama sUtra' zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se mAnya hai| isakI zailI sUtrazalo hai,yaha nAma se hI spaSTa hai| isameM dasa adhyAya haiM jinameM jana darzana aura jaina AcAra kA saMkSipta nirUpaNa hai / khagola aura bhUgola viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA bhI varNana hai| yoM kahanA cAhie ki yaha grantha jaina tattvajJAna, AcAra, bhUgola, khagola; yAtmavidyA, padArthavijJAna, karmazAstra grAdi aneka viSayoM kA saMkSipta koSa hai| prathama adhyAya meM jJAna se sambandha rakhane vAlI nimna vAtoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai :-jJAna aura darzana kA svarUpa, nayoM kA lakSaNa, jJAna kA prAmANya / sarvaprathama darzana kA artha batAyA gayA hai| tadanantara pramANa zrAra naya rUpa se jJAna kA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai / phira mati grAdi pA~ca 1--paM0 sukhalAla jI kRta tattvArthasUtra vivecana, pR0 : 2-jJAnadarzanayostattvaM nayAnAM caiva lakSaNam jAnasya ca pramANatvamadhyAye'sminnirUpitam // rAjavArtika, pR068

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jana-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra navaveM adhyAya meM saMvara, usake sAdhana aura bheda, nirjarA aura usake upAya, sAdhaka aura unakI maryAdA para vizada vivecana hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM kevala jJAna ke hetu, mokSa kA svarUpa, muktAtmA kI gati va svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tattvArtha para TIkAe~: tattvArtha sUtra para eka bhASya milatA hai jo umAsvAti kI apanI hI racanA hai| isake atirikta 'savArthasiddhi' nAma kI eka saMkSipta kintu ati mahattvapUrNa TIkA milatI hai| yaha TIkA AcArya pUjyapAda kI kRti hai jo chaThI zatAbdI meM hae the / ye digambara paramparA ke prAcArya the / akalaMka ne 'rAjavAttika' kI racanA kii| yaha TIkA vahata vistRta evaM sarvAGgapUrNa hai| dazana ke pratyeka viSaya para kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM khaNDana-maNDana kI dRSTi kI mukhyatA hai| vidyAnanda kRta zlokavArtika' bhI bahata mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai| ye donoM digambara paramparA 1 anuyAyI the| inake atirikta siddhasena aura haribhadra ne kramaza. bRhatkAya aura laghukAya vRttiyoM kI racanA kii| ye donoM zvetAmbara paramparA ke upAsaka the| ina sabhI TIkAtroM meM dArzanika dRSTikoNa hI pradhAna rUpa se milatA hai / jaina darzana kI Age kI pragati para ina TokAoM kA atyadhika prabhAva par3A hai| ye TIkAe~ pAThavI-navIM zatAbdI meM likhI gii| jisa prakAra dinAga ke 'pramANasamuccaya' para dharmakIti ne 'pramANavArtika' likhA aura usI ko kendravindu mAna kara samagra vauddha zana vikasita huA, usI prakAra tattvArtha sUtra kI ina TIkAyoM ke AsapAsa jana dArzanika sAhitya kA bar3A vikAsa hayA / ina TIkAoM ke atirikta parahavA zatAbdI meM malayagiri ne aura caudahavIM zatAbdI meM cirantana muni ne bhI tattvArtha para TIkAe~ likhiiN| aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM navyanyAya calo ke prakANDa paNDita yazovijaya ne bhI apanI TIkA likhii| digambara paramparA ke zrutasAgara, vibudhasena, yogIndradeva, yogadeva, lakSmIdeva, abhayanandI Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI tattvArtha stra para apanI-apanI TokAeM likhI thiiN| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavA Adi

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12 jaina-darzana jJAnoM kA pratyakSa aura parokSa pramANoM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai / usake bAda mati jJAna kI utpatti aura usake bhedoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / taduparAnta zrutajJAna kA varNana hai / phira avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala jJAna aura unake bheda-prabheda tathA pArasparika antara kA kathana hai| tatpazcAt pA~coM jJAnoM kA tAratamya batalAte hue unakA viSaya-nirdeza evaM unakI sahacAritA kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai / tadanantara mithyAjJAnoM kA nirdeza hai / anta meM naya ke bhedoM kA kathana hai| dUsare adhyAya meM jIva kA svarUpa, jIva ke bheda, indriyabheda, mRtyu aura janma kI sthiti, janmasthAnoM ke bheda, zarIra ke bheda aura jAtiyoM kA liMga, vibhAga, Adi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM adholoka ke vibhAga, nAraka jIvoM kI dazA, dvIpa, samudra, parvata, kSetra Adi kA varNana, ityAdi bhaugolika viSayoM para kAphI carcA hai| cauthe adhyAya meM devoM kI vividha jAtiyA~, unake parivAra, bhoga, . sthAna, samRddhi, jIvanakAla aura jyotirmaNDala Adi dRSTiyoM se khagola kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pAMcaveM adhyAya meM nimna viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai :-dravya ke mukhya bheda, unakI paraspara tulanA, unakI sthiti, kSetra evaM kArya, pudgala kA svarUpa, bheda aura utpatti, sat kA svarUpa, nitya kA lakSaNa, paudgalika vandha kI yogyatA aura ayogyatA, dravya lakSaNa, kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM isakA vicAra evaM kAla kA svarUpa, guNa aura pariNAma ke bheda / chaThe adhyAya meM pAzrava kA svarUpa, usake bheda evaM tadanukUla karmabandhana Adi bAtoM kA vivecana hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM vrata kA svarUpa, vrata grahaNa karane vAloM ke bheda, vrata kI sthiratA, hiMsA Adi aticAroM kA svarUpa, dAna-svarUpa, ityAdi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pAThaveM adhyAya meM karmavandhana ke hetu aura karmavandhana ke bheda para vicAra kiyA gayA hai|

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jaina darzana ra usakA grAdhAra 63 navaveM gradhyAya meM saMvara, usake sAdhana aura bheda, nirjarA aura usake upAya, sAdhaka aura unakI maryAdA para vizada vivecana hai / dasaveM adhyAya meM kevala jJAna ke hetu, mokSa kA svarUpa, muktAtmA kI gati va svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / tattvArtha para TIkAe~ : I tattvArtha sUtra para eka bhASya milatA hai jo umAsvAti kI apanI hI racanA hai| isake atirikta 'savArthasiddhi' nAma kI eka saMkSipta kintu prati mahattvapUrNa TIkA milatI hai| yaha TIkA AcArya pUjyapAda kI kRti hai jo chaThI zatAbdI meM hue the / ye digambara paramparA ke prAcArya the / kalaMka ne 'rAjavAtika' kI racanA kii| yaha TIkA bahuta vistRta evaM sarvAGgapUrNa hai / darzana ke pratyeka viSaya para kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kahI-kahIM khaNDana- maNDana kI dRSTi kI mukhyatA hai / vidyAnanda kRta 'zlokavArtika' bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa TIkA hai / ye donoM digambara paramparA ke anuyAyI the / inake atirikta siddhasena aura haribhadra ne kramaza. bRhatkAya aura laghukAya vRttiyoM kI racanA kI / ye donoM zvetAmbara paramparA ke upAsaka the / ina sabhI TIkAtroM meM dArzanika dRSTikoNa hI pradhAna rUpa se milatA hai| jaina darzana ko grAge kI pragati para ina TIkAoM kA atyadhika prabhAva par3A hai / ye TIkAe~ AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM likhI gaI / jisa prakAra diGnAga ke 'pramANasamuccaya' para dharmakIrti ne 'pramANavArtika' likhA aura usI ko kendrabindu mAna kara samagra bauddhadarzana vikasita huA, usI prakAra tattvArtha sUtra kI ina TIkAoM ke grAsapAsa jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA bar3A vikAsa huaa| ina TIkAoM ke pratirikta bArahavIM zatAbdI meM malayagiri ne aura caudahavIM zatAbdI meM cirantana muni ne bhI tattvArtha para TIkAe~ likhiiN| aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM navyanyAya holI ke prakANDa paNDita yazovijaya ne bhI apanI TIkA likhI / digambara paramparA ke zrutasAgara, vibudhasena, yogIndradeva, yogadeva, lakSmIdeva, abhayanandI Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI tattvArtha sUtra para apanI-apanI TIkAe~ likhI thiiN| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI Adi

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64 jaina-darzana vidvAnoM ne hindI tathA gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM meM tattvArthasUtra para sundara vivecana likhe haiN| __ isa prakAra tatvArthasUtra ke pAsa pahu~cate-pahu~cate hamArA 'pAgama yuga' samApta ho jAtA hai| isake bAda 'pAgama yuga' ke aneka saMskAroM ko lie hae 'anekAnta-sthApana-yuga' AtA hai / isa yuga meM jaina-darzana kA stara kAphI U~cA uTha jAtA hai / anekAnta-sthApanA-yuga : bhAratIya dArzanika kSetra meM nAgA juna ne eka bahuta bar3I hala-cala macA dI thii| jaba se nAgArjuna isa kSetra meM pAe, dArzanika vAdavivAdoM ko eka nayA rUpa prApta hayA / zraddhA ke sthAna para tarka kA sAmrAjya ho gyaa| pahale tarka na thA, aisI bAta nahIM haiN| taka ke hote hue bhI adhika kAma zraddhA se hI cala jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki darzana kA vyavasthita prAkAra na bana paayaa| nAgArjuna ne isa kSetra meM Akara eka krAntikArI parivartana kara diyaa| yaha krAnti bauddha-darzana taka hI sImita na rhii| isakA prabhAva bhArata ke sabhI darzanoM para bar3A gaharA par3A / pariraNAmasvarUpa jaina darzana bhI usase achtA na raha skaa| siddhasena aura samantabhadra jaise mahAn tAkikoM ko paidA karane kA bahuta kucha zreya nAgAjuna ko hI hai| yaha samaya pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI kA hai / jainAcAyoM ne isa yuga meM mahAvIra ke samaya se vikhare rUpa meM cale aAte hue anekAMtavAda ko sthira aura sunizcita rUpa pradAna kiyaa| isalie yaha yuga 'anekAnta-sthApana yuga' ke nAma se pukArA jA sakatA hai| isa yuga ma pA~ca prasiddha jainAcArya hae haiN| siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke atirikta mallavAdI, siMhagaNi aura pAtrakesarI ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / siddhasena: ____nAgArjuna ne zUnyavAda kA samarthana kiyA / zUnyavAdiyoM ke anusAra tattva na sat hai, na asat hai,na sadasat hai, na anubhy| 'catuSkoTivinimukta' rUpa se tattva kA varNana kiyA jA sakatA hai| vicAra kI cAroM koTiyA tattva ko grahaNa karane meM asamartha haiN| vicAra jisa cIja ko grahaNa karatA

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jaina darzana ra usakA grAdhAra 95 hai vaha mAtra loka vyavahAra hai / buddhi se vivecana karane para hama kisI eka svabhAva taka nahIM pahu~ca sakate / hamArI buddhi kisI eka svabhAva kA avadhAraNa nahIM kara sktii| isalie sAre padArtha anabhilAkSya haiM, niHsvabhAva haiM / isa prakAra zUnyavAda ne tattva ke niSedhapakSa para bhAra diyA | vijJAnavAda ne vijJAna para jora diyA aura kahA ki tattva vijJAnAtmaka hI hai / vijJAna se bhinna bAhyArtha kI siddhi nahIM kI jA sakatI / jaba taka vyakti ko vijJaptimAtratA ke sAtha ekarUpatA kA bodha nahIM ho jAtA taba taka jJAtA zraura jJeya kA bheda banA hI rahatA hai| isake viparIta naiyAyika, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka vAhyArtha kI svatantra sattA siddha karane lage / sAMkhyoM ne satkAryavAda kA samarthana kiyA aura kahA ki sava sat hai / hInayAna bauddhoM ne kSaNikavAda kI sthApanA kI aura kahA ki jJAna aura grartha donoM kSaNika haiN| isake viparIta mImAMsakoM ne zabda yAdi kucha kSaNika jaise padArthoM ko bhI nitya siddha kiyA / naiyAyikoM ne zabdAdi padArthoM ko kSaNika aura AtmAdi padArthoM ko nitya mAnA / isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM bhArI saMgharSa hone lgaa| jaina dArzanika bhI isa avasara ko khonevAle na the / unheM isa saMgharSa se preraNA milii| apane mata kI puSTi ke lie unhoMne bhI isa kSetra meM paira rakhA aura DaMke kI coTa sabake sAmane grAe / mahAvIropadiSTa nayavAda aura syAdvAda ko mukhya grAdhAra banAkara siddhasena ne apanA kArya prArambha kiyA / siddhasena ne sanmatitakaM, 1 - ' cAtuSkoTikaM ca mahAmate ! lokavyavahAra : laMkAvatAra mUtra, pR0 188 2 - buddhayA vivicyamAnAnAM svabhAvo nAvadhAryate / tasmAdanabhilApyAste niHsvabhAvAzca dezitA : // laMkAvatAra sUtra, pR0 116 2- yAvad vijJaptimAtratve vijJAnaM nAvatiSThate / grAhyaM yasya viSayastAvannavinivartate / - trizikA kA0 260 :

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jaina-darzana thIM jaise bhavya aura abhavya kA vibhAga, jIvoM kI saMkhyA kA prazna Adi, una para unhoMne tarka kA prayoga karanA ucita na smjhaa| una bAtoM ko yathAvat grahaNa kara liyaa| jo bAteM tarkavala se siddha yA prasiddha kI jA sakatI thIM una bAtoM ko unhoMne acchI taraha se tarka kI kasauTI para kasA / ____ siddhasena kA kathana hai ki dharmavAda do prakAra kA hai-ahetuvAda aura hetuvAda / bhavyAbhavyAdika bhAva ahetuvAda ke antargata haiN| samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra Adi niyama duHkha kA nAza karane vAle haiM ityAdi bAteM hetuvAda kA viSaya haiM / siddhasena kA hetuvAda aura ahetuvAda kA yaha vibhAga hameM darzana aura dharma kSetra kA smaraNa karAtA hai| hetuvAda tarka para pratiSThita hai ataH vaha darzana kA viSaya hai| ahetuvAda zraddhA para pratiSThita hai ataH vaha dharma kA viSaya hai / isa prakAra siddhasena ne parokSarUpa se darzana aura dharma kI maryAdA kA saMketa kiyA hai| siddhasena ne eka vilkula naI paraMparA sthApita kI / vaha paraMparA hai darzana aura jJAna kA abheda / jainoM kI Agamika paraMparA thI sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna ko bhinna mAnanA / isa paraMparA para unhoMne prahAra kiyA aura apane tarkavala se yaha siddha kiyA ki sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM hai / sarvajJatva ke stara para pahu~ca kara donoM ekarUpa ho jAte haiN| isake atirikta avadhi aura manaHparyaya jJAna ko eka siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| sAtha hI sAtha jJAna aura zraddhA ko bhI eka siddha kiyA / jainAgamoM meM prasiddha naigamAdi sAta nayoM ke sthAna para unhoMne chaH nayoM kI sthApanA kI / naigama ko svatantra naya na mAnakara saMgraha aura vyavahAra meM samAviSTa kara diyaa| itanA hI nahIM apitu unhoMne yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki jitane vacana ke prakAra ho sakate haiM 1-sanmatitarka 3 : 43, 44 2-ja apuDhe bhAvo jANai pAsai ya kevalI NiyamA / tamhA taM gANaM daMsaraNaM ca aviseso siddhaM // -sanmatitarka 2 : 30

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jaina darzana aura usakA grAdhAra 22 utane hI naya ke prakAra ho sakate haiM praura jitane nayavAda ho sakate haiM utane hI mata-matAntara bhI ho sakate haiM / " jJAna aura kriyA ke aikAntika grAgraha ko cunautI dete hue siddhasena ne ghoSaNA kI ki jJAna gaura kiyA donoM grAvazyaka haiM / jJAna - rahita kriyA usI prakAra vyartha hai jisa prakAra kriyA - rahita jJAna nikammA hai / jJAna aura kriyA kA samyag saMyoga hI vAstavika sukha pradAna kara sakatA hai | janma zrIra maraNa ke duHkha se mukti pAne ke lie jJAna aura kiyA donoM zrAvazyaka haiN| nyAyAvatAra aura battIsiyoM meM bhI siddhasena ne apanI mAnyatAoM kI puSTi kA pUrNa prayatna kiyA hai / siddhasena ne sacamuca jaina darzana ke itihAsa meM eka nae yuga kI sthApanA kI / samantabhadra : zvetAmbara paramparA meM siddhasena kA jo sthAna hai vahI sthAna digambara paramparA meM samantabhadra kA hai / samantabhadra kI pratibhA vilakSaNa thI isameM koI zaMkA nahIM / unhoMne syAdvAda kI siddhi ke lie athaka parizrama kiyA / unakI racanAtroM kA chipA huA lakSya syAdvAda hI hotA hai | stotra kI racanA ho to kyA aura dArzanika kRti ho to kyA - sabhI kA lakSya eka hI thA aura vaha thA syAdvAda ko siddhi | sabhI vAdoM kI aikAntikatA meM dopa dikhA kara unakA kAntavAda meM nirdoSa samanvaya kara denA samantabhadra kI hI khUvI thI / svayambhustotra meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI stuti ke bahAne dArzanika tattva kA kyA hI sundara evaM adbhuta samAveza kiyA hai / yaha stotra, stutikAvya kA utkRSTa namUnA to hai hI, sAtha hI sAtha isake andara bharA hugrA dArzanika vaktavya atyanta mahattva kA hai / pratyeka -jAvazyA vayavahA nAvazyA caMva hoMti jAvayA rAyavAyA tAvayA caiva 2- sammatitarka 3 : 68 yavAyA / parasamayA // sanmatitakaM 3 : 47

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100 jaina-darzana tIrthakara kI stuti meM kisI na kisI dArzanikavAda kA nirdeza karanA ve nahIM bhUle / svayambhUstotra kI taraha yuktyanuzAsana bhI eka utkRSTa stutikAvya hai| isa kAvya meM bhI yahI bAta hai| stuti ke bahAne anya aikAntikavAdoM meM doSa dikhAkara svasammata bhagavAn ke upadezoM meM guNoM ke darzana karAnA isa kAvya kI vizepatA hai / yaha to ayogavyavaccheda hayA / isake atirikta bhagavAn ke upadezoM meM jo guNa haiM ve anya kisI ke upadeza meM nahIM, yaha likhakara unhoMne anyayoga-vyavaccheda ke siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana kiyaa| ina stotroM ke atirikta unakI eka kRti prAptamImAMsA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yaha zreSTha kati hai / arhanta kI stuti ke prazna ko lekara unhoMne yaha graMtha prArambha kiyaa| arhanta kI hI stuti kyoM karanI caahie| isa prazna ko sAmane rakhakara unhoMne prAptapuruSa kI mImAMsA kI hai / prApta kauna ho sakatA hai, isa prazna ko lekara vividha prakAra kI mAnyatAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| devAgamana, nabhoyAna, cAmarAdi vibhUtiyoM kI mahattA kI kasauTI kA khaNDana karate hue yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ye bAhya vibhUtiyA~ prAptatva kI sUcaka nahIM haiM / ye saba cIjeM to mAyAvI puruSoM meM bhI dikhAI de sakatI haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika RddhiyA~ bhI prApta puruSa kI mahattA siddha nahIM kara sakatIM / devaloka meM rahane vAle bhI aneka prakAra kI RddhiyA~ prApta kara sakate haiN| kintu ve hamAre liye mahAn nahIM ho sakate / isa prakAra bAhya pradarzana kA khaNDana karate huye ve yahA~ taka pahu~cate haiM ki jo dharma pravartaka kahe jAte haiM jaise buddha, kapila, gautama, kaNAda, jaimino Adi, kyA unheM Apta mAnA jAya ? isake uttara meM ve kahate haiM ki Apta vahI ho sakatA hai jisake siddhAnta doSayukta na hoM, viruddha na hoN| sabhI dharma-pravartaka prApta nahIM ho sakate kyoMki unake siddhAnta paraspara-viruddha haiM / kisI eka ko hI prApta mAnanA caahie|' 1-tIrthakRtsamayAnAM ca, parasparavirodhataH / sarveSAmAptatA nAsti, kazcideva bhaved guruH // -AptamImAMsA, kA0 3 /

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jaina-darzana aura usakA AdhAra vaha eka kona hai ? isakA uttara dete hue samantabhadra ne kahA ki jisameM mohAdi dopoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai aura jo sarvajJa hai vahI prApta hai / aisA vyakti arhanta hI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki arhanta ke upadeza pramANa se bAdhita nahIM hote|' yaha jaina dRSTi kI pUrva bhUmikA hai / jaina darzana nirdoSa evaM sarvajJa arhantoM kI vANI ko hI prAptapraNIta mAnatA hai / jo vAraNI pramANa se vAdhita hai vaha sarvajJa kI vANI nahIM ho sakatI, kyoki sarvajJa kI vAraNI kabhI vAcita nahIM hotI / abAdhita vANI hI prApta-vacana hai| isa prakAra ke prAptavacana hI pramANabhUta mAne jA sakate haiN| pratyakSAdi pramANa se vAdhita siddhAntoM ko prAptavacana nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isa prakAra abAdhita siddhAnta hI Aptatva kI kasauTI hai / isa kasauTI ko hAtha meM lekara samantabhadra Age bar3hate haiM aura sabhI prakAra ke aikAntika vAdoM meM prama gaNa-virodha dikhAkara anekAntavAda kI dhvajA U~cI pharakAte haiN| ekAntavAda ke do mukhya pahalU haiM / eka pakSa ekAnta sat kA pratipAdana karatA hai to dUsarA pakSa ekAnta asat kaa| eka pakSa / gAzvatavAda kA Azraya letA hai to dUsarA pakSa ucchedavAda kA pratipAdana na karatA hai / isI prakAra nityakAnta aura anityaikAnta, bhedaikAnta aura abhedakAnta aura vizeSakAnta, guNakAnta aura dravyakAnta, sApekSakAnta, aura nirapekSakAMta, hetuvAdakAnta aura ahetuvAdakAnta, vijJAnakAnta hai. aura bhUtakAnta, devakAnta zrIra puruSArthakAnta, vAcyakAMta aura ra avAcyakAMta prAdi dRSTikoNa ekAMtavAda ke samarthaka haiM / samaMtabhadra da ne prAptamImAMsA meM do virodhI pakSoM ke aikAMtika aAgraha se utpanna hone vAle donoM ko dikhAkara syAhAda kI sthApanA kI hai / syAdvAda ko laghara meM rakha kara saptabhaMgI kI yojanA kI hai| pratyeka do {- tvamevAni nirdopA, muktizArAvirodhivAya / mavirodhopadiSTaM se, pramilena na bAdhyate // -prAptamImAMsA, kA

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102 . . jaina-darzana virodhI vAdoM ko lekara saptabhaMgI kI yojanA kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai isakA spaSTIkaraNa samantabhadra kI vizeSatA hai / . mallavAdI : . mallavAdI siddhasena ke samakAlIna the| unakA nAma to kucha aura hI thA kintu vAda meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa unheM mallavAdI pada se vibhUSita kiyA gayA aura yahI nAma pracalita bhI ho gyaa| unakI sanmatitarka kI TIkA bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha TIkA isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai| unakA prasiddha evaM zreSTha grantha nayacakra hai / Aja taka ke granthoM meM yaha eka adbhuta grantha hai / tatkAlIna sabhI dArzanika vAdoM ko sAmane rakhate hue. unaneM eka vAdacakra bnaayaa| usa cakra kA uttara-uttaravAda, pUrva-pUrvavAda kA khaNDana karake apane-apane pakSa ko prabala pramANita karatA hai / pratyeka pUrvavAda apane ko sarvazreSTha evaM nirdoSa samajhatA hai| vaha yaha socatA hI nahIM ki uttaravAda merA bhI khaNDana kara sakatA hai / itane meM turanta uttaravAda AtA hai aura pUrvavAda ko pachAr3a detA hai| antima vAda punaH prathama vAda se parAjita hotA hai| anta meM koI bhI vAda aparAjita nahIM raha . jAtA / parAjaya kA yaha cakra eka adbhuta zRkhalA taiyAra karatA hai / koI bhI ekAntavAdI isa cakra ke rahasya ko nahIM samajha sakatA / eka taTastha vyakti hI isa cakra ke bhItara rahanevAle pratyeka vAda kI sApekSika sevalatA aura nirvalatA mAlUma kara sakatA hai| yaha vAta tabhI ho sakatI hai java use pUre cakra kA rahasya mAlUma ho / cakra nAma dene kA uddezya bhI yahI hai ki usa cakra ke kisI bhI vAda ko prathama rakhA jA sakatA hai aura anta meM jAkara vaha apane antima vAda kA khaNDana kara sakatA haiN| isa prakAra pratyeka vAda kA khaNDana ho jAtA hai / prAcArya kA vAstavika uddezya yahI hai ki pratyeka vAda apanI-apanI dRSTi se saccA hai, parantu jyoMhI vaha 'maiM hI saccA hU~' kA Agraha karatA hai tyoMhI dUsarA vAda Akara use mamApta kara detA hai| pratyeka vAda . kI apanI-apanI yogyatA hai aura apanA-apanA kSetra hai| vaha apane kSetra meM saccA hai / isa prakAra

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jaina-darzana aura usakA aAdhAra 103 anekAnta dRSTi kA prAzraya lene se hI sabhI vAda surakSita raha sakate haiM / anekAnta ke vinA koI bhI vAda surakSita nahIM / anekAntavAda paraspara-viruddha prati bhApita hone vAle sabhI vAdoM kA nirdopa samanvaya kara detA hai| usa samanvaya meM sabhI vAdoM ko ucita sthAna prApta ho jAtA hai| koI bhI vAda vahipkRta ghopita nahIM kiyA jAtA / jisa prakAra beDale ke 'sampUrNa' (Whole) meM sAre pratibhAmoM ko apanA-apanA sthAna mila jAtA hai usI prakAra anekAntavAda meM sAre ekAntavAda samA jAte haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ekAnta vAda tabhI taka mithyA hai jaba taka ki vaha nirapekSa hai| mApekSa hone para vahI ekAnta saccA ho jAtA haisamyaka ho jAtA hai / samyak ekAnta aura mithyA ekAnta meM yahI bheda hai ki samyak ekAMta sApekSa hotA hai jabaki mithyA ekAMta nirapekSa hotA hai / naya meM samyak ekAnta acchI taraha raha sakate haiM / mithyA ekAnta dunaMya hai-nayAbhAsa hai, isIlie vaha jhUThA hai-asamyaka hai| siMhagariMga: siMhagagi ne nayacaka para 18000 daloka kI eka bRhaskAya TIkA likhI / isa TIkA meM siMhagaNi kSamAzramaNa kI pratibhA acchI taraha jhalakatI hai / isameM middhasena ke granthoM ke udaragA haiM, kintu samantabhadra kA koI ullekha nhiiN| isI taraha diGnAga aura bhartRhari ke kaI uddharaNa haiM, kiMtu dharmakIrti ke gratha kA koI uddharagA nhiiN| mallavAdo aura siMhagariNa donoM svetAgvagacArya the| pAtrakezarI: hanI namaya eka te janvI prAcArya digambara paramparA meM hae jinakA nAma pAnagarI thA / unhoMne pramAgA-bhAstra para eka anya liyA jisakA nAma nilakSA kAdarthana' hai / jisa prakAra minena ne pramAga-mAra para nyAyAvatAra liyA unI prakAra pAkegarI ne upalara liyaa| rama gandha meM diGnAga samathita hetu ke vilakSaNa kAna kiyA gayA hai| anyathAnupapatti hI hetu kA avyabhicArI nAma nA . yaha bAta pilakSagA kavardhana meM mida kI gaI

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104 jaina-darzana hai / jaina nyAyazAstra meM yahI lakSaNa mAnya hai| durbhAgya se yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| pramANazAstra vyavasthA yuga : diGnAga ke vicAroM ne bhAratIya pramANazAstra aura nyAyazAstra ko preraNA dI, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| diGnAga bauddha tarka- . zAstra kA pitA kahA jA sakatA hai / diGnAga kI pratibhA ke / phalasvarUpa hI prazasta, udyotakara, kumArila, siddhasena, mallavAdI, siMhagaNi, pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, Izvarasena, aviddhakarNa Adi dArzanikoM kI racanAe~ hamAre sAmane aaii| ina racanAoM meM diGnAga kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana thA / isI saMgharSa ke yuga meM dharmakIti paidA hue| unhoMne diGnAga para AkramaNa karane vAle sabhI dArzanikoM ko karArA uttara diyA aura diGnAga ke darzana kA nae prakAza meM pariSkAra kiyaa| dharmakIrti kI paramparA meM arcaTa, dharmotara, zAntarakSita, prajJAkara Adi hue jinhoMne unake pakSa kI rakSA kii| dUsarI ora prabhAkara, umbeka, vyomaziva, jayanta, sumati, pAtrakezarI, maMDana Adi bauddhetara dArzanika hue jinhone bauddha pakSa kA khaNDana kiyaa| isa saMgharSa ke phalasvarUpa AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM jainadarzana ke samarthaka akalaMka, haribhadra Adi dArzanika maidAna meM Ae / akalaMka: jaina-paramparA meM pramANazAstra kA svataMtra rUpa se vyavasthita nirUpaNa akalaMka kI hI dena hai| diGnAga ke samaya se lekara akalaMka taka bauddha aura bauddhetara pramANazAstra meM jo saMgharSa calatA rahA, use dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina pramANazAstra kA prAcIna maryAdA ke anukUla pratipAdana karane kA zreya akalaMka ko hai| pramAraNasaMgraha nyAyavinizcaya, laghIyastrayI Adi grantha isa mata kI puSTi karate haiM / anekAntavAda ke samarthana meM unhoMne samantabhadrakRta AptamImAMsA para aSTazatI nAmaka TIkA likhii| siddhivinizcaya meM bhI unakA yahI dRSTikoNa hai|

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jana-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra 105 akalaMka ne pramANa-vyavasthA kA upanyAsa isa prakAra kiyA 1-~pramAga ke do bheda--(1) pratyakSa aura (2) parokSa / 2-pratyakSa ke do bheda--(1) mukhya aura (2) sAMvyavahArika 3-parokSa ke pA~ca bheda--(1) smRti, (5) pratyabhijJAna, (3) tarka, (4) anumAna, (5) pAgama / 4-~-pratyabhijJAna (saMjJA), tarka (citA), anumAna, (abhinivodha), Agama (shrut)| 5----mukhya pratyakSa ke upabheda:-(1) avadhi, (2) manaHparyaya, (3) kevala / 6---mAMvyavahArika pratyakSa (iMdriyAnindriya prtykss)-mtijnyaan| yaha vyavasthA prAgamoM meM bhI milatI hai / tatvArthamUtra meM bhI isI vyavasthA kA pratipAdana hai / tatvArtha kI vyavasthA yoM hai: 5-jJAna (pramANa) ke pA~ca bheda.--(1) mati, (2) zruta, (3) avadhi, (4) manaHparyaya aura (5) kevala / 2-~~parokSa jJAna ke do bhedaH-11) mati aura (2) zruta / 3-~-pratyakSa jJAna ke tIna bheda:-(1) avadhi, (2) mana:paryaya (3) kevala / 4~matijJAna ke dUsare nAma':-~mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA, abhinivodha / ye saba iMdriyoM tathA manakI sahAyatA se hote haiN| nandImUtra kI pramANa-vyavasthA meM thor3A sA parivartana va parivardhana hai / vaha isa prakAra hai jJAna do prakAra kA hai:-pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa tIna prakAra kA hai:-indriya aura no-indriya aura prtijnyaan| {-dindriyAnindriyanimittam ---tatvAyaMtra -

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110 jaina-darzana hai / tatvajJAna, zabdazAstra, jAtivAda Adi sabhI viSayoM para prabhAcandra kI kalama calI hai / mUlasUtra aura kArikAoM kA to mAtra AdhAra hai| jo kucha unheM kahanA thA vaha kisI na kisI bahAne kaha ddaalaa| prabhAcandra kI eka vizeSatA aura hai-vaha hai vikalpoM kA jAla phailAne kii| kisI bhI prazna ko lekara dasa-pandraha vikalpa sAmane rakha denA to unake lie sAmAnya bAta thii| unakA samaya vi0 1037 se 1122 taka kA hai| vAdirAja prabhAcandra ke samakAlIna the| inhoMne akalaMkakRta nyAya vinizcaya para vivaraNa likhA hai / granthoM ke uddharaNa denA unakI vizeSatA hai / pramANazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha vivaraNa mahatvapUrNa hai| jagahajagaha anekAntavAda kI puSTi kI gaI hai aura vaha bhI paryApta mAtrA meM / jinezvara, candraprabha aura anantavIrya : jinezvara kI racanA nyAyAvatAra para pramAlakSma nAmaka vAttika hai / isameM itara darzanoM ke pramANabheda, lakSaNa Adi kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai aura nyAyAvatAra-sammata parokSa ke do bheda sthira kie gae haiN| vAttika ke sAtha usakI svopajJa vyAkhyA bhI hai| isakA racanA kAla 1065 ke Asa-pAsa hai| prAcArya candraprabhasUri ne vi0 1146 ke Asa-pAsa prameyaratnakoSa nAmaka eka saMkSipta grantha likhA / yaha grantha prArambhika abhyAsa karane vAloM ke lie bahuta kAma kA hai| - isI samaya prAcArya anantavIrya ne parIkSAmukha para prameyaratnamAlA nAmaka eka saMkSipta aura sarala TIkA likhI / yaha TIkA sAmAnya stara vAle abhyAsiyoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI hai| isameM prameyakamalamArtaNDa kI taraha lambe caur3e vivAdoM ko sthAna na dekara mUla samasyAoM kA hI saumya bhASA meM samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai / vAdI devasUri : pramANazAstra para parIkSAmukha ke samAna hI eka anya grantha likhane . vAle vAdI devasUri haiM / parIkSAmukha kA anukaraNa karate hue bhI unhoMne apane grantha pramANanayatattvAloka meM do nae prakaraNa jor3e, jo parIkSA

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jaina-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra 111 mukha meM nahIM the| eka prakaragA to nayavAda para hai, jisakA mANikyacandra ne apane grantha meM samAveza nahIM kiyaa| yaha sAtavA~ prakaragA jaina nyAyazAstra ke pUrNa jJAna ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai| isa sAtaveM prakaraNa ke atirikta pramAgAnayatattvAloka meM grAThavA~ prakaraNa vAdavidyA para hai| isa dRSTi se parIkSAmugva kI apekSA yaha grantha kahIM adhika upayogI hai| vAdI devamUri itanA hI karake santuSTa na hue, apitu, unhoMne isI grantha para svopakSa TIkA bhI likhii| yaha TIkA syAhAdaratnAkara ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa bRhakAya TIkA meM unhoMne dArganika samasyAyoM kA usa gamaya taka jitanA vikAsa hayA, savakA samAveza kiyaa| prabhAcandrakRta strImukti aura kevali kavalAhAra kI carcA kA zvetAmbara dRSTi se uttara dene se bhI ve na nUye / itanA hI nahIM, apitu, kahIM-kahIM to unhoMne anya dAganikoM ke prAkSepoM kA uttara bilakula naye DhaMga se diyaa| isa taraha vAdI devamUri apane samaya ke eka zreSTha dArzanika the, isameM koI saMdAya nahIM / inakA samaya vi0 1143 se 1226 taka hai| prAcArya hemacandra kA janma vi0 saM0 1145 kI kArtikI pUrNimA ke dina grahamadAbAda ke samIpa dhandhukA grAma meM hyaa| inakA vAlyakAla kA nAma gaMgadeva dhaa| inake pitA dovadharma ke anuyAyI the aura mAtA jenadharma pAlatI thIM / prAge jAkara ye devacandrasUri ke ziSya bane aura inakA nAma somacandra ramA gayA / devacandrabhUri apane gipya ke gugoM para bahuta pramAna the aura nAma hI nAva nomacandra kI vittA kI cAka bhI mAnate ghN| ve apane jIvana kAla meM hI nomanandra ko prAcArya pada para pratiSThita pAranA nA.le dhe| vi.naM0 1166 kI vagAva zuklA tRtIyA ke dina momacandra ko nAgaura meM yAnASada pradAna kiyA gyaa| momacandra ke pAnI kI prabhA aura kAnli muva ke samAna thI. ata: unakA nAma hamanadayA gyaa| para unake nAma kA itihAna hai| nAmacandra kI pratimA kahatI thI, yaha unakI kRtiyoM ko dAda mAlUma ho jAtA hai. koI aimA mahatvapurNa viSaya na ghA, sanI balama na ganAI ho / dhArA , koga, banda,

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112 jaina-darzana alaMkAra, kAvya, caritra, nyAya Adi pratyeka viSaya para vidvattApUrNa grantha likhe haiM / vyAkaraNa zAstra para unakA grantha siddhahemavyAkaraNa prasiddha hI hai / koza kI dRSTi se abhidhAnacintAmaNi bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / chanda, alaMkAra aura kAvya para chandonuzAsana, kAvyAnuzAsana Adi grantha prasiddha haiN| pramAggazAstra para prAcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA grantha atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / isameM pahale sUtra haiM aura phira una para svopajJa vyAkhyA hai| isa grantha kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha sUtra aura vyAkhyA donoM ko milAkara bhI mavyamakAya hai / yaha na to parIkSAmukha aura pramANanayatattvAloka jitanA saMkSipta hI hai aura na prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura syAdvAdarattAkara jitanA vizAla hI hai| isameM nyAyazAstra ke mahatvapUrNa praznoM kA madhyama pratipAdana hai / isa grantha ko samajhane ke lie nyAyazAstra kI pUrvabhUmikA atyanta Avazyaka hai| isa samaya yaha grantha pUrgA upalabdha nahIM hai / jisa samaya yaha pUrNa upalabdha hogA usa samaya jaina nyAyazAstra ke gauraba meM bahuta kucha abhivRddhi hogii| isake atirikta hemacandra kI ayogavyavacchedikA aura anyayoga vyavacchedikA nAmaka do dvAtriMzikAe~ bhI haiN| inameM se anyayogavyavacchedikA para mallipegA ne syAdvAdamaMjarI nAmaka TIkA likhI hai, jo zailI aura sAmagrI donoM dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai / hemacandra kI mRtyu vi0 saM0 1228 meM huii| anya dArzanika : bArahavIM zatAbdI meM hara gAnyAcArya ne nyAyAvatAra para svopajaTIkA sahita vArtika liyaa| isameM unhoMne akalaMka dvArA sthApita pramAgarI bhadoM kA bagadana kiyA hai pIra nyAyAvatAra kI paramparA ko punaH sthApita kiyA hai / yaha grantha paM0 dalamumba mAla bagiyA dvArA sampAdina horara bhAratIya vidyAbhavana-bambaI se siMdhI granthamAlA meM prakAzita hamA hai| - myAdAdagnAkara ko samajhane meM maralanA ho, isa dRSTi se bAdI devamuni kehI ziSya glAnamRti ne jinhoMne gyAhAdaratnAkara ke lambana

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jaina-darzana zrIra unakA prAdhAra meM bhI sahAyatA dI thI - zravatArikA banAI / yaha grantha ratnAkarAvatArikA nAma se prasiddha hai / grantha kI bhASA viSayaka grAmbaretA ne ise svAhAdaratnAkara se bhI kaThina banA diyaa| itanA hote hue bhI isa grantha kA itanA prabhAva par3A ki syAhAdaratnAkara kA paThana-pAThana prAyaH vandasA ho gyaa| sabhI loga isI se apanA kAma nikAlane lage / isakA parigAma yaha huA ki grAma svAhAdaratnAkara jaise mahatvapUrNa granya kI eka bhI sampUrNa prati upalabdha nahIM hai / zrAcArya hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra aura guNacandra ne milakara dravyAlaMkAra nAmaka dArzanika kRti kA nirmANa kiyA / candrasena ne vi0 saM0 1207 meM utpAdAdimiddhi kI racanA kI / isa grantha meM utpAda, vyaya aura zrIvya rUpa vastu kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / vastu kA yaha lakSaNa jainadarzana kI viziSTa paramparA hai| muccaya para vi0 saM0 1680 meM somatilaka ne eka TIkA ligii| dUsarI TIkA guNaratna ne likhI jo adhika upAdeya bnii| yaha dIkA pahavIM patAbdI meM likhI gaI / 113 isI patAbdI meM meruturaMga ne padarzananiya nAmaka grantha likhA | rAjapadarzanasamuccaya, svAhAdakAlikA, ratnAkarAvatArikApaMjikA yAdi grantha likhe| isake atirikta unhoMne prazastapAda bhASya kI ThIkI para pajakA likho / jJAnacandra ne ratnAkarAvatArikApaMjiSNa liyaa| bhaTTAraka dharmabhUSaNa ne nyAyadIpikA likhI, jo jaina vyApaNAstra kA prArambhika grantha hai| vijaya ne golI matAbdI meM vAdavilayaprakaraNa aura hetumana nAmaka do liye| karana ne kI sthApanA evaM aura jaina hone vAlA yaha yuga pramANAstra kena meM nirantara bar3hatA rhaa| una yuga meM para eka se eka zreSTha dhanya bane / dArgabhUmikA para jaina paramparAko pratiSThita karanA evaM unake gaurava ko dAnA, pAina yuga kI vizeSa dena hai| yaha dena jainadarzana ke svAvitva megI evaM mahatvapUrNa hai| C

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114 jaina-darzana navya nyAyayuga: tattvacintAmariNa nAmaka nyAya ke grantha se nyAyazAstra kA eka nayA adhyAya prArambha hotA hai| isakA zreya vikrama kI terahavIM zatAbdI meM mithilA meM paidA hone vAle gaMgeza nAmaka pratibhA sampanna naiyAyika ko hai| tattvacintAmaNi navIna paribhASA aura nUtana zailI meM likhA gayA eka adbhuta grantha hai| isakA viSaya nyAyasammata pratyakSAdi cAra pramANa hai| ina cAroM pramAraNoM kI siddhi ke lie gaMgeza ne jisa paribhASA, tarka aura zailI kA prayoga kiyA vaha nyAyazAstra ke kSetra meM eka bahuta bar3I krAnti thii| nyAya ke zuSka aura nIrasa viSaya meM eka naye rasa kA saMcAra kara denA aura use AkarSaNa kI vastu banA denA, sAmAnya bAta nahIM thii| gaMgeza ne jisa nUtana aura sarasa zailI ko janma diyA vaha zailI uttarottara bar3hatI hI gii| cintAmaNi ke TIkAkAroM ne isa navIna nyAyagrantha para utanI hI mahatvapUrNa TIkAe~ likhIM ki isa grantha ke sAtha eka naye yuga kI sthApanA ho gii| nyAyazAstra prAcIna aura navIna nyAya meM vibhakta ho gyaa| yahIM se navIna nyAya kA prArambha hotA hai / isa yuga kA itanA adhika prabhAva par3A ki sabhI dArzanika apane-apane darzana ko navIna nyAya kI bhUmikA para pariSkRta karane lage / isa zailI kA anusaraNa karake jitane bhI grantha bane unakA darzana ke itihAsa meM bahuta mahatva hai| pratyeka darzana ke lie yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki yadi vaha jIvita rahanA cAhatA hai to navIna nyAya kI zailI meM apane pakSa kI sthApanA kare / itanA hote hue bhI jainadarzana ke prAcAryoM kA dhyAna isa ora bahuta zIghra nahIM gyaa| satrahavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka jainadarzana prAcIna paramparA aura zailI ke cakkara meM hI par3A rahA / jahA~ anya darzana navIna sajadhaja ke sAtha raMgamaMca para A cuke the, jainadarzana parde ke pIche hI aMgar3AiyA~ le rahA thA / yazovijaya ne aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM jainadarzana ko nayA prakAza diyaa| isI prakAza ke sAtha jainadarzana ke itihAsa meM eka naye yuga kA prArambha hotA hai / __vi0 saM0 1696 meM ahamadAvAda ke jainasaMgha ne prAcArya nayavijaya aura yazovijaya ko kAzI bhejaa| prAcArya nayavijaya yazovijaya ke guru

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115 jaina-darzana aura usakA prAdhAra the, isalie donoM sAtha pAe / vidyA kA pavitra dhAma kAzI usa samaya darzana ko kSetra meM prasiddha thA / yahA~ pAkara yazovijaya ne bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyaa| sAtha hI sAtha anya zAstroM kA bhI pAgiDhatya prApta kiyA / inake pAriitya evaM pratibhA se prabhAvita ho inheM nyAya-vizArada kI padavI pradAna kI gii| pAMca-sI varSa kI jainadarzana ko kSati ko yadi kisI ne pUrA kiyA to ve yazovijaya hI the| inhoMne dhar3Adhar3a jainadarzana para grantha likhane prArambha kie| ghane kAlavyavasvA nAmaka anya navyanyAya kI zailI meM ligyakAra anekAntavAda kI punaH pratiSThA kii| pramAgAzAstra para jainatarka bhASA aura jAnavindra likhakara jaina-paramparA kA gaurava bar3hAyA / naya para bhI nayapradIpa, nayAhasya zrIra nabopadega Adi grantha likhe / nayopadega para to nazAmRtataraMgiNI nAmaka svopana TIkA bhI likho| isake atirikta praSTa sahantrI para apanA vivaraNa likhaa| haribhadrakRta mAsvavArtAsamuccaya para sthAnAdakalpalatA nAmaka TIkA bhI likhI / isa prakAra apTamahantrI zrIrazAntravArtAsamuccaya ko nayA rUpa milaa| bhApArahasya, pramAgagarahasya, vAdarahasya dhAdi aneka granthoM ke alAvA nyAyakhaNDakhAdya aura mAyAlora livakara navIna mAlI meM hI naivAyikAdi dArzanikoM kI mAnyatAoM kA gaThana bhI liyaa| darzana ke atirikta yogazAstra, alaMkAra, yAcArazAstra Adi se gambandha rakhane vAle anya liye / nata ke atirikta prAcIna gujarAtI prAdi mApAtroM meM bhI unhoMne kAphI lisA hai / isa taraha akele yanovijaya ne hI jana-sAhitya kA vahata bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| jana-vAGmaya kA gola baTAne meM unhoMne pala bhI uThA na sA / jainadarzana kI parapana kI nagmAna me unAne apanA pUrNa yoga diyaa| unakA yaha kina darzana meM par3I meM hamara rhegaa| sovijaya ke tirisa ina yuga meM mAnyatanAgara ne saptapadAoM, bhAmAyaNa pAdAnAvAnarala myAmAdamuktAvalI, dhAdi dAnika niyaminadAsa nemAgI-naraMgigI ko racanA nanda cAra

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jaina-darzana sampAdana evaM anusandhAna-yuga : ___yazovijaya kI paramparA kisI na kisI rUpa meM bIsavIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| kucha loga choTI-moTI TIkA-TippaNiyA~ likhate rahe, kintu koI aisA mahattvapUrNa parivartana nahIM huyA ki eka naI paramparA cala pdd'tii| idhara 25-30 varSoM se sampAdana evaM anusandhAna kI eka naI paramparA calI hai, jisa para bhAratIya darzanazAstra aura pazcima ke jJAnavijJAna kA pUrA prabhAva par3A hai| pAzcAtya zikSaNa paddhati ke sAtha hI sAtha hamArI dRSTi meM bahuta kucha parivartana bhI huA / hama apane prAcIna bAGmaya ko naI dRSTi se dekhane lge| prAcIna granthoM ke prAmANika saMskaraNoM para jora dene lge| mudraNa kI suvidhA se isa kArya meM vizepa preraNA milii| prAcIna granthoM ko zuddha rUpa se logoM ke sAmane rakhane ke sAtha hI sAtha una granthoM kA aitihAsika anveSaNa, TippaNiyA~, pAThAntara tulanAtmaka vivecana, uddharaNa prAdi bAtoM para bhI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna gyaa| isa prakAra se vividha sampAdana ke kArya prArambha hae / inake atirikta prAcIna sAmagrI nae DhaMga se kisa prakAra duniyA ke sAmane pAe, isa para bhI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna gyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huyA ki prAcIna granthoM ke aAdhAra para navIna bhApA aura nUtana zailI meM nae DhaMga ke maulika anyoM kA nirmAgA hone lgaa| yaha kArya anusandhAna ke antargata hI AtA hai| isa prakAra Adhunika yuga sampAdana evaM anusandhAna ke kSetra meM pragati kI ora bar3ha rahA hai| ina donoM dizAoM meM jainadarzana ne kitanI pragati kI hai, isakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ anupayukta na hogaa| etadviSayaka munnya-munya granthoM kA vivaraNa hI paryApta hogaa| ina yuga meM sampAdana pIra anusandhAna kI dhArA prArambha karane kA zreya paM0 sukhalAla jI maMghavI ko diyA jAya to anucita na hogaa| unakA sarvaprathama kArya karmagranthoM kA cAra bhAgoM meM vivecana hai, jo vi0 maM0 1974 meM likhA gyaa| yaha kArya hindI meM hI huyA / usake bAda unhoMne pratikramaNa kA hindI vivecana liyaa| isake bAda yogadarzana aura yogavigatikA nAmaka grantha kI prastAvanA hindI meM ligbii| isama unhoMne vaidika, bauddha aura jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra yoga kA tulanAtmaka vivecana kiyA hai / isa prakAra kI tulanA gAyada aAja taka kisI ne nahIM

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jana-gaMna aura unakA AdhAra kii| unake tatvArthasUtra kA vivecana hindI aura gujarAtI donoM bhASAoM meM pravAhita ho cukA hai / yaha vivecana bhI paMDita jI kI vejor3a kRti hai| ina saba viSayoM meM paMDita jI se pahale kisI ne kucha nahIM likhA thaa| unhoMne khuda apane adhyavasAya va adhyayana-bala se apanA mArga bnaayaa| upayukta kArya prAge pAne vAle mahAn kArya sanmatitakaM ke uddhAra kI bhUmikA mAtra hai / unhoMne saTIka sanmatitarka ke sampAdana kA kArya prAgarA meM prArambha kiyaa| yaha kArya karate-karate vIca hI meM vi0 saM0 1978 meM gujarAta vidyApITha ahamadAbAda meM darzanazAstra ka adhyApaka ka rUpa meM unakI niyukti ho gaI / ataeva paMDita jI ne paM0 vecaradAsa jI ke sahayoga se yaha kArya nahIM raha kara pUrNa kiyaa| sanmatitarka mUla meM vahata bar3A grandha nahIM hai, kintu usakI TIkA darzana kA mahArNava hI hai| paMDitajI ne usa grandha meM zrAne vAle uddharaNoM kA mUlasthAna khojaa| lanA hI nahIM, apitu candha ke pUrvottara paloM ko anya dArzanika banyo se nikAla kara liyaa| ivAna hI ne unheM santopa na hyaa| TippaNoM meM pratyeka bAda ke hetutroM kA itihAsa bojane vAloM ke lie bhI unhoMne magara sAmagrI dii| nacamuca unakA yaha anya bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA vizvaropa ( lojpatdia) hai| granya kI prastAvanA bhI vahata mahatyA isa ka atirikta mUla grantha kA saMkSipta vivecana bhI gujarAtI dhAra aMgrejI meM prakAzita huyA hai| paMDita jI kA yaha kArya sacamuca jainapani nihAla meM svAkSarI meM likhA jAyagA / ina kArya se paMDita jIna kavala janavAna kAhI upakAra kiyA hai, apitu bhAratIya darzana kA bhI mAAn upakAra piyA / lagramA kAmapAdana pUrA karate hI ve vi0 saM0 1960 meM kAmI vizvavidyAlaya meM pAe aura yahIM raha kara pramANA-mImAMnA kA pAMDityaH nArAyana riyaa| isake atirikta zAnabindu kA sampAdana bhI banI makina donoM mAyAmA prastAvanAoM meM paMDita jI ne pramANamA para mAM tulanAtmanaH nAmacI pradAna kI hai| isake bAda mAnakamAra malla grantha malyopajAyA nandAvana REETrAna pAyAcandra kA sampAdana :: bhImAna vidayArAmikA yA vivecana kiyA

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118 jaina-darzana jo vaidika aura aupanipadika uddharaNoM se samalaMkRta hai| isa prakAra paMDita jI kA sampAdana aura anusaMdhAna kArya eka dRSTi se pUre bhAratIya darzanazAstra para huyA hai| jainadarzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI navIna dizA kA nirmANa kara unhoMne bhAratIya vAGmaya kI bahuta bar3I sevA kI hai| isa kSetra meM paMDita jI kI paramparA ke nibhAne vAle do aura mukhya vyakti haiM--paM0 mahendrakumAra jaina nyAyAcArya evaM paM0 dalasukha mAlavagiyA / paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke sampAdakatva meM prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nyAyakumudacandra, nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, tattvArtha kI tha tasAgarI TIkA zrAdi kaI grantha prakAzita hue| prameyakamalamArtaNDa jaina pramANazAstra kA utkRSTa grantha hai| paMDitajI ne isakA sampAdana tulanAtmaka TippagaNAdi dekara kiyA hai / isa grantha ke sampAdana meM kAphI parizrama karanA par3A hai| isI prakAra nyAyakumudacandra kA sampAdana bhI kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| ina donoM vRhatkAya granthoM kI prastAvanAe~ aitihAsika evaM dArzanika donoM dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa haiM / nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa meM akalaMka ke mula aura vAdirAja ke vivaraNa kI anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kI gaI hai| prastAvanA meM sampAdaka ne syAhAda sambandhI aneka bhramoM ke nirasana kA gaphala prayatna kiyA hai / tattvArtha kI zru tasAgarI TIkA kI prastAvanA meM aneka dArzanika evaM anya viSayoM kI vizada carcA kI gaI hai| usakA lokavargAna pIra bhUgola bhAga vizeSa mahatva kA hai / isa bhAga meM jaina, bauddha ra bAhAgA paramparA ke mantavyoM kI tulanA kI gaI hai| paM0 dalamukha mAlavagiyA dvArA sampAdita nyAyAvatAra-bAttika-vRtti jaina nyAya kA prAcIna evaM mahatvapUrgA grantha hai| isakI mUla kArikAe~ nigamakata haiM, aura una para padyavaddha vArtika aura ugakI gadya vRtti donoM mAnyAnAyaM kRta hai, jaisA ki hama pahale likha cuke haiM / sampAdaka paM0 dalamA mAnagiyA ne unakI vistRta bhUmikA meM grAgamayuga me lekara tahajAra varga nara ke janadagaMna ke pramAgA-prameya viSayaka cintana evaM vikA kA niyamika va tulanAtmaka dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa biga diyA hai| anya anna meM vidvAn gampAdaka ne aneka

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dIna dAna aura usakA prAdhAra vipayoM para TippaNa lince haiN| bhAratIya darzana ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie unakA vizeSa mahatva hai / ye granya bhAratIya vidyAbhavana-bambaI meM prakAgita hue haiM / paM0 mAlavarigayAjI kI dUsarI kRti gagAdharavAda hai / yaha grantha gujarAta vidyAsabhA-ahamadAvAda kI ora se prakAzita hayA hai| ukta grantha viropAvazyaka bhASya ke eka bhAga ke zrAdhAra se gujarAtI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| isakA mUla pATha jaMgalamera bhaMDAra kI sabase prAcIna prati ke AdhAra se taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isakI prastAvanA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| ina grayoM ke atirikta jainasaMskRti saMgodhana maMDala vanArasa se prakAzita bhAgamayuga kA anekAntavAda, jaina pAgama, jainadArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana Adi pustakeM lekhaka kI vidvattApUrNa choTI-choTI kRtiyAM haiN| pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita pravacanasAra aura pro0 0 camavartI sArA anUdina evaM sampAdita samayasAra bhI vizeSa mahatva pate / pravacanasAra kI lambI prastAvanA aitihAsika evaM sAnika dRSTiyoM ne bhI vimopa mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha prastAvanA aMgrejI meM / samayamAra kI bhUmikA jainadarzana ke mahatvapUrNa viSayoM se paripUrga hIrAlAla jaina ne padamaNDAgama dhavalA-TIkA ke sabhI bhAgoM pAnapAdana kara liyA hai| paM0daravArIlAla koTiyA kata prAptapadIkSA kA hindI anuvAda bhI eka acchI kRti hai / pUjyapAdakata tatvAvaMnamakIna miti TonA kA naMkSipta saMskaraNa paM0 cainasukhadAnajI meM saMcAra niyA zora inakA sampAdana kiyA hai mI0 ema0 malinAne / esa marakAmA kI jo navame bar3I vizeSatA hai vaha hai 1 meM diye gae ema gau hapRTa ke aMgrejI ttippnn| ye TippaNa pitAlamA kaI paridhAna nayAra kie gae haiN| prArambha meM bhUmirA bhI nAmI bholipI gii| bhAratIya nAtava ke. gumikA dinAnA nA ne cha janasUtroM ke viSaya as part 13797 Some Canonical.lajna Sueras se mAmalAmA monApaTIkI dambA mAtA kA bora yo ne namatroM ne pavana jhA dilA kA

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jaina-darzana 115 jo vaidika zraura zraupaniSadika uddharaNoM se samalaMkRta hai / isa prakAra paMDita jI kA sampAdana aura anusaMdhAna kArya eka dRSTi se pUre bhAratIya darzanazAstra para huA hai / jainadarzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI navIna dizA kA nirmANa kara unhoMne bhAratIya vAGmaya kI bahuta bar3I sevA kI hai| isa kSetra meM paMDita jI kI paramparA ke nibhAne vAle do aura mukhya vyakti haiM -- paM0 mahendrakumAra jaina nyAyAcArya evaM paM0 dalasukha mAlavariyA | paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke sampAdakatva meM prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nyAyakumudacandra, nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa, tattvArtha kI zrutasAgarI TIkA zrAdi kaI grantha prakAzita hue / prameyakamalamArtaNDa jaina pramANazAstra kA utkRSTa grantha hai / paMDitajI ne isakA sampAdana tulanAtmaka TipparAdi dekara kiyA hai / isa grantha ke sampAdana meM kAphI parizrama karanA par3A hai | isI prakAra nyAyakumudacandra kA sampAdana bhI kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai / ina donoM bRhatkAya granthoM kI prastAvanAe~ aitihAsika evaM dArzanika ' donoM dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa haiM / nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa meM kalaMka ke mUla aura vAdirAja ke vivaraNa kI anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kI gaI hai / prastAvanA meM sampAdaka ne syAdvAda sambandhI aneka bhramoM ke nirasana kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai / tattvArthaM kI zrutasAgarI TIkA kI prastAvanA meM aneka dArzanika evaM anya viSayoM kI vizada carcA kI gaI hai| usakA lokavarNana zraura bhUgola bhAga vizeSa mahatva kA hai / isa bhAga meM jaina, vauddha aura brAhmaNa paramparA ke mantavyoM kI tulanA kI gaI hai / paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA dvArA sampAdita nyAyAvatAra - vArttika- vRtti jaina nyAya kA prAcIna evaM mahatvapUrNa grantha hai / isakI mUla kArikAe~ siddhasenakRta haiM aura una para padyavaddha vArtika aura usakI gadya vRtti donoM zAntyAcArya kRta haiM, jaisA ki hama pahale likha cuke haiM / sampAdaka paM0 dalasukha mAlavariyA ne isakI vistRta bhUmikA meM grAgamayuga se lekara eka hajAra varSa taka ke jainadarzana ke pramANa- prameya vipayaka cintana evaM vikAsa kA aitihAsika va tulanAtmaka dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa diyA hai / grantha ke anta meM vidvAn sampAdaka ne aneka

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116 maina darzana aura usakA AdhAra viSayoM para TippaNa likhe haiM / bhAratIya darzana ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie inakA vizeSa mahatva hai / ye grantha bhAratIya vidyAbhavana-bambaI se prakAzita hue haiM / paM0 mAlavariNayAjI kI dUsarI kRti gaNadharavAda hai / yaha grantha gujarAta vidyAsabhA-ahamadAbAda kI ora se prakAzita huA hai / ukta grantha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke eka bhAga ke AdhAra se gujarAtI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| isakA mUla pATha jaisalamera bhaMDAra kI sabase prAcIna prati ke AdhAra se taiyAra kiyA gayA hai / isakI prastAvanA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| ina granthoM ke atirikta jainasaMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa se prakAzita Agamayuga kA anekAntavAda, jaina zrAgama, jainadArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana Adi pustakeM lekhaka kI vidvattApUrNa choTI-choTI kRtiyA~ haiN| pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita pravacanasAra aura pro0 e0 cakravartI dvArA anUdita evaM sampAdita samayasAra bhI vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| pravacanasAra kI lambI prastAvanA aitihAsika evaM dArzanika dRSTiyoM se bhI vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha prastAvanA a~grejI meM hai / samayasAra kI bhUmikA jainadarzana ke mahatvapUrNa viSayoM se paripUrNa hai| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne SaDkhaNDAgama dhavalA-TIkA ke sabhI bhAgoM kA sampAdana kara liyA hai / paM0 darabArIlAla koTiyA kRta prAptaparIkSA kA hindI anuvAda bhI eka acchI kRti hai / pUjyapAdakRta tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa paM0 cenasukhadAsajI ne taiyAra kiyA hai aura isakA sampAdana kiyA hai sI0 esa0 mallinAtha ne / isa saMskaraNa kI jo sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai vaha hai anta meM diye gae eka sau chaH pRSTha ke a~grejI TippaNa / ye TippaNa vidvattApUrNa haiM tathA bar3e parizrama se taiyAra kie gae haiN| prArambha meM bhUmikA bhI kAphI acchI likhI gaI hai| bhAratIya purAtatva ke suprasiddha vidvAn DA0 vimalAcaraNa lA ne kucha jainasUtroM ke viSaya maiM lekha likhe / unakA saMgraha Some Canonical Jaina Sutras ke nAma se raoNyala aiziyATika sosAyaTI kI bambaI zAkhA kI ora se prakAzita huA hai / ina lekhoM se jainasUtroM ke adhyayana kI dizA kA

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118 jaina-darzana jo vaidika aura zrIpanipadika uddharaNoM se rAmalaMkRta hai / isa prakAra paMDita jI kA sampAdana aura anusaMdhAna kArya eka dRSTi se pUre bhAratIya darzanazAstra para hayA hai| jainadarzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI navIna dizA kA nirmANa kara unhoMne bhAratIya vAGmaya kI bahuta bar3I sevA kI hai| isa kSetra meM paMDita jI kI paramparA ke nibhAne vAle do aura mukhya vyakti haiM-60 mahendrakumAra jaina nyAyAcArya evaM paM0 dalasukha mAlavagiyA / paM0 mahendrakumAra jI ke sampAdakatva meM prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nyAyakumudacandra, nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa, tattvArtha kI zru tasAgarI TIkA zrAdi kaI grantha prakAzita he| prameyakamalamArtaNDa jaina pramANazAstra kA utkRSTa grantha hai| paMDitajI ne isakA sampAdana tulanAtmaka Tippa. gAdi dekara kiyA hai / isa grantha ke sampAdana meM kAphI parizrama karanA pahA hai| igI prakAra nyAyakumudacandra kA sampAdana bhI kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| ina donoM bRhatkAya granthoM kI prastAvanAe~ aitihAsika evaM dArzanika donoM dRpTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa haiM / nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa meM akalaMka ke mula yora vAdirAja ke vivaraNa kI anya darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA kI gaI hai| prastAvanA meM sampAdaka ne syAhAda sambandhI aneka bhramoM ke nirasana kA gaphala prayatna kiyA hai| tattvArtha kI tha tamAgarI TIkA kI prastAvanA meM aneka dArzanika evaM anya viSayoM kI vizada carcA kI gaI hai| usakA lokavargAna aura bhUgola bhAga vizeSa mahatva kA hai / isa bhAga meM jaina, bAMdra gAna brAhAgA paramparA ke mantavyoM kI tulanA kI gaI hai| ___0 dalamula mAlavagiyA dvAga sampAdita nyAyAvatAra-vAttika-vRtti na nyAya kA prAcIna evaM mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| igakI mUla kArikA miLanakala gaura una para pAbaddha vAnika aura ugakI gadya vRtti donoM mAlyAnArya bata haiM, jainA ki hama pahale likha cuke haiM / gampAdaka paM0 damamA mAnavagiyA ne unakI vistRta bhUmikA meM grAgamayuga se lekara TET banakara janadarzana ke pramAgA-prameya viSayaka cintana evaM kAmANika va tulanAtmaka dRSTi ga atyanta mahatvapUrNa 7 diyaa| grantha mana meM bihAna sampAdaka ne aneka

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maina darzana aura usakA AdhAra 116 viSayoM para TippaNa likhe haiM / bhAratIya darzana ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie inakA vizeSa mahatva hai / ye grantha bhAratIya vidyAbhavana-bambaI se prakAzita hue haiN| paM0 mAlavagiyAjI kI dUsarI kRti gaNadharavAda hai / yaha grantha gujarAta vidyAsabhA-ahamadAbAda kI ora se prakAzita huA hai / ukta grantha vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke eka bhAga ke AdhAra se gujarAtI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| isakA mUla pATha jaisalamera bhaMDAra kI sabase prAcIna prati ke AdhAra se taiyAra kiyA gayA hai / isakI prastAvanA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| ina granthoM ke atirikta jainasaMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa se prakAzita Agamayuga kA anekAntavAda, jaina Agama, jainadArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana Adi pustakeM lekhaka kI vidvattApUrNa choTI-choTI kRtiyA~ haiN| pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita pravacanasAra aura pro0 e0 cakravartI dvArA anUdita evaM sampAdita samayasAra bhI vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| pravacanasAra kI lambI prastAvanA aitihAsika evaM dArzanika dRSTiyoM se bhI vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai / yaha prastAvanA a~grejI meM hai / samayasAra kI bhUmikA jainadarzana ke mahatvapUrNa viSayoM se paripUrNa hai| DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne SaDkhaNDAgama dhavalA-TIkA ke sabhI bhAgoM kA sampAdana kara liyA hai| paM0darabArIlAla koTiyA kRta prAptaparIkSA kA hindI anuvAda bhI eka acchI kRti hai / pUjyapAdakRta tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa paM0 cenasukhadAsajI ne taiyAra kiyA hai aura isakA sampAdana kiyA hai sI0 esa0 mallinAtha ne / isa saMskaraNa kI jo sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai vaha hai anta meM diye gae eka sau chaH pRSTha ke a~grejI TippaNa / ye TippaNa vidvattApUrNa haiM tathA bar3e parizrama se taiyAra kie gae haiN| prArambha meM bhUmikA bhI kAphI acchI likhI gaI hai| bhAratIya purAtatva ke suprasiddha vidvAn DA0 vimalAcaraNa lA ne kucha jainasUtroM ke viSaya meM lekha likhe / unakA saMgraha Some Canonical Jaina Sutras ke nAma se raoNyala aiziyATika sosAyaTI kI bambaI zAkhA kI ora se prakAzita huA hai / ina lekhoM se jainasUtroM ke adhyayana kI dizA kA

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120 jaina-darzana jJAna hotA hai| prAcArya hemacandrakRta pramANamImAMsA kA aMgrejI anuvAda DA0 sAtakaur3I mukarjI aura DA0 nathamala TAMTiyA ne kiyA hai| anuvAda bahuta acchA bana par3A hai / isake atirikta DA0 mukarjI kI eka pustaka aura prakAzita huI hai jisakA nAma hai The Jaina. Philosophy of Non-absolutism. isa pustaka meM anekAntavAda kA tulanAtmaka vivecana hai / sAmagrI va bhASA donoM dRSTiyoM se pustaka zreSTha hai / muni labdhisUri ne dvAdazAranayacakra kA sampAdana kiyA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI kA 'jainAgamoM meM syAdvAda' bhI syAdvAda-viSayaka Agamika uddharaNoM kA acchA saMgraha hai / DA0 nathamala TAMTiyA kI pustaka Studies in Jaina Philosophy jainadarzana para Adhunika DhaGga kI advitIya pustaka hai / yaha pustaka jainadarzana ke itihAsa meM hI nahIM, bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM bhI eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatI hai / isameM anekAnta, jJAna, avidyA, karma tathA yoga para vidvattApUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isakI zailI vahuta rocaka hai / lekhaka kA adhyayana vizAla tathA anekAMgI hai| vivecana spaSTa tathA niSpakSa hai / aMgrejI meM zrI caMpatarAya, zrI jugamaMdiralAla Adi kI pustakeM bhI sAdhAraNa koTi ke pAThakoM ke lie upayogI siddha huI haiN| muni puNyavijaya jI ne Agama tathA sAhitya para bahuta kAma kiyA hai| unhoMne lImbar3I, pATana, bar3audA, jaisalamera Adi kaI bhaNDAroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA hai| sampAdana-saMzodhana ke lie upayogI aneka hastalikhita pratiyoM ko sulabha banAyA hai / aneka mahatvapUrNa saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke granthoM kA saMpAdana bhI kiyA hai / I0 sa0 1950 ke prArambha meM unhoMne jaisalamera pahu~cakara aneka mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA uddhAra kiyA / saikar3oM prAcIna granthoM ke phoTo bhI lie / Adhunika yuga kI pravRtti kA itanA-sA vivaraNa kAphI hai / Aja ke bauddhika yuga meM isa prakAra kI pravRttiyoM ke vinA jaina 1-vizepa jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye-'zramaNa' va03 aM0 1 meM paM0 sukhalAlajI kA lekha /

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: * jaina darzana aura usakA AdhAra 121 darzana kI dhArA kA pravAha avicchinna rUpa se bahatA rahe, yaha asaMbhava hai / pratyeka yuga kI eka viziSTa dena hotI hai / jo dhArA usa dena se lAbha uThA sakatI hai vahI Age ke yuga meM jIvita raha sakatI hai / pratyeka yuga kA saMskAra liye binA vaha Age nahIM bar3ha sakatI / yadyapi usakI maulika pravRtti vahI rahatI hai tathApi yuga kI parivartita paristhiti evaM pravRtti ko prabhAva usa para avazya par3atA hai aura yahI prabhAva use vividha rUpoM meM DhAlatA rahatA hai / usa prabhAva kA sAmayika upayoga karane vAlI vicAradhArA hamezA nUtana sandeza detI rahatI hai / usake sandeza kA AkAra hamezA badalatA rahatA hai, kintu usakA aMtaraMga hamezA eka-sA rahatA hai / TippaNI- prastuta grantha kI pANDulipi taiyAra hone ke bAda jainadarzana para kucha grantha aura prakAzita hue haiM / nimnalikhita grantha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM1 - jainadarzana --- paM0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya 2 - Outlines of Jaina Philosophy. M. L. Mehta 3 - Jaina Psychology -M.L. Mehta

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cAra jaina darzana meM tattva jaina dRSTi se loka sat kA svarUpa dravya aura paryAya bhedAbhedavAda dravya kA vargIkaraNa zrAtmA kA svatantra astitva zrAtmA kA svarUpa jJAnopayoga darzanopayoga saMsArI zrAtmA pudgala aNu skandha pudgala kA kArya pudgala ra zrAtmA dharma zradharma zrAkAza zraddhAsamaya

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jaina darzana meM vAkI AdarzavAda aura yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yathArthavAdI dRSTikoNa kisI pahu~ca jAtA hai, kintu samarthana karatA hai / jaina na huA bhI cetana aura jar3a kama se prakAra jaina darzana mUla meM tAzrita hai / anekatA ke darzana ko kadApi nITa nahIM karinA samarthana karatA hai| ina vaha ekatA anekajaina kala karanA, tattva sat haiM isalie i aura bhautika unaya ve aneka haiM / isa prakAra svataMtra hai isalie I netA ve eka hai bhautikatA, caitanya darzana aura zrI kita jaina kara dukhiyoM vicAra hai / kAsavAda ke nAyikA hI kI bhUmikA samajhane kA kA yathArthavAda se samAnatA hai ? donoM spaSTa ho jAe~gIM / = jilA kI mlmaa koI unakI kiyA jAya to usakA

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126 jana-darzana jaina dRSTi se loka vizva ke sabhI darzana kisI na kisI rUpa meM loka kA svarUpa samajhane kA prayatna karate haiN| dArzanika khoja ke pIche prAyaH eka hI hetu hotA hai aura vaha hetu hai sampUrNa loka / koI bhI dArzanika dhArA kyoM na ho, vaha vizva kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie hI nirantara bar3hatI rahatI hai| yaha Thoka hai ki koI dhArA kisI eka pahalU para adhika bhAra detI hai aura koI kisI dUsare pahalU para / pahaluoM ke bheda ke rahate hue bhI sabakA viSaya loka hI hotA hai| sAre pahalU loka ke bhItara hI hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM vibhinna pahalU va samasyAe~ loka kI hI samasyAe~ hotI haiM / jise hama loga lokottara samajhate haiM vaha bhI vAstava meM loka hI hai / loka ko samajhane ke dRSTikoNa jitane vibhinna hote haiM utanI hI vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAeM saMsAra meM utpanna hotI rahatI haiN| jaina darzana meM loka kA svarUpa isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai :gautama-bhagavan ! loka kyA hai ? mahAvIra-gautama ! loka paMcAstikAya rUpa hai| paMcAstikAya ye haiM : dharmAstikAya, adhamIstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya' / bhagavatIsUtra kA upayukta saMvAda yaha batAtA hai ki pA~ca astikAya hI loka hai| yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki mahAvIra ne loka ke svarUpa meM kAla kI gaNanA kyoM nahIM kI ? jaina darzana ke anya kaI granthoM meM kAla kA svatantra astitva svIkRta kiyA gayA hai, aisI dazA meM mahAvIra ne loka kA svarUpa batAte samaya kAla ko pRthaka kyoM nahIM ginAyA ? svayaM bhagavatIsUtra meM hI anyatra kAla kI svatantra rUpa se gagAnA kI gaI hai, to phira uparokta saMvAda meM kAla ko svatantra rUpa se kyoM nahIM ginAyA ? isakA samAdhAna yahI ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ para kAla ko svatantra dravya na mAnakara jIvadravya aura ajIvadravya donoM ke 1-bhagavatIsUtra 13/4/481 2-25/2, 25/4

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 127 antargata mAna liyA gayA hai| jIva aura ajIva cetana aura pracetana donoM kA svarUpa - varNana parivartana ke binA apUrNa hai / parivartana kA dUsarA nAma vartanA bhI hai / vartanA pratyeka dravya kA Avazyaka evaM anivArya guraNa hai / vartanA ke abhAva meM dravya ekAnta rUpa se nitya ho jAegA / ekAnta nitya padArtha artha kriyA nahIM kara sakatA / arthakriyAkAritva ke abhAva meM padArtha asat hai / aisI sthiti meM vartanA - pariNAma - kriyA -- parivartana dravya kA Avazyaka dharma hai | pratyeka dravya svabhAva se hI parivartanazIla hai, ataH kAlako svatantra dravya mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / dUsarI bAta yaha mAlUma hotI hai ki bhagavatIsUtra ke uparyukta saMvAda meM astikAya kI dRSTi se loka kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / jahA~ para kAla kI svataMtra sattA svIkRta kI gaI hai vahA~ use astikAya nahIM kahA gayA hai| isalie mahAvIra ne paMcAstikAya meM kAla kI pRthak gaNanA nahIM kI / kAla-viSayaka prazna ke ye do samAdhAna ho sakate haiM / jahA~ para kAla kI pRthak gaNanA kI gaI hai vahA~ para chaH dravya ginAye gae haiM / ina dravyoM kA svarUpa samajhane se pahale hama tatva kA artha to acchA rahegA / tatva kA sAmAnya artha samajha lene para bheda rUpa dravyoM kA svarUpa samajhanA ThIka hogA / samajha leM tatva ke jainAcArya sat, tattva, artha, dravya, padArtha, tattvArtha, Adi zabdoM kA prayoga prAyaH eka hI artha meM karate rahe haiM / jaina darzana meM tattvasAmAnya ke lie ina sabhI zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / anya darzanoM meM ina zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga huA ho, aisA nahIM milatA / vaizeSikasUtra meM dravyAdi chaH ko padArtha kahA hai', kintu arthasaMjJA dravya, guNa aura karma ina tIna padArthoM kI hI rakhI gaI hai / sattA ke samavAya sambandha se dravya, guNa aura karma ina tInoM ko hI sat kahA gayA hai / nyAyasUtra meM AnevAle pramANAdi solaha tattvoM ke 1 - 1/1/4 2-8/2/3 3- 1/1 / 8

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130 jaina-darzana parivartana-sUcaka / kisI bhI vastu ke do rUpa hote haiM-ekatA aura anekatA, nityatA aura anityatA, sthAyitva aura parivartana, sadRzatA aura visadRzatA / inameM se prathama pakSa dhrauvya sUcaka hai-guNasUcaka hai| dvitIya pakSa utpAda aura vyaya sUcaka hai-paryAya sUcaka hai| vastu ke sthAyitva meM ekarUpatA hotI hai, sthiratA hotI hai| parivartana meM pUrva rUpa kA vinAza hotA hai, uttara rUpa kI utpatti hotI hai / vastu ke vinAza aura utpAda meM vyaya aura utpatti ke rahate hue bhI vastu sarvathA naSTa nahIM hotI aura na sarvathA navIna hI utpanna hotI hai| vinAza aura utpAda ke bIca eka prakAra kI sthiratA rahatI hai, jo na to naSTa hotI hai aura na utpanna / yaha jo sthiratA yA ekarUpatA hai vahI dhrauvya hai--nityatA hai| isI ko tabhAvAvyaya' kahate haiM / yahI nitya kA lakSaNa hai| prAcArya kundakunda ne dravya kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI :-jo aparityakta svabhAvavAlA hai, utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta hai, guNa aura paryAyayukta hai vahI dravya hai / dravya aura sat eka hI hai isalie yahI lakSaNa sat kA bhI hai| tattvArtha ke utpAdavyayadhrauvyayukta sat 'guNa-paryAyavada dravyam' au ra 'sadbhAvAvyayaM nityam' ina tInoM sUtroM ko eka hI gAthA meM bA~dha diyA / sattA kA lakSaNa batAte hue anyatra bhI unhoMne yahI bAta likhI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sat ekAntarUpa se nitya yA anitya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vaha kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya hai / guNa athavA anvaya kI apekSA se vaha nitya hai aura paryAya kI dRSTi se vaha anitya hai / kUTastha nitya hone se usameM tanika bhI parivartana nahIM ho sakatA aura sarvathA anitya hone 1-tattvArthasUtra' 5 / 30 2.-aparicattasahAvezuppAdadhvayadhuktasaMjuttaM / guNavaM casapajjAyaM, jaM taM davvaMti buccati // -pravacanasAra 2 / 3 3-sattA savvapayatthA, savissarUvA arnnNtpjaayaa| bhaMguppAdadhuvattA, sappaDivakkhA havadi ekkA / / -paMcAstikAya, gA08

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jaina darzana meM tatva 131 se usameM thor3I sI bhI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sktii| aisI dazA meM vastu nitya aura anitya ubhayAtmaka honI cAhie / jainadarzana-sammata yaha lakSaNa anubhava se avyabhicArI hai| ___jaina darzana sadasatkArya vAdI hai, ata: vaha utpAda kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra karatA hai :-svajAti kA parityAga kie binA bhAvAntara kA grahaNa karanA utpAda hai| miTTI kA piNDa ghaTaparyAya meM pariNata hotA huA bhI miTTI hI rahatA hai| miTTIrUpa jAti kA parityAga kie binA ghaTarUpa bhAvAntara kA jo grahaNa hai, vahI utpAda hai| isI prakAra vyaya kA svarUpa vatAte hue kahA gayA hai ki svajAti kA parityAga kie binA pUrvabhAva kA jo vigama hai, vaha vyaya hai| ghaTa kI utpatti meM piNDa kI AkRti kA vigama vyaya kA udAharaNa hai| piNDa jaba ghaTa vanatA hai taba usakI pUrvAkRti kA vyaya ho jAtA hai| isa vyaya meM miTTI vahI banI rahatI hai| kevala AkRti kA nAza hotA hai / miTTI kI paryAya parivartita ho jAtI hai, miTTI vahI rahatI hai| anAdi pAriNAmika svabhAva ke kAraNa vastu kA sarvathA nAza na honA dhruvatva hai| udAharaNa ke lie piNDAdi avasthAoM meM miTTI kA jo anvaya hai vaha dhrauvya hai|' ina tInoM dazAoM ke jo udAharaNa die gae haiM ve kevala samajhane ke lie haiM / miTTI hamezA miTTI hI rahe, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| jaina darzana pRthvI Adi paramANugoM ko nitya nahIM maantaa| paramANu eka avasthA ko chor3akara dUsarI avasthA ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai| jar3a aura cetana kA jo vibhAga hai, jIva kA bhavya aura abhavya sambandhI jo vibhAga hai, vaha nitya kahA jA sakatA hai / ___sat aura dravya ko ekArthaka mAnane kI paramparA para dArzanika dRSTi kA prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai| jaina AgamoM meM sat zabda kA prayoga dravya ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM huA hai| vahA~ dravya ko hI tattva kahA gayA hai aura sat ke svarUpa kA sArA varNana dravya-varNana ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM tattva kA sAmAnya lakSaNa 1---sarvArthasiddhi 5/30

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132 - jaina-darzana sarvadA ekamahIM hotA / jAna bhI mAnA kAla dravya mAnA gayA hai aura vizeSa lakSaNa ke rUpa meM jIva dravya aura ajIva dravya mAne gae haiM / ' vAcaka umAsvAti Agamika mAnyatA ko darzana ke stara para lAe aura unhoMne dravya ko sat kahA / unakI dRSTi meM sat aura dravya meM koI bheda na thaa| Agama kI mAnyatA ke anusAra bhI sat aura dravya meM koI bheda nahIM hai kintu isa siddhAnta kA AgamakAla meM suspaSTa pratipAdana na ho skaa| umAsvAti ne dArzanika puTa dekara ise spaSTa kiyaa| 'sat' zabda kA artha vAcaka ne anya paramparAoM se bhinna rakhA / nyAyavaizeSika Adi vaidika paramparAe~ sattA ko kUTastha nitya mAnatI haiN| ina paramparAoM ke anusAra sattA sarvadA ekarUpa rahatI hai| usameM tanika bhI parivartana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| jo parivartita hotI hai vaha sattA nahIM ho sakatI / dUsare zabdoM meM naiyAyika aura vaizeSika sattA ko sAmAnya nAmaka eka bhinna padArtha mAnate haiM, jo sarvadA ekarUpa rahatA hai, jo kUTastha nitya hai, jisameM kiMcit bhI parivartana nahIM hotaa| umAsvAti ne sat ko kevala nitya hI na mAnA, apitu parivartanazIla bhI maanaa| utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya tInoM kA avirodhI samanvaya hI sat kA lakSaNa hai| utpAda aura vyaya anityatA ke sUcaka haiM tathA dhrauvya nityatA kA sUcaka hai / nityatA kA lakSaNa kUTastha nitya na hokara tadbhAvAvyaya hai / tadbhAvAvyaya kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karate hue kahA ki jo apane bhAva ko na to vartamAna meM chor3atA hai aura na bhaviSya meM chor3egA, vaha nitya hai aura vahI tadbhAvAvyaya hai| utpAda aura vyaya ke bIca meM jo hamezA rahatA hai, vaha tadbhAvAvyaya hai / sattA nAmaka koI bhinna padArtha nahIM hai, jo hamezA eka sA rahatA hai / vastu svayaM hI trayAtmaka hai / tattva svabhAva se hI utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta haiN| padArtha svataH sat hai / sattA sAmAnya ke sambandha se sat mAnane meM aneka doSoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai / jo sat hai vahI padArtha hai kyoMki jo sat 1-'avisesie dave, vise sie jIvadavve ajIvadavve ya-sU0 123 2-'yat sato bhAvAna vyeti na vyeSyati, tannityam / -tattvArthabhASya 5 / 30

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jaina darzana meM tattva na ho aura phira bhI padArtha ho, yaha paraspara virodhI bAta hai / jo sarvathA asat hai vaha sattA ke sambandha se bhI sat nahIM ho sakatA, jaise gaganAravinda / sat aura asat se bhinna koI aisI koTi nahIM, jisameM padArtha rakhA jA ske| isalie dravya na svataH sat hai, na svataH asat hai, kintu sattA ke sambandha se sat hai, yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM / dravya sat hokara hI dravya ho sakatA hai / jo sat na ho vaha dravya nahIM ho sakatA / sattA nAmaka koI aisA padArtha upalabdha nahIM hotA jisake sambandha se dravya sat hotA ho / kadAcit aisA padArtha mAna bhI liyA jAya, phira bhI samasyA hala nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki usa padArtha kA khuda kA astitva khatare meM hai| vaha svataH sat hai yA nahIM ? yadi vaha svataH sat hai to yaha siddhAnta ki 'padArtha sattA ke sambandha se hI sat hotA hai' khariData ho jAtA hai| yadi vaha svataH sat nahIM hai aura usakI sattA ke lie kisI anya sattA kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai to anavasthA doSa kA sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| aisI paristhiti meM yahI acchA hai ki pratyeka padArtha ko svabhAva se hI sat mAnA jAya aura sat aura padArtha meM koI bheda na mAnA jAya / dravya aura paryAya: dravya zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM unameM se sat, tattva athavA padArtha-paraka artha para hama vicAra kara cuke haiM / jaina sAhitya meM dravya zabda kA prayoga sAmAnya ke lie bhI huA hai / jAti athavA sAmAnya ko prakaTa karane ke lie dravya aura vyakti athavA vizeSa ko prakaTa karane ke lie paryAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| dravya athavA sAmAnya do prakAra kA hai--tiryaka sAmAnya aura UrdhvatA sAmAnya / eka hI kAla meM sthita aneka deza meM rahane vAle aneka padArthoM meM jo samAnatA kI anubhUti hotI hai vaha tiryaka sAmAnya hai / jaba hama kahate haiM ki jova aura ajIva donoM sat haiM, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya Adi dravya haiM, tava hamArA abhiprAya tiryaka sAmAnya se hai| jaba hama kahate haiM ki jIva do prakAra kA hai---saMsArI aura siddha / saMsArI jIva ke pA~ca bheda haiM-ekendriya, dvIndriyAdi / pudgala cAra prakAra kA hai-skandha, skandhadeza, skandha

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134 jaina-darzana pradeza aura paramANu / isI prakAra anya prakAra ke sAmAnyamUlaka bhedoM meM tiryak sAmAnya abhIpsita hai / eka jAti kA jahA~ nirdeza hotA hai, aneka vyaktiyoM meM eka sAmAnya jahA~ vivakSita hotA hai, vahA~ tiryak sAmAnya samajhanA caahie| java kAlakRta nAnA avasthAoM meM kisI vizeSa dravya kA ekatva yA anvaya vivakSita ho, eka vizeSa padArtha kI aneka avasthAnoM kI eka ekatA yA dhrauvya apekSita ho, tava usa ekatva athavA dhrauvya sUcaka aMza ko UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie java yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jIva dravyAthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai aura paryAyAthika dRSTi se azAzvata hai, taba jIva dravya kA artha UrdhvatA sAmAnya se hai / jaba yaha kahate haiM ki avyucchitti naya kI apekSA se nAraka zAzvata hai, tava avyucchitti naya kA viSaya jIva UrdhvatA sAmAnya se vivakSita hai / isa prakAra jahA~ kisI jIva-vizeSa yA anya padArtha-vizeSa kI aneka avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai vahA~ ekatva athavA anvaya sUcaka pada UrdhvatA sAmAnya kI dRSTi se prayukta hotA hai| jisa prakAra dravya yA sAmAnya do prakAra kA hai usI prakAra paryAya athavA vizeSa bhI do prakAra kA hai / tiryaka sAmAnya ke sAtha rahane vAle jo vizeSa vivakSita hoM ve tiryak vizeSa haiM aura UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita jo paryAya hoM ve avatA vizeSa haiN| aneka deza meM bhinna bhinna jo dravya yA padArthavizeSa haiM ve tiryaka sAmAnya kI paryAyeM haiM / ve tiryak vizepa haiN| aneka kAla meM eka hI dravya kI arthAt utA sAmAnya kI jo vibhinna avasthAe~ haiM-jo aneka vizepa athavA paryAya haiM ve UrdhvatA vizepa haiN| jIvaparyAya kitane haiM ? isake uttara meM mahAvIra ne kahA ki jIvaparyAya ananta haiM / yaha kaise ? isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA ki asaMkhyAta nAraka haiM, asaMkhyAta asurakumAra haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta stanitakumAra 1-bhagavatIsUtra 7 / 2 / 273 2.--bhagavatIsUtra 7 / 3 / 276

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jaina darzana meM tattva 135 haiM, asaMkhyAta pRthvIkAya haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta vAyukAya haiM, ananta banaspati haiM, asaMkhyAta dvIndriya haiM, yAvat asaMkhyAta manuSya haiM, asaMkhyAta vAraNavyantara haiM yAvat ananta siddha haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jIva paryAya ananta haiN| isa carcA meM jo paryAya vivakSita haiM, ve tiryak vizeSa kI * apekSA se haiM, kyoMki ye paryAya aneka deza meM rahane vAle vibhinna jIvoM se sambandhita haiN| inameM sabhI jIvoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, ataH aneka jIvAzrita paryAya hone se tiryak vizeSa haiN| UrdhvatA vizeSa kI dRSTi se socane para vizeSa kA AdhAra dUsarA ho jAtA hai| yadi hama kaheM ki pratyeka jIva ke ananta paryAya haiM aura kisI jIva-vizeSa ke viSaya meM soceM to hamArA dRSTikoNa UrdhvatA vizeSa ko viSaya karatA hai| udAharaNa ke taura para eka nAraka jIva ko lete haiN| usake ananta paryAya hote haiN| jIva-sAmAnya ke ananta paryAyoM kA kathana tiryak sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kI dRSTi se hai, kintu vizeSa nArakAdi ke ananta paryAya kA kathana UrdhvatA sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kI dRSTi se hai / eka nAraka-vizeSa ke ananta paryAya kaise ho sakate haiM, isakA spaSTIkaraNa yoM hai :-- ___eka nAraka dUsare nAraka se dravya kI apekSA se tulya hai / pradezoM kI apekSA se bhI tulya hai / avagAhanA kI apekSA se syAt catuHsthAna se hIna, syAta tulya, syAt catuHsthAna se adhika hai| sthiti kI apekSA se avagAhanA ke samAna hai kintu zyAmavarNa paryAya kI apekSA ye syAt SaTsthAna hIna, syAt tulya, syAt SaTsthAna adhika hai| isI prakAra zeSa varNaparyAya, donoM gandhaparyAya, pA~coM rasaparyAya, AThoM sparzaparyAya, matijJAna aura matyajJAnaparyAya, zrutajJAna aura zrutAjJAnaparyAya, avadhijJAna aura vibhaMgajJAnaparyAya, cakSurdarzanaparyAya, acakSurdarzanaparyAya, avadhidarzanaparyAya-~-ina sabhI paryAyoM kI apekSA se syAt SaTsthAna patita hIna hai, syAt tulya hai, syAt SaTsthAna patita adhika hai| isIlie nAraka ke ananta paryAya kahe jAte haiM / 2 dravyadaSTi se hai ki, syAt padAcA rasaparyAyanajJAna 1-bhagavatI sUtra 2515 2-prajJApanAmUtra 5 / 246

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jaina-darzana pratyeka nAraka samAna hai / AtmA ke pradeza bhI sabake asaMkhyAta haiN| zarIra kI dRSTi se eka nAraka kA zarIra dUsare nAraka ke zarIra se choTA bhI ho sakatA hai, samAna bhI ho sakatA hai aura bar3A bhI ho sakatA hai, zarIra kI asamAnatA asaMkhyAta prakAra kI ho sakatI hai| sarva jaghanya avagAhanA aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga ke barAbara hogii| kramazaH eka-eka bhAga kI vRddhi se sarvotkRSTa 500 dhanuSa pramANa taka pahu~catI hai / isake vIca ke prakAra asaMkhyAta hoNge| ataH avagAhanA kI apekSA se nAraka ke asaMkhyAta prakAra ho sakate haiM / yahI vAta Ayu ke vipaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai / yaha to sAmAnya vAta haI / eka nAraka ke jo ananta paryAya kahe gae haiM ve kaise ? zarIra aura prAtmA ko kayacit abhinna mAnakara varNa, rasa, gandha aura sparza ko bhI nAraka ke paryAya mAnakara socA jAya to nAraka ke anantaparyAya ho sakate haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kisI bhI guNa ke ananta bheda mAne gaye haiN| yadi hama kisI eka varNa ko leM aura koI bhAga eka gugA zyAma ho, koI dviguNa zyAma ho, koI triguNa zyAma ho aura isa prakAra usakA anantavA~ bhAga ananta guNa zyAma ho to varNa ke ananta paryAya siddha ho sakate haiM / anya varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ke vipaya meM bhI yahI bAta ghaTAI jA sakatI hai / yaha to bhautika athavA paudgalika guNoM kI bAta huii| jJAnAdi AtmaguggoM ke vipaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| prAtmA ke jJAnAdi gugA kI taratamatA kI mAtrAoM kA vicAra karane se anantaprakAntA kI siddhi ho sakatI hai| ye sAre bheda eka nAraka meM kAlabheda se ghaTa sakate haiN| UrdhvatA-sAmAnyAzrita paryAya kAlabheda ke aAdhAra se hI hote haiN| eka jIva kAlabheda se aneka paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai / ye paryAya UtAsAmAnyAzrita vizeSa haiN| yahI UrvatAvizepa kA lakSagA hai| dravya ke UrvatAsAmAnyAzrita paryAyoM ko pariNAma bhI kahA jAtA hai| bhagavatImUtra aura prajApanAmUtra meM isa prakAra ke parigaNAmoM kA varNana hai / vizeSa aura pangigAma donoM dravya ke paryAya hai kyoMki donoM parivartanazIla hai| pariNAma meM kAla-bheda kI

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jana darzana meM tatva pradhAnatA rahatI hai, jaba ki vizeSa meM deza-bheda mukhya hotA hai| . jo kAla kI dRSTi se pariNAma hai ve hI deza kI dRSTi se vizeSa haiM / isa prakAra paryAya, vizeSa, pariNAma, utpAda aura vyaya prAyaH ekArthaka haiM / dravya-vizeSa kI vividha avasthAoM meM ina sabhI zabdoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| dravya aura paryAya kA svarUpa samajha lene ke bAda yaha jAnanA bhI yAvazyaka hai ki dravya aura paryAya kA sambandha kyA hai ? dravya aura paryAya bhinna haiM yA abhinna ? isa prazna ko sAmane rakhate hae mahAvIra ne jo vicAra hamAre sAmane rakhe una para eka sAmAnya dRSTi DAlanA ThIka hogaa| bhagavatIsUtra meM pArzvanAtha ke ziSyoM aura mahAvIra ke ziSyoM meM hue eka vivAda kA varNana hai| pArzvanAtha ke ziSya yaha kahate haiM ki unake pratipakSI sAmAyika kA artha nahIM jAnate / mahAvIra ke ziSya unheM samajhAte haiAtmA hI sAmAyika hai / AtmA hI sAmAyika kA artha hai| yahA~ para yAtmA eka dravya hai aura sAmAyika prAtmA kI avasthA vizeSa hai arthAt paryAya hai| sAmAyika AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai bayAna paryAya dravya se bhinna nahIM hai / yaha dravya aura paryAca ke anepTi hai / isa dRSTi kA samarthana prApekSika hai / kisI mAtrAtnA aura sAmAyika donoM eka haiM, kyoMki sAmAyika vAnnA kI hI eka avasthA hai-grAmaparyAya hai, ataH sAmAyika jAnA anina hai| anyatra dravya prAra paryAya ke bheda kA bhI samarthana kiyA gayA hai| 'asthira paryAya kA nAza hone para bhI dravya khira hai, isa vAkya se spaSTa naMdadRSTi jhalakatI hai| yadi ca aura nAya kA sarvathA abheda hotA to paryAya ke naSTa hote hI nyanI naSTa ho jAtA / inakA yaha hai ki paryAya hI dravya nahIM hai| ca aura paryAva kayaMtrita bhI haiM / dravya kI payAMce pravala ratI haiM, kintu dravya ** 1-nAyA ye mo! samA mAyA ne ano! mAnA 2- ne RSi no pira paloi... .

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138 jaina-darzana meM nahIM badalatA / dravya kA guraNa kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA, bhale hI usakI avasthAe~ miTatI raheM aura paidA hotI raheM / paryAyadRSTi kI pradhAnatA se dravya aura paryAya ke bheda kA samarthana kiyA jA sakatA hai aura dravya-dRSTi kI pradhAnatA se dravya aura paryAya ke bheda kI puSTi kI jA sakatI hai / dRSTi-bheda se dravya aura paryAya ke bheda aura bheda kI kalpanA karanA hI mahAvIra ko abhISTa thA / isa prakAra grAtmA aura jJAna ke viSaya meM bhI mahAvIra ne vahI bAta kahI / ' jJAna AtmA kA eka pariNAma hai / vaha sadaiva badalatA rahatA hai| jJAna kI avasthAoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai kintu Atmadravya to vahI rahatA hai / aisI gravasthA meM jJAna aura AtmA bhinna haiM / jJAna kI AtmA se bhinna svatantra sattA nahIM hai / vaha AtmA kI hI eka avasthA - vizeSa hai / isa dRSTi se jJAna aura AtmA bhinna haiM / yadi AtmA aura jJAna meM ekAnta prabheda hotA to jJAna ke nAza ke sAtha-hI-sAtha AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA / aisI avasthA meM eka zAzvata Atmadravya kI upalabdhi na hotI / yadi jJAna aura AtmA meM ekAnta bheda hotA to eka vyakti ke jJAna aura dUsare vyakti ke jJAna meM koI antara na hotA / eka vyakti ke jJAna kI smRti dUsare vyakti ko ho jAtI athavA usa vyakti ke jJAna kA smaraNa use khuda ko bhI na ho pAtA / aisI avasthA meM jJAna ke kSetra meM arAjakatA aura avyavasthA ho jAtI / isalie jJAna aura grAtmA kA kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit grabheda mAnanA hI ucita hai / dravya-dRSTi se jJAna aura AtmA kA abheda mAnanA cAhie, aura paryAya - dRSTi se donoM kA bheda mAnanA cAhie / AtmA ke ATha bhedoM kI bAta bhagavatIsUtra meM kahI gaI hai / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM - he bhagavan ! AtmA ke kitane prakAra haiM ? mahAvIra uttara dete haiM- he gautama! AtmA ATha prakAra kA kahA gayA hai / ve grATha prakAra ye haiM- dravyAtmA, kaSAyAtmA, yogAtmA, upayogAtmA, jJAnAtmA, darzanAtmA, cAritrAtmA aura 1 - AcArAMgasUtra 1155

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jaina darzana meM tattva 136 vIryAtmA / ' ye bheda dravya aura paryAya donoM dRSTiyoM se haiM / dravyAtmA dravyadRSTi se aura zeSa sAta paryAyadRSTi se haiM / isa prakAra kI aneka carcAe~ jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM milatI haiM, jinase dravya aura paryAya ke sambandha kA patA lagatA hai / dravya aura paryAya eka dUsare se isa prakAra mile hue haiM ki eka ke binA dUsare kI sthiti asambhava hai| dravya-rahita paryAya kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI usI prakAra paryAya-rahita dravya kI upalabdhi bhI asambhava hai| jahA~ paryAya hogA vahA~ dravya avazya hogA aura jahA~ dravya hogA vahA~ usakA koIna koI paryAya avazya hogaa| bhedAbhedavAdaH darzana ke kSetra meM bheda aura abheda ko lekara mukhya rUpa se cAra pakSa bana sakate haiM / eka pakSa kevala bheda kA samarthana karatA hai, dUsarA pakSa kevala abheda ko svIkRta karatA hai, tIsarA pakSa bheda aura abheda donoM ko mAnatA hai, cauthA pakSa bheda-viziSTa abheda kA samarthana karatA hai| _ bhedavAdI kisI bhI padArtha meM anvaya nahIM mAnatA / pratyeka kSaNa meM bhinna bhinna tattva aura bhinna bhinna jJAna kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM bheda ko chor3akara kisI bhI prakAra kA tattva nirdoSa nahIM hotaa| jahA~ bheda hotA hai vahIM vAstavikatA rahatI hai / bhAratIya darzana meM vaibhASika aura sautrAntika isa pakSa ke pravala samarthaka haiN| ve kSaraNa-bhaMgavAda ko hI antima satya mAnate haiN| pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hai| pratyeka kSaNa meM padArtha kI utpatti aura vinAza hotA hai / koI bhI vastu cirasthAyI nahIM hai / jahA~ sthAyitva nahIM vahA~ abheda kaise ho sakatA hai ? jJAna aura padArtha donoM kSaNika haiN| jise hama AtmA kahate haiM vaha paMcaskandha ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM 1-kahavihA raNaM bhante pAyA paNNattA ? goyamA ! avihA AyA paNNattA / taM jahA-daviyAyA, kasAyAyA, jogAyA, uvayogAyA, NANAyA dasarAyA, caritAyA, viiriyaayaa| -~bhagavatIsUtra, 12 / 10 / 466

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142 jaina-darzana abhedavAda kA samarthana karane vAle bheda ko mithyA kahate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM ekatva kA hI mUlya hai, anekarUpatA kI koI kImata nhiiN| jitane bheda yA aneka rUpa haiM, saba mithyA haiM / hamArA ajJAna bheda kI pratIti meM kAraNa hai| avidyAjanita saMskAroM ke kAraNa bheda aura anekarUpatA kI pratIti hotI hai| jJAniyoM kI pratIti hamezA abheda-mUlaka hotI hai / tattva abheda meM hI hai, bheda meM nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM abheda hI tattva hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM upaniSad aura vedAnta ke kucha samarthaka abhedavAda kA samarthana karate haiN| abhedavAdI eka hI tattva mAnatA hai kyoMki abheda kI antima sImA ekatva hai| vaha ekatva apane-Apa meM pUrNa va ananta hotA hai| jahA~ pUrNatA hotI hai vahA~ ekatva hI hotA hai, kyoMki do kadApi pUrNa nahIM ho sakate / jahA~ do hote haiM vahA~ . donoM apUrNa va sImita hote haiM / asIma va pUrNa eka hI ho sakatA . hai / isI hetu ke AdhAra para bhAratIya AdarzavAda kA prabala samarthaka advaita vedAnta eka tattva meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai| vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI antima bhUmikA meM bhI isI vicAradhArA ke darzana hote haiM / pAzcAtya paramparA meM pAramaineDsa abhedavAda kA pravartaka kahA jA sakatA hai| usane kahA ki parivartana vAstavika nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha badala jAtA hai / jo vastu vAstavika evaM satya hai vaha kadApi nahIM badala sakatI / jo badala jAtI hai vaha satya nahIM ho sktii| ina sAre parivartanoM ke bIca meM jo nahIM badalatA hai vahI satya hai / jo aparivartanazIla hai vaha sat hai, jo parivartanazIla hai vaha asat hai / jo sat hai vahI vAstavika hai / jo asat hai vaha vAstavika nahIM hai / jo sat hai vaha hamezA maujUda hai kyoMki vaha paidA nahIM ho sktaa| yadi sat paidA hotA hai to vaha asat se paidA hogA, kintu asat se sat paidA nahIM ho sakatA / ' yadi sat sat se paidA hotA hai to vaha paidA nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha svayaM sat hai| paidA to vaha hotA hai, jo sat na ho / jo sat na ho vaha paidA ho hI nahIM 8-Ex nihilo nihil fit.

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jaina darzana meM tattva 143 sakatA; isalie jo vAstavika hai vaha saba sat hai / sat hone se saba eka hai / jo sat hai vaha sat hI hai, ataH vahA~ bheda kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA / jahA~ koI bheda nahIM hai vahA~ abheda hI hai / isa prakAra prabhedavAda kI siddhi karane vAlA pAramainaiDsa bheda ko indriyajanya bhrAnti vatAtA hai / jitane bheda dRSTigocara hote haiM saba indriyoM ke kAraNa haiM / herAklaiTasa ne prabheda kI pratIti meM jo kAraNa batAyA, pAramaiDsa ne vahI kAraNa bheda kI pratIti meM diyA / prabheda kI pratIti hI saccI pratIti hai aura vaha hetuvAda ke AdhAra para siddha kI jA sakatI hai / yaha vAta pAramainaDsa ne kahI / jainoM ne netA kA tarkasaMgata khaNDana kiyA aura ekatA ke AdhAra para grabheda kI sthApanA kI / tIsarA pakSa bheda aura grabheda donoM kA samarthana karatA hai, bheda aura bheda donoM ko svatantra rUpa se sat mAnakara donoM meM sambandha sthApita karatA hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzana sAmAnya aura vizeSa nAma ke do bhinna-bhinna padArtha mAnatA hai / ve donoM padArtha svatantra evaM eka dUsare se sarvathA bhinna haiM / kisI sambandha vizeSa ke grAdhAra para sAmAnya aura vizeSa mila jAte haiM / sAmAnya ekatA kA sUcaka hai / vizeSa bheda kA sUcaka hai / vastu meM bheda aura prabheda vizeSa aura sAmAnya ke kAraNa hote haiM / ekatA kI pratIta prabheda ke kAraNa hai - sAmAnya ke kAraNa hai / saba gAyoM meM gotva sAmAnya rahatA hai, isalie saba meM "go" gau aisI ekAkAra pratIti hotI hai| yahI pratIti ekatA kI pratIti hai / usI prakAra sava gAe~ vyaktigata rUpa se alaga bhI mAlUma hotI haiM / unakA apanA bhinna-bhinna vyaktitva hai / jAti aura vyakti kA sambandha hI bheda aura abheda kI pratIti hai / vaise donoM eka dUsare se atyanta bhinna haiM, kintu samavAya sambandha ke kAraNa donoM mile hue mAlUma hote haiM / isa prakAra bheda aura prabheda ko bhinna mAnane vAlA pakSa donoM ko sambandha-vizeSa se milA detA hai, kintu vAstava meM donoM ko bhinna mAnatA hai / yadyapi jAti aura

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144 jaina-darzana vyakti kabhI bhinna bhinna upalabdha nahIM hote, kyoMki ve ayuta siddha haiM / ' tathApi donoM svatantra evaM eka dUsare se atyanta bhinna haiM / ___ cauthA pakSa bhedaviziSTa abheda kA hai| isake do bheda ho jAte haiM / eka ke mata se abheda pradhAna rahatA hai aura bheda gauNa ho jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie rAmAnuja kA viziSTAdvaita liijie| rAmAnuja ke mata se tIna tattva antima aura vAstavika haiM--acit, cit aura Izvara / ye tIna tattva "tattvatraya" ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / yadyapi tInoM tattva samAnarUpa se sat evaM vAstavika haiM tathApi acit aura cit IzvarAzrita haiM / yadyapi ve apane Apa meM dravya haiM kintu Izvara ke sambandha kI dRSTi se ve usake guNa ho jAte haiM / ve Izvara-zarIra kahe jAte haiM aura Izvara unakI prAtmA hai / isa prakAra Izvara cidAcidviziSTa hai / cit aura acit Izvara ke zarIra kA nirmANa karate haiM aura tadAzrita haiM / isa mata ke anusAra bheda kI sattA to avazya rahatI hai kintu abhedAzrita hokara / abheda pradhAnarUpa se rahatA hai aura bheda tadAzrita hokara gauNa rUpa se / bheda kA sthAna svatantra na hokara abheda para avalambita hai / bheda parataMtra hotA hai aura abheda svataMtra bheda abheda kI dayA para jotA hai| usakA svataMtra astitva mAnya nahIM hotA / bheda aura abheda ko bhinna mAnane vAlA pakSa donoM ko snataMtra rUpa se sata mAnatA hai, jaba ki uparyukta pakSa abheda ko pradhAna mAna kara bheda ko gauNa evaM parAzrita banA detA hai / usakI dRSTi meM abheda kA vizeSa mahattva rahatA hai / bheda kI mAnatA to hai, kintu isalie ki vaha abheda ke AdhAra para TikA huA hai| jaina dRSTi isase bhinna hai / bheda aura abheda kA saccA samanvaya jaina darzana kI viziSTa dena hai| jaba hama bhedAbhedavAda kI vyAkhyA karate haiM to usakA artha hotA hai-bhedaviziSTa abheda aura abheda viziSTa bheda / bheda aura abheda donoM samAnarUpa se sat haiN| jisa 1-ayutasiddhAnAmAdhAryAdhArabhUtAnAM ihapratyayahetuH sambandhaH sa samavAyaH / ---- syAdvAdamaMjarI, kA0 7 2-'sarvaM paramapuruSeNa sarvAtmanA / -zrIbhASya 2, 1, 6

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jaina darzana meM tattva 145 prakAra abheda vAstavika hai ThIka usI prakAra bheda vAstavika hai / tattva kI dRSTi se jo sthAna abheda kA hai, ThIka vahI sthAna bheda kA hai| bheda aura abheda donoM isa DhaMga se mile hue haiM ki eka ke binA dUsare kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI / vastu meM donoM kA aviccheda samanvaya hai| jahA~ bheda hai vahA~ abheda hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahA~ bheda hai / bheda aura abheda kisI sambandha vizeSa se jur3e hoM, aisI bAta nahIM hai / ve to svabhAva se hI eka dUsare se mile hue haiN| pratyeka padArtha svabhAva se hI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai-bhedAbhedAtmaka hai-nityAnityAtmaka hai / jo sat hai vaha bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| pratyeka padArtha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| vastu yA tattva ko kevala bhedAtmaka kahatA ThIka nahIM, kyoMki koI bhI bheda abheda ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotA / abheda ko mithyA yA kalpanA mAtra kahanA kAphI nahIM jaba taka ki vaha kisI pramANa se mithyA siddha na ho| pramAraNa kA aAdhAra anubhava hai aura anubhava ameda ko mithyA siddha nahIM krtaa| isI prakAra ekAnta abheda ko mAnanA bhI ThIka nahIM kyoMki jo doSa ekAnta bheda meM hai vahI doSa ekAnta abheda meM bhI hai / bheda aura abheda ko do svataMtra padArtha mAnanA bhI ThIka nahIM, kyoMki ve bhinna-bhinna upalabdha nahIM hote aura unako jor3ane vAlA koI anya padArtha bhI upalabdha nahIM hotA / unako jor3ane vAlA padArtha hotA hai, aisA mAna liyA jAya, phira bhI doSa se mukti nahIM mila sakatI kyoMki usako jor3ane ke lie eka anya padArtha kI AvazyakatA hogI aura isa taraha anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga upasthita hogaa| aisI dazA meM vastu svayaM hI bhedAbhedAtmaka hai, aimA mAnanA hI ThIka hogA / tattva kathaMcit sadRza hai, kathaMcit virUpa-visadRza hai, kathaMcit vAcya hai, kathaMcit avAcya hai, kathaMcit sat hai, kathaMcit asat hai / ye jitane bhI dharma haiM vastu ke apane dharma haiN| ina dharmoM kA kahIM bAhara se sambandha sthApita nahIM hotA hai| vastu svayaM sAmAnya aura vizeSa hai, bhinna aura abhinna hai, eka aura aneka hai, nitya aura kSaNika 1-syAnnAzi nityaM sadRzaM virUpaM, vAcyaM na vAcyaM sadasattadaiva / ' anyayogavyavacchedikAdvAtriMzikA, kA0 ", kA0

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146 jaina-darzana hai| ThIka isI prakAra kI mAnyatA erisToTala kI bhI hai / vaha vastu ko sAmAnya aura vizeSa ubhayAtmaka mAnatA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki koI bhI sAmAnya vizeSa ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotA aura koI bhI vizeSa sAmAnya ke binA upalabdha nahIM hotA / dravya sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM kA samanvaya hai| koI bhI vastu ina donoM rUpoM ke binA upalabdha nahIM ho sakatI / jaina darzana sammata bhedAbhedavAda vastu ke vAstavika rUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai / yaha bhedAbheda dRSTi anekAnta dRSTi kA eka prakAra se kAraNa hai / do paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle guNoM ko eka hI vastu meM eka sAtha mAnanA bhedAbhedavAda kA artha hai / bheda aura abheda kI ekatra sthiti vastu ke rUpa ko naSTa nahIM karatI apitu usako vAstavika rUpa meM prakaTa karatI hai / bheda aura abheda ke sambandha ke viSaya meM bhI syAdvAda kA hI prayoga karanA cAhie / bheda aura abheda kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna haiM / dravya aura paryAya ke lie jisa hetu kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai usI hetu kA prayoga bheda aura abheda ke lie bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| dravya abheda-mUlaka hai aura paryAya bheda-mUlaka hai| isalie dravya aura abheda eka haiM aura paryAya aura bheda eka haiN| bheda aura abheda-viSayaka itanA vivecana kAphI hai| dravya kA vargIkaraNa : dravya ke kitane bheda ho sakate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara aneka taraha se diyA jA sakatA hai / jahA~ taka dravya-sAmAnya kA prazna hai, -saba eka hai / vahA~ kisI prakAra kI bheda-kalpanA utpanna hI nahIM hotii| jo dravya hai vaha sat hai aura vahI tattva hai / sattAsAmAnya ko dRSTi se jar3a aura cetana, eka aura aneka, sAmAnya aura vizeSa, guNa aura paryAya saba eka haiM / yaha dRSTikoNa saMgraha-naya kI dRSTi se satya hai| saMgraha-naya sarvatra abheda dekhatA hai| bheda kI upekSA karake abheda kA jo grahaNa hai vaha saMgraha-naya kA kArya hai / abhedagrAhI saMgraha-naya bheda kA niSedha nahIM karatA apitu bheda ko apane. 1-dekhie-A Critical History of Greek Philosophy.

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1-47 jaina-darzana meM tattva kSetra se bAhara samajhatA hai / isa naya kA antima viSaya sattA sAmAnya hai, jise hama para sAmAnya yA mahA sAmAnya kaha sakate haiM / pratyeka dravya sat hai / sattAsAmAnya kA grahaNa ekatA kA antima sopAna hai, jahA~ sAre bheda bhedarUpa se sat hote hue bhI abheda rUpa se pratibhAsita hote haiM / sattA bhedoM ko naSTa nahIM karatI, apitu unameM ekatva aura sadbhAva sthApita karatI hai / bheda rahate hue bhI jahA~. bheda kA darzana hotA hai, anekatA meM bhI jahA~ ekatA dikhAI detI hai, isa dRSTi se dravya athavA tattva eka hai / jo loga gradvaita meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM unase hamArI mAnyatA meM yaha bheda hai ki ve kevala sAmAnya ko yathArtha mAnate haiM aura bheda arthAt vizeSa kA apalApa karate haiM jaba ki jaina dRSTi se bheda kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vahA~, prayojana ke prabhAva meM bheda kI upekSA avazya kI jA sakatI hai / upekSA kA artha yaha nahIM ki bheda asat hai - mithyA hai / abheda kI dRSTi ko pradhAnatA dete samaya hamArA bheda se koI prayojana nahIM hotA hai isIlie usakI upekSA kI jAtI hai / upekSA aura apalApa meM jitanA antara hai, advaitavAda graura jaina darzana kI mAnyatA meM utanA hI antara hai / isa prakAra saMgraha naya arthAt saMgrahadRSTi kI pradhAnatA svIkRta kI jAya to dravya eka hI siddha hogA aura vaha hogA sattA sAmAnya ke rUpa meM / 11 yadi hama dvaitadRSTi se dekheM to dravya ko do rUpoM meM dekha sakate haiM / ye do rUpa haiM jIva aura grajIva / caitanyadharma vAlA jIva hai aura usase viparIta jIva hai / isa prakAra sArA loka do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAtA hai / caitanya lakSaraNa vAle jitane bhI dravya vizeSa haiM. ve sava jIva- vibhAga ke antargata zrA jAte haiM / jinameM caitanya nahIM hai isa prakAra ke jitane bhI dravyavizeSa haiM, una saba kA samAveza jIvavibhAga ke antargata ho jAtA hai / jIva aura jIva ke anya bheda karane para dravya ke chaH bheda bho hote haiM / jIva dravya grarUpI hai / grajIva dravya ke do bheda kiye gaye 1 - visesie jIvadadhbe prajIva dadhve ya-dhanuyogadvAra sU0 123 2 - bhagavatI sUtra - 15 / 2-4

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148 jaina-darzana haiM-rUpI aura aruupii| rUpI dravya ko pudgala kahA gyaa| arUpI ke punaH cAra bheda hue-dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, praddhAsamaya-kAla / isa prakAra dravya ke kula 6 bheda ho jAte haiM----jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura addhAsamaya / ina cha: dravyoM meM se prathama pAMca dravya astikAya haiM aura chaThA astikAya nahIM hai| bheda-prabheda kA spaSTa vivaraNa isa prakAra hai : dravya - 1 jIva __ .:. 2 ajIva rUpI 2 pudgala . arUpI 3 dharma .. 4 adharma 5 AkAza . 6 addhA samaya (2) . astikAya . . . anastikAya 1. jIva 6. addhAsamaya . . .. 2. pudgala 3. dharma . . . .. . ....: . 4. adharma 5. AkAza 1-bhagavatIsUtra 2 / 10 / 117, sthAnAMga sU0.5144.1.. :.::

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jana-darzana meM tattva 146 dravya rUpI arUpI 1. pudgala 2. jIva 3. dharma . 4. adharma 5. AkAza 6. zraddhAsamaya yahAM kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa kara denA ThIka hogaa| ajIvadravya rUpI aura arUpI do bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / rUpI kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai-rUpayukta / isa artha meM cakSurindriya kI pradhAnatA dikhAI detI hai| jaina darzana meM rUpI kA artha kevala cakSurindriya taka hI sImita nahIM hai| sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ina cAroM se jo yukta hai vaha rUpI hai / ' sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa ye cAroM eka sAtha rahate haiN| jahA~ sparza hai vahA~ rasAdi bhI haiM, jahA~ varNa hai vahA~ sparzAdi bhI haiM / jahA~ ina cAroM meM se eka bhI ho vahA~ zeSa tIna avazya haiM / ataH jahA~ rUpI zabda kA prayoga ho vahA~ sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa cAroM kI sthiti samajhanI cAhie / pudgala ke kisI bhI aMza meM ye cAroM guNa rahate haiM, aMtaH vaha rUMpI hai / isakI vistRta carcA pudgala ke svarUpavarNana ke samaya kI jAyagI / jo rUpI na ho, use arUpI samajhanA cAhie / pudgala ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca dravyoM meM sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa nahIM haiM ataH ve arUpI haiN| .. ___ astikAya kA artha hotA hai pradeza-vahutva / 'asti' aura 'kAya' ina donoM zabdoM se astikAya banatA hai / asti kA artha hai vidyamAna honA 1.-rUpiraNa : pudgalA: -tattvArya sUtra 54 sparzarasagandhavarNavantaH pudgalA : -tatvArtha sUtra, 223

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150 jaina-darzana ra kAya kA artha hai aneka pradezoM kA samUha / jahA~ aneka pradezoM kA samUha hotA hai vaha astikAya kahA jAtA hai|' isI cIja ko aura spaSTa karane ke lie hameM pradeza kA artha bhI samajhanA caahie| pudgala kA eka aNu jitanA sthAna (grAkAza) gheratA hai, use pradeza kahate haiM / " yaha eka pradeza kA parimAraNa hai / isa prakAra ke aneka pradeza jisa dravya meM pAe jAte haiM, vaha dravya grastikAya kahA jAtA hai / pradeza kA ukta parimAraga eka prakAra kA nApa hai / isa nApa se pudgala ke pratirikta zranya pA~coM dravya bhI nApe jA sakate haiM / yadyapi jIvAdi dravya rUpI haiM, kintu unakI sthiti AkAza meM hai aura AkAza svapratiSThita hai / ataH unakA parimANa samajhane ke liye nApA jA sakatA hai / yaha ThIka hai ki pudgaladravya ko chor3akara zeSa dravyoM kA indriyoM se graharaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kintu buddhi se unakA parimANa nApA evaM samajhA jA sakatA hai / dharma, dharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva ke aneka pradeza hote haiM / ataH ye pA~co dravya astikAya kahe jAte haiM / ina pradezoM ko va bhI kaha sakate haiM / aneka avayava vAle dravya astikAya haiM / addhAsamaya arthAt kAla ke svatantra niranvaya pradeza hote haiN| vaha aneka pradezoM vAlA eka prakhaNDa dravya nahIM hai, apitu usake svatantra aneka pradeza haiM / pratyeka pradeza svatantrarUpa se apanA kArya karatA haiM / unameM eka avayavI kI kalpanA nahIM kI gaI, grapitu svatantra rUpa se sAre kAla pradezoM ko bhinna-bhinna dravya mAnA gayA / isa prakAra ye kAla dravya. eka dravya na hokara aneka dravya haiM / lakSaNa kI samAnatA se sabako 'kAla' aisA eka nAma de diyA gayA / dharma Adi dravyoM ke samAna kAla eka dravya nahIM hai / 'isalie kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA / astikAya aura anastikAya kA yahI svarUpa hai / 1 - saMti jado teode, pratthitti bharaNaMti jiraNavarA jamhA |kAyA iva bahudesA, tamhA kAyA ya athikAyA ya // - dravyasaMgraha, 24. 2 - jAvadiyaM prayAsaM, pravibhAgI puggalA vaTTaddhaM / taM khu padesaM jANe, savvATThAradAgarihaM || - dravyasaMgraha, 27

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 151 prAtmA kA svatantra astitva : jIva kA svarUpa jAnane ke pahale hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jIva kI svatantra sattA hai yA nhiiN| cArvAka Adi dArzanika jIva kI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM krte| ve bhautika tattvoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se AtmA kI utpatti mAnate haiN| jIva yA prAtmA nAma kA koI pRthak svatantra tattva nahIM hai / jisa prakAra nAnA dravyoM ke saMyoga se mAdakatA utpanna ho jAtI hai usI prakAra bhUtoM ke viziSTa mela se caitanya paidA ho jAtA hai| bhArata meM cArvAka aura pazcima meM thelisa, enAksimAMDara, enAksimInesa Adi ekajar3avAdI ( Monistic Materialists) tathA DemokreTasa Adi anekajar3avAdI (Pluralistic Materialists) isI mAnyatA ke pakSapAtI haiN| vizepAvazyaka bhASya meM AtmA ke svatantra astitva ke lie kaI pramANa die gae haiM / sarvaprathama hama pUrvapakSa kA vicAra kreNge| prAtmA kA astitva svIkRta na karane vAlA pahalA hetu yaha detA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai, kyoMki usakA indriyapratyakSa nahIM hotaa| ghaTa sat hai, kyoMki vaha indriyapratyakSa se grAhya hai| AtmA sat nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha ghaTa ke samAna indriyoM se grAhya nahIM hai| jo indriya-grAhya nahIM hotA, vaha asat hotA hai jaise prAkAza-kusuma / AtmA indriya-grAhya nahIM hai, isaliye aAkAza-kusuma ke samAna asat hai| koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki aNu yadyapi indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha sat hai, aisA kyoM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki niHsandeha aNu aNu ke rUpa meM pratyakSagrAhya nahIM haiM, kintu jaba ve kisI sthUla padArtha ke rUpa meM parigata ho jAte haiM taba indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya banate haiN| ghaTarUpa se pariNata paramANu cakSurindriyagrAhya hote haiN| jaba taka ve paramANu kisI kAryarUpa meM pariNata nahIM hote tava taka unakA pratyakSa nahIM hotA / ghaTAdi-kAryarUpa meM pariNata hone para unakA pratyakSa hotA hai| 1-jIve tuha saMdeho, paJcakhaM jana ghippai ghaDo vya / praccaMtApaJcararsa, ca gatyi loe khapuppha va // -viropAvasyaka bhAra ove .

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152 jaina-darzana isalie yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM ki aNu pratyakSa kA vipaya na banatA huA bhI sat hai / aNu kA kArya java pratyakSagrAhya hai tava aNu bhI sat hai, aisA kahane meM koI vAdhA nhiiN| prAtmA ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki AtmA kisI bhI dazA meM indriya-pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM bana sakatI / ata: AtmA asat hai| AtmA anumAna kA vipaya bhI nahIM bana sakatI, kyoMki anumAna pratyakSapUrvaka hotA hai| jaba kisI vastu ke avinAbhAvasambandha kA grahaNa hotA hai, usa sambandha kA kahIM pratyakSa hotA hai aura pUrva sambandhagrahaNa kI smRti hotI hai taba anumAna-janya jJAna paidA hotA hai / prAtmA aura usake kisI avinAbhAvI liMga kA kabhI pratyakSa hI nahIM hotA, aisI dazA meM AtmA anumAna kA viSaya kaise bana sakatI hai ? hameM AtmA ke kisI bhI aise liMga kA jJAna nahIM, jise dekha kara AtmA kA anumAna kara skeN| Agama-pramANa se bhI AtmA ke svatantra astitva kI siddhi nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoMki jisakA pratyakSa hI nahIM vaha aAgama kA viSaya kaise bana sakatA hai| zrAgamapramANa kA mukhya AdhAra pratyakSa hai| koI aisA vyakti nahIM jise AtmA kA pratyakSa ho aura jisake vacanoM ko pramANa mAna kara aAtmA kA astitva siddha kiyA jA sake / yadi kisI ko. AtmA kA pratyakSa hotA to usake vacanoM ko pramANa mAnakara AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi kI jaatii| aise vyakti ke abhAva meM AgamapramANa bhI vyartha hai| thor3I dera ke lie yadi Agama-prAmANya mAna bhI liyA jAya, tathApi AtmA kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki Agama paraspara virodhI bAteM batAte haiN| kisI ke Agama meM kisI bAta kI siddhi milatI hai to kisI kA Agama usI bAta kA khaNDana karatA hai| koI Agama eka bAta ko satya evaM vAstavika mAnatA hai to dUsarA usI bAta kA khaNDana karatA hai / koI Agama eka bAta ko satya evaM vAstavika mAnatA hai to dUsarA usI bAta ko mithyA evaM kAlpanika samajhatA hai| 1-vahI 1550-51 2-vahI 1552

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 153 aisI sthiti meM Agama ko AdhAra mAnakara prAtmA ke astitva kI siddhi karanA khatare se khAlI nhiiN| upamAna se bhI prAtmA kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki jagat meM koI aisA padArtha nahIM jisakI samAnatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kA astitva siddha kiyA jA sake / java yAtmA kA hI pratyakSa nahIM to amuka padArtha AtmA ke sadRza hai, aisA kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? mUla ke abhAva meM sAdRzya-jJAna kevala kalpanA hai / 'yaha usake samAna hai' aisA kathana tabhI saMbhava hai jaba usa padArtha kA, jisake samAna amuka padArtha hai, kabhI pratyakSa huyA ho / java mUla padArtha kA hI pratyakSa na ho tava samAnatA ke AdhAra para usa padArtha kA jJAna honA asambhava hai| apatti se bhI prAtmA kA astitva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aisA koI padArtha nahIM jisake sadbhAva ko dekhakara yaha kahA jA sake ki AtmA ke abhAva meM isa padArtha kA sadbhAva nahIM ho sakatA / jaba isa padArtha kA sadbhAva hai to prAtmA kA sadbhAva avazya honA cAhie / ataH arthApatti bhI prAtmA ko siddha karane meM asamartha hai| __isa prakAra jaba pAMcoM sadbhAvasAdhaka pramANoM se prAtmA ke astitva kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI tava svAbhAvika taura se abhAva pramANa kI pravRtti hotI hai / abhAvapramANa asadbhAva sAdhaka hai ata. yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki prAtmA asat hai / yaha abhAva, amuka sthAna para prAtmA nahIM hai, aisA nahIM kahatA apitu sarvatra AtmA nahIM hai, isa prakAra se prAtmA ke prAtyantika abhAva kI sUcanA detA hai| kisI vastu kA eka jagaha pratyakSa hotA hai aura anyatra pratyakSa nahIM hotA, tava yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki abhAva ne amuka kSetra meM amuka vastu ke asadbhAva ko sthApanA yA siddhi kI / AtmA kA kahIM pratyakSa nahIM hotA ataH prAtmA ke abhAva kA jo jJAna hai vaha prAtyantika abhAva kA sUcaka hai / isa prakAra prarvapakSa ke rUpa meM prAtmA ke astitva ke virodha meM uparokta hetu upasthita kie ge| ina hetunoM kA mukhya AdhAra pratyakSa hai-indriyapratyakSa hai| indriya pratyakSa ke viSaya meM abhAva meM prAtmA kA sadbhAva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, yahI mukhya AdhAra hai /

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154 jaina-darzana ina hetuoM kA isa prakAra khaNDana ho sakatA hai : prathama hetu meM pratyakSa kA abhAva vatAyA gayA, vaha ThIka nhiiN| kevala indriyapratyakSa ko hI kisI tattva kI siddhi meM pramANa mAnanA, yukti-yukta nahIM / aisA mAnane para sukhaduHkhAdi kA bhI abhAva siddha hogA, kyoMki ve indriya-pratyakSa ke viSaya na hokara mAnasika anubhava ke viSaya haiM / aAtmA pratyakSa se siddha hai, kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ hai, saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiM / jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai vahA~ aAtmA kA astitva avazya svIkRta karanA par3atA hai / jo pratyakSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / AtmA svayaM siMddha hai, kyoMki usI ke AdhAra para saMzayAdi utpanna hote haiN| sukhaduHkhAdi ko siddha karane ke lie bhI kisI anya pramANa ko AvazyakatA nahIM / ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| ___ahaM pratyaya kA aAdhAra koI na koI avazya honA cAhie, kyoMki usake binA traikAlika ahaM pratyaya nahIM ho sakatA / jar3a bhUtoM meM yaha zakti nahIM ki ve ahaM pratyaya ko utpanna kara sakeM, kyoMki ahaM pratyaya ke abhAva meM jar3a kA jJAna hI nahIM ho sktaa| pahale ahaM pratyaya hotA hai taba 'yaha jar3a hai' aisA jJAna hotA hai, aisI dazA meM jar3a se ahaM pratyaya utpanna hotA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ahaM pratyaya ke abhAva meM jar3a tattva kI siddhi hI nahIM ho sakatI, phira yaha kaise bana sakatA hai ki jar3a se ahaM pratyaya utpanna ho / ahaM pratyaya-pUrvaka hI jar3a-pratIti hotI hai, jar3apratIti-pUrvaka ahaM pratyaya nhiiN| yadi aAtmA nahIM hai to ahaM pratyaya kaise hotA hai ? AtmA ke abhAva meM yaha sandeha kaise ho sakatA hai ki AtmA hai yA nahIM ? yaha hetu manovaijJAnika dRSTi se hai| smati, pratyabhijJAna, saMzaya, nirNaya Adi jitanI bhI manovaijJAnika kriyAe~ haiM, kisI eka sthAyI cetana tattva ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sktiiN| ye sArI kriyAe~ kisI eka cetana tattva ko AdhAra yA kendra banAkara hI ghaTa sakatI haiN| 1-vahI 1556

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 155 jJAna, saMvedana aura icchA (Cognition, Affection and Conation) kisI eka prAtmika tattva ke vinA sambhava nahIM / ye tInoM kriyAe~ bikharI huI avasthA meM upalabdha na ho kara vyavasthita DhaMga se eka dUsare se samvaddha aura sApekSa rUpa meM milatI haiM / kisI eka sAmAnya tattva ke prabhAva meM unakA pArasparika samvandha nahIM ho sakatA / inakI ekarUpatA aura anvaya binA kisI sAmAnya AdhAra ke sambhava nahIM / zuddha bhautika mastiSka isa prakAra kI ekarUpatA, vyavasthA aura granvaya ke prati kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / saMzaya aura saMzayI kA prazna bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva kI anivAryatA hai, jo usakA AdhAra ho / vinA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI / saMzaya kA adhiSThAna koI na koI avazya honA caahie| sAMkhyakArikA meM puruSa kI siddhi ke lie eka hetu 'adhiSThAnAt' bhI diyA gayA hai / isI prakAra se bhoktRtvAdi hetu bhI upasthita kie gae haiM / " ye sAre hetu yahA~ prayukta ho sakate haiM / vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM mahAvIra gItama se kahate haiM ki he gautama ! yadi saMzayI hI nahIM hai to "maiM hU~ yA nahIM hU~" yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai ? yadi tuma svayaM hI apane khuda ke viSaya meM sandeha kara sakate ho to phira kisameM sazaya na hogA / zrAtmA kI siddhi ke lie guraNa aura guNI kA hetu bhI diyA jAtA hai / ghaTa ke rUpAdi guNoM ko dekhakara ghaTa kA astitva siddha kiyA jAtA hai usI prakAra grAtmA ke jJAnAdi guragoM kA anubhava karake AtmA ko siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai / guNa aura guNI kA sambandha vicchedya hai / jahA~ guNa hote haiM vahAM guNI avazya hotA hai aura jahA~ guNI rahatA hai vahA~ guraNa avazya hote haiN| na to guNa guNI ke prabhAva meM raha sakate haiM aura na guNI guraNa ke vinA raha 1 - saMghAtaparArthatvAt triguNAdiviparyayAdadhiSThAnAt / puruSo'sti bhoktRbhAvAda, kaivalyAcaM pravRttezca // 2 - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1557 - sAMskArikA, 17

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156 ___... jaina-darzana sakatA hai / jaba guNa kA anubhava hotA hai tava guNoM kA astitva bhI honA hI caahie|' vAdI isa hetu ko mAna letA hai, ki kintu vaha kahatA hai jJAnAdi guNoM kA AdhAra zarIra ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai / jJAnAdi jitane bhI guNa pAe jAte haiM, saba zarIrAzrita haiM / aisI dazA meM zarIra se bhinna eka svatantra AtmA mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / jJAnAdi zarIra kI hI kriyAe~ haiM, ataH unakA aAdhAra zarIra se bhinna koI dravya nahIM hai / vAdI kA hetu yoM hai-jJAnAdi zarIra ke guNa haiM, kyoMki ve kevala zarIra meM ho pAe jAte haiM, jo zarIra meM hI pAye jAte haiM ve zarIra ke guNa hote haiM, jaise moTAI aura dubalApana Adi / . vAdI kA yaha hetu vyabhicArI hai / yaha kaise ? isakA uttara yoM hai-jJAnAdi guNa bhautika zarIra ke guNa nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve arUpI haiM, jaba ki zarIra rUpI hai, jaise ghaTa / rUpI dravya ke guNa arUpI nahIM ho sakate, jaise ghaTa ke guNa arUpI nahIM haiM, kyoMki ve indriya-grAhya haiM / jJAnAdi guNa arUpI haiM, kyoMki ve indriya-grAhya nahIM haiN| isalie jJAnAdi guNa zarIra ke guNa nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki zarIra rUpI hai aura usake guNa bhI rUpI haiM aura cakSurAdi indriyoM se una guNoM kA grahaNa hotA hai / isaliye jJAnAdi guNoM kA anya prAzraya honA caahie| yaha Azraya AtmA hai, jo arUpI hai| / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kabhI-kabhI yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki zarIra kI upasthiti meM bhI jJAnAdi guNoM kA abhAva rahatA hai|' suSupti, mUrchAdi avasthAoM meM zarIra ke vidyamAna rahate hue bhI jJAnAdi guNa nahIM milate / isase mAlUma hotA hai ki jJAnAdi guraNa zarIra ke nahIM, apitu kisI anya tattva ke haiM / yadi zarIra ke guNa 1-vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1558 2-jJAnaM na zarIraguNaM, sati zarIre nivartamAnatvAt / / .... -prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pRSTha 114

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 157 hote to rUpAdi kI bhA~ti ve bhI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM upalabdha hote| ____ zarIra jJAnAdi guNoM kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki zarIra bhautika tatvoM kA kArya hai aura bhautika tattva cetanA-zUnya haiN| jaba bhUtoM meM hI caitanya nahIM hai to unake kArya meM caitanya kahA~ se A jaaegaa| pratyeka kArya, kAraNa meM anubhUta rUpa se rahatA hai / java vaha kAraNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai tava vaha zaktirUpa se rahA huA kArya abhivyaktarUpa meM hamAre sAmane A jAtA hai| isake atirikta kAraNa aura kArya meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai / jaba bhautika tattvoM meM hI cetanA nahIM hai tava yaha kaise sambhava hai ki zarIra caitanyaguNa vAlA ho jAya? yadi cetanA pratyeka bhautika tattva meM nahIM hai to una tattvoM ke saMyoga se bhI vaha utpanna nahIM ho sakatI / reNu ke pratyeka kaNa meM na rahane vAlA taila reNukaraNoM ke saMyoga se utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| ata: yaha kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM ki caitanya caturbhUta ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai yadyapi ina cAroM bhUtoM meM pRthak-pRthak caitanya nahIM hai / kiNvAdi dravyoM ke viziSTa saMyoga se utpanna hone vAlI mAdakatA sarvathA navIna ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai / mAdakatA kA kucha-na-kucha aMza pratyeka dravya meM avazya rahatA hai / anyathA unake atirikta anya kisI bhI dravya se vahI mAdakatA kyoM nahIM utpanna ho jAtI / makkidA meM rahane vAlI mAdakatA hI abhivyakta rUpa se prakaTa hotI hai| jo gadhita rUpa se sat na ho vaha abhivyakta rUpa se bhI vanta hI rahatA hai| jo vastu sarvathA asat hai vaha kabhI bhI mana nahIM ho sakatI-se ravapuppa / jo vastu sat hotI hai vaha kabhI bhI mayA amana nahIM ho sakatI-jaise ctut'| yadi caitanya yA amata hai to vaha 1-'pratyekamasatI tepu na syaad-mnnn| dAvAmanaH 2-paDdarzanasamuncaya, 686 3-'nAsato vidyate bhAvo nAnA mitrA'

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158 jaina-darzana kabhI sat nahIM ho sakatA aura yadi sat hai to sarvathA asat nahIM ho sakatA / caturbhUta meM caitanya kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI, ataH usakA pAzraya pAtmA hai / ___ AtmA kI pRthak siddhi meM eka hetu yaha bhI hai ki AtmA yA jIva zabda sArthaka hai, kyoMki vaha vyutpattimUlaka hai aura zuddha pada hai / jo pada vyutpattiyukta evaM zuddha hotA hai, usakA koI-na-koI viSaya yA vAcya avazya hotA hai, jaise ghaTa zabda kA vAcya eka viziSTa AkAra vAlA padArtha hai / jo pada sArthaka nahIM hotA usakI vyutpatti nahIM hotI aura vaha zuddhapada nahIM hotA / "Dittha' pada zuddha hotA huaA bhI vyutpattimUlaka nahIM hai, ataH vaha nirarthaka hai / / 'yAkAzakusuma' pada vyutpattimUlaka hotA huA bhI nirarthaka hai kyoMki vaha zuddha pada nahIM hai / 'jIva' pada ke lie yaha bAta nahIM hai, ataH usakA vAcya koI-na-koI artha avazya honA caahie| yaha artha AtmA hai| zrAtmA kA svarUpaH tattvArthasUtra meM jIva kA lakSaNa vatAte samaya upayoga zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / upayoga bodharUpa vyApAra-vizeSa hai / yaha vyApAra caitanya ke kAraNa hotA hai| jar3a Adi padArthoM meM upayoga nahIM hai kyoMki unameM cetanA zakti kA abhAva hai / yaha cetanA zakti aAtmA ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI dravya meM nahIM pAyI jAtI ataH ise jIva kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai| upayoga ke atirikta utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya, sattva, prameyatvAdi aneka sAdhAraNa dharma bhI usameM pAye jAte haiM / jIva kA vizeSa dharma cetanA hI tattvArthakAra ke zabdoM meM upayoga hai, ata: vahI usakA lakSaNa hai / lakSaNa meM unhIM guNoM kA samAveza hotA hai to asAdhAraNa hote haiM / upayoga ko jo aAtmA kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai vaha moTe taura se hai| vaise caitanya hI - 1-jIvotti satyapamiNaM, suddhattaNo ghaDAbhiharaNaM va / / -vizepAvazyaka bhASya :1575 2-'upayogo lkssnnm'| . -tattvArthasUtra 28

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vana-darzana meM tattva 156 nAtmA kA dharma hai / yaha caitanya kevala upayoga hI nahIM hai, apitu sukha aura vIryAtmaka bhI hai / upayoga kA artha hotA hai jJAna aura darzana' | AtmA meM ananta catuSTaya hotA hai--ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta vIrya / upayoga kevala jJAna aura darzana ho hai / sukha aura vIrya kA isI ke andara antarbhAva karane meM yaha lakSaNa pUrNa ho sakatA hai / ananta catuSTya saMsArI zrAtmA meM apane pUrNarUpa meM nahIM hote | mukta grAtmA vA kevaliyoM kI dRSTi se inakA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya karma ke aya meM kramazaH anantajJAna, gratantadarzana, anantanukha aura anantavIrya prAIta hotA hai / ina cAra cAtikarmoM ke kSaya se prAdurbhUta hone vAlI cetanA kI vizeSa zaktiyoM ko hI ananta catuSTaya kA nAma diyA gayA hai| vaise jIva AtmA kA lakSaNa nA hI hai| jJAnopayogaH jJAnopayoga aura vartanopayoga meM yaha antara hai ki jJAna sAkAra hai, jaba ki varzana nirAkAra hai| jJAna nirvikalpaka hai / kI sarva kevala sattA kA mAna hotA hai| isake cAhI hotA jAtA hai| yaha hai aura na kA varNana hai. jisameM upayoga vizeSahotA hai hai kI phira jJAna hotA hai| isIlie vana niga aura jJAna sAkAra aura savikalpaka hai grahaNa isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki bA yavika mahattva hai| vaise utpati kI svAda meM hai aura ko sthAna pahale ke keka aura nirvikalpaka ke pahale hone ke phIta vibhAvajJAna

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162 jaina-darzana kevala / inameM se prathama do arthAt mati aura zruta ko parokSa kahA / zeSa tIna arthAt avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala ko pratyakSa kahA / ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM se prathama tIna jJAnoM ko viparyaya kahA / isa prakAra do parokSa, tIna pratyakSa aura tIna viparIta yoM kula milA kara jJAna ke ATha bheda hue / jJAnopayoga kI carcA ina ATha bhedoM ke sAtha samApta hotI hai| darzanopayoga : jJAnopayoga kI taraha darzanopayoga bhI do prakAra kA haisvabhAvadarzana ora vibhAvadarzana / __ svabhAvadarzana AtmA kA svAbhAvika upayoga hai| svabhAvajJAna kI taraha yaha bhI pratyakSa evaM pUrNa hotA hai| ise kevaladarzana bhI kahate haiN| ___ vibhAvadarzana tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-cakSurdarzana, acakSurdarzana, avadhidarzana / cakSurdarzana-cakSurindriya se hone vAlA nirAkAra aura nirvikalpa darzana cakSurdarzana hai| cakSurindriya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa cakSurdarzana nAmaka svatantra bheda kiyA gayA hai / acakSurdarzana-cakSurindriyAtirikta indriyoM tathA mana se hone vAlA jo darzana hai vaha acakSurdarzana hai / / avadhidarzana-sIdhA AtmA se hone vAlA rUpI padArthoM kA darzana avadhidarzana hai| isa prakAra darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda hue 1-kevaladarzana (svabhAvadarzana), 2-cakSurdarzana, 3-acakSudarzana, 4-avdhidrshn| jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ke bhedoM meM yaha antara hai ki darzanopayoga kabhI mithyA nahIM hotA / sattAmAtra kA upayoga mithyA. nahIM ho sakatA / jaba upayoga savikalpaka rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai-- vizeSagrAhI hotA hai tava mithyA hone kA avasara AtA hai| sAmAnya sattAmAtra kA grahaNa mithyAtva se pare hai kyoMki vahA~ kevala sattA kA

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jana-darzana meM tattva 163 pratibhAsa hai / sattA ke pratibhAsa meM samyaktva aura mithyAtva kA bheda nahIM hotaa| vaha to eka rUpa hotA hai aura vaha rUpa yathArtha hotA hai / dUsarA antara yaha hai ki manaHparyaya darzana nahIM hotA kyoMki avadhidarzana ke vipaya ke anantaveM bhAga kA jJAna hI mana:paryayajJAna hai / manaHparyaya upayoga avadhijJAna kA hI vizepa vikAsa hai| aisI dazA meM manaHparyaya nAmaka bhinna darzana kI koI aAvazyakatA nahIM / sUkSma vivecana kiyA jAya to manaHparyayajJAna bhI avadhijJAna se bhinna nahIM hai / avadhijJAna aura mana paryayajJAna eka hI upayoga kI do bhUmikAe~ haiM / tIsarA antara yaha hai ki zrutajJAna kI taraha zrutadarzana nahIM hotA kyoMki zrutopayoga hamezA savikalpaka hotA hai / cakSurdarzana aura acakSurdarzana matijJAna kI hI bhUmikAeM haiN| ina donoM kA nAma matidarzana isalie nahIM rakhA ki darzana meM cakSurindriya ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / cakSu ke mahattva ke kAraNa eka bheda cakSu ke nAma se rakhA gayA aura dUsarA cakSu se itara indriyoM aura mana ke nAma se / sAmAnyarUpa se prAtmA kA yaho svarUpa hai / aise jIvoM ke do bheda kie gae haiM---saMsArI aura mukta / ' mukta jIva kA lakSaNa svabhAvopayoga hai / kevalanAna aura kevaladarzana rUpa prAtmA kA zuddha aura svabhAvopayoga hI muktAtmA kI pahacAna hai / saMsArI jIvoM ke samanaska aura amanaska, trasa aura sthAvara, paryApta aura aparyApta Adi kaI bheda haiM / ina saba bhedoM kA vizeSa vicAra na karake saMsArI jIva ke svarUpa kA jarA vistRta vivecana kreNge| sAtha-hI-sAtha anya dAnoM se isa vipaya meM kyA matabheda hai, isakA bhI ullekha karane kA prayatna kreNge| saMsArI prAtmA: . vAdidevamUri ne saMmArI prAtmA kA jo svanpa batAyA hai unameM janadarzanasammata yAtmA kA pUrNa rUpa yA jAtA hai| yahA~ unI svarUpa ko prAdhAra banAkara vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| vaha svalpa tArilo muntAdaca'-vahI 2 / 10

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162 jaina-darzana kevala / inameM se prathama do arthAt mati aura zruta ko parokSa kahA / zeSa tIna arthAt avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala ko pratyakSa khaa| ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM se prathama tIna jJAnoM ko viparyaya kahA / isa prakAra do parokSa, tIna pratyakSa aura tIna viparIta yoM kula milA kara jJAna ke ATha bheda hue / jJAnopayoga kI carcA ina ATha bhedoM ke sAtha samApta hotI hai| darzanopayogaH ___ jJAnopayoga kI taraha darzanopayoga bhI do prakAra kA haisvabhAvadarzana aora vibhAvadarzana / svabhAvadarzana aAtmA kA svAbhAvika upayoga hai| svabhAvajJAna kI taraha yaha bhI pratyakSa evaM pUrNa hotA hai| ise kevaladarzana bhI kahate haiN| vibhAvadarzana tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-cakSurdarzana, acakSurdarzana, avadhidarzana / cakSurdarzana-cakSurindriya se hone vAlA nirAkAra aura nirvikalpa darzana cakSurdarzana hai| cakSurindriya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa cakSurdarzana nAmaka svatantra bheda kiyA gayA hai / ___ acakSurdarzana-cakSurindriyAtirikta indriyoM tathA mana se hone vAlA jo darzana hai vaha acakSurdarzana hai / avadhidarzana-sIdhA prAtmA se hone vAlA rUpI padArthoM kA darzana avadhidarzana hai| isa prakAra darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda hue- 1-kevaladarzana (svabhAvadarzana), 2-cakSurdarzana, 3-pracakSudarzana, 4-avdhidrshn| jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga ke bhedoM meM yaha antara hai ki darzanopayoga kabhI mithyA nahIM hotA / sattAmAtra kA upayoga mithyA nahIM ho sakatA / jaba upayoga savikalpaka rUpa dhAraNa karatA haivizeSagrAhI hotA hai taba mithyA hone kA avasara AtA hai / sAmAnya sattAmAtra kA grahaNa mithyAtva se pare hai kyoMki vahA~ kevala sattA kA

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 165 uparyukta mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue yaha kahA gayA ki zrAtmA caitanyasvarUpa hai / caitanya zrAtmA kA mUla guraNa hai, grAgantuka yA zrIpAdhika nahIM / AtmA aura caitanya meM ekAnta bheda nahIM hai / yadi zrAtmA zrI jJAna ko ekAnta bhinna mAnA jAya to caitra kA jJAna caitra kI AtmA se utanA hI bhinna hai jitanA ki maMtra kI grAtmA se / isI prakAra maitra kA jJAna bhI maitra kI grAtmA se utanA hI bhinna hai jitanA ki caitra kI zrAtmA se / caitra aura maitra donoM kA jJAna donoM kI zrAtmAnoM ke lie eka marIkhA hai / aisI sthiti meM isakA kyA kAraNa hai ki caitra kA jJAna caitra kI hI zrAtmA meM hai aura maitra kA jJAna maitra kI hI zrAtmA meM ? donoM jJAna donoM meM samAna rUpa se rahane cAhie~ / vAstava meM 'usakA jJAna' 'isakA jJAna' yA 'merA jJAna' jaisI koI vastu nahIM hai / sabhI jJAna sabase samAna rUpa se bhinna hai, kyoMki jJAna grAtmA kA svabhAva nahIM hai / vaha bAda meM zrAtmA se jur3atA hai / isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie yaha hetu diyA jAtA hai ki yadyapi jJAna aura grAtmA bilkula bhinna haiM tathApi jJAna zrAtmA se samavAya sambandha se sambaddha hai / jo jJAna jisa grAtmA ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai vaha jJAna usI zrAtmA kA kahA jAtA hai, anya kA nhiiN| isa prakAra samavAya samvandha hamArI sArI kaThinAI dUra kara detA hai / caitra kA jJAna caitra kI grAtmA se sambaddha hai; na ki maitra kI AtmA se / isI taraha maitra kA jJAna maitra kI zrAtmA ke sAtha samavAya sambandha se sambaddha hai na ki caitra kI AtmA ke sAtha / jo jJAna jisa zrAtmA ke sAtha samavAya sambandha se jur3A huA hotA hai vaha jJAna usI AtmA kA jJAna kahA jAtA hai / naiyAyikoM aura vaizeSikoM kA yaha hetu ThIka nahIM / namavAya eka hai, nitya hai aura vyApaka hai / ' amuka jJAna kA sambandha caitra se hI honA cAhie, maitra se nahIM, isakA koI santoSaprada uttara nahIM hai / jaba samavAya eka, nitya aura vyApaka hai, taba aisA kyoM ki amuka jJAna kA samvandha 1- samavAyasyaikatvAnityatvAdvyApakatvAcaM' / - svAdvAdamArI, kA0 8

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jaina-darzana AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai / vaha caitanyasvarUpa hai, pariNAmI hai, karttA hai, sAkSAt bhoktA hai, svadehaparimANa hai, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, paudgalika karmo se yukta hai / ' 164 'AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai' isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki cArvAkAdi jo loga AtmA kA pRthak astitva nahIM mAnate unheM usakI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa karanA cAhie / isake lie hama bahuta kucha likha cuke haiM, grata. yahA~ use doharAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM / 'vaha caitanya svarUpa hai' yaha lakSaNa vaizeSika aura naiyAyikAdi una dArzanikoM ko uttara dene ke lie hai, jo caitanya ko AtmA kA Agantuka aura aupAdhika guNa mAnate haiM / AtmA svarUpa se cetana nahIM hai / buddhayAdi guNoM ke sambandha se usameM jJAna yA cetanA utpanna hotI hai / jisa prakAra agni ke sambandha se ghaTa meM raktatA utpanna hotI hai usI prakAra AtmA meM cetanA guraNa utpanna hotA hai / 1 jaba taka AtmA meM caitanya utpanna nahIM hotA taba taka vaha jar3a hai / jo loga isa prakAra caitanya kI utpatti mAnate haiM unake mata se AtmA svabhAva se cetana nahIM hai / ve caitanya ko AtmA kA Avazyaka guraga nahIM mAnate / caitanya athavA jJAna eka bhinna tattva hai aura AtmA eka bhinna padArtha hai / donoM ke sambandha se AtmA meM jJAna utpanna hotA hai / isI sambandha ke kAraNa hama kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA jJAnavAn hai / jisa prakAra daNDa ke sambandha se puruSa darADI kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra jJAna ke sambandha se AtmA jJAnavAn kahA jAtA hai / vAstava meM jJAna aura AtmA atyanta bhinna haiM / 1 - pramAtA pratyakSAdiprasiddha AtmA / caitanyasvarUpaH pariNAmI karttA sAkSAdabhoktA svadeha - parimANaH prati kSetraM bhinnaH podgalikAdRSTavAMzcAyam / - pramANanayatattvAloka 7155-56 2 - agnighaTasaMyogajarohitAdiguNavat / - zAMkarabhASya - 2 / 3 / 188

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167 jaina-darzana meM tattva bhI grAtmA se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai / vaha grAtmA kA svabhAva hai, isalie zrAtmA se bhinna hai / yahA~ para eka zaMkA hotI hai ki yadi grAtmA aura jJAna prabhinna haiM to una donoM meM kartR -karaNa bhAva kaise vana sakatA hai ? jisa prakAra sarpa apane hI zarIra se apane ko lapeTatA hai usI prakAra grAtmA apane se hI pane zrApako jAnatA hai / vahI grAtmA jAnane vAlA hai - karttA hai aura usI zrAtmA se jAnatA hai-karaNa hai / karttA aura karaNa kA yaha sambandha paryAyabheda se hai / zrAtmA kI hI paryAyeM karaNa hotI haiM / una paryAyoM ko chor3akara dUsarA koI kararaNa nahIM hotA / zrataH zrAtmA caitanya svarUpa hai | AtmA 'pariNAmI hai' yaha vizeSaraNa una logoM ke mata ke khaNDana ke lie hai jo zrAtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa mAnate hue bhI ekAnta rUpa se nitya evaM zAzvata mAnate haiM / ve kahate haiM ki grAtmA apariNAmI hai-parivartanazIla hai / udAharaNa ke lie sAMkhya darzana ko liijie| vaha puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai / jo kucha bhI parivartana hotA haiM, vaha prakRti meM hotA hai / puruSa na kabhI baddha hotA hai aura na kabhI mukta | bandhana aura muktirUpa jitane bhI pariNAma haiM, prakRtyAzrita haiM, purupAzrita nahIM / puruSa nitya hai zrataH janma, maraNa zrAdi jitane bhI pariNAma haiM unase vaha bhinna hai - spRzya hai / isIlie puruSa pariNAmI hai / pariNAmavAda kA samarthana karane vAlA jaina darzana kahatA hai ki yadi prakRti hI vRddha hotI hai, prakRti hI mukta hotI hai to vaha kyA hai jisase prakRti baddha hotI hai aura jisake prabhAva me use mukti milatI hai / prakRti ke atirikta koI aisA tattva nahIM jise sAMkhya darzana mAnatA ho / isa 1- 'sarpa grAtmAnamAtmanA veSTayati' / -vahI kA0 8 pR0 43 2 - tasmAnna badhyate' nA'pi mucyate nA'pi saMnarati kacit / saMsaratibaddhate gucyate ca nAnAzrayA prakRtiH // - sAMkhyakArikA 62

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. jaina-darzana 'amuka AtmA ke sAtha hI ho aura anya AtmAoM ke sAtha nahIM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki nyAyavaizeSika darzana ke anusAra AtmA bhI sarvavyApaka hai, isalie eka AtmA kA jJAna saba AtmAoM meM rahanA cAhie / isa taraha caitra kA jJAna maitra meM bhI rhegaa| kisI taraha yaha mAna bhI liyA jAya ki jJAna samavAya sambandha se prAtmA ke sAtha sambaddha ho jAtA hai, taba bhI eka prazna bAkI raha jAtA hai aura vaha yaha ki samavAya kisa sambandha se jJAna aura prAtmA ke sAtha sambaddha hotA hai ? yadi isake lie kisI anya samavAya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai to anavasthA doSa kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vaha apane-Apa jur3a jAtA hai to phira jJAna aura prAtmA apane Apa kyoM nahIM sambaddha ho jAte ? unake lie eka tIsarI cIja kI / AvazyakatA kyoM rahatI hai ? naiyAyika aura vaizeSika eka dUsarA hetu upasthita karate haiM / ve kahate haiM ki AtmA aura jJAna meM katR-karaNa bhAva hai, ataH donoM bhinna hone cAhie~ / AtmA kartA hai aura jJAna karaNa hai, ataH AtmA aura jJAna eka nahIM ho sakate / jena-dArzanika kahate haiM ki yaha hetu ThIka nahIM hai / jJAna aura AtmA kA sambandha sAmAnya karaNa aura kartA kA sambandha nahIM hai / 'devadatta dAtra se kATatA hai, yahA~ dAtra eka bAhya karaNa hai| : jJAna isa prakAra kA karaNa nahIM hai jo prAtmA se bhinna ho / yadi dAtra kI taraha jJAna bhI AtmA se bhinna siddha ho jAya taba yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAna aura AtmA meM karaNa aura kartA kA sambandha hai, phalataH jJAna prAtmA se bhinna hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki devadatta netra aura dIpaka se dekhatA hai| yahA~ para devadatta se dIpaka jisa prakAra bhinna hai usa prakAra A~kheM bhinna nahIM haiM / yadyapi dIpaka aura netra donoM karaNa haiM kintu donoM meM bahuta antara hai| usI prakAra jJAna AtmA kA karaNa hotA huA .1-karaNaM dvividha jJayaM, vAhyamAbhyantaraM budhaH / yathA lunAti dAtreNa, meru gacchati cetasA // -syAdvAdamaMjarI, kA0 8 pR0 42

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jana-jana meM tattva 167 bhI zrAtmA se sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai / vaha yAtmA kA svabhAva hai, isalie zrAtmA meM abhinna hai| yahA~ para eka zaMkA hotI hai ki yadi yAtmA aura jAna abhinna hai to una donoM meM kakaraNa bhAva kase bana sakatA hai ? jisa prakAra sarpa apane hI zarIra se apane ko lapeTatA hai usI prakAra prAtmA apane se hI apane zrApako jAnatA hai / vahIM prAtmA jAnane vAlA hai- kartA hai aura usI yAtmA se jAnatA hai karaNa hai| kartA aura karaNa kA yaha sambandha paryAyabheda se hai| zrAtmA kI hI paryAyeM karaNa hotI haiN| una paryAyoM ko chor3akara dUsarA koI karaNa nahIM hotA / ataH prAtmA caitanya svarUpa hai| zrAtmA 'pariNAmI hai' yaha vizeSaNa una logoM ke mata ke khaNDana ke lie hai jo zrAtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa mAnate hue bhI ekAnta rUpa se nitya evaM zAzvata mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki prAtmA apariNAmI hai-aparivartanazIla haiM / udAharaNa ke lie sAMkhya darzana ko liijie| vaha purupa ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai / jo kucha bhI parivartana hotA hai, vaha prakRti meM hotA hai / puruSa na kabhI baddha hotA hai aura na kabhI mukta / bandhana aura muktimpa jitane bhI pariNAma hai, prakRtyAzrita haiM, purupAzrita nhiiN| purupa nitya hai attaH janma, maraNa zrAdi jitane bhI pariNAma haiM unase vaha bhinna hai. aspRzya hai / isIlie purupa aparigAmI hai| parigAmavAda kA samarthana karane vAlA jaina darzana kahatA hai ki yadi pragati hI baddha hotI hai, prakRti hI mukta hotI hai to vaha kyA hai jisase pati bala hotI hai aura jisale prabhAva me use mukti milatI hai / prakRti ke atirikta koI aisA tattva nahIM jise sAMkhya darzana mAnatA ho / isa ---- 'sarpa dhAramAnamAtmanA deoTayati' / ~palI pA08 pR0 43 2 ...ramAra mAnemApi mutyo nA'pi marati phadinan / saMgati kA yo mundhare ghanAnAzyA prakRtiH / / ~mAMsyakArikA, 62

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168 jaina-darzana liye prakRti kisI anya tattva se to vaddha nahIM ho sktii| yadi prakRti svayaM hI baddha hotI hai aura svayaM hI mukta hotI hai to vandhana aura mukti meM koI antara nahIM hogA, kyoMki prakRti hamezA prakRti hai| vaha jaisI hai vaisI hI rahegI, kyoMki usameM bheda DAlane vAlA koI anya kAraNa nahIM hai / akhaNDa tattva meM apane Apa avasthAbheda nahIM ho sktaa| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki puruSa prakRti ke parivartana meM kAraNa hai taba bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM ho sakatA / puruSa hamezA prakRti ke sammukha rahatA hai| yadi vaha hamezA ekarUpa hai to prakRti bhI ekarUpa rhegii| yadi usameM parivartana hotA hai to prakRti meM bhI parivartana hogaa| aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki puruSa to sadaiva ekarUpa rahe aura prakRti meM parivartana hotA rahe / yadi puruSa prakRti ke parivartana meM kAraNa hai to usameM bhI parivartana honA cAhie / binA usameM paravartana hue prakRti meM parivartana hotA rahe, yaha samajha meM nahIM pAtA / yadi prakRti ke parivartana ke lie puruSa meM parivartana mAnA jAya to jisa balA se bacane ke lie prakRti kI zaraNa lenI par3I vahI balA punaH gale meM A pdd'ii| ___ sAMkhya darzana kI dhAraNA ke anusAra sukha-duHkhAdi jitanI bhI mAnasika kriyAe~ haiM, saba prakRti kI dena haiM / puruSa kA buddhi meM pratibimba par3atA hai / isa pratibimba ke kAraNa puruSa yaha samajhatA hai ki sukha duHkhAdi mere bhAva haiM / yaha dhAraNA bhI pariNAmavAda kI ora jAtI hai| puruSa apane mUla svarUpa ko bhUla kara sukhaduHkhAdi ko apanA samajhane lagatA hai, isakA artha yaha huA ki usake mUlarUpa meM eka prakAra kA parivartana ho gyaa| binA apane asalI rUpa ko chor3e yaha kabhI nahIM ho sakatA ki vaha sukhaduHkhAdi ko jo vAstava meM usake nahIM haiM, apane samajhane lage / jyoM hI vaha apane mUlarUpa ko bhUlakara anya rUpa meM A jAtA hai tyoM hI usake svabhAva meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / yaha parivartana apariNAmI puruSa meM kadApi sambhava nhiiN| ataH puruSa pariNAmI hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sukhaduHkhAdi pariNAma caitanyapUrvaka haiM / jar3a prakRti ko ina pariNAmoM kA anubhava nahIM ho sktaa| aisI dazA meM yahI mAnanA cAhie ki puruSa pariNAmI hai|

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jana-dagaMna meM tattva sAMkhya purupa ko kartA nahIM mAnatA / pumpa sAkSI mAtra hai, aisA usakA vizvAsa hai / pariNAmavAda kI siddhi ke sAtha hI sAtha kartRtva bhI siddha ho jAtA hai| sukha-duHkhAdi kA anubhava binA kiyA ke nahIM ho sktaa| athavA yoM kahanA cAhie ki sukha duHgvAdi kriyA rUpa hI haiM / aisI avasthA meM puruSa ko akartA aura niSkriya kahanA ThIka nahIM / aAtmA 'kartA hai' yaha lakSaNa isI bAta kI puSTi ke lie hai| aAtmA sAkSAt bhoktA hai, yaha vizeSaNa bhI sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA ke gvaNDana ke lie hai / sAMkhya loga punAra meM sAkSAt bhovatRtva nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki buddhi kA jo bhoga hai usIko purupa apanA mAna letA hai / vaise purupa meM svataH bhoga kriyA nahIM hai / jainoM kA kathana hai ki bhogarUpa kriyA jar3a vRddhi meM nahIM ghaTa sakatI / usakA sambandha sIdhA pugpa se hai-~grAtmA se hai| jisa prakAra pariNAma aura kriyA kA prAzraya prAtmA hI honA cAhie usI prakAra bhogarUpa kriyA kA prAzraya bhI pAtmA hI honA caahie| isake atirikta pugpa kA buddhi meM pratibimba nahIM par3a sakatA, kyoMki purupa prAdhyAtmika nIra cetana tatva hai jabaphi buddhi jar3a aura bhautika hai, kyoMki vaha prakati kA vikAma hai| caMtanya kA jar3a tattva meM pratibimba kase paTa sakatA hai ? pratibimba to jar3a kA jar3a meM hI par3a sakatA hai| jaina darzana sammata prAtmA aura karma ke sambandha meM ye saba dopa lAgU nahI hote, kyoMki yaha saMsArI AtmA ko parigAmI aura kathaMcit mUtaM mAnatA hai / sAMsya darzana ekAntavAdI hai / vaha puruSa ko ekAnta hAne nitya mAnatA hai| pariNAma kA bhI prAtyantika abhAva mAnatA hai |lii sthiti meM prakRti aura puNya kA kisI bhI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM ghaTa sakatA / nambandha ke lie parivartana-pariNAma atyanta Avazyaka hai / jahA~ pariNAma kA abhAva hai vahA~ kA tva, bhopatRtva Adi sabhI nityAyoM kA prabhAva hai| - dipamAna nimAkSitvamanya purapasya / paMpa mAyarapaMdradatyagarabhAvana / / --sAlyakArikA, 16

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170 jaina-darzana aAtmA 'svadeha parimANa hai' yaha lakSaNa una sabhI dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karane ke lie hai, jo prAtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnate haiM / naiyAyika, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka Adi yAtmA kA anekatva to svIkRta karate haiM, kintu sAtha hI sAtha yAtmA ko sarvavyApaka bhI mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra AkAza sarvavyApaka hai usI prakAra pratyeka prAtmA sarvavyApaka hai| bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM AtmA kA svatantra astitva mAna kara bhI use svadeha parimANa mAnanA jaina darzana kI hI vizeSatA hai| jaina darzana ke atirikta koI aisA darzana nahIM hai jo prAtmA ko zarIra parimAraNa mAnatA ho / jainoM kA kathana hai ki kisI bhI prAtmA ko zarIra se bAhara mAnanA anubhava evaM pratIti se viparIta hai| hamArI pratIti hameM yahI batAtI hai ki jitane parimANa meM hamArA zarIra hai utane hI parimANa meM hamArI AtmA hai / zarIra se bAhara AtmA kA astitva kisI bhI pramANa se siddha nahIM ho sakatA / jahA~ para jisa vastu ke guNa upalabdha hote haiM vaha vastu vahIM para hotI hai / kumbha vahIM hai jahA~ kumbha ke guNa rUpAdi upalabdha haiN| isI prakAra AtmA kA astitva bhI vahIM mAnanA cAhie, jahA~ AtmA ke guNa jJAna, smati Adi upalabdha hoN| ye sAre guNa yadyapi bhautika zarIra ke nahIM haiM tathApi upalabdha vahIM hote haiM jahA~ zarIra hotA hai, ata: yaha mAnanA ThIka nahIM ki AtmA sarvavyApaka hai / / ___ koI yaha pUcha sakatA hai ki gandha dUra rahatI hai phira bhI hama kaise sUgha lete haiM ? isakA uttara yahI hai ki gandha ke paramANa ghrANendriya taka pahu~cate haiM, isIlie hameM gandha AtI hai| yadi ghrANendriya ke pAsa pahu~ce binA hI gandha kA anubhava hone lage, to sabhI vastuoM kI gandha A jAnI caahie| aisA nahIM hotA, kintu jisa 'vastu ke gandhANu hamArI ghrANendriya taka pahu~cate haiM usI vastu kI gandha kI pratIti hotI hai / AtmA ke sarvaMgatatva kA khaNDana karane ke lie nimna hetu kA prayoga hai- . 1-anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, kA0 6

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jana-darzana meM tattva 171 AtmA sarvagata nahIM hai kyoMki usake guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote | jisake guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote vaha sarvagata nahIM hotA jaine ghaTa | zrAtmA ke guNa sarvatra upalabdha nahIM hote, yataH grAtmA sarvagata nahIM hai / jo sarvagata hotA hai usake guNa sarvatra upalabdha hote hai - jaise prAkAra' | naiyAyika isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM ki hamArA gradRSTa sarvatra kArya karatA rahatA hai / usake rahane ke lie grAtmA ko zrAvazyakatA hotI hai / vaha kevala grAkAza meM nahIM rahatA, kyoMki pratyeka grAtmA kA adRSTa bhinna-bhinna hai / jaba grahRSTa sarvavyApaka hai taba zrAtmA bhI sarvavyApaka ho hogI, kyoMki jahA~ grAtmA hotI hai vahIM gradRSTa rahatA hai| jaina dArzanika isa cIja ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki pratyeka vastu kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hotA hai, jisake anusAra vaha kArya karatI hai / agni kA svabhAva jalanA hai, isalie yaha janatI hai| yadi pratyeka vastu ke lie grahRSTa kI kalpanA kI jAegI to vAyu kA tiryag gamana, agni kA prajjvalana zrAdi jagat ke jitane bhI kArya haiM, sabake lie grapTa kI sattA mAnanI par3egI / aisA mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM, kyoMki pratyeka vastu kA eka viziSTa svabhAva hotA hai jisake anusAra vaha kArya karatI hai / yaha svabhAva usakA svarUpa hai, graha-pradatta guNa nahIM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi sabhI vastunoM ke svabhAva kA nirmANa zraSTa dvArA mAnA jAya to Izvara ke lie jagat meM koI sthAna nahIM rahegA / eka prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki yadi zrAtmA vibhu nahIM hai to zarIra-nirmANa ke lie paramANuoM ko kaise khIcegI ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki parI nirmANa ke lie vitta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / mAko mAnA jAya to unakA zarIra jagatparimANa ho jAyagA, kyoMki jagandhArI hone se sAre jagat ke paramANuoM 1-svAhAyagaMja kA pR0 46 1

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172 jaina darzana ko khIMca legI / aisI avasthA meM na jAne usakA zarIra kitanA bhayaMkara hogA aura zAyada sAre jagat meM eka hI zarIra hogA / naiyAyika eka aura zaMkA uThAtA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki AtmA ko zarIra - parimANa mAnane se AtmA sAvayava ho jAegA aura sAvayava hone se kArya ho jAegA jaise zarIra svayaM kArya hai / kArya hone se AtmA nitya ho jAegI / jaina dArzanika isa pariNAma ko bar3e garva se svIkRta karate haiM / ve AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate hI nahIM / isalie AtmA ko anitya mAnanA unheM iSTa hai / jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA ke pradeza hote haiM, yadyapi sAdhAraNa artha meM gravayava nahIM hote / grAtmA pAriNAmika hai, sAvayava hai, sapradeza hai / aisI sthiti meM anityatA kA doSa jainoM para nahIM AtA / AtmA saMkoca aura vikAsazAlI haiM ataH eka zarIra se dUsare meM pahu~cane para usake parimANa meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| rAmAnuja jisa prakAra jJAna ko saMkocavikAsa-zAlI mAnatA hai usI prakAra jaina darzana zrAtmA ko saMkocavikAsazAlI mAnatA hai / AtmA 'pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai' yaha bAta una dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA ke khaNDana ke rUpa meM kahI gaI, hai, jo AtmA ko kevala eka prAdhyAtmika tattva mAnate haiM / unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka grAtmA kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai / jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra eka hI zarIra meM aneka AtmAe~ raha sakatI haiM, kintu eka AtmA aneka zarIroM meM nahIM raha sakatI / naiyAyika Adi dArzanika bhI aneka grAtmAnoM kI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa karate haiM / isa anekatA kI dRSTi se jaina darzana meM aura unameM mataikya hai / ( svadeha parimANa kI dRSTi se jo matabheda hai usakA vicAra kara cuke haiM) dvaita vedAnta mAnatA hai ki grAdhyAtmika tattva eka hI hai / vaha sarvavyApaka hai aura sarvatra samAna rUpa se rahatA hai / pravidyA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hama yaha samajhate haiM ki bhinna-bhinna zrAtmAe~ haiM 1 - 'jJAnaM dharmaH saMkoca vikAsayogyam / ' - tattvatraya, pRSTha 35

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jaina-darzana aura unakA bhinna-bhinna astitva hai| jisa prakAra eka hI prAkAma ghaTAkAga, paTAkAza Adi rUpoM meM pratibhAsita hotA hai usI prakAra avidyA ke kAragA eka hI yAtmA aneka prAtmAoM ke rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotI hai / eka hI paramezvara kUTastha, nitya, vijJAna-dhAtu avidyA ke kAragA aneka prakAra kA mAlUma hotA hai|' isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue jainAcArya kahate haiM ki jahA~ taka AkAza kA prazna hai, yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vaha eka hai, kyoMki aneka vastuoM ko apane andara avagAhanA dete hue bhI vaha ekA rUpa rahatA hai| usake andara koI bheda dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| adhavA yAkAma bhI sarvathA eka rUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bhI ghaTAkAga, paTAkAga, maThAkAna aAdi aneka rUpoM meM parigAta hotA rahatA hai / dIpaka kI taraha vaha bhI kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya hai / phira bhI mAna lIjie ki aAkAza ekarUpa hai| kintu jahA~ taka yAtmA kA prazna hai, aisI koI bhI ekatA mAlUma nahIM hotI jisake kAraNa nAre bheda samApta ho jAte hoM / yaha ThIka hai unakA svarUpa eka sarIkhA hai| aisA hote hue bhI unameM aikAntika abheda nahIM hai / mAyA ko bIca meM DAla kara bheda ko mithyA siddha karanA yukti maMgata nahIM, kyoMki mAyA svayaM ho asiddha hai| AtmA pratyeka zavIra meM bhinna hai, pratyeka piNDa meM alaga hai| saMsAra ke sabhI jIvita prANI bhinna-bhinna hai, kyoMki unake gugaloM meM bheda hai jaise-- paTa / jahAM kisI vastu ke gugagoM meM anya vastu ke guNoM se bheda nahIM hotA vahIM vaha usane bhinna nahIM hotI-jaise AkAga / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi sAre saMsAra kA antima tattva eka hImAtmA hai to muga, duHkha, vandhana, mukti prAdi kisI kI bhI {--'pA sapAmAtmayatyanAyagAnapratipakSabhUtAnAM pranidodhAnaMda mora samAralapam / eeka paramedaramya-pUrapanilo vimAnapAtarakiyA bhASayA mAyAvira kadA vinAyo, nAnyo vimaanni| zArama bhAya 1

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jaina darzana 172 ko khIMca legI / aisI avasthA meM na jAne usakA zarIra kitanA bhayaMkara hogA aura zAyada sAre jagat meM eka hI zarIra hogA / I naiyAyika eka aura zaMkA uThAtA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki AtmA ko zarIra - parimANa mAnane se AtmA sAvayava ho jAegA aura sAvayava hone se kArya ho jAegA jaise zarIra svayaM kArya hai / kArya hone se grAtmA nitya ho jAegI / jaina dArzanika isa pariNAma ko bar3e garva se svIkRta karate haiM / ve AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate hI nahIM / isalie zrAtmA ko anitya mAnanA unheM iSTa hai / jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA ke pradeza hote haiM, yadyapi sAdhAraNa artha meM zravayava nahIM hote / zrAtmA pAriNAmika hai, sAvayava hai, sapradeza hai / aisI sthiti meM anityatA kA doSa jainoM para nahIM prAtA / AtmA saMkoca aura vikAsazAlI haiM ataH eka zarIra se dUsare meM pahu~cane para usake parimANa meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| rAmAnuja jisa prakAra jJAna ko saMkocavikAsa - zAlI mAnatA hai usI prakAra jaina darzana grAtmA ko saMkocavikAsazAlI mAnatA hai / zrAtmA 'pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai' yaha bAta una dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA ke khaNDana ke rUpa meM kahI gaI, hai, jo grAtmA ko kevala eka prAdhyAtmika tattva mAnate haiM / unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka grAtmA kI svatantra sattA nahIM hai / jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra eka hI zarIra meM aneka AtmAe~ raha sakatI haiM, kintu eka grAtmA aneka zarIroM meM nahIM raha sakatI / naiyAyika Adi dArzanika bhI aneka grAtmAnoM kI svatantra sattA meM vizvAsa karate haiM / isa anekatA kI dRSTi se jaina darzana meM aura unameM mataikya hai / ( sva deha parimANa kI dRSTi se jo matabheda hai usakA vicAra kara cuke haiM ) dvaita vedAnta mAnatA hai ki prAdhyAtmika tattva eka hI hai / vaha sarvavyApaka hai aura sarvatra samAna rUpa se rahatA hai / vidyA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hama yaha samajhate haiM ki bhinna-bhinna grAtmAe~ haiM 1 - 'jJAnaM dharma: saMkoca vikAsayogyam / ' - tattvatraya, pRSTha 35

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jaina-darzana 173 aura unakA bhinna-bhinna astitva hai| jisa prakAra eka hI AkAza ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza Adi rUpoM meM pratibhAsita hotA hai usI prakAra avidyA ke kAraNa eka hI AtmA aneka AtmAnoM ke rUpa meM pratibhAsita hotI hai / eka hI paramezvara kUTastha, nitya, vijJAna-dhAtu avidyA ke kAraNa aneka prakAra kA mAlUma hotA hai|' __isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue jainAcArya kahate haiM ki jahA~ taka AkAza kA prazna hai, yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vaha eka hai, kyoMki aneka vastuoM ko apane andara avagAhanA dete hue bhI vaha eka rUpa rahatA hai| usake andara koI bheda dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| athavA AkAza bhI sarvathA eka rUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bhI ghaTAkAza, paTAkAza, maThAkAza Adi aneka rUpoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai / dIpaka kI taraha vaha bhI kathaMcit nitya hai aura kathaMcit anitya hai / phira bhI mAna lIjie ki AkAza ekarUpa hai| kintu jahA~ taka AtmA kA prazna hai, aisI koI bhI ekatA mAlUma nahIM hotI jisake kAraNa sAre bheda samApta ho jAte hoM / yaha ThIka hai unakA svarUpa eka sarIkhA hai| aisA hote hue bhI unameM aikAntika abheda nahIM hai / mAyA ko bIca meM DAla kara bheda ko mithyA siddha karanA yukti saMgata nahIM, kyoMki mAyA svayaM ho asiddha hai| AtmA pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, pratyeka piNDa meM alaga hai| saMsAra ke sabhI jIvita prANI bhinna-bhinna haiM, kyoMki unake guNoM meM bheda hai jaise-- ghaTa / jahA~ kisI vastu ke guNoM meM anya vastu ke guNoM se bheda nahIM hotA vahA~ vaha usase bhinna nahIM hotI-jaise AkAza / . dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi sAre saMsAra kA antima tattva eka hI AtmA hai to sukha, du:kha, bandhana, mukti Adi kisI kI bhI 1-'teSAM sarveSAmAtmaikatvasamyagdarzanapratipakSabhUtAnAM pratibodhAyedaM zarIra kamArabdham / eka eva . paramezvarasya-kUTasthanityo vijJAnadhAturavidyayA mAyayA mAyAvivadanekadhA vibhAvyate, nAnyo vijnyaandhaatursti| . -~-zArIraka bhASya 1 / 3 / 16

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174 jaina-darzana AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / jahA~ eka hai vahA~ koI bheda ho hI nahIM sakatA / bheda hamezA anekapUrvaka hotA hai| bheda kA artha hI anekatA hai| mAyA yA avidyA bhI isa samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sakatI, kyoMki jahA~ kevala eka tattva hai vahA~ mAyA yA avidyA nAma kI koI cIja nahIM ho sktii| usake lie. koI gujAiza nahIM rahatI / tAtparya yaha hai ki eka tattvavAdI bheda kA saMtoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM kara sakatA / yaha hamAre anubhava kI cIja hai ki bheda hotA hai, isalie bheda kA apalApa bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / aisI dazA meM sukha, duHkha, janana, maraNa, bandhana, mukti Adi aneka dazAoM ke santoSaprada samAdhAna ke lie aneka AtmAoM kI svatantra sattA mAnanA atyAvazyaka hai| AtmA ke guNoM meM bheda kaise hai, isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki AtmA kA sAmAnya lakSaNa upayoga hai| kintu yaha upayoga ananta prakAra kA hotA hai, kyoMki pratyeka AtmA meM bhinnabhinna upayoga hai| kisI AtmA meM upayoga kA utkarSa hai to kisI meM apakarSa hai / utkarSa aura apakarSa kI antima avasthAoM ke bIca meM aneka prakAra haiM / AtmAe~ ananta haiM, isalie AtmA ke bheda se upayoga ke bheda bhI ananta haiN| yahA~ para sAMkhya darzana ke una tIna hetuoM kA bhI nirdeza kara denA cAhie, jinase puruSabahutva kI siddhi kI gaI hai| ye tInoM hetu prAtmA ke bahutva kI siddhi ke lie bahuta upayogI haiM / pahalA hetu hai 'jananamaraNakaraNAnAM pratiniyamAt' arthAt utpatti, mRtyu aura indriyAdi karaNoM kI vibhinnatA se puruSabahutva kA anumAna ho sakatA hai / dUsarA hetu hai 'ayugapatpravRtteH' arthAt alaga-alaga pravRtti ko dekhakara puruSabahutva kI kalpanA ho sakatI hai| tIsarA .. hetu hai 'traiguNyaviparyayAt' arthAt sattva, rajas aura tamas kI 1--vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 1582 . 2-vahI-1583

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 175 asamAnatA se puruSavahutva kI siddhi ho sakatI hai| sattva, rajas aura tamas kI asamAnatA ke sthAna para jaina karma kI asamAnatA kA prayoga kara sakate haiN| prAtmA ke bahutva kI siddhi ke lie itanI carcA kAphI hai| ____ AtmA 'paudgalika karmoM se yukta hai' yaha lakSaNa do bAtoM ko prakaTa karatA hai| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki jo loga karma Adi kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate unake siddhAnta kA khaNDana karatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jo loga karmoM ko mAnate haiM kintu unheM paudgalika arthAt bhautika nahIM mAnate unake mata ko dUSita ThaharAtA hai| karma' pada se prathama bAta nikalatI hai aura 'paudgalika' pada se dUsarI bAta prakaTa hotI hai| cArvAka jo ki karma kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate unakI mAnyata kA khaNDana karate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki sukha-duHkhAdi kI viSamatA kA koI-na-koI kAraNa avazya hai, kyoMki yaha eka prakAra kA kArya hai jaise aMkurAdi / kevala AtmA meM sukhaduHkhAdi kI viSamatA nahIM hotI / vaha to anantasukhAtmaka hai aura phira cArvAka AtmA ko mAnate bhI nahIM / bhUtoM kA viziSTa saMyoga bhI isa viSamatA kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usa saMyoga kI viSamatA ke pIche koI-na-koI anya kAraNa avazya honA cAhie, jisake kAraNa saMyoga meM vaiSamya hotA hai / vaha kAraNa kyA hai ? usa kAraNa kI khoja meM vartamAna ko chor3akara bhUta taka pahu~canA par3atA hai| vahI kAraNa karma hai| yadi koI yaha kahe ki hameM karmoM kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA, isalie karma mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / aisI avasthA meM use yaha uttara diyA jA sakatA hai ki jo vastu indriya-pratyakSa kA viSaya na ho vaha hai hI nahIM, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, anyathA bhUta aura bhaviSya ke jitane bhI padArtha haiM sava asat 1.-jananamaraNakaraNAnAM, pratiniyamAd yugapat pravRttezca / puruSabahutvaM siddha, vaiguNyaviparyayAccaiva // -sAMkhyakArikA, 18

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176 jaina-darzana ho jAe~ge, kyoMki unakA hameM isa samaya pratyakSa nahIM ho rahA hai / aisI dazA meM sArA vyavahAra lupta ho jaaegaa| pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda 'maiM apane pitA kA putra hU~' aisA nahIM kahA jA sakegA, kyoMki pitA kA pratyakSa hI nahIM hai / isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie anumAna kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| 'putra' kArya hai, isalie usakA kAraNa 'pitA' avazya honA cAhie / isI prakAra karmoM ke kAryoM ko dekhakara kAraNa rUpa karmoM kA anumAna lagAnA hI par3atA hai / isI cIja ko dUsarI taraha se dekheN| paramANu indriya-pratyakSa kA vipaya nahIM hai kintu ghaTAdi kArya dekha kara tatkAraNa rUpa paramANuyoM kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra sukhaduHkhAdi ke vaipamya ko dekhakara tatkAraNarUpa karmoM kA anumAna karanA yuktisaMgata hai| ___ yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai / candana, aMganAdi ke saMyoga se vyakti ko sukha kI prApti hotI hai aura viSa, kaNTaka, sarpAdi se duHkha milatA hai| ye pratyakSa dikhAI dene vAle kAraNa hI sukha aura duHkha ke kAraNa haiM / aisI dazA meM hama adRzya kAraNoM kI kalpanA kyoM kareM ? jo kAraNa dikhAI dete haiM unheM chor3akara aise kAraNoM kI kalpanA karanA jo apratyakSa haiM, ThIka nahIM / prazna bahuta acchA hai kintu usameM thor3A sA doSa hai / doSa yaha hai ki vaha vyabhicArI hai| yaha hamArA pratidina kA anubhava hai ki eka hI prakAra ke sAdhanoM ke rahate hue eka vyakti adhika sukhI hotA hai, dUsarA kama sukhI hotA hai, tIsarA duHkhI hotA hai / samAna sAdhanoM se sabako samAna sukha nahIM milatA / yahI bAta duHkha ke sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| aisA kyoM hotA hai.? isake lie kisI-nakisI adRSTa kI kalpanA karanI par3atI hai| jisa prakAra hama yuvakadeha ko dekhakara bAladeha kA anumAna karate haiM usI prakAra bAladeha ko dekhakara bhI kisI anya deha kA anumAna karanA cAhie / yaha deha 'kArmaNa zarIra' hai| yaha paramparA anAdikAla se calI AtI hai| 1-vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 1614

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 177 hama garIrarUpa kArya se karmarUpa kAraNa kA anumAna karate haiN| zarIra bhautika hai--paudgalika hai, aisI dazA meM karma bhI. paudgalika hI hone cAhie, kyoMki paudgalika kArya kA kAraNa bhI paudgalika hI ho sakatA hai / jaina darzana tarka kI isa mAMga kA samarthana karatA hai tathA karma ko paudgalika siddha karane ke lie nimna hetu upasthita karatA hai-- 1--karma paudgalika haiM, kyoMki unase sukhaHdukhAdi kA anubhava hotA hai / jisake sambandha se sukhaduHkhAdi kA anubhava hotA hai vaha paudgalika hotA hai, jaise bhojanAdi / jo paudgalika nahIM hotA usake sambandha se sukhaduHkhAdi bhI nahIM hote, jaise AkAza / 2--jisake sambandha se tIvra vedanAdi kA anubhava hotA hai vaha paudgalika hotA hai jaise agni / karma ke sambandha se tIvra vedanAdi kI pratIti hotI hai, ataH karma paudgalika haiN| : 3.-paudgalika padArtha ke saMyoga se paudgalika padArtha kI hI vRddhi ho sakatI hai jaise ghaTa tailAdi ke. saMyoga se vRddhayunmukha hotA hai / yahI sthiti hamArI hai / hama bAha ya padArthoM ke saMyoga se vRddhi kI prApti karate haiM / yaha vRddhi kArmika hai aura paudgalika padArthoM ke saMyoga se hotI hai, ataH karma paudgalika haiN| . 4--karma paudgalika haiM, kyoMki unakA parivartana AtmA ke parivartana se bhinna hai| karmoM kA pariNAmitva (parivartana) unake kArya zarIrAdi ke pariNAmitva se jAnA jAtA hai| zarIrAdi kA pariNAmitva AtmA ke pariNAmitva se bhinna hai, kyoMki AtmA kA pariNAmitva arUpI hai jaba ki zarIra kA pariNAmitva rUpI hai| ataH karma paudgalika haiN| saMsArI AtmA kA karmo se saMyoga isalie ho sakatA hai ki karma mUrta haiM / aura saMsArI AtmA bhI karmayukta hone se kathaMcit mUrta hai / AtmA aura karma kA yaha saMyoga anAdi hai, ataH yaha prazna hI nahIM uThatA ki pahale pahala AtmA aura karma kA saMyoga kaise huA ? eka bAra isa saMyoga ke sarvathA samApta ho jAne para punaH saMyoga nahIM hotA, kyoMki usa samaya prAtmA apane zuddha amUrta rUpa meM pahu~ca jAtA hai / yahI mokSa hai / yahI saMsAra-nivRtti hai / yahI siddhAvasthA hai| yahI IzvarA 52

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178 jaina-darzana vasthA hai| yahI antima sAdhya hai| yahI duHkha kI prAtyantika nivRtti hai / yahI sukha kA antima rUpa hai| yahI jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kI parAkASThA hai| pudgala : ____ yathArthavAda kA vivecana karate samaya yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA jA cukA hai ki jar3a tattva kI svatantra sattA hai| bhautika tattva prAdhyAtmika tattva se svatantra haiN| jise sAmAnyatayA jar3a yA bhautika kahA jAtA hai vahI jaina darzana meM pudgala zabda se vyavahRta hotA hai| vauddha darzana meM pudgala zabda kA AtmA ke artha meM prayoga huA hai| pudgala zabda meM do pada haiM-'pud' aura 'gala' / 'pud' kA artha hotA hai pUraNa arthAt vRddhi aura 'gala' kA artha hotA hai galana arthAt hrAsa / jo dravya pUraNa aura galana dvArA vividha prakAra se parivartita hotA hai vaha pudgala hai / pUraNa aura galanarUpa kriyA kevala pudgala meM hI hotI hai, anya meM nhiiN| pudgala kA eka rUpa dUsare rUpa meM pUraNa aura galana dvArA hI parivartita hotA hai| pudgala ke mukhya cAra dharma hote haiM-sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNa / pudgala ke pratyeka paramANu meM ye cAroM dharma hote haiM / inake jaina darzana meM bIsa bheda kie jAte haiN| sparza ke ATha bheda hote haiM-mRdu, kaThina, guru, laghu, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa / rasa ke pA~ca bheda hote haiM-tikta, kaTuka, grAmla, madhura aura kaSAya / gandha do prakAra kI hai--surabhigandha aura durabhigandha / varNa ke pA~ca prakAra haiM-nIla, pIta, zukla, kRSNa aura lohit| ye bIsa mukhya bheda haiN| inakA saMkhyAta asaMkhyAta aura ananta bhedoM meM vibhAjana ho sakatA hai / eka pudgala paramANu meM kama-se-kama kitane 1-pUraNagalanAnvarthasaMjJatvAt pudgalAH / -tattvArtharAjavArtika 5 / 1 / 24 2.-vahI 5 / 23, 7-10 3- sarvArthasiddhi 5 / 23

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jaina darzana meM tattva 176 sparzAdi hote haiM, isakA nirdeza paramANu ke svarUpa-varNana ke samaya kiyA jaaegaa| varNAdi pudgala ke apane dharma haiM yA hama loga ina dharmoM kA pudgala meM Aropa karate haiM ? isa prazna kA uttara yahI hai ki ye dharma pudgala ke hI dharma haiM / jo dharma jisakA na ho usakA hamezA Aropa nahIM ho sakatA, anyathA koI bhI dharma vAstavika na hogaa| yaha ThIka hai ki varNAdi ke pratibhAsa meM thor3A bahuta antara par3a sakatA hai / eka vastu eka vyakti ko adhika kAlI dIkha sakatI hai aura dUsare ko thor3I kama kAlI / isakA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki vastu kA kAlA varNa hI ayathArtha hai / yadi aisA hotA to koI bhI vastu kAlI dikhAI detI, kyoMki kAlApana vastu meM to hai nhiiN| jisakI jaba icchA hotI kAlI vastu dikhAI detI / isalie varNAdi dharmoM ko vastugata hI mAnanA caahie| unakI pratIti ke lie kucha kAraNoM kA honA kucha prANiyoM ke lie Avazyaka hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki ve guNa apane Apa meM kucha nahIM haiM / guNa svatantra rUpa se yathArtha haiM aura unakI pratIti ke kAraNa alaga haiN| donoM bhinna-bhinna cIjeM haiM / na to guNoM kI sattA se Avazyaka kAraNa asat ho sakate haiM aura na kAraNoM ke rahane se guNa hI mithyA ho sakate haiN| donoM kA svatantra astitva hai| pudgala ke mukhyatayA do bheda hote haiM-aNu aura skandha / araNa : pudgala kA vaha antima bhAga jisakA phira vibhAga na ho sake, aNu kahA jAtA hai / aNu itanA sUkSma hotA hai ki vahI apanI Adi hai, madhya hai aura anta hai / Adi, madhya aura anta eka hI haiM / aNu ke andara ina sabakA koI bheda nahIM hotA / pudgala kA sabase choTA hissA aNu hai| usase koI choTA nahIM ho sakatA / grIka dArzanika jeno ne eka / zaMkA uThAI thI ki pudgala kA antima vibhAga ho hI nahIM sktaa| Apa . 1- antAdi antamajha, antantaM raNeva indie gejhN| . jaM davvaM avibhAgI, taM paramANu vijAraNIhi / / -tattvArtha rAjavArtika 5 / 25, 1, 1

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jaina-darzana 180. usakA choTe se choTA vibhAga kiijie| vaha vibhAga rUpAdi yukta hogA, ataH usakA phira vibhAga ho sakatA hai / vaha vibhAga bhI usI prakAra rUpAdi guNoM se yukta hogA, isalie usakA phira vibhAga ho sakegA / isa prakAra anavasthA kA sAmanA karanA par3egA / isalie yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM ki pudgala kA sabase choTA vibhAga ho sakatA hai / jeno kI isa dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue erisToTala ne uttara diyA ki jeno kI yaha dhAraNA ki kisI cIja kA grantima vibhAga nahIM ho sakatA, bhrAnta hai / yaha ThIka hai ki kalpanA se kisI vastu kA vibhAga kiyA jAya to usakA granta nahIM grA sakatA, kintu vAstava meM aisA nahIM ho sakatA / jaba hama kisI vastu kA vAstavika vibhAga karate haiM taba vaha vibhAga kahIM-na-kahIM jAkara avazya ruka jAtA hai| usase grAge usakA vibhAga nahIM ho sakatA / kAlpanika vibhAga ke viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usakA koI anta nahIM A sakatA / yahI samAdhAna - jainadarzanAdi sammata paramANu ke lie prayukta kiyA jA sakatA hai / sparzAdi guNoM kA eka aNu meM kisa mAtrA meM astitva rahatA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki RNu meM eka rasa, eka varNa, eka gandha aura do sparza hote hai / aNu svayaM zabda nahIM hai, kintu zabda kA kAraNa avazya hai / jo skandha se bhinna hai, kintu skandha ko banAne vAlA hai' / isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka aNu meM uparyukta sparzAdi guNoM ke bIsoM prakAra nahIM rahate, kintu sparza ke do prakAra jo paraspara virodhI na hoM, rasa kA eka prakAra, gandha kA eka prakAra, varNa kA eka prakAra-isa taraha pA~ca prakAra rahate haiM / eka niraMza paramANu meM inase adhika prakAra nahIM raha sakate / mRdu aura kaThina, guru aura laghu ye cAroM sparza aNu meM nahIM hote, kyoMki ye cAroM guraNa sApekSa haiM, ataH skandha meM hI ho sakate haiM / praNu zabda nahIM hai, kyoMki zabda ke lie aneka aNuoM kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai / skandha bhI eka se adhika aNu kA hotA hai, ataH aNu aura skandha meM bheda hai / 1 - paMcAstikAyasAra, 88

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jaina darzana meM tattva aNu hamArI indriyoM ke viSaya nahIM bana sakate / ve itane sUkSma hote haiM ki hamArI indriyA~ unakA jJAna nahIM kara sakatIM / yadi aisI bAta hai to unheM arUpI kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? aNu arUpI nahIM haiM, kyoMki unakA skandhAdi kArya rUpI hai / jo tattva arUpI hotA hai usakA kArya bhI arUpI hI hotA hai| skandhAdi rUpI kAryoM se paramANu ke rUpa kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| isalie indriyajanyajJAna ke viSaya na hote hue bhI aNu rUpI haiN| jaina darzana mAnatA hai ki skandha se jo aNu paidA hote haiM ve bhedapUrvaka haiN| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jo pudgala vartamAna meM aNu rUpa se sat nahIM haiM, vaha aNu ho sakatA hai yA nahIM? yadi ho sakatA hai to kaise ? pudgala ke do rUpa batAe jA cuke haiN| unameM se jo pudgala aNurUpa meM rahA huA hai usakI utpatti kA koI prazna hI paidA nahIM hotaa| jo pudgala aNurUpa meM nahIM hai apitu skandharUpa meM hai, vaha kyA aNurUpa meM prA sakatA hai ? isakA uttara hai-hA~, vaha aNurUpa meM A sakatA hai| yaha kaise ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA ki bhedapUrvaka / jaba skandha meM bheda hotA hai-skandha TUTatA hai tabhI aNu paidA ho sakatA hai| skandha kA eka avibhAgI aMza hI aNu hai / isa prakAra skandha kA bheda hI aNu kI utpatti meM kAraNa hai| saMyoga se aNu utpanna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki jahA~ saMyoga hogA vahA~ kama-se-kama do aNu avazya hoMge aura do aNu vAlA skandha hotA hai, na ki aNu / _vaizepika nava dravya mAnate haiM--pRthvI, ap, teja, vAyu, aAkAza, kAla, dika, AtmA aura mana / ' ina nava dravyoM meM se prathama cAra dravya - pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu-ina cAroM dravyoM meM jina guNoM ko mAnate haiM ve sava guNa pudgala dravya meM A jAte haiM / vaizeSika vAyu ko sparza guNa yukta hI mAnate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vAyu meM varNa, rasa aura gandha nahIM haiM / jaina dArzanika isa bAta ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki rUpa, rasa, gandha aura -- tattvArthasUtra 5 / 27 1-'bhedAdarAH 2-vaMzeSikadarzana, 11115 3 .. vaizeSika darzana, 2014

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182 jaina-darzana sparza sahacArI haiN| jahA~ ina cAroM meM se eka bhI guNa kI pratIti hotI ho vahA~ zepa tIna guNa bhI avazya rahate haiN| unakI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa cAhe spaSTa pratIti na hotI ho, kintu unakA sadbhAva vahA~ avazya hotA hai / rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza cAroM guNa pratyeka bhItika dravya meM rahate haiN| vAyu meM rUpa hotA hai, kyoMki vaha spazAvinAbhAvI hai, jaise ghaTa meM rUpa hai kyoMki vahA~ sparza hai / rUpa hote hue bhI rUpa kA grahagA kyoM nahIM hotA ? kyoMki cakSurAdi indriyA~ sthUla viSaya kA grahaNa karatI haiN| jaise sUkSmagandha ke rahate hue bhI prAgandriya se usakA grahaNa nahIM hotA usI prakAra vAyu meM sUkSma rUpa rahatA hai tathApi cakSurindriya usakA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI / jainoM kI yaha mAnyatA Adhunika vijJAna kI kasoTI para bhI saccI utaratI hai| vijJAna mAnatA hai ki 'niraMtara ThaMDA karate rahane se vAyu eka prakAra ke nIle rasa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra ki vAppa pAnI ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai|" jaba vAyu meM varNa-rUpa siddha ho jAtA hai to rasa aura gaMdha to siddha ho hI jAte haiN| vaizeSika teja meM rasa aura gandha nahIM mAnate / ve kahate haiM ki teja meM sparza aura rUpa hI hotA hai / yaha dhAraNA bhI mithyA hai| teja-agni bhI eka prakAra kA pudgala dravya haiM, isalie usameM cAro guNa hote haiN| vijJAna bhI isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki agni eka bhautika dravya hai aura usameM uSNatA kA aMza adhika rahatA hai| gandha kevala pRthvI meM hI hai , aisA vaizeSikoM kA vizvAsa hai| yaha bhI ThIka nahIM / hameM sAdhAraNa taura se vAyu, agni Adi meM gaMdha kI pratIti nahIM hotii| isake aAdhAra para hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki inameM gaMdha hai hI nhiiN| cIMTI jitanI nAsAnI se zakkara kI gaMdha kA patA lagA letI hai utanI AsAnI se hama nahIM lagA skte| billI jitanI saralatA se dahI aura dUdha kI gaMdha ke AdhAra para vahA~ taka pahuMca jAtI hai utanI saralatA se hama loga nahIM pahu~ca sakate / 1. Air can be converted bluish liquid by conti nuous cooling, just as steam can be converted into water.

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jaina darzana meM tattva 183 isakA artha yahI hai ki kisI kI iMdriyazakti itanI tIvra hotI hai ki vaha bahuta dUra se sAdhAraNa sI vastu kI gaMdha kA patA lagA letA hai / kisI kI indriyazakti itanI manda hotI hai ki use tIvra gaMdha kA bhI patA nahIM laga sakatA / isI prakAra vAyu, pAnI, agni Adi meM gaMdha kI sAdhAraNatayA pratIti nahIM hotI, tathApi unameM rUpa, rasa Adi kI taraha gaMdha bhI hotI hai| __ vaizeSika darzana jisa prakAra pRthvI Adi dravyoM meM bhinna guNa mAnatA hai usI prakAra bhinna dravyoM ke bhinna paramANu bhI mAnatA hai| pRthvI ke paramANu alaga haiM, pAnI ke paramANu alaga haiM, teja ke paramANu alaga haiM aura vAyu ke paramANu alaga haiM / ye sAre paramANu 'eka dUsare se bhinna haiM / pRthvI ke paramANu pAnI ke paramANu nahIM bana sakate, pAnI ke paramANu pRthvI ke paramANuoM meM parivartita nahIM ho sakate Adi / yaha vaizeSika darzana kA paramANu-nityavAda hai| 'sava dravyoM ke paramANu nitya hote haiM / unakA kArya badalatA rahatA hai kintu ve kabhI nahIM badalate / jaina darzana aisA nahIM mAnatA / pRthvI Adi kisI bhI padagala dravya ke paramAraNa ap Adi rUpoM meM pariNata ho sakate haiN| paramANugoM ke rUpoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| nae nae skandhoM ke bheda se nae nae paramAraNa banate rahate haiN| kisI anya skandha meM mila jAne se phira ve usa skandha ke samAna ho jAte haiM aura punaH bheda hone se usa nae rUpa meM rahane laga jAte haiM / paramANu oM kI aisI jAtiyA~ nahIM vanI huI haiM jinameM ve nitya rahate hoN| eka paramANu kA dUsare rUpa meM vadala jAnA sAdhAraNa vAta hai / vaizepikoM ke paramANa -nityavAda meM jaina darzana vizvAsa nahIM rkhtaa| grIka dArzanika lyusipasa aura DemokreTsa bhI isI taraha paramAraNa troM meM bheda nahIM maante| ve saba paramAraNa proM ko eka jAtikA mAnate haiN| vaha jAti hai bhUtasAmAnya yA jar3asAmAnya / skandha : yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki skandha praNa oM kA samudAya hai| skandha tIna taraha se banate haiM-bhedapUrvaka, saMghAtapUrvaka aura bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka / mararth."-" 1--'bhedasaMghAtebhya utpadyante' -tattvArthasUtra 5 / 26

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184 .: jaina-darzana bheda do kAraNoM se hotA hai - zrAbhyantara aura bAhaya / prAbhyantara kAraNa se jo eka skandha kA bheda hokara dUsarA skandha banatA hai usake lie kisI bAha ya kAraNa kI apekSA nahIM rhtii| skandha meM svayaM vidAraNa hotA hai| bAhaya kAraNa se hone vAle bheda ke liye skandha ke atirikta anya kAraNa kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai / usa kAraNa ke hone para utpanna hone vAle bheda ko bAhaya kAraNapUrvaka kahA gayA hai / vivikta arthAt pRthak bhUtoM kA ekIbhAva saMghAta hai| yahI vAhaya aura Abhyantara bheda se do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| do pRthak-pRthak araNa oM kA saMyoga saMghAta kA udAharaNa hai| jaba bheda aura saMghAta donoM eka sAtha hote haiM taba jo skandha banatA hai vaha bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka hone vAlA skandha kahA jAtA hai| jaise hI eka skandha kA eka hissA alaga huA aura usa skandha meM usI samaya dUsarA skandha Akara mila gayA aura eka nayA skandha bana gyaa| yaha nayA skandha bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka hai| isa prakAra skandha ke nirmANa ke tIna mArga haiN| ina tIna mArgoM meM se kisI bhI mArga se skandha bana sakatA hai / kabhI kevala bheda se hI skandha banatA hai, to kabhI kevala saMghAtapUrvaka hI skandha kA nirmANa hotA hai, to kabhI bheda aura saMghAta ubhayapUrvaka skandha nirmita hotA hai| * saMghAta athavA bandha kaise hotA hai| isa prazna ke uttara meM jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki 'pudgala meM snigdhatva aura rUkSatva ke kAraNa bandha hotA hai| snigdha aura rUkSa do sparza haiN| inhIM ke kAraNa pudgala meM baMdha hotA hai / bandha ke lie nimna bAteM honA jarUrI haiM --- . 1- sarvArthasiddhi 5 / 26 2--snigdharUkSatvAd bandhaH 3--'na jaghanyaguNAnAm" "guNasAmye sadRzAnAm" "dvayadhikAdiguNAnAM tu" -tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 32 -tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 33-35.

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jaina darzana meM tattva 185 1 - jaghanya guNa vAle avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotA / 2- samAnaguNa hone para sadRza arthAt snigdha se snigdha avayavoM kA tathA rUkSa se rUkSa avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotA / 3 -- yadhikAdi guNa vAle avayavoM kA bandha hotA hai / bandha ke lie sarvaprathama bAta yaha hai ki jina paramANoM meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kA aMza arthAt guraNa jaghanya ho unakA pArasparika baMdha nahIM ho sakatA / isakA artha yaha huA ki madhyama aura utkRSTa guNa vAle snigdha aura rUkSa avayavoM kA pArasparika baMdha ho sakatA hai / isa siddhAMta ko punaH sImita karate hue dUsarI bAta kahI gaI / usake anusAra samAna guNa vAle sadRza gravayavoM kA pArasparika bandha nahIM ho sakatA / isakA artha yaha huA ki samAna guNa vAle sadRza zravayavoM kA baMndha ho sakatA hai / isakA niSedha karate hue tIsarA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA gayA / isake anusAra samAna guNa vAle sadRza avayavoM meM bhI yadi eka avayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva do guraNa, tIna guNa Adi adhika hoM to una do sadRza zravayavoM kA bandha ho sakatA hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka zravayava ke snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kI apekSA dUsare zravayava kA snigdhatva yA rUkSatva kevala eka guNa adhika ho to unakA bandha nahIM ho sakatA, granyathA unakA bandha ho sakatA hai / bandha kI isa carcA kA jaba aura spaSTa vivecana kiyA jAtA hai tava hamAre sAmane do paramparAe~ upasthita hotI haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra do paramANa jaba jaghanya guraNa vAle hoM tabhI unakA bandha niSiddha hai / yadi eka paramAraNa jaghanya guraNa vAlA ho aura dUsarA jaghanya guraNa na ho to unakA bandha ho sakatA hai / digamvara mAnyatA ke anusAra jaghanya guNa vAle eka bhI paramAra ke rahate hue vandha nahIM hotA / zvetAmvara mAnyatA ke anusAra eka zravayava se dUsare gravayava meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva ke do, tIna, cAra, yAvat granantaguraNa adhika hone para bhI vandha ho jAtA hai, kevala eka aMza adhika hone para vandha nahIM hotaa| digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra kevala do guraNa adhika hone para hI bandha mAnA jAtA hai / eka avayava se dUsare zravayava meM snigdhatva yA rUkSatva tIna, cAra yAvat

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186 jaina-darzana guNa ananta guNa adhika hone para bandha nahIM mAnA jAtA / zvetAmbara paramparA kI dhAraNA ke anusAra do, tIna Adi guNoM ke adhika hone para jo bandha kA vidhAna hai vaha sadRza avayavoM ke lie hI hai, asadRza avayavoM ke lie nahIM / digambara dhAraNA ke anusAra yaha vidhAna sadRza aura asadRza donoM prakAra ke avayavoM ke bandha ke lie hai / zvetAmbara aura digamvara paramparAoM ke vandha viSayaka matabheda kA sAra nimna koSThakoM meM diyA jAtA hai..... zvetAmbara paramparA sahaza visadRza 1-jaghanya jaghanya 2-jaghanya ekAdhika 3-jaghanya- dvayadhika 4-jaghanya+tryadhikAdi 5-jaghanyetara+samajaghanyetara nahIM 6-jaghanyetara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara nahIM 7-jaghanyetara+dvayadhika jaghanyetara hai 8-jaghanyetara+yadhikAdi jaghanyetara hai digambara paramparA guNa sadRza visadRza 1-jaghanya+jaghanya nahIM 2-jaghanya+ekAdhika 3-jaghanya dvayadhika nahIM 4-jaghanya+vyadhikAdi nahIM 5-jaghanyetara+samajaghanyetara nahIM 6-jaghanyetara+ekAdhika jaghanyetara nahIM 7-jaghanyetara+dvayadhika jaghanyetara hai 8-jaghanyetara+tryadhikAdi jaghanyetara nahIM bandha ho jAne para kauna se paramANu kina paramANuoM meM pariNata hote haiM ? sadRza aura visadRza paramANugoM meM se kauna kisako apane whicho hic dicto nahIM nahIM nahIM 1 -- tattvArthasUtra (paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI), pR0 202, 203

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jaina darzana meM tattva 187 meM pariNata karatA hai ? samAna guNa vAle sadRza avayavoM kA to bandha hotA hI nahIM / visadRza bandha ke samaya kabhI eka sama dUsare sama ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai, kabhI dUsarA sama pahale ko apane rUpa meM badala letA hai / dravya, kSetrAdi kA jaisA saMyoga hotA hai vaisA ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra kA bandha eka prakAra kA madhyama bandha hai / adhika guNa aura hIna guraNa ke bandha ke samaya adhika guraNavAlA hIna guNavAle ko apane rUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai' / jisa paramparA meM samAna guNa kA pArasparika bandha nahIM hotA vahA~ adhika guraNa hIna guNa ko apane svarUpa meM pariNata kara letA hai, yahI kAphI hai / 2 pudgala dravya ke araNa aura skandha ye do mukhya bheda haiM / ina bhedoM . ke grAdhAra se banane vAle chaH bhedoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai / ye cha: bheda nimnalikhita haiM : 1 - sthUlasthUla - -miTTI, patthara, kASTa Adi Thosa padArtha isa zreNI meM Ate haiM / 2 - sthUla - dUdha, dahI, makkhana, pAnI, taila grAdi drava padArtha sthUla vibhAga ke antargata haiM / . 3 -- sthUlasUkSma - prakAza, vidyut, uSNatA Adi abhivyaktiyA~ sthUla sUkSma koTi meM AtI haiM / 4- sUkSmasthUla -- vAyu, vASpa Adi sUkSmasthUla bheda ke grantargata Ate haiM / 5 - sUkSma -- manovargaraNA prAdi cAkSupa (cakSurAdi indriyoM ke viSaya nahIM haiM ) dravya sUkSma pudgala haiM / 6 - sUkSma sUkSma - grantima niraMza pudgala paramANu sUkSma-sUkSma koTi meM Ate haiM / 1 - 'bandhesamAdhiko pAriNAmikI' 2 - 'vandhe samAdhiko pAriNAmikA' 3 --- niyamamAra, 21 -- tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 36 vahI 5 / 36

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188 jaina-darzana jo pudgala skandha acAkSuSa hai vaha bheda aura saMghAta se cAkSuSa hotA hai / jaba kisI skandha meM sUkSmatva kI nivRti hokara sthUlatva kI utpatti hotI hai taba kucha nae paramANu usa skandha meM avazya milate haiN| itanA hI nahIM apitu kucha paramAraNa usa skandha meM se alaga bhI ho jAte haiM / milanA aura alaga honA, yahI saMghAta aura bheda hai| isIlie yaha kahA gayA hai ki acAkSuSa se cAkSuSa hone ke lie bheda aura saMghAta donoM anivArya haiN| pudgala kA kArya : sthUla-sthUla, sthUla, sthUla sUkSmAdi bhedoM kA sAmAnya paricaya diyA jA cukA hai / yahA~ pudgala ke kucha viziSTa kAryoM kA paricaya dene kA prayatna kareMge / ve kArya haiM-zabda, bandha, saumya, sthaulya, saMsthAna, bheda, tama, chAyA, prAtapa aura uddyot'| zabda : vaizeSika Adi bhAratIya darzana zabda ko AkAza kA guNa mAnate haiN| sAMkhya zabda-tanmAtrA se AkAza kI utpatti mAnatA hai / jainadarzana ina donoM mAnyatAoM ko mithyA siddha karatA hai| AkAza paudgalika nahIM hai / ataH zabda, jo ki paudgalika hai-indriyoM kA viSaya banatA hai, AkAza se kaise utpanna ho sakatA hai ? zabda-tanmAtrA se bhI aAkAza kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI; kyoMki zabda paudgalika hai, ataH zabda-tanmAtrA bhI paudgalika hI honI cAhie aura yadi zabda tanmAtrA paudgalika hai to usase utpanna hone vAlA AkAza bhI paudgalika honA cAhie, kintu AkAza paudgalika nahIM hai ataH zabda tanmAtrA se AkAza utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| jaba eka paudgalika . avayava kA dUsare paudgalika avayava se saMgharSa hotA hai tava zabda utpanna hotA hai| akelA skandha zabda utpanna nahIM kara sakatA taba akelA paramANu zabda kaise paidA kara sakatA hai ? 'paramANu kA rUpa atyanta sUkSma hotA hai, vaha pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAyu kA kAraNa hai aura 1- zabdabandhasaumyasthaulyasaMsthAnabhedatamazchAyAtapodyotavantazca / -~~~tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 24

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jaina darzana meM tattva grazabdAtmaka hai | zabda kA kAraNa skandhoM kA rAnA hai' / ' grataH zabda pudgala kA kArya hai / 186 paraspara meM Taka zabda do prakAra kA hai - bhASAlakSaNa aura tadviparIta prabhASAlakSaraNa | bhASA - lakSaraNa do prakAra kA hai-- grakSarIkRta aura granakSarIkRta / grakSarIkRta manuSya grAdi ko spaSTa bhASA hai aura anakSarIkRta hIndriyAdiprANiyoM kI aspaSTa bhASA hai / bhASA lakSaNa prAyogika hI hai / bhASAlakSaNa ke do bheda haiM- prAyogika aura vaisika / vaisrasika zabda binA kisI Atma- prayatna ke utpanna hotA hai / bAdaloM kI garjanA Adi vaisrasika hai / prAyogika zabda ke cAra prakAra haiM-tata, vitata, dhana aura sIpira / carma se bane vAdya mRdaMga, paTaha yAdi se utpanna hone vAlA zabda tata kahalAtA hai / tAra vAle vAdya vINA, sAraMgI grAdi se paidA hone vAlA zabda vitata hai / ghaMTA, tAla grAdi ke utpanna zabda ghana kahalAtA hai / phaMka kara vajAe jAne vAle zaMkha, vaMzI grAdi se paidA hone vAlA zabda sauSira kahalAtA hai / bandha : vaisika aura prAyogika bheda se baMdha bhI do prakAra kA hai / vaisrasika baMdha ke punaH do bheda hote haiM-grAdimAn aura anAdi / snigdha aura rUkSa guraNa nirmita vidyuta, ulkA, jaladhAra, agni, indradhanurAdiviSayaka vandha AdimAn hai / dharma, gradharma graura AkAza kA jo bandha hai vaha anAdi hai / prAyogika vandha do prakAra kA hai / jIvaviSayaka gaura jIvAjIva viSayaka | jana-kASThAdi kA vandha jIvaviSayaka hai / jIvAjIvaviSayaka bandha karma aura nokarma ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai / jJAnAvaraNAdi prATha prakAra kA bandha karma-bandha hai | graudArikAdi viSayaka bandha nokarma bandha hai / ' 1 -- paMcAstikAyasAra 85, 86 2-tattvArtharAja vArtika 5 / 24, 2-6 3 - vahI 5 | 24 10-13

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160 jaina-darzana saumya : saukSmya do prakAra kA hai--antya aura ApekSika' / paramANu kI sUkSmatA antya hai, kyoMki usase adhika sUkSmatA nahIM ho sakatI / anya padArthoM kI sUkSmatA ApekSika hai jaise kele se A~valA choTA hai, A~valA se bera choTA hai, aAdi / / sthaulya : ___ sthaulya bhI antya aura ApekSika ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| jagadvyApI mahAskandha antya sthaulya hai / bera, A~valA, kelA Adi sthaulya prApekSika haiN| saMsthAna : itthaM lakSaNa aura anitthaM lakSaNa ke bheda se saMsthAna do prakAra kA hai / vyavasthita AkRti itthaM lakSaNa hai / meghAdi kI taraha avyavasthita AkRti anitthaM lakSaNa hai| bheda: bheda ke cha: prakAra haiM-utkara, cUrNa, khaNDa, cUNikA, pratara aura aNucaTana' / karapatrAdi se kASThAdi kA cIranA utkara hai| gehU~, jau| Adi kA ATA cUrNa hai / ghaTAdi ke Tukar3oM ko khaNDa kahate haiN| cAvala, dAla Adi ke chilake nikalanA cUrNikA hai| abhrapaTalAdi kA alaga honA pratara hai / taptalohe ke piNDa ko ghanAdi se pITane para sphuliMga kA nikalanA aNucaTana hai / tama : tama dRSTi ke pratibandha kA eka kAraNa hai| yaha prakAza kA virodhI hai / naiyAyikAdi tama ko svatantra bhAvAtmaka dravya na mAna kara prakAza kA abhAvamAtra mAnate haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra tama 1-vahI 5 / 24, 14 2-vahI 5 / 24, 15 3-vahI 5 / 24, 16 4-vahI 5 / 24, 18

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jaina darzana meM tattva 161 abhAvamAtra nahIM hai, apitu prakAza kI hI bhA~ti bhAvAtmaka dravya hai| jaise prakAza meM rUpa hai usI prakAra tama meM bhI rUpa hai, ataH tama prakAza kI hI taraha bhAvarUpa hai / jisa prakAra prakAza kA bhAsura rUpa aura uSNasparza loka meM prasiddha hai usI prakAra andhakAra kA kRSNarUpa aura zItasparza loka kI pratIti kA viSaya hai| tama dravya hai, kyoMki usameM guNa haiM / jo jo guNavAn hotA hai, vaha vaha dravya hotA hai-jaise pAlokAdi / chAyA : prakAza para AvaraNa yA jAne se chAyA hotI hai| isake do prakAra haiM---tadvarNAdi vikAra aura prativimba / / darpaNa Adi svaccha padArthoM meM jo mukha kA bimba par3atA hai aura usameM prAkAra Adi jyoM kA tyoM dekhA jAtA hai vaha tadvarNAdi vikArarUpa chAyA hai / anya asvaccha dravyoM para prativimba mAtra kA par3anA prativimva rUpa chAyA hai| prAtapa: sUrya, agni Adi kA uSNa prakAza Atapa hai / udyota : candra, maNi, khadyota aAdi kA zIta prakAza udyota hai / pudgala ke kAryoM kA yaha eka digdarzana mAtra hai| isI prakAra ke anya jitane bhI kArya haiM, sava pudgala ke hI samajhane caahie| zarIra, vANI, mana, niHzvAsa, ucchavAsa, sukha, duHkha, jIvana, maraNa grAdi sabhI pudgala ke hI kArya haiM / kucha kArya zuddha paudgalika hote haiM aura kucha kArya prAtmA aura pudgala donoM ke sambandha se hote haiM / zarIra, vAgI Adi kArya prAtmA ke sambandha se hote haiM / 1-vahI 5 / 24, 20-21 2-dArIravADa-manaHprAraNApAnA: pudgalAnAm / sukhaduHkhajIvitamaraNopagrahAzca // -tattvArthamUtra, 5 / 16-20

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162 jaina darzana pudgala aura zrAtmA : AtmA pudgala se prabhAvita hotI hai yA nahIM ? jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki saMsArI grAtmA pudgala ke binA nahIM raha sakatI / jaba taka jIva saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai taba taka pudgala aura jIva kA sambandha vicchedya hai / pudgala zrAtmA ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai ? isakA uttara jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai, yahI hai ki pudgala se hI zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai, vANI, mana aura zvAsocchvAsa bhI pudgala ke hI kArya haiM / yahI bAta jIvakANDa meM isa prakAra kahI gaI hai "pudgala zarIra nirmANa kA kAraNa hai / AhArakavargaraNA se zradArika, vaikriya aura grAhAraka ye tIna prakAra ke zarIra banate haiM tathA zvAsocchvAsa kA nirmANa hotA hai / tejovargaNA se tejas zarIra banatA hai / bhASAvargaraNA vAraNI kA nirmANa karatI hai| manovaraNA se mana kA nirmANa hotA hai / karmavargaraNA se kArmaraNa zarIra banatA hai / " zvAsocchavAsa, vAraNI aura pAna kA vizeSa paricaya dene kI zrAvazyakatA nahIM hai| zvAsa ko andara khIMcanA aura bAhara nikAlanA zvAsocchvAsa hai / bhASA Adi kA vyavahAra vANI hai / mana eka sUkSma abhyantarika indriya hai / vaha cakSurAdi sabhI indriyoM ke artha kA grahaNa karatA hai / vaizeSika darzana mana ko aNumAtra mAnatA hai / jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki mana ko aNumAtra mAnane se sampUrNa indriyaM se grartha kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki mana eka aNu pramANa sthAna para hI rahatA hai / mana grAzusaMcArI bhI nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki vaha gracetana hai | ataH mana skandhAtmaka hai, aNupramANa nahIM / hama pradArikAdi pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra kA svarUpa dekheMge / pradArika zarIra : tiryaca aura manuSya kA sthUla zarIra audArika zarIra hai / udara yukta hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma pradArika hai / yahA~ udara kA artha 1 -- gAtha, 606-608

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163 jaina darzana meM tattva kevala garbha nahIM hai, apitu sArA zarIra hai / rakta, mAMsa Adi isa zarIra ke lakSaNa haiM | vaikriya zarIra : devagati aura narakagati meM utpanna hone vAle jIvoM ke vaikriya zarIra hotA hai / ina jIvoM ke atirikta labdhiprApta manuSya aura tiryaca bhI isa zarIra ko prApta kara sakate haiM / yaha zarIra sAdhAraNa indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM hotA / bhinna bhinna AkAroM meM parivartita honA isa zarIra kI vizeSatA hai / isameM rakta, mAMsa Adi kA sarvathA prabhAva hotA hai / zrAhAraka zarIra : sUkSma padArtha ke jJAna ke lie athavA kisI zaMkA ke samAdhAna ke lie pramatta saMyata ( muni ) eka viziSTa zarIra kA nirmANa karatA hai / yaha zarIra bahuta dUra taka jAtA hai aura zaMkA-samAdhAna ke sAtha punaH apane sthAna para yA jAtA hai / ise grAhAraka zarIra kahate haiM / tejasa zarIra : yaha eka prakAra ke viziSTa pudgala paramANutroM ( tejovargaNA ) se banatA hai / jaTharAgni kI zakti isI zarIra kI zakti hai / yaha praudArika zarIra aura kArmaraNa zarIra ke bIca kI eka grAvazyaka kar3I hai / kArmaraNa zarIra : grAntarika sUkSma zarIra jo ki mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika sabhI prakAra kI pravRttiyoM kA mUla hai, kArmaraNa zarIra hai / yaha grATha prakAra ke karmoM se banatA hai / uparyukta pA~ca prakAroM meM se hama apanI indriyoM se kevala caudArika zarIra kA jJAna kara sakate haiM / zepa zarIra itane sUkSma haiM ki hamArI indriyA~ unakA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatIM / koI vItarAga kevalI hI unakA pratyakSa kara sakatA hai| inakI sUkSmatA kA krama isa prakAra hai-- pradArika se vaikriya sUkSma hai, vaikriya se grAhAraka sUkSma hai, 13

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164 jaina-darzana AhAraka se taijasa sUkSma hai aura taijasa se kArmaNa sUkSma hai / taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra kA kisI se bhI pratighAta nahIM hotaa| ve lokAkAza meM apanI zakti ke anusAra kahIM bhI jA sakate haiM / unake lie kisI bhI prakAra kA bAhya bandhana nahIM hai| ye donoM zarIra saMsArI yAtmA se anAdikAla se sambandhita haiN| pratyeka jIva ke sAtha-kama se kama ye do zarIra to rahate hI haiN| janmAntara ke samaya ye do zarIra hI hote haiN| adhika se adhika eka sAtha cAra zarIra ho sakate haiN| java jIva ke tIna zarIra hote haiM to taijasa, kArmaNa aura audArika yA tejasa, kArmaNa aura vaikriya, jaba cAra hote haiM to taijasa, kArmaraNa audArika aura vaikriya yA tejasa, kArmaNa, audArika aura AhAraka samajhanA caahie| pA~ca zarIra eka sAtha nahIM hote, kyoMki vaikriya labdhi aura AhAraka labdhi kA prayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho sktaa| vaikriya labdhi ke prayoga ke samaya niyamataH pramata dazA hotI hai, kintu yAhAraka ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / AhAraka labdhi kA prayoga to pramata dazA meM hotA hai, kintu aAhAraka zarIra banA lene ke bAda zuddha adhyavasAya hone ke kAraNa apramattAvasthA rahatI hai / ataH eka sAtha ina do zarIroM kA rahanA sambhava nahIM / zakti rUpa se eka sAtha pA~coM zarIra raha sakate haiM, kyoMki pAhAraka-labdhi aura vaikriya kA sAtha rahanA sambhava hai, kintu unakA prayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho sakatA; ataH pA~coM zarIra abhivyakti rUpa se eka sAtha nahIM raha sakate / isa carcA ke sAtha zarIra carcA samApta hotI hai aura sAtha-hI-sAtha pudgala carcA bhI pUrI hotI hai| dharma : jIva aura pudgala gati karate haiN| isa gati ke lie kisI na kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA hai| yaha mAdhyama dharma dravya hai / cU ki yaha astikAya hai, isalie ise dharmAstikAya bhI kahate haiM / koI yaha ? - tattvArthasUtra 2138 2-vahI 2181-44 6.-tattvAryatrabhApyavRtti-2144

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jana-darzana meM tattva 165 gaMkA kara sakatA hai ki gati karane ke lie kisI mAdhyama kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? kyA jIva aura pudgala svayaM gati nahIM kara sakate ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki gati to jIva aura pudgala hI karate haiM, kintu unakI gati meM jo sahAyaka kAraNa hai-mAdhyama hai vaha dharma hai| yadi vinA dharma ke bhI gati ho sakatI to muktajIva alokAkAza meM bhI pahu~ca jAtA / alokAkAza meM AkAza ke sivAya koI dravya nahIM hai / muktajIva svabhAva se hI Urdhva gativAlA hotA hai / aisA hote hue bhI vaha loka ke anta taka jAkara ruka jAtA hai; kyoMki alokAkAza meM dharmAstikAya nahIM hai / dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM gati nahIM ho sakatI, isIlie aisA hotA hai / dharma kA lakSaNa batAte hue rAjavAtikakAra kahate haiM ki svayaM kriyA karane vAle jIva aura pudgala ko jo sahAyatA karatA hai vaha dharma hai / yaha nitya hai, avasthita hai aura arUpI hai' / nitya kA artha hai tadbhAvAvyaya / gati (kriyA) meM sahAyatA dene rUpa bhAva se kabhI cyuta nahIM honA hI dharma kA tadbhAvAvyaya hai / avasthita kA artha hai jitane pradeza haiM utane hI pradezoM kA hamezA rahanA / dharma ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM / ve pradeza hamezA asaMkhyAta hI rahate haiN| arUpI kA artha pahale batAyA jA cukA hai / sparza, rasa, gandha aura varNarahita dravya arUpI haiM / dharmAstikAya pUrA eka dravya hai| jIvAdi kI taraha dharma bhinna-bhinna rUpa se nahIM rahatA, apitu eka akhaNDa dravya ke rUpa meM rahatA hai / yaha sAre loka meM vyApta hai / loka kA aisA koI bhI bhAga nahIM hai, jahA~ dharmadravya na ho / java yaha sarvaloka vyApI hai taba yaha svataH siddha hai ki use eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM jAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| ___ gati kA artha hai eka deza se dUsare deza meM jAne kI kriyA / isaliye kriyA ko gati bhI kaha sakate haiN| dharma isa prakAra kI 1--'tadanantaramUvaM gacchatyAlokAntAt'-tattvArtha sUtra 105 2-tattvAcaM mUtra 11, 16 3..--tatvAdhamutra 5 / 4

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166 jaina-darzana kriyA athavA gati meM sahAyaka hai| jisa prakAra machalI svayaM tairatI hai kintu usakI yaha kriyA vinA pAnI ke nahIM ho sakatI, pAnI ke rahate hue hI vaha tAlAba, kUpa yA samudra meM taira sakatI hai| pAnI sUkha jAne para usameM tairane kI zakti rahate hue bhI vaha nahIM taira sakatI / isakA artha yahI hai ki pAnI tairane meM sahAyaka hai| jisa samaya machalI tairanA cAhatI hai usa samaya use pAnI kI sahAyatA lenI hI par3atI hai / na tairanA cAhe to pAnI usake sAtha balaprayoga nahIM krtaa| bahate hue pAnI kA prazna dUsarA hai / usI prakAra jaba jIva yA pudgala gati karatA hai taba use dharma dravya kI sahAyatA lenI par3atI hai| adharma: jisa prakAra gati meM dharma kAraNa hai usI prakAra sthiti meM adharma kAraNa hai|' jIva aura pudgala java sthitizIla hone vAle hote haiM taba adharma dravya unakI sahAyatA karatA hai| jisa prakAra dharma ke abhAva meM gati nahIM ho sakatI usI prakAra adharma ke abhAva meM sthiti nahIM ho sakatI / adharma eka akhaNDa dravya hai| isake asaMkhyAta pradeza haiN| dharma kI taraha yaha bhI sarvalokavyApI hai / 'jisa prakAra sampUrNa tila meM tela hotA hai usI prakAra sampUrNa lokAkAza meM dharmAstikAya hai / eka calate hue pathika ke vizrAma meM jisa prakAra eka vRkSa sahAyaka hotA hai usI prakAra gati karate hae jIva aura pudgala kI sthiti meM adharma dravya sahAyaka hotA hai| dharma aura adharma dravya kI yaha dhAraNA jaina-darzana kI apratima dena hai| koI yaha zaMkA kara sakatA hai ki dharma aura adharma mUlataH eka hI dravya ke antargata haiN| aisA kyoM ? kyoMki ye donoM lokAkAza 1-niyamasAra, 30 2-lokAkAze samaste'pi dharmAdharmAstikAyayoH / tileSu tailavat prAhuravagAhaM maharSayaH // -tattvArthasAra, 3123

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 167 vyApI haiM grataH donoM kA deza-sthAna eka hai / donoM kA parimAraNa bhI eka hai, kyoMki donoM sAre lokAkAza meM vyApta haiM / donoM kA kAla bhI eka hai, kyoMki donoM hI traikAlika haiM / donoM hI mUrta haiM, ajIva haiM, granumeya haiM / isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki ina sArI ekatAtroM ke hone para bhI unheM eka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki una donoM ke kArya bhinna-bhinna haiM / eka kA kArya gati meM sahAyatA denA hai to dUsare kA sthiti meM sahAyaka honA hai / isa prakAra do vibhinna aura virodhI kAryoM ke karate hue donoM eka kaise ho sakate haiM ? dravyatva kI dRSTi se bhale hI eka hoM, kintu apane-apane kArya yA svabhAva kI dRSTi se donoM bhinna haiM / dharma aura adharma gramUrta dravya haiM, aisI sthiti meM ve gati aura sthiti meM kaise sahAyaka ho sakate haiM ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki sahAyatA dene kI samarthatA ke lie mUrtatA anivArya guraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / koI dravya amUrta hokara bhI apanA kArya kara sakatA hai / udAharaNa ke lie zrAkAza yadyapi amUrta hai phira bhI padArtha ko prAkAza-- sthAna detA hai / yadi zrAkAza ke lie, pravakAza pradAna rUpa kArya sambhava nahIM to dharma aura adharma ke lie gati aura sthiti meM sahAyatA rUpa kArya kyoM kara kaThina hai / zrAkAza : jo dravya jIva, pudgala, dharma, gradharma graura kAla ko sthAna detA hai-- avagAha detA hai vaha grAkAza hai / yaha sarvavyApI hai, eka hai, amUrta hai aura ananta pradeza vAlA hai / isameM sabhI dravya rahate haiM / yaha grarUpI hai / AkAza ke do vibhAga haiM-- lokAkAza aura lokAkAza / jahA~ puNya aura pApa kA phala dekhA jAtA hai vaha loka hai / loka kA jo AkAza hai vaha lokAkAza hai / jaise jala ke grAmasthAna ko jalAzaya kahate haiM usI prakAra loka ke prakAza ko lokAkAza kahate haiM / yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki AkAza 1 -- ' cAkAzasyAvagAhaH / ' -tattvArdhasUtra 518

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198 jaina-darzana jaba eka hai-akhaNDa hai taba usake do vibhAga kaise ho sakate haiM ? lokAkAza aura alokAkAza kA jo vibhAjana hai vaha anya dravyoM kI dRSTi se hai, AkAza kI dRSTi se nhiiN| jahA~ para jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura kAla rahate haiM vahIM puNya aura pApa kA phala dekhA jAtA hai, isalie vahI lokAkAza hai| jisa AkAza meM yaha nahIM hotA vaha alokAkArA hai| vaise sArA AkAza eka hai, akhaNDa hai, sarvavyApI hai| usameM koI bheda nahIM ho sktaa| bheda kA AdhAra anya hai| AkAza kI dRSTi se lokAkAza aura alokAkAza meM koI bheda nahIM hai / AkAza sarvatra eka rUpa hai / AkAza kA lakSaNa batAte hue yaha kahA gayA ki avakAza denA AkAza kA dharma hai / lokAkAza pA~ca dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai, ataH use hama AkAza kaha sakate haiN| alokAkAza kisI ko Azraya nahIM detA, aisI dazA meM use aAkAza kyoM kahA jAya ? isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna yoM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki AkAza kA dharma avakAzadAna hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu AkAza avakAza usI ko de sakatA hai jo usake andara rahatA hai| alokAkAza meM koI dravya nahIM rahatA to phira AkAza avakAza kise de ? hA~, yadi vahA~ koI dravya hotA aura phira bhI AkAza use avakAza na detA to hama kaha sakate ki aloka ko AkAza nahIM kahanA cAhie / jaba vahA~ koI dravya hI nahIM pahu~catA to alokAkAza kA kyA aparAdha hai| vaha to avakAza dene ke lie sarvadA prastuta hai| koI dravya vahA~ pahu~ce bhI to shii| isIlie aloka ko AkAza mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| AkAza-svabhAva vahA~ bhI hai| usase lAbha uThAne vAlA koI dravya vahA~ nahIM hai| isIlie use alokAkAza kahate haiN| lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM aura alokAkAza ke ananta pradeza hai| sAre AkAza ke ananta pradeza haiM, yaha kahA jA cukA hai| ananta pradeza meM se asaMkhyAta pradeza nikAla dene se jo pradeza bacate haiM ve bhI ananta ho sakate haiM kyoMki ananta bahuta bar3A hai / itanA hI nahIM, ananta meM se ananta nikAla dene para bhI ananta raha

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 166 sakatA hai, kyoMki ananta paritAnanta, yuktAnanta aura anantAnanta ke bheda se tIna prakAra kA hai / ' dharma, adharma aura AkAza ye tInoM sarva lokavyApI haiM to inameM paraspara vyAghAta kyoM nahIM hotA ? vyAghAta hamezA mUrta padArthoM meM hotA hai, amUrta padArthoM meM nhiiN| dharma, adharma aura AkAza amUrta haiM, ata: ve eka sAtha nirvirodha raha sakate haiN| aAkAza anya dravyoM ko avakAza detA hai, yaha ThIka hai, kintu. grAkAza ko kauna avakAza detA hai ? aAkAza svapratiSThita hai| usake lie kisI anya dravya ko aAvazyakatA nahIM / yadi aisA hai to sabhI dravyoM ko svapratiSThita kyoM na mAna liyA jAya ? isakA uttara yaha. hai ki nizcaya dRSTi se to sabhI dravya yAtma-pratiSThita haiM / vyavahAra dRSTi se anya dravya aAkAzAthita haiN| ina dravyoM kA samvandha anAdi hai / anAdi sambandha hote hue bhI inameM zarIra hastAdi kI taraha zrAdhArAdheya bhAva ghaTa sakatA hai| aAkAza anya dravyoM se adhika vyApaka hai, ataH vaha sabakA aAdhAra hai| ____ aAkAza ko kucha dArzanikoM ne svatantra dravya mAnA hai aura kucha ne nahIM mAnA / jinhoMne use svatantra dravya mAnA hai unameM se kisI ne bhI jaina darzana kI taraha lokAkAza aura alokAkAza ke rUpa meM nahIM maanaa| pAzcAtya darzanazAstra ke itihAsa meM 'riktagrAkAza (Empty space) hai yA nahIM' isa vipaya para kAphI vivAda hai, kintu isa DhaMga ke do alaga-alaga vibhAga vahA~ bhI nahIM haiN| zraddhAsamaya : parivartana kA jo kAraNa hai use addhAsamaya yA kAla kahate haiM / kAla kI vyAkhyA do dRSTiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| dravya kA svajAti ke parityAga ke vinA vainasika aura prAyogika vikArarUpa pariNAma vyavahAra dRSTi se kAla ko siddha karatA hai / pratyeka dravya . parivartita hotA rahatA hai| parivartanoM ke hote hue bhI unakI jAti 1-tattvArtha rAjavAtiyaH 5.10, 2 2 .-yahI 5 / 22, 10

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200 jaina-darzana kA kabhI vinAza nahIM hotA / isa prakAra ke parivartana pariNAma kahe jAte haiN| ina pariNAmoM kA jo kAraNa hai vaha kAla hai| yaha vyavahAra dRSTi se kAla kI vyAkhyA huI / pratyeka dravya aura paryAya kI pratikSaNabhAvI svasattAnubhUti vartanA hai / isa vartanA kA kAraNa kAla hai / yaha kAla kI pAramArthika vyAkhyA hai| pratyeka dravya utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmaka vRttivAlA hai / yaha vRtti pratikSaNa rahatI hai| koI bhI kSaNa isa vRtti ke vinA nahIM raha sakatA / yahI pAramArthika kAla kA kArya hai| kAla kA artha hai parivartana / parivartana ko samajhane ke lie anvaya kA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| aneka parivartanoM meM eka prakAra kA anvaya rahatA hai| isI anvaya ke AdhAra para yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki isa vastu meM parivartana humA / yadi anvaya na ho to kyA parivartana huA, kisameM parivartana huA-isakA jarA bhI jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / yahI bAta Upara kahI gaI hai| svajAti kA tyAga kie binA vividha prakAra ke parivartana honA, kAla kA kArya hai| isI kAla ke AdhAra para hama ghaMTA, minaTa, sekaNDa Adi vibhAga karate haiM / yaha vyAvahArika kAla hai| pAramArthika yA nizcaya hRSTi se pratyeka padArtha kA kSaNikatva kAla kA dyotaka hai / kSaNa-kSaraNa meM padArtha meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai, yaha parivartana vauddha parivartana kI taraha aikAntika na hokara dhrauvyayukta hai| isa prakAra donoM dRSTiyoM se kAla kA lakSaNa parivartana hai / kAla asaMkhyAta pradeza pramANa hotA hai / ye pradeza eka avayavI ke pradeza nahIM haiM, apitu svatantra rUpa se sat haiM / isIlie kAla ko anastikAya kahA gayA hai / lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para eka eka kAla pradeza baiThA huA hai| ratnoM kI rAzi kI taraha lokAkAza ke eka eka pradeza para jo eka eka dravya sthita hai vaha kAla hai / vaha asaMkhyAta dravyapramANa hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki kAla eka 1~vahI 522,4 2-loyAyAsapadese, ikkekke je ThiyA hu ikkekkA / rayaraNAraNa rAsI iva, te kAlAraNU asaMkhadavvANi // -dravyasaMgraha, 22

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jaina-darzana meM tattva 201 dravya nahIM hai, apitu asaMkhyAta dravyapramANa hai / parivartana kI dRSTi se yadyapi kAla ke sabhI pradezoM kA eka svabhAva hai, tathApi ve paraspara bhinna haiN| ve saba milakara eka avayavI kA nirmANa nahIM karate / jisa prakAra upayoga sabhI prAtmAnoM kA svabhAva hai, kintu sabhI aAtmAe~ bhinna-bhinna haiM, usI prakAra vartanAlakSaNa kA sAmya hote hue bhI pratyeka kAla bhinna bhinna hai| jIvatva sAmAnya ko lekara sabhI aAtmAnoM ko jIva kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra kAlatva ( vartanA ) sAmAnya kI dRSTi se sabhI kAloM ko kAla kahA gayA hai / ataH kAla vartanA-sAmAnya kI dRSTi se asaMkhyAta haiN| kAla ko astikAya na mAnakara anastikAya kyoM mAnA gayA ? isakA santopaprada uttara denA kaThina hai / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dravya ke pratyeka avayavaaMza kA parivartana svataMtra hai| isalie pratyeka kAla svatantra hai / yahA~ eka kaThinAI hai / parivartana pratyeka dravya ke pratyeka aMza meM hotA hai| pudgala dravya ke ananta pradeza haiN| isI prakAra sabhI jIvoM ke ananta pradeza haiM / aisI sthiti meM asaMkhyAta pradeza pramANa vAlA kAla ananta pradezoM meM parivartana kaise kara sakatA hai ? jahA~ taka asaMkhyAta pradeza vAle AkAza meM ananta pradeza ke rahane kA prazna hai, yaha vAta kisI taraha mAna bhI leM ki paraspara vyAghAta ke vinA dIpakoM ke prakAza kI taraha unakA rahanA sambhava hai| parantu parivartana aisI cIja nahIM ki eka kAla eka se adhika aMza meM parivartana kara sake / aAkArA kI taraha parivartana kI bAta bhI kisI taraha ghaTa sakatI, yadi kAla aAkAza kI bhA~ti eka akhaNDa dravya hotaa| isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie yaha mAnA gayA ki kAla lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para sthita hai, na ki jIva yA pudgala ke pratyeka pradeza para / java lokAkAga ke pratyeka pradeza para kAla kI sattA mAnI gaI to kyA kAraNa hai ki prAkAza kI taraha kAla ko akhaNDa dravya nahIM mAnA gayA ? nAkArA kA dharma avakAzadAna hai aura avakAga meM vizepa vibhinnatA nahIM hotI / kAla kA dharma vataMnA hai-pariNAma hai| isameM atyadhika vibhinnatA hotI hai| pratyeka parivartana vilakSaNa hotA hai / yadi kAla eka akhaNDadravya hotA to parivartana meM vilakSagatA nahIM AtI / sambhavataH isIlie pratyeka kAla ko svataMtra dravya

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202 jaina-darzana mAnA gayA / yaha samAdhAna bhI santopajanaka nahIM hai / parivartana kI vilakSaNatA meM svayaM dravya kI vilakSaNatA kAraNa hai| kAla kA usase koI sambandha nahIM hai / isake atirikta aura koI hetu dikhAI nahIM detA jisake AdhAra para pratyeka kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnA jAya / zAyada inhIM kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa kAla sarvasammata rUpa se svataMtra dravya nahIM mAnA gayA / jaina darzana pratipAdita tattva kA yaha vivecana atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| tatva kA ThIka svarUpa samajhe vinA anya vipayoM kA yathArthajJAna honA kaThina hai / pramANazAstra, jJAnavAda Adi gambhIra vipayoM ke lie tattvajJAna Avazyaka hai| 1- 'kAlazcetyeke' -tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 30

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pA~ca jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra zrAgoM meM jJAnavAda matijJAna zrutajJAna mati aura zrata avadhijJAna manaHparyAyajJAna pravadhi aura manaHparyAya povalajJAna darzana aura jJAna zrAgamoM meM pramAragacarcA tarphayuga meM jJAna aura pramANa jJAna kA prAmANya pramAga kA phala pramAraNa ke bheda pratyakSa parokSa

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svAbhA nahIM darzana jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra jAna aura grAtmA kA sambandha daNDa aura daNDI ke sambandha se bhinna hai / jAna prAtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai / jJAna ke abhAva meM zrAtmA kI kalpanA karanA sambhava nhiiN| nyAya-vaizepika darzana jJAna ko Agantuka mAnatA hai, maulika nahIM / jaina darzana jJAna ko AtmA kA maulika dharma mAnatA hai| kahIM-kahIM to jJAna ko itanA adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai ki AtmA ke anya guggoM kI upekSA karake jJAna aura prAtmA ko eka mAna liyA gayA hai| prAcArya kundakunda ne vyavahAra naya aura nizcaya naya kA sahArA lekara kahA ki vyavahAra naya se AtmA aura jJAna meM bheda hai, kintu nizcayanaya se prAtmA aura jAna meM koI bheda nahIM / yahA~ para yAtmA ke anya guNoM ko jJAnAntargata pAra liyA gayA hai, anyathA yaha kabhI nahIM ho sakatA ki jJAna hI mAtmA ho jAya, kyoMki yAtmA meM aura bhI kaI guNa haiN| isa bAta yA pramANa Age milatA hai| pravacanasAra meM unhoMne spaSTa likha diyA ki anantasuna anantanAna hai / sukha aura jJAna abhinna hai| jaina -~samayamAra. 617 2. vahI, 156-60

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206 jaina-darzana AgamoM meM bhI yahI bAta milatI hai / AtmA aura jJAna ke abheda kI carcA bahuta purAnI hai / kundakunda ne sarvajJa kI carcA karate samaya bhI yahI kahA ki vyavahAra dRSTi se kevalI sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai / paramArthataH vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA hai / AtmA aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM, ata: kevalo prAtmA ko jAnatA hai, isakA artha yaha huA ki kevalo apane jJAna ko jAnatA hai| apane jJAna ko kaise jAnA jA sakatA hai ? usake lie kisI anya jJAna ko AvazyakatA rahane para anavasthA hotI hai / jJAna svayaM ko svayaM se jAnatA hai, yaha bAta jaldI samajha meM nahIM pAtI / koI bhI catura naTa apane khuda ke kandhoM para nahIM car3ha sakatA / agni apane Apa ko nahIM jalA sktii| jaina darzana mAnatA hai ki jJAna apane Apa ko jAnatA hayA hI dUsare padArthoM ko jAnatA hai| vaha dIpaka kI taraha svayaM prakAzaka hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki prAtmA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie jJAna kA svarUpa samajhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai / isIlie jJAna kA itanA mahattva hai| AgamoM meM jJAlabAda : AgamoM meM jJAna-sambandhI jo mAnyatAe~ milatI haiM ve bahuta prAcIna haiN| sambhavata: ye mAnyatAe~ bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pahale kI hoN| paMcajJAna kI carcA Agama sAhitya meM milatI hai| usake viSaya meM rAjapraznIyasUtra meM eka vRtAnta milatA hai| zramaNa kezikumAra apane mukha se kahate haiM-"hama zramaNa nirgrantha pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna mAnate haiM-AbhinibodhikajJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyayajJAna, kevalajJAna / kezikumAra pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke sAdhu the| unhoMne apane mukha se pA~ca jJAnoM kA nAma liyA hai| ThIka ve hI pA~ca jJAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI pracalita hue / mahAvIra ne jJAnaviSayaka koI navIna prarUpaNA 1- jAgadi passadi savvaM, vavahAraNaeNa kevalI bhagavaM / kevalAraNAraNI jAraNadi, passadi riNayameNa appAraNaM / / -niyamasAra, 158 2-'evaM khu paesI amhaM samagANaM niggaMthANaM paMcavihe nANe paNNate / taMjahA abhiriNavohiyanANe, suyanAraNe, aohiNANe, maNapajjavaNANe kevalagANe' / 161

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jJAnavAda aura pramAgamAstra 207 nahIM kI / yadi pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se mahAvIra kA etadviSayaka kucha bhI matabheda hotA to vaha pAgamoM meM avazya milatA / paMcanAna kI mAnyatA svetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAtroM meM prAyaH eka gI hai| isa viSaya para kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana Adi kI eka do bAtoM ke atirikta koI vizepa matabheda nahIM hai / jaina zrAgamoM meM paMcajJAna kI mAnyatA ke kitane rUpa milate haiM va unake bheda-prabhedoM meM kyA antara hai, usa para thor3A vicAra kareM / AgamoM meM jJAnacA kI tIna bhUmikAe~ milatI haiM : ? --prathama bhUmikA meM jAna kA sIdhA pA~ca bhedoM meM vibhAga hai aura prathama bheda ke punaH cAra bheda kie gae haiN| yaha vibhAga isa prakAra hai| jAna dhAninibodhiyaH zrata avadhi manaHparyaya kevala - - avagraha avAya dhAraNA avarahAdi ke bheda-bheda anya sthAnoM ke anusAra nirdiSTa haiM / 2-~-dvitIya bhumikA meM jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| tadanantara pratyakSa aura parokSa ke bheda-prabheda karake jAna kA vistAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha yojanA sthAnAMgasUtra : -sAmAnavAnivanni-pastAdanA pR0 58 (paM0 dana muga mAlayariga yA) --bhagama 82,617

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208 pratyakSa kevala nokevala I abadhi jJAna I mana:paryaya bhavapratyaya kSAyopazamika Rjumati vipulamati jaina-darzana grAbhinivodhika zruta parokSa Avazyaka zrutaniHsRta I prazruta niHsRta 1 arthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha grarthAvagraha vyaMjanAvagraha aMgapraviSTa aMgabAhya I Avazyaka vyatirikta 1 utkAlika kAlika 3- dvitIya bhUmikA meM indriyajanya matijJAna kA parokSa ke andara samAveza kiyA gayA / tRtIya bhUmikA meM isa viSaya meM thor3A sA parivartana ho gayA / indriyajanya matijJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa donoM meM sthAna diyA gayA / isakA kAraNa laukika prabhAva

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 206 mAlUma hotA hai / nandIsUtra ke anusAra isa bhUmikA kA sAra yaha hai : jJAna - grAbhinivodhika zruta avadhi mana:paryaya kevala pratyakSa parokSa indriya pratyakSa noindriyapratyakSa prAbhinivodhika 1-thovendriya pratyakSa 1-avadhi 2-cakSurindriyapratyakSa 2-mana:paryaya 3-ghrANendriyapratyakSa 3-kevala 4-rasanendriya pratyakSa 5-sparzanendriya pratyakSa zrutaniHsRta azrutani:sRta / IhA avAya avagraha dhAraNA vyaMjanAvagraha arthAvagraha autpattikI vainayikI karmajA pAriNAmikI uparyukta tInoM bhUmikAoM ko dekhane se patA lagatA hai ki prathama bhUmikA meM dArzanika puTa kA abhAva hai / yaha bhUmikA prAcIna paramparA

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210 jaina darzana kA sIdhA sA digdarzana hai| jJAna ko prArambha se hI pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake matijJAna ke pravagrahAdi prabheda karanA bahuta prAcIna paripATI hai / isa paripATI kA digdarzana bhagavatIsUtra meM hai / dvitIya bhUmikA para dArzanika cintana kA prabhAva hai aura sAtha hI sAtha zuddha jaina dRSTi kI chApa bhI hai / sarvaprathama jJAna ko pratyakSa aura parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA / yaha vibhAga bAda ke jainatArkikoM dvArA bhI mAnya huA / isa vibhAga ke pIche vaizadya aura vaizadya kI bhUmikA hai| vaizadya kA AdhAra grAtmapratyakSa hai aura pravaizadya kA AdhAra indriya aura manojanya jJAna hai / jaina darzana kI pratyakSa aura parokSa sambandhI vyAkhyA isI AdhAra para hai / anya darzanoM kI pratyakSa - vipayaka mAnyatA se jaina darzana kI pratyakSa viSayaka mAnyatA meM yahI antara hai ki jaina darzana AtmapratyakSa ko hI vAstavika pratyakSa mAnatA hai, jaba ki anya darzana indriyajanyajJAna ko bhI pratyakSa mAnate haiM / gravadhijJAna, mana:paryayajJAna aura kevalajJAna pratyakSa ke bheda haiN| kSetra, vizuddhi Adi kI dRSTi se inameM tAratamya hai / kevalajJAna zuddhi, kSetra prAdi kI antima sImA hai | isase bar3hakara koI jJAna vizuddha yA pUrNa nahIM hai / grAbhinibodhikajJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSa ke bheda haiM / grAbhinibodhakajJAna ko matijJAna bhI kahate haiM / zrutajJAna kA AdhAra mana hai / matijJAna kA AdhAra indriyA~ aura mana donoM haiM / mati, zrutAdi ke aneka avAntara bheda haiM / tRtIya bhUmikA meM jaina dRSTi aura itara dRSTi donoM kA puTa hai / pratyakSa ko indriya- pratyakSa aura noindriya- pratyakSa- ina do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA / indriya pratyakSa meM indriyajanyajJAna ko sthAna milA, jo vAstava meM indriyAzrita hone se parokSa hai / noindriyapratyakSa meM vAstavika pratyakSa rakhA gayA, jo indriyAzrita na hokara sIdhA zrAtmA se utpanna hotA hai / indriyapratyakSa jainetara dRSTi kA, jise hama laukika dRSTi kaha sakate haiM, pratinidhitva karatA hai / noindriyapratyakSa jainadarzana kI vAstavika paramparA kA dyotaka hai hI / Abhinibodhika jJAna ke avagrahAdi bhedoM kA bAMda ke tArkikoM ne bhI acchA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna Adi kI ina 1

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jJAnavAda ra pramAgAzAstra 211 nAvikoM ne dArzanika bhUmikA para jisa DhaMga se vyAkhyA kI hai vaisI vyAkhyA grAgamakAna meM nahIM milatI / isakA kAraNa dArzanika saMgharSa hai / grAgamakAna ke bAda jainadArzanikoM ko granya dArzanika vicAroM ke sAtha kAphI saMgharSa karanA par3A aura usa saMgharSa ke parigAmasvarUpa eka nae DhaMga ke DhA~ce kA nirmANa huA / isa DhA~ce kI zailI aura sAmagrI donoM kA AdhAra dArzanika ciMtana rahA / sarva prathama hama pA~coM jJAnoM kA svarUpa dekheMge / isake lie grAvazyakatA - numAra zrAgamagraMtha aura dArzanika graMtha donoM kA upayoga kiyA jaaegaa| tarkazAstra aura pramANazAstra se sambandhita smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna yAdi kA vivecana pramAraNa carcA ke samaya kiyA jaaegaa| isa vivecana kA mukhya grAdhAra pramANazAstra se sambandhita dArzanika graMtha hoMge / matijJAna : hama dekha cuke haiM ki grAgamoM meM matijJAna ko grAbhinivodhika jJAna kahA gayA hai / umAsvAti ne mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA zrIra grabhinibodha ko ekArthaka batAyA hai / bhadrabAhu ne matijJAna ke lie nimnalikhita zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai-IhA, prapoha vimarza, mArgagA, gavepaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati, prajJA' / naMdIsUtra meM bhI ye hI zabda hai / matijJAna kA lakSaNa batAte hue tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna matijJAna hai / svopajJabhASya meM matijJAna ke do prakAra batAe gae haiM - indriyajanyajJAna aura manojanyajJAna' | ye do bheda uparyukta labhara se hI phalita hote haiN| nagara kI TIkA meM tIna bhedoM kA varNana hai-- indriyajanya, granindriyajanya (manojanya ) aura indriyAnindriyajanya' / indriyajanyajJAna 1 - mati: smRti saMjJA nintAbhinibodha ityanarthAntaram' 2 - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 396 FM. - 'tadindriyAnindriyanimittam' 1/14 4 - tasvAyaMbhApya 1 14 5-- tatva para TIkA 1/14 - tattvArdhasUtra 1/13

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212 jaina-darzana kevala indriyoM se utpanna hotA hai / anindriyajanyajJAna kevala mana se paidA hotA hai| indriyAnindriyajanya jJAna ke lie indriya aura mana donoM kA saMyukta prayatna Avazyaka hai| ye tIna bheda bhI upayukta sUtra se hI phalita hote haiN| akalaMka ne samyagjJAna (pramANa) ke do bheda kie haiM--pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa do prakAra kA hai.-mukhya aura sAMvyavahArika / mukhya ko atIndriya pratyakSa aura sAMvyavahArika ko indriyAnindriya pratyakSa kA nAma bhI diyA hai| indriya pratyakSa ke cAra bheda kie gae haiM-~-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / anindriya pratyakSa ko smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha meM vibhakta kiyA hai| zruta, arthApatti, anumAna, upamAna Adi parokSAntargata haiM / indriyapratyakSa ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM-avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhaarnnaa| inake avAntara bheda bhI haiM, jinakA nirdeza Age kiyA jAegA / anindriya pratyakSa ke smRti, saMjJA Adi bheda haiN| yahA~ para hama avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ke svarUpa kA vicAra kareMge / ye cAroM matidAna ke mukhya bheda haiM / isake pahale indriya aura mana kA kyA artha hai, yaha dekha leN| indriya: aAtmA kI svAbhAvika zakti para karma kA prAvaraNa hone se sIdhA yAtmA se jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| isake lie kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| yaha mAdhyama indriya hai| jisakI sahAyatA se jJAna kA lAbha ho sake, vaha indriya hai| aisI indriyA~ pA~ca haiM-~sparzana, rasana, prANa, cakSu aura zrotra / sAMkhya Adi darzana vAka, pAgi prAdi karmendriyoM ko bhI idriya-saMkhyA meM ginate haiM / jJAnendriyA~ pA~ca hI haiN| pratyeka indriya do prakAra kI hotI haidravyendriya aura bhAvendriya / pudgala kA DhA~cA dravyendriya hai aura zrAtmA kA pariNAma bhAvendriya hai| dravyendriya ke punaH do bheda haiM 1-laghIyastraya 3-4 2-vahI 61 ..

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mAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 213 nirvRtti aura upakaraNa / indriyoM kI viziSTa AkRtiyA~ nivRtti dravyendriya haiM / nirvRtti dravyendriya kI bAhya aura grAbhyantarika paudgalika zakti, jisake vinA prAkRti ke hote hue bhI jJAna honA sambhava nahIM, upakaraNa dravyendriya haiN| bhAvendriya bhI labdhi aura upayoga rUpa meM do prakAra kI hai| jJAnAvaraNa karma Adi ke kSayopazama se prApta hone vAlI yAtmika zakti-vizeSa labdhi hai| labdhi prApta hone para prAtmA eka vizeSa prakAra kA vyApAra karatI hai / yahI vyApAra upayoga hai| sparzanendriya kA viSaya sparza hai| rasanendriya kA viSaya rasa hai / ghrANendriya kA vipaya gandha hai| cakSurindriya kA vipaya varNa hai / zrotrandriya kA vipaya zabda hai| mana : pratyeka indriya kA bhinna-bhinna viSaya hai| eka indriya dUsarI indriya ke viSaya kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI / mana eka aisI sUkSma indriya hai, jo sabhI indriyoM ke sabhI vipayoM kA grahaNa kara sakatA hai| isalie ise sarvArthagrAhI indriya kahate haiN| isako anindriya isalie kahA jAtA hai ki yaha atyanta sUkSma hai| anindriya kA artha indriya kA abhAva nahIM, apitu Ipat indriya hai / jaise anudarA kanyA kA artha vinA udaravAlI lar3akI nahI hotA apitu aisI lar3akI hotA hai jisakA udara garbhabhAra sahana karane meM asamartha hai| usI prakAra cakSurAdi ke samAna pratiniyata deza, vipaya avasthAna kA prabhAva hone se mana ko anindriya kahate haiN| isakA nAma antaHkaraNa bhI hai, kyoMki isakA anya indriyoM kI taraha koI bAhya AkAra nahIM hai / ise sUkSma indriya isalie kahate haiM ki yaha anya:ndriyoM kI apekSA atyanta sUkSma hai| indriyoM kI taraha mana bhI do prakAra kA hai-dravyamana aura bhAvamana / dravyamana podgalika hai / bhAvamana labdhi aura upayoga rUpa se do prakAra kA hai| 1-- pragAmImAmA 12 // 21-23 satrahavaM manaH / --vahI 112 / 24

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214 jaina-darzana matijJAna ke viSaya meM eka zaMkA kA samAdhAna karake phira avagrahAdi ke viSaya meM likheNge| zaMkA yaha hai ki matijJAna kI utpatti ke lie kevala indriya aura mana kAphI nahIM hai / udAharaNa ke lie cakSurindriya ko lIjie / usake dvArA jJAna tabhI utpanna hotA hai jaba prakAza aura padArtha donoM upasthita hoN| isalie matijJAna kI utpatti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki indriya aura mana ke atirikta padArtha tathA anya Avazyaka sAmagrI upasthita ho / jaina-darzana isa zarta ko nahIM mAnatA / artha, Aloka Adi jJAna kI utpatti meM nimitta nahIM haiM kyoMki jJAnotpatti aura arthAloka meM koI vyApti nahIM hai / dUsare zabdoM meM bAhya padArtha aura prakAza rUpajJAnotpatti ke prAvazyaka aura avyavahita kAraNa nahIM haiM / yaha ThIka hai ki ve AkAza, kAla Adi kI taraha vyavahita kAraNa ho sakate haiN| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki ve matijJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke kSayopazama ke prati upakAraka haiN| itanA hote hue bhI inheM jJAnotpatti ke prati kAraNa isalie nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki unakA aura jJAna kA avinAbhAva sambandha nahIM hai| yaha kaise ? Aloka aura artha jJAnotpatti meM avyavahita kAraNa tabhI mAne jAte, jaba Aloka aura artha ke abhAva meM jJAna kI utpatti hotI hI nhiiN| kintu aisI bAta nahIM hai| naktaMcara, mArjAra Adi rAtri meM bhI dekhate haiN| yadi Aloka ke abhAva meM rUpajJAna nahIM hotA to unheM kaise dikhAI detA? yaha kahane se kAma nahIM cala sakatA ki unake netroM meM teja hotA hai, ataH ve rAtri meM bhI dekha sakate haiM, kyoMki aisA kahane kA artha hogA apanI pratijJA kA tyAga / dUsarI ora ulUkAdi dina ke prakAza meM nahIM dekha sakate / ve rAtri meM hI dekha sakate haiM / yadi prakAza jJAnotpatti kA Avazyaka kAraNa hotA to unheM dina meM dikhAI detaa| hamAre sAmane donoM taraha ke udAharaNa vidyamAna haiN| pahalA udAharagA rAtri aura dina-andhakAra aura pAloka donoM meM rUpanAna kI utpatti kA hai| dUsarA udAharaNa bilkula viparIta hai| kevala aMdhakAra meM hI hone vAlA rUpanAna 'pAloka ka bhAva meM rUpanAna nahIM ho sakatA' isa siddhAnta kA sarvanAza karatA / inake atirikA hamAre sAmane aise udAharaNa bhI haiM, jinase

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215 jJAnavAda aura pramANagAstra yaha siddha hotA hai ki grAloka ke hone para hI rUpanAna kI utpatti hotI hai / sAdhAragA manuSyoM kA rUpajJAna isI zreNI kA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki aisA ekAMta niyama nahIM hai ki pAloka ke hone para hI pajJAna utpanna ho| kahIM para Aloka ke hone para hI rUpajJAna hotA hai, kahIM para andhakAra ke hone para hI rUpajJAna hotA hai, aura kahIM para pAloka aura aMdhakAra donoM prakAra kI avasthAnoM meM rUpajJAna hotA hai / isalie yaha kathana ucita nahIM ki pAloka jAnotpatti kA anivArya kAraNa hai| artha ke vipaya meM bhI yahI vAta kahI jA sakatI hai| marIcikAjAna vinA hI artha ke utpanna hotA hai / svapnajJAna ke samaya hamAre sAmane koI padArtha nahIM rhtaa| ina jJAnoM ko mithyA kaha kara nahIM TAlA jA sakatA, kyoMki mithyA hote hA bhI jJAna to haiM hI / yahA~ prazna satya aura mithyA kA nahIM hai| prazna hai artha ke abhAva meM jJAnotpatti kA / jJAna kaisA bhI ho, kiMtu yadi artha ke abhAva meM utpanna ho jAtA hai to yaha pratijJA gamApta ho jAtI hai ki artha ke hone para hI jJAna utpanna hotA hai| mvapnAdinAnoM ko thor3I dera ke lie chor3a bhI deM, to bhI yaha siddhAMta ThIka nahIM utaratA, kyoMki bhUta aura bhaviSya ke pratyakSa kI siddhi isa aAdhAra para nahIM kI jA sktii| yogiyoM ke jJAna kA viSaya bhI yadi vartamAna padArtha hI mAnA jAya to trikAla-viSayaka jJAna kI bAta vyartha ho jAtI hai / ataH artha bhI jJAnotpatti ke prati anivArya kAraNa nahIM hai / avagraha : __ avagraha ko batAne vAle kaI zabda haiN| naMdIsUtra meM avagraha ke lie avagrahagAtA. upadhAraNatA, zravaNatA, avalambanatA aura medhA kA prayoga hugrA hai' / tattvArthabhApya meM nimna zabda pAte haiM-avagraha, paha, grahagA, pAlocana aura avdhaarnn| indriya aura artha kA sambandha hone para nAma Adi kI vizeSa kalpanA se rahita sAmAnya

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216 jaina-darzana 1 mAtra kA jJAna avagraha hai / " isa jJAna meM yaha nizcita pratIti nahIM hotI ki kisa padArtha kA jJAna huA hai / kevala itanA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kucha hai / indriya aura artha kA jo sAmAnya sambandha hai vaha darzana hai| darzana ke bAda paidA hone vAlA sAmAnya jJAna avagraha hai / isameM kevala sattA kA hI jJAna nahIM hotA, zrapitu padArtha kA prAraMbhika jJAna ho jAtA hai ki kucha hai / avagraha do prakAra kA hotA haivyaMjanAvagraha aura prarthAvagraha | artha aura indriya kA saMyoga vyaMjanAvagraha hai / Upara jo avagraha kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai vaha vAstava meM arthAvagraha hai / isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra vyaMjanAvagraha darzana kI koTi meM AtA hai aura avagraha kA artha arthAvagraha hI hotA hai / vyaMjanAvagraha ko jJAna mAnane vAloM ke lie darzana indriya aura artha ke saMyoga yA sambandha se bhI pahale hotA hai / yaha eka pratibhAsa mAtra hai, jo sattA mAtra kA grahaNa karatA hai / usake bAda artha aura indriya kA saMyoga hotA hai, jise vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM / indriya aura artha ke saMyoga ke sambandha se pahale darzana kaise ho sakatA hai ? isakA samAdhAna yahI ho sakatA hai ki unakA sambandha avazya hotA hai, kintu vaha sambandha vyaMjanAvagraha se bhI pahale hotA hai / vyaMjanAvagraha rUpa jo sambandha hai vaha jJAnakoTi meM AtA hai aura usase bhI pUrva jo eka sattA sAmAnya kA sambandha hai - sattA sAmAnya kA bhAna hai vaha darzana hai / isake atirikta aura kyA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai, yaha hama nahIM jAnate / arthAvagraha kA pUrvavartI jJAnavyApAra, jo indriya kA viSaya ke sAtha saMyoga hone para utpanna hotA hai, aura kramazaH puSTa hotA jAtA hai, vyaMjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai / yaha jJAna avyaktajJAna hai / yaha jJAna kramaza: kisa prakAra puSTa hotA hai aura arthAvagraha kI koTi meM AtA 1 - 'akSArtha yoge darzanAnantaramartha grahaNamavagrahaH ' 2 - 'arthasya / ' vyaM janasyAvagrahaH / - tattvArtha sUtra / 1 / 17-18 - pramANamImAMsA 1 / 1 / 26

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra hai, yaha samajhane ke lie eka udAharaNa denA ThIka hogA | kumbhakAra ne apane gravApa ( avAr3A ) meM se eka tAjA zarAva ( sakorA ) nikAlA, nikAla kara usameM eka-eka bUMda pAnI DAlatA gayA / prathama vindu DAlate hI sUkha gyaa| dUsarA vindu bhI sUkha gayA / tIsarA, cauthA aura isa taraha aneka vindu sUkhate ge| aMtatogatvA eka samaya aisA yAtA hai jaba vaha zarAva pAnI ko sukhAne meM asamatA dikhAne lagatA hai| dhIre-dhIre vaha pAnI se bhara jAtA hai / prathama bindu se lagA kara antima vindu taka kA sArA pAnI zarAva meM hotA hai, kintu pahale kucha vinduyoM kI itanI kama zakti hotI hai ki ve spaSTarUpa se dikhAI nahIM dete / jyoM-jyoM pAnI kI zakti bar3hatI jAtI hai tyoM-tyoM usakI abhivyakti bhI spaSTa hotI jAtI hai / isI taraha jaba kisI soye hue vyakti ko pukArA jAtA hai taba pahale ke kucha zabda kAna meM jAkara cupacApa baiTha jAte haiM / unakI abhivyakti nahIM ho pAtI / do cAra bAra pukArane para usake kAna meM kAphI zabda ekatra ho jAte haiM / tabhI use yaha jJAna hotA hai ki mujhe koI bulA rahA hai / yaha jJAna pahale zabda ke samaya itanA graspaSTa aura gravyakta hotA hai ki use isa bAta kA patA nahIM lagatA ki koI bulA rahA hai / jaba zabdoM kA jalavinduyoM kI taraha kAphI mAtrA meM saMgraha ho jAtA hai taba use yaha jJAna hotA hai ki mujhe koI pukAra rahA hai / prathama koTi kA vyakta jJAna grarthAvagraha hai / vyajanAvagraha aura grarthAvagraha meM zravyaktatA aura vyaktatA kA bheda hai / sAmAnyAtmaka jJAna avagraha hai / isI jJAna ke vikAsa krama ke do rUpa haiM / prathama rUpa avyakta jJAnAtmaka hai / yahI vyaMjanAvagraha hai / dvitIya rUpa vyaktajJAnAtmaka hai / yahI arthAvagraha haiM / kyA vyaMjanAvagraha sabhI iMdriyoM se hotA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki vakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA' | nakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha kyoM nahIM hotA ? kyoMki ye donoM prApyakArI hai | vyaMjanAvagraha ke lie artha aura iMdriyoM kA saMyoga 1- na cakSuranindriyAnyAn' | 217 -- tattvArthasUtra 1016

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218 jaina-darzana apekSita hai / saMyoga ke lie prApyakAritva anivArya hai / cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, ata: inake sAtha artha kA saMyoga nahIM hotaa| saMyoga na hone se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA / mana ko aprApyakArI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu cakSu aprApyakArI kaise hai ? cakSu aprApyakArI hai, kyoMki vaha spRSTa artha kA grahaNa nahIM krtaa| yadi prApyakArI hotA to tvagindriya ke samAna spRSTa aMjana kA grahaNa krtaa| cUMki vaha grahaNa nahIM karatA, ataH aprApyakArI hai| koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki cakSu prApyakArI hai, kyoMki vaha AvRta vastu kA grahaNa nahIM karatA-jaise tvagindriya / yaha ThIka nahIM, kyoMki cakSu kAca, abhra, sphaTika Adi se prAvRta artha kA grahaNa karatA hai / yadi cakSu aprApyakArI hai to vaha vyavahita aura ativiprakRSTa artha kA bhI grahaNa kara legaa| yaha zaMkA ThIka nahIM, kyoMki cumbaka aprApyakArI hote hue bhI amuka sImA ke andara rahane vAle lohe ko hI pakar3atA hai, vyavahita aura ativiprakRSTa ko nhiiN| cakSu svayaM prApyakArI. nahIM hai, apitu isakI taijasa razmiyA~ prApyakArI haiN| yaha bhI ThIka nahIM; kyoMki hameM yaha bhI anubhava nahIM hotA ki cakSu taijasa haiN| yadi cakSu taijasa hotA to cakSarindriya kA sthAna uSNa hotaa| naktaMcara prANiyoM ke netroM meM rAta ko razmiyA~ dikhAI detI haiM, ata: cakSu razmiyukta hai, yaha dhAraNA ThIka nhiiN| ataijasa dravya meM bhI bhAsurarUpa dekhA jAtA hai-jaise maNi Adi / ataH cakSu prApyakArI nahIM hai| aprApyakArI hote hue bhI tadAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se vastu kA grahaNa hotA hai / isalie mana aura cakSu se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotaa| zrotra, ghrANa, rasana aura sparza ina cAra indriyoM se vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai| arthAvagraha saMyogarUpa nahIM hai apitu sAmAnyajJAnarUpa hai / cakSu aura mana se arthAvagraha hotA hai, kyoMki ina donoM kA viSaya-grahaNa sIdhA sAmAnyajJAnarUpa hotA hai / isa prakAra arthAvagraha pAMca indriyA~ aura chaThA mana-ina cha: se hotA hai| 'IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA bhI pA~coM iMdriyoM aura mana pUrvaka hote haiM /

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jAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 216 IhA : avagraha ke vAda jJAna IhA meM pariNata hotA hai| avagRhItArtha kI vizeSa rUpa se jAnane kI icchA IhA hai|' naMdIsUtra meM IhA ke lie nimna zabda Ate haiM--AyogaNatA, mArgaNatA, gavepaNatA, cintA, vimarSa / umAsvAti ne IhA, Uha, tarka, parIkSA, vicAraNA aura jijJAsA kA prayoga kiyA hai| avagraha se gujarate hae IhA taka kaise pahu~cate haiM, ise samajhane ke lie puna: zabda kA udAharaNa lete haiM / avagraha meM itanA jJAna ho jAtA hai ki kahIM se gabda sunAI de rahA hai / zabda sunane para vyakti socatA hai ki kisakA zabda hai ? kauna bola rahA hai ? strI hai yA puruSa ? isake vAda svara kI tulanA hotI hai| svara mIThA aura AkarSaka hai, isalie kisI strI kA honA caahie| puruSa kA svara kaThora evaM rUkhA hotA hai| yaha svara puruSa kA nahIM ho sakatA / IhA meM jJAna yahA~ taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| IhA saMzaya nahIM hai, kyoMki saMzaya meM do palar3e varAvara rahate haiM / jJAna kA kisI eka aora jhakAva nahIM hotaa| 'puruSa hai yA strI' ? isakA jarA bhI nirNaya nahIM hotA / na to puruSa kI aora jJAna bhavatA hai, na strI kI aora / jJAna kI dazA trizaMku sI rahatI hai / IhA meM jJAna eka pora jhaka jAtA hai / avAya meM jisakA nizcaya hone vAlA hai usI pora jJAna kA jhukAva ho jAtA hai| yaha strI kA zabda honA cAhie, kyoMki isakI yaha vizeSatA hai'-isa prakAra kA jJAna IhA hai / yadyapi IhA meM pUrNa nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA tathApi jAna nirgaya kI pora bhaka avazya jAtA hai| saMzaya meM jJAna kiso thora nahIM jhukatA / saMzaya IhA ke pahale hotA hai| IhA ho jAne para saMgaya samApta ho jAtA hai / -- 'avagRhItAviropakAMkSagAmI' / -pramAgAnayananyAloka 28 3-tatyAmA 11

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220 . jaina-darzana pravAya: IhitArtha kA vizeSa nirNaya avAya hai| IhA meM hamArA jJAna yahA~ taka pahu~ca jAtA hai ki yaha zabda kisI strI kA honA caahie| jaba yaha nizcita ho jAtA hai ki yaha zabda strI kA hI hai, taba hamArA jJAna avAya kI koTi taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| isameM samyak asamyak kI vicAraNA pUrNa rUpa se paripakva ho jAtI hai aura asamyak kA nivAraNa hokara samyak kA nirNaya ho jAtA hai / jo guNa vAstavika haiM unakA nizcita jJAna ho jAtA hai, aura jo guNa avAstavika haiM unakA pRthakkaraNa ho jAtA hai / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM eka mata yaha bhI milatA hai ki jo guNa padArtha ke andara nahIM haiM unakA nivAraNa avAya hai aura jo guNa padArtha meM haiM unakA sthirIkaraNa dhAraNA hai / bhASyakAra ke mata se yaha siddhAnta ThIka nahIM hai| cAhe asad guNoM kA nivAraNa ho, cAhe sadguNoM kA sthirIkaraNa ho, cAhe donoM eka sAtha hoM-saba avAyAntargata hai| nandIsUtra meM avAya ke nimna paryAya haiM-AvartanatA, pratyAvartanatA, avAya, buddhi, vijJAna / tattvArthasUtrabhASya meM avAya ke lie nimna zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai..apagama, apanoda, apavyAdha, apeta, apagata, apaviddha, apanuta / ye zabda niSedhAtmaka haiM / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jisa mata kA ullekha hai, sambhavataH vaha yahI paramparA ho| avAya aura apAya donoM zabdoM ko dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki apAya niSedhAtmaka haiM aura avAya vidhyAtmaka hai / jo paramparA isa jJAna ko niSedhAtmaka mAnatI hai usameM adhikatara apAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jisa paramparA meM isakA vidhyAtmaka vidhAna bhI hai usameM adhikatara avAya 1-IhitavizepanirNayo'vAyaH / -pramAraNamImAMsA 1 / 1 / 28 2-185 3 ~ 186 4-32 m Hd 16-sarvArthasiddhi, rAjavAtika Adi

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221 mAnavAda aura pramANazAstra zabda kA prayoga haA hai| yaha jJAna dhAraNA kI koTi meM paheMca kara hI pakkA hotA hai, isalie yaha matabheda hai| avAya meM kucha kamI avazya rahatI hai| vidhyAtmaka mAnakara bhI usakI dRDhAvasthA dhAraNA meM hI mAnI gaI hai| isalie ina donoM paramparAyoM meM vizeSa bheda nahIM raha jaataa| dhAraNA: avAya ke bAda dhAraNA hotI hai| dhAraNA meM jJAna itanA dRr3ha ho jAtA hai ki vaha smRti kA kAraNa banatA hai| isIlie dhAraNA ko smRti kA hetu kahA gayA hai| yaha saMkhyeya athavA asaMkhyeya samaya taka rahatI hai| naMdIsUtra meM dhAraNA ke lie ina zabdoM kA prayoga hayA hai-dhAraNA, sthApanA. pratiSThA, koSThA / umAsvAti ne nimnalikhita paryAya die haiM--pratipatti, avadhAraNA, avasthAna, nizcaya, avagama, avabodha' / jinabhadra ne dhAraNA kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki jJAna kI avicyuti ko dhAraNA kahate haiM / jo jJAna zIghra hI naSTa na ho jAya, apitu smRti ke lie hetu kA kArya kara sake, vahI jAna dhAraNA hai| yaha dhAraNA tIna prakAra kI hai| (1) avicyuti--padArtha ke jJAna kA vinAza na honaa| (2) vAsanA-saMskAra kA nirmANa honA / (3) anusmaraNabhaviSya meM una saMskAroM kA jAgrat honaa| isa prakAra avicyuti, vAsanA, aura smati tInoM dhAraNA ke aMga haiN| vAdidevasari ke anusAra yaha mata ThIka nahIM hai| dhAragA, avAya-pradatta jJAna kI har3atamAvasthA hai| kucha kAla ke lie avAya kA dRr3ha rahanA-yahI dhAraNA hai| dhAraNA mmati kA kAragA nahIM bana sakatI, kyoMki kimI bhAna kA itane lambe kAla taka varAvara calate rahanA sambhava : --tyApaMmUSa bhApya, hAribhadrIpa TIkA, midanIya TIkA 2-smRtitardhAramA' pramANamImAMsA 12126 5.--'avisnu pAramA tassa-viropAvazyaka. 180 6. yahI 261

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222 jaina-darzana nahIM / yadi dhAraNA itane lambe kAla taka calatI rahe to dhAraNA aura smati ke bIca ke kAla meM dUsarA jJAna honA sarvathA asambhava hai, kyoMki eka sAtha do upayoga nahIM ho sakate' / saMskAra eka bhinna guNa hai, jo AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai / dhAraNA usakA vyavahita kAraNa ho sakatI hai| kintu dhAraNA ko sIdhA smRti kA kAraNa mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM / dhAraNA apanI amuka samaya kI maryAdA ke bAda samApta ho jAtI hai / usake bAda nayA jJAna paidA hotA hai / isa taraha eka jJAna ke bAda dUsare jJAna kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| bAdidevasUri kA yaha kathana yuktisaMgata hai| ___matijJAna ke avagraha, IhA. avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra bheda kiye gae / avagraha ke vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha-ye do bheda hue / inameM se arthAvagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA--ye cAra prakAra ke jJAna zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasana, sparzana aura mana-ina chaH se hote haiM / vyaMjanAvagraha kevala zrotra, ghrANa, rasana aura sparzana ina cAra indriyoM se hotA hai / cakSu aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, ataH ina donoM se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotaa| arthAvagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra pA~ca indriyA~ aura mana-ina chaH se hote haiM, ata: 446-24 bheda hue / vyaMjanAvagraha mana aura cakSu ko chor3akara cAra indriyoM se hotA hai, ataH usake 4 bheda hae / ina 24+4-28 prakAra ke jJAno ma se pratyeka jJAna punaH bahu, alpa, bahuvidha, alpavidha, kSipra, akSipra, anizcita, nizcita, asaMdigdha, saMdigdha, dhruva aura adhruva-isa prakAra bAraha prakAra kA hotA hai| ye nAma zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra haiN| digambara paramparA meM ina nAmoM meM thor3A sA antara hai| anizcita aura nizcita ke sthAna para aniHsRta aura niHsRta aura asaMdigdha aura saMdigdha ke sthAna para anukta aura ukta kA prayoga hai| 1~syAdvAdaratnAkara 2110 2~-'bahubahuvidhakSiprAnizcitAsandigdha vANAM setarANAm / -tattvArthasUtra 1116 3-sarvArthasiddhi, rAjavAtika Adi 1116

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dhAnavAda ra pramANamAsya 223 bahu kA artha aneka aura grapa kA artha eka hai / aneka vastunoM kA jJAna bahugrAhI hai | eka vastu kA jJAna gralpagrAhI hai / aneka prakAra kI vastuoM kA jJAna bahuvigrAhI hai| eka hI prakAra kI vastu kA jJAna pavigrAhI hai / vaha aura alpa saMkhyA se sambandhita haiM aura bahuvidha tathA alpaviSa prakAra yA jAti se sambandhita haiN| zIghratApUrvaka hone vAle avagrahAdi jJAna, kSipra kahalAte hai / vilamba se hone vAle jJAna zrakSipra haiM / anizcita kA artha hetu ke binA hone vAlA vastujJAna hai / nizcita kA artha pUrvAnubhUta kisI hetu se hone vAlA jJAna hai / jo granizcita ke sthAna para graniHsRta aura nizcita ke sthAna para niHsRta kA prayoga karate haiM unake manAnusAra graniHsRta kA artha hai asakalarUpa se grAvirbhuta pudgalo kA grahaNa aura niHsRta kA artha hai saphalatA zrAvirbhUta puDugaloM kA grahaNa / grasadigdha kA artha hai nizAna aura sadigdha kA artha hai granizcita jJAna / zravagraha aura IhA ke granizcaya se isameM bheda ha 1 isameM amuka padArtha aiaisA nizcaya hote hue bhI usake vizeSa guNoM ke prati sandeha kahatA hai | saMdigdha aura saMdigdha ke sthAna para anukta aura uktaaisA pATha mAnane vAle dhanuvata kA yartha karate haiM abhiprAya mAtra se jAna lenA aura ukta kA artha karate hai kahane para hI jAnanA | dhruva kA dharma hai-vayambhAvI jJAna aura adhruva kA artha hai- kadAcitzAdI jnyaan| ina bAraha bhedoM meM se cAra bheda prameya kI vividhatA para avalambita hai pATha bheva pramAtA ke kSayopana kI para Azrita hai| uparyukta 20 bhedoM meM se pratyeka ke 12 bheda hone para kuna = x 12 = 336 bheda ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra vijJAna ke 366 bheda hai| isakA vizeSa saSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai|

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224 jaina-darzana matijJAna avagraha IhA avAya dhAraNA vyaMjanA- arthA 23-sparzana 24-rasana vagraha 5-sparzana vagraha 1-sparzana 2-rasana 3-ghrANa 4-zrotra 11-sparzana 17-sparzana 12-rasana 18-rasana 13-ghrANa 16-ghrANa 14-zrotra 20-zrotra 15-cakSu 21-cakSu 16-mana 22-mana 6-rasana 7-ghrAraNa 8-zrotra 6-cakSu 10-mana 25-ghrANa 26-zrotra 27-cakSu 28-mana

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bahanAtI para vidha pavitra ziva pakSita pani bhana nizrita prasadima maMdigdha ava padhra va grAhI yAhI grAhI nAhI grAhI gAhI gAhI yAhI gAhI gAr3I gAhI bhAnabATa prAra pramAgamAstra " " " " " parzana mAnAvana. ramana nAumA , prAga vyajanA , yojanAragraha .. sana paryAvagraha , gana pavigata , prAga paryAvagraha zrotra praryAvagraha " nA praviyA // mana aryAvagraha " pani hA " ramana hA " prAga hA " " " , " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 225

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zrotra IhA cakSu ihA 2 " " 3 " " 4 " " 5 " " 6 " " 7 " " 8 " " 9 " " 10 " " 11 12 " " " " mana IhA , " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " , . " , " , sparzana avAya " rasana avAya " ghrAraNa avAya " zrotra avAya cakSa avAya " mana avAya , sparzana dhAraNA " rasana dhAraNA " ghrANa dhAraNA zrotra dhAraNA , cakSa dhAraNA , mana dhAraNA // . 28 " , " " " , " " , " " , , , , " . " , , - " , " " " , , " , " " " , ., " , , " , " " " , , " " , , " , , " , , " " , , 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 = 336 jaina-darzana

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mAnavAda aura pramAgatAntra 227 zrutajJAna : dhanavAna kA artha hai, vaha jAna jodhata arthAta mAstranibaddha hai| prApta purApAga pragAna prAgama yA anya gAstroM se jo jJAna hotA hai yaha anajAna hai / atajAna manipUrvaka hotA hai / unake do bheda hai.-~-aMga vAra aura aMgapraviSTa / aMgavAhya aneka prakAra kA hai| aMgapraviSTa ke bAda maMda hai| ghanajAna manipUrvaka hotA hai, isakA kyA artha hai ? zru tanAna hone ke lie bda-zravaNa Avazyaka hai, yAMki zAstra vacanAtmaka hai| zabdaprayAsa gatika antargata hai, pAMki yaha zrona kA dipaya hai| jaba zabda munA detA hai taba usako artha kA smaraNa hotA hai / zabda-zravaNa rUpa jo vyApArI yaha matimAna hai| nadanantara utpanna hone vAlA jAna tajJAna nIlie marijAnakAra hai aura zrRtanAna kArya hai| matinAna ke prabhAva meM alamAna nahIM ho sktaa| atajAna kA vAstavika kArA to anajAnAvaramA kA kSayopAma hai| manizAna to usakA bahiraMga kAraNa mAnasAna hone para bhI yadi tamAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama na ho to namAna nahI hotA / anyathA jo koI dAna-vacana sunatA, saba ko ghanAna ho jaataa| gAva ghora yaMgapraviSTa rUpa se gha tajJAna do prakAra kA hai / aMgaciTa gemale hai, jo sAkSAt tIthaMkAra dvArA prakAzita hotA hai aura nagamAnAnubhavata kiyA havA hotA hai / prAyu, bala, buddhi prAdi kI sImA paramAdevakAra bAda meM hone vAle prAcArya sarvasAdhAraNa ke hita nAgAlAviSTAyAMnI ghAdhAra banAkara bhinna bhinna viSayoM para ma ta mAgavAyamAna antargata hai| tAtparya yaha hai jinakavitA ra gaNadhara ve aMgapraviSTa cAra jina. mI mAnya dhAgA / aMgavArA anya hai| aMgapAyaliyA, zAliga dhAdi dhane prakAra hai| aMgapraviSTa ke mAma parevA aMga palAte hai| inake nAma pahana ginAye jA - mhaap| --asvAgata 120

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228 jaina darzana cuke haiM / zruta vAstava meM jJAnAtmaka hai, kintu upacAra se zAstroM ko bhI zruta kahate haiM, kyoMki ve jJAnotpatti ke sAdhana haiM / zrutajJAna ke bheda moTe taura para samajhane ke liye haiM / 2 Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki jitane akSara haiM aura unake jitane vividha saMyoga haiM utane hI zrutajJAna ke bheda haiM / isalie usake sAre bheda ginAnA sambhava nahIM / zrutajJAna ke caudaha mukhya prakAra haiMakSara, saMjJI, samyaka, sAdika, saparyavasita, gamika aura aMgapraviSTa ye sAta aura anakSara, asaMjJI, mithyA, anAdika, aparyavasita, agamika aura aMgabAhya ye sAta inase viparIta' / nandIsUtra meM ina bhedoM kA svarUpa batAyA gayA hai / grakSara zruta ke tIna bheda kiye gae haiM-- saMjJAkSara, vyaMjanAkSara aura lavdhyakSara / varNa kA prAkAra saMjJAkSara hai / varNa kI dhvani vyaMjanAkSara hai / jo varNa sIkhane meM samartha hai vaha lavdhyakSaradhArI hai / saMjJAkSara aura vyaMjanAkSara dravyazruta hai / labdhyakSara bhAvazruta hai| khAMsanA, U~cA zvAsa lenA Adi anakSarazruta hai / saMjJI zruta ke bhI tIna bheda haiM-- dIrghakAlikI, hetupadezikI, aura dRSTivAdopadezikI | vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya trikAlaviSayaka vicAra dIrghakAlikI saMjJA hai / : kevala vartamAna kI dRSTi se hitAhita kA vicAra karanA hetUpadezikI saMjJA hai / samyak zruta ke jJAna ke kAraNa hitAhita kA bodha honA dRSTivAdopadezikI saMjJA hai / jo ina saMjJAoM ko dhAraNa karate haiM ve saMjJI kahalAte haiM / jo ina saMjJAoM ko dhAraNa nahIM karate ve prasaMjJI haiM / zrasaMjJI tIna taraha ke hote haiM / jo samanaska hote hue bhI soca nahIM sakate ve prathama koTi ke prasaMjJI haiM / jo amanaska haiM ve dUsarI koTi ke prasaMjJI haiM / gramanaska kA artha mana rahita nahIM hai, apitu atyanta sUkSma mana vAlA hai / jo mithyAzruta meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM ve tIsarI koTi ke asaMjJI haiM / sAdika zruta vaha hai jisakI - Avazya niyukti 17-16 1. 2 - naMdIsUtra 38 3 - vahI 36-40

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mAnayAda aura pramAgamAstra 226 zrAdi hai| jinakI koI prAdi nahIM hai vaha anAdika zruta hai| pradhyApane dhana anAdika hai aura paryAyanpa le sAdika hai / saparyavamina zruna vaha hai jinakA anta hotA hai| jisakA kabhI anta nahIM hotA vaha apayavamina thata hai| yahAM bhI dravya aura paryAya dRSTi kA upayoga karanA cAhie / gamika use kahate haiM, jinake sadRza pATha upalabdha / pragamikaH anahagAkSarAlApaka hotA hai| aMgapraviSTa aura aMgavAmaya ke viSaya meM likha hI cuke hai| alamAna kA mukhya prAdhAra zabda hai / hastasaMketa grAdi anya gAdhanI ne bhI yaha jJAna honA hai| vahAM para ye mAdhana gabda kA hI mAya marate haiM / anya gabboM kI taraha unakA spaSTa uccAraNa kAnoM meM nahI patA / mIna uccAraNa se hI ve apanA kArya pasI / dhanamAna jaba itanA abhyasta ho jAtA hai ki unake lie manamaragA kI aAvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI nava vaha matijJAna ke dhanagaMta yA jAtA hai / dhanamAna ke lie cintana aura saMketasmaraNa papala pAyA hai| anyAna dazA meM aisA na hone para vaha jAna dhana kI koTi se bAhara nikAla kara gati kI koTi meM yA jAtA hai / gati aura zrata: janana kI mAtA ke anusAra pratyeka jIva meM kama-se-kama mAna-mani pAra dhana dhAvAyaka hote haiN| vanamAna ke samaya na mAnapi viSaya meM matabheda hai| kucha loga una samaya bhI bhatizora palako sattA mAnatA ra kahate hai ki kevalajJAna ke HIT nAma unakAra prakAza daba jAtA hai| nUyaM ke ma . ko hAra candra yAdi kA prayAsa nahIMvat mAlUma 1 lIga kA kAma nahI mAnate / snaka mata kevala mA ! mali, anAdi kSAropagamika hai / jaba MER . rojAnA dAvApAmida jAna nahIM jabana bI mA nAnI ! devala mInA mAna ||paamaaytii honA hai| hameM pani kapila meM jamAnyAni

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230 jaina-darzana kA mata hai ki zra tajJAna matipUrvaka hI hotA hai, jaba ki matijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha zrutapUrvaka hI ho / nandIsUtra kA mata hai ki jahA~ Abhinibodhika jJAna (mati) hai vahA~ zra tajJAna bhI hai aura jahA~ zru tajJAna hai vahA~ matijJAna bhI hai| sarvArthasiddhi aura tattvArtharAjavAtika meM bhI isI mata kA samarthana hai| yahA~ prazna yaha hai ki kyA ye donoM mata paraspara virodhI haiM ? eka mata ke anusAra zru tajJAna ke lie matijJAna anivArya hai, jabaki matijJAna ke lie zra tajJAna Avazyaka nahIM / dUsarA mata kahatA hai ki mati aura zru ta donoM sahacArI haiM / eka ke abhAva meM dUsarA nahIM raha sktaa| jahA~ mati hogI vahA~ zru ta avazya hogA aura jahA~ zru ta hogA vahA~ mati avazya hogii| hama samajhate haiM ki ye donoM mata paraspara virodhI nahIM haiN| umAsvAti jaba yaha kahate haiM ki zrata ke pUrva mati Avazyaka hai to usakA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki jaba koI vizeSa zra tajJAna utpanna hotA hai taba vaha tadviSayaka matipUrvaka hI hotA hai| pahale zabda sunAI detA hai aura phira usakA zrutajJAna hotA hai / matijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki pahale zra tajJAna ho aura phira matijJAna ho, kyoMki matijJAna pahale hotA hai aura zru tajJAna bAda meM / yaha bhI Avazyaka nahIM ki jisa viSaya kA matijJAna ho usakA zru tajJAna bhI ho / aisI dazA meM donoM sahacArI kaise ho sakate haiM ? nandIsUtra meM jo sahacAritva hai vaha kisI vizeSa jJAna kI apekSA se nahIM hai / vaha to eka sAmAnya siddhAnta hai| sAmAnyatayA mati aura zru ta sahacArI haiM, kyoMki pratyeka jIva meM ye donoM jJAna sAtha-sAtha rahate haiN| mati aura zruta ke binA koI jIva nahIM hai / aikendriya se lagAkara saMjJI paMcendriya taka hareka jIva meM kama-se 1--zrutajJAnasya matijJAnena niyataH sahabhAvaH tatpUrvakatvAt / yasya zruta jJAnaM tasya niyataM matijJAnaM, yasya tu matijJAnaM tasya zra tajJAnaM syAdvA na veti / -tattvArthasUtrabhASya 1 / 31 2--24 3 --sarvArthasiddhi 1 / 30; tattvArtha rAjavAtika 1 / 6 / 30

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naa 2 ghnnaar' 231 maga ye do zAna rahate haiM / isI dRSTi se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahAM ganibhAna hai vahAM zrananAna bhI hai aura jahA~ dha tajJAna hai vahA~ matibhAna bhI hai / ye donoM jAna jIva meM kisI-na-kisI mAtrA meM hara namaya pahane hai| yattirapa se inakI sattA sadaiva rahatI hai| jIva kI dRSTi meM yaha mahacAritva hai, na ki kisI vizeSa jAna kI dRSTi meN| jinabhadra kahate hai ki jo jJAna tAnusArI hai, indriya aura mana meM paidA hotA hai, tathA niyata artha ko samajhAne meM samartha hai, kA bhAvathana hai / dopa mati hai| kevala gavdanAna dhuta nahIM hai / jina patyajJAna ke pIche zrutAnusArI saMketasmaraNa hai aura jo niyana adhaM ko samabhAne meM samartha hai vahI zabdajJAna zrata hai| isake pranini jitanA bhI zabdajJAna hai, nava mati hai / sAmAnya gandanAna, jo kicala matijJAna hai, bar3hate-bar3hate upayukta stara taka pahu~catA hai nabhI vaha tha najAna banatA hai| gandanAna hone se koI bhI zabdanAna ghana nahIM jAtA / zrata ke lie jo garne haiM unheM pUrI karane para yasAna na bananA hai / zra tanAna ke prati kAraNa hone se gabda koyanana mahA jAtA hai| vAstava meM bhAvadhatahI zrata hai| kA gAtmanApekSa. nAtha nAnumAritva, indriya aura manojanya vyApAniyana ayaM ko namanAne kA sAmarthya-ye saba bAteM honA garAnI bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA zivarAyA yonAgA yahI jJAna dhruta hai jo zrutAnumArI hai| jo mAna ' mAnalAganIkA gati hai| kavala gabda-saMmaga hI jAna nA jAtA / anyathA hA, avAya yAdi bhI nahI hone nAgadaga utpama nahIM hote / mana meM yaha strI ...!er- mita, dimAlA gAraMgA / mAranA // -~~-dipAvAmAna, 100 mA gumAripi

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232 jaina-darzana kA zabda hai yA puruSa kA' yaha vikalpa binA antarjalpa ke nahIM ho sktaa| yaha antarjalpa zabda-saMsarga hai / zabda-saMsarga hote hue jahA~ zrutAnusAritva ho vaha jJAna zru ta hai / zru tAnusArI kA artha hai-zabda va zAstra ke artha kI paramparA kA anusaraNa karane vaalaa| avadhijJAna : AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa kevalajJAna hai / karma ke AvaraNa kI taratamatA ke kAraNa yaha jJAna vividha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai / mati aura zru ta indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hote haiM, ataH ve AtmA kI dRSTi se parokSa haiM / avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala sIdhe AtmA se hote haiM, ataH unheM pratyakSa kahA gayA hai / kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai aura avadhi aura manaHparyaya vikalapratyakSa haiN| avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna prAtmA se paidA hote haiM isalie pratyakSa haiM kintu apUrNa haiM, ataH vikala haiM / avadhi kA artha hai 'sImA' athavA 'vaha jo sImita hai' / avadhijJAna kI kyA sImA hai ? avadhi kA viSaya kevala rUpI padArtha hai| jo rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparzayukta hai vahI avadhi kA viSaya hai| isase Age arUpI padArthoM meM avadhi kI pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to cha: dravyoM meM se kevala eka dravya avadhi kA viSaya ho sakatA hai / vaha dravya hai pudgala, kyoMki kevala pudgala hI rUpI hai / anya pA~ca dravya usake viSaya nahIM ho skte| avadhijJAna ke adhikArI do prakAra ke hote haiM-bhavapratyayI aura gRgaaprtyyii| bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna deva aura nAraka ko hotA hai| gugga-pratyaya kA adhikArI manuSya yA tiryaJca hotA hai / bhavapratyaya kA artha hai janma se prApta hone vAlA / jo avadhijJAna janma ke sAtha hI-sAtha prakaTa hotA hai- vaha bhavapratyaya hai / deva aura nAraka ko paidA hote hI avadhinAna prApta hotA hai / isake lie unheM vrata, niyamAdi kA pAlana nahIM karanA pdd'taa| unakA bhava hI aisA hai ki vahA~ paidA hote hI avadhijJAna ho jAtA hai| manuSya aura anya prANiyoM -- kApiyavadheH / ' -tattvArthasUtra 1, 28 2 syAnAMganUya 71 naMdI mUtra 7-8, tattvArthamUtra 1, 22-23

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zAnavAda ra pramANazAstra 233 ke liye aisA niyama nahIM hai / mani aura zrutajJAna to janma ke sAtha hI hone hai ki avadhijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai / vyakti ke prayatna se kamoM kA kSayopama hone para hI yaha jJAna paidA hotA hai / deva aura nAka kI taraha manuSyAdi ke lie yaha jJAna janma nahI pita chana, niyama Adi guNoM ke pAlana se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai | isIlie ise gugAtyaya athavA kSAyopazamika kA hai| yaha eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jaba yaha niyama hai ki ke se hI avadhijJAna prakaTa hotA hai ta yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki deva zrIra nAraka janma se hI gravadhizAnI hone hai ? unake lie bhI yapathama grAvazyaka hai / unameM aura dUsarI meM dhAra itanA hI hai ki unakA kSayopazama bhavajanya hotA arthAta usa jAni meM janma lene para avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopanama ho hI jAtA hai| kaha jAti hI aisI hai ki jisake kAraNa yaha kArya dinavizeSa prayatna ke pUrA ho jAtA hai | manuSyAdi anya jAtiyoM ke lie yaha niyama nahIM | vahAM to vrata, niyamAdi kA vizeSarUpa se pAlana karanA par3atA hai | sabhI avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopagama hotA hai| tabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai | antara sAdhana meM hai| jo jIva vana janma mAtra se kSayopaNa kara sakate hai unakA hai| isake liye vizeSa prayatna karanA par3atA ukkA bhijJAna guNa vijJAna hai | avadhi ke bheda hote hai-anugAmI, ghananugAmI, vardhamAna, vimAna, ati aura anavati' 1 jo pani eka sthAna ko chor3akara dUsare sthAna para ba Ane para bhI naSTa na ho. ghapitu mAmanAtha jAve. yaha anugAmI hai / utpalamyAna nAyAgamAra dene para jo naSTa ho jAya vaha dhanagArI hai| se pani unake samaya meM mAnA jAya vaha |---unganzagenfaadaa@amarsformaufmekaa cefend - // 22 //

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232 jaina-darzana kA zabda hai yA puruSa kA' yaha vikalpa binA antarjalpa ke nahIM ho sktaa| yaha antarjalpa zabda-saMsarga hai / zabda-saMsarga hote hue jahA~ zrutAnusAritva ho vaha jJAna zruta hai / zru tAnusArI kA artha hai-zabda va zAstra ke artha kI paramparA kA anusaraNa karane vaalaa| avadhijJAna : AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa kevalajJAna hai / karma ke AvaraNa kI taratamatA ke kAraNa yaha jJAna vividha rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai / mati aura zru ta indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hote haiM, ataH ve AtmA kI dRSTi se parokSa haiM / avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala sIdhe prAtmA se hote haiM, ataH unheM pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai aura avadhi aura manaHparyaya vikalapratyakSa haiN| avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna prAtmA se paidA hote haiM isalie pratyakSa haiM kintu apUrNa haiM, ataH vikala haiM / avadhi kA artha hai 'sImA' athavA 'vaha jo sImita hai' / avadhijJAna kI kyA sImA hai ? avadhi kA viSaya kevala rUpI padArtha hai'| jo rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparzayukta hai vahI avadhi kA viSaya hai| isase Age arUpI padArthoM meM avadhi kI pravRtti nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to chaH dravyoM meM se kevala eka dravya avadhi kA viSaya ho sakatA hai / vaha dravya hai pudgala, kyoMki kevala pudgala hI rUpI hai / anya pA~ca dravya usake viSaya nahIM ho skte| avadhijJAna ke adhikArI do prakAra ke hote haiM-bhavapratyayI aura gunnprtyyii| bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna deva aura nAraka ko hotA hai| guNa-pratyaya kA adhikArI manuSya yA tiryaJca hotA hai / bhavapratyaya kA artha hai janma se prApta hone vAlA / jo avadhijJAna janma ke sAtha hI-sAtha prakaTa hotA hai- vaha bhavapratyaya hai / deva aura nAraka ko paidA hote hI avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai / isake lie unheM vrata, niyamAdi kA pAlana nahIM karanA pddtaa| unakA bhava hI aisA hai ki vahA~ paidA hote hI avadhijJAna ho jAtA hai| manuSya aura anya prANiyoM 1-- rUpipvavadheH / ' -tattvArthasUtra 1, 28 2-sthAnAMganUtra 71 naMdImUtra 7-8, tattvArthasUtra 1, 22-23

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 233 ke liye aisA niyama nahIM hai / mati aura zra tajJAna to janma ke sAtha hI hote haiM. kintu avadhijJAna ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai / vyakti ke prayatna se karmoM kA kSayopazama hone para hI yaha jJAna paidA hotA hai / deva aura nAraka kI taraha manuSyAdi ke lie yaha jJAna janma siddha nahIM hai, apitu vrata, niyama Adi guNoM ke pAlana se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isIlie ise guNapratyaya athavA kSAyopazamika kahate haiM / yahA~ eka prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jaba yaha niyama hai ki avadhijJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se hI avadhijJAna prakaTa hotA hai taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki deva aura nAraka janma se hI avadhijJAnI hote haiM ? unake lie bhI kSayopazama Avazyaka hai| unameM aura dUsaroM meM antara itanA hI hai ki unakA kSayopazama bhavajanya hotA hai arthAt usa jAti meM janma lene para avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama ho hI jAtA hai| vaha jAti hI aisI hai ki jisake kAraNa yaha kArya binA vizeSa prayatna ke pUrA ho jAtA hai / manuSyAdi anya jAtiyoM ke lie yaha niyama nhiiN| vahA~ to vrata, niyamAdi kA vizeSarUpa se pAlana karanA par3atA hai / tabhI avadhijJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama hotA hai / kSayopazama to sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| antara sAdhana meM hai / jo jIva kevala janma mAtra se kSayopazama kara sakate haiM unakA avadhijJAna bhavapratyaya hai / jinheM isake liye vizeSa prayatna karanA par3atA hai unakA avadhijJAna guNapratyaya hai / guNapratyaya avadhi ke chaH bheda hote haiM-anugAmI, ananugAmI, vardhamAna, hIyamAna, avasthita aura anavasthita' / / __ jo avadhijJAna eka sthAna ko chor3akara dUsare sthAna para cale jAne para bhI naSTa na ho, apitu sAtha-sAtha jAve, vaha anugAmI hai| utpattisthAna kA tyAga kara dene para jo naSTa ho jAya vaha ananugAmI hai| jo avadhijJAna utpatti ke samaya se kramazaH bar3hatA jAya vaha 1-'anugAmyananugAmivardhamAnahIyamAnAvasthitAnavasthitabhedAt SaDvidhaH' -tattvArtharAjavAtika 122 / 4

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234 jaina-darzana vardhamAna hai| yaha vRddhi kSetra, zuddhi Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se ho sakatI hai| jo avadhijJAna utpatti ke samaya se pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi kama ho jAne ke kAraNa kramazaH alpa-viSayaka hotA jAtA hai vaha hIyamAna hai| jo na to bar3hatA hai aura na kama hotA hai, apitu jaisA utpanna hotA hai vaisA-kA vaisA banA rahatA hai| janmAtara ke samaya athavA kevalajJAna hone para naSTa hotA hai, vaha avasthita hai| jo avadhijJAna kabhI ghaTatA hai, kabhI bar3hatA hai, kabhI prakaTa hotA hai, kabhI tirohita ho jAtA hai use anavasthita avadhijJAna kahate haiN| avadhijJAna ke upayukta cha: bheda svAmI ke guNa kI dRSTi se haiN| inake atirikta kSetra Adi kI dRSTi se tIna bheda aura hote haiM-dezAvadhi, paramAvadhi aura sarvAvadhi' / dezAvadhi ke puna: tIna bheda hote haiM-jaghanya, utkRSTa aura ajaghanyotkRSTa / sarvAvadhi eka hI prakAra kA hotA hai| jaghanya dezAvadhi kA kSetra utsedhAMgule' kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga hai / utkRSTa dezAvadhi kA kSetra sampUrNa loka hai / ajaghanyotkRSTa dezAvadhi kA kSetra ina donoM ke bIca kA hai, jo asaMkhyAta prakAra kA hai / jaghanya paramAvadhi kA kSetra eka pradezAdhika loka hai / utkRSTa paramAvadhi kA kSetra asaMkhyAtaloka pramANa hai / ajaghanyotkRSTa paramAvadhi kA kSetra ina donoM ke bIca kA hai| sarvAvadhi kA kSetra utkRSTa paramAvadhi ke kSetra se bAhara asaMkhyAta kSetra pramANa hai| 1 - 'punarapare'vaghestrayo bhedA dezAvadhiH paramAvadhiH sarvAvadhizceti' / -vahI 1 / 22 / 5 (vRttisahita) 2- aMgula eka prakAra kA kSetra kA nApa hai / yaha tIna prakAra kA hai utsedhAMgula, pramANAMgula aura AtmAMgula / bhinna bhinna padArthoM ke nApa ' ke lie bhinna bhinna aMgula nizcita haiM /

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 235 loka se adhika kSetra nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki loka ke bAhara koI padArtha nahIM jise avadhijJAnI jAna sake / isalie jahA~ loka se adhika kSetra kA nirdeza hai vahA~ uttarottara utane hI pramANa meM jJAna kI sUkSmatA samajhanA caahie| jisa taraha kSetra kI dRSTi se vibhinna prakAra haiM usI prakAra kAla kI dRSTi meM bhI aneka bheda ho sakate haiM / una sava kA varNana karanA yahA~ abhISTa nhiiN|| ____ aAvazyakaniyukti meM kSetra, saMsthAna, avasthita, tIvra, manda Adi caudaha dRSTiyoM se avadhijJAna kA lambA varNana hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM sAta prakAra ke nikSepa se avadhijJAna ko samajhane kI sUcanA hai / ye sAta nikSepa haiM-nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhava aura bhAva / manaHparyayajJAna : 'manuSyoM ke mana ke cintita artha ko prakaTa karane vAlA jJAna manaHparyayajJAna hai / yaha manuSya kSetra taka sImita hai, guNa ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai aura cAritravAn vyakti hI isakA adhikArI hai| yaha manaHparyayajJAna kI vyAkhyA AvazyakaniyuktikAra ne kI hai / mana eka prakAra kA paudgalika dravya hai| jaba vyakti kisI viSaya kA vicAra karatA hai taba usake mana kA vividha paryAyoM meM parivartana hotA hai / usakA mana tadtad paryAyoM meM pariNata hotA hai| manaH paryayajJAnI una paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai / usa sAkSAtkAra ke AdhAra para vaha yaha jAna sakatA hai ki yaha vyakti isa samaya yaha bAta soca rahA hai| anumAna-kalpanA se kisI ke viSaya meM yaha socanA ki 'amuka vyakti amuka vicAra kara rahA hai' manaHparyayajJAna nahIM hai / mana ke pariNamana kA AtmA se sAkSAt pratyakSa karake manuSya ke cintita artha ko jAna lenA manaHparyayajJAna hai / yaha jJAna 1-26-28 2-maraNapajjavaNANaM puNa, jaNamaNapariciMtiyatyapAgaDaNaM / mANusakhettanivaddhaguNapaccaiyaM crittvyo| -Avazyakaniyukti, 76

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236 jaina-darzana prAtmapUrvaka hotA hai na ki manapUrvaka / mana to viSaya mAtra hotA hai| jJAtA sAkSAt AtmA hai / manaHparyayajJAna ke do prakAra haiM-Rjumati aura vipulmti'| Rjumati kI apekSA vipulamati kA jJAna vizuddhatara hotA hai, kyoMki vipulamati Rjumati kI apekSA mana ke sUkSmatara pariNAmoM ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki Rjumati pratipAtI hai arthAt utpanna hone ke bAda calA bhI jAtA hai kintu vipulamati naSTa nahIM ho sakatA / vaha kevalajJAna kI prApti paryanta avazya rahatA hai| manaHparyayajJAna ke viSaya meM do paramparAe~ calI A rahI haiN| eka paramparA to yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyayajJAnI cintita artha kA pratyakSa kara letA hai / dUsarI paramparA isake viparIta yaha mAnatI hai ki manaHparyayajJAnI mana kI vividha avasthAoM kA to pratyakSa karatA hai, kintu una avasthAoM meM jo artha rahA huA hai usakA anumAna karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM eka paramparA artha kA hI pratyakSa mAnatI hai aura dUsarI paramparA mana kA to pratyakSa mAnatI hai kintu artha kA jJAna anumAna se mAnatI hai| mana kI vividha pariNatiyoM ko manaHparyayajJAnI pratyakSa rUpa se jAna letA hai aura una pariNatiyoM ke AdhAra se usa artha kA anumAna lagAtA hai, jisake kAraNa mana kA usa rUpa se pariNamana huA ho / isI bAta ko aura spaSTa kreN| pahalI paramparA mana ke dvArA cintita artha ke jJAna ke lie mana ko mAdhyama na mAnakara sIdhA usa artha kA pratyakSa mAna letI hai| mana ke paryAya aura artha ke paryAya meM liMga aura liMgI kA sambandha nahIM mAnatI / kevala mana eka sahArA hai / jaise koI yaha kahe ki 'dekho, bAdaloM meM candramA hai to isakA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki candramA 1-RjuvipulamatI manaHparyAya : / -tattvArthasUtra, 1 / 24 2-vahI 1125 3-~-sarvArthasiddhi, 116 ; tattvArtharAjavArtika, 1 / 26 / 6-7 4~-vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 814

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 237 sacamuca vAdaloM meM hai / yaha to dRSTi ke lie eka grAdhAramAtra hai | isI prakAra mana bhI artha jAnane kA eka aAdhAramAtra hai / vAstava meM pratyakSa to artha kA hI hotA hai / isake lie mana ke AdhAra kI AvazyakatA avazya rahatI hai / dUsarI paramparA yaha mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM / vahA~ mana kA jJAna mukhya hai aura artha kA jJAna usa jJAna ke vAda kI cIja hai / mana ke jJAna se artha kA jJAna hotA hai na ki sIdhA arthajJAna / mana:paryaya kA artha hI yaha hai ki mana kI paryAyoM kA jJAna na ki artha kI paryAyoM kA jJAna / uparyukta donoM paramparAoM meM se dUsarI paramparA yuktisaMgata mAlUma hotI hai / mana:paryayajJAna se sAkSAt prarthajJAna honA sambhava nahIM, kyoMki usakA viSaya rUpI dravya kA anantavA~ bhAga hai / yadi vaha mana ke sampUrNa viSayoM kA sAkSAt jJAna kara letA hai to grarUpI dravya bhI usake viSaya ho jAte haiM, kyoMki mana se grarUpI dravya kA bhI vicAra ho sakatA hai / aisA honA iSTa nahIM / manaHparyayajJAna mUrta dravyoM kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai aura vaha bhI avadhijJAna jitanA nahIM / avadhijJAna saba prakAra ke pudgala dravyoM kA grahaNa karatA hai kintu mana:paryayajJAna unake anantaveM bhAga arthAt manarUpa bane huye pudgaloM kA mAnuSottara kSetra ke antargata hI grahaNa karatA hai / mana kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAne para taccintita grarthaM kA jJAna anumAna se ho sakatA hai / aisA hone para mana ke dvArA cintita mUrta, amUrta sabhI dravyoM kA jJAna ho sakatA hai / avadhi aura mana:paryaya : avadhi aura mana:paryaya donoM jJAna rUpI dravya taka sImita haiM tathA pUrNa arthAt vikalapratyakSa haiN| itanA hote hue bhI donoM meM antara hai / yaha grantara cAra dRSTiyoM se hai - vizuddhi, kSetra, svAmI aura viSaya ' / manaHparyayajJAna apane viSaya ko avadhijJAna kI apekSA vizadrUpa se jAnatA 1 - ' tadanantabhAge manaHparyAyasya' / - tattvArthasUtra 12e 2 - vizuddhikSetrasvAmiviSayebhyo'vadhimanaH paryAyayoH / -tattvArthasUtra 1126

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238 jaina-darzana hai / ataH usase vizuddhatara hai / yaha vizuddhi viSaya kI nyUnAdhikatA para nahIM, kintu viSaya kI sUkSmatA para avalambita hai| adhika mAtrA meM viSaya kA jJAna honA utanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM jitanA viSaya kI sUkSmatAoM kA jJAna honA / manaHparyayajJAna se rUpI dravya kA sUkSma aMza jAnA jAtA hai / avadhijJAna utanI sUkSmatA taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| avadhijJAna kA kSetra aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga se lekara sArA loka hai manaHparyayajJAna kA kSetra manuSya loka (mAnuSottara parvata paryanta) hai| avadhijJAna kA svAmI deva, naraka, manuSya aura tiryazca kisI bhI gati kA jIva ho sakatA hai| manaHparyayajJAna kA svAmI kevala cAritravAn manuSya hI ho sakatA hai| avadhijJAna kA viSaya sabhI rUpIdravya haiM (sava paryAya nahIM), kintu mana:paryayajJAna kA viSaya kevala mana hai, jo ki rUpIdravya kA anantavA~ bhAga hai| upayukta vivecana ko dekhane se mAlUma par3atA hai ki avadhijJAna aura manaHparyayajJAna meM koI aisA antara nahIM jisake AdhAra para donoM jJAna svatantra siddha ho sakeM / donoM meM eka hI jJAna kI do bhUmikAoM se adhika antara nahIM hai / eka jJAna kama vizuddha hai, dUsarA jJAna adhika vizuddha hai| donoM ke viSayoM meM bhI samAnatA hI hai / kSetra aura svAmI kI dRSTi se bhI sImA kI nyUnAdhikatA hai| koI aisA maulika antara nahIM dIkhatA jisake kAraNa donoM ko svatantra jJAna kahA jA sake / donoM jJAna prAMzika Atma-pratyakSa kI koTi meM haiN| mati aura zru tajJAna ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| kevalajJAna : __ yaha jJAna vizuddhatama hai| mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ke kSaya se kaivalya prakaTa hotA hai| mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyaya kSAyopazamika jJAna haiM / kevalajJAna kSAyika hai| kevalajJAna ke cAra pratibaMdhaka karma haiM-mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antraay| yadyapi ina cAroM karmoM ke kSaya se cAra bhinna-bhinna zaktiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM, kintu kevalajJAna una saba meM mukhya hai. isalie hamane upayukta vAkya ...... 1-tattvArthasUtra 101

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 236 kA prayoga kiyA hai| sarva-prathama moha kA kSaya hotA hai| tadanantara antamuharta ke bAda hI jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya-ina tInoM karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai / tadanantara kevalajJAna paidA hotA hai aura usake sAtha-hI-sAtha kevaladarzana Adi tIna anya zaktiyA~ bhI utpanna hotI haiM / kevalajJAna kA viSaya sarva dravya aura sarva paryAya hai| koI bhI vastu aisI nahIM hai, jisako kevalajJAnI na jAnatA ho| koI bhI paryAya aisA nahIM hai, jo kevalajJAna kA viSaya na ho| jitane bhI dravya haiM aura unake vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya ke jitane bhI paryAya haiM, saba kevalajJAna ke viSaya haiM / kevalajJAna ke samaya mati Adi cAroM jJAna nahIM hote, isakA nirdeza pahale kara cuke haiN| AtmA kI jJAnazakti kA pUrNa vikAsa yA AvirbhAva kevalajJAna hai / isa jJAna ke hote hI jitane choTe moTe kSAyopazamika jJAna haiM, saba samApta ho jAte haiN| mati Adi kSAyopazamika jJAna prAtmA ke apUrNa vikAsa ke dyotaka haiM / jaba AtmA kA pUrNa vikAsa ho jAtA hai taba inakI svataH samApti ho jAtI hai| pUrNatA ke sAtha apUrNatA nahIM Tika sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM pUrNatA ke abhAva kA nAma hI apUrNatA hai| pUrNatA kA sadbhAva apUrNatA ke asadbhAva kA dyotaka hai / kevalajJAna sakala-pratyakSa hai-sampUrNa hai, ataH usake sAtha mati Adi apUrNajJAna nahIM raha sakate / jaina darzana kI kevalajJAna-viSayaka mAnyatA vyakti ke jJAna ke vikAsa kA antima sopAna hai / darzana aura jJAna: AtmA kA svarUpa batAte samaya hama kaha cuke haiM ki upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai| yaha upayoga do prakAra kA hotA hai-anAkAra aura saakaar| anAkAra upayoga ko darzana kahate haiM aura sAkAra upayoga ko jJAna / anAkAra kA artha hai--nirvikalpaka aura sAkAra kA artha hai-savikalpaka / jo upayoga sAmAnyabhAva kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha nirvikalpaka hai aura 1- 'sarvadravyaparyAyeSu kevlsy'| -tattvArthasUtra 1 / 30 2 -tattvArthasUtrabhASya *6

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240 jaina-darzana jo vizeSa kA grahaNa karatA hai vaha savikalpaka hai / sattA sAmAnya kI sarvotkRSTa bhUmikA hai| sattA meM bheda hote hI vizeSa prArambha ho jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM darzana aura jJAna kI mAnyatA bahuta prAcIna hai| karmoM ke ATha bhedoM meM pahale ke do bheda jJAna aura darzana se sambandhita haiN| karmaviSayaka mAnyatA jitanI prAcIna hai, jJAna aura darzana kI mAnyatA bhI utanI hI prAcIna hai / jJAna ko AcchAdita karane vAle karma kA nAma jJAnAvaraNa karma hai| darzana kI zakti ko prAvRtta karane vAle karma ko darzanAvaraNa karma kahate haiN| ina donoM prakAra ke prAvaragoM ke kSayopazama se jJAna aura darzana kA AvirbhAva hotA hai / AgamoM meM jJAna ke lie 'jAgai' (jAnAti) arthAt jAnatA hai aura darzana ke lie 'pAsaI' (pazyati) arthAt dekhatA hai kA prayoga huaA hai| ___ sAkAra aura anAkAra ke sthAna para eka mAnyatA yaha bhI dekhane meM AtI hai ki bahimukha upayoga jJAna hai aura antamukha upayoga darzana hai| AcArya vIrasena likhate haiM ki sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka vAha yArtha kA grahaNa jJAna hai aura tadAtmaka AtmA kA grahaNa darzana hai| tattva sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai| cAhe AtmA ho, cAhe AtmA se itara padArtha hoM-saba isI lakSaNa se yukta haiM / darzana aura jJAna kA bheda yahI hai ki darzana sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka AtmA kA upayoga hai-svarUpa darzana hai, jaba ki jJAna AtmA se itara prameya kA grahaNa karatA hai / isake atirikta darzana aura jJAna meM koI antara nahIM hai| jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya kA grahaNa darzana hai aura vizeSa kA grahaNa jJAna hai ve isa mata ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna kA svarUpa nahIM jaante| sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM padArtha ke dharma haiM / eka ke abhAva meM dUsarA nahIM raha sakatA / darzana aura jJAnaM, ina donoM dharmoM kA grahaNa karate haiN| kevala sAmAnya yA kevala vizeSa kA / grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA / sAmAnya-vyatirikta vizeSa kA grahaNa karane vAlA 1-'sAmAnyavizeSAtmakabAhyArthagrahaNaM jJAnam, tadAtmakasvarUpagrahaNaM darzanamiti siddhm| -SaTkhaNDAgama para dhavalA TIkA 111 / 4

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242 jaina darzana ko sAmAnyagrAhI mAnane kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki usa upayoga meM sAmAnya dharma jhalakatA hai jaba ki jJAnopayoga meM vizeSa dharma kI ora pravRtti rahatI hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM ki sAmAnya kA tiraskAra karake vizeSa kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai athavA vizeSa ko eka grora pheMkakara sAmAnya kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai / vastu meM donoM dharmoM ke rahate hue bhI upayoga kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se grahaNa kara sakatA hai / yadi aisA na hotA to hama sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA bheda hI nahIM kara pAte / upayoga meM dharmoM kA bheda ho sakatA hai, vastu meM nahIM / upayoga meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA bheda kisI bhI taraha vyabhicArI nahIM hai / jJAna aura darzana meM kyA bheda hai, isakA vivecana ho cukA / grava yaha dekheMge ki kAla kI dRSTi se donoM kA kyA sambandha hai ? jahA~ taka chadmastha arthAt sAmAnya vyakti kA prazna hai, sabhI zrAcArya ekamata haiM ki , darzana aura jJAna yugapad na hokara kramazaH hote haiM / hA~, kevalI ke prazna ko lekara AcAryoM meM matabheda hai / kevalI meM darzana aura jJAna kI utpatti kaise hotI hai, isa prazna ke viSaya meM tIna mata haiM / eka mata ke anusAra darzana zraura jJAna kramazaH hote haiM / dUsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra darzana aura jJAna yugapad hote haiN| tIsarA mata yaha hai ki jJAna aura darzana meM abheda hai--donoM eka haiM / / Avazyaka niyukti meM kahA gayA hai ki kevalI ke do upayoga eka sAtha nahIM ho sakate' / Agama isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM / ve darzana aura jJAna ko yugapad nahIM mAnate / digambara AcArya dUsarI mAnyatA kA samarthana karate haiM / isa viSaya meM ve sabhI ekamata haiM ki kevaladarzana zraura kevalajJAna yugapad hote haiM / umAsvAti kA kathana hai ki mati, zruta Adi meM upayoga krama se hotA hai, yugapad nahIM / kevalI meM darzana aura jJAnAtmaka upayoga pratyeka kSaNa 1 - ' savvassa ke va lissa vi jugavaM do natthi uvaoogA', 673 2 - bhagavatIsUtra, 1818

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 243 meM I yugapad hotA hai' / zrAcArya kundakunda ne spaSTarUpa se isakA samarthana kiyA hai / ve kahate haiM - 'jisa prakAra sUrya meM prakAza aura tApa eka sAtha rahate haiM usI prakAra kevalI meM darzana aura jJAna eka sAtha rahate haiM / ' sarvArthasiddhikAra bhI isI siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiM / ve kahate haiM'jJAna sAkAra hai, darzana granAkAra hai / chadmastha meM ve kramazaH hote haiM, kevalI meM yugapad hote haiN|' isa prakAra digambara paramparA ke sabhI grAcAryoM ne kevaladarzana aura kevalajJAna kI utpatti yugapad mAnI / jahA~ taka chadmastha ke darzana aura jJAna kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara paramparA aura digambara paramparA donoM ekamata haiM / tIsarI paramparA siddhasena divAkara kI hai / ve kahate haiM ki manaHparyaya taka to jJAna aura darzana kA bheda siddha kara sakate haiM, kintu kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana kA bheda siddha karanA sambhava nahIM / darzanAvaraNa aura jJAnAvaraNa kA yugapad kSaya hotA hai / usa kSaya se hone vAle upayoga meM 'yaha pahale hotA hai aura yaha bAda meM hotA hai' isa prakAra kA bheda kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai" / jisa samaya kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai usa samaya sarva prathama mohanIya kA kSaya hotA hai, tadanantara jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura grantarAya kA yugapad kSaya hotA hai / jaba darzanAvaraNa bhavati na yugapad / sambhinna... bhavati / - tattvArtha sUtrabhASya 1 / 31 1 - matijJAnAdiSu caturSu' paryAyeNopayogo jJAnadarzanasya tu bhagavataH kevalino yugapad... 2 -- jugavaM vaTTai nAraNaM, kevalaraNAriNassa daMsaraNaM ca tahA / diraNayarapayAsatApa jaha vaTTai taha muNeyavvaM // - niyamasAra, 15e 3 - sarvArthasiddhi 2/6 4 - maraNapajjavaraNAraNaMto gAraNassa ya darisaraNassa ya viseso / kevalaraNA puraNa daMsaraNaMti gANaM ti ya samAraNaM // 5 - vahI 26 -- sanmatitarka prakaraNa 213 M

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244 jaina-darzana aura jJAnAvaraNa donoM ke kSaya meM kAla kA bheda nahIM hai taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahale kevaladarzana hotA hai, phira kevalajJAna hotA hai / isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane ke lie koI yaha mAne ki donoM kA yugapad sadbhAva hai to bhI ThIka nahIM, kyoMki eka sAtha do upayoga nahIM ho sakate / isa kaThinAI ko dUra karane kA sabase sarala evaM yuktisaMgata mArga yahI hai ki kevalo avasthA meM darzana aura jJAna meM bheda nahIM hotA / darzana aura jJAna ko bhinna mAnane meM eka kaThinAI aura hai / yadi kevalI eka hI kSaNa meM saba kucha jAna letA hai to use hamezA ke lie saba kucha jAnate rahanA caahie| yadi usakA jJAna hamezA pUrNa nahIM hai to vaha sarvajJa kisa bAta kA ? yadi usakA jJAna sadaiva pUrNa hai to krama aura akrama kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| vaha hamezA eka rUpa hai| vahA~ darzana aura jJAna meM koI antara nhiiN| 'jJAna savikalpaka hai aura darzana nirvikalpaka hai' - isa prakAra kA bheda prAvaraNarUpa karma ke kSaya ke bAda nahIM rahatA / savikalpaka aura nirvikalpaka kA bheda vahIM hotA hai jahA~ upayoga meM apUrNatA hotI hai / pUrNa upayoga meM kisI taraha kA bheda-bhAva nahIM rhtaa| eka kaThinAI aura hai / jJAna hamezA darzanapUrvaka hotA hai, kintu darzana jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hotaa| kevalI ko jaba eka bAra sampUrNa jJAna ho jAtA hai taba punaH darzana nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki darzana jJAnapUrvaka nahIM hotaa| isalie jJAna aura darzana kA kramabhAva nahIM ghaTa sktaa| 1-jai savvaM sAyAraM, jANai ekkasamaeNa savvaNNU / jujjai sayA vi evaM ahavA savvaM Na yANAi / -sanmatitarka prakaraNa 2 / 10 2-parisuddhaM sAyAraM, aviyattaM daMsaNaM aNAyAraM / __Na ya ravINAvaraNijje, jujjai suviyattamaviyattaM // -vahI 2011 3-dasaNapuvvaM gANaM NArANimitta tu daMsaNaM raNatthi / teNa suviNicchiyAmo, daMsaNaNANA aNNatta // -vahI 2 / 22

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 245 jJAna aura darzana kI isa carcA ke sAtha Agama-pratipAdita paMca jJAna kI svarUpa-carcA samApta hotI hai / jJAna se sambandhita eka aura viSaya hai aura vaha hai pramANa / kauna sA jJAna pramANa hai aura kauna sA apramAraNa ? prAmANya kA AdhAra kyA hai ? pramANa kA kyA phala hai ? Adi praznoM kA pramANa-carcA ke samaya vicAra kiyA jAyagA / prAgamoM meM pramAraNacarcA : pramANacarcA kevala tarkayuga kI dena nahIM hai| Agamayuga meM bhI pramAraNa viSayaka carcA hotI thii| AgamoM meM kaI sthaloM para svatantrarUpa se pramANa-carcA milatI hai / jJAna aura pramANa donoM para svatantra rUpa se cintana hotA thA, aisA kahane ke lie hamAre pAsa paryApta pramANa haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca eka saMvAda hai / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM-'bhagavan ! jaise kevalI antima zarIrI (jo isI bhava se mukta hone vAlA ho ) ko jAnate haiM vaise hI kyA chadmastha bhI jAnate hai ?' mahAvIra uttara dete haiM --'gautama ! ve apane-Apa nahIM jAna sakate / yA to sunakara jAnate haiM yA pramANa se / kisase sunakara ? kevalI se ...... ..... / kisa pramANa se ? pramANa cAra prakAra ke kahe gae haiMpratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura pAgama / inake viSaya meM jaisA anuyogadvAra meM varNana hai vaisA yahA~ bhI samajhanA caahie|' sthAnAMga sUtra meM pramANa aura hetu donoM zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / nikSepa paddhati ke anusAra pramANa ke nimna bheda kie gae haiM-dravyapramANa, kSetrapramANa, kAlapramANa aura bhAvapramANa / hetu zabda kA jahA~ 1-~-goyamA ! No tiThaThe samajheM / soccA jANati pAsati, pamANato vA............... se kiM taM pamANe ? pamANe cauvihe paNNatta - taM jahA paccavavakhe azumAraNe aovamme Agame, jahA asunogaddAre.. ___ ~bhaga0 5 / 4 / 161-162 2-'caubihe pamANe paNNatte, taM jahA-davvappamANe, khettappamANe, kAla ppamAraNe, bhAvappamAraNe,' 321

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246 jaina-darzana prayoga hai vahA~ bhI cAra bheda milate haiM--pratyakSa, anumAna upamAna aura prAgama' / kahIM-kahIM para pramANa ke tIna bheda bhI milate haiM / sthAnAMgasUtra meM vyavasAya ko tIna prakAra kA kahA hai-pratyakSa, prAtyayika aura AnugAmika' / vyavasAya kA artha hotA hai nizcaya / nizcayAtmaka jJAna hI pramANa hai| pramANa ke kitane bheda hote haiM, isa viSaya meM aneka paramparAe~ pracalita rahIM haiN| AgamoM meM jo vivaraNa milatA hai vaha tIna aura cAra bhedoM kA nirdeza karatA hai| sAMkhya pramANa ke tIna bheda mAnate Ae haiN| naiyAyikoM ne cAra bheda mAne haiN| ye donoM paramparAeM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatI haiN| anuyogadvAra meM pramANa ke bhedoM kA kisa prakAra varNana hai ? saMkSepa meM dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jaaegaa| pratyakSa-pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda haiM-indriya pratyakSa aura noindriya prtykss| indriyapratyakSa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-zrotrendriyapratyakSa, cakSurindriyapratyakSa, ghrANendriyapratyakSa jivhendriyapratyakSa aura sparzanendriyapratyakSa / noindriyapratyakSa ke tIna prakAra haiM-avadhipratyakSa, manaHparyayapratyakSa aura kevalapratyakSa / ___ mAnasapratyakSa ko alaga nahIM ginAyA gayA hai| sambhavataH usakA pA~coM indriyoM meM samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| Age ke dArzanikoM ne ise svatantra sthAna diyA hai| 1-grahavA heU caubihe paNNatte, taM jahA paccakkhe, aNumANe, provamme, Agame, 338 2-'tivihe vavasAe paNNatte, taM jahA paccakkhe, paccaie, arazugAmie' 'vyavasAyo nizcayaH sa ca pratyakSa avadhimanaHparyayakevalAkhyaH, pratyayAt indriyAnindriyalakSaNAt nimittAjjAtaH prAtyayikaH sAdhyamagnyAdikamanugacchatisAdhyAbhAve na bhavati yodhUmAdihetu: so'nugAmI tato jAtam prAgumikamanumAnam, tadyovyavamAya-grAnugAmika eveti / athavA pratyakSaH svayaMdarzanalakSaNaH prAtyayika prAptavacanaprabhavaH, tRtIyastathaiveti' / -~-abhayadevakRta vyAkhyA

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 247 anumAna-anumAna pramANa ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM--pUrvavat, zeSavat, aura dRSTasAdharmyavat / nyAya, bauddha aura sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI anumAna ke ye hI tIna bheda batAye gaye haiN| unake yahA~ antima bheda kA nAma dRSTasAdharmyavat na hokara sAmAnyatodRSTa hai| pUrvavat.--pUrvaparicita liMga (hetu) dvArA pUrva paricita padArtha kA jJAna karanA pUrvavat anumAna hai| eka mAtA apane putra ko bAlyAvasthA ke samaya dekhatI hai / putra kahIM bAhara calA jAtA hai| kucha varSoM ke bAda vaha yuvAvasyA meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai / java vaha vApisa ghara AtA hai to pahale mAtA use nahIM pahacAna pAtI hai / thor3I dera bAda usake zarIra para koI aisA cinha dekhatI hai jo bAlyAvasthA meM bhI thaa| yaha dekhate hI vaha turanta jAna jAtI hai ki yaha merA hI putra hai / yaha pUrvavat anumAna kA udAharaNa hai| zeSavat-zeSavat anumAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai-kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna, kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna, guNa se guraNI kA anumAna, avayava se avayavI kA anumAna aura Azrita se Azraya kA anumAna / __ zabda se zaMkha kA, tADana se bherI kA, Dhakkita se vRSabha kA, kekAyita se mayUra kA, heSita se azva kA, gulagulAyita se gaja kA, dhaNadharaNAyita se ratha kA anumAna kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| tantu se hI paTa hotA hai, paTa se tantu nahIM, mRtpiNDa se hI ghaTa banatA hai, ghaTa se mRtpiNDa nahIM ityAdi kAraNoM se kArya-vyavasthA karanA kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai| 1-nyAyasUtra 1 / 115, upAyahRdaya pR0 13, sAMkhyakArikA 5-6 2-mAyA putta jahA naLaM juvANaM puNarAgayaM / kAI paccabhijANejjA, puliMgerA kerAI / taM jahA--khatte NavA vaNroNa vA laMcharoNa vA maseNa vA tilaeNa vaa| -~-anuyogadvAra sUtra, pramANa prakaraNa

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248 jaina-darzana nikaSa se suvarNa kA, gandha se puSpa kA, rasa se lavaNa kA, AsvAda se madirA kA, sparza se vastra kA anumAna guNa se guNI kA anumAna hai| ___sIMga se bhaiMse kA, zikhA se kukkuTa kA, dAMta se hAthI kA, dAr3ha se varAha kA, piccha se mayUra kA, khura se ghor3e kA, nakha se vyAghra kA, keza se camarI gAya kA, pUcha se bandara kA, do paira se manuSya kA, cAra paira se pazu kA, bahuta paira se gojara Adi kA, kesara se siMha kA, kakubha se vRSabha kA, valayavAlI bhujA se mahilA kA, parikarabandha se yoddhA kA, adhovastra-la~hage se nArI kA anumAna avayava se avayavI kA anumAna hai| dhUma se vanhi kA, balAkA se pAnI kA, abhravikAsa se vRSTi kA, zIlasamAcAra se kulaputra kA anumAna Azrita se Azraya kA anumAna hai| ye pA~ca bheda apUrNa mAlUma hote haiN| kAraNa aura kArya ko lekara do bheda kara die kintu guNa aura guNI, avayava aura avayavI tathA Azrita Azraya ke do do bheda nahIM kie| jaba kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna kara sakate haiM to guragI se guNa, avayavI se avayava aura Azraya se Azrita kA anumAna bhI ho sakatA hai / sUtrakAra ne kisa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para pA~ca bheda kie, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dRSTa sAdharmyavat--isake do bheda haiM-sAmAnya dRSTa aura vizeSa dRSTa / kisI eka vastu ke darzana se sajAtIya sabhI vastuoM kA jJAna karanA athavA jAti ke jJAna se kisI vizeSa padArtha kA jJAna karanA, sAmAnyadRSTa anumAna hai / eka puruSa ko dekhakara puruSajAtIya sabhI vyaktiyoM kA jJAna karanA athavA puruSajAti ke jJAna se puruSavizeSa kA jJAna karanA sAmAnyadRSTa anumAna kA dRSTAna hai| aneka vastuoM meM se kisI eka vastu ko pRthak karake usakA jJAna karanA vizeSadRSTa anumAna hai / aneka puruSoM meM khar3e hue vizeSa puruSa ko pahacAnanA ki 'yaha vahI puruSa hai jise maiMne amuka sthAna para dekhA thA' vizeSadRSTa dRSTasAdharmyavat anumAna kA udAharaNa hai| sAmAnyadRSTa upamAna ke samAna lagatA hai aura vizeSadRSTa pratyabhijJAna bhinna pratIta nahIM hotaa|

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246 jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra kAla kI dRSTi se bhI anumAna tIna prakAra kA hotA hai / anuyogadvAra meM ina tInoM prakAroM kA varNana hai : 1-atItakAlagrahaNa-tRNayuktavana, niSpannazasyavAlI pRthvI, jala se bhare hue kuNDa-sara-nadI-tAlAva Adi dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki acchI varSA huI hai, atItakAlagrahaNa hai / 2-pratyutpannakAlagrahaNa-bhikSAcaryA ke samaya pracura mAtrA meM bhikSA prApta hotI dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki subhikSa hai, pratyutpannakAla 3-anAgatakAlagrahaNa-meghoM kI nirmalatA, kAle-kAle pahAr3a, vidya tayukta vAdala, meghagarjana, vAtobhrama, rakta aura snigdha sandhyA, Adi dekhakara yaha siddha karanA ki khUba varSA hogI, anAgatakAlagrahaNa hai| ina tInoM lakSaNoM kI viparIta pratIti se viparIta anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| sUkhe vanoM ko dekhakara kuvRSTi kA, bhikSA kI prApti na hone para durbhikSa kA aura khAlI bAdala dekhakara varSA ke abhAva kA anumAna karanA viparIta pratIti ke udAharaNa haiN| __anumAna ke avayava-mUla AgamoM meM avayava kI carcA nahIM hai| avayava kA artha hotA hai dUsaroM ko samajhAne ke lie jo anumAna kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai usake hisse / kisa DhaMga se anumAna kA prayoga karanA cAhie ? usake lie kisa DhaMga se vAkyoM kI saMgati baiThAnI cAhie ? adhika se adhika kitane vAkya hone cAhie ? kama se kama kitane vAkyoM kA prayoga honA cAhie ? ityAdi vAtoM kA vicAra avayava-carcA meM kiyA jAtA hai| prAcArya bhadravAha ne dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM avayavoM kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne do se lagAkara dasa avayavoM taka ke prayoga kA samarthana kiyA hai| dasa avayavoM ko bhI unhoMne do 1-~'katva paMcAvayavayaM dasahA vA savvahA Na paDikutthaMti / -~-dazavakAlikaniyukta, 50

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250 jaina-darzana prakAra se ginAe haiN| do avayavoM kI gaNanA meM udAharaNa kA nAma hai, hetu kA nahIM / bhadrabAhu ne kitane avayava mAne haiM aura ve kauna kauna se haiM, isakI gaNanA isa prakAra hai : do-pratijJA, udAharaNa tIna-pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa pA~ca-pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAnta, upasaMhAra, nigamana (1) dasa-pratijJA, pratijJAvizuddhi, hetu, hetuvizuddhi, dRSTAnta, dRSTAntavizuddhi, upasaMhAra, upasaMhAravizuddhi, nigamana, nigamanavizuddhi (2) dasa-pratijJA, pratijJAvibhakti, hetu, hetuvibhakti, vipakSa, pratiSedha, dRSTAnta, AzaMkA, tatpratiSedha, nigmn| do, tIna aura pA~ca avayavoM ke nAma vahI haiM jinakA anya dArzanikoM ne ullekha kiyA hai / dasa avayavoM ke nAmoM kA bhadrabAhu ne svatantra nirmANa kiyA hai| _ upamAna -upamAna do prakAra kA hai-sAdhopanIta aura vaidhopanIta / sAdhopanIta ke tIna bheda haiM-kiMcitsAdhopanIta, prAyaHsAdharyopanIta aura sarvasAdhopanIta / kiMcit sAdhopanIta-jaisA mandara hai vaisA sarSapa hai, jaisA sarSapa hai vaisA mandara hai / jaisA samudra hai vaisA goSpada hai, jaisA goSpada hai vaisA samudra hai / jaisA Aditya hai vaisA khadyota hai, jaisA khadyota hai vaisA Aditya hai| jaisA candra hai vaisA kumuda hai, jaisA kumuda hai vaisA candra hai| ye udAharaNa kiMcitsAdhopanIta upamAna ke haiM / mandara aura sarSapa kA thor3A sA sAdharmya hai| isI prakAra Aditya ora khadyota Adi kA samajha lenA caahie| 1-dazavakAlikaniyukti, 62 2--'prtijnyaahetuudaahrnnopnynigmnaanyvyvaaH'| -nyAyasUtra 111 / 32

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252 jaina-darzana gaNadharoM ke ziSyoM ke lie artharUpa zrAgama paramparAgama hai, kyoMki unheM artha kA sAkSAt upadeza nahIM diyA jAtA apitu paramparA se prApta hotA hai | arthAgama tIrthaMkara se gaNadharoM ke pAsa jAtA hai aura gaNadharoM se unake ziSyoM ke pAsa zrAtA hai / sUtrarUpa zrAgama gaNadhara - ziSyoM ke lie anantarAgama hai, kyoMki sUtroM kA upadeza unheM sAkSAt gaNadharoM se milatA hai / gaNadhara - ziSyoM ke bAda meM hone vAle prAcAryoM ke lie arthAgama aura sUtrAgama donoM paramparAgama haiM / isa vivecana ke AdhAra para sahaja hI isa nirNaya para pahu~cA jA sakatA hai ki jaina AgamoM me pramANazAstra para pracura mAtrA meM sAmagrI bikharI par3I hai / jisa prakAra jJAna kA vivecana karane meM grAgama pIche nahIM rahe haiM usI prakAra pramANa kI carcA meM bhI pIche nahIM haiM / jJAna ke prAmANya-praprAmANya ke viSaya meM AgamoM meM acchI sAmagrI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki bAda meM hone vAle darzana ke AcAryoM ne isakA jisa DhaMga se tarka ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai - pUrvapakSa aura uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM jina yuktiyoM kA AdhAra liyA hai aura jaina pramANazAstra kI nIMva ko sudRr3ha banAne kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai vaisA prayatna AgamoM meM nahIM milatA; kintu mUlarUpa meM yaha viSaya unameM avazya hai / tarkayuga meM jJAna aura pramANa : umAsvAti ne jJAna aura pramANa meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM rkhaa| unhoMne pahale pA~ca jJAnoM ke nAma ginAe aura phira kaha diyA ki ye pA~coM jJAna pramANa haiM | pramANa kA alaga lakSaNa batAkara, phira jJAna meM usa lakSaraNa ko ghaTA kara, jJAna aura pramANa kA abheda siddha karane ke vajAya, jJAna ko hI pramANa kaha diyA | prAmANya - zraprAmANya kA gralaga vicAra na karake jJAna ke svarUpa ke sAtha hI unakA svarUpa samajha lene kA saMketa kara diyA | vAda meM hone vAle tArkikoM ne isa paddhati meM parivartana kara diyA / unhoMne pramANa kI svatantra rUpa se vyAkhyA karanA prArambha kiyA / unakA lakSya prAmANya-aprAmANya kI ora adhika rahA / mAtra jJAnoM ke nAma banAkara aura unako pramANa kA nAma dekara hI ve santuSTa na hue /

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jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 253 apitu pramANa kA anya dArzanikoM kI taraha svatantra vivecana kiyaa| usakI utpatti aura jJapti para bhI vizeSa bhAra diyaa| jJAna ko pramANa mAnate hue bhI kona sA jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai, isakI vizada carcA kI / isa carcA ke bAda meM isa nirNaya para pahu~ce ki jJAna aura pramANa kathaMcid abhinna haiN| __ pramANa kyA hai ? isa prazna ko hastagata karane ke lie eka do AcAryoM kA aAdhAra leN| mANikyanandI pramANa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahate haiM ki vahI jJAna pramANa hai jo sva kA aura apUrva artha kA nirNaya karatA hai / jJAna apane ko bhI jAnatA hai aura vAhya artha ko bhI jAnatA hai / jJAnarUpa pramANa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane ko bhI jAne aura artha ko bhI jAne / arthajJAna meM bhI piSTapeSaNa na ho, apitu kucha navInatA ho / isalie artha ke pahale 'apUrva' vizeSaNa hai / jJAna hI pramANa kyoM hai ? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna hI pramANa hai kyoMki iSTa vastu kA grahaNa aura aniSTa vastu kA tyAga jJAna ke kAraNa hI ho sakatA hai / grahaNa aura tyAga rUpa kriyAeM jJAna ke abhAva meM nahIM ghaTa sakatIM / ataH jJAna hI pramANa ho sakatA hai| ___ vAdidevasUri ne pramANa kA lakSaNa yoM batAyA-'sva aura para kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai|' inhoMne apUrva vizeSaNa haTA diyA / apUrva artha kA ho yA pUrva artha kA ho-kaisA bhI jJAna ho, yadi vaha nizcayAtmaka hai to pramANa hai| jJAna hI yaha batA sakatA hai ki kyA abhIpsita hai aura kyA anabhIpsita hai, ataH vahI pramANa hai| zrAcArya hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA meM likhA-artha kA samyaka 1-parIkSAmukha 112 2-vahI 12 3-'svaparavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam / -pramANanayatattvAloka 112 4.vahI 113

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254 jaina-darzana nirNaya pramANa hai / yahA~ para 'sva aura para' aisA prayoga nahIM hai| artha kA nirNaya svanirNaya ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sakatA, ataH arthanirNaya kA avinAbhAvI svanirNaya svataH siddha hai| jaba svanirNaya hotA hai tabhI arthanirNaya hotA hai / hemacandra ne isI siddhAnta ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue 'svanirNaya' vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyaa| pramANa ke uparyukta lakSaNoM ko dekhane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki jJAna aura pramANa meM abheda hai| jJAna kA artha samyagjJAna hai, na ki mithyAjJAna / jJAna jaba kisI padArtha kA grahaNa karatA hai to svaprakAzaka hokara hii| jaina darzana meM jJAna ko svaparaprakAzaka mAnA gayA hai| jJAna kA aisA svabhAva hai ki vaha svayaM prakAzita hokara hI artha kA prakAza karatA hai| jo svayaM aprakAzita hotA hai vaha dUsare ko prakAzita nahIM kara sktaa| dIpaka jaba utpanna hotA hai to ghaTAdi padArthoM ko prakAzita karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha apane ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai / usako prakAzita karane ke lie kisI dUsare dIpaka kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| vaha prakAzarUpa utpanna hokara hI dUsare padArthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| isI prakAra jJAna bhI prakAzarUpa hai, jo svaprakAza ke sAtha artha ko prakAzita karatA hai| isIlie jJAna ko svaparaprakAzaka kahA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| nizcayAtmaka kA artha hai savikalpaka / vahI jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai, jo nizcayAtmaka ho-vyavasAyAtmaka ho-nirNayAtmaka ho-savikalpaka ho| nyAyabindu meM nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa kahA gayA hai| vahA~ kalpanApor3ha zabda hai jisakA artha hai kalpanA arthAt vikalpa se rahita / jainadarzana isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jo nirvikalpaka hotA hai vaha pramANa-apramANa kucha nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna nirvikalpaka ho ho nahIM sakatA / jahA~ vikalpa arthAt nizcaya yA nirNaya hotA hai vahIM jJAna hotA hai| jJAna bhI ho aura vikalpa bhI na ho, 1-'samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam / ' -pramANamImAMsA 1 / 122 2-nyAyabindu kA prathama prakaraNa /

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jJAnavAda ra pramANazAstra 255 yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ? nirvikalpaka upayoga to darzanamAtra hai / jJAna usake bAda kA upayoga hai / aisI sthiti meM jJAna nirvikalpaka kaise ho sakatA hai / pramANa aura pramANa kA nirNaya karane ke lie nizcayAtmaka upayoga honA Avazyaka hai / jJAna kA prAmANya : samyagjJAna hI pramANa hotA hai, yaha hamane dekha liyaa| kauna sA jJAna samparka hai zrIra kauna sA mithyA ? isakA nirNaya karanA abhI bAkI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna ko jisake kAraNa pramAraNa kahA jAtA hai vaha prAmANya kyA hai ? prAmANya kI kasauTI kyA hai jisake AdhAra para hama yaha nirNaya kara sakeM ki amuka jJAna to pramANa hai aura amuka jJAna pramANa / prAmAeya ra aprAmANya kA nirNaya kaise ho ? jaina tArkika kahate haiM ki jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya yA to svataH hotA hai yA parataH ? kisI paristhiti meM jJAna kA prAmANya svataH nizcita ho jAtA hai / kisI paristhiti meM prAmANya - nizcaya ke lie dUsare sAdhanoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| mImAMsaka svataH prAmANyavAdI haiM / naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAdI haiM / mImAMsaka kahate haiM ki jJAna pramANarUpa hI utpanna hotA hU~ / usameM jo graprAmANya yAtA hai vaha bAhya dopa ke kAraNa hai / jJAna ke prAmANyanizcaya ke lie kisI anya vastu kI grAvazyakatA nahIM / prAmANya svataH utpanna hotA hai aura jJAta hotA hai / prAmANya kI utpatti ra jJapti svata: hai / ise svataH prAmANyavAda kahate haiM / naiyAyika svataH prAmANyavAda ko nahIM mAnate / ve kahate hai ki jJAna pramANa hai yA pramANa, isakA nirNaya kisI vAhya padArtha ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo jJAna yathArtha arthAt zrathaM se avyabhicArI hotA hai vaha pramANa hai / jo jJAna prarvAvyabhicArI nahIM hotA vaha pramANa hai / prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM kI kasauTI vAhya vastu hai / jJAna svataH na to pramANa hai aura na apramANa | pramANa 1 - 'prAmANyanizcayaH svataH parato vA' / - pramANamImAMsA 1 / 118

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56 jaina-darzana aura apramANa kA nirNaya tabhI hotA hai jaba vaha vastu se milAyA jAtA hai / jaisI vastu hai vaisA hI jJAna hotA hai to use hama pramANa kahate haiM / viparIta jJAna hotA hai to use hama apramANa kahate haiM / naiyAyikoM kA yaha siddhAnta parataH prAmANyavAda hai / isameM prAmANya kA nizcaya svataH na hokara parataH hotA hai / sAMkhyadarzana kI mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kara denA cAhie / sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki prAmANya aura aprAmANya dono svataH haiM / gramukajJAna pramANa hai yA amuka jJAna apramANa hai, ye donoM nirNaya svataH hote haiM / yaha mAnyatA naiyAyikoM se bilkula viparIta hai / astu, naiyAyika prAmANya aura graprAmANya donoM parataH mAnate haiM, jabaki sAMkhya prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM svataH mAnate haiM / jainadarzana ina tInoM se bhinna siddhAnta kI sthApanA karatA hai / prAmANyanizcaya ke lie svataH prAmANyavAda aura parataH prAmANyavAda donoM kI AvazyakatA hai / svataH prAmANyavAda ke udAharaNa dekhie - eka vyakti apanI hathelI hamezA dekhatA hai / vaha usase khUba paricita hai / usa vyakti ke hathelI - viSayaka jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya karane ke lie kisI bAhya vastu kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / hathelI ko dekhate hI vaha vyakti nizcaya kara letA hai ki yaha merI hI hathelI hai / dUsarA udAharaNa pAnI kA hai / eka vyakti ko pyAsa lagI hai / vaha pAnI pItA hai aura turanta pyAsa bujha jAtI hai / pyAsa bujhate hI vaha samajha letA hai ki maiMne pAnI hI piyA / vaha pAnI thA yA nahIM, isakA nizcaya karane ke lie use dUsarI vastu kA sahArA nahIM lenA par3atA / kaI bAra aise avasara grAte haiM jaba vyakti apane Apa apane jJAna ke prAmANya kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAtA / use kisI bAhya vastu kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai / udAharaNa ke lie eka kamare meM choTA sA cheda hai / usase thor3A sA prakAza bAhara nikala rahA hai / vaha prakAza dIpaka kA hai yA mariNa kA isakA nirNaya nahIM ho rahA hai / isake nirNaya ke lie kamarA kholA jAtA hai / dIpaka kI battI dikhAI detI hai / tela kA pratyakSa hotA hai / ina saba cIjoM ko dekha kara yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki merA dIpaka - viSayaka jJAna to saccA hai aura mariNaviSayaka jJAna jhUThA / dIpaka - viSayaka kA nizcaya hotA hai aura mariNa viSayaka jJAna ke aprAmANya kA | jJAna ke prAmANya

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257 jJAnavAda aura pramANazAstra isa nizcaya ke lie battI, tela Adi kA grAdhAra lenA par3A / dUsarA udAharaNa lIjie / eka jagaha sapheda Dhera lagA huA hai / hameM aisI pratIti ho rahI hai ki yaha zakkara hai, kintu isakA nizcaya kaise ho ki yaha zakkara hI hai / usameM se thor3I sI mAtrA uThA kara mu~ha meM DAla lI / mu~ha mIThA ho gayA / turanta nizcaya ho gayA ki yaha zakkara hai / isa nirNaya ke lie padArtha ke kArya yA pariNAma kI pratIkSA karanI pdd'ii| svataH nirNaya na ho sakA / yadi vahI Dhera pahale dekhA huA hotA to turanta nirNaya ho jAtA ki yaha zakkara kA Dhera hai / usa gravasthA meM hone vAlA jJAna kA prAmANya svataH hotA / grAge ke pariNAma kI pratIkSA karane para hone vAlA prAmANya - nizcaya parataH prAmANyavAda ke antargata hai / jaina darzana svataH prAmANyavAda aura parataH prAmANyavAda donoM kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTi se samarthana karatA hai / abhyAsAvasthA Adi meM hone vAlA nizcaya svataHprAmANyavAda kA sAkSI hai / kisI anya grAdhAra para hone vAlA prAmANya - nizcaya parataH prAmANyavAda kA samarthaka hai / prasAraNa kA phala : pramANa ke bheda-prabheda kI carcA karane ke pahale yaha jAnanA grAvazyaka hai ki pramANa kA phala kyA hai ? pramANa kI carcA kyoM kI jAya ? pramANa carcA se kyA lAbha hai ? pramAraNa kA prayojana kyA hai ? pramANa kA mukhya prayojana arthaprakAza hai / ' artha kA ThIka-ThIka svarUpa samajhane ke lie pramANa kA jJAna grAvazyaka hai / pramAraNa grapramANa ke viveka ke binA artha ke yathArtha -grayathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / isI bAta ko dUsarI taraha se yoM kaha sakate haiM---pramAraNa kA sAkSAt phala grajJAna kA nAza hai / kevalajJAna ke lie usakA phala sukha aura upekSA hai / zeSa jJAnoM ke lie graharaNa aura tyAgabuddhi hai / ' 1 - 'phalamadhaM prakAzaH ' 17 - vahI 1|1|34 2 --- pramANasya phalaM sAkSAdajJAnavinivartanam / kevalasya sukhopekSa, dopasyAdAnahAnadhIH // - nyAyAvatAra 28

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258 jaina-darzana sAmAnya dRSTi se pramANa kA phala yahI hai ki ajJAna nahIM rahane pAtA / jaise sUrya ke udaya se andhakAra kA sarvanAza ho jAtA hai usI prakAra pramANa se ajJAna kA vinAza hotA hai / yaha sAdhAraNa phala hai| isa ajJAna-nAza kA kisake lie kyA phala hai, ise batAne ke lie kahA gayA hai ki jise kevalajJAna hotA hai usake lie ajJAnanAza kA yahI phala hai ki use Atma-sukha prApta hotA hai aura jagat ke padArthoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva rahatA hai| dUsare logoM ke lie ajJAna-nAza kA phala grahaNa aura tyAgarUpa buddhi kA utpanna honA hai / amuka vastu nirdoSa hai ataH isakA grahaNa karanA caahie| amuka vastu sadoSa hai ata: isakA tyAga karanA cAhie / isa prakAra kA viveka ajJAna ke vinAza se jAgrat hotA hai / yahI viveka satkArya meM pravRtti karane kI preraNA detA hai, asatkArya se dUra haTane kA bodha karAtA hai| pramANa kA yaha phala jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai| pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna ke lie pramANa hai aura uttarakAlabhAvI jJAna pUrvakAlabhAvI jJAna kA phala hai| yaha paramparA uttarottara bar3hatI jAto hai| pramAga ke bheda: jJAna kA vivecana karate samaya hamane yaha dekhA hai ki jaina darzana mukhyarUpa se jJAna ke do bheda mAnatA hai-pratyakSa aura parokSa / pratyakSa sIdhA prAtmA se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna hai aura parokSa indriyAdi karaNoM kI sahAyatA se paidA hotA hai| jainakikoM ne isI AdhAra para pramANa ke bhI do bheda kie haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa' / bauddhoM ne pramANa ke jo do bheda kie haiM unase ye bhinna haiN| pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bheda na karake vauddha tAkikoM ne pramANa ke pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do bheda kie haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra anumAna parokSa kA 1-'pramANaM dvidhaa| pratyakSa parokSaM c|' -pramANamImAMsA 111 / 9-10 2-'pratyakSamanumAnaM ca / ' -nyAyavindu 113

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jJAnavAda aura pramAgAzAstra 256 eka bheda hai| isalie bauddhadarzana kA pramANa-vibhAjana apUrNa hai / cArvAka darzana kevala indriyapratyakSa ko hI pramANa mAnatA hai / isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kevala indriyapratyakSa ke AdhAra para hamArA jJAna pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA / 'yaha pramANa hai, yaha pramANa nahIM hai' yaha vyavasthA anumAna ke abhAva meM nahIM ho sktii| 'amuka vyakti amuka prakAra kI bhASA kA prayoga kara rahA hai, amuka prakAra kI usakI ceSTAe~ haiM ataH usake mana meM isa samaya yaha bhAvanA kAma kara rahI hai'---isa prakAra kI dUsare kI cepTA kA jJAna karanA pratyakSa se sambhava nahIM / 'pratyakSa hI pramANa hai, anumAnAdi parokSa nahIM'- isa prakAra kA niSedha bhI pratyakSa ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isa prakAra binA anumAna ke na to koI vyavasthA ho sakatI hai, na dUsare kA abhiprAya jAnA jA sakatA hai, na svapakSa kI siddhi athavA parapakSa kA niSedha hI ho sakatA hai| inhIM sava kaThinAiyoM ko sAmane rakhate hue jaina dArzanika anumAnAdi parokSa pramANa ko bhI mAnyatA dete haiM tathA jo loga kevala indriyapratyakSa ko pramANa mAnate haiM unakI mAnyatA kA virodha karate haiN| jo jJAna yathArtha hotA hai arthAt artha ke anukUla hotA hai vahI jJAna pramANa mAnA jAtA hai / pratyakSa, anumAna Adi sava ke lie yaha siddhAnta samAnarUpa se mahatvapUrNa hai| dvicandrajJAna pratyakSa hote hue bhI pramANa nahIM hai kyoMki vaha jJAna yathArtha nahIM hai| usakA vipaya candra to eka hai kintu jJAna meM do candroM kA pratibhAsa hotA hai / jAna aura artha meM anukUlatA nahIM hai / ata: yaha jJAna mithyA hai / isI prakAra anumAnAdijanya jJAna bhI mithyA ho sakatA hai / jisa prakAra eka pratyakSa jJAna ke mithyA hone se sAre pratyakSajJAna mithyA nahIM ho jAte usI prakAra anumAnAdi meM eka jagaha vyabhicAra hone se sAre mAna vyabhicArI nahIM ho jAte / pratyakSa kI taraha arthAtukUla utpanna 1-'vyavaspAnyadhIniSedhAnAM siddheH pratyakSatarapramANamiddhiH / -~-pramAraNamImAMmA 111111

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260 jaina-darzana hone se anumAnAdi avyabhicArI haiN| yadi kahIM kahIM pratyakSa meM doSa yA vyabhicAra A sakatA hai to anumAnAdi meM bhI vaisI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI sthiti meM eka ko pramANa mAnanA aura dUsare ko apramANa mAnanA yukti saMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jisa yathArthatA ke kAraNa pratyakSa meM pramANatA kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai usI yathArthatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue anumAnAdi ko bhI pramANa kahA jA . sakatA hai| vaizeSika aura sAMkhya tIna pramANa mAnate haiM--pratyakSa, anumAna aura aagm| naiyAyika cAra pramANa svIkRta karate haiM-pratyakSa, anumAna, pAgama aura upamAna / prAbhAkara pA~ca pramANa mAnate haiMpratyakSa, anumAna, Agama, upamAna aura arthApatti / bhATTa isase bhI Age bar3hate haiM / ve pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama, upamAna, arthApatti aura abhAva-ye chaH pramANa mAnate haiN| jaina-darzana-sammata donoM pramANoM meM ye saba pramANa samA jAte haiN| pratyakSa ko anya darzanoM kI taraha jainadarzana bhI pramANa mAnatA hai| anumAna jainadarzana-sammata parokSa kA eka bheda hai / Agama bhI parokSa kA hI eka prakAra hai / upamAna bhI parokSa pramANAntargata hai / arthApatti anumAna se bhinna nahIM / abhAva pratyakSa kA hI eka aMza hai / vastu bhAva aura abhAva ubhayAtmaka haiM / donoM kA grahaNa pratyakSa se hI hotA hai / jahA~ hama kisI ke bhAvAMza kA grahaNa karate haiM vahA~ usake abhAvAMza kA bhI abhAva rUpa se grahaNa ho hI jAtA hai anyathA abhAvAMza kA bhI bhAvarUpa se grahaNa hotaa| vastU bhAva aura abhAva-ina do rUpoM ko chor3akara tIsare rUpa meM nahIM miltii| eka vastu jisa dRSTi se bhAvarUpa hai taditara dRSTi se abhAvarUpa hai / jaba bhAvarUpa kA grahaNa hotA hai taba abhAvarUpa kA bhI grahaNa hotA hai / donoM pratyakSagrAhya haiN| aisI sthiti meM abhAvagrAhaka bhinna pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jaatii| prabhAva kI dUsarI taraha se parIkSA kreN| 'isa bhUmi para ghaTa nahIM hai' paha abhAva kA udAharaNa hai| yahA~ abhAva pramANa ghaTAbhAva kA prahaNa karatA hai / yaha ghaTAbhAva kyA hai ? yadi hama isakA vicAra kareM to mAlUma hogA ki yaha ghaTAbhAva zuddha bhUtala ke atirikta kucha

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mAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 261 nahIM hai / jisa bhUtala para pahale hamane ghaTa dekhA thA usI bhUtala ko ava hama zuddha bhUtala ke rUpa meM dekha rahe haiN| yaha zuddha bhUtala hI ghaTAbhAva hai aura isakA darzana pratyakSapUrvaka hai| isa vizlepaNa se yahI phalita hotA hai ki abhAva pratyakSa se bhinna nahIM hai| eka kA abhAva dUsare kA bhAva hai / pratyakSa : pratyakSa kA lakSaNa vaMzadya yA spaSTatA hai| sannikarSa yA kalpanApoDhatva pratyakSa kA lakSaNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai / vaizadya kise kahate haiM ? jisake pratibhAsa ke lie kisI pramANAntara kI AvazyakatA na ho athavA jo 'yaha'-idantayA pratibhAsita hotA ho use vaizadya kahate haiN| pramANAntara kA niSedha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki pratyakSa apane viSaya ke pratibhAsa ke lie svayaM samartha hai / use kisI dUsare pramANa se sahAyatA ko apekSA nahIM / anumAna, aAgamAdi pramANa apane zrApa meM pUrNa nahIM haiN| unakA aAdhAra pratyakSa hai| pratyakSa apane meM pUrNa hai / use kisI anya prAdhAra ke sahayoga kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| 'yaha' isa rUpa se pratibhAsita honA bhI pratyakSapUrvaka hI hai| 'yaha' kA artha spaSTa pratibhAsa hai / jisa pratibhAsa meM spaSTatA na ho, vItra meM vyavadhAna ho, eka pratIti ke AdhAra se dUsarI pratIti taka pahu~canA par3atA ho vaha pratibhAsa 'yaha' etadrUpa pratibhAsa nahIM hai / aise vyavahita pratibhAsa ko parokSa kahate haiM / pratyakSa meM isa prakAra kA koI vyavadhAna nahIM rhtaa| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki jainatAkikoM ne pratyakSa kA do dRSTiyoM se pratipAdana kiyA / eka lokottara yA pAramArthika dRSTi hai aura 1-'vizada: pratyakSam' -pramAraNamImAMsA 11113 'spaSTaM pratyakSam' -pramAraNanayatattvAloka 2 / 2 'vizadaM pratyakSamiti' -parIkSAmukha 213 2-'pramANAntarAnapekSe dantayA pratibhAso vA vAdyam / ' --pramANamImAMsA 2014 'pratItyannarAvyavadhAnena vizepadattayA vA pratibhAsanaM dezadyam / ' ~parIkSAmukha 14

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262 . jaina-darzana dUsarI laukika yA vyAvahArika dRSTi hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se pAramArthika pratyakSa kA vizleSaNa kiyA aura vyAvahArika dRSTi se sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kA anumodana kiyA' / pAramArthika pratyakSa sakala aura vikala ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| sakalapratyakSa kevalajJAna hai aura vikalapratyakSa avadhijJAna va manaHparyayajJAna haiM / sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA-ye cAra bheda hote haiM / pAramArthika aura sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| yahA~ hama parokSa para thor3A sA 'prakAza ddaaleNge| parokSa: __jo jJAna avizada athavA aspaSTa hai vaha parokSa hai| parokSa pratyakSa se ThIka viparIta hai / jisameM vaizadya athavA spaSTatA kA abhAva hai vaha parokSa hai / parokSa ke pA~ca bheda haiM-smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama' / smRti-vAsanA kA udbodha hone para utpanna hone vAlA 'vaha' isa AkAra vAlA jJAna smRti hai| smRti atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hai / kisI jJAna yA anubhava kI vAsanA kI jAgRti se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna smRti kahalAtA hai / vAsanA kI jAgRti kaise hotI hai ? samAnatA, virodha Adi aneka kAraNoM se vAsanA kA udbodha ho sakatA hai / cUki smRti atIta ke anubhava kA smaraNa hai isalie 'vaha' isa prakAra kA jJAna smRti kI vizeSatA hai / ___ bhAratIya darzanazAstra ke itihAsa meM jainadarzana hI aisA hai jo smRti ko pramANa mAnatA hai| smRti ko pramANa na mAnane vAle 1-'tad dviprakAraM sAMvyavahArika pAramAthikaM ca / ' -pramANanayanatattvAloka, 2 / 4 2- 'avizida: parokSam' -pramANamImAMsA 1 / 2 / 1 / 'aspaSTaM parokSam' -pramANanayatattvAloka 3 / 1 3-'smaragApratyabhijJAnatarvAnumAnAgamabhedatastat paMcaprakAram' / -vahI 3 / 2 4- vAsanobodhahetukA tadityAkArA smRtiH / ___ --pramAgAmImAMsA 112 / 3

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mAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 263 dArganika khAsa doSa yaha dete haiM ki smRti kA viSaya atIta kA artha hai / vaha to naSTa ho cukA / usake jJAna ko isa samaya pramANa kase kahA jA sakatA hai ? jisa jJAna kA koI vipaya nahIM, jisa anubhava kA koI vartamAna AdhAra nahIM, vaha utpanna hI kaise ho sakatA hai ? vinA vipaya ke jJAnotpatti kaise sambhava hai ! isakA uttara yaha hai ki jJAna ke prAmANya kA AdhAra vastu kI yathArthatA hai, na ki usakI vartamAnatA / padArtha kisI bhI samaya upasthita kyoM na ho, yadi jJAna usakI vAstavikatA kA grahaNa karatA hai to vaha pramAga hai| vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya kisI bhI kAla meM rahane vAlA padArtha jJAna kA viSaya bana sakatA hai / yadi vartamAnakAlIna padArtha ko hI jJAna kA viSaya mAnA jAya to anumAna bhI pramAraNa kI koTi se bAhara ho jAyagA, kyoMki vaha traikAlika vastu kA grahaNa karatA hai / kevala vartamAna ke AdhAra para anumAna kI bhitti nahIM bana sakatI / smRti yadi atIta ke artha kA grahaNa karatI huI yathArtha hai to pramAraNa hai / jo loga yaha aAgraha rakhate haiM ki vartamAna padArtha kA jJAna hI pramANa ho sakatA hai, unake virodha meM koI yaha bhI kaha sakatA hai ki atIta ke padArtha kA jJAna hI pramANa hai / kathanamAtra se yadi koI bAta siddha ho jAtI ho to pramAga pIra apramAraNa ko parIkSA hI vyartha hai / jJAna ko pramANa isalie nahIM mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha vartamAna vastu kA grahaNa karatA hai yA atIta artha ko apanA viSaya banAtA hai yA anAgata padArtha kA cintana karatA hai / jJAna vastu kI yathArthatA kA grAhaka hone se pramANa mAnA jAtA hai / vaha yathArthatA tInoM kAla meM rahane vAlI ho sakatI hai| virodhI eka dopa aura detA hai / vaha kahatA hai ki jo vastu naSTa ho cukI hai vaha zAnotpatti kA kAraNa kaise bana sakatI hai ? jainadarzana padArtha ko jJAnotpatti kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatA, yaha vAta artha aura pAloka kI carcA ke samaya siddha kI jA cukI hai / jAna apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai, padArtha apane kAraNoM se utpanna hotA hai / jJAna meM aisI zakti hai ki vaha padArtha ko apanA viSaya banA sakatA hai / padArtha kA aisA svabhAva hai ki vaha jJAna kA vipaya bana sakatA hai /

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264 jaina-darzana padArtha aura jJAna meM kAraNa aura kArya kA sambandha nahIM hai| unameM jJeya aura jJAtA, prakAzya aura prakAzaka, vyavasthApya aura vyavasthApaka kA sanbandha hai / ina saba tathyoM ko dekhate hue smRti ko pramANa mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai| smRti ko pramANa na mAnane para anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki liMga aura liMgI kA samvandha-grahaNa pratyakSa kA viSaya nahIM hai / aneka vAra ke darzana ke vAda nizcita hone vAlA liMga aura liMgI kA sambandha smRti ke abhAva meM kaise sthApita ho sakatA hai ! liMga ko dekhakara sAdhya kA jJAna bhI vinA smRti ke nahIM ho sktaa| sambandha-smaraNa ke binA anumAna sarvathA asambhava hai| pratyabhijJAna-darzana aura smaraNa se utpanna hone vAlA 'yaha vahI hai' ; 'yaha usake samAna hai, 'yaha usase vilakSaNa hai, 'yaha usakA pratiyogI hai' ityAdi rUpa meM rahA huA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai| pratyabhijJAna meM do prakAra ke anubhava kArya karate haiMeka pratyakSa darzana, jo vartamAna kAla meM rahatA hai, aura dUsarA smaraNa, jo bhUtakAla kA anubhava hai| jisa jJAna meM pratyakSa aura smRti ina donoM kA saMkalana rahatA hai vaha jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai / 'yaha vahIM ghaTa hai' isa prakAra kA jJAna abheda kA grahaNa karatA hai / 'yaha' pratyakSa darzana kA viSaya hai aura 'vahI' smRti kA viSaya hai / ghaTa donoM meM eka hI hai' ata: yaha abheda-viSayaka pratyabhijJAna hai / 'yaha ghaTa usa ghaTa ke samAna hai yaha jJAna sAdRzyaviSayaka hai / isI jJAna ko anya darzanoM meM upamAna kahA gayA hai| 'gavaya gau ke samAna hai' yaha zAstrIya udAharaNa hai| 'bhaiMsa gAya se vilakSaNa hai' isa prakAra kA jJAna visadRzatA kA grahaNa karatA hai / yaha jJAna sAdRzyaviSayaka jJAna se viparIta hai| yaha usase choTA hai, yaha usase dUra hai-ityAdi jJAna bheda kA grahaNa karate haiN| yaha jJAna abhedagrAhaka jJAna se viparIta hai| tulanAtmaka jJAna cAhe 1- 'darzanasmaraNasambhavaM tadevedaM tatsadRzaM tadvilakSaNaM tatpratiyogItyAdi. saMkalanaM pratyabhijJAnam / ' ---pramANamImAMsA, 112 / 4

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jAnavAda aura pramANagAstra 265 vaha kisI bhI prakAra kA kyoM na ho, pratyabhijJAna ke andara samAviSTa ho jAtA hai / kevala upamAna ko hI pratyabhijJAna kA paryAyavAcI mAnanA ThIka nahIM / sAdRzya, vailakSaNya, bheda, abheda Adi sava kA grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna pratyabhijJAna hai / tarka-upalambhAnupalambhanimitta vyApti jJAna tarka hai / ise Uha bhI kahate haiN| upalambha kA artha hai liMga ke sadbhAva se sAdhya ke sadbhAva kA jJAna / dhUma liMga hai aura agni sAdhya hai| dhUma ke sadbhAva ke jJAna se agni ke sadbhAva kA jJAna karanA upalambha hai / anupalambha kA artha hai sAdhya ke asadbhAva se liMga ke asadbhAva kA jJAna / 'jahA~ agni nahIM hai vahA~ dhUma nahIM ho sakatA' isa prakAra kA nirNaya anupalambha hai / upalambha aura anupalambha rUpa jo vyApti hai usase utpanna hone vAlA jAna tarka hai / isake hone para hI yaha hotA hai, isake abhAva meM yaha nahIM ho sakatA / isa prakAra kA jJAna tarka hai / tarka kA dUsarA nAma Uha hai / pratyakSa se vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki pratyakSa kA vipaya somita hai| jisa vipaya se pratyakSa utpanna hotA hai usI viSaya taka vaha sImita rahatA hai| trikAlavipayaka vyAptimAna usase utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / mAdhAraNa pratyakSa kA viSaya vartamAnakAlIna sImita padArtha haiN| kisI traikAlika nirNaya para pahu~canA pratyakSa ke basa kI bAta nahIM / isake lie to kisI svatantra pramANa kI AvazyakatA hai jo trikAlaviSayaka nirNaya para pahu~cane meM samartha ho / yaha pramANa tarka hai| anumAna bhI taka kA sthAna nahIM le sakatA, kyoMki anumAna kA AdhAra hI takaM hai / jaba taka tarka se vyAptinAna na ho jAya taba taka anumAna kI pravRtti hI asambhava hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yadi tarkazAna nahIM hai to anumAna kI kalpanA hI nahIM ho sktii| anumAna svayaM tarka para pratiSTita hai| aisI avasthA meM tarka kA 1-upalambhAnupananma nimitaM vyAptijJAnamUhaH / -pramAlamImAMnA 12

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jaina darzana sthAna anumAna kaise le sakatA hai / jo jJAna jisa se pUrva utpanna hotA hai aura jisakA AdhAra hotA hai vaha jJAna tadra pa nahIM ho sakatA; anyathA pUrva aura pazcAt kA sambandha hI naSTa ho jAyagA, AdhAra aura Adheya kI vyavasthA hI samApta ho jAegI / ataH tarka anumAna se bhinna hai tathA svatantra pramANa hai / tarka kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA ki vyAptijJAna tarka hai / vyApti kyA hai, isakA spaSTIkaraNa vAkI hai / 'vyApya ke hone para vyApaka hotA hI hai athavA vyApaka ke hone para hI vyApya hotA haiisa prakAra kA jo niyama hai vaha vyApti hai / dhUma aura agni ke udAharaNa se ise aura spaSTa kara leN| dhUma vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka hai / dhUma (vyApya) ke hone para agni (vyApaka) hotI hI hai athavA agni (vyApaka) ke hone para hI dhUma (vyApya) hotA hai / dhUma aura agni kA yaha sambandha vyApti hai| jahA~ vyApaka hotA hai vahA~ vyApya ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI / jahA~ agni hotI hai vahA~ dhUma ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI / jahA~ vyApya hotA hai vahA~ vyApaka hotA hI hai| jahA~ dhUma hotA hai vahA~ agni hotI hI hai| vyApya vyApaka ke hone para hI ho sakatA hai| dhUma agni ke hone para hI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra kA jo vyApaka aura vyApya kA sambandha hai vahI vyApti hai / isa sambandha kA grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna tarka hai-Uha hai| __ anumAna-sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna honA anumAna hai| sAdhana kA artha hai hetu athavA liMga / sAdhana ko dekha kara tadavinAbhAvI sAdhya kA jJAna karanA anumAna hai| udAharaNa ke lie dhUma, jo ki agni kA sAdhana hai, use dekha kara agni, jo ki sAdhya hai, usakA jJAna karanA anumAna hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca avinAbhAva sambandha avazya honA cAhie / avinAbhAva kA artha hai kisI MOct 1-'vyAptiApakasya vyApye sati bhAva eva. vyApyasya vA tatraiva bhAvaH' / -pramANamImAMsA, 1 / 2 / 6 2- 'sAdhanAt sAdhyavijJAnamanumAnam' / -vahI 1127

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267 maanr' giiN smaapt ke vinA na honA / jo cIja jisake binA nahIM ho sakatI usa cIja ke hone para usake vinA na hone vAlI cIja kA honA avinAbhAva sambandha hai / dhUma agni ke vinA nahIM ho sakatA / dhUma ke hone para agni kA honA yaha avinAbhAva sambandha hai| anumAna do prakAra kA hai svArthAnumAna aura parArthAnumAna / svArthAnumAna-sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAva sambandha se rahane vAle svanizcita sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna karanA svArthAnumAna hai| avinAbhAva kA eka aura lakSaNa dekhie / 'sahabhAvI aura kramabhAvI kAryoM kA kramabhAva aura sahabhAvaviSayaka jo niyama hai vaha avinAbhAva hai / ' kucha kArya sahabhAvI hote haiM aura kucha krmbhaavii| rUpa aura rasa sahabhAvI haiM / rUpa ko dekhakara rasa kA anumAna karanA athavA gma-dargana se rUpa kA anumAna karanA sahabhAvI avinAbhAva hai / eka ke hone para dUsare kA honA kramabhAva hai| kRttikA ke udita hone para zakaTa kA udaya honA kramabhAvI avinAbhAva hai / kAraNa aura kArya kA sambandha bhI kramabhAva ke antargata grAtA hai / agni se dhUma kI utpatti kramabhAvI avinAbhAva hai| isa prakAra ke avinAbhAva kA java vyakti svataH jJAna karatA hai aura sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAvI sAdhana ko dekhakara svayaM sAdhya kA anumAna karatA hai tava jo jJAna paidA hotA hai vaha svArthAnumAna hai| svArthAnumAna ke lie eka vyakti dUsare vyakti para nirbhara nahIM rahatA / sAdhana ko dekara nAdhya kA anumAna vyakti svayaM kara letA hai| isalie isa prakAra ke anumAna kA nAma 'svArthAnumAna' arthAt 'apane lie anu sAvana-sAdhana kitane prakAra ke haiM, isa para bhI jarA vicAra pAra leM / AcArya hemacandra ne pAMca prakAra ke sAdhana mAne haiN| ye pAMca -mArtha svanicitasAdhyAvinAbhAvaphalakSaNAt sAdhanAt tApyamAnam' -pramANamImAMnA 26 : - mAvimoH mahasamabhAvaniyamo'vinAbhAva': -vahI 112 / 10

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. 268 . jaina darzana prakAra haiM-svabhAva, kAraNa, kArya, ekArthasamavAyI aura virodhii'| .vastu kA svabhAva hI jahA~ sAdhana (hetu) banatA hai vaha svabhAvasAdhana hai / 'agni jalAtI hai kyoMki vaha uSNasvabhAva hai,' 'zabda anitya hai kyoMki vaha kArya hai' Adi svabhAvasAdhana yA svabhAvahetu ke udAharaNa haiN| amuka prakAra ke megha dekhakara varSA kA anumAna karanA kAraNa sAdhana hai / jisa prakAra ke bAdaloM ke nabha meM Ane para varSA hotI hai vaise bAdaloM ko dekhakara varSA hone kA anumAna karanA kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna hai| sAdhAraNa se kAraNa ko dekha kara kArya kA anumAna nahIM kiyA jAtA / usI kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai jisake hone para kArya avazya hotA hai| bAdhaka kAraNoM kA abhAva aura sAdhaka kAraNoM ko sattA ye donoM Avazyaka haiN| ___ . kisI kAryavizeSa ko dekhakara usake kAraNa kA anumAna karanA kArya sAdhana hai| pratyeka kArya kA koI-na-koI kAraNa hotA hai / binA kAraNa ke kAryotpatti nahIM ho sakatI / kAraNa aura kArya ke sambandha kA jJAna hone para hI kArya ko dekhakara kAraNa kA anumAna ho sakatA hai| nadI meM bAr3ha pAtI huI dekhakara yaha anumAna karanA ki kahIM para joradAra varSA huI hai, kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA anumAna karanA bhI kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna hai| eka artha meM do yA adhika kAryoM kA eka sAtha rahanA ekArthasamavAya hai| eka. hI phala meM rUpa aura rasa sAtha sAtha rahate haiM / rUpa ko dekhakara rasa kA anumAna karanA yA rasa ko dekhakara rUpa kA anumAna karanA, ekArthasamavAya kA udAharaNa hai / rUpa aura rasa meM na to kArya-kAraNa bhAva hai, na rUpa aura rasa kA eka svabhAva hai| ina donoM kI ekatrasthiti ekArthasamavAya ke kAraNa hai| . 1- 'svabhAvaH kAraNaM kAryamekArthasamavAyi virodhi ceti paMcadhA sAdhanam' / -pramANamImAMsA 112 / 12

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zAnavAda aura pramANazAstra 26e kisI virodhI bhAva se kisI ke prabhAva kA granumAna, virodhI sAdhana ne hone vAlA anumAna hai / 'yahA~ para ThaNDa nahIM hai kyoMki ki agni jala rahI hai', 'yahA~ para gragni kA prabhAva hai kyoMki Thaga laga rahI hai grAdi virodhI sAdhana ke udAharaNa haiM / gragni aura ThaNDaka kA paraspara virodha hai, isaliye eka ke hone para dUsarI nahI ho sktii| virodhI kI mAtrA ThIka-ThIka hone para hI virodhI gAdhana kA prayoga ho sakatA hai / gragni kI choTI sI cinagArI se ThaNDaka ke prabhAva kA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / khUba agni hone para hI ThaNDaka ke prabhAva kA anumAna karanA samyak hai / parArthAnumAna - sAdhana ra sAdhya ke avinAbhAva sambandha ke kathana meM utpanna hone vAlA jJAna parArthAnumAna hai' | svArthAnumAna kA vivecana karate samaya hamane dekhA hai ki vaha vyakti meM dUsare kI sahAyatA ke binA hI utpanna hotA hai / parArthAnumAna isase viparIta hai / eka vyakti ne svayaM sAdhana aura sAdhya ke avinAbhAva kA grahaNa kiyA hai aura dUsarA vyakti aisA hai, jise isa sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai / pahalA vyakti apane jJAna kA prayoga dUsare vyakti ko samajhAne ke liye karatA hai / usake kathana se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna parArthAnumAna hai / yaha anumAna unake lie nahIM hai jo sAdhana aura sAdhya ke sambandha se paricita hai grapitu unake lie hai jise isa sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hai, isakA nAma parArthAnumAna hai / parArthAnumAna jJAnAtmaka hai kintu upacAra se use banAne vAle vagana ko bhI parArthAnumAna kahA gayA hai| jJAnAtmaka parArthAnumAna ko utpatti vacanAtmaka parArthAnumAna para nirbhara hai, isalie upacAra ne vacana ko bhI parArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai / parArthAnumAna ke lie hetu kA vacanAtmaka prayoga do taraha se ho sakatA hai / sAdhya ke hone para hI sAdhana kA honA batAne vAlA eka prakAra hai | sAdhya 1- poSamAnAbhidhAnaH parArdham' | - pramANamImAMnA 2196 2- parArdhamanumAnamupacArAt / t ---pramANanayanaramAna // 23

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272 jaina-darzana agni kI siddhi ke lie dhUma hetu diyA gayA hai / 'isa parvata meM dhUma hai' yaha usa hetu kA upasaMhAra hai| yahI upanaya hai / / nigamana-sAdhya kA punarkathana nigamana hai| pratijJA ke samaya jo sAdhya kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai, usako upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM punaH doharAnA, nigamana kahalAtA hai / yaha antima nirNayarUpa kathana hai / 'isalie yahA~ agni hai' yaha kathana nigamana kA udAharaNa hai| ina pA~coM avayavoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue parArthAnumAna kA pUrNarUpa isa prakAra hogA isa parvata meM agni ha, kyoMki isameM dhUma hai, jahA~ jahA~ dhUma hotA hai vahA~ vahA~ agni hotI hai-jaise pAkazAlA (sAdharmya dRSTAnta,), jahA~ para agni nahIM hotI vahA~ para dhUma nahIM hotA-jaise jalAzaya (vaidharmya dRSTAnta), isa parvata meM dhUma hai, isalie yahA~ agni hai| aAgama-prApta puruSa ke vacana se AvirbhUta hone vAlA arthasaMvedana Agama hai / prApta purupa kA artha hai tattva ko yathAvasthita jAnane vAlA va tattva kA yathAvasthita nirUpaNa karane vAlA / rAgadve. pAdi doSoM se rahita purupa hI prApta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha mithyAvAdI nahIM ho sktaa| aise purupa ke vacanoM se hone vAlA jAna Agama kahalAtA hai| upacAra se prApta ke vacanoM kA saMgraha bhI pAgama hai| parArthAnumAna aura pAgama meM yahI antara hai ki parArthAnumAna ke lie prAptatva Avazyaka nahIM hai, jaba ki grAgama ke lie prApta purupa anivArya hai / prApta purupa hai isIlie usake vacana pramAga haiN| unake prAmANya ke lie anya koI hetu nahIM / parArthAnumAna ke lie hetu kA aAdhAra pAvazyaka hai / heta kI sacAI para jJAna kI macAI nirbhara hai| laukika aura lokottara ke bheda se prApta do prakAra ke hote haiN| sAdhAragA vyakti laukika prApta ho sakate haiM / lokottara prApta tIrthakarAdi viziSTa purupa hI hote haiN| 2-'mAdhyadharmasya punanigamanam / yathA tsmaadgnigy'| -pramAgAna yatattvAlAMka 3151-52 ---'AmavacanAdAvi tamarthamaMvedana gmH|' -vahI ?

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yA dvAda vinajyabAda ghora anekAntavAda ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAda jIva ko nityatA aura anityatA pudgala pho nityatA aura anityatA ekatA aura anekatA prasti aura nAsti prAgoM meM sthAdvAda anekAntavAda aura sthAdvAda sthAbAda aura saptabhaMgo bhaMgoM kA prAgamakAlIna rUpa saptabhaMgI kA dArzanika rUpa dopa-parihAra

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syAdvAda zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna hone ke pahale kucha svapna pAe the, aisA bhagavatI sUtra meM ullekha hai| una svapnoM meM se eka svapna isa prakAra hai----'eka bar3e citravicitra paMkhoM vAle skokila ko svapna meM dekha kara pratibuddha hue"| isa svapna kA kyA phala hai, inakA vivecana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zramaraNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo citravicitra puskokila svapna meM dekhA hai usakA phala yaha hai ki ve svaparasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane vAle vicitra dvAdanAMga kA upadeza deNge| isa varNana ko par3hane se yaha mAlUma hotA -~-'egaM ca NaM mahaM cittavicittapakkhaga pusakoilagaM suviNe pAsittA raNaM phiyuH|-bhgvtii suutr1666| 2-'japA samaraNe bhagavaM mahAvIre ega mahaM cittavicittaM jAva paDibuddha naNaM samaraNe bhagavaM mahAvIre vicitta sasamayaparasamaiyaM duvAlasaMga garimapina pApaveti pannaveti pruvaiti| -vahI, 1636

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276 jaina-darzana hai ki zAstrakAra ne kitane sundara DhaMga se eka siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / citravicitra paMkha vAlA puskokila kauna hai ? yaha syAdvAda kA pratIka hai / jainadarzana ke prANabhUta siddhAnta syAdvAda kA kasA sundara citraNa hai / vaha eka varNa ke paMkha vAlA kokila nahIM hai, apitu citravicitra paMkha vAlA kokila hai / jahA~ eka hI taraha ke paMkha hote haiM vahA~ ekAntavAda hotA hai, syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda nahIM / jahA~ vividha varga ke paMkha hote haiM vahA~ anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda hotA hai, ekAntavAda nhiiN| eka varga ke paMkha vAle aura citra vicitra paMkha vAle kokila meM yahI antara hai| kevalajJAna bhI syAhAdapUrvaka hI hotA hai| ise dikhAne ke lie kevalajJAna hone ke pahale yaha svapna dikhAyA gayA hai / tattva utpAda, vyaya aura prIvyAtmaka hai, yaha bAta pahale likhI jA cukI hai / utpAda, vyaya aura prIvya vastu ke citra vicitra paMgsa haiN| mahAvIra ne isI prakAra ke tattvajJAna kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne vasta ke svampa kA sabhI dRSTiyoM meM pratipAdana kiyA / jo vastu nitya mAlUma hotI hai vaha anitya bhI hai| jo vastu kSaNika pratIta hotI hai vaha nitya bhI hai / nityatA aura anityatA donoM eka dUsare kA svarUpa samajhane ke liye Avazyaka haiN| jahA~ nityatA kI pratIti hotI hai vahA~ anityatA avazya rahatI hai| anityatA ke abhAva meM nityatA kI pahacAna hI nahIM ho gktii| isI prakAra anityatA kA svarUpa samajhane ke lie nityatA kI pratIti anivArya hai / yadi padArtha meM prauvya yA nityanA nahIM hai to anityatA kI pratIti hI nahIM ho mAnI / nityatA aura anityatA mApekSa haiN| eka kI pratIni dvitIya kI pratItipUrvaka hI hotI hai| anekAneka anityapratIniyoM ke bIca jahAM eka sthira pratIti hotI hai vahIM nityatva yA prIvya kI pratIti hai / dhrIvya yA nityatva kA mahatva nabhI mAlama hotA hai, jaba usake mAya meM aneka anitya pratIniyA~ hotI haiM / anitya pratIti ke na hone para yaha nitya hai' mA jAna hI nahIM ho maranA / jahA~ nityatA kI pratIti nahIM hai, vahA~ 'yaha anitya hai pamA mAna hI nahIM dI gktaa| nityatA aura anityatA donoM kI

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syAdvAda 27 pratItiyAM svabhAva meM hI paraspara sambandhita haiM / jahA~ eka pratIti hogI vahIM dUsaro pravazya hogI / vibhajyavAda aura anekAntavAda : majjhimanikAya' meM mANavaka ke prazna ke uttara meM vuddha kahate haiM 'he mANavaka ! meM vibhajyavAdI haiM, ekAMzavAdI nahIM / ' bhAvaka kA prazna thA ki bhagavan ! maiMne suna rakhA hai ki gRhastha hI zrArAdhaka hotA hai, prabrajita nahIM / isa viSaya meM grApa kyA kahate he ? buddha ne uttara diyA ki gRhastha bhI yadi mithyAvAdI hai to farari kA zrArAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA zrIra tyAgI bhI yadi fraarat hai to nirvANamArga kI prArAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA / donoM yadi samyak pratipattisampanna haiM to donoM prArAdhaka ho sakate hai / vaha uttara vibhajyavAda kA udAharaNa hai / kisI prazna kA uttara ekAntarUpa se de denA ki yaha aisA hI hai, grathavA yaha aisA nahIM hai, ekAMzavAda hai / vRddha ne gRhastha aura tyAgI kI prArAdhanA ke prazna ko lekara vibhAjanapUrvaka uttara diyA, ekAntarUpa se nahIM, isIlie buddha ne apanA ko vibhajyavAdI kahA hai, ekAMzavAdI nahIM / sUtrAMga meM bhI ThIka isI ganda kA prayoga hai / bhikSu ko kI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bhina 'vibhajyavAda' kA prayoga kreN| jainadarzana meM isa zabda kA anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda kiyA jAtA hai / jisa dRSTi se jina prazna kA uttara diyA jA sakatA ho, usa dRSTi se usakA uttara devAsthA hai | kisI eka apekSA se isa prazna kA yaha uttara ho hai / kisI dUsarI ghapekSA ne isa prazna kA yaha uttara bhI ho hai| isa prakAra eka prazna ke aneka uttara ho sakate haiN| dRSTikoda, cAvAda, dhanezAnnavAda yA vibhajyavAda kA vibhajyavAda itanA lAge nahIM bar3ha sakA, jitanA ki kAra kA vibhavya anekAnnavAda aura syAdvAda ke rUpa meM

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278 jaina darzana Age bar3ha gayA / mahAvIra ne isa dRSTi para bahuta bhAra diyA, jabaki buddha ne yathAvasara usakA prayoga to kara liyA parantu use vizeSa mahatva na diyaa| buddha ke vibhajyavAda aura mahAvIra ke anekAntavAda meM kitanI adhika samAnatA hai, ise samajhane ke lie kucha udAharaNa dete haiN| mAraNavaka aura buddha kI taraha gautamAdi aura mahAvIra ke bIca bhI isI prakAra kI carcA huI hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! sonA acchA hai yA jaganA ? __ mahAvIra-jayanti ! kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha jIvoM kA jaganA acchA hai| jayantI--yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo jIva adharmI haiM, adharmAnuga haiM, amiSTha haiM, adharmAkhyAyI haiM, adharmapralokI haiM, adharmaprarajjana haiM, adharmasamAcAra haiM, adhArmika vRttiyukta haiM, ve sote raheM, yahI acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve sote raheMge to aneka jIvoM ko pIr3A nahIM hogii| isa prakAra ve sva, para aura ubhaya ko adhArmika kriyA meM nahIM lagAveMge, ataeva unakA sonA acchA hai| jo jIva dhArmika haiM, dharmAnuga haiM, yAvat dhArmika vRttivAle haiM unakA jaganA acchA hai, kyoMki ve aneka jIvoM ko sukha dete haiM / sva, para aura ubhaya ko dhArmika kArya meM lagAte haiM / ataeva unakA jAganA acchA hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! balavAna honA acchA yA nirbala honA ? mahAvIra-jayantiH ! kucha jIvoM kA balavAna honA acchA hai aura kucha jovoM kA nirbala honA acchA hai / jayantI-yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-~-jo jIva adhArmika haiM yAvat adhArmika vRtti vAle haiM unakA nirbala honA acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve balavAn hoMge to aneka jIvoM ko kaSTa deNge| jo jIva dhArmika haiM yAvat dhArmika vRtti vAle haiM unakA balavAn honA acchA hai, kyoMki ve balavAn hone se adhika jIvoM ko sukha ge'| 1 -bhagavatI sUtra, 12.2 / 443

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syAdvAda gautama - bhagavan ! jIva sakampa hai yA niSkampa ? mahAvIra -- gautama ! jIva sakampa bhI haiM aura niSkampa bhI / gautama --- yaha kaise ? mahAvIra jIva do prakAra ke haiM- saMsArI aura mukta | mukta jona do prakAra ke haiM-- granantara siddha aura parampara siddha / parampara giddha niSkampa haiM aura anantara siddha sakampa | saMsArI jIvoM ke bhI do bheda haiM- legI aura zailezI / zailezI jIva niSkampa hote haiM zrIra zralezI sakampa' | gIta -- jIva savIrya haiM yA gravIrya / g mahAvIra - jIva savIrya bhI haiM aura gravIrya bhI / gautama --- yaha kaise ? 276 mahAvIra - jIva do prakAra ke haiM--saMsArI aura mukta | mukta to pravIrya haiM / saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke haiM-- zailezI pratipanna zrIra pratipanna | zailezI pratipanna jIva labdhivIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM zrIra karaNavIrya kI apekSA se gravIrya haiM / prazailezIaar jIva vIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM, aura karaNavIyaM kI apekSA se savIrya bhI haiM aura gravIrya bhI / jo jIva parAkrama karate hai ve karaNavIyaM kI apekSA ne navIyaM haiM / jo jIva parAkrama nahIM karate ve karAvIyaM kI apekSA ne dhruvIyaM haiM / gautama - yadi koI yaha kahe ki maiM sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, nagara kI hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karatA hai to usakA yaha pratyAyana pratyAyana hai yA duSpratyAkhyAna ? mahAvIra - kathaMcit pratyAgyAna hai aura kathaMcit duppratyAsvAna hai gA~va-yaha ne 1 bhAgavIra jo yaha nahIM jAnatA ki ve jIva hai aura ye bhajIca, unakA pratyAkhyAna duSpratyAkhyAna hai / vaha aura bhavatI huI kore 234

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278 jaina-darzana Age bar3ha gyaa| mahAvIra ne isa dRSTi para bahuta bhAra diyA, jabaki buddha ne yathAvasara usakA prayoga to kara liyA parantu use vizeSa mahatva na diyA / buddha ke vibhajyavAda aura mahAvIra ke anekAntavAda meM kitanI adhika samAnatA hai, ise samajhane ke lie kucha udAharaNa dete haiN| mANavaka aura yuddha kI taraha gautamAdi aura mahAvIra ke bIca bhI isI prakAra kI carcA huI hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! sonA acchA hai yA jaganA ? mahAvIra-jayanti ! kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha jIvoM kA jaganA acchA hai| jayantI---yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo jIva adharmI haiM, adharmAnuga haiM, amiSTha haiM, adharmAkhyAyI haiM, adharmapralokI haiM, adharmaprarajjana haiM, adharmasamAcAra haiM, adhArmika vRttiyukta haiM, ve sote raheM, yahI acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve sote raheMge to aneka jIvoM ko pIr3A nahIM hogii| isa prakAra ve sva, para aura ubhaya ko adhArmika kriyA meM nahIM lagAveMge, ataeva unakA sonA acchA hai| jo jIva dhArmika haiM, dharmAnuga haiM, yAvat dhAmika vRttivAle haiM unakA jaganA acchA hai, kyoMki ve aneka jIvoM ko sukha dete haiM / sva, para aura ubhaya ko dhArmika kArya meM lagAte haiN| ataeva unakA jAganA acchA hai / jayantI-bhagavan ! balavAna honA acchA yA nirbala honA ? mahAvIra-jayanti ! kucha jIvoM kA balavAna honA acchA hai aura kucha jovoM kA nirbala honA acchA hai| jayantI-yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo jIva adhArmika haiM yAvat adhArmika vRtti vAle haiM unakA nirbala honA acchA hai, kyoMki yadi ve balavAn hoMge to aneka jIvoM ko kaSTa deNge| jo jIva dhArmika haiM yAvat dhArmika vRtti vAle haiM unakA balavAn honA acchA hai, kyoMki ve balavAn hone se adhika jIvoM ko sukha ge'| 1-bhagavatI sUtra, 12.2 / 443

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syAdvAda 276 gautama-bhagavan ! jIva sakampa haiM yA niSkampa ? mahAvIra--- gautama ! jIva sakampa bhI haiM aura niSkampa bhii| gautama---yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jIva do prakAra ke haiM-saMsArI aura mukta / mukta jova do prakAra ke haiM anantara siddha aura parampara siddha / parampara / siddha niSkampa haiM aura anantara siddha sakampa / saMsArI jIvoM ke bhI do bheda haiM-zailezI aura ashaileshii| zailezI jIva niSkampa hote haiM aura azailezI sakampa' / gautama-jIva savIrya haiM yA avIrya / mahAvIra-jIva savIrya bhI haiM aura avIrya bhI / gautama-~-yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-~-jIva do prakAra ke haiM---saMsArI aura mukta / mukta to avIrya haiM / saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke haiM-zailezIpratipanna aura azailezIpratipanna / zailezIpratipanna jIva labdhivIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM aura karaNavIrya kI apekSA se avIrya haiN| azailezIpratipanna jIva labdhivIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiM, aura karaNavIrya kI apekSA se savIrya bhI haiM aura avIrya bhii| jo jIva parAkrama karate haiM ve karaNavIrya kI apekSA se savIrya haiN| jo jIva parAkrama nahIM karate ve karaNavIrya kI apekSA se avIrya haiM / __gautama-yadi koI yaha kahe ki maiM sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, sarvasattva kI hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karatA hai to usakA yaha pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai yA duSpratyAkhyAna ? mahAvIra-~-kathaMcit supratyAkhyAna hai aura kathaMcit duSpratyAkhyAna hai| gItama~yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo yaha nahIM jAnatA ki ye jIva haiM aura ye ajIva, ya trasa haiM aura ye sthAvara, usakA pratyAkhyAna duSpratyAkhyAna hai| vaha 1-bhagavatI sUtra, 25 / 4 2-vahI, 1872

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280 jaina-darzana mRSAvAdI hai / jo yaha jAnatA hai ki ye jIva haiM aura ye ajIva, ye trasa aura ye sthAvara, usakA pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai| vaha satyavAdI hai| mahAvIra kI dRSTi kA patA lagAne ke lie ye saMvAda kAphI haiM / buddha ne ArAdhanA ko lekara jisa prakAra vibhAjanapUrvaka uttara diyA, mahAvIra ne bhI ThIka usI zailI se apane ziSyoM kI zaMkA kA samAdhAna kiyA / jo prazna pUchA gayA usakA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA ki isa prazna kA kyA artha hai| kisa dRSTi se isakA kyA uttara diyA jA sakatA hai| jitanI dRSTiyA~ sAmane AI una dRSTiyoM se prazna kA samAdhAna kiyA gyaa| eka dRSTi se aisA ho bhI sakatA hai, dUsarI dRSTi se socane para aisA nahIM bhI ho sktaa| ho sakatA hai vaha kaise. aura nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha kaise ? praznottara kI yaha zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI zailI hai| isa zailI se kisI vastu ke aneka pahaluoM kA ThIka-ThIka patA laga jAtA hai / usakA vizleSaNa ekAMgI, ekAMzI yA ekAnta nahIM hone pAtA / buddha ne isa dRSTi ko vibhajyavAda kA nAma diyaa| isa se viparIta dRSTi ko ekAMzavAda kahA / mahAvIra ne isI dRSTi ko anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda khaa| isase viparIta dRSTi ko ekAntavAda kA nAma diyA / buddha aura buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne isa dRSTi kA pUrA pIchA nahIM kiyaa| mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne isa dRSTi ko apanI vicAra-sampatti samajhakara usakI pUrI rakSA kI, tathA dina pratidina use khUba bddh'aayaa| ekAntavAda aura anekAntavAdaH ekAntavAda kisI eka dRSTi kA hI samarthana karatA hai| yaha hamezA do virodhI rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai| kabhI sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke rUpa meM milatA hai to kabhI sat aura asat ke rUpa meM / kabhI nirvacanIya aura anirvacanIya ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai to kabhI hetu aura ahetu ke rUpa meM / jo loga sAmAnya kA hI samarthana 1--bhagavatI sUtra, 7 / 2 / 170 /

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syAdvAda 281 karate haiM ve abhedavAda ko hI jagat kA maulika tattva mAnate haiM aura bheda ko mithyA kahate haiN| usake virodhI rUpa bhedavAda kA samarthana karane vAle isase viparIta satya kA pratipAdana karate haiM / ve abheda ko sarvathA mithyA samajhate haiM aura bheda ko hI ekamAtra pramANa mAnate hai / sadvAda kA ekAntarUpa se samarthana karane vAle kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti yA vinAza ko vAstavika nahIM maante| ve kAraNa aura kArya meM bheda kA darzana nahIM karate / dUsarI ora asadvAda ke samarthaka haiM / ve pratyeka kArya ko nayA mAnate haiM / kAraNa meM kArya nahIM rahatA, apitu kAraNa se sarvathA bhinna eka nayA hI tattva utpanna hotA hai| kucha ekAntavAdI jagat ko anirvacanIya samajhate haiM / unake mata se jagat na sat hai, na asat hai / dUsare loga jagat kA nirvacana kara sakate haiN| unakI dRSTi se vastu mAtra kA nirvacana karanA arthAt lakSaNAdi banAnA asambhava nahIM / isI taraha hetuvAda aura ahetuvAda bhI Apasa meM TakarAte haiN| hetuvAda kA samarthana karane vAle tarka ke vala para vizvAsa rakhate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki tarka se saba kucha jAnA jA sakatA hai / jagat kA koI bhI padArtha tarka se agamya nhiiN| isa vAda kA virodha karate hue ahetuvAdI kahate haiM ki tarka se tattva kA nirNaya nahIM ho sakatA / tattva tarka se agamya hai| ekAntavAda kI chatrachAyA meM palane vAle ye vAda hamezA jor3e ke rUpa meM milate haiM / jahA~ eka prakAra kA ekAntavAda khar3A hotA hai vahA~ usakA virodhI ekAntavAda turanta mukAbale meM khar3A ho jAtA hai / donoM kI Takkara prArambha hote dera nahIM lgtii| yaha ekAntavAda kA svabhAva hai / isake binA ekAntavAda panapa hI nahIM sktaa| ekAntavAda ke isa pArasparika zatrutApUrNa vyavahAra ko dekhakara kucha logoM ke mana meM vicAra pAyA ki vAstava meM isa kleza kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? satyatA kA dAvA karane vAle pratyeka do virodhI pakSa Apasa meM itane lar3ate kyoM haiM ? yadi donoM pUrNa satya haiM to donoM meM virodha kaisA ? isase mAlUma hotA hai ki donoM pUrNa rUpa se satya to nahIM haiN| taba kyA donoM pUrNa mithyA haiM ? aisA bhI nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki ye loga jisa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiM usakI

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* 282 jaina-darzana pratIti avazya hotI hai / vinA pratIti ke kisI bhI siddhAnta kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM / aisI sthiti meM inakA kyA sthAna hai ? ye donoM aMzataH satya haiM, aura aMzataH mithyA / eka pakSa jisa aMza meM saccA hai, dUsarA pakSa usI aMza meM jhUThA hai / isIlie unameM paraspara kalaha hotA hai / eka pakSa samajhatA hai ki maiM pUrA saccA hU~ aura merA pratipakSI bilkula jhUThA hai / dUsarA pakSa bhI ThIka yahI samajhatA hai / yahI kalaha kA mUla kAraNa hai| jainadarzana isa satya se paricita hai / vaha mAnatA hai ki vastu meM aneka dharma haiN| ina dharmoM meM se kisI bhI dharma kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jo loga eka dharma kA niSedha karake dUsare dharma kA samarthana karate haiM ve ekAntavAda kI cakkI meM pisa jAte haiM / vastu kathaMcit bhedAtmaka hai kathaMcit abhedAtmaka hai, kathaMcit satkAryavAda ke antargata hai kathaMcit asatkAryavAda ke antargata hai, kathaMcit nirvacanIya hai kathaMcit anirvacanIya hai, kathaMcit tarkagamya hai kathaMcit tAMgamya hai / pratyeka dRSTi kI evaM pratyeka dharma kI eka maryAdA hai / usakA ullaMghana na karanA hI satya ke sAtha nyAya karanA hai / jo vyakti isa bAta ko na samajha kara apane prAgraha ko jagat kA tattva mAnatA hai, vaha bhrama meM hai / use tattva ke pUrNarUpa ko dekhane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / jaba taka vaha apane ekAntavAdI Agraha kA tyAga nahIM karatA, taba taka tattva kA pUrNa svarUpa nahIM samajha sktaa| kisI vastu ke eka dharma ko to sarvathA satya mAna lenA aura dUsare dharma ko sarvathA mithyA kahanA vastu kI pUrNatA ko khaMDita karanA hai| paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle dharma avazya hI eka dUsare ke virodhI haiM, kintu sampUrNa vastu ke virodhI nahIM haiM / vastu to donoM ko samAna rUpa se Azraya detI hai / yahI dRSTi syAdvAda hai, anekAntavAda hai, apekSAvAda hai / paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle dharmoM kA samanvaya kaise ho sakatA hai ? padArtha meM ve kisa DhaMga se rahate haiM ? hamArI pratIti se unakA kyA sAmya hai ? ityAdi praznoM kA, AgamoM ke AdhAra para vicAra kreN|

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283 syAdvAda loka kI nityatA zranityatA : buddha ke vibhajyavAda kA svarUpa hama dekha cuke haiM / kucha aise prazna haiM, jinheM buddha ne gravyAkRta kahA hai / ve prazna vibhajyavAda ke antargata nahIM praate| aise praznoM ke viSaya meM buddha ne na hA~' kahA na 'na' kahA / loka kI nityatA aura granityatA ke viSaya meM bhI buddha kA yahI dRSTikoNa hai' / mahAvIra ne aise prazna ke viSaya meM mauna dhAraNa karanA ucita na samajhA / unhoMne una praznoM kA vividha rUpa se uttara diyA / loka nitya hai yA anitya ? isa prazna kA uttara mahAvIra ne yoM diyA - jamAli ! loka zAzvata bhI hai aura prazAzvata bhI tInoM kAloM meM aisA eka bhI samaya nahIM mila sakatA, jaba loka na ho, grataeva loka zAzvata hai / loka sadA eka rUpa nahIM rahatA / vaha avasarpiNI aura utsapiNI meM badalatA rahatA hai / ataeva loka prazAzvata bhI hai' / mahAvIra ne prastuta prazna kA do dRSTiyoM se uttara diyA hai / loka hamezA kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM rahatA hai, isalie vaha nitya haidhruva hai - zAzvata hai - parivartanazIla hai / loka hamezA ekarUpa nahIM rahatA / kabhI usameM sukha kI mAtrA bar3ha jAtI hai to kabhI duHkha kI mAtrA adhika ho jAtI hai / kAlabheda se loka meM vividharUpatA pratI rahatI hai / grataH loka anitya hai, azAzvata hai, asthira hai, parivartanazIla hai, dhruva hai, kSaNika hai / sAntatA aura anantatA : loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke prazna ko lekara bhI mahAvIra ne isI prakAra kA samAdhAna kiyA / "loka cAra prakAra se jAnA jAtA hai- dravya se, kSetra se, kAla se aura bhAva se / dravya kI apekSA se loka eka hai aura sAnta hai / 1- majjhimanikAya, cUlamAlavayasutta 63 2 - prasAsae loe jamAlI ! jamro grosappiNI bhavittA ussappiNI bhavai ussappiNI bhavitA zrotappiNI bhavai / - bhagavatI sUtra, 6133/387 --

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284 jaina-darzana kSetra kI apekSA se loka alaMkhyAta yojana koTAkoTi vistAra aura asaMkhyAta yojana koTAkoTi parikSepa pramANa kahA gayA hai| isalie kSetra kI apekSA se loka sAnta hai / kAla kI apekSA se koI kAla aisA nahIM jaba loka na ho, ata: loka dhruva hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai, akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai / usakA anta nahIM hai| bhAva kI apekSA se loka ke ananta varNaparyAya, gandhaparyAya, rasaparyAya, sparzaparyAya haiM / ananta saMsthAnaparyAya haiM, ananta gurulaghuparyAya haiM / ananta agurulaghuparyAya haiM / usakA koI anta nhiiN| isalie loka dravyadRSTi se sAnta hai, kSetra dRSTi se sAnta hai, kAladRSTi se ananta hai, bhAvadRSTi se ananta hai / loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA kA cAra dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dravya kI dRSTi se loka sAnta hai, kyoMki vaha saMkhyA meM eka hai / kSetra kI dRSTi se bhI loka sAnta hai, kyoMki sakala AkAza meM ke kucha kSetra meM hI loka hai| vaha kSetra asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana kI paridhi meM hai| kAla kI dRSTi se loka ananta hai, kyoMki vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSyat kA koI kSaNa aisA nahIM jisameM loka kA astitva na ho| bhAva kI dRSTi se bhI loka ananta hai, kyoMki eka loka ke ananta paryAya haiM / 1-evaM khalu mae khadayA ! caumvihe loe pannate, taMjahA davapro khetto . kAlo bhaavno| davvo raNaM ege loe saaMte / khettayo loe asaMkhejjAo joyaNakoDAkoDIyo pAyAmavikkhaMbheraNaM asaMkhejjAo joyaNakoDAkoDIo parikkheveNaM pannattA asthi puraNa saaMte / kAlo raNaM loe Na kayAvi na AsI, na kayAvi na bhavati, na kayAvi na bhavissati, bhavisa ya bhavati ya bhavissai ya, dhuve riNatie sAsate akkhae avvae avaTThie Nicce, patthi puraNa se aMte / / __bhAvagro NaM loe aNaMtA vaNNapajjavA gaMdha0 rasa0 phAsapajjavA, araNaMtA saMThANapajjavA, araNaMtA guru ya lahu ya pajjavA araNaMtA aguru ya laha ya pajjavA,nasthi paNa se aMte / se takhaMdagA ! davvo loe saghate khetto loe sate, kAlato loe agate, bhAvagro loe aNaMte / --bhagavatI sUtra, 2 / 1 / 60

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syAdvAda 285 mahAvIra ne sAntatA aura anantatA kA apanI dRSTi se upayukta samAdhAna kiyA / buddha ne sAntatA aura anantatA donoM ko avyAkRta koTi meM rkhaa| jIva kI nityatA aura anityatA : buddha ne jIva kI nityatA aura anityatA ke prazna ko bhI avyAkRta koTi meM rkhaa| mahAvIra ne isa prazna kA syAdvAda dRSTi se samAdhAna kiyaa| unhoMne mokSa-prApti ke lie isa prakAra ke praznoM kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka mAnA / grAcArAMga ke prArambhika kucha vAkyoM se isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai-jaba taka yaha mAlUma na ho jAya ki maiM arthAt merA jIva eka gati se dUsarI gati meM jAtA hai, jIva kahA~ se pAyA, kauna thA aura kahA~ jAegA, taba taka koI jIva yAtmavAdI nahIM ho sakatA, lokavAdI nahIM ho sakatA, karmavAdI nahIM ho sakatA, aura kriyAvAdI nahIM ho sakatA / ye saba bAteM : mAlUma hone para hI jIva AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI bana sakatA hai| jIva kI zAzvatatA aura azAzvatatA ke lie nimna saMvAda dekhie gautama-"bhagavan ! jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata" ? mahAvIra-"gautama ! jIva kisI dRSTi se zAzvata hai, kisI 1-ihamegesiM no sannA bhavaI taMjahA-puratthimAyo vA disAyo Ago ahamaMsi, dAhiNAyo vA...........'yAgo ahamaMsi / evamegesi no nAyaM bhavai-patthi me pAyA uvavAie / nasthi me pAyA uvavAie / ke ahaM pAsI, ke vA igro cuno iha peccA bhavissAmi ? se jaM puraNa prANejjA sahasammaiyAe paravAgaraNeNaM annesivA antie soccA taMjahA-purathimAyo.............'atyi me pAyA......... se pAyAvAI, logAvAI, kammAvAI, kiriyaavaaii| -~~-yAcArAMga, 1111112-3

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286 jaina-darzana dRSTi se azAzvata hai| gautama ! dravyArthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai, bhAvArthika dRSTi se azAzvata hai|" dravyadRSTi abhedavAdI hai aura paryAyadRSTi bhedavAdI hai / dravyadRSTi se jIva nitya hai aura paryAyadRSTi arthAt bhAvadRSTi se jIva anitya hai / jIva meM jIvatva sAmAnya kA kabhI abhAva nahIM hotA / vaha kisI bhI avasthA meM ho--jIva hI rahatA hai, ajIva nahIM hotA / yaha dravyadRSTi hai / isa dRSTi se jIva nitya hai / jIva kisI na kisI paryAya meM rahatA hai / eka paryAya ko chor3akara dUsarI paryAya grahaNa karatA rahatA hai / isa dRSTi se vaha azAzvata hai--anitya hai / jIva sAmAnya kI nityatA-anityatA ke atirikta nArakAdi jIvoM kI nityatA-anityatA kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / "bhagavan ! nAraka zAzvata haiM yA azAzvata ?" "gautama ! kathaMcit zAzvata haiM, kathaMcit azAzvata haiN|" "bhagavan ! yaha kaise ?" "gautama ! avyucchittinaya kI apekSA se zAzvata haiM, vyucchittinaya kI apekSA se azAzvata haiN| isI prakAra vaimAnika devoM ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA caahie|" avyucchitti naya kA artha hai dravyAthika naya aura vyucchittinaya kA artha hai paryAyAthika naya / jaise jIva sAmAnya ko dravya kI apekSA se 1-jIvANaM bhaMte ! ki sAsayA asAsayA ? goyamA ! jIvA siya sAsayA siya asAsayA / 0000 goyamA ! davaThThayAe sAsayA bhAvaThThayAe asaasyaa| ~~~bhagavatI sUtra, 7:1273 2-neraiyA NaM bhaMte ! ki sAsayA asAsayA ? gopamA ! siya sAsayA siya asAsayA / se kepaTTeNaM bhaMte ! evaM vuccai 000 ? goyamA ! avvocchittiNayaTThayAe sAsayA, vocchittiNayaTThayAe asAsayA / evaM jAva vemaarigyaa| -vahI, 7 / 3 / 276

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syAdvAda 287 nitya kahA gayA hai vaise hI nArakAdi jIvoM ko bhI jIva dravya kI apekSA se nitya kahA gayA hai| jaise jIva sAmAnya ko narakAdi gatirUpa paryAya kI apekSA se anitya kahA gayA hai vaise hI nAraka jIva ko bho nArakatvarUpa paryAya kI apekSA se anitya kahA gayA hai| jIva kI nityatA viSayaka sthiti ko adhika spaSTatApUrvaka samajhane ke lie eka aura saMvAda kA ullekha karate haiN| mahAvIra jamAlI ko yaha bAta samajhA rahe haiM :___ tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI kSaNa nahIM, jaba ki jIva na ho| isIlie jIva dhruva hai, nitya hai,zAzvata hai| jIva nArakAvasthA kA tyAga kara tiryaMcayavasthA ko prApta karatA hai, tiryaMca miTa kara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya se deva hotA hai| ina vibhinna avasthAoM kI dRSTi se jIva anitya hai / eka avasthA kA tyAga aura dUsarI avasthA kA grahaNa anityatA ke binA nahIM ho sakatA' / loka kI nityatA-anityatA ke lie jo hetU diyA gayA hai, ThIka vahI hetu yahA~ para bhI upasthita kiyA gayA hai| tInoM kAloM meM jIva jIvarUpa meM rahatA hai, ataH vaha nitya hai| usakI vividha avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, isalie vaha anitya hai / sAntatA aura anantatA: buddha kA jIva kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke viSaya meM vahI 'dRSTikoNa hai jo nityatA aura anityatA ke viSaya meM thA / mahAvIra ne isa viSaya kA apanI dRSTi se pratipAdana kiyA :-- 1-sAsae jIve jamAlI ! jaM na kayAi NAsI, go kayAvi na bhavati, Na kayAvi raNa bhavissaI, bhuvi ca bhavaI ya bhavissai ya, dhuve riNatie sAsae avakhae anvae pravaTiThae Nicce / / prasAsae jIve jamAlo !'jannaM neraie bhavittA tirikkhajogie bhavai, tirikkhajoriNae bhavittA maNutse bhavai magusse bhavittA deve bhdi| ~bhagavatI sUtra, 616387, 114142

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jaina-darzana f jIva sAnta bhI hai aura grananta bhI hai / dravya kI dRSTi se eka jIva sAnta hai / kSetra kI apekSA se jIva prasaMkhyAta pradezavAlA hai, grataH vaha sAnta hai / kAla kI dRSTi se jIva hamezA hai, isalie vaha ananta hai / bhAva kI apekSA se jIva ke ananta jJAnaparyAya haiM, ananta darzanaparyAya haiM, ananta cAritraparyAya haiM, ananta agurulaghuparyAya haiM | isalie vaha grananta hai' / 288 dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ina cAra dRSTiyoM se jIva kI mAntatA-granantatA kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai / dravya aura kSetra kI dRSTi se jIva sImita hai, grataH sAnta hai / kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se jIva asImita hai, zrataH grananta hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jIva kathaMcit sAnta hai, kathaMcit anaMta hai / pudgala kI nityatA aura zranityatA : dravya kA sabase choTA aMza jisakA punaH vibhAga na ho sake paramANu hai / paramANu ke cAra prakAra batAye gae haiM- dravyaparamANu, kSetraparamANuH kAlaparamANu aura bhAvaparamANu' / varNAdiparyAya kI vivakSA ke binA jo sUkSmatama dravya hai, vaha dravyaparamANu hai / ise pudgala paramANu bhI kahate haiM / zrAkAza dravya kA sUkSmatama pradeza kSetraparamANu hai | samaya kA sUkSmatama pradeza kAlaparamANu hai / dravya paramANu meM varNAdiparyAya kI vivakSA hone para jisa paramANu kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha bhAvaparamANu hai / 1 - je viya saMdayA ! jAva sayaMte jove zraraNaMte jIve, tassa vi ya gaM emaTThe evaM khalu jAva davvagro gaM ege jIve sayaMte, khettayo gaM jIve grasakhejapaesie grasaMkheja esogA gratthi purA se aMte, kAlo gaM jIve na kayAvi na grAsi jAva nince natthi puraNa se yaMte, bhAvayogaM jIve prAMtA gAgApajavA, graraNaMtA daMga pajavA, grAMtA gharittapajavA, yatA gurulaThThayapajavA natthi pugga se aMta | - bhagavatI sUtra, 2 / 1 / 60 2 - goyamA ! cavvihe paramANu patnatte taMjahA davvaparamANu, khettaparamANu, kAlaparamANu, bhAvaparamANu / - vahI, 2015

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sthAdvAda 286 jaina darzana ke atirikta anya bhAratIya darzana vaizeSika * Adi dravya paramANu ko ekAnta nitya mAnate haiM / ve usameM tanika bhI parivartana nahIM mAnate / paramAraNa kA kArya anitya ho sakatA hai, paramANu svayaM nhiiN| mahAvIra ne isa siddhAnta ko nahIM maanaa| unhoMne apane amogha astra syAhAda kA yahA~ bhI prayoga kiyA aura paramANu ko nitya aura anitya donoM prakAra kA maanaa| "bhagavan ! paramANu pudgala zAzvata hai yA azAzvata ?" "gautama ! syAd zAzvata hai, syAd azAzvata hai|" "yaha kaise ?" "gautama ! dravyAthika dRSTi se zAzvata hai / varNaparyAya yAvat sparzaparyAya kI dRSTi se azAzvata hai|" anyatra bhI pudgala kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karate hue yahI vAta kahI ki dravyadRSTi se pudgala nitya hai| unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM, jisa samaya pudgala pudgalarUpa meM na ho| isI prakAra pudgala kI anityatA kA bhI paryAyadRSTi se pratipAdana kiyaa| gautama aura mahAvIra ke saMvAda ke ina zabdoM ko dekhie____ "bhagavan ! kyA yaha sambhava hai ki atIta kAla meM kisI eka samaya meM jo pudgala rUkSa ho vahI anya samaya meM arUkSa ho ? kyA vaha eka hI samaya meM eka deza se rUkSa aura dUsare deza se arUkSa ho sakatA hai ? kyA yaha bhI sambhava hai ki svabhAva se yA anya prayoga ke dvArA kisI pudgala meM aneka varNapariNAma ho jAe~ aura vaisA pariNAma naSTa hokara bAda meM eka varNa-pariNAma bhI ho jAya ?" 1-paramANu poggale raNaM bhaMte ! ki sAsae asAsae ? goyamA ! siya sAsae siya prasAsae / se kegaTTeNaM 000 ? goyamA ! davaTThayAe sAsara, vannapajjavehiM jAva phAsapajjavehiM prsaase| -vahI 14141512 2-vahI 14.42 16

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260 jaina-darzana "hA~, gautama! yaha sambhava hai|" isa prakAra mahAvIra ne paramANu nityavAda kA khaNDana kiyaa| unhoMne aise paramANu kI sattA mAnane se inakAra kara diyA, jo ekAnta nitya ho / jaise paramANu ke kArya ghaTAdi meM parivartana hotA hai aura vaha anitya hai, usI prakAra paramANu bhI anitya hai| donoM kA samAnarUpa se nityAnitya svabhAva hai| ekatA aura anekatA : mahAvIra pratyeka dravya meM ekatA aura anekatA donoM dharma mAnate haiN| jIva dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA pratipAdana karate hue unhoMne kahA-"somila ! dravya dRSTi se maiM eka hU~ / jJAna aura darzana kI dRSTi se. maiM do hU~ / na badalane vAle pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya haiM, avyaya hU~, avasthita huuN| badalate rahane vAle upayoga kI dRSTi se maiM aneka hU~ / " . isI prakAra ajIva dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue unhoMne kahA-"gautama! dharmAstikAya dravya dRSTi se eka hai, isalie vaha sarvastoka hai| vahI dharmAstikAya pradezoM kI apekSA se asaMkhyAtaguNa bhI hai" / isI prakAra adharmAstikAya, AkAza Adi dravyadRSTi se eka aura pradezadRSTi se aneka haiM / paraspara virodhI mAne jAne vAle dharmoM kA eka hI dravya meM avirodhI samanvaya karanA anekAntavAda kI dena hai| . 1-esa NaM bhaMte ! poggale tItamaNaMtaM sAsayaM samayaM lukkhI, samayaM alukkhI, samayaM lUkkhI vA alukkhI vA? pUvviM ca NaM karaNeNaM aNegavantaM praNegarUvaM pariNAmaM pariNamati, aha se pariNAme nijjinne bhavati to pacchA egavanne egarUve siyA / / haMtA goyamA !.... ekarUve siyA / -vahI 14 / 4 / 51 2-somilA ! davaTThayAe ege ahaM, nANadaMsaraNaTThayAe duvihe ahaM, paesaThThayAe akkhae vi ahaM, avvae vi aha, avaTThie vi ahaM, uvayogaTThayAe aNegabhUyabhAvabhavie vi ahN| -vahI 1 / 8 / 10 3-goyamA ! savvatthove ege dhammatthikAe davaTThayAe, se ceva paesa TThayAe asNkhejgunne........| savvatthAve poggalatthikAe davvaTThayAe, se cevapae saTThayAe asaMkhejjaguNe / -prajJApanApada 3156

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syAdvAda zrasti zraura nAstiH buddha ne 'sti' aura 'nAsti' donoM ko mAnane se inakAra kiyA / sava hai, aisA kahanA eka granta hai / sava nahIM hai, aisA kahanA dUsarA nta hai| ina donoM grantoM ko chor3akara tathAgata madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete haiM / mahAvIra ne 'sarvamasti' aura 'sarvanAsti' ina donoM siddhAntoM kI parIkSA kI / parIkSA karake kahA ki jo asti hai vahI asti hai, aura jo nAsti hai vahI nAsti hai / unhI ke zabdoM meM" hama asti ko nAsti nahIM kahate, nAsti ko grasti nahIM kahate / hama jo asti hai use grasti kahate haiM, jo nAsti haiM use nAsti kahate haiM " 1 261 asti aura nAsti donoM pariNamanazIla haiN| yaha bAta bhI mahAvIra ne svIkRta kI / grAtmA meM astitva aura nAstitva donoM ke pariNamana kA siddhAnta sthApita kiyA / isa prakAra asti aura nAsti ke sambandha meM bhI anekAnta dRSTi kI sthApanA kI / 1 - savvaM pratthIti kho brAhmaNa ayaM eko ante / ...savvaM natthIti kho brAhmaNa ayaM dutiyo anto / ete te brAhmaNa ubho ante 'anupagamma majjhena tathAgato dhammaM dete tipravijjApaMcayA saMkhArA | - saMyuktanikAya 12/47 / 2 -- no khalu vayaM devAguppiyA ! atyibhAvaM natyitti vadAmo, natthibhAvaM athiti vadAmo / amhe eAM devAppiyA ! savvaM gratthibhAvaM pratyatti vadAmo, savvaM natthibhAvaM natyitti vadAmo / -- - bhagavatI sUtra 7|10|304 3 - se nUgaM bhaMte ! asthittaM zratthite pariNamai, natyittaM natthitte paraNamai ?" haMtA goyamA pariNamai / jAM bhaMte ! zratthittaM prasthitte pariNamai natthittaM natthitte pariragamai, taM ki payogatA vIsatA ? goyamA ! pogasA vi taM vIsasA vi taM / jahA te bhaMte ! pratyittaM zratthitte pariNAma, tahA te natthittaM natthitte pariNamai ? jahA te natthittaM natthitte pariNamai tahA te zratthittaM athitte pariNama ? haMtA goyamA ! jahA me pratthitaM " "paraNamai | vahI 113133

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jaina darzana 'asti' aura 'nAsti' ko mAnane vAle do ekAntavAdI pakSa haiM / eka pakSa kahatA hai ki saba sat hai - - ' sarvamasti' / dUsarA kahatA hai ki saba grasat hai - 'sarvanAsti' / buddha ne ina donoM pakSoM ko ekAntavAdI kahA, yaha ThIka hai, kintu unhoMne unakA sarvathA tyAga kara diyA / usa tyAga ko unhoMne madhyama mArga kA nAma diyA / buddha kA yaha mArga niSedhapradhAna hai / mahAvIra ne donoM pakSoM kA niSedha na karake vidhirUpa se anekAntavAda dvArA samarthana kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki 'sava sat hai' yaha ekAntadRSTikoNa ThIka nahIM / isI prakAra 'saba asat hai, yaha ekAnta dRSTi bhI ucita nahIM / jo sat hai, usI ko sat mAnanA cAhie / jo grasat hai, usI ko sat mAnanA cAhie / sat aura asat grasti aura nAsti ke bheda ko sarvathA lupta nahIM grasat--- karanA cAhie | saba apane dravya, kSetra, Adi kI apekSA se sat hai / para dravya, kSetra Adi kI apekSA se prasat hai / sat aur grasat vivekapUrvaka samarthana karanA cAhie / jo jisa rUpa se sat ho, use usI rUpa se sat mAnanA cAhie / jo jisa rUpa se asat hai, use usI rUpa se asat mAnanA caahie| sat zraura prasat ke isa bheda ko samajhe binA ekAntarUpa se saba ko sat yA grasat kahanA kA doSapUrNa hai / 262 " uparyukta vivecana se yaha bAta mAlUma ho jAtI hai ki eka aura aneka nitya aura anitya, sAnta zrIra ananta, sad aura saddharmoM kA granekAntavAda ke grAdhAra para kisa prakAra samanvaya ho sakatA hai / yaha samajhanA bhUla hai ki granekAntavAda svatantra dRSTi na hokara do ekAntavAdoM ko milAne vAlI eka mizrita dRSTi mAtra hai / vastu kA ThIka ThIka svarUpa samajhane ke lie anekAnta dRSTi hI upayukta hai / yaha eka vilakSaNa va svatantra dRSTi hai, jisameM vastu kA pUrNa svarUpa pratibhAsita hotA hai / kevala do ekAntavAdoM ko milA dene se anekAntavAda nahIM bana sakatA, kyoMki do ekAntavAda kabhI eka rUpa nahIM ho sakate / ve hamezA eka dUsare ke virodhI hote haiM /

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syAdvAda 263 syAdvAda yA zranekAntavAda eka prakhaNDa dRSTi hai, jisameM vastu ke sabhI dharma nirvirodha rUpa se pratibhAsita hote haiM / zrAgamoM meM syAdvAda : yaha vivecana par3ha lene ke bAda isameM to tanika bhI sandeha nahIM rahatA ki syAdavAda kA vIja jainAgamoM meM maujUda hai / jagaha jagaha 'siya sAsayA' 'siya sAsayA' - syAt zAzvata, syAt prazAzvata zrAdi kA prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai / isase yaha siddha hai ki grAgamoM meM 'syAd' zabda prayukta huA hai / yahA~ para eka prazna hai ki kyA grAgamoM meM 'syAdavAda' isa pUre pada kA prayoga huA hai ? sUtrakRtAMga kI eka gAthA meM se 'syAdavAda' aisA pada nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / " gAthA isa prakAra hai: --- no chApae no vipa lUsaejjA mAraNaM na sevejz2a nayA vipanne parihAsa kujjA na yA siyAvAya pagAsaraNaM ca / viyAgarejjA // 1, 14, 16 isakA jo 'na yA siyAvAya' aMza hai usake lie TIkAkAra ne 'na cAzIrvAda' aisA saMskRta rUpa diyA hai| jo loga isa gAthA meM se 'syAdvAda' pada nikAlanA cAhate haiM, unake matAnusAra 'cAsyAdavAda' aisA rUpa honA cAhie / AcArya hemacandra ke niyamoM ke anusAra 'grAziS' zabda kA prAkRta rUpa 'zrAsI' hotA hai / hemacandra ne 'AsIyA' aisA eka dUsarA rUpa bhI diyA hai' / 'syAdvAda' ke lie prAkRtarUpa 'siyAvAgro' hai ' / isake lie eka aura hetu diyA gayA hai ki yadi isa siyAvAgro' zabda para dhyAna diyA jAya to uparyukta gAyA meM asyAdavAda vacana ke prayoga kA hI niSedha mAnanA ThIka hogA; kyoMki yadi TIkAkAra ke matAnusAra grAzIrvAda vacana ke 1 - paurieNTala konphreMsa - navama adhivezana kI kAryavAhI (DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye kA mata) pR0 671 / 2- prAkRta vyAkaraNa - 6 / 2 / 174 3 - vahI |2| 107

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264 jaina-darzana prayoga kA niSedha mAnA jAya to kathAnakoM meM jo 'dharmalAbha' rUpa AzIrvAda kA prayoga milatA hai vaha asaMgata siddha hogaa| yaha hetu vizeSa mahatva nahIM rkhtaa| 'dharmalAbha' ko AzIrvAda kahanA ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaisA mukti kI abhilASA ko rAga kahanA / jo loga mokSAvasthA ko sukharUpa nahIM mAnate haiM, ve sukharUpa mAnane vAle dArzanikoM ke sAmane yaha doSa rakhate haiM ki sukha kI abhilASA to rAga hai, aura rAga bandhana kA kAraNa hai na ki mokSa kA ataH mokSa sukharUpaM nahIM ho sakatA / sukha kI abhilASA ko jo rAga kahA gayA hai, vaha sAMsArika sukha ke lie hai, na ki mokSarUpa zAzvata sukha ke lie, isa siddhAnta se aparicita loga hI mokSa kI abhilASA ko rAga kahate haiM / AzIrvAda bhI sAMsArika aizvarya aura sukha kI prApti ke lie hotA hai| dharma ke lie koI AzIrvAda nahIM hotaa| vaha to AdhyAtmika unnati kA mArga hai jisa para vyakti apane prayatna se calatA hai / 'dharmalAbha' yA 'dharma kI jaya' AzIrvAda nahIM hai, satya kI abhivyakti hai-satyapatha kA pradarzana hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki upayukta hetu meM koI khAsa vala nahIM hai / vyAkaraNa ke prayogoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para sambhavataH 'na cAsyAdvAda' pada kA aucitya siddha ho sakatA hai / jo kucha bhI ho, yaha to nirvivAda siddha hai ki 'syAd' pUrvaka vacana-prayoga AgamoM meM dekhe jAte hai / 'syAdvAda' aisA akhaNDa prayoga na bhI mile, to bhI syAdvAda siddhAnta AgamoM meM maujUda hai; ise koI inakAra nahIM kara sakatA / anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda : ___jaina darzana eka vastu meM ananta dharma mAnatA hai / ina dharmoM meM se vyakti apane icchita dharmoM kA samaya-samaya para kathana karatA hai / vastu ke jitane dharmoM kA kathana ho sakatA hai, ve saba dharma vastu ke andara rahate haiN| aisA nahIM ki vyakti apanI icchA se una dharmoM kA padArtha para Aropa karatA hai| ananta yA aneka dharmoM ke kAraNa hI vastu anantadharmAtmaka yA anekAntAtmaka kahI jAtI hai| anekAntAtmaka vastu kA kathana karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai / 'syAt' kA artha hai kathaMcit / kisI eka

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syAhAda 265 dRSTi se vastu isa prakAra kI kahI jA sakatI hai| dUsarI dRSTi se vastu kA kathana isa prakAra ho sakatA hai / yadyapi vastu meM ye sava dharma haiM, kintu isa samaya hamArA dRSTikoNa isa dharma kI ora hai, isa lie vastu etadrapa pratibhAsita ho rahI hai / vastu kevala etadrapa hI nahIM hai, apitu usake anya rUpa bhI haiM, isa satya ko abhivyakta karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa syAt' zabda ke prayoga ke kAraNa hI hamArA vacana 'syAdvAda' kahalAtA hai / 'syAt' pUrvaka jo 'vAda' arthAt vacana hai-~kathana hai, vaha 'syAdvAda' hai / isIlie yaha kahA gayA hai ki anekAntAtmaka artha kA kathana 'syAdvAda' hai / _ 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAntavAda' bhI kahate haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki 'syAdvAda' se jisa padArtha kA kathana hotA hai, vaha anekAntAtmaka hai / anekAnta artha kA kathana yahI 'anekAntavAda' hai / 'syAt' yaha avyaya anekAnta kA dyotaka hai, isIlie 'syAdvAda' ko 'anekAnta' kahate haiM / 'syAdvAda' aura 'anekAntavAda' donoM eka hI haiM / 'syAdvAda' meM 'syAt' zabda kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| 'anekAntavAda' meM anekAnta dharma kI mukhyatA rahatI hai / 'syAt' zabda anekAnta kA ghotaka hai, anekAnta ko abhivyakta karane ke lie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| . yaha spaSTIkaraNa isalie hai ki jaina granthoM meM kahIM syAdvAda zabda AyA hai to kahIM anekAntavAda zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne ina donoM zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga kiyA hai| ina donoM zabdoM ke pIche eka hI hetu rahA huA hai aura vaha hai vastu kI anekAntAtmakatA / yaha anekAntAtmakatA anekAntavAda zabda se bhI prakaTa hotI hai aura syAhAda zabda se bhI / vaise dekhA jAya to syAdvAda zabda adhika prAcIna mAlUma hotA hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM 1-~anekAntAtmakAryakathanaM syAhAdaH-laghIyastrayaTIkA 62 2~'sthAdityavyayamanekAntadyotakaM tataH syAdvAdo'nekAntavAdaH -svAhAdamajarI kA

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266 jaina-darzana 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga adhika dekhane meM AtA hai / jahA~ vastu kI anekarUpatA kA pratipAdana karanA hotA hai, vahA~ 'siya' zabda kA prayoga sAdhAraNa sI bAta hai| anekAntavAda zabda para dArzanika puTa. kI pratIti hotI hai, kyoMki yaha zabda ekAntavAda ke virodhI pakSa ko sUcita karatA hai| sthAdvAda aura saptabhaMgo : yaha hama dekha cuke haiM ki syAdvAda ke mUla meM do virodhI dharma rahate haiM / ina do virodhI dharmoM kA apekSA bheda se kathana syAdvAda hai / udAharaNa ke lie hama sat ko lete haiN| pahalA pakSa hai sat kaa| jaba sat kA pakSa hamAre sAmane AtA hai to usakA virodhI pakSa asat bhI sAmane AtA hai / mUla rUpa meM ye do pakSa haiN| isake bAda tIsarA pakSa do rUpoM meM A sakatA hai-yA to donoM pakSoM kA samarthana karake yA donoM pakSoM kA niSedha karake / jahA~ sat aura asat donoM pakSoM kA samarthana hotA hai vahA~ tIsarA pakSa banatA hai sadasat kaa| jahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hotA hai vahA~ tIsarA pakSa banatA hai anubhaya arthAt na sat na asat / sat, asat aura anubhaya ina tIna pakSoM kA prAcInatama AbhAsa Rgveda ke nAsadIyasUkta meM milatA hai / upaniSadoM meM do virodhI pakSoM kA samarthana milatA hai| 'tadejati tannajati', 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn'2 'sadasadvareNyam' Adi vAkyoM meM spaSTarUpa se do virodhI dharma svIkRta kiye gaye haiN| isa paramparA ke anusAra tIsarA pakSa ubhaya arthAt sadasat kA banatA hai| jahA~ sat aura asat donoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA, vahA~ anubhaya kA cauthA pakSa bana gayA / isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM sat, asat, sadasat aura anubhaya ye cAra pakSa milate haiN| anubhaya pakSa pravaktavya ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai / avaktavya ke tIna artha ho sakate haiM-(1) sat aura 1-Izopanipad 5 2-kaThopaniSad 1 / 2 / 20 3-muNDakopanipad 2 / 2 / 1 - 4 ...'na sannacAsat' zvetAzvataropanipad 4118

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syAdvAda 267 sat donoM kA niSedha karanA ( 2 ) sat asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha karanA (3) sat aura asat donoM ko akrama se arthAt yugapad svIkRta karanA / jahA~ pravaktavya kA tIsarA sthAna hai vahA~ sat aura asat donoM kA niSedha samajhanA cAhiye / jahA~ pravaktavya / kA cauthA sthAna hai vahA~ sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM kA niSedha samajhanA cAhie / sat aura asat donoM kA yugapad pratipAdana karane kI sUjha tarkayuga ke jainAcAryoM kI mAlUma hotI hai / yaha bAta prAge spaSTa ho jAegI / pravaktavyatA do taraha kI hai - eka sApekSa aura dUsarI nirapekSa / sApekSa avaktavyatA meM isa bAta kI jhalaka hotI hai ki tattva sat, asat aura sadasat rUpa se pravAcya hai / itanA hI nahIM apitu nAgArjuna jaise mAdhyamika bauddhadarzana ke prAcArya ne to sat, asat, sadasat aura anubhaya ina cAroM dRSTiyoM se tattva ko avAcya mAnA / unhoMne spaSTa kahA ki vastu catuSkoTivinirmukta hai / isa prakAra sApekSa pravaktavyatA eka, do, tIna yA cAroM pakSoM ke niSedha para khar3I hotI hai / jahA~ tattva na sat ho sakatA hai, na asat ho sakatA hai, na sat aura asat donoM ho sakatA hai, na anubhaya ho sakatA hai (ye cAroM pakSa eka sAtha hoM yA bhinna bhinna ) vahA~ sApekSa avaktavyatA hai / nirapekSa avaktavyatA ke lie yaha bAta nahIM hai / vahA~ to tattva ko sIdhA 'vacana se agamya' kaha diyA jAtA hai / " pakSa ke rUpa meM jo avaktavyatA hai vaha sApekSa pravaktavyatA hai / aisA samajhanA cAhiye / upaniSadoM meM sat, prasat, sadasat aura pravaktavya ye cAroM pakSa milate haiM, yaha hama likha cuke haiM / bauddha tripiTaka meM bhI ye cAra pakSa milate haiM / sAntatA aura anantatA, nityatA aura anityatA Adi praznoM ko buddha ne avyAkRta kahA hai| usI prakAra ina cAroM pakSoM ko bhI avyAkRta kahA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke lie nimna prazna avyAkRta haiM : 1 - 'yato vAco nivartante / '

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268 (1) hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? na hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? hoti ca na hoti ca tathAgato paraMmaraNAti ? neva hoti na na hoti tathAgato paraMmaraNAti' ? (2) sayaMkataM dukkhavaMti ? paraMkataM dukkhavaMti ? sayaMkataM paraMkataM ca dukkhavaMti ? asayaMkAraM aparaMkAraM dukkhaMti' ? buddha kI taraha saMjayavelaTThiputta bhI isa prakAra ke praznoM kA na 'hA~' meM uttara detA thA na 'na' meM / usakA kisI bhI viSaya meM kucha bhI nizcaya na thA / buddha to kama-se-kama itanA kaha dete the ki ye prazna avyAkRta haiM / saMjaya unase bhI eka kadama Age bar3hA huA thA | vaha na 'hA~' kahatA, na 'na' kahatA, na avyAkRta kahatA, na vyAkRta kahatA / kisI bhI prakAra kA vizeSaraNa dene meM vaha bhaya khAtA thA / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha saMzayavAdI thA / kisI bhI viSaya meM apanA nizcita mata prakaTaM na karatA thA / pAzcAtya darzanazAstra meM hyUma kA jo sthAna hai, prAyaH vahI sthAna bhAratIya darzanazAstra meM saMjaya belaTThaputta kA hai| hya Uma bhI yahI mAnatA thA ki hamArA jJAna nizcita nahIM hai, isalie hama apane jJAna se kisI antima tattva kA nirNaya nahIM kara sakate / sImita avasthA meM rahate hue sImA se bAhara ke tattva kA nirNaya karanA hamAre sAmarthya se pare hai| saMjaya ne jina praznoM ke viSaya meM vikSepavAdI vRtti kA paricaya diyA, unameM se kucha ye haiM'- 1 ( 1 ) paraloka hai ? paraloka nahIM hai ? paraloka hai aura nahIM hai ? na paraloka hai graurana nahIM hai ? jaina- darzana 1 - saMyuttanikAya 2 - vahI 12 / 17 3 - dIghanikAya - sAmaphala sutta

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syAdvAda 266 (2) aupayAtika haiM ? aupayAtika nahIM haiM ? aupayAtika haiM aura nahIM haiM ? na aupayAtika haiM na nahIM haiM ? (3) sukRta duSkRta karma kA phala hai ? sukRta duSkRta karma kA phala nahIM hai ? sukRta duSkRta karma kA phala hai aura nahIM hai ? sukRta duSkRta karma kA phala na hai na nahIM hai ? maraNAnantara tathAgata hai ? maraNAnantara tathAgata nahIM hai ? maraNAnantara tathAgata hai aura nahIM hai ? maraNAnantara na tathAgata hai na nahIM hai ? syAdvAda aura saMjaya ke saMzayavAda meM yahI antara hai ki syAdvAda nizcayAtmaka hai, jaba ki saMjaya kA saMzayavAda anizcayAtmaka hai| mahAvIra pratyeka pakSa kA apekSAbheda se nizcata uttara dete the| ve na to buddha kI taraha avyAkRta kahakara TAla diyA karate aura na saMjaya kI taraha anizcaya kA bahAnA banAte / jo loga syAdvAda ko saMjayabelaTiputta kA saMzayavAda samajhate haiM, ve syAdvAda kA svarUpa hI nahIM jAnate / jainadarzana ke AcArya bAra-bAra yaha kahate haiM ki syAdvAda saMzayavAda nahIM hai, syAdvAda ajJAnavAda nahIM hai, syAdvAda asthiravAda yA vikSepavAda nahIM hai / vaha nizcayavAda hai, jJAnavAda hai| . upaniSadoM meM va bauddhatripiTaka meM tattva ke viSaya meM cAra pakSa kisa rUpa meM milate haiM, yaha likha cuke / aba hama jaina AgamoM meM milane vAle cAroM pakSoM ko dekheN| isase hameM mAlUma ho jAegA ki bhAratIya darzanazAstra kI paramparA meM ye cAroM pakSa atiprAcIna haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM milane vAle kucha udAharaNa dekhie : (1) AtmArambha (3) tadubhayArambha 1-1 / 1 / 17 (2) parArambha (4) anArambha

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300 jaina-darzana prA(1) guru (3) gurulaghu (2) laghu (4) agurulaghu (1) satya (2) mRSA (3) satyamRSA (4) asatyamRSA isa vivecana se spaSTa jhalakatA hai ki asti, nAsti, astinAsti aura avaktavya ye cAra bhaMga prAcIna evaM maulika haiM / mahAvIra ne ina cAra bhaMgoM ko adhika mahatva diyA / yadyapi AgamoM meM inase adhika bhaMga bhI milate haiM, tathApi ye cAra bhaMga maulika haiM, ataH inakA adhika mahatva hai| ina bhaMgoM meM avaktavya kA sthAna kahIM tIsarA hai, to kahIM cauthA hai| aisA kyoM ? isakA uttara hama pahale hI de cuke haiM ki jahA~ asti aura Asti ina do bhaMgoM kA niSedha hai vahA~ avaktavya kA tIsarA sthAna hai aura jahA~ asti, nAsti aura astinAsti (ubhaya) tInoM kA niSedha hai vahA~ avaktavya kA cauthA sthAna hai / ina cAra bhaMgoM ke atirikta anya bhaMga bhI milate haiM kintu ve ina bhaMgoM ke kisI-na-kisI saMyoga se hI banate haiN| ye bhaMga kisa rUpa meM AgamoM meM milate haiM, yaha dekheN| bhaMgoM kA AgamakAlIna rUpa : ___ bhagavatIsUtra ke AdhAra para hama syAdvAda ke bhaMgoM kA svarUpa . samajhane kA prayatna kareMge / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM ki 'bhagavan ! ratnaprabhA pRthvI AtmA hai yA anya hai' isakA uttara dete hue mahAvIra kahate haiM :- 1-ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt AtmA hai / 2-ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt AtmA nahIM hai| 1-1974 2-1371463 3-bhagavatIsUtra 12 / 10 / 466 4-AptamImAMsA, 16

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syAdvAda 301 3-ratnaprabhA pRthvI syAt avaktavya hai / yaha kaise ? 1-AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai / 2-~para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3-ubhaya ke Adeza se pravaktavya hai| anya pRthviyoM, devalokoM aura siddhazilA ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI gaI hai| paramANu ke viSaya meM pUchane para bhI yahI uttara milaa| dvipradezI skandha ke viSaya meM mahAvIra ne isa prakAra uttara diyA 1-dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai| 2-dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai / 3--dvipradezI skandha syAt avaktavya hai| 4~-dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai / ' 5.---dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura pravaktavya hai| 6-dvipradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| yaha kaise? 1-dvipradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2-para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai| 3--ubhaya ke Adeza se avaktavya hai| 4-~-eka aMza (deza) sadbhAvaparyAyoM se prAdiSTa hai aura dUsarA aMza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH dvipradezI skandha aAtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5-eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura eka deza ubhayaparyAyoM se grAdiSTa hai, ataeva dvipradezI skandha AtmA hai aura pravaktavya hai| 6-eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura dUsarA deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ata: dvipradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai| tripradezI skandha ke viSaya meM pUchane para nimna uttara milA1-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai| . . .

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302 jaina-darzana 2-tripradezI skandha syAt prAtmA nahIM hai| . 3-tripradezI skandha tyAta pravaktavya hai| 4-tripradezI skandha syAt aAtmA hai aura prAtmA nahIM hai / 5-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura (do) aAtmAeM nahIM haiN| 6-tripradezI skandha syAt (do) AtmAe~ haiM aura AtmA nahIM hai| 7-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura pravaktavya hai| 8-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA hai aura (do) aAtmAe~ avaktavya haiN| 6-tripradezI skandha syAt (do) aAtmAe~ haiM aura pravaktavya hai| 10-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai| 11-tripradezI skandha syAt AtmA nahIM hai aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 12--tripradezI skandha syAt (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai| 13-tripradezI skandha syAd AtmA hai, AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai| aisA kyoM? 1--tripradezI skandha aAtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai / 2--tripradezI skandha para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai / 3--tripradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se pravaktavya hai / 4--eka deza sadbhAva paryAyoM se grAdiSTa hai aura eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5--eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura do deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiN| 6--do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza

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syAdvAda 303 sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataeva tripradezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM aura AtmA nahIM haiM / 7 -- eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se pradiSTa hai aura dUsarA deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, ataH tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura avaktavya hai | 8---- 8 -- eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se pradiSTa hai aura do deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se AAdiSTa haiM, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (do) avaktavya haiM / E-do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se zrAdiSTa hai, isalie tripradezI skandha (do) zrAtmAe~ haiM. aura avaktavya hai / 10 - eka deza pradiSTa hai grasadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura dUsarA deza AdiSTa hai tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai / 11 - eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataH tripradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura (do) vaktavya haiM / 12 - do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se zrAdiSTa hai, ataH tridezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 13 -- eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM ke pradiSTa hai, aura eka deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se prAdiSTa hai, ataeva tripradezI skandha AtmA hai, AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai / catuSpadezI skandha ke viSaya meM prazna karane para mahAvIra ne 19 bhaMgoM meM uttara diyA / isa uttara kA spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra hai AtmA hai / 1 - catuSpradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se 2 - catuSpradezI skandha para ke Adeza se AtmA nahIM hai / 3-catuSpradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se vaktavya hai /

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304 jaina-darzana 4-eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura AtmA nahIM hai| 5-eka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura (aneka) AtmAeM nahIM haiN| 6- aneka deza AdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha (aneka) AtmAe~ haiM aura AtmA nahIM hai| 7-do deza aAdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza aAdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM haiM aura (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiN| 8-eka deza aAdiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha aAtmA hai aura pravaktavya hai| 6-eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha AtmA hai aura ( aneka) avaktavya haiN| 10-aneka deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha ( aneka ) AtmAe haiM aura avaktavya hai| 11--do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataH catuSpradezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM aura (do) avaktavya haiN| .12--eka deza aAdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| 13-eka deza AdiSTa hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura aneka deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha AtmA nahIM hai aura (aneka) avaktavya haiN|

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syAdvAda 305 14-aneka deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se ataeva catuSpradezI skandha (aneka) AtmAe~ nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai| 15-do deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhaya paryAyoM se, ataeva catuSpradezI skandha (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura (do) avaktavya haiN| 16-eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se prAdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se prAdiSTa hai aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie catuSpradezI skandha aAtmA hai, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| 17-eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se prAdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura do deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, isalie catuSpradezI skandha prAtmA hai, nahIM hai aura (do) pravaktavya haiN| 18-eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, do deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se prAdiSTa haiM aura eka deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se prAdiSTa hai, isalie catuSpradeza skandha AtmA hai, (do) nahIM haiM aura pravaktavya hai| 16- -do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se zrAdiSTa hai, aura eka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se AdiSTa hai, isalie catuSpradeza skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai| catuSpradezI skandha kA 16 bhaMgoM meM uttara dekara paMcapradezI skandha ke viSaya meM 22 bhaMgoM meM uttara dete haiM 1--paMcapradezI skandha AtmA ke Adeza se AtmA hai| 2-paMcapradezI skandha para ke Adeza se prAtmA nahIM hai| 3-paMcapradezI skandha tadubhaya ke Adeza se pravaktavya hai| 4,5,6-catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna haiM / 7-do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se ataeva paMcapradezI skandha 20

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jaina-darzana ( do yA tIna ) AtmAe~ haiM aura (do yA tIna ) grAtmAe~ nahIM haiM (sadbhAvaparyAyoM meM yadi do deza lene hoM to asadbhAvaparyAyoM meM tIna deza lene cAhie aura sadbhAvaparyAyoM meM yadi tIna deza lene hoM to sadbhAvaparyAyoM meM do deza lene cAhie ) / 8,6,10 - catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna haiM / 11 - do yA tIna deza pradiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se aura do yA tIna deza pradiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataeva paMcapradezI skaMndha ( do yA tIna ) grAtmAe~ haiM aura (do yA tIna ) avaktavya haiM / 12, 13, 14 - catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna samajhanA cAhie / 15 - do yA tIna deza pradiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, aura do yA tIna deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se zrataeva paMca- pradezI skandha ( do yAtIna) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura (do yA tIna ) avaktavya haiM / 16 - catuSpradezI skandha ke samAna hai / U * 306 17- eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AAdiSTa hai, eka deza asadbhAva paryAyoM se AdiSTa hai aura aneka deza tadubhayaparyAyoM se zrAdiSTa haiM ataH paMcapradezI skandha AtmA hai, AtmA nahIM hai aura (aneka) avaktavya haiM | 18 - eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se pradiSTa hai, aneka deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, aura ekadeza tadubhaya paryAyoM se pradiSTa hai, ataH paMcapradezI skandha AtmA hai, ( aneka ) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura vaktavya hai / 16 - eka deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se zradiSTa hai, do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se pradiSTa haiM, aura do deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se pradiSTa haiM, ataH paMcapradezI skandha AtmA hai, (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura (do) avaktavya haiM ! 20- aneka deza zrAdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, eka deza pradiSTa hai sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH paMcapradezI skandha ( aneka ) AtmAe~ haiM, AtmA nahIM hai aura pravaktavya hai / 21- do deza pradiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, eka deza AdiSTa

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sthAdvAda 307 hai asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, aura do deza AdiSTa haiM tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ata: (do) AtmAe~ haiM, aAtmA nahIM hai aura (do) avaktavya haiM / 22--do deza AdiSTa haiM sadbhAvaparyAyoM se, do deza AdiSTa haiM asadbhAvaparyAyoM se, aura eka deza AdiSTa hai tadubhayaparyAyoM se, ataH paMcapradezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM, (do) AtmAe~ nahIM haiM aura avaktavya hai| isI prakAra SaTpradezI skandha ke 23 bhaMga kie gae haiM / 22 kA pUrvavat nirdeza kiyA gayA hai aura 23 vA~ bhaMga isa prakAra hai do deza sadbhAvaparyAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, do deza asadbhAvaparyAyoM se aAdiSTa haiM aura do deza tadubhaya paryAyoM se AdiSTa haiM, ataeva paTa pradezI skandha (do) AtmAe~ haiM, (do) AtmAeM nahIM haiM aura. (do) avaktavya haiN| uparyukta bhaMgoM ko dekhane se hama isa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki syAdvAda se phalita hone vAlI saptabhaMgI bAda ke prAcAryoM kI sUjha nahIM hai| yaha AgamoM meM milatI hai aura vaha bhI apane prabhedoM ke sAtha / 23 bhaMgoM taka kA vikAsa bhagavatI sUtra ke uparyukta sUtra meM milatA hai / yaha to eka digdarzana mAtra hai / nAnA prakAra ke vikalpoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhaMgoM kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha pravaktA ke buddhikauzala para nirbhara hai| ina saba bhaMgoM kA nicor3a sAta bhaMga haiN| asti, nAsti, anubhaya (avaktavya), ubhaya (astinAsti), asti-avaktavya, nAsti-avaktavya, asti-nAsti-avaktavya / ina sAta meM bhI prathama cAra mukhya haiM-asti, nAsti, anubhaya aura ubhaya / ina cAra meM bhI do maulika haiM-asti aura nAsti / tattva ke mukhya rUpa se do pahalU haiN| donoM parasparAzrita haiN| 'asti' 'nAsti' pUrvakaM hai aura 'nAsti' 'asti' pUrvaka / vAda ke dArzanikoM 'ne sAta bhaMgoM para hI vizeSa bhAra diyA aura syAdvAda aura . saptabhaMgI ekArthaka ho ge| bhaMga sAta hI kyoM hote haiM, adhika yA kama kyoM 1-bhagavatIsUtra, 12 / 10:466

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308 jaina-darzana nahIM hote, isakA bhI samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| jainadarzana kI maulika dhAraNA asti aura nAstimUlaka hI hai / cAra aura sAta bhaMga to asti aura nAsti kI hI vizeSa avasthAe~ haiM / asti aura nAsti eka nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki donoM virodhI dharma haiN| saptabhaMgI kA dArzanika rUpa : vastu ke aneka dharmoM ke kathana ke lie aneka zabdoM kA prayoga karanA caahie| kisI eka dharma kA kathana kisI eka zabda se hotA hai / hamAre lie yaha sambhava nahIM ki anekAntAtmaka vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA varNana kara sakeM, kyoMki eka vastu ke sampUrNa varNana kA artha hai-sabhI vastuoM kA sampUrNa varNana / sabhI vastue~ paraspara sambandhita haiM, ataH eka vastu ke kathana ke sAtha anya vastuoM kA kathana anivArya hai / aisI avasthA meM vastu kA jJAna yA kathana karane ke lie hama do dRSTiyoM kA upayoga karate haiM / inameM se eka dRSTi sakalAdeza kahalAtI hai aura dUsarI vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza kA artha / hai kisI eka dharma ke sAtha anya dharmoM kA abheda karake vastu kA varNana krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM ekaguNa meM azeSa vastu kA saMgraha karanA sakalAdeza hai| udAharaNa ke lie kisI vastu ke astitva dharma kA kathana karate samaya itara dharmoM kA astitva meM hI samAveza kara lenA sakalAdeza hai| 'syAdrUpameva sarvam' aisA jaba kahA jAtA hai to usakA artha hotA hai sabhI dharmoM kA astitva se abheda / astitva ke atirikta anya jitane bhI dharma haiM saba kisI dRSTi se astitva se abhinna haiM, ata: 'kathaMcit saba hai hI' (syAdastyeva sarvam) yaha kahanA anekAntavAda kI dRSTi se anucita nahIM hai| eka dharma meM sAre dharmoM kA samAveza yA abheda kaise hotA hai ? kisa dRSTi se. eka dharma anya dharmoM se abhinna hai ? isakA samAdhAna karane ke lie kAlAdi pATha 1-'ekaguNamukhena zeSavasturUpasaMgrahAta sakalAdezaH' / -tattvArtharAjavAtika 4.42118

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syAdvAda. dRSTiyoM kA AdhAra liyA jAtA hai / ina ATha dRSTiyoM meM se kisI eka ke AdhAra para eka dharma ke sAtha anya dharmoM kA abheda kara liyA jAtA hai aura isa abheda ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue hI usa dharma kA kathana sampUrNa vastu kA kathana mAna liyA jAtA hai / yahI sakalAdeza hai / vikalAdeza meM eka dharma kI hI apekSA rahatI hai aura zeSa kI upekSA / jisa dharma kA kathana abhISTa hotA hai vahI dharma dRSTi ke sAmane rahatA hai / anya dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM hotA, apitu unakA usa samaya koI prayojana na hone se grahaNa nahIM hotaa| yahI upekSAbhAva hai / naya kA svarUpa batAte samaya isakA vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jaaegaa| aba hama sakalAdeza kI kAlAdi ATha dRSTiyoM kA svarUpa samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| kAla-jisa samaya kisI vastu meM astitva dharma hotA hai usI samaya anya dharma bhI hote haiM / ghaTa meM jisa samaya astitva rahatA hai usI samaya kRSNatva, sthUlatva, kaThinatva Adi dharma bhI rahate haiM / isalie kAla kI apekSA se anya dharma astitva se abhinna haiN| AtmarUpa-jisa prakAra astitva ghaTa kA guNa hai usI prakAra kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi bhI ghaTa ke guNa haiM / astitva ke samAna anya guraga bhI ghaTAtmaka hI haiM / ataH AtmarUpa kI dRSTi se astitva aura anya guragoM meM abheda hai| . artha-jisa ghaTa meM astitva hai usI ghaTa meM kRSNatva, kaThinatva zrAdi dharma bhI haiM / sabhI dharmoM kA sthAna eka hI hai / ataH artha kI dRSTi se astitva aura anya guNoM meM koI bheda nhiiN|| ___sambandha-jisa prakAra astitva kA ghaTa se sambandha hai usI prakAra anya dharma bhI ghaTa se sambandhita haiN| sambandha kI dRSTi se astitva aura itaraguNa abhinna haiN| upakAra-astitva guNa ghaTa kA jo upakAra karatA hai vahI upakAra kRSNatva, kaThinatva Adi guNa bhI karate haiN| isalie yadi upakAra kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to astitva aura anya guNoM meM abheda hai| guriNadeza-jisa deza meM astitva rahatA hai usI deza meM ghaTa ke anya 1-syAdvAdaratnAkara 4 / 44. ..

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310 jaina-darzana guNa bhI rahate hai| ghaTarUpa guNI ke deza kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to astitva aura anya guNoM meM koI bheda nhiiN| ___ saMsarga-jisa prakAra astitva guNa kA ghaTa se saMsarga hai usI prakAra anya guNoM kA bhI ghaTa se saMsarga hai / isalie saMsarga kI dRSTi se dekhane para astitva aura itaraguNoM meM koI bheda dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| saMsarga meM bheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura abheda kI aprdhaantaa| sambandha meM abheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura bheda kI aprdhaantaa| __ zabda-jisa prakAra astitva kA pratipAdana 'hai' zabda dvArA hotA hai usI prakAra anya guNoM kA pratipAdana bhI 'hai' zabda se hotA hai / 'ghaTa meM astitva hai,' 'ghaTa meM kRSNatva hai,' 'ghaTa meM kaThinatva hai' ina saba vAkyoM meM 'hai' zabda ghaTa ke vividha dharmoM ko prakaTa karatA hai / jisa 'hai' zabda se astitva kA pratipAdana hotA hai usI 'hai' zabda se kRSNatva, kaThinatva yAdi dharmoM kA bhI pratipAdana hotA hai / ataH zabda kI dRSTi se bhI astitva aura anya dharmoM meM abheda hai| astitva kI taraha pratyeka dharma ko lekara sakalAdeza kA saMyojana kiyA jA sakatA hai| sakalAdeza ke aAdhAra para jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai use pramANasaptabhaMgI kahate haiM / vikalAdeza kI dRSTi se jo saptamaMgI banatI hai vaha nayasaptabhaMgI hai / saptabhaMgI kyA hai ? eka vastu meM avirodhapUrvaka vidhi aura pretiSedha kI vikalpanA saptabhaMgI haiN| pratyeka vastu meM koI bhI dharma vidhi aura nipedha ubhayasvarUpa vAlA hotA hai, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| jaba hama astitva kA pratipAdana karate haiM tava nAstitva bhI nipedharUpa se hamAre sAmane upasthita ho jAtA hai| jaba hama sat kA pratipAdana karate haiM taba asat bhI sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba hama nityatva kA kathana karate haiM taba anityatva bhI nipeSa rUpa se sammukha upasthita ho jAtA hai ! kisI bhI vastu ke vidhi aura nipedha rUpa do pakSa vAle dharma kA binA virodha ke pratipAdana karane se jo sAta prakAra ke vikalpa banate haiM vaha saptabhaMgI hai| vidhi aura nipeSarUpa dharma kA vastu meM koI virodha nahIM hai| 1 --- praznavazAdekasmina vastunyavirodhena vidhipratipedhavikalpanA sptbhNgii| -tattvArtharAjavArtika, 16

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'syAdvAda 311 donoM pakSa eka hI vastu meM zravirodha rUpa se rahate haiM / yaha dikhAne ke lie 'virodhapUrvaka' aMza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / ghaTa ke astitva dharma ko lekara jo saptabhaMgI banatI hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : 1 - kathaMcit ghaTa hai / 2 - kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai / 3 - kathaMcita ghaTa hai aura nahIM hai / 4 - kathaMcit ghaTa pravaktavya hai / 5 - kathaMcit ghaTa hai aura avaktavya hai / 6 - kathaMcit ghaTa nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / 7 - kathaMcit ghaTa hai, nahIM hai aura avaktavya hai / prathama bhaMga vidhi kI kalpanA ke AdhAra para hai / isameM ghaTa ke astitva kA vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana hai / I dUsarA bhaMga pratiSedha kI kalpanA ko lie hue hai / jisa astitva kA prathama bhaMga meM vidhipUrvaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai usI kA isameM niSedhapUrvaka pratipAdana hai / prathama bhaMga meM vidhi kI sthApanA kI gaI hai / dUsare meM vidhi kA pratiSedha kiyA gayA hai / tosarA bhaMga vidhi aura hai / pahale vidhi kA grahaNa yaha bhaMga prathama aura dvitIya donoM cauthA bhaMga vidhi aura niSedha kA yugapat pratipAdana donoM kA yugapat pratipAdana honA vacana isa bhaMga ko avaktavya kahA gayA hai / pA~cavA~ bhaMga meM vidhi aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai / prathama aura caturtha ke saMyoga se yaha bhaMga banatA hai / chaThe bhaMga niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha donoM kA kathana hai / yaha bhaMga dvitIya aura caturtha donoM kA saMyoga hai sAtavA~ bhaMga krama se * vidhi aura niSedha aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha kA pratipAdana karatA hai / yaha tRtIya aura caturtha bhaMga kA saMyoga hai / | niSedha donoM kA kramazaH pratipAdana karatA karatA hai aura bAda meM niSedha kA / bhaMgoM kA saMyoga hai / karatA hai / ke sAmarthya ke bAhara hai, ataH

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jaina-darzana pratyeka bhaMga ko nizcayAtmaka samajhanA cAhie, anizcayAtmaka yA sandehAtmaka nhiiN| isake lie kaI bAra 'hI' (eva) kA prayoga bhI hotA hai jaise kathaMcit ghaTa hai hI...........'yAdi / vaha 'hI' nizcitarUpa se ghaTa kA astitva prakaTa karatA hai / 'hI' kA prayoga na hone para bhI pratyeka kathana ko nizcayAtmaka hI samajhanA caahie| syAdvAda sandeha yA anizcaya kA samarthaka nahIM hai, yaha pahale kahA jA cukA hai| cAha 'hI' kA prayoga ho, cAhe na ho, kintu yadi koI bacana-prayoga syAdvAda sambandhI hai to yaha nizcita hai ki vaha 'hI' pUrvaka hI hai| isI prakAra kathaMcit yA syAt zabda ke viSaya meM bhI samajhanA caahie| syAt kA prayoga na hone para bhI vaha arthAt samajha liyA jAtA hai / yahI syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda kI vizeSatA hai| 'kathaMcit ghaTa hai' isakA kyA artha hai ? kisa apekSA se ghaTa hai| svarUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai| saba svarUpa kI apekSA se hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se nahIM hai / yadi aisA na ho to saba sat ho jAe athavA svarUpa kI kalpanA hI asambhava ho jaae| koI bhI padArtha svarUpa kI dRSTi se sat hai aura pararUpa kI dRSTi se asat hai / yadi vaha ekAntarUpa se sat ho to sarvatra aura sarvadA upalabdha honA cAhie, kyoMki vaha hamezA sat hai / jo hamezA sat hotA hai vaha kadAcit nahIM hotaa| svarUpa kyA hai aura pararUpa kyA hai, isakA aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama kucha dRSTiyoM se yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki svarUpa aura pararUpa kA kyA abhiprAya hai ? svarUpa se kyA samajhanA cAhie ? pararUpa kA kyA artha lenA cAhie ? nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva se jisakI vivakSA hotI hai vaha svarUpa yA svAtmA hai| vaktA ke prayojana ke anusAra artha kA grahaNa 1-aprayukto pi sarvatra syAtkAro'rthAt pratIyate / vidhau niSedhe'ppanyatra kuzalavet prayojakaH / / -laghIyastraya, 225263 2-sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti cN| / anyathA sarvasattvaM syAt svarUpasyApyasambhavaH / /

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syAdvAda 313 karanA svAtmA kA grahaNa kahalAtA hai / yaha prayojana bhASA ke vividha prayogoM meM jhalakatA hai / eka zabda prayojana ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai / pratyeka zabda kA moTe taura para cAra arthoM meM vibhAga / / I kiyA jAtA hai / isI artha - vibhAga ko nyAsa kahate haiM / ye vibhAga haiMnAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / sAmAnya taura para kisI kA eka nAma rakha denA nAma nikSepa hai / mUrti, citra Adi sthApanA nikSepa hai / bhUta yA bhaviSyat kAla meM rahane vAlI yogyatA kA vartamAna meM zrAropa karanA dravya nikSepa hai / vartamAna kAlIna yogyatA kA nirdeza bhAvanikSepa hai / ina cAroM nikSepoM meM rahane vAlA jo vivakSita artha hai vaha svarUpa athavA svAtmA kahalAtA hai / svAtmA se bhinna artha parAtmA yA pararUpa haiM / vivakSita artha kI dRSTi se ghaTa hai aura taditara dRSTi se ghaTa nahIM hai / yadi itara dRSTi se bhI ghaTa ho to nAmAdi vyavahAra (nikSepa) kA uccheda ho jAya / svarUpa kA dUsarA artha yaha hai ki vivakSita ghaTa vizeSakA jo pratiniyata saMsthAnAdi hai vaha svAtmA hai / dUsare prakAra kA saMsthAnAdi parAtmA hai / pratiniyata rUpa se ghaTa hai / itara rUpa se nahIM / yadi itara rUpa se bhI ghaTa ho to saba ghaTAtmaka ho jAya / paTa Adi kisI kA svatantra astitva na rahe / kAla kI apekSA se bhI svAtmA aura parAtmA kA artha-grahaNa hotA | ghaTa kI pUrva aura uttara kAla meM rahane vAlI kuzUla, kapAlAdi avasthAe~ parAtmA hai / tadantarAlavartI avasthA svAtmA hai / ghaTa kuzUla, kapAlAdigrantarAlavartI avasthA kI dRSTi se sat hai, kuzUla, kapAlAdi zravasthAoM kI dRSTi se sat nahIM hai / yadi ina gravasthAnoM kI dRSTi se bhI sat hotA to usa samaya ye bhI upalabdha hotIM / kapAlAdi avasthAoM ke lie puruSa ko prayatna na karanA par3atA / * svAtmA aura parAtmA kA eka artha yaha bhI hai ki pratikSaraNabhAvI dravya kI jo paryAyotpatti hai vaha svAtmA hai aura pratIta evaM anAgata paryAyavinAza tathA paryAyotpatti hai vaha parAtmA hai / pratyutpanna paryAya kI apekSA se ghaTa hai aura atIta evaM anAgata paryAya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai / yadi pratIta evaM anAgata paryAyoM kI apekSA se ghaTa sat ho

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314 jaina-darzana eka hI kSaNa meM ghaTa kI sArI avasthAe~ upalabdha ho jaaeN| aisI avasthA meM atIta, vartamAna aura anAgata kA koI bheda hI na rahe / dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se svarUpa aura pararUpa kA vivecana karanA anucita na hogA / yadyapi Upara ke vivecana meM inakA samAveza ho jAtA hai, tathApi vizeSa spaSTIkaraNa ke lie yaha upayogI hogA / ghaTa kA dravya miTTI hai / jisa miTTI se ghaTa banA hai usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai / anya dravya kI apekSA se vaha sat nahIM hai / kSetra kA artha sthAna hai | jisa sthAna para ghaTa hai usa sthAna kI apekSA se vaha sat hai / anya sthAnoM kI apekSA se vaha asat hai / kAla ke viSaya meM kahA jA cukA hai / jisa samaya ghaTa hai usa samaya kI apakSA se vaha sat hai aura usa samaya se bhinna samaya kI apekSA se asat hai / bhAva kA artha paryAya yA AkAra vizeSa / jisa prakAra yA paryAya kA ghaTa hai usakI apekSA se vaha sat hai | taditara AkAroM yA paryAyoM kI apekSA se vaha asat hai / svadravya, svakSetra, svakAla aura svabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa hai / paradravya, parakSetra, parakAla aura parabhAva kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai / kathaMcit yA syAt zabda kA prayoga yahI sUcita karane ke lie hai / isase pratyeka padArtha kI maryAdA kA jJAna hotA hai / usakI sImA kA patA lagatA hai | isake prabhAva meM ekAntavAda kA bhaya rahatA hai / anekAntavAda ke lie yaha maryAdA anivArya hai / doSa- parihAra : syAdvAda kA kyA artha hai va usakA darzana ke kSetra meM kitanA mahattva hai, yaha dikhAne kA yathAsambhava prayatna kiyA gayA hai / aba hama syAdvAda para grAne vAle kucha grAropoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhate haiM / syAdvAda ke vAstavika artha se graparicita bar3e-bar3e dArzanika bhI usa para mithyA grAropa lagAne se nahIM cUke / unhoMne grajJAnavaza aisA kiyA yA jAnakara, yaha kahanA kaThina hai / kaise bhI kiyA ho, kintu kiyA gravazya / dharmakIrti ne syAdvAda ko pAgaloM kA pralApa kahA aura jainoM ko nirlajja' vatAyA / 1 - pramANavArtika 11182-185

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syAdvAda zAntarakSita ne bhI yahI bAta khii| syAdvAda, jo ki sat aura asat, eka aura aneka, bheda aura abheda, sAmAnya aura vizeSa jaise paraspara virodhI tattvoM ko milAtA hai, pAgala vyakti kI vaukhalAhaTa hai / isI prakAra zaMkara ne bhI syAdrAda para pAgalapana kA Aropa lgaayaa| eka hI zvAsa uSNa aura zIta nahIM ho sktaa| bheda aura abheda, nityatA aura anityatA, yathArthatA aura ayathArthatA, sat aura asat, andhakAra aura prakAza kI taraha eka hI kAla meM eka hI vastu meM nahIM raha skte| isI prakAra ke aneka Aropa syAdvAda para lagAe gae hai| hama jitane Aropa lagAye gae haiM athavA lagAe jA sakate haiM una saba kA eka-eka karake nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna karege / 1-vidhi aura niSedha paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| jisa prakAra eka hI vastu nIla aura anIla.donoM nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki nIlatva aura anIlatva virodhI varNa haiM, usI prakAra vidhi aura niSedha paraspara virodhI hone se eka hI vastu meM nahIM raha skte| isalie yaha kahanA virodhI hai ki eka hI vastu bhinna bhI hai aura abhinna bhI hai, sat bhI hai aura asat bhI hai, vAcya bhI hai aura avAcya bhI hai| jo bhinna hai vaha abhinna kaise ho sakato hai| jo eka hai vaha eka hI hai, jo aneka hai vaha aneka hI hai| isI prakAra anya dharma bhI pArasparika virodha sahana nahIM kara sakate / syAdvAda isa prakAra ke virodhI dharmoM kA ekatra samarthana karatA hai| isalie vaha sadoSa hai / ___ yaha doSAropaNa mithyA hai| pratyeka padArtha anubhava ke AdhAra para isI prakAra kA siddha hotA hai / eka dRSTi se vaha nitya pratIta hotA hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se anitya / eka dRSTi se eka mAlUma hotA hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se aneka / sthAbAda yaha nahIM kahatA ki jo nityatA hai vahI anityatA he yA jo ekatA hai vahI anekatA hai / nityatA aura anityatA, ekatA aura anekatA Adi dharma paraspara virodhI haiM yaha satya hai, kintu unakA virodha apanI dRSTi se hai, vastu kI dRSTi se nhiiN| vastu donoM da yaha nahIM kA hai| nityatA asatya hai, kinnA 1-tattvasaMgraha 311-327 2-zArIrakabhASya 2.2133

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316 jaina-darzana ko Azraya detI hai| donoM kI sattA se hI vastu kA svarUpa pUrNa hotA hai / eka ke abhAva meM padArtha adhUrA hai| jaba eka vastu dravyadRSTi se nitya aura paryAyadRSTi se anitya mAlUma hotI hai to usameM virodha kA koI prazna hI nahIM haiN| virodha vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ virodha kI pratIti ho| virodha kI pratIti ke abhAva meM bhI virodha kI kalpanA karanA satya ko cunautI denA hai / jaina hI nahIM, bauddha bhI citrajJAna meM virodha nahIM mAnate / jaba eka hI jJAna meM citravarNa kA pratibhAsa ho sakatA hai aura usa jJAna meM virodha nahIM hotA to eka hI padArtha meM do virodhI dharmoM kI sattA mAnane meM kyA hAni hai| naiyAyika citravarNa kI sattA mAnate hI haiM / eka hI vastra meM saMkoca aura vikAsa ho sakatA hai, eka hI vastra rakta aura arakta ho sakatA hai, eka hI vastra pihita aura apihita ho sakatA hai, aisI dazA meM eka hI padArtha meM bheda aura abheda, nityatA aura anityatA, ekatA aura anekatA kI sattA kyoM virodhI hai, yaha samajha meM nahIM aataa| isalie syAdvAda para yaha Aropa lagAnA ki vaha paraspara virodhI dharmoM ko ekatra Azraya detA hai, mithyA hai| syAhAda pratIti ko yathArtha mAnakara hI Age bar3hatA hai / pratIti meM jaisA pratibhAsa hotA hai aura jisakA dUsarI pratIti se khaNDana nahIM hotA, vahI nirNaya yathArtha hai-avyabhicArI hai-avirodho hai| 2-yadi vastu bheda aura abheda ubhayAtmaka hai to bheda kA zrAzraya bhinna hogA aura abheda kA Azraya usase bhinna / aisI dazA meM vastu kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jaaegii| eka hI vastu dvirUpa ho jaaegii| yaha doSa bhI nirAdhAra hai / bheda aura abheda kA bhinna-bhinna Azraya mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jo vastu bhedAtmaka hai vahI vastu abhedAtmaka hai| usakA jo parivartana dharma haiM, vaha bheda kI pratIti kA kAraNa hai / usakA jo dhrauvya dharma hai, vaha abheda kI pratIti kA kAraNa hai / ye donoM dharma akhaNDa vastu ke dhama haiN| aisA kahanA ThIka nahIM ki vastu kA eka aMza bheda yA parivartana dharma vAlA hai aura dUsarA aMza abheda yA dhrauvya dharmayukta hai| vastu ke Tukar3e-Tukar3e karake aneka dharmoM kI sattA svIkRta karanA syAdvAdI ko iSTa nhiiN| jaba hama vastra ko saMkoca aura vikAsazIla kahate haiM, tava hamArA tAtparya eka hI vastra se hotA hai /

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syAdvAda vahI vastra saMkocazAlI hotA hai aura vahI vikAsazAlI / yaha nahIM ki usakA eka hissA saMkoca dharma vAlA hai aura dUsarA hissA vikAsa dharma vAlA hai / vastu ke do alaga alaga vibhAga karake bheda aura abheda rUpa do bhinna bhinna dharmoM ke lie do bhinna bhinna AzrayoM kI kalpanA karanA syAhAda kI maryAdA se bAhara hai| vaha to ekarUpa vastu ko hI aneka dharmayukta mAnatA hai| 3-vaha dharma jisameM bheda kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai aura vaha dharma jisameM abheda ko svIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, donoM kA kyA sambandha hogA? donoM paraspara bhinna haiM yA abhinna ? bhinna mAnane para puna: yaha prazna uThatA hai ki vaha bheda jisameM rahatA hai usase vaha bhinna hai yA abhinna ? isa prakAra anavasthA kA sAmanA karanA paDegA / abhinna mAnane para bhI yahI doSa AtA hai| yaha abheda jisameM rahegA vaha usase bhinna hai abhinna ? donoM avasthAoM meM punaH sambandha kA prazna khar3A hotA hai| isa prakAra kisI bhI avasthA meM anavasthA se mukti nahIM mila sktii| anavasthA ke nAma para yaha doSa bhI syAdvAda ke sira para nahIM mar3hA jA sktaa| jainadarzana yaha nahIM mAnatA ki bheda alaga hai aura vaha bheda jisameM rahatA hai vaha dharma alaga hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA ki abheda bhinna hai aura abheda jisameM rahatA hai vaha dharma usase bhinna hai| vastu ke parivartanazIla svabhAva ko hI bheda kahate haiM aura usake aparivartanazIla svabhAva kA nAma hI abheda hai / bheda nAmaka koI bhinna padArtha pAkara usase sambandhita hotA ho aura usake sambandha se vastu meM bheda kI utpatti hotI ho, yaha bAta nahIM hai / isI prakAra abheda bhI koI svatantra padArtha nahIM hai, jo kisI sambandha se vastu meM rahatA ho / dastu svayaM hI bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| aisI dazA meM isa prakAra ke sambandha kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / java sambandha kA prazna hI vyartha hai tava anavasthA doSa kI vyarthatA svataH siddha hai, yaha kahane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM / 4-jahA~ bheda hai vahIM abheda hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahIM bheda hai| bheda aura abheda kA bhinna-bhinna pAzraya na hone se donoM ekarUpa jAeMge / bheda aura abheda kI ekarUpatA kA artha hogA saMkara -

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318 jaina-darzana syAdvAda ko saMkara doSa kA sAmanA taba karanA par3atA, jaba bheda abheda ho jAtA yA abheda bheda ho jaataa| pAzraya eka hone kA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki Azrita bhI eka ho jAeM / eka hI prAzraya meM aneka Azrita raha sakate haiN| eka hI jJAna meM citravarNa kA pratibhAsa hotA hai, phira bhI saba varNa eka nahIM ho jAte / eka hI vastu meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM rahate haiM, phira bhI sAmAnya aura vizeSa eka nahIM ho jAte / bheda aura abheda kA prAzraya eka hI padArtha hai, kintu ve donoM eka nahIM haiM / yadi ve eka hote to eka hI kI pratIti hotI, donoM kI nhiiN| jaba donoM ko bhinna bhinna rUpa meM pratIti hotI hai, taba unheM ekarUpa kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? 5-jahA~ bheda hai vahA~ abheda bhI hai aura jahA~ abheda hai vahA~ bheda bhI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM jo bhinna hai. vaha abhinna bhI.hai. aura jo abhinna hai vaha bhinna bhI hai| bheda aura abheda donoM paraspara badale jA sakate haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki syAhAda ko vyatikara doSa kA sAmanA karanA pdd'egaa| jisa prakAra saMkara doSa syAdvAda para nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, usI prakAra vyatikara doSa bhI syAdvAda kA kucha nahIM bigAr3a sakatA / donoM dharma svatantrarUpa se vastu meM rahate haiM aura unakI pratIti ubhayarUpa se hotI hai| aisI dazA meM vyatikara doSa kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM / java bheda kI pratIti svatantra hai aura abheda kI svatantra, taba bheda aura abheda ke parivartana kI AvazyakatA hI kyA hai ! aisI sthiti meM vyatikara doSa kA koI artha nahIM / bheda kA bheda rUpa se aura abheda kA abheda rUpa se grahaNa karanA, yahI syAhAda kA artha hai / ataH yahA~ vyatikara jaisI koI cIja hI nahIM hai| 6-tattva bhedAbhedAtmaka hone se kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hone pAegA / jahA~ kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hogA vahA~ saMzaya utpanna ho jAegA, aura jahA~ saMzaya hogA vahA~ tattva kA jJAna hI nahIM hogaa| . . 1-bauddha 2-naiyAyika-vaMzepika

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syAdvAda 316 yaha doSa bhI vyartha hai / bhedAbhedAtmaka tattva kA bhedAbhedAtmaka jJAna honA saMzaya nahIM hai / saMzaya to vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ yaha nirNaya na ho ki tattva bhedAtmaka hai yA abhedAtmaka hai yA bheda aura bheda ubhayAtmaka hai ? jaba yaha nirNaya ho rahA hai ki tattva bheda aura prabheda ubhayAtmaka hai, taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI nizcita dharma kA nirNaya nahIM hogA / jahA~ nizcata dharma kA nirNaya hai vahA~ saMzaya paidA nahIM ho sakatA / jahA~ saMzaya nahIM vahA~ tattvajJAna hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM / isalie saMzayAzrita jitane bhI dopa haiM, syAdvAda ke lie saba nirarthaka haiM / ye dopa syAdvAda para nahIM lagAe jA sakate / 7----syAdvAda ekAntavAda ke binA nahIM raha sakatA / syAdvAda kahatA hai ki pratyeka vastu yA dharma sApekSa hai / sApekSa dharmoM ke mUla meM jaba taka koI aisA tattva na ho, jo saba dharmo ko eka sUtra meM bA~dha sake, taba taka ve dharmaM Tika hI nahIM skte| una ko ekatA ke sUtra meM vAMdhane vAlA koIna-koI tattva avazya honA cAhie, jo svayaM nirapekSa ho / aise nirapekSa tattva kI sattA mAnane para, syAdvAda kA yaha siddhAnta ki pratyeka vastU sApekSa hai, khaNDita ho jAtA hai / syAdvAda jo vastu jaisI hai use vaisI hI dekhane ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai / saba padArthoM yA dharmo meM ekatA hai, ise syAhAda mAnatA hai / bhinna-bhinna vastutroM meM prabheda mAnanA syAdvAda ko abhISTa hai / syAdvAda yaha nahIM kahatA ki aneka dharmoM meM koI ekatA nahIM hai / vibhinna vastunoM ko eka sUtra meM bAMdhane vAlA zrabhedAtmaka tattva avazya hai, kintu aise tattva ko mAnane kA yaha artha nahIM ki syAdvAda ekAntavAda ho gayA / syAdvAda ekAntavAda taba hotA jaba vaha bheda kA khaNDana karatA - anekatA kA tiraskAra karatA / anekatA meM ekatA mAnanA syAdvAda ko priya hai, kintu anekatA kA niSedha karake ekatA ko svIkRta karanA, usakI maryAdA se bAhara hai / 'sarvamekaM sadavizepAt' arthAt saba eka hai, kyoMki saba sat hai - isa siddhAnta ko mAnane ke lie syAdvAda taiyAra hai, kintu anekatA kA niSedha karake nahIM, apitu use svIkRta karake / ekAntavAda anekatA kA niSedha karatA hai - anekatA ko ayathArtha mAnatA hai-bheda ko mithyA kahatA hai, jabaki anekAntavAda ekatA ke sAtha-sAtha anekatA ko bhI

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320 jaina-darzana yathArtha mAnatA hai| ekatAmUlaka yaha tattva ekAntarUpa se nirapekSa hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ekatA anekatA ke binA nahIM raha sakatI, aura anekatA ekatA ke abhAva meM nahIM raha sktii| ekatA aura anekatA isa prakAra milI huI haiM ki eka ko dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / aisI dazA meM ekatA ko sarvathA nirapekSa kahanA yuktiyukta nhiiN| ekatA anekatAzrita hai aura anektA ekatAzrita hai / donoM eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhatI haiN| ekatA ke binA anekatA kA kAma nahIM cala sakatA aura anekatA ke binA ekatA kucha nahIM kara sakatI / tattva ekatA aura anekatA donoM kA milA-julA rUpa hai| use na to ekAntarUpa se eka kaha sakate haiM aura na ekAntataH aneka / vaha eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| isalie ekatA ko vAstavika mAnate hue bhI syAhAda ko ekAntavAda yA nirapekSavAda kA koI bhaya nahIM hai / 8-yadi pratyeka vastu kathaMcita yathArtha hai aura kathaMcit ayathArtha to syAhAda svayaM bhI kathaMcit satya hogA aura kathaMcit mithyA / aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda hI se tattva kA yathArtha jJAna ho sakatA hai, yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? syAdvAda tattva kA vizleSaNa karane kI eka dRSTi hai| anekAntAtmaka tattva ko anekAntAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane kA nAma hI syAhAda hai ! jo vastu jisa rUpa meM yathArtha hai use usa rUpa meM yathArtha mAnanA aura taditara rUpa meM ayathArtha mAnanA syAdvAda hai / syAhAda svayaM bhI yadi kisI rUpa meM ayathArtha yA mithyA hai to vaisA mAnane meM koI harja nahIM / yadi hama ekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa leM aura syAdvAda kI ora deMkheM to vaha bhI mithyA. pratIta hogA / anekAnta dRSTi se dekhane para syAdvAda satya pratIta hogaa| donoM dRSTiyoM ko sAmane rakhate hue hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki syAdvAda kathaMcit mithyA hai arthAt ekAntadRSTi kI apekSA se mithyA hai aura kathaMcit satya hai arthAt anekAntadRSTi kI apekSA se satya hai| jisakA jisa dRSTi se jaisA pratipAdana ho sakatA hai usa dRSTi se vaisA pratipAdana karane ke lie syAhAda taiyAra hai| isameM usakA kucha nahIM bigar3atA / jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki pratyeka padArtha svarUpa se sat hai, aura pararUpa se prasat hai, to hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki syAdvAda svarUpa se arthAt

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syAdvAda 321 anekAntarUpa se sat hai - yathArtha hai aura pararUpa se arthAt ekAntarUpa se zrasat hai--prayathArtha hai / hamArA yaha kathana bhI syAdvAda hI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM syAdvAda ko kathaMcit yathArtha aura kathaMcit prayathArthaM kahanA bhI syAdvAda hI hai / 6 - saptabhaMgI ke pIche ke tIna bhaMga vyartha haiM, kyoMki ve kevala do bhaMgoM ke yoga se banate haiM / isa prakAra yoga se hI saMkhyA bar3hAnA ho to sAta kyA ananta bhaMga bana sakate haiM / yaha hama pahale hI kaha cuke haiM ki mUlataH eka dharma ko lekara do pakSa banate haiM -- vidhi zraura niSedha / pratyeka dharma kA yA to vidhAna hogA yA pratiSedha | ye donoM bhaMga mukhya haiM / bAkI ke bhaGga vivakSAbheda se banate haiN| tIsarA aura cauthA donoM bhaGga bhI svatantra nahIM haiM / vidhi aura niSedha kI krama se vivakSA hone para tIsarA bhaGga banatA hai aura yugapat vivakSA hone para cauthA bhaGga banatA hai / isI prakAra vidhi kI aura yugapat vidhi aura niSedha kI vivakSA hone para pA~cavA~ bhuGga banatA hai / grAge ke bhaGgoM kA bhI yahI krama hai / yaha ThIka hai ki jainAcAryoM ne sAta bhaGgoM para hI jora diyA, aura sAta bhaGga hI kyoM hote haiM, kama yA adhika kyoM nahIM hote, ise siddha karane ke lie aneka hetu bhI die, kintu jainadarzana kI maulika samasyA sAta kI nahIM, do kI hai / vauddha darzana aura vedAnta meM jina cAra koTiyoM para bhAra diyA jAtA hai, vaha bhI saptabhaGgI kI taraha hI hai / usameM bhI mUla rUpa meM do hI koTiyA~ haiM / tIsarI aura cauthI koTi meM maulikatA nahIM hai / koI yaha kaha sakatA hai ki do bhaGgoM ko bhI mukhya kyoM mAnA jAya, eka hI bhaGga mukhya hai / yaha ThIka nahIM, kyoMki yaha hama dekha cuke haiM ki vastu na to sarvathA sat yA vidhyAtmaka ho sakatI hai, na sarvathA sat yA niSedhAtmaka / vidhi aura niSedha donoM rUpoM meM vastu kI pUrNatA rahI huI hai| na to vidhi niSedha se balavAn hai aura na niSedha vidhi se zaktizAlI hai| donoM samAna rUpa se vastu kI yathArthatA ke prati kAraNa I / vastu kA pUrNarUpa dekhane ke lie donoM pakSoM kI sattA mAnanA zrAvazyaka hai / isalie pahale ke do bhaGga mukhya haiN| hA~, yadi koI aisA kathana ho, jisameM vidhi aura niSedha kA samAnarUpa se pratinidhitva ho, donoM meM se kisI kA bhI niSedha na ho, to usako mukhya mAnane meM jaina darzana ko 21

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322 jaina-darzana koI Apatti nhiiN| vastu kA vizleSaNa karane para prathama do bhaGga avazya svIkRta karane par3ate haiN| vivakSAbheda se 23 bhaGgoM kI racanA bhagavatIsUtra meM pahale dekha hI cuke haiN| 10-syAdvAda ko mAnane vAle kevalajJAna kI sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakha sakate, kyoMki kevalajJAna ekAntarUpa se pUrNa hotA hai| usakI utpatti ke lie bAda meM kisI kI apekSA nahIM rhtii| ___ syAdvAda aura kevalajJAna meM tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se koI bheda nahIM hai| kevalI vastu ko jisa rUpa se jAnegA, syAdvAdI bhI use usI rUpa se jaanegaa| antara yaha hai ki kevalI jisa tattva ko sAkSAt jAnegA--pratyakSa jJAna se jAnegA, syAdvAdI chadmastha use parokSarUpa se jAnegA-zru tajJAna ke AdhAra se jaanegaa| kevalajJAna pUrNa hotA hai, isakA artha yahI hai ki vaha sAkSAt AtmA se hotA hai aura usa jJAna meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai| pUrNatA kA yaha artha nahIM ki vaha ekAntavAdI ho gyaa| tattva ko to vaha sApekSa-anekAntAtmaka rUpa meM hI dekhegaa| itanA hI nahIM, usameM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ye tInoM dharma rahate haiM / kAla jaise padArtha meM parivartana karatA hai vaise hI kevalajJAna meM bhI parivartana karatA hai| jainadarzana kevalajJAna ko kUTasthanitya nahIM maantaa| kisI vastu kI bhUta, vartamAna aura anAgata-ye tIna avasthAe~ hotI haiN| jo avasthA Aja anAgata hai vaha kl| vartamAna hotI hai| jo Aja vartamAna hai vaha kala bhUta meM pariNata hotI hai| kevalajJAna Aja kI tIna prakAra kI avasthAoM ko Aja kI dRSTi se jAnatA hai / kala kA jAnanA Aja se bhinna ho jAegA, kyoMki Aja jo vartamAna hai kala vaha bhUta hogA aura Aja jo anAgata hai kala vaha vartamAna hogaa| yaha ThIka hai ki kevalI tInoM kAloM ko jAnatA hai, kintu jisa paryAya ko usane kala bhaviSyat rUpa se jAnA thA use Aja vartamAna rUpa se jAnatA hai / isa prakAra kAla-bheda se kevalI ke jJAna meM bhI bheda aAtA rahatA hai / vastu kI avasthA ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha jJAna kI avasthA bhI. badalato rahatI hai| isalie kevalajJAna bhI kathaMcit anitya hai aura kathaMcit nityaM / syAdvAda aura kevalajJAna meM virodha kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM /

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sthAdvAda 323 mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna hone ke pahale citra-vicitra paMkha vAle eka bar3e puskokila ko svapna meM dekhA / isa svapna kA vizleSaNa karane para syAdvAda phalita huaa| pUskokila ke citravicitra paMkha anekAntavAda ke pratIka haiM / jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM vastu kI anekarUpatA kI sthApanA syAdvAda ke AdhAra para kI gaI, usI prakAra vauddha darzana meM vibhajyavAda ke nAma para isI prakAra kA aMkura prasphuTita huyA, kintu ucita mAtrA meM pAnI aura havA na milane ke kAraNa vaha murajhA gayA aura anta meM naSTa ho gyaa| syAdvAda ko samayasamaya para upayukta sAmagrI milatI rahI; jisase vaha grAja dina taka varAvara bar3hatA rahA / bhedAbhedavAda, sadasadvAda, nityAnityavAda, nirvacanIyAnirvacanIyavAda, ekAnekavAda, sadasatkAryavAda Adi jitane bhI dArzanika vAda haiM sabakA AdhAra syAdvAda hai, jaina darzana ke prAcAryoM ne isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA yuktisaMgata prayatna kiyaa| AgamoM meM isakA kAphI vikAsa dikhAI detA haiM / jainadarzana meM syAdvAda kA itanA adhika mahattva hai ki Aja syAdvAda jainadarzana kA paryAya bana gayA hai| jainadarzana kA artha syAdvAda ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai / jahA~ jainadarzana kA nAma AtA hai, anya siddhAnta eka ora raha jAte haiM aura syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda yAda A jAtA hai / vAstava meM syAdvAda jaina darzana kA prANa hai / jaina AcAryoM ke sAre dArzanika cintana kA AdhAra syAdvAda hai /

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sAtaH NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNA nayavAda dravyArthika aura paryAyAthika dRSTi dravyAthika aura pradezArthika dRSTi vyAvahArika aura naizcayika dRSTi ___ arthanaya aura zabdanaya naya ke bheda nayoM kA pAsparika sambandha

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nayavAda mon zruta ke do upayoga hote haiM-sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza / sakalAdeza ko pramANa yA syAdvAda kahate haiN| vikalAdeza ko naya kahate haiM / dharmAntara kI avivakSA se eka dharma kA kathana, vikalAdeza kahalAtA hai / syAdvAda yA sakalAdeza dvArA sampUrNa vastu kA kathana hotA hai| naya arthAt vikalAdeza dvArA vastu ke eka deza kA kathana hotA hai / sakalAdeza meM vastu ke samasta dharmo kI vivakSA hotI hai| vikalAdeza meM eka dharma ke atirikta anya dharmo kI vivakSA nahIM hotI / vikalAdeza isIlie samyak mAnA jAtA hai ki vaha apane vivakSita dharma ke atirikta jitane bhI dharma haiM unakA pratipeva nahIM karatA, apitu una dharmoM ke prati usakA upekSAbhAva hotA hai / zeSa dharmo se usakA koI prayojana nahIM hotA / prayojana ke abhAva meM vaha una dharmoM kA na to vidhAna karatA hai aura na niSedha / sakalAdeza aura vikalAdeza donoM kI dRSTi meM sAkalya aura vaikalya kA antara

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328 jana-darzana hai / sakalAdeza kI vivakSA sakala dharmoM ke prati hai, java ki vikalAdeza kI vivakSA vikala dharma ke prati hai / yadyapi donoM yaha jAnate haiM ki vastu aneka dharmAtmaka hai--anekAntAtmaka hai, kintu donoM ke kathana kI maryAdA bhinna-bhinna hai| eka kA kathana vastu ke sabhI dharmoM kA grahaNa karatA hai, jabaki dUsare kA kathana vastu ke eka dharma taka hI sImita hai / anekAntAtmaka vastu ke kathana kI do prakAra kI maryAdA ke kAraNa syAhAda aura naya kA bhinna-bhinna nirUpaNa hai| syAdvAda sakalAdeza hai aura naya vikalAdeza hai| dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika dRSTiH vastu ke nirUpaNa kI jitanI bhI dRSTiyA~ haiM, do dRSTiyoM meM vibhAjita kI jA sakatI haiN| ve do dRSTiyA~ haiM dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika / dravyArthika dRSTi meM sAmAnya yA abhedamUlaka samasta dRSTiyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| vizeSa yA bhedamUlaka jitanI bhI dRSTiyA~ haiM saba kA samAveza paryAyAthika dRSTi meM ho jAtA hai / prAcArya siddhasena ne ina donoM dRSTiyoM kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pravacana meM mUlataH do hI dRSTiyA~ haiM-dravyArthika aura paryAyAthika / zeSa sabhI dRSTiyA~ inhIM kI zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ haiM / mahAvIra kA ina do dRSTiyoM se kyA abhiprAya hai, yaha bhI AgamoM ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM nAraka jIvoM kI zAzvatatA aura azAzvatatA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki avyucchittinaya kI apekSA se nAraka jIva zAzvata hai, aura vyucchittinaya kI apekSA se vaha azAzvata hai / avyucchittinaya dravyArthika dRSTi kA hI nAma hai| dravyadRSTi se dekhane para pratyeka padArtha nitya mAlUma hotA hai / isIlie dravyArthika dRSTi abhedagAmI hai-sAmAnyamUlaka hai-anvayapUrvaka hai| vyucchittinaya kA dUsarA nAma hai paryAyAthika ddaSTi / paryAyadRSTi se dekhane para vastu anitya bhAgamA kAvAra kA ina zeSa sabhI dRSTiyA do hI dRSTiyAte hue kahA 1-'syAdvAdaH sakalAdezo nayo vikalasaMkathA' / ___-laghIyastraya, 3 / 6 / 62 0-sanmati tarka prakaraNa, 113 3-7121276

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nayavAda 326 mAlUma hotI hai-prazAzvata pratIta hotI hai| isIlie paryAyArthika dRSTi bhedagAmI hai-vizeSamUlaka hai / hama kisI bhI dRSTi ko leM, vaha yA to bhedamUlaka hogI yA abhedamUlaka, yA to vizeSamUlaka hogI yA sAmAnyamUlaka / ukta do prakAroM ko chor3akara vaha anyatra kahIM nahIM jA sktii| isalie mUlataH dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika ye do hI dRSTiyA~ haiM, aura ina do dRSTiyoM kA pratinidhitva karane vAle do naya haiM / anya dRSTiyA~ inhIM ke bheda-prabheda-zAkhA-prazAkhAoM ke rUpa meM haiN| dravyAthika aura pradezAthika dRSTi : dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika dRSTi kI bhA~ti dravyAthika aura pradezArthika dRSTi se bhI padArtha kA kathana ho sakatA hai / dravyArthika dRSTi ekatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| pradezArthika dRSTi anekatA ko apanA viSaya banAtI hai| paryAya aura pradeza meM yaha antara hai ki paryAya dravya kI deza aura kAlakRta nAnA avasthAe~ haiM / eka hI dravya deza aura kAla ke bheda se vividha rUpoM meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai / isake vividha rUpa hI vividha paryAya haiM / dravya ke avayava pradeza kahe jAte haiM / eka dravya ke aneka aMza ho sakate haiM / eka-eka aMza eka-eka pradeza kahalAtA hai / pudgala kA eka paramANu jitanA sthAna gheratA hai vaha eka pradeza hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra kucha dravyoM ke pradeza niyata haiM aura kucha ke aniyata / jIvake pradeza sarva deza aura sarva kAla meM niyata haiN| unakI saMkhyA na kabhI bar3hatI hai, na kabhI ghaTatI hai| ve jisa zarIra ko vyApta karate haiM usakA pariNAma ghaTa-bar3ha sakatA hai, kintu pradezoM kI saMkhyA utanI hI rahatI hai / yaha kaise ho sakatA hai, isakA samAdhAna karane ke lie dIpaka kA dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai / jaise eka hI dIpaka ke utane hI pradeza choTe kamare meM bhI pA sakate haiM aura bar3e kamare meM bhI, usI prakAra eka hI prAtmA ke utane hI pradeza choTe zarIra ko bhI vyApta kara sakate haiM aura bar3e zarIra ko bhii| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura prAkAzAstikAya ke pradeza to niyata haiN| pudgalAstikAya ke pradezoM kA koI nizcita niyama nhiiN| unameM skandha ke anusAra

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330 jana-darzana nyUnAdhikatA hotI rahatI hai| paryAya ke lie aisA koI niyama nahIM hai / ve niyata sakhyA meM nahIM milte| jisa prakAra paryAyadRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vastu kA vicAra kiyA hai usI prakAra pradeza dRSTi se bhI padArtha kA cintana kiyA hai / unhoMne kahA hai ki maiM dravya dRSTi se eka hU~, jJAna aura darzanarUpa paryAyoM kI dRSTi se do hU~, pradezoM kI dRSTi se akSaya hU~, avyaya haiM, abasthita hai| yahA~ para mahAvIra ne pradeza dRSTi kA upayoga ekatA kI siddhi ke lie kiyA hai / saMkhyA kI dRSTi se pradeza niyata haiM, ata. usa dRSTi se prAtmA akSaya hai, avyaya hai, avasthita hai| pradezaSTi kA upayoga anekatA kI siddhi ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dravyadRSTi se vastu ekarUpa mAlUma hotI hai, kintu vahI vastu pradezaSTi se anekarUpa dikhAI detI hai, kyoMki pradeza aneka haiM / AtmA dravya dRSTi se eka hai, kintu pradeza dRSTi se aneka hai, kyoMki usake aneka pradeza haiM / isI prakAra dharmAstikAya dravyadRSTi se eka hai, kintu pradeza dRSTi se aneka hai| anya dravyoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta samajhanI cAhie / jaba kisI vastu kA dravyadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai tava dravyArthika naya kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| pradezahaSTi se vicAra karate samaya pradezArthika naya kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai / vyAvahArika aura naizcayika dRSTi : ___ vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA jhagar3A bahuta purAnA hai / jo vastu jaisI pratibhAsita hotI hai usI rUpa meM vaha satya hai yA kisI anya rUpa meM ? kucha dArzanika vastu ke do rUpa mAnate haiM-prAtibhAsika aura pAramArthika / cArvAka Adi dArzanika pratibhAsa aura paramArtha meM / kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM karate / unakI dRSTi meM indriyagamya tattva pAramArthika hai / mahAvIra ne vastu ke donoM rUpoM kA samarthana kiyA aura apanI-apanI dRSTi se donoM ko yathArtha btaayaa| indriyagamya vastu kA sthUla rUpa vyavahAra kI dRSTi se yathArtha hai| isa sthUla rUpa ke atirikta vastu kA sUkSma rUpa bhI hotA hai, jo indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatA / vaha kevala zruta yA AtmapratyakSa kA viSaya hotA hai / yahI naizcayika dRSTi hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi aura naizcayika dRSTi

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nayavAda 331 meM yahI antara hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi indriyAzrita hai, ataH sthUla hai, jaba ki naizcayika dRSTi indriyAtIta hai, ataH sUkSma hai / eka dRSTi se padArtha ke sthUla rUpa kA jJAna hotA hai, aura dUsarI se padArtha ke sUkSma rUpa kA / donoM dRSTiyA~ samyak haiM / donoM yathArthatA kA grahaNa karatI haiM / mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca eka saMvAda hai / gautama mahAvIra se pUchate haiM - "bhagavan ! patale guDa ( phANita ) meM kitane varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza hote haiM !' mahAvIra uttara dete haiM - gautama ! isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se diyA jA sakatA hai / vyAvahArika naya kI dRSTi se vaha madhura hai aura naizcayika naya kI apekSA se vaha pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa aura ATha sparza vAlA hai / isI prakAra gandha, sparza, Adi se samvandhita aneka viSayoM ko lekara vyavahAra aura nizcaya naya se uttara diyA hai' / ina do dRSTiyoM se uttara dene kA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve vyavahAra ko bhI satya mAnate the / paramArtha ke zrAge vyavahAra kI upekSA nahIM karanA cAhate the / vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM dRSTiyoM ko samAna rUpa se mahattva dete the / prArthanaya aura zabdanaya : zrAgamoM meM sAta nayoM kA ullekha hai ' / anuyogadvArasUtra meM zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta ko zabdanaya kahA gayA hai / bAda ke dArzanikoM ne sAta nayoM ke spaSTa rUpa se do vibhAga kara diearthanaya aura zabdanaya / grAgama meM java tIna nayoM ko zabdanaya kahA gayA, to zeSa cAra nayoM ko grarthanaya kahanA yuktisaMgata hI hai / jo naya artha ko apanA viSaya banAte haiM, ve arthanaya haiM / prArambha ke cAra naya naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra artha ko viSaya karate haiM, ataH ve pranaya haiM / antima tIna naya zabda, samabhirUr3a aura evaMbhUta zabda ko viSaya karate haiM, ataH ve zabdanaya haiM / ina sAtoM nayoM ke 1- bhagavatI sUtra 18/6 2 -- anuyogadvAratUtra, 156, sthAnAMga sUtra, 71552 3 - 'siMhaM nanayANaM' bhanuyogadvArasUtra 148 //

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332 jaina-darzana svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karate samaya mAlUma ho jAegA ki naigamAdi cAra kA viSaya artha kyoM hai, aura zabdAdi tIna kA viSaya zabda kyoM hai ? arthanaya aura zabdanaya ke bheda kI yaha sUjha naI nahIM hai / AgamoM meM isakA ullekha hai / naya ke bheda : naya kI mukhya dRSTiyA~ kyA ho sakatI haiM, yaha hamane dekhA / aba hama usake bhedoM kA vicAra kareMge / prAcArya siddhasena' ne likhA hai ki "vacana ke jitane bhI prakAra yA mArga ho sakate haiM, naya ke utane hI bheda haiM / jitane naya ke bheda haiM, utane hI mata haiN|" isa kathana ko yadi ThIka mAnA jAya to naya ke ananta prakAra ho sakate haiM / ina ananta prakAroM kA varNana hamArI zakti kI maryAdI ke bAhara hai / moTe taura para naya ke kitane bheda hote haiM, yaha batAne kA prayatna jainadarzana ke AcAryoM ne kiyA hai / yaha to hama dekha cuke haiM ki dravya aura paryAya meM sAre bheda samA jAte haiM / dravya aura paryAyoM ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie unake avAntara bheda kiye gaye haiN| ina bhedoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM koI nizcita paramparA nahIM hai| jainadarzana ke itihAsa ko dekhane para hameM etadviSayaka tIna paramparAeM milatI haiM / eka paramparA sIdhe taura para naya ke sAta bheda karatI hai / ye sAta bheda haiM-naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta / Agama aura digambara grantha isa paramparA kA pAlana karate haiN| dUsarI paramparA naya ke chaH bheda mAnatI hai / isa paramparA ke anusAra naigama svatantra naya nahIM hai| prAcArya siddhasena divAkara ne isa paramparA kI sthApanA kI hai| tIsarI paramparA tattvArtha sUtra aura usake bhASya kI hai| isa paramparA ke anusAra mUlarUpa meM naya ke pA~ca bheda haiM-naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra,RjusUtra aurshbd| inameM se 1-jAvaiyA vayaNavahA, tAvaiyA ceva hoMti nyvaayaa| jAvaiyA raNayavAyA, tAvaiyA ceva parasamayA // -sanmati tarka prakaraNa 47 2-sthAnAMga sUtra, 71552, tattvArtharAjavArtika 1133 3-sanmati tarka meM naya prakaraNa 4-1 / 34-35

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nayavAda 333 prathama arthAt naigama naya ke deza-parikSepI aura sarva parikSepI isa prakAra ke do bheda ho jAte haiM, tathA antima arthAt zavdanaya ke sAMprata, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta aise tIna bheda haiM / sAta bhedoM vAlI paramparA adhika prasiddha hai ata: naigamAdi sAta bhedoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA jaaygaa| nagama-guNa aura guNI, avayatra aura avayavI, jAti aura jAti mAn, kriyA aura kAraka Adi meM bheda aura abheda kI vivakSA karanA, naigama naya hai / guNa aura guNI kathaMcit bhinna haiM aura kathaMcit abhinna / isI prakAra avayava aura avayavI, jAti aura jAtimAn Adi meM bhI kathaMcit bheda hai aura kathaMcit abheda / kisI samaya hamArI vivakSA bheda kI aora hotI hai, kisI samaya abheda kI aora / jisa samaya hamArI vivakSA bheda kI aora hotI hai usa samaya abheda gauNa ho jAtA hai, aura jisa samaya hamArA prayojana abheda se hotA hai usa samaya bheda gauNa ho jAtA hai / bheda aura abheda kA gauraNa aura pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa karanA, naigama naya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM bheda kA grahaNa karate samaya abheda ko gauNa samajhanA aura bheda ko mukhya samajhanA, aura abheda kA grahaNa karate samaya bheda ko gauNa samajhanA aura abheda ko mukhya samajhanA, naigama hai| udAharaNa ke lie guNa aura guNI ko leN| jIva guNI hai aura sukha usakA guNa hai / 'jIva sukhI hai' isa kathana meM kabhI jIva aura sukha ke abheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura bheda kI apradhAnatA, kabhI bheda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura abheda kI aprdhaantaa| donoM vivakSAyoM kA grahaNa naigama naya hai / kabhI eka pradhAna hotI hai to kabhI dUsarI, kintu honA cAhie donoM kA grahaNa / kevala eka kA grahaNa hone para naigama nahIM hotaa| donoM kA grahaNa hone se yaha sakalAdeza ho jAegA, kyoMki sakalAdedA meM sampUrNa vastu kA kathana hotA hai, aura vastu bheda aura abheda ubhaya rUpa se hI sampUrNa hai / jaba naigama naya bheda aura abheda donoM kA 1-pranyonyaguNabhUtai kabhedAbhedaprarUpaNAt / gamo'ntaratvokto negamAbhAsa ipyate // -laghIyatyaya 215 // 36

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334 jaina darzana grahaNa karatA hai, to vaha sampUrNa vastu kA graharaNa karatA hai, yaha svataH siddha hai / yaha zaMkA ThIka nahIM / sakalAdeza meM pradhAna gaura gauNa bhAva nahIM hotA / vaha samAna rUpa se saba dharmoM kA grahaNa karatA hai, jaba ki naigama naya meM vastu ke dharmoM kA pradhAna aura gauNa bhAva se grahaNa hotA hai / dharma aura dharmI kA gauraNa aura pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa karanA bhI naigama naya hai / kisI samaya dharma kI pradhAna bhAva se vivakSA hotI hai aura dharmI kI gauraNa bhAva se / kisI samaya dharmI kI mukhya vivakSA hotI hai aura dharma kI gaurA / ina donoM dazAoM meM naigama kI pravRtti hotI hai / 'sukha jIva- guNa hai' isa vAkya meM sukha pradhAna hai, kyoMki vaha vizeSya hai aura jIva gauraNa hai kyoMki vaha sukha kA vizeSaNa hai / yahA~ dharma kA pradhAna bhAva se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai aura dharmI kA gauraNa bhAva se / 'jIva sukhI hai' isa vAkya meM jIva pradhAna hai, kyoMki vaha vizeSya hai aura sukha gauNa hai, kyoMki vaha vizeSaraNa hai / yahA~ dharmI kI pradhAna bhAva se vivakSA hai aura dharma kI gauNa bhAva se ' / kucha loga naigama ko saMkalpamAtragrAhI mAnate haiM / jo kArya kiyA jAne vAlA hai, usa kArya kA saMkalpamAtra naigama naya hai | udAharaNa ke lie eka puruSa kulhAr3I lekara jaMgala meM jA rahA hai / mArga meM koI vyakti milatA hai aura pUchatA hai - 'tuma kahA~ jA rahe ho ?' vaha puruSa uttara detA hai- 'maiM prastha lene jA rahA hU~ / ' yahA~ para vaha puruSa vAstava meM lakar3I kATane jA rahA hai / prastha to bAda meM banegA / prastha ke saMkalpa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vaha puruSa uparyukta DhaMga se 1 - yadvA naikagamo naigamaH, dharmadharmiNoguNapradhAnabhAvena viSayIkaraNAt / 'jIvaguNaH sukham' ityatra hi jIvasyAprAdhAnyam vizeSaNatvAt, sukhasya tu prAdhAnyam, vizeSyatvAt / 'sukhI jIvaH' ityAdI tu jIvasya prAdhAnyam, na sukhAdeH, viparyayAt / - nayaprakAzastavavRtti. pR0 10 2 - arthasaMkalpamAtragrAhI naigamaH / - tattvArtharAjavArtika 1 / 3 / 2

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nayavAda 335 uttara detA hai / usakA yaha uttara naigama naya kI dRSTi se ThIka hai| isI prakAra java koI vyakti kisI dukAna para kapar3A lene ke lie jAtA hai aura usase koI pUchatA hai ki tuma kahA~ jA rahe ho to vaha uttara detA hai ki jarA koTa silAnA hai / vAstava meM vaha vyakti koTa ke lie kapar3A lene jA rahA hai, na ki koTa silAne ke lie / koTa to bAda meM siyA jAegA, kintu usa saMkalpa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vaha kahatA hai ki koTa silAne jA rahA huuN| nA hai ki koTagA, kintu usakoTa silAne ke vyakti saMgraha-sAmAnya yA abheda kA grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi saMgraha naya hai / svajAti ke virodhI ke vinA samasta padArthoM kA ekattva meM saMgraha karanA, saMgraha kahalAtA hai| yaha hama jAnate haiM ki pratyeka padArtha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai, bhedAbhedAtmaka hai| ina do dharmoM meM se sAmAnya dharma kA grahaNa karanA aura vizeSa dharma ke prati upekSAbhAva rakhanA saMgraha naya hai / yaha naya do prakAra kA hai-para aura apara / para saMgraha meM sakala padArthoM kA ekattva abhipreta hai| jIva ajIvAdi jitane bhI bheda haiM, saba kA sattA meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| koI bhI padArtha aisA nahIM hai, jo sat na ho| dUsare zabdoM meM jIvA-jIvAdi sattA sAmAnya ke bheda haiM / eka hI sattA vibhinna rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / jisa prakAra nIlAdi prAkAra vAle sabhI jJAna, 'jAna-sAmAnya' ke bheda haiM, usI prakAra jIvAdi jitane bhI haiM, sava sat haiM / para saMgraha kahatA hai ki 'sava eka hai, kyoki sava mat hai|' sattA sAmAnya kI dRSTi se sava kA ekattva meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / apara saMgraha dravyatvAdi apara sAmAnyoM kA grahaNa karatA hai / sattA sAmAnya, jo ki para sAmAnya athavA mahA mAmAnya hai, usake samAnyarUpa avAntara bhedoM kA grahaNa karanA, apara saMgraha kA kArya hai| mAmAnya ke do 1-jIvAjIvaprabhedA yadanta nAstadasti sat / eka yamA svani ninAnaM jIvaH svaparyayaH / / -laghIyastraya, 2051 2-mardamekaM sadavizeSAt /

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336 jaina-darzana dvArA gRhIta 7 prakAra haiM- para aura apara / para sAmAnya sattA sAmAnya ko kahate haiM, jo pratyeka padArtha meM rahatA hai / apara sAmAnya, para sAmAnya ke dravya, guraNa grAdi bhedoM meM rahatA hai / dravya meM rahane vAlI sattA para sAmAnya hai, aura dravya kA jo dravyatva sAmAnya hai vaha grapara sAmAnya hai / isI prakAra guraNa meM sattA para sAmAnya hai aura guragatva apara sAmAnya hai / dravya ke bhI kaI bheda-prabheda hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jIva dravya kA eka bheda hai jIva meM jIvatva sAmAnya apara sAmAnya hai / isa prakAra jitane bhI grapara sAmAnya ho sakate haiM una sabakA grahaNa karane vAlA naya para saMgraha hai / para saMgraha aura para saMgraha donoM milakara, jitane bhI prakAra ke sAmAnya yA prabheda ho sakate haiM, sabakA grahaNa karate haiM / saMgraha naya sAmAnyagrAhI dRSTi hai / vyavahAra -- saMgraha naya artha kA vidhipUrvaka avaharaNa karanA, vyavahAra naya hai / " jisa grartha kA saMgraha naya grahaNa karatA hai usa artha kA vizeSa rUpa se bodha karAnA ho, taba usakA pRthakkaraNa karanA par3atA hai | saMgraha to sAmAnya mAtra kA grahaNa kara letA hai, kintu vaha sAmAnya kiMrUpa hai, isakA vizleSaNa karane ke lie vyavahAra kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM saMgrahagRhIta samAnya kA bhedapUrvaka grahaNa karanA, vyavahAra naya hai / yaha naya bhI uparyukta donoM nayoM kI bhA~ti dravya kA hI grahaNa karatA hai, kintu isakA grahaNa bhedapUrvaka hai, prabhedapUrvaka nahIM / isalie isakA antarbhAva dravyArthika naya meM hai, paryAyArthika naya meM nhiiN| isakI vidhi isa prakAra hai - para saMgraha sattA sAmAnya kA grahaNa karatA hai / usakA vibhAjana karate hue vyavahAra kahatA hai - sat kyA hai ? jo sat hai vaha dravya hai yA guraNa ? yadi vaha dravya hai to jIva dravya hai yA ajIva dravya ? kevala jIva dravya kahane se bhI kAma nahIM cala sakatA / vaha jIva nAraka hai, deva hai, manuSya hai yA tiryaJca hai ? isa prakAra vyavahAra naya vahA~ taka bheda karatA jAtA hai, jahA~ punaH bheda kI sambhAvanA na 1 - ' to vidhipUrvakamavaharaNaM vyavahAraH ' - tattvArtharAjavArtika, 1033 / 6

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jaina darzana meM nayavAda 337 ho / isa naya kA mukhya prayojana vyavahAra kI siddhi hai| kevala sAmAnya ke bodha se yA kathana se hamArA vyavahAra nahIM cala sktaa| vyavahAra ke lie hamezA bhedabuddhi kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai / yaha bhedabuddhi paristhiti kI anukUlatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue antima bhedataka bar3ha sakatI hai, jahA~ puna: bheda na ho sake / dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha antima vizeSa kA grahaNa kara sakatI hai / vyavahAragRhIta vizeSa paryAyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM hote, apitu dravya ke bheda ke rUpa meM hote haiM / isalie vyavahAra kA viSaya bhedAtmaka aura vizeSAtmaka hote hue bhI dravyarUpa hai, na ki paryAyarUpa / yahI kAraNa hai ki dravyAthika aura paryAyArthika nayoM meM se vyavahAra kA samAveza dravyAthika naya meM kiyA gayA hai / naigama, saMgraha aura vyavahAra, ina tInoM nayoM kA dravyAthika naya meM antarbhAva hotA hai / zeSa cAra naya paryAyAthika ke bheda haiN| RjusUtra-bheda athavA paryAya kI vivakSA se jo kathana hai vaha RjumUtra naya kA viSaya hai / jisa prakAra saMgraha kA viSaya sAmAnya athavA abheda hai usI prakAra RjusUtra kA viSaya paryAya athavA bheda hai / yaha naya bhUta aura bhaviSyat kI upekSA karake kevala vartamAna kA grahaNa karatA hai| paryAya kI avasthiti vartamAna kAla meM hI hotI hai / bhUta aura bhaviSyat kAla meM dravya rahatA hai| manuSya kaI vAra tAtkAlika pariNAma kI ora jhuka kara kevala dartamAna ko hI apanA pravRtti-kSetra banAtA hai / aisI sthiti meM usakI buddhi meM aisA pratibhAsa hotA hai ki jo vartamAna hai vahI satya hai / bhUta aura bhAvI vastu se usakA koI prayojana nahIM rahatA / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha bhUta aura bhAvI kA niSedha karatA hai / prayojana ke abhAva meM unakI ora upekSA-dRSTi rakhatA hai / vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vastu kI pratyeka avasthA bhinna hai| isa kSaNa kI avasthA meM aura dUsare kSagA kI 1-vyavahArAnukUlpAta pramAgAnAM prmaanntaa| nAnyadhA bAdhyamAnAnAM jAnAnAM tatprasaMgataH / / ---laghIyantraya, 3aa670 2prAdhAnyato'nyi chan RDananayo mtH|' / -~-laghIyatraya, 31971

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mr jaina-darzana avasthA meM bheda hai| isa kSaraNa kI avasthA isI kSaNa taka sImita hai / dUsare kSaNa kI avasthA dUsare kSaNa taka sImita hai / isI prakAra eka vastu kI avasthA dUsarI vastu kI avasthA se bhinna hai / 'kaumA kAlA hai' isa vAkya meM kaue aura kAlepana kI jo ekatA hai, usakI upekSA karane ke lie RjusUtra naya kahatA hai ki kauA kauyA hai aura kAlApana kAlApana hai / kauyA aura kAlApana bhinna bhinna avasthAe~ hai / yadi kAlApana aura kaumA eka hote to bhramara bhI kauA ho jAtA kyoMki vaha kAlA hai / RjusUtra kSaNikavAda meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai / isalie pratyeka vastu ko asthAyI mAnatA hai| jisa prakAra kAlabheda se vastubheda kI mAnyatA hai usI prakAra dezabheda se bhI vastubheda kI mAnyatA hai / bhinna bhinna deza meM rahane vAle padArtha bhinna bhinna haiM / isa prakAra RjusUtra pratyeka vastu meM bheda hI bheda dekhatA hai / yaha bheda dravyamUlaka na hokara paryAyamUlaka hai| ataH yaha naya paryAyArthika hai / yahIM se. paryAyArthika naya kA kSetra prArambha hotA hai| zabda-kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA Adi bheda se arthabheda mAnanA zabda naya hai / yaha naya va Age ke donoM naya zabdazAstra se sambaddha haiN| zabdoM ke bheda se artha meM bheda karanA, inakA kArya hai / zabdanaya eka hI vastu meM kAla, kAraka, liMga Adi ke bheda se bheda mAnatA hai| liMga tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-pulliga, strIliMga aura napuMsakaliMga / ina tInoM liMgoM se bhinna-bhinna artha kA vodha hotA hai / zabdanaya stroliMga se vAcya artha kA bodha pulliga se nahIM mAnatA / pulliga se vAcya artha kA bodha napusakaliMga se nahIM maantaa| isI prakAra anya liMgoM kI yojanA bhI kara lenI cAhiye / strIliMga meM pulliga kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaise tArakA strIliMga hai aura svAti pulliga hai| pulliga se strIliMga ke abhidhAna kA udAharaNa hai avagama aura vidyA / strIliMga meM napuMsakaliMga kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise vINA ke lie pAtodya kA pryog| napusakaliMga meM strIliMga kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai-jaise prAyudha ke lie zakti kA pryog| pulliga meM . napuMsakaliMga kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai-jaise paTa ke lie vastra zabda ' kA pryog| napusakaliMga meM pulliga kA abhidhAna hotA hai-jaise dravya

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jaina-darzana meM nayavAda 336 -- ke lie parazu kA pryog| zabdanaya ina sabameM bheda mAnatA hai / saMkhyA tIna prakAra kI hai.---ekatva, dvitva aura bahutva / ekatva meM dvitva kA prayoga hotA hai -jaise nakSatra bhaura punarvasu / ekatva meM bahutva kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai-jaise nakSatra aura zatabhipak / dvitva meM ekatva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise jinadatta, devadatta aura manuSya / dvitva meM vahutva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise punarvasu aura paMcatArakA / bahutva meM ekatva kA prayoga hotA hai-jaise Ama aura bana / bahutva meM dvitva kA abhidhAna kiyA jAtA hai-jaise devamanuSya aura ubhaya rAzi / zabdanaya ina prayogoM meM bheda kA vyavahAra karatA hai / kAla ke bheda me arthabheda kA udAharaNa hai --'kAzI nagarI thI aura kAzI nagarI hai|' ina donoM vAkyoM ke artha meM jo bheda hai, vaha zabdanaya ke kAraNa hai / kArakabheda se arthabheda ho jAtA hai-jaise mohana ko, mohana ke lie, mohana se Adi gabdoM ke artha meM bheda hai / isI prakAra upasarga ke kAraNa bhI eka hI dhAtu ke bhinna-bhinna artha ho jAte haiM / saMsthAna, prasthAna, upasthAna Adi ke artha meM jo vibhinnatA hai, usakA yahI kAraNa hai| 'sam' upasarga lagAne se saMsthAna kA artha prAkAra ho gayA, 'pra' upamaga lagAne se prasthAna kA artha gamana ho gayA, aura 'upa' upasarga lagAne se upasthAna kA artha upasthiti ho gayA / isa taraha vividha saMyogoM ke AdhAra para vividha zabdoM ke arthabheda kI jo aneka paramparAe~ pracalita haiM, ve sabhI zabdanaya ke antargata A jAtI haiN| gavdayAstra kA jitanA vikAsa huyA hai usake mUla meM yahI naya rahA hai| samabhirUr3ha-gabdanaya kAla, kAraka, liMga grAdi ke bheda se hI artha meM bheva mAnatA hai / eka liMga vAle paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM mAnatA / manabheda ke AdhAra para arthabheda karane vAlI buddhi jaba kucha aura prAge baDha jAtI hai aura vyutpatti-bheda ke AdhAra para paryAyavAcI TAbdoM meM arthabheda mAnane ke lie taiyAra ho jAtI hai, nava namabhirunaya kI pravRtti hotI hai / yaha naya kahatA hai ki kevala pAla bAdi bhedane vyarSabheda mAnanA hI kAphI nahIM hai apitu vyutpattimUlaka madabhedane bhI prarSabheda mAnanA caahie| pratyeka gadApanI-apanI

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340 jaina darzana vyutpatti ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna artha kA pratipAdana karatA hai / udAharaNa ke liye hama indra, zakra aura purandara ina tIna zabdoM ko leM / zabda naya kI dRSTi se dekhane para ina tInoM zabdoM kA eka hI artha hotA hai / yadyapi ye tInoM zabda bhinna-bhinna vyutpatti ke AdhAra para banate haiM, kintu inake vAcya artha meM koI bheda nahIM hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ina tInoM kA liMga eka hI hai / samabhirUr3ha yaha mAnane ke liye taiyAra nhiiN| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi liMga-bheda, saMkhyA-bheda Adi se bheda mAna sakate haiM, to zabdabheda se arthabheda mAnane meM kyA hAni hai ! yadi zabdabheda se arthabheda nahIM mAnA jAya, to indra aura zakra donoM kA eka hI artha ho jAya / indra zabda kI vyutpatti 'indanAdindraH ' arthAt 'jo zobhita ho vaha indra hai' isa prakAra hai| 'zakanAcchakraH ' arthAt 'jo zaktizAlI hai vaha zakra hai' yaha zakra kI vyutpatti hai / 'pUrvAraNAt purandaraH' arthAt 'jo nagara Adi kA dhvaMsa karatA hai vaha purandara hai' isa prakAra ke grartha ko vyakta karane vAlA purandara zabda hai / jaba ina zabdoM kI vyutpatti bhinna-bhinna hai taba inakA vAcya artha bhI bhinna-bhinna hI honA cAhie / jo indra hai vaha indra hai, jo zakra hai vaha zakra hai, aura jo purandara hai vaha purandara hai / na to indra zukra ho sakatA hai, aura na zakra puraMdara ho sakatA hai / isI prakAra nRpati, bhUpati, rAjA ityAdi jitane bhI paryAyavAcI zabda hai, saba meM arthabheda hai / evambhUta -- samabhirUr3hanaya vyutpattibheda se artha-bheda mAnane taka hI sImita hai, kintu evambhUtanaya kahatA hai ki jaba vyutpatti - siddha artha ghaTita hotA ho tabhI usa zabda kA vaha artha mAnanA cAhie / jisa zabda kA jo artha hotA ho, usake hone para hI usa zabda kA prayoga karanA evambhUta naya hai / isa lakSaNa ko indra, zakra aura puraMdara zabdoM ke dvArA hI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai / 'jo zobhita hotA hai vaha indra hai' isa vyutpatti ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue jisa samaya vaha indrAsana para zobhita ho rahA ho, usI samaya use indra kahanA cAhie / zakti kA prayoga karate samaya yA anya kArya karate samaya usake lie iMdra zabda kA prayoga karanA ThIka nahIM / jisa samaya vaha

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jaina darzana meM nayavAda 341 apanI zakti kA pradarzana kara rahA ho, usI samaya use zaka kahanA cAhie / Age aura pIche zaka kA prayoga karanA, isa naya kI dRSTi meM ThIka nahIM / dhvaMsa karate samaya hI use purandara kahanA cAhie, pahale yA bAda meM nahIM / isI prakAra nRpati, bhUpati, rAjA Adi zabdoM ke prayoga meM bhI samajhanA caahie| nayoM kA pArasparika sambandha : uttara-uttara naya kA vipaya pUrva-pUrva naya se kama hotA jAtA hai| negama naya kA vipaya sabase adhika hai, kyoMki vaha sAmAnya aura vizeSa-bheda aura abheda donoM kA grahaNa karatA hai / kabhI sAmAnya ko mukhyatA detA hai aura vizepa kA gauNa rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai, to kabhI vizeSa kA mukhyarUpa se grahaNa karatA hai aura sAmAnya kA gauraNarUpa se avalambana karatA hai / saMgraha kA vipaya naigama se kama ho jAtA hai, vaha kevala sAmAnya athavA abheda kA grahaNa karatA hai / vyavahAra kA viSaya saMgraha se bhI kama hai, kyoMki vaha saMgraha dvArA gRhIta viSaya kA hI kucha vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para pRthakkaraNa karatA hai / RjusUtra kA viSaya vyavahAra se kama hai, kyoMki vyavahAra traikAlika viSaya kI sattA mAnatA hai, jaba ki RjusUtra vartamAna padArtha taka hI sImita rahatA hai, ata: yahIM se paryAyArthika naya kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / zabda kA viSaya isase bhI kama hai, kyoMki vaha kAla, kAraka, liMga, saMkhyA prAdi ke bheda se artha meM bheda mAnatA hai / samabhirUr3ha kA viSaya zabda se kama hai| kyoMki vaha paryAya-vyuttattibheda se arthabheda mAnatA hai, jaba ki zabda paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM kisI taraha kA bheda aGgIkAra nahIM karatA / evambhUta kA viSaya samabhirUr3ha se bhI kama hai. kyoMki vaha artha ko tabhI usa dAda dvArA vAcya mAnatA hai, java artha apanI vyutpattimUlaka miyA meM lagA huA ho / ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki pUrva pUrva naya kI apekSA uttara uttara naya sUkSma aura sUkSmatara hotA jAtA hai| uttara uttara naya kA viSaya pUrva pUrva naya ke viSaya para hI savalambita rahatA hai| pratyeka kA viSaya-kSetra uttarottara kama hone se inakA pAlparika paurvAparya sambandha hai|

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342 . . jaina-darzana __sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke AdhAra para inakA dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika meM vibhAjana kisI khAsa dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| pahale ke tIna naya sAmAnya tattva kI ora vizeSarUpa se jhuke hue haiM, aura bAda ke cAra naya vizeSa tattva para adhika bhAra dete haiN| prathama tIna nayoM meM sAmAnya kA vicAra adhika spaSTa hai aura zeSa cAra meM vizeSa kA vicAra adhika spaSTa hai / sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI isI spaSTatA ke kAraNa sAta nayoM ko dravyAthika paryAyAthika meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM eka hI tattva ke do avibhAjya pakSa haiM / aisI sthiti meM ekAntarUpa sAmAnya kA yA vizeSa kA grahaNa sambhava nhiiN| . arthanaya aura zabdanaya ke rUpa meM jo vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI isI prakAra kA hai| vAstava meM zabda aura artha ekAtirUpa se bhinna nahIM ho sakate / artha kI pradhAnatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prathama cAra nayoM ko arthanaya kahA gayA hai| zabda-prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se zeSa tIna naya zabdanaya kI koTi meM Ate haiM / isa prakAra pUrva pUrva naya se uttara uttara naya meM viSaya kI sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se, sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI dRSTi se, artha aura zabda kI dRSTi se bheda avazya hai, kintu yaha bheda aikAntika nahIM hai /

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prATha: karmavAda karmavAda, niyativAda evaM icchAsvAtantrya kama kA artha pharmavandha phA kAraNa pharmabandha kI prakriyA pharmaprakRti karmoM kI sthiti pharmaphala kI tIvratA-mandatA karmoM ke pradeza pharma kI vividha avasthAeM karma aura punarjanma

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karmavAda bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM karmavAda kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna haiM / sukha, duHkha evaM anya prakAra ke sAMsArika vaicitrya ke kAraNa kI khoja karate hae bhAratIya cintakoM ne karma-siddhAnta kA anveSaNa kiyA / jIva anAdi kAla se karmavaza ho vividha bhavoM meM bhramaNa kara rahA hai / janma-maraNa kA mUla karma hai| jIva apane zubha evaM agubha kamoM ke sAtha para bhava meM jAtA hai| jo jaisA karatA hai vaha banA hI phala pAtA hai| eka prANI dUsare prANI ke karmaphala kA adhikArI nahIM hotaa| karmavAda kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhArata kI samasta dArzanika evaM naitika vicAradhArAnoM meM vidyamAna hai tathApi isakA jo suvikasita rUpa jaina paramparA meM upalabdha hotA hai vaha anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotaa| karmavAda jaina vicAradhArA evaM paramparA kA aviccheca aMga hai /

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346 jana-darzana karmavAda, niyativAda evaM icchAsvAtaMtrya : prANI anAdi kAla se karma paramparA meM par3A huA hai| purAtana karmo ke yoga evaM navIna karmoM ke bandhana kI paramparA anAdi kAla se calI ArahI hai / jIva apane kRta karmoM ko bhogatA huA navIna karmoM kA upArjana karatA rahatA hai / aisA hote hue bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki prANI ekAnta rUpa se karmoM ke adhIna hai arthAt vaha karmoM kA bandhana roka hI nahIM sktaa| yadi prANI kA pratyeka kArya karmAdhIna hI mAnA jAe to vaha apanI Atmazakti kA svatantratApUrvaka upayoga kaise kara skegaa| prANI ko sarvathA karmAdhIna mAnane para icchA-svAtantrya kA koI mUlya nahIM raha jAtA / pariNAmataH karmavAda niyativAda ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jaaygaa|| karmavAda ko niyativAda athavA anivAryatAvAda nahIM kaha skte| karmavAda yaha nahIM mAnatA ki prANI jisa prakAra karma kA phala bhogane meM paratantra hai usI prakAra karma kA upArjana karane meM bhI paratantra hai| karmavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki prANI ko svopAjita karma kA phala kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya bhoganA paDatA hai kintu jahA~ taka navIna karma ke upArjana kA prazna hai, vaha amuka sImA taka svatantra hotA hai / yaha satya hai ki kRtakarma kA bhoga kiye binA mukti nahIM ho sakatI kintu yaha anivArya nahIM ki amuka samaya meM amuka karma kA upArjana ho hI / Antarika zakti tathA bAhya paristhiti ko dRSTi meM rakhate . hue prANI amuka sImA taka naye karmoM kA upArjana roka sakatA hai / yahI nahIM, vaha amuka sImA taka pUrvakRta karmoM ko zIghra athavA dera se bhI bhoga sakatA hai / isa prakAra karmavAda meM sImita icchAsvAtantrya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| . karma kA artha : _ 'karma' zabda kA artha sAdhAraNatayA kArya, pravRtti athavA kriyA kiyA jAtA hai| karmakANDa meM yajJa Adi kriyAe~ karma ke rUpa meM pracalita haiM / paurANika paramparA meM vrataniyama Adi kriyAe~ karmarUpa 'nI jAtI haiM / jaina paramparA meM karma do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai :

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347 karmavAda dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma / kArmaNa jAti kA pudgala arthAt jar3atattva vizeSa jo ki grAtmA ke sAtha milakara karma ke rUpa meM parigata hotA hai, dravyakarma kahalAtA hai / rAga-dveopAtmaka pariNAma ko bhAvakarma kahate haiM / zrAtmA aura karma kA sambandha pravAhataH granAdi hai / jIva purAne karmoM kA vinAza karatA huA navIna karmoM kA upArjana karatA rahatA hai| jaba taka prANI ke pUrvopArjita samasta karma naSTa nahIM ho jAte evaM navona karmoM kA upArjana baMda nahIM ho jAtA taba taka usakI bhavabandhana se mukti nahIM hotii| eka bAra samasta karmoM kA vinAza ho jAne para punaH navIna karmo kA upArjana nahIM hotA kyoMki usa zravasthA meM karmopArjana kA kAraNa vidyamAna nahIM rahatA / grAtmA kI isI pravasthA ko mukti, mokSa, nirvANa athavA siddhi kahate haiM / karmabandha kA kAraNa : jaina paramparA meM karmopArjana ke do kAraNa mAne gaye haiM: yoga zrI kapAya | zarIra, vANI aura mana kI pravRtti ko yoga kahate haiM / krodhAdi mAnasika zrAvegoM ko kapAya kahate haiN| vaise to pratyeka prakAra kA yoga arthAt kriyA karmopArjana kA kAraNa hai kintu jo yoga kaSAyayukta hotA hai usase hone vAlA karmabandha vizeSa balavAn hotA hai jabaki kaSAyarahita kriyA se hone vAlA karmabandha prati nirbala va alpAyu hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kRpAyayukta arthAt rAga pajanita pravRtti ho karmabandha kA mahattvapUrNa kAraNa hai | karmabandha ko prakriyA: sampUrNa loka meM aisA koI bhI sthAna nahIM hai jahA~ karmayogya paramANu vidyamAna na ho / jaba prANI apane mana, vacana vA nana se kisI bhI prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai taba usake grAsa-pAsa cAroM aura se karmayogya paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai arthAt jitane kSetra meM grAtmA vidyamAna hotI hai utane hI kSetra meM vidyamAna paramANu unake dvArA una samaya grahaNa kiye jAte haiM / pravRti kI tarama ke nusAra paramAyudhoM kI mAtrA meM bhI

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348 jaina darzana gRhIta paramANuoM ke samUha kA karmarUpa se prAtmA ke sAtha baddha honA jaina karmavAda kI paribhASA meM pradeza-bandha kahalAtA hai| inhIM paramANuoM kI jJAnAvaraNAdi rUpa pariNati ko prakRtibandha kahate haiM / karmaphala ke kAla ko sthiti-bandha tathA karmaphala kI tIvratA-maMdatA ko anubhAga-bandha kahate haiN| karma ba~dhate hI phala denA prArambha nahIM kara dete / kucha samaya taka ve vaise hI par3e rahate haiN| karma ke isa kAla ko abAdhAkAla kahate haiN| abAdhAkAla ke vyatIta hone para hI baddhakarma phala denA prArambha karate haiN| karmaphala kA prArambha hI karma kA udaya kahalAtA hai / karma apane sthiti-bandha ke anusAra udaya meM Ate rahate haiM evaM phala pradAna karate hue AtmA se alaMga hote rahate haiM / isI ko nirjarA kahate haiM / jisa karma kA jitanA sthiti-bandha hotA hai vaha utanI hI avadhi taka udaya meM AtA rahatA hai / jaba prAtmA se samasta karma alaga ho jAte haiM taba jIva karmamukta ho jAtA hai / AtmA kI isI avasthA ko mokSa kahate haiN| karmaprakRti : jaina karmazAstra meM karma kI ATha mala prakRtiyA~ mAnI gaI hai| ye prakRtiyA~ prANI ko bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI hai| ina ATha prakRtiyoM ke nAma ye hai : 1-jJAnAvaraNa, 2-darzanAvaraNa, 3-vedanIya 4-mohanIya, 5-pAyu, 6-nAma, 7-gotra, 8-antarAya / inameM se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya-ye cAra ghAtI prakRtiyA~ haiM kyoMki inase AtmA ke cAra mUla guNoM--jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kA ghAta hotA hai| zeSa cAra prakRtiyA~ aghAtI hai kyoMki ye AtmA ke kisI guNa kA ghAta nahIM karatIM / jJAnAvaraNa karmaprakRti AtmA ke jJAna guNa kA ghAta karatI hai| darzanAvaraNa karmaprakRti AtmA ke darzana guNa kA ghAta karatI hai / mohanIya karmaprakRti se prAtmasukha kA ghAta hotA hai| antarAya karmaprakRti ke kAraNa vIrya arthAt Atmazakti kA 1-dekhiye-karmagrantha prathama bhAga tathA / Outlines of Jaina Philosophy, antima prakaraNa /

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pharmavAda 346 ghAta hotA hai / vedanIya karmaprakRti anukUla evaM pratikUla saMvedana arthAt sugya-duHgva ke anubhava kA kAraNa hai / prAya karmaprakRti ke kAraNa narakAdi vividha bhavoM kI prApti hotI hai / nAma kamaprakRti vividha gati, jAti, zarIra grAdi kA kAraNa hai / gotra karmaprakRti prAgiyoM ke uccAva evaM nIcatva kA kAraNa hai| jJAnAvaragA karma kI pA~ca uttaraprakRtiyA~ hai : 1-matinAnAvaragA, 2-zrutajJAnAvaragA, 3-avadhinAnAvaragA, 4-mana:paryAyanAnAvaragA, 5-valajJAnAvaragA / matijJAnAvaragA karma matinAna prarthAt indriyoM va mana meM utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko pAcchAdita karatA hai / zrutajJAnAvaragA kama zratamAna arthAt gAstroM athavA gabdoM ke paThana tathA avaga se hone vAle arthajJAna kA nirodha karatA hai / avadhijJAnAvaragA garma avadhinAna arthAt indriya tathA mana kI mahAyatA ke vinA hone vAle rUpI padArthoM ke jJAna ko prAvRtta karatA hai / manaHparyAyajAnAvaggA karma manaHparyAyajJAna arthAt indriya va mana ko mahAyatA ke binA mamananya jIvoM ke manogata bhAvoM ko jAnane vAle jJAna ko grAmavAdina karatA hai| kevana-jJAnAvaragA karma kevalagAna arthAt loka ke atIta, vartamAna evaM sanAgata samasta padArtho ko yugapat jAnane vAle jJAna ko pAvana karatA hai| danAvaraNa karma kI nava uttara praganiyAM haiM : ?-canardanAvanyA, 2-anArdananAvaragA, 3-avadhidaganAvaraNa, 4-kevaladagaMnAyagA. 5-nidrA, 6-nidrAnidrA, -pracalA. :-pracanApracalA, hai-- gyAnadi / prAMvoM hAga payAyoM ke nAmAnya dharma ke grahaNa ko nakSamAMga kI hai| marakAra ke dAMna meM padArtha kA mAdhAraNa prAbhAna holA / zradarzana ko prAvRta pAne vAlA kAma nabhardanAvanA kama palAnA hai / yAMgoM ke atirikta anya indriyoM nayA mana meM pAyoM kA jo sAmAnya pratimAna hotA hai meM acabhadaMgana kahI hai| isa prakAra ke dAMna po yAvata karane vAlA kAma anakSa TAMnAsA karma pahalAtA hai| niyA nayA pana kI mahAvanA ke binA mAhAgarapI padApoM kA mAmAnA bodha honA adhidAna mAtA prakAra dona ko pAvana karane vAlA karma pravadhi

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350 jaina-darzana darzanAvaraNa karma kahalAtA hai / saMsAra ke samasta traikAlika padArthoM kA sAmAnyAvabodha kevaladarzana kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra ke darzana ko AvRtta karane vAlA karma kevaladarzanAvaraNa karma kahalAtA hai / soye . hue prANI kA thor3I sI AvAja se jaga jAnA nidrA kahalAtA hai| . jisa karma ke udaya se isa prakAra kI nidrA AtI hai usakA nAma nidrAkarma hai / soye hue prANI kA bar3e jora se cillAne, hAtha se jora se hilAne Adi para bar3I kaThinAI se jaganA nidrAnidrA kahalAtA hai / tannimittaka karma ko nidrAnidrA karma kahate haiM / khar3e-khar3e yA baiThebaiThe nIMda nikAlanA pracalA kahalAtA hai| tannimittaka karma ko pracalAkarma kahate haiM / calate-phirate nIMda lene kA nAma pracalApracalA hai / tannimittabhUta karma ko pracalApracalA karma kahate haiN| dina meM athavA rAta meM soce hue kAryavizeSa ko nidrAvasthA meM sampanna karane kA nAma styAnaddhi hai| jisa karma ke udaya se isa prakAra kI nIMda AtI hai use styAnaddhi karma kahate haiN| __ vedanIya karma kI do uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM : sAtA vedanIya aura asAtA vedanIya / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI ko anukUla viSayoM kI prApti se sukha kA anubhava hotA hai use sAtA vedanIya karma kahate haiM / jisa karma ke udaya se pratikUla viSayoM kI prApti se duHkha kA saMvedana hotA hai use asAtA vedanIya karma kahate haiN| AtmA ko viSayanirapekSa svarUpasukha kA anubhava binA kisI karma ke udaya ke svataH hotA hai / isa prakAra kA vizuddha sukha prAtmA kA svadharma hai| mohanIya karma ko mukhya do uttaraprakRtiyA~ haiM : darzana mohanIya karma aura cAritra mohanIya karma / jo padArtha jaisA hai use vaisA hI samajhane kA nAma darzana hai / yaha tattvArtha-zraddhAnarUpa AtmaguNa hai / ' isa guNa kA ghAta karane vAlA karma darzanamohanIya kahalAtA hai / jisa AcaraNa vizeSa ke dvArA AtmA apane yathArtha svarUpa ko mApta karatA hai use cAritra kahate haiM / cAritra kA ghAta karane vAlA 1-tattvArtha zradvAnaM samyagdarzanam / / --tattvArthasUtra, 1 2,

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karmavAda 351 karma cAritra-mohanIya kahalAtA hai / darzanamohanIya karma ke punaH tIna bheda haiM. samyaktvamohanIya, mithyAtvamohanIya, mizramohanIya / samyaktvamohanIya ke karma-paramANu (dalika) zuddha hote haiN| yaha karma svaccha paramANuoM vAlA hone ke kAraNa tattvarucirUpa samyaktva meM bAdhA nahIM pahu~cAtA / isake udaya se AtmA ko svAbhAvika samyaktva arthAt karmanirakSepa kSAyika samyaktva kI prApti nahIM hone pAtI / pariNAmataH use sUkSma padArthoM ke cintana meM zaMkAe~ huA karatI haiM / mithyAtva mohanIya ke karmaparamANu azuddha hote haiM / isa karma ke udaya se prANI hita ko ahita samajhatA hai tathA ahita ko hita / viparIta buddhi ke kAraNa use tattva kA yathArtha bodha nahIM hone pAtA / mizramohanIya ke karmaparamANu ardhavizuddha hote haiM / isa karma ke udaya se jIva ko na to tattvaruci hotI hai na atattvaruci / isIlie ise samyamithyAtva mohanIya bhI kahate haiM / yaha samyaktva mohanIya va mithyAtva mohanIya kA mizrita rUpa hai / mohanIya ke dUsare mukhya bheda cAritra mohanIya ke do upabheda haiM : kaSAya mohanIya aura nokaSAya mohanIya / kaSAya mohanIya cAra prakAra kA hai : krodha, mAna, mAyA, aura lobha / krodhAdi cAroM kaSAya tIvratA-mandatA kI dRSTi se puna: cAra-cAra prakAra ke haiM : anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa aura saMjvalana / isa prakAra kaSAya mohanIya karma ke kula solaha bheda hote haiM jinake udaya se prANI meM krodhAdi kaSAya utpanna hote haiN| anantAnuvandhI krodhAdi ke prabhAva se jIva ananta kAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai / yaha kaSAya samyaktva kA ghAta karatA hai| apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya ke udaya se dezaviratirUpa zrAvakadharma kI prApti nahIM hone paatii| pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya ke udaya se sarvaviratirUpa zramaNadharma kI prApti nahIM hone paatii| . saMjvalana kaSAya ke prabhAva se zramaNa yathAkhyAta cAritrarUpa sarvavirati prApta nahIM kara sakatA / kaSAyoM ke sAtha jinakA udaya hotA hai athavA jo kaSAyoM ko uttejita karate haiM unheM nokaSAya kahate haiM / ' 1-kapAyasahavatitvAt kaSAyapreraNAdapi / hAsyAdi navakasyoktA, nokapAyakaSAyatA //

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352 jaina-darzana nokaSAya ke nava bheda haiM : 1-hAsya, 2-rati 3-arati, 4-zoka, 5-bhaya, 6-jugupsA, 7-strIveda, 8-puruSaveda, 6-napuMsakaveda / napusakaveda kA artha strI aura puruSa donoM ke sAtha saMbhoga karane kI kAmanA ke abhAva ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu tIvratama kAmAbhilApA ke rUpa meM hai jisakA lakSya strI aura purupa donoM haiM / Ayu karma kI uttaraprakRtiyA~ cAra haiM : 1-devAyu, 2-manuSyAyu, 3-tiyaJcAyu, 4-narakAyu / prAya karma kI vividhatA ke kAraNa prANI devAdi gatiyoM meM jIvana yApana karatA hai / Ayu karma ke kSaya se prANI kI mRtyu hotI hai / prAyu do rUpoM meM upalabdha hotI hai : apavartanIya aura anapavartanoya / vAhya nimittoM se prAyu kA kama honA arthAt niyata samaya se pUrva prAyu kA samApta honA apavartanIya Ayu kahalAtA hai / isI kA nAma akAlamRtyu hai / kisI bhI kAraNa se kama na hone vAlI Ayu ko anapavartanIya Ayu kahate haiN| nAma karma kI ekasau tIna uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM / ye cAra zreNiyoM meM vibhakta haiM : piNDaprakRtiyA~, pratyekaprakRtiyA~, trasadazaka aura sthAvaradazaka / piNDaprakRtiyoM meM nimnokta pacahattara prakAra ke kAryoM se sambandhita karmoM kA samAveza hai. (1) cAra gatiyA~-deva, naraka, tiryaJca aura manuSya; (2) pA~ca jAtiyA~-ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura paMcendriya, (3) pA~ca zarIra-audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kAmagA; (4) tIna upAMga-audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka taijasa aura kArmaraNa zarIra ke upAMga nahIM hote); (5) pandraha bandhana-audArika-audArika, audArikataijasa, audArika-kArmaNa, audArika-taijasa-kArmaNa, vaikriya-vaikriya, vekriya-taijasa, vaikriya-kArmaNa, vaikriya-taijasa-kArmaraNa, AhArakaAhAraka AhAraka-taijasa, AhAraka-kArmaNa, AhAraka-taijasakArmaNa, taijasa-taijasa, taijasa-kArmaNa aura kArmaraNa-kArmaNa ; (6) pA~ca saMghAtana-audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa; (7) chaH saMhanana-vajraRSabhanArAca, RSabhanArAca, nArAca, ardhanArAca, kIlika aura sevAta ; (8) cha: saMsthAna-samacaturasra, nyagrodhaparimaNDala, sAdi, kubja, vAmana aura huNDa ; (6) zarIra ke

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karmavAda 353 pA~ca varNa - kRSNa, nIla, lohita, hAridra aura sita; (10) do -- gandha -- surabhigandha aura durabhigandha ; ( 11 ) pA~ca rasa - tikta, kaTu, kaSAya, Amla aura madhura ; ( 12 ) ATha sparza - guru, laghu, mRdu, karkaza, zIta, uSNa, snigdha aura rUkSa ; (13) cAra AnupUrviyA~ - devAnupUrvI, manuSyAnupUrvI, tiryaJcAnupUrvI aura narakAnupUrvI ; (14) do gatiyA~ - zubha vihAyogati aura prazubhavihAyogati / pratyeka prakRtiyoM meM nimnokta ATha prakAra ke kAryoM se sambandhita karmoM kA samAveza hai: parAghAta, ucch vAsa, grAtapa, udyota agurulaghu, tIrthaMkara, nirmANa aura upaghAta / trasadazaka meM nimnalikhita se sambandhita dasa prakAra ke karmoM kA samAveza hai : trasa, vAdara, paryApta, pratyeka, sthira, zubha, subhaga, susvara, Adeya aura yaza: kIrti / sthAvaradazaka meM trasa - dazaka se viparIta dasa prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ samAviSTa haiM jo nimnalikhita se sambandhita haiM: sthAvara, sUkSma, aparyApta, sAdhAraNa, asthira, azubha, durbhaga, dusvara, anAdeya aura prAyaza: kIrti / ina ekasau tIna karmaprakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para prANiyoM ke zArIrika vaividhya kA nirmANa hotA hai / isa prakAra zarIra racanA kA kAraNa nAma karma hai / gotra karma kI do uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM : ucca aura nIca / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI uttamakula meM janma grahaNa karatA hai use uccagotra karma kahate haiM / jisa karma ke udaya se prANI kA janma nIca arthAt asaMskArI kula meM hotA hai use nIcagotra karma kahate haiM / antarAya karma kI pA~ca uttara - prakRtiyA~ haiM : dAnAntarAya, lAbhAntarAya, bhogAntarAya. upabhogAntarAya aura vIryAntarAya / jisa karma ke udaya se dAna karane kA utsAha nahIM hotA vaha dAnAntarAya karma hai / jisa karma kA udaya hone para udAra dAtA kI upasthiti meM bhI dAna kA lAbha prApti na ho sake vaha lAbhAntarAya karma hai| 1 1 - vizeSa vivecana ke lie dekhie - karmavipAka (paM0 sukhalAlajI kRta hindI anuvAda sahita ) pR0 58 - 105 ; Outlines of Karma in Jainism, pR0 10-3 23

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354 jaina-darzana athavA paryApta sAmagrI ke rahane para bhI jisake kAraNa abhISTa vastu kI prApti na ho vaha lAbhAntarAya karma hai| bhoga kI sAmagrI upasthita ho evaM bhoga karane kI icchA bhI ho phira bhI jisa karma ke udaya se prANI bhogya padArthoM kA bhoga na kara sake vaha bhogAntarAya karma hai / isI prakAra upabhogya vastuoM kA upabhoga na kara sakanA upabhogAntarAya karma kA phala hai / jo padArtha eka bAra bhoge jAte haiM ve bhogya kahalAte haiM tathA jo bAra-bAra bhoge jAte haiM ve upabhogya kahalAte haiN| anna, jala, phala Adi bhogya padArtha haiN| vastra, AbhUpaNa, strI Adi upabhogya padArtha haiN| jisa karma ke udaya se prANI apane vIrya arthAt sAmarthya-zakti-vala kA cAhate hue bhI upayoga na kara sake use vIryAntarAya karma kahate haiM / karmoM kI sthiti : ___ jaina karmagraMthoM meM jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmoM kI vibhinna sthiti vatalAI gaI hai jisake kAraNa ve utane samaya taka udaya meM rahate haiM / yaha sthiti jo ki nyUnatama evaM adhikatama rUpoM meM milatI hai. isa prakAra hai : adhikatama samaya nyUnatama samaya jJAnAvaraNa tIsakoTAkoTi antamuhUrta sAgaropama dazanAvaraNa vedanIya bAraha muhUrta mohanIya sattara koTAkoTi antarmuhUrta sAgaropama pAyu taiMtIsa sAgaropama nAma bIsa koTAkoTi ATha muhUrta sAgaropama gotra antarAya tIsa koTAkoTi antamuhUrta sAgaropama " 1.-sAgaropama Adi ke svarUpa ke lie dekhie Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy, pR0 20

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karmavAda 3.55 karmaphala kI tIvratA-mandatA : karmaphala kI tIvratA aura mandatA kA AdhAra tannimittaka kaSAyoM kI tIvratA-mandatA hai / jo prANI jitanA adhika kaSAya kI tIvratA se yukta hogA usake azubha karma utane hI prabala evaM zubha karma utane hI nirbala hoNge| jo prANI jitanA adhika kaSAyamukta evaM vizuddha hogA usake zubha karma utane hI adhika prabala evaM azubhakarma utane hI adhika durvala hoNge| karmoM ke pradeza : prANI apanI kAyika Adi kriyAoM dvArA jitane karmapradeza arthAt karmaparamANu AkRSTa karatA hai ve vividha prakAra ke karmoM meM vibhakta hokara AtmA ke sAtha vaddha hote haiM / Ayu karma ke hisse meM saba se kama bhAga AtA hai| nAma karma ko usase kucha adhika hissA milatA hai / gotra karma kA hissA bhI nAma karma jitanA hI hotA hai| isase kucha adhika bhAga .jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAya ko prApta hotA hai| ina tInoM kA bhAga samAna rahatA hai| isase bhI adhika bhAga mohanIya ke hisse meM AtA hai| sabase adhika bhAga vedanIya ko milatA hai| ina paramAguoM kA punaH apanI-apanI uttara prakRtiyoM meM vibhAjana hotA hai| karma kI vividha avasthAe~ : jaina karmasAhitya meM kama kI vividha avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / inakA moTe taura para gyAraha bhedoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye bheda isa prakAra haiM: 1-bandhana, 2-sattA, 3-udaya, 4-udIraNA, 5-udavartanA, 6-apavartanA, 7-saMkramaNa 8-upazamana, ha-nivatti, 10-nikAcana, 11-abAdha / ' 1-bandhana-grAtmA ke sAtha karma-paramANugoM kA vaMdhanA arthAt nIra-kSIravat eka rUpa ho jAnA bandhana kahalAtA hai / vandhana cAra 1-dekhie-yAtmamImAMsA, pR0 128-131; Jaina Psychology, pR0 25-6.

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jaina-darzana prakAra kA hotA hai| prakRtivandha, sthitivandha, anubhAgavandha aura pradezavandha / ina cAroM kA varNana kiyA jA cukA hai| 2-sattA-baddha karma-paramANu nirjarA arthAt kSayaparyanta AtmA se sambaddha rahate haiN| isI avasthA kA nAma sattA hai / isa avasthA meM karma phala pradAna nahIM karate / 3- udaya --karma kI phala pradAna karane kI avasthA ko udaya kahate haiM / isa avasthA meM karma-pudgala apanI prakRti ke anusAra phala dekara naSTa ho jAte haiN| 4-udIraNA--niyata samaya se pUrva karma kA udaya meM AnA udIraNA kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata kAla se pahale phala pakAye jA sakate haiM usI prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata samaya se pUrva baddhakarma bhoge jA sakate haiM / sAmAnyatayA jisa karma kA udaya jArI hotA hai usake sajAtIya karma kI hI udIraNA saMbhava hotI hai| 5--udvartanA--baddhakarmoM kI sthiti aura rasa kA nizcaya bandhana ke samaya vidyamAna kaSAya kI tIvratA-mandatA ke anusAra hotA hai| usake bAda kI sthiti vizeSa athavA bhAva vizeSa ke kAraNa usa sthiti evaM rasa meM vRddhi honA udavartanA kahalAtA hai / ise utkarSaNa bhI kahate haiN| 6-apavartanA--baddha karmoM kI sthiti evaM rasa meM bhAvavizeSa ke kAraNa kamI hone kA nAma apavartanA hai / yaha avasthA udvartanA se viparIta hai / ise apakarSaNa bhI kahate haiN| . 7-saMkramaraNa--eka prakAra ke karma-paramANuoM kI sthiti Adi ' kA dUsare prakAra ke karma-paramANuoM kI sthiti Adi meM parivartana athavA pariNamana honA saMkramaNa * kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra ke parivartana ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne kucha nizcita maryAdAe~ arthAt sImAe~ banA rakhI haiN| . . . : -upazamana-karma kI jisa avasthA meM udaya athavA udIraNA saMbhava nahIM hotI kintu udvartanA, apavartanA evaM saMkramaNa kI saMbhAvanA kA abhAva nahIM hotA use upazamana kahate haiM / jisa prakAra

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karmavAda 357 rAkha se prAvRtta agni AvaraNa haTate hI apanA kArya karanA prArambha kara deto hai usI prakAra upazamana avasthA meM rahA huyA karma usa avasthA ke samApta hote hI apanA kArya prArambha kara detA hai arthAt udaya meM Akara phala denA prArambha kara detA hai| -nitti--jisameM udIraNA aura saMkramaNa kA sarvathA abhAva rahatA hai kintu udvartanA va apavartanA kI asaMbhAvanA nahIM hotI use nidhatti kahate haiN| 10-nikAcana--jisameM udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa evaM udIraNA ina cAroM avasthAoM kA abhAva rahatA hai use nikAcana kahate haiM / isa avasthA kA artha hai karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandha huA hai usI rUpa meM use bhoganA / 11-abAdha--baMdhane ke bAda amuka samaya taka kisI prakAra kA phala na dene kI karma kI avasthA kA nAma abAdha avasthA hai| isa prakAra kI avasthA ke kAla vizeSa ko abAdhA-kAla kahate haiM / karma aura punarjanma: karma aura punarjanma kA avicchedya sambandha hai / karma kI sattA svIkAra karane para tadphalarUpa paraloka athavA punarjanma kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanI par3atI hai| jaina karma sAhitya meM samasta saMsArI jIvoM kA samAveza cAra gatiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai : manuSya, tiryaJca, nAraka aura deva / mRtyu ke pazcAt prANI apane gati nAma karma ke anusAra ina cAra gatiyoM meM se kisI eka gati meM utpanna hotA hai / jaba jIva eka zarIra chor3a kara dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karane vAlA hotA hai taba pAnupUrvI nAma karma use apane utpattisthAna para pahuMcA detA hai / gatyantara ke samaya jIva ke sAtha kevala do prakAra ke zarIra rahate haiM : taijasa aura kArmaraNa / anya prakAra ke zarIra-audArika athavA vaikriya kA nirmANa vahA~ pahu~cane ke bAda prArambha hotA hai|

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grantha-sUcI anuyogadvAra sUtra anyayogavyavaccheda--dvAtriMzikA-hemacandra aSTasahasrI-vidyAnandI AcArAMga sUtra AtmamImAMsA-paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA AptamImAsA-samantabhadra Avazyakaniyukti-bhadrabAhu IzopaniSad uttarAdhyayana sUtra Rgveda kaThopaniSad karmagrantha, bhAga 1-5-devendrasUri karmagrantha, bhAga 6-candramahattara karmagrantha sArtha-jIvavijaya karmavipAka-paM0 sukhalAlajI gommaTasAraH jIvakANDa-nemicandra chAndogya upaniSad jainatarkabhASA-yazovijaya jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA jainadharma kA prANa-paM0 sukhalAla jI jJAnavinduprakaraNa-yazovijaya jJAnArNava-zubhacandra tattvatraya-lokAcArya tattvasaMgraha tattvArtha-bhASya-umAsvAti

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tattvArtha-bhASya-TIkA-siddhasenagaNi tattvArtha-rAjavAtika-akalaMka tattvArtha-lokavArtika-vidyAnandI tattvArtha sAra-amRtacandra tattvArthasUtra-vivecana--paM0 sukhalAlajI tattvArthAdhigama sUtra-umAsvAti tarkasaMgraha-anna bhaTTa triMzikA-vasubandhu dazavaikAlika-niyukti-bhadrabAhu dazavaikAlika-vRtti---haribhadra dIghanikAya dravyasaMgraha-nemicandra dravyasaMgraha-vRtti-brahmadeva dhavalA ( SaTkhaNDAgama-TIkA)-bIrasena dhyAnazataka-jinabhadra nandI sUtra nandI sUtra-vRtti-haribhadra nandI sUtra-vRtti-malayagiri nayakaNikA-vinayavijaya . naya prakAzastava vRtti niyamasAra-kundakunda nyAyakandalI-zrIdhara nyAyabindu-dharmakIti ... nyAyabindu-TIkA-dharmottara nyAyabhASya-vAtsyAyana nyAyamajarI-jayanta nyAyavArtika--udyotakara nyAyasUtra-gautama nyAyAvatAra-siddhasena nyAyAvatAra-vArtika-vRtti-saM0 paM0 dalasukha mAlavariNayA~

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1 sa ) parIkSAmukha-mANikyanandI paMcasaMgraha-candraSimahattara paMcAstikAyasAra--kundakunda prajJApanA sUtra pramANanayatattvAloka-vAdideva pramANamImAMsA-hemacandra pramANa vArtika prameyakamalamArtaNDa-prabhAcandra pravacanasAra-kundakunda prazastapAdabhASya-prazastapAda prAkRta vyAkaraNa-hemacandra buddhacarita--azvaghoSa bauddhadarzana aura vedAnta-DA0 candradhara zarmA bhagavatI sUtra bhagavadgItA majjhimanikAya mahAbhASya--pataMjali mAdhyamikakArikA-nAgArjuna mImAMsA-sUtra-zAbarabhASya--zavarasvAmI muktAvalI-vizvanAtha muNDakopaniSad yogasUtra-pataMjali ratnAkarAvatArikA (pramANanayatattvAloka-TIkA)-ratnaprabha rAjapraznIya sUtra laghIyastraya--akalaMka laghIyastraya-TIkA-akalaMka laMkAvatAra sUtra vizuddhimArga vizeSAvazyaka bhASya-jinabhadra vizatikA-vasUbandha

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vedAntasiddhAntamuktAvalI--prakAzAnanda vaizeSika sUtra-kaNAda zAGkarabhASya--zaMkarAcArya zretAzvataropaniSad zAntiparva (mahAbhArata) zAstravArtAsamuccaya--haribhadra zramaNa-va0 3 aM0 1 zrIbhASya-rAmAnuja zlokavAttika-kumArila SaDdarzanasamuccaya-haribhadra sanmatitarkaprakaraNa-siddhasena samayasAra-kundakunda samavAyAMga sUtra sarvadarzana saMgraha-mAdhavAcArya sarvArthasiddhi-pUjyapAda saMyuktanikAya sAMkhyakArikA-IzvarakRSNa sAMkhyatattvakaumudI-vAcaspati mizra sAMkhyapravacana-bhASya-vijJAnabhikSu sAMkhyapravacana sUtra--kapila sAMkhyasUtra-vRtti-aniruddha siddhahema-hemacandra sUtrakRtAMga sthAnAMgasUtra syAdvAdamaMjarI-malliSeNa syAdvAdaratnAkara-vAdideva

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( ya ) Cosmology: Old and New-G. R. Jain. Critical History of Greek Philosophy-Stace. Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy-Glasenapp. History of Philosophy-Thilly. History of Western Philosophy-Russell. Indian Philosophy-C. D. Sharma. Jaina Philosophy of Non-Absolutism -S. K. Mookerjee. Jaina Psychology-M. L. Mehta. Life and Philosophy in Contemporary British Philosophy-Bosanquet. Outlines of Jaina Philosophy-M. L. Mehta. Outlines of Karma in Jainism-M. L. Mehta. Principles of Philosophy-H.M. Bhattacharya. Problems of Philosophy-Russell. Prolegomena to an Idealistic Theory of Knowledge-N. K. Smith. Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22. Studies in Jaina Philosophy-N. M. Tatia. Varieties of Religious Experience -William James,

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Hd gygyydshs 'd' ' d'r ,

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prakalaMka akAla mRtyu agurulaghu gurulaghuparyAya pracakSurdarzanAvaraNa aNu dharmAtiskAya anantavIrya anantasiddha anantAnubandhI apavartanIya antarAya antarmuhUrta granirvacanIya granubhAgavandha anumAna anusandhAna-yuga anekAntavAda anekAnta sthApanA -yuga apavartana apavartanIya apekSAvAda grapratyAkhyAna abhayadeva abhedavAda arthanaya zravagraha zabdAnukramaNikA pRSTha 104 - 106 352 300 204-288 346 176-183 166 - 167 108 - 110 276 351 352 348-354 354 280-282 356 247-250 116 - 121 276-277 94 - 104 355 352 277-282 351 106 281 331 115 - 218 avadhijJAna avasarpiNI avyAkRta avyucchittinaya asatkAryavAda asadbhAvaparyAya astikAya azubha vihAyogati prazailezI aMga grAkAza Agama Agamayuga prAtapa grAtmA AdarzavAda pleTo barkale kAnTa hIgala na Dale vosAMkeTa zUnyavAda yogAcAra pRSTha 232--235 283 283 - 285 286 282 301 146 - 150 353 276 85 167 - 166 85 - 61 251-252,272 83-84 161 151 - 156 163 - 178 41-54 44-45 45-46 46-48 4 48 4

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163 vedAna AnupUrtI yApta 272 nimA 302 U bhAga . " mAgamA zrAhAra 2. nAma guganandrAni 113 113 gunA 204 0 216 276 346 278-185 342 04 nAnAvaragA nAgiparyAya 271 85 110 113 161 deva utpAda utpI udaya udAharaNA udImA udyota udvartanA upanaya upamAna upagama upAMga umAsvAti ekAnekavAda ekAntavAda ekAnzavAda evaMbhUta zrIdArika karma karmaprakRti karmavAda karmavAdI nandraprabha 161 gandroga 35.5 dhAgA 271-.-272 250-251 nn| jamAli 85-352 61-63 jayantI jinezvara 276,280,281 jIvana 277 jainadarzana 331 jainadharma 162-193 naparamparA 346 jJAna 348 345-346 285 jJAnacandra 26-41 283 278 110 37-36 68-66 77-83 156-162, 236-255, 252-257 113

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pRSTha 312-388 114-115 355-257 pRSTha jJAnavAda 206-211 naya tattva 276 nayavAda tattvArthasUtra nayasapta maMgI tama 160-161 nAma tarka 265-266 tiryaca navyanyAya-yuga nikAcana tIrya kara tejasa nigamana 193-236 nityAnityavAda 352-245 prasa nidrA vasadalaka ninnaalillaa danAna 11--14.16-21 niyativAda 26-29, 37-36, niyani darzanaparyAya nirvacanIya sanAvaraNa 388 nirjaga manorayoga 163 nirvAga dezanideyI 223 nItra gotra 10 279 352 8 255-35 Pre 2/ 13 naMkAya 146-110 sa siddha . 22-2 :

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( 4 ) pRSTha 66-72 283-212 286 160 281 300 139-146 211-212 213-215 235-237 102-103 276 106 pRSTha prakRti bandha 348-356 bhAratIya saMskRti prakIrNaka 85 bhAva pracalA 346 bhAva dRSTi pracalA pracalA 346 bheda pratijJA 270 bhedavAda pratyakSa 246, 266-262 bhaMga pratyabhijJAna 264-266 bhedAbhedavAda pratyAkhyAna 276-351 matijJAna pradeza dRSTi 260-330 pradeza vandha 356 manaHparyayajJAna prabhAcandra 106-110 mallavAdI pramANazAstra-vyavasthA-yuga mahAvIra 104-113 mAriNakyanandI pramAraNa saptabhaMgI mithyAtvamohanIya prAmANya 255---257 mizramohanIya 184-186 355 mUla buddha 277 merutuga . brAhmaNa saMskRti 72-74 mohanIya bhAratIya paramparA 30-37 yathAkhyAta cAritra cArvAka 30-36 yathArthavAda jaina . jar3AdvaitavAda 32-33 dvatavAda sAMkhya / nAnArthavAda yoga mImAMsA nyAya sAMkhya vaizeSika viziSTAdvaitavAda pUrva mImAMsA 35-36 dvaitavAda (madhva) vedAnta nyAya-vaizeSika 346 baMdha 351 276 mukta bandhana 113 352 351 54-64 56 bauddha 46-60 U 34-35 60-61 / .

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300 113 113 sat / rUpI 282 355 pRSTha pRSTha vaibhASika 62 zarIra 192-164 sautrAntika 62-62 zAkaTAyana 108 cArvAka 62-63 zAntyAcArya 212 jainadarzana 63-64 zubhavihAyogati 353 yazasvatsAgara zailezIya 276 yazovijaya 114-115 zramaNa 76-77 yojana 284 zramaNa dharma 351 ratnaprabhasUri 112-113 zramaNa saMskRti 74-76 ratnaprabhA . zru tajJAna 227-226 rAjezvara / sakalAdeza 308-327 rAmacandrasUri . 126-133 146 satkAryavAda loka 126-128 sattA vAdirAja 110 sadbhAvaparyAya 301 vAdIdevasUri 323 110-111 sadsatkAryavAda vikalAdeza 308-327 sapta bhaMgI vijJAna 14-16. 18-22 samantabhadra 66-102 vidyAnanda 107-108 samabhirUr3ha 331-332 vibhajyavAda 277-283 samyaktvamohanIya 351 vimaladAsa 115 sarva parikSeNI vedanIya 348 saMkara doSa 317 vedAnta 321 saMkramaNa 355-356 vaikriya 163-352 saMgraha 332 vyatikara dopa 318 saMghAta 184-188 vyaya 276 saMghAtana 352 vyavahAra 332 saMjayavelagaTThI putta 268 vyucchittinaya 286 saMjvalana 351 zabda 188-289 saMsArI ra7e zabdanaya 331 saMsthAna 160, 336-352 266 mr m mm m

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pRSTha saMhanana 352 sthApanA sAdhana 267-266 sthAvara sAdhuvijaya 113 sthAvaradazaka sAmprata 333 sthitivandha sirSi 106 sthUlatA siddhasena 63-66,328-332 syAdvAda siMhagaNi 103 sUkSmatA 160 smRti somatilaka 113 haribhadra somila 260 skandha 183-186 hemacandra styAddhi 346 pRSTha 312 276 352 456 160. 276-277 276 24-262 106-107 217-280 111-112,262 svapna hetu

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do hajAra varSoM ke bAda prathama bAra upAdhyAya zrI amara muni jI tathA paM0 zrI kamala muni jI . ke dvArA susampAdita hokara prakAzita nizItha mahAbhASya cAra bhAgoM meM rAja saMskaraNa mUlya mAtra sau rupaye