Bauddh Dharm Darshan Sanskruti aur Kala

Author(s): Dharmchand Jain, Shweta Jain
Publisher: Bauddh Adhyayan Kendra
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004152/1

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bauddhadharma-darzana saMskRti aura kalA MO sampAdaka DaoN. dharmacanda jaina DaoN. zvetA jaina Hoi Personal & Prive Use Only

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___ bauddha dharma-darzana ne bhAratIya cintana paramparA, kalA evaM saMskRti ko zatAbdiyoM taka satata prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa paramparA ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya saMskRti kA jJAna apUrNa hI rahatA hai| samprati aneka bhASAoM meM ho rahe vaizvika lekhana meM bhI bauddha-cintana kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| ____bauddha dharma-darzana Adhunika yuga meM bhI utanA hI upayogI hai, jitanA prAcIna kAla meM rahA / duHkha-mukti, tanAva-vimukti, cittazuddhi evaM vizvazAnti kI dRSTi se yaha vyakti, samAja evaM vizva sabake lie Aja bhI pUrNataH upAdeya hai| prastuta pustaka meM bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA se sambaddha vibhinna pakSoM para vidvAnoM ke Alekha prakAzita haiM / tripiTakoM ke adhyayana kI upayogitA, anAtmavAda, zUnyavAda, pratItyasamutpAda, kSaNikavAda, nirvikalpatA, zamatha, vipazyanA, mAnava-manovijJAna, bAhyArtha astitvavAda, paMcazIla, karma kI avadhAraNA, brahmavihAra Adi dArzanika viSayoM ke sAtha isa pustaka meM sAmAjika nyAya, dalita-utthAna, sAmpradAyika sadbhAva, sAmAjika sAmarasya, nArI-abhyudaya Adi sAmAjika viSaya bhI carcita hue haiN| sAMskRtika dRSTi se prajAtAntrika mUlyoM para bhI vicAra huA hai| buddhaghoSa, azvaghoSa Adi kI racanAoM ke AdhAra para zAnti evaM jIvana mUlya ke sUtra khoje gae haiN| bauddha dharma evaM kalA kA ghaniSTha sambandha bhI ujAgara huA hai| sthApatyakalA, citrakalA, mUrtikalA Adi ke vikAsa meM bauddhadharma kA yogadAna rahA hai| jayazaMkara prasAda jaise hindI sAhityakAra bhI bauddha dharma se prabhAvita haiM, yaha isa pustaka ke AlekhoM se puSTi hotI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana saMskRti aura kalA sampAdaka DaoN. dharmacanda jaina DaoN. zvetA jaina bauddha adhyayana kendra, jodhapura rAjasthAnI granthAgAra, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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0 prakAzaka: bauddha adhyayana kendra nayA parisara, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya jodhapura (rAja.), dUrabhASa - 0291-2720897 0 vitaraka: rAjasthAnI granthAgAra prakAzaka evaM pustaka vikretA prathama tala, gaNeza mandira ke pAsa sojatI geTa ke bAhara, jodhapura (rAja.) phona : 0291-2657531,2623933 (O) E-mail : info@rgbooks.net website : www.rgbooks.net (c) bauddha adhyayana kendra, jodhapura O ISBN : 978-81-907988-7-7 0 prathama saMskaraNa : 2013 0 mUlya : Rs 300.00 (tIna sau rupaye mAtra) rAjasthAnI granthAgAra ke lie ema.esa. kampyUTarsa dvArA TAipaseTiMga evaM mudraNa bhArata priNTarsa presa, jodhapura Bauddha Dharma-Darsana, Samsketi Aura Kala by Prof. Dharmchand Jain, Dr Shweta Jain Publisher : Buddhist Studies Centre J. N. Vyas University, Jodhpur ( 2720897 Distributor : Rajasthani Granthagar, Sojati Gate, JODHPUR (Rai.) First Edition 2013 * Price Rupees : Rs 300.00 For Personal & Private Use Only

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purovAk uTThAnavato satimato sucikammassa nismmkaarino| saJatassa ca dhammajIvino appamattassa ysobhivddddhti|| - dhammapada, apramAda varga, 4 (udyogI, sajaga, zucikarmavAn, socakara kArya karane vAle saMyamI tathA pavitra AjIvikA se jIvana yApana karane vAle apramatta vyakti kA yaza bar3hatA hai|) bauddha grantha khuddakanikAya ke antargata parigaNita 'dhammapada' kI uparyukta gAthA hamAre vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana ko eka dRSTi pradAna karatI hai ki hameM sadaiva zramazIla rahanA cAhie, mAtra bhAgya para bharosA karake baiThe nahIM rahanA caahie| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki vyakti ko sadaiva sajaga rahanA caahie| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM bhI sajagatA se hI vyakti Age bar3hatA hai, to vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI sajagatA se hI unnati sambhava hai| sajagatA kisameM ho, ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vyakti mana, vacana evaM zarIra se zuci karma kre| jo vyakti evaM samAja ke lie akaraNIya yA ahitakara kArya hai, use nahIM karane ke prati sajagatA ho tathA jo ina donoM ke lie upayogI evaM hitakara kArya hoM, unheM karane ke lie sajagatA ho| kyoMki kisI bhI prakAra ke apavitra kArya ko na karanA, kuzala yA pavitra kArya ko karanA tathA apane citta ko zuddha karanA, buddhoM kI pramukha zikSA hai| koI bhI kArya kareM, use vicArapUrvaka karanA caahie| dUsaroM kI bAta sunakara svayaM apane viveka kA prayoga kara kArya meM pravRtta honA caahie| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, surApAna, kAmAcAra Adi pApa-kAryoM se apane ko virata rakhakara saMyamamaya jIvana jInA caahie| saMyama ke sAtha dhairya kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| dhairyazAlI vyakti vahI hotA hai jo prajJAvAn hotA hai| isalie prajJA ke sAtha zIla yA saMyama kA yoga ho, to jIvana zreyaskara bana jAtA hai| dhammapada kI uparyukta gAthA yaha bhI saMketa kara rahI hai ki 1. savvapApassa akaraNaM, kusalassa upsmpdaa| sacittapariyodapanaM, etaM buddhAnaM saasnN|| - dhammapada, buddhavaggo,5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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4 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA AjIvikA nyAya-nItipUrvaka zuddha honI cAhie, jisase paryAvaraNa evaM samAja kA ahita na ho| ise hI dharmayukta jIvikA yA samyak AjIva kahate haiN| isa prakAra zramazIlatA, sajagatA, zucikarmatA, vicArazIlatA, saMyama, samyak AjIvikA Adi guNoM se yukta apramatta vyakti svayaM ke evaM samAja ke lie upayogI tathA AdaraNIya hotA hai, isalie kahA gayA hai ki usakA yaza bar3hatA hai| 'dhammapada kI gAthA meM pradatta saMdeza vartamAna jIvana ko tanAva rahita, kintu pragatizIla, kalaharahita kintu saumanasya yukta, pradUSaNa rahita kintu samRddhimaya banAne hetu prerita karatA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke saikar3oM vacana haiM, jo mAnava jIvana ko samunnata banAte haiN| jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura ke bauddha adhyayana kendra dvArA 5-6 . pharavarI, 2011 ko eka rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thA, jisakA viSaya thA-"Adhunika pariprekSya evaM bauddha dhrm-drshn|" isa saMgoSThI meM deza ke vibhinna pratiSThita vidvAnoM ne Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana kI upayogitA ko lakSya meM rakhakara apane zodhAlekha prastuta kiye| yaha pustaka unhIM zodhAlekhoM kA cayanita saMgraha hai| yaha saMgraha samAja, saMskRti, darzana, adhyAtma, kalA Adi vividha AyAmoM meM bauddha dharma-darzana kI bhUmikA para vyApaka prakAza DAlatA hai| pAli-tripiTaka vAGmaya vizAla hai| usake adhyayana kI kyA upayogitA ho sakatI hai, isa para rASTrapati se sammAnita DaoN. aMgarAja caudharI kA Alekha atyanta viziSTa hai| isameM piTaka kA artha dharmagrantha kiyA gayA hai tathA vinayapiTaka, abhidhammapiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA para saMkSepa meM evaM suttapiTaka kI upayogitA para vistAra se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tripiTakoM meM aitihAsika, bhaiSajyaparaka, samAjaviSayaka, manovaijJAnika, sAMskRtika, prajAtAntrika, AdhyAtmika, paryAvaraNa viSayaka Adi vividha viSayoM para pAThya sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| DaoN.caudharI kA kathana hai ki pAli-sAhitya bhAvanAmayI prajJA prasUta hai, kalpanA prasUta nhiiN| dArzanika dRSTi se bauddha vAGmaya atyanta samRddha hai| usake katipaya pahaluoM para vidvAnoM ke Alekha isa pustaka meM sammilita haiN| vArANasI ke variSTha vidvAn DaoN. pradyumna dube ne anAtmavAda viSaya para apane Alekha meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki tathAgata buddha ne anAtmabhUta tattvoM ko apanA na samajhane kA upadeza diyA thA, sarvathA AtmA kA tiraskAra nahIM kiyaa| anatta yA anAtma ko samajhane ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha rUpa apanA nahIM hai, ye vedanAeM apanI nahIM haiM, saMskAra aura vijJAna bhI apane nahIM haiN| apanA na hone kA kAraNa bhI hai, kyoMki ye sabhI anitya haiM aura anitya hone ke kAraNa ye sabhI duHkharUpa haiN| isa prakAra anAtmavAda se hI ahaMkAra aura mamakAra kA nAza ho sakatA hai| DaoN. suSamA siMghavI ne apane Alekha meM yaha siddha karane kA saphala prayatna For Personal & Private Use Only

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purovAk *5 kiyA hai ki bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti bAhya padArtha ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| DaoN. siMghavI ne isake lie mUla granthoM se pramANa upasthApita kie haiN| DaoN. dharmacanda jaina ne bauddha darzana meM pratipAdita nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA vaiziSTya nirUpita karate hue spaSTa kiyA hai ki vyavahAra meM bhale hI nirvikalpaka pratyakSa upayogI na ho, kintu prajJA ke vikAsa, zAnti ke anubhava, vikAroM para vijaya, kAryakSamatA meM abhivRddhi, zArIrika Arogya, vyaktitva-vikAsa Adi aneka lAbha nirvikalpakatA ke bodha se sambhava hote haiN| dhyAna-sAdhanA meM nirvikalpakatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| DaoN. dilIpa saksenA ne katipaya bauddha siddhAntoM kI nUtana vyAkhyA kI hai| unhoMne pratItyasamutpAdavAda ko sAMkhya ke satkAryavAda tathA naiyAyika ke asatkAryavAda se bhinna nirUpita kiyA hai| anAtmavAda ke sambandha meM DaoN. saksenA kA mantavya hai ki bauddha darzana meM AtmavAda kA niSedha nahIM hai| nirvANa kI avasthA meM sarvathA nAza nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| parivartana ke lie koI sthira AdhAra Avazyaka hai, evamvidha tarka dekara ve bauddhadarzana meM AtmavAda kI puSTi karate haiN| DaoN. saksenA ne yaha bhI siddha kiyA hai ki bauddha darzana meM kSaNikatA kI mAnyatA nirapekSa nahIM hai, yaha sApekSa hai| __ zUnyavAda evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA ko lekara pustaka meM do Alekha haiN| DaoN. maMgalArAma ne zUnyavAda kI avadhAraNA kA vyApaka vivecana kiyA hai, vahIM DaoN. rAjakumArI jaina ne zUnyatA ko pratItyasamutpAda ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue vartamAna jIvana meM usakI prAsaMgikatA siddha kI hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta mUlyavihIna aura bhogaparaka dRSTikoNa kA virodha karatA hai aura sukhI hone ke lie sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana para bala detA hai| yaha kArya-kAraNavAda ke siddhAnta kI sundara prastuti hai| zUnyavAda ke pariprekSya meM DaoN. rAjakumArI ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki nAgArjuna ke mata meM sabhI tattvamImAMsIya mAnyatAoM se pRthak hokara satya kA jJAna karanA caahie| DaoN. harisiMha rAjapurohita ne bauddha dharma meM mAnya karma kI avadhAraNA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| bauddha dharma samAja ke lie prAsaMgika hai, isa bindu ko lekara pustaka meM aneka lekha haiN| DaoN. vimalakIrti ne dalitoM ke utthAna ke lie bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki pAli tipiTaka sAhitya ke adhyayana ke binA hama prAcIna bhAratIya samAja-vyavasthA ke sahI svarUpa ko nahIM samajha skte| bhArata ke dalitoM kI samasyA jAtivAda se utpanna samasyA hai| jAti-bheda, achUtapana Adi koI daivIya, IzvarIya yA naisargika vyavasthA nahIM hai, balki yaha vyavasthA mAnava-nirmita yA samAja nirmita hai| dalitoM kA utthAna mAtra Arthika utthAna se sambhava nahIM hai, apitu bhAratIya samAja meM unheM jAtigata bheda ke binA dekhe jAne kI AvazyakatA hai| DaoN. zivanArAyaNa jozI ke Alekha meM anAtmavAda ko mamakAra ke nivAraNa meM, mAnasika For Personal & Private Use Only

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6 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA samatA meM, tRSNA ke daurbalya meM hetu svIkAra kiyA hai tathA use sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra mAnA hai| sAmAjika samatA kA paudhA karuNA aura maitrI kI urvarA bhUmi meM paidA hotA hai| sAmAjika samarasatA ke lie maitrI anivArya bhAvabhUmi hai| maitrI aura karuNA kI samyak kriyAnviti se samAja meM samatA, prema, sahayoga aura zAnti kA vistAra hotA hai| DaoN. kamalA jaina, dillI ne maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA-ina cAra brahmavihAroM ko mAnava manovijJAna ko sakArAtmaka evaM utkRSTa banAne ke lie upayogI pratipAdita kiyA hai| DaoN. zvetA jaina ke Alekha meM sAmpradAyika vidveSa ke nivAraNa evaM sadbhAva ke sthApana kI dRSTi se bauddha cintana kA mahattva nirUpita huA hai| unhoMne sAmpradAyika sadbhAva ke lie saMvaidhAnika upAyoM aura Antarika parivartana ke upAyoM kI carcA kI DaoN. autAralAla mINA ne sAmAjika nyAya ke lie tIna pramukha stambhoM svataMtratA, samAnatA aura bandhutA kI carcA bauddha dharma-darzana ke pariprekSya meM karate hue unheM sodAharaNa puSTa kiyA hai| DaoN.mINA ne zUdroM aura nArI ke utthAna ke sandarbha meM bhagavAn buddha ke vicAroM se avagata karAyA hai| DaoN. esa.pI. guptA ne bhI sAmAjika nyAya ke . pariprekSya meM buddha ke dRSTikoNa para prakAza DAlA hai, kintu unakA mantavya hai ki buddha pUrI taraha se jAti-vyavasthA evaM liMga bheda kI mAnyatAoM se pare nahIM the| unake anusAra buddha naitika sudhAra para adhika dhyAna de rahe the, kintu sAmAjika samasyAoM ke sambandha meM unakA cintana samucita svarUpa grahaNa nahIM kara paayaa| DaoN. nihArikA lAbha, jammU ne vaidika nArI kI sthiti kA nirUpaNa karane ke pazcAt bauddha dharma meM usake utthAna hetu kie gae prayatnoM se paricita karAyA hai| buddha ne bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA aneka pIr3ita nAriyoM ko therI ke rUpa meM mukti kI rAha dikhaayii|| DaoN. vaidyanAtha lAbha, jammU ne vartamAna kI jvalanta samasyA AtaMkavAda ke samApana hetu buddha ke vicAroM kA sAra prastuta kiyA hai| buddha ke anusAra vaira ko vaira se zAnta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, apitu, maitrI aura karuNA kI bhAvanA ke dvArA AtaMkavAdiyoM ke Akroza ko zAnta kara unake manoM ko badalanA hI sahI upAya hai| vizva meM zAnti kI sthApanA kisa prakAra sambhava hai, isa viSaya para DaoN. hemalatA jaina ne visuddhimagga ke AdhAra para carcA kI hai| DaoN. jaina ne apane Alekha meM vizva zAnti hetu nau upAya batAe buddha ke vAGmaya meM prajAtAntrika mUlya prApta hote haiM, isakA nirUpaNa DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU ke Alekha meM huA hai| "bahujana hitAya-bahujana sukhAya" prasiddha vAkya meM prajAtantra kI nIMva dikhAI par3atI hai| pAli-granthoM meM zAkya, koliya, licchavI Adi gaNatantroM kA ullekha milatA hai| saMgha meM pravrajyA dene ke pUrva bhikSu-saMgha kI svIkRti lenA, bhikSuoM ke dvArA apane-apane doSoM kA varNana kara daNDa prApta karanA, For Personal & Private Use Only

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purovAk 7 saMgatiyoM ke mAdhyama se buddha vacanoM kA saMgraha Adi bauddha dharma ke prajAtAntrika svarUpa ko prakaTa karate haiN| dIghanikAya ke mahAparinivvANa sutta meM jina sAta aparihAnIya dharmoM kA nirUpaNa hai, ve pUrNata: prajAtAntrika svarUpa ko prakaTa karate haiN| Adhunika vizvavidyAlayIya zikSA meM bauddha dharma kI zikSA kA samovaza kyoM Avazyaka hai, isakA pratipAdana DaoN. hemalatA boliyA, udayapura ne apane cintanaparaka Alekha meM kiyA hai| bauddhadharma apanI mAnavIya vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI vizva ke aneka dezoM meM phailA hai| DaoN. satyaprakAza dube ne "azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA" Alekha meM buddhacarita evaM saundarananda mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsoM kI nazvaratA tathA prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kI upayogitA ko spaSTa kiyA hai| DaoN. yAdarAma mInA ne saundarananda mahAkAvya ke AdhAra para jIvanotthAna ke kapitaya sUtroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| DaoN. prabhAvatI caudharI ke Alekha meM prANAtipAta - viramaNa Adi paMcazIloM kI prAMsagikatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| unhoMne jaina srotoM ke AdhAra para bhI paMcazIloM ke aticAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| AcaraNa kI zuddhatA, akuzala karmoM ke tyAga aura kuzala karmoM ke AdhAna se hI sambhava hai| DaoN. caudharI ne paNDita javAharalAla neharU dvArA apanAe gae paMcazIla ko zAntipUrNa antararASTrIya sambandhoM evaM vaizvika sadbhAvanA ke lie upayogI batAyA hai|. " vipazyanA evaM mAnava manovijJAna" viSayaka Alekha meM DaoN. candrazekhara ne kahA hai ki kampyUTara, neno takanIkI evaM jIna takanIkI ke prayoga ke sAtha indriyoM kI zakti kA vistAra eka naye mAnasika evaM jaivika paryAvaraNa kI racanA karane meM saMlagna hai, jo hamAre vyaktigata evaM sAmUhika cetana ko aisI paristhitiyoM meM lA degA, jisake samAdhAna ke lie Aja kA manovijJAna na to sakSama hai aura na hI upayogI siddha ho skegaa| bauddha darzana meM mana evaM manovijJAna para jisa gahanatA se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhAvI saMkaTa se mAnava ko ubAra sakatA hai| Aja vizvavidyAlayoM evaM ucca adhyayana kendroM meM vipazyanA aura bauddha manovijJAna ke adhyApana kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| DaoN. dIpamAlA ne zamatha aura vipazyanA ke mAdhyama se bauddha yoga ke vibhinna pahaluoM kI carcA kI hai tathA kahIM kahIM pAtaMjala yogasUtra se bhI usakI tulanA kI hai| bhAratIya kalA evaM saMskRti ko bhI bauddha dharma-darzana kA mahAn yogadAna rahA hai| DaoN. reNu zarmA evaM RcA zarmA ke Alekha bauddha kalA ke mahattva ko udghATita karate haiN| DaoN. reNu zarmA ne Adhunika kalA ke vikAsa meM bauddha bhitti citroM ke prabhAva kA Akalana kiyA hai| bauddha kalA ke vikAsa kI eka rUparekhA kA bhI bodha DaoN. zarmA ke Alekha se hotA hai| RcA zarmA ne bauddha dharma evaM bauddha kalA ke pArasparika antaH sambandhoM aura unake pArasparika avadAnoM kI bar3e vyavasthita rUpa meM carcA kI hai| isa - For Personal & Private Use Only

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8 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA Alekha meM kalA aura dharma ke pArasparika vikAsa ke binduoM ko bhalI bhAMti prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bauddha dharma-darzana ke siddhAntoM kA prabhAva uttarakAlIna vibhinna bhASAoM ke racanAkAroM para bhI par3A hai| isakA nidarzana hai- DaoN. kailAza kauzala kA aalekh| unhoMne hindI kavi jayazaMkara prasAda kI racanAoM para bauddha siddhAntoM ke prabhAva ko vyavasthita DhaMga se ukerA hai| DaoN. kauzala ne duHkhavAda, kSaNikavAda, karuNA, ahiMsA evaM vizva maitrI ke pariprekSya meM prasAda sAhitya kA AloDana kiyA hai| zailendra svAmI ke Alekha meM saMkSepa meM bauddha-darzana kI prAsaMgikatA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. dharmacanda jaina DaoN. zvetA jaina For Personal & Private Use Only

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viSayAnukramaNikA 1. tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA - DaoN. aMgarAja caudharI 2. bauddha darzana meM anAtmavAda kI mahattA - DaoN. pradyumna dube 3. bauddha dharma ke sAmAjika sandarbha : samatA, maitrI aura karuNA - DaoN. zivanArAyaNa jozI 'zivajI ' 4. hiMsA evaM AtaMkavAda ke nivAraNa meM bauddha dharma kI bhUmikA - DaoN. vaidyanAtha lAbha 5. dalitoM kA utthAna aura bauddhadhamma-darzana 6. pAli - sAhitya meM prajAtAntrika mUlya 7. vipazyanA evaM mAnava - manovijJAna 8. bauddhadarzana meM nirvikalpatA kA svarUpa evaM usakA jIvana meM mahattva - DaoN. dharmacanda jaina - DaoN. vimalakIrti - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina - DaoN. candrazekhara - 9. samasAmayika pariprekSya meM zUnyavAda kI prAsaMgikatA - DaoN. rAjakumArI jaina 10. bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya - DaoN. autAralAla mINA 11. Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke katipaya siddhAntoM kI navIna vyAkhyA - DaoN. dilIpa saksenA 12. bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya - DaoN. nIhArikA lAbha 13. bauddha dharma-darzana ke adhyayana kI uccazikSA meM prAsaMgikatA - DaoN. hemalatA boliyA 14. azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA - DaoN. satyaprakAza dube 15. vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA - DaoN. prabhAvatI caudharI For Personal & Private Use Only 11 23 31 39 45 53 58 62 69 73 83 90 99 104 110

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10 16. sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura bauddha dharma - DaoN. zvetA jaina 17. visuddhimagga meM zAnti ke upAya - DaoN. hemalatA jaina 18. bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda evaM usakA prabhAva / - DaoN. maMgalArAma 19. bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA - DaoN. dIpamAlA 20. bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna - suzrI RcA zarmA 21. saundarananda mahAkAvya meM jIvanotthAna ke sUtra - DaoN. yAdarAma mInA .. 22. prasAda sAhitya meM bauddha darzana - DaoN. kailAza kauzala .. 23. bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA ___ - DaoN. harisiMha rAjapurohita - 24. Adhunika kAla meM bauddha dharma-darzana : vihaMgAvalokana ___ - DaoN. zailendra svAmI 25. The Role of Buddhist Paintings in the Development of Modern Art - Dr Renu Sharma 26. Buddhism & Social Justice : Some Reflections - Dr S.P. Gupta 28. Four Brahmaviharas of Buddhists : An Excellent Portrayal of Sublime Human Psychology - Dr Kamla Jain 29. Dharmakirti : The Advocate of Bahayartha-Astitva-Vada - Dr.Sushma Singhvi For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA DaoN. aMgarAja caudharI isake pUrva ki maiM kacha tipiTaka (tripiTaka) ke adhyayana kI upayogitA ke bAre meM kahU~, maiM 'piTaka' zabda ke artha para kucha kahanA caahuuNgaa| aneka vidvAn 'piTaka' zabda kA artha piTArI karate haiN| unake anusAra cUMki sabhI sutta eka piTArI meM, vinaya saMbaMdhI niyama dUsarI piTArI meM aura abhidhamma kI bAteM tIsarI piTArI meM thI, isalie ye kramazaH tIna piTaka kahalAye - sutta piTaka, vinaya piTaka, tathA abhidhamma piTaka / tAr3a patroM para jaba buddha ke upadeza likhe gaye taba to alaga-alaga piTAriyoM meM rakhe jAne kI bAta ucita lagatI hai aura hama jAnate haiM ki zrIlaMkA meM likhe gaye I. pU. 29 meM vaTTagAminI abhaya ke samaya tipiTaka likhA gyaa| para piTaka zabda kA prayoga tipiTaka likhe jAne ke pUrva hI azoka ke bAda sAMcI aura bharahuta ke abhilekhoM meM milatA hai|| ina stUpoM para likhe abhilekhoM meM bhikSuoM ko suttantika, peTakI, dhammakathika, paMcanekAyika Adi kahA gayA hai, jinase spaSTa hai ki buddha vacanoM kA piTaka, sutta tathA paJcanikAya Adi meM vargIkaraNa buddhavacana meM likhe jAne ke pUrva hI ho gayA thaa| DaoN. kItha Adi vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki piTaka kA artha piTArI na hokara 'dharmagraMtha' honA caahie| kesamutti sutta meM aisA prayoga dikhatA hai - etha tumhe kAlAmA, mA anussavena, mA paramparAya, mA itikirAya, mA piTakasampadAnena, mA takkahetu, mA nayahetu, mA AkAraparivitakkena, mA diTThinijjhAnakhantiyA, mA bhabbarUpatAya, mA samaNo no gruti| __yadA tumhe kAlAmA, attanAva jAneyyAtha-ime dhammA akusalA, ime dhammA sAvajjA, ime dhammA vibrugarahitA, ime dhammA samattA samAdinnA ahitAya dukkhAya saMvattantI 'ti atha, tumhe kAlAmA pjheyyaath| * 5-6 pharavarI, 2011 ko Ayojita rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM pradatta AdhAra vaktavya For Personal & Private Use Only

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12 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA (he kAlAmo ! Ao, tuma kisI bAta ko kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha bAta anuzruta hai... ki yaha bAta paraMparAgata hai,... ki bAta isI prakAra kahI gayI hai,. .. ki yaha hamAre dharmagraMtha ke anukUla hai... ki yaha tarkasammata hai,... ki yaha anumAnasammata hai,... ki isake kAraNoM kI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka parIkSA kara lI gayI hai,... ki isa para hamane vicAra kara isakA anumodana kiyA hai,.... ki kahane vAle kA vyaktitva bhavya (AkarSaka) hai,... ki kahane vAlA zramaNa hamArA pUjya hai| he kAlAmo ! jaba tuma svAnubhava se apane Apa hI yaha jAno ki ye bAteM akuzala haiM, ye bAteM sadoSa haiM, ye bAteM vijJapuruSoM dvArA niMdita haiM, ina bAtoM para calane se ahita hotA hai, duHkha hotA hai - taba he kAlAmo ! tuma una bAtoM ko chor3a do / ) isa uddharaNa se tIna bAteM rekhAMkita hotI haiM, pahalI bAta to yaha ki piTaka kA artha dharmagraMtha hai| dUsarI bAta ki bhagavAna kA yaha upadeza mAnava ke svataMtra ciMtana kA mahAna ghoSaNApatra hai aura tIsarI bAta ki bhagavAna ne svAnubhava para adhika jora diyaa| prajJA arthAt pratyakSa jJAna para jora diyA jo svasaMtAna meM bhAvanA kara pAyA jA sakatA hai| ise bhAvanAmayI prajJA bhI kahate haiM jo buddha kI vizeSa dena hai| yahA~ maiM vinaya piTaka (ANA desanA) tathA abhidhamma piTaka (paramatya desanA) ke adhyayana kI upayogitA para vistAra se na kaha kara suttapiTaka (vohAra desanA) ke adhyayana kI upayogitA para hI dhyAna keMdrita karanA caahuuNgaa| hAM, saMkSepa meM vinaya piTaka tathA abhidhammapiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA para bhI kucha bAteM kahUMgA tAki ina piTakoM kI mahattvapUrNa bAteM yahAM rekhAMkita ho jaayeN| vinayapiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA ke bAre meM rAhula jI ne likhA hai - "vinaya piTaka bhikSuoM ke AcAra niyamoM ko jAnane ke lie to upayogI hai hI, sAtha hI vaha purAne abhilekhoM tathA phAhiyAna, i-ciMga Adi ke yAtrA vivaraNoM ko samajhane ke lie bahuta sahAyaka hai| yahI nahIM vinaya meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika avasthA kI sUcaka bahuta sI sAmagrI milatI hai| yadi cIvara skandhaka aura bhikSuNI vibhaMga meM Aye vastra-AbhUSaNa Adi ke nAmoM ko hama sAMcI kI mUrtiyoM se milAkara par3heM to hama uttarI bhArata ke strI-puruSoM kI tatkAlIna veza-bhUSA kA bahuta sA jJAna pA sakate haiN| zamatha skandha meM AI zalAkA grahaNa kI prakriyA to vastutaH samakAlIna licchavigaNataMtra ke voTa lene Adi kI prakriyA kI nakalamAtra hai|" (vinaya piTaka, rAhulajI kA anuvAda, bhUmikA pR. 10) mahAvagga ke bhaiSajya skaMdhaka meM rogoM tathA auSadhiyoM kI carcA hai / Ajakala jaba Ayurveda kA mahattva bar3hatA jA rahA hai aura yaha logoM ke bIca lokapriya ho rahA hai - isakI nissaMdeha upayogitA hai / cIvara skaMdhaka meM pratibhAvAna tathA upAya kuzala jIvaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA * 13 kaumArabhRtya kI jIvanI tathA unake dvArA kucha kaThina rogoM kI cikitsA kiye jAne kI carcA hai, jo bahuta arthoM meM udIyamAna tathA naye DAkTaroM ke lie Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| cullavagga meM prathama do bauddha saMgItiyoM kA varNana to hai hI, devadatta ke saMgha se alaga hone kI bAta bhI varNita hai| ataH yahAM aitihAsika sAmagrI hai| phira, isa piTaka meM kauna pravrajita hone yogya hai, kauna ayogya hai aura kyoM, isake sAtha pravrajyA, upasaMpadA ke niyama, ziSya evaM upAdhyAya tathA antevAsI, evaM AcArya ke paraspara kartavyoM kA vistAra se varNana hai| bhagavAna buddha ke vicAra kaise udAra the - ye yahAM dikhAI par3ate haiN| __ abhidhammapiTaka meM uccatara dharmo kA puMkhAnupaMkhI varNana hai| nAma aura rUpa kaise milate haiN| citta kitane prakAra ke haiM aura vibhinna prakAra ke cittoM kI utpatti ke mUla kyA haiM - ina para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yahAM kauna-sA dharma hAnikAraka hai, kauna-sA lAbhakAraka hai - yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| ise par3hakara, jAnakara loga vaise dharmo kA abhyAsa karate haiM jinase unakA kalyANa ho ske| pAli tipiTaka buddha ke mukha se niHsRta vacanoM kA prAmANikatama saMkalana hai| vizeSa kara suttapiTaka tathA vinaya piTaka meM chaThI aura pAMcavI zatAbdI I.pUrva kA bhAratIya jIvana pratibimbita hai| suttapiTaka ke pAMca nikAyoM meM vaise suttoM kA saMgraha haiM, jinheM bhagavAna tathA unake kucha paMDita zrAvakoM ne upadiSTa kiyA hai| isameM chaThI aura pAMcavI zatAbdI I.pU. ke bhArata kA sAmAjika jIvana citrita hai| kaI suttoM meM zramaNoM, brAhmaNoM tathA parivrAjoM ke jIvana tathA siddhAntoM kA vivaraNa hai| gautama buddha ke vicAroM kA varNana hai| gautamabuddha kI pAramparika jIvana kA srota bhI majjhima nikAya meM pAye jAne vAle kaI sutta haiM jaise ariyapariyesanA sutta, mahAsaccaka sutta tathA bodhirAjakumAra sutt| usa samaya duSkara caryAyeM kyA thI tathA siddhArtha ne bodhiprApti ke lie kauna-kauna sI duSkara caryAe~ kI- inakA spaSTa vivaraNa bodhirAjakumAra sutta meM haiN| isI sutta meM bhagavAna ne apane anubhava kI bAta bodhirAjakumAra se kahI aura yaha bhI kahA ki 'na kho sukhena sukhaM adhigantabbaM, aura yaha bhI ki 'na kho dukkhena sukhaM adhigantabbaM, isa taraha unhoMne madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana kiyaa| suttapiTaka ke kaI suttoM se buddha kA vyaktitva prakaTa hotA hai| akkosa sutta (aMguttaranikAya paMcakanipAta) meM jaba akkosa bhAradvAja bhagavAna ko gAlI detA hai taba bhagavAna buddha kA zAMta vyaktitva prakaTa hotA hai aura nimnalikhita bAteM kahakara ve bhAradvAja ke hRdaya meM parivartana lAte haiM - 'brAhmaNa, kyA koI mitra yA riztedAra tumhAre yahA~ kabhI Ate haiM? For Personal & Private Use Only

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14 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 'hA~, Ate haiN|' 'to tuma kyA unheM khAnA-pInA dete ho ?' 'hA~ detA huuN|' 'yadi ve na leM to jo tuma dete ho, vaha kisakA hotA hai ? 'vaha merA hI hotA hai, vaha mere hI pAsa rahatA hai / ' 'to brAhmaNa, jo tuma mujha akrodha karane vAle para krodha karate ho, mujhe gAlI na dene vAle ko gAlI dete ho, vaha maiM grahaNa nahIM krtaa| vaha tumhArA hI ho, tumhAre pAsa rhe|' aisA kahakara ve durjeya saMgrAma jIta lete haiM aura akkosa bhAradvAja buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa meM jAtA hai| aggika bhAradvAja ne bhagavAna ko dekhakara jaba yaha kahA ki 'vahIM ruko, muNDaka, vahIM ruka jA zramaNaka aura vahIM ruka jA vasalaka, to bhagavAna buddha ne kucha bhI burA na mAnakara vRSala kauna kahalAtA hai aura vRSalakAraka dharma kauna-kauna haiM - ina para upadeza diyaa| aura aMta meM aggika bhAradvAja bhI bhagavAna kA upAsaka huaa| bhagavAna ne vistAra se batAyA ki jo krodha karatA hai, jisakI dRSTi vipanna hai, jo mAyAvI hai, jo prANihiMsA karatA hai, corI karatA hai, pathikoM ko lUTatA hai, mAratA hai, jo RNa lekara adA nahIM karatA, jo jhUThI gavAhI detA hai, jo paradAragamana karatA hai, jo bUr3he mAtA-pitA kI sevA nahIM karatA, jo una para krodha karatA hai, unheM gAlI detA hai, jo pApakarma kara chipAtA hai, jo jhUTha bolakara zramaNa, brAhmaNa tathA anya bhikhAriyoM ko ThagatA hai vaha vRSala hai aura ke aMta meM unhoMne yaha kaha kara ki - na jaccA vasalo hoti, na jaccA hoti brAhmaNo / kammunA vasalo hoti, kammunA hoti brAhmaNo / janma se koI vRSala yA brAhmaNa nahIM hotA / apitu karma se vRSala aura brAhmaNa hotA hai| isa prakAra samAja meM phaile jAtivAda ke viruddha siMhanAda kiyaa| eka vizuddha vaijJAnika kI taraha unhoMne jAtivAda ke bAre meM apane vicAra rkhe| unhoMne dekhA ki jAtivAda ke calate samAja meM bahusaMkhya logoM kA muTThI bhara loga zoSaNa karate haiM, unheM unake adhikAra se vaMcita karate haiM aura manuSya - manuSya meM bhrAtRtva, premabhAva aura sahiSNutA honI cAhie vaha nahIM hai| unhoMne jAtivAda para kar3A prahAra kiyA, kaI suttoM meM udAharaNa dekara logoM ko samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA ki saba manuSya barAbara haiM, janma ke AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda karanA avaijJAnika hai| manuSya bar3A yA choTA apane karma ke kAraNa hotA hai| isa taraha unhoMne janma ko mahattva na dekara karma ko mahattva diyA / For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA * 15 bhagavAna ne vAseTa sutta meM eka vaijJAnika kI taraha pramANita kiyA ki manuSya jAti meM vaise bheda nahIM pAye jAte jaise kITa-pataMga meM tathA vibhinna prakAra ke jAnavaroM meM pAye jAte haiN| bheda karane vAle cihna yahA~ nahIM haiN| sabhI dezoM ke manuSyoM ke aMgoM meM samAnatA hai aura sabhI striyAM RtumatI hotI haiM, bacce paidA karatI haiM tathA stana kA dUdha pilAtI haiM isalie yaha kahanA ki brAhmaNa brahmA ke mukha se paidA huA, ata: vaha zreSTha hai jaivika vijJAna sammata nahIM hai aura bahuta hAsyAspada hai| unhoMne pramANita kiyA ki sabhI manuSya eka hI jAti ke haiM - All homosapiens constitute one species. assalAyana sutta meM sAmAnya buddhi kA tarka dekara unhoMne yaha pramANita kiyA ki yadi brAhmaNa zUdra se sacamuca bhinna hote to brAhmaNoM dvArA kASTha ragar3akara paidA kI gayI Aga zUdroM dvArA kASTha ragar3akara paidA kI gayI Aga se prakAza evaM garmI meM bhinna hotii| lekina dekhA jAtA hai ki unameM koI aMtara nahIM hotaa| cAhe brAhmaNa candana kI lakar3I ragar3e aura zUdra koI aura lakar3I, donoM ke ragar3e jAne se Aga hI paidA hotI hai, zItalatA nhiiN| yadi brAhmaNa aura zUdra meM sacamuca koI bheda hotA to nadI kA jala aura snAnacUrNa donoM ko eka taraha kaise nirmala karatA? isI sutta meM bhagavAna ne kahA ki agara cAra jAtiyAM vizvavyApI hotI to yona aura kamboja meM svAmI aura dAsa hI kyoM hote haiN| aura yadi jAti kI bAta nitya hotI to samaya Ane para dAsa kyoM svAmI banatA aura svAmI dAsa? madhura-sutta meM kahA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa anya jAtiyoM se zreSTha hote to eka brAhmaNetara dhanI vyakti dvArA unheM kaise niyukta kiyA jAtA hai? isa taraha ke tarka dene para bhI assalAyana kA yaha kahate rahanA ki brAhmaNa hI zreSTha haiM, zeSa jAtiyAM nIca haiN| brAhmaNa hI gaura varNa ke aura zuddha haiM, ve hI brahmA ke mukha se utpanna haiM anya nahIM, ataH brAhmaNa hI zreSTha haiM vaisA hI tarka denA hai jaise jaoNrja oNravela ke 'Animal Farm' meM sUaroM dvArA yaha kahanA ki 'sabhI barAbara haiM, para kucha anyoM kI apekSA adhika barAbara haiM - All are equal, but some are more equal than others. . bhagavAna buddha ne AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vicAra kara yaha dikhAyA ki mettA, karuNA, muditA tathA upekSA kI bhAvanA saba koI kara sakatA hai cAhe vaha kisI bhI jAti kA ho| bAhya raMga-rUpa tathA tathAkathita ucca jAti meM janma lenA mahattva kI bAta nahIM hai, mahattva kI bAta hai usakA AMtarika guNa, usakA krm| ___ dIgha nikAya ke aggaja sutta meM bhagavAna ne kahA ki cAroM jAtiyoM ke manuSyoM meM guNa doSa pAye jAte haiN| isalie vahI zreSTha hai jo zIla kA pAlana kara, samAdhi kA abhyAsa kara prajJA kI prApti karatA hai aura sabhI mAnasika doSoM ko dUra kara nirvANa kI avApti karatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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16 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA - dIghanikAya ke ambaTTa sutta meM bhagavAna ne udAharaNa dekara yaha pramANita kiyA ki vidyA aura AcaraNa se sampanna vyakti hI devoM tathA manuSyoM meM zreSTha hai - vijjAcaraNasampanno, so seTTho devmaanuseti| soNadaNDa sutta meM brAhmaNa kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki na to brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA se janma lenA, na gauravarNa kA honA, na veda ko jAnanA kisI ko brAhmaNa banAtA hai, brAhmaNa kAraka dharma to zIlavAna honA hai| maiMne eka lekha meM likhA hai ki 'Had people listened to the sane and scientific arguments against caste system put forward by the Buddha and acted accordingly our society would have been free from the violation of human rights:- ( dekheM merA lekha - 'The Buddha and the Human Righs' Collected in Aspects of Buddha-Dhamma.) sirpha mAnava adhikAroM kA hanana karane se hI hama loga bace nahIM hote, balki eka aise kor3ha se chuTakArA pAte jo hamAre samAja ko sar3A-galA rahA ___ bhagavAna ne jAtivAda tathA UMca-nIca ke bheda ko mahattva na dekara apane saMgha meM sabako sthAna diyaa| brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, zUdrAtizUdra yahAM taka ki vezyAoM ko bhI, Doma, cAMDAla, bhaMgI, sopAka Adi ko bhI pravrajita kiyaa| bhagavAna ne jAtivAda ke viruddha jina astroM ko hameM diyA hai, yadi unakA sahI upayoga karanA hama loga abhI bhI sIkha jAyeM to samAja meM samatA, bhrAtRtva aura svataMtratA : lA sakate haiN| bhagavAna ke ye krAMtikArI vicAra hameM aise hI eka samAja ke nirmANa karane kI preraNA dete haiN| yaha sahI hai ki bhagavAna kA pramukha uddezya duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAnA thA, isalie unhoMne cAra Arya satyoM duHkha, duHkha-samudaya, duHkha-nirodha aura duHkhanirodhagAminI pratipadA kI bAta kahI aura tRSNA ko duHkha kA kAraNa dikhAkara use samUla ukhAr3a pheMkane ke lie aSTAMgika mArga para calane kI bAta khii| para prasaMgavaza unhoMne vaisI bhI bAteM kahIM haiM jinake pAlana karane se hamArI sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika samasyA kA yA vidhi-vyavasthA kI samasyA kA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai| UMca-nIca ke bheda se utpanna jo sAmAjika samasyAeM haiM unakA samAdhAna to hama jAti prathA ko miTAkara hI kara sakate haiM aura jaba taka yaha bheda-bhAva rahegA, sAmAjika samasyAeM banI raheMgI aura hama pUrI taraha samAja ko vikasita nahIM kara skeNge| bhagavAna ne kUTadanta sutta meM kahA ki yajJa taba karanA cAhie jaba samAja meM zAMti ho, vidhi-vyavasthA kI samasyA na ho aura yajJa hiMsaka na ho arthAt usameM nirdoSa For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA - 17 jAnavaroM kA na mArA jAyA aura unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki hiMsaka yajJa se zIla yajJa, samAdhi yajJa aura prajJA yajJa zreSThatara hai, zreSThatama hai| prasaMgavaza samAja meM zAMti kaise sthApita ho - isa viSaya para unakA jo kathana hai vaha Adhunika yuga ke mArksa ko pIche chor3a detA hai| rAjA yA zAsaka kA kartavya hai ki vaha kisAna ko bIja, kRSi karane ke lie hala aura baila aura vyApArI ko vyApAra karane ke lie paise, sAtha hI jo yuvaka aura yuvatI rAjA kI sevA karanA cAhe use naukarI aura acchA vetana bhI de| sabhI loga jaba apanA-apanA kAma kareMge to na to koI corI karegA, na lUTapATa tathA hiNsaa| samAja meM zAMti hogii| samAja meM avyavasthA taba hotI hai jaba logoM ko kucha kAma karane kA nahIM hotaa| An empty mind is devil's workshop -khAlI mana zaitAna kA kaarkhaanaa| agara sabhI apane-apane kAma-dhaMdhe meM lage raheMge to unake mana meM vaise vicAra utpanna hI nahIM hoMge jinase samAja meM azAMti phaile| isa sUtra ke artha meM kathAkAra ne yahAM taka kahA ki rAjA aura prajA eka dUsare para vizvAsa kare, kyoMki vizvAsa se hI vizvAsa utpanna hotA hai| yahAM taka vizvAsa kare ki rAjA dvArA diyA gayA dhana agara kisAna yA vyApArI vApasa nahIM de sake to use phira dekara samartha bnaave| usa para koI kAnUnI kArravAI na kre| aisA vicAra bhagavAna ne logoM ke sAmane rkhaa| abhI hama berojagArI (Unemployment) kI bAta karate haiM jisase samasyA paidA hotI hai| bhagavAna ne mArksa se bahuta pahale, Aja se 2600 varSa pahale jo bAta kahI vaha vidhi vyavasthA kI samasyA ke samAdhAna meM bar3I mahattvapUrNa hai, maulika hai| aba taka hamane dekhA ki jAtivAda para buddha ke kyA vicAra haiN| samAja meM kaise samarasatA sthApita kI jAya, isa para bhI unake udAra evaM udAtta vicAra dekhe| bauddha saMgha kI sthApanA kara tathA brAhmaNa se lekara zUdrAtizUdra ko apane saMgha meM sthAna dekara unhoMne eka aisA udAharaNa samAja ke samakSa peza kiyA jo anukaraNIya hai| tipiTika ke adhyayana kI aura aneka upayogitAeM haiN| isake adhyayana se vizeSakara sutta piTaka ke adhyayana se hameM usa samaya ke bhArata kI bhautika sabhyatA kA patA calatA hai| isake lie dIghanikAya kA brahmajAla sutta bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| yahA~ usa samaya ke sAmAjika tathA dhArmika jIvana kA bhI varNana hai| usa samaya manoraMjana ke sAdhana kyA the, Amoda-pramoda tathA sauMdarya prasAdhana ke sAdhana kyA the, kisa taraha kI kathAeM samAja meM pracalita thIM, kauna-kauna sI vidyAoM meM logoM kA vizvAsa thA - ye sArI bAteM yahAM varNita haiN| dArzanika evaM naitika dRSTi se bhI yaha sutta mahattvapUrNa hai| yahAM zIla ke atirikta bAsaTha prakAra kI mithyAdRSTiyoM kI carcA hai| ___ sAmaphala sutta meM chaH prakAra ke anya tairthikoM kA mata varNita hai| pUraNakassapa kA akriyAvAda, makkhaligozAla kA ahetukavAda, ajita kezakambalI For Personal & Private Use Only

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18 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA kA ucchedavAda, pakudhakaccAyana kA akRtatAvAda, nigaNTha nATaputta kA cAturyAmasaMvaravAda (sabbavArivArito, sabbavAriyuto, sabbavAridhuto aura sabbavAriphuTo) tathA saMjaya velaTThaputta kA saMzayavAda yahA~ ullikhita hai| isa sutta meM usa samaya ke pracalita zilpoM jaise assArohA (Cavalry), hatthArohA (Elephat driving) kA ullekha hai tathA zrAmaNya ke zreSTha phaloM kA varNana hai - jaise zIla kA pAlana, indriya saMvara, smRti samprajanya, saMtoSa, nIvaraNa prahANa tathA dhyAna kI prApti, vipazyanA jJAna kI prApti, chaha abhijJAoM kI praapti| isa taraha ke naitika siddhAMtoM kA samAja para kyA asara thA yaha hama jAna sakate haiM tathA ina naitika siddhAMtoM ke bIca buddha kA naitika siddhAMta kitanA upayogI pramANita huA - isakA Akalana hama AsAnI se kara sakate haiN| jahA~ aura vicArakoM ke naitika siddhAntoM ne samAja meM nivir3a aMdhakAra phailA rakhA thA, vahA~ buddha kA naitika siddhAMta prakAza banakara aayaa| logoM ko yaha patA calA ki kisI bhI acche yA bure karma ke lie ve hI jimmevAra haiM aura una karmoM kA phala unheM avazya milegaa| isase logoM meM eka prakAra kI jAgarUkatA AI, akuzala karmoM se parAGmukha ho, apanI javAbadehI samajhakara ve kuzala karma karane kI ora abhimukha hue| yaha buddha ke naitika siddhAMta kA samAja meM bar3A yogadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| majjhima nikAya ke brahmAyu sutta par3hane se bhagavAna buddha kI dinacaryA kA patA calatA hai| ve kaise rahate the, kaise calate the, kaise khAte the tathA kaise samaya bitAte the - isakA AMkhoM dekhA varNana brahmAyu ke ziSya uttara mANavaka ne kiyA hai| eka mahAn vyakti kI dinacaryA se, unake kriyA-kalApa se hama bahuta kucha sIkha sakate haiM, hama acche kAma karane ke lie prerita ho sakate haiN| bhagavAna kaise the -isakA varNana madhupiNDika sutta meM hai - bhagavA jAnaM jAnAti, passaM passati, cakkhubhUto, ANabhUto, dhammabhUto, brahmabhUto vattA pavattA, atthassa ninnetA, amatassa dAtA dhammassAmI, tthaagto| mahAparinibbAna sutta meM bhagavAna ke guNoM kA bakhAna hai - itipi so bhagavA arahaM sammAsambuddho, vijjAcaraNa sampanno, sugato, lokavidU, anuttaro, purisadammasArathi satthA devamanussAnaM buddho bhagavA ti| ___dhamma ke bAre meM yahA~ kahA gayA hai - svAkkhAto bhagavatA dhammo sandiTThiko, akAliko, ehipassiko, opaneyyiko paccattaM veditabbo vijUhI ti aura saMgha ke bAre meM yaha kahA gayA hai - suppaTippanno bhagavato sAvakasaGgho, ujuppaTipanno bhagavato sAvakasaMGghojAyappaTipanno bhagavato sAvakasaGgho, sAmIcippaTipanno bhagavato sAvakasaGgho yadidaM cattAri purisa yugAni aTThapurisa pugglaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA 19 isa sutta meM sAta aparihAnIya dharmo kA varNana hai jinameM gaNataMtra kI unnati hotI hai| Aja bhI ye dharma utane hI mahattvapUrNa haiM jaise pahale the| yahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa dharmavinaya meM aSTAMgika mArga nahIM hai, vahAM zramaNa nahIM hote / aSTAMgika mArga zIla, samAdhi tathA prajJA se samanvita hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki zrAmaNya prApti meM isa mArga kA sarvAdhika yogadAna hai| hAtti se spaSTa hai ki brahmacarya kA uddezya divya zabda sunanA nahIM, balki zIla sadAcAra kA jIvana jIkara satya kA sAkSAtkAra karanA tathA nirvANa kA adhigama karanA hai / dIghanikAya ke poTThapAdasutta tathA majjhima nikAya ke cUlamAluMkayasutta meM bhagavAna ne dasa praznoM ko avyAkRta kahA hai aura kahA hai ki ina praznoM kA uttara khojanA vyartha kA samaya gaMvAnA hai / na hete poTTapAda, atthasaMhitA, na dhammasaMhitA, na AdibrahmacariyakA, na nibbidAya, na virAgAya, na nirodhAya, na upasamAya, na abhijJAya, na sambodhAya, na nibbAnAya saMvattanti / ina praznoM kA uttara khojate rahanA vaisI hI mUrkhatA hai jaise viSa- bujhe tIra se pIr3ita vyakti kA taba taka tIra na nikalavAnA jaba taka ki vaha tIra tathA tIra calAne vAloM ke bAre meM pUrA na jAna le| vaise to suttapiTaka ke sabhI sutta mahattvapUrNa haiM para yahAM maiM kucha suttoM ke bAre meM vizeSa kahanA cAhU~gA / suttanipAta kA dhaniyasutta gArhasthya sukha aura AdhyAtmika sukha kI tulanA karatA hai / dhaniya gopa kahatA hai - 'pakkodano duddhakhIrohamasmi' to bhagavAna kahate haiM 'akkodhano vigatakhilohamasmI / ' yahAM zabdoM meM dhvani sAmya hote hue bhI arthasAmya nahIM hai, phira bhI isa dhvanisAmya se kAvya meM eka sundara camatkAra A jAtA hai| dhaniya gopa gArhasthya sukha kA varNana karatA hai aura bhagavAna buddha AdhyAtmika sukha kaa| yahAM yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki kaise AdhyAtmika sukha gArhathya sukha ke guNAtmaka rUpa se bar3A hai| dhaniya gopa kA sukha baMdhana paidA karatA hai aura bhagavAna buddha mukti kA sukha anubhava karate haiN| bhagavAna dhaniya se yaha kahate haiM ki 'tuma nAva banA kara mahI nadI pAra kara yahAM Aye ho, tumheM punaH nAva banAkara mahI nadI pAra kara dUsarI jagaha jAnA par3egA, lekina maiM jahAM calA gayA hU~ vahAM se mujhe punaH lauTanA nahIM hai|' aTThakathA meM buddhaghoSa ne eka udAtta upamA dvArA yaha bAta samajhAyI hai - 'dhaniya, tvaM kullaM bandhitvA, mahiM taritvA, imaM ThAnamAgato, punapi ca te kullo bandhitabbo evaM bhavissati, nadI ca taritabbA, na cetaM ThAnaM khemaM / mayA pana ekacite For Personal & Private Use Only

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20 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA maggaMGgAni samodhAnetvA ANabandhanena baddhA ahosi bhisi / sA ca sattatiMsabodhipakkhiyadhammaparipuNNatAya ekarasabhAvUpagatattA aJJama anativattanena puna bandhitabbappayojanAbhAvena deva manussesu kenaci mocetuM asakkuNeyyatAya ca susaMghatA / tAya camhi tiNNo, pubbe patthitaM tIrappadesaM gato / gacchantopi ca na sotApannAdayo viya kaJcideva padesaM gato / atha kho pAragato, sabbAsavakkhayaM sabbadhammapAraM paramaM khemaM nibbAnaM gato, tiNNo ti vA sabbaJjataM patto, pAragato ti arahattaM patto / jahAM dhaniya socatA hai ki viSaya bhoga hI manuSya ke sukha ke kAraNa haiM, mAra ke zabdoM meM upadhIhi narassa nandanA vahAM bhagavAna kA kahanA hai ki upadhI hi narassa socanA, na hi so socati yo nirUpadhi / bharata siMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM donoM AdarzoM kA isase adhika sundara nirUpaNa, saMbhavataH saMpUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM nahIM mila sakatA (pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 294) kasabhAradvAja sutta meM bhautika kRSi aura AdhyAtmika kRSi kI tulanA kI gayI hai| bhagavAna bhI apane ko kRSaka batAte haiM ki zraddhA merA bIja hai, tapa vRSTi aura prajJA juA tathA hala hai, hrI haladaNDa hai tathA mana hala aura juA ko bAMdhane kI rassI aura smRti phAla tathA pratoda ( hAMkane kI char3I ) hai Adi / aMta meM bhagavAna kA kahanA hai ki maiM jo kRSi karatA hU~ usakA phala khAkara phira koI bhUkhA nahIM rahatA, lekina tumhArI kRSi kA phala khAkara, phira bhUkha lagatI hai| aMta meM qasibhAradvAja kahatA hai - mama kasiphalaM bhuJjitvA aparajju eva chAto eva hoti, imassa pana kasi amatapphalA, tassA phalaM bhuJjitvA sabbadukkhA pamuccatIti / (dekheM, suttanipAta aTThakathA 1.119) evamesA kasI kaTThA, sA hoti amtpphlaa| etaM kasi kasitvAna, sabbadukkhA pamuccati / / tipiTaka ko par3hane se jIvana ke vividha pakSoM para bhagavAna dvArA kahI gayI bAteM dekhane ko milatI hai aura aisA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa taraha ke prajJA saMpanna vyakti kA kathana kitanA satya hai / bhagavAna ne kaI sthaloM para paryAvaraNa ke bAre meM bhI kahA hai| mAnava kA paryAvaraNa ke sAtha kyA saMbaMdha hai tathA paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kaise kI jAnI cAhie, isa para unake bar3e hI gaMbhIra vicAra haiN| cUMki mAnava aura paryAvaraNa kA anyonyAzraya saMbaMdha hai, isalie paryAvaraNa kI rakSA se hI mAnava kI rakSA ho sakatI hai| paryAvaraNa kI rakSA na kI gayI to manuSya arakSita ho jAyegA / dIghanikAya ke aggajJasutta meM bhagavAna ne kahA ki manuSya kA lobha paryAvaraNa kA zatru hai| agara hama saMtulita jIvana jInA cAheM to prakRti hamArI For Personal & Private Use Only

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tripiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitA 21 AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara sakatI hai, para hamAre lobha ko pUrA karane meM vaha akSama hai| manuSya ke mana meM jaba tRSNA jAgatI hai taba usake sAtha saikar3oM vikAra utpanna hote haiM aura jIvana duHkhamaya ho jAtA hai| tRSNA ke kAraNa manuSya corI, vyabhicAra, hiMsA Adi karatA hai aura duHkha bhogatA hai| isI tRSNA ke kAraNa prakRti dvArA pradatta vastuoM kA dohana karane lagatA hai| yadi manuSya lobha kA saMvaraNa kara sake to vaha bar3I vijaya prApta kara sakatA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne kaI sthaloM para vRkSoM ko kATane se manA kiyA hai, jala ko gaMdA karane se manA kiyA hai, vRkSa kI pattiyoM ko tor3ane, zAkhAoM ko vyartha kATane se manA kiyA hai| prakRti kI adbhuta dena jaMgala ko buddha bahuta pasaMda karate the / usake saundarya se vaha ApyAyita huA karate the / prakRti ke sAtha unakA prema aisA thA ki unake jIvana ke cAroM mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAeM khulI prakRti meM huIM, lumbinI meM paidA hue, bodhagayA ke pAsa uruvelA meM jJAna kI prApti kI, vArANasI ke pAsa sAranAtha ke isipattana migadAya meM dhammacakkapavattana kiyA aura kusInArA ke malloM ke zAlavana meM mahAparinirvRtta hue / unhoMne vizeSakara bhikSuoM ko per3a kATane hetu nahIM kahA, pAnI gaMdA karane hetu nahIM khaa| isa taraha unhoMne paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa para bahuta dhyAna diyaa| jisa taraha vaijJAnika bhautika jagata meM niyamoM kI khoja karate haiM usI taraha bhagavAna buddha ne apanI isa sAr3he tIna hAtha kI kAyA meM prayoga kara AdhyAtmika jagat meM lAgU hone vAle niyamoM kI khoja kii| * vedanApaccayA taNhA vedanA ke pratyaya se tRSNA hotI hai, sparza ke pratyaya se vedanA hotI hai - phassapaccayA vedanA aura mana meM uThane vAle sabhI vicAra zarIra para vedanA utpanna karate haiM - vedanA samosaraNA sabbe dhammA Adi / krodha Adi vikAroM ke utpanna hone para sarvaprathama apanI hAni karate haiM aura dUsare kI bhI hAni karate haiM to bAda meM - pubbe hanati attAnaM, pacchA hanati so pare Adi / isI taraha hama yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki tRSNA kahA~ utpanna hotI hai aura kahAM isakA nirodha ho sakatA hai - yaM loke piyarUpaM etthesA taNhA uppajjamAnA uppajjati, ettha nivisamAnA nivisati - ettha nirujjhamAnA nirujjhati / - AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhagavAna buddha ke ye AviSkAra jo unhoMne apane anubhava arjita se kiye aura jo kabhI jhUThe nahIM ho sakate, anamola ratna haiN| yadi hama ina niyamoM ko anubhava ke dharAtala para dekheM to hama tRSNA dUra kara tRSNAtIta ho sakate haiM, vikAroM ko dUra kara vikArahIna evaM nirvikAra ho sakate haiM aura rAga-dveSa moha kI Aga bujhAkara zAMta ho sakate haiN| pratItyasamutpAda kI sabhI bAraha kar3iyAM unakI svAnubhUti kI dena haiN| 3 vipazyanA sAdhanA bhagavAna kA eka bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa AviSkAra hai / isakI sAdhanA kara manuSya duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAkara nirvANa kA adhigama kara sakatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA mahAsatipaTThAna sutta, AnApAnassati sutta Adi vipazyanA sAdhanA kI takanIka jAnane ke bar3e hI mahattvapUrNa sutta haiN| __ aMta meM maiM kahanA cAhUMgA ki pAli sAhitya kA jo Agamika (Canonical) aMza hai, vaha aisA sAhitya hai jo bhAvanAmayI prajJA-prasUta hai, kalpanA prasUta nhiiN| isake apratima udAharaNa haiM bhagavAna buddha dvArA diye gaye upadeza, unake dvArA kahI gayI gAthAeM tathA theroM aura theriyoM kI gaathaaeN| yaha aisA sAhitya ha jahAM zAMta rasa kI niSpati hotI haiN| isameM pAya jAne vAla zRMgAra aura vIra rasa avasAna zAMta rasa meM hotA hai| ata: merA yaha kahanA hai ki isa sAhitya meM kucha bhI heya nahIM hai, saba kucha udAtta hai, isameM azrupravaNatA nahIM hai| yaha manuSya ko buddha dvArA batAye gaye Arya aSTAMgika mArga para calane ko utsAhita, prerita karatA hai| isalie merA kahanA hai ki jahAM aura sAhityoM kA paryavasAna hotA hai vahAM se pAli sAhitya kA prAraMbha hotA hai - Pali literature takes off from where other literatures land. ___pAli sAhitya kA prakRti varNana bhI aura saba sAhityoM ke prakRti varNana se anUThA hai, bhinna hai| (dekheM, merA lekha Nature in the Theragatha included in Essays on Buddhism and Pali Literature) suttapiTaka ke adhyayana kI upayogitAoM meM se maiMne jitanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve to sirpha eka gAgara bhara haiM, upayogitA to vizAlasAgara kI taraha hai| - vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI (mahArASTra) For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM anAtmavAda kI mahattA DaoN. pradyumna dube bauddha darzana yathArtha para AdhRta evaM lokamaMgalakArI hai| buddha ne loka-kalyANa hetu duHkha evaM duHkha-mukti kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne upaniSadoM dvArA atyadhika cintana ke viSaya 'AtmA' kI zAzvatatA ko nakAra diyaa| yahI buddha kA anAtmavAda hai| bhagavAn buddha ne jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ko 'dhammacakkapavattanasutta' kA upadeza diyaa| usake pazcAt pA~caveM dina unhoMne unheM 'anattapariyAya' dezanA dii| vahA~ para unhoMne spaSTa kiyA paJcaskandhoM meM AtmA kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| pA~coM skandha anitya aura pariNAmataH duHkha haiN| ataH ye hamAre nahIM haiN|' bhagavAna buddha ke anAtmavAda ke sambandha meM vidvAna ekamata nahIM haiN| aneka vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne AtmA kA khaNDana karake saMsArI ko saMsAra-pravAha meM nimagna kara diyaa| isake viparIta kucha vidvAnoM ne kahA ki isa prakAra kA nairAtmyavAda paravartI bhikSuoM aura AcAryoM kI buddhi kI upaja hai| tathAgata ne kevala anAtmabhUta tattvoM meM AtmA ko na dekhane kA upadeza diyA thA, AtmA kA sarvathA tiraskAra nahIM kiyaa| nAgArjuna ke anusAra vizeSa abhiprAya se tathAgata ne AtmavAda tathA anAtmavAda donoM kA upadeza diyA, kintu unakA vAstavika abhimata thA ki na AtmavAda tAttvika hai, na anaatmvaad| satyaM to donoM koTiyoM se pare anirvacanIya rUpa se pratiSThita hai|' nAgArjuna ne jo yaha kahA ki vizeSa abhiprAya se buddha ne AtmavAda evaM anAtmavAda kA upadeza kiyA, usakI jhalaka pAli-sAhitya meM bhI prApta hotI hai| kucha 1. anattapariyAyo, mahAvagga, nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR. 16-18 2. draSTavya - DaoN. pANDeya, govinda candraH bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa (bau. dha.vi.i.), hindI samiti, sUcanA vibhAga, u.pra., lakhanaU, 1976 pR. 101, pAda TippaNI, (pA.Ti.),118 .. 3. vahI, pA. Ti. 1.19 4. Atmetyapi prajJapitamanAtmetyapi deshitm|| buddharmAtmA na cAnAtmA kazcidityapi dezitam / / - madhyamakazAstra 18.6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA vidvAnoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki bhagavAn ne AtmA ko sarvathA nakArA hotA to pAli-sAhitya meM atta evaM 'attA' se saMyukta zabdoM kA prayoga bAra-bAra nahIM prApta hotaa| pAli graMthoM meM 'ajjhatta', paccatta, attabhAva, pahitatta Adi zabdoM meM 'attA' kA viziSTa upayoga prApta hotA hai| 'ajjhatta' zabda paravartI kAla meM 'bAhya' kA pratiyogI mAtra raha gayA thA, kintu prAcInatara sthaloM meM ajjhatta' ke sAtha upAdeyatA aura kalyANa kI bhAvanA saMbaddha thii| paccatta' evaM paccattavedanIya prayogoM meM laukika citta ke dvArA bAhya vastuoM ke jJAna se pare jJAna vivakSita hai| 'attabhAva' kA prayoga vyaktivizeSa ke rUpa meM upapattilAbha ko sUcita karatA hai| isameM pichalA karma bhI bhautika rUpa meM sammilita hotA hai| 'attabhAva' AtmA nahIM hai, pratyuta AtmA kA yoni-vizeSa meM deha-parigraha hai| saMyuttanikAya ke kosalasaMyutta meM AtmA ko priyatama kahA gayA hai aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'attakAma' hiMsA nahIM krtaa| isa satta meM rAnI mallikA dvArA AtmA ko sabhI se priya evaM zreSTha kahA gayA hai| yahA~ para bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad ke yAjJavalkya-maitreyI saMvAda kI yAda AtI hai, jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'Atmanastu kAmAya sarva priyaM bhavati' yAjJavalkya kA isase yaha niSkarSa thA ki 'AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyo nididhyaasitvyH'| tathAgata ne bhI bhadravargIya taruNoM kA upadeza diyA thA - 'attAnaM gveseyyaath'|' ___ bauddha darzana meM AtmA, pudgala aura jIva paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM mAne gaye haiN| yahA~ para AtmA kI paramArthataH upalabdhi nahIM mAnI gaI haiN| jisa prakAra ISA (daNDa), akSa, cakra DhA~cA (paJjara), rassiyA~, lagAma, cAbuka Adi meM se koI bhI eka vastu ratha nahIM hai, apitu ina sabhI avayavoM ko milAkara vyavahAra ke lie 'ratha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna meM se koI bhI AtmA yA jIva nahIM hai, apitu inake samudAya ko vyavahArArtha 'jIva' yA 'AtmA' kahate haiN| bhaguvAna buddha ne 'anattasutta' nAma se kaI suttoM kA upadeza kaI sthaloM para diyA hai| unameM yaha upadeza diyA gayA hai ki rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA aura saMskAra tathA vijJAna 5. bau.dha.vi.i., pR. 101 pA.Ti. 123 .. 6. sabbA disA anuparigamma cetasA, nevajjhagA piyataramattanA kvci| evaMpiyo puthu attA paresaM, tasmA na hiMse prmttkaamo|| mallikAsutta, kosalasaMyutta, saMyuttanikAya (saM.ni.), pR. 74 (nAlandA saMskaraNa) 7. bhaddavaggiyavatthu, mahAvagga, pR. 25 (nAlandA saMskaraNa) 8. yathA hi aMgasambhArA, hoti saddo ratho iti| evaM khandhesu santesu, hoti satto ti smmuti|| milindapajho (mi.pa.) * saMpA.-zAstrI, svAmI dvArikAdAsa, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI 1979 e pR. 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM anAtmavAda kI mahattA * 25 AtmA nahIM haiM yaha jo vastu anAtma haiM, unheM dUra rakhanA caahiye| anatta bhAvanA ke abhyAsa se mahAn lAbha hotA hai| anAtmavAda ko samajhane ke lie atyadhika AdhikArika anattapariyAyo" ko uddhRta karanA samIcIna hogaa| isakA upadeza bhagavAn buddha ne paMcavargIya bhikSuoM ko dhammacakkapavattana sutta ke pazcAt diyaa| bhagavAna buddha ne kahA - 'rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijJAna- inameM se koI bhI AtmA nahIM hai| yadi ye paMcaskandha AtmA hote to pIr3AdAyaka nahIM banate aura ina paJcaskandhoM meM yaha pAyA jAtA hai ki 'ye mere rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna' aise hote aura aise nahIM hote| cU~ki ye rUpa Adi paJcaskandha anAtmA haiM, ataH pIr3A-dAyaka haiM aura inameM paJcaskandha aise hote aura aise nahIM hote, yaha nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| ye pA~ca skandha anitya haiM, ataH duHkha haiN| jo vastue~ anitya hotI haiM, ve parivartanazIla hotI haiM aura duHkhadAyI hotI haiN| unake saMbaMdha meM yaha nahIM kara sakate ki 'yaha (anitya padArtha) merA hai, yaha maiM hU~ aura yaha merI AtmA hai| aisA jJAna hone para vidvAn Arya ziSya rUpa ke prati ghRNA karatA hai| ghRNA karane para unase virAga ko prApta karatA hai| virAga ke kAraNa mukta hotA hai| mukta hone para 'mukta hU~' aisA jJAna hotA hai aura vaha jAnatA hai ki AvAgamana naSTa ho gayA, brahmacaryavAsa pUrA ho gayA, jo karanA thA vaha kara liyA, aba yahA~ karane ko kucha zeSa nahIM hai|13 ___yahA~ para jisa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai aura jise pAli suttoM meM bAra-bAra duharAyA gayA hai, vaha yaha hai ki rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna nirantara parivartanazIla, anitya aura dukha haiM, ataH ve zAzvata aura nitya AtmA nahIM ho sakate aura aisA kahanA ki 'maiM yaha hU~', 'yaha merA hai', 'yaha maiM svayaM hU~', mAtra ahaMkAra hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke icchuka vyakti ko ina sabase mukta honA hogaa| yaha buddha-dharma kA sAra hai| satyakAyadRSTi (pratyeka jIva meM zAzvata AtmA kA siddhAnta) kI nindA 9. 14. anattasutta, 3 khandhasaMyutta, saM. ni. pR. 258-259 (nAlandA saMskaraNa) vahI pR. 409 10. 78 anattasutta, 5, mahAvaggo, saM.ni. pR. 117 11. anattapariyAyo, mahAvagga, (nAlandA saMskaraNa), pR. 16-18 12. yaM panAniccaM, dukkhaM vA taM sukhaM vA ti? dukkhaM mnte| yaM panAniccaMdukkhaM vipariNAmadhamma,kallaM, nutaM __samanupassituM - etaM mama, eso hamasmi, eso me attA ti? no hetaM bhnte| vahI,pR. 17. 13. evaM passaM, bhikkhave, sutavA ariyAsAvako rUpasmiM pi nibbindati, vedanAya pi... nApara itthattAyA ti pajAnAti / vahI, pR. 17-18 14. draSTavya-ekamantaM nisinno kho AyasmA Anando bhagavantaM etadavoca - "siyA, bhikkhuno tathA rUpo samAdhipaTilAbho yathA imasmiM ca savijJANake kAye ahaMkAramamaMkAramAnAnusayA nAssu, bahiTThA ca sabbanimittesu ahaMkAramamaMkAramAnAnusayA nAssuya yaM ca cetovimuttiM pAvimuttiM upasammajja viharato - ...vihareyyA 'ti| anya isI prakAra ke Azaya vAlI pNktiyaaN| aMguttaranikAya (aM.ni.) bhA.1(nAlandA saMskaraNa), pR. 122-124 For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA apasiddhAnta ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| hama kisI vyakti ko nAma se pukArate haiN| yaha vyavahAra calAne ke liye hotA hai, na ki paramArthataH vaha vyakti yA jIva hotA hai| AtmA kA zAzvata mAnanA - yaha zAzvatavAda hai| mRtyu ke pazcAt jIva athavA AtmA kA sarvathA vinAza ucchedavAda hai| ye donoM dRSTiyA~ mithyAdRSTiyA~ haiM aura ye tairthikoM kI dRSTiyA~ haiN| buddha ne inakA khaNDana karate hue inheM tyAgane ke liye kahA hai| tripiTaka ke aneka sthala, jahA~ para anatta siddhAnta kA vivecana prApta hotA hai, unameM se hama kisI meM bhI AtmA ke saMbaMdha meM sakArAtmaka kathana nahIM pAte haiN|| zrImatI rija DeviDsa jaisI viduSI mahilA kahatI hai ki anatta saMbaMdhI sabhI uddharaNa yaha vyakta karate haiM ki hamAre daihika aura Atmika jIvana se bhinna eka zAzvata AtmA hai, jo upaniSadoM kI AtmA hai, yahI vAstavika pudgala hai| DaoN. vinTaranitja kahate haiM ki yadi aisA hotA to hamAre graMtha (tripiTaka) aura svayaM bhagavAna buddha ise sIdhe-sIdhe kahane se kyoM bacate? isake viparIta, AtmA ke saMbaMdha meM sabhI prakAra kI mithyA dRSTiyA~ nirvANa prApti meM bAdhaka batAI gaI haiN| aise AtmA ke svabhAva ke saMbaMdha meM kiye gaye praznoM kA uttara buddha ne nahIM diyA, kyoMki aise jJAna se duHkha-mukti saMbhava nahIM hai| dUsarI ora sAMvRtika yA vyAvahArika artha kI dRSTi se AtmA kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| aisA AtmA hai jo cintana karatA hai, bolatA hai, vedana karatA hai, kArya karatA hai aura punarjanma kI sthiti meM phala kA anubhava karatA hai, kintu yaha vizvAsa mAtra ki Atma paramArtha satya hai, zAzvata evaM sthAyI hai, mithyA dRSTi hai| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki svayaM ko khojo yA jAno, Atma-damana yA Atma-saMyama kro| hama yaha bhI kahate haiM ki manuSya apane karmoM kA uttaradAyI hotA hai| DaoN. vinTaranitja anAtmavAda ke saMbaMdha meM zrImatI rija DeviDsa ke dvArA uddhRta laghu kahAnI kI carcA karate haiN| ve prAyaH tIsa bhadravargIya puruSoM meM se eka, jisakI patnI kho gaI thI aura vaha tathA usake sAthI usa mahilA ko khoja rahe the, kI kahAnI kahatI thiiN| mahilA ko khojane vAle yuvaka ko buddha ne kahA thA ki Atma (svayaM) ko khojo| yahA~ para chAndogyopaniSada 8.1.1 kI aspaSTa pratidhvani ho sakatI hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki buddha ne 'AtmA' kA artha -Izvara jo ki Apa kI AtmA hai', samajhA hogA jaisA ki zrImatI rija DeviDsa kA ciMtana hai| jahA~ para Atma (svayaM) ko khojo kA artha - 'AtmA ke saMbaMdha meM satya ko jaano|' yahI artha isa prasaMga se nikalatA hai aura 15. brahmajAlasutta, dIghanikAya (dI.ni.) bhA.1(nAlandA saMskaraNa) pR. 13-21 evaM pR. 30-32. 16. draSTavya-DaoN. vinTaranitja, ema. kA lekha - 'selpha eNDa nAna-selpha arlI buddhijma', 'e sambhASA' mahAbodhi senTenarI kammemoriTiva vAlyUma), mukhya saMpAdaka AdikarI, e. piriveNa ejUkezana oNpha di minisTrI oNpha ejUkezana eNDa hAyara ejUkezana, zrIlaMkA, 1991, pR. 22-23 17. vahI, pR. 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM anAtmavAda kI mahattA * 27 'anattapariyAya' tathA anya kaI suttoM se bhI prApta hotA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM batAyA gayA hai ki koI bhikSu AtmajJa (attajU) taba hotA hai jaba vaha jAnatA hai ki vaha zraddhA meM, zIla meM, zikSA meM (zravaNa ke dvArA), tyAga meM, prajJA meM tathA spaSTa bhASaNa (pratibhAna) meM Age haiN|18 vinTaranitja kahate haiM ki yaha satya hai ki rAjA prasenajita aura unakI rAnI mallikA kA saMvAda19 upaniSada ke yAjJavalkya aura maitreyI ke prasiddha saMvAda kI yAda dilAtA hai, kintu hama jAnate haiM ki buddha prAyaH brAhmaNa paramparA ke saMsmaraNoM kA prayoga sarvathA bhinna artha meM karate the| yahA~ gAthA meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai - sabhI dizAoM meM citta se bhramaNa karake AtmA (svayaM) se.priya kahIM kisI ko nahIM paayaa| isI prakAra dUsare logoM ke lie unakA AtmA priya hai, ataH jo Atmahita cAhatA hai, vaha dUsare kI hiMsA nahIM krtaa| zrImatI rija DeviDsa kA mata hai ki yahA~ AtmA eka sAmAnya artha (merI AtmA yA maiM svayaM) meM nahIM, apitu divya svagotra sarvavyApaka rUpa se pratyeka manuSya meM rahane vAlA, isa artha meM AtmA kA prayoga hai| mallikAsatta, jisameM rAjA prasenajita aura rAnI mallikA kA saMvAda prApta haiM,naitika zikSA se saMbaddha hai aura isakA adhyAtma se koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai| saMyuttanikAya meM isa sutta se pUrva 'piyasutta' hai jisameM rAjA prasenajita kahatA hai ki kise AtmA priya (mitra) hai aura kise AtmA apriya (zatru) hai aura punaH rAjA cintanapUrvaka vicAra vyakta karatA hai ki jo zarIra se, vANI se aura mana se sadAcaraNa karatA hai, use AtmA priya (mitra) hai aura jo zarIra, vANI, aura mana se durAcaraNa karatA hai, use AtmA apriya (zatru) hai| attarakkhita sutta meM isI prakAra kI carcA hai| vahAM para rAjA prasenajita prazna karatA hai ki kisakA AtmA rakSita hai aura kisakA arakSita hai? uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki jo kAyA, vANI aura mana se durAcaraNa karate haiM, unakA AtmA arakSita hai, bhale hI unakI hastisenA, rathasenA ora pedala senA rakSA kare, kintu unakI 18. yasmA ca, bhikkhaveM, bhikkhu attAnaM AnAti - 'ettakomhi saTThAya sIlena sutena cAgena paTibhAnenA' ti, tasmA 'attabU'ti vuccti| aM.ni., bhA. 3 (nAlandA saMskaraNa), pR. 240 19. mallikAsutta, saM.ni. bhA. 1, pR.73-74 20. sabbAdisA anuparigamma cetasA, nevajjhagA piyataramattanA kvci| ____evaM piyo puthu attA paresaM, tasmA na hiMse prmttkaamo|| vahI, pR. 74 21. sambhASA, pR. 23 22. ye ca kho keci kAyena sucaritaM caranti, vAcAya sucaritaM caranti, manasAsucaritaM caranti, tesaM piyo attaa| saM.ni.bhA. 1 pR. 070. 23. ye ca kho keMci kAyena duccaritaM caranti,vAcAya duccaritaM caranti, manasA duccaritaMcaranti, tesaM appiyo attA - vahI For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 - bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA AtmA arakSita hai, kyoMki vaha bAharI rakSA hai, Antarika nahIM, ataH unakI AtmA arakSita hai| isake viparIta jo kAya se, vANI se ora mana se sadAcaraNa karate haiM unakI AtmA rakSita hai| bhale hI unakI rakSA hastisenA, na azvasenA, na rathasenA aura na paidala senA kare to bhI unakI AtmA rakSita hai, kyoMki vaha rakSA Antarika hai, bAharI nahIM, ataH unakI AtmA rakSita hai| yahA~ para 'AtmA' saMvRti artha meM prayukta hai, na ki paramArtha artha meN| nikAyoM meM aneka sthala hai jahAM 'atta' kisI jIva samagratA hetu sAMvRtika stara para prayukta hotA hai| isa prasaMga meM hama dhammapada ke attavagga ko le sakate haiN| isameM sabhI dasa gAthAe~ haiM jinameM atta' zabda saMvRti artha (svayaM kA apanA) meM prayukta hai| isakI puSTi ke lie eka gAthA ko uddhRta karanA prAsaMgika hogA - - attA hi attano nAtho, ko hi nAthe paro siyaa| .... attanA hi sudantena, nAtho labhati dullbhN|| .. manuSya apanA svAmI Apa hai, usakA dUsarA svAmI kauna hogA? apane ko hI bhalI-bhA~ti damana kara lene se vaha durlabha svAmitva kA lAbha karatA hai| attavagga ke atirikta bhI dhammapada meM kaI sthaloM para 'atta' zabda sAMvatika artha meM prayukta huA hai| udAharaNArtha, bhikkhuvagga kI do gAthAe~ prastuta haiN| attanA codayattAnaM paTimaMsetha attnaa| so attagutto satimA sukha bhikkhu vihaahisi||28 jo apane Apa ko prerita karegA, apane hI Apa ko saMlagna karegA, vaha Atma-gupta (apane dvArA rakSita) bhikSu sukha se vihAra kregaa| attA hi attano nAtho, attA hi attano gti| tasmA saMyamayattAnaM, assaM bhadaMva vaannijo|29 24. ye kho keci kAyena duccaritaM caranti, .....manasA duccaritaM caranti, tesa arakkhito attaa| ki. cApi te hatthikAyo vArakkheyya..pattikAyo...arakkhito attaa| vahI pR.71 25. yeca kho keci kAyena sucaritaM caranti,......tesaMrakkhito attaa| ...ajjhatkiA hesA rakkhAdU tesa rakkhito attaa| vahI, pR. 72 26. sambhASA, pR. 23 pA.Ti. 22 27. dhammapada (dha.pa.) 160 (nAlandA saMskaraNa) 28. vahI pR. 379 29. vahI pR. 380 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM anAtmavAda kI mahattA * 29 manuSya apanA svAmI Apa hai, apane hI apanI gati hai, isaliye apane ko saMyamI banAye, jaise ki sundara ghor3e ko baniyA saMyata karatA hai| ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki AtmA (attA) kA zAzvata AtmA se koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai| aMguttanikAya ke tikanipAta meM 'attA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura hamAre vijJAna ke bahuta nikaTa hai - natthi loke raho nAma, pApakammaM pkubbto| attA pe purisa jAnAti, saccaM yA yadi vA musaa|| kalyANaM vata bho sakkhi, attAnaM atimnyjsi| yo santaM attAni pApaM, attAnaM prigRhsi||30 arthAt pApakarma karane vAle ke liye loka meM chipakara kAma karane kI jagaha nahIM hai| he puruSa! jo kucha tU acchA yA burA karatA hai, yaha satya yA mRSA (mithyA) hai, yaha bAta terI apane Apa to jAnatA hI hai| he mitra! tU sundara hai, para apane Apa kA hI apamAna karatA hai, tuma apane pApa ko apane Apa se hI chipAtA hai| pratyeka vyakti apane karmoM ke liye uttaradAyI hotA hai| isa bAta ko paurANika DhaMga se majjhimanikAya ke devadattasutta meM kahA gayA hai| yamarAja duSkRta karane vAle vyakti ko utpIr3akoM ko sauMpane ke pUrva kahate haiM ki tumhAre kArya tumhAre mAtA-pitA, bhAiyoM, bahanoM, mitroM, sagotravarga, zramaNoM, brAhmaNoM yA devatAoM ke dvArA nahIM kiye gaye haiM. balki tumhAre dvArA hI kiye gaye haiM, ataH tumhI phala ke bhugatane vAle hooge| nikAyoM meM anya aneka sthala hai jahA~ attA' zabda kA prayoga hai, kintu una sabhI sthaloM para sAMvRtika artha hai, na ki 'zAzvata aatmaa'| hama ise moTe prakAra se aise samajha sakate haiM - 'anatta' arthAta apanA nhiiN| hamArA yaha rUpa apanA nahIM haiM, hamAre sAtha sthAI banA rahane vAlA nahIM hai, hamArI vedanAyeM bhI apanI nahIM hai, saMskAra aura vijJAna bhI apane nahIM hai| saMsAra meM koI bhI vastu nahIM hai jo hamArI apanI hai| apane na hone kA kAraNa bhI hai, kyoMki ve sabhI anitya hai| anitya hone ke kAraNa ve sabhI duHkha haiN| ___ AtmavAdiyoM kA anAtmavAdiyoM se prazna hotA hai ki yadi AtmA nahIM hai to punarjanma kisakA hotA hai? uttara hai - dUsare janma meM praveza cittasantati yA vijJAnasantati ke kAraNa hotA hai| vijJAna kA utpAda aura nirodha satata calatA rahatA hai, eka kSaNa kA bhI antara nahIM hotaa| cittotpAda aura cittalaya kI kriyAyeM eka dUsare ke apUrva aura 30. a.ni.bhA. 1,tika nipAta, pR. 137 31. taM kho pana te etaM pApakamma neva mAtarA kataM na pitarA kataMna bhAtarA kataMna bhaginiyA kataM na mittamaccehi kataM na jAtisAlohitehi kataM na sAmaNabrAhmaNehi kataM na devatAhi kataM, tayAvetaM pApakammaM kataM, tvajevetassa vipAkaM pttisNvedisssi| majjhimanikAya (ma.ni.) bhA. 3 pR. 254 For Personal & Private Use Only

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30 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA apazcAt jaisI hotI haiN| eka janma ke antima vijJAna ke laya hote hI dUsare janma kA prathama vijJAna uTha khar3A hotA hai|3|| bauddha mata evaM darzana kA sahI jJAna hone ke liye anAtmavAda kA jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| yaha trilakSaNa (tilakkhaNa) anitya, duHkha aura anAtma meM se eka hai| anAtmavAda kA jJAtA anityatA evaM duHkha ko bhI jAnatA hai| isake jJAna se ahaMkAra aura mamakAra kA nAza hotA hai| anAtmavAdI anAsakta hotA hai, kyoMki vaha samyak prakAreNa jAnatA hai ki amuka vastu paramArthataH usakI nahIM hai| vaha saMskAroM ke anitya aura duHkha rUpa ko jAnatA hai| trilakSaNa ko jAnane vAlA samyak dRSTivAna hotA hai aura prajJA kA adhigama karatA hai| - pAli evaM bauddha adhyayana vibhAga ___ banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI-221005 32. dhammasantati sandahati / aJjo uppajjati, nirujjhati, apubbaM acarimaM viya sndhti| mi.pa. pR. 31. 33. purimAviJANe pacchimAviJANaM saMgahaM gacchati / vahI, pR. 32. For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma ke sAmAjika sandarbha : samatA, maitrI aura karuNA DaoN. zivanArAyaNa jozI 'zivajI' yadyapi bauddhadharma vizeSataH theravAda nirvANa kI vyaktiparaka dhAraNA kA pakSadhara hai tathApi sabhI bauddha nikAya samatA, maitrI aura karuNA sarIkhe sAmAjika mUlyoM ko jIvana ke AdhArabhUta mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| bauddha darzana vastutaH eka vyAvahArika darzana hai| vaha nirvANa ke vaiyaktika Adarza ko sAmAjika mUlyoM ke sAtha isa prakAra sambandhita karatA hai ki sAmAjikatA nirvANa meM bAdhaka na hokara sahAyaka ho jAtI hai| nirvANa duHkhoM kA sadA sarvadA nAza hai aura sAmAjika mUlya duHkha nivAraNa ke sarala upAya haiN| duHkha sabhI dharmoM kA prArambhika abhyupagama hai| sabhI dharma manuSya jIvana meM duHkha kI upasthiti ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki dharma kA prAdurbhAva duHkha ke viruddha mAnavIya saMgharSa kA pariNAma hai to koI atyukti nahIM hogii| sabhI bhAratIya darzana duHkha ko jIvana kI mUlabhUta samasyA mAna kara usase nivRtti ke upAyoM kA anveSaNa karate haiN| bauddhoM ne samagra mAnavIya anubhava ko hI duHkha mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai - "sarvam anityam sarvaM duHkham" anityatA se iSTa kA bichoha hotA hai aura iSTa ke bichoha se duHkha hotA hai| iSTAniSTa tRSNA ko janma dete haiM, iSTa ke mUla meM prApti aura saMrakSA kI tRSNA hai to aniSTa ke lie parityAga kI tRSNA balavatI hotI hai| iSTa kI aprApti to duHkha hai hI, iSTa kI prApti meM Ane vAlI bAdhAe~ bhI duHkha haiM tathA iSTa kA bichoha bhI duHkha hai| aniSTa pratikUla hai jisakI upasthiti avAMchanIya hai| anukUlatA aura pratikUlatA kI ye donoM sthitiyA~ duHkha haiN| AtmabhAva (Ego '' ness) nityatA aura tRSNA kA poSaka hai| tRSNA rAga-dveSAdi doSoM kI poSaka hai| rAga-dveSa na kevala vaiyaktika jIvana meM duHkha aura azAnti ke janaka haiM, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI viSamatA, ghRNA aura hiMsA ke uttaradAyI haiN| - bauddhoM ke anusAra anAtmavAda vyakti aura samAja donoM meM samatA aura zAnti kA prasAra karatA hai| anAtmavAda abhimAna kA pratipakSI hai, AtmA kA nhiiN| anattA cetanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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32 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA kA niSedha nahIM hai| nitya dravya (Eternal Substance) ke rUpa meM AtmA kA niSedha anAtmabhAva hai| 'anattA' kA tAtparya yaha batalAnA hai ki AtmA kyA nahIM hai, saMsAra kI sabhI vastueM anAtma haiN| jise hama vyakti kahate haiM vaha bhI paMca skandhoM kA parivartanazIla pravAha hai| anAtmabhAva 'mamakAra' (maiM va merA) kA nirAkaraNa kara samatA kI ora agrasara hone meM vyakti ko prerita karatA hai| anukUlatA ke prati AkarSaNa kA abhAva aura pratikUlatA ke prati vikarSaNa kA abhAva hI rAga-dveSa meM sama rahanA hai| rAga-dveSa meM sama rahanA mAnasika samatA hai aura apane vyavahAra meM logoM ke sAtha vargagata, jAtigata aura liMgagata bheda nahIM karanA sAmAjika samatA hai| mAnasika samatA kA vikAsa sAmAjika samatA ko vikasita karatA hai| bauddhoM kI sAmAjika samatA kI ora agrasara hone kI prakriyA ko isa prakAra sUtrabaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai - ___ anAtmavAda -mamakAra kA nivAraNa -mAnasika samatA (rAga-dveSa daurbalya) - tRSNA kA daurbalya -sAmAjika samatA kI ora agrsrtaa| . bauddhadharma kA udaya purohita varga dvArA thopI gaI karmakANDa kI jaTilatA, varNabheda, liMgabheda Adi sAmAjika viSamatAoM ke vidroha svarUpa huaa| bauddhoM ke anusAra vyakti kI zreSThatA jAtigata yA vargagata na hokara usake guNa aura satkarmo se nirdhArita hotI hai| dhammapada meM kisI ko janmanA brAhmaNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki 'na jaTA se, na gotra se, na janma se koI brAhmaNa hotA hai, jisameM satya aura dharma hai jo akiMcana aura tyAgI hai, vaha brAhmaNa hai| suttanipAta meM bhI varNabheda ko asvIkAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki na to koI janma se achUta hotA hai aura na koI braahmnn| apane karmo se hI vyakti achUta aura brAhmaNa hotA hai| bauddha dharma kA AdhArabhUta siddhAnta hai ki saba manuSya binA kisI bhedabhAva ke eka dUsare kA sammAna kareM aura logoM ke bIca ghRNA kI adRzya dIvAra giraaeN| bauddhoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki sabhI saMskRtiyA~, sabhI dharma, sabhI varNa, sabhI strI-puruSa mUlataH samAna haiM aura pratyeka prANI meM buddha hone kI sambhAvanA vidyamAna hai| arthAt pratyeka vyakti apanA vikAsa karane meM samartha aura svataMtra hai| manuSya svayaM hI apanI niyati nirdhArita karatA hai, na ki koI pAralaukika shkti| jahA~ taka liMgagata bheda kA prazna hai, mahAtmA buddha ne nArI jAti ko jo mAna diyA hai vaha DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva tatkAlIna rUr3hivAdI paristhitiyoM ko dekhate hue atyanta 1. isa sambandha meM mahAtmA buddha aura Ananda ke bIca huA eka vArtAlApa ullekhanIya hai - vatsagotra dvArA AtmA se sambandhita pUche gae prazna ke sandarbha meM buddha Ananda se kahate haiM - 'yadi maiM use (vatsagautra ko) yaha kahatA AtmA hai to yaha nityavAda hotA aura AtmA kA niSedha karatA to ucchedavAda hotaa|(sNykt nikAya XLIV-10) isa vArtAlApa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki anattA AtmA kA niSedha nahIM hai mahAtmA buddha AtmA ke kisI bhI prakAra ke sakArAtmaka vivaraNa se bacate haiN| 2. dhammapada (brAhmaNavaggo) gAthA - 393,396, 400 .. 3. suttanipAta (vasalasutta) gAthA-21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma ke sAmAjika sandarbha : samatA, maitrI aura karuNA * 33 mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaba kauzala nareza prasenajita kanyA ke utpanna hone se bahuta vyathita hue to unheM sAMtvanA dete hue buddha ne kahA ki kanyA putra se bhI zreSThatara ho sakatI hai, ataH kanyA ke janma para zoka karanA vyartha hai| buddha isa bAta meM vizvAsa karate the ki striyAM bhI paruSoM kI bhA~ti apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karane meM sakSama aura svataMtra haiN| sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI anya dharmoM kI tulanA meM bauddha dharma meM striyoM kI sthiti acchI rhii| pitaroM ke uddhAra ke lie putra hone kI anivAryatA ko bauddhoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA, jaisA ki manusmRti meM mAnA gayA hai| bauddhoM meM vidhavA patnI apane pati kA tathA putrI apane pitA kA antima saMskAra kara sakatI thI, kanyA apane pitA kI sampatti meM bhI bhAgIdAra ho sakatI thii| bhikkhunI saMgha kA nirmANa karanA buddha kA, tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kI dRSTi se, eka krAntikArI kadama mAnA jAtA hai| bhikkhunIsaMgha ne striyoM kI dhArmika svataMtratA aura mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| bhikSuNiyA~ bhI bhikSuoM kI bhAMti dhArmika zikSA aura pravacana karane meM svataMtra thiiN| saMyutta nikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki strI huI to kyA huA, yadi usakA citta zAnta aura ekAgra hai to vaha samyak dharma aura jJAna ke mArga meM Age avazya bar3hatI hai| isa saMdarbha meM yaha draSTavya hai ki bhikSuNiyoM ko pUrA mAna-sammAna aura samAna adhikAra dete hue bhI donoM ke niyamoM meM bheda kiyA gayA thA, jo sambhavataH tatkAlIna samAja kI sthiti ko dekhate hue eka vivazatA rahI ho| mahAprajApati gautamI ko jaba bhikSuNI kI dIkSA dI gaI taba unake lie ATha niyamoM kA pAlana karanA anivArya rakhA gyaa| ina ATha niyamoM meM do niyama isa prakAra ke haiM, jo nizcita hI bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSuoM se kamatara AMkate haiN| ye do niyama haiM -1. abhivAdana ke sandarbha meM bhikSuoM ko pratyeka paristhiti meM varIyatA hogI arthAt bhikSu yadi.jJAna aura Ayu meM kama hai to bhI bhikSuNiyAM bhikSuoM kA abhivAdana kreNgii| 2. bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ko salAha athavA nirdeza de sakate haiM, para bhikSuNiyoM ko yaha adhikAra nahIM hai| isa bhedabhAva ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM anya dharmoM kI tulanA meM apane yuga se kahIM Age thaa| saMyukta nikAya meM kahA gayA hai ki strI-puruSa jo bhI isa (bauddha) yAna meM AtA hai vaha nirvANa kI zAnti prApta karatA hai|' pUrNa sAmAjika samAnatA eka aisA Adarza kahA jA sakatA hai jise prApta karane meM sambhavataH hameM kaI varSa aura pratIkSA karanI hogii| siddhAnta 4. K.Sri Dhammanand Maha Thera - 'Status of women in Buddhism p. 2 File://F:/ http://Egalitarianism/status of women in Buddhism.htm 5. The place of women in Buddhism by swarna de silva p. 5 file://F:/Egalitarianism/ The Place of Women in Buddhism by Swarna de Silva.htm 6. vahI pR.8 . 7. The Position of Women in Buddhism by L. S. Dewaraja p 5 Filel/F:/ ... Egalitarianism/The position of women in Buddhism byL.S. Dewaraja.htm. For Personal & Private Use Only

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34 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA aura vyavahAra meM sarvatra aura sadaiva hI bheda rahA hai, jo mAnava svabhAva ke adhUrepana kA dyotaka hai| samatA kA vikAsa samAja ke vikAsa kI pUrva zarta hai| jisa samAja meM samatA jitanI adhika vikasita hai vaha samAja usI anupAta meM vikasita aura unnata hai| asamAnatA Adima yuga kI paricAyaka hai| samatA aura zAnti eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| samatA zAnti hai to viSamatA ashaanti| viSamatA samAja meM asthiratA, azAnti, pArasparika vaimanasya aura hiMsA ko janma detI hai| bauddha dharma meM saMgha ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai, yahA~ taka ki buddha se bhI saMgha ko varIyatA dI gaI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma meM samAja aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ko paryApta mahattva diyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma kA AvirbhAva hI sAmAjika anyAya aura zoSaNa ke virodha svarUpa huA thaa| __anya bhAratIya dArzanika nikAyoM kI bhA~ti bauddha dharma bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki samAja meM : amIra-garIba, yogya-ayogya, sukhI-duHkhI Adi bheda karma-bheda ke kAraNa se haiN| karmavAda kA niyama sabhI prANiyoM para binA bhedabhAva ke samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai| karmajanya isa bAharI bheda ke hote hue bhI sabhI prANI svabhAvataH buddha svabhAva ke haiM arthAt svataMtratA pratyeka prANI kA svabhAva hai aura vaha duHkhoM se mukti arthAt nirvANa prApti kI yogyatA rakhatA hai| eka dRSTAnta se isa bAta ko bhalI bhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai| kharagoza, ghor3A aura hAtho eka nadI ko pAra kara rahe haiN| kharagoza ke lie vaha nadI bahuta gaharI hai, ghor3e ke lie vaha nadI itanI adhika gaharI nahIM jabaki hAthI ke lie bahuta kama gaharI hai| paristhitiyAM tInoM ke lie bhinna hote hue bhI nadI tInoM ke lie samAna hai| isI taraha sabhI. prANiyoM meM karmajanya paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa bhinnatA hote hue bhI buddha svabhAva samAna hai yaha dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki karmavAda bhAgyavAda nahIM haiN| karmavAda alaMghanIya kAraNa-kArya zrRMkhalA nahIM hai| tRSNA ke kSaya se karmajanya avasthAoM kA bhI kSaya ho jAtA hai| pratyeka vyakti aSTAMga mArga kA anusaraNa karate hue tRSNA kA kSaya karane meM samartha ho sakatA hai| samatA kA paudhA karuNA aura maitrI kI urvarA bhAvabhUmi meM vikasita hotA hai| binA maitrIbhAva aura karuNA ke samatA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| buddhaghoSa viracita visuddhimagga nAmaka pAli grantha ke nauveM adhyAya meM cAra brahma vihAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye brahmavihAra haiM - maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekssaa| ye samasta sattvoM (prANiyoM) ke prati samyak vyavahAra kA nirdeza karane vAle mArgadarzaka tattva hai| brahmA arthAt jo maloM se rahita zuddha sAdhaka hai tathA vihAra kA artha nivAsa hai| isa prakAra brahma vihAra rAgadveSAdi maloM se rahita zuddha citta kI sthAyI avasthAeM hai|' mettA yA maitrI samasta prANiyoM ke prati rAga aura krodha rahita premabhAva hai| karuNA parapIr3A ko zoka rahita hokara apanA svayaM kA duHkha anubhava karate hue usake nivAraNa kA satprayAsa karanA hai| dUsaroM kI sampannatA aura 8. Equality and Peace Keynote speech at 5th BLIA General Conference, Paris 1996 + Access to http://www.f:/Egalitarianism/Equality and Peace, htm. 9. jaise brahmA rAga-dveSAdi maloM se rahita hokara sAdhanA karate haiM vaise hI sAdhaka ina cAroM kI nirdoSa citta se sAdhanA karatA hai, ataH inheM brahma vihAra kahA gayA hai - 'buddhaghoSa - visuddhimaggo, anuvAdaka - svAmI dvArikA dAsa, pR. 186 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma ke sAmAjika sandarbha : samatA, maitrI aura karuNA 35 prasannatA meM svayaM prasanna honA muditA hai / upekSA citta kI sukha-duHkha, rAga-dveSa rahita dvandvAtIta avasthA hai| ina cAroM brahma vihAroM meM muditA kA maitrIbhAva meM antarbhAva kiyA jA sakatA hai| hamAre citta meM jaba saba sattvoM (prANiyoM) ke prati prema aura maitrIbhAva hotA hai tabhI unakI prasannatA meM hameM bhI harSa kI anubhUti hotI hai / upekSA citta kI sama avasthA hai, jo maitrI aura karuNA ko saMtulita banAe rakhatI hai / citta sama avasthA meM na ho to kartRtva kA abhimAna upasthita hokara maitrI aura karuNA ke divya bhAva ko bhraSTa kara sakatA hai| yahI nahIM maitrI aura karuNA meM ati utsAha kA Avega Ane para vyakti kA vyavahAra asaMtulita ho sakatA hai| ata: upekSA maitrI aura karuNA ke bhAva ko saMtulita aura niyamana karane vAlI citta kI sama avasthA hai| 10 ina brahma vihAroM ko samasta prANiyoM ke prati kiyA jAne vAlA samyak vyavahAra kahA gayA hai| (sattesu sammA patipatti) brahmavihAroM meM mUla bhAva mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki maitrI bhAva ke na hone para karuNA aura muditA kA bhI udaya nahIM ho sakatA / maitrI ke dvArA anya vyaktiyoM ke sAtha sadbhAva pUrvaka vyavahAra rakhane ke kAraNa ise hama sAmAjika mUlya ke rUpa meM lete haiM jo samAja paraspara prema aura sauhArda kA vistAra karatA hai / brahmavihAra ke rUpa meM maitrI bhAva meM yogI yA sAdhaka sabhI sattvoM (prANiyoM) ke sAtha svArtharahita prema aura sauhArda kA bhAva rakhatA hai| yaha citta kI eka divya avasthA hai| maitrI, karuNA Adi brahma vihAroM ko appamANa (apramANa) kahA gayA hai, kyoMki ye bhAva kevala kucha cayanita sattvoM taka hI sImita nahIM rahate, apitu sAdhaka samasta prANiyoM ke prati maitrI bhAva rakhatA hai| maitrI svabhAvataH anyoM ke prati prema aura sadbhAva mUlaka citta kI avasthA hone ke kAraNa yaha hiMsA, dveSa aura ghRNA kA pratipakSI bhAva hai| yaha vyakti ke mana meM kisI ke bhI prati ahita yA hiMsA ke bhAva ko Ane se rokatA hai| vyaktiyoM meM maitrI bhAva kA vikAsa hone para samAja meM hiMsaka pravRttiyA~ nirbala hone lagatI haiM, phalasvarUpa pArasparika sahayoga, sauhArda aura zAnti kI vRddhi hone lagatI hai / samAja meM samatA aura saMtulana maitrIbhAva ke vikAsa para hI nirbhara hai| svArtha rahita mitratA U~ca-nIca ke bheda aura ghRNA kI adRzya dIvAra ko dhvasta karatI hai / sAmAjika samarasatA ke lie maitrI anivArya bhAvabhUmi hai / sAdhAraNa jana kI maitrI aura brahmavihAra sAdhaka kI maitrI meM antara hotA hai / sAdhAraNa jana kI maitrI svArtha para TikI hotI hai| yadi vaha niHsvArtha bhI ho, to bhI vaha cayanita hotI hai arthAt usakI maitrI kevala una logoM taka hI sImita rahatI haiM jo usako priya lagate haiM, parantu sAdhaka kI maitrI priya-apriya kA bheda nahIM dekhtii| sAdhaka zatru yA apriya lagane vAle vyakti ke prati bhI maitrI bhAva rakhatA hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai ki zatrutA kabhI zatrutA se zAnta nahIM hotI, apitu avaira arthAt mitratA se zAnta hotI hai| 11 suttanipAta ke 'mettasuta' adhyAya meM maitrI ke Adarza ko bahuta sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki 'koI kisI 10. visuddhimagga, pR. 180 For Personal & Private Use Only

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36 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA dUsare ko dhokhA na de, kisI ko bhI choTA yA achUta na samajhe aura na krodha meM Akara kisI kA ahita kare, jaise koI mA~ apane jIvana kI cintA kie binA apane ekamAtra bacce kI nirantara nigarAnI karatI hai vaise hI loga samasta prANiyoM ke prati asIma prema kreN| hara samaya arthAt khar3e hue, calate hue, baiThe hue, leTe hue prANiyoM kI hita sAdhanA meM hI svayaM ko samarpita kara deN| sAtha hI sAdhaka ke lie yaha bhI anivArya hai ki maitrIbhAva krodha rahita to ho hI, sAtha hI rAga rahita bhI ho, kyoMki rAgAtmaka maitrI bhAva hone se kevala apane priya jana ke sAtha hI maitrI hogI aura krodha kI avasthA meM to maitrI bhAva sambhava hI nahIM hai| aisA svArtha rahita aura sImA sambheda se pare maitrIbhAva vikasita karanA atyanta durUha kArya hai| ataH maitrI bhAva Adi brahma vihAroM ko vikasita karane ke lie dhyAna karanA Avazyaka hai, jise brahma-vihAra, bhAvanA kahA gayA hai| isa brahma-vihAra bhAvanA ke abhyAsa meM sarvaprathama sAdhaka ko svayaM ke prati maitrI bhAva ko vikasita karanA cAhie, kyoMki sabhI manuSyoM ke lie yaha sahaja hai| sAmAnyatayA sabhI manuSya svayaM se prema karate haiM aura apanA hita cAhate haiN| buddhavacana bhI hai - 'saba dizAoM meM citta se jAkara (vicArakara) dekhA, to svayaM se bar3hakara priya kisI ko bhI nahIM paayaa| isa prakAra pRthaka-pRthaka dUsaroM ko apanI-apanI AtmA priya hai, ataH svArtha ke lie dUsaroM kI hiMsA na kare13 sAtha meM yaha bhAvanA bhI nirantara kare ki jaise maiM apanA sukha cAhatA hU~ vaise hI dUsare bhI,apanA sukha cAhate haiN| isake pazcAt brahma-vihAra-bhAvanA ke dUsare sopAna meM jo priya hai, apane kuTumba ke haiM yA guru haiM, unake lie sukha aura hita kI bhAvanA kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| ye loga hamAre priyajana haiM, ata: aisA abhyAsa karanA bhI sarala hI hai| tIsare sopAna meM madhyastha arthAta ve loga jo hameM na priya haiM aura na apriya haiM, ke lie sukha aura hita kI bhAvanA kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| anta meM jo vairI hai yA jo hameM apriya lagatA hai, usake prati sukha aura hita kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| uparyukta brahma vihAra, bhAvanA kA nirantara abhyAsa karate hue citta ke maitrI meM abhyasta ho jAne para sImA sambheda karate hue (arthAt maitrI kI koI sImA, koI bhedabhAva na rakhate hue) samasta prANiyoM ke prati sukha aura hita kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| karuNA ke lie bhI sAdhaka ko isI prakAra brahma-vihAra bhAvanA kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| karuNA aura maitrI meM koI maulika bheda nhiiN| maitrI kI vyavahAra meM kriyAnviti karuNA hai| maitrI bhAva ke binA kI gaI karuNA ahaMkAra aura asamAnatA ke bhAva se dUSita 11. dhammapada, gAthA 5 12. Sacred books of the East, Ed. Max Muller, MLBD, Delhi, 1973, P. 25 13. sabbA disA anuparigamma cetasA nevajjhagA piyataramattanA kvci| evaM piyo puthu attA paresaM, tasmA na hiMse paramattakAmo-saMyuttanikAya, 1.126 14. dhammapada, gAthA 131 15. buddhaghoSa, visuddhimaggo, anuvAdaka-svAmI dvArikAdAsa, pR. 148-175 pA For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma ke sAmAjika sandarbha : samatA, maitrI aura karuNA * 37 ho jAtI hai| maitrI bhAva kA AdhAra samatA hotA hai| ataH brahma-vihAra rUpa meM karuNA sadaiva maitrI bhAva se ota-prota rahatI hai| sAdhAraNa jana kI dayA aura karuNA meM bheda haiN| saMsAra ke loga nAnA prakAra ke kaSToM aura pIr3A se pIr3ita rahate haiN| sAmAnya vyakti apane hI duHkha se vyathita rahane ke kAraNa para-pIr3A para vicAra hI nahIM kara paataa| kucha vyakti dUsaroM ke kaSTa para cintita to hote haiM, para unakI cintA karma kA rUpa nahIM le pAtI, kucha vicAravAna loga pIr3ita vyakti ke prati dayA dikhAte hue nAma mAtra kI sahAyatA karake apane kartavya kI iti mAna lete haiN| vastutaH karuNA paraduHkha ko dUra karane kI niSThAyukta prabala abhilASA hotI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki karuNAvAna vyakti apane sAmarthya, jJAna aura upalabdha sAdhana kA adhikatama upayoga karate hue dUsaroM ke kaSToM ko dUra karane kA athaka prayAsa karatA hai| karuNA kA udaya hone para sAdhaka para-pIr3A ko svayaM kI pIr3A kI bhAMti anubhava karatA hai| ataH jaise hama apanI pIr3A ko dUra karane ke lie hara sambhava prayatna karate haiM vaise hI karuNAvAna vyakti para-pIDA ke nivAraNa ke lie tatpara rahatA hai| karuNA vicAra taka hI sImita nahIM rahatI, vaha karma meM pariNata hokara rahatI hai| karuNA bhAva para-pIr3A nivAraNa kA sArthaka prayAsa hotA hai| brahma-vihAra ke rUpa meM karuNA sImA sambheda karate hue binA bhedabhAva ke samasta prANiyoM ke lie kI jAtI hai| aisI karuNA logoM kI soca aura karma ko saMkacitatA ke dAyare se nikAla kara asIma vyApakatA detI hai| karuNA samAja ke sabhI vargoM ke logoM ko paraspara samIpa lAtI hai| eka dUsare kI pIr3A ko apanI pIr3A anubhava karane se Apasa meM sahayoga aura saumanasya meM vRddhi hotI hai| prema aura maitrI ke sabala hone se ghRNA aura dveSa nirbala hote haiN| maitrI aura karuNA kI samyak kriyAnviti ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki inakI anupAlanA upekSA bhAva arthAt rAga-dveSa aura priya-apriya bhAvoM se Upara uTha kara honI cAhie, anyathA inakA kAryakSetra apane priyajana aura parijana taka hI sImita hokara raha jAtA hai| upekSA mAnasika samatA hai aura yaha sAmAjika samatA kI pUrvagAmI hai| binA mAnasika samatA ke samyak sAmAjika samatA prApta nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM maitrI aura karuNA ke Adarza udAtta sAmAjika mUlya haiM, ye samAja meM samatA, prema sahayoga aura zAnti kA vistAra karate haiN| inase vyakti aura samAja donoM kA vikAsa hotA hai| brahma-vihAra kI pUrNatA jahA~ vyakti ko arhat banAtI hai vahIM dUsarI ora eka svastha, samRddha aura ahiMsaka samAja kA nirmANa bhI karatI hai| vyavahAra meM maitrI aura karuNA apanI pUrNatA ko na bhI na pahu~ce, taba bhI ina bhAvoM kA adhikatama sambhAvya vikAsa samAja kI zAnti aura samRddhatA ke vikAsa meM apanA sArthaka yogadAna detA hI hai| ye udAtta sAmAjika mUlya bauddha dharma ko udAtta mAnavatAvAda (Sublime Humanism) kI pahacAna dete haiN| manuSya samAja kI dhurI hai, koI pAralaukika zakti nahIM, vyakti For Personal & Private Use Only

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38 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA svayaM apanI niyati kA nirmAtA hai, vaha svayaM hI apane karma kA svAmI hai, karmadAyAda (karmaphala kA adhikArI) karmayoni va karmabandhu hai| tRSNA kA kSaya kara vyakti svayaM hI karmabandhana se mukta hokara arhat banatA hai| pratyeka prANI binA kisI jAti, liMga va vargabheda ke sambhAvya buddha hai arthAt buddha (mukta) hone meM samartha hai| theravAda meM brahma-vihAra sAdhana hai aura nirvANa saadhy| sAdhaka-nirvANa prApti ke lie brahma-vihAroM kI sAdhanA karatA hai| mahAyAna meM bodhisattva kA Adarza sAdhya hai| bodhisattva para-pIr3A ke zamana ke lie nirvANa kA nilambana kara dete haiN| theravAda kI karuNA mahAyAna meM mahAkaruNA kA rUpa le letI hai| mahAkaruNA kA dhyeya vaiyaktika nirvANa na hokara sArvabhaumika du:kha-nivRtti ho jAtA hai| mahAkaruNA kA nAyaka bodhisattva nirvANa ke praveza dvAra para pahuMca kara nirvANa ko sthagita kara detA hai| isa sthiti ko mahAyAna meM apratiSThita nivArNa kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| parapIr3A-nivAraNa ke abhilASI sAdhaka meM bodhipraNidhicitta kA udaya hotA hai| bodhicitta sArvabhaumika duHkha kI mukti ke uttaradAyitva kA akRtrima bodha evaM dRr3ha icchA zakti hai| bodhipraNidhi citta dhAraka sAdhaka yaha saMkalpa letA hai ki jagata kalyANa ke lie maiM buddhatva prApta karUMgA (buddho bhaveyaM jagato hitaay)"| sAdhaka aba bodhisattva ho jAtA hai aura vaha bodhiprasthAna citta ko grahaNa kara saba jIvoM ke uddhAra ke lie apane lakSya kI ora pravRtta hotA hai| bodhisattva kA lakSya hotA hai -"sabhI dizAoM meM jo koI bhI zArIrika aura mAnasika vyathAoM se pIr3ita hai, ve mere puNya se sabhI vyathAoM se mukta hokara sukha-Ananda kA samudra prApta kreN|"18 ___maitrI, karuNA aura mahAkaruNA bauddhoM ke udAtta sAmAjika mUlya haiM, jo samAja meM zAnti aura samAnatA ke vistAra kA satprayAsa karate haiN| sevAnivRtta AcArya evaM adhyakSa darzanazAstra vibhAga jayanArAyaNavyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura 16. vahI, pR. 157 17. AcAryazAntideva kRta bodhicaryAvatAra - pravacanakAra dalAIlAmA, ___ anuvAdaka karmAmonalama, sampAdaka pro. rAmazaMkara tripAThI pa.XVI 18. 'sarvAsu dikSu yAvantaH kAyacittavyathAturAH te prApnuvantu matpuNyaiH sukhaprAmodyasAgaram - bodhicaryAvatAra, 10.2 prastuta gAthA se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki mahAyAna bodhicaryAvatAra eka vyakti ke puNya karmoM meM dUsaroM kI bhAgIdArI kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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hiMsA evaM AtaMkavAda ke nivAraNa meM bauddha dharma kI bhUmikA DaoN. vaidyanAtha lAbha bhAratIya darzana kI adhikAMza dhArAeM dharma evaM adhyAtma se jur3I haiM, jinake mUla meM zAnti, sauhArda evaM mAnava-kalyANa ke bhAva nihita haiM / bauddha tathA jaina dharma-darzana to ahiMsA, prema, karuNA Adi ke bhAvoM se vizeSa rUpa se sampRkta haiN| bauddha dharma-darzana kI yadi bAta kI jAe to bhagavAn buddha apane jIvanakAla meM rAjakumAra siddhArtha ke rUpa meM bAlavaya se hI dUsaroM ke duHkhoM se dravita hote the, isake aneka dRSTAnta upalabdha hote haiN| ina duHkhoM ke kAraNa kyA haiM aura unheM kaise dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai, inhIM samasyAoM ke nidAna kI khoja meM unhoMne mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyA aura chaH varSo kI kaThina tapazcaryA ke pazcAt cAra Arya satyoM ke anveSaNa ke mAdhyama se ve buddhatva ko prApta hue| bodhi- prApti ke pazcAt sAta saptAhoM ke bodhagayA - pravAsa ke anantara unhoMne sAranAtha jAkara prathama dharmacakra pravartana kiyaa| jaba unake ziSyoM kI saMkhyA 60 taka pahu~ca gaI taba unhoMne una paripakva ziSyoM ko duHkhI mAnavatA ko sahI mArga dikhAne ke uddezya se vibhinna dizAoM meM bheja diyaa| ve svayaM bhI vahA~ se magadha vApasa gae evaM jaTila bandhu, unake anuyAyiyoM evaM janasAmAnya ko duHkha zama hetu amRta vANI kA pAna krvaayaa| buddha ke hRdaya meM duHkha se santapta mAnava ko duHkha se mukta karAne kI prabala bhAvanA thI, karuNA kA udreka thA, jo samaya-samaya para unakI amRtavANI ke mAdhyama se karuNA kI rasadhArA ke rUpa meM prasphuTita evaM pravahamAna hotA rahatA thA / saMsAra meM vibhinna svabhAva, rUpa-raMga, sAmAjika - pArivArika-sAMskRtikabauddhika Adi stara ke loga rahate haiM / unameM se kucha karuNAzIla haiM to krUra evaM niSThura bhI haiM / buddha ko apane zeSa 45 varSo meM aneka prakAra ke loga mile| kucha unakI vANI kI madhuratA se prabhAvita hokara unake ananya bhakta ho gae to devadatta jaise loga apanI duSTatA se kabhI bAja nahIM aae| SaDvargIya bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke duSkRtya bhI buddha evaM unake dharma ke lie eka bar3I cunautI the, tathApi buddha kA mArga ahiMsA va prema kA hI rhaa| unhoMne For Personal & Private Use Only

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40 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA yaha spaSTa kahA ki zatrutA se zatrutA kA anta kabhI bhI nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta prema va zAnti kA mArga hI ise samApta karane kI ora le jAtA hai - "na hi verene verAni, sammantIdha kudaacnN| averena ca sammanti, esa dhammo snntno|" yadi koI vyakti yahI socatA rahatA hai ki amuka vyakti ne mujhe mArA, DA~TA, gAlI dI, lUTa liyA ityAdi, to vaha sadaiva mAnasika tanAva meM rahatA hai aura usake kalaha kabhI zAnta nahIM hote, kintu isake viparIta jo vyakti ina bAtoM ko bhUlakara.zAnta rahatA hai tathA sakArAtmaka rUpa se socatA hai, to usake kalaha zAnta ho jAte haiM - 'akocchi ma avadhi maM, ajini maM ahAsi me| etaM ve upanayhanti veraM tesaM na smmti|| akkochi maM avadhi maM, ajini maM ahAsi me| etaM ve na upanayhanti, veraM tesuupsmmnti|| bauddha dharma meM pravrajita-upasampanna hone vAlA koI zramaNa (bhikSu) yA bhikSuNI ho; athavA ho koI gRhastha upAsaka-upAsikA; usake lie dasa zikSApadoM (pravrajitoM ke lie) yA pAMca zikSApadoM (gRhasthoM ke lie) ko grahaNa kara yAvajjIvana unakA anusaraNa karanA Avazyaka hotA hai - "pANAtipAtA veramaNI sikkhApadaM smaadiyaami| __ yahAM 'pANAtipAtA veramaNI' kA zikSApada grahaNa karane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki isakA sAdhaka jAnabUjha kara kisI bhI prANihiMsA kA doSa karane se bacA rhegaa| pratidina uThane-baiThane, calane-phirane, khetI-bAr3I karane se anekoM jIva, choTe-bar3e kITa-pataMga Adi anajAne meM hamAre pairoM tale kucalakara yA hAthoM se bhI mara jAte haiN| kintu, jAnabUjha kara hama kisI prANI ko mArane se hicakicAte haiN| prazna uThatA hai ki aisA kyoM hai? aura uttara yahI milatA hai ki hamAre zAstroM ne tathA hamAre dharmaguruoM ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki hiMsA karane vAlA vyakti mana se avazya tanAvagrasta rahatA hai, jabaki ahiMsA ke mArga kA anuyAyI mana meM zAnti kA anubhava karatA hai| zAstA bhI kahate haiM - "varaM jayaM pasavati, dukkhaM seti praajito| upasanto sukhaM seti hitvA jypraajy|| 1. dhammapada, gAthA -5 2. tatraiva, gAthA 3-4 3. khuddakapATha (dasa sikkhApadaM) - bhikSu dharmaratna evaM bhikSu dharmarakSita (saM.+anu.), bhAratIya bauddha zikSA pariSad, lakhanaU, pR. 3 4. dhammapada, gAthA 201 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hiMsA evaM AtaMkavAda ke nivAraNa meM bauddha dharma kI bhUmikA 41 yadyapi pAli sAhitya meM 'ahiMsA' zabda aupacArika rUpa se prayukta nahIM huA hai tathApi 'pANAtipAtA veramaNI', 'avera', 'mettA', karuNA, 'adosa' ityAdi aneka aise zabda haiM jo 'ahiMsA' bhAva kA saMvahana karate haiN| Aja ke Adhunika pariveza meM parivAra, samAja, gAMva, kasbA, nagara, mahAnagara tathA antararASTrIya sabhI staroM para ghRNA, vidveSa, pratihiMsA, pratisparddhA ityAdi kI bahulatA dekhane ko milatI hai| yaha pravRtti atIta kAla meM bhI thI aura Aja bhI hai / bar3e deza choTe tathA durbala dezoM ko sainya bala para yA anya aneka vidhiyoM va bahAnoM se DarAte dhamakAte rahate haiM yA phira kabhI-kabhI unake kaI hisse har3apa lete haiN| yadyapi dvitIya vizvayuddha ke pazcAt dUsare dezoM kI bhUmi para kabjA karane ke dRSTAnta kama milate haiM, tathApi yaha pravRtti pUrNataH ruka gaI ho aisA nahIM lgtaa| cIna dvArA tibbata para kabjA kara lenA jisase ki dalAI lAmA ko bhAgakara bhArata meM zaraNa lenI par3I, rAsAyanika hathiyAroM ko samApta karane ke bahAne amerikA dvArA irAka para hamalA kara saddAma husaina ko mAra denA, islAmI maz2ahaba ke nAma para aphagAnistAna, pAkistAna tathA bhArata ke jammU-kazmIra meM AtaMkavAda kA tANDava ityAdi aneka udAharaNa hamAre samakSa vidyamAna haiN| apanI bAta ko balAt kisI dUsare vyakti, samAja yA kauma para thopane kI koziza karanA aura bAta nahIM mAnane para use DarAnA-dhamakAnA aura etad hetu hiMsAtmaka kArravAI karanA hI AtaMkavAda hai| Aja bhAratavarSa hI nahIM, apitu vizva kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga hiMsA tathA AtaMkavAda kI samasyA se grasta hai aura isakA nidAna koI bhI nahIM nikAla pA rahA hai| apane deza meM eka lambe samaya taka paMjAba ke AtaMkavAda kA hamane sAmanA kiyA hai aura kazmIra meM bhI prAya: 22 varSo se hama isa samasyA se grasta haiN| videzoM meM aphagAnistAna, irAka, ijrAila va philIstIna, dakSiNa koriyA - uttarakoriyA, philIpInsa Adi dezoM meM hiMsA aura AtaMkavAda kA vAtAvaraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki ye samasyAe~ utpanna hI kyoM hotI hai ? kyA inheM utpanna hone se hI rokA nahIM jA sakatA hai aura yadi kisI kAraNa ye utpanna ho bhI gaIM to inheM dUra karane ke upAya kyA haiM? vartamAna rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke sandarbha meM bauddha dharma kI inake nivAraNa meM kyA bhUmikA ho sakatI hai ? sabase pahale hameM yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki asahanazIlatA, krUratA, vaimanasya ityAdi utpanna hI kyoM hote haiM aura kyA inakI utpatti ko kisI prakAra rokA nahIM jA sakatA? kAraNa aneka ho sakate haiM, kintu bauddha dRSTikoNa se yaha vivecanA kI jAe to sabake mUla meM tIna prakAra ke 'akuzala mUla' yA ' hetu' ko cihnita kiyA jA sakatA hailobha, doSa (dveSa tathA moha / lobha, rAga, tRSNA, pipAsA, lipsA ityAdi ekArthaka haiM, jinakI pravRtti hotI hai - upalabdha se adhika prApta karane kI icchA, cAhe vaha ucita tarIke se ho yA anucita tarIke se| isase grasita vyakti ho yA saMsthA vaha dUsaroM kI For Personal & Private Use Only

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* 42 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sampatti ko yena-kena-prakAreNa hathiyAnA caahegaa| dveSa, hiMsA, ghRNA, vaimanasya, vivAda, pratighAta Adi aneka zabda upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM sUkSma antara hone para bhI dUsaroM ko hAni pahuMcAne kA bhAva nihita hotA hai aura isakI pravRtti hotI hai - "para vinAza cintaa'| isI prakAra 'moha' ajJAna yA mithyA dRSTi ko kahate hai - moho ti aaannN| isase grasita vyakti vibhinna vastuoM yA viSayoM ke vilakSaNa svabhAva (anitya, duHkha va anAtma) ko nahIM samajha kara unake prati anAvazyaka mamatva va tRSNA utpanna kara letA hai, jinakI anupalabdhi hone para vaha duHkha anubhava karatA hai| koI bhI vyakti, saMgaThana, saMsthA yA rAjya dUsaroM se zatrutA, dveSa, badalA lene kI bhAvanA ke kAraNa athavA unheM pratAr3ita karane kI bhAvanA se hiMsA yA AtaMka kA sahArA letA hai| Aja kA samaya vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM AtaMkavAda ke daura se gujara rahA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, apane deza meM naksalavAda, kazmIra meM dharma ke nAma para panapatA AtaMkavAda, pUrvottara bhArata meM vikasita hotA pRthaktAvAda, isake rUpa haiN| pralobhana yA bhayapUrvaka dhArmika matAntaraNa karAnA, sAmAjika surakSA pradAna karane ke nAma para guNDAgardI karanA Adi bhI aneka mAdhyama haiM, jinase AtaMkavAda kI abhivyakti hotI hai| bauddha dharma kI bhUmikA bauddha dharma svabhAvataH ahiMsAvAdI hai, jisameM pArasparika prema, sauhArda, sahiSNutA, zAnpUirNa, saha astitva, karuNA Adi kA prAdhAnya hai| bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM bhI kosala aura malla ke madhya rohiNI ke jala ko lekara vivAda, aMgulimAla kA AtaMka, devadatta ke SaDyantra Adi aneka sthitiyAM AI thIM, jinakA nirAkaraNa unhoMne pArasparika bAtacIta, maitrI-karuNA, sahanazIlatA Adi ke mAdhyama se nikaalaa| hiMsA evaM AtaMkavAda eka aisI samasyA hai jisakA samAdhAna kaI bAra bahuta zIghra nikala bhI nahIM pAtA aura kabhI-kabhI isameM varSoM yA dazakoM bhI laga jAte haiN| kaI bAra to AtaMkavAdiyoM ko prazikSaNa bhI isa rUpa meM diyA jAtA hai ki use patA bhI nahIM hotA ki vaha hiMsA, ghRNA yA AtaMkavAda phailA kara koI anaitika kArya bhI kara rahA hai| apitu anekadhA vaha yahI mAnakara calatA hai ki vaha apane 'dharma' yA anya uddezya kI prApti hetu koI puNya kArya hI kara rahA hai| aise digbhramita vyakti yA saMgaThana ke sadasyoM ko kaise samajhAyA jAe, yaha eka bahuta bar3I samasyA hai| yadi hama bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to sabase pahale to hameM yaha dekhanA par3egA isake mUla meM kauna-kauna se tattva sakriya ho sakate haiN| isake bAda buddhanirdiSTa 5. abhidhammattha saMgaho, dharmAnanda kausambI, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha 6. tatraiva For Personal & Private Use Only

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hiMsA evaM AtaMkavAda ke nivAraNa meM bauddha dharma kI bhUmikA * 43 Arya aSTAMgika mArga, zIla-samAdhi-prajJA, brahmavihAra Adi ke mAdhyama se nirAkaraNa yA nivAraNa kI sambhAvanAoM kA anveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arya aSTAMgika mArga - hameM yaha suvidita hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke samaya jitanI bhI dArzanika paddhatiyA~ yA cintana-paramparAeM pracalita thIM, unheM sthUla rUpa se unhoMne do bhAgoM meM rakhA- zAzvatavAda tathA ucchedvaad| inameM se eka jagatU evaM jIvana ko mithyA mAna kara Atmazuddhi hetu atyadhika zArIrika kaSTa ko ucita mAnatA thA tathA dUsarA isI jagat evaM jIvana ko sarvasva mAnakara kisI bhI prakAra se ise sukhI banAne hetu prayAsa karane para jora detA thA, bhale hI isameM kisI prakAra kI anaitikatA kA samAveza ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI jIvana kI do atiyAM haiN| isalie unhoMne ina donoM ke madhya kA mArga apanAne kI zikSA dI aura nAma diyA - majjhimA paTipadA (madhyamA pratipadA) isake ATha aMga hai - samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vacana, samyak karmAnta, samyak AjIva, samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti tathA samyak smaadhi|' ina AThoM mArgoM ke artha evaM mahattA se hama bhalIbhAMti paricita haiN| isalie maiM inake vistRta vivecana ko chor3a rahA huuN| mAtra itanA nivedana karanA cAhatA hU~ ki yadi aSTAMgika mArga kA pAlana kiyA jAe to hamArI dRSTi yA soca saMtulita, pavitra, vistRta evaM saMvedanazIla hoNge| tabhI hamArA saMkalpa sArthaka saMkalpa hogaa| yadi vANI satya hogI, mRdubhASaNa evaM sArthaka sambhASaNa para AdhArita hogI to hama dUsaroM kI bAta dhairyapUrvaka suneMge aura unheM bhI yathocita mAna dene kA yatna kreNge| - samyak karma tathA AjIvikA apanAne para ghUsakhorI, lUTa-khasoTa, vyabhicAra Adi se hama bace raha skeNge| samyak vyAyAma hameM bure vicAroM ke damana evaM sadvicAroM kI abhivRddhi kI zakti degaa| samyak smRti kuvicAroM ko mana meM panapane nahIM degI aura kalyANakArI lAbhaprada vicAroM ko apanAne kI preraNA degii| isI prakAra samyak samAdhi citta ko vikSepa evaM yatra-tatra bhaTakAva ko rokane meM madada kregii| aSTAMgika mArga ke atirikta cAra brahmavihAra haiM - mettA (maitrI), karuNA, muditA evaM upekkhA (upekssaa)| hamAre mana meM sthita vaimanasya, ghRNA, pratihiMsA Adi durbhAvanAoM ko dUra kara sabake prati kalyANabhAva ke vikAsa meM maitrI sahAyaka hotI hai| isakA lakSaNa . hI hai binA kisI pratidAna kI apekSA ke sabake prati hitacintana - 7. dve me bhikkhave, antA pabbajitena sevitbbaa| katame dve yo ca kAmesu kAmasukhallikAnuyogo hIno gammo pothujjaniko anatthasaMhito... / yo ca attakilamathAnuyogo hIno gammo pothujjaniko anattha saMhito... / ubho pete anupagamma majjhimA paTipadA tathAgatena abhisambuddhA cakkhukaraNI jANakaraNI abhijJAya,sambodhAya nibbAnAya saMvattati.... sammAdiTThi,sammAsaGkappo sammAvAcA, sammAkammanto, sammAjIvo, sammAvAyAmo, sammA sati, sammA smaadhi| -mahAvagga vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI, 1998 For Personal & Private Use Only

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44 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 'sabbe sattA bhavantu sukhitattA / " karuNA kA sthAna maitrI se bhI thor3A Age hai| duHkhI janoM ke duHkha meM sahabhAgI hokara unheM dUra karane ke lie prayatnarata hone kA bhAva hI karuNA hai| yadi maitrI evaM karuNA kI bhAvanA prabala ho jAtI hai to 'sva-para' Adi ke bhedabhAva samApta ho jAte haiM aura dUsaroM kI prasannatA va sukha, sAdhaka ko apanA hI pratIta hone lagatA hai| usa samaya jo prasannatA hotI hai vaha ni:svArtha hotI hai aura vahI hai muditA / caturtha brahmavihAra hai - upekkhA (upekSA), jisake kAraNa sAdhaka sukha-duHkha, sAphalya-vaiphalya, anukUlatA - pratikUlatA, nindA - prazaMsA Adi hara sthiti meM samabhAvI rahatA hai| buddha kahate haiM "selo yathA ekaghano, vAtena na samIrati / evaM nindApasaMsAsu, na samIJjanti paNDitA / / astu, ye bAteM to huIM bauddha dharma kii| kintu, samasyA yaha hai ki kyA kiyA jAe jaba koI vyakti yA saMgaThana saba kucha jAnate-samajhate hue bhI hiMsA yA AtaMka kA mArga apnaae| Aja hama isa prakAra kI samasyA se jUjha rahe haiM / bauddha dharma kI ahiMsAvAdI vicAradhArA inake nivAraNa meM kisI prakAra prabhAvazAlI ho sakatI hai| prazAsanika dRSTi se zAnti, nirbhayatA evaM surakSA ko puna:sthApita karane hetu anekadhA daNDAtmaka vidhiyoM kA sahArA lenA par3a sakatA hai / merI alpabuddhi meM bauddha dRSTikoNa se dekhane para uparyukta kAryavAhI Avazyaka evaM ucita kahI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki nirdoSa logoM kI surakSA bhI to rAjya yA sthAnIya prazAsana kA dAyitva hai| phira bhI isa bAta kA dhyAna avazya rakhA jAnA cAhie ki virodhI pakSa se bhI usakA pakSa sunA jAe aura yathAsambhava evaM yathocita DhaMga se usakI samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa hetu yatna kie jaaeN| sthAyI zAnti tabhI sambhava hai| 8. dhammapada, gAthA 81 bauddha adhyayana vibhAga jammU vizvavidyAlaya, jammU For Personal & Private Use Only -

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dalitoM kA utthAna aura bauddhadhamma-darzana DaoN. vimalakIrti bauddhadhamma bhAratIya dhamma hai, vaha bhArata kI bhUmi meM paidA huA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM jitane bhI dharma paidA hue haiM, jaise vaidika dharma yA brAhmaNa dharma aura Aja kA hindUdharma, jainadharma, sikkha dharma Adi sabhI bhAratIya haiM aura bhArata kI bhUmi se bhArata ke sAmAjika, sAMskRtika paryAvaraNa se unakA bahuta hI nikaTa kA sambandha hai / jisa prakAra vaidika dharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai, usI prakAra bauddhadhamma kI, jainadharma kI, sikkhadharma kI apanI-apanI vizeSatAe~ hai| vaidika yA hindU, bauddha, jaina, sikkha Adi sabhI dharma bhArata kI bhUmi meM paidA hone ke bAvajUda sabhI dharma samAna haiM, sabhI kI dArzanika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, rAjanaitika, dharmAcAra sambandhI nItitattva sambandhI eka hI mAnyatA hai, yaha mAnanA sahI nahIM hai| hara bAta meM sabhI kI alaga-alaga mAnyatAeM haiM aura pichale hajAroM, saikar3oM varSoM ke itihAsa meM unake dhamma aura darzana kA alaga-alaga DhaMga se vikAsa huA hai| isI bhArata kI bhUmi meM pichale cAra hajAra/pAMca hajAra sAla ke itihAsa meM hameM do prakAra kI mAnyatAvAle dharma dikhAyI dete haiN| eka AtmA, paramAtmA aura IzvaravAda kI sthApanA karane vAlA dharma aura dUsarA anAtmA, anIzvaravAda, pratItyasamutpAda kI sthApanA karane vAlA dharma / matalaba eka laukikavAdI, bhautikavAdI dharma aura dUsarA alaukikatAvAdI, abhautikatAvAdI dharma / bauddhadhamma laukikatAvAdI aura bhautikatAvAdI hai, isaliye bauddhadhamma anya bhAratIya dharmo se alaga hai| Adhunika bhArata ke kaI vidvAnoM ne isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki bauddhadhamma anya bhAratIya dharmo se bhinna hai, alaga hai / DaoN. ambeDakara kI mAnyatA DaoN. bAbAsAheba ambeDakara ne apanI 'da buddhA eNDa hija dhammA' grantha meM isa bAta ko vistAra se spaSTa kiyA haiM ki bauddhadhamma aura anya bhAratIya dharmo meM pharka hai, ve eka nahIM haiN| DaoN. ambeDakara bhagavAna buddha ke vicAroM ko ' dhamma ' ke nAma se sambodhita For Personal & Private Use Only

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46 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA karate haiM aura IzvaravAdI, AtmavAdI, brahmavAdI, paramAtmAvAdI dharmoM ko 'dharma' ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| Adhunika bhArata ke bauddha vidvAna ne dhammAnaMda kosambI ne bhI bauddhadhamma aura anya bhAratIya dharmo meM pharka kiyA hai| ve sabhI bhAratIya dharmoM ko eka nahIM mAnate haiM, usI prakAra Adhunika bhArata ke bauddha vidvAna aura bhikkhu DaoN. bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne bhI apane 'buddhijma eNDa adara rilijansa' nAma kI prasiddha pustaka meM bauddhadhamma aura anya bhAratIya dharmo meM pharka kiyA hai, eka nahIM mAnA hai| Adhunika bhArata meM bauddhadhamma aura darzana para bahuta likhA gayA hai aura bahuta likhA jA rahA hai| eka samaya thA jaba bhArata meM bauddha sAhitya, pAli sAhitya upalabdha nahIM thA, bhArata se bauddhadhamma aura darzana kI paramparA khaNDita ho gaI thI, lekina Aja Adhunika bhArata meM lokatantravAdI prajAsattAkavAdI bhArata meM bauddhadhamma kI punaHsthApanA DaoN. bAbAsAheba ambeDakara ke dvArA kI gii| isakA spaSTa matalaba yaha hai ki bauddhadhamma aura darzana kA saMdarbha bhArata se achUtapana, jAtibheda, jAtivAda kI samApti ke sAtha hai, dalitoM ke utthAna ke sAtha hai| Aja Adhunika bhArata meM sampUrNa pAli-tipiTaka ke do saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM - eka navanAlaMdA mahAvihAra pAli tipiTaka hai| dUsarA dhammagiri pAli granthamAlA, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI kA pAli tipiTaka upalabdha hai| pAli tipiTaka ke adhikatara granthoM kA hindI, aMgrejI, marAThI, bAMglA Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM anuvAda bhI upalabdha haiN| isake alAvA pAli granthoM para, pAli sAhitya para bahuta likhA gayA hai aura likhA jA rahA hai| Adhunika bhArata meM bauddhadhamma aura darzana para saMzodhana bhI ho rahA hai aura zodha para kitAbeM evaM lekha likhe jA rahe haiM, lekina bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko alaukika, abhautika, AdhyAtmika, lokottara dharma ke rUpa meM sthApita karane kA kAma adhikatara lekhakoM ne kiyA hai| kaI lekhaka vicArazIla, dArzanika, ciMtaka sAhityakAra bauddhadhamma aura darzana ke sAmAjika saMdeza ko jAnabUjhakara najaraaMdAja karane kA prayAsa karate haiM aura isakI vajaha bhI hai, pAli sAhitya, bauddhadhamma aura darzana, bauddha saMskRti, bauddha itihAsa Adi para lekhana, zodha karane vAle lekhakoM, saMzodhakoM, vicArazIloM, tattvacintakoM para hiMdUdharma kA, IzvaravAda kA, AtmavAda kA prabhAva hone ke kAraNa ve bauddhadhamma aura darzana kI ora bhI usI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura prasthApita, vyavasthAvAdI, jAtivAdI samAjavyavasthA ke anukUla bauddhadhamma aura darzana kI vyAkhyA karate haiM, lekina yaha bauddhadhamma aura darzana kI sahI vyAkhyA nahIM hai| bauddhadhamma aura darzana kA adhyayana bauddha dRSTi se aura vaijJAnika dRSTi se honA caahie| bauddhadhamma ke pravartana kA uddezya bauddhadhamma aura darzana ke pravartaka tathAgata bhagavAna buddha haiN| ve tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM hI paidA hue the| Aja lumbinI jo bhagavAna buddha kI janmasthalI hai, nepAla meM For Personal & Private Use Only

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dalitoM kA utthAna aura bauddhadhamma-darzana * 47 hai| bhagavAna buddha ne lumbinI meM janma lekara bodhagayA meM bodhi (jJAna) ko prApta kiyA thA arthAt buddhatva ko prApta kiyA thaa| usake bAda unhoMne apanA pahalA upadeza sAranAtha ke isIpattana migadAya meM diyA thA, jo 'dhammacakkapavattana' ke nAma se suvikhyAta hai| usake bAda bhagavAna buddha apane jIvana ke antima pala taka tatkAlIna madhyapradeza aura himAlaya kI tarAI ke maidAnI pradezoM meM vicaraNa karate rahe aura vihAra karate rhe| pAli tipiTaka sAhitya jisako buddhavANI kahA jAtA hai, usameM bhagavAna buddha ke sAre upadeza saMgRhIta haiN| pAli tipiTaka bhagavAna buddha ke aura unake samakAlIna arahanta bauddha bhikkhU aura bhikkhuNiyoM ke upadezoM kA saMgraha hai| isa pAli tipiTaka ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM bhagavAna buddha kA dhamma aura darzana to saMgrahIta hai hI, lekina isa pAli tipiTaka meM tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAjavyavasthA ke sambandha meM bhI paryApta jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai aura bhagavAna buddha tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja-vyavasthA kI kuvyavasthA kahiye yA vikRtAvasthA kahiye, cAra varNoMvAlI vyavasthA kA, jAtivAda, jAtibheda, achUtapana kA khaNDana karate hue hameM dikhAyI dete haiN| usI prakAra ve apane samaya ke samAja kI hara prakAra kI viSamatA, sAmAjika gairabarAbarI, sAmAjika anyAya, jAtIya zoSaNa, utpIDana, purohitavAda, dharmAndhatA, dhArmika pAkhaNDa, mithyAvAda, mithyAdhAraNA Adi kA khaNDana karate hue dikhAyI dete haiN| bhagavAna buddha ke vicAroM kA prabhAva tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja para bahuta bar3e paimAne para dikhAyI detA hai| gaira brAhmaNa samAja meM naI AzA kI kiraNeM, naI ummIdeM dikhAI detI haiM, kyoMki bhagavAna buddha ke dhamma pravartana kA uddezya hI sAmAnya janoM meM parivartana kI AzAeM, ummIdeM jagAtA hai| samAjavyavasthA meM parivartana kA vizvAsa paidA karatA hai| vaha bhAratIya samAja meM sAmAjika krAnti kI zuruAta thii|. . pAli tipiTaka sAhitya kA mahattva pAli tipiTika ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja ke sabhI varNo vargoM, jAti aura sabhI prakAra ke sAmAjika, Arthika staroM ke loga bauddhadhamma kI ora AkarSita hue the aura bhagavAna buddha ke anuyAyI bane the| unhoMne buddha, dhamma aura saMgha kI apane jIvana ke aMtima sAMsa taka ke liye zaraNa grahaNa kI thii| pAli tipiTaka sAhitya meM tatkAlIna samAjavyavasthA ke svarUpa kI paryApta jAnakArI hameM prApta hotI hai| isa taraha se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAli tipiTaka sAhitya prAcIna bhAratIya samAjavyavasthA kA sahI aura suspaSTa aitihAsika dastAveja hai| pAli tipiTaka sAhitya ke adhyayana ke bagaira hama prAcIna bhAratIya samAjavyavasthA ke sahI svarUpa ko samajha nahIM skte| pAli tipiTaka sAhitya meM jAtiyoM kA ullekha hai, aura unakI sAmAjika pratiSThA ke stara kA bhI ullekha hai| pAli tipiTaka sAhitya ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki sAmAjika samAnatA, jAti vinAza, dalita tathA pichar3I jAtiyoM kA utthAna hI For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 48 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA bhagavAna buddha kI mUla preraNA rahI hai| buddha kI bodhiprApti (buddhatva) ke bAda eka abhimAnI brAhmaNa (janma se) unake pAsa AyA aura usane bhagavAna buddha se kahA thA ki, 'brAhmaNa kaise hotA hai? brAhmaNa banAne vAle kauna se dharma (guNa) haiM?' isakA uttara dete hue bhagavAna buddha ne 'brAhmaNa' kI jo veda, vedAnta mAnya vyAkhyA hai usakA khaMDana kiyA thaa| usI prakAra unhoMne janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, abrAhmaNa ke mata kA bhI khaMDana kiyA thaa| unhoMne janma se nahIM balki pAparahita, malarahita, ahaMkArazUnya, saMyamita jIvana jIne vAle ko brAhmaNa kahA hai| yaha unakI brAhmaNa zabda kI naI vyAkhyA thI jo usa samaya ke brAhmaNoM ko bilkula mAnya nahIM thI aura Aja bhI brAhmaNa loga bhagavAna buddha kI 'brAhmaNa' zabda kI usa vyAkhyA ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| yahAM hameM isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki, 'brAhmaNa' zabda kI naI vyAkhyA dekara bhagavAna buddha brAhmaNa zabda ke pAsa hI nahIM rukate haiM, balki unakA cintana Age hI bar3hatA jAtA hai| ve buddhatva prApti ke bAda dhammacakka prarvatana ke lie sAranAtha jAte haiM aura vahA~ dhammacakra kA pravartana karane ke bAda bhikkhusaMgha kI sthApanA karate haiN| unakA bhikkhusaMgha ikasaTha (61) arhatoM kA ho jAtA hai, taba ve ina ikasaTha arhatoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahate haiM ki, 'bhikkhuoM! jitane bhI divya aura mAnuSa bandhana haiM, maiM (una sabhI) se mukta hU~, tuma bhI divya aura mAnuSa bandhanoM se mukta ho| bhikkhuoM! bahuta janoM ke hita ke liye, bahuta janoM ke sukha ke liye, lokapara dayA karane ke liye, devatAoM, manuSyoM ke prayojana ke liye, hita ke liye, sukha ke liye vicaraNa kro| he bhikkhuoM! Adi meM kalyANakAraka, madhya meM kalyANakAraka, anta meM kalyANakAraka isa dhamma kA upadeza kro| artha sahita vyaMjanasahita, kevala paripUrNa parizuddha bhikkhu jIvana kA prakAzana kro| bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA sAranAtha meM dhammacakra pravartana ke bAda bhikkhusaMgha kI sthApanA karake bhikkhuoM ko yaha jo upadeza (Adeza) diyA gayA, usI meM bhagavAna buddha kI sAmAjika samAnatA ke prati pratibaddhatA kA siddhAMta chipA huA hai| bauddhadharma apane janma se hI sAmAjika parivartana, sAmAjika badalAva aura sAmAjika samAnatA ke sarokAroM se pratibaddha hai| isaliye Adhunika bhArata meM DaoN.bAbAsAheba ambeDakara ne dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye bhagavAna buddha aura darzana ko eka krAMtikArI dhamma aura darzana ke rUpa meM jAnA aura svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAratIya samAja kA svarUpa prAcInakAla se hI bhAratIya samAja kA svarUpa jAtIya hai, vargIya nahIM hai| jAtIya samAja meM vyakti kA sthAna aura mahattva janmagata jAti para AdhArita hotA hai| jAtIya samAja meM vyakti ke vyaktitva, usake acche-bure karma kA koI mahattva nahIM hotA, lekina vargIya samAja meM acche vyakti ke acche-bure karma kA mahattva hotA hai, usakA sAmAjika mahattva usakI Arthika sampannatA-vipannatA para nirbhara karatA hai| vargIya samAja meM bhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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dalitoM kA utthAna aura bauddhadhamma-darzana * 49 viSamatA, asamAnatA hotI hai aura jAtIya samAja meM bhI viSamatA, asamAnatA hotI hai, lekina donoM samAja vyavasthAoM meM vyApta viSamatA aura asamAnatA kA svarUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra kA hotA hai| vargIya samAja meM vyakti kI Arthika sthiti badalane se usakA varga badalatA hai aura usakA sAmAjika stara, sAmAjika pratiSThA badala jAtI hai, lekina jAtIya samAja meM Arthika sthiti badalane se vyakti kA sAmAjika stara, pratiSThA badalatI nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha usako janma se, jAti se prApta hotI hai| bhAratIya samAja jAtIya samAja hone se aura jAti-vyavasthA ko dhArmika aura dArzanika AdhAra prApta hone se bhAratIya samAja se jAtivyavasthA ko samApta karanA eka taraha se asambhava mAnA gayA hai| bhArata meM Aja bhI yaha kahAvata prasiddha hai ki, 'jo jAtI nahIM vaha jAti hai' matalaba jo naSTa hone vAlI nahIM vaha jAti hai| bhArata kI jAtivyavasthA ko vaMzavAda yA naslavAda kA koI vizeSa AdhAra prApta nahIM hai| bhArata meM jAtivAda, jAtibheda, achUtapana kA sabase bar3A AdhAra hiMdU dhArmika aura dArzanika hai aura bhArata ke vaidika sAhitya meM aura bAda ke vedaprerita sampUrNa hiMdU dhArmika sAhitya meM jAtivAda, jAtibheda kA samarthana hai| saMpUrNa vaidika dharma aura darzana apane dhArmika siddhAntoM ke dvArA, apane AtmavAda, IzvaravAda, karmavAda ke dvArA jAtivAda kA samarthana karatA hai| yahAM Izvara kA avatAra bhI jAtivAda kI rakSA ke lie hI hotA hai| isa bAta ke paryApta pramANa hiMdU saMskRta sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| isaliye hiMdU dharma meM rahate hue jAtivAda, jAtibheda, achUtapana samApta nahIM ho sktaa| yahI DaoN. bAbAsAheba ambeDakara kI mAnyatA thI aura jAtibheda, jAtivAda, achUtapana ke rahate hue dalitoM kA utthAna ho nahIM sakatA, yaha unakA niSkarSa thA aura anubhava bhii| DaoN. ambeDakara ne apane sAhitya meM jAti ke utpatti ke kAraNoM kI vistAra se carcA kI hai| yahAM unhoMne bauddhadharma ke prasiddha siddhAnta kAryakAraNavAda ke AdhAra para bhArata ke jAtivAda ke utpatti ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA aura ve isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki bhArata kI jAtivAda aura achUtapana kI samasyA kA hala bauddhadhamma ko apanAne meM hI hai, kyoMki bauddhadhamma aura darzana z2AtivAda, achUtapana ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai aura yaha dhamma bhArata kI bhUmi meM hI pravartita huA hai jisake sAhitya meM, darzana meM jAti ke hara pahalU kA khaNDana hai| DaoN. ambeDakara kI yaha bhI mAnyatA thI aura anubhava bhI thA ki bhArata kA aura saMsAra kA anya koI bhI dharma jo AtmavAdI hai, IzvaravAdI hai, alaukikatAvAdI hai, purohita pradhAna hai, daivavAdI hai vaha bhArata kI jAtivyavasthA ko naSTa nahIM kara sktaa| isaliye DaoN. ambeDakara ne bhArata se jAtibheda ko samApta karane ke lie achUtapana ko samApta karane ke liye dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko apanAyA thaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 50 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA dalita jAti kI utpatti kA mUla bhArata ke dalitoM kI samasyA bhArata ke sanAtana jAtivAda se utpanna samasyA hai| bhArata ke jAtivAda se bhinna bhArata kI dalita samasyA nahIM hai| bhArata meM jAtivAda hai, isalie dalita samasyA hai| bhArata meM jAtivAda isaliye hai, kyoMki usako dharma kA samarthana prApta hai| isake mUla meM karmasiddhAnta aura IzvaravAda hai aura donoM hiMdUdharma ke siddhAnta haiN| isaliye dalita samAja jaba hiMdUdharma aura samAjavyavasthA kA aMga hai taba taka jAtivAda naSTa nahIM hogA aura dalita samasyA kA hala bhI nahIM hogA aura dalita samasyA kA hala nahIM hogA to dalitoM kA utthAna bhI nahIM hogaa| DaoN. ambeDakara ne isa bAta ko bAra-bAra kahA hai ki achUtapana kI samasyA, jAtivAda kI samasyA Arthika samasyA nahIM hai, balki yaha pUrI taraha se hindUdharma se nirmita aura sambandhita samasyA hai| sadiyoM ke jAtivAda aura achUtapana ke kAraNa bhArata ke dalita kevala zArIrika rUpa se hI gulAma ho gaye haiM, aisI bAta nahIM, balki ve vANI se bhI mana se bhI gulAma ho gae haiM, dilo dimAga se bhI gulAma ho gae haiN| bhArata ke dalita apane mAnavIya astitva ko bhI bhUla gaye haiM aura apanI asmitA ko bhI bhUla gaye haiN| isa taraha kI sthiti meM bhArata ke dalitoM ke utthAna kA rAstA kevala anIzvaravAdI, anAtmavAdI, pratItyasamutpAdavAdI bauddhadhamma aura darzana meM hI hai| yahI DaoN. ambeDakara kI mAnyatA thI, kyoMki bhArata kA dalita IzvaravAda, AtmavAda, dharmavAda, dhArmika pAkhaNDa, ghaTiyA paramparAeM, sanAtana rUr3hiyAM, jAti-paMtha-AsthA ke mithyA rivAjoM meM phaMsA huA hai aura usako isa mithyAjAla se nikAlane ke liye bauddhadhamma aura darzana se bar3hakara koI dharma aura darzana nahIM hai, yaha dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye saba se mahattvapUrNa bAta hai| dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye, achUtapana kI cetanA se Upara uThane ke lie, apane astitva kI pahacAna karane ke liye yaha mAlUma honA jarUrI hai ki jAtivyavasthA, jAtibheda, achUtapana, yaha koI daivI, yA IzvarIya, yA alaukika, yA naisargika, yA svAbhAvika vyavasthA nahIM hai, balki yaha vyavasthA mAnavanirmita, samAjanirmita hai aura samAja ke eka vizeSa kAla meM isakA nirmANa huA hai| isa vyavasthA meM jo lAbhAnvita the unhoMne isako jAnabUjhakara, jora-jabardastI saMbhAlakara rakhA hai, unhoMne isa vyavasthA ko IzvarIya vyavasthA kahA hai| isa vyavasthA ko IzvaradvArA nirmita dharmadvArA nirmita kahA hai| jAti, achUtapana ke nirmANa ke bAre meM bauddhadhamma aura darzana kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki jAtivyavasthA evaM achUtapana IzvarIya vyavasthA nahIM hai, yaha mAnavanirmita hai, usI prakAra yaha vyavasthA naisargika yA svAbhAvika nahIM hai| bauddhadhamma aura darzana ke mAdhyama se jAtivyavasthA ke bAre meM dalitoM meM isa taraha kI cetanA paidA hotI hai aura vaha isa vyavasthA ko nakArane ke liye Age AtA hai, usake mana meM jAtivyavasthA aura achUtapana ke prati napharata paidA hotI hai aura vaha isa vyavasthA ko tor3ane ke liye saMgharSa karatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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dalitoM kA utthAna aura bauddhadhamma-darzana * 51 isa vyavasthA se haTane ke liye prayAsa karatA hai| DaoN. ambeDakara ne Adhunika bhArata meM achUtoM ke utthAna ke liye aura achUtoM ke achUtapana, achUtapana kI cetanA, achUtapana kI mAnasikatA ko samApta karane ke liye bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko hI saba se buniyAdI rAstA aura behatara rAstA mAnA hai| bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko apanAne se dalita hindUdharma, darzana aura samAja kI zArIrika aura mAnasika donoM prakAra kI gulAmI se, dAsatA se mukta hote haiM aura vizva mAnava samudAya meM eka svataMtra mAnava ke rUpa meM apanA sthAna nirmANa karate haiN| dalita aura bauddhadhamma bAbAsAheba DaoN. ambeDakara ke dvArA sana 1956 meM aura usake bAda Aja taka jina achUtoM ne, dalitoM ne bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko apanAyA unakA utthAna, vikAsa bhAratIya samAja ke anya samAjoM kI tulanA meM kama nahIM hai| Aja ve bhAratIya samAja jIvana ke hara kSetra meM apanI yogyatA ko siddha kara rahe haiN| Aja unhoMne isa deza meM apanI eka alaga pahacAna nirmANa kI hai| unakI apanI svataMtra bauddha saMskRti nirmita ho rahI hai, unakA apanA svataMtra sAhitya hai jo dalita sAhitya, ambeDakaravAdI sAhitya ke nAma se sAre saMsAra meM vikhyAta ho gayA hai| ve Aja bhArata kI sampUrNa bauddha virAsata ko apanI virAsata mAnane vAle ho gaye haiM aura sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki Adhunika bhArata meM ho rahe sAmAjika parivartana ke saMgharSoM meM unakI bar3I ahama bhUmikA bhI hai, aura yaha sArA dalitoM dvArA bAbAsAheba DaoN. ambeDakara ke netRtva meM bauddhadhamma ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa hI sambhava huA hai| Adhunika bhArata meM dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye jisa prakAra ke dhamma, darzana, cintana, preraNA, AsthA aura zraddhAtattvoM kI AvazyakatA hai vaha sabhI bauddhadhamma aura darzana meM hai aura bauddhadhamma, darzana bhAratIya bhUmi meM paidA huA, phUlA, phalA isaliye bauddhadhamma aura darzana kA bar3A mahattva hai| vAstava meM dalitoM ke utthAna aura bauddhadhamma tathA darzana para Aja bhI gaMbhIra rUpa se socane kI, ciMtana aura manana karane kI AvazyakatA hai| bAbA sAheba DaoN. ambeDakara ne dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye bauddhadhamma aura darzana kA rAstA batAyA hai, usase bar3hakara Aja aura koI rAstA hameM dikhAyI nahIM de rahA hai| jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki Arthika utthAna se hI dalitoM kA utthAna hogA, yaha pUrA satya nahIM hai, AdhA satya hai| dalitoM kI samasyA Arthika samasyA mAtra nahIM hai| dalitoM kI samasyA jAti se utpanna samasyA hai aura isakI jar3eM bhAratIya itihAsa meM kAphI gaharI haiN| DaoN. ambeDakara ne bhAratIya samAja-vyavasthA kA bahuta hI vaijJAnika DhaMga se gaharAI meM jAkara adhyayana kiyA hai, phira ve isa nirNaya para pahuMce ki Arthika utthAna se dalitoM kA utthAna, dalitapana kA vinAza sambhava nahIM haiM, isaliye unhoMne dharmAntaraNa ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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52 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA rAste ko apanAyA thA aura san 1956 meM bauddhadhamma ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| unhoMne dalitoM ke utthAna ke liye pUrI soca-samajha ke bAda bauddhadhamma aura darzana ko hI ekamAtra sahI rAstA samajhA thaa| Aja kA sampUrNa dalita cintana DaoN. ambeDakara kI isI soca ke irdagirda ghUma rahA hai| kucha logoM ne isase haTakara dalitotthAna ke liye socA thA, ve majhadhAra meM hI ruka gaye aura baha gye| Aja dalita utthAna kI aura jAtivAda ko samApta karane kI mukhya cintanadhArA DaoN. ambeDakara kI hI cintanadhArA hai, isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai| sahAyaka grantha sUcI 1. ambeDakara DaoN. bI.Ara., bhagavAna buddha aura unakA dhamma'.. 2. kosambI, dhammAnaMda, bhagavAna buddha' 3. kausalyAyana, buddhijma aeNNDa adara rilijansa' 4. vinayapiTaka (hindI - rAhula sAMkRtyAyana) 5. bhagavadgItA 6. DaoN. vimalakIrti, 'bauddhadharma ke vikAsa meM DaoN. ambeDakara kA yogadAna' 7. dIghanikAya (pAli) 8. majjhimanikAya (pAli) 9. aMguttaranikAya (pAli) 10. DaoN. vimalakIrti, aura bAbAsAheba ambeDakara ne kahA...' (sampAdita khaNDa 1 se 5) __ - 29, grIna phIlDa le AuTa, bhAmatI, nAgapura-440022 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAli-sAhitya meM prajAtAntrika mUlya DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina pAli-sAhitya (tripiTaka) mUlataH buddha vacana hai| pazcAt usI tripiTaka kA poSaka sAhitya anupiTaka aTThakathA sAhitya hai| pAli meM likhane vAle AcAryoM ke sAmane buddha kA anuzAsana vidyamAna hai| bhagavAn buddha ke samaya bhASA ke pakSa kI bAta Ane para bhagavAna ne apanI-apanI bhASA meM buddha vacana saMgraha karane kI bAta kahI thii| Adhunika vidvAn prajAtaMtra kA artha janatA kA zAsana karate haiN| bhagavAn buddha kI zikSAeM 'bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya' rhiiN| isa ghoSaNA meM hI prajAtaMtra kI AdhArazilA rakha dI gaI thii| bhagavAna ne bhikSuoM ko Adeza diyA thA ki bhikSuoM, bahujana ke hita evaM sukha ke lie vicaraNa kro| pracalita rAjataMtra meM sabhI ke hita kA dhyAna nahIM rakhA jAtA thA, varga vizeSa evaM kula vizeSa kI pradhAnatA rahatI thii| rAjA ke kula meM janma se hI vyakti kA rAjya para adhikAra mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI jar3a ko kATate hue buddha ne yaha ghoSaNA kara dI ki janma se koI mahAna nahIM hotA, karma se hI koI mahAna hotA hai| sabase mahattvUparNa bAta hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne saMgha ke svarUpa meM prajAtaMtra kA DhAMcA vikasita kiyA thaa| - yaha to bahuta sAmAnya bAta hai ki pAli-graMthoM meM gaNataMtroM evaM pradezoM ke nAma milate haiM, jaise zAkyoM kA kapilavastu, koliyoM kA rAmagrAma, mauryoM kA pippalivana, malloM kA kusInArA pAveyyaka, lichaviyoM kA vaizAlI, evaM isI taraha tIna gaNataMtroM meM mithilA-videha suSumAragiri ke bhagga, kAlAma kesaputa ullekhanIya haiN| zAkyoM ke saMsthAgAra kA ullekha milatA hai jisakA prArambha (udghATana) bha. buddha ne kiyA thaa| hama una binduoM para dhyAna AkRSTa karanA cAhate haiM jinake kAraNa prajAtaMtra kA svarUpa majabUta hotA hai - saMgha meM pravrajyA dete samaya bhikSuoM se pUchA jAtA thaa| saMgha kI svIkRti ke bAda hI pravrajyA evaM upasampadA kA vidhAna thaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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54 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA saMgha meM uposatha kI vyavasthA thI, jisameM 15 dina meM eka nizcita kSetra meM rahane vAle bhikSu upasthita the evaM pAtimokkha kA pATha karate the| isameM vyavasthA thI ki sabhI loga apane-apane doSoM kA varNana kareM evaM tadanusAra daNDa prApta kreN| bhikSu dvArA doSa chipAe jAne para dUsarA bhI prakaTa kara detA thaa| isa prakAra sUkSmatayA dekhane se patA calatA hai ki yahA~ ke niyamoM ke vidhAna meM tAnAzAhI vyavasthA nahIM thI, tIna-tIna bAra anumodanA kA vidhAna thaa| buddha ke pazcAt saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se jo buddhavacanoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA usameM prajAtaMtra kA svarUpa prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ke pazcAt mahAkAzyapa ne anubhava kiyA ki buddhavacanoM kA saMgraha honA caahie| ataH tIna mahIne pUrva sabhI vihAroM ke bhikSuoM ko sUcanA de dI gaI, sthAna nizcita ho gayA, adhyakSa kA nirNaya huaa| vicAra kiyA gayA ki kisa prakAra buddhavacanoM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| Ananda ko sutta ke lie tathA upAli ko vinaya ke lie cunA gyaa| pratyeka sutta ke saMgraha ke pazcAt saMgha se anumodanA karAyI gyii| isameM Ananda kI sadasyatA (arhatva) ko lekara bhI rocaka carcA hai ki pahale Ananda ko prAyazcitta lenA par3A, kSamA-yAcanA karanI pdd'ii| pazcAt hI usako isake lie arha mAnA gyaa| prathama saGgIti ke 100 varSa pazcAt saMgha meM 10 vastuoM ke sevana ko lekara vivAda khar3A huaa| kucha bhikSu dasa vastuoM kA sevana karanA cAhate the, kucha unake pakSa meM nahIM the| bhagavAn buddha ne kucha kSudraka niyama banA die the jinakA prayoga karane para doSa hotA hai, aparAdha nhiiN| vivAda hone para yahA~ ba~TavArA ho jAtA hai| eka prakAra se buddha kI bhAvanA lAgU nahIM hotI hai ki eka hokara nirNaya kiyA jAya tathA nirNaya hone para use sabhI svIkAra kreN| vRddha bhikSu apanA alaga saMgha banA lete haiM jo sthaviravAda ke nAma se jAnA gayA tathA adhika saMkhyA vAle bhikSu mahAsAMghika khlaae| matabheda itanA bar3hA ki donoM ne buddha vacanoM kA saMgraha bhI alaga-alaga kiyaa| sthaviravAdiyoM ne jahA~ buddhavacanoM kA saMgraha pUrva paramparAnusAra kiyA, mahAsAMghikoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM buddhavacanoM kA saMgraha kiyaa| ___ tRtIya saMgIti samrATa azoka ke samaya sampanna huii| usako bulAne kA kAraNa thA ki bauddha dharma 18 sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| azoka ne moggali putta tissathera kI adhyakSatA meM yaha nirNaya karanA Avazyaka samajhA ki vAstavika buddhavacana kyA haiM? isameM bhI prajAtAMtrika paddhati kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| vibhinna pakSa upasthApita karane ke bAda nirNaya kiyA gayA ki yaha sahI hai, zeSa samucita nahIM hai| isakA vistAra se pratipAdana kathAvatthu nAmaka grantha meM kiyA gayA hai, jise tripiTaka meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| jaba azoka nirNaya kara lete haiM ki sthaviravAda hI sahI hai, zeSa nahIM, taba buddhavacanoM ke pracAra evaM prasAra ke lie bhI samucita vyavasthA kI jAtI hai| buddhavacana For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAli - sAhitya meM prajAtAMtrika mUlya 55 zilAlekhoM meM utkIrNa karAe jAte haiM tathA vibhinna pradezoM meM bhikSuoM ko bhejA jAtA hai| svayaM azoka ke putra evaM putrI zrIlaMkA jAte haiM tathA jAte samaya kahate haiM ki 'Apake upakAra ke lie Ae haiM, vijaya prApta karane ke lie nahIM / ' dharma pracAra kA bhI yaha udAharaNa anupama hai, prajAtAMtrika hai, tAnAzAhI nahIM / dIghanikAya ke mahAparinirvANasutta meM varNita sAta aparihAnIya dharma to kisI bhI rASTra ke prajAtaMtra ke lie mUlamaMtra haiN| inako saMgha meM anivArya kiyA gayA / 'mahAparinibbANa - sutta' meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki bhagavAna ne vaizAlI meM licchaviyo N ko sarvaprathama sAta aparihAnIya dhamma kA upadeza diyA thA aura usI kA smaraNa rAjagRha meM varSakAra brAhmaNa ke Ane para AyuSmAna Ananda kI upasthiti meM kiyA gyaa| ye sAta unnatigAmI aparihAnIya dhamma bhI prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA meM apanA vizeSa yogadAna dete haiN| ye sAta aparihAnIya dhamma isa prakAra haiM - 1. sammati ke lie barAbara baiThaka karanA / 2. eka sAtha baiThaka karanA, eka sAtha uThanA aura eka sAtha karaNIya kAryoM kA T karanA / 3. avaidhAnika kAryo ko na karanA aura vidhAna kA ullaMghana na karanA / 4. vRddhoM kA satkAra - sammAna karanA, unakI bAteM sunane yogya maannaa| 5. mahilAoM ke sAtha jora jabardastI na karanA, ucita vyavahAra karanA / 6. pUjanIya sthAnoM kI pUjA kA lopa na karanA / 7. arhatoM (pUjyoM) kI dhArmika rakSA karanA / ' * jaba zAsaka aura prajA eka sAtha baiThaka kareMge aura karaNIya kAryoM ko kareMge tabhI prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA sunizcita hogii| isI prakAra avaidhAnika kAryoM ko na karane aura vaidhAnika kAryo kA ullaMghana na karane se vRddhoM kA sammAna karane tathA mahilAoM ke sAtha ucita vyavahAra karane se bhI prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA sambhava hotI hai, kyoMki vRddha aura mahilAoM ke eka bar3e samUha kI upekSA prajAtaMtra zAsana ke lie ghAtaka siddha hotI hai| jisa deza meM prajA vyartha ke sampralApa na karane vAlI hogI, nidrAlu na hogI, pApeccha se yukta na hogI, burAI kI ora rujhAna na rakhane vAlI hokara karmaTha hogI arthAt thor3e se sAphalya ko pAkara bIca meM na chor3a dene vAlI hogI, usa deza kI prajA kA . naitika stara samunnata hogA / yaha prajAtaMtra zAsana kI kuMjI hai| bhagavAn buddha anya sAta aparihAnIya dharmo kA upadeza dete hue kahate haiM ki anya bhI sAta aparihAnIya dharma haiM jo isa prakAra haiM -. 1. draSTavya, mahAparibbANa sutta, dIghanikAya, mahAbodhi sosAyaTI, sAranAtha pR. 12-14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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- 56 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 1. bhikSu dvArA sampUrNa divasa kAramatA yukta nahIM honaa| 2. bakavAda se yukta na honaa| 3. nidrAramatA se yukta na honaa| 4. saMgaNikArAmatA yukta nahIM honaa| 5. pApeccha ke vaza meM na honaa| pApamitra pApasahAya burAI kI ora rujhAna na honaa| . 7. thor3e se vizeSa ko pAkara bIca meM chor3a dene vAlA naM honaa| ye aparihAnIya dharma bhI prajAtaMtra kI phalatA meM sahAyaka haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne jo anya sAta aparihAnIya dharmoM kA upadeza diyA hai, ve isa prakAra laM. 1. bhikSuoM kA zraddhAlu honaa| 2. pApa se lajjAzIla honA 3. pApa se bhaya khAne vAlA honaa| 4. bahuzruta honA 5. udyogI honA 6. yAda rakhane vAlA honaa| 7. prajJAvAna honaa| - ina sAta aparihAnIya dharmoM ke vidyamAna rahane para prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA nizcita hai, kyoMki janatA jaba pApa se lajjAzIla aura bhaya khAne vAlI hogI, to usakA naitika stara vikasita hogA tathA janatA ke bahuzruta, udyogI evaM prajJAvAna honepara hI yogya zAsaka cunA jA skegaa| ataeva ye sAta aparihANIya dharma bhI prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA ke pUraka haiN| .. prajAtaMtra kI saphalatA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki janatA meM tyAga kI bhAvanA ho| yadi tyAga kI bhAvanA nahIM hogI, to zAsaka (jo janatA meM se janatA ke dvArA cunA jAtA hai, vaha) rASTrIya sampatti ko lobhavaza apane ghara lAtA calA jaayegaa| 'dhammapada' meM tyAga kI mahattA kA upadeza dete hue bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki jo apane lie yA dUsaroM ke lie putra, dhana aura rAjya nahIM cAhatA aura na dharma se apanI unnati cAhatA hai vahI zIlavAna, prajJAvAna aura dhArmika hai|' prajAtaMtra ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM - 1. pratyakSa prajAtaMtra 2. apratyakSa prajAtaMtra ina bhedoM kA namUnA bhI pAli sAhitya meM dekhane ko mila jAtA hai| uposatha ke dina 2. vahI pR. 14-16 3. vahI, pR. 16 4. na attahetu na parassa hetu na puttamicche na dhanaM na rttheN| na iccheyya adhammena samiddhimattano, sa sIlamA paJjAvA dhammiko siyaa| - dhammapada, paNDitavagga,9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAli - sAhitya meM prajAtAMtrika mUlya 57 jaba bhikSu ekatrita hokara saMgha meM apane-apane pApoM kA svIkaraNa kara kSamAyAcanA karate haiM aura kRtasaMkalpa hote haiM tathA isa prakAra apane kiye hue aparAdhoM se jo mukta hote haiM, to yaha pratyakSa prajAtaMtra kA eka acchA udAharaNa bana jAtA hai| ' apratyakSa prajAtaMtra kA udAharaNa hameM 'mahAvaMsa' meM dvitIya saMgIti ke avasara para milatA hai jaba asaMkhya bhikSuoM meM se cAra-cAra ko paMca adhikaraNa zamatha (jhagar3e ko zAnta karane) ke lie cunA jAtA hai / ' vinayapiTaka meM ApasI jhagar3A sulajhAne ke lie adhikaraNa zamatha kA vidhAna hai tathA AvazyakatA par3ane para zalAkA paddhati meM bhikSuoM ko nirNaya jAnane kA vidhAna hai| bhagavAna buddha ke samaya jaba yaha vivAda uThatA hai ki unakA uttarAdhikArI kauna hogA to devadatta apane ko uttarAdhikArI banavAnA cAhatA hai taba buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki unake bAda buddha vacana (37 bodhi pAkSika dharma) hI unake uttarAdhikArI hoNge| jaba koI vivAda kI sthiti bane to inase milA lenA cAhie, inake anukUla ho to svIkAra kareM anyathA chor3a deN| prAya: itanI vyavasthA ke bAda bhI hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha saMgha meM bheda - prabheda hote ge| yaha bhI prajAtaMtra kI nizAnI hai ki sabhI loga apanI vyAkhyA ke anurUpa dharma-pAlana ke lie svataMtra haiM / dharma thopA nahIM jA sktaa| pariNAmasvarUpa madhyamamArga kI vyAkhyA meM hI cAra dArzanika sampradAya, 18 dhArmika sampradAya tathA bodhisattva jaisI vizvopayogI dhAraNA vikasita huI / yadA mama pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priyam tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo'yaM taM rakSAmi netaram / / AdhAra graMtha 1. dIghanikAya, vinayapiTaka Adi tripiTaka ke mahattvapUrNa grantha / 2. jJAnAyanI, varSa 3, saMyuktAMka 1-2, varSa 2005, rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna, lakhanaU prAcIna rAjavaMza aura bauddhadharma, lekhaka - DaoN. acyutAnanda ghilDiyAla, prakAzana viveka ghilDiyAla bandhu samarA, vArANasI, 1976 / 3. AcArya evaM adhyakSa bauddhadarzana vibhAga rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna (mAnita vizvavidyAlaya) gomatI nagara, lakhanaU 226 010 5. mahAvagga, uposatha khandhaka / 6. pAcIneka ca caturo caturo pAveyyake pi ca / ubbAhikAya taM vatthu sametuM nicchyaM akaa| - mahAvaMsa, catuttho paricchedo, gAthA saMkhyA 47, pR. 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vipazyanA evaM mAnava-manovijJAna DaoN. candrazekhara __ manovijJAna kA Adhunika svarUpa mUla rUpa se pAzcAttya darzana ke vikAsa kA pariNAma hai| dekArta ke dvArA mana evaM zarIra ke sambandha kI samasyA ko dekhane ke pazcAt anubhavavAdiyoM aura usake bAda briTiza sahabhAgitAvAda aura phira kANTa kA isa sambandha meM vizeSa prabhAva par3A hai| vartamAna meM manovijJAna ko jisa rUpa meM samajhA aura jAnA jAtA hai, usakA vikAsa prayogAtmaka manovijJAna (Experimental Psychology), saMracanAvAda (Structuralism) phalanavAda (Functionalism), vyavahAravAda (Behaviourism) aura gesTAlTa kA manovijJAna (Gestalt's Psychology) ke sAtha vibhinna prakAra ke siddhAnta aura sampradAyoM meM huA hai| isameM herisa (Heirs) se lekara phrAyaDa (Freud) taka vikAsa yAtrA kA prabhAva spaSTa hai| uttara Adhunika phrAyaDiyana manovijJAna kI isameM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| Aja manovijJAna kA jo svarUpa dikhAI detA hai vaha do dhArAoM ko vyakta karatA hai - 1. vyavahAravAda 2. gesTAlTa - manovijJAna vyavahAravAda mUlataH hamArI pratikriyAoM aura vyavahAroM ko apane adhyayana kA viSaya banAtA hai, cAhe vaha vyavahAra prAkRtika ho athavA sIkhA huaa| cAhe vaha sAmUhika ho yA vaiyktik| yaha Adhunika mAnava-manovijJAna kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattva kI aura AdhArabhUta manovaijJAnika prAkakalpanAoM ke nirmANa aura mAnava mana ko samajhane evaM use niyaMtrita karane ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke siddhAnta evaM prayogadharmI nirdezoM kA vikAsa karatA hai| yaha una niSkarSoM ko vyavahAra meM apanAne ke lie mAnava ke nirNaya, preraNA, vyavahAra Adi ke stara para nidAnamUlaka evaM vyavahAramUlaka upAya evaM upayoga donoM ko vikasita karatA hai| Aja manovijJAna kA yaha svarUpa kevala akAdamika yA siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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vipazyanA evaM mAnava - manovijJAna 59 taka sImita na hokara vizvabAjAra aura vibhinna saMsthAgata upakaraNoM meM se eka mahattvapUrNa upakaraNa bana gayA / dUsarI ora gesTAlTa-manovijJAna mAnava kI sAmUhika evaM saMgaThanAtmaka manovijJAna kI una zAkhAoM kA vikAsa kara rahA hai jahA~ manovijJAna nirantara pezevara dakSatA evaM vizeSajJatA meM praveza kara rahA hai| isalie Aja manovijJAna aura manovaijJAnika donoM hI apane ko kisI eka sampradAya ke dAyare meM nahIM rakhate, balki ve jisa viSaya yA kSetra vizeSa ko cunate haiM usameM sabhI sampradAyoM ke upayogI siddhAntoM kA samAveza karate haiN| yaha kArya karate hue ve mAnava mana kI vaiyaktika evaM sAmUhika dRSTiyoM, pratikriyAoM, saMkalpoM, smRti, bhASA, vicAra, sUcanA, jJAnAtmaka evaM avadhAraNAtmaka prakriyAoM Adi kA adhyayana kara use vAstavika jIvana meM lAgU karate haiM aura una pariNAmoM ko utpanna karate haiM yA prabhAvita karate haiM jo mAnavIya astitva aura jIvana dvArA pravartita ho rahA hai aura hogaa| sIkhane kI dRSTi se ve vyakti, samUha Adi ke vibhinna pakSoM aura vyavahAroM ke adhyayana ke lie una vaijJAnika praNAliyoM kA adhyayana karate haiM jo mAnava kI jaivika saMracanA ke tulya anya prANiyoM meM usI prakAra kI samAnatA rakhatI haiN| isa prakAra Aja mAnava manovijJAna ko sIkhane, jAnane aura usa para niyaMtraNa ke sAtha-sAtha vikAsa ke lie vibhinna prANiyoM ke jaivika evaM manovaijJAnika pakSoM, pratikriyAoM Adi kA zodha aura upayoga ho rahA hai| ve mAnava manovijJAna ke sApekSa una prAkkalpanAoM kI puSTi aura prayoga kara rahe haiM jo hameM cikitsA, saMgaThana, samAja racanA, vyAvasAyika evaM audyogika kSetra meM hamArI samajha ko aura adhika vikasita kara sake aura manovijJAna ko aura adhika upayogI banA ske| isI krama meM sUcanA evaM kampyUTara takanIkI tathA jIna racanA takanIkI ke sAtha neno takanIkI kA manovijJAna ke sAtha gaThajor3a kA prabhAva sampUrNa mAnava ke bhaviSya ko prabhAvita karane vAlA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hamAre sAmane eka aisI cunautI vikasita ho rahI haiM jo manovijJAna ko eka cakrAkAra rIti se saMgaThita evaM pracalita karane vAlI hai| isakA eka saMkSipta AbhAsa isa prakAra pradarzita kiyA jA sakatA hai| darzana manovijJAna - jIvavijJAna - sUcanA - E jIna neno For Personal & Private Use Only manovijJAna bhautikI takanIkI

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60 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA isa prakAra manovijJAna eka nae sammizraNa ke sAtha mAnava ke vartamAna evaM bhaviSya meM praveza kara rahA hai| isa Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma evaM darzana kI prAsaMgikatA kI dRSTi se vicAra karanA Avazyaka ho gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM mana evaM manovijJAna para jisa gahanatA se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai, vaha Ane vAle saMkaTa se mAnava ko ubAra sakatA hai| vaha Aja kI hamArI samasyAoM vizeSakara Adhunika jIvana kI dRSTi aura manovijJAna kI bhUmikA ke pariNAma svarUpa utpanna huI haiM, unakA hala kara sakatI hai| Aja kA vicAra sukhamUlaka, svArthamUlaka aura sAdhana mUlaka dRSTi aura sRSTi ko hI jIvana kA sAra mAnatA hai| vaha mAnava jIvana kI racanA ko usI ora mor3a denA cAhatA hai, lekina hamane hI hamAre darzana aura dharma ko tyAga kara usake pIche hone ko niyati mAna liyA hai| vastutaH hameM apane zreSTha darzana aura usake siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra ko punaH jAnanA aura jIvana ko jAgRta karanA hogaa| hameM punaH hamArI paramparA ke anurUpa anupazyanA evaM vipazyanA ke sAtha jIvana dRSTi ko punaH prakaTa karanA hogaa| ise jIvana meM punaH manovijJAna kI dRSTi se prayogadharmI upakaraNa ke rUpa meM vikasita karanA hogaa| vyaktigata evaM sArvajanika jIvana meM use eka upayogI siddhAnta evaM prayogadharmI upakaraNa, upAya evaM upayoga ke lie vikasita karanA hogA jo una samasyAoM se mAnava aura usakI dRSTi ko mukta kara sake jisane samasta mAnava jIvana ko aura usake hara pahalU ko eka samasyA meM rUpAntarita kara diyA ____bauddha darzana kI dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM to hama pAte haiM ki Adhunika manovijJAna jisa dRSTi se vikasita huA hai vaha abhI taka citta kI usa bhUmi ko apane adhyayana kA viSaya nahIM banA pAyA hai jise bauddha dArzanika kAmAvacara citta kahate haiN| Aja kI cunautI Adhunika jIvana dRSTi kA pariNAma hai| vAstava meM kAmAvacara citta aura usase utpanna cittotpAdoM ke sAtha, Ane vAle samaya meM rUpAvacara citta evaM cittotpAda ke prabhAva kA pradarzana hone vAlA hai| kampyUTara, neno takanIkI evaM jIna takanIkI ke prayoga ke sAtha indriyoM kI zakti kA vistAra eka nae mAnasika evaM jaivika paryAvaraNa karane kI racanA karane meM saMlagna hai jo hamAre vyaktigata evaM sAmUhika saMzliSTa cetana ko aisI paristhitiyoM meM lA deMge jisake lie Aja kA manovijJAna na to sakSama hai aura na hI upayogI siddha ho skegaa| hameM vipazyanA ko aura citta ke prati bauddhadaSTi ko manovijJAna ke kSetra meM aE yayana, adhyApana evaM prayoga va anusaMdhAna Adi ke lie apanAnA caahie| ise mAnava manovijJAna ke adhyayana kI praNAlI ke rUpa meM vikasita karanA caahie| Aja bhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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vipazyanA evaM mAnava-manovijJAna * 61 vizvavidyAlayoM aura ucca adhyayana ke kendroM meM jo dizA dI jA rahI hai vahA~ vipazyanA evaM bauddha manovijJAna kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| bhArata ko svayaM isa kArya ko Arambha karanA hogaa| manovijJAna ke adhyayana kI praNAlI ke rUpa meM vipazyanA ko sthApita karanA evaM isa prayoga kI pahala karanA ye donoM bhArata ke dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika sahayoga ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAnA caahiye| dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika kSetroM ke atirikta sabhI kSetroM ke jJAna aura pratibhA kA upayoga eka sAtha lekara isa dizA meM Age bar3hanA hogaa| yaha dikhalAnA hogA ki mAnava manovijJAna ke adhyayana ke lie vipazyanA kisa prakAra eka zaktizAlI siddhAnta evaM prayogadharmI mAnaka upakaraNa ke rUpa meM vikasita ho sakatA hai aura usI ke anurUpa pAThyakrama evaM prAyogika pravidhiyoM kA pravartana karane kI AvazyakatA hai| uparyukta dRSTi se mAnava ke mana aura usake mAnasika paryAvaraNa kI sthiti ko dekhate hue pratIkSArata rahane ke sthAna para vipazyanA ko sAmAnya jIvana meM anuzAsita karane ke lie do kArya Arambha karane kI AvazyakatA hai| (1) zikSA meM saiddhAntika dRSTi se isako pracalana meM lAnA, (2) bhAratIya dRSTi se jo prAyogika evaM upacAramUlaka vidhiyA haiM unake anurUpa evaM saMgata anupazyanA athavA vipazyanA mUlaka prayogoM Adi ko pratiSThita krnaa| isa dRSTi se yoga, dhyAna, prekSA, tapa, prANAyAma, AnApAna sati, zikSA-saMskAra darzana Adi kA prAmANika prayoga nizcita kiyA jAnA caahiye| isa pahala se hI zamatha yAna Age bddhegaa| mAnavIya jIvana Arogyamaya, nirAmaya, sukha, zAMti aura tRpti se pUrNa hogA aura prANimAtra ke lie ahiMsA aura karuNA se pUrNa jIvana kA avataraNa ho skegaa| ___ - adhyakSa, darzanazAstra vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddhadarzana meM nirvikalpakatA kA svarUpa evaM usakA jIvana meM mahattva DaoN. dharmacanda jaina bauddhadarzana meM jo nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA svarUpa diGnAga (470-530. I.), dharmakIrti (620-690 I.) Adi dArzanikoM dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai vaha bhAratIya darzana meM nitAnta mahattvapUrNa hai| yahI nahIM bhAratIya darzana ko unakI yaha viziSTa dena hai, jisase mImAMsaka evaM naiyAyika bhI prabhAvita haiN| bauddhadArzanika pratyakSa pramANa ko nirvikalpaka hI mAnate haiM, jabaki anya dArzanika use savikalpaka bhI aMgIkAra karate haiN| bauddhadArzanikoM dvArA pratipAdita nirvikalpaka pratyakSa vastu ke saprakAraka jJAna meM evaM usakI heyopAdeyatA meM bhale hI tatkAla upayogI pratIta na hotA ho, kintu jIvana meM nirvikalpatA kA anubhava AdhyAtmika evaM sazakta vyaktitva vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattva rakhatA hai| nirvikalpakatA kA anubhava aneka dRSTiyoM se jIvana meM upayogI siddha hotA hai, yahI prastuta Alekha kA pratipAdya hai| savikalpakatA evaM nirvikalpakatA kA svarUpa sAmAnyataura para savikalpakatA se Azaya aise jJAna se hai jisameM gau, ghaTa, paTa, manuSya Adi zabdoM kI yojanA ho athavA jo jJAna saprakAraka ho, prameya vastu ko AkAra-prakAra Adi vizeSaNoM se yukta jAnatA ho| bhAratIya darzana meM savikalpakatA evaM nirvikalpakatA kA vicAra karane vAle darzanoM meM bauddha, mImAMsA evaM nyAya-vaizeSika darzana pramukha haiN| nyAya-vaizaSika darzana meM nAma, jAti Adi kI yojanA se yukta jJAna ko savikalpaka mAnA hai jo jJeya vastu ke vizeSaNa vizeSya ko grahaNa karatA hai; yathA nAma se yaha Dittha hai, jAti se brAhmaNa hai, varNa se zyAma hai aadi|' isake viparIta nAma, jAti, 1. savikalpakaM nAmajAtyAdiyojanAtmakaM Dittho'yaM, brAhmaNo'yaM, zyAmo'yamiti vizeSaNavizeSyAvagAhi jnyaanm| - tarkabhASA, kezavamizra, hindI vyAkhyA-AcArya vizvezvara siddhAnta ziromaNi, caukhambA saMsthAna, vArANasI, SaSTha saMskaraNa, 1977, pR. 49 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddhadarzana meM nirvikalpatA kA svarUpa evaM usakA jIvana meM mahattva * 63 Adi kI yojanA se hIna vastumAtra ko grahaNa karane vAle 'yaha kucha hai' ityAdi jJAna ko nirvikalpaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana ke nyAyasUtra meM pratyakSa kA jo lakSaNa diyA gayA hai vaha nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka pratyakSa ke bhedoM kA AdhAra banA hai, yathAindriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM prtykssN|- nyAyasUtra 1.14 pratyakSa ke isa lakSaNa meM 'avyapadezya' pada nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA tathA 'vyavasAyAtmaka' pada savikalpaka pratyakSa kA AdhAra banA, aisA nyAya-vaizeSika dArzanika vAcaspati mizra Adi ke granthoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| mImAMsAdarzana meM bhI nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kI carcA hai| kumArilabhaTTa pratyakSa kA lakSaNa dete hue kahate haiM - asti hyAlocanAjJAnaM prathama nirviklpkm| bAlamUkAdivijJAnasadRzaM shuddhvstujm| - zlokavArtika, pratyakSa sUtra 112 kisI vastu kA sAkSAtkAra karane para prathama AlocanamAtra jJAna nirvikalpaka hotA hai| vaha bAlaka, mUka Adi ke jJAna ke samAna vastu se utpanna zuddha jJAna hai, jisameM zabdAdi kI yojanA nahIM hai| mImAMsAdarzana bhI pratyakSa ke nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bheda aMgIkAra karatA hai| . ____ bauddhadarzana hI bhAratIya darzana meM eka aisA darzana hai jo pratyakSa pramANa ko mAtra nirvikalpaka mAnatA hai| diGnAga ne pratyakSa pramANa kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai - pratyakSaM kalpanApoTaM nAmajAtyAdyasaMyutam (pramANasamuccaya 1.3) nAma, jAti Adi kI kalpanA se rahita.jJAna pratyakSa hotA hai| bauddhoM kA mAnanA hai ki jisa ghaTa Adi artha kA pratyakSa kiyA jAtA hai, usameM koI zabda nahIM hotA, zabda to hama pUrva saMketa smaraNa ke kAraNa yojita karate haiN| bauddha dArzanika diGnAga ke anusAra kalpanA kA artha hai jJAna meM nAma, jAti, guNa, kriyA evaM dravya kI yojanA krnaa| yathA yadRccha zabdoM meM yaha Dittha hai, isa prakAra kisI viziSTa artha ko Dittha nAma se yukta karanA nAmayojanA rUpa kalpanA hai| jAti zabdoM meM yaha gAya hai, isa prakAra gAya zabda kA prayoga karanA jAtiyojanA rUpa kalpanA hai| isI prakAra guNa zabdoM meM yaha zukla hai' isa prakAra zukla guNa kA yojana karanA guNa yojanA rUpa kalpanA hai, kriyA zabdoM meM yathA 'yaha kriyA se rasoiyA hai isa 2. nirvikalpakaM nAmajAtyAdiyojanAhInaM vastumAtrAvagAhi kiJcididamiti jnyaanm| - vahI pR. 48 3. See D.N. Shastri, The Philosopy of Nyaya Vaisesika and its Conflict with the ___Budhhist Dignaga school, Bhartiya Vidya Prakashan, Delhi 1954, Reprint - 1976.p.430-31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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64 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA prakAra kriyA kI yojanA karanA kriyA rUpa kalpanA hai tathA dravya zabdoM meM yathA 'yaha daNDI hai' athavA 'viSANI hai' isa prakAra kA prayoga karanA dravyayojanA rUpa kalpanA hai|| diGanAga ina pAMcoM prakAra kI kalpanAoM se rahita jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa kI saMjJA dete haiN| kalpanA se rahita hone para bhI ve pratyakSa ko jJAnAtmaka mAnate haiM, kyoMki jJAna hI kalpanA se yukta hotA hai| diGnAga dvArA pratyakSa meM nAmAdi yojanArUpa kalpanA kA niSedha karane ke pIche abhidharmakoza vyAkhyA grantha ke do kathana mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAte haiN| yathA - (1) cakSurvijJAnasamaMGgI nIlaM vijAnAti no tu nIlamiti (2) arthe'rthasaMjJI na tvarthe dhrmsNjnyiiti| prathama vAkya kA tAtparya hai ki cakSurvijJAna se jAnane vAlA puruSa nIla artha ko jAnatA hai, kintu use 'yaha nIla hai' isa rUpa meM nahIM jaantaa| nIlA artha (padArtha) ko jAnanA kalpanA rahita hai, 'yaha nIla hai' isa rUpa meM jAnanA kalpanA yukta hai| dvitIya vAkya kA abhiprAya hai - artha meM artha kA jJAna honA nirvikalpaka hai, kintu artha meM usake dharma kA arthAt nAma, guNa, Adi kA jJAna honA vikalpAtmakatA hai| bauddha mAnyatA hai ki zabda evaM artha (padArtha/vastu) kA paraspara koI sambandha nahIM hai| artha meM zabda nahIM hotaa| artha ko zabda chUte bhI nahIM haiN| isalie artha kA pratyakSa karate samaya zabda kI yojanA kalpanA hI hai| samasta kalpanAe~ zabda se utpanna hotI haiM tathA samasta zabda kalpanAoM se utpanna hote haiM - vikalpayonayaH zabdAH, zabdAH viklpyonyH| diGnAga ke pazcAt bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ne kalpanA ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue adhika sUkSmatA kA paricaya diyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki abhilApa arthAt vAcaka zabda ke saMsarga yogya pratibhAsa kI pratIti honA kalpanA hai - abhilApasaMsargayogyapratibhAsA pratItiH klpnaa| (nyAyabindu, 1.5) prameya artha kA pratyakSa hote samaya yadi kisI ko usakA vAcaka zabda na AtA ho, kintu vaha yaha samajhe 4. yadRcchAzabdeSu nAmnA viziSTo'rtha ucyate Dittha iti| jAtizabdeSu jAtyA gauriti / guNazabdeSu guNena __zukla iti| kriyAzabdeSu kriyayA pAcaka iti| dravyazabdeSudravyeNa daNDI vissaanniiti|- Dignaga, on perception Massaki Hattori, Harward University Press, 1968, pramANasamuccayavRtti evaM pramANasamucdhayaTIkA, pR. 12 5. yatraiSA kalpanA nAsti ttprtykssm| Dignaga on perception pramANasamuccayavRtti 6. (i) draSTavya abhidharmakozavyAkhyA pR. 64.22-23 (ii) muni jambUvijaya sampAdita dvAdazAranayacakra, AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, gujarAta, 1966 bhAga -1 pR. 62 para uddhRt| 7. nArthaM zabdAH spRshntypi| - diGanAga, uddhRta Buddhist Logic, Stecherbatsky, Dover Publication, New York, 1962, Vol 2, p.405 F.N. 1 8. vahI, pR. 405 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddhadarzana meM nirvikalpatA kA svarUpa evaM usakA jIvana meM mahattva * 65 ki isa jJAta vastu ko koI zabda diyA jA sakatA hai, to usakI yaha pratIti bhI kalpanA hI hai| dharmakIrti kA yaha kalpanAlakSaNa mImAMsA dArzanika kumArilabhaTTa ke dvArA nirUpita pratyakSa lakSaNa kA khaNDana kara detA hai, jisameM unhoMne bAlaka evaM mUka puruSa ke jJAna ko nirvikalpaka mAnA hai|' bAlaka jisa padArtha kA pratyakSa karatA hai, usakA nAma bhale hI na jAnatA ho, kintu aisI pratIti hotI hai ki ise koI nAma diyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra mUka vyakti zabda kA prayoga nahIM kara pAtA, kintu use yaha bodha hotA hai ki dRSTa yA jJAta vastu ko zabda diyA jA sakatA hai| ataH dharmakIrti kI dRSTi meM bAlaka evaM mUka kA jJAna bhI kalpanA kI zreNi meM AtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dharmakIrti ne kumArila kA khaNDana karane ke lie hI kalpanA kA abhilApasaMsargayogyapratibhAsapratIti lakSaNa kiyA hai| __ Aja hama aMgrejI zabda Imagination ko kalpanA kA paryAya mAnate haiM, kintu vaha kalpanA bhI zabdoM ke AdhAra para hI cintana ke rUpa meM agrasara hotI hai| usake mUla meM bhI vAcaka zabda ke prayoga kI avadhAraNA rahI hai| usI kA bRhatprayoga hama Imagination svarUpa kalpanA ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| zabdoM yA AkRtiyoM ke Alambana ke binA kisI bhI kalpanA kA svarUpa nahIM banatA, isalie dArzanikoM ne zabdayojanA ko kalpanA kahA 'kalpanA' ke svarUpa-pratipAdana meM diGnAga, dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanikoM kI sUkSmadRSTi mAtra pramANamImAMsA meM hI upayogI nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM vyaktitva vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI upayogI hai| dhyAnasAdhanA meM nirvikalpakatA kA mahattva bauddha darzana meM jo vipazyanA sAdhanA hai, usameM draSTAbhAva kA vikAsa kiyA jAtA hai tathA nAma, jAti Adi kI yojanA svarUpa kalpanA kA parihAra kiyA jAtA hai| zarIra para vibhinna prakAra kI saMvedanAoM kA jo anubhava hotA hai, unheM kisI prakAra kA nAma die binA evaM unake prati rAga-dveSa kie binA mAtra unheM citta ke dvArA dekhA jAtA hai| kAyAnupazyanA, vedanAnupazyanA, cittAnupazyanA evaM dharmAnupazyanA meM draSTAbhAva kA hI vikAsa kara rAga-dveSAdi ke saMskAroM se rahita hone kA puruSArtha kiyA jAtA hai| yaha sArI sAdhanA nirvikalpakatA ke abhyAsa kI sAdhanA hai| kAyAnupazyanA meM jahA~ citta ke dvArA zarIra kI prekSA kI jAtI hai vahA~ vedanAnupazyanA meM vedanAoM ko taTastha rahakara jAnA jAtA hai| cittAnupazyanA meM citta kA taTastha avalokana kiyA jAtA hai tathA dharmAnupazyanA meM citta meM utpanna duHkha, sukha Adi caitta dharmoM kI anupazyanA kI jAtI hai| anupazyanA 9. asti hyAlocanAjJAnaM prathamaM nirviklpkm| bAlamUkAdivijJAnasadRzaM shuddhvstujm|| - zlokavArtika, pratyakSa sUtra 112 For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA karane vAle sAdhaka ko pratikSaNa apane bhItara svataH prakaTa hone vAlI saccAiyoM ko sAkSI bhAva se dekhanA hotA hai| vaha kAyA, vedanA, citta athavA caitasika dharmoM ke udaya-vyaya ko prajJA yA pratyakSa anubhUti se jAnatA hai| vaha jAgarUka hokara jaisA hai vaisA jAnatA rahatA hai| mahAsatipaTThAnasutta meM kAyAnupazyanA; vedanAnupazyanA, cittAnupazyanA evaM dharmAnupazyanA kA vistRta evaM vizada nirUpaNa huA hai| kAyAnupazyanA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai - "yAvadeva ANamattAya paTissatimattAya, anisito ca viharati, na ca kiJca loke upaadiyti| evampi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kAye kAyAnupassI vihrti| arthAt kAyA kI anupazyanA karate samaya jaba taka mAtra jJAna, mAtra darzana banA rahatA hai taba taka vaha anAzrita hokara viharatA hai aura loka meM kucha bhI grahaNa nahIM . krtaa| isa prakAra bhI bhikSu kAyA meM kAyAnupazyI hokara vihAra karatA hai| yaha tathya taba bhI ghaTita hotA hai jaba vedanAnupazyanA, cittAnupazyanA evaM dharmAnupazyanA kI jAtI hai|12 . jaba sAkSIbhAva se anupazyanA kI jAtI hai to kisI kalpanA kA athavA zabdAdi kA AropaNa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi anupazyanA karane vAlA AtApI (zramazIla), sampajAno (samyak prakAra se jJAtA) evaM satimA (jAgarUka) hotA hai tathA prajJA kA Alambana letA hai, tathApi vaha kalpanA se pare rahatA hai| vaha yathAbhUta ko jAnatA evaM dekhatA hai athavA anubhava karatA hai| rAga-dveSa kie binA jAnanA tabhI sambhava hotA hai| nirvikalpakatA ke anubhava se vividha lAbha anupazyanA kI yaha vidhi nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ko AdhAra banAtI hai| nirvikalpaka-sAdhanA kA abhyAsa jitanA bar3hatA jAtA hai jIvana meM utane hI anekavidha lAbha anubhava hote haiM, yathA - 1.prajJA kA vikAsa - prajJA ke vikAsa meM nirvikalpakatA kA anubhava mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatA hai| manuSya adhikatara rAga-dveSAdi ke vikalpoM meM jItA hai| prajJA kA vikAsa taTasthadRSTi meM hI sambhava hai| taTasthadRSTi nirvikalpakatA ke abhyAsa se vikasita hotI hai| zamatha evaM vipazyanA bhI isameM sahAyaka hai| mAnava jIvana meM prajJA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| prajJA hone para hI samasta klezoM kA nAza sambhava hai| prajJA eka prakAra se antaH cakSu hai jo lobha, moha, dveSa Adi akuzala dharmoM ko dekhane evaM unakA nirasana karane meM sahAyaka hai| 10. draSTavya, mahAsitapaTThAnasutta,vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI, prathama saMskaraNa 1996, punarmudraNa 2008 11. mahAsatipaTThAnasutta, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI 2008, mUlapATha pR. 14 12. draSTavya, vahI, pR. 16, 18 evaM 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddhadarzana meM nirvikalpatA kA svarUpa evaM usakA jIvana meM mahattva * 67 2.zAnti kA anubhava - nirvikalpakatA meM zAnti kA anubhava svAbhAvika hai| jIvana meM jitanA nirvikalpaka hone kA abhyAsa bar3hegA, utanA hI vyakti zAnti kA anubhava kara skegaa| Aja manuSya vikalpoM meM hI adhika jItA hai, nirvikalpaka sthiti AtI bhI hai, kintu use usakA bodha nahIM hotaa| nirvikalpakatA ke bodha kA abhyAsa jitanA bar3hegA utanA hI zAnti kA anubhava abhivRddha hogaa| jina jaDa padArthoM ko jJAna hI nahIM hotA, unameM savikalpatA evaM nirvikalpatA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| cetanAzIla ko hI jJAna hotA hai tathA vaha savikalpaka evaM nirvikalpaka donoM prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| kabhI klezamaya cittavRtti kA itanA Adhikya hotA hai ki hameM jJAna kA bhI bodha nahIM rahatA, mAtra lobha, dveSa, moha sadRza akuzala dharmoM se grasta hokara jIte rahate haiN| nirvikalpatA ke bodha ke abhyAsa ke sAtha prajJA kA vikAsa hotA hai jo lobhAdi akuzala dharmoM athavA klezoM para vijaya prApta karane meM sahAyaka banatA hai| manuSya kA citta adhikatara cintA, yojanA, rAga-dveSAdi ke vikalpoM meM ulajhA rahatA hai, jisake hone para zAnti kA anubhava nahIM hotaa| bhItarI zAnti ke anubhava ke lie nirvikalpakatA ke abhyAsa kI abhivRddhi Avazyaka hai| 3. vikAra-vijaya - vikAra-vijaya ke sAmarthya kA vikAsa bhI nirvikalpakatA ke abhyAsa se sahaja hI sambhava hotA hai| nirvikalpaka hone para vikAroM ko dekhane kA sAmarthya bar3hatA hai evaM isake sAtha-sAtha hI vikAroM ko jItane kI kSamatA bhI bar3hatI jAtI hai| vikAroM ke udayakAla meM bhI sAdhaka unase aprabhAvita raha sakatA hai| isase una para vijaya kA sAmarthya prApta hotA hai evaM dhIre-dhIre citta meM utpanna lobha, dveSa, mohAdi vikAroM ko jItA jA sakatA hai| zamatha evaM vipazyanA evaM anupazyanA kI sAdhanA isakA pramANa hai| 4. kAryakSamatA meM abhivRddhi - saMkalpa-vikalpa manuSya kI zakti kA hmasa karate haiM tathA inase rahita nirvikalpakatA kI avasthA vyakti kI zakti meM abhivRddhi karatI hai, jisase usakI kAryakSamatA evaM nirNaya kSamatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| phira vyakti citta ko ekAgra kara kArya ko adhika sahI DhaMga se karane kA sAmarthya prApta kara letA hai| 5. zArIrika Arogya - kaI bAra mana ke vikAroM ke kAraNa zarIra meM roga paidA ho jAte haiM, citta kI nirvikalpaka sAdhanA se jaba citta nirvikAra banatA jAtA hai to tanAva se utpanna zArIrika rogoM kA nivAraNa bhI sahaja hI hotA jAtA hai| 6. vyaktitva-vikAsa- nirvikalpakatA kA abhyAsa vyaktitva ke vikAsa kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| isase vyakti meM svamUlyAMkana kI dRSTi prApta hotI hai tathA niSpakSa dRSTi se apanI kamiyoM evaM sAmarthya ko jAnane kA avasara prApta hotA hai| yahI nahIM vaha kamiyoM yA doSoM ko dUra karane ke lie tatpara bhI hotA hai tathA kuzala dharmoM kI abhivRddhi hetu sajaga banatA hai| vyaktitva-vikAsa kA yahI mUlAdhAra hai ki doSoM ko dUra kara For Personal & Private Use Only

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68 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sadguNoM kA AdhAna kiyA jAe aura isake lie svamUlyAMkana kI nirmala dRSTi Avazyaka hai| svamUlyAMkana ke sAtha kuzala dharma ke grahaNa evaM akuzala dharma ke tyAga kI dRSTi kA vikAsa bhI Avazyaka hai jo nirvikalpatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha sahaja sambhava hai| upasaMhAra manuSya ke AdhyAtmika evaM naitika vikAsa meM taTastha cintana kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, jo nirvikalpakatApUrvaka taTastha dRSTi ke vikAsa se sambhava hai| nirvikalpaka bodha kA jitanA vikAsa hotA hai, vyakti kI prajJA bhI utanI hI puSTa hotI hai evaM use Atma-vizvAsa kA bhI anubhava hotA hai| sAtha hI vaha apanI caitasika nirmalatA ke sAtha zArIrika Arogya evaM kAryakSamatA meM abhivRddhi kA bhI anubhava karatA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM dvArA prastuta nirvikalpakatA kA svarUpa isa dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, jisakA kriyAtmaka svarUpa vipazyanA dhyAna-sAdhanA meM anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai| draSTAbhAva kA vikAsa jitanA adhika hogA utanA hI nirvikalpatA kA anubhava gaharA hotA jaayegaa| athavA nirvikalpatA kA anubhava jitanA saghana hotA jAyegA utanA hI draSTAbhAva kA vikAsa adhika hotA jaaegaa| yaha draSTAbhAva hI samatA kI sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| isase samatA yA samatva kI sAdhanA puSTa hotI hai jo rAga, moha evaM dveSa para vijaya prApta karane meM sahAyaka hai| isI se vItarAgatA evaM nirvANa kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| - AcArya evaM adhyakSa saMskRta vibhAga tathA nidezaka, bauddha adhyayana kendra jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura (rAja.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasAmayika pariprekSya meM zUnyavAda kI prAsaMgikatA DaoN. rAjakumArI jaina nAgArjuna dvArA pratipAdita zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta samasAmayika sandarbha meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| Aja kA yuga vijJAna kA yuga hai| eka vaijJAnika ke anusAra jagat kI pratyeka ghaTanA kI utpatti nizcita kAraNa-kArya niyamoM ke anusAra hotI hai tathA pratyakSIkaraNa aura prayoga kI vidhi se una niyamoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai | Aja ke buddhijIvI varga ke anusAra jagat ke svarUpa kI jAnakArI prApta karane kA eka mAtra sAdhana yaha vaijJAnika jJAna hI hai tathA parikalpanAtmaka darzana dvArA yaha jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakanA sambhava nahIM hai| vibhinna dArzanikoM dvArA hajAroM varSoM se AtmavAda, jar3avAda, IzvaravAda, nirIzvaravAda Adi jo paraspara virodhI tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM tathA ye svapakSa kI siddhi aura parapakSa ke khaNDana hetu jo tarka-vitarka karate rahe haiM, vaha saba phAlatU kI bakavAsa hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke buddhijIviyoM kA yaha mata hameM gautama buddha kI zikSAoM aura usake AdhAra para pratipAdita kiye gaye zUnyavAda ke siddhAnta meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hotA hai| nAgArjuna ke anusAra pratItyasamutpAda hI zUnyatA hai pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ke anusAra jagata kI pratyeka vastu aura ghaTanA nizcita kAraNa kArya niyamoM ke anusAra utpanna hotI hai| ina niyamoM ke jJAna pUrvaka hI vyakti apane laukika aura AdhyAtmika - donoM hI kSetroM abhISTa lakSyoM ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura aniSTa padArthoM se baca sakatA hai| zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ko sthApita karane ke sAtha hI sAtha sabhI prakAra kI dArzanika dRSTiyoM ko mithyAjJAna ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karatA hai / isake anusAra sattA kA vAstavika svarUpa sabhI prakAra kI dArzanika dRSTiyoM se pare tathA anivarcanIya hai| jaba vyakti ina sabhI dRSTiyoM kA parityAga karake pUrNatayA pUrvamAnyatA rahita hokara vastu sthiti kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai tabhI vaha yathArtha jJAna prApta kara sakatA hai| - zUnyavAda aura samasAmayika cintana meM uparyukta sAdRzya hone para bhI eka bahuta mahatvapUrNa antara hai aura yaha antara samasAmayika samasyAoM kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 70 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA hai| Aja kI saMskRti upabhoktAvAdI aura bhogaparaka saMskRti hai tathA Aja samAja meM naitika mUlyoM ke abhAva kI sthiti vidyamAna hai| Aja kA mAnava bhautika samRddhi kI parAkASThA ko hI sukhI hone kA eka mAtra sAdhana mAnatA hai| vaha ucita-anucita kisI bhI tarIke se isa lakSya ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai tathA sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana kA Adarza usakI dRSTi se pUrNatayA ojhala hai| naitika-mUlyoM se rahita aura bhogaparaka isa saMskRti ke kAraNa Aja samAja meM bhraSTAcAra, rizvatakhorI, khAdya padArthoM meM milAvaTa aura usake kAraNa rogoM meM vRddhi, karttavyapAlana ke prati udAsInatA aura usake kAraNa durghaTanAoM meM vRddhi hotI jA rahI hai, jo mAnava-jIvana ko nirantara adhika asurakSita aura kaSTamaya banA rahI hai| zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta isa mUlyavihIna aura bhogaparaka dRSTikoNa kA virodha karatA hai tathA sukhI hone ke lie sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana para jora detA hai| pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ke anusAra hamAre duHkhoM kA mUlakAraNa hai hamArA anAdikAlIna ajJAna, viSayAsakti tathA anaitika jiivn| isake viparIta sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana hI sukha-prApti kA eka mAtra upAya hai| sukhI jIvana kI prApti se sambandhita zUnyavAda ke isa mahattvapUrNa pakSa para vicAra karane se pUrva hama zUnyavAda ke svarUpa aura prakAroM para vicAra kreNge| zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta zAzvata padArtho kI sattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai tathA jagata meM kAraNa-kArya niyamoM ke anusAra utpanna naSTa ho rahI vizeSa vastuoM kI sattA ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| zUnyavAda zabda kA artha hai svbhaavshuunytaa| vastu meM prAkRtika rUpa se vidyamAna vizeSatAeM usakA svabhAva kahalAtI haiN| ye vizeSatAeM padArtha meM anya se nirapekSa rUpa meM vidyamAna hone ke kAraNa usakA zAzvata svarUpa hai| ina vizeSatAoM kI na to kisI samaya-vizeSa meM utpatti huI hai aura na hI inakA vinAza sambhava hai| nAgArjuna apane zUnyavAda ke siddhAnta dvArA isa svabhAvavAda aura zAzvatavAda kA khaNDana karate haiM tathA jagat meM kAraNakArya niyamoM ke anusAra utpanna naSTa ho rahI vizeSa vastuoM kI sattA ko hI svIkAra karate haiN| nAgArjuna kahate haiM "pratItyasamutpAda hI zUnyatA hai|" 'pratItya' kA artha hai isake hone para tathA 'samutpAda' kA artha hai yaha hotA hai| arthAt kAraNa kA sadbhAva hone para hI kArya utpanna hotA hai| yaha pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama laukika aura AdhyAtmika donoM hI kSetroM meM kAryakArI hai| ina donoM hI kSetroM se sambandhita samasyAoM kA samAdhAna pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ko samajha kara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka kisAna acchI phasala ko prApta karane ke uddezya se khetI karane hetu pravRtta hotA hai| use apane lakSya meM saphalatA tabhI mila sakatI hai jaba use yaha jJAta ho ki acchI phasala kI prApti ke kyA upAya haiM tathA phasala kharAba hone ke kyA kAraNa haiM? isa jJAna ko arjita karake jaba vaha acchI phasala ke sAdhanoM ko ekatrita karatA hai arthAt vaha acche bIja letA hai, jamIna kI bhalI prakAra gur3AI karake usameM bIja botA For Personal & Private Use Only

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samasAmayika pariprekSya meM zUnyavAda kI prAsaMgikatA * 71 hai...tathA phasala kharAba hone ke kAraNoM jaise kharapatavAra ko bAhara nikAlatA hai, kIr3e Adi se phasala kI rakSA karatA hai to vaha acchI phasala ko prApta karatA hai| acchI phasala kI utpatti svAbhAvika rUpa se nahIM hotI, varan kAraNa sApekSa rUpa se hotI hai tathA isake liye mAnava dvArA isa kAraNa sAmagrI kA jJAna arjita karake use prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| jagata ke pratyeka padArtha meM jitanI bhI vizeSatAeM vidyamAna haiM, ye vizeSatAeM usameM anya se sApekSa rUpa se hI avasthita haiN| eka vyakti apane putra kI apekSA se hI pitA hotA hai tathA kisI vyakti ko usake pitA kI apekSA se hI putra kahA jAtA hai| pitRtva, putratva Adi vizeSaNa kisI vyakti ke svAbhAvika yA anya nirapekSa vizeSaNa nahIM haiM balki ye anya sApekSa vizeSaNa haiN| pitA-putra sambandha ke samAna hI jagat ke pratyeka vyakti aura vastu ko jitane bhI vizeSaNa diye jAte haiM ve sabhI vizeSaNa unameM anya padArthoM kI apekSA se vidyamAna vizeSaNa hI haiN| eka sAmAnya vyakti apane ina vizeSaNoM, jaise - dhanavAna, yuvA, adhikArI, Adi ko apanA svabhAva mAnakara apanA sthAyI svarUpa mAna letA hai tathA isake kAraNa ahaMkAra, svArtha, rAga, dveSa, duSpravRttiyoM se grasta ho jAtA hai| usakI ye duSpravRttiyAM usakI mAnasika zAnti ko bhaMga karake usake jIvana ko kaSTamaya banA detI haiN| vyakti ina kaSToM se tabhI mukti pA sakatA hai jaba vaha svayaM ke aura anyoM ke samasta vizeSaNoM ke parasApekSa svarUpa ko samajhe, yaha samajhe ki ye sabhI vizeSatAeM anya vastuoM ke saMyoga se utpanna vizeSatAeM haiM aura isaliye ye sthAyI na hokara nAzavAna haiN| nAgArjuna jagata ke vibhinna padArtho kI svabhAva zUnyatA aura anya sApekSa svarUpa ko prapaMca zUnya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate haiN| sAtha hI ve svayaM ke aura jagat ke prati sabhI prakAra kI dArzanika dRSTiyoM kI vyarthatA tathA usase Upara uThane ke Adarza ko paramArtha zUnya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate haiN| mAdhyamikakArikA meM ve sabhI prakAra ke paraspara virodhI dArzanika siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA tathA ina siddhAntoM meM sattA ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karane kI sAmarthya ke abhAva kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ve satkAryavAda kI kamiyoM ko pradarzita karate haiM aura asatkAryavAda ke doSa bhI dikhAte haiN| ye donoM siddhAnta paraspara virodhI hone ke kAraNa eka sAtha svIkAra nahIM kiye jA sakate aura donoM hI nahIM haiM, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| laMkAvatAra sUtra meM ve kahate haiM ki sattA ke prati sat, asat, sat aura asat donoM tathA na sat na asat ina cAroM hI koTiyoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sattA kA svarUpa catuSkoTi vinirmukta aura anirvacanIya hai| isakA yathArtha jJAna mAtra nirvikalpaka pratyakSa dvArA hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| nAgArjuna ke dvArA samasta tatvamImAMsIya siddhAntoM kI vyarthatA kA pratipAdana unakI anubhavavAdI dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| vyakti kA tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta usakI pUrvamAnyatA hai, bandhana For Personal & Private Use Only

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72 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA hai| vyakti ko svayaM ke aura jagat ke svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna svayaM ke pratyakSa se hI ho sakatA hai| jaba vyakti kisI tattvamImAMsIya dRSTi ke prati samarpita hotA hai to vaha apanI dRSTi ko apane anubhava para Aropita kara detA hai tathA pratyakSa dvArA grAhya viSaya ko yathAvat na samajha kara apanI pUrvamAnyatAoM ke anusAra usakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| isaliye samasta tattvamImAMsIya siddhAntoM para AdhArita vyAkhyAoM se yukta jJAna mithyAjJAna hai| ataH samyagjJAna kI prApti ina tattvamImAMsIya dRSTiyoM se mukta hone evaM pratyakSa dvArA vastu ko yathAvat jAnane se hI ho sakatI hai| zUnyavAda kI samasAmayika buddhijIviyoM ke dRSTikoNa se uparyukta samAnatA hone para bhI ina donoM meM eka mUlabhUta antara hai, vaha hai sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA paaln| Az2a kA buddhijIvI prakRti ke jJAna ko arjita karane meM lagA huA hai| vaha vibhinna ghaTanAoM ke pIche kArya kara rahe kAraNAtmaka niyamoM ko jAnakara prakRti para niyantraNa sthApita karane kA prayAsa kara rahA hai, vibhinna bhautika sukhoM kI prApti ke sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra karane meM lagA huA hai| usake ina prayatnoM se bhautika sukhoM ke sAdhanoM meM vRddhi hotI jA rahI hai| bhautika samRddhi meM nirantara ho rahI vRddhi ke bAvajUda bhI Aja kA mAnava bahuta azAnta, tanAvagrasta aura duHkhI hai| usakI isa sthiti kA mUla kAraNa hai Aja ke yuga meM naitika mUlyoM kA pUrNataH abhaav| isa mUlyavihInatA kI sthiti se utpanna samasyAoM kI dRSTi se nAgArjuna kA zUnyavAda kA siddhAnta bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| nAgArjuna gautama buddha ke cAra AryasatyoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| pratItyasamutpAda ke niyama ke anusAra duHkha kA mUla kAraNa vyakti kA anAdikAlIna ajJAna aura usake kAraNa vyakti meM vidyamAna rAga, dveSa, krodha, lobha Adi vikAra haiN| duHkhoM ke isa kAraNa ko samApta kara vyakti sukhI tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba vaha apane anAdikAlIna ajJAna ko samApta kre| yaha kArya zIla (sadAcAra ke niyama), samAdhi aura prajJA ke avalambana pUrvaka hI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra Aja ke mUlyavihIna samAja ko mUlyabodha ke prati jAgarUka hone tathA vyaktigata sukha aura sAmAjika zAnti aura vyavasthA ko sthApita karane kI dRSTi se nAgArjuna kA zUnyavAda atyanta prAsaMgika hai| prAdhyApaka, darzanazAstra vibhAga rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya, ajamera (rAjasthAna) For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya DaoN. autAralAla mINA bhagavAna buddha ne buddhatva prApti se lekara mahAparinirvANa paryaMta jo kucha upadeza diye. the saba maukhika hI the tathA unake mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt samayAMtara para huI tIna saMgItiyoM ke bAda prathama sadI IsA pUrva yA usake pazcAt bauddha graMthoM kA lekhana huA jo Aja hamAre samakSa tipiTaka ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| isI tripiTaka ke AdhAra para prastuta zodha Alekha kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai, jisase spaSTa hogA ki bhagavAna buddha ne apane jIvana kAla meM logoM ko sAmAjika nyAya dilAne ke lie kyA kiyaa| bhagavAna buddha ne apane upadeza yA darzana kA pramukha AdhAra tattvoM ko banAyA, jo nimnalikhita haiM - 1. unhoMne darzana kI jaTilatAoM meM na jAkara eka sarvabodhagamya AcAra-saMhitA ke pAlana kA upadeza diyaa| 2. tatkAlIna sAmAjika tathA dhArmika rIti-rivAjoM kA pratyakSa virodha na karake eka sudhAraka ke rUpa meM tayugIna kurItiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| bauddha jIvana-paddhati meM sAmAjika nyAya kA siddhAnta zuddhataH mAnavavAdI evaM laukika hai| yaha vaidika athavA pleTonika dhAraNA se bilkula bhinna hai| bauddha dRSTikoNa sAmAjika nyAya ko sadAcaraNa ke sAtha jor3atA hai| vyaktiyoM ke nirmala mana aura sadAcaraNa samAja kI zAntipriya evaM nyAya saMgata vyavasthA sthApita karane meM samartha hoMge, aisI bhagavAna buddha ko AzA thii| ___'sAmAjika nyAya' ke saMbaMdha meM tIna pramukha AdhAra staMbha haiM - (1) svataMtratA (2) samAnatA (3) bNdhutaa| bhagavAna buddha ke upadezoM meM inakA aneka bAra ullekha huA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne bhikkhuoM ko dharma-pracArArtha vidA karane se pUrva kahA thA - 'bahuta janoM ke hita ke lie, bahuta janoM ke sukha ke lie loka para dayA karane ke lie devatAoM aura manuSyoM ke prayojana ke lie, hita ke lie, sukha ke lie vicaraNa kro|' 1. vinayapiTaka, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 74 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sAmAjika nyAya ke AdhAra stambhoM meM sarvaprathama svataMtratA kA vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai, kyoMki parAdhIna rahakara vyakti na to svayaM ke lie icchAnukUla kArya kara sakatA hai aura na samAja ke lie hii| kahA bhI gayA hai - 'parAdhIna sapanehu sukha nAhI' arthAta parAdhIna rahane para vyakti svapna meM bhI sukha kA anubhava nahIM kara sakatA hai| kisI bhI samAja kI svataMtratA kI Avazyaka zarta hotI hai - loktNtr| lokatAMtrika praNAlI meM hI vyakti apane adhikAroM kA samyak pAlana kara samAja evaM deza ke vikAsonmukha kArya kara sakatA hai tathA isa praNAlI ke dvArA samAja tathA deza kI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai| bhagavAna buddha bhI gaNatAntrika praNAlI ke pakSadhara the tathA bauddha saMgha kA saMgaThana gaNatAMtrika praNAlI para AdhArita thaa| tatkAlIna jitane bhI saMgha the, yathA - vajji saMgha Adi, sabhI gaNataMtra ke poSaka the| bhagavAna buddha kA janma bhI gaNataMtra meM hI huA thA, zAyada isIlie unhoMne bhikkhuoM ke samUha kA nAma 'saMgha' rakhA thaa| bhagavAna buddha kA gaNatAMtrika praNAlI meM vizvAsa thA, isakI prAmANikatA rAjagRha meM bhagavAna buddha aura magadha samrATa ajAtazatru ke maMtrI varSakAra ke madhya hue vArtAlApa se prApta hotI hai, jisakA varNana dIghanikAya ke mahAparinibbAna sutta meM milatA hai|' gaNatAMtrika praNAlI ke prati bhagavAna buddha ke mana meM gaharI AsthA thI, isa bAta kA pramANa bauddha saMgha kI kArya-praNAlI se spaSTa milatA hai| saMgha ke kArya ke saMpAdana ke lie bhagavAna buddha ne nizcita vidhAna kA nirmANa kiyA thA jo gaNatAMtrika AdhAra para nirmita thaa| svataMtratA ke saMbaMdha meM yaha bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne kabhI kisI ko balapUrvaka saMgha meM zAmila nahIM kiyaa| pAli piTaka sAhitya meM aise aneka udAharaNa bhare milate haiM, jinameM hama dekhate haiM ki tatkAlIna kaI brAhmaNa evaM anya gaNAcArya bhagavAna buddha ke samakSa apane mata ko rakhate haiM tathA tarka dvArA use pramANita karane kI koziza karate haiM, paraMtu jaba ve bhagavAna buddha ke tarko se saMtuSTa ho jAte haiM to trizaraNa kI zapatha lete haiN| bauddha dharma meM upasthita svataMtratA kI mahattA ke vizleSaNa ke pazcAt 'samatA' kA varNana Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna buddha ne mAnA hai ki citta kI zuddhi sabase Avazyaka hai| isake hone se hI eka mAnava dUsare ko mAnava samajha sakegA aura jisa dina aisA hogA, sAmAjika nyAya svataH sabhI ko mila jaaegaa| isa prakAra tathAgata ne mAnava-mAnava ke bIca ke bhedabhAva ko samApta karane para bala diyA hai, jisake tatkAlIna samAja meM aneka udAharaNa the| varNabheda kA itihAsa bhAratIya saMdarbha meM atyanta prAcIna hai| Rgvaidika kAla ke prArambha meM to yaha jyAdA rUr3ha nahIM thA, parantu kAlAMtara meM jAti-bheda sambandhI manuSya kI 2. dIghanikAya, pR. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya * 75 dhAraNAe~ rUDha hotI gaI aura peze vaMzAnugata hote ge| brAhmaNa yuga Ate-Ate manuSya ke sAmAjika jIvana meM jAtibheda saMbaMdhI dhAraNAoM kI jar3eM itanI gairAI taka praviSTa ho gaI ki devagaNa bhI caturvarNa meM vibhAjita mAne jAne lge| buddha yuga Ate-Ate jAti-bheda apanI parAkASThA para pahu~ca gyaa| jAti ke anusAra U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ati prabala ho gii| brAhmaNa aura kSatriya donoM hI apanI zreSThatA siddha karane ke lie prayatnazIla the| ina donoM vargoM meM zreSThatara kahalAne kI hor3a sI thii| madhura avantiputra ko hama yaha kahate hue pAte haiM ki brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa hai, zukla varNa hai, pavitra hai, brahma ke mukha se usakI utpatti huI hai, vahI brahma kA pratinidhi hai| dUsarI ora kSatriya apane ko zreSTha batalAte the| brAhmaNoM meM bhI udIcya brAhmaNa apane ko anya brAhmaNa jAtiyoM se ucca samajhane lage the aura katipaya kSatriya jAtiyA~ apane ko anyoM kI apekSA zreSTha mAnane lagI thIM, yathA zAkyavaMzI, jinhoMne kauzala-nareza prasenajita ke sAtha eka zAkya rAjakumArI kA vivAha apanI pratiSThA ke pratikUla mAnA thaa| isa taraha yaha to spaSTa hai ki bhagavAna buddha ke samaya meM samAja meM varNa-vyavasthA apanI jar3eM gaharI jamAe huI thii| bhagavAna buddha ne bhI cAroM vargoM kI upasthiti samAja meM svIkAra kI hai| buddha ke anusAra cAra varNoM ke sambandha meM vicAra bhagavAna buddha ne cAroM varNoM - brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM vedoM evaM brAhmaNa graMthoM meM pratipAdita siddhAntoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| paraMtu tatkAlIna brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya ke madhya zreSThatara kahalAne kI hor3a meM bhagavAna ne kSatriya ko hI zreSTha batAyA hai| bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA isa taraha kA vaktavya ambaSTha nAmaka brAhmaNa dvArA zikAyata karane ke pazcAt diyA gayA thaa| brAhmaNa ambaSTha ne bhagavAna buddha se zikAyata kI thI ki zAkyoM ne unheM apane saMsthAgAra meM baiThane ke lie Asana dene kI bAta to dUra rahI, sIdhe muMha bAta bhI nahIM kI thii| bhagavAna buddha ne sarvaprathama ambaSTha brAhmaNa ke samakSa varNa-vyavasthA kA khaNDana kiyA thA, jisakA varNana suttapiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke tRtIya sutta ambaTThasutta meM diyA gayA hai|' bhagavAna ne samAja meM phailI varNa-vyavasthA, jAti-vyavasthA para kaThora prahAra kiyaa| isI prakAra kA varNa-vyavasthA kA khaNDana dIghanikAya ke aggaja sutta meM prApta hotA hai| isa sutta meM tathAgata ne brAhmaNa ke isa dAve ko, yathA-brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa haiM, dUsare varNahIna haiM, brAhmaNa hI zukla varNa haiM dUsare varNa kRSNa haiM, brAhmaNa hI zuddha hote haiM, abrAhmaNa nahIM, brAhmaNa hI brahma ke mukha se utpanna hue brahmajAta, brahmanirmita aura 3. majjhima nikAya bhAga - 2 , pR. 84 4. dIghanikAya, 1.3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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76 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA brahmadAyAda haiM, kA kaI udAharaNoM dvArA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki mAnavIya guNa aura avaguNa sabhI vargoM meM pAe jAte haiM, phira brAhmaNa kaise kahate haiM ki ve hI zreSTha varNa haiN| udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se spaSTa karate hue tathAgata kahate haiM ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra, cAroM vargoM kI striyA~ RtumatI, garbhavatI hone ke sAtha yoni se prasava karatI haiM, baccoM ko dUdha pilAtI dekhI jAtI haiM, phira brAhmaNoM kA yaha kahanA to bilkula hI galata hai ki ve brahma ke mukha se utpanna haiN| isa prakAra tathAgata ne spaSTa kiyA ki saMsAra ke sabhI manuSyoM ke janma kA AdhAra eka (yoni) hI hai| ataH janmIya AdhAra para kucha manuSyoM dvArA apane ko zreSTha batAnA mithyA bhASaNa karanA hai| punaH tathAgata kahate haiM ki cAroM vargoM ke kitane hI loga jIva hiMsA, corI, mithyAcAra, jhUTha, mithyA dRSTi, Adi akuzala, sadoSa, asevanIya, anArya, kRSNa, kRSNavipAka karma karate haiM tathA isake viparIta cAroM vargoM ke kitane hI loga uparyukta ke viparIta yathA kuzala, sevanIya Adi karma karate haiN| isa taraha cAroM vargoM ke loga vidvAna puruSoM dvArA nindita tathA prazaMsita kArya karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM brAhmaNoM dvArA apane ko zreSTha batAnA unakA mithyA bhASaNa hai| uparyukta khaNDana ke pazcAt tathAgata ne apanA mata rakhate hue kahA ki cAra varNo meM jo bhikkhu arhat, kSINAmrava, brahmacArI, kRtakRtya, bhAramukta, paramArtha prApta, bhava-baMdhana mukta, jJAnI aura vimukta hotA hai, vaha sabhI se bar3ha jAtA hai, dharma se hI, adharma se nhiiN| ataH manuSya meM dharma hI zreSTha hai, isa janma meM bhI tathA parajanma meM bhii| cAroM varNa ke mAnava kAyA, vacana aura mana se saMyata ho saiMtIsa bodhipAkSika dharmo kI bhAvanA karake isI loka meM nirvANa prApta karate haiN| isa prakAra tathAgata ne karma ko pradhAna mAnA, janma ko nahIM, kyoMki janma ke anusAra to sabhI samAna hote hI haiM, karma ke dvArA eka dUsare se adhika zreSTha ho sakatA hai| ataH tathAgata ne janmIya AdhAra para sabako samAna batAyA jo sAmAjika nyAya ke pramukha stambha 'samatA' meM AsthA ke anukUla hai| ___ mahAbhArata meM yaha spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki itanI saMkaratA paidA ho gaI ki jAti kA niyama hI vyartha ho gyaa| hameM mukhya sthAna zIla ko denA caahie| tathAgata ne zIla ko mahattva pradAna kara varNa ko vyartha siddha kiyaa| zIla ko mahattva saMyukta nikAya kI una gAthAoM se spaSTa hotA hai jinake AdhAra para AcArya buddhaghoSa ne visuddhimagga nAmaka graMtha kA lekhana kiyaa| pahalI gAthA prazna ke rUpa meM hai tathA dUsarI gAthA isakA uttara hai| visuddhimagga ke prAraMbha meM hI 'saMyukta nikAya' ke uddharaNa svarUpa kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra jaba bhagavAna zrAvastI meM vihara rahe the to kisI devaputra ne unake pAsa Akara gAthA 5. dIghanikAya,3.4 6. dIghanikAya,3.4 7. dIghanikAya,3.4 8. mahAbhArata, vana parva,pR. 182 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya 77 ke rUpa meM prazna pUchA, jisakA artha hai - " andara bhI ulajhana haiM bAhara bhI ulajhana hai| yaha janatA ulajhana meM jakar3I huI hai / ata: he gautama! maiM Apase pUchatA hU~ ki kauna isa ulajhana ko sulajhA sakatA hai ?" bhagavAna ne dUsarI gAthA ke dvArA isakA uttara diyA, . jisakA artha hai - "zIla meM pratiSThita hokara prajJAvAna manuSya jaba samAdhi aura prajJA kI bhAvanA karatA hai to isa prakAra udyogI aura jJAnavAna bhikkhu ulajhana ko sulajhA detA hai / " bar3e-bar3e RSi jo varNa- saMkara aura mizrita jAti ke the, zIla ke kAraNa unakI pUjA brAhmaNa bhI karate the, yathA vaziSTha kI mAtA vezyA thI, vyAsa kA janma dhIvara lar3akI ke garbha se huA thA aura pArAzara cANDAla kanyA kI saMtAna the, phira bhI ve zIla ke kAraNa pUjya the 1 zIla ke mahattva ko batalAte hue tathAgata ne kahA hai ki zIlavAna puruSa sabhI dizAoM ko suvAsita karatA hai jabaki phUla, candana, tagara Adi kI gaMdha vAyu ke viruddha nahIM jAtI hai| candana, tagara Adi kI jo gaMdha hai vaha alpa hai, parantu jo sadAcArI manuSyoM kI gaMdha hai, vaha uttama gaMdha devatAoM meM phailatI hai / ' bauddha dharma meM ullikhita cAra varNoM kA AdhAra zIla hI thA / brAhmaNa ke saMbaMdha meM tathAgata kI dhAraNA spaSTa hai| ve kahate haiM ki kevala brAhmaNa mAtA kI yoni se utpanna hue manuSya ko maiM brAhmaNa nahIM kahatA tathA jo bhogavAdI (brAhmaNa) tathA saMgraha karane vAlA ho, use bhI maiM brAhmaNa nahIM maantaa|" tathAgata ke anusAra brAhmaNa hone ke lie aneka guNa haiM, jinakA varNana dhammapada ke 'brAhmaNa vaggo' meM karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo tRSNA rahita, kAmanA rahita, donoM dharmoM meM pAraMgata, nirbhaya, anAsakta, dhyAnI, rajoguNa rahita, cittamala rahitaM, kRtakRtya, sthira Asana tejasvI, pApa kA tyAga karane vAlA, samatA kA AcaraNa karane vAlA, priya vastu se mana ko dUra karane vAlA, ahiMsaka saMyata (kAya, vANI evaM mana se), phaTe-purAne vastra dhAraNa karane vAlA, kRza, krodha rahita, kSamAvAna, prajJAvAna, medhAvI, mArga-amArga kA jJAtA, rAgarahita, dveSarahita, moharahita, acauryayukta, loka-paraloka se AzA nahIM karane vAlA, zokarahita Adi aneka vidha guNoM se sampanna ho, use brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai| jaTAoM se, gotra aura janma se manuSya brAhmaNa nahIM hotA hai / " 11 buddha yuga meM brAhmaNocita guNoM se yukta ho vicaraNa karane vAlA brAhmaNa dikhAI nahIM detA thaa|'+- inhIM kAraNoM se buddha ne brAhmaNoM ko dIna kahA hai / brAhmaNoM meM brAhmaNocita - guNoM ke lopa ho jAne para bhI ve brAhmaNa hI kahalAnA cAhate the, jisake kAraNa janma ke 9. dhammapada gAMthA saMkhyA 54, 56 10. dhammapada gAtha saMkhyA 396 11. dhammapada "brAhmaNa vagga" 12. suttanipAta, brAhmaNadhammika sutta 2.7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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78 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA AdhAra para jAti-vyavasthA kA udaya huaa| bhagavAna ne samAja meM vyApta ina burAiyoM ko mahasUsa kiyaa| unhoMne dekhA ki janma ko varNa kA AdhAra mAnane ke kAraNa sadguNoM kA lopa ho rahA hai| jo janma se brAhmaNa ho cukA hai, vaha karma se brAhmaNa banane kA prayAsa nahIM kara rahA hai| ataH dharmoM kI rakSA ke lie isa siddhAMta kA pratipAdana kiyA ki janma se na koI brAhmaNa aura na hI zUdra, balki karma se hI brAhmaNa aura karma se hI zUdra bana sakatA hai| 13 bhagavAna buddha kA yaha siddhAMta sAmAjika nyAya ko pratyakSa se protsAhana detA hai| jAti-vyavasthA kA khaNDana kara cAroM varNoM ko samAna batAte hue zrAvastI ke anAthapiNDika jetavana meM phAsakArI brAhmaNa ko upadezita karate hue bhagavAna ne kahA ki maiM na to ucca kulInatA ko acchA kahatA hU~ aura na burA, na maiM ucca varNa ko acchA kahatA hU~ aura na burA, na maiM bahuta dhana-dhAnya sampanna ko acchA kahatA hU~ aura na burA / U~ce kula, varNa sampatti vAlA vyakti bhI hiMsaka, cora, kAma- mithyAcArI, jhUThA, cugalakhora, bakavAdI, lobhI, dveSI, jhUThI dhAraNA vAlA Adi hotA hai| 14 tathAgata ne eka sthAna para svayaM apane bAre meM batAyA, jisakA varNana suttanipAta ke sundarika bhAradvAja sutta meM hai| jaba bhagavAna kosala janapada meM sundarI nadI (saI nadI kA prAcIna nAma) ke kinAre paribhramaNa kara rahe the, usI samaya sundarika bhAradvAja nAmaka brAhmaNa ne bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa jAkara pUchA - "Apa kisa jAti ke hai ?" 15 bhagavAna neM uttara dete hue kahA thA ki maiM na to brAhmaNa hU~, na rAjaputra hU~, na vaizya hU~ aura na koI aura hI hU~ | pRthak janoM ke gotra ko bhalI prakAra jAnakara maiM vicArapUrvaka akiMcana bhAva se loka meM vicaraNa karatA hU~ / cIvara pahana, beghara ho, sira muMDAkara, pUrNa rUpa se zAMta ho, yahA~ logoM se anAsakta ho vicaraNa karatA huuN| he brAhmaNa ! tU mujhase gotra kA prazna anucita pUcha rahA hai / " isI krama meM bhagavAna ne sundarika bhAradvAja ko jAti gotra se haTakara jIvana vyatIta karane tathA ahiMsAmaya yajJa karane kA upadeza diyA, jisake pazcAt sundarika bhAradvAja ne kahA - "Apa jaise jJAna pAraMgata ko pAkara merA yajJa pUrNa ho| Apa sAkSAt brahma haiM, bhagavan! merA bhojana svIkAra kreN|" isake uttara meM bhagavAna ne tatkAlIna brAhmaNoM ke rIti-rivAjoM kA khaNDana karate hue spaSTa kahA - dharmopadeza karane se prApta bhojana mere lie abhojya hai / buddha dharmopadeza se prApta bhojana ko tyAga dete haiM / " 13. suttanipAta, vasala sutta 1.4 14. majjhimanikAya 15. suttanipAta, vAseTTha sutta 3.9 16. suttanipAta, vAseTTha sutta 3.4 17. suttanipAta, vAseTTha sutta 3.4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya * 79 . tathAgata ne mathurA ke rAjA avantiputra ko upadezita karate hue kahA, cAroM varNa corI, hiMsAdi kukarma bhI kara sakate haiM aura sAtha hI naraka bhI bhoga sakate haiN| isa taraha cAroM varNa samAna ho jAte haiN| aura yadi zUdra bhI kalyANadharmA ho, zIla grahaNa kare to usakI zUdra saMjJA samApta ho jAtI hai tathA usakI saMjJA zramaNa ho jAtI hai| unhoMne cAroM voM ko isa dRSTi se samAna kahA hai, kyoMki koI bhI varNa uttama guNoM ko dhAraNa kara Upara uTha jAtA hai aura nimna guNoM ko dhAraNa karane para apane varNa se patita hokara nIce gira jAtA hai| zUdra brAhmaNa bana sakatA hai tathA brAhmaNa zUdra bana sakatA hai| buddha ne sabhI ko svAvalambI banane kA upadeza diyaa|18 tathAgata ne kahA hai ki koI bhI dharma mAnava kA saddharma tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba vaha burI AdatoM ke tyAga kI zikSA de| pAMca burI bAteM yathA-prANI hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra, jhUTha aura madya sevana kA vyakti ko tyAga kara denA caahie| tatkAlIna samAja meM zUdroM tathA aspRzya vargoM ko bahuta hI heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| parantu bhagavAna ne zUdra ke nimna-stara ko Upara uThAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| isake pramANasvarUpa vinayapiTaka ke saMghabhedaka-skaMdhaka meM upAli dvArA pravrajyA grahaNa kA udAharaNa hai| tathAgata ke anupiyA (malloM ko nigama) meM viharate samaya zAkya gaNarAjya ke sAta loga (bhaddiya, anuruddha, Ananda, bhRgu, kimbila, devadatta, upAli) pravrajyA ke lie phuNce| tathAgata dvArA pahale zAkyoM ke anurodha para upAli (zAkyoM ke nApita) ko pravrajyA dI gaI tAki unake mitra, jo pahale usase sevA karavAte rahe haiM, upAli kA (variSThatA ke kAraNa) abhivAdana, pratyupasthApana (sammAnArtha khar3A honA), hAtha jor3anA Adi karate raheM, jisase unake ucca kula ke hone kA abhimAna mardita ho|' upAli ne saMgha meM praveza kara zIghra hI dharma-vinaya ko sIkha liyA tathA kAlAMtara meM vinayagharoM kI zreNI meM prathama sthAna pAyA tathA prathama saMgIti ke samaya vinaya kA saMgAyana mukhya rUpa se 'upAli' dvArA hI kiyA gayA thaa| tatkAlIna saMgha ke aneka niyama tathAgata ne upAli ke anurodha para banAe the, yathA - corI-chipe vastra pahanane vAloM ko upasampadA nahIM denA aadi| saMdehayukta bhikkhu kI jAMca upAli dvArA hI hotI thii| - dUsarA udAharaNa suNIta nAmaka bhaMgI ko dI gaI dharmadIkSA se prApta hotA hai| suNIta rAjagRha kA nivAsI thA tathA paramparAgata nIca pezA (sar3akoM para pheMke gae kUr3e-kacare ko sApha karanA) ke dvArA jIvikopArjana karatA thaa|20 rAjagRha meM hI suNIta ko isa taraha kArya karate dekha kara tathAgata ne use saMgha meM pravrajita kiyA tathA kahA ki jisa prakAra rAste par3e kisI kUr3e-kacare ke Dhera para eka suMgadhita kamala uga sakatA hai, usI 18. dIghanikAya 3.11 19. vinaya piTaka, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 477 20. theragAthA, suNIta thero, 12vAM nipAta For Personal & Private Use Only

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80 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA prakAra isa aMdherI rAta meM, isa kUr3A kacarA bhare saMsAra meM buddha ziSya bhI prakAzita ho sakatA hai| tIsarA udAharaNa sopAka tathA suppiya achUtoM ko dI gaI dharma-dIkSA hai| zmazAna rakSaka ke putra suppiya tathA pAle gae putra sopAka ko tathAgata ne saMgha meM pravajyA dI tathA dharma aura vinaya kI zikSA dii| isI prakAra sumaMgala (kisAna), channa (kumhAra) Adi ko unakI nIca jAti kA khayAla kie binA saMgha meM praviSTa kara liyaa| sAtha hI suprabaddha nAmaka kuSTha rogI ko bhI dharma dIkSA dii| isI prakAra. tathAgata ne aMgulimAla nAmaka DAkU, rAjagRha ke eka AvArA vyakti tathA saiMkar3oM aparAdhI kisma ke vyaktiyoM ko bhI saMgha meM dIkSita kiyaa| tatkAlIna samAja kI eka amAnavIya prathA - dAsaprathA kA ullekha pAli piTaka sAhitya meM milatA hai, jisase spaSTa hotA hai ki ucca vargIya loga bar3I saMkhyA meM dAsa rakhanA pasaMda karate the tathA unake sAtha khAmiyoM dvArA ati krUra vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAna buddha ne dIgha nikAya ke brahmajAla sutta tathA sAmaJaphalasutta meM zIla kA vizleSaNa karate hue kahA thA ki ve strI aura kumArI, dAsa aura dAsI grahaNa karane se virata rahate haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki tathAgata isa prathA ke khilApha the| bauddha graMthoM meM dAsatA se mukta hone ke katipaya upAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinameM pahalA upAya saMnyAsa grahaNa karanA hai| nArI ke prati tathAgata ke vicAra samAja kI AdhI janasaMkhyA arthAt nArI ko bhagavAna buddha ne kisa prakAra sAmAjika nyAya dilAne kA prayAsa kiyA, isakA vizleSaNa bhI Avazyaka hai| nArI ko puruSa ke samAna adhikAra dene ke viSaya meM samasta vizva ke saMnyAsI viruddha rahe haiN| jina dhArmika saMsthAoM meM vairAgya kI pramukhatA hai, vahA~ striyoM kI upasthiti se puruSa kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM vyavadhAna hone kI saMbhAvanA kI upekSA nahIM kI jAtI hai| nArI jAti kI pravrajyA ke adhikAra se vaMcita rahane kA eka pramukha kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki puruSa apanI durbalatAoM kA Aropa strI ke duzcaritra para karatA rahA hai| ataH saMnyAsI ko nArI se dUra rahakara lakSyasiddhi meM saphalatA dikhatI hai| vinayapiTaka ke ullekha ke AdhAra para logoM dvArA kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna buddha nArI jAti ko bhikkha dharma kI dIkSA dene ke viruddha the, kintu yaha pUrNataH satya nahIM hai| bhagavAna ne striyoM ke praveza kI anumati Ananda kI yAcanA para de dI, lekina 21. bhagavAna buddha aura unakA dharma, anuvAdaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, pR. 159-163 22. dIgha nikAya 1.1,1.2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana evaM sAmAjika nyAya * 81 bhikkhuNiyoM ke niyama meM bar3hotarI kara dI tathA bhikkhuNiyoM ko bhikkhuoM ke lagabhaga samAna adhikAra diyaa| ina bhikkhuNiyoM ke atirikta gRhastha dharma pAlana karane vAlI nAriyoM ke saMbaMdha meM pAli piTaka sAhitya meM kucha udAharaNa milate haiM, jisase spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma nAriyoM ko nyAya dilAne kA pakSadhara thaa| tathAgata ne batAyA hai ki eka puruSa (pati) ko strI (patnI) ke sAtha kisa prakAra kA vyavahAra karanA caahie| sigAlovAda sutta ne isakA vizleSaNa isa prakAra kiyA ki eka pati ko patnI kA satkAra (sammAna) karanA cAhie, usake prati Adara kA bhAva rakhanA cAhie arthAt kabhI bhI apamAna nahIM karanA cAhie, patnIvrata arthAt aticAra (para-strI gamana Adi) nahIM karanA cAhie use adhikAra arthAt aizvarya pradAna karanA cAhie tathA use alaMkAra pradAna karanA caahie| strI aise puruSa ko pyAra karatI hai tathA usake sabhI kArya acchI taraha karatI hai vaha usake tathA apane mAyake ke sabhI saMbaMdhiyoM kA Atithya karatI hai, vaha aticAriNI nahIM hotI hai arthAt pativratA hotI hai tathA apane tamAma kartavyoM ko bar3I dakSatA se pUrA karatI hai|3| tatkAlIna samAja prAyaH sone-cAMdI ke thor3e se Tukar3oM ke badale zarIra vikraya ke karma ko heya dRSTi se dekhatA thaa| ise nIca karma kI saMjJA dI gaI thii|24 arthAt vezyA karma ko samAja meM sammAna kA sthAna kadApi nahIM diyA gyaa| paraMtu tathAgata ne 'ambapAlI', jo eka gaNikA thI, kA bhojana bhikkhusaMgha ke sAtha svIkAra kiyaa|25 bAda meM usI ambapAlI ko bhagavAna ne bhikkhuNI saMgha meM zAmila hone kA Adeza diyA, jisane kAlAMtara meM nirvANa prApta kiyaa| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki tathAgata ne samAja meM heya dRSTi se dekhe jAne vAlI mahilAoM ke lie bhI saMgha kA dvAra khulA rkhaa| tathAgata ne bhikkhuoM evaM bhikkhuNiyoM ke lie vidhi-niyamoM meM bhale hI thor3A-bahuta aMtara kiyA, parantu dharma ko jAnane arthAt zikSA ke adhikAra meM kisI prakAra kI kaTautI nahIM kI, cAhe vaha bhikkhu ho, bhikkhuNI ho, zrAvaka ho yA zrAvikA ho| tathAgata ne vyavasthA kI thI ki mahIne meM do bAra saMgha uposatha kare, jisameM tatkAlIna samAja ke sAmAnya jana (cAhe vaha bauddha dharma kA pAlana karatA ho yA na karatA ho) zikSA grahaNa karate the| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki tathAgata ne samAja meM nAriyoM ko nyAya dilAne ke aneka prakAra ke kArya apratyakSa rUpa se kie tathA apane upadezoM meM aise aneka vidhAnoM ko batAyA jisase nAriyoM ko puruSoM ke barAbara samAja meM adhikAra mila skeN| saMgha ke 23. dIgha nikAya, mahAparinibbAna sutta 3.8 24. jAtaka, 3 pR. 59-60 25. dIgha nikAya 2.3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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82 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA praveza meM bhI tathAgata ne kisI prakAra kA bhedabhAva, yathA-jAti, varNa, dAsI, vezyA Adi nahIM rakhA tathA sabhI striyoM ko puruSoM ke samAna hI saMgha meM sammilita kara eka alaga saMgha kI vyavasthA kara dii| sAmAjika nyAya ke tRtIya AdhAra stambha baMdhutA kA vizleSaNa bauddha dharma ke pariprekSya meM karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, lekina isase saMbaMdhita bhagavAna buddha ke vacanoM meM se udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA bahuta hI kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA sthApita dharma baMdhutA kA paryAya hai| agara yahA~ bauddha dharma kI sabhI bAtoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe to eka alaga piTaka sAhitya bana jaaegaa| isI ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue eka-do bAtoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai, kyoMki pramANIkaraNa ke lie kucha bAtoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai| sarvaprathama tathAgata dvArA batAe gae mArga 'brahmavihAra' kA ullekha Avazyaka hai, jisameM cAra bAtoM yathA maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kA jikra kiyA gayA hai| tathAgata ne kahA ki brahmavihAra ke dvArA vyakti maitrI kI bhAvanA arthAt sAre saMsAra se mitratA, vaira rahita, droha-rahita hokara karatA hai tathA samasta prANiyoM ke prati dayA kI bhAvanA karatA hai| isake sAtha hI vaha muditA tathA upekSA kI bhAvanA kara viharatA hai| isa taraha spaSTa hai ki tathAgata ne sAmAjika nyAya arthAt svataMtratA, samatA tathA baMdhutva ke paripreSya meM apanA upadeza diyaa| sAmAjika nyAya tatkAlIna samAja kI AvazyakatA thI tathA Aja ke samAja kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| - darzanazAstra-vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlayatra, jodhapura (rAjasthAna) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke katipaya siddhAntoM kI navIna-vyAkhyA DaoN. dilIpa saksenA Not see, only words and meanings but firstly look the intention and the context of the speaker or writer." - koTezana-veda - DaoN. dilIpa 1 mahAtmA buddha ke pUre dharma aura darzana kA abhiprAya aura saMdarbha (intention or context) kucha zabdoM meM kahanA ho to kaha sakate haiM "du:kha-nivRtti, pratikAra evaM vyvhaarvaad|" 2 dIghanikAya ke anusAra buddha ke samaya 62 mithyAdRSTi evaM chaha dArzanika-mata pracalita the| 3 cUMki ina chahoM dArzanika matoM se bhI duHkha kI pUrNa nivRtti nahIM ho rahI thI ataH buddha kI sAndarbhika bAdhyatA svataH hI banI ki ina chahoM kA pratikAra kiyA jaaye| 4 ye cha: mata avadhAraNAtmaka (Conceptual) krama meM vAda-prativAda evaM saMvAda ke __ rUpa meM nimna krama meM rakhe jA sakate haiM :pratipAdita siddhAnta bauddha siddhAnta ke rUpa meM pratikAra vAda ucchedavAda-ajita kezakambalI mAdhyamika/kSaNikavAda 2 prativAda zAzvatavAda, akRtavAda-prakrudhakAtyAyana anityavAda 3 saMvAda saMzayavAda - saMjaya belaTThiputta pratItyasamutpAdavAda/ nizcitavAda 4 vAda / niyativAda yA daivavAda - makkhali gosAla anIzvaravAda, adevavAda For Personal & Private Use Only

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84 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 5 6 6 7 5 isa prakAra bauddha darzana ke aneka siddhAnta pratikAra ke rUpa meM Aye haiN| buddha ko lagA yadi chaha mata pUrNataH dukha nivRtti nahIM kara sakate, to ho sakatA hai inakA pratikAra duHkha - nivRtti kA hetu bne| isalie yaha prayoga unake lie Avazyaka ho 8 prativAda | akriyAvAda - pUrNakazyapa saMvAda 9 cAturyAma - saMvaravAda / anekAntavAda, sApekSavAda - mahAvIra svAmI - nigaMThanAthaputta * arthakriyAkAritva. anAtmavAda, aikAntikavAda nirapekSavAda gayA thA / dharma kA AdhAra evaM siddhAnta 'darzana' hotA hai jabaki darzana kA AdhAra evaM vyavahAra 'dharma' hotA hai| darzana ke binA dharma khokhalA hai| darzana kA AdhAra usakI 'tattvamImAMsA' (Metaphysics) hotI hai aura tattvamImAMsA kA AdhAra sattA (Reality) kA lakSaNa hotA hai| jaina darzana meM sattA kA lakSaNa utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvya hai| advaita vedAnta meM trikAlAbAdhitatA hai / bauddha darzana meM sat kA lakSaNa hai 'arthakriyAkAritva' jisakA tAtparya hai kArya utpanna karane kI zakti / arthakriyAkAritva kI tArkika pariNati pratItyasamutpAdavAda, kSaNikavAda, svalakSaNatA, adravyavAda, madhyamavAda, anAtmavAda, aparamAtmavAda Adi haiN| kArya utpanna karane kI zakti kA artha 'sAmarthya' (Potentiality) hai, ataH utpatti ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI, bIja hai to paudhA utpanna ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI, utpanna ho hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hotA, ataH arthakriyAkAritva 'parivartanazIlatA' to phalita kara sakatA hai, lekina 'nirantara parivartanazIlatA' yA 'kSaNikavAda' nahIM, donoM meM mahattvapUrNa antara hai| 10 kSaNikatA bhI nirapekSa nahIM sApekSika hotI hai| pUrA jIvana bhI kSaNika kahA jAtA hai / (adhika vivaraNa ke lie Age dekheM unmeSa 'sa') 11 pratItyasamutpAdavAda asatkAryavAda nahIM hai| kArya kA sadaiva (a) eka hI kAraNa ho| (ba) nizcita hI kAraNa ho / yaha donoM hI Avazyaka nahIM haiN| bhinna saMdarbha meM (a) aneka kAraNa (ba) anizcita kAraNa bhI ho sakate haiN| krodha Ane kA sadaiva eka va nizcita kAraNa hI nahIM hotA hai / aneka, bhinna-bhinna va anizcita kAraNa bhI hote haiM / (draSTavya Age unmeSa 'a') 12 'anAtmavAda' duHkha ke pramukha kAraNa, Asakti ke pratikAra hetu 'mana' kI anityatA kA niSpAdana hai, na ki AtmA kI anityatA kA, anyathA AtmA kI bhI For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke katipaya siddhAntoM kI navIna vyAkhyA 85 anityatA meM nirvANa bhI svataH hI anitya aura nirarthaka ho jAtA hai / (draSTavya, Age unmeSa 'ba') 13 'svalakSaNatA' (unique-particularity) ke sAtha-sAtha 'vyAvahArika - sAmAnya ' (Universality) ko svIkAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, kevala svalakSaNatA se vyavahAra nahIM calatA / 14 'duHkha' hai lekina 'sarvaM duHkham ' kaise ? sukha bhI to hai / yadi sukha asthAyI hai to duHkha bhI asthAyI hai| tadanurUpa duHkha kA abhAva hai, ataH 'sarvaM sukham ' bhI hai| Taigora kahate hI haiM, 'sarvam aanndm'| 15 madhyama mArga nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / ghRNA ke prati madhyama mArga, 'pUrNa- ghRNA' aura 'aghRNA' ke madhya 'kucha-kucha ghRNA' karanA ho sakatA hai kyA ? azubha se to aikAntika / pUrNa rUpa se ghRNA karanI hI hogI 'mAdhyamika - ghRNA' nahIM / 16 'vipazyanA' kevala nirantara parivartanazIlatA, zvAsa-prazvAsa va 'nAma-rUpa' ko hI dekhanA nahIM, varan inake bhI AdhAra 'nitya - cetana' ko bhI dekhanA hai| 17 bauddha 'vedoM' kI niMdA cArvAka kI bhAMti nahIM karate haiM, varan bauddha darzana meM to cArvAka evaM AjIvakoM kI vedoM se bhI jyAdA niMdA aura pratikAra hai| vedoM kA pratikAra mukhyata: unake hiMsAvAda rUpa vikRti ke kAraNa hai| use aprAmANika kahanA, saMdarbha kI mAMga thI / yaha sAmayika prasaMga mAtra hai| bauddha-dharma meM IzvaravAda bhI tadanurUpa pUrNataH phalita hotA hai / merA mAnanA hai ki vastuta: anIzvaravAdI - dharma to asambhava hI hai / buddha, bodhisattva, bhagavAna ke rUpa 'meM bhagavAna ke sabhI guNoM ke sAtha upAsya haiN| Izvara kI svIkRti mAnava kI manovaijJAnika aura vyAvahArika AvazyakatA hai| manuSya ko bhAgyavAdI, akarmaNya, azramavAda se ' zramaNa' banAne kA prayAsa hai| ke 18. isa prakAra kramazaH vizleSaNa karane para siddha hotA calA jAtA hai ki buddha pramukha siddhAntoM kA AdhAra Pragamatic yA vyAvahArika hai 'tAttvika' nahIM hai| tAttvika praznoM ko to ve svayaM avyAkRta (avaktavya ) kahakara isa vAda-vivAda ko nirarthaka mAna lete haiM aura isa saMdarbha meM unakA 'mauna' hI batAtA hai ki tAttvika aura saiddhAntika praznoM meM ulajhane ke sthAna para mauna zreSTha hai, inase ulajhanA nirarthaka hai, kyoMki inakA nizcita nirdhAraNa inake catuSkoTi - vilakSaNa hone ke kAraNa kama se kama bhASA meM to saMbhava nahIM hai / ataH isa vivAda ke sthAna para mAnava mAtra kI pramukha vyAvahArika samasyA 'duHkha - samudaya' kI nivRtti kA hI prayAsa honA cAhie aura unake sabhI pramukha siddhAntoM kI sthApanA ko isI saMdarbha meM dekhA jAnA cAhie aura usase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki yadi kisI For Personal & Private Use Only

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* 86 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA viziSTa saMdarbha aura pariprekSya meM ve sthApita hue haiM to badale hue saMdarbha va pariprekSya meM navIna vyAkhyAe~, parIkSaNa svayaM unako bhI svIkAra hogI aura hameM bhI svIkAra honI caahiye| 'lakIra ke phakIra' bane rahanA buddhatva kA lakSaNa nahIM hai| jo saMdarbha badalane para bhI nahIM badale vaha to soyA huA sA hai aura jo saMdarbha badalane para tadanurUpa badala bhI jAye, navInatA le Aye (avasaravAdI nahIM) vahI vastutaH 'jAgA huA' yA buddha, Awakend, Enlightend hai| - koTezana-veda, DaoN. dilIpa unmeSa 'a' bauddhoM kA pratItyasamutpAdavAda, asatkAryavAda nahIM hai dArzanika dRSTi se kAraNa va kArya ke madhya kyA sambandha hai ? yaha siddhAnta kAraNatAvAda kahalAtA hai| pratyeka darzana kA kAraNatAvAda hotA hai| bauddha darzana kA kAraNatAvAda, pratItyasamutpAdavAda' kahalAtA hai| yadi 'a' hai to 'ba' hai arthAt kArya, kA kAraNa se hI honA evaM 'vahI' kArya honA hI nizcita hai| isakA eka artha huA ki vaha kArya pahale se hI kAraNa meM avyakta rUpa se vidyamAna hai| yadi aisA hai to bauddha darzana kA kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta 'pratItyasamutpAdavAda', 'satkAryavAda' ke adhika samIpa A jAtA hai| kyoMki kArya ke kAraNa meM utpatti se pUrva bhI avyakta rUpa meM vidyamAna rahane para hI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vahI nizcita kArya' utpanna hogaa| yadyapi satkAryavAda meM yaha utpatti Avazyaka nahIM hai arthAt satyakAryavAda utpatti se pUrva kArya kI avyakta avasthA ko to svIkAra karatA hai, lekina usakI abhivyakti yA usakA vyakta honA aparihArya nahIM mAnatA, jabaki pratItyasamutpAdavAda kAraNa hone para kArya kI utpatti ko anivArya yA aparihArya bhI mAnatA hai, isalie yahA~ avyakta kA vyakta honA bhI Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se pratItyasamutpAdavAda, satkAryavAda kA vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai| dUsarI ora asatkAryavAda to kArya ko utpatti se pUrva, apane kAraNa meM kisI bhI rUpa meM sat nahIM mAnatA aura utpanna kArya ko eka nayA 'Arambha' (ArambhavAda) mAnatA hai| isalie asatkAryavAda ke saMdarbha meM yadi kAraNa hai to kArya utpana hogA hI, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dUsarI ora satkAryavAda meM bhI kAraNa ke hone para kArya kI nizcita utpatti anivArya nahIM hai, jabaki pratItyasamutpAda meM yaha anivArya hai| isalie pratItyasamutpAda spaSTataH na to satkAryavAda hai aura na astkaaryvaad| yadyapi tulanAtmaka rUpa se dekhA jAye to pratItyasamutpAda, asatkAryavAda kI tulanA meM satkAryavAda ke adhika samIpa kahA jA sakatA hai, vastutaH to yaha donoM se hI vilakSaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke katipaya siddhAntoM kI navIna vyAkhyA * 87 siddhAnta hai| isakA antarbhAva samucita rUpa se inameM se kisI meM bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai evaM na hI aisA karanA Avazyaka hai| ata: yahA~ para usa mAnyatA ko jo prAyaH paramparA se svIkRta kI jAtI rahI hai ki pratItyasamutpAda, asatkAryavAda kA hI eka rUpa yA usake adhika samIpa hai, ke sthAna para eka navIna vyAkhyA kA prayAsa hai ki yA to ise satkAryavAda ke samIpa mAnA jAye yA 'samyak' yaha hai ki ise eka svatantra, vilakSaNa kAraNatAvAda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| isa samajha se bauddha darzana kI kaI asaMgatiyoM kA samAdhAna bhI sambhava ho sakatA hai| unmeSa 'ba' AtmavAdI bauddha-darzana 'AtmavAda' ke vivecana ke sandarbha meM nimna kucha AyAmoM para dRSTipAta Avazyaka hai :1 jisa prakAra jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA (Metaphysics) meM anekAMtavAda' evaM jJAnamImAMsA (Epistemology) meM syAdvAda' AdhArazilA haiM, usI prakAra bauddha darzana meM yaha sthAna pratItyasamutpAdavAda rakhatA hai| jaba taka ise na samajhA jAe, bauddha darzana ko samajhanA muzkila hai| isIlie svayaM buddha ne ise 'dhamma' kahA hai| kyoMki 'sarvaM dukhaM' isakA buddha ne anubhava kiyA evaM pratItyasamutpAda ke AdhAra para unhoMne cAra Arya-satyoM kA vikAsa kiyaa| pratItyasamutpAdavAda kyA hai? - bAhaya tathA AMtarika jitanI bhI ghaTanAeM hotI haiM. .sabhI kA kucha-na-kucha kAraNa avazya rahatA hai| kisI kAraNa ke binA kisI bhI kArya yA ghaTanA kA AvirbhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai| yaha niyama kisI cetana zakti dvArA paricAlita nahIM hotA hai, varan yaha svayaM-calita (svAyatta Autonomous) hotA hai| aisA hone para aisA hotA hai| If X then Y, If Y then z, If not x then not y, if not Y then not z isalie x ke na hone para Y kabhI bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH kArya kA kAraNa (1) eka hI hai aura (2) vaha nizcita bhI hai| yaha (1) + (2) pratItyasamutpAdavAda hai| 3 yaha nimnalikhita do ekAMgI matoM ke madhya kA mArga hai - zAzvatavAda - sat nitya hai jisakA na Adi hai, na aMta hai| ataH jo hai usakA sarvathA nAza asambhava hai| ucchedavAda - naSTa hone para sabhI vastuoM kA antataH sarvathA nAza ho jAtA hai| 6 cAra Arya satya - duHkha hai, dukha kA kAraNa hai, unakA nidAna hai evaM usake upAya kA nizcita mArga hai| isake nidAnasvarUpa avidyA se jarA-maraNa taka For Personal & Private Use Only

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. . 88 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA dvAdaza-nidAna isI pratItyasamutpAda ke AdhAra para vikasita kie gae haiN| bauddha darzana meM aMtima lakSya nirvANa hai| nirvANa kA zAbdika artha bujha jAnA hai| . bauddha darzana meM AtmA vicAroM kA pravAha mAtra hai arthAt dharma-dharmI rUpa yA eka, nitya, zAzvata, sthira dravyarUpI Azraya kA AtmA ke rUpa meM niSedha hai, isa mata ko 'anAtmavAda' kahA gayA hai, parantu cintana karane para bauddha darzana meM 'AtmavAda' bhI hai, yaha nimnAMkita tathyoM se siddha hotA hai :1 nirvANa kA svarUpa kyA hai ? kyA vaha sarvathA vinAza kI sthiti hai yA mokSa kI taraha kI koI zAzvata avasthA hai ? bauddha mata meM sautrAntika sampradAya kA eka choTA bhAga hI ise sarvathA vinAza kI sthiti mAnatA hai, anya koI bhI bauddha sampradAya spaSTataH aisA nahIM mAnate haiN| 2 yadi nirvANa sarvathA nAza nahIM hai to phira mokSa evaM nirvANa meM koI aMtara nhiiN| ataH jaba mokSa, jisameM AtmA apane svarUpa meM avasthita ho jAtI hai, evaM nirvANa meM bhI sabhI tRSNAoM ke bujhane para vyakti svayaM meM avasthita ho jAtA hai to phira mokSa kI avadhAraNA vAle darzanoM ko kaise AtmavAdI kaha sakate haiM? ataH yA to zaMkara bhI anAtmavAdI haiM yA buddha bhI AtmavAdI hai| parivartanazIlatA, kSaNikavAditA evaM anAtmavAditA kA upadeza dene kA prayojana va sandarbha bauddha darzana meM vastutaH (yadyapi duHkha-nirodha mArga meM nirvANa prApti ke lie aSTAMgika mArga dete haiM) dvAdazanidAna kI kisI bhI kar3I para AkramaNa karanA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra avidyA yA mithyAjJAna duHkha hai evaM yaha avidyA heya viSayoM ko sthAyI evaM sukhada samajhanA hai| ataH inameM Asakti, tRSNA, moha Adi ke bujhane yA samApta hone tathA jJAna, prajJA evaM zAMti ko upalabdha hone (jisake liye ve nirvANa zabda prayukta karate haiM) ke lie ve kSaNikavAda parivartanazIlatA evaM anAtmavAditA Adi kA upadeza dete haiM, kyoMki yadi aisA nahIM karate to viSayoM meM Asakti evaM moha paidA hotA hai| ataH anAtmavAditA kA upadeza kevala moha, rAga, Asakti Adi bhaMga karane ke lie arthAt avidyA dUra karane kA eka saiddhAntika mArga hai evaM isakA kriyAtmaka mArga aSTAMgika-mArga' hai| __ mujhe lagatA hai ki buddha, aMhakAra yA mana ko AtmA ke rUpa meM jaba dekhate haiM to ise nirantara parivartanazIla, tadanurUpa kSaNika pAte haiN| unakA anAtmavAda isI saMdarbha meM dekhA jAnA caahiye| jahAM ki maiM-pana yA aMhakAra ko hI parivartanazIla AtmA ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| 5 vyavahAra meM hama dekhate haiM ki parivartana ke lie eka sthira AdhAra Avazyaka hai| ataH jo darzana jitanI tejI evaM bala se parivartanazIlatA ko sthApita karatA hai, For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika pariprekSya meM bauddha dharma-darzana ke katipaya siddhAntoM kI navIna vyAkhyA * 89 vaha utanI hI tejI evaM bala se eka sthira AdhAra yA Azraya rUpI AtmA ko bhI siddha karatA hai| 6 artha kriyAkArI hone kA artha kevala parivartana honA hai, niraMtara parivartanazIlatA nhiiN| niSkarSa :- bauddha darzana vastutaH anAtmavAdI nahIM, varan AtmavAdI hai| avidyA Asakti dUra karane ke uddezya se ise vastutaH kSaNikavAda yA nirantara parivartanazIlatA yA anAtmavAditA kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| unmeSa - 'sa' bauddhadarzana meM kSaNikatA, nirapekSa nahIM, sApekSika hai ___bauddha darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA ke anusAra sattA kA lakSaNa 'arthakriyAkAritva' hai| tadanurUpa sattA svalakSaNasvarUpa (Unique-Particular) parivartanazIla yA kSaNika mAnI gaI hai| kSaNikatA parivartanazIlatA to hai, lekina yaha kSaNikatA bhI 'nirapekSa' (Absolute) nahIM kahIM jA sakatI hai| merI dRSTi meM kSaNikatA ko sApekSika avadhAraNA svIkAra karanA hI adhika saMgata lagatA hai| kSaNa kI sApekSikatA kA artha hai ki kisI saMdarbha meM kSaNa nyUnatama ke rUpa meM ho sakatA hai, kisI meM choTI yA madhyama avadhi ke rUpa meM, kisI meM laMbI avadhi ke rUpa meM bhI ho sakatA hai| sampUrNa jIvana ko bhI 'kSaNika' kahA jAtA hai yahAM eka bar3I avadhi 'kSaNa' ke rUpa meM lI gaI hai| preyasI ke intajAra meM eka lambI avadhi bhI 'kSaNa' lagatI hai yA eka kSaNa bhI barasa ke samAna lagatA hai, jabaki prAyaH patnI kA eka kSaNa kA intajAra bhI kAphI lambA va ubAU lagatA hai, ye saba kSaNa kI sApekSikatA ke kucha udAharaNa haiN| kSaNa ko nirapekSa mAnane kA artha kevala nirantara parivartanazIla mAnanA hai, jo ki samyak nahIM hai| vastutaH jitane samaya taka nahIM badale vaha avadhi hI kSaNa kahI jA sakatI hai| ataH kSaNa nirapekSa na hokara 'saMdarbha-sApekSa' hai| vastutaH kSaNa 'nirantara-parivartanazIlatA' nahIM varan 'aMtataH parivartanazIlatA' hai| kSaNa, parivartanazIlatA to hai, lekina yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki vaha nirantara parivartanazIla ho| kSaNa kI yaha parivartanazIlatA isIlie sApekSika hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| kSaNikatA kI isa sApekSika navIna avadhAraNA evaM vyAkhyA kI svIkRti bauddha-darzana kI kaI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI svataH kara detI hai| - prAdhyApaka, darzana-zAstra vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura (rAja.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya / DaoN. nIhArikA lAbha vaidikakAlIna nArI bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa-krama ko yadi dekhA jAe to Rgvaidika kAla meM nArI kI puruSoM ke samakakSa sthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| nArI-svAtantrya, nArI zikSA, yajJayAgAdi meM nArI kI sahabhAgitA Adi ke aneka dRSTAnta upalabdha hote haiN| Rgvaidika samAja pitRsattAtmaka thA, jisake kAraNa parivAra meM pitA kA sthAna sarvocca thaa| sAmAnyatayA nArI parivAra meM apane mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, pati-putra Adi ke sAtha rahatI thI tathA parivAra-pramukha kI AjJA evaM usake anuzAsana kA pAlana karatI thii| astu, nArI kI isa parAzrayatA ke bAvajUda use kaI prakAra ke svAtantrya bhI prApta the| pArivArika jIvana meM vaha mAtA ke rUpa meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAtI thii| Rgveda meM "jAyedastaM maghavantsedu yonistaditavA yuktA harayo vahantu", kahakara patnI ke gahiNI-pada kA sundara vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mAtA ke rUpa meM use parivAra meM sarvocca sthAna prApta thaa| ghara kI vyavasthA, baccoM kA lAlana-pAlana Adi mAtA ke hI uttaradAyitva the| apanI goda meM baccoM ko lekara baiThI mAtA kA citraNa bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai - 'A putrAso na mAtaraM vimRtAH sAnau devAso barhiSaH sdntu|2 gRhiNI ke rUpa meM bhUmikA nirvAha karatI huI vaha prAtaHkAla atyanta savere uThatI thI tathA sabhI ko jagAtI bhI thii| nityakriyA se nivRtta hokara tathA snAna kara vaha apane pati ke sAtha gArhapatyAgni meM AhutiyA~ detI thii| yahI kArya vaha madhyAhna evaM sAyaMkAla bhI pati ke sAtha milakara karatI thii| pavitra gArhapatyAgni ko prajvalita kara rakhanA gRhiNI kA punIta kartavya mAnA jAtA thaa| vibhinna gRhakAryoM meM dakSa honA usakI 1. Rgveda - 3/53/4 2. tatraiva - 7/43/3 3. tatraiva - 1/2/28; 5/43/15;; 8/1/29; 8/13/13 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya - 91 viziSTatA mAnI jAtI thii| yadA-kadA vaha anya striyoM ke sAtha bAhara bhramaNArtha bhI jAtI thI evaM nikaTastha parvata-udyAna Adi se puSpAdi tor3akara lAtI thii|' ... Rgveda meM kitane hI aise sthala haiM jahA~ nArI ke gRhiNI evaM mAtRpada kI bhUmikA ke sAtha-sAtha use pati kI anucarI nahIM, apitu sahacarI ke rUpa meM bhI darzAyA gayA hai| gRhapati koI bhI dhArmika kArya patnI ke sAhacarya ke binA nahIM kara sakatA thaa| Rgveda ke vaivAhika mantroM meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vara-vadhU kA pANi-grahaNa 'saubhagatva' arthAt sukha-samRddhi-Anandayukta jIvana kA upabhoga karane ke lie tathA 'gArhapatya' arthAt gRhastha-Azrama ke sabhI kartavyoM kA nirvAha sAtha-sAtha karane hetu karatA hai| vahA~ yaha AkAMkSA pradarzita kI gaI hai ki donoM kA sAhacarya AjIvana banA rhe| . sAmAnyatayA Rgvaidika kAla meM yuvA-vivAha kI prathA pracalita thI, ataH vidhavA-vivAha kA prazna bahuta mahattvapUrNa nahIM thA, tathApi Rgveda meM vidhavA-vivAha kI prathA ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| eka sthAna para vidhavA strI se kahA gayA hai - "he nArI, mRta pati ko chor3akara isa jIvita saMsAra meM aao| tumase punarvivAha kA icchuka jo tumhArA dUsarA bhAvI pati hai, usake patnItva ko prApta hoo|"6 . __Rgveda ke kaI sUkta niHsantAna strI dvArA kisI anya puruSa ke sAtha samparka kara santAnotpatti karane arthAt niyoga karane kI prathA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| niyoga dvArA utpanna putra kSetraja putra' kahalAtA thA, jisakI gaNanA 12 prakAra ke putroM meM hotI thii| yaha prathA uttaravaidikakAlIna tathA mahAkAvyakAlIna saMskRtiyoM meM bhI calatI rahI, jaisA ki mahAbhArata se dhRtarASTra, pANDu, vidura tathA paMca pANDavoM ke janma ke sandarbha meM jJAta hotA hai| astu dhIre-dhIre yaha prathA alokapriya hotI gaI tathA antataH pUrNarUpeNa lupta ho gii| ___ RgvedakAlIna samAja meM strI-zikSA kI vyavasthA avazya rahI hogI jaisA ki vizvavArA, AtreyI, apAlA, ghoSA kAkSIvatI, vAgambhRNI, rAtri bhAradvAjI, zraddhA kAmAyanI, zacI paulomI, lopAmudrA Adi Rgvaidika yugIna mantradraSTrI viduSiyoM ke dRSTAntoM se jJAta hotA hai| RSi-patniyA~ apane patiyoM ke samAna viduSI huA karatI thiiN| sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI RgvedakAlIna strI ko puruSoM ke samAna hI avasara evaM adhikAra prApta the| ve RSipada ko bhI prApta kara sakatI thiiN| isa prakAra samAja meM unheM vandanIya mAnA jAtA thaa| vizvavArA tathA apAlA ne kaI RcAoM kI racanA kI thii| 4. tatraiva - 10/56/2 5. tatraiva - 10/85/36 6. tatraiva.- 10/18/8 7. tatraiva - 10/18/7-8; 10/40/2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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* 92 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA yadA-kadA kaI striyoM ke apane pati ke sAtha yuddha bhUmi meM jAne ke varNana bhI Rgveda meM milate haiN| uttaravaidika kAla meM sAmaveda, yajurveda tathA atharvaveda ke atirikta saMhitA, brAhmaNa AraNyaka, upaniSad prabhRti vipula sAhitya kI racanA huii| isa prakAra isa kAla kI sImA atyanta vistRta hai / samAja vibhinna kSetroM meM vikAsa kI zrRMkhalAe~ pAra karatA huA Age bar3hatA gyaa| nArI kI sthiti meM bhI uttara vaidikakAla meM aneka prakAra ke parivartana dekhane ko mile| strI ko sAmAjika stara para mile adhikAra dhIre-dhIre kama hote ge| use yajJa adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA jAne lagA / yajJopavIta se bhI vaMcita kie jAne se vaha. zUdra-tulya samajhI jAne lgii| nArI para satItva kA dAyitva DAlane tathA puruSa ko punarvivAha kA adhikAra mila jAne se nArI kI sthiti aura bhI hIna ho gaI / vastutaH isake pIche puruSa kA ahaM bhAva sakriya thA / vaha nArI ko apanI sampatti samajhane lagA, jisase isa bhrAnta dhAraNA ko prazraya milA ki puruSa ke caritrahIna hone para mAtra vahI badanAma hotA hai, kintu strI ke satItva se cyuta hone para usakA pati tathA pitA donoM hI kalaMkita hote haiN| isa adhikAracyuti ke kAraNa nArI kA veda adhyayanakrama avaruddha ho gayA aura adhyayanAbhAva ke kAraNa usakA bAla-vivAha bhI Arambha ho gayA / bahu vivAha evaM satI-prathA kA pracalana dhIre-dhIre Arambha ho gayA / kanyA kA janma duHkha kA kAraNa samajhA jAne lgaa| bahupatnI - vivAha kI prathA bhI pracalana meM A gaI thI / buddhakAlIna nArI - buddhakAla taka Ate-Ate bhAratavarSa meM RgvedakAlIna sAmAjika saralatA bahuta pIche chUTa cukI thii| sAmAjika saMracanA meM durUhatA A gaI thI / nagaroM ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha nArI kA eka navIna rUpa sAmane A rahA thA aura vaha thA - gaNikA yA vezyA kA / prAgbuddhakAlIna bhAratIya nArI kI kathA RRgvedakAlIna samAja se Arambha hotI hai| Arambhika kAla meM sAmAjika stara para puruSoM ke samAna adhikAra kI prApti karane vAlI nArI buddhakAla taka Ate-Ate ghara kI cAradIvAroM meM simaTakara zizu utpAdana kI mazIna bana kara raha gaI / - buddha dvArA 'nArI - kalyANa' ke prati apanAe gae dRSTikoNa evaM kie gae kAryoM ke Akalana ke lie isa prakAra se eka aitihAsika sarvekSaNa Avazyaka hai, jisase yaha spaSTa ho sake ki prAgbuddhakAlIna bhArata meM nArI kI kyA sthiti thI, buddhakAla taka 8. ena. ena. ghoSa - arlI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, da iNDiyana presa prA. li., ilAhAbAda 1960, pR. 38 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya * 93 Ate-Ate usameM kyA parivartana hue aura buddha ne unake kalyANa hetu kyA-kyA kArya kie? upuryakta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki nArI-svAtantrya meM buddhakAla meM nyUnatA A gaI thii| yadyapi parivAra ke andara use pratiSThA prApta thI, tathApi usase svatantra nirNaya lene ke adhikAra lagabhaga chIna lie gae the| aguttaranikAya meM ullekha milatA hai ki puruSa nArI kA AcchAdana hai, Azraya hai aura vahI usakA alaMkaraNa bhI hai| eka jAtaka meM isI taraha ke zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki nArI ke zarIra kA vAstavika AcchAdana to usakA pati hI hai, jisake abhAva meM vastra-alaMkaraNa dhAraNa karane se bhI use nirvastra hI samajhanA cAhie - "itthiyA hi sAmiko acchAdanaM nAma, sAmikamhi asati sahassamUlaM pi sATakaM nivatthA iNaggA eva naam| santAnotpatti ko atyadhika mahattva die jAne se bahupatnIvAda ko samAja meM mAnyatA milii| majjhimanikAya meM raTThapAla kI aneka patniyoM ke hone kA prasaMga AtA hai|1 aguttaranikAya meM cAra sundara patniyoM vAle eka sukhI-sampanna gRhastha kA dRSTAnta upalabdha hotA hai|" eka jAtaka meM aise brAhmaNa kI kathA milatI hai jisane apanI cAra putriyoM kA vivAha eka hI guNavAn puruSa se kara diyaa| therIgAthA meM varNita isidAsI ke prasaMga se patA calatA hai ki usakA vivAha eka ucca vaizyakula meM huA thA, kintu pati ke dvArA parityakta kara die jAne para usake pitA ne usakA vivAha eka dUsare vaizyakula meM kara diyaa| kintu vahA~ bhI usake bhAgya meM parityaktA honA hI likhA thaa| ataH usake pitA ne usakI tIsarI zAdI bhI kara dI, kintu use vahA~ bhI pati-sukha nahIM milA aura antataH usane pitA kI AjJA se bhikSuNI-jIvana kA varaNa kara liyaa| isa kathA se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki buddhakAlIna samAja meM nArI kA sthAna gauNa ho calA thaa|12 phira bhI yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki samAja ke kitane pratizata loga ekAdhika vivAha karate the| - tripiTika se jJAta hotA hai ki vivAha-sambandha ke nirdhAraNa meM madhyasthatA tathA pArasparika vArtA kA Azraya liyA jAtA thA, jisakA upakrama vara ke abhibhAvaka dvArA hotA thaa| isa bAta ke bhI dRSTAnta milate haiM ki vara svayaM kanyA ko pasanda karatA thaa| 9. draSTavya-madanamohana siMha - buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma,bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA, 1972, pR. 40 10. majjhima nikAya(hindI anu.)-rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1964, pR. 336 11. epha.ela. buDavarDa tathA I.ema. heyara, da buka oNpha graijuela seiMgsa, I, pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI landana, pR. 120 12. therIgAthA, nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR. 455-59 For Personal & Private Use Only

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94 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sAtha hI isa bAta ke bhI saMketa milate haiM ki vivAhayogya kanyA ke ekAdhika praNayI hone para saphalatA usI ko prApta hotI hai jisake pakSa meM kanyA ke pitA kA nirNaya hotA thaa| jAtivyavasthA atyadhika rUr3ha ho jAne se vivAha-sambandha meM sajAtIyatA sabase pahalI zarta bana gaI thI, yadyapi antarjAtIya vivAha ke bhI udAharaNa yatra-tatra upalabdha hote haiN| ambaThTha sutta meM antarjAtIya vivAha ke prAvadhAnoM ke ullekha milate haiN| __samAja kA bahumata bAla-vivAha kA pakSadhara nahIM thaa| prApta-yauvana kanyA kA vivAha sarvamAnya thA, parantu vivAha-prathAoM meM prAyaH sadA hI ekarUpatA kA abhAva rahA hai| buddhakAlIna samAja meM bhI bemela vivAha hote the| vRddha vyaktiyoM ko bhI yuvatiyoM se vivAha karane kA lobha rahatA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki suttanipAta meM vRddha-vivAha kI AlocanA kI gaI hai| vessantara jAtaka se jJAta hotA hai ki pUjaka nAmaka eka vRddha brAhmaNa ne amittatApana nAmaka eka yuvatI se vivAha kiyA thA, jisakA upahAsa anya striyoM ne kiyA thaa| yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki aise vivAhoM kI saMkhyA adhika nahIM hotI hogI, kyoMki prAyaH dhanavAn vRddha hI kanyA ke mAtA-pitA kI nirdhanatA kA lAbha uThAkara apanA vivAha karane meM saphala hote the| buddhakAla meM vidhavA-vivAha kI mAnyatA ke sambandha meM paraspara virodhI udAharaNa milate haiM, jisakA kAraNa sambhavataH samAja ke vibhinna vargoM meM pracalita prathAoM kA vaividhya rahA hogaa| vidhavA-vivAha ko sAmAnyataH mAnyatA na milane ke kAraNa samAja meM navayuvatI vidhavAoM ke bhraSTAcAramaya jIvana meM saMlipta hone kI saMbhAvanAoM se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| buddhakAlIna samAja meM pati-patnI kA dAmpatya jIvana prAyaH Adarza, zAntimaya evaM AnandapUrNa thaa| parantu jAtaka tathA therIgAthA meM aneka aise prasaMga bhI haiM jo duHkhI dAmpatyajIvana kI ora saMketa karate haiN| unameM se adhikAMza prasaMgoM meM strI ke duSTa svabhAva evaM duzcaritratA ko uttaradAyI mAnA gayA hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM pati kI dhUrtatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| nArI-varga ko duzcaritra pradarzita karane ke pIche bauddhoM kI sambhavataH yaha mAnasikatA thI ki kisI prakAra bauddha bhikSuoM ko striyoM ke mAyApAza se dUra rakhA jaae| buddhakAla taka Ate-Ate vaidika grAmya-pariveza meM kAphI parivartana hue| rAjagRha, campA, vaizAlI, sAketa, zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, vArANasI, kapilavastu Adi 13. "atItayobbano poso, Aneti timbrtthniN| tassA issA na suppati, taM parAbhavato mukhaM / / " - suttanipAta, bhikSu dharmarakSita (saM. tathA anu.), motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 1977, pR. 28 14. jAtaka,VI, pR. 532-33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya * 95 pramukha nagaroM ke rUpa meM vikasita ho cuke the| ina samRddha nagaroM ke vilAsapriya nAgarikoM ko Amoda-pramoda kI ve samasta sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta thIM jo prAyaH grAmINa jIvana meM durlabha mAnI jAtI thiiN| unake vilAsamaya jIvana ke hI eka sazakta pakSa ke rUpa meM gaNikAoM ko pramukha sthAna milaa| nagaravAsI apane nagara kI gaNikAoM ke saundarya para garva kA anubhava karate the| gaNikAeM bhI tatkAlIna samAja kA eka pramukha aMga thiiN| vaizAlI kI AmrapAlI, rAjagRha kI sAlavatI ke atirikta sAmA, sulasA, kAlI Adi gaNikAoM ke nAma evaM unase samparka ke mUlya kI carcA anekadhA huI hai| ___Rgvaidika kAla se buddhakAla taka ke sAmAjika vikAsa evaM isa vikAsa krama meM nArI kI parivartita hotI sthiti para dRSTipAta karane se aneka tathya hamAre samakSa udghATita hote haiN| Rgvaidika kAla meM jo samAja vargoM yA varNoM para AdhArita thA, buddhakAla taka Ate-Ate usameM vaMza tathA jAti kI pradhAnatA ho gaI, balki yoM kaheM ki jAti hI vyakti kI prathama pahacAna bana gii| nArI ko puruSavarga ke samAna jo adhikAra Rgvaidika samAja meM prApta the, unameM nirantara hrAsa hotA gayA, nArI puruSavarga tathA usake dvArA zAsita parivAra va samAja ke lie dAyitvavAhinI banakara raha gaI, usakI sAmAjika svatantratA jAtI rahI tathA ghara ke bAhara usakI pRthak pahacAna bhI kho gii| yaha satya hai ki ghara ke andara use patnI tathA mAtA ke rUpa meM paryApta sammAna milatA rahA, tathApi usakA pRthak vyaktitva samAptaprAyaH ho gyaa| rAjazakti meM vRddhi, bar3e-bar3e rAjyoM ke vikAsa, vibhinna nagaroM ke abhyudaya, vyApAra-vRddhi ityAdi ke calate nArI kA eka varga deha-vyApAra ke karma meM bhI saMlagna ho gyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, dinAnudina samAja meM puruSoM ke adhikAra meM vRddhi aura nArI kI sthiti hrAsonmukha hotI gii| bar3e-bar3e zreSThiyoM evaM rAjAoM ke mahaloM meM rAjakumAroM, zreSThiyoM, unake parijanoM Adi ke manoraMjanArtha niyuktaM striyoM ke udAharaNa meM pAli-sAhitya meM anekadhA milate haiN| ina sabhI bAtoM se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki buddhakAla taka Ate-Ate nArI kI dazA bahuta santoSaprada nahIM raha gaI thii| bauddha dharma meM nArI kA abhyudaya - bhagavAn buddha samAja meM hara prakAra ke utpIr3ana, zoSaNa tathA vaimanasyapUrNa vyavahAra ke viruddha the| unhoMne jAti, liMga, Arthika stara Adi ke AdhAra para kie jAne vAle sAmAjika bhedabhAva kI bhartsanA kI tathA aise dalita-pIr3ita logoM evaM mahilAoM ko sammAnapUrNa sthAna dilAne kA yatna kiyaa| phira bhI niSpakSa rUpa se yadi dekhA jAe to buddha kI dRSTi bhI nArI-varga ke prati bahuta adhika udAra nahIM thii| yadyapi ve nArI-sammAna tathA svAtantrya ke pakSadhara the, aura isa uddezya kI pUrti hetu unhoMne 15. mahAvagga, pR. 19. For Personal & Private Use Only

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* 96 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA tatkAlIna samAja meM bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA dvArA eka krAMtikArI kadama bhI uThAyA, tathApi unakI hicakicAhaTa se kadAcit unake etadviSayaka, dRSTikoNa kA patA calatA __ bhagavAn buddha kI vimAtA mahAprajApatI gautamI unake kapilavastu-pravAsa ke samaya unake pAsa pravrajyA prApta karane ke uddezya se gaI, kintu buddha ne unake anurodha ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| gautamI isase nirAza nahIM huI aura apane prayAsa jArI rkhe| jaba zAstA vaizAlI ke kUTAgAra meM vihAra kara rahe the, taba prajApatI gautamI eka bAra phira unake pAsa gii| isa bAra usane apane bAloM ko muMDavA kara kASAya vastra dhAraNa kara liyA thA tathA kapilavastu se vaizAlI taka paidala yAtrA kii| usakA veza bhikSuNI jaisA thaa| sambhavataH isake mAdhyama se vaha nArI ke prati buddha kI zaMkA ko nirmUla siddha karanA cAhatI thI evaM yaha pramANita karanA cAhatI thI ki pUrvavat gRhastha-jIvana meM sukha-suvidhAoM kA upabhoga karane ke bAda bhI uccatara uddezya kI prApti ke lie nArI bhI kaThora jIvana kA varaNa evaM pAlana kara sakatI hai| bAda meM Ananda ke bArambAra Agraha karane para buddha mahAprajApatI gautamI tathA anya Agata striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza dene ko rAjI ho ge| buddha ne hicakicAhaTa ke sAtha evaM zaMkAlu mana se hI bhikSuNI saMgha ke nirmANa kI anumati dI thii| ATha zartoM (aTThagarudhammA) ko mahAprajApatI gautamI tathA anya striyoM ne svIkAra kiyA, tabhI jAkara unheM pRthak bhikSuNI saMgha banAne kI anumati dI gii| ye zarte thIM - 1. sau varSoM kI upasampanna bhikSuNI ko bhI usI dina (arthAt eka dina) ke bhI upasampanna bhikSuoM ke lie abhivAdana, pratyupasthAna (aMjali jor3anA) sAmIcikarma karanA caahie| yaha bhI dharma satkArapUrvaka gauravapUrvaka mAnakara, pUjakara AjIvana pAlana karanA caahie| 2. bhikSu kA upagamana (arthAt dharma zravaNArtha Agamana) karanA caahie| 3. pratiarddhamAsa bhikSuNI ko bhikSu-saMgha se uposatha-pRcchA evaM avavAda- upasaMkramaNa hetu paryeSaNA (prArthanA) karanI caahie| 4. varSAvAsa ke anantara bhikSuNiyoM ko donoM saMghoM (bhikSu-bhikSuNI) meM dRSTa, zruta evaM parizaMkita - tInoM sthAnoM se pravAraNA karanI caahie| 5. garudharma svIkAra karane vAlI bhikSuNI ko donoM saMghoM meM pakSamAnatA karanI caahie| 6. do varSa taka cha: dharmoM meM zikSita hokara bhikSuNI ko donoM saMghoM meM upasampadA kI prArthanA karanI caahie| 16. cullavagga, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI, 1998, pR. 415-16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM nArI kA abhyudaya * 97 7. kisI prakAra bhI bhikSuNI ko bhikSu ke prati Akroza paribhASaNa (gAlI, apazabda Adi) nahIM karanA caahie| 8. Aja se bhikSuNiyoM ke lie kucha kahane kA mArga banda huA, kintu bhikSuoM ke lie bhikSuNiyoM se kucha kahane kA mArga khulA hai| bhikSuNI saMgha ke lie ATha garudharmoM kI vyavasthA kI AvazyakatA ko siddha karane ke lie buddha ne cAra laukika kAraNa batAe - (ka) vaha parivAra coroM dvArA AsAnI se naSTa kara diyA jAtA hai, jisameM striyA~ . adhika hoM aura puruSa km| (kha) jaise pake hue dhAna ke kheta meM saphedA (setaTThikA) roga laga jAne se vaha kheta naSTa ho jAtA hai| (ga) jaise taiyAra ganne ke kheta meM maJjiTTikA roga (eka prakAra kA lAla roga) laga jAne se vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai| (gha) jaise manuSya pAnI kI rokathAma ke lie kheta ke mer3oM ko bA~dhatA hai, usI prakAra maiMne (buddha ne) aticAroM kI rokathAma ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ke lie ___. AjIvana anatikramaNIya aSTa garudharmoM ko pratiSThApita kiyA hai|" / - buddha ke dvArA prastuta ye cAroM udAharaNa vastutaH pratIkAtmaka the| bauddha saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza se bhikSuoM ke brahmacarya-skhalana hone kA bhaya to thA hii| ATha 'garudhamma' se sarasarI taura para to lagatA hI hai ki bhikSuNI saMgha ke nirmANa ke sambandha meM buddha ke mana meM hicakicAhaTa thI aura unhoMne Ananda se kahA bhI thA ki yadi striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA to bhikSu saMgha hajAra varSoM taka bhI akSuNNa rahatA, kintu aba yaha pA~ca sau varSoM taka hI jIvita rhegaa|18 ___ nArI-varga ke prati buddha dvArA kie gae vibhedapUrNa vyavahAra ke lie buddha para doSAropaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kintu Alocaka prAyaH Aja 21vIM zatAbdI kI dRSTi se nArI-puruSa vaiSamya kI bAta socate haiM aura buddhakAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kI tulanA Aja kI paristhitiyoM se karane lagate haiM, jo ucita nahIM hai| vastutaH buddhakAla meM nArI-saMsAra gRhajIvana kI dIvAroM meM hI simaTakara raha gayA thA aura usa dRSTi se buddha ne nArI-varga ko apane saMgha meM sammilita kara use abhivyakti tathA AtmotkarSa kA eka svarNima avasara pradAna kiyA jo tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa kadama thaa| bauddha saMgha meM striyoM ko pravezAdhikAra dilA kara Ananda ne nizcaya hI eka atyanta zlAghanIya kArya kiyaa| apane isa krAntikArI kArya ke lie Ananda sadaiva yAda 17. tatraiva, pR. 419-20 18. tatraiva, pR. 419 For Personal & Private Use Only

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. 98 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA kie ge| buddha ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt rAjagRha meM AhUta prathama saMgIti meM unheM apane isa krAMtikArI kArya hetu 'dukkara' ke daNDa kA doSI bhI mAnA gayA thaa| parantu isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki bhikSuNiyoM kI Ane vAlI pIr3hiyoM ne unheM hamezA Adara kI dRSTi se dekhaa| caturtha zatAbdI I. meM cInI yAtrI phAhyAna ne mathurA meM Ananda kI smRti meM nirmita eka stambha ke prati bhikSuNiyoM ko sammAna pradarzita karate hue dekhA thaa| unake isa kathana kI puSTi unake lagabhaga 300 varSoM bAda Ane vAlI yAtrI hvenatsAMga ne bhI kI hai|" nArI jAti ke lie bauddha saMgha meM praveza kI bhale hI kaThora zarte buddha ne kyoM na lAgU kI hoM, kintu isase zatAbdiyoM pUrva kho cuke unake sAmAjika adhikAra unheM phira se mila paae| ve svataMtra rUpa se jIvana jIne kI adhikAriNI mAnI jAne lgii| therIgAthA meM vibhinna bhikSuNiyoM dvArA saMghIya jIvana jIne ke bhAvodgAra dekhane ko milate haiN| AmrapAlI jaisI gaNikA kA uddhAra bhagavAn buddha kI nArI jAti ke prati mAnavIya saMvedanA kA sundara udAharaNa hai| ___"nArI jAti ke prati tathAgata kI karuNA evaM kalyANa bhAvanA ko 21vIM zatAbdI ke cazme se na dekhakara tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke pariprekSya meM yadi dekhA jAe to buddha sacamuca hI eka krAntikArI yuga-pravartaka mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| -bauddha darzana vibhAga jammU vizvavidyAlaya, jammU 19. tatraiva, pR. 458 20. esa.bIla - buddhisTa rikArDa oNpha da vesTarna varlDa,khaNDa - 1,pR. 22 21. tatraiva, khaNDa-2, pR. 213 | For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana ke adhyayana kI uccazikSA meM prAsaMgikatA DaoN. hemalatA boliyA vartamAna meM jIvikopArjana kI vidyA kA mahattva bar3hatA jA rahA hai, jisase manuSya paisA kamAne kI mazIna to banatA jA rahA hai, parantu dUsarI ora vaha saMvedanA zUnya hokara kevala Arthika pazu hotA jA rahA hai| vaha artha kamAne ke liye kisI bhI stara taka jA sakatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM bhAI-bhAI, pati-patnI, svAmI-sevaka, sAsa-bahU, guru-ziSya, zAsaka-zAsita, sahayogI-mitra sabhI sambandha AzaMkA ke ghere meM A gaye haiN| ina saba bhayAvaha paristhitiyoM meM jIvana tanAvagrasta ho gayA hai aura vyakti eka ajJAta bhaya, AtaMka aura AzaMkA meM jI rahA hai| . aisI sthiti meM tanAva kI samasyAoM se kaise nikalA jAe, ina paristhitiyoM meM kyA kiyA jAe Adi viSayoM kA prazikSaNa denA vizvavidyAlaya kA dAyitva banatA hai| skUla zikSA ke samaya vidyArthI nizcinta rahatA hai, kintu vizvavidyAlaya meM praveza ke sAtha hI vidyArthI ke jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke saMgharSa prArambha ho jAte haiN| pahale vaha vidyAlayIya anuzAsana meM jItA haiM, phira vizvavidyAlaya meM sabhI prakAra ke bAhya anuzAsana se prAyaH mukta ho jAtA hai aura sva-anuzAsana para adhika bala rahatA hai| isa sthiti meM use aise adhyayana yA zikSA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jo use samyak anuzAsana meM jInA sikhaae| ataH vizvavidyAlayoM meM Arya aSTAMgika mArga ke adhyApana kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki 'zIla' AcAra se sambaddha hai, jisakA abhiprAya acche karma karane se hai| zIla se citta kuzala karmoM kI ora Avarjita hotA hai, jisakI abhivyakti kAyika evaM vAcika saMyama meM pratiphalita hotI hai| ise brahmacarya kI saMjJA bhI dI jA sakatI hai| isameM samasta naitika AcaraNa kI niyama saMhitA anusyUta ho jAtI hai| trividha kAyaduzcaritoM (prANAtipAta, adinnAdAna, kAma mithyAcAra) kA samyak For Personal & Private Use Only

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100 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA vizodhana 'sammA kammanto' (samyaka karmAnta) hai| caturvidha vAgduzcaritoM (paizunya, pAruSya, mRSAvAda tathA sambhinnapralApa) kA vizodhana 'sammAvAcA' (samyak vAk) hai| isakA abhiprAya hai - vANI para niyntrnn| jIvikA ke azobhana sAdhanoM kA vizodhana hI 'sammA AjIvo' (samyaka ajIva) hai| durAjIva se tAtparya bheSa mukhAkRti, bhaviSyakathana, svapnakathana, zakunakathana, indrajAla pradarzana, zastravyApAra, pazuvyApAra, mAMsa, madya tathA viSa ke vyApAra Adi se hai| bhAvArtha yaha hai ki jisa savRtti ke Azraya se anavadya jIvana nirvAha kiyA jAtA hai vaha samyak ajIva hai| yadi samyak AjIva vizvavidyAlayIya zikSA kA aMga bane to aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna svataH hI ho jaayegaa| chAtra sadAcaraNa kI zikSA lekara samAja meM jAyeMge to svastha samAja kA svapna caritArtha hogaa| bhraSTAcAra, ghUsakhorI jo Aja deza ke koDha bana gaye haiM, unakI gati ke prasAra meM nyUnatA aayegii| citta kI ekAgratA samAdhi hai|' dhyeyavastu kA nirantara avicchinna rUpa se smaraNa (cintana) karanA smRti aura kuzala vicAroM kA anucintana 'sammAsati' (samyak smRti) hai| yahA~ 'prajJA' zabda eka vizeSa artha meM prayukta huA hai, jisake anusAra dharma ke svabhAva kA viziSTa jJAna 'prajJA' hai| 'dhammasabhAvaparivedhalakkhaNA pnyjaa'| mohAndhakAra kA nAza karanA usakA kArya hai| cAra Arya satyoM kA samyak bodha hI 'samyaka dRSTi' hai| yaha nirvANa mArga kA prathama sopAna hai| isake abhAva meM zIla evaM samAdhi kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| avidyAmizrita saMskAroM ko pariSkRta karane kA jJAnamaya saMkalpa hI 'sammA saMkappo' (samyaka saMkalpa) hai| saMkalpa bhI trividha haiM - (1) naiSkarmya saMkalpa (2) avyApAda saMkalpa (3) avihiMsA sNklp| samyak saMkalpa vicAra dRr3hatA aura nizzaMka nizcaya kA sUcaka hai| burAiyoM ko na utpanna hone dene ke lie satata udyoga karanA hI 'sammA vAyAmo' (samyak vyAyAma) hai| yaha aSTAMgika mArga duHkha-vinAza kI ora le jAne vAlA hai| ataH yaha mArga kSemakarI aura uttama zaraNa hai| isakI zaraNa meM Akara mAnava duHkhoM se chUTa jAtA hai| ariyaM aTThAGgika-maggaM dukkhuupsmaagminN|' evaM kho saraNaM khemaM etaM srnnmuttmN| evaM saraNamAgamma savvadukkhA pmuccti|| 1. citassa ekaggatA ayaM smaadhi| - saMyukta nikAya, pR. saM. 1 2. visuddhimaggo - 14 pR. 305 3. dhammapada, buddhavaggo, 13 4. vahI, 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana ke adhyayana kI ucca zikSA meM prAsaMgikatA * 101 isa mArga ko saMyutta nikAya ke maggasaMyuta meM kalyANamitra (AdhyAtmika upadeSTA) kahA gayA hai| buddha ne 'duHkha satya' kI sthApanA 'savvaM dukkhaM' kahakara kI hai| unake vicAra meM duHkha koI dArzanika avadhAraNA nahIM hai, apitu vAstavika anubhUti hai| janma duHkha hai jaga-maraNa, icchita vastu ko prApta na honA, anicchita kI prApti Adi duHkha haiN| eka prakAra se buddha ne anAtmatA, duHkharUpatA tathA kSaNabhaMguratA (nazvaratA) ke dvArA bhava (saMsAra) ogha (pravAha/duHkha) ko smjhaayaa| isakA kAraNa tRSNA hai aura isakA kSaya sambhava hai, jisakA upAya madhyama mArga hai| tRSNA ke vikarAla evaM bhayaMkara svarUpa ko buddha ne samajhAyA aura usase chUTane kA mArga bhI dikhlaayaa| upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke vAtAvaraNa meM vidyArthI kaise mobAila, phaizana ke kapar3e Adi kI apanI tRSNAoM ko kama kara sakatA hai, kaise inakI bhayaMkaratA se baca sakatA hai, isakA bodha buddha ke darzana se sambhava hai| Aja vizvavidyAlayoM meM pratyeka viSaya kA adhyApaka svaviSaya kI vyAvasAyikatA aura upayogitA kA hI itanA vistAra karatA jA rahA hai mAno usa viSaya ke atirikta saMsAra meM kucha hai hI nhiiN| anya viSayoM ke sAtha galAkATa pratiyogitA cala par3I hai| vartamAna meM AI.AI.ema. aura AI.AI.TI Adi saMsthAnoM meM prabandhana evaM iMjiniyariMga ke viSaya itane cala par3e haiM ki unhoMne apanI sImA meM sabhI viSayoM ko lIlanA zurU kara diyA hai| sAtha hI prabandhana aura praudyogikI kA chAtra sAmAnya vijJAna ke chAtroM ke prati hInatA ke bhAva se dekhatA hai, to dUsarI ora vijJAna kA chAtra vANijya ke chAtra ko hIna dRSTi se dekhatA hai| mAnavikI evaM sAmAjika vijJAna kA koI vyakti yadi vizvavidyAlayoM ke ucca pada para A bhI gayA to takanIkI virodha, rAjanIti evaM ghAta-pratighAta ke cakra prArambha ho jAte haiN| vahA~ inameM bhI antarvirodha dikhAI detA hai| chAtroM evaM karmacAriyoM meM niSNAta rAjanItigata guTabAjI, paraspara nIcA dikhAne kI pravRtti, vizvavidyAlaya ke koSa para kabjA jamAne kI kazmakaza sarvatra dikhAI par3atI hai| isa galAkATa pratiyogitA meM naitikatA aura maryAdA kI sArI sImAe~.chinna-bhinna ho jAtI haiN| - gautama buddha ne isa bhayAvahatA kI sthiti kA pUrvAnumAna kara liyA thA, isIliye unhoMne samAja ke adhyApaka (bhikkhu) ke liye AcAra saMhitA banAte samaya paMcazIla kI sthApanA kA Adarza diyA - 1. aparAhna bhojana karanA, 2. mAlA dhAraNa na karanA, 3. saMgIta na sunanA, 4. svarNa kA tyAga aura 5. mahaMgI zayyA kA tyaag| yadi chAtra jIvana meM hI ina saba ke prati anurAga ho jAyegA to kyA vaha adhyApaka banakara zuddha karmAnta vAlA bana pAyegA tathA tRSNA para vijaya bhI prApta kara sakane meM samartha hogA? kahA bhI gayA hai5. kalyANamitto kalyANasahAyo, kalyANasampavaGko ariyaM atttthnggikmggbhaaveti| - saMyuttanikAya, pR. 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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102 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA natthi rAgasamo aggi natthi dosasamo gaho / natthi mohasamaM jAlaM natthi taNhAsamA nadI / " arthAt rAga ke samAna (dUsarI) Aga nahIM / dveSa ke samAna (dUsarA) graha (pizAca) nhiiN| moha ke samAna (dUsarA) jAla nahIM aura tRSNA ke samAna (DubA dene vAlI nadI nahIM / bauddha dharma kI AdhAra zilA hai - madhyama mArga / ataH gautama buddha ne kAya kleza aura kAma sukha ko tyAgakara bIca kA mArga apanAne kA upadeza diyA / 'ati sarvatra varjayet' vINA ke tAroM ko itanA na kaso ki tAra hI TUTa jAyeM aura na itanA DhIlA rakho ki svara hI na nikale yA besurA ho jaaye| donoM hI atiyA~ acchI nahIM hai| inase bacane kA sAdhana madhyama mArga hai| isI para bauddha sAdhanA TikI huI hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne aSTAMgika mArga ke mahattva evaM AvazyakatA kA pratipAdana karate hue 'visuddhimaggo' meM likhA hai ki - 'sIlena ca kAmasukhallikAnuyogasaMkhAtassa aMtassa vajjaM pakAsaMti hoti| samAdhinA attkilaamyaanuyogsNkhaatss| paJJAya majjhimAya paThipattiyA sevana pakAsitaM hoti|" arthAt zIla se kAmasukhAtmaka Asakti nirAkRta hotI hai aura durgati atikrama kA upAya pratyakSa hotA hai| jahA~ prajJA se dRSTi saMkleza kA vizodhana hotA hai to samAdhi se tRSNA saMkleza kA aura vahIM zIla se duzcarita saMkleza kA vizodhana hotA hai| yaha mArga hameM cintana kI santulita evaM vistRta dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| kahA jAtA hai 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye' yahA~ mukti ko vyApaka artha meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai| pUrvAgraha, saMkucita mAnasikatA, aMdhavizvAsa se rahita samyak evaM saMtulita jIvana dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA hI isakA dhyeya hai| 'zreya' kI anadekhI kara 'preya' ko hI saba kucha samajha lenA, yA phira vartamAna ke saMkucita hita ko hI jIvana kA lakSya samajhane kI manovRtti banA lenA ucita nahIM hai| isa tathya kA saMdeza isameM nihita hai| vizvavidyAlaya kI zikSA ke kSetra meM isa samyak evaM santulita jIvana dRSTi ke vikAsa meM dharma-darzana kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai tathA unameM bhI bauddhadharma-darzana isa dizA meM vizeSa yogadAna de sakatA hai / kintu isa hetu yaha Avazyaka hai ki bauddha dharma-darzana kA adhyayana pAramparika rUpa meM na hokara eka nae rUpa meM ho / buddha ne jo navIna cintana dRSTi dI hai tathA vizvavidyAlayoM meM bauddha dharma ke adhyayana-adhyApana meM jina binduoM ko rekhAMkita karane kI AvazyakatA hai, ve kucha bindu haiM. - 1. saMsAra (bhava ) kI vyAkhyA 'pravAha' (ogha) ke rUpaka ke mAdhyama se karanA / 6. dhammapada, masavaggo, gAthA 17 7. visuddhimaggo, pR. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA * 103 2. bhava pravAha kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI 'parAsattA' kI parikalpanA kI anAvazyakatA kA prtipaadn| do atiyoM se bacanA, darzana meM madhyama mArga hai| 3. duHkha satya hai - isakI sthaapnaa| 4. cintana ke kSetra meM dArzanika tathA naitika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika tathA manovaijJAnika pakSoM ko bhI utanA hI mahattva pradAna karanA - 'abhidhammatthasaMgaho' meM adhidharmoM ko cAra samUhoM meM rakhA gayA hai - 1. citta 2. caitasika 3. rUpa aura 4. nirvaann| rUpa ke antargata sabhI bhautika jagat ke padArtha A jAte haiN| citta aura caitasika padArthoM ke antargata manovaijJAnika (Emotional) padArtha bhI saMgRhIta haiM, jaise prIti, sukha ityAdi / isa prakAra manovaijJAnika vRttiyoM ko bhI zuddha darzana ke kSetra ke antargata rakhA gayA hai; yaha buddha ke cintana kI maulikatA hai| kavi ikabAla ne buddha ke darzana ke vaiziSTya ko rekhAMkita karate hue kahA hai - koma ne paigAme gautama kI z2arA paravA na kI kadra pahacAnI na apane gauhare yakadAnA kI (advitIya motI) . AzakAra (prakaTa) usane kiyA jo jiMdagI kI rAz2a thA hinda ko lekina khyAlI phalsaphe para nAz2a thA Aha, zUdra ke lie hindostAM gamaqhAnA hai / darde insAnI se isa bastI kA dila begAnA hai baraha mana sarazAra hai aba taka mae pindAra (ahaMkAra kI madirA) meM zama e gautama jala rahI hai mahaphileM agiyAra (gairoM kI mahaphila) meM buddha kA darzana Aja pUre vizva meM dharmadUta kA kArya kara rahA hai| bhArata meM isa vidyA ke punarvikAsa ke lie vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ne vizvavidyAlayoM meM bauddha adhyayana kendra sthApita kara sarAhanIya kadama uThAyA hai| bauddha darzana ke saiddhAntika pakSa ke rUpa meM pAThyakrama kA aura vyAvahArika pakSa ke rUpa meM vipazyanA sAdhanA kA zikSaNa dekara vizvavidyAlaya ke chAtroM ko yugAnukUla banAyA jA sakatA hai| - saMskRta vibhAga mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya udayapura (rAja) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #106
azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA. DaoN. satyaprakAza dube suvarNAkSIputra sAketanivAsI AcArya bhadanta Adi aneka upAdhiyoM se maNDita mahAkavi azvaghoSa racita 'buddhacarita' tathA 'saundarananda' nAmaka mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kA mukhya prayojana tathAgata gautama buddha ke amara sandeza kA samAja meM sampreSaNa hai| cUMki ina donoM hI kAvyoM meM dharmatattva ko AtmasAt karAne kA yatna kiyA gayA hai| Aja ke isa bhautikatA se paripUrNa samAja meM dharma ke svarUpa ko hRdayaGgama karAnA kar3avI auSadhi ke cUMTa pilAne ke samAna hai, tathApi kavi ke zabdoM meM vaha mokSadharma ke aGgabhUta kAvyadharma rUpI madhu se sampRkta kara dene se sugama ho calA hai - buddhAnurAgAdanugamya tasya zAstraM ca lokasya hitAya shaantyai| kAvyaM kRtaM jJApayituM nijasya kalA na kAvyasya ca kovidtvm|| ityeSA vyupazAntaye na rataye mokSArthagarbhAkRtiH zrotRNAM grahaNArthamanyamanasAM kAvyopacArAt kRtaa| yanmokSAt kRtamanyatra hi mayA tat kAvyadharmAt kRtaM pAtuM tiktamivauSadhaM madhuyutaM hRdyaM kathaM syaaditi||' mUlataH trayodazasarga paryanta upalabdha hone vAle buddhacarita mahAkAvya ke prathama sarga meM bauddha dharma ke una tIna tattvoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai jo ki bauddha dharma meM sAdhanA ke tIna aMgoM ke rUpa meM varNita haiM - prajJAmbuvegAM sthirazIlavaprAM samAdhizItAM vrtckrvaakaam| asyottamAM dharmanadI pravRttAM tRSNArditaH pAsyati jiivlokH|| 1. buddhacarita 28.78 2. saundarananda 18.63 3. buddhacarita 1.71 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #107
azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA * 105 arthAt prajJA hI jisakA jalapravAha hai, sthira zIla hI jisake taTa haiM, samAdhi hI jisakI zItalatA hai aura vrata hI jisake cakravAka haiM, usa pravRtta uttama dharma nadI ke jala kA vaha pravartana karegA aura tRSNA se pIr3ita jIvaloka usake jala ko piiyegaa| yahA~ yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki bauddha dharma udgama ke saikar3oM varSa pUrva hI jainadharma ke sAtha zramaNasaMskRti kA avataraNa ho cukA thA aura ye donoM hI dharma sampradAya mAtra taka sImita na rahakara sarvatra bhUmaNDala para mAnava jIvana ke patha-pradarzaka bane the| jaisA ki naiSadhIya carita meM jaina dharma ke pramukha vicAroM 'samyak darzana', 'samyak jJAna' aura 'samyak cAritra' meM se samyak cAritra ke antargata satI dharma kA varNana karatI huI damayantI kahatI hai - nyavezi ratnatritaye jinena yaH sa dharma cintAmaNirujjhito myaa| . kapAlikopAnalabhasmanaH kRte, tadeva bhasma svakule stutaM tyaa|| bauddha dharma meM sAdhanA ke tIna aMgoM ko pramukha sthAna diyA gayA hai - zIla, samAdhi aura prjnyaa| inameM zIla kA AdhAra naitikatA -sadAcaraNa hai jaisA ki buddhacarita ke arAD darzana nAmaka bArahaveM sarga meM kahA gayA hai - ... ayamAdo gRhAnmuktvA bhaikSAkaM liNgmaasthitH| samudAcAravistIrNaM zIlamAdAya vrtte||' samAdhi meM mAnasika vikSepoM ko dUra kiyA jAtA hai jaisA ki isI mahAkAvya ke chabbIsaveM sarga ke 64 veM zloka meM varNita hai ki apane bhAvoM ko sama tathA citta ko niyantrita karate hue saMsAra ke udaya aura vyaya ko jAno aura samAdhi kA abhyAsa karo, kyoMki jisane mAnasika samAdhi prApta kara lI hai use koI AdhiyAM sparza nahIM krtiiN| yaha samAdhi to vaha bodha hai jisake dvArA vicArarUpI jala sthira kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra mAnasika vikSepoM ke dUra hone para citta meM nirmalatA AtI hai, usI kA nAma prajJA hai| jaisA ki buddhacarita ke chabbIsaveM sarga ke 67 veM zloka kA bhAva hai - prajJA jarAmaraNa rUpI mahAsAgara meM eka naukA hai, mohAndhakAra meM mAno eka pradIpa hai, samasta vyAdhiyoM ko dUra karane vAlI auSadhi hai, doSa rUpI vRkSoM ko kATane vAlI kulhAr3I hai| isalie prajJA kI vRddhi ke lie vidyA, jJAna aura bhAvanA kA abhyAsa kro| kyoMki jisake pAsa prajJA rUpI cakSu hai use hI vAstavika dRSTi prApta hai| yadyapi usa cakSu meM sthUla padArthoM ko dekhane kI zakti nahIM hotii| ise saundarananda mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA gayA hai - 4. naiSadhIya carita, 9.72 5. buddhacarita 12.46 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #108
106 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA "prajJAmayaM yasya hi nAsti cakSuzcakSurna tasyAsti sacakSuSo'pi bauddha dharma meM tRSNA ko hI sabhI du:khoM kA mUla mAnA gayA hai| yaha taba hotI hai jaba hama kisI abhISTa vastu ko mUlya pradAna karate haiM - ajJAnaM karma tRSNA ca jJeyAH sNsaarhetvH| .. sthito'smiMstritaye jantustatsattvaM naativrtte||' yatkarmAjJAnatRSNAnAM tyAgAnmokSazca klpyte| atyantastatparityAgaH satyAtmani na vidyte|| ... upAdAna kA kAraNa tRSNA hai| jaise havA kA sAtha pAkara thor3I sI Aga se jaMgala prajvalita ho jAtA hai vaise hI tRSNA se kAma Adi mahApApa vRddhiMgata hote haiN| tRSNA kA kAraNa vedanA hai|' bauddhadarzana meM anyatra bhI duHkha ke nirUpaNa meM tRSNA ko hI mUla batAyA gayA hai - idaM kho pana bhikkhave, dukkhaM ariysccN| jAtipidukkhA jarApi dukkhA, maraNampi dukkhaM, sokaparidevadomanassupAmAsAdidukkhA, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho, piyehi vippayogo dukkho, yaM picchaM na labhati tampi dukkhaM saMkhyittena paJcUpAdAnakkhandhApi dukkhaa| .. ___ idaM kho pana bhikkhave, dukkhasamudayaM ariyasaccaM yo yaM taNhAponavbhavikA nandirAgasahagatA tatra tatrAbhinandinI, seyamIdam kAmataNhA,bhavataNhA vibhvtnnhaa...| isake pazcAt "idaM kho pana bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhaM ariyasaccaM so tassAyeva taNhAya asesavirAganirodho cAgo parinissAgo mutti anAlayono Adi vacanoM ke dvArA tRSNAtyAga ko duHkhanivRtti kA hetu batalAyA gayA hai| azvaghoSa ne apane donoM hI mahAkAvyoM meM sarala, prasAdaguNopeta aura vaidarbhI rIti ke mAdhyama se saMyatapadasanniveza kiyA hai| donoM hI racanAoM meM nAyaka kA pratidvandvI 'manmatha' apanI unmAdaka vAsanA kA jAla bichAtA hai| rAjakumAra siddhArtha ko sAMsArika pAza meM bAMdhe rakhane ke lie zuddhodhana zRMGgAra kA mAdaka candoA tAna dete haiM - lalanAeM apanA lAlitya evaM lAsya prakaTa karatI haiM, anavadya vanitAyeM apanI chavi bichA detI haiM, tathApi gautama svarUpa meM hI avasthita rahate haiM aura kahate haiM ki prajAoM kI isa rogarUpa 6. saundarananda 18.35 7. buddhacarita 12.23 8. buddhacarita 12.73 9. buddhacarita 14.60, 61, 62 10. saMskRti - DaoN. AdityanAtha jhA abhinandana grantha 1969, dillI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #109
azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA * 107 vipatti ko dekhate hue bhI saMsAra nirbhIka rahatA hai, are kitanA ajJAna hai, ina manuSyoM kA, jo rogabhaya se amukta hokara bhI ha~sa rahe haiM - idaM ca rogavyasanaM prajAnAM pazyaMzca vizrambhamupaiti lokH| vistIrNamajJAnamaho narANAM hasanti ye rogbhyairmuktaaH|| rAjA ke dvArA niyukta viSayopabhoga kA khyApana karane vAle udAyI ke vacanoM ko sunakara gautama spaSTa kaha uThate haiM - nAvajAnAmi viSayAn, jAne lokaM tdaatmkm| anityaM tu jaganmattvA nAtra me ramate mnH|| maiM viSayoM kI avajJA nahIM karatA hU~, saMsAra ko unameM rata jAnatA hU~, kintu jagat ko anitya mAnakara merA mana isameM nahIM rama rahA hai| rAjA biMbisAra ke dvArA trivarga-prApti upadeza para gautama kaha uThate haiM - trivargasevAM nRpa yattu kRtsnataH paro manuSyArtha iti tatvamAttha maam| anartha ityeva mamAtra darzanaM kSayI trivargo na cApi trpkH|| pUrA trivargasevana paramapuruSArtha hai| he rAjan! yaha jo Apane hameM kahA, isameM maiM anartha hI dekhatA huuN| kyoMki trivarga nAzavAna hai aura taptidAyaka bhI nahIM hai| ...yajJoM ko praNAma hai| maiM vaha sukha nahIM cAhatA jo dUsaroM ko du:kha dekara prApta hotA hai - ... namo makhebhyo na hi kAmaye sukhaM parasya duHkhakriyayA ydissyte| . saundarananda kI kathA meM buddhacarita se adhika laukikatA dikhAI par3atI hai, isakA ekamAtra prayojana hai - sAMsArika bhogavilAsa kI nazvaratA dikhAkara buddhamArga kI zreSThatA kA upsthaapn| kathA ekadama sIdhI hai| apanI preyasI ko jIvanasarvasva mAnane vAle nanda kA pramukha zatru vahI manmatha hai jise avAGmukha banAkara gautama buddha ne buddhatva prApta kiyA thaa| aba gautama buddha nanda ko jJAnadIpa dvArA kAmakardama se ubArate haiN| isa prasaMga meM eka ora patnI ke prati vajra kIlAyita anarAga aura dUsarI ora buddha kA daivI AkarSaNa nanda ko dvandva meM DAla dete haiN| usakI isa mana:sthiti kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai - . taM gauravaM buddhagataM cakarSa bhAryAnurAgaH punraackrss| so'nizcayAnnApi yayau na tasthau taraMstaraGgeSviva raajhNs||" yahAM nanda ke hRdayagata bhAvoM ke mukharaNa meM kavivarya ne apanI mAnava hRdaya sambandhI cubhatI parakha kA paricaya diyA hai| 11. saundarananda 4.42 For Personal & Private Use Only

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108 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA mAnavatA ke samagra avadAta guNoM ke puJja zAkyavaMza kA avataraNa azvaghoSa ne himAlaya ke usa tapaH pUta AMcala meM kiyA hai jahAM kI vAyu meM bhI vadAnyatA evaM mahattA kA saurabha bahanA svAbhAvika hai| kavi ne kapilavastu ke varNana meM jina tattvoM kA samAharaNa kiyA hai, use par3hakara yaha pratIta hotA hai ki svayaM dharma mUrtimAna hokara avatarita huA hai tathA usakI sahacAriNI samasta Rddhi-siddhiyAM usakI sevA meM upasthita huI haiN| yahAM kapilavastu ke lie cayanita zabdoM para dRSTipAta Avazyaka hai - sannidhAnamivArthAnAmAdhAnamiva tejasAm / niketamiva vidyAnAM saGketamiva sampadAm / / 12 yaha nagara guNavAnoM kA vAsavRkSa tathA pakSiyoM kA raina baserA hai vAsavRkSaM guNavatAmAvAsaM zaraNaiSiNAm / AnartaM kRtazAstrANAmAlAnaM baahushaalinaam||13 yahAM kavi ne 'vAsavRkSa' zabda ke prayoga se yaha dhvanita kiyA hai ki vastuta: yaha raina baserA - DerA hai| isI prakAra tRtIyapada meM 'kRtazAstrANAm Anartam' kahakara prANiyoM ke lie diye gaye maJca para abhinaya kalA ko pradarzita karane kA sthAna batalAyA hai tathA kRtavidya mahAzAstrArthiyoM ko bhI unakI anityatA kA dhyAna dilAyA hai| jIvana kI kSaNa-bhaGguratA para cintana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai - - RturvyatItaH parivartate punaH kSayaM prayAtaH punareti cndrmaaH| gataM gataM naiva tu sannivartate jalaM nadInAM ca nRNAM ca yauvanam / / 4 buddha nanda ko usakI icchA ke viruddha dharmadIkSA dekara bhikSu banA dete haiM, anicchuka nanda ke sira ke bAla utAra diye jAte haiM aura vaha AMsU girAtA rahatA hai| ato rutaM tasya mukha savASpaM pravAsyamAneSu ziroruheSu / vakrAgranAlaM nalinaM taDAge varSodakaklinnamivAbabhAse / / 15 saMnyAsI banakara punaH gRhastha banane kI sundarananda kI bhAvanA para kuThArAghAta karatA huA kavi apanI bhAva zuddhi tathA manohara anubhUti ko prastuta karatA huA kahatA hai - 12. saundarananda 1.53 13. saundarananda 1.54 14. saundarananda 9.28 15. saundarananda 5.52 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kRpaNaM bata yUthalAlaso mahato vyAdhabhayAt viniHsRtaH / pravivakSati vAgurAM mRgazcapalo gItaraveNa vnycitH||" azvaghoSa ke mahAkAvyoM kI prayojanavattA 109 arthAt vaha manuSya usa capala mRga ke samAna hai jo baheliye ke bhayaGkara bhaya se nikala kara gIta kI dhvani se vaJcita hokara jAla meM svayaM phaMsanA cAhatA hai| (vAhiMsane uracgan ca) kavi alaMkAroM ke prayoga meM atyadhika kuzala hai / jarArUpI yantra se santrasta hokara mRtyu kI pratIkSA karane vAle sArahIna zarIra kI rasa nicor3e gaye tathA jalAne ke lie sukhAye jA rahe Ikha se kI gayI upamA kitanI prabhAvotpAdaka hai - yathekSuratyantarasaprapIDito bhuvi praviddho dahanAya zuSyate / tathA jarAyantranipIDitA tanurnipItasArA maraNAya tiSThati / / 7 isa prakAra mahAkavi azvaghoSa kI amRta niSyandinI lekhanI se prasUta buddhacarita aura saundarananda mahAkAvya meM avagAhana karane para yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki unhoMne jina prayojanoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara ina kAvyoM kA praNayana kiyA hai ve unameM pUrNa saphala hue haiN| ina donoM hI kAvyoM ke svAdhyAya se azvaghoSa kI vaidika yajJAnuSThAna meM pravINatA, arAD dvArA kiyA gayA gautama ko upadeza, mahAbhArata ke sAMkhya siddhAntoM meM niSNAtatA, tatkAlIna nItizAstra, kauTilya ke arthazAstra, vaidyaka zAstra Adi upayogI vidyAoM meM dakSatA kA patA to calatA hI hai, mukhya rUpa se zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke dvArA cittazuddhi karake sabhI samasyAoM ke mUla tRSNA se rahita hokara jIvana ke paramapuruSArtha mokSa ko kisa prakAra prApta kara buddhatvasvabhAva meM pahuMcA jA sakatA hai, ise samajhAne meM kavi azvaghoSa pUrNa saphala hue haiN| 16. saundarananda 8.15 17. saundarananda 9.31 - saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA DaoN. prabhAvatI caudharI mano pubbaMgamA dhammA mano seTThA manomayA manasA ca padudvena bhAsati vA karoti vaa| .. tato dukkhamanveti cakka va vahato pdN| 1 bhagavAn buddha ne citta yA mana ko samasta sAdhanAoM kA kendra bindu maanaa| citta sAdhanA kA pUrvaghaTaka evaM pUrvagAmI hai, ataH vaha sAdhanA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| citta samasta mAnasika kriyAoM kA utpatti sthala hai| saMsAra meM pravRtti kA kAraka bhI mana hI hai, isI kA vicAra brahmabindUpaniSad meM bhI prApta hotA hai - na deho na jIvAtmA nendriyANi prntp| mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM bndhmokssyoH| indriyA~, deha Adi koI bhI manuSya ke bandha evaM mokSa meM kAraNa nahIM haiM, apitu mana hI bandhana evaM mukti kA hetu hai| buddha ne samAdhi aura zIla dvArA mana ko vaza meM karanA sikhAyA, tAki jaba-jaba mana meM durAcaraNa ke bhAva jAgeM taba taba mana ko niyaMtrita karake use bure mArga para jAne se rokeN| mana ke saMyamana ke lie zIla kA pAlana vaise hI Avazyaka hai jaise jIvana ke lie prANa vaayu| zIla (sadAcAra) hamAre jIvana meM kyA sthAna rakhatA hai, isako padya rUpa meM isa prakAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai - sIlaM balaM appaThimaM, sIlaM aayudhmuttmN| -sIlamAbharaNaM seTThaM, sIla kvcmbbhutN|| apratima hai zIla kA bala, uttama hai zIla Ayudha, zreSTha hai zIla kA AbharaNa aura 1. dhammapada 1.1 2. dhammavANI saMgraha, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI,zIla kI mahimA, zloka 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA * 111 adbhuta hai zIla kA kvc| __ zIla kA artha hai - 'sabbapApassa akaraNaM' arthAt sabhI pApa karmoM ko nahIM krnaa| dharma mArga meM agrasara hone ke lie zIla dhAraNa karanA Azyaka hai| zIla ko dhAraNa karane se durvAsanAoM se janya duSkarmoM se dUra rahane ke kAraNa bhaya aura cintA se mukti hotI hai| zIla ke pazcAt samAdhi kI kriyA prArambha hotI haiN| samAdhi ke dvArA purAne kleza naSTa hote haiM aura prajJA prakaTa hotI hai| prajJA dvArA tRSNA aura vAsanAoM se mukti milatI hai| bauddha dharma meM bhikSu aura gRhastha donoM ke lie zIla kA vidhAna hai, jinakA pAlana karanA unakA pahalA karttavya hai| ve paJcazIla nimnalikhita haiM - 1. pANAtipAtA veramaNI -prANihiMsA se virata rhnaa| 2. adinnAdAnA veramaNI - adattAdAna (corI) se virata rhnaa| 3. kAmesu-micchAcArA veramaNI - vyabhicAra se virata rhnaa| 4. musAvAdA veramaNI - mithyAvacana se virata rhnaa| 5. surA-meraya-majja-pamAdaTThAnA veramaNI - zarAba, madirA Adi naze tathA pramAdakArI vastuoM se virata rhnaa| paJcazIla ke atirikta bhikSuoM ke lie anya pA~ca zIla kA bhI upadeza hai - 1. aparAhna meM bhojana grahaNa, 2. mAlAdhAraNa kA tyAga, 3. saMgIta kA tyAga, 4. suvarNa, rajata kA tyAga, 5. mahArgha zayyA kA tyaag| isa prakAra bhikSu ke lie 10 zIloM kA prAvadhAna hai| caturtha Arya satya ke rUpa meM tathA prajJA zIla-samAdhi rUpI trizikSA ke rUpa meM kathita ASTAMgika mArga meM bhI 'zIla' kA samAveza hai| inameM samyak vAk, samyak karmAnta aura samyak AjIva zIlAcAra meM parigaNita hai| usakA svarUpa isa prakAra hai. samyak vAk - hamArI vANI samyaka ho| samyak se tAtparya hai asatya se dUra rahanA, kisI kI nindA na karanA, sadA satya bolanA, kaThora bhASA kA prayoga na karanA, nirarthaka vArtAlApa se dUra rhnaa| arthAt vANI ke cAra prakAra ke doSoM - 1. mithyAvAditA 2. nindA 3. apriya vacana evaM 4. vAcAlatA se dUra rahanA evaM maMgalamaya, mita tathA madhura vacanoM kA prayoga samyaka vAk hai| samyaka karmAnta - mana, vacana va zarIra ke dvArA kie jAne vAle kArya samyaka raheM, arthAt samyak saMkalpa kevala mAnasika evaM vAcika na ho, apitu karmarUpa meM pariNata ho| prANiyoM ko hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra va chala-kapaTa kA mArga chor3akara zubha kamoM kA Azraya 3. khuddaka pATha 2.2, dasasikkhApadaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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1112 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA lenA caahie| samyak karmAnta kA artha hai bure karmoM kA tyAga / buddha ke anusAra tIna pApa karma haiM - hiMsA, steya evaM indriya-nigraha kA abhaav| samyak karmAnta ina tIna karmoM kA viparIta hai arthAt hiMsA na karanA, corI na karanA evaM indriyoM kA nigraha krnaa| bhagavAna buddha ne kahA - jo jIva hiMsA karatA hai, jhUTha bolatA hai, corI karatA hai parastrIgamana karatA hai, surApAna karatA hai, vaha isa saMsAra meM apanI hI jar3a khodatA hai| yo pANamatipAteti musAvAdaM ca bhaasti| loke adinnaM Adiyati paradAraM ca gcchti|| . ' surAmerayapAnaM cayo naro anuyunyjti| idhevameso lokasmiM mUlaM khaNati attno|| samyak AjIvikA-samyak karma se samyak jIvana banatA hai| niSiddha karmoM ko tyAgakara chala, kapaTa rahita ImAnadArI se jIvikA arjana samyak AjIvikA hai| pAlinikAya meM pA~ca prakAra ke karmoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai- . 1. sattha vANijjA arthAt zastra kA vyApAra 2. satta vANijjA arthAt prANI kA vyApAra , 3. maMsa vANijjA arthAta mA~sa kA vyApAra 4. majja vANijjA arthAt madya kA vyApAra 5. visa vANijjA arthAt viSa kA vyApAra ina niSiddha karmoM ko tyAga kara ucita mArga se jIvikopArjana karanA cAhie, yahI samyak AjIvikA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne prANimAtra ke lie dhamma kA sAra isa rUpa meM batAyA - savvapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upsmpdaa| sacittapariyodapanaM etaM buddhAnaM saasnN|| vastutaH zIla samAdhi evaM prajJA hI buddhadharma kA sAra hai zIla ke binA prajJA evaM prajJA ke binA zIla adhUre haiM - zIla para buddha ne atyadhika mahattva dete hue kahA - yo ca vassasataM jIve dussIlo asmaahito| ekAhaM jIvitaM seyyo sIlavantassa jhaayino|| 4. dhammapada, malavaggo12-13 5. dhammapada, buddhavaggo 14.5 6. dhammapada, sahassa vaggo gaathaa|| For Personal & Private Use Only

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vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA * 113 sabhI prakAra ke zIloM kA mUla AdhAra akuzala karmoM kI sahI pahacAna va unakA parityAga hai| isI se karmaphala kI vyavasthA kI zurUAta hotI hai - tIna kAyika, cAra vAcika evaM tIna mAnasika - ina dasa akuzala karmoM ko sahI rUpa meM pahacAna kara unakA nirAkaraNa karake hama apane citta ko vaza meM rakha sakate haiN| aise pApa jo svabhAva se duSkarma haiM - prANivadha, corI, vyabhicAra, asatyabhASaNa evaM surApAna - Aja vizva meM ye sabhI pApa karma nirantara vRddhi prApta kara rahe haiN| apane svArtha evaM lAlasAoM ke kAraNa mAnava tyAga evaM sahiSNutA ko chor3akara nirantara ina duSkarmoM kA Azraya lekara na kevala svayaM ko patana kI ora agrasara kara rahA hai, apitu sAmAjika sadbhAvanA, prema, kSamA Adi guNoM se vaMcita hokara apane duHkha kA mArga prazasta kara rahA hai| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparA meM AcAra para atyadhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| mokSa-prApti hI nahIM, apitu samyak sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika va dhArmika jIvana hetu bhI AcAra atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki manu ne AcAra ko parama dharma mAnA - AcAraH paramo dharmaH zrutyuktaH smArta eva c| tasmAdasmin sadA yukto nityaM syaadaatmvaandvijH||' vedaH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca priymaatmnH| etaccaturvidhaM prAhuH sAkSAddharmasya lkssnnm|| jaina darzana meM sAdhu ke lie pA~ca mahAvratoM kA nirdeza karate hue gRhasthajana ke lie pA~ca aNuvrata kA nirdeza hai, kyoMki gRhastha jana sAdhuvat mahAvratoM kA pAlana kareM to sAmAnya rUpa se jIvanacaryA evaM sAmAjika kRtya nahIM kara sakate - annuvrto''gaarii| maryAdita rUpa meM jinakA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, ve aNuvrata 1. ahiMsA, 2. satya, 3. asteya 4. brahmacarya 5. aparigraha rUpa pA~ca prakAra ke haiN| vastutaH zIla ke rUpa meM nirUpita ye aNuvrata zAzvata upadeza haiM jo sArvakAlika evaM sArvadezika hone se Adhunika kAla meM vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya haiM, kyoMki vartamAna samaya meM kAma, krodha evaM lobha jaise kaSAya apane carama para haiM tathA tajjanya hiMsA se sakala samAja, sabhI deza udvelita hai| aise samaya meM inakI pratiSThA Avazyaka hai - inameM . prathama hai ahiNsaa| 7. manusmRti 1.108 8. manusmRti.2.12 9. tattvArthasUtra, 7.15 For Personal & Private Use Only

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114 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA ahiMsA tatvArthasUtra meM ahiMsA kA lakSaNa na karake hiMsA kA svarUpa nirdiSTa hai| - pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNam hiNsaa| " arthAt rAga-dveSa se yukta hokara mAnasika, vAcika yA kAyika rUpa se prANa-vyaparopaNa hiMsA hai, isake viparIta ahiMsA hai| isa ahiMsA ke pAMca aticAra haiM - bandha, vadha, chaviccheda, atibhAra kA lAdana, anna-pAna kA nirodha - ina pA~ca aticAroM se bacanA Avazyaka hai - satya tattvArthasUtra meM asatya athavA anRta kA lakSaNa hai - asdbhidhaanmnRtm|" mahAbhArata meM satya ke svarUpa teraha batAe gae haiM - prApyate ca yathA satyaM tacca shrotumrhsi| satyaM trayodazavidhaM sarvalokeSu bhaart|| satyaM ca samatA caiva damazcaiva na sNshyH| amAtsaryaM kSamA caiva hriistitikssaansuuytaa|| tyAgo dhyAnamathAryatvaM dhRtizca satataM sthiraa| ahiMsA caiva rAjendra styaakaaraastryodsh||12 arthAt satya, samatA, dama, amAtsarya, kSamA, hrI, titikSA, anasUyatA, tyAga, dhyAna, Aryatva, sthiramati evaM ahiMsA satya kA svarUpa hai| ataH kisI bhI rUpa meM satya rUpa dharma kI pratiSThA Avazyaka hai| satya kI pratiSThA hone kA phala draSTavya hai - - kAle gAvaH prasUyante nAryazca bhrtrssbh| bhavantyutuSu vRkSANAM puSpANi ca phalAni c||13 arthAt satya kI pratiSThA hone para gAe~ samaya para prasava karatI hai| striyA~ bhI RtukAla meM prasava karatI haiM yahA taka ki vRkSoM ke puSpa va phala bhI Rtu ke anusAra vardhana karate haiN| mithyopadeza, rahasyAbhyAkhyAna, kUTalekhakriyA, nyAsApahAra aura sAkAra-mantra bheda ye pA~ca satya ke aticAra haiN| vartamAna kAla meM isa prakAra ke aticAroM kA bAhulya sarvatra dikhAI detA hai - 10. tattvArthasUtra, 7.8 11. tatvArtha sUtra 7.9 12. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 162.7,8-9 13. mahAbhArata zAnti parva, 64.25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA 115 mithyApadeza kA tAtparya hai galata - sahI samajhA-bujhAkara galata rAha para praviSTa kraanaa| vartamAna meM priyA golDa, golDa sukha kANDa isakI ora hI saMketa karate haiM, jisake kAraNa lobha meM Akara hajAroM logoM ne niveza kiyA evaM inake mAlikoM dvArA jabaradasta ThagI kA zikAra hue| rahasyAbhyAkhyAna - rAgavaza vinoda hetu pati-patnI yA snehIjanoM dvArA paraspara rahasya kA kathana karake eka dUsare se alaga karanA / kaliyuga meM sambandhoM meM nirantara bar3hatI dUriyAM isI aticAra kA saMketa haiN| isase paraspara avizvAsa kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna hotA hai| ataH isa prakAra ke vyavahAra se bacanA Avazyaka hai| kUTalekhakriyA - hastAkSara, mohara Adi dvArA jhUThA kArya karanA / vartamAna meM isa prakAra ke kArya-kalApa bahulatA se draSTavya haiN| isI kAraNa se kaI nakalI -pramANa patra, baiMka phArajarI Adi prakaraNa surkhiyoM meM rahate haiN| nyAsApahAra- koI dharohara rakhakara bhUla jAe to usakA lAbha uThAkara thor3I yA pUrI dharohara dabAnA / sAkAra mantrabheda - kisI bhI ApasI prIti tor3ane ke lie eka dUsare kI cugalI karanA yA kisI kI gupta bAta prakaTa karanA / vartamAna kAla meM ema.ema.esa., sIr3I prakaraNa, phona TepiMga Adi ke dvArA blekameliMga kA kArobAra atyadhika bar3ha rahA hai| ina pA~ca prakAra ke aticAroM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai, anyathA pApArjana ke sAtha-sAtha samAja kI vyavasthAoM ke bhI naSTa hone kI saMbhAvanA hai| asteya tattvArtha meM steya lakSaNa isa prakAra hai- adattAdAnaM steyam 4 arthAt binA die lenA corI hai - kisI anya ke svAmitva kI vastu yadi tRNavat hai to bhI binA usakI AjJA ke lenA corI ke antargata hai / corI kI aisI sUkSma vyAkhyA kI vartamAna kAla meM pratiSThA atyAvazyaka hai| isake pA~ca aticAra batAe gae haiM - stenaprayoga, stenAhRtAdAna, rAjya - viruddha kArya, hInAdhika mAnonmAna evaM pratirUpaka vyavahAra - ye pA~ca prakAra ke aticAra bhI vartamAna meM sarvatra steya kA bAhulya prakaTa kara rahe haiN| AyAta-niryAta kara corI, curAI gaI vastu kA chadma rUpa se vyApAra, tola meM gar3abar3I, nakalI noTa kA calAnA Adi prakAra Aja bahutAyata se bar3ha rahe haiM / brahmacarya 'maithunamabrahma' abrahma ke viparIta AcaraNa brahmacarya hai / tattvArthasUtra meM isake pA~ca aticAra haiM - paravivAhakaraNetvaraparigRhItA'parigRhItAgamanAnaGgakrIDA tIvrakAmAbhinivezA:'s 14. tatvArthasUtra 7.10 15. tattvArthasUtra 7.23 For Personal & Private Use Only 15

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* 116 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA paravivAhakaraNa, itvaraparigRhItAgamana, aparigRhItAgamana, anaGgakrIDA, tIvrakAmAbhiniveza ye pA~ca aticAra brahmacarya rUpa vrata ke pAlana meM bAdhA hai| puruSArtha catuSTaya meM dharmapUrvaka artha evaM kAma kA sevana vastutaH gRhastha janoM ke lie ina aticAroM se nivRtti kA mArga hai| apanI patnI ke atirikta pratyeka strI ko mAtRvat smjheN| mahAbhArata kA yaha vacana bhI brahmacarya ke aticAroM se bacane kA upAya hai| aparigraha IzAvAsyopaniSad kA prathama mantra bhAratIya saMskRti meM aparigraha ke svarUpa ko nirdiSTa karatA hai - IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jgt| tena tyaktena bhuJjIthAH mA gRdhaH ksysviddhnm|| isakA tAtparya hai ki sampUrNa vastuoM para usa paramAtmA kA svAmitva hai, ataH kisI bhI vastu kA apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra hI upabhoga kareM tathA use Izvara kA hI anugraha smjheN| anya ke dhana kA lobha na kreN| vastuta: uparyukta mantra aparigraha evaM asteya donoM vratoM ke pAlana kA svarUpa prastuta karatA hai| kSetra aura vAstu, hiraNya aura suvarNa, dhana aura dhAnya, dAsI va dAsa, kupya ke pramANa kA atikramaNa ye pA~ca aparigraha parimANa ke aticAra haiN|6 - tattvArthasUtra (7.12) meM parigraha kA lakSaNa - 'mUrchA parigrahaH' bhI parigraha ke svarUpa ko vyakta karatA hai| mUrchA kA tAtparya hai aaskti| ataH Asaktivaza artha kI ora pravRtti parigraha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina pA~ca prakAra ke aNuvratoM ke pAlana se na kevala mokSa kA mArga pravRtta hotA hai, apitu sAmAjika, Arthika vyavahAra bhI samyak rUpa se paricAlita hotA hai| Aja samAja meM AcAra kI pratiSThA Avazyaka hai| yadi AcAra kI pAlanA ho yA vidyAlaya stara para AcAra-zikSA kA samucita adhyayana ho to samAja meM nirantara vRddhi ko prApta kAma, krodha, hiMsA para aMkuza saMbhava hai| zrI kRSNa ne gItA meM kahA hai - dhyAyato viSayAn puMsaH snggstessuupjaayte| saGgAt saMjAyate kAmaH kAmAt krodho'bhijaayte|| 7 zIla kA mahattva vastutaH ucca takanIkI tantra ne jaba vaizvIkaraNa ko bar3hAvA dekara sakala vizva 16. tattvArthasUtra 7.24 17. zrImadbhagavadgItA, 2.62 For Personal & Private Use Only

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vartamAna pariprekSya meM paMcazIla kI prAsaMgikatA * 117 ko eka dharAtala para upasthita kara diyA hai, aise samaya meM bAjAravAda ne upabhoktAvAda ko atyadhika prazraya diyA hai| ghara meM baiThe bAla-mana ko bhI isa bAjAravAda ne apane vazIbhUta karake kAmanAoM kI eka avicchinna paramparA ko utpanna kiyA hai, jisake kAraNa nirantara viSayoM kA cintana evaM una viSayoM kI prApti ke prati andhatA ne hiMsA, droha, asantoSa, maryAdA-ullaMghana jaise doSoM kI zrRMkhalA kA nirantara prasAra kiyA hai, ataH samaya rahate AcAra-pratiSThA yugIna AvazyakatA hai| dhammapada meM kahA gayA hai hai ki durAcAra athavA duzzIla aura asaMyata jIvana ke sau varSoM se to sadAcAra evaM saMyata jIvana kA eka dina bhI zreSTha hai| isalie vRddhAvasthA taka zIla kA pAlana hI ucita hai - sukhaM yAva jarA siilN| 18 eka bAra sthavira Ananda ne bhagavAna buddha se pUchA ki aisI koI gandha hai jo vAyu ke viparIta jAtI hai? to bhagavAna ne kahA - candanaM tagaraM vA pi uppalaM atha vssikii| etesaM gandhajAtAnaM sIlagandho anuttro||1 appamatto ayaM gandho yo yaM tgrcndno| yo ca sIlavanaM gandho vAti devesu uttmo||20 isakA tAtparya hai ki tagara yA candana, kamala yA jUhI kI gandha to alpamAtra hai| ina sabhI sugandhoM se zIla kI sugandha uttama hai| zIlavAna kI uttama gandha devI-devatAoM meM phailatI hai| ataH ThIka hI kahA gayA hai ki zIla para pratiSThita hokara hI vikAroM ko niyantrita kiyA jA sakatA hai| paJcazIla naitikatA kA AdhAra hai, vikAra rUpI mala ko zIla pAramitA ke abhyAsa se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai, ataH kahA gayA hai ki zIlapAlana ke binA gRhastha yA upAsaka, dharma ke kisI bhI guNa kA adhikArI nahIM bana sktaa| zIlavAn puruSa ko kAma bhI pIr3ita nahIM kara sakatA - 'tesaM saMpannasIlAnaM... mAro maggaM na vindati' ajJAna ke nAza ke lie kaThora naitikatA Avazyaka hai| zIla aura prajJA, sadAcAra va antardRSTi meM aikya hai| vicAra va AcAra kI nirmalatA unake dharma kA AdhAra hai| buddha bahudhA yaha kahate sune jAte haiM - ziSyoM, Ao! dukha se nivRtti ke lie pavitra jIvana kA nirvAha kro|' . 18. dhammapada,333 19. dhammapada,55 20. dhammapada, 56 For Personal & Private Use Only

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118 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA buddha ke upadezoM ko paryApta janAdhAra prApta huaa| vartamAna kAla meM bhI buddha ke upadeza evaM bauddhadarzana ke siddhAnta utane hI prAsaMgika haiM jitane buddha ke samaya meM the| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana isa viSaya meM apane vicAra prastuta karate hue kahate haiM - "mAnavatAvAdI loga Ananda, pratiSThA aura samasta mAnavoM ke mAnasika ekIkaraNa sambandhI apane siddhAntoM kA buddha ko prathama pracAraka mAnate haiN| sAmAjika AdarzavAdI, naitika rahasyavAdI, bauddhika bhaviSyavAdI sabhI buddha ke upadezoM se AkRSTa hue haiM tathA apane pakSa kI satyatA ke lie buddha kA Azraya lete haiN| buddha ke upadezoM kA hamAre yuga ke lie bar3A mUlya hai|" 21 paNDita javAharalAla neharU ne antArASTrIya sambandhoM ke lie kucha siddhAntoM ko vizva ke sAmane rakhA jinheM paJcazIla ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| paNDita neharU ne svayaM kahA ki paJcazIla ke siddhAntoM kA artha eka alaga prakAra kI dRSTi aura vikAsa kA viziSTa mArga hai| lekina isakA vistRta evaM antima lakSya hai sabhI rASTroM meM paraspara saMvedanA aura vaicArika samAnatA kA bhAva phailAnA, lekina binA kisI ke Antarika mAmaloM meM dakhala die| soviyata netAoM ke svAgata hetu kalakattA meM sabhA huI jisameM naherU ke paJcazIla kA jikra karate hue kahA gayA "bhAratIya cintana ke lie paJcazIla koI naI avadhAraNA nahIM hai| yaha bhAratIya vicAradhArA tathA saMskRti meM nihita hai, AkhirakAra paJcazIla sahiSNutA kA saMdeza hI to hai| isa vizAla aura paramparA virodhI vizva meM paJcazIla zAntipUrNa saha-astitva kI avadhAraNA se hameM sammAna milA hai| hama yaha sammAna isalie pA sake haiM, kyoMki hamArI vicAradhArA sahI hai va aise siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai jo avasaravAdI nahIM hai - 1. paraspara eka dUsare kI bhaugolika akhaNDatA va samprabhutA kA smmaan| 2. eka dUsare para AkramaNa nahIM krnaa| 3. eka-dUsare ke Antarika mAmaloM meM hastakSepa nahIM krnaa| 4. paraspara samAnatA tathA lAbha ke AdhAra para kArya krnaa| 5. zAntipUrNa sh-astitv|"22 paNDita neharU dvArA sthApita paJcazIla kI isa avadhAraNA se hI antArASTrIya sambandhoM ko punaH zAntipUrNa evaM vaizvika sadbhAvanA ke sAtha vikasita kiyA jA sakatA saMskRta vibhAga, jaya nArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura 21. gautama buddha, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNa rAjapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI 2011 saMskaraNa, pR. 27 22. javAharalAla neharU ke bhASaNa bhAga - 2, prakAzana vibhAga, pR. 19 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura bauddha dharma DaoN. zvetA jaina sAmpradAyika dveSa evaM hiMsA ahitakara bhAratIya samAja meM aneka dharma-sampradAya haiM-hindU, muslima, sikkha, IsAI, yahUdI, jaina, bauddha aadi| ina sabhI dharma-sampradAya ke pravartakoM ne apane darzana ke sAtha eka Adarza AcAra-praNAlI bhI vyavasthita kI hai| yadi isa AcAra kA pUrNataH pAlana kiyA jAtA to sabhI hindU bodhi sampanna, sabhI muslima samarpita aura zAnta, sabhI sikkha zuddha hRdayI, sabhI IsAI samAjasevaka, sabhI yahUdI udAra aura sadAcArI, sabhI jaina samatAdhArI evaM sabhI bauddha rAga-dveSa vijetA bana jAte, kintu vastutaH aisA hotA nahIM hai| jaise hara vyakti meM acchAI-burAI donoM hotI haiM vaise hara sampradAya meM acche bure loga hote haiN| kisI bhI sampradAya ke na sabhI loga acche ho sakate haiM, na sabhI bure| parantu vyakti sAmpradAyika Asakti ke kAraNa apane sampradAya ke hara vyakti ko sajjana aura parAe sampadrAya ke hara vyakti ko durjana mAnane lagatA hai| hindU, muslima, sikkha, IsAI, yahUdI, jaina aura bauddha kahalAne mAtra se koI vyakti sajjana yA durjana nahIM ho sktaa| kisI bhI sampradAya kA vyakti parama puNyavAna bhI ho sakatA hai aura nitAnta pApI bhii| isa samajha ke abhAva meM aura apane vyaktigata svArtha ke lie sAmpradAyika hiMsA kA udbhava hotA hai| ... vartamAna meM sAmpradAyika daMge vyApaka stara para ho rahe haiN| jaise 1984 ke sikkha virodhI daMge aura 2002 meM gujarAta kA nara-saMhAra, isa bAta ke paricAyaka haiN| inameM bar3e paimAne para jAnamAla kA to nukasAna huA hI, krUratAoM kI prakRti bhI jyAdA tIvra aura amAnavIya thii| hindU aura musalamAna hoM, athavA sikkha, IsAI, bauddha aura jaina - inake bIca kisI bhI kAraNa se utpanna dveSa evaM hiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa ko kAnUna-vyavasthA ke dvArA eka sImA taka niyantrita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu antarmana se rahI durbhAvanAoM ko citta ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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120 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA zodhana ke dvArA hI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| rAhata evaM muAvajA diloM meM bhar3akI Aga ke kAraNa ko samApta nahIM krte| isake lie bhagavAna buddha ke upadeza atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM jinameM zAzvata satya ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dhammapada meM kyA hI sundara kathana hai- 'na hi verena verAni sammantIdha kudAcanaM, averena ca sammanti" arthAt vaira se vaira kabhI zAnta nahIM hotA, avaira arthAt maitrI se hI vaira zAnta hote haiN| ina bhAvoM kA sampreSaNa jana-jana ke jIvana meM ho isakA prayAsa kiyA jAnA caahie| eka-dUsare ke prati avaira kA bhAva, maitrI kA bhAva sAmpradAyika sadbhAva phailAne meM samartha hotA hai| Aja rASTra ke nAma para hiMsA ko protsAhita kiyA jAtA hai, aisA kakSA 5 kI pAThya pustaka se jJAta hotA hai / pustaka meM jApAnI baccoM se praznottara isa prakAra prakAzita haiM : prazna- Apa sabase adhika acchA kise mAnate haiM ? uttara- bhagavAn buddha ko| prazna- yadi bhagavAna buddha para koI AkramaNa kare to Apa kyA kareMge ? uttara- AkramaNa karane vAle ko samApta kara deNge| prazna- yadi svayaM bhagavAna buddha hI jApAna para hamalA kare ? * uttara- bhagavAna buddha kA sara hama kATa deNge| isa pATha meM rASTra ke nAma para hiMsA ko bahAdurI batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ prazna upasthita hotA hai ki maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kI zikSAe~ dene vAle buddha kyA jApAna para AkramaNa kara sakate haiM ? yadi kara sakate haiM to unake (jApAna ke baccoM) dvArA buddha ko sabase adhika acchA kyoM mAnA gayA ? yahA~ buddha ko acchA mAnane ke pIche rahe AdhAroM ko spaSTa karane ke bajAya rASTra ke sAtha buddha ko jor3akara vidyArthiyoM ke mana choTI sI umra meM hI saMkIrNa soca ke bIja boye jA rahe haiN| jahA~ vizva eka gA~va bana rahA hai vahA~ mAtra rASTra ko mahattva na dekara pUre vizva arthAt mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa hetu zikSA pradAna karane kI bAta socI jAnI caahie| bauddha darzana kA 'bahujanahitAya 'bahujanasukhAya' siddhAnta isI zikSA kI ora saMketa karatA hai| buddha kI udAradRSTi bhagavAna buddha ne dharma yA saMgha ko lekara hiMsA na ho arthAt sAmpradAyika hiMsA kA udbhava na ho, isake lie apane bhikSuoM ko upadeza dete hue kahA mamaM vA, bhikkhave, pare avaNaM bhAseyyuM, dhammassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, saMghassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, tatra tumhehi na AghAto na appaccayo na cetaso anabhiraddhi karaNIyA / mamaM vA, bhikkhave, pare 1. dhammapada, 1.5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura bauddha dharma * 121 avaNNaM bhAseyyu, dhammassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyu, saMghassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyaM, tatra ce tamhe assatha kupitA vA anattamanA vA, tumheM yevassa tena antraayo| arthAt koI merI yA mere dharma yA saMgha kI nindA kare, isa kAraNa tumheM usake prati na vaira karanA cAhie, na asantoSa aura na krodha hii| kyoMki bhikSuoM! yadi koI merI, dharma tathA saMgha kI nindA kare, usa para tuma vaira, asantoSa yA krodha prakaTa karoge to isase tumhArI dharma sAdhanA meM vighna pdd'egaa| ataH tumheM nindA karane vAle kI bAta para vicAra karanA cAhie ki usameM kitanA satya hai aura kitanA asty| satya ko svIkAra kara, asatya ko mithyA samajhakara tyAga denA caahie| tathAgata dvArA diyA gayA yaha upadeza Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| vartamAna meM sAmpradAyika vidveSa phailane meM eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa hai- apane dharma upadeSTA ko sarvocca maannaa| isa bAta ko lakSya meM rakhate hue 'varlDa kAnphreMsa oNpha rilIjansa phaoNra pIsa' saMsthA ne apane kArya karane ke svIkArokti, samajhautA evaM kAryapraNAlI ye tIna AdhAra mAne haiM 1. svIkArokti- isake antargata sabhI dharmoM ke loga mukta kaNTha se isa tathya ko svIkAra kareMge ki sabhI dharmoM ke siddhAnta pavitra aura pAvana haiN| ... 2. samajhautA- isameM sabhI dharmAvalambI sarvasammati se sahamata hoMge ki sabhI dharmo ke loga Apasa meM mileMge, apane-apane dharma ke sambandha meM carcA kareMge, dharma kI vyAkhyA bhI kareMge, lekina kisI ke dharmaparivartana kA prayAsa nahIM kreNge| 3. kAryapraNAlI- zAMti, sauhArda tathA mAnavIya prema kI sthApanA kI dizA meM sabhI dharmoM ke loga apane-apane dharmoM kI vizeSatAoM va zreSTha guNoM kI vyAkhyA to kareMge, lekina dUsare dharmo kI burAI kataI nahIM kareMge, ise zAMti-sthApanA va dhArmika samarasatA kI kAryapraNAlI kheNge| sampradAya sadbhAva ke bAhya upAya sampradAya-sadbhAva ke lie bhAratIya saMvidhAna ke anuccheda 25 meM dhArmika svatantratA ke antargata kahAM hai-"hara vyakti ko isa bAta kA buniyAdI adhikAra hai ki vaha apane viveka aura aMta:karaNa ke anusAra dhArmika vizvAsa ko na kevala mAne balki apanI AsthA aura mAnyatAoM ko apane dharma meM nirdiSTa yA svIkRta kAryoM ke rUpa meM pracArita bhI kara sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM dUsaroM ke unnayana ke lie apane dhArmika vicAroM kA pracAra-prasAra karane kA bhI use buniyAdI adhikAra hai| anuccheda 2. dIghanikAya pAli, sIlakkhandha vagga, brahmajAlasutta, anuccheda 5, sampAdaka evaM anuvAdaka-svAmI dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI, 2005, bhAga 1, pR. 5 3. 'dharma, sAmAjika sadbhAva aura rASTrIyatA', rAjasthAna prakAzana, jayapura, 2010, hamArI bAta' pR. 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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122 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 25(1) meM apane dharma kA pracAra karane kA adhikAra dene kA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki kisI vyakti ko dUsaroM kA dharma-parivartana karane kA adhikAra de diyA gayA hai, balki isameM apane dharma kI AsthAoM kA pracAra kara apane dharma kA pracAra karane yA use phailAne kA adhikAra diyA gayA hai|" bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM loka maMgala ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dhArmika svatantratA kA adhikAra diyA gayA hai| sampradAyavAda ko rokane evaM sampradAya sadbhAva hetu kaI kAnUnI niyama banAe gae haiM, jaise upadravagrasta ilAkoM meM AyudhoM kI talAzI lenaa| * sAmpradAyika rUpa se upadravagrasta kSetroM meM vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM Adeza dene ke adhikaar| asadbhAvapUrNa rIti se kArya karane vAle loka sevakoM ke lie 144 kI dhArA lAgU krnaa| sAmpradAyika sAmaMjasya ke saMvardhana aura sAMpradAyika hiMsA ke nivAraNa ki lie rAjya starIya yojnaa| pIr3itoM ko muaavjaa| punarvAsa kI vyvsthaa| pratyeka rAjya meM sAmpradAyika sadbhAva yojnaa| zaMkA ke AdhAra para 'sAmpradAyika gar3abaMDI' vAlA kSetra ghoSita kara zIghra zAnti ke upAya krnaa| bauddha dharma meM nirdiSTa Antarika upAya buddha ne sampradAya-sadbhAva ke Antarika upAya batalAye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiMmaitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA ye citta kI cAra avasthAe~ brahmavihAra kahalAtI haiN| cittavizuddhi ke ye uttama sAdhana haiN| dUsare jIvoM ke prati kisa prakAra samyak vyavahAra karanA caahie| isakA yaha nidarzana hai| yaha samyak vyavahAra sampradAya sadbhAva ko utpanna karatA hai| ina cAra bhAvanAoM se yukta vyakti samAja meM saba prANiyoM ke hita evaM sukha kI kAmanA karatA hai, dUsaroM ke dukhoM ko dUra karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| jo sampanna haiM, unako dekhakara vaha prasanna hotA hai, unase IrSyA nahIM karatA, saba prANiyoM ke prati usakA samabhAva hotA hai, kisI ke sAtha vaha pakSapAta nahIM karatA hai| ataH brahmavihAra Atmahita aura parahita donoM kA sAdhana hai|| pratyeka vastu, vyakti tathA sthiti kA yathAbhUta darzana, yathAbhUta jJAna hI samyak dRSTi hai| jo samyak dRSTi hogA, vaha sabhI sampradAya ke yathAbhUta darzana ko jAnegA For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura bauddha dharma - 123 to samajha jAegA ki sampradAyavAda phaila rahA hai| yaha vyakti ke nija rAga-dveSa aura lobha kA pariNAma hai na ki usake dharma-sampradAya meM aisA karane ke lie kahA gayA hai| isa samajha se yukta vyakti sAmpradAyika hiMsA meM kabhI sahayogI nahIM bnegaa| samyak saMkalpa ke antargata bure, dUSita vicAroM se mukta, rAgarahita, dveSarahita evaM moharahita cintana-manana kiyA jAtA hai| ye sabhI saMkalpa sampradAya, sadbhAva meM vRddhi karate haiN| jhUTha na bolanA, kaTu bhASA bolakara kisI kA mana na duHkhAnA, kisI kI nindA na karanA, kisI kI cugalI na karanA, mithyA bayAna na karanA, gAlI-galauja na karanA, madhura va satya bolanA samyak vacana hai| samyak vANI do pakSoM ko jor3ane kA kAma karatI hai, premabhAva, maitrIbhAva, baMdhubhAva bar3hAne kA kAma karatI hai| sAmpradAyika hiMsA meM dUsaroM ko kSati pahu~cAnA, kisI prANI kI hatyA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA Adi karma kiye jAte haiN| buddha ne 'samyak karma' ke upadeza meM kisI bhI paristhiti meM ina asamyak karma ke AcaraNa kA niSedha kiyA hai| bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha ke dvAdaza abhilekha meM sampradAyavAda ko rokane hetu kucha siddhAnta die haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM1. saba sampradAyoM meM sAra kI vRddhi ho| 2. isakA mUla AdhAra yaha hai ki vANI para niyantraNa banA rhe| binA prasaMga ke apane sampradAya kI prazaMsA aura anya sampradAya kI niMdA na ho athavA prasaMga-vizeSa meM sAdhAraNa sI carcA ho| 3. jisa kisI prasaMga meM anya sampradAyoM kI prazaMsA hI kI jAnI caahie| aisA karatA huA (vyakti) apane sampradAya kI unnati karatA hai aura anya sampradAyoM * para upakAra karatA hai| . 4. isake viparIta karatA huA (vyakti) apane sampradAya kI hAni karatA hai aura . anya sampradAyoM kA bhI apakAra karatA hai| 5. kyoMki jo koI apane sampradAya ke prati Asakti hone ke kAraNa apane sampradAya kI prazaMsA aura anya sampradAyoM kI nindA karane lagatA hai- vaha aisA karatA huA vAstava meM apane sampradAya kI khUba bar3hacar3ha kara hAni karatA hai| 6. isalie mela-jola hI uttama hai| loga eka dUsare ke dharma arthAt dhAraNa karane yogya tattva ko suneM aura sunaayeN| 4. samrATa azoka ke abhilekha, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI, 2008 For Personal & Private Use Only

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124 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 7. devAnAMpriya (samrATa azoka) kI aisI kAmanA hai ki saba sampradAya vAle bahuta vidvAna hoM aura kalyANa ke bhAgI hoN| buddha ke upadezoM meM hI nahIM unake jIvana ke kaI prasaMgoM meM sAmpradAyika sadbhAva dRggocara hotA hai| unhoMne aneka rAjaputroM aura dharmajJoM, gaMvAra brAhmaNa, nAI upAlI, bhaMgI suNIta, sopAka tathA suppiya achUta, kuSTha rogI suprabuddha, aMgulimAla jaise hatyAre, striyoM meM prakRti nAmaka caMDAlikA, nagaravadhU AmrapAlI sahita aneka logoM ko dhamma dIkSA dI, jo hara varga ke the, hara sampradAya ke the| ataH sAmpradAyika sadbhAva meM vRddhi hetu bAhya vyavasthA ko ThIka karane ke sAtha bhItara meM sadbhAva utpanna karane ke lie bauddha darzana ke ina siddhAntoM ko bhI jana-jana ke hRdaya taka pahu~cAnA Avazyaka hai| - atithi adhyApaka, saMskRta-vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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visuddhimagga meM zAnti ke upAya DaoN. hemalatA jaina visuddhimagga ke racanAkAra AcArya buddhaghoSa kA pAli-sAhitya kI samRddhi meM mahanIya yogadAna hai| guru mahAsthavira revata se Adeza prApta kara buddhaghoSa tripiTikoM ke vizeSa adhyayana ke lie zrIlaMkA ge| vahA~ sthavira saMghapAla se sampUrNa siMhalI aTThakathAoM aura AcAryo kI paramparAoM kA jJAna prApta kiyaa| ve aTThakathAoM kA anuvAda siMhalI bhASA se mAgadhI bhASA meM karane ke icchuka the| unakI icchA ko jAnakara vahA~ ke bhikSuoM ne unakI yogyatA kI parIkSA ke lie pAli meM doM gAthAe~ dIM aura unakI vyAkhyA karane ko kahA / buddhaghoSa ne una do gAthAoM ke vyAkhyAnasvarUpa sampUrNa tripiTaka ke siddhAntoM kA hI sAra saMkalana kara diyA aura use 'visuddhimagga' nAma diyA / buddhaghoSa kA yaha grantha bauddha yogazAstra kA svatantra maulika prakaraNa grantha hai| vizvazAnti ke upAya isa grantha meM sUtra rUpa meM grathita haiM, jinakI vartamAna pariprekSya meM mahatI AvazyakatA hai| ve isa prakAra haiM 1. 'evaM piyo puthu attA paresaM, tasmA na hiMse paramattakAye " arthAt sabhI ko apanA jIvana priya hai, ata: svArtha ke lie dUsare kI hiMsA na kare / visuddhimagga kA yaha sUtra Aja ke hiMsAmaya vAtAvaraNa ko dUra karane kA acUka upAya hai / amogha zastra hai| loga svArtha ke lie prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA atyadhika hanana evaM durupayoga kara rahe haiN| saundarya prasAdhanoM kI prApti ke lie mUka prANiyoM kI hiMsA kara rahe haiM aura paryAvaraNa-saMtulana ko bigAr3a rahe haiN| ataH aise samaya meM uparyukta sUtra kI upayogitA baDha jAtI hai| 1 visuddhimagga, dutiyo bhAgo, sampAdaka evaM anuvAdaka - svAmI dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI, 2002. pR. 150, 2 vahI, pR. 181 For Personal & Private Use Only

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126 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 2. buddhaghoSa kahate hai- 'hitAkArappavattilakkhaNA mettA dUsaroM ke hita, kalyANa ke lie pravRta rahanA hI maitrI hai aura maitrI kA prayojana hai- 'nissaraNaM hetaM Avuso, vyApAdassa,yadidaM mettA cetovimutti vyApAda ( hiMsA) ke nAza ke lie maitrI kI jAtI hai | maitrI bhAvanA ke abhAva meM Aja mAnava mAnavatA kA vismaraNa kara varNa, jAti, sampradAya, bhASA, rASTra jaise muddoM para vidroha kara rahA hai aura udAra dRSTikoNa se zUnya hotA jA rahA hai| amarIkA meM huA azveta Andolana, bhArata meM gurjara samAja ke dvArA kiyA gayA gurjara Andolana, mumbaI meM bAla ThAkare ke dvArA marAThI bhASA ke lie kiyA gayA vidroha Adi sabhI isake jvalanta udAharaNa haiN| visuddhimagga meM buddhaghoSa maitrI bhAvanA ke vistAra kI prakriyA bhI batAte haiM / ve kahate haiM ki sarvaprathama sva meM maitrI bhAvanA kareM, tatpazcAt ghaniSTha mitra meM, phira madhyastha meM aura phira vairI vyakti meM | 1 3. AvazyakatA se adhika saMcaya, pArasparika spardhA, IrSyA, sattA prApti tathA dUsare kI sampatti har3apane kI ceSTA se vyakti, samAja, rASTra aura vizva meM azAnti utpanna hotI hai| isa azAnti kA parihAra karane ke lie buddhaghoSa visuddhimagga meM maraNAnusmRti kA kathana karate hue kSaNikavAda ko prasthApita karate haiN| ve kahate haiMyathA pi kumbhakArassa kataM mRttikabhAjanaM / khuddakaM ca mahantaM ca yaM paktaM yaM ca aamkN|| arthAt jaise kumhAra ke banAe hue miTTI ke bartana choTe hoM yA bar3e, pakke hoM yA kacce saba ke saba phUTa jAne vAle hote haiM, vaise hI martyo kA jIvana bhI samajhanA caahie| yadi vyakti kSaNikatA ke siddhAnta ko acchI taraha samajha kara apanA AcaraNa kare to usakA parigraha, IrSyA Adi svataH kama ho sakate haiN| 4. Aja mAnava samAja kI vyavasthA naitika, dhArmika aura sadAcAra pUrNa niyamoM ko chor3a kara dveSa aura svArthapUrNa evaM zoSaNa nIti para AdhArita ho rahI hai| yaha doSapUrNa sAmAjika vyavasthA bhI azAnti kA kAraNa hai| isa vyavasthA ko sudhArane ke lie buddhaghoSa dvArA upadiSTa visuddhimaMgga ke sIlaniddaso meM tIna prakAra ke zIloM kI carcA mahattvapUrNa hai / ve kahate haiM - pratyeka vyakti ko 3. vahI pR. 182 4. 'tasmA sakkhibhAvatthaM paThamaM attAna mettAyaM karitvA..... tadanantaraM atippiya sahAyake, atippiyasahAyakato majjhate, majjhatato veripuggale mettA bhAvetabbA / ' - vahI pR. 150-151 5. vahI, pR. 54 6. visuddhimagga, paThamo bhAgo, sIlaniddeso, pR. 30 7. vahI, pR. 33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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visuddhimagga meM zAnti ke upAya 127 1. prAtimokSasaMvarazIla' arthAt alpamAtra doSa se hI bhaya kara use dUra karanA, 2. indriya saMvarazIla' arthAt pAMcoM indriyoM aura mana meM utpanna hone vAle lobha, daurmanasyAdi akuzala dharma ke saMvara ke lie tatpara honA tathA 3. AjIvaparizuddhizIla' arthAt naitika evaM prAmANika rIti se AjIvikA prApta karanA inakA samyak prakAra se jJAna prApta kara tadanusAra AcaraNa karanA cAhie / isase parivAra, samAja, rASTra aura vizva sudRr3ha aura zAnta hogA / 5. krodha, abhimAna, dambha aura aMsatoSa ye cAroM azAnti ke mUla haiN| ye kaSAya catuSka, rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM / inake nirAkaraNa ke lie buddhaghoSa meghiyasutta meM kahate haiM - " asubhA bhAvetabbA rAgassa phaanaay| mettA bhAvetabbA vyApAdassa phaanaay| aniccasaJJA bhAvetabbA asmimAnasamugghAtAya / " arthAt vyakti ko rAga ke prahANa ke lie azubha kI bhAvanA karanI cAhie, dveSa ke prahANa ke lie maitrI kI bhAvanA karanI cAhie aura abhimAna, ahaMkAra ko dUra karane ke lie anityasaMjJA kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| 6. buddhaghoSa kahate haiM- 'paradukkhe sati sAdhUnaM hRdayakampanaM karotIti karuNA 10 arthAt paraduHkha ko dekhakara satpuruSoM ke hRdaya meM jo kampana hotA hai vahI karuNA hai| karuNA kI pravRtti dUsaroM ke duHkha kA apanaya karane ke lie hotI hai / jo dUsaroM ke duHkha ko sahana nahIM kara sakatA hai vahI dUsaroM kI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai| hAla hI meM AsTreliyA meM eka bhAratIya chAtra kI rela meM karaMTa lagakara mRtyu huI to melabarna kI pulisa ne TippaNI kI ki hama aise hI tarIke se bhAratIyoM ko yahA~ se samApta kara sakate haiN| isI taraha amarIkA meM bhAratIya chAtroM ke reDiyo kaoNlara bAMdhakara unheM pratADita kara unakI pratibhA ko dabAyA jA rahA hai aura unheM hatotsAhita kara vahA~ se palAyana karane ke lie majabUra kiyA jA rahA hai|" ye ghaTanAe~ unakI krUratA kA paricaya karAtI hai| yahI krUratA dhIre-dhIre rASTravAda kA vikarAla rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai aura isase vazIbhUta hokara ve aNubama, paramANubama Adi kA durupayoga karane ke lie tatpara ho jAte haiN| isase deza evaM vizva meM azAnti utpanna hotI hai / buddha ne isake viparIta karuNA kA upadeza diyA hai, jisakI carcA visuddhimagga meM buddhaghoSa ne prabhAvI DhaMga se kI hai| zAnti kI prApti ke lie buddha upadiSTa karuNA bhAvanA kI Aja mahatI AvazyakatA hai| karuNA bhAvanA vizvazAnti kA eka mahattvapUrNa upAya hai| 8. vahI, pR. 34 9. visuddhimagga, paThamo bhAgo, kaMmmaTThanaggahaNaniddesa, pR. 159 10. visuddhimagga, dutiyo bhAgo, brahmavihAraniddeso, pR. 181 11. rAjasthAna patrikA, 31 janavarI 2011, saMpAdakIya Alekha For Personal & Private Use Only

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128 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 7. muditA-bhAvanA zAnti ke pravAha ko gati pradAna karatI hai| isa bhAvanA meM harSa kA utpAda hotA hai, jisase arati kA upazama hotA hai| jo muditA kI bhAvanA karatA hai, vaha dUsaroM ko sampanna dekhakara unase IrSyA yA dveSa nahIM karatA hai| dUsaroM kI sampatti, puNya aura guNotkarSa ko dekhakara use aprIti aura asUyA nahIM hotI hai| muditA bhAvanA kisa prakAra utpanna kI jAtI hai, isa sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kahate haiMsace pissa so soNDasahAyo vA piyapuggalo vA atIte sukhito ahosi, sampati pana duggato durUpato, atItameva cassa sukhitabhAvaM anussaritvA "esa atIte evaM mahAbhogo mahAparivAro niccappamudito ahosI" ti tamevassa muditAkAraM gahetvA muditA uppaadetbbaa| "anAgate va pana puna ta sampattiM labhitvA hAtthikakhandha-assapiTThi suvaNNasivikAdIhi vicarissati" ti anAgata pisasa muditAkAraM gahetvA muditA uppaadetbbaa|" arthAt yadi ghaniSTha mitra yA priya vyakti bIte samaya meM sukhI rahA ho, kintu isa samaya durgatigrasta, bhAgyahIna ho to bhI usake atIta sukhIbhAva kA smaraNa karate hue muditA utpanna karane hetu kahanA cAhie - jaise-bhUtakAla meM tuma mitra mahAbhogavAn, mahAparivAra vAle, nitya pramudita rahate the| isa prakAra mudita raho, bhaviSya meM punaH tuma usa sampatti ko prApta kara sone kI pAlakI Adi meM baitthoge| isa prakAra usake bhAvI muditarUpa ko grahaNa kara muditA utpanna karanI caahie| isa taraha priya vyakti ke prati muditA utpanna karane ke bAda madhyastha ke prati, phira vairI ke prati kramika bhAvanA utpanna karanI caahie| 8. 'sattesu majjhattAkArappavatti lakkhaNA upekkhA 13 arthAt sabhI sattvoM ke prati mAdhyastha bhAva se pravRtta honA upekSA hai| visuddhimagga kA yaha sUtra sattvoM ke prati samatva kA darzana karAtA hai| arthAt jisameM upekSA bhAvanA hotI hai usameM baDe-choTe kA bhedabhAva nahIM hotaa| koI varNa, jAti Adi ucca yA nimna nahIM hotii| usake lie sabhI sattva samAna hote hai| vaha samadRSTi vAlA hotA hai| upekSA bhAvanA ke samyak AcaraNa se mAnava samAja meM varNa, jAti Adi sabhI bhedabhAva samApta ho sakate haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa anyAya, atyAcAra kA bhI apanayana ho jAtA hai| buddhaghoSa ke anusAra maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA ina cAroM bhAvanAoM kA vistAra eka krama meM hotA hai| ve kahate haiM ki ye bhAvanAe~ prArambha meM apriya puruSa, ghaniSTha mitra, madhyastha aura vairI puruSa ina cAra ke prati nahIM karanI caahie| ve 12. visuddhimagga, dutiyo bhAgo, brahmavihAranideso 13. visuddhimagga, dutiyo bhAgo, brahmavihAraniddeso 14. visuddhimagga, dutiyo bhAgo, pR. 148 For Personal & Private Use Only

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9. visuddhimagga meM zAnti ke upAya 129 maitrI Adi bhAvanA kI prakriyA meM sarvaprathama svayaM se, tatpazcAt ghaniSTha mitra se, usake bAda ghaniSTha mitra ke rUpa meM madhyastha se aura anta meM madhyastha ke rUpa meM vai vyakti se isa krama meM ye bhAvanAe~ karane kA kathana karate haiN| 15 vartamAna zikSA praNAlI meM bhautika vikAsa ke lakSya kI pradhAnatA hai / AdhyAtmikatA kA vartamAna zikSA meM nagaNya sthAna hai| Aja vidyAlayoM, mahAvidyAlayoM, vizvavidyAlayoM meM parakalyANa aura samatva ke jJAna se chAtra-chAtrAoM kA paricaya bhI nahIM ho pAtA hai / pariNAmataH bAlakoM meM vinaya, ucchRMkhalatA, svArthaparAyaNatA aura bhautika abhisiddhi kI bhAvanA apanA sthAna banA letI hai| Age calakara ye hI azAnti ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM / visuddhimagga meM ina doSoM ke apanayana hetu zIla, anusmRti, maitrI, karuNA, muditA, upekSA svarUpa cAra brahmavihAra aura vipazyanA kA ullekha huA hai| ataH visuddhimagga ke ahiMsA, kSaNikatA, maitrI, karuNA, muditA, upekSA, zIla Adi sabhI sUtra zAnti ke amUlya upAya haiN| 15 vahI, pR. sa. 150 151 zodha sahAyaka, bauddha adhyayana kendra jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda evaM usakA prabhAva DaoN. maMgalArAma bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ko nirvANa arthAt mokSa kA hetu mAnA gayA hai| buddha ke samasta upadeza pApa-akaraNa, puNya-saJcaya tathA cittaparizuddhi ke liye haiN| dhammapada meM spaSTa likhA hai - sabbapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upsmpdaa| sacittapariyodapanaM etaM buddhAnaM saasnN|||| bauddha darzana meM rUpa, vedanA, saJjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ina pAMca skandha arthAt samudAya kA puJja mAtra hI AtmA hai| AtmA aura jagat donoM anitya haiN| rUpAdi paJca skandha kSaNa-kSaNa parivartanazIla haiM arthAt AtmA pratipala pariNAmI hai| yahI sthiti jagat kI bhI hai| kisI vastu ke astitva ke pravAha meM eka avasthA utpanna hotI hai aura eka avasthA laya hotI hai| anubhUta vastu kSaNa-kSaNa meM pariNAma ko prApta ho rahI hai| vastu kI ekatA tadAkAra vastu kI eka vIthi hai| vastutaH ekatA jagat meM alabhya vastu hai| buddha sattA aura asattA ke bIca pariNAma ke siddhAnta ko mAnate haiN| jagat ke satya rUpa kI avahelanA na karate hue bhI ve usakI pariNAmAtmaka vyAkhyA karate haiN| isa vizva meM pariNAma hI satya hai, kintu isa pariNAma ke bhItara vidyamAna kisI pariNAmI padArtha kA astitva satya nahIM hai| sabhI padArtha vastutaH svabhAvarahita haiN| AcArya nAgArjuna ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai - hetu pratyayasAmagryAM ca pRthak cApi madvaco na ydi| nanu zUnyatvaM siddhaM bhAvAnAmasvabhAvatvAt / / buddha ke anusAra jIva ko paramukhApekSI hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yadi vaha 1. dhammapada, 14.5 2. nAgArjuna, vigrahavyAvartanI, kArikA 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda evaM usakA prabhAva 131 svayaM Arya aSTAMgika mArga kA anukaraNa yathAvat kare to saMsAra kI rAgadveSamayI viSayavAgurA se mukti pA sakatA hai| lokavyavahAra meM ghaTapaTAdi padArthoM ke prati Asakti sApekSabhAva ke kAraNa hotI hai| 3 - - citta kI nadI ubhayato vAhinI hai' arthAt vaha pApa kI ora bhI bahatI hai tathA kalyANa kI ora bhI bahatI hai, ataH kalyANagAmI pravAha meM citta ko DAla denA hI zreyaskara hai| saMsAra ke prapaJca meM ajJAnapUrvaka jIvanayApana karane vAlA vyakti pRthak jana kahalAtA hai| nirvANa mArga para ArUDha vyakti Arya kahalAtA hai / jaba Arya arhat banakara svakIya vyaktigata kalyANa sAdhana meM tatpara ho jAtA hai taba use dUsaroM ko nirvANa prApta karavAne kI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM hotI, kyoMki jagatzUnyatA hI yathArtha hai| jagatazUnyatA kA artha hai bhAva zUnyatA / bauddhadarzana ke cAra pramukha sampradAya haiM - vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika / bAhya arthoM ko pratyakSarUpeNa satya mAnane vAle bauddha vaibhASika kahalAte haiN| bAhya arthoM ko pratyakSa siddha na mAnakara anumeya mAnane vAle sautrAntika kahalAte haiN| bAhya bhautika jagat kA nitAnta mithyAtva svIkAra karake citta athavA vijJAna ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnane vAle bauddha yogAcAra kahalAte haiM / mAdhyamika bauddhoM ke anusAra zUnya hI paramArtha satya hai / zUnya kA artha abhAva nahIM hai, apitu zUnya zabda anirvacanIya kA dyotaka hai jo na sat hai na asat hai na sadasat hai aura na ina donoM se bhinna hai / zUnya se tAtparya alakSaNa yA niHsvabhAva hai| usake anusAra samasta jagat vivarta hai| zUnyavAda evaM bauddha sampradAyoM kA saMkSipta kathana karane vAlA prasiddha zloka isa prakAra hai - mukhyo mAdhyamiko vivartamakhilaM zUnyasya mene jagad yogAcAramate tu santi matayastAsAM vivrto'khilH| artho'sti kSaNikastvasAvanumito buddhyeti sautrAntikaH, pratyakSaM kSaNabhaGguraM ca sakalaM vaibhASiko bhaasste|| mAdhyamika sampradAya samasta jagat ko zUnya kA vivarta mAnatA hai| yogAcAra mata meM jJAna hI sat hai tathA saba usakA vivarta hai| sautrAntika darzana ke anusAra padArtha kSaNika hai 1 tathA use anumAna se jAnA jAtA hai| vaibhASika use kSaNika evaM pratyakSa dvArA jJeya kahate haiN| 3. yazca pratItyabhAvo bhAvAnAM zUnyateti sA proktA / yazca pratItyabhAvo bhavati hi tasyAsvabhAvatvam / / - vahI, kArikA 22 4. cittanadI nAmobhayato vAhinI vahati kalyANAya vahati pApAya ca / 5. naiH svAbhAvyAnAM cennaiHsvAbhAvyena vAraNaM yadi hi / nai:svAbhAvyanivRttau svAbhAvyaM hi prasiddhaM syAt / / - vigrahavyAvarttanI, kArikA 26 6. sarvadarzana saMgraha, mAdhavAcArya, bauddhadarzana nirUpaNa - - yogasUtravRtti 1.12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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132 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA zUnyavAda ke prasiddha bauddha AcArya nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, sthavira buddhapAlita, bhAvaviveka, candrakIrti tathA zAntarakSita haiM / ina vidvAnoM ne svasvazAstroM meM kahA hai ki isa jagat se pare vidyamAna pAramArthika sattA varNyAtIta hai| usake viSaya meM mAnasika yA bAhya hone kA varNana asambhava hai / laukika vicAroM se avarNya hone se use zUnya kahanA cAhiye / zUnya vastutaH abhAva rUpa nahIM hai| 'abhAva' zabda sApekSa hai, kyoMki bhAva kI kalpanA para hI abhAva Azrita hai| paramatattva yA pAramArthika sattA sarvathA nirapekSa hai arthAt vaha svasattArtha kisI anya para Azrita nahIM hai| kisI padArtha ke svarUpa kA nirNaya cAra koTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai- asti, nAsti, asti nAsti, aura na asti na ca naasti| kintu parama tattva kA nirNaya ina catuSkoTiyoM se asambhava hai| vaha manovAggamya na hone se sutarAM anirvacanIya hai / usa parama tattva kI anivarcanIyatA kI sUcanA 'zUnya' zabda se dI jAtI hai - na sannAsanna sadasanna caapynubhyaatmkm| catuSkoTivinirmuktaM tattvaM mAdhyamikA viduH / / vastu na to aikAntika sat hai aura na aikAntika asat, apitu usakA svarUpa ina donoM sat tathA asat ke madhya bindu para nirNIta ho sakatA hai jo svayaM zUnyarUpa hI hogaa| yaha zUnya abhAva se nitAnta bhinna hai, kyoMki abhAva kI kalpanA sApekSa kalpanA hai, kintu yaha zUnya nirapekSa parama tattva kA sUcaka hai| zUnyavAda madhyamamArga kahalAtA hai| samAdhirAja sUtra meM bhI likhA hai astIti nAstIti ubhe'pi antA zuddha azuddhIti imespi antA / tasmAdubhe ante vivarjayitvA / madhye hi sthAnaM prakaroti paNDitaH / / zUnyatA madhyama mArga kA hI nAma hai| vastuoM ke do hI rUpa ho sakate haiM - bhAva tathA abhaav| jo vastu sadA vidyamAna rahe vaha bhAvarUpa kahalAtI hai aura jo vastu vidyamAna nahIM rahatI, vaha abhAvarUpa hotI hai| vAstava meM vastu kA na to bhAva hai aura na hI abhAva / ataH vastu zUnya kahalAtI hai arthAt vastu bhAva tathA abhAva donoM ke bIca rahane vAlI hotI hai, ataH madhyama mArga kA nAma hI zUnya hai / AcArya candrakIrti ne prasannapadA TIkA meM yahI kahA hai - ato bhAvAbhAvAntadvayarahitatvAtsatsvabhAvAnutpattilakSaNA zUnyatA madhyamA pratipat madhyamo mArga ityucyte| 7. nAgArjuna mAdhyamikakArikA 1.7 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda evaM usakA prabhAva 133 pramANoM dvArA kisI artha kI sattA upalabdha nahIM hotI aura na hI kisI pramANa se kisI anya pramANa kI sattA kI siddhi sambhava hai / agnivat pramANa svayaM ko aura anya prameyoM ko prakAzita nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki agni se aprakAzita ghaTa andhakAra meM dikhAI nahIM detA aura bAda meM agni se prakAzita hone para vaha dikhAI dene lagatA hai| yadi agni svataH prakAzita karane kA sAmarthya rakhatA, to agni se dUra andhakAragata ghaTa ko bhI prakAzita kara detA, kintu aisA kabhI nahIM hotA / vastutaH na to agni meM andhakAra hai, jahAM agni hai vahAM andhakAra hai / andhakAra ke nAza ko prakAza kahate haiM / jaba agni 4 andhakAra nahIM hai aura na jahAM agni hai vahAM andhakAra hai, to vaha agni kisakA pratighAta kare ki jisake pratighAta se svayaM ko tathA anya ghaTapaTAdi ko prakAzita kare utpadyamAna agni hI sva yA para ko prakAzita karatA hai, kintu yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki utpadyamAna agnitama ko dUra kara hI de, yadi usa agni ko tama ke pAsa na pahuMcA diyA jaay| jaba taka agni tama ke samIpa na pahuMce taba taka tama kA upaghAta asambhava hai| yadi agni tama ke samIpa binA pahuMce bhI tamonAzaka ho jAye taba to hamAre sammukha agni se saMsAra ke yacca yAvat andhakAra kA nAza honA cAhiye, kintu aisA kadApi nahIM dekhA gayA / vastutaH tama, agni ityAdi prameyoM tathA pramANAdi kI sattA hI nahIM hai / ye sabhI paraspara sApekSabhAva se sthita haiM - atha te pramANasiddhyA prameyasiddhiH prameyasiddhyA ca / bhavati pramANasiddhirnAstyubhayasyApi te siddhiH||' AcArya nAgArjuna ke matAnusAra satyatA ke do prakAra haiM - lokavyAvahArika satya tathA vAstavika satya / prathama vyAvahArika satya hai, dvitIya pAramArthika satya hai / vyAvahArika satya ko sAMvRtika satya kahate haiM / anutpanna, aniruddha, anuccheda, azAzvata Adi vizeSaNoM se varNita zUnya hI pAramArthika satya hai jo buddhi se agocara hai| buddhigrAhya to vikalpa hote haiM aura vikalpa avastugrAhI hone se avidyAtmaka haiN| ataH buddhi meM itanI yogyatA nahIM hai ki vaha parama satya kA yathArtha grahaNa kara sake / samasta padArthoM ko Dhakane vAlA ajJAna hI saMvRti kahalAtA hai| isa jagat kI sattA ajJAna ke dvArA hI hai, isaliye samasta jagata kI sattA sAMvRtika yA vyAvahArika hai - samantAdvaraNaM saMvRtam ajJAnaM hi samantAtsarvapadArthatattvAvacchAdanAtsaMvRtirityucyate / ' saMvRti satya pAramArthika satya kI prApti ke liye eka sAdhanamAtra hai| nirvANa kI dazA bhI sAdhAraNa vyAvahArika dazA se bhinna hotI hai| jo sAdhAraNa upAyoM dvArA avidita hotA hai, jo sarvadA prApta hotA hai, jisakA vinAza nahIM hotA, jo niruddha nahIM hai aura jo utpanna bhI nahIM hai usI kA nAma nirvANa hai| nirvANa ko prApta karane vAlA aura use jAnane 8. vigrahavyAvartanI, kArikA 46 9. mAdhyamikakArikAvRtti 24.8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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134 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA vAlA vyakti hI tathAgata yA buddha kahalAtA hai| paramArtha saMvRti se vilakSaNa hotA hai| trikAla meM abAdhita hone se zUnya tathA nirvANa paramArtharUpa mAne jAte haiN| zUnya ko hI tathatA kahA jAtA hai| isake Alambana ke binA na AtmakalyANa aura na hI parakalyANa ho sakatA hai| avidyA ke dvArA aspRSTa hone se isameM samasta maloM kA abhAva rahatA hai| ubhayavidha klezAvaraNa tathA jJeyAvaraNa se yaha unmukta rahatA hai| samyak sambodhi ke binA isa advaitatattva kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sktii| samyak sambodhi kI prApti ke liye SaT pAramitAoM dAna, zIla, zAnti, vIrya, samAdhi aura prajJA kI upalabdhi nitAnta Avazyaka hai| zUnya arthAt buddhatva hI prajJA kA antima lakSya hai| usa samaya dvaitajJAna kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAtA hai| isa dazA meM svaduHkha aura paraduHkha sadA ke liye nivRtta ho jAte haiN| zUnyatA sampanna manuSya jJAnI kahalAtA hai| klezoM kA kSaya ho jAne para jJAnI nitya zAnti prApta karatA hai| azvaghoSa ne bhI kahA hai - dIpo yathA nirvRttimabhyupeto naivAvaniM gacchati naantrikssm| dizaM na kAJcid vidizaM na kAJcit snehakSayAt kevalameti shaantim|| tathA kRtI nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAvaniM gacchati naantrikssm| dizaM na kAJcid vidizaM na kAJcit klezakSayAtkevalameti zAntim / / jisa prakAra dIpaka bujhakara na to pRthvI para nIce jAtA hai aura na hI antarikSa meM Upara jAtA hai, na kisI dizA meM jAtA hai na vidizA meM jAtA hai, vaha to tela bIta jAne se kevala zAnta ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra puNyazAlI vyakti nirvANa ko prApta kara na pRthvI para nIce jAtA hai na antarikSa meM Upara jAtA hai, na anya dizA-vidizA meM jAtA hai| vaha to kleza kA kSaya hone se kevala zAnti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| bauddha darzana ke zUnyatAvAda, tyAga, anAsakti, sarvabhUtadayA prabhRti vicAroM kA tatkAlIna nATakakAroM para bhI atyadhika prabhAva pdd'aa| paJcama zatAbdI ke kavi vizAkhadatta ne mudrArAkSasa meM rAkSasa ke mukha se candanadAsa ke tyAgamaya AcaraNa ko tathAgata tulya kahA hai|" __ - saMskRta vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura 10. azvaghoSa saundarananda 16.28-29 11. duSkAle'pi kalAvasajjanarucau prANaiH paraM rakSatA nItaM yena yazasvinAtilaghutAmauzInarIyaM yshH|| buddhAnAmapi ceSTitaM sucaritaiH kliSTaM vishuddhaatmnaa| pUjArho'pi sa yatkRte tava gato vadhyatvameSo'smi sH||-vishaakhdtt, mudrArAkSasa, 7.5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA DaoN. dIpamAlA yogavidyA bhArata kI amUlya nidhi hai| sampUrNa bhAratIya dharma-darzana meM yoga-sAdhanA ko eka svara se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, cAhe vaha vaidika dharma-darzana ho yA jaina evaM bauddha dhrm-drshn| yoga-sAdhanA ke binA mukti sambhava nahIM hai| yogadarzana meM cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha ko yoga kahA hai| jaina dArzanika AtmA kI zuddhi karane vAlI kriyAoM ko yoga kahate haiN| bauddha bodhisattva kI prApaka kriyA ko yoga kahate haiN| isa prakAra yoga ko eka viziSTa kriyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jisake antargata aneka prakAra ke yAna tathA tapa kA samAveza hotA hai, jinakA eka mAtra lakSya cetanA kA vikAsa hai| 'yoga' zabda kA artha - yoga zabda ke saMyoga, samparka, yukti, dhyAna, cittavRttinirodha, nirvANa, samAdhi Adi aneka artha haiN| yoga zabda 'yuj' dhAtu se niSpanna hai / pANinIya dhAtu - pATha meM tIna 'yuj' dhAtue~ upalabdha haiM - (i) yuj samAdhau (divAdigaNIya, yujyate) (ii) yujir yoge ( rudhAdigaNIya, yunakti, yuGkte) (iii) yuja saMyamane (curAdigaNIya, yojayati, yojayate) 'yoga' zabda kA samAdhi artha 'yuj samAdhau ' se 'ghaJ' pratyaya hokara niSpanna hotA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM prayukta yoga zabda 'yujir yoge' se nirmita hai| yahA~ yoga kA prayoga saMyojana artha meM huA hai| sAtha hI samAdhi evaM kriyA ke rUpa meM bhI abhihita huA hai| bauddha-darzana meM yoga kA artha samAdhi yA dhyAna hai| 'visuddhimaggo' meM kuzalacit kI ekAgratA ko samAdhi kahA gayA hai| bauddhayoga kA svarUpa - bauddha yoga-sAdhanA kA mukhya sambandha samAdhi se hai| bauddha dharmAnusAra eka hI Alambana meM samAna tathA samyak rUpa se citta aura caitasika dharmoM kI pratiSThA samAdhi hai / samAdhi ke do sopAna haiM - For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 1. zamatha aura 2. vipazyanA zamatha ise laukika samAdhi bhI kahate haiM, kyoMki isameM dhyAna kA viSaya kAma, rUpa aura arUpa bhUmiyA~ banatI haiN| zamatha kA artha hai - pA~ca nIvaraNoM arthAt vighnoM kA upshm| ina vighnoM ke zamana se citta kI ekAgratA hotI hai| . paJca nIvaraNAnaM samanaTena smthN| isalie zamatha kA artha citta kI ekAgratA bhI hai|' ___ pA~ca nIvaraNa yA vighna isa prakAra haiM1. kAmacchanda - viSayoM ke anurAga ko kAmacchanda kahate haiN| isameM citta nAnA viSayoM se pralobhita hotA hai| 2. vyApAda - hiMsA ko vyApAda kahate haiN| yaha prIti kA pratipakSaM hai| 3. styAna - citta kI akarmaNyatA styAna hai| 4. middha - Alasya ko middha kahA gayA hai| 5. auddhatya-kaukRtya - auddhatya kA artha hai avyavasthita cittatA aura kaukRtya kA artha kheda yA pazcAttApa hai| sukha auddhatya-kaukRtya kA pratipakSa hai| 5. vicikitsA - saMzaya ko vicikitsA kahate haiN| vicAra vicikitsA kA pratipakSa hai| ye nIvaraNa citta kI ekAgratA ke bAdhaka haiM, ataH ina vighnoM kA nAza hone para 6 yAna evaM dhyAna ke pAMca aMgoM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| .. dhyAna ke pAMca aMga haiM - 1. vitarka 2. vicAra 3. prIti 4. sukha evaM 5. ekaagrtaa| daza palibodha athavA antarAya jisako laukika samAdhi abhISTa ho usako parizuddha zIla meM pratiSThita hokara sabase pahale vighnoM (palibodha) kA nAza karanA caahie| ye palibodha haiM - AvAsa, kula, lAbha, gaNa, karma, mArga, jJAti, AbAdha, grantha aura Rddhi| 1. samatho hi cittekaggatA, aMguttara nikAyaTThakathA, bAlavagga, sutta 3, 2. yoga-darzana meM antarAyoM kA ullekha hai - vyAdhistyAnasaMzayapramAdAlasyAviratibhrAntidarzanAlabdha bhUmikatvAnavasthitatvAni cittvikssepaaste'ntraayaaH| - yogasUtra, samAdhipAda, sUtra 30 3. yogadarzana meM - vitrkvicaaraanndaasmitaaruupaanugmaatsmprjnyaatH| (yogasUtra, samAdhipAda, 17) Ananda meM prIti ko, asmitA meM sukha ko samAviSTa jAnanA caahie| For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA * 137 AvAsa - jisakA citta kisI kAraNavaza apane AvAsa meM pratibaddha hai usake lie AvAsa bhI antarAya hai| kula - kucha bhikSu apane tathA sevaka ke kula se vizeSa saMsarga kI bhAvanA rakhate haiN| unake lie kula antarAya hai| lAbha - cIvara, piNDapAta, zayanAsana aura glAna pratyaya bhaiSaja - ye cAra pratyaya lAbha haiN| bhikSu ko ina cAra vastuoM kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| kabhI-kabhI ye bhI antarAya ho jAte haiN| gaNa - gaNa meM rahane se loga aneka prakAra ke prazna pUchate haiM yA pATha ke lie Ate haiN| ataH gaNa bhI antarAya hai| ___ karma - karma kA artha haiM, 'navakarma' arthAt vihAra kA abhisNskaar| jo vihAra kA abhisaMskAra (navakarma) karAtA hai use zramikoM ke kArya kA nirIkSaNa karanA par3atA hai| usake lie navakarma sarvadA antarAya hai| mArga - gamana bhI kabhI-kabhI antarAya hotA hai| mArga meM milane vAlA lAbha-satkAra jinake citta ko sthira nahIM rahane detA, unake lie mArga bhI antarAya hai| . jJAti - vihAra ke AcArya, upAdhyAya, antevAsika, mAtA-pitA Adi jJAti haiN| ve jaba bImAra par3ate haiM to ye antarAma hote haiN| kyoMki inakI sevA karanI par3atI hai| jaba taka ye nIroga na hoM, unakI sevA karanA bhikSu kA kartavya hai| * AbAMdha - bhikSu ko koI roga huA to zramaNa dharma ke pAlana meM antarAya hotA hai| cikitsA dvArA roga kA zIghra upazama karanA caahie| grantha - bhikSu kI samAdhi meM kabhI grantha bhI vighna bana jAte haiN| Rddhi - vipazyanA meM Rddhi bhI antarAya hai, kintu samAdhi meM nhiiN| ina vighnoM kA uccheda kara bhikSu ko 'karmasthAna' ke grahaNa ke lie kalyANa bhikSu ke pAsa jAnA caahie| karmasthAna bauddha sAhitya meM 40 karmasthAna svIkRta haiM, jinheM parihAriya - kammaTThAna bhI kahate haiN| inameM se jo karmasthAna caryA ke anukUla ho usakA nitya abhiyoga arthAt grahaNa karanA caahie| ye 40 karma sthAna isa prakAra hai - dasa kasiNa, dasa azubha, dasa anusmRti, cAra brahma vihAra, cAra ArUpya, eka saMjJA, eka vyvsthaan| daza kasiNa - dasa kasiNa yoga karma ke sahAyaka AlambanoM meM se haiN| kasiNoM para citta ko ekAgra karane se dhyAna kI prApti hotI hai| kasiNa isa prakAra haiM - pRthvIkasiNa, apakasiNa, tejakasiNa, vAyukasiNa, nIlakasiNa, pItakasiNa, lohitakasiNa, avadAta kasiNa, AlokakasiNa, pricchinaakaashksinn| For Personal & Private Use Only

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kAra haiM 138 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA daza-azubha - udghamAtaka, vinIlaka, vipubbaka, vicchiddaka, vikkhAyitaka vikkhittaka, hatavikkhittaka, lohitaka, puluvaka, aTThika ye 10 azubha hai| upasthitasmRti se, saMvRtta-indriyoM se, ekAgracitta se jaise nirdhana nidhi-sthAna kI ora, yA yajamAna yajJazAlA meM jisa saumanasya se jAtA hai usI prakAra yogI ko azubha karmasthAna ke pAsa jAnA cAhie aura usa azubha nimitta ko amUlya ratna ke samAna dekhakara usa Alambana para dhyAna ekAgra karanA caahiye| isa karmasthAna meM prathama dhyAna se Age nahIM bar3hA jA sakatA hai| isalie inakI vRddhi nahIM karanI caahie| daza anusmRti - punaH punaH hone vAlI smRti hI anusmRti hai| pravartana ke yogya sthAna meM hI pravRtta hone ke kAraNa anurUpa smRti ko bhI anusmRti kahate haiN| ye dasa anusmRtiyAM isa prakAra haiM - buddhAnusmRti, dharmAnusmRti, saMghAnusmRti, zIlAnusmRti, tyAgAnusmRti, devatAnusmRti, kAyAnusmRti, maraNAnusmRti, AnApAnasmRti, upshmaanusmRti| . . .. ina dasa smRtiyoM meM AnApAna smRti kA vizeSa mahattva hai| pAtaJjala yoga meM ise prANAyAma' kahate haiN| yaha eka prakRSTa karma sthAna hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne ise 40 karmasthAnoM meM zIrSa sthAna para rakhA hai, kyoMki yaha karmasthAna kisI bhI dRSTi se azAnta aura apraNIta nahIM hai| cAra brahma vihAra - maitrI,karuNA, muditA, upekSA ye cAra brahmavihAra haiN| citta vizuddhi ke uttama sAdhana haiN| jIvoM ke prati kisa prakAra samyak vyavahAra karanA cAhiye isakA bhI yaha nidarzana hai| ina cAra bhAvanAoM dvArA rAga, dveSa, IrSyA, asUyA, Adi cittamaloM kA apAkaraNa hotA hai| yoga ke anya karma Atmahita ke sAdhana haiM, kintu ye cAra brahma-vihAra para-hita ke bhI sAdhana haiN| prathama tIna brahma vihAra tIna dhyAnoM kA hI utpAda karate haiM aura cauthA brahma vihAra antima dhyAna kA utpAda karatA hai| ___cAra ArUpya - AkAzAnantyAyatana, vijJAnAnantyAyatana, AkiJcanyAyatana aura naivasaMjJAnAsaMjJAyatana ye cAra arUpa dhyAna hai| cAra rUpa dhyAnoM kI prApti hone para unameM doSa dekhakara rUpa kA samatikrama karane ke hetu yaha dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| ye cAra dhyAna krama se zAntatara, praNItatara aura sUkSmatara hote haiN| __ saMjJA - AhAra meM pratikUla saMjJA nAmaka eka saMjJA hai| caturvidha AhAroM meM se kavalIkAra (khAdya padArtha) AhAra meM citta ko ekAgra kiyA jAtA hai tathA AhAra meM azucibhAva kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, jisase AhAra meM pratikUla saMjJA utpanna hotI hai| isa saMjJA se yogI kI rasa-tRSNA naSTa hotI hai| yogI kevala duHkhanissaraNa ke lie hI 4. pracchardanavidhAraNAbhyAM vA praannsy| - yogasUtra samadhivAda, sUtra 34 5. maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSANAM sukhaduHkhapuNyApuNyaviSayANAM bhaavnaatshcittprsaadnm| - yogasUtra samAdhipAda, sUtra 33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA * 139 AhAra sevana karatA hai| vyavasthAna - cAra dhAtuoM kA vyavasthAna nAmaka eka vyavasthAna hai| isa kAyA meM pRthivI dhAtu hai, ap dhAtu hai, teja-dhAtu hai, vAyu dhAtu hai| isa prakAra ke vyavasthAna se kAya meM "yaha sattva hai, yaha pudgala hai, yaha AtmA hai aisI saMjJA naSTa ho dhAtu saMjJA hI utpanna hotI hai| isa avasthA meM yogI zUnyatA meM avagAhana karatA hai tathA mahAprajJA ko prApta karatA hai| ina cAlIsa karmasthAnoM meM se kevala dasa kasiNoM kI vRddhi karanI caahie| parakAyagatA smRti aura dasa azubhoM kI vRddhi nahIM karanI cAhie, kyoMki isase koI lAbha nahIM hai| isameM se dasa kasiNa, dasa azubha, AnApAna-smRti, kAyagatA smRti -kevala ye bAIsa karmasthAna hI Alambana ke nimitta haiM, zeSa meM kucha svabhAva dharma haiM aura kucha na nimitta haiM aura na svabhAva-dharma haiN| samAdhi ina karmasthAnoM meM dhyAna se samAdhi kA udaya hotA hai| samAdhi do prakAra kI hai - upacAra aura arpnnaa| dhyAna kI kSINa avasthA ko upacAra samAdhi kahate haiN| isa avasthA meM nIvaraNoM kA prahANa hokara citta samAhita hotA hai| arpaNA samAdhi meM vitarka-vicAra-prIti-sukha ekAgratA ina aMgoM kA prAdurbhAva hokara vaha sudRr3ha ho jAtA hai| arpaNA meM kuzalatA nimna sAdhanoM se prApta kI jA sakatI hai - 1. zarIra tathA cIvara kI zuddhatA se| 2. zraddhAMdi indriyoM ke samabhAva pratipAdana se| 3. nimitta kauzala se| 4. jisa samaya citta kA pragraha karanA ho usa samaya citta kA pragraha karane se| 5. . jisa samaya citta kA nigraha karanA ho, usa samaya citta kA nigraha karane se| 6. jisa samaya citta kA sampraharSaNa karanA ho, usa samaya citta ke sampraharSaNa se| 7. jisa samaya citta kA upekSAbhAva honA cAhie usa samaya citta kI udAsIna vRtti se| 8. aise logoM ke parityAga se jo aneka kAryoM meM vyApta rahate haiN| 9. samAdhi-lAbhI puruSoM ke Asevana se| 10. samAdhi-parAyaNa hone se| dhyAna ke cAra bheda bauddha darzana meM dhyAna ke cAra sopAna svIkRta haiM - 1. prathama dhyAna, 2. dvitIya dhyAna, 3. tRtIya dhyAna, 4. caturtha dhyAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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140 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 1.prathama dhyAna - kAma aura akuzala ke parityAga se hI prathama dhyAna kA lAbha hotA hai| isa dhyAna meM vizeSakara kAmadhAtu kA atikramaNa hotA hai| yahA~ akuzala dharmo kA Azaya pA~ca nIvaraNoM se hI hai| dhyAna ke aMga inake pratipakSa haiM, yathA - samAdhi kAmacchanda kA, prIti vyApAda kA, vitarka styAna kA, sukha auddhatya-kaukRtya kA aura vicAra vicikitsA kA pratipakSa hai| ina pA~ca nIvaraNoM kA parityAga kara prathama dhyAna vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha aura samAdhi ina pA~coM aMgoM se samanvAgata hotA hai| ina pA~ca aMgoM kA jaba taka prAdurbhAva nahIM hotA taba taka prathama dhyAna kA lAbha nahIM hotaa| yogI ko Avarjana, sama, adhiSThAna, vyutthAna aura pratyavekSaNa ina pAMca prakAroM se prathama dhyAna para Adhipatya prApta karanA cAhie tabhI dvitIya dhyAna kI prApti ho sakatI hai| . dvitIya dhyAna - prathama dhyAna se uThakara yogI vicAratA hai ki prathama dhyAna sadoSa hai kyoMki isake vitarka-vicAra sthUla haiM aura isalie isake aMga durbala aura parikSINa hai| dvitIya dhyAna kI vRtti zAnta hai aura usake prIti, sukha Adi zAntatara aura praNItatara haiM, ataH vaha dvitIya dhyAna meM pravRtta hotA hai| dvitIya dhyAna meM sthUla vitarka aura vicAra kA anutpAda hotA hai| ataH dvitIya dhyAna ke kevala tIna aMga haiM - 1. prIti 2. sukha aura 3.ekaagrtaa| dvitIya dhyAna samprasAdana hai|' arthAt zraddhAyukta hone ke kAraNa tathA vitarka, vicAra ke kSobha ke vyupazama ke kAraNa yaha citta ko suprasanna karatA hai| vitarka vicAra ke abhAva se yaha samAdhi zreSTha hai| dvitIya dhyAna kA bhI AvarjanAdi pA~ca prakAroM se abhyAsa karanA caahie| tatIya dhyAna - dvitIya dhyAna bhI sadoSa hai, kyoMki isakI prIti sthUla hai, yaha vicAra kara yogI ko tRtIya dhyAna kA yatna karanA caahie| tRtIya dhyAna ke kSaNa meM prIti kA anutpAda hotA hai| isa dhyAna ke do aMga haiM - 1. sukha aura 2. ekaagrtaa| upekSA, smRti aura samprajanya isake pariSkAra haiN| ___ prIti kA atikramaNa karane se tRtIya dhyAna kA lAbhI upekSAbhAva rakhatA hai, vaha samadarzI hotA hai| isa kAraNa vaha 'upekSaka' kahalAtA hai| yaha upekSA daza prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. SaDaGgopekSA 2. brahmavihAropekSA 3. bodhyaGgopekSA 4.vIryopekSA 5. saMskAropekSA 6. vedanopekSA 7. vipazyanopekSA 8. tatramathyatvopekSA 9. dhyAnopekSA aura 10. prishuddhyupekssaa| yogI isa dhyAna meM caitasika sukha kA lAbha karatA hai aura dhyAna se uThakara kAyika sukha kA bhI anubhava karatA hai tathA upekSA bhAva se vihAra karatA hai| tRtIya dhyAna kA bhI pUrvokta pA~ca prakAroM se abhyAsa karanA caahie| 6. adhigamena samaM sasampayustassa jhAnassa sammAApajjana paripajjanaM samApajjanaM jhAnasamaGgitA" - paramatthamaMjUsA TIkA 7. prItyAdayaH prasAdazca dvitiiye'nggctussttym| tRtIye paJca tUpekSA smRtirjJAnaM sukhaM sthitiH|" abhidharmakoza 8/7-8 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA * 141 caturtha dhyAna - yogI smRti-samprajanyapUrvaka dhyAna ke aMgoM kI pratyavekSA karatA hai to use anubhava hotA hai ki caitasika sukha sthUla hai aura upekSA, vedanA tathA cittaikAgratA zAnta hai| taba vaha caturtha dhyAna kA prayatna karatA hai| caturtha dhyAna ke do aMga haiM - 1. upekSA-vedanA aura 2. ekaagrtaa| caturtha dhyAna meM caitasika sukha kA prahANa hotA hai tathA smRti parizuddha hotI hai| isa samaya anubhava hone vAlA sukha duHkha, saumanasya aura daurmanasya kA abhAva mAtra nahIM hai| yaha tIsarI vedanA hai| ise upekSA bhI kahate haiN| yahI upekSA citta kI vimukti hai| sukha duHkha ke prahANa se isakA adhigama hotA hai| isa prakAra yogI zamatha rUpI laukika samAdhi ko prApta karatA hai| vipazyanA nirvANa kI prApti hetu zamatha kI bhAvanA ke pazcAt vipazyanA kI bhAvanA Avazyaka hai| vipazyanA ke binA yogI na to arhat pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai aura na hI saMsAra ke bandhana se mukti pA sakatA hai| pAli-tripiTaka meM kahIM-kahIM zamatha evaM vipazyanA ke eka sAtha hone kA ullekha milatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki zamatha aura vipazyanA eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| vipazyanA ko lokottara samAdhi kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vipazyanA kA Alambana laukika karma kA sthAna nahIM hai| . vipazyanA prajJA kA mArga hai| vipazyanA kA sAmAnya artha hai - vizeSa rUpa se dekhnaa| sAdhaka vipazyanA kI bhAvanA se kSaNika nAmarUpa dharmoM ke anitya svabhAva ko jAnatA hai, jisase use yaha jJAna ho jAtA hai ki jo anitya hai vaha duHkharUpa hai, anAtma hai| isa prakAra sAdhaka jaba nAma-rUpa dharmoM ke anitya, du:kha aura anAtmasvarUpa ko vizeSa rUpa se dekhane lagatA hai taba usakA jJAna vipazyanA kahalAtA hai| bhagavAna buddha ke anusAra jaba sAdhaka isa nAma aura rUpa ko spaSTa rUpa se dekhane meM samartha ho jAtA hai taba usake andara se AtmA ke astitva kI mAnyatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha pUrNa vipazyanA bhAvanA ko prApta kara letA hai| vipazyanA bhAvanA ke antargata sAta prakAra kI vizuddhiyA~ karanI hotI haiM, jo nimna prakAra haiM - ___ 1. zIla vizuddhi.2. citta vizuddhi 3. dRSTi vizuddhi 4. kAMkSAvitaraNa vizuddhi 5. . mArgAmArgajJAnadarzana vizuddhi 5. pratipadAjJAna darzana vizuddhi 7. jnyaandrshnvishuddhi| . vipazyanA paddhati mana ko zAnta karane ke lie, rAgadveSa ko kama karane ke lie svayaM ko jAnane aura dekhane ke lie hai| arthAt vipazyanA rAga, dveSa aura moha se vikRta hue citta ko nirmala banAne kI sAdhanA hai, dainika jIvana ke tanAva, khiMcAva se vikRta hue citta ko granthi-vimukta karane kA sakriya abhyAsa hai| vipazyanA meM jo anAyAsa, sahaja zvAsa cala rahA hai, use dekhane ke lie kahA jAtA hai| kisI prakAra kA vizeSa prayatna yahA~ nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| vipazyanA meM Asana, For Personal & Private Use Only

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142 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA japa evaM svAdhyAya kA niSedha hai tathA prANAyAma (AyAsa pUrvaka zvAsa prazvAsa para niyantraNa) ko mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai| kintu vipazyanA meM mauna kA vizeSa mahattva hai| vipazyanA meM niyama se mauna rakhA jAtA hai| bauddha yoga kA pAtaJjala yoga se vaiziSTya - maharSi pataJjali dvArA racita 'yogasUtra' meM pratipAdita yoga paddhati evaM bauddhayoga meM mAnya mukhya bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai - ____1. pataJjali ke anusAra yoga kA lakSya citta kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha hai, jabaki bauddhamata meM dhyAna-sAdhanA kA lakSya citta kA hI nirodha hai| 2. pAtaJjala yoga meM samAdhi siddhi ke lie IzvaravAcaka praNava (OM) ke uccAraNa kA nirdeza hai, jabaki buddha zikSA meM kisI zabda ke uccAraNa kA nirdeza nahIM hai| ___3. yogasUtra meM eka nirvikAra tattva 'puruSa' ke bAre meM parikalpanA kI gaI hai jo citta kI samasta kriyAoM kA sAkSI hai| kintu buddha ne puruSa jaise kisI tattva ko nahIM svIkArA, unakI dRSTi meM to zarIra manomaya hotA hai|' 4. yogasUtra' meM niyamoM ke antargata svAdhyAya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki buddha sadA isa bAta para bala dete the ki dharma ke saiddhAntika pakSa kI jAnakArI kI apekSA isake vAstavika AcaraNa kA adhika mahattva hai| ___5. udaya evaM kSaya ina zabdoM kA prayoga yogasUtrakAra ne kucha dharmoM ke udaya evaM nAza ke lie kiyA hai, jabaki buddha ne udaya-vyaya ko zarIra meM hone vAlI saMvedanAoM (vedanAoM) ke sAtha jor3A hai| 6. pataJjali ke anusAra kaivalya prApti yoga-sAdhanA kA parama lakSya hai| unake anusAra guNa (sattva, raja, tama) zAnta hokara puruSArtha zUnya ho jAte haiM to kaivalya hotA hai| bauddha mata meM mukti ke lie kevala yA kevalI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jo paramamukti kI nirmala aura vizuddha avasthA ko darzAte haiN| kevalI meM pA~ca vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM - azaikSya kA zIla, azaikSya kI samAdhi, vimukti, vaisA hI jJAna aura arhat ke dharma-sambandhI jJAna kI praakaasstthaa|" 8. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH- yogasUtra, 1.2 1. manomayeSu kAyeSu sabbattha pAraMmi gato - apa. thera. 1.2.53 10. zaucasantoSatapa:svAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAnAni niymaaH| yogasUtra-2.32 11. asekhena ca sIlena, asekhena smaadhinaa| vimuttayA ca sampanno, ANena ca tthaavidho|| sa ve paJcaGgasampanno, paJca aGge vivjjyN| imasmiM dhammavinaye, kevalI iti vucctiiti|| - aMguttara nikAya 3.10.12 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha yoga evaM usakI upAdeyatA * 143 vartamAna samaya meM bhI yoga evaM dhyAna kI utanI hI prAsaGgikatA hai jitanI prAcInakAla meM thI, balki Adhunika kAla meM isakI mahattA atyadhika bar3ha gaI hai| Aja ke vyasta jIvana meM mana vicAroM, kalpanAoM, smRtiyoM, vRttiyoM, kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM se vyAkula rahatA hai, jinakI nivRtti ke lie mana kA nirodha Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| Aja bhautika sukhoM se utpanna mAnasika azAnti ke nirAkaraNa ke lie bhAratIya hI kyA pAzcAttya deza bhI yoga evaM dhyAna kI zaraNa meM Ane ko lAlAyita haiN| yoga se citta ekAgra hotA hai| citta kI ekAgratA kA prabalatama evaM sarvottama sAdhana hai - dhyaan| dhyAna se mana kI caMcalatA, asthiratA, azAnti tathA vyagratA kA nAza hotA hai tathA caitasika zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha dvArA pratipAdita dhyAna-sAdhanA paddhati 'vipazyanA' jo bhArata se prAyaH lupta ho cukI thI, ko zrI satyanArAyaNa goyanakA dvArA barmA se lAkara punajovita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jisase Aja yaha dhyAna paddhati jana-mAnasa meM lokapriya ho rahI hai| isake lie samasta mAnava jAti zrI goyanakA jI kI RNI rhegii| - atithi adhyApaka, saMskRta vibhAga jayanArAyaNavyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna suzrI RcA zarmA bauddha dharma-darzana evaM kalA 'nibbAna paramaM vadanti buddhaa'|' .. bauddha darzana meM nirvANa' hI parama lakSya mAnA gayA hai| nirvANa-prApti hI vaha kendra hai jisake cAroM ora bauddha dharma-darzana kI dRSTi dikhAI detI hai| ise hI bauddhadarzana meM paramasukha, sarvasva aura amRta pada kahA gayA hai| samasta ke tyAga kA nAma hI 'nirvANa' hai - 'sarvatyAgazca nirvaannm'|' bauddha dharma meM yaha samasta kA tyAga 'rUpa' ke tyAga kI bhI apekSA rakhatA hai| 'rUpa' ke astitva ke sAtha hI 'nAma' jur3A hai| 'nAma' aura 'rUpa' kI nirRti (nirodha) nirvANa-prApti ke lie upadiSTa mArga (pratItyasamutpAda) kI Avazyaka kar3I mAnI gayI hai| isa prakAra bauddha mata jIvana ke ekamAtra uddezya ke rUpa meM nirvANa ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa lakSya kI prApti meM pratyeka bAdhaka tatva (vaha cAhe nAma ho, rUpa ho athavA indriya-sukha ho) kA niSedha karatA hai| aba yadi hama kalAoM para dRSTipAta kareM to ve uparyukta prakAra se varNita nirvANa se nitAnta bhinna haiN| 'rUpa' kalA kA pramukha tattva hai| 'rUpa' se pRthak to kalA kI sattA hI nahIM hai| kalA kalpanA kA saMsAra hai, racanA kA saMsAra hai jo dRzya hone para hI hamAre 1. dhammapada, buddhavaggo,6 2. (ka) 'nibbAnaM parama sukhaM / - vahI, sukhavaggo,7-8 (kha) AtmAnandaH parAnando nirvANaM paramaM sukhm'| - buddhacarita, 19.27 3. 'durlabhaM zAntamajaraM paraM tadamRtaM padam'! buddhacarita, 12.106 4. sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthi ca me mnH| tyaktavyaM cenmayA sarvaM varaM sattveSu diiytaam|| - bodhicaryAvatAra, 3.11 5. (ka) nAmarUpanirodhe ca ssddaaytnsNkssyH| tathA vijJAnarodhe ca nAmarUpe vinshytH|| - buddhacarita, 14.84 (kha) 'nAmarUpasmiM asajjamAnaM, akiMcanaM nAnupatanti dukkhaa|' - dhammapada kodhavaggo, 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna - 145 jJAna ke kSetra meM AtI hai| nirI kalpanA kalA nahIM hai use dRzyajagat meM AnA par3atA hai| dRzyatA 'rUpa' ke lie Avazyaka hai - 'rUpaM dRzyatayocyate saMgIta, citra, mUrti, kAvya, abhinaya, sthApatya Adi kisI bhI kalA meM rUpa sarvopari hai| yahA~ utkaNThA hotI hai ki kyA saMgIta bhI rUpa kI saMjJA prApta kara sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha zravya' hotA hai| bI.ema. baruA ne apanI pustaka 'e hisTrI oNpha pribuddhisTika iMDiyana philaoNsaphI' meM rUpa ko anubhASya kahA hai| unhoMne phusaphusAhaTa ko zvAsa ke samAna rUpahIna mAnA hai| jora se bolane para vahI phusaphusAhaTa jo ki aba taka zvAsa thI, 'rUpa' ho jAtI hai, anubhASya ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra saMgIta ke svara bhI 'rUpa' haiN| rUpa dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa ve hamArI indriyoM ke jJAna kSetra meM A jAte haiN| isake atirikta bhI kAnoM se dekhane aura A~khoM se sunane ko sarvottama kahA gayA hai| sarvavidita hai ki kalAe~ jahA~ 'rUpa' kI ora saMketa karatI haiM, vahIM indriya-sukha se bhI sambandha rakhatI haiN| bhAratIya manISA ne kalAoM meM 'rasa' ke unmIlana ko pramukhatA se sthAna diyA hai| rasa-niSpatti kI pariNati 'Ananda' hai, jise anirvacanIya kahA gayA hai| __ina donoM dRSTiyoM (dharmadRSTi evaM kalA dRSTi) se to kahIM bhI bauddhadharma aura kalA meM koI tAratamya dikhAI nahIM detA hai| kahA~ to indriya-sukha se virakti kA bhAva (bauddhadharma dRSTi) aura kahA~ indriya-sukha kA Ananda (kalA dRSTi)! kahA~ 'rUpa' meM anAsakti (bauddhadharma dRSTi) aura kahA~ rUpa racanA (kalAdRSTi)! kahA~ 'sva' kA tyAga (bauddha dharma dRSTi) aura kahA~ 'sva' arthAt AtmA kI abhivyakti (kalAdRSTi) nirvANa ke patha para agrasara vyakti ke lie kalA kA kyA prayojana? isase to bauddha dharma evaM kalA kA sAhacaryamUlaka sambandha asaMgata pratIta hotA hai| kintu jaisA pratIta ho rahA hai vaisA vastutaH hai nhiiN| yadi hama bhArata meM kalAoM ke carama utkarSa kI ora naz2ara DAleM to bauddha kalA' ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai| bauddha dharma se sambandhita kalAoM meM sarvazreSTha rUpa-racanA abhivyakta hotI hai| bhAratIya kalA bhaNDAra ko sarvAdhika samRddhatA bauddha mUrtikalA evaM citrakalA ne pradAna kii| ataH bauddha dharma aura kalA ke sAtha isake sambandha para dRSTi DAleM to hamArI dhiSaNA ke Age jo avaguMThana (pardA) hai, vaha svataH hI haTa jAegA aura hamArI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna bhI mila jaaegaa| bauddha dharma evaM kalA : antaHsambandha dhArmika Andolana ke dRSTikoNa se I.pU. chaThI zatAbdI kA kAla bhAratIya itihAsa kA eka mahattvapUrNa kAla rahA hai| bhArata hI nahIM vizva ke itihAsa meM yaha 6. dazarUpaka (dhanaMjaya), 1.7 . 7. bI.ema baruA, e hisTrI oNpha pribuddhisTika iMDiyana philAsaphI, kalakattA, 1921, pR. 64 8. 'nAmarUpasmiM asajjamAnaM, akiMcanaM, nAnupatanti dukkhaa'| - dhammapada, kodhavaggo, 1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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146 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA zatAbdI bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnI gayI hai, kyoMki isa zatAbdI meM sabhI dezoM meM kucha aise manISI evaM mahApuruSa hue, jinhoMne bhaviSya ke lie nUtana Aloka diyaa| isI kAla meM mahAtmA buddha dvArA bauddha dharma kI sthApanA kI gayI thii| jJAna-prApti ke bAda mahAtmA buddha ne apane upadezoM dvArA manuSya ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA mArga dikhlaayaa| ye bauddha dharma ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM vijJeya haiN| paravartI anuyAyiyoM ne siddhAnta sUtroM kI vivecanA kara ise darzana ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| kAlAntara meM bauddha kalA bhI eka camatkAra ke rUpa meM sAmane AI, jisane sampUrNa bhAratIya kalA ko eka Adarza rUpa pradAna kiyaa| bauddha dharma evaM kalA kA samanvaya kaba aura kina paristhitiyoM meM sthApita huA, isakA spaSTa saMketa to nahIM milatA hai, kintu isa sandarbha meM itanA to pratyakSa hai ki Arambhika vyAvahArika bauddha dRSTikoNa kalA ke pakSa meM nahIM thaa| prArambhika dRSTikoNa ke anusAra kalA nAma aura rUpa kI duniyA hai, jo hameM tAtkAlika sukha dene vAlI hai| jabaki nirvANa vaha sthiti hai jo ina sabase nirmukta hai| isa dRSTikoNa ke bAvajUda bhI bhAratIya kalA kA jo svarUpa bauddha kalA meM dekhane ko milatA hai, vaha anyatra kahIM nahIM milatA hai| ye kalAkRtiyA~ saundaryazAstra ke uccatama mAnadaNDoM para kharI utaratI haiN| maurya, zuMga, sAtavAhana, kuSANa, gupta kAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI I.pU. - chaThI zatAbdI I.) meM jahA~ bauddha dharma kA atyadhika vikAsa huA vahIM bauddha kalA bhI apane unnata zikhara para pahu~ca cukI thii| mUrti, sthApatya, citra, sAhitya - pratyeka kSetra bauddha dharma evaM darzana se sampRkta ho gayA thaa| kArle, kAnherI, bhAjA, ajantA - jahA~ bhI naz2ara DAleM bauddha kalA kA hI paracama laharAtA naz2ara aaegaa| isase yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki bauddha kalA evaM bauddha dharma ke madhya eka aisA ubhayaniSTha tattva avazya hai jo inheM jor3atA hai| ina donoM dRSTikoNoM ke madhya jo bheda hai vaha vastutaH vibhrama hai| buddha ne bhI isa bheda-abheda para avazya cintanA kI hogI aura anta meM unhoMne abheda ko hI viziSTa pAyA hogaa| isIlie unhoMne kAlAntara meM bauddha bhikSuoM ke nivAsa para caraNa citroM kI anumati pradAna kii| buddhaghoSa ne kalA ko mastiSka kI sRjanAtmaka sthiti se udbhUta mAnA hai|' prArambha meM bauddha dRSTikoNa bhale hI kalA ke pakSa meM nahIM rahA ho, kintu kAlAntara meM kalA aura bauddha dharma ke madhya paraspara sAhacarya mUlaka sambandha sthApita huA aura donoM ne eka dUsare ke vikAsa meM yogadAna kiyA hai| bauddha dharma ne kalA ko samRddha banAyA hai to kalA ne bauddha dharma ko viziSTa Aloka pradAna kiyA hai| bauddha dharma ko kalA kA avadAna bauddha dharma ke vikAsa meM kalA kA viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai| bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM kalA ne mAdhyama ke rUpa meM apanI mahatI bhUmikA nibhAI hai| 9. S.N. Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Indian Art, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Bombay, 1954, pp.95-96 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna * 147 bodhi-prApti ke pazcAt buddha ne sarvajanahitAya dharma kA pracAra-prasAra prArambha kiyaa| apane kArya ko sthAyitva pradAna karane ke uddezya se unhoMne bhikSuoM ke eka saMgha kA nirmANa kiyaa| mahAparinirvANa (buddha kI mRtyu) ke pazcAt isI bauddha saMgha dvArA unake bahujanahitAya evaM bahujana sukhAya kI bhAvanA se AplAvita mata kA adhikAdhika pracAra huaa| isake atirikta bimbasAra, ajAtazatru, kaniSka, harSavardhana, azoka Adi mahAn rAjAoM ne isa dharma ko grahaNa kiyA aura isake utkarSa meM apanI samasta zakti lagA dii| samrATa azoka ne to isa dharma ko sthAnIya stara se Upara uThAkara apane prayAsoM dvArA antararASTrIya stara para pahu~cA diyaa| isa kArya ke lie rAjakIya saMrakSakoM ne kalA ko mAdhyama bnaayaa| spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharma kA pracAra-prasAra eka mahatI AvazyakatA thI, jisake lie kalA bhI eka mAdhyama bnii| rAjakIya saMrakSakoM ne hI nahIM, saMgha ke nivAsI bhikSuoM aura anya bauddha anuyAyiyoM ne bhI kalA ko mAdhyama evaM sAdhanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| yathA-ajantA kI kRtiyoM ke racanAkAroM kA spaSTa nAmollekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu kalA marmajJa vAcaspati gairolA ke anusAra bauddha sthaviroM aura kalAvid AcAryoM kA isameM pUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| vizeSa rUpa se mahAyAna zAkhA ke bauddha bhikSuoM kA ullekha karate hue unhoMne kahA hai ki 'ina mahAn kalAkRtiyoM ke nirmANa meM rAjyAzrita pezevara kalAkAroM kI apekSA una tyAgI, tapasvI saMnyAsiyoM kI sAdhanA adhika dikhAI detI hai, jinhoMne yaza-apayaza hAni-lAbha, aura rAga-dveSa para pUrNatayA vijaya prApta karalI thii|1 kalAoM kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai - logoM ko bauddha dharma kI ora AkRSTa krnaa| rAjyAzraya meM kalA apane zreyas astitva ko prApta karatI huI AdhyAtmikatA meM paryavasita ho jAtI hai| dharma kI AdhyAtmika, adRSTa evaM alaukika pRSThabhUmi para hI bhAratIya citrakalA kI AdhArabhitti khar3I hai| yaha AdhyAtmika AkRSTatA hI janasamUha meM cetanA kA avalambana hai| bauddha pracArakoM kI anubhUti bhI isa tathya se achUtI nahIM rhii| nihAra raMjana raoNya ne bauddha samudAya kI ora vizeSa rUpa se saMketa karate hue kahA hai ki unheM yaha mahasUsa huA ki kalA ke mAdhyama se ve sIdhe aura prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se apanI paurANika evaM dantakathAoM, pratIkoM aura upamAoM kA pracAra karake anya 10. 'buddha ne yaha samajhakara ki apane jIvana meM maiMne jisa dharma kA pracAra kiyA hai vaha sadA phUlatA-phalatA rahe tathA vRddhi ko prApta ho eka saMgha kI sthApanA kii|' - AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, bauddha darzana-mImAMsA, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1999 pR. 372 11. vAcaspati gairolA, bhAratIya citrakalA, caukhambA saMskRta pratiSThAna, dillI, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1990, pR. 118 12. rAmanivAsa varmA, dhArmika preraNA se udbhUta kalA, saM. premacanda gosvAmI, kalA : sandarbha aura prakRti, jayapura, 1971, pR.75 For Personal & Private Use Only

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148 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA samudAya ke logoM ko apanI ora AkarSita kara sakate haiN| unhoMne kalA ko apar3ha samAja ko zikSita karane kA lokapriya evaM paramparAgata sAdhana mAnA hai| bhagavAna buddha kI zikSAoM, jAtaka kathAoM evaM buddha ke jIvana dRzyoM yathA - 'zveta gaja ke rUpa meM buddha kA avataraNa' 'rAhula kA janma' 'hAthiyoM dvArA bodhivRkSa kI pUjA' 'kapilavastu punarAgamana', 'buddha ke zarIra va avazeSoM kA ba~TavArA"dharmacakrapravartana' Adi kA varNana ina kalAoM meM pradarzita hai| bauddha kalAoM kI AdhyAtmika zakti aura utkRSTa racanAtmakatA Aja bhI AkarSaNa kA kendra hai| sthApatya, zilpa athavA citra - kisI bhI rUpa meM ye hameM buddha evaM unake darzana kI ora khIMcatI haiN| bauddha kalA tatkAlIna dharma aura darzana kA spaSTa rUpa parilakSita karatI hai| yaha tIsarI vizeSatA bauddha dharma-darzana evaM kalA kA ekatra sammelana bana gaI hai| ye saba yahA~ ekarUpa ho gae haiN| maitreya' (bauddha dharmAnusAra bhaviSya meM avatAra lene vAle buddha) kI kalpanA ko bauddha citroM evaM mUrtiyoM meM mUrta rUpa milA hai| maitreya kI kalAkRti meM saundarya pakSa ke sAtha AdhyAtmika bhAvabodha kI bhI sahaja prastuti hai| isI prakAra bodhisattva padmapANi ke citroM meM nissIma karuNA aura sauhArdra prasphuTita hai| 'sarvajanahita' aura 'sarvajanasukha' ke uddezya kI saMkalpanA vAle buddha pUrNa mokSa kI prApti meM samartha hote hue bhI svayaM taba taka nirvANa grahaNa nahIM kareMge aura apane puNyoM se dUsaroM ko upakRta karate raheMge, jaba taka ki brahmANDa ke sabhI vyakti nirvANa ko prApta na kara leN| aisI udAra pravRtti, Adarza aura jIvana darzana kI spaSTa AbhA 'bodhisattva padmapANi' meM udbhAsita hotI hai| vajrapANi buddha' ko pApa evaM duSToM ke vinAzaka ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai| eka anya dRSTAnta 'mAra-vijaya' ke utkIrNana athavA citraNa meM bhI bauddha dharma evaM darzana ke ucca pratimAnoM kA gumphana hai| kamalapatra jalarAzi se sarAbora hote hue bhI gIlA nahIM 13. bhAratIya kalA ke AyAma, pUrvodaya prakAzana, naI dillI, prathama saMskaraNa, 1984 pR. 39-40 14. 'isameM bhagavAn buddha ke pUrva-janmoM kI kathAe~ haiN| bhagavAn buddha ke jIvana meM aneka bAra aise avasara Aye, jaba ki tatkAlIna kisI ghaTanA ko dekhakara unheM apane pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAeM yAda ho AtI thiiN| kucha dera taka tanmaya ho kara usa para vicAra karate aura phira upasthita zrotAoM ko sunAkara vartamAna ke sAtha atIta kA mela baiThA diyA karate the| yaha unakI eka jAtaka kathA bana jAtI thii|'- jAtakamAlA (anu.-DaoN. jagadIza candra mizra, caukhambhA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1987) bhUmikA, pR.7 15. 'bauddha dharmAnusAra sRSTi kI racanA va parivartana pA~ca bAra hotA hai, jinheM sambaddha bodhisattva apane dhyAnI buddha se zakti evaM preraNA prApta kara racatA hai evaM sambaddha mAnuSI buddha pRthvI para avatarita hote haiN| bauddhamatAnusAra yaha caturtha vizva haiM, jisameM mAnuSI buddha zAkyasiMha gautama evaM isa saMsAra kA saMcAlana avalokitezvara arthAta padmapANi kara rahe haiN| gautama buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke lagabhaga 5000 varSa pazcAt bodhisattva vizvapANi punaH pA~cI sRSTi kI racanA kareMge aura maitreya mAnuSI buddha ke rUpa meM avatarita hoNge| - DaoN . sandhyA pANDeya, guptakAlIna bauddha citrakalA, parimala pablikezansa, dillI, 1991, pR. 119 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna - 149 hotA hai, isI bhA~ti bhagavAn buddha kAmadeva kI senA ke madhya nirvikAra bhAva se sAMsArika duHkhoM ko dUra karane ke lie vajrAsana mudrA (bhUmisparza mudrA) meM tallIna haiN| buddha kI manovaijJAnika chavi kA yaha citraNa saMsAra meM rahate hue sAMsArika viSayoM se nirlipta rahane kI ora bhI saMketa hai| 'aSTAMgika mArga' kI saMkalpanA yahA~ caritArtha hotI hai| inake atirikta kalA na bauddha dharma ke lie 'bhASA' kI bhUmikA bhI nibhAI hai aura Adarza kI bhUmikA bhii| kalAkAra ne tatkAlIna dhArmika mAnyatAoM ko kalAkRtiyoM meM DhAlakara kalA ke Adarza ko naI bhASA pradAna kI hai| prArambhika kAla meM bhagavAna buddha kI upasthiti mAnava rUpa meM kahIM bhI utkIrNa nahIM kI gaI hai balki pratIka mAdhyamoM yathA-rikta siMhAsana, dharmacakra, svastika, cihna caraNa cihna, kamala Adi dhArmika saMketoM se darzAyI gayI hai| buddha svayaM kI pratimA banavAne ke pakSa meM nahIM the, isI Adeza ke anurUpa prArambha meM buddha-mAnavAkRti ke sthAnApanna ye pratIka astitva meM aae| bAda meM mahAyAna sampradAya ke astitva meM Ane para kuSANa kAla meM buddha kI mAnava pratimAe~ banane lgii| azokakAlIna maurya kalAoM kI pratIkAtmaka bhASA Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| sAranAtha se prApta azoka-stambha-zIrSa hamArA rASTrIya cihna hai| isakA pratIkAtmaka vaibhava ise yaha yogyatA pradAna karatA hai| mauryakAlIna stambhoM ke zIrSa para prayukta 'cakra' cakravartI samrAT ke rUpa meM buddha ko pradarzita karatA hai| yaha cakra buddha kI zikSAoM kA bhI saMketa detA hai| pratyeka pazu, pakSI athavA AkRti kisI na kisI tathya kI ora saMketa hai| 'stUpa, caitya, cakra, guhA Adi sabhI upakaraNoM meM bhAvanAeM aMkita huI haiN| yahIM kalA aura dharma tathA jIvana aura sAdhanA kA samanvaya hotA hai| bauddhAcAryoM ne isa samanvita rUpa ko bhalIbhA~ti surakSita rakhA hai| 17 bauddha kalA apane Apa meM eka sampUrNa evaM sarasa bhASA hai| yaha aisI bhASA hai jisane bauddha dharma ko bhArata kI sImA se mukta kara madhya eziyA, cIna, koriyA, jApAna, laMkA, dakSiNI-pUrvI eziyA Adi ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM pahu~cA diyaa| bauddha dharma ke sarvatomukhI ninAda se vibhinna dezoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA bhI prasAra huaa| spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharma ke pracAra meM kalA ne apanI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai| kalAoM ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma ne loka jana-jIvana kI cetanA ke stara taka sugama pahu~ca banAyI hai| kalA ke sparza se hI bauddha dharma vyApaka AdhAra prApta kara skaa| bauddha dharma, saMskRti, darzana, Adarza evaM jIvana - sabhI bauddha kalA meM sajIva ho uThe haiN| bauddha kalA ne kevala bauddha dharma ke hI nahIM, apitu bhArata ke dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika utthAna 16. Jeannine Auboyer, Buddha (A Pictorial history of his life and Legacy), Roli Books International, new Delhi, 1983, p. 20 17. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara',bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, buddha granthamAlA-3,Aloka prakAzana, nAgapura, 1972, pR. 387 For Personal & Private Use Only

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150 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA ko bhI sudUra dezoM meM pahu~cAne kA kArya kiyA hai| 'bauddhakalA meM citra, sthApatya aura zilpa kI triveNI kA eka sAtha darzana hotA hai| asaMkhya maTha, saMghArAma, vihAra aura caitya Aja bhI bauddha kalA ke ujjvala atIta ke sAkSI haiN|18 kalA ke kSetra meM bauddha dharma kA avadAna bauddha dharma kalA jagat ke lie hI nahIM, apitu sampUrNa bhAratIya paridRzya ke lie svarNima vibhava ke rUpa meM udita huaa| buddha ke vicAroM ne sAhitya aura darzana ke sAtha-sAtha kalA-vaibhava ko bhI unnata zikhara para pahu~cA diyaa| bauddha saMskRti ke samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ne anya dezoM kI saMskRti ke aneka pakSa svIkAra kie aura una dezoM kI saMskRti ko bhI apane vicAra aura apanI kalA ke uccAdarza die| saMsArabhara ke vibhinna dezoM meM bhAratIya sAhitya, saMskRti aura kalA kA praveza bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se huaa| pratyeka kAla meM bauddha dharma ne kalA parikSetra ko nUtana pratimAna evaM adbhuta virAsata pradAna kI hai| bauddha dharma kI prathama aura atyanta viziSTa dena hai- 'abhUtapUrva kalA sthaapty|' bhAratIya kalA evaM sthApatya ke vikAsa meM bauddha dharma kA yogadAna varNanAtIta hai| 'stUpa', 'caitya' evaM vihAra' - ye tInoM hI sthApatya ke kSetra meM navIna adhyAya the, jo ki bauddha dharma ke kAraNa hI kalA jagata ke kSetra meM aae| ye tInoM hI sthApatya kI navIna avadhAraNA ke rUpa meM sAmane Ae, jisakA zreya bauddhadharma ko jAtA hai| stUpoM, caityoM aura vihAroM ke atirikta guhAe~, mUrtiyA~ aura citrasAriyA~ bhI bauddha kalA kI virAsata meM zAmila haiN| sAMcI, sAranAtha, bharahuta, amarAvatI Adi ke stUpa, sAranAtha kA siMhazIrSakayukta stambha, rAmapuravA kA pASANa nirmita vRSabha, lauriyAnandanagar3ha kA stambha, gAMdhAra kI maitreya mUrti, sAranAtha se prApta dharmacakrapravartana mudrA meM buddha kI dhAtumUrti (guptakAlIna), mathurA kI 'avalokitezvara bodhisattva' tathA 'kazyapa buddha' kI mUrtiyA~, caukhaNDI stUpa (sAranAtha) dhamekha stUpa (sAranAtha), elorA kI vizAla bauddha pratimAe~ ('dhyAnastha bauddha', 'padmapANi avalokitezvara' tathA 'vajrapANi' Adi), parakhama aura paTanA kI yakSachaviyA~, ajantA kI vizva-vikhyAta guphAe~ evaM unakI citrakAriyA~ Adi - ye sabhI bhAratIya kalA ke ucca kIrtimAna haiM, jinhoMne hamArI kalA evaM saMskRti, ko samRddhizAlI banAyA hai| gAndhAra, mathurA, amarAvatI, nAsika, kArle, bhAjA Adi bauddha kalA ke pramukha kendra the| bauddha dharma kA adhyayana karane tathA bauddha sthaloM kA avalokana karane kI lAlasA se kaI videzI yAtrI bhArata aae| Aja bhI bhArata ke kaI sthAnoM para bauddha smAraka vidyamAna haiM tathA zraddhAluoM ke AkarSaNa kA kendra bane hue haiN| 18. bhAratIya citrakalA, pR. 128 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna 151 bauddha dharma kI kalA jagat ko dUsarI anupama dena hai - 'bauddha viSayavastu' / viSaya vastu kI bhinnatA pratyeka deza aura kAla meM apekSaNIya rahI hai| bauddha dharma kI navIna vicAradhArA ne kalAkAroM ko navonmeSa pradAna kiyaa| bauddha vicAradhArA ne buddhacarita, jAtaka (avadAna) kathAeM, stUpa pUjA, bodhivRkSa pUjA, buddha ke anugAmI ke rUpa meM devAMkana, vibhinna mudrAeM yathA dharmacakra pravartana, abhaya, varada, bhUmisparza, dhyAna, vyAkhyAna, mahAparinirvANa mudrA ityAdi, vibhinna hasta mudrAe~ yathA - zAMti kI hasta mudrA, daNDa hasta mudrA, dharmacakra mudrA, nIlakamala dhAraNa kie hasta mudrA, zikhara hasta mudrA Adi, vibhinna pratIkAtmaka aMkana evaM AlaMkArika abhiprAya ityAdi - viSayavastu pradAna kara kalAkoSa ko samRddha banAyA hai| bauddha viSayavastu kA Azraya pAkara kalA AdhyAmikatA ke U~ce pratimAna kA paryAyavAcI bana gyii| bauddha dharma kI anta: preraNAoM - hI bauddha kalA ko dhArmika raMga, rUpa, vANI aura vyApti pradAna kI hai| gAMdhAra kalA kA viSaya bauddha hai aura isa kalA kI sAMskRtika AtmA pUrNatayA bauddha dharma se hI Abaddha hai| pratyeka kAla meM bauddha viSayavastu eka adbhuta zailI ke sAtha kalA evaM janasamparka meM AyI hai| citrakAroM ko bauddha dharma ne nae bhAva die / bauddha dharma kI tIsarI dena hai - kuSANa kAlIna 'mathurA' aura 'gAMdhAra' shailii| donoM zailiyA~ bhAratIya kalA ke itihAsa meM nae AyAma jor3atI haiN| sarvaprathama buddha mUrti kA nirmANa kuSANa (samrATa kaniSka ke) kAla meM hI huaa|" 'avalokitezvara bodhisattva' tathA 'kazyapa buddha' kI mUrtiyA~ mathurA kalA kI dena haiM / sarvaprathama buddha kI pUrNarUpeNa bhAratIya pratimA banAne kA zreya bhI mathurA sampradAya ko prApta hai| 20 gAndhAra kalA eka mAtra buddha kI lIlAoM se anuprANita hai| yahA~ buddha ke jIvana se sambandhita 61 dRzyoM kA aMkana huA hai / yathA - 'mAyAdevI kA svapna' 'jetavana dAna', 'dhAtuoM kA ba~TavArA ' Adi / ina buddha mUrtiyoM ko banAte samaya bauddha dharma kI paramparA aura vizvAsoM ke 19. (ka) DaoN. sandhyA, pANDeya ne bhI apanI pustaka 'guptakAlIna bauddha citrakalA' meM yahI kAla ullekhita kiyA hai| dekhie pR. 109 (kha) 'kaniSka ke samaya arthAt buddha se cAra sadI bAda pahale-pahala buddha kI pratimA (mUrti) banAyI gayI / ' - mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA utthAna aura patana, samyaka prakAzana, naI dillI, tRtIya saMskaraNa, 2005 pR. 9 20. buddha kI prArambhika pratimA kA zilpAMkana mathurA kalA meM mAnA gayA hai, kintu kucha vidvAna buddha pratimA kA prathamataH nirmANa gAndhAra kalA meM mAnate haiN| yaha to nirvivAda anumAna hai ki buddha pratimA kA AdhAra 'yakSa' pratimAe~ rahI hoNgii| prArambha meM 'yakSa' svarUpa meM se hI AbhUSaNoM ko haTAkara kuSANa kAla meM bhArI zArIrika sauSThava vAle buddha athavA bodhisattva banAe ge| bAda meM isI svarUpa meM buddhatva ke AdhAra para kalpanAnusAra pariSkRti kI gii| dhIre-dhIre ina pratimAoM evaM citroM meM jo 'yakSa' svarUpa kA prabhAva thA, vaha jAtA rahA aura guptakAla meM samApta ho gyaa| ataH vidvAnoM kA bahumata mathurA kalA ke kalAkAroM ko hI prathama bhAratIya buddha pratimA banAne kA zreya pradAna karane kA pakSadhara hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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152 bauddha dharma - darzana, saMskRti aura kalA pratIkAtmaka tathyoM kA nirvAha huA hai / gAndhAra kalA ke antargata 'bAmiyAna' meM buddha kI Adamakada se bhI 20 gunA vizAla pratimA kA nirmANa bhI eka sarvathA navya paramparA hai| bauddha dharma meM vaicArika matabheda ke phalasvarUpa samaya-samaya para vibhinna navInIkaraNa hote rahe haiN| ina parivartanoM ne kalA ko bhI navIna paribhASAeM dI haiM / hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAya ke vibhAjana se bauddha kalAoM meM parivartana aayaa| 21 jahA~ hInayAna vicAradhArA se bhArata meM stUpa astitva meM Ae, vahIM mahAyAna ke prabhAva se buddha kI vibhinna mudrAoM meM pratimA tathA citra astitva meM aae| guptakAla meM bauddhakalA para pUrNatayA mahAyAna sampradAya kA Adhipatya ho gayA thA / mahAyAna sampadrIya se saMbaMdhita bauddhakalA, bhAratIya kalA jagat ke lie varadAna siddha huI / hInayAna vicAradhArA se prabhAvita pratIka gUr3hArthaka hone se kama prabhAvazAlI the| 22 mahAyAna ke udaya se kathAnakoM meM U~ce Adarza kI bhAvanA kathA-viSayoM meM rocakatA evaM buddha kI kalpanA meM vibhinna mudrAoM meM mAnuSI rUpa kA samAveza huaa| ajantA kI guphA meM hInayAna evaM mahAyAna donoM kA prabhAva hai| mahAyAna sampradAya ke udaya se pUrva jahA~ buddha ko pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se darzAyA jAtA thA vahIM aba una pratIkoM ne mAnuSI rUpa le liyA thaa| manuSya rUpa ke sAtha hI Asana evaM sthAnaka mudrAe~ evaM vibhinna hasta mudrAe~ bhI isase jur3a jAtI haiN| isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM ho rahe navInIkaraNa, bauddha kalA meM bhI navIna adhyAya jor3ate ge| bauddha dharma meM jo-jo parivartana hue usakI spaSTa chApa bauddha kalA para dikhAI detI hai| Upara ullekha kie gae cAroM yogadAna ke atirikta bhI hama zreSTha bhAratIya kalAkRtiyoM kI zreNI meM bauddha kalA kI pradhAnatA dekhate haiN| ajantA ke citra bauddha dharma kI dena haiM jo sarvazreSTha citrakalA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| ye guphAe~ citrakalA, mUrtikalA evaM vAstukalA kA apUrva saMgama haiN| buddha ke jIvana-darzana ke do AdhAra rahe haiM 21. kiMcit parivartana kucha hada taka bauddha dharma ko patana kI ora unmukha kara rahe the, kintu kalAoM ke lie varadAna siddha hue haiN| mahAyAnavAda kI kalpanA ne jahA~ bauddha dharma ko vistRta to kiyA, kintu Age calakara guhyasamAja ne ise khaNDita kara diyaa| ina parivartanoM ne kisa prakAra bauddha dharma ko kSati pahu~cAyI, dekhie - mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kI pustaka 'bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA utthAna aura patana / ' 22. 'hInayAna kI stUpa, bodhivRkSa Adi kI pratIkAtmaka kalpanA citrakalA meM guptakAla ke pUrva hI citrita kI gii| isI prakAra vibhinna kalA kendroM meM stUpa aura bodhivRkSa dvArA buddha upasthiti kA pratIka evaM siMhAsana, chatra Adi vibhinna pratIkoM kA zilpAMkana kiyA gyaa| ajantA meM inase saMbaMdhita alpasaMkhyaka citra hai| ye citra sthUla rUpa meM sirpha buddha kI upasthiti kA saMketa karate haiM, kintu inameM buddha ke mahAna Adarza - bhAvoM ko nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| buddha kI vicAradhArA ke cAra Arya satya, buddha ke aSTAMgika mArga, jisake samyak zabda meM ucita kArya kI bhAvanA samAhita hai, jo ina citroM meM nahIM DhUMDhe jA skte| inake itirikta buddha ke dazazIla kI vicAradhArA bhI ina pratIkoM meM samAhita nahIM hai|' guptakAlIna bauddha citrakalA, pR. 73 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma evaM kalA : pArasparika avadAna * 153 - vyaSTi aura smsstti| yaha bauddha dharma-darzana kA hI prabhAva hai ki ajantA kI kalAkRtiyoM meM ye donoM pakSa gumphita haiN| 'ajantA kI citra-racanA meM akSaya saundarya aura amiTa kalAtRSNA kA ekamAtra rahasya bhI yahI dikhAyI detA hai ki usake nirmAtA aise jIvanmukta santa, phakIra aura saMnyAsI the, jinhoMne una tamasAcchanna guphAoM meM dIpaka jalAkara yA mazAloM ke prakAza meM dina-rAta nirantara zrama-sAdhanA karake vizva ko cakita kara dene vAle itane mahAn kalA maNDapa kA nirmANa kiyaa| 23 ina bauddha kalAkRtiyoM ne anya kalAoM para apanI chApa chor3I hai| ajantA kI citrazailI kA prabhAva bAgha, sittanavAsala, elorA, punarutthAna kalA evaM Adhunika kalA para bhI pdd'aa| viSayavastu bauddha dharma se sambaddha nahIM hone para bhI zailI kI anurUpatA avazya dikhAI detI hai| bhArata kA rASTrIya cihna bhI bauddha kalAkRti se niHsRta hai jo bauddhAnurAga kA hI pariNAma hai| spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharma ne kalA ko hI nahIM, deza ko bhI rASTrIya cihna pradAna kiyA hai| guptakAla ko kalA-itihAsa meM svarNima kAla mAnA gayA hai| isa kAla kI bauddha mUrtiyAM AdyopAnta AdhyAtmika saundarya se pUrNa haiN| inameM buddha ke zAnta tathA niHspRha bhAva ko vyakta karane meM adbhuta saphalatA milI hai| isakI AdhyAtmika abhivyakti, gambhIra muskAna evaM zAnta dhyAnamagna mudrA bhAratIya kalA kI sarvocca saphalatA kA pradarzana karatI hai| isI kAla ko 'klAsikala yuga' (Classical Age) athavA bhArata kA 'perIklIna yuga' (Periclean Age of India) Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| rasadRSTi bhI guptakalA kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| kalA vastuoM meM aba bhAvoM kI zreSThatA dikhAI detI thI cAhe ve sajIva hoM athavA praannhiin|24 . vizva ke dezoM ko ahiMsA, karuNA, prANimAtra pada dayA Adi kA sandeza bhArata ne bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se hI diyaa| zatAbdiyoM pUrva buddha ne jina siddhAntoM evaM AdarzoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA ve Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI apanI mAnyatA banAe hue haiN| bhArata ke bAhara bhI anya deza unake paripAlana meM prayatnarata haiN| bhArata ne apane rAjacihna ke rUpa meM bauddha pratIka ko hI grahaNa kiyA hai tathA vaha zAnti evaM saha-astitva ke siddhAntoM kA poSaka banA huA hai| - uparyukta vivecanA para punardaSTi DAleM to bauddha dharma 'kalA' ke lie aura bauddha kalA bauddha dharma ke lie sahAyaka siddha huI hai| donoM kI pArasparika antarnirbharatA evaM antaH sambandha hI unakI jIvantatA hai, spandana hai| bauddha kalA evaM dharma - donoM ne hI 23. bhAratIya citrakalA, pR. 118 24. 'Rasadrshti (Correct concept of sentiment or emotion) was another significant feature of the Gupta art, the Supremacy of sentiments was now recognized in the art objects, whether they were animate or inanimate. - S.R. Goyal, Indian Art of the Gupta age, Kusumanjali, Book World, Jodhpur, 2000p.164. For Personal & Private Use Only

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154 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA itihAsa evaM saMskRti ko nae AyAma pradAna kie haiN| DaoN. govinda candra pANDe ke anusAra "kalA aura dharma kA yaha samanvaya eka vizAla AdhyAtmika krAnti kA dyotaka thaa|"25 jahA~ kalA bauddha vicAroM, Adarzo, siddhAntoM ke lie vinimaya kI bhASA bana gayI hai vahIM bauddha dharma kalA kI sampreSaNIyatA ke lie samagra dRSTi bana gayA hai aura donoM kI samanyavayAtmakatA kA guNa vismaya kA prabhAva paidA karatA hai| dharma vahI hai jo manuSya ko sarala banA de aura kalA AtmA kI sarala abhivyakti mAnI gayI hai| saralatA kI donoM meM ubhayaniSTha abhivyakti hai| donoM kA sarala tAlamela Aja bhI inake svarNima atIta ko puSTa banAtA hai aura bhAvI sambhAvanAoM ke lie dRSTi evaM avasara pradAna karatA hai| - zodha chAtrA, vijuala ArTa vibhAga mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya udayapura (rAja.) 25. DaoN. govinda candra pANDe, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, 2006 pR. 164 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saundarananda mahAkAvya meM jIvanotthAna ke sUtra DaoN. yAdarAma mInA bhAratavarSa meM Rgvaidika yuga se hI sarjanadharmI vivekI mAnava ne jIvana-utthAna ke lie cintana prArambha kara diyA thA / kaThopaniSad meM zreyas evaM preyas kA cintana isakA sAkSI hai| zreyas AtmA ke lie kalyANakArI hai, jabaki preyas hameM viSayabhogoM kI ora AkarSita karatA hai, kintu hamArA hita nahIM karatA / vaha hameM priya lagatA hai| zreyas evaM preyas ke svarUpagata bheda kA pratipAdana pro. govindacandra pANDe ne isa prakAra kiyA hai - "AtmajJAna ke dvArA AtmAvasthiti yA mukti hI zreyas hai / zreyas - sAdhana pratyaMgamukha, AtmAbhimukha yAtrA hai, jo mRtyuloka kA atikramaNa karAtI hai, jabaki preyas sAdhana bahirmukhI pravRtti hai, jo bAra - bAra manuSya ko mRtyu ke mukha meM le jAtI hai|"" jIvana kA vAstavika utthAna preyas se nahIM zreyas se hotA hai / duHkha se Atyantika mukti preyomArga se nahIM zreyomArga se hotI hai| bhAratIya darzana-paramparA meM cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI darzana saMsAra ko duHkhamaya mAnate haiM, duHkhoM ke kAraNoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiM tathA unase mukti ke upAya meM aneka sUtroM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ke viSaya meM mahAtmA buddha kA kathana hai - "isa saMsAra meM duHkhiyoM ne jitane A~sU bahAye haiM, unakA pAnI mahAsAgara meM jitanA jala hai, usase bhI adhika hai| "2 isa saMsAra kI duHkhamaya sthiti kA jo saMketa mahAtmA buddha ne apane prathama Arya-satya meM kiyA hai, use bhAratIya darzana ke sAtha-sAtha pAzcAttya paramparA ne bhI dhvanimata se svIkAra kiyA hai / buddha ne duHkha ke kAraNa, usake nivAraNa evaM nivAraNa ke upAya ko bhI Aryasatya ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| azvaghoSa ne saundarananda mahAkAvya meM buddha ke upadezoM kA yathAprasaMga jIvanotthAna sUtroM ke rUpa meM pratipAdana kiyA hai| unase mAnava-jIvana ko zreyomArga meM le jAne hetu 1. mUlya mImAMsA - pro. govinda candra pANDe, 2 saMyuktanikAya - 3.25 pR. 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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156 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA Aloka prApta hotA hai| azvaghoSa ne mahAkAvya meM mAnava-icchA ko mAnava ke duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA hai aura ina samasta duHkhoM kA pariNAma hai - jIva kA janma-grahaNa karanA yA zarIra-dhAraNa krnaa| isa saMsAra meM sabase bar3A bhaya vRddhAvasthA, roga, aura mRtyu haiN| aisA koI bhI deza athavA sthAna nahIM jahA~ inakA Dara nahIM satAtA ho| jahA~ dehadhArI jAtA hai, duHkha bhI usakA pIchA karate haiN| vRddhAvasthA Adi vipattiyoM kI jar3a janma-maraNa rUpI duHkha hai| jisa prakAra sabhI auSadhiyA~ pRthivI para utpanna hotI haiM, usI taraha sabhI vipattiyoM kA kSetra janma grahaNa karanA hai| jisa prakAra z2aharIlA bhojana svAdiSTa ho yA kaTu mAraka hI hotA hai, na ki paalk| usI taraha aNDaja se Upara yA nIce kisI bhI yoni meM janma lenA duHkhoM kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra se AkAza meM utpanna havA, zamI vRkSa ke bhItara agni, dharatI ke nIce pAnI kI sattA rahatI hai, usI prakAra mana aura deha meM duHkhoM kI utpatti hotI hai - ____ AkAzayoniH pavano yathA hi yathA zamIgarbhazayo hutAzaH Apo yathAntarvasudhAzayAzca, duHkhaM tathA cittshriiryoniH|| azvaghoSa jIvanotthAna viSayaka mUlyoM kI mImAMsA dArzanika DhaMga se karate hue kahate haiM ki chala, kapaTa, mada, mAyA, lobha, IrSyA, vAsanA, prama ityAdi akuzala dharma agni-tulya dAhaka haiM, jinheM nirvANa rUpI jala se hI zAnta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa nirvANa rUpI jala se bhagavAna buddha ne chala-kapaTa rUpI jala vAle, mAnasika vyAdhi rUpa jantu vAle, krodha, mada aura bhaya rUpI taraMgoM vAle, caMcala tathA agAdha durguNa sAgara ko svayaM to pAra kiyA hI, dUsaroM ko bhI pAra kraayaa| azvaghoSa ne samasta sAMsArika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa avidyA' ko mAnA hai, jisakA nAza tattva-jJAna se hI saMbhava hai| manuSya kA kartavya hai ki svapna kI taraha sArahIna tathA sarvasAdhAraNopabhogya ina viSayAnandoM se apane caMcala mana ko rokanA cAhie, kyoMki pavana-prerita agni kI tRpti ghRtAhuti se kabhI nahIM hotI, ThIka usI taraha viSayAnandoM se mana santuSTa nahIM hotaa| ataH kahA gayA hai - na jAtu kAmaH kAmAnAmupabhogena shaamyti| haviSA kRSNavarmeva bhUya evaabhivrddhte|| - nArada parivrAjakopaniSad 3.37 sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM kI bhartsanA karate hue mahAtmA buddha patnI meM Asakta 3. saundarananda mahAkAvya - 15.46,47 4. vahI...16.9 5. vahI... 16.11 6. vahI... 3.14 7. vahI 5.23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saundarananda mahAkAvya meM jIvanotthAna ke sutra * 157 apane anuja nanda ko vAnarI kA darzana karAte haiM, jisakA mukha nicor3e gae mahAvara kI taraha lAla varNa kA hai tathA eka A~kha se vikRta hai| taduparAnta ve indra ke udyAna meM ramaNiyoM ke darzana karAte haiM aura pUchate haiM ki tumhArI prANapriyA patnI, vAnarI aura apsarAoM meM kauna sundara hai| taba nanda kahate haiM - "svAmin! ApakI anuja-vadhU aura kAnI vAnarI meM jitanA antara hai, utanA hI antara ina apsarAoM aura ApakI anuja-vadhU meM hai|" ataH IMdhana se Aga kI, pAnI se sAgara kI aura bhoga se vAsanA kI kabhI tapti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra kAmopabhoga kabhI tuSTidAyaka nahIM hotaa|' ___ azvaghoSa apane kAvya meM ina sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukta hone ke lie durguNoM kA tyAga karane hetu mAnava ko prerita karate hue kahate haiM ki "apane utkRSTa guNoM se alaMkRta hokara kurUpa vyakti bhI darzanIya ho jAtA hai, kintu durguNoM se yukta rUpavAna vyakti bhI virUpa pratIta hotA hai|10 isa avidyA rUpI duHkha se tarane ke lie mAnava ko viSaya-bhogoM se dUra rahane kA udyoga karanA cAhie, kyoMki utkRSTa udyoga hI kArya kI saphalatA kA mUla kAraNa hai| udyoga ke binA koI kArya-siddha nahIM hotaa| udyoga hI sArI samRddhiyoM ke udaya kA kAraNa hotA hai| jahA~ udyoga nahIM hotA vahA~ sarvatra pApa hI pApa hotA hai| anudyogI logoM ko nizcita rUpa se alabdha vastuoM kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI aura jo prApta hai, usakA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| aise loga Atma-sammAna khokara dIna ho jAte haiM tathA zaktizAlI unheM apamAnita karate haiN| ataH mAnasika andhakAra se pIr3ita vyakti kA teja kSINa ho jAtA hai, sAtha hI zAstra, saMyama aura santoSa naSTa ho jAtA hai tathA ve adha:patana ko prApta hote haiN| isake viparIta utsAhI vyakti aprApta vastu ko bhI prApta kara letA hai| azvaghoSa ne bahuta hI sundara uktiyoM ke dvArA udyogI puruSa kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai - - anikSiptotsAho yadi khanati gAM vAri labhate, prasaktaM vyAmathnan jvalanamaraNibhyAM jnyti| . prayukto yoge tu dhruvamupalabhate zramaphalaM, . drutaM nityaM yAntyo girimapi hi bhindanti sritH||2 - arthAt utsAhI vyakti pRthvI ko khodakara pAnI nikAla letA hai, nirantara ragar3e jAne para kASTha se Aga utpanna kara letA hai, yogAbhyAsa meM lagA vyakti avazya hI phala prApta karatA hai, aura nirantara teja bahane vAlI nadiyAM pahAr3oM ko bhI tor3a DAlatI haiN| 8. saundarananda mahAkAvya 10.15, 16 9. saundarananda mahAkAvya 11.32 10. saundarananda mahAkAvya 18.34 11. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.94 12. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.97 For Personal & Private Use Only

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158 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA jisa prakAra kisI auSadhi kA rasa prArambha meM kar3avA hotA hai aura usakA pariNAma mIThA hotA hai, usI prakAra thakAvaTa ke kAraNa prArambha meM udyoga kaTu pratIta hotA hai, kintu lakSya-siddhi ho jAne para mIThA phala rUpa AsvAda kA anubhava hotA hai| azvaghoSa apane vairAgya kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM ki manuSya ko mukta citta hokara bhaya, thakAna aura zoka-rahita, svAdhIna, dUsaroM ke dvArA na chIne jAne vAle avinAzI, kalyANaprada vairAgya-sukha kA varaNa karanA cAhie, jise prApta karane ke pazcAt manuSya meM nihita Asakti, duSTAcaraNa evaM aniSTa-cintana rUpI vidveSa pUrNataH chUTa jAte haiN|" jisa taraha svarNakAra dhUla se Dhake sone ko kramazaH pAnI se bAra-bAra dhokara evaM agni meM punaH punaH tapAkara pahanane yogya AbhUSaNoM meM parivartita karatA hai, usI taraha indriya-nigrahI evaM yogAbhyAsI manuSya doSayukta citta ko doSoM se acchI taraha parimArjita kara apane mana ko zAnta evaM saMkucita karatA hai| jo manuSya nirvANa kI sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, vaha apanI prajJA dvArA apane meM vidyamAna sampUrNa durguNoM ko usI prakAra naSTa kara detA hai, jisa prakAra barasAtI nadI kinAre para uge vRkSoM ko apane meM vilIna kara letI hai aura vajra kI Aga apane samIpastha vanaspatiyoM ko panapane nahIM detii| zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA rUpI skandha-traya vAle ASTAMgika mArga para calakara koI bhI manuSya duHkhoM ke hetu rUpI una doSoM ko chor3akaraanAmaya pada 'nirvANa' ko pA letA hai, jisase usake mana meM vidyamAna tRSNA aura Asakti kA pUrNataH vinAza ho jAtA hai| jaba AtmA mukti kI ora agrasara hotI hai, to vaha na to pRthvI kI ora jAtI hai, na antarikSa kI ora, na kisI dizA meM, na kisI vidizA meM, apitu kleza-kSaya hote hI vaha svataH zAnta ho jAtI hai, isI ko bauddhoM ne 'nirvANa' athavA 'mokSa' kahA hai| isa nirvANa ko azvaghoSa ne bar3e hI sarala DhaMga se 'dIpakanyAya' se upanyasta kiyA hai dIpo yathA nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAvaniM gacchati naantrikssm| dizaM na kAMcidvidizaM na kAMcit snehakSayAt kevalameti shaantim||" evaM kRtI nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAvAniM gacchati naantrikssm| divaM na kAMcidvidizaM na kAMcida klezakSayAt kevalameti shaantim||18 13. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.93 14. saundarananda mahAkAvya 5.26 15. saundarananda mahAkAvya 15.68,69 16. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.36 17. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.28 18. saundarananda mahAkAvya 16.29 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saundarananda mahAkAvya meM jIvanotthAna ke sutra * 159 sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM kI nissAratA ke bAre meM azvaghoSa apanA tumula-ghoSa karate hue mAnava ko saMdeza dete haiM ki "jisa prakAra jalate hue ghara meM koI bhI manuSya nizcinta hokara nahIM so sakatA, usI prakAra mRtyu, vyAdhi aura jarArUpa Aga se jalate jIvaloka meM koI bhI nirbhaya hokara nahIM raha sktaa|" manuSya ko jo kAma-vikAra aura mAnasika-santApa pIr3ita karate haiM, unheM kapar3e para gire hue dhUli-kaNoM kI taraha jhAr3a denA caahie| sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM meM Asakta manuSya bandhana rUpI piMjare meM punaH punaH usI prakAra praveza karane kI ceSTA karatA hai, jisa prakAra cAlAka zikArI ke bhaya se bacakara bhAgA huA caMcala mRga-chaunA apane jhuNDa meM praveza karanA cAhatA hai, kintu baheliye ke madhura gIta kI dhvani se sammohita hokara punaH jAla meM pha~satA calA jAtA hai 'kRpaNaM bata yUthalAlaso mahato vyaadhbhyaadviniHsRtH| pravivikSati vAgurAM mRgazcapalo gItaraveNa vNcitH||20 api ca - vihagaH khalu jAlasaMvRto hitakAmena janena mokssitH| vicaran phalapuSpavadvanaM pravivikSuH svayavameva pNjrm||" nizcaya hI jAla meM pha~so cir3iyA kisI hitaiSI ke dvArA mukta karAye jAne ke uparAnta, phala-phUloM se lade vana meM bhramaNa karatI huI svataH piMjare meM ghusane kI icchA rakhatI hai| dhanoM meM zraddhA rUpa dhana hI sarvotkRSTa hai| rasoM meM prajJArasa hI tRptikara hai, sukhoM meM adhyAtma-sukha hI mukhya sukha hai, usI prakAra avidyA rUpI duHkha hI sarvAdhika duHkhadAyI mAnA gayA hai| isalie aneka rAjA-mahArAjA bhI apane parivAra, parijanoM aura bandhu-bAndhavoM ko chor3akara cale gaye, cale jAyeMge aura cale jA rahe haiM, ataH nazvara-kSaNika vastuoM ke prati manuSya ko moha nahIM karanA caahie|22 isa prakAra azvaghoSa ne apane mahAkAvya meM jIvanotthAna ke aneka sUtroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinake dvArA manuSya tyAga, tapasyA, brahmacarya evaM viSayopabhoga ke abhAva dvArA tapomaya jIvana jI sakatA hai aura usa parama tattva 'nirvANa' ko prApta kara sakatA hai, jisake dvArA apane sAtha sampUrNa vizva ko 'jJAna-dIpa' rUpI nizreyas kI ora le jA sakatA hai| -saMskRta vibhAga ___ jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura 19. saundarananda mahAkAvya 14/30, 15/3 20. saundarananda mahAkAvya 8/15 21. saundarananda mahAkAvya 8/16 22. saundarananda mahAkAvya 5/43 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #162
prasAda-sAhitya meM bauddha darzana DaoN. kailAza kauzala hindI jagat ke dedIpyamAna kavi jayazaMkara prasAda para bauddha-darzana kA gaharA prabhAva dRggocara hotA hai| buddha kI paraduHkhakAtaratA ne unheM vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA hai| pratyeka vyakti kA apanA sukha samaSTigata AnaMda ke sAtha mila kara usakA pUraka bana jAye aisI mAnava-mana kI pravRtti honI caahie| prasAda kI yaha sAMskRtika cetanA bhAratIya saMskRti kI mAnavatAvAdI dRSTi ke anurUpa hai jo advaitavAda kI AdhArazilA para khar3I hai| bauddha darzana pramukhataH AcAraparaka hai| vaha vyAvahArika zikSAe~ detA hai| buddha ke anusAra saMsAra duHkhamaya hai, isase mukti pAnA parama puruSArtha hai| ASTAMgika mArga duHkha nirodha kA mArga hai| saMsAra kI sabhI vastue~ anitya haiN| AtmA bhI anitya pariNAmazIla hai| vaha daihika tathA mAnasika prakriyAoM kA saMghAtamAtra hai| mokSa-dazA ko 'nirvANa' kahA gayA hai| isa prasaMga meM bodhisattva paramAdarza haiN| prasAda-sAhitya meM bauddha-darzana kI pramukha vicAradhArAoM ke aneka citra aMkita haiM1. duHkhavAda bauddha darzana meM saMsAra ko duHkhapUrNa batAyA gayA hai| mahAtmA buddha ne cAra Arya satya batAe haiM jinakA mUla AdhAra duHkha hai| ye cAra Arya satya kramazaH duHkha, duHkha-samudaya, duHkha-nirodha aura duHkha nirodha-gAminI pratipada kahalAte haiN| gautama buddha isa duHkha kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM ki "he bhikSuoM! duHkha prathama Aryasatya hai| janma bhI duHkha hai, vRddhAvasthA bhI duHkha hai, maraNa bhI duHkha hai| zoka, parivedanA, daurmanasya, upAyAsa (hairAnI) bhI duHkha hai| apriya se saMyoga honA bhI duHkha hai, priya se viyoga bhI duHkha hai| Ipsita vastu kA na milanA bhI duHkha hai| saMkSepa meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki rAga dvArA utpanna pA~coM skandha (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijJAna) bhI duHkha haiN| isa prakAra gautama buddha saMsAra ke pratyeka kArya evaM pratyeka gatividhi ko duHkhapUrNa mAnate haiN| 1. bauddhadarzana, pR. 64 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #163
prasAda sAhitya meM bauddha darzana * 161 jayazaMkara prasAda bhI duHkha ko jIvana-satya ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, kintu ve isake niSedhamUlaka rUpa ko nahIM vidhimUlaka svarUpa ko svIkAra karate haiN| ise ve Izvara ke rahasyamaya varadAna ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiN| bauddhoM kI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita hokara hI prasAda ne 'ajAtazatru' meM 'duHkha kA bha~vara calA karAla cAla meM likhA hai| 'skandagupta' meM ve kahate haiM ki 'umar3a rahA isa bhUtala para duHkha kA pArAvAra aura 'A~sa' meM to ve spaSTa kaha dete haiM ki 'vedanA vikala phira AI merI caudahoM bhuvana meM, sukha kahIM na diyA dikhAI vizrAma kahA~ jIvana meN"| itanA hI nahIM caMdragupta' meM ve spaSTa hI likha gaye haiM ki 'maiM svayaM hRdaya se bauddha mata kA samarthaka hU~, kevala usakI dArzanika sImA taka - itanA hI ki saMsAra duHkhamaya hai|' _ 'kAmAyanI' mahAkAvya meM pratyabhijJA-darzana pramukha hai, para vahA~ bhI isa duHkhavAdI vicAradhArA kA yatra-tatra saMketa hai| yahA~ jayazaMkara prasAda sukha aura duHkha ko dina evaM rAta kI bhA~ti nirantara Ane-jAne vAlA batAte haiM, parantu ve saMsAra meM duHkha kI prabalatA svIkAra karate haiM, isI kAraNa kabhI 'duHkha jaladhi kA nAda apAra'' sunate haiM to kabhI 'vyathA kI nIlI laharoM bIca bikharate sukha maNigaNa dyutimAna' kahate haiM, aise hI kabhI unheM 'nabha-nIla latA kI DAloM meM isa duHkhamaya jIvana kA prakAza'' ulajhA huA dikhAI detA hai to kabhI 'kaliyA~ jinako maiM samajha rahA ve kA~Te bikhare Asa-pAsa' 10 pratIta hote haiN| isI bhA~ti kabhI unheM yaha vizva halacala se vikSubdha dikhAI detA hai' ", to kabhI isa vizva meM 'duHkha kI A~dhI' evaM pIr3A kI lahareM uThatI huI dikhAI detI haiN| isI prakAra kabhI unheM jIvana eka 'vikaTa pahelI' jAna par3atA hai, to kabhI saMsAra iMdrajAla pratIta hotA hai, jisameM apAra vyathA hai| vaise prasAda bauddhoM kI bhA~ti saMsAra meM kevala duHkha hI duHkha nahIM mAnate, ve saMsAra ko sukha-duHkhamaya mAnate haiM - 2. ajAtazatra, jayazaMkara prasAda, pR. 93 3. skaMdagupta, jayazaMkara prasAda, pR. 41 4. A~sU, pR. 55 5. candragupta, jayazaMkara prasAda, sAhityAgAra, jayapura, 1994 pR. 71 6. kAmAyanI, jayazaMkara prasAda, pR. 53 7. vahI, pR.8 8. vahI, pR: 54 9. vahI, pR. 185 10. vahI, pR. 158 11. vahI, pR. 221 12. vahI, pR. 223 13. vahI, pR. 229 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #164
162 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA viSamatA kI pIr3A se vyasta ho rahA spaMdita vizva mahAn yahI duHkha-sukha vikAsa kA satya yahI bhUmA kA madhumaya dAna , itanA avazya hai ki unakI dRSTi meM saMsAra ke antargata sukha kI apekSA duHkha kA Adhikya hai aura aise duHkhamaya saMsAra meM buddha hI satata vyAkulatA ke vizrAma' haiN| prasAda ke 'lahara' kAvya saMgraha kI kavitA 'varUNA kI zAMta kachAra' meM buddha ko sAMsArika duHkha kA nidAna kara prANiyoM kA uddhAra karane vAlA kahA gayA hai "duHkha kA karane satya nidAna, prANiyoM kA karane uddhaar| sunAne Avazyaka saMvAda, tathAgata AyA tere dvaar|14 2. kSaNikavAda : bauddha darzana kSaNikavAda kA prabala pracAraka hai kyoMki vahA~ saMsAra ke sAtha hI AtmA ko bhI kSaNika evaM parivartanazIla batAyA gayA hai aura isakI tulanA dIpazikhA se kI gaI hai| 'miliMda prazna' meM rAjA miliMda nAgasena se prazna karate haiM- 'jo utpanna hotA hai, kyA yaha vahI vyakti hai yA dUsarA? isa para nAgasena uttara dete haiM, 'na vahI hai aura na duusraa|' isa bAta ko ve 'dIpa-zikhA' ke udAharaNa se samajhAte haiM- 'jo dIpaka rAta ke prathama prahara meM jalatA hai, kyA rAtabhara vahI dIpaka jalatA rahatA hai? sAdhAraNa dRSTi se yahI dikhAI detA hai ki rAtabhara dIpaka kI eka hI lau vidyamAna rahatI hai, parantu vastusthiti yaha hai ki dIpazikhA kA AkAra-prakAra badalatA rahA, usakI zikhA pratikSaNa apanA rUpa badalatI rahI, yahI dazA AtmA kI bhI hai|"5 prasAda ne azoka kI cintA' nAmaka kavitA meM saMsAra ke saMpUrNa vaibhava kI kSaNabhaMguratA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| yaha kSaNika cala rahA rAga-raMga' kahakara sAMsArika sukhoM kI kSaNikatA aura 'dekhA kSaNabhaMgura hai taraMga' ke mAdhyama se sAMsArika upAdAnoM kI nazvaratA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| 'ajAtazatru' nATaka meM prasAda gautama buddha kA praveza karAte hue unake mAdhyama se dvaMdvapUrNa jagat kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra karate haiM "aNu-paramANu, duHkha-sukha, caMcala, kSaNika sabhI sukha-sAdhana haiM dRzya sakala nazvara pariNAmI- kisako duHkha, kisako dhana hai kSaNika sukhoM ko sthAyI kahanA duHkha-mUla yaha bhUla mahA caMcala mAnava! kyoM bhUlA tU, isa sIThI meM sAra kahA~ ?" 16 14. lahara, pR.1 15. bauddha darzana, pR. 104-105 16. ajAtazatru, prathama aMka, pR. 42 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prasAda sAhitya meM bauddha darzana * 163 'skaMdagupta' meM bhI yahI vicAradhArA hai, prasAda isa nATaka meM likhate haiM- 'manuSya kI adRzya lipi vaisI hI hai, jaisI agni rekhAoM se kRSNa megha meM bijalI kI varNamAlA- eka kSaNa megha meM bijalI kI varNamAlA- eka kSaNa meM prajvalita, dUsare kSaNa meM vilIna hone vaalii| 'A~sU' meM isa kSaNikatA kI ora saMketa karate hue mAnava-jIvana ko do ghar3iyoM kA batAyA gayA hai|18 / kAmAyanI meM bhI isa kSaNikavAda ke saMketa milate haiM, kintu yahA~ Akara prasAda bauddhoM kI bhA~ti jIvana ko to kSaNika mAnate haiM, para vizva ko kSaNika nahIM maante| use nitya evaM satya batalAte haiM jisameM milana-viraha sukha-duHkha Adi bane rahate haiN| hA~, itanA avazya hai ki yaha vizva citi kI icchAnusAra nirantara rUpa badalatA rahatA hai aura isI kAraNa kSaNika dikhAI detA hai| 3. karuNA __prasAda kI dArzanika vicAradhArA meM karuNA' kA vizeSa sthAna hai| prasAda para isa vicAradhArA kA prabhAva bauddha evaM vaiSNava donoM darzanoM se par3A hai| bauddha-darzana meM bodhisattva kA carama lakSya 'mahAkaruNA' kI prApti batAyA gayA hai| mahAyAna saMpradAya ke anusAra buddha vahI prANI bana sakatA hai jisameM prajJA ke sAtha 'mahAkaruNA' kA bhAva vidyamAna rahatA hai| 'bodhicaryAvatAra-paMjikA' ke anusAra mahAkaruNA kI prApti se hI buddhatva kI prApti ho jAtI hai, manuSya ke 'sva' kI paridhi meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANI A jAte haiN| jIvAtmA ke jIvana kA uddezya jagat kA parama maMgala sAdhana ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta bauddha taMtroM meM Adi buddha kI cAra bhAvanAeM batAI gaI haiM- 1. maitrI, 2. karuNA, 3. muditA, aura 4. upekssaa| inameM bhI karuNA sarvazreSTha hai, kyoMki isI bhAvanA ke sAtha vizuddha yoga kI prApti hotI hai| ina cAroM kA ullekha pAtaMjala- yogadarzana meM bhI milatA hai- sukhI vyakti meM maitrI kI bhAvanA karane se, du:khI vyakti meM karuNA kI bhAvanA se, puNyavAna vyakti meM muditA (prasannatA) kI bhAvanA se tathA apuNyavAna vyakti meM upekSA kI bhAvanA rakhane se citta kA prasAdana athavA pariSkAra hotA hai| zrImadbhagavadgItA meM karuNA ko zAnti prApta. yogI kA eka lakSaNa mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti paramazAMti ko prApta kara letA hai vaha samasta prANiyoM se dveSa rahita ho jAtA hai, sabake sAtha mitravat AcaraNa karatA hai aura sabhI ke prati karuNA-bhAva rakhatA hai|20 narasI mehatA bhI kahate haiM- 'vaiSNava jana to tene kahie jo pIra parAI jAne re', mahAtmA gA~dhI ko bhI yaha gIta bahuta priya thaa| ataH bauddha evaM vaiSNava sabhI bhAratIya 17. skandagupta, pR. 126 18. A~sU, pR. 45 19. pAtaMjala yogasUtra, 1/33 20. zrImadbhagavadgItA, 12,13 . For Personal & Private Use Only

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164 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA vicArakoM ne karuNA ko eka aisA udArabhAva batAyA hai, jisake udaya hote hI vyakti ke hRdaya meM sarvabhUtahita kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai| karuNA kI yahI udArabhAvanA prasAda kI sabhI racanAoM meM milatI hai| 'ajAtazatru' meM gautama buddha kA praveza isI maMgala-gIta se hotA hai| ve kahate haiM- vizva-bhara meM yadi kucha kara sakatI hai to vaha karuNA hI hai, jo prANimAtra meM samadRSTi rakhatI hai niSThura Adi pazuoM kI vijita huI isa karuNA se mAnava kA mahattva jagatI para phailA aruNA karuNA se .. isI nATaka ke dvitIya aMka meM bhI gautama buddha kA kathana hai, "vinaya aura zIla kI rakSA karane meM saba dattacitta raheM, jisase prajA kA kalyANa ho- karuNA kI vijaya ho|" ....bhUmaMDala para sneha kA, karuNA kA, kSamA kA zAsana phailaao| prANimAtra meM sahAnubhUti ko vistRta karo, ina kSudra viplavoM se cauMkakara apane karma-patha se cyuta na ho jaao|"22 yaha karuNA hI mAnava-hRdaya ko dravIbhUta karake anya duHkhI hRdayoM kI pukAra sunane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki duHkhI hRdaya ke nIrava krandana kA sunanA hI vAstava meM karuNA hai| 'kAmAyanI' meM zraddhA kA caritra karuNA kI bhitti para hI nirmita hai, svayaM kavi ne use 'hRdaya kI anukRti bAhya udAra' kahA hai jo samasta mAnavatA ke prati karuNA bhAva se AplAvita hai, prema, dayA, sahAnubhUti usake caritra ke pramukha guNa haiN| 'tumula kolAhala kalaha meM' vaha hRdaya kI bAta ke samAna vizvasanIya hai| vaha dUsaroM kI ha~sI meM apane sukha kA vistAra dekhatI hai "auroM ko ha~sate dekho manu, ha~so aura sukha paao| apane sukha ko vistRta kara lo sabako sukhI bnaao|"24 isa prakAra zraddhA vizva kI karuNa-kAmanA-mUrti kA sAkAra rUpa hai jo manu ko pazutva-pAza se mukta kara eka saccA mAnava banAtI hai aura apane tyAga, tapasyA evaM balidAna bhAvanA dvArA jagata kA kalyANa karatI hai| 4. ahiMsA - bauddha-darzana meM ahiMsA ko vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-mata meM buddha ne kRta, dRSTa aura uddiSTa- ina tIna prakAroM kI hiMsAoM kA niSedha kiyA thaa| manasA, vAcA, karmaNA- ina tInoM prakAroM se hameM ahiMsAtmaka praNAlI apanAte hue asatya 21. ajAta zatru, prathama aMka, pR. 28 22. ajAta zatru, dvitIya aMka, pR. 104-105 23. pratidhvani, pR. 39 24. kAmAyanI, karma sarga, pR. 55 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prasAda sAhitya meM bauddha darzana - 165 yA anucita kArya kA virodha karanA caahie| jayazaMkara prasAda kI kavitA 'azoka kI cintA' meM samrATa azoka kaliMga-yuddha kI barbaratA, krUratA evaM paizAcika nirdayatA dekhakara dravita ho uThate haiM aura sadA-sadA ke lie zastra kA parityAga kara dete haiN| yahI nahIM, ve bauddha bhikSu upagupta se bauddha dharma kI dIkSA lekara prema dvArA mAnava-hRdaya para vijaya pA lene kA bIr3A uThAte haiN| prasAda zokAkula azoka ke cintana-manana dvArA yuddha kI bhartsanA kara prema-pUrvaka mana para zAsana karane kA Agraha karate haiN| 'ajAtazatru' nATaka meM 'ahiMsA' kI vizeSa rUpa se pratiSThA huI hai| mRga-zAvaka kA zikAra na karane dene para jaba chalanA padmAvatI ko dhikkArate hue kahatI hai ki 'tuma rAjA (ajAtazatru) ko ahiMsA sikhAtI ho? jo bhikSuoM kI bhaddI sIkha hai' taba padmAvatI kA kathana hai, 'merI samajha meM to manuSya honA rAjA hone se acchA hai|"25 yahI nahIM gautama buddha isa nATaka meM kahate haiM, "dUsare ke malina karmo ko vicArane se bhI citta para malina chAyA par3atI hai" aura "Ananda, dUsaroM kA apakAra socane se apanA hRdaya bhI kaluSita hotA hai|"26 'kAmAyanI' meM bhI isI ahiMsA-siddhAnta kA anusaraNa karate hue zraddhA apane prema, sneha, dhairya, audArya Adi ke dvArA hiMsaka, vilAsapriya, chalI evaM anAcAra meM anurakta manu ke hRdaya kA pariSkAra karatI hai| zraddhA dvArA kilAta Akuli ke pazu-bali kA virodha bhI buddha ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta se prerita hai| 5. vizvanIr3a kI parikalpanA bauddha-darzana meM asahiSNutA, svArtha-bhAvanA, vaimanasya, bheda-bhAva, saMkIrNatA Adi ko tyAga kara vizvajanIna dharma ko apanAne tathA samasta vizva ko apanA ghara samajhane kA prabala Agraha hai| 'ajAtazatru' nATaka meM mAgandhI kA mAna-mardana hone para gautama buddha use samajhAte hue kahate haiM, "kSaNika vizva kA yaha kautuka hai devi! aba tuma agni se tape hue hema kI taraha zuddha ho gaI ho! vizva ke kalyANa meM agrasara ho| ..... ....isa duHkha-samudra meM kUda par3o, yadi eka bhI rote hue hRdaya ko tumane ha~sA diyA, to sahasroM svarga tumhAre aMtara meM vikasita hoNge| ..........vizva-maitrI ho jAyegI - vizva bhara apanA kuTuMba dikhAI pdd'egaa|"27 'A~sU' kAvya meM kavi saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM kI pIr3A se bhara kara apane A~sU ko vizva-sadana meM barasane ke lie prerita karatA hai, jisase sampUrNa jagatI ke sAtha jur3Ava ho| 'kAmAyanI' meM buddhi ke nirmama va niraMkuza rAjya meM pyAsA bana kara osa cATane vAle manuSya ko unhoMne buddhi va hRdaya meM samyak saMtulana sthApita karane kA saMdeza diyA hai, jisase vaha bhautikatA aura AdhyAtmikatA evaM pravRtti aura nivRtti se samanvita jIvana ko saadhe| isa mahAkAvya ke aMta meM prasAda ne 25. ajAtazatru, prathama aMka, pR. 24 26. ajAtazatru, dvitIya aMka, pR. 81 27. ajAtazatru, tRtIya aMka, pR. 108-109 For Personal & Private Use Only

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166 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sabhI pAtroM ko kailAza-zikhara' para milAkara eka sammilita kuTumba kA rUpa de diyA hai jo bauddha-darzana ke vizva-maitrI ke bhAva se prabhAvita hai| 'lahara' kAvya kI kavitAoM 'arI varuNA kI zAMta kachAra' aura 'jagatI kI maMgalamayI uSA bana' meM 'sAranAtha kI pavitra bhUmi ko vizvavANI kA vihAra' banAne kI kAmanA hai aura mahAtmA buddha ko karuNA kI sAkAra pratimA tathA RSipattana ko AnaMda se vibhora karane vAlA kahA hai| unheM tapa kI tAruNyamayI pratibhA tathA prajJA-pAramitA kI garimA kahA hai tathA isa vyathita-vizva kI cetanA kI sAkAra-mUrti evaM mAnavatA-prema kA saMdezavAhaka kahA hai| __isa prakAra prasAda-sAhitya meM bauddha-darzana ke kaI marma anusyUta haiM jo ananta kolAhala meM phaMsI saMkucita dRSTi vAlI Adhunika yuga kI isa 'abhinava mAnava prajA-sRSTi ko 'bhUmA' ke madhumaya dAna' kI ora baDhAte haiM, aura 'zakti ke samasta bikhare hae kaNoM ko saMkalita kara mAnavatA ko vijayinI banAne kI ora agrasara karate haiN| nizchala prema-kathA kahate hue mAnavatA kA jayaghoSa karane vAle mahAkavi prasAda jIvana kI sudRr3ha bhAva-bhUmi para sthita hokara mAnasa kI gaharAI se darzana. kI vyAvahArikatA siddha karate haiN| "unake buddha isalie buddha hai, ki ve mAnavatA ke Adarzo kI pUrNa mUrti haiN|'' prasAda ne jina dArzanika vicAroM ko mAnavatA ke anukUla evaM samAja hetu samIcIna samajhA hai, unheM apane sAhitya meM samAhita kiyA hai| unakI pratyeka vicAradhArA vyAvahArika jIvana para AdhArita hai aura mAnavatA ke carama utkarSa kI vidhAyaka hai| - hindI vibhAga jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura 1. ajAtazatru, bhUmikA, pR. 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA DaoN. harisiMha rAjapurohita bhAratIya dArzanika pariprekSya meM bhagavAn gautama buddha kA AvirbhAva kAla arthAt chaThI zatAbdI I.pU. eka dhArmika, sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika saMkramaNa kA kAla thaa| vastutaH vaha eka bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika krAnti ke sUtrapAta kA yuga thaa| aneka brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa AcArya tathA bhikSu nAnA dArzanika siddhAntoM kI udbhAvanA aura nAnA navIna mArgoM tathA dharma sampradAyoM ke pratiSThApana meM nirata the| sAmaJaphalasutta meM buddhakAlIna chaha dArzanika siddhAntoM kA ullekha bhI isI tathya ko pramANita karatA hai|' buddhakAlIna dArzanika siddhAntoM meM pUraNa kassapa kA akriyAvAda, makkhali gosAla kA niyativAda (daivavAda), ajita kezakambala kA ucchedavAda kAtyAyana kA akRtatAvAda, nigaNThanAthaputta kA cAturyAma saMvara tathA saMjaya velaTThiputta kA anizcitatA vAda pramukha thaa| - pUrva pracalita matoM meM jaina darzana ke antargata karma kA siddhAnta vizeSa vikasita thaa| tadanusAra jIvoM kI sAMsArika gati karma ke adhIna svIkRta hai| karma ke kAraNa hI unake jIvana pRthak-pRthak niyantrita haiN| saMsAra eka anAdi duHkha pravAha hai, jisameM karmabandhana se vivaza, ajJAna se viceSTamAna asaMkhya jIva bahe jA rahe haiN| saMsAra se mukti ke lie navIna karma ke Asrava kA nirodha aura pUrva karma kA apasAraNa nitAnta Avazyaka hai| navIna karma ke Asrava kA nirodha 'saMvara' kahalAtA hai| jabaki pUrvakarma kA apasAraNa 'nirjraa'| bhagavAna buddha caitasika karma ko.mahattva dete haiN| ve karma kA sAra mAnasika saMkalpa athavA karma karane ke mAnasika nirNaya ko mAnate haiM, jise cetanA kahA jAtA hai| 1. dIghanikAya 1.2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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168 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA saMyuttanikAya meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM "bhikSuoM, maiMne cetanA ko karma kahA hai, cetanA pUrvaka karma kiyA jAtA hai, zarIra se, vANI se, mana se / 2 prasiddha bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna ne bhI isI tathya kA vizleSaNa mAdhyamikakArikA meM kiyA hai| bhagavAn buddha karma ko duHkha kI utpatti kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnate the tathA bauddha dharma-darzana meM saMsAra mImAMsA meM karma kI pramukhatA sarvadA vartamAna rahI hai| buddha kahate haiM "maiM cetanA pUrvaka kiye aura saMcita karmoM ke phala ko pratisaMvedana kiye binA unake aura duHkha kA anta nahIM batAtA hU~ / pratyeka ke lie duHkha kA anta bodhapUrvaka kiye gaye karmoM ke kSINa hone para hI sambhava hai / "4 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha darzana meM karma ko saMsAra kA Asanna kAraNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu mAnasika yA caitasiMka karma ko karma kI paribhASA meM Abaddha karane vAle bauddhoM kA karma jainoM ke karma se bhinna hai, kyoMki jaina karma ko paudgalika mAnate haiN| vedAnusArI mata se bhI isa prasaMga meM bauddhoM kA bheda hai, kyoMki vaidika mata meM karma ko jIva rUpI karttA kA vyApAra aura usase utpanna adRSTa zakti mAnA jAtA hai, kintu bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma ko kisI satata anuvartamAna kartA kA dharma nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke anusAra karma aura karmaphala kI eka anAdi aura avicchinna paramparA hai, jisase karma kA karanA aura usake phala kA bhoganA, donoM samAna pravAha meM Apatita ghaTanA mAtra hai| unhoMne kisI anugata aura sthAyI kartA yA bhoktA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki bauddhamata ne bAhya kriyAoM ke sthAna para mAnasika saMkalpa ko naitika nirNaya kA AdhAra banAkara karma - siddhAnta kA kAyAkalpa hI kara diyA hai| aTThasAlinI meM kahA gayA hai - "cetanAhaM bhikkhave kammaM vadAmi cetayitvA kammaM karoti, kAyena vAcA ya, manasA manasA, vAcA, karmaNA (kAyena) kiye gaye kArya ko 'karma' kahA jAtA hai ' kintu yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki kAyika yA vAcika karma anuSThita kiyA gayA ho yA nahIM, 2. saMyuktanikAya (ro) ji. 2, pR: 39 3. cetanA cetayitvA ca karmoktaM paramarSiNA tasyAnekavidho bhedaH karmaNaH parikIrtitaH / / tatra yaccetanetyuktaM karma tanmAnasaM smRtam / cetayitvA ca yattUktaM tattu kAyika- vAcikam / / 4. bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, DaoN. govindacandra pANDe, pR. 65-66 5. aTThasAlinI, pR. 82 - mAdhyamikakArikA, 17.2-3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA 169 manasA, saMkalpita kArya mAtra bhI karma bana jAtA hai, kyoMki mana ke binA karmo kA pravartana nahIM hotA hai| zubha tathA azubha ubhayavidha avasthAoM meM jisakA citta vyavasthita rahatA hai, usameM vikRti utpanna nahIM hotI hai| uparyukta cintana kA bIja yadi hama dekhanA cAheM to vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke sundarakANDa meM hanumAna dvArA rAvaNa ke antaHpura nirIkSaNa prakaraNa meM dekha sakate haiM jahA~ hanumAna paradArAvarodha ke avalokana ke kAraNa apane dharmalopa kI zaMkA udbhAvita kara usakA nirmUlana karate haiM - - kAmaM dRSTA mayA sarvA vizvastA rAvaNastriyaH / na tu me manasA kiJcid vaikRtyamupapadyate / / mano hi hetuH sarveSAmindriyANAM pravartane / zubhAzubhAsvavasthAsu tacca me suvyavasthitam / / ' karma ke viSaya meM bhagavAna buddha ke vicAra hameM majjhima nikAya meM bhI dRggocara hote haiM jahA~ buddha karma kA vizleSaNa karate hue kahate haiM - "kammassakA, mANava, sattA kammadAyadA kammayoni kammabandhu kammappaTisaraNA kamma sattaM vibhajati yadidaM hInapaNItatA yAti / 117 arthAt mANavaka prANI karmasvaka haiM, karmadAyAda, karmayoni, karmabandhu aura karmapratizaraNa haiN| karma hI prANiyoM ko hInatA aura uttamatA meM vibhakta karatA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM bhI isI taraha kA cintana saMlakSita hotA hai - kammassa komhi, kammadAyAdo, kammayoni, kammabandhu, kammapaTisaraNA ya kammaM karissAmi kalyANaM va pApakaM va tassa dAyAdo bhavissAmi / - kammanibandhanA sattA kA pratipAdana karate hue suttanipAtta ke vAseTThasutta meM saMsAra aura prajA kA karma dvArA calAyamAna honA rathacakra ke dRSTAnta se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai. kammunA vattati loko kammunA vattati pajA / kammanibandhanA sattA rathassANIva jaayto||' bauddha dharma darzana meM punarjanma kA mUla kAraNa karma ko mAnA gayA hai, kintu karma ke sAtha vijJAna (viJJANa) tathA tRSNA (taNhA) kA bhI pUrNa yogadAna hai| vastutaH karma kheta hai, vijJAna bIja tathA tRSNA namI hai, ina tInoM ke samavetatva meM hI bIja kA prarohaNa 6. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, sundarakANDa 11.41-42 7. majjhimanikAya, bhAga - 3, pR. 200 8. aMgataranikAya, bhAga - 2, pR. 336 9. suttanipAta, vAseTThasuta For Personal & Private Use Only

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170 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA saMbhAvya hai, sAtha hI jaisA bIja hogA vaisA hI phala adhigata hogaa| saMyukta nikAya ke samuddaka sutta meM spaSTatayA samudghoSita kiyA gayA hai ki jaisA bIja vapana kiyA jAtA hai vaisA hI phala prApta hotA hai| kalyANakArI kalyANa karma karatA hai tathA pApakArI pApakarma karatA hai - yAdisaMvapate bIjaM tAdisaM harate phlN| kalyANakArI kalyANaM pApakArI ca paapk|0 punarjanma hetu karma aura vijJAna ke hone para tRSNArUpI ArdratA kA honA apekSita hai arthAt karmavijJAna evaM tRSNA kA trika punarjanma hetu Avazyaka hai| karma kA mUla tRSNA hai tathA tRSNA avidyA para AdhArita hai| tRSNA kI zrRMkhalA meM Abaddha jIpa kA bhaviSya meM punarjanma hotA hai| bhArahArasutta meM spaSTatayA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki tRSNA hI punarbhava kI ora puraskRta karatI hai tathA tRSNA eka aisA bhAva hai jo ki mana ko vastuoM ke prati anurakta karatA hai| dIghanikAya meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jaba jJAnendriyA~ bAhya jagat ke samparka meM AtI haiM to vedanA aura upAdAna hote haiM tathA aniyantrita hone para tRSNA ko utpanna karate haiN| kAma tRSNA, bhavatRSNA tathA vibhavatRSNA hI duHkhoM aura janmoM kA kAraNa hai| tRSNA ke kAraNa mAnava karma meM pravRtta hotA hai tathA tRSNA kA kAraNa hai aatmbhaavnaa| bauddha dharma-darzana meM tRSNA ko hI AtmavAda kA kAraNa batalAyA gayA hai aura tRSNA ke parihAra ke lie hI buddha ne AtmavAda (nairAtmyavAda) kA upadeza diyA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ne AtmavAda ko saMsAracakra kA kAraNa mAnA hai| 'sarvaduHkham' 'sarvaM anAtmam' se yahI vyakta hotA hai ki samasta du:khoM kA mUla AtmavAda hI hai| AmravoM ko bhI duHkha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, jo ki kAmAsava, bhavAsava, avijjAsava tathA diTThAsava ke rUpa meM caturvidha hai ataH yathArtha jJAna ke lie inakA nirasana Avazyaka hai| ___maiM sukho hoU~ " yA 'maiM' duHkhI na ho hoU~ ' ityAdi meM mamatva buddhi hI AtmabhAva sukhI bhaveyaM duHkhI vA mA bhuvamiti tRssytH| yaivAhamiti dhIH saiva sahajaM sttvdrshnm||" isI AtmabhAva ke kAraNa prANI sukhAvApti tathA duHkha-nirodha kA prayAsa karatA hai isI se tRSNA janma letI hai tathA janma-maraNa kA cakra avyAhata saJcAlita hotA hai| 10. saMyuttanikAya, pR. 229 11. nyAyavArtika tAtparyaTIkA For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #173
bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA * 171 saMskAra aura vijJAna saMskAra kA Azaya caitasika saMkalpa se hai| isa taraha saMskAra karma kA hI sUkSma mAnasika rUpa hai, jisase vyakti ke caritra kA nirmANa aura saMdhAraNa hotA hai| ise saMcetanA bhI kahA gayA hai| saMskAra se vijJAna kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| avidyA se yukta vyakti jaba kuzala yA akuzala karma karatA hai to tadanukUla vijJAna kI sRSTi hotI hai| avidyA se vimukta vyakti saMskAra nirmANa nahIM karatA hai tathA saMskAra na hone ke kAraNa vaha parinirvRtta ho jAtA hai| AmravoM ke saMkSINa ho jAne para saMskAra sampAdana nahIM hotA hai, pariNAmataH vijJAna bhI saMbhava nahIM ho pAtA hai tathA pratItyasamutpAda kI sampUrNa zRMkhalA niruddha ho jAtI hai| astitva ko nirantaratA dene kA zreya vijJAna ko hI hai| mukta vyakti ke vijJAna kA anveSaNa saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki vijJAna tabhI taka vartamAna rahatA hai jaba taka ki avidyA, Asrava aura tRSNA vartamAna rahatI hai| ___ majjhima nikAya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vimukta bhikSu ke viSaya meM indra, brahmA, prajApati sahita deva bhI yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki yahA~ tathAgata kA vijJAna pratiSThita hai| bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma-vipAka - bauddha dharma-darzana ke anusAra yadi karma utpanna hotA hai to usakA phala bhI avazyameva bhoktavya hotA hai| bauddha dharma-granthoM meM spaSTatayA pratipAdita hai ki jo jaisA bIja botA hai vaha vaise hI phala kA AharaNa karatA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad bhI isa siddhAnta kI paripuSTi karatA hai| vyakti jisa taraha kA karma karatA hai| vaha vaisA hI bana jAtA hai.puNya karma karane se puNya kI parilabdhi hotI hai tathA pApakarma karane se pApa kI prApti hotI hai| pApakarmo kA phala avazya hI prAptavya hai, cAhe vilamba se hI ho| dhammapada meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra tAjA dugdha zIghra nahIM jamatA hai usI prakAra pApakarma bhI zIghra phalita nahIM hotA hai, apitu rAkha se AvRtta agnipiNDa kI taraha jalatA huA pIchA karatA rahatA hai| pApakarmA manuSya use samajha nahIM pAtA aura apane hI pApakarmoM se agnidagdha kI bhAMti anutapta hotA rahatA hai - . atha pApAni kammAni karaM bAlo na bujjhti| se hi kammehi dummedho aggidaiDho va tppti||13 sAtha hI vahIM dhammapada meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki koI prANI karma ke kAraNa garbha 12. evaM vibhuttacittaM kho bhikkhavesaindA devA sabrahmakA sa pajApatikA anvai samAdhigacchanti idaM nissitaM tthaagtsy| 13. dhammapada,136 . For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #174
172 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA meM utpanna hote haiM, pApa karane vAle naraka meM jAte haiM, puNya karane vAle svarga ko jAte haiM aura jo anAsrava haiM ve parinirvANa ko prApta karate haiN|14 isase spaSTatayA pratipanna hotA hai ki karmAnusAra vipAka avazyaMbhAvI hai| karma karane vAle kA phala anugamana karatA hai| karma phala se to svayaM buddha bhI nahIM baca sake, unheM bhI apanI karmaphalAnubhUti karanI par3I - ita ekanavateH kalpe zaktyA meM puruSo htH| tena karma vipAkena pAde viddhosmi bhikssvH||15 karmaphala kA bhoga hue binA mukti saMbhava nahIM hai| kammadAyAdA sattA ke anusAra sattva apane hI karmoM kA uttarAdhikArI hai tathA vaha apane karmoM se usI taraha anubaddha hai jaise rathacakra se aannii| / vikhyAta dArzanika buddhaghoSa ne visuddhimagga meM likhA hai - ... kammA vipAkA vattanti vipAkA kmmsNbhvaa| kammA punabhavo hoti evaM loko pvttti||16 karma se vipAka hotA hai aura vipAka se karma tathA karma se punarjanma, isa prakAra yaha loka pravartamAna hai| karmavipAka kA anAtmavAda ke sAtha saMgatIkaraNa - ___ cUMki bauddha darzana AtmA nAmaka kisI zAzvata sattA ko nahIM mAnatA hai, ataH karmaphala kA bhoktA kauna hai tathA karma kisa taraha eka janma se dUsare janma meM saMkramita hote haiM isa viSaya meM zaMkA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| kyoMki jisane karma kiyA vaha atIta meM lIna ho jAtA hai aura jo navIna janmatA hai usane ve karma hI nahIM kiye, jisake phala bhogane ke lie naye janma kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| ___ bauddha darzanAnusAra dehendriya, buddhi Adi kA saMghAta kSaNika hai, kSaNa bhara meM hI vinaSTa hone vAlA hai| jo saMghAta karma karatA hai vaha karma karake vinaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA phala bhoga ke kSaNa dUsarA ho jAtA hai| "kartRtvabhoktRtvayoH samAnAdhikaraNaniyamaH" kI sAmAnya avadhAraNA ke anusAra kartA tathA bhoktA ko eka hI vyakti honA caahie| kSaNikatA kA siddhAnta svIkAra karane vAle bauddha dArzanikoM ke samakSa kaThinAI yaha hai ki pratyeka vastu ke kSaNika hone para karma kSaNa tathA karma phala ke sarvathA bhinna hone para donoM kSaNa eka nahIM ho sakate haiN| aisI sthiti meM karma kSaNa ko karmaphala ke sAtha pratyabhijJAta 14. dhammapada, 126 15. SaDdarzanasaMgraha - 6 16. visuddhimagga, bhAga - 2, pR. 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana meM karma kI avadhAraNA * 173 nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| cUMki pratyeka kSaNa viziSTa hai aura isa prakAra bhoga kA kSaNa phala ke sAtha ekAtmaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| nyAyavArtika ke anusAra yahA~ kRtavinAza aura akRtAbhyAgama doSa prasakta hotA hai tadevamakRtakRtAbhyAgamavinAzadoSaprasaGgaH? bauddha matAnusAra vijJAnoM ke kAraNa kAryabhAva se jaise smRti ho jAtI hai, usI taraha kAraNa kAryabhAva se hI kartRtva va bhoktRtva kI vyavasthA ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra dhAna ke bIja se aMkura paidA hotA hai, bIja ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI paudhe Adi kI utpatti hokara punaH dhAnyabIja kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai; isI prakAra kAraNa-kArya rUpa se vyavasthita jo citta santati hai usake cittoM meM vipAka dazA ko prApta hue karmoM se phalotpatti ho jAtI hai| athavA jisa prakAra lAkSArasa se bhAvita bIjoM ke vapana se usake puSpa phala aura kapAsa Adi meM raktatA A jAtI hai; isI prakAra eka cittasantati ke kisI vijJAna kSaNa ke karma kA phala Age vAle vijJAna kSaNoM ko prApta hotA hai| isI tathya kA samarthana nyAyavArtika ke tAtparyaTIkAkAra vAcaspati mizra karate haiM ki jisa kAyA se upalakSita koI cittasantAna hotA hai vahI dUsarI kAyA meM jAkara phala bhogatA hai "yena kAyenopalakSitaH kazciccittasantAnaH sa kAyAntaravartyapi phalaM bhuGkta ityarthaH"118 niSkarSataH yaha siddhAntita hotA hai ki jisa kAyA meM rahane vAlI citta santati ke 'pravAha kA koI citta kSaNa karma karatA hai usI citta santati kA anya kSaNa usa karma kA phalabhAk banatA hai| ataH jo cittasantati karma karatI hai vahI phalabhAka bhI hotI hai, anya nhiiN| ataH yahA~ kRtanAza yA akRtAbhyAgama jaisA koI doSa prasakta nahIM hotA hai| ___visuddhimagga meM isI prakAra kA mantavya prakaTa karate hue buddhaghoSa kA kahanA hai ki karma ke kAraNa skandhoM kA janma hotA hai ve vahIM samApta ho jAte haiN| unake sthAna para agale janma meM pahale ke karmoM ke kAraNa anya skandhoM kA janma hotA hai| pUrva janma se. isa janma meM eka hI avasthA nahIM AtI hai tathA karma ke kAraNa utpanna skandha pUrvavat vinAza ko prApta ho jAte haiN| AgAmI jIvana meM phira bhinna skandha janma leMge tathA eka bhI avasthA isa jIvana se AgAmI jIvana meM saMkramita nahIM hogii| 17. nyAyavArtika, pR. 350 18. nyAyavArtika tAtparyaTIkA, pR. 506 19. visuddhimagga For Personal & Private Use Only

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174 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA ___ karma kI eka janma se janmAntara meM saMkramaNa kI sthiti ko abhidharmakoza meM adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki karma tathA avidyAdi klezoM se saMskRta paJcaskandha kI santati pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| eka mRta zarIra ko chor3akara dUsare zarIra ko grahaNa karane taka bIca meM eka skandha santati pravAhita rahatI hai jise antarAbhava kahate haiN| yaha skandhasantati hI janma se janmAntara meM gamana karatI hai nAtmAsti skandhamAtraM tu krmkleshaabhisNskRtm| antarAbhavasantatyA kukSimeti prdiipvt||20 bauddha dharma-darzana meM AvAgamana ke sthAna para karma kA janmAntaraNa vivecita hai| bhagavAna buddha ke anusAra prANI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usake karmoM ke vyatirikta kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| pratyeka vyakti dIrghakAlika zrRMkhalA ke karma kA antima pariNAma hotA hai| isa sampUrNa vivecana se yaha spaSTa pratipAdita hotA hai ki anAtmavAda meM bhI karmaphala kI vyavasthA saMdhArita hotI hai| - rAjakIya snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, jAlora (rAja.) 20. abhidharmakoza - 3,18 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika kAla meM bauddha dharma-darzana : vihaMgAvalokana DaoN. zailendra svAmI bhagavAna buddha adhyAtmazAstra kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne vAle zuddha tarka kI sahAyatA se AdhyAtmika tattvoM kA vivecana karane vAle dArzanika the| ve bodhi jJAna (pUrNa jJAna) prApta karake gautama 'buddha' khlaaye| buddha ke upadezoM para maMthana ke phalasvarUpa bauddha dharma evaM darzana kA vikAsa huaa| isake vikAsa para prakAza DAlate hue zrI satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya evaM zrI dhIrendra mohana datta likhate haiM - "kAlAntara meM mahAtmA buddha ke anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika bar3ha gaI aura ve kaI sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gye| dhArmika matabheda ke kAraNa bauddha dharma kI do pradhAna zAkhAe~ kAyama huI jo hInayAna tathA mahAyAna ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| hInayAna kA pracAra bhArata ke dakSiNa meM huNaa| Ajakala isakA adhika pracAra zrI laMkA, barmA (myAMmAra) tathA syAma (kamboDiyA) meM hai| pAli-tripiTika hI hInayAna ke pradhAna graMtha hai| mahAyAna kA pracAra adhikatara uttara ke dezoM meM huaa| isake anuyAyI tibbata, cIna, koriyA tathA jApAna meM adhika milate haiN| mahAyAna kA dArzanika vivecana saMskRta meM huA hai| ataH isake granthoM kI bhASA saMskRta hai| ina granthoM kA anuvAda tibbatI aura cInI bhASAoM meM huA hai| bauddha sAhitya ke aneka graMtha jo bhArata meM abhI aprApya haiM, cInI aura tibbatI anuvAdoM ke dvArA punaH prApta ho rahe haiM aura unheM phira se saMskRta meM anUdita kiyA jA rahA hai|" pro. harendra prasAda sinhA ke anusAra bhI bauddha dharma bhArata taka hI sImita nahIM rahA, apitu, nRpoM evaM bhikSuoM kI sahAyatA se dUsare dezoM meM bhI phailA aura yaha dharma vizva-dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| unnIsavIM zatI meM janarala kaniMghama aura lArDa kainiMga ke samaya meM prAcIna bauddha dharma-sthaloM para purAtattva sarvekSaNa hue| san 1877 I. se 1880 I. ke madhya 2 lAkha rupaye vyaya karake bodhagayA meM utkhanana kArya kiyA gayA, jisase bauddha dharma se sambandhita upayogI purAtattva sAmagrI milii| bauddha dharma se sambandhita aneka mUrtiyoM ko bodhagayA, . For Personal & Private Use Only

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176 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA kalakattA, paTanA tathA mathurA ke saMgrahAlayoM meM rakhA gyaa| san 1915 I. se 1930 I. taka bihAra ke nAlandA kSetra kI khudAI kI gaI, jisase 9 prAcIna bauddha-vihAroM para prakAza pdd'aa| ina vihAroM ke sAmane stUpoM yA caityoM ke bhagnAvazeSa bhI prApta hue| ina caityoM ke bhagnAvazeSa para miTTI kI banI buddha kI dhyAna mudrA vAlI mUrtiyA~ bhI prApta huiiN| nAlandA ke saMgrahAlaya meM Aja bhI aneka bauddha mUrtiyAM vidyamAna haiN| ye mUrtiyAM aSTadhAtu, kAMseM, pItala tathA pASANa se banI huI haiM, nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA kendra rahA hai| prAcIna nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya kI mRttikA mudrA para dharma-cakra kA cihna banA hai aura cakra ke donoM ora zAnta mRga baiThe hue dikhAe gae haiN| san 1915 I. tathA san 1952-53 I. meM pATaliputra kI khudAI kA kArya kiyA gyaa| isa khudAI meM mauryakAlIna tathA guptakAlIna sabhA bhavana prApta hue, jisameM bhikSu upadeza dete the, pATaliputra bauddha dharma kA gar3ha rhaa| vartamAna meM paTanA ke saMgrahAlaya meM bauddha dharma se sambandhita bahumUlya sAmagrI saMgRhIta hai jisase bauddha dharma se sambandhita vastuoM kI samucita rakSA huI hai| yaha saMgrahAlaya Aja bhI bauddha gaurava ke gIta sunAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM aneka mahApuruSoM ne bhI bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA kArya kiyA hai| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne apanI lekhanI ke mAdhyama se hindI aura bauddha sAhitya kI sevA kI hai - yaha stutya hai, zlAghanIya hai| rAhulajI saMskRta, hindI, arabI, phArasI, pAli, tibbatI Adi bhASAoM ke jAnakAra the| rAhulajI ne laMkA, nepAla, tibbata, rUsa, Adi dezoM kA aneka bAra bhramaNa kiyA tathA bauddha dharma evaM darzana se sambandhita durlabha graMthoM kA anuvAda evaM sampAdana kiyaa| rAhulajI dvArA likhita evaM sampAdita tathA anUdita 125 graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| bauddha dharma va darzana para unake jo graMtha haiM, unameM 'buddhacaryA' (1930 I.) 'dhammapada' (1933 I.) 'abhidharmakoza' (1930 I.) 'tibbata meM bauddha dharma' (1935 I.) 'bauddha darzana' (1942 I.) 'bauddha saMskRti (1949 I.) 'dohAkoza' (1954 I.) 'mahAparinirvANa sUtra' (1951 I.) tathA 'buddha' (1956 I.) prasiddha haiN| bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa kA nAma bhI bauddha jagat meM svarNima akSaroM meM aMkita hai| unhoMne laMkA, malAyA, barmA, cIna tathA siMgApura kI yAtrAe~ kI tathA bauddha dharma evaM darzana kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| kazyapajI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya tathA vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM pAli vibhAga ke adhyakSa rhe| bauddha dharma ke adhyayana, manana tathA cintana ke lie 'pAli pratiSThAna' kI sthApanA huI, jisake nidezaka pada ko bhI Apane suzobhita kiyaa| kazyapa jI ne bhadanta AnandakausalyAyana va mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke sAtha khuddaka nikAya', ke 11 graMthoM kA nAgarI lipi meM sampAdana kiyaa| unhoMne dIrgha-nikAya 'saMyutta nikAya' tathA 'milindapaJho' kA hindI anuvAda kiyA hai| kazyapajI ke dvArA likhe gaye maulika graMthoM - 'pAli bhASA kA vyAkaraNa' (hindI meM) tathA 'buddhijma phaoNra evarI baoNDI' (aMgrejI meM) kA sammAna bhI vidvat jagata ma hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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Adhunika kAla meM bauddha dharma-darzana * 177 nAlandA kA 'pAli-pratiSThAna' vartamAna meM 'navanAlandA mahAvihAra' meM pariNata ho gayA hai| yaha saMsthA pAli-bhASA, pAli sAhitya, bauddha dharma va darzana ke ucca jJAna ke AdAna-pradAna, sampAdana evaM anusaMdhAna ke lie sthApita kI gaI hai| yahA~ samasta bauddha dezoM kI bhASAoM- tibbatI, cIna, jApAnI, silonI, barmI, syAmI meM zodha anusaMdhAna karAne kA prabandha hai| saMsthAna ke prAdhyApakagaNa bauddha vidvAn evaM bauddha dezoM ke nivAsI haiN| isameM adhyayanArthI bhArata, zrIlaMkA, syAma, viyatanAma, phrAMsa, maMgoliyA, koriyA, jApAna, tibbata, myAmAMra Adi dezoM ke nivAsI haiN| san 1956 I. meM bauddha nirvANa kI 2500vIM jayantI bodhagayA meM dhUmadhAma se manAyI gyii| paTanA meM 'mahAmahopAdhyAya DaoN. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla zodha pratiSThAna' bhI sthApita kiyA gayA hai, jisameM bauddha saMskRti sambandhita zodha-anusaMdhAna bhI ho rahA hai| bihAra rASTra bhASA pariSad dvArA AcArya narendra deva dvArA viracita mahAgraMtha 'bauddha dharma-darzana' bhI prakAzita kiyA gayA, jo vilakSaNa evaM advitIya hai| isa prakAra aneka saMsthAe~ Aja bhI bauddha dharma evaM darzana ke samucita pracAra-prasAra hetu vividha kArya kara rahI haiN| __ sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI taraha bauddha darzana kA bhI yahI vicAra hai ki yaha saMsAra duHkhAlaya hai| samyak jJAna se duHkhoM kI nivRtti va mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| nirvANa hI bauddhoM kA parama tattva hai| buddha kA uddezya nirvANa kI prApti hai| DaoN. pArasanAtha dvivedI ke zabdoM meM "vibhinna dezoM meM bauddha dharma kA pUrNa pracAra huA hai aura yaha saMsAra ke pramukha dharmoM meM ginA jAtA hai| eka samaya thA jaba saMsAra meM bauddha kA hI bolabAlA thaa| buddha kA ahiMsA kA upadeza deza ke lie bar3A upakArI rahA hai| bauddha dharma evaM darzana meM AdarzavAda evaM yathArthavAda donoM kA samanvaya dRSTigocara hotA hai|" bauddha dharma-darzana ke vikAsa meM Adhunika kAla meM DaoN. bI.Ara. ambeDakara kA yogadAna bhI avismaraNIya hai| unakA grantha 'da buddhA eNDa hija dhammA' buddhijma ko naye DhaMga se sthApita karatA hai| Aja bauddha sAhitya tathA pAli sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se bhI adhyayana hone lagA hai| DaoN. ambeDakara ne 1935 I. meM bauddha dharma aMgIkAra kara liyA thaa| unhoMne bhArata ke itihAsa meM buddha tathA bauddha mata kI krAMtikAritA kA bhI vizeSa rUpa se adhyayana kiyaa| usake bAda ve isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki bauddha mata aura darzana kI krAntikAritA Aja bhI deza kI rAjanItika krAnti ko saphala banAne ke lie anivArya sAMskRtika krAnti kI aguvAI kara sakatI hai| buddha kA darzana isa dRSTi se zreSTha hai| san 1950 I. se unhoMne sArvajanika rUpa se bauddha mata kA samarthana karanA zurU kara diyA thaa| unhoMne mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA ke 'mahAbodhi' mAsika patra ke lie bauddha dharma para aneka lekha bhI likhe| buddha-jayantI ke avasara para 1950 I. meM dillI kI eka sabhA meM bolate hue DaoN. ambeDakara ne kahA thA - "bauddha dharma se hameM rozanI dikhAI detI hai| bauddha dharma ke kAraNa hI bhArata deza mahAn hone kI bAta For Personal & Private Use Only

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178 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA sArI duniyA ko kaha sakate haiM....buddha ke darzana kA mukhya hetu mAnavIya samAnatA hai, buddha ke darzana meM sabhI ke lie vicAra svatantratA pradAna kI gaI haiN|" buddha kA darzana vAstava meM krAntikArI vicAradhArA kA darzana hai| yaha apane samaya ke sarvahArA varga kA darzana rahA hai aura Aja bhI yaha darzana sarvahArA samAja kA sabala netRtva pradAna kara sakatA hai - isameM sandeha nahIM hai| DaoN. ambeDakara ne buddha kI vicAradhArA ko Adhunika sandarbha meM svIkAra kiyaa| buddha kI vicAradhArA ko svIkAra karane meM aura sampUrNa dalita samAja ko hI nahIM, balki sampUrNa dezavAsiyoM ko buddha ke dhamma ko svIkAra karane ke lie AhavAna karane meM yahI uddezya thA ki lokatAntrika mUlya va Adarza sthApita ho tathA deza meM samAjavAdI samAja ke nirmANa ke lie samAja meM anukUla vAtAvaraNa taiyAra ho| isa hetu san 1950 I. meM bambaI meM 'bauddha janasabhA' kI sthApanA kI gii| DaoN. ambeDakara ke nirdezana meM 14 akTUbara 1956 I0 meM nAgapura meM bauddha bhikSu candramaNi mahAsthavira kI upasthiti meM eka sAtha 7 lAkha logoM ne 'bauddha dhamma' kI dIkSA lii| ina navadIkSita bauddhoM meM svAbhimAna kI cetanA jAgRta huii| kAlAntara meM deza ke aneka sthAnoM para 'bauddha-dIkSA' samAroha hue, jinameM bhAga lekara dalita samAja ke lAkhoM logoM ne bauddha dharma svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra DaoN. ambeDakara ne bauddha dharma kA sAmAnyIkaraNa, samAjIkaraNa tathA AdhunikIkaraNa karake bauddha dharma ke punarutthAna meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| unhoMne bhArata meM bauddhadharma ko Ama AdamI kI mukti ke darzana ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| yahI DaoN. ambeDakara kI bauddha dharma ke lie mahattvapUrNa dena hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. vimalakIrti ke 'bauddha dharma ke vikAsa meM DaoN. bI.Ara. ambeDakara kA yogadAna' viSayaka pustaka meM likhe vicAra ullekhanIya haiN| ve likhate haiM - "buddhijma ko svIkAra karake unhoMne sAmAjika tathA dhArmika krAnti ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai| DaoN. ambeDakara yadi bauddha na hote aura apane anuyAyiyoM ko bauddha banane kI salAha nahIM date to dalita samAja meM jo sAmAjika ekatA hai vaha dikhAI nahIM detI....yadi bauddha na hote to DaoN. ambeDakara kI preraNA se Aja dezabhara meM phailate dalita sAhitya kA Andolana hI paidA na hotaa| dalita sAhitya kA dArzanika AdhAra buddha kA darzana hai|" isa prakAra Adhunika kAla ke sAhitya para bhI bauddha dharma-darzana kI amiTa chApa darzita hotI hai, jo bauddha dharma-darzana ke Adhanika kAla meM isake mahattva ko udghATika karatI hai| bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM DaoN. jagannAtha upAdhyAya, DaoN. rAmazaMkara tripAThI, DaoN. govindracanda pANDe, dvArikA prasAda zAstrI Adi vidvajjanoM ke bhI nAma ullekhanIya haiN| - rAjakIya darabAra AcArya saMskRta kaoNleja, jodhapura (rAjasthAna) For Personal & Private Use Only

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The Role of Buddhist Paintings in the Development of Modern Art Dr Renu Sharma Indian painting is a form of Indian art. The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of pre-historic times, the petroglyphs as found in places like Bhimbetka, and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Ellora, Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings, and the colours, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. Thereafter, frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora Caves appeared. India's Buddhist literature is replete with examples of texts which describe that palaces of kings and aristocratic class were embellished with paintings, but they have largely not survived. But, it is believed that some form of art painting was practiced during that time. : Indian paintings provide an aesthetic continuum that extends from the early civilization to the present day. From being essentially religious in purpose in the beginning. Indian paintings have evolved over the years to become a fusion of various cultures and traditions. The Indian painting was exposed to GrecoRoman as well as Iranian and Chinese influences. Cave paintings in different parts of India bear testimony to these influences and a continuous evolution of new idiom is evident. For Personal & Private Use Only

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180 alles t-axta, hitta site hell It is impossible to talk about Buddhism without mentioning its profound impact on the development of Central Asian art. It is through those art works that a fusion of eastern and western cultures was demonstrated. The art of Buddhism left the world the most powerful and enduring monuments along the Silk Road and among them some of the most precious Buddhist sculptures, paintings and murals. Furthermore the contact with Hellenized Gandharan culture resulted in the development of a new art form, the Buddha statue, sometimes referred as a Buddha image. Before Buddhism reached Gandhara in the 3rd century BC, there had been no representation of the Buddha and it was in the Gandharan culture that the use of Buddha images had begun. The earliest Buddha images resembled the Greek god Apollo. It has been suggested by the scholars that the earliest Buddha images in Gandhara were created by the local Greeks who carried their classic artistic conception and Indianized it by transforming it into the figure of greek-featured Buddha, dressed in the toga and seated in the yoga pose. The Gandhara style represented a union of classical, Indian and Iranian elements continued in Afghanistans and the neighbouring regions throughout most of the first millennium until the end of the 8th century. Though it was largely as a result of Greek influence that Gandhara became the center of development in Buddhist sculpture, it was on the Indian foundation from which Buddhist architecture evolved. The development of Buddhism along the Silk Road resulted in a proliferation of monasteries, grattoes, vishanas and stupas throughout the entire Buddhist communities. However, the cave temples hold the most unique position in the development of Buddhist architecture. The Buddhists devotion was deeply reflected by the wall paintings of its rock-cut caves. From Gandhara, Bamyin, Kumtura, Kizil to Bezeklik and Dunhuang the Buddhist artists with arduous labor, created the most impressive wall paintings of cave temples dedicated to the Buddha, his saints and his legend. They present us an astonishing pageant of local societies with kings, queens, knights, ladies, monks and artists. Aside from their artistic values, those cave temples provide us with an immense amount of historical information. The portraits of Kizil donors with light complexions, blue eyes and blond or reddish hair teach us they are more Indo-European than Mongol in appearance. The processions of Uighur For Personal & Private Use Only

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The Role of Buddhist Painting in the Development of Modern Art * 181 prince and princess from Dunhuang illustrate how Uighurs dressed in the 9th century. It is from these wall paintings that we can have a glance at the lives and cultures of these fascinating but vanished ancient peoples. Buddhist art developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the northern branch of Buddhist art. It had spread to South-East Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. Buddhist art is meant for those monuments and paintings whose main purpose is the edification of Buddhism. During the Vedic period, Hindu art was not found probably because of the perishability of the medium or because of absence of idol-worship. The art is non-Aryan which is mainly found in the Indus valley. This art is based on elements and materials of popular religion and folklore. The Indus art was represented by large towns, seals, sculpture, pottery, jewels and figurines. The early Buddhist art in India is represented by religious monuments which are of two kinds, namely, rock-cut and structural. The latter comprises of two principal varieties, the Stupa and the temple. There is no representation of Buddha himself. He is being represented by symbols like footprints. Structural monuments are found in Sanchi Stupa, Sarnath, Bharhut, Taxila, Amravati, and Nagarjunakonda. Rock-cut architecture in Barabar and Nagarjuni hills in Bihar, Bhaja, Bedsa, Elephanta Caves, Ajanta caves and Ellora caves in Western India, Mahabalipuram, Undavalli, and Bhairavakonda in Madras while those of the temple are found in Sanchi, Besanagar, Taxila, Deogarh, Bhitargaon, Badami, Bodh-Gaya and Nalanda. Asokan sculptures are the masterpieces in style and technique. * Buddhist styles are natural in design; with a distinct element of sensuousness, its wood-carving technique, and the general absence of foreign influences make it distinct. Animals are represented beautifully. In the Itushan phase there are controversies as to how the Buddha statue developed. The statue was a foreign importation or an indigenous evolution is doubtful. Lord Buddha was first represented by his relics, personal possessions and trees, then by his life and later through his material form. Mathura and Gandhara schools of art claim this honour and it may probably be the case that both developed this form For Personal & Private Use Only

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182 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA simultaneously. Buddha with a moustache as in the Gandhara style is Greek and unthinkable in the Indian system where Buddha the Yogi reminds one of the Vedic conceptions. The Mathura style resembles the forms of divinities as found in Bharhut. Thus the Buddha image is Indian in both conception and origin and is fashioned strictly according to the iconographic traditions embodied in the older indigenous works. In India, art has been so closely related to religion that for its proper understanding it is necessary to have some knowledge of various forms and symbols representing the supernatural powers in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The earliest phase of Buddhism- a period of atleast two centuriesis shrouded in almost impenetrable darkness. In the beginning the enlightened teacher Gautama, the Sakya sage was the object of veneration to the devotees. Early Buddhism centered round the story of his life and episodes in his career, his birth, his remuneration of wife and kingdom, his enlightenment and death as well as folk stories of his good deeds in former lives. These formed the subjects of the reliefs which decorate the railings and gateways enclosing the stupas or mounds erected over his relics at Sanchi, Bharhut and Bodh-Gaya. Here Buddha is not potrayed in human form and his presence is indicated by symbols. His actual likeness was regarded as too sacred to admit of representation. His presence was shown by a tree (the Bodh tree), a wheel (the wheel of the law set turning at Sarnath), Stupa (his burial moundm or else by the foot-prints, or an empty saddle or throne or even by his umbrella, for the umbrella had long been a symbol of royalty. The whole of Buddhism was composed of Trinity made up of the Buddha, Dharma (the law) and the Sangha (the monastic order). This was embodied in the triratna (three jewels) symbol. About the first century A.D. Buddhism had to bow before the carvings of the people for gods and objects of worship. Hinduism offered a religion where god was presented to the masses in the theistic form of Krishna, Vishnu or Mahadeva always ready and anxious to save genuine devotees, who threw themselves upon his mercy. This led to the rise of a new school in Buddhism in the form of Mahayana movement. The Arhat ideal, that of the human being who, by strenuous effort, acquired enlightenment, gave way to that of the Bodhisattva, the saviour For Personal & Private Use Only

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The Role of Buddhist Painting in the Development of Modern Art 183 of mankind and compassion replaced wisdom as receiving the greater emphasis. The three chief Bodhisattvas of the Mahayana Buddhism are Manjusri, Avalokitesvara and Vajrapani. They form a triad corresponding to the Hindu triad of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and each has his shakti or consort. Another Bodhisattva, a kindly one is Maitreya, who is the Buddha to be. The central concept of Mahayana Buddhism is the worship of Adi- Buddha, a self-created primordial being who, when all was perfect void, produced the three worlds by his meditation. From AdiBuddha's meditation were produced the five Dhyani Buddhas. According to this doctrine, the individual soul is an emanation of the mystic substance of Adi- Buddha and will return to him when cycle of transmigration is complete. The historical Buddha was distinguished from the Adi-Buddha and the Dhyani Buddhas. He was clearly deified and appeared in this great pantheon as a supreme god. In the re-edited form of Buddhism, Buddha ceased to be the teacher and was slowly transformed into a transcendental God head with the recognition of the Buddha as a God, the only proper approach to him was through Bhakti and so art, in all its form became as means of adoration and glorification of this new God head. It grew and flourished as the god head became more and more popular. With the rise of the Gupta dynasty in the fourth century, the Indian sculpture entered a new epoch'. The Gupta period witnessed glory and greatness in every branch of national life. Plastic art reached a stage of beauty and completeness, it never had before. A style was evolved which combined the various elements of earlier Indian art traditions, eliminating or modifying features which indicated foreign origin. There emerged an element of refinement in the sculpture with a highly developed sense of rhythm and beauty. The artist guided by subline idealism carved out images, full of charm and dignity, irradiating a spiritual joy. The main interest of the Indian artist was the human form, and during this period, he succeeded in carving out a figure more graceful in proportion and more balanced than hitherto and also in investing it with the highest spiritual values. The indigenous art of making images of 1. Sculpture in India: its History & Art, p.19. 2. Ibid p.19. For Personal & Private Use Only

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184 * alese festa, ftala 37e ACT * men and deities reached its highest water mark. No art in the world can be compared with the Gupta art in the revelation of the majesty and sublimity, charm and tenderness of the human figures. Gupta sculpture reflects the high accomplishment and depth of human insight of the artist. The notable qualities of the art of the Gupta age have been assessed by Coomaraswamy, thus: "Earlier Indian art is, so to speak a product of nature, rather than of artifice and characterized by naturalism and simplicity. Gupta art is the flower of an established tradition, a polished and perfected medium like the Sanskrit language, for the statement of thought and feeling ....its character is self-possessed, urbane, at once exuberant and formal.......Philosophy and faith possess a common language in this art that is at once abstract and sensuous, and reserved and passionate. . The art of the period shows greater vitality. The examples are intensely lively; powerful and human. The artist derived inspiration from the day to day life, imparting into the sculpture rhythm and dynamism. * At last I would like to conclude that the modern art in India is a dynamic art form that has been flourishing for decades. Indian paintings provide an aesthetic continuum that extends from the early civilization to the present day. From being essentially religious in purpose in the beginning. Indian painting has evolved over the years to become a fusion of various cultures and traditions. The cave paintings in different parts of India bear testimony to these influences and a continuous evolution of new idioms is evident. Reference Books 1. Coomaraswamy, A : (i) History of Indian and Indonesian Art, London, 1927. (ii) Introduction to Indian Art, Madras, 1956. 2. Chandra, Moti : Indian Art, Bombay, 1964. 3. Coomaraswamy, India and Indonesian Art, p. 174. 4. Introduction to Indian Art, p.34. For Personal & Private Use Only

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bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 185 3. Gupta, R.S. and Mahajan, B.B. : Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves, Bombay 1962 4. Havell, E.B: Ancient and Medieval Architecture of Indian, London, 1915. 5. Joshi, N.P. Mathura sculptures, Mathura, 1966. 6. Mathur, N.L. Sculpture in India, New Delhi, 1976. 7. Satish Grover, The Architecture of India: Buddhist and Hindu, New Delhi, 1980. 8. Dharmanand Kosambi, Bhagwan Buddh: Jeevaan Aur Darshan, Lokbharti Prakashan Allahabad on behalf of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2009. - Deptt. of Fine Arts and Painting, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur. For Personal & Private Use Only

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Buddhism & Social Justice : Some Reflections : Dr S.P. Gupta : The Concept of Social Justice go back to the origin of civilised human society and is at the back of all human vlaues. Social justice is an abstraction that originates from an innate urge embedded in human nature that in any interaction among humans, a person should get what he/she deserves as a fellow member. The concept of social justice is based on postulate that society is responsible for the under served suffering of its members and as such society as a whole should repair the deprivation and should construct social means to ensure that such harm is avoided (Nayar 2008 : 5) Coming to the Indian Society, we find that our society was shown deep concern for social justice. The vedic connotation of Dharma which is the base of justice means that which helps the upliftment of living being. We are embedded in a wider and vast network of mutual responsibility in which empathy and compassion call for the minimisation of human suffering. In the revolt against the Vedic religion of sacrifices and caste system in India by Buddha, developed an independent religon. It upholds the concept of social justice and ethical practice to personal and social life. In Indian society the idea of libery, equality and fraternity were core issues of social justice and Buddhism was oriented towards - (a) Challenging the authority of Vedas (b) Favouring admission of persons irrespective of their caste and gender into their gana or Sangha (c) Observance of ethical norms. While we talk of social justice in Buddhism, it forms one of the three principles of Buddhism. For Personal & Private Use Only

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Budhism & Social Justice * 187 Prajna (against superstitions and super nationalism), Karuna (Love) and Samta (eqality). According to Ambedkar, 'The history of India is nothing but a hisotry of a moral conflict between Buddhism and Brahmnism '(Ambedkar, 1987 : 267). In this context Buddha was a great social reformer and propagator of equality of all human beings, and worked for the emancipation of women and lower castes. No doubt Buddha was in favour of equality and emancipation of lower caste and women. Rhys Davids explains that Buddhism ignores completly and absolutely all advantages and disadvantages arising from birth, occupation and social status. He sweeps away all barriers and disabilities arising from the arbitrary rules of mere ceremonial or social impurity (Rhys, 1926) While going through hisotrical records however one can find that though Buddha opposed the caste hirarchy based on birth as advocated by Vedic relgion, he did not reject the notion of caste or Varna system. Hence, he rejects the divine theory of the origin of the caste system and favours for evolutionary theory where he prpounds that all castes originated because of laziness and greed of men. If he was at all opposed to caste system, then why did he talk of his own classifcaiton khattiya Brahmins, vessas and the Suddas. He considers Kshatriya superior to Brahmins. Many scholars view that Buddha himself was born in Kshatriya caste, he must be biased towards it. Similary because of higher intellectual level and political power. Kshatriya had higher prestige in the society. In the Jataka stories too, Kshatriyas of degraded character are rarely mentioned, it is only Brahmanas who are termed as men of mean character. In many cases the Brahmanas are pictured as greedy, shameless and immoral and serve as a foil to the Khattiyas who play the part of virtuous and noble humanity (fick 1920; 183), As the Buddha does not give empahasis on the qualities necessary for the Kshatriyas and the other social groups, but his repeated attempts to denounce his Brahmana counterpart by comparing their 'real character with the 'Ideal character shows his partiality forwards the Kshatriya. Though in the caste system he defines caste with reference to one's qualities, inclination and vocation and not with reference to birth. The above mentioned instances show somewhat contradictory thought on caste by Buddha. He For Personal & Private Use Only

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188 alles erf-asta, hala ante hell was not in favour of caste system which favoured birth, but he has not been successfull in maintianing an egalitarian concepts as one can see that the opening of the avenues of the Buddhist church for the Sudras and others did not pay much significance. Since the lower castes acquired reverence not as a member of a lower caste but as a monk. One can also find illustration where Buddhist churches themselves were greatly influenced by the caste system for their monks as they usually failed to forget their caste antecedents, for example, Upali ( a monk) was refused to pay homage by Devadatta. Yasa a minister of Asoka (though a Buddhist) 'suggested him to discriminate among the monks according to their original castes. Similarly the attitude of Buddhist laity cannot be called towards establishing an anti-caste society. One can witness inequality, discrimination and opperssion in Buddhism too. Hence we can not clearly generalise that there was no inequality and discrimination among caste during the time of Buddha. Besides caste justice as category in Indian society, gender justice is also an important one-Gender inequality, injustice and discrimination existed in Hindu society and Buddhists say the status of women was elevated by admiting them in the community of Bhikkus (Priests) and allowing them to gain and impart religious knowledge. They come to enjoy more equality and greater respect and authority as compared to their earlier situations. Many Buddhist scholars alongwith Ambedkar say Buddha was an upholder of the doctrine of equality of sexes (Homer, 1975;; Narasu, 1976; Joshi, 1970). However it was not true. As Altekar highlights that before 500 B.C. the position of Indian women was comparatively better as compared to what it became in subsequent centuries. Critiques say that Buddha's attitude was sympathetic to women, there is a question - mark. Instances show that he was not in favour of admitting as nuns in his church. He however agreed to do so most reluctantly only after the request of foster-mother Mahaprajapati supported by Ananda after laying down eight special rules for their admission which may not show equalitarian attitude towards women. Some of these rules were subscribed to the notion of innate superiority of males over females. He was also of opinion that the nuns should not be independent of monks, instead they were ever to remain dependent upon them for the performance of most of their ceremonies and for the . For Personal & Private Use Only

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Budhism & Social Justice 189 authorisation of them all. No doubt, these rules were enough to make nuns remebmer that they were inherently inferior to monks because of their gender. In an instance, Mahaprajapati Gotami requested the Buddha to apply the rule of seniority for the monks and nuns according to the relative statuses and not according to their sexes, it was turned down by Buddha. Buddha's attitude towards women is observed in Vinaya, where the Bhikkhus are represented as bringing their questions and defficulties directly to him but the nuns had to represent through the bhikkhus. The number and position of nuns were fast declining in the Kusana period (Chakraborthy 1973:222). Not only this, in early Buddhism women were generally regarded as unreliable faithless and no better than household possessions. It can be seen while advocating the cult of asceticism, where women are considered as the greatest obstacle in the path of virtue. The Saundarananda of Ashvaghosha makes Buddha pronounce that women are like envenomed creepers, like unsheathed swords and like dens of horribe reptiles. It is also to note that in early Mahayana female Bodhisattvas were very rare. In the Mahavagga the Buddha advises Ananda not to see women, and if it beomes necessary then not to speak to them; and if it become necessary to speak, then to keep wide awake (Indra 1940:223) Buddha cherished the ideal of the subservience of wife as he had described seven kinds of wives. Four of these as virtuous, who act as mother, sister, companion and slave, they go to heaven, the remaining three kinds of non-virtuous wives behave like slayer, robber or mistress, they go to hell. As a result of his teaching, Sujata, the daughter-in-law of Anadhapindika chose to become a slave like wife. These are few instances which focus on the status of women in Buddhism. One can not firmly say that women really were as equal as men. The motion of social justice to women thus, is not very clear. Let us now turn to the social justice towards slaves in the society, Buddhist literature is full of references to the existence of slavery as a social institution. He himself was served by slaves and suggested a code of conduct for them too. These codes merely exhorted the master to be merciful to their slaves (Sinha 1983 : 83) The entire Triptaka is free from any suggestion for their betterment. Rather he is said to have For Personal & Private Use Only

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190 * als 9f-esta, Heala sie beill consoled them that their pitiable condition was because of their past deeds. Though Buddha had suggested some rules to elevate the conditions of slaves and also expected slaves to be loyal towards there masters. In this way he had been instrumental in suppressing social discontent instead of really bothering for the eradication of slavery. The foregoing discussions suggest us to believe that although Buddhsism focused on liberty, equality and fraternity, it could not take proper shape in the society. It seems that Buddha had been much more concerned about the ethical betterment of his followers and not in the social problems of the day. To him, suffering and 'pain'in caste system, slavery status of women and other deformed social insitutitons were not individual or social in nature, but it was spirtual in nature which need to be resolved spritually. On social ground his concept of social justice was confined duly towards social forces in the struggle against Brahminism and not towards wider realm of social justice in the society.. . References Nayar, P.K.B. 2008 Social Justice in a Globalised world : Encounters with state and civil society', Sociological Bulletin Vol 57 No. 1. Rhys, Davids 1926, Buddhism : Its History & Literture, London Ambedkar, B.R. 1987 Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar : Writings and speeches (Vol. 1-V) Mumbai, Govt. of Maharashtra Fick, R., 1920 The social organization in North-East India in Buddha's Time, Calcutta Horner, I.B. 1975 Women under Primitive Buddhism, Delhi. Narasu P. Lakshmi. 1976, The essence of Buddhism, Delhi Joshi, L.M. 1970 Brahmanism, Buddhism & Hinduism, Kandy Chakraborty, H. 1973 Asceticism in Ancient India, Calcutta. Indra , 1940 The Status of Women in Ancient India, Lahore Sinha, B.P. 1983, 'Early Indian Buddhism as a factor of social change' in Madhu Sen (ed.) Studies in Religion & Change, Delhi. - Department of sociology J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur For Personal & Private Use Only

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Four Brahmviharas of Buddhists: An Excellent Portrayal of Sublime Human Psychology Dr Kamla Jain Buddha has talked about four sublime states of mind of chitta which are great helping deviced of the purification and upliftment of the individual. They are called 'Brahmaviharas' which if practised fully well, help the individual to achieve the highest goal of Nirvana. These are (i) Maitri (friendliness) (ii) Karuna (compassion) (iii) Mudita (good will, joy or delight) and (iv) Upeksa (indifferences). In the Buddhist ethics non-voilence or 'Panatipatata-veramani' tops the list of pancasilas called gahattha silas (those meant for householders). These silas from the essence of Buddhist ethics. The principle of non-violence has two sides. The positive and negative. The positive side of non-violence is very strongly reflected in the practice of these Brahmviharas. They are infact, the psychological reasons behind non-violence. Sublime or Sublimated psychology is fundamental to ethics, more so to the ethics of non-violence. To put it succinctly, these Brahmaviharas are the best human disposition that we can discover in the very basic nature of human being. And when we develop them with the conscious efforts they take the form of ethical principles. In fact, from 'is' the 'ought grows or develops. The positive aspect is so essential or fundamental that the negative aspect emerges to protect the positive aspect. It grows in the form of the ability to discriminate the right from the wrong, And, thus both sides of non-violence i.e. the positive and negative become equally significant for our moral existence. The Brahmavihras are the greatest expression of positive aspect and of goodwill towards For Personal & Private Use Only

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192 * alles gof-esta, Hecklat oite one men or rather living beings which consist of four different levels or stages of mind. In our Indian ethical tradition they are also called bhavanas. For a clearer picture of these 'Bramviharas'a little discussion is required as to what they actually are and how they are termed as ethical principles and rightly so. However, as mentioned earlier, underneath them are the hidden psychological dispositions which come wrapped in the form of ethical virtues, which at a even higher stage are exalted spiritual qualities culminating in the ultimate spiritual goal of liberation, nirvana or nibbana. I intend to call it a journey (vihara) from psychological make up to socio ethical ideal climaxing into the final stage of the spiritual goal. Maitri is friendliness in positive terms and adosa or non-enmity in negative terms. Very simply it is directing or bestowing love to living creatures. It helps ones own self because it reduces adosa or hatred. It helps others on whom it is bestowed because he gets the feeling of satisfaction of being loved. Friendliness is a refined expression of the feeling of love and of gregarious instinct which involves (perhaps) a certain amount of choice but a choice not governed by self-interest. Thus, the ethical concept of maitri is distinguished from "raga" or attachment which Indian moral thinkers including Buddhists would reject and call it a form of hindrance in proper ethical upliftment of the individual. Though raga or attachment may show similar characteristics signs in appearance, but they lack what in Buddhism called 'right knowledge' or 'sammaditthi'. Buddhist philosophers point out that cultivation of this moral virtue. necessitates a great amount of constant alertness which is succintly put in one word sammadithi'. The second Brahmavihara is 'Karuna' or compassion. It is aroused by seeing someone in distress. It means identifying one-self with another one who is in distress. In common parlance it is called 'softening of heart'. This is a stage of mind in which attitude of violence automatically subsides. Psychologically, it is an expression of the instict of racepreservation. An individual (not only human) psychologically grows with two equally important and simultaneous instincts of self-preservation and race - preservation. The term race is need not be understood and interpreted in sociological sense of class identify. Here, it simply means any one whom one can identify with at a particular time and place. It is For Personal & Private Use Only

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Four Brahmviharas of Budhist 193 this compassion, sympathy, pity or empathy for those who need us at a particular moment of distress. Further 'compassion' or 'pity' is not to be understood in any sense which may justify in-equality in our socioeconomic world. It is simply an acceptance of a factual reality at a particular time which leads to arousal of a sublime emotion in individual that is not in use at that point of time. It is this, which takes the form of an ethical quality when there is conscious effort by an individual to cultivate it and sustain it. It requires a careful check and a balanced attitude by the individual lest it changes into soka or avasada (sorrow) which may lead his mind towards dullness or inability to act. This is a state of mind which is again a form of hinderance in the practice of genuine ethical principle. Such negative states of mind such as raga or attachment in context of maitri or soka or avasada in context of karuna are only obstacles in the smooth journey of the individual from the psychological realistic behaviour to a chosen path of ethical conduct. "There is suffering'-the first noble truth of Buddha is the generative organ of this the feeling or virtue of compassion or karuna for all sattvas (living beings) which is called sattvalambana karuna by the Buddhists. The mahayana school goes further in enlogizing the concept of karuna or compassion which is a part of Bodhi or supreme knowledge. It takes the status of supramundane and is called Mahakaruna. Here from the ethical stage it reaches the metaphysical stage. Buddhist Sanskrit literature makes 'karuna' as powerful as bhakti is in Bhagvata cult. Just as bhakti is a means to attain liberation, so is karuna essential to Mahabodhi. The third Brahmavihara is mudita. Mudita may not appear very explicitly as a form of non-violence as the first two Brahmaviharas of maitri and karuna do. Mudita means an expression of joy or delight. Joy is an emotion which is an expression of pleasantness indicating the existence of an attitude of acceptance and unpleasantness as an attitude of rejection. Pleasantness is prelude to joy or elation. Mudita in its ethical connotation is the expression of unselfish love. When one sees the achievements and the corresponding happiness of others, he feels one with them, rather than feeling jealous or envious of them. He feels he is sharing their happiness and feels as if their happiness is his own happiness, and also enhancing a kind of respect for respectables and virtuous. He wants to maintain others' happiness and thereby preserving For Personal & Private Use Only

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194 - alese erfesta, Hipla site chell and enhancing his own happiness. This is clearly a reflection of 'nonviolent attitude or an attitude of peace and solidarity. The ill-passion of hatred in this mental state naturally gets buried or at least gets suppressed, and soft-heartedness takes a front seat. It is a kind of behaviour / conduct partly unlearnt and partly acquired. One does not learn to feel joyous, it is somehow inborn. And it is in this sense that it is said that it is rooted in our psychological nature. But when we tame it and channelize it in proper context and deliberately guide and direct ourselves to feel joyous or delighted on others happiness or their acheivements it does not remain in its pure psychological form but changes into an ethical endeavour. And it is here, that we consciously decide to be away from attachment or 'raga' or 'arati' - which is the direct opposite of mudita. Thus, the sublime human emotion of joy reaches a higher stage of moral virtue or Brahmavihara called mudita - The last one of the Brahmaviharas is upeksa -(upekkha). or indifference. At the very outset it may appear as a negative state of mind in the sense that it seems like lack of concern (or no concern at all) about everything including human beings. Can we call such a state as the acme of human virtues? The answer is 'no'. Infact it is the culmination of positive effort of earlier stages, where the distinction of favourableness and unfavourableness does not remain even in the most extreme circumstances of sorrow or misery one remains absolutely unperturbed and remains at peace. Psychologically, it is not a state of lethargy or inactivity but a mental state of balance by which one is able to ignore the weakness of others. Thus, upeksa is to be distinguished from indifference of those who lack right attitude and are unaware of the difference of right and wrong, or in other words are selfish or egotist. This is certainly a state of strong psychological preparedness leading towards greater ethical and spiritual endeavour. Hence, it is rightly, the last one in the four Brahmaviharas. Mahayana sect has discussed them in great details. As Santideva in Bodhicaryavatara has discussed them at great length. Buddhaghosa has discussed them among forty 'kammatthanas' or the objects samadhi (concentration) in his Visuddhimaggo. An adept begins with concrete objects such as water, earth etc. which are called kasinas, He then proceeds on to more abstract concepts like metta, karuna etc. this For Personal & Private Use Only

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Four Brahmviharas of Budhist, 195 suggests that they become objects of concentration only when the adept is more matured and is capable of higher level of concentration. To briefly summarize, these four Brahmaviharas are states of mind that erase ill mental modifications of raga (attachment), dosa (hatred), isaljealously) and asaya (intolerance). Thus, they are the crucial stages in the ethical and spirtual ladder. It seems important, here to mention that these Brahmaviharas are not unique to Buddhists, though, as said earlier they are discussed at great length in Buddhism, but they very clearly occur in the same terminology in other systems of Indian thought especially in Jaina texts and Patanjala yoga system. Among the Jaina texts Umasvati's Tattvarthasutra', Hemcandra's Yogasastra', Haribhadra's Yogasataka need mention. They are called bhavanas which have very important role to play in stability of the principle of non-violence. Therefore they need to be cultivated and practised. In the main Agama texts also they are found scattered in various places. Likewise Patnjala Yogasutras also discuss these bhavanas with the same terminology. Thus, it is clear that these Bhavanas or Brahmaviharas have a place of universal acceptance in the ethics of Indian tradition showing that they have the same originating source. In the end, I would like to re-emphasize that unless we psychologically feel and are strongly inclined to do a moral act, we will not do it. Thus, psychological and moral conduct are so intertwined that it is difficult to separate the two. However, they are still two separate entities. Moral conduct always begins with a mental state of awareness of "whether I do it or not. but lought to do it." This is only to reassure us about the fact that how nature and nurture completes an individual being and how they are complimentary to each other. -B 5/52 Azad Apartments Shri Aurbindo Marg Opp. IIT Gate, Delhi-110 016 1. Tattvarthasutra 7.6 2. Yogasastra - 4.1.17 * 3. Patanjala Yogasutras - 1.33 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dharmakirti : The Advocate of . Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada Dr Sushma Singhvi The Paper examines whether Dharmakirti was an advocate of Vijnana-Vada like his own teacher Dharma-pala or a follower of the Sunya-vada of Madhyamikas. The four causes of perceptual cognition as propounded in the Nyaya-bindu by Dharmakirti have been well considered in order to substantiate his belonging to the school of BAHYARTHA-ASTITVA-VADA-External objects existence. It is further established that although the Yogacara school accepts only consciousness and not the existence of external objects, yet it does accept such an existence through implication or upacara. The definition of valid - cognition as 'Pramanam avisamvadi-jnanam'given in Pramana-Varttika proves the above hypothesis because without accepting the existence of external objects the non in-consistency of object remains an impossibility. Dharmakirti, in the Pramana vartika, has spoken of svalksana as parmartha sat because of Artha-kriya-saktatva; this is also an additional proof. The attemps made by Indian tradition, to assess Dharmakirti as Madhyamika, have not produced sufficient evidence to prove their point. One of the reasons for Dharmakirti's being follower of external object's existence may be his belonging to the Tirha-mata and his deep knowledge of Vaisesika philosophy. Inspite of the fact that Dharmakirti was desciple of Dharma-pala, who advocated the Yogacara system i.e. Vijnanavada and therefore many scholars opined that Dharmakirti was also a follower of Vijnanavada as For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dharmakirti, The Advocate of Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada * 197 his guru, yet I would like to place that Dharmakirti was neither a Vijnanavadin of Yogacara system nor a Sunyavadin of Madhyamika system, but he was a follower of external objects' existence (BahyarthaAstitva-Vadin). Dharmakirti accpet four basic forms of perceptual cognition :-(1) Indriya-Joanam-Perceptual cognition through sense-organs. When we perceive an object such as 'Jar', the jar (object) itself is the cause of perception. This type of perception is known as Alambana pratyaya because of the fact that it depends on external objects. Light is the second cause of eye perception, because in the absence of the light eye cannot perceive a jar. Light is consdiered as an auxiliary cause Sahkari Pratyaya. Third reason is the sense organ. This is known as Adhipatipratyaya. Aceptence of Alambana-pratyaya proves our hypothesis. According to vijnanavadin 'Jar' object is not real and independent to the experience i.e.'objects are Vijnanakaravicesash', but Dharmottar explains - 'grahyo hi artho vijnanam janayan-niyatapratibhasam Kuryat.' The form of object limits the image of vijnana hence the object is the cause for 'sadnsya'or 'vijnanakarata'because object is having real external existence. (i) Mano-vijnanam - Mano-vijnanam means Manah pratyaksa or mental-perceptual-cognition. The difference between mano-vijnana and indriya-jnana is that in mano-vijnana conciousness of senses becomes the Alambana while in Indriya-Jnana jar etc. Object becomes Alambana. The potentiality of our thinking capacity, without which we do not perceive, inspite of our open eyes, is the fourth cause. This is known as 'manas' in comparison to the other non Buddhist school of Indian philosophy. This mano-vijnana is also known as Samanantara pratyaya. (iii) Atma-Samvedanam or Sva-Samvedanam-It amounts to the manifestation of all cittas (which accept the objects) as well as caittas (which accept the happiness etc. instincts.) I may mention that belonging to the school of Bahyartha-Astitvavada Dharmakirti accepts two divisions of each object - (a) External (b) Internal. When an external reality such as a patch of colour is apprehended, . For Personal & Private Use Only

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198 * ales festa, wiela Bite till we at the same time feel something internally in the shape of well being which is different from the object or patch of colour. It is not that blue colour is felt as being itself the pleasure ( it affords us.).' The external object is further divided into two - (1) Bhuta : (First four substances : earth etc. are of atoms). (2) Bhautika : (the form, colour as well as an eye etc.) Internal object is divided into two :(1) Citta :( It stands for Vijnana or conciousness) (2) Caitta (It stands for Panca Skandha:Rupa, Vedana, Vijnana sanjna, Samskara). The vijnana of Panca Skandha is of two types-first (Alaya-Vijnna. i.e. the idea of I (aham) and the second is Pravsttivijnana-which is produced from the sense organ and makes rupa etc. as its object. (iv) Yogi-Joanam : The knwoledge of a yogin culminates to the highest degree of perception of existent object only (Sad-bhuta-padartha). 'bhutah sadbhuto (a) rthah', Reality is something really existing.' 'Tasmat paryantad yajjate bhavyamanasya arthasya sannihitasya iva sphutatarakara grahijnanam yoginah pratyaksam.? The culminating point of such contemplation means the point when our mind containing the image of contemplated object begins to reach a condition of clarity as though the facts were present before the meditator. The perception of non existent objects (Asadbhuta padartha) remains an absolute impossibility for yogi-prtyaksa in Buddhism. In this connection I put forward four textual evidences from the Nyaya-bindu of Dharmakirti : (i) "Indriya-jnanam" (ii) "Svavisayanantara-visaya-sahakarinendriya-jnanena samanantarapratyayena janitam tanmanovijnanam." (iii) "Sarva-Citta-Caittanam atmasamvedanam" (iv) 'Bhutartha-Bhavana-prakarsa paryantajam yogi-jnanam ceti." The above mentioned statements of Nyayabindu pose a question whether Dharmakirti was Vijnanavadin or Bahyartha-astitva-vadin? It's 1. NBT 1.11, p. 65. 2. NBT 1.11, p. 65. 3. NB Sutra 1.8-11, p. 55-62 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dharmakirti, The Advocate of Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada * 199 true that the Yogacara school of Buddhism accepts only the conciousness (Vijnana) and not the existence of external objects. However Yogacara school does accept the existence of external objects through implication (upacara/laksana). Even if for the sake of argument we accept Dharmakirti as a follower of Vijnanavada, We are left with no other choice, but to accept all the words of Nyaya-bindu denoting the existence of external objects as implied ones, but from all the four statements mentioned above, it does not so appear. In the whole text of Nyayabindu we do not find a single reference to the word upacara. Therefore it does not seem reasonable to accept that Dharmakirti was a Vijnanavadin. The Satement about perceptual cognition given by Dharmkirti in Nyayabindu clearly indicates that perceptual cognition is free from the impact of Kalpana or akara or pratiti and it is reliable "Tatra pratyaksm kalpanapodhamabhrantam".4 Without accepting objects as real and external, perceptual cognition mentioned here cannot be reliable and free from the impact of Kalpana. If the object perceived is taken as only vijnanakaravisesa and not real external by Dharmakirti, he would not have stated as above. When one perceives a jar then awareness of a jar object as well as awareness of one self (adhyavasaya) remains there; he experiences 'ghatamaham janami'. Therefore svasmvitti also culminates to the dvaita of subject and object's different entity : 'Yatra hi vyavahartsnam arthadhyavasayah so'rtham svalaksanam samanyam va syat.' .. The definition of valid cognition as 'Pramanam avisamvadi jnanam's, stated in pramanavarttika text proves that Dharmakirti was a follower of external objects' existence, because without accepting the existence of external objects the non-inconsistency of objects remains an impossibility. 'pramanamavisamvadi-jnanam' this definition is famous and samvyavaharika (not paramarthika) in Bauddha Pramanasastra. Avisamvadi does not mean 'abhranta'. In Dharmakirti's opinion 4. NB 1.4, p. 325. PV I.1. p. 3 For Personal & Private Use Only

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200 * ales of-eata, pitala Site Spell 'bhrantajnana' may be 'avisamvadi as in inference. In Dharmakirti's opinion 'avismvadana' means 'arthakriyasthitih" Dharmottar, the commentator of Nyaya-bindu has explained 'avisamvadakatva' in detail. He puts simily that as a person is called 'samvadaka' when he perceives an object already put to be known, in the same way cognition is also 'samvadaka' due to its capability to put to know the object by an observer. Capability means cognition is only an instrument in inspiring the person to perceive the object shown/known by cognition itself. Cognition does not create any object and cannot compell forcefully to an observer to perceive, yet it is a cause. This is called the 'prapakata or prakasarupata or jnapkata of jnana. Explaination on arthkriyasthiti. in pramanavartikabhasya by Prajnakaragupta also confirms that non-inconsistency of jnana is cognition which is not possible without accepting bahyartha-existence. Manorathanandi, the vsittikara of Pramanavarttika says that state of action according to known/shown object is non-inconsistency, and this is the validity of cognition; because it is neither necessary that a person will work accordingly after knowing the object and nor while working for the object, due to any obstacle, he will have the same, hence jnana is pramana, because it shows the known object, this is treated as the proof for non-inconsistency of pramana. According to Manorathnandin, this 'non-inconsistency' definition of pramana is accepted equally by both the Bauddhas, one who advocate external object's existence and another Vijnanavadins - who deny external object's existence - "etatccavisamvadanam bahyarthetaravadayoh samanam pramanalaksanam vijnananaye-pi sadhananirbhasa jnanantaramarthakrityanirbhasajnanameva samvadah." Durveka Misra has also supported Dharmottar's view." 6. ayathabhinivesena dvitiya bhrantirisyate', PV II/55 (7. arthakriyasthitih avisamvadanam', PVI/3 8. .....na hi purusam hathat pravartayitum saknoti vijnanam.', NBT I.1 9. ...pramanayogyatalaksanasyavisam vadasya satvat', * Prmanavarttika (Manorathanandi), 1/3. 10. Pramanvarttika, (M.N.) 1.3. 11. Avisamvadakam Pravstti visayavastuprarupakam samyagjnanmiti Dharmottarpradipa, P. 17 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dharmakirti, The Advocate of Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada 201 In Dharmakirti's opinion unknown object is the subject of pramana'ajnatarthaprakaso va" This also proves that he was the follower of the doctrine of the external objects existence. Even if we trace back to Dharmakirti's statement on the twofoldness of cognition, it is related to the two-foldness of the respective objects, 'manam dvividham visayadvaividhyat" i.e. svalaksana samanyalaksana. In Nyaya-Bindu, the description about svalaksana and samanyalaksana is given in the form of 'Bahyartha'." 13 Sva-laksana is stated as pramartha-sat due to artha-kriyasaktatva. "arthakriyasamartham yat tadatra pramarthasat anyat samvrtisat proktam te samanasvalaksne. "14 Prameya is devided into two sakta and asakta. Sakta is reffered to paramartha sat and asakta is as samvrtisat. Pramana-Vartika describes two types of ojbects according to arthakriyasakti and its absence: "manam dvividham visayadvaividhyat. arthakriyayam saktyasaktitah."15 Here it is important that Dharmkirti does not emphasize the twofoldness of objects on the basis of two-foldness of valid cognition rather, on the contrary to this, he has stated two foldness of valid cognition due to the twofoldness of objects. It clearly indicates the belief of Dharmakirti in external objects existence. Svaksana as an object is comprehended through perceptual cognition while samanya-laksana as an object through inference. Here it will be important to note that Naiyayikas hold the view of pramana-samplava i.e. no valid cognition is isolated from each other. Though each type of valid cognition is generally to enable us to comprehend some particular feature/object yet Naiyayikas beleive that the same kind of comprehension be made through alternative type of valid cognition also "Pramatuh pramatavya arthe pramananam sambhavo abhisamplavah, asambhavo vyavasthiti" (Vatsyayana, 12. NB, II. 1, p. 98. 13. (a) Yasyarthasya Sannidhanasannidhanabhyam jnanapratibhasabhedastat svalaksanam, NB, I.13. (b) 'anyat samanyalaksanam', NB, 1.16. 15. PV, II. 1, p. 98. 14. PV, II.3. - For Personal & Private Use Only

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202 altese ef-esta, fiipra site hell Nyayabhasya) Dharmakirti has ruled out the possiblity to know any type of object with the help of any type of valid cognition, because it is redundant and dispensable.. A second thought should be given for deciding the school of Dharmakirti, to which he belonged to, Nyaya-bindu should not be ignored. Categorical presentation is made as under :Vijnanavadin's objection: Existence of the external object, independent to the subject or vijnana, is known when it is perceived hence external objects existence is not real. It is the reality of experience of knowing only. The Objects exist because they are knwon. Dharmakirti answers: 1. 'ete niyatasya arthasya pradarsake tena te (pratyaksamanumanam-ca) pramane nanyd vijnanam. 16, 2. 'arthasya ca pratibhasahetutvat niyatam pratibhasam.'17 3. 'arthasarupyamasya prmanam'18 4. 'tat sarupyatadutpattibhyam vinayatvam'. There are two things - (a) cause of the knowledge (b) cause of the existence of the object (thing) itself. Reality of external objects common to all minds is easily proved. Cognition and object are two different identities. 4. 'jnanasahaburevartho bhogyatvat sukhadivat'-external objects are also co-existentive with their cognitions. Above references prove that Dharmakirti was an advocate of 'Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada' and not of Vijnanavada. There is not a single passage in Dhramakirti's works that should be understood as a statement of unmistakably Madhymika character and content. Ernest steinkeliner (vienna)" also concludes that there is no sufficient evidence to prove Dharmakirti as a Madhyamika. 16. NBT, I.1;12 17. NBT,1.5 18. NB, 1.20 19. "Is Dharmakirti a Madhyamika", Earliest Buddism and Madhymika (Ed.) Davidseyfort ruegg and Lambest schmithausem. Leiden, 1990, p. 92 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Dharmakirti, The Advocate of Bahyartha-Astitva-Vada 203 The statement of Jitari and Moksakaragupta and their quotations from Dharmakirti are being examined first for assessing the assumptiom for Dharmakirti being Madhyamika "Astu atha Tatha" This phrase of admittance in the resignatory mode and with the purpose to avoid the ration of a new theme, must have been understood by Jitari as a statement affirmative to the Madhyamika ways of defining the two realities (Satyadvya). "asaktam sarvam iti cet bijaderankuradisu. desta saktirmata sa cet samvartyastu yatha tatha.20 Objection : everything is inefficient. Answer : The efficiency of the seed and other (Causes) is seen in the sprout and other (effects). Objection : This (efficiency is understood in terms of the conventional (truth). Answer : Be it as it may (we are not interested in discussing this here). In conclusion it can be stated that clear admittence of a Madhyamika interpretation of reality cannot be found in Dharmakirti and he is not a staunch follower of Vijnanavad. On the contrary to this, the text of Pramana-varttika and Nyaya-bindu are full of statements which prove Dharmkirti as a follower of the doctrine of external objects' existence. . Bibliography Primary Literature NB: Nyaya-bindu' (Dharmakirti) : (ed.) Shrinivasa Shastri, Sahitya Bhandara, meerut, 1975 NBT Nyaya-bindu-tika (Dharmottara): (ed.) Shrinivasa Shastri, Sahityagara meerut, 1975 DP Dharmottara-pradeep (Durvekamisra): KPJ Res. Ins. Patna, 1955. * Pramana-varttika (Dharmakirti) : (ed.) D.D. Shastri, Bauddha Bharti, Varanasi, 1931. PVT ... Pramana-varttika-vitti (Monorathanandi): (ed) D.D. Shastri Bauddha Bharati, 20. PV,1.4. For Personal & Private Use Only

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204 alles ef-eta, hala Bite Sac Varanasi, 1984 BLI & II Bauddhist Logic (Th. Stcherbatsky), Vol. I & II Dover Publications, New York, 1962. DN (2) Dharmakirti Nibandhavali (2) : Vada-Nyaya Sambhandha Pariksa ca (Dharmakirti) : (Ed.) D.D. Shastri Bhaddha Bharati, Varanasi, 1972 TS I&II Tatva-Samgraha (Santarksita): Part 1& II (ed.) D.D. Shastri, Bauddha Bharati, Varanasi, 1981. PM Pramana-Mimamsa (Hemacandra): (Ed) Sukh lal Sanghavi, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Bombay, 1939 Modern litrature Buddhist Logic: A fresh study of Dharmakirti's philosophy (Dr. Lata S. Bapat) Bhartiya Vidya Praksana Delhi 1989 The Philolsopy of Nyaya Vaisesika and its conflict with the Buddhist Dignaga school (D.N. Shastri) : Bhartiya Vidya Prakasana Delhi 1964 Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamika (ed.) D.S. Ruegg & L. Schmithausen, New York, 1990. Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition (Ed.) Ernst Steinkellner, wein, 1991. - Director, Vardhmana Mahavir Open University, Regional Centre, Jaipur For Personal & Private Use Only

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uddharaNAnukramaNikA 40 106 162 94 132 108 10 28 133 152 105 127 1. akocchi maM avadhi maM, ajini maM 2. ajJAnaM karma tRSNA ca jJeyAH 3. aNu-paramANu duHkha-sukha, caMcala 4. atItayobbano poso, Aneti / 5. ato bhAvAbhAvAntadvayarahitatvAt 6. ato rutaM tasya mukha savASpaM 7. . attanA codayattAnaM paTimasetha 8. attA hi attano nAtho, attA hi attano gati 9. attA hi attano nAtho, ko hi nAtho paro siyA 10. atha te pramANasiddhayA prameyasiddhiH 11. anikSiptotsAho yadi khanati . 12. ayamAdo gRhAnmuktvA bhaikSAkaM 13. asubhA bhAvetabbA rAgassa pahAnAya 14. asekhena ca sIlena, asekhena samAdhinA 15. asti hyAlocanAjJAnaM prathamaM . 16. astIti nAstIti ubhe'pi antA 17. AkAzayoniH pavano yathA 18. AcAraH paramo dharmaH . 19. Atmeti prajJapitamanAtmetyapi 20. A putrAMso na mAtaraM vimRtAH 21. iti pi so bhagavA arahaM 22. idaM kho pana bhikkhave, dukkhaM ariyasaccaM / jAti pidukkhA 23. idaM ca rogavyasanaM prajAnAM pazyaMzca 24. itthiyA hi sAmiko acchAdanaM 25. . ityeSA vyupazAntaye na rataye 26. indriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamavyapadezyamavyabhicAri 27. uTThAnavato satimato . 142 63,65 132 156 113. 106 107 93 104 For Personal & Private Use Only

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206 bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 28. RturvyatItaH parivartate punaH kSayaM 29. ekamantaM nisinno kho AyasmA 30. etha tumhe kAlAmA, mA anurasavena 31. evamesA kasI kaTThA 32. evaM passaM, bhikkhave, sutavA 33. evaM piyo pRthu attA paresaM, tasmA na hiMse 34. auroM ko haMsate dekho 35. kammassakA, mANava, sattA kammadAyadA kammunA vattati loko 36. 37. kalyANamitto kalyANasahAyo, kalyANa sampavaGko 38. kAmaM dRSTA mayA sarvA 39. kAle gAva : prasUyante nAryazca 40. kRpaNaM bata thUthalAlaso mahato vyAdhabhayAt 41. cakSurvijJAnasamaMGgI nIlaM vijAnAti 42. candanaM tagaraM vA pi uppalaM atha 43. cittanadI nAmobhayato vAhinI vahati 44. cetanA cetayitvA ca karmoktaM 45. jAyedastaM maghavantsedu yonistaditavA 46. taM kho pana te etaM pApakamma 47. taM gauravaM buddhagataM cakarSa bhAryAnurAgaH 48. tadevamakRtAkRtAbhyAgamavinAzadoSaprasaMGga 49. trivargasevA nRpa yattu kRtsanataH paro manuSyArthaM 50. tasmA sakkhibhAvatthaM paThamaM attAna 51. dIpo yathA nirvRttimabhyupeto naivAvaniM 52. duHkha kA karane satya nidAna 53. durlabhaM zAntamajaraM 54. duSkAle'pi kalAva sajjanarucau 55. dve me bhikkhave, antA pabbajitena 56. dhaniya, tvaM kullaM bandhitvA, mahiM taritvA 57. na attahetu na parassa hetu na puttamicche 58. na kho sukhena sukhaM adhigantabbaM 59. na jaccA vasalo hoti 60. na jAtu kAmaH 61. natthi rAgasamo aggi 621 natthi loke raho nAma 63. na deho na jIvAtmA nendriyANi For Personal & Private Use Only 108 25 11 20 25 125 164 169 169 101 169 114 99 19 985 69 ny99 18 khlii : 94jn diij 109, 159 64 .117 131 168 107 173 126 134, 158 162 144 134 156 102 110

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uddharaNAnukramaNikA - 207 132 40, 120 19 174 144 144 64 144 63 15 105 136 127 57 106 104 64. na sannAsanna sadasanna cApyanubhayAtmakam 65. na hi verena verAni 66. ne hete poTThapAda, atthasaMhitA 67. nAtmAsti skandhamAtraM 68. nAmarUpanirodhe ca SaDAyatanasaMkSayaH 69. nAmarUpasmiM asajjamAnaM 70. nArthaM zabdAH spRzantyapi 71. nAvajAnAmi viSayAn jAne lokaM 72. nibbAnaM paramaM vadanti 73. nirvikalpakaM nAmajAtyAdiyojanAhInaM 74. niSThura Adi pazuoM kI vijita 75. naiHsvAbhAvyAnAM cennaiH 76. nyavezi ratnatritaye jinena yaH 77. paJca nIvaraNAMna samanadvena samartha 78. paradukkhe sati sAdhUnaM 79. pAcIneka ca caturo caturo 80. prajJAmayaM yasya hi nAsti 81. prajJAmbuvegAM sthirazIlavaprAM samAdhizItAM 82. pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhaM nAmajAtyAdyasaMyutam . 83. pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM 84. prApyate ca yathA satyaM tacca 85. buddhAnurAgAdanugamya tasya zAstraM ca lokasya 86. bhagavA jAnaM jAnAti 87. mano pubgamA dhammA mano seTThA manomayA . .88. mama kasiphalaM bhujitvA aparajju 89. mamaM vA, bhikkhave, pare avaNNaM bhAseyyu 90. mukhyo mAdhyamiko vivartamakhilaM 91. maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSANAM 92. yatkarmAjJAnatRSNAnAM tyAgAnmokSazca 93. yatraiSA kalpanA nAsti 94. yathA pi kumbhakArasya kataM 95. yathA hi aMgasambhArA 96. yathekSuratyantarasaprapIDito bhuvi praviddho 97. yadA mama pareSAM ca bhayaM. 98. yadRcchAzabdeSu nAmnA viziSTo'rtha uccate 99. ya panAniccaM, dukkhaM vA taM sukhaM vA ti 63 114 114 * 104 18 110 120 131 . '138 106 64 126 For Personal & Private Use Only

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208 * bauddha dharma-darzana, saMskRti aura kalA 173 112 112 105 113 100. yaM loke piyarUpaM etthesA taNhA 101. yazca pratItyabhAvo bhAvAnAM zUnyateti 102. yasmA ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attAnaM 103. yAdisaM vapate bIjaM tAdisaM 104. yAvadeva jANamattAya paTissatimattAya 105. ye ca kho keci kAyena 106. yena kAyenopalakSitaH kazciccittasantAnaH 107. yo ca vassasataM jIve dussIlo 108. yo pANamatipAteti musAvAdaM ca 109. vAsavRkSaM guNavatAmAvAsaM 110. vikalpayonayaH zabdAH zabdAH 111. vijjAcaraNasampanno, so seTTho 112. vihagaH khalu jAlasaMvRto 113. vedaH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca 114. veraM jayaM pasavati, dukkhaM seti 115. vyAdhistyAnasaMzayapramAdAlasyAvirati 116. sace pissa so soNDasahAyo vA 117. sattesu majjhattAkArappavatti 118. sannidhAnamivArthAnAmAdhAnamiva 119. sabbA disA anuparigamma cetasA 120. sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthi 121. sarvAsu dikSu yAvantaH kAyacittavyathAturAH 122. savikalpakaM nAmajAtyAdiyojanAtmakaM 123. savvapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa 124. sIlena ca kAmasukhallikAnuyogasaMkhAtassa 125. sIlaM balaM appaThimaM sIlaM AyudhamuttamaM 126. sukhI bhaveyaM duHkhI 127. suppaTippanno bhagavato sAvakasaGgho 128. selo yathA ekaghano vAtena na 129. svAkkhAto bhagavatA dhammo sandiTThiko 130. hitAkArappavattilakkhaNA mettA 131. hetu pratyayasAmagryAM caM pRthak 128 128 108 24, 27, 36 ., 144 62 112,130 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sampAdaka - paricaya DaoN. dharmacanda jaina, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya jodhapura ke saMskRta-vibhAga meM san 2001 se AcArya haiN| ve bauddha adhyayana kendra ke saMsthApaka nidezaka (2006-2011 ) evaM saMskRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa (2009-2012 ) rahe / DaoN. jaina ne bI. e. oNnarsa (saMskRta) tathA ema. e. (saMskRta) kI parIkSAeM rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura se svarNapadaka ke sAtha uttIrNa kii| zodhakArya bhI isI vizvavidyAlaya se pUrNa kiyA / Apa san 1981 se rAjakIya mahAvidyAlayoM meM tathA 1992 se jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM adhyApana kArya kara rahe haiN| bhAratIya darzana evaM jaina vidyA ke sAtha prAkRtabhASA Apake viziSTa kSetra haiN| Apa rAjasthAna saMskRta akAdamI ke ambikAdatta vyAsa puraskAra (1991), yuvA pratibhA zodha sammAna (1994), campAlAla sANDa smRti puraskAra (1997) AcArya hastI smRti sammAna (2001) Adi puraskAroM se sammAnita haiM / 'bauddha nyAya para ApakI pustaka 'bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA' 'bauddha darzana meM pramANamImAMsA' prakAzita haiM tathA aneka pustakeM sampAdita haiM, yathAmAnavajIvana aura smRtizAstra, bauddhadarzana ke pramukha siddhAnta, bauddhetara darzanagranthoM meM bauddhadarzana, aMtagaDadasAsUtra, bRhatkalpasUtra, jIva- ajIva tattva, puNya-pApa tattva, Asrava - saMvara tattva, bandha-tattva, nirjarA - tattva, mokSatattva, duHkharahita sukha, sakArAtmaka ahiMsA, samyagdarzana : zAstra aura vyavahAra, kriyoddhAra aMka, jainAgama vizeSAMka, pratikramaNa vizeSAMka (jinavANI patrikA), namo purisavaragaMdha ( AcArya hastI - jIvanagrantha), gurugarimA aura zramaNajIvana ( jinavANI vizeSAMka), ahiMsA niuNA diTThA, namo gaNigajendrAya aadi| Apa samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura se prakAzita jinavANI mAsika patrikA ke mAnad sampAdaka haiN| Apake lagabhaga 50 zodhAlekha prakAzita haiM tathA deza ke vibhinna nagaroM meM jainadarzana para Apake vyAkhyAna hote rahate haiN| Apane hAMgakAMga (1995), landana (2006 evaM 2013) tathA nepAla (2013) kI akAdamika yAtrAeM kI haiN| Apane hindI, saMskRta, aMgrejI evaM prAkRta bhASAoM meM lekhana kiyA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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buddha-vANI yadA tumhe kAlAmA, attanAva jAneyyAtha-ime dhammA akusalA, ime dhammA sAvajjA, ime dhammA vi garahitA, ime dhammA samattA samAdinnA ahitAya dukkhAya saMvattantI ti atha, tumhe kAlAmA pjheyyaath| - kesamutti sutta jaba tuma svAnubhava se apane Apa hI yaha jAno ki ye bAteM akuzala haiM, ye bAteM sadoSa haiM, ye bAteM vijJapuruSoM dvArA nindita haiM, ina bAtoM para calane se ahita hotA hai, duHkha hotA hai-taba he kAlAmo! tuma una bAtoM ko chor3a do| ___mamaM vA, bhikkhave, pare avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, dhammassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyu, saMghassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyu, tatra tumhehi na AghAto na appacayo na cetaso anabhiraddhi krnniiyaa| mamaM vA, bhikkhave, pare avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, dhammassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, saMghassa vA avaNNaM bhAseyyuM, tatra ce tumhe assatha kupitA vA anattamanA vA, tumhaM yevassa tena antraayo| __ - dIghanikAya, sIlakkhandhavagga, brahmajAlasutta buddha kahate haiM - he bhikSuoM! koI merI yA mere dharma yA saMgha kI nindA kare, isa kAraNa tumheM usake prati na vaira karanA cAhie, na asaMtoSa aura na krodha hI / he bhikSuoM! yadi koI merI, dharma tathA saMgha kI nindA kare, usa para tuma vaira, asaMtoSa yA krodha prakaTa karoge to isase tumhArI dharma sAdhanA meM vighna pdd'egaa| ataH tumheM nindA karane vAle kI bAta para vicAra karanA cAhie ki usameM kitanA satya hai aura kitanA asatya / satya ko svIkAra kara, asatya ko mithyA samajhakara tyAga denA caahie| asubhA bhAvetabbA rAgassa pahAnAya, mettA bhAvetabbA vyApAdassa pahAnAya, aniccasA bhAvetabbA asmimaansmugghaataay| - visuddhigga, kammaTTha naggahaNanidesa vyakti ko rAga ke prahANa ke lie azubha kI bhAvanA karanI cAhie, dveSa ke prahANa ke lie maitrI kI bhAvanA karanI cAhie aura abhimAna ahaMkAra ko dUra karane ke lie anityasaMjJA kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| paradukkhe sati sAdhUnaM hRdayakampanaM karetIti karuNA -visuddhimagga, brahmavihAraniddeso para duHkha ko dekhakara satpuruSoM ke hRdaya meM jo kampanna hotA hai, vahI karuNA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only