Bramhasutra me Uddhrut Acharya aur Unke Mantavyo ka Adhyayan

Author(s): Vandanadevi
Publisher: Ilahabad University
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010176/1

Page #1
THE FREE INDOLOGICAL COLLECTION WWW.SANSKRITDOCUMENTS.ORG/TFIC FAIR USE DECLARATION This book is sourced from another online repository and provided to you at this site under the TFIC collection. It is provided under commonly held Fair Use guidelines for individual educational or research use. We believe that the book is in the public domain and public dissemination was the intent of the original repository. We applaud and support their work wholeheartedly and only provide this version of this book at this site to make it available to even more readers. We believe that cataloging plays a big part in finding valuable books and try to facilitate that, through our TFIC group efforts. In some cases, the original sources are no longer online or are very hard to access, or marked up in or provided in Indian languages, rather than the more widely used English language. TFIC tries to address these needs too. Our intent is to aid all these repositories and digitization projects and is in no way to undercut them. For more information about our mission and our fair use guidelines, please visit our website. Note that we provide this book and others because, to the best of our knowledge, they are in the public domain, in our jurisdiction. However, before downloading and using it, you must verify that it is legal for you, in your jurisdiction, to access and use this copy of the book. Please do not download this book in error. We may not be held responsible for any copyright or other legal violations. Placing this notice in the front of every book, serves to both alert you, and to relieve us of any responsibility. If you are the intellectual property owner of this or any other book in our collection, please email us, if you have any objections to how we present or provide this book here, or to our providing this book at all. We shall work with you immediately. -The TFIC Team.

Page #2
U brahmasUtra meM uddhRta AcArya aura unake mantavyoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana "BRAMHASUTRA MAIN UDDHRIT ACHARYA AUR UNKE MANTABYO KA SAMALOCHANATMAK ADHYAYAN" ilAhAbAda kI DI. phila upAdhi hetu prastuta zodha-prabandha CALL TY OF VERSITY UNIVA -::ME :47 AHABA MADXS 1 UOT RA ARIOR AMATot paryavekSaka DA0 raJjanA rIDara, saMskRta vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda prastakatA vandanA devI ema0 e0 (saskRta-darzana), yU0 jI0 sI0 ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda April-2003

Page #3
ilAhabAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda pramANa-patra pramANita kiyA jAtA hai ki saMskRta viSaya meM DI0 phila0 kI upadhi hetu bandanA devI ne mere nirdezana meM "brahmasUtra meM uddhRta AcArya aura unake mantavyoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana" viSayaka zodha kArya sampanna kiyA hai| inhoMne pUrI niSThA evaM lagana ke sAtha yaha zodha-prabandha vidhivat pUrNa kiyA hai| inakA yaha kArya vyaktigata anuzIlana evaM parizrama para AdhArita hai tathA pUrNatayA maulika hai, ise prastuta karane kI saMstuti karatI Phos Date: 25..4.03 ramA (DA0 raMjanA) (DI0 phila0 DI0 liTa0) saMskRta vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda

Page #4
prAkkathanam yaM brahma vedAntavido vadanti paraM pradhAnaM puruSaM tathAnye / vizvAdagateH kAraNamIzvaraM vA tasmai namo vighnavinAzAya / / "prastuta zodha-prabandha kA viSaya brahma-sUtra zAGkara bhASya meM uddhRta AcArya evaM unake mantabyoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana" hai| bhagavAna bAdarAyaNa ne brahmasUtra kI racanA kI aura usa para AcArya zaGkara ne kAlajayI bhASya likhaa| brahmasUtra catuHsUtrI ati saMkSipta hone ke kAraNa sAdhAraNa janoM ke lie durbodha the| isa para AcArya zaGkara ne vistRta bhASya likhakara sAdhAraNa janoM ke lie sulabha banAyA hai| yadyapi zaGkarAcArya ke darzana para pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se itanA likhA jA cukA hai ki usake pUrNajJAna kA dAvA karanA mujha jaise alpajJa ke lie ahaM pradarzita karanA hogA, tathApi brahmasUtra zAMGkara bhASya meM udadhRta zaGkara pUrvavartI AcAryoM aura uttaravartI acAryoM ke mantavyoM kA adhyayana karane kA pUrNa prayAsa karanA hamArA lakSya hai| AcArya zaGkara kA janma aisI viSama paristhitayoM ke madhya huA thA jaba ki samAja meM pAkhaNDa, vAhyADambara ,jAdU TonA jaisI aneka kurItiyAM pracalita ho cukI thii| AcArya zaGkara ne sampUrNa dezo meM bhramaNa karake ina samasta visaMgatiyo ko dUra karane kA vIr3A uThAyA tathA AsthA, vizvAsa, zrutiyAM evaM tarko kI sudRr3ha bhUmi para hindU dharma (vedAnta) ko pratiSThita kiyaa| zaGkarAcArya ke darzana me sarvocca jIvana Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vaha nirvivAda rUpa se sarvocca saMbhava Adarza hai / brahmasUtra 'zAGkara-bhASya' kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA yaha hai ki jisake kAraNa anya darzano ke samarthakoM dvArA lagAye gaye aneka AkSepoM ke bAcajUda yaha

Page #5
aDiga banA rhaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki AdhAra dRr3ha evaM nirdoSa jJAna bhI mImAMsA para TikA huA hai| isakI jJAna mImAMsA kA mUla yaha hai ki Atma-tattva cetana-svarUpa hai aura isake pramANa kI bhI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha svayaMsiddha evaM svaprakAza svarUpa hai| zaGkarAcArya ke ina asaMdigdha tarko evaM vicAro ke samakSa samasta dArzanika svayameva natamastaka ho jAte hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zaGkara kA darzana darzano kA ziromaNi kahA jAtA hai| unake viSaya me yaha kathana sarva prasiddha hai "tAvad garjanti zAstrANi jambukAH vipine yathA / na garjanti mahAzaktiryAvad vedAnta kesarI" || prastuta zodha-prabandha meM kula cha: adhyAya hai| prathama adhyAya meM darzana kA sAmAnya paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisake arntagata darzana kI paribhASA, utpatti, jIvana aura darzana, darzana evaM dharma, viSaya, prayojana, kAlavibhAjana, bhAratIya darzana kI vizeSatAe tathA bhAratIya darzana kI mukhya vidhAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 'darzana' kA paricaya jAne binA zAGkara vedAnta ko jAnanA ati durUha hai| darzana Atma sAkSAtkAra kA parama sAdhana hai| dvitIya-adhyAya meM "zrautra darzana evaM gItA" kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakA varNana karane ke pIche mukhya udadezya yaha hai ki vaidika saMhitAoM aura AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM tathA gItA ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usameM dArzanika tattva praryApta mAtrA meM maujUda the| tRtIya adhyAya zaMkara pUrva vedAnta hai| yaha viSaya samagratA ki dRSTi se tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| khaNDa-(ka) meM yoga vAziSTha kA varNana hai jisameM yaha dikhalAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ki zaGkara kA advaita vedAnta zaMkara se pUrva yoga vAziSTha meM bhI vidyamAna thaa| khaNDa-(kha) meM zaMkara pUrvavartI advaita vedAnta ke prarvataka AcArya aura unakA avyavasthita itihAsa

Page #6
varNita hai| zaGkara prAga SoDaza vedAntAcArya tathA unake siddhAnta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| iname sAta ArSa vedAntAcArya Atreya ASmarathya, auDulomi, karNAjini, kAzakRtsna, jaimini, vAdarAyaNa jinakA advaitavAda kA siddhAnta yatra-tatra avyavasthita rUpa se varNita milatA hai| khaNDa (ga) meM zaMkarAcArya ke prAga vedAntI AcArya aura advaitavAda kA vyavasthita itihAsa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM kisI kA siddhAnta yukti-yukta nahIM pratIta hotA hai, aura yahAM taka bhI nahI kisI kisI kA siddhAnta zruti sammata aura tarka sammata bhI pratIta nahI hotA hai| caturtha adhyAya me zaGkarAcArya kA saMkSipta jIvana paricaya tathA unake pUrva bhArata kI sthiti AcArya zaGkara kA vyaktatva aura unakI kRtiyA maMDana mizra aura zaGkara zAAtha, zaGkara kI bhAratIya kA zAAtha Adi kA tathA anta meM zaGkara siddhAnta brahma-vicAra, jIva-vicAra, avidyA, mAyA, mokSa Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya-pA~ca me zaGkarAcArya ke uttaravartI AcArya aura unako siddhAnta yathA- surezvaracArya, padmapAda, vAcaspati mizra, sarvajJAtmamuni, prakAzAtmAyati, citasukhAcArya, amalAnanda, brahmAnanda sarasvatI, zrIharSa Adi AcAryoM kA varNana tathA unake siddhAnto kA bhI saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai| SaSThama adhyAya meM mukhya siddhAntoM bhAmatI prasthAna, vivaraNa prasthAna, kArtika prasthAna aura vAdha prasthAna ke siddhAntoM kA tulanAtmaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| aura anta me upasaMhAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| grantha ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya zaGkara ke AvirbhAva se pUrva advaita vedAnta kA bIja rUpa vedoM, upaniSadoM, brAhmaNa AraNyakoM, Adi meM bhI prApta thaa| aura zaGkara se pUrva yoga vAziSTha tathA anya prAg advaita vedAntI AcAryoM kA mata advaita vedAnta se sambaddha thA, kintu advaitavAda kA jo bIja pUrva rUpa se vidyamAna thA usako ucita vAtAvaraNa meM vikasita karane kA prayAsa acArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| advaita vedAnta mAnava caritra ko naitikatA kI

Page #7
jAnakArI dete hai|- 'sarva khalu idaM brahma' 'ahaM brahmAsmi', 'tattvamasi , 'zvetaketo' Adi mahAvAkyoM se sabhI jIvo meM samAnatA prardazita kI gayI hai| Adhunika yuga meM bhI advaita vedAnta kA mahatva adhika hai / anusaMdhAna karate samaya anusandhAtrI kI maulika pravRtti kA prAdhAnya rahe, aisA dhyAna diyA gayA hai| viSaya-vastu kI vilakSaNatA tathA vizadatA kI dRSTi se . 'brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASya' kA apanA viziSTa mahatva hai| unakI isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa saMskRta dazarna-varga kI chAtrA ke rUpa meM saMskRta-vibhAga ilAhAvAda vizvavidyAlaya, parAsnAtaka parIkSA uttIrNa karane para mere mana meM zAGakara darzana se sambaddha zodha kArya sampana karane kI prabala icchA samudabhUta huI, aura saMskRta vibhAga ke tadAnIntana adhyakSa pro0 harizaMkara tripAThI (bhUtapUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa) kI mahatI anukampA se mujhe 'brahmasUtra meM uddhRta AcAryoM ke mantavyoM kA sAlAcanAtmaka adhyayana' biSaya para zodha karane kA suavasara prApta huaa| zodha biSaya ko dRSTi meM rakhakara prabandha-zodha grantha kA saMkSiptIkaraNa sarala kArya nahIM thA tathA sAtha hI ucita bhI nahIM thaa| ataeva maine 'brahamasUtra zAGkarabhASya' ko AdhAra mAnakara pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI AcAryoM kA vivecana kara rahA huuN| isa prasaMga meM mai sudhI parIkSakoM se kSamA-prArthI huuN| anusaMdhAna kSetra meM jina gurujanoM ne apanA yogadAna diyA unake prati AbhAra prakaTa karanA maiM apanA parama katarvya samajhatI huuN| zodha kArya meM pravRtta hone para maiM apanI zraddhayA pUjanIyA nirdezikA DA0 raMjanA (variSTha rIDara saMskRta vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizva vidyAlaya ilAhabAda) ke prati zraddhAvanat hU~, jinase mujhe paga-paga para nirdezana, apekSita sahAyatA evaM preraNA milii| isake atirikta vibhAga ke sabhI gurujanoM se prApta utsAhavardhana evaM AzISa hetu kRtajJa huuN| isa loka meM mAtRRNa evaM

Page #8
pitRRNa se koI bhI mukta nahIM ho sakA to mai (alpajJa) isase kisa prakAra mukta hone ke viSaya meM soca sakatI huuN| kyoki jisa svargAdapigarIyasI, mamatAmayI mA~ zrImatI zaMkararAvatI zuklA tathA jisa mahAna pUjanIya pitRcaraNa zrI musAphira zukla (khaNDa vikAsa adhikArI, avakAza prApta) ke snehAsikta vAtsalya meM merA pAlana poSaNa huA, tathA jinhone mere adhyayana ke prati sadaiva mahatvapUrNa preraNAe~ dI, unake prati kRtajJatA tathA AbhAra pradarzita karanA unake garimA maNDita sthAna kI upekSA mAtra pratIta hotI hai| isI sandarbha meM sarva prathama mai apane paramaM priya sammAnanIya mitra anukaraNIya rAjeza pAnDeya (jo durbhAgyavaza aba hamAre bIca nahIM haiM) ke prati AjIvana RNI huuN| jinake preraNAspada vicAroM se hI mujhe zodha prabandha, alpa samaya meM pUrNa karane meM sahAyatA milii| unhe mai vizeSa rUpa se namana karatI huuN| jinakA ki mere bAlya-kAla se adhyayanAvadhi paryanta atulanIya sahayoga evaM utsAhavardhana prApta hotA rhaa| pANDeya ke prati zabdo meM kRtajJatA jJApita karanA mere lie asambhava hai, mAtra aupacArikatA nibhAnA pratIta hotA hai / zogha-kSetra meM, apane samasta sahodara agrajo meM parama pUjya sarva zrI indradeva zukla (AI0 pI0 esa0, pulisa adhIkSaka govA), zrI pramoda kumAra zukla (pI0 sI0 esa0, upa jilAdhikArI narasiMhapura, madhya-pradeza), zrI siyArA: zukla (adhivaktA, ucca nyAyAlaya, ilAhAbAda) ke prati kRtajJatA evaM AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinake parama-tyAga, amUlya sahayoga bhAtRtva evaM preraNAspada tathA mArga darzaka vicAroM ne mere jIvana ko savArane meM koI kasara nahI chodd'ii| apane anya bhAIyoM meM zrI jagadambA zukla, DA0 Ara0 pI0 zukla (ema0 DI0 lakhanaU) rAkeza zukla ke prati tathA bar3I-bahana zazi tivArI evaM jIjA DA0 sI0 ela0 tivArI, (sahAyaka sAMkhyakIya adhikArI maU), bhAbhI TI0 ke0 zuklA, DA0 anupama mizrA (asst. prof. psy.

Page #9
anya sadasyo ke prati bhI AbhAra evaM kRtajJatA jJApita karatI hU~, jinake apratima sahayoga evaM AzIrvAda se merA zodha-prabandha nirvAdha rUpa se pUrNa ho skaa| mere abhinna mitro meM jyoti svarUpa zukla, arcanA dvivedI tathA kirana caturvedI kA mukhya rUpa se sahayoga rahA hai| pro0 zrI sudhAMzu zekhara zAstrI (vibhAgAdhyakSa, darzana - prakhaNDa, vizva vidyAlaya, vArANasI) ke prati mai apanA AbhAra prakaTa karatI huuN| jo anusaMdhAtrI ko sadA protsAhana evaM satya preraNAe~ dete rahe / zrI gaMgA nAtha jhA, kendrIya saMskRta vidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda ke DA0 rAmAnanda thapaliyAla ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatI hU~ jinhone apanA amUlya sahayoga diyA / vizva vidyA ilAhAbAda ke pustakAlaya ke prati hindU vizva vidyAlaya saMskRta kAleja, vArANasI ke prati tathA rAma kRSNa mizana pustakAlaya ke prati bhI apanA AbhAra prakaTa karatI hU~ / pratyakSa evaM parokSa rUpa se zodha-prabandha prastuta karane meM jina vidvAnoM kA sahayoga rahA unake prati bhI maiM apanA abhAra pradarzata karatI hU~ / TaMkaNa kArya sampanna karane meM zrI gulAba mizrA ke prati dhanyavAda jJApita karatI hU~, jinhone apanA amUlya sahayoga dekara zodha-prabandha ko pUrNatA pradAna kiyA / prastuta zodha-prabandha ke zIrSaka kI vyApakatA evaM gambhIratA ko dekhate huye merA yaha prayAsa atyalpa evaM atyanta nyUna pratIta hotA hai, tathApi merI isa zAzvat samArcanA se darzana jagata ko kucha bhI paritoSa milatA hai to ise mai apane jIvana kI sabase bar3I saphalatA maanuuNgii| isame jo kucha bhI bana par3A vaha prabhu kI asIma kRpA kAhI prasAda hai tathA jo kamiyA~ haiM unheM merI bAlikocita buddhi kA phala mAnakara vidvat samudAya se prArthinI kSamA prArthI rahegIM / vi

Page #10
una sabhI viddhAno kI bhI vizeSa rUpa se AbhArI hU~ jinakI racanAo aura kRtiyo kA unmukta upayoga kiyA / dinAMka : sthAna : vinayAnavata bandanA devI vandanA devI saMskRta vibhAga ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ilAhAbAda vii

Page #11
V darzana- sAmAnya paricaya V bhAratIya darzana kA Arambha yA utpatti V jIvana aura darzana kA sambandha V darzana evaM dharma V darzana kA viSaya V prayojana V bhAratIya darzanoM kA kAla vibhAjana V dArzanika vAMgamaya kA vikAsa V bhAratIya darzana aura pazcimI darzana meM samAnatAeM aura vibhinnatAe~ V bhAratIya darzana kI samAnya vizeSatAe~ V bhAratIya darzana kA vargIkaraNa-vidhAe~ V cArvAka darzana V cArvAka sAhitya V tattvavicAra V naitika vicAra V jaina darzana V sAhitya jaina darzana ke siddhAnta V anekAntavAda V syAdvAda V dravya vicAra V jIva V ajIva V AkAza V kAla V dharma aura adharma V Azrava V bandha V samvara V nirjarA V mokSa V bauddha darzana V bauddha darzana ke siddhAnta V cAra Aryasatya V sampradAya V sautrAntika mata V mAdhyamika zUnyavAda 2 6 11 13 16 17 16 21 24 28 35 41 46 51 54 56 56 56 56 60 61 62 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 66 68 68 71 72 73

Page #12
v yogAcAra vijJAnavAda v Astika darzana V nyAya darzana v pratyakSa v anumAna v upamAna V zabda pramANa v kAraNavAda v Izvara v apavarga v vaizeSika darzana v paramANukAraNavAda v sAMkhyadarzana VttvamImAMsA V satkAryavAda v prakRti v prakRti aura isake tIna guNa v puruSa v prakRti-puruSa sambandha V sRSTikrama v bandhana aura mokSa yA apavarga v yoga darzana v cittavRtti v aSTAMga yoga v samprajJAta samAdhi v asamprajJAta samAdhi v mImAMsA darzana v karmamImAMsA v jJAnamImAMsA v AtmA v vedAnta darzana v sAhitya v vedAnta ke anya sampradAya V AcArya zaGkara v brahma Vbandhana aura mokSa V mumukSatva adhyAya-2 102 104 106 107 108 106 110 110 112 114 115 117 117 117 116 120 SICH 122

Page #13
124 126 128 128 128 126 135 137 138 142 147 150 v zrauta darzana aura gItA v veda aura darzana v yajurveda v kANva saMhitA v sAmaveda v atharvaveda v veda meM dArzanika pravRttiyA~ V brAhmaNa V AraNyaka grantha v upaniSadoM kA darzana v upaniSadoM meM dArzanika vivecanav veda meM eka Izvara kA varNana v upaniSadoM meM ekezvara kA varNana v veda meM pralayAvasthA kI sthiti meM prakRti kA nirUpaNa v niSkarSa (samAlocanA) v zrImadbhagavadgItA v gItA aura yoga-vicAra v gItA kA dArzanika siddhAnta v smAlocanA adhyAya-3 v zaGkara pUrva vedAnta (khaNDa-ka) v yoga vAsiSTha (saMkSipta paricaya) v TIkAe~v dArzanika siddhAnta (paramasat kA svarUpa) v jagata v jIva v bandhana aura mokSa v yogavAsiSTha aura zAGkara advaitavedAnta 153 155 156 162 170 171 174 177 178 176 180 171 182 __(khaNDa-kha) 183 185 185 185 v zaGkara pUrva advaitavedAnta kA avyavasthita itihAsa v Atreya v Azmarathya v jaimini sUtra meM Azmarathyav auDulomi v kArNAjiniH v AcArya kAzakRtsana v jaimini 188 186 160 161

Page #14
163 164 165 166 168 200 201 202 200 205 206 206 207 207 208 v AcAryavAdari v kAzyapa (khaNDa -ga) v prAga advaitavAda kA vyavasthita itihAsa V vyAsa v bodhAyana v upavarSa v guhadeva aura kapardI v AcArya bhAruci v AcArya bhartRhari V zabda: vAk v sphoTavAda v sattA dvaitavAda v jIva v adhyAropavAda vidhi v mokSa v mokSasAdhana v AcArya bhartRmitra v brahmAnandI, TaGka v TaMka v dravir3AcArya V AcArya brahmadatta v jagata v mokSa aura mokSa kA sAdhana v praGakhyAnam v dhyAnaniyogavAdI v AcArya bhartRprapaJca v dArzanika siddhAnta v pariNAmavAda v mokSa v pramANasamuccaya vAda v AcArya sundarapANDya v gauDapAda v siddhAnta V AtmavAda v mAyAvAda v jIva v advaitavAda kA avirodha v mAkSavAda 208 206 206 212 212 214 217 217 216 216 221 221 221 222 222 223 224 227 228 226 231 231 232

Page #15
233 238 240 243 243 244 245 246 247 247 248 248 246 246 246 50 250 v govindapAda adhyAya 4 v zaGkara pUrva bhArata v zaGkara kA divya janma v jIvana caritra ke AdhAra para grantha v zaGkara vijaya v AcArya zaGkara kA vyaktitva v zaGkarAcArya ke ziSya v AcArya zaGakarAcArya dvArA praNIta grantha v bhASya grantha V brahmasUtra v zrImadbhagavadgItA bhASya v upaniSadbhASya v lalitAtrizatI bhASya v mANDUkya kArikA bhASya v strota grantha v prakaraNa grantha Vtantra grantha v maNDana mizra aura zaGkara kA zAstrArtha v maNDana mizra dvArA stuti v zaMGkara aura bhAratI kA zAstrArtha v zAMGkara darzana ke srota v zAkara darzana-advaitavedAnta V 'brahma' zabda kA tAtparya v jIva vicAra v jIva aura Izvara v jIva aura brahma v mAyA v avidyA v adhyAsa v jagata vicAra v mokSa v nityAnitya vastu viveka v ihAmutrArtha bhoga virAga v zamadamAdi adhyAya-5 v zaGkarAcAryottara advaitavAdI AcArya aura unake siddhAta v dArzanika mata 250 253 254 255 258 260 264 264 266 266 266 266 271 272 274 274 275 299 283

Page #16
285 288 286 261 261 262 262 263 264 265 267 268 302 303 305 307 308 v AcArya padmapAda v dArzanika siddhAnta v vAcaspati mizra (840 I0) v bhAmatI kI TIkAe~ v dArzanika vicAra v karmasamuccita jJAna v zaGkara aura vAcaspati v sarvajJAtma muni v advaitAnanda bodhendra v Anandabodha bhaTTArakAcArya v prakAzatmayati v vimuktAtmA v zrI harSa v khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya v khaNDana kI TIkAe~ v citsukhAcArya V amalAnanda v vidyAraNya v sthitikAla v racanAe~ v siddhAnta v mAyA v AtmA v sAkSI V zaGkarAnanda v Anandagiri V akhaNDAnanda v zrI apyayadIkSita v madhusUdana sarasvatI v ekajIvavAda v nRsiMhAzrama v nArAyaNAzrama v raMgarAjadhvari v sadAzivabrahmendra v sadAnandayogIndra sarasvatI v rAmatIrtha v rAmAnanda sarasvatI v kAzmIraka sadAnanda yati v raMganAtha 306 306 310 310 310 311 313 313 313 314 318 323 325 327 328 328 328 326 330 330 331

Page #17
332 335 336 341 342 v svAmI karapAtrI adhyAya-6 v mukhya sidvAntoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana V zaGkara aura vAcaspati v bhAmatI prasthAna aura vivaraNa prasthAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana avidyA yA mAyA v dRSTisRSTivAda v pariNAmavAda aura vivartavAda v zabdAparokSavAda aura avidyAnivRtti v surezvara kA advaitavAda aura zaGkarAcArya kA advaitavAda v sAkSI yA pramAtA VIzvara aura jIva adhyAya-7 VupasaMhAra adhIta grantha sUcI 345 347 347 348 346 350 360 365

Page #18
prathama-adhyAya HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI

Page #19
darzana sAmAnya paricaya manuSya svabhAvataH eka cintanazIla prANI hai / dArzanika vidhA se cintana, manana karanA mAnava mAtra kI mUla pravRtti hai / prAyaH hama dekhate haiM ki pratyeka vyakti kA apanA koI jIvana mUlya yA darzana avazyameva hotA hai / 'darzana' apaneM vibhinna prakAra ke anubhavoM ke spaSTIkaraNa kA eka prayAsa hai aura jaba yaha spaSTIkaraNa dikkAlAtIta svarUpa kA ho jAtA hai; taba vaha 'darzana' kahalAne yogya ho jAtA hai / darzana zAstra ke jJAna se manuSya ke jJAna kA pariSkAra hotA hai, vicAradhArA meM sudRr3hatA AtI hai aura vyavahAra meM krAMti kA avasara nahIM Ane pAtA hai| isa taraha se bhAratIya darzana jIvana kA AdhAra banane ke sAtha-sAtha jJAna vijJAna ke vistAra meM yaha eka adbhuta sahAyaka kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatA hai / buddhimAn prANI hone ke kAraNa manuSya jijJAsu pravRtti kA hotA hai ataeva sRSTi kI nAnAvidha vicitra vastuoM ko dekhakara bauddhika mAnava jJAta karane ke lie sadaiva utsuka tathA prayatnazIla rahA hai| vizva ke prAcInatama vAGmaya Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta ke praNayana kAla se hI manuSya kI pravRtti ke udbhUta hone ke pramANa milate haiN| nAsadIya sUkta kA draSTA RSi kahatA hai " ko advA veda ka iha pravocat / kuta ajAtA kuta iyaM visRSTi:' zvetAzvatara upaniSad ke 1/1 meM bhI kucha isI prakAra kA varNana milatA hai jo jagatkAraNa kI mImAMsA se saMbaMdhita maulika praznoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai kiM kAraNaM brahma kutaH sma jAtA jIvAya kena kva ca saMpratiSThAH / adhiSThitAH kena sukhetareSu vartAmahe brahmavido vyavasthAm / / (zvetA0 6 / 6) " vedAntasAra - sadAnanda yogIndra /

Page #20
darzana zabda kI vyutpatti dRz 'dhAtu' 'lyuT' pratyaya se niSpanna hai| (dRz+lyuT an) jisakA artha hai 'dekhanA' 'dRzyate iti drshnm'| isa vyutpatti ke anusAra jo dekhA yA jAnA jAya vaha darzana hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki hama kauna haiM, kahA~ se Aye haiN| isa sarvato dRzyAmAn jagat kA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai? isakI utpatti kisa prakAra se huI? isakI sRSTi kA kauna kAraNa hai? yaha saprayojana hai yA niSprayojana, yaha cetana hai yA acetana? Izvara kyA hai? Izvara kA svarUpa kyA hai? tathA Izvara kA astitva svIkAra karane meM pramANa kyA hai? jIvana kA parama uddezya kyA hai? sattA kA svarUpa kyA hai? jJAna kA sAdhana kyA hai? jJAna kI prAmANikatA aura sImA kyA hai zubha aura azubha kyA hai? isa laukika jagata meM hamAre liye kauna se kArya kartavya hai? jIvana ko sucAru rUpa se vyatIta karane ke liye kauna sA sundara sAdhana mArga hai? Adi praznoM kA samucita uttara denA darzana kA pradhAna dhyeya hai| isa prakAra saMkSepa me kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana do pramukha viSayoM se sambandhita hai (1) AdhyAtma vidyA yA mokSa zAstra se tathA (2) jJAnamImAMsA athavA pramANa-zAstra se haiN| isa prakAra darzana uparyukta sabhI praznoM kA tarkataH yuktipUrvaka uttara dene kA prayAsa hai| jisame bhAvanA yA vizvAsa pradhAna na hokara buddhi hI mukhya hotI hai| darzana ko zAstra saMjJA se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| kintu mukhya prazna uThatA hai ki, zAstra kyA hai? 'zAstra' zabda kI vyutpatti Agama granthoM meM isa prakAra batalAI gaI hai| "zAsanAt zaMsanAt zAstraM zAstramityAbhidhIyate / zAsanaM dvividhaM proktaM zAstralakSaNavedibhiH / / zaMsanaM bhUtavastvekaviSayaM na kriyAparam / / " AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ke anusAra-zAstra kI vyutpatti do dhAtuoM se huI hai

Page #21
1-zAs = AjJA karanA tathA 2-zaMsa = prakaTa karanA yA varNana karanA zAsana karane vAle zAstra vidhi rUpa tathA niSedha rUpa hone se do prakAra ke hote hai zruti tathA smRti pratipAdita kArya anuSThAna karane yogya hai (vidhi) tathA nindita karmakalApa sarvathA heya haiM (nissedh)| ataH zAsana artha meM zAstra zabda kA prayoga dharmazAstra ke liye uparyukta pratIta hotA hai| zaMsaka zAstra arthAvabodhaka zAstra vaha hai jisake dvArA vastu ke sacce svarUpa kA varNana kiyA jaay| zAsana zAstra kriyA paraka hotA hai| para zaMsaka zAstra jJAna paraka hotA hai zaMsaka zAstra ke artha meM hI zAstra kA prayoga darzana zabda ke sAtha hotA hai| dharmazAstra kartavyAkartavya kA pradhAnatayA vidhAna karane meM 'puruSa parataMtra' hai| darzana-zAstra vastu ke svarUpa kA pratipAdaka hone se vastutaMtra hai| isa prakAra dUsare zabdoM meM darzana zabda kA artha hI hai "sAkSAt dekhanA arthAt paramatattva kA sAkSAtkAra yA aprokssaanubhv"| darzana zabda ke arntagata hI sAkSAtkAra ke sAdhanoM kA jaise zruti aura tarka kA bhI samAveza ho gayA hai| "darzana sAkSAtkaraNam api ca dRzyate anena iti darzanam" jJAna prApta karane ke bhinna-bhinna sAdhana ho sakate haiM, kintu sabase nizcita aura vizvasanIya upAya hai "pratyakSa", pratyakSa do zabdoM se banA hai prati+akSa arthAt A~kha se dekhnaa| indriyoM ke bheda se pratyakSa ke bhI pAMca bheda hai jinameM cakSurUpa indriya ke dvArA jo jJAna prApta hotA hai vahI jJAna sabase jyAdA baDhakara prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| isaliye jahAM jJAna kI prAmANikatA aura dRDhatA ke sambandha para vizeSa bala denA hotA hai, vahAM darzana zabda kA hI prayoga sarvathA ucita hai, aura jisake dvArA dekhA jAya arthAt jo AMkha se dekhA jAya yahI usakA sAkSAt artha karanA ucita hai| dekhanA kriyA cakSu ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai anya indriyoM se nhiiN| kucha vidvAnoM ke vicAra meM prAkRtika, bauddhika yA AdhyAtmika jagata ke bahuta se tattva atyanta sUkSma haiM jinako cakSu ke dvArA dekhA jAnA saMbhava nahIM hotA hai| isalie darzana zabda kA jJAna prApta kiyA jAnA yahI artha karanA ucita hai| pratipakSI kA yaha vicAra bhI kucha aMza meM

Page #22
to satya hai kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki sthUla aura sUkSma dono prakAra ke padArtha darzana zAstra ke viSaya haiM aura parama tattva kI prApti ke liye dono kA sAkSAtkAra Avazyaka haiN| isaliye cArvAka, nyAya vaizeSika Adi sthUla dRSTi vAle darzano meM sthUla padArthoM ke tathA sAMkhya, yoga, vedAnta Adi sUkSma dRSTi vAle darzanoM meM sUkSma padArtha ko dekhane ke liye jo upAya batAye gaye haiM use 'prajJAcakSu' 'jJAnacakSu' Adi nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra darzana meM donoM prakAra ke cakSuoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| sUkSma padArtho ko dekhane ke liye sUkSma netroM kI tathA sthUla vastuoM ko dekhane ke liye sthUla netroM kii| yahI kAraNa hai ki upaniSado me 'dRz' dhAtu kA hI prayoga kiyA hai aura yahI bhAva bhAratIya darzana ke 'darzana' zabda meM bhI hai| cAkSuSa pratyakSa ke abhAva meM kisI bhI viSaya kA nizcaya rUpa se jJAna saMbhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra dArzanikoM ne darzana zabda kA asAdhAraNa yA viziSTa artha hI svIkAra kiyA hai| darzana dRzyAvalokana nahIM hai, apitu tattvAvalokana hai, isaliye ise tattvadarzana bhI kahate haiN| parama tattva aura caramasatya me abheda rakhane vAlA hI dArzanika hai| DA0 vI0 ena0 siMha-DA0 AzA siMha ne bhAratIya darzana nAmaka apanI pustaka meM likhA hai ki darzaka kevala do A~khoM (cakSuoM) se dekhatA hai| dArzanika ko tRtIya netra (divyadRSTi) hotI hai| jisase vaha tatvabodha yA satyopalabdhi karatA hai| tIsarA netra to divyacakSu hai jisase ananta aura apAra kA bodha hotA hai| sAdhAraNa A~khoM se manuSya asIma aura zAnta vastuoM ko dekhatA hai, parantu asIma aura ananta ke rahasyodghATana ke liye asAdhAraNa (alaukika) Antarika (divya) dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai| satya kI prApti meM eka mAtra sahAyaka kI bhUmikA Antarika dRSTi hI hotI hai| kyoMki saMsAra meM satya asatya se AvRtta yA DhaMkA hai| isa AvaraNa ko anAvRta karanA hI Antarika dRSTi (darzana) kA kArya hai| veda ke eka maMtra meM satya ke anAvRta hone kI kriyA ko eka rUpaka dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai

Page #23
"hiraNmayena pAtreNa satyasyApihitaM mukham / pUSannapAvRNu satyadharmAya dRssttye||" arthAta sUryamaNDala meM satya (tattva brahma) kA mukha prakAzamaya pAtra se DhakA hai| he pUSan! mukhya satyAdharmI ko AtmA kI upalabdhi ke liye tU use ughAr3a de arthAta pAtra ko sAmane se haTA (jisase mujhe satya tattva kA sAkSAtkAra ho ske)| Izopanid ke uparyukta maMtra se spaSTa hotA hai ki satya ko anAvRta kara tattva kA sAkSAtkAra karanA hI darzana hai| carmacakSuoM se satya kA sAkSAtkAra na hokara Antarika cakSuoM se hotA hai| gItA meM divyacakSu kA varNana milatA hai| zoka sAgara meM nimagna aura mohAndha arjuna ko zrIkRSNa svajana sakhA sahAyaka aura saMrakSaka dikhalAyI par3ate the| gyArahaveM adhyAya meM bhagavAna kRSNa ne unhe divya dRSTi pradAna kI "divya dadAmi te cakSuH pazya meM yogamaizvaram / divya dRSTi prApta hone ke bAda arjuna ko aba zrIkRSNa sagA sambandhI hI nahIM parama puruSa, purANa puruSa, paramAtmA, paramapitA, deva, devAdhideva, mahAdeva, sampUrNa sRSTi ke kartA, dhartA aura saMhartA sabakI gati, sthiti aura vinAza ke kAraNa dikhAlAyI dene lge| aba arjuna sabhI bhUto meM bhagavAn (kRSNa) aura bhagavAn (kRSNa) meM sabhI bhUtoM ko dekhane lge| yaha divyadarzana kA hI phala hai| "pazyAmi devAstava deva dehe sarvAstayA bhUta vizeSa sNdhaan| brahmANabhIzaMkamalAsanastha mRSIzca sarvAnu raMgAzca divyAn / / " gItA 11/1 bhAratIya darzana kA Arambha yA utpatti bahudhA dArzanikoM ke matAnusAra bhAratIya darzana kI utpatti kA prabala kAraNa AdhyAtmika asaMtoSa hai| cArvAka darzana ko kevala chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika 1IzopaniSad maMtra 15 gItA 11/8

Page #24
saMsAra ko asAra saMsArika sukha ko kSaNika aura anitya mAnate haiM / sArA jIvana duHkha se pUrNa hai ('duHkhamevasarvavivekinaH'- yoga sUtra) isa prakAra duHkhoM se mukti pAnA hI mAnava kA kartavya hai| mahAtmAbuddha ke cAra Arya satya me prathama Aryasatya hI duHkha hai| bhagavAna buddha ne upadeza dete huye kahA hai bhikSuoM cirakAla taka mAtA ke marane kA duHkha sahA hai, sampatti ke vinAza kA dukha sahA hai| una mAtA ke marane kA duHkha sahane vAloM ne saMsAra meM bAra-bAra janma lekara priya ke viyoga aura apriya ke saMyoga ke kAraNa ro-pITakara A~sU bahAe haiN| isa prakAra bhikSAoM dIrghakAla taka duHkha kA anubhava kiyA hai| bar3I-bar3I hAniyA~ sahI hai / pUmasAna bhUmi ko pATa diyA hai| aba to sabhI saMskAroM se nirveda prApta karo, vairAgya prApta karo, mukti prApta kro| bhAratIya darzana ke isa zoka, duHkhamaya dRSTi ko dekhakara hI pAzcAtya dArzanika isa para nirAzAvAdI hone kA Aropa lagAte haiM, kintu yaha Aropa ucita nahIM hai, nirAzAvAda bhAratIya darzana kA kevala prArambhika svarUpa hai, antima svarUpa nahIM / kintu yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika duHkhoM ko dekhakara (batAkara ) mauna nahIM ho jAte haiM balki usako dUra karane kA upAya bhI batAte haiM / bhagavAna buddha ke cAra Arya satyoM meM jahA~ pahalA Arya satya yaha kahatA hai ki "dukha hai" vahIM dUsarA duHkha kA kAraNa, tIsarA duHkha kA nirodha aura caturtha duHkha nirodha kA mArga hai isa prakAra buddha ne kahA hai ki bhikSuoM cAra Arya satyoM ko bhalI-bhA~ti jAnane ke kAraNa dIrghakAla se merA aura tumhArA saMsAra meM cakkara kATanA aura daur3anA jArI rahA hai| avidyA meM par3akara janma-maraNa ke cakkara meM sabhI loga phaMse rahate haiM / duHkhoM kA anta hI nirvANa hai aura mokSa sabhI prakAra ke klezoM kA anta hai / 7

Page #25
sArAMzataH spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika jIvana ko AdhyAtmika, adhibhautika adhidaivika duHkhoM se paripUrNa mAnakara hI darzana meM pravRtta hotA hai aura duHkha nivRtti kA mArga bhI khoja nikAlatA hai "duHkha trayAbhighAtAjjijJAsA tadaghAtake dvetau " (saM0 kA0 ddha) isa prakAra bhArata varSa meM darzana kA anuzIlana bar3I gaMbhIratA evaM sajagatA se kiyA gayA hai| manuSya isa sRSTi kA sarvazreSTha prANI hai aura usakI zreSThatA kA AdhAra hai usakI bauddhika kSamatA "buddhiryasya balaM tasya" arthAt jisake pAsa buddhi hai usI ke pAsa bala hai| isa satya tathya ke anusAra sabhI prANiyoM se adhika buddhimAna hone ke kAraNa vaha sabase balavAna bhI hotA hai aura buddhibala ke kAraNa vaha sampUrNa jagata kA zAsaka banane kI icchA karatA hai| tathA isI AMkAkSA se isakI sArI gatividhiyA~ paricAlita hotI haiN| "jAnAti, icchAti, yatate" yA jJAna se icchA aura icchA se prytn| isa prakAra manuSya ke sampUrNa pravRtti cakra kA mUla hai| usake apane Apake astitva kI dhaarnnaa| kyoMki sabhI manuSyoM kI yaha svAbhAvika dhAraNA hai ki usakA apanA eka astitva hotA hai| aura zeSa sArA saMsAra usI ke liye hai| pratyeka manuSya kA yaha svabhAva hai ki vaha apane Atma-tuSTi ke liye hI kucha karatA hai to sarvaprathama Avazyaka hai ki hama kyA hai? hamArI athavA manuSya mAtra kI vAstavikatA kyA hai? manuSya kyA hai? use koI vastu kyoM cAhiye? hama kyA haiM? hamAre liye kyA apekSaNIya hai? isa prakAra ke uparyukta vicAra se hI hamAre deza me dArzanika cintana kA Arambha huA aura yaha cintana hI hamAre deza kI lokazikSA, sAmAjika saMcaranA aura zAsanika vyavasthA kA AdhAra banA / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai- "prAcIna bhArata meM darzana kA viSaya kisI anya viSaya athavA kalA ke sAtha jur3A huA na hokara sadA hI apane Apa meM eka pramukha aura

Page #26
svataMtra sthAna rakhatA thaa| kintu pazcimI dezoM meM apane vikAsa ke pUrNa yauvana kAla me bhI, jaise pleTo aura arastU ke samaya meM ise rAjanIti athavA nIti zAstra jaise kisI anya viSaya kA sahArA lenA pdd'aa| madhyakAla meM ise 'paramArtha vidyA' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA, 'vekana aura nyuTana' ke liye yaha prAkRtika vijJAna thA aura unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke vicArakoM ke liye isakA gaThabandhana itihAsa rAjaniti evaM samAja-zAstra ke sAtha rahA / bhArata meM darzana-zAstra Atmanirbhara aura svataMtra rahA hai tathA anya sabhI viSaya preraNA aura samarthana ke liye isakA Azraya DhUDhate haiN| bhArata meM yaha pramukha vijJAna hai jo anya vijJAno ke liye mArga darzaka hai| kyoMki binA tarka-jJAna ke Azraya ke ve saba khokhale aura mUrkhatApUrNa samajhe jAte hai| muNDakopaniSad meM 'brahmavidyA' (nityaviSayaka jJAna) ko anya saba vijJAnoM kA AdhAra, sarvavidyA pratiSThA kahA gayA hai| kauTilya kA kathana hai "darzanazAstra (AnvIkSikI darzana) anya saba viSayoM ke liye pradIpa kA kArya karatA hai| yaha samasta kAryoM kA sAdhana aura samasta karttavyakarmo kA mArgadarzaka hai|" aitihAsika paramparA meM yadi hama jaina-bauddha kAla kI praNAliyoM kA avalokana kareM to pAte haiM ki usa samaya dArzanika cintana ke kSetra meM pragati ho rahI thii| aura yaha kisI prabala AkramaNa ke kAraNa hI saMbhava hotI hai| bauddha tathA jaina dharmo ke viplava ne bhAratIya vicAradhArA ke kSetra meM eka vizeSa aitihAsika yuga kA nirmANa kiyA hai kyoMki usa samaya brAhmaNa dharma Adi kI kaTTaratA se jo avyasthA utpanna ho gayI thI isa kuvyavasthA ko dUra kara eka samAlocanAtmaka dRSTikoNa vikasita kiyaa| mahAna bauddhavicArako ke liye tarka hI eka aisA sAdhana thA jo samAja meM vyApta kurItiyoM ko dUra kara sakatA thaa| isa taraha se bauddha dharma ne mastiSka ko prAcIna vyavadhAno ke pIr3AdAyI prabhAvoM se mukta karane me virecana kA kAma kiyaa| 'DA0 rAdhAkRSNana-bhAratIya darzana

Page #27
vAstavika tathA jijJAsA bhAva niHsRta saMzayavAda, vizvAsa ko usakI svAbhAvika nIvoM para sthApita karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| nIMva ko adhika gaharAI meM DAlane kI AvazyakatA kA hI pariNAma mahAna dArzanika halacala ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA aura jisase chaH darzano kA prAdurbhAva huaa| jisameM kAvya tathA dharma kA sthAna vizleSaNa aura zuSka samIkSA ne le liyaa| rUr3hivAdI sampradAya apane vicAroM ko saMhitAbaddha karane tathA unakI rakSA ke liye tArkika pramANoM kA Azraya lene ko bAdhya ho gye| isa darzana kA samIkSAtmaka pakSa utanA hI mahatvapUrNa ho gayA jitanA ki abhI taka prakalpanAtmaka pakSa thaa| kyoMki darzana kAla se pUrva sampUrNa jagata ke svarUpa ke saMbandha meM kucha sAmAnya vicAra to avazya prApta huye the, kintu yaha anubhava nahIM ho pAyA thA ki kisI saphala kalpanA kA AdhAra jJAna kA eka samIkSAtmaka siddhAnta hI honA cAhiye / / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne bhAratIya darzana meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki samAlocako meM virodhiyoM ko isa bAta ke liye vivaza kara diyA ki ve apanI parikalpanAoM kI pramANikatA kisI divya jJAna ke sahAre kare jo jIvana aura anubhava para AdhArita ho| isa prakAra AtmavidyA arthAt darzana ko aba AnvIkSikI arthAt anusaMghAna rUpI vijJAna kA sahArA mila gyaa| dArzanika vicAroM kA tarka kI kasauTI para isa prakAra kasA jAnA kaTTara vAdiyoM ko rUcikara pratIta nahI huaa| isa prakAra jo tarka kI kasauTI para kharA utara sake use 'darzana' kA nAma diyA gyaa| IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI jabaki isake vizeSa adhyayana kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gaI bhArata meM eka kamabaddha darzana ke prArambha ke liye prasiddha hai aura IsA pUrva pahalI nyAya bhASya, 11, manu 743 / kauTilya (300 I0 pU0 lagabhaga) kA kahanA hai ki AnvIkSikI vidyAdhyayana kI eka alaga kI zAkhA hai aura anya tIna zAkhA-trayI arthAta vedo, bAtA, arthAta vANijya aura daNDanIti, rAjaniti yA kUThanIti ke atirikta hai| (1:2) 10

Page #28
zatAbdI taka 'AnvIkSikI' ke nAma ke sthAna para darzana zabda prayukta hone lgaa| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki' "so'pyayogaH paJcarAtraM vedAH pAzupataM tthaa| jJAnAnyetAni rAjarSeH viddhi nAnA matAni vai||" rAmAyaNa meM "AnvIkSikI' ko Adara kA sthAna na dekara nindita hI mAnA gayA hai kyoMki yaha manuSyoM ko dharmazAstroM kI AjJAoM se vimukha karatI hai (2/100/36) / vyAsa kA dAvA hai ki unhoMne AnvIkSikI dvArA veda kI vyavasthA kI / jIvana aura darzana kA sambandha yaha kahanA atizayokti na hogA ki bhAratIya darzana aura (hamAre) jIvana meM ghaniSTa sambadha parilakSita hotA haiN| ye dono eka hI lakSya ko sAmane rakhakara eka hI mArga para sAtha-sAtha calane vAle do pathika hai| ina dono kI sattA kA mUla eka hI kAraNa saiddhAntika rUpa hame darzana zAstroM meM milatA hai| kintu vyavahArika rUpa to hame apane jIvana meM hI milatA hai aura ina donoM tatvoM ke mAdhyama se hI paramatattva ke pUrNarUpa kA anubhava hotA hai| duHkha kA AtyAntika nAza yA janma-maraNa se sadA ke liye mukta honA hI to sabhI kA carama lakSya hai| ataeva koI bhI kArya choTA yA bar3A isI lakSya kI prApti ke liye hI loga karate hai| isa prakAra hamAre darzana meM jo bhI bAteM kahI gayI haiN| ve saba eka mAtra isI caramalakSya kI prApti ke sAdhana haiN| inake dvArA hI hame usa paramapada kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| isaliye isako hama 'darzana' yA 'darzanazAstra' kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha- jaba se jIva apane pUrva janma ke karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkha kA bhoga isa saMsAra meM Arambha karatA hai| arthAta mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karatA hai tabhI se hI use jIva kA eka mAtra uddezya hotA hai ki sukha prApti ho aura duHkha kI nivRtti ho| 1 mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 10/45/

Page #29
jIvana meM dharma aura sAmAjika paramparA kI mahattA dArzanika jJAna ke mukta anusaraNa meM vighna upasthita nahIM karatI hai| yaha eka virodhAbhAsa upasthita karatA hai| kintu yaha akATya satya hai, kyoMki jahAM eka ora kisI vyakti kA samAjika jIvana janmagata jAti kI kaThina rUDhi se jakar3A huA hai| vahAM aise apanA mata sthira karane meM pUrI svataMtratA prApta hai| koI bhI vyakti cAhe vaha kisI jAti, dharma, sampradAya meM janma ho, tarka dvArA vaha apane dharma sampradAya kI samIkSA kara sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata meM vidharmI yA dharmabhraSTa, saMzayavAdI, nAstika, hetavAdI evaM svataMtra vicAraka, bhautikavAdI evaM Annada vAdI sabhI phalate-phUlate rahe haiN| mahAbhArata meM eka sthAna para yaha uddharaNa milatA hai ki aisI koI bhUmi nahIM jo apanI bhinna sammati na rakhatA ho| isa prakAra bhArata meM darzana kA vikAsa kevala bauddhika jijJAsAoM kI zAnti ke liye nahIM huA balki isakA vikAsa eka viziSTa uddezya kI prApti ke liye huaa| yaha uddezya thA jIvana meM dArzanika cintana se prApta jJAna ko upayogI banAnA, dArzanika jJAna ko jIvana kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM prayukta krnaa| isa kAraNa 'bhAratIya darzana' 'pAzcAtya darzana' kI philaoNsaphI se bhinna hai| jahA~ philaoNsaphI kI utpatti bauddhika pipAsA kI tRpti ke liye huI hai, vahA~ darzana jIvana kI samasyAoM ko hala karane ke liye utpanna huA hai| yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika manISiyoM ne tattva-jJAna prApta karane ke bAda use gopanIya evaM rahasya banAkara nahIM rakhA, balki use jIvana yApana kA mAdhyama banAte the aura dUsaroM ke kalyANa kA sAdhana banAnA cAhate the| isa sandarbha me bauddha darzana me bodhisatva aura bhAratIya darzana me jIvana mukti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa huaa| bhAratIya dArzaniko ne tatvajJAna ko kevala apane taka hI sImita nahI rakhA balki use paropakAra ke liye prayukta kiyaa|

Page #30
maiksamUlara kA kathana hai ki bhArata meM tatvacintana jJAna kI upalabdhi ke liye nahIM apitu usa parama uddezya kI siddhi ke liye kiyA jAtA thA, jisake liye manuSya kA isa loka meM prayatna karanA saMbhava hai| darzana evaM dharma sabhyatA ke Adima kAla se hI vizva ke sabhI dezoM meM dharma kI carcA hotI rahI hai| kaI sthaloM para dharma ke sAtha darzana bhI jur3a gayA hai| aura vizva kI sabhI jAtiyoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM dharma kA astitva sadA se mAnya rahA hai| dharma kA lokapakSIya rUpa sadA hI AcAra evaM vyavahAra kA sambala lekara calatA rahA hai| bar3e vicArako buddhijIviyoM aura vaijJAnikoM ne apane jIvana ke uttara-kAla meM kisI atiprAkRtika satya yA anya sArvabhauma sattA ke prati jo AsthA pragaTa kI hai usase lagatA hai ki mAnava binA kisI atiprAkRtika sattA ke prati AsthA rakhe jIvana meM cala hI nahIM sakatA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM cAra prakAra ke purUSArtho kA varNana milatA hai- dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa / dharma ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki yaha mUlarUpa se eka racanAtmaka udAtta vRtti hai| dharma eka hai, aura vAstava meM dharma kI pahacAna isI se hotI hai ki vaha sArvalaukika hotA hai, vyakti ke dRSTikoNa ko virATa banAtA hai tathA prema evaM sauhArda ke dvArA hI saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM meM ekatA ke bhAva bharane kA bhAvanAtmaka prayAsa karatA hai| vivekAnanda sAhitya (dvitIya khaNDa) meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma kahIM bAhara se nahIM AtA haiM varan vyakti ke Abhyantara meM hI udita hotA hai| "dharma" zabda kA prayoga kisI eka artha meM na karake bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM kiyA jAtA hai "yathA isa zabda kA prayoga svabhAva, kartavya, guNa, satkarma, satya, ImAna, sampradAya, kAnUna, puNya, Adi arthoM meM hotA hai| "dharma" zabda ke aneka artho meM prayukta hone ke kAraNa Aja Ama AdamI dharma ke 'vyAsa, rAmanArAyaNa : dharma darzana, ma0 pra0 hindI grantha akA0, bhopAla 1671, pR0 53.

Page #31
sambandha meM na to vicArazIla manovRtti banA pAtA hai| aura nahIM use isakI AvazyakatA anubhava hotI hai| "dharma" zabda kA artha vastutaH kartavya, satyakarma yA guNa hotA hai| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se "dharma" zabda 'dh' zabda se niSpanna hai jisakA artha hai "dhAraNa karanA" arthAta vaha jo dhAraNa karatA hai, yA kisI vastu kA astitva banAye rakhatA hai vahI dharma hai| mahAbhArata ke karNa-parva meM dharma ke viSaya meM ullikhita hai -"dhAraNAdadharmamityAhuH dharmo dhArayate prajA" arthAta mAnava kI eka sArvabhauma pravRtti hai aura mAnava hI eka mAtra dhArmika prANI hai| __bhArata meM dharma kA AvirbhAva hI vyakti kI laukika evaM paralaukika unnati ke liye huaa| vaizeSika sUtra meM isa prakAra paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| "yato abhyudaya niHzreyasa siddhiH sa dharmaH' arthAta dharma jIvana kI vaha vidhA hai jisase abhyudaya (ihaloka me unnati) aura niHzreyasa (mokSa) dono hI mile| isa taraha se dharma mAnavIya artha yA anveSaNa ke usa rUpa ko kaha sakate hai jo jIvana kA lakSya lokottara aura paramacaitanya kI sthiti kI prApti ko yA paramacaitanya ke bodha kI yogyatA pragati ko svIkAra karatA hai| kintu yaha dhyAtavya hai ki bhArata meM kabhI bhI darzana dharma kA dAsa nahI rahA hai| yahAM darzana aura dharma meM pRthakkaraNa rahA hai kintu nitAnta sambandha viccheda kabhI bhI nahIM rahA / bhArata meM jIvana kI pragati meM sahAyaka honA hI darzana aura dharma ko sambaddha karatA hai| isaliye bhAratIya darzana sampUrNa mAnavatA ko duHkho se mukti dilAne ke liye sadA prayatnazIla rahA hai| isaliye bhArata meM vyakti ke paramalakSya ke rUpa meM mokSa kI jo pratiSThA prApta huI thI vaha kahIM-kahIM duHkha nivRtti mAtra hai to kahI duHkha nivRtti ke sAtha-sAtha Ananda prApti kI bhI avasthA hai| isaliye bhAratIya vicArako ne ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ko mAnava kA AcaraNa ghoSita kiyaa| jaina darzana

Page #32
kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki "jIvana jJAna ke liye nahIM hai balki jJAna jIvana ke liye hai| "ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya vicAradhArA prANimAtra ke sukha evaM kalyANa ke liye vikasita huii| isakI abhivyakti "sarve bhavantu sukhinaH" "vasudhaiva kuTumbakama" jaise udghoSo meM hotI hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana kA jIvana se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne apane vicAroM ko isa maMtra se udghoSita kiyA ki "darzana vahI hai jo jIvana kI abhivyakti kA sAdhaka hai aura jo jIvana kA sAdhaka nahIM hai vaha darzana nahIM hai| isako eka udAharaNa ke dvArA sugamatA se abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra bhinna bhinna nadiyoM ke bhinna-bhinna mArga hote hai, kintu gaMtavya (maMjila) lakSya sAgara hotA hai, usI prakAra vicAradhArAoM kA kevala eka lakSya hai praNimAtra kA kalyANa / vibhinna kSetroM meM dharma-darzana paraspara pUraka bhI hai| darzana siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai| jabaki dharma vyavahArika hai isa prakAra siddhAnta ke abhAva meM vyavahAra kA koI mahattva nahIM hotA hai| jahA~ taka vyakti tathA samAja ke jIvana kA prazna hai| ise dharma tathA darzana dono hI U~cA uThAne kA prayAsa karate haiN| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki kahIM-kahIM dharma vyakti tathA samAja ko chati pahu~cAyI hai| parantu acchA dharma tathA darzana sadaiva manuSya evaM samAja ke liye hitakara hI hotA hai| yadi kahA jAya parama satya kI khoja ke lie dharma tathA darzana ko paraspara sahayoga karanA hogA to anucita nahI hogaa| nirvivAda rUpa se tathA akSarazaH yaha bhI satya hai ki jahA~ darzana kA anta hotA hai vahA~ dharma kA prArambha hotA hai| bekana ne likhA hai ki, "yaha saca hai ki darzana kA alpajJAna manuSya ko nAstikatA kI ora le jAtA hai, lekina darzana kI gaharAI meM utarane para vyakti dharma kI ora lauTa AtA hai|" isa prakAra dharma ko aura adhika prabhAvI banAne ke lie dharma kI nIMva majabUta tathA buddhi kA sudRr3ha AdhAra Avazyaka haiN|

Page #33
darzana kA viSaya isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana ke adhyayana se yaha niHsandeha spaSTa hotA hai ki darzana kA viSaya bAhya dRzyoM kA avalokana hI nahIM varan Antarika dRSTi se tattva-bodha bhI karanA hai| isa prakAra isakA viSaya bhI bAhya hI nahIM varan Antarika AtmA hai| isalie darzana ko "Atmadarzana" bhI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki yaha AtmasAkSAtkAra kA eka mukhya kAraNa hai| Atma-tattva ko hI bhAratIya darzana meM parama-tattva tathA parama-satya ke paryAya se bhI udbodhita kiyA jAtA hai| isa parama-tattva ko sabhI Astika darzanoM meM aneka nAmoM se iGigata kiyA hai- yathA yaha ajara, amara, amRta aura sarvathA asaMsArika sarvavyApI, jyotisvarUpa, nitya, niravayava aura nirvikArI aura zuddha rUpa caitanya hai| AtmA se sambaddha isI bAta ko bRhadAraNyaka meM bar3e sundara DhaMga se vyakta kiyA gayA hai| jisameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha sthUla (bhautika) aura sUkSma (mAnasika) indriyoM se bhinna hai| jisakA varNana karane meM vANI bhI asamartha hai yaha vANI ko abhivyakti kI zakti pradAna karatA hai jise mana grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA aura jo mana meM grahaNa karane vAlI zakti pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra yaha Atma-tattva zarIra kA svAmI aura indriyoM kA adhiSThAtA hai| isa Atma-tattva kA jJAna AdhyAtmika jJAna hai aura Atma-tattva kA jJAtA hI saccA dArzanika aura samyak draSTA hai| yaha paramasat Atma-tattva bhautika jar3a-jagata kI anAtma, atatva aura asatya saMsArika jJAna se sarvathA bhinna hai| amaratva se atirikta sabhI sAMsArika vastue~ anAtma, atattva aura asatya haiN| maiM zarIra nahIM zarIrI hU~, deha nahIM deva hU~, jIva nahIM ziva huuN| isa prakAra Antarika aura AdhyAtmika Atmatatva kA jJAna hI darzana kA mukhya viSaya hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki- 'AtmAvare draSTavyaH zrotavyaH mantavyaH nididhyAsitavyaH' / 16

Page #34
arthAt Atmatattva kA darzana, zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana karanA cAhie arthAt anAtma vastu to aviSaya haiN| prayojana 'darzana kA svarUpa AdhyAtmika hai, viSaya bhI adhyAtmika hai to isakA uddezya bhI AdhyAtmika hI honA caahie| nAnA rUpAtmaka pratikSaNa vilakSaNa rUpa dhAraNa karane vAle padArthoM ke antastala meM vidyamAna rahane vAlI ekarUpatA, anekatA ke bhItara ekatA ko khoja nikAlanA pracIna kuzAgra buddhi vAle vaidika RSiyo kI darzana zAstra ko bahumUlya evaM mahattvapUrNa dena hai| jisa prakAra parirvatanazIla jar3a jagata ke bhItara eka aparirvatana zIla tattva vidyamAna hai| usI prakAra isa piNDa ke bhItara eka aparirvatanazIla tattva kI sattA vidyamAna hai| aura isa jagata kI aparirvatanazIla sattA brahma hai tathA piNDa kI niyAmaka sattA kI saMjJA AtmA hai| prAcIna dArzaniko ne brahma tathA AtmA kI ekatA svIkAra kI hai| brahma koI aprApya padArtha nahIM hai, balki pratyeka prANI apane bhItara niyAmaka zakti ke rUpa me AtmA kI sattA kA anubhava pratyeka kSaNa karatA hai| isaliye brahma ko jAnane se pUrva AtmA kA jJAna honA ati Avazyaka hotA hai kyoMki AtmA ko jAna lene para brahma kA jJAna svayameva ho jaayegaa| "AtmAnaM vid brhm"| zruti bhI mukta kaMTha se yaha upadeza detI hai ki "Atmatattva kA sAkSAtkAra karo "AtmAvA'redraSTavyaH" . mukti yA mokSa kI kalpanA meM paryApta bheda hone para bhI vibhinna dArzanika isa viSaya meM nitAnta ekamata haiM- "AtmanaH svarUpeNavasthitimokSaH" isa prakAra AtmA kA jJAna karAnA cAhe vaha brahma se bhinna ho yA abhinna ho pratyeka darzana kA lakSya hai| saMsAra kI sabhI vastu apane liye pyArI nahI hotI balki AtmA ke liye| ateva sabase priya vastu AtmA hI hai "isa liye isa AtmA kA, pratyeka

Page #35
vyakti kovaNa karanA cAhiye, zrutivAkyoM se manana karanA cahiye, tArkika yuktiyo se nididhyAsana karanA cAhiye aura yoga pratipAdita upAyoM ke dvArA nirantara dhyAna karanA cAhiye kyoMki AtmA ke darzana, zravaNa, manana tathA dhyAna se hI saba kucha jAnA jA sakatA hai| "AtmanovA're darzanena zravaNena matyA vijJAnenedaM sarva vijJAtaM bhavati / " (bRhadA0 21/8) AtmA sAdhana ke ina trividha upAyoM meM mukhya upAya manana kA nirUpaNa bhAratIya darzanoM kI sahAyatA se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| isaliye darzana ke sAtha bhAratIya dharma kA nitAnta ghaniSTha sambandha hai ye eka dUsare ke paraspara pUraka bhI haiN| isa prakAra darzana kA mukhya prayojana maraNadharmA manuSya ko amara banA denA hai| amaratatva kisI prakAra kA sAdhAraNa lAbha na hokara asAdhAraNa lAbha hai| isako prApta kara lene ke bAda kucha bhI prAptavya nahIM raha jAtA hai| ataH yaha prAptavya kI prApti hai| kyoMki aisA nayA kucha nahIM hotA hai| balki AjJAnatA ke kAraNa jJAta nahIM ho pAtA hai| sabhI prakAra ke bandhano se sarvathA, sarvadA vinAza hai, ataH mokSa kahalAtA hai| yaha mRtyu nahIM varan mRtyu para vijaya prApta karanA hai| mRtyu to zarIra kA anta hai aura mokSa janma-maraNa kA anta hai| janma aura mRtyu ke pAza me par3A huA manuSya, pazu-pakSI, manuSya devayoniyoM meM bhaTakatA phiratA hai| aura vibhinna zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA huA bhramaNa karatA hai| kintu jaba amaratva kA jJAna ho jAtA hai taba taka zoka sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai- "tarati zoka Atmavit" (chAndo0 4/1/3) zrotavyaH zrutivAkyebhyo mantavyopattibhiH / matvA tu satataM dhyeya ete darzanahetava / / 18

Page #36
muNDakopaniSad meM batalAyA gayA hai ki usa pArAvara paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kara lene para hRdaya kI granthi TUTa jAtI hai| sAre saMzaya naSTa ho jAte haiM tathA samasta karma kSINa ho jAte haiN| IzopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki usa avasthA meM ekatva dekhane vAle purUSa ko zoka aura moha nahIM ho sakatA hai- "tatra kaH mohaH ka zoka ekatvamanupazyataH" (iishop07)| mokSa paramAnanda kI prApti hai aura isa paramAnanda kA sAdhaka aura sahAyaka jJAna hI darzana kahalAtA hai| darzana hI samyaka jJAna hai| aura samyaka jJAna hI mokSa kA sAdhaka hai| zruti ke anusAra saccI vidyA mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka hai| arthAt yathArtha vidyA se amRtattva kI prApti hotI hai| -"vidyayA amRtamaznute" (Izopa0 11) zruti, smRti Adi me darzana kA mukhya prayojana sAMsArika AvAgamana se mukti hai| mahAtmA manu ne darzana ko samyaka darzana mAnate hai aura isakA prayojana AvAgamana avarodha svIkAra karate haiM / bhAratIya darzanoM kA kAla vibhAjana bhAratIya darzana meM gautama buddha (488 I0 pUrva-568 I0 pUrva) aura zaGkarAcArya (788 I0) yugAntakArI mahApuruSa huye haiN| ina donoM ko sImA mAnane se bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa ko nimnalikhita yugoM bATA jA sakatA hai| prathama yuga buddhapUrva yuga hai- isame veda, upaniSad, sAMkhya, cArvAka aura jaina tIrthaMkaro ke darzana Ate hai| isa kAla kA sAMkhya sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina dharma ke isa kAla meM dArzanika sUtroM aura bhASyoM kI racanA nahIM huii| isa kAla meM mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa jaise mahAkAvyoM kI bhI racanA ho rahI thI kintu samApta nahIM huA thaa| ' bhidyate hRdayagranthizchidyante sarvasaMzayA. / kSIyante cAsya karmaNi tasmindRSTe parA'vare / / (mu0 upa0 2/2/8) 2 samyaka darzanaM sampannaH krmbhirnibdhyte| darzana vihInastu saMsAraM pratipadyate / / (manusaMhitA 6/74) 19

Page #37
dArzanika dRSTi se sAMkhya, cArvAka aura bhagavadgItA ke darzana isa kAla meM bana cuke the| bhagavadgItA mahAbhArata kA aMza haiM apane mUlarUpa me vaha buddha pUrva kI racanA hai| (2) dusarA yuga buddhottara yuga hai- yaha IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI ke avirbhAva taka calatA hai| sAMkhya ke atirikta anya sabhI darzano kA isa yuga meM udbhava aura vikAsa huaa| pahale bauddha darzana ke cAra nikAyoM kA vaibhASika, sautrAntika, mAdhyamika aura yogAcAra ke krama se vikAsa huaa| isakA samaya I0 pUrva pahalI zadI se cauthI zadI IsvI hai| isI samaya pahale jaimini ke mImAMsA sUtra aura kaNAda ke vaizeSika sUtra kI racanA huii| phira gautama ke nyAya sUtra aura bAdarAyaNa ke brahma-sUtra kI racanA huii| isI samaya zabara (mImAMsA) IzvarakRSNa (sAMkhya) vAtsAyana aura udyotakara (nyAya), prazastapAda (vaizeSika) gauNapAda (bedAntI) tathA samantavAda aura pUjyapAda (jaina) ucca koTi ke dArzanika huye| bauddho me isa yuga me nAgArjuna, asaMga, vasubandhu, diGganAga aura dharmakIrti ye uccakoTi ke dArzanika huye| buddhottara yuga vividha darzana-zAstroM kA yuga hai pahalI zatI I0 pUrva se lekara sAtavIM sadI IsavIM taka bhArata meM dArzanika cintana kA bahuta adhika vikAsa huaa| isI kAla meM sabhI darzanoM meM eka dUsare kA ghAta-pratighAta sahA aura apane rUpa ko nikhArA ve saba eka dUsare se zAstrArtha karate rhe| 3. tIsarA yuga zaMkara yuga hai- yaha AThavIM sadI kA kAla hai isa yuga meM kumArila aura prabhAkara (mImAMsA) zaMkara (advaita bedAnta) padmapAda (advaita vedAnta )jaise ucca koTi ke dArzanika huye| isa kAla ke dArzanikoM ne bauddha darzana kA bhArata se unmUlana kara diyaa| cauthA yuga zaMkarottara yuga hai- isa yuga meM rAmAnuja, nimbArka, mahatva, kalyANa caitanya Adi vedAntI huye jinhoMne zaMkara ke mata kA khaNDana kiyaa| phira zaMkara ke anuyAyiyoM ne bAcaspati mizra, svAmI vidyAraNya, zrIharSa, citsukha, madhusUdana sarasvatI

Page #38
Adi mahAna dArzanika huye| nyAya meM udyotakara sAMkhya meM vAcaspati mizra aura vijJAna bhikSu navya ke gaMgeza tathA anya naiyyAyika isa yuga ke mahAna dArzanika haiM / bhAratIya darzanoM ke kAla vibhAjana kA yaha sAmAnya rUpa-rekhA hai parantu pUrvottara kAla-vibhAga utanA niyamita tathA suvyavasthita nahIM hai| zaGkarottara yuga meM vizeSataH vedAnta kA vikAsa huA aura bauddha darzana kA patana huaa| isa samaya vedAnta meM spaSTatayA do mata ho gaye- zaMkara vedAnta yA nirguNa vedAnta aura saguNa vedaant| zaMkarottara yuga yA vedAnta yuga abhI taka cala rahA hai| prasthAnatrayI jisakA zaMkarAcArya neM bhASya likhakara uddhAra kiyA thA Aja bhI dArzanikoM ke adhyayana aura cintana kA mukhya viSaya haiN| bhAratIya-darzana ke ina cAra yugoM ko sUkSmatA se dekhane para patA calatA hai ki prathama yuga meM pradhAnatA vaidika darzana kI thI aura avaidika darzana dabA par3A thaa| dvitIya-yuga meM bauddha darzana kA udaya evaM vikAsa huaa| usane baidika-darzana ko dabA diyaa| pariNAma svarUpa vaidika dArzaniko ne apane darzanoM ko khUba susaMgaThita kiyA aura bauddha darzanoM se pratispardhA kii| isa yuga ke antima caraNa taka dono paraspara Apasa me ghAta-pratighAta karate rahe aura barAbarI para the kintu tRtIya-yuga meM baidika-darzana aura dRr3hatara huA aura usane bauddha-darzana kA unamUlana kara diyA anta ke caturtha yuga meM bauddhika darzana kA phira joroM se cahumukhI-vikAsa huA jaba koI avaidika darzana unakA Alocya na rahA taba ve svayaM eka dUsare kI AlocanA karane lge| isa taraha pArasparika AlocanA karate huye vikasita hote rhe| nAzanika vAGgamaya kA vikAsa yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai ki pAramparika samaya meM darzana kI zAkhAe~ kisa vidhi se utpanna huI tathA inakA vikAsa kina prabhAvoM ke antargata huA? parantu vaidika yuga kA adhyayana karane ke pazcAta spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki upaniSad kAla ____ 21

Page #39
meM hI dArzanika jijJAsA kI bhAvanA kA Arambha ho gayA thaa| jisameM jijJAsA kA AdhAra yaha thA ki AtmA hI vaha satya hai jisakI khoja karanA Avazyaka hai| isameM AtmA ko 'neti-neti' rUpa meM samajhAyA gayA hai| upaniSad kAla ke pazcAta jaina, bauddha jaise dharmoM kA udaya pAkhaNDoM ke virUddha huA kintu isakA prasaMga upaniSadoM meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM ke praNetA RSiyoM ke atirikta anya kSetroM meM bhI dArzanika bhAvanA kA udaya ho cukA thA kintu isakA bhI koI Thosa pramANa prApta nahI hotA hai| aisA spaSTa hotA hai ki hindU darzana jina RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA, ve yadyapi upaniSadIya vicAradhArA ko mAnate the to bhI virodhI vicAradhArAoM se evaM anya nAstika siddhAntoM kA bhI unheM anumAna thaa| ina RSiyoM evaM unake ziSyoM kI saMgoSThiyoM meM virodhI evaM nAstika vicAradhArA ke Upara tarkataH vAda vivAda hotA thaa| aura yuktiyoM se virodhI matoM kA khaNDana karanA apanA kartavya samajhate the| isI kAlakrama meM gautama tathA kaNAda jaise RSiyoM manISiyoM ne ina sAre vAda vivAdoM ko kramazaH vyavasthita kara dArzanika zAkhAoM ko mUrta rUpa de diyA aura isa para aneka sUtroM kI racanA kI jisase darzana zAstra kI vibhinna zAkhAo kA jJAna hotA hai| isa prakAra virodhI pakSoM ke matoM kA bhI sthAna-sthAna para varNana upalabdha hotA hai| vipakSI matoM ke nirantara saMgharSa ke kAraNa bhAratIya darzana zAstriyoM ko aisA abhyAsa ho gayA thA ki ve apane sabhI granthoM ko zAstrArtha khaNDana-maNDana yA pUrvapakSa uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM hI likhA karate the aura lekhaka yaha kalpanA kara letA thA ki jo kucha vaha kahegA usake sambandha meM vipakSI matAvalambI avazya koI prazna utthaayeNge| isa prakAra zaMkAoM, toM, vAda-vivAdoM Adi se darzana zAstra kA kramazaH vikAsa huaa| saMkSepataH koI dArzanika mata dUsare mato ke prasaMgo ke binA diye huye sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| esa0 ena0 dAsa guptA ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa' meM likhateM haiM ki- apane yuga meM pratyeka darzana ke virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke bIca aisA mahatvapUrNa

Page #40
sthAna prApta kiyA ki kisI bhI zAkhA kI na to upekSA kI jA sakatI hai aura na dUsarI zAkhA evaM virodhI matoM kA gahana adhyayana kiye binA unako samajhA jA sakatA hai / yaha Avazyaka hai ki ina sabhI darzanoM kA eka sAtha unake pArasparika pakSa vipakSo ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ekarUpatA ke dRSTikoNa se adhyayana kiyA jAye / yadi dhyAna se dekhA jAya to yaha nirvivAda rUpa se patA calatA hai ki bhArata meM sabhI darzanoM kA vikAsa yadyapi eka sAtha nahIM huA kintu unameM paraspara adbhuta sahayoga hai| sabhI darzana sAtha-sAtha jIvita rahe haiM isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhArata meM darzana ko jIvana kA eka abhinna aMga mAnA gayA hai| jyoM hI eka sampradAya kA vikAsa hotA hai tyoM hI usakI vicAradhArAoM ko mAnane vAle anya sampradAya kA bhI prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| usa darzana ke samApta hone ke bAda bhI usake anuyAyiyoM ke dvArA darzana eka pIDhI se dUsarI pIDhI taka jIvita hotA calA jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata meM darzana Aja zatAbdiyoM ke bAda bhI jIvita hai| bhAratIya darzana ke Astika sampradAyoM kA vikAsa sUtra sAhitya ke dvArA huA hai| sUtra sAhityoM se hone ke kAraNa darzano kI prAmANikatA adhika bar3ha gaI hai| prAcIna kAla meM lekhana - zailI vikasita nahI thI / ataH jo bhI vicAradhArAeM thI ve maukhika rUpa meM hI thI / kintu kAlakramAnusAra bAda meM ye sUtroM ke rUpa me Abaddha hone lagI aura pratyeka darzana ke praNetA RSiyoM ne sUtra sAhitya kI racanA kii| nyAya darzana kA jJAna gautama ke nyAya sUtra, vaizeSika kA jJAna kaNAda ke vaizeSika sUtra se sAMkhya kA kapila ke sAMkhya sUtra jo aprApya hai tathA yoga kA jJAna paMtajali ke yoga sUtra, mImAMsA kA jJAna jaimini ke mImAMsA sUtra tathA vedAnta kA jJAna vAdarAyaNa ke 'brahma - sUtra' dvArA prApta hotA hai / sUtra sabhI ko saralatA se samajha meM nahIM A sakate the kyoMki ye atyanta saMkSipta sAragarbhita aura agamya hote the / isalie ina sUtroM para TIkAkAroM ne TIkAo - bhASyoM kI 23

Page #41
racanA kii| yathA nyAyasUtra para vAtsAyana ke vaizeSika sUtra para prazastapAda ke sAMkhyasUtra para vijJAnabhikSu ke yogasUtra para vyAsa ke, mImAMsA sUtra para zabara ke tathA vedAnta sUtra para zaMkarAcArya ke bhASya adhika prAcIna evaM prasiddha hai| isa prakAra Astika darzanoM kA vizAla sAhitya nirmita huaa| nAstika darzanoM kA vikAsa sUtra sAhitya se nahIM huA hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki darzana kA vikAsa sthUla se Arambha hokara sUkSma kI ora huA hai| bhAratIya darzana aura pazcimI darzana meM samAnatAeM aura vibhinnatAe~ prAyaH bhAratIya darzana ke bAre meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya darzana adhyAtmavAdI hai vahIM dUsarI ora pAzcAtya darzana bhautikavAdI hai| kintu yaha akSarazaH satya nahIM hai kyoMki pazcimI darzana bilkula bhautikavAdI nahIM hai| usakI bhI pramukha dhArA bhAratIya darzana kI pramukha dhArA ke samAna adhyAtmavAdI hai| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya donA darzanoM meM prAyaH eka jaise viSayoM kA vivecana hai| hA~ pazcimI-darzana meM bhAratIya darzana ke samAna punarjanma aura mokSa ke siddhAnta kA vyApaka varNana nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa pazcimI darzana ke bAre meM bhrAnta dhAraNAMe prasiddha haiM ki jahA~ se pazcimI darzana kA anta hotA hai vahA~ se bhAratIya darzana kA prArambha hotA hai| yaha tathya bhI nirmUla hai| donoM darzanoM meM prAyaH eka jaise viSayoM kA vivecana hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki punarjanma aura mokSa vAstava meM vizuddha darzana ke viSaya meM pratipAdya rUpa meM nahIM hai| ataH inako lekara kevala uparyukta dhAraNA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu donoM darzanoM meM paryApta samAnatAeM hote hue bhI paryApta viSamatAeM bhI bhAratIya darzana aura pAzcAtya darzana meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki jahA~ bhAratIya darzana vyavahArika hai vahA~ dUsarI ora pAzcAtya darzana saiddhAntika hai| jahA~ pazcima meM darzana ko mAnasika vyAyAma ke rUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai tathA svayaM jJAna prApti ke lie

Page #42
prayoga kiyA jAtA hai isakA viparIta bhAratIya darzana kA uddezya kevala tAtvika jJAna kI prApti na hokara nAnAvidhi kaSToM duHkhoM evaM burAiyoM se mukti dilAnA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya-darzana kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka rUpa meM vyAvahArika hai saiddhAntika kama hai, aura pazcimI darzana saiddhAntika jyAdA hai vyAvahArika apekSAkRta kama pazcimI darzana kA Arambha utsukatA evaM Azcarya se huA hai jabaki bhAratIya darzana kA Arambha AdhyAtmika asaMtoSa se huA hai| bhArata ke dArzanikoM ne vibhinna prakAra ke duHkhoM ko pAkara una duHkhoM ke samUla nAza ke lie darzana kI zaraNa lii| isalie pro0 maiksamUlara ne kahA- bhArata meM darzana kA adhyayana mAtra jJAna prApta karane ke lie nahIM, varana jIvana ke carama uddezya kI prApti ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| pAzcAtya darzana meM anubhava ko khaNDita rUpa se liyA gayA hai jabaki bhAratIya darzana meM akhaNDa rUpa meN| pAzcAtya darzana ko dekhane se spaSTa hotA hai ki yahA~ pratyakSavAda, anumAnavAda yA yuktivAda aura pratibhAvAda yA rahasyavAda kI tIna dhArAeM pRthaka clii| yahaoN pratyeka darzana meM pratyakSa yukti aura pratibhAjJAna kA prayoga hotA rhaa| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa isa triveNI saMgama se vizuddha pratyakSavAda, yuktivAda yA prAtibhajJAna kA vikAsa na huaa| madhyayuga meM hindI, marAThI, telagu, kannar3a Adi prAntIya bhASAoM meM rahasyavAda kA vikAsa avazya huA kintu saMskRta bhASA meM aisA nahI huA aura zuddha pratyakSavAda tathA yuktivAda kA vikAsa to kisI bhI bhASA ke dvArA yahA~ nahIM huaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yahA~ anubhava kI sarvAMgINatA kA upayoga hotA rahA hai aura kisI khaNDita anubhava ko lekara dArzanika sampradAya kI sthApanA ko Avazyaka aura samIcIna nahIM samajhA gyaa| ___ pazcimI darzana meM prAtibhavAda aura rahasyavAda ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM milA balki usako dharmoM ke antargata hI rakhA gayA hai pAzcAtya darzana kI eka vizeSatA yaha 1 six systems of Indian Philosophy (page 370) 25

Page #43
hai ki yaha yuktivAda ko pramukhatA detA hai| kintu bhAratIya darzana meM anubhava kI jisa sarvAMgINatA ko apanA rakhA hai usame pratibhAjJAna ko mukhya rUpa se pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| kintu pratyakSa tathA yukti ko apekSAkRta kama mahatva diyA gayA hai| bhArata meM darzana kA carama uddezya mokSa prApti meM sahayatA pradAna karanA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana "sAdhana" ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai kyoMki isake dvArA hI mokSAnubhUti hotI hai| isake viparIta pazcima meM darzana ko sAdhya rUpa meM mAnate haiN| jabaki bhArata me ise sAdhana mAtra mAnA gayA hai| pazcimI darzana kA dRSTikoNa vaijJAnika hai kyoMki vahAM ke dArzanikoM neM vaijJAnika paddhati kA prayoga kiyA pazcimI darzana meM vijJAna kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa darzana aura dharma meM virodhI sambandha rahe haiN| kyoMki pAzcAtya darzana meM dharma kI upekSA kI gayI hai| parantu bhAratIya dRSTikoNa dhArmika hai| aura bhArata meM darzana aura dharma donoM kA uddezya vyavahArika hai| mokSAnubhUti darzana aura dharma donoM kA hI lakSya hai| 17 vIM zadI ke pUrva pAzcAtya darzana dharma se prabhAvita thA usa samaya dArzaniko ne darzana ko dharma se svataMtra kiyA kintu tatkAla hI vaha bhautika vijJAna, gaNita, rasAyana vijJAna aura jIva vijJAna se prabhAvita ho gyaa| ___ bhAratIya darzana vijJAna se kama prabhAvita rahA hai| isakA kAraNa hai ki isa para jitanA prabhAva pANini ke vyAkaraNa zAstra aura bhASA zAstra kA paDA hai utanA caraka suzrut ke cikitsA zAstra yA AryabhaTTa, bhAskara aura barAhamihira ke gaNita aura jyotiSa kA nhii| pazcimI darzana para yukaliDa kI jyAmiti kA nyuTana kI bhautikI aura DArvina ke jIva vijJAna kA par3A hai utanA vahAM ke vaiyyAkaraNoM ke vyAkaraNa aura bhASA zAstra kA prabhAva nahI paDA hai| pAzcAtya darzana tathA bhAratIya darzana meM paddhati sambandhI antara bhI parilakSita hotA hai| pAzcAtya-darzana me vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati ko prayukta kiyA gayA hai| isaliye pAzcAtya darzana meM tatva vijJAna, nItivijJAna, pramANa

Page #44
vijJAna, saundarya vijJAna, Adi kA vizleSaNa alaga-alaga kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana se viparIta bhAratIya-darzana me saMzleSaNAtmaka paddhati ko ApanAyA gayA hai| saMzleSaNAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanAne ke pariNAma svarUpa bhAratIya darzana meM pramANa vijJAna, tarka vijJAna, nItizAstra, Izvara vijJAna Adi kA vivecana eka sAtha hI kiyA gayA hai| pazcimI darzana ihaloka kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai jabaki bhAratIya-darzana isake virUddha paraloka kI sattA me vizvAsa karatA hai| cArvAka ke atirikta bhAratIya darzana meM svarga aura naraka kI mImAMsA huI hai| jabaki pAzcAtya darzana me aisI koI mAnyatA nahI hai| pAzcAtya evaM bharatIya darzana kA dRSTikoNa jIvana aura jagata ko lekara bhI vibhinnatA rakhatA hai| kyoki bhAratIya dRSTikoNa jIvana aura jagata ke prati duHkhAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhatA hai| jabaki pazcimI darzana meM upekSA na karake bhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| pazcimI-darzana meM samAjazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra kA varNana hotA hai| kintu bhAratIya darzana sarvAMgINa hote huye bhI samAjazAstra aura rAjanItizAstra se dUra rahA pazcimI darzana kA dRSTikoNa mUlataH ekAMgI hai| ___ pazcimI darzana meM lokAyatIkRta hone kA prayAsa kiyA hai| aura bhAratIya-darzana ne isase bacane kA kyoMki darzana kA mukhya uddezya hI hai sUkSma cintana aura vivecana apane vivecana me vaha sabajagaha lokAyata, lokarIti yA lokamata se dUra jAtA rahA hai| bhAratIya darzana ko lokAyata se bacAne ke liye hI jAnabUjhakara dUrI paidA kI gaI hai| udAharaNArtha- kumArila ne likhA hai ki, usake samaya meM mImAMsA lokAyatIkRta ho gayI thI aura unhoneM usako yatnapUrvaka Astika patha para ArUr3ha kiyaa|' lokavArtika 11 prAyeNaiva hi mImAMsA loke lokaaytiikRtaa| tAmAstika pathe kutamayaM yatnaH kRto myaa||

Page #45
uparokta vivaraNa dvArA spaSTa hotA hai ki bhAratIya darzana tathA pAzcAtya-darzana meM mukhya pravRttiyoM ko lekara antara hai aura isa kAraNa ye dono alaga alaga rUpa me saMsthApita haiN| bhAratIya darzana kI samAnya vizeSatAe~ bhAratIya darzana meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAeM haiM - (1) brAhmaNa paramparA kI vicAra dhArA / (2) zramaNa paramparA kI vicaadhaaraa| isame brAhmaNa paramparA kI vicAradhArA veda paraka hai ataH ise Astika varga kI vicAradhArA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| aura isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA kI vicAradhArA veda virodhI hai aura ise nAstika vicAradhArA kahA jAtA hai| ye donoM vicAradhArAe~ eka dUsare se bhinna haiM tathA pratyeka sampradAya kI apanI-apanI alaga-alaga mAnyatAe~ haiM parantu isa bhinnatA meM abhinnatA, anekatA meM ekatA, viSamatA me samatA bhAratIya darzana kI vizeSatA hai| ina donoM vidhAoM kA svarUpa bhale hI alaga ho kintu inameM paraspara vibhinnatA meM ekatA hai| isa ekatA ko bhAratIya darzana kI maulika vizeSatA bhI kahate haiN| isa prakAra bhArata ke vibhinna darzanoM meM jo sAmya dikhAI paDatA hai unheM bhAratIya darzana kI samAnya vizeSatAe~ kahA jAtA hai| ye vizeSatAe~ bhAratIya vicAradhArA ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karane meM samartha hai bhAratIya darzana kI ina sAmAnya vizeSatAoM kA saMkSipta varNana nimnavat hai| ___ bhAratIya darzana kI eka mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha AdhyAtmika hai aura AdhyAtmika prayojana ko sarvopari mahatva diyA gayA hai| isa vizeSatA ke kAraNa hI prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzana vicAradhArAoM meM AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| tathA sAtha hI isake svarUpa ko bhI nirdhArita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 'AtmadIpAbhava AtmAnaM viddhi' ye maMtra anAdi kAla se bhAratIya vicArakoM ko 28

Page #46
Atmacintana kI tarapha prerita karate haiN| 'AtmAvA're draSTavyaH' yaha upaniSadIya maMtra bhAratIya darzana kA nirdhAraka rahA hai| pariNAmataH bhAratIya cintana kA jhukAva AdhyAtma kI ora agrasara huA hai AdhyAtmavAda se tAtparya hai 'AtmA ke viSaya meM cintana-manana yA AtmaviSayaka siddhaant'| kintu isase yaha tAtparya kadApi nahIM lagAnA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzana kevala AdhyAtmavAdI hai, balki yaha AdhyAtmavAdI mUlyoM ke sAtha bhautikavAdI mUlyoM ko bhI mahatva detA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne bhAratIya darzana nAmaka apaneM pustaka me likhA hai ki "bhArata meM dharma saMbandhI haThadharmitA nahIM hai dharma eka yukti-yukta saMzleSaNa hai jo vicAroM kA saMgraha karatA rahatA hai| apane Apa meM isakI prakRti parIkSaNAtmaka aura anantima hai| aura yaha vaicArika pragati ke sAtha kadama milAkara calane kA prayAsa karatA hai| yaha sAmAnya AlocanA ki bhAratIya vicAra buddhi para bala dene ke kAraNa darzana zAstra ko dharma kA sthAna detA hai| bhArata meM dharma ke yukti yUkti svarUpa kA samarthana karatI hai| isa deza me koI bhI dhArmika Andolana aisA nahI huA jisane apane samarthana me dArzanika viSaya kA vikAsa bhI sAtha-sAtha na kiyA ho|" bhAratIya darzana kI eka samAnya vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki yaha jIvana kendrita darzana hai bhAratIya darzanika vicAradhArAoM meM jIvana kI carama samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA gayA hai tathA mAnasika jijJAsA kI zAnti ko darzana kA antima lakSya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI utpatti evaM vikAsa jIvana me hI huaa| AdhyAtmikatA ko adhika mahatva dene ke kAraNa hI bhAratIya darzanika vicAra dhArAoM kI utpatti kA eka pramukha kAraNa AdhyAtmika asaMtoSa hI rahA hai isa AdhyAtmika asaMtoSa neM bhAratIya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI utpatti meM vizeSa yogadAna 'DA0 rAdhAkRzNana- pustaka bhAratIya darzana bhAga (1) pR0 20-21 29

Page #47
diyA hai| roga, mRtyu, bur3hApA, RNa Adi duHkho ke phalasvarUpa mAnava mana meM sarvadA azAnti kA nivAsa rahatA hai| buddha kA prathama Aryasatya vizva ko duHkhAtmaka batalAtA hai| unhoMne roga, mRtyu, milana, viyoga, Adi ko duHkha kahA jIvana ke hara pahalU meM mAnava duHkhoM kA hI darzana karAtA hai unakA yaha kahanA ki dukhiyoM meM jitanA A~sU bahAyA hai usakA pAnI samudra jala se bhI adhika hai jagata ke prati unakA dRSTikoNa prastAvita karatA hai buddha ke prathama Aryasatya se sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya vaizeSika zaMkara, rAmAnuja, jaina Adi sabhI darzana sahamata hai bhAratIya darzanoM meM vizva kI sukhAtmaka anubhUti ko bhI duHkhAtmaka kahA hai| sAMkhya meM to yahAM taka kahA hai ki sukha bhI duHkha hI hai| kyoMki sukha satvaguNa kA kArya hai| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI utpatti AdhyAtmika asaMtoSa ke pariNAmasvarUpa huI hai parantu bhAratIya dArzanika vicAradhArAe~ na to nirAzAvAdI haiM aura na to plaaynvaadii| bhAratIya darzana kA antima lakSya AdhyAtmika Ananda kI zAzvata prApti hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya darzana ko nirAzAvAdI hone kA Aropa lagAyA hai kintu yaha AkSepa ucita nahIM hai kyoMki bhAratIya darzana ko nirAzAvAdI isaliye nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha AdhyAtmavAda se ota-prota hai AdhyAtmavAdI darzana ko nirAzAvAdI kahanA galata hai| bhAratIya darzana ke nirAzAvAda kA virodha bhArata kA sahitya karatA hai| bhArata ke samasta sama-sAmayika nATaka sukhAnta hai| jaba bhArata ke sAhitya meM AzAvAda kA saMketa hai| to phira bhAratIya darzana ko nirAzAvAdI kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? bhArata kA dArzanika vizva kI vastusthiti ko dekhakara vikala ho jAtA hai| isa artha meM vaha bidI hai| parantu vAstava meM nirAza nahI ho pAtA hai| isase pramANita hotA hai ki nirAzAvAda bhAratIya darzana kA Arambha hai parantu usakA anta AzAvAda meM hotA hai| 30

Page #48
DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai ki "bhAratIya dArzanika vahA~ taka nirAzAvAdI hai| jahAM taka ina viSayoM se chuTakArA pAne kA sambandha hai| ve AzAvAdI' hai| isa prakAra nirAzAvAda bhArata darzana kA AdhAra vAkya hai kintu niSkarSa nahI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika sampradAyoM kI eka sAmAnya vizeSatA mokSa kI dhAraNA ko vizeSa mahatva pradAna karanA bhI hai| cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI darzanoM meM mokSa ko jIvana kA carama lakSya mAnA gayA hai| mokSa se tAtparya hai ki sAMsArika duHkhoM se chuTakArA tathA janma-punarjanma ke cakra se mukta honA hai| isa prakAra sAMsArika Avagamana se mukta AdhyAtmika avasthA hI mokSa kI avasthA hai| maiksamUlara meM kahA hai ki bhArata meM darzana jJAna ke liye nahIM varan usa sarvocca lakSya ke liye thA jisake liye manuSya isa jIvana me ceSTA kara sakatA hai| mokSa ko hI mukti, nirvANa, kaivalya Adi zabdoM se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| mokSa bandhana kA pUrNa vinAza hai aura yaha sabhI duHkho ke vinAza kI sthiti hai tathA AtmA ke paramAnanda kI avasthA hai ataH mokSa ko abhAvAtmaka-Atyantika duHkha-vinAza aura bhAvAtmaka-Ananda kI prApti bhI hai kahA gayA hai| AtmA kA zarIradhArI honA hI bandhana hai isa bandhana kA vinAza hI mokSa hai hai tathA mokSa ke lie AtmajJAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isI dRSTi se kaThopaniSad meM naciketA nAmaka bAlaka brahmajJAnI yamarAja ke pAsa jAkara AtmavidyA yA vedAnta vidyA ke liye prArthanA karatA hai| sabhI darzana (bhAratIya) yaha mAnate hai ki mokSa zokAtIta avasthA se nivRtti hai kintu sabhI darzanoM meM isakI prApti ke mArga bhinna-bhinna batAye gaye haiM parantu sabakA uddezya eka hI hai| isa prakAra mArgoM kI anekatA meM bhI lakSya kI ekatA kA pratipAdana, bhAratIya darzana kI vizeSatA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana kA adhyayana karane se itanA to ' Ind. Phil,Vol, I (page 50)

Page #49
nizcita rUpa se spaSTa hotA hai ki AtmA kA zarIradhArI honA hI bandhana hai tathA isa bandhana kA vinAza hI mokSa hai| bhAratIya darzana kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha vyakti ko nahIM varana samAja ko sukhI banAnA cAhatA hai| yahAM eka taraha se samAjavAdI dRSTikoNa kI jhalaka parilakSita hotI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika kabhI apane Apako hI sukhI banAne kI zikSA nahIM dete hai| varan sampUrNa samAja ko sukhI jIvana vyatIta karane kI zikSA dete haiN| veda meM kahA gayA "sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcit duHkha bhAgbhavet / / " arthAta sabhI loga sukhI hoM, sabhI roga rahita hoM, sabhI priya kA darzana kare, aura koI duHkha dainya ko na prApta ho| veda ke samAna hI bauddha ke sAranAtha dharmacaka me "bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya" kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI mukhya vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate huye "karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta" kA varNana karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya darzana ko mAnyatA pradAna karate hai| isa prakAra karma siddhAnta ko cha: Astika darzanoM meM evaM do nAstika darzanoM meM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| kucha loga yaha mAnate hai ki karma siddhAnta me vizvAsa karanA bhAratIya vicAradhArA me adhyAtmavAda kA pramANa hai| karmavAda ke siddhAnta kI mUla pRSTabhUmi meM bhAratIya darzana kI yaha mAnyatA nihita hai ki vizva meM eka zAzvata naitika vyavasthA hai| isa vyavasthA meM kisI bhI prakAra kA vyavadhAna nahIM hai| karmo dvArA hI jIvana kA saMcAlana hotA hai tathA karmabandhana se janma-punarjanma kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| karmoM ke kAraNa hI AtmA ko bArambAra zarIra dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai| isase alaga karma bandhana se mukta honA hI mokSa kI sthiti hai| 32

Page #50
pro0 harendra pratApa siMha ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA' meM likhA hai ki "karma siddhAnta kA artha hai jaisA hama bote hai vaisA hI hama kATate haiN| isa niyama ke anukUla zubha karmoM kA phala zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA phala azubha hotA hai| isake anusAra 'kRtapraNAza' arthAta kiye hue karmoM kA phala naSTa nahIM hotA hai tathA 'akRtAbhyugam' arthAta binA kiye hue karmoM ke phala bhI nahIM prApta hote haiN| hameM sadA karmoM ke phala prApta hoteM haiM / sukha aura duHkha kramazaH zubha aura azubha karmoM ke anivArya phala mAne gaye haiM / isa prakAra karma siddhAnta 'kAraNa niyama' haiN| jo naitikatA ke kSetra meM kAma karatA hai / "" karma tIna prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM 1. saMcita karma - usa karma ko kahate haiM jo atIta karmoM seM utpanna hotA hai parantu jisakA phala milanA abhI bAkI hai ataH isakA saMbaMdha atIta jIvana se hai / 2. prArabdha karma - vaha karma hai jisakA phala milanA zurU ho gayA hai, isakA saMbaMdha atIta jIvana se hai / 3. saMcIyamAna karma- inheM kriyamANa karma bhI kahate hai / ye ve karma hai jinhe vyakti vartamAna samaya meM karatA hai saMcIyamAna karma hI bhaviSya meM prArabdha evaM saMcita karma banate haiM / samAnyataH yaha mAnyatA hai ki tattva jJAna se saMcita karma kA kSaya hotA hai aura kriyamANa karma kA nivAsa hotA hai / parantu tattva jJAna se prArabdha karma kA nivAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| prArabdha karmoM kA vinAza usake bhoga saMpAdana kriyA se hI hotA hai| yaha kriyA 'kulAlacakravata' hI hotI hai| . AratIya darzana kI eka vizeSatA 'Rta ke niyama meM vizvAsa bhI hai|' bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra jisa prakAra mAnavIya jagata meM naitika vyavasthA hai usI prakAra bhautika jagata meM bhI eka prakAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| bhautika jagata meM isa prakAra kI 1 harendra pratApa sinhA- bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA / pR0 -15-16 33

Page #51
kalpita vyavasthA ko 'Rta kA niyama' kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra ke niyama kA savaprathama paricaya hameM vaidika sAhitya se prApta hotA hai| mImAMsA meM isako hI 'apUrva' tathA nyAya vaizeSika meM ise 'adRSTa' kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM vicAroM meM samanvayavAda ko vizeSa sthAna diyA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki dArzanika siddhAntoM kA anusaMdhAna evaM pratipAdana bauddhika rUpa meM huA hai| phira bhI jIvana ke anya sabhI pahaluoM kI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika paraMparA kI yaha vizeSatA 'pragatizIlatA' bhI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika paraMparA meM samaya samaya para tatkAlIna pracalita siddhAnta ke prativAdI siddhAnta ko prastuta kara pragatizIlatA ko pramANita kiyA hai| isI pragatizIlatA kA pariNAma hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika paraMparA meM jar3avAda, adhyAtmavAda, dvaitavAda, advaitavAda, dvaitAdvaitavAda viziSTAdvaitavAda Adi siddhAnta prastuta kiye gaye hai| yaha nirvivAda rUpa se satya hai ki bhAratIya darzana dharma ke sAtha samanvita haiN| to bhI bhAratIya dArzanika vicAroM kI avahelanA bilakula nahIM huI hai| dArzanika satya ke anusaMdhAna ke lie buddhi ko prabala sAdhana ke rUpa apanAte Aye haiN| dArzanika cintana kA vyAvahArika uddezya hotA hai| mAnava jijJAsA ko zAnta karanA hI darzana kA pradhAna lakSya hai| dArzanika jaba taka jIvana aura jagata ko ThIka DhaMga se nahIM jAna lete haiN| taba taka usakA cintana manana nirantara jArI rahatA hai| jIvana aura jagata ko nazvara samajhane para vyakti apane jIvana ko sukhI banA sakatA haiN| isa prakAra jIvana ke mUla samasyAoM kA hala prApta karanA hI darzana apanA kartavya samajhatA hai| bhAratIya darzana kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki darzana cintana niSpakSa hotA hai| vizva kA adhyayana karate samaya dArzanika apane svArthabhAva rAgadveSa evaM pakSapAtapUrNa 34

Page #52
bhAvanAoM se pUrNatayA mukta ho jAtA hai / sampUrNa vizva ko usakI sampUrNatA meM jAnanA hI usakA lakSya rahatA hai / isa prakAra darzana vizva ko usakI samagratA meM samajhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / bhAratIya-darzana kI dRSTi vyApaka hai / yadyapi bhAratIya-darzana kI aneka zAkhAe~ haiN| tathA unameM matabheda hai phira bhI ve eka dUsare kI upekSA nahIM karatI haiN| sabhI zAkhAeM eka dUsare ke vicAroM ko samajhane kA prayAsa karatI haiN| tathA vicAroM kI yuktipUrvaka samIkSA kara kisI siddhAnta tathA niSkarSa para pahu~catI hai| isa udAra manovRtti kA yaha pariNAma hai ki bhAratIya darzana meM vicAra vimarza ke lie eka vizeSa praNAlI kI utpatti huI / isameM pahale pUrva pakSa hotA hai phira uttara pakSa hotA hai isameM pUrvapakSa virodhI matoM kA prakAzana karatA hai jabaki uttara pakSa siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isa prakAra uparokta bhAratIya darzana kI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya darzana kA eka hI mukhya udadezya hai duHkha kI carama nivRtti yA paramAnanda kI prApti / inhI uddezyoM kI prApti ke lie sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika pravRtta hote haiN| bhAratIya darzana kA vargIkaraNa - vidhAe~ samaya ke sAtha-sAtha bhArata meM vibhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA / aura yaha pratyeka muni kI apanI alaga-alaga vicAradhArAe~ thii| itanA to nizcita rUpa se spaSTa hotA hai ki upaniSadoM ke pazcAta avAntara kAla meM icchA saMbaMdha viSaya prayojana ityAdi ke bheda se parama mUla tatva ke viSaya meM zanaiH-zanaiH yathAmata vaividhyatA hotI gayI vaise - vaise darzana ke bhI vargIkRta bheda hote gaye jo anta na hokara Adi thA / aura kAla krameNa ina bhedoM ke bhI AvAntara bheda hote gaye aura pariNAmataH vaidika aura avaidika darzana saMpradAya ke rUpa meM deza meM utpanna ho gaye aisA darzana madhyakAlika vyAkhyAkAroM ne apane sAMpradAyika akhAr3e kA prabhutva sthApita karane ke lie paraspara virodhapUrNa vicAradhArAeM utpanna kara dArzanika saMgharSa ko janma diyA / 35

Page #53
upaniSad kAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki RSi muni loga binA kaThinAI ke sampUrNa svarUpa ko saralatA se samajha lete the| isalie usa samaya sabhI vicAradhArAoM ke hone para bhI vicAroM ke vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'ii| kyoMki unheM tatva se saMbaMdhita AkSepoM ke samAdhAna karane kA tathA virodhI pakSoM ke sAtha tarka vitarka karane kA koI vizeSa avasara nahI prApta huaa| isalie upaniSad meM varNita isa tatva ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kara bhinna-bhinna krama se pRthaka-pRthaka unake vargIkaraNa kA prayojana pahale nahIM huaa| yaha itanA to taya hai ki kisI bhI viSaya kA vargIkaraNa tabhI kiyA jAtA hai jaba usako samajhane meM koI kaThinAI upasthita ho rahI ho yA koI anya prayojana yA uddezya ho| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogA ki vibhinna dRSTikoNa se sAkSAta dekhe hue sampUrNa tatva usa samaya taka upaniSadoM meM chinna-bhinna rUpa meM par3a rahe jaba taka ki pUrva pakSI aura uttara pakSI mata samakSa nahI aayaa| kintu isa prakAra kI paristhiti adhika samaya taka na raha sakI, kyoMki isake bAda tarka pravINa jijJAsuoM kA AvirbhAva hone lgaa| isa samaya vedoM ke Upara Aropa lagane zurU ho gaye tathA vedoM ke virUddha matoM kA pracAra vaidika jagata meM hone lgaa| isase samAja meM vicalana kI sthiti utpanna ho gayI thii| isa sthiti se nipaTane ke lie tathA eka bAra phira veda tathA vaidika dharmoM kI rakSA ke lie upaniSadoM kA sahArA lenA Avazyaka ho gayA thaa| ina upaniSado meM se tatvoM ko khojakara AkSepoM ke nivAraNa ke lie sAmagrI ekatra kI gyii| tatvoM ko zrRMkhalA baddha karane kA prayatna bhinna bhinna dRSTikoNoM se hone lgaa| ina tatva vicAroM ko samanvaya kI dRSTi se sopAna paramparA ke rUpa meM zRMkhalAbaddha banAkara pratipakSiyoM ke sAtha tarka vitarka karane ke lie saba taraha se ekatrita kiyA gyaa| kintu isa prakAra kI bAteM upaniSadoM ke bAda dekhane ko milatI haiN| isa tarka-vitarka vAda-saMvAda se 36

Page #54
dArzanika sUtroM kA nirmANa hone lagA thA, isI saMgharSa ke samaya darzanoM kA punaH vargIkaraNa huA hogA aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| chAndogya upaniSad ke sAtaveM adhyAya meM nArada aura sanada kumAra saMvAda yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki andhakAla meM arthAta upaniSadoM ke pUrva bhI zAstroM kA vargIkRta rUpa avazya vidyamAna the| kyoMki yadi pRthaka vargIkRta na hotA to nArada kisa prakAra zAstroM ko pRthaka ginA sakate the| kintu zAstroM ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM spaSTa jJAna prApta nahI hotA hai kintu vyavasthita vargIkaraNa upaniSadoM ke bAda kA haiN| akSapAda gautama ke 'nyAya sUtra' nAmaka grantha likhane ke pIche mukhya rUpa se do uddezya nihita thaa| 1- eka to bauddhoM ke sAtha sAtha tarka vitarka karane ke lie aura dUsarA vaidika maMtroM ke abhiprAya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie| isI abhiprAya se jaiminI ne bhI "mImAMsA sUtra" kI racanA kii| isa prakAra anya dArzanika sUtra granthoM kI racanA huI hogii| bhAratIya darzana kA mukhya rUpa se vibhAjana do vidhAoM meM kiyA gayA hai 1- Astika vidhaa| 2- nAstika vidhA / aba prazna yaha hai ki isa vargIkaraNa meM kitane aura kauna kauna se darzana baneM? isa saMbaMdha meM "SaDdarzana" kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| parantu SaDadarzana ke antargata kauna -kauna se darzana gine jA sakate haiM isa para vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiN| puSpadanta ne zivamahimnastrota meM sAMkhya, yoga, pazapatimata, tathA vaiSNava, kauTilya ne arthazAstra meM sAMkhya yoga tathA lokAyata kA ullekha kiyA hai| sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha meM zaGkarAcArya ne lokAyata, Arhata bauddha (vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra tathA mAdhyamika) vaizeSika nyAya bhaTTa aura prabhAkara mImAMsA, sAMkhya pataMjali, veda vyAsa tathA vedAMta, gyArahavIM sadI kI pUrvavartI jayanta bhaTTa ne mImAMsA, nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, arhata, bauddha tathA cArvAka / bArahavIM sadI ke haribhadra sUri ne apane 'SaDadarzana samuccaya' meM bauddha nyAyika, kapila, jaina, vaizeSika tathA jaimini kA -- - ---- 37 - -- -

Page #55
ullekha kiyA hai| terahavIM sadI ke jinadatta sUri ne apane SaDadarzana samuccaya meM jaina mImAMsA bauddha, sAMkhya, zaiva tathA nAstika kA varNana kiyA hai| caudahavIM sadI ke rAja zekhara sUri ne jaina sAMkhya, jaiminiyoga (nyAya) vaizeSika tathA saugata kA ullekha kiyA hai| prasiddha kAvyoM ke TIkAkAra mallinAtha ke putra ne pANini, jaimini, vyAsa, kapila, akSapAda tathA gautama ko varNita kiyA hai| 'sarvamata saMgraha' ke racayitA ne bhI mImAMsA, sAMkhya, tarkabauddha arhata tathA lokAyata kA ullekha kiyA hai| mAdhavAcArya ne apane graMtha 'sarvadarzana saMgraha' meM cArvAka darzana bauddha, jaina, rAmAnuja darzana, pUrNaprajJa (mAdhva) darzana, pAzupata darzana, zaiva darzana, pratyAbhijJA darzana (trika darzana kAzmIra zaiva mata) aulUkya darzana (vaizeSika) akSapAda darzana (nyAya) rasezvara darzana, Ayurveda darzana, jaimini, pANini sAMkhya, pataMjali aura zAMkara darzana meM ina SoDaza darzanoM kA ullekha hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 'siddhAnta vindu' tathA 'zivamahimnastrota' kI TIkA meM nyAya, vaizeSika, karma mImAMsA, zArIrika mImAMsA, pAtaJjala, paMcarAtra, pAzupata, bauddha, digambara, cArvAka, sAMkhya aura aupaniSada Adi kA varNana milatA hai|Astika aura nAstika padoM ko paribhASita karane kA eka pramukha AdhAra "veda prAmANya kI svIkRti aura asvIkRti se hai| vedoM meM AsthA rakhane vAle yA zruti ko pramANa mAnane vAle darzana Astika darzana haiM tathA vedoM kI nindA karane vAlA aura zrutiyoM kA virodha karane vAlA darzana nAstika darzana kahalAtA hai| ___ vedAnuyAyI aura vedavirodhI paramparA ke kramazaH brAhmaNa paramparA aura zramaNaparamparA bhI kahA jAtA hai| Astika darzanoM ke antargata 'SaDdarzana' AtA hai isameM nyAya, sAMkhya, mImAMsA, yoga, vaizeSika, vedAnta kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| nAstika darzana bhI eka anya 'yo'vamanyate te mUlahetuzAstranayAda dvijaH / sa sAdhubhirvahiH kAryo nAstiko veda nindkH|| (manu02/11) 38

Page #56
vargIkaraNa se " SaDadarzana" kahA jAtA hai| yathA isameM cArvAka, jaina, (bauddha) vaibhASika, sautrAntika, yogAcAra, mAdhyamika darzanoM ko rakhA jAtA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya meM Astika aura nAstika kA eka anya artha bhI loka aura paraloka ko lekara prApta hotA hai| isake anusAra ihaloka ke sAtha paraloka meM vizvAsa karane vAle darzana ko Astika darzana kahate haiN| tathA jo paraloka meM na vizvAsa karake kevala ihaloka meM vizvAsa karatA hai, nAstika darzana hai| isa prakAra ihaloka yA sAdRzya jagata ko svIkAra karane vAlA "lokAyata darzana" hai jise " cArvAka darzana" bhI kahate haiN| cArvAka darzana apanI bhautikavAditA ke kAraNa zeSa sabhI darzanoM se alaga par3a jAtA hai| isake atirikta isa artha meM anya sabhI ATha darzana Astika haiN| eka anya mata se punarjanma meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlA hI Astika kahA gayA hai aura isake viparIta nAstika kahA gayA hai| kintu isako svIkAra karane meM eka kaThinAI yaha sAmane AtI hai ki jaina aura bauddha punarjanma meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM phira bhI unheM nAstika ke antargata rakhA gayA hai / ataH punarjanma meM vizvAsa hI Astika-nAstika kA nirNAyaka hai, nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| eka anya artha meM IzvaravAdI dRSTikoNa se bhI Astika-nAstika kA bheda kiyA gayA hai / isa dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra karane vAloM ke anusAra Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa karane vAlA Astika hai aura Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa na karane vAlA nAstika hai| isa dRSTi se cArvAka, jaina, bauddha ke sAtha sAMkhya evaM mImAMsA bhI nAstika darzana kI zreNI meM A jAte haiM kyoMki ye bhI apane ko mukta kaMTha se nirIzvaravAdI svIkAra karate haiM aura isake atirikta yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, vedAnta IzvaravAdI hone ke kAraNa Astika darzana ke antargata Ate haiM / kintu isa tathya ko ullekhita karanA atimahatvapUrNa hai ki ina Astika-nAstika pada ke vibhinna arthoM meM prathama artha - (veda prAmANya meM vizvAsa) sarvAdhika pracalita evaM mahatvapUrNa hai aura isa dRSTi se cArvAka, jaina, 39

Page #57
bauddha darzanoM ko veda virodhI hone ke kAraNa nAstika darzana kahA gayA hai| aura isake viparIta zruti paramparA meM zraddhA rakhane vAle sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika, mImAMsA-vedAnta ye SaD Astika darzana haiN| "tatra SaTa zruti sApekSANi SaTa ca zruti nirapekSANi" Aja kevala bAraha darzanoM kA svarUpa upalabdha hotA hai Astika aura nAstika zabda kI jo paribhASA mahAtmA manu ne diyA hai vaha prAyaH mAnya hai| mahAtmA manu ke anusAra- "veda ko prAmANya mAnane vAle Astika aura na mAnane vAle nAstika haiM" isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM veda kA vizeSa mahatva hai| adhikAMza bhAratIya dArzanika siddhAntoM kA udgama zrota beda hI haiN| inameM mImAMsA evaM vedAnta kA prAdurbhAva sIdhe vedoM se hI huA hai| inameM cArvAka darzana kA koI bhI prAmANika grantha prApta nahIM hotA hai 'eSvApi cArvAka darzanasya na ko'pi granthaH prApyate kevalaM tattacchAstreSu / tattacchAstra, TIkAsu ca khaNDanAya tanmatAnuvAdaH evopalbhyate / / ' bhAratIya darzana ke vistRta vargIkaraNa ko nimnalikhita tAlikA dvArA bhI dikhAyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzana sampradAya zruti samarthaka zruti virodhI Astika nAstika vaidika granthoM para AdhArita svataMtra AdhAra vAle cArvAka jaina bauddha

Page #58
karmakANDa para AdhArita jJAnakANDa para AdhArita (mImAMsA) (vedAnta) nyAya vaizeSika sAMkhya yoga kauTilya ne apane grantha arthazAstra meM sAMkhya yoga aura lokAyata ko 'AnvIkSikI vidyA' ke arntagata ullikhita kiyA hai| 'sAMkhya yogo lokAyataM cetyAntIkSikI' (1/2/10) yahAM sAMkhya pada kapila darzana, pAtaJjalayoga darzana tathA bAdarAyaNa kA vedAnta darzana ina tInoM kA grahaNa karatA hai| 'yoga' pada nyAyavaizeSika kA tathA 'lokAyata pada 'cArvAka' Adi anya avaidika darzanoM kA bodhaka hai| vAtsyAyana muni ne 'yoga' pada kA prayoga nyAyasUtra ke (1/1/26)ke bhASya meM ukta artha ko prakaTa karane ke liye kiyA hai| isa prakAra hindU matAnusAra bhAratIya darzana Astika aura nAstika vargoM meM vibhAjita hai| Astika sampradAya veda ko svataH pramANa mAnate haiM aura nAstika veda ko eka sAdhAraNa grantha se jyAdA kucha nahIM mAnate haiN| ye nAstika darzana mukhyatayA tIna haiM bauddha, jaina, caarvaak| Astika darzana jo sanAtana dhArA ko svIkAra karatA hai aura SaDAga ke rupa meM jAnA jAtA hai| ye nimna chaH zAkhAoM meM pracalita haiN| sAMkhya, yoga, nyAyavaizeSika, mImAMsA, vedAnta / ye sAdhAraNatayA SaDdarzana ke nAma se (AkhyAyita) vikhyAta haiN| nAstika darzana cArvAka darzana nAstika darzana ke antargata cArvAka darzana kA sthAna pramukha hai| loka meM atyanta 41

Page #59
priya lokAyata darzana hI cArvAka darzana kahalAtA hai| avaidika darzanoM ke antargata cArvAka darzana kA jar3avAda yA bhautikavAda sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| yaha mata kaba se calA hai yaha nizcita rUpa se kisI Thosa pramANa ke abhAva meM nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu itanA to nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha hamAre jJAna ke vikAsa kA sabase prathama rUpa hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha sabase prAcIna mata hai aisA kahane meM kisI ko koI Apatti nahIM hai| cArvAka darzana ke udaya ke (pramANa) sAkSya upaniSada darzana ke pazcAt aura nAstika jaina tathA bauddha darzana ke udaya ke pUrva ke kAla meM milate haiN| 'upaniSad darzana' kA ucca vijJAna vAda, vaidika karmakANDa ko brAhamaNoM dvArA apanI jIvikA kA sAdhana banAkara usakA durupayoga tathA yajJoM meM pazubali kI prathA, usa samaya kI sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika avyavasthA evaM asthiratA Adi ke kAraNa cArvAka mata kA pracAra huaa|' yadyapi indriya sukhoM ke upabhoga kI paramparA utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanA mAnava kA udbhv| indriya sukhoM ke upabhoga kI paramparA anAdi kAla se calI A rahI hai aura yaha sadaiva sthira banI rahegI kyoMki yaha mAnava kI naisargika pravRtti hai| IsA pUrva AThavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya bhArata meM aneka bhautikavAdI dArzanika aura vividha bhautikavAdI vicAradhArAeM thIM ina vicAradhArAoM se hI lokAyata athavA cArvAka darzana kA udaya huaa| devatAoM ke guru bRhaspatideva dvArA praNIta hone ke kAraNa isakA anya nAma 'bArhaspatyadarzana' bhI hai| saMbhavataH ye bRhaspati suraguru bRhaspati se bhinna rahe hoNge| kintu kucha vidvAna mAnate haiM ki ye suraguru hI the jinhoMne chadma rUpa se asuroM ke nAza ke liye isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyaa| chAndogya upaniSada ke indra virocana aura prajApati sI0DI0 zarmA- bhA0darzana pR0 22

Page #60
saMvAda meM ullekha hai| eka mata ke anusAra zukrAcArya kI anupasthiti meM dAnavoM ko bRhaspati ne isa mata kA upadeza diyA thaa| yaha mata pahale sUtroM meM racita thA ata eva ina sUtroM ko "bArhaspatyasUtra" bhI kahate haiN| Izvara aura veda ke prAmANya kA sarvathA khaNDana karane ke kAraNa yaha nAstika darzana kI zreNI meM ginA jAtA hai| yadyapi bauddha aura jaina ko bhI bhAratIya-darzana meM nAstika-darzana kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai kintu nAstikoM meM agraNI hone ke kAraNa 'cArvAka-darzana' ko "nAstika ziromaNi" darzana samajhA jAtA hai| kucha logoM kA mata hai ki cArvAka nAmaka RSi ne jinakI carcA mahAbhArata meM hai, isa mata ko claayaa| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki cArvAka kisI vyakti kA nAma nahIM hai yaha zabda 'carva dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai "cabAnA" arthAt jo vyakti Izvara, AtmA, paraloka tathA sAre AdhyAtmika tathA naitika mUlyoM ko cabA jAya, use cArvAka kahate haiN| athavA yaha zabda 'cArUvAka' se banA hai kyoMki cArvAka se tAtparya madhura vacana se hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki Rgveda meM bhI isa darzana kA ullekha milatA hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM bhI isa mata kA ullekha milatA hai isa upaniSad meM yAjJavalkya apanI patnI maitreyI ko isa mata kA upadeza diyA hai ki inhIM pAMca bhUtoM ke milane se jJAna utpanna hotA hai aura phira naSTa ho jAtA hai aura mRtyu ke uparAnta jJAna nahIM raha jAtA hai| "etebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnuvinazyati na prtyesNjnyaastiiti| (bRhadA0 2/4/12) bAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI lokAyata brAhamaNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai "kvacinna lokAyatikAna brahmaNAMstAta sevse"| (2/100/38) 'pib jAda ca jAta zobhane / (praca0 2/50)

Page #61
ayodhyA-kANDa meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki ye loga asatya bAtoM kA hI ghUma-ghUma kara pracAra karate the aura apane ko jJAnI samajhate the / 'lokAyat' kI paribhASA ke viSaya meM zrI zaGkarAcArya neM kahA hai ki lokAyat vaha hai jo deha se bhinna AtmA kI sattA ko na svIkAra kare / "lokAyatikAnAmANi cetana eva deha iti - zaMkarAcArya / " haribhadrasUri ne apane grantha "SaDadarzana samuccaya" meM cArvAka ke liye lokAyata zabda ko hI prayukta kiyA hai| 'lokAyatAvadantyeyam... / ( Sa0da0samu0 - 1,8) manusaMhitA tathA anya paurANika grantha meM bhI isa mata kA ullekha milatA hai| vAtsyAyana neM apane 'vAtsyAyana sUtra' nAmaka grantha meM cArvAk ke liye lokAyat zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai 'baraM sAzayikAnniSkAda sAMzayikaH kArSApaNa iti lokAyatikAH / ( vA0sU0) zrI vAcaspati mizra neM apane grantha "tattvakaumudI' meM pramANa ke sandarbha meM lokAyat kA ullekha kiyA hai zrI mizra ne anumAna ko apramANa mAnane vAloM ko "lokAyatika" kahA hai -"anumAnamapramANamitilokAyatikA' (ta0 kau0) saMbhavataH pratyakSa ko hI eka mAtra pramANa mAnane ke kAraNa isa darzana kA nAma lokAyat (loka+Ayat) pdd'aa| cArvAka darzana sarvAdhika prAcIna darzana hai isakI prAcInatA kA pramANa isase bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki veda, upaniSad, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, smRti, purANa Adi sabhI zAstroM meM yaha mata atyanta pracalita thA / sarvAdhika lokapriyatA hone ke kAraNa isa darzana kI "lokAyat" saMjJA sArthaka hai| cArvAka vyakti vizeSa aura sampradAya vizeSa donoM kA hI nAma ho sakatA hai / 'lokAyat' kahalAne vAle darzana ke sarvaprathama AcArya cArvAka huye jo suraguru bRhaspati ayoddhayAkANDa - 100- 38-36 44

Page #62
ke ziSya the ataeva cArvAka nAmaka vyakti vizeSa ke dvArA pracArita hone ke kAraNa yaha darzana cArvAka darzana ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| bRhaspati ke sUtra jo bhinna-bhinna granthoM meM milate haiM ise DA0 umeza mizra ne apane grantha 'bhAratIya darzana' meM ullikhita kiyA hai 1. 'athAtaH tatvaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH'- aba hama isa mata ke tatvoM kA nirupaNa kreNge| 2. 'pRthivyApastejovAyuriti tatvAni'- pRthivI, jala, teja vAyu ye cAra tatva haiN| 3. 'tatsamudAye zarIrendriya viSaya saMjJA'- inhIM bhUtoM ke saMghaTana ko zarIra indriya ___ tathA viSaya nAma diyA gayA hai| 4. 'tebhyaizcaitanyam'- inhIM bhUtoM ke saMghaTana se caitanya utpanna hotA hai| 5. 'kiNvAdibhyo madazaktivat vijJAnam"- jisa prakAra kiNva Adi anna ke saMghaTana se 'mAdaka' zakti utpanna hotI hai usI prakAra ina bhUtoM ke saMghaTana se vijJAna (caitanya) utpanna hotA hai| 6. 'bhUtAnyeva cetayante'- 'bhUta hI caitanya utpanna karane kA kArya karate haiN| 7. "caitanya viziSTaH kAyaH puruSaH'- caitanya yukta sthUla zarIra hI AtmA hai| 8. "jalabudabadrajjIvA'- jala ke upara jaise babUle dikhAI par3ate haiM aura zIghra hI ___Apa se Apa ve naSTa ho jAte haiM usI prakAra jIva hai| 6. "paralokino'bhAvAta paralokAbhAvaH"- paraloka meM rahane vAlA koI nahIM hotA ataeva paraloka hI nahIM hotaa| 10.'maraNamevApavarga:'- maraNa hI mokSa hai| 11. dhUrtapralAyastrayI svargotpAdakatvena vizeSAbhAvAt'- svarga kA sukha dhUtoM ke pralApajanya sukha se bhinna nahIM hai isaliye svarga (sukha) ko dene vAle tIna veda vastutaH dhUrtoM kA pralApa hI hai| 'vijJAnam ke sthAna para 'caitanyam' bhI prApta hotA hai|

Page #63
12. 'arthakAmau puruSArthI' - artha aura kAma ye donoM hI puruSArtha haiN| 13. daNDanItireva vidyA' - (atra vArtA antarbhavati) rAjanIti hI eka mAtra vidyA hai isI meM kRSi zAstra bhI sammilita hai| 14. pratyakSamevapramANam' - pratyakSa hI eka mAtra pramANa hai| 15. laukikomArgo'nusartavyaH'- sAdhAraNa logoM ke mArga kA anusaraNa karanA caahiye| inhIM bAtoM kA ullekha hameM pUrvapakSa ke rupa meM zAstroM meM milatA hai| mahAna AdarzavAdI mAdhavAcArya neM, apane grantha 'sarvadarzana saMgraha' meM cArvAka praNAlI kA saMkSipta sAra isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai| lokAyatikaM kevalaM, isa jIvita jagata meM hI vizvAsa karate the, kisI anya jagata meM nhiiN| ve sanyAsa, mokSa yA AtmA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the| Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the, jo samasta sRSTi kA sraSTA hai| AtmA zarIra hI hai jo ina guNoM kI abhivyakti se prakaTa hotA hai- 'maiM moTA hU~', "maiM naujavAna hU~', 'maiM bar3A ho gayA hU~', maiM bUr3hA ho gayA hU~ aadi| isa zarIra se bhinna kucha aura nahIM hai| moroM ko kauna raMgoM se sajAtA hai athavA kauna koyala se gAnA gavAtA hai ? prakRti ke atirikta dUsarA koI kAraNa nahIM hai| zucitA tathA aise hI anya niyamoM ko catura kintu kamajora logoM ne banAyA hai| sone aura bhUmi kI dAna dakSiNA kI vyavasthA tathA bhojanoM meM nimaMtraNa kI paripATI azuddha logoM meM banAyI hai, jinake peTa bhUkha se cipake huye haiN| cArvAka kA mata hai ki buddhimAna logoM ko isa saMsAra ke sukha ucita sAdhanoM jaise kRSi pazupAlana, vyApAra, rAjanItika prazAsana ityAdi ke jariye prApta karanA caahiye| cArvAka sAhitya cArvAka darzana kA koI bhI svataMtra prAmANika grantha prApta nahIM hotA hai| bhAratIya darzana

Page #64
kI pratyeka zAkhAe~ apane-apane dRSTikoNa se cArvAka darzana kA khaNDana kI haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki bhAratIya samAja isa darzana kA pracura pracAra thA tathA cArvAka darzana kA sAhitya bhI bahuta vizAla rahA hogA, parantu kAlakrama se vaha luptaprAya hai| vartamAna yuga meM cArvAka darzana se sambandhita sAmagrI anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM cArvAka ke khaNDana se hI prApta hotI hai| tathA kucha isase sambaddha sAmagrI itastataH vikIrNa rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai jaise ArSamahAkAvya, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata ityAdi meN| AcArya vRhaspati racita vRhaspati sUtra grantha meM cArvAka darzana se sambaddha sabhI siddhAnta bIjarUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| brahma sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki arthasAdhana ke liye lokApatika zAstra hI vastutaH zAstra hai- "sarvathA lokAyatikameMva zAstramartha jJAna kaale|| vRhaspati sUtra meM likhA gayA hai ki lokAyatika agnihotra saMdhyA, japa Adi bhI artha ke liye hI karatA hai- "evamathArtha krotygnihotr-sndhyaajpaadiin|" kRSNamizra dvArA praNIta 'prabandhacandrodaya' ke ddhitIya adhyAya meM cArvAka darzana kA siddhAnta varNita milatA hai- cArvAka zAstra hI eka mAtra zAstra hai| pRthivI, jala, teja, vAyu ye hI cAra tatva haiN| artha aura kAma ye do purUSArtha haiN| hotA, havana aura havya isake naSTa hone para bhI yadi svarga prApta ho to vanAgnidagdha vRkSoM meM bhI mIThe phala laTaka aaye| 'haribhadra sUri' racita 'SaDadarzana samuccaya' meM SaDdarzanoM kI gaNanA meM cArvAka darzana ko bhI parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| isake ATha zlokoM meM cArvAka darzana ke mUla viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| zrI 'mAdhava' racita 'sarvadarzana saMgraha' meM cArvAka darzana ke lagabhaga sabhI siddhAnta varNita milate haiN| vartamAna samaya meM cArvAka darzana kA adhyayana adhyApana isI grantha se hotA hai| 'anu0 prama sundara bosa, esorsa buka oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaphI me| pra0 234-235 / 2 svargaH kartukriyA dravyAnAze'pi yadi yajvanAm / tatodAvAgni dagdhAnA phala. dagdhAnA phala syAd bhUri bhuuruuhaam|| (pra0 ca0) 47

Page #65
yadyapi cArvAka darzana ke svataMtra aura maulika grantha to saMkhyA meM bahuta kama hai kintu cArvAka siddhAnta kA varNana sampUrNa veda aura vedAMgoM meM prApta hotA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM bhI itastataH svecchAcAra aura kAmAcaraNa kA siddhAnta prApta hotA hai| dAsI ke sAtha RSi-muniyoM kA avaidha yauna sambandha, jIrNa aura vRddhavayasa meM vivAha Adi vividha kAmAcaraNoM kA sthala - sthala para digdarzana milatA hai / ' veda ke samAna purANoM meM bhI kAmAcaraNa ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiMjIrNa-zIrNa cyavana RSi ne rAjAzaryAti kI kanyA sukanyA ko patnI rUpa meM prApta karane ke liye rAjA se prArthanA kI tathA rAjA ne zApa bhaya se unheM apanI kanyA de dI--"pratigRhyata vA kanyAM bhagavAna prasAda h|" mahAbhArata meM cArvAka kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai- mahAbhArata kA yuddha samApta hone para rAjA yudhiSThira neM apane vala ke sAtha hastinApura meM praveza kiyaa| nagara kI janatA vijayI rAjA kA satkAra kiyA / pANDavoM ke jayaghoSa se AkAza vyApta ho uThA usI samaya cArvAka nAmaka eka rAkSasa banAvaTI brAhmaNa veza dhAraNa karake AyA jo duryodhana kA mitra thA / vaha japamAlA, zikhA aura tridaNDa dhAraNa kiye thA / lokAyat praNAlI kA sabase mahatvapUrNa pakSa usakA jJAna siddhAnta hai / prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzana pramA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM pramANa ko svIkAra karatA hai- 'pramAkaraNaM pramANaM' / pramA yathArtha jJAna hotA hai- 'yathArthajJAnaM pramA' / pramANa ko sabhI bhAratIya darzana svIkAra karate haiM kintu isakI saMkhyA ko lekara Apasa meM matabheda hai / ina pramANoM kI saMkhyA eka se lekara ATha taka batAyI jAtI hai| aisA mAnasollAsa meM varNana milatA hai|' 1 cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya samIkSA - sarvAnandapAThaka pra0 15 2 rAjAnaM brahmaNaschadmA cArvAko rAkSaso'brabIt / tatra duryodhana rAjA bhikSurUpeNa saMvRta. / / sAkSaH zikhI tridaNDIca dhRSTo vigata sAdhva saH / / mahAbhArata, rAjadharmanuzAsana parva - (a0 38 ) 3 pratyakSamekaM cArvAkaH kaNAda sugataupunaH / anumAnaM ca taccApi sAkhyAH zabda ca te ubhe / / nyAyaikadezino'yevamupamAna caM kecan / arthApatyA sahaitAni catvAryAhuH prabhAkara ..... sabhavaitiMhayuktAni tAni paurANikA jaguH / / (mAnasollAsa prakAzana- 2 /17/20) 48

Page #66
1 - cArvAka - 1 - pratyakSa / 2 - bauddha - 2 - pratyakSa + anumAna / 3- sAMkhya - 3 - pratyakSa + anumAna + zabda / 4- nyAya -4- pratyakSa + anumAna + zabda + upamAna / 5- prabhAkara mImAMsaka - 5 - pratyakSa + anumAna + zabda + upamAna + arthApatti / 6- bhATTa mImAMka - 6 - pratyakSa + anumAna + zabda + upamAna + arthApatti + anupalabdhi / 7- paurANika - 8 (arthA0 + anupa0) + cArvAka kevala pratyakSa kA hI pramANa (vArhaspatyasUtra -20) cArvAka mAnatA hai ki indriya aura artha ke sannikarSa se utpanna jJAna pratyakSa hai| arthAt pratyakSetara anumAna pramANa sarvathA amAnya hai| paMcendriyoM ke bAhara koI vastu nahIM hai| isa paJcavidhindriya pratyakSa dvArA anubhUta vastu pramANa siddha hai aura anya vastueM kalpanA prasUta hai / pratyakSa ke dvArA jo bhI jJAna prApta hotA hai vaha adhika vizvasanIya hotA hai isameM zaMkA yA tarka ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotA hai / ateva pratyakSa nirvivAda rUpa se yathArtha jJAna hai / pratyakSa se dRSTigocara hone vAle padArtha kA hI astitva hai / ' yadyapi sabhI zAstrakAroM neM ekamAtra pratyakSa pramANa mAnane ke kAraNa, cArvAkoM kI bahuta nindA kI hai| aura aneka prakAra se inakA khaNDana kiyA hai parantu una logoM ne apane-apane dRSTikoNa se cArvAka ke sthAna ko dekhakara usakA tiraskAra kiyA hai| vastutaH eka darzana kA dRSTikoNa dUsare darzana ke dRSTikoNa se sarvathA bhinna hai ateva ina darzana ke siddhAntoM meM bheda honA hI svAbhAvika ucita aura satya hai / saMbhava + aitihAsika | mAnatA hai 'pratyakSamevaikaM pramANama'- / tyakSagamyamevAsti nAtsyadraSTamadraSTataH / dRSTavAdibhizcApi nAdRSTaM sadRSTamucyate / / (sarva0 si0 saMgraha) 4

Page #67
niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yathArtha meM sarvathA evaM sabase adhika vizvasanIya ekamAtra pramANa to 'pratyakSa' hI hai| jaba taka kisI vastu kA pratyakSa pramANa ke dvArA jJAna nahIM hotA hai taba taka usa vastu ke viSaya meM jo bhI jJAna prApta hotA hai vaha sandeha se mukta nahIM hotA hai, kevala saMbhAvita mAtra hotA hai| 'dekhane' kA artha hai 'pratyakSapramANa kA gocara karanA' / yahI kAraNa hai ki zrI zaMkarAcArya ko bhI, brahma ko jAnane ke liye 'aparokSAnubhUti' hI mAnanI par3I / cArvAka ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzana anumiti ko pramANa mAnate haiM kintu cArvAka mAnatA hai ki anumAna se nizcayAtmaka jJAna nahIM prApta hotA hai anumAna ajJAta kA jJAna hai| anumAna kA AdhAra vyAptijJAna hai ataH vyAptijJAna ke niHsandeha hone para hI anumAna nizcayAtmaka ho sakatA hai| dhUma aura agni meM yadi vyApti jJAna kA nizcaya ho jAya tabhI dhUma dekhakara agni kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / parantu sabhI dhUma ke sAtha sabhI agni kA vyApti sambandha saMbhava nahIM / ateva kisI bhI pramANa se dhUma aura agni ke vyApti sambandha kA nizcaya jJAna saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA hai| cArvAkoM ke anusAra anumiti vahIM taka sahI ho sakatI hai jahAM taka prakRti ke kriyAkalApoM kI bAta hai| anyatra jarUrI nahIM hai ki vaha sahI hI ho / sabhI anumAna apramANa nahIM hai lokasiddha anumAna pramANa hai parantu atIndriya paraloka Adi kA sAdhaka anumAna pramANa nahIM / ' cArvAka zabda pramANa ko bhI jJAna kA srota nahIM mAnate the kyoMki ki ve vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko cunautI dete the / cArvAka bhautikavAdI mAnate haiM ki zabda anumAna meM hI sanniviSTa hai / zabda pramANa atidezavAkya para nirbhara hote haiM aura atidezavAkya kI prAmANikatA dUsare para nirbhara hogI isa prakAra isameM anavasthA doSa spaSTa hai 'tasmAdapramANaMzabdaH anRtavyAghAta punarUkta doSebhyaH' (nyAya bhASya 2 / 1/57) / 1 lokaprasiddhamanumAna cArvAkairapISyata evaM yattu / kaizcillaukika bhagimatikRmyAnumAnamucyate tanniSidhyate / / 35 || bR0 sUtra | 2 zabdo'numAnarthasyAnupalabdheranumeyatvAT- nyAya da0 (2/1/46) 50

Page #68
isa prakAra cArvAkoM kA tarka thA ki jJAna kA ekamAtra vizvasanIya zrota pratyakSa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM cArvAka kahate the ki aisI koI cIja jo hamAre saMjJAna se pare hai satya athavA yathArtha nahIM hai| ke0 dAmodarana neM apane grantha 'bhAratIya cintana paramparA' meM likhA hai ki- 'lokAyat siddhAnta kA udbhava aise kAla meM huA thA jaba brAhmaNa purohita anumiti aura zabda jaiseapane pramANoM ko bali, yajJa, karmakANDoM Adi ko nyAyasaMgata siddha karane ke liye istemAla kara rahe the| unase lohA lenA lokAyat darzana ke anuyAyiyoM ke liye jarUrI ho gayA thA / aura unakA kAragara DhaMga se mukAbalA karane ke liye jJAna ke zrotoM ke bAre meM unakI avadhAraNA ke virUddha saMgharSa karanA bhI jarUrI thA / phalataH unhoMne jJAna ke bhautikavAdI siddhAnta kA vikAsa kiyA / ' tattvavicAra cArvAk darzana meM pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, inhIM cAra tattvoM kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai| AkAza ko tattva ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai kyoMki AkAza kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA hai yaha kevala anumAna para Azrita hotA hai ataH AkAza tattva nahIM hai| ye cAroM tatva jar3a yA bhautika haiM aura inhIM ke saMyoga se hI zarIra, indriya, viSaya Adi sabakI sRSTi hotI hai 'pRthivyAtejovAyuriti tatvAni / tatsamudAyezarIrendriya viSayasaMjJA ||2 (vArhaspatya sUtra) aura inhIM bhautika tatvoM ke saMyoga se caitanya utpanna hotA hai / " taibhyaizcaitanyam" - (1/3 bArha0 sUtra) / ina cAra bhUta padArthoM ke saMyoga se caitanya svayaM utpanna ho jAtA hai jaise dukatA mAdakatA ke utpAdaka anna yA vanaspati Adi ke rasa se nirmita svayaM A jAtI hai-- 'kiNvAdibhyo madzaktivat caitnymupjaayte| 14 1 ke0 dAmodarana - bhAratIya cintana paramparA / pR0 116 51 377460 7036 prakA (vArha0 sUtra ) 9008. WWWL MT-1208 | J

Page #69
sabhI Astika darzanoM meM AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna nitya, aparigAAmI, kUTastha Adi mAnA gayA hai aura zarIra ke dharma AtmA ke dharma nahIM hai| cArvAka AtmA ko zarIra se pRthaka nahIM mAnatA hai jisa prakAra zarIra anitya, pariNAmI, vikArI hai vaise AtmA bhI hai| Atmotpatti ke sambandha meM cArvAka darzana kA spaSTa siddhAnta hai jar3a padArthoM ke vikAra se caitanya usI prakAra utpanna hotA hai jaise pAna-supArI aura cUne ke yoga se pAna kI lAlI nikalatI hai, jaisA ki sarvadarzana saMgraha meM kahA gayA hai 'jar3abhUta vikAreSu caitanyaM yttudRshyte| tAmbUla pUgacUrNAnAM yogAdidrAga ivAtyitam' / / AtmA ko bhUta catuSTaya kA sammilita saMghAta kahA hai| AtmA ke sambandha meM cArvAka darzana meM cAra siddhAnta pracalita hai 1- shriiraatmvaad| 2- indriyAtmavAda / 3- mnaatmvaad| 4- prANAtmavAda / zarIrAtmavAda kI mAnyatA ke anusAra zarIra ko hI AtmA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, 'maiM moTA hU~', 'maiM tarUNa hU~, maiM vRddha hU~', ina vizeSaNoM ke prayoga se siddha hai ki zarIra hI AtmA hai 'caitanya viziSTa deha evaM AtmA' aura AtmA hI deha hai ata: cArvAka ke isa abhedAtmaka AtmavicAra ko dehAtmavAda bhI sarvadarzana saMgraha meM kahate haiM 'sthUlo'haM tarUNovRddhoM yuvetyAdi vizeSaNeH / viziSTo deha evAtmA na tato'nyo vilakSaNaH / / ' cArvAka deha AtmA ke sambandha meM kahatA hai ki yadi zarIra se pRthaka AtmA hai to zarIra ke mara jAne para jIvAtmA kA pratyakSa honA cAhiye aura yadi yaha kahA jAya ki AtmA adRzya yA gupta rUpa se zarIra meM vyApta rahatA hai to yaha bhI nirthaka hai kyoMki kAlAntara meM zarIrAMgoM ke naSTa ho jAne para AtmA ke guptarUpa kA astitva saMbhava nahIM hai| cArvAka darzana kA koI sampradAya sthUla zarIra ko AtmA na mAnakara indriyoM ko hI AtmA

Page #70
mAnatA hai unakA tarka hai ki 'maiM dekhatA hU~', 'maiM sunatA hU~' ityAdi kriyA vyApAroM meM indriya hI sahAyya mAtra hai ataH indriya hI AtmA hai| bArhaspatya sUtra meM kahA gayA hai 'pazyAmi zrRNomItyAdi pratItyA maraNaparyantaM / yAvantIndriyANi tiSThanti tAnyevAtmA' | | 36 | / cArvAk panthI yadi indriya ko hI AtmA mAneM to yaha bhI ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki 'indriyANAmupaghAte kathaM smRtiH / aisA khaNDana nyAya si0 mu0 ne kiyA hai / arthAt "pUrvacakSuSA sAkSAtkRtAnAM cakSuSo'bhAve smaraNa na syAt anubhaviturabhAvAta / anyadRSTasyAnyena smrnnaasmbhvaat"| ataH smaraNAnupatti hone se indriyAtmavAda bhI khaNDita ho jAtA hai| manasAtmavAdI cArvAka ke anusAra nityamanas indriya hI AtmA hai kyoMki kabhI indriyAdi ke abhAva meM bhI mana kA astitva banA rahatA hai| jaise cakSurindriya ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI usake dvArA dekhe gaye padArthoM kA bhAna hotA hai / ' cArvAka kA eka anya sampradAya prANa ko hI AtmA svIkAra karatA hai - "prANa eva aatmaa"| vArhaspati sUtra 38 / zarIra meM prANa kI hI pradhAnatA hai kyoMki isa prANavAyu ke nikala jAne para zarIra, indriyAM tathA mana niSkriya ho jAte haiN| zruti bhI kahatI hai"anyotara AtmA prANamayaH " ( tai0 302 /2/1) / cArvAk "caitanya viziSTa deha hI AtmA hai" isa tathya ke prati dRr3ha tarka dete haiM ki yadi zarIra se bhinna koI AtmA hai jo zarIra se nikalakara paraloka calA jAtA hai to vaha apane bandhu-bAndhavoM ke karUNa krandana ko sunakara vApasa kyoM nahIM AtA hai jaba ki A jAnA cAhiye / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki sabhI cArvAk, AtmA aura zarIra kI abhinnatA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate haiM ye loga cArvAk ko do rUpoM meM vargIkRta karate haiM 1- dhUrta cArvAk, 2- suzikSita cArvAk / " itarendriyA hA bhAve'satvAt mana evAtmA / / 37 / / 53 1

Page #71
dhUrta cArvAk AtmA aura zarIra kI abhinnatA ko mAnate haiM jabaki suzikSita nahIM / cArvAk mAnatA hai ki AtmA amara nahIM hai zarIra nAza se AtmA kA nAza hai vartamAna jIvana ke atirikta aura koI dUsarA jIvana nahIM hai| punarjanma ko mAnanA nirarthaka hai| naitika vicAra bhAratIya darzana meM artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa ye cAra purUSArtha mAne gaye haiM, ye cAroM jIvana ke caramalakSya haiN| ataeva ise niHzreyasa bhI kahate haiM / ina cAroM meM Astika dharma aura mokSa ko purUSArtha mAnate haiM aura nAstika loga artha aura kAma ko "arthakAmau puruSArthe" / (vArha0sU0 27) cArvAk darzana kevala 'kAma' ko hI purUSArtha mAnatA hai "kAma evaikaH purussaarthH|" kyoMki artha kAma kA sahAyaka hai isaliye ye loga artha kI sattA bhI svIkAra karate haiM / cArvAk darzana kA siddhAnta 'sukhavAdI' siddhAnta kahalAtA hai, svecchArapUrvaka sukhamaya jIvana vyatIta karanA hI purUSArtha haiM apane pAsa dravya na rahane para bhI karja lekara ghI pInA cAhiye, karja ko lauTAne kI cintA vyartha hai kyoMki zarIra ke bhasma hone para jIva lauTakara Ane vAlA nahIM / " yAvat jIveta sukhaM jIveta RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pibet / bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya kiM punarAgamanaM kutaH / / (bArhaspa0 sUtra ) kucha logoM kA tathA zrutiyoM kA mata hai ki sukha bhoga kSaNika hotA hai ataH mithyA hai kintu isake uttara meM cArvAk kahate haiM ki aisA mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki mAlatI kusuma kI Ayu, kiMzuka ke samAna dIrghanahIM hotI taba bhI use koI mithyA mAnakara tyAga nahIM detA hai / kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki sukha duHkha se mizrita hai ataH 54

Page #72
tyAjya hai isapara cArvAka kA kahanA hai ki koI bhI catura vyakti anna khAnA isaliye nahIM chor3a detA hai ki usameM bhUsA lagA hai|' ___ carvAka paraloka kA bhI nirAkaraNa karatA hai| cArvAka ke mata meM svarga aura naraka kA vicAra kalpanA mAtra hai kyoMki cArvAka ke mata meM jaba zarIra se bhinna AtmA hI nahIM hai taba svarga-naraka kI prApti kise hogii| cArvAkoM kA Aropa hai ki brAhmaNoM ne apane hita aura jIvana nirvAha ke liye svarga aura naraka kA bhaya paidA kiyA hai jisase vaha apanI prabhutA ko sthApita karane meM saphala rheN| cArvAka mAnate haiM ki svarga aura naraka kA pratyakSIkaraNa nahIM hotA hai ataH isakA astitva nahIM hai| cArvAkoM kA vicAra hai ki yadi thor3I dera ke liye svarga aura naraka kA astitva mAna bhI leM to vaha svarga aura naraka isI saMsAra meM nihita hai| isa saMsAra meM jo vyakti suHkhI hai vaha svarga meM hai aura jo duHkhI hai vaha naraka meM hai| isaliye cArvAka mAnate he "sukhameva svargama" "duHkhameva nrkm"| ataH isa loka ke atirikta kisI pAralaukika jagata kI kalpanA karanA vyartha hai| cArvAka darzana Izvara kI sattA kA bhI niSedha karatA hai| aura AdhyAtmika dhArmika tathA naitika mUlyoM ko mAnasika bhrAnti kahatA hai| ataH cArvAka unake rakSaka ke rUpa meM Izvara kI AvazyakatA anubhava nahIM karatA hai| cArvAka kA mAnanA hai ki sRSTi kA kAraNa koI nahIM ho sakatA hai yaha sRSTi svabhAvataH hI hotI hai cAroM mUla bhautika padArtha Apasa meM milakara samasta jagata ke padArtha ko utpanna karate haiN| cArvAk jJAna mImAMsIya tarka se khaNDana karate huye kahatA hai ki, Izvara kA jJAna pratyakSa ke dvArA nahIM hotA hai ataH Izvara kA astitva nahIM hai| cArvAka Izvara ko veda pramANita bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA hai kyoMki usake mata meM veda prAmANika nahIM hai ataH veda meM varNita Izvara kA vicAra bhI prAmANika nahIM hai| Adhunika vaijJAnika bhautikavAda tyAjyaM sukhaM viSaya .........bIhina jihAsahati sitottatamaNDulADhyAn 55

Page #73
kI dRSTi se dekhane para darzana kI hamArI yaha prAcIna lokAyat praNAlI, spaSTa hI aneka truTiyoM se bharI thI / vaha eka kisma ke svayaMsphUrta aura sIdhe-sAde bhautikavAda kA svarUpa thii| kintu prAcIna bhArata ke isa bhautikavAda neM prakRti aura saMsAra ke bAre meM hamAre jJAna ke prathama tatva ko moTe taura se prakaTa kiyA thA / yadyapi isakA koI Thosa vaijJAnika AdhAra nahIM thA to bhI isane sAmAjika pragati kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| isa darzana neM andhavizvAsa aura mAnavIya kriyAkalApo meM daivI hastakSepa ke vicAroM ko ThukarAyA / isa prakAra lokAyata darzana eka pragatizIla aura AzAvAdI darzana thaa| yaha darzana na kevala parikalpanA ke mahAna sRjanAtmaka prayAsoM ke liye balki janatA kI bhautika khuzahAlI aura sAMskRtika pragati ke liye bhI rAstA taiyAra kiyA / jaina darzana jaina darzana bhAratIya darzana ke vizAla parivAra kA eka viziSTa sadasya hai, jise vidvAna jainAcAryoM ne cintana, manana, Alocana pratyAlocana Adi anuzIlana ke vividha prakAroM kA AhAra de aisA puSTa aura balavAna aisA samRddha aura sampanna banAyA hai jisase vaha ananta kAla taka jijJAsu janoM kA manastoSa karatA rahegA / nAstika darzana kI paramparA meM cArvAka darzana ke uparAnta jaina darzana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| jisa samaya bhAratavarSa meM bauddha darzana kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| donoM hI darzana chaThIM zatAbdI meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa samakAlIna darzana kahe jAte haiM / kintu donoM darzanoM meM aneka maulika antara vidyamAna hone para bhI ye donoM dharma apane bAhya rUpa meM samAna lagate haiM / kAraNa isakA yaha hai ki ye donoM dharma brAhmaNa dharma se pRthaka haiM aura donoM bhikSuoM ke dharma ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / jisa prakAra viSNu ko devatA mAnane vAle apane ko 'vaiSNava' kahate haiM aura ziva ko zakti mAnane vAle apane ko 'zAkta' kahate haiM usI prakAra 'jina' ko devatA mAnane 56

Page #74
vAle ko 'jaina' kahate haiN| tathA unake dvArA apanAye gaye dharma ko jaina dharma kahate haiN| jina' zabda kA artha hai 'jItane vAlA' arthAta jo vyakti apane indriyoM para tathA sabhI prakAra ke vikAroM para vijaya prApta kara liyA ho use 'jin' kahate haiN| 'jina' loga svabhAva siddha, janma siddha, zuddha, buddha, bhagavAna nahIM hote haiN| varan sAdhAraNa prANimAtra kI taraha janma grahaNa karate haiM tathA sabhI vikAroM para vijaya prApta kara paramAtmA bana jAte haiM, arthAt Izvaratva ko prApta hote haiN| aise vItarAga vyakti hI 'jina' haiM tathA isake dvArA upadiSTa dharma 'jaina dharma' kahalAtA hai| jaina anuzruti ke anusAra jaina dharma ke Adi pravartaka 'RSabhadeva' the aura inhIM se jaina dharma tathA paramparA kA prArambha hai bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko jaina granthoM ke anusAra 'jina' yA tIrthaMkara mAnate haiN| sampUrNa jainadharma tathA darzana aise hI caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI yA upadeza kA saMkalana mAtra hai ina tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko Adya tathA pArzvanAtha ko 23vAM aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ko antima tIrthaMkara mAnA jAtA hai jaina AcArya paramparA meM jo caubIsa tIrthakara huye haiM unakA nAma isa prakAra hai-AdinAtha (RSabhadeva), ajitanAtha, saMbhavanAtha, abhinandana, sumatinAtha, padmaprabhu, supArzvanAtha, candraprabha, suvidhinAtha, zItalanAtha, zreyAMsanAtha, vAsupUjya, vimalanAtha, anantanAtha, dharmanAtha, zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha, aranAtha, mallinAtha, yA mallI devI, muni suvRt, raminAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mhaaviir| isI AcArya paramparA ke dvArA jaina siddhAnta anAdi kAla se surakSita hai| caubIsaveM tathA antima jaina tIrthakara vardhamAna mahAvIra kA janma Aja se lagabhaga 2533 varSa pUrva IsA pUrva 540 meM tatkAlIna vaizAlI janapada ke kuNDa grAma meM huA thaa| unake pitA siddhArtha eka licchavI rAjA the tathA mAtA trizalA videha ke rAjA kI bahana thI / janma ke pUrva mAtA ne 14 ati zubha svapna dekhe the' / buddha kI mahAvIra ke bacapana bhabAvana mahAbIra kI vANI- prakAzana 37

Page #75
kA nAma varddhamAna thaa| ye rAjavaMza ke the / tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM parivrAjaka huye aura kevala jJAna kI prApti ke liye vRttoM kA pAlana karate huye inhoMne kaThora tapasyA kI aura inakA manoratha saphala huA aura yaha sarvajJa ho gye| tabhI se ye mahAvIra ke nAma se prasiddha huye tIsa varSa taka dharma pracAra kara 72 varSa kI avasthA meM inhoMne pAvA nagarI meM nirvANa lAbha kiyaa| inakI mRtyu ke bAda jainiyoM meM do sampradAya ho gaye - eka zvetAmbara dUsarA digambara / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA vivAha huA thA tathA unakI eka kanyA thii| lekina digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra mahAvIra kA vivAha nahIM huA thaa| ve antarmukhI prakRti ke the tathA sadA Atmacintana meM nimagna rahA karate the / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM se jaina dharma ke dvAdazAMga rUpa zAstroM kI racanA huI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra neM apaneM upadeza tatkAlIna lokabhASA ardhamAgadhI meM diye the / unakI upadeza sabhA samavasaraNa kahalAtI thI tathA usameM pazu-pakSI se lekara devatAoM taka sabhI ke liye sthAna rahatA thA / mahAvIra neM sAdhu-sAdhvI, purUSa gRhastha bhakta tathA mahilA gRhastha bhakta (zrAvikA ) ke eka caturvidha dharmasaMgha kI sthApanA kI jo Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| I mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha the jinhoMne bahuta se kaThora niyamoM kA pAlana kara antaHkaraNa kI zuddhi ke liye apane ziSyoM ko upadeza diyA thaa| pArzvanAtha ke upadezoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ne apanA karttavya nizcaya kiyA / mahAvIra ne kahA ki sAdhuoM ko bhI indriya nigraha kara kaThora rUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA cAhiye tathA saMsAra se nirlipta rahanA cAhiye / aura antataH sabhI sAdhuoM ko bhI digambara rahane kA Adeza diyaa| aisA Adeza dene ke pIche kAraNa yaha thA ki unake anusAra jaba taka sAdhu loga vastra kA bhI parityAga nahIM kara deMge taba taka unake mana se acche tathA bure kA vicAra dUra nahIM ho sakegA evaM ve loga nirlipta na ho skeNge| isa taraha ke upadeza se hI jaina 58

Page #76
dharma meM do vibhAga huye shvetaambr-digmbr| kintu ina donoM sampradAyoM meM (vibhAgoM se) inake bAhya rUpa meM hI bheda huA kintu tAtvika vicAra meM koI parivartana na huaa| sAhitya AcArya sthUlabhadra ke prayAsa se pATaliputra kI sabhA meM dhArmika granthoM kA jo saMgraha huA thA, vaha mAnya nahIM huaa| ataeva 454 I0 meM bhAvanagara meM (gujarAta ke samIpa) vallabhI meM devArdhigaNa kI adhyakSatA meM dUsarI sabhA huI aura usameM ina granthoM ke saMgraha ke liye vicAra kiyA gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jo bhI upadeza diyA thA usako unake gaNadharoM ne grantha rUpa meM rcaa| mahAvIra ke pradhAna gaNadhara gautama indrabhUti the unhoMne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko vAraha aMga aura caudaha parva ke rUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| yaha zruta aMga praviSTa aura aMga bAhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM baMTA hai| aMga praviSTa zruta 'dvAdazAMga zruta' kahalAtA hai| Agam granthoM se jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| devarAjasUri ne jo digambara sampradAya ke eka bar3e tArkika mAne jAte haiM inhoMne 'ekIbhAvastrota' likhaa| malliSeNasUri ne syAdmaJjarI kI racanA kii| yazovijaya, hemacandra, devasUri, vAdirAjasUri guNaratna Adi aneka jaina sAhitya ke AcArya kavi the| jaina darzana ke siddhAnta jaina darzana ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiManakAntavA . __ jaina darzana kI mukhya vizeSatA isa bAta meM hai ki vaha nitAnta niSpakSa dRSTi se vastu ko dekhane kA prayatna karatA hai| vaha vastu ke katipaya aMza ko hI dekhakara saMtuSTa nahIM ho jAtA hai balki usako samagra rUpa se dekhanA cAhatA hai| haribhadrasUri ke vacanoM meM jaina darzana kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki "AgrahIvat ninISati yuktiMtatra, yatra matirasya nivissttaa|| pakSapAtarahitasyAtu yuktiyatra tatra matireni niveshm||

Page #77
kisI AgrahI manuSya kI buddhi eka bAra jaba kisI bAta ko pakar3a letI hai taba usI kI puSTi meM vaha yuktiyoM ke prayoga kA sahArA letA hai kintu jo niSpakSa aura anAgrahI hotA hai usakI buddhi yukti kA anugamana karatI hai| isa prakAra yuktiyoM ke mAdhyama se jo vastu kA svarUpa prakaTa hotA hai, niSpakSa vicAraka usI ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hotI hai-"ananta dharmAtmakameva ttvm"| isaliye kisI manuSya ke svarUpa jJAna ke liye usake dezakAla-jAti, janma, dharma-varga Adi sattAtmaka dharmoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| punaH usa manuSya ke niSedhAtmaka guNoM kI bhI jAnakArI atyanta apekSita hai| pratyeka padArtha ke tIna lakSaNa sAmAnya rUpa se hote haiM- utpAda, vyaya, dhauvy| isa prakAra dravya nityAnitya hai sat aura asat donoM haiN| jo dharma jisa padArtha meM vidyamAna hotA hai unheM usa padArtha kA svaparyAya kaha jAtA hai aura jo dharma nahIM rahatA hai use paryAya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vastutaH ananta dharmoM kA Aspada hotI hai| syAdvAda padArtha kA anekAnta rUpa jisa paddhati se jJAta hotA hai use syAdvAda kahA jAtA hai jise saptabhaMgInaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai-saptabhaMgInaya ke sAta aMga hote haiM jaise 1- (ghaTaH) syAdasti- ghaT kathaMcita-kisI apekSA se-kisI rUpa se hai| 2- (ghaTaH) syAnnAsti- ghaT kathaMcit nahIM hai| 3- (ghaTaH) syAt asti ca, nAsti ca-ghaT kathaMcit hai bhI-kathaMcit nahIM bhI hai| 4- (ghaTaH) syAd vaktavya-ghaT kathaMcita avaktavya-anirvAcya hai| 5- (ghaTaH) syAt asti ca, avaktavyazca-ghaT kathaMcit astitvavAn aura avaktavya hai|

Page #78
6- (ghaTaH) syAnnAsti ca avaktavyazca-ghaT kathaMcita-astitvazUnya aura avaktavya 7- (ghaTaH) syAt asti ca, nAsti ca, avaktavyazca- ghaT kathaMcit astitvayukta, astitvazUnya aura avaktavya hai| ina virodhI dharmoM kI vivakSA 'syAt' se hI saMbhava hai| isa darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki eka vastu ko jo vyakti pUrI taraha jAnatA hai vaha sAre vastuoM kA jJAtA hai aura jo sAre vastuoM kA jJAtA hai vahI eka vastu kA pUrNa jJAtA hotA hai|' dravya vicAra 'guNa paryAyavad drvym'| jisameM 'guNa' va 'paryAya' ho vaha dravya hai| jaina darzana meM sAta padArtha mAne gaye haiM- jIva, ajIva, Asava, bandha, samvara, nirjarA, mokss| jainoM ke matAnusAra dravya kA vibhAjana do vargoM meM huA hai 1- astikAya, 2anstikaay| kAla hI aisA dravya hai jisameM vistAra nahIM hai| aura kAla ko chor3akara sabhI dravyoM ko astikAya dravya kahA jAtA hai| astikAya kA vibhAjana jIva aura ajIva meM hotA hai| dravya . bahudezavyApI) astikAya anastikAya kAla (ekadezavyApI) jIva ajIva 'eko bhAvaH sarvathA yena draSTaH sarve bhAvA sarvathA tena draSTA / sarvebhAvA. sarvathA yena draSTA ekobhAva sarvathA tena draSTAH / / (SaDadarzana samu0 TIkA pR0 232) 61

Page #79
saMsArI mukta dharma adharma pudagala AkAza aNu saMghAta jIva - jIva eka cetana dravya hai jo zarIra, indriya, mana, prANa aura paudagalika ATha ghAtI karmoM se anAdi kAla se AvRtta hai| ye cetana dravya hI aisA hai jisake kAraNa manuSya, pazu-pakSI Adi sabhI prANiyoM kA vAstavika svarUpa hai ananta jJAna, ananta vIrya, anantazraddhA aura ananta sukha se yukta hotI hai| isI ko 'ananta catuSTaya' bhI kahate haiN| yaha AtmA kI zuddha avasthA kA dyotaka hai| kintu jaba pudagala' se sambandhita ho jAtA hai taba 'jIva' kahalAtA hai| jIva saMsArI hai aura AtmA svayaMprakAza hai aura anya vastuoM ko bhI Alokita karatA hai| AtmA nitya aura cetana hai yaha jagaha nahIM gheratA hai| isIliye 'jIva' kI paribhASA ina zabdoM meM dI gayI hai- 'cetanA lakSaNejIvaH' / yaha jainoM kA jIva vicAra nyAyavaizeSika se bhinna hai, kyoMki nyAya vaizeSika meM 'caitanya' ko AtmA kA 'Agantuka lakSaNa' mAnA gayA hai| AtmA kA zuddha rUpa ina ATha prakAra ke karmoM se jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya, vedanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra aura antarAya se AvRtta hone ke kAraNa isa saMsAra dazA meM tirohita rahatA hai| samyag darzana, samyag jJAna aura samyag caritra ke niSThApUrvaka satat dekhane se jaba ghAtI samasta karmoM kA pUrNatayA kSaya yA vinAza ho jAtA hai taba mokSAvasthA meM jIva ke isa naisargika nirmala svarUpa kA prAkaTya hotA hai| jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM- mukta aura baddha / jinhoMne mokSa prApta kara liyA, ve mukta kahalAte haiN| ye ananta catuSTaya se sampanna hokara nirantara urdhva gatizIla rahatA hai| aura jo 'bandhana' meM hotA hai vaha 'baddha 1 pUryata galantIti pudgalAH /

Page #80
jIva' kahalAtA hai 'baddha jIva' bhI do prakAra kA hotA hai- 'sa' aura sthAvara / 'sa' jIva gatimAna aura sthAvara gatihIna hote haiM / jIva apane Ayatana bhUta zarIra ke anusAra dIpaka prakAzavata saMkoca - vikAsa prApta karatA hai jisase hasti zarIra meM pahuMcakara hasti pariNAma aura puttikA zarIra meM puttikA pariNAma kA bana jAtA hai / kintu aisA mAnanA ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki isase chatAdigata pradIpa prakAzavat cIMTI ke zarIra meM jIva kI mahAnatA tathA gRhagat pradIpa prakAzavat hasta ke zarIra meM alpacetanA utpanna hogI tathA zarIra mAtra paricchinna jIva avayavoM ke Anantya kI kalpanA karanI hogI jo sambhava nahIM / ajIva caitanyahIna dravya 'ajIva hai| isake pA~ca bheda haiM- pudgala, AkAza, kAla, dharma aura adhrm| pudagala ke do bheda haiM- aNu rUpa aura saMghAtarUpa / ina donoM meM sparza, rasa, gandha tathA rUpa guNoM kA astitva hotA hai| jaina darzana meM zabda aura karma ko paudagalika - pudgala janya mAnA jAtA hai| AkAza - AvaraNa kA abhAva hI 'AkAza' hai| astikAya - mUrttadravyoM ko praveza aura nirgama ke liye avakAza dene vAlA padArtha AkAza hai| AkAza do prakAra kA hotA hai-lokAkAza aura alokAkAza / lokAkAza meM jIva, pudgala, dharma aura adharma nivAsa karate haiM / jagata ke bAhara jo anya bhAga hai alokAkAza hai / kAla- padArtha ke vividha pariNAmoM kA nimittabhUta padArtha kAla hai| isake do bheda haiM 1- vyavahArika | 2- paramArthika | vyavahArika kAla anitya hotA hai aura paramArthika kAla nitya hotA hai| kAla 'anastikAya' kahA jAtA hai kyoMki yaha sthAna nahIM gheratA hai / dharma aura adharma- dravyoM ko gatizIla banAne meM sahAyaka padArtha ko dharma kahA jAtA hai| aura adharma-dharma kA pratiloma hai / padArthoM ke gati kA avarodhaka padArtha 'adharma' hai / 63 i

Page #81
Azrava- cUMki jIva apane zubha-azubha karmoM ke anusAra hI pudgala kaNoM ko AkRSTa karatA hai, isaliye AkRSTa pudgala-kaNa ko 'karma-pudgala' kahA jAtA hai| usa sthiti meM jaba karma-pudgala AtmA kI ora pravAhita hote haiM use 'Azrava' kahA jAtA hai| bandha- Azrava se jIva apane svarUpa ko bhUla jAtA hai aura 'bandhana' kI ora le jAtA hai| jaba ve pudgala-kaNa jIva meM praviSTa ho jAte haiM taba usa avasthA ko bandhana kahA jAtA hai| bandhana do prakAra kA hotA hai - 1- bhAva bandhana, 2- dravya bandhana jaba AtmA meM cAra prakAra kI kupravRttiyA~ praviSTa kara jAtI haiM tyoM hI AtmA bandhana ko prApta hotI hai isI ko 'bhAva-bandha' kahate haiM aura jaba jIva kA pudgala se saMyoga hotA hai to 'dravya-bandha' kahalAtA hai| samvara-jIva aura karma ke sambandha kA udaya jisa sAdhana se pratiruddha hotA hai, vaha samvara hai| naye pudgala ke kaNoM ko jIva kI ora pravAhita hone se rokanA 'saMvara' kahA jAtA hai| nirjarA- jisa sAdhana se jIva aura karma ke sambandha kI nivRtti hotI hai, vaha 'nirjarA' hai| purAne pudgala ke kaNoM kA kSaya 'nirjarA' kahA jAtA hai isa prakAra AgAmI pudgala ke kaNoM ko rokakara tathA saMcati pudgala ke kaNoM ko vinaSTa kara jIva karma pudgala se mukta ho jAtA hai| mokSa- jIva ke svarupa ko AvRtta karane vAle samasta karmoM kA kSaya hI 'mokSa' hai| jaina darzana meM mokSAnubhUti ke liye samyaka jJAna, samyaka darzana aura samyaka caritra arthAt tirala ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| samyaka darzana-jJAna caritrANi mokSamArgaH / ' ____ mokSa ke liye triratna ke sAtha-sAtha 'paMca-mahAvrata' kA pAlana bhI Avazyaka hai| bauddha dharma meM ise 'paMcazIla' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ye mahAvrata haiM- ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aprigrh| 'tatvArthadhigama, suutr-1,2-3|

Page #82
1. ahiMsA - 'jJAnI hone kA sAra yahI hai, ki vaha kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kare itanA jAnanA hI paryApta hai, ki ahiMsAmUlaka samatA hI dharma hai athavA yahI ahiMsA kA vijJAna hai| sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA nhiiN| isaliye prANavadha kobhayAnaka jAnakara nirgrantha usakA varaNa karate haiN| jIva kA vadha apanA hI vadha hai / jIva kI dayA apanI hI dayA hai| ataH AtmahitaiSI puruSoM ne jIvahiMsA kA parityAga kiyA hai / 2. satya - satya kA artha hai manasA vAcA karmaNA asatya kA parityAga karanA / svayaM apane liye tathA dUsaroM ke liye krodhAdi yA bhaya Adi ke vaza hokara hiMsAtmaka asatya vacanoM ko na to svayaM bolanA cAhiye, na dUsaroM se bulavAnA cAhiye / 3. asteya-- asteya kA artha hai corI kA niSedha | grAma, nagara athavA araNya meM dUsare kI vastu ko dekhakara use grahaNa karane kA bhAva tyAga dene vAle sAdhu ke tIsarA acauryavrata hotA hai / 4. brahmacarya - isase tAtparya hai 'vAsanAoM kA tyAga karanA / 'brahmacarya' kA artha sAdhAraNataH indriyoM para roka lagAnA hai| 5. aparigraha - aparigraha kA artha hai 'viSayAsakti kA abhAva / nirapekSabhAvanApUrvaka caritra kA bhAra vahana karane vAle sAdhu kA bAhyAbhyantara, sampUrNa parigraha kA tyAga karanA, pAcavaM parigraha tyAga mahAvrata kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yadi jaina praNAlI ko samagra rupa se dekheM to hama usameM paryApta mAtrA meM AdarzavAda pAte haiM kintu vaha bhautikavAda ke tattvoM se bhI sambaddha hai| yaha darzana jagata ke mUla meM aneka tattvoM kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai / bahutatvavAda kA samarthaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha vAstavavAda kA anuvAyI hai| jaina mata prArambha meM dharma ke rUpa meM udita huA kintu bAda meM yaha darzana

Page #83
sarvadarzana saMgraha meM likhA gayA hai ka Asrava tathA saMvara ke mokSopayogI tatvoM kA pratipAdana hI jaina darzana kA pradhAna viSaya hai|' AzravobhavarhatuH syAta saMvaro mokSakAraNam / itIyamArhatI dRSTiranyadasyAH prapaMcanam / / 3. bauddha darzana __ avaidika darzanoM meM antima bauddha darzana hai| bauddhamata ke pravartaka gautamabuddha the| isa dharma ke udaya hone meM sahAyaka usa samaya saMbhavataH bhArata kI paristhitiyAM thii| dAsa prathA kA pracalana atyadhika bar3ha gayA thaa| samAja meM purohita varga kA bauddhika, sAmAjika aura Arthika kSetroM meM prabhutva bar3ha rahA thaa| bauddha dharma kA dRSTikoNa purohita virodhI thaa| aura yaha darzana karmakANDa kA virodha karatA thaa| brAhmaNa dharma kA harAsa bauddha dharma ke udaya se zurU ho gayA thaa| bauddha dharma ke saMsthApaka mahAtmA buddha kA janma IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva huA thA inakA janma Aja ke nepAla kI sImA para sthita lumbinI vana meM IsA pUrva 567 meM huA thaa| unake pitA zuddhodhana zAkya vaMza ke rAjA the, unakI mA~ kA nAma rAnI mahAmAyA thaa| rAjakumAra siddhArtha kA mana rAjamahala ke vaibhava aura vilAsa meM nahIM lagatA thA kAraNa ki unakA hRdaya apane cAroM ora vyApta pIr3A aura duHkha ke dRzyoM se dravita rahatA thaa| 26 varSa kI Ayu meM unhoMne apane eka varSa ke putra, patnI yazodharA tathA rAjaprAsAda ke sukha-bhoga ko tyAga diyaa| ise 'mahAbhiniSkramaNa' kahate haiN| 35 varSa kI avasthA meM gayA ke samIpa bodhivRkSa ke nIce kaThina tapasyA karate huye 'buddhatva' ko prApta kiye| yahAM se mRgadAva (sAranAtha) jAkara pA~ca bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA jise 'dharmacakra pravartana kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| aura yahIM se bauddha dharma kA AraMbha huaa| bhagavAna buddha dharma kI zikSA janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA 'mAgadhI' meM dete rhe| anta meM mallagaNarAjya kI rAjadhAnI kuzInagara (kasayA, jilA devariyA u0 pra0) meM 80 varSa kI avasthA meM 'sarvadarzana saMgraha - pRSTa 143-30, pro0 umAzaMkara 'RSi caukhamA vidyAbhavana vaarnnsii| 66

Page #84
nirvANa prApta kiyA / kintu yaha eka adbhuta saMyoga kI hI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai ki bhagavAna buddha kA janma, bodhiprApti evaM nirvANa ye tInoM ghaTanAeM eka hI dina baisAkha pUrNimA ko huI / kucha hI samaya bAda yaha dharma vizva dharma bana gyaa| buddha ne koI pustaka nahIM likhI unake upadeza maulika hI hote the buddha kI mRtyu ke bAda unake ziSyoM ne upadezoM kA saMgraha 'tripiTaka' ke rUpa meM kiyaa| tripiTaka apane mUla rUpa meM pAlI bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| inameM suttapiTaka, abhidhammapiTaka vinaya piTaka haiN| 'suttapiTaka' meM dharma sambandhI varNana hai aura 'abhidhammapiTaka' meM buddha ke dArzanika vicAroM kA ullekha hai aura 'vinayapiTaka' meM nIti sambandhI varNana hai / tripiTaka ke alAvA milindapanho, buddhacarita (azvaghoSa ) se bhI bauddha dharma kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / buddha eka samAja sudhAraka the dArzanika nahIM the kyoMki dArzanika vahI hotA hai jo AtmA - jIva jagata AtmA-paramAtmA Adi ke viSaya meM satata cintana meM kriyAzIla rahatA hai kintu buddha darzanazAstra se sambandhita kisI prazna para 'mauna' rahA karate the 'avyAkatAnipraznAni' kahakara TAla jAte the aise 10 prazna the / 1. kyA yaha vizva zAsvata hai? 2. kyA yaha vizva azAsvata hai? 3. kyA yaha vizva asIma hai? 4. kyA yaha vizva sasIma hai ? 5. kyA AtmA aura zarIra eka hai ? 6. kyA AtmA zarIra se bhinna hai ? 7. kyA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata kA punarjanma hotA hai ? 8. kyA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata kA punarjanma nahIM hotA hai ? 6. kyA unakA punarjanma honA aura na honA donoM hI bAte satya haiM? 67

Page #85
10. kyA unakA punarjanma honA aura na honA donoM hI bAte asatya haiM? isameM cAra prazna vizva se, do AtmA se, cAra prazna 'tathAgata' se sambandhita hai| bauddha darzana meM 'tathAgata' nirvANa prApta vyakti ko kahA jAtA hai| bauddha darzana ke siddhAnta bauddha darzana ke mukhya siddhAnta saMkSipta rUpa meM nimnavat haicAra Aryasatya- bhagavAn buddha ke sAre upadeza inhIM cAra Arya satyoM meM sannihita haiN| ye cAra Aryasatya isa prakAra haiM 1. saMsAra meM duHkha hai| 2. duHkhoM kA kAraNa hai| 3. duHkhoM kA nirodha saMbhava hai| 4. duHkhoM ke nirodha kA mArga hai| inhIM cAra Arya satya ko anya zabdoM meM duHkha, duHkha samudAya duHkha nirodha aura duHkha nirodhagAminI pratipadA kramazaH kahA gayA hai| ye cAra Arya satya 'majjhima nikAya' meM varNita hai| buddha kA prathama Aryasatya hai- saMsAra duHkhamaya hai, saba kucha duHkhamaya hai (sarva-dukhaM duHkham) "janma meM duHkha hai, nAza meM duHkha hai roga duHkhamaya hai, mRtyu duHkhamaya hai, apriya se saMyoga duHkhamaya hai aura priya se viyoga duHkhamaya hai saMkSepataH se utpanna pancaskandha duHkhamaya hai|' ye cAro Arya satya prAmANika hai aura Arya-purUSoM ko bhI mAnya hai kyoMki duHkha ke astitva meM kisI kA matabheda nahIM hai kyoMki isakA anubhava pratyeka prANImAtra ko hotA hai| bauddha dharma ke cAra Aryasatya ke samAna yogazAstra meM maharSi vyAsa ne adhyAtma kSetra meM kahA hai ki "adhyAtmazAstra bhI cikitsAzAstra kI taraha caturdUha hai| adhyAtmakSetra meM saMsAra hai, (duHkha), saMsAra hetu (duHkha samudAya), mokSa (duHkha nirodha) aura mokSepAya (duHkha nirodhakA upAya) ye cAra satya haiN| buddha kA dvitIya Aryasatya hai duHkha samudAya arthAta 'majjhima nikAya (1:5:4) /

Page #86
saMsAra meM duHkha hI mAtra nahIM hai balki isa duHkha kA kAraNa bhI hai| binA kAraNa ke kArya nahIM hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM duHkha ke dvAdaza hetu batAye gaye haiN| yaha pratItyasamutpAda cakra hI duHkha samudAya kA kAraNa hai aura avidyA isakI mUla jananI hai| pratItyasamutpAda ko pAlI bhASA meM 'pATiccasamutpAda' kahA jAtA hai| pratItyasamutpAda se tAtparya hai ki'asmin (kAraNe), sati, idaM (kArya) bhavati / arthAt kAraNa vidyamAna hone para kArya kI avazyameva siddhi hotI hai| jo utpanna hotA hai vaha kArya hotA hai kArya vastutaH sApekSa hotA hai aura na yaha sat hotA na asat hotA hai kevala 'pratIti' hotI hai| paramArthika dRSTi se pratItyasamutpAda prapaJcopAzama, ziva aura amRta yaha nirvANa hai| isaliye bhagavAna buddha ne svayaM pratItyasamutpAda ko 'bodhi' kahakara sambodhita kiyA hai| bauddha darzana meM varNita dvAdazanidAkaDiyA bhUta vartamAna tathA bhaviSya ke jIvanoM se sambaddha hai| bhUtakAlIna jIvana se sambaddha kar3iyAM haiM-'bhava', 'jAti', 'jraamrnn| zeSa sAta kA sambandha vartamAna jIvana se hai| isa pratItyasamutpAda ko tAlikA ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. avidyA 2. saMskAra 3. vijJAna 4. nAmarUpa 5. SaDAyatana 6. sparza 7. vedanA 8. tRSNA 6. upAdAna 10. bhava 11. jAti 12. jarAmaraNa 3. tRtIya Arya satya- tRtIya Aryasatya hai duHkha nirodh| yadi duHkha ke kAraNa kA anta ho jAya to duHkha kA bhI anta avazya hogaa| jaba kAraNa nahIM rahegA taba kArya kaise ho sakatA hai? vaha avasthA jisameM duHkhoM kA anta hotA hai "duHkha nirodha" kahI jAtI hai| duHkha nirodha ko buddha ne 'nirvANa' kahA hai| nirvANa aura parinirvANa meM antara upaniSadoM ke jIvana mukti aura videha mukti kI taraha hai| 69

Page #87
nirvANa meM jIvana kA anta nahIM hotA hai apitu yaha jIvana kAla meM hI prApta hotA hai aura 'parinirvANa' kA artha hai mRtyu ke uparAnta nirvANa kI prApti / 4. caturtha Arya satya - caturtha Arya satya ko 'duHkha nirodha gAminI pratipada' arthAt duHkha nirodha mArga kahA gayA hai / duHkha nirodha mArga ko buddha darzana meM "aSTAMga mArga" kahA gayA hai| isa 'aSTAMgika mArga' ko buddha ne 'madhyamA pratipada' kahA hai| isa Arya mArga ke ATha aMka hai- jo isa prakAra hai 1. samyak dRSTi, 2. samyak saMkalpa, 3. samyak vAk, 4. samyak karmAnta, 5. samyak AjIva, 6. samyak vyAyAma, 7. samyak smRti, 8. samyak samAdhi / bauddha dharma aSTAMga mArga ke alAvA triratna ko bhI zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ko nirvANa prApti meM atyanta sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai| nirvANa ko pAlI bhASA meM 'nibbAna' kahA gayA hai| 'nirvANa' kA artha hai 'bujhA huA' / isase Azaya hai ki nirvANa kI sthiti meM vividha vAsanAoM kI agni bujha jAtI hai tathA manuSya ke svabhAvagata lobha, ghRNA, krodha tathA bhrama kI agni zAnta ho jAtI hai / bauddha darzana meM AtmA ko sthAyI na mAnakara parivartanazIla mAnA gayA hai / buddha ne zAzvata AtmA kA niSedha ina zabdoM meM kiyA hai- 'vizva meM na koI AtmA aura na AtmA kI taraha koI anya vastu hai / AtmA vijJAna kA pravAha hai / buddha kA AtmA sambandhI vicAra se alaga hai| mahAtmAbuddha ne nitya AtmA kI sattA kA niSedha kiyA hai / punarjanma se tAtparya hai vijJAna pravAha kI avicchinnatA hai / jaba eka vijJAna pravAha kA antima vijJAna samApta ho jAtA hai taba antima vijJAna kA vinAza ho jAtA hai phira eka naye zarIra meM eka naye vijJAna kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai isI ko buddha ne 'punarjanma' kahA hai / 70

Page #88
buddha ne anAtmavAda ke sAtha anIzvaravAda ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| Izvara vizva kA sraSTA nahIM hai yaha vizva kevala pratItya samutpAda ke niyama se hI saMcAlita hotA hai| Izvara ko mAnanA hAsyAspada hai| sampradAya buddha ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 100 varSa bAda vaizAlI meM kAlAzoka ke samaya meM sampanna dvitIya bauddha saMgIta meM hI isa dharma meM matabheda zurU ho gaye the| isI samaya bauddha dharma ke thera bhikSu aura mahAsaMghika bhikSu meM vivAda huA aura kAlAntara meM thera bhikSu hInayAna ke rUpa meM aura mahAsaMghika bhikSu mahAyAna ke rUpa meM prasiddha huye| hInayAna anIzvaravAdI darzana hai, yaha bahutatvavAdI hone ke sAtha vastuvAdI darzana bhI hai| isameM vyaktigata nirvANa ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai| isakA AdArza 'arhata' hai jabaki isake viparIta mahAyAna darzana hai jo sarvamukti kI kalpanA para AdhArita hai aura isakA Adarza bodhisatva hai| bauddha mata ke sampradAya / mahAyAna hInayAna vaibhASika sAhi0 sautAntrika mAdhyamika (bAhyapratyakSavAdI) (bAhyayAnumeyavAdI) (zUnyavAda) yogAcAra (vijJAnavAda) vaibhASika sampradAya meM bAhya aura antara donoM prakAra ke padArthoM kI satyatA svIkAra kI gayI hai aura donoM ko pratyakSa mAnA gayA hai| isa sampradAya meM rUpa, vijJAna

Page #89
vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra ko arthAt ina pAMcoM kI samaSTi ko manuSya kA svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| isa sampradAya meM vijJAna ke do rUpa mAne gaye haiM- 1. pravRtti, 2. Alaya / jisa jJAna se vibhinna kriyAoM meM manuSya kI pravRtti hotI hai use pravRtti vijJAna kahA jAtA hai aura ahamAkAra jJAna ko Alaya vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| Alaya vijJAna nirantara pravAhamAna rahatA hai| 'abhidharma vibhASAzAstra' nAmaka grantha meM pratipAdita siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa isa sampradAya ko vaibhASika zabda se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| vaibhASika ke matAnusAra bAhya viSayoM kA jJAna pratyakSa se hotA hai| bAhya viSayoM ko pratyakSa kA viSaya mAnane ke kAraNa unheM 'bAhya pratyakSavAdI' kahA gayA hai| vaibhASika nirvANa ko bhAvarUpa mAnate haiM unake anusAra isameM duHkha kA pUrNataH vinAza ho jAtA hai| 2. sautrAntika mata yaha hInayAna sampradAya kA hI rUpa hai| sautrAntika mata 'sutta piTaka' para AdhArita hai| isI kAraNa ise sautrAntika kahA jAtA hai| jisa sampradAya meM buddha ke sUtrAtmaka upadezoM kI vyAkhyA ko pramANa na mAnakara sUtroM kA hI pramANa mAnA jAtA hai aura sUtroM kI bhASA se jo siddhAnta buddhistha hotA hai usI siddhAnta ko buddha dvArA svIkRta siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai| use hI sautrAntika kahA jAtA hai| isa sampradAya meM bhI bAhya aura antara donoM prakAra ke vastuoM kA astitva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu vaibhASika se antara mukhya rUpa se yaha hai ki isameM bAhya padArthoM ko pratyakSa na mAnakara anumAnagamya mAnA gayA hai| kisI ko jaba koI jJAna utpanna hotA hai taba usakI use pratyakSa rUpa se anubhUti hotI hai yaha anubhUti nirAkAra rUpa meM na hokara sAkAra rUpa meM hotI hai| bAhya viSaya mana meM pratirUpa utpanna karate haiN| vAhya viSayoM ke alaga AdhAra hone se unake pratirUpa alaga hoNge| isa prakAra vAhya viSayoM kA jJAna unase utpanna

Page #90
mAnasika AkAroM se anumAna dvArA prApta hotA hai| isaliye isa mata ko bAhyAnumeyavAda kahA jAtA hai| isa mata ko parokSa pathArthavAdI bhI kahA jAtA hai| 3. mAdhyamika zUnyavAda yaha mahAyAna sampradAya kA mukhya upa sampradAya hai| isa sampradAya ke pravartaka nAgArjuna ko mAnA jAtA hai| nAgArjuna kI 'mAdhyamika kArikA' se isa viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| azvaghoSa kA 'mahAyAnazraddhotpAda' zAstra nAmaka grantha mUla saMskRta meM upalabdha nahIM hai| 'saundarAnanda aura buddhacarita' saMskRta mahAkAvya upalabdha hai| isa sampradAya kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki 'sarvazUnyatA hI paramArthika hai, yathArtha meM na koI viSaya hai aura na koI jJAna hai zUnyatA hI vAstavikatA hai use sat, asat, sadasat nosadasata, ina cAra koTiyoM meM kahIM bhI antarbhUta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha pUrNarUpa se anirUpya aura anirvAcya hai| usakA vAstavika svarUpa anAdikAla se pravAhamAna saMvRtti, avidyA kiMvA vAsanA se AvRtta hai| isIliye usakA avabhAsa na hokara usake sthAna meM saMsAra kA avabhAsa hotA hai| isa sampradAya kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki manuSya ko duHkha se mukta hone ke liye saMsAra ke sambandha meM sarvakSaNikam sarvaduHkham, sarvasva lakSaNama aura sarvazUnyama isa bhAvanA catuSTya kA nirantara abhyAsa karate rahanA cAhiye jisase manuSya kA citta saMsAra meM anAsakta ho zUnyatA meM use samAhita kara sadA ke liye duHkharahita banAne meM samartha ho ske| mAdhyamika zUnyavAda kA darzana zaMkarAcArya ke advaita vedAnta se milatA-julatA hai| zUnyavAda bhI saMvRtti aura paramArthika satya ko mAnatA hai zaMkarAcArya ne ise vyavahArika aura paramArthika satya ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| nAgArjuna ne kahA paramArthika dRSTikoNa se sabhI asatya hai zaMkarAcArya ne bhI Izvara, jagaha Adi ko asata hI mAnA hai| nAgArjuna kA zUnya aura zaMkara kA nirguNa brahma lagabhaga eka hI hai| ina samAnatAoM ke kAraNa hI zaMkara ko kucha vidvAnoM ne 'pracchanna bauddha' kahA hai| 4. yogAcAra vi|navAda

Page #91
yogAcAra vijJAnavAda kI mAnyatA hai ki 'vijJAna hI eka mAtra sata hai'vijJAnameva satyama' | vijJAnavAda se Azaya kSaNika vijJAna se hai| ise citta bhI kahA jAtA hai yahI vAstavika hai isase bhinna jo kucha bhI pratIta hotA hai vaha vijJAna kA vivarta hai| vijJAna ke atirikta aura kisI padArtha kI sattA nahIM hai| yogAcAra vijJAnavAda ke pravartaka asaMga aura vasuvandhu the| isa sampradAya kA mukhya grantha 'laMkAvatAra sUtra' hai| bAda meM Age calakara diGanAga, Izvarasena, dharmapAla, dharmakIrti Adi vidvAnoM ne apanA yogadAna diyaa| vijJAnavAdI bAhya vastuoM kI sattA kA khaNDana karate haiM kintu citta kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| aise padArtha jo mana se (bAhya) barhigata pratIta hote haiM kintu ve mana ke hI antargata rahate haiM- 'yadantejJeya rUpaM tada varhivada avbhaaste| Astika darzana 1- nyAya darzana nyAya darzana kI gaNanA Astika darzanoM kI zreNI meM kiyA jAtA hai| bhA0 darzana kA ise 'tarkazAstra' bhI kahA jAtA hai| nyAya darzana ke praNetA AcArya 'maharSi gautama' ko mAnA jAtA hai| inako eka anya nAma akSapAda se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| jisase isa darzana ko 'akSapAda darzana' bhI kahate haiN| nyAya darzana ke viSaya meM vAtsyAyana ne kahA hai ki nyAya vidyA samasta vidyAoM kA pradIpa hai saba karmoM kA upAya, pravartaka hai tathA samagra dharmoM kA Azraya hai| isa prakAra vAtsyAyana bhASya meM uddhRta ukti se isakI mahattA aura upayogitA jJAta hotI hai| yaha ukti isa prakAra hai 'pradIpaH sarva vidyAnAmupAyaH sarvakarmaNAm / AzrayaH sarva dharmANAM vidyodesheprkiirtitaa| (nyA0 sU0 bhASya 1/1/1) 'nyAya darzanam : pR0 15 caukhambA saMskRta saMsthAna vaaraannsii| 74

Page #92
nyAya darzana vastuvAdI darzana hai| isameM pramANa prameya Adi kA varNana hai| 'nyAya' zabda kI vyutpatti hai- "nIyate prApyate vivakSitArthaH siddhiranena iti nyaayH|" arthAt jisake dvArA kisI pratipAdya viSaya kI siddhi kI jAtI hai vaha nyAya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jisa sAdhana se hama apane vivakSita (jJeya) sAdhya paramatatva ke pAsa pahuMca jAte haiM yA use bhalI-bhA~ti jAna pAte haiM vahI sAdhana nyAya hai| bhAratIya darzana ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki yaha atyanta prAcIna zAstra hai| yAjJavalkya ne caudaha vidyAoM kI gaNanA meM nyAyazAstra ko dvitIya sthAna diyA hai| maharSi manu ne dharma ke adhyayana ke liye bhI tArkika dRSTi se nyAya ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai|' kauTilya ne apane grantha 'arthazAstra' meM cAra prakAra kI vidyAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM AnvIkSikI arthAta nyAyazAstra kI gaNanA bhI hai| 'AnvIkSikI sampUrNa vidyAoM kA prakAzaka, samasta karmoM kA sAdhaka aura samagra dharmoM kA Azraya hai| 'AnvIkSikI' se tAtparya hai- 'pratyakSadRSTa tathA zAstrazruta, viSayoM ke tAtvika svarUpa ko avagata karAne vAlI vidyaa| jaisA ki nyAya darzana ke prathama sUtra ke bhASya meM vAtsyAyana ne kahA hai- 'pratyakSAgamAbhyA pAmIkSitasyAnvIkSaNamanvIkSA, tayA pravartata iti aanviikssikii-nyaayvidyaa-nyaayshaastrm|' nyAyasUtra ko isa darzana kA sarvaprAmANika grantha mAnA jAtA hai isake racayitA maharSi gautama haiN| 'nyAyasUtra' para Age calakara vAtsyAyana ne 'nyAya bhASya' likhA hai kintu 'diGnAga' Adi bauddha dArzanikoM ne itanA prabala khaNDana kiyA hai ki udyotakara ko (5vIM se 6vIM zatAbdI meM) 'nyAyabhASya' para eka 'nyAyavArtika' nAma kI TIkA likhanI pdd'ii| kintu khaNDana-maNDana kA prahAra krama rUkA nahIM aura 6vIM zadI meM 'vAcaspati mizra' ne 'nyAyavArtikavATa TIkA' likhii| udayanAcArya ne tAtparyaTIkA para 'parizuddhi' 'ArSadharmopadezaM ca veda zAstra virodhinaa| yastaNanusandhatte sa dharma veda netara / / manuH smR0 12 / / 106 75

Page #93
nAmaka TIkA likhI / udayana ne nyAyakusumAnjali aura 'Atmatatva viveka' nAmaka prasiddha grantha likhe / nyAyavArtika tAtparya TIkA para zrI udayAnAcArya kI 'tAtparya parizuddhi hai / jayanta bhatata kI 'nyAya maMjarI bhI adhika lokapriya granthoM kI zreNI meM hai / yadyapi isameM bauddhoM kA khaNDana hai phira bhI ise nyAyasUtra kI vivRti grantha mAnA jAtA hai / 'nyAyamaJjarI' ke bAda prAcIna nyAya kA saMbhavataH mahatvapUrNa grantha bhAsavaI kA 'nyAyasAra' hai / isa grantha meM nyAyazAstra ko saMkalita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / kAlakramAnusAra paravartI sAhitya ko gaMgeza se lekara yajJapati taka kI kRtiyoM ko 'navyanyAya' kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai / 12vIM zatAbdI se navyanyAya kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai| isake sarvaprathama AcArya gaMgezopAdhyAya hai inakI amarakRti 'tatvacintAmaNi' sarvazreSTha grantha hai| jahAM navya-nyAya ke antargata tarkazAstrIya viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai vahAM prAcIna nyAya meM tatvazAstra para jora diyA gayA hai / nyAya vicAra kI usa vidhi kA nAma hai jisameM vastutattva kA nirdhAraNa karane ke liye sabhI pramANoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| 'pramANairartha parIkSaNaM nyAya: (nyAya bhASya kA prathama sUtra) 'nyAya' zabda se una vAkya ke samUhoM ko bhI vyakta kiyA jAtA hai jo anumAna ke mAdhyama se anya purUSa ko kisI viSaya kA bodha karAne ke liye prayukta hote haiM yaha vAda, jalpa aura vitaNDA ke rUpa meM vicAroM kA mUla evaM tatva nirdhAraNa kA AdhAra hai| nyAya darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki jJAna svarUpataH eka aisI vastu kI ora izArA karatA hai jo usake bAhara ora usase svataMtra hai / 'nacAviSayA kAciduSalabdhi' (nyAyasUtra bhASya 4, 1, 32) anya bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI taraha 'nyAya' kA bhI carama uddezya 'apavarga' hai / apavarga - duHkha kI nizcita aura zAzvata nivRtti hai / mokSa kI anubhUti tatvajJAna arthAta 76

Page #94
vastuoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna hai| yahA~ nyAya kA dRSTikoNa yathArthavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| isI udyezya evaM prayojana hetu nyAya darzana ( solaha SoDaza padArthoM ko mAnatA hai jo isa prakAra hai 2. prameya, 6. siddhAnta, 10. vAda, 1. pramANa, 3. saMzaya, 4. prayojana, 5. dRSTAnta, 7. avayava, 8. tarka, 6. nirNaya, 11. jalpa, 12. vitaNDA, 13. hetvAbhAsa, 14. hala, 15. jAti, 16. nigraha sthAna | 8- AtmA, 6 nyAya darzana meM dravyoM kI saMkhyA 6 mAnI gayI hai| jo isa prakAra hai- 1 - pRthvI, 2- jala, 3 - teja, 4- vAyu, 5- AkAza, 6 - kAla, 7 - dika, mns| sampUrNa jagata ina nau dravyoM se tathA inake vibhinna guNoM tathA sambandhoM se banA huA hai| ye saba nitya hai yA to vibhu hai yA aNu rUpa hai / sAvayavI vastueM anitya hotI hai / pRthvI, jala, teja vAyu nitya, niravayava Adi atIndriya hai| AkAza niravayava, vibhu hai isase koi vastu paidA nahIM hotI hai| kAla aura dik- bAhyArtha mAne gaye haiM AkAza kI taraha vibhu aura niravayava hai / kAla ko mApA nahIM jA sakatA hai| AtmA aneka hai aura pratyeka ko nitya, sarvavyApI mAnA gayA hai| jJAna AtmA kA Avazyaka guNa na hokara Agantuka hotA hai / manas aNu aura nitya hai pratyeka AtmA kA apanA apanA manas hotA hai| AtmA ke sAMsArika bandhana meM par3ane kA mUlakAraNa nizcaya hI usakA manas se sambaddha honA hai (bandhanimittaM manaH nyAya maMjarI pR0 466) / 'AtmA' meM samavAya sambandha se 'buddhi' guNa rahatA hai| ataH 'AtmaniSTha samavAyAvacchinnavRttittvasambandhaM' se buddhi kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| jJAna do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1 - smRti aura 2- anubhava | saMskAra mAtra se utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko 9 77

Page #95
smRti jJAna kahA gayA hai / aura anubhava ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki jo jJAna smRti se bhinna hotA hai vaha anubhavajanya hotA hai| anubhavajanya jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai2. ayathArtha anubhava | 1. yathArtha anubhava yathArtha anubhava ko hI 'pramA' kahA gayA hai- 'yathArthAnubhavaH prmaa|' tarka-saMgraha meM kahA gayA hai| tadbhavati tatprakAra ko'nubhavo yathArthaH / ' kisI vastu kA jo vAstava meM vaha nahIM hai usase bhinna jJAna ayathArtha anubhava hai / tadbhavati tatprakArakazcAyathArthaH / ayathArtha anubhava bhI tIna prakAra kI hotI haisaMzaya, viparyaya, trk| 'anubhUtizcaturvidheti' arthAt anubhUti cAra prakAra kI hai- 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. upamAna, 4. zabda / smRti yathArtha anubhava (pramA) pratyakSa pramiti anumiti upamiti " tarkasaMgraha - pRSTha 58 jJAna zAbdabodhAtmaka pratyakSa pramANa anumAna upamAna pramANa zabdapramANa 78 saMzaya anubhava ayathArtha anubhava (apramA) viparyaya tarka

Page #96
pramA ko jAnane ke sAdhana ko pramANa kahate haiM- 'pramAyAH kAraNaM pramANaM / ' nyAyasUtrakAra ne apane grantha meM likhA hai 1. pratyakSa 'pratyakSAnumAnopamAna zabdAH prmaannaani|' (nyA0 sUtra 1/1/3) arthAt pratyakSapramiti kA kAraNa SaDvidhisannikarSA divyApAra se mukta karaNa (indriya) ko pratyakSa pramANa kahate haiN| bhAratIya darzana meM pratyakSa eka akelA aisA pramANa hai jo nivirvAda rUpa se Astika aura nAstika donoM darzanoM ko mAnya hai| pratyakSa kI paribhASA nyAya si0 muktAvalIkAra ne isa prakAra diyA hai- indriya janyaM jJAnaM pratyakSaM / arthAt indriya janyatve sati jJAnatvaM pratyakSa pramAyAH lakSaNam / indriya se utpanna hone vAle jJAna ko pratyakSa pramA kahate haiN| nyAyasUtra meM maharSi gautama ne pratyakSa kI paribhASA isa prakAra kiyA hai-pratyakSa indriyArtha sannikarSotpanna na jJAna hai jo avyapadeza, avyabhicAri aura vyavasAyAtmaka hotA hai|' annaMbhaTTa ne tarkasaMgraha meM pratyakSa ko indriya aura artha ke sannikarSa se utpanna jJAna batAyA hai- 'indriyArtha-sannikarSajanyaM jJAnaM pratyakSam / ' pratyakSa kI do avasthAeM hotI hai- 1. nirvikalpaka, 2- sviklpk| nirvikalpaka jJAna kI prathama avasthA hai jisameM bhAna hotA kintu sakilpajJAna meM nizcita rUpa se vastu kA pUrA jJAna hotA hai| pratyakSa do prakAra kA hotA hai- 1- laukika pratyakSa, 2 alaukika prtykss| laukika pratyakSa- yaha bhI do prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. vAhya, 2. maans| vAhya pratyakSa-paMcajJAnendriyoM se cakSu, rasanA, ghrANa, tvaka, zrota ke sannikarSa se utpanna hotA hai| mAnasa meM AtmA aura mana kA arthAt AtmamanaH saMyoga se hotA hai| alaukika pratyakSa- yaha pratyakSa tIna prakAra kA hotA hai 1 indriyArtha sannikarpotpannaM jJAnam avyapadezyam avyabhicArI vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam (nyAyasUtra 1/1/4) tarkabhASA pR0 18 3 zrI vizvanAtha paJcAnana bhaTaTAcArya viracitA, nyA0 si0 mu0, vyAkhyAkAra, DA0 zrI gajAnana zAstrI musalagAMvakara, pRSTha 283 / 79 .

Page #97
1. sAmAnyalakSaNa / 2. jJAna lkssnn| 3. yog| 2- anumAna anumitirUpa pramiti kA parAmarzAtmaka vyApAra se yukta kAraNa arthAt karaNa (sAdhana) ko anumAna pramANa kahate haiN| yAni- 'anumIyate anena iti anumAnama'-jisase anumiti kI jAtI hai usa vyApti jJAna ko anumAna kahate haiN| anu+mAna, isameM 'anu kA artha pazcAta aura mAna kA artha jJAna hai ataH anumAna kA artha hai jo jJAna pratyakSa ke pazcAta ho| isIliye gautama ne anumAna kA prANa vyApti hai-vyA sambandha meM likhA gayA hai- 'yatra yatra dhUmastatra tatra vAhiriti sAhacarya nira ptH|' nitya sAhacarya niyama ko 'vyApti' kahate haiN| jaise-dhUma aura agni meM nitya rya sambandha hai ataH isameM vyApti sambandha hai| kintu vRddhi aura dhUma meM vyApti sa nahIM hai, yathAtaptalauha pinndd| kyoMki tapate huye lohe ke gole meM vRddhi to hai vi nahIM hai| vRddhi kA dhUma ke sAtha sambandha Adrandhana saMyoga ke kAraNa hotA hai aura isa saMyoga ko upAdhi kahate haiM sAdhyatyApakaH san sAdhanA'vyApaka upAdhiH (kArikA0 138) / anumAna do prakAra kA hotA hai 1. svArthAnumAna tathA 2. parArthAnumAna / svArthAnumAna eka manovaijJAnika prakriyA hai isameM paJcAcayava kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI hai| parArthAnumAna meM paJcAtrayava vAkya kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai ise 'nyAyavayava' bhI kahate haiM- unake nAma haiM- pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura nigamana / pratijJA meM zabda pramANa kA, hetu meM anumAna pramANa kA udAharaNa meM pratyakSa pramANa kA aura upanaya meM upamAna pramANa kA samAveza hotA hai| nigamana se eka artha ke sAdhana meM sabhI pramANoM ke yogadAna kA pradarzana hotA hai| vAtsyAyana ne nyAyadarzana ke prathama sUtra ke bhASya meM paMcAvayava vAkya ke sandarbha ko isaprakAra varNita kiyA hai"sAdhanIyArthasyayAvatizabdasamUhe siddhiH parisamApyate, tasya paJcAvayavAH pratijJAdayaH 80

Page #98
samUhamapekSyA'vayavA ucyante, teSu pramANa samavAyaH AgamaH prtijnyaa| heturamAnam udAharaNaM prtykssm| upmaanmupmaanm| sarveSAmeMkArthasamavAye sAmarthya pradarzanaM nigmnmiti| so'yaM paramonyAya iti| etenavAda jalpavitaNDAH pravartante naato'nytheti| tadAzrayA ca tatva vyvsthaa| ___ isa prakAra sat hetu meM pAMca guNa hote haiM- pakSasatva, sapakSasatva, vipakSA'satva, asatapratipakSatva aura avAdhitatva / inameM se kisI eka meM doSa hone para vaha hetu sadahetu na rahakara 'hetvAbhAsa' bana jAtA hai| hetvAbhAsa bhI paJcavidha hai- savyAbhicAra, virUddha, satpratipakSa, asiddha aura bAdhita / 3. upamAna upamiti rUpa pramiti kA upadiSTa vAkyArtha smaraNAtmaka vyApAra se yukta kAraNa arthAt karaNa (sAdhana) ko upamAna kahate haiN| yAni 'upamIyate anena iti upamAnama' arthAt sAdRzyajJAna ko upamAna kahate haiN| pUrvAnubhUti vastu ke sadRza hone ke kAraNa jahAM vaisI vastu kA jJAna ho use upamiti kahate haiM:- yathA 'gostathA gvyH|' isaliye upamAna ko 'saMjJA-saMjJi jJAna' kahA gayA hai| 4. zabda pramANa zabdabodhAtmaka pramiti kA padArthasmaraNAtmaka vyApAra se yukta kAraNa arthAta karaNa ko zabda (padajJAna) pramANa kahate haiM:- 'zabdayate pratipAdyate arthaH anena iti zabda :zAbdI pramA karaNam, usase janya jJAna ko zAbdIrUpa anubhUti kahate haiN|' 'anyAyadarzana (vAtsyAyana bhASya) pRSTha 36 AcArya duDhirAja zAstrI (caukhambhA saskRta saMsthAna vArANasI) 81

Page #99
zabda ko "Apta vAkya" mAnA gayA hai| nyAyasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- 'AptopadezaH zabdaH" (nyA0 sU0 1/1/7) SaDadarzana samuccaya meM bhI Apta ke upadeza ko zabdaAgama pramANa kahate haiN| 'Apta' vaha hotA hai jo vastu jisa prakAra kI hai use usI prakAra kA batalAnevAlA 'Apta' hotA hai| zabda pramANa kA vargIkaraNa dRSTArtha zabda aura adRSTArtha zabda ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai| eka anya vargIkaraNa ke anusAra vaidika zabda tathA laukika zabda ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai| kAraNavAda pratyeka kArya kA koI na koI kAraNa hotA hai binA kAraNa ke kArya saMbhava nahIM hotA hai isa prakAra kAraNa aura kArya meM Anantarya sambandha hotA hai| kAraNa kArya kA pUrvavartI hotA hai aura kArya kAraNa kA pazcAtavartI hotA hai| kintu sabhI pUrvavartI ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai- pUrvavartI bhI do rUpoM meM upasthita hotA hai- 1. niyata pUrvavartI, 2. aniyata puurvvrtii| niyata pUrvavartI kArya kI utpatti se pUrva niyata rUpa meM rahatA hai| aniyata pUrvavartI kA svabhAva hai ki kabhI rahatA hai kabhI nhiiN| isa prakAra kAraNa kArya bhAva ko nirUpAdhika yA anyathAsiddha honA caahiye| kAraNa kArya kA anyathAsiddha niyatapUrvavRtti hotA hai| nyAyadarzana kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta ko svayaM siddha mAnatA hai| sAMkhya darzana se isakA yaha bheda hai jahAM sAMkhya satkAryavAda kA poSaka hai vahAM nyAya asatkAryavAda ko mAnatA hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra kAraNa meM kArya pUrva se vidyamAna rahatA hai kArya kevala vyakta avasthA, kA nAma hai- 'nAsato vidyate bhAvaH nA bhAvo vidyate st| isa para sAMkhya kA kAraNa kArya siddhAnta AdhArita hai| nyAyadarzana kA siddhAnta 'ArambhavAda' hai| kyoMki 'nyAyadarzana(vAtsyAyanabhASya) pRSTha11 AcArya dundirAja zAstrI (caukhambhA saMskRta saMsthAna vArANasI) 2 zAbda mAptopadezu mAnameva caturvidhama haribhadrasUri - SaDadarzana samuccaya-pRSTha -106- bhAratIya jJAnapITha prkaashn| * amethAsiddha niyatapUrva vRttitvaM kAraNatvam / (tarka sagraha dIpikA pR066) 82

Page #100
yadi kAraNa meM kArya pahale se vidyamAna rahatA ho aisI sthiti meM nimitta kAraNa kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM pdd'tii| yadi miTTI meM ghar3A pUrva se hI nihita rahatA to kumhAra ko parizrama karane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM pdd'tii| isa prakAra nyAyadarzana meM tIna prakAra ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1-samavAyi, 2-asamavAyi, 3-nimitta kaarnn| Izvara - nyAya darzana Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai kintu 'nyAyasUtra' meM Izvara kA vizeSa vivecana nahIM hai| nyAyabhASyakAra ne Izvara ko AtmA kA hI eka vizeSa rUpa mAnA hai| jisa prakAra jIvAtmA meM jJAna Adi guNa vidyamAna rahate haiM usI prakAra Izvara meM bhI ye saba guNa vidyamAna rahate haiN| isaliye jIva aura Izvara donoM hI AtmA hai| kintu mukhya antara yaha hai ki jIvAtmA meM jJAna Adi guNa jahAM anitya hote haiM vahAM Izvara meM ye saba guNa nitya hote haiN| jIvAtmA kA jahAM bandhana tathA mokSa hotA hai vahAM Izvara isa sabase rahita hai| ataeva Izvara ko 'nityamukta' kahA gayA hai| Izvara paramAtmA hai| na to yaha buddha hai aura na hI mukta hai| Izvara vizva kA sRSTA hone ke sAtha vizva kA saMhartA bhI hai| AtmA hI sampUrNa cetana jagata kA vAstavika svarUpa hai| AtmA nitya aura vibhu hai| paramAtmA kevala eka hai vaha sarvAviSayaka, nityajJAna, nitya icchA, nitya prayatna kA Azraya hai| veda usI kI racanA hai jisake dvArA kartavya-akartavya kI zikSA mAnava ko prApta hotI hai-mahAna naiyyAyika udayanAcArya ne apane grantha nyAyakusumAJjali meM kahA hai| svargApavargayomArgamAmananti manISiNaH / yadupAstimasAvatra paramAtmA niruupyte|| 'anyAyadarzana (vAtsyAyana bhASya) pRSTha 36 AcArya duDhirAja zAstrI {caukhammA prakAzana vaaraannsii| - zAbda mAptopadezu mAnameva caturvidhama haribhadrasUri - SaDadarzana samuccaya-pRSTha -106- bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana / 3 tA0 TIkA 411/21 pR0 565 / / 3-icchAndreSa-prayatna-dukha-sukha jJAnAnyAtmAno ligam (gau0suutr)| 1/1/10 nyAya darzanama (vAtsthAnabhASya)AcArya duDhirAjazAstrI pRSTha-44nyA0 vAtika4/1/21,pRSTha 466 nyA ka0, pR0 142 83

Page #101
nyAya muktAvalI meM vizvanAtha paJcAnana ne maMgalAcaraNa se hI grantha kA Arambha kiyA hai nUtana jaladhara rUcaye gopavadhUTI dukUla caurAya / tasmai kRSNAya namaH saMsAra mahIruhasya vIjAya / / Age aura spaSTa karate huye likhA gayA hai ki 'saMsAreti', saMsAra evaM mahI rUho vRkSastasya bIjAya nimittakAraNAyetyarthaH / etena Izvare pramANamapi darzitaM bhavati / tathAhi-yathA 'ghaTAdikArya kartRjanyaM tathA kssitydd'kraadikmpi|' isa prakAra Izvara ko vizva kA nimittikAraNa mAnA gayA hai / udayana kI 'nyAya kusumAJjali' to Izvara ke caraNoM meM pramANa-puNya kA arpaNa hai| isameM Izvara kA mukhya rUpa se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| nyAya darzana anusAra AtmA nitya hai, usakA janma aura maraNa nahIM hotA hai / jaba kisI naye zarIra ke sAtha kisI AtmA kA bhoga niyAmaka vijAtIya saMyogAtmaka sambandha unpanna hotA hai taba zarIra meM usa AtmA ke sambandha kI utpatti ko hI usa zarIra meM usa AtmA kI utpatti kahA jAtA hai, evaM jaba kisI zarIra ke sAtha kisI AtmA ke sambandha kA nAza hotA hai taba usa sambandha nAza kI sthiti ko AtmA kAmaraNa kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra AtmA kA svarUpataH janma aura nAza nahIM hotA hai kevala usameM ajJAnatA ke kAraNa upacAra mAtra kiyA jAtA hai| AtmA ko ajanmA, avinAzI, nitya nyAya darzana isaliye mAnatA hai ki yadi AtmA ko nitya na mAnakara 'janya' mAna legA to yaha eka anya dravya ho jAyegA jisase ise parama mahAna nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai aura isakI vyApakatA bhaMga ho jAyegI aura AtmA paralAgU hone vAlI sampUrNa bAteM anupapanna hogI jinake liye AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA jAtA hai / aura dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi AtmA ko eka dravya ke rUpa meM mAneMge taba usameM jJAnAdi guNoM kI I * nyA0 si0 mu0 - zrI vizvanAtha bhaTTAcAryaviraciTA - vyAkhyAkAra zrI gajAnana zAstrI musalagAMvakarapR0 3 (cau0 surabhA0 prakA0 vArANasI) 84

Page #102
utpatti ke liye usake avayavoM meM bhI anAdi guNoM kA astitva mAnanA hogA isase sajAtIya guNa prakaTa hAne lagegeM jo AtmA ke niravayava hone meM bAdhaka siddha hoNge| isaprakAra AtmA ko janma mAnane para eka aura doSa pravRtta hogA kyoMki navajAta ko kisI sundara vastu ke dekhane para harSa aura kisI bhayAnaka vastu ke dekhane para bhaya utpanna na ho skegaa| inhIM saba bAtoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara nyAyadarzana meM AtmA ko nitya mAnA gayA hai| apavarga - anya bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI taraha nyAya kA bhI carama uddezya 'apavarga' ko hI mAnA gayA hai| 'apavarga' duHkha kI nizcita aura zAzvata nivRtti hai| mokSa kI anubhUti tatvajJAna arthAta vastuoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna hai| yahA~ nyAya kA dRSTikoNa yathArthavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| gautama muni ne niHzreyasa- niratizaya zreyasa, arthAta apavarga yA mokSa ke nyAya zAstra kA mukhya prayojana mAnA hai| jaisA ki nyAya darzana ke prathama sUtra- 'pramANa prameya saMzaya...tattvajJAnanniHzreyasAdhigama' se spaSTa hotA hai ki 'Atmatatva meM sAkSA se hI mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| gautama muni ne Atmatatva jJAna se mokSa hone kA krama isa prakAra batAyA hai- Atmatatva ke sAkSAtkAra se AtmaviSayaka mithyAjJAna kI nivRtti hotI hai aura isake bAda mithyAjJAna kI nivRtti se rAga dveSa-moharUpa doSoM kI nivRtti hotI hai|aur doSoM kI nivRtti hone ke bAda dharma-adharma rUpa pravRtti kI nivRtti hotI hai aura pravRtti kI nivRtti se punarjanma kI nivRtti hotI hai aura punarjanma kI nivRtti se samasta duHkhoM kI AtyAntika nivRtti hotI hai yaha nivRtti hI niHzreyasa, apavarga yA mokSodi ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| isako sUtra rUpa meM isa prakAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai- 'duHkha janma pravRtti doSa mithyA jJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tadanantarA bhAvApavargaH tadatpanta vimoksso'pvrgH|

Page #103
nyA0 sU0 bhASyakAra- vAtsyAyana ne gautama ke nyAyasUtra 'tadatyantavimokSo'pavargaH' (1/1/22) kI vyAkhyA kara duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti ko hI 'apavarga' kahA gayA hai 19 2 - vaizeSi darzana Astika darzana ke antargata vaizeSika darzana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| vaizeSika darzana kA mukhya praNetA kaNAda muni ko mAnA jAtA hai| maharSi kaNAda ke nAma para ise 'kaNAda darzana' bhI kahA jAtA hai| unakA eka anya nAma 'ulUka' bhI thA jisake kAraNa 'aulUkya darzana' bhI kahA jAtA hai| 'vizeSa' nAma ka atidipadArtha kI vyAkhyA karane ke kAraNa isa darzana kA nAma vaizeSika par3A / vaizeSika darzana bahutatvavAdI vastuvAda para bala detA hai / kaNAda aura pANinIya vyAkaraNa ko sarvazAstropakAraka mAnA jAtA hai- 'kANAdaM pANinIyaM ca sarvazAstropakArakam / ' vaizeSika darzana kA sabase mukhya evaM Adi prAmANika grantha vaizeSika sUtra hai / jisake racayitA svayaM maharSi kaNAda the| prazastapAda bhASya' athavA padArtha dharma saMgraha yaha kaNAda sUtroM para AdhArita bhASya ke sAtha-sAtha svataMtra grantha bhI hai| isa grantha para do TIkAoM kA bhI saMketa milatA hai| jo ki eka udayanAcArya kI 'kiraNAvalI' hai tathA dUsarI 'zrIdharAcArya' kI 'nyAyakaMdalI' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / kaNAda sUtroM para zrI zaMkara mizra ne 'upaskAra' nAmaka TIkA grantha bhI likhA hai / isa para eka vRtti hai jise 'bhAradvAja vRtti' kahate haiM / vallabha kI lIlAvatI TIkA bhI vaizeSika darzana kA prasiddha grantha hai| isa darzana kI kucha anya ullekhanIya grantha haiMzivAditya racita saptapadArthI, lauMgAkSibhAskara dvArA racita tarka kaumudI Adi hai / AcArya 'baldeva upAdhyAya' ne apanI pustaka 'bhA0 darzana' meM (vaizeSika ke bAre meM ) likhA hai ki 'vaizeSika kI utpatti kaba huI bauddha granthoM meM (milindaprazna, laMkAvatAra sUtra, lalita vistAra Adi meM) vaizeSika darzana kA nAmollekha pAyA jAtA hai| ina granthoM 86

Page #104
meM nyAya siddhAntoM ko bhI vaizeSika nAma se smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya tathA vaizeSika matoM ko buddha se pUrvakAlIna mAnane meM bauddha sampradAya kI ekavAkyatA dIkha par3atI hai| jainoM kI tatvasamIkSA saMbhavataH vaizeSika padArthoM kI kalpanA para Azrita hai ataH vaizeSika darzana jaina tathA bauddha donoM se prAcInatara pratIta hotA hai|" vaizeSika darzana meM kaNAda kA sabase mahatvapUrNa yogadAna paramANuoM se saMsAra ke vikAsa kI avadhAraNA hai| ke0 dAmodarana ne apane grantha 'bhAratIya cintana paramparA' meM nandalAla sinhA ke kathana ko udhRta kiyA hai- "kaNAda IsA pUrva dasavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI ke madhya jIvita rahe hoNge| jaisA ki hama pahale dekha cuke haiM prAMcIna jaina dharma kI avadhAraNA yaha thI ki sabhI bhaitika vastueM atyanta sUkSma paramANuoM se banI hai| ina paramANuoM meM apane guNa hote haiM aura ve eka-dUsare se milakara skandhoM kA nirmANa karate haiN| vaizeSika praNAlI avazya hI padArthoM kI isa prAcIna avadhAraNA se vikasita huI hogI aura buddhottara kAla meM sUtroM ke rUpa meM use pratipAdita aura kramabaddha kiyA gayA hogaa| maharSi kaNAda ne yaha mAna hai ki isa saMsAra kA astitva vastugata rUpa se, manuSya kI buddhi se bAhara aura usase svataMtra hai aura isako manuSya apane prayatna vizleSaNa se jAna sakatA hai| vaidha jJAna ko prApta karane kI cAra vidhiyAM hai- pratyakSa, laiMgika, smRti tathA ArSa / maharSi kaNAda ne vaizeSika sUtra ko isa vaktavya se prArambha kiyA hai- "aba hama dharma kI vyAkhyA kareMge- (athAto dharma vyAkhyAsyAmaH)" aba prazna hai ki dharma kyA hai? isake uttara meM kaNAda ne kahA dharma Izvara athavA kisI daivI aura zAzvata niyati para vizvAsa nahIM hai varan dharma vaha hai jisase pragati aura antima kalyANa saMbhava hai| muni ne yato'bhyudaya niH zreyasa siddhiH sadharmaH" isa dUsare sUtra se dharma kA yaha lakSaNa batAyA hai ki jisase abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kI siddhi ho vaha dharma hai| ' AcArya baldeva upA0 bhA0 darzana- pR0 213 prakAzana-cauNambhA surabhAratI vaaraannsii| 2 ke. domodarana- bhA0 cinna paramparA- pR0 160 (prakAzana pipulsa pabliziMga hAusa (prA0) li0 rAnI jhAMsI roDa naI dillii| 87

Page #105
zaGkara mizra ne 'upaskara' nAmaka apane grantha meM 'abhyudaya' kA artha tatvajJAna kiyA hai aura niHzreyasa kA artha duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti kiyA hai| arthAta zaMkara mizra ne mAnA hai ki tatvajJAna aura niHzreyasa kA sAdhaka dharma hai| AcArya prazastapAda ne vaizeSika darzana ke bhASya kI racanA prArambha karate huye sUtrakAra dvArA lakSita dharma ko padArtha dharma ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA hai- yathA 'praNamya hetumIzvaraM muni kaNAdamanvataH / padArtha dharma saMgrahaH pravakSyate mahodayaH / / isa padya se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki padArtha aura lakSita dharma jJAna kevala tabhI saccA hotA hai jaba vaha vastuoM kI prakRti ke anurUpa hotA hai anyathA va jhUThA hai| satya kI puSTi kevala aisI vyavahArika kriyAoM ke dvArA hI kI jA sakatI hai jo usa jJAna para Adharita ho aura saphala siddha ho| vibhinna padArthoM ke sAratatva ke jJAna, unameM sAmyatA aura viSamatA, samAnatA aura bhinnatA ke jJAna se hI sarvopari kalyANa hotA hai| kaNAda ne isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai ki "dharma vizeSa prasUtAta dravya guNa karma sAmAnya vizeSa samavAyAnAM padArthAnAM sAdharmyavaidhAbhyAM ttvjnyaanaanniHshreysm"| (kaNAda vaize0sU0 1-4) muni ne isa sUtra se batAyA hai ki padArtha kA sAdharmya - vaidharmya mUlaka jJAna dharma vizeSa se prasUta hai| dharma vizeSa ke kathana se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki sAdharmya- vaidharmya mUlaka padArtha tatvajJAna kA udaya jisa dharma se hotA hai vaha usa padArtha dharma se bhinna hai jisakA vyAkhyAna karane ke liye vaizeSika darzana kI racanA huI hai kintu vaizeSika darzana meM jisa dharma vizeSa ko pradhAna rupa se varNita kiyA gayA hai vaha padArthoM kA sAdharmyavaidharmya rupa hai| sAdharmya se tAtparya hai- padArtha kA samAna dharma- anugata dharma jo katipaya padArthoM kA saMgrAhaka hotA hai, vaidharmya kA artha hai padArtha kA vyAkRta dharma, arthAta jo dharma jisa padArtha meM nahIM rahatA hai usa padArtha ke sambandha meM vaha dharma jJeyatva, vAcyatva sabhI padArthoM kA sAdharmya hai| dravyatva, guNatva Adi kama se dravya, guNa Adi kA sAdharmya hai| 88

Page #106
kintu ye dharma pratyeka padArthoM meM nahIM rahatA hai ateva jo dharma jisa padArtha meM nahIM rahatA hai vaha usakA vaidharmya hotA hai| sAdharmya samAna dharmA sabhI padArthoM ko grahaNa kara unameM anya padArthoM ke vaidharmya se anya padArtha ke bheda kA anumAnika bodha kiyA jAtA hai| jaise dravyatva, guNa Adi meM na rahane se guNa Adi kA vaidharmya hai aura sabhI dravyoM meM rahane se saba dharmo kA sAdharmya hai| ateva dravyatva rupa sAdharmya dvArA sabhI dravyoM ko grahaNa kara unameM guNAdi kA vaidharmya rupa hone se usI dharma se guNAdi rupI bheda kA anumAna hotA hai / anumAna kA prayoga isa prakAra hotA hai- "dravyaMguNAdibhyobhidhate dravyatvena guNAdi vaidhAta" yo na yato bhidyaH te sa na tada vidharmA, yathA guNAdiH svataH abhinnatayA na sva vidharmA" dravya guNa Adi se bhinna hai, kyoMki usameM guNAdi kA vaidharmya dravyatva vidyamAna hai jo jisase bhinna nahIM hotA, usameM usakA vaidharmya nahIM hotA, jaise 'rupa' se abhinna guNAdi meM guNAdi kA vaidharmya nahI hotaa| dravya meM sthita guNAdi bheda hI dravya kA tatva hai isase yaha pratIta hotA hai kA sAdharmya aura vaidharmya se tatvajJAna hotA hai aura usase hI niHzreyasa donoM kI siddhi ho vaha dharma hai, isa lakSaNa dvArA padArtha dharma kA hI grahaNa muni ko abhISTa hai yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai| nyAyadarzana aura vaizeSika darzana samAnataMtra kahalAte haiM kyoMki kucha bAtoM meM ina meM donoM kA dRSTikoNa samAna hai donoM darzana eka-dUsare para anyonyAzrita hai| eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| donoM kA uddezya mokSa prApta karAnA hai| donoM kA mAnanA hai ki samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa 'ajJAna' hai ina duHkhoM kI Atyantika nivRtti hI mokSa hai| donoM darzana 'vastuvAdI' darzana hai yaha vastuvAda anubhava evaM tarka para AdhArita hai| itanI samAnatA rahane para bhI donoM darzanoM meM kucha binduoM ko lekara matabheda hai| jaisA ki nyAya darzana

Page #107
cAra pramANoM ko svataMtra rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai kintu vaizeSika kevala do pramANa pratyakSa aura anumAna ko hI mAnatA hai tathA zabda aura upamAna ko anumAna ke hI antargata mAna letA hai| dUsarA antara, mukhya rupa se padArthoM ko lekara hai| nyAyadarzana jahA~ solaha padArthoM ko mAnatA hai vahAM vaizeSika darzana kevala sAta padArthoM ko ginAtA hai| vaizeSika darzana ne 'jJeyatva' aura 'abhidheyatva' ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sapta padArthoM kA parigaNana kiyA hai| vaizeSika darzana padArthoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karatA hai- 1. bhAva padArtha 2. abhAva padArtha / jisa vastu kI sattA hai use 'bhAva padArtha' kahate haiM aura jisasa vastu kI sattA nahIM hai use abhAva padArtha kahate haiM / bhAva padArtha meM 'sattA' aura 'vRtti' kA antara kiyA gayA hai| jo deza aura kAla meM vidyamAna rahe vaha sattA hai isa prakAra dravya, guNa, karma aise bhAva padArtha haiM / aura jisakA daihika - kAlika astitva nahIM hotA hai use vRtti kahate haiM / dravya, guNa, karma, samavAya, sAmAnya, vizeSa ye SaT bhAva padArtha haiM aura abhAva sAtavAM padArtha svayaM eka mAtra abhAva padArtha ke antargata haiM / pA~ca mahAbhUta, kAla, dika, AtmA aura mana ye nau dravya haiN| guNoM kI saM0 caubIsa taka batAyI gayI hai| bhautika jagata kI vyAkhyA bhA0 darzana meM sAMkhya aura vaizeSika maulika rupa se karate haiN| udayanAcArya ne "dravyaguNa, karma, sAmAnya, vizeSa - samavAyInAM padArthAnAM sAdharmyavaidharmyAbhyAM tatvajJAnaM niHzreyasa hetuH / isa prazastapAda ke prathama gadyabhAga kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM apane grantha 'kiraNAvalI' meM ullekha kiyA hai- "niHzreyasaM punaH duHkha-nivRttiH AtyarttikI atrayavAdinAM avivAdi eva nahi apavRktasya dukhaM pratyApadyata iti kazcidabhyupaiti / duHkha kI AtyAntika nivRtti niHzreyasa hai isameM pratipakSiyoM ko koI vivAda nahIM hai kyoM ki " duHkha se mukta honA' saba (niHzreyasa) mokSa sabako mAnya hai| udayanAcArya ne likhA hai yadyapi duHkha kA vinAza sIdhe puruSa prayatna sAdhya na hone se puruSArtha nahIM hai kintu duHkha ke mUla kAraNa mithyAjJAna kA vinAza puruSa ke jJAna prayatna 90

Page #108
se hI saMbhava hai ataH usake kAryabhUta mithyA jJAna nivRtti se janyaya hone ke kAraNa paramparayA puruSa prayatna sAdhya hone se puruSArtha hai| nyAya aura vaizeSika donoM darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki mokSa kI avasthA meM AtmA ke sAtha zarIra kA aura zarIra kA mana se sambandha nahIM rahatA hai kyoM ki usa samaya sAre saMskAra samApta ho cuke rahate haiM usa samaya na to kisI prakAra kA jJAna hotA hai na sukha, duHkha hotA hai| isameM duHkhoM kA abhAva hotA hai| naiSadhakAra zrI harSa ne isa mokSAvasthA kA upahAsa apane grantha taiSadhacaritaM meM kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki manuSya isameM to pASANakalpa ho jAtA hai| yathA - muktaye yaH zilAtvAya zAstramUcasacetasAma / gotamaMtamevetaiva yathA vittha tathaiva saH / / nyAyavaizeSika sammata mukti ke sambandha meM ye nirvivAda rupa se ajJAnamUlaka haiN| "bhAratIya darzana kI pramukha samasyAeM" nAmaka grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki- "nyAyavaizeSika sammata mukti ke sambandha meM yuktiyAM nirvivAda rUpa se ajJAnamUlaka haiM jise AtmA kA vAstavika svarupa jJAta hai vaha aisI bAta kabhI nahIM kara sakatA, kyoM ki pASANa meM caitanya kA utpattisthala hone kI yogyatA nahIM hotI, usameM kabhI bhI jJAna kA udaya nahIM hotA, kintu AtmA meM caitanya ke udaya kI sahaja yogyatA hai, zarIra Adi kA samparka hone para usameM jJAna kA janma hotA hI hai| mokSAvasthA meM bhI usakI yaha yogyatA samApta nahIM ho jAtI hai yadi usa avasthA meM bhI use zarIra Adi kA samparka prApta ho to usameM jJAna kA udaya yathApUrva punaH ho sakatA hai kintu zarIra Adi ke sAtha AtmA kA sambandha karAne vAle dharma-adharma ke na rahane se yaha yoga nahIM prApta hotA, ataeva usa avasthA meM AtmA me jJAna kA udaya nahIM hotA kintu vaha jJAna kA

Page #109
Azraya hone kI apanI sahaja zAzvata yogyatA ke kAraNa samasta acetana padArthoM kI apekSA utkRSTa rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai|" paramANukAraNavAda vaizeSika kA paramANukAraNavAda sAMkhya ke satkAryavAda ke viparIta asatkAryavAda ko mAnatA hai| ise 'AraMbhavAda' bhI kahate haiN| padArtha kI utpatti se tAtparya yaha hai- paramANu se saMyoga aura vinAza kA artha hai- paramANu se sNyog-vibhaag| paramANu nitya hote haiN| pratyeka nityaparamANu meM "vizeSa" hotA hai jo usakA nitya aura vyAvartaka hotA hai| kaNAda ne yaha mAnA hai ki yaha brahmANDa zAzvata paramANuoM kA eka aisA DhAMcA hai jo karma ke adRSTa sarvavyApI naitika niyama dvArA paricAlita aura vikasita hotA hai| isa prakAra vaizeSika darzana meM jo pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu ke prAthamika paramANu haiM vaha zAzvata haiM kisI ne isakA nirmANa nahIM kiyA hai| kintu ina paramANuoM ke yoga aura sammizraNa se banI vastueM apane svabhAva ke kAraNa hI vinAzazIla aura vighaTanazIla hai ataH azAzvata haiN| jaise ghar3A- usake bhale hI asaMkhya Tukar3e kara diye jAya kintu usake paramANuoM ko kabhI naSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo ananta kAla se vartamAna zaGkarAcArya ne apane brahamasUtra zAGkara bhASya 1/12 meM vaizeSika siddhAnta ko saMkSepa meM likhA hai- 'sAmAnyataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki sampUrNa meM arntanihita aMgoM kA nirmANa saMyuti ke phalasvarupa hotA hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki ve sabhI vastueM jo vibhinna aMgoM athavA cAra padArthoM- pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ke milane se banI haiM jaiseparvata aura sAgara, ve saba cAra prakAra ke paramANuoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke saMyogoM kA pariNAma haiN| ina vastuoM ko hama vibhinna aMgoM ke sampUrNa rupa mAna sakate haiM jo antataH paramANuoM se utpanna mAnI jA sakatI haiM tathA jo isa brahmANDa ke vighaTana ke ' bhAratIya darzana kI samasyAeM - parisaMvAda se taiyAra pRSTha- 36 prakAzana- rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI jypur| 92

Page #110
samaya punaH paramANuoM ke rupa meM vighaTita ho jAtI haiN| isa prakAra zaGkara ne vaizeSika ke padArthoM ko mAtra mAnyatA kahA hai| sAMkhyadarzana SaDAstika darzanoM meM sAMkhya kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhAratIya darzana kI Astika vicAradhArA meM sAMkhya darzana sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| isa darzana ke pratiSThApaka AcArya maharSi kapila mAne jAte haiN| inake nAma kA ullekha upaniSadoM, gItA, mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva Adi meM bhI milatA hai| kapila vaidika kAla ke muni the isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai kyoM ki kapila kA ullekha zrutiyoM meM milatA hai| zvetA0upani0 meM kahA gayA hai - "RSi prasUtaM kpilm"| bhagavatagItA meM zrI kRSNa ne kapila ko apanI vibhUtiyoM meM ginAyA hai- "sidvAnAM kapilo muniH"| isa prakAra sAMkhya darzana kI pracInatA siddha hotI hai| zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya meM sAMkhya ko vedAnta kA "pradhAna malla" pramukhapratipakSI ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| maharSi vAdarAyaNa ne 'brahmasUtra' meM tathA AcArya zaMkara ne apane brahmasUtra zAGkara bhASya ke tarkapAda meM sAMkhya kA yuktiyoM ke dvArA khaNDana karane ke alAvA zrutimUlaka khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| saMkhyadarzana kA prasiddha grantha 'sAMkhyapravacanaM sUtra' hai ise kapila dvArA praNIta mAnA jAtA hai kintu isako mAnane meM vidvAna ekamata nahIM haiN| kyoM ki zaGkarAcArya prabhRti anya AcAryoM ne isa grantha kA nAmollekha taka nahIM kiyA hai| kucha vidvAna ise 15vIM zatAbdI kI vijJAnabhikSu kI racanA mAnate haiN| IzvarakRSNa kI 'sAMkhyakArikA' sAMkhya kA prAcInatam grantha hai| vAcaspati mizra ne 'sAMkhyakArikA' para apanI prasiddha TIkA 'sAMkhya-tatva-kaumudI' likhii| kapila kI do racanAoM kA patA calatA hai, 'tatvasamAsa tathA saaNkhysuutr'| 'tatvasamAsa' kevala 22 choTe sUtroM kA samuccaya mAtra hai| sAMkhyasUtra meM 6 adhyAya haiM aura sUtra 537 haiN| kapila ke ziSya 'Asuri' kA varNana prAcIna granthoM meM

Page #111

Page #112
1. prakRti se tAtparya kevala 'kAraNa' se hai yaha kAraNa mAtra prakRti hai jo kisI kA kArya nahIM hai| 2. kucha tatva kevala kArya hote haiM jo kisI ko utpanna nahIM kara sakate haiM-vikRti ye saM0 meM 16 haiM 3. kucha tatva kAraNa aura kArya donoM hote haiM ye saMkhyA meM sAta hote haiN| 4. aura jo tatva na to prakRti kAraNa hai na vikRti na kArya hai vaha puruSa hai| yaha cetana AtmA hai| 'na prakRti na vikRti puruSaH / ' (sAkhya kArikA) satkAryavAda pratyeka kArya kA koI na koI kAraNa hotA hai binA kAraNa ke kArya kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaisA kAraNa rahegA usase vaisI hI prakRti ke kArya kI utpatti hogii| isa siddhAnta ko kAraNakAryavAda kahate haiN| kAraNa-kAryavAda ke do rupa hote haiM- 1. satkAryavAda 2. asatkAryavAda sAMkhya darzana satkAryavAda kA poSaka hai| isake anusAra koI strI kArya apanI utpatti se pUrva kAraNa meM avyakta rupa se vidyamAna rahatA hai| isasa prakAra kAraNa aura kAryarUpa eka hI vastu ke do rupa hai| kAraNAvasthA avyaktarupa aura kAryAvasthA vyakta rupa hai| sAMkhya darzana gItA ke isa siddhAnta para TikA huA hai- 'nAsato vidyate bhavaH nAbhAvo vidyate sataH / arthAt asat se sat kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI hai| asatkAryavAda ke anusAra kAryaya apanI utpatti se pUrva apane kAraNa meM vidyamAna nahIM rahatA hai| kArya kI sattA utpatti se hI AraMbha hotI hai isa mAnyatA ke kAraNa asatkAryavAda ko 'ArambhavAda' bhI kahate haiN| yadi kArya apanI utpatti se pUrva kAraNa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai to vaha sata hone se utpanna' hai phira utpatti kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| usakI dubArA utpatti punarutpatti hai jo vyartha aura anAvazyaka hai isako

Page #113
mukhya rupa se hInayAnI bauddha, vaizeSika, naiyAyika, tathA kucha mImAMsaka asatkAyarksavAda ko mAnate haiN| satkAryavAda ke do rupa haiM- 1. pariNAmavAda 2. vivartavAda ___ sAMkhya yoga aura rAmAnuja vedAnta pariNAmavAda ko mAnate haiM kyoM ki ye kAraNa kA kArya meM parivartana vAstavika mAnate haiM aura jo loga kAraNa kA kArya meM parivartana vAstavika na mAnakara prAtItika mAnate haiM unhe vivartavAdI kahA jAtA hai| zUnyavAda, mUlavijJAnavAda,zAMkara vedAnta brahama vivartavAda ko mAnatA hai| sAMkhya prakRti pariNAmavAda ko mAnatA hai sAMkhya ne satkAryavAda kI siddhi ke liye jo yuktiyAM dI gayI haiM vaha nimna kArikA se spaSTa haiM 'asada kAraNAdupAdAnaMgrahaNAt sarvasaMbhavAbhAvAta / zaktasya zakya karaNAt kAraNabhAvAcca satakAryam sA0kA06 prakRti smasta jar3a jagata kI jananI hai kintu svayaM ajanmA hai| sRSTi kA Adi kAraNa hone se ise 'mUlaprakRti' bhI kahA jAtA hai| vizva kA prathama maulika tatva hone ke nAte ise 'pradhAna' bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha dikhAyI nahIM detI hai isaliye 'avyakta' kahalAtI hai aura isakA kevala anumAna hI kiyA jAtA hai isaliye 'anumAna' saMjJA se bhI vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| yaha jar3a aura acetana hai vivekazUnya hai svataMtra hai, eka hai, kintu aneka puruSabhogya hai| prakRti triguNAtmikA hai arthAt sata, raja, tama tIna guNoM se yukta hai isaliye yaha 'suHkha duHkha mohAtmaka hai| prakRti prasavadharmiNI hai kyoM ki sampUrNa jagata usI se prasUta hai|"trigunnmviveki viSayaH sAmAnyamacetanaM prasavadharmi' / (sAMkhya kArikA 11) sAMkhya pakRti ko hI jagat kA ekamAtra kAraNa svIkAra karatA hai kyoM ki yadi cetana brahama, AtmA yApuruSa ko jar3a jagata kA kAraNa mAnane para jagata jar3a na hokara cetana ho jaayegaa| prakRti acetana hote huye bhI niraMtara sakriya hai| prakRti vyaktitva rahita hai kyoM ki vyaktitva usI kA hotA hai jisameM buddhi hotI hai aura saMkalpa kintu

Page #114
prakRti meM donoM kA abhAva hai| sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti ko 'mAyA' kahA gayA hai- 'mAyAM tu prakRti vihAta mAyina tu mahezvaram' (shve0up04/10)| "guNAnAM sAmyAvasthA prakRtiH" kahA gayA hai arthAt prakRti ke tInoM guNoM kI sAmyAvasthA hI prakRti hai| sAMkArikA meM prakRti kI sattA siddha karane ke liye nimna kArikA dI gayI hai bhedAnAM parimANAt samanvayAt zaktitaH pravRttezca / kAraNa kArya-vibhAgAdavibhAgAd vaizvarupyasya / / sAM0kA0 prakRti aura isake tIna guNa prakRti tIna guNoM se yukta hai isaliye ise 'triguNI' bhI kahA jAtA hai ye tInoM guNa- sata, raja, tama haiN| ye guNa ati sUkSma aura atIndriya hai| isaliye guNoM kA bhI pratyakSa nahIM hotA hai kevala isakA anumAna hotA hai| satvaguNa kA kArya sukha hai rajoguNa kA kArya duHkha hai aura tamoguNa kA kArya moha hai| kaumudIkAra zrI mizra jI ne triguNoM kA jo vivecana kiyA hai vaha isa prakAra hai "prItyaprItiviSAdAtmakAH prakAzapravRtti niymaarthaaH| anyonyAbhibhavAzrayajananamithuna vRttayazca gunnaaH|" isa uparyukta kArikA meM triguNoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa diyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki satva guNa kA svarupa prItyAtmaka, rajoguNa kA aprItyAtmaka (duHkhAtmaka) tathA tamoguNa kA svarupa viSAdAtmaka (mohAtmaka) hai| isakA viziSTa lakSaNa bhI kaumudIkAra zrI mizra ne diyA hai "satvaM laghu prakAzakamiSTamupaSThambhakaM calaM ca rajaH / guru varaNakameva tamaH pradIpacAcyArthato vRttiH" / / arthAt satvaguNa lAghava evaM prakAza se yukta hotA hai yahI satva guNa agni ke urdhvajalana evaM tiryagagamana meM sahAyaka hotA hai| rajoguNa ko apravRttizIla satvatamAdi

Page #115
ko sva-sva kAryoM meM pravRtta karAne ke kAraNa upaSThambhaka (uttejaka) evaM caMcala kahA gayA hai| tamoguNa ko, rajoguNa kI pravRtti meM pratibandhaka hone ke kAraNa guru evaM AvaraNaka kahA gayA hai| ('guruvaraNakamevatamaH') ina tInoM guNoM kA prayojana 'prakAza pravRttiniyamArthAH hai arthAt isa kArikAMza ke anusAra satvaguNa-prakAzArtha, rajoguNa-pravRtyartha tathA tamoguNa niyamArtha pravRtta hotA hai| sammilita rupa meM ye tInAM guNa battI-tela-agni samanvita pradIpavata eka hI puruSArtharupI prayojana ko siddha karate haiN| guNoM kI sAmyAvasthA pralaya kI hotI hai aura virupAvasthA meM sRSTi hotI hai| puruSa sAMkhya kA dusarA mUla tatva puruSa hai| puruSa kI sattA svayaMsiddha hai| puruSa na to prakRti hai na vikRti, arthAt na to kAraNa hai aura na to kaary| 'na prakRtinaM vikRtiH puruSaH / / puruSa kA svarupa prakRti se paryApta bhinna hai| prakRti eka hai- puruSa aneka hai| prakRti acetana hai kintu puruSa cetana hai| prakRti kAraNa hai kintu puruSa na to kAraNahai aura na kArya hai| prakRti svayaM ajanmA hai kintu prasavadharmiNI hai kyoMki sArA jar3a jagata isI se prasUta hai| puruSa cetana dravya nahIM balki caitanya isakA guNa yA dharma hai| puruSa caitanyasvarUpa hai aura caitanya usakA svabhAva hai| puruSa vizuddha viSayI hai jo kabhI viSaya yA jJeya nahIM bana sakatA hai vaha sAkSI hai, kUTastha nitya hai| puruSa vyApaka, vibhu hai vaha niguNa yA nistraiguNya hai| puruSa vidhiniSedha ke Upara hai| puruSa ko 10vI 11vIM kArikA meM puruSa kA svabhAva prakRti svarupa vAlA bhI hai aura usase bhinna bhI hai| jaisA ki sAMkhya kArikA meM kahA gayA hai 'hetumada nityamavyApi, sakiyamanekamAzritaM, liGgama / sADavayaM paratantram vyaktaM viparItamavyaktam / / 10 / /

Page #116
triguNama vivekiviSayaH, sAmAnyamacetanaM prasavadharmi / vyaktaM tathA pradhAnaM tadviparItastathA ca pumAna / / 11 / / 11vIM kArikA meM puruSa ko prakRti ke svarUpa se bhinna yathA- triguNAtIta, vivekI, aviSayI, asAmAnya, cetana tathA aprasavadharmI kahA gayA hai| 10vIM kArikA meM puruSa ko prakRti ke svarUpa vAlA kahA gayA hai yathA- ahetumata, nitya, vyApI, niSkriya, eka, anAzrita, svataMtra, aliMDaga hai| puruSa kI sattA siddha karane ke liye sAMkhya kArikA meM nimna kArikA dI gayI hai saMghAtaparArthatvAta triguNAdiviparyayAdadhiSThAnAt / puruSo'st ibhoktRbhAvAt kaivalyArtha pravRttezca / / 17 / / puruSa nitya aura eka hote huye bhI zarIra bheda se bahuta haiM- sAMkhya puruSoM meM saMkhyAgata bheda aura guNagata abheda mAnatA hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya puruSa bahutva ko svIkAra karatA hai- nimna kArikA se spaSTa hai "janana-maraNa-karaNAnAM pratiniyamAda yugapatyapravRttezca / puruSa bahutvaM siddhaM traiguNya vaparyayAccaiva / / 18 / / arthAt janma-mRtyu aura indriyoM ke pratiniyama se yA pratyeka zarIra kA janma-maraNa aura indriyoM ke saMghAta ke pRthaka-pRthaka hone se tathA traiguNya ke viparyaya se puruSa kA bahuta honA svayaM siddha hai| vibhinna puruSoM kA janma alaga 2 hotA hai aura mRtyu bhI alaga 2 hotI hai aura jJAnendriya bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai| anyathA eka puruSa ke janma se sabakA janma aura eka puruSa kI mRtyu se sabakI mRtyu ho jaatii| isa prakAra yadi koI puruSa kisI rupa gandha Adi kA anubhava karatA to sabhI puruSa vahI krte| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki puruSa eka na hokara aneka hai| prakRti-puruSa sambandha

Page #117
sAMkhya dvaitavAdI hai, prakRti aura puruSa do mUla tatvoM ko mAnatA hai| ye dono tatva yadyapi eka dUsare ke svabhAvataH pratikUla haiM kintu inake saMyoga se hI sRSTi hotI hai| prakRti-puruSa kA saMyoga anAdi avidyA ke kAraNa hotA hai jaisA ki 'yoga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai "draNTudRzyayoH saMyogo heya hetuH / arthAta draSTA-dRzya kA saMyoga heya kA hetu hai| purUSa cinmAtra hai| vaha apariNAmI, nitya aura sarvavyApI hai| prakRti triguNAtmikA hai aura purUSa nistraiguNya hai| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra prakRti-purUSa kA (sambandha) saMyoga bhI aMdhe aura laMgar3e ke samAna saprayojana hotA hai| isakA mukhya rUpa se do prayojana hotA hai bhoga aura mokSa prakRti kA mukhya prayojana bhoga hai tathA purUSa kA prayojana mokSa hai| arthAt prakRti bhoga ke liye purUSa kI apekSA rakhatI hai aura purUSa mokSa ke liye prakRti kI apekSA rakhatA hai| Izvara kRSNa ne isako isa prakAra vyakta kiyA haipuruSasya darzanArtha kaivalyArtha tathA pradhAnasya |pnggvndhvdubhyorpi saMyogaH tatkRtaH sargaH / (sAMkhya kArikA 12) arthAt prakRti bhogyA hai, triguNAtmikA hai, acetana hai Adi isaliye koIaisA tatva honA cAhiye jo bhoktAho, nistraiguNya aura cetana ho| yaha puruSa hI siddha hotA hai| prakRti aura puruSa kA saMyoga sambandha kisI deza-kAla meM nahIM hotA hai yaha kevala vicAra jagata meM sannidhi mAtra hotA hai| aura yaha saMyoga donoM kI AkAMkSA para nirbhara karatA hai| yaha saMyoga saSTikAla (sarga) meM hotA hai, pralayakAla meM donoM kA viyoga hotA hai| prakRti puruSa saMyoga ayaskakAnta maNivata hotA hai| sRSTikrama sAMkhya darzana nirIzvaravAdI aura satkAryavAdI darzana hai| prakRti aura puruSa-jIva ke anAdi saMyoga se hI lagat kI racanA mAnI gayI hai| sAMkhya kArikA meM Izvara kRSNa ne jagata kI racanA meM prakRti kI svataMtra pravRtti kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai- "vatsa 100

Page #118
vivRddhi nimittaM kSIrasya yathA prvRttirjnysy| purUSa vimokSa nimittaM tathA pravRtti pradhAnasya / / " jisa prakAra dUdha acetana hote huye bachar3e ke pAlana ke nimitta gAya ke stana se svayaM pravAhita hone lagatA hai usI prakAra purUSa jIva ke bhoga aura mokSa ke liye prakRti jagat kI racanA meM svayaM vyApta hotI rahatI hai| isa prakAra paMbandhvavat prakRti-purUSa saMyoga hone para prakRti se mahat (buddhi) kA ArvibhAva hotA hai yaha acetana hotI hai kintu purUSa ke pratibimba se pratibimbita hokara cetanavatI sI ho jAtI hai aura adhyavasAya buddhi kA lakSaNa hai| phira mahat tatva se ahaMkAra aura etadnantara ahaMkAra se SoDazsamuccaya utpanna hotA hai| arthAt ahaMkAra ke sAtvika aMza se ekAdaza indriyAM udbhUta hotI hai aura tamoguNa ke pradhAna aMza se paJcatanmAtrAeM udbhUta hotI hai phira ina tanmAtrAoM se paMcamahAbhUta utpanna hotA hai| jaisA ki sAM0 kArikA kAra ne likhA hai "prakRtermahAstato'haMkArastasmAdgaNazca So'zakaH / tasmAdapi SoDazakAtpaJcabhyaH paJca bhuutaani|| 22 / / " sRSTikrama vikAsavAda ko tAlikA se isa prakAra dikhAya jA sakatA hai prakRti-purUSa mahat (buddhi) ahaMkAra sAtvika rAjasika tAmasika 101

Page #119
manas paJcajJAnendriyAM paMJcakarmendriyAM paJcamahAbhUta guNoM meM jaba kSobha utpanna hotA hai taba usakI sAmyAvasthA bhaMga ho jAtI hai aura eka guNa dUsare guNa para prabhutva jamAne kI koziza karate haiM aura jo guNa zaktizAlI hotA hai usI ke anurUpa vastu kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra paccIsa tatva sAMkhya mAnatA hai| sAMkhyakArikAkAra ne nimna kArikA se spaSTa kiyA hai paMJcatanmAtrA mUlaprakRtira vikRtirmahadAdyA prakRti vikRtayaH sapta / SoDazakastu vikAro na prakRtirna vikRtiH purUSaH / / isa prakAra prathama mahat tatva se prArambha hokara antima paJcamahAbhUtoM taka kA yaha sArA prakRtikRta sRSTikrama pratyeka purUSa ko mukta karAne ke liye pravRtta hotA hai / 'pratipurUSavimokSArtha svArtha iva parArthaArambhaH / itaH prakRti kA srArSTa vyApAra puruSa ke bhoga aura mokSa ke sampAdana ke liye hotA hai| bandhana aura mokSa yA apavarga jaba puruSa kA prakRti se saMyoga hotA hai taba purUSa kA pratibimba citicchAyApapatti ke mAdhyama se prakRti (buddhi) para par3atA hai aura buddhi cetanavatI sI hokara viSayAkArakArita ho jAtI hai|' aura pratibimbita purUSa asmitA purUSa hai aura prakRti ke sAre kArya sampAdana ko apanA samajhane lagatA hai yahI purUSa kA bandhana hai| zuddha purUSa yA 'jJa' purUSa kA bandhana nahIM hotA hai balki 'asmitA purUSa' kA hotA hai| prakRti apane sAta rUpoM ke dvArA purUSa ko bAMdhatI hai aura eka rUpa jJAna mAtra se mukta karatI hai "rUpaiH saptabhireva tu badhnAtyAtmAnamAtmanA prakRtiH / 'sA0 kA0 meM- tasmAd tatsayogAdacetanaM cetanAvadiva liMgam / guNakartRtve'pitathAkartevabhavatyudAsIna / / 20 / / 102

Page #120
saiva ca purUSArthaM prati vimocayatyeka rUpeNa / / (sA0kA0) isa prakAra kahA gayA hai ki isa bandhana meM prakRti hI baMdhatI aura mukta hotI hai purUSa meM ye upacAra mAtra se Aropita hotI hai kyoMki purUSa to sarvathA mukta hai| "tasmAnnaMvadhyate'ddhA na... saMsarativadhyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prkRtiH||' jaise senA kI jaya-parAjaya svAmI (rAjA) meM Aropita hotI hai vaise hI bhoga aura apavarga prakRti kA hote huye bhI purUSa meM upacArita kiye jAte haiN| kaivalya se tAtparya mokSa yA duHkhatraya kI ekAntika va AtyAntika nivRtti hai yaha aikAntika duHkhanivRtti, prakRti-purUSa viveka jJAna se hI saMbhava hai- "vyaktAvyakta vijJAnAt / " isa prakAra 'dRSTA' aura 'dRzya' kA saMyoga duHkha kA kAraNa hai- 'draSTadRzyayoH saMyogo heya hetuH (yogadarzana 17) aura ina donoM ke saMyoga kA abhAva hI 'apavarga' hai| isa prakAra jaba purUSa ko vivekajJAna athavA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai taba purUSa prakRti ke bandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai aura prakRti ko raMgamaMca para nRtya karatI huyI nartakI ke rUpa meM darzaka kI bhAMti, baiThakara dekhatA hai aura prakRti bhI isa mukta purUSa ke liye socatI hai ki maiM isake dvArA dekha lI gayI huuN| aura aisA socakara apanA kArya sampAdana banda kara detI hai- 'raGasyadarziyitvA nivartatenartakI yathA nRtyAt / purUSa bhI prakRti ko "dekhacukA hU~" aisA socakara upekSA kara detA hai aura purUSa meM buddhi ke sAta pariNAma dagdha bIja ho jAte haiM jisase unakA koI phala nahIM hotA hai-isaprakAra yaha jIvana mukta kI avasthA hotI hai "samyaga jJAnAdhigamAd dharmAdInAma kAraNa praaptau| tiSThati saMskAra vaMzAccakrama bhramavaddhRtazarIraH / / " (67 sAMkhya kArikA) prArabdha karmoM ke saMskAra ke kAraNa vaha saMdeha banA rahatA hai kintu jaise hI prArabdha karma samApta ho jAte haiM vaha videha mukta ho jAtA hai aura zarIra nahIM raha jAtA hai| purUSa kabhI nAza na hone vAle avazyasaMbhAvI, aikAntika va AtyAntika kaivalya ko prApta 103

Page #121
hotA hai-"prAptezarIra bhede, caritArthatvAta prdhaanvinivRtau| aikAntikamAtyantikamubhayaM kaivlymaapnoti||" (sAM0 kA0 68) 4. yoga darzana sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke bIca yoga darzana kA sthAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| isa darzana ke mukhya praNetA maharSi pataMjali mAne jAte haiN| isaliye ise "pAtaMjala darzana" bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa darzana kA mukhya grantha "yogasUtra" yA "pAtaMjalasUtra" hai jo cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai- samAdhipAda, sAdhanapAda, vibhUtipAda tathA kaivlypaad| "yoga sUtroM para vyAsamuni kA bhASya hai jise 'vyAsabhASya' yA 'yogabhASya' bhI kahA jAtA hai| vyAsa bhASya para do TIkA (vyAkhyAeM) hai- 1- vAcaspatimizra kI yogatatva vaizAradI hai| 2vijJAnabhikSu kI yoga vArtika ati prasiddha hai| 'yoga' kA mahatva spaSTa rUpa se veda, upaniSada, smRti, purANa Adi sabhI granthoM meM varNita milatA hai| jaisA ki Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai- 'yoge-yogetavastaraM vAje vAje hvaamhe| skhaayindrmuutye||' nizcatarUpa se isameM ullikhita "yoga" zabda yoga sAdhanA kA hI artha detA hai| yoga kI mahattA aura upayogitA kAvarNana upaniSadoM meM bhI huA hai- kaThopaniSada meM AtmajJAna ke ekamAtra sAdhana ke rUpa meM yoga ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai- adhyAtmayogAdhigamena devaM matvA dhIro harSazokau jhaati|| vRhadAraNya upaniSada meM bhI AtmajJAna ke liye samAdhi ko anivArya rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| zvetAzvetara upaniSada meM bhI yoga kI muktakaMTha se prazaMsA kI gayI hai-'yoga pravRttiM prathamAM vdnti| sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke bIca yoga darzana kA sthAna atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| zaGkarAcArya aura vAcaspati mAnate haiM ki hiraNyagarbhAparanAmA kapila ne sarvaprathama 'sAMkhya yoga' ko upadeza diyaa| sAMkhya tathA yoga 'kaThopaniSada 1/2/21 * tasmadadevaM vicchAnto dAnta uparatAstitIkSu.samAhite bhUtvA''tmanyevAtmAnaM pazyati(bRhadA0 4/4/23)tasmAdevaM / 'zvetA0 upa0 2612 104

Page #122
eka hI darzana ke saiddhAntika evaM kriyAtmaka pahalU haiN| donoM hI darzana meM abhinnatA hai / isakI abhinnatA kA pramANa isase bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki yoga sUtra ke bhASyakAra vyAsa neM apaneM bhASya kA nAma "sAMkhyapravacana bhASya" rakhA / zrImadbhagavadgItA bhI apane ko yogazAstra kI saMjJA detI hai tathA jIvana ke abhyudaya ke liye sAMkhya tathA yoga ko AdhAra lenA Avazyaka batAtI hai / "loke'smina dvividhA niSThA purA proktA mayAnaghaH / jJAnayogena sAMkhyAnAM karmayogena yoginAm / / " yadyapi gItA meM prayukta 'sAMkhya' aura 'yoga' zabda ko sAMkhyadarzana aura pAtaJjala darzana meM ekadama saTIka payAryavAcI nahIM mAnate haiM / kintu Antarika hAvabhAva sAMkhya aura yoga kA gItA se milatA-julatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mantavya hai ki sAMkhya aura yoga donoM usa purAtana kAla meM eka hI darzana ke sammilita nAma the / antara mAtra itanA thA ki yadi eka tatvasiddhAnta thA to dUsarA usa siddhAnta ko sAkSAtkAra karane kA sAdhana patha thA|sAMkhya aura yoga kI abhinnatA kA pratipAdana gItA meM bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai sAMkhyayogau pRthagbAlAH pravadanti na paNDitAH / ekamApyAsthitaH samyugubhayorvindate phalam / / (zrImadbhagavatagItA 5 / 4) isake (zrImadbhagavatagItA ) pAMcave adhyAya ke pAMcave zloka meM kahA gayA hai'yatsAMkhyaiH prApyate sthAnaM tadyogairapi gamyate / ekaM sAMkhyaM ca yogaM ca yaH pazyati sa pazyati / / ( zrImadbhagavatagItA 5/5) sAMkhya darzana ke dvArA svIkRta 25 tatvoM ko yoga bhI svIkAra karatA hai kintu yoga sAMkhya se haTakara 26vAM tatva 'Izvara' ko mAnatA hai isaliye ise 'sezvarasAMkhya' bhI kahate haiM / kintu Izvara ko atirikta tatva na mAnakara 'puruSatatva' meM hI samAhita kiyA * kapilonAmaviSNoravatAravizeSaH prasiddha. svayaMbhUhiraNyagarbhastasyApi sAMkhyayogaprAptirvede zrUyate / sa etezvara Adi vidvAna viSNuH svayaMbhUritabhAvaH (ta0 vaizA0 1625) 105

Page #123
gayA hai| sAMkhya dvArA svIkRta tIna pramANoM ke pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda ko yoga bhI svIkAra karatA hai| sAMkhya darzana kI taraha yoga darzana bhI dvaitavAdI hai aura usake tatvazAstra ko pUrNataH svIkAra karatA hai kevala Izvara ko jor3a detA hai| isaliye sAMkhya aura yoga ko 'samAna taMtra' kahA jAtA hai| _ 'yoga' zabda yuj dhAtu meM 'ghana' pratyaya lagAne se niSpanna hotA hai| 'yuja'-samAdhai dhAtu 'divAdigaNIya (Atmane pada) meM pAyI jAtI hai- sAMkhya yogazAstra meM 'yoga' zabda kA abhISTa artha samAdhi arthAta cittavRtti kA nirodha hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 1- 'yogaH samAdhiH sa ca sArvabhaumaH cittasya dharmaH / ' 2- yogazcitta vRtti nirodhaH samAdhiH / (yoga sUtra 1/2) isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki sAMkhyayogadarzana meM prayukta 'yoga' zabda 'yuj' samAdhau dhAtu se hI 'gha' pratyaya lagAkara banA huA hai| 'yoga' zabda kA pracalita artha 'milana' hai arthAta 'jIvAtmA kA paramAtmA se miln|' yogiyAjJavalkya meM yoga lakSaNa diyA gayA hai 'saMyogoM yoga ityuktaH jIvAtmaparamAtmanoH / ' yogasUtra cAra pAdoM meM vibhakta hai samAdhi, sAdhana, vibhUti, kaivly| samAdhipAda meM citta ko bAhya viSayoM se haTAkara purUSa ke vAstavika svarUpa meM samAhita karane kI vidhi varNita hai| sAdhanapAda meM citta kI barhimukha vRttiyoM ke nirodha aura antarmukha sAtvika vRttiyoM ke pravartana ke upAyoM kA varNana hai| vibhUtipAda meM una samasta upalabdhiyoM kA varNana hai jo yoga se citta ke zakti samvarddhana aura puruSa ke svarUpa bodha se hotI hai| kaivalyapAda meM purUSa apane vivekakhyAti se vizuddha, nitAnta nirmala, caitanyasvarUpa meM avasthita ho jAtA hai| citta:tti 'yogazcittavRtti nirodhaH' isa prathama sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki citta kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha hI yoga hai aura 'yogaH samAdhi' arthAt yoga hI 'samAdhi' hai| vRtti se tAtparya 106

Page #124
hai jaba citta indriyoM dvArA vAhya viSayoM ke samparka meM AtA hai athavA svayaM hI mAnasa viSayoM ke samparka meM AtA hai taba vaha viSaya kA AkAra grahaNa kara letA hai aura isa prakAra 'tadAkArAkArita' ho jAtA hai ise hI 'vRtti' kahate haiN| isa prakAra kliSTa akliSTa ke bheda se vRttiyAM pAMca prakAra kI hotI hai- "pramANa viparyayavikalpanidrAsmRtayaH" (yoga sUtra 6) / avidyAdi paJcaklezoM se utpanna hone vAlI (vRttiyoM) tathA karmasaMskAra samUhoM ko utpanna karane vAlI vRttiyA~ kliSTa aura vivekakhyAtiviSayaka guNoM ke kArya kI virodhanI vRttiyAM akliSTa kahI jAtI haiN| ina citta-vRttiyoM kA nirodha cittabhUmiyoM meM hI hotA hai| ye citta bhUmi haiM- kSipta, mUr3ha, vikSipta, ekAgra, nirUddha, ina pAMca bhUmiyoM meM kramazaH pAMca vRttiyoM kA nirodha hotA hai| yogazAstra meM sAdhakoM kI tIna zreNiyAM batAyI gayI haiM- 1. uttama, 2. madhyama, 3. adhama / inheM kramazaH yogarUr3ha, yuJjAna tathA ArurakSu bhI kahA gayA hai| 1. yogasUtrakAra maharSi pataMjali ne uttama sAdhaka ko cittavRtti nirodha ke liye abhyAsa, vairAgya ko batAyA hai 'abhyAsvairAgyAbhyAMtannirodhaH / ' 2. madhyama yogI ke liye kriyA yoga ko batAyA gayA hai- 'tapaHsvAdhyAyaIzvara prnnidhaanNkriyaayogH|' 3. adhama sAdhakoM ke liye aSTAMga yoga ko batAyA gayA hai| aSTAMga yoga yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna, samAdhi ye yoga ke ATha aMga hai| 'ymniymaa''snpraannaayaamprtyaahaardhaarnnaadhyaansmaadhyo'ssttaavNgaani|' 1. yama- 'ahiMsA-satyAsteyabrahmacaryAparigrahAH yamAH / / 30 / / ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha yama haiN| * pAtaMjala yoga darzanam- DA0 sureza candra zrIvAstava-pR0 265 / 107

Page #125
2. niyama- 'zaucasantoSatapaHsvAdhyAyezvara praNidhAnAniniyamAH / ' zauca, saMtoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya, Izvara prANidhAna ye pAMca niyama hai| 3. Asana- 'sthirasukhamAsanam' jisameM sthira sukha kI prApti ho vaha Asana hai| 4. prANAyAma- 'tasmin sati zvAsa prazvAsayorgativicchedaH prANAyAmaH / ' arthAt Asana-siddhayanantara zvAsa prazvAsa kI gati kA hI viccheda 'prANAyAma' hai| 5. pratyAhAra- "svaviSayA samprayoge cittasya svarUpAnukAraivendriyANAma prtyaahaarH|| indriyoM kA apane apane viSaya ke sAtha saMyukta na hone para cittAkAra svarUpa sA ho jAnA hI pratyAhAra hai| 6. dhAraNA- 'dezabandhacittasya dhAraNA' arthAt citta ko nAsikAdi kisI dezavizeSa meM ekAgra karanA hI dhAraNA hai| 7. dhyAna- 'tatra pratyayaikatAnatA dhyAnam - kisI viSaya para citta kI ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai| 8. samAdhi- 'tadevArtha mAtra nirbhAsaM svarUpazUnyamiva samAdhiH / arthAt dhyAna hI dhyeya ke svarUpa kA hokara aura svasvarUpa se zUnya jaisA ho jAtA hai| dhAraNA, dhyAna, samAdhi yoga ke antaraGga sAdhana hai aura uparyukta pAMca vahiraGga sAdhana hai| samAdhi ke antargata do prakAra kI samAdhi varNita kI gayI hai- 1. samprajJAta samAdhi, 2. asamprajJAta samAdhi / samprajJAta samAdhi 'samyak prajJAyate'sminniti smprjnyaatH'| arthAt citta kI ekAgra bhUmi meM jaba vRtti kA nirodha hotA hai taba sAtvika buddhi pUrNarUpa se udita ho jAtI hai aura prakRti-purUSa kA vivekajJAna ho jAtA hai- 'vyaktAvyakta vijnyaanaat'| samprajJAta samAdhi asamprajJAtasamAdhi kI pUrvavartI sAdhana mAtra hai aura isake siddha hone para hI asamprajJAta samAdhi hotI hai| samprajJAta samAdhi siddhicAra sopAnakrama meM hotI hai 108

Page #126
1. vitarkAnugata 2. vicAramugata 3. AnandAnugata 4. asmitaanugt| cauthe asmitAnugata samAdhi meM hI viveka khyAti kA udaya hotA hai aura 'dharmamedha samAdhi' bhI ise kahA jAtA hai| yaha jIvanamukta kI avasthA hotI hai| asamprajJAta samAdhi yaha samprajJAta samAdhi kI sAdhyabhUtA samAdhi hai- isakA lakSaNa'virAmapratyayaabhyAsapUrvaH saMskArazeSo'nyaH' (yoga sUtra 1/18) meM batAyA gayA hai| yaha videha mukti kI avasthA hotI hai| yaha do sopAnoM meM hotI hai 1- bhava pratyaya asamprajJAta smaadhi| 2- upAya pratyaya asamprajJAta samAdhi / yoga darzana kA kaivalya sAMkhya ke kaivalya yA apavarga jaisA hI hai| pratikUla vedanIya duHkha se chuTakArA prApta karanA hI kaivalya hai| yoga ke anusAra 'purUSArtha zUnya guNoM kA pratiprasava tathA purUSa kA apane svarUpa meM avasthApana mokSa hai- 'purUSArtha zUnyAnAM guNAnAMpratiprasavaH kaivalyaM svarUpapratiSThA vA citizaktiriti / (4/33 kaivalyapAda) puruSa ke apane svarUpa meM avasthiti ho jAne para buddhi bhI mukta ho jAtI hai aura purUSa bhI- 'tadAdraSTuH svarUpe'vasthAnam' (yoga sUtra 1/3) / yogadarzana samAdhi meM siddhi ke liye Izvara ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| isakA varNana yogasUtra meM 1/24, 1/25, 1/26, 1/27, 1/28, 1/26 meM kiyA gayA hai| Izvara eka purUSa vizeSa hai jo sarvathA mukta hai- 'klezakarma vipAkAzaiH parAmRSTaH purUSavizeSa IzvaraH / ' yo0 sU0 (1/24) Izvara kA vAcaka zabda praNava athavA oGkAra hai| yoga sAdhanA meM Izvara kA mahAna upayoga yaha hai ki usakI bhAvanA karane aura usake nAma kA japa karane se yogamArga ke sAre vighna dUra ho jAte haiM aura sAdhaka ko 'tasyavAcakaH praNava yo0 sU0 (1/27) 109

Page #127
apane svarUpa kA darzana hotA hai aura kaivalya kI siddhi hotI hai| yoga darzana meM Izvara ko sarvajJa mAnA gayA hai "tatra nirAtizayaM sarvajJa bIjam / "" arthAt jJAna kA nirAtizaya honA usakI sarvajJatA kA dyotaka hai| isa darzana meM Izvara ko sabakA gurU kahA gayA hai - jaisAki "sarveSAmapi gurUH kAle nAnavacchedAta " isa sUtra se vidita hotA hai| Izvara ke cintana se pratyeka cetana buddhi ke prati samvedI purUSa arthAta jIva kA usake vAstava vizuddha caitanya rUpa meM bodha hotA hai aura isa bodha ke prayAsa meM hone vAle vighnoM kA nirAkaraNa hotA hai- 'tataH pratyakcetanAbhigamo'pyantarAyAbhAvazca / / " (1/26 yoga sUtra) / mImAMsa darzana Astika darzanoM kI zreNI meM mImAMsA darzana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa darzana ke mukhya praNetA maharSi 'jaiminI' mAne jAte haiM / 'mImAMsA' zabda kA artha hai- 'pUjita vicaar'| yaha zabda pahale karmakANDa viSayaka jijJAsA ke liye prayukta hotA thA / arthAt 'mImAMsA' kA artha hai- kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA yathArtha varNana / mImAMsA darzana kA uddezya hai- brAhmaNoM ke karmakANDoM aura yajJoM Adi kA praNAlIbaddha vivecana prastuta karanA / veda ke do bhAga haiM- 1. karmakANDa, 2. jJAnakANDa / karmakANDa ke antargata yajJa-yAgAdi kI vidhi tathA anuSThAna kA varNana karmakANDa kA viSaya hai| jJAnakANDa ke antargata jIva-jagata - Izvara ke paraspara sambandha kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| mImAMsA do prakAra kI hai- 1. karmamImAMsA, 2. jJAna mImAMsA / karmamImAMsA karma viSayaka jJAnoM kA parihAra karatI hai / aura jJAna mImAMsA jJAna viSayaka bAtoM kA parihAra karatI hai| karmamImAMsA ko pUrvamImAMsA yA mImAMsA bhI kahate haiN| jJAna mImAMsA ko uttara mImAMsA yA vedAnta kahate haiM / vedAnta veda ke uttara bhAga arthAta upaniSada bhAga yA jJAnakANDa para AdhArita hai isaliye isa uttara mImAMsA, brahmamImAMsA 2 yo0 sU0 1/25 / 110

Page #128
yA jJAna mImAsA bhI kahate haiN| pUrva mImAMsA kA mUla-grantha jaimini kA sUtra hai| jisakI sUtra saMkhyA 2745 hai| mImAMsA sUtra 16 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| jinameM prathama 12 adhyAyoM ke dvAdazalakSaNI mImAMsA bhI kahate haiN| aura antima 4 adhyAyoM ko 'saMkarSaNa kANDa' yA 'devatA kANDa' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| maharSi jaiminI ne mImAMsA ke ATha AcAryoM ke mata kA ullekha kiyA hai- Atreya, Alekhana, Azmarathya, aitizAyana, kAmukAyana, kArNAjini, bAdarAyaNa, bAdari tathA laalukaayn| jaiminI sUtra para zabara svAmI (200 I0) kA prasanna gaMbhIra bhASya hai jise 'zabara bhASya' kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna vRttikAra upavarSa (100-200 I0) bhartRhari, bhavadAsa, devasvAmI Adi ne vRttiyA~ likhii| mImAMsA praNetA jaiminI ke kAla ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiM- 'rAdhakRSNana' yaha mAnate haiM ki 'jaiminI' IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI ke mahApurUSa the| hiriyannA kA mata hai ki unakA jIvana kAla IsA pUrva dUsarI aura tIsarI zatAbdI ke madhya bItA thaa| pataJjali jo IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke madhyakAla meM huye the apane mahAbhASya meM mImAMsA kI carcA kI hai| ataH yaha mAnanA tarkasaMgata hI jAna par3atA hai ki jaiminI, pataJjali se pUrva ke huye hoNge| sAMkhya aura yoga ke samAna mImAMsA aura vedAnta ko bhI samAnataMtra kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki inameM kAphI samAnatA hai- mImAMsA sUtra kA prathama sUtra hai- 'athAto dharma jijnyaasaa| aura vedAnta sUtra kA prathama sUtra hai- athAto brahma jijJAsA (jaba brahma kI jijJAsA karanI caahiye)| donoM hI darzana vedAzrita hai| isaliye rAmAnujAcArya ne mImAMsAsUtra aura vedAntasUtra ko eka hI zAstra ke pUrva tathA uttara khaNDoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 'zabara-bhASya' ke do vyAkhyAkAra the 1. prabhAkara mizra, 2. kumArila bhaTTa / aura ina donoM ne do mata sthApita kiye| prabhAkara mizra kA mata 'gurumata' kahalAtA hai| kumArila ke prabhAkara ziSya the unakI prakhara buddhi ko dekhakara kumArila ne unakA nAma 'guru' rakha diyaa| kumArila bhaTTa ke tIna vizAlakAya vRtti grantha haiM- zlokavArtika, 111

Page #129
taMtravArtika aura dupttiikaa| pArthasArathi mizra ne zlokavArtika para 'nyAyaratnAkara' TIkA likhI hai unakA prakaraNa grantha 'zAstra-dIpikA' prasiddha hai| kumArila bhaTTa ke TIkAkAroM meM pArthasArathi mizra, mAdhavAcArya aura khaNDadeva kA nAma prasiddha hai| pArthasArathi mizra ne nyAyaratnAkAra, tarkaratna, nyAyaratnamAlA AdivArtika kI racanA kiye| murAri mizra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai- 'murArestRtIyaH panthAH' / arthAta mImAMsA ke tRtIya sampradAya kA pravartaka mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne bhavanAtha ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| inakA samaya 12vIM zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai inakA koI grantha bhI prApta nahIM hotA hai| jJAnamImAMsA prAmANya vicAra- ajJAna tathA satyabhUta padArtha ke jJAna ko pramA kahate haiN| pramA kA karaNa pramANa hai arthAt jisa jJAna se ajJAta vastu kA anubhava ho tathA jo kisI dUsare jJAna se bAdhita na ho ora doSa rahita ho use hI pramANa kahate haiN| pramANa ko lekara prabhAkara aura kumArila alaga-alaga mata rakhate haiM prabhAkara mizra pA~ca pramANoM ko svIkAra karate haiM- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthaaptti| kintu kumArila cha: pramANa mAnate haiM ina pA~coM ke atirikta anupalabdhi nAmaka chaThavAM pramANa mAnate haiN| mImAMsA darzana meM veda ko apauruSeya mAnate huye nitya nirdoSatA ke AdhAra para use pramANa mAnA gayA hai| prAmANya ke viSaya meM tIna mata prasiddha haiM1. prabhAkara kA mAnanA hai ki sabhI jJAna yathArtha hote haiM bhrama kI sattA unheM svIkAra nahIM hai| jisa sthala para vidvAna bhrama kI sattA svIkAra karate haiM usa sthala meM prabhAkara vizeSya aura vizeSaNa kA pRthaka-pRthaka do jJAna mAnate haiN| aura kahate haiM ki jisa doSa ke kAraNa vizeSya bhUta padArtha kI pahacAna nahIM hotI usI ke kAraNa ukta donoM jJAnoM meM tathA unake viSayabhUta vizeSya aura vizeSaNa meM bheda jJAna nahIM hotA isa prakAra svarUpataH aura viSayataH bhinna rUpa meM ajJAta ukta jJAnadvaya se vaha saba kArya 112

Page #130
sampanna hotA hai jo bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne isa prakAra tAlikA ke mAdhyama se bhramavAdiyoM ke mata meM aise sthala meM vizeSya- vizeSaNa ke bAdhita sambandha ko viSaya karane vAle bhrama se utpanna hotA hai / jJAna. 1 prAmANya svataH - mImAMsA, vedAnta, sAMkhya yoga parataH - nyAya bauddha svataH- bauddha aprAmANya -- parataH - nyAya, mImAMsA, vedAnta, sAMkhya- yoga mImAMsaka svataH prAmANyavAda ko mAnate haiM / jJAna svataH pramANa hotA hai| prabhAkara aura kumArila donoM svataH prAmANya vAdI haiM / inake anusAra jJAna kA prAmANya bAhara se nahIM AtA aura jJAna kI prAmANikatA ko anya jJAna se siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| prabhAkara ke anusAra 'svataH' kA artha jJAna janaka sAmagrI se hai| isa prakAra prabhAkara kA mAnanA hai ki jJAna svayaM prakAza hai arthAt jJAna jisa sAmagrI se utpanna hotA hai usI se usa jJAna kA tathA usake prAmANya kA jJAna hotA hai tathA pratyeka jJAna apane svarUpa, apane viSaya, aura apane AzrayabhUta jJAtA isa tripuTI ko viSaya karatA hai| kumArila bhaTTa kA mAnanA hai ki jJAna atIndriya hai usakA pratyakSa nahIM hotA kintu jJAna se viSaya ke upara jJAtatA nAmaka dharma kI utpatti hotI hai| mImAMsaka yaha mAnate haiM ki prAmANya kI utpatti aura pramANya kA jJAna donoM svataH hote haiN| jJAna kA prAmANya aura isa prAmANya kA jJAna donoM jJAna ke sAtha hI udita hotA hai aura usI sAmagrI se utpanna hote haiM jisase jJAna utpanna hotA hai / ' mImAMsakoM kA mAnanA hai ki jJAna kA aprAmANya parataH hotA hai aura bAhara se anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra mImAMsaka jahAM svataH prAmANyavAdI haiM vahAM naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAdI haiN| 'aprAmANya' prAmANya svataH utpadyate svataH jJAyate ca / utpattau svataH prAmANyaM jJapatau ca svataH prAmANyam / / sI0DI0 zarmA bhAratIya darzana, pRSTha 161 / 113

Page #131
ke viSaya meM donoM eka mata haiM kyoM ki donoM hI ( mImAMsaka, naiyAyika) aprAmANya ko parataH svIkAra karate haiM / sI0 DI0 zarmA ne bhAratIya darzana meM likhA hai ki "mImAMsaka jJAna aprAmANya ko, naiyAyika ke samAna, parataH mAnate haiM kyoMki isakA anumAna kAraNa-doSa ke AdhAra para yA bAdhaka jJAna ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai / kintu prAmANya ko parataH mAnane para unakI ghora Apatti hai aura unhoMne nyAya ke parataH prAmANya kA prabala khaNDana kiyA hai| mImAMsakoM ke anusAra yadi jJAna meM svataH prAmANya na ho to jJAna kabhI bhI prAmANika nahIM ho sakatA / naiyAyikoM kA yaha kathana ki jJAna utpatti ke samaya taTastha hotA hai aura usameM prAmANya yA aprAmANya bAda meM AtA hai, sarvathA asatya hai / taTastha jJAna arthAt prAmANya aura aprAmANya se virahita jJAna asaMbhava hai kyoM ki jJAna sadA yA to prAmANika hotA hai yA aprAmANika / yahA~ tIsarA vikalpa nahIM hai / " AtmA prabhAkara aura kumArila donoM ke anusAra AtmA aneka haiN| donoM hI AtmA ko nitya, sarvagata, vibhu, vyApaka dravya mAnate haiM jo jJAna kA Azraya hai| mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra manuSya kA yathArtha rUpa 'AtmA' hai| vahI prANimAtra kA vAstavika rUpa hai| AtmA pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna bhinna hai| apane pUrva janmoM ke karmAnusAra use nayA janma milatA hai aura use naye janma meM pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA phala bhoga prApta hotA hai| nyAyavaizeSika ke samAna kumArila bhI AtmA ko jar3a dravya mAnate haiM, jo jJAna nAmaka guNa kA Azraya hai| jJAna AtmA kA Agantuka guNa hai| mokSa ke samaya dharma aura adharma kI samApti ke kAraNa zarIra- indriya Adi sambandha kA Atyantika vilaya ho jAtA hai| kumArila kA mata naiyyAyikoM aura prabhAkara ke mata se bhinna hai - kumArila jJAna ko AtmA kA pariNAma yA kriyA mAnate haiM jisake dvArA AtmA padArthoM ko jAnatA hai / 114

Page #132
jaina mata ke samAna kumArila bhI AtmA ko nityAnitya, bhedAbheda rUpa cidacidrupa aura dravya evaM guNa-karma-rUpa mAnate haiN| mImAMsA-darzana meM jagata kI sattA anAdi aura ananta hai, isakA Atyantika pralaya kabhI nahIM hotA hai| pravAha rUpa se anAdi hone ke nAte isakI prathama utpatti bhI nahIM hai| ataeva jagatakartA ke rUpa meM Izvara kA astitva isa darzana ko mAnya nahIM hai| saMsAra kI sRSTi ke liye dharma aura adharma kA puraskAra aura daNDa dene ke liye Izvara ko mAnanA bhrAntimUlaka hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM Izvara ke sthAna para aneka devatAoM ko mAnA gayA hai isaliye ise 'anekezvaravAdI' kahA jAtA hai| kumArila aura prabhAkara bhI jagata kI sRSTi aura vinAza ke liye Izvara kI AvazyakatA nahIM mahasUsa krte| Izvara ko vizva kA sraSTA, pAlanakartA aura saMhArakartA mAnanA bhrAmaka hai| kumArila to veda ko bhI Izvara kI racanA nahIM maante| manuSya ko apane karmAnusAra vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma milatA hai tadnusAra hI sukha-duHkha, svarga-naraka Adi kI prApti hotI hai| 6-vedAnta darzana ___ uttara mImAMsA veda ke jJAnakANDa para AdhArita hai isaliye ise vedAnta yA brahma mImAMsA bhI kahate haiN| vedAnta zabda kA prayoga upaniSadoM ke liye hotA hai kyoMki upaniSada veda ke antima bhAga haiN| bAdarAyaNa 'vedAnta' ke mukhya rUpa se praNetA mAne jAte haiN| unakA samaya IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI aura IsvI san dUsarI zatAbdI ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| kucha vidvAnoM aura dArzanikoM ne unheM paurANika vedavyAsa hI mAnA hai jinhoMne 'mahAbhArata' kI racanA kI thii| pANini ne bhI jina pArAzarya bhikSusUtroM kA nAma ullikhita kiyA hai ve parAzara ke putra maharSi bAdarAyaNa vyAsa ke dvArA viracita 'brahma-sUtra' se bhinna nahIM pratIta hotA hai| kintu isa para bahuta adhika matabheda haiM kucha vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki saMbhavataH ye 115

Page #133
bAdarAyaNa hI vedavyAsa the jinhoMne upaniSadoM ke bikhare vicAroM ko eka sAmaJjasyapUrNa aura ekIkRta AdarzavAdI praNAlI kA vikAsa kiyaa| bauddha aura jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki eka darzana ke rUpa meM vedAnta IsApUrva sAtavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI meM vartamAna thaa| isa darzana ke anusAra cetanA athavA AtmA hI hara vastu kA mUla kAraNa thI aura hara vastu anta meM usameM hI vilIna ho jAtI thii| isa dArzanika vicAra-dhArA kA eka ora bhautika vAdiyoM ne prabala virodha kiyA to dUsarI ora bauddha aura jaina matAvalambiyoM ne bhI virodha kiyaa| kintu kAlAntara meM kaI zatAbdiyAM bIta jAne para AdarzavAdI vicAra kI 'brahmasUtra athavA vedAntasUtra' ke rUpa meM sthApanA kI gayI hogii| isa darzana kA mukhya pratipAdya grantha 'bAdarAyaNakRta brahmasUtra' hai| 'brahma-sUtra' meM kula 554 sUtra haiN| bhagavAna bAdarAyaNa ne ina sUtroM ko viSaya kI dRSTi se cAra adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| cAra adhyAyoM ke nAma haiM kramazaH samanvayAdhyAya, avirodhAdhyAya, sAdhanAdhyAya, phlaadhyaay| isake bAda pratyeka adhyAya ko cAra cAra pAdoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| phira ina 'pAda' ko 'adhikaraNa' ke rupa meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| aneka sUtroM ko milAkara 'adhikaraNa' kI racanA kI gayI hai| pratyeka adhikaraNa ke bhItara pA~ca avayava hote haiM jo kramazaH viSaya, vizaya, pUrvapakSa, uttarapakSa aura phala haiN| tarka kI dRSTi se brahmasUtra kA dvitIya adhyAya 'tarkapAda adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| 'brahmasUtra' ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki bAdarAyaNa se bhI pUrva vedAnta ke AcArya huye the parantu ina AcAryoM kI kRtiyAM upalabdha nahIM haiN| ye AcArya haiM- Atreya, Azmarathya, auDulomi, kArNAjini, kAzakRtsna, jaiminI, bAdari, evaM AcArya kAzyapa pramukha haiN| ina AcAryoM kA brahma-sUtra meM kahIM kahIM nAmollekha sUtroM meM kiyA gayA hai| zaGkara pUrva sabhI advaita ke AcAryoM meM 'gauNapAda' kA sthAna vizeSa hai| inakA pramukha grantha 'gauNapAda kArikA' hai| ye zaGkarAcArya ke guru govindapAdAcArya ke guru the| 116

Page #134
zaGkarAcArya inheM 'pUjyAmipUjya parama guru' kahakara atyanta Adara dete the| zaGkarAcArya ke ziSya surezvarAcArya bhI inheM 'pUjyagauNa' kahate the| gauNapAdAcArya ne advaita mata kA pratipAdana kiyaa| aura inakA 'ajAtivAda' pramukha siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai| sAhitya vedAnta kA sAhitya atyadhika vizAla hai| upaniSad gItA, brahmasUtra (prasthAnatrayI) para AcArya zaGkara kA bhASya prasiddha hai| isake atirikta mANDUkya kArikA bhASya, viSNusahasranAma bhASya, sanatsujAtIya bhASya, saundaryalaharI, upadezasAhasrI Adi AcArya zaGkara kI prasiddha racanAeM haiN| kAlAntara meM zaGkarottara yuga ke anuvAyiyoM meM matabheda ke kAraNa do sampradAya astitva meM aayaa| vivaraNaprasthAna, bhAmatI prsthaan| brahamasUtra bhASya para zaGkara ke ziSya padmapAda ne paMcapAdikA TIkA likhii| prakAzAtmana ne paMcapAdikA para vivaraNa nAmaka TIkA likhA jisase 'vivaraNaprasthAna' kA udaya huaa| akhaNDAnanda ne isa para tattvadIpana nAmaka TIkA likhii| vidyAraNya ne 'vivaraNaprameya saMgraha' likhaa| vAcaspati mizra ne 'bhAmatI likhakara bhAmatI prasthAna sampradAya kI nIMva ddaalii| amalAnanda ne bhAmatI kI vyAkhyA kalpataru meM aura appayadIkSita ne kalpataru kI vyAkhyA parimala meM kiyaa| vidyAraNya kI paJcadazI, sadAnanda kA vedAntasAra, citsukha kRta citsukhI mAdhavAcArya praNIta paJcadazI aura jIvana mukti viveka advaita vedAnta ke anya prasiddha grantha haiN| vedAnta ke anya sampradAya ___ vedAnta ke anya sampradAya haiM rAmAnujAcArya kA viziSTAdvaita vedAnta, madhvAcArya kA dvaitavAda, vallabhAcArya kA zuddhAdvaitavAda, nimbAkAcArya kA bhedAbhedavAda hai| AcArya zaGkara AcArya zaGkara alaukika pratibhAsampanna mahApuruSa the| inakA janma 788I0 meM arthAt AThavIM zatAbdI ke antima kAla meM kerala ke kAlaDI gA~va meM eka nambUdarI 117

Page #135
brAhamaNa parivAra huA thaa| tathA inakA nirvANakAla 820 I0 mAnA jAtA hai / 32 varSa kI svalpa Ayu meM hI AcArya ne apanI pratibhA se apane samakAlInoM ko cakita kara diyA / inake pitA kA nAma zivaguru tathA mAtA kA nAma viziSTA thaa| inhoMne vedoM, upaniSadoM Adi kA gahana adhyayana karake vaicArika jagata meM eka tUphAna sA uThA diyA / unhoMne AcArya ke rupa meM sampUrNa bhArata kA bhramaNa kiyA aura bauddha dharma para tIkhA prahAra kiyaa| unhoMne deza ke vividha sthAnoM para maTha sthApita kiye jaise- dakSiNa bhArata meM zrRMgerImaTha, u0 bhArata meM jozI maTha (badarikAzrama), pUrvIbhArata meM govardhana maTha (purI) aura pazcima bhArata meM zAradAmaTha (dvArakA) / zaMkarAcArya mAnava samAja ko dharma kA patha pradarzana kiye tathA eka kuzala dharmasudhAraka the| zaGkarAcArya ne prasthAnatrayI para bhASya likhA, saundarya laharI viveka cUr3AmaNi Adi aneka racanAyeM haiM / zaGkarAcArya kA siddhAnta ekezvaravAda para AdhArita hai aura isase jisa Adarza praNAlI kA janma huA use 'advaita vedAnta' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / zaGkarAcArya bhATTa mImAMsaka dvArA svIkRta chaH pramANoM ko svIkAra karate haiM- pratyakSa anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti, anupalabdhi | zaMkarAcArya satkAryavAda ko mAnate haiM tathA asatkAryavAda kA khaNDana karate haiN| satkAryavAda ke do rUpa pariNAmavAda aura viSartavAda / sAMkhya tathA rAmAnuja kAraNa kA kArya meM tAtvika parivartana mAnate haiM jaise dUdha se dahI jamanA / isI se sAMkhya kA mata 'prakRti-pariNAmavAda' kahalAtA hai aura rAmAnuja kA mata 'brahama - pariNAmavAda' kahalAtA hai / zaGkara ina donoM se alaga 'vivartavAda' ko svIkAra karate haiM / zaGkara mAnate haiM ki kAraNa to sat hai kintu kArya kevala usakA AbhAsa mAtra hai| isaliye yaha jagata prapaMca brahma kA vivarta mAtra hai| AcArya zaGkara ne apane sampUrNa advaita vedAnta ko isI zlokArddha se vyakta kiyA hai- 'brahama satyaM jaganmithyA jIvo brahamaiva naaprH| arthAt brahma hI satya hai, jagat mithyA hai, aura jIva brahama hI hai, usase bhinna nahIM hai / brahma aura 118

Page #136
AtmA eka hI hai jagat prapaJca mAyA kI kevala pratIti mAtra hai jIva aura jagata donoM hI mAyAkRta hai| jisa prakAra rajjU meM sarpa kI pratIti bhrama se hotI hai aura jaise hI rajjU kA yathArtha jJAna ho jAtA hai vaise hI sarpa rUpI mithyA jJAna kA bodha ho jAtA hai| ___AcArya zaGkara ke siddhAnta meM mAyAvAda kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake aneka nAma haiM- mAyA sadasanivarcanIya hai, yaha anAdi hai, bhautika evaM jar3a hai tathA jJAna nirasyA hai| mAyA adhyAsa' hai| mAyA kA Azraya aura viSaya brahama hI hai kintu mAyA se brahama sarvathA sarvadA alipta hai brahama ke advaita ko koI nukasAna nahIM pahucAtI hai| mAyA ke Azrita hote hI brahama-Izvara ke rupa meM bhAsita hotA hai| Izvara kI vyavahArika sattA hai| paramArthika nhiiN| zaGkara kI mAyAvAda kA khaNDana viziSTAdvaitavAdI rAmAnuja ne kiyA hai| brahma AcArya zaGkara ne advaita vedAnta meM brahma ko hI eka mAtra satya mAnA hai brahma ke atirikta aura kucha bhI satya nahIM hai| brahma hI paramArthika dRSTi se satya hai yaha nirguNa hai, nirAkAra hai, anivarcanIya hai| brahma vyaktitva rahita hai| brahma advaita mAtra hai usameM kisI prakAra kA dvaita nahIM hai| brahma saccidAnanda hai arthAt sat cita aura Ananda svarupa hai| brahma ko Ananda svarUpa mAnane se vaha saguNa nahIM bana jAtA hai| sat kahane se vaha asat nahIM hai| cid hai acit nahIM hai| brahma zUnya nahIM hai, nirguNa hai| aparokSa anubhUti dvArA hI brahma kI sattA jAnI jA sakatI hai| ___ AcArya zaGkara ne brahama aura Izvara meM bheda kiyA hai| brahma ke do rUpa mAnA hai saguNa brahma aura nirguNa brhm| jaba mAyopahita zakti se yukta ho jAtA hai taba brahma Izvara bana jAtA hai isakI vyavahArika sattA hai| paramArthika nhiiN| jaba nirguNa tathA nirAkAra brahma ko vicAra kA viSaya banAte haiM taba vaha Izvara rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| ' AcArya zaMkara brahmasUtra ne zAGbhASya meM adhyAsa kA tIna lakSaNa diye haiM- (1) adhyAsonAma smRtirupaH paratra pUrvadRSTAvamAsaH (2) anyasya anyadharmAvabhAsatA (3) atasmina tbuddhiH| 119

Page #137
Izvara ko 'sAvizeSa brahma' bhI kahA jAtA hai| advaita vedAnta meM Izvara ko 'mAyopahita brahma' mAnA gayA hai arthAt jaba brahma kA pratibimba mAyA meM par3atA hai taba vaha Izvara kA rupa dhAraNa kara letA hai aura Izvara apanI mAyA zakti se hI isa prapaJca rUpI jagata kI sRSTi karatA hai| Izvara vyaktitvapUrNa hai, kAraNa rahita hai, upAsanA kA viSaya hai Izvara kI satyatA usI samaya taka hai jaba taka jIva kA ajJAna hai| advaita vedAnta meM Izvara ko jagata kA upAdAna tathA nimitta kAraNa donoM mAnA gayA hai| sRSTi Izvara kA svAbhAvika guNa hai aura isa sRSTi ke pIche Izvara kA koI prayojana yA uddezya nahIM hotaa| Izvara kI tIna avasthAoM kA varNana kramazaH Izvara, hiraNyagarbha tathA vaizvAnara nAma se kiya gaye haiN| mAyA kI kriyA prArambha hone se pahale Izvara hotA hai kintu mAyA kI sakriyatA kI sthiti hiraNyagarbha kI hotI hai aura jaba sthUla padArthoM kI racanA karatA hai, taba Izvara se pUrNa rUpa se vikasita avasthA ko vaizvAnara' yA 'virATa' bhI kahA jAtA __ Izvara aura jIva kI sattA vyavahArika hai Izvara zAsaka hai jIva zAsita hai| Izvara hI jIva ko usake acche-bure karmoM kA phala detA hai| jIva bhoktA hai Izvara isase pare hai| AtmA aura brahma meM koI antara nahIM hai donoM abhinna hai jaba isa tattva ko AtmaniSTha dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai taba ise AtmA kahA jAtA hai aura jaba vastuniSTha dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai taba vaha 'brahma' kahA jAtA hai| ajJAnatA ke kAraNa hI jIva arthAt AtmA apane vAstavika svarUpa ko pahacAna nahIM pAtA hai| 'tatvamasi' AtmA tathA brahma kI ekatA ko pratipAdita karatA hai| jaba 'tattvamasi' vAkya kI pariNati 'ahaM brahmAsmi' mahAvAkya meM ho jAtI hai taba use brahmajJAna kI anubhUti hotI hai| bandhana aura mokSa AcArya zaGkara ne spaSTa karate huye kahA hai ki bandhana aura mokSa kI koI vAstavika sattA nahIM hotI hai| isakI kevala vyavahArika sattA hai| AtmA kA zarIra evaM 120

Page #138
mana Adi ke sAtha tAdAtmaya sthApita kara lenA hI bandhana hai| zarIra kI anubhUtiyoM ko AtmA kI anubhUti mAna lenA hI 'bandhana' hai / yadyapi AtmA nitya, zuddha, caitanya, mukta tathA avinAzI hai| AtmA kA bandhana nahIM hotA hai jIva ajJAnatA ke kAraNa AtmA ko jAna nahIM pAtA hai aura jJAna ke abhAva meM bandhanagrasta ho jAtA hai / avidyA yA ajJAna kA naSTa ho jAnA hI mokSa hai / zaGkara ke matAnusAra AtmA svabhAvataH mukta hai| use 'bandhana' kI pratIti kevala ajJAnatA ke kAraNa hI hotI hai / mokSa koI naI cIja nahIM hotI hai| AcArya ne 'mokSa' ko 'prAptasya prAptiH' kahA hai| arthAt vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna hI mokSa hai| mokSa prApti kI vyAkhyA vedAnta darzana meM eka upamA se dI gayI hai jisa prakAra koI ramaNI apane hAra ko gale meM pahanakara bhUla jAtI hai aura idhara-udhara DhUDhatI hai usI prakAra AtmA mokSa ke liye sadA prayatnazIla rahatI hai| mokSa do prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai| (1) sadeha mukti - jIvana mukti kI avasthA hotI hai kyoM ki pUrva karmoM ke saMskAra ke kAraNa hI zarIra vidyamAna rahatA hai / yathA- kulAla cakravata / (2) videha mukti - jaba pUrva karmoM kA saMskAra bhI samApta ho jAtA hai taba dehapAta ho jAtA hai yaha videha mukti hai / mokSa prApti ke upAyoM meM AcArya zaGkara ne 'sAdhanacatuSTaya' kA ullekha kiyA hai| 'sAdhanacatuSTaya' kA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai 1 1. nityAnityavastuviveka nitya, anitya kA bheda jAnanA sAdhaka ko Avazyaka hai 2. ihAmutrArthaphalabhogavirAga sAdhaka ko laukika aura pAralaukika bhogoM kI kAmanA ko chor3a denA cAhiye / 3. zamadamAdisAdhanasampata sAdhaka ko chaH sAdhana apanAnA hotA hai 1. zama se Azaya hai mana ko saMyamita karanA / 2. dama se Azaya hai- indriyoM ko vaza meM karanA / - - 121

Page #139
3. zraddhA se tAtparya hai- zAstroM ke prati pUrNa nisstthaa| 4. samAdhAna -citta ko jJAna ke sAdhana meM lagAyA jAtA hai| 5. uparati- sAdhaka vikSepakArI kAryoM se apane ko alaga karatA hai| 6. titikSA- zItoSNa-dvanda sahana karane kI zakti / (4) mumukSuttva- sAdhaka ko mokSa kI prApti ke liye dRr3ha sasaMkalpa rahanA caahiye| sAdhana catuSTaya ke anantara sAdhaka ko zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana karanA caahiye| mokSa kI avasthA meM jIva- brahama meM lIna ho jAtA hai| 122

Page #140
HIRALHARIHARAM kitIya-adhyAya HI152519HAIRSITE

Page #141
zrauta darzana aura gItA veda aura darzana saMskRta meM veda zabda kA artha 'jJAna' hai kyoMki yaha jJAnArthaka 'vid' dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai| 'vid' dhAtu karaNa artha meM 'dhaJ' pratyaya lagAne para 'veda' banatA hai| vid dhAtu ke cAra artha hote haiM- jJAna, sattA, lAbha, vicaarnn| ataH jisake dvArA sabhI manuSya samagra vidyAoM ko jAnate haiM, prApta karate haiM, vicAra karate haiM aura vidvAna hote haiM, vaha veda hai- 'vid jJAne sattAyAm lAbhe vid vicAraNe / etebhyo halazca iti sUtreNa karaNAdhikaraNa kArakayorghaJa pratyaye kRte veda zabdaH saadhyte|' jJAna kisI bhI viSaya kA ho sakatA hai sabhI bhautika-AdhyAtmika viSaya jJAna ke viSaya haiM arthAt jJeya haiM tathA samasta jJeya kA AdhAra hI veda hai| isI kAraNa prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kA varNana veda meM upalabdha hotA hai / veda zabda, alaukika jJAna iSTa kI prApti tathA aniSTa kA parihAra hai|' isa alaukika jJAna kA ekamAtra sAdhana veda hI hai / ataH veda zabda alaukika jJAna kA vAcaka hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra veda zabda dharma kA vAcaka hai, kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra dharma kA jJAna jisase prApta ho vahI veda hai / 'vidantyanena dharma veda:' (a0 koSa TIkA 1/5/3) / veda vizva sAhitya kI sabase prAcIna racanA hai yaha prAcInatama manuSya ke dhArmika aura dArzanika vicAroM kA mAnava bhASA meM sarvaprathama paricaya prastuta karatA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne kahA hai ki "veda mAnava mana se prAdurbhUta aise nitAnta AdikAlIna prAmANika grantha jinheM hama apanI nidhi samajhate haiN|" AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne ' alaukika puruSArthopAyaM vetti anena iti veda zabda nirvacanam vedayati svedH|| tai0 bhA0 bhU0 sampA0 valdevaupA0 pR0 2 R0 bhA0 bhU0 sampAdaka- valdevaprasAda, pR0 45 2 The vedas are earliest document of the human mind that we possess-indian philosophy vo/i (p-63). 124 iSTaprAptyaniSTa parihArayora laukikamupAyaM yo grantho

Page #142
likhA hai ki "veda bhAratIya dharma tathA darzana kA prANa hai bhAratIya dharma meM jo jIvanazakti dRSTigocara hotI hai usakA mUlakAraNa veda hI hai| __veda akSaya vicAroM kA mAnasarovara hai, jahAM se vicAradhArA pravAhita hokara bhArata bhUmi ke mastiSka ke urvara banAtI huI nirantara bahatI hai tathA apanI sattA ke liye usI udgama bhUmi para avalambita rahatI hai| ye bhAratIya sAhitya ke hI sarvaprathama grantha nahIM hai pratyut mAnavamAtra ke itihAsa meM inase bar3hakara prAcIna grantha kI abhI taka upalabdhi nahIM huI hai|" veda kI racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa bar3I kaThina samasyA rahI hai| maiksamUlara ne 1886 meM prakAzita 'hisTrI oNpha enzieNTa saMskRta liTarecara' nAmaka apane grantha meM uparitama samayasImA 1200 I0 pUrva svIkAra kiyA hai jo adhikAMza pazcimI vidvAnoM ko bhI mAnya hai| haoNga ne 2400 I0 pUrva aura bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka tathA yAkovI ne jyotiSa ke AdhAra para kramazaH 6000 varSa tathA 4500 varSa IsA pUrva se vaidika yuga kA Arambha maanaa| yadi hama vedoM ke racayitA ko jAnane kA prayAsa kareM to nirAza hI honA par3egA kyoM ki inakA racayitA koI nahIM hai| veda meM usa satya kA varNana hai jisakA darzana kucha manISiyoM ko huA thaa| inheM 'devavANI' ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA jAtA hai isaliye ye 'zruti' kahalAte haiN| samasta vaidika sAhitya maulika paramparA se hI prApta haiM, isaliye 'zruti' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| bhAratIya paramparA vedoM ko 'apaurUSeya' mAnatI rahI hai| maMtradRSTA RSiyoM ne isakA praNayana na karake isakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| veda ke vividha paryAyavAcI zabda haiMjaise zruti, AmnAya, trayI, chanda Agama aura nigm| zruti kA sambandha sunane se hai| yajJoM meM maMtroM kA vyavahAra hotA thA aura vahI vyavahAra zravaNa paramparA se vyApaka ho jAtA thaa| vAcaspati mizra kA kahanA hai- "gurUmukhAnuzrUyate ityanuzravo vedH|" (sAGkhyatattva kaumudI - 2) 'baladeva upA0 - bhA0 darzana - pR0 27 125

Page #143
vedoM ke liye 'AmnAya' zabda bhI prayukta kiyA gayA hai| mImAMsA sUtra meM veda ko maMtrabrAhmaNAtmaka mAnA gayA hai yahI 'AmnAya kA bhI svarUpa hai / ataH vedahI AgnAya hai / amarakoSa meM kahA gayA hai ki- "zrutiH trayIveda AgnAyastrayI / " (a0 koSa0 1,6,3) veda ko 'trayI' zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai 'trayI' se tAtparya vividharUpa haiM, maMtra ke tIna prakAra hai Rka, sAma aura yajuSa / ise hI 'trividha saMhitA' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| kahIM veda ke liye 'chanda' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / 'chanda' ke aneka artha haiM jisameM eka 'pUjA' bhI hai| arthAt jisake dvArA devatAoM kI stuti, 'pUjA kI jAtI hai ve chanda hai yA veda haiM / veda ko 'svAdhyAya' bhI kahA gayA hai kyoMki tInoM varNoM ke liye svAdhyAya kA ekamAtra viSaya veda mAnA gayA hai| veda ke do vibhAga haiM- maMtra tathA brAhmaNa - " maMtrabrAhmaNAtmako vedaH / " ( Apa0 pari0 31) veda kisI eka grantha kA nahIM apitu eka pUrI sAhitya rAzi kA nAma hai jisake cAra bhAga haiM- saMhitA, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka upaniSada / saMhitAeM cAra haiM- Rka saMhitA, yajuSa saMhitA, sAma saMhitA aura atharva saMhitA / inakA saMkalana yajJAnuSThAna kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| yajJa yAgAdi ke vidhipUrvaka anuSThAna ke liye kramazaH cAra RtvijoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| hotA, jo stuti maMtroM ke uccAraNa se devatAoM kA AhvAna karatA udgAtA madhura svara se maMtragAna karatA hai adhvaryu yajJa ke vividha aMgoM kA savidhi sampAdana karatA hai tathA brahmA sampUrNa yajJAnuSThAna kA vidhivat nirIkSaNa karatA hai 1 paramparA Rk saMhitA- Rk saMhitA 1028 sUktoM kA saMkalana hai isameM sUkta dasa maNDaloM meM rakhe gaye haiM aura isakA anya vibhAjana 'aNTakoM' meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| anusAra isake dvitIya maNDala se sAtaveM maNDala taka ke RSi gratsamada, vizvAmitra, vAmadeva, atri, bhAradvAja aura vasiSTha haiN| Rgveda meM una maMtroM kA saMgraha hai jo devatAoM kI stuti ke nimitta gAye jAte haiM / pataMJjali ne Rgveda kI 21 zAkhAoM 126

Page #144
kA ullekha kiyA hai- 'eka viMzatidhA bAhanva'cyama' (mahA0 Ahnika-1) inameM se pAMca zAkhAoM kA nAma yA sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai- 1-zAkala, 2-vANkala, 3-AzvalAyana, 4-zAMkhAyana, 5-maanndduukaayn| zAkala zAkhA hI Rgaveda kI samprati pracalita zAkhA hai tathA vANkala kI saMhitA aprApta hai| ___ RgvedIya devatA ke sambandha meM zAsaka ne nirUkta (adhyAya 7-12) daivata kANDa meM vaidika devatAoM para paryApta vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| yAska ne RgvedIya devoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- 1-pRthvIsthAnIya-isake antargata agni ko| 2-antarikSa sthAnIya- isake antargata indra yA vAyu, 3-dhusthAnIya- isake antargata sUrya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai; isake atirikta anya sabhI deva inake sahayogI haiM yA inase sambaddha haiN| "trisa evaM devatA iti nairuuktaaH'| agnipRthiviisthaanH| vAyurvendro vAntArikSasthAnaH / sUryo dyusthaanH| (nirUkta 7-5) yajurveda- yajurveda ke 'yajusa' zabda kI kaI vyAkhyAeM haiM jo mukhya artha hai1-yajuryajateH arthAt yajJasambandhI maMtroM ko yajus kahate haiN| 2- ijyate anena iti yaju:- jina maMtroM se yajJa-yAgAdi kiye jAte haiN| __ 'aniyatAkSarAvasAnoM yajuH- jina maMtroM meM padyoM ke tulyaakSara saMkhyA nirdhArita nahIM hai| 4-- zeSe yajuH zabdaH (pUrvamI0 2/1/37) padyabandha aura gIti se rahita maMtrAtmaka racanA ko "yajuS" kahate haiN| yajurveda ke do mukhya bhAga haiM- 1. zukla yajurveda, 2. kRSNa yajurveda / zukla yajurveda ko hI mAdhyAndina evaM vAjasanorAi bhI kahate haiN| zukla se tAtparya hai ki isake maMtra vizuddharUpa haiM aura kRSNa yajurveda meM maMtroM ke sAtha hI vyAkhyA aura viniyoga kA aMza bhI mizrita hai ateva ise 'kRSNa yajurveda' kahate haiN| maharSi pataJjali ne 'ekazatamadhvaryuzAkhAH' (mahAAhnika 1) arthAt yajurveda kI 100 zAkhAoM kA 127

Page #145
ullekha kiyA hai| kRSNa yajurveda kI do zAkhAeM haiM jinakI do saMhitAeM upalabdha hotI haiM- 1. mAdhyAndina yA vAjasaneyi saMhitA- isameM 40 adhyAya haiM aura 1675 maMtra haiN| kANva saMhitA- isameM 40 adhyAya haiM aura maMtra 2086 haiN| kRSNa yajurveda kI cAra zAkhAeM haiM jinakI cAra saMhitAeM upalabdha hotI haiM 1-taittarIya, 2-maitrAyiNI, 3-kAThaka, 4- kapiSThakankaTha sNhitaa| sAmaveda- 'sAman' kA vAstavika artha 'gAna' hai Rgveda ke maMtra jaba viziSTa gAna paddhati se gAye jAte haiM to unako sAman (sAma) kahate haiN| ataeva pUrvamImAMsA meM gIti yA gAna ko sAma kahA gayA hai- 'gItiSusamAkhyA (pUrva0 2/1/36) maharSi pataJjali ne mahAbhASya meM 'sahasUvA sAmavedaH (Ahika 1) kahA hai| isase tAtparya hai ki samAveda kI eka sahasra zAkhAeM thIM kintu yaha mata sarvathA samIcIna nahIM hai| samAveda kI mukhya rUpa se tIna zAkhAeM 1-kauthumIya, 2-jaiminIya yA tavalkAra, 3-rANayanIya / sAmaveda kI maMtrasaMkhyA 1875 haiM isameM Rgveda kI maMtra saMkhyA 1771 hai isa prakAra sAmaveda meM 104 maMtra kevala naye haiN| sAmaveda kA mukhyarUpa se pratipAdya viSaya upAsanA hai| isameM mukhyarUpa se somayAga se sambaddha maMtroM kA saMkalana hai| pUrvArcika meM agni, indra ora pavamAna soma se sambaddha maMtra diye gaye haiN| ina maMtroM meM sAmagAna kI dRSTi se pratyeka maMtra kI laya smaraNa karanI hotI hai, jinakA prayoga uttarArcika meM hotA hai| yajJoM ke samaya ina maMtroM kA udgAtA gAna karatA hai| 4- atharvaveda- nirUkta aura gopatha brAhmaNa meM 'arthavan' zabda ke do nirvacana die haiM ' atharvana- gatihIna yA sthiratA se yukta yog| nirUkta ke anusAra 'tharva' dhAtu gatyarthaka hai ataH atharvan- gatihIna yA sthir| isakA abhiprAya hai jisameM cittavRtiyA~ ke nirodharUpI yoga kA upadeza hai| gopatha brAhmaNa meM 'atharvA' zabda athArvAka kA saMkSipta 'atharvANo'tharvaNavanta. tharvatizcaratikarmA, tatpratiSedhaH (nirUkta 11-18) / 128

Page #146
rUpa mAnA hai 'atha'-arvAka tra atharvAk, atharvA / gopatha ne isakA abhiprAya diyA hai'samIpastha AtmA ko apane andara dekhanA yA jisa veda meM AtmA ko apane andara dekhane kI zikSA hai|" atharvaveda ko aMgirasa veda, brahmaveda, kSatraveda, bhaiSajyaveda, chandoveda, mahIveda, Adi vividha nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| maharSi pataJjali ne mahAbhASya meM 'navadhA''tharvaNoveda vedaH (mahA0 bhA0 1) kahakara 6 zAkhAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu inameM se kevala do zAkhAoM arthAt zaunaka aura paippalAda kI hI saMhitAeM upalabdha haiN| atharvaveda kaI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai1. yaha vaidika darzana kA sabase puSTa evaM prAmANika srota hai| AraNyaka, upaniSada Adi meM prApya dArzanika cintana atharvaveda kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| 2. sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se atharvaveda cAroM vedoM meM sabase adhika upayogI hai| 3. atharvaveda meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika aura rAjanItika sthiti kA sabase sundara varNana hai| 4. yaha sArvajanika yA janatA kA veda hai| yaha brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra evaM striyoM __ Adi ke dvArA samAna rUpa se sevya hai| 5. "sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hai" isa ukti kA yaha sarvottama nidarzana hai| atharvaveda ke RSi ko "brahmA" kahA gayA hai| veda meM dArzanika pravRttiyA~ Rgveda meM jagat tathA jIvana ke rahasyoM ko jAnane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jagat ke nijI svarUpa ko jAnane kI AkAMkSA vaidika RSiyoM ke svabhAva kA aMga pratIta hotA hai| 1 athaarvAg enaM - anviccheti, tadyabRbId atharvAsaDetametA name tAsvapvAnviccheti tdthrvaa'bhvt| (gopatha 1-4) 129

Page #147
pro0 eca0pI0 sinhA ne "bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA" nAmaka apanI pustaka meM likhA hai- "jagata ke atirikta ve vibhinna devatAoM ke bAre meM jinheM ve pUjate haiM, zaMkA karanA Arambha karate haiM ina pravRttiyoM ke phalasvarUpa dArzanika vicAra kA prArambha hotA hai, jisakA pUrNa vikAsa upaniSadoM ke darzana meM dIkhatA hai|" DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne Rgveda ke sUktoM ko dArzanika pravRtti kA paricAyaka kahAhai, unhoMne kahA hai- "Rgveda ke sUkta isa artha meM dArzanika haiM ki ve saMsAra ke rahasya kI vyAkhyA kisI atimAnavIya antardRSTi athavA asAdhAraNa daivI preraNA dvArA nahIM kintu svataMtra tarka dvArA karane kA prayatna karate haiN|" brahma ke sarvavyApI hone kI mahatvapUrNa kalpanA kA varNana aneka sUktoM meM milatA hai isakA ullekha purUSa sUkta (10/60) meM tathA aditisUkta (1/86) meM milatA hai| vaha hajAra mastaka hajAra A~khoM tathA hajAra paira vAlA 'purUSa' cAroM ora se isa pRthvI ko ghera kara pariNAma meM dasa aMgula adhika hai| DA0 kapiladeva dvivedI ne apanI pustaka saMskRta sA0 kA samIkSA itihAsa meM likhA hai ki- "Rgveda meM dArzanika tatva paryApta mAtrA meM milatA hai isameM devoM kA svarUpa, brahma, Izvara, jIva, prakRti, sRSTi kI utpatti, pApa-puNya, loka-paraloka, mokSa-punarjanma Adi kA varNana hai| prAkRtika tatva sUrya, candra, vAyu, megha vidyuta Adi kA indra, varUNa, rUdra, marUt Adi nAmoM se varNana kiyA gayA hai| kucha amUrta bhAvoM ko bhI devatA kA rUpa diyA gayA hai jaise kAma, zraddhA, manyu aadi| Izvara ko eka sarvocca sattA mAnA gayA hai aura indra, mitra, varUNa Adi usI ke vividha nAma batAe gaye haiN| pratyeka deva ke kucha sAmAnya guNa evaM vizeSaNa haiM tathA unake kucha vibhedaka guNa bhI haiN| 130

Page #148
sAmAnya guNoM ke Adhara para - 'ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadantyagniM yamaM mAtarizvAmAhuH (R0 1/164/46) meM eka Izvara kI sattA kApratipAdana hai / ' 'baladeva upAdhyAya' ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya darzana' meM likhA hai 'jo kucha samaya vartamAna hai, jo kucha utpanna huA hai (bhUtakAla meM) tathA jo kucha utpanna hone vAlA hai (bhaviSyakAla meM) vaha saba purUSa hI haiM- " puruSa evedaM sarva yad bhUtaM yacca bhaavym|" veda meM sarvezvaravAda ke siddhAnta kA bhI varNana hai- aditi sUkta meM varNita hai ki- aditi hI AkAza hai, aditi hI antarikSa hai, aditi hI mAtA hai, aditi pitA hai, tathA putra hai tathA aditi samasta devatA hai, aditi paJcajana (niSAda sahita caturvarNa) jo kucha utpanna hai tathA jo kucha utpanna hone vAlA he vaha saba aditi hI hai / ' ucchiSTa sUkta meM 'ucchiSTa' se tAtparya - bacA huA, zeSa padArtha / dRzyaprapaJca ke niSedha karane ke anantara jo avaziSTa rahatA hai vahI 'ucchiSTa' hai arthAta bAdhArahita parabrahma / brahma ke isI svarUpa kI abhivyakti ke upaniSada meM kI abhivyakti ke liye bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad brahma ko 'neti neti' pukAratA hai| yathA- 'atha Adezoneti neti'(bRhadANyaka upaniSada 2/3/11) nehanAnAsti kiJcana - vahI, (4/2/21) isa nAmarUpAtmaka jagata ke sabhI nAnAvidha padArtha ucchiSTa para avalambita hai / isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM brahmatatva tathA brahmAtmaikyavAda kA mukhyerUpa se varNana huA hai / isa vivecana ko par3hakara gItA ke - " vedaizca sarvairahameva vedyaH" tathA "AdAvarnta ca madhye ca hariH sarvatragIyate" purANa ke isa vAkya meM kiJcita sandeha nahIM raha jAtA hai / purUSa sUkta (R0 10/60) meM virATa purUSa se sRSTi kI utpatti kA varNana hai| Rgveda kA nAsadIya sUkta (10/129) meM bhI sRSTi kI utpatti kA varNana hai| yaha sUkta AdhyAtmika dRSTi se advaita bhAvanA ko hI puSTa karatA hai| isa sUkta ke RSi ke sAmane DA0 kapiladeva dvivedI- saMskRta sA0 kA samIkSA0 itihAsa - pR0 48 131

Page #149
isa vizva kI utpatti kI viSama pahelI vidyamAna thii| yaha vizva kahAM se utpanna huA hai? isake mUla meM kauna sA tatva vidyamAna thA? kisa vastu kI utpatti sarvaprathama huI? Adi praznoM kA samucita uttara denA sarala kAma nahIM hai parantu isa sUkta meM inhIM praznoM kA ucita uttara antardRSTi kI sahAyatA se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| hiraNyagarbha sUkta (Rgveda 10/121) meM hiraNyagarbha prajApati se sRSTi racanA kA varNana hai| Rgveda meM jala se bhI jagat kI utpatti varNita hai tathA Rgveda (10-72, 2-3) meM asat se sat kI utpatti bhI batAI gayI hai (devAnAM pUrye yuge'sataH sadajAyata, maMtra 2) / ___ sRSTi ke AdikAla meM na to asat hI thA aura na to sat hI thA vahAM na to AkAza thA, na to svarga hI vidyamAna thA jo usase pare hai| kisane DhakA thA? yaha kahAM thA? aura kisakI rakSA meM thA? kyA usa samaya gahana tathA gaMbhIra jala thA, usa samaya na mRtyu thI aura na to amaratva hI thA usa samaya dina tathA rAta kA pArthakya na thaa| itane niSedhoM ke varNana ke anantara RSi sattAtmaka vastu kA varNana kara rahA hai ki basa eka hI thA, jo vAyurahita hokara bhI apane sAmarthya se zvAMsa le rahA thaa| isase atirikta anya koI vastu thI hI nhiiN| isa prakAra nAsadIya sUkta prerita ekatva kI bhAvanA ke liye aura apane dArzanika vicAra ke kAraNa vidvAnoM meM sarvAdhika prazaMsita huA hai "nAsadAsInnau sadAsIt tadAnIM nAsIdrajo no vyomA paroyat / kimA varIvaH kuha kasya zarmannambha; kimAsId gahanaM gabhIram / / na mRtyurAsIdamRtaM na tarhi na rAtryAaha aasiitprkettH| AnIdavAtaM svadhayA tadekaM tasmAddhAnyanna paraH kiJcanAsa / / " (R0 saMhitA 10/126) 132

Page #150
vaidika RSiyoM ne usa paramatatva ke liye " tadekam" zabda prayukta kiyA hai aisA liMganirdhAraNa karane meM asamartha hone ke kAraNa kiyA hogA, tathA usa mUlatatva ke liye tat tathA sat zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / vahI isa jagata kA mUlakAraNa hai usI se isa jar3a jagata kI cetana aura acetana vastuoM kI utpatti huI hai, vaha eka hai, advaita hai, advitIya hai, agni, mAtarizvA, yama Adi devatA usI ke bhinna rUpa ko dhAraNa karane vAle haiM, vaha eka hai, parantu kavi loga use bhinnara nAma se pukArate haiM 'indraMmitra varUNamagnivAhuratho divyaH sa suparNogarutmAn ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti agniM yamaM mAtarizvAnamAhuH / / ' (Rgveda 1/164/46) uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki devatAoM kA vAstavika sAra eka hI hai'mad devAnAm suratvamekam' / veda meM anekezvaravAda se hInothIjma aura phira ekezvaravAda kI ora vikAsa huA hai / vaidika dArzanika vicAradhArA meM karma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| aneka vaidika maMtra isa bAta kA anumodana karate haiM ki zubha karmoM ke dvArA amaratva ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| janma evaM punarjanma kA kAraNa bhI vyakti ke karma hI hai kyoMki vyakti jaisA acchA yA burA karma karatA hai usI ke anurUpa zubha yA azubha phala prApta karatA hai| Rgveda ke eka maMtra ke anusAra pUrva janma ke duSTa karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti pApa karma kI ora unmukha hotA hai| (Rgveda 7-86 - 6) vaidika maMtroM meM prArabdha aura saMcita karmoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / vyakti ko apane pUrva janmoM ke nimna karmoM ko bhogane ke liye vRkSa, latA, sthAvara tathA anya jIvoM kA jIvana bhI bhoganA par3a sakatA hai| veda ke do khaNDa haiM 1 - jJAnakANDa, 2 - karmakANDa 133

Page #151
jJAnakANDa meM AdhyAtmika cintana pradhAnarUpa se varNita hai aura karmakANDa meM upAsanAoM kA vicAra nihita hai| karmakANDa meM yajJa kI mahattA para bala diyA gayA hai isameM adhikAra bheda kA bhI varNana nihita hai kyoMki sabhI kAma sabhI ko karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai aura yadi adhikAra ke binA koI kAma kiyA jAya to vighna utpanna hotA hai aura prayatna saphala nahIM hotA hai| veda meM tapasyAeM, stutiyAM pavitra vicAra aura antaHkaraNa kI zuddhi ko paramatatva kI prApti ke liye anivArya mAnA gayA hai| vaidika darzana kA eka mahatvapUrNa viddhAnta. Rta kA niyama bhI hai| vaidika mAnyatA hai ki jisa prakAra mAnavIya jagata meM naitika vyavasthA hai usI prakAra bhautika jagata meM bhI eka prakAra kI naitika vyavasthA hai usI prakAra bhautika jagata meM bhI eka prakAra kI naitika vyavasthA se sambandhita mukhya niyama ko hI 'Rta kA niyama' kahA gayA hai| veda meM 'Rt' kA vicAra atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM vyApaka hai| 'Rta' naitika niyama hai| devatA Rt ke niyama kA svayaM pAlana karane vAle tathA anyoM se karAne vAle hote haiN| 'Rt' kA artha hai 'jagata kI vyvsthaa'| Rt ke niyama ko prAkRta niyama (Natural Law) bhI kahA gayA hai| sUrya, candramA, tAre, dina-rAta isI niyama se saMcAlita hote haiN| Rta kA saMcAlaka varUNa devatA ko kahA gayA hai- "tasya kartA varUNasya goptaa"| 'Rta' ke kAraNa hI svarga aura naraka kI vartamAna sthiti hai| svarga aura naraka ke sambandha meM aspaSTa vicAra milate haiN| svarga ke sukhoM ko pRthvI ke sukhoM se bar3hakara mAnA gayA hai- svarga prApti se amaratA kI prApti hogI, naraka ko andhakAramaya kahA gayA hai varUNa pApiyoM ko naraka meM DhakelatA hai aura jIva apane karmoM ke anusAra hI svarga tathA naraka kA bhAgIdAra banatA haiM 'Rt' ke niyama ke kAraNa hI vartamAna meM svarga tathA naraka kI sthiti hai| 'Rt ke niyama' meM karma siddhAnta kA bIja bhI antarbhUta hai| aura karma siddhAnta kI yaha mUlabhAvanA hai ki jo 134

Page #152
jaisA botA hai vaisA kATatA hai| arthAt jo jaisA karma karegA usI ke anusAra phala kI prApti hogI veda meM karma-purnajanma, bahudevavAda Adi kA varNana hai| kintu veda meM punarjanma kA vicAra aspaSTa hai| vaidika AryoM ko apane jIvana se atyanta prema thA isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki unakA jIvana Anandamaya evaM sabala thaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki jIva ke purnajanma ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vicAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM mahasUsa huii| ataH purnajanma kA siddhAnta veda se dUra pratIta hotA hai| veda meM bahudevavAda kI upAsanA kA varNana milatA hai yathA- indra, soma, varUNa, agni, savitA, pUsana Adi devatA the aura inakI upAsanA ke liye aneka stutiyoM kA sRjana huA hai kintu devatAoM kA vyaktitva spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| vaidika dharma mUrtipUjaka dharma spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| usa samaya mandira nahIM thaa| veda meM mAnava kA Izvara ke sAtha sIdhA samparka spaSTa hotA hai devatAoM ko manuSya kA mitra samajhA jAtA hai| brAhmaNa ____ saMhitA ke pazcAta ke vaidika sAhitya ko brAhmaNa kahate haiN| veda ke do pramukha aMga haiM- maMtra, brAhmaNa maMtra bhAga kA karmakANDa meM viniyoga hotA hai; brAhmaNa bhAga maMtroM ke viniyoga kI vidhi batAtA hai| yajJoM meM maMtroM se hI Ahuti dI jAtI hai aura brAhmaNa bhAga usakI upayogitA batAtA hai| donoM hI eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSadoM kA bhI samAveza hai| gaur3a artha lete huye 'maMtrabrAhmaNayoravedAnAmadheyama' (Apastamba) maMtra aura brAhmaNa ko veda kahate haiM, yaha ukti pracalita hai| ye prAyaH gadya meM likhe gaye haiM isameM yajJa kI vidhiyoM kA varNana hai yajJa ke atirikta anya dhArmika kAryoM ke DhaMga kA bhI varNana hai| maMtra devatA kA smAraka hai| maMtra bIja rUpa hai tathA brAhmaNa vRkSa rUpa hai| maMtra saMkSipta tathA brAhmaNa rUpa hai| brAhmaNoM kI sahAyatA ke binA maMtroM kA artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaise sUtroM 135

Page #153
kA bhASya ke binA nahI ho sakatA hai| Apastamba yajJa paribhASA meM brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra batalAyA gayA hai- 'yAjJika karmoM meM pravRtta karane vAla hI brAhmaNa hai'- "nAstyetad brAhmaNotyatra lakSaNaM vidyte'thvaa|" isase spaSTa hai ki brAhmaNa vidhirUpa yA vidhAyaka rUpa hai kyoMki yaha karma meM pravRtta karatA hai| jaiminI RSi ke mata meM- jo maMtra nahIM hai vahI brAhmaNa hai yaha brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa hai- arthAt brAhmaNa aura maMtra donoM hI veda hai| maMtra ke zeSa bhAga ko 'brAhmaNa' kahate haiN| 'nAstIyanto vedabhAgA iti klupterbhaavt| maMtrazca brAhmaNazceti dvau bhAgau tena maMtrataH anyad brAhmaNamityetad bhaveda lkssnnm||' (jaimini nyA0 mA0 vi0 2/1/24-25) isa prakAra maMtra aura brAhmaNa donoM kA hI sammilita nAma veda hai| udAharaNArtha Rgveda kA maMtra hai-yajJena yajJamayajanta devAstAni dharmANi prthmaanyaasn| te ha nAkaM mahimAnaH sacantayatra pUrvasAdhyAH sntidevaaH|| (Rgveda 1/164/50, 10/60/16) isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki brAhmaNa maMtroM ke bhASya hai brAhmaNa granthoM meM yajJa sambandhI pUrNa vivecana prApta hotA hai| Rgveda ke do brAhmaNa grantha hai- aitareya aura zAMkhAyana 1-aitareya meM 40 adhyAya hai jo ATha paJcakoM meM vibhakta hai isake racayitA mahIdAsa aitareya mAne jAte haiN| saptama paJcikA meM harizcandra kI kathA kA varNana hai| 2-zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa- Rgveda kA yaha dUsarA brAhmaNa hai yaha 30 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai isake racayitA kauSItaki mAne jAte haiN| 3-zatapatha brAhmaNa- isake racayitA yAjJavalkya RSi haiN| yaha yajurvedIya brAhmaNa haiN| isameM yajurveda kI do zAkhAeM haiM- 1-mAdhyandina tathA 2- kANva shaakhaa| mAdhyandina ke anusAra isameM eka so adhyAya 14 kANDoM meM vibhakta hai| eka sau adhyAya ke kAraNa hI saMbhavataH yaha zatapatha brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| isameM sarvaprathama janamejaya kA varNana hai kAlidAsa ke do prasiddha nATakoM kI samAgrI bhI isameM prApta hotI hai ye do haiM- purUravA aura urvazI (vikramovIya) aura zakuntalA duSyanta ke putra bharata kA varNana hai isameM manu aura matsya kI kathA bhI pAyI 136

Page #154
jAtI hai| 4- taittarIya brAhmaNa - yaha kRSNa yajurvedIya zAkhA kA brAhmaNa hai isameM tIna bhAga hai jinheM kANDa kahate haiN| isake prathama kANDa meM bAjapeya, soma, rAjasUya Adi yajJoM kA varNana hai-- isake dvitIya kANDa meM agnihotra, upahoma Adi kA vivaraNa hai tRtIya kANDa meM nakSatreSTi kA varNana hai / puruSamedha yajJa kA bhI varNana isameM milatA hai| 5-tANDapa brAhmaNa-- yaha sAmavedIya brAhmaNa hai / sAmaveda ke 11 brAhmaNagrantha prApta hote haiN| inameM tANDyazAkhA kA paMcaviza brAhmaNa mukhya haiN| isameM kula 25 adhyAya haiN| isakA mukhya varNita viSaya somayAga hai / 6 - gopatha brAhmaNa - yaha atharvaveda kA ekamAtra brAhmaNa hai isake racayitA gopatha RSi mAne jAte haiN| isake do bhAga haiM 1 - pUrvabhAga yA pUrvagopatha, 2-uttara bhAga yA uttara gopatha / pUrvabhAga meM pAMca prapAThaka yA adhyAya hai aura dUsare meM chaH adhyAya haiM- pUrvabhAga ke varNita viSaya meM oMkAra aura gAyatrI kA mahatva, brahmacArI ke kartavya, RtvijoM ke kArya, purUSamedha, azvamedha, agniSToma Adi kA varNana ullekhanIya hai / isake uttara bhAga meM vividha yajJoM aura unase sambaddha AkhyAyikAoM kA varNana hai / AraNyaka grantha vaidika sAhitya meM brAhmaNa granthoM ke samAna AraNyakoM kA bhI mukhya sthAna hai| AraNyaka grantha upaniSadoM ke pUrvarUpa hai sAyaNa ne taittarIya aura aitareya AraNyakoM ke bhASya meM "AraNyaka " kA artha kiyA hai- 'jo araNya meM paDhA yA paDhAyA jAya to use AraNyaka kahate haiM / ' AraNyakoM ko 'rahasya grantha' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai|' isameM AtmavidyA, tatva cintana evaM rahasyAtmaka viSayoM kA varNana hai| ye AraNyaka una logoM ke liye thA jo gRhastha jIvana se nivRtta hokara vAnaprastha jIvana grahaNa kara liye the| ekatarapha jahAM brAhmaNa granthoM kA pratipAdya viSaya yajJa hai vahAM AraNyaka kA mukhya pratipAdya viSaya ' araNyAdhyayanAdetad AraNyakamitIryate / araNyetadadhIyatetyevaM vAkyaM pralakSyate / / (taitti0 A0 bhA0 zloka 6) * gopatha brAhmaNa (2-10) aura baudhAyana dharmasUtra bhASya (2 -8-3) meM rahasya grantha ke nAma se ullikhita hai| 137

Page #155
AdhyAtmika tattva hai| brAhmaNa granthoM meM yajJAnuSThAna tI karmakANDa ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| AraNyaka granthoM meM dArzanika vicAra evaM jJAnakANDa ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| bheda hote huye bhI abheda mukhya rUpa se hai kyoMki brAhmaNa granthoM meM kevala karmakANDa kA hI anuSThAna nahIM hai aura AraNyakoM meM yajJa ke anuSThAna ko niSiddha nahIM batalAyA gayA hai ataH donoM meM adhika bheda nahIM hai| veda ke karmakANDIya grantha batalAte haiM ki kucha kRtya evaM pATha grAma ke bAhara vana meM hI anuSTheya haiM parantu aise pATha evaM kRtya kevala AraNyakoM meM hI nahIM apitu saMhitA taka meM vartamAna hai| Rgveda ke do AraNyaka grantha prApta hote haiM 1-aitareya aura shaaNkhaayn| zukla yajurveda kA koI AraNyaka nahIM prApta hotA hai| kRSNa yajurveda ke do AraNyaka milate haiM 1-taittirIya AraNyaka, 2-maitrAyiNI AraNyaka / sAmaveda ke bhI do AraNyak 1- tavalkAra aura 2-chAndogya prApta hote haiN| atharvaveda kA koI bhI AraNyaka grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| upaniSadoM kA darzana upaniSada (saMkSipta paricaya)- upaniSad veda ke antima bhAga hote haiM isaliye inheM 'vedAnta' bhI kahA jAtA hai| upaniSadoM meM AdhyAtmika vidyA ke gUDhatama rahasyoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| hindU darzana meM tIna prasthAna grantha haiM- upaniSad, gItA, brhmsuutr| isI prasthAnatrayI para bhAratIya vaidikadharma tathA darzana avalambita hai parantu gItA tathA brahmasUtra ke upaniSadoM para Azrita hone ke kAraNa upaniSadoM kA mahatva sabase adhika hai| "upaniSada' zabda 'upa' tathA 'ni' upasarga 'sad' dhAtu se 'kvipa' pratyaya jor3ane para niSpanna huA hai| 'sada' kA eka artha 'baiThanA hotA hai arthAta "ziSya kA gurU ke nikaTa 138

Page #156
upadeza ke liye zraddhApUrvaka baitthnaa| kaI upaniSadoM se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki rahasyAtmaka isaliye thA jisase ki apAtra ke kAna meM na par3ane paaye| zrI zaGkarAcArya ne taittirIya 'upaniSad' ke bhASya meM 'upaniSad' zabda kA artha 'brahmajJAna' batalAte haiN| isa brahmajJAna se hI manuSya ko janma aura maraNa ke bandhana se mokSa prApta hotA hai isa mokSa kA jJAna hI brahmajJAna hai| upaniSad kA sad dhAtu tIna arthoM meM prayukta kiyA jAtA hai- 1-vizaraNa- nAza honA, 2-gati-prApta honA, 3-avasAdana- zithila krnaa| 'AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya' ne bhAratIya darzana meM likhA hai ki "upaniSada kA artha adhyAtmavidyA hai| jisa vidyA ke adhyayana se dRSTAnuzravika viSayoM se vitRSNa mumukSajanoM kI saMsAra bIjabhUta avidyA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura jo vidyA unheM brahma kI prApti karA detI hai tathA jisake parizIlana se garbhavAsAdi duHkhavRndoM kA sarvadA zithilIkaraNa ho jAtA hai, vahI adhyAtmavidyA upaniSada hai"|' upalabdha upaniSadoM kI sUcI kA vivaraNa muktikopaniSad se prApta hotA hai| sAdhAraNataH upaniSadoM kI saM0 108 taka mAnI jAtI hai| inameM se lagabhaga dasa upaniSadeM mukhya haiM- Iza; kena, prazna, kaTha, mANDUkya, taittirIya, aitareya, muNDaka, chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka / upaniSada gadya aura padya donoM meM hai| upaniSadoM kA racayitA koI vyakti vizeSa nahIM hai kyoMki eka hI upaniSada meM kaI zikSakoM kA nAma AtA hai jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki upaniSad eka lekhaka kI kRti nahIM hai| upaniSad dArzanika aura dhArmika vicAroM se bhare haiM dArzanika pakSa hI upaniSad kIanamola nidhi hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se sampUrNa vedoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai- karma, upAsanA, jJAna / karma kA viSaya saMhitA aura brAhmaNa hai| upAsanA kA -- 'baldeva upA0- bhA0 darzana- pR0 37 139

Page #157
viSaya saMhitA aura AraNyaka hai- jJAna ke viSaya kA pratipAdana karane vAle upaniSadeM haiM yaha jJAna brahmajJAna hai yA AtmajJAna hai yahI mokSa kA sAdhana hai| upaniSadoM meM advaita zruti, viziSTAdvaita zruti tathA dvaita zrutiyoM kA sadbhAva hai ise koI bhI vidvAna asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| zrI zaGakarAcArya ne upaniSadoM para bhASya likhakara unameM advaita kA hI pratipAdana kiyA hai| zrI rAmAnujAcArya ne svayaM upaniSadoM para bhASya nahIM likhA haiM mAdhavAcArya ke pratipAdana kA mukhya tAtparya brahma tathA AtmA kI bhinnatA (dvaita) ke pratipAdana meM hai| upaniSad sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke mUla srota haiM jo bhAratIya darzana veda prAmANya ko mAnate haiM ve sabhI upaniSadoM ko veda prAmANya ko mAnate haiM ve sabhI upaniSadoM ko veda prAmANya nahIM mAnate haiN| phira bhI unake darzana ke mUla upaniSadoM meM haiN| kumArila bhaTTa ne bauddhadarzana ke vijJAnavAda, kSaNabhaGagavAda, anAtmavAda tathA vairAgyavAda ko upaniSadoM se nikalA huA svIkAra kiyA hai| cArvAka darzana kA bhautikavAda upaniSad ke dArzanika virocana kA darzana hai| jainadarzana kA sadRSTi, asadRSTi, avAcya dRSTi upaniSadoM meM milatI hai| jise lekara jainiyoM ne syAdavAda aura anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta vikasita kiyaa| ena. ke. devarAja ne apanI pustaka bhAratIya darzana meM likhA hai- "SaDdarzanoM meM vedAnta ke sabhI sampradAya upaniSadoM ke sAkSAta vikAsa hai| 'tatatvamasi' isa eka vAkya kI vyAkhyA vibhinna vedAnta sampradAyoM ne vibhinna prakAra se kI hai| isa aura aise anya vAkyoM ke vyAkhyAnoM se ina sampradAyoM kA prArdubhAva huA hai| ye sabhI sampradAya brahmavAdI haiM aura jIva, jagata tathA brahma kA vivecana karate haiN| isa vivecana meM ye upaniSad ke 140

Page #158
vAkyoM ko pramANa rUpa meM mAnate haiN"|' bhagavAna bAdarAyaNa kA brahmasUtra upaniSadoM ke darzana kA sAra prastuta karatA hai| sAMkhya darzana kI prakRti kA ullekha zvetAzvetara upaniSada meM "ajAma ekAma lohita zukla kRSNAma" maMtra meM AtA hai jahAM spaSTa rUpa se prakRti ko satva, raja, tama tInoM guNoM se yukta kahA gayA hai| yoga darzana meM 'praNava' kA varNana mANDUkya upaniSad ke 'praNava' upAsanA kA mUla hI hai| kaThopaniSada kA yoga vivecana pataMjali ke yoga sUtra kA mUlasrota hai| nyAyavaizeSika darzana kA jJAna siddhAnta upaniSadoM kI zravaNa prakriyA aura manana prakriyA kA vikAsa hai| vaizeSika paramANuvAda kA bIja bhI upaniSadoM meM prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra sabhI bhAratIya darzana upaniSad darzana se vikasita huA hai aura jo nahIM nikalA hai vaha darzana hI nahIM hai| upaniSada ke dArzanikoM ne kaI vidhiyoM se dArzanika vivecana prastuta kiyA hai usameM kucha vidhi atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai jo nimna hai- yathA pratIkAtmaka vidhi- zANDilya ne chAndogya upaniSada kA pratIkAtmaka vidhi se dArzanika vivecana karate huye paramatatva ke liye 'tajjalAna' zabda prayukta kiyA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki jisase yaha jagata utpanna hotA hai, jisameM yaha gatizIla hai, aura jisameM isa jagata kAlaya hotA hai vaha brahma hai| ___mANDUkyopaniSad meM sUtra vidhi se 'oma' kA dArzanika vivecana kiyA gayA haia+u+ma dvArA oma kI vyAkhyA karate huye 'oma' ko catuSpAda AtmA kahA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM AkhyAyikA vidhi ke jharA bhI dArzanika vivecana kiyA gayA hai yathAchAndogya upaniSad meM- indra aura virocana kI AkhyAyikA varNita hai| 1 ena. ke. devarAja- bhAratIya darzana- pR066 ' tajjalAniti zAnta upAsIta (chA0 upa03/14/1) 141

Page #159
upaniSadoM ke dArzanika vivecana kI nirUkta vidhi bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| upaniSadoM meM svapna, purUSa Adi zabdoM kI niruktiyAM dI gayI hai- yathA jo sat se sampanna hai yA svayaM ko prApta karatA hai vahI svapna hai| chAndogya upaniSada meM ArUNi ne apane putra zvetaketu ko upamAna vidhi se "tat tvama asi" kA upadeza diyA hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSada meM zAstrArtha vidhi se dArzanika vivecana prApta hotA hai| upaniSad dArzanika yAjJavalkya ne aneka dArzanikoM se zAstrArtha karake apanI zreSThatA pramANita kii| yathA- kaThopaniSada meM yama-naciketA saMvAda, bRhadA0 meM yAjJavalkya- maitreyI saMvAda chAndo0 upani0 meM ArUNi zvetaketu saMvAda aura nArada sanatkumAra saMvAda mukhya hai| taittarIya upaniSad meM "arundhatI nyAya vidhi" se dArzanika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa upaniSad meM brahma ko kramazaH annamaya, prANamaya, manomaya, vijJAnamaya aura Anandamaya batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra se upaniSadoM meM AtmasaMlApa vidhi saMzleSaNAtmaka vidhi, vizleSaNAtmaka vidhi, adhidaivata Adi vidhiyoM se dArzanika vivecana prApta hotA hai| upaniSadoM meM dArzanika vivecana vedoM ke bAda AraNyaka granthoM meM jo AdhyAtmika jijJAsA kI prakriyA vikasita huI thI usI kA suvyavasthita evaM paripakva rUpa upaniSadoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| upaniSad aneka virodhI guNoM kA samanvaya prastuta karatA hai| isameM eka ora yadi jJAnamArga kA varNana hai to dUsarI ora karmamArga aura bhaktimArga kA hai| eka ora yadi "sarva khalvidaM brahma" varNita hai to dUsarI ora dvaita aura traita siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM virodhoM ke sAtha samanvaya parilakSita hotA hai| upaniSadoM meM dArzanika vicAroM kA atIva sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 142

Page #160
1. vedAnta meM pratipAdita "tatvamasi mahAvAkya" kA mUla chAndogya upaniSad meM prApta hotA hai| isameM uddAlaka muni ne zvetaketu ko "tatvamasi' kA upadeza diyA hai- 'sa ca eSo'Ni maitadAtmyamidaM sarva tat satyaM sa AtmA tatvamasizvetaketoiti (chAndo0 6/6/12-3) upaniSadoM meM mukhya rUpa se brahma ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bRhadA0 upani0 meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha na to sthUla hai, na sUkSma hai, na laghu hai aura na gurU / usameM na rasa hai, na gandha na usake pAsa A~kha hai aura na hI kAna hai vaha nitya hai usameM AkAza ota-prota hai| ataH nirguNa brahma kA niSedhAtmaka varNana upalabdha hotA hai / arasamagandhamacakSuSkamazrotram 'asthUlamanaNvahasvamadIrghama -asminnu khalvekSare gAgaryAkAza otazcaprotazca / (bRhadA0 3-8-8 se / / ) upaniSadoM kA mukhya vivecya viSaya AtmA yA brahma kA svarUpa hai / "brahma" zabda 'bRha' dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha " vyApaka " hai / "bRhanto hi asmin guNA iti brahma" isa vyutpatti ke anusAra "brahma" zabda se tAtparya usa parama sattA se hai jisakI sattA evaM ananta zakti para vizva ke sabhI padArthoM kA astitva evaM saMcAlana nirbhara hai| kaThopaniSad ke anusAra- yaha eka purAtana vRkSa hai jisakI jar3eM Upara kI ora haiM aura zAkhAeM nIce kI ora jAtI hai| vaha prakAza kA puJja ujjavala brahma hai jo amara hai jagata kI sabhI cetana-acetana vastueM usI ke andara haiM usake bAhara nahIM hai / taittarIyopaniSad meM brahma ko satya, jJAna evaM ananta kahA gayA hai'satyaMjJAnamanantaM brahma' / (taittirIyo0- 2/1) / upaniSadoM meM brahma ke do lakSaNoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai- 1-taTastha lakSaNa, 2- svarUpa lakSaNa | jagata kA kAraNa honA brahma kA taTastha lakSaNa hai brahma jagata kI utpatti, sthiti evaM laya kA nimitta evaM upAdAna kAraNa hai / 'satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma' aura 'vijJAnamAnandaM 143

Page #161
brahma" usakA svarUpa lakSaNa hai| upaniSadoM meM brahma kA varNana kahIM 'neti-neti' paddhati se kiyA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyako0 brahma kA pUrNa niSedhAtmaka varNana karatA hai kyoMki brahma meM sarvasva samAviSTa hai- 'athAtaM AdezaH neti-neti| nahi etasmAditi na iti anytyprmsti|' upaniSadoM meM brahma ke do rUpa milate haiM- 1- saprapaJca aura 2nissprpnyc| saprapaJca brahma ko saguNa, apara brahma, mUrta yA Izvara kahate haiM aura niSprapaJca brahma ko nirguNa, nirvizeSa, amUrta yA parabrahma kahate haiN| saprapaJca brahma kI avadhAraNA dhArmika hai, niSprapaJca brahma kI avadhAraNA dArzanika hai| vyavahArika dRSTi se brahma saprapaJca hai aura paramArthika dRSTi se nissprpnyc| niSprapaJca brahma kI dhAraNA ke anusAra brahma hI ekamAtra sat hai aura isake atirikta anya vastueM AbhAsamAtra hai, yaha brahmavivartavAda hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM Izvara kI mahattA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki Izvara vizva ke bhItara nivAsa karatA hai aura vizva kA zAsana karatA hai| use vizva kA antaryAmI sUtradhAra kahA gayA hai| taittirIya upaniSada meM kahA gayA hai ki sRSTi kI utpatti ke samaya Izvara ne pratyeka sRSTa padArtha meM praveza kiyA aura tatpazcAta usane svayaM sat-asat, vijJAna-avijJAna rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| ataH Izvara pratyeka vastu meM vyApta hai| sampUrNa sRSTi Izvara kI zarIra hai| zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM Izvara kI sarvavyApakatA varNita kI gayI hai isase tAtparya yaha hai ki Izvara, agni, jala, vanaspati, vRkSa Adi vizva ke kaNa-kaNa meM vyApta haiN| isI upaniSad meM eka jagaha kahA gayA hai ki Izvara vizva ke pare svarga meM vRkSa kI bhA~ti avicala rUpa se sthita hai| ataH vizva ke pare hai| isI upaniSad meM brahma ko sarvavyApI, karmoM kA niyantA sAkSI, caitanya, advitIya aura nirguNa kahA gayA hai 144

Page #162
"eko devaH sarvabhUteSu gUr3ha: sarvavyApI sarvabhUtAntarAtmA / ---------- sAkSI cetA kevalo nirguNazca / / zvetA0 6/11) chAndogya upaniSad meM Izvara ke sambandha meM yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki isa sRSTi kI racanA usa parama tatva ke IkSaNa se hI hotI hai- 'tadaikSata bahusyAM prajAyeyati tattejo'sRjata -- __ brahma sarvazaktimAna hai, jagata ko utpanna karane kI zakti ekamAtra usa parama sat brahma meM hI hai| taittirIya upaniSad ke anusAra- 'brahma hI jagata kI utpatti, sthiti aura laya kA uttaradAyI kAraNa hai|' sarvazaktimAna zAsvata brahma vahI hai jisase sabhI vastuoM kI utpatti sabhI kI sthiti aura jisameM sabhI vastuoM kA anta hotA hai- 'yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante yena jAtAni jIvanti ttpryaanti...tdbrhmeti| kaThopaniSada meM brahma ko 'prakAza puMja' kahA gayA hai- sUrya, candramA, tAre, nakSatra Adi apane prakAza se prakAzita na hokara brahma kI jyoti se prakAzita hote haiM arthAt brahma ke prakAza se hI sabhI prakAzamAna hote haiN| isa upaniSad meM bhI brahma ko hI ekamAtra satya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura brahma ke atirikta kisI bhI anya vastu kI sattA nahIM hai| brahma ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sampUrNa sRSTi meM ekamAtra tatva brahma ko dekhatA hai, vahI jJAnI hai, vahI amaratva ko bhI prApta hotA hai| isake viparIta jo dekhatA hai vaha bArambAra mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, aura AvAgamana ke cakra meM phaMsA rahatA hai|' 'chAndogya upa0 (6-2-2-3) taittirIya upa0 3/1 3 natasya sUryo bhAMti na candrArakaM nemAM vidyuto bhAti kuto'ymaagni| tameva bhAntamanubhAti sarva tasya bhASA sarvamida vibhAti / / (ka0 upa0 11/5/15) 4 manasaivedamAptavyaM neha nAnAsti kiMJcana / mRtyo. sa mRtyuM gacchati ya iha nAneva pazyati / / (ka0 34/11/4/11) 145

Page #163
kenopaniSad meM brahma ko vANI se pare batAyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vANI se prakAzita nahI hotA kintu jisase vANI prakAzita hotA hai / zaMkarAcArya ne vedAnta meM jisa advaita brahma kA pratipAdana kiyA hai usakA bIjarUpa hameM mANDUkyopaniSad meM prApta hotA hai / brahma na antaH prajJa hai aura na bahiHprajJa aura na ubhyprjny| vaha na jJAna, dhana hai, na prajJa hai, na aprajJa hai / vaha adRSTa, agrAhya, acintya aura avyapadezya hai| isameM brahma kI cAra avasthAeM, paJcakoza, kAraNa, zarIrAdi ke samaSTi aura vyaSTirUpa aura turIya ziva avasthA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| brahma meM sabhI prapaJcoM kA upazama ho jAtA hai vaha zAnta, ziva aura advaita hai|"prpnycopshmN zAntaM zivamadvaitaM caturtha manyante sa AtmA sa vijJeyaH / " ( mANDUkya upaniSada 6 / 7) vedAnta meM 'mAyA' kA varNana zvetAzvatara upaniSada meM milatA hai| isameM prakRti ko 'mAyA' aura 'purUSa' (mahezvara) ko mAyin ( mAyA kA svAmI) kahA gayA hai- 'mAyAM tu prakRtiM vihAnmAyinaM tu mahezvaram / ' (zvetAzvatara 4/10) zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM prakRti ke tInoM guNoM evaM unake lohita, zukla evaM kRSNa rUpoM kA varNana hai| sAMkhya aura yoga meM varNita prakRti ke tInoM guNoM kA bIjarUpa meM nirdeza hai / ' vedAnta meM AcAryazaMkara dvArA uddhRta 'tatvamasi' mahAvAkya kA mUla chAndogya upaniSada meM prApta hotA hai| isa upaniSad meM uddAlaka muni dvArA zvetaketu ko diyA gayA upadeza varNita hai / 'sa ca eSo'NimaitadAtmyamidaM sarva tata satyaM sa AtmA tatvamasi zvetaketo iti / ' (chAndogya 6-6-12-3)| punarjanma se sambandhita varNana hameM tIna upaniSadoM meM mukhya rUpa se milatA hai ye upaniSada haiM- chAndogya, kaTha, bRhadAraNyaka / isameM kahA gayA hai ki kucha loga to aise hote haiM jinheM zubha karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI amaratva kI prApti ho 146

Page #164
jAtI hai aura zeSa ko punarjanma prApta hotA hai| kaThopaniSad meM jaba naciketA yama ke dvAra se lauTa AtA hai taba vaha punarjanma kI ora hI iMgita kara rahA hai| muNDaka upani0 meM bhI punarjanma se sambandhita varNana hai| bRhadANyaka upaniSada meM punarjanma kA varNana hai- 'kSIrNa ca puNye tataH punraavrtnte| ye khalu pRthivyAM nAnAyoniSu janaH prapadyAnte manuSyajAtau jaaynte|' (bRhadA0 6-2-15-16) gItA meM pratipAdita niSkAma karmayoga kA varNana, mUla rUpa se Iza upaniSad meM prApta hotA hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki niSkAma bhAva se prerita hokara karma karane vAlA vyakti karma ke bandhana meM nahIM baMdhatA hai| 'kurvannedeha karmANi jijIviSecchat samAH / evaM tvayi nAnyatheto'sti, na karma lipyate nre|| (IzopaniSada-2) isa prakAra Iza upaniSada meM vidyA aura avidyA arthAt jJAna mArga evaM karmamArga donoM meM samanvaya milatA hai| isI prakAra kaThaupaniSada meM bhI zreya aura preya kA samanvita rUpa varNita hai| veda meM eka Izvara kA varNana upaniSadoM meM yaha siddhAnta pracalita hai ki upaniSadoM kA brahma eka hai| AcArya zaMkara ke siddhAnta para yadi dhyAna deM to yaha AcArya ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki brahma hI ekamAtra sat hai, aura zeSa sabhI mAyopahita caitanya hai| brahma hI saMsAra kA abhinna nimittopAdAna kAraNa hai| kintu yadi upaniSadoM kA AdhAra veda mAnA jAye to paraspara saMgati se aisA arthAta AcArya zaMkara kA mata samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki vedoM ke aneka maMtra eka brahma kA pratipAdana to karate haiM parantu sAtha hI AtmA arthAt 'ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM vahIH prajAH sRjmaanaaNsruupaaH| (zvetA0 4-5) 147

Page #165
jIvAtmA aura saMsAra ke padArthoM kI sattA bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM meM bhI veda maMtroM ko lekara usI prakAra siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai jaisA ki veda ne kiyA hai| veda aura upaniSadoM meM mukhya rUpa se yaha antara dRSTigocara hotA hai ki veda eka sAgara ke samAna hai jisameM sabhI prakAra kI vidhAoM kA varNana bIjarUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai, aura upaniSad vedoM kA kevala eka aMga kI bhA~ti hai arthAt upaniSadeM jJAnakANDa kI anubhUtiparaka vyAkhyAeM prastuta karatI haiN| veda aura upaniSadoM meM brahma sambandhI maMtroM meM kucha sAmya dikhAI detA hai- jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM eka brahma ko mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra vedoM meM bhI eka Izvara kA varNana hai| 1. sRSTi yA jagat meM jo kucha bhI jar3a-cetana rUpa hai vaha samasta paramezvara se hI vyApta hai| 2. jo sampUrNa jagata kA svAmI, kartA, dhartA hai, usI parama sattA kA varNana parama purUSa, sRSTi kA adhyakSa, devoM ke deva tathA brahma Adi nAmoM se aneka maMtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| 3. brahma kA sAkSAtkAra jijJAsu kara letA hai taba samasta bhuvanoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, kyoMki vaha brahma sUkSmAtisUkSma hai|' 4. vidvAna, brAhmaNa usI eka brahma kI stuti bharI vANiyoM se bhakti karate haiN|' 5. usI eka Izvara ko agni, vAyu, candramA, yama, mAtarizvA Adi nAmoM se kahA jAtA hai| 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jgt|| (yaju0 40-1-Izo-1) 2 yatra lokAzca kozAzcApoM brahma jnaaviduH| yasacca yatra saccAnta skambhataM brUhi katama. svideva s|| (atharva0 10/6/10) 'brahmANaM brahmavAhamaM gobhi sakhAya mRgmiyama / (gAMdo hasehuvo- R06/6/45/7)|| 148

Page #166
7. yajurveda meM kahA gayA hai ki hama sabhI loga apanI rakSA ke liye, usa Izvara kI, jo jaMgama aura sthAvara saba kA svAmI hai, vahI buddhi kA preraka hai, usa kI prArthanA karate haiN| 8. usa paramezvara ke svarUpa kA varNana karate huye veda kahatA hai ki vaha zarIra rahita, zuddha, nasa-nAr3iyoM se rahita, pApoM se rahita svayambhU Adi vizeSaNoM se yukta hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM aura unakI vicAradhArAoM se prabhAvita kucha bhAratIya vidvAna bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki vedoM meM brahma vidyA nahIM hai, brahma vidyA kA vikAsa veda ke pazcAta vedAnta arthAt upaniSadoM meM huA hai| kintu kucha vidvAna to itanA avazya svIkAra karate haiM ki Rgveda ke antima meM Ate-Ate ekezvaravAda kI bhAvanA kucha panapa gaI thI parantu dayAnanda to isa vicAradhArA se asahamata hokara yaha udghoSaNA karate haiM ki vedoM kA mukhya tAtparya paramezvara ko hI prApta karane meM hai| "evameva sarveSAM vedAnAzI zvare mukhye arthe mukhya tAtparyamasti / / " maharSi dayAnanda apanI isa bAta ko siddha evaM pramANita karane ke liye kaThopaniSad kA pramANa dete haiN| 'samasta veda jisa ke gIta gAte haiM vaha 'o'm' hai|' vedAnta darzana bhI isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki vedoM meM 'brahma' kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai|' vedoM meM brahma ko sarvazaktimAna, devoM ke deva, sarvajJa, vyApaka, sarvAntaryAmI Adi vizeSaNoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra vedoM meM ekezvaravAda kA jitanA spaSTa aura sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaisA anyatra zAyada hI ho| dayAnanda kA mAnanA hai ki jo bahudevavAda yA hInothIjma kI vicAradhArA utpanna huI usake pIche kAraNa saMbhavataH yaha rahA hogA ki 'devatA' zabda se artha kA anartha kiyA gyaa| kintu itanA to spaSTa hai ki 1 tadevAgnistadAditya- --(yaju0 3/2/1) 2 rUcaM brAhma janayanto devA agre tabrUvan / yastavaivaM brAhmaNo vidyAttasya devA asnvshe|| (yaju0 31/21) 3 kvacit sAkSAtkvacita prmpraac| ataH paramArtho vedAnAM brhmaivaasti| vahI pRsstth| * sarve vedA yatpadamAmananti - kaTho0 1/2/15 / tattusamanvayAt (vedAnta 1/1/4) 149

Page #167
devatA zabda se Izvara kA grahaNa nahIM karanA caahiye| ataH vedoM meM eka hI Izvara kI upAsanA kA vidhAna hai| upaniSadoM meM ekezvara kA varNana vedoM kI bhAMti upaniSadoM meM bhI Izvara ke vividha nAma prApta hote haiN| maharSi dayAnanda ne Izvara kA mukhya nAma 'oum' batalAyA hai| yaha 'oum' nAma upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai| jo Izvara kA paryAyavAcI nAma ke rUpa meM hai| Izvara ko brahma, mAyAvina Adi nAmoM se bhI varNita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM Izvara ke jina vizeSa nAmoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai ne saba vedoM ke hI anusAra hai| vedoM kI hI taraha upaniSadoM meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki vaha parama brahma vibhinna nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| udAharaNatayA- zvetAzvetaropa0 meM kahA gayA hai ki usI ko agni, usI ko Aditya, vAyu, candramA, Apa Adi vibhinna ye nAma Izvara ke hI nAma hai| 'tadevAgnistadAditya(zvetA0 4/2) / kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha 'o'ma' hI avinAzI brahma hai aura yahI saba kA Alambana hai| 'etadhyevAkSaraM brahma eta dhyamevAkSaraM prm|' isa oMkAra kA japa karane se hI paramAnanda kI prApti ho jAtI hai| yaha 'o'm' hI sampUrNa jagata meM vyApta hai yaha oum trikAlAtIta hai arthAt bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat meM yaha oGkAra hI hai| 'ya AmityetadakSaramidosarva praznopaniSad meM oMkAra kA varNana karate huye likhA gayA hai ki he satkAma nizcita hai ki yaha oMkAra hI brahma hai isI ko donoM rUpoM meM parabrahma aura aparabrahma bhI kahate haiN| 'eta dvai satyakAma paraM cAparaM ca brahmayado oMkAra' (prshnopnissd-5/2)| muNDakopaniSad meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki do sundara paroM vAle pakSI hI prakRti rUpI vRkSa para virAjamAna haiM usameM se eka phaloM kA AsvAda letA hai aura dUsarA taTastha bhAva 150

Page #168
se dekhatA rahatA hai|' isa udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ina jIva aura brahma meM se eka jo jIva haiM vaha vRkSarUpI saMsAra meM pApa-puNya, zubha-azubha rUpa phaloM ko sucArU rUpa se bhogatA hai aura isake viparIta dUsarA paramAtmA karmoM ke phaloM ko na bhogatA huA apane cAroM ora arthAt bhItara bAhara sarvatra prakAzamAna ho rahA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki upaniSadoM meM bhoktA rUpa meM jIvAtmA aura bhogyA prakRti tathA ina para zAsana karane vAlA 'brahma' kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / upaniSadoM meM bhI brahma ko sarvatra vibhu, sarvazaktimAna sRSTi racayitA, pAlanakartA evaM saMhartA ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| isake viparIta jIvAtmA alpazakti vAla aNu tathA paricchinna hai / jIvAtmA karma karane meM to svataMtra hai kintu karma kA phala bhogane meM paratantra hai / upaniSadoM meM dvaitavAda kA samarthana jo zrutiyAM karatI hai unako advaitavAdI yaha kahakara prabala rUpa se samarthana karate haiM ki ye vyavahArakAla kI zrutiyAM haiN| upaniSadoM meM isa taraha kA saMketa nahIM hai| jijJAsA hone ke kAraNa yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki kyA upaniSadoM meM sRSTiracanA kA varNana nahIM hai| yadi sRSTi kA varNana hai to mithyA kyoM kahA jAya / isake bAda phira paramArtha aura vyavahAra kA bheda kyoM mAnA jAya / AcArya zaMkara brahma ko samajhAne ke liye isa jagata kA sahArA lete haiM aura phira bAda meM kahate haiM ki saMsAra " mithyA hai aura brahma satya hai, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai| arthAt mithyA jagata se paramArthika sattA kaise siddha kI jA sakatI hai? vastutaH vyavahArika stara para jo advaitavAdI bheda mAnate haiM usase dayAnanda kI yathArthavAdI vicAradhArA ko hI sahArA (bala) milatA hai / - dvA suparNA suyujA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSaM pariSasva jAte / tayoranya pippalaMsvAdvagatyanaznannanyo abhicAkazIti / / (mu0 u0 3/1/1) 151

Page #169
maharSi dayAnanda yaha mAnate haiM ki upaniSadoM meM brahma ko saMsAra kA racayitA kahA gayA hai| isI brahma se samasta mahAbhUta utpanna hote haiM aura utpanna hokara usI meM tirohita ho jAte haiN| arthAt pralayAvasthA meM naSTa hokara brahma ke garbha meM avyaktAvasthA meM cale jAte haiN| 'yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante... yatprayatyabhisaMvizAnti / ' ( taittirIya upaniSada) satya to yaha hai ki upaniSadoM meM sRSTiracanA kA varNana jisa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai vaha vizuddha yathArthavAdI hai| maharSi dayAnanda ke anusAra AcArya zaGkara ke mAyAvAda kA siddhAnta upaniSadoM meM prApta nahIM hotA hai kintu jo 'mAyA' zabda upaniSadoM meM AyA hai vaha AcArya zaMkara kI mAyA nahIM hai balki (yahA) 'mAyA' kA artha- 'prakRti' hai / zvetAzvetaropaniSada meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki 'mAyA ko prakRti hI jAnoM / " sAMkhyadarzana meM varNita 'prakRti' aura upaniSadoM kI 'mAyA' eka hI pratIta hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAMkhya darzana prakRti pariNAmavAda ko hamezA zrutisammata batalAtA hai'zrutirapipradhAnakAryatvasya' (sAM0 sU0 5 / 2) parantu itanA avazya kahA hai ki brahma nityoM kA nitya hai arthAt jIva aura prakRti ina nitya tatvoM kA jo svAmI hai vaha anAdi brahma hai|' isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM ekezvaravAda kA hI mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM dvArA vedoM ko hI pramANa mAnanA - sabhI upaniSadeM veda ko hI pramANa rUpa meM svIkAra karatI haiM na ki vedoM kA khaNDana karatI haiN| kyoMki kaThopaniSada meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jisa akSara para brahma ko prApta karane kA sabhI veda upadeza dete haiM usI brahma ko jAnoM--- 'sarve vedA yatpadamAmananti / (kaThopaniSad 2 / 15) | muNDakopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki usa paramAtmA kA mukha agni hai, candramA aura sUrya usa paramAtmA ke do cakSu haiM zrota dizAeM haiM tathA RgvedAdi cAroM usa paramAtmA kI vANI haiN| vedoM ke viSaya meM ' mAyAM tu prakRti vihAnmAyinaM tu mahezvaram / tasyAvayava bhUtaistu vyAptaM sarvamidaM jagata | | ( zvetA0 4 / 10) ' nityo nityAnAM cetanAzvetaMnAnAmeko bahUnAM yo vidytikaamaan| (zvetA0 6 / 3) 152

Page #170
yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ye veda paramAtmA ke niHzvAsa se prabhUta hai tathA usI paramAtmA ke dvArA prakAzita jJAna hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM kA adhyayana karane ke bAda yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki kucha maMtroM ko chor3akara anyatra vedoM ke maMtroM ko jyoM kA tyoM upaniSadoM meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / brAhmaNa veda ke svAdhyAya dvArA usI paramAtmA ko jAnane kI icchA karate haiN| isa prakAra upaniSadeM vedoM ke virUddha nahIM apitu vedoM ko pramANarUpa meM prastuta karatI hai| veda meM pralayAvasthA kI sthiti meM prakRti kA ni sRSTi kI racanA hone se pUrva prakRti pralayakAla meM kisa sthiti meM thI, usakA kyA AkAra thA, isa sRSTi kI racanA kisane kiyA yA yaha prakRti thI bhI yA nahIM thI ? Adi praznoM kA uttara vedoM meM gaMbhIratA se diyA gayA hai| isa dArzanika samasyA kA samAdhAna sabase jyAdA Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta meM varNita hai| nAsadIya sUkta ke viSaya meM maiksamUlara (pazcimI vidvAna) kA vicAra hai ki isa sUkta ko Izvara ne RSiyoM ke liye hI avatarita kiyA hai| jaisA ki isa sUkta ke kucha maMtroM ke vivecana se pratIta hotA hai 1- usa samaya (pralayakAla) meM na asat thA na sat thA aura na hI paramANuoM se bharA antarikSa bhI thA, usa samaya kahAM kyA AcchAdita thA? prakRti kisake Azraya meM thI, kyA usa samaya bahuta adhika gaMbhIra jala (bala) thA / ' 2- taba usa samaya na mRtyu thI tathA na kisI prakAra kA jIvana thA, rAtri aura divasa bhI nahIM thA, usa samaya vaha paramAtmA apanI zakti se svadhA - prakRti ke sAtha banA kisI prANavAyu ke praNayana kara rahA thA usase pare zreSTha kucha bhI nahIM thA ' 1 tathA tametaM vedAMnuvacanena brAhmaNA vividiSanti / (bRhadAraNyaka 4/4/22) 2 nAsadAsInmo sadAsIttadAnIM drajono vyomAr3aparoyata / kimArIva kuhakasya zarmannambha kimasIdagahanaM gaMbhIram / / (R0 10/126/1) 3 na mRtyurAsIdamRtaM na tarhinarAtyA ana AsIt prakeTaH / R0 (10/126/2) / 153

Page #171
3. usa samaya andhakAra se vyApta avyakta prakRti thI aura yaha saba ajJeya avasthA meM jala ke samAna ekAkAra thA jo tuccha thA (brahma ke sammukha prakRti tuccha hai) vaha paramAtmA ke tapa se eka arthAta vyakta sI hone lgii| isI uparyukta bAta kI vyAkhyA maharSi dayAnanda ne bhI isI prakAra se hI kI hai| 4- vastutaH kauna jAnatA hai aura kauna kaha sakatA hai, kahAM se nirmANa huA aura kahAM se vividha prakAra kI sRSTi huI hai, deva bhI vAda meM hI bane haiM aba kauna yaha kaha sakatA hai ki yaha sRSTi kahAM se nirmita huii| 5- jisase yaha vividha prakAra kI sRSTi udbhUta huI hai vahI isako dhAraNa karatA hai| yadi na kare to sRSTi vinaSTa ho jaay| jo parama vyoma hai isakA vaha adhyakSa hai| he mitra! usako jAna, yadi usako na jAnegA to mahatI hAni hogii| kucha Adhunika vidvAna jo zaGkara ke advaitavAda se prabhAvita haiM vaha AcArya zaGkara ke advaitavAda siddhAnta kA mUla isI sUkta meM DhUMDhane kA prayAsa karate haiM- kintu yahAM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki sarvaprathama maMtra meM sat aura asat donoM kA hI usa avasthA meM hone ko khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yadi isa maMtra meM kevala yaha itanA hI spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hotA ki sRSTi ke pUrva kevala sat hI thA aura kucha bhI nahIM thA taba to AcArya zaGkara ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana samucita jAna pdd'taa| kyoMki AcArya zaGkara kA bhI yaha mantavya hai ki sat kA kabhI vAdha nahIM hotA hai yaha trikAlAbAdhita sat hotA hai| kintu veda na to sat ko mAnatA hai aura na hI asat ko hI mAnatA hai| isase yaha tAtparyataH artha nikalatA hai ki 'sat' kA artha yaha kAryarUpa jagat nahIM thaa| aura asat kA artha hai abhAva / arthAt pUrNataH abhAva bhI nahIM thA apitu kAraNa prakRti 1 tama AsItamasA gUr3hatamagreapraketaH salilaM srvmaaidm| tucchayenAmbapihitaM.. jaarytkm|| (R0 10/126/3) 2 ko addhAveda ka iha pravocatkuta ajAtA kuta iyaM visRsstti| arvAgdeva sya visarjanenAthA ko veda yata A bbhuuv|| (R0 10/126/6) iyaM visRSTi AbabhUva yadi vA dadhevAma / (R0 10/126/7) 154

Page #172
avyaktAvasthA meM thii| Izvara apanI IkSaNazakti se hI usameM gati utpanna kara kSobha paidA kara detA hai| vedoM meM sRSTiracanA kA varNana bahuta hI dArzanika vidhi se kiyA gayA hai'dvA suparNA suyujA sakhAyA" yaha maMtra Rgveda meM bhI AtA hai aura yaha maMtra upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai isa maMtra meM prakRti kI upamA vRkSa se dI gayI hai| upaniSadoM kI dArzanika vyAkhyA vahI samucita ho sakatI hai jo vedoM kI vyAkhyA se bhI sahamati rakhatI ho isa prakAra se vedoM meM spaSTa rUpa se yathArthavAda kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| niSkarSa (samAlAcanA) veda Izvara se udbhUta hai ateva yaha apaurUSeya kRti hai tathA alaukika hai| isa mata ko AcArya zaGkara, rAmAnuja, dayAnanda tInoM hI mAnate haiN| dayAnanda ne vedoM kA bhASya yathArthavAdI yuga meM kiyA hai jaki AcArya zaGkara ne apane darzana kA prArambha bauddha darzana ke khaNDana se prArambha kiyA hai kyoMki usa samaya vaidika mAnyatAeM brahma kA mahatva samApta ho rahA thA isa dizA meM bauddha dArzanika prayatna kara rahe the isaliya sabhavataH AcArya zaMkara ne isa pratikriyA meM brahma ko hI saba kucha kahA- 'sarvakhalvidaMbrahma', nehanAnAsti kiJcana jgt| aura prakRti kA khaNDana kiyA jo usa samaya usa yuga kI jarUrata thii| svAmIdayAnanda kA prAdurbhAva yathArthavAdI prAdurbhAva ke sAtha hI huA hai| dayAnanda ne veda ke bhASya ke dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti ko vizva ke sammukha camatkRti rUpa meM rakhA hai| svAmI dayAnanda ke prabhAva se hI sakala bhAratIya vAGamaya jo paraspara virodhI sA pratIta hotA thA Aja usameM samanvaya dRSTigocara hotA hai| 1 Rgveda (1/164/2) 155

Page #173
AcArya zaGkara bhI apane yuga ke pratinidhi dArzanika haiM aura unake dArzanika vicAroM kI sUkSmatA darzanajagata ko atyadhika prabhAvita karatI hai / darzana ke kSetra meM AcArya zaGkara kA yogadAna kisI dArzanika se kama nahIM hai| zrImadbhagavadgItA I vizva darzana ke kSetra meM gItA kA viziSTa sthAna hai / yaha dArzanika jagata ko bhArata kI adbhuta dena hai / prAcIna bhArata ke darzana kA eka atyanta lokapriya kAvyAtmaka pratipAdana bhagavadgItA meM huA hai jo mahAbhArata mahAkAvya kA eka aMga hai| yaha mahAbhArata ke bhISma parva ke antargata hai / kurUkSetra ke yuddha meM apane bandhu bAndhavoM kI hatyA tathA yuddha kI bhayAnakatA se trasta pANDava vIra arjuna ko zrIkRSNa ne karma ke liye jo preraNA dI, vahI bhagavadgItA meM nirUpita hai| bhagavadgItA maharSi veda vyAsa dvArA racita saMskRta grantha hai| isake aThAraha adhyAyoM meM saMdeha meM nimagna arjuna ko kRSNa ne lambA dArzanika upadeza diyA hai / eka kSatriya ke rUpa meM apane zatruoM kA saMhAra karanA arjuna kA kartavya thA, kintu ye zatru koI aura nahIM balki unake sage sambandhI the| isaliye arjuna unakI hatyA karane meM naitika rUpa se vicalita ho uThe - inameM to "mere AcArya, mAmA aura dAdA, mere zvasura aura zubhaciMtaka haiN|' isa prakAra gItA ke prathama adhyAya meM arjuna ke zoka evaM moha kA varNana hai aura dUsare adhyAya kA viSaya sAMkhya- yoga evaM niSkAma karmayoga hai| tIsare aura cauthe adhyAya meM kramazaH karmayoga tathA jJAna - karma - - sanyAsa yoga kA varNana hai| chaThe adhyAya meM AtmasaMyama kA varNana hai aura sAtaveM meM jJAna - vijJAna yoga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra bAkI ke adhyAyoM meM bhI vibhinna pahaluoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA antima aThArahaveM adhyAya meM mokSa - sanyAsa yoga kA varNana hai| svAmI vivekAnanda ne zrIbhagavadgItA - 1,26-27 / 156

Page #174
apane grantha bhagavAna zrIkRSNa aura bhagavadgItA meM likhA hai ki-"eka anya bAta yaha hai ki sAdhAraNa janatA ko gItA ke viSaya meM taba taka adhika jAnakArI nahIM thI jaba taka zaMkarAcArya ne usa para apanA mahAna bhASya likhakara use mahAna nahIM banA diyaa| bahutoM kA kahanA hai ki usase bahuta pahale usa para bodhAyana kA bhASya pracalita thaa| yadi yaha siddha ho sake to niHsandeha gItA kI prAcInatA aura vyAsa kA usakA lekhaka honA kAphI hada taka mAnya ho sakatA hai| kintu bhArata bhara meM bhramaNa karate samaya mujhe vedAnta sUtra para bodhAyana ke bhASya kI koI prati nahIM milii|' rAmAnuja ne usase apanA zrIbhASya saMkalita kiyA, zaGkarAcArya ne usakA ullekha kiyA hai aura svayaM apane bhASya meM yatra-tatra use aMzataH uddhRta taka kiyA hai aura svAmI dayAnanda ne usakI bar3I carcA kI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki rAmAnuja taka ne kIr3oM-makor3oM se khAyI huyI eka hastalikhita prati se, jo saMyoga se unheM mila gayI thI, apane bhASya ko saMkalita kiyaa| jaba vedAnta sUtra para likhA gayA bodhAyana kA yaha mahAna bhASya bhI anizcitatA ke andhakAra meM itanA DhakA huA hai taba gItA para bodhAyana bhASya ke astitva ko pramANita karane kA prayAsa vyartha hai| kucha loga yaha niSkarSa nikAlate haiM ki gItA ke lekhaka zaMkarAcArya the aura unhoMne hI use mahAbhArata ke bIca meM prakSipta kara diyaa| bhagavadgItA meM kRSNa ke vyaktitva ke viSaya meM bhI saMdeha kI sthiti hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM eka jagaha hameM devakI ke putra kRSNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinhoMne ghora nAmaka yogI se AdhyAtmika zikSA grahaNa kI thii| mahAbhArata meM kRSNa kA dvArakAdhIza ke rUpa meM varNana milatA hai aura viSNupurANa meM gopiyoM ke sAtha rAsa-lIlA karate huye kRSNa kA varNana hai| bhAgavata meM vyApaka rUpa se rAsalIlA kA varNana hai| 1 bhagavAna zrIkRSNa aura zrIbhagavadgItA- pR0 22 // 157

Page #175
prAcInakAla meM hamAre deza meM aitihAsika zodha dvArA satya kA patAlagAne kI pravRtti bahuta kama thii| ataeva samucita tathyoM aura pramANoM dvArA siddha kiye binA hI, jisake vicAra meM jo ucita jAna par3atA vaha kaha DAlatA thaa| isaliye prAyaH yaha huA ki kisI AdamI ne koI grantha racA aura apane gurU yA kisI anya ke nAma se use pracalita kara diyaa| aise viSaya meM aitihAsika tathyoM kA anusaMdhAna karane vAle ke liye satya taka pahuMcanA bar3A jokhima kA kAma thaa| ataH kRSNa ke viSaya meM sahI niSkarSa para pahuMcanA prAyaH asaMbhava hai| yaha manuSya kA svabhAva hotA hai ki vaha kisI bhI mahAna purUSa ke svabhAva meM vibhinna rUpa kI kAlpanika atimAnavIya vizeSatAeM jor3a detA hai| kRSNa ke viSaya meM bhI aisA hI huA hogA kintu yaha saMbhava pratIta hotA hai ki vaha eka rAjA the| kintu eka bAta dhyAtavya hai ki gItA kA lekhaka cAhe jo bhI vyakti rahAho, hameM usameM vahI zikSAeM milatI haiM jo samasta mahAbhArata meM hai| nizcita rUpa se yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki mahAbhArata kAla meM kisI mahAna-purUSa kA abhyudaya huA, jisane tatkAlIna samAja ko isa naye paridhAna meM brahmajJAna kA upadeza diyaa| yaha bhI kAraNa thA ki prAcIna samaya meM jaba eka dharma sampradAya ke pazcAt dUsare dharmasampradAya kA abhyudaya hotA thA, taba kisI na kisI naye dharmazAstra kA bhI praNayana hotA thA aura vaha unameM vyavahRta hone lagatA thaa| yaha bhI hotA thA ki samaya vyatIta hone para dharma sampradAya kA astitva miTa gayA kintu dharmazAstra bacA raha gyaa| isa prakAra yaha bilkula saMbhava hai ki gItA kisI aise dharma sampradAya kA zAstra rahI ho jisane apane ucca evaM zreSTha vicAroM ko isa pavitra grantha meM samAviSTa kiyA ho| svAmI vivekAnanda apane grantha bhagavAna zrIkRSNa aura bhagavadgItA meM likhate haiM ki "aba hameM yaha dekhanA cAhiye ki gItA meM kyA hai? upaniSadoM kA adhyayana kare to dekhate haiM ki bahuta se asambaddha viSayoM kI bhUla-bhUlaiyyA meM bhaTakane para sahasA kisI 158

Page #176
mahAna satya kI carcA chir3a jAtI hai, ThIka vaise hI jaise kisI vizAla vIrAna pradeza meM kisI yAtrI ko akasmAt yatra-tatra ati sundara gulAba mila jAtA hai, jisakI pattiyAM, kAMTe, jar3eM sabhI paraspara ulajhI haiN| unakI tulanA meM gItA ina satyo ke sadRza haiM jo sundara DhaMga se yathAsthAna vyavasthita haiN| vaha eka sundara puSpamAlA ke yA sarvottama cune huye phUloM ke eka guladaste ke samAna haiN| upaniSadoM meM kaI sthaloM para zraddhA kI vistRta vivecanA kI gayI hai, kintu bhakti kA ullekha alpa hI hai| dUsarI ora gItA meM bhakti kI vAra vivecanA hI nahIM kI gayI hai varan usameM bhakti kI artaniSTha bhAvanA carama utkarSa taka pahuMca gayI haiN| __aba prasaMga yaha hai ki gItA kI maulikatA kisa bAta meM hai, jisase pUrvavartI apane sabhI zAstroM se alaga vizeSatA rakhatI hai| yadyapi gItA ke avirbhAva ke pUrva bhI yoga, jJAna, bhakti Adi sabhI ke dRr3ha anuyAyI the tathApi ve saba Apasa meM vivAda karate the kyoMki ve saba apane apane dvArA apanAye gaye mArgoM kI sarvotkRSTatA kA dAvA karate the| ina sabhI pRthaka mArgoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA kabhI kisI ne prayAsa hI nahIM kiyaa| gItA ke racayitA ne hI sarvaprathama usameM samanvaya lAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| tatkAlIna pracalita sabhI dharmasampradAyoM ke sarvottama tatvoM ko unhoMne liyA aura gItA meM sUtrabaddha kara diyaa| mahAbhArata meM batalAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ne mahAbhArata rUpI samudra kA manthana kara usake sAra 'gItAmRta' ko arjuna ke mukha meM homa kiyA bhAratAmRta sarvasva gItA yA mathitasya c| sAramudAdhRtya kRSNena arjunasya mukhe hutam / / (mahAbhArata bhISma parva 43/5) 'svAmI vivekAnanda bhagavAna zrIkRSNa aura zrIbhagavadgItA, pR0 26 159

Page #177
mahAbhArata ke zAnti parva meM batalAyA gayA hai ki yaha gItA dharma, vivasvAna, manu aura ikSvAku Adi kI paramparA se loka meM prasiddha huA / gItA ke caturtha adhyAya meM batalAyA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama bhagavAna ne gItA dharma kA upadeza vivasvAna ko diyA / ' isake bAda vivasvAna ne manu ko aura manu ne ikSvAku ko diyA yaha grantha gopAlanandana zrIkRSNa dvArA arjuna ko bachar3A banAkara upaniSada rUpI gAyoM se duhA gayA amRtamaya dUdha hai jise sudhIjana pIte haiN| adhyAtmatatva kA vivecana gItA meM bar3e hI sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| kintu ina saba kA samanvaya kara eka nizcita siddhAnta sthApita karanA kucha duSkara kArya hai / isaliye AcArya zaMkara ne gItA ko durvijJeyArtha batalAte haiM- " tadidaM gItAzAstraM samasta vedArtha sAra saMgraha bhUtaM durvijJeyArtham / " gItA meM brahma ke saguNa tathA nirguNa donoM rUpoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai kintu vAstava meM ye donoM rUpa Apasa meM abhinna hai / sarvondriya guNAbhAsaM sarvendriya vivarjitam / asaktaM sarvabhUccaiva nirguNaM guNabhoktR ca / / (13/14) isa prakAra gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki brahma jagat kI utpatti sthiti aura laya kA abhinna nimittopAdAna kAraNa hai| vaha zuddha caitanya aura akhaNDa Ananda hai vaha nirvikalpaka, nirUpAdhi aura vizvAtIta hai / antaryAmI rUpa meM vaha sArI prakRti aura samasta prANiyoM meM vAsa karatA hai jisa prakAra sUtra meM maNi piroyI rahatI hai usI prakAra usa para brahma meM yaha sArA jagat anusyUta hai| ' gItA meM kahIM-kahIM Izvara ke viSaya meM upaniSadoM kI niSprapaJcavAdI vicAra bhI 1 mahA0 zA0 parva - 348 / 51-52 2 sarvopaniSadoM gAvodogdhA gopAlanandanaH / pArthovatsa sudhIbhoktA dugdhaM gItAmRtam mahat / / 3 mayisarvamidaM protaM sUtre maNigaNA ib| gItA 7/7 160

Page #178
milate haiM tathApi isameM upaniSadoM kI saprapaJcavAdI brahma kI avadhAraNA tathA bhAgavata dharma ke IzvaravAda kA prabhAva adhika dikhAI detA hai| vastutaH gItA meM ina donoM vicAradhArAoM meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM upaniSadoM kA parabrahma bhAgavata dharma ke prabhAva meM zarIradhArI (saguNa) Izvara bana jAtA hai| yaha ziva, viSNu Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| gItA eka aisI ananta zakti meM vizvAsa karatI hai jo sabhI sImita, Adi vastuoM meM jIvana kA saMcAra karatA hai| gItA meM Izvara ko saba kA pitA, mAtA, mitra evaM sakhA bhI mAnA gayA hai| gItA meM Izvara ke do rUpoM arthAt vyakta evaM avyakta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke avyakta rUpa ko zuddha, nirguNa, avyakta, anAdi Adi rUpoM meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| ye bheda haiM- saguNa, saguNa-nirguNa tathA nirguNa / paramAtmA ke isa avyakta rUpa ko pratipAdita karane vAlI gItA kA eka kathana isa prakAra hai, "yaha paramAtmA anAdi, nirguNa, tathA avyakta hai, isaliye zarIra meM sthita rahakara bhI na to kucha karatA hai aura na lipAyamAna hotA hai" (gItA. 13/31) / gItA meM kucha kathana bhI hai jo paramAtmA ke vyakta rUpa kI ora saMketa karate haiM- jaisA ki kahA gayA hai / 'prakRti hI merA svarUpa hai' (gItA 1 / 8) tathA 'jIvAtmA hI merA sanAtana aMza hai' (gItA 15 / 7) / ina donoM rUpoM meM vyakta aura avyakta meM avyakta ko hI zreSTha mAnA gayA hai tathA ise hI paramAtmA kA saccA svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| gItA meM Izvara kI parA aura aparA do zaktiyoM kA vivecana prApta hotA hai Izvara kI parA prakRti sImita tathA sazarIra AtmAoM arthAt jIvAtmAoM kI niyAmaka haiM aura sAtha hI yaha cetana hai / yaha uccazreNI kI hai| isake sAtha aparA prakRti jar3a evaM acetana hai tathA nimna zreNI kI hai| aparA prakRti ke ATha bhedoM kA bhI ullekha hai- pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza, mana, buddhi, ahaMkAra aparA prakRti ke ATha bheda haiN| 161

Page #179
gItA meM Izvara ko vizva kA racayitA mAnA gayA hai Izvara apanI mAyA se isa jagata kI sRSTi karatA hai| 'mAyA' Izvara kI zakti hai| Izvara hI isa jagata kA pAlaka tathA saMhAraka donoM hai| gItA ke 6/14/35 meM kahA gayA hai ki "sampUrNa jagat kA dhAtA arthAt dhAraNa-poSaNa karane vAla maiM hI huuN| sabakA nAza karane vAlA bhI maiM hI huuN|" gItA aura upaniSadoM meM Izvara sambandhI vicAra ko lekara kucha matabheda avazya haiMkyoMki jahAM upaniSadoM meM brahma ke nirguNa rUpa ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| vahA~ gItA meM saguNa brahma ko zreSTha ThaharAyA gayA hai| brahma ke nirguNa svarUpa ko bhI gItA mAnatI hai| 'sArI vibhakta vastuoM meM jo avibhakta hokara vartamAna hai, jise na sat kahA jA sakatA hai aura na hI asat, jo sUkSma evaM durjeya hai, jo jyotiyoM kI bhI jyoti hai evaM andhakAra se pare hai jo jJAtA aura jJeya hai|' dasaveM adhyAya meM tathA sAtaveM aura naveM adhyAyoM ke kucha sthaloM meM bhagavAna kI vibhUtiyoM kA varNana hai| saMsAra ke sabhI sat-asat padArtha bhagavAn hI haiN| pRthvI meM maiM gandha hU~ aura sUrya tathA candramA meM prakAza / maiM saba bhUtoM kA jIvana hU~ aura tapasviyoM kA tp|' (7/6) / gItA ke gyArahaveM adhyAya meM vizvarUpa dikhalAkara 'bhagavAna ne arjuna ko apanI vibhUtiyoM aura saMsAra kA apane Upara avalambita hone kA pratyakSa anubhava karA diyaa| sAtha hI arjuna ko yaha upadeza bhI diyA ki saba kucha bhagavAna ke Upara chor3akara unhIM ke uddezya kI pUrti ke liye karma karanA caahiye| isa prakAra gItA ne apane tatva darzana ke siddhAnta meM sAMkhyoM ke prativAda, upaniSadoM ke brahmavAda, aura bhAgavatoM ke IzvaravAda tInoM kA samanvaya kara diyaa| gItA aura yoga-vicAra ' gItA, 13/15, 16, 17 / 162

Page #180
gItA meM 'yoga' kI paribhASA aneka prakAra se kI gayI hai- "samatva kA hI nAma yoga hai / " karmoM meM kuzalatA ko hI 'yoga' kahate haiM- " ( yogaH karmasu kauzalam ) " Adi / gItA meM 'yoga' zabda kA sAmAnya artha apane ko lagAnA yA 'jor3anA' hai| isa prakAra karmayoga kA artha huA 'apane ko sAmAjika kartavyoM kI pUrti meM lagAnA / yoga zabda sambandhavAcaka haiM- AtmA aura paramAtmA ke sambandha, jIva aura ziva ke samanvaya kA siddhAnta hI yoga kahalAtA hai| jIva aura Izvara meM sambandha ke liye tIna sAdhana batAye gaye haiM- karmayoga, bhaktiyoga, aura jJAnayoga / vibhinna mahAtmAoM ne apane manISA ke anusAra gItA meM bhinna- bhinna artha kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| zrI zaGkaracArya nivRtti mArga ke pakSapAtI the / ataH unhoMne gItA meM jJAnayoga kA pratipAdana kiyaa| bhagavad bhakti ko hI sarvazreSTha sAdhana mAnane vAle zrI rAmAnujAcArya ne bhaktimArga ko zreSTha batalAyA / lokamAnyatilaka prabhRti vidvAnoM ne karmayoga ko hI zreSTha batalAyA / tAtparya yahAM hai ki gItA meM ina tInoM kA saMgama hai| pRthaka-pRthaka varNana to kisI bhI zAstra meM prApta hote haiM kintu eka sAtha samanvaya tInoM mArgoM kA kevala gItA meM hI milatA hai yaha gItA kI mahAna vizeSatA hai| gItA meM mokSa prApti ke liye jJAna yoga ko bhI eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| gItA kI mAnyatA hai ki bandhana kA kAraNa ajJAna hai ataH bandhana se mukta hone ke liye jJAna anivArya hai| gItA meM do prakAra ke jJAna kA varNana hai- (9) tArkika jJAna, (2) AdhyAtmika jnyaan| isa jagata kI vastuoM ke bAhya svarUpa ko dekhakara jJAna prApta karanA tArkika jJAna hai| isameM jJAtA tathA jJeya ke bIca dvaita banA rahatA hai| isako eka anya nAma vijJAna se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| dUsarA arthAt AdhyAtmika jJAna ko kevala 'jJAna' kahA gayA hai- isa AdhyAtmika jJAna dvArA manuSya yaha dekhane kA prayAsa karatA hai ki sabhI vastuoM meM eka hI satya vyApta hai| isa jJAna 163

Page #181
kI sthiti meM jJAtA aura jJeya kA dvaita samApta ho jAtA hai| gItA meM AdhyAtmika jJAna ko jyAdA mahatva diyA gayA hai- gItA meM kahA gayA hai- 'jo jJAtA hai arthAt jJAnavAna hai vaha hamAre sabhI bhaktoM meM zreSTha hai' isa saMsAra meM jJAna ke samAna pavitra karane vAlA kucha bhI nahIM hai| gItA meM bhakti mArga kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| mokSa prApti ke liye bhaktiyoga ko apanAyA gayA hai| yaha mArga amIra-garIba, U~ce-nIce sabhI logoM ke liye sulabha mArga hai| isa mArga kA sambandha vyakti ke saMvegAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka pakSa se hotA hai| bhakti ke antargata vyakti kA Izvara ke prati pUrNa samarpaNa hotA hai| bhaktimArga ko apanAne ke liye Izvara ke saguNa rUpa kI parikalpanA anivArya hai| kyoMki nirguNa kA Izvara bhakti ke liye upayukta nahIM hotA hai| gItA ke 18veM adhyAya meM bhaktiyoga kA varNana kiyA gayA hai bhagavAna kahate haiM ki 'sabhI dharmoM ko chor3akara tU mere hI zaraNa meM AoM maiM tujhe sampUrNa pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, tU zoka mtkr|' sarvadharmAn parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM brj| ahaM tvAM sarva pApebhyo mokSayiSyAmi mA shucH|| (gItA- 18/66) zrI rAmAnujAcArya bhagavatprApti rUpa lakSya ke liye bhakti ko hI sarvazreSTha batalAte haiM unake mata meM gItA kA sArAMza jJAna dRSTi se viziSTAdvaita tathA AcAradRSTi se vAsudeva bhakti hI hai| ve bhI karmasanyAsa ke hI samarthaka mAne jA sakate haiM kyoMki karma AcaraNa se cittazuddhi ke sampanna ho jAne para premapUrvaka vAsudevabhakti meM tatpara rahane se sAMsArika karma kA niSpAdana saMbhava nahIM hotA hai| 164

Page #182
karmayoga kA gItA meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| lokamAnya tilaka prabhRti gItA ko karmayoga zAstra hI mAnate haiM, bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ne gItA meM arjuna ko karmayoga kA hI upadeza diyA hai| ateva karmayoga hI gItA kA mukhya viSaya hai| arjuna ko upadeza dete samaya svayaM bhagavAna ne kahA hai ki yaha karmayoga kA rahasya bar3A kaThina hai| (gahanA karmaNogatiH) (4/17) / aura anta meM bhagavAna ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara arjuna yuddha ke liye taiyAra huye| arjuna ke mAdhyama se zrIkRSNa ne sabhI logoM ko karmayoga kA pATha par3hAyA hai| gItA se bahuta pUrva bhImAsakoM ne karma ke mahatva ko smjhaa| mImAMsakoM ke anusAra veda kA karmakANDa hI upayukta hai aura jJAnakANDa anupayukta hai| jaiminI ne spaSTa rUpa meM kahA ki- AmnAya (veda) kA mukhya prayojana karma kA pratipAdana hai ataH usase bhinna jJAnapratipAdaka vAkya nirarthaka hai| 'AmnAyasya kriyArthatvAd Anarthakyama tadarthAnAma / (mImAMsA sUtra 1/21) gItA meM karmayoga ko hI zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ke anusAra 'karmayoga hI gItA kA mukhya maulika upadeza hai|' gItA yaha mAnatI hai ki Izvara svayaM karmaTha hai ataH Izvara se milane ke liye karmamArga ko apanAyA jA sakatA hai| karma se Azaya vyakti ke zubha AcaraNa se hai| zubhaAcaraNa se mukti prApta kI jA sakatI hai| gItA meM manuSya ko karma ke prati saceta kiyA gayA hai kintu karmoM ke phala kI cintA se pUrNatayA mukta rahane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| Izvara ke prati sabhI karmoM ko anAsakta ho karanA hI karmayoga hai| arthAt Asakti rahita karma kA upadeza gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne diyA hai| Asakti rahita karma kA artha loga kaI taraha se karate haiN| kucha logoM ke anusAra anAsakta hone kA artha hai nirabhiprAya ho jaanaa| yadi yaha artha svIkAra bhI kara liyA jAya to hRdayahIna pazu aura dIvAreM niSkAma karma ke sampAdana ke sabase bar3hiyA udAharaNa haiN| kintu satya to yaha hai 165

Page #183
ki sacce niSkAma karmI ko na to pazu bananA hai, na jar3a, na hRdyhiin| vaha tAmasika nahIM balki vizuddha sAtvika hotA hai| usakA hRdaya prema aura sahAnubhUti se itanA ota-prota hotA hai ki vaha apane prema se samUce vizva ko eka sUtra meM bA~dha sakatA hai| dharma ke vibhinna mArgoM kA samanvaya aura niHspRha yA niSkAma karma ye gItA kI do pramukha vizeSatAeM haiN| karmayogI ke liye svakarma hI svadharma hai| bhagavAna kRSNa ne kahA hai ki sabhI vargoM ke karma nizcita haiN| Izvara sabhI karmoM se Asakta nahIM hai phira bhI isa prakAra kA kathana (vaktavya) karane ke bAvajUda samAja ke varga vibhAjana ko pavitra karane ke liye Izvara kA AhvAna kiyA gayA hai| "cAturvarNya mayA sRSTi guNa karma vibhAgazaH / " apane janma ke anusAra manuSya ko jo kartavya pUre karane haiM usase manuSya ko kabhI bhAganA nahIM caahiye| bhale hI isake liye hiMsA athavA apriya kAryoM kA mArga apanAnA pdd'e| kSatriya kA kartavya jahAM yuddha karanA nizcita kiyA gayA hai vahAM zUdroM kA kartavya brAhmaNa aura kSatriyoM kI sevA karanA thaa| gItA kA adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki tatkAlIna cAturvarNya vyavasthA vargahIna, Adima, kabIlI samAja se Age bar3hA huA kadama thaa| barbaratA se sabhyatA kI ora samAja ko Age bar3hAne vAlI aitihAsika AkAMkSA ko hI gItA ne svayaM paramAtmA dvArA praNIta batAkara, use AdarzapUrNa banA diyaa| yaha zAyada usa samaya ke samAja kI mahatI AvazyakatA bhI thii| kAraNa yaha ki Adima vargahIna samAja se vargavAle samAja meM rUpAntaraNa tathA varNAzrama vyavasthA ke sudRr3hIkaraNa ko zaktizAlI pratirodha kA sAmanA karanA par3a rahA thaa| niSkAma karma hI karmayoga hai, karma sakAma aura niSkAma ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| sakAma karma jo hai isake karane se bandhana utpanna hotaahai| niSkAma karma karane se bandhana kA uccheda hotA hai| sakAma karma phalAkAMkSA ke vazIbhUta hokara karate haiM aura usI ke anusAra zubha aura azubha pariNAma ko bhogatA hai| tathA zvetA0 meM isa prakAra ke 166

Page #184
sakAma karma ko nAnA potiyoM meM bhramaNa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| niSkAma karma karane se bandhana nahIM hotA hai| gItA kA upadeza hai ki mAnava kA adhikAra kevala karma karane meM hai usake phala meM nhiiN| phala kI AkAMkSA se kabha karma mata kro| tathA akarma meM- karma ke na karane meM kabhI tumhArI icchA na honI caahiye| karmaNyevAdhikaraste mA phaleSu kdaacn| mA karmaphala heturbhUrmA te saGgo'stvakarmaNi / / (gItA 2/47) isa zloka ko karmayoga kA mahAmaMtra kahA jAtA hai| AcArya baldeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai ki isa zloka ke cAroM padoM ko hama karmayoga kI 'catuHsUtrI' kaha sakate haiN|' gItA yaha upadeza nahIM detI hai ki prANI ko karma kA tyAga karanA cAhiye pratyut yaha upadeza detI hai ki karma ke phala kA tyAga karanA caahiye| koI bhI vyakti binA karma kiye eka kSaNa bhI nahIM raha sakatA hai| yadi koI aicchika karma nahIM karatA hai to usase svataH hI anaicchika karma hote rahate haiM- isaliye karmayoga akarmaNyatA kI zikSA nahIM detA hai- kAmya karmoM ke tyAga ko sanyAsa kahate haiM kAmyAnAM karmaNAM nyAsaM sanyAsaM kavayo viduH| sarvakarmaphalatyAgaM prAhustyAgaM vicakSaNAH / / (gItA 18/2) IzvarIya karma hI anAsakta karma hai jisa manuSya meM Asakti kA abhAva hai, vaha purUSa karma karatA huA bhI jala meM kamala ke patte ke samAna pApa se lipta nahIM hotA brahmaNyAdhAya karmANi saGgA tyaktavA karoti yH| lipyate na sa pApena pdmptrmivaambhsaa|| (gItA 5/10) 167

Page #185
anAsakta bhAva hokara apane kartavya ko pUrA karane vAlA sAdhaka hI saccA karmayogI hotA hai jo paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai / ' gItA (6/27) meM zrI kRSNa dvArA spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki- 'jIva jo kucha kare, khAye, Ahuti de dAna kare yA tapasyA kare, una sabako bhagavAn ko samarpaNa kara de| isakA phala yaha hogA ki, karmabandhana zubhAzubha phaloM se mukta ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra karmayoga kI niSpatti hotI hai| 1 niSkAma karma kA AcaraNa hI svakarma hai aura yahI svakarma svadharma hai isa svakarma yA svadharma ke AcaraNa se mAnava ko siddhi prApta hotI hai- 'sve sve karmaNyabhirataH saMsiddhiM labhate naraH / jJAnI purUSa Asakti se rahita hokara kAryoM kA AcaraNa kartavyabuddhi se 'lokasaMgraha hetu karatA hai (3 / 25) / koI bhI acchA kAma aisA nahIM hotA ki jisameM burAI kA kucha na kucha samparka na rahatA ho / jaise agni dhueM se AvRtta rahatI haiM, usI prakAra karma meM koI na koI doSa lagA hI rahatA hai| hameM aise kAryoM ko hI karanA cAhiye jisameM burAI kama ho aura acchAI jyAdA ho / arjuna ne bhISma aura droNa kA vadha kiyaa| yadi yaha vadha arjuna dvArA na kiyA jAtA to duryodhana para vijaya prApta nahIM hotI / taba acchAI para burAI kI zakti jIta jAtI aura deza para saMkaTa ke kAle bAdala chA jAte aura deza kI janatA para durbhAgya kI kAlimA phela jAtI / isI se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pratyeka karma meM kucha na kucha doSa avazya rahatA hI hai jo apanA kSudra ahaM bhAva bhulAkara kArya karatA hai una para ina doSoM kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai kyoMki ve sampUrNa bhalAI ke liye kArya karate haiN| gItA meM bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ne karmayoga ke isI rahasya kI zikSA dI hai| 1 tasmAdasaktaH satataM kArya karma smaacaar| asakto hyacaran karma paramApnoti puruSaH / / (gItA 3/16) 168

Page #186
svAmI vivekAnanda apanI pustaka meM likhate haiM ki 'bhagavadagItA meM hameM isa bAta kA bArambAra upadeza milatA hai ki hameM nirantara karma karate rahanA cAhiye / karma svabhAvataH sat-asat se mizrita hotA hai / hama aisA koI bhI karma nahIM kara sakate haiM, jisase kahIM kucha bhalA na ho aura aisA bhI koI karma nahIM hai jisase kahIM na kahIM kucha hAni na ho / pratyeka karma anivArya rUpa se guNa-doSa se mizrita rahatA hai parantu phira bhI zAstra hameM satatkarma karate rahane kA hI Adeza dete haiN| sat aura asat donoM kA apanA alaga-alaga phala hogaa| 'sat karmoM kA phala' sata hogA aura asat karmoM kA phala ast| parantu sat aura asat donoM hI AtmA ke liye bandhana svarUpa haiN| isa sambandha meM gItA kA kathana hai ki yadi hama apane karmoM meM Asakta na ho to hamArI AtmA para kisI prakAra kA bandhana nahIM par3a sakatA hai / "" gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki duHkha kA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha hai ki hama Asakta haiM hama baddha ho jA rahe haiN| isaliye gItA meM upadeza hai ki nirantara karma karate raho, para Asakta mata hoo| bandhana meM mata pdd'o| pratyeka vastu se apane Apako svataMtra banA lene kI zakti svayaM meM saMcita rkho| vaha vastu tumheM bahuta jyAdA pyArI hI kyoM na lage tumhArA prANa usake liye cAhe jitanA hI lAlAyita kyoM na ho phira bhI icchAnusAra usakA tyAga karane kI apanI zakti mata kho baittho| zrIkRSNa arjuna ke moha kA nirAkaraNa karate huye kahate haiM ki " naitattvayupapadyate" yaha tumhAre yogya nahIM hai| tuma avinAzI AtmA ho, saba doSoM se pare ho / apanI satya prakRti ko bhUlakara aura apane ko pApI samajhakara tumane apane ko vaisA banA liyA hai jaisA ki koI zArIrika pApoM tathA mAnasika zoka se pIr3ita ho - yaha tumhAre yogya nahIM hai| bhagavAna isa prakAra kahate haiM- "klaivyaM mA sma gamaH pArtha" he pRthA putra! svAmI vivekA0 bhagavAna zrIkRSNa aura bhgvdgiitaa| pR0 - 63 2 svAmI vivekAnanda bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kI bhagavadgItA / 169

Page #187
napuMsakatA ko na prApta ho / duniyA~ meM na to pApa hai, na duHkha hai, na roga hai, na zoka hai yadi duniyA~ meM koI aisI vastu hai jise pApa kahA jA sakatA hai to vaha hai bhaya / apane andara se bhaya ko nivRtta kara denA cAhiye / gItA kA dArzanika siddhAnta gItA kA pramukha dArzanaki siddhAnta hai ki jo asat hai usakA bhAva nahIM ho sakatA aura jo sat hai usakA abhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai 'nAsato vidyate bhAvaH nAbhAvo vidyate sataH / (gItA - 2 / 16) sat se tAtparya hai ki jo trikAlA bAdhita sat ho arthAt jo bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya tInoM kAloM meM sarvadA, sadA, nitya, eka rasa aura aparivartanazIla rahe / yaha lakSaNa zuddha Atmatatva yA brahma kA hai aura vahI 'sat' hai| gItA meM Atmatatva ke liye nitya avinAzI, aja, avyaya, sarvagata, acala, sanAtana, avyakta, acintya Adi zabda prayukta kiye gaye haiM / ' AtmA hI nitya hai usI AtmA ke atirikta sabhI anya nazvara hai / jisa prakAra koI vyakti purAne jIrNa vastroM ko utArakara dUsare naye vastroM ko pahana letA hai usI prakAra AtmA purAne zarIra ko chor3akara naye zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA hai yathA- 'navAni dehI ..2/22 AtmA ko amara mAnA gayA hai zarIra nAzavAna hai isa sthiti meM AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karane ke liye punarjanma kI dhAraNA prastuta kI gayI hai| isa AtmA ko zastra kATa nahIM sakate haiM aura isako Aga jalA nahIM sakatI hai isako pAnI bhigA yA galA nahIM sakatA aura vAyu sukhA bhI nahIM sakatI hai| 1 gItA 2/20 2 gItA 170

Page #188
gItA meM mokSa prApta karane athavA punarjanma ke cakra se mukta hone ke upAyoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| mokSa kI prApti tabhI ho sakatI hai jaba jIvAtmA apane indriyoM para niyaMtraNa rakhe / gItA meM indriyoM ko niyaMtrita karane kA hI upadeza hai indriya nigraha kA nahIM hai| mokSa ke liye gItA meM batAye gaye tInoM mArgoM meM se karma-jJAna-bhakti meM se kisI eka mArga ko apanAyAjA sakatA hai| samAlocanA gItA meM yaha bAta dhyAtavya hai ki bhagavadgItA kA AdarzavAda yadyapi avaijJAnika aura eka pakSIya hai to bhI saMsAra se palAyana para nahIM varan sAhasa ke sAtha jIvana kI samasyAo kA sAmanA karane para AdhArita hai| usameM andhavizvAsa pUrNa karmakANDoM athavA mana kI niSkriyatA kA samarthana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se kahA hai ki koI bhI vyakti isa saMsAra se vimukha hokara pUrNatA nahIM prApta kara sakatA hai| karma kA tyAga nahIM varan niSkAma bhAva se kiyA gayA karma hI sukha pradAna karatA hai| niSkAma karma ke isa siddhAnta ko sattArUr3ha vargoM ne tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA ko kAyama rakhane ke liye prayukta kiyA jaba ki samAja ke kucha pragatizIla aMgoM ne isakA hI eka naI sAmAjika vyavasthA kI sthApanA ke saMgharSa ke liye istemAla kiyaa| gItA nAstika vyaktiyoM meM aneka durguNoM ko ginAtI hai jaise pAkhaNDa, ghamaNDa, krodha, adamya vAsanA aura ajnyaan| kRSNa ina tAmasI guNoM ko unmUlana karane kA aura daivI guNoM ko vikasita karane kA upadeza dete haiN| gItA aise vaiyaktika guNoM ko samAja kI naitika AvazyakatAoM aura nIti sambandhI niyamoM ke sAtha sambaddha karatI hai| ke0 dAmodarana ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratIya cintana paramparA" meM likhA hai ki 'gItA ne kisI naye siddhAnta athavA kisI naI dArzanika vicAra praNAlI kA pratipAdana nahIM 171

Page #189
kiyA / yaha usa samaya pracalita vibhinna virodhI vicAroM ko eka hI dArzanika pratijJApatra meM bAMdhane kI koziza thI / ' ataH isakI racanA meM vibhinna sama-sAmayika vicAroM ke prabhAva ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| vedAnta siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya avadhAraNAoM karma ke siddhAnta ke sAtha hI jJAna, bhakti aura sanyAsa sabako hI kRSNa ne arjuna ke saMdehoM kA nivAraNa karane ke liye istemAla kiyaa| parantu isameM sabase mahatvapUrNa sthAna sAMkhya ko diyA gayA gItA meM bhRgu ko jahAM sabase bar3A RSi mAnA gayA hai vahAM kapila ko zreSTha siddha mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra gItA, jo svAmI vivekAnanda ke zabdoM meM, 'upaniSadoM se saMgRhIta AdhyAtmika satyoM ke manorama puSpoM kA sundara puSpa guccha hai|' 172

Page #190
tRtIya- adhyAya 1505589,45599","*166 | |

Page #191
zaMkara pUrva vedAnta khaNDa-(ka) yoga vAsiSTha (saMkSipta paricaya) zaGkarAcArya kA samaya 8 vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai, kintu zaGkarAcArya se pUrva bhI vedAnta ke aneka AcArya huye haiM jinake nAmoM kA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai kintu kRtiyA~ upalabdha nahIM hai| 'vasiSTha muni' ke 'yogavAziSTha' nAmaka dArzanika grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke pUrva hI vedAnta mata kA sAdhAraNa vivecana isa grantha meM ho cukA thaa| yaha isa bAta se bhI pramANita ho jAtA hai ki vedAnta ke vidyAraNya jaise paravartI lekhakoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM isa grantha ke zlokoM ko yatra-tatra uddhRta kiyA hai| yathA 'vidyAraNya' ne apane grantha 'paJcadazI' meM jIvana mukti viveka prakaraNa meM isa grantha ke 353 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| __prAcIna vedAnta ke pramukha granthoM meM yogavAziSTha kA pramukha sthAna hai| yadyapi yogavAziSTha ke racanA kAla ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, kyoMki saMskRta sAhitya ke lekhaka evaM manISIgaNa apane viSaya meM sarvathA mauna hI haiN| bhAratIya bhASA ke lekhaka itane se hI saMtuSTa rahate haiM ki unakI racanA hI unako bhAratIya siddha karane ke liye paryApta hai| DA0 bhIkhanalAla Atreya isakA racanAkAla 500 I0 se lekara 650 I0 taka ke bIca kA samaya mAnate hai| unake mata ke anusAra yaha zaMkarAcArya ke pUrva kA grantha hai| DA0 esa0 ena0 dAsa guptA isako 700 se 800 kI kRti svIkAra karate haiN| 174

Page #192
DA0 esa0 dIvAna jI isakA racanAkAla 885 se 675 I0 ke madhya kA batalAte haiN| esa0 pI0 khaTTAcarya 1000 se 1200 I0 taka ke bIca kA isakA samaya mAnate haiM aura vI0 rAghavana 1100 se 1250 I0 taka kA mAnate haiN| yogavAziSTha ke racanAkAla nirdhAraNa ke matabheda ko nimna tathyoM ke AdhAra para dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai1. kAzmIra ke abhinanda gauNa meM yogavAsiSTha kA saMkSipta saMskaraNa 6vIM zatAbdI meM taiyAra kiyA thA jisakA nAma 'laghuyogavAsiSTha' hai| ataH yogavAsiSTha kI racanA isake pUrva avazya huI hogii| 2. pro0 esa0 pI0 bhaTAcArya ne yogavAsiSTha ke Upara kazmIrI zaivamata ke trika sampradAya kA prabhAva parilakSita huA mAnA hai| yogavAsiSTha meM mAyAvAda ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| AbhAsavAda, kalpanAvAda, kriyAzaktiAvAda, spandavAda tathA kAzmIra zaivamata ke 36 (chattIsa) tattvoM kI svIkRti Adi trika sampradAya ke matoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 3. pI0 sI0 dIvAna ne racanAkAla ke nirdhAraNa ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki sarvajJAtmuni ke saMkSepa zArIrika ke dvitIya adhyAya ke 182veM zloka meM yogavAziSTha kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| isa saMskaraNa se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki isakI racanA "saMkSepazArIrika" ke pUrva huI hogii| 4. jarmana vidvAna DA0 vinTara nitsa ne likhA hai ki yogavAsiSTha ke eka sAragrantha kI racanA 'gaur3a abhinanda' meM 6vIM sadI ke madhya kI thii| ataH yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki yogavAsiSTha kI racanA isase pUrva ho cukI thii| AcArya zaGkara ne isakI carcA nahI kI hai isalie yogavAsiSTha zaGakarAcArya ke kisI samakAlIna lekhaka ne kI hogI" alaeva isake racanAkAla ke viSaya meM esa0 ena0 dAsa gupta kA mata, adhika 175

Page #193
samIcIna hai| isa prakAra vidvAnoM kA eka bar3A varga ise zaGkarAcArya ke pUrva kA grantha mAnatA haiN| yogavAsiSTha ke kAla nirdhAraNa ke viSaya meM jo kaThinAI hai| usakA mukhya kAraNa hai ki usake kaI saMskaraNa nikale the| jo sabase prAcIna saMskaraNa hai usakA nAma hai 'mokSopAya' hai-mokSopAyAbhidhAneyaM saMhitA sArasaMmitA 'triMzadeveva ca sahasrANi jJAtA nirvANadAyinI' / / (yo0 vAziSTha 217 16) yogavAsiSTha kA racanAkAla saMdigdha to hai hii| lekhaka bhI dolAyamAna hai| vastutaH jJAnAloka kI kasauTI para isako dekhA jAya to yahI kahanA par3egA ki isakI viSaya vastu zAzvata sanAtana hai aura navaparidhAna kAla aura vyaktivizeSa kI dena hai|' yogavAziSTha ko kaI anya nAmo se bhI jAnA jAtA hai yathA- vAsiSTha, vAsiSTha rAmAyaNa, yogavAsiSTha rAmAyaNa, mahArAmAyaNa, ArSarAmAyaNa, jJAnavAziSTha aura mokssopaay| isako mAhArAmAyaNa kahane kA kAraNa hai ki yaha rAmAyaNa se AkAra meM yaha bahuta bar3A hai| yaha siddhAvasthA kA grantha hai| svAmI rAmatIrtha ne ise vedAnta ke sabhI granthoM kA ziromaNi kahA hai| AcArya valadeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai- "isa prakAra grantha ke upakrama aura upasaMhAra ke dvArA siddha hotA hai ki isake lekhaka vAlmIki haiN| kintu yahAM vAlmIki rAmAyaNakAra vAlmIki nahIM haiN| ve kAlidAsa ke pUrvavartI haiM aura yogavAsiSThakAra kAlidAsa ke uttaravartI haiN| phira cAhe yogavAsiSTha ke jo bhI lekhaka hoM isako vAsiSTha kA darzana mAnA jAtA hai| advaita vedAnta kI guru paramparA meM vasiSTha kA nAma brahmasUtrakAra vyAsa ke pahale AtA hai| yogavAsiSTha ke vicAroM ko unhIM para Aropita u saMskRta vAsaskRta sakyA jalada tihAsa (dazAmakhaNDa), praya 'saMskRta vADmaya kA bRhad itihAsa (dazamakhaNDa). pradhAna saMpAdaka AcArya valadeva upAdhyAya- pR0- 557, prakAzanauttara-pradeza saMskRta saMsthAna lkhnuu| 176

Page #194
kiyA jAtA hai / "" yoga vAsiSTha meM 32 hajAra zloka haiM jo chaH prakaraNoM meM baMTA hai| ye prakaraNa haiM- 1. vairAgya 2. mumukSa vyavahAra 3. utpatti 4. sthiti 5. upazama aura 6. nirvANa ihavairAgyamumukSuvyavahArotpattikAsthitayaH / upazamanirvANAkhye vAsiSTheSaTprakaraNAni / / ' (laghuyogavAsiSTha - 6 / 18 84) yogavAsiSTha kI racanA zailI purANoM kI taraha milatI julatI hai, kinta purANoM ke paJcalakSaNa nahIM milate haiN| vaise usameM jJAnamArga aura samAdhi avasthA ke varNana AkhyAnoM dvArA zlokoM meM kiye gaye haiM / DA0 bhIkhana lAla Atreya ne apane 'grantha philAsaphI Apha yogavAziSTha' se apane vacano ko udhAra liyA hai| isa prakAra siddha hotA hai ki yogavAsiSTha eka vedAnta grantha hai| isa grantha ke kalpanAvAda aura ajAtivAda zabda gauNapAda kArikA se sAmya rakhate haiM / kintu mukhya antara hai ki yaha grantha kisI eka sampradAya vizeSa kI tarapha saMketa nahIM karatA hai / isa prakAra yaha grantha sAtavIM zatAbdI meM likhA gayA hogA aisA vidvAnoM kA mata hai / TIkAe~- yogavAsiSTha para kaI TIkAe~ haiM jinameM nimnalikhita mukhya haiN| 1. gaMgAdharendrasarasvatI ke ziSya Anandabodhendra sarasvatIkRta 'tAtparyaprakAza' (185 I0 meM lekhaka ne ise likhA thA ) 2. narahari ke putra aiyAraNyakRta 'vAsiSTharAmAyaNa candrikA' / 3. mAdhava sarasvatI kRta 'padacandrikA' / 4. rAmadevakRta 'yogavAsiSTha vyAkhyA' / 6. 'yogavAsiSThatAtparyasaMgraha' ( ajJAtakattRka) isake atirikta anya grantha bhI prasiddha hai yathA- bRhadyogavAsiSTha, laghujJAnavAsiSTha, yogavAsiSTha, gaur3akRtaabhinandakRta laghuyogavAsiSTha (6vIM zadI) yogavAsiSTha - DA0 mahAprabhulAla gosvamI - pR0 11 2 abhinandagauNakRta laghuyogavAsiSTha, presa nirNayasAgara bambaI 1937 / 177 T

Page #195
yogavAsiSThasAra, rAmAnandatIrthakRta vAsiSThasAra, AtmasukhakRta candrikA, mumukSudevakRta saMsAratariNI aadi| dArzanika siddhAnta 1. paramasat kA svarUpa yogavAsiSTha sat ko eka aura advitIya mAnatA hai| sabhI kI AtmA hone ke kAraNa vaha sarvAtmA sarvavyApI sat hai| vaha svataH sthita hai| arthAt vaha nirapekSa sat hai sabhI usakA anubhava karate haiM dikkAlAdyanavacchinnaH paramAtmAsti kevalaH / sarvAtmatvAtsa sarvAtmA sarvAnubhavataH svataH / |(yogvsisstth 3 / 8 / 81) AtmA avAGgamanasagocara hai| isake vibhinna nAma hai, yathA- AtmA, puruSa, brahma, vijJAna, zUnya Adi saba kalpita haiN| arthAt vaha anAma hai| yogavAsiSTha meM paramabrahma ko jagata kI utpatti aura laya kA kAraNa batalAyA gayA hai| yataH sarvANi bhUtAni pratibhAnti sthitAni c| yatraivopazamaM yAnti tasmai satyAtmane namaH / / (yoga vAsiSTha 1/1/1) paramazubha yA niHzreyasa hone ke kAraNa brahmako ziva kahA jAtA hai| cit hI ziva hai| usakI zakti hI spanda hai| vaha sat, cit, Ananda svarUpa hai| usakA jJAna kevala anubhava janya hai, brahma kA varNana saMbhava nahI hai, vaha na cetana hai aura na jar3a hai| use na to sat kahA jA sakatA hai aura na jar3a hai| use na to sat kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asat 'na cetano na ca jar3o na caivaasnnsnmyH'| ena0 ke0 devarAja ne apane grantha bhAratIya darzana meM AtmA se sambandhita yogavAsiSTha kA udAharaNa diyA hai ki- "AtmA hI AtmA kA priya mitra hai aura AtmA hI AtmA kA vairI hai| yadi AtmA hI AtmA kI 178

Page #196
rakSA karatA to dUsarA koI upAya nahIM hai| ataH AtmajJAna kI prApti ke lie paramapuruSArtha karanA cAhiye / Atmaiva hyAtmano bandhurAtmaiva ripurAtmanaH / AtmAtmanA na cetatrAtastadupAyo'sti netaraH / / yogavAsiSTha meM paramasat se sambandhita zlokoM ke viSaya meM kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki yogavAsiSTha vedAnta pracchanna yA prakaTa bauddhamata hai, kyoMki usane brahma, zUnya aura vijJAna kA abheda kiyA hai / parantu yaha yogavAsiSTha kI ukti tathA yukti kA anartha hai| usaneM kevala eka samanvaya darzana diyA hai jisameM bauddha hI nahIM apitu sAMkhya, nyAya, mImAMsA Adi kA bhI samanvaya hai / yadyapi yogavAsiSThakAra para bauddha mata kA prabhAva tathApi vaha pracchanna bauddha nahIM hai / vaha zuddha nirvizeSa brahmavAdI hai / jagata yogavasiSTha meM jagata ko kevala kalpanA mAtra kahA jAtA hai| jagat ke samasta bhautika padArtha zazazrRMga ke samAna asat hai / isakA vAhya astitva na hokara draSTA ke bhItara bhI hotA hai / jAgrata aura svapnAvasthA meM koI antara nahIM hai, balki tAdAtmya hai, 2 jisa prakAra svapna kA anubhava hotA hai| usI prakAra jagata kA bhI hotA hai| jagata ke samasta dRzya jar3a padArtha svayaM draSTA bhI haiN| jIva hI samasta padArthoM kA anubhava karatA hai| kyoMki saMsAra ke sabhI padArtha brahmamaya hai / jagata aura draSTA eka eka dUsare se bhinna nahIM nahIM hai| kyoMki niyama hai ki eka dUsare se atyanta bhinna vastuoM meM sambandha sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai sampUrNa na Adi meM thA na anta meM rhegaa| ataH vaha vartamAna meM bhI asat hai / vastutaH vaha manovilAsamAtra hai- 'manodRzyamidaM jgt'| jagata 1 ena0 ke0 devarAja bhA0 darzana pR0 463 u0 pra0 saMsthAna lakhanaU / 2 yathA svapnastathA citta jagatsadasadAtmakam / na sannAsanna sajAtazcetaso jagato bhrama / / yogavAsiSTha 365-5 16 179 1

Page #197
svapna yA mRgatRSNA hai- 'manasA kalpitaM sarva dehAdibhuvanatrayama' (yogavasiSTha 4 / 4515) paramArthataH eka mAtra advitIya brahma hI sat hai| jIva ___jo jIvita aura cetana yukta hai vaha jIva aura anAdi aura ananta hai| isa jIva kI svAbhAvika uttapatti brahma se huI hai| jIvoM kI saMkhyA asaMkhya hai| anAkhya sat se cit kA vibhrama paidA hotA hai, cit se jIvattva kA, jIvattva se ahaMkAra kA, ahaMkAra se citta kA, citta se indriyAdi kA aura indriyAdi se dehAdi kA vibhrama paidA hotA hai| sat svarUpa AtmA ke atirikta aura sabhI kucha bhrama hai, mithyA hai| jIva kA sAra AtmA kA spanda hai| spanda ke kAraNa hI jIvattva kI pratIti hotI hai| jIva ko hI mana, citta yA buddhi kahate hai| "jIvityucyate loke mana ityapi kthyte| cittamityucyate saiva buddhirityucyate tathA" || yogavAsiSTha 3 / 66 / 34 jIva sAta prakAra ke hote haiM1. svapna jAgrata- jo svapna dekhate haiM unako yaha jagata svapna lagatA hai| vaha svayaM apaneM ko svapna-puruSa samajhate haiN| 2. saMkalpa jAgrata- jo anidrAlu tathA saMkalpaparAyaNa haiM ve saMkalpa jAgrata jIva haiN| 3. kevala jAgrata jIva- kalpAntara ke jAgrata saMskAra se jina jIvoM ko svapna nahIM dIkhatA ve kevala jAgrata haiN| ve svapna hetu ko vinaSTa kiye huye haiN| 4. cira jAgrata- jo jIva janma janmAntaroM se uttarottara jAgrata avasthA ko prApta kara rahe haiM vaha cira jAgrata hai| 5. ghanajAgrata- ghana jAgrata ve jIva hote haiM jo jAgrata avasthA meM apaneM duSkarma se jar3abhUta ho gaye haiN| ye pA~co prakAra ke jIva baddhajIva haiN| 180

Page #198
6. jAgrata svapna- ye vo jIva haiM jo bandhana se mukta haiM isa prakAra ke jIvoM ko zAstrajJAna se athavA satsaMga se jJAta ho jAtA hai ki yaha jagat svapna hai| ye paramapada yA paramArtha prApti meM lIna rahate haiM / 7. kSINa jAgrata - ye vo jIva hote haiM jo turIyAvasthA ko prApta kara lete haiM unheM Atmabodha ye brahmajJAna prApta ho jAtA hai, ve pUrNatayA jIvanamukta haiN| isa prakAra jAgrata svapna svapna aura kSINa, jAgrata se do prakAra ke jIvana mukti kI avasthA ke jIva haiN| yogavAsiSTha ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki 'dRSTi sRSTivAda' hI mukhya siddhAnta hai| yogavAsiSTha ke kalpanAvAda aura bauddhavijJAnavAda meM bahuta kucha sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| isa prakAra yogavAsiSTha kA jagata evaM mukti sambandhI siddhAnta bhI advaitavAda kA poSaka hai| bandhana aura mokSa jagat ke padArthoM ke prati vAsanA ke prabala hone ko bandhana kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra vAsanA hI bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai| jaba jIva apaneM vAstavika svarUpa ko bhUla jAtA hai taba vaha bandhana meM par3a jAtA hai| isa bandhana kA kAraNa ajJAna hai| dRzya sadbhAva hI bandhana hai| dRzya kA abhAva mokSa hai / bandhana aura mokSa donoM kA kAraNa mana hai| jaba mana indriyAdi viSayoM kA tAnA-bAnA tAnatA hai taba vaha bandha hai / punaH jaba vaha vicAra pUrvaka sAmAnya kA anusandhAna karatA hai to mokSa hai / 'mokSa eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM bandha mokssyoH'| yaha vartamAna jIvana meM bhI saMbhava hai| kyoMki yaha jJAna kI avasthA hai / yaha jIvanamukti kI avasthA meM hotA hai / yogavAsiSTha meM sadeha aura videha nAma se do muktiyoM kA varNana hai sadeha mukti | ko jIvana mukti kahA gayA hai| zarIra tyAgane para prApta hone vAlI dazA ko videha 181 I

Page #199
mukti kahate haiN| jJAna ko mokSa prApti kA mukhya upAya kahA gayA hai| jJAna hI vaha sAdhana hai jisake dvArA parama siddhi kI prApti hotI hai| AtmA ko hI mokSa-prApti kA sAdhana batalAyA gayA hai| yogavAsiSTha meM advaitavAda aura pAtaJjalayoga kA samanvaya parilakSita hotA hai| usameM yoga vedAnta hai| yoga aura jJAna ye do citta nAza ke upAya yA krama haiN| 'dvau kramau cittanAzasya yogo jJAnaM ca rAghavaH' / yogastadavRtti virodho hi jJAnaM samyagvekSaNam / / yogavAsiSTha aura zAGkara advaitavedAnta Arambha meM zAGkara advaita vedAnta kA vikAsa yogavAsiSTha se pUrNatayA nirapekSa thaa| prArambhika advaita vedAntI yogavAsiSTha ko apane sampradAya kA grantha mAnane se inakAra karate the| kintu vidyAraNya svAmI ke samaya se lekara Aja taka yogavAsiSTha ko zAGkara advaita vedAntI svIkAra karane lage haiN| itanA nizcita rUpa se spaSTa hai ki jJAna kI saptabhUmikA ke siddhAnta ko sabhI advaitavedAntI mAnate haiN| vastutaH yogavAsiSTha aura zaGkara advaita vedAnta meM kucha bhinnatAe~ haiN| samAnatAoM kA vindu jaise- 1 nirguNa brahmavAda 2. brahmAtmaikyavAda 3. jaganmithyAtvavAda 4. jIvanamuktivAda 4. dRSTisRSTivAda aura 6. ajAtavAda para yogavAsiSTha tathA zaGkara advaitavedAnta meM sAmya hai kintu zAGkara advaitavedAnta jahAM vyavahArika sat aura prAtibhAsika sat meM bheda karatA hai vahAM yogavAsiSTha kA mata isase alaga hai| zaGkarAcArya mAyA ko viSayagata aura kAlpanika nahIM mAnate hai kintu isase alaga yogavAsiSThakAra mAyA ko kAlpanika aura viSayigat mAnate haiN| 1 dvividhA muktatA loke sNbhvtyndhaakRte| saMdehaikA videhAnyA vibhAgo'yaMtayo shrRnnu|| yo0 vAsi0 3/42/11 - AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya- saMskRta vAGmaya kA vRhada itihAsa dazamakhaNDa vedAnta- pR0 567 u0 pra0 saMskRta saMsthAna lkhnuu| 182

Page #200
kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki advaitavAda ko hI sarvazreSTha siddhAnta aura sarvadarzana samanvaya kA sUtra batAyA gayA hai| isa prakAra sAta-ATha zatAbdiyoM se yogavAsiSTha-vedAnta zAGkara advaitavedAnta kA ekadezI mata yA eka prasthAna bana gayA hai / kucha bhI ho, yogavAsiSTha - vedAnta zAkara advaita vedAnta se jitanA sannikaTa hai utanA kisI bhI anya darzana ke sannikaTa nahIM hai| isa prakAra yogavAsiSTha eka ati mahattvapUrNa vedAMta kA grantha hai| isakA mahattva isase bhI pratIta hotA hai ki isakA madhyakAla ke zAsakoM (akabara, jahA~gIra, dArAzikoha ) ke saMrakSaNa meM kaI phArasI anuvAda kiye gaye the / isakA jJAna tAtparya prakAza vyAkhyA sahita yogavAsiSTha kI bhUmikA se jJAta hotA hai / 20 vIM zatAbdI meM bhIkhanalAla Atreya yogavAsiSTha para kaI anya grantha likhe aura unhoneM yogavAsiSTha kI tulanA pAzcAtya pratyaya vAda se kI hai| mahAtmAgAMdhI yogavAsiSTha ke mumukSu - vyavahAra - prakaraNa sarvAdhika se prabhAvita the| khaNDa - kha zaGkara pUrva advaitavedAnta kA avyavasthita itihAsa advaita vedAnta ke kucha prAcIna AcAryoM kA nAmAllekha brahmasUtra meM yatra-tatra uddhRta milatA hai| ise ArSa- vedanta kahate haiN| ina AcAryoM kI koI bhI kRtiyAM upalabdha nahIM haiM isalie inakA avyavasthita itihAsa prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna sUtrakAra neM apaneM brahmasUtra meM AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unake nAma isa prakAra haiM jo nimnalikhita hai 1. Atreya 4. kArSNAjini 2. Azmarathya 5. kAzakRtsnaH 183 3- auDulomi 6. jaimini 7- vAdari 4

Page #201
sUtrakAra ne ArSa paramparA ke ina AcAryoM ko jina prasaMgo meM prastuta kiye haiM vahA~ apane vicAroM kA saMketa svayaM 'vAdarAyaNa' nAma se kiyA hai| kucha sthala para to pUrvaprAcIna AcAryoM ke vicAra se sahamati kI bhavAnA se apanA koI pRthaka mata nahIM diyA hai| brahmasUtra meM aise nau sthAna hai jahAM vAdarAyaNa ne apanA nAmollekha kiyA hai| uparokta AcAryoM meM jaimini, brahmasUtrakAra kA samakAlika AcArya hai aura yaha bAta donoM AcAryoM kI racanAoM se spaSTa hotA hai| jaimini ne apaneM mImAMsA sUtra nAmaka grantha meM bAdarAyaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| aura vAdarAyaNa ne apane brahmasUtra meM jaimini kA nAma ullikhita kiyA hai| mImAMsA grantha ke pAMcave sUtra meM vAdarAyaNa nAma se usa artha ko nirdiSTa kiyA hai jo vedAnta ke prArambhika tIsare sUtra meM pratipAdita hai| isI prakAra vedAnta 3 / 3 / 46 ke sUtra meM mImAMsA sUtra (3/3/4) ke pratipAdita artha kA 'atideza 'kiyA gayA jJAta hotA hai| paramparA ke anusAra jaimini ko kRSNadvaipAyana bedavyAsa kA ziSya kahA gayA hai, jo mImAMsA grantha ke praNetA the| vedavyAsa kA aparanAma bAdarAyaNa thA jo mahAbhArata yuddha ke pUrvAparakAla meM vidyamAna rhaa| acArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai- zaGkara ke pUrva vedAnta kI tIna paraMparAyeM dRSTigata hotI hai eka advaitavedAnta kI paraMparA hai, dUsarI bhedAbhedavAda kI paraMparA hai| tIsarI bhedavAda kI paramparA hai| advaitavAda kI paramparA kA ullekha vedAntettara darzanoM ke itihAsa meM milatA hai| jaina dArzanika samantabhadra jo zaGkara ke pUrvavartI ko advaitAvAda kA ullekha 'Apta mImAMsA' meM karate haiM "advaitakAnta pakSa dRSTo bhedo virudhyate / kArakANAM kriyayozca naikaM svasmAta prjaayte"|| 184

Page #202
jaina-darzana ke alAvA bauddha dArzanika zAntarakSita ne tattva-saMgraha meM prAcIna advaita vedAnta kA varNana kiyA hai| unake TIkAkaraNamalazIla "advaitadarzanAvalambinazca aupaniSadikAH" kahakara advaitavedAnta kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. Atreya ArSa vedAnta kI AcArya paramparA meM prathama nAma AcArya Atreya kA AtA hai| brahmasUtra meM Atreya kA nAma kevala eka sthala para ullikhita hai- "svAminaH phalazruterityAtreyaH" (brahma sUtra 3 / 4 / 44) arthAta AcArya Atreya kA mata hai ki yajamAna ko hI yajJa kI aGaga bhUta upAsanA kA phala prApta hotA hai, Rtvik ko nhiiN| isa prakAra sArI upAsanAeM yajamAna ko karanI cAhiye na ki purohita ko|' zruti bhI yajamAna ko phala kA prApta honA batAtI hai| mahAbhArata meM (13 1137 / 3) meM Atreya kA nAma yatra-tatra ullikhita milatA hai jisane apane ziSyoM ko nirguNa brahma kA upadeza diyA thaa| kintu yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai ki mahAbhArata ke Atreya aura brahmasUtra ke Atreya bhinna haiMyA abhinn| jaimini kI pUrva mImAMsA meM (jai0sU0 4 / 3 / 18, 6 / 1 / 26) bhI Atreya kA nAma ullikhita hai|' 2. Azmarathya vedAnta darzana ke do sUtroM meM Azmarathya kA ullekha hai- 1. abhivyaktarityAzmarathya (bra0 sU0 1 / 2 / 26) abhivyakti ke kAraNa yaha Azmarathya nAma kA AcArya kahatA hai ki "hRdaya pradeza meM vaizvAnara brahma abhivyakta prakAzita hotA hai, isa kAraNa use "prAdeza mAtra" khaa| yaha Azmarathya AcArya kA vicAra hai| / tasmAt svamina eva phalavatsUpAsaneSukatRttvamityAtreyaH (bra0 sU0 zA0 bhA0 3 / 4 / 44) (ka) phalamAtreyo nirdezAdazrutau dvanyanumAnaM syaat| (jai0 sU0 4 / 5 / 18) (kha) nirdezadAtrayANAM syAdagnyAdheze sambandhaH vAhyazruterityAtreyaH (jai0 suu06|1|26) 370 suu0| pR0 181

Page #203
Azmarathya kA isa viSaya meM vicAra hai ki ananta para brahma kA darzana evaM sAkSatkAra alpajJa ekadezI jIvAtmA ke liye honA saMbhava nahI kevala hRdaya-pradeza sthita parabrahma kA sAkSAtkAra Asakta ko ho pAtA hai isI AdhAra para ananta brahma ko prAdezamAtra kaha diyA gayA hai| upAsaka AtmA ko parabrahma kI abhivyakti AtmA ke nivAsa hRdayadeza (mastiSka-gata) meM saMbhava hai| yaha kAraNa bhI brahma ko prAdeza-mAtra kahe jAne kA ho sakatA hai Azmarathya kA mata hai ki ananta-brahma kI abhivyakti upAsaka AtmA ko eka sImita pradeza (hRdayadezamAtra) meM hotI hai| samparNataH usakI upalabdhi nahIM kI jA sakatI yahI kAraNa brahma kA prAdezamAtra kahe jAne kA hai| isa vicAra ko sUtrakAra ne apekSaNIya nahIM mAnA hai| dUsare sUtra meM "prAtijJAsiddhaliGagemAzmarathyama" (bra0 sU0 1 / 4 / 20) meM Azmarathya kA ullekha milatA hai| vahAM etareya (1 / 1 / 2) tathA bRhadAraNyaka (4 / 5 / 1-6) ke sandarbho meM paThita 'AtmA' pada kI brahma vAcakatA kA vivecana hai| Azmarathya ke matAnusAra vijJAnAtmA tathA paramAtmA meM paraspara bhedA-bheda sambandha hai isalie inheM dvaitAdvaitavAdI bhI kahate haiN| Azmarathya' kA bhedAbhedavAda paravartIkAla meM yAdavaprakAza dvArA paripuSTa huA thaa| __ zrI muralIdhara pANDeya ne zrI zaGkarAta prAgadvaitavAda grantha meM likhA hai ki "ayaM bhedAbhedavAdI athavA dvaitaadvaitvdyaasiit| ayaM kathayati yat mukteH pUrva brahmajIvayobhedo bhvti| mukteranantaramubhayorabhedo bhvti| Atmani vijJAte sarvamidaM vijJAtaM bhavati', itizrutirapi uktertha eva tAtparya bodhyti|" 1 DA0 kavirAja gopInAtha, 'acyuta' pR05 (vedAntazAMkara bhASya ke hindI anuvAda kI bhuumikaa|) 3. zrI muralIdhara pANDeya -zrI zaMkarAta prAgadvaitavAda pR0-85 186

Page #204
prtijnyaasiddheH-(1|4|20) sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM AcArya ne 'Atmani vijJAyate sarvamidaM vijJAtaM bhavati' ko pratijJA vAkya batAyA hai| parantu bRhadAraNyaka ke maitreyI-yAjJavalkaya saMvAda prakaraNa se jJAta nahIM hotA ki yaha pratijJAvAkya hai| AcArya kA yaha kathana hai ki Azmarathya vAstavika rUpa se to jIva kA parabrahma se abheda svIkAra karatA hai parakadAcit vaha jIva-brahma meM kucha kAryakAraNa bhAva svIkAra karatA huA bhI pratIta hotA hai| AcArya Azmarathya kI koI racanA prApta nahIM hotI hai aisI sthiti meM usake adhyAtma vicAra kI spaSTa parIkSA kiyA jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| madhyakAlika AcAryoM ne usake mata ke viSaya meM vibhinna vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| vaiSNava sampradAya ke AcAryoM ne Azmarathya ko bhedAbhedavAdI mAnA hai| yadyapi yaha vAda apane rUpa meM pUrNa yathArtha nahIM hai| kinhIM do vastuoM meM bheda aura abheda donoM ko vAstavika rUpa nahI mAnA jA sakatA, nizcata rUpa se unameM eka vAstavika aura dUsarA aupacArika athavA ApekSika rahatA hai| isameM kauna vAstavika hai, kauna aupacArika hai yaha vivAda kabhI na samApta hone vAlA vivAda hai| zaGkarAcArya ne Azmarathya ko ullekha karate hue likhA hai- Azmarathyasya tu yadyapi jIvasya parasmAdananyatvamabhipretaM tathApi pratijJAsiddheriti sApekSatvAbhidhAnAt kAryakAraNa bhAva kriyAnapyabhipreta iti gamyate' (bra0 sU0 zAM0 bhA0 1 / 4 / 22) / jaimini sUtra meM Azmarathya- mImAMsA darzana ke eka sUtra (6 / 5 / 16) meM Azmarathya kA ullekha hai| jo karmakANDa se sambandhita hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai| jo karmakANDa se sambandhita hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki AcArya Azmarathya jJAna aura karma donoM kANDoM bR0 sU0 zA0 bhA0 11422 anArupte'bhyudite prAkRtIbhyo nirvaSedityAzmarathyaH taNDulabhUteSvapanayAt (jai0 suu06|5|16) 187

Page #205
para vizeSAdhikAra rahatA thA jisake matoM kA vivecana antaravartI AcAryoM ke dvArA huA 3. auDulomi brahma sUtra meM AcArya aura auDulomi kA ullekha tIna sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai| (brahma sUtra 1 / 4 / 21, 3 / 4 / 45, 4 / 4 / 6) para huA hai| AcArya auDulomi kA mata hai ki bheda tathA abheda avasthAntara ke anusAra hai| auDulomi mAnate haiM ki saMsAra dazA meM jIva aura brahma meM bheda hai, kintu mukti dazA meM abheda hai| prathama sthala para AcArya kA mata hai ki, upaniSada ke ukta prasaMgo (aitareya bRhadAraNyaka) 4 / 5 / 6) meM 'AtmA' pada parabrahma paramAtmA ke artha meM mAnanA cahie ki brahma jJAna hone para jIvAtmA dehapAta ke anantara brahma meM Azrita rahakara kevala brahmAnanda kA anubhava karatA hai| aisI avasthA meM jIvAtmA ko brahma sadRza mAna liyA jAtA hai| AnandAnubhUti hI sAdRzya hai| dvitIya sthala para prasaMga hai ki upAsanAo meM aMga bhUta karmoM kA anuSThAna upAsaka kare athavA Rtvika? auDulomi kA mata hai ki aisa karmoM kA anuSThAna Rtvika dvArA pArizramika dekara usa karmAnuSThAna ke liye Rtvik kA kraya kara liyA gayA hai| aisI avasthA meM Rtvika dvArA kiye gaye karmAnuSThAna kA phala yajamAna ko prApta hotA hai| Rtvika apaneM zrama kA phala parizramika zulka rUpa meM le cukA hotA hai| karmAnuSThAna kA phala anuSThAtA ko milanA caahie| isa zAstrIya vyavasthA meM pUrvokta vyavahAra se koI virodha nahIM hotA kyoMki karma kA anuSThAtA upAsaka yajamAna hI hai ,Rtvika Adi to sAdhana mAtra hai| __ tRtIya sthala (4 / 4 / 6) meM prasaMga hai ki mokSAvasthA jIvAtmA cetana mAtra svarUpa se avasthita hotA hai| isa prakAra AcArya mokSa meM jIvAtmA kI atirikta sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| isake anusAra use bhedavAdI mAnanA yukta hai| AcArya udayavIra zAstrI ne bhAmatIkAra vAcaspati mizra dvArA zAGkara bhASya para TIkA karate hue AcArya 188

Page #206
auDulomi kA mata prakaTa kiyA hai| "kyoMki jIva paramAtmA se atyanta bhinna hotA huA deha, indriya, mana, buddhi Adi ke samparka se sadA (saMsArIdazA meM) kaluSa rahatA hai, jJAna-dhyAna Adi ke anuSThAna se usakA vaha kaluSa jaba dUra ho jAtA hai (arthAta use brahmajJAna ho jAtA hai) taba deha-indriya Adi saMghAta se utkramaNa karate hue AtmA kA paramAtmA ke sAtha aikya utpanna hotA hai| yaha abhedha kathana kA AdhAra hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki Age Ane vAle abheda kA Azraya lekara bhedakAla meM bhI abhedha kaha diyA gayA hai| pAMca ne kahA hai mokSa se pahale jIvAtmA-paramAtmA kA bheda hI rahatA hai mukta hone para to bheda nahI, kyoki taba bheda kA hetu nahI rahatA hai|" bhAmatIkAra ke matAnusAra auDulomi-mata ke sAtha pAMcarArmika AcAryoM ke mato meM jyAdA sAmya hai|' 4. kArNAjiniH ArSa paramparA ke eka mukhya AcArya kArNAjiniH bhI the| inakA bhI koI grantha prApta nahIM hotA hai| brahma sUtra meM eka sthala para AcArya kArNAjiniH kA ullekha huA hai| 'caraNAditi cennopalakSaNArthetikArNAjiniH (brahma sUtra 3/1/6) brhm| yaha chAndogya upaniSada ke 5 / 107 se sambandhita hai| zrI muralIdhara pANDeya ne likhA hai ki- 'asya matama advaitavAdodvaitavAdoveti spaSTaM na prtiiyte| kevalamAtmanaH punarjanma viSaye'syaM kathayati yad 'anuzayaH' eva purnajanmakaraNaM na tu zIlamAcAro vA anuzayo nAma abhuktaM karma 'anuzaya' una saMskAroM evaM dharma-adharma (adRSTa) kA nAma hai jina karmoM kA phala abhI bhogA nahIM gayA hai tathA ve saMskAra Adi rUpa se AtmA meM avasthita hai| isa viSaya meM kArNAjini kA vicAra hai upaniSada kA 'caraNa' pada 'anuzaya' kA kA upalakSaNa dyotakahai, zrI udaya vIra shaastrii| vedAnta darzana kA itihAsa, pR0142 prakAzana govindarAma hAsAnanda dillii-6| 2 "etaduktaM bhavati bhaviSyantamabhedamupAdAya bhedakAleDapya bheda ukta / yathAhuH pAJcarAtrikA Amukterbheda evasyAjjIvasya caparasya ca / muktasya tu na bhedoDasti bheda hetorabhAvataH / "bra0sU01/4/21 zAMkara bhASya para bhAmatI AcArya vaacspti| 3 zrI muralIdhara pANDeya / zaGkarAtaprAgadvaitavAda. pR0-60 4 zrutiranuzayasadbhAvapratipAdanAyodAhRtA- tad iha ramaNIyacaraNA (chaando05|10|1) 189

Page #207
kyoMki 'anuzaya' AcaraNa evaM karmAnuSThAna se banatA hai| isaliye ukta donoM kathanoM meM paraspara virodha kI kalpanA asaMgata hai| sUtrakAra ne isa prasaMga para apanI koI AlocanA prastuta nahIM kiyA hai| jaimini ke mImAMsA sUtra meM do sthaloM para AcArya kArNAjini kA ullekha huA hai|' prathama sthala kA prasaMga hai ki rAtri satra meM jo phala nirdeza hai vaha kevala arthavAda hai, athavA use phalavidhimAnanA caahiye| kArNAjini kA mata hai ki ise phala nirdeza arthavAda samajhanA caahiye| jaise aDabhUta karmo kA phalanirdeza arthavAda rupa mAnA jAtA hai| mImAMsAkAra jaimini ne kArNAjini ke mata ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| aura isakA siddhAnta pakSa Atreya AcArya ke nAma se agale sUtra meM (4 / 3 / 18) meM prastuta kiyA hai| dvitIya sthala para 'sahasrasamvatsarayoga' kA prasaMga hai| 5. AcArya kAzakRtsna vedAnta darzana ke kevala eka sUtra (1 / 4 / 22) meM AcArya kAzakRtsna ke mata kA ullekha huA hai| 'kAzakRtsana' brahma-sUtra (1 / 4 / 22) acArya kAzakRtsna kA vicAra hai ki jIvAtmA pratyeka dazA meM paramAtmA ke sAtha avasthita rahatA hai| paramAtmA ko chor3akara jIvAtmA kA rahanA saMbhava nahIM hai| inake matAnusAra paramezvara hI saMsAra meM jIva rupa me avasthita hai jIva paramezvara kA vikAra nahIM hai, saMsAra aura mokSa pratyeka avasthA meM jIvAtmA ke sAtha paramAtmA avasthita rahatA hai / saMsAra avasthA meM jIvAtmA ajJAna rahita nahIM hotA hai isalie yaha avasthAna ajJAna sahita hai| pralaya kI sthiti bhI saMsAra kI sthiti hai| vahAM bhI jIvAtmA kI sthiti vaisI hI hai| mokSa meM ajJAna nahIM rahatA hai kevala brahmAnanda kI anubhUti hotI hai| yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hai ki pralaya athavA mokSa meM jIvAtmA kA brahma meM laya ho jAtA 1 ka. katau phalArthavAdamaGgavat kArNAjaniH / jai0sU0 4 / 3 / 15 kha sakulyaH syAditi kArNAjanirekasminnasaMbhavAt |(jai0se06/7/36) 190

Page #208
hai| isI lie sahAvasthiti kA AdhAra hI nahIM rahatA haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki paramAtmA ke samAna jIvAtmA bhI nitya hai isI tathya ko kaThopaniSada meM bhI kahA gayA hai- "nA jAyate mRyate ... (kaTho0 1 / 2 / 18) isI artha ko (chAndo0 6 / 11 / 3) meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jIvAtmA ke nikala jAne para yaha deha marA huA kahA jAtA hai| jIvatmA kabhI maratA nahIM mokSa kI avasthA meM jIvAtmA brahma meM lIna ho jAtA hai ise jIvAtmA kA svarUpa se maranA kahA jaayegaa| 'laya' kA artha hai apane svarUpa ko chor3akara rUpAntara kI praapti| kintu jIvAtmA ke viSaya meM aisA mAnanA zAstra viruddha hai| kyoMki jIvAtmA tathA paramAtmA kI eka sAtha saha avasthiti nizcita hai| ateva ye donoM tattva nihita hai, aura Atmatatva donoM meM samAna hai| kAzakRtsana ke ukta mata kA ullekha zaGkarAcArya ne apane bhASya meM isaprakAra kiyA hai- 'kAzakRtsanasyAcAryasyAvikRtaH paramezvaro jIvo nAnya itimatam' (bra0 sU0 zAM0 bhA0 1 / 4 / 22) isa prakAra kAzakRtsna jIva ko avidyAkalpita mAnate haiN| arthAta avikRta paramezvara hI jIva hai, anya koI nhiiN| isaprakAra AcArya zaGkara ne kAzakRtsna ke mata ko zruti ke anukUla kahA hai| aura kAzakRtsna kA mata advaitavAda ke samAna hai| 6. jaimini brahmasUtra meM AcArya jaimini kA ullekha gyAraha bAra huA hai| jo saba AcAryoM kI apekSA adhika hai| kadAcit guru ne ziSya ke prati vAtsalya prakaTa karane evaM usake 1 kiledaM mriyate na jIvo mriyate (chA0 u06|113) 1 tatrakAzakRtsnIyaM mataM zrutyanusArIta gmyte| (bra0 sU0 zA0 bhaa01|4|22) bra0 sU0 ka. sAkSAdapya virodhaM jaimini| bra0 sU0 1 / 228 kha. sampateriti jaiministathA hi darzayati bra0 sU0 1 / 2 / 31 ga. madhvAdiSvasaMbhavAdanadhikaraM jaiminiH / bra0 sU0 1 / 331 191

Page #209
mahattva ko bar3hAne ke lie ke liye aisA kiyA ho| jaimini kRSNadvaipAyana vedavyAsa ke anyatama ziSya the| AcArya jaimini bhI mImAMsA sUtra ke lekhaka ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| pro0 vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya kA mata hai ki inhoMne brahmasUtra kI racanA kI thii|" kahA jAtA hai ki acArya jaimini Izvara ke astitva ko nahIM mAnatA hai| parantu vAdarAyaNa ke isa sUtra ke AdhAra para pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya kA mantavya isase biparIta rahA hogA | vAdarAyaNa sUtra kA prasaMga hai, AtmA brahma sAkSAtkAra hone para mokSa meM kisa rUpa se rahatA hai? isa viSaya para jaimini kA mata hai ki vaha 'brAhmarUpa' se rahatA hai (4 / 4 / 5 ) / isa pada kA artha brahma sambandhI athavA brAhma rUpa- jo kucha kiyA jAya, usase isa mAnyatA meM koI viparIta prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai ki acArya jaimini brahma ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai| anyathA vAdarAyaNa usake nAma se jIvAtmA ke 'brahma' rUpa kA nirdeza na krtaa| jaimini nirIzvaravAdI hai yaha pravAda kisa AdhAra para hai yaha vicAraNIya hai| __zrI muralIdhara paNDeya ne apane grantha zaGkarAtaprAgadvaitavAdaH meM likhA hai- 'iti sUtrasya zAGakarabhASye bhAmatyAM ca jIvaparamAtmanoraikyamuktam- "nizcite ca parvaparalocana vazena paramAtmaparigrahe tadviSaya eva vaizvAnarazabda: kenacid yogena vrtissyte| vizvazcAya narazceti, vizveSA vAyaM naraH, vizve vA narA asyeti vizvAnaraH paramAtmA sarvAtmatvAt" vizvAnara evaM vaizvAnaraH 'atra paramAtmA sarvAtmatvAt dUtyuktyA jIvabrahmaNe bhedaH gha. anyArtha hi jaiminiH prshnvyaakhyaanaabhyaamticaivmeke| Ga. dharma jaiminirit eva / bra0 sU0 3 / 2 / 40 ca. zeSatvAtatpuruSArthavAdI yathAnveSviti jaiminiH / bra0 suu03|42 cha. parAmarzajaiminizcodanA cApavadati hi| bra0 sU0 3 / 4 18 ja. tadbhUtisya natadbhAvo jaiminerapi niyamAtad rUpAbhavebhyaH / bra0 suu03|4|40 jha. paraM jaiminirmukhyatvAt / bra0 sU0 4 / 3 / 12 Ja. brahmaNena jaiminiruupnysidibhyH| bra0 sU04145 Ta. bhAvaM jaimini nirvikalpalabhanaMnat / bra0 sU0 4 / 4 / 11 'B. Bhatyacharya: Agam Sastra of Gaudpada, Introduction. 192

Page #210
pratipAditaH / purANoM meM bhI inheM vedavyAsa kA ziSya batalAyA gayA hai| inhoMne vedavyAsa se sAmaveda aura mahAbhArata kI zikSA prApta kI thii| mImAMsA darzana ke atirikta jaimini ne bhAratasaMhitA jise 'jaiminibhArata' bhI kahate haiM kI racanA kI thii| 7. AcAryavAdari AcArya vAdari kA ullekha vAdarAyaNa ke brahmasUtra' meM cAra bAra kiyA gayA hai, tathA jaimini ke mImasAsUtra meM bhI cAra bAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai| AcArya bAdarike dArzanika siddhAntoM kI rUparekhA ke viSaya meM paM0 rAmamUrti zarmA ne apane grantha 'advaitavedAnta' meM likhA hai- 1. AcArya bAdari vaidika karma meM pratyeka varNa ke vyakti kA adhikAra svIkAra karate haiN| yaha siddhAnta AcArya kI advaita paraka buddhi kA hI paricAyaka hai| 2.upaniSadoM meM kahIM-kahIM sarvavyApI Izvara kA prAdeza mAtra rUpa se varNana milatA hai| isa sambandha meM upapatti dete huye bAdari kA vicAra hai ki mana prAdeza mAtra hRdaya meM rahane ke kAraNa zAstroM meM prAdeza mAtra kahA jAtA usa prAdezamAtra mana se hI Izvara kA smaraNa hotA hai, isIlie vaha (Izvara) prAdezamAtra rUpa se varNita hotA hai|" dvitIya sthala kA viSaya chAndogya upaniSada (5 / 107) ke "tadya iha ramaNIyacaraNAH" ityAdi sandarbhagata 'caraNa' pada ke prayoga ke AdhAra para hai| isa caraNa pada ke prayoga ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| bahmasUtrakAra ne vAdari kA mata batAyA hai ki upaniSada ke ukta prasaMga meM caraNa pada sukRta-duSkRta karmoM (bhale bure karmoM kA) kA vAcaka hai| tRtIya sthala para chAndogyopaniSada ke (4 15.15) ke 'sa enAna brahma gamayati' ke AdhAra para yaha vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM prayukta brahma zabda kA artha bAdari ne 1 zrI muralIdharapaNDeya- zrIzakarAta prAgadvaitavAdaH pR0 64-65 'brahma sUtra 12 / 3031/11, 4317, 4 / 4 / 10 3 mImAMsA sUtra 3 / 1 / 3, 6 / 1 / 27, 8 / 3 / 6, 1 / 2 / 23 (sekraDa buksa Apha di hinduja ke antargata prakAzita) 4 paM0 rAmamUrti- advaitvedaant| pR0 126 193

Page #211
kArya brahma grahaNa kiyA hai| apane mata kI puSTi meM AcArya kA kathana hai ki brahmase yahAM parabrahma kA artha nahIM liyA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki parabrahma svarga hai pratyagAtma svarUpa brahma hai isalie usameM gantA gantavya aura gati Adi kI bheda vyavasthA saMbhava nahIM hai| isIliye chAndogyopaniSada ke ukta vAkya meM vAdari brahma zabda se 'kArya brahma' kA artha svIkAra kiyA hai caturtha sthala meM mukta puruSa ke aizvaryAnubhUti ko lakSya kara jijJAsA kI gaI ki usa avasthA meM yukta puruSa ke zarIra-indriya Adi rahate haiM, athavA nahIM? acArya bAdari kA mAnanA hai ki mokSa avasthA meM mukta paruSa ke zarIra indriya Adi kA abhAva rahatA hai| chAndogyopaniSada (8 / 2 / 1) meM hI mukta puruSa ke varNana ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki 'saMkalpAdevasyapitaraHsamuttiNThanti' arthAt mukta puruSa ke saMkalpa se hI pitRgaNa uTha jAte haiN| AcArya vAdari kA vicAra hai ki Izvara bhAvApanna vidvAna ke zarIra tathA indriyoM kI sattA nahIM rahatI hai| isalie chAndogyopaniSada meM kahA gayA hai 'manasA etAna kAmAna pazyana ramate' (125) "ya ete brahmaloke" (chA0 upa0 7/12/1) / isa prakAra brahmasUtra evaM mImAMsA sUtra donoM meM AcArya vAdari ke matoM kA vivecana hone se spaSTa hotA hai ki AcArya vAdari vedAnta ke hI samarthaka rahe haiN| ___isa prakAra ArSa paramparA ke AcAryoM meM dekhate haiM ki Atreya aura jaimini karmajJAna samuccaya vAdI the| rAmAnujI vidvAna sudarzana sUri ne likhA hai ki Azmarathya bhedA-bhedavAda ko mAnate the| jaimini aura karNAjani ke mata meM sAmya hai| kAzyapa ArSa paramparA ke AcAryoM meM kAzyapa bhI eka mahattvapUrNa AcArya haiN| yadyapi kAzyapa kA nAmollekha brahmasUtroM meM nahIM hai parantu AcArya zANDilya ke bhakti sUtra' meM 'zADilya kA bhaktisUtra / tAmaizvaryaparA kAzyapa- paratvAt- 26 194

Page #212
vAdarAyaNa ke sAtha kAzyapa ke mata kA ullekha hai, isase acArya kAzyapa kI mahattA evaM prAcInatA prakaTa hotI hai| mahAbhArata 13 1316 156 meM bhI kAzyapa kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjA nAnyadeva ne svanirmita sarasvatI hRdayAlaMkAra nAmaka naTyazAstra kI TIkA meM yatra-tatra kAzyapa kA ullekha kiyA hai citra vidyA meM kuzala kAzyapa kI carcA bhI kahIM milatI hai| isa prakAra uparyukta RSiyoM ke atirikta jinhoneM vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA pracAra kiyA thA unameM asita, devala, garga jaigISavya, parAzara aura bhRgu ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullikhita kiye jA sakate haiN| (NDa ga) prAga zadvetavAda kA vyavasthita itihAsa ___prAga advaita vedAnta ke ArSa acAryoM ke yatra-tatra prApta vicAroM meM kisI dArzanika siddhAnta kA pUrNa vyasthita vivecana prApta nahIM hotA hai, balki vibhinna dArzanika paddhati kA bIja mAtra hI hai milatA hai| kintu ina prAcIna AcAryoM ke atirikta advaitavAda ke saMsthApaka zaDkarAcArya ke pUrvavartI kucha anya AcArya bhI milate haiN| jinakI racanAoM meM advaita vedAnta kI sUkSma vicAra dRSTi kA tathA vyAvasthita dArzanika vicAradhArA kA bhI saMketa milatA hai| isasa prakAra zaGkarAcAryake pUrvavartI caudaha AcArya huye the jinameM se gyAraha AcAryoM kA nAma zrI yAmunAcArya kI 'siddhatrayI' meM tathA zrI rAmAnujAcArya ke 'vedArtha saMgraha meM tathA zrI nivAsa dAsa ke 'yatIndramata dIpikA' meM bhI ullikhita milatA 195

Page #213
hai| kintu tIna aura AcAryoM acAryoM kA nAma 'brahmasUtrabhASya' se jJAta hotA hai| yathA brahmasUtrabhASya meM 1. vyAsa 2. upavarSa (bodhAyana, kRtakoTi) 4. guhadeva, 4. kapardI 5. bhAruci 6. bahmAnandI (TaGkA) 7. draviNa, 8. bhartRprapaJca, 6. bhartRmitra, 10. bhartRhari,11 brahmadatta 12. sundara pANDya 13. gauDapAdAcArya 14. maNDanamizra / isameM se kucha ne vedAnta viSayaka sUtroM kI ,kucha bhASyoM kI ,kucha vRttiyoM kI, kucha ke dvArA kArikA aura vyAkhyAdi kI racanA kI gyii| vyAsa bhagavAna vyAsa brahmasUtra ke kartA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| unake mata meM advaitavAda kA svarUpa kaisA thA? yaha nirNaya karanA ati duSkara hai| kRSNa dvaipAyana vedavyAsa kA nAma hI vAdarAyaNa mAnA jAtA hai kintu vidvAnoM ke bIca vivAda kA yaha viSaya hai ki brahmasUtra kartA vAdarAyaNa aura vyAsa eka hI vyakti haiM yA alaga-alaga vyakti haiM yA eka hI vyakti ke do nAma haiM? brahmasUtra meM nau' sthaloM para vAdarAyaNa nAma kA nirdeza jisa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai usase yaha saMketa milatA hai ki ina sUtroM kA racayitA vAdarAyaNa hai| isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti dRSTigocara nahIM hotI hai kintu AcArya vAdarAyaNa ke prabhAva ko lekara matavaividhyatA haiN| pANini neM unAkA nAmollekha 'parAzarya ' ke nAma se kiyA hai| isa kAraNa inakA kAla I0 pUrva 675 se 200 I0 pU0 taka kA mAnA jAtA hai| vAdarAyaNa 200 I0 pUrva ke Asa-pAsa avazya the kyoMki unhoMne bauddhoM ke sarvAstivAda aura vijJAnavAda kA khaNDana kiyA hai jinakA udbhava 100 I0 pUrva meM huA thaa| brahmasUtra / 12261, 12 // 331,3 / 2 / 41, 3,41, 348, 3 / 4 / 16, 4 / 3 / 15, 4 / 47.4 / 4 / 12 196

Page #214
vAdarAyaNa racita brAhmaNa sUtra meM cAra adhyAya haiM jo kramazaH samanvaya adhyAya, avirodha adhyaya, sAdhana adhyAya aura phala adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM cAra pAda haiM pratyeka pAda meM kaI adhikaraNa haiM aura pratyeka adhiraNa meM kaI sUtra haiN| brahmasUtra ko zaGkarAcArya meM 'zArIraka mImAMsA' sUtra kahA hai kyoMki isameM zArIraka AtmA (dehI AtmA) kA vivecana hai aura kucha loga ise 'vedanta sUtra 'kahate haiN| brahmasUtra para aneka AcAryoM meM bhASya likhA jisameM yaha sarvAdhika surakSita rahA, vilupta nahIM huA brahmasUtra kI prAsaMgikatA aura prAmANikatA isase bhI siddha hotI hai ki Aja bhI usapara bhASya yA vRtti likhane kI paramparA banI huI hai| AcArya baladevaupAdhyAya ne likhA hai ki 'brahmasUtra vedAnta kI kasauTI hai| brahmasUtra para aneka bhASya likhe gaye haiN| usameM se nimnalikhita ko pramukha bhASya mAnA jAtA hai| bhASya kAla kra0saM0 lekhaka zaMkarAcArya 1. bhASkara 4. OM OM OM OM bi rAmAnuja madhva nimbArka zrIkaNTha zrIpati zArIrakabhASya (advaitavAda) bhASkarabhASya (bhedAbhedavAda) zrIbhASya (viziSTAdvaitavAda) pUrNaprajJabhASya (dvaitavAda) vedAntapArijAta (dvaitAdvaitavAda) zaiva bhASya (zaivaviziSTAdvaitavAda) zrIkarabhASya (vIrazaivamata) AnandabhASya (rAmaviziSTAdvaitavAda) aNubhASya (zuddhAdvaitavAda) vijJAnAmRtabhASya (avibhagAdvaitavAda) govinda bhASya (acintyabhedAbhedavAda) 7vIM zatI0 I0 8vIM zadI I0 11vIM zatI0 I0 13vIM zatI0 I0 11vIM zatI0 I0 13vIM zatI0 I0 11vIM zatI I0 15vIM zatI0 I0 15vIM zatI I0 17vIM zatI0 I0 18vIM zatI0 I0 rAmAnanda vallabha 10 vijJAna bhikSu 11. baldevavidyAbhUSaNa 197

Page #215
12. rAmaprasAda jAnakI bhASya (sItAviziSTAdvaitavAda) 20vIM zatI0 I0 13. muktAnanda brahmamImAMsAbhASya (navyaviziSTAdvaitavAda) svAmInArAyaNI 16vIM zatI0 I0 14. paJcAnana tarkaratnazaktibhASya (zaktiviziSTAdvaitavAda) bhaTTAcArya 20vIM zatI0 I0 15. Aryamuni vedAnta darzana bhASya (AryasamAjI) 20vIM zatI0 I0 16. madhusUdana ojhA vijJAnabhASya (Adhunika vijJAna) ina sabhI bhASyoM meM zaiva bhASya, vIra zaivabhASya, zakti bhASya kI racanA kramazaH zaivamata, vIrazaivamata tathA zAkta mata ko vedAnta ke antargata lAne ke lie kI gayI / ina bhASyoM ke atirikta vedAnta sUtroM para aneka vRttiyAM bhI likhI gayI haiN| aura ina vRttiyoM para kaI TIkAyeM likhI gayI haiN| vAdarAyaNa ke viSaya meM itanA nizcita hai ki ye brahmavAdI, ekezvaravAdI ,mokSavAdI aura jJAnamArgI the unhoMne vedAntetara darzanoM kA khaNDana karake vedAnta kI sarvazreSThatA pratipAdita kI thii| vAdarAyaNaM kI 'cataH sUtrI 'vedAnta kI akSaya nidhi hai| bodhAyana bodhAyana zaGkara pUrva AcAryoM meM tathA brahmasUtra ke jJAtA sarvAdhika prAcIna the| inakA kAla lagabhaga prathama dvitIya zatAbdI mAna jAtA hai| bodhAyana zaMkara pUrva vedAntAcAryoM meM tathA brahmasUtra ke jJAta bhASyakAroM meM sarvAdhika prAcIna the inakA kAla lagabhaga prathama dvitIya zatAbdI taka kA mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya rAmAnuja ne zrIbhASya nAmaka brahmasUtra vyAkhyA ke prArambhika bhAga meM likhA hai 198

Page #216
"bhagavAna bodhAyana dvArA racita vistIrNa brahmasUtravRtti ko pUrvAcAryoM neM saMkSipta kiyA hai| unake pradarzita mata ke anusAra sUtrAkSaroM kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai|"" AcArya rAmAnuja ke isa lekha se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcInakAla meM bodhAyana ne ati vistRta vRtti kI racanA kI thI jo 'prapaJca hRdaya' nAmaka grantha se bhI spaSTa hotA hai / mImAMsA zAstra kA kRtakoTi nAma vAlA bhASya bodhAyana ne kiyA isa prakAra ke vivaraNoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki bodhAyana neM brahmasUtra para kRtakoTi nAmaka eka vistRta vyAkhyA kI racanA kI / kAlAntara meM upavarSa neM usakA saMkSepa kiyA' Acarya zaGkara neM maharSi bodhAyana kA kahIM nAmollekha nahIM kiyA parantu katipaya sUtroM ke bhASya meM kI gaI AlocanAoM ko zAGkara bhASya ke vivaraNakAroM ne 'vRttikAra' kI AlocanA batAyA hai| yaha bRttikAra brahmasUtroM para vistRta 'kRtakoTi' nAmaka vyAkhyA likhaneM vAlA bodhayana athavA usakI vistRta vRtti kA saMkSepa karane vAlA upavarSa ho sakatA hai / brahma, jIvAtmA tathA prakRti kI ekatA aura vibhinnatA ke viSaya meM bodhayana kA kyA siddhAnta rahA hogA yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai kyoMki bodhayana ke bahuta thor3e sandarbha upalabdha haiN| kucha vidvAna mAnate haiM ki ye kRSNa yajurveda ke AcArya haiN| inakA mukhya grantha 'bodhAyanadharmasUtra' hai| yaha dharmazAstra kalpasUtra kA aMza hai| 'bodhAyanadharmasUtra'meM isakA ullekha hai / yaha grantha sampUrNa rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hai| isameM ATha adhyAya haiM, jo adhikAMza zlokabaddha haiN| isameM Apastamba tathA vasiSTha ke aneka sUtra akSarazaH prApta hote haiN| yaha dharma sUtra gautama sUtra se arvAcIna mAnA jAtA hai | isakA samaya vi0 pU0 500 se 200 varSa hai / 1 bhagavadbodhAyanakRtAM vistIrNA brahmasUtravRttiM pUrvAcAryAH saMcikSipuH tanmatAnusAreNa sUtrAkSarANi vyAkhyAyante / zrI rAmAnuja - zrIbhASya (91919) pR0 1 2 tasya viMzati adhyAya nibaddhasya mImAMsAzAstrasya kRtakoTi nAmadheyama bhASyaM bodhAyanena kRtam tad grantha bAhulyabhayAdupekSya kiJcit, saMkSiptamupavarSeNa kRtam (prapaJcahRdaya, upAGga prakaraNa / pR0 36) 199

Page #217
upavarSa bhagavAna upavarSa atyanta prAcIna vedAntAcArya the| bhagavAna zaGkara ne brahmasUtra zAGkara bhASya meM do sthaloM para bahuta Adara ke sAtha nAma liyA hai tathA 'bhagavad' zabda kA prayoga hai|' zabara svamI ne bhI apane bhASya meM acArya upavarSa kA nAma ullikhita kiyA hai|(mii0 sU0 1 / 115) AcArya upavarSa ne maharSi pataMjali ke siddhAnta sphoTavAda kA khaNDana kiyaa| ataH inakA samaya I0pU0 prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke bIca kA hai| pANini kA samaya buddha pUrva pramANita hone para yaha nizcita hai ki pANini kA guru AcArya 'varSa' usakA pUrva samakAlika hai| 'varSa' ke bhAI upavarSa kA kAla bhI vahI saMbhava hai| isa prakAra Adhunika vidvAnoM ne upavarSa ko pANini kA samakAlika mAnA hai| brahmasUtroM para bodhAyana ne ativistRta vRtti likhI usameM se kucha upekSita kara upavarSa ne usakA saMkSepa kiyaa| "prapaJcahRdaya' grantha ke lekha se patA calatA hai ki upavarSa kA grantha apane rUpa meM svataMtra thaa| zrI muralIdhara pANDeya ne likha hai- "itthaMzrIbodhayanopavarSayobhinnatvaMcAbhinnatvaM cAyAti kintu viziSTAdvaitasya pramukhatama AcAryoM vedAnta deziko'dhikadAIyena upavarSabodhayanoraikyaM vadati zrI bhASya tattvaTIkAyAm 'ka. varNa eva tu zabda:- itibhagavAnupavarSaH (bra0 sU0 zAM0 bhA0 13128) kha ataeva bhagavatopavarSeNa prathamatantra AtmAstitvAbhidhAna prasaktau zArIrake vakSyAma ityudvAraH kRtaH(bra0 sU0 zA0 bhA0)(3/3/53) 2 mImAMsAdarzana- zabara bhASya- 11115 / bRttikAra granthanAmakolekhaH, lekhaka zrI gaGgAnAtha jhA, caturtha oriyaNTala kAnphreMsa, ilAhAbAda 1626- pR046 prakAzita / ' tasya viMzati adhyAya nibaddhasya mImAMsAzAstrasya 'kRtikoTi' nAmadheyaM bhASya bodhAyanena kRtm| tadgranthavAhunyabhayAdutukSya kinycdsNkssiptmupvrssennkRtm| upAGga prakaraNa, pR0 36 200

Page #218
"vRttikAropajJaM svamatamoha- shbdsyeti| api rdaSaNasamuccayArthaH atra zAbarabhASyam gaurityatra kaH zabdaH gakArauMkAra visarjanIyAH iti / bRttikArasya bodhAyanasyaiva hyupavarSa iti syaannaam|" kuchalogoM kA mata hai ki upavarSa sAMskArika nAma hai tathA bodhAyanaM gotranAma hai| AcArya vedAntadezika kA bodhAyana aura upavarSa kI abhinnatA meM likhAgayA yaha lekha svayaM apaneM meM saMdigdha hai| usa samaya yaha samasya nahIM rahatI, jaba hama yaha mAna lete haiN| ki upavarSa dvArA kiyA gayA saMkSepa bodhAyana kI racanA ke AdhAra para eka svataMtra laghukAya racana hai| pariNAmataH bodhAyana aura upavarSa ko eka vyakti samajhanA nitAnta bhrAmaka hai| vAstava meM upavarSa aura bodhayana do vyakti the| upavarSa advaita vedAntI the| vedAntana aura bodhAyana viziTAdvaitavAdI the| rAmAnuja vedAnta aura rAmananda vedAnta meM bodhayana ko viziSTAdvaitavAdI mAnA gayA hai| guhadeva aura kapardI vedAnta ke prAga AcAryoM meM AcArya guhadeva kA nAma vaiSNava sampradAya ke granthoM meM ullikhita milatA hai| rAmAnuja racita 'vedArtha saMgraha meM aura zrI nivAsadAsa kI "yatIndramatadIpikA" meM guhadeva, kadI aura bhAruci ina tInoM AcAryoM kA nAma varNita AcArya guhadeva ne brahmasUtroM para kAI vyAkhyAgrantha likhA thA yA nahIM isake viSaya meM jAnakArI kA koI aitihAsika evaM saiddhAntika vivaraNa prApta karane kA sAdhana nahIM hai| paravartI AcAryoM dvArA guhadevakA nAma vedAnta kI AcArya paramparA meM sammAna pUrvaka uddhRta kiyA gayA hai ateva yaha anumAna bhrAmaka nahIM hogA ki guhadeva vedanta ke 1 zrI muralI dhara pANDeya- zaMkarAtaprAgadvaitavAdaH- pR0 12 2 zrIrAmaAcArya- vedArtha saMgraha- pR0 154 / 1 yatIndramata dIpikA- "vyAsa-bodhAyana-guhadeva-bharuci-brahma nandidramilAcArya- zrIparaMkuzanAtha- yAmunamuni- yatIzvara prabhRtInA matAnusAreNa" ityaadi|(ytiindrnaathdiipikaa-pR0-1 vAraNasI saMskaraNa) 201

Page #219
maukhika yA laukika pracAra se avazya jur3e rahe hoNge| nizcita hai AcArya guhadeva nirvizeSa brahmavAdI nahIM thA kyoMki bAda meM AcArya zaGkara ne brahmavAda ko adhika spaSTa rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| zrInivAsa dAsa 'yatIndra dIpikA' meM jo AcAryoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai vaha kAla kama se dI gayI hai isa krama se acArya guhadeva bhAruci ke pUrvavartI siddha hote haiN| acArya rAmAnuja guhadeva aura kapardI kI gaNanA ziSTa jano meM kI hai| isalie ye dono vidvAna viziSTAdvaitavAdI rahe haiN| AcArya bhAruci AcArya bhAruci vaiSNava sampradAya ke the| rAmAnuja ne "vedArtha saMgraha" meM apane pUrvavartI kucha AcAryoM ke nAma ullikhita kiyA hai| "bhgvdbodhaaynttNngkdrviddguhdevkprdibhaaruciprbhRtyvigiitshissttprigRhiit|" vijJAnezvara ne mitAkSarA (1/18, 2/124) aura mAdhavAcArya ne pArAzara saMhitA kI TIkA meM bhAruci ko dharmazAstra kA lekhaka batalAyA hai| 'sarasvatI vilAsa' nAmaka grantha meM bhAruci ko dharmazAstrakAra ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| AcArya bhAruci 'viSNudharma sUtra' para eka vyAkhyA grantha likhe the| yaha pAJcarAtra sampradAya ke anuyAyI the jo vaiSNava kA upajIvya grantha hai isIliye rAmAnuja ne pUrvavartI AcAryoM meM mukhya sthAna diyaa| bhAruci kA samaya 6vIM zatI ke prathamArddha taka kA mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya bhartRhari 'vedArtha saMgraha, pR0 166rAdhavAcArya sampAdita, AcArya pITha, barelI se saM0 2018 meM prakAzita sNskrnn| * sarasvatI vilAsa- pR0 20, 51 maisUra sNskrnn| 'P.V.Kane. History of Dharma Sastra, Vol. I.P.265 202

Page #220
zrI zaGkarAcArya se pUrva advaitavAdI AcArya bhartRhari adhika prasiddha the| inakA sthitikAla kisI ne 400-450 I0 tathA kucha 561-651 I0 taka kA, kAzmIra kA mAnate hai| janarava yA janazruti hai ki bhartRhari rAjA the| kucha vidvAna vikramAditya kA bar3A bhAI bhartRhari ko mAnate hai| bhartRhari ke vikramAditya ke bar3e bhAI hone meM to koI aitihAsika pramANa nahI hai| taba ve rAjA the, isakA pramANa lokagAthA aura lokagIto meM spaSTa sunAI par3atA hai| isake bAre meM eka prAcIna zloka bhI sAkSya de rahA hai yA cintayAmi satataM mayi sA viraktA sA cAnyamicchati janaM sA jano'nyasaktaH / asmat kRte ca parizuSyati kAcidanyAdhika tAM ca taM ca madanaM ca imAM ca mAM ca / / isa prakAra pazcAtApa karate-karate unake viveka, vairAgya aura zAstrajJAna saba ubuddha ho gaye phira to 'cintA yazasi na vapusi vyasanaM zAstre na yuvati kaamaastre| bhaktibhave na vibhave prAyaH paridRzyate mahatAma' || isa zloka ke udAharaNa bana gye| cInI yAtrI itsiMga ne inheM bauddha mAnA hai| parantu bhAratIya vidvAna inheM zuddha sanAtanI, mahAna zivabhakta tathA advaitavedAnta ke AcArya mAnate hai| AdhyAtma kI paramparA ke AcAryo meM bhartRhari kA nAma prasiddha hai| yAmunAcArya ne apanI 'sidvitraya' (pRSTha 5) nAmaka racanA meM isake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne apane grantha meM Adara ke sAtha siddhAntoM ko grahaNa kiyA hai yathA- zrI pArtha mizra kI 'zAstradIpikA' meM somAnanda viracita zivadRSTa meM, umAmAhezvara kRta tatvadIpikA meM, vimuktAtmakRta 'iSTasiddha meM jayanta bhaTTa kRta 'nyAya maJjarI' meM tathA '"tathA ca hariniruktam pradhAnasya maraNenArthina ijyAM prarvatanti' iti| zAstradIpikAyAm-a0 10 pA02 sU057-58 2 somAnandaH 880 I0 vaiyAkaraNAnAM zabdAdvaitamadhikSipan vAkyapadIyasya kArikAdvaya muriti- anAdinidhanaM bramha0 vA0 pa0 1/1 tathAna sosTi pratyayo loke (vA0 pa01/123) ighTasiddhau zabdAdvaita khaNDane zrI kAma bhartRharerayaM zloka uddhRta- anAdinidhanaM bramhA....... ityAdi vA0pa01/1 + nyAya maMjarI me-vArupatA cedutkAmedavabodhasya shaashvtii| na prakAzaH prakAzeta sA hi prtyvmrshinii|| vA0pa0 1/1255 nAzotpAda samAlIDhaM bramha zabdamayaMparama / / ta0 saM0 za0 bre0 pa0 128 zloka 203

Page #221
zAntarakSita ke tattvasaMgraha meM uddhRta hai| saMskRta vAGmaya meM bhartRhari nAma ke mahAna vidvAna ke likhe grantha ye hai- (1) bhartRharizatakam (isake tIna bhAga hai zRMgArazatakam, nItizatakam, vairAgyazatakam) (2) vAkyapadIyam (3) bhaTTi mahAkAvyam / ' ___ isa kAvya ke nirmAtA ke bAre meM vivAda thA para yaha vivAda aba samApta prAya hai| navInatama koI bhartRhari isakA lekhaka hai aisA mAna liyA gayA hai| zatakatrayaM aura vAkyapadIya ke lekhaka ke bAre meM koI vivAda nahI hai| aitihAsikoM ko sandeha hai ki zatakatraya ke lekhaka bhartRhari vaidika hai aura vAkyapadIya ke racayitA bhartRhari vaidika hai aura vAkya padIya ke racayitA bhartRhari bauddha hai| kintu bahumata donoM ke lekhaka bhartRhari ko eka tathA vaidika hI mAnane lagA hai| isa samaya bhartRhari kA eka mAtra grantha 'vAkyapadIya' hI upalabdha hai| jo atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai isameM tIna kANDa hai- brahmakANDa, vAkyakANDa, pdkaanndd| prathama kANDa meM zabdAdvaitavAda kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vAkyapadIya ke prathama do kANDo para bhartRhari racita eka vRtti bhI hai aura brahmakANDa para ambAkartI nAmaka TIkA raghunAtha zarmA dvArA likhA gayA hai| mahAbhASya kI TIkA dIpikA, zabdadhAtu samIkSA, trayazataka aura bhaTTikAvya bhI bhartRhari ke grantha batAye jAte hai| zabdadhAtu samIkSA upalabdha nahI hai| vAkyapadIya ke kaI aMza luptaprAya hai| isake dvitIya kANDa ke 76 kArikAoM ke vyAkhyAna meM zrIpuNyarAja ne lakSaNa samudeza aura vAdhasamuddeza kI carcA kI hai| lakSaNa samuddeza to usa samaya bhI luptaprAya hI thaa|' puNyarAja ne bhI isako mAnA hai|' bhartRhari kA yaha vAkyapadIya grantha advaitaprasthAna (upadezakagrantha) meM zabdAdvaitavAda kA samarthaka hai| zabda hI advitIya brahma hai| yaha isa grantha meM pratiSThApita kiyA hai| / bhATTikAvya TIkAsu jayamagalA parityajyAnyAsu sarvAsu TIkAsu spaSTato bhartRhari ruditH| 2 dRSTavya- AcArya bhartRhari bauddha iti pakSe zrI vAcaspatimizra viracita tatvabindustaTTIkA c| vAkyapadIya 2/77 kA0 puNya0 vyA0 "etacca upamA samudezepi arthavicAraNAvasare savistaraM pradarzayidhyati / vA0 pa02/126-1/2 kA puNya0 vyA0 204

Page #222
unhoMne vyAkaraNa pradhAna grantha vAkyapadIya meM (vAkyaM ca padaM vAkyapade te adhikRtya kRte'smina granthe) prathamakANDa kI brahmakANDa yaha sAmAkhyA kI hai| prathama brahmakANDa meM sampUrNa grantha kA prastAvanA bhUta mUlatattva nirupita kiyA hai tathA vAkyakANDa meM hI sphoTa nirUpaNa paraka evaM brahmanirupaNaparaka prathamakANDa kA atabhAva kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI pahalI kArikA meM hI brahma, jagata tathA brahma ke jagata rUpa meM avabhAsita hone meM kAraNa aura vivarta avidyAjanya mithyArUpa nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiN| yathA "anAdi nidhanaM brahma zabdatattvaM yadakSaram / vivartate'rtha bhAvena prakriyA jagato yataH / / " (vA0 pa0 1 kA 1 kA0) arthAt brahma Adi aura anta se rahita, avinAzI aura zabda tattva hai| vaha artha bhAva se vivartita rupa meM bhAsita hotA hai| vAkya padIya kA yaha siddhAnta zabdabrahmavAda athavA zabdAdvaitavAda hai| zabdatattva akSarabrahma hai| samasta sRSTi zabdatattva se utpanna huI hai, zabda sthita hai aura antataH zabdatattva meM lIna ho jAtI hai| jagata kI yaha prakriyA zabda tattva yA akSara brahma kA vivarta hai| isa prakAra bhartRhari virvatavAdI the| kintu kAzmIra zaivamata ke AcAryoM ne unake virvatavAda ko pariNAma vAda batalAyA hai| isa prakAra bhartRhari ne zabdAdvaitavAda kA pratipAdana vivartavAda aura mAyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| unake pUrva 'vivarta' zabda kA prayoga kisI bhI dArzanika ne nahI kiyA thaa| bhartRhari hI vivartavAda ke janaka hai| zabdaH vAk isa nIti meM zabda vANI hai aura isa prakAra vAk tattva hai| zabda do prakAra kA hai| eka zabdoM kA nimitta rUpa (sphoTa) aura dUsarA artha kI pratIti karAne vAlA baikhArI rup| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai - ka- athAya mAntaro jJAtA sUkSmavAgAtmanA sthiraH / vyaktaye svasya rupasya zabdatvena vivrtte|| vA0pa01/112 kha-yA0 pa01/126 205

Page #223
dvAvupAdAna zabdeSu zabdau zabdavido viduH / eko nimittaM zabdAnAm paro'the prayujyate / / (vA0 pa0 1/44) sphoTavAda Rgveda meM vAk ke cAra prakAra parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura bakhArI batAye gaye hai bhartRhari inameM se kevala antima tIna ko mAnate hai| inake mata se zabda tattva kI tIna avasthAeM hai- pazyantI, madhyamA aura baikhaarii| pazyantI meM zabda aura artha kA bheda nahI hai, madhyamA meM zabda aura artha ke bIca bheda hai, kintu saMyoga rahatA hai| yaha mAnasika avasthA hai isameM zabda prakAzaka hai artha prakAzya hai isI avasthA meM 'zabda' ko bhartRhari ne 'sphoTa' kA nAma diyA hai| baikharI zabda kI abhivyakta avasthA hai ise anya loga suna sakate hai, manuSya ApasI vyavahAra meM isI kA prayoga karate hai| zabda kI AtmA sphoTa aura dhvani hai| dhvani anitya hai, kArya hai vyakti hai, sphoTa nitya hai, kAraNa hai jAti hai| sphoTavAda zabdArtha kI ekatA kA siddhAnta hai- 'sphoTaH nityaH sattavAt jAtivat / ' sattA dvaitavAda pUrvokta zabdAdvaitavAda hI sattAdvaitavAda hai| yahAM sattApada se jAti pada vivAkSita hai| jAti zabdArtha hai| sattA nitya hai aura anusyUta hai isaliye sattA hI 'brahma' hai| isase sattA brahmavAda aura zabdabrahmavAda eka hI hai| sattA dvaita hI bhAvAdvaitapada se bhI abhihita hotA hai| zrI maNDana mizra bhAvAdvaitavAdI the| sattA padArtha aura bhAvapadArtha samAnArthaka hai jaise sattA nitya hai vaise bhAva bhI nitya hai yaha bAta vAkyapadIya vizeSa rUpa se jAti samuddeza, dravya samuddeza tathA sambandha samuddeza meM pratipAdita hai| sattA aura bhAva eka hI tattva hai| yathA"tatra ca bhAvasya paramArtha rUpasya sttaataaksy"| (vA0 pa0 kA0 3 jAe kha0 36) 266

Page #224
jIva eka hI zabda brahma kAla nAmaka svAtrantrayazakti (avidyA) ke dvArA bhoktA, - bhoktavya aura bhogarupa se tathA dRzya, darzana tathA draSTA rUpa se bhAsita hotA hai jaisA ki bhartRhari ne kahA hai " ekasya sarvavIjasya yasya ceyamanekadhA / / bhoktRbhoktavya rUpeNa bhogarUpeNa ca sthitiH " / / ( vA0 pa0 1 / 4) arthAt sabake bIja rUpa ekamAtra jisa kI (zabdabrahma ) kI bhoktA, bhoktavya rUpa se tathA bhoga rUpa se aneka prakAra kI hotI hai / yahAM bhoktA (jIva) hai bhoktavya viSaya ho, bhoga hai viSaya bhoga se utpanna sukha-dukha Adi kA anubhava hai / dRSya viSaya hai, draSTA jIva hai aura darzana sAdhya svabhAva kriyA hai / brahma aura jIva meM vastutaH koI bheda nahIM hai| kintu brahma hI jIvarUpa se aura bhoktA ke rUpa se avasthita rahatA hai| sarvezvara, sarvajJa paramAtmA hI bhoktA jIva rUpa bhI hotA hai, yaha bAta bhartRhari ne svaracita vRtti meM kahI hai / arthAt apane se apane ko alaga karake pRthaka-pRthaka bhAvoM kI sRSTi karake sarvezvara, sarvamaya, bhoktA svapna meM pravRtta hotA hai / adhyArApavA : vidhi adhyAropavAda - vidhi kA tAtparya asatya se satya kI ora calanA hai ( asato mA sad gamaya) isa prasaMga meM bhartRhari kahate hai ki jaise bAlakoM ko asatya ke dvArA (akSaroM ko vAstavikatA pradAna karake) zabda kA jJAna karAyA jAtA hai|' 'pravibhajyAtmanAtmAna sRSTavA bhAvAn pRthanvidhAna / sarvezvaraH sarvamayaH svapne bhoktA prarvatate / / vA0 pa0 1 / 128 svovRttI * upAya zikSamANAnAM bAlAnAmupalAlanAH / asatye vartmani sthitvA tataH satyaM samIhate / / vA0 pa0 2 / 240 207

Page #225
zaGkarAcArya ke dvArA jisa prakAra avidyopAdhi zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai vaise hI bhartRhari ne asatyopAdhi kA prayoga kiyA hai- "satyaM vastu tadAkAraira satyairavadhAryate / asatyopAdhibhiH zabdaiH stymevaabhidhiiyte"|| (vA0 pa0 1/20-21) mokSa isa mata meM parabrahma kI prApti, parabrahma kA lAbha, parabrahma kA sAyujya, mokSa kahA gayA hai| vyAkaraNa kA mahAna prayojana kahate hue bhartahari ne kahA ki isa mokSa ke lie hI vyAkaraNa mahAna upayogI hai| 'prAptyupAyo'nukArazca ........... (vA0 pa0 1-5) bhartRhari ne svopajJavRtti meM merA, maiM isa ahaMkAra kI gAMTha kA atikramaNa karanA brahma kI prApti hai aisA kahA hai| yahAM brahma kI prApti sAyujya mokSa hai| jaisA ki kahA hai 'tadavyAkaraNamAgamyaparaMbrahmAdhigamyate' / (vA0 pa0 1-22) arthAt vyAkaraNa kA jJAna prApta karake parabrahma ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| (vA0 pa0 1-22) mokSasAdhana zabdabrahma ke sAyujya rupa mokSa kI prApti ke liye zabda kA vAcyArtha jJAna kAraNa hai| usameM vyAkaraNa parama sAdhana hai| vyAkaraNa dvArA jo zabda kA saMskAra hotA hai vahIM zabdarUpa paramAtmA kI siddhi kA upAya hai| isaliye jo zabda kI SaDbhAva vikAra rUpa pratibhA ko jAnatA hai vaha zabdarupa parabrahma kA sAyujya prApta karatA hai jaisA ki bhartRhari ne kahA hai- tasmAd yaHzabda saMskAraH sA siddhiH paramAtmanaH tasya pravRttitattvajJastada brahmAmRtamaznute / / (vA0 pa0 1/132) arthAt zabdoM kA jo saMskAra hai, vaha paramAtmA kI siddhi hai| isakI pravRtti ke tattva kA jJAtA vyakti brahmAmRta kA bhoga karatA hai| sUrya 208

Page #226
nArAyaNa zukla ne 'bhAvapradIpa' nAmaka apanI vAkyapadIya kI TIkA meM parAvAk ko hI brahma kahA hai| uparyukta vAkya se hI yaha pratIta hotA hai ki brahma hI avidyA ke kAraNa nAnA rupoM meM bhAsita hotA hai| yahI dArzanika dRSTi advaita vedAnta kI bhI hai| tatvadIpikAkAra ne bhartRhari ko spaSTa rUpa se advaitavAdI svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya bhartRmitra jayanta bhaTTa kI 'nyAya maJjarI' zabda ke nityAnitya vivecana prasaMga meM do sthaloM (pR0 213, 226) para bhartRmitra kA ullekha huA hai| yAmunAcArya ke 'siddhitraya' meM bhartRmitra kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta kumArila bhaTTa ne apane 'zlokavArtika' meM (1/1/10,130-131) meM bhI bhartRmitra kI carcA kI hai| vaiSNava granthoM meM uddhRta bhartRmitra tathA mImAMsA zAstra ke granthoM meM varNita bhartRmitra eka hI hai yaha kahanA nizcita rUpa se kaThina hai| AcArya bhartRmitra kI koI racanA prApta nahI hotI hai, kintu bhaTTa umbeka' ne mAnA bhartRmitra viracita 'tatvazuddhi' nAmaka prakaraNa grantha mImAMsA para thaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki bhaTTa umbeka ke samaya yaha grantha upalabdha rahA hogaa| yaha AcArya, kumArila bhaTTa aura zaGkara ke pUrvavartI the| bramAnandI, TaGka ' zabda bramha vAdinastu praavaak| evaM bramhatadeva avidyayA nAnArupaM bhAsate iti prAhuH / (bhAvapradIpa, vAkyapadIya, bramhakANDa,zloka 132) 2 yAmunAcArya- yatIndramata dIpikA - pR04-5 vArANasI sNskrnn| 3 prAyeNaiva hi mImAMsA loke lokaaytiikRtaa| tAmastikapathe kartumayAM yatnaH kRto mayA / / mImAMsAprathama sUtra kA zloka vA0 1/1/10) 4 bhaTTa umbeka - 'zlo0 vA0' kI prArambhika dasaveM zloka kI vyaakhyaa| 209

Page #227
advaita vedAnta ke AcAryo meM AcArya zaGkara se pUrva sarva AcArya brahmAnandI / vedAnta zAstroM meM ye nandI aura Atreya nAmoM se bhI vikhyAta hai| inhoMne dogya upaniSada kA vyAkhyAna rUpa vAkya racA hai| yaha vAkya saMkSipta rUpa hai| isalie ke vAkya ko 'sUtra' kahA jAtA hai| ataeva inheM chAndogyaupaniSad kI vyAkhyAbhUta ke kartA, vyAkhyAnabhUta bhASyakartA, vAkyakarttA aura vRttikAra bhI kahate hai / yaha bAta zArIraka kI vibhinna TIkAoM meM zrI madhusUdana sarasvatI, rAmatIrtha, nRsiMhAzrama aura karAcArya ne apane brahmasUtra bhAskara bhASya meM tathA brahmasUtra bhASya kI bhAmatI evaM patarU meM amalAnanda ne likhA hai - zrI sarvajJAtmamuni dvArA inakA vaMzaparicaya aura ddhAnta meM spaSTa rUpa se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / Aja taka inakA samaya nirNIta nahIM pAyA hai kintu zrI zaGkarAcArya, troTakAcArya, sarvajJAtmamuni, rAmAnujAcArya, prakAzAtma, darzana tathA veMkaTanAtha Adi vidvAnoM ne AdarapUrvaka inake nAma aura mata kA ullekha yA hai| yathA - mANDUkya kArikA ke vaitathya prakaraNa meM AcArya zaGkara ne brahmAnandI nAma liyA hai- 'siddhaM tu nivartakatvAdityAgam vidAM sUtram / ' (mA0kA0 vai0 pra0 32) cArya brahmAnandI kA vAkya grantha aba nahI milatA hai| jahAM-tahAM vedAnta granthoM meM nake vAkya tathA unake vyAkhyAna pAye jAte hai| isake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ; unakA siddhAnta nirvizeSa advaitavAda hI hai| brahmAnandI jIva aura brahma meM ekatA nate hai| isakA spaSTIkaraNa svAmI vimuktAtmA ne iSTasiddhi meM tathA zrI jJAnottama ne Ta siddhi ke vivaraNa meM kiyA hai- "siddhaM tu nivartakatvAditi coktaM vAkyakAraiH" STasiddhau pR0 72) / AcAryaTaGkabhartRprapaJcabhartRmitraharibrahmadattazaGkara zrIvatsAMkabhASkarAdiviracitasitAsita vividha nivandhana nAcArya ke siddhitraya pRSTha 5 / saMkSepa zArIraka meM 3/121 zrI rAmatIrtha kRta vyAkhyA meM zAndikRta mhanandi viracita vAkyAnAM sUtra ruupaannaam| saM0 zA0 3/217 tathA 3/220 zrI ma0 sU0 sa0 kRtasAra - saMgrahaTIkAyAm 210

Page #228
brahmAnandI vivartavAda siddhAnta ke samarthaka the| saMkSepazArIraka meM AcArya brahmAnandI ke sambandha meM pA~ca zloka hai - jinase advaitavAda sAdhaka eka hI zloka sthAlI pulAka nyAya se yahAM diyA jA rahA hai pUrvavikAramupavarNyazanaizzanaistad, dRSTiM visRjya nikaTaM parigRhya tsmaat| sarvavikAramathasaMvyavahAramAtramadvaitamevaparirakSativAkyakAraH / / saM0 zA0 3 - 220 AcArya brahmAnandI ke jo ATha vAkya advaita sampradAya ke bhASya Adi granthoM meM upalabdha hote hai| ve zrI brahmAnandI ke siddhAnta ke anukUla pratIta hote hai / kintu jo bAisa vAkya viziSTAdvaita sampradAya ke granthoM meM upalabdha hote hai ve bhI advaita siddhAnta ke bAdhaka nahI banate hai| inameM bAIsa vAkyoM meM teraha vAkya brahmasUtra (1/1/1) ke jijJAsAdhikaraNa meM hI prApta hote hai ye teraha vAkya na to advaita ke bAdhaka hai aura na viziSTAdvaita ke bAdhaka hai| apitu ve sAmAnya rupa se sabhI vedAnta ke sAdhaka hai| ye prAyaH upAsanA ke sAdhaka hai / isa prakAra se AcArya brahmAnandI hI zrI zaGkarAcArya se pUrvavartI advaita vedAntAcAryo meM isa prakAra ke sarvaprathama AcArya the jinakA grantha to upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu unake grantha ke tIsa vAkya vedAnta ke prAmANika granthoM meM Aja bhI milate rahe hai| viziSAdvaita granthoM meM prApya bAisa vAkya bhI advaita siddhAnta ke pratikUla nahIM hai| upAsanA kI pUrvAvasthA meM para aura apara brahma ke bIca parabrahma kA saguNa honA advaitAcAryo ko iSTa hai| advaita granthoM meM milane vAle (brahmAnandI ke) vAkya to advaita ke anukUla hI hai| ina vAkyoM se AcArya brahmAnandI kA vedAnta siddhAnta isa prakAra nizcita hotA hai - zrI brahmAnandI ke mata meM brahmasat nirvizeSa nitya eka aura cit rUpa hai jIva aura 211

Page #229
brahma meM ekatA hai| paramArthavasthA meM jIva bhI brahma hI hai| inake mata meM ajJAna aura adhyAsa donoM mAne jAte hai| avidyA kA anirvacanIyatva aura vivartavAda svIkRta kiye jAte hai tathA yaha saba dRzyamAna jagata na to sat hai aura na ast| kintu anirvacanIya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| inake mata meM jagat kevala mAyAmaya tathA saMvyavahAra mAtra hai| zrI brahmAnandI ke 'siddhaM tu nirvatakatvAt isa sUtra kA advaita vedAnta meM mahAna Adara hai| TaMGka AcArya rAmAnuja ne apane grantha 'vedArtha saMgraha' (pRSTha 154) para TaMka kA ullekha kiyA hai| TaMka viziSTAdvaita siddhAnta ke samarthaka pratIta hote hai| zrI veMkaTanAtha ne ati sammAna ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA hai- yathA- "vedaviduttamaH sarve: bodhAyanaTakadraviDaguhadevakapardibhAruciprabhRtibhiH ......... _(tatvamuktakalApasya sarvArtha siddhau) navir3AcAra bhAratIya darzana ke vibhinna granthoM meM AcArya dravir3a kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavatpAda zrI zaGkarAcArya ke dvArA 'sampradAyavita" 'Agamavita" ityAdi zabdoM se samAdRta ye advaitavedAnta ke mahAna AcArya the| zaGkarAcArya ne dravir3AcArya ke (tvAt)' siddhaMtu nivarTakatvAt' sUtra ko uddhata kiyA hai| zAGkara bhASya ke TIkAkAra Anandagiri draviNAcArya ko advaitavAdI mAnate hai| inake jIvanakAla ke sambandha meM nizcita mata nahI hai| TI0 e0 zrI gopInAtha rAya mahodaya ne 'hisTrI Apha zrI vaiSNava' nAmaka grantho meM inakA sthitikAla navama zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA hai| kucha loga aSTama zatAbdI kA pahalA caraNa mAnate hai| 'vR0 A0 u02/1/20 zAGkara bhASya / 'mANDUkyakArikA 2/32 tathA 3/20 kArikA / 'siddhaM tu nivartakAtvAt- ityAgamavidAM suutrm| mA0 kA0, zAM0 bhA0 2/32 212

Page #230
kuppUsvAmI zAstrI ne likhA ki inakA kAla Aja bhI anirNIta hI hai| brahmAnandi ke chAndogyopaniSad vAkya para draviNAcArya ne eka TIkA likhI thii| vaiSNava sampradAya ke granthoM meM bhI dravir3AcArya kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| ___rAmAnuja ne 'vedArtha saMgraha' meM AcArya dravir3a kA ullekha kiyA hai|' yAmunAcArya ne 'siddhitraya' meM likhA hai- 'bhagavatA vAdarAyaNena idamarthameva sUtrANi praNItAni vivRtAni ca parimita gambhIra bhASyakRtA' | 'bhASyakRtA" zabda se dravir3AcArya ko iMgita kiyA hai| sarvajJAtma munine 'saMkSepazArIraka' meM draviNAcArya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaise nirvizeSa advaita sampradAya meM aura viziSTAdvaita sampradAya meM donoM jagaha inakA nAma AcArya ke rupa meM ginA jAtA hai| usI prakAra donoM sampradAyoM meM inakA vAkya pramANa ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiye gaye hai| aneka vedAnta granthoM meM draviNAcArya ke vAkyarUpa se jAne gaye satraha vAkya prApta hote hai| unameM se cha: vAkya nirvizeSa advaita granthoM meM tathA gyAraha vAkya viziSTAdvaita granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| inakA dArzanika siddhAnta isa prakAra hai- zrI draviNAcArya ke mata meM parabrahma kA nirguNa honA abhISTa hai| 'saMkSepa zArIraka' meM sarvajJAtmamuni ne vAkyakAra zrI brahmAnandI kA mata batAkara isa (nirguNa) kA upapAdana kiyA hai| yathA arntaguNA bhagavatI paradevateti, pratyagguNeti bhagavAnAnapi bhASyakAraH / Aha sma yattadiha nirguNavastuvAde, saMgacchate na tu punaH saguNa pravAde / / (saM0 zA0 3/221) yahAM 'arntaguNA' isa pada meM guNa pada svarUpaparaka hai, devatApada brahmaparaka hai| isaliye pratyAgAtmasvarupa paradevatA parabrahma hai| 1 bhagavada bodhAyanaTaMka draviNa... | vedArtha saMgraha, pR0 148 kAzI saMskaraNa siddhitraye - pR05 ___213 .

Page #231
draviNAcArya ke mata meM ajJAna se hI bandhana yA sasAritva hotA hai aura ajJAna kA dUra ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke zAGkarabhASya meM draviDAcArya kI prasiddha AkhyAyikA ke anuvAda meM bhagavAna zaGkara ne spaSTa kiyA hai| yathA- 'tuma etadrUpaka nahI ho, parabrahma hI ho, asaMsArI ho| AcArya ne yaha udbodhAna diyaa| taba tIna eSeNAoM (patraiSaNA, vittaiSaNA, lokaiSaNA) kI anuvRtti ko tyAgakara 'maiM brahma hI hai isa bhAva ko prApta kara letA hai (vR0 A0 u0 zAM0 bhA0 2/1/20) / isa siddhAnta meM jIva aura brahma kI ekatA, ajJAna se hI AtmA saMsArI hotA hai| 'tatvamasi' ityAdi mahAvAkya jJAna se ajJAna dUra hotA hai| aura brahma kI prApti yA mokSa hotA hai| ina (draviDAcArya) ke mata meM mokSa svarUpa kA jJAna hai athavA brahma kI prApti mokSa hai| vivartavAda aura anirvacanIya donoM svIkRta hai| viziSTadvaita granthoM meM prApta zrI draviNAcArya ke vAkya vizeSatayA upAsanA paraka hai aura paramAtmA ke saguNatva ke pratipAdaka hai| brahmasUtra meM 1/1/16, 2/1/14, 4/3/24, 4/4/16 sUtroM ke zAGkara bhASya meM brahma kI saguNarupatA usakI upAsanA aura upAsanA ke phala kI prApti kA pratipAdana milatA hai| __zrI zaGkarAcArya, zrI surezvarAcArya, vAcaspati mizra, madhusUdanasarasvatI, rAmatIrtha, nRsiMhAzrama, Anandagiri Adi AcAryoM ne dravir3AcArya ke prati pUjyabhAva prakaTa kiyA hai| isa prakAra dravir3AcArya hai, nirvizeSa advaita brahma ke pratipAdaka aura nirvizeSa brahma ke advaita sampradAya ke paramAdaraNIya vidvAna inakA siddhAnta nirvizeSa advaita brahma ke parama anukUla hai| AcArya brahmadatta 214

Page #232
bhagavAna zaGkarAcArya se pUrvavartI vedAntiyoM meM AcArya brahmadatta pramukhatama hai| inhoMne bhI brahmasUtra kA bhASya racA hai| isa bAta kI jAnakArI zrI yAmunAcArya ne apane 'siddhitraya grantha' meM aura eka ajJAtanAmA vidvAna ne 'prapaJca hRdaya' meM dI hai| madhvasampradAya ke 'maNimaJjarI' nAmaka grantha meM (6/2/3) bhagavAna zaGkarAcArya ke samakAlika ye hai, aisA likhA hai, kintu isakI prAmANikatA meM vidvAnoM ko saMdeha hai| surezvarAcArya ne bRhadAraNyaka bhAdhyavArtika me, vedAntadezika zrI veMkaTanAtha ne 'tatvamuktAkalApa' kI 'sarvArtha siddhivRtti' meM vedAntacArya hone ke kAraNa isakA smaraNa kiyA hai| inake sthitikAla ke viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| Aja bhI isa AcArya kA sthitikAla anirNIta hI hai| aisA hiriyannA mahodaya ne bhI mAnA hai| tathA unake mata meM brahmasUtra bhASya tathA chAndogyopaniSada bhASya kI bhI racanA AcArya brahmadatta ne kii| ataeva saMkSepazArIraka ke (3/216) kI subodhinI TIkA meM chAndogya vAkyakAra ke prasaMga meM inakA nAma ullikhita hai| AcArya brahmadatta kI koI racanA upalabdha nahIM hai| kevala vedAnta granthoM meM tathA unakI TIkAoM meM unake mata kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra brahma, jIva, jagat, mokSa Adi ke viSaya meM zrI brahmadatta ke sidvAnta sambandhI kucha tathya milatA hai| zrI brahmadatta advaitavAdI the| inake mata meM jIva anitya hai tathA ekamAtra brahma hI nitya padArtha hai| donoM kI bhinnatA pratIta hone para bhI brahma se jIva bhinna nahIM hai kintu abhinna hI hai| ataevaM surezvarAcArya ne brahmadatta ko advaitavAdI kahakara smaraNa kiyA hai anutsArita nAnAtvaM brahma yasyApi vAdinaH / 'kaM-..............bhartRhari bramhadatta zaMkara zrI vatsArA bhASkarAdi viracita .........| siddhitraye pR05 kha-bra0 kANDasya bhagavatpAda bramhadatta bhAskarAdirbhitabhedenApi kRtam' prapaMca hRdaya pR036 dra0- ma0 ma0 zrI gopInAtha kavirAja mahodayasya vedAnta darzana bhUmikAyAM pR013 sarvArdha siddhi 2/16 215

Page #233
tanmatenApi dussAdhyo jJAnakarma smuccyH|| (nai0si0 1/68) brahmadatta karma aura jJAna ke samuccaya ke pakSapAtI pratIta hote hai parantu brahmadatta AtmajJAna meM upAsanA vidhi kA zreya mAnate hai / sakRta pravRttayA mRdanAti kriyaakrkrupbhRt| ajJAnamAgama jJAnaM sAMgatya nAstyato'nayoH / / ( nai0si0 1/67) AcArya zrI brahmadatta ke samAna AryavedAntAcArya Azmarathya bhI brahma se jIva kA janma mAnate hai kintu ina donoM meM itanA bheda hai ki Azmarathya bhedAbhedavAdI hai aura brahmadatta advaitavAdI hai| jIva- brahmadatta ke mata meM jIva anitya hai; kyoki usakA janma hotA hai jIva brahma se utpanna hotA hai, aura brahma meM lIna ho jAtA hai jaisA ki 'tattva muktAkalApa' meM kahA gayA hai 'eka brahma hI nitya hai aura usase itara saba janma Adi lene vAle hai isaliye jIva bhI acita ke samAna janmavAna hai|' (ta0 mu0 ka0 2 / 16) AcArya brahmadatta ke mata meM jIvAtmA apanI kAryAvasthA meM brahma se bhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha apane kAraNa rUpa meM hone para brahma se abhinna hai / isa prakAra AcArya ke mata se brahma aura jIva kA bhedA-bheda svarupa pramANita hotA hai / pUrvakAla meM jIva janmavAdI sampradAya bhI thA isakA saMketa upaniSad, purANa tathA mahAkaviyoM ke bacanoM meM upalabdha hai / yathA (1) 'toyena jIvAn vyasasarja bhUmyAm / ' (mahAnArAyaNopaniSadi 1-4 ) (2) prakRtiryA mayAkhyAta vyaktAvyakta svarupiNI / puruSazcApyubhAvetau lIyate paramAtmani / / (viSNupurANe 6/4/126) 216

Page #234
(3) yadi jIva paramAtmA kA kArya hone ke kAraNa paramAtmA hI nahI hogA taba paramAtmA se atirikta hone ke kAraNa paramAtmA ke jJAna se yaha vijJAna siddha nahI hogA, athavA AtmA brahma eka hI pahale thA, isa prakAra sRSTi se pahale ekatva kA avadhAraNa hotA hai| "jaise dedIpyamAna agni se tadrUpa sahasroM cinagAriyAM utpanna hotI hai vaise brahma se vividha jIva yA padArtha utpanna hote hai|' ityAdi vacanoM se brahma se jIvoM kI utpatti sunI gaI haiN| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne usa samaya ke pracalita sampradAya ke siddhAntAnusAra yaha kahA hai ki AtmanamAtmanA vetsi sRjsyaatmaanmaatmnaa| AtmanAkRtinA ca tvamAtmanyeva prliiyse|| (kumAra saMbhave 2/10) arthAt Apa apane ko apane meM hI jAnate hai aura apane Apa apane ko utpanna karate hai aura jaba apanA kAma pUrA kara cukate hai taba apane ko apane meM lIna kara lete hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki paramAtmA jIvoM ko utpanna karate hai| zrI surezvarAcArya ne bhI mAnasollAsa meM jIva-janma ke viSaya meM kahA hai| jagata AcArya brahmadatta jIva ke samAna jagat kA bhI janma brahma se mAnate hai jaisA ki 'tatvamuktAkalApa' meM brahmadatta kA mata kahA gayA hai- 'ekaM brahmaiva nityaM taditaradakhilaM tatra janmAdimAk.... / ' ityAdi (ta0 mu0 ka0 2-16) / saMkSepa zArIraka kI 'subodhinI TIkA' meM brahmadatta ke mata meM jagata avidyAmUlaka hai- yaha kahA gayA hai| mokSa aura mokSa kA sAdhana 217

Page #235
zrI brahmadatta ke mata meM brahma se utpanna hAne vAle jIva kA brahma meM laya hI mokSa kahA jAtA hai| yaha laya ajJAna kA nAza hone para hotA hai isa ajJAna ke nAza hone kA upAya yA mokSa sAdhana kevala jJAna thA kevala karma nahI hotA hai, kintu donoM karma aura jJAna hote hai| pahale 'tatvamasi' ityAdi aupaniSada mahAkAbyoM se brahma kA parokSa jJAna prApta karake 'ahaM brahmAsmi' isa prakAra kI bhAvanA apane meM karake ise cirakAlaparyanta karanA caahie| isa prakAra dRr3hatara abhyAsa ke dvArA brahmasAkSAtkAra rupa jJAna se ajJAna kI nivRtti hotI hai| isaliye jJAnAbhyAsa karma kA tyAga nahI karanA caahie| isa kAraNa 'ahaM brahmAsmi' isa jJAna ke abhyAsa ke sAtha vaidika karma karane se jJAna aura karma samuccaya saMgata hotA hai "deva hokara devoM ko prApta karanA hai' isa zruti kA bhI tAtparya jJAna aura karma kA samuccaya hI saMgata hotA hai| brahmabhAvanA kI vRddhi ho jAne se devabhAva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| taba uddhRta dehapAta ke anantara upAsyadeva bhAva kI prApti ho jAtI hai yaha brahmadatta kA mata zrI surezvarAcArya ne 'naiSkarmya siddhi' meM udvata kiyA hai isa prakAra upasaMhAra meM koI apane sampradAya ke bala ke garva se kahate hai- jo yaha vedAnta vAkya 'ahaM brahma' yaha vijJAna utpanna hotA hai, vahI utpatti mAtra se ajJAna nirasta ho jAtA hai taba dina-dina lambe samaya taka upAsanA yukta rahane vAle kI bhAvanA kI vRddhi hone se samasta ajJAna naSTa ho jAtA hai 'devobhUtvA devAnapyoti' aisA zruti meM kahA hai| (nai0 si0 1/67) isa prakAra brahmasvarUpa ke avabodhaka 'tatvamasi' itsAdi vakyoM se brahmasvarupa kA bodha ho jAne ke pazcAt 'AtmAvA're' ityAdi vAkyoM se brahma kI bhAvanA kI jAtI hai| isa kAraNa 'tatvamasi' ityAdi vAkya kevala brahma svarUpa mAtra kA bodhaka hai| ajJAna kI nivRtti to bhAvanAjanya jJAna kI nivRtti se hI hotI hai| ataeva AtmA bhAvanA nidheya hai| isa prakAra karmakANDa aura jJAnakANDa donoM sAdhya viSayaka hai na ki siddhaviSayaka / 218

Page #236
prasaMkhyAnam zrI brahmadatta prasaMkhyAna ko svIkArate hai / dUsare vedAntI jaise 'dazamastvamasi' isa vAkya se sAkSAtkAra hotA hai usI prakAra 'tatvamasi' ityAdi mahAvAkya se brahmasAkSAtkAra hotA hai| aisA mAnate hai, kintu prasaMkhyAnavAdI aisA nahI mAnate hai / 'prasaMkhyAna' zabda kA artha 'naiSkamyasiddhi' tathA usakI TIkA candrikA meM varNita hai-- 'naiSkarma siddhicandrikA TIkA' meM - prasaMkhyAnasya cittaikaagryupsy| zrI brahmadatta mAnate hai ki 'tatvamasi' ityAdi vAkya ke sunane se AtmasvarUpa viSayaka akhaNDAkAra vRtti utpanna nahI hotI hai| isaliye ki zabdoM meM vaisI zakti hai jisase vaisI akhaNDAkAra vRtti kA udaya hotA hai / AcArya bhartRprapaJca aura maNDana mizra bhI prasaMkhyAnavAdI the| AcArya bhartRprapaJca kA sAkSAta prasaMkhyAna pakSIya vacana upalabdha nahI hotA hai / kevala vRhadAraNyakopaniSadbhASya vArtika meM tathA naighkarmya siddhi meM unakA prasaMkhyAna khaNDana prApta hotA hai| zrI maNDanamizra ne to brahmasiddhi meM bahuta bAra prasaMkhyAna pakSa ko upasthita kiyA hai| jaisebrahmasiddhi meM-- 'sAkSAtpramite brahmaNi sAkSAtkArAyapravRtteriSTatvAt / (vra0 si0 si0 kA0 11 kA0 pR0 156) dhyAnaniyogavAdI zrI brahmadatta dhyAnaniyogavAdI the na ki niyogavAdI / niyogavAdI vaha kahalAtA hai jo tat tvaM padArtha ke zodhana dvArA brahma aura AtmA ko eka mAnatA hai jaise bhagavAna zaGkarAcArya aura unake anuyAyI / dhyAna niyogavAdI zrI brahmadatta jIvanamukti ko nahI mAnate hai / dehapAta ke anaMtara hI brahmaprApti yA mokSa saMbhava hai / zrI maralIdhara pANDeya ne " naiSkarmya siddhi - 3/60 219

Page #237
uddhRta kiyA hai- 'etaccabRhadAraNyakopaniSadbhASyavartikenaiSkarmyasiddhezcandrikATIkAyAM ca spaSTIkRtam 'bhAvanopacayAda devo bhUtvA vidvAnihaiva tu| devAnapyeti so'gnyAdIJ zarIratyAgrataH param / / ' (vR0 a0 u0 bhA0 vA0 4/1/27 pR0 1357) zrI brahmadattAcArya ke siddhAnta saMkSepa meM ye hai1. brahma se jIva utpanna hote hai aura brahma meM lIna ho jAte hai| 2. upaniSad vAkyoM meM 'AtmA vA're' ityAdi vAkyoM kI pradhAnatA hai na ki 'tatvamasi' ityAdi vAkyoM kii| 3. bhAvanA kI pradhAnatA, niyoga kI nhiiN| 4. brahmadatta kA jIva vijJAnavAdiyoM kI bhAMti pratIta hotA hai| 5. zrI brahmadatta nairayAyikoM ke samAna asatkAryavAdI pratIta hote hai| 6. ye dhyAna niyogavAdI hai| ye prapaJca vilayavAda ko mAnate the isakA khaNDana zaGkarAcArya ne kiyA hai| 7. ye jIvanamukti ko nahI mAnate hai| 8. ye zrI bhartRprapaJca tatha maNDana mizra ke abhipreta jJAna, karma samuccaya se bhinna prakAra ke jJAna-karma samuccaya ko mAnate hai| 6. ye prasaMkhyAnavAdI hai| 10. zrI brahmadatta kA jIva cArvAka Adi ke samAna nazvara hai| 11. zrI brahmadatta kA jIva paurANikoM kI bhAMti pralayakAla meM zarIra ke sAtha brahma meM pralIna ho jAtA hai| 'zrI muralIdhara pANDeyaH zrIzaMkarAtprAgadvaitavAdaH pR0 288 220

Page #238
12. maNDana mizra aura surezvara ne bhI inake mata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| AcArya bhartRprapaJca- AcArya bhartRprapaJca eka prakhyAta vedAntI the| unakA mata bhedA-bhedavAda hai| inakA koI bhI vyAkhyA grantha, brahmasUtroM para likhA huA upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| saMkSepazArIrika ke TIkAkAra madhusUdana sarasvatI ne bhartRprapaJca ko brahmasUtra kA bhApyakAra mAnate hai 'kaizcit tat sUtraM vyAcakSANai bhrtRprpNcaadibhiH|' yAmunAcArya ne apane 'siddhitraya' meM bhartRprapaJca ko vedAnta darzana kA lekhaka svIkAra kiyA hai| isake atirikta kaThopanipada tathA bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad para bhI bhApya likhe the| dArzanika siddhAnta- inake siddhAnta ko bhedA bhedavAda, dvaitAdvaitavAda athavA anekAntavAda kahA jAtA hai| paramArtha brahma meM eka hai jagatarupa meM aneka hai| jIva nAnA tathA paramAtmA ekadeza mAtra hai| brahma meM aneka jIvoM kI sattA hone ke kAraNa hI vaha aneka rupa hai aura mUlataH brahma rupa meM vaha eka hai| jIva drapTA, kartA, bhoktA, hai| ve karmajJAna samuccayavAdI the| ___ bhartRprapaJca ke anuyAyI cAra sampradAyoM meM baMTe the, isase zaGkara pUrva hI vedAnta kA pracAra huaa| bhartRprapaJca satabrahma kI ATha avasthAoM ko mAnate the| jo nimna hai(1) arntayAmI, (2) sAkSI (3) avyAkRta (4) sUtrAtmA (5) virATa (6) devatA (7) jAti (8) pinndd| inake kucha anuyAyI (bhartRprapaJca ke) brahma kI tIna avasthA ko mAnate hai| akSara, artayAmI, kssetrjny| aura kucha pAMca, kucha ATha avasthA ko mAnate hai| kucha loga ina avasthAoM ko akSara kI zakti mAnate hai to kucha loga inheM vikAra mAnate hai| pariNAmavAda madhusUdana sarasvatI kI TIkA - saMkSepa zArIraka, 1/7 pr| 221

Page #239
yaha jagata ko brahma kA pariNAma mAtra mAnA hai| AcArya zaGkara ne bhI pariNAmavAda ko mAnA thA kintu Adhunika paribhASA pariNAma aura vivarta kI usa samaya spaSTa nahI thI / brahma kA pariNAma tIna prakAra se hotA hai (1) arntayAmI tathA jIvarUpa meM (2) avyAkRta, sUtra virATa tathA devatA rUpa meM / (3) jAti tathA piNDa rUpa meM / bhartRprapaJca ke mata se jagat sargakAla kI yahI saMkSipta vyAkhyA hai| mokSa-AcArya bhartRprapaJca jIvAtmA ko brahma kA pariNAma svIkAra karate hai| jIvana mukti aura videha mukti kI taraha hI mukti ke do rUpa milate hai (1) aparamokSa (2) paramokSa / zarIra rahate jaba brahma sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai taba ise aparamokSa, jIvanamukti yA 'apavarga' kahate hai / jaba dehapAta ho jAtA hai taba 'parAmukti' kI prApti hotI hai yahI videha mukti yA parama mokSa hai| isa prakAra bhartRprapaJca brahma sAkSAtkAra ho jAne para bhI deha ke rahate avidyA kI pUrNa nivRtti nahI mAnate hai / deha kI pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa avidyA hai| pramANa saccayavAda - ye laukika aura vaidika donoM pramANoM ko mAnate the / isalie ye 'pramANa samuccayavAdI' kahalAte hai| isa prakAra inake siddhAnta ko cAra bhAgoM meM DA0 vIra maNi upAdhyAya ne bAMTA hai- (1) rAzitraya vAda (2) pariNAmavAda (3) anekAntavAda (4) mokSanirupaNa / rAzitrayavAda meM paramAtmA ko uttama rAzi, jIva ko madhyama rAzi aura jagata ko adhama rAzi kahA hai| DA0 saMgama lAla pANDeya ne inake siddhAnta ko sAMkhya aura advaita darzana ke bIca kI eka kar3I mAnA hai| DA0 maisUra hiriyantA ne inheM pariNAmavAdI mAnA hai / 222

Page #240
AcArya zaMkara ne vRhadAraNyakopanipada bhApya meM 5/1/1 meM "atraike varNayanti" se AcArya bhartRprapaJca ke bhedAbhedavAda kA khaNDana karate hai tathA AcArya zaMkara 'neti neti' se hI brahma kA varNana svIkAra karate hai| AcArya sundarapANDya- sundarapANDya zrI zaGkara prAga advaita vedAntI rahe hai| ye dakSiNa bhArata ke mImAMsA evaM vedAnta darzana ke vidvAna the| inakA sthitikAla kucha loga 650 I0 mAnate haiN| ye pANDyarAja kubjavardhana athavA kula pANDya ina do nAmoM se bhI prasiddha the| inakI upAdhi 'arikezari' thii| prasiddha zaivAcArya tirujJAna sambandha ke prabhAva se AcArya sundara pANDya ne jaina dharma ko tyAgakara zaivadharma ko svIkAra kara liyaa| inhoMne apanI upAsanA kI mahimA se tirasaTha zaivAcAryoM meM pramukha sthAna prApta kiyaa| kucha vidvAnoM ke mata meM to sundara pANDya rAjA neDUmAraNa athavA mahArAja nAyanara kA nAma dUsarA nAma sundara pANDya thaa|' inakA vedAnta viSayaka grantha isa samaya upalabdha nahIM hai| ye dakSiNa bhArata ke mImAMsA vedAnta darzana ke vidvAna the| inhoMne brahmasUtra ke kisI prAcIna bhApya se sambandhita kArikAbaddha vArtika grantha kI racanA kI thii| isa sambandha meM koI nizcita mata to nahI milatA, kintu vidvAnoM kA mantabya hai ki zaGkarAcArya ne 'samanvayAdhikaraNa ke bhASya ke anta meM (bra0 sU0, zAM0 bhA0 1/1/14) jo nimnalikhita tIna zloka uddhata kiye hai ve sundara pANDya ke vArtika grantha se uddhata hai: api cAhuH gauNamithyAtmanosatve putradehAdi vAdhanAt / sad brahmAtmAha mitvevaM bodhe kArya kathaM bhavet / / anveSTavyAtma vijJAnAt prAk pramAtRtva mAtmanaH / 'ma0 bha0 zrI gopInAtha kavirAja mahodaya kA 'zaMkara se pUrva ke AcArya' zIrSaka lekha, 'kalyANa patrikA 1663 vai0 saM0 vedAntAMka pR0638 meM prkaashit| 2 mahAmahopAdhyAya kuppU svAmI zAstrI dvArA likhita lekha-Some Problems of Identify in the cultural History of Ancient India (Journal of oriental Research, Madras, Vol.I 223

Page #241
anviSTaHsyAt pramAtaiva pApadoSAdi varjitaH / / dehAtmapratyayo yada vat pramANatvena kalpitaH / laukikaM tadvadevedaM pramANaM tvAtmanizcayAt / / (bra0 sU0 zAM0 bhA0 1/1/4) bhAmatIkAra vAcaspati mizra ne uparyukta zlokoM kA 'brahmavidAM gAthA' kahakara varNana kiyA hai parantu narasiMha svarupa ke ziSya AtmasvarUpa dvArA racita padamapAda kI paJcapAdikA kI TIkA prabodha parizodhanI kI anusAra uparyukta zloka sundara pANDya kRta hI batalAye jAte hai| amalAnanda ke kalpataru (3/3/25) meM sundara pANDya ke vacana 'niHzreNyArohaNaprApyam' uddhata hai|' gair3apAda- advaita vedAnta ke pratiSThApaka Adi AcArya zaGkara ke prAcArya zrI gaur3apAda hai| inakI prasiddha kRti "mANDUkyakArikA" hai| gaur3apAda ke advaita siddhAnta se milatA-julatA AcArya kA advaita vedAnta hai| zaGkara kA mAyAvAda gaur3apAda se prabhAvita hai| kyoki upanipadoM meM spapTa rUpa se mAyA kA ullekha na hokara mAyAvAda ke pUrvAbhAsa kI jhalaka milatI hai| vizva prapaJca kI zUnyatA kA spaSTa pratipAdana bauddha sampradAyoM meM mukhyatayA vijJAnavAda aura bhAratIya darzana meM pAyA jAtA hai| gaur3apAda kI jagata ko 'avidyAtmaka yA mAyika' batalAye haiN| AcArya zaGkara ne gaur3apAda nirmita mANDUkya kArikA para apane bhASya meM paramaguru ko namaskAra, kiyA hai 'yastaM pUjyAbhipUjyaM parama gurumamuM pAdapAtainato'smi / (mA0 kA0 zA0 bhA0 ante bra0 sU0 zAM0 bhA0) meM AcArya zaGkara ne paramaguru gaur3apAda kA nAmollekha bar3e Adara ke sAtha kiyA hai- aura do sthaloM para ullekha kiyA hai| zrI zaGkara sampradAya meM guruvandana paramparA meM isa prakAra gurunAmAvalI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 'bra0 sU03/3/25 zAkara bhA0 kalpataru pR0 765 'prAcArya se tAtparya AcArya ke AcArya arthAt govinda bhagavatapAda ke guru| 3 ka. sampradAya vido vadanti (1/4/14) kha. vedAntArtha sampradAyavibhirAcAryaH / (2/1/6) 224

Page #242
nArAyaNaM padamabhavaM vasiSThaM zaktiM ca tatputraparAzaraM ca, vyAsaM zukaM gaur3apAdaM mahAntaM govinda yogIndramathAsya ziSyam zrI zaGkarAcAryamathAsya padmapAdaM ca hastAmalakaM ca ziSyam / tattoTakaM vArtikakAramanyAnasmadguruM santatamAnato'smi / / isa prakAra guru paramparA meM vyAsa tathA zuka ke anantara AcArya zrI gaur3apAda kA nAma AtA hai| yoga vAsiSTha meM zrI zuka kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai / ' bhagavAna zaGkara ne apane zvetAzvataropaniSada ke bhASya meM AcArya gaur3apAda ko zrI zukAcArya kA ziSya kahA hai| 2 zrI muralIdhara pANDeya ne apane grantha zrI zaGkaraprAgdvaitavAda meM zrI gauNapAda kI guruparamparA ko isa prakAra ullikhita kiyA - "etadviSaye ma0 ma0 zrI gopInAtha zarmaka virAja mahodayena brahmasUtra bhUmikAyAM likhitaM yadjammUstha zrI raghunAtha mandira granthAlaya sthite zrI vidyArNave granthe ( kazmIrataH prakAzita ) zrI gauNapAdasya guru paramparetthaM nivaddhAsti (1) kapilaH (2) atriH (3) vasiSThaH (4) sanakaH (5) sanandana, (6) bhRguH (7) sanatsujAtaH (8) vAmadevaH (6) nAradaH (10) gautamaH ( 11 ) zanakaH ( 12 ) zaktiH (13) mArkaNDeyaH (14) kauzakaH (15) parAzaraH (16) zukaH ( 17 ) aMgirA : (18) kaNvaH (16) jAvAtri (20) bhAradvAjaH (21) vedavyAsaH (22) IzAnaH (23) ramaNaH (24) kapardI (25) bhUdharaH (26) subhataH (27) jalajaH (28) bhUrtazaH (29) paramaH (30) vijayaH (31) vijayaH (32) maraNaH (bharataH ) (33) padamezaH (34) subhagaH (35) vizuddha ( 36 ) samaraH (37) kaivalyaH (38) guNezvaraH (36) sapAyaH (40) yogaH (41) vijJAna: (42) anaDgaH (43) vibhramaH (44) dAmodara : (45) cidAbhAsaH (46) 1 jagAma zikharaM meroH samAdhyarthamaninditam / tatra varSasahasrANi nirvikalpasamAdhinA / / daza sthitvA zazAmAsAvAtmanyasnehadIpavat / (yo0 vA0 11, 1, 43, 44 ) 2 zukaziSyo gauDapAdAcAryaH (zvetA u0 ) 225

Page #243
cinmayaH (47) kalAdharaH (48) vizvezvaraH (46) mandAraH (50) tridazaH (51) sAmaraH (52) mRDaH (53) harpaH (54) siMhaH (55) gauNaH (56) vIraH (57) aghoraH (58) dhruvaH (56) divAkaraH (60) cakradharaH (61) praNayezaH (62) cartubhujaH (63) AnandabhairavaH (64) dhIraH (65) gauNapAda evamAtrAnye ca AcArya kapilAdArabhya zrI zaGkaraparyantam ekasaptatiH saMkhyA guruNAM prignnitaaH| zrI gauNapAdAd zrI zaGkarAcArya madhye saptaguravaH snti| zrI vidyArNava ke prathama zvAsa meM kahA gayA hai cchiSyANa kramaM jJAtvA svagurukta vidhAnataH / smaraNAt siddhimApnoti sAdhakastu na saMzayaH / / zrI gauNapAda ke kAla nirdhAraNa viSaya meM mahAna vivAda hai| IsA pUrva AThavI sadI meM Izottara sAtavIM sadI paryanta ke bIca kA samaya mAnA jAtA hai| zrI prajJAnanda sarasvatI mahodaya apane grantha vedAnta darzana meM IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI kA samaya nirdhArita kiyA hai| zrI vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya inakA samaya sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAta kA mAnA hai| jisa prakAra kAla nirdhAraNa ke viSaya meM vivAda hai usI prakAra gauNapAda kI kRtiyoM ko lekara bhI mataikya nahI hai| 1. mANDUkyopaniSatkArikA (Agama zAstram) 2. sAMkhyakArikA bhASyam / 3. nRsiMhottara tApanyupanipad vyAkhyA 4. zrI durgAsaptazatI TIkA 5. subhagodayaH 6. zrI vidyAratna sUtrama ina granthoM meM mANDUkya upaniSad kArikA grantha zrI gauNapAda kI prasiddha kRti hai| yaha grantha advaita siddhAnta kI AdhAra zilA hai| jisa prakAra zrI madbhagavada gItA ke viSaya meM yaha prasiddha hai ki "gItA sugItA kartavyAkimanyacchAstravistaraiH" usI prakAra advaitabodha ke lie yaha dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai isa grantha kA sugama anuzIlana 'zrI muralIdhara viracita- zrI zaGkarAt prAgadvaitavAda, pR0 305 226

Page #244
hI paryApta ho sakatA hai| kyoMki isake vipaya meM mahatvapUrNa kathana hai ki yaha akele hI mumukSuoM ko paramapada kI prApti karA sakatA haiN| isa grantha meM cAra prakaraNa hai| unameM kramazaH 26, 38, 48, 100 isa prakAra kula milAkara 215 kArikAeM hai| prathama prakaraNa Agama prakaraNa hai| isa prakaraNa meM sampUrNa mANDUkyopaniSad kI vyAkhyA huI hai aura sAtha hI jagadutpatti ke aneka prayojanoM kA varNana aura unakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| kucha loga sRSTi kA hetu bhagavAna ko mAnate hai, kucha loga kAla se bhUtoM kI utpatti mAnate hai, koI bhoga ke lie sRSTi svIkAra karate hai, koI krIr3A ke lie jagata kI utpatti mAnate hai| bhagavAna kArikAkAra ina sabhI pakSoM ko asvIkAra karate hai- devasyaiSa svabhAvo'yamAptakAmasya kA spRhA' (1/6) / arthAt pUrNakAma bhagavAna ko sRSTi kA koI prayojana nahIM hai| yaha to unakA svabhAva hI hai| ataH yaha jo kucha prapaJca hai vaha vAstava meM hai nahIM, kevala binA huA hI bhAsa rahA hai| si.nta- praNava kI upAsanA- 'praNava' se tAtparya 'oma' zabda se hai| mA0 kA0 meM'praNavo brahma nirbhayam' (mA0 kA0 1-25) 'praNava' hI apara brahma hai| oMkAra hI aparabrahma mAnA gayA hai| vaha oMkAra apUrva, atavAhaya zUnya, akArya tathA avyaya hai| 'praNavo havayaparaM brahma praNavazca paraH smRtH| apUrvo'nantaraM'vAhRyo'naparaH praNavo'vyayaH / / (mA0 kA0 01-26) pravaNa hI sabake hRdaya meM sthita Izvara hai| isa prakAra sarvavyApI oMkAra ko jAnakara buddhimAna puruSa zoka nahI karata- 'sarvavyApinamoMkAraM matvA dhIro na shocti|' jisako oMkAra ke artha kA bhalI-bhAMti jJAna ho jAtA hai vahI muni hai aura koI puruSa nahIM hai- 'amAtro'nantamAtrazca dvaitasyopazamaH shivH| oMkAroM vidito yena sa munirnelaro jnH|| (mA0 kA0 1-26) 227

Page #245
'om' yaha akSara hI saba kucha hai jo kucha bhUta-vartamAna aura bhaviSyata saba kucha hai usI kI vyAkhyA hai| isake atirikta jo kucha bhI trikAlAtIta vastu hai vaha bhI oMkAra hI hai| 'omityetadakSaramidaM sarvamiti. ...' AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai- "praNava kA artha om" hai om meM cAra mAtrAeM hai| a, u, ma aura arddhamAtra ina mAtrAoM se kramazaH jAgrata, svapna, suSupti aura turIya avasthA kA bodha hotA hai aura unameM jo sattA vidyamAna rahatI hai usakA hI vAcaka om hai| om kA dhyAna brahma kA dhyAna hai| paravartI AcAryoM ne so'ham se om kI niSpatti kI hai aura om kA artha batAyA hai, "maiM brahma huuN| AtmavAda AtmavAda ke siddhAnta meM gauNapAda spaSTa karate hai ki AtmA, jAgrata, svapna, suSupti turIya avasthAoM se pare hai| mANDUkyopaniSada meM oMkAra kI tIna mAtrA a u ma ke dvArA sthUla, sUkSma aura kAraNa zarIra ke abhimAnI vizva, taijas aura prAjJa kA varNana karate hue unakA samapTi abhimAnI vaizvAnara, hiraNyagarbha, evaM Izvara ke sAtha abheda kiyA gayA hai| inakI abhivyakti kI avasthAeM kramazaH jAgrata svapna, aura suSupti hai tathA isake bhoga sthUla, sUkSma aura Ananda hai| jAgrata avasthA meM jIva dakSiNa netra meM sthita rahatA svapna kI sthiti meM kaNTha meM aura suSupti kI avasthA meM hRdaya meM rahatA hai isI kA nAma 'prapaJca' hai| ajAtavA - satkAryavAda aura asatkAryavAda donoM kA khaNDana karate hue gauNapAda ne ajAtavAda ko sthApita kiyA hai| bhUtaM na jAyate kiMcida abhUtaM naiva jaayte| 'mANDkyopaniSada- gItApresa gorakhapura pR07 2 saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa (dazamakhaNDa vedAnta) pR0 8 pradhAnasampAdaka- padmabhUSaNa AcArya valdeva upAdhyAya sampAdaka-pro0 sagama lAla pANDeya 128

Page #246
vavadanto'ddhayA hyayevamajAti khyApayanti te|| (mA0 kA0 4/4) mANDUkya karikA meM kahA gayA hai ki ye vAdI loga ajAta vastu kA hI janma honA svIkAra karate hai kintu jo padArtha nizcaya hI ajAta aura amRta hai vaha maraNazIlatA ko kaise prApta ho sakatA hai| ajAtasyaiva dharmasya jAtimicchanti vAdinaH / ajAto hyamRto dharmo martyatAM kathamesyati / / (mA0 kA0 4/6) AcArya gauNapAda ne likhA hai ki - koI vastu na to svataH utpanna hotI hai aura na parataH aura na ubhayataH / "svato vA parato vApi na kiMcid vastu jaayte| sadasatsadasadvApi na kicidvastu jAyate / / (mA0 kA0 4/22) isa kArikA para nAgArjuna kI punarAvRtti spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| isa prakAra kAryakAraNa anupapanna hai| kArya-kAraNa se ananya hai, anya nhiiN| vAstava meM ajAti hI satya hai| isa prakAra tarkataH advaita ko sthApita karate hai| AcArya gauNapAda kI mahAnatA yaha bhI hai ki vaha svayaM vaidika paramparA ke AcArya hote hue bhI 'ajAtivAda' ko svIkAra karate hai| yathA- khyApyamAnAmajAtiM tairanumodAmahe vayam / vivadAmo na taiH sAdharmavivAdaM nibodhata / / (mA0 kA0 4/5) gauNapAda kA mata hai ki- unakA (bauddhoM kA) jo ajAti vAda viSayaka kathana hai usakA hama anumodana karate hai| hama usake sAtha vivAda nahIM karate hai| Age calakara isa ajAtivAda ko zaGkarAcArya ne bhI paramArtha satya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| mAyAvAda jisa prakAra svapna meM hameM dvayAbhAsa hotA hai vaise jAgrata avasthA meM bhI hotA hai| 'na svato jAyate bhAvaH paratonaiva jaayte| na svataH paratazcaiva jAyate jAyate kutaH / / (ma0 kA0, 21-13 229

Page #247
yaha dvayAbhAsa vAstavika nahIM hai kevala mAyika hai| yathA svapne dvayAbhAsaM spandate bhAyayA manaH / tathA jAgrad dvayAbhAsaM spandane mAyayA manaH / / ( mA0 kA0 3 / 26) veda aura upaniSadoM meM bhI mAyA kA spaSTa nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai ' nehanAnAsti kiMJcana', indro mAyAbhi, pararupa Iyate ityAdi udAharaNoM se mAyAvAda spaSTa hotA hai / isa nAmarupAtmaka jagata kI pratIti mAyA ke kAraNa hI bhAsita hotI hai| aura vaha paramAtmA mAyA se hI utpanna hotA hai| zAM bhApya gauNapAda kArikA meM- sato hi vidyamAnAt kAraNAt mAyAnimitasya hastatyAdi kAryasyaiva jagajjanmayujyate / ' mAyA hI saMsAra kA hetu hai isakI mohana zakti atIva balavatI hai jisase ki vaha paramAtmA bhI svayaM mohita ho rahA hai / "mAyaiSA tasya devasya yayA saMmohita svayam / ( mA0 kA0 2 / 16) isa prakAra bhagavAna gauNapAdAcArya mAnate hai ki pratIti mAyA ke kAraNa hI hai"mAyAmAtramidaM dvaitamadvaitaM paramArthataH" (mA0 kA0 1-17) yaha mAyA na to sata hai na to asata hai, aura na sadasat hai / na bhinna hai na abhinna hai aura na bhinnAbhinna hai| yaha na sAvayava he aura na niravayava hai aura na to ubhayarUpa hai| vastutaH svarUpa vismRti hI mAyA hai| ataH svarupajJAna se hI usakI nivRtti hotI hai| jisa prakAra manda andhakAra meM rajjUtatva kA nizcaya na hone para usameM sarpa kA bhAna hotA hai usI prakAra mAyopAhita jIva ko bhI bheTaprapaJca kI bhrAnti hotI hai| mAyA ke haTate hI ekamAtra akhaNDa advaita vastu hI avazi Ta raha jAtI hai| jaise- svapna - mAyA aura gandharva nagara hote hai vaisA hI mANDUkyopaniSada- gItApresa gorakhapura pR0 145 2 zAGkara bhASya gauNapAda kArikA me 3/27 3 4 zAkara bhASya gauNapAda kArikA meM 3/27 mANDUkyopaniSad - gItApresa gorakhapura pR0 48 anAdimAyayA supto yadA jIvaH prabudhyate / ajama nidrama svapnamadvaitaM budhyate tadA / / ( mA0 kA0 1/16) 130

Page #248
vidvatajana ina prapaJca ko dekhate hai / to phira paramArtha kyA hai? isakA uttara AcArya ne isa kArikA se diyA hai / jIva na nirodho na cotpAttirna baddho na ca sAdhakaH / na mumukSurna vai mukta ityeSA paramArthatA / / (mA0 kA0 2 / 32) AcArya jIvasvarUpa ko ghaTAkAza mahAkAza ke dRSTAnta se spaSTa karate hai / jisa prakAra mahAkAza hI ghaTAkAza rupa meM pratIta hotA hai vaise hI brahma bhI jIva rupa meM pratIta hotA hai| AtmA hyakAzavajjIvaighaTAkAzairivoditaH / ghaTAdivacca saMghAtairjAtAvetannidarzanam / / (mA0 kA0 3/3) ghaTAdi ke lIna hone para jisa prakAra ghaTAkAzAdi mahAkAza meM lIna ho jAte hai usI prakAra jIva isa AtmA meM vilIna ho jAte hai / advaitavAda kA avirodha advaitavAda sabhI dvaitavAdoM kI prAgapekSA hai / dvaitavAda ke poSaka matAvalambiyoM kA Apasa meM vivAda hai para advaitavAda se unakA koI virodha nahIM hai / vasiddhAnta vyavasthAsu dvaitino nizcatA dRDham / parasparavirudhyante tairayaM na virudhyate / advaitaM paramArtho hi dvaitaM tadbheda ucyate / taiSAmubhayathAdvaitaM tenAyaM na virudhyate / / (mANDUkyakArikA - 3/17-18) vastutaH ekamAtra adravya tatva AtmA kI hI sattA hai| AtmA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA eka akhaNDa, ajanmA, aura nirlepa hai| isI se-- 'ekamevAdvitIyama' 'ida sarvayadayamAtmA' tathA 'dvitIyAdaibhayaM bhavati udara mantaraM kurute atha tasya bhayaM bhavati' Adi zrutiyoM se abheda dRSTi kI prazaMsA aura bheda dRSTi kI nindA kI gayI hai| isa 134231

Page #249
prakAra sArA dvaita vyavahArika dRSTi se he| paramArthataH koI dvaita nahI hai| yaha sArA dvaita kevala manodRzyamAtra hai mana ke amanIbhAva ko prApta hote hI dvaita kI tanika bhI upalabdhi nahI hotI hai| ' mAyAmAtramidaM dvaitamadvaitaM paramArthataH / ' (mA0 kA0 1-17) advaitatatva ke viSaya meM AcArya gauNapAda ne likhA hai na kazcijjAyate jIvaH saMmbhAvo'sya na vidyte| etattaduttamaM satyaM yatra kiMcinna jaayte|| (mA0 kA0 3/48) mokSavAda __ isa mata meM dvaita hI prapaJca hai, prapaJca hI saMsAra hai aura prapaJca kA abhAva hI mokSa hai| yathoktam-"prapaJcopazamaH zivaH / (mA0 kA0 1-26) jaise svapna dikhAI par3atA hai, jaise mAyA dikhAI par3atI hai, jaise gandharva nagara hotA hai, usI prakAra vedAnta meM niSNAt buddhimAnoM ko yaha vizva dikhAI par3atA hai| svapnamAye yathA dRSTe gandharva nagaraM ythaa| tathA vizvamidaM dRSTaM vedAnteSu vickssnnai|| (mA0 kA0 2-31) mokSa nitya prApta hai yaha AtmajJAna hai isakI pratIti ajJAna ke nivRtta ho jAne para saba ko hotI hai| bandhana aura mukti utpatti aura nirodha, sAdhaka aura sAdhya ye saba kANI ke vilAsamAtra hai| paramArtha tattva kevala advaita hai| 232

Page #250
kyA gauDapAda pracchanna bauddha the? kucha Adhunika vidvAnoM ne gaur3apAda para pracchanna baudva hone kA Aropa lagAyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki advaitavAda gauNapAda kA apanA sidvAnta nahI hai balki apane siddhAnta kI Ar3a (oTa) meM bauddha siddhAnta kA hI pratipAdana kiyA hai| paM0 vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya jinhoMne gauNapAda ke Agama zAstra kI tulanA zUnyavAda ke granthoM se kI hai kintu gauNapAda ne svayaM likhA hai ki ve jo kucha kaha rahe hai- "naitad buddhena bhASitam" (mANDU0 kArikA 4/66) gair3apAda ne pracchanna bauddha na hone kA pramANa dete hue likhA hai ki zUnyavAda advayavAda hai, advaitavAda nhii| isa antara ko na samajhane ke kAraNa logoM ne gauNavAda ko "pracchanna bauddha" kahA hai| ve zuddha advaita vedAntI hai jo zAGkara sampradAya meM sampradAyavida AcArya ke rupa meM mAne jAte hai| ataH gauNapAda kI mANDUkya kArikA advaitavedAnta kA eka mAnaka grantha the| govinda pAda advaitavedAnta kI guru paramparA atyanta prAcIna tathA mahatvapUrNa hai| upaniSadoM meM ApAtataH dIkha par3ane vAle virodhoM ko dUra karane tathA mUla siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA karane keliye maharSi bAdarAyaNa vyAsa ne brahmasUtroM kI racanA kI tathA unake tattva apane putra zukadeva ko sikhlaaye| inhIM zukadeva se gaur3apAda ne advaita kArikAoM kI racanA kii| gauDapAda ke ziSya huye govindapAda aura unake ziSya zaGkarAcArya the| isa prakAra advaitazaGakara se AraMbha na hokara ke atyanta prAcIna paramparA se unheM prApta huA thA jaisA ki zaGakaradigvijayake nimna zloka se spaSTa hai ki vyAsaH parAzarasutaH kila satyavatyAM tasyA''tmajaH zukamuniH prathitAnubhAvaH / tacchiyalamagataH kila gaur3apAdo govindanAthamunirasya ca ziSyabhUtaH / / (zaGkara digvijaya 5/105) 233

Page #251
gaur3apAdAcArya ke ziSya evaM zaGkarAcArya ke guru govindapAda narmadAtaTa para nivAsa karate the tathA eka mahAna yogI the| inake viSaya meM prasiddha hai ki inakA sthUla zarIra eka sahasra varSa taka isa saMsAra meM rahate huye bhI divya thA / svAmI vidyAraNya kA mantavya hai ki govindapAda bhASyakAra pataMjali ke rUpAntara haiN| rAjavANe kathA ke anusAra jinasena, guNabhadra tathA zaGkarAcArya ke guru govindapAda samasAmayika the| isa kathA ke anusAra jinasena govindapAda ke parama guru the kyoMki isa grantha meM ullekha milatA hai ki guNabhadra jinasena ke ziSya the| aura govindapAda guNabhadra ke ziSya the / yaha mata asaMdigdha hai ki jinasena ne 705 zakAbda arthAt 783 sanmeM harivaMza kI racanA kI thii| isa grantha se yaha patA calatA hai ki jinasena, guNabhadra, evaM govinda ye tInoM AcArya dhArAdhipa bheja ke sabhA paMNDita the / kintu ukta kathana kitanA prAsaMgika hai isapara vivAda hai / govindapAda racita koI bhI grantha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| 'rasa hRdaya' nAmaka eka grantha govindabhAgavat pAda dvArA racita mAnA jAtA hai| jisakA viSaya rasAyanazAstra se sambandhita mAnA jAtA hai / mAdhavAcArya ne apane grantha 'sarvadarzana saMgraha meM rasezvara darzana prakaraNa meM ukta grantha ko prAmANya ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra govindabhAgavatpAda kA aitihAsika vivaraNa prApta karanA anyanta kaThina hai parantu itanA to nizcita hai ki govindapAda zaGkarAcArya ke guru the / isa adhyayAya meM kiye gaye vivecana se itanA spaSTa hai ki Rgveda saMhitA se lekara zaMkarAcArya ke pUrvavartI AcAryai ke samaya meM bhI advaitavAda ke spaSTa evaM aspaSTa rUpa se bIja vartamAna the kintu itanA nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki advaitavAda kA jitanA spaSTa evaM saiddhAntika rUpa se vikAsa aura unnati zaMkarAcArya ke darzana meM 1 zaMkara digvijaya - 5 | 64 234

Page #252
huI utanA kisI anya darzana meM nhiiN| advaitavAda kI eka majabUta AdhArazilA zaGakarAcArya ke dvArA hI DAlI gayI thii| zaGkaradigvijaya meM varNita kathA ke anusAra govinda bhAgavatpAda ke viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| yathA tamakhilaguNa pUrNa vyAsaputrasya ziSyAt adhigataparamArtha gauNapAdAnmaharSe / adhijigamiSureSa brahmasaMsthAmahaM tvAM prasRmaramahimAnaM praapmekaantbhktyaa|| (zaGkara digvijaya 567) arthAt zaGkarAcArya govindapAda se vinamra bhAva se bole ki he bhagavan maiM Apake pAsa vedAnta par3hane ke lie atyanta bhakti bhAva se AyA huuN| samAdhistha govindAcArya ke pUMchane para ki tuma kauna ho taba zrI zaGkara prAcIna puNya ke kAraNa AtmajJAna ke sUcaka vacanoM ke dvArA govindapAda se bole- he svAmin! maiM pRthvI nahIM hU~ , na teja hU~, na AkAza hU~, na vAyu hU~ aura na unake guNa hU~ aura na maiM indriyA~ hU~, pratyut inase avaziSTa kevala jo parama tattva ziva hai vahI maiM huuN| bhakti pUrvaka kI gayI pUjA se saMtuSTa hokara yati-zreSTha govinda ne upaniSada ke cAra vAkyoM ke dvArA brahmatattva kA upadeza zaMkara ko diyaa| ye cAroM mahAvAkyoM ko dvArA brahmatatva kA upadeza zaMkara ko diyaa| ye cAroM mahAvakya vedoM se sambaddha upaniSadoM se saMgrahIta kiye gaye haiM aura saMkhyA meM cAra haiM jo nimna haiM 1. 'tata tvamasi' (chAndo0 up06|8 7) sAmaveda kAya yaha AtmA tathA brahma kI ekatA kA pratipAdana karane vAlA hai| 2. prajJAnaM brahma' (etareya upaniSad5) Rgveda kA yaha mahAvAkya brahma ko jJAna svarUpa batalAtA hai| 1 svAminnahaM na pRthvI na jalaM na tejo na sparzano na gaganaM na ca tadguNA vaa| nA'piindriyANapi tu viddhi tato'vasiSTo yaH kevalo'stiparamaH sa zivo'hamasmi / / (zaDkara digvijaya 5/66 0235

Page #253
3. 'ahaM brahmAsmi' (bRhadA0 upa0 1 / 4 / 10) yajurveda kA yaha mahAvAkya guru upadeza se tat (brahma) tathA tvaM (jIva) padoM ke artha kA yathArtha jJAna karane se maiM hI nitya, zuddha, buddha, mukta, satya svabhAva brahma hU~ yaha akhaNDAkAra cittavRtti utpanna hotI hai yaha anubhava vAkya kahalAtA hai| 4. 'ayamAtmAbrahma' (mA0 upa0 2) atharvaveda se sambaddha parokSa rUpa se batalAye gaye brahma ke pratyakSa rUpa se AtmA hone kA nirdeza karatA hai| isa prakAra buddhimAna zaGkara ne sampradAyavettA parAzaraputra vyAsa ke dvArA kahe gaye sUtra ke dvArA pratipadita brahma ko jAnakara dayAlu vyAsa jI ke vedAnta zAstra ke gUr3ha abhiprAya ko bhI bhalI-bhAMti jAna liyaa| aura zaGkarAcArya govindapAda ke nikaTa rahakara samasta zAstroM kA adhyayana kiye| isa prakAra govindabhagavatpAda AcArya zaMkara ke pUjya guru the| 136

Page #254
HEREFERENERALERTAINMENTERTA NEESHARIRATRAINEERIERE caturtha adhyAya WARNHINuwalianimitra

Page #255
zrI zaGkarAcArya zaGkara pUrva bhArata zrI zaGkarAcArya ke AvirbhAva se pUrva bhArata meM vibhinna mata-matAntaroM kA bolabAlA thA, tathA jaina aura bauddha dharma mukhya rUpa se pracalita thaa| kintu jaina dharma kI apekSA bauddha dharma kAphI zaktizAlI thaa| usa samaya bauddha dharmadvArA khulakara vaidika dharma ko cunautI dI gyii| yadyapi yaha nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ne apane dharma kI nIMva upaniSadoM para hI khar3I kI thI kintu apane dharma kI viziSTatA sthApita karane ke liye vedoM kI prAmANikatA para saMdeha kiyA aura AtmAvAda kA khaNDana kiyaa| vedavidita yajJoM kI AlocanA kiyaa| bauddha dharma kI sudRr3hatA maurya yuga tathA kuSANa yuga meM aura adhika huii| usa yuga meM bauddhoM ke prabhutva kA AbhAsa mAdhavAcArya ne apane grantha 'zaMkara digvijaya' meM isa prakAra diyA hai- sAziSyaM saMghAH pravizanti rAjJAM gehaM tadAdi svavaze vidhatam / rAjA madIyo'jiramasmadIyaM tadAdriyadhvaM na tu vedamArgam / / (zaGkara digvijaya sarga 7/61) jaina dharma bhI vaidika dharma kA kama virodhI nahIM thaa| jaina matAvalambI apane dharma kA pracAra-prasAra karate the tathA vaidika dharma kA khaNDana karate the| jaina dharma bhI bauddha dharma kI bhAMti zrutiyoM aura upaniSadoM para AdhArita thA kintu zrutiyoM ko hI apramANita siddha karane meM apanI sArI zakti lagA rakhI thii| vaidika dharmAvalambI bhI apane dharma ke punarutthAna ke liye prayatnazIla huye| isI samaya mauryoM kA patana huA aura brAhmaNa vaMzI zAsaka puSyamitra ne do bAra azvamedha yajJa kiye| manu dvArA manusmRti kI racanA bhI isI samaya kI gyii| gupta vaMza ke rAjAoM ne vaidika dharma ke abhyudaya ke liye atIva prayAsa kiyaa| 238

Page #256
'prAcIna mityeva na sAdhu sarva navIna mityeva na nindanIyam' ke anusAra prAcInatA aura arvAcInatA ke prati udAsInatA mAnavonnati kI avarodhaka huA karatI hai| isI mAnyatA ke AnusAra jaina aura bauddha sahita lokAyatika (cArvAka) kaNAda, paurANika, kAraNika, pAJcarAtrika Adi dasa matoM ne janma liyaa| jinakA varNana bANabhaTTakI 'harSa carita' meM milatA hai| usa samaya sabase mahattvapUrNa kApAlika maMtra ke tAMtrika the| mAdhavAcArya kI racanA 'zaGakara digvijaya' meM ugrabhairava kApAlika kA varNana milatA hai| isa prakAra sarvatra dhArmika arAjakatA ucchRkhalatA aura anAcAra vyApta thaa| aisI viSama aura bhayAvaha sthiti meM dhArmika jagata meM kisI aise utkaTa tyAgI, nispRha, bItarAga, dhurandhara vidvAna sarvaguNa sampanna avatArI puruSa kI mahAna AvazyakatA thI jo dharma kI vizrRMkhalita kar3iyoM ko ekAkAra karake use sudRr3ha banAtA aura dharma kA vAstavika svarUpa sabake sammukha prastuta krtaa| bhagavAna zrIkRSNa dvArA bhagavadgItA meM kathita vacana 'yadA yadA hi dharmasya glArnibhavati bhArat' arthAta jaba dharma kI hAni aura adharma kI vRddhi hotI hai taba-taba maiM avatAra dhAraNa karatA hU~ ko caritArtha karaneM hamArI pAvana mAtRbhUmi bhArata varSa meM vibhinna kAla meM tejasvI santa aura mahApuruSa avatarita hote rahe haiN| eka bAra punaH hama isI vacana ko hama dakSiNa bhArata meM kerala rAjya ke 'kAlar3I' nAmaka grAma meM AThavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM pUrNa hotA huA pAte haiM jaba zrI zaGkara ne sanAtanI nambUdarI brahmaNa dampati viziSTatA aura zivaguru ke ghara meM janma liyaa| zaGkarAcArya ne bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa ko vizeSataH advaitavedAnta ke itihAsa ko vizeSataH do yugo meM bAMTa diyA hai| jinheM prAkazaGkara yuga aura zaGkarottara yuga kahA jAtA hai| isameM prathama yuga meM karma kA mahattva thA aura dvitIya yuga meM jJAna kA mahattva thaa| prAka zaMkara yuga meM bauddha darzana tathA vaidika darzana ke madhya 239

Page #257
matabheda aura saMgharSa thA jo dvitIya yuga meM samApta ho gayA / kintu isameM bhI do anya saMgharSa prakaTa ho gaye / eka advaita vedAnta aura vaiSNava vedAnta ke madhya tathA dUsarA nyAya darzana aura advaita vedAnta kA saMgharSa / isa prakAra bahuta se vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki zaGkarAcArya ne bauddha dharma kA anta kara diyA / kintu kucha logoM ne zaGkarAcArya ko pracchanna bauddha kaha kara Aropa lagAyA jo ki satya nahIM hai aura isakA khaNDana bAda meM vedAntI AcAryoM dvArA kiyA gayA / 2. zaG9 kA divya janma zaGkaraH zaGkaraH sAkSacchaGkaraM taM sadAnumaH / yenaprakAzitedvaite vedAnte ramate manaH / / bhAratavarSa ke kerala prAnta meM pUrNa nadI ke pAsa vRSAdri nAmaka parvata para nambUdarI pAda brAhmaNa kI eka TolI nivAsa karatI thI usameM eka parama vedavettA brAhmaNa ke ghara mahAna zivabhakta 'zivaguru' nAmaka bAlaka kA janma huaa| zivaguru ke pitA kA nAma vidyAdhara thA jo AcArya zaGkara ke pitAmaha the| paMDita vidyAdhara thA jo AcArya zaGkara ke pitAmaha the| paMDita vidyAdhara kI vidvatA se prabhAvita hokara kerala ke mahArAjA (rAjazeSara) ne svayaM nirmita zivamandira kA kAryabhAra vidyAdhara ko pradAna kiyA thA / vidyAdhara ko bhagavAna ziva kI anukampA se 'zivaguru' nAmaka putra paidA huaa| zivaguru ke prakANDa pANDitya, sadguNoM aura Adarza caritra kI khyAti sarvatra phaila gii| kucha samaya pazcAt zivaguru kA vivAha madya paMDita kI parama sAdhvI, suzIla - kanyA 'viziSTA devI' ke sAtha huA / vividha granthoM meM viziSTA ke vividha nAma jaise satI, kAmAkSI, AryA Adi milate haiM / kintu vidvAnoM kA eka bar3A varga viziSTA nAma ko hI mAnatA hai / zivaguru aura viziSTA devI virakta svabhAva hone ke kAraNa bahuta dina taka santAna hIna rahe haiN| donoM ne praur3hAvasthA meM vRSaparvata para candramaulIzvara devatA kI zaraNa lI aura 240

Page #258
kaThora tapasyA kiye jisase bhagavAna ziva prasanna hokara sarvajJa putra prApti kA varadAna diyaa| praur3hAvasthA meM zivarAdhanAsvarUpa sAkSAta zaGkarAvatAra zaGkara nAmaka bAlaka kA prAdurbhAva huaa| tato mahezaH kila keraleSu zrImavRSAdvau karuNA samudraH / pUrNAnadI puNyataTe svayaMbhU liGgAtmanA'naGgadhagovirAsIt / / Anandagiri ne apane gantha 'zaGkara vijaya' grantha meM batAyA hai ki aSTama varSa meM viziSTatA devI kA vivAha huA thaa| ve bacapana se hI zivabhakta thiiN| pati ke sanyAsa dharma grINa kara gRhatyAga karane ke anantara viziSTA devI cidambaram grAma ke zivavigraha kI sevA-pUjA laga gayI thii| unakI sevA se saMtaSTa hokara mahAdeva ne unheM darzana diyA aura ziva ke AzIrvAda se zaGkara kA daivI janma huA thaa| jayarAma mizra ne likhA hai ki zubhagrahoM se yukta, zubharAzi, punarvasu nakSatra, sUrya maMgala aura zani ucca sthAna evaM guru kendrastha, vaizAkha zukla paJcamI, ravivAra ko madhyAha viziSTA devI ne tejapuJja bAlaka ko usI prakAra janma diyA thaa| jisa prakAra zrI pArvatI jI ne kumAra kArtikeya ko janma diyA thaa| mAdhavAcArya ne zaGkara digvijaya meM likhA hai lagne zubhe zubhayute suSuve kumAraM zrIpArvatIva sukhinI zubhavIkSite c| jAyA satI zivagurornija tuMgasasthe sUrye kule ravisuta ca gurau ca kendre||' AcArya zaGkara kA janma kerala prAnta meM 'kAlaDI' nAmaka grAma meM nambUdarI pAda brAhmaNa kula meM huA thaa| kintu kaba huA thA? usa prazna kA yathArtha uttara denA nitAnta kaThina hai| 1 zrI zaMkara digvijaya (mAdhavAcArya viracita) anuvAdaka paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, pR046 sarga 2 zloka 52 devo'pyapRcchadatha taM dvija vRddhi satyaM, sarvajJamekamapi sarvaguNopapannam / putra dadAnyatha bahUnviparItakAMste, bhUryAyuSastanuguNanavadad drijesh.|| jayarAma mishr| anAdi zaMkarAcArya jIvana aura darzana pR0 16 loka bhAratI prakArazana ilAhAbAda / maadhvaacaary| zaMkara digvijaya, pR06 prakAzaka- mahanta- narottama giri zrI zravaNanAtha jJAna mandira, hridvaar| 241

Page #259
saMskRta ke zreSTha kaviyoM ne bhI jaba apaneM Azraya dAtAoM ke nAmollekha karane tathA grantha ke racanAkAla ke nirdeza karane kI ora apanA dhyAna nahIM diyA hai taba hameM zaGkarAcArya jaise virakta puruSa ko ina Avazyaka bAtoM ke ullekha karane para Azcarya nahIM karanA caahiye| ve sacce sanyAsI tathA virakta sAdhaka the| unheM isa bAta kI cintA hI kyA ho sakatI thI ki ve apane sama-sAmayika rAjA-mahArAjA ke nAma kA kahIM ullekha krte| inake ziSyoM kI dazA isa viSaya meM unase bhinna na thii| una logoM ke grantho meM bhI samaya-rUipaNa kI aitihAsika sAmagrI kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya ke kAla kA idamitthaMrUpeNa nirUpaNa karanA itanI viSaya samasyA hai| AcArya ke kAla nirdhAraNa ko lekara gaharA matabheda hai| vikrama pUrva saptama zataka se lekara vikrama se anantara navama zataka taka kisI samaya meM inakA AvirbhAva huA yaha saba koI mAnate haiM parantu kisa varSa meM inakI utpatti huI thI isake viSaya meM koI sarvamanya mata nahIM hai| samprati unake janmakAla ke samaya meM bAraha mata pracalita haiM jo unako 500 I0 se lekara 600 I0 taka batAte haiN| isa anizcitatA meM AzA kI eka kiraNa vAcaspati mizra kA nizcita samaya hai jinhoMne 868 vi0 saM0 meM 'nyAya-sUcI' nibandha likhA thA aura jinhoMne zaGkara ke zArIrika bhASya para 'bhAmatI' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| ataH zaGkara kA janma samaya nizcita rUpa se 841 I0 (868.57) se pahale thaa| eka aura pramANa yaha hai ki zaGkarAcArya ke ziSya surezvarAcAryakA udAharaNa jaina dArzanika vidyAnanda ne diyA hai jisakI jAnakArI zAnti rakSita dvArA tattva-saMgraha meM dI gayI hai| tattva-saMgraha kA racanAkAla 748 I0 hai| ataeva vidyAnanda, surezvara aura zaGkara nizcita rUpa se 748 I0 ke pahale the| kintu vidvAnoM kA eka bar3A varga AcArya zaGkara kA janma 788 I0 meM aura nidhana 820 I0 meM huA thaa| unakA alpa jIvana mAtra 32 varSa kA thaa| zaGkarAcArya ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai 242

Page #260
aSTavarSe caturvedI dvAdaze sarvazAstravit / SoDaze kRtavAn bhASyaM dvAtriMzemunirabhyagAt / / isa sUkti ke anusAra ATha varSa kI Ayu taka zaGkarAcArya ne cAroM vedoM kA adhyayana kara liyA aura bAraha varSa taka SaDAGga vedoM kA gUr3ha jJAna prApta kiyA aura adhyayana-adhyApana kArya meM tatpara ho gaye, solaha varSa kI umra meM unhone vAdarAyaNa ke brahma-sUtra para zArIrika bhASya likhA aura 32 varSa meM unake jIvana kI iha lIlA samApta ho gyii| jIvana caritra ke AdhAra para grantha AcArya zaGkara kA jIvana caritra likhane kI tarapha bahuta se vidvAnoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| padmapAda ne zaGkaradigvijaya kA varNana apane grantha 'vijayaDiNDima' me kiyaa| kintu yaha grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| kisI bhI samasAmayika vidvAna ne bhI zaMkara ke viSaya meM nahIM likhaa| jo kucha bhI ho AcArya ke jIvana se sambaddha aneka granthoM kI racanA samaya-samaya para hotI AI hai| jinameM do cAra bhI chapakara prakAzita huye haiM, aura anya grantha hastalikhita rUpa me hI haiN| zaGkara vijaya DA0 auphekTa kI sUcI ke anusAra ina kA nAma nIce diyA jAtA hai1. zaGkara digvijaya- racayitA mAdhava (hindI anubAda ke sAtha prakAzita hridvaar)| 2. zaGkara digvijaya- Ananda giri (mudrita, klkttaa)| 3. zaGkara vijaya- cidvilAsa (granthAkSara meM mudrit)| 4. zaGkara vijaya- vyAsa giri | 5. zaGkara vijaya- sadAnanda (mudrita, kaashii)| 243

Page #261
6. AcArya carita (kerliiy)| 7. zaGkara abhyudaya- rAjacUr3AmaNidIkSita (zrI vANI vilAsa presa zrI raMgama meM mudrit)| 8. zaGkara vijayavilAsa kAvya- zaGkara dezikendra / 6. zaGkara vijaya kthaa| 10. zaGkarAcArya crit| 11. zaGkarAcArya avatAra kathA- aanndtiirth| 12. zaGkara vilAsa campU- jagannAtha / 13. zaGkarAbhyudaya kAvya- rAmakRSNa / 14.zaGkaradigvijayasAra- brajarAja / 15.pracIna zaMkara vijaya- mUkazaGkara (kAmakoTi ke 18veM adhykss)| 16. brAhmazaGkara vijaya- sarvajJa citsuja 17.zaGkarAcAryotpatti 18.guruvaMza kAvya- (lakSamaNacAryakRta, mudritazrIraGgam) AcArya zaGkara kA vyaktittva AcArya zaGkara bar3e bhArI mAtRbhakta the| mAtA ke liye bhI yadi isa saMsAra meM koI sneha kA AdhAra thA to vaha the svayaM AcArya shngkr| pAMca varSa kI avasthA meM hI yajJopavIta saMskAra sampanna huA tatpazcAta vedAdhyayana kiye| ye zruti-smRti pratipAdita sanmArga ke pravartaka aura saMrakSaka AcArya haiN| isaliye unako zruti-smRti aura purANoM kA Alaya kahA gayA hai- 'zrutismRtipurANAnAmAlayaM karuNAlayama' AcArya zaGkara kA darzana niHsandeha zrutiyoM, smRtiyoM tathA purANoM kA nicor3a hai| vedAdhyayana ke bAda hI acArya ko vairAgya utpanna ho gayA aura narmadA nadI ke taTa para guru govinda bhagavatpAda se dIkSA liye jo AcArya gaur3apAda ke ziSya the| 244

Page #262
dIkSA ke uparAnta AcArya kAzI aura himAlaya gaye phira sampUrNa bhArata kA bhramaNa kiye, aura bauddhaviplava ke anantara hindU dharma ko sanAtana bauddhika Adarza meM punaH pratiSThita karane ke liye dUradarzI prAjJa AcArya ne bhArata ke cAra prAntoM meM cAra dharma durgA-maTha sthApita kiye| uttara meM badarIkAzrama meM jyortimaTha, pUrva dizA meM jagannAtha purI meM govardhana maTha, pacima meM dvArikA meM zAradA-maTha aura dakSiNa meM zRMgerI meM zRMgerI mtth| ye cAroM maTha praharI ke sadRza mAnoM ye cAroM vedoM kI tathA bhArata kI cAroM sImAoM kI rakSA karate huye taba se Aja taka 'vijaya vaijantI' phaharA rahe haiN| ina maThoM ke Atirikta kAJcI meM kAmakoTi maTha aura kAzI meM sumeru maTha bhI zaGkarAcArya dvArA sthApita mAne jAte haiN| ina maThoM ke maThAdhIza jagadagurU zaGkarAcArya kahe jAte haiM jo zaGkarAcArya ke matoM kA unnayana tathA pracAra prasAra karate haiN| ina maThoM ke atirikta zakti pIThoM kI tathA dvAdaza jyortiliMgoM kI sthApanA kA zreya bhI AcArya zaGkara ko diyA jAtA hai| zaGkarAcArya ke ziSya zaGkarAcArya ne apane jIvana kAla meM pUrvokta cAra pIThoM kI sthApanA karake surezvara, padmapAda, toTaka, aura hastAmalaka ina cAra pratibhAsampanna ziSyoM ko pIThAdhIzvara pada para abhiSikta kiyA thaa| ina ziSyoM meM surezvara aura padmapAda ne vizeSa khyAti Arjita kii| ziSya padmapAda aura surezvara dvArA advaitavedAnta ke do sampradAyoM kI sthApanA kI hai jinheM kramazaH vivaraNaprasthAna aura vArtikaprasthAna kahA jAtA hai| hastAmalaka kA kevala "hastAmalakastotra" hai jisameM kevala 14 zloka haiN| yaha yAjJavalkya saMvAda zailI kA pratipAdaka hai| isagrantha meM guru ziSya saMvAda hai| "hastAmalaka stotra" ativarNAzramI dharma 245

Page #263
kA pratipAdaka hai| jo zaMkarAcArya ko abhISTa thaa| isa para 16vIM zatAbdI meM svAmI karapAtrI ke "advaita bodhadIpikA" grantha likhe AcArya troTaka ne bhI kaI grantha likhA isameM mukhya "zrutisArasamuddharaNa"hai jo troTaka chanda meM likhA gayA hai| isameM 176 troTaka haiN| isalie ise 'troTaka zloka' bhI kahA gayA hai| yadyapi 'troTaka' kA nAma Ananda giri thaa| jo zaGkarAcArya ke bhASyoM para TIkA likhane vAle 'Anandagiri' se bhinna the| 5. AcArya zaGkarAcArya dvArA praNIta grantha zaGkarAcAryakI kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM samprati do sau se bhI adhika grantha upalabdha hota haiN| jisakA varNana zaGkara granthavalI meM milatA hai| kintu ina sabhI granthoM kI racanA govindapAda ke ziSya Adi zaGkarAcArya ne hI kI hai yaha pramANita nahIM ho pAtA kyoMki paravartI jagadgurU zaGkarAcAryoM meM bhI aneka racanAyeM kI aura unhoMne granthoM kI puSpikA meM apaneM ko Adi zaGkarAcArya ke sadRza govinda pAda kA ziSya svIkAra kiyaa| apaneM vAstavika guru ke nAma kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| isase Adi zaGkarAcArya ke granthoM kA nirNaya karanA kaThina ho gayA hai| jaise- ina granthoM meM viveka car3AmaNi, dazazlAkI, dRgadRzya viveka, aparokSAnubhUti Adi adhika pracalita haiN| DA0 zrI kRSNapAda bevallakara, DA0 gopInAthakavirAja aura DA0 saMgama lAla pANDeya ne ina sabhI granthoM kI prAmANikatA para vicAra kiyA hai| zaGkarAcArya kI prAmANika racanAyeM kevala nimna haiM 1. vAdarAyaNa ke brahmasUtra para zarIrakabhASya / 2. Iza, kena, kaTha, prazna, etareya, taittirIya, chAndogya, bRhadAraNyaka, muNDaka, __aura mANDUkya ina daza upaniSadoM para bhASya / 3. bhagavadgItA kA bhaassy| 246

Page #264
4. upadezasAhasrI (kevala padyAtmaka aNsh)| AcArya zaGkara kI racanAoM meM mukhya do varga haiM- bhASya aura prkrnn| upadeza sAhasrI prakaraNa grantha hai aura zeSa bhASya grantha haiN| kintu AcArya zaGkara dvArA likhita granthoM ko hama cAra koTiyoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM 1. bhASya grantha 2. prakaraNa grantha 3. stotra grantha 4. tantra grnth| bhASya grantha AcArya zaGkara dvArA praNIta bhASya granthoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- (a) prasthAnatrayI (ba) itara granthoM para bhASya / prasthAnatrayI bhASya ke antargata 1. brAhmasUtra bhASya 2. gItA bhASya aura upaniSad bhASya Ate haiN| ina bhASyoM ke dvArA zaGkarAcArya ne siddha kiyA hai ki advaitavedAnta ke tIna adhyAya haiN| upaniSada bhagavadagItA aura brahmasUtra tInoM kA samanvaya advaita vedAnta meM hotA hai| zaGkara ke pUrva koI bhI vyakti prasthAnatrayI kA bhASyakAra nahIM thaa| brAhmasUtra yaha AcArya kI advitIya kRti mAnI jAtI hai| bAdarAyaNa kRta brahmasUtra paramalaghu aura saMkSipta hai binA bhASya ko isako samajhanA kaThina hai| AcArya zaGkara ne bar3I sarala, subodha madhura komala, tathA prasanna zailI meM brahmasUtra kA bhASya kiyA jAtA hai| bhASA bar3I hI praur3ha tathA sAtha hI prasAda yukta hai| vAcaspati mizra jaise adbhuta vidvAna aura praur3ha dArzanika ne AcArya zaGkara ke isa bhASya ko kevala prasanna gaMbhIra bhara hI nahIM kahA hai| balki ise gaMgAjala sadRza pAvana batAyA hai| 247

Page #265
isa bhASya kA 'zArIraka bhASya' bhI kahate haiN| zArIrika zabda se tAtparya hai- zarIra meM nivAsa karane vAlA 'AtmA' ina sUtro meM AtmA ke svarUpa kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| isalie ina sUtroM ko zArIrika sUtra evaM isa bhASya ko zarIraka bhASya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai AvA 2. zrImadbhagavadgItA bhASya AcArya zaGkara ne isa bhASya meM gItA kI nivRtti mUlaka aura jJAnapUraka vyAkhyA kI hai ve apane isa bhASya meM siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai ki brahmajJAna kI prApti ke bala 'tatvajJAna' se hI hotI hai, jJAnakarma samuccaya se nhiiN| 3. upaniSadbhASya ___isa upaniSad bhASya meM bAraha upaniSadoM kA AcArya zaMkara ne bhASya kiyA hai| parantu kena, zvetAzvara, mANDUkya aura nRsiMhatApinI upaniSadoM para likhe gaye bhASyoM para vidvAnoM ko pUrNa saMdeha hai| ve ina cAroM ko Adi zaGkarAcArya kI kRti na mAnakara kisI anya zaGkarAcArya kI kRti mAnate hai| upaniSad ke bhASyoM kI zailI bar3I udAtta gaMbhIra, sarala, subodha aura AkarSaka hai| apane mata kI puSTi ke liye AcArya ne prAcIna vedAntAcAryo ke siddhAntoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai| isa dRSTi se bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad kA bhASya sabase adhika vidvatApUrNa, vyApaka aura prAJjala haiN| brahmaprApti ke sAdhanoM meM unhoMne karmakANDa kI upAdeyatA kA bar3I yukti evaM tarka se khaNDana kiyA hai| AcArya zaGkara ke prasthAnatrayI ke ye bhASya praur3ha zAstrIya gadya ke utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| (ba) itaragranthoM para bhASya- yadyapi AcArya zaGkara kRta itara granthoM kI bhASya racanA pacAsa ke lagabhaga batAyI jAtI hai kintu ye grantha kisI anya zaGkarAcArya ke hai Adi zaGkarAcArya kI nhiiN| Adi zaGkarAcArya kI niHsaMdigdha racanAe~ isa prakAra hai 248

Page #266
1. viSNusahasranAma bhASya- isameM paramAtmA ke pratyeka nAma kI yuktiyukta vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| 2. sanatsujAtIya bhASya - dhRtarASTra ke moha ko dUra karane ke liye sanatasujAtIya RSi ne jo AdhyAtmika upadeza diyA thA vaha mahAbhArata ke udyogaparva' meM varNita hai| ise sanatsujAtIya parva kahate hai| 3 - lalitAtrizarta bhASya isa bhASya meM bhagavatI lalitA ke tIna sau nAma hai| AcArya zaGkara, lalitA ke ananya upAsaka the / 4. mANDUkya kArika bhASya gaur3apAdAcArya ne mANDUkya upaniSad para kArikAeM likhI hai aura unhIM ke Upara AcArya zaMkara ne bhASya kI racanA kI / strota grantha AcArya zaGkara paramArthataH advaitavAdI the kintu vyavahAra kSetra meM devI-devatAoM, tIrtho, pavitranadiyoM kI upAsanA aura ArAdhanA kI sArthakatA ko bhalIbhAMti samajhate the / ve mAnate the ki 'saguNa brahma' kI upAsanA se hI niguNa kSetra meM praveza hotA hai loka saMgraha ke nimitta AcArya svayaM saguNa brahma kI upAsanA karate the| unhoMne ziva, viSNu, gaNeza, zakti Adi devI-devatAoM kI bhAvapUrNa stutiyoM kI racanA kI hai / zaGkara ke nAma se sambandhita strota mukhya hai 1. gaNeza stotra 2. zivastotra 3. devI stotra 4. viSNustotra 7. sAdhAraNa stotra / mahAbhArata- udyoga parva adhyAya 42 se 46 taka / 249 5. yugala devatA 6. nadItIrtha viSayaka stotra

Page #267
isake atirikta Ananda laharI, govindASTaka dakSiNAmUrti stotra, dazazlokI Adi bhI zaGkarAcArya kI prAmANika racanAeM mAnI jAtI hai| (da) prakaraNa grantha AcArya zaGkara ne vedAnta sambandhI aneka choTe-choTe granthoM kI racanA kI hai| vedAnta tattva pratipAdaka hone ke kAraNa ye 'prakaraNa grantha' kahe jAte hai| AcArya advaita vedAnta kA pAvana sandeza sarvasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cA denA cAhate the aura isI uddezya kI pUrti ke liye unhone prakaraNa granthoM kI racanA kii| jisase vedAnta ko sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye sarvasulabha banAne kI ceSTA kI / prakaraNa granthoM kI saMkhyA 40 taka mAnI jAtI hai yathA-- aparokSAnubhUti, Atmabodha, upadeza sAhasrI, paMcIkaraNa prakaraNa, vAkya vRtti, viveka cUr3AmaNi zatazlokI Adi / tantra grantha AcArya zaGkara ne do tantra granthoM kI racanA kI hai - (1) saundarya laharI aura (2) prapaJcasAra kintu katipaya vidvAna ise AcArya kA grantha mAnane meM sandeha prakaTa karate hai| isa prakAra 32 varSa kI alpAyu meM itane vizAla vAGgamaya kA praNayana karanA bhAratIya manISA kI apratima upalabdhi hai / 6. maNDana mizra aura zaGra kA zAstrArtha AcArya zaGkara maMDana mizra se zAstrArtha ke liye utkaMThita the| rAste meM maMDana mizra kA ghara pUchane para dAsiyoM ne uttara diyA svataH pramANaM parataH pramANaM kIrAMganA yatra giraM giranti / dvArasthanIDAntara sanniruddhA, jAnIha tanmaNDana paNDitaukaH / / 250 ( zaGkaradigvijaya 8 /6)

Page #268
arthAt jisa ghara meM zuka aura zukI Apasa meM bAtacIta karate huye yaha bolate hoM - veda svataH pramANa hai, athavA parataH pramANa, karma hI phaladAtA hai athavA Izvara jagat nitya hai athavA anitya usI ghara ko maNDana mizra kA ghara samajha lIjiyegA / AcArya zaGkara maNDana mizra ke ghara pahueNce ve zrAddhakarma meM usa samaya lage the| kucha samaya pazcAta AcArya zaGkara kA maNDana mizra se vArtAlApa huA aura maNDana mizra zAstrArtha ke liye taiyAra huye tathA vyAsa aura jaiminI ko madhyasthatA ke liye zaGkara ne AmaMtrita kiyA kintu RSiyoM ne kahA he! vidvat ziromaNi zaGkara! maNDana kI sahadharmiNI ubhayabhAratI madhyasthatA kregii| ve sAkSAta sarasvatI kI avatAra hai / maNDana mizra pahale mImAMsA ke the aura karmakANDI the jahAM vedAntI karmaphaladAtA Izvara ko mAnatA thA, vahAM maNDana mizra karma kA phaladAtA Izvara ko na mAnakara karma ko mAnate the / AcArya zaGkara ne maNDana mizra se kahA he saumya ! mujhe sAmAnya anna kI bhA nahIM cAhie maiM to vivAdarUpI bhikSA kI AkAMkSA se Apake pAsa AyA hU~ parantu isa vivAda meM eka zarta hama logoM ko mAnanI par3egI jo parAjita hogA vaha eka dUsare kA ziSya bnegaa| sabhA maNDapa meM zAstrArtha prArambha huA ubhaya bhAratI ne madhyasthatA svIkAra kii| jayarAma mizra ne likhA hai- zaGkarAcArya ne apanI pratijJA rakhI - brahma 'satya' hai jagata 'mithyA' hai 'jIva' aura 'brahma' eka hI hai jaise sIpa meM rajata kA bhAna hotA hai vaise satcit Ananda svarUpa brahma meM dRzyamAna prapaJca bhAsita hotA hai / jaba upaniSadoM ke tatvamasi, ahaM brahmAsmi, prajJAnaMbrahma ayamAtmA brahma Adi mahAvAkyoM dvArA jIva aura brahma kI ekatA kA bodha hotA hai taba anAdi avidyA sameta samasta prapaJca naSTa ho jAtA hai| jIvana-maraNa ke cakra se mukta ho jAtA hai / zaGkara ne kahA yahI merA viSaya hai| upaniSad isameM pramANa hai| yadi maiM zAstrArtha meM parAjita 251

Page #269
huA to 'kASAya-vastroM' kA parityAga karake zveta vastra dhAraNa kruuNgaa| ubhayabhAratI hI jaya-parAjaya kA nirNaya kregii|" maNDana mizra ne bhI apanA viSaya rakhA, veda kA karmakANDa hI pradhAna hai, yahI pramANa hai, upaniSada pramANa nahIM hai| duHkhoM se mukti karma ke dvArA hI hotI hai karma kA anuSThAna pratyeka manuSya ko Ayu paryanta karanA caahie| yadi maiM isa zAstrArtha meM parAjita huA to gRhastha dharma ko chor3akara sanyAsa grahaNa kara luuNgaa| vidvAnmaNDalI ke bIca vAdI aura prativAdI meM zAstrArtha prArambha huA, uttarottara zAstrArtha kI utkRSTatA aura gaMbhIratA bar3hatI gayI, eka-dUsare ko parAjita karane ke liye prayatna ho rahA thaa| AcArya ne zruti pramANa se maNDana ko niruttara kara diyA ki vedAnta brahmajJAna meM pramANa hai, karma meM nhiiN| tadantara 'tatvamasi' mahAvAkya ko lekara nirNAyaka zAstrArtha prArambha huaa| maNDana mizra mImAMsaka hone ke kAraNa dvaitavAdI the| udhara zaGkara vedAntI hone ke kAraNa advaita ke pratipAdaka the| maNDana upaniSadoM meM dvaitaparaka svIkAra karate hai, advaita nhiiN| maNDana mizra ne pUrvapakSa grahaNa kiyA aura AcArya zaGkara ne uttara pakSa / maNDana mizra ne kahA- yatizreSTha! jIva aura brahma kI ekatA kabhI siddha nahIM ho sakatI, yaha tInoM pramANoM se bAdhita hai| AcArya zaGkara ne uttara diyA ki jIva aura brahma kI ekatA ko siddha karane ke liye pramANoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai| 'tattvamasi' ke viruddha maNDana ne muNDakopaniSada kI isa zruti kA udAharaNa diyaa|' AcArya zaGkara ne AkSepa kA nirAkaraNa karate huye kahA- he gRhastha ziromaNi! isa zruti meM 'buddhi aura 'puruSa' kA bheda pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, na ki 'jIva' aura 'brahma' kaa| puruSa usase sarvathA bhinna hai isaliye vaha sukha-dukhoM ke bhogane vAle phalaphaloM se 1 jaya rAma mizra- Adi zaMkarAcArya jIvana aura darzana pR0 82 2 zaMkara digvijaya-8/78 se 14 dvA suparNA suyajA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSa prisssvjaate| taroranya. pippala svAdvatti anaznananyo abhicAkazIti / / muNDakopaniSad-3/1/1 252

Page #270
sarvathA vimukta hai| isake bAda bhI maNDana mizra ne jIva aura brahma kA bheda dikhAne vAlI kaThopaniSada kI eka zruti kA udAharaNa diyA / ' AcArya zaGkara ne uttara meM kahA isase bhI advaita siddhAnta meM koI bAdhA nahIM pahuMcatI yaha to lokasiddha bheda kA pratipAdana mAtra karatI hai| aise artha loka meM siddha nahIM dikhalAyI pdd'ege| jagat meM abheda dikhalAyI nahI par3atA hai|' 'tattvamasi' mahAvAkya se jIva aura brahma kI ekatA pratipAdita hotI hai| jo pramANo, zruti, smRti arthAta tarka sevAdhita nahIM ho sakatI hai| AcArya zaGkara ne mImAMsaka marmajJa maNDana mizra ko bharI vidvanmaNDalI meM parAjita kara diyaa| mImAMsA karmakANDa para advaitajJAna kI pUrNa vijaya huii| bhAratI ne bharI sabhA meM nirNaya ghoSita kiyA- "mere patideva isa zAstrArtha meM parAjita ho gaye hai, aura AcArya pravara vijayI / " maNDana mizra dvArA stuti brahmA ke avatAra, mImAMsaka ziromaNi, mahAna karmakANDI maNDana mizra zaGkarAcArya se zAstrArtha meM parAjita hone para AcArya ko guru mAnakara yAjJiko kI bharI sabhA meM unakI stuti karane lage- he bhagavan! aba mujhe Apake vAstavika svarUpa kA pUrNa bodha ho gyaa| Apa saMsAra ke AdikAraNa hai, ApakA svarUpa jJAnamAtra hai, para ajJAniyoM ke uddhAra ke nimitta isa zarIra ko dhAraNa kiye huye hai / vAstava meM Apa azarIrI haiM / he yatiziromaNi! Apane upaniSadoM dvArA nirUpita eka advitIya, akhaNDa, anAdi, ananta, sat cit Ananda brahma ke svarUpa kI samyak vyAkhyA kI hai / 'tatvamasi' mahAvAkya kA astra Apane vedavirodhI aura nAstika bauddhoM ke siddhAnta kA zirachedana karaneM ke lie kiyA hai| yadi Apa aisA na karate to vaidika dharma rasAtala meM calA gayA hotaa| 1 RtaM pibantau sukRtasyaloke, guhAM praviSTau parame parArdhe chAyAtapau brahmavido vadanti, paMcAgnayo ye ca triNAciketaH / / kaThopaniSad 9/3/9 2 'mRtyo sa mRtyumApnoti ya iha nAneva pazcati / tathA zaMkara digvijaya - 8 / 113 3 zaMkara digvijaya-8/ 76, 8/ 77 253

Page #271
he zAzvata guru! he jagadguru! zrutiyoM ke artha nirUpaNa meM kapila, kaNAda aura gautama aise pratibhAzAlI RSiyoM ne bhI bhUleM kI, ThIka-ThIka vivecana meM ve bhI bhramita ho gye| Apa zivarUpa meM avatIrNa huye haiM Apa ajJAnAndhakAra dUra karane ke liye zrutiyoM ke artha kI vAstavika vyAkhyA kI hai| alpabuddhi vAle TIkAkAroM kI TIkAeM viSadhara so ke samAna hai unake daMzana se zrutiyAM jarjara ho gayI thii| maiM Aja gRhastha dharma ko chor3akara ApakA ziSyatva svIkAra karatA huuN| kRpayA brahmatatva kA upadeza kiijiye| AcArya zaGakara ne prasanna hokara inake sanyAsa kA nAma surezvarAcArya rkhaa| zaMGkara aura bhAratI kA zAstrArtha zAstrArtha meM pati ke parAjita ho jAne para bhAratI ne AcArya zaGkara se kahA he vidvAna! mere pati kI parAjaya abhI apUrNa hai kyoMki zAstroM meM patnI ko pati kI ardhAMginI mAnA gayA hai| maiM pUrNa rUpa se mAnatI hU~ ki Apa sarvajJa hai| tathApi merI icchA hai ki zAstrArtha kruuN|' zAstrArtha vAlI ghaTanA eka tapasvI ke mukha se maiM bacapana meM suna cukI hU~ jisane mere bhUta aura bhaviSya se sambandhita mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA udghATana kiyA thaa| jisameM kahA thA ki zaGkara ke sAtha tumhAre pati (brahma) maNDana kA zAstrArtha hogA aura ve parAjita hogeM aura gRhastha karma chor3akara sanyAsa grahaNa kreNgeN| jo akSarazaH Aja satya huii| AcArya zaGkara ne kahA- he abale! tumhArA hRdaya mere sAtha zAstrArtha karane ke liye utkaMThita ho rahA hai, yaha jo vacana tumane kahA vaha anucita hai, kyoMki yazasvI puruSa mahilAjanoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda nahIM krte| kintu vAda meM zaGkara tathA bhAratI (sAkSAt sarasvatI) se zAstrArtha huA aura lagabhaga satraha dina taka claa| sarasvatI ne socA ki zaGkara bacapana meM hI sanyAsI ho gaye the ataH kAmazAstra meM inakA jJAna nahIM hogaa| ataH isI kAmazAstra ke dvArA maiM zakara digvijaya-:...,58,56.60 prakAzaka- mahanta narottama giri-haridvAra 254

Page #272
inheM jiituuNgii| bhAratI ne pUchA- kAma kI kalAeM kitanI hai? isakA svarUpa kaisA hai, kisa sthAna para ve nivAsa karatI hai zukla pakSa aura kRSNa pakSa meM unakI sthiti kahAM-kahAM rahatI hai aadi| isa para AcArya zaGkara ne kahA isa viSaya meM mujhe eka mAsa kI avadhi diijiye| he sundarI! isake bAda tuma kAmazAstra meM apanI nipuNatA chor3a dogii| bAda meM jaba zaMkarAcArya Aye taba ubhayabhAratI ne kahA he bhagavan! Apa sadAziva hai, brahmA ke bhI adhipati hai, sabhI devatAoM aura prANiyoM ke bhI adhipati hai| kaumAri, Apa sabhI vidyAoM ke adhipati tathA sarvajJa hai| Apane sarvajJa hote huye bhI zAstrArtha meM mujhe pahale nahIM parAjita kiyaa| avadhi mAMgakara Apane jagata ke maryAdA kI rakSA kiye hai| hama logoM ke liye yaha zarma kI bAta nahIM hai| sUrya kI pracaNDa jyoti ke sAmane tAre aura candramA kI jyoti (phIkI) manda par3a jAtI hai| aisA kahakara ve saMsAra chor3ane ke liye udyata huI aura zaGakarAcArya ne prArthanA kiyA ki bhaviSya meM maiM RSyazrRMga meM mandira kI sthApanA karAU~gA Apa usameM apanI zakti se pratyakSa nivAsa kareM aura bhaktajana kI manokAmanAeM pUrNa karatI rheN| 7. zAMkara darzana ke srota AcArya zaGkara kA siddhAnta koI abhinava siddhAnta nahIM thaa| vaha to veda pratipAdita nirdoSa vedAnta zAstrIya siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka rahe hai| zruti pratipAdita advaita mArga ke patha-pradarzaka mAtra the| isako nayA zAMGkara siddhAnta denA eka bhrAnti thI, aura hai| zuddha brahmavAda hI unakA siddhAnta hai| ve jIvana bhara veda evaM upaniSadoM kI pUjA karate rhe| ataeva unake vicAroM para vedoM kA atyadhika prabhAva par3A hai aura yaha unakI sabhI kRtiyoM meM samAna rUpa se parilakSita bhI hotA hai| yaha hamArA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki zaGkara ke dharmadarzana kA mukhya srota upaniSada sAhitya hai| kintu isake atirikta bhI kucha aise tathya aura kAraka avazya hai jinakA prabhAva bhI unakI abhivyakti vidhi tathA 255

Page #273
vicAroM para par3A hai| katipaya vidvAna AcArya zaGkara ke vicAroM evaM abhivyakta vidhiyoM para bauddha darzana kA prabhAva svIkAra karate hai, kintu vahIM adhikAMza isa prabhAva ko asvIkAra karane ke pakSa meM bhI akATya tarka prastuta karate hai / ataeva isa vivAdAspada bindu ko yahIM chor3akara denA prAsaMgika hogA / katipaya dArzanika 'yogavAsiSTha' grantha kA prabhAva bhI zaGkara kI racanAoM para svIkAra karate hai kyoMki kucha dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki brahma ke svarUpa sambandhI vicAra aura vyaktigata AtmA ke sAtha brahma ke tAdAtmya kA siddhAnta vizeSa rupa se usI se prabhAvita hai|' DA0 bI0 ela0 Atreya likhate haiM ki - "zaGkara kI vivekacUr3amaNi, aparokSAnubhUti, zatazlokI jaisI kAvyAtmaka racanAoM kI tulanA karane para spaSTa jJAta ho jAtA hai ki zaGkara yogavAsiSTha se kevala prabhAvita hI nahIM the varan unakI zikSAoM ko yathAvat grahaNa kiyA hai| DA0 dAsa guptA ne spaSTa rUpa se siddha kiyA hai ki yogavAsiSTha kA kAla hara hAlata meM zaGkara kA pUrvavartI hai| ataeva zaMkara para yogavAsiSTha kA prabhAva mAnanA tarkasaMgata hai / zaGkara ke dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAroM para AcArya gauNapAda ke prabhAva ko bhI svIkAra kiye binA nahIM rahA jA sakatA hai| zaMkara ne gauNapAda kI mANDUkya kArikA para bhASya likhakara svayaM unase sambandhita batAyA hai / vastutaH upaniSad zaGkara ke dhArmika evaM dArzanika vicAroM ke mukhya srota hai / yaha mata samasta antaH vAhya sAkSyoM se pramANita siddha hotA hai / brahmajJAna ke sambandha meM svayaM zaGkara ne upaniSadoM ko sarvocca aura svataMtra AptavAkya ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| udAharaNArtha- unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se svIkArA hai ki paramAtmA yA brahma kevala vedAnta yogavasiSTha tRtIya adhyAya - 7-20 caturtha adhyAya - 22-25 paMcama adhyAya 43, 20 iNDiyana AiDiyalijma- pR0 154 256

Page #274
dvArA hI jAnA jA sakatA hai' aura zabda hI brahma kA srota hai| zuddha jJAnasvarUpa paramasata ko upaniSadoM dvArA hI jAnA jA sakatA hai / AcArya zaGkara ne sabhI mukhya upaniSadoM aura brahmasUtroM para bhASya likhe hai / brahmasUtra upaniSadoM kA hI sAra hai / bhASyoM kA uddezya yahI pratIta hotA hai ki zaMkara unake vicAroM kA spaSTIkaraNa aura pracAra karanA cAhate the / zaGkara ke vicAroM kA srota upaniSad hI rahe hai isa tathya ko pUrvI sAhitya ke aneka vidvAna bhI svIkAra karate hai| pro0 pAla, Dyusana ke matAnusAra 'bhAratIya prajJAna ke vRkSa para upaniSadoM se acchA puSpa aura vedAnta darzana se acchA koI phala nahIM hai| isa darzanatantra kA janma upaniSadoM kI zikSAoM se hI huA aura zaMkara ne ise isake utkRSThatama stara taka phuNcaayaa|' pro0 maiksamUlara ke anusAra bhI zaGkara ke darzana upaniSadoM ke lagabhaga sabhI bIja vidyamAna hai| isa sambandha meM ve kahate hai ki jaba hama vicAra karate hai ki vedAnta darzana ke sArabhUta tatvamImAMsIya vicAra kitane sUkSma evaM gUr3ha hai to yaha jAnakara Azcarya hotA hai ki zaMkara ne unako yA unake bIjoM ko prAcIna upaniSadoM meM se khoja nikAlA hai / hama yaha asvIkAra nahIM kara sakate ki vedAntI dArzanikoM ke bahuta se gUr3ha vicAroM kI jur3e upaniSadoM meM nihita hai / pro0 rAnADe bhI mAnate hai ki brahmasUtra aura upaniSad ve AdhAra zilAeM hai jinapara samasta vedAnta darzana kA bhavana khar3A hai| kintu brahmasUtra upaniSadoM ke siddhAntoM kA sArAMza mAtra hai aura bhagavatagItA bhI unhIM siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karatI haiM jo upaniSadoM meM nihita hai| ataH AcArya zaGkara hI nahIM varan lagabhaga sabhI anupaMthI loga zaMkara ke dharma-darzana kA srota upaniSadoM ko hI mAnanA ucita samajhate hai / 1 zAGkara bhASya, brahmasUtra (prastAvanA) 2 siddhAnta muktAvalI pR0 23 3 AuTa lAinsa Apha vedAnta sisTama oNpha philAsaphI, prIphesa 4 di lekcarsa Ana vedAnta philAsaphI, pR0 135, 136 257

Page #275
pratyeka bhASyakAra ne apanI bhASya kI puSTi hetu veda aura upaniSad meM varNita vicAroM kA ullekha kiyaa| jitane bhASyakAra huye utanA hI vedAnta darzana kA sampradAya vikasita huaa| vedAnta darzana ke cAra sampradAya mukhya rUpa se hai 1. advaitavAda- AcArya zaGkara 2. viziSTAdvaitavAda- rAmAnuja 3. dvaitavAda- madhvAcArya 4. dvaitAdvaita- nimbArkAcArya zAGkara darzana- advaitavedAnta brahmavicAra- AcArya zaGkara ke suprasiddha vedAnta siddhAnta ko samajhane ke liye yaha zloka parama vikhyAta hai zlokArddhana pravakSyAmi yaduktaM granthakoTibhiH / brahmasatyaM jagannimithyA jIvo brahmaiva naa'prH|| arthAt jo siddhAnta vistAra se karor3o granthoM ke dvArA kahA gayA hai vaha yaha hai ki ekamAtra sarvAtmA yA paramAtmA (1) brahma hI satya hai| (2) nAma rUpAtmaka yaha jagata mithyA hai| vastutaH yaha sthira sattA ke abhAva meM pratIyamAna hai aura (3) yaha jIva brahma hI hai (4) jIva aura brahma meM koI bheda nhiiN| uparyukta inhIM cAra tathyoM para advaitavAda kA pUrA darzana AdhArita hai| satya aura mithyA kI paribhASA ke anusAra paramArtha satya vaha hai- 'yat syAt sarvatra sarvadA' (catuHzlokI bhAgavat) arthAt jo sabhI kAloM meM vidyamAna ho, kisI bhI kAla meM jisakA bAdha na ho arthAt trikAlAbAdhita ho aura jo sarvatra avasthita hai| yadi usa paramArtha sat ko koI chor3anA cAhe to nahIM chor3a sakatA hai kyoki usakA sabhI ke sAtha tAdAtmya sambandha hai| bheda sahiSNu, abheda sambandha kA nAma tAdAtmya hai arthAt jisameM vAstavika abheda evaM kAlpanika bheda ho jaise suvarNa ke sAtha AbhUSaNoM kaa| vaha brahma sarvatra kAlaparicchinna se rahita hai| ataH zruti dvArA 'satyajJAnamanantaM brahma' kahA gayA 258

Page #276
hai| mithyA vaha hai jo kabhI rahe yA kabhI na rhe| yahA 'rahane' kA abhiprAya kevala 'pratIti' se hai| kalpita padArtha madhya meM bhAsita hone para bhI vastutaH Adi evaM anta kI taraha madhya meM bhI avidyamAna hI hai| ataeva mANDUkyopaniSad kArikAra zrI gauDapAdAcArya jI ne kahA hai- 'AdAvante ca yannasti vartamAne'pi tttthaa|' AcArya nRsiMha sarasvatI ne 'vedAnta DiNDima' nAmaka grantha meM likhA hai yadastpAdau yadastyante yanmadhye bhAti tatsvayam / brahmaivaikamidaM satyamiti vedAntaDiNDimaH / / yannAdau yacca nAstyante tanmadhyebhAtamapyasat / atomithyA jagat sarvamiti vedAntaDiNDimaH / / arthAt jo Adi meM hai, anta meM hai, evaM madhya meM svayaM bhAsita hai vaha eka mAtra brahma hI satya hai, yaha vedAnta kA DiNDima ghoSa hai| jo Adi meM nahIM, anta meM nahIM, madhya meM bhAsita hone para bhI asat mithyA hI mAnA gayA hai| ataH yaha jagat mithyA hI hai| aisA vedAnta kA mata hai| __ vizva ke prati sAmAnyataH manuSya kA dRSTikoNa vastuvAdI hotA hai| vaha samajhatA hai ki saMsAra meM anya vastuoM ke sAtha usakI bhI sattA hai aura ve vastueM usase svataMtra hai| pro0 maiksamUlara ke zabdoM- "adhikAMza manuSya jAti ke liye dRSTigata jagat pUrNataH satya hai, ve usase adhika satya kucha bhI nahIM samajhate hai| saMsAra meM jo kucha indriya pratyakSa kA viSaya hai vaha sat samajhA jAtA hai aura isake viparIta ast|' isI dRSTikoNa se zaMkara ne manuSya ke sAmane upasthita aura dRzyamAna vastuoM ko sat mAnA hai tathA isake viparIta prakAra kI vastuoM ko asat kahA hai kintu sat ke viSaya meM sAmAnya dRSTikoNa vizvasanIya nahIM hai| yadi jo kucha dikhAI detA hai, vahIM sat hotA 'zrI lekcarsa Ana di vedAnta philAsaphI, pR0 126 2 zAGkara bhASya, kenopaniSad-6-12 259

Page #277
to hama bhrAnta pratyakSIkaraNa aura yathArtha pratyakSIkaraNa meM bheda na kara paate| yadi dikhAI denA mAtra sat kA mAnadaNDa ho to mRgamarIcikA kA jala yA rassI kA sarpa kabhI asat na mAnA jA sktaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kama se kama kucha paristhitiyoM meM hameM sAmAnya vastuvAda chor3anA hI pdd'egaa| zaGkara ne bhI kahA ki-'koI vastu kevala isaliye sat nahIM kahI jA sakatI kyoMki vaha dikhAI detA hai| pratipatti to satyattva aura mithyAttva kI samAna rUpa se hotI hai| rajju meM sarpa kI pratIti bhrama hai aura isa prakAra kI dikhAI dene vAlI vastueM mithyA hai| AcArya zaGkara kahate hai ki- 'satya vaha hai jisake viSaya meM hamArI buddhi parivartita na ho| 'yadviSayA buddhirna vyabhicarati ttst'| mahAbhAratakAra kahate haiM- satya vaha hai jo avyaya aura nirvikAra ho|' 'brahma' zabda kA tAtparya 'brahma' zabda kI vyutpatti saMskRta kI 'bRha' dhAtu se huI hai| 'bRha' kA artha haivRddhi ko prApta honA athavA bddh'naa| zaMkara ke anusAra yadi hama isake dhAtvartha para vicAra kareM to brahma zabda kA artha cira, zuddha Adi smaraNa Ane lagatA hai| apanI mahAnatA ke kAraNa niratizaya athavA bhUmA brahma kahalAtA hai| brahma kA yaha nAma par3ane kA yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha bRhattama aura pUrNa hai| brahmasUtrakAra vAdarAyaNa kA mata hai ki brahma zabda kA prayoga upaniSad meM nirapekSa sat ke artha meM kiyA jAtA rahA hai| vaha sampUrNa saMsAra kA upAdAna aura nimittakAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| 'zAGkara bhASya gItA, 2/16 2 zantiparva- 162, 10 'zAGkara bhASya brahmasUtra 1/1/1 'zAkara bhASya kenopaniSad 15 260

Page #278
zAMkara bhASya meM 'brahma' kA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA gayA hai- 'lakSaNantu asAdhAraNa dharma vacanaM / lakSaNa do prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. svarUpa lakSaNa 2. taTastha lakSaNa / svarUpa lakSaNa se tAtparya hai- 'svarUpaM satvyAvartakaM svarUpalakSaNam' arthAt jo lakSaNa apane lakSya kA svarUpa hotA huA svalakSya ko anya alakSyoM se pRthak karatA hai vaha svarUpa lakSaNa hai| udAharaNArtha- 'satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma', 'vijJAnamAnandaM brahma', 'saccidAnandaM brahma ityaadi| taTastha lakSaNa se tAtparya hai- 'kadAcit katve sati vyAvartakam taTasthalakSaN / ' arthAt jo lakSaNa svalakSya meM yadA-kadA rahakara apane lakSya kA anya alakSyoM se pRthaka bodha karAtA hai vaha taTastha lakSaNa hai| janmAdhAdhikaraNa meM brahma kA taTastha lakSaNa karate huye maharSi vAdarAyaNa ne likhA hai- 'janmAhAsya ytH| yahAM para janma, sthiti tathA laya kI kAraNatA brahma meM sadaiva nahI rahatI, apitu kevala mAyA ke adhiSThAna kAla meM hI rahatI hai| 'janmAhAsya yataH isa sUtra ke bhASya meM AcArya zaMkara ne brahmajJAna ko siddhavastu viSayaka mAnA hai| yaha dharmajijJAsA kI bhAMti, puruSa buddhi kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai, apitu vastvAdhIna hotA hai| isI prakAra brahmajJAna bhI vastvAdhIna hai, kyoMki vaha bhI siddhavastuviSayaka hai- 'evaM bhUta vastu viSayANAM prAmANyaM vstutntrm| tatraivaM sati brahmajJAnamapi vastutantrameva bhUtavastuviSayatvAt / upaniSad meM saguNa aura nirguNa do rupoM meM brahma kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| zaMkara ne brahma ko nirguNa kahA hai phira bhI brahma ko zUnya nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| upaniSad ne bhI 'nirguNoM guNI' kahakara nirguNa ko bhI guNayukta mAnA hai| nirguNa brahma kA varNana 'neti neti' se kiyA jAtA hai| arthAta Adezo neti-neti' brahma hI paramArthika dRSTi se 261

Page #279
pUrNataH satya hai| brahma svayaMjJAna hai vaha prakAza kI taraha jyortimaya hai| brahma kA sAkSAtkAra hI carama lakSya hai| vaha sarvocca jJAna hai| brahma ananta, sarvavyApI, sarvazaktimAna hai| zaGkara ne brahma ko hI AtmA kahA hai| isaliye zaGkara ke darzana meM AtmA ko brahma kahakara abhinnatA ko pramANita kiyA hai| brahma ko siddha karane ke liye zaGkarAcArya kisI prAmANya kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa nahIM krte| isakA kAraNa hai ki brahma svataH siddha hai| brahma vyaktitva se zUnya, aparivartanazIla, anirvacanIya, nirvizeSa, nirAkAra hai| brahma kI anubhUti hotI hai brahma paramasat hone ke kAraNa yadyapi usa saba meM vyApta hai jisakA hama anubhava karate hai yA jisake astitva kI kalpanA kara sakate hai to bhI hamAre anubhava yA kalpanA kI koI vastu brahma para Aropita nahIM kI jA sktii|' AcArya zaGkara brahma ko ananta jJAna aura ananta zakti sampanna bhI mAnate hai| vaha samasta vizva kA upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNa hai| yadi brahma nirapekSa aura advitIya hai to nAnAtvapUrNa saMsAra kA mUla isI meM khojanA pdd'egaa| dRzya jagata kA upAdAna aura nimittakaraNa usase bhinna kucha aura mAnane kA artha brahma kI advitIyatA aura nirapekSatA ko asvIkAra karanA hogA isaliye zaGkara ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki svayaM brahma hI saMsAra kI racanA karane vAlI anirvacanIya zakti mAyA se vibhUSita hai aura vahI mAyA saMsAra kI upAdAna aura nimittakaraNa hai| aisI sthiti meM zaGkara use saguNa brahma, aparabrahma yA Izvara kahate hai| brahma ko jaba hama vicAra se jAnane kA prayatna karate hai taba vaha 'Izvara' ho jAtA hai| Izvara ko 'savizeSa' brahma bhI kahate hai| brahma kA pratibimba jaba mAyA meM par3atA hai taba vaha Izvara ho jAtA hai| zaMkara ke darzana meM Izvara ko 'zAkarabhApya, brahmasUtra 1.1.5, zvetAzvara 3.16 pro0 harendra prasAda sinhA- bhA0 darzana kI ruparekhA- pR0 266 zAkara bhASya chAndogya- 6.21 + zAkara bhASya- kenopaniSad 15 262

Page #280
'mAyopahita brahma' bhI kahA jAtA hai| Izvara mAyA ke dvArA vizva kI sRSTi karatA hai mAyA Izvara kI zakti hai jisake kAraNa vaha vizva kA prapaJca racatA hai| Izvara vizva kA kAraNa hai lekina svayaM akAraNa hai| yadi Izvara ke kAraNa ko mAnA jAya to anavarat zrRMkhalA calatI jAyegI aura anavasthA doSa prasakta ho jaayegaa| Izvara ko vizva kA sraSTA mAnA jAtA hai| Izvara vizva kA upAdAna aura nimitta donoM kAraNa hai vaha svabhAvataH niSkriya hai parantu mAyA se yukta hone ke kAraNa vaha sakriya ho jAtA hai| Izvara vyaktitvapUrNa hai| vaha upAsanA kA viSaya hai| karma niyama kA adhyakSa Izvara hai| Izvara hI vyaktiyoM ko unake zubha aura azubha karmoM ke AdhAra para sukha-dukha kA vitaraNa karatA hai| Izvara karmaphala dAtA hai| Izvara naitikatA kA AdhAra hai| Izvara svayaM pUrNa hai yaha dharma adharma se pare hai zaMkara ne Izvara ko vizva meM vyApta tathA vizvAtIta mAnA hai| jisa prakAra dUdha meM ujalApana atabhUta hai vaise hI Izvara vizva meM vyApta hai| Izvara vizvAtIta bhI hai, jisa prakAra ghar3I sAja kI sattA ghar3I se alaga rahatI hai usI prakAra Izvara vizva kA nirmANa kara apanA sambandha vizva se vicchinna kara vizvAtIta rahatA hai| brahma paramArthika dRSTi se satya hai jabaki Izvara vyavahArika dRSTi se satya hai brahma nirguNa, nirAkAra aura nirvizeSa hai parantu Izvara saguNa aura savizeSa hai| brahma upAsanA kA viSaya nahIM hai, parantu Izvara upAsanA kA viSaya hai| Izvara vizva kA sRSTA, pAlanakartA, saMhArakartA hai, parantu brahma ina guNoM se zUnya hai| Izvara mAyopahita hai, brahma mAyA se zUnya hai| isa prakAra Izvara aura brahma meM yaha vyavahArika bheda hai| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki brahma yA Izvara ke liye pramANa kyA hai? zaMkarAcArya mAnate hai ki brahma ke liye prathama pramANa zruti hai jo usake svarUpa kA varNana vizada rUpa 263

Page #281
se karatI hai| dvitIya pramANa svAnubhUti hai jisake AdhAra para maharSiyoM ne anubhava kiyA ki unakI AtmA hI brahma hai- 'ayamAtmA brahma' yA maiM hI brahma hU~, 'ahaM brahmAsmi' / jIva vicAra brahmasUtra zAMkara bhApya ke anusAra jaba AtmA kA pratibimba avidyA meM par3atA hai taba vaha jIva ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra jIva AtmA kA AbhAsamAtra hai| jahAM AtmA kI paramArthika sattA hotI hai vahAM jIva ko vyAvahArika sattA hotI hai| jaba AtmA zarIra, indriya-mana ityAdi upAdhiyoM se sImita hotA hai taba vaha jIva ho jAtA hai| AtmA eka hai jaba ki jIva-bhinna zarIroM meM alaga-alaga hai isase siddha hotA hai ki jIva aneka hai| jIva saMsAra ke karmoM meM bhAga letA hai| zubha-azubha ke kAraNa vaha puNya aura pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai| jIva jJAtA, kartA anubhavitA bhI hotA hai kyoMki sukha-dukha kI anubhUti jIva ko hotI hai| zaMkara ne jIva ko bandhana-grasta mAnA hai apane prayAsoM se jIva mokSa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke bAda jIva AtmA meM lIna ho jAtA hai| jIva AtmA kA vaha rupa hai jo deha se yukta hai| usake tIna zarIra hai- sthUla zarIra, liMga zarIra, kAraNa shriir| jaba AtmA kA ajJAna ke vazIbhUta hokara buddhi se sambandha hotA hai taba AtmA jIva kA sthAna grahaNa karatI hai| jisa prakAra eka hI AkAza upAdhi bheda ke kAraNa ghaTAkAza, maThAkAza ityAdi rupoM meM dikhAI par3atA hai usI prakAra eka hI AtmA zarIra aura manas kI upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa aneka dIkha par3atA hai| jIva aura Izvara ''tathAkSarAda vividhA somya bhAvAH, prajAyante tatra caivA piyanti / / muNDakopaniSad 2/1/1 264

Page #282
jaba brahma kA mAyA se sambandha hotA hai taba vaha Izvara ho jAtA hai aura jaba brahma kA avidyA se sambandha hotA hai taba vaha jIva ho jAtA hai isa prakAra jIva aura Izvara donoM hI brahma ke vivarta hai| Izvara aura jIva donoM kI vyavahArika dRSTi se hI satyatA hai paramArthika dRSTi se nhiiN|' isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jIva aura Izvara eka dUsare ke zArIrika upAdhiyAM hI utpanna hotI hai, AtmA nitya hone se kabhI utpanna nahIM hotA hai| jIva aura Izvara meM samAnatAoM ke atirikta bhinnatA bhI hai yathA - Izvara mukta hai jIva bandhana grasta hai, Izvara akartA hai jaba ki jIva kartA hai| Izvara upAsanA kA viSaya hai jaba ki jIva upAsaka hai| Izvara jIva kA zAsaka hai jabaki jIva zAsita hai Izvara jIvoM ko karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkha pradAna karatA hai| jIva Izvara ke aMzoM kI taraha hai, yadyapi Izvara niravaya hai / zaGkara ne jIva aura Izvara ke sambandha ko batAne ke liye muNDakopaniSad meM varNita upamA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai dvA suparNA sayujA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSaM pariSasvajAte / tayoranyaH pippalaM svAdvatti, anaznananyoM abhicAkazIti / / (muNDako0 3/1/1) arthAt sAtha-sAtha rahane vAle tathA samAna AkhyAna vAle do pakSI eka hI vRkSa kA Azraya karake rahate hai| unameM se eka phala ko madhura samajhakara bar3e cAva se khAtA hai aura dUsarA binA khAye sirpha dekhA karatA hai| pahalA jIva hai jaba ki dUsarA Izvara hai / jIva bhoktA hai jaba ki Izvara draSTA hai / jIva kartA hai Izvara niyantA hai / zaMkarAcArya ke mata meM donoM avidyopAdhika aura kAlpanika hai zaMkara ke mata meM pratibimbavAda avacchedavAda aura AbhAsavAda ke bIja hai jisakA vikAsa paravartI anuvAyiyoM ne kiyA / 1 zAGkara bhASya 1/1 / 32 (brahmasUtra ) 2 brahmasUtra 2/3/17 265

Page #283
tatvamasivAkya ke udghATana meM jIva aura Izvara kA sambandha spaSTa hotA hai / tataH tvam kA vAcyArtha kramazaH Izvara aura jIva hai| jIva aura brahma vastutaH brahma aura jIva donoM usI prakAra abhinna hai jisa prakAra cinagAriyAM agni se abhinna hotI hai| yadi jIva ko brahma yA AtmA se bhinna mAnA jAya taba jIva kA brahma se tAdAtmya nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki do vibhinna vastuoM meM tAdAtmya nahIM socI jA sakatI hai| jIva aura brahma meM bheda upAdhi ke kAraNa hai|' jIva aura brahma ke sambandha kI vyAkhyA ke liye zaMkara ne upamA ka sahArA liyA hai jise pratibimbavAda kahate hai- jisa prakAra eka candramA kA pratibimba jaba jala kI bhinna-bhinna satahoM para par3atA hai taba jala kI svacchatA aura malinatA ke anurupa pratibimba bhI svaccha aura malina dIkha par3atA hai usI prakAra jaba eka brahma kA pratibimba avidyA para par3atA hai taba avidyA ko prakRti ke kAraNa jIva bhI bhinna AkAra prakAra kA dIkha par3atA hai| mAyA AtmA se bhinna jo kucha bhI ho sakatA hai use zaMkarAcArya ne 'mAyA' kahA hai| 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama Rgveda meM huA hai| Rgveda kA prasiddha maMtra hai- "indro mAyAbhiH pararupa iiyte| isakA artha hai ki indra rahasyamayI zakti ke dvArA aneka rupa dhAraNa karatA hai| inasAiklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa meM kahA gayA hai ki 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga sura evaM asura donoM ke chala-kapaTa ke liye kiyA gayA hai| jaise- asuroM kI mAyA ko jItakara hI indra ne soma ko jiitaa| mAyA ke kAraNa hI sUrya aura candramA eka dUsare ke bAda Ate hai| atharvaveda meM bhI 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga 1 brahmasUtra 2/3/48 - Rgveda-6/47/18 (inasAiklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa me udadhRta 3 Rgveda 10/58/18 (vahI) 266

Page #284
isI artha meM kiyA gayA hai- 'chUta krIDA meM mAyA ke dvArA hI bhAgya jagAtA hai|' zaMkarAcArya ke anusAra mAyA sat bhI nahIM hai, asat bhI nahIM hai kyoMki jo sat hai vaha AtmA hai isaliye mAyA sadasad vilakSaNa hai itanA hI nahIM, zaMkarAcArya ne use tattva aura anyatva se bhI anirvacanIya kahA hai| 'avyaktA hi mAyA tattvAnyatvanirupaNasya azakyatvAt / ' (zArIraka bhASya 1/4/3) paramArthika dRSTi se mAyA anirvacanIya hai parantu vyavahArika dRSTi se mAyA nAmarupAtmaka sat hai isa artha meM jitane viSaya hai ve saba mAyika yA mAyA ke antargata hai| unakI utpatti sthiti aura laya mAyA meM hai| 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga bhagavadgItA meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai bhagavAna kRSNa IzvarabhAva meM bolate huye svayaM kahate hai ki "mai avinAzI aura ajanmA hone para bhI samasta bhUta-prANiyoM kA Izvara hone para bhI apanI prakRti ko adhIna karake yogamAyA se prakaTa hotA huuN| gItA ke uparyukta kathana se spaSTa hotA hai ki mAyA divya AdhyAtmika sattA para avalambita hai| usakA svataMtra astitva nahIM hai mAyA ke kAraNa hI Izvara aneka rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai, kintu apane ko alipta rakhatA hai| yogavAsiSTha meM bhI 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai aura mAyA ko prakRti kahA gayA hai vaha ziva kI spandanakArI evaM daivI icchA hai| purANoM meM bhI vizva ko Izvara kI rahasyamayI zakti kA kArya kahA gayA hai- udAharaNArtha- bramhapurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki dvaita kI doSapUrNa dRSTi ko avidyA kahate haiM aura manuSya dvaita dikhAne vAlI apanI mAyA se hI apane ko bhramita karatA hai|" 1 atharvaveda-4/37/3 bhagavadgItA 4.6 yogavaziSTha - 6/28514 sA rAma ..... svandazaktirakRtrimA 3 zAkarabhASya-zvetAzvaratara, prstaavnaa| zAMkarabhASya- zvetAzvatara prstaavnaa| svamAyayA svamAtmAnaM mohayet dvaitarUpA 267

Page #285
zaGkara mAyA kA prayoga karane vAle pahale dArzanika nahIM the / yadi vyavahArika jagata kI vyAkhyA ke liye mAyA kA prayoga karane ke kAraNa zaGkara ko mAyAvAdI kahA jA sakatA hai to prAcIna kAla ke una RSiyoM aura vidvAnoM ko bhI mAyAvAdI kahanA cAhie jinhoMne zAstroM kI racanA kI hai / zaGkara mAyA ko sarvazaktimAna Izvara kI rahasyamayI zakti mAnate hai Izvara anirvacanIya divya zakti ke dvArA vizva kI racanA karatA hai aura svayaM usase aprabhAvita usI prakAra se rahatA hai jaise jAdUgara apanI jAdU kI zakti se aprabhAvita rahatA hai / ' mAyA kA Azraya Izvara hI hai / sarvatra Izvara se hI saMbandha rakhane vAle jo nAma rUpa haiM jise isa dRzya jagata kA bIja kahA gayA hai, aura jise na sat kaha sakate hai aura na hI asat, vaha mAyA hI hai| isa mAyA ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| vaha triguNAtmikA mAyA sampUrNa saMsAra kI bIja hai|' vaha samasta indriyAnubhAvika vizva kA kAraNa hai| tIna guNoM vAlI mAyA Izvara kI apanI zakti hai aura vahIM saMsAra kI saba vastuoM kI mUlasrota hai| zaMkara kahate hai ki yaha mAyA sAMkhya kI prakRti se bhinna hai kyoMki yaha svataMtra aura sat hai jabaki mAyA dUsare para Azrita hai|' zaMkara kA vicAra hai ki saMsAra kI utpatti sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAna Izvara ke atirikta anya kisI prakAra nahIM ho sakatI hai| isa prakAra zaGkara ke mata meM mAyA anAdi hai, bhautika aura jar3a hai, jJAnanirasyA hai mAyA vivarta hai, bhAvarUpa haitathA sadasadanirvacanIya yA bhAvAbhAva vilakSaNa hai| jagata prapaJca mAyA kI pratIti hai, jIva aura jagata donoM mAyAkRta hai| jisa prakAra rajju meM bhrama se sarpa kI pratIti hotI hai aura rajju kA jJAna ho jAne para sarpa 1 zAkara bhASya brahmasUtra 2.1.3 2 'zAGkara bhASya brahmasUtra 2.1.14 3 zAGkara bhASya 7.4, 13.16, 1326 4 zAGkara bhASya (brahmasUtra) 14.3 5 zAGkara bhASya (brahmasUtra) 14.3 brahmasUtra zAkara bhASya 1.1.2 6 268

Page #286
kA bAdha ho jAtA hai usI prakAra brahma, mAyA yA avidyA ke kAraNa jIva jagata prapaJca rupa meM bhAsita hotA hai| aura nirvikalpa aparokSa jJAna se jaba brahmAnubhava ho jAtA hai taba jIva jagata prapaJca kA bAdha ho jAtA hai| yahI mokSa yA Atma svarupa kA jJAna hai| avidyA zaGkara mAyA ko Izvara kI mUla zakti mAnate hai kintu isase bhI asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki kahIM-kahIM vizva ko 'avidyAtmaka', 'avidyAkalpita' tathA 'avidyApratyuta sthApita' bhI kahA hai| kintu yaha bhI nizcata hai ki zaGkara ne avidyA ko Izvara nahIM kahA hai unhoMne Izvara ko 'mAyinaH' to kaI bAra kahA hai, kintu 'avidyAvAna' eka bAra bhI nahIM khaa| isake viparIta unhoMne Izvara ko sarvajJa, sarvavid Adi nAmoM se avazya abhihita kiyA hai| zaGkara ke ye kathana isa bAta ko iMgita karate hai ki unake anusAra avidyA aura mAyA ko paryAyavAcI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| Izvara athavA jaganniyantA ko avidyA kA viSaya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / Izvara ko avidyA kA viSaya mAnanA Atma-vyAghAtI hogaa| deha saMghAta Adi ke sAtha AtmA kI tadrUpatA mAna lenA hI avidyA yA ajJAna hai| karmamAtra se ajJAna kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki karma aura ajJAna kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki karma aura ajJAna meM koI virodha nahIM hai| jisa prakAra aMdhakAra kA nAza kevala jJAna se hI hotA hai, usI prakAra ajJAna kA nAza kevala jJAna se hI hogaa| yaha avidyA ke hI kAraNa hai ki hameM AtmA sasIma pratIta hotI hai, avidyA ke naSTa ho jAne para AtmA jo nitAnta abheda hai, svasvarUpa ko apane Apa prakaTa kara detA hai| yaha usI prakAra he jaise bAdaloM ke chaTa jAne para sUrya svataH prakAzita ho jAtA hai| avidyA anirvacanIya aura anAdi hai yaha AtmA yA jIva para Aropita eka upAdhi hai| 1 brahmasUtra, zAkara bhASya 2.1.14 269

Page #287
adhyAsa zaGkarAcArya ne brahmasUtra zAGkara bhASya meM adhyAsa ke tIna lakSaNa diye haijinameM koI tAtvika bheda nahIM hai| prathama lakSaNa ke anusAra- 'adhyAso nAma smRtirUpaH paratra pUrva dRSTAvabhAsaH / ' arthAt adhyAsa avabhAsa hai, jo bhAsita ho rahA hai vaha uttara jJAna se nirasita ho jaayegaa| yathA- rajju meM sarpa kI prtiiti| dvitIya lakSaNa ke anusAra- 'anyasya anyadharmAvabhAsatA' arthAt kisI anya vastu kA kisI anya vastu ke dharma ke rUpa meM anubhAsita honA hai| yathA sIpI meM rajata kA bhAna tRtIya lakSaNa hai'atasmina tadbuddhiH' / arthAt adhyAsa- 'atada' meM tad kA mithyA bhAna hai| yaha asat kA sat para Aropa hai| yaha sat aura asat kA, satya aura anRta kA, mithunIkaraNa hai| adhyAsa hI mAyA kA hetu hai yadi adhyAsa kA nirAkaraNa ho jAya to mAyA kA svataH nirAkaraNa ho jaayegaa| avidyA ke kAraNa zuddha Atmatva para anAtmA kA tathA dehendriyAntaHkaraNAdi anAtmadharmo kA abhyAsa hote hI yaha zuddha sAkSi caitanya jIva yA pramAtA ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai yahI adhyAsa hai| yaha anAdi, ananta, naisargika tathA mithyAjJAnarUpa adhyAsa sAre anartho kA mUla kAraNa hai| advaita Atmatatva ke aparokSa jJAna se isakA nAza hotA hai tathA vedAnta zAstra prArambha hotA hai-avidyA aura mAyA meM mukhya bheda hai ki avidyA jJAnamImAMsIya aura mAyA tatvamImAMsIya saMmpratyaya hai| mAyA Izvara kI zakti hai zruti aura smRti meM usI ko prakRti kahA gayA hai vaha saMsAra kA bIja hai| zaMkara kahatehai-'sarvajJasya Izvarasya AtmabhUtaiva avidyAkalpite, nAma rupetatvAnyatvAbhyAma nirvacanIye saMsArabIja bhUte ca zruti smRtyorabhilapyate / (zArIraka bhASya 2/1/4) svAmI 'zAGkara bhASya brahmasUtra, upoddhAta 2 vahI atyanta viviktayodharmadharmiNoH mithyAjJAnanimitaH satyAnRta mithunIkRtya 'ahamidam, mamedam' iti naisirgiko'yaM lokvyvhaarH| evaM lakSaNamadhyAsa paNDitA avidyeti manyante, tadvivekena ca vastusvarupAvadhAraNaM vidyaamaahuH| vhii| * vahI,- asyAnartha heto prahANAya Atmaikatva vidyApratipatyaye sarve vedAntA aarmbhynte| 270

Page #288
vidyAraNya ne paJcadazI meM mAyA yA avidyA ke tInoM rUpoM kA vAstava, anirvacanIya aura tuccha kA varNana kiyA hai| jagata vicAra 'brahmasatyaM jagannimithyA jIvo brahmaiva nA'paraH' / arthAt zaGkara ke matAnusAra brahma hI satya hai, jagat mithyA hai tathA jIva aura brahma abhinna hai| jagat kI utpatti ke sambandha meM dArzanikoM meM paryApta matabheda hai koI acetana paramANuoM se utpatti mAnatA hai, koI satkAryavAda, koI asatkAryavAda tathA pariNAmavAda aura vivartavAda ko mAnatA hai| isameM se AcArya zaMkara vivartavAda ko mAnate hai| tAlikA se spaSTa hai kAraNakArya satkAryavAda (sAMkhya) asatkAryavAda (ArambhavAda) (nyAsa vaizeSika) pariNAmavAda (rAmAnuja) vivartavAda (zaMkara) zaMkarAcArya ke anusAra jagat brahma kA vivarta hai, pariNAma nhiiN| jagat brahma kI pratIti mAtra hai, vikAra yA tAtvika parivartana nhiiN| brahma kUTastha nitya hai ataH usameM kisI prakAra kA parivartana saMbhava nahIM hai| mAyA yA avidyA ke kAraNa brahma jIva aura jagata ke rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai ataH jagatkAraNatA saguNa brahma kA taTastha lakSaNa hai| zaMkara ne apane darzana meM vidha koTiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai 1. pratibhAsika sattA - yathA-svapna, bhrama 2. vyavahArika sattA - jagata-jIva, Izvara 5 tucchA'nirvacanIyA ca vAstavI caityasau tridhaa| jJeyA mAyA tribhirvodhai. zrautayauktikalaukikaiH / / pacadazI 271

Page #289
3. paramArthika sattA - brahma zaGkara ne jagata ko vyavahArika sattA ke antargata rakhA hai| jagat vyavahArika dRSTikoNa se pUrNataH satya hai| jagata pratibhAsika sattA kI apekSA adhika satya hai aura paramArthika sattA kI apekSA kama satya hai| jagat tabhI asatya hotA hai jaba jagat kI vyAkhyA paramArthika dRSTikoNa se kI jAtI hai| jo deza, kAla aura kAraNa-niyama ke adhIna hai vaha satya nahIM hai kyoMki isakI utpatti aura vinAza hotA hai| ataH jagata bhI satya nahIM hai| jagata brahma kA vivarta hai| brahma jagatarupI prapaJca kA adhiSThAna hai jo vivarta hai use paramArthataH satya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH vizva asatya hai| zaDkara kA jagat vicAra bauddha mata ke zUnyavAda ke jagat vicAra se bhinna hai| zUnyavAda ke anusAra jo zUnya hai vahIM jagat ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| parantu zaMkara ke matAnusAra brahma jo satya hai vahI jagata ke rupa meM dikhAI detA hai| zUnyavAda ke anusAra jagata kA AdhAra asat hai jabaki zaMkara ke anusAra jagata kA AdhAra sat hai|' mokSa mokSa AtmA yA brahma ke svarUpa kI anubhUti hai| AtmA yA brahma nitya zuddha caitanya evaM akhaNDa Ananda svarUpa hai| AtmA jJAna svarUpa hai aura mokSa AtmA kA svarUpa jJAna hai| bhagavAna buddha ne advaita paramatatva aura nirvANa ko eka hI mAnA hai usI prakAra zaMkarAcArya ke anusAra brahma aura mokSa eka hI hai| jo brahma ko jAnatA hai vaha svayaM brahma hI ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra brahmajJAna aura brahmabhAva eka hI hai| mokSa utpAdya nahIM hai aura na to koI navIna bAta hotI hai balki mokSa prApta huye kI prApti hai-'prAptasya prApti mokssH|' jIva kA jIvatva avidyA ke karaNa hai| avidyA ke vazIbhUta jIva dehendriyAntaH karaNadi se tAdAtya kara letA hai aura deha kI sukha-dukha kI 'zAGkarabhASyopaniSad 4.1, zAGkara bhASya brahmasUtra 1.1.4 2 brahmavida brahmaiva bhavati- muNDakopaniSad 3.2.6 272

Page #290
anubhUtiyoM ko apanA samajha letA hai aura bhoktA banakara janma-maraNa ke cakra meM phaMsa jAtA hai aura saMsaraNa karatA rahatA hai yahI bandhana hai| arthAt AtmA kA zarIra aura mana se apanApana kA sambandha hI bandhana hai| vastutaH bandhana aura mokSa donoM vyavahArika hai tathA paramArthataH mithyA hai| brahma sAkSAtkAra, avidyAnivRtti prapaJca vilaya, mokSa prApti ye saba eka bAta hai aura upacAra mAtra hai avidyAnivRtti aura brahma bhAva yA mokSa meM kAryAntara nahIM hai|' AcArya zaGkara ne brahmasUtra zAGkara bhASya meM samanvayAdhikaraNastha 'tattusamanvayAt' isa sUtra ke vivecana krama meM 'brahmabhAvazca mokSaH' arthAt brahmabhAva yA brahmAvagati ko mokSa kahA gayA hai yaha mokSa nitya, zuddha, brahmasvarUpavAna mokSa sukha ke samAna ApekSika yA pariNAmI sukha nahIM hai jo dharma ke kSINa hone para naSTa ho jAya- 'kSIrNapuNye martyalokaM vizanti' arthAt mokSa paramArthika nitya hai| mokSa kisI karma se prApta nahIM ho sakatA hai usake liye brahma yA paramasat kA avyavAhita jJAna apekSita hai| anAsakta bhAva se kiye gaye karma isa mArga ko prazasta kara sakate hai| kintu isake dvArA bhI sAkSAta jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| usake liye brahma yA paramasat kA avyavahita jJAna apekSita hai| anAsakta bhAva se kiye gaye karma isa mArga ko prazasta kara sakate hai kintu isake dvArA sAkSAt jJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| karma kA pariNAma to kevala racanA-rUpAntaraNa, parivartana yA kisI vastu kI upalabdhi rupa meM dekhA jAtA hai| kintu mokSa isameM se kucha nahIM hai arthAt karmo se zaMkarAcArya mokSa kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM mAnate hai|' brahmabhAva ko prApta karane ke pazcAt 'bhidyate hRdayagranthizchidyante sarvasaMzayA / kSIyante cAsya karmANi tasmina dRSTe praa'vre|' arthAt sabhI prakAra ke zoka evaM moha se 1 zrutayo madhye kAryAntaraM vArayanti / zADkara bhASya 1/1/14 2 nityo hi mokSa:- zAGkara bhASya taittirIya 1.2 3 zAGkara bhASya taittirIya - 1.2 'zAGkara bhASya brahmasUtra-4-1-13 273

Page #291
rahita aisA mukta puruSa sarvatra brahma kA hI darzana karatA hai kyoki vaha svayaM brahma svarupa ho jAtA hai- 'tatra ko mohaH kaH zokaH ekatvamanupazyataH / isa prakAra zaGkarAcArya ne mAkSa ke tIna lakSaNa batAye hai- 1. avidyAnivRttireva mokSaH (mokSa avidyAnivRtti hai| 2. bramhabhAvazca mokSaH (brahmabhAva mokSa hai) 3. nityamazarIratvaM mokSAkhyam (nitya zarIratva mokSa hai) zaGkara mukti ke donoM rUpoM ko mAnate hai- sadeha mukti aura videha mukti| adhiSThAna bhUta Atma sAkSAtkAra se avidyA nivRtta hote hI zarIra ke rahane para bhI azarIratva yA jIvanamukti siddha hotI hai jIvanamukta vyakti ko apane zarIra se usI prakAra koI Asakti nahIM hotI hai jisa prakAra sarpa ko apanI keMculI se nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra kulAcakra pUrvavega ke kAraNa kucha dera taka ghUmatA rahatA hai usI prakAra jIvana mukta kA zarIra prArabdha karma ke kAraNa kucha samaya taka banA rahatA hai kintu isa samaya kisI navIna karma kA saMcaya nahIM hotA hai| prArabdha karma ke naSTa hone para hI dehapAta hokara videha mukti hotI hai| arthAt jaba 'tatvamasi' mahAvAkya kI (upadeza) pariNati 'ahaM brahmAsmi' isa anubhava vAkya meM hotI hai taba brahma sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| zaGkara ne karma aura bhakti ko jJAna prApti meM sahAyaka na mAnakara kevala jJAna ko mAnA hai| jJAna kI prApti vedAnta darzana ke adhyayana se hI saMbhava hai| jo sAdhanacatuSTaya kA pAlana karatA hai vahIM vedAnta kA saccA adhikArI banatA hai- jo nimna hai1. nityAnitya vastu viveka- sAdhaka ko nitya aura anitya vastuoM meM bheda karane kA viveka honA caahie| 274

Page #292
2. ihAmutrArtha bhoga virAga - sAdhaka ko laukika pAralaukika bhogoM kI kAmanA kA parityAga karanA cAhie / 3. zamadamAdi- sAdhana-sampata- sAdhaka ko zama, dama, zraddhA, samAdhAna, uparati aura titikSA ina chaH sAdhanoM ko apanAnA caahie| 4. sAdhaka ko mokSa prApta karane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa honA caahie| jo sAdhaka uparyukta cAra sAdhanoM se yukta hotA hai use vedAnta kI zikSA lene ke liye brahmajJAna anubhUti prApta guru ke caraNoM meM upasthita honA caahie| guru ke sAtha sAdhaka ko zravaNamanana-nididhyAsana praNAlI kA pAlana karanA cAhiye / guru ke upadezoM ko sunanA hI 'zravaNa' hai, usa para tArkika dRSTi se vicAra karanA 'manana' hai phira satya para nirantara dhyAna rakhanA 'nididhyAsana' hai / spaSTa hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke jJAnamArga meM tarka aura zrutijJAna kA samanvaya hai| tarka kA prayoga zrutyartha ko grahaNa karane meM Avazyaka hai| zrutijJAna tarka jJAna ko prerita karatA hai usake samakSa eka Adarza rakhatA hai| tarkajJAna usa Adarza ko prApta karane ke liye apanI antaraMga samIkSA karatA hai| vaha apane ko jitanA yukti yukta aura paripUrNa banAtA hai utanA hI vaha brahmAtmaikya ke anubhava ke sannikaTa pahuMcatA hai - 'tarko vai RSiH'arthAt tarka hI ArSajJAna kA prAptakartA hai| isa prakAra zAGkara darzana para vicAra karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki zAGkara darzana jIvana darzana hai| anya bhAratIya darzana siddhAntoM kI hI bhA~ti AcArya zaGkara ke darzana meM bhI na kevala mAnava jIvana ke sarvocca Adarza para hI vicAra kiyA gayA balki prApta karane kA mArga bhI batAyA gayA hai aura vyavahArika jIvana meM bhI apanAne para bala diyA gayA hai / 275

Page #293
paJcama- adhyAya 19555555555555555

Page #294
zaGkarAcAyAta advaitavAdI AcArya aura unake siddhAta zaGkarAcArya ne saMhitAoM, upaniSadoM, AraNyakoM, brAhmaNoM, brahmasUtra evaM zrImadbhAgavata gItA ke AdhAra para jisa advaitavAda siddhAnta kI vyavasthita evaM saiddhAntika sthApanA kI thI, bAda meM unake ziSyo-praziSyoM ne bhI advaitavAda ko sudRr3hatA pradAna karane meM yogadAna diyaa| zaGkarottara mukhya AcAryoM meM AcArya padmapAda, surezvarAcArya, prakAzAtmA, sarvajJAtmamuni aura vAcaspatimizra kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| ina mahAna AcAryo kA AvirbhAva IsA kI aSTama evaM navama zatAbdI meM huA thA jo advaitavAda kA svarNakAla thaa| niHsandeha AcArya zaGkara ne apane bhASyoM meM tarkapUrNa DhaMga se advaitavAda kI sthApanA kI thI kintu uparyukta dArzanikoM dvArA adhyAsa, mithyAtva, avidyA, jIva brahma sambandha, avidyA nivRtti Adi sambandhe para advaita virodhI bauddha, nyAya Adi matoM kA tarkataH khaNDana kiyA tathA yuktiyukta DhaMga se advaitavAda kI vyAkhyA kI hai| zaMkarottara advaita vedAntiyoM dvArA rAmAnuja, madhvAdi vaiSNavoM ke dvaitaparaka yuktiyoM kA bhI khaNDana kiyaa| zaGkarottara advaita vedAntiyoM meM zaGkarAcArya ke do zipya surezvarAcArya tathA padmapAdAcArya ne apane mahatvapUrNa granthara likhakara advaitavAda kA vikAsa kiyA tathA ina AcAryoM ke atirikta vAcaspatimizra, sarvajJAtmamuni, vimuktAtmA, prakAzAtmayati, zrIharSa, Anandabodha, citsukhAcArya amalAnanda, vidyAraNya svAmI prakAzAnanda yati madhusUdana sarasvatI, brahmAnanda sarasvatI nRsiMhAzrama sarasvatI, appaya dIkSita, dharmarAjA haravIndra aura sadAnanda Adi prasiddha hai| uparyukta pramukha AcAryo meM zaGkara ke zArIraka bhASya para vAcaspati mizra kI prasiddha 'bhAmatI' nAmaka TIkA hai bhAmatI ke nAma para bhAmatI-prasthAna' kahalAtA hai| bhAmatI para amalAnanda sarasvatI ne vedAnta kalpataru nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| padmapAd dvArA racita zArIraka bhASya mukhyataH catuHsUtrI para, paJcapAdikA nAmaka vRtti para 277

Page #295
prakAzAtmayati kI paMcapAdikA 'vivaraNa nAmaka TIkA hai jisake AdhAra para 'vivaraNa prasthAna kahalAtA hai| ye donoM prasthAna advaitavAda ke prAmANika prasthAna hai| isa prasthAna ke pramukha dArzanika, prakAzAtmayati, tatvadIpanakAra akhaNDAnanda, citsukhAcArya, sarvajJa viSNubhaTTa (RjuvivaraNakAra) nRsiMhAzrama, AnaMdapUrNa vidyAsAgara, yajJezvara dIkSita, vivaraNa prameya saMgrahakAra vidyAraNya svAmI Adi / surezvarAcArya ne zaGkarAcArya ke bRhadAraNyaka bhASya aura taittirIya bhASya para vArtika likhe hai jisake kAraNa unhe 'vArtikakAra kahA jAtA hai| inakA prasiddha grantha 'naiSkarmya siddhi hai / vArtika prasthAna ke saMsthApaka surezvarAcArya ke AdhAra grantha vRhadAraNyakopaniSad bhASya vArtika para Anandagiri ne TIkA likhI tathA vidyAraNya svAmI kA vRhadAraNyavArtika sAra saMkSepa rUpa meM hai| surezvarAcArya ke anya granthoM meM paMcIkaraNa vArtika, mAnasollAsa - jo zaMkarAcArya kRta dakSiNA mUrti stotra para vArtika hai| surezvarAcArya ke nAma se svarAjasiddhi aura kAzImRtimokSa vicAra nAmaka grantha bhI hasta likhita granthoM kI sUcI meM diye gaye hai / kintu jo svarAjyasiddhi prakAzita hai usake praNetA gaMgAdharendra sarasvatI ( 16vIM zatI) hai| surezvarAcArya nahIM / taittirIyopanid bhASya vArtika para bhI Ananda giri kI TIkA hai / maNDana mizra kI janma sthAna ke viSaya meM bhI do mata haiM- kucha vidvAna mAnate hai ki bihAra ke saharasA jila ke 'mahiSI' grAma meM huA thA / ye mImAMsaka aura karmakANDa meM AsthA rakhate the| dUsare mata ke anusAra inakI janmasthalI mAhiSmatI nagarI mAnI jAtI hai| jo indaura ke pAsa mAndhAtA nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| ye prasiddha mImAMsaka kumArila ke ziSya the| inakI patnI kA nAma umbA thA jo viduSI thI / mAdhavAcArya ne apane grantha 'zaMkara digvijaya' inake pitA kA nAma himamitra likhA hai| surezvarAcArya kA samaya 800 I0 hai / 278

Page #296
grahaNa karane ke uparAnta hI guru kI AjJA se kaI advaita poSaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA / saMyogavaza eka dina surezvarAcArya ne AcArya zaMkara ko SASTAMga praNAma karate hue nivedana kiyA- 'he mahAna guru! mai jisa prakAra ApakI lakSya prApti meM sahAyaka haeNU use pUrA karane ke lie saba taraha se taiyAra huuN| Apa mujhe niHsaMkoca AjJA pradAna kIjiye / surezvarAcArya kI prArthanA sunakara AcArya zaMkara bahuta prasanna huye aura bole'vatsa! tuma mere zArIrika bhASya para sundara vArtika kI racanA karo / ' surezvarAcArya ne kahA prabho tarkayukta gaMbhIra vAkya sampanna Apake bhASya ko samajhane kI zakti to mujhameM nahIM hai phira bhI ApakI kRpA se maiM yathAzakti grantha racanA karane kI pUrNa ceSTA karU~gA / AcArya ne apanI svIkRti de dii| kintu AcArya ke anya ziSyoM ko jaba yaha bAta mAluma huyI to unhoMne isakA virodha kiyA / ve AcArya ke pAsa pahuMcakara unase nivedana kiyA- bhagavana! Apa surezvarAcArya se apane bhASya para vArtika likhA rahe hai para isase ApakA abhISTa siddha nahI hogaa| kyA kucha hI dina pahale surezvara prabala mImAMsaka nahI the? unhoMne maNDana mizra ke rUpa meM mImAMsA ke karmakANDa kA pratipAdana kiyaa| unhoMne isa bAta para bahuta adhika jora diyA ki samasta vedoM kA lakSya karma ke pratipAdana meM hai| karma karane se hI svarga kI prApti hotI hai| karma hI phaladAtA hai| karma ke atirikta Izvara koI vastu nahIM / he prabho aise karmakANDI dvArA Apake bhASya para vArtika likhanA Apake advaitaparaka bhASya ke sarvathA pratikUla hogA kyoMki usameM vaidika karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA rahegI / ataH surezvarAcArya kI vArtika racanA Apake advaita siddhAnta para kuThArAghAta ke samAna siddha hogii| hama loga ApakA dhyAna Apake yogyatama ziSya padmapAda kI ora AkRSTa karanA cAhate haiM / Apa inakI bhI pahale parIkSA le cuke haiM Apane prasanna hokara sanandana se padmapAda nAma 280

Page #297
rakhA hai ye ve hI padmapAda hai jo ApakI apUrva sevA karake ApakI kRpA se advaita jJAna meM pUrNa rUpa se pratiSThita hue hai| ye jitendriya aura pUrNa brahmajJAnI hai| dvaitabhAva kA inameM leza bhI nahIM hai| padmapAda ke abhAva meM yaha kAma troTaka ko bhI sauMpA jA sakatA hai| jina para sarasvatI kI adbhuta kRpA hai| apanI kaThina tapazcaryA aura alaukika guru bhakti se ApakI mahatI anukampA arjita kI hai| isake bAda padmapAda ne AcArya se prArthanA kI-'yaha hastAmalaka Apake bhASya para vArtika likhane meM sarvathA samartha hai| sabhI zAstroM kA jJAna unheM 'hastAmalakavat' hai| unakI isI viziSTatA para mugdha hokara Apane 'hastAmalaka nAma rakhA thaa| __padmapAda kA nivedana sunakara AcArya ne kahA vatsa padmapAda! tumhArI bAta hastAmalaka ke sambandha meM yathArtha hai para isameM kaThinAI yaha hai ki vaha nirantara artamukhI rahatA hai| sAMsArika prapaJcoM se vaha sarvathA vimukta hai| usakI vRtti barhimukha nahIM hai| brahmajJAna ke advaitatattva meM sadaiva pratiSThita rahatA he use sArI vastuoM kA jJAna prApta hai phira bhI vaha apanI nitAnta arntamukhatA ke kAraNa vArtika likhane ke yogya nahIM hai| para mujhe AzaMkA hai ki surezvara ke binA vArtika racanA kI yojanA asaphala ho jaayegii| ziSya kI bAta sunakara AcArya ne kahA- isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki padmapAda bar3A hI yogya aura vidvAna hai, brahmajJAnI bhI hai| ataH merI rAya hai ki padmapAda isa bhASya para 'vRtti likhe aura surezvara vArtika / vArtika likhane ke liye surezvara svayaM pratijJAbaddha hai| isake bAda AcArya zaGkara ne surezvarAcArya ko ekAnta meM bulAkara kahA- 'vatsa surezvara! abhI tuma vArtika mata likho tumhAre guru bhAIyoM ko sandeha hai ki surezvarAcArya vArtika likhane meM sakSama nahIM hai kyoMki sanyAsa grahaNa karane se pUrva mImAMsA zAstra ke karmakANDa ke prati unakA Agraha bahuta adhika thaa| unakA yaha Agraha abhI chUTA nahIM hogaa| 281

Page #298
zaGkarAcArya ne kahA ki ataeva tuma vArtika racanA ke pUrva eka svataMtra advaitaparaka grantha kI racanA karake mujhe dikhAo isase anya ziSyoM kI AzaMkA nirmUla ho jaayegii| ziSyoM kI manobhAvanAnusAra AcArya kA nayA Adeza pAkara surezvarAcArya advaita siddhAnta ke naye grantha ke praNayana meM juTa gye| thor3e hI samaya meM 'naiSkarmyasiddhi' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kara ddaalii| isa grantha meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA svataMtra aura maulika nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isakI kIrti Aja taka akSuNNa banI huI hai| unhoMne isa grantha ko AcArya ke kara kamaloM meM samarpita kiyaa| isa grantha ko par3hakara AcArya zaGkara ati prasanna huye aura unheM yaha pUrNa nizcaya ho gayA ki surezvarAcArya kI buddhi zAstroM ke yathArtha aura sUkSma bhAvoM ko grahaNa karane meM apratima hai| aisA zAstra marmajJa koI dUsarA nahIM hai| Ajakala bhI bar3e-bar3e sanyAsI aura dArzanika naiSkarmya siddhi kA adhyayana karate hai| aura usakI mukta kaMTha se prazaMsA karate hai| isa para nimnalikhita TIkAeM haijJAnottama kI 'candrikA TIkA', citsukha kI 'bhAvatatva prakAzikA', jJAnAmRte kI 'vidyAsurabhi' aadi| surezvarAcArya ne kahA ki yadi koI bhI vidvAna bhASya (zAGkara bhASya) kA vArtika likhegA to vaha yazasvI nahIM hogA aura usakI kRti vidvAna maNDalI meM prasiddha na ho skegii| aisA abhizApa dekara aura apanI racanA zaGkarAcArya ko dekara nivedana kiyA- guruvara! isa grantha kI racanA maiMne apanI khyAti yA lokasiddhi ke lie nahIM kiyA hai guru ke AdezAnusAra hI isakI racanA kiyA hai| maine sanyAsa kevala isaliye nahIM grahaNa kiyA ki zAstrArtha kI zarta thI balki maine Apake upadeza se bhalIbhA~ti anubhava kiyA ki mokSa kAmI puruSa ke liye tyAgavRtti hI saba kucha hai| ApakI mahatI kRpA se mujhe AtmasAkSAtkAra ho gayA aura sat cit Ananda brahma meM maiM pUrNa rUpa se pratiSThita ho gyaa| 282

Page #299
zaGkarAcArya ne kSubdha hokara surezvarAcArya se kahA ki merI do kRtiyAMbRhadAraNyakopaniSad bhASya aura taittirIyopaniSad bhASya hai| tuma jAnate ho ki merI taittirIya zAkhA hai aura tumhArI kANva / ataH tuma jagata kalyANa ke liye una donoM para vArtika racanA karo ye donoM bhASya mujhe parama priya hai| ina donoM upaniSad bhASyoM para vArtika likhakara tuma sadaiva ke liye amara ho jaaoge| AcArya zaGkara kI AjJA se surezvarAcArya ne bahuta hI alpa samaya meM advaita mArga kA bar3I hI kuzalatA se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai tathA sAtha hI advaita virodhI matoM kA akATya toM aura yuktiyoM se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yatirAja zaGkara ina vArtika granthoM ko dekhakara ati prasanna huye| ye donoM grantha Aja bhI upalabdha hai| dArzanika mata surezvarAcArya kA dArzanika dRSTikoNa apane guru zaGkarAcArya ke siddhAntoM kA hI samarthaka thA kintu kahIM-kahIM apanI pratibhA zakti ke dvArA navIna udbhAvanAeM bhI kI thii| yathA- AbhAsavAda kA siddhAnta surezvarAcArya kA pramukha siddhAnta hai| surezvarAcArya kA pramukha siddhAnta hai| surezvarAcArya jagata ko na pratibimba svIkAra karane ke pakSa meM aura na avaccheda svIkAra karane ke pakSa meM pratibimbavAda aura acchedavAda ke viparIta ve jagat ko AbhAsamAtra mAnate hai| inake mata meM vyavahArika satyoM se pUrNa jagat kI sattA usI prakAra AbhAsamAtra hone ke kAraNa mithyA hai jisa prakAra mAyika (aindrajAlika) viSaya AbhAsamAtra hone ke kAraNa mithyA hote hai| donoM meM antara hai ki vyavahArika jagat ke satya, jagat meM avidyA ke kAraNa satya dikhAI par3ate hai aura mAyika viSayoM kA mithyAtva vyavahArika jagata meM hI hotA hai| parantu vyavahArika satyatA tabhI taka kahI jA sakatI hai jaba taka ki siddha avidyA kI nivRtti nahIM hotii| isa vRhadAraNyaka bhApya vArtika pR0 1245 283

Page #300
prakAra AcArya surezvara ke mata meM jagat kI satyatA AbhAsamAtra hai vAstavika nhiiN| isa prakAra paramArtha satya brahma ke aneka jAgatika rUpo meM AbhAsana kA kAraNa avidyA hai| jahAM taka pratibimbavAda kA prazna hai, bimba (mUlatattva) evaM pratibimba meM abhinnatva hai parantu isake viparIta AbhAsavAda siddhAnta ke anusAra mUlatattva (bramha) evaM AbhAsa mAtra dvaitarUpa jagata meM abhinnatva nahIM hai| pratibimbavAda ke anusAra avidyA meM paramArtha satya rupa brahma kA jo pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai vaha brahma se pRthaka na hone ke kAraNa satya hai| parantu surezvarAcArya ke AbhAsavAda ke anurUpa avidyA ke kAraNa mUla satya brahma meM jisa vyavahArika jagat kI pratIti hotI hai vaha AbhAsamAtra hone ke kAraNa satya nahIM hai| pratibimbavAda ke anusAra pratibimba sarvadA satya hotA haiN| ajJAna ke kAraNa pratibimba sarvadA satya hotA hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa pratibimba asatya dikhAI par3atA hai| pratibimbavAda kI dRSTi meM ajJAna bimba evaM pratibimba kI bheda dRSTi hai| bimba evaM pratibimba ke bheda darzAna ke kAraNa hI draSTA ko pratibimba mithyA pratIta hotA hai, abheda darzana ke dvArA nhiiN| isa prakAra avacchedavAda ke mata meM sarvavyApI evaM asIma brahma hI jIva kI avidyA kI ananta upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa avacchinna evaM asIma rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra avaccheda ke anusAra avaccheda (brahma kA avicchinna rUpa) mAnasika dhAraNA hone ke kAraNa mithyA hai parantu (brahma) avacchinna dikhAI par3atA hai vaha sarvathA anavacchinna evaM satya hI hai| isake viparIta AbhAsavAda ke anusAra jagat kI satyatA kA AbhAsa kisI prakAra bhI satya nahIM hai| AbhAsavAda ke AdhAra para surezvarAcArya ne vyavahArika jagata ko AbhAsa mAtra kahakara jagata kA nirAkaraNa karake advaitavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| surezvarAcArya kA yahI AbhAsavAda hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhagavAna vAdarAyaNa tathA 1 bRhadAraNyaka bhApya vArtika pR0 666 vidhi viveka 21,22 2 Dr. Virmani Upadhyaa - Lights on Vedanta - P-43 284

Page #301
catuHsUtrI brahmasUtra taka hI sImita hai| yaha grantha adhUrI hI pratIta hotI hai, kintu mAdhavAcArya ne 'zaGkara digvijaya' meM likhA hai paMcapAdikA kA uttarArddha zeSa bhAga bhI hai| jisakA nAma 'vRtti' thaa| samprati vRtti' nAmaka vaha bhAga anupalabdha hai| 'zaGkara digvijaya' meM varNita eka kathA ke anusAra padmapAdAcArya kI brahmasUtra likhI TIkA kA pUrva nAma 'vedAntaDiNDima' thaa| aba yaha paMcapAdikA nAma se jAnI jAtI hai- 'yatpUrvabhAgaH kila paJcapAdikA taccheSagA vRttiriti prathIyasI (zaGkara digvijaya zloka 70-71) ___ paJcapAdikA zAGkara vedAnta kA atimahatvapUrNa nibandhagrantha hai isa grantha meM padmapAda ne zAGkarabhASya ke tAtparya kA tArkika aura abhUtapUrva vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai| yaha zAGkarabhASya kA yathArtha Alaka grantha hai| zaGkara digvijaya meM cartudaza sarga meM padmapAda kI tIrthayAtrA kI icchA, tIrthayAtrA kA doSa, tIrthayAtrA prazaMsA Adi kA varNana hai| yatirAja zaGkara ne padmapAda ko zikSA dete huye kahA vatsapadmapAda guru kA sAmIpya hI sabase bar3I tIrthayAtrA hai, guru kA caraNodaka hI mahAna tIrtha kA pavitra jala hai| kintu zaGkarAcArya dvArA tIrthayAtrA doSa batAne para bhI padmapAda aDiga rhe| vArtika racanA meM bAdhA DAlane ke kAraNa padmapAda mana hI mana apane ko mahAna aparAdhI samajhane lage the| bhArI pazcAtApa se unakA mana bhara gayA thA ataH mana hI mana tIrthayAtrA karane kA saMkalpa kara liyA thaa| padmapAda kI bAteM sunane ke bAda AcArya zaGkara ne tIrthayAtrA karane kA AzIrvAda diyaa| padmapAda uttara bhArata kI yAtrA karane ke anantara dakSiNa bhArata kI yAtrA kiye| dakSiNa bhArata meM kAlahastIzvara zivaliMga kI pUjA kiye tathA isake bAda rAmezvara kI ora prasthAna kiye, rAste meM mAmA kA gA~va milaa| mAmA-bhAMje ko dekhakara prasanna huye zuzruSamANena gureH samIpe stheyaM na neya ca tato'nya deze (zaMkara digvi0 14/3) padyAgraho'sti taba tIrtha niSevaNAyAM vighnomayA'tra na khalu kriyate pumarthe / / zaGkara digvijaya 114/20 286

Page #302
catuHsUtrI brahmasUtra taka hI sImita / yaha grantha adhUrI hI pratIta hotI hai, kintu mAdhavAcArya 'zaGkara digvijaya' meM likhA hai paMcapAdikA kA uttarArddha zeSa bhAga bhI hai| jisakA nAma 'vRtti' thA / samprati 'vRtti' nAmaka vaha bhAga anupalabdha hai| 'zaGkara digvijaya' meM varNita eka kathA ke anusAra padmapAdAcArya kI brahmasUtra likhI TIkA kA pUrva nAma 'vedAntaDiNDima' thA / aba yaha paMcapAdikA nAma jAnI jAtI hai- 'yatpUrvabhAgaH kila paJcapAdikA taccheSagA vRttiriti prathIyasI (zaGkara digvijaya zloka 70-71) paJcapAdikA zAGkara vedAnta kA atimahatvapUrNa nibandhagrantha hai isa grantha meM padmapAda ne zAGkarabhASya ke tAtparya kA tArkika aura abhUtapUrva vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai / yaha zAGkarabhASya kA yathArtha Alaka grantha hai / zaGkara digvijaya meM cartudaza sarga meM padmapAda kI tIrthayAtrA kI icchA, tIrthayAtrA kA doSa, tIrthayAtrA prazaMsA Adi kA varNana hai / yatirAja zaGkara ne padmapAda ko zikSA dete huye kahA vatsapadmapAda guru kA sAmIpya hI sabase bar3I tIrthayAtrA hai, ' guru kA caraNodaka hI mahAna tIrtha kA pavitra jala hai| kintu zaGkarAcArya dvArA tIrthayAtrA doSa batAne para bhI padmapAda aDiga rahe / vArtika racanA meM bAdhA DAlane ke kAraNa padmapAda mana hI mana apane ko mahAna aparAdhI samajhane lage the| bhArI pazcAtApa se unakA mana bhara gayA thA ataH mana hI mana tIrthayAtrA karane kA saMkalpa kara liyA thA / padmapAda kI bAteM sunane ke bAda AcArya zaGkara ne tIrthayAtrA karane kA AzIrvAda diyaa| padmapAda uttara bhArata kI yAtrA karane ke anantara dakSiNa bhArata kI yAtrA kiye / dakSiNa bhArata meM kAlahastIzvara zivaliMga kI pUjA kiye tathA isake bAda rAmezvara kI ora prasthAna kiye, rAste meM mAmA kA gA~va milaa| mAmA-bhAMje ko dekhakara prasanna huye zuzrUSamANena gure samIpe stheya na neya ca tato'nya deze (zaMkara digvi0 14 / 3) padyAgraho'sti taba tIrtha niSevaNAyAM vighnomayA'tra na khalu kriyate pumarthe / zaGkara digvijaya 114 / 20 286 1

Page #303
1. paJcapAdikA darpaNa svAmI amalAnanda 2. paJcapAdikA TIkA AnandapUrNa vidyAsAgara 3. vedAntaratnakoSa nRsiMhAzrama 4. prabodhaparizoghanI Atmasvarupa 5. tAtparya dyotinI vijJAnAtmA dArzanika siddhAnta jahAM taka padmapAdAcArya ke dArzanika siddhAnta kA prazna hai advaitavedAnta ke kSetra meM unhoMne eka naI dRSTi dI thii| paJcapAdikAkAra padmapAdAcArya evaM vivaraNakAra prakAzAtmAyati ke nAma se jo dArzanika vivecana milatA hai vaha vivaraNa sampradAya ke nAma se milatA hai| padmapAdAcArya brahma evaM avidyA meM AzrayAzrayibhAva evaM viSaya-viSayi bhAva sambandha sthApita karate hai|' ena. ke. devarAja bhAratIya darzana meM likhate hai ki- "padmapAda ne mAyA yA avidyA ko anirvacanIya tathA jar3Atmaka avidyA zakti kahA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki mAyA yA ajJAna anAdi aura bhAvarUpa hai, sat aura asat se vilakSaNa hai aura jJAna se vinAzya hai| mAyA ko bhAvarUpa kahane kA artha sirpha itanA hai ki vaha abhAvarUpa nahIM hai (abhAva vilakSaNatva mAtraM vivakSitam) AcchAdya vikSipati saMsphuradAtmarUpam jIvezvaratva jagadAkRtibhirmuSaiva ajJAnamAvaraNa vibhramazakti yogAt Atmattva mAtra viSayAzrayatA blen| - saM0 zArIraka, 1/20 ' Lights on Vedanta - Page - 105 288

Page #304
arthAt- AtmaviSayaka aura AtmAzrayI ajJAna AtmA ke jyortimayarUpa ko DhaMkakara apanI vibhrama zakti se Atma-tatva ko jIva, Izvara aura jagat kI AkRtiyoM meM vikSipta kara detA hai| sarvajJa muni ke guru surezvarAcArya bhI ajJAna zabda kA prayoga karanA pasanda karate hai / " jagatamithyAttva ke sambandha meM padmapAdAcArya kA mata hai ki mithyAtva ko satya evaM asatya ke atyantAbhAva kA anAdhikaraNa kahA hai- sattvAsattvAtyantAbhAvAnadhikaraNattvam' / ` arthAt isa mata ke anusAra mithyA evaM anirvacanIya jagata ko na pUrNatayA satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na hI pUrNatayA asatya hI kahA jA sakatA hai| padmapAdAcArya kA mata hai ki mithyAjJAna kI nivRtti kevala jIva evaM brahmakatva vijJAnAdbhavati na kriyAtaH / * padmapAdAcArya ne 'mithyA' zabda ke do artha batAye hai- eka to apahnava yA niSedha aura dUsarA anirvacanIya yA sadsadvilakSaNa | avidyA yA mAyA ke liye mithyA zabda kA prayoga sadsadanirvacanIya ke artha meM kiyA jAtA hai 'mithyAzabdo'tra anirvacanIyatA vacana: / ' avidyA ke lie kucha asaMbhava nahIM hai- asaMbhava ko bhI saMbhava ke rUpa meM bhA karatI hai| vastutaH padmapAda hI vivaraNa prasthAna ke janaka haiN| isa prasthAna ko TIkA prasthAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki paMcapAdikA zArIraka bhASya kI eka TIkA hai / vAcaspati mizra (840 I0 ) - yaha AcArya zaGkara ke bAda ke advaitavedAnta ke dArzanika hai / inakA samaya kucha loga 840 I0 mAnate hai / ' kintu nyAyasUcI, unakA pahalA nibandha grantha hai| isakA racanAkAla unhoMne saMvat 868 arthAt 676 I0 batAyA hai / * ena. ke. devarAja - bhAratIya darzana pR0 528 2 paJcapAdikA - pR0 10 * paJcapAdikA pR0 10 * paJcapAdikA pR0 60 * paJcapAdikA pR0 4 AzutoSa zAstrI - vedAnta darzana, advaitavAda (baMgalA saMskaraNa) 289

Page #305
nyAsasUcI nibandho'sAvakAri sudhiyAM mude / zrI vAcaspati mizreNa vasvaGkavasuvatsare / / isa prakAra unakA samaya nizcita hai ve dasavIM zatAbdI ke eka zreSTha sarvataMtra svataMtra dArzanika hai / ye bhAmatI prasthAna ke saMsthApaka AcArya haiN| inakI prasiddha kRti 'bhAmatI' zaGkarAcArya ke zArIraka bhASya kI vizada aura maulika TIkA hai| ye maNDana mizra se bhI prabhAvita the| isake atirikta unhoMne maNDana mizra kI 'brahmasiddhi' para 'brahmatatva samIkSA' nAmaka eka TIkA likhI thI jo aba anupalabdha hai| isakA ullekha vAcaspati mizra ne bhAmatI meM kaI sthAnoM para kiyA hai- yathA bhASyabhAmatI meM (brahmasUtra ke 3/31 / 54) kahate hai ki- 'na ca viSaya bheda grAhi pramANamastIti copapAditaM brahmatattva samIkSAyAM asmaabhiH|' vedAnta ke atirikta anya zAstroM para bhI inakI kRtiyAM hai- jaise- nyAya zAstra para nyAyasUcI nibandha, nyAyavArtika tAtparya, pataJjaliyogasUtra para vyAsabhASya kI TIkA - tatvavaizAradI, pUrvamImAMsA kA eka prakaraNa grantha tatva bindu aura maNDana mizra ke vidhiviveka para nyAyakaNikA nAmaka TIkA unake grantha hai / granthoM ko dekhakara lagatA hai ki ye apanI darzana yAtrA nyAya darzana se AraMbha kara sAMkhya yoga darzana taka pahuMce the aura punaH vahAM se pUrvamImAMsA kA mArga pakar3akara vedAnta taka pahu~ce the| bhAmatI zrI mizra kI antima racanA pratIta hotI hai| kyoMki ve isake anta meM kahate hai ki- 'jo puNya maine nyAyakaNikA, brahmatattva samIkSA, tatva bindu tatvakaumudI (sAMkhya nibandha) tattva vaizAradI (yoga nibandha) aura bhAmatI (vedAnta nibandha) likhakara prApta kiyA hai usake phala ko paramezvara ko car3hAtA huuN| paramezvara mujhase prasanna ho" / 1 saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa- dazama khaNDa vedAnta paM0 baldeva upAdhyAya - pR0 85 290

Page #306
bhAmatI kI TIkAe~ bhAmatI para amalAnanda sarasvatI ne 'vedAnta kalpataru' nAmaka eka TIkA likhI hai| inhoMne bhAmatI ko zArIraka bhASya kA vArtika kahA hai|' bhAmatI para aura bhI anya TIkAeM hai- jaise ballAla sUrikRta bhAmatI tilaka, akhaNDAnubhUti yatikRta RjuprakAzita, acyutakRSNatIrtha kRta bhAmatI bhAva dIpikA, ajJAta kartRka bhAmatI yuktArtha saMgraha Adi hai| dArzanika vicAra vAcaspati mizra kA sabase prasiddha siddhAnta avaccheda vAda hai| zaGkara advaitavAda ke anusAra jIva-jagat-Izvara-paramAtmA Adi meM koI vAstavika bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA hai balki bhedapratIti aupAdhika hai| isa aupAdhika bheda kI vyAkhyA ke liye tIna mata prasiddha hai- (1) pratibimbavAda- zrI padamapAdAcArya kA (800 I0 meM) (2) AbhAsavAda surezvarAcArya kA hai 825 meM sthApanA huii| (3) avacchedavAda (850 I0 meM) zrI vAcaspati mizra kA siddhAnta hai| avacchedavAda ke anusAra brahma nirastopAdhi jIva hai aura jIva avidyopAdhi brahma hai| mizra kA kathana hai ki jIva kI avidyopAdhi ke kAraNa anavacchinna evaM asIma brahma avacchinnatA evaM sasImatA ko prApta hotA hai| jisa prakAra AkAza eka aura avibhajya hai kintu sAMsArika loga ghaTAkAza maThAkAza kahakara abhihita karate hai usI prakAra eka hI asIma bramha jIva kI avidyopAdhi ke kAraNa sasImatA evaM avacchinnatA ko prApta hotA hai| jaise ghaTa-maTha rUpI upAdhiyoM ke naSTa hone para ghaTAkAza-maThAkAza Adi bheda naSTa ho jAte haiM usI prakAra avidyopAdi ke naSTa ho jAne para jagata ke samasta bheda naSTa ho jAte hai aura brahmAtmA hI zeSa raha jAtA hai| ' 'nanu TIkAyAM durukta cintA na yuktA vArtike hi sA bhavati tarhi vArtikatvamastu na hi vArtikasya zrRMgamasti' (kalpataru 2/4/16) upAdhyavacchinnazca jIvaH (bhAmatI-nyAya nirNaya ratnaprabhA meM bhAmatI pR0 210 291

Page #307
kalpatarukAra kA kathana hai ki vedAnta darzana jIva evaM brahma ke aikya kA bodha karAne meM samartha hai| jIva aura avidyA ke bIca zrI mizra jI AzrayAzrayIbhAva mAnate hai aura isake viparIta Izvara aura avidyA meM viSayaviSayIbhAva ko svIkAra karate hai| zrI vAcaspati mizra ke anusAra paramArthataH Izvara bhI atAtvika hai kintu nAma aura rUpa kI apekSA se satya kahA jAtA hai| Izvara aura jIva donoM kArya-prapaJca ke aMgabhUta hai donoM meM aMzI aura aMza kA samaSTi aura vyaSTi kA sambandha hai| kAraNopAdhi Izvara aura kAryopAdhi jIva hai| unake yaha upAdhibheda hI avacchedaka bheda hai| isa prakAra avacchedavAda dvArA jahAM brahma kI nirapekSatA siddha hotI hai vahIM jIva kA jIvatva bhI ApekSika satya mAnA jAtA hai| brahma kA jIvabhAva kAlpanika nahI apitu bhAvika hai|' karmasamuccita jJAna zAGkara mata meM kevala jJAna se hI brahmasAkSAtkAra mAnA gayA hai kintu kucha AcAryo ne jaise brahmadatta tathA maNDana mizra ne karmasamuccita jJAna ko brahmasAkSAtkAra kA kAraNa mAnA hai isako ye abhyAsa tathA prasaMkhyAna kahate hai| vAcaspati mizra bhI ukta mata kA samarthana karate hai| maNDana mizra ne 'brahmasiddhi meM isakA varNana kiyA hai| nididhyAsana ko bArabAra AvRtti karane kI AvazyakatA ko 'prasaMkhyAna' zabda diyA hai| amalAnanda mAnate hai ki vAcaspati mizra bhI maNDana mizra ke prasaMkhyAna se hI brahmasAkSAtkAra ko svIkAra karate hai| zaGkara aura vAcaspati vAcaspati mizra ne zaGkarAcArya ko vizuddha vijJAna tathA karuNAkAra kahA hai| 1 brahmAtmaikatva bodhitvAda vedAntinAm- vedAntakalpataru, pR0 25 (prathama bhAga) bhAmatI - vahI - pR0 375 3 vedAnta kalapataru, pR056 292

Page #308
vAcaspati kA mata hai ki zArIraka bhASya rUpI gaMgA se mila jAne ke kAraNa unakI kRti bhAmatI bhI pavitra ho gayI hai| bhAmatI ne niHsandeha zArIraka bhASya kI rakSA kI hai| vizeSatayA una darzanoM se jisakA khaNDana svayaM zaGkarAcArya ne tarkapAda meM kiyA hai| vAcaspati mizra ke samaya meM bauddha, jaina, sAMkhya, vaizeSika, pAzupata, pAMcarAtra darzanoM ke AcAryo ne zaGkara ke khaNDanoM kA prativAda kiyA thaa| vAcaspati mizra ne isa prativAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| zArIraka bhASya ke tarkapAda ko jitanA bhAmatI meM prAmANika, tathyasaMgata aura yuktiyukta banAyA hai utanA kisI anya TIkA ne nahIM kiyaa| vAcaspati mizra ne padmapAda kI paMcapAdikA (vivaraNa prasthAna) kA kahIM-kahIM khaNDana kiyA hai| amalAnanda sarasvatI ne isakA aura khaNDana kiyaa| vastutaH prakAzAtmA ne vivaraNa meM bhAmatI kA bhI prabala khaNDana kiyA hai| sarvajJAtma muni- (600 I0) sarvajJAtma muni vArtika prasthAna ke dArzanika hai| inakA samaya 600 I0 mAnA gayA hai| sarvajJAtmamuni kA dUsarA nAma nityabodhAcArya thaa| ye zRMgerImata ke navama maThAdhIza the| sarvajJAtmamuni kI prakhyAta racanA saMkSepa zArIraka' hai| sarvajJAtmamuni ne apane guru kA nAma devezvarAcArya likhA hai- 'jayantidevezvarapAdareNavaH / (saM0 zArI0 1/8) rAmatIrtha ne devezvara se surezvarAcArya kA hI artha lagAyA hai| sarvajJAtmA AcArya surezvara ke ziSya the| saMkSepa zArIraka ko zArIraka bhASya kA bhI vArtika kahA jAtA hai| yaha padya meM hai| sarvajJAtmamuni ke do aura grantha hai- paMcaprakriyA aura pramANa lkssnn| saMkSepa zArIraka para anya TIkAeM hai jo nimna hai 1. madhusUdanasarasvatI kRta saMkSepa zArIraka saMgraha 1 bhAmatI kA maMgalAcaraNa 2 (1) DA0 dAsa gupta- e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana philAsaphI bhAga-2 pR0 112 (2) saMkSepazArIraka 1/- para rAmatIrtha kI TIkA 293

Page #309
2. nRsiMhAzrama kRta tatvabodhinI 3. rAmatIrtha kRta anvayArtha prakAzikA 4. rAghavAnanda kRta vidyAmRtavarSiNI 5. vizvaveda kRta siddhAntadIpa Adi TIkAeM hai / zaGkarottara advaitavAdiyoM meM jagatakAraNatA ke sambandha meM tIna mata pratibimbavAda, AbhAsavAda, avacchedavAda pracalita hai / sarvajJAtmamuni kA jagata kAraNatA sambandhI mata vivaraNakAra ke mata se bhinna hai- vivaraNakAra kA mata hai ki zuddha cit tatva hI Izvara aura jIva rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai aura sAkSI ke rUpa meM kArya karatA hai| aura vahIM jagata kA upAdAna kAraNa hai| saMkSepazArIraka sarvajJAtmamuni kA kathana hai ki avidyA meM zuddha citta kA pratibimba Izvara hai aura antaHkaraNa meM zuddha cit kA pratibimba jIva hai / ataH zuddha cit hI jo avidyAgata pratibimba kA mUla hai, sAkSI evaM jagat kA upAdAna kAraNa hai| kintu vAcaspati mizra ne jIva ko hI jagat kA upAdAnakAraNa mAnA hai kyoMki avidyA ke kAraNa jIva hI brahma sAkSAtkAra na karake prapaJca rUpa jagat kI sRSTi karatA hai / ' advaitAnanda bodhendra ( 1146 I0) yaha advaita vedAnta ke mukhya dArzanika the inakA (advaitAnanda bodhendra) kA kAla bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha kA anta hai| yaha kAMcI ke zAradAmaTha ( kAmakoTipITha) ke pIThAdhIza the aura bhUmAnanda sarasvatI yA candrazekharendra sarasvatI ke ziSya the rAmAnanda sarasvatI se vedAnta vidyA kA gUr3ha adhyayana kiyA thA / cid vilAsa yA Anandabodha nAma advaitasiddhi para brahmAnandI TIkA, pR0 - 483 (bambaI prakAzana) tathA siddhAnta bindu, pR0 225-227 294

Page #310
se bhI ye jAne jAte the| inakI prasiddha racanAeM brahmavidyAbharaNa, zAntivivaraNa, aura gurupradIpa hai| Anandabodha bhaTTArakAcArya (12vIM zatAbdI) advaita vedAnta ke samIkSaka AcArya Ananda bodha bhaTTAraka bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha meM the| Anandabodha iSTasiddhikAra vimuktAtmA ke ziSya the| inake tIna grantha upalabdha hainyAya makaranda, pramANa mAlA aura nyAya diipaavlii| 'nyAya-makaranda' saMgrahAtmaka grantha hai, isameM inhoMne naiyAyikoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| anubhUtisvarUpa ne ina tInoM granthoM para TIkAeM likhI hai| nyAyamakaranda tathA prANamAlA para citsukha kI bhI TIkAeM prApta hotI nyAyavaizeSika darzana kA khaNDana karake advaitavAda kI sthApanA karane ke kAraNa Anandabodha bAda prasthAna ke pramukha dArzanika dArzanikoM meM se hai| unhoMne nyAyamakaranda meM khyAtivAda ke vibhinna matoM kI acchI samAlocanA kI hai aura anirvacanIya khyAtivAda ko pratipAdita kiye| nyAyamakarandakAra kA mata padmapAdAcArya aura prakAzAtmA ke matoM se bhinna hai| mithyAtva evaM anirvAcyatA ko spaSTa karate hue AnandabodhAcArya kahate hai ki avidyA ke kAryo evaM pariNAmoM sahita avidyA kI nivRtti ko bAdha kahate hai aura bAdha kA jJAna honA hI anirvAtyatA hai|' AnandabodhAcArya sadsadvilakSaNa avidyA ko hI jagata kA kAraNa mAnate hai| sat padArtha aura asat padArtha donoM hI jagata kI utpatti kA kAraNa nahIM hai ataH sat aura asat se vilakSaNa avidyA hI hai| AnandabodhAcArya AtmA ko AnandarUpa nahIM mAnate hai apitu saMvidrUpa mAnate hai| ve avidyA nivRtti ko sat, asat, sadasat aura anirvacanIya 1 Tripathi Introduction to Anandajrana's Tarkasangraha. 2 'savilAsAvidyAnivRttireva bAdhastadagocara taivaanirvaacytaa| (nyAyamakaranda, pR0 125 caukhambA saskaraNa, banArasa 1607) nyAyamakaranda pR0 122, 123 295

Page #311
se bhinna paMcama prakAra kI mAnate hai| isI kAraNa se advaitavedAnta ke itihAsa meM ve apanA apratima sthAna rakhate hai| prakAzAyati' (12vIM zatAbdI) prakAzAtmA ne padmapAda kI 'paJcapAdikA' para 'paJcapAdikA vivaraNa TIkA' likhakara vivaraNa prasthAna ko janma diyaa| yaha vivaraNa TIkA paravartI kAla meM zAMkara sampradAya meM itanI prasiddha huI ki isa para aneka upaTIkAeM likhI gayI jaisesarvajJaviSNu bhaTTa kI RjuvivaraNa, akhaNDAnanda kI tatvadIpana, citsukhAcArya kI tAtparyadIpikA, nRsiMhAzrama kI bhAvaprakAzikA, Ananda pUrva vidyAsAgara kI paJcapAdikA vivaraNa vyAkhyA Adi upaTIkAeM hai| mAdhavAcArya (vidyAraNya 1350 I0) dvArA racita "vivaraNa prameya saMgraha' aura rAmAnanda sarasvatI likhita 'vivaraNopanyAsa prakaraNa grantha hai| vivaraNakAra mAyA ati vilakSaNa ke pratibhA ke dhanI the| unakI vivaraNa TIkA vyAkhyA grantha hone para bhI eka svataMtra aura maulika grantha hai| prakAzAtmAyati vAstava meM zAGkarabhASya kI paMcapAdikA ke prakAzastambha hai isameM sandeha nahIM hai| prakAzAtmA kA jIvana paricaya upalabdha nahIM hai kintu rAdhAkRSNana ne unakA janma samaya 1200 IsvI svIkAra kiyA hai| ye sanyAsI the aura anubhavAcArya ke ziSya the isa prakAra kA ullekha vivaraNa ke prArambha meM milatA hai- "arthato'pi na nAmnaiva yo'nanyAnubhavoguruH / prakAzAtmayati vidyAraNya ke pUrvavartI the kyoMki vidyAraNya ne vivaraNa para 'vivaraNa prameya saMgraha' kI racanA kI hai vidyAraNya kA samaya 14vIM zatAbdI hai ataH prakAzAtmA kA samaya dvAdaza zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa siddha hotA hai| prakAzatmA ne advaita tattva ke vizleSaNa meM brahma evaM avidyA ke bIca AzrayAzrayibhAva evaM viSaya-viSayi bhAva sambandha mAnA hai| padmapAdAcArya isa mata ko mAnate hai jabaki vAcaspati kA mata isase bhinna hai| kintu / sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNana- bhAratIya darzana bhAga 2 hindI anuvAda, dillI 1672 pR0 445 296

Page #312
mithyAttva ke vizleSaNa meM prakAzAtmAyati padmapAda se bhinna mata mAnate hai| padmapAdAcArya zukti Adi meM rajatAdi ke sArvatrika evaM traikAlika mithyAtva ko nahIM mAnate hai| isake viparIta prakAzAtmA zukti Adi meM rajatAdi ke sArvatrika evaM traikAlika mithyAtva kA pratipAdana karate hai|' vivaraNakAra ne mithyAtva ko anirvacanIyatA kA hI samarthaka mAnA brahma sAkSAtkAra ke sAdhana ko lekara yaha brahmadatta se alaga mata rakhate hai brahmadatta manana ko mukhya sAdhaka na mAnakara zravaNa ko hI brahmasAkSAtkAra kA sAdhana mAnA hai| vimuktAtmA (1200I0) vimuktAtmA kisI prasthAna vizeSa se sambandhita nahIM hai| inakI pramukha kRti 'iSTa siddhi' hai jo advaita vedAnta kI eka maulika kRti hai| vimuktA kI tithi vivAda grasta hai| kintu upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para siddha hotA hai ki yaha 12vIM zatI ke bAda ke nahIM ho sakate kyoMki rAmAnuja ne apane grantha meM 'iSTasiddhi' kA uddharaNa diyA hai aura yAmunAcArya (1100I0) hai|ve bhI iSTa siddhi kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyA haiN| ataH inakA samaya 1050 I0 ke pahale honA caahiye| Anandabodha vimuktAtmA ke ziSya the| pro0 surendranAtha dAsa gupta vimuktAtmA kI tithi 1200 I0 mAnate hai| iSTasiddhi advaitavedAnta kA eka prakaraNa grantha haiN| usa para jJAnottama ne vivaraNa nAma kI TIkA likhI hai| iSTasiddhi meM ATha adhyAya hai| ina adhyAyoM ke avalokana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vimuktAtmA kA iSTa mAyA kA vivecana karanA hai| pratipAdya mAyA 'pratipannopAdhau traikAlikaniSedha prtiyogitvm| ............. svaniSTha niravacchinna prakAratA nirupita nizeSyatA samAnAdhikaraNAtyantA bhAva pratiyogitvam mithyAtvam / - Lights on Vedanta P-181 se uddhata prakAzAtmA kA mt| 2 paJcapAdikA vivaraNa, pR0 156 (Govt. Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, 1958) 'paJcapAdikA vivaraNa pR0 104-105 297

Page #313
kI siddhi ke lie vividha bhrama siddhAntoM kA khaNDana karake anirvacanIya khyAti kI sthApanA karate hai| isakI siddhi meM vimuktAtmA ne likhA hai- 'satve na bhrAntibAdhau stAM nAsattve khyaatibaadhkau| sadasadabhyAm nirvAcyA vidyA vedyaissaha: bhramAH / / " unhoMne likhA hai ki rajju sarpa athavA zukti-rajata meM sarpa athavA rajata sata nahIM ho kyoMki usakA jJAna se bAdha ho jAtA hai asat bhI nahIM hai kyoMki usakI (sarpa, rajata) pratIti hotI hai| ataH sadsad se bhinna arthAt anirvAcya hai| anivarcanIya khyAtivAda meM bhrama ke AvaraNa tathA vikSepa donoM pakSoM kI vyAkhyA he| isI kAraNa avidyA nivRtti ko paMcama prakAra mAnate hai| vimuktAtmA apane grantha ke anta meM varNyaviSaya kA upasaMhAra isa prakAra karate hai sarveSTa: paramAnando vedAntAtma pramANakaH / ityeSo'rtho vizeSeNa mayeSTo vedaminvataH / / 27 / / arthazcAyam nirvAcyA yadvidyA prsidhyti| vyayacIrama vidyAM tAmat iSTArtha siddhaye / / 28 / / isa prakAra madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 'advaitasiddhi' meM iSTasiddhi kA ullekha kiyA zrI harSa (12vIM zatAbdI) __ zrI harSa eka yugAntakArI kavi evaM dArzanika donoM hI the| inakA nAma advaitavAda ke itihAsa meM mIla ke patthara kI taraha hai| advaitavedAnta meM unhoMne eka krAnti kI hai jisake do pahalU itihAsa prasiddha hai 1. unhoMne advaitavedAnta meM eka naye prasthAna kI sthApanA kI, jise bAdha prasthAna kahA jAtA hai| unakA grantha 'khaNDana-khaNDa khAdya' isa prasthAna kI bAibila hai| isake * iSTasiddhi 1/6 298

Page #314
anya dArzanika citsukha aura madhusUdana sarasvatI hai| jinake grantha kramazaH tatvapradIpikA (citsukhI) aura advaita siddhi hai| khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya citsukhI aura advaitasiddhi bAdha prasthAna ke mUla grantha hai| inameM se pratyeka ke Upara TIkAeM likhI gayI hai| ina sabhI TIkAkAroM ko bAdha prasthAna ke arntagata rakhA jAtA hai| isa prakAra bAdha prasthAna ke dArzanikoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| bAdha prasthAna kA mukhya prayojana hai tarkabuddhi dvArA advaitavedAnta kI pratirakSA karanA tathA una sabhI ApattiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA jo advaita virodhI dArzanikoM ne samaya-samaya para advaitavAda para lagAI thii| 2. zrI harSa kA uddezya 'khaNDana-khaNDa-khAdya meM vedAnta ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karanA thaa| isake prabala pratipakSI naiyyAyika hI the| udayanAcArya nyAya ke avatAra mAne jAte hai| ataH zrI harSa ne mukhya rUpa se inhIM ke mata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA aura bhAratIya darzana meM advaita vedAnta aura nyAyadarzana ke bIca saMgharSa kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| svAmI vidyAraNya ne paJcadazoM meM zrI harSa ke kRtittva kA mUlyAMkana karate hue likhA hai niruktAvabhimAnaM ye dadhate tArkikAdayaH / harSamizrAdibhiste tu khaNDanAdau sushikssitaa|| arthAt jo tArkika (naiyyAyika) vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka nirukta para abhimAna karate hai athavA jo naiyyAyikagaNa padArtho ke lakSaNa aura vyAkhyAna para bala dete hai, unako zrI harSa ityAdi dArzanikoM ne khaNDana khaNDa khAdya meM acchI taraha se zikSita kara diyA hai| arthAt unake garva ko cUrNa kara diyA hai| isa prakAra zrI harSa ke dArzanika mahatva kA sahajatA se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| aise mahAna dArzanika kA avataraNa kaba, kahAM huA tathA kina kina granthoM kI racanA kI, isakA prAmANika vivecana apekSita hai| 299

Page #315
samaya- zrI harSa ke viSaya meM jAnakArI hameM inake granthoM se milatI hai| dArzanika ziromaNi mahAkavi zrI harSa kI mAtA kA nAma mAmalla devI tathA pitA kA nAma mahAkavi hIra thaa| inakoM kucha vidvAnoM ne baMgAla kA, kucha ne mithilA kA, tathA kucha ne yU0 pI0 kA batalAyA hai parantu inakI apanI ukti se mAlUma par3atA hai ki ye kannauja ke the| kyoMki zrI harSa ke samaya nirdhAraNa meM antaH sAkSya tathA vAhya sAkSyoM se sahAyatA milatI hai| antaH sAkSya meM zrI harSa kI do racanAeM hai- 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdya aura 'naiSadha caritam / ' jisameM unhoMne svayaM thor3A paricaya diyA hai| inhoMne likhA hai ki ye kannauja ke rAjA jayacandra se vizeSa Asana evaM vizeSa pAnAdi prApta kara sammAna prApta kiye the| zrI harSa ke "vijaya prazasti' nAmaka grantha se patA calatA hai, jo kannauja ke mahArAja vijayacandra kI prazaMsA meM likhA gayA thaa| ataH zrI harSa mahArAja vijayacandra ke samakAlIna the| mahArAja vijayacandra ke lar3ake kA nAma jayacandra thA jinakA rAjyakAla 1166 I0 se 1163 I0 taka mAnA gayA hai| zrI jayacandra kA 1186 I0 kA eka dAnapatra bhI milatA hai jisase unakA samaya spaSTa nirNIta ho jAtA hai| ataH zrI harSa kA samaya bhI 12vIM zatAbdI rahA hogaa| ___ zrI harSa ne 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdha' nAmaka apane grantha meM udayana kI 'lakSaNAvalI' meM dI gayI nyAya darzana kI paribhASAoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| lakSaNAvalI kI racanA 10vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM huyI thI jaisA ki usakI puSpikA se jJAta hotA hai| zrI harSa ne lakSaNAvalI ke lakSaNoM kA khaNDana khaNDa khAdya' meM pradhAna rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| isake anusAra zrI harSa udayanAcArya ke paravartI siddha hote hai| 'tAmbUladvayamAsanaM ca labhate yaH kAnyakubjezvarAta / (khaNDana khaNDa khAdya pR0 754) 'dekhie-khaNDa pR03 acyut| 'nyAya vArtika tA0 ke upara udayanAcArya ne 'parizuddhi nAmaka TIkA likhI hai inhoMne apane lakSaNAvalI grantha kA racanAkAla isa prakAra batAyA hai- tarkAmbarAGka pramiteSvatIteSu zakAntataH / varSeSUdayanazcakre subodhAM lakSaNAvalIm / / 300

Page #316
vAhya sAkSyo me gargazopAdhyAya ne tatvacintAmaNi meM 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdha' se kArikA kA uddharaNa dekara kahA hai- 'etena khaNDanakAramatamapyapAstama' arthAt isase khaNDanakAra (zrI harSa) kA mata bhI khaNDita ho gyaa| inakA samaya 1300 IsvI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH zrI harSa ko inase pUrvavartI hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| ateva zrI harSa kA 12vIM zatAbdI kA samaya ThIka siddha hotA hai| zrI bUlara ne zrI harSa ka samaya 1166 se 1163 IsvI taka kA mAnA hai| zrI ke0 TI0 tailaMga DA0 bulara ke mata ko nahIM mAnate hai, ve zrI harSa ko 6vIM yA 10vIM zatAbdI kA mAnate hai| sAMyaNa mAdhava ne "zaGkaradigvijaya' meM zrI harSa ko zrI zaGkarAcArya ke samakAlIna (788-820 I0) batAyA hai| vAhya tathA antaH sAkSyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki harSa kA samaya 1150 I0 se 1160 I0 ke bIca honA ucita pratIta hotA hai| kRtiyA~- zrI harSa racita grantha aba taka do prApya hai- khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya tathA naiSadhIya critm| ina donoM granthoM meM inake anya racanAoM kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdya meM 'IzvarAbhi sandhi' kA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para milatA hai| zeSa kaI granthoM kA ullekha naiSadha meM pAyA jAtA hai| zrI harSa ke kucha grantha mukhya rUpa se hai1. naiSadhacaritam 2. arNavavarNanama 3. zivazakti siddhiH 4. sAhasAMGkacampU: 5. chandaH prazasti 6. vijaya prazasti 7. IzvarAbhisandhiH 8. khaNDana khaNDa khAdyam aadi| isameM 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdyam' aura naiSadha' anupama grantha hai| khaNDanakAra 'khaNDana meM naiSadhacarita kA aura 'naiSadha' meM khaNDana kA ullekha karate hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki 'khaNDana, acyuta pR0 36, 50, 85 aadi| 2 naiSadha pR06/160, 18/149, 22/149, 17/122.5/138,7/110 301

Page #317
donoM granthoM kI racanA eka hI samaya meM huI hai| jisa prakAra zrI harSa kI kAvya meM lokottara pratibhA hai usI prakAra darzana meM bhI hai| inake viSayapada lAlitya ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| isake sambandha meM- "udite naiSadhe kAvye kva mAghaH kva ca bhAraviH / " yaha ukti akSarazaH satya hai / khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya 'khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya' ke khaNDanakhaNDa, khaNDakhAdya, khAdyakhaNDana tathA khaNDana Adi nAma pracalita hai| isakA eka nAma 'anirvacanIyatA sarvasva bhI hai / khaNDana khaNDa khAdya kA artha hai (a) padArthAdi khaNDanasya khaNDayA khAMDasAra arthAt jisa grantha ke adhyayana evaM adhyApana karane vAle ko padArthAdi khaNDana rUpa khAMDa ke samAna mAdhurya rasa kA anubhava ho vaha 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdya' hai / (ba) 'khaNDana rUpaM yatkhaNDakhAdyaM tatkhaNDana khaNDakhAdyaM nAma grantha:' isa vyutpatti ke anusAra isakA artha hai vaidyakazAstra meM 'khaNDakhAdya pAka vizeSa kA nAma hai / jisa prakAra rogoM ko dUra karake rogI meM bala evaM puSTyAdi kA hetu banatA hai, usI prakAra yaha 'khaNDana' granthavAdiyoM ke matoM kA akSarazaH khaNDana karane meM samartha hone kI yogyatA utpanna karatA hai| isa grantha kA yahI artha ucita pratIta hotA hai / khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya grantha meM cAra pariccheda hai| isameM zUnyavAda tathA advaitavAda kA vivecana kara donoM meM paraspara bheda kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| phira advaita kA sAdhana aura bheda kA khaNDana kiyA hai| zrI harSa ke grantha nirmANa kA prayojana tatva nirNaya aura vijaya batalAte hue bAda, jalpa aura vitaNDA zAstrArtha ke tInoM prakAroM tathA zUnyavAda advaitavAda va bhedabhAva sabhI meM khaNDanokta yuktiyoM kA eka sA upayoga hai, bhUmikA ko samApta karate hue batalAyA hai| 302

Page #318
khaNDana kI TIkAeM 13vIM zadI se lekara 16vIM zadI taka 'khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya' para aneka TIkAeM likhI gayI hai| unameM se nimna likhita TIkAeM ullekha yogya haiTIkA kA nAma lekhaka kA nAma khaNDana khaNDanam paramAnanda khaNDana maNDanam bhavanAtha dvitIya raghunAtha ziromaNi khaNDana dIkSita vardhamAna khaNDana prakAza vidyAbharaNI vidyAbharaNa vidyAsAgarI AnandapUrNa vidyAsAgara khaNDana TIkA balabhadra mizra putra padmanAbha paNDita AnandavardhanI (zaGkarI) zaGkara mizra khaNDana darpaNa zubha zaGkaramizra khaNDana mahAtarka caritra siMha khaNDana khaNDanam pragalbha mizra-khaNDana darpaNa zipya hitaiSiNI padmanAbha bhAva dIpikA citsukhakRta khaNDana kuThAraH gokulanAtha upAdhyAya khaNDana sAdyoddhAra vAcaspati mizra dvitIya khaNDanagarta pradarzanI sAdhu mohana lAla ina vyAkhyAoM meM zaGkarI atyanta prasiddha hai| kintu yaha kevala tAtparya mAtra kA prakAzana karatI hai, pUrI vyAkhyA prastuta nahIM karatI hai, jisase pUrA-pUrA lAbha pAThaka ko 303

Page #319
nahIM ho pAtA hai| usake bAre meM svayaM TIkAkAra zaGkara mizra kahate hai ki isameM khaNDana khaNDa khAdya kI kaThina gutthiyA~ kholI gayI hai "granthagrathivimocanAya racanA vAcAmimaM zAGkarI" ina TIkAkAroM meM gokula nAtha upAdhyAya tathA abhinava vAcaspati ne zrI harSa kA spaSTa khaNDana kiyA aura nyAya darzana ko unake khaNDana se mukta kiyA hai| zaGkara mizra ne bhI kahIM-kahIM khaNDana khaNDa khAdya kA khaNDana kiyA hai abhedavAda kA tiraskAra kiyA hai aura bhedasiddhi kI hai| bhedaratna prakAza nAma se unhoMne eka svataMtra grantha bhI likhA hai jisameM bhedavAda ko siddha kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama unhoMne hI khaNDana khaNDa khAdya ke khaNDana sUtrapAta kiyaa| uparyukta khaNDana khaNDa khAdya ke TIkAkAroM ko tIna koTiyoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| pahalI koTi meM zaGkara mizra, gokula nAtha upAdhyAya tathA abhinava vAcaspati mizra Ate hai jinhoMne khaNDana khaNDa khAdya kA khaNDana karake nyAyadarzana kA pakSa prasthApita kiye hai| dUsarI koTi meM citsukha, AnandapUrNa, cidyAsAgara aura sAdhu mohanalAla jaise advaitavedAntI Ate hai| jinhoMne khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya kA samarthana kiyA hai| tIsarI koTi meM nairayAyika Ate hai jaise bhavanAtha, raghunAtha bhaTTAcArya, raghunAtha ziromaNi, sUrya nArAyaNa zukla, pragalbha mizra Adi jinhoMne nyAya darzana kA vikAsa advaita vedAnta kI tarapha kiyA hai aura isakA AdhAra khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya ko banAyA hai| isa pustaka meM 'khaNDana' kA prayojana mumukSuoM ke lie tatva jJAna meM sAdhanabhUta manana batalAkara granthakara ne vijigISu rAgI puruSoM ke lie digvijayarupa phala batalAyA hai| _isa grantha meM khaNDana meM 'pramANa prameya saMzaya prayojana' ityAdi prathama nyAya sUtra kA hI khaNDana kiyA hai isameM vAdI mukhya rUpa se naiyyAyika hai isameM prativAdI 304

Page #320
khANDanika (vaitaNDika) hai| ye pramANAdi kI sattA nahIM mAnate hai| inakA apanA koI pakSa nahIM hotA hai| khaNDana mAtra karane ke lie ye kathA meM pravRtta hote hai| khaNDanakAra kI khaNDana meM 'pravRtti' prapaJcazaGkara meM anirvacanIyatA ko siddha karatI hai| yaha taba taka nahIM ho sakatA thA jaba taka ki prapaJca ko satya mAnane vAle prabala dvaitI naiyyAyikoM dvArA pramANa-prameya kI kI gaI vyAkhyA kA khaNDana na ho| isaliye khaNDana ko 'anirvacanIyatA sarvasva' bhI kahate hai| 'anirvacanIyatAvAda' vedAnta kA mukhya siddhAnta hai isake binA vedAnta pratipAdya advaitabrahma kI siddhi gaganakusuma ke samAna hai kintu yaha bhI nahIM hai ki yaha prapaJca ko zazaviSANAdi ke samAna alIka mAnatA hai| hAM ise vaha mithyA avazya mAnatA hai| tuccha aura mithyA meM antara hai tuccha to vaha hai jisakI pratIti kahIM na ho rahI ho jaise gagana kusuma, zazaviSANa, vandhyAsuta aadi| prapaJca aisA nahIM hai isakI pratIti hotI hai| kAlAntara meM jaba bAdha hotA hai taba mithyAttva kI pratIti hotI hai| antara itanA hai ki rajjUsarpa meM bhrama kA saMsAra dazA meM hI bAdha hotA hai aura saMsAra rUpI bhrama kA zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana dvArA AtmasAkSAtkAra ke baad| ataH saMsAra dazA meM prapaJca kI sattA mAnI jAtI hai| isa prakAra pratyeka lakSaNa ko galata siddha karake zrI harSa ne vAstava meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jo sat hai usakA lakSaNa yA nirvacana nahIM ho sakatA hai| unhoMne anirvacanIyatAsAra sarvasvavAda kI sthApanA kI hai jo advaitavAda kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| citsukhAcArya (1220 I0) citsukhAcArya kA avataraNa darzana meM aise samaya meM huA thA jaba do prabala dhArAeM advaita mata ko hAni pahuMcA rahI thii| eka ora gaMgeza Adi naiyAyika nyAmata ko sarvoccatA kI ora le jA rahe the tathA dUsarI ora vaiSNava AcArya khulakara advaitamata kA khaNDana kara rahe the| aise samaya meM advaitamatAvalambI citsukhAcArya ne nyAya darzana kA 305

Page #321
khaNDana karate hue advaita mata kA samarthana kiyaa| advaita mata kA vizleSaNa apane tIna granthoM tatvapradIpikA, nyAya makaranda TIkA, aura khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya kI TIkA meM kiyA hai| tatvapradIpikA kA hI dUsarA nAma citsukhI hai| AcArya citsukha kA samaya zrI harSa ke bAda kA hai kyoMki unhoMne khaNDana khaNDa khAdya para bhAvadIpikA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| mAdhvavedAntI jayatIrtha (1365-1388) ne inakA ullekha kiyA hai| Anandabodha bhaTTAraka jinakA samaya 1200 I0 hai citsukha ke pUrvavartI the kyoki citsukha ne unake do granthoM para TIkAeM likhI hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki citsukha kA samaya 1220 se 1224 I0 hai| ve kalpatarukAra amalAnanda ke samakAlIna pratIta hote hai| citsukha ke pradhAna ziSya sukhaprakAza the jo amalAnanda ke guru the| zaGkara paravartI advaita vedAntiyoM meM sAkSI ko lekara bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa thaa| AcArya citsukha sAkSI evaM pramAtA meM bheda mAnate hai| ve sAkSI ko svataMtra evaM draSTA mAtra mAnate hai| isake viparIta pramAtA, AcArya citsukha ke anusAra jJAtA hai tathA jJAna ke sAdhanoM ke kArya ke adhIna hai|' AcArya citsukha duHkha ko sukha kA virodhI mAnate hai| isaliye mAnate hai ki duHkha kA vinAza svataH puruSArtha na hokara kevala sukha hI svataH puruSArtha hai| citsukhAcArya mAnate he ki dukhAbhAva svataMtra rUpa se puruSArtha nahIM hai, pratyut sukhAbhivyakti kA aMga mAtra hai| kyoMki sukha ko yadi duHkhAbhAva kA aMga mAna liyA jAya to use duHkhAbhAva kA utpAdaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA aura na to usakA abhivyaMjaka hI mAnA jA sakatA 'tatvapradIpikA (caturtha pariccheda) pR0 381-382 isa para dekhiye nayana prasAdinI TIkA (nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1631) * nAtra duHkhAbhAva svataMtratAyA puruSArtha sukhAbhivyakti zeSatvAt / na ca viparIta vRtti prasaMgA vikalpA sahatvAt / kiM sukha duHkhA bhAvasyotpAda mutAbhivyaMjakam, noma ythaapi| (tatva pradIpikA. caturtha pariccheda) 306

Page #322
amalAnanda (13vIM zatAbdI) amalAnanda bhAmatI prasthAna ke mukhya dArzanika hai| AcArya amalAnanda advaitavedAnta ke pUrNa samarthaka tathA sUkSmaparyapekSI hai| inake guru kA nAma anubhavAnanda thaa| inake tIna grantha prApta hote hai- vedAntakalpataru, zAstradarpaNa, paJcapAdikA darpaNa jisane advaita vedAnta ke vikAsa meM atimahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| ___ bhAmatI para amalAnanda yA vyAsAzrama (1250 I0) ne 'kalpataru nAma kI TIkA likhii| isa TIkA para appayadIkSita (1520-1563) ne 'kalpataruparimala' tathA vaidyanAtha ne 'kalpatarumaJjarI' kI racanA kii| amalAnanda dRSTisRSTivAda siddhAnta ke poSaka the| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samasta prapaJca zUnya brahma kI avagati ke upAya ke rUpa meM hI zrutiyoM meM sRSTi aura pralaya kA vivecana svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi zrutiyoM meM sRSTi kI paramArthikatA svIkRta nahIM hai| yadi Aropa nyAya se pratipAdana huA hai to apavAda nyAya se khaNDana bhI huA hai| amalAnanda ke mata meM sRSTi pratipAdaka zrutiyoM kA tAtparya vastutaH brahmAtmaikya meM hone se sRSTi ke pratipAdana meM usakA abhiprAya kadApi nahIM hai|' dRSTisRSTivAdI ke mata meM sRSTi tAtvika na hokara dRSTikAlika hI hai- 'dRSTi sama-samayA vizvasRSTiriti dRssttisRssttivaadH| brahmadatta evaM maNDana mizra prabhRti prasaMkhyAna ko brahmasAkSAtkAra kA kAraNa mAnate hai| amalAnanda mAnate hai ki vedAnta vAkyoM se janya jJAna tathA isake abhyAsa se hone vAlI aparokSa buddhi tathA usase hone vAlI prabhA kI dRr3hatA se (avipratipanna prAmANya hone ke kAraNa) bhrama nahIM hotA hai| isaliye parataH prAmANya bhI prasakta nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki / zrutInAM sRSTi tAtparya svIkRtye dmiheritm| brahmAtmaikyaparatvAttu tAsAM tannaiva vidyte|| (zAstradarpaNa- 1/4/4) pR0 87 (vANI vilAsaM presa zrIraMgam 1613) 307

Page #323
apavAda ke nirAsa ke liye mUlapramANa kI zuddhi kI apekSA kI gaI hai|' isaliye amalAnanda parisaMkhyAna janya brahma sAkSAtkAra ko prabhA rUpa svIkAra karate the / zaMkarAcArya evaM vAcaspati mizra jIva kI Izvara bhAvApatti ko mAnate hai| vahIM amalAnanda mAyA pratibimbita Izvara kI muktoM dvArA prApyatA nahIM svIkAra krte|' isa prakAra amalAnanda advaitavedAnta sUkSma paryavekSI dArzanika hai| vidyAraNya (1350 I0) vidyAraNya vivaraNa prasthAna ke mukhya advaitavAdI dArzanikoM meM eka hai vidyAraNya kA pUrvAzrama athavA gRhasthAzrama kA nAma mAdhavArca thaa| inake nAma ko lekara vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai kyoMki kucha vidvAna inakA dUsarA nAma bhAratI tIrtha bhI mAnate hai / DA0 vIramaNi prasAda upAdhyAya ne bhAratItIrtha ko paMcadazI kA lekhaka kahA hai| DA0 TI0 ema0 pI0 mahAdevana mAnate hai / ki svAmI vidyAraNya aura bhAratI tIrtha do vyakti nahIM, kintu eka hI vyakti hai / kintu ullekhanIya hai ki mAdhavAcArya ne apane grantha 'jaiminIya nyAyamAlA' kI TIkA meM apane guru kA nAma bhAratI tIrtha uddhata kiyA hai ataH pRthaka mAnanA samucita hogaa| rAmakRSNa, jinhoMne paMcadazI para vyAkhyA likhI hai, ve vidyAraNya ke ziSya the| svAmI vidyAraNya zRMgerImaTha ke zaGkarAcArya the ye vedabhASya praNetA sAyaNa ke bar3e bhAI the / mAdhava ke nAma se unhoMne 'sarvadarzana saMgraha likhA hai jisameM kramazaH 1. cArvAka darzana 2 vedAntavAkya jajJAnabhAvanAjA parokSadhIH / mUlapramANa dAdaryena nabhramatva prapadyate / / na ca prAmANya paratestvApAttirastu prarucyate / apavAda nirAsAya mUla zuddhalanurodhanAd / / si0 leza saMgraha pR0 470 se uddhata kalpataru bra0sU0 zAM0 bhA0 evaM bhAmatI 4/4/3. 4/4/6, 4/4/7 tathA dekhiye si0 le0 sagraha pR0 553 siddhAntaleza saMgraha pR0 553 kalyANa - vedAntAMka, pR0 652 Lights of Vedanta P-111, 116 kalyANa - vedAntAka, pR0 652 308

Page #324
2. bauddha darzana 3. jaina darzana 4. rAmAnuja darzana 5. pUrNa prajJa darzana 6. nakulIza - pAzupatadarzana 7. zaivadarzana 8 pratyAbhijJAdarzana 6. rasezvaradarzana, 10 vaizeSika darzana 11. nyAya darzana 12. jaimini darzana 13. pANini darzana 14. sAMkhya darzana 15. yogadarzana aura 16. zAGkara darzana ke vivecana hai / bahuta vidvAna mAnate hai ki 'sarvadarzana saMgraha meM darzana nimnoccatA ke AdhAra para hai ataH zAGkara vedAnta sarvazreSTha darzana hai / sthiti cAla svAmI vidyAraNya ka samaya 1350 I0 ke Asa-pAsa hai / ve vedAntadezika ke samakAlIna the| zaGkarAcArya ke bAda vidyAraNya ne jitanA pracAra-prasAra advaitavedAnta kA kiyA utanA kisI ne nahIM kiyA / dakSiNa pUrva eziyA meM unake ziSyoM ne advaita vedAnta kA pracAra kiyA isaliye kabhI - kabhI unheM dvitIya zaGkarAcArya kahA jAtA hai| zaGkarAcArya ke nAma se likhe gaye bahuta se grantha vastutaH jagadguru zaGkarAcArya vidyAraNya svAmI dvArA hI likhe gaye the / yathA- devyaparAdhakSamApanastotra svAmI vidyAraNya dvArA racita hai kyoki isameM kahA gayA hai-- parityaktA devA vividhavidhasevAkulatayA / bhayA paJcAzItezadhika mapanIte tu vayasi / / arthAt 'maiM pacAsI varSa se adhika ho gayA hU~ aura he devi! aba maiM vidhivata pUjA nahIM kara sakatA hU~ / ataH kSamA kro|' racanAe~ svAmI vidyAraNya dvArA racita 16 grantha hai jinameM paJcadazI sarvAdhika prakhyAta hai / isake lekhaka svAmI vidyAsthya tathA unake guru bhAratI tIrtha hai| paJcadazI meM pandraha prakaraNa hai| prathama pAMca prakaraNa vivekAnta hai, madhya ke pAMca prakaraNa dIpAnta hai tathA anta ke pAMca prakaraNa AnandAnta hai / avyaya dIkSita ne 'siddhAnta 309 N

Page #325
leza saMgraha' meM mAnA hai ki 'dhyAnadIpa' prakaraNa bhAratItIrtha kRta hai| kintu nizcaladAsa ne vRttiprabhAkara meM kahA hai ki vidyAraNya prArambha ke daza prakaraNoM ke lekhaka hai| aura antima pA~ca prakaraNoM ke lekhaka bhAratItIrtha hai| samprati sAdhAraNa janoM dvArA sampUrNa paJcadazI ke lekhaka svAmI vidyAraNya hI mAne jAte hai parantu yaha mata bhrAmaka hai| siddhAnta Izvara-jIva sambandha- advaita vedAnta ke antargata Izvara aura jIva ke sambandha meM surezvarAcArya kA AbhAsavAda, padmapAdAcArya evaM prakAzAtmA kA pratibimbavAda evaM vAcaspati mizra kA avacchedavAda mukhya siddhAnta hai| vidyAraNya ukta siddhAntoM meM se pratibimbavAda ke anuyAyI pratIta hote hai|' vidyAraNya mAnate hai ki mAyA meM pratibimbita cetana ko Izvara evaM avidyA meM pratibimbita cetana ko jIva kahate hai| mAyA zuddha satvamayI hai avidyA mAlina satvamayI tRptidIpa meM kahA gayA hai ki jIvatva kI upAdhi antaHkaraNa hai| sAhitya hai aura brahma kI upAdhi antaHkaraNa sAhitya hai| mAyA mAyA kA trividha varNana paJcadazI meM bar3e sundara DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| pratyakSataH vaha vAstavI hai| arthAt vaha anirvacanIya hai aura zrautabodha se tuccha yA alIka hai| tucchAnirvacanIya ca vAstavI cetyasau tridhaa| jJeyA mAyA tribhirvodheH zrautayauktikalaukikaiH / / citradIpa 130 / / AtmA paJcadazI meM bhI vedAnta ke samAna adhyAropa aura apavAda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| aura isake pUraka ke rupa meM anvaya-vyatireka praNAlI ko bhI prayukta kiyA gayA hai| T.M.P. Mahadevan- The Philosophy of Advaita, P-219 (Ganesh & Co. Madras, 1957) 310

Page #326
yathA- AtmA paJcakozavyatirikta hai, ise adhyAropa- apavAda dvArA siddha kiyA gayA hai| tatva viveka nAmaka prathama prakaraNa meM AtmA ko anvaya- vyatireka ke mAdhyama se siddha kiyA gayA hai sAkSI anvayavyatirekAbhyAM paJcakozavivekataH / svAtmAnaM tat uddhRtya paraM brahma prapadyate / / tatvaviveka 37) vidyAraNya ne paJcadazI ke kUTastha dIpa, nATakadIpa evaM citradIpa prakaraNa ke antargata sAkSI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kUTasthadIpa prakaraNa ke antargata sAkSI kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai- sthUla aura sUkSma zarIra kA adhiSThAna bhUta kUTastha caitanya apane avacchedaka ukta donoM zarIroM kA sAkSAt dRSTA kartRtva Adi vikAroM se zUnya hone ke kAraNa sAkSI hai / ' nATaka dIpa prakaraNa ke antargata sAkSI kA vivecana nRtyazAlA meM sthita dIpaka ke dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakara dIpaka svamyAdi ke abhAva meM bhI sabhI ko samAna rUpa se prakAzita karatA hai usI prakAra sAkSI bhI ahaMkAra, buddhi tathA viSayoM ko prakAzita karatA hai aura ahaMkArAdi ke abhAva meM bhI suSupti avasthA meM pUrvavat sAkSI ko bhI prakAzita karatA rahatA hai| 2 citradIpa prakaraNa meM sAkSI kA vivecana AkAza ke dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para diyA gayA hai / brahma - jIva- Izvara ke sambandha ko batAte huye citradIpa meM kahA gayA hai kUTastho brahma jIvezAvityevaM ciccaturvidhA / ghaTAkAza mahAkAzau jalAkAzAbhrakhe yathA / / siddhAntaleza saMgraha, pR0 180 2 paJcadazI - 10/11, 12 3 paJcadazI - 6/18. 22 311

Page #327
kUTastha dIpa meM kUTastha caitanya ko hI sAkSI kahA gayA hai antaHkaraNa tavRttisAkSItyAdAvane kthaa| kUTastha evaM sarvatra pUrvAcAryorvinizcataH / / nirguNa upAsanA kA bhI varNana dhyAna dIpa meM kiyA gayA hai|' nirguNa brahma kI upAsanA saMvAdI bhrama hai aura saguNa brahma kI upAsanA visaMvAdI bhrama hai| vAstava meM paJcadazI kI bhASA sarala, subodha aura prAJjala hai| yaha advaitavedAnta kA pravezadvAra rUpI grantha hI nahIM varan AptatAyukta grantha bhI hai| dhyAnadIpa-73) 'AnandAbhisthUlAdibhizcAtmA ca lakSitaH / Anandaikarasa. so'hamasmItyeva mupaaste|| 312

Page #328
zaGkarAnanda (14vIM zatAbdI) prasiddha paMcadazI ke lekhaka svAmI vidyAraNya hai, aura zaGkarAnanda vidyAraNya ke pUjya guru the| zaGkarAnanda dvArA brahmasUtra para brahmasUtra dIpikA nAmaka TIkA likhI gayI hai| unhoMne AtmapurANa nAmaka prasiddha grantha kI bhI racanA kI thii| isake sAtha hI lagabhaga 108 upaniSadoM kI TIkA likhakara advaita vedAnta kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| Anandagiri (15vIM zatAbdI) Anandagiri advaitavAda ke samarthaka rahe hai tathA zaGkarottara advaitavAdiyoM meM mukhya dArzanika AcArya hai| inakA dUsarA nAma Ananda jJAna bhI hai| Anandagiri ne zaGkarAcArya ke bhASyagranthoM para TIkAeM likhakara advaitavAda ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA vivecana karate huye zAGkara mata kA hI samarthana kiyA hai| Ananda giri dvArA vedAntasUtra bhApya para 'nyAya nirNaya' nAmaka prasiddha TIkA likhI gayI hai| inake dvArA hI 'zaGkaradigvijaya' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI gayI hai| jisake dvArA zaDkarAcArya ke jIvana evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ko jAnane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| akhaNDAnanda (15vIM zatAbdI) 15vIM zatAbdI meM ye advaitavAda ke mukhya AcArya the| ye akhaNDAnubhUti ke ziSya the| 12vIM zatAbdI meM prakAzAtmayati racita paJcapAdikA para inhoMne tatvadIpana nAmaka eka prAmANika TIkA kI racanA kiye| isa grantha meM advaita vedAnta kA sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inhoMne vAcaspati mizra kI 'bhAmatI' nAmaka grantha para 'RjuprakAzikA' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kiye hai| 313

Page #329
zrI appaya dIkSita (1550 I0 1622 I0) zrI appaya dIkSita suvikhyAta manISiyoM meM se eka hai| suprAmANika sAkSyoM ke anusAra unhoMne aisI vyutpanna vaMza paramparA meM janma liyA jisameM jJAnagarimA kA srota anavarat pravAhita ho rahA thaa| unake pitAmaha 'nyAya cintAmaNi' ke praNetA zrImad AcArya dIkSita the| jinhe vakSasthalAcArya dIkSita bhI kahA jAtA hai| AcArya dIkSita kI do patniyoM meM 'tautArambhA' nAmaka patnI se cAra putra huye jinameM se jyeSTha raMgarAjadhvari the| raMgarAjadhvari ke do putroM meM hamAre appaya dIkSita hai| inakA saMketa appaya dIkSita ne 'nyAyarakSAmaNi' ke padyoM meM kiyA hai Asetu bandhatatamA ca tuSAra zailA iti prathitAbhidhAnam / advaitacitsukha mahAmbudhimagnabhAvaM asmatpitAmaham zeSa guruM prpdye|| itihAsavidoM ne appaya dIkSita kA samaya 1520 se 1563 I0 taka nizcita kiyA hai| paM0 appaya dIkSita kA janma kAJcI ke samIpa 'aDapappala gAMva meM huA thaa| abhI taka usa gAMva meM inake kucha vaMzaja vidyamAna hai| raMgarAjadhvari jo appaya dIkSita ke pitA the ve bahuta bar3e vidvAna the| siddhAnta kaumudI' ke vikhyAta racayitA bhaTTojIdIkSita ne bhI 'siddhAnta kaumudI' kI racanA ke bAda dakSiNa meM jAkara appaya dIkSita se par3hA thaa| isake bAda unhoMne "tattvakaustubha" nAmaka grantha likhA hai| jisameM apane guru appaya dIkSita ko hI praNAma kiyA hai| appaya dIkSita ne apane jIvana kAla meM 100 se bhI adhika granthoM kI racanA kiye the| aisA pramANa milatA hai| kyoMki rAma ke Age "caturadhikazataprabandha nirvAhakAcArya' arthAt eka sau cAra grantha ke nirmANa karane vAle AcArya, yaha upAdhi lagI huI kahIM-kahIM milatI hai| dIkSita jI kA saba zAstroM meM apratihata pAMDitya thA aura unakI pratipAdana zailI vilakSaNa thii| ye parama Astika the| inakA gotra bhAradvAja thaa| ye 72 varSa kI Ayu taka hI jIvita rhe| 314

Page #330
"siddhAnta lekha saMgraha" vedAnta darzana kA eka bar3A upayogI grantha hai| isameM cAra pariccheda hai yaha gadya meM hai advaita vedAntiyoM meM jo matabheda hai usakA varNana hai vedAnta ke sampradAya ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai kyoMki isake yathAvat adhyayana karane para advaita vedAnta zAstra kA aisA koI bhI mata ajJAta nahIM raha jAtA hai jo isameM na AyA ho| yadyapi appaya dIkSita ke sabhI granthoM ke nAma jJAta nahIM ho sake hai guruparamparA evaM anyAya granthoM se jitane nAma hameM upalabdha ho sake hai unakA nimnalikhita prakAra se ullekha kiyA hai yathA kuvalayAnanda, citramImAMsA, vRttivArtika, nAmasaMgrahamAlA, nakSatravAdAvalI, prAkRtacandrikA, citrapuTa, vidhirasAyana, sukhopayojinI, upakrama parAkrama, parimala, nyAyarakSAmaNi, siddhAnta lekha saMgraha, nyAya muktAvalI, nyAyamaJjarI, maNidIpikA, maNimalikA, ratnatraya parIkSA, zikhariNI mAlA, zivatattva viveka, brahmatarkastava, zivakarNAmRta, rAmAyaNa tAtparya saMgraha, bhArata tAtparya saMgraha, zivAdvaita nirNaya, zivArcana candrikA, bAlacandrikA, zivadhyAna paddhati, Adityastava ratna, madhyatantra, mukhadarzana aura madhyamata vidhvaMsana aadi| appaya dIkSita yadyapi 'parimala' ke kAraNa bhAmatI prasthAna ke dArzanika hai kintu navya vedAnta kI sthApanA meM bhI adhika yogadAna kiyaa| zrI baladeva upAdhyAya. ne "saMskRta vAGgamaya kA bRhada itihAsa" meM appaya dIkSita ke yogadAna kA varNana kiyA 'paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya- saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa (dazamakhaNDa) vedAnta-pR0 136 315

Page #331
(1) sarvaprathama unhoMne zaivamata aura vaiSNava mata ko eka karane kA prayAsa kiyA athavA kama se kama zrIkaNTha bhASya para "zivAkarmaNikA' nAmaka TIkA likhakara tamilanADu ke zaivamata ko advaitamata ke sannikaTa lAne kA prayatna kiyA / (2) unhoMne rAmAnuja ke matoM kA khaNDana karane vAle grantha rAmAnujazRMgabhaMga likhakara bAdha prasthAna ko mahatva diyaa| (3) anta meM unhoMne 'madhvatantra mukhamardana' likhakara madhva vedAnta kA khaNDana kiyA aura bAdha prasthAna kI jo dhArA mAdhva vedAnta ke khaNDana meM lagI thI usako paripuSTa kiyaa| ina kAraNoM se unako bAdha prasthAna aura navya vedAnta ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| 'madhvatantra mukhamardana' meM kula 66 zloka hai isa para grantha para appaya dIkSita ne 'madhvamatavidhvaMsanam' TIkA gadya meM likhI hai| isa grantha meM appaya dIkSita ne yaha dikhalAyA hai ki mAdhvamata ke loga vaidika maryAdA kA apamAna kiye hai| appaya dIkSita ne apane isa grantha meM madhva ke brahma sUtra bhASya ke prathama pAMca adhikaraNoM kA khaNDana hai / apane khaNDana kA niSkarSa unhoMne 63veM zloka meM diyA hai jo isa prakAra hai AdriyadhvamidamadhvadarzanaM vyadhvanaM tyajat madhvadarzanam / zAGkaraM ajata zAzvataM mataM sAdhavaH sa iha sAkSyumAdhvaH / / isase tAtparya hai ki abheda zrutiyoM kA prAbalya bheda zrutiyoM se adhika hotA hai| mAdhva vedAnta kA mantavya hai ki svayaM viSNu anya artha ke bAvajUda ananya kahe jAte hai arthAt samasta bhedoM ko mAnate huye bhI mAdhva vedAntI ekezvaravAdI hai / 1 tathApyAnanda tIrthIyaM matamagrAhyameva naH / yatra vaidika maryAdA bhUyasthA kulatAM gatA / / 2 ananyo'pyanya zabdena tathaiko bhuruupvaan| procyate bhagavAna viSNuraizvaryAtpuruSottama / / 316 (madhvataMtra mukhamardana - 2) (mAdhvamata vidhvaMsana pR0 60 )

Page #332
isI nyAya ke anusAra appaya dIkSita advaitavAda ko siddha karate hai ve kahate hai ki bheda rahane para bhI bhagavAn apanI zakti ke kAraNa eka hai aura usake abheda meM koI doSa nahIM haiN| prAbalyaM bhavato'yabheda vacasA bhedazrutibhyo matam / no cedannamayAdayo vada kathaM bhinnaM bhaveyurna te|| bhede satyapi yujyate hi bhagavacchaktyaiva nirdosstaa| zaktaH kiM na sa eka eva bahudhA bhinnohariH kIDitum / / (madhvataMtra mukhamardana, zloka 60) siddhAnta lezasaMgraha ke praNetA appaya dIkSita kA navya vedAnta meM eka advitIya mahAna yogadAna hai| siddhAnta leza saMgraha advaitavedAnta kA eka prakAra kA itihAsa hai| zaGkarottara advaitavedAnta ko samajhane ke liye bahuta lAbhadAyaka hai| appaya dIkSita zreSTha vidvAna hone ke sAtha eka lekhaka tathA mahAna advaita vedAntI the| alaMkArazAstra, vyAkaraNazAstra, pUrvamImAMsA, pUrvottaramImAMzA, kAvya, zaivamata, vedAnta, zAGkaramata, rAmAnujamata aura mAdhvamata Adi para unakI anya racanAeM bhI hai jisameM se lagabhaga 45 racanAoM kA ullekha 'madhvataMtra mukhamardana' kI prastAvanA meM kiyA gayA hai| zrI madhusUdana sarasvatI ne advaita siddhi meM appaya dIkSita ko sarvatantra svataMtra kahakara sammAna diyA hai 'sarvataMtra svatantrairbhAmatIkAra kalpa tarukAra parimalakAraiH / ' siddhAntaleza saMgraha kI racanA 1547 ke bAda huI thI aura kanakAbhiSeka 1582 meM huA thaa| ye kAzI meM bhI kucha dina taka rahe the vaise inakA adhikAMza samaya dakSiNa bhArata meM cidambara meM biitaa| ye nRsiMhAzrama se bahuta prabhAvita the| kAzI meM paM0 jagannAtha appaya dIkSita ke virodhI the kyoMki siddhAnta kaumudI' aura manoramA ke racanAkara bhaTTojI 317

Page #333
dIkSita appaya dIkSita ke ziSya the aura paMDita rAja ke apanA grantha 'manoramAkucamardana likhakara bhaTTojI dIkSita kA virodha kiyaa| kuppUsvAmI zAstrI ke anusAra appaya dIkSita kA janma 1553 I0 meM aura dehAnta 1626 meM huA thaa| madhusUdana sarasvatI (1600 I0) madhusUdana sarasvatI kottara kAla ke advaita sampradAya ke mukhya AcAryoM meM se eka hai| iname pUrvaja paMDita zrIrAma mizra IsA kI 12vIM zatAbdI meM saMbhavataH baMgAla ke navadIpa meM Akara basa gye| inake kula meM unpanna zrI purodana puradarAcArya ke cAra putra huye- (1) zrI rAma yA zrI nAtha cUr3AmaNi (2) kamalanayana yA madhusUdana gosvAmI (3) yAdava (4) vAgIza gosvaamii| zrI rAmAjJA pANDeya ne apane vedAnta 'kalpalAtikA' ke apane saMskaraNa meM madhusUdana ko janma se baMgAlI honA batAyA hai| zrI madhusUdana ko unake pitA ne kAvya sAhitya evaM vyAkaraNa pddh'aayaa| unhoMne zrIrAma tarka vAgIza se nyAyazAstra kA gahana adhyayana kiyaa| unake sahapAThI pratyakSa cintAmaNi ke TIkAkAra navya nairayAyika gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya the jaba madhusUdana sarasvatI navyadIpa pahuMce taba gadAdhara bhaTTAcArya kAMpa gaye the navadIpaM samAyate madhusUdana vaakytau| cakampe tarkavAgIzaH kAtaro'bhUda gadAdharaH / / mImAMsA tathA vedAnta ke adhyayana hetu ve vArANasI Akara rahe the| kAzI meM zrI rAmatIrtha jI se advaitavedAnta tathA zrI mAdhavasarasvatI se unhoMne mImAMsAzAstra kA adhyayana kiyaa| 'gItA zaGkara bhASya' para 'gItA nibandha' nAmaka grantha likhakara dikhAne para zrI vizvezvara sarasvatI ne unheM sanyAsa kI dIkSA diyaa| sanyAsa ke pazcAta ve madhusUdana 318

Page #334
sarasvatI kahalAye aura kAzI ke causaThI ghATa para apane guru ke sAtha nivAsa karane leNgeN| yadyapi sanyAsa mArga meM jAne ke pazcAt unhoMne vedAnta mata ko atipuSTa kiyA, tathApi ve kRSNa bhakta the aura bhakti ko hI parama purUSArtha mAnate the| unhoMne 'bhagavadbhavitara sAyana' grantha meM bhakti kA atyanta prauDha zAstrIya vivecana kiyA hai| sthitikAlaH zrI madhusUdana sarasvatI kA samaya solahavIM zatI kA pUrvArddha hai| paM0 gopInAtha kavirAja ne unake samaya ke bAre meM tIna mata diye hai 1. kucha logoM kA mantavya hai ki inakA samaya 1540 se 1623 I0 ke bIca hai| 2. kintu kucha anya loga kahate hai ki unakA samaya 1555 I0 se 1615I0 taka the| 3. anta meM kucha loga kahate hai ki unakA samaya 1570 se 1640 I0 ke madhya kA hai| ve gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke samakAlIna the| rAmacarita mAnasa ke bAre meM unakA yaha zloka bahuta prasiddha hai AnandakAnane kAzyAM tulasI jaGgamastaruH / kavitA kAminI yasya rAmabhramara bhUSitA / / samrATa akabara kA artha saciva ToDaramala madhusUdana sarasvatI kA mitra thaa| unhoMne madhusUdana sarasvatI kA sammAna akabara ke darabAra meM karavAya thaa| vahAM upasthita sabhI paNDitoM ne ekamata se svIkArA vetti pAraM sarasvatyA madhusUdana srsvtii| madhusUdana sarasvatyAH pAraM vetti srsvtii|| akabara kA zAsana kAla 1556 se 1605 I0 taka hai ataH madhusUdana sarasvatI kA samaya solahavIM zadI kA uttarArddha jJAta hotA hai| 319

Page #335
vyAsatIrtha ke nyAyamRta grantha kA khaNDana unhoMne 'advaitasiddhi' grantha meM kiyA hai| ataH madhusUdana sarasvatI kA sthitikAla 16vIM zadI kA uttarArdha aura satrahavIM kA pUrvArdha mAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki unhoMne 'advaitasiddhi meM zrI dIkSita kA ullekha 'parimalakAra' ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| ziSyagaNa- 1. zrI balabhadra bhttttaacaary| 2. zeSakRSNa paMDita prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa bhaTTojI dIkSita ke guru tathA zaMkarAcArya ke sarvasiddhAnta saMgraha ke TIkAkAra tthaa| 3. zrI purUSottama sarasvatI unake tIna vidvAna ziSya huye hai| racanAeM:- 1. saMkSepa sAra saMgraha- sarvajJAtmamuni ke saMkSepazArIraka kI TIkA 2. vedAnta kalpa lAtikA- isameM advaitavedAnta ke anusAra mokSa kA varNana hai 3. siddhAnta bindu 4. advaitasiddhi 5. advaitaratnarakSaNam 6. Atmabodha TIkA 7. mahimnastrota 8. bhaktirasAyana 6. Ananda mandAkinI 10. gUDhArthadIpikA 11. Izvara pratipatti prakAzikA 12. kRSNa kutUhala (nATaka) 13. harilIlA vyAkhyA uparyukta granthoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki madhusUdana sarasvatI ne vAdha prasthAna ke antargata advaitasiddhi aura advaitaratna rakSaNa nAmaka do grantha likhe| isameM se 'advaitasiddhi' eka mahAna grantha hai jisake khaNDana-maNDana meM aneko grantha likhane meM vidvAnoM ne dilacaspI dikhaayii| unake anya granthoM meM bhakti siddhAnta kA pratipAdana huA hai| unhoMne hI advaitavedAnta meM sarvaprathama zrIkRSNa kA abheda parabrahma se kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM unakA yaha zloka atyanta prasiddha hai vaMzIvibhUSita karAnnava nIradAbhAt pItAmbarAdaruNa bimba phlaadhrosstthaat| pUrvendu sundara mukhAdarabinda netrAt kRSNAtparaM kimapi tatvamahaM na jAne / / (gUDhArthadIpikA ke anta meM prathama zloka) 320

Page #336
madhusUdana sarasvatI ne advaitasiddhi meM vyAsatIrtha ke grantha nyAyAmRta kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vyAsatIrtha ne nyAyAmRta meM Anandabodha tathA tathA prakAzAtmA kI yuktiyoM kA khaNDana kiyA' jisakA nirAkaraNa madhusUdana sarasvatI ne advaita siddhi meM kiyA / nizcita rUpa se advaitavedAnta meM madhusUdana sarasvatI kI dena do prakAra se haipahalI dena hai-- bAdha prasthAna ko carama bindu taka pahuMcA denA aura advaita vedAnta ko tarkataH sthApita krnaa| dUsarI mukhya dena hai advaitavedAnta meM bhakti aura bhAgavata purANa kA praveza karanA madhusUdana sarasvatI kI yaha mahatI upalabdhi hai ki inhoMne karma, bhakti aura jJAna ke saha samuccaya kA pracAra kiyA tathA apane samaya meM pracalita bhakti Andolana ko advaitavedAnta kI tarapha unmukha kiyaa| jahAM zrI harSa aura citsukha kA uddezya nyAya vaizeSika kA khaNDana karake advaitavAda kI sthApanA karanA thA vahAM madhusUdana sarasvatI kA lakSya dvaita vedAnta kA khaNDana karake aMdaita vedAnta kI sthApanA karanA thaa| isake pIche kAraNa yaha thA ki unake samaya meM navya nyAya kA jhukAva advaitavedAnta kI dizA meM ho rahA thA aura mAdhva vedAntI advaitavedAnta ke kaTTara Alocaka the| isaliye madhusUdana jI ne pUrvapakSI kI AlocanAoM kI pratyAlocanA karake advaitavAda kI yugIna sevA prArambha kii| advaitasiddhi ke siddhAntoM meM 'mithyAtva' kI vizeSa carcA hai / vyAsatIrtha ne mithyAtva ke pAMca lakSaNa liye aura sabhI meM doSa spaSTa kiye kintu madhusUdana sarasvatI ne ina pAMca lakSaNoM ko nirdoSa siddha kiyA / jo vivAdita bindu hai saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haika. kyA sattvAsattvadhikaraNa satvaviziSTa asattvAbhAva hai? athavA kha. sattvAtyantvAbhAva aura asattvAtyantA bhAva donoM kA AdhAra hai? " vikSipta saMgrahAta kvApi kvApyuktasyopapAdanAt / anuktakathanAtkvApi saphalo'yaM zramo mam / / (nyAyamRta 1/8) 321

Page #337
athavA ga. sattvAttyantAbhAva- viziSTa asattvAtyantAbhAva rUpa dharma kA AdhAra he? tInoM vikalpa sadoSa hai| prathama pakSa meM siddhasAdhanA, dvitIya me virodha, aura tRtIya me vyAghAta hai| kyoMki satvavAtyantAbhAva viziSTa asattvAtyantAbhAva ravavacana virodha hai| yahAM madhusUdana sarasvatI ne prathama vikalpa ko chor3akara dvitIya aura tRtIya vikalpa ko tarko aura yuktiyoM se nirdoSa siddha kiyA hai| gha. vyAsa tIrtha ne dUsarA AkSepa kiyA ki mithyAtva kA lakSaNa-traikAlika niSedha pratiyogitva mithyAtva hai| prakAzAtmA ke vivaraNa meM bhI yaha lakSaNa diyA gayA hai| yahAM bhI vyAsatIrtha ne tIna vikalpa uThAye hai-(1) traikAlika niSedha yadi tAtvika hai to advaitahani hai (2) traikAlika niSedha pratibhAsika mAnane para siddhasAdhana doSa hai (3) traikAlika niSedha ko vyavahArika mAnane para use bAdhita mAnanA par3egA aura arthAntara doSa prazakta hogaa| isakA uttara dete hue madhusUdana jI kahate hai ki yadyapi traikAlika niSedha tAttvika hai phira bhI advaitahAni nahI hotI hai kyoMki prapaMJca kA niSedha tAtvika hone para bhI brahma rUpa hI hai, vaha brahma se bhinna nahIM hai| ataH advaita hAni nahIM hai| Ga. mithyAtva kA tIsarA lakSaNa hai jnyaan-nivrtytv| yaha lakSaNa bhI vivaraNakAra ne diyA hai| vyAsatIrtha mAnate hai ki ghaTAdi meM yaha lakSaNa avyApta hai kyoMki yaha vinAzazIla hai tathA dUsare pakSa meM saMskAroM meM ativyApti hai kyoMki ve smRtirUpa jJAna meM vyApta jJAnatva se nivRtta hote hai| isake uttara meM madhusUdana sarasvatI kahate hai ki adhiSThAna kI pratIti honA bhI jJAnakoTi meM hI AtA hai ataeva zukti-rajata Adi meM bhI bhrama kI nivRtti jJAna se hI hotI hai| isa prakAra prapatrca se sarvatra jJAna nivartyatva siddha hai| 322

Page #338
ca. mithyAtva kA caturtha lakSaNa hai- svAzrayaniSTha- atyantAbhAva- pratiyogitvaM mithyAtvaM hai| citsukha dvArA diyA gayA lakSaNa hai| isa para vyAsatIrtha ne AkSepa lagAyA ki atyantAbhAva ko tAtvika mAnane para dvaitAvanti arthAt advaitahAni hogii| isapara madhusUdana sarasvatI pUrvokta prakAra se hI spaSTa karate hai ki prapaJca ke atyantAbhAva se advaitahAni nahIM hotI hai| prapaJca kA pA~cavA lakSaNa pUrvapakSI dvArA diyA gayA hai sadviviktatva mithyAtva' / arthAt jo sad se bhinna hai vaha mithyA hai| isa lakSaNa ko Anandabodha ne diyA aura vyAsatIrtha ne tIna vikalpa uThAye- (1) sattA kA artha 1. sat jAti hai yA (2) abAdhya vastu (3) yA brahma prathama vikalpa meM prapaJca meM siddha sAdhana doSa hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI dvArA sat kI paribhASA- 'sattvaM ca pramANasiddhatvam' dI gayI hai arthAt jo pramANa siddha hai vaha sat hai| isa lakSaNa ke dvArA vyAsatIrtha ke tInoM vikalpoM ko aprAsaMgika banA diyA hai| jagata kI sattA pramANataH siddha nahIM hai| pramANasiddha brahma kI sattA hai ataeva jagata sat se bhinna hai| isa prakAra mithyAtva ke pAMcoM lakSaNoM ko madhusUdana sarasvatI ne nirdoSa siddha kiyaa| avidyA, pratibimbavAda tathA abheda para bhI vyAsatIrtha aura madhusUdana meM gaMbhIra vivAda hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne ina matoM kI sthApanA vyAsatIrtha kI yuktiyoM kA khaNDana karake hI kI hai| unakI yaha sthApanA paravartI advaita vedAntiyoM tathA dvaitavAdiyoM ke lie bahuta preraka siddha huI hai| ekajIvavAda madhusUdana sarasvatI ekajIvavAda ke samarthaka hai- 'sa ca dRSTaika eva tannAnAtve mAnA'bhAvAt" ekajIvavAda ke sambandha meM yaha zaMkA uThatI hai ki jaba "maiM sukhI hU~", "mai saMsArI hU~" aura "mai soyA' Adi bhinna-bhinna anubhava hote hai to eka jIvavAda ko phira 'advaitasiddhi - pR0 536 323

Page #339
kaise svIkAra kiyA jAya? isake uttara meM madhusUdana sarasvatI kahate hai ki avidyA ke kAraNa eka brahma hI jIvarUpa ko prApta karatA hai usa jIva kI hI pratyeka zarIra meM 'ahaM buddhi hotI hai isa prakAra jIva ananta na hokara eka hI hai| ___bheda-abheda ke viSaya meM jo vivAda hai usakI abhivyakti bhedavAdI navyanaiyAyika zaGkara mizra ke grantha bhedaratna prakAza meM aura abhedavAdI madhusUdana sarasvatI ke grantha advaitaratnarakSaNa meM vizeSa rUpa se huI hai| zaGkara mizra ne bhedasiddhi isaliye kI hai ki advaita vedAntI bheda khaNDana na kara sakeM bhedaratna paritrANe tArkikA eva yAmikAH / ato vedAntinaH stenAnnirasyatyeSa shNngkrH|| isakA pratyuttara madhusUdana sarasvatI ne 'advaita ratnarakSaNa' meM isa prakAra vyakta kiye hai 'advaitaratna rakSAyAM tattvikAM eva yaamikaaH| ato nyAyavidaH stenAnnirasyAmaH svayuktibhiH / / bheda ke cAra prabheda kA khaNDana madhusUdana sarasvatI ke pUrva zrI harSa ne 'khaNDana khaNDa khAdya' nAmaka apane grantha meM kiyA hai ekaM brahmAstramAdAya nAnyaM gaNayataH kvcit| . Aste na dhIravIrasya bhaMgaH saMgarakeliSu / / isa vivAda meM khaNDanakAra kA pakSa lete huye madhusUdana sarasvatI zaGkara mizra ko parAmarza dete hai mokSAya spRhayAlavaH zrutigirAM zraddhAlavo'the'nRjau vedAntArtha vibhAvanAsu sutarAM vyAjena nidrAlavaH / bhede khaNDana khaNDite'pi zatadhA tandrAlavasTArkikAH kaivalyAtpraTalAyavaH zrRNuta sadayuktiM dyaalormyaa|| 324

Page #340
arthAt he naiyAyika! khaNDana khaNDa khAdya meM zatadhA bheda kA khaNDana kiye jAne para bhI Apa sote na rahe, kaivalya se ApakA patana na ho, ataeva merI sadayuktiyoM ko sunakara abhedavAda ko svIkAra karo aura mokSa ke lie prayatna kro| bheda ko lekara vivAda isa bindu para hai ki bheda aupAdhika hai yA prmaarthik| naiyAyika, mAdhva vedAntI bheda ko paramArthika mAnate hai jaba ki advaita vedAntI aupAdhika mAnate hai| kyoki inake mata meM eka mAtra brahma ko hI sat mAnA jA sakatA hai| nRsiMhAzrama (16vIM zatAbdI) nRsiMhAzrama muni eka mahAna advaitavedAntI the| inakA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnA jAtA hai|' nRsiMhAzrama muni gIrvANendra sarasvatI aura jagannAtha Azrama ke ziSya the| unake ziSya nArAyaNa Azrama tathA dharmarAja adhvarIndra the| dharmarAja ne vedAnta paribhASA se sambandhita jJAnamImAMsIya grantha kI racanA kI hai| nRsiMhAzrama udbhava dArzanika evaM praur3ha paNDita the| inhoMne bhAvaprakAzikA (vivaraNa kI TIkA), tatva viveka, bheda dhikkAra, advaita dIpikA, vaidika siddhAnta saMgraha evaM tatvabodhinI kI racanA kI thii| isake atirikta advaita paJcaratna, advaitabodha dIpikA, advaitavAda, vAcArambhaNa, vedAntatatva viveka Adi granthoM kI racanA karake nRsiMhAzrama ne nizcaya hI darzanazAstra ke lie eka vilakSaNa yogadAna diyA hai| nRsiMhAzrama ne saMkSepazArIraka para tatvabodhinI tathA paMcapAdikA vivaraNa para paMcapAdikA vivaraNa nAmaka vyAkhyAeM likhI hai| advaita dIpikA para nRsiMhAzrama ke ziSya nArAyaNa Azrama ne advaitadIpikA vivaraNa nAmaka TIkA likhI, isameM do pariccheda hai- prathama pariccheda kA nAma sAkSiviveka hai aura dUsarA pariccheda vibhAga prakriyA hai| yaha grantha advaita vedAnta kA eka mAnaka grantha he| 'nRsiMhAzrama kA yaha samaya vedAntAM kalyANa ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| 325

Page #341
sAkSi ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAkSitva avidyA dazA meM hI rahatA hai- 'sAkSitvam avidyAdazAyAmeva dRzyApekSatvAt' / ' vahIM nRsiMhAzrama kahate hai- ataeva draSTatvaghaTitaM sAkSitvaM na svarUpam apitu udAsIna sAkSirUpam / tasya bodhAtmakameva niSpratiyogisvarupatvAt / ' advaita dIpikA meM bhAmatI prasthAna tathA vivaraNa prasthAna ke saMvAda ko utkRSTa rUpa meM darzAyA hai| niHsaMdeha nRsiMhAzrama navya advaitavAda ke purAkartA the| inake prabhAva se hI bhaTTojI dIkSita appaya dIkSita Adi advaita vedAnta meM dIkSita huye the / 'bhedadhikkAra' ke kAraNa unheM sahaja rUpa se bAdhaprasthAna kA bhI purAkartA mAnA jAtA hai| bheda dhikkAra para nimnalikhita TIkAeM hai 1. nArAyaNa AzramakRta satkriyA / 2. ajJAtakartRka bhedadhikkAra TippaNI / 3. pUrNadhArAnanda sarasvatIkRta bheda dhikkAra satkriyojjabala / 4. ajJAtakarttRka bhedAdhikAropanyAsa punazca mAdhva vedAntI nRsiMha deva ne bhedadhikkAra kA khaNDana 'bhedadhikkAra nyakkAra meM kiyA hai / nRsiMhAzrama kA mata hai ki Izvara - jIva tathA jar3a ke bheda meM koI pramANa nahIM hai kyoMki jo bhI pramANa diye jAte hai ve sabhI sadoSa hai / yathA mAnA bhAvAda yutazca na bhidezvara jIvayoH / jIvAnAma citAM caivanAtmano parasparam / / bhedadhikkAra pR0 8 / / 1 advaitadIpikA vivaraNa pR0 441 2 advaitadIpikA pR0 441 326

Page #342
nRsihAzrama ke mata meM paramArthika bheda kA nirAkaraNa zruti bArambAra karatI hai| yukti aura tarka se bhI bheda kI pAramArthikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| kyoMki jo bhI yukti dI jAtI hai vaha nirdoSa nahIM rahatI hai| vAstava meM nRsiMhAzrama ne bhedakhaNDana aura abhedasiddhi meM zruti prAmANya kA sahArA nahIM liyA hai| unhoMne bheda khaNDana ke dvArA advaitasiddhi kI hai| advaitadIpikA meM bhI dvaitavedAnta kA khaNDana pradhAna viSaya hai| ataeva use bhI bAdha-prasthAna ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| advaitadIpikA ke maMgalAcaraNa meM nRsiMhAzramata kahate hai zrImada gurupadadvandva dhyAnaniSUta kalmaSaH / kurve tadAjJayA dvaitadIpikAM bhedmediniim|| arthAt guru kI AjJA se advaitadIpikA kI racanA kI gayI hai jisakA mukhya uddezya bhedavAda kA bhedana karanA hai isase madhva vedAntI TIkAcArya jayatIrtha ke mata kA bhI khaNDana hai| jayatIrtha 'Anandamaya' ko hI brahma svIkAra karate hai parantu isakA khaNDana karate hue nRsiMhAzrama kahate hai ki Anandamaya brahma nahIM hai, yaha annamayAdi kI taraha viSaya aura vikAra hai, tathA jo paMcakoza se pare ho vaha brahma hai| aisA nRsiMhAzrama zArIraka bhASya meM yuktiyoM aura tarkoM se khaNDana karake siddha karate hai| nRsiMhAzrama aura unake TIkAkAroM ke atirikta bhI advaitavedAntI hai jinhoMne bheda ke khaNDana meM ruci lI hai| inameM 16vIM zatI ke mallanArAdhya mukhya hai jinhoMne advaitaratna nAmaka eka grantha kI racanA kI hai| nArAyaNAzrama (16vIM 5 tAbdI) nArAyaNAzrama udbhuta dArzanika the| inakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai| ye nRsiMhAzrama ke ziSya the| nRsiMhAzrama ke bhedadhikkAra evaM advaita dIpikA nAmaka anupama 'AstAmanya pramANatvama bhede srvvstunH| bhedapramANamevaita dadvaitaM saadhytylm|| (bhedadhikkAra pR 118) 327

Page #343
granthoM kI racanA kiye the| nArAyaNAzrama ne apane guru dvArA racita uparyukta donoM granthoM para TIkA granthoM kI racanA kiyaa| bhedadhikkAra para inakA TIkA grantha bhedadhikkAra sakriyA atyanta prasiddha hai inhoMne apane isa grantha meM dvaita kA nirAkaraNa karake advaita kI prAmANikatA kA samarthana kiye hai| isake atirikta 'bhedadhikkAra satkriyojjavalA nAmaka TIkA bhI inake nAma se prApta hotI hai| raMgarA dhvari (16vIM zatAbdI) raMgarAjadhvani vedAnta ke prasiddha vidvAna appaya dIkSita ke pitA the| inakI mahatvapUrNa racanAoM meM advaita vidyAmukura evaM vivaraNa darpaNa hai| ina granthoM meM raMgarAjadhvari ne nyAya vaizeSika evaM sAMkhya Adi matoM kA khaNDana karake advaita mata kI sthApanA kI hai| sadAziva bramhendra (16vIM zatAbdI) sadAziva bramhendra kA samaya 16vIM zatAbdI hai| yaha bhI zAMkara vedAnta ke pUrNa samarthaka AcArya rahe hai| virodhI anya matoM kA nirAkaraNa kara advaitavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| inakI mukhya kRtiyA~ advaitavidyA vilAsa, bodhArthAtmanirveda, guNaratna mAlikA aura brahmakIrtana taraMgiNI Adi hai| jisameM advaitavAda ko hI pratipAdya viSaya banAyA gayA hai| 16vIM zatAbdI meM hI nIlakaNTha sUri nAmaka AcArya huye jo advaita vedAnta ke hI mukhya rUpa se the| inhoMne mahAbhArata para 'bhArata bhAvadIpa' nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kiye| gItA kI vyAkhyA karate samaya yadyapi kahIM-kahIM zAMkara siddhAnta kA virodha bhI kiyA hai kintu granthoM ko dekhane para spaSTa hotA hai ki inakA pramukha siddhAnta zAMkara advaita hI thaa| sadAnanda yogIndra sarasvatI (16vIM zatAbdI) sadAnanda ne advaita vedAnta ke atyanta mahatvapUrNa evaM prasiddha grantha vedAnta sAra kI racanA 328

Page #344
kI hai| sadAnannada kA vedAntasAra' advaita vedAnta kA prathama evaM prAmANika sAra grantha hai| sadAnanda ke pUrva bhI advaita vedAnta meM AcArya 'padmapAda' ne eka vedAntasAra likhA thA jo zaMkarAcArya racita Atmabodha kI eka TIkA hai| kintu isameM advaita vedAnta kA pUrNa vivecana nahIM thaa| isa dRSTi se sadAnanda kA vedAntasAra atimahatvapUrNa hai jisameM advaita vedAnta ke sabhI viSaya varNita hai| vedAntasAra kI racanA 1525 I0 meM huI thii| unake ziSya kRSNAnanda the aura kRSNAnanda ke ziSya nRsiMha sarasvatI the jinhoMne zakasaMvat 1510 meM arthAt 1588 I meM vedAntasAra ke Upara 'subodhinI' nAmaka eka TIkA likhii| unhoMne subodhinI kA racanAkAla svayaM batAyA hai jAte paJcazatAdhike dazazate saMvatsarANAM punaH saJjAte dazavatsare prabhuvara zrIzAlivAhe zake / prApte durmukhavatsare zubhazacaumAse'numityAM tithau prApta bhArgavavAsare naraharipTIkAM cakArojjavalAm / / subodhinIkAra nRsiMha sarasvatI nRsiMhAzrama se bhinna vyakti hai| subodhinI ke atirikta vedAntasAra para saMskRta meM do aura TIkAeM hai| rAmatIrtha kI vidvanamanoraMjanI jisakI racanA 1650I0 ke Asa-pAsa huI thii| aura Apadeva dvitIya kI bAlabodhinI jisakI racanA 17vIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM huI thii| ina tIna TIkAoM meM vidvanamanoraMjanI sarvottama hai| vedAntasAra zaGkarAcArya ke zArIraka bhASya kA saMkSepa hai| isa saMkSepa meM sarvajJAtmamuni ke saMkSepazArIraka ko pramukha mahatva diyA gayA hai| rAmatIrtha (17vIM zatAbdI) rAmatIrtha kA samaya 17vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnA gayA hai| rAmatIrtha ne 329

Page #345
saMkSepazArIraka para anvayArtha prakAzikA, zaGkarAcArya kI upadeza sAhasrI para padayojanikA aura vedAntasAra para vidvanamanoraMjanI nAmaka TIkA granthoM meM rAmatIrtha ne vizeSatayA advaitavAda kA hI pratipAdana kiyA hai| isI samaya Apadeva nAma mImAMsaka bhI the jinhoMne vedAntasAra para bolabodhinI nAmaka TIkA kI racanA karake advaita mata kA hI pUrNa rUpa se samarthana kiyA hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki yaha mImAMsaka hote huye bhI advaita mata ke samarthaka the| 17vIM zatAbdI meM govindAnanda ne brahmasUtra bhASya kI TIkA- ratnaprabhA zAGkara bhASya kI TIkA hai| inhoMne bhI advaita vedAnta kA bar3I saralatA se apane grantha meM nirUpaNa kiyA hai| rAmAnanda sarasvatI (17vIM zatAbdI) rAmAnanda sarasvatI zaMkarottara vedAntiyoM meM pramukha the jinhoMne advaitavAda ke vikAsa meM pUrNa rUpa se prayAsa kiyaa| ye govindAnanda ke ziSya the inhoMne brahmasUtra para zAMkara bhASya sammata 'brahmAmRtavarSiNI' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI hai| isake atirikta 'vivaraNopanyAsa' nAmaka grantha bhI atyadhika prasiddha hai| yaha grantha paMcapAdikA TIkA kA vistRta rUpa hai| kAzmIraka sadAnanda yati (17vIM zatAbdI) kAzmIraka sadAnanda yati ne kAzmIraka advaita brahmasiddhi nAmaka eka prAmANika grantha kI racanA kiye| vAmanazAstrI ne isakA saMpAdana kiyA hai| inake anya grantha jaise- advaitasiddhi siddhAnta sAra, pratyaktattva cintAmaNi (prabhAsahita) IzvaravA, svarUpa nirNaya, svarUpaprakAza, gItAbhAva prakAza (padya), tattvaviveka TIkA aura zaGkara digvijayasAra aadi| ye madhusUdana sarasvatI ke siddhAntabindu ke TIkAkAra brahmAnanda 'yaha parimala prakAzana dillI se 1681 meM chapI hai| 330

Page #346
sarasvatI aura nArAyaNa tIrtha ke ziSya the aura kAzI meM rahakara AcArya baldeva upAdhyAya ne 'saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa- dazamakhaNDa vedAnta meM likhA hai ki- "vAmana zAstrI bhUmikA meM likhate hai ki advaita brahma siddhi meM cha: Astika aura cha: nAstika darzanoM kA upanyAsapUrvaka khaNDana tathA advaitavedAnta kA abAdhita pratipAdana hai| yaha sarvadarzana saMgraha jaisA grantha hai|' antya yaha hai ki sarvadarzana saMgraha meM kisI bhI mata kA khaNDana nahIM kiyA gayA hai jabaki isameM kiyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki advaitabrahmasiddhi AdhepAnta AlocanAtmaka tathA vizleSaNAtmaka hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI kI advaitasiddhi meM khaNDana kI pradhAnatA hai tathA advaita siddhAnta gauNa ho gyaa| bhaTTojI dIkSita kA tatvakaustubha, appaya dIkSita kA siddhAnta leza saMgraha, nRsiMhAzrama kA bhedadhikkAra ye saba ekadeza grantha hai| isameM advaitavedAnta ke pratipAdana kI AvazyakatA thii| isako sadAnandayati ne advaitabrahmasiddhi likhakara pUrA kiyaa| raMganAtha (17vIM zatAbdI) raMganAtha ne zAGkara advaita kA hI pratipAdana kiyA hai| raMganAtha ne brahmasUtra kI zAMkara bhASyAnusAriNI vRtti likhI hai| bhAmatIkAra ne ise bhASya ke arntagata mAnA hai| kintu vaiyAsika nyAyamAlAkAra bhAratItIrtha ne ise pRthaka sUtra mAnA hai| 17vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM acyuta kRSNAnanda tIrtha nAmaka AcArya bhI advaita vedAnta ke samarthaka rahe hai| inhoMne appaya dIkSita ke siddhAnta leza para TIkA likhI hai| siddhAntaleza kI yaha TIkA kRSNAlaMkAra atyanta subodha evaM sarala hai| inhoMne taittirIyopaniSada zAMkara bhApya ke Upara vanamAlA nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| isake bAda 18vIM zatAbdI meM sadAzivendra sarasvatI ne advaita vedAnta ko Age bar3hAne meM prasAsa kiyaa| inakA anya nAma sadAzivendra brAmhaNa thaa| inhoMne brahmasUtra para 'baladeva upAdhyAya-saskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa-dazama khaNDa vedAnta pR01 331

Page #347
'brahmatatva prakAzikA' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| yaha TIkA zAMkara siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| isake atirikta aura bhI tIna grantha hai- Atma viddhAvilAsa, kavitAkalpavallI aura advaitrsmnyjrii| Ayanna dIkSita ne 18vIM zatAbdI meM hI sadAzivendra ke bAda advaita vedAnta ko Age bar3hAne meM Ayanna dIkSita ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| isake dvArA racita vyAsa tAtparya nirNaya nAmaka eka grantha hI upalabdha hotA hai| inhoMne advaitamata ke pratipAdaka ke liye usa samaya sAMkhya, mImAMsA, pAtaJjala, nyAya vaizeSika, pAzupata evaM vaiSNava matoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA aura zAMkara mata kA samarthana kiyaa| prAyaH bahuta se dArzanikoM kA vicAra hai ki 18vIM zatAbdI meM hI advaitavedAnta meM cintana kI maulikatA meM kamI kI sthiti parilakSita hotI hai kintu kucha bhI ho itanA to spaSTa hai ki advaita cintana kI maulikatA kA hAsa asaMbhava hai jo Aja bhI mukhya rUpa se pracalita hai aura vedAnta ke (anuyAyiyoM) prarvatakoM kI saMkhyA meM bar3hottarI ho rahI hai| svAmI karapAtra (20vIM zatAbdI) svAmI karapAtrI 20vIM zatI ke uttara bhArata ke eka mUrdhanya advaita vedAntI the| unake anuyAyI unheM abhinava zaGkara mAnate hai| unakA sanyAsa kA nAma hariharAnanda sarasvatI thA unhoMne jagadguru zaGkarAcArya svAmI brahmAnanda sarasvatI se sanyAsa dIkSA lI thii| inakA janma 1907 meM pratApagar3ha jile ke bhaTanI meM paidA huye the| bAdha prasthAna ke ye mukhya dArzanika hai| inake pitA kA nAma zrI rAma nidhi ojhA thaa| gRhasthAzrama kA nAma haranArAyaNa ojhA thaa| 17 varSa kI Ayu meM vairAgya vRtti apnaayii| karapAtrI ne paM0 jIvanadatta se vyAkaraNa Adi kA aura svAmI vizvezvarAzrama se darzanazAstra aura vedAnta kA adhyayana kiyaa| 1631 meM jagadguru zaGkarAcArya brahmAnanda sarasvatI se daNDa grahaNa 332

Page #348
RamimirMMYR PANI222222nRail SaSTha-adhyAya NEERINNAR6611111111111 1111111111111111111111111

Page #349
mukhya sidvAntoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zaGkarAcArya dvArA pratipAdita mukhya siddhAnta advaita vedAnta hai arthAt advaita se tAtparya hai jisameM kisI prakAra kA dvaita na ho| AcArya zaGkara kA pUrA darzana saMkSipta rUpa se isa zloka se spaSTa ho jAtA hai zlokArddhana pravakSyAmi yuduktaM granthakoTibhiH / brahmasatyaM jaganmithyA jIvo brahmaiva naa'prH||' arthAt zaGkara ne kahA brahma hI ekamAtra sat hai jagat mithyA hai jIva aura brahma bhinna nahIM, eka hI hai| 'neha nAnAsti kiJcana jagata' arthAta isa prakAra nAnAvidha jagata kI vyavahArika sattA hai yaha paramArthika dRSTi se asata hai| paramArthika dRSTi se ekamAtra brahma hI param sat hai aura kucha nhiiN| isa advaitavAda ke mukhya pratipAdya viSaya ko zaGkarAcAryottara advaita vedAnta ke AcAryoM ne bhI apane-apane dRSTikoNa se svIkAra kiyA aura isakA vizleSaNa kara isa siddhAnta ko Age bddh'aayaa| zaGkarAcArya ke cAra ziSya the| surezvarAcArya padmapAda, hastAmalaka, trottk| isameM se surezvarAcArya aura padmapAda vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha hai| AcArya zaMkara dvArA pratipAdita advaita ke vikAsa meM unake ziSyoM-praziSyoM meM surezvarAcArya, padmapAda prakAzAtmAyati, sarvajJAtmamuni, aura vAcaspati mizra kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| ina AcAryo kA AvirbhAva 8vIM 6vIM I0 meM huA thA jisake kAraNa AThavIM navIM zatI kA kAla yadi advaitavedAnta kA svarNa kAla kahA jAya to atizayokti na hogii| ina dArzanikoM ne zAGkara bhASya meM pratipAdita adhyAsa, mithyAtva, avidyA kA bhAvarUpatva, ' isa zloka kI dUsarI paMkti brahmajJAnAvalI mAlA ke zloka 20 kI prathama paMkti hai| 335

Page #350
jIva brahma sambandha, jIva svarUpa avidyAnivRtti Adi viSayoM para advaita virodhI matoM kA yuktiyukta pratyAkhyAna karake svasiddhAntoM kI spaSTa vyAkhyA kI hai| zaGkarottara advaitavedAnta ke ina AcAryoM ne apanI tarkapUrNa painI yuktiyoM se eka ora bauddha aura nyAya ke dArzanikoM dvArA lagAye gaye AkSepo tathA ApattiyoM kA pratyuttara prastuta kiyA to dUsarI ora viziSTAdvaitI rAmAnuja madhvAdi vaiSNava dArzanikoM ke dvaitavAda se yukta yuktiyoM kA bhI tarkataH nirAkaraNa kiyaa| AcArya zaGakara ke bAda advaita vedAnta meM kaI prasthAnoM kA AvirbhAva huA jaisevivaraNa prasthAna, bhAmatI prasthAna, vArtika prasthAna Adi ina prasthAnoM ke atirikta bAdha prasthAna kA vikAsa huA jo navya advaita vedAnta ko sudRr3ha kara rahA hai| isake atirikta prArambhika prasthAna ke granthoM evaM sAhityoM kA bhI advaita vedAnta ke vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| zaGkarottara pramukha AcAryo meM zaGkara ke zArIraka bhASya para vAcaspati mizra kI prasiddha 'bhAmatI TIkA' ke nAma se 'bhAmatI prasthAna' pracalita huA aura padmapAda kI 'paMcapAdikA' para prakAzAtmayati kA 'paMcapAdikA vivaraNa-TIkA' ke nAma se 'vivaraNa prasthAna' ye do prasthAna advaita vedAnta ke prAmANika sampradAya ke rupa meM prasiddha hai| isI prakAra brahmasiddhi kI paramparA se maNDana-prasthAna ke tRtIya prasthAna 'vArtika prasthAna' kA bhI kama mahatva nahIM hai| vArtika prasthAna kA eka pradhAna grantha sarvAjJAtma muni racita 'saMkSepa zArIraka' hai| sarvAjJAtma muni surezvarAcArya ke pradhAna ziSya the| vivaraNa-TIkA kA gAmbhIrya evaM mahatva sabhI paravartI advaitavAdI svIkAra karate hai| isako paravartI advaitAcAryoM ne apanI vyAkhyA ke liye mUlAdhAra ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| yahAM taka ki paravartI AcAryoM ke TIkAgranthoM meM bhI vivaraNa kA ullekha kisI na kisI prakAra se rahatA hI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki vivaraNa kA gAmbhIrya evaM usakI 336

Page #351
yukti-yukta tarko kI saMgati ko dekhakara vivaraNottara prAyaH sabhI advaitAcArya isase atyanta prabhAvita hai| vivaraNa sampradAya ke agraNI AcAryoM ke nAma isa prakAra haitatvadIpanakAra akhaNDAnanda, AnaMdapUrNa vidyAsAgara, bhAvaprakAzikAkAra nRsiMhAzrama RjuvivaraNakAra sarvajJa viSNubhaTTa, tAtparya dIpikAkAra citsukhAcArya yajJezvaradIkSita, vivaraNa prameya saMgrahakAra vidyAraNyasvAmI aadi| kintu isameM sandeha bhI nahIM ki inakA apanA-apanA mata aura apanA vaiziSTya bhI hai| vivaraNa sampradAya kI eka aura mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki vivaraNa sampradAya meM AcArya zaMkara se lekara Aja taka jitane bhI lekhaka aura TIkAkAra jur3e ve sabhI prAyaH gRhatyAgI-sanyAsI the| saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI, jahAM bhI vedAnta kA adhyayana-adhyApana-lekhana hotA hai ve sabhI sthAna adhikAMzataH Azrama yA maTha hai| sAdhu-sanyAsiyoM ne apane vedAnta adhyayana meM vivaraNa ko hI anukaraNIya mAnate hai| vivaraNa sampradAya meM brahmasUtra zArIraka bhASya, paMcapAdikA para gaMbhIra adhyayana hotA hai| vivaraNa daNDI sanyAsiyoM kI AdhyAtmika pipAsA ko zAnta karatA hai yaha advaita siddhAnta kA pramukha darpaNa hai| prakAzAtmayati. akhaNDAnanda, vidyAraNya Adi sabhI sanyAsI the isake viparIta bhAmatI prasthAna ke praNetA svayaM vAcaspati mizra gRhastha the aura isaliye unake anuyAyI bhI adhikAMzataH gRhastha the kintu amalAnanda bhAmatI prasthAna meM eka sanyAsI hai jo ki isa prasthAna ke apavAda hai| maNDana mizra ke dArzanika vicAroM kA adhyayana karane para tathA vivaraNa prasthAna kA sUkSma avalokana karane para donoM prasthAnoM meM nimna antara parilakSita hotA hai1. jaisA ki spaSTa hai ki vivaraNa prasthAna ke AcArya zabdAparokSavAdI hai kyoMki ve vedAnta janya jJAna se hI brahmasAkSAtkAra mAnate hai jaisA ki zaGkarAcArya ne bhI mAnA thaa| kintu isake viparIta maNDanamizra evaM unake anuyAyI vAcaspati zabda janya jJAna 337

Page #352
ko parokSa jJAna mAnate hai aura unake anusAra brahma sAkSAtkAra ke liye upAsanAdi bhI pramukha sAdhana hai| 2. khyAtivAda ke siddhAnta meM bhI vivaraNakAra zAGkara mata kA anusaraNa karate hai aura bhramasthala meM anirvacanIya khyAti ko svIkAra karate hai / parantu maNDana prasthAna bhrama sthalIya jJAna kI vyAkhyA ke liye viparIta khyAti ko svIkAra karatA hai / 3. avidyA ko bhI lekara donoM prasthAnoM meM matabheda hai- vivaraNa prasthAna jahAM avidyA ko eka mAnatA hai vahAM maNDana mizra ke anusAra avidyA do prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. agrahaNa avidyA 2. anyathAgrahaNa avidyA / vivaraNa prasthAna avidyA kA Azraya aura viSaya (donoM hI ) brahma ko mAnatA hai kintu maNDana mizra evaM bhAmatI prasthAna ke anusAra avidyA kA Azraya jIva hai aura viSaya brahma hai / 4. vivaraNa prasthAna aura bhAmatI prasthAna brahmadvaitavAdI hai / maNDana prasthAna bhAvAdvaitavAdI hai| jisake anusAra avidyA nivRtti brahmAtirikta hai arthAt abhAvatattva ke hone se bhAvAdvaita ke advaitatattva kI hAni nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki brahma hI ekamAtra aura advitIya bhAva-tattva (sat) hai| 5. maNDana mizra zabda brahmavAda aura sphoTavAda donoM svIkAra karate hai kintu vivaraNa prasthAna aura bhAmatI prasthAna donoM hI isakA khaNDana karate hai / 6. maNDana mizra jIvanamukti ko nahIM mAnate haiM kintu vivaraNa prasthAna jIvana mukti ke sAtha videha mukti bhI svIkAra karate hai / svAmI vidyAraNya ne to 'jIvanamukti viveka' nAmaka grantha likhakara jIvanamukti ke svarupa, sAdhana, kAraNa tathA prayojana kA mumukSu upayogI vivecana kiyA hai| 338

Page #353
uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki vivaraNa-prasthAna ke mUla saMsthApaka padmapAda kA mukhya lakSya zAGkara advaita vedAnta ko maNDana mizra ke advaitavAda se bhinna karanA thA tathA isameM unako aura anuvAyiyoM ko paryApta saphalatA bhI milii| vAcaspati mizra ne padmapAda kI paJcapAdikA kA kahIM-kahIM khaNDana kiyA hai| amalAnanda sarasvatI ne isa khaNDana ko aura ujAgara kiyA hai aura ve eka sthAna para kahate hai paJcapAdIkRtastu vAjasaneyivakyasyApi AtmopakramatvalAbhe kiM zAstrAnaMtarAlocanayeti pazyantaH puruSanUdya vaizvAnaratvaM vidheyamiti vyAcakSate, tad duussyti| (kalpataru 1.2.26) vastutaH prakAzAtmA ne vivaraNa meM bhAmatI kA prabala khaNDana kiyA hai vivaraNa prasthAna ke anuvAyI anubhUti svarUpa ne prakaTArtha-vivaraNa meM vAcaspati ke Upara anekoM AkSepa lgaaye| yathA- vivaraNa prasthAna kA AkSepa hai ki vAcaspati maNDana pRSTha sevI hai aura sUtra tathA bhASya ke artha se anabhijJa hai| vAcaspati mizra anyathAkhyAti ko mAnate hai jaba ki advaitavedAnta meM anirvacanIya khyAtivAda ko mAnA jAtA hai| 'gAkara aura nAcaspati vAcaspati mizra kI bhAmatI' ne niHsandeha zakara ke zArIraka bhASya kI rakSA kI hai vizeSataH una darzanoM se jisakA khaNDana svayaM zaGkarAcArya ne tarkapAda meM kiyA thaa| bhAmatI ne anya virodhI darzanoM dvArA lagAye gaye prativAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyaa| phira bhI donoM ke darzanoM kA adhyayana karane para zaGkara aura vAcaspati ke matoM meM kucha antara avazya dikhAI detA hai| isa antara ko sarvaprathama amalAnanda ne isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA svazaktyA naTavad brahmakAraNaM zaGkaro'bravIta / 339

Page #354
jIvabhrAntinirmitaM tad vabhAse bhAmatI pati / / ajJAtaM naTavad brahma kAraNaM zaMGkaro'bravIt / jIvAjJAnaM jagadbIjaM jagauvAcaspatistathA / / ( kalpataru pR0 471) zaGkarAcArya ne mAnA ki svazakti se brahma jagat kA 'abhinnanimittopAdAna' kAraNa hai / kintu vAcaspati mizra ne mAnA ki jo brahma jagat kA kAraNa hai vaha jIva ke bhrama kA viSaya hai / zaMkarAcArya ne zAMkara bhASya meM svIkAra kiyA ki jagat kA kAraNa rUpa brahma jIvoM ko ajJAta hai| jabaki vAcaspati mizra ne mAnA ki jIva kA ajJAna hI jagat kA kAraNa hai| yahA~ yathArthataH yadi dekhA jAya to zaGkara-mata aura vAcaspati mata meM koI spaSTa antara nahIM dikhAI detA / yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vAcaspati mizra ne kevala zaGkara ke mata kA adhika spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai| zaGkara aura vAcaspati donoM hI mAyopAdhika brahma ko jagat kA abhinna nimittopAdAna kAraNa mAnate hai / yathArthataH zuddha brahma kAraNa- kArya se pare hai / ' vAcaspati ke mata meM jIvAzrita avidyA se viSayIkRta brahma jagat kA upAdAna kAraNa hai tathA mAyA sahakAriNI kAraNa hai| jIvAzritA vidyA viSayIkRta brahma hI jagad- AkAra meM virvatamAna hotA hai| isa prakAra mAyA akAraNa hote huye bhI jagata kA sahakArI kAraNa hai / parantu bhAmatI meM kaI sthaloM para vAcaspati mizra ne zaGkarAcArya kI AlocanA bhI kI hai / udAharaNArtha- brahmasUtra 1/1 / 31 ke bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya ne trividha brahmopAsanA kA varNana kiyA hai- prANadharmeNa prajJAdharmeNa aura svadharmeNa isameM vAcaspati ne kahA- prANopAsanA vidheya hai vidheya ke bheda se vidhi meM vAkyabheda sphuTa hai| 'athAto brahmajijJAsA' sUtra meM bhASyakAra ne 'ath' kA artha 'Anantarya kiyA hai| kintu vAcaspati mizra aisA nahIM mAnate haiM ve kahate haiM- 'na vayam AnantaryArthatAM gaMgAdharendra sarasvatI ne vedAnta sUkta maMjarI meM vAcaspati mizra ke mata ko isa prakAra vyakta kiyA haibrahmaivajIvAzritayA'vidyayA vissyiikRtm| vAcaspatimate heturmAyA tu sahakAriNI / / 4 340

Page #355
vyasanitayA rAMcayAmaha, kintu brahma jijJAsA hatu bhUtapUrva prakRta siddhy| na tAvata yasya kasyAcid atra Anantaryamiti vaktavyaM, tasya abhidhAnamanta reNA'pi prAptatvAta / ' arthAt brahmajijJAsA jisake anantara utpanna hone vAlI kahI jAtI hai usake binA bhI saMbhava hai usakA koI niyatapUrvavartI hetu nahIM hai, aisA vAcaspati mAnate hai| parantu bhASyakAra usake niyata pUrvavartI hetuoM ko svAdhyAya tathA sAdhanacatuSTaya ke rUpa meM batAte hai| ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki vAcaspati ne zaGkarAcArya ke matoM kI samAlocanA niSpakSatA pUrvaka kI hai| ve apanI AlocanAoM ke dvArA hI advaitavedAnta kA vikAsa karane meM saphala huye hai| niHsandeha ve eka mahAn samIkSaka the unakI samIkSA paddhati anusandheya hai| bhAmatI prasthAna aura vivaraNa prasthAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAmatI prasthAna aura vivaraNa prasthAna kucha binduoM ko lekara apane alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa rakhate hai| ina prasthAnoM meM, prAyaH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhane para mukhya bheda dikhAI dete haiM- jo nimna haibhAmatI prasthAna vivaraNa prasthAna 1. zravaNa meM koI vidhi nahIM hai| 1. zravaNa meM niyama vidhi hai| 2. jIvAzrita avidyA kA viSaya brahma 2. Izvara jagat kA kAraNa hai| jagat kA kAraNa hai| 3. jIva brahma kA avaccheda hai| 3. jIva Izvara kA pratibimba hai| 4. avidyA kA Azraya jIva tathA viSaya 4. avidyA kA Azraya aura viSaya brahma hai| donoM brahma hai| 5. mana eka indriya hai| 5. mana indriya nahIM hai| 6. zravaNa-manana aura nididhyAsana se 6. mahAvAkya se AtmasAkSAtkAra hotA ' paM0 baldeva upAdhyAya- saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa, dazamakhaNDa vedAnta- pR0 63 341

Page #356
hai zabda se aparokSa jJAna hotA hai| yaha mata zabda parokSavAda hai| 7. avidyA eka hai| 8. jIva eka hai| eka jIvavAda hai| 6. Izvara eka hai| vaha bimbabhUta hai| 10. Izvara parama sat hai| 11. yAga Adi karma jJAna ke sAdhana saMskRta mana se AtmasAkSAtkAra hotA hai| zabda se kevala parokSa jJAna hotA hai| 7. avidyA aneka hai vaha pratijIva bhinna hai| 8. jIva aneka hai| nAnA jIvavAda hai| 6. Izvara aneka hai| 10. Izvara kalpita hai 'mAyinaM tu mahezvaram' (zvetAzvatara) 11. yAga Adi karma vividiSA ke sAdhana hai jJAna nhiiN| 12. sanyAsa meM jJAna kI aMgatA adRSTa ke dvArA hai| 13. sabhI zrutiyAM pratyakSa se balavAna nahIM hai kintu tAtparyavatI zruti pratyakSa se balavAn hai jo anya zrutiyAM hai ve arthavAda mAtra hai| 14. dRSTi- sRSTivAda dvArA jagata kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| 15. nivRttakaraNa prakriyA mAnya hai isase spaSTa hai ki paJcIkaraNa nAmaka grantha vAcaspati ke vivaraNa mata se AcArya zaGkara kRta nahIM hai| avidyA yA mAyA 12. sanyAsa meM jJAna kI aMgatA dRSTa dvArA hai| 13. tAtparyavatI zrutiyA~ bhI pratyakSa se balavAna nahI haiM unakA artha lakSaNA dvArA hI kiyA jAtA hai| 14. sRSTidRSTivAda dvArA jagat kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| 15. paMcIkaraNa prakriyA mAnya hai isa mata ko vArtika prasthAna kI bhA~ti vivaraNa prasthAna bhI mAnatA hai| mAyA, avidyA, ajJAna, adhyAsa, Aropa, vivarta, bhrAnti, bhrama, sadasadanirvacanIyatA 342

Page #357
Adi zabdoM kA prayoga vedAnta meM prAyaH paryAyoM ke rupa meM kiyA jAtA hai| bhASyakAra ne mAyA zakti ko "avidyAtmikA" kahakara mAyA aura avidyA meM abheda batalAyA hai| isI avidyA siddhAnta ke AdhAra para hI advaitAcArya jagatsRSTi kI vyAkhyA prastuta karate hai| ___ kintu zaGkarottara advaitavedAnta darzana meM mAyA aura avidyA ko lekara dRSTikoNa bhinna-bhinna hai| maNDana mizra jIva ko avidyA kA Azraya aura brahma ko avidyA kA viSaya mAnate hai| ve dRSTi-sRSTivAda ke poSaka haiN| vizuddha vijJAna svarUpa brahma avidyA kA Azraya nahIM ho sakatA hai jIva hI avidyA kA Azraya hai, yadyapi jIva svayaM avidyA kA kArya hai| avidyA svayaM sadasadanirvacanIya ataH usakA jIva se sambandha bhI anirvacanIya hai| avidyA kA svabhAva svayaM virodhAtmaka hai| yadi usameM virodha na ho to vaha sat vastu bana jaayegii| avidyA aura jIva ko bIja aura akura ke samAna anyonyAzrita aura anAdicakravat mAnA gayA hai| jIvoM meM avidyA naisargika aura vidyA Agantuka hai| avidyA ke AvaraNa aura vikSepa do zaktiyoM ko maNDana mizra do rUpa mAnate hai| vAcaspati mizra bhI brahma ko 'avidyA dvitaya saciva' kahate hai| isakA artha haimUlA avidyA aura tUlA avidyaa| avidyA kA eka rUpa mAnasika mAnate hai jise TIkAkAra amalAnanda ne 'pUrvApUrva bhramasaMskAra' batAyA hai| jIva kA kAraNa bhramasaMskAra hai aura isa bhrama saMskAra kA kAraNa hai puurvaapuurvbhrmsNskaar| isa prakAra pUrvApUrva bhrama saMskAra kI anAdi paramparA mAnasika avidyA hai| avidyA kA dUsarA rUpa vaiSayika mAnate hai- jo jIva tathA jagata kA upAdAna kAraNa hai| yaha avidyA, bhAvarUpa, anAdi aura sadasad 'brahmasiddhi-pR06-12 2 bhAgatI- mNglaacrnn| 343

Page #358
vilakSaNa hai| avidyA kA viSaya brahma hai kyoMki vaha brahma ko Aropita karake usa para prapaJca kA Aropa karatI hai| avidyAdvitaya kahakara vAcaspati mizra ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki avidyA eka rUpa nahI hai kyoMki ekarUpa kevala brahma hai aura avidyA brahma se bhinna maNDana mizra aura vAcaspati mizra ke isa uparokta kathana se surezvarAcArya aura padmapAdAcArya sahamata nahIM hai ki avidyA kA Azraya jIva hai yA ki avidyA mAnasika bhrAnti hai| surezvarAcArya aura padmapAdAcArya kA mantavya hai ki brahma hI avidyA kA Azraya aura viSaya donoM hai| inake anusAra avidyA kA Azraya jIva nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki vaha svayaM avidyA janya hai| avidyA mAnasika bhrama nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki vaha jIva aura jagata donoM kA upAdAna kAraNa hai| isa prakAra vAcaspati mizra ke avidyA siddhAnta ko aneka jIvAzrita brahmaviSayaka-avidyAvAda kahA jAtA hai| isa mata meM eka jIva ke mukta hone para saMsAra kA uccheda nahIM hotA aura saMsAra kA uccheda na hone se anirmokSa prasaMga nahIM hotA hai ataeva inakA siddhAnta anyonyAzraya doSa se mukta hai| ye jIva aura avidyA ke pArasparika sambandha meM AzrayAzrayi bhAva mAnate hai aura isake viparIta Izvara aura avidyA meM ve viSaya-viSayi bhAva ko svIkAra karate hai| isa prakAra zaMGkarottara bhI kucha advaita vedAntI avidyA aura mAyA ko eka hI mAnate hai tathA AvaraNa aura vikSepa usakI do zaktiyAM svIkAra karate hai kintu kucha advaita vedAntI AvaraNa zakti ko avidyA aura vikSepa zakti ko 'mAyA' mAnate hai| vimuktAtmuni (1200 I0) mAnate hai ki avidyA kA durghaTatva usakA bhUSaNa hai, dUSaNa nahIM hai kyoMki avidyA kisI prakAra virodha mukta ho sake to usakA avidyAttva hI durghaTa ho 344

Page #359
jaayegaa|' vighAraNyasvAmI avidyA kA lakSaNa 'asAdhAraNa mAnayogA'sahiSNutva' ko batAyA hai| citsukhAcArya ajJAna ko anAdi, bhAvarUpa vijJAnanirasya ajJAna batAyA hai| citsukhAcArya yaha bhI kahate hai ki avidyA bhAvAbhAvavilakSaNa hI hai kintu use upacAra vaza use bhAvarUpa isaliye kaha diyA jAtA hai ki vaha abhAvarUpa nahIM hai| ajJAna ke sambandha meM vimuktAtmA ne eka ati mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta ko janma diyA hai| vimuktAtmA ajJAna kI anekarUpatA ko mAnate hai unake anusAra pratyeka viSaya meM utane hI ajJAna ho sakate hai jitane rUpoM meM usa viSaya kA pratyakSa saMbhava hotA hai vimuktAtmA Age yaha bhI kahate hai ki kisI vastu ke viSaya meM utpanna huA ajJAna yadi naSTa ho jAtA hai to isase mUla avidyA kA uccheda nahIM hotA, apitu usake aMza kA hI uccheda hotA hai| saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI eka vastu ke viSaya meM usase sambaddha aneka ajJAna utpanna hote hai / yathA' rassI meM kisI ko sarpa kA bhAna hotA hai to kisI ko daNDa rUpa meM yA kisI ko dhArA Adi rUpo meM pratIta hotI hai| isa prakAra vimuktAtmA ajJAna kI anekarUpatA ko mAnate hai / dRSTisRSTivAda dRSTi sRSTivAda advaitavAda kA eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta hai kintu isakA virodhImata sRSTi dRSTivAda hai jise vivaraNa prasthAna mAnatA hai / dRSTi sRSTivAda kA sambandha bhAmatI prasthAna se hai aura ise vAcaspati mizra eka matavAda kA darjA pradAna kiyA / yadyapi dRSTi sRSTivAda kA bIja gaur3apAda ke AgamazAstra tathA yogavasiSTha meM bhI milatA hai| maNDana mizra ne brahmasiddhi meM jIvAzrita avidyA ke siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA aura maNDana 'durghaTatvama vidyAyA bhUSaNaM na tu dUSaNama / kathaMcid ghaTamAnatve'vidyAtvaM durghata bhaveta / / iSTasiddhi 1 / 140 vivaraNa prameya saMgraha pR0 175 vicArAmahatva cAvidyAyA alakAra eva ! anAdi bhAvarupa yad vijJAnena vilIyate / tadajJAnamiti prAjJA lakSaNa sapracakSate / tatvapadIpikA- pR0 50 345

Page #360
mizra sa prabhAvita hokara vAcaspati mizra ne dRSTi sRSTivAda kA vikAsa kiyaa| vAcaspati mizra ke samaya meM hI aneka jIvAzrita bhinnAvaraNa zaktika eka avidyAvAda kA pracalana ho cukA thA jisake anusAra jIva aneka hai aura ve hI avidyA ke Azraya hai| vAcaspati mizra ne isa prasaMga meM aneka jIvAzrita aneka-avidyAvAda ko agrasara kiyaa| ye avidyA ke do rupa mAnate hai- (1) mUlA avidyA- jo vAsanAmaya hai aura kAraNa rUpa hai aura (2) tUlA avidyA jo kArya prapaJca rupa hai| donoM prakAra kI avidyA aneka hai arthAt pratijIva bhinna hai| paravartI advaita vedAntiyoM ne vAcaspati ke isa mata para nyAya kA prabhAva dikhalAyA hai kyoMki vedAnta meM sAmAnya' ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| ___ amalAnanda (13vIM zatAbdI) bhI dRSTi sRSTivAda siddhAnta ke samarthaka hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samasta prapaJca zUnya brahma kI avagati ke upAya ke rUpa meM hI zrutiyoM meM sRSTi aura pralaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kintu dhyAtavya hai ki zrutiyAM meM sRSTi kA pratipAdana paramArthika rUpa se nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jahAM Aropa nyAya ke dvArA yadi pratipAdana huA hai to vahAM apavAda nyAya ke dvArA usakA khaNDana bhI huA hai| isa prakAra dRSTi sRSTivAda sRSTi ko tAtvika na mAnakara dRSTikAlika hI mAnatA hai| antataH jIvAzrita avidyA kA siddhAnta prakAzAnanda ke darzana meM eka jIvAzrita eka avidyAvAda kA rUpa liyA yaha vedAnta siddhAnta muktAvalI ke lekhaka hai| unhoMne ekajIvavAda aura dRSTi sRSTivAda ko eka sAtha jor3a diyaa| unakA dRSTi sRSTivAda dRSTi hI sRSTi hai aisA mAnatA hai| isake pahale ke dRSTisRSTivAda yaha mAnate the ki sRSTi-dRSTi sama-sAmayika hai aura dRSTi hI sRSTi nahIM hai isa prakAra vAcaspati mizra eka pratyayavAdI dArzanika siddha hote hai| kintu ve barkale ke "sattA hI dRzyatA hai" (dRSTi hI sattA hai) ko nahIM mAnate the kintu prakAzAnanda kA siddhAnta barkale ke siddhAnta ke 346

Page #361
mizra sa prabhAvita hokara vAcaspati mizra ne dRSTi sRSTivAda kA vikAsa kiyaa| vAcaspati mizra ke samaya meM hI aneka jIvAzrita bhinnAvaraNa zaktika eka avidyAvAda kA pracalana ho cukA thA jisake anusAra jIva aneka hai aura ve hI avidyA ke Azraya hai| vAcaspati mizra ne isa prasaMga meM aneka jIvAzrita aneka-avidyAvAda ko agrasara kiyaa| ye avidyA ke do rupa mAnate hai- (1) mUlA avidyA- jo vAsanAmaya hai aura kAraNa rUpa hai aura (2) tUlA avidyA jo kArya prapaJca rupa hai| donoM prakAra kI avidyA aneka hai arthAt pratijIva bhinna hai| paravartI advaita vedAntiyoM ne vAcaspati ke isa mata para nyAya kA prabhAva dikhalAyA hai kyoMki vedAnta meM sAmAnya' ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| amalAnanda (13vIM zatAbdI) bhI dRSTi sRSTivAda siddhAnta ke samarthaka hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra samasta prapaJca zUnya brahma kI avagati ke upAya ke rUpa meM hI zrutiyoM meM sRSTi aura pralaya kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kintu dhyAtavya hai ki zrutiyAM meM sRSTi kA pratipAdana paramArthika rUpa se nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jahAM Aropa nyAya ke dvArA yadi pratipAdana huA hai to vahAM apavAda nyAya ke dvArA usakA khaNDana bhI huA hai| isa prakAra dRSTi sRSTivAda sRSTi ko tAtvika na mAnakara dRSTikAlika hI mAnatA hai| antataH jIvAzrita avidyA kA siddhAnta prakAzAnanda ke darzana meM eka jIvAzrita eka avidyAvAda kA rUpa liyA yaha vedAnta siddhAnta muktAvalI ke lekhaka hai| unhoMne ekajIvavAda aura dRSTi sRSTivAda ko eka sAtha joDa diyaa| unakA dRSTi sRSTivAda dRSTi hI sRSTi hai aisA mAnatA hai| isake pahale ke dRSTisRSTivAda yaha mAnate the ki sRSTi-dRSTi sama-sAmayika hai aura dRSTi hI sRSTi nahIM hai isa prakAra vAcaspati mizra eka pratyayavAdI dArzanika siddha hote hai| kintu ve barkale ke "sattA hI dRzyatA hai" (dRSTi hI sattA hai) ko nahIM mAnate the kintu prakAzAnanda kA siddhAnta barkale ke siddhAnta ke

Page #362
hI samAna hai, kyoMki dRSTi hI sRSTi hai, aisA ve mAnate hai / brahmAzrita avidyA ke mata ko sarvAjJAtmAmuni ne ekacidAzrita eka ajJAnavAda ke rUpa meM pariNata kiyaa| jo ki prakAzAnanda ke ekajIvavAda eka avidyAvAda ke sadRza hai / isa prakAra yadyapi dRSTi sRSTivAda aura sRSTi dRSTivAda meM tathA nAnAjIvavAda aura eka jIvavAda meM paraspara dvandva hai phira bhI ina donoM pakSoM kI pariNati antatogatvA eka hI siddhAnta meM ho jAtI hai donoM hI eka jIvavAda aura ajAtavAda ko ( mAyAvAda ko) akSarazaH svIkAra karate hai / ataH advaitavedAnta kA mukhya siddhAnta eka jIvavAda hI hai, nAnAjIvavAda nhiiN| aisA niSkarSa aneka AcAryo ne apane-apane granthoM meM diyA hai| pariNAmavA aura vivartavAda zAMGkara advaita vedAnta kI yaha spaSTa vicAradhArA hai ki yaha jagata mithyA hai prapaMca mAtra hai aura yaha brahma kA vivarta hai / zAGkara mata meM ise mAyA kA pariNAma bhI mAnA gayA hai| dharmarAjAdhvarIndra ne- "upAdAna viSama sattAka kAryApatti" ko vivarta kahA hai / appaya dIkSita ne upAdAna kAraNa ke samAna dharmo ke anyathAbhAva ko pariNAma aura usake vilakSaNa anyathAbhAva ko vivarta kahA hai| sIdhe artha meM vilakSaNa bhAva ko vivarta kahA jA sakatA hai| yathA - rajju meM sarpa kI pratIti vivarta hai| kAraNa guNoM ko lete huye parivartana ko pariNAma kahA jAtA hai / yathA dUdha se dadhi kA bananA pariNAma hai| jise bAda meM viziSTAdvaitavAdI rAmAnuja ne svIkAra kiyA inake anusAra sRSTi Izvara kA pariNAma hai| zabdAparokSavAda aura avidyAnivRtti "tatvamasi' Adi mahAvAkyoM dvArA athavA "satyaM jJAnamanantaM brahma" ityAdi vAkyoM " siddhAntaleza saMgraha pR0 58-60 347

Page #363
dvArA brahma sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| aisA vivaraNa sampradAya kA mata hai| arthAt vedAntavAkya janya aparokSa jJAna se hI ajJAna ke nAza hone para hI anartho se mukti saMbhava hai| bhAmatIprasthAna vedAnta vAkya janyajJAna ko aparokSa jJAna nahIM svIkAra krtaa| unake anusAra "tatvamasi' Adi vedAntavAkyajanya jJAna zabdajJAna hai aura zabdajJAna parokSajJAna hotA hai| vedAntavAkya zravaNa ke anantara karma aura upAsanA kI sahakAritA se avidyAnivRtti hotI hai| vivaraNa prasthAna ke anusAra zabda se hI aparokSa jJAna hotA hai| vaha "dazamastvamasi" vAkya se khoyA huA dazama vyakti ke aparokSa kA udAharaNa prastuta karate hai| zabdAparokSavAda ke pakSa meM vivaraNa sampradAyAcAryoM ne anumAnAdi pramANa bhI prastuta kiye hai' kintu bhAmatI prasthAna ke AcAryoM ne zabdAparokSavAda kA pratyAkhyAna karate huye vivaraNa sampradAya dvArA prastuta anumAna meM doSoM kA pradarzana kiyA hai| parantu vivaraNapanthI AcArya citsukha ne aneka yuktiyoM aura tarko se una doSoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki "dazamastvamasi' kahane para yahAM taka aparokSa jJAna hotA hai ki andha vyakti ko bhI sunate hI dazama vyakti ke rUpa meM apanA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| surezvara kA advaitavAda aura zaGkarAcArya kA advaitavAda AcArya surezvara kA advaita-viSayaka siddhAnta bhagavatpAda zaGkara ke siddhAntoM se bhinna rahA hai| zaGkara ke mata meM Atmadarzana ke tIna sAdhana hai- zravaNa, manana, nididhyaasn| jaisA ki bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya ne apanI patnI maitreyI se kahA hai- 'AtmAvA're draSTavyaH zrotabyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyo maitreyi|' / vimataM zAbdajJAnam aparokSam, aparokSaviSayAtvAt sukhajJAnavat (citsukhI, pR0 333) 348

Page #364
ina tInoM sAdhanoM ke pUrvApara ke sambandha meM AcAryo meM matabheda hai| vAcaspatimizra mAnate hai ki zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana isI krama se brahmasAkSAtkAra kA hetu hai / vivaraNa prasthAna mAnatA hai ki brahmasAkSAtkAra kA sAdhana kevala zrutivAkya kA zravaNa hai| zravaNa pradhAnakAraNa hai tathA manana tathA nididhyAsana gauNa kAraNa hai tathA paramparayA hetu hai / zAGkaramata meM kevala jJAna ko hI brahmasAkSAtkAra kA hetu mAnA gayA hai / kintu kucha AcAryo ne jaise brahmadatta tathA maNDana mizra ne karmasamuccita jJAna ko brahmasAkSAtkAra kA kAraNa mAnA hai| isako abhyAsa tathA prasaMkhyAna kahate hai / 'prasaMkhyAna' se tAtparya hai upAsanA, ArAdhanA yA abhyAsa karanA hai| sAkSI yA pramAtA sAkSI advaita vedAnta kA eka viziSTa tattva hai jo AtmA yA brahma, Izvara aura jIva ina tInoM se bhinna hai / sAkSI parabrahma ke samAna nirguNa, nirvizeSa aura nitya caitanya hai jo svataH siddha aura svaprakAza hai| vizuddha Atma-tattva ke sadRza hI yaha sAkSI samasta jJAna aura anubhava kA adhiSThAna hai| parabrahma yA Atma-tattva nirupAdhika hai, kintu sAkSI sopAdhika hai / yadyapi vaha kisI bhI prakAra kI upAdhi se lipta nahIM hotA hai phira bhI vaha sopAdhika hai| sAkSI jIva aura Izvara meM abhivyakta hotA hai| pratyeka jIva meM usakA sAkSI vidyamAna rahatA hai| sAkSI zuddha nitya caitanya aura nirguNa, nirvikAra draSTA hai, jabaki jIva kartA aura bhoktA hai| jIva aura sAkSI kA antara muNDakopaniSad meM batAyA gayA hai ki do pakSI sAtha-sAtha sakhA bhAva se eka hI vRkSa para rahate hai usameM se eka svAdu phala ko cAva se khAtA hai kintu dUsarA binA khAye kevala dekhatA rahatA hai| vaha upaniSad vAkya jIva aura sAkSI kA antara spaSTa karatA hai / sAkSI cetA kevalo nirguNazca (zvetA0 upa0 ) 2 'dvA suparNA sujA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSaM pariSasvajAte ! tayoranya: vippalaM svAdvatti anaznannyo'bhicAkazIti / / (muNDako0 3/1/1) 1 349

Page #365
sAkSI ke viSaya meM bhI zaMkarottara advaitiyoM meM matabheda hai| kucha vidvAn prati zarIra meM bhinna sAkSI ko mAnate hai kucha vidvAna saba zarIroM meM eka hI sAkSI svIkAra karate hai| kucha vidvAna sAkSI ko jIva sAkSI aura 'Izvara sAkSI' ina dvividha rUpo meM mAnate hai / AcArya citsukha sAkSI evaM pramAtA meM vibheda mAnate hai ve sAkSI ko svataMtra evaM draSTA mAtra mAnate hai isake viparIta pramAtA, AcArya citsukha ke anusAra jJAtA hai tathA jJAna ke sAdhanoM ke kArya ke adhIna hai / ' yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahArataH brahma, Izvara, sAkSI aura jIva meM hI bheda dikhAI yaha paramArthataH bheda nahIM hai| paramArthika dRSTikoNa se saba parabrahma' hI hai| Izvara aura jIva advaita vedAnta kI mAnyatA hai ki Izvara aura jIva donoM brahma hI haiM mAyA yA avidyA ke kAraNa brahma kI pratIti Izvara aura jIvoM ke rUpa meM hotI hai aura Izvara kI pratIti bhI jIva kI dRSTi se hI hai| zAGkara vedAnta meM Izvara aura jIva abhinna hai bheda kevala vyavahArika hai paramArthika nahIM / paramArthataH - 'jIvoM brahmaiva nA'paraH / Izvara meM mAyA yA avidyA kI AvaraNa zakti yA ajJAna kA sarvathA abhAva hai, jIva mAyA yA avidyA kI AvaraNa aura vikSepa donoM zaktiyoM se sambaddha hai / jIva kI upAdhi aupacArika hai vaha vastutaH brahma hI hai| jIva kA jIvatva avidyAjanya bhrAnti hai jIva kA bandhana aura mokSa vyavahArika hai paramArthika nahIM / yadyapi zaMGkarottara advaitavedAntiyoM meM Izvara aura jIva ke viSaya meM matabheda hai jo pratibimbavAda, ekabimbavAda, avacchedavAda tathA AbhAsavAda ke rUpa meM pratipAdita huye hai / AbhAsavAda siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka surezvarAcArya hai| vAcaspati mizra ne advaitavAda kA 1 tatva pradIpikA (caturtha pariccheda), pR0 381-382 evaM isa para dekhiye nayana prasAdinI TIkA sAgara, bambaI 1931 ) 350

Page #366
pratipAdana avacchedavAda ke AdhAra para kiyA hai tathA pratibimbavAda kA pratipAdana padmapAda ne kiyaa| saMkSipta rUpa meM yaha hai ki-eka sUrya yA candra kA jalAzayoM meM yA vividha jala pAtroM meM par3ane vAlA pratibimba pratibimbavAda kA udAharaNa hai| mahAkAza aura ghaTAkAza kA udAharaNa avacchedavAda kA hai jala aura taraMge tathA rajjusarpa, zuktirajatAdi AbhAsavAda ke udAharaNa hai| brahma kA mAyA meM pratibimba hI Izvara kahA jAtA hai aura avidyA kA antaHkaraNa meM pratibimba jIva hai| mAyAvacchinna brahma Izvara hai aura avidyA yA antaHkaraNavacchinna brahma jIva hai| jIva aura Izvara ke sambandha meM zaGkarAcArya kA koI eka nizcata mata nahIM hai unake mata se donoM avidyopAdhika aura kAlpanika hai| unake mata meM pratibimbavAda avacchedavAda aura AbhAsavAda ke bIja hai jinakA vikAsa paravartI anuvAyiyoM ne kiyaa| ina tInoM vAdoM ke mUla brahmasUtra- ataeva copamA sUryAdivat (bra0 sU0 3/2/18) ambugrahaNAttu na tathAtvam (vahI 3/2/16) bRddhihAsabhAktvamantarbhAvAdubhayasAmaJjasyadevam (vahI 3/2/20) meM tathA unake zAGkara bhASya meM prApta hote hai| prakAzAdivannaivaM paraH (vahI 2/3/46) tathA AbhAsa eva ca (vahI 2/3/50) ina donoM sUtroM meM aura inake zAGkara bhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se ukta tInoM vAdoM kA nirdeza hai| ina tInoM sUtroM ke zAGkara bhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki saura yA candra kA prakAza jaise AkAza meM phailakara vidyamAna hai, phira bhI aMguli Adi kA upAdhi ke sambandha meM usa prakAza ko sIdhA tathA Ter3hA dekhA jAtA hai, athavA jaise pAnI ke pAtra meM pratibimbita sUrya kaMpate huye jala ke samparka se kaMpatA huA dikhAI par3atA hai para vastutaH sUrya kAMpatA nahIM hai athavA jaise jala meM sUrya kA AbhAsa lakSita hotA hai, usI prakAra jIva ke duHkhI hone para bhI Izvara meM duHkha kA sambandha nahIM hotaa| ina tInoM udAharaNoM meM pahale meM avacchedavAda kA saMketa diyA gayA hai| inhIM ke AdhAra para zrI 351

Page #367
vAcaspati mizra ne avacchedavAda kA, zrI padamapAdAcArya tathA zrI prakAzAtmayati ne pratibimbavAda kA tathA AcArya surezvara ne AbhAsavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| 'AbhAsa' zabda kA artha brahmasUtra adhyAsa bhASya meM tathA isakI vyAkhyA 'bhAmatI' tathA 'parimala kalpataru' meM spaSTa rUpa se kI gayI hai| adhyAsa kA lakSaNa AcArya zaGkara ne 'smRtirUpaH paratra pUrva dRSTAvabhAsaH' (adhyaasH)| isa para bhAmatIkAra ne kahAavasanno'vamato vA bhAso'vabhAsaH' surezvarAcArya ne 'AbhAsa' ko cidAbhAsa, cibimba aura kUTasthAbhAsa zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA hai|' paM0 'baladeva upAdhyAya' ne apane grantha "saMskRta vAGgamaya kA vRhada itihAsa" 'dazama khaNDa vedAnta' meM isakA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| jahAM taka AbhAsavAda kA prazna hai isa siddhAnta ke anusAra mUlatattva (brahma) evaM AbhAsamAtra dvaitarUpa jagata meM abhinnatva nahIM hai| surezvarAcArya kA yaha mAnanA hai ki AbhAsavAda ke anurUpa avidyA ke kAraNa mUlasatya brahma meM jisa vyavahArika jagat kI pratIti hotI hai vaha AbhAsamAtra hone ke kAraNa satya nahIM hai| jaba ki pratibimbavAda kI dRSTi se pratibimba sarvadA satya hotA hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa kevala asatya dikhalAI par3atA hai| AbhAsavAda ke anusAra vyavahArika jagat kI satyatA bhI tabhI taka kahI jA sakatI hai jaba taka ki avidyA kI nivRtti nahIM ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra mUrcchita avasthA ke vyakti ko usa samaya kI aisI vastuoM kI satyatA pratIta hotI hai jo usake sammukha nahIM upasthita hotI aura jaba mUrchA haTa jAtI hai taba use mUrchAkAla kI vastueM mithyA pratIta hone lagatI hai| usI prakAra ajJAna ke kAraNa vyakti ko jagata ke samasta kriyAkalApa satya pratIta hote hai kintu paramArtha bodha hone para jagat ke samasta vyavahAra mithyA pratIta hote hai| isa prakAra surezvarAcArya ke mata meM jagata kI satyatA bhI AbhAsamAtra hai, vAstavika nhiiN| kintu bAda meM surezvarAcArya ke anuvAyiyoM ne unake AbhAsavAda meM vyavahArika satyatA kA 352

Page #368
mizraNa karake surezvarAcArya ko pratibhAsika, vyavahArika evaM paramArthika sattAoM kA samarthaka siddha kiyA thaa| zrI surezvarAcArya ke sAkSAt ziSya hokara bhI sarvajJAtmamuni pratibimbavAda ke pakSa meM hai aura AbhAsavAda ko nahIM svIkAra karate hai| isa prakAra surezvarAcArya ke vArtika prasthAna meM cha: tatvoM ko anAdi mAnA jAtA hai- jIva, Izvara, zuddha caitanya, jIvezvara bheda, avidyA aura zuddha caitanya avidyA sambandha / ' vAcaspati mizra avacchedavAda ke dvArA brahma aura jIva ke sambandha kI vyAkhyA karate hai| brahma nirastopAdhi jIva hai aura jIva avidyopAdhi brahma hai| avacchedavAda ke samarthakoM ne "AkAza ke udAharaNa dvArA ise adhika spaSTa kiyA hai| jisa prakAra eka hI AkAza ko sAMsArika loga ghaTa evaM maTha ke sambandha se ghaTAkAza evaM maThAkAza kahakara pukArate hai usI prakAra eka hI brahma jIva kI avidyopAdhi ke kAraNa sasImatA evaM avicchinnatA ko prApta hotA hai| avidyA pratyeka jIvamaTha meM Azrita rahatI hai| yathA ghaTa evaM maTha rUpI upAdhiyoM ke samApta ho jAne para ghaTAkAza-maThAkAza Adi bheda naSTa ho jAte hai usI prakAra avidyopAdhi ke haTa jAne para jagata meM parilakSita hone vAle bheda haTa jAte hai aura mAtra brahma hI zeSa raha jAtA hai| avacchedavAdI ke mata meM antaHkaraNa-avicchinna cetana hI jIvAtmA hai| isa mata meM jIva ghaTAkAza ke samAna tathA brahma mahAkAza ke samAna hai| apane mata ke samarthana meM avacchedavAdI "aMzonAnA vyayadezAta" (brahmasUtra 2/3/43) yaha sUtra prastuta karatA hai| jIva kI avidyopAdhi ke kAraNa anavacchinnaM evaM asIma brahma avacchinnatA evaM sasImatA ko prApta hotA hai| upaniSadoM meM bhI yatra-tatra jIva ko brahmAgni ke sphuliMga ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra avacchedavAda mAna lene para brahmajIva meM upAsyaupAsaka bhAva bhI bana sakatA hai| 'jIva Izo vizuddhA cit tathA jiiveshyorbhidaa| avidyA taccitoryogaH SaDasyakAmanAdayaH / / (yaha zloka paramparA se AcArya surezvarAkRta mAnA jAtA hai) 353

Page #369
AcArya surezvara ke AbhAsavAda evaM vAcaspati mizra ke avacchedavAda meM bheda mukhya rUpa se dRSTavya hai| avacchedavAdI mAnate hai ki sarvavyApI evaM asIma brahma hI jIva kI avidyA kI ananta upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa avacchinna evaM sasIma rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra avacchedavAda ke anusAra avaccheda (brahma kA avacchinna rUpa meM darzana) to mAnasika dhAraNA mAtra hone ke kAraNa mithyA hai| parantu jo (brahma) avacchinna rUpa meM pratIta hotA hai vaha to sarvathA anavacchinna evaM satya hI hai| isake viparIta AbhAsavAda ke anusAra jagata kI satyatA kA AbhAsa kisI prakAra bhI satya nahIM hai| __jahAM taka pratibimbavAda kA prazna hai isake anusAra bimba (mUlatattva) evaM pratibimba meM abhinnatva hai, parantu isake viparIta AbhAsavAda siddhAnta ke anusAra mUlatatva (brahma) evaM AbhAsavAda dvaitarUpa jagat meM abhinnatva nahIM hai| kintu pratibimbavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki avidyA meM paramArtha satya rUpa brahma kA jo pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai vaha brahma se pRthaka na hone ke kAraNa satya hai, kyoki pratibimba sarvathA satya hotA hai yadi pratibimba asatya dikhalAI par3atA hai yA pratIta hotA hai to isakA kAraNa kevala avidyA hai| kyoMki bimba evaM pratibimba ke bheda darzana ke kAraNa hI dRSTA ko pratibimba mithyA pratIta hotA hai, abheda darzana ke dvArA nhiiN| pratibimbavAdI jIva ko zuddha cetana kA pratibimba mAnate hai aura apane mata ke samarthana meM 'AbhAsa evaM ca' (brahmasUtra 2/3/50), yaha sUtra prastuta karateM hai| isa sUtra ke anusAra jIva brahma kA AbhAsa hai, arthAt pratibimba hai| brahma bimba hai, jIva pratibimba hai| jisa prakAra sUrya aura jalasthita sUrya ke pratibimba meM bheda nahIM hotA hai usI prakAra brahma aura brahma-pratibimba jIva meM bheda nahIM hotA hai| jisa prakAra pratibimba bhAva se sUrya nAnA ho sakatA hai usI prakAra nAnA antaHkaraNoM meM pratibimbavata brahma bhI nAnA jIvarUpa meM pratIta hotA hai| AcArya surezvara bimba aura pratibimba ko bhinna na mAnakara abhinna mAnate hai| inake anusAra pratibimba bimba kI 354

Page #370
chAyA hone ke kAraNa AbhAsa hai| chAyA satya nahIM hotI mithyA hotI hai| isakA kAraNa brahma kI chAyA arthAt AbhAsa brahma se bhinna hai aura isa prakAra pratibimba bhI satya nahIM mithyA haiN| pratibimbavAdI AcArya AbhAsavAda ko svIkAra nahIM karate hai kyoMki inakA mAnanA hai ki jIva kI vyAkhyA pratibimbavAda se hI adhika saMgata ho sakatI hai| darpaNa meM pratibimbata mukha pratibimba vastutaH mukha se pRthaka vastu nahIM hai isa prakAra buddhidarpaNa me pratibimbita cidpratibimba cidAtmA se bhinna nahIM hai| yadi bimba ko pratibimba se alaga mAna liyA jAya to bimba-pratibimba bhAva hI nahIM bana sakatA isaliye bimba ko pratibimba se alaga nahIM mAnanA caahie| yadi mAna bhI liyA jAya to "darpaNa meM mukha nahIM hai" aisA karake bAdha jJAna kA udaya hotA hai to usa samaya mukha ke sAtha darpaNa kA hI sambandha jJAta hotA hai| kintu prazna yaha uThatA hai ki jisa prakAra darpaNagata mukha pratibimba jJAna-zUnya hotA hai usI prakAra jIva bhI jJAna-zUnya hogaa| pratibimba ko cetana nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki pratibimba ko cetana mAnane para mukha meM ceSTA huye binA hI pratibimba meM ceSTA hone lgii| parantu mukha se ceSThA hue binA pratibimba meM ceSThA nahIM hogI jIva meM caitanya guNa jIva bhAva ke samaya meM bhI hotA hai isake uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'dRSTAnta sarvAMza meM nahIM diyA jAtA hai| darpaNa meM sthita mukha-pratibimba ko mukha se bhinna nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki aisA kahane para mukha ke binA bhI pratibimba kI sthiti kI Apatti hogii| kucha advaita vedAntI AkSepa karate hai ki pratibimba bodha pUrNatayA bhrAnti hai| kyoMki jaba pratibimba gRhIta hotA hai taba netra-razmi darpaNa se TakarAkara vApasa Akara punaH bimba-rUpa mukha kA hI grahaNa karAtI hai grahaNa mukha kA hI hotA hai isI kAraNa pratibimba viparIta rupa se gRhIta hotA hai| pratibimbavAdI AcArya avacchedavAda para bhI Aropa karate hai| inake mata meM jaba caitanya antaHkaraNa dvArA paricchinna hotA hai taba vahI paricchinna caitanya mRtyu ke pazcAt nahIM raha 355

Page #371
sakatA hai| isa prakAra pratibimbavAdiyoM kA kahanA hai ki avacchedavAda meM jisa prakAra avaccheda ke gamanA-gamana kI Apatti hotI hai pratibimbavAda meM aisA saMbhava nahIM hotA hai| pratibimbavAda meM bimba eka hai isaliye bhinna-bhinna antaHkaraNa rUpa darpaNoM me eka hI bimbabhUta caitanya ke nAnA pratibimba bana sakate hai, aura nAnA pratibimba eka bimba se abhinna hai| ataH ve pratibimba antaHkaraNa bheda se nAnA pratIta hone para bhI vastutaH eka hI hai| prakAzAtmAyati ke anusAra Izvara bimba sthAnIya hai aura jIva usakA pratibimba hai| avidyA meM caitanya kA Abhasa hI jIva hai| unake anusAra jIvezvara bheda sAdhaka upAdhi ajJAna he| ajJAna nAza hone para hI jIva brahma svarUpa ho jAtA hai| brahma ke pratibimba grahaNa karane meM avidyA hI samartha hai| Izvara bimba hai tathA jIva usakA pratibimba hai| avidyA meM pratibimba apane hI rUpa-jIvoM ko dekhakara sRSTilIlA svataMtratApUrvaka karatA hai| vivaraNAnusArI AcArya bimba ko pratibimba se bhinna mAnane para yaha tarka dete hai ki 'ahaM brahmAsmi' evaM "tatvamasi" Adi vedAnta vAkyoM meM pratipAdita jIva-brahmaikya kI siddhi kaise hogI? ina tarkavAkyoM meM jIva aura brahma ko abhinna hI kahA gayA hai isa prakAra jIva brahma hone ke kAraNa nitya zuddha-svarUpa hai| aise meM, yadi jIva ko bimba se bhinna pratibimba mAnakara mithyA kaha dene para zrutivAkyoM kI asaMgati hogii| isaliye pratibimba ko bimbAbhinna mAnanA cAhie tathA use satya mAnanA caahie| AcAryoM ne baDI sUkSma dRSTi se ina tInoM vAdoM kI samIkSA kI hai| avacchedavAda kI samIkSA meM unakA mAnanA hai ki yathA antaHkaraNAvacchinna caitanya jIva hai usI prakAra ghaTAAvacchinna caitanya ko jIva kyoM nahI mAnate? kyoMki jaise AkAza ghaTAvacchinna hokara ghaTAkAza ho sakatA hai to ghaTAvacchinna caitanya ko jIva kyoM nahIM kahA jAtA hai? isake uttara meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki antakaraNaH ke svaccha hone se hAna sa 356

Page #372
antaHkaraNAvacchinna caitanya hI jIva ho sakatA hai kintu isameM svacchatva aura asvacchatva vizeSaNa lagAne para haThAt isako pratibimbavAda mAnanA pdd'egaa| zrI vAcaspati mizra ne jIva ko pratibimbakalpa bhI kahA hai 'tathApi tatpratibimba kalpa jIva dvAreNa parasminnucyate / ' ( bra0 sU0 1/4/6) isIprakAra pratibimbavAda kI samIkSA meM bhI AkSepa lagAyA gayA hai ki nIrUpa caitanya kA pratibimba nahIM par3a sktaa| isake uttara meM kahA jAtA hai ki jaise jala meM nIrUpa AkAza kA pratibimba paDatA hai vaise hI nIrUpa caitanya kA bhI pratibimba par3a sakatA hai| isa prakAra bimba ke sAtha pratibimba ke tAdAtmya yA abheda hone se aura pratibimba ke satya hone se pratibimba rUpa jIva ko kabhI mukti hI nahIM mila sakatI hai| aura yadi bimba-pratibimba meM bheda mAnA jAya to pratibimba meM caitanya nahIM bana pAtA / isake samAdhAna meM kahA jAtA hai ki bimba se pratibimba kA bheda pratIta honA kevala adhyAsa hai, pratibimba svarUpataH satya hai / isa siddhAnta se pratibimba jIva kA caitanya aura bandha mokSa bana jAte hai / Age AbhAsavAda kI samIkSA meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi AbhAsa mithyA hai taba to cidAbhAsa rUpa jIva bhI mithyA hai| isa sthiti meM na to jIva kA bandhana bana pAyegA aura na hI mokSa / vAcaspati mizra ne brahmasUtra ke racanAnupatyAdhikaraNa meM (2/2/6) kI bhAmatI meM pratibimbavAda aura AbhAsavAda donoM para yaha AkSepa kiyA hai ki ina donoM vAdoM ke mAnane para vedAnta meM mAdhyamika mata kA praveza ho jAyegA aura isa prakAra ke AbhAsavAda svIkAra karane para jIva kA sarvathA nAza ho jaayegaa| isake samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra vimba bhUta jIva se pratibimbabhUta abhinna hai yA ina donoM meM tAdAtmya hai, usI prakAra cidAbhAsa cit se abhinna nahIM hai, bhinna bhI nahIM hai aura bhinnAbhinna bhI nahIM hai apitu anirvacanIya hai / ateva AbhAsa ke anirvacanIya hone se 357 1

Page #373
cidAbhAsa jIva na to mithyA hai aura na to satya hI hai| isa prakAra bandha mokSa vyavahAra kI upapatti kI jAtI hai vidyAraNya svAmI ne apane grantha paJcadazI (tR0 pra0 15) meM aura unake ziSya zrI rAmakRSNa tathA paramparayA ziSya zrI acyutarAma ne apanI vyAkhyA meM avacchedavAda, pratibimbavAda evaM AbhAsavAda meM antara na mAnakara eka hI mAnA hai| vAstava meM jitanA antara bhAmatI-prasthAna aura vivaraNa prasthAna meM hai utanA antara vArtika prasthAna tathA vivaraNa prasthAna meM nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka paravartI AcArya vArtika prasthAna tathA vivaraNa prasthAna donoM ke antargata rakhe jA sakate hai| tathApi sampradAya vid ke nAma para sUtra bhASya vArtika vid hI Ate hai aura AbhAsavAda mukhyataH vArtika prasthAna kA siddhAnta hai| isa kAraNa vivaraNa-prasthAna se vArtika prasthAna ko bhinna mAnA jAtA hai| 358

Page #374
1233232323232322423283233222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 saptam- adhyAya

Page #375
upasaMhAra pUrvavartI cha: adhyAyoM meM darzana kA paricaya, darzana kI mukhya vidhAoM tathA vedoM, upaniSadoM brAhmaNa AraNyaka evaM gItA Adi meM advaita darzana ke mUla bIja kA varNana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| zaGkaraprAga advaitavAda meM yogavAsiSTha kA bhI apanA mahattva hai| jisameM advaitavedAnta kI pUrva rUpa-rekhA milatI hai / zaGakarAcArya prAga SoDaza vedAntAcArya tathA unake siddhAntoM kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| ina SoDaza vedAntAcAryoM tathA unake siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA gyaa| ina SoDaza vedAntAcAryoM meM sapta ArSa vedAntAcArya haiM yathA- Atreya, Azmarathya, auDalomi, kArSNAjini kAzakRtsna, jaimini, vAdarAyaNa inameM se tIna vedAntAcArya bhartRhari gauDapAda, maNDanamizra, vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha haiN| ye SoDaza AcArya jIva brahma kI ekatA mAnate haiM / aura avidyA se saMsAra tathA jJAna se mukti mAnate haiM / kintu ina sabhI AcAryoM ke matoM meM kucha na kucha avAntara bheda vidyamAna hai| inameM se kisI ke mata meM upaniSad vAkyoM kA samanvaya nahIM ghaTita hotA hai| isameM kisI-kisI kA siddhAnta yuktiyukta nahIM pratIta hotA, aura kisI-kisI kA zruti sammata aura tarka sammata nahIM pratIta hotA hai| bhagavAna zaGkara ne doSoM kA nivAraNa karake paramAtmA se prApta advaita siddhAnta ko aura pariSkRta kiyA / bhagavAna zakarAcArya ne apaneM siddhAnta meM avidyA, brahma kA nirguNatva aura nirAkArattva tathA jIva brahma aikya Adi kA nUtana AviSkAra nahIM kiye the aura na to kahIM se le Aye the / yathA- inameM Azmarathya aura auDulomi, bhartRprapaJca aura zrI brahmadatta jIva brahma bhedAbheda mAnate the| inakA mAnanA thA ki saMsAra dazA meM jIva kA brahma se abhedya hai inameM auDulomi muktAvasthA meM bheda mAnate / aura saMsArI dazA meM abheda mAnate haiM kintu yaha bheda sahiSNurabheda hai| bhagavAna zaGakara isa bhedAbheda kA khaNDana karate haiM aura kahate haiM 'yadekena vijJAnena sarvavijJAtaM bhavatIti pratijJAsiddhayarthaM bhedo nirAkaraNIyaH' / 360

Page #376
zrI zaGkarAcArya yukti Adi tarka se apane zAGkara bhASya meM yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki yadi jIva aura brahma meM bheda pAramArthika hai taba to abheda kisI prakAra se nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra prabala pramANoM se bhedAbheda kA khaNDana karake advaita vAdI abheda pakSa ko pratipAdita karate haiN| zrI bhartRprapaJca brahmadatta, maNDanamizra avidyA se jIva brahma bheda mAnate haiN| arthAt jIva brahma bheda pAramArthika nahIM hai| kevala bheda avidyA pratIta hotA hai| isa prakAra advaitavAdI tathA jJAna karme samuccaya vAdI the| zrI bhartRprapaJca aura brahmadatta jIvana mukti ko nahIM mAnate the| inake mata meM deha pAta ke anantara hI mukti hotI hai| kAzakRtsna, vAdari, dravir3a, bhartRhari, gaur3apAda, aura maNDana mizra sabhI AcArya brahmA ko nirguNa aura nirvizeSa mAnate haiN| isa prakAra sabhI advaitavAdI AcAryoM ke siddhAnta yathA advaita, vivarta jIva-brahma, ekatA Adi samAna rUpa hI hai kevala kahIM kucha bheda hai| zaGkarAcArya ke pazcAdavartI advaitavAdI AcAryoM meM yathA- surezvarAcArya, padmapAdAcArya, prakAzAtmA, sarvajJAtmamuni, vAcaspatimizra Adi ne advaitavAda ke vikAsa meM kAphI yogadAna diyaa| zaGkarAcAryake bAda kaI prasthAnoM kA janma huA yathA bhAmatI-prasthAna, vArtika prasthAna, vivaraNa-prasthAna aura bAdha prasthAna kA janma huaa| kintu sabhI AcAryoM ke mata-matAntaroM meM bhale hI thor3I bahuta bhinnatA rahI ho kintu isakA mUla uddezya vedAnta kA anya darzanoM se alaga vikAsa kara sarvocca sthAna para pahu~cAnA thaa| acArya zaGkara kA darzana sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kA ziromaNi kahA jAtA hai| AcArya zaGkara ke vicAra kevala zruti sammata hI nahIM apitu toM dvArA bhI pUrNa pratiSThita hai| unhoneM apaneM tarka bala ke AdhAra para hI prAyaH anya sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika sampradAyoM kI kaTu AlocanA bhI kI hai, unake viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki 'tAvad garjanti zAstrANi jambukA vipine ythaa| na garjanti mahAzaktiryAvad vedAnta keshrii|| 361

Page #377
arthAt "kAnana meM zRgAla rUpI zAstroM kI AvAja kevala tabhI taka sunAI par3atI hai jaba taka vedAnta kezarI (AcArya zaGkara) kA siMhanAda nahIM hotA" arthAt AcArya zaGkara ke vicAroM evaM tarkoM se anya sabhI dArzanika tathA unake siddhAntoM kI dIvAleM Dhaha jAtI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka zatAbdiyoM se vidvAna isa darzana (vedAnta) kI ora AkarSita hote rahe haiM, aura yaha darzana apane virodhiyoM ke AkramaNoM se apanI rakSA karatA rahA hai| Aja taka jitane hindU darzana hue haiN| una saba meM vedAnta darzana kA sthAna sarvopari rahA hai| isa darzana kI mahattA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI rahA hai ki zrutiyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa yaha sAdhAraNa janoM ko bhI saralatA se grAhya thA advaita vedAnta Aja bhI dharma yA adhyAtma ke rUpa meM logoM dvArA anusaraNIya hai| apanI jJAnamImAMsA aura pramANa mImAMsA kI dRSTi se bhI advaitavedAnta sabhI anya darzanoM se ativiziSTa hai| darzana ke rUpa meM zAGkara advaita kI eka bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha do-tIna maulika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para jJAna-mokSa Adi pratyayoM kI bar3I sulajhI huI vyAkhyA karatA hai| yadyapi vedAnta ke sabhI sampradAya upaniSadoM para AdhArita hone kA dAvA karate haiN| unakA isa prakAra kA dAvA karanA pUrI taraha se ucita ho yA na ho isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki unakI sAmagrI kA kAphI bar3A aMza upaniSadoM se liyA gayA hai| isIlie upaniSad, bhagavadgItA aura vedAntasUtra ko prasthAnatrayI arthAt vedAnta kA tIna stambha mAnA gayA hai| zaGkara ne jisa vizeSa prakAra ke ekatattvavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA vaha bahuta prAcIna hai jo ki zrutiyoM, upaniSadoM Adi meM pUrva se hI vartamAna thaa| kintu advaita vedAnta ne anta meM jo rUpa dhAraNa kiyA usako kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha svayaM zaGkara ke vicAroM kI hI upaja thii| inake saiddhAntika pakSa kI pramukha vizeSatA hai ki 362

Page #378
yaha eka mAtra brahma kI hI paramasattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| jo ki nirguNa, nirAkAra, niravayava hai| zaGkara siddhAnta kI mukhya vizeSatA hai ki inhoMne jagata ko mAyAkRta prapaJca mAtra mAnA aura jIva tathA brahma ko bhinna na mAnakara abhinna rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura yaha bhI mAnate the ki mokSa ke samaya jIva brahma meM lIna ho jAtA hai| inake siddhAnta ke vyavahArika pakSa para yadi ghyAna diyA jAya to spaSTa hotA hai ki yaha vyavahArika pakSa meM karma sanyAsa kA pratipAdana karate haiM aura ekamAtra jJAna ko hI mokSa kA sAdhanarUpa mAnate haiN| isa siddhAnta kA sabase prAcIna pratipAdana gauDapAda kI kArikA (mANDUkya kArikA) meM milatA haiN| jisakA prakaTa abhiprAya to mANDUkya upaniSad ke upadezoM ko hI saMkSipta rUpa meM prastuta karanA thA kintu isane vastutaH advaita vedAnta ko prazaMsanIya DhaMga se prastuta karake isake lie 'advaita vedAnta' eka bahuta bar3A kAma kiyA upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM una tathyoM kA ullekha karanA anucita na hogA jisake kAraNa yaha darzana itanA adhika lokapriya evaM jana samarthita rahA hai| ___ sarvaprathama hama kaha sakate hai ki vedAnta darzana meM jIvana kA jo sarvocca Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vaha nirvivAda rupa se sarvocca Adarza hai| pUrNa saccidAnanda kI akhaNDa aura zAzvata upalabdhi aura vaha bhI isI jIvana meM saMbhava batAnA isa darzana kI sabase bar3I bizeSatA hai| koI bhI sAdhaka isa lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| saguNa Izvara ke sAnidhya aura sAkSAtkAra kI tulanA meM brahma yA paramaM yA sata se tAdAtmya prApta karanA kahIM U~cI bAta hai| apane sImita ahaM se Upara uThAkara sarvavyApI ahaM prApta karanA jIvana kI bahuta upalabdhi mAnI jAyegI / 363

Page #379
usameM bhI eka bar3A ArkaSaNa yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prApta ho sakatI hai| saMsAra me aisA koI darzana nahIM hai| jo isa bAta meM isake samatulya ho, isase Age bar3hane kA to prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai | punazca, paramasat ko jIva AtmA batAkara isa darzana ne hamAre samakSa usakA sabase prabala pramANa prastuta kiyA hai| darzana kI anya paddhatiyoM meM paramasat kevala eka mAnasika racanA yA kalpanA hai| isaliye vaha sadA apramANita samasyA hI banA rahatA hai isake viparIta isa darzana kA parama sata hamAre avayavahita anubhava kA viSaya hone ke kAraNa nitAnta asaMdigdha hai| isame saMdeha nahIM ki isakI anubhUti dhUmila aura AMzika rUpa se hI prApta haiN| kintu usakA astittva hamase kabhI ojhala nahIM hotA hai| yadi koI vyakti usake spaSTa sAkSAtkAra ke liye ucita prayatna kare to use apane hI AtmA meM usakI anubhUti prApta ho sakatI hai| AcArya zaGakara kA mata hai ki zAstroM ke adhyayana se jo jJAna prApta hotA hai athavA bauddhika cintana se jisa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM usakI puSTi hama aparokSAnubhUti se hI kara sakate haiN| AcArya zaGkara kA darzana samanvayakArI aura udAra hai| yaha kevala jAgrata avasthA ke anubhavo kA hI adhyayana nahIM karatA hai| balki svapna aura suSupti ke sAtha RSiyoM-muniyoM kI rahasyAnubhUtiyoM kA bhI avalokana karatA hai| aura unake jJAna kA upayoga karatA hai| indriya pratyakSa vicAra zabda pramANa aura prAtibha jJAna kA apane-apane kSetra meM ucita mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya zaGkara ke darzana kI sarvapramukha vizeSatA hai jisake kAraNa anya darzano ke bIca isakA sarvocca sthAna hai| aura aneka AkSepoM ke bAvajUda yaha aDiga banA rhaa| kAraNa yaha hai ki isakA AdhAra dRr3ha aura nirdoSa jJAna mImAMsA para TikA hai isa mImAMsA kA mUla tathya yaha hai ki AtmA cetana svarUpa hai| koI kisI bhI prakAra ke 364

Page #380
sattA mImAMsIya siddhAnta kA sarmathana kareM, kintu jJAtA kI tattva mImAMsIya pradhAnatA yA kendrIyatA ko koI bhI upekSita nahIM kara sakatA hai| isa darzana meM cetanA ko sarvopari asaMdigdha sat svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isake astitva meM na kabhI zaMkA kI jA sakatI hai| aura na kabhI ise asiddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| tarka ke lie yaha nitAnta mAnanA Avazyaka hai| ki hama cetanA yA AtmA ko apanA nikaTatama evaM parAtpara tattva maaneN| usakA kabhI vismaraNa yA abhAva na ho sakanA hI isa darzana ko ajeya zakti pradAna karatA hai| ___ isake atirikta paramasat ko nirvikAra aura svataMtra tathA svaprakAza rUpa svIkAra karanA niHsandeha sat ko zuddha saMbhavana svarUpa athavA saba parivartanoM aura vikAroM ko usake arntagata mAnate hue use pUrNa aura nirvikAra batAne kI apekSA kahIM adhika tarka saMgata hai| sat ko zuddha saMbhavana yA parivartana rUpa yadi mAnA jAyegA to vaha kisI anya vastu ke adhIna yA Azrita ho jAyegA aura saMbhavana kI apekSA vahI vastu adhika sat hogii| parivartanazIla aura aparivartanazIla ke isa bheda kA yaha bhI artha hogA ki pahalA bhrAmaka tathA dUsarA sat hai| yadi sat ko pUrNa aura saMbhavana svarUpa dono lakSaNoM se sampanna mAneM to isame spaSTa AtmavyAghAta hogaa| sat kA AtmAzrita honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai isaliye vaha kUTastha bhI hogA hI zaGkara ne apane brahma viSayaka siddhAnta meM sat viSayaka yahI siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai| isI kAraNa se 'zaGakara darzana' anya sabhI darzanoM se parama sat ke sambandha meM adhika satyaniSTha dikhAI detA hai| kintu yadi satya ko kUTastha aura aparivartanIya mAnA jAtA hai to sagaMta vicAra yahI nirNaya prastuta karegA ki parivartana asat honA caahie| kintu zaGkara ne tarka kI rakSA karate huye use asat ghoSita kiyA hai| phira bhI saMbhavana ke AbhAsa kA prazna uThatA hI hai yadi saMbhavana ko sat yA asat mAna bhI liyA jAya to use AtmAzrita kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai| 365

Page #381
AbhAsa ke viSaya meM bhI cAhe kucha bhI kahA jAya vaha apane Apa meM sthira nahIM raha sakatA hai| kyoMki AdhAra aura Azraya isake liye Avazyaka hai / ataH yadi zakara brahma ko nirapekSa sat aura saMbhavana svarUpa samasta saMsAra kA antima AdhAra aura Azraya mAnate hai to unakA vicAra tarka saMgata hI hai / aura yaha bhI yukti yukta hai ki sat ke vAstavika svarUpa meM saMbhavana kA praveza saMbhava nahI hai anyathA sat kA astitva hI samApta ho jAyegA aura Atma vyAghAta upasthita hogaa| aisI sthiti meM prazna uThatA hai ki saMbhavana kA sat se kyA sambandha hai / yaha eka sarvopari samasyA hai| zaGakara darzana kA adhyayana karane vAle ko dera-sabera isakA sAmanA karanA paDatA hai| isa prazna kA uttara zaGakara darzana meM sAmAnyataH santoSa janaka nahIM pratIta hotA hai / kintu niHsaMkoca hama kaha sakate haiM ki zaGkara ke sUkSma tarkoM kA satyaniSTha ke sAtha anukaraNa kare to zaGakara ne jo uttara diyA hai isake atirikta koI aura saMtoSajanaka vikalpa nahIM dikhAI detA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zrIharSa, vAcaspati mizra, surezvarAcArya, mAdhavAcArya jaise tArkika vidvAno ne isa darzana se apanI sahamati prakaTa kI aura isameM kucha bhI tarkaviruddha nahIM pAyA hai / dRr3ha tarka aura sAhasapUrNa pratijJAptiyA~ hI isa darzana kI sazakta aura sudRr3ha AdhAra hai| isameM mukhya bAta hai ki isa darzana meM avyavahita tathA asaMdigdha jJAna prApta karane kI jo preraNA dI gayI hai usase isake Upara lagAye gaye asaMgati ke sabhI AkSepa dhula jAte hai / AcArya zaGkara kA vyavahArika tathA paramArthika dRSTikoNa kA bheda smaraNIya hai / yaha bheda vaijJAnikoM dvArA bhI mAnya hai kyoki ve svaMya aisA bheda mAnate hai / sat ke viSaya me vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa tathA sAmAnya logoM ke dRSTikoMNa meM antara hai| zaGkara ke isa dvividha ke kAraNa eka to isa darzana para lagAyA jAne vAlA naitikatA ke prati upekSA yA taTasthatA kA Aropa dUra ho jAtA hai aura dUsare se bahuta loga isakI ora AzA se 366

Page #382
AkarSita hote hai ki isake nirdezita mArga para cala kara sadA ke liye apane ko duHkhAdidveSoM se yukta kara skegeN| yadi saMsAra meM aisA koI darzana hai paramArthika dRSTikoNa se hI sahI doSo ko nitAnta asat ghoSita karatA hai to yaha eka mAtra vedAnta darzana hI hai isameM doSoM kI bhI vyavahArika sattA mAnI gaI hai| isameM doSoM kI bhI vyavahArika sattA mAnI gii| aura isameM dhArmika tathA naitika jIvana pAlana kareM kA bar3A mahattva batAyA gayA hai| naitikatA kA pAlana kiye binA paramasat kA jJAna saMbhava nahIM hai aura usake binA doSoM se bhI sarvathA mukti asaMbhava hai| maiksamUlara ne kahA hai ki "zaGakara ke darzana meM samasta prapaJca kA niSedha ho jAtA hai| unake anusAra vizeSa nitAMta akiMcita hai 'tattvamasi isakA mUlamaMtra hai jisakA samAnya artha brahma ke ekattva meM jIva aura jagata kA vilaya hai tathA usa brahma kA 'neti-neti' se hI nirvacana saMbhava hai| isa prakAra AcArya zaGkara kA brahmasUtra zAGkara bhASya eka krAntikArI grantha hai| isake khaNDana meM rAmAnuja, bhAskara, madhva Adi ne brahmasUtra para apane-apane bhASya likhe haiM isase vedAnta sampradAya meM advaita vedAnta ke khaNDana kI paramparA vikasita huI hai| kintu isa paramparA ke uttara meM zArIraka bhASya ke samarthana meM bhI aneka TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiN| jinameM padmapAda-vAcaspati mizra, sarvajJAtmA, citsukhAcArya, Anandagiri, govindAnanda, anubhUtisvarUpAcArya Adi kI TIkAoM kA prabhAva dArzanika jagata para bahuta par3A hai| niHsaMdeha brahmasUtra evaM zArIraka bhASya eka atyanta maulika kRti hai| 367

Page #383
adhIta grandha-sUcI 1. aparokSAnubhUti- zaGkarAcArya, gItA-presa, gorakhapura saMkhyA, 20/6/ 2. advaitatattvazuddhiH- zrImacchajjatakRSNa zAstrI, bhAratIya vijayam mudraNAlaya, 1648 / 3. advaitabrahmasiddhiH- sadAnandayati eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava baMgAla klkttaa| 4. advaitaratnarakSaNam- madhusUdana sarasvatI, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI, 1937 / 5. advaitasiddhiH- madhusUdana sarasvatI, nirbhaya sAgara presa bambaI, 1937 / 6. advaita dIpikA- nRsiMhAzrama, maisUra, 1626 / 7. anubhUti prakAza:- vidyAraNya svAmI, ni0 sA0 presa, 1626 / 8. AdizaGkarAcArya jIvana aura darzana- jayarAma mizrA, lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 6. advaitavedAnta kI tArkika bhUmikA- DA0 jagadIzasahAya zrIvAstava, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda, 10. advaitavedAnta meM vikAsavAda DA0 satyadeva mizra, indirA prakAzana paTanA, 1671/ 11. advaitavedAnta- zarmA rAmamUrti, nezanala prakAzana hAusa, dillI, 1672 / 12. advaitavedAnta meM tattva aura jJAna- urmilA varmA, chandasvatI pratiSThAna, vArANasI, prathama-saMskaraNa, 1678| 13. Atmatattva viveka- caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI, 1670 / 14. Atmabodha zaGkara acyuta granthamAlA, kAzI paM0 saM0 1660 / 15. AcArya zaMkarabrahmavAda- DA0 rAmasvarUpa siMha naulakhA, kitAbaghara, acAryanagara, kaanpur| 16. Adhunika cintana meM vedAnta DA0 mahendra zeSAvata, ma0 pra0 hindI grantha akAdamI bhopAla, pra0 saM0 1660 / 17. iSTasiddhi tatmAkRta, saM0 pra0 hindI grantha akAdamI bhopAla pra0 saM0 1633 / 18. IzAvasya bhASyam- zaGkarAcArya, gItA-presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2016 / 368

Page #384
i 19. Rgveda saMhitA 20. upadezasAhasrI 21. aitareyopaniSadabhASyam - 22. kaThopaniSadazAMkarabhaSya 23. kalpataru: 24. kalpataru parimala 25. kaThopaniSadabhASyam 26. khaNDanakhaNDakhAdyam 27. gItAbhASyam 28. gItA rahasya 26. chAndogyopinaSat zAGkarabhASyam 30. tattvabodha-- 31. tattva pradIpikA 32. tarkabhASA 33. tarka - saMgraha - 34. tattvopadeza 35. tattvabodhinI caturtha evaM dvitIya-bhAga sampA maiksamUlara, caukhambA saMskRta granthamAlA, vArANasI 1666 / zaGkarAcArya, saMpAdaka - DA0 camanalAla gautama saMskRta saMsthAna, gItApresa gorakhapura-1643 / gItA- presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2016 | gItA- presa, gorakhapura, 1660 ( bhAmatI TIkA) kamalAnanda sarasvatI nirbhayasAgara - presa bambaI 1638 / appaya dIkSita, nirbhaya sAgara presa, bambaI 1936 / zaGkarAcArya, gItA - presa, gorakhapura 2016 | zrIharSa (hi0 anu0) hanumAnadAsajI SaDzAstrI caukhambA saMskRta sirIja / gItA - presa, gorakhapura, saM0-200 / lokamAnya bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka kRta, zrIdhara tilaka 568, nArAyaNa presa, lokamAnya tilaka mandiragAyakavAr3a, bar3A pUnA / gItA- presa, go0 saM0 2013 / 1937 acyutagranthamAlA, kAryAlaya, kAzI - prakAzana 1660 / citsukhAcArya, ni0 sA0 presa, bambaI 1616 | kezava mizra, caukhambA sa0 sI0 banArasa 1663 / Anandagiri gAyakavAr3a, oriyaNTala sirIja, bar3odA 1617 / zaGkarArya acyutagranthamAlA kAryA0 vArANasI 1660 / (saMkSepazArIrakakaTIkA) - nRsiMhAzrama, sarasvatI bhavana, vesTa vArANasI, saM0 1934 / 36. taitterIyopaniSad zAMkara bhASya37 tAtparya TIkA gItA- presa saM0 2016 | vAcaspati mizra, kalakattA 1624 / 369

Page #385
38. darzana digdarzana- rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, kitAba mahala, ilAhAbAda 36. dravya saMgraha nainanemicandra gujarAta, saM0 2022 / 40. dazazlokI caukhamabA saMskaraNa 1685 / 41. nyAyabhASya gautama (vAtsyAyanabhaSya sahita) sampAdaka AcAryadudhi rAja, cau0 saM0 si0 vArANasI 1670 / 42. nyAyamaJjarI- jayanta bhaTTa, cau0 saM0 si0 vArANasI 1626 / 43. naiSkarmyasiddhi- surezvarAcArya, saM0 pro0 ena0 hiriyannA, bambaI 1626 / 44. nyAyaratnadIpAvalI- Anandanubhava, gavarnameNTa oriyanTala sirIja, madrAsa1661 / 45. nyAyaratnAvalI (siddhAnta vindu vyAkhyA)- brahmAnanda, cau0 saM0 si0 vaaraannsii| 46. nyAyakandalI- zrIdharAcArya, acyutagranthamAlA, vArANasI 1663 / 47. paJcadazI vidyAraNyamuniHviracita pItAmbarajI kRta vyAkhyA, sampAdaka-DA0 camana tagala gautama, saMskRti saMsthAna khvAjA kutuba barelI, saMskaraNa dvitIya, 1681 / 48. paJcapAdikAvivaraNa- prakAzAtmayati, I0 jJa0 lAjarasa kaM0 kAzI 1861 / 46. paJcIkaraNavArtikam- surezvarAcArya, gru0 pri0 pre0 bambaI 1630 / 50. praznoniSad zAMkarabhASya-gItA-presa gorakhapura, 2016 51. pANinosUtrASTAdhyAyI- paNini, saM0 brahmadatta jigyAsu, rAmalAla TrasTa, amRtasara 1655 / 52. praznopaniSada- gItA-presa, gorakhapura 1644(cturth)| 53. pAtaJjalamahAbhASyam- pataJjali cau0 saM0 si0 banArasa 1654 prathamA / 54. prakaraNapAJcikA- zAlikanAtha, kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 darzana bhAga 4/1961 / 55. prakaTArtha vivaraNa- prakaTArtha, vi0 rA0 cintAmaNi vizvavidyAlaya, mdraas| 56. brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya- nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI dvitIya saM0 1627 / 57. brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya aura ratnaprabhA- choTe bAbA kA hindI anubAda- a0 granthamAlA kaashii| 58. brahmasUtra govinda bhASya- zrI baladeva vidyAbhUSaNa, kRSNadAsa dvArA prakAzita, bRndaavn| 56. brahmasUtra zaMkarabhASya- saM0 zrI rAmAnanda sarasvatI, govindamaTha vaaraannsii| 370

Page #386
60. brahmasUtra bhAskarabhASya- zrI bhaskarAcArya, caukhambA vaaraannsii| 61. bRhadAraNya kaThopaniSad zAGkarabhASyam- gItA-presa, gorakhapura / 62. brahadAraNyakavArtisAra:- vidyAraNya, caukhambA saM0 sI0 vaarnnsii| 63. brahmasiddhi maNDana mizra, sampAdaka, ma0ma0esa0 kuppUsvAmIzAstrI 1616 64.brahmasUtrazAMkarIvRtti- zaGkara vilAsa saMskRta pAThazAlA maisUra 1674 65.brahmasUtra zAMkara bhASyam- anantakRSNa, sampAditA 66. bauddhadarzana maNDana mizra, saM0- ma0 ma0 esa0 kuppU svAmI zAstrI 1616 / 67. bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana prathama va dvitIya bhAga- mAtA siMha upAdhyAya, baMgAla hindI maNDala kalakattA 68. bodhasAgara narasiMhasvAmI, acyutagranthamAlA vaaraannsii| 66. bauddha dharma evaM darzana- DA0 bI0 ena0 siMha, AzAprakAzana, sadAnanda bAjAra vArANasI, pra0 saM0 1986 / 70. bauddha darzana mImAMsA- AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, cau0 vidyAbhavana vArANasI 62. brahadAraNyakavArtisAra:- vidyAraNya, caukhambA saM0 sI0 vaarnnsii| 71. brahmasiddhi 1678 / 72. bhAmatI vAcaspati mizra, ni0 sA0 presa mumbaI, 1634 / 73. bhAratIya darzana- umeza mizra prathama saMskaraNa 1657, prakAzana vyUro. sUcanA prasAraNa vibhAga u0 pra0 sarakAra lkhnuu| 74. bhAratIya darzana (dvitIya)-DA0 rAdhAkRSNana, rAjyapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI saMskaraNa, pharavarI 1672 / 75. bhAratIya darzana- DA0 vI0 ena0 siMha tRtIya sa0 1683-84 sTUDenTasa phrenDasa ka0 vaaraannsii| 76. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA DA0 harendra pratApa sinhAhAtapa 0 1683.84 motIlAla banArasI lAla vaarnnsii| 77. bhAratIya darzana 371

Page #387
kI kahAnI DA0 saMgamalAla pANDeya / 78. bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmA ma0ma0paM0 giridhara zarmA caturvedI, kizora vidyA niketana, bhadainI vArANasI 1680 / 76. bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa esa0 ena0 dAsa gupta rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jypur| 80. bhAratIya darzana meM cetanA kA svarUpa- DA0 zrIkRSNa saksenA cau0 vi0 bha0 cauka vaarnnsii| 81. bhAratIya darzana- sI0 DI0 shrmaa| 82. bhAratIya darzana- caTarjI evaM dattA pustaka bhaNDAra, pttnaa| 83. bhAratIya darzana paricaya- pa0 harimohana jhaa| 84. bhAratIya darzana kI rUparekhA- ___ ema0 hiriyannA : rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, 1671 / 85. bhagavadgItA- giitaa-pres| acyutagrantha mAlA vArANasI 2023 vikrama saMvata 86. bhAmatI prasthAna evaM - vivaraNa prasthAna kA tulanAtmaka udhyayana- DA. satyadeva zAstrI : bhArata-bhAratI, vaaraannsii| 87. bhAratIya darzana kA itihAsa DA0 esa0 ena dAsa guptA : rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI jayapura pra0 saM0 1973 / 58. bhAratIya darzana meM mokSa cintana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana- azoka kumAra lADa : ma0 pra0 hindI grantha akAdamI pra0 saM0 1973 86. muNDakopaniSad zAGkarabhASya gItA-presa, gorakhapura,2016 / 60. mImAMsAdarzanam- jaimini(zAbaramuni) AnandAzrama mudraNAlaya, puunaa| 372

Page #388
61. yogadarzana pataJjali anu0 paM0 zrIrAma zarmA AcArya saMskRta saMsthAna, barelI 62. yogavAsiSTha - bhA0 1.2 nirNaya sAgara presa 1618 I0 63. vedAntasidvAntamuktAvalI-jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara kalakattA 1635 I0 64. vedAnta kalpalatikA- madhasUdana sarasvatI bhANDArakara prAcyavidyA saMzodhAnalaya : pUnA 1662 / 65. vedAnta kaumudI- rAmadvaya : madrAsa vizva vidyAlaya 1955 / 66. vedAntakalpatarU- bhAgalAnanda : ni0 sA0 pre0 mumbaI1638 / 67. vedAnta paribhASA- dharmarAjAharIndra aura zivadatta kA bhASya : artha dIpikA, caukhambA saM0 kAryAlaya banArasa sa0 1637 / 68. vedAntasAra sdaanndyogiindr| 66. vedAnta Ava zaMkara- Ara0 pI0 siMha : jayapura 1646 | 100. jaina-dharma- paM0 kailaashcndrshaastrii| 101. zrIzaGkaradigvijaya- mAdhavAcArya : zrI zravaNanAtha giri jJAna mandira, haridvAra / 102. saMskRta vAGmaya kA bRhad itihAsa- baladeva upAdhyAya : dazamakhaNDa vedAGga, uttarapradaza saMskRta saMsthAna lkhnuu| 103. sarvadarzana saMgraha- pro0 umAzaMkara zarmA : caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vaaraannsii| 104. zaGkarAcArya kA AcAra darzana- DA0 rAmAnanda tivaarii| 105. saMkSepa zArIraka- udAsIna saMskRta vidyAlaya vArANasI 2011 vi0saM0 / 106. sidvAnta leza saMgraha- acyuta grantha mAlA vArANasI 2011 vi.0 saM0 / 107. zatazlokI- zaGkarAcArya viracita - Anandagiri 108. SaDdarzana samuccaya- hariprasAda sUri viracita, DA. mahendra kumAra jaina- bhAratIya jJAnapITha prkaashn| 373