Jain Aachar Mimansa

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004418/1

Page #1
prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA- 52 jaina AcAra mImAMsA ja AhA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrIvallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. - pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrIpAnakuMvarajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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ISBN-No.978-81-910801-8-6(4) prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka-52 jaina AcAra mImAMsA .. - lekhaka - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina rAjApurakku prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka - 52 jaina AcAra mImAMsA lekhaka : DaoN. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzakaprAcya vidyApITha, dupADA roDa zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona na. 07364-222218 email - sagarmal.jain@gmail.com . prakAzana varSa 2014-15 kApIrAiTa - lekhaka - rUpaye 300/ mUlya mudraka AkRti oNphaseTa 5, naI peTha, chatrI cauka ke pAsa ujjaina (ma.pra.) phonaH 0734-2561720

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prakAzakIya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina vidyA ke adhikRta vidvAna haiN| unhoMne hamAre Agraha para "jaina AcAra mImAMsA" para atyAdhika parizrama pUrvaka yaha grantha taiyAra kiyA hai| aba ve apane jIvana ke 8 3 veM varSa meM cala rahe haiM, phira bhI jana sAmAnya ke upayoga ke lie unake dvArA racita yaha grantha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai / grantha kI bhASA pravAha yukta, sarala evaM subodha hai| hameM AzA hai ki jaina jagata isa kRti kA adhyayana karaM jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM apane jJAna kI abhivRddhi kregaa| narendra jaina saciva prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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svakathya jaina AcAra mImAMsA para vaise to Aja taka aneka kRtiyA~ prakAzita huI hai| phira bhI yugIna paristhitiyoM tulanAtmaka aitihAsika gaveSaNA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara isa kRti kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai| sabhI kucha paM. dalasukhabhaI Adi gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai| isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA kyA karU~? phira isa grantha meM maiMne vibhinna avadhAraNAoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke anya granthoM meM prAyaH isa dRSTi kA utanI gambhIratA se nirvAha nahIM huA hai yahI isa kRti kI vizeSatA hai| isake prupha saMzodhana kA kArya zrIcaitanyajI sonI ne kiyA hai, ataH hama unake AbhArI haiN| yadatra sauSThavaM kiJcid gurudeva me nhi| yada trAsoSThavaM kizcit tanmamaiva te nahi // - sAgaramala jaina h||

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-469 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-1 vibhAga -4 jaina AcAra mImAMsA jainadarzana meM naitikanirNaya, svarUpa, viSaya evaM AdhAra .. manuSya eka vicArazIla prANI hai, aura isalie cintana karanA usakA mukhya lakSaNa hai| vicAra aura AcAra mAnava jIvana ke ye do pakSa hai| AcAra jaba vicAra se samanvita hotA hai, taba jIvana meM viveka prakaTa hotA hai| vivakapUrNa AcaraNa meM mAnava jIvana kI vizeSatA hai| pazu aura manuSya meM yahI antara hai ki pazu mUla pravRttiyoM se prabhAvita hokara AcaraNa karatA hai, jabaki manuSya vivekapUrNa DhaMga se AcaraNa kara sakatA hai| vivekapUrNa AcaraNa hI manuSya aura pazuoM meM antara karatA hai, aura yahI vivekapUrNa AcaraNa naitikatA kI koTi meM hotA hai| nItizAstra AcaraNa ke kSetra meM ucita aura anucita yA naitika-anaitika kA viveka sikhAtA hai| AcAra-darzana kA mukhya uddezya viveka ke AdhAra para AcaraNa ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| prazna cAhe ucita aura anucita ke viveka kA ho, cAhe jIvana ke Adarza ke nirdhAraNa kA ho athavA kisI karma kI naitika samIkSA kA ho - AcAra-darzana kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| nItizAstra kA adhyayana hamAre vyavahArika jIvana ko prabhAvita karatA hai, ataH nItizAstra kA sambandha hamAre vyavahArika jIvana se hai| nItizAstra meM Aja aneka prakAra kI samasyAe~ hai aura jaina AcAryoM ne una samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie kaunasI dRSTi pradAna kI hai-yahI jaina AcAra-darzana kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| naitika nirNaya kI dRSTi:-nizcaya yA vyavahAra/nirapekSa yA sApekSa - jaina darzana meM tattvajJAna kI apekSA se nizcaya aura vyavahAra ina do vidhAoM kA citraNa huA hai| jaina AcAra-darzana mukhya rUpa se AcAra ke bAhya pakSa yA vyavahAra naya ko hI pradhAnatA detA hai| jaina AcAradarzana kI vizeSatA yaha haiM ki vaha nizcaya aura vyavahAra donoM ko apane meM sameTe hue hai| zrImada rAjacandra ne kahA thA ki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-470 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-2 nizcaya rAkhI lakSamA, pAle je vyvhaar| ... te nara mokSa pAmaze saMzaya nahIM lgaar|| nizcaya dRSTi hamAre jIvana ke lakSya ko batAtI hai, aura vyavahAra dRSTi usa lakSya ko AcaraNa ke dvArA kaise pAyA jA sakatA hai, usakI carcA karatI hai ataH naitika sAdhya nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya hai, aura usa sAdhya kI upalabdhi kA mArga vyavahAradRSTi kA viSaya hai| jaina AcAryo ne naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa to mAnA thA, kintu kevala karma saMkalpa ke kSetra taka, bAhma AcaraNa ke saMdarbha meM unhoMne use sApekSa hI mAnA hai| naitika sAdhya nizcayadRSTi kA viSaya hai aura naitika sAdhanA mArga vyavahAra dRSTi kA viSaya hai| ise hI jaina darzana meM utsarga aura apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM hI batAyA gayA hai| utsarga mArga kI naitikatA bhI dezakAla aura vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke antargata hI hotI hai, usake bAhara nhiiN| naitika AcaraNa kA bAhya prArUpa sApekSa rUpa se dezakAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| jainadarzana kahatA hai ki utsarga mArga vaha sAmAnya mArga hai jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM pratyeka vyakti ko calanA cAhie, jabaki vyavahAra mArga vyakti vizeSa kI AcaraNa kI prakriyA ko usakI viziSTa paristhiti para AdhArita karatA hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra nIti meM sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA-donoM kA hI sthAna hai| naitika niyama deza-kAla, samAja aura vaiyaktika paricayoM se nirapekSa hai, yaha zAzvat satya hai, lekina naitika jIvana meM apavAdamArga ke lie bhI sthAna rahA huA hai, apavAda kA nirdhAraNa dezakAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| nIti meM sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA donoM kA hI sthAna hai| nIti kA eka bAhya-AcAra-pakSa hotA hai, jo sApekSa hotA hai| kintu nIti kA eka Antarika pakSa hai jo nirapekSa ho sakatA hai| hiMsA kA sakalpa kabhI bhI naitika nahIM ho sakatA, kintu hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahI hai| kisI ko surakSA pradAna karane ke lie athavA AtmarakSA ke lie apavAdamArga bhI apanAyA jAtA hai| nIti meM sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA- donoM kA kyA sthAna hai aura kisa rUpa meM hai yaha jAnane ke lie nIti ke vividha pakSoM ko samajha lenA hogaa| nIti kA eka bAhya pakSa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-471 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-3 hotA hai aura dUsarA aantrik| dUsare zabdoM meM eka ora vyakti kA bAhya AcaraNa hotA hai aura dUsarI ora AcaraNa kI preraka aura nirdezaka cetanA hotI hai| eka ora naitikatA kA sAdhya hotA hai, dUsarI ora usa sAdhya kI prApti kA mArga / usI prakAra hamAre naitika nirNaya bhI do prakAra ke hote haieka ve jinheM hama svayaM ke saMdarbha meM dete hai, dUsare ve jo dUsaroM ke bAhya AcAra ko dekhakara ke unake sandarbha meM dete hai| naitika nirNaya kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA jahA~ taka naitikatA ke bAhya-pakSa, arthAt AcaraNa yA karma kA sambandha hai, vaha nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| sarvaprathama to vyakti jisa vizva meM AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha ApekSikatA se yukta hai| jo karma hama karate haiM aura usake jo pariNAma niSpanna hote haiM, ve mukhyataH hamAre saMkalpa para nirbhara na hokara una paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hote haiM, jinameM hama jIvana jIte haiN| bAhya-jagat para vyakti kI icchAe~ hI nahI, apitu deza kAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiN| punaH, cAhe mAnavIya-saMkalpa ko svatantra mAna bhI liyA jAe, kintu mAnavIya-AcaraNa ko svatantra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha Antarika aura bAhya paristhitiyoM para nirbhara hotA hai, ataH mAnavIya-karma kA sampAdana aura usake niSpanna, pariNAma-donoM hI deza, kAla aura paristhiti para nirbhara hoNge| koI bhI karma deza, kAla, vyakti, samAja aura paristhiti se nirapekSa nahIM hogaa| hamane dekhA ki bhAratIya-cintana kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatI haiM ki karma kI naitikatA nirapekSa nahIM hai| punaH, naitika-mUlyAMkana aura naitika-nirNaya una siddhAntoM aura paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karate haiM, jinameM ve die jAte haiN| sarvaprathama to naitika mUlyAMkana vyakti aura paristhiti se nirapekSa hokara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyakti jisa samAja meM jIvana jItA hai, vaha vividhatAoM se yukta hai| samAja meM vyakti kI apanI yogyatAoM evaM kSamatAoM ke AdhAra para eka nizcita sthiti hotI hai, usI sthiti ke anusAra usake kartavya evaM dAyitva hote haiM, ataH vaiyaktika dAyitvoM aura kartavyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| gItA kA varNAzramadharma kA siddhAnta aura braiDale kA 'merA sthAna aura usake kartavya' kA siddhAnta eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-472 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-4 sApekSika-naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiM, ataH hameM sAmAjika-sandarbha meM AcaraNa kA mUlyAMkana sApekSa rUpa meM hI karanA hogaa| vizva meM aisA koI bhI sarvamAnya siddhAnta nahIM hai, jo hamAre nirNayoM kA AdhAra bana ske| kucha praMsagoM meM hama apane naitika-nirNaya niSpanna karma-pariNAma kara dete haiM, to kucha praMsagoM meM karma ke vAMchita yA agrAvalokita pariNAma para aura kabhI karma ke preraka ke AdhAra para bhI naitika-nirNaya die jAte haiM, ataH karma ke bAhya-svarUpa aura usake sandarbha meM hone vAle naitika-mUlyAMkana tathA nirapekSa nahIM ho sakate, unheM sApekSa hI mAnanA hogaa| punaH, karma yA AcaraNa kisI Adarza yA lakSya kA sAdhana hotA hai aura sAdhana aneka ho sakate haiN| lakSya yA Adarza eka hone para bhI usakI prApti ke lie sAdhanA ke apanI sthiti ke anusAra aneka mArga sujhAe jA sakate haiM, ataH AcaraNa kI vividhatA eka svAbhAvika tathya hai| do bhinna sandarbho meM paraspara viparIta dikhAI dene vAle mArga bhI apane lakSya kI apekSA se ucita mAne jA sakate haiN| punaH, jaba hama dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa para koI naitika-nirNaya dete haiM, to hamAre sAmane karma kA bAhya-svarUpa hI hotA hai, ataH dUsare vyaktiyoM ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM hamAre mUlyAMkana aura nirNaya sApekSa hI ho sakate haiN| hama usake manobhAvoM ke pratyakSa draSTA nahIM hote haiM aura isalie usake AcaraNa ke mUlyAMkana meM hamako nirapekSa nirNaya dene kA koI adhikAra nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki hamArA nirNaya kevala ghaTita pariNAmoM para hI hotA hai| ataH, yaha nizcaya hI satya hai kisI karma ke bAhya-pakSa yA vyAvahArika-pakSa kI naitikatA aura usake samdarbha meM diye jAne vAle naitika-nirNaya donoM hI sApekSa hoge| nIti aura naitikaAcaraNa ko paristhiti-nirapekSa mAnane vAle naitika-siddhAnta zUnya meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura nIti ke yathArtha svarUpa ko spaSTa kara pAne meM samartha nahIM hote hai| kintu nIti ko ekantarUpa se sApekSa mAnanA bhI khatare se khAlI nahIM hai| (1) sarvaprathama, naitika-sApekSatAvAda vyakti aura samAja kI vividhatA para to dRSTi DAlatA hai, kintu usa vividhatA meM anusyUta ekatA kI upekSA karatA hai| vaha daizika, kAlika, sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-473 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-5 asAmanatA ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnatA hai| (2) dUsare, vaha sAdhya yA Adarza kI apekSA sAdhanoM para adhika bala detA hai, jabaki sAdhanoM kA mUlya svayaM usa sAdhya para Azrita hotA hai, jisake ve sAdhana haiN| (3) tIsare, sApekSatAvAda karma ke bAhya-svarUpa ko hI usakA sarvasva mAna letA hai, unake Antarika pakSa yA karma ke mAnasa-pakSa kI upekSA karatA hai, jabaki karma kI preraka bhAvanA kA bhI naitika-dRSTi se samAna mUlya hai| (4) cauthe, naitika-sApekSatAvAda saMkalpasvAtantraya ke siddhAnta ke virodha meM jAtA hai| yadi nIti ke nirdhAraka tattva bAhya haiM, to phira hamArI saMkalpa kI svatantratA kA koI adhika mahatva nahIM rahatA hai| sApekSatAvAda ke anusAra nIti kA niyAmaka tattva dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ evaM sAmAjika pariveza haiM, vaiyaktika-cetanA nahIM, kintu aisI sthiti meM saMkalpasvAtantrya kA kyA artha raha jAegA, vaha vicAraNIya hai| saMkalpa ko sApekSa mAnane kA artha usakI svatantratA ko sImita karanA hai| (5) pA~caveM, nIti ke sandarbha meM sApekSatAvAda hameM anivAryataH AtmaniSThAvAda kI ora le jAtA hai, lekina AtmaniSThavAvAda meM Akara naitika niyama apanA samasta sthAyitva aura vastugata AdhAra kho dete haiN| naitika-jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA kA abhAva ho jAtA hai tathA naitikatA kA DhA~cA astavyasta ho jAtA hai| (6) chaThe, hama yaha bhI 'kaha sakate haiM ki sApekSatAvAda meM naitikatA kA zarIra to bacA rahatA hai, kintu prANa cale jAte haiM, usameM viSayasAmAgrI to rahatI hai, kintu AkAra nahIM hotA hai; kyoMki nirapekSatA naitikatA kI AtmA hai| (7) sApekSatAvAda meM naitika-mAnava kI ekarUpatA nahIM hotI hai, eka sArvabhauma mAnadaNDa kA abhAva hotA hai; ataH naitika-nirNaya dene meM vyakti ko vaisI hI kaThinAI anubhava hotI hai, jaisI usa grAhaka ko hotI hai, jise pratyeka dukAna para bhinna-bhinna taula-mApa milate hoN| punaH, naitika-paristhiti svayaM eka aisA jaTila tathya hai, jisameM janasAdhAraNa ke lie binA kisI spaSTa sArvabhauma nirdezaka siddhAnta ke yaha taya kara pAnA kaThina hotA hai ki usa paristhiti meM kyA naitika hai aura kyA anaitika? ataH, nIti meM kisI nirapekSa-tattva kI avadhAraNA karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| isa sandarbha meM jAna DivI kA pUrvokta dRSTikoNa adhika saMgatipUrNa jAna par3atA hai| ve paristhitiyA~,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-474 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-6 jinameM naitika-Adarzo kI siddhi kI jAtI hai, sadaiva parivartanazIla haiM aura naitika-niyamoM, naitika-kartavyoM aura naitika mUlyAMkana ke lie ina parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha mAna lenA mUrkhatApUrNa hI hogA ki naitika-siddhAnta itane sApekSita haiM ki kisI sAmAjika-sthiti meM unameM koI niyAmaka-zakti hI nahIM hotii| zubha kI viSayavastu badala sakatI hai, kintu zubha kA AkAra nahI; dUsare zabdoM meM, naitikatA kA zarIra parivartanazIla hai, kintu naitikatA kI AtmA nhiiN| naitikatA kA vizeSa svarUpa samaya-samaya para vaise-vaise badalatA rahatA hai, jaise-jaise sAmAjika yA sAMskRtika-stara aura paristhiti badalatI rahatI hai, kintu naitikatA kA sAmAnya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| naitika-niyamoM meM apavAda yA Apaddharma kA nizcita hI sthAna hai aura aneka sthitiyoM meM apavAda-mArga kA AcaraNa hI naitika hotA hai, phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki apavAda kabhI bhI sAmAnya niyama kA sthAna nahIM le pAte haiN| nirapekSatAvAdaM ke sandarbha meM yaha eka bhrAnti hai ki vaha sabhI naitika-niyamoM ko nirapekSa mAnatA hai| nirapekSatAvAda bhI sabhI niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA siddha nahIM karatA, vaha kevala maulika niyamoM kI sArvabhaumikatA hI siddha karatA hai| vastutaH nIti kI vAstavika prakRti ko samajhane ki lie nirapekSatAvAda aura sApekSatAvAda- donoM hI apekSita haiN| nIti kA konasA pakSa sApekSa hotA hai aura kaunasA pakSa nirapekSa, ise nimnAMkita rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai : (1) saMkalpa kI naitikatA nirapekSa hotI hai aura AcaraNa kI naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| hiMsA kA saMkalpa kabhI naitika nahIM hotA, yadyapi hiMsA kA karma sadaiva anaitika ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| nIti meM jaba saMkalpa kI svatantratA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai, to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM rahatA ki saMkalpa sApekSa hai, ataH saMkalpa kI naitikatA sApekSa nahIM ho sktii| dUsare zabdoM meM, karma kA jo mAnasika-pakSa hai, bauddhika-pakSa hai, vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, kintu karma kA jo vyAvahArika-pakSa hai, AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa hai, vaha sApekSa hai, arthAt manomUlaka-nIti nirapekSa hogI aura AcaraNamUlaka-nIti sApekSa hogii|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-475 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-7 saMkalpa kA kSetra, prajJA kA kSetra, eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ cetanA yA prajJA hI sarvocya zAsaka hai| antas meM vyakti svayaM apanA zAsaka hai, vahA~ paristhitiyoM yA samAja kA zAsana nahI hai, ataH isa kSetra meM nIti kI nirapekSatA sambhava hai| anAsakta-karma kA darzana isI siddhAnta para sthita hai, kyoMki aneka sthitiyoM meM karma kA bAhyAtmaka rUpa kartA ke manobhAvoM kA yathArtha paricAyaka nahIM hotA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki manovRtyAtmaka yA bhAvanAtmaka-nIti nirapekSa hogI, kintu AcaraNAtmaka yA vyavahArAtmaka-nIti sApekSa hogii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-darzana meM naizcayika-naitikatA ko nirapekSa aura vyAvahArika-naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnA gayA hai| (2) dUsare, sAdhyAtmaka-nIti yA naitika-Adarza nirapekSa hotA hai, kintu sAdhanaparaka nIti sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo sarvocca zubha hai, vaha nirapekSa hai, kintu usa sarvocya zubha kI prApti ke jo niyama yA mArga hai, ve sApekSa haiM, kyoMki eka hI sAdhya kI prApti ke aneka sAdhana ho sakate haiN| punaH vaiyaktika-rUciyoM, kSamatAoM aura sthitiyoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para sabhI ke lie samAna niyamoM kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH sAdhyaparaka-nIti ko yA naitika-sAdhya ko nirapekSa aura sAdhanaparaka-nIti ko sApekSa mAnanA hI eka yathArtha dRSTikoNa ho sakatA hai| (3) tIsare, naitika-niyamoM meM kucha niyama maulika hote haiM aura kucha niyama una maulika niyamoM ke sahAyaka hote haiM; udAharaNArtha, bhAratIya-paramparA meM sAmAnya dharma aura vizeSa dharma (varNAzrama-dharma) aisA vargIkaraNa hameM milatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM bhI eka aisA hI vargIkaraNa mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa ke nAma se hai| yahA~ hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya yA mUlabhUta niyama hI nirapekSa evaM aparivartanIya mAne jA sakate hai, vizeSa niyama to sApekSa evaM parivartanIya hI hote hai| yadyapi hameM yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI cAhie ki aneka sthitiyoM meM sAmAnya niyamoM ke bhI apavAda ho sakate haiM aura ve naitika bhI ho sakate haiM, phira bhI yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki apavAda ko kabhI bhI niyama kA sthAna nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yahA~ eka bAta jo vicAraNIya hai, vaha yaha ki maulika niyamoM kI nirapekSatA bhI unakI aparivartanazIlatA yA unake sthAyitva ke AdhAra

Page #14
jaina dharma evaM darzana-476 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-8 para hI hai, sAdhana kI apekSA se to ve bhI sApekSa ho sakate hai| - jo naitika-vicAradhArAe~ mAtra nirapekSatAvAda ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiN| ve naitika-Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM, kintu usa mArga kA nirdhAraNa karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtIM, jo usa sAdhya evaM Adarza taka le jAtA hai, kyoMki naitika-AcAraNa evaM vyavahAra to paristhitisApekSa hotA hai| naitikatA eka lakSyonmukha gati hai, lekina yadi usa gati meM vyakti kI dRSTi mAtra usa yathArtha bhUmikA taka hI, jisameM vaha khar3A hai, sImita hai, to vaha kabhI bhI lakSya taka nahIM pahu~ca sakatA, vaha pathabhraSTa ho sakatA hai| dUsarI ora, vaha vyakti, jo gantavya kI ora to dekha rahA hai, kintu usa mArga ko nahIM dekha rahA hai, jisameM vaha gati kara rahA hai, vaha mArga meM vaha Thokara khAtA hai aura kaNTakoM se apane ko pada-viddha kara letA hai| jisa prakAra calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai aura na mAtra nIce dekhane se hI, usI prakAra naitika-pragati meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra nirapekSa-dRSTi se calatA hai aura na mAtra sApekSa-dRSTi se calatA hai| nirapekSatAvAda usa sthiti kI upekSA kara detA hai, jisameM vyakti khar3A hai, jabaki sApekSatAvAda usa Adarza yA sAdhya kI upekSA karatA hai, jo ki gatavya hai| isI prakAra, nirapekSatAvAda sAmAjika-nIti kI upekSA kara mAtra vaiyaktika-nIti para bala detA hai, kintu vyakti samAjanirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / punaH, nirapekSatAvAdI-nIti meM sAdhya kI siddhi hI pramukha hotI hai, kintu vaha sAdhana upekSita banA rahatA hai, jisake binA sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava nahIM hai| ataH, samyak naitika-jIvana ke lie nIti meM sApekSa aura nirapekSa-donoM tattvoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai| naitikanirNaya kA svarUpa evaM viSaya-preraka yA pariNAma (hetu yA phala) sAmAnyatayA sabhI loga dUsaro ke vyavahAroM kI praMzasA yA niMdA karate hai, aura usI ke AdhAra para kisI ke AcaraNa ko acchA yA burA kahate hai- udAharArtha - aMhisA zubha hai, aura hisA azubha hai| jaba hama kisI karma ke guNa-doSa yA zubhatva-azubhatva kA vicAra karate hai, to hamArA nirNaya-naitika nirNaya kahA jAtA hai, naitika nirNaya mUlyAtmaka nirNaya hai,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-477 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-9 jabaki tArkika nirNaya jJAnAtmaka nirNaya hai| naitika-nirNaya meM vyakti kA dRSTikoNa pradhAna hotA hai, vaha apane dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI kisI karma ke acche yA bure hone kA nirNaya letA hai| isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke do varga hai| eka varga karma ke hetu (prayojana) ko naitika-nirNaya kA AdhAra mAnatA hai, to dUsarA varga karma ke pariNAma ko hI usake naitika hone kA AdhAra mAnatA hai| pAzcAtya paramparA meM baTalara kahate haiM ki kisI kArya kI acchAI yA burAI bahuta kucha usa hetu para nirbhara hotI hai, jisase vaha kiyA jAtA hai| usake viparIta phalavAda kI mAnyatA hai ki kisI karma kI naitikatA usa karma ke pariNAma para nirbhara karatI hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra naitikatA kA artha aise pariNAmoM ko utpanna karatA hai, jisase janasAdhAraNa ke kalyANa meM abhivRddhi ho| eka pakSa karma ke preraka (Motive) ko mahatva detA hai, to dUsarA pakSa karma ke pariNAma (Result) ko| jaina-darzana meM karma ke pariNAma aura karma ke hetu donoM kA hI vicAra huA hai| kintu usakI dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai| kisI bhI karma kI naitikatA yA anaitikatA kA nirNaya karane ke lie hameM usa karma ke hetu yA preraka aura karma ke pariNAma donoM kA hI vicAra karanA hogaa| : jaina-cintakoM dvArA hetuvAda kA phalavAda se bhI adhika samarthana kiyA gayA hai, jise aneka tathyoM se paripuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra meM, AcArya samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA kI vRtti meM tathA AcArya vidyAnandi kI aSTasahastrI meM phalavAda kA khaNDana aura hetuvAda kA maNDana pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki (hiMsA kA) adhyavasAya, arthAt mAnasika hetu hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, cAhe (bAhya rUpa meM) hiMsA huI ho yA na huI ho| vastu (ghaTanA) nahIM, varan saMkalpa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, bAhya-rUpa meM ghaTita karma-pariNAma naitika yA anaitika nahIM hote haiM, varan vyakti kA karma-saMkalpa yA hetu hI naitika yA anaitika hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM, jaina AcArya samantabhadra aura vidyAnandi ke dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha pro. suzIlakumAra maitrA aura yadunAtha sinhA ne apane granthoM meM kiyA hai| AcArya samantabhadra kahate haiM ki kArya kA zubhatva kevala isa tathya meM

Page #16
jaina dharma evaM darzana-478 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-10 nihita nahIM hai ki usase dUsaroM ko sukha hotA hai aura svayaM ko kaSTa hotA hai| isI prakAra, kArya kA azubhatva isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatA ki usakI phala-niSpatti ke rUpa meM dUsaroM ko duHkha hotA hai aura svayaM ko sukha hotA hai, kyoMki yadi zubha-azubha kA artha dUsaroM kA sukha-duHkha ho, to hameM jar3a padArtha aura vItarAga santa ko bhI bandhana meM mAnanA par3egA, arthAt unheM naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnanA hogA, kyoMki unake kriyAkalApa bhI kisI ke sukha aura duHkha kA kAraNa to banate hI haiM aura aisI dazA meM unheM bhI zubhAzubha kA bandha hogA hii| dUsare, yadi zubha kA artha svayaM kA duHkha aura azubha kA artha svayaM kA sukha ho, to vItarAga tapasyA ke dvArA zubha kA bandha karegA aura jJAnI AtmasaMtoSa kI anubhUti karate hue bhI azubha yA pApa kA bandha karegA, ataH siddha yaha hotA hai ki svayaM kA athavA dUsaroM kA sukha athavA duHkha rUpa pariNAma zubhazubhatA kA nirNAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, varan unake pIche nihita kartA kA zubhAzubha prayojana hI kisI kArya ke zubhatva athavA azubhatva kA nizcaya karatA hai| AcArya vidyAnandi phalavAda yA karma ke bAhya-pariNAma ke AdhAra para naitika mUlyAMkana karane kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA virodha karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kisI dUsare ke hitAhita ke AdhAra para puNya-pApa kA mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki kucha kriyAzIlatAe~ to puNya-pApa ke isa mApa se nIce haiM; jaise jar3a padArtha, aura kucha puNya-pApa ke isa mApa ke Upara haiM, jaise arhat / puNya-pApa ke kSetra meM kriyAoM ke AdhAra para ve hI vyakti Ate haiM, jo vAsanAoM se yukta haiN| kisI bhI sukha yA duHkha dene mAtra se koI kArya puNya-pApa nahIM hotA, varan usa kArya ke pIche jo vAsanA hai, vahI kArya ke zubhAzubha hone kA kAraNa hai| vItarAga ke kAraNa kisI ko sukha yA duHkha ho sakatA hai, lekina usake pIche vAsanA yA prayojana na hone se use puNya-pApa kA bandha nahIM hotaa| niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra bhI kartA kA prayojana yA abhisandhi hI zubhAzubhatva kI anivArya zarta hai, na ki mAtra sukha-duHkha ke prinnaam| . zrI yudanAtha sinhA bhI yahI mAnate haiM ki jaina-AcAradarzana kArya ke pariNAma (phala) se vyatirikta usake hetu kI zuddhatA para hI bala detA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-479 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-11 hai| usake anusAra, 'yadi kArya kisI zuddha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai, to vaha zubha hI hogA, cAhe usase kisI dUsare ko duHkha hI kyoM na pahu~cA ho aura yadi azubha prayojana se kiyA gayA hai, to azubha hI hogA, cAhe pariNAma ke rUpa meM usase dUsaroM ko sukha huA ho| zrI suzIla kumAra maitra kahate haiM, zubhAzubha karma kA vinizcaya bAhya-pariNAmoM para nahIM, varan kartA ke Atmagata prayojana kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| * tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hetuvAda ke viSaya meM jaina, bauddha aura hindUdharma ke AcAradarzanoM meM adbhuta sAmya dikhAI detA hai| isa sambandha meM dhammapada, gItA tathA purUSArthasiddhyupAya ke kathana draSTavya haiN| AcArya amRtacanda kahate haiM, "rAgAdi se rahita apramAdayukta AcaraNa karate hue yadi prANaghAta ho jAe, to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai|" dhammapada meM kahA hai, "mAtA, pitA, do kSatriya rAjA evaM anucaroM sahita rASTra kA hanana karane para bhI vItatRSNa brAhmaNa (jJAnI) niSpApa hotA hai|" gItA kahatI hai, "jisameM Asakti aura kartRtvabhAva nahIM hai, vaha isa samagra loka ko mArakara bhI na to mAratA hai aura na bandhana meM AtA hai| vastutaH, aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|" yadyapi bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM itanI vaicArika ekarUpatA hai, tathApi gItA aura jainAcAradarzana meM eka antara yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra sthitaprajJa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai, jabaki jaina-vicAraNA kahatI hai ki isa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI, mAtra ho jAtI hai| prazna uThatA hai ki yadi jaina-cintana ko prayojana yA hetuvAda svIkArya hai, to phira use hetuvAda ke samarthaka bauddhadarzana kI AlocanA karane kA kyA adhikAra hai? yadi jaina-cintana ko ekAMtataH hetuvAda svIkArya hotA, to vaha bauddha-dArzanikoM kI AlocanA nahIM krtaa| jaina-vicAraNA kA virodha to usa ekAMgI hetuvAda se hai, jisameM bAhya vyavahAra kI avahelanA kI jAtI hai| ekAMgI hetuvAda meM jaina-vicAraNA ne sabase bar3A khatarA yaha dekhA ki vaha naitika mUlyAMkana kI vastuniSTha kasauTI ko samApta kara detA hai| phalasvarUpa, hamAre pAsa dUsare ke kAryo ke naitika mUlyAMkana kI koI kasauTI hI nahI raha jaatii| yadi abhisandhi yA kartA kA prayojana hI hamAre karmo kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka hai, to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-480 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-12 phira eka vyakti dUsare ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM koI bhI naitika-nirNaya nahIM de sakegA, kyoMki kartA kA prayojana, jo ki eka vaiyaktika-tathya hai, dUsare ke dvArA jAnA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM naitika-nirNaya to kArya ke bAhya-pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai| loga bAhya-rUpa se anaitika-AcaraNa karate hue bhI. yaha kahakara ki usameM hamArA prayojana zubha thA, svayaM ke naitika yA dhArmika hone kA dAvA kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI bAhya-rUpa meM anaitika-AcaraNa karate hue aneka loga dhArmika yA naitika hone kA dAvA karate the| isI kAraNa, mahAvIra ko yaha kahanA par3A ki 'mana se satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM karanA kyA saMyamI purUSoM kA lakSaNa hai ?' isa prakAra, ekAMgI-hetuvAda kA sabase bar3A doSa yaha hai ki usameM naitikatA kA dambha panapatA hai| dUsare, ekAnta-hetuvAda meM mana aura karma kI ekarUpatA ko koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| ekAMgI-hetuvAda yaha mAna letA hai ki kArya ke mAnasika-pakSa aura pariNAmAtmaka-pakSa meM ekarUpatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, donoM svataMtra haiM, unameM eka prakAra kA dvaita hai, jabaki sacce naitika-jIvana kA artha hai-manasA-vAcA-karmaNA vyavahAra kI ekruuptaa| naitika-jIvana kI pUrNatA to mana aura karma ke pUrNa sAmaMjasya meM hai| yaha ThIka hai ki kabhI-kabhI kartA ke hetu aura usake pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAtI hai, lekina vaha apavAdAtmaka sthiti hI hai, isake AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama kI pratiSThApanA nahIM ho sktii| sAmAnya mAnyatA to yaha hai ki bAhya-AcaraNa kartA kI manodazAoM kA pratibimba hai| ataH naitika nirNaya kA viSaya ekAntataH na to abhisaMdhI yA mAnasika prayojana (Intention) hotA hai aura na karma kA bAhya pariNAma yA karmaphala hotA hai| jJAna darzana aura cAritra kI jaina AcAradarzana meM tAttvika ekarUpatA pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM naitikatA ke lie tIna tAtvika AdhAroM ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mAnavIya-anubhava ke viSayoM ke eka sImita bhAga ke vyavasthita adhyayana ko vijJAna kahate hai, lekina jaba adhyayana kI dRSTi vyApaka hotI hai aura una anubhavoM kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM taka jAtI hai,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-481 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-13 taba vaha darzana kahalAtI hai| yadyapi AcArazAstra ke adhyayana kA kSetra bhI sImita hai, tathApi usakI adhyayanadRSTi vyApaka hai aura isI ke AdhAra para vaha darzana kA aMga hai| mAnavIya-cetanA ke tIna pakSa hai - (1) jJAnAtmaka, (2) anubhUtyAtmaka aura (3) kriyAtmaka / ataH, dArzanika-adhyayana ke bhI tIna vibhAga kie gae, jo kramazaH - (1) tattvadarzana, (2) dharmadarzana aura (3) AcAradarzana kahe jAte hai| isaprakAra, tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana kI viSayavastu bhinna nahIM hai, mAtra adhyayana ke pakSoM kI bhinnatA hai| maikeMjI kahate haiM ki nItizAstra jIvana ke sampUrNa anubhava para saMkalpa yA kriyAzIlatA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra karatA hai| vaha manuSya ko kartA, yAnI kisI sAdhya kA anusaraNa karane vAle prANI ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai aura jJAtA yA bhoktA ke rUpa meM kevala parokSataH dekhatA hai, lekina vaha manuSya kI sampUrNa kriyAzIlatA kA, jisa zubha ko pAne ke lie vaha prayatnazIla hai, usake sampUrNa svarUpa kA tathA isa prayatna meM vaha jo kucha karatA hai, usake pUre artha kA vicAra karatA hai| cetanA ke vividha pakSoM kI vibhinnatA ke AdhAra para tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana meM eka sImA ke bAda bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jIvana aura jagat eka aisI saMgati hai, jisameM sabhI tathya paraspara meM itane sApekSa haiM ki unheM alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| : vicArapUrvaka dekhA jAe, to jaina, darzana bhI tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke madhya vibhAjaka-rekhA nahI khIMcatA hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM kI yaha prakRti hai ki ve AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthaka nahIM karate haiN| isa sandarbha meM DaoN. rAmAnanda tivArI likhate haiM ki na vedAnta meM aura na kisI anya bhAratIya-darzana meM AcArazAstra ko darzana se pRthaka kiyA gayA hai| darzana manuSya ke jIvana aura jJAna ke carama satya kI khoja kA pratIka hai, satya eka aura akhaNDa hai| ataH, darzana ke kisI pakSa kI mImAMsA, use anya pakSoM ke pRthak karake samucita rIti se nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| vastu, vedAnta aura anya bhAratIya-darzanoM meM yaha AcAradarzana sambandhI cintana yA sAmAnya dArzanika-cintana ke antargata hI hai, usase pRthak nhii|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-482 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-14 . jaina-vicArakoM ne jIvana ke ina tInoM pakSoM ko alaga-alaga dekhA to sahI, lekina unheM alaga-alaga kiyA nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-darzana ne tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana para vicAra to kiyA, lekina unheM eka-dUsare pRthaka nahIM rkhaa| sabhI eka-dUsare meM itane ghule-mile hai ki inheM eka-dUsare se pRthaka karanA sambhava hI nahIM hai| na to jaina-AcAramImAMsA ko tattvamImAMsA aura dharmamImAMsA se pRthaka kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na unase alaga kara use samajhA hI jA sakatA hai| jaina-darzana kA mudrAlekha 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH mAnavIya-cetanA ke anubhUtyAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka (saMkalpAtmaka) - tInoM pakSoM ko samanvita rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| yaha darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kramazaH dharma, tattvajJAna aura AcaraNa ke pratIka hai| isa prakAra, jahA maikeMjI Adi pAzcAtya vicAraka naitikatA meM AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa ko hI sammilita karate hai, vahA~ jaina vicAraka naitikatA meM jIvana ke tInoM pakSa-anubhUti, jJAna aura kriyA ko sammilita karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana kA adhyayana karate samaya usakI tattamImAMsA aura dharmamImAMsA ko chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki usakI tAttvika-mAnyatA 'anantadharmAtmaka vastu' ke AdhAra para hI anekAntavAda aura nayavAda ke siddhAnta khaDe hai aura anekAntavAda ko hI AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM vaicArika-aMhisA kahA gayA hai| dUsarI ora, aMhisA ne jaba vyavahAra ke kSetra ko chor3a vicAra ke kSetra meM praveza kiyA, to vaha anekAnta bana gii| anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa se naitika-sApekSatA kA prazna juDA huA hai| isa prakAra, tattva darzana aura AcAra darzana eka-dUsare se alaga nahI raha jaate| jahA~ taka dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana ke sambandha kA prazna hai, jaina paramparA meM pUrI taraha eka-dUsare se mile hue hai| dharma hI nIti hai aura nIti hI dharma hai| donoM eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI bana gaye hai| yadi jaina-paramparA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakacAritra samaveta rUpa meM mokSa-mArga hai, to phira tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana eka-dUsare se sampUrNataH pRthaka hokara nahI raha skte| tattvadarzana AcArazAstra kA AdhAra hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-483 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-15 bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya-paramparA meM naitika-mAnadaNDa ke siddhAntaH eka tulanA 1. sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA artha jaba hama sadAcAra yA naitikatA ke kisI zAzvata mAnadaNDa yA naitika-pratimAna ko jAnanA cAhate haiM, to sabase pahale hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki sadAcAra kA tAtparya kyA hai aura kise hama sadAcAra kahate haiN| zAbdika-vyupatti kI dRSTi se sadAcAra zabda sat+AcAra- ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai, arthAt jo AcaraNa sat yA ucita hai, vaha sadAcAra hai, lekina yaha prazna banA rahatA hai ki sat.yA ucita AcaraNa kyA hai? yadyapi hama AcaraNa ke kucha prArUpoM ko sadAcAra aura kucha prArUpoM ko durAcAra kahate haiM, kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki vaha kauna-sA tattva hai, jo kisI AcaraNa ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra banA detA hai| hama aksara yaha kahate haiM ki jhUTha bolanA, corI karanA, hiMsA karanA, vyabhicAra karanA durAcAra hai aura karuNA, dayA, sahAnubhUti, ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi sadAcAra haiM, kintu vaha AdhAra kauna-sA hai, jo ina AcaraNoM ko durAcAra yA sadAcAra banA detA haiM / corI yA hiMsA kyoM durAcAra hai aura ImAnadArI yA satyavAditA kyoM sadAcAra hai? yadi hama sat yA ucita ke aMgrejI paryAya rAITa (right) para vicAra karate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki yaha zabda laiTina Rectus zabda se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai- niyamAnusAra, arthAt jo AcaraNa niyamAnusAra hai, vaha sadAcAra hai jo niyamaviruddha hai, vaha durAcAra hai| yahA~ niyama se tAtparya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika-niyamoM yA paramparAoM se hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM bhI sadAcAra zabda kI aisI hI vyAkhyA manusmRti meM upalabdha hotI hai, manu kA kathana hai-.. tasmin deze ya AcAra: pAramparyakramAgataH / varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra uccate / / 2-18 / / arthAt, jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM jo AcaraNa paramparA se calA AtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jo paramparAgata AcAra ke niyama haiM, unakA pAlana karanA hI sadAcAra hai| dUsare 'zabdoM meM, jisa deza, kAla aura samAja meM AcaraNa kI jo paramparAe~ svIkRta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-484 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-10 rahI haiM, unhIM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA sadAcAra kahA jAegA, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| vastutaH, koI AcaraNa kisI deza yA kAla meM Acarita evaM anumodita hone se sadAcAra nahIM bana jaataa| koI AcaraNa kevala isalie sat yA ucita nahIM hotA hai ki vaha kisI samAja meM svIkRta hotA rahA hai, apitu vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki isalie svIkRta hotA rahA hai, kyoMki vaha sat hai| kisI AcaraNa kA sat yA asat honA, athavA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA svayaM usake svarUpa para nirbhara hotA hai, na ki usake AcArita athavA anAcarita hone pr| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana ne kahA thA jAnAmi dharma na ca me prrvtti| .. jAnAmi adharma na ca me nivRtti|| arthAt, maiM dharma ko jAnatA hU~, kintu usa ora pravRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, maiM adharma ko bhI jAnatA hU~, parantu usase virata nahIM hotA, nivRtta nahIM hotA, ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki kisI AcaraNa kA sadAcAra yA durAcAra honA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vaha kisI varga yA samAja dvArA svIkRta yA asvIkRta hotA rahA hai| sadAcAra aura durAcAra kI mUlyavattA unake pariNAmoM para yA usa sAdhya para nirbhara hotI hai, jisake lie unakA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA, svayaM AcaraNa para nahIM apitu usake abhipreraka yA sAdhya yA pariNAma para nirbhara hotI hai| yadyapi kisI AcaraNa kI mUlyavattA kA nirdhAraNa usake samAja para par3ane vAle prabhAva ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakI mUlyavattA kA antima AdhAra to koI Adarza yA sAdhya hI hotA hai, ataH hama jaba sadAcAra ke mApadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM usa parama mUlya yA sAdhya para hI vicAra karanA hogA, jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI koTi meM rakhA jAtA hai| vastutaH, mAnava-jIvana kA parama sAdhya hI vaha tattva hai, jo sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa yA kasauTI banatA hai / 2. jainadarzana meM sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa aba mUla prazna yaha hai ki parama mUlya yA carama sAdhya kyA hai?

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-485 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-17 jaina-darzana apane carama sAdhya ke bAre meM spaSTa hai| usake anusAra, vyakti kA carama sAdhya mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti haiM vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki jo AcaraNa nirvANa yA mokSa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI sadAcAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jo AcaraNa mukti kA kAraNa hai, vaha sadAcAra hai aura jo AcaraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai, vaha durAcAra hai, kintu yahA~ para hameM yaha bhI spaSTa karanA hogA ki usakA mokSa athavA nirvANa se kyA tAtparya hai| jainadharma ke anusAra nirvANa yA mokSa svabhAvadazA evaM AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hai| vastutaH, hamArA jo nijasvarUpa hai, use prApta kara lenA, athavA hamArI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko vikasita kara AtmapUrNatA kI prApti hI mokSa hai| usakI pAramparika zabdAvalI meM vibhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM sthita ho jAnA hI mokSa haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki jainadArzanikoM ne dharma kI eka vilakSaNa evaM mahatvapUrNa paribhASA dI hai| unake anusAra, dharma vaha hai, jo vastu kA nijasvabhAva hai (vatthusahAvo dhammo) / vyakti kA dharma yA sAdhya vahI ho sakatA hai, jo usakI cetanA yA AtmA kA nija svabhAva hai aura jo hamArA nijasvabhAva hai, usI ko pA lenA hI makti hai, ataH usa svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcaraNa hai| - punaH, prazna yaha uThatA hai ki hamArA svabhAva kyA hai? bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sammukha yaha prazna upasthita kiyA thaa| ve pUchate haiM, 'bhagavan, AtmA kA nijasvarUpa kyA hai aura AtmA kA sAdhya kyA hai?' mahAvIra ne unake praznoM kA jo uttara diyA thA, vahI Aja bhI samasta '. jainaAcAradarzana meM kisI dharma ke naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA, 'AtmA samatvasvarUpa hai aura usa samatvasvarUpa ko prApta kara lenA hI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, samatA yA samabhAva svabhAva hai aura viSamatA vibhAva hai aura jo vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM, athavA viSamatA se samatA kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vahI dharma hai, naitikatA hai, sadAcAra hai, arthAt viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai vahIM vibhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai| samatA . sadAcAra hai aura viSamatA durAcAra hai| yahA~ hameM samatA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-486 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-18 dravyArthika-naya kI dRSTi se samatA kA artha parabhAva se haTakara zuddha svabhAva-dazA meM sthita ho jAnA hai, kintu apanI vividha abhivyaktiyoM kI dRSTi se bhinna sthitiyoM meM ise vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| AdhyAtmikadRSTi meM samatA yA samabhAva kA artha rAga-dveSa se Upara uThakara vItarAgatA yA anAsakta bhAva kI upalabdhi hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnasika-samatva kA artha hai- samasta icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM se rahita mana kI zAnta aura vikSobha (tanAva) rahita avsthaa| yahI samatva jaba hamAre sAmudAyika yA sAmAjika-jIvana meM phalita hotA hai, to ise hama ahiMsA ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| vaicArikadRSTi se ise hama anAgraha yA anekAntadRSTi kahate haiN| jaba hama isI samatva ke ArthikapakSa para vicAra karate haiM, to ise parigraha ke nAma se jAnate haiN| sAmyavAda evaM nyAsIsiddhAnta isI aparigrahavRtti kI Adhunika abhivyaktiyA~ haiN| yaha samatva hI mAnasika-kSetra meM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM, sAmAjika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke rUpa meM, vaicArikatA ke kSetra meM anAgraha yA anekAnta ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, ataH 'samatva' ko nirvivAda rUpa meM aura ArthikakSetra meM aparigraha ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, ataH 'samatva' ko nirvivAda rUpa se sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'samatva' ko sadAcAra kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karate hue bhI hameM usake vividha pahaluoM para vicAra to karanA hI hogA, kyoMki sadAcAra kA sambandha apane sAdhyaM ke sAtha-sAtha una sAdhanoM se bhI hotA hai, jinake dvArA hama use pAnA cAhate haiM aura jisa rUpa meM vaha hamAre vyavahAra meM aura sAmudAyika jIvana meM prakaTa hotA hai| ___ jahA~ taka vyakti ke caittasika yA Antarika-samatva kA prazna hai, hama use vItarAga manodazA yA anAsakta cittavRtti kI sAdhanA mAna sakate haiN| phira bhI samatva kI sAdhanA kA yaha rUpa hamAre vaiyaktika evaM Antarika-jIvana se adhika sambandhita hai, yaha vyakti kI manodazA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti kI manodazA kA prabhAva usake AcaraNa ke Antarika pakSa para vicAra bhI karate haiM, kintu sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna hamAre vyavahAra ke bAhya evaM sAmudAyika pakSoM ke sAtha adhika jur3A huA hai| jaba

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-487 . jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-19 bhI hama sadAcAra yA durAcAra ke kisI mAnadaNDa kI bAta karate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi vyakti ke AcAraNa ke bAhya-pakSa para, athavA usa AcaraNa kA dUsaroM para kyA prabhAva yA pariNAma hotA hai- isa bAta para adhika hotI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA prazna kevala kartA ke Antarika manobhAvoM yA vaiyaktika jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai, vaha AcaraNa ke bAhya-pakSa athavA hamAre vyavahAra ke sAmAjika-pakSa ko bhI apane meM sameTa ske| sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIyacintana meM isa sambandha meM eka sarvamAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki paropakAra hI puNya hai aura parapIr3A hI pApa hai| tulasIdAsajI ne ise nimnalikhita zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai'parahita sarisa dharama nahiM bhAI, parapIr3A sama nahiM adhamAI / ' arthAt, vyakti kA vaha AcaraNa, jo dUsaroM ke lie kalyANakArI yA hitakArI hai, sadAcAra hai, puNya hai aura jo dUsaroM ke lie akalyANakArI hai, ahitakara hai, vahI pApa hai, durAcAra hai| jaina dharma meM sadAcAra ke eka aise hI zAzvata mAnadaNDa kI carcA hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai, 'bhUtakAla meM jitane arhat ho gae haiM, vartamAnakAla meM jitane arhat haiM aura bhaviSya meM jitane arhat hoMge, ve sabhI yaha upadeza karate haiM ki sabhI prANoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM aura sabhI sattvoM ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA 'duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai, kintu mAtra dUsare kI hiMsA ke niSedha ko, yA dUsaroM ke hitasAdhana ko hI sadAcAra yA durAcAra kI kasauTI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthAe~ sambhava haiM ki jaba mere asatya sambhASaNa evaM anaitika-AcaraNa ke dvArA dUsaroM kA hitasAdhana hotA ho, athavA kama se kama kisI kA ahita na hotA ho, kintu kyA aise AcaraNa ko sadAcaraNa kahane kA sAhasa kara sakeMge? kyA vezyAvRtti ke mAdhyama se apAra dhanarAzi ko ekatrita kara use lokahita ke lie vyaya karane mAtra se koI strI sadAcArI kI koTi meM A sakegI, athavA yauna-vAsanA kI santuSTi ke ve rUpa, jisameM kisI bhI dUsare prANI kI .hiMsA nahIM hai, durAcAra kI koTi meM nahIM AeMge? . sUtrakRtAMga meM sadAcAritA kA aisA hI dAvA anya tIrthiyoM dvArA prastuta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-488 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-20 bhI kiyA gayA thA, jise mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyA thaa| kyA hama usa vyakti ko, jo DAke DAlakara usa sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara detA. hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge? eka cora aura eka netA, donoM hI vyakti apanI sampatti ko garIboM meM vitarita kara dete hai, sadAcArI mAna sakeMge? eka cora aura eka santa, donoM hI vyakti ko sampatti ke pAza se mukta karate haiM, phira bhI donoM samAna koTi ke nahIM mAne jaate| vastutaH, sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA nirNaya kevala eka hI AdhAra para nahIM hotA hai| usameM AcaraNa kA preraka Antarika pakSa, arthAt vyakti kI manodazA aura AcaraNa kA bAhya-pariNAma, arthAt sAmAjika jIvana para usakA prabhAva, donoM hI vicAraNIya haiN| AcAra kI zubhAzubhatA vicAra para aura vicAra kI zubhAzubhatA svayaM vyavahAra para nirbhara karatI hai| sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa to aisA honA cAhie, jo ina donoM ko samAviSTa kara ske| sAdhAratayA, jaina dharma sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa ahiMsA ko svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yahA~ hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki kyA kevala kisI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA, yA kisI kI hatyA nahIM karanA mAtra yahI ahiMsA hai| yadi ahiMsA kI mAtra itanI hI vyAkhyA hai, to phira yaha sadAcAra aura durAcAra kA mAnadaNDa nahIM bana sakatI, jabaki jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI use sadAcAra kA ekamAtra AdhAra. prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandajI ne kahA hai ki anRtavacana, steya, maithuna parigraha Adi pApoM ke jo bhinna-bhinna nAma die gae, ve to kevala ziSyabodha ke lie haiM, mUlataH to ve saba hiMsA hI haiN| vastutaH, jaina AcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko vyApaka pariprekSya meM vicArA hai| vaha Antarika bhI hai aura bAhya bhii| usakA sambandha vyakti se bhI haiM aura samAja se bhii| ise jaina paramparA meM 'sva' kI hiMsA aura 'para' kI hiMsA- aise do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| jaba hiMsA hamAre svarUpa yA svabhAva-dazA kA ghAta karatI hai, to vaha sva-hiMsA hai aura jaba vaha dUsaroM ke hitoM ko coMTa paha~cAtI hai, to vaha para kI hiMsA hai| sva kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha Antarika-pApa hai, to para kI hiMsA ke rUpa meM vaha sAmAjika-pApa, kintu usake ye donoM hI rUpa durAcAra kI koTi meM hI Ate haiN| apane isa vyApaka artha meM hI hiMsA ko durAcAra kI aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-489 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -21 ahiMsA koM sadAcAra kI kasauTI mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya naitika mAnadaNDa ke siddhAMta aura jainadharmadarzana naitika-nirNaya kI dRSTi se karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA vicAra karane ke lie naitika-pratimAna ke viSaya meM pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, ataH tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se yaha vicAraNIya hai ki pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM svIkRta naitika-pratimAnoM kA sAmAnyarUpa se bhAratIyadarzana aura vizeSarUpa se jainadarzana se kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai? pAzcAtya-paramparA meM prArambha se hI naitika-pratimAna ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa rahe haiN| prathama to yaha ki kucha vicArakoM ne to kisI bhI naitika-pratimAna ko svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA hai| kucha vicArakoM ne naitika-pratimAna ko to svIkAra kiyA, lekina vaha naitika-pratimAna kyA hai, ina viSaya meM unameM kAphI matabheda haiN| pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, una sabakA vistRta evaM gahana cintana to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI una vibhinna dhAraNAoM ke sAtha jaina evaM anya darzanoM kA kyA sambandha ho sakatA hai, isa para saMkSipta vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| sarvaprathama 'naitika-sandehavAda' ko hI leM / naitikasandehavAda aura jainaAcAradarzana - naitika-sandehavAda kI vicAradhArA bhArata aura pAzcAtya dezoM meM prAcIna samaya se calI A rahI hai| bhArata ke cArvAka dArzanika aura grIsa ke sophisTa vicAraka isa vicAra-paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| * bhAratIya paramparA meM bhI naitika-sandehavAda sambandhI vicAra pracalita the, aise sandarbha jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-granthoM meM upalabdha haiN| __ jaina AcAryoM ne sUtrakRtAMga evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM isa vicAradhArA kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra dharma (ucita) aura adharma (anucita) kI zaMkA meM nahIM par3anA cAhie, kyoMki yaha sukhoM kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka hai, gadhe ke sIMga ke samAna dharma aura adharma kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI yakSa ke praznoM ke uttara meM yudhiSThira ne yahI kahA thA ki tarka ke dvArA dharmAdharma kA nirNaya karanA sambhava nahIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-490 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-22 hai, zruti bhI isa viSaya meM ekamata nahIM hai, RSiyoM ke kathana bhI paraspara viredhI haiM, ataH unake vacanoM ko bhI pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mahAvIra. aura buddha ke samakAlIna ajJAnavAdI vicAraka saMjaya valaTThiputta isI naitika-sandehavAda kA pratinidhitva karate the| naitika-sandehavAda mUlarUpa meM yaha mAnakara calatA hai ki kisI bhI aise naitika-pratimAna ko khoja pAnA asambhava hai, jise dharmAdharma yA ucita-anucita ke nirNaya kA prAmANika AdhAra banAyA jA ske| pAzcAtyaAcAradarzana meM naitikasandehavAda kI dhAraNA tArkikaAdhAroM para puSTa huI hai| naitika-sandehavAdI pAzcAtyavicAraka isa sambandha meM to ekamata haiM ki ve naitikamAnaka ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, lekina naitika-mAnaka ko asvIkAra karane ke unake tarka alaga-alaga haiN| unake tIna varga haiN| (a) naitikasandehavAda kI arthavaijJAnika yukti aura tArkikabhAvavAda tArkikabhAvavAda ko mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM kAranepa, rasala evaM eara pramukha haiN| ye naitika-Adeza evaM naitika-pratyayoM ke bhASAviSayaka vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki naitika-pratyaya mAtra sAMvegika abhivyaktiyA~ haiM aura inakI satyatA aura asatyatA ke sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai| inake anusAra zubhaM aura azubha, dharma aura adharma ko acchA yA zubha kahane kA artha yahI hai ki usake kAraNa hRdaya meM jo bhAva utpanna hotA hai, ve sukhada lagate haiN| naitika-pratyaya Antarika-bhAvoM ke udgAra-mAtra haiN| acchAI kA artha hai- sukhada anubhuuti| zubha aura azubha mUlyAtmaka nirNaya nahIM haiM, varNanAtmaka nirNaya haiN| sukhada bhAva ke atirikta na koI acchA hai aura duHkhada bhAva ke atirikta na koI azubha yA burA hai| eara ke anusAra jinheM naitikatA ke maulika pratyaya aura paribhASAe~ kahA jAtA hai, ve sabhI pratyAbhAsa mAtra haiM, kyoMki jisa vAkya meM ve rahate haiM, use apanI ora se koI artha pradAna nahIM krte| pratyAbhAsa ke rUpa meM ve mAtra hamArI prasannatA yA kSobha ko prakaTa karate haiN| kisI karma ko ucita kahakara hama usake prati apanI prasannatA prakaTa karate haiM aura kisI kArya ko anucita kahakara hama usake prati apanA kSobha prakaTa karate haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-491 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -23 naitika-pratyayoM kA artha hamAre manobhAvoM se jur3A huA hai| prophesara kAranepa ke.anusAra, 'eka mUlyAtmaka kathana vastutaH vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se chadmarUpa meM prastuta eka AjJA se adhika nahIM hai| isakA mAnavIya AcaraNa para kucha prabhAva to ho sakatA hai, lekina yaha prabhAva hamArI icchA yA anicchA se hI sambandhita hai| yaha na to satya ho sakatA hai, lekina yaha prabhAva hamArI icchA yA anicchA se hI sambandhita hai| yaha na to satya ho sakatA hai aura na asty|' 'corI karanA anucita hai- isa kathana kA artha hai, corI mata karo yA mujhe corI pasanda nahIM, isa prakAra isakA koI satya mUlya nahIM hai| isa prakAra, tArkika-bhAvavAdI vicAraka 'aucitya', 'anaucitya', 'zubha', 'azubha' evaM 'cAhie' ke naitika-pratyayoM ko bhAvanAtmaka abhivyakti athavA kSobha yA pasandagI. kI pratikriyA mAtra mAnate haiM aura batAte haiM ki ye pratikriyAe~ bhI lokavyavahAra ke anusAra utpanna hotI haiN| isa prakAra, na to koI maulika naitika-pratyaya hai aura na naitika mAne jAne vAle pratyayoM kA koI mUlyAtmaka artha hI hai| sabhI naitika-pratyaya sAmAjika-paramparAoM kI sIkhI huI saMvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM ke hI rUpa haiN| (A) naitika-sandehavAda kI manovaijJAnika yukti __ manovaijJAnika AdhAra para naitika pratimAna ke prati sandehAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhane vAloM meM pramukha haiM-vyavahAravAda ke praNetA vATsana aura manovizleSaNa-sampradAya ke pravartaka phraaydd| .. vATsana kI dRSTi meM mAnavIya vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai| ve apane adhyayana ko vyavahAra ke bAhya prakaTa svarUpa taka hI sImita rakhate haiN| yadi unake lie naitikatA kA koI sthAna ho sakatA hai, to vaha isI bAhya yAntrika evaM andha vyavahAra para AdhArita hai| yadi unake lie naitikatA kA - koI artha ho sakatA hai, to ve use bAhya prakaTa vyavahAra taka hI sImita rakhate haiN| yadi unake lie naitikatA kA artha sthAna ho sakatA hai, to vaha isI bAhya yAntrika evaM andha vyavahAra meM hI ho sakatA hai, lekina prayojana, * lakSya athavA cetana uddezyoM se rahita vyavahAra meM naitikatA ko svIkAra karanA hAsyAspada hogA, kyoMki phira to havA kA bahanA aura pAnI kA giranA bhI naitikatA kI sImA meM A jaaegaa| yadi vATsana kI dRSTi meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-492 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-24 mAnavIya vyavahAra yAntrika evaM andha hai, to phira usameM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| usameM naitikatA mAnA bhrama hogaa| ___ phrAyaDa kI dRSTi se mAnavIya vyavahAra jaivika-vAsanAoM se niyantrita hotA hai| mAnavIya-prakRti aisI ho hai, to usake lie kisI naitika-siddhAnta kI sthApanA hI sambhava nahIM hai| phrAyaDa ke anusAra manuSya mUlapravRtyAtmaka vAsanAoM kA samUha hai aura vAsanAoM ke viruddha kisI naitika-siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA tarka nirarthaka hai| phrAyaDa kI mAnyatA meM naitika AdarzoM kI upalabdhi asambhava hai| ve Adarza thothe haiM aura mAnavIya ayauktika vAsanAoM ke cirakAlIna damana ke prapaMcita prakSepaNa haiM, jo upalabdhi ke yogya hI nahIM haiN| isa prakAra, phrAyaDa ke manovijJAna meM naitikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM rhtaa| (i) naitika-sandehavAda kI samAjazAstrIya-yukti kucha samAjazAstrIya-vicAraka bhI naitikatA ke nirapekSa, sthAyI evaM sArvabhaumika-pratimAna kai astitva ke prati sandeha prakaTa karate haiN| viliyama grAhama samanera kahate haiM ki naitika-mAnyatAe~ athavA ucita aura anucita kI dhAraNA samAja-sApekSa hai| jo bhI tatkAlIna sAmAjika-rItirivAjoM ke anukUla hotA hai, vaha ucita aura jo pratikUla hai, vaha anucita hai| unake anusAra yaha rItirivAja nirNaya nahIM varan vikAsa hai (jo vikAsa para AdhArita hai, vaha nirapekSa nhiiN)| ataH, naitikatA ke sandarbha meM nirapekSatA kA vicAra artha hai| vaha to rItirivAjoM se pratyutpanna hai aura abhI bhI maulika aura racanAtmaka nahIM ho sktii| tAtparya yaha hai ki nirapekSa artha meM naitika-pratyayoM kA astitva bhrama hai| eka, svIkArAtmaka naitika-siddhAnta (sAmUhika) icchA kI abhivyakti se adhika nahIM hai| dUsare, samAjazAstrIyavicAraka kArla manahIyama kahate haiM ki aisA koI (naitika) Adarza nahIM ho sakatA, jo mAtra AkArika evaM nirapekSa ho| rItirivAja naitikatA kI bhAvanAtmaka prakRti meM samAviSTa haiM aura phira aisI dazA meM naitika-nirNayoM ke lie sthira mUlyoM ko khAja pAnA asambhava haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki pUrva aura pazcima ke ye saba vicAraka kama se kama isa eka bAta para sahamata haiM ki naitikatA kI dhAraNA kA koI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-493 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-25 astitva nahIM hai aura usake sandarbha meM vicAra karanA nirarthaka hai, kintu jaina-darzana ko naitika-sandehavAda asvIkAra rahA hai| __ jaina-dArzanikoM ko kisI bhI prakAra kA naitika-sandehavAda svIkAra nahIM hai| mahAvIra naitika-pratimAna kI satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue kahate haiM ki 'kalyANa (zubha) tathA pApa (azubha) haiM, aisA hI nizcaya kareM, isase anyathA nhiiN|' mahAvIra kA yaha vacana spaSTa kara detA hai ki jaina-vicAraNA meM naitika-sandehavAda kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| unhoMne aisI mAnyatA ko, jo zubha aura azubha kI vAstavika sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatI, sadAcAraghAtaka mAnyatA kahA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicAraka saMjaya velaTThiputta bhI isI - prakAra ke naitika-sandehavAda meM vizvAsa karate the| mahAvIra ne unakI mAnyatA ko anucita hI mAnA thaa| saMjaya velaTThiputta kA darzana hyUma ke anubhavavAda, kAMTa ke ajJeyavAda evaM tArkika bhAvavAdiyoM ke vizleSaNavAda kA pUrvavartI sthUla rUpa thaa| usakI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ye vicAraka tarka-vitarka meM kuzala hote hue bhI sandeha se pare nahIM jA ske| . vastutaH naitika-sandehavAdaM mAnavIya Adarza kA nirUpaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai, cAhe usakA AdhAra naitika-pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa ho, athavA use mAnava kI manovaijJAnika-avasthAoM yA sAmAjika-AdhAroM para sthApita kiyA gayA ho| yadi hama zubha ko apanI manovaijJAnika-bhAvAvasthAoM athavA sAmAjika-paramparAoM meM khojane kA prayAsa kareMge, to vaha unameM upalabdha nahIM hogaa| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra naitika-Adarza tarka ke mAdhyama se nahIM khojA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha tarka kA viSaya nahIM hai, usI prakAra mAnava ke yAntrika evaM sAmAjika vyavahAra meM bhI zubha kI khoja karanA vyartha kA prayAsa hI hogaa| ina vicArakoM kI mUlabhUta bhrAnti yaha hai ki ve bhASA ko pUrNa evaM sakSama rUpa se dekhate haiM, jabaki bhASA svayaM apUrNa hai| vaha pUrNatA ke naitika-sAdhya kA vizleSaNa kaise karegI? isI prakAra, manuSya ko mAtra yAntrika evaM andhavAsanAoM se calane vAlA prANI mAna lenA bhI mAnava-prakRti kA yathArtha vizleSaNa nahIM hogA /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-494 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -28 punazca, naitika-pratyayoM ko sAMvegika-abhivyakti yA ruci-sApekSa mAnane para bhI svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi naitika-pratyaya sAMvegika-abhivyakti hai, to prazna yaha hai ki naitika-AvegoM kA dUsare sAmAnya AvegoM se antara kA AdhAra kyA hai? vaha kauna-sA tattva hai, jo naitika-Avega ko dUsare AvegoM se antara karatA hai aura usakA AdhAra kyA hai? yaha to sunizcita satya hai ki naitika-Avega dUsare AvegoM se bhinna hai| dAyitvabodha kA Avega; anyAya ke prati Akroza kA Avega aura krodha kA Avega- ye tInoM bhinna-bhinna staroM ke Avega haiN| jo cetanA inakI bhinnatA kA bodha karatI hai, vahI naitika-mUlyoM kI draSTA bhI hai| naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra kie. binA hama bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke AvegoM kA antara nahIM kara skte| yadi isakA AdhAra pasandagI yA ruci hai, to phira pasandagI yA nApasandagI ke bhAvoM kI utpatti kA AdhAra kyA hai? naitika-bhAvoM kI vyAkhyA mAtra pasandagI aura nApasandagI ke rUpa meM hI kI jA sakatI hai| mAnavIya-pasandagI athavA ruci kevala mana kI mauja yA mana kI taraMga para nirbhara nahIM hai| inheM pUrI taraha AtmaniSTha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, inake pIche eka vastuniSTha AdhAra bhI hotA hai| Aja hameM una AdhAroM kA anveSaNa karanA hogA, jo hamArI pasandagI aura nApasandagI ko banAte yA prabhAvita karate haiN| ve kucha Adarza, siddhAnta, dRSTiyA~ yA mUlyabodha haiM, jo hamArI pasandagI yA nApasandagI ko banAte haiM aura jinake AdhAra para hamArI ruciyA~ gaThita hotI haiN| mAnavIya-ruciyA~ aura mAnavIya-pasandagI yA nApasandagI Akasmika yA prAkRtika nahIM hai| jo tattva inako banAte haiM, unameM naitika mUlya bhI haiN| ye pUrNatayA vyakti aura samAja kI racanA bhI nahIM haiM, apitu vyakti ke mUlyAMkana ke bodha se bhI utpanna hote haiN| vastutaH, mUlyoM kI sattA anubhava kI pUrvavartI hai, manuSya mUlyoM kA draSTA hai, sRjaka nhiiN| ataH rucisApekSatA ke AdhAra para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko nirasta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, yadi hama aucitya evaM anaucitya kA AdhAra sAmAjika-upayogitA ko mAnate haiM, to yaha bhI ThIka nhiiN| mere vyaktigata svArthoM se sAmAjika hata kyoM zreSTha evaM vareNya haiM? isa prazna kA hamAre pAsa kyA uttara hogA?

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-495 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-27 sAmAjika-hitoM kI vareNyatA kA uttara nIti kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra kie binA nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, parivartanazIlatA ke nAma para svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA para prazna cinha nahIM lagAyA jA sktaa| naitika-mUlyoM ke astitva kI svIkRti meM hI unakI parivartanazIlatA kA koI artha ho sakatA hai, unake nakArane meM nhiiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki samAja bhI naitika mUlyoM kA sRjana nahIM karatA hai| samAja kinhIM AcaraNa ke prArUpoM ko vihita yA avihita mAna sakatA hai, kintu sAmAjika-vihitatA aura avihitatA naitika-aucitya yA anaucitya se bhinna hai| eka karma anaitika hote hue bhI vihita mAnA jA sakatA hai, athavA naitika hote hue bhI avihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| kaMjara jAti meM corI, Adima kabIloM meM narabali yA muslima samAja meM bahuta-patnIprathA vihita hai| rAjapUtoM meM lar3akI ko janmate hI mAra DAlanA kabhI vihita rahA thaa| aneka dezoM meM vezyAvRtti, samalaiMgikatA, madyapAna Aja bhI vihita aura vaidhAnika hai, kintu kyA inheM naitika kahA jA sakatA hai? nagnatA. ko, zAsanatantra kI AlocanA ko avihita evaM avaidhAnika mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isase nagna rahanA yA zAsaka-varga ke galata kAryoM kI AlocanA ko anaitika nahIM kahA jA skegaa| mAnavoM ke samudAya vizeSa ke dvArA kisI karma ko vihita yA vaidhAnika mAna lene mAtra se vaha naitika nahIM ho jaataa| garbhapAta vaidhAnika ho sakatA hai, lekina naitika kabhI nhiiN| naitika mUlyavattA niSpakSa viveka ke prakAza meM Alokita hotI hai| vaha sAmAjika-vihitatA yA vaidhAnikatA se bhinna hai| samAja kisI karma ko avihita banA sakatA hai, kintu ucita yA anucita nhiiN| - naitika-pratyayoM ko athavA zubha ko samAja kI Adata se utpanna huA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake viparIta, jise sAmAjika-sadAcAra kahA jAtA hai, vaha acchAI yA zubha se utpanna hotA hai| naitika-sandehavAda ke mUla meM yaha bhrAnti hai ki vaha mUlyoM ko vyAvahArika anubhavoM meM hI khojane kA prayAsa karatA hai, jabaki ve unase Upara bhI hote haiN| naitika-pratimAna . yA Adarza hamAre vyavahAroM se prabhAvita nahIM hotA, balki usase hamAre vyavahAra prabhAvita hote haiN| vaha hamAre vyavahAroM ke mUla meM nihita haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-496 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-20 Aja naitika-mAnadaNDoM kI jisa gatyAtmakatA kI bAta kahI jA rahI hai, usase to svayaM naitikatA ke mUlya hone meM hI anAsthA utpanna ho gaI hai| Aja kA manuSya apanI pAzavika-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie viveka evaM saMyama kI niyAmaka maryAdAoM kI avahelanA ko hI mUlya-krAnti mAna rahA hai| varSoM ke cintana aura sAdhanA se phalita ye maryAdAe~ Aja use nAkArA laga rahI haiM aura inheM tor3a-pheMkane meM hI use mUlya-krAnti parilakSita ho rahI hai| svatantratA ke nAma para vaha atantratA aura arAjakatA ko hI mUlya mAna baiThA hai, kintu yaha saba mUlya-vibhrama yA mUlya-viparyaya hI hai, jisake kAraNa naitika mUlyoM ke nirmUlyIkaraNa ko hI mUlya-parivartana kahA jA rahA hai| yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki mUlya-krAnti yA mUlyAntaraNa mUlya-niSedha nahIM hai| parivartanazIlatA kA tAtparya svayaM nIti ke mUlya hone meM anAsthA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki naitika mUlyoM meM aura nIti-sambandhI dhAraNAoM meM parivartana hue haiM aura hote raheMge, kintu mAnava ke itihAsa meM koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM hai, jaba svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA ko hI asvIkAra kiyA gayA ho| vastutaH, naitika-mAnadaNDoM kI parivartanazIlatA meM bhI kucha aisA avazya hai, jo banA rahatA hai aura vaha haisvayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA / naitika mUlyoM kI viSayavastu badalatI rahatI hai, kintu unakA AkAra banA rahatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kucha mUlya aise bhI haiM, jo apanI mUlyavattA ko kabhI nahIM khote, mAtra unakI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha evaM artha badalate haiN| naitika-pratimAna ke siddhAnta jina vicArakoM ne naitika-sandehavAda ko asvIkAra kara naitika-pratimAnoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, unameM bhI naitika-pratimAna ke sambandha meM matabheda haiN| naitika-pratimAna ke siddhAntoM ko do vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai- (1) vidhAnavAdI-siddhAnta aura (2) saadhyvaadii-siddhaant| vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta naitika-pratimAna ke vidhAnavAdI-siddhAnta do prakAra ke haiM- (1) bAhya vidhAnavAdI siddhAnta aura (2) Antarika vidhaanvaadii-siddhaant| bAhya vidhAnavAdI-siddhAnta ke bhI- (a) sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda, (A)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-497 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-29 vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda aura (i) IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda- ye tIna prakAra haiN| 1. bAhya-vidhAnavAdI-siddhAnta (a) sAmAjika-vidhAnavAdI- sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra samAja dvArA svIkRta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA zubha aura sAmAjika-niyamoM kA pAlana na karanA yA unakA ullaMghana karanA azubha hai| Adhunika pAzcAtya-paramparA meM imAila Darakhima aura lyUkina levIbula isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka haiN| isa siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA yaha hai ki zubha aura azubha ke pratyayoM, jinheM hama naitika pratipAdana kA AdhAra banAte haiM, sAmAjika-svIkRti aura asvIkRti se nirmita hote haiN| moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAja jise ucita mAnatA hai, vaha ucita hai ora samAja jise anucita mAnatA hai, vaha anucita hai| isa prakAra, isa siddhAnta ke anusAra sAmAjika-svIkRti yA asvIkRti hI naitikatA kA pratimAna ___ jaina-dArzanika sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika-niyamoM ko asvIkAra nahIM krte| jainaparamparA meM ve sabhI laukika-vidhiyA~ (sAmAjika-niyama) svIkArya haiM, jinase samyaktva aura vratoM meM koI doSa nahIM lgtaa| jainaparamparA ke anusAra sAmAjikaniyama yadi vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM, to ve tyAjya hI haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nagaradharma, grAmadharma Adi ke rUpa meM laukika-vidhAnoM ko mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai, phira bhI unheM naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jainadArzanikoM ne vyAvahArikadRSTikoNa se unakA mUlya svIkAra kiyA hai| .. gItA meM bhI kuladharma, jAtigata maryAdA Adi ke rUpa meM sAmAjikavidhAnavAda kA samarthana huA hai| arjuna yuddha se isIlie bacanA cAhatA hai ..ki usase kuladharma aura jAtidharma ke naSTa hone kI sambhAvanA dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM dharma-adharma kI vyavasthA ke lie sAmAjika-niyamo evaM paramparAoM ko sthAna avazya diyA gayA hai, phira bhI ve bhAratIya-darzana meM naitikatA ke carama pratimAna nahIM haiN| _ jaina-dArzanika sAmAnyatayA sAmAjika-niyamoM ko asvIkAra nahIM krte| jainaparamparA meM ve sabhI laukika-vidhiyA~ (sAmAjika-niyama) svIkArya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-498 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-30 hai, jinase samyaktva aura vratoM meM koI doSa nahIM lgtaa| jainaparamparA ke anusAra sAmAjika niyama, yadi vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiM, to ve tyAjya hI haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nagaradharma, grAmadharma Adi ke rUpa meM laukika-vidhAnoM ko mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI, phira bhI unheM naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jaina dArzanikoM ne vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se unakA mUlya svIkAra kiyA hai| gItA meM bhI kuladharma, jAti-maryAdA Adi ke rUpa meM sAmAjikavidhAnavAda kA samarthana huA hai| arjuna yuddha se isIlie bacanA cAhatA hai ki usase kuladharma aura jAtidharma ke naSTa hone kI sambhAvanA dikhAI detI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma-adharma kI vyavasthA ke lie sAmAjika-niyamoM evaM paramparAoM ko sthAna avazya diyA gayA hai, phira bhI ve bhAratIya-darzana meM naitikatA ke carama pratimAna nahIM haiN| (A) vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda-vidhAnavAdI siddhAntoM kA eka prakAra yaha bhI hai, jisameM rAjakIya-niyamoM ko hI naitikatA kA pramApaka mAna liyA jAtA hai| Adhunika yuga meM vaidhAnika niyamoM kI utpatti samAjanirapekSa nahIM hai, isalie sAmAjika-vidhAnavAda aura vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda meM antara karanA ucita na hogaa| hA~, prAcIna yuga meM, jabaki rAjA hI vaidhAnika-niyamoM kA niyAmaka hotA thA, vaidhAnika-vidhAnavAda naitika-pratimAna kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga thaa| bhojaprabandha ke anusAra rAjA ke vacana yA vidhAna se pavitra AtmA bhI apavitra ho jAtA hai aura apavitra AtmA bhI pavitra bana jAtA hai| ra.jya ke niyamoM kA paripAlana jainaAcAradarzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| rAjya niyamoM ke viruddha kAma karane ko jaina-dArzanikoM ne anaitika karma kahA hai| zramaNa aura gRhastha-donoM ke lie hI rAjakIya-maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana anucita thaa| phira bhI, jaina-AcAradarzana ke anusAra rAjakIya-niyama naitikatA kA pratimAna nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki rAjyaniyamoM kA vidhAna jina logoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, ve rAga aura dveSa se mukta nahIM hote, isalie unake Adarza pUrNatayA prAmANika nahIM kahe jA skte| rAjya ke niyama parivartanazIla hote haiM tathA vibhinna dezoM evaM samayoM meM alaga-alaga hote haiM, jabaki naitika-pratimAna ko apekSAkRta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-499 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-31 sthAyI evaM dezakAlagata sImAoM se Upara honA caahie| (i) IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda- IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA vAstavika AdhAra IzvarIya-icchA evaM niyama hI haiN| IzvarIya-niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA naitika hai aura usake viruddha AcaraNa karanA anaitik| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM dekArta, lAka, spinojA Adi aneka vicAraka isa pratimAna ke samarthaka haiN| samakAlIna cintakoM meM kArla bartha, imila branara evaM rinholDanIbara Adi vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| IzvarIya-AjJA meM naitikatA ke pratimAna ko khojane kI yaha paramparA bhAratIya-cintana meM bhI hai| Izvara praNIta dharmazAstroM kI AjJA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA bhAratIya-AcAradarzana kI pramukha mAnyatA rahI hai| dharmadarzana ke anusAra to IzvarapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana hI naitikatA kA carama pratimAna hai| hindU, bauddha jaina-darzanoM meM bhI Izvara, buddha athavA tIrthaMkara kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA naitika-jIvana kA anivArya aMga hai| gItA kA kathana hai ki jo zAstra ke vidhAna ko chor3akara manamAnI karatA hai, use sukha, saphalatA aura uttama gati nahIM milatI, isalie karttavya-akartavya kA nirNaya karane ke lie zAstroM ko hI pramANa mAnanA caahie| zAstrokta vidhAna ko jAnakara usake anusAra hI karma karanA caahie| . bauddha-paramparA meM bhI buddha dvArA praNIta niyamoM kA pAlana karanA naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA gayA hai| sampUrNa vinayapiTaka aura suttapiTaka meM naitika-jIvana ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana hai aura Aja bhI bauddha-upAsaka unheM naitikatA evaM anaitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| buddha ne svayaM yaha kahA thA ki 'jo dharma ko dekhatA hai, vaha mujhe dekhatA hai aura jo mujhe dekhatA hai, vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai| buddha ne apane parinirvANa ke samaya bhI antima bAra bhikSuoM ko Amantrita karake kahA, "he Ananda, zAyada tumako aisA ho, hamAre zAstA cale gae-aba hamArA zAstA nahIM hai| Ananda, aisA mata smjhnaa| maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya ke upadeza die haiM, prajJapta kie haiM, mere bAda ve hI tumhAre zAstA hoNge|" / jaina-paramparA meM bhI jinavacanoM kA pAlana karanA naitika-jIvana kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-500 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-32 Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| sarvajJapraNIta zAstroM kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka gRhastha evaM zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM ki merI AjJAoM kA pAlana dharma hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM bhI vidhAnavAda kA sthAna hai| jaina-AcAradarzana vItarAga puruSoM athavA tIrthaMkaroM ke AdezoM ko naitika-jIvana kA pratimAna svIkAra karatA hai| phira bhI, itanA spaSTa hai ki yadi naitikatA ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM bAhya-AdezoM ko hI saba kucha mAna liyA gayA, to naitikatA Antarika-vastu nahIM raha jaaegii| bAhya-AdezoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie' ke sthAna para 'karanA par3egA' kI prakRti kA hotA hai| vaha bahuta-kucha puraskAra kI AzA evaM daNDa ke bhaya para nirbhara hotA hai, ataH use pUrNa rUpa se naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika-jIvana meM Izvara, buddha yA jina ke vacana mArgadarzaka ho sakate haiM, lekina karttavya kI bhAvanA kA udbhava to hamAre andara se hI honA caahie| amanaska-bhAva se bAhya AdezoM kA pAlana naitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA, naitikatA antarAtmA kI vastu hai| use bAhya-vidhAnoM ke Azrita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ... Antarika-vidhAnavAda Antarika yA antarAtmaka-vidhAnavAda ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA nirNAyaka-tattva vyakti kI antarAtmA hai| apanI antarAtmA ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA zubha aura usake pratikUla AcaraNa karanA azubha mAnA gayA hai| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM antarAtmaka-vidhAnavAda ke pratipAdakoM meM henarI mora, ralpha kaDavartha, saimuala klArka, viliyama vulesTana, zaiphTsabarI, hacisana aura baTalara kI eka lambI paramparA hai| samakAlIna cintakoM meM eDavarDa vesTaramArka, arthara keniAna rojarsa aura phreMka cepamena zArpa pramukha haiN| bhAratIya paramparA meM Antarika-vidhAnavAda kA samarthana manu ke yuga se hI milatA hai| manu ne manaHpUtaM samAcareta kahakara isI antarAtmaka-vidhAnavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsanaparva meM bhI kahA gayA hai, 'sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya, dAna aura tyAga, sabhI meM apanI AtmA ko pramANa mAnakara hI vyavahAra karanA caahie|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-501 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-33 __ Antarika (antarAtmaka) vidhAnavAda kI yaha dhAraNA jaina aura bauddha-paramparA meM bhI svIkRta rahI hai, lekina jaina aura bauddha-paramparAe~ isa bAta ko spaSTa kara detI haiM ki antarAtmA ke Adeza ko usI samaya prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai, jaba vaha rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThakara koI nirNaya le| antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra karane ke lie yaha zarta Avazyaka hai, anyathA rAga-dveSa se yukta vAsanAmaya AtmA ke AdezoM ko bhI naitika mAnanA par3egA, jo ki hAsyAspada hogaa| ataH, yaha dRSTikoNa samucita hI hai ki rAga-dveSa se rahita sAkSI svarUpa antarAtmA ko hI naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kiyA jaae| pAzcAtya-paramparA ke antarAtmaka vidhAnavAdI-vicArakoM ne isa sambandha meM gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA aura phalasvarUpa unakI AlocanA kI gii| bhAratIya-vicAraka isa sambandha meM sajaga rahe haiN| unake anusAra, AtmA kA rAga-dveSa se rahita jo zuddha svarUpa hai, vahI naitikatA kA pratimAna ho sakatA hai aura yadi isa rUpa meM hama antarAtmA ko naitikatA kA pratimAna svIkAra kareMge, to usakA IzvarIya-vidhAnavAda aura AtmapUrNatAvAda se bhI koI virodha nahIM rhegaa| _ naitika-pratimAna ko Antarika-vidhAna ke rUpa meM mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM antarAtmA yA antardRSTi ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa haiM aura unake alaga-alaga sampradAya bhI haiN| pramukha rUpa se una sampradAyoM * ko nimna vargoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai- (a) buddhivAda yA tArkika sahaja jJAnavAda (A) rasendriyavAda yA naitika-indriyavAda, (i) sahAnubhUtivAda, (I) naitika-antarAtmavAda, (u) mnovaijnyaanik-antraatmvaad| / (a) buddhivAda aura jainadarzana- kaimbrija pleTovAdiyoM ne, jinameM beMjAmina vicakoTa, rAlpha kaDavartha, henarI mora, ricarDa kambaralena, saimuala klArka aura viliyama vulesTana pramukha haiM, antarAtmA ko bauddhika yA tArkika mAnA hai| unakI dRSTi meM antardRSTi (prajJA) tarkamaya hai| rAlpha kaDavartha ke anusAra sadguNa aura avaguNa ke apane-apane svarUpa haiN| ve vastumUlaka evaM vastutantra haiM, na ki Atmatantra / vaha unheM jJAnAkAra pratyaya svarUpa mAnatA ... hai| usake anusAra hama zubha aura azubha kA jJAna ThIka kaise hI prApta kara - sakate haiM, jaise tarkazAstra ke pratyayoM kA jJAna / ve indriyagamya nahIM, varan

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-502 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -34 baddhigamya haiN| jainaparamparA rAlpha kaDavartha ke vicAroM se sahamata hai| vaha kaDavartha ke sAtha isa artha meM bhI sahamata hai ki prajJA yA buddhi ke dvArA hama unheM jAna sakate haiN| yadyapi jaina-darzana ke anusAra isakA jJAna atIndriya pratyakSa ke dvArA bhI hotA hai| saimuala klArka naitika-niyamoM ko gaNita ke niyamoM ke samAna prAtibha evaM prAmANika mAnatA hai| usake anusAra, ve vastuoM ke svabhAva meM nihita haiM, athavA ve vastuoM ke guNoM aura pArasparika sambandhoM meM vidyamAna haiN| unako hama apanI buddhi se pahacAnate haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki sabhI loga unakA pAlana na kareM, phira bhI ve unheM buddhi ke dvArA jAnate avazya haiN| saimuala klArka ke isa vicAra kI jainadarzana ke tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI dharma vastu ke svabhAva meM nihita hai| vastu ke svabhAva ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| saimuala klArka ne sadAcAra ke cAra siddhAnta mAne haiM- (1) Izvara-bhakti kA siddhAnta, (2) samAnatA kA siddhAnta, (3) paropakAra kA siddhAnta aura (4) AtmasaMyama kA siddhaant| ___ saimuala ke anusAra, Izvara-bhakti kA siddhAnta nityatA, anantatA, sarvazaktimattA, nyAya, dayA Adi IzvarIya-guNoM ke prati niSThA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra isakI tulanA samyagdarzana se kI jA sakatI hai| saimuala kA samAnatA kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki hara manuSya ke prati hama vahI vyavahAra kareM, jisakI hama apane prati yuktiyukta hone kI AzA karate haiN| jaina-Agama sUtrakRtAMga meM naitikatA ke isa siddhAnta kI vistRta carcA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jisa vyavahAra kI hama apane prati apekSA karate haiM, vaisA hI vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati bhI karanA caahie| bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM bhI isI siddhAnta kA samarthana huA hai| saimuala kA tIsarA siddhAnta paropakAra kA siddhAnta hai| hameM sabhI manuSyoM ke sAtha bhalAI karanA caahie| saimuala isake lie yaha pramANa detA hai ki sArvajanika paropakAra yA karuNA prakRti kA niyama hai, yaha sabhI mAnavoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI saMvAditA hai| jainadarzana meM bhI paropakAra ke siddhAnta ko prANI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI sthApita kiyA gayA hai| tatvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAra karanA jIva

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-503 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-35 kA svabhAva hai| saimuala kA cauthA siddhAnta AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta hai, jisake anusAra pratyeka manuSya kA apane prati bhI kucha kartavya hai aura vaha yaha ki apanI vAsanAoM ora kSudhAoM ko niyantrita kre| jainaAcAradarzana meMAtmasaMyama kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| samagra jainaAcAradarzana ke niyama AtmasaMyama ke lie haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jainadarzana meM saimuala ke cAroM hI siddhAntoM ko moTe rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| viliyama vulesTana Antarika-vidhAnavAda ke siddhAntoM meM buddhivAda kA pramukha vyAkhyAtA hai| usake anusAra naitikatA tArkika-satya hai aura naitikatA tArkika-mithyAtva hai| vulesTana zubhAzubha kI mImAMsA meM buddhi ke dvArA prakAzita zubha kA parityAga eka prakAra kA Atmavirodha yA AtmapravaMcanA hai| jainavicArakoM ne vulesTana kI isa dhAraNA kA samarthana kiyA hai| dharma kI samIkSA meM buddhi kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna jainavicAraNA ko mAnya hai| kahA gayA hai ki 'sAdhaka ko prajJA ke dvArA hI dharma kI samIkSA karanI caahie| vijJAna (vivekajJAna) se hI dharma ke sAdhanoM kA nirNaya hotA hai| (A) naitika-indriyavAda aura jainadarzana- naitika-indriyavAda ke vicArakoM ke anusAra zubha aura azubha kA baudha buddhi ke dvArA nahIM, naitika-indriya ke dvArA hotA hai| jisa prakAra hama sundara aura asundara meM bheda karate haiM, ThIka usI prakAra zubha aura azubha meM viveka karate haiN| manuSya kA antaHkaraNa aisA hai, jo zubha aura azubha meM antara sthApita kara detA hai| isa sampradAya ke vicArakoM meM zephTsabarI, hacisana aura jaoNna raskina pramukha haiN| ye saba vicAraka isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki zubha aura azubha kA nirNaya Antarika bhAvanA ke AdhAra para karate haiN| zephTsa barI ne tIna prakAra kI bhAvanAe~ mAnI haiM- (1) asvAbhAvika yA asAmAjika bhAvanAe~, jinameM rAga-dveSa janyaM vRttiyA~ AtI haiM, (2) sAmAjika bhAvanAe~, jinameM dayA, paropakAra, vAtsalya, maitrI ityAdi kI bhAvanA haiM aura (3) AtmabhAvanAe~, jinameM Atmaprema, jIvanaprema ityAdi haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se ina tInoM prakAra kI bhAvanAoM kI tulanA jainadarzana ke tIna upayogoM se kI jA sakatI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra nimna tIna upayoga haiM- (1) azubhopayoga, (2) zubhopayoga aura (3) shuddhopyog| azubhopayoga asAmAjika yA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-504 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-36 asvAbhAvika-bhAvanA ke samakakSa haiN| donoM ke anusAra isameM dveSa Adi vRttiyA~ hotI haiN| isI prakAra, zubhopayoga svAbhAvika yA sAmAjika bhAvanAoM ke samAna haiN| donoM hI vicAraNAe~ isameM prazasta rAga-bhAva se yukta lokakalyANa ko svIkAra karatI haiN| AtmabhAvanAoM kI tulanA zuddhopayoga se kI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM donoM meM adhika nikaTatA nahIM hai, kyoMki zephTsabarI ne AtmabhAvanAoM meM svArtha aura saMgrahabhAvanA ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| phira bhI, kisI artha meM zephTsabarI aura jaina-vicAraNA meM kucha vicArasAmya avazya parilakSita hotA hai| hacisana naitika-indriyavAda ke dUsare pramukha vicAraka haiN| unake siddhAntoM ke pramukha tathya haiM- (1) janmajAta-pratyaya, (2) paropakAra-bhAvanA aura (3) zAnta preraka / inheM unhoMne Atmaprema, paropakAra aura naitika-indriya kahA hai| hacisana ke anusAra zubha yA sadguNa sukhAnubhUti ke pUrvavartI haiM aura isI prakAra paropakAra kI bhAvanA vaisI hI svAbhAvika ora sArvabhaumika hai, jaise bhautika jagat meM gurutvAkarSaNa kA niym| hacisana ke uparyukta siddhAntoM kI jaina-darzana se tulanA karate samaya yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM ke anusAra naitika-pratyaya janmajAta haiM, arjita nhiiN| zubha aura azubha kA nirNaya hamArI bhAvanAoM aura svIkRtiyoM se nahIM hotA, varan unake AdhAra para hamArI bhAvanAe~ banatI haiN| jisa prakAra hacisana paropakAra-bhAvanA ko svAbhAvika mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI use jIva kA svabhAva mAnatA hai| hacisana ne bhAvanAoM ko do vargoM meM bAMTA hai- pahalI zAnta aura dUsarI ashaant| zAnta aura vyApaka bhAvanAe~ zreyaskara haiN| hacisana ke isa vicAra kA samarthana na kevala jainadarzana varan anya bhAratIyadarzana bhI karate haiN| raskina ke anusAra naitika-indriya rasendriya hai| rasanA hI ekamAtra naitikatA hai| pahalA aura antima nirNAyaka prazna hai, 'Apa kyA pasanda karate haiM? Apa jo pasanda karate haiM, mujhe batAe~ aura taba maiM batA dUMgA ki Apa kyA haiN|' raskina ke anusAra vyakti kI ruci hI usake naitika-jIvana kA pratimAna abhivyakta karatI hai| raskina kI rasendriya yA naitika-indriya kI tulanA zraddhA se kI jA sakatI hai| jisa prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-505 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-37 zraddhA naitikatA kA pratimAna hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki puruSa zraddhAmaya hai aura usakI jaisI zraddhA hotI hai, usI ke anurUpa vaha ho jAtA hai| gItA ke isa kathana kA raskina ke ruci-siddhAnta se bahuta kucha sAmya hai| jaina-paramparA ke samyagdarzana ko raskina ke ruci siddhAnta ke tulya mAnA jA sakatA hai, antara yahI hai ki jaina-paramparA samyagdarzana (bhAvAtmaka zraddhA) para aura raskina ruci para bala dete haiN| phira bhI, donoM ke anusAra vahI naitikatA kA nirNAyaka-pratimAna hai, yaha mahattva kI bAta hai| rasendriyavAda yA ruci-siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki vaha ziva aura sundara meM antara sthApita nahIM kara paataa| jaina-vicArakoM ne isa kaiinAI ko samajhA thA aura isIlie unhoMne samyagdarzana ko mahatvapUrNa mAnate hue bhI use samyakcAritra se alaga kiyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki ruci yA dRSTi ke AdhAra para cAritra kA nirmANa hotA hai| phira bhI, donoM hI pRthak-pRthak pakSa haiN| unako eka-dUsare se milAne kI galatI nahIM karanI caahie| (i) sahAnubhUtivAda aura jaina-darzana- sahAnubhUtivAda AntarikavidhAnavAda kA eka pramukha prakAra hai| isake anusAra antardRSTi yA prajJA sahAnubhUtyAtmaka hai| sahAnubhUti vaha tattva hai, jo sadguNa kA mUlyAMkana karatA hai aura jisake AdhAra para kisI karma ko sadguNa kahA jAtA hai| sahAnubhUti sadguNa kA AdhAra aura srota-donoM hI hai| eDamasmitha isa dRSTikoNa ke pramukha pratipAdaka haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicAraka bhI isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| rasala prabhRti kucha vicAraka mAnava meM nihita isI sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| unake anusAra naitikatA IzvarIya-Adeza yA pAralaukika-jIvana ke prati pralobhana yA bhaya para nirbhara nahIM hai, varan mAnava kI prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva para nirbhara hai| jainadarzana se isa dRSTikoNa kI tulanA karane para hama yaha pAte haiM ki jainavicArakoM ne bhI mAnava meM nihita isa sahanubhUti ke tatva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra to sabhI prANiyoM meM paraspara sahayoga kI vRtti svAbhAvika hai, lekina sahAnubhUti kA tattva 'prANI-prakRti kA aMga hote hue bhI sabhI meM samAna rUpa se nahIM pAyA jAtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-506 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-38 hai, ataH sahAnubhUti ke AdhAra para naitikatA ko pUrNatayA nirbhara nahIM kiyA. jA sakatA hai| (I) naitika antarAtmavAda aura jainadarzana- naitika-antarAtmavAda ke pravartaka josepha baTalara haiN| inake anusAra, sadaguNa vaha hai, jo mAnava prakRti ke anurUpa ho aura durguNa vaha hai, jo mAnavaprakRti ke viparIta ho| dUsare zabdoM meM, sadguNa mAnavaprakRti ke niyamoM kA anuvartana hai aura durguNa ina niyamoM kA ullaMghana hai| mAnavaprakRti meM karma kI saMvAditA hI sadguNa hai aura karma kI visaMvAditA durguNa hai, lekina baTalara isa mAnavaprakRti ko mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM maante| yadi hama mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti kareMge, to vaha jo karatA hai, usa sabako zubha samajhanA hogA, ataH hameM yahA~ yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki baTalara ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti kA artha mAnava kI yathArtha prakRti nahIM, varan Adarza prakRti hai| mAnava kI Adarza prakRti ke anurUpa jo karma hogA, vaha zubha aura usake viparIta jo karma hogA, vaha azubha mAnA jaaegaa| baTalara ke ina dRSTikoNa kA samarthana jaina-paramparA bhI karatI hai| AtmA kI jo vibhAva-avasthAe~ haiM yA jo visaMvAdI-avasthAe~ haiM, vaha azubha yA azuddha avasthA hai| jo karma AtmA ko svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM, ve hI zubha hai, yA zuddha yA zuddha avasthA hai| jo karma AtmA kI jo svabhAva avasthA yA saMvAdI-avasthA hai, vaha zubha yA zuddha avasthA hai| jo karma AtmA ko svabhAvadazA kI ora le jAte haiM, ve zubha haiN| baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke cAra tatva mAne haiM- (1) vAsanA, (2) svaprema, (3) parahita aura (4) antraatmaa| jaina-darzana ke anusAra mAnavaprakRti ke do hI tatva mAne jA sakate haiM- (1) vAsanA yA kaSAyAtmA aura (2) upayoga yA jnyaanaatmaa| baTalara ke anusAra, ina sabameM antarAtmA hI naitika-jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka-tattva hai| baTalara ne isako prazaMsA aura nindA karane vAlI buddhi, naitika-buddhi, naitika-indriya aura IzvarIya-buddhi bhI kahA hai| yahI hamArI antarAtmA kA sthAyI bhAva aura hRdaya kA pratyakSIkaraNa bhI hai| baTalara ke anusAra, antarAtmA ke do pahalU haiM- (1) zuddha jJAna aura (2) srvaadhikaaritaa| sarvAdhikArI hone ke kAraNa vaha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-507 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-39 kriyApreraka aura sudhAraka bhI hai aura zuddha jJAnamaya hone ke kAraNa vaha karmoM ke aucitya ora anaucitya kA viveka bhI hai aura zuddha jJAnamaya hone ke kAraNa vaha karmoM ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA viveka bhI hai tathA vaha satkarma aura sukha meM evaM asatkarma aura duHkha meM eka nizcita sambandha bhI dekhatA hai / - baTalara ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa kI jaina darzana se tulanA karane para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jJAnamaya AtmA hI naitika jIvana kA antima nirNAyaka tattva hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne ise Avazyaka mAnA hai ki naitika viveka karate samaya AtmA ko rAga aura dveSa kI bhAvanAoM se Upara uThA huA honA caahie| rAga aura dveSa se Upara uThI huI AtmA jahA~ eka ora sanmArga kI preraka hai, vahIM yathArtha naitika nirNaya karane meM sakSama bhI hai| rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyoM se alaga haTakara AtmA jaba koI bhI vivekapUrNa nirNaya karatA hai, athavA karma karatA hai, to vaha zubha hotA hai| isake viparIta, kaSAya yA rAga-dveSa se prabhAvita hokara koI nirNaya karatA hai, to vaha azubha hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne antarAtmA meM viveka aura puruSArtha (vIrya)- donoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo ki baTalara kI zuddha aura sarvAdhikAritA kI mAnyatA ke samAna hai| jaina darzana bhI baThalara ke samAna AtmA ke jJAnAtmaka tathA bhAvAtmaka (darzana)- donoM hI pakSa svIkAra karatA hai, jo pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga kahe jAte haiN| . baTalara ne mAnavaprakRti ke pUrvokta cAra tatvoM meM eka AnupUrvI ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jisameM sabase nIce vAsanAe~ haiM aura sabase Upara antarAtmA hai| jaise pazubala buddhibala ke adhIna ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra vAsanAbala, svaprema aura parahita antarAtmA ke adhIna ho jAte haiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhI naitika vikAsa kI dizA meM vAsanAbala kSINa hotA jAtA hai aura karmoM kA nirdhAraNa zuddha rAga-dveSa se rahita AtmA ke dvArA hone lagatA hai| baTalara kI antarAtmA IzvarIya-buddhi ke rUpa meM jaina-paramparA kI vItarAga AtmA se tulanIya hai| isa prakAra, baTalara ke naitika antarAtmAvAda aura jaina paramparA meM bahuta kucha sAmya khojA jA sakatA hai| .. phira bhI, baTalara ke siddhAnta kI mUlabhUta kamajorI yaha hai ki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-508 jaina-AcAra mImAMsA-40 antarAtmA jaba do viparIta Adeza detI hai, to unake antarvirodha ko dUra karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| kiMkartavyavimUr3hatA kI avasthA meM baTalara kI antarAtmA naitika-samasyA kA samAdhAna prastuta nahIM karatI / . (u) manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda- manovaijJAnika antarAtmavAda ke pravartaka mArTinyU haiN| mArTinyU ne apane siddhAnta kA bahuta kucha vikAsa baTalara ke antarAtmavAda se hI kiyA hai, phira bhI unhoMne use sudRr3ha manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, antarAtmA hI zubhAzubha kA nirNAyaka hai| vaha zubhAzubha kA vidhAna nahIM hai, varan usa vidhAna ko dikhAtA hai, jo karmoM ko zubhAzubha banAtA hai| usake anusAra, antarAtmA karmoM ke acche-bure tAratamya kA mAtra draSTA hai| sabhI karmoM ke srota hote haiM aura ina srotoM meM hI unake acche-bure tAratamya kA eka vidhAna hai| mArTinyU ke anusAra, karmapreraka do prakAra ke haiM- (1) prAthamika aura (2) gaunn| prAthamika karmapreraka cAra prakAra ke haiM- (i) prAthamika-pravartaka, jinameM kSudhA, maithuna evaM pAzavika-sakriyatAe~ arthAt ArAma kI pravRtti haiM, (2) prAthamika-vikarSaNa, jinameM dveSa, krodha aura bhaya samAhita haiM, (3) prAthamika-AkarSaNa- yaha rAgabhAva yA Asakti hai, isameM vAtsalya (putraiSaNA), samAjaprema (lokaiSaNA) aura karuNA yA sahAnubhUti ke tattva samAhita haiM, (4) prAthamika-samAjaprema (lokaiSaNA) aura karuNA yA sahAnubhUti ke tattva samAhita haiM, (4) prAthamika-bhAvanAe~, jinameM jijJAsA, vismaya aura zraddhA kA samAveza hai| ye satya; sundara aura ziva (kalyANa) kI ora pravRtta karate haiN| ye jJAna, anubhUti aura karma ke preraka haiN| dUsare gauNa karmapreraka bhI cAra prakAra ke haiM- (1) gaura pravRttiyA~-jisameM svAdapriyatA, kAmukatA, lobha aura mada samAhita haiM, (2) gauNa vikarSaNa-inameM mAtsarya, pratikAra aura zaMkAzIlatA samAviSTa haiM (3) gauNa AkarSaNa- inameM sneha, sAmAjikatA aura dayAbhAva kA samAveza hai, (4) gauNa bhAvanAe~- inameM satyArAdhanA, saundaryopAsanA aura dharmaniSThA samAhita haiN| mArTinyU ke anusAra, naitika-dRSTi se uparyukta sabhI karma-srota samAna naitika-stara ke nahIM haiM, varan unameM naitika stara kI dRSTi se eka tAratamya hai, jo nimnatama se uccatama naitika avasthA ko abhivyakta karatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-509 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-41 mArTinyU ke anusAra vaha tAratamya nimna hai 1. gauNa vikarSaNa- avizvAsa, dveSa, zaMkAzIlatA / 2. gauNa jaivika-pravRttiyA~-bhojana tathA maithuna kI pazu-pravRttiyA~ / 3. prAthamika jaivika-pravRttiyA~-bhojana tathA maithuna kI pazu-pravRttiyA~ / 4. prAthamika pAzavika-pravRttiyA~ aniyantrita sakriyatA | 5. lAbha kA lobha-pazu-pravRtti kI upaja / 6. gauNa AkarSaNa-sahAnubhUtimUlaka saMvedanAoM kI bhAvanAtmaka vRtti / 7. prAthamika vikarSaNa-ghRNA, bhaya, krodha / 8. gauNa pAzavika-pravRttiyA~-sattA .moha athavA mhtvaakaaNkssaa| 9. gauNa abhibhAvanAe~-saMskRti, prem| 10. prAthamika bhAvanAe~-Azcarya tathA prazaMsA / 11. prAthamika AkarSaNa-vAtsalya, sAmAjika-maitrI, udAratA, kRtjnytaa| 12. dayA kA prAthamika aakrssnn| 13. zraddhA kI prAthamika bhaavnaa| isa prakAra, mArTinyU ke anusAra karma-srotoM ke isa tAratamya meM zraddhA sarvocca naitika guNa hai aura gauNa-vikarSaNa, arthAt avizvAsa, mAtsarya aura sandehazIlatA sabase nimnatama durguNa haiN| zraddhA mAtra guNa hai aura mAtsarya, dveSa Adi mAtra durguNa haiN| zeSa sabhI karmasrota ina donoM ke bIca meM Ate haiM aura unameM guNa aura avaguNa ke vibhinna prakAra ke samanvaya haiN| naitika-dRSTi se vahI karma zubha hogA, jo ucca karmaprarakoM se utpanna hogaa| jo karma jitane adhika nimna karmasrota se utpanna hogA, vaha utanA hI adhika anaitika hogaa| saMkSepa meM, mArTinyU ke yahI naitika-vicAra haiN| mArTinyU ke. naitika-darzana kI tulanA jaina-paramparA se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra karmapreraka ye haiM- (1) rAga, (2) dveSa, (3) krodha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA, (6) lobha, (7) bhaya, (8) parigraha, (9) maithuna, (10) AhAra, (11) loka, (12) dharma aura (13) ogha / inameM rAga aura dveSa do karmabIja haiM aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ye cAra kaSAya haiM tathA zeSa saMjJAe~ haiN| yadi hama mArTinyU ke uparyukta vargIkaraNa se tulanA kareM, to inameM se adhikAMza vRttiyA~ usameM maujUda haiN| yahI nahIM, yadi hama cAheM to bandhana kI tIvratA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-510 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-42 kI dRSTi se inakA eka krama bhI taiyAra kara sakate haiM, jisameM dveSa sabase nimna aura dharma sabase ucca hogA aura aisI sthiti meM hama yaha bhI pAeMge ki jaina-darzana kA vaha vargIkaraNa mArTinyU ke uparyukta tAratamya se bhI kAphI samAnatA rkhegaa| krama kI dRSTi se inheM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai- (1) dveSa, (2) rAga, (3) lobha, (4) mAna, (5) mAyA-kapaTavRtti (6) krodha (7) ogha (8) bhaya, (7) parigraha, (10) maithuna, (11) AhAra, (12) loka-(sAmAjikatA) aura (13) dhrm| kucha matabhedoM ko chor3akara yaha krama-vyavasthA mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika-tAratamya se kAphI nikaTa eka anya apekSA se bhI mArTinyU ke karmasrota ke naitika tAratamya kI tulanA jaina AcAradarzana se kI jA sakatI hai| yadi hama karmaprerakoM ke rUpa meM mithyAjJAna, mithyAdarzana, mithyAcAritra, samyajJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra tathA AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha-ina cAra saMjJAoM ko svIkAra kareM, to bhI bandhana kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se eka krama taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo mArTinyU ke pUrvokta tAratamya ke kAphI nikaTa hogaa| vaha krama isa prakAra hogA 1. mithyAdarzana-sandehazIlatA, AkAMkSA evaM ashrddhaa| 2. mithyAjJAna-naitika-viveka evaM buddhi kA abhAva 3. mithyAcAritra-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke krmprerk| 4. bhayavRtti-bhaya se utpanna krm| 5. parigraha-saMcaya kI vatti evaM aasktibhaav| 6. maithuna-aindrika-sukhoM kI icchA evaM yaunprvRttiyaaN| . 7. AhAra-zarIra-rakSA evaM kSudhAnivRtti kI kriyaaeN| 8. smykcaaritr-sdaacrnn| 9. smygjnyaan-naitik-vivek| 10. samyagdarzana-zraddhA evaM aatmvishvaas| yaha krama apane pUrNatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para una doSoM se grasita bhI nahIM hotA, jo doSa mArTinyU ke naitika-darzana meM haiN| Antarika-vidhAnavAda ke virodha meM sAdhyavAdI aura vikAsavAdI-siddhAnta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-511 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-43 Ate haiN| agale pRSThoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki unakA jaina darzana ke sAtha kitanA sAmya hai| prayojanAtmaka athavA sAdhyavAdI-siddhAnta _ naitika-pratimAna ke dUsare prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko prayojanAtmaka yA sAdhyavAdI siddhAnta kahate haiN| ina siddhAntoM ke anusAra kisI karma kI naitikatA kA nirNaya usake sAdhya, prayojana, pariNAma, Adarza, paramazubha athavA mUlya ke AdhAra para honA cAhie, lekina prayojanavAdI, vicAraka karma ke vAstavika lakSya ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiN| ina vicArakoM ne vibhinna sAdhya mAne haiM aura isa kAraNa sAdhyavAdiyoM ke bhI kaI sampradAya haiM, unameM (1) sukhavAda, (2) vikAsavAda, (3) buddhiparatAvAda, (4) pUrNatAvAda evaM (5) mUlyavAda pramukha haiN| sukhavAda __ sukhavAda ke anusAra karma kA sAdhya sukha kI prApti athavA tRpti hai| vahI karma zubha hai, jo.hamArI indriyaparatA (vAsanAoM) ko santuSTa karatA hai aura vaha karma azubha hai, jisase vAsanAoM kI pUrti athavA sukha kI prApti nahIM hotii| sukhavAdiyoM ke bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| unameM manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda aura naitika-sukhavAda pramukha haiN| naitika sukhavAdI-paramparA meM bhI aneka upasampradAya haiN| sarvaprathama manovaijJAnika sukhavAda ora jaina AcAradarzana ke pArasparika sambandhoM ke bAre meM vicAra karanA ucita hogaa| manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana mAnatA hai ki manovaijJAnika sukhavAda eka tathyaparaka siddhAnta hai, jisake anusAra yaha manovaijJAnika satya hai ki vyakti.sadaiva sukha ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| jaina-AcAradarzana bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki samasta prANIvarga svabhAva se hI sukhAbhilASI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra spaSTa rUpa se prANIvarga ko parama (sukha) dharmI mAnatA hai| TIkAkAroM ne parama zabda kA artha sukha karate hue isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI hai, 'pRthvI Adi sthAvara prANI aura dvIndriya Adi trasa prANI, isa prakAra sarva prANI parama arthAt sukhadharmI haiM, sukhAbhilASI haiN| sukha kI abhilASA karanA prANiyoM kA naisargika svabhAva hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI kahA hai ki sabhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-512 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-44 prANiyoM ko sukha priya hai, anukUla hai aura duHkha apriya hai aura pratikUla hai| isa prakAra, jaina-AcAradarzana meM sukha kI abhilASA ko prANiyoM kI prakRti kA svAbhAvika-lakSaNa mAnakara manovaijJAnika sukhavAda kI dhAraNA ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jaina-vicArakoM ne isa manovaijJAnika-sukhavAdI dhAraNA kA apanI naitika-mAnyatAoM ke saMsthApana meM bhI upayoga kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM prANiyoM kI sukhAkAMkSA aura duHkha se rakSaNa kI manovaijJAnika prakRti kA naitika mAnaka ke rUpa meM sundara varNana hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA vaha kathAprasaMga isa prakAra hai, 'kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI-aise vibhinna vAdI, jinakI saMkhyA 363 kahI jAtI hai, (jo) saba logoM ko parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete haiN| ve apanI-apanI prajJA, chanda, zIla, dRSTi, ruci, pravRtti aura saMkalpa ke. anusAra alaga-alaga dharmamArga sthApita karake unakA pracAra karate haiN| eka samaya ye saba vAdI eka bar3A gherA banAkara eka sthAna para baiThe the| usaM samaya eka manuSya jalate hue aMgAroM se bharI huI eka kar3AhI lohe kI saMDAsI se pakar3akara, jahA~ ve saba baiThe the, lAyA aura kahane lagA, he matavAdiyoM, tuma saba apane-apane dharma ke pratipAdaka ho aura parinirvANa aura mokSa kA upadeza dete ho, tuma isa jalate hue aMgAroM se bharI huI kar3AhI ko eka muhUrta taka khule hue hAtha meM pakar3e rho| aisA kahakara vaha manuSya vaha kar3AhI pratyeka ke hAtha meM rakhane gayA, para ve apane-apane hAtha pIche haTAne lge| taba usa manuSya ne unase pUchA, 'he matavAdiyoM, tuma apane hAtha pIche kyoM haTAte ho? hAtha na jale, isIlie? aura jale, to kyA ho? duHkha? duHkha na ho, isalie apane hAtha pIche haTAte ho, yahI bAta hai na?' to isI mApa se dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra karanA, yahI dharmavicAra hai yA nahIM? basa, taba to nApane kA gaja-pramANa aura dharmavicAra mila ge| yaha prasaMga jaina naitikatA kI manovaijJAnika sukhavAdI-dhAraNA kA eka acchA citraNa hai, jisameM na kevala naitikatA kA manovaijJAnika-pakSa prastuta hai, varan use naitika-siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kA AdhAra bhI banAyA gayA hai| phira bhI, tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se isa manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda ke donoM pakSoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-513 jaila- AcAra mImAMsA-45 para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| niSedhAtmaka-dRSTi se yaha prANiyoM kI duHkha-nivAraNa kI svAbhAvika-pravRtti ko abhivyakta karatA hai, jabaki vidhAyaka-dRSTi se prANiyoM kI sukha prApta karane kI svAbhAvika abhiruci kI ora saMketa karatA hai| __anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM manovaijJAnika sukhavAda- na kevala jaina-darzana, varan anya bhAratIya-darzanoM ne bhI sukhavAda kA samarthana kiyA hai| bhautika-sukhavAda ko mAnane vAle cArvAkoM kA siddhAnta to sarvaprasiddha hI hai| unake anusAra, indriyoM kI vAsanAoM ko santuSTa karate hue sampUrNa jIvana meM sukha ko prApta karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| cArvAka ke atirikta anya darzanakAroM ne bhI sukhavAdaM kA samarthana kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI sukha cAhate haiM aura duHkha se udvigna hote haiN| chAndogya-upaniSad meM bhI isI sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba manuSya ko sukha prApta hotA hai, tabhI vaha karma karatA hai| binA sukha mile koI karma nahIM krtaa| ataH, sukha kI hI vizeSa rUpa se jijJAsA karanA caahie| cANakya ne bhI manuSya ko svArthI mAnA hai aura usake svArtha ko niyantrita karane ke lie rAjya sattA ko anivArya mAnA hai| usake anusAra, manuSya svabhAvataH sukha kI prApti kA prayatna karatA hai| udyotakara ne mAnava-manovijJAna ke AdhAra para sukha kI prApti aura duHkha kI nivRtti ko mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM sukhavAda kI dhAraNA kI abhivyakti prAcIna samaya se hI rahI hai, lekina cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara anya bhAratIya-darzanoM ne vaiyaktika-sukha ke sthAna para sadaiva sArvajanika-sukha kI hI kAmanA kI hai| bhAratIya sAdhaka pratidina yaha prArthanA karatA hai ki sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu niraamyaaH| . sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhbhaagbhvet|| (yajurveda,zAntipATha) pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda se tulanA karane para hameM isakI eka viziSTatA kA paricaya milatA hai| pAzcAtya manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda apane siddhAnta kA anusaraNa karanA anivArya mAnatA hai, lekina sukha ke sampAdana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-514 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-46 kI isa spardhA meM pratyeka prANI kA sukha dUsare prANiyoM ke sukhoM ke nAza para nirbhara ho, to kyA karanA naitika hogA? isa prazna kA uttara vahA~ nahIM miltaa| sukhoM kA anusaraNa jitanA svAbhAvika hai, utanA hI svAbhAvika yaha bhI hai ki pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jina bhautika sukhoM ke anukaraNa kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, unako lekara prANiyoM ke hitoM meM hI paraspara saMgharSa hotA hai| yadi merA sukha kisI dUsare vyakti ke sukha ke nAza para nirbhara ho, to kyA mere lie usa sukha kA anukaraNa ucita yA naitika hogA? yadi sabhI apane svArtha kI siddhi karane meM laga jAeM, to na to samAja meM sukha aura zAnti banI rahegI aura na vyakti hI sukha prApta kara pAegA, kyoMki dUsare vyakti bhI apanA sukha bhogate hue usake sukha meM bAdhA ddaaleNge| . jaina-naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra karate hue vyakti ko yaha to adhikAra pradAna karatI hai ki vaha svayaM ke sukha kA anusaraNa kare, lekina use apane vaiyaktika-sukha kI upalabdhi ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukhoM evaM hitoM kA hanana karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai| yadi tumhAre sukha ke anusaraNa ke prayAsa meM dUsare ke sukha kA hanana anivArya hai, to tumheM aise sukha kA anusaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu isa AdhAra para koI yaha AkSepa kara sakatA hai ki aisI avasthA meM yaha apanI sukhavAdI-dhAraNA se dUra ho jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA to sukhoM ke Adhibhautika aura AdhyAtmika-svarUpa ko bhI svIkAra karatI hai| pAzcAtya-dhAraNA kI mUlabhUta bhrAnti yahI hai ki vaha sukhoM ke vibhinna staroM para bala nahIM detI hai aura sukhoM ke bhautika-svarUpa meM Upara uThakara unake AdhyAtmika-svarUpa kI ora nahIM bar3hatI hai| sukhoM meM pArasparika-saMgharSa to unake bhautika svarUpa taka hI sImita hai| jaina-AcAradarzana aura naitika-sukhavAda naitika sukhavAda kI vicAradhArA yaha mAnakara calatI hai ki sukha kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie yA sukha hI vAMchanIya hai| naitika sukhavAda ke vicArakoM meM mila prabhRti kucha vicAraka naitika sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda para AdhArita karate haiN| mila kA kahanA hai ki koI vastu yA viSaya kAmya hai, isakA pramANa yaha hai ki loga vastutaH

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-515 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-47 usakI kAmanA karate haiN| sAmAnya sukha kAmya hai, isake lie ise chor3akara koI pramANa nahIM diyA jA sakatA ki pratyeka manuSya sukha kI kAmanA kastA hai, lekina sukhavAda ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para khar3A karane kA mila kA yaha prayAsa tArkika dRSTi se dUSita hI hai| yadi sabhI manuSya svabhAvataH sukha kI kAmanA karate haiM, to phira 'sukha kI kAmanA karanI cAhie'- isa kathana kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA, jabaki naitika Adeza ke lie 'cAhie'- Avazyaka hai, lekina manovaijJAnika-sukhavAda isa 'cAhie' ke lie koI avakAza nahIM chodd'taa| isI kAraNa, sijavika tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM DyareMTaDreka Adi ne sukhavAda ko vizuddha naitika-AdhAra para khar3A kiyA hai| phira bhI, uparyukta sabhI vicArakoM ke lie sukha kAmya hai aura unakI dRSTi meM naitika-Adeza hai- 'sukha ke lie prayatna karanA caahie|' ... naitika sukhavAdI-vicAradhArA kI dUsarI mAnyatA yaha thI ki vastutaH jo sukha kAmya hai, vaha vaiyaktika nahIM, varan sAmAnya sukha hai| yaha dhAraNA upayogitAvAda ke nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI hai| upayogitAvAda kI vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita haiM___ 1. adhika se adhika sukha. . -- 2. uccatamasukha (endrika-sukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika-sukha ucca koTi * kA mAnA gayA hai) 3. adhika se adhika saMkhyA kA adhika se adhika sukha 4. bahusaMkhyakoM kA sukha 5. sArvabhauma evaM sAmAnya sukha . : 6. sAmAjika sukha ina AdhAroM para upayogitAvAda ke mukhya siddhAnta isa prakAra haiM.. 1. sukha-prApti aura duHkha-mukti, kevala yaha do hI svataHsAdhya ke rUpa meM kAmya haiN| anya sabhI vastue~ kevala isIlie kAmya haiM ki ve yA to sukhapUrNa haiM yA sukhavarddhaka haiM, athavA duHkhoM kA nAza karane vAlI haiN| * 2. jisa anupAta meM koI karma sukha yA duHkha detA hai, usI anupAta meM vaha zubha yA azubha hotA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-516 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-48 ___3. pratyeka vyakti kA sukha samAna hai| kisI eka vyakti ko apanA. sukha jitanA kAmya hai, utanA hI dUsare vyakti kA, ataH sukha kI mAtrA ko bar3hAne kI ceSTA karanI cAhie, cAhe vaha kisI kA bhI sukha ho| 4. sarvAdhika sukha kA artha hai- sukha kI mAtrA meM adhika se adhika saMbhAvya vRddhi / isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki sukha aura duHkha ko mApA jA sakatA hai / ___5. paropakArI hone kA artha hai- sAmAjika sukha yA lokopayogitA meM vRddhi krnaa| isI prakAra, svArthI hone kA matalaba hai- sAmAjika-sukha meM kamI karanA / __ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki naitika sukhavAda kI dhAraNA sukha ko kAmya mAnate hue bhI lokahita yA lokamaMgala ko sthAna detI hai / jaina AcAradarzana meM naitika sukhavAda ke donoM pakSa, arthAt sukhoM kI kAmyatA evaM upayogitA (lokahita) samAhita haiM, jina para hama yahA~ vicAra kreNge| __ jaina AcAradarzana meM naitika-sukhavAda ke samarthaka kucha tathya milate haiN| mahAvIra ne kaI bAra yaha kahA ki 'jisase sukha ho, vaha kro| isa kathana ke AdhAra para yaha phalita nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra naitika sukhavAda ke samarthaka the| yadyapi hameM yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki sukha zabda kA jo artha mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thA, vaha vartamAna sukha zabda kI vyAkhyA se bhinna thaa| eka anya dRSTi se bhI jaina naitikatA ko sukhavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina naitika Adarza mokSa AtmA kI ananta saukhyaM kI avasthA hai isa prakAra jaina naitikatA sukha ke anusaraNa karane kA Adeza detI hai| isa artha meM bhI vaha sukhavAdI hai, yadyapi yahA~ para usakA sukha kI upalabdhi kA naitika Adarza bhautika sukha kI upalabdhi kA Adarza nahIM hai, varan vaha to paramAnanda kI avasthA kI upalabdhi kA Adarza hai| sAmAnya artha meM sukha-duHkha sApekSa zabda haiM, eka vikalpAtmaka sthiti hai| duHkha ke viparIta jo hai, usakI anubhUti hai, vaha sukha hai, yA vahaM sukha duHkha kA abhAva hai| jaina darzana 'nirvANa' meM jisa ananta saukhya kI kalpanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-517 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-49 karatA hai, vaha nirvikalpa sukha hai| vastutaH jaina dRSTi meM nirvikalpa sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai| sukhavAda ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM 'sukha' zabda kA kyA artha abhipreta hai| kaThinAI yaha hai ki jainAgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai| prAkRta 'suha' zabda ke saMskRta bhASA meM 'sukha' aura 'zubha-aise do rUpa banate haiN| dUsare, jainAgamoM meM vibhinna sthaloM para 'suha bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai| vahA~ prasaMga ke anukUla artha nizcaya karane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hotI / / ___ jainAcAryoM ne 'sukha' dasa prakAra ke mAne haiM- (1) Arogyasukha, (2) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (3) sampattisukha, (4) kAmasukha, (5) bhogasukha, (6) santoSasukha, (7) astitvasukha, (8) zubhabhogasukha, (7) niSkramaNasukha aura (10) anAbAdhasukha / - sukha ke isa vargIkaraNa ko jaina dRSTi se nimnastarIya aura uccastarIya sukhoM ke sApekSa AdhAra para prastuta kiyA jAe, jo usakA svarUpa nimna hogA- (1) sampattisukha, (2) kAmasukha, (3) bhogasukha, (4) zubhabhogasukha, (5) Arogyasukha, (6) dIrghAyuSyasukha, (7) santoSasukha, (8) niSkramaNasukha, (9) astitvasukha aura (10) anAbAdhasukha / . sampatti yA artha gArhasthika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai aura sAMsArika-sukhoM ke lie kAraNabhUta hone se use 'sukha' kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya-vicAraNA meM cAra puruSArthoM meM artha ko eka puruSArtha mAnakara naitika dRSTi se usakA mahatva avazya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina sampatti apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai, vaha to mAtra sAdhana hai, isIlie ise naitikatA kA sAdhya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi mammanaseTha ke samAna kucha loga hote haiM, jinake lie dhana yA artha kI sAdhya bana jAtA hai, lekina jaina-vicAraNA meM artha yA sampatti ko sukha mAnakara usake apahAra kA niSedha avazya kiyA gayA hai, tathApi jaina darzana yaha to svIkAra karatA hai ki sukha kA cAhe nimnastarIya hI rUpa kyoM na ho, svAbhAvika rUpa se prANI ke jIvana kA sAdhya hotA hai, lekina naitikatA isa bAta meM nahIM hai ki usa nimnastarIya sukha ke anusaraNa meM uccastarIya sukha kA tyAga kara diyA .jaae| sAmpattika-sukha kA tyAga kAmasukha evaM bhogasukha ke lie karanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-518 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-50 cAhie, kyoMki artha kAma aura bhoga kA sAdhana hai| isI prakAra, kAma aura bhoga kA parityAga zubhabhoga ke lie karanA caahie| yahA~ para jaina dArzanika kAmasukha aura bhogasukha tathA zubhabhogasukha meM antara karate haiN| kAmasukha aura bhogasukha kramazaH vAsanAtmaka aura indriyasukhoM ke pratIka haiM aura zubhabhoga mAnasika-sukhoM kA pratIka hai| jaina vicArakoM ke mata meM indriyasukhoM kI apekSA mAnasika-sukha zreSTha hai, ataH mAnasika-sukha yA bauddhika-sukha ke anusaraNa ke lie indriyasukhoM kA parityAga Avazyaka hai| eka dUsarI dRSTi se zubha zabda kA artha 'kalyANakArI' karane para kAmasukha aura bhogasukha ko vaiyaktika aura zubhabhoga ko sAmAjika yA loka kalyANakArI kAryoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sthiti meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra vaiyaktika sukhoM kA parityAga samAja ke kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAnA cAhie, yahI siddha hotA hai| vaiyaktika sukhabhoga kA lokakalyANa ke hetu parityAga kiyA jAnA cAhie yaha mAnakara jaina-vicAraNA apayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa A jAtI hai| lekina bauddhika sukha aura loka kalyANakArI kAryoM ke sampAdana meM rahA huA sukha bhI sarvopari nahIM rahatA, jabaki Arogya (svAstha) evaM jIvana kA prazna upasthita ho jAtA hai, yadyapi bauddhika-sukha anusaraNIya hai, tathApi svAsthya aura jIvana kI surakSA ke nimitta unakA bhI parityAga Avazyaka hai| kAma-bhoga, bauddhika-sukha aura svAsthya evaM jIvana sambandhI sukhoM kI AkAMkSAe~ apane meM sAdhya nahIM haiN| AkAMkSAe~ santoSa ke lie hotI haiM, ataH santoSajanita sukha ina saba AkAMkSAjanita sukhoM se zreSTha hai, kyoMki jina sukhoM ke mUla meM AkAMkSA yA icchA hotI hai, ve sukha duHkhapratyutpanna haiN| AkAMkSA yA icchA eka mAnasika tanAva hai aura sabhI tanAva duHkhada hote haiM, ataH duHkhapratyupanna sukha sApekSa rUpa meM sukha hote hue bhI nimnastarIya sukha hI haiM, lekina santoSavRtti kA sukha aisA hai, jisake kAraNa icchA yA tanAva samApta ho jAtA hai| usakA anta sukha-rUpa hI hai, ataH usake lie ina sabhI prakAra ke sukhoM kA parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina santoSa-sukha bhI apane meM sAdhya nahIM hai, santoSa se bar3A sukha niSkramaNa (tyAga) kA hai| santoSa meM icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai, lekina niSkramaNa meM icchA, mamatva yA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-519 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-51 Asakti kA abhAva hai| santoSa aura icchA ke abhAva kI pUrNatA Asakti ke abhAva meM hI hotI hai| santoSa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina anAsakti hotI hai| santoSa prayAsajanya hai, anAsakti svabhAvajanya hai| ataH eka santoSI vyakti kI apekSA bhI anAsakta vItarAga puruSa kA sukha kahIM adhika hotA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki na to apAra sampattizAlI puruSa hI sukhI hai, na adhikAra sampanna senApati hI; pRthvI kA adhipati rAjA evaM svarga ke nivAsI deva bhI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI nahIM haiM; jagat meM yadi koI ekAnta rUpa se sukhI hai, to vaha hai nispRha, vItarAga sAdhu / cakravartI aura devarAja indra ke sukhoM kI apekSA bhI, loka- vyApAra se nivRtta nispRha zramaNa adhika sukhI hai| svAbhAvika taura para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki aisA kyoM kahA gayA hai ki nispRha vItarAga sAdhu hI sarvAdhika sukhI hai? usakA sukha hI kyoM ucca koTi kA sukha hai? jainAcAryoM ne ukta prazna kA uttara nimna zabdoM meM diyA hai, nispRhatA ke atirikta zeSa saba sukha duHkha ke pratikAra ke nimitta hote haiM, mAtra sukha kA abhimAna utpanna karate haiM, ve vAstavika sukha nahIM kahe jA skte| jo sukha duHkha ke asthAyI pratikAra haiM, ve mAtra sukhAbhAsa hai; vAstavika sukha nahIM haiN| vaiSayika-sukhoM kI tulanA khAja ke khujAne se utpanna sukha se kI jAtI hai| jaise khAja khujAne se utpanna sukha kA Adi aura anta-donoM duHkhapUrNa haiM, vaise hI vaiSayika-sukhoM kA Adi aura anta-donoM hI duHkhapUrNa haiM, ataH ve vAstavika sukha nahIM ho skte| .. __ jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra niSkramaNa-avasthA meM vyakti saba kucha tyAga detA hai, lekina tyAga usI kA kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo 'para hai, 'sva' kA tyAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, ataH saba-kucha tyAga karane ke pazcAt jo zeSa rahatA hai, vaha hai usakA parizuddha 'sva' / vahI apanA hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka maikeMjI bhI kahate haiM ki zuddha naitika-dRSTikoNa se kisI bhI vyakti kA kisI bhI sampatti para koI adhikAra nahIM hai, sivAya usake, jisane use apane astitva kA aMga banA liyA hai| jaina-vicAraka yahA~ yahakahanA cAheMge ki vastutaH kisI bhI bAhya sattA ko apanA aMga . banAyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| apane astitva ko chor3akara zeSa saba bAhya haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-520 - jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-52 jarmana vicAraka jI. sImela kahate haiM, 'zuddha artha meM apane astitva ke atirikta merA kucha bhI nahIM hai, ataH jo apanA nahIM hai, use chor3a denA, usase nivRtta honA niSkramaNa-sukha aura jo 'sva' hai, use pA lenA astitva-sukha hai| ise hama zuddhAtmadazA kaha sakate haiM, jisameM AtmA vibhAvadazA se svabhAvadazA meM A jAtI hai ora AtmA ke nijaguNa prakaTa ho jAte haiN| yahI zuddha AtmadazA astitvasukha hai| vastutaH, niSkramaNasukha aura astitvasukha eka hI avasthA ke do pahalU haiM- pahalA niSedhAtmaka pahalU hai, dUsarA bhAvAtmaka pahalU | jo svabhAva nahIM hai, use chor3ane se jo sukha hotA hai, vaha niSkramaNasukha hai aura jo 'sva' hai, usake 'para' ke abhAva meM zuddha rUpa meM rahane se jo sukha milatA hai, vaha astitvasukha hai| 'para bhAva ko chor3anA niSkramaNa sukha hai aura 'sva' svabhAva meM ramaNa karanA astitvaMsukha hai| niSkramaNa, nispRhatA, yA vItarAgatA yA anAsakti ke dvArA 'para' bhAva ko chor3ane aura 'sva' svabhAva meM ramaNa karane kA jo sukha hai, use jainadarzana ke anusAra uccatama naitika yA cAritrika-sukha kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha uccatama naitika sukha hai, tathApi yaha bhI sAdhya nahIM hai, sAdhana hI hai| naitika jIvana svayaM eka sAdhana hai| naitika jIvana kA sAdhya haianAbAdha sukh| yahI sarvocca sukha hai, yahI naitikatA kA Adarza hai| anAbAdha sukha vAstavika pUrNatA hai, mukti hai| jisameM janma, jarA evaM maraNa Adi samasta bAdhAoM ko abhAva ho, jahA~ samasta AtmaguNa anAbAdha rUpa se prakaTa hoM, vahI anAbAdha sukha haiN| ___ yadi hama jaina naitikatA ko kisI vizeSa artha meM sukhavAda ke nAma se pukAranA ucita samajheM, to usake naitika-AcaraNa kA caramAdarza isa anAbAdha sukha kI upalabdhi hI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| anAbAdha sukha vastutaH AdhyAtmika-Ananda kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM hama zuddha evaM pUrNa AtmasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiN| duHkha kA kAraNa tanAva hai aura tanAva kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa rUpa tanAva ko samApta kara detA hai aura arhat yA vItarAga-avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai, to use isa vAstavika sukha kA anantavA~ bhAga bhI nahIM hote, arthAt vItarAga ke sukha kI apekSA laukika-sukha na kucha ke barAbara hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-521 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-53 'sukhavAda ke anusAra bhI sukha mana yA citta kI zAnta bhAvanA hai| yaha jitanI pragAr3ha, cirakAlIna tathA nirantara ho, utanA hI sukha adhika hotA hai| vairAgya (vItarAga-dazA) manuSya kI aisI hI pragAr3ha, cirakAlIna aura nirantara zAntavRti hai| yaha vRtti karma karane se nahIM, kintu karma kA parityAga karake ekAnta meM citta ko ekAgra karane se AtI hai, ataeva sukhavAda kI tArkika parAkASThA yaha hai ki vairAgya (vItarAgadazA) hI ekamAtra zreya hai| mahAbhArata bhI vAsanAmUlaka evaM aindrika-sukhoM ko, jo duHkhaprasUta haiM yA jinakA anta duHkha meM hotA hai, tyAjya ThaharAtA hai| sabhI (aindrika yA vAsanAtmaka) sukha yA to duHkhAnta hote haiM, yA duHkha se utpanna hote haiM, ataH jise zAzvata sukha kI apekSA hai, use Adi aura anta meM duHkharUpa ina sukhoM kA tyAga kara denA caahie| yahI nahIM, maharSi vedavyAsa kahate haiM ki 'binA tyAga kie sukha nahI milatA, binA tyAga kie paramatatva kI upalabdhi bhI hotI, binA tyAga ke abhaya kI prApti bhI nahIM hotI, ataH saba kucha tyAga karake sukhI ho jaao| jainadarzana kI bhA~ti mahAbhArata meM bhI lagabhaga vaise hI zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se hone vAle kAmasukha, yA bhautikasukha, yA divya logoM ke mahAn sukha bhI vItatRSNa vyakti ke sukhoM kI solahavIM kahalA ke barAbara bhI nahIM haiN| jaina vicAraNA ke sukha ke pUrNa yA anAbAdha svarUpa ko hI chAndogyopaniSad meM 'bhUmA' kahA gayA hai| RSi kahatA hai ki jo bhUmA yA ananta hai, vahIM sukha hai, alpa yA anitya meM sukha nahIM hai| anantatA, pUrNatA yA zAzvatatA hI sukha hai, ataH usI kI jijJAsA karanI caahie| - . isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala jaina paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI sukha ko apane viziSTa artha meM naitika jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina vicAraNA aura sAmAnya rUpa se anya sabhI bhAratIya vicAraNAoM meM naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM sukha ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura use zubhatva kA pramApaka bhI mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhane kI bAta hai ki bhAratIya-cintana meM sukha . ko hI ekamAtra naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya nahIM kahA gayA hai| sukha hamArI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-522 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-54 tAttvika prakRti ke aMga ke rUpa meM sAdhya avazya haiM, lekina isake sAtha hI hamArI sAtvika prakRti ke anya pakSa bhI samAna rUpa se naitika-sAdhya banane kI apekSA rakhate haiN| sukhavAda cetanA ke mAtra anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai aura usake bauddhika pakSa kI avahelanA karatA hai| yahI usakA ekAMgIpana hai| jaina-dArzanika sukhavAda ko svIkAra karate hue bhI cetanA ke bauddhika evaM jJAnAtmaka pakSa kI avahelanA nahIM karate aura isa rUpa meM ve sukhavAdI vicAraNA kI tattva carcA karate hue bhI AlocanA ke pAtra nahIM banate haiN| arastU kA mAtrA kA mAnaka aura jaina darzana- pAzcAtya vicArakoM meM arastu kA nAma agragaNya hai| arastU naitika darzana meM zubha kA pratimAna 'svarNima mAdhya' mAnA gayA hai| arastU ke anusAra pratyeka guNa apanI madhyAvasthA meM hI naitika zubha hotA hai| usane sadguNa aura durguNa kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM isI 'svarNima mAdhya' ko svIkAra kiyA hai| samArga madhyamArga hai| udAharaNArtha, sAhasa sadguNa hai, jo kAyaratA aura ugratA kI madhyAvasthA hai| kAyaratA aura sadaiva saMgharSarata rahanA donoM hI avaguNa haiN| 'Adarza' ina donoM ke madhya meM hai, jise 'sAhasa' kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, sAMsArika sukhoM meM anusaraNa ke rUpa meM atyadhika bhoga-vilAsa aura virakti ke rUpa meM tapa-mArga yA deha-daNDana-donoM anucita haiN| saMyama donoM kI ma yAvasthA ke rUpa meM sadguNa hai| yadyapi mAtrAtmaka mAnaka kI isa dhAraNA ke sambandha meM kucha apavAda svayaM arastU ne bhI svIkAra kie haiN| __ jaina darzana meM arastU ke isa mAtrAtmaka mAnaka dRSTikoNa kA samarthana AcArya guNabhadra ke AtmAnuzAsana nAmaka grantha meM bhI milatA hai| ve likhate haiM ki sukha kA anubhava burA nahIM hai, lekina usake pIche jo vAsanA hai, vaha burI hai| sukha-bhoga se koI pApa nahIM hotA, pApa hotA hai sukha-bhoga kI vAsanA ke kAraNa, kyoMki yaha vAsanA samyak dRSTikoNa kI ghAtaka hai| vAsanA se samyaktva kA nAza hotA hai, jabaki samyaktva sukha kA hetu hai| vAsanA mAtrAtikramaNa kI ora le jAtI hai aura yahI mAtrAtikramaNa pApa hai| . AcArya ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue miThAI kA udAharaNa dete haiN| ve kahate haiM ki 'ajIrNa' miSThAnna bhojana se nahIM hotA, vaha hotA hai usakI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-523 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-55 mAtrA kA atikramaNa karane se, isa prakAra jaina darzana meM bhI arastU ke samAna mAtrA ke mAnaka kA vicAra upalabdha hai| hama isI AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa upasthita kara sakate haiM ki prAkRtika-kSudhAoM, udAtta bhAvanAoM aura saMvegoM kA damana nahIM karanA cAhie, varan unheM isa rUpa meM niyojita karanA cAhie ki ve pUrNa naitika jIvana kI dizA meM Age le jaaeN| vikAsavAda aura jaina-darzana vikAsavAdI-AcAradarzana naitikatA ko eka prakriyA ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitika pratyaya ora unake artha sApekSa haiN| sApekSa naitikatA vikAsavAdI AcAradarzana kI mahatvapUrNa mAnyatA hai| vikAsavAda ke anusAra naitikatA kA artha hai apane astitva ko banAe rakhanA aura vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahAyaka hotA hai, vahI zubha hai aura jo sahAyaka nahIM hai, vaha azubha hai| vikAsavAdI darzana meM sukha ko naitikajIvana kA parama sAdhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina usake sAtha hI vaiyaktika evaM jAtIya jIvana ke astitva ko bhI mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| spensara kahate haiM ki jIvana kA antima sAdhya Ananda hai, lekina jIvana kA nikaTavartI sAdhya jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI hai| ve kahate haiM ki krama-vikAsa kI gati sadaiva AtmarakSaNa kI dizA meM hotI hai aura vaha usa sImA ko usa samaya prApta hotA hai, jaba jIvana, lambAI aura caur3AI-donoM meM adhikatama ho jAtA hai| vikAsavAdI darzana meM jo prakriyAe~ jIva ko vAtAvaraNa meM samAyojita karatI haiM aura jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI meM vRddhi karatI haiM, ve hI naitika haiN| isa prakAra, vikAsavAdI darzana meM pramukharUpa se tIna dRSTikoNa parilakSita hote haiM__1. jIvana kA rakSaNa, 2. pariveza se samAyojana, aura 3. vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahagAmI honA / jaina-darzana vikAsavAda ke kucha tathyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| jIvana ko parama-mUlya mAnane kI dhAraNA jainadarzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| AcArAMgasUtra . meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI ko jIvana evaM prANa priya haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra

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jainadharma evaM darzana-524 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-58 meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sabhI jIvita rahanA cAhate haiM, koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| isa prakAra, jIvanarakSaNa ko eka pramukha tathya mAnA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA ahiMsA siddhAnta bhI isI jIvanarakSaNa evaM jIvana ke paramamUlya kI dhAraNA para adhiSThita hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI isI vikAsavAdI-dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki apane jIvana ke kalyANa kA jo upAya jAna par3e, use zIghra hI paNDitaparuSoM se sIkha lenA caahie| spensara AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA AdhAra jIvanavarddhakatA ko mAnate hue kahatA hai ki acchA AcaraNa jIvanavRrddhaka aura burA AcaraNa jIvana ke jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra bhI AcaraNa ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA pramApaka ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne jaina naitikatA ke sabhI niyamoM ko isI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta se nirgamita kiyA hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI yahI kahatA hai ki jo AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza se nirgamita hotA hai hI, vaha anaitika hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhI yahI hai ki jo AcaraNa jIvana ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai, vaha azubha hai aura jo AcaraNa jIvana ke rakSaNa kA kAraNa hai, vaha zubha hai| isa prakAra, spensara ke dRSTikoNa se jaina darzana kI sAmyatA siddha hotI hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki spensara jIvanarakSaNa ko zubhatva kA AdhAra mAnate huebhI ahiMsA ke sUkSma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM krtaa| usake siddhAnta meM jIvana ke sabhI rUpoM ko vaha samAnatA nahIM dI gaI hai,jo ki jaina darzana ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta meM hai| na kevala jaina darzana meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM bhI jIvana ke mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jIvana kA rakSaNa vareNya hai| kauSItaki-upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki niHzreyasa mAtra prANa meM hai| cANakya ne bhI kahA hai ki dhana aura strI kI apekSA bhI AtmA (jIvana) kI sadaiva rakSA karanI caahie| buddha ne bhI jIvanarakSaNa ko Avazyaka kahA hai| dhammapada meM buddha kahate haiM ki apane ko priya samajhA hai, to apane ko surakSita rakhanA caahie| vikAsavAdI AcAradarzana kA dUsarA pramukha pratyaya samAyojana hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-525 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-57 pariveza ke prati samAyojana naitika jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA jAtA hai| spensara ke zabdoM meM sabhI burAiyoM kA utsa deha kA pariveza ke anurUpa na honA hai| spensara ne pariveza ke sAtha anurUpatA yA samAyojana ko naitika jIvana kA sAdhya aura zubhAzubha kA pratimAna-donoM hI mAnA hai| jaina darzana kA samatvayoga isI samAyojana kI prakriyA ko abhivyakta karatA hai, yadyapi jaina-darzana meM samAyojana kA artha Antarika samatva se hai| usakI dRSTi meM bAhya samAyojana itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| usameM samAyojana kA artha cetanA kA svasvabhAva ke anurUpa honA hai| isa prakAra, vikAsavAda aura jaina darzana-donoM hI samAyojana ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jahA~ vikAsavAda vyakti aura pariveza ke madhya samAyojana ko mahatva detA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana manovRttiyoM aura svasvabhAva ke madhya samAyojana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vikAsavAda meM samAyojana jIvanarakSaNa ke lie hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM samAyojana. AtmA (svasvabhAva) ke rakSaNa ke lie haiN| vikAsavAda kA tIsarA pratyaya 'vikAsa kI prakriyA meM sahabhAgI honA' hai| jo karma vikAsa ko avaruddha karate haiM aura usameM bAdhaka banate haiM, ve anaitika haiM aura jo karma vikAsa kI prakriyA ko Age bar3hAte haiM, ve naitika haiN| jaina darzana meM vikAsa kAM pratyaya to AyA hai, lekina bhautika vikAsa * kA jo rUpa vikAsavAda meM mAnya hai, vaha jaina darzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina darzana AtmA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa para jora detA hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha avazya hI una karmoM ko naitika mAnatA hai, jo AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka haiM ora una karmoM ko anaitika mAnatA hai, jo Atmika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra vikAsa kA sarvocca rUpa AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka zaktiyoM kI pUrNatA kI sthiti hai| jaba AtmA meM ye zaktiyA~ pUrNatayA prakaTa ho jAtI haiM aura una para koI AvaraNa yA bAdhakatA nahIM hotI, tabhI naitika-pUrNatA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra, jaina darzana vikAsa ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate hue * bhI vikAsavAda se thor3A bhinna hai| ... spensara kA vikAsavAdI darzana aura jaina darzana punaH eka sthAna para

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-526 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-58 ekadUsare ke nikaTa Ate haiN| spensara ke anusAra vikAsa kI avasthA meM naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai aura vaha vikAsa kI pUrNatA para hI naitikatA kI nirapekSatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra bhI hama jaise-jaise AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI prakriyA meM Upara uThate jAte haiM, vaise-vaise. naitika-bAdhyatAoM aura naitika-sApekSatAoM se Upara uThate hue naitika-nirapekSatA kI ora Age bar3hate haiN| spensara ne jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI ko naitika pratimAna banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina darzana jIvana rakSaNa kI bAta karate hue bhI spensara kI jIvana kI lambAI aura caur3AI ke naitika-pratimAna ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| spensara ke anusAra jIvana kI lambAI kA artha hai- dIrghAya honA aura caur3AI kA artha hai- jIvana kI sakriyatA yA krmtthtaa| jaina-darzana spensara kI uparyukta mAnyatAoM ko samucita nahIM mAnatA, kyoMki eka mahApuruSa ko alpAyu hone ke kAraNa anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura eka DAkU ko zArIrika-dRSTi se karmaTha hone para naitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jIvanavRddhi kA sacca artha to sadguNoM kI vRddhi hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne jIvanarakSaNa kI apekSA sadguNoM ke rakSaNa ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai| vaha to sadguNoM ke rakSaNa ke lie deha ke utsarga yA prANAnta ko bhI anaitika nahIM maantaa| usake anusAra, jIvana apane meM sAdha ya nahIM, varan naitika pUrNatA ko prApta karane kA sAdhana hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana aura spensara kA vikAsavAda kucha arthoM meM eka dUsare se bhinna bhI siddha hote haiN| spensara kA jIvana-vRddhi kA Adarza vastutaH vaiyaktika nItizAstra kA pratipAdaka hai| spensara ke lie vaiyaktika-naitikatA hI pramukha thii| yadyapi usane jAtirakSaNa ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, tathApi sAmAjika-nItizAstra kA pratipAdana vikAsavAda ke anya do vicArakoM ke dvArA hI huA hai| unameM sTIphena ne sAmAjika-svAsthya aura alekjeNDara ne sAmAjika-samakakSatA ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yadyapi spaSTa rUpa meM jaina dArzanikoM ne ina siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM koI bAta kahI ho, aisA pratIta nahIM hotA, tathApi yadi hama sAmAjika-svAsthya kA artha sAmAjika-vyavasthA karate

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-527 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-59 haiM, to itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina-darzana bhI eka suvyavasthita samAja-racanA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| sAmAjika-samakakSatA sAmAjika-samatva kI sUcaka hai aura isa rUpa meM jaina-darzana kA anAgraha aura aparigraha kA siddhAnta isa sAmAjika-samatva kA saMrakSaNa karatA hai| tatvArthasUtra meM nirdiSTa prANiyoM kI sahayogAtmaka prakRti bhI sAmAjika samatva kI saMrakSaka hai| buddhiparatAvAda aura jaina-darzana kAMTa apane naitika siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM bhAvanAoM ko koI sthAna nahIM dete| usake anusAra naitika-jIvana kA lakSya bhAvanAoM se Upara buddhimaya jIvana hai| kAMTa ke nItizAstra meM sad-icchA hI paramazubha hai| ve sadicchA ko sadbhAvanA nahIM, varan kartavyabhAva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, sadicchA yA paramazubha nirapekSa hai| kAMTa kisI bhAvanA se prerita karma ko naitika nahIM maante| unake anusAra, karma ko bhAvanA se nahIM, varan buddhi se niyantrita honA caahie| niSpakSa buddhi se niyantrita karma hI naitika ho sakatA hai| kAMTa ne naitika-Adeza ke yA karma kI naitikatA ke pratimAna pA~ca sUtra die haiM- .. 1. sArvabhauma vidhAna- tuma kevala usI niyama kA pAlana karo, jisake mAdhyama se tuma usI samaya icchA kara sako ki yaha eka sArvabhauma vidhAna ho| . . 2. prakRti vidhAna- aisA karo, mAno tumhAre karma kA niyama tumhArI icchA ke mAdhyama se prakRti kA eka sArvabhauma vidhAna hone vAlA ho| 3. svayaMsAdhya- aisA karo, jisase svayaM ke vyaktitva meM tathA pratyeka anya puruSa ke vyaktitva meM nihita mAnavatA ko tuma sadA hI sAdhya ke rUpa meM prayoga karo, sAdhana ke rUpa meM nahIM / 4. svatantratA- aisA karo ki tumhArI icchA usI samaya apane niyama ke mAdhyama se apane ko sArvabhauma vidhAna banAne vAlI samajha ske| 5. sAdhyoM kA rAjya- aisA karo, mAno tuma sadA apane niyama ke mAdhyama se sAdhyoM ke eka sArvabhauma sAdhya ke vidhAyaka sadasya ho| . jaina-darzana meM kAMTa ke siddhAntoM ke kucha sUtra avazya mila jAte haiM,

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0 jaina dharma evaM darzana-528 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-60 jinake AdhAra para donoM kI nikaTatA ko parakhA jA sakatA hai| -- kAMTa aura jaina-darzana, donoM naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM jJAna ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra niSpakSa evaM nirapekSa pUrNajJAna (kevalajJAna) naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai, yadyapi isa sandarbha meM jaina-darzana aura kAMTa meM thor3A vicAra-bheda bhI hai| kAMTa ke anusAra nirapekSa jJAnamaya jIvana hI naitika-sAdhya hai, jabaki jaina-darzana ke anusAra jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha bhAva bhI naitika-sAdhya hai| jaina-darzana mokSa-dazA meM anantajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha anantasukha kI upasthiti bhI mAnatA hai| kAMTa ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhya hai, jabaki jaina-darzana ke anusAra jJAna bhI sAdhya hai| jahA~ taka paramazubha kI nirapekSatA kA prazna hai, jaina-darzana naitikatA ke Antarika pakSa yA AcAralakSI-nizcayanaya ko avazya hI nirapekSa mAnatA hai; lekina sAtha hI vaha vyAvahArika naitikatA kI sApekSatA bhI svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra Antarika naitikatA avazya nirapekSa aura nirapavAda hai; lekina bAhya naitika-niyama to sApekSa aura sApavAda hI haiN| jaina-darzana meM apavAdamArga yA Apadadharma kA vidhAna hai, yadyapi usake lie prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI hai| sAmAnya sthiti meM nirapekSarUpa se hI naitika niyamoM ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ jaina-darzana nirapekSa aura sApekSa-donoM hI prakAra kI naitika-vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, vahA~ kAMTa kevala nirapekSa-naitikatA para hI bala dete haiN| kAMTa apavAdamArga aura Apaddharma ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra jo zubha hai, vaha sadaiva hI zubha aura azubha hai, vaha sadaiva hI azubha hai| __jahA~ taka vAsanAoM ke buddhi se niyantrita hone kA prazna hai, jaina-darzana aura kAMTa-donoM ke dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| jaina-darzana bhI vAsanAoM para buddhi kA zAsana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| ___ AcAramArga kI kaThoratA kI dRSTi se kAMTa aura jaina-darzana eka dUsare ke nikaTa haiN| kAMTa ke AcAradarzana ko apavAdamArga evaM bhAvanA ke abhAva ke kAraNa kaThoratAvAda kahA jAtA hai, jabaki jaina-AcAradarzana ko tapapradhAna hone ke kAraNa kaThoratAvAda kahA jAtA hai, yadyapi jainaMdarzana apavAdamArga aura bhAvanA ko svIkAra karatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-529 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-61 kAMTa ke sArvabhauma vidhAna ke sUtra ke anusAra koI bhI karma tabhI naitika ho sakatA hai, jabaki sArvabhauma niyama banane kI kSamatA rakhatA ho| sAmAnya niyama hI naitika-niyama ho sakatA hai| yadi koI niyama isa siddhAnta ke pratikUla hai, to vaha anaitika hai| udAharaNArtha, corI karane ko liijie| yadi koI vyakti corI ko apane AcaraNa kA vyaktigata niyama banAtA hai, to use yaha bhI dekhanA hogA ki kyA vaha corI ko usI samaya sArvabhauma-niyama banA sakatA hai? spaSTa hai ki vaha yaha kabhI nahIM cAhegA ki usake dvArA curAe mAla kI anya koI corI kre| isa prakAra, corI sArvabhauma-niyama nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki corI ko sArvabhauma banAne para corI kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| isI prakAra; hiMsA, asatya, beImAnI Adi avaguNa bhI sArvabhauma niyama nahIM banAe jA sakate, isalie ve sabhI anaitika haiN| kAMTa ke isa sUtra kA Azaya yahI hai ki hama jaisA vyavahAra apane prati cAhate haiM, vaisA hI AcaraNa dUsaroM ke prati kareM, hama apane bAre meM jaisI icchA kareM, vaisI hI icchA dUsare ke bAre meM bhI kreN| jaina-darzana aura anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI ise hI naitika-niyama kA sarvasva mAnA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika-AcAradarzanoM meM bhI zubhAzubhatva ke pratipAdana ke rUpa meM yahI siddhAnta svIkRta haiN| jaina-AcAradarzana meM bhI karma ke zubhAzubhatva kA nirNAyaka yahI AtmavatdRSTi kA siddhAnta hai| gItA aura bauddha-AcAradarzana meM bhI isa siddhAnta kA samarthana milatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kAMTa kA sArvabhauma-vidhAna kA sUtra Atmavat dRSTi ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bhAratIya-paramparA meM hI svIkRta rahA hai| kAMTa ke prakRti vidhAna ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki jo karma prakRti kI ekarUpatA aura soddezyatA ke anurUpa haiM, ve hI karane caahie| isa sUtra kA eka Azaya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki svabhAva ke anurUpa hI karma karanA caahie| kAMTa ke isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana gItA meM svadharma siddhAnta ke rUpa meM huA hai| gItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM ki jJAnavAn bhI apanI prakRti ke anurUpa hI AcaraNa karate haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra yaha kahanA par3egA ki AtmA kA jo nija svabhAva hai, yA jo svabhAvadazA hai, usI se hamAre karma niHsRta hone caahie| jo karma svabhAvadazA se niHsRta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-530 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-62 hote haiM, ve hI naitika hote haiN| vibhAvadazA meM hone vAle karma anaitika haiN| kAMTa ke svayaMsAdhya ke sUtra kA Azaya yaha hai ki manuSya svayaM sAdhya hai aura usako kisI dUsare manuSya ke lie sAdhana nahIM bananA caahie| yadi vyakti apanI AtmA ko sAdhya na banAkara svayaM ko kisI anya kA sAdhana banAtA hai, to usakA yaha karma naitika nahIM mAnA jaaegaa| jaina-darzana meM aisA koI nirdeza hameM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| isake viparIta, aneka sthitiyoM meM vyakti ko dUsare ke hita kA sAdhana banane ko kahA gayA hai| yadi hama isa siddhAnta kA yaha Azaya svIkAra kareM ki mAnavatA kA (cAhe vaha hamAre svayaM ke andara ho, athavA kisI anya vyakti meM) sammAna karanA cAhie, to isa rUpa meM vaha jaina-darzana meM bhI svIkRta ho sakatA hai| eka anya apekSA se bhI isa sUtra kA yaha bhI Azaya nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti kA naitika-vikAsa aura patana svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| isa artha meM yaha siddhAnta naitika-jIvana meM puruSArtha kI dhAraNA para bala detA hai aura yaha jaina-darzana meM bhI svIkRta hai| jaina-AcAradarzana kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki vyakti kA hita aura ahita svayaM usI para nirbhara hai| ___ kAMTa ke svatantratA ke sUtra kI vyAkhyA yaha hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai, ataH jise hama apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, use hI dUsaroM kA bhI adhikAra mAnanA caahie| yadi hama corI karate samaya dUsaroM kI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, to dUsaroM ko bhI yaha adhikAra prApta hai ki ve ApakI sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnakara usakA upabhoga kreN| isa prakAra, yaha sUtra samAna adhikAra kI bAta kahatA hai, jo ki prathama sUtra se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| yaha sUtra bhI sabako apane samAna samajhane kA Adeza hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha Atvat-dRSTi kA hI pratipAdaka hai| . kAMTa kA sAdhyoM ke rAjya kA sUtra yaha batAtA hai ki sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna mUlyavAlA samajho aura isa artha meM yaha siddhAMta lokapriya yA lokasaMgraha kA pratipAdaka hai tathA pArasparika sahayoga tathA pUrNa sAmaMjasya ke sAtha karma karane kA nirdeza detA hai| isameM bhI Atmavat-dRSTi kA bhAva sannihita hai| isa sUtra meM pratipAdita sabhI vicAra jaina tathA anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM upalabdha haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-531 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-63 pUrNatAvAda, aura jaina-darzana pUrNatAvAda kA siddhAnta naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM kI pUrNatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| sukhavAda AtmA ke bhAvanAtmaka pakSa ko naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya batAtA hai, jabaki buddhivAda AtmA ke bauddhika-pakSa ko hI naitikatA kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se Upara uThakara pUrNatAvAda bhAvanAtmaka-AtmA aura bauddhika AtmA donoM ko hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya mAnatA hai| naitikatA samagra AtmA kI siddhi hai, usa AtmA kI, jo ki buddhimaya bhI hai aura bhAvanAmaya bhii| vaha AtmA ke vibhinna pakSoM ko nahIM, varan pUrNa AtmA kA naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya banAtA hai| vaha Atmika kSamatAoM ke pUrNa vikAsa kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karatA hai| pUrNatAvAda kA eka prAcIna rUpa IsA ke usa kathana meM milatA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'tuma vaise hI pUrNa ho jAo, jaise svarga meM tumhArA pitA hai|' hegela ne bhI apane darzana kI mukhya zikSA 'pUrNa vyakti bano' ke rUpa meM dI hai| hegela ke dRSTikoNa kA hI vikAsa karane vAle pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM kiyarDa, grIna, braiDale evaM bosAke pramukha haiN| samakAlIna pUrNatAvAdI vicArakoM meM peTana aura myUraheDa Ate haiN| braiDale apane pUrNatAvAda meM AtmasAkSAtkAra para bala dete haiN| unakA kathana hai ki apane ko eka ananta pUrNa ke rUpa meM prApta kro| braiDale apane nItizAstra ke pramukha graMtha 'ethikala sTaDIja' meM isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki vyakti kA naitika-sAdhya eka ananta pUrNa AtmA ke rUpa meM AtmasAkSAtkAra karanA hai| pUrNatAvAda kI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai- (1) paramazubha vAsanAoM kA buddhi ke dvArA vyavasthApana evaM niyantraNa karanA hai| (2) naitika-jIvana kI prakriyA AtmatyAga ke dvArA AtmalAbha kI hai| kSudra, pAzavika, vAsanAmaya evaM indriyaparaka AtmA ke tyAga ke dvArA ucca evaM sAmAjika-AtmA kA lAbha hI naitika-vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| (3) naitikatA AdhyAtmika-tatva ke ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| (4) pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa, arthAt caritra-vikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana para bala detA hai| (5) vaha apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAna kara unake pUrNa prakaTana para bala detA hai| (6)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-532 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-64 manuSya hone ke lie sAmAjika honA Avazyaka hai, yadyapi sAmAjikatA bhI antima nahIM hai, sAmAjikatA se bhI Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, vaha sAmAjikatA aura naitikatA ke kSetra ke atikramaNa para bala detA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA jAe, to sabhI mokSalakSI-darzana pUrNatAvAda ke samarthaka haiN| zrI saMgamalAla pANDe likhate haiM ki vAstava meM hindU-dharma, bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma ke nItizAstra bahuta kucha ekasamAna haiN| ve sabhI manuSya ko pUrNa hone kI zikSA dete haiN| tInoM dharmoM kA pUrNatAvAda para triveNIsaMgama hone ke kAraNa pUrNatAvAda bhAratIya-nItizAstra kA sarvamAnya siddhAnta ho gayA hai| ___jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitika sAdhya ke rUpa meM bhAvanAmaya aura buddhimaya-donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai aura buddhi ke dvArA bhAvanAoM ke anuzAsana para bala detA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI mokSa ke naitika-sAdhya meM bhAvanAtmaka aura bauddhika-donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA yaha mAnatA hai ki vyAvahArika jIvana meM kaSAyayukta AtmA ko jJAnAtmA se anuzAsita honA caahie| jaina-darzana ke anusAra hI kaSAya AtmA kA tyAga aura jJAna, darzana aura cAritra-guNa se yukta zuddha AtmA kA lAbha naitika-jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai| jaina-darzana aura pUrNatAvAda isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki naitikatA AdhyAtmika-tatva (AtmA) ke ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| yadyapi pUrNatAvada aura vizeSakara braiDale kA dRSTikoNa yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA hai| yadyapi pUrNatAvAda aura vizeSakara braiDale kA dRSTikoNa yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki ananta vikAsa kI prakriyA bhI ananta hai aura kabhI samApta nahIM hotI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana mAnatA hai ki vyakti ananta vikAsa kI isa prakriyA meM pUrNatA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| pUrNatAvAda Adarza ke yathArtha bana jAne kI sambhAvanA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, jabaki jaina-darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki naitika-pUrNatA kA yaha Adarza yathArtha banAyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa, caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI naitikatA ke Antarika-pakSa, caritravikAsa evaM vAsanAoM ke parimArjana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-533 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-65 para bala detA hai| jisa prakAra pUrNatAvAda apanI kSamatAoM ko pahacAnakara unake pUrNa prakaTana taka puruSArthI banA rahanA Avazyaka mAnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana bhI AtmA ke svasvarUpa ko jAnakara usakI pUrNatA ke lie satata parizrama aura jAgarUkatA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| jaina-darzana bhI pUrNatAvAda ke samAna sAmAjikatA ko naitikatA kA antima tattva nahIM mAnatA aura samAja se bhI Upara uThane kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-darzana kA naitika-sAdhya mokSa hai, lekina mokSa pUrNatA yA AtmasAkSAtkAra kI avasthA hI hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne mokSa kI avasthA meM anantacatuSTaya kI upalabdhi ko svIkAra kara yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jaina-darzana pUrNatA ke rUpa meM jIvana ke sabhI sadpakSoM kA pUrNa vikAsa cAhatA hai| vastutaH, jaina-darzana ke mokSa kI yaha dhAraNA pUrNatAvAda yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta se dUra nahIM hai| jaina-darzana kI mokSa kI yaha dhAraNA pUrNatAvAda yA AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta se dUra nahIM hai| jaina-darzana kA mokSa anya kucha nahIM, mAtra caitta-jIvana ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka evaM saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM kI pUrNa abhivyakti hai| vaidika paramparA meM bhI AtmapUrNatA, AtmalAbha yA AtmAsAkSAtkAra ko naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka-upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ke lie hI sabakucha piya hotA hai| AcArya zaMkara upadezasahasrI meM likhate haiM ki AtmalAbha se bar3A anya koI lAbha nahIM hai| - vaidika-paramparA meM buddhi ke dvArA vAsanAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke tathya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| manusmRti evaM gItA meM varNadharma yA svadharma ke jo pratyaya haiM, ve bhI pUrNatAvAdI vicAraka DraDale ke 'svasthAna aura usake karttavya' ke siddhAntoM ke bahuta adhika nikaTa haiN| gItA pUrNatAvAda ke samAna hI karmamArga, jJAnamArga evaM bhaktimArga ke samanvaya ko svIkAra karatI hai| dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke puruSArthoM meM kAma aura artha ko svIkAra kara vaidika-paramparA yaha spaSTa rUpa se batA detI hai ki jIvana meM bhAvanAtmaka pakSa kA bhI apanA mUlya hai| bhAvanA ko jIvana se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| naitika-sAdhya bhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa nahIM, varan . unakA pariSkAra hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-534 jaina - AdhAra mImAMsA -66 . bhAratIya-paramparA meM pUrNatAvAda kA Arambha vedoM se hotA hai, jinameM pUrNatA ke prApta karanA mAnava jIvana kA Adarza mAnA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM yahI pUrNatAvAda AtmasAkSAtkAra yA AtmalAbha ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM paramAtmA ko pUrNapuruSa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai aura usakI prApti ko hI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya mAnA gayA hai| mUlya kA pratimAna aura jaina-darzana pAzcAtya vicAra-paramparA meM mUlyavAda naitika-pratimAna kA eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta mAnA jAtA hai| mUlyavAda ke anusAra mUlya vaha hai, jo bhAvanA yA icchA kI pUrti karatA hai| mUlya kI samucita paribhASA yaha ho sakatI hai ki 'mUlya vaha hai, jise pAne ke lie vyakti aura samAja ceSTA karate haiM, jisake lie jIvita rahate haiM aura jisake lie bar3A se bar3A utsarga karane ke lie taiyAra rahate haiN| __ mUlyavAda ke anusAra zubha aura ucita, pariNAmoM yA zubha saMkalpoM para nirbhara nahIM hai| zubha evaM ucita, jIvana ke una AdarzoM se nirgamita hote haiM, jo hamAre jIvana kA paramArtha yA zreya hai| mUlyavAda kI paramparA meM mUlya eka vyApaka zabda hai| yaha yadyapi zreya, sAdhya kA Adarza yA sUcaka hai, tathApi koI akelA sAdhya mUlya nahIM hai| mUlya sadaiva vyavasthA meM nirdhArita hotA hai| sukha, jIvana, vairAgya Adi meM pratyeka eka mUlya hai, kintu mUlya usase adhika vyApaka hai| 'mUlya' eka tatva nahIM hai, eka vyavasthA hai aura usI vyavasthA meM kisI mUlya kA bodha hotA hai| __ mUlyavAda mUlya kI apekSA mUlyoM para bala detA hai, phira bhI 'parama mUlya' yA sarvocca mUlya kyA hai, yaha viSaya mUlyavAdI-vicAraNA meM vivAdapUrNa hI rahA hai| sukarAta 'jJAna' ko pleTo 'nyAya' ko, arastU 'uccavicArazIlatA' ko, spInojA 'Izvara' ko aura hegala 'vyaktitvalAbha' ko sarvocca mUlya mAnate haiN| arabana ne AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM meM kramazaH kalAtmaka, bauddhika aura dhArmika (cAritrika) mUlyoM ke rUpa meM saundarya, satya aura ziva (kalyANa) ko parama mUlya mAnA hai, jinameM bhI prathama kI apekSA dUsarA aura dUsare kI apekSA tIsarA adhika ucca mAnA gayA hai| mUlyavAda kI isa paramparA meM bhI 'parama mUlya' kI apekSA tIsarA adhika ucca mAnA gayA hai| mUlyavAda kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-535 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-67 isa paramparA meM bhI 'parama mUlya' kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para aneka varga banate haiM, unameM kucha dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haiM 1. mAnavatA kendrita mUlyavAda (mAnavatAvAda) / 2. astitvavAdiyoM kA Atma-kendrita mUlyavAda 4. arabana kA AdhyAtmika-mUlyavAda 8. mAnavatAvAdI siddhAnta aura jaina-AcAradarzana mAnavatAvAda meM naitikatA kA pratyaya sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavatAvAda ko AcArazAstrIya-dharma kahA jAtA hai| mAnavatAvAdI-siddhAnta naitikatA ko mAnava kI sAMskRtika-cetanA ke vikAsa meM dekhatA hai| sAMskRtika-vikAsa hI naitikatA kI kasauTI hai| sAMskRtika-vikAsa evaM naitika-jIvana mAnavIya-guNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita haiN| mAnavatAvAdI cintana meM manuSya hI naitika mUlyoM kA mAnadaNDa ora mAnavIya-guNoM kA vikAsa hI naitikatA hai| mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM kI eka lambI paramparA hai| pleTo aura arastu se lekara lemANTa, jAkamAritA tathA samakAlIna vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe, sI.bI. garneTa aura isrAila levina prabhRti vicAraka isa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| ye sabhI vicAraka mAnavIya-guNoM ke vikAsa meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko dekhate haiM, phira bhI prAthamika mAnavIya-guNa kyA haiM, isa viSaya meM unameM matabheda haiN| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI vicArakoM meM bhI isa prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna varga haiM, jinheM AtmacetanAvAdI, vivekavAdI aura AtmasaMyamavAdI kaha sakate haiN| ina tInoM mAnyatAoM kA jaina-darzana ke sAtha nikaTa sambandha dekhA jA sakatA hai| inake sAtha jaina-darzana kI tulanA karane ke pUrva mAnavatAvAda kI kucha sAmAnya pravRttiyoM kA jaina vicAra-paramparA sahAnubhUti ke pratyaya ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtI hai| mAnavatAvAda ke anusAra, manuSya kA parama prAptavya isI jagata meM kendrita hai aura isalie vaha apane naitika-darzana ko kisI pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA para AdhRta nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra, naitika hone ke lie kisI pAralaukika-Adarza yA sAdhya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, varan manuSya meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tatva hI use naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAe rakhane ke lie paryApta hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-536 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-68 vaha naitikatA ko pralobhana aura bhaya ke AdhAra para khar3A na karake mAnava meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tatva para khar3A karatA hai| usake anusAra, naitika hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama kisI pAralaukika-sattA yA Izvara athavA karma ke niyama jaise kisI siddhAnta para AsthA rakheM, varan mAnavIya-prakRti meM nihita sahAnubhUti kA tatva hI naitika hone ke lie paryApta hai| - isa viSaya meM jaina-darzana kA dRSTikoNa kyA hai? jaina-darzana bhI prANI meM nihita sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko svIkAra karatA hai, tathApi vaha karma-siddhAnta ko bhI mAnakara calatA hai| isa prakAra, jahA~ mAnavatAvAda sahAnubhUti ke tattva ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana sahAnubhUti ke tattva ke sAtha-sAtha karma-siddhAnta ko bhI naitikatA kA AdhAra banAtA hai| mAnavatAvAda sAMsArika hita-sAdhana para jora detA hai aura pAralaukika-sukhakAmanA ko vyartha mAnatA hai| vaha manuSya ko sthUla aindrika-sukhoM taka hI sImita nahIM rakhatA hai, varan kalA, sAhitya, maitrI aura sAmAjika-samparka ke sUkSma sukhoM ko bhI sthAna detA hai| lemANTa paramparAvAdI aura mAnavatAvAdI-AcAradarzanoM meM. niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka-dRSTi se bheda spaSTa karatA hai| usake anusAra, paramparAvAdI naitika-darzana meM vartamAna ke prati udAsInatA aura paraloka meM sukha prApta karane kI icchA hotI hai, yaha niSedhAtmaka hai| isake viparIta, mAnavatAvAda vartamAna jIvana ke prati AsthA rakhatA hai aura use sukhI banAnA cAhatA hai, yaha vidheyaka hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-darzana pAralaukikatA ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiM aura bhAvI jIvana ke astitva meM bhI AsthA rakhate haiM, lekina isa AdhAra para unheM niSedhAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki ve vartamAna jIvana ke prati udAsInatA nahIM rkhte| jaina-dArzanika spaSTarUpa se kahate haiM ki naitika-sAdhana kA pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA se koI sambandha nahIM hai, balki pAralaukika sukha-kAmanA kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA naitika-karma dUSita hotA hai| jaina dArzanika naitika-sAdhanA ko na aihika-sukhoM ke lie aura na pAralaukika-sukhoM ke lie mAnate haiM, varan unake anusAra to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-537 - jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-69 naitika-sAdhanA kA ekamAtra sAdhya Atma-vikAsa evaM AtmapUrNatA hai| buddha ne kahA hai ki naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA nahIM hai| gItA meM bhI phalAkAMkSA ke rUpa meM pAralaukika-sukha kI kAmanA ko anucita hI kahA gayA hai| ___ jaina-vicAradhArA naitika-jIvana ke lie apanI dRSTi vartamAna para hI kendrita karatI hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo bhUta ke sambandha meM koI zoka nahIM karatA aura bhaviSya ke sambandha meM jisakI koI apekSAe~ nahIM haiM, jo mAtra vartamAna meM hI jItA hai, vahI saccA jJAnI hai| vizuddha vartamAna meM jInA jaina-paramparA kA naitika-Adarza rahA hai, ataH vaha vartamAna ke prati udAsIna nahIM hai aura isa artha meM vaha mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM ke sAtha bhI hai, yadyapi vaha paraloka ke pratyaya se inakAra nahIM karatI hai| buddha ne bhI ajAtazatru se yahI kahA thA ki mere naitika-darzana kI sAdhanA kA kendra pAralaukika-jIvana nahIM, varan yahI jIvana hai| ___ mAnavatAvAda sAmAnya rUpa se svAbhAvika icchAoM kA sarvathA damana ucita nahIM mAnatA, varan unakA saMyamana Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vaha saMyama kA samarthaka hai, damana kA nhiiN| usake anusAra, saccA naitika-jIvana icchAoM ke damana meM nahIM, unake saMyamana meM hai| -- jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI damana ke pratyaya ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unameM bhI icchAoM kA damana anucita mAnA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM sapramANa vistRta vivecana alaga se kiyA gayA hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzana samAna rUpa se damana ke sthAna para saMyama ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura isa artha meM ve mAnavatAvAdI vicAradhArA ke sAtha haiN| . :mAnavatAvAda karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa samAja para usake pariNAma ke AdhAra para karatA hai| lemANTa ke anusAra karma-preraka aura karma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| koI bhI kriyA binA preraNA ke nahIM hotI aura jahA~ preraNA hotI hai, vahA~ karma bhI hotA hai| bauddha-darzana aura gItA spaSTa rUpa se karma ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA nirdhAraNa karma-preraka ke AdhAra para karate haiM, karma-pariNAma ke AdhAra para nhiiN| isa AdhAra para ve mAnavatAvAda se koI sAmya nahIM rkhte| jaina-darzana vyavahAradRSTi se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-538 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-70 karmapariNAma ko aura nizcayadRSTi se karmapreraka ko aucitya aura anaucitya ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAnatA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-darzana kI mAnavatAvAda se isa sambandha meM AMzika samAnatA hai| mAnavatAvAda manuSya ko hI samagra mUlyo kA mAnadaNDa svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra usameM mAnavIya jIvana kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa prazna ko dekheM, to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karanA hogA ki bhAratIya-paramparA bhI mAnavIya jIvana ke mahattva. ko svIkAra karatI hai| jaina-Agama uttarAdhyayana meM mAnava-jIvana ko durlabha batAyA gayA hai| AcArya amitagati ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki jIvana meM manuSya kA jIvana hI sarvazreSTha hai| dhammapada meM bhagavAn buddha ne bhI manuSya-janma ko durlabha batAyA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki rahasya kI bAta to yaha hai ki manuSya se zreSTha aura kucha nahIM hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa bhI isa tathya ko prakaTa karate haiM- 'bar3e bhAga mAnusa tana pAvA, sura duralabha saba granthanhi gaavaa| isa prakAra, bhAratIya-cintana meM manuSya-jIvana ke sarvocca mUlya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ' ___ samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI-vicAra meM prAthamika mAnavIya-guNa ke prazna ko lekara pramukha rUpa se tIna vicAradhArAe~ pracalita haiN| jaina-AcAradarzana ke sAtha inakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kI dRSTi se ina tInoM vicAradhArAoM para alaga-alaga vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| AtmacetanatAvAdI-dRSTikoNa aura jaina-darzana ___ AtmacetanatA yA AtmajAgrati ko hI naitikatA kA AdhAra aura prAthamika mAnavIya-guNa mAnane vAle mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM meM vAranara phiTe pramukha haiN| ye naitikatA ko AtmacetanA kA sahagAmI mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM naitikatA kA paribhASaka usa samagra sAmAjika-prakriyA meM nahIM hai, jisameM manuSya jItA hai, varan AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai, jo vyakti ke jIvana meM rahI huI hai| vastutaH, naitikatA AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai| unakA kathana hai ki jIvana ke yA anya kinhIM bhI mUlyoM ko avadhAraNa kara sakatA hai| cetanA ke niyantraNa meM jo jIvana hai, vahI saccA jIvana hai| naitika hone kA artha yaha jAnanA hai ki hama kyA kara rahe haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-539 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-71 jAgrata, cetanA naitikatA hai aura prasupta cetanA anaitikatA hai| zubha evaM ucita kArya vaha nahIM hai, jisameM AtmavismRti hotI hai, varan vaha hai, jisameM AtmacetanatA hotI hai| ___ mAnavatAvAdI-AcAradarzana kA yaha AtmacetanatAvAdI-dRSTikoNa jaina-AcAradarzana ke ati nikaTa hai| vAranara phiTe ke naitika-darzana kI yaha mAnyatA ati spaSTa rUpa meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM upalabdha hai| ye AcAradarzana AtmacetanatA ko apramattatA yA AtmajAgrati kahate haiN| jaina-darzana ke anusAra pramAda AtmavismRti kI avasthA hai aura use anaitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra kahA gayA hai| jo bhI kriyAe~ pramAda kA kAraNa haiM, yA pramAdapUrvaka kI jAtI haiM, ve sabhI anaitika haiN| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo prasupta cetanAvAlA hai, vaha amuni (anaitika) hai aura jo jAgrata cetanAvAlA hai, vaha muni (naitika) hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM pramAda ko karma aura apramAda ko akarma kahakara yahI kahA gayA hai ki jo kriyAe~ AtmavismRti ko lAtI haiM, ve bandhanakAraka haiM, isalie anaitika bhI hai| isake viparIta, jo kriyAe~ apramatta-cetanA kI avasthA meM sampanna hotI haiM, ve bandhanakAraka nahIM hotI aura ve pUrNatayA vizuddha aura naitika haiN| isa prakAra, vAranara phiTe kA AtmacetanatAvAdI dRSTikoNa jaina-vicAraNA ke ati nikaTa haiM bauddha-darzana meM bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitikatA kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki apramAda amaratA kA mArga hai aura pramAda mRtyu kA / bauddha darzana meM aSTAMga-sAdhanAmArga meM samyakasmRti bhI isa bAta ko spaSTa karatI hai ki AtmasmRti yA jAgrata cetanA naitikatA kA AdhAra hai, jabaki AtmavismRti anaitikatA kA AdhAra hai| nanda ko upadeza dete hue buddha kahate haiM ki jisake pAsa smRti nahIM hai, use Arya satya kahA~ se prApta hogA, isalie calate hue cala rahA hU~, khar3e hote hue khar3A ho rahA hU~ evaM isI prakAra dUsare kArya karate samaya apanI smRti banAe rkho| isa prakAra, buddha bhI AtmacetanatA ko naitika-jIvana kA kendra svIkAra karate haiN| - gItA meM bhI sammoha se smRtivinAza aura smRtivinAza se buddhinAzaaisA kahakara yahI batAyA gayA hai ki AtmacetanA naitika-jIvana ke lie

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-540 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-72 Avazyaka hai| vivekavAda aura jaina-darzana 'mAnavatAvAda ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM dUsarA varga viveka ko prAthamika mAnavIya-guNa mAnatA hai| sI.bI. garneTa aura isarAila levina ke anusAra naitikatA vivekapUrNa jIvana jIne meM hai| garneTa ke anusAra viveka tArkika-saMgati nahIM, varan jIvana meM kauzala yA caturAI hai| bauddhikatA yA tarka usakA eka aMga ho sakatA hai, samagratA nhiiN| garneTa apanI pustaka 'viz2aDama oNpha kaNDakTa' meM prajJA ko hI sarvocca sadaguNa mAnate haiM aura prajJA yA viveka se nirdezita jIvana jIne meM naitikatA ke sAratatva kI abhivyakti mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, naitikatA kI samyak evaM sArthaka vyAkhyA zubha, ucita, kartavya Adi naitika pratyayoM kI vyAkhyA meM nahIM, varan AcaraNa meM viveka ke sAmAnya-pratyaya meM hai| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisA tatva hai, jo naitika-paristhiti ke astitvavAna-pakSa, arthAt caritra preraNAe~, Adata, rAgAtmakatA, vibhedIkaraNa, mUlyanirdhAraNa aura sAdhya ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai| ina sabhI pakSoM ko pUrNatayA dRSTi meM rakhe binA jIvana meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii| AcaraNa meM viveka eka aisI locapUrNa dRSTi hai, jo samagra paristhitiyoM ke sabhI pakSoM kI samyaka vicAraNA ke sAtha khoja karatI huI suyogya cunAva karatI hai| levina ke AcaraNa meM viveka kA tAtparya eka samayojanAtmaka kSamatA se mAnA hai| usake anusAra, naitika hone kA artha mAnava kI mUlabhUta kSamatAoM kI abhivyakti haiM garneTa aura levina ke AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya jaina-vicAraNA tathA anya sabhI bhAratIya-vicAraNAoM meM bhI mAnya rahA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne samyajJAna ke rUpa meM jo sAdhanAmArga batAyA hai, vaha kevala tArkika-jJAna nahIM hai, varan eka vivekapUrNa dRSTi hai| jaina-paramparA meM vivekapUrNa AcaraNa ke lie yatanA' zabda kA prayoga vibhinna kriyAoM ko viveka yA sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sampAdita karatA hai, vaha anaitika AcaraNa nahIM karatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa svIkRta hai| buddha ne bhI aMguttaranikAya meM mahAvIra ke samAna hI isa tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| gItA meM karmakauzala ko hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-541 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-73 yoga kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra, bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM bhI AcaraNa meM viveka kA pratyaya svIkRta rahA hai| garneTa ne AcaraNa meM viveka ke lie samagra paristhitiyoM evaM sabhI pakSoM kA vicAra Avazyaka mAnA hai, jise hama jaina-darzana ke anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA spaSTa kara lenA cAhie evaM eka sarvAMgINa-dRSTikoNa rakhanA caahie| garneTa kA karma ke sabhI pakSoM ke vicAra kA pratyaya anekAntavAdI sarvAMgINa-dRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AtmasaMyama kA siddhAnta aura jaina-darzana __mAnavatAvAdI naitika-darzana ke tIsare varga kA pratinidhitva iraviMga babiTa karate haiN| babiTa ke anusAra mAnavatA evaM naitika-jIvana kA sAra na to AtmacetanAmaya jIvana jIne meM hai aura na vivekapUrNa jIvana meM, varan vaha saMyamapUrNa jIvana yA anuzAsana meM hai| babiTa Adhunika yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa yaha batAte haiM ki eka ora hamane paramparAgata (kaThora vairAgyavAdI) dhAraNAoM ko tor3a diyA aura unake sthAna para chadmarUpa meM AdimabhogavAda kI aisI galata dizA kA cayana kiyA hai, jisameM mAnavIya-hitoM ko coTa pahuMcI hai| unakA kathana hai ki manuSya meM nihita vAsanArUpI pApa ko asvIkRta karane kA artha usa burAI ko hI dRSTi se ojhala kara denA hai, jisake kAraNa mAnavIya sabhyatA kA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai| manuSya kI vAsanAe~ haiM, pApa haiM, anaitikatA hai, isa bAta ko bhUlakara hama mAnavIya sabhyatA kA vinAza kareMge aura usake prati jAgrata rahakara mAnavIya sabhyatA kA vikAsa kara skeNge| babiTa bahuta hI ojapUrNa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki hamameM jaivika-pravega to bahuta hai, AvazyakatA hai jaivika-niyantraNa kii| hameM apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa karanA caahie| kevala sahAnubhUti ke nAma para sAmAjika-ekatA nahIM A sktii| manuSyoM ko sahAnubhUti ke sAmAnya tatva ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan anuzAsana sAmAnya tatva ke AdhAra para hI eka-dUsare ke nikaTa lAyA jA sakatA hai| sahAnubhUti ke vistAra kA naitika-darzana kevala bhAvanAtmaka-mAnavatAvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai, jabaki AvazyakatA aise Thosa mAnavatAvAda kI hai, jo anuzAsana para banatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-542 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-74 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya-AcAradarzana AtmasaMyama ke pratyaya ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-darzana naitika-pUrNatA ke lie saMyama ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai| usake trividhi sAdhanApatha meM samyak AcaraNa kA bhI vahI mUlya hai, jo viveka aura bhAvanA kA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM dharma ko ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapamaya batAyA hai| ahiMsA aura tapa bhI saMyama ke hI poSaka haiM isa aura isa artha meM saMyama eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| bhikSu-jIvana aura gRhastha-jIvana ke AcaraNa meM saMyama yA anuzAsana kA sarvatra mahatva diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra ke sampUrNa upadeza kA sAra asaMyama se nivRtti aura saMyama meM pravRtti hai| isa prakAra, babiTa kA yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-darzana ke ati nikaTa hai| babiTa kA yaha kahanA bhI ki vartamAna yuga ke saMkaTa kA kAraNa saMyamAtmaka mUlyoM kA hAsa hai, jaina-darzana ko svIkAra hai| vastutaH, AtmasaMyama aura anuzAsana Aja ke yuga kI sabase mahatvapUrNa AvazyakatA hai| ___ na kevala jaina-darzana meM, varan bauddha aura vaidika-darzanoM meM bhI saMyama aura anuzAsana ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM saMyama kA pratyaya sabhI AcAradarzanoM meM aura sabhI kAloM meM barAbara svIkRta rahA hai| saMyamamaya jIvana bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA rahA hai, isalie babiTa kA yaha vicAra bhAratIya-cintana ke lie koI naI bAta nahIM hai| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdI-vicArakoM ke uparyukta tInoM siddhAnta yadyapi bhAratIya cintana meM svIkRta haiM, tathApi bhAratIya-vicArakoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki unhoMne ina tInoM ko samaveta rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina-darzana meM samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM; bauddha-darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM tathA gItA meM zraddhA, jJAna aura karma ke rUpa meM prakArAntara se inheM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA kI zraddhA ko AtmacetanatA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, tathApi gItA meM apramAda ke rUpa meM AtmacetanatA svIkRta hai| bauddha-darzana ke isa trividha sAdhanApatha meM samAdhi AtmacetanatA kA, prajJA viveka kA aura zIla saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| isI prakAra, jaina-darzana meM samyak darzana AtmacetanatA kA, samyakjJAna viveka kA aura samyakcAritra saMyama kA pratinidhitva karate haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-543 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-75 sattAvAdI-nItizAstra aura jaina-darzana __ 'sattAvAda' samakAlIna dArzanika-cintana kA eka pramukha dArzanika-sampradAya hai| kirkegArDa, heDegara, sArca aura jesparsa isa vAda ke pramukha vicAraka haiN| yadyapi sattAvAdI-vicArakoM meM kisI sImA taka matabheda haiM, tathApi kucha sAmAnya praznoM para ve sabhI ekamata haiN| sattAvAda kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha buddhivAda evaM viSayagata cintana kA virodhI hai tathA AtmaniSThatA ora antarjJAna para adhika bala detA hai| AcAra darzana-viSayaka aneka praznoM meM sattAvAda jaina-darzana ke adhika nikaTa hai, ataH usakA saMkSipta tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai| AcAradarzana ko pramukhatA - jaina-darzana ke samAna sattAvAda ke pramukha vicAraka kirkegArDa bhI tatvamImAMsA meM utanI ruci nahIM rakhate, jitanI AcAradarzana meN| unakI dRSTi meM kevala sat, ziva aura sundara se U~cA nahIM hai| naitika AtmasattA hI sat hai, kyoMki vaha gatyAtmaka aura udIyamAna hai tathA vyakti ko mahanIyatA pradAna karatI hai| naitika-AtmasattA kA jJAna korA jJAna nahIM hai, varan usameM hamAre jIvana ko adhika U~cA aura mahAn banAne kI preraNA bhI hai| jaina-darzana bhI nire tatvajJAna kA virodhI hai| jo tatvajJAna AtmavikAsa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, vaha nirarthaka hI hai| uttarAdhyanasUtra meM aise nirarthaka jJAna kA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai| jo jJAna naitika-jIvana se sambandhita nahIM hai aura naitika-jIvana ko preraNA nahIM detA, vaha jJAna sattAvAda aura jaina-AcAradarzana-donoM ke lie hI anAvazyaka hai| buddha ne bhI nirI tatvamImAMsA kI upekSA hI kI thii| vaiyaktika nItizAstra AcAradarzana kI dRSTi se sabhI sattAvAdI-vicAraka vyaktivAdI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM AcAradarzana AtmasApekSa hai, parasApekSa yA samAjasApekSa nhiiN| naitika-AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie nahIM, varan svayaM vyakti ke lie hai| naitikatA kA artha lokakalyANa nahIM, varan AtmotthAna hai| karma kI naitikatA kA mUlyAMkana isa AdhAra para kiyA jAnA cAhie ki usameM kitanI tIvra AtmavedanA yA sva kI sattA kA bodha hai, na ki isa AdhAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-544 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-76 para ki vaha kitanA adhika lokahitakArI hai| sattAvAda ke janaka kirkegArDa ke anusAra naitikatA Atmakendrita hai| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne naitika-cintana meM koparanikasIya krAnti lA dI hai| unake pUrvavartI adhikAMza AcArazAstrI naitikatA ko parasApekSa mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM hamArA naitika AcaraNa dUsare logoM ke lie hai, yadi hama aise ekAnta sthAna meM raheM, jahA~ dUsarA koI vyakti na ho, to hamAre lie naitikatA kA koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA, lekina kirkegArDa isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM haiN| unake anusAra, naitikatA kA sambandha vyakti ko svayaM kI AtmA se hai, na ki anya logoM yA samAja se| ___ jahA~ taka jaina-AcAradarzana kI bAta hai, nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se vaha vyaktivAda kA hI samarthaka hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki Atmahita hI naitika-jIvana kA pramukha tattva hai| Atmahita karate hue lokahita sambhava ho, to kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina yadi.lokahita aura Atmahita meM virodha ho, to Atmahita karanA hI zreyaskara hai| isa prakAra, vyaktivAda ke samarthana meM jaina-AcAradarzana aura sattAvAdI-nItizAstra sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| donoM kI dRSTi meM AtmotthAna yA vaiyaktika sAdhya 'sva' hI hai, jisakI upalabdhi hI naitika-jIvana kA sAra hai| antarmukhI cintana aura jainadarzana sattAvAdI-cintaka, vizeSarUpa se kirkegArDa, naitikatA ko anivAryatayA Atma-kendrita mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM sacce naitika-jIvana kA prArambha Atmagata cintana yA antarmukhI pravRtti meM hotA hai| antarmukhatA yA AtmAbhimukha honA naitikatA kA pravezadvAra hai| jaba taka viSayagata cintana hai, viSayAbhimukhatA hai, taba taka viSayagata cintana hai, viSayAbhimukhatA hai, taba taka naitika-jIvana meM praveza sambhava nhiiN| cintana viSayAbhimukha hone para usakA svayaM ke jIvana para koI prabhAva nahIM hotA, usameM vicAroM kI niSkriya bhAga-daur3a hotI hai| saiddhAntika kahanA-sunanA mAtra hotA hai| Atmagata-cintana meM hama satya meM hI sthita hote haiN| usake apane zabdoM meM kisI bAta ko socanA eka bAta hai aura usa socI huI bAta meM rahanA dUsarI bAta hai| kirkegArDa isa sambandha meM mRtyu kA udAharaNa dete haiN| unakA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-545 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-77 kahanA hai ki jaba taka hama mRtyu kA viSayagata cintana karate haiM, taba taka usakA hamAre Upara koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'taa| samAcArapatroM meM logoM kI mRtyu ke samAcAra par3hate haiM, logoM ko marate hue dekhate haiM; lekina dUsaroM kI mRtyu hameM adhika nahIM khalatI hai| yadi isI mRtayu ke vicAra se ekadama gambhIra ho jAte haiN| hamAre AcaraNa meM antara A jAtA hai, jIvana meM krAnti ho jAtI haiM isa prakAra, Atmagata-cintana ko naitika-jIvana kA anivArya tatva aura naitika-patha para agrasara hone kA prathama caraNa mAnate haiN| __ jaina-AcAradarzana isa viSaya meM sattAvAda kA sahagAmI haiN| usake anusAra bhI saccI naitikatA kA udbhava AtmAbhimukha hone para hotA hai| jaina-cintana kA spaSTa nirdeza hai ki jitanA AtmamaraNa hai, utanI naitikatA hai aura jitanA pararamaNa hai, utanI anaitikatA hai| pararamaNa, pudgalapariNati yA viSayAbhimukhatA anaitikatA hai aura AtmaramaNa yA sva meM avasthiti naitikatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki AtmA jaba sva-svabhAva meM sthita hotA hai, taba vaha sva-samaya meM (naitika) hotA hai aura jaba 'para' paudgalika-karmapradezoM meM sthita hotA huA parasvabhAvarUpa rAga-dveSa-moha kA pariNamana karatA hai, taba vaha para-samaya (anaitika) hai| isI jaina-dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karate hue muni nathamalaz2I likhate haiM ki naitikatA jaba mujhase bhinna vastu hai, to vaha mujhase parokSa hogI aura parokSa ke prati merA utanA lagAva nahIM hogA, jitane kI usase apekSA hotI hai| vaha (naitikatA) mujhameM abhinna hokara hI mere sva meM dhula sakatI hai| sAtmya hue binA koI auSadha bhI pariNAmajanaka nahIM hotI, taba naitikatA kI pariNati kaise hogI? naitikatA upadezya nahIM hai, vaha svayaMprasUta hai| sva-parokSatA kA nAma hI ana-AdhyAtmikatA hai| isakI paridhi meM vyakti pUrNa naitika nahIM bana pAtA, isIlie mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jo AtmaramaNa hai, vaha ahiMsA hai, jitanA bAhya-ramaNa hai, vaha hiMsA hai| isI satya kI ina zabdoM meM punarAvRtti kI jA sakatI hai ki jitanI Atma-pratyakSatA hai, vaha naitikatA hai aura jitanI Atma-parokSatA hai, vaha anaitikatA hai| jaina-darzana kA samyakadRSTitva sattAvAdI-darzana ke Atmagata-cintana, AtmAbhimukhatA, Atma-avasthiti kA hI paryAyavAcI hai| jisa prakAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-546 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -78 sattAvAdI- darzana meM Atmagata-cintana se naitika-jIvana kA dvAra udghATita hotA hai, usI prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyakadRSTi kI upalabdhi se hI naitika-jIvana kA pravezadvAra khulatA hai| AtmAbhimukha honA hI samyakdarzana kI upalabdhi kA sahI svarUpa hai| donoM meM vAstavika samAnatA hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki dharma aura adharma kA AdhAra AtmA kI apanI pariNati hI hai, dUsaroM kI prasannatA yA nArAjagI nahIM AtmAbhimukhatA ke lie kirkegArDa ke samAna jaina AcAryoM ne bhI svayaM kI mRtyu ke vicAra kA udAharaNa diyA hai| jaina AcArya bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki svayaM kI mRtyu kA vicAra samagra jIvana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana lA detA hai| duHkhamayatA kA bodha kirkegArDa ke anusAra jaba hama apanI dRSTi antarmukhI karate haiM aura apanI Antarika-sattA kA vicAra karate haiM, to eka ora hamama apanI antaH cetanA ko akSuNNa Ananda, anantaM zakti, zAzvata jIvana aura pUrNatA kI sajIva kalpanA se abhibhUta pAte haiM; to dUsarI ora hameM apane vartamAna jIvana kI kSudratA duHkhamayatA aura apUrNatA kA bodha hotA hai| isI antarvirodha meM viSAda yA vedanA kA janma hotA hai| yahI viSAda yA duHkhabodha sattAvAdI-darzana meM naitika pragati kA prathama caraNa hai| __ jaina-Acaradarzana meM bhI vartamAna jIvana kI duHkhamayatA evaM kSudratA kA bodha AdhyAtmika-pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina-darzana meM pratipAdita anuprekSAoM meM anityabhAvanA, azaraNabhAvanA aura azucibhAvanA ke pratyaya isI viSAda kI tIvratama anubhUti para bala dete haiN| bauddha-darzana meM bhI isI duHkhabodha ke pratyaya ko prathama Aryasatya mAnA gayA hai| gItA ke AcAradarzana bhI sattAvAda ke sAtha isa viSaya meM bhI ekamata haiM ki vartamAna apUrNatA evaM nazvaratA se pratyupanna viSAda yA duHkha kI tIvratama anubhUti hI naitika-sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai| yaha vaha pyAsa yA abhIpsA hai, jo manuSya ko satya yA paramAtmA ke nikaTa le jAtI hai| tIvratama pyAsa se pAnI kI khoja prArambha hotI hai, duHkha kI vedanA meM hI zAzvata Ananda kI khoja kA prayatna prArambha hotA hai| zAzvata Ananda padArthoM ke bhoga meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-547 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-79 nahIM hai| kirkegArDa ke anusAra yadi viSAda yA duHkhAnubhUti kSaNika hai, to vyakti bAhya-saMsAra meM sApekSa vastugata sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurAga lene lagatA hai, lekina bAhya sAMsArikasukha aura Antarika ananta Ananda-donoM ko eka sAtha prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha apanI prasiddha pustaka " " meM kahatA hai ki yA to hama sAMsArika-sukhoM ke bhoga meM anurakta raheM aura Atmagata nirapekSa Ananda ko prApta na kareM, sAMsArika vastugata sApekSa-sukhoM ko chor3akara parama Ananda kI upalabdhi karane hetu jaise-jaise vyakti ko bhogamaya jIvana kI apUrNatA ora hInatA kA bodha hone lagatA hai, vaise-vaise vaha antarmukhI hotA jAtA hai aura nirapekSa Ananda-sat aura zubha ke prati usakI abhiruci bar3hatI jAtI hai| isa prakAra, sattAvAda ke anusAra jIvana kA sAra bAhya vastugata sukha nahIM, varan zAzvata, ananta, pUrNa aura nirapekSa Atmika-Ananda hai| . . jaina-AcAradarzana bhI sattAvAda ke samAna jIvana kA paramasAdhya vastugata nazvara sukhoM ko nahIM, varan zAzvata Atmika-Ananda ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI bhautika sukhoM ko kSaNika aura duHkhaparNa mAnakara unake parityAga kA hI nirdeza diyA hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-darzana ora kirkegArDa-donoM hI yaha mAnate haiM ki bhautika-jIvana evaM zarIra kI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai| kirkegArDa ke anusAra manuSya ko kama se kama Izvara kA sAnnidhya aura Ananda prApta karane ke lie to zarIra ko svastha rakhanA par3egA aura isalie thor3A-bahuta Izvara ko bhUlakara bhI zarIra kA rakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| yadyapi zarIra-rakSA evaM bhautika-jIvana ke jIne meM kucha samaya ke lie paramAtmA ke sAnnidhya se dUra ho jAte haiM, lekina ye vaMcita kSaNa vyakti meM tIvra AtmaglAni paidA karate haiM aura vyakti punaH usa avasthA meM lauTa jAnA cAhatA hai| jaina-AcAradarzana ke guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM isI tathya ko atyanta sUkSmatA se samajhAyA yA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki saccA sAdhaka (apramatta muni) sadaiva hI AtmaramaNa meM lIna rahatA hai, lekina vaha bhI daihika-kriyAoM ke nimitta usa AtmaramaNa ke apramattasaMyata-guNasthAna se nIce

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-548 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -80 pramattasaMyama-guNasthAna meM utara jAtA hai aura daihika-kriyAoM se nivRtta ho punaH sAdhanA kI agrima bhUmikA para prasthita ho jAtA hai| mArksavAda aura jaina AcAradarzana yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vartamAna meM sAmyavAdI darzana nIti kI mUlyavattA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, kintu isa sambandha meM mArksa ke anuyAyI lenina kA vaktavya draSTavya hai| ve kahate haiM ki 'prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki hamArA apanA kAI nItizAstra nahIM hai; bahudhA madhyavittIya varga kahatA hai ki hama saba prakAra ke nItizAstra kA khaNDana karate haiM, (kintu) unakA yaha tarIkA vicArakoM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, zramikoM aura kRSakoM kI A~kha meM dhUla jhoMkanA hai| hama unakA khaNDana karate haiM, jo IzvarIya-AdezoM se nItizAstra ko AvirbhUta karate haiN| hama kahate haiM ki yaha dhokhAdhar3I hai aura zramikoM aura kRSakoM ke mastiSkoM ko pU~jIpatiyoM ora bhUpatiyoM ke svArtha ke lie sandeha meM DAlanA hai| hama kahate haiM ki hamArA nItizAstra sarvahArA varga ke vargasaMgharSa ke hitoM ke adhIna hai; jo zoSaka samAja ko naSTa kare, jo zramikoM ko saMgaThita kare aura sAmyavAdI samAja kI sthApanA kare, vahI nIti hai (zeSa saba anIti hai)| isa prakAra, sAmyavAdI darzana naitika mUlyoM kA mUlyAntaraNa to karatA hai, kintu svayaM nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha nahIM karatA; vaha usa nIti kA samarthaka hai, jo anyAya evaM zoSaNa kI virodhI hai aura sAmAjika-samatA kI saMsthApaka hai, jo pIr3ita aura zoSita ko apanA adhikAra dilAtI hai aura sAmAjika nyAya kI sthApanA karatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki mArksa bhautikavAdI hai, kintu vaha bhautikavAdI-darzana, jo sAmAjika evaM sAhacarya ke mUlyoM kA samarthaka hai, nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadi hama manuSya ko eka vivekavAn sAmAjika-prANI mAnate haiM, to hameM naitika mUlyoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogaa| vastutaH, nIti kA artha hai kinhIM vivekapUrNa sAdhyoM kI prApti ke lie vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM AcAra aura vyavahAra ke kinhIM aise AdarzoM evaM maryAdAoM kI svIkRti, jinake abhAva meM mAnava kI mAnavatA aura mAnavIya samAja kA astitva hI khatare meM hogaa| yadi nIti kI mUlyavattA kA niSedha koI dRSTi kara sakatI hai, to vaha mAtra pAzavika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-549 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-81 bhogavAdI-dRSTi hai; yaha dRSTi manuSya ko eka pazu se adhika nahIM mAnatI hai| yaha satya hai ki yadi manuSya mAtra pazu hai, to nIti kA koI artha nahIM hai, kintu kyA Aja manuSya kA avamUlyana pazu ke stara para kiyA jA sakatA hai? kyA manuSya nirA pazu hai? yadi manuSya nirA pazu hotA, to nizcaya hI usake lie nIti kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, kintu Aja kA manuSya pazu nahIM hai| usakI sAmAjikatA usake svabhAva se nissRta hai, ataH usake lie nIti kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai| mArksavAda aura jaina-darzana sAmAjika nyAya aura samatA para bala dete haiM, phira bhI donoM meM kucha AdhArabhUta bhinnatAe~ haiM, jina para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AdhAroM meM antara- mArksa naitikatA kI vyAkhyA dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke AdhAra para karate haiM, ataH unake naitika-Adarza ke nirdhAraNa meM AdhyAtmikatA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| mArksavAda kA AdhAra bhautika hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM naitikatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmikatA hai| naitikatA ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra isalie Avazyaka hai ki usake abhAva meM naitikatA ke lie koI Antarika AdhAra nahIM mila pAtA hai| saMkoca, bhaya, lajjA aura kAnUna-ye saba anaitikatA ke pratiSedha haiM, lekina ye bAhya haiN| usakA vAstavika pratiSedha kevala adhyAtma hI ho sakatA hai| adhyAtma saba pratiSedhoM kA pratiSedha hai, vaha naitika-jIvana kA sarvocca praharI hai| AdhyAtmikatA hI eka aisA AdhAra hai, jisameM naitikatA bAhara se thopI nahIM jAtI, apitu andara se vikasita hotI hai| bhautikavAdaM meM svArtha ke nivAraNa kA koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM hai| AdhyAtmikatA hI eka aisA AdhAra hai, jo vyakti ko svArtha se pUrNatayA Upara uThA sakatA hai| jahA~ vyakti ko bhautika spardhAoM meM se gujarane kI chUTa hai aura bhautika vikAsa hI parama lakSya hai, vahA~ vyakti apane vyaktitva ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sktaa| jaba taka vyakti apane ko samAja meM vilIna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha svArtha se Upara bhI nahIM uTha sakatA, ataH naitika-jIvana ke lie AdhyAtmika AdhAra apekSita haiN| __ Arthika evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNa meM antara- mArksavAdI naitika-darzana ke anusAra Arthika kriyAe~ hI samagra mAnavIya-cintana aura pragati kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-550 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -82 kendra haiN| dharma, darzana, kalA evaM sAmAjika-saMsthAe~, sabhI vikAsamAn Arthika-prakriyA para Azrita haiM aura isI vikAsamAna Arthika-prakriyA meM hI naitika-pratyayoM kI sArthakatA nihita hai| isa prakAra, sAmyavAdI-dRSTikoNa arthapradhAna hai, lekina isake viparIta, jaina-darzana ke anusAra naitika-pragati kA kendra AtmA hai| mArksavAda apane naitika-darzana meM adhyAtma evaM dharma ko . isalie koI sthAna nahIM denA cAhatA ki adhyAtma tathA dharma kI oTa meM burAIyA~ panapatI haiM, lekina yadi dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika-jIvana burAiyoM ke panapane kI sambhAvanA ke kAraNa tyAjya hai, to phira Arthika-jIvana meM bhI to burAIyA~ panapatI haiM, use kyoM nahIM chor3A jAtA? mArksavAdI-darzana jisa bhaya se dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika-jIvana kA parityAga karatA hai, jaina-darzana usI bhaya se arthapradhAna-jIvana ko heya mAnatA hai| vAstavika dRSTi yaha honI cAhie ki jina kAraNoM se burAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA sAmyavAda yA mArksavAda kA dhyeya hai, usI prakAra hI jaina-darzana dharma evaM adhyAtma ke kSetra kI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa karatA hai| donoM hI burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie prayatnazIla haiM, parantuM donoM ke dRSTikoNa bhinna haiN| phira bhI, jaina-darzana Arthika kSetra meM utpanna burAiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ko apanI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM krtaa| vaha Arthika kSetra kI burAiyoM kA mUla kAraNa vyakti ke AdhyAtmika-patana meM hI dekhatA hai aura usake nirAkaraNa kA prayatna karatA hai| vastutaH, sAmAjika-viSamatA kA mUla Arthika-jIvana meM nahIM, varan AdhyAtmika-jIvana meM hI hai| yadi Arthika-vikAsa hI sAmAjika- vyavasthA ke parivartana kA AdhAra hai, to Aja ke sampanna rASTra arthalolupatA se mukta kyoM nahIM haiM? Aja ke sampanna vyakti evaM rASTra utane hI arthalolupa haiM, jitane Adima yuga ke kabIle the| ataH sAmAjika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa arthapradhAna-dRSTi meM nahIM, varan hamArI AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika jIvana-dRSTi meM hI sambhava hai| bhogamaya evaM tyAgamaya jIvanadRSTi meM antara- mArksavAdI naitika-darzana aura jaina-AcAradarzana meM eka maulika antara yaha hai ki jahA~ jaina-darzana saMyama para jora detA hai, vahA~ sAmyavAda meM saMyama yA vAsanAoM ke niyantraNa kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| bhogamaya-dRSTi meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-551 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -83 sAmyavAdI-dRSTikoNa aura pUMjIvAdI-dRSTikoNa samAna haiN| donoM hI uddAma vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM avirAma gati se lage hue haiN| donoM hI jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM aura lAlasAoM meM antara spaSTa nahIM kara pA rahe haiM, lekina vilAsitA kI dRSTi seAja taka koI bhI vyakti evaM samAja apane ko zoSaNa, utpIr3ana aura krUratA se nahIM bacA sakA hai| Aja kI kaThinAI sambhavataH yaha hai ki hama jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM evaM vilAsitA meM antara nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| sAtyavAdI athavA bhautikavAdI-dRSTi meM jIvana kI AvazyakatA kI paribhASA yaha hai ki AvazyakatA samAja ke dvArA anumodita honI caahie| samAja ko samAnatA ke stara para vilAsI banane kA maukA mile, to mArksavAdI evaM bhautikavAdI-vicAraka use ThukarAne ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| isake viparIta, jaina-darzana kI dRSTi meM AvazyakatA kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki jo jIvana ko banAe rakhe aura vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko kuNThita na kre| jaina-darzana na kevala AvazyakatA ke parisImana para jora detA hai, varan vaha yaha bhI kahatA hai ki hameM jIvana kI anivAryatAoM tathA tRSNA (lAlasA) ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnanA caahie| vastutaH, sAmAjika-viSamatA kA nirAkaraNa vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke prayatnoM se nahIM, apitu vAsanAoM ke saMyama se hI sambhava hai; kyoMki tRSNA kI pUrti kabhI bhI sambhava na / sAmAjika-samatva kA vikAsa saMyama se hI ho sakatA hai| ina bhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI donoM meM bahuta-kucha samAnatAe~ haiN| mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA meM AsthA- jaina-darzana aura sAmyavAda-donoM hI mAnava-mAtra kI samAnatA meM niSThA rakhate haiN| donoM hI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka manuSya ko jIne kA samAna adhikAra hai| apanI sukha-suvidhAoM ke lie dUsare kA zoSaNa anaitika hai| - saMgraha kI pravRtti kA virodha- sAmyavAda aura jainadarzana-donoM hI . saMgraha kI vRtti ko anucita mAnate haiN| donoM ke anusAra saMgraha evaM vaiyaktika-parigraha sAmAjika-jIvana ke abhizApa haiN| jaina-darzana kA parigrahaparimANavrata ahiMsaka-sAmyavAda kI sthApanA kA prathama sopAna hai| jaina-darzana na kevala parigraha kI maryAdA para jora detA hai, balki yaha bhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-552 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-84 kahatA hai ki sAmAjika-jIvana meM samAna vitaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| buddha aura mahAvIra ke dvArA apane bhikSusaMgha meM pratipAdita yaha niyama ki 'upalabdhiyoM kA saMvibhAga karake bhoga karanA cAhie', samavitaraNa ke siddhAnta kA prayoga hI thaa| isa prakAra, vaiyaktika-parigraha kI maryAdA aura samavitaraNa, sAmyavAda aura jaina-darzana donoM ko svIkRta hai| ... samatva kA saMsthApana- jaina-AcAradarzana aura sAmyavAdI cintanadonoM samatva kI saMsthApanA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| yadyapi sAmyavAda Arthika-samAnatA ko hI mahatvapUrNa maantaahai| usake lie samAnatA kA artha hai- zoSaNarahita smaaj-vyvsthaa| jaina-darzana mAnasika-samatva kI sthApanA para bala detA hai| 'sAmya' donoM ko abhipreta hai, phira bhI sAmyavAda meM sAmya kA artha bhautika yA Arthika-sAmya hai, jabaki jaina-darzana meM sAmya kA artha caittasika-sAmya hai| jaina-darzana meM sAmya ke saMsthApanakA sUtra pratyeka vyakti kI manobhUmi se prArambha hokara sAmAjika jIvana meM abhivyakta hotA hai| sAmyavAda meM samatva kA saMsthApana sAmUhika prayatna se hotA hai, vaha sAmAjika-sAdhanA hai| samatva naitikatA kA pramApaka- sAmyavAda meM ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM, jo Arthika kSetra meM samatva kI sthApanA karate haiM, jo sAmAjika evaM Arthika samAnatA ko banAe rakhate haiM tathA jo zoSaNa ko samApta karate haiN| jaina-darzana meM bhI ve karma naitika mAne jAte haiM, jo samatva ko naitikatA kA pramApaka mAnate haiM, yadyapi donoM kA sAmya kA artha thor3A bhinna hai| sAmyavAda kA paramazubha zoSaNarahita vargavihIna sAmyavAdI-samAja kI racanA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana kA paramazubha samabhAva yA vItarAgadazA kI prApti hai| phira bhI, donoM ke lie samatva, samAnatA yA samAtA ke pratyaya samAna rUpa se naitikatA ke pramApaka haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana aura sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA kucha arthoM meM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha kI bhikSusaMgha-vyavasthA sAmyamUlaka samAja-vyavasthA kA hI eka rUpa.thI, jisameM yogyatA ke anurUpa kArya yA sAdhanA ora AvazyakatA ke anurUpa upalabdhi kA siddhAnta bhI kisI rUpa meM svIkRta thaa| phira bhI bAhya-rUpa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-553 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-85 meM donoM meM jisa samAnatA para bala diyA gayA hai, usake AdhAra bhinna-bhinna haiN| sAmyavAda pramukha rUpa se bhautika evaM sAmAjika-dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai, jabaki jaina-darzana AdhyAtmika ora vyaktivAdI-dRSTikoNa para jora detA hai| jaina-darzana kA pramukha pratyaya 'sAmyavAda' nahIM, varan sAmyayoga haiN| . DablyU.ema. arabana kA AdhyAtmika-mUlyavAda aura jaina-darzana arabana ke anusAra mUlyAMkana eka nirNayAtmaka-prakriyA hai, jisameM sata ke prati prAthamika vizvAsoM ke jJAna kA tattva bhI hotA hai| isake sAtha hI usameM bhAvAtmaka tathA saMkalpAtmaka-anukriyA bhI hai| mUlyAMkana saMkalpAtmaka-prakriyA kA bhAvapakSa hai| arabana mUlyAMkana kI prakriyA meM jJAnapakSa ke sAtha-sAtha bhAvanA evaM saMkalpa kI upasthiti bhI Avazyaka mAnate haiN| mUlyAMkana meM nirantaratA kA tattva unakI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra hai| jitanI adhika nirantaratA hogI, utanA hI adhika vaha prAmANika hogaa| mUlyAMkana aura mUlya meM antara spaSTa karate hue arabana kahate haiM ki mUlyAMkana mUlya ko nirdhArita nahIM karatA, varan mUlya hI apanI pUrvavartI vastuniSThatA ke dvArA mUlyAMkana ko nirdhArita karate haiN| ___ arabana ke anusAra mUlya na koI guNa hai, na vastu yA sambandha / vastutaH, mUlya aparibhASya hai, tathApi usakI prakRti ko usake sattA se sambandha ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sattA aura asattA ke madhya sthita hai| arabana minAMga ke samAna use vastuniSTha kahatA hai| usakA artha 'honA cAhie' meM hai| mUlya sadaiva astitva kA dAvA karate haiM, lekina unakA sat honA isI para nirbhara hai ki sata ko hI mUlya ke usa rUpa meM vivecita kiyA jAe, jisameM sattA aura astitva bhI hoN| -- mUlya kI vastuniSThatA ke do AdhAra haiM- prathama yaha ki pratyeka vastuviSaya mUlya kI vidhA meM AtA hai aura dUsare, pratyeka mUlya ucca aura nimna ke krama se sthita hai| arabana ke anusAra mUlyoM kI anubhUti unakI kisI krama meM anubhUti hai, yaha binA mUlyoM meM pUrvAparatA mAne, kevala - manovaijJAnika avasthA para nirbhara nahIM ho sktii| ... naitika mUlya- mUlya kI sAmAnya carcA ke bAda arabana naitika-mUlya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-554 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-86 para Ate haiN| arabana ke anusAra naitika-dRSTi se mUlyavAn hone kA artha hai- manuSya ke lie mUlyavAn honA / naitika-zubhatva mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta para nirbhara hai| mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta ko kucha logoM ne AkArita-niyamoM kI avasthA ke rUpa meM aura kucha logoM ne sukha kI gaNanA ke rUpa meM dekhA thA, lekina arabana ke anusAra mAnavIya mUlyAMkana ke siddhAnta kA tIsarA ekamAtra sambhAvita vikalpa hai- 'AtmasAkSAtkAra / AtmasAkSAtkAra ke siddhAnta ke samarthana meM arabana arastU kI taraha kI tarka prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki vastuoM kA zubhatva unakI kAryakuzalatA meM hai, aMgoM kA zubhatva jIvana meM unake yogadAna meM hai aura jIvana kA zubhatva AtmapUrNatA meM hai| manuSya eka cetana 'Atma' hai aura yadi yaha satya hai, to phira mAnava kA vAstavika zubha usakI AtmaparipUrNatA meM hI nihita hai| arabana kI yaha dRSTi jaina-paramparA ke ati nikaTa hai, jo yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki AtmapUrNatA hI naitika-jIvana kA lakSya hai| ___ arabana ke anusAra 'Atma sAmAjika-jIvana se alaga koI vyakti nahIM hai, varan vaha to sAmAjika-maryAdAoM meM ba~dhA huA hai aura samAja ko apane mUlyAMkana se aura apane ko sAmAjika-mUlyAMkana se prabhAvita pAtA hai| isa sambandha meM jaina- dRSTikoNa thor3A bhinna hai, kyoMki jaina-paramparA vyaktivAda ke adhika nikaTa hai| arabana ke anusAra svahita aura parahita kI samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna na to pariSkArita svahitavAda meM hai aura na bauddhika-parahitavAda meM hai, varana sAmAnya zubha kI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM svahita aura parahita se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina-paramparA meM bhI ThIka isI rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hai| jaina-paramparA bhI svahita aura lokahita kI sImAoM se Upara uTha jAnA hI naitika-jIvana kA lakSya mAnatI hai| arabana isa samasyA kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta karate haiM ki mUlyAMkana karane vAlI mAnavIya-cetanA ke dvarA yaha kaise jAnA jAe ki kauna-se mUlya ucca koTi ke haiM aura kauna se mUlya nimna koTi ke? arabana isake tIna siddhAnta batAte haiM pahalA siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhyAtmaka yA Antarika-mUlya sAdhanAtmaka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-555 - jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-87 yA bAhya mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki asthAyI mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyImUlya ucca haiM aura tIsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki utpAdaka-mUlya anutpAdaka-mUlyoM kI apekSA ucca haiN| ___arabana inheM vyAvahArika-viveka ke siddhAnta yA mUlya ke niyama kahate haiN| ye hameM batAte haiM ki AMgika-mUlyoM, jinameM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka mUlya samAhita haiM, kI apekSA sAmAjika-mUlya, jisameM sAhacarya aura cAritra ke mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| usI prakAra, sAmAjika-mUlyoM kI apekSA AyAtmika-mUlya, jinameM bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka aura dhArmika-mUlya bhI samAhita haiM, ucca prakAra ke haiN| arabana kI dRSTi meM mUlyoM kI isI krama avasthA ke AdhAra para AtmasAkSAtkAra ke stara haiN| AtmasAkSAtkAra ke lie prasthita AtmA kI pUrNatA usa stara para hai, jise mUlyAMkana karane vAlI cetanA sarvocca mUlya samajhatI hai aura sarvocca mUlya vaha hai, jo anubhUti kI pUrNatA meM tathA jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana meM sabase adhika yogadAna karatA hai| jaina-dRSTi meM ise hama vItarAgatA aura sarvajJatA kI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| - eka anya AdhyAtmika mUlyavAdI-vicAraka DablyU.Ara. sArlI jaina-paramparA ke nikaTa Akara yaha kahate haiM ki naitika-pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane meM hai, kintu jaina-paramparA isase bhI Age bar3hakara yaha kahatI hai ki naitika-pUrNatA paramAtmA banane meM hI hai| AtmA se paramAtmA, jIva se jina, sAdhaka se siddha, apUrNa se pUrNa kI upalabdhi meM hI naitika-jIvana kI sArthakatA hai| __ arabana kI mUlyoM kI krama-vyavasthA bhI jaina-paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ke nikaTa hI hai| jaina evaM anya bhAratIya-darzanoM meM bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa-puruSArthoM meM yahI krama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arabana ke Arthika-mUlya arthapuruSArtha ke, zArIrika evaM manoraMjanAtmaka-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke, sAhacaryAtmaka aura cAritrika-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha ke tathA saundaryAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka aura dhArmika-mUlya mokSapuruSArtha ke tulya haiN| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM jIvana ke cAra mUlya jisa prakAra pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM mUlyavAda kA siddhAnta lokamAnya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-556 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-88 hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya naitika-cintana meM puruSArtha kA siddhAnta, jo ki jIvana-mUlyoM kA hI siddhAnta hai, paryApta lokapriya rahA hai| bhAratIya-vicArakoM ne jIvana ke cAra puruSArtha yA mUlya mAne haiM___ 1. artha (Arthika-mUlya)-jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai; ataH daihika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane vAle ina sAdhanoM ko upalabdha karanA hI arthapuruSArtha hai| 2. kAma (manodaihika-mUlya)- jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti. ke sAdhana juTAnA arthapuruSArtha aura una sAdhanoM kA upayoga karanA kAma-puruSArtha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vividha indriyoM ke viSayoM kA bhoga kAmapuruSArtha hai| 3. dharma (naitika-mUlya)- jina niyamoM ke dvArA sAmAjika-jIvana yA lokavyavahAra sucAru rUpa se cale, sva-para kalyANa ho aura jo vyakti ko AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI dizA meM le jAe, vaha dharmapuruSArtha hai| ___4. mokSa (AdhyAtmika-mUlya)- AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa mokSa hai| 1. jaina-dRSTi meM puruSArthacatuSTaya sAmAnyatayA, yaha samajhA jAtA hai nivRttipradhAna jaina-darzana meM mokSa hI ekamAtra puruSArtha hai| dharma-puruSArtha kI svIkRti usake mokSAnukUla hone meM hI hai| artha aura kAma-ina do puruSArthoM kA usameM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jainavicArakoM ke anusAra artha anartha kA mUla hai, sabhI kAma duHkha utpanna karane vAle haiM, lekina yaha vicAra ekAMgI hI mAnA jaaegaa| koI bhI jinavacana ekAnta yA nirapekSa nahIM hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne sadaiva hI yaha mAnA hai ki vyakti ko svapuruSArtha se upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA adhikAra hai| dUsaroM ke dvArA upArjita sampatti ke bhoga karane kA use koI adhikAra nhiiN| gautamakulaka meM kahA gayA hai ki pitA ke dvArA upArjita lakSmI nizcaya hI putra ke lie bahana hotI hai aura dUsaroM kI lakSmI parastrI ke samAna hotI hai, donoM kA hI bhoga varjita hai, ataH svayaM apane puruSArtha se dhana kA upArjana karake hI usakA bhoga karanA nyAyasaMgata hai| jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna varNa ke logoM ko kina-kina sAdhanoM se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, isakA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ko mukha (vidyA) se,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-557 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-89 kSatriyoM ko asi (rakSaNa) se, vaNikoM ko vANijya se aura karmazIla vyaktiyoM ko zilpAdi karma se dhanArjana karanA cAhie, kyoMki inhIM kI sAdhanA meM unakI lakSmI kA nivAsa hai| yadyapi yaha sahI hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM jo artha aura kAma bAdhaka haiM, ve jainadRSTi ke anusAra anAcaraNIya evaM heya haiM, lekina jaina-darzana yaha kabhI nahIM kahatA ki artha ora kAma puruSArtha ekAnta rUpa se heya haiN| yadi ve ekAMta rUpa se heya hote, to AditIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva striyoM kI 64 aura puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM kA upadeza kyoM dete / ye kalAe~ puruSArtha se sambandhita haiN| nyAyapUrvaka upArjita artha aura vaivAhika maryAdAnukUla kAma kA jaina-vicAraNA 'meM samucita sthAna hai| jaina vicArakoM ne jisake tyAga para bala diyA hai, vaha indriya-viSayoM kA bhoga nahIM, bhogoM ke prati Asakti, yA rAga-dveSa kI vRtti hai| jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra karma-vipAka se upalabdha bhogoM se bacA nahIM jA sktaa| indriyoM ke sammukha unake viSaya upasthita hone para unake AsvAda se bhI bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, jo sambhava hai, vaha yaha ki unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti na rakhI jaae| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka-pakSa ko dharmonmukhI banAne tathA unake pArasparika-virodha ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unake anusAra, mokSAbhimukha paraspara avirodha meM rahe hue sabhI puruSArtha AcaraNIya haiN| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha-upAsaka dharmapuruSArtha, arthapuruSArtha aura kAmapuruSArtha kA isa prakAra AcaraNa kare ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| ___ AcArya bhadra (2rI zatAbdI) ne bhI hemacandra ke pUrva hI isa bAta kI udghoSaNA kara dI thI ki jaina-paramparA meM to puruSArtha-catuSTaya avirodha-bhAva se rahate haiN| AcArya bar3e hI spaSTa evaM mArmika-zabdoM meM likhate haiM ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko bhale hI anya koI vicAraka paraspara virodhI mAnate hoM, kintu jinavANI ke anusAra to ve kuzala anuSThAna meM avatarita hone ke kAraNa paraspara asapatna (avirodhI) haiN| apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke yogya vihita anuSThAnarUpa dharma, svacchAzaya prayukta artha aura vinambhyukta arthAt maryAdAnukUla vaivAhika-niyantraNa se svIkRta kAma, jinavANI ke anusAra

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jainadharma evaM darzana-558 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-90 paraspara avirodhI haiN| ye puruSArtha paspara avirodhI tabhI hote haiM, jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hote haiN| aura jaba ve mokSAbhimukha hokara paraspara avirodha kI sthiti meM hoM, asapatna hoM, to ve samyak hote haiM, isalie AcaraNIya hote haiM, kintu jaba mokSa-mArga se vimukha hokara puruSArtha-catuSTaya paraspara virodha meM hote haiM, taba ve asamyak yA anucita evaM anAcaraNIya hote haiN| . 2. bauddha-darzana meM puruSArthacatuSTaya / bhagavAn buddha yadyapi nivRttimArgI zramaNa-paramparA ke anugAmI. haiM, tathApi unake vicAroM meM artha evaM kAma-purUSArtha ke sambandha meM bhI dizAbodha upalabdha hai| dIghanikAya meM artha kI upalabdhi ke lie zrama karate rahane kA sandeza upalabdha hotA hai| buddha kahate haiM, Aja bahuta sardI hai, Aja bahuta garmI hai, aba to sandhyA (dera) ho gaI, isa prakAra zrama se dUra bhAgatA huA manuSya dhanahIna ho jAtA hai, kintu jo sardI-garmI Adi ko sahakara kaThora parizrama karatA hai, vaha kabhI sukha se vaMcita nahIM hotaa| jaise prayatnavAn rahane se madhumakkhI kA chattA bar3hatA hai, cIMTI kA vAlmIka bar3hatA hai, vaise hI prayatnazIla manuSya kA aizvarya bar3hatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, prApta sampadA kA upayoga kisa prakAra ho, isa sambandha meM bhI buddha kA nirdeza hai ki sadgRhastha prApta dhana ke eka bhAga kA upabhoga kare, do bhAgoM ko vyApAra Adi kAryakSetra meM lagAe aura cauthe bhAga ko ApattikAla meM kAma Ane ke lie surakSita rakha chodd'e| Aja ke pragatizIla arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, varan eka sAmAjika-arthazAstrI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| ve isa bAre meM bhI pUrNa satarka haiM ki yadi samAja meM dhana kA samucita vitaraNa nahIM hogA, to arAjakatA aura asurakSA utpanna hogii| ve kahate haiM, nidha nioM ko dhana nahIM die jAne se daridratA bahuta bar3ha gaI aura daridratA ke bahuta bar3ha jAne se corI bahuta bar3ha gii| corI ke bahuta bar3hane kA artha dhana kI asurakSA hai| isake pIche buddha kA nirdeza yahI hai ki samAja meM dhana kA samavitaraNa honA cAhie, tAki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhAva se pIr3ita na ho| buddha kI dRSTi meM artha ko kabhI bhI dharma se vimukha nahIM honA cAhie, ve dharmayukta vyavasAya meM niyojita hone kA hI nirdeza dete haiN| jo jIvana meM dhana kA dAna evaM bhoga rUpa meM samucita upayoga nahIM karatA, usakA dhana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-559 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-91 nirarthaka hai, kyoMki marane vAle ke pIche usakA dhana Adi nahIM jAtA hai aura na dhana se jarAmaraNa se hI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai| kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArga kA pratipAdana karatA hai| udAna meM buddha kahate haiM, 'brahmacarya yukta jIvana ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai, yaha eka anta hai| kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM, yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, mithyAdhAraNA bar3hatI hai, vyakti mArga se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM buddha kA dRSTikoNa yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jo kAma dharma-aviruddha hai, jisase AdhyAtmika-pragati yA citta kI vikalatA samApta hai; vaha kAma. AcaraNIya hai| isake viparIta, dharmaviruddha mAnasika-azAntikAraka kAma yA viSayabhoga anAcaraNIya hai| buddhi kI dRSTi meM bhI jaina-vicAra ke samAna dharmapuruSArtha nirvANa yA mokSapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hai| majjhimanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM, "bhikSuoM! maiMne ber3e kI bhA~ti pAra jAne ke lie (nirvANalAbha ke lie) tumheM dharma kA upadeza diyA hai, pakar3a rakhane ke lie nahIM," arthAt nirvANa kI dizA meM le jAne vAlA dharma hI AcaraNIya hai| buddha kI dRSTi meM jo dharma nirvANa kI dizA meM nahIM le jAtA, jisase nirvANalAbha meM bAdhA AtI ho, vaha tyAga dene yogya hai| itanA hI nahIM, buddha dharma ko eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura sAdhya kI upalabdhi ke lie use bhI chor3a dene kA sandeza dete haiN| unakI dRSTi meM paramamUlya to nirvANa hI hai| 3. gItA meM puruSArthacatuSTaya ___puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa jaina-paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| gItA kI dRSTi meM bhI mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| vahI parama mUlya hai| dharma, artha aura kAma-puruSArtha sambandhI vRtti ko gItAkAra ne rAjasI kahA hai, lekina yaha mAnanA bhI bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki gItA meM ina puruSArthoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gItAkAra jaba kAma kI nindA karatA hai| dharma ko chor3ane kI bAta karatA hai, to mokSapuruSArtha yA paramAtmA kI prApti kI apekSA se hii| mokSa hI paramasAdhya hai, dharma, artha aura kAma kA mokSa ke nimitta parityAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI yadi dharma,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-560 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-92 artha aura kAma mokSa ke avirodhI haiM, to ve grAhya haiN| gItAkAra kI mAnyatA. bhI yahI pratIta hotI hai ki artha aura kAma ko dharmAdhIna honA cAhie aura dharma ko mokSAbhimukha honA caahie| dharmayukta, yajJapUrvaka evaM varNAnusAra kiyA gayA AjIvikopArjana gItA ke anusAra vihita hI hai| yadyapi dhana kI cintA meM DUbe rahane vAle aura dhana kA tathA dhana ke dvArA kie gae dAna-puNyAdi kA abhimAna karane vAle ko gItA meM ajJAnI kahA gayA hai, tathApi isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dhana ko ekamAtra sAdhya nahIM banA lenA cAhie aura na usakA tathA usake dvArA kie gae satkAryoM kA abhimAna hI karanA caahie| isI prakAra, kAmapuruSArtha ke sambandha meM gItA kA dRSTikoNa yahI hai ki use dharma-aviruddha honA caahie| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki prANiyoM meM dharma-aviruddha kAma maiM huuN| sabhI bhogoM se vimukha hone kI apekSA gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM yahI ucita hai ki unameM Asakti kA tyAga kie jaae| vastutaH, yaha dRSTikoNa bhogoM ko mokSa ke avirodha meM rakhane kA prayAsa hai| isI prakAra, gItA jaba yaha kahatI hai ki binA yajJa ke jo bhoga karatA hai, vaha cora hai, to usakA pramukha dRSTikoNa kAmapuruSArtha ko dharmAbhimukha banAne kA hI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI vicAradhArAoM meM cAro puruSArtha svIkRta haiM, yadyapi sabhI ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki artha aura kAma puruSArtha ko dharma se aviruddha honA cAhie aura dharma ko sadaiva hI mokSAbhimukha honA cAhie / vastutaH, yaha dRSTikoNa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura gItA kI paramparAoM kA hai, varan samagra bhAratIya-cintana kI isa sandarbha meM yahI dRSTi hai| manu kahate haiM ki dharma-vihIna artha aura kAma ko chor3a denA caahie| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA hai ki jo artha aura kAma dharma-virodhI hoM, unheM chor3a denA caahie| kauTilya apane arthazAstra meM aura vAtsyAyana apane kAmasUtra meM likhate haiM ki dharma aura artha se avirodha meM rahe hue kAma kA hI sevana karanA caahie| isa prakAra, bhAratIya-cintakoM kA prayAsa yahI rahA ha ki cAroM puruSArthoM ko isa prakAra saMyojita kiyA jAe ki ve paraspara avirodha kI avasthA meM rheN| isa hetu unhoMne unakA pArasparika sambandha nizcita karane

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-561 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-93 kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| kaunasA puruSArtha sarvocca mUlyavAlA hai, isa sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane bhI Ae___ 1. artha hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki dharma ora kAma-donoM artha ke hone para upalabdha hote haiN| dhana ke abhAva meM na to kAma-bhoga hI prApta hote haiM aura dAna-puNyAdi dharma hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM isI dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| 2. kAma hI parama puruSArtha hai, kyoMki viSayoM kI icchA yA kAma ke abhAva meM na to koI dhana prApta karanA cAhatA hai aura na koI dharma karanA cAhatA hai| kAma hI artha aura dharma se zreSTha haiN| jaise dahI kA sAra makkhana hai, vaise hI artha aura dharma kA sAra kAma hai| 3. artha, kAma ora dharma-tInoM hI svatantra puruSArtha haiM, tInoM kA samAna rUpa se sevana karanA caahie| jo eka kA sevana karatA hai, vaha adhama hai, jo do ke sevana. meM nipuNa hai, vaha madhyama hai aura jo ina tInoM meM samAna rUpa se anurakta hai, vahI manuSya uttama hai| 4. dharma hI zreSTha guNa (puruSArtha) hai, artha madhyama hai aura kAma sabakI apekSA nimna hai, kyoMki dharma se hI mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai, dharma para hI loka-vyavasthA AdhArita hai aura dharma meM hI artha samAhita hai| ___5. mokSa hI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa ke upAya ke rUpa meM jJAna ora anAsakti-yahI parama kalyANakAraka hai| cAroM puruSArthoM kI tulanA evaM kramanirdhAraNa ___ puruSArthacatuSTaya ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhinna dRSTikoNa paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM, lekina sApekSika dRSTi se inameM virodha nahIM raha jAtA hai| sAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para artha hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki arthAbhAva meM daihika-mA~goM (kAma) kI pUrti nahIM hotii| dUsarI ora, loka ke arthAbhAva se pIr3ita hone para dharmavyavasthA yA nIti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| kahA bhI gayA hai- bhUkhA kauna-sA pApa nahIM karatA? ___ yadi sAdhaka (vyakti) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to daihika-mUlya (kAma) - hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| manodaihika-mUlyoM (icchA evaM kAma) ke abhAva

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-562 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -94 meM na to nIti-anIti kA prazna khar3A hotA hai aura na Arthika-sAdhanoM kI hI koI aavshyktaa| dUsare, dharmasAdhana aura AdhyAtmika-pragati bhI zarIra se sambandhita haiN| kahA gayA hai- dharmasAdhana ke lie zarIra hI prAthamika hai| daihika-mA~goM kI pUrti ke abhAva meM citta-zAnti bhI kaise hogI aura jisakA citta azAnta hai, vaha kyA AdhyAtmika-vikAsa karegA? . . isa prakAra, jaba hama sAdhanAmArga para sAmAjika-sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM, to dharma hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai| dharma hI sAmAjika-vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| dharma ke abhAva meM sAmAjika-jIvana astavyasta ho jAtA hai aura astavyasta sAmAjika jIvana meM arthotpAdana evaM AdhyAtmikasAdhanA-donoM hI sambhava nahIM hote| bhogoM kI samarasatA samApta ho jAtI hai| ___ sAdhya A Adarza kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para mokSa hI pradhAna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki sAre prayAsa jisake lie haiM, vaha to AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI prApti hI hai| saMkSepa meM, sAdhanAtmaka-dRSTi se Arthika-mUlya (artha), jaivika-dRSTi se manodaihika-mUlya (kAma), sAmAjika-dRSTi se naitika-mUlya (dharma) aura sAdhyAtmaka-dRSTi se AdhyAtmika-mUlya (mokSa) pramukha haiN| . lekina, ye sabhI mUlya yA puruSArtha eka-dUsare se svatantra yA nirapekSa hokara nahIM raha skte| mokSa yA AdhyAtmika-mUlyoM,kI prApti ke lie dharma Avazyaka hai aura dharma-sAdhana ke lie zarIra Avazyaka hai, zarIra ke nirvAha ke lie zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti (kAma) Avazyaka hai aura unakI pUrti ke lie dhana (artha) juTAnA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra, sabhI paraspara sApekSa haiM aura sabhI Avazyaka haiN| jaina-grantha nizIthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAdi mokSa ke sAdhana haiM aura jJAnAdi kA sAdhana deha hai aura deha kA sAdhana AhAra hai| isa prakAra, cAroM puruSArthoM kA mahattva svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai, tathApi sabhI kA mUlya samAna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ke anusAra cAroM puruSArthoM meM eka sAdhya-sAdhana-bhAva hai, jisameM artha mAtra sAdhana hai au mokSa mAtra sAdhya hai| kAma artha kI apekSA se sAdhya aura dharma kI apekSA se sAdhana hai| dharma ko artha aura kAma kA sAdhya aura mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jaba sAdhana hI sAdhya bana jAtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-563 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-95 hai, to vaha dUsare ke virodha meM khar3A ho jAtA hai aura jIvana ke vikAsa ko avaruddha karatA hai| jainAgama-sAhitya meM mammana seTha kI kathA artha ko sAdhya mAna lene kA sabase acchA udAharaNa hai, jisase prakaTa hai ki jaba 'dhana' sAdhya bana jAtA hai, to vaha aihika ora pAralaukika-donoM jIvana meM kaSTa hI lAtA hai| isI Azaya ko sAmane rakhate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'dhana meM pramatta puruSa kA dhana, arthAt usa vyakti kA dhana, jisake lie dhana hI sAdhya hai, na to isa loka meM aura na paraloka meM hI aise AdamI kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| dhana ke asIma moha se mUr3ha banA huA vaha vyakti, dIpaka ke bujha jAne para jaise mArga ko jAnate hue bhI mArga nahIM dekhatA, vaise hI vaha bhI nyAyamArga yA dharmamArga ko jAnate hue bhI use nahIM dekha paataa| jaise eka hI nagara ko jAne vAle bhinna-bhinna mArga paraspara bhinna dizAoM meM sthita hote hue bhI paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jAte, usI prakAra paraspara virodhI puruSArtha mokSAbhimukha hone para asapatna (avirodhI) bana jAte haiN| yahIM unameM eka mUlyAtmaka tAratamya spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM sarvocca sthAna mokSa kA hai, usake bAda dharma kA sthAna hai| dharma ke bAda kAma aura sabase anta meM artha kA sthAna AtA hai, kintu arthapuruSArtha jaba lokopakAra ke lie hotA hai, taba usakA sthAna kAmapuruSArtha se Upara hotA hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka arabana ne mUlya-nirdhAraNa ke tIna niyama prastuta kie haiM- (1) sAdhanAtmaka yA parata:- mUlyoM kI apekSA sAdhyAtmaka yA svataH mUlya uccatara haiM; (2) asthAyI yA alpakAlika-mUlyoM kI apekSA sthAyI evaM dIrghakAlika-mUlya uccatara haiM; (3) asRjaka-mUlyoM kI apekSA sRjaka-mUlya uccatara haiN| * yadi prathama niyama ke AdhAra para vicAra kareM, to dhana, sampatti, zrama Adi Arthika mUlya jaivika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika (kAma aura dharma) mUlyoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanamAtra haiM, ve svataHsAdhya nahIM haiN| bhAratIya-cintana meM dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM- (1) dAna, (2) bhoga aura (3) nAza / vaha dAna ke rUpa meM dharmapuruSArtha kA bhoga ke rUpa meM kAmapuruSArtha kA sAdhana hI siddha hotA hai| kAmapurUSArtha sAmAnya rUpa meM svataHsAdhya pratIta hotA hai, lekina .. vicArapUrvaka dekhane para vaha bhI svataH sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathamataH,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-564 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-96 jaivika-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke rUpa meM jo bhoga kie jAte haiM, ve svayaMsAdhya nahIM, varan jIvana yA zarIra-rakSaNa ke sAdhanamAtra haiN| ina sabakA sAdhya svAsthya evaM jIvana hai| hama jIne ke lie khAte haiM, khAne ke lie jIte haiN| yadi hama kAmapuruSArtha ko kalA, dAmpatya, rati yA sneha ke rUpa meM mAneM, to vaha bhI Ananda kA eka sAdhana hI ThaharatA hai| isa prakAra, kAmapuruSArtha kA bhI svataH mUlya siddha nahIM hotaa| usakA jo bhI sthAna ho sakatA hai, vaha mAtra usake dvArA vyakti ke Ananda meM kI gaI abhivRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai, yadi alpakAlika hI hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne kAmapuruSArtha ko nimna sthAna usakI kSaNikatA ke AdhAra para diyA hai| tIsare, apane phala yA pariNAma ke AdhAra para bhI kAma-puruSArtha nimna sthAna para ThaharatA hai, kyoMki vaha apane pIche duSpUra-tRSNA ko chor3a jAtA hai| use upalabdha hone vAle Ananda kI tulanA khujalI khujAne se kI gaI hai, jisakI phala-niSpatti kSaNika sukha ke bAda tIvra vedanA meM hotI hai| dharmapuruSArtha sAmAjika evaM dhArmika-mUlya ke rUpa meM svataH sAdhya hai, lekina vaha bhI mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, jo sarvocca mUlya hai| isa prakAra, arabana ke uparyukta mUlyanirdhAraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para bhI artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa-puruSArthoM kA yahI krama siddha hotA hai, jo ki jaina aura dUsare bhAratIya-AcAradarzanoM meM svIkRta hai, jisameM artha sabase nimna mUlya hai aura mokSa sarvocca mUlya hai| mokSa sarvocca mUlya kyoM? isa sambandha meM ye tarka die jA sakate haiM__ 1. manovaijJAnika dRSTi se jIvamAtra kI pravRtti duHkha-nivRtti kI ora hotI hai, kyoMki mokSa duHkha kI Atyantika-nivRtti hai; ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| isI prakAra, Ananda kI upalabdhi bhI prANImAtra kA lakSya hai, cUMki mokSa parama Ananda kI avasthA hai, ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| ___ 2. mUlyoM kI vyavasthA meM sAdhya-sAdhaka kI dRSTi se eka krama honA cAhie aura usa krama meM koI sarvocca evaM nirapekSa-mUlya honA caahie| mokSa pUrNa evaM nirapekSa-sthiti hai, ataH vaha sarvocca mUlya haiN| mUlya vaha hai, jo kisI icchA kI pUrti kare, ataH jisake prApta ho jAne para koI icchA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-565 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-97 hI nahIM rahatI hai, vahI parama mUlya hai| mokSa meM koI apUrNa icchA nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha parama mUlya hai| ____3. sabhI sAdhana kisI sAdhya ke lie hote haiM aura sAdhya kI upasthiti apUrNatA kI sUcaka hai| mokSa kI prApti ke pazcAt koI sAdhya nahIM rahatA, isalie vaha parama mUlya hai| yadi hama kisI anya mUlya ko svIkAra kareMge, to vaha sAdhana-mUlya hI hogA aura sAdhana-mUlya ko parama mUlya mAnane para naitikatA meM sarvAlaukikatA evaM vastuniSThatA samApta ho jaaegii| ___4. mokSa akSara evaM amRtapa hai, ataH sthAyI mUlyoM meM vaha sarvocca mUlya hai| 5. mokSa Antarika-prakRti yA svasvabhAva hai| vahI ekamAtra parama mUlya ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM hamArI prakRti ke sabhI pakSa apanI pUrNa abhivyakti evaM pUrNa samanvaya kI avasthA meM hote haiN| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya mUlya-siddhAntoM kI tulanA arabana aura ebareTa ne jIvana ke vibhinna mUlyoM kI uccatA evaM nimnatA kA jo krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, vaha bhI bhAratIya -cintana se kAphI sAmya rakhatA hai| arabana ne mUlyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai mUlya jaivika atijaivika sAmAjika AdhyAtmika / / sAmA Arthika zArIrika manovinoda saMgaThanAtmaka (cAritrika) bauddhika kalAtmaka evaM dhArmika -- arabana ne sabase pahale mUlyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai- (1) jaivika aura (2) ati jaivika / atijaivika-mUlya bhI sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika-aise do prakAra ke haiN| isa prakAra mUlyoM ke tIna varga bana jAte haiM.... 1. jaivika-mUlya- zArIrika, Arthika aura manoraMjana ke mUlya jaivikamUlya haiN| Arthika-mUlya maulika rUpa se sAdhana-mUlya haiM, sAdhya nhiiN| Arthika zubha svataH mUlyavAn nahIM haiM, unakA mUlya kevala zArIrika, .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-566 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-98 sAmAjika aura AdhyAtimka-mUlyoM ko arjita karane ke sAdhana hone meM hai| sampatti svataH vAMchanIya nahIM hai, balki anya zubhoM ko arjita karane ke sATa na hone meM hai| sampatti eka sAdhanamUlya hai sAdhya-mUlya nhiiN| zArIrika-mUlya bhI vaiyaktika jIvana mUlyoM ke sAdhaka haiN| svAsthya aura zakti se yukta paripuSTa zarIra ko vyakti acche jIvana ke anya mUlyoM ke anusaraNa meM prayukta kara sakatA hai| krIr3A aura manoraMjana uccatara mUlyoM ke anusaraNa ke lie hameM zArIrika evaM mAnasika-dRSTi se svastha rakhate haiN| . . . 2. sAmAjika-mUlya- sAmAjika mUlyoM ke antargata sAhacarya tathA caritra ke mUlya Ate haiN| Aja ke mAnavatAvAdI yuga meM to ina mUlyoM kA mahatva atyanta vyApaka ho gayA hai| yadyapi ye donoM mUlya kisI anya sAdhya ke sAdhana-svarUpa prayukta hote haiM, parantu kucha mahAn puruSoM ne saccaritratA evaM samAjasevA ko jIvana ke parama lakSya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai| manuSya samAja kA aMga hai| eka asIma AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra samAja ke sAtha apanI vaiyaktikatA kA ekAkAra karake hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| 3. AdhyAtmika-mUlya- mUlyoM ke isa varga ke antargata bauddhika, saundaryAtmaka evaM dhArmika-tIna prakAra ke mUlya Ate haiN| ye tInoM mUlya mUlataH sAdhyamUlya haiN| ye AtmA kI sarvazreSTha yA parama Adarza prakRti, arthAt satyaM, zivaM aura sundaraM kI abhiruciyoM ko tRpti pradAna karate haiM tathA jaivika evaM sAmAjika-mUlyoM se zreSTha koTi ke haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM ke puruSArthacatuSTaya meM artha aura kAma jaivika mUlya haiM aura dharma aura mokSa atijaivika-mUlya haiN| arabana ne jaivika-mUlyoM meM Arthika, zArIrika aura manoraMjanAtmaka-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha ke samAna haiN| arabana ke dvArA atijaivika-mUlyoM meM sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika-mUlya mAne gae haiN| unameM sAmAjika mUlya dharmapuruSArtha se aura AdhyAtmika-mUlya mokSapuruSArtha se sambandhita haiN| jisa prakAra arabana ne mUlyoM meM sabase nIce Arthika-mUlya mAne haiM, usI prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM bhI arthapuruSArtha ko tAratamya kI dRSTi se sabase nIce mAnA hai| jisa prakAra arabana ke darzana meM zArIrika aura manoraMjana sambandhI mUlyoM kA sthAna Arthika-mUlyoM se Upara, lekina sAmAjika-mUlyoM se nIce hai, usI

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kAma kAma jaina dharma evaM darzana-567 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-99 prakAra bhAratIya-darzana meM bhI mokSa ko sarvocca puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| arabana ke dRSTikoNa kI bhAratIya-cintana se kitanI adhika nikaTatA hai, ise nimna tAlikA se samajhAA jA sakatA haipAzcAtya-dRSTikoNa bhArataya dRSTikoNa jaina-dRSTikoNa mUlya puruSArtha jaivika-mUlya 1. Arthaka-mUlya arthapuruSArtha artha 2. zArIrika-mUlya kAmapuruSArtha 3. manoraMjanAtmaka-mUlya kAmapurUSArtha sAmAjika-mUlya 4. saMgaThanAtmaka-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha vyavahAradharma 5. cAritrika-mUlya dharmapuruSArtha nizcayadharma AdhyAtmika-mUlya- mokSapuruSArtha 6. kalAtmaka . Ananda (saMkalpa) ananta sukha evaM zakti 7. bauddhika cit (saMkalpa) anantajJAna 8. dhArmika sat (bhAva) ananta darzana ___isa prakAra, apanI mUlya-vivecanA meM prAcya aura pAzcAtya-vicAraka anta meM eka hI niSkarSa para A jAte haiM aura vaha niSkarSa yaha hai ki AdhyAtmika-mUlya yA AtmapUrNatA hI sarvocca mUlya hai evaM vahI naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai| yadyapi bhAratIya-darzana meM svIkRta sabhI jIvana-mUlya aura pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM svIkRta vibhinna naitika-pratimAna jaina-AcAradarzana meM svIkRta rahe haiM, tathApi isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina-darzana ke pAsa naitika pratimAna ke kisI nizcita siddhAnta kA abhAva hai| vastutaH jaina-darzana kI anekAntavAdI-dRSTi hI isake mUla meM hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana tatvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA ke kSetra meM vibhinna paraspara virodhI dArzanika vicAroM ko sApekSa rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM samanvaya karatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-AcAradarzana bhI vibhinna naitika-pratimAnoM ko sApekSika rUpa se svIkAra karake unameM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| . . yadyapi jaina AcAradarzana meM sApekSa dRSTi se naitika-mAnaka sambandhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-568 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -100 sabhI vicAra svIkAra kara lie gae haiM, phira bhI unakI dRSTi meM karma kI zuddhatA isa para AdhArita hai ki vaha karma rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM se kitanA mukta hai| usake anusAra, jo karma anAsakta-bhAva se sampAdita hote haiM, ve hI AtmapUrNatA kI ora le jAte haiN| vItarAgavasthA yA samabhAva kI upalabdhi hI usakA ekamAtra naitika sAdhya yA parama mUlya hai| naitika pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda ___ vastutaH, manuSyoM kI nIti-sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, mApadaNDoM yA pratimAnoM kI vividhatA hI naitika-nirNayoM kI bhinnatA kA kAraNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| jaba bhI hama kisI AcaraNa kA naitika mUlyAMkana karate haiM, to hamAre sAmane nIti sambandhI koI mApadaNDa, pratimAna yA mAnaka avazya hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para hama vyakti ke caritra, AcaraNa athavA karma kA naitika-mUlyAMkana karate haiN| vibhinna deza, kAla, samAja aura saMskRtiyoM meM ye naitika-mApadaNDa yA pratimAna alaga-alaga rahe haiM aura samaya-samaya para inameM parivartana hote rahe haiN| prAcIna grIka saMskRti meM jahA~ sAhasa aura nyAya ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAtA thA, vahIM paravartI IsAI-saMskRti meM sahanazIlatA aura tyAga ko naitikatA kA pratimAna mAnA jAne lgaa| yaha eka vAstavikatA hai ki naitika-pratimAna yA naitikatA ke mApadaNDa aneka rahe haiM tathA vibhinna vyakti aura vibhinna samAja alaga-alaga naitika-pratimAnoM kA upayoga karate rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI vyakti apane jIvana meM bhinna-bhinna paristhitiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna naitika-pratimAnoM kA upayoga karatA hai| naitika-pratimAna ke isa prazna para na kevala janasAdhAraNa meM, apitu nItivettAoM meM bhI gahana matabheda haiN| * naitika-pratimAnoM kI isa vividhatA aura parivartanazIlatA ko lekara aneka prazna upasthita hote haiN| kyA koI aisA sArvabhauma naitika-pratimAna sambhava hai, jise sArvalaukika aura sArvakAlika evaM sArvajanIna siddha karane kA dAvA avazya kiyA hai; kintu jaba ve hI Apasa meM ekamata nahIM haiM, to phira unake isa dAve ko kaise mAnya kiyA jA sakatA hai? nItizAstra ke itihAsa kI niyamavAdI-paramparA meM kabIle ke bAhya-niyamoM kI avadhAraNA se lekara antarAtmA ke Adeza taka tathA sAdhyavAdI-paramparA meM sthUla

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-569 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-101 svArthamUlaka-sukhavAda se prArambha karake buddhivAda, pUrNatAvAda aura mUlyavAda eka aneka naitika-pratimAna prastuta kie gae haiN| yadi hama naitika mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra naitika-AvegoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, to naitika mUlyAMkana meM ekarUpatA sambhava nahIM hogI, kyoMki vyaktiniSTha naitika-AvegoM meM vividhatA svAbhAvika hai| naitika-AvegoM kI isa vividhatA ko samakAlIna vicAraka eDavarDa vaisTaramArka ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra, isa vividhatA kA kAraNa vyaktiyoM ke pariveza, dharma aura vizvAsoM meM pAI jAne vAlI bhinnatA hai| jo vicAraka karma ke naitika-aucitya evaM anaucitya ke nirdhAraNa ke lie vidhAnavAdI-pratimAna apanAte haiM aura jAti, samAja, rAjya dharma dvArA prastuta vidhi-niSedha (yaha karo aura yaha mata karo) kI niyamAvaliyoM ko naitika-pratimAna svIkAra karate haiM, unameM bhI prathama to isa prazna ko lekara hI matabheda hai ki jAti (samAja), rAjya-zAsana aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta aneka niyamAvaliyoM meM se kise svIkAra kiyA jAe? punaH, pratyeka jAti, rAjya aura dharmagrantha dvArA prastuta ye niyamAvaliyA~ bhI alaga-alaga haiN| isa prakAra, bAhya-vidhAnavAda naitika-pratimAna kA koI eka siddhAnta prastuta kara pAne meM asamartha haiN| samakAlIna anumodanAtmaka-siddhAnta jo naitika-pratimAna ko vaiyaktika, ruci-sApekSa athavA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika anumodana para nirbhara mAnate haiM, kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika-pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiN| vyaktiyoM kA rucivaividhya aura sAmAjika-AdarzoM meM pAI jAne vAlI bhinnatAe~ suspaSTa hI haiN| dhArmika anuzaMsA bhI alaga-alaga hotI hai, eka dharma jina karmoM kA anumodana karatA hai aura unheM naitika ThaharAtA hai, dUsarA dharma unhIM karmoM ko niSiddha aura anaitika ThaharAtA hai| vaidika-dharma aura islAma jahA~ pazubali ko vaidha mAnate haiM, vahIM jaina, vaiSNava aura bauddha dharma use anaitika aura avaidha mAnate haiN| niSkarSa yahI hai ki ve sabhI siddhAnta kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika-pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiM, jo naitikatA kI kasauTI, vaiyaktika-ruci, sAmAjika anumodana athavA dharmazAstra kI anuzaMsA ko mAnate haiN| niSkarSa yahI hai ki ve sabhI siddhAnta kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika-pratimAna kA dAvA karane meM asamartha haiM, jo naitikatA kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-570 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -102 kasauTI, vaiyaktika-ruci, sAmAjika-anumodana athavA dharmazAstra kI anuzaMsA ko mAnate haiN| * antaH prajJAvAda, athavA sarala zabdoM meM kaheM, to antarAtmA ke anumodana kA siddhAnta bhI kisI eka naitika-pratimAna ko de pAne meM asamartha haiN| yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNaya sarala, sahaja aura aparokSa hote haiM, phira bhI anubhava yahI batAtA hai ki antarAtmA ke nirNayoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hotii| prathama to, svayaM antaHprajJAvAdI hI isa sambandha meM ekamata nahIM haiM ki isa antaHprajJA kI prakRti kyA hai, yaha bauddhika hai yA bhAvanAparaka / punaH, yaha mAnanA ki sabhI kI antarAtmA eka-sI hai, ThIka nahIM hai; kyoMki antarAtmA kI saMracanA aura usake nirNaya bhI vyakti ke saMskAroM para AdhArita hote haiN| pazubali ke sambandha meM muslima evaM jaina-parivAroM meM saMskArita-jyoktiyoM ke antarAtmA ke nirNaya eka samAna nahIM hoNge| antarAtmA koI sarala tathya nahIM hai, jaisA ki antaHprajJAvAda mAnatA hai, apitu vaha vivekAtmaka-cetanA ke vikAsa, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika-saMskAroM tathA parivezajanya tathyoM dvArA nirmita eka jaTila racanA hai aura ye tInoM bAteM hamArI antarAtmA ko ora usake nirNayoM ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| isI prakAra, sAdhyavAdI-siddhAnta bhI kisI sArvabhauma naitika-mAnadaNDa kA dAvA nahIM kara sake haiN| sarvaprathama to, unameM isa prazna ko lekara hI matabheda haiM ki mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya. kyA ho sakatA hai? mAnavatAvAdI-vicAraka, jo mAnavIya-guNa ke vikAsa ko hI naitikatA kI kasauTI mAnate haiM, isa bAta para saraspara sahamata nahIM haiM ki AtmacetanA, vivekazIlatA aura saMyama meM kise sarvocca mAnavIya-guNa mAnA jaae| samakAlIna mAnavatAvAdiyoM meM jahA~ vAranara phiTe AtmacetanatA ko pramukha mAnate haiM, vahA~ sI.bI. garneTa aura isrAila levina vivekazIlatA ko tathA iraviMga babiTa AtmasaMyama ko pramukha naitika-guNa mAnate haiN| sAdhyavAdI-paramparA ke sAmane yaha prazna bhI mahatvapUrNa rahA hai ki mAnavIya-cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, anubhUtyAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa meM se kisakI santuSTi ko sarvAdhika mahatva diyA jaae| isa saMdarbha meM sukhavAda aura buddhivAda kA vivAda to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-571 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-103 suprasiddha hI hai| sukhavAda jahA~ manuSya ke anubhUtyAtmaka (vAsanAtmaka) pakSa kI santuSTi ko mAnava-jIvana kA sAdhya ghoSita karatA hai, vahA~ buddhivAda bhAvanA-nirapekSa buddhi ke AdezoM ke paripAlana meM hI naitika-kartavya kI pUrNatA dekhatA hai| isa prakAra, sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke naitika-pratimAna eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa donoM kI mUlyadRSTi kI bhinnatA hai; eka bhogavAda kA samarthaka hai, to dUsarA vairAgyavAda kA / mAtra yahI nahIM, sukhavAdI-vicAraka bhI kauna-sA sukha sAdhya hai?' isa prazna para ekamata nahIM haiN| koI vaiyaktika-sukha ko sAdhya batAtA hai, to koI samaSTi-sukha ko athavA adhikatama logoM ke adhikatama sukha ko| punaH yaha sukha, aindrika-sukha ho yA mAnasika sukha ho, athavA AdhyAtmika Ananda ho, isa prazna para bhI matabheda hai| vairAgyavAdI paramparAe~ bhI sukha ko sAdhya mAnatI haiM, kintu ve jisa sukha kI bAta karatI haiM, vaha sukha vastugata nahIM hai, vaha icchA, Asakti yA tRSNA ke samApta hone para cetanA kI nirdvandva, tanAvarahita, samAdhipUrNa avasthA hai| isa prakAra, sukha ko sAdhya mAnane ke prazna para unameM Ama sahamati hote hue bhI unake naitika-pratimAna bhinna-bhinna hI hoMge, kyoMki sukha kI prakRtiyA~ bhinna-bhinna haiN| . yadyapi pUrNatAvAda Atmopalabdhi ko sAdhya mAnakara sukhavAda aura buddhivAda ke bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayatna avazya karatA hai; kintu vaha isa prayAsa meM saphala huA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| punaH, vaha bhI kisI eka sArvabhauma naitika-pratimAna ko prastuta kara sakatA hai, yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hai, kyoMki vyaktiyoM ke hita na kevala bhinna-bhinna haiM, apitu paraspara virodhI bhI haiN| rogI kA kalyANa aura DaoNkTara kA kalyANa eka nahIM hai, zramika. kA kalyANa usake svAmI ke kalyANa se pRthak hI hai; kisI sArvabhauma zubha kI bAta kitanI hI AkarSaka kyoM na ho, vaha bhrAnti hI hai| vaiyaktika-hitoM ke yoga ke atirikta sAmAnya hita mAtra amUrta kalpanA hai| na kevala vyaktiyoM ke hita yA zubha alaga-alaga hoMge, apitu do bhinna paristhitiyoM meM eka vyakti ke hita bhI pRthak-prathak hoNge| eka hI vyakti do bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM meM dAtA aura yAcaka-donoM ho sakatA hai; kintu kyA donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA hita samAna hogA? samAja meM eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-572 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -104 kA hita dUsare ke hita kA bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, hamArA eka hita hamAre hI dUsare hita meM bAdhaka ho sakatA hai| rasanendriya yA yaunavAsanA-saMtuSTi ke zubha aura svAsthya-sambandhI zubha sahagAmI hoM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| vastutaH, yaha dhAraNA ki 'manuSya kA yA manuSyoM kA koI sAmAnya zubha hai', apane-Apa meM yathArtha hai| jise hama sAmAnya zubha kahanA cAhate haiM, vaha vibhinna zubhoM kA eka aisA skandha hai, jisameM na kevala bhinna-bhinna zubhoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA hai, apitu ve eka-dUsare ke virodha meM bhI khar3e hue haiN| zubha eka nahIM, aneka hai aura unameM pArasparika-virodha bhI hai| kyA AtmalAbha aura AtmatyAga ke bIca koI virodha nahIM hai? yadi pUrNatAvAdI nimna AtmA ke tyAga dvArA uccAtmA ke lAbha kI bAta kahate haiM, to ve jIvana ke ina do pakSoM meM virodha svIkAra karate haiN| punaH nimnAtmA bhI hamArI AtmA hai aura yadi hama usake niSedha kI bAta svIkAra karate haiM, to hameM pUrNatAvAda ke siddhAnta ko chor3akara prakArAntara se buddhivAda yA vairAgyavAda ko hI svIkAra karanA hogaa| isI prakAra, vaiyaktika-AtmA aura sAmAjika-AtmA kA, athavA svArtha aura parArtha kA antarvirodha bhI samApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai; isIlie mUlyavAda kisI eka mUlya kI bAta na kahakara 'mUlyoM' yA 'mUlya-vizva kI bAta karatA hai| mUlyoM kI vipulatA ke isa siddhAnta meM naitika-pratimAna kI vividhatA svabhAvatayA hI hogI, kyoMki pratyeka mUlya kA mUlyAMkana kisI dRSTi-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI hogaa| cU~ki manuSyoM kI jIvanadRSTiyA~ yA mUlyavRSTiyA~ vividha haiM, ataH una para AdhArita naitika-pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNge| punaH, mUlyavAda meM mUlyoM ke tAratamya ko lekara sadaiva hI vivAda rahA hai| eka dRSTi se jo sarvocca mUlya lagatA hai, vahI dUsarI dRSTi se nimna mUlya ho sakatA hai| manuSya kI jIvanadRSTi yA mUlyadRSTi kA nirmANa bhI svayaM ke saMskAroM evaM parivezajanya tathyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai; ataH mUlyavAda naitika-pratimAna ke sandarbha meM vividhatA kI dhAraNA ko hI puSTa karatA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki naitika-pratimAna ke prazna para na kevala vividha dRSTikoNoM se vicAra huA hai, apitu usakA pratyeka siddhAnta svayaM bhI itane antarvirodhoM se yukta hai ki vaha eka sArvabhauma naitika-mApadaNDa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-573 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -105 hone kA dAvA karane meM asamartha hai| Aja bhI isa sambandha meM kisI sarvamAnya siddhAnta kA abhAva hai| * vastutaH naitika-mAnadaNDoM kI yaha vividhatA svAbhAvika hI hai aura jo loga kisI eka sarvamAnya naitika-pratimAna kI bAta karate haiM, ve kalpanAloka meM hI vicaraNa karate haiN| naitika-pratimAnoM kI isa vividhatA ke kaI kAraNa haiN| sarvaprathama to naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA yaha prazna usa manuSya ke sandarbha meM hai, jisakI prakRti bahuAyAmI aura antarvirodhoM se paripUrNa hai| manuSya kevala cetanasattA nahIM hai, apitu cetanAyukta zarIra hai; vaha kevala vyakti nahIM hai, apitu samAja meM jIne vAlA vyakti hai| usake astitva meM vAsanA aura viveka tathA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA ke tatva samAhita haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI samajha lenA hai ki vAsanA aura viveka meM tathA vyakti aura samAja meM svabhAvataH saMgati nahIM hai| ve svabhAvataH eka-dUsare ke virodha meM haiN| manovaijJAnika bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki 'iDa' (vAsanA-tattva) mAnavIya-cetanA ke samakSa pratipakSI ke rUpa meM hI upasthita hote haiN| usameM samarpaNa aura zAsana kI do virodhI mUla pravRttiyA~ eka sAtha kAma karatI haiN| eka ora, vaha apanI asmitA ko bacAe rakhanA cAhatA hai, to dUsarI ora apane vyaktitva ko vyApaka banAnA cAhatA hai, samAja ke sAtha jur3anA cAhatA hai| aisI bahuAyAmI evaM antarvirodhoM se yukta sattA ke zubha yA hita nahIM eka nahIM, aneka hoMge aura jaba manuSya ke zubha yA hita hI vividha haiM, to phira naitika-pratimAna bhI vividha hI hoNgeN| kisI parama zubha kI kalpanA parama sattA ke prasaMga meM cAhe sahI bhI ho; kintu mAnavIya-astitva ke prasaMga meM sahI nahIM haiM manuSya mAnakara calanA hogA-Izvara mAnakara nahIM aura eka manuSya ke rUpa meM usake hita yA sAdhya vividha hI hoNge| sAtha hI, hitoM yA sAdhyoM kI yaha vividhatA naitika-pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko hI sUcita kregii| . .. naitika-pratimAna kA AdhAra vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi yA mUlya-dRSTi hogI, kintu vyakti kI mUlya-dRSTi vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra evaM paryAvaraNa ke AdhAra para hI nirmita hotI haiN| vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, - paryAvaraNa aura saMskAroM meM bhinnatAe~ svAbhAvika haiM, ataH unakI mUlyadRSTiyA~

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-574 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-106 alaga-alaga hoMgI aura yadi mUlyadRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna hoMgI, to naitika-pratimAna bhI vividha hoNge| yaha eka AnubhAvika-tathya hai ki vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para eka hI ghaTanA kA naitika mUlyAMkana alaga-alaga hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, parivAra niyojana kI dhAraNA, janasaMkhyA ke bAhulya vAle dezoM kI dRSTi se cAhe ucita ho, kintu alpa janasaMkhyA vAle dezoM evaM jAtiyoM kI dRSTi se anucita hogii| rASTravAda apanI prajAti kI asmitA kI dRSTi se cAhe acchA ho; kintu sampUrNa mAnavatA kI dRSTi se . anucita hai| hama bhAratIya hI eka ora jAtivAda evaM sampradAyavAda ko kosate haiM, to dUsarI ora bhAratIyatA ke nAma para apane ko gauravAnvita anubhava karate haiN| kyA hama yahA~ dohare mApadaNDa kA upayoga nahIM kara rahe haiM? svatantratA kI bAta ko hI leN| kyA svatantratA aura sAmAjika anuzAsana sahagAmI hokara cala sakate haiM? ApAtakAla ko hI lIjie, vaiyaktika svatantratA ke hanana kI dRSTi se, yA naukarazAhI ke hAvI hone kI dRSTi se . hama usakI AlocanA kara sakate haiM, kintu anuzAsana banAe rakhane aura arAjakatA ko hama usakI AlocanA kara sakate haiM, kintu anuzAsana banAe rakhane aura arAjakatA ko samApta karane kI dRSTi se use ucita ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, ucitatA aura anucitatA kA mUlyAMkana kisI eka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para na hokara vividha dRSTrikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| jo eka dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se naitika ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsare dRSTikoNa yA apekSA se anucita ho sakatA hai; jo eka paristhiti ke lie ucita ho sakatA hai, vahI dUsarI paristhiti meM anucita ho sakatA haiM jo eka vyakti ke lie ucita hai, vahI dUsare ke lie anucita ho sakatA hai| eka sthUla zarIra vAle vyakti ke lie snigdha padArthoM kA sevana anucita hai, kintu kRzakAya vyakti ke lie ucita hai; ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki naitika-mUlyAMkana ke vividha dRSTikoNa haiM aura ina vividha dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vividha naitika-pratimAna banate haiM, jo eka hI ghaTanA kA alaga-alaga naitika-mUlyAMkana karate haiN| naitika-mUlyAMkana paristhiti-sApekSa evaM dRSTi sApekSa mUlyAMkana haiM; ataH unakI sArvabhauma satyatA kA dAvA karanA bhI vyartha hai| kisI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-575 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-107 dRSTi-vizeSa yA apekSA-vizeSa ke AdhAra para hI ve satya hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, sabhI naitika-pratimAna mUlyadRSTi-sApekSa haiM aura mUlyadRSTi svayaM vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika-vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika evaM bhautika-paryAvaraNa para nirbhara karatI hai aura cU~ki vyaktiyoM ke bauddhika vikAsa, saMskAra tathA sAMskRtika, sAmAjika evaM bhautika-paryAvaraNa meM vividhitA aura parivartanazIlatA hai, ataH naitika-pratimAnoM meM vividhatA yA anekatA svAbhAvika hI hai| vaiyaktika zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika-pratimAna sAmAjika-zubha kI dRSTi se prastuta naitika-pratimAna se bhinna hogaa| isI prakAra, vAsanA para AdhArita naitika-pratimAna viveka para AdhArita naitika-pratimAna se alaga hogaa| rASTravAda se prabhAvita vyakti kI naitika-kasauTI antarrASTrIyatA ke samarthaka vyakti kI naitika-kasauTI se pRthak hogii| pU~jIvAda aura sAmyavAda ke naitika-mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna hI raheMge; ataH hameM naitika mAnadaNDoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karate hue yaha mAnanA hogA ki pratyeka naitika-mAnadaNDa apane usa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI satya hai| . kucha loga yahA~ kisI parama zubha kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para kisI eka naitika-pratimAna kA dAvA kara sakate haiM; kintu vaha parama zubha yA to ina vibhinna zubhoM yA hitoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA, yA inase pRthaka hogA; yadi vaha ina bhinna-bhinna mAnavIya-zubhoM ko apane meM antarnihita karegA, to vaha bhI naitika-pratimAnoM kI anekatA ko svIkAra karegA aura yadi vaha ina mAnavIya zubhoM se pRthak hogA, to nItizAstra ke lie vyartha hI hogA, kyoMki nItizAstra kA pUrA sandarbha mAnava-sandarbha haiN| naitika-pratimAna kA prazna tabhI taka mahatvapUrNa hai, jaba taka manuSya manuSya hai, yadi manuSya manuSya ke stara se Upara uThakara devatva ko prApta kara letA hai, yA manuSya ke stara se nIce utarakara pazu bana jAtA hai, to usake lie naitikatA yA anaitikatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai aura aise yathArtha manuSya ke lie naitikatA ke pratimAna aneka hI hoNge| naitika-pratimAnoM ke sandarbha meM yahI anekAntadRSTi samyagdRSTi hogii| ise hama naitika-pratimAnoM kA anekAntavAda kaha sakate haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-576 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -108 pAzcAtya AcAradarzana kI naitikatA kI pUrva mAnyatAe~ naitika pUrva mAnyatA ve hotI haiM, jo vyakti para naitika uttaradAyitva ko DAlane ke lie Avazyaka hotI haiN| pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM sarvaprathama kAMTa ne tIna naitika pUrva mAnyatAoM kI sthApanA kI- (1) saMkalpa kI svatantratA, (2) AtmA kI amaratA aura (3) Izvara kI astitva / kelDarauDa ne saMkalpa kI svataMtratA evaM amaratA ke atirikta vyaktitva, bauddhikatA (manISA) tathA zakti ko bhI naitika-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| kAMTa naitika-pragati kI anivAryatA ke AdhAra para AtmA kI amaratA ko siddha karate haiM, jabaki arabana ne use bhI svatantra rUpa se naitikatA kI pUrva mAnyatA khaa| razaDAla vizva ke bauddhika-prayojana, kAla tathA amaMgala kI vAstavikatA ko bhI naitikatA kI mAnyatA ke antargata le jAte haiN| bosAMke bhI amaMgala kI vAstavika sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| saMkSepa meM, pAzcAtya-AcAradarzana meM svIkRta mukhya naitika-mAnyatAe~ haiM-(1) manISA (vivekabuddhi) aura karmazakti se yukta AtmA (vyaktitva), (2) AtmA kI amaratA, (3) AtmA kI svatantratA, (4) Izvara kA astitva (naitika-mUlyoM kA srota evaM naitika-jIvana kA Adarza), (5) naitika-pragati (naitika-pUrNatA kI sambhAvanA) tathA (6) amaMgala (azubha) kI vaastviktaa| jaina AcAradarzana kI naitikatA kI pUrva mAnyatAe~, bhAratIya AcAradarzana meM karmasiddhAnta kA naitikatA kI mUlabhUta mAnyatA kahA jA sakatA hai| karmasiddhAnta karma aura unake pratiphala ke anivArya sambandha ko sUcita karatA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI sahayogI naitika-mAnyAtAe~ haiM- 1. AtmA (kartA) kA astitva, 2. punarjanma kI avadhAraNA (AtmA kI amaratA) evaM 3. karma ke cayana kI svatantratA / yadyapi isI prakAra karmaphala ke pradAtA athavA naitika-jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM Izvara ke astitva kI mAnyatA bhI prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM meM pramukha rahI hai, tathApi jainadarzana karmaphalapradAtA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA hai| usake darzana meM Izvara naitika pUrNatA kA pratIka mAtra haiN| isake atirikta bhAratIya-darzana. meM bandhana (duHkha) aura usake kAraNa tathA duHkha se mukti (duHkha-vimukti) aura dukha vimukti ke upAya (sAdhanApatha) bhI naitika pUrva mAnyatA ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-577 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -109 antargata Ate hai| jaina-darzana kI tattvayojanA meM svIkRta navatattvoM kA bahuta kucha sambandha bhI naitika-mAnyatAoM se hai| phira bhI, pAzcAtya-paramparA ke sAtha suvidhApUrNa / tulanA ke lie jaina-tattvayojanA ke AdhAra para naitika-mAnyatAoM ko nimna rUpa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| (a) kartA se sambandhita naitika-mAnyatAe~ - (1) AtmA kA bauddhika evaM Anandamaya svarUpa, (2) AtmA kI amaratA yA punarjanma kA pratyaya aura (3) AtmA kI svtntrtaa| (ba) karma se sambandhita naitika-mAnyatAe~ - (4) karmasiddhAnta, (5) bandhana (duHkha) tathA usake kAraNa (6) karma kA zubhatva, azubhatva evaM zuddhatva, (7) bandhana se mukti ke upAya (saMvara evaM nirjarA) __ (sa) naitika-sAdhya se sambandhita naitika- mAnyatAe~ - (8) naitika-jIvana kA aihika-Adarza (arhatva), (9) naitika-jIvana kA carama sAdhya (mokSa) .. jaina-cintana meM AtmA ke astitva kI avadhAraNA, karmasiddhAnta kI avadhAraNA aura Izvara (mukta AtmA) ke astitva kI avadhAraNA ke pIche mUla rUpa se nItizAstra ko eka Thosa tAttvika-AdhAra pradAna karane kI dRSTi rahI hai, isalie jaina darzana meM cAhe AtmA ke astitva ko, yA muktAtmA yA mokSa ke astitva ko siddha karane kA prayatna ho, use naitika AdhAra para hI puSTa karane kA prayAsa huA hai| . jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI pUrva mAnyatA ke rUpa meM sAta yA navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA hai| inake mUla meM jIva aura ajIva tattva hI hai| ajIva tattva ke rUpa jaina dArzanikoM ne karma pudgala ko hI bandhana kA totvika AdhAra mAnA hai| Asrava-karma pudgaloM kA AtmA kI ora AnA hai| saMvara karma pudagaloM kA AtmA kI ora Agamana kA rUka jAnA hai, yaha manavAk aura kAyA (indriya) ke saMyama se hotA hai| AtmA aura karma pudgaloM kA saMzliSTa (ekameka) honA bandha hai aura inako eka dUsare se alaga-alaga karane kI prakriyA nirjarA hai aura anta meM AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa honA mokSa hai| ataH nava yA sAta tattvoM meM se Asrava aura bandha, ye * do azubha hai yA anaitika haiN| jabaki saMvara aura nirjarA kI prakriyA naitika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-578 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -110 hai.| mokSa AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa hai ataH naitikatA se pare yA ati naitika hai| puNya aura pApa kramazaH zubha karma paropakAra ke pratIka haiM aura azubha karma para-pIr3anarUpa pApakArya ke pratIka haiN| AtmA kA lakSya puNya aura pApa donoM kA atikramaNa kara zuddhAvasthA (mokSa) ko prApta karanA hai| mokSa AtmapUrNatA yA AtmA kI pUrNa svatantratA kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA ko prApta karane ke lie saMvara (saMyama) aura nirjarA (tapa) kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| 'kAnTa ne jina tIna naitika mAnyatAoM kI carcA kI hai, unameM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie jaina dArzanikoM ne nimna tarka diye haiM AtmA ke pratyaya kI AvazyakatA AtmA kA pratyaya naitika-vicAraNA ke lie kyoM Avazyaka hai? isa prazna kA samucita uttara nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para diyA jA sakatA hai 1. naitikatA eka vicAra hai, jise kisI vicAraka kI apekSA hai / 2. naitikatA aura anaitikatA kAryoM ke mAdhyama se hI abhivyakta hotI hai| sAmAnyajana vicArapUrvaka sampAdita kAryoM ke AdhAra para usake kartA ko naitika athavA anaitika mAnyatA hai, ataH vicArapUrvaka kAryoM ke sampAdita karane vAlA svacetana kartA naitika-darzana ke lie Avazyaka hai| ____ 3. zubhAzubha kA jJAna evaM viveka naitika-uttaradAyitva kI anivArya zarta hai| naitika-uttaradAyitva kisI vivekavAn cetanA ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| ___4. naitika yA anaitika karmoM ke lie kartA usI sthiti meM uttaradAyI hai, jaba karma svayaM kartA kA ho / yaha sva kA vicAra AtmA kA vicAra hai evaM AtmAzrita hai / ___5. naitika-uttaradAyitva ke lie karma kartA ke saMkalpa kA pariNAma honA caahie| saMkalpa cetanA (AtmA) ke dvArA hI ho sakatA hai| ____6. naitika evaM anaitika-karma ke sampanna hone ke pUrva vibhinna icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke madhya saMgharSa hotA hai aura usameM se kisI eka kA cayana hotA hai, ataH isa saMgharSa kA draSTA evaM cayana kA kartA koI svacetana Atma-tattva hI ho sakatA hai / 7. naitika-uttaradAyitva meM saMkalpa kI svatantratA anivArya zarta hai aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-579 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -111 saMkalpa kI svatantratA svacetana (Atmacetana) Atmatattva meM hI ho sakatI hai| . 8. yadi naitikatA eka Adarza hai, to Adarza kI abhisvIkRti aura usakI upalabdhi kA prayAsa AtmA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| __ jaina-darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai? isa prazna para samucita rUpa se vicAra karane ke lie hameM yaha jAna lenA hogA ki kisI tarkasiddha naitika-darzana ke lie kisa prakAra ke AtmasiddhAnta kI AvazyakatA hai aura jaina-darzana kI tatsambandhI mAnyatAe~ kahA~ taka naitika-vicAraNA ke anukUla haiN| yahA~ tAttvika-samAlocanAoM meM jAkara mAtra naitikatA kI dRSTi se hI Atma-sambandhI mAnyatAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| Atma kA astitva jahA~ taka naitika-jIvana kA prazna hai, AtmA ke astitva para zaMkA karake Age bar3hanA asambhava hai| jaina-darzana meM naitika-vikAsa kI pahalI zarta AtmavizvAsa hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane ke lie nimna tarka prastuta kie haiM 1. jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai, kyoMki asad kI koI sArtha saMjJA hI nahIM bntii| . 2. jIva hai yA nahIM, yaha socanA mAtra hI jIva kI sattA ko siddha karatA hai| devadatta jaisA sacetana prANI hI yaha soca sakatA hai ki vaha stambha hai yA puruSa / . . 3. zarIra sthita jo yaha socatA hai ki maiM nahIM hU~, vahI to jIva hai| jIva ke atirikta saMzayakartA anya koI nahIM hai / yadi AtmA hI na ho, to aisI kalpanA kA prAdurbhAva hI kaise ho ki maiM hU~? jo niSedha kara rahA hai, vaha svayaM hI AtmA hai| saMzaya ke lie kisI aise tattva kI anivAryatA hai, jo usakA AdhAra ho| binA adhiSThAna ke kisI jJAna kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| saMzayI hI nahIM hai, to 'maiM hU~' yA 'nahIM hU~', yaha saMzaya kahA~ se utpanna hotA hai? yadi tuma svayaM hI apane khuda ke viSaya meM sandeha kara sakate ho, to phira kisameM saMzaya na hogA, kyoMki saMzaya Adi jitanI bhI mAnasika aura bauddhika kriyAe~ haiM, saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| jahA~ saMzaya hotA hai, vahA~ AtmA kA astitva avazya svIkAranA par3atA hai| jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-580 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-112 pratyekSa anubhava se siddha hai, use siddha karane ke lie kisI anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| ye saba AtmapUrvaka hI ho sakate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vahI AtmA hai| ___ AcArya zaMkara bhI brahmasUtrabhASya meM aise hI tarka dete hue kahate haiM ki jo nirasana kara rahA hai, vahI to usakA svarUpa hai| AtmA ke astitva ke lie svataH bodha ko zaMkara bhI eka prabala tarka ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki sabhI ko AtmA ke astitva meM bharapUra vizvAsa hai, koI bhI aisA nahIM kahatA hai ki maiM nahIM huuN| anyatra zaMkara spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahate haiM ki baudha se sattA ko aura sattA se bodha ko pRthaka nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadi hameM AtmA kA svataH bodha hotA hai, to usakI sattA nirvivAda hai| __pAzcAtya-vicAraka dekArta ne bhI isI tarka ke AdhAra para AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kiyA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI ke astitva sandeha se pare hai| sandeha karanA vicAra karanA hai aura vicAraka ke abhAva meM vicAra nahIM ho sktaa| maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ataH maiM huuN| isa prakAra, dekArta ke anusAra bhI AtmA kA astitva svayaMsiddha hai| " AtmA kI amaratA ke lie jainadArzanikoM ne nimna tarka diye haiM__ AtmA kI amaratA aura punarjanma AtmA kI amaratA ke sAtha punarjanma kA pratyaya jur3A huA hai| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM cArvAka ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzana punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| aba AtmA ko amara mAna liyA jAtA hai, to punarjanma bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogA / gItA kahatI hai, jisa prakAra manuSya vastroM kI jIrNa ho jAne para nae vastra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra grahaNa karatA rahatA hai| na kevala gItA meM, varan bauddha-darzana meM bhI ise mAnA gayA hai| DaoN. rAmAnanda tivArI punarjanma ke pakSa meM likhate haiM ki eka janma ke siddhAnta ke anusAra cirantana AtmA aura nazvara zarIra kA sambandha eka kAla-vizeSa meM Arambha hokara eka kAla-vizeSa meM hI anta ho jAtA hai, kintu cirantana kA kAlika-sambandha anyAya (tarkavirUddha) hai aura isa (eka janma ke) siddhAnta se usakA koI samAdhAna nahIM hai- punarjanma kA siddhAnta ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-581 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-113 anusAra janmakAla meM bhAgadeyoM ke bheda ko akAraNa evaM saMyogajanya mAnanA hogaa| karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA karmasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiN| unake zabdoM meM, karmasiddhAnta anivArya rUpa se punarjanma ke pratyaya se saMlagna hai, pUrNa vikasita punarjanma-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM karmasiddhAnta arthazUnya hai| AcAradarzana ke kSetra meM yadyapi punarjanma-siddhAnta ora karmasiddhAnta eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiM, phira bhI dhArmika kSetra meM vikasita kucha AcAradarzanoM ne karmasiddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kaTTara pAzcAtya nirIzvaravAdI-dArzanika nitze ne karmazakti aura punarjanma para jo vicAra vyakta kie haiM, ve mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM, karma-zakti ke jo hamezA rUpAntara huA karate haiM, ve maryAdita haiM tathA kAla-ananta haiM, isalie kahanA par3atA hai ki jo nAmarUpa eka bAra ho cuke haiM, vahI phira Age yathApUrva kabhI na kabhI avazya utpanna hote hI haiN| __ AtmA kI svatantratA yA saMkalpa kI svatantratA ke lie jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki AtmA ke pAsa sImita svatantratA hai| sabhI saMsArI jIvAtmAe~ aMzataH kAryoM ke kAraNa parataMtra haiM, kintu ve apanI sImita svataMtratA kA sadupayoga karake pUrNa svataMtra kA muka ho sakate haiM / vyakti-svAtantrya ke do dRSTikoNa . yadi svatantratA Avazyaka hai, to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA vyakti svatantra hai? isa viSaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI do dRSTikoNa rahe haiN| jina logoM ne isa prazna kA uttara svIkArAtmaka rUpa se diza aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti kRtyoM ke cayana aura unake sampAdana meM svacchanda hai, unheM prAcIna bhAratIya-darzana meM yadRcchAvAdI kahA jAtA hai aura pAzcAtya-vicArakoM ne isa prazna kA uttara niSedhAtmaka-rUpa meM diyA aura yaha mAnA ki vyakti meM aisI svacchandatA kA abhAva hai, unheM bhAratIya-cintana meM niyativAdI, bhAgyavAdI, daivavAdI Adi rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| pazcima meM inheM niyativAdI, paratantratAvAdI yA nirdhAraNavAdI kahate haiN| yadRcchAvAdI aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-582 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-114 niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ vyakti kI svatantratA ke sambandha meM paraspara virodhI vicAra prastuta karatI haiM, ataH sAmAnya vyakti ke lie yaha kaThina ho jAtA hai ki vaha kise satya aura kise asatya khe| dArzanikoM ne prAcIna kAla se ina siddhAntoM kI gahana samIkSA kI hai ora inake aucitya kA ThIka-ThIka mUlyAMkana karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| agale pRSThoM meM unakI samIkSAe~ prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| naitika AcaraNa kI pUrva mAnyatA ke rUpa meM jaina darzana nimna chaha bAtoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai1. AtmA hai 2. Atmanitya hai (AtmA amara hai) 3. AtmA karmoM kA kartA hai (karma karane meM svataMtra hai) 4. AtmA karma-phala kA bhoktA hai (arthAta karmaphala ke bhoga meM paratantra hai) . 5. karma bandhana se mukti sambhava hai| 6. karma bandhana se mukta hone ke lie samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| AtmA ke kartRvya aura bhoktRtva ko samajhAne ke lie hama yahA~ sarvaprathama jaina karmasiddhAnta kI aura phira . trividha mokSa mArga kI carcA kareMge / 0 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava sRSTi-vaicitrya, vaiyaktika-bhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyoM evaM zubhAzubha manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayAsoM meM hI huA hai| sRSTi-vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa kI khoja ke ina prayAsoM se vibhinna vicAradhArAeM astittva meM aayiiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad, aMguttaranikAya aura sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM ina vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM ina vicAradhArAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM ina vicAradhArAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-583 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-115 isa sambandha meM pramukha mAnyatAe~ nimna haiM1. kAlavAda- yaha siddhAnta sRSTi-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa kAla ko svIkAra karatA hai| jisakA jo samaya yA kAla hotA hai, tabhI vaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaise- apanI Rtu (samaya) Ane para hI vRkSa meM phala lagate haiN| 2. svabhAvavAda- saMsAra meM jo bhI ghaTita hogA, yA hotA hai, usakA Adha gAra vastuoM kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hai| saMsAra meM koI bhI svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA hai| 3. niyativAda- saMsAra kA samagra ghaTanA-krama pUrva niyata hai, jo jisa rUpa meM honA hotA hai, vaisA hI hotA hai, use koI anyathA nahIM kara sktaa| 4. yadRcchAvAda- kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI niyata hetu yA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| samasta ghaTanAe~ mAtra saMyoga kA pariNAma haiN| yadRcchAvAda hetu ke sthAna para saMyoga (Chance) ko pramukha banA detA hai| 5. mahAbhUtavAda- samagra astittva ke mUla meM paMcamahAbhUtoM kI sattA rahI hai| saMsAra unake vaividhyamaya vibhinna saMyogoM kA hI pariNAma hai| 6. prakRtivAda- vizva-vaividhya triguNAtmaka prakRti kA hI khela hai| mAnavIya sukha-duHkha bhI prakRti ke hI adhIna haiN| 7. IzvaravAda- Izvara hI isa jagat kA racayitA evaM niyAmaka hai, jo kucha bhI hotA hai, vaha saba usakI icchA yA kriyAzakti kA pariNAma hai| 8. puruSavAda- vaiyaktika vibhinnatA aura sAMsArika ghaTanA-krama ke mUla meM puruSa kA puruSArtha hI pramukha hai| vastutaH, jagat-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika vyAkhyA ke inhIM prayatnoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai, jisameM puruSavAda kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai| karmasiddhAnta uparyukta siddhAntoM kA puruSavAda ke sAtha samanvaya kA prayatna hai| .. zvetAzvataropaniSad ke prArambha meM hI prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA prerita hokara saMsAra-yAtrA kA anuvarttana kara rahe haiN| Age, RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-584 jaina-AcAra mImAMsA-116 yadRcchA, bhUta-yoni athavA puruSa yA ina sabakA saMyoga hI isakA kAraNa hai| vastutaH, ina sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM puruSavAda ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI vizva-vaicitrya aura vaiyaktika-vaividhya kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI na kisI bAhya-tathya para hI bala de rahI thiiN| hama inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ko mAneM, vaividhya kA kAraNa vyakti se bhinna hI mAnanA hogA, kintu aisI sthiti meM vyakti para naitika dAyitva kA AropaNa sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai| yadi hama jo kucha bhI karate haiM aura jo kucha bhI pAte haiM, usakA kAraNa bAhya tathya hI haiM, to phira hama kisI bhI kArya ke lie naitika dRSTi se uttaradAyI ThaharAye nahIM jA skte| yadi vyakti kAla, svabhAva, niyati athavA Izvara kI icchAoM kA eka sAdhana mAtra hai, to vaha usa kaThaputalI ke samAna hai, jo dUsare ke izAroM para hI kArya karatI hai, kintu aisI sthiti meM puruSa meM icchA-svAtantrya kA abhAva mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva kI samasyA uThatI hai| sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ko usake zubhAzubha karmoM ke prati uttaradAyI banAyA jA sake aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba usake mana meM vizvAsa ho ki use usakI svatantra icchA se kiye gaye apane hI karmoM kA pariNAma prApta hotA hai| yahI karmasiddhAnta hai| jJAtavya hai ki karmasiddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA yA anugraha ke virodha meM jAtA hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Izvara bhI karmaphala-vyavasthA ko anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai| karma kA niyama hI sarvopari hai| karmasiddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa kA niyama AcAra ke kSetra meM isa karmasiddhAnta kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai, jitanI vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya-kAraNa-siddhAnta kii| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM vaijJAnika vyAkhyAeM asambhava hotI haiM, usI prakAra karma-siddhAnta ke abhAva meM nItizAstra bhI artha-zUnya ho jAtA hai| pro. veMkaTaramaNa ke zabdoM meM, karmasiddhAnta kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcAra ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-583 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-117 maiksamUlara likhate haiM ki yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA-burA karma binA phala die samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA vaisA hI vizvAsa hai, jaisA bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA kA niyama hai| yadyapi karmasiddhAnta evaM vaijJAnika kAryakAraNa-siddhAnta meM sAmAnya rUpa se samAnatA pratIta hotI haiM, kintu unameM eka maulika antara bhI hai| yaha ki jahA~ kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA vivecya jar3a tattva ke kriyA-kalApa haiM, vahIM karma-siddhAnta kA vivecya cetanA sattA ke kriyA-kalApa haiM, ataH karmasiddhAnta meM vaisI pUrNa niyattA nahIM hotI, jaisI kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM hotI hai| yaha niyattA evaM svataMtratA kA samucita saMyoga hai| karmasiddhAnta kI maulika svIkRti yahI hai ki pratyeka zubhAzubha kriyA kA koI prabhAva yA pariNAma avazya hotA hai, sAtha hI usa karma-vipAka yA pariNAma kA bhoktA vahI hotA hai, jo kriyA kA kartA hotA hai aura karma evaM vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdi kAla se cala rahI hai| karmasiddhAnta kI upayogitA . karmasiddhAnta kI vyAvahArika upayogitA yaha hai ki vaha na kevala hameM naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAn banAtA hai, apitu vaha hamAre sukha-duHkha Adi kA srota hamAre vyaktittva meM hI khojakara Izvara evaM prativezI arthAt anya vyaktiyoM ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI sthApanA kA prayojana yahI hai ki naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke Adha gAra para unake preraka kAraNoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA kI jA sake tathA vyaktiyoM ko azubha yA duSkarmoM se vimukha kiyA jA ske| jaina karmasiddhAnta aura anya darzana . aitihAsika dRSTi se vedoM meM upasthita Rta kA siddhAnta karma-niyama kA Adi srota hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM ke pUrva ke vaidika-sAhitya meM karma-siddhAnta kA koI suspaSTa vivecana nahIM milatA, phira bhI usameM upasthita Rta ke niyama kI vyAkhyA isa rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM, karma (jagat vaicitrya kA) kAraNa hai, aisA vAda upaniSadoM kA sarva-sammatavAda ho, nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya cintana meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa jaina, bauddha aura vaidika- tInoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-586 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-118 paramparAoM meM huA hai, yadyapi yaha eka bhinna bAta hai ki jainoM ne karmasiddhAnta kA jo gaMbhIra vivecana prastuta kiyA, vaha anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai5| vaidikoM ke lie jo mahattva Rta kA, mImAMsakoM ke lie apUrva kA, naiyAyikoM ke lie adRSTa kA, vaidAntiyoM ke lie mAyA kA aura sAMkhyoM ke lie prakRti kA hai, vahI jainoM ke lie karma kA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para vedoM kA Rta, mImAMsakoM kA apUrva, naiyAyikoM kA adRSTa, advaitiyoM kI mAyA, sAMkhyoM kI prakRti evaM bauddhoM kI avidyA yA saMskAra paryAyavAcI se lagate haiM, kyoMki vyakti ke bandhana evaM usake sukha-duHkha kI sthitiyoM meM inakI mukhya bhUmikA hai, phira bhI inake svarUpa meM dArzanika dRSTi se antara bhI hai- yaha bAta hameM dRSTigata rakhanI hogii| IsAIdharma aura islAmadharma meM bhI karma-niyama ko sthAna milA hai, phira bhI IzvarIya anugraha para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa unameM karma-niyama ke prati AsthA ke sthAna para Izvara ke prati vizvAsa hI pramukha rahA hai| Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA karmasiddhAnta ke prati adhika AsthAvAn rahI, bauddha-darzana meM bhI jainoM ke samAna hI karma-niyama ko sarvopari mAnA gyaa| hindUdharma meM bhI IzvarIya-vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna lAyA gayA, usameM Izvara karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka hokara bhI usake adhIna hI kArya karatA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa krama jaina-karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kisa krama meM huA, isa prazna kA samAdhAna utanA sarala nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama samajhate haiN| sAmAnya vizvAsa to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kI taraha yaha bhI anAdi hai, kintu vidvat-varga ise svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadi jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa kA koI samAdhAna denA ho, to vaha jaina Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta sambandhI granthoM ke kAlakrama ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai, isake atirikta anya vikalpa nahIM haiN| jaina AgamasAhitya meM AcArAMga prAcInatama hai| isa grantha meM jaina-karmasiddhAnta kA cAhe vikasita svarUpa upalabdha na ho, kintu usakI mUlabhUta avadhAraNAe~ avazya upasthita haiN| karma se upAdhi | yA bandhana hotA hai, karma raja hai, karma kA Astrava hotA hai, sAdhaka ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-587 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-119 karmazarIra ko dhuna DAlanA cAhie Adi vicAra usameM parilakSita hote haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMga ke kAla meM karma ko spaSTa rUpa se bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thA aura karma ke bhautika pakSa kI svIkRti ke sAtha AcArAMga meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA zubhAzubha vipAka hotA hai, yaha avadha pAraNA bhI upasthita hai| usake anusAra bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mamatva hai| bandhana se mukti kA upAya mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sarjana hai| sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhI AcArAMga se kiMcit hI paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla meM yaha prazna bahucarcita thA ki karma kA phala saMvibhAga sambhava hai yA nahIM? isameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svakRta karmoM kA hI vipAka anubhava karatA hai| bandhana ke sambandha meM sUtrakRtAMga (1/8/2) spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kucha vyakti karma koM aura kucha akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki karma ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAra logoM ke mana meM utpanna ho gayA thA ki yadi karma hI bandhana hai, to phira akarma arthAt niSkriyatA hI bandhana se bacane kA upAya hogA, kintu sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra akarma kA artha niSkriyatA nahIM hai| isameM pratipAdita hai ki pramAda karma hai aura apramAda akarma hai (1/8/3) / vastutaH, kisI kriyA kI bandhakatA usake kriyA-rUpa hone para nahIM, apitu usake pIche rahI pramattatA yA apramattatA para nirbhara hai| yahA~ pramAda kA artha hai- AtmacetanA (Selfawareness) kA abhaav| jisa AtmA kA viveka jAgrata nahIM hai aura jo kaSAyayukta hai, vahI parisupta yA pramatta hai aura jisakA viveka jAgrata hai aura jo vAsanA-mukta hai, vahI apramatta hai| sUtrakRtAMga (2/2/1) meM hI hameM kriyAoM ke do rUpoM kI carcA bhI milatI hai- 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. IryApathika' / rAga, dveSa, krodha Adi kaSAyoM se yukta kriyAeM IryApathika bandhanakAraka nahIM hotii| isase isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga meM kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa hogA AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita kara sakatA hai? sAMkhyadarzana puruSa aura prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra karake bhI inake pArasparika sambandha ko nahIM samajhA pAyA, kyoMki usane puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAna liyA thA, kintu jaina-darzana ne apane varatuvAdI aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-588 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-120 pariNAmavAdI vicAroM ke AdhAra para inakI saphala vyAkhyA kI hai| vaha batAtA hai ki jisa prakAra jar3a mAdaka padArtha cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM, usI prakAra jar3a karmavargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana AtmA para par3atA hai, ise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra kA artha hai- jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika sambandha / isa sambandha kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| mUrtakarma kA amUrta AtmA para prabhAva yaha bhI satya hai ki karma mUrta haiM aura ve hamArI cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise mUrta bhautika viSayoM kI cetanA vyakti se sambaddha hone para sukha-duHkha Adi kA anubhava yA vedanA hotI hai, vaise hI karma ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhI vedanA hotI hai, ataH ve mUrta haiM, kintu dArzanika-dRSTi se yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi karma mUrta hai, to vaha amUrta AtmA para prabhAva kaise DAlegA? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM DAla sakatI hai, usI prakAra karma kA amUrta AtmA para bhI koI prabhAva nahIM honA caahie| jainadArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA dUsarA tarka-saMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ,ke sambandha se AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai, kyoMki saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karmadravya se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amUrta hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrtakarma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastutaH, jisa para karmasiddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai, vaha vyaktittva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktittva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika bAhya tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA-zarIra (karma-zarIra) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI usa para mUrtakarma kA prabhAva par3atA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-589 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-121 ' AtmA aura karmavargaNAoM meM vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki mukta avasthA meM bhI jar3a karmavargaNAe~ AtmA ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raheMgI, kyoMki mukti-kSetra meM bhI karmavargaNAoM kA astittva to hai hii| isa sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM kA uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra kIcar3a meM rahA lohA jaMga khAtA hai, parantu svarNa nahIM, usI prakAra jar3akarma pudgala usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM, jo rAga-dveSa se azuddha hai| vastutaH, jaba taka AtmA bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karmavargaNA ke pudgala use prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| AtmA meM pUrva se upasthita karmavargaNA ke pudgala hI bAhya-jagat ke karmavargaNAoM ko AkarSita kara sakate haiN| mukta avasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai, ataH use karmavargaNA ke pudgala prabhAvita karane meM samartha nahIM hote haiN| karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA ... karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA se hI yaha saMsAra-cakra pravartita hotA hai| dArzanika-dRSTi se yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se huaa| yadi hama yaha sambandha sAdi arthAt kAla-vizeSa meM huA- aisA mAnate haiM, to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usake pahale AtmA mukta thA aura yadi mukta AtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA ho, to phira mukti kA koI mUlya hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki AtmA anAdikAla se bandhana meM hai, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki yadi bandhana anAdi hai, to vaha ananta bhI hogA, aisI sthiti meM mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jaayegii| ____ jainadArzanikoM ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna isa rUpa meM kiyA ki karma aura vipAka kI yaha paramparA karma-vizeSa kI apekSA se to sAdi aura sAnta hai, kintu pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi aura ananta hai| punaH, karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA yaha pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai, ananta nahIM, kyoMki pratyeka karma apane bandhana kI dRSTi se sAdi hai| yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake, to yaha paramparA svataH hI samApta ho jAyegI, kyoMki karma-vizeSa to sAdi hai, hI aura jo sAdi hai, vaha kabhI samApta hogA hii|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-590 jaina -AcAra mImAMsA-122 . jainadArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSarUpI karmabIja ke bhuna jAne para karma-pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai| karma aura vipAka kI paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai, jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva va mukti se anAvRtti kI samucita vyAkhyA sambhava hai| karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA prazna kyA eka vyakti apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare ko de sakatA hai yA nahIM, athavA dUsare ke karmoM kA phala use prApta hotA hai yA nahIM, yaha dArzanika dRSTi se eka mahatvapUrNa prazna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM hindU paramparA kA mAnanA hai ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala usake pUrvajoM va santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai| isa prakAra, vaha isa siddhAnta ko mAnatI hai ki karmaphala kA saMvibhAga sambhava hai| isake viparIta, bauddha-paramparA kahatI ki vyakti ke puNyakarma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, pApakarma kA nahIM, kyoMki pApakarma meM usakI anumati nahIM hotI hai| punaH unake anusAra pApa sImita hotA hai, ataH, isakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA, kintu puNya ke aparimita hone se usakA hI saMvibhAga sambhava hai, kintu isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai, unake anusAra vyakti apane karmoM kA phala-vipAka na to dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai aura na dUsare ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala use mila sakatA hai| jaina dArzanika spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki karma aura usakA vipAka vyakti kA apanA svakRta hotA hai| jaina-karmasiddhAnta meM karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM nimitta-kAraNa aura upAdAna-kAraNa ke bheda ko samajhanA hogaa| dUsarA vyakti hamAre sukha-duHkha meM aura hama dUsare ke sukha-duHkha meM nimitta ho sakate haiM, kintu bhoktA aura kartA to vahI hotA hai, ataH upAdAna kI dRSTi se to karma aura usakA vipAka, arthAt sukha-duHkha kA anubhava svakRta hai| nimitta kI dRSTi se unheM parakRta kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu nimitta apane Apa meM mahatvapUrNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki karma-saMkalpa to hamArA apanA hI hotA hai evaM karma ke vipAka kI anubhUti bhI hamArI hI hotI hai| ataH, upAdAna-kAraNa kI dRSTi se to karma evaM usake vipAka meM saMvibhAga sambhava nahIM hai| na to dUsarA vyakti hameM sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakatA hai aura na

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-591 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -123 hama dUsare ko sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakatA hai aura na hama dUsare ko sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakate haiN| hama adhika se adhika dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke nimitta ho sakate haiN| satya to yaha hai ki karma aura usakA vipAka- donoM hI vyakti ke apane hote haiN| karmavipAka kI niyattA va aniyattA karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha prazna bhI mahatvapUrNa hai ki kyA jina karmoM kA bandha kiyA gayA hai, unakA vipAka vyakti ko bhoganA hI hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-1. niyatavipAkI aura 2. aniytvipaakii| kucha karma aise hote haiM, jinakA jisa phalavipAka ko lekara bandha kiyA gayA hai, usI rUpa meM unake phala ke vipAka kA vedana karanA hotA hai, kintu isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI hote haiM, jinakA vipAka kA vedana usI rUpa meM nahIM karanA hotA, jisa rUpa meM unakA bandha hotA hai| pAramparika zabdAvalI meM unheM nikAcita kahate haiN| isake viparIta, jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAyabhAva alpa hotA hai, unakA bandhana zithila hotA hai aura unake vipAka kA saMvedana Avazyaka nahIM hotA hai| ve tapa evaM pazcAtApa ke dvArA apanA. phala vipAka diye binA hI samApta ho jAte haiN| vaiyaktika-dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai| kevala ve hI vyakti, jo AdhyAtmika UMcAI para sthita haiM, karmavipAka meM parivartana kara sakate haiN| punaH, ve bhI una karmoM ke vipAka ko anyathA kara sakate haiM, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| niyatavipAkI karmoM kA bhoga to anivArya hai| isa prakAra, jainaM-karmasiddhAnta apane ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda- donoM kI ekAMgikatA se bacAtA hai| _ vastutaH, karmasiddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyattA aura aniyattA kI virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karmavipAka kI niyattA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM kucha sAmAjika mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-592 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -124 pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAye, to naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| vipAka kI pUrNaniyattA ko mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyattA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ aikAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiM, ataH karmavipAka kI AMzika niyattA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~ jaina-darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para cintana huA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki karma ke bandha aura vipAka (udaya) ke bIca kauna-kauna sI avasthAeM ghaTita ho sakatI haiM, punaH, ve kisa sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko abhivyakta karatI haiM- isakI carcA bhI kI gayI hai| ye avasthAe~ nimna 1. 2. bandha- kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM kA AtmapradezoM se jo sambandha sthApita hotA hai, use bandha kahate haiN| saMkramaNa- eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda hote haiN| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra, karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai| avAntara karma-prakRtiyoM kA yaha adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma prakRti kA navIna karmaprakRti kA bandha karate samaya rUpAntaraNa karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, pUrva baddha duHkhada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvadanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya sAtAvedanIya karma ke rUpa meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMkramaNa kI yaha kSamatA AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanI pavitra hotI hai, usameM saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI utanI hI adhika hotI hai| AtmA meM karmaprakRtiyoM kA eka dUsare meM kabhI bhI saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai, jaise- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa meM nahIM badalatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, darzanamoha karma, cAritramoha karma aura AyuSya karma kI avAntara

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-593 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-125 prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| 3. udvartanA- navIna bandha karate samaya AtmA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI * kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko bar3hA bhI sakatA hai| kAla-maryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI yaha prakriyA udvartanA kahalAtI hai| apavartanA- navIna bandha karate samaya pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, ise apavartanA kahate haiN| 5. sattA- karma ke baddha hone ke pazcAt tathA usake vipAka se pUrva bIca kI avasthA sattA kahalAtI hai| sattA-kAla meM karma astittva meM to rahatA hai, kintu vaha sakriya nahIM hotA | udaya- jaba karma apanA phala denA prArambha karate haiM, to vaha avasthA udaya kahalAtI hai| udaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. vipAkodaya aura 2. pradezodaya / karma kA apanA apane phala kI cetana anubhUti karAye binA hI nirjarita honA pradezodaya kahalAtA hai, jaise acetana avasthA meM zalya kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotI, yadyapi vedanA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai| isI prakAra, binA apanI phalAnubhUti karavAye jo karma-paramANu AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya pradezodaya hotA hai| isake viparIta, jina karmoM kI apane vipAka ke samaya phalAnubhUti hotI hai, unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vipAkodaya meM pradezodaya anivArya rUpa se hotA hai, lekina pradezodaya meM vipAkodaya ho- yaha Avazyaka * nahIM hai| . 7. udIraNA- apane niyatakAla se pUrva hI pUrvabaddha karmoM ko prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara unake phaloM ko bhoganA, udIraNA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jisa karmaprakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karmaprakRti kI hI udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| upazamana- udaya meM A rahe karmoM ke phala dene kI zakti ko kucha . samaya ke lie dabA denA athavA kAla-vizeSa ke lie unheM phala dene

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-594 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-126 se akSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma kI sattA samApta nahIM hotI, mAtra use kAla vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA diyA jAtA hai| isameM karma rAkha se dabI agni ke samAna niSkriya hokara sattA meM bane rahate haiN| nidhatti- karma kI vaha avasthA nidhatti hai, jisameM karma na to apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita yA saMkramita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samaya-maryAdA aura vipAka-tIvratA (parimANa) ko kama-adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai, arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava hai, saMkramaNa nhiiN| 10. nikAcanA- karmoM ke bandhana kA itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI kAla-maryAdA evaM tIvratA meM koI bhI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya se pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA jA sake, nikAcanA kahalAtA hai| isa dazA meM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai, usako usI rUpa meM anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai| .. isa prakAra, jaina-karmasiddhAnta meM karma ke phala vipAka kI niyattA aura aniyattA ko samyaka prakAra se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jaise-jaise AtmA kaSAyoM se mukta hokara AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hatA hai, vaha karma ke phala-vipAka kI niyattA ko samApta karane meM sakSama hotA jAtA hai| karma kitanA balavAn hogA- yaha bAta mAtra karma ke bala para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu AtmA kI pavitratA para bhI nirbhara hai| ina avasthAoM kA citraNa yaha bhI batAtA hai ki karmoM kA vipAka yA udaya eka alaga sthiti hai tathA unase navIna karmoM kA bandha honA yA na honA- yaha eka alaga sthiti hai| kaSAya-yukta pramatta AtmA karmoM ke udaya meM navIna karmoM kA bandha karatA hai, isake viparIta, kaSAya-yukta pramatta-apramatta AtmA karmoM ke vipAka meM navIna karmoM kA bandhana nahIM karatA hai, mAtra pUrvabaddha karmoM ko nirjarita karatA hai| . karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva karmoM ko sAmAnyatayA zuddha (akarma), zubha aura azubha- aise tIna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-595 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -127 vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se inheM nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai:karma jaina bauddha gItA pAzcAtya 1. zuddha IryApathika avyaktakarma akarma anaitika karma 2. zubha puNyakarma kuzala(zukla) karma karma naitika karma 3. azubha pApakarma akuzala (kRSNa) karma vikarma anaitika karma jaina-darzana meM karma ke bandhaka hone ke AdhAra para mukhya rUpa se do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM- 1. IryApathika aura 2. saampraayik| inameM sAmparAyika karma ko punaH do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- (a) azubha (pApa) aura (ba) zubha (punny)| Age hama isI sandarbha meM carcA kareMge / azubha yA pApakarma jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA dI hai ki vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAleM, jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa - jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApakarma 18 prakAra ke haiM- 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 3. adattAdAna (caurya-karma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrjA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 16. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya (ayathArtha jiivndRsstti)|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-596 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-128 puNya (kuzala karma) puNya vaha hai, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika-stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnAyaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai- isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM- zubhAsrava puNya haiM, lekina puNya mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, vaha bandha ora vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai, ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nirvANa kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai, jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai| AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM ki- "puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai, jo naukA ko bhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsajI samayasAra nATaka meM kahate haiM ki- "jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai, vahI puNya hai| ___jaina-tattvajJAna ke anusAra; puNya-karma ve zubha pudgala-paramANu haiM, jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM, jo zubha pudgala paramANu, ko AkarSita karatI haiM, sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala-paramANu jo una zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyak zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha-pudgala-paramANu dravyapuNya haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-597 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-129 puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirUpita haiM 1. annapuNya- bhojanAdi dekara kSudhAta kI kSudhA-nivRtti krnaa| 2. pAnapuNya- tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilaanaa| 3. layanapuNya- nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA, jaise- dharmazAlAe~ Adi bnvaanaa| 4. zayanapuNya- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denA / 5. vastrapuNya- vastra kA dAna denaa| 6. manapuNya- mana se zubha vicAra krnaa| jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA krnaa| 7. vacanapuNya- prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga krnaa| 8. kAyapuNya - rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| 9. namaskArapuNya - gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI ...zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM- (1) karma kA bAhya-svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura (2) kartA kA abhiprAya / ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai- yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAleM, to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai| dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai| bauddhadarzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-598 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-130 hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Adraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai| jahA~ taka jaina-mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni / suzIlakumArajI jainadharma pR. 160 para likhate haiM- "zubha-azubha karma ke bandha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiN| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye, parantu DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta, vahI DaoNkTara karuNAmaya apanI zubha-bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai|" paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-bandha kI kasauTI kevala UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI kartA kA Azaya hI hai (darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 226) / isa prakAra, yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyA~ hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhya-svarUpa apekSita nahIM hai| nizcayadRSTi se to manovRttiyA~ hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNAyaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga (2/6) meM AdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho- cAhe na jAnate hue bhI khAtA ho- to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai| hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA- aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai? isase spaSTa hai ki jaina-dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| vAstava meM sAmAjika-dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai| sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nhiiN| jaina-dRSTi ekAgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai| vaha vyakti-sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja-sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya-svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai| usameM dravya (bAhya) aura bhAva (Antarika)- donoM kA mUlya hai| yoga (bAhya kriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti)- donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-599 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -131 manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nhiiN| mana meM zubha bhAva ho, to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai| mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/24-29) meM kahA gayA hai, karma-bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM, kyoMki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM- svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se, parantu yadi hRdaya pApa-mukta ho, to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA-nigraha) meM zithila hai, parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN| . pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jabaki mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai- eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha sty| naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai| ... kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAneM, yA karma ke samAja para hone vAle pariNAma ko- donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAyegA- isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika-dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahAM karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti-sApekSa hai, to vaiyaktika karma-preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai, lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM, to samAjakalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai| vastutaH, bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai| usa sandarbha meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-600 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-132 vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha- donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha ke Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastA yA aprazastA kI hai| prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazasta rAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI, vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha dveSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSavihIna rAga yA prazastarAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai| usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai, jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai| usI se loka-maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya-karma nissRta hote haiM, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai| usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM, jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai, vaha puNya-karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai, vaha pApa-karma hai| jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai, ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiN| vastutaH, zubha-azubha ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa ke samagra cintana kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA haA hai ki paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka maMgala se hai| isI prakAra, pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sabhI loka amaMgalakArI tattva haiN| isa prakAra, jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika-sandarbho meM use dekhanA hogA, yadyapi bandhana kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-601 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -133 dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya kartA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra __ . yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kie gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA- isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM, vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA- yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta, jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai, vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM apane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM, sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat-dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| __jaina-darzana ke anusAra, jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM krtaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma (zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie| zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora ... jaina dRSTikoNa- jaina-vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala-amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra tattva nau haiM, jinameM puNya svatantra tattva hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa, ye sAta tattva ginAe haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai, lekina yaha vivAda mahatvapUrNa nahIM, kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tattva nahIM mAnatI hai, vaha bhI unako Asava-tatva ke antargatamAna letI hai| yadyapi puNya aura pApa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-602 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -134 mAtra Asrava nahIM hai, varan unakA bandha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai, ataH Asrava ke zubhAsrava aura azubhAsava- ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki bandha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai| phira bhI, jaina-vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI hai, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| vastutaH, naitika-jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhASita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai ki pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati kA mUla hai| AcArya kundakunda puNya aura pApa- donoM ke bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke ban katva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiN| samayasAra meM ve kahate haiM kiazubha karma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma-puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNyakarma evaM pApakarma- donoM hI saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa haiN| jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I kahakara usaMkI pApa se kiMcit zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa- donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antogatvA donoM hI bandhana haiN| yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM puNya pApa doU karama, bandharUpa duI mAni / zuddha AtmA jina layo, namUM carana hita jaani|| jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogatvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka hai, jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai, phira bhI use alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-603 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-135 zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna mala ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa mala ko alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai, ataH vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma ke Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha bana jAtA hai| dveSa para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| jainAcAra-darzana meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yahAM para gItA kA anAsakta karma-yoga jaina-darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI ora tathA zubha karma se zuddha karma (vItarAgadazA) kI prApti hai| Atma kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina dharma kA antima sAdhya hai| zuddha karma (akarma) zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai, jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita mAtra kartavyabuddhiM se sampAdita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaaltiiN| abandhaka karma hI zuddhakarma haiN| jaina-AcAradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karatA hai ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai ? kyA karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAMzataH satya hai ? eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hai; phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho, lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma (bandhaka kama) kyA hai, aura akarma (abandhaka kama) kyA hai- isake viSaya meM vidvAn bhI mohita ho -- jAte haiN| karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| yaha karma-samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai- isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI daSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-604 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -136 dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika-dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI- donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue (arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama (puruSArtha) ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma-bandha I kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho, to zuddha nahIM hotaa| bandhana kI dRSTi se karma kA vicAra usake bAhya-svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahatvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaz2a nahIM hotaa| lekina, kartA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhe, kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai| kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM- maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA, jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jaayegaa| naitika-vikAsa ke lie bandhaka aura abandhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra haijaina-darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai- (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka-zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra para | bandhanAtmaka-zakti ke Adha gAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karma aura akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-605 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-137 puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai, jabaki dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva'aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai| aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkriyatA nahIM, vaha to satta jAgarUkatA hai| apramatta avasthA yA Atma-jAgRti kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai, jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma-jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastutaH, kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA kI pramatta dazA haiM) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM, jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Asrava yA bandhanakAraka kriyAe~ haiM, ve hI anAsakti evaM kveika se samanvita hokara mukti kA sAdhana bana jAtI haiN| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya-svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiN| IryApathika-karma aura sAmparAyika karma - jaina-darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai- (1) IryApathika kriyAe~ (akarma) aura (2) sAmparAyika kriyAe~ (krm)| IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti kI kriyAe~ . haiM, jo bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM aura sAmparAyika kriyAe~ Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM, ve samasta kriyAe~, jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~, jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM, akarma haiN| jaina-dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hairAga-dveSa evaM moharahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra-nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA krm| karma kA artha hai-rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta . karma, vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai, isalie vaha karma hai| jo kriyA-vyApAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-606 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-138 rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara kartavya yA zarIra nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai, ataH akarma hai| jinheM jaina-darzana meM IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai, unheM bauddha-paramparA anupacita, avyakta yA akRSNa-azukla karma kahatI hai aura jinheM jaina-paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI hai, unheM bauddha-paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa-zukla karma kahatI haiN| isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| bandhana ke kAraNoM meM mithyAtva aura kaSAya kI pramukhatA kA prazna jaina-karmasiddhAnta ke udbhava va vikAsa kI carcA karate hue hamaneM bandhana ke pA~ca sAmAnya kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| vaise jaina granthoM meM bhinna-bhinna karmoM ke bandhana ke bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA bhI upalabdha hotI hai, kintu sAmAnya rUpa se bandhana ke pA~ca kAraNa mAne gae haiM- 1. mithyAtva 2. avirati 3. pramAda 4. kaSAya aura 5. yog| ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga ko arthAt mAnasika, vAcika va zArIrika kriyAoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA jAtA hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadi pUrva ke cAra kA abhAva ho, to mAtra yoga se karmavargaNAoM kA Asrava hokara, jo bandha hogA, vaha IryApathika bandha kahalAtA hai| usake sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai, usakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dUsare samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| IryApathika bandha ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaise calate samaya zubhra ArdratA se rahita kapar3e para gire hue bAlU ke kaNa, jo gati kI prakriyA meM hI Ate haiM aura phira alaga bhI ho jAte haiN| vastutaH, yaha bandha vAstavika bandha nahIM hai, ataH hama samajhate haiM ki ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga mahattvapUrNa kAraNa nahIM hai| yadyapi avirati, pramAda evaM kaSAya ko alaga-alaga kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu inameM bhI bahuta antara nahIM hai| jaba hama pramAda ko vyApaka artha meM lete haiM, taba kaSAyoM kA antarbhAva pramAda meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI pramAda sambhava hotA hai| unakI anupasthiti meM pramAda sAmAnyatayA to rahatA hI nahIM hai aura yadi rahe bhI, to ati nirbala hotA hai| isI prakAra, avirati ke mUla meM bhI kaSAya hI hote haiN| yadi hama kaSAya ko vyApaka artha meM leM, to avirati aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-607 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -139 pramAda- donoM usI meM antarbhAvita ho jAte haiM, ataH bandhana ke do hI pramukha kAraNa zeSa rahate haiM- mithyAtva aura kssaay| . . mithyAtva evaM kaSAya meM kauna pramukha kAraNa hai, yaha vartamAna yuga meM eka bahucarcita viSaya hai| isa sandarbha meM pakSa va pratipakSa meM paryApta lekha likhe gaye haiN| AcArya vidyAsAgarajI evaM unake samarthaka vidvat-varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva akiMcitakara hai aura kaSAya hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki kaSAya kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI mithyAtva hotA hai| kAnajIsvAmI samarthaka dUsare varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai| vastutaH, yaha vivAda apane-apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke kAraNa hai| kaSAya aura mithyAtva- ye donoM hI anyonyAzrita haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM mithyAtva kI sattA nahIM rahatI aura na mithyAtva ke abhAva meM kaSAya hI rahate haiN| mithyAtva tabhI samApta hotA hai, jaba anantAnubaMdhI kaSAyeM samApta hotI haiM aura kaSAyeM bhI tabhI samApta hotI haiM, jaba mithyAtva kA prahANa hotA hai| ve tApa aura prakAza ke samAna sahajIvI haiN| inameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA kSINa hone lagatI hai| vaise mithyAtva, ajJAna evaM moha kA paryAyavAcI hai| AvegoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI moha yA mithyAtva sambhava hotA hai, vAstavikatA yaha hai ki moha (mithyAtva) se kaSAya utpanna hote haiM aura kaSAyoM ke kAraNa hI moha (mithyAtva) hotA hai, ataH kaSAya aura mithyAtva anyonyAzrita haiM aura bIja evaM vRkSa kI bhA~ti inameM se kisI kI pUrva koTi nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| - yadi hama isI prazna para bauddha-dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to usameM sAmAnyatayA lobha (rAga), dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI inako paraspara sApekSa hI mAnA gayA hai| moha ko bauddha-paramparA meM avidyA bhI kahA gayA hai| bauddha vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki avidyA (moha) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA ke kAraNa moha hotA hai| AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM- lobha evaM dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se lobha va moha bhI dveSa ke hetu haiN| bauddha-darzana meM bhI naina-darzana ke samAna hI avidyA aura tRSNA ko anyonyAzrita mAnA gayA . hai aura kahA gayA hai ki inameM se kisI kI bhI pUrva koTi nirdhArita karanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-608 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-140 sambhava nahIM hai| sAMkhya evaM yoga-darzana meM kleza yA bandhana ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM- avidyA, asmitA (ahaMkAra), rAga, dveSa, abhinivesh| inameM bhI avidyA pramukha hai| zeSa cAroM * usI para AdhArita haiN| nyAya-darzana bhI jaina aura bauddhoM ke samAna hI rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| isa prakAra, lagabhaga sabhI darzana prakArAntara se rAga-dveSa evaM moha (mithyAtva) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate haiN| bandhana ke cAra prakAroM se bandhanoM ke kAraNa kA sambandha .. jaina karma-siddhAnta meM bandhana ke cAra prArUpa kahe gae haiM- 1. prakRti bandha, 2. pradeza-bandha, 3. sthiti-bandha, 4. anubhAga bndh| 1. prakRti bandha- bandhana ke svabhAva kA nirdhAraNa prakRti bandha karatA hai| yaha, yaha nizcaya karatA hai ki karmavargaNA ke pudgala AtmA kI jJAna, darzana Adi kirA zakti ko AvRtta kreNge| 2. pradeza bandha- yaha karmaparamANuoM kI AtmA ke sAtha saMyojita hone vAlI mAtrA kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai, ataH yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| 3. sthiti bandha-karma paramANu kitane samaya taka AtmA se saMyojita raheMge aura kaba nirjarita hoMge- isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthiti-bandha karatA hai, ataH yaha bandhana kI samaya-maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAga bandha- karmoM ke bandhana aura vipAka kI tIvratA evaM mandatA kA nizcaya karanA- yaha anubhAga bandha kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, yaha bandhana kI tIvratA yA gahanatA kA sUcaka hai| uparokta cAra prakAra ke bandhanoM meM prakRti-bandha evaM pradeza bandha kA sambandha mukhyatayA yoga arthAt kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika-kriyAoM se hai, jabaki bandhana kI tIvratA (anubhAga) evaM samayAvadhi (sthiti) kA nizcaya karma ke pIche rahI huI kaSAya-vRtti aura mithyAtva para AdhArita hotA hai| saMkSepa meM, yoga kA sambandha pradeza evaM prakRti bandha se hai, jabaki kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti evaM anubhAga-bandha se hai| ATha prakAra ke karma aura unake bandhana ke kAraNa jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karate haiM,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-609 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-141 unake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM- 1. jJAnAvaraNIya 2. darzanAvaraNIya 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma 7. gotra aura 8. antraay| 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI haiN| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa- jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve cha: haiM1. pradoSa- jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikaalnaa| 2. nihnava- jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| 3. . antarAya- jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAna evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| 4. mAtsarya- vidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| 5.... asAdanA- jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakA samucita vinaya nahIM krnaa| 6. upaghAta- vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgrahayukta visaMvAda karanA, athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| uparyukta cha: prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai| jJAnAvaraNIya-karma kA vipAka- vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai(1) matijJAnAvaraNa- aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna kSamatA kA abhAva, (2) zrutajJAnAvaraNa- bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-610 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-142 (3) avadhi jJAnAvaraNa- atIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, (4) manaHparyAya jJAnAvaraNa- dUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna prApta kara lene kI zakti kA abhAva, (5) kevala jJAnAvaraNa- pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhaav| kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se isake dasa bheda bhI batAye gaye haiM1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3.dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdha grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anuplbdhi| . 2. darzanAvaraNIya-karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu-tattva kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNagarma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke darzana-guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai| darzanAvaraNIya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- jJAnAvaraNIya-karma ke samAna hI chaH prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai- (1) samyak-dRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa) karanA athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, (4) samyagdRSTi kA samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyagdRSTi para dveSa karanA, (6) samyagdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita vivAda krnaa| darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka- uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kA darzana-guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai- . 1) cakSudarzanAvaraNa- netrazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa|| 2) acakSudarzanAvaraNa- netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-611 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-143 anubhavazakti. kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| 3) avadhidarzanAvaraNa- sImita atIndriya darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| 4) kevala darzanAvaraNa- paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| 5) nidrA- sAmAnya nidraa| nidrAnidrA- gaharI nidraa| .pracalA-baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| 8) pracalA-pracalA- calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| 9) styAnagRddhi- jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai| ____ antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke dvividha vyaktittva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai| 3. vedanIya karma . . jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2. asAtAvedanIya / sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| - sAtAvedanIya-karma ke kAraNa- dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhada-saMvedanA rUpa sAtAvedanIya-karma kA bandha karatA hai- (1) pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA krnaa| (2) vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| (3) dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| (4) paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA krnaa| (5) kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denaa| (6) kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho- aisA kArya na krnaa| (7) kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnaanaa| (8) kisI bhI prANI ko rudana nahIM kraanaa| (7) kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura (10) kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM krnaa| karmagranthoM meM sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3ha zraddhA mAnA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-612 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-144 gayA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| . sAtAvedanIya-karma kA vipAka- uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai- (1) manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, (2) susvAdu bhojana-pAnAdi upalabdha hotA hai, (3) vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, (4) zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, (5) zArIrika-sukha milatA hai| . asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa- jina azubhaM AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai, ve bAraha prakAra ke haiM- (1) kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, (2) cintita banAnA, (3) zokAkula banAnA, (4) rulAnA, (5) mAranA aura (6) pratAr3ita karanA,- ina chaH kriyAoM kI mandatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra- (1) duHkha (2) zoka (3) tApa (4) Akrandana (5) vadha aura (6) paridevana- ye chaH asAtAvedanIya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM, jo 'sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se bAraha prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta guru kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM- (1) karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM, (2) amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, (3) amanojJa gandhoM kI upalaDi hotI hai, (4) svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, (5) amanojJa, kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, (6) amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, (7) nindA-apamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura (8) zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| 4. mohanIya-karma jaise madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI viveka-zakti

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-613 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-145 kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM- darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| mohanIya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sAmAnyatayA, mohanIya-karma kA bandha cha: kAraNoM se hotA hai- (1) krodha, (2) ahaMkAra, (3) kapaTa, (4) lobha, (5) azubhAcaraNa aura (6) vivekAbhAva (vimuuddh'taa)| prathama pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai| karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alaga-alaga batAye gaye haiN| darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM- unmArga-dezanA, sanmArga kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthaMkara, muni, caitya (jina-pratimAe~) aura 6 garma-saMgha ke pratikUla aacrnn| cAritramoha-karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha hai| tattvArtha-sUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAye gaye haiM- (1) jo kisI trasa prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai| (2) jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| (3) jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dhakara mAratA hai| (4) jo kisI trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| (5) jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai| (6) jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara ha~satA hai| (7) jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| (8) jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai| (9) jo kalaha bar3hAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA bolatA hai| (10) jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmika vacanoM se lajjita kara detA hai| (11) jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| (12) jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane Apako brahmacArI kahatA hai| (13) jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai| (14) jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai, IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| (15) jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (16)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-614 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-146 jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| (17) jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| (18) jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (19) jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| (20) jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| (21) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kI niMdA karatA hai| (22) jo AcArya, upAdha yAya evaM guru kA avinaya karatA hai| (23) jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane Apako bahuzruta kahatA hai| (24) jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai| (25) jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM krtaa| (26) jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| (27) jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiN| (28) jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai| (29) jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| (30) jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana-moha- jaina-darzana meM 'darzana' zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai- (1) pratyakSIkaraNa, (2) dRSTikoNa aura (3) shrddhaa| prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha | mohanIya-karma se hai| darzana-moha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyaka dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai(1) mithyAtva moha- jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva-moha hai| (2) samyaka mithyAtva moha-satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmaka dRSTi (3) samyaktva moha- kSAyika-samyaktva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktva-moha hai, arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vishuddhtaa| (ba) cAritra-moha- cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa paccIsa prakAra kA hai- (1) prabalatama krodha, (2) prabalatama mAna, (3) prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), (4) prabalatama lobha, (5) ati krodha, (6) ati mAna, (7) ati mAyA (kapaTa) (12) sAdhAraNa lobha, (13) alpa krodha, (14) alpa mAna, (15) alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura (16)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-615 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -147 alpa lobha- ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya) haiM- (1) hAsya, (2) rati (sneha, rAga), (3) arati (dveSa), (4) zoka, (5) bhaya, (6) jugupsA (ghRNA), (7) strIveda (puruSa-sahavAsa kI icchA), (8) puruSaveda (strI-sahavAsa kI icchA), (7) napuMsakaveda (strI aura purUSa- donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| - mohanIya-karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI ruci hotI hai| anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina-paramparA meM mohanIya-karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya-karma / mohanIya-karma kA kSayopazama hI AdhyAtmika-vikAsa kA AdhAra hai| 5. AyuSya karma . .. jisa prakAra ber3I svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo karma-paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya-karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra kA hai- (1) naraka Ayu, (2) tiryaMca Ayu (vanaspati evaM pazu-jIvana) (3) manuSya Ayu aura (4) deva aayu| AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa- sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha | kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM(a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- mahArambha (bhayAnaka hiMsaka kama), (2) mahAparigraha (atyadhika saMcaya-vRtti), (3) manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, (4) mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevana / (ba) pAzavika-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) kapaTa karanA (2) rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA (3) asatya bhASaNa (4) kama jyAdA taula-mApa krnaa| karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-616 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-148 prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaMca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| . tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA (kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai| (sa) mAnava-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) saralatA, (2) vinayazIlatA, (3) karuNA aura (4) ahaMkAra aura mAtsarya se rahita honaa| tattvArthasUtra meM- (1) alpa Arambha, (2) alpa parigraha, (3) svabhAva kI saralatA aura (4) svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| (da) daivIya-jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa- (1) sarAga (sakAna) saMyama kA pAlana, (2) saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, (3) sakAma-tapasyA (bAla-tapa) (4) svAbhAvika rUpa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karmagrantha ke anusAra, aviratasamyagdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata, zrAvaka, sarAgI-sAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhitivaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma-nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN| AkasmikamaraNa- prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayu-karma ko bhoga rahA hai aura pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthak hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM, usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai, lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai, to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA ? isake pratyuttara meM jaina-vicArakoM ne Ayukarma kA bheda do prakAra kA mAnA- (1) kramika, (2) aaksmik| kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM- (1) harSa-zoka kA atireka, (2) viSaya athavA zastra kA prayoga, (3) AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA sarvathA abhAva (4) vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, (5) AghAta, (6) sarpadaMzAdi aura (7) zvAsanirodha /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-617 __ jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-149 6.. nAma-karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, usI prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna karma-paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktittva kA nirdhArika tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyaktittva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAmakarma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai, lekina vistArabhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai- 1. zubhanAmakarma (acchA vyaktittva) aura 2. azubhanAmakarma (burA vyktittv)| prANI jagat meM jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA AdhAra nAmakarma hai| zubhanAmakarma ke bandha ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktittva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiM- 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2. vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana / zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka uparyuktaM cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktittva kA vipAka caudaha prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- (1) adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa-zabda) (2) sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa-rUpa) (3) zarIra se niHsRta hone vAle maloM meM bhI sugaMdhi (iSTa-gaMdha) (4) jaivIya-rasoM kI samucittA (iSTa-rasa) (5) tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa-sparza) (6) acapala yogya gati (iSTa-gati) (7) aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa-sthiti) (8) lAvaNya (9) yazaHkIrti kA prasAra (iSTa-yazaHkIrti) (10) yogya * zArIrika-zakti (iSTa-utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama) (11) logoM ko rucikara lage- aisA svara (12) kAnta svara (13) priya svara aura (14) manojJa svr| __ azubha nAmakarma ke kAraNa- nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti (prANI) ko azubha vyaktittva kI upalabdhi hotI hai- (1) zarIra kI vakratA, (2) vacana kI vakratA (3) mana kI vakratA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya-vRtti yA asAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-618 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-150 azubhanAmakarma kA vipAka- 1. aprabhAvaka vANI (aniSTa-zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa-sparza), 3. zArIrika-maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTa-gaMdha), 4. jaivIyarasoM kI asamUcittA (aniSTa rasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA (aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10. puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14. akAnta svara 7. gotra-karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kuloM meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra-karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- 1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra (apratiSThita kul)| kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai- isa para jainAcAra- darzana meM vicAra gayA hai| ahaMkAra bRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca-gotra evaM nIca-gotra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa- nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai- 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zArIrika-zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7 lAbha (upalabdhiyA~) aura 8. svAmitva (adhikaar)| inake viparIta, jo vyakti uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai, vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai| isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra; para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadaguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana- ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| isake viparIta; para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadaguNoM kA prakAzana, asadaguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA- ye ucca-gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| . gotra-karma kA vipAka- vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-619 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -151 meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR-pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipulajJAna rAzi para adhikAra, 7. lAbha eva vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. aEi kAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI prApti, lekina ahaMkArI vyaktittva upuryakta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai| 8. ' antarAya-karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahuMcAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate haiN| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai1. dAnAntarAya- dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya- koI prApti hone vAlI ho lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A jAnA, 3. bhogAntarAya- bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA, jaise- vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho, lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI pdd'e| 4. upabhogAntarAya- upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, 5. . vIryAntarAya- zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sknaa| (tattvArthasUtra, 8.14). ke jaina nIti-darzana ke anusAra, jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga-zakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai, jaise- koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai, athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai, to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai, athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra, jina-pUjA Adi dharma-kAryoM meM vighna utpanna karane vAlA aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-620 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-152 hiMsA meM ttapara vyakti bhI antarAya-karma kA saMcaya karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya karma ke baMdha kA kAraNa hai| ghAtI aura aghAtI karma ___ karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya- ina cAra karmoM ko 'ghAtI aura nAma, gautra, AyuSya aura vedanIya- ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai| ghAtI-karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti nAmaka guNoM kA AvaraNa karate haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ataH jIvana mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI-karmoM meM avidyA-rUpa mohanIya karma hI AtmasvarUpa kI AvaraNa kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi se pramukha hai| vastutaH, mohakarma hI eka aisA karma-saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karmabaMdha kA pravAha satat banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai| jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko baDhAtA rahatA hai, usI prakAra mohanIyarUpI karma-bIja jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAyarUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma-paramparA ko satt banAye rakhatA hai| mohanIya karma hI janma, maraNa, saMsAra yA baMdhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtIkarma usake sahayogI mAtra hai| ise karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra mohakarma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) jIvanamukta bana jAtA hai| aghAtIkarma ve haiM, jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote| aghAtI-karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdana kSamatA nahIM hotii| ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-621 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -153 sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~- AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtIkarmoM kI 45 karma-prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI haiM1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. deshghaatii| sarvaghAtI karma-prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAmaka guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa) sarvarUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai| anantajJAna (kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai| pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI prakAra, cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM bAraha hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI-karSAya samyaktva kA, pratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya dezavratI-cAritra (gRhastha-dharma) kA aura apratyAkhyAnI-kaSAya sarvavratI-cAritra (munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai, ataH ye bIsa prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiM, zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya-karma kI cAra, darzanAvaraNIya-karma kI tIna, mohanIya-karma kI teraha, antarAya-karma kI pA~ca, kula paccIsa karmaprakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| sarvaghAta kA artha mAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai, na ki ina guNoM kA anastittva, kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAva kI sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a-tattva meM antara hI nahIM rhegaa| karma to AtmaguNoM ke prakaTana meM bAdhaka-tattva hai, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kara skte| nandIsUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoM na kara leM, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza-kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai, usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRtta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hamezA hI anAvRtta rahatA hai| karma-bandhana se mukti jaina-karmasiddhAnta kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka karma apanA vipAka yA phala dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai| isa vipAka kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-622 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-154 avasthA meM yadi AtmA rAga-dveSa athavA moha se abhibhUta hotA hai, to vaha punaH naye karma kA saMcaya kara letA hai| isa prakAra, yaha paramparA satat rUpa se calatI rahatI hai| vyakti ke adhikAra kSetra meM yaha nahIM hai ki vaha karma ke vipAka ke pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAlI anubhUti se iMkAra kara de, ataH yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai ki karma ke baMdhana va vipAka kI isa prakriyA se mukti kaise ho| yadi karma ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa hamAre andara krodhAdi kaSAya- bhAva athavA kAmAdi bhoga-bhAva utpanna honA hI haiM, to phira svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna uThatA hai ki hama vimukti kI dizA meM Age kaise baDheM ? isa hetu jaina AcAryoM ne do upAyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai- (1) saMvara aura (2) nirjarA | saMvara kA tAtparya hai ki vipAka kI sthiti meM pratikriyA se rahita rahakara navIna karmAsrava evaM baMdha ko nahIM hone denA aura nirjarA kA tAtparya hai pUrva karmoM ke vipAka kI samabhAvapUrvaka anubhUti karate hue unheM nirjarita kara denA, yA phira tapa sAdhanA dvArA pUrvabaddha aniyata vipAkI karmoM ko samaya se pUrva unake vipAka ko pradezodaya ke mAdhyama se nirjarita krnaa| . yaha satya hai ki pUrvabaddha karmoM ke vipAkodaya kI sthiti meM krodhAdi Avega apanI abhivyakti ke hetu cetanA ke stara para Ate haiM, kintu yadi AtmA usa samaya apane ko rAga-dveSa se Upara uThAkara sAkSIbhAva meM sthira rakhe aura una udaya meM A rahe krodhAdi bhAvoM ke prati mAtra draSTA bhAva rakhe, to vaha bhAvI baMdhana se bacakara pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA kara detA hai aura isa prakAra vaha baMdhana se vimukti kI ora apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detA hai| vastutaH, viveka va apramattatA aise tathya haiM, jo hameM navIna baMdhana se bacAkara vimukti kI ora abhimukha karate haiN| vyakti meM jitanI apramattatA yA Atma-cetanatA hogI, usakA viveka utanA jAgrata rhegaa| vaha baMdhana se vimukti kI dizA meM Age bddh'egaa| jaina karma siddhAnta batAtA hai ki karmoM ke vipAka ke saMbaMdha meM hama vivaza yA paratantra hote haiM, kintu usa vipAka kI dazA meM bhI hamameM itanI svatantratA avazya hotI hai ki hama navIna karma-paramparA kA saMcaya kareM yA na kareM- aisA nizcaya kara sakate haiN| vastutaH, karma-vipAka ke sandarbha meM hama paratantra hote haiM, kintu navIna karmabaMdha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-623 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -155 ke saMdarbha meM hama AMzika rUpa meM svatantra haiN| isI AMzika svataMtratA dvArA hama mukti arthAt pUrNa svataMtratA prApta kara sakate hai| jo sAdhaka vipAkodaya ke samaya sAkSI-bhAva yA jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM jIvana jInA jAnatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI karma-vimukti ko prApta kara letA hai| trividha sAdhanA-mArga jaina-darzana mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanA-mArga prastuta karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prArambha meM hI kahA hai-samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra mokSa kA mArga hai|' uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa, aise caturvidha mokSa-mArga kA bhI vidhAna hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM kiyA hai aura isalie paravartI sAhitya meM isI trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA vidhAna milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha sAdhanA-patha kA vidhAna hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra evaM niyamasAra meM , AcArya amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM, AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM trividha sAdhanApatha kA vidhAna kiyA hai| . trividha sAdhanA-mArga hI kyoM ? - yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA hI vidhAna kyoM kiyA gayA hai ? vastutaH, trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna meM pUrvavartI RSiyoM evaM AcAryoM kI gahana manovaijJAnika sUjharahI hai| manovaijJAnikadRSTi se mAnavIya-cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAne gae haiM - jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa / naitikajIvana kA sAdhya cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai, ataH yaha Avazyaka hI thA ki ina tInoM pakSoM ke vikAsa ke lie trividha sAdhanA-patha kA vidhAna kiyA jaae| cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka-pakSa ko samyak banAne ke lie evaM usake sahI vikAsa ke lieM samyagdarzana yA zraddhA kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra, jJAnAtmakapakSa ke lie jJAna kA aura saMkalpAtmaka- pakSa ke lie samyakcAritra kA vidhAna hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-patha ke vidhAna ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi rahI hai| .. bauddha-darzana meM trividha sAdhanA-mArga- bauddha-darzana meM bhI trividha sAdhanA mArga kA vidhAna hai| prAcIna bauddha-graMthoM meM isI kA vidhAna adhika hai| vaise, buddha ne * aSTAMga-mArga kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai, lekina yaha aSTAMga-mArga bhI trividha sAdhanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-624 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -156 mArga meM hI antarbhUta hai| bauddha- darzana meM trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA vidhAna hai| kahIM-kahIM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke sthAna para vIrya, zraddhA aura prajJA kA bhI vidhAna hai| vastutaH, vIrya zIla kA aura zraddhA samAdhi kA pratIka hai| zraddhA aura samAdhi-donoM samAna isalie haiM ki donoM meM citta-vikalpa nahIM hote haiN| samAdhi yA zraddhA ko samyak-darzana se aura prajJA ko samyak-jJAna se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| bauddhadarzana kA aSTAMgamArga samyak dRSTi , samyak saMkalpa, samyak vANI, samyak-karmAnta, samyak-AjIva, samyak vyAyAma, samyak-smRti aura samyaksamAdhi hai| inameM samyak vAcA, samyak-karmAnta aura samyak-AjIva-ina tInoM kA antarbhAva zIla meM samyak-vyAyAma, samyak-smRti aura samyak-samAdhi-ina tInoM kA antarbhAva prajJA meM hotA hai| isa prakAra, bauddhadarzana meM bhI maulika rUpa se trividha sAdhanA-mArga hI prarUpita hai| gItA kA trividha sAdhanA-mArga- gItA meM bhI jJAna, karma aura bhakti ke rUpa meM trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA ullekha hai| inheM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi gItA meM dhyAnayoga kA bhI ullekha hai| jisa prakAra jaina-darzana meM tapa kA svatantra vivecana hote hue bhI use samyak-cAritra ke antarbhUta liyA gayA hai, usI prakAra gItA meM bhI dhyAnayoga ko karmayoga ke adhIna mAnA jA sakatA hai| gItA meM prasaMgAntara se mokSa kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM praNipAta, pariprazna aura sevA kA bhI ullekha hai| inameM praNipAta zraddhA yA bhakti kA, pariprazna jJAna aura sevA-karma kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| yoga-darzana meM bhI jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga aura kriyAyoga ke rUpa meM isI trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA prastutikaraNa huA hai / vaidikaparamparA meM isa trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke prastutikaraNa ke pIche eka dArzanika-dRSTi rahI hai| usameM paramasattA yA brahma ke tIna pakSa satya, sundara aura ziva mAne gae haiM / brahma, jo ki naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai, ina tIna pakSoM se yukta hai aura ina tInoM kI upalabdhi ke lie hI trividha sAdhanA-mArga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| satya kI upalabdhi ke lie jJAna, sundara kI upalabdhi ke lie bhAva yA zraddhA aura ziva kI upalabdhi ke lie sevA yA karma mAne gae haiM / upaniSadoM meM zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke rUpa meM bhI trividha sAdhanA-mArga nirUpita hai| gaharAI se dekheM, to zravaNa zraddhA, manana jJAna aura nididhyAsana karma ke antargata A jAte haiN| isa prakAra, vaidika-paramparA meM bhI trividha sAdhanAM-mArga kA vidhAna hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-625 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-157 pAzcAtya-cintana meM trividha sAdhanA-patha - pAzcAtya-paramparA meM tIna naitika Adeza upalabdha hote haiM - 1. svayaM ko jAno (Know Thyself), 2. svayaM ko svIkAra karo (Accept Thyself) aura 3. svayaM hI bana jAo (Be Thyself) / pAzcAtya-cintana ke tIna Adeza jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke samakakSa hI haiN| AtmajJAna meM jJAna kA tattva, Atma-svIkRti meM zraddhA kA tattva aura AtmanirmANa meM cAritra kA tattva svIkRta hI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga ke vidhAna meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAeM hI nahIM, pAzcAtya-vicAraka bhI ekamata haiM / tulanAtmaka rUpa meM unheM nimna prakAra se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haijaina-darzana bauddha darzana . gItA upaniSad pAzcAtya-darzana samyagjJAna prajJA jJAna, pariprazna manana Know Thyself samyagdarzana zraddhA, citta, samAdhi zraddhA, pratipAta zravaNa Accept Thyself samyakcAritra zIla, vIrya . karma, sevA nididhyAsana BeThyself - sAdhana-traya kA paraspara sambandha - jaina-AcAryoM ne naitika-sAdhanA ke lie ina tInoM sAdhanA-mArgoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra, naitikasAdhanA kI pUrNatA trividha-sAdhanApatha ke samagra paripAlana meM hI sambhava hai / jainavicAraka tInoM ke samaveta se hI mukti mAnate haiN| unake anusAra, na akelA jJAna, na akelA karma aura na akelI bhakti mukti dene meM samartha hai, jabaki kucha bhAratIyavicArakoM ne inameM se kisI eka ko hI mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaMkara kevala jJAna se aura rAmAnuja kevala bhakti se mukti kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina dArzanika aisI kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM par3ate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA meM hI mokSa-siddhi saMbhava hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM mokSa yA naitika-sAdhya kI prApti sambhava nhiiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jisameM jJAna nahIM hai, usakA AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM Asakti se mukta nahIM huA jAtA hai aura jo Asakti se mukta nahIM, usakA nirvANa yA mokSa nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, zAstrakAra yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki nirvANa yA naitika-sAdhya ke rUpa meM jisa pUrNatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha cetanA ke kisI eka pakSa kI pUrNatA nahIM, varan tInoM pakSoM - kI pUrNatA hai aura isake lie sAdhanA ke tInoM pakSa Avazyaka haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-626 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-158 yadyapi naitika-sAdhanA ke lie samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra yA zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA, athavA zraddhA, jJAna aura karma-tInoM Avazyaka haiM, lekina inameM sAdhanA kI dRSTi se eka pUrvAparatA kA krama bhI hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kA pUrvApara sambandha - jJAna aura darzana kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jaina-vicAraNA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai| kucha AcArya darzana ko prAthamika mAnate haiM, to kucha jJAna ko, kucha ne donoM kA yogapadya (samAnAntaratA) svIkAra kiyA hai, yadyapi AcAra-mImAMsA kI dRSTi se darzana kI prAthamikatA hI prabala rahI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, jJAna kI apekSA darzana ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne bhI apane grantha meM darzana ko jJAna aura cAritra ke pahale sthAna diyA hai| AcArya kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki dharma (sAdhanAmArga) darzana-pradhAna hai|' lekina, dUsarI ora kucha sandarbha aise bhI hai, jinameM jJAna ko prathama mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM, usI adhyAya meM mokSa-mArga kI vivecanA meM jo krama hai, usameM jJAna kA sthAna prathama hai| vastutaH, sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana kI dRSTi se bhI jJAna aura darzana meM kise prAthamika mAnA jAe, yaha nirNaya karanA sahaja nahIM hai| isa vivAda ke mUla meM yaha tathya hai ki zraddhAvAdI-dRSTikoNa samyagdarzana ko prathama sthAna detA hai, jabaki jJAnavAdIdRSTikoNa zraddhA ke samyak hone ke lie jJAna kI prAthamikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vastutaH, isa vivAda meM koI ekAntika nirNaya lenA anucita hI hogA / yahA~ samanvayavAdI-dRSTikoNa hI saMgata hogaa| navatattvaprakaraNa meM aisA hI samanvayavAdIdRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai, jahA~ donoM ko eka-dUsare kA pUrvApara batAyA hai| kahA hai ki jo jIvAdi nava padArthoM ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, use samyaktva hotA hai| isa prakAra, jJAna ko darzana ke pUrva batAyA gayA hai, lekina agalI paMkti meM hI jJAnAbhAva meM kevala zraddhA se hI samyaktva kI prApti mAna lI gaI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo vastutattva ko svataH nahIM jAnatA huA bhI usake prati bhAva se zraddhA karatA hai, use samyaktva ho jAtA hai| 1 hama apane dRSTikoNa se inameM se kise prathama sthAna deM, isakA nirNaya karane ke pUrva darzana zabda ke artha kA nizcaya kara lenA jarUrI hai| darzana zabda ke do artha haiM - 1. yathArtha dRSTikoNa aura 2. shrddhaa| yadi hama darzana kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha lete haiM, to hameM sAdhanA-mArga kI dRSTi se use prathama sthAna denA cAhie, kyoMki yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa hI mithyA hai, ayathArtha hai, to na to usakA jJAna samyak ( yathArtha) hogA aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-627 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -159 na cAritra hii| yathArtha dRSTi ke abhAva meM yadi jJAna aura cAritra samyak pratIta bhI hoM, to bhI ve samyak nahIM kahe jA sakate / vaha to saMyogika-prasaMga mAtra hai| aisA sAdhaka digbhrAMta bhI ho sakatA hai, jisakI dRSTi hI dUSita hai, vaha kyA satya ko jAnegA aura usakA AcaraNa karegA? dUsarI ora, yadi hama samyagdarzana kA zraddhAparaka artha lete haiM, to usakA sthAna jJAna ke pazcAt hI hogA, kyoMki avicala zraddhA to jJAna ke bAda hI utpanna ho sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI darzana kA zraddhAparaka artha karate samaya use jJAna ke bAda hI sthAna diyA gayA hai| granthakAra kahate haiM ki jJAna se padArtha (tattva) svarUpa ko jAneM aura darzana ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kreN| vyakti ke svAnubhava (jJAna) ke pazcAt hI jo zraddhA utpanna hotI hai, usameM jo sthAyitva hotA hai, vaha jJAnabhAva meM prApta huI zraddhA se nahIM ho sktaa| jJAnabhAva meM jo zraddhA hotI hai, usameM saMzaya hone kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| aisI zraddhA yathArtha zraddhA nahIM, varan andha zraddhA hI ho sakatI hai| jina-praNIta tattvoM meM bhI yathArtha zraddhA to unake svAnubhava evaM tArkika-parIkSaNa ke pazcAt hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi sAdhanA ke lie, AcaraNa ke lie, zraddhA anivArya tattva hai, lekina vaha jJAna-prasUta honI caahie| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki dharma kI samIkSA prajJA ke dvArA kareM, tarka se tattva kA vizleSaNa kreN| ___ isa prakAra, yathArthadRSTiparaka artha meM samyagdarzana ko jJAna ke pUrva lenA cAhie, jaba ki zraddhAparaka artha meM use jJAna ke pazcAt sthAna denA caahie| : bauddha-vicAraNA meM jJAna aura zraddhA kA sambandha - bauddha-vicAraNA ne samyagdarzana yA samyagdRSTi zabda kA yathArtha dRSTikoNaparaka artha svIkArA hai aura aSTAMgika sAdhanA-mArga meM use prathama sthAna diyA hai| yadyapi aSTAMga sAdhanA-mArga meM jJAna kA koI svatantra sthAna nahIM hai, tathApi vaha samyagdRSTi meM hI samAhita hai| AMzika rUpa meM use samyak-smRti ke adhIna bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, tathApi bauddhasAdhanA ke trividha mArga zIla, samAdhi, prajJA meM jJAna ko svatantra sthAna bhI pradAna karate haiN| cAhe buddha ne AtmadIpa evaM AtmazaraNa ke svarNima sUtra kA udghoSa kara zraddhA kI apekSA svAvalambana kA pATha par3hAyA ho, phira bhI bauddha AcAra-darzana meM zraddhA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna sabhI yugoM meM rahA hai| suttanipAta meM Alavaka yakSa ke prati buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki manuSya kA zreSTha dhana zraddhA hai| manuSya zraddhA se isa saMsArarUpa bAr3ha ko pAra karatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jJAna kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM zraddhA ko svIkAra karake buddha gItA kI vicAraNA ke atyadhika nikaTa A jAte haiN| gItA ke samAna hI buddha suttanipAta meM Alavaka yakSa se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-628 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -160 kahate haiM, "nirvANa kI ora le jAne vAle arhatoM ke dharma meM zraddhA rakhane vAlA apramatta aura vicakSaNa puruSa prajJA prApta karatA hai|"16 'zraddhAvAMllabhate jJAnaM' aura 'saddahAno labhate paJa' kA zabda-sAmya donoM AcAra-darzanoM meM nikaTatA dekhane vAle vidvAnoM ke lie vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| lekina, yadi hama zraddhA ko AsthA ke artha meM grahaNa karate haiM, to buddha kI dRSTi meM prajJA prathama hai aura zraddhA dvitIya sthAna para / saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate hai ki zraddhA puruSa kI sAthI hai, prajJA usa para niyantraNa karatI hai| isa prakAra, zraddhA para viveka kA sthAna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM, zraddhA se jJAna bar3A hai| isa prakAra, buddha kI dRSTi meM jJAna kA mahatva adhika siddha hotA hai / yadyapi buddha zraddhA ke mahatva ko aura jJAna-prApti ke lie usakI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra karate haiM, tathApi jahA~ zraddhA aura jJAna meM kisI kI zreSThatA kA prazna AtA hai, ve jJAna(prajJA) kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| bauddhasAhitya meM bahucarcita kAlAmasutta bhI isakA pramANa hai| kAlAmoM ko upadeza dete hue buddha svaviveka ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna dete haiN| ve kahate haiM, he kAlAmoM! tuma kisI bAta ko isalie svIkAra mata karo ki yaha bAta anuzruta hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha bAta paramparAgata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha bAta isI prakAra kahI gaI hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha hamAre dharma-graMtha (piTaka) ke anukUla hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha tarka-sammata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha nyAya (zAstra) sammata hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki isakA AkAra-prakAra (kathana kA DhaMga) sundara hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki yaha hamAre mata ke anukUla hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki kahane vAle kA vyaktitva AkarSaka hai, kevala isalie mata svIkAra karo ki kahane vAlA zramaNa hamArA pUjya hai| he kAlAmoM! (yadi) tuma jaba AtmAnubhava se apane-Apa hI yaha jAno ki ye bAteM akuzala haiM, ye bAteM sadoSa haiM, ye bAteM vijJa puruSoM dvArA niMdita haiM, ina bAtoM ke anusAra calane se ahita hotA hai, duHkha hotA hai - to he kAlAmoM ! tuma una bAtoM ko chor3a do| buddha kA uparyukta kathana zraddhA ke Upara mAnavIya-viveka kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdaka hai| lekina, isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki buddha mAnavIya-prajJA ko zraddhA se pUrNatayA nirmukta kara dete haiN| buddha kI dRSTi meM jJAnavihIna zraddhA manuSya ke svavivekarUpI cakSu ko samApta kara use andhA banA detI hai aura zraddhA-vihIna jJAna manuSya ko saMzaya aura tarka ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-629 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -161 marUsthala meM bhaTakA detA hai| isa mAnavIya-prakRti kA vizleSaNa karate hue visuddhimagga meM kahA hai ki balavAn zraddhAvAlA, kintu manda prajJAvAlA vyakti binA soce-samajhe hara kahIM vizvAsa kara letA hai aura balavAn prajJAvAlA, kintu manda zraddhAvAlA vyakti kutArkika (dhUrta) ho jAtA hai, vaha auSadhi se utpanna hone vAle roga ke samAna hI asAdhya hotA hai| 20 isa prakAra, buddha zraddhA aura viveka ke madhya eka samanvayavAdIdRSTikoNa prastuta karate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM jJAna se yukta zraddhA aura zraddhA se yukta jJAna hI sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sacce dizA-nirdezaka ho sakate haiN| gItA meM zraddhA aura jJAna kA sambandha- gItA ke anusAra zraddhA ko hI prathama sthAna denA hogA, gItAkAra kahatA hai ki zraddhAvAn hI jJAna prApta karatA hai| yadyapi gItA meM jJAna kI mahimA gAyI gaI hai, lekina jJAna zraddhA ke Upara apanA sthAna nahIM banA pAyA hai, vaha zraddhA kI prApti kA eka sAdhana hI hai| zrIkRSNa svayaM kahate haiM ki nirantara mere dhyAna meM lIna aura prItipUrvaka bhajane vAle logoM ko maiM buddhiyoga pradAna karatA hU~, jisase ve mujhe prApta ho jAte haiN| yahA~ jJAna ko zraddhA kA pariNAma mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, gItA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki yadi sAdhaka mAtra zraddhA yA bhakti kA sambala lekara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3he, to jJAna use IzvarIya-anukampA ke rUpa meM prApta ho jAtA hai| kRSNa kahate haiM ki zraddhAyukta bhaktajanoM para anugraha karane ke lie maiM svayaM unake antaHkaraNa meM sthita hokara ajJAnajanya andhakAra ko jJAnarUpI prakAza se naSTa kara detA huuN| isa prakAra, gItA meM jJAna ke sthAna para sAdhanA kI dRSTi se zraddhA hI prAthamika siddha hotI hai| ... lekina, jaina-vicAraNA meM yaha sthiti nahIM hai| yadyapi usameM zraddhA kA kAphI mAhAtmya nirUpita hai aura kabhI tovaha gItA ke ati nikaTa Akara yaha bhI kaha detI hai ki darzana (zraddhA) kI vizuddhi se jJAna kI vizuddhi ho hI jAtI hai, arthAt zraddhA ke samyak hone para samyak jJAna upalabdha ho hI jAtA hai, phira bhI usameM zraddhA jJAna aura svAnubhava ke Upara pratiSThita nahIM ho sktii| isake pIche jo kAraNa hai, vaha yaha ki gItA meM zraddheya itanA samartha mAnA gayA hai ki vaha apane upAsaka ke hRdaya meM jJAna kI AbhA ko prakAzita kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina-vicAraNA meM zraddheya (upAsya) upAsaka ko apanI ora se kucha bhI dene meM asamartha hai, sAdhaka ko svayaM hI jJAna upalabdha karanA hotA hai| ___ samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandha- cAritra aura jJAnadarzana ke pUrvApara sambandha ko lekara jaina-vicAraNA meM koI vivAda nahIM hai| cAritra kI apekSA jJAna aura darzana ko prAthamikatA pradAna kI gaI hai| cAritra sAdhanA mArga meM gati

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-630 . jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-162 hai, jaba jJAna sAdhanA-patha kA bodha hai aura darzana yaha vizvAsa jAgrata karatA hai ki yaha patha use apane lakSya kI ora le jAne vAlA hai| sAmAnya pathika bhI yadi patha ke jJAna evaM isa dRr3ha vizvAsa ke abhAva meM ki vaha patha usake vAMchita lakSya ko jAtA hai, apane lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA, to phira AdhyAtmika sAdhanA-mArga kA pathika binA jJAna aura AsthA (zraddhA) ke kaise Age bar3ha sakatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAna se (yathArtha sAdhanA-mArga ko) jAne, darzana ke dvArA usa para vizvAsa kare aura cAritra se usa sAdhanA-mArga para, AcaraNa karatA huA tapase apanI AtmA kA parizodhana kreN| yadyapi lakSya ke pAne ke lie cAritrarUpa prayAsa Avazyaka hai, lekina prayAsa ko lakSyonmukha aura samyak honA caahie| mAtra andhe prayAso se lakSya prApta nahIM hotaa| 'yadi vyakti kA dRSTikoNa yathArtha nahIM hai, to jJAna yathArtha nahIM hogA aura jJAna ke yathArtha nahIM hone para caritra yA AcaraNa bhI yathArtha nahIM hogA, isalie jaina-AgamoM meM cAritra se darzana (zraddhA) kI prAthamikatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM samyakcAritra nahIM hotaa| 25 bhaktaparijJA meM kahA gayA hai ki darzana se bhraSTa (patita) hI vAstavika bhraSTa hai, cAritra se bhraSTa bhraSTa nahIM hai, kyoMki jo darzana se yukta hai, vaha saMsAra meM adhika paribhramaNa nahIM karatA, jabaki darzana se bhraSTa vyakti saMsAra se mukta nahIM hotaa| kadAcit cAritra se rahita siddha bhI ho jAe, lekina darzana se rahita kabhI bhI mukta nahIM hotaa| vastutaH, dRSTikoNa yA zraddhA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jo vyakti ke jJAna aura AcaraNa kA sahI dizA-nirdeza karatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArAMganiyukti meM kahate haiM ki samyakdRSTi se hI tapa, jJAna aura sadAcaraNa saphala hote haiN|" saMta Anandaghana darzana kI mahattA ko siddha karate hue anantajina ke stavana meM kahate haiM - zuddha zraddhA binA sarva kiriyA karI, ___ chAra (rAkha) para lIpaNu teha jaannore| bauddha-darzana aura gItA kA dRSTikoNa-jaina-darzana ke samAna bauddha-darzana aura gItA meM bhI zraddhA ko AcaraNa kA pUrvavartI mAnA gayA hai| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha kahate haiM ki zraddhApUrvaka diyA huA dAna hI prazaMsanIya hai / AcArya bhadrabAhu aura Anandaghana tathA bhagavAn buddha ke uparyukta dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki he arjuna! binA zraddhA ke kiyA huA havana, diyA huA dAna, tapA huA tapa aura jo kucha bhI kiyA huA karma hai, vaha sabhI asat (asamyak) kahA jAtA hai, vaha na to isa loka meM lAbhadAyaka hai, na paraloka meN| taittirIya-upaniSad meM bhI yahI kahA gayA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-631 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -163 hai ki jo bhI dAnAdi karma karanA cAhie, unheM zraddhApUrvaka hI karanA cAhie, azraddhApUrvaka nhiiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparAe~ AcaraNa ke pUrva zraddhA ko sthAna detI haiN| vastutaH, zraddhA AcaraNa ke antas meM nihita eka aisA tattva hai, jo karma ko ucitatA pradAna karatA hai| naitika-jIvana ke kSetra meM vaha eka Antarika aMkuza ke rUpa meM kArya karatI hai aura isalie vaha karma se prathama hai| samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI pUrvAparatA- jaina- vicArakoM ne cAritra ko jJAna ke bAda hI rakhA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo jIva aura ajIva ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA, aisA jIva aura ajIva ke viSaya meM ajJAnI sAdhaka kyA dharma (saMyama) kA AcaraNa karegA ? 31 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI yahI kahA hai ki samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM sadAcaraNaM nahIM hotaa| 32 isa prakAra, jaina-darzana jJAna ko cAritra ke pUrva mAnatA hai| jaina-dArzanika yaha to svIkAra karate haiM ki samyak AcaraNa ke pUrva sasyakjJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki akelA jJAna hI mukti kA sAdhana hai| jJAna AcaraNa kA pUrvavartI avazya hai, yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM cAritra samyak nahIM ho sakatA, lekina yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA jJAna hI mokSa kA mUla hetu hai ? sAdhana-tya meM jJAna kA sthAna- jainAcArya amRtacandrasUri jJAna kI cAritra se pUrvatA ko siddha karate hue eka carama sImA sparza kara lete haiN| ve apanI samayasAra TIkA meM likhate haiM ki jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai, kyoMki jJAna kA abhAva hone se ajJAniyoM meM aMtaraMga vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa aura tapasyA Adi vaM upasthiti hote hue bhI mokSa kA abhAva hai, kyoMki ajJAna to bandha kA hetu hai, jabaki jJAnI meM jJAna kA sadbhAva hone se bAhya-vrata, niyama, sadAcaraNa, tapa Adi kI anupasthiti hone para bhI mokSa kA sadbhAva hai| AcArya zaMkara bhI yaha mAnate haiM ki eka hI kArya jJAna ke abhAva meM bandhana kA hetu aura jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa kA hetu hotA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki karma nahIM, jJAna hI mokSa kA hetu hai| AcArya amRtacandra bhI jJAna ko trividha sAdhanoM meM pramukha mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra bhI jJAna ke hI rUpa haiM / ve likhate haiM ki mokSa ke kAraNa samyagdarzana, jJAna aura cAritra haiM / jIvAdi tattvoM ke yathArtha zraddhAna rUpa se to jo jJAna hai, vaha to samyagdarzana hai aura unakA jJAna-svabhAva se -jJAna honA samyagjJAna hai tathA rAgAdi ke tyAga-svabhAva se jJAna kA honA samyakcAritra hai| isa prakAra, jJAna hI paramArthataH mokSa kA kAraNa hai| yahAM para AcArya darzana aura

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jaina dharma evaMdarzana-632 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -164 cAritra ko jJAna ke anya do pakSoM ke rUpa meM siddha kara mAtra jJAna ko hI mokSa kA hetu siddha karate haiN| unake dRSTikoNa ke anusAra darzana aura cAritra bhI jJAnAtmaka hai, jJAna kI hI paryAyeM haiN| yadyapi yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AcArya mAtra jJAna kI upasthiti meM mokSa ke sadbhAva kI kalpanA karate haiM, phira bhI ve antaraMga-cAritra kI upasthiti se inakAra nahIM karate haiN| antaraMga-cAritra to kaSAya Adi ke kSaya ke rUpa meM sabhI sAdhakoM meM upasthita hotA hai| sAdhaka aura sAdhya-vivacena meM hama dekhate haiM ki sAdhaka-AtmA pAramArthika-dRSTi se jJAnamaya hI hai aura vahI jJAnamaya AtmA usakA sAdhya hai| isa prakAra, jJAnasvabhAvamaya AtmA hI mokSa kA upAdAna-kAraNa hai| kyoMki jo jJAna hai, vaha AtmA hai aura jo AtmA hai, vaha jJAna hai," ataH mokSa kA hetu jJAna hI siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-AcAryoM ne sAdhana-traya meM jJAna ko atyadhika mahatva diyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA uparyukta dRSTikoNa to jaina-darzana ko zaMkara ke nikaTa khar3A kara detA hai, phira bhI yaha mAnanA ki jaina-dRSTi meM jJAna hI mAtra mukti kA sAdhana hai, jainavicAraNA ke maulika mantavya se dUra honA hai| yadyapi jaina-sAdhanA meM jJAna mokSa-prApti kA prAthamika evaM anivArya kAraNa hai, phira bhI vaha ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / jJAnAbhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai, kintu mAtra jJAna se bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne jJAna ko mukti kA anivArya kAraNa svIkAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki zraddhA aura cAritra ke Adarzonmukha evaM samyak hone ke lie jJAna mahatvapUrNa tathya hai, samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM zraddhA andhazraddhA hogI aura cAritra yA sadAcaraNa eka aisI kAgajI-mudrA ke samAna hogA, jisakA cAhe bAhya-mUlya ho, lekina Antarika-mUlya zUnya hI hai| AcArya kundakunda, jo jJAnavAdI-paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, ve bhI spaSTa kahate haiM ki kore jJAna se nirvANa nahIM hotA, yadi zraddhA na ho aura kevala zraddhA se bhI nirvANa nahIM hotA, yadi saMyama (sadAcaraNa) na ho| jaina-dArzanika zaMkara ke samAna na to yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra jJAna se mukti ho sakatI hai, na rAmAnuja prabhRti bhaktimArga ke AcAryoM ke samAna yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mAtra bhakti se mukti hotI hai| unheM mImAMsA-darzana kI yaha mAnyatA bhI grAhya nahIM hai ki mAtra karma se mukti ho sakatI hai| ve to zraddhAsamanvita jJAna aura karma-donoM se mukti kI sambhAvanA svIkAra karate haiN| . samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kA pUrvApara sambandhaM bhI ekAMtika nahIM- jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra sAdhana-traya meM eka krama to mAnA gayA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-633 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-165 hai, yadyapi isa krama ko bhI ekAntika-rUpa meM svIkAra karanA usakI syAdvAda kI dhAraNA kA atikramaNa hI hogA, kyoMki jahA~ AcaraNa ke samyak hone ke lie samyagjJAna aura samyagdarzana Avazyaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora samyagjJAna evaM darzana kI upalabdhi ke pUrva bhI AcaraNa kA samyak honA Avazyaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jaba taka tIvratama (anantAnubandhI) krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-cAra kaSAyeM samApta nahIM hotI, taba taka samyak darzana aura jJAna bhI prApta nahIM hotaa| AcArya zaMkara ne bhI jJAna kI prApti ke pUrva vairAgya kA honA Avazyaka mAnA hai| isa prakAra, sadAcaraNa aura saMyama ke tattva samyak darzana aura jJAna kI upalabdhi ke pUrvavartI bhI siddha hote haiN| dUsare, isa krama yA pUrvAparatA ke AdhAra para bhI sAdhana-traya meM kisI eka ko zreSTha mAnanA aura dUsare ko gauNa mAnanA jainadarzana ko svIkRta nahIM hai| vastutaH, sAdhana-traya mAnavIya-cetanA ke tIna pakSoM ke rUpa meM hI sAdhanA-mArga kA nirmANa karate haiN| cetanA ke ina tIna pakSoM meM jaisI pArasparika-prabhAvakatA aura aviyojya-sambandha rahA hai, vaisI hI pArasparikaprabhAvakatA aura aviyojya-sambandha ina tInoM pakSoM meM bhI hai| jJAna aura kriyA ke sahayoga se mukti-sAdhanA-mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA (vihita AcaraNa) ke zreSThatva ko lekara vivAda calA A rahA hai| vaidika-yuga meM jahA~ vihita AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vahA~ aupaniSadika-yuga meM jJAna para bala diyA jAne lgaa| bhAratIya-cintakoM ke samakSa prAcIna samaya se hI yaha samasyA rahI hai ki jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca sAdhanA kA yarthAtha tattva kyA hai ? jaina paramparA ne prArambha se hI sAdhanAmArga meM jJAna aura kriyA kA samanvaya kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI yuga meM jaba zramaNa-paramparA dehadaNDana-paraka tapa-sAdhanA meM aura vaidika-paramparA yajJayAgaparakakriyAkANDoM meM hI sAdhanA kI itizrI mAnakara sAdhanA ke mAtra AcaraNAtmaka-pakSa para bala dene lagI thI, to unhoMne use jJAna se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra aura unake bAda jaina-vicArakoM ne bhI jJAna aura AcaraNa-donoM se samanvita sAdhanApatha kA upadeza diyaa| jaina-vicArakoM kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki mukti na to mAtra jJAna se prApta ho sakatI hai aura na kevala sadAcaraNa se| jJAnamArgI aupaniSadika evaM sAMkhya* paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA ki kucha vicAraka mAnate haiM ki pApa kA tyAga kie binA hI, mAtra Aryatattva (yathArthatA) ko jAnakara hI, AtmA sabhI duHkhoM se chUTa jAtI hai, lekina bandhana aura mukti ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle ye vicAraka saMyama kA AcaraNa nahIM karate hue kevala vacanoM se hI AtmA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-634 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-166 ko AzvAsana dete haiN| 40 sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki manuSya, cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, bhikSuka ho, aneka zAstroM kA jAnakAra ho, athavA apane ko dhArmika prakaTa karatA ho, yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahIM hai, to vaha apane karmoM ke kAraNa duHkhI hI hogaa| aneka bhASAoM evaM zAstroM kA jJAna AtmA ko zaraNabhUta nahIM hotA / mantrAdi vidyA bhI use kaise bacA sakatI hai ? asad AcaraNa meM anurakta apane-Apa ko paMDita mAnane vAle loga vastutaH mUrkha hI haiM / Avazyakaniyukti meM jJAna aura cAritra ke pArasparikasambandha kA vivecana vistRta rUpa meM hai| usake kucha aMza isa samasyA kA hala khojane meM hamAre sahAyaka ho skeNge| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki AcaraNavihIna aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA bhI saMsAra-samudra se pAra nahIM hote| mAtra zAstrIya jJAna se, binA AcaraNa ke koI mukti prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jisa prakAra nipuNa cAlaka bhI vAyu yA gati kI kriyA ke abhAva meM jahAja ko icchita kinAre para nahIM pahuMcA sakatA, vaise hI jJAnI AtmA bhI tapa-saMyamarUpa sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM mokSa prApta nahIM kara sktaa| mAtra jAna lene se kArya-siddhi nahIM hotii| tairanA jAnate hue bhI koI kAyaceSTA nahIM kare, to DUba jAtA hai, vaise hI zAstroM ko jAnate hue bhI jo dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA, vaha DUba jAtA hai| jaise candana Dhone vAlA candana se lAbhAnvita nahIM hotA, mAtra bhAravAhaka hI banA rahatA hai, vaise hI AcaraNa se hIna jJAnI jJAna ke bhAra kA vAhaka mAtra hai, isase use koI lAbha nahIM hotaa| jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika-sambandha ko lokaprasiddha aMdha-paMgu-nyAya ke AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue AcArya likhate haiM ki jaise vana meM dAvAnala lagane para paMgu use dekhate hue bhI gati ke abhAva meM jala maratA hai aura andhA samyak mArga na khoja pAne ke kAraNa jala maratA hai, vaise hI AcaraNavihIna jJAna paMgu ke samAna hai aura jJAnacakSuvihIna AcaraNa andhe ke samAna hai| AcaraNavihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna AcaraNa-donoM nirarthaka haiM aura saMsArarUpI dAvAnala se sAdhaka ko bacAne meM asamartha haiN| jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM calatA, akelA andhA, akelA paMgu icchita sAdhya taka nahIM pahu~cate, vaise hI mAtra jJAna athavA mAtra kriyA se mukti nahIM hotI, varan donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jJAna aura kriyA meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra karane kI vicAraNA ko mithyA vicAraNA kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne sAdhaka kI dRSTi se jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha kI eka caturbhaMgI kA kathana isI saMdarbha meM kiyA hai - 1. kucha vyakti jJAnasampanna haiM, lekina cAritra-sampanna nahIM haiN|

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-635 jaina dharma evaM darzana-635 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-167 2. kucha vyakti cAritrasampanna haiM, lekina jJAna-sampanna nahIM haiN| 3. kucha vyakti na jJAnasampanna haiM, na cAritrasampanna haiN| 4.kucha vyakti jJAnasampanna bhI haiM aura cAritra-sampanna bhI haiN| mahAvIra ne inameM se saccA sAdhaka use hI kahA, jo jJAna aura kriyA, zruta aura zIla-donoM se sampanna hai| isI ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka nimna rUpaka bhI diyA jAtA hai1. kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM, jinameM dhAtu bhI khoTI hai, mudrAMkana bhI ThIka nahIM hai| 2. kucha mudrAe~ aisI hotI haiM, jinameM dhAtu to zuddha hai, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka nahIM hai| 3. kucha mudrAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM dhAtu azuddha hai, lekina mudrAMkana ThIka hai| 4. kucha mudrAe~ aisI haiM, jinameM dhAtu bhI zuddha hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hai| ___bAjAra meM vahI mudrA grAhya hotI hai, jisameM dhAtu bhI zuddha hotI hai aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka hotA hai| isI prakAra, saccA sAdhaka-vahI hotA hai, jo jJAna-sampanna bhI ho aura cAritra-sampanna bhI ho| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA yaha batAtI hai ki jJAna aura kriyAdonoM hI naitika-sAdhanA ke lie Avazyaka haiM / jJAna aura cAritra-donoM kI samaveta sAdhanA se hI duHkha kA kSaya hotA hai| kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA-donoM hI ekAnta haiM aura ekAnta hone ke kAraNa jaina -darzana kI anekAntavAdI-vicAraNA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| __ vaidika-paramparA meM jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya se mukti - jaina-paramparA ke samAna vaidika paramparA meM bhI jJAna aura kriyA-donoM ke samanvaya meM hI mukti kI sambhAvanA mAnI gaI hai| nRsiMhapurANa meM bhI Avazyakaniyukti ke samAna sundara rUpakoM ke dvArA ise siddha kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jaise rathahIna azva aura azvahIna ratha anupayogI hai, vaise hI vidyA-vihIna tapa aura tapa-vihIna vidyA nirarthaka hai| jaise do paMkhoM ke kAraNa pakSI kI gati hotI hai, vaise hI jJAna aura karma-donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai| 48 kriyAvihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna kriyA-donoM nirarthaka haiM, yadyapi gItA jJAnaniSThA aura karmaniSThA-donoM ko hI svatantra rUpa se mukti kA mArga batAtI hai| gItA ke anusAra vyakti jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga-tInoM meM se kisI eka ke dvArA bhI mukti prApta kara sakatA hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM inake samaveta meM hI mukti mAnI gaI hai| bauddha-vicAraNA meM prajJA aura zIla kA sambandha - jaina-darzana ke samAna bauddha - darzana bhI na kevala jJAna (prajJA) kI upAdeyatA svIkAra karatA hai aura na kevala AcaraNa kii| usakI dRSTi meM bhI jJAnazUnya AcaraNa aura kriyAzUnya jJAna nirvANa-mArga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-636 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-168 meM sahAyaka nahIM haiN| usane samyagdRSTi aura samyaksmRti ke sAtha hI samyak vAcA, samyak-AjIva aura samyak-karmAnta ko svIkAra kara isI tathya kI puSTi kI hai ki prajJA aura zIla ke samanvaya meM hI mukti hai / buddha ne kriyAzUnya jJAna aura jJAnazUnya kriyA-donoM ko apUrNa mAnA hai| jAtaka meM kahA gayA hai ki AcaraNarahita zruta se koI artha siddha nahIM hotaa| dUsarI ora, buddha kI dRSTi meM naitika-AcaraNa athavA karma citta kI ekAgratA ke lie haiN| ve eka sAdhana haiM aura isalie paramasAdhya nahIM ho skte| mAtra zIlavrata-parAmarza athavA jJAnazUnya kriyAe~ bauddha-sAdhanA kA lakSya nahIM haiM, prajJA kI prApti hI eka aisA tathya hai, jisase naitika-AcaraNa banatA hai| DaoN. TI.Ara.vhI. mUrti ne zAntideva kI bodhicaryAvatAra kI paMjikA evaM aSTasahasrikA se bhI isa kathana kI puSTi ke lie pramANa upasthita kie haiN| bauddha-vicAraNA meM zIla aura prajJA-donoM kA samAna rUpa se mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| suttapiTaka ke grantha theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai- saMsAra meM zIla hI zreSTha hai, prajJA hI uttama hai| manuSyoM aura devoM meM zIla aura prajJA se hI vAstavika vijaya hotI hai|52 bhagavAn buddha ne zIla aura prajJA meM eka sundara samanvaya prastuta kiyA hai| dIghanikAya meM kahA hai ki zIla se prajJA prakSAlita hotI hai aura prajJA (jJAna) se zIla (cAritra) prakSAlita hotA hai| jahA~ zIla hai, vahA~ prajJA hai aura jahA~ prajJA hai, vahA~ zIla hai| isa prakAra, buddha kI dRSTi meM zIlavihIna prajJA aura prajJAvihIna zIla-donoM hI asamyak haiM / jo jJAna aura AcaraNa-donoM se samanvita hai, vahI saba devatAoM aura manuSyoM meM zreSTha hai| 54 AcaraNa ke dvArA hI prajJA kI zobhA bar3hatI hai| isa prakAra, buddha bhI prajJA aura zIla ke samanvaya meM nirvANa kI upalabdhi saMbhava mAnate haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki prArambhika bauddhadarzana zIla para aura paravartI bauddhadarzana prajJA para adhika bala detA rahA hai| tulanAtmaka-dRSTi se vicAra- jaina-paramparA meM sAdhana-traya ke samaveta meM hI mokSa kI niSpatti mAnI gaI hai| vaidika-paramparA meM jJAna-niSThA, karmaniSThA aura bhaktimArgaye tInoM hI alaga-alaga mokSa ke sAdhana mAne jAte rahe haiM aura ina AdhAroM para vaidikaparamparA meM svatantra sampradAyoM kA udaya bhI huA hai| vaidika-paramparA meM prArambha se hI karma-mArga aura jJAna-mArga kI dhArAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| bhAgavata-sampradAya ke udaya ke sAtha bhaktimArga eka naI niSThA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| isa prakAra, vedoM kA karmamArga, upaniSadoM kA jJAnamArga aura bhAgavata-sampradAya kA bhaktimArga tathA inake sAtha-sAtha hI yogasampradAya kA dhyAna-mArga, sabhI eka-dUsare se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-637 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -169 svatantra rUpa meM mokSamArga samajhe jAte rahe haiN| sambhavataH, gItA eka aisI racanA avazya hai, jo ina sabhI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM ko svIkAra karatI hai| yadyapi gItAkAra ne ina vibhinna dhArAoM ko sameTane kA prayatna to kiyA, lekina vaha unako samanvita nahIM kara pAyA, yahI kAraNa thA ki paravartI TIkAkAroM ne apane pUrva-saMskAroM ke kAraNa gItA ko inameM se kisI eka sAdhanA-mArga kA pratipAdaka batAne kA prayAsa kiyA aura gItA meM nirdezita sAdhanA ke dUsare mArgoM ko gauNa btaayaa| zaMkara ne jJAna ko, rAmAnuja ne bhakti ko, tilaka ne karma ko gItA kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya maanaa| lekina, jaina-vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanA-patha ko samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa kA kAraNa mAnA aura yaha batAyA ki ye tInoM eka-dUsare se alaga hokara nahIM, varan samaveta rUpa meM hI mokSa ko prApta karA sakate haiN| usane tInoM ko samAna mAnA aura unameM se kisI ko bhI eka ke adhIna banAne kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| hameM isa bhrAMti se bacanA hogA ki zraddhA, jJAna aura AcaraNa-ye svatantra rUpa meM naitika-pUrNatA ke mArga ho sakate haiN| mAnavIya-vyaktitva aura naitika-sAdhya eka pUrNatA hai aura use samaveta rUpa meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha-paramparA aura jaina-paramparA-donoM hI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa nahIM rakhate haiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA athavA prajJA, zraddhA aura vIrya ko samaveta rUpa meM hI nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra, bauddha aura jaina-paramparAe~ na kevala apane sAdhanA-mArga ke pratipAdana meM , varan sAdhana-traya ke balAbala ke viSaya meM bhI samAna dRSTikoNa rakhatI haiN| vastutaH, naitika-sAdhya kA svarUpa aura mAnavIya prakRti-donoM hI yaha batAte haiM ki trividha sAdhanA-mArga apane samaveta rUpa meM hI naitika-pUrNatA kI prApti karA sakatA hai| yahA~ isa trividha sAdhanA-patha kA mAnavIya-prakRti aura naitika-sAdhya se kyA sambandha hai, ise spaSTa kara lenA upayukta hogaa| mAnavIya-prakRti aura trividha sAdhanA-patha - mAnavIya-cetanA ke tIna kArya haiM- 1. jAnanA 2. anubhava karanA aura 3. saMkalpa karanA / hamArI cetanA kA jJAnAtmaka-pakSa na kevala jAnanA cAhatA hai, varan vaha satya ko hI jAnanA cAhatA hai| jJAnAtmaka-cetanA nirantara satya kI khoja meM rahatI hai, ataH jisa vidhi se hamArI jJAnAtmaka-cetanA satya ko upalabdha kara sake, use hI samyak-jJAna kahA gayA hai| samyak-jJAna cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka-pakSa ko satya kI upalabdhi kI dizA meM le jAtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-638 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-170 hai| cetanA kA dUsarA pakSa anubhUti ke rUpa meM Ananda kI khoja karatA hai| samyagdarzana cetanA meM rAga-dveSAtmaka jo tanAva hai, unheM samApta kara use Ananda pradAna karatA hai| cetanA kA tIsarA saMkalpanAtmaka-pakSa zakti kI upalabdhi aura kalyANa kI kriyAnviti cAhatA hai| samyakcAritra saMkalpa ko kalyANa ke mArga meM niyojita kara ziva kI upalabdhi karatA hai| isa prakAra, samyak-jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA yaha trividha sAdhanA-patha cetanA ke tInoM pakSoM ko sahI dizA meM nirdezita kara unake vAMchita lakSya sat, sundara aura ziva athavA ananta jJAna, Ananda aura zakti kI upalabdhi karAtA hai| vastutaH, jIvana ke sAdhya ko upalabdha karA denA hI isa trividha sAdhanA-patha kA kArya hai| jIvana kA sAdhya ananta evaM pUrNa jJAna, akSaya Ananda aura ananta zakti kI upalabdhi hai, jise trividha sAdhanA-patha ke tInoM aMgoM ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka-pakSa ko samyakjJAna kI dizA meM niyojita kara jJAna kI pUrNatA kI, cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka-pakSa ko samyagdarzana meM niyojita kara akSaya Ananda kI aura cetanA ke saMkalpAtmaka-pakSa ko samyakcAritra meM niyojita kara ananta zakti kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH, jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhya, sAdhaka aura sAdhanA-patha, tInoM meM abheda mAnA gayA hai| jJAna, anubhUti aura saMkalpamaya cetanA sAdhaka hai aura yahI cetanA ke tInoM pakSa samyak dizA meM niyojita hone para sAdhanA-patha kahalAte haiM aura ina tInoM pakSoM kI pUrNatA hI sAdhya hai| sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanApatha bhinna-bhinna nahIM, varan cetanA kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| unameM abheda mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM aura AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isa abheda ko atyanta mArmika zabdoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai| AcArya hemacandra isI abheda ko spaSTa karate hue yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki AtmA hI samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra hai, kyoMki AtmA isI rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai|' AcArya ne yaha kahakara ki AtmA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke rUpa meM zarIra meM sthita hai, mAnavIya manovaijJAnika-prakRti ko hI spaSTa kiyA hai| jJAna, cetanA aura saMkalpa-tInoM samyak hokara sAdhanA-patha kA nirmANa kara dete haiM aura yahI pUrNa hokara sAdhya bana jAte haiM / isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-darzana meM sAdhaka, sAdhanA-patha aura sAdhya meM abheda hai| mAnavIya-cetanA ke uparyukta tInoM pakSa jaba samyak dizA meM niyojita hote haiM, to ve sAdhanA-mArga kahe jAte haiM aura jaba ve asamyak dizA meM yA galata dizA meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-639 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -171 niyojita hote haiM, to bandhana yA patana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| ina tInoM pakSoM kI galata dizA meM gati hI mithyAtva aura sahI dizA meM gati samyaktva kahI jAtI hai| vastutaH, samyaktva kI prApti ke lie mithyAtva (avidyA) kA visarjana Avazyaka hai, kyoMki mithyAtva hI anaitikatA yA durAcAra kA mUla hai| mithyAtva kA AvaraNa haTane para samyaktvarUpI sUrya kA prakAza hotA hai| sandarbha grantha1. tattvArthasUtra 1/1, 2. uttarAdhyayana 28/2, 3. (a) atthi saddhA tato viriyaM paJA ca mama vijjti| suttanipAta 28/8, (ba) savvadA sIla sampanno (iti bhagavA) paJJavA susmaahito| ajjhattacintI satimA oghaM tarati duttaraM ||-suttnipaat 9/22, 4. gItA 4/34, 4/39, 5. sAikolAjI enDa mAralsa, pR. 180, 6. uttarAdhyayana, 28/30, 7. uttarAdhyayana 28/30, 8. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1, 9. darzanapAhuDa, 2, 10. uttarAdhyayana, 28/2, 11. navatattvaprakaraNa, 1 uddhRta-AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR. 151, 12. uttarAdhyayana, 28/35, 13. vahI, 23/25, 14. suttanipAta, 10/2, 15. vahI, 10/4, 16. vahI, 10/6, 17. saMyuttanikAya, 1/1/59, 18. vahI, 4/41/8, 19. aMguttaranikAya, 3/65, 20. gItA, 4/39, 21. gItA, 10/ 10, 22. vahI, 10/21, 23. visuddhimagga, 4/47, 24. uttarAdhyayana, 28/35, 25. uttarAdhyayana, 28/29, 26. bhaktaparijJA, 65-66, 27. AcArAMganiyukti, 221, 28. saMyuttanikAya 1/1/33, 29. gItA, 17/28,30. taittirIya-upaniSad zikSAvallI, 31. dazavaikAlika 4/12, 32. uttarAdhyayana 28/30, 33. vyavahArabhASya, 7/217, 34. samayasAraTIkA, 153, 35. gItA (zA.), a. 5 pIThikA, 36. samayasAraTIkA, 155, 37. samayasAra, 10, 38. samayasAraTIkA, 151, 39. pravacanasAra, cAritrAdhikAra, 3, 40. uttarAdhyayana, 6/9-10, 41. sUtrakRtAMga 2/1/7, 42. uttarAdhyayana, 6/11, 43. Avazyakaniyukti, 95-97, 44. vahI, 1151-54, 45. vahI, 100, 46. vahI 101-102, 47. bhagavatIsUtra 8/10/41, 48. nRsiMhapurANa, 61/9/11, 49. uddhRta dI kvesTa AphTara paraphekzana, pR. 63, 50.jAtaka, 5/373/127, 51. dI senTrala philAsaphI Apha buddhijma, pR. 30-31, 52. theragAthA, 1/70, 53. dIghanikAya, 1/4/4, 54. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/5, 55. aMguttaranikAya tIsarA nipAta, pR. 104, 56. samayasAra, 277, 57. yogazAstra, 4/1

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-640 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-172 zrAvakAcAra gRhastha varga kA uttaradAyitva . jaina dharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha nivRttimArgI yA sanyAsamArgI dharma hai| yaha bAta bhI nissaMkoca rUpa se svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai ki vaidika paramparA ke viparIta usameM sanyAsa kA carama Adarza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kintu isa AdhArapara yaha niSkarSa nikAla lenA ki jainadharma meM gRhastha yA upAsaka varga kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna nahIM hai, anucita hI hogaa| cAhe jainadharma ke prArambhika yuga meM sanyAsa ko adhika mahattA milI ho, kintu Age calakara jaina paramparA meM gRhastha dharma ko bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta ho gyaa| jaina dharma meM jo caturvidha saMgha vyavasthA huI, usameM sAdhu - sAdhviyoM ke sAtha hI zrAvakoM aura zrAvikAoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ko zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM ke mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM unheM sAdhu- sAdhviyoM kA saMrakSaka mAna liyA gayA / vaidika paramparA meM bhI gRhastha Azrama ko sabhI AzramoM kA mUla batAyA gayA thA, prakArAntara se ise jaina paramparA meM gRhastha varga ko zramaNa varga kA saMrakSaka evaM AdhAra mAnakara svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha upAsaka na kevala isalie mahatvapUrNa thA ki vaha zramaNoM ke bhojana, sthAna Adi AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA thA apitu use zramaNa sAdhakoM ke caritra kA praharI bhI mAna liyA gyaa| kucha samaya pUrva taka zrAvaka varga kI mahattA akSuNNa thii| use yaha adhikAra prApta thA ki yadi koI sAdhu yA sAdhvI zramaNa maryAdAoM kA samyagrUpeNa pAlana nahIM karatA hai to vaha unakA veza lekara unheM zramaNa saMgha se pRthaka kara de| isI prakAra muni evaM AryikA varga meM praveza ke lie bhI zrAvaka saMgha kI anumati Avazyaka thii| . vartamAna yuga meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra meM jo zithilatA prApta hotI jA rahI haiM, usakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki gRhasthavarga muni AcAra se avagata na rahane ke kAraNa apane uparyukta kartavya ko bhUla gayA haiN| Aja hameM isa bAta ko bahuta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA hogA ki jainadharma aura saMskRti kI rakSA kA dAyitva munivarga kI apekSA gRhastha varga para hI adhika hai aura yadi vaha apane isa dAyitva kI upekSA karegA, to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-641 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -173 apanI saMskRti evaM dharma kI surakSA karane meM asaphala rhegaa| yaha to huA kevala samAja yA saMghavyavasthA kI dRSTi se zrAvakavarga kA mahatva evaM uttrdaayitv| kintu na kevala sAmAjika dRSTi se apitu AdhyAtmika evaM sAdhanAtmaka dRSTi se bhI gRhastha kA sthAna utanA nimna nahIM haiM, jitanA ki sAmAnyatayA mAna liyA jAtA haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza hai- 'Arambha no Arambha' (gRhastha dharma) kA yaha sthAna bhI Arya haiM tathA samasta duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA mokSamArga hai| yaha jIvana bhI pUrNatayA samyak evaM sAdhu hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM to spaSTa rUpa se yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki cAhe sabhI samAnya gRhasthoM kI apekSA zramaNoM ko zreSTha mAna liyA jAye kintu kucha gRhastha aise bhI hai jo zramaNoM kI apekSA saMyama ke paripAlana meM zreSTha hote haiN| bAta spaSTa aura sApha hai ki AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA sambandha na kevala veza se hai aura na kevala AcAra ke bAhya niyamoM se, apitu samAja yA saMgha-vyavasthA kI dRSTi meM bAhya AcAra - niyamoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bAta bhI svIkAra kara lI gayI hai ki gRhastha jIvana se bhI nirvANa ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM marUdevI aura bharata ke udAharaNa lokavizruta haiN| yadi gRhastha dharma se bhI parinirvANa yA mukti sambhava hai - to isa vivAda kA koI adhika mUlya nahIM raha jAtA ki munidharma aura gRhastha dharma meM sAdhanA kA kaunasA mArga zreSTha haiM / vastutaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke kSetra meM zreSThatA aura nimnatA kA AdhAra AdhyAtmika jAgarUkatA, apramattatA aura nirAkulatA haiM, jisane apanI viSaya vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM para niyantraNa pA liyA hai, jisakA citta nirAkula aura zAnta ho gayA hai, jo apane kartavyapatha para pUrI ImAnadArI se cala rahA hai phira cAhe vaha gRhastha ho yA muni, usakI AdhyAtmika zreSThatA meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM na to veza mahatvapUrNa haiM aura na bAhya AcAra, apitu usameM mahatvapUrNa haiM antarAtmA kI nirmalatA aura vizuddhatA / antara kI nirmalatA hI sAdhanA kA mUlabhUta AdhAra haiN| gRhastha dharma kI zreSThatA kA prazna gRhasthadharma aura munidharma meM yadi sAdhanA kI dRSTi se hama zreSThatA kI bAta kareM to bhI vastutaH gRhastha jIvana hI adhika zreSTha pratIta hogaa| vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA ke lie saMnyAsa eka nirApada mArga haiM, kyoMki gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA karanA adhika kaThina hai| kyoMki sAdhaka jIvana meM vighnoM se dUra rahakara nirdoSa caritra kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-642 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-174 pAlana karanA utanA kaThina nahIM hai, jitanA ki vighnoM ke bIca rahakara usakA pAlana krnaa| saMnyAsa mArga eka aisA mArga hai, jisameM anAsakti yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA ke lie vighna-bAdhAoM kI sambhAvanA kama hotI hai| sanyAsamArga kI sAdhanA kaThora hote hue bhI susAdhya hai, jabaki gRhastha mArga kI sAdhanA vyAvahArika dRSTi se susAdhya pratIka hote hue bhI duHsAdhya hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie jisa anAsakta cetanA kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha saMnyasta jIvana meM sahaja prApta ho jAtI hai usameM citta vicalana ke avasara ati nyUna hote hai, jabaki gRhastha jIvana meM citta vicalana ke avasara atyadhika haiN| giri-kandarA meM rahakara brahmacarya kA pAlana utanA kaThina nahIM hai, jitanA ki nAriyoM (sundariyoM) ke madhya rahakara usakA pAlana krnaa| premikA vezyA ke ghara meM cAturmAsa ke lie sthita hokara brahmacarya kI sAdhanA karane vAle sthUli bhadra ko una saikar3oM- hajAroM muniyoM kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA, jo giri- kandarAoM meM rahakara munidharma kI sAdhanA kara rahe the| kyA vijaya seTha aura seThAnI kI brahmacarya kI kaThora sAdhanA kI tulanA kisI gRhastha jIvana kA parityAga karane vAle muni kI brahmacarya sAdhanA se kI jA sakatI haiM ? rAga-dveSa, Asakti aura mamatva ke prasaMgoM kI upasthiti gRhastha jIvana meM adhika hotI hai - una prasaMgoM meM bhI jo apane ko nirAkula aura niyaMtrita rakha sakatA hai, vaha mahAna hai| . sanyAsa mArga meM to ina prasaMgoM kI upasthiti ke avasara hI atyalpa hote haiN| ataH saMnyAsa mArga nirApada aura sarala hai| gRhastha dharma se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora jAne vAlA mArga phisalana bharA hai, jisameM kadama - kadama para sajagatA kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi sAdhaka eka kSaNa ke lie bhI vAsanA ke AvegoM meM nahI saMbhalA to usakA patana ho jAtA hai| vAsanAoM ke bavaNDara ke madhya rahate hue bhI unase aprabhAvita rahanA sarala nahI haiN| ataH kaha sakate haiM ki gRhastha jIvana kI sAdhanA muni jIvana kI sAdhanA kI apekSA adhika duHsAdhya haiM aura jo aise sAdhana- patha para calakara AdhyAtmika uccatA ko prApta karatA hai, vaha muniyoM kI apekSA kaI gunA zreSTha hai| .. vastutaH gRhastha dharma kA pAlana isalie adhika duHsAdhya hai ki usameM kAjala kI kaThorI meM rahakara bhI apanI caritra rUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakhanA hotA hai| kAjala kI koTharI se bAhara rahakara to koI bhI caritra rUpI cAdara ko bedAga rakha sakatA hai, kintu koTharI meM rahate hue use bedAga rakha pAnA adhika sajagatA aura AtmaniyantraNa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| phisalana bhare rAste meM calakara jo sAdhanA kI U~cAiyoM taka pahu~catA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-643 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -175 hai, usakI mahattA to kucha aura hI hai| saMsAra aura vAsanA rUpI kardama meM rahakara bhI kamalapatra ke samAna alipta rahanA nizcaya hI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi haiN| ___. yadyapi mere yaha saba kahane kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki maiM muni jIvana kI mahattA aura garimA ko nakAra rahA hU~, isa viSaya vAsanArUpI kAjala kI koTharI se nikala kara una para niyantraNa kara lenA bhI kama mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai| muni jIvana kI apanI sAdhanAgata garimA aura mahattA haiM, use maiM asvIkAra nahI krtaa| mere kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki jo gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI sAdhanA kI unhIM AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM ko chU letA hai, jise eka muni chUtA hai to vaha gRhastha muni se zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayana meM gRhastha ko muni kI apekSA jo zreSTha kahA gayA hai, vaha isI apekSA se kahA gayA hai| apanI asmitA ko pahacAneM - gRhastha dharma kI isa mahattA ke pratipAdana kA ekamAtra uddezya yahI hai ki hama apane pada kI mahimA ko smjheN| vartamAna saMdarbho meM isa mahattA aura garimA kA pratipAdana isalie Avazyaka hai ki Aja kA zrAvaka varga na kevala apane kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM ko bhUla baiThA hai, apitu vaha apanI asmitA ko bhI kho baiThA hai| Aja aisA samajhA jAne lagA hai ki dharma aura saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa tathA adhyAtmikatA sAdhanA sabhI kucha sAdhuoM kA kAma hai| gRhastha to mAtra upAsaka hai, usake kartavya kI itizrI sAdhusAdhviyoM ko dAna dene taka hI hai| Aja hameM isa bAta kA ahasAsa karanA hogA ki jaina dharma kI saMgha - vyavasthA meM hamArA kyA aura kitanA garimAmaya sthAna hai ? khATa ke cAra pAyoM meM agara eka caramarAtA aura TUTatA hai to dUsaroM kA astitvaM nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| yadi zrAvaka varga apane kartavyoM dAyitvoM evaM apanI garimA ko vismRta karatA hai to saMgha ke zeSa ghaTakoM kA astitva bhI nirApada nahIM raha sktaa| ... Aja vAstavika sthiti yaha hai ki hamArA zramaNa aura zramaNI varga bhI zithilAcAra meM AkaNTha DUbAtA jA rahA hai| yadi koI usake andara jhA~kakara dekhatA hai to usake andara rahI huyI sar3AMdha se apanA mu~ha napharata se phera letA hai| Aja jinheM hama Adarza aura vandanIya mAna rahe haiM, unake jIvana meM chala, chadma, durAgraha, ahaM ke poSaNa kI pravRttiyA~ aura vAsanAmaya jIvana ke prati lalaka ko dekhakara mana pIr3A se bhara uThatA hai, kintu unake isa patana kA uttaradAyI dUsarA koI nahIM, zrAvaka varga hI hai| yA to hamane .. unheM isa patana ke mArga kI ora DhakelA haiM yA phira kama se kama unake sahabhAgI bane haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-644 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-176 sAdhu - sAdhviyoM meM zithilAcAra hamAre prazraya se bar3hatA haiM, yaha satya hai ki Aja zrAvaka, unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se sampanna zrAvakavargadharma ke nAma para hone vAle bAhyADambaroM meM adhika rUci le letA hai - unakI aura unake tathAkathita gurUoM donoM kI rUci dharma ke nAma para apane-apane ahaM kA poSaNa karane kI hai| vahI sAdhu aura vahI zrAvaka adhika pratiSThita hotA hai, jo jitanI bhIr3a ikaTThI karatA hai / jo majamA jamAne meM jitanA adhika kuzala hai, vaha utanA hI adhika pratiSThita hai| isa saba meM sAdhanA- priya sAdhu aura zrAvaka to kahIM ojhala ho gaye haiN| maiM yaha saba jo kucha kaha rahA hU~ usakA kAraNa munivarga ke prati merI durbhAvanA nahIM hai, apitu usa yathArthatA ko dekhakara jo eka pIr3A aura vyathA hai, usI kA prakaTana hai| bAlyAkAla se lekara jIvana kI isa prauDhAvasthA taka maiMne saMgha ko ati nikaTa se dekhA aura parakhA hai evaM usa nikaTatA meM maiMne jo kucha anubhava kiyA hai, usI yarthAthatA kI bAta kaha rahA huuN| ho sakatA hai ki isake kucha apavAda hoM, lekina sAmAnya sthiti yahI hai| jIvana kA doharApana Aja munivarga kA yathArtha banatA jA rahA hai, lekina ina sabake lie maiM apane ko aura apane sAtha hI gRhastha varga ko adhika uttadAyI mAnatA huuN| . Aja kA gRhastha varga na kevala apane saMrakSaka hone ke dAyitva ko bhUlA hai, apitu vaha svayaM apanI asmitA ko khokara cAritrika patana kI ora tejI se giratA jA rahA hai| jaba hama hI nahIM saMbhalege to dUsaroM ko saMbhAlane kI bAta kyA kreNge| Aja kA gRhastha varga jisa para jaina dharma aura saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva hai, usakA jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM hI dizAoM meM tejI se patana huA hai| Aja hamArI sthiti yaha hai ki hameM na to zramaNa jIvana ke naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA bodha hai aura na hama gRhastha jIvana ke Avazyaka kartavyoM aura dAyitvoM ke sandarbha meM hI koI jAnakArI rakhate haiN| Agama jJAna to bahuta dUra kI bAta hai, hameM zrAvaka-jIvana ke sAmAnya niyamoM kA bhI bodha nahIM hai| dUsarI ora jina sapta vyasanoM se bacanA zrAvaka-jIvana kI sarvaprathama bhUmikA aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai aura jinake AdhAra para vaiyaktika, pArivArika aura sAmAjika sukha-zAnti nirbhara haiM, ve durvyasana tejI se samAja meM praviSTa hote jA rahe haiM ve jitanI tejI se aura vyApta hote jA rahe haiM utanI tejI se ve hamAre dharma aura saMskRti ke astitva ke lie eka bahuta bar3A khatarA banate jA rahe haiN| jaina parivAroM meM praviSTa hotA huA madyapAna aura sAmiSa AhAra kyA hamArI sAMskRtika garimA ke mUla para hI prahAra nahIM hai ? kisI bhI dharma aura saMskRti kA TikAva aura vikAsa usake jJAna aura caritra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-645 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -177 ke do pakSoM para nirbhara karatA haiM, kintu Aja kA gRhastha varga ina dono hI kSetroM meM tejI se patana kI ora bar3ha rahA hai| Aja sthiti yaha hai ki dharma kevala dikhAve meM raha gayA hai| vaha jIvana se samApta hotA jA rahA hai| kintu hameM yaha yAda rakhanA hogA ki dharma yadi jIvana meM nahIM bacegA to usakA bAhya kalevara bahuta dinoM taka nahIM raha paayegaa| jisa prakAra zarIra se cetanA ke nikala jAne ke bAda zarIra sar3AMdha mArane lagatA hai, vahI sthiti Aja dharma kI ho rahI hai| kucha vyaktigata udAharaNoM ko chor3akara yadi sAmAnya rUpa se kahU~ to Aja cAhe vaha muni varga ho yA gRhastha varga, jIvana se dharma kI AtmA nikala cukI hai| hamAre pAsa kevala dharma kA kalevara zeSa bacA hai aura hama use Dho rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki vigata kucha varSoM meM dharma ke nAma para zora - zarAbA bar3hA hai, bhIr3a adhika ikaTThI hone lagI hai, majameM jamane lage haiM kintu mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki yaha saba dharma ke kalevara kI antyeSTi kI taiyArI se adhika kucha nahIM hai| sambhavataH aba hameM sAvadhAna ho jAnA cAhie, anyathA hama apane astitva ko kho cuke hoNge| jaisA ki maiMne pUrva meM kahA isa sabake lie antima rUpa se koI bhI uttaradAyI ThaharAyA jAyegA to vaha gRhastha varga hI hogaa| jainadharma meM gRhastha varga kI bhUmikA doharI hai| vaha sAdhaka bhI haiM aura sAdhakoM kA praharI bhii| Aja jaba hama zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karanA cAhate haiM to hameM pahale usa yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko dekha lenA hogA, jahA~ Aja kA zrAvaka varga jI rahA hai| zrAvaka jIvana ke jo Adarza aura niyama hamAre AcAryoM ne prastuta kiye haiM, unakI prAsaMgikatA to Aja bhI utanI hI * hai, jitanI usa samaya thI, jabaki unakA nirmANa kiyA gayA hogaa| kyA sapta durvyasanoM ke tyAga, mArgAnusArI guNoM ke pAlana evaM zrAvaka ke aNuvrata, guNavrata aura zikSAvratoM kI upayogitA aura prAsaMgikatA ko kabhI bhI nakArA jA sakatA haiM ? ve to mAnava jIvana ke zAzvata mUlya haiM, unake aprAsaMgika hone kA to koI prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| samyak - darzana : gRhastha dharma kA pravezadvAra - zrAvaka dharma kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane ke pUrva samyak darzana kI prApti Avazyaka * mAnI gaI hai| jaina paramparA meM samyak darzana ke artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| samyak darzana kA prAthamika artha Agraha aura vyAmoha se rahita, yathArtha dRSTikoNa rahA hai vaha yathArtha vItarAga jIvana dRSTi thaa| kAlAntara meM vaha jinapraNIta tattvoM ke prati nizcala .. zraddhA ke rUpa meM pracalita huaa| vartamAna sandarbho meM samyak darzana kA artha deva, gurU

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-646 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-178.. aura dharma ke prati zraddhA haiM / sAmAnyatayA vItarAga ko deva, nirgrantha muni ko gurU aura ahiMsA ko dharma mAnane ko samyaka darzana kahA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM binA aTala zraddhA yA nizcala AsthA ke Age bar3hanA sambhava nahIM hai| 'saMzayAtmA vinazyati' kI ukti satya hai| jaba taka sAdhaka ke mana meM zraddhA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pragati nahIM kara sakatA, na kevala dharma ke kSetra meM zraddhA kI AvazyakatA hai apitu hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM bhI vaha Avazyaka hai| vaijJAnika gaveSaNA kA prArambha binA kisI parikalpanA (Hypothesis) kI svIkRti ke nahIM hotA hai| gaNita ke aneka savAloM ko hala karane ke lie prArambha meM hameM mAnakara hI calanA hotA hai| koI bhI vyavasAyI binA isa bAta para AsthA rakhe ki grAhaka AyeMge aura mAla bikegA, apane vyavasAya kA prArambha nahIM kara sktaa| koI bhI pathika apane gantavya ko jAne vAle mArga ke prati AsthAvAn hue binA usa dizA meM koI gati nahIM karatA / lokajIvana aura sAdhanA sabhI kSetroM me AsthA aura vizvAsa apekSita hai, kintu hameM AsthA (zraddhA) aura andhazraddhA meM bheda karanA hogaa| jaina AcAryoM ne gRhasthopAsaka ke lie jisa samyak zraddhA kI AvazyakatA batAI hai, vaha viveka samanvita zraddhA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne apane zrAvakAcAra meM dharma ke nAma para pracalita laukika mUr3hatAoM se bacane kA spaSTa nirdeza kiyA haiN| kintu vartamAna sandarbho meM hamArA samyak darzana svayaM ina mUr3hatAoM se AkrAnta hotA jA rahA hai| Aja samyak darzana ko, jo ki eka Antarika AdhyAtmika anubhUti se phalita upalabdhi hai, lena - dena kI vastu banA diyA gayA hai| Aja hamAre tathAkathita gurUoM ke dvArA samyaktva diyA aura liyA jA rahA hai| kahA jAtA hai "amuka gurU kI samyaktva vosarA do (chor3a do) aura hamArI samyaktva grahaNa kara lo" yaha to satya hai ki gurUjana sAdhaka ko deva, gurU aura dharma kA yathArtha svarUpa batA sakate hai, kintu samyaktva bhI koI aisI vastu nahIM hai, jise kisI ko diyA aura liyA jA sakatA hai| merI tuccha buddhi meM yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI hai ki samyaktva kyA koI bAharI vastu hai, jise koI de yA le sakatA hai| samyaktva parivartana ke nAma para Aja jo sAmpradAyika gherAbandI kI jA rahI hai, vaha mithyAtva ke poSaNa ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai| usake AdhAra para zrAvakoM meM darAra DAlI jA rahI hai aura logoM ke mana meM yaha bAta baiThAyI jA rahI hai ki hama hI kevala sacce gurU haiM aura hama jo kaha rahe haiM, vaha vItarAga kI vANI hai| samyaktva ke yathArtha svarUpa se anabhijJa hama gurUDamavAda ke daladala meM phaMsate cale jA rahe haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-647 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-179 . Aja vItarAgatA ke prati hamArI zraddhA kitanI jarjarI ho cukI hai, isakA pramANa yahI hai ki Aja sAmAnya munijanoM, AcAryoM se lekara gRhastha upAsaka taka sabhI laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie vItarAga kI niSkAma bhaktiko bhUlakara tIrthaMkara, devI-devatAoM kI sakAma bhakti meM lage hue haiN| Aja vItarAga tIrthaMkara deva ke sthAna para padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, bhaumiyAjI, ghaMTAkarNa mahAvIra aura nAkor3A bhairava adhika mahattvapUrNa ho gaye haiN| hamAre adhikAMza sAdhu-sAdhvI hI nahIM, AcArya taka yakSoM aura deviyoM kI sAdhanA meM lage haiN| vItarAgatA ke upAsaka isa dharma meM Aja tantra-mantra, jAdU-TonA sabhI kucha praviSTa hote jA rahe haiN| hamAre vItarAgatA ke sAdhaka kahe jAne vAle munijana bhI apanI camatkAra-zakti kA bar3e gaurava ke sAtha bakhAna karate haiN| jisa dharma kI utpatti laukika mUr3hatAoM aura andha-zraddhAoM ko samApta karane ke lie huI ho, vahI Aja andha- vizvAsoM meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA hai| hamArI AsthAe~ vItarAgatA ke sAtha na jur3akara laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie jur3a rahI haiN| Aja mahAvIra ke pAlane kI apekSA lakSmIjI kA svapna mahaMgA bikAtA hai| yadi hamArI Asthae~ dharma ke nAma para laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti taka hI sImita haiM, to phira hamArA vItarAga ke upAsaka hone kA dAvA karanA vyartha hai| Aja jaba hama gRhastha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa yathArtha sthiti ko samajha lenA hogA jIvana meM yA sAdhanA ke kSetra meM samyak zraddhA kI kitanI AvazyakatA hai yaha nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hai, kintu zraddhA ke nAma para andhavizvAsoM kA jo eka duzcakra hama para hAvI hotA jA rahA hai, usase kaise bacA jAya? yahI Aja kA mahatvapUrNa prazna hai| vastutaH isa sabakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki Aja zrAvaka varga ko dharma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA koI bodha nahIM raha gayA hai| hamArI zraddhA samajhapUrvaka sthira nahIM ho rahI hai zraddhA kA tattva vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai lekina yaha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba zraddhA jJAnasammata ho aura hamArI viveka kI A~khe khulI ho / Aja hama usa ukti ko bhUla gaye haiM jisameM kahA gayA hai 'paNNA samimkhae dhamma' arthAta dharma ke svarUpa kI prajJA ke dvArA samIkSA kro| kaSAya - jaya : gRhastha dharma kI sAdhanA kI AdhAra - bhUmi zrAvaka dharma aura usakI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA karate samaya hameM zrAvaka - AcAra ke mUlabhUta niyamoM kI vartamAna yuga meM kyA upayogitA hai ? isa para vicAra kara lenA hogaa| jaina dharma ke anusAra zrAvakatva kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane ke lie sarvaprathama . vyakti ko krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ina cAra kaSAyoM kI atitIvra, aniyantrita,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-648 . jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -180niyantrita aura atyalpa ina cAra avasthAoM meM se prathama do avasthaoM para vijaya - prApti ko aparihArya mAnA gayA hai| sAdhaka jaba taka apane krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha para niyantraNa rakhane kI kSamatA ko vikasita nahIM kara letA, taba taka vaha zrAvakatva kI bhUmikA ko prApta karane yogya nahIM hotA hai| zrAvaka dharma ke pAlana ke lie uparyukta caturvidha kaSAyoM para niyantraNa kI kSamatA kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| jaba taka vyakti apane krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM para kisI bhI prakAra kA niyantraNa kara pAne meM akSama hotA haiM, taba taka vaha zrAvaka dharma kI sAdhanA nahIM kara sktaa| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI pravRttiyoM para niyantraNa kara lene kI kSamatA kA vikAsa ho jAnA hI zrAvaka dharma kI upalabdhi kA prathama caraNa hai| ___ vartamAna sandarbho meM ina cAroM azubha AvegoM ke niyantraNa kI upayogitA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jainAgamoM ke anusAra krodha kA tatva pArasparika sauhArda (prIti) ko samApta karatA hai aura sauhArda ke abhAva meM eka dUsare ke prati sandeha aura AzaMkA hotI hai| yaha spaSTa haiM ki sAmAjika jIvana meM pArasparika avizvAsa aura AzaMkAoM ke kAraNa asurakSA kA bhAva panapatA hai aura phalataH hameM apanI zakti kA bahuta kucha apavyaya karanA par3atA haiM / Aja antarrASTriya kSetra meM jo zastra-saMgraha aura sainya - bala bar3hAne kI pravRtti parilakSita ho rahI hai aura jisa para adhikAMza rASTroM kI rASTrIya Aya kA 50 pratizata se adhika vyaya ho rahA hai, vaha saba isa pArasparika avizvAsa kA pariNAma hai| Aja dhArmika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM jo asahiSNutA hai, usake mUla meM ghRNA, vidveSa evaM Akroza kA tattva hI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vyakti jaba taka parivAra, samAja evaM rASTra se jur3A hai, taba taka usameM kisI sImA taka krodha yA Akroza honA Avazyaka hai, anyathA usakA astitva hI khatare meM hogA, kintu use niyantraNa meM honA cAhiye aura aparihArya sthiti meM hI usakA prakaTana honA caahie| __hamAre pArasparika sAmAjika sambandhoM meM darAra kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa vyakti kA ahaMkAra yA ghamaMDa hai| eka gahastha ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apanI asmitA evaM svAbhimAna kA bodha rakhe, kintu use apane ahaMkAra para niyaMtraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai| samAja meM jo vighaTana yA TUTanA paidA hotI hai, usakA mukhya kAraNa samAja ke karNadhAroM, phira cAhe ve gRhastha ho yA muni, kA ahaMkAra hI haiN| ahaMkAra pArasparika vinaya evaM sammAna meM bhI bAdhaka hotA hai| isase dUsaroM ke ahaM para coTa pahu~catI haiM aura usake pariNAma svarUpa sAmAjika sambandhoM meM darAra par3ane lagatI hai| ahaMkAra para coTa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-649 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -181 lagate hI vyakti apanA alaga akhAr3A jamA letA hai, jisake pariNAma svarUpa dharmika evaM sAmpradAyika saMgharSa hote haiN| sabhI sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM ke pIche kucha vyaktiyoM ke apane ahaM ke poSaNa kI bhAvanA ke atirikta anya koI kAraNa nahIM hai| kapaTavRtti yA doharA jIvana vartamAna sAmAjika jIvana kA eka sabase bar3A abhizApa haiN| jhUThe ahaM ke poSaNa ke nimitta athavA apane vyaktigata svArtho ko sAdhane ke lie jo chala - chadma sAmAjikajIvana meM bar3ha rahe haiM, usakA mUlabhUta kAraNa kapaTa - vRtti (mAyA) hI hai| isa prakAra aniyantrita lobha saMgrahavRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai aura usake kAraNa zoSaNa panapatA hai aura pariNAma svarUpa samAja meM garIba aura amIra kI khAI bar3hatI jAtI hai| pU~jIpati aura zramikoM ke madhya hone vAlA varga-saMgharSa isI lobhavRtti yA saMgrahavRtti kA pariNAma hai| Aja jaina samAja meM aparigraha kI avadhAraNA kA koI artha hI nahI raha gayA hai| use kevala muniyoM ke sandarbha meM hI samajhA jAne lagA hai| jaina dharma meM gRhasthopAsaka ke lie dhanArjana kA niSedha nahIM kiyA gayA, para yaha avazya kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ko eka sImA se adhika saMcaya nahIM karanA caahie| usakI saMcayavRtti yA lobha para niyantraNa honA caahie| Aja samAja meM jo Arthika vaiSamya bar3hatA jA rahA hai| usake pIche aniyaMtrita lobha yA saMgrahavRtti hI mukhya hai| yadi dhanArjana ke sAtha hI vyakti kI apane bhoga kI vRtti para aMkuza hotA hai aura saMgraha-vRtti kA parisImana hotA hai, to vaha arjita dhana kA pravAha loka maMgala ke kAryo meM hotA haiM, jisase sAmAjika sauhArda aura sahayoga bar3hatA hai tathA dhanavAnoM ke prati abhAvagrastoM ke mana meM sadbhAva utpanna hotA haiN| jaina dharma ke itihAsa meM aise aneka zrAvakaratnoM ke udAharaNa haiM, jinhoMne apanI samagra sampatti ko samAjahita meM samarpita kara diyA, Aja usI Adarza ke punarjAgaraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| .. saMkSepa meM sAmAjika jIvana meM jo bhI viSamatA aura saMgharSa vartamAna meM haiM, una sabake pIche kahIM na kahIM aniyantrita Aveza, ahaMkAra chala - chadma (kapaTa-vRtti) tathA saMgrahavRtti haiN| inhIM aniyantrita kaSAyoM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA aura azAnti unpanna hotI haiN| Aveza yA aniyantrita krodha ke kAraNa pArasparika saMgharSa, AkramaNa yuddha evaM hatyAeM hotI haiN| AvezapUrNa vyavahAra dUsaroM ke mana meM avizvAsa utpanna karatA hai aura phalataH sAmAnya jIvana meM jo sauhArda honA cAhie, vaha bhaMga ho jAtA hai| garva yA ahaMkAra kI manovRtti ke kAraNa U~ca-nIca kA bhedabhAva, ghRNA aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-650 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -182 vidveSa panapate haiN| sAmAjika jIvana meM jo darAreM utpanna hotI haiM, unakA AdhAra ahaMkAra hI hotA haiN| mAyA yA kapaTa kI manovRtti bhI jIvana ko chala-chadma se yukta banAtI hai| isase jIvana meM doharApana AtA hai tathA antara - bAhya kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| phalataH mAnasika evaM sAmAjika zAMti bhaMga hotI hai| saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa aura vyAvasAyika jIvana meM apramANikatA phalita hotI hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate hai ki zrAvaka jIvana ke kaSAya catuSTaya para jo niyantraNa lagAne kI bAta kahI gaI hai, vaha sauhArda evaM sAmaJjasyapUrNa jIvana evaM mAnasika tathA sAmAjika zAnti ke liye Avazyaka hai| usakI prAsaMgikatA kabhI bhI nakArI nahIM jA sakatI hai| sapta durvyasana - tyAga aura usakI prAsaMgikatA sapta durvyasanoM kA tyAga gRhastha-dharma kI sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai| unake tyAga ko gRhastha-AcAra ke prAthamika niyama yA mUla guNoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vasunandi-zrAvakacAra meM sapta durvyasanoM ke tyAga kA vidhAna kiyA hai| Aja bhI durvyasana - tyAga, gRhastha-dharma kA prAthamika evaM anivArya caraNa mAnA jAtA hai| sapta durvyasana nimna haiM1. dyUta-krIr3A (juA) 2. mAMsAhAra 3. madyapAna 4. vezyAgamana 5. parastrIgamana 6. zikAra aura 7. caurya-karma uparyukta sapta durvyasanoM ke sevana se vyakti kA kitanA cAritrika patana hotA hai, ise hara koI jAnatA hai| 1. dyUta-krIr3A :- vartamAna yuga meM saTTA, lATarI Adi dyUta-krIr3A ke vividha rUpa pracalita ho gaye haiN| inake kAraNa aneka parivAroM kA jIvana saMkaTa meM par3a jAtA hai ataH isa durvyasana ke tyAga ko kauna aprAsaMgika kaha sakatA hai| dyUta-krIr3A ke tyAga kI prAsaMgikatA ke sambandha meM koI bhI vivekazIla manuSya do mata nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH vartamAna yuga meM dyUta-krIr3A ke jo vividha rUpa hamAre sAmane ubhara kara Aye haiM, unakA AdhAra kevala manoraMjana nahIM haiM, apitu unake pIche binA kisI zrama ke ArthopArjana kI duSpravRtti hai| saTTe ke vyavasAya kA praveza jaina parivAroM meM sarvAdhika huA hai| vyakti isa prakAra ke dhandhe meM apane ko niyojita kara letA hai, to zramapUrvaka arthopArjana ke prati

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-651 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-183 usakI niSThA samApta ho jAtI hai| aisI sthiti meM corI, ThagI Adi dUsarI burAiyA~ panapatI hai| Aja isake prakaTa-aprakaTa vividha rUpa hamAre samakSa A rahe hai| unase satarka rahanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA hamArI bhAvI pIr3hI meM zramapUrvaka arthopArjana kI niSThA samApta ho jaavegii| yadyapi isa durguNa kA prArambha eka manoraMjana ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM hotA hai, kintu Age calakara yaha bhayaMkara pariNAma upasthita karatA hai / jaina samAja ke sampanna parivAroM meM aura vivAha Adi ke prasaMgoM para isakA jo pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA hai, usake prati hameM eka sajaga dRSTi rakhanI hogI, anyathA isake duSpariNAmoM ko bhugatanA hogaa| Aja kA yuvAvarga jo ina pravRttiyoM meM adhika rasa letA haiM, isake duSpariNAmoM ko jAnate hue bhI apanI bhAvI pIr3hI ko isase roka pAne meM asaphala rhegaa| 2. mAMsAhAra :- vizva meM yadi zAkAhAra kA pUrNa samarthaka koI dharma hai, to vaha mAtra jaina dharma hai| jainadharma meM gRhasthopAsaka ke lie mAMsAhAra sarvathA tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| kintu Aja samAja meM mAMsAhAra ke prati eka lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai aura jaina parivAroM meM usakA praveza ho gayA hai| ataH isakI prAsaMgikatA para carcA karanA ati Avazyaka hai| mAMsAhAra ke niSedha ke pIche mAtra hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA prazna hI nahIM, apitu anya dUsare bhI kAraNa haiN| yaha satya haiM ki mAMsa kA utpAdana binA hiMsA ke sambhava nahIM hai aura hiMsA krUratA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| yaha sahI hai ki mAnavIya AhAra ke anya sAdhanoM meM bhI kisI sImA taka hiMsA jur3I huI hai, kintu mAMsAhAra ke nimitta jo hiMsA yA vadha kiyA jAtA hai, usake lie vadha-kartA kA adhika krUra honA anivArya hai| krUratA ke kAraNa dayA, karUNA evaM AtmIyatA jaise komala guNoM kA hrAsa hotA hai aura samAja meM bhaya, AtaMka evaM hiMsA kA tANDava prArambha ho jAtA hai| yaha anubhUta satya hai ki ve sabhI deza evaM kaumeM, jo mAMsAhArI haiM aura hiMsA jinake dharma kA aMga mAna lI gaI hai, unameM hone vAle hiMsaka tANDava ko dekhakara Aja bhI dila dahala uThatA hai| muslima rASTroM meM Aja manuSya ke jIvana kA mUlya gAjara aura mUlI se adhika nahIM raha gayA hai| kevala vyaktigata hitoM ke lie hI dharma aura rAjanIti ke nAma para vahA~ jo kucha ho rahA hai, vaha hama sabhI jAnate haiN| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki mAnava-jIvana se krUratA samApta ho aura komala guNoM kA vikAsa ho, to hameM una kAraNoM ko bhI dUra karanA hogA, jinase jIvana meM krUratA AtI haiN| mAMsAhAra aura krUratA paryAyavAcI haiM - yadi dayA, karUNA, . vAtsalya kA vikAsa karanA hai, to mAMsAhAra kA tyAga apekSita hai| dUsare, mAMsAhAra kI nirarthakatA ko mAnava-zarIra kI saMracanA ke AdhAra para

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-652 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-184 hI siddha kiyA jA sakatA haiM / mAnava-zarIra kI saMracanA use nirAmiSa prANI hI siddha karatI hai| mAMsAhAra mAnava ke lie kitanA hAnikAraka hai, yaha bAta aneka vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM se pramANita ho cukI hai| isa laghu nibandha meM usa sabakI carcA kara pAnA to sambhava nahIM hai, kintu yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki mAMsAhAra zArIrika svAstha ke lie hAnikAraka hai aura manuSya svabhAvataH eka zAkAhArI prANI hai| ____ mAMsAhAra ke samarthana meM sabase bar3A tarka yaha diyA jAtA hai ki bar3hatI huI mAnava-jAti kI AbAdI ko dekhate hue bhaviSya meM mAMsAhAra ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa zeSa nahIM rahegA, jisase mAnava jAti kI kSudhA ko zAnta kiyA jA ske| kintu usake viparita kRSi ke kSetra meM bhI aise aneka vaijJAnika prayoga hue haiM aura ho rahe haiM jo spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita karate haiM ki manuSya ko abhI zatAbdiyoM taka nirAmiSa bhojI banAkara jilAyA jA sakatA hai| aneka Arthika sarvekSaNoM meM yaha bhI pramANita ho cukA hai ki zAkAhAra mAMsAhAra kI apekSA adhika sulabha aura sastA hai| ataH manuSya kI svAda -loluptA ke atirikta aura koI tarka aisA nahIM hai, jo mAMsAhAra kA samarthaka ho ske| zaktidAyaka AhAra ke rUpa meM mAMsAhAra kA sarmathana eka khokhalA dAvA hai / yaha siddha ho cukA haiM ki mAMsAhAriyoM kI apekSA zAkAhArI adhika zakti sampanna hote haiM, aura unameM adhika kAma karane kI kSamatA hotI hai| zera Adi mAMsAhArI prANI zAkAhArI prANiyoM para jo vijaya prApta kara lete haiM, usakA kAraNa unakI zaktinahI balki unake nakha, dAMta Adi krUra zArIrika aMga hI haiN| ___ jaina samAja ke lie Aja yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki vaha samAja meM bar3hatI jA rahI sAmiSa bhojana ke lie jo lalaka haiM, use kaise rokeM ? Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hameM mAMsAhAra aura zAkAhAra ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA karate hue tulanAtmaka vivaraNa se yukta aisA sAhitya prakAzita karanA hogA, jo Aja ke yuvaka ko tarka-saMgata rUpa se yaha ahasAsa karavA sake ki mAMsAhAra kI apekSA zAkAhAra eka upayukta bhojana hai| dUsare samAja meM jo mAMsAhAra ke prati lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai, usakA kAraNa samAja niyaMtraNa kA abhAva tathA mAMsAhArI samAja se bar3hatA huA ghaniSTha paricaya hai, jisa para kisI sImA taka aMkuza lagAnA Avazyaka hai| 3. madyapAna :- tIsarA durvyasana madyapAna mAnA gayA hai aura gRhasthopAsaka ko isake tyAga kA spaSTa nirdeza diyA gayA hai| buddha ne to isa duSpravRtti ko rokane ke lie apane paMcazIloM meM aparigraha ke sthAna para madyapAna niSedha ko sthAna diyA thaa| yaha eka aisI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-653 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -185 burAI hai, jo mAnava samAja ke garIba aura amIra donoM hI vargo meM hAvI hai| jaina paramparA meM madyapAna kA niSedha na kevala isalie kiyA gayA hai ki vaha hiMsA se utpAdita hai, apitu isalie ki isase mAnavIya viveka kuNThita hotA hai aura jaba mAnavIya viveka hI kuNThita ho jAegA to dUsarI sArI burAiyA~ vyakti ke jIvana meM svAbhAvika rUpa se praviSTa ho jaaveNgii| Arthika aura cAritrika sabhI durAcaraNoM ke mUla meM nazIle padArthoM kA sevana hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se manuSya apanI mAnasika cintAoM ko bhUla kara apane tanAvoM ko kama karatA hai, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai| tanAva ke kAraNa jIvita rakhakara kevala kSaNa bhara ke lie apane viveka ko khokara vismRti ke kSaNoM meM jAnA, tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa evaM parimArjana kA sArthaka upAya nahIM hai| madyapAna ko bhI sabhI durguNoM kA dvAra kahA gayA hai| vastutaH usakI samasta burAiyoM para vicAra karane ke lie eka svataMtra nibandha Avazyaka hogaa| yahA~ kevala itanA kahanA hI paryApta hai ki sArI burAIyA~ viveka ke kuNThita hone para panapatI haiM aura madyapAna viveka ko kuNThita karatA hai| ataH manuSya ke mAnavIya guNoM ko jIvita rakhane ke lie isakA tyAga Avazyaka hai| manuSya aura pazu ke bIca yadi koI vibhAjaka rekhA hai to vaha viveka hI hai aura jaba viveka hI samApta ho jAyegA to manuSya aura pazu meM koI antara hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana manuSya ko mAnavIya stara se girAkara use pAzavika stara para pahuMcA detA hai| - yaha bhI suvidita tathya hai ki jaba yaha durvyasana gale laga jAtA hai to apanI ati para pahu~cAe binA samApta nahIM hotaa| vaha na kevala viveka ko hI samApta karatA hai apitu Arthika aura zArIrika dRSTi se vyaktiko jarjara banA detA hai| Aja jaina samAja ke sampanna parivAroM meM yaha durvyasana bhI praveza kara cukA hai| maiM aise aneka parivAroM ko jAnatA hU~ jo dharma ke kSetra meM agraNI zrAvaka mAne jAte haiM kintu isa durvyasana se mukta nahIM haiN| Aja hameM isa prazna para gambhIratA se vicAra karanA hogA ki samAja ko isase kisa prakAra bacAyA jaae| jaina samAja ne jo cAritrika garimA, Arthika sampannatA tathA samAja meM pratiSThA arjita kI thI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra ina durvyasanoM se mukta rahanA hI thaa| ina durvyasanoM ke praveza ke sAtha hamArI cAritrika uccatA aura sAmAjika pratiSThA dhIre-dhIre samApta hotI jA rahI haiM aura aba eka dina aisA bhI AegA jaba hama apanI Arthika sampannatA se hAtha dho baittheNge| yadi hama sajaga nahIM hue to bhaviSya hameM kSamA nahIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-654 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-186 kregaa| 4. vezyAgamana :- zrAvaka ke sapta durvyasana tyAga ke antargata vezyAgamana ke tyAga kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha sunizcita satya hai ki vezyAgamana na kevala samAjika dRSTi se apitu Arthika evaM zArIrika svAsthya kI dRSTi se bhI avAMchanIya mAnA gayA hai| usake anaucitya para yahA~ koI vizeSa carcA karanA Avazyaka pratIta nahI hotaa| sAmAjika sadAcAra aura pArivArika sukha-zAnti ke lie vezyAgamana kI pravRtti dhIredhIre kSINa hotI jA rahI hai / yadyapi isa pravRtti ke jo dUsare rUpa sAmane A rahe hai, ve usakI apekSA adhika cintanIya haiM, yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki cAhe khule rUpa meM vezyAvRtti para aMkuza lagA ho, kintu chadma-rUpa meM yaha pravRtti bar3hI hI hai| jaina samAja ke sampanna varga meM ina chadma rUpoM ke prati lalaka bar3hatI jA rahI hai, jisa para aMkuza lagAnA Avazyaka hai| 5. parastrIgamana :- parastrIgamana parivAra evaM samAja vyavasthA kA ghAtaka hai| isake pariNAma svarUpa na kevala eka hI parivAra kA pArivArika jIvana dUSita evaM azAMta banatA hai, apitu aneka parivAroM ke jIvana azAnta bana jAte haiM / vezyAvRtti kI apekSA yaha adhika doSa-pUrNa haiM / kyoMki isameM chala-chadma aura jIvana kA doharApana bhI jur3a jAtA haiM / ataH sAmAjika dRSTi se yaha bahuta bar3A aparAdha hai| Aja kAmavAsanA kI tRpti kA yaha chadma rUpa adhika phailatA jA rahA hai| pAzcAtya dezoM kI vAsanAtmaka ucchaMkhalA kA prabhAva hamAre deza meM bhI huA hai| klaboM aura hoTaloM ke mAdhyama se yaha vikRti adhika tejI se vyApta hotI jA rahI hai| jaina samAja kA bhI kucha sampanna evaM dhanI varga isakI giraphta meM Ane lagA hai| yadyapi abhI samAja kA bahuta bar3A bhAga isa durguNa se mukta hai kintu dhIre-dhIre phaila rahI isa vikRti ke prati sajaga honA Avazyaka hai| 6. zikAra :- manoraMjana ke nimitta athavA mAMsAhAra ke lie jaMgala ke prANiyoM kA vadha karanA zikAra kahA jAtA hai| yaha vyakti ko krUra banAtA hai| yadi manuSya ko mAnavIya komala guNoM se yukta banAye rakhanA hai to isa vRtti kA tyAga apekSita hai| Aja zAsana dvArA bhI vanya prANiyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie zikAra kI pravRtti para aMkuza lagAyA jA rahA hai ataH isa pravRtti ke tyAga kA aucitya nirvivAda hai| Aja hama isa bAta ko gaurava se kaha sakate haiM ki jaina samAja isa durguNa se mukta hai, kintu Aja saundarya prasAdhanoM - jinakA upabhoga samAja meM dhIre-dhIre bar3hatA jA rahA hai, isa nimitta avyakta rUpa se ho rahI hiMsA ke prati sajaga rahanA Avazyaka hai| kyoMki unakA utpAdana upabhoktAoM ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-655 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-187 nimitta hI hotA hai aura yadi hama usakA upabhoga karate haiM to usa hiMsA evaM krUratA se apane ko bacA nahIM sakate haiN| saundarya prasAdhanoM ke nirmANa evaM parIkSaNa ke nimitta hiMsA ke jo krUratama rUpa apanAe jAte haiM ve jaina patra-patrikAoM meM bahucarcita rahe haiM ataH una saba para yahA~ vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta nahIM hotaa| kintu isa sandarbha meM hameM sajaga avazya rahanA cAhie ki hama isa krUratA ke bhAgI na bneN| 6. corI :- dUsaroM kI sampatti yA dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM ko unakI binA anumati ke grahaNa karanA corI hai| apanI AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha aura saMcaya ko bhI corI kahA jA sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM ne vyAvasAyika apramANikatA, kara-apavaMcana tathA rASTrIya hitoM ke virUddha kArya karanA Adi ko bhI corI ke antargata mAnA haiM / yadyapi sAmAnyatayA jaina parivAra isa durvyasana se mukta kahe jA sakate haiM kintu jainAcAryoM ne isakI jo sUkSma vyAkhyA kI hai, usa AdhAra para Aja kA gRhastha varga isa durvyasana se kitanA muktahai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| vyAvasAyika apramANikatA ke isa yuga meM isakI prAsaMgikatA ko nakArA to nahIM jA sakatA kintu vartamAna yuga meM kauna isase kitanA baca sakegA isa para vyAvahArika dRSTi se vicAra karanA apekSita hai| gRhastha jIvana kI vyAvahArika nIti gRhastha jIvana meM kaise jInA cAhie, isa sambandha meM thor3A nirdeza Avazyaka hai| gRhastha upAsaka kA vyAvahArika jIvana kaisA ho isa sambandha meM jaina AgamoM meM yatra-tatra bikhare hue kucha nirdeza mila jAte haiN| lekina bAda meM jaina vicArakoM ne kathA-sAhitya, upadezasAhitya, evaM AcAra sambandhI sAhitya meM isa sandarbha meM eka nizcita rUparekhA prastuta kI haiN| yaha eka svataMtra zodha viSaya haiM / hama apane vivecana ko AcArya nemicandra ke pravacanasAroddhAra, AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra tathA paMDita AzAdharajI ke sAgAradharmAmRta taka hI sImita rkheNge| ... sabhI vicArakoM kI yahI mAnyatA hai ki jo vyaktijIvana ke sAmAnya vyavahAroM meM kuzala nahIM haiM, vaha AdhyAtmika jIvana kI sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sktaa| dharmika yA AdhyAtmika hone ke lie vyAvahArika yA sAmAjika honA pahalI zarta hai| vyavahAra se hI paramArtha sAdhA jA sakatA hai| dharma kI pratiSThA ke pahale jIvana meM vyavahArapaTutA evaM sAmAjika jIvana jIne kI kalA kA AnA Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa tathya ko bahuta pahale hI samajha liyA thaa| ataH aNuvrata-sAdhanA ke pUrva hI ina yogyatAoM kA sampAdana Avazyaka hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-656 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -188 . AcArya hemacanadra ne inheM "mArgAnusArI" guNa kahA haiN| dharma-mArga kA anusaraNa karane ke lie ina guNoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| unhoMne yogazAstra ke dvitIya evaM tRtIya prakAza meM zrAvaka-dharma kA vivecana kiyA haiM - (1). nyAya evaM nIti pUrvaka dhanopArjana krnaa| (2). samAja meM jo jJAnavRddha aura vayovRddha ziSTa - jana haiM, unakA yathocita sammAna karanA, unase zikSA grahaNa karanA aura unake AcAra kI prazaMsA krnaa| (3). samAna kula aura AcAra-vicAra vAle, svadharmI kintu bhinna gotrotpanna janoM kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha krnaa| (4). corI, parastrIgamana, asatya bhASaNa Adi pApa karmoM kA aihika-pAralaukika kaTuka vipAka jAnakara, pApAcAra kA tyAga krnaa| (5). apane deza ke kalyANakArI AcAra-vicAra evaM saMskRti kA pAlana karanA tathA saMrakSaNa krnaa| (6). dUsaroM kI nindA na krnaa| (7). aise makAna meM nivAsa karanA jo na khulA aura na adhika gupta ho, jo surakSA vAlA bhI ho aura jisameM avyAhata vAyu evaM prakAza A ske| (8). sadAcArI janoM kI saMgati krnaa| (9). mAtA-pitA kA sammAna karanA, unheM saba prakAra se sntussttrkhnaa| (10). jahA~ vAtAvaraNa zAntiprada na ho, jahA~ nirAkulatA ke sAtha jIvana-yApana karanA kaThina ho, aise grAma yA nagara meM nivAsa na krnaa| (11). deza, jAti evaM kula ke virUddha kArya na karanA, jaise madirApAna Adi nahIM krnaa| (12). deza aura kAla ke anusAra vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa krnaa| (13). Aya se adhika vyaya na karanA aura ayogya kSetra meM vyaya na karanA, Aya ke anusAra vastra phnnaa| (14). dharma-zravaNa kI icchA rakhanA, avasara milane para zravaNa karanA, zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA, virUddha artha se bacanA, vastusvarUpa kA parijJAna prApta karanA aura tattvajJa bananA Adi buddhi ke ATha guNoM ko prApta krnaa| (15). dharmazravaNa karake jIvana ko uttarottara ucca aura pavitra bnaanaa| (16). ajIrNa hone para bhojana na karanA, yaha svAstha rakSA kA mUla maMtra haiN| (17). samaya para pramANopota bhojana karanA, svAda ke vazIbhUta ho adhika na khaanaa| (18). dharma, artha aura kAma purUSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karanA ki jisase kisI meM bAdhA utpanna na ho| dhanopArjana ke binA gRhasthAzrama cala nahIM sakatA aura gRhastha kAma purUSArtha kA bhI sarvathA tyAgI nahI ho sakatA, tathApi dharma ko bAdhA pahu~cA kara artha-kAma kA sevana nahIM karanA caahie| (19). atithi, sAdhu aura dIna janoM ko yathA yogya dAna denaa| (20). AgrahazIla na honaa| (21). saujanya, audArya, dAkSiNya Adi guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie prayatnazIla honaa| (22). ayogya deza aura ayogya kAla meM gamana na krnaa| (23). deza, kAla,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-657 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -189 vAtAvaraNa aura svakIya sAmarthya kA vicAra karake hI koI kArya prArambha krnaa| (24). AcAravRddha aura jJAnavRddha purUSoM ko apane ghara Amantrita karanA, AdarapUrvaka biThalAnA, sammAnita karanA aura unakI yathocita sevA krnaa| (25). mAtA-pitA, patnI, putraputrI Adi AzritoM kA yathAyogya bharaNa-poSaNa karanA, unake vikAsa meM sahAyaka bananA / (26). dIrghadarzI honA, kisI bhI kArya ko prArambha karane ke pUrva hI usake guNAvaguNa para vicAra kara lenA / (27). viveka zIla honA / jisameM hita-ahita, kRtya-akRtya kA viveka nahIM hotA, usa pazu ke samAna purUSa ko anta meM pazcAttApa karanA par3atA hai| (28). kRtajJa honA / upakArI ke upakAra ko vismaraNa kara denA ucita nahIM / (29). ahaMkAra se bacakara vinamra honA / (30). lajjAzIla honaa| (31). karUNAzIla honaa| (32). saumya honaa| (33). yathAzakti paropakAra krnaa| (34). kAma, krodha, moha, mada, aura mAtsarya, ina Antarika ripuoM se bacane kA prayatna karanA aura (35). indriyoM ko ucchRkhala na hone denaa| indriyavijetA gRhastha hI dharma kI ArAdhanA karane kI pAtratA prApta karatA hai| . AcArya nemicandra ne pravacanasAroddhAra meM bhinna rUpa se zrAvaka ke 21 guNoM kA ullekha kiyA haiM aura yaha mAnA haiM ki ina 21guNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vyaktihI aNuvratoM kI sAdhanA kA pAtra hotA haiN| AcArya dvArA nirdezita zrAvaka ke 21guNa nimna haiM:- (1). akSudrapana (vizAla hRdayatA), (2). svasthatA, (3). saumyatA, (4). lokapriyatA, (5). akrUtA, (6). pApabhIrUtA, (7). azaThatA, (8). sudakSatA (dAnazIla), (9). lajjAzIlatA, (10). dayAlutA, (11). guNAnurAga, (12). priyasambhASaNa evaM supakSayukta, (16). namratA, (17). vizeSajJatA, (18). vRddhAnugAmI, (19). kRtajJa, (20). parahitakArI (paropakArI) aura (21). labdhalakSya (jIvana ke sAdhya kA jnyaataa)| . . paMDita AzadharajI ne apane graMtha sAgAra-dharmAmRta meM nimna 17 guNoM kA nirdeza kiyA haiM - (1). nyAyapUrvaka dhana kA arjana karane vAlA, (2). guNIjanoM ko mAnane vAlA, (3). satyabhASI, (4). dharma, artha aura kAma (trivarga) kA paraspara virodharahita sevana karane vAlA, (5). yogya strI, (6). yogya sthAna (muhallA), (7). yogya makAna, (8). lajjAzIla, (9). yogya AhAra, (10). yogya AcaraNa, (11). zreSTha purUSoM kI saMgati, (12). buddhimAn, (13). kRtajJa, (14). jitendriya, (15). dharmopadeza zravaNa karane vAlA, (16). dayAlu aura (17). pApoM se Darane vAlA - aisA vyakti

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-658 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-190 sAgAradharma (grahastha dharma) kA AcaraNa kreN| paMr3ita AzAdharajI ne jina guNoM kA nirdeza diyA haiM unameM se adhikAMza kA nirdeza donoM pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kiyA jA cukA uparyukta vivecana se jo bAta adhika spaSTa hotI haiM, vaha yaha haiM ki jaina AcAradarzana manuSya jIvana ke vyAvahArika pakSa kI upekSA karake nahI cltaa| jainAcAryoM ne jIvana ke vyavahArika pakSa ko gaharAI se parakhA haiM aura itanA susaMskRta banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki jisake dvArA vyakti isa jagata meM bhI saphala saphala jIvana jI sakatA haiN| yahI nahIM, ina sadguNoM meM se adhikAMza kA saMbaMdha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se haiN| vaiyakti ka jIvana meM inakA vikAsa sAmAjika jIvana ke madhura saMbaMdhoM kA sRjana karatA haiM / ye vaiyaktika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka haiN| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra ye AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke pravezadvAra haiN| sAdhaka inakA yogya rIti se AcaraNa karane ke bAda hI aNuvratoM aura mahAvratoM kI sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA haiN| ___ zrAvaka ke bAraha (12) vratoM kI prAsaMgikatA jainadharma ke zrAvaka ke nimna bAraha vrata haiM - ,. (1). ahiMsA vrata (2). satya vrata (3). acaurya vrata (4). sva patnI saMtoSa vrata (5). parigraha-parimANa vrata (6). dik-parimANa vrata (7). upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata (8). anarthadaNDa viramaNa va (9). sAmAyika vrata (10). dezAvakAsika vrata (11). proSadhopavAsa vrata (12). atithi saMvibhAga vrata (1). ahiMsA aNuvrata :- gRhasthopAsaka saMkalpapUrvaka trasaprANiyoM (calane-phirane vAle prANiyoM) kI hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai| hiMsA ke cAra rUpa haiM -1. AkrAmaka (saMkalpI), 2. surakSAtmaka (virodhajA), 3. audyogika (udyogajA), 4. jIvana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-669 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -191 yApana ke anya kAryoM meM hAne vAlI (aarmbhjaa)| hiMsA ke ye cAroM rUpa bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiye gaye haiM - 1. hiMsA kI jAtI hai aura 2. hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| isase AkrAmaka hiMsA kI jAtI haiM, jabaki surakSAtmaka, audyogika aura ArambhajA hiMsA karanI par3atI hai| surakSAtmaka, audyogika aura ArambhajA hiMsA meM hiMsA kA nirNaya to hotA hai, kintu vaha nirNaya vivazatA meM lenA hotA hai, ataH use svataMtra aicchika nirNaya nahIM kaha sakate haiM / ina sthitiyoM meM hiMsA kI nahI jAtI, apitu karanI par3atI hai| surakSAtmaka hiMsA kevala surakSAtmaka dRSTi se hI karanI par3atI hai| isake atirikta hiMsA kA eka rUpa vaha hai jisameM hiMsA ho jAtI hai, jaise- kRSikArya karate hue sAvadhAnI ke bAvajUda ho jAne vAlI trasa-hiMsA / jIvanarakSaNa evaM AjIvikopArjana meM hone vAlI hiMsA se usakA vrata dUSita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA pAlana jisa sUkSmatA ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha use avyAvahArika banA detA hai kintu yadi hama gRhastha upAsaka ke ahiMsA aNuvrata ke uparyuktavivecana ko dekhate haiM to yaha niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki ahiMsA kI jaina avadhAraNA kisI bhI sthiti meM aprAsaMgika aura avyAvahArika nahIM haiN| vaha na to vyakti yA rASTra ke AtmasurakSA ke prayatna meM bAdhaka hai aura na usakI audyogika pragati meM / usakA virodha hai to mAtra AkrAmaka hiMsA se aura Aja koI bhI vivekazIla prANI yA rASTra AkrAmaka hiMsA kA sarmathaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| * - gRhastha upAsaka ke ahiMsANuvrata ke jo pAMca aticAra (doSa) batAye gaye haiM ve bhI pUrNatayA vyAvahArika aura prAsaMgika haiM / ina aticAroM kI prAsaMgika vyAkhyA nimna haiM - 1. bandhana :-prANiyoM ko baMdhana meM ddaalnaa| Adhunika sandarbha meM adhInastha karmacAriyoM ko nizcita samayAvadhi se adhika rokakara kArya lenA athavA kisI kI svataMtratA kA apaharaNa karanA bhI isI koTi meM AtA haiN| 2. vadha :- aMgopAMga kA chedana aura ghAtaka prahAra krnaa| 3. vRtticcheda :- kisI kI AjIvikA ko chInanA yA usameM bAdhA ddaalnaa| 4. atibhAra :- prANI kI sAmarthya se adhika bojha lAdanA yA kArya lenaa| 5. bhakta - pAna nirodha :- adhInastha pazuoM evaM karmacAriyoM kI samaya para evaM Avazyaka bhojana-pAnI kI vyavasthA na krnaa| uparyukta anaitika AcaraNoM kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI yathAvata hai| zAsana ne zanaiH zanaiH inakI prAsaMgikatA ke AdhAra para

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-660 jaina-AcAra mImAMsA -192 . inheM rokane hetu kucha niyama banAye haiM jabaki jainAcAryoM ne do hajAra varSa pUrva hI ina niyamoM kI vyavasthA kara dI thii| 2. satyANuvrata :- gRhastha ko nimna pA~ca kAraNoM se asatya-bhASaNa kA niSedha kiyA gayA haiM1. vara-kanyA ke sambandha meM asatya jAnakArI denaa| 2. pazu Adi ke kraya-vikraya hetu asatya jAnakArI denaa| 3. bhUmi Adi ke svAmitva ke sambandha meM asatya jAnakArI denaa| 4. kisI kI dharohara dabAne yA apane vyaktigata svArtha ko siddha karane hetu asatya bolnaa| 5. jhUThI sAkSI denaa| . isa aNuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra yA doSa nimna haiM - 1. avicArapUrvaka bolanA yA mithyA doSAropaNa krnaa| 2. gopanIyatA bhaMga krnaa| 3. svapatnI yA mitra ke gupta rahasyoM ko prakaTa krnaa| 4. mithyA-upadeza arthAt logoM ko bhkaanaa| 5. kUTa lekhakaraNa arthAt jhUThe dastAveja taiyAra karanA, nakalI mudrA (mohara) lagAnA __ yA jAlI hastAkSara krnaa| uparyukta sabhI niSedhoM kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI nirvivAda hai| vartamAna yuga meM bhI ye sabhI dUSita pravRttiyA~ pracalita haiM tathA zAsana aura samAja ina para roka lagAnA cAhatA hai| 3. asteyANuvrata :- vastu ke svAmI kI anumati ke binA kisI vastu kA grahaNa karanA corI hai| gRhastha sAdhaka ko isa dUSita pravRtti se bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| isakI vistRta carcA hama sapta durvyasana ke saMdarbha meM kara cuke haiM, ataH yahA~ kevala isake nimna aticAroM kI prAsaMgikatA kI carcA kareMge1. corI kI vastu khriidnaa| 2. cauryakarma meM sahayoga denaa| 3. zAsakIya niyamoM kA atikramaNa tathA kara apavaMcana krnaa| 4. mApa-taula meM apramANikatA rkhnaa|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-661 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -193 5. vastuoM meM milAvaTa krnaa| uparyukta pA~coM duSpravRttiyA~ Aja bhI anucita evaM zAsana dvArA daNDanIya mAnI jAtI haiM ataH inakA niSedha aprAsaMgika yA avyAvahArika nahIM haiN| vartamAna yuga meM ye duSpravRttiyA~ bar3hatI jA rahI haiM, ataH ina niyamoM kA pAlana apekSita hai| 4. svapatnI saMtoSavrata :- gRhasthopAsaka kI kAma-pravRtti para aMkuza lagAne hetu isa vrata kA vidhAna kiyA gayA haiN| yaha yauna sambandhoM ko niyantrita evaM pariSkArita karatA hai, aura isa saMdarbha meM sAmAjika vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| svapatnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha rakhanA jaina zrAvaka ke liye niSiddha hai / pArivArika evaM sAmAjika zAnti evaM suvyavastha kI dRSTi se isa vrata kI upayogitA nirvivAda hai| yaha vrata pati-patnI ke madhya eka-dUsare ke prati AsthA jAgRta karatA hai aura unake pArasparika prema evaM samarpaNa bhAva ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| jaba bhI isa vrata kA bhaMga hotA hai, pArivArika jIvana meM azAMti evaM darAra paidA ho jAtI hai| isa vrata ke nimna pA~ca yA cAra aticAra yA doSa mAne gaye haiM1. alpavaya kI vivAhita strI se athavA samaya vizeSa ke lie grahaNa kI gaI strI se arthAt vezyA Adi se saMbhoga krnaa| 2. avivAhita strI - jisameM parastrI aura vezyA bhI samAhita haiM, se yauna sambandha sthapita krnaa| .. 3. aprAkRtika sAdhanoM se kAma-vAsanA ko santuSTa karanA, jaise-hasta maithuna, gudA maithuna, samaliMgI maithuna aadi| 4. paravivAhakaraNa arthAta sva-santAna ke atirikta dUsaroM ke vivAha sambandha karavAnA / vartamAna saMdarbha meM isakI eka vyAkhyA yaha bhI ho sakatI haiM ki eka patnI ke hote hue dUsarA vivAha krnaa| 5. kAma-bhoga kI tIvra abhilASA krnaa| ... uparyukta pAMca niSedhoM meM koI bhI aisA nahIM haiM, jise avyAvahArika aura vartamAna saMdarbho meM aprAsaMgika kahA jA ske| 5. parigraha parimANa vrataH- isa vrata ke antargata gRhastha upAsaka se yaha apekSA kI gaI hai ki vaha apanI sampatti arthAta jamIna-jAyadAda, bahumUlya dhAtue~, dhana-dhAnya, pazu evaM anya vastuoM kI eka sImA rekhA nizcita kare aura usakA atikramaNa nahIM kreN| vyakti meM saMgraha kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai aura kisI sImA taka gRhastha jIvana meM saMgraha Avazyaka bhI haiM, kintu yadi saMgraha-vRtti ko niyantrita nahIM kiyA jAvegA to

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-662 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -194 samAja meM garIba aura amIra kI khAI aura gaharI hogI aura varga saMgharSa aparihArya ho jaavegaa| parigraha parimANavrata yA icchA parimANavrata isI saMgraha vRtti ko niyaMtrita karatA hai aura Arthika vaiSamya kA samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai / yadyapi prAcIna granthoM meM isa sambandha meM koI sImA rekhA niyata nahIM kI gaI haiM, use vyakti ke svaviveka para chor3a diyA gayA thA, kintu Adhunika saMdarbha meM hameM vyakti kI AvazyakatA aura rASTra kI sampannatA ke AdhAra para sampatti yA parigraha kI koI adhikatama sImA nirdhArita karanI hogI, yahI eka aisA upAya hai jisase garIba aura amIra ke bIca kI khAi ko.phATA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhaya nirarthaka hai ki anAsaktiaura aparigraha ke Adarza se Arthika pragati prabhAvita hogii| jaina dharma arjana kA usI sthiti meM virodhI hai, jabaki usake sAtha hiMsA aura zoSaNa kI burAiyA~ jur3atI haiN| hamArA Adarza hai - sau hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM se bA~Ta do| gRhastha arthopArjana kare, kintu vaha na to saMgraha ke lie ho aura aura na svayaM ke bhoga ke liye, apitu usakA upayoga loka-maMgala ke liye aura dInaduHkhiyoM kI sevA meM ho ; vartamAna sandarbha meM isa vrata kI upayogitA nirvivAda hai| yadi Aja hama ise svecchA se nahI apanAte haiM to yA to zAsana hameM isake lie bAdhya karegA yA phira abhAvagrasta varga chIna legA, ataH hameM samaya rahate sambhala jAnA caahiye| 6. dik parimANa vrata :- tRSNA asIma hai, dhana ke lobha meM manuSya kahA~-kahA~ nahIM bhaTakA haiN| rAjya kI tRSNA ne sAmrAjyavAda ko janma diyA, to dhana-lobha meM vyAvasAyika upaniveza bane / artha-lolupatA tathA viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta Aja bhI vyakti deza-videza meM bhaTakatA hai| dik parimANavrata manuSya kI iMsIbhaTakana ko niyantrita karatA hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane ArthopArjana evaM viSaya-bhoga kA kSetra sImita kre| isIlie use vividha dizAoM meM apane AvAgamana kA kSetra mAryAdita kara lenA hotA hai| yadyapi vartamAna saMdarbha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isase vyakti kA kAryakSetra sImita ho jAvegA kintu jo vyakti vartamAna meM antarrASTrIya sthiti se avagata hai, ve bhalI prakAra jAnate haiM ki Aja koI bhI rASTra videzI vyakti ko apane yahA~ paira jamAne denA nahI cAhatA hai, dUsare yadi hama antarrASTrIya zoSaNa ko samApta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa bAta se sahamata honA hogA ki vyakti ke dhanopArjana kI gatividhi kA kSetra sImita ho| ataH isa vrata ko aprAsaMgika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| 7. upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata :- vyakti kI bhogAvRtti para aMkuza lagAnA hI isa vrata kA mUla uddezya hai| isa vrata ke antargata zrAvaka ko apane dainika jIvana ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-663 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -195. upabhoga kI pratyeka vastu kI saMkhyA, mAtrA Adi nirdhArita karanI hotI hai, jaise- vaha kauna sA maMjana karegA, kisa prakAra ke cAvala, dAla, sabjI, phala-miSThAnna Adi kA upabhoMga karegA, unakI mAtrA kyA hogI, usake vastra, jUte, zayyA Adi kisa prakAra ke aura kitane hoMge ? vastutaH isa vrata ke mAdhyama se usakI bhoga-vRtti ko saMyamita kara usake jIvana ko sAtvika aura sAdA banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, jisakI upayogitA ko koI bhI vicArazIla vyakti asvIkAra nahI kregaa| Aja jaba manuSya uddAma bhogavAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbatA jA rahA haiM, isa vrata kA mahatva spaSTa hai| jaina AcAryoM ne upabhoga-parimANavrata ke mAdhyama se yaha bhI spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA haiM ki gRhastha upAsaka ko kina sAdhanoM ke dvArA apanI AjIvikA kA upArjana karanA cAhie aura kina sAdhanoM se AjIvikA kA upArjana nahIM karanA caahie| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie nimnalikhita pandraha prakAra ke vyavasAyoM se AjIvikA arjita karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA hai - 1. aGgArakarma-jaina AcAryoM ne isake antargata vyakti ko agni prajjvalita karake kiye jAne vAle sabhI vyavasAyoM ko niSiddha batAyA haiM, jaise- kumbhakAra, svarNakAra, lauhakAra Adi ke vyavasAya / kintu merI dRSTi meM isakA tAtparya jaMgala meM Aga lagAkara kRSi yogya bhUmi taiyAra karanA hai| 2. vanakarma-jaMgala kaTavAne kA vyavasAya / 3. zakaTakarma-bailagAr3I, ratha Adi banAkara becane kA vyavasAya / 4. bhATakakarma-baila, azva Adi pazuoM ko kirAye para calane kA vyavasAya / 5. sphoTikarma-khAna khodane kA vyavasAya / 6. dantavANijyakarma-hAthI-dA~ta Adi haDDI kA vyavasAya / upalakSaNa se camar3e tathA sIMga Adi kA vyavasAya bhI isameM sammilita haiN| 7. lAkSA-vANijyakarma-lAkha kA vyavasAya / 8. rasa-vANijyakarma-madya, mAMsa, madhu Adi kA vyvsaay| 9. viSa-vANijyakarma-vibhinna prakAra ke viSoM kA vyavasAya / 10. keza-vANijyakarma-bAloM evaM romayukta camar3e kA vyvsaay| 11. yantrapIDanakarma-yantra, sA~ce, kolhU Adi kA vyavasAya / upalakSaNa se astrazastroM kA vyApAra bhI isI meM sammilita haiN| 12. nIrlAJchanakarma-baila adi pazuoM ko napusaMka banAne kA vyvsaay||

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-664 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-196 13. davAgnidApanakarma-jaMgala meM Aga lagAne kA vyvsaay| . 14. sarahada-taDAga-zoSaNakarma-tAlAba, jhIla aura sarovara Adi ko sukhaanaa| 15..asatI-jana poSaNatAkarma-vyabhicAra-vRtti ke lie vezyA Adi ko niyukta kara unake dvArA dhanopArjana krvaanaa| upalakSaNa se duSkarmoM ke dvArA AjIvikA kA arjana karanA bhI isI meM sammilita hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM uparyukta niSiddha vyavasAyoM kI sUcI meM parimArjana kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai| Aja vyavasAyoM ke aise bahuta se rUpa sAmane Aye haiM, jo adhika anaitika aura hiMsaka haiN| ata: isa sandarbha meM paryApta vicAra-vimarza karake niSiddha vyavasAyoM kI eka navIna tAlikA banAyI jAnI caahie| 8. anartha-daNDa-viramaNa vrata:-mAnava apane jIvana meM aneka aise pApakarma karatA hai, jinake dvArA usakA apanA koI hita sAdhana nahIM hotaa| ina niSprayojana kiye jAne vAle pApa karmoM se gRhastha upAsaka ko bacAnA isa vrata kA mukhya uddezya hai| niSprayojana hiMsA aura asatya-sambhASaNa kI pravRttiyA~ manuSya meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAtI haiN| jaisesnAna meM AvazyakatA se adhika jalakA apavyaya karanA, bhojana meM jUThana DAlanA, sambhASaNa meM apazabdoM kA prayoga karanA, svAsthya ke lie hAnikara mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana karanA, azlIla aura kAmavarddhaka sAhitya par3hanA Adi / nirarthaka pravRttiyA~ avivekI aura anuzAsanahIna jIvana kI dyotaka haiN| isa vrata ke antargata gRhastha upAsaka se yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha azubhacintana, pApakarmopadeza, hiMsaka upakaraNoM ke dAna tathA pramAdAcaraNa se bce| . isa vrata ke nimnalikhita pA~ca aticAra mAne gaye haiM - 1. kAmavAsanA ko uttejita karane vAlI ceSTAe~ krnaa| 2. hAtha, muha~, A~kha Adi se abhadra ceSTAe~ krnaa| 3. adhika vAcAla honA yA nirarthaka bAteM krnaa| anAvazyaka rUpa se hiMsA ke sAdhanoM kA saMgraha karanA aura unheM dUsaroM ko denA 5. AvazyakatA se adhika upabhoga sAmagrI kA saMcaya krnaa| yadi hama uparyukta vrata aura usake doSoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM to vartamAna yuga meM isakI sArthakatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| mAnava-samAja meM Aja bhI ye sabhI cAritrika vikRtiyA~ vidyamAna haiM aura eka sabhya samAja ke nirmANa ke lie inakA parimArjana Avazyaka hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-665 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-197 zrAvaka ke uparyukta pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna guNavratoM kA bahuta kucha sambandha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana se hai aura hamane jaba unakI prAsaMgitA kI koI carcA kI hai to vaha sAmAjika dRSTi se hI kI hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke zeSa cAra zikSAvratoM meM sAmAyika, dezAvakAsika, prauSadhopavAsa kA sambandha viziSTa rUpa se vaiyaktika jIvana se hai| yadyapi atithi-saMvibhAgavata kI vyAkhyA puna: sAmAjika sandarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| 9. sAmAyika vrata :- sAmAyika samabhAva kI sAdhanA hai| sukha-du:kha, hAni-lAbha, jaya-parAjaya meM cittavRtti kA samatva hI sAmAyika hai| Aja ke yuga meM jaba manuSya mAnasika vikSobha aura tanAvoM kI sthiti meM jI rahA hai taba sAmAyika vrata kI sAdhanA kI upayogitA suspaSTa ho jAtI hai| vartamAna meM mAtra veza parivartana karake kucha samaya ke lie bAhya hiMsaka pravRttiyoM se dUra ho jAnA sAmAyika kA bAhya rUpa to ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha usakI antarAtmA nahIM hai| Aja hamArI sAmAyika kI sAdhanA meM samabhAvarUpI antarAtmA mRtaprAya hotI jA rahI hai aura vaha eka rUr3ha kriyA mAtra bana kara raha gayI hai| sAmAyika meM mAnasika tanAvoM ke nirAkaraNa aura cittavRtti ko zAnta aura nirAkula banAne ke lie koI upayukta paddhati vikasita kI jAye, yaha Aja ke yuga kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| 10. dezAvakAsika vrata :- isa vrata kA mukhya uddezya AMzika rUpa se gRhastha-jIvana se nivRti prApta karanA hai| manuSya svAbhAvika rUpa se parivartana priya hai| ghara-gRhasthI ke kolAhapUrNa aura azAnta jIvana se nivRtti lekara eka zAnta jIvana kA abhyAsa evaM AsvAda karanA hI isakA lakSya hai| vaise bhI hama saptAha meM eka dina avakAza manAte haiN| dezAvakAsika vrata isI sAptAhika avakAza kA adhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upayoga hai aura isa dRSTi se isakI sArthakatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 11. prauSadhopavAsa vrata :- yaha vrata bhI mukhya rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana kI sAdhanA ke nimitta hai| upavAsapUrvaka viSayavAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhanA hI isa vrata kA mUla uddezya hai| ise hama eka dina ke lie grahaNa kiyA huA zramaNa-jIvana bhI kaha sakate hai| isakI sArthakatA vaiyaktika sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kI dRSTi se hI A~kI jA sakatI hai| 12. atithi-saMvibhAga vrata :-atithi-saMvibhAga vrata gRhastha ke sAmAjika dAyitva kA sUcaka hai| apane aura apane parijanoM ke udarapoSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha gRhastha para nivRtta sAdhakoM aura samAja ke asahAya evaM abhAvagrasta vyaktiyoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA dAyitva bhI hai| prastuta vrata kA uddezya gRhastha meM sevA aura dAna kI vRtti ko jAgRta karanA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-666 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-198; manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| hamArA jIvana pArasparika sahayoga aura sahabhAgitA ke AdhAra para hI calatA hai| dUsaroM ke sukha-duHkha meM sahabhAgI bananA aura abhAvagrastoM, pIr3itoM aura dIna-duHkhiyoM kI sevA karanA- yaha gRhastha kA anivArya dharma hai| yadyapi Aja isa pravRtti ko, bhikSAvRtti ko protsAhana dene vAlI mAnakara anupayukta kahA jAtA hai, kintu jaba taka samAja meM abhAvagrasta, pIr3ita aura rogI vyakti haiM- sevA aura sahakAra kI AvazyakatA aparihArya rUpa se banI rahegI aura yadi zAsana isa dAyitva ko nahIM sambhAlatA hai to yaha pratyeka gRhastha kA kartavya hai ki vaha dAna aura sevA ke mUlyoM ko jIvita banAye rkhe| yaha prazna mAtra dayA yA karuNA kA nahIM hai, apitu dAyitva bodha kA hai| zrAvaka ke dainika SaTkarma zrAvaka jIvana ke Avazyaka SaTkarma isa prakAra hai - 1. devapUjA - tIrthaMkaro kA pUjana, unake Adarza svarUpa kA cintana evaM guNagAna / 2. guru-sevA - zrAvaka kA dUsarA kartavya guru kI sevA evaM unakA vinaya karanA hai| bhaktipUrvaka guru kA vandana karanA, unakA sammAna karanA aura unake upadezoM ko zravaNa krnaa| 3. svAdhyAya - AtmasvarUpa kA cintana aura manana krnaa| isake sAtha hI sadgranthoM kA paThana-pAThana bhI svAdhyAya hai| 4. saMyama - saMyama kA artha hai apanI vAsanAoM aura tRSNAoM meM kamI krnaa| zrAvaka kA kartavya hai ki vaha vAsanAoM aura tRSNAoM para saMyama rkhe| 5. tapa - tapa zrAvaka kI dainika caryA kA pAcavA~ karma hai| zrAvaka ko yathAzakya upavAsa, rasa-parityAga svAdajaya Adi ke rUpa me pratidina tapa karanA caahie| 6. dAna - zrAvaka kA chaThA dainika Avazyaka karma dAna hai| pratyeka zrAvaka ko pratidina zramaNa (muni), svadharmI bandhuoM aura asahAya evaM dukhIjanoM ko kucha na kucha dAna avazya karanA caahie| ___ zrAvaka kI dinacaryA :- AcArya hemacandra ne zrAvaka kI dinacaryA kA varNana karate hue yogazAstra meM likhA hai ki zrAvaka brAhmamuhUrta meM uThakara dharma cintana kare, tatpazcAt pavitra hokara apane gRha-caitya meM jinendra bhagavAn kI pUjA kare, phira guru kI sevA meM upasthita hokara unakI sevAbhakti kare / tatpazcAt dharmasthAna se lauTakara AjIvikA ke sthAna meM jAkara isa prakAra dhanopArjana kare ki usake vrata-niyamoM meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-667 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -199 bAdhA na pahu~ce / isake bAda madhyAhnakAlIna sAdhanA kare aura phira bhojana karake zAstravettAoM ke sAtha zAstra ke artha kA vicAra kare / puna: saMdhyA samaya deva, guru kI upAsanA evaM pratikramaNa Adi SaT Avazyaka kriyA kare, phira svAdhyAya karake alpa nidrA le| (yogazAstra 3/121-131) gRhastha ke vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ . jainadarzana nivRtti-paraka hai, lekina gRhI-jIvana se samagra rUpa meM tatkAla nivRtta ho jAnA jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie sulabha nahIM hotaa| ata: nivRtti kI dizA meM vibhinna staroM kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai, jisase vyakti kramaza: apanA naitika vikAsa karatA huA sAdhanA ke aMntima Adarza ko prApta kara sake / jaina-vicAraNA meM gRhI-jIvana meM sAdhanA kA vikAsa krama kaise Age bar3hatA hai, isakA sundara citraNa hameM "zrAvakapratimA" kI dhAraNA meM milatA hai| zrAvaka pratimAe~ gRhI-jIvana meM kI jAnevAlI sAdhanA kI vikAsonmukha zreNiyA~ (bhUmikAe~) haiM, jina para kramaza: car3hatA huA sAdhaka apanI AdhyAtmika pragati kara jIvana ke paramAdarza "svasvarUpa" ko prApta kara letA hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM vicAraNAoM meM zrAvaka pratimAe~ (bhUmikAe~) gyAraha haiN| zvetAmbara sammata upAsaka bhUmikAoM ke nAma kramaza: isa prakAra haiM - (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) proSadha, (5) niyama, (6) brahmacarya, (7) sacittatyAga, (8) ArambhatyAga, (9) preSyaparityAga, (10) uddiSTabhakta tyAga aura (11) zramaNabhUtA digambara sammata krama evaM nAma isa prakAra haiM - (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) prauSadha, (5) sacittatyAga, (6) rAtribhojana evaM divAmaithuna virati, (7) brahmacarya, (8) ArambhatyAga, (9) parigrahatyAga, (10) anumati tyAga aura (11) uddisstt-tyaag| gyAraha pratimAoM kA svarUpa - 1. darzana-pratimA :- sAdhaka kI adhyAtma-mArga kI yathArthatA ke sambandha meM dRr3ha niSThA evaM zraddhA honA hI darzanapratimA hai| vizuddhi kI prathama zarta hai krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, isa kaSAya-catuSka kI tIvratA meM mandatA / jaba taka ina kaSAyoM kA anantAnubandhI rUpa samApta nahIM hotA, darzanavizuddhi nahIM hotii| Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM mAnavIya viveka ko apaharita kara lene vAle krodhAdi saMvegoM ke tIvra Avega hI prajJA-zakti ko kuNThita kara dete haiN| ata: jaba taka ina saMvegoM yA tIvra AvegoM para vijaya prApta nahIM kI jAtI, hamArI vivekazakti yA prajJA samyak rUpa se apanA kArya nahIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-668 __ jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-200 kara sktii| darzanapratimA meM sAdhaka ina kaSAyoM kI tIvratA ko kama kara samyagdarzana arthAta yathArtha dRSTikoNa prApta karatA hai| 2. vrata-pratimA :- dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi ke sAtha jaba sAdhaka samyak AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cAritravizuddhi ke lie Age AtA hai to vaha ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA apanI gRhastha maryAdAoM ke anurUpa AMzika rUpa se pAlana karanA prArambha karatA hai| vaha gRhastha jIvana ke 5 aNuvratoM aura 3 guNavratoM kA nirdoSarUpa se pAlana karanA prArambha karatA hai| ... 3. sAmAyika-pratimA :- sAdhanA kA artha mAtra tyAga hI nahIM varan kucha prApti bhI haiN| sAmAyika-pratimA meM sAdhaka 'samatva' prApta karatA hai| 'samatva' ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA prayAsa sAmAyika kahalAtA hai / yadyapi samatva eka dRSTi hai, eka vicAra hai lekina vaha aisA vicAra nahIM jo AcaraNa meM prakaTa na hotA ho| use jIvana ke AcaraNAtmaka pakSa meM utArane ke lie satat prayAsa anivArya hai| 4. proSadhopavAsa-pratimA :- sAdhanA kI isa kakSA meM gRhastha upAsaka gRhasthI ke jhaMjhaToM meM se kucha aise avakAza ke dina nikAlatA hai, jaba vaha gRhasthI ke uttarAdAyitvoM se mukta hokara mAtra AdhyAtmika cintana-manana kara ske| vaha guru ke samIpa yA dharmasthAna (upAsanAgRha) meM rahakara AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM hI usa divasa ko vyatIta karatA hai| pratyeka mAsa kI do aSTamI, do caturdazI, amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ina dinoM meM gRhasthI ke samasta kriyAkalApoM se avakAza pAkara upavAsasahita dharmasthAna yA upAsanA-gRha meM nivAsa karate hue AtmasAdhanA meM rata rahanA gRhastha kI proSadhopavAsa pratimA hai| 5. niyama-pratimA :- ise kAyotsarga pratimA evaM divAmaithunavirata pratimA bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM pUrvokta pratimAoM kA nirdoSa pAlana karate hue pA~ca vizeSa niyama liye jAte haiM - (1) snAna nahIM karanA, (2) rAtri-bhojana nahIM karanA, (3) dhotI kI eka lAMga nahIM lagAnA, (4) dina meM brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA tathA rAtri meM maithuna kI maryAdA nizcita karanA, (5) aSTamI, caturdazI Adi kisI parva dina meM rAtriparyanta dehAsakti tyAga kara kAyotsarga karanA vastuta: isa pratimA meM kAmAsakti, bhogAsakti athavA dehAsakti kama karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| 6. brahmacarya-pratimA :- jaba gRhastha sAdhaka niyama-pratimA kI sAdhanA ke dvArA kAmAsakti para vijaya pAne kI sAmarthya prApta kara letA hai to vaha vikAsa kI isa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-669 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-201 kakSA meM maithuna se sarvathA virata hokara brahmacarya grahaNa kara letA hai aura isa prakAra nivRtti kI dizA meM eka aura caraNa bar3hAtA hai| isa pratimA meM vaha brahmacArya kI rakSA ke nimitta 1. strI ke sAtha ekAnta kA sevana nahIM karanA, 2. strI-varga se ati paricaya yA samparka nahIM rakhanA, 3. zrRMgAra nahIM karanA, 4. strI-jAti ke rUpa-saundarya sambandhI tathA kAmavardhaka vArtAlApa nahIM karanA, 5. striyoM ke sAtha eka Asana para nahIM baiThanA Adi niyamoM kA bhI pAlana karatA hai| 7. sacitta AhAravarjana-pratimA :- pUrvokta pratimAoM ke niyamoM kA yathAvat pAlana karate hue isa bhUmikA meM Akara gRhastha sAdhaka apanI bhogAsakti para vijaya kI eka aura mohara lagA detA hai aura sabhI prakAra kI sacitta vastuoM ke AhAra kA tyAga kara detA haiM evaM uSNa jala tathA acitta AhAra kA hI sevana karatA hai| sAdhanA kI isa kakSA taka Akara gRhastha upAsaka apane vaiyaktika jIvana kI dRSTi se apanI vAsanAoM evaM AvazyakatAoM kA paryApta rUpa se parisImana kara letA hai, phira bhI pArivArika evaM sAmAjika uttaradAyitva kA nirvahana karane kI dRSTi se gArhasthika kArya evaM vyavasAya Adi karatA hai, jinake kAraNa vaha udyogI evaM ArambhI hiMsA se pUrNatayA baca nahIM pAtA hai| 8. ArambhatyAga-pratimA :- sAdhanA kI isa bhUmikA meM Ane ke pUrva gRhastha upAsaka kA mahatvapUrNa kArya yaha hai ki vaha apane samagra pArivArika evaM sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko apane uttarAdhikArI para DAla de aura svayaM nivRtta hokara sArA samaya dharmArAdhanA meM lagAe hai| isa bhUmikA meM rahakara gRhastha upAsaka yadyapi svayaM vyavasAya Adi kAryo meM bhAga nahI letA haiM aura na svayaM koI Arambha hI karatA haiM, phira bhI vaha apane putrAdi ko yathAvasara vyAvasAyika evaM pArivArika kAryoM meM mArgadarzana detA rahatA ... 9. parigraha-virata-pratimA :- gRhastha upAsaka ko jaba saMtoSa ho jAtA hai ki usakI sampatti kA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM dvArA ucita rUpa se upayoga ho rahA hai athavA vaha yogya hAthoM meM hai to vaha usa sampatti para se apane svAmitva ke adhikAra kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai aura isa prakAra nivRtti kI dizA meM eka kadama Age bar3hakara parigraha se virata hotA jAtA hai| phira bhI isa avasthA meM vaha putrAdi ko vyAvasAyika evaM pArivArika kAryoM meM ucita mArgadarzana detA rahatA hai| isa prakAra parigraha se virata ho jAne para bhI vaha anumati-virata nahIM hotA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM parigrahavirata pratimA ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-670 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -202 sthAna para bhRtaka preSyArambha varjana pratimA hai jisameM gRhastha upAsaka svayaM Arambha karane evaM dUsare se karavAne kA parityAga kara detA hai, lekina anumati-virata nahIM hotA hai| ( 11. zramaNabhUta-pratimA :- isa avasthA meM gRhastha upAsaka kI apanI samasta caryA sAdhu ke samAna hotI hai| usakI vezabhUSA bhI lagabhaga vaisI hI hotI hai| vaha bhikSAcaryA dvArA hI jIvana-nirvAha karatA hai aura lie cune hue bhojana kA tyAga kara detA zvetAmbara paramparA kI dRSTi se vaha sAdhu se isa artha meM bhinna hotA hai ki 1. pUrvarAga ke kAraNa kuTumba ke logoM yA paricita janoM ke yahA~ hI bhikSArtha jAtA hai| 2. kezaluJcana ke sthAna para muNDana karavA sakatA hai 3. sAdhu ke samAna vibhinna grAma evaM nagaroM meM kalpAnusAra vihAra nahIM karatA hai| apane nivAsa nagara meM hI raha sakatA hai| digambara paramparA meM isake do vibhAga haiM - 1.kSullaka aura 2. ailk| kSullaka :- yaha digambara muni ke AcAra-vyavahAra se nimna bAtoM meM bhinna hotA hai - 1. do vastra (adhovastra aura uttarIya) rakhatA hai, 2. kezaloca karatA hai yA muNDana karavAtA hai, 3. vibhinna gharoM se mA~ga kara bhikSA karatA hai| __ ailaka :- AcAra aura caryA meM yaha muni kA nikaTavartI hotA hai| yaha eka kamaNDalu aura morapicchI rakhatA hai, kezaluJcana karatA hai, yaha digambara muni se kevala eka bAta meM bhinna hotA hai ki lokalajjA ke nahIM chUTa pAne ke kAraNa guhyAMga ko DhaMkane ke lie mAtra laMgoTI (cela-vastra) rakhatA hai| zeSa saba bAtoM meM isakI caryA digambara muni ke samAna hI hotI hai| isa prakAra yaha avasthA gRhI-sAdhanA kI sarvotkRSTa bhUmikA jaina dharma ke zrAvaka AcAra kI uparyukta samIkSA karane ke pazcAt yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina zrAvakoM ke lie pratipAdita AcAra ke niyama vartamAna sAmAjika sandarbho meM bhI prAsaMgika siddha hote haiN| zrAvaka-AcAra ke vidhi-niSedhoM meM yUgAnukUla jo choTe-moTe parivartana apekSita haiM, una para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yugAnukUla zrAvaka dharma kI AcAra-vidhi Agamika niyamoM ko yathAvat rakhate hue banAyI jA sakatI hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yahI hai ki hama jaina muni ke AcAra niyamoM para to abhI bhI gambhIra carcAe~ karate haiM, kintu zrAvaka dharma kI AcAra-vidhi para koI gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra nahIM krte| Aja yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki AcAra sambandhI vidhiniSedha muniyoM ke sandarbha meM hI hai| gRhasthoM kI AcAra-vidhi hai yA honI cAhie, isa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-671 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-203 bAta para hamArA koI lakSya nahIM jaataa| yadyapi kabhI-kabhI jamIkanda khAnA cAhie yA nahIM khAnA cAhie, aise choTe-choTe prazna uThA liye jAte hai, kintu zrAvaka-AcAra kI mUlabhUta dRSTi kyA ho ? aura usake lie yugAnukUla sarvasAmAnya AcAra vidhi kyA ho ? isa bAta para hamArI koI dRSTi nahIM jaatii| yaha eka zubha saMketa hai ki akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad ne isa prazna ko lekara eka vicAra-goSThI Ayojita kI yadyapi yaha eka prArambhika bindu hai kintu mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha prAthamika prayAsa bhI kabhI bRhad rUpa legA aura hama apane zrAvaka varga ko eka yugAnukUla AcAra-vidhi de pAne meM saphala hoNge| zramaNAcAra jaina-darzana meM zramaNa-jIvana kA sthAna- jaina-paramparA sAmAnyatayA zramaNa-paramparA hai, isalie usameM zramaNa-jIvana ko pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| bRhadkalpasUtra ke anusAra, prathamataH pratyeka Agantuka ko yatidharma kA jJAna karAnA cAhie aura yadi vaha usake pAlana meM asamarthatA prakaTa kare, to gRhasthadharma kA upadeza karanA caahie| jaina dharma meM zramaNa kA tAtparya - jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvana kA tAtparya pApavirati hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, zramaNa-jIvana meM vyakti ko bAhya-rUpa se samasta pApakArI (hiMsaka) pravRttiyoM se bacAnA hotA hai, sAtha hI Antarika rUpa se use samasta rAgadveSAtmaka-vRttiyoM se Upara uThanA hotA hai| zramaNa-jIvana kA tAtparya 'zramaNa' zabda kI vyAkhyA se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAkRta-bhASA meM zramaNa ke lie 'samaNa' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| 'samaNa' zabda ke saMskRta meM tIna rUpAntara hote haiM - 1. zramaNa, 2. samana aura 3. shmn| 1. "zramaNa" zabda zrama dhAtu se banA hai| isakA artha hai-parizrama yA prayatna karanA, arthAt jo vyakti apane Atma-vikAsa ke lie parizrama karatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai| 2. samana zabda ke mUla meM sam hai, jisakA artha hai-samatvabhAva / jo vyakti sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhatA hai aura anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-672 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-204 __3. zamana zabda kA artha hai-apanI vRttiyoM ko zAMta rakhanA, athavA mana aura indriyoM para saMyama rakhanA, ataH jo vyakti apanI vRttiyoM ko saMyamita rakhatA hai, vaha zramaNa hai| vastutaH, jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa zabda kA mUla tAtparya samatvabhAva kI sAdhanA hI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki koI kevala muMDita hone se zramaNa nahIM hotA, varan jo samatva kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vahI zramaNa hotA hai| zramaNa zabda kI vyAkhyA meM batAyA gayA hai ki jo samatvabuddhi rakhatA hai tathA jo sumanA hotA hai, vahI zramaNa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI zramaNa-jIvana kI spaSTa vyAkhyA upalabdha hai| jo sAdhaka zarIra Adi meM Asakti nahIM rakhatA, kisI prakAra kI sAMsArika-kAmanA nahIM karatA, kisI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jhUTha nahIM bolatA hai, maithuna aura parigraha ke vikAra se rahita hai, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa Adi jitane bhI karmAdAna aura AtmA ke patana ke hetu hai, sabase nivRtta rahatA hai, isI prakAra jo indriyoM kA vijetA hai, mokSamArga kA saphala yAtrI hai, zarIra ke moha-mamatva se rahita hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai| zramaNatva grahaNa karane kI pratijJA ke dvArA bhI zramaNa-jIvana ke artha ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa-saMsthA meM praviSTa hone kA icchuka sAdhaka gurU ke samakSa sarvaprathama yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki 'he pUjya! maiM samatvabhAva ko svIkAra karatA hU~ aura sampUrNa sAvadya-kriyAoM kA parityAga karatA huuN| jIvana-paryanta isa pratijJA kA pAlana kruuNgaa| mana-vacana aura kAya se na to koI azubha pravRtti karU~gA, na karavAU~gA aura na karanevAle kA anumodana kruuNgaa| maiM pUrva meM kI huI aisI samagra azubha pravRttiyoM kI nindA karatA hU~, gardA karatA hU~ evaM svayaM ko unase vilaga karatA huuN| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, sAdhanA ke do pakSa hai- Antarika aura bAhya / zramaNajIvana AMtarika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samatva kI sAdhanA hai, rAgadveSa kI vRttiyoM se Upara uThanA hai aura bAhyarUpa se vaha hiMsaka-pravRttiyoM se nivRtti hai| tathya yaha hai ki samabhAva kI upalabdhi prAthamika hai, jabaki sAvadya-vyApAroM se dUra honA dvitIya hai| jaba taka vicAroM meM samatva nahIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-673 - jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-205 AtA, taba taka sAdhaka apane ko sAvadya-kriyAo se bhI pUrNatayA nivRtta nahI rakha sakatA, ataH samatva kI sAdhanA hI zramaNa-jIvana kA mUla AdhAra jainadharma meM zramaNa-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAe~ zramaNa kA jIvana eka uccastarIya naitikatA evaM AtmasaMyama kA jIvana hai| zramaNa-saMsthA pavitra banI rahe, isalie zramaNa-saMsthA meM praviSTa hone ke lie kucha niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA, jaina-vicAradhArA zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza ke dvArA binA kisI varNa evaM jAtI ke bheda ke sabhI ke lie khulA rakhatI hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM nimnatama se nimnatama jAti ke logoM ko bhI zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza diyA jAtA thaa| yaha bAta uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke harikezIbala ke adhyAya se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yadyapi prAcIna kAla meM sabhI jAti ke logoM ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza dIyA jAtA thA, kintu kucha logoM ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke lie ayogya mAna liyA thaa| nimna vyakti zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza ke lie ayogya mAne gaye the- 1. ATha varSa se kama umra kA bAlaka, 2. ati-vRddha, 3. napuMsaka, 4. klIva, 5. jar3a (mUrkha), 6. asAdhya roga se pIr3ita, 7. cora, 8. rAja-aparAdhI, 9. unmatta (pAgala), 10 aMdhA, 11. dAsa, 12 duSTa, 13. mUDha jJAnArjana ke ayogya, 14. RNI, 15. kaidI, 16. bhayArtta, 17. apaharaNa karake lAyA gayA, 18. jugDita-jAti, karma athavA zarIra se dUSita, .19. garbhavatI strI, 20. aisI strI, jisakI goda meM baccA dUdha pItA ho| yadyapi sthAnAMgasUtra meM zramaNa-dIkSA ke ayogya vyaktiyoM meM napuMsaka, asAdhyarogI evaM bhayArtta kA hI ullekha hai, tathApi TIkAkAroM ne uparyukta prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa-dIkSA ke ayogya mAnA hai| itanA hI nahIM, paravartI TIkAkAroM ne usameM jAti ko bhI AdhAra banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jugDita zabda kI vyAkhyA meM mAtaMga, machuA, basor3a, darjI, raMgareja Adi jAtiyoM ke lie bhI zramaNa-dIkSA varjita batAI gii| yadyapi kucha paravartI AcAryoM ne inameM se kucha jAtiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza denA svIkAra kiyAM hai aura vartamAna paramparA meM bhI raMgareja, darjI Adi jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza diyA jAtA hai, phira bhI yaha satya hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-674 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -206 ki madhyavartI yuga meM kucha jAtiyA~ zramaNa-dIkSA ke lie varjita mAnI gaI thii| saMbhavataH, aisA brAhyaNa-paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa huA ho, tAki zramaNa-saMsthA ko logoM meM hone vAlI TIkA-TippaNI se bacAyA jA ske| 'dharma saMgraha' ke anusAra zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa karane vAle meM nimna yogyatAe~ honI cAhie'- 1. Arya deza samutpanna, 2. zuddhajAtikulAnvita, 3. kSINaprAyAzubhakarmA, 4. nirmalabuddhi, 5. vijJAtasaMsAranairguNya, 6. virakta, 7. maMdakaSAya, 8. alpahAsyAdi, 9.kRtajJa, 10. vinIta, 11. rAjasammata, . 12. adrohI, 13. sundara, sugaThita evaM pUrNa zarIra, 14. zraddhAvAn, 15. sthira-vicAra aura 16. sva-icchA se dIkSA ke lie tatpara / jaina zramaNoM ke prakAra jaina-paramparA meM zramaNoM kA vargIkaraNa unake AcAra-niyama tathA sAdhanAtmaka yogyatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| AcaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara-paramparA meM do prakAra ke sAdhu mAne gae haiM - (1) jinakalpI aura (2) sthvirklpii| jinakalpI muni sAmAnyatayA nagra evaM pANipAtra hote haiM tathA ekAkI vihAra karate haiM, jabaki sthavirakalpI muna savastra, sapAtra evaM saMgha meM rahakara sAdhanA karate haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAdha nAtmaka yogyatA ke AdhAra para zramaNoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai - (1) pulAka - jo zramaNa-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se pUrNa pavitratA ko prApta nahIM hue haiN| (2) bakuza - ve, jina sAdhakoM meM thor3A kaSAya-bhAva evaM Asakti hotI hai| (3) kuzIla - jo sAdhu bhikSu-jIvana ke prAthamika-niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue bhI dvitIyaka-niyamoM kA samucita rUpa se pAlana nahIM karate haiN| ye sabhI vAstavika sAdhu-jIvana se nimna zreNI ke sAdhaka haiN| (4) nirgranthajinakI moha aura kaSAya kI granthiyA~ kSINa ho cukI haiN| (5) snAtakajinake samagra ghAtIkarma kSaya ho cuke haiN| ye donoM uccakoTi ke zramaNa haiN| jaina zramaNa ke mUlaguNa jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa-jIvana kI kucha Avazyaka yogyatAe~ mAnI haiM, jinheM mUlagaNoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| digambara-paramparA ke mUlAcAra-sUtra meM zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNa mAne gae haiM - 1-5. pA~ca mahAvrata, 6-10. pA~ca indriyoM kA saMyama, 11-15. pA~ca samitiyoM kA paripAlana, 16-21. chaha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-675 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -207 Avazyaka kRtya, 22. kezaloca, 23. nagratA, 24. asnAna, 25. bhUzayana, 26. adantadhAvana, 27. khar3e rahakara bhojana grahaNa karanA aura 28. ekabhukti-eka samaya bhojana krnaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNa mAne gae haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA kA vargIkaraNa digambara-paramparA ke vargIkaraNa se thor3A bhinna hai| zvetAmbara-granthoM ke AdhAra para zramaNa ke 27 mUlaguNa isa prakAra haiM - 1-5. paMcamahAvrata, 6. arAtribhojana, 7-11. pAMcoM indriyoM kA saMyama, 12. Antarika-pavitratA, 13. bhikSu-upAdhi kI pavitratA, 14. kSamA, 15. anAsakti, 16. mana kI satyatA, 17. vacana kI satyatA, 18. kAyA kI satyatA, 19-24. chaha prakAra ke prANiyoM kA saMyama, arthAta unakI hiMsA na karanA, 25. tIna gupti, 26. sahanazIlatA, 27. sNlekhnaa| samavAyAMga kI sUcI isase kiMcit bhinna hai| samavAyAMga ke anusAra 27 guNa isa prakAra hai - 1-5. paMca mahAvrata, 6-10. paMca indriyoM kA saMyama, 11-15. cAra kaSAyoM kA parityAga, 16. bhAvasatya, 17. karaNasatya, 18. yogasatya, 19. kSamA, 20. virAgatA, 21-24. mana, vacana aura kAyA kA nirodha, 25. jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se saMpannatA, 26. kaSTa-sahiSNutA aura 27. maraNAnta kaSTa kA sahana krnaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ digambara-paramparA meM 28 mUlaguNoM meM AcaraNaM ke bAhya tathyoM para adhika bala diyA gayA hai, vahA~ zvetAmbara meM Antarika-vizuddhi ko adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| manozuddhi mUlataH donoM paramparAoM meM svIkRta hai| paMca mahAvrata paMca mahAvrata zramaNa-jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM meM mAne gae haiN| jaina-paramparA meM paMca mahAvrata ye haiM - 1. ahiMsA, 2. satya, 3. asteya, 4. brahmacarya aura 5. aprigrh| ye pAMcoM vrata gRhastha aura zramaNa - donoM ke lie vihita haiM, antara yaha hai ki zramaNa-jIvana meM unakA pAlana pUrNa rUpa se karanA hotA hai, isalie mahAvrata kahe jAte haiN| gRhastha jIvana meM unakA pAlana AMzika rUpa se hotA hai, isalie gRhastha-jIvana ke saMdarbha meM aNuvrata kahe jAte hai| zramaNa ina pAMcoM mahAvratoM kA pAlana pUrNa rUpa se karatA hai| sAmAnya sthiti meM inake paripAlana ke lie apavAda nahIM mAne gae haiN| zramaNa kevala vizeSa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-676 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -208 paristhitiyoM meM hI ina niyamoM ke paripAlana meM apavAdamArga kA Azraya le sakate haiN| samAnyatayA, ina paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana mana, vacana aura kAya tathA kRta, kArita aura anumodana ina 3x3 nava koTiyoM sahita karanA hotA ahiMsA-mahAvrata zramaNa ko sarvaprathama sva aura para kI hiMsA se virata honA hotA hai| kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi dUSita manovRttiyoM ke dvArA AtmA ke svaguNoM kA vinAza karanA sva-hiMsA hai| dUsare prANiyoM ko pIr3A evaM hAni paha~cAnA para-hiMsA hai| zramaNa kA pahalA karttavya sva-hiMsA se virata honA hai, kyoMki sva-hiMsA se virata hue binA para kI hiMsA se bacA nahI jA sktaa| zramaNa-sAdhaka ko jagat ke sabhI trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bhI virata honA hotA hai| dazavaikAliqasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSujagat meM jitane bhI prANI haiM, unakI hiMsA jAnakara athavA anajAne meM na kare, na karAe aura na hiMsA karanevAle kA anumodana hI kreN| bhikSu prANavadha kyoM na kare, isake pratiuttara meM kahA gayA hai ki hiMsA se, dUsare kA ghAta karane ke vicAra se, na kevala dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~catI hai, varan usase Atma-guNoM kA bhI ghAta hotA hai aura AtmA karma-mala se malina hotI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM hiMsA kA eka nAma guNavirAdhikA bhI varNita hai| aMhisA-mahAvrata ke paripAlana meM zramaNa-jIvana aura gRhastha-jIvana meM pramukha rUpa se aMtara yaha hai ki jahA~ gRhastha-sAdhaka kevala trasa-prANiyoM kI saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai, vahA~ zramaNa sAdhaka trasa aura sthAvara, sabhI prANiyoM kI sabhI prakAra kI hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai| hiMsA ke cAra prakAra hai - 1. ArambhI, 2. udyogI, 3. virodhI aura 4. saMkalpI, meM se gRhastha kevala saMkalpI-hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai aura zramaNa cAroM hI prakAra kI hiMsA kA tyAgI hotA hai| zramaNa-jIvana meM ahiMsA-mahAvrata kA paripAlana kisa prakAra honA cAhie, isakI saMkSipta rUparekhA dazavaikAlikasUtra meM milatI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki samAdhivaMta saMyamI sAdhu tIna karaNa evaM tIna yoga se pRthvI Adi sacitta miTTI ke Dhele Adi na tor3e, na unheM pIse, sajIva pRthvI para evaM sacita dhUli se bhare hue Asana para nahIM baiThe, yadi use

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-677 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-209 baiThanA ho, to acitta bhUmi para Asana Adi ko yatanA se pramArjita karake baitthe| saMyamI sAdhu sacitta jala, varSA, ole, barpha aura osa ke jala ko bhI nahIM pIe, kintu jo tapA huA yA sauvIra Adi sacitta dhovana (pAnI) ko hI grahaNa kre| kisI prakAra kI agri ko sAdhu uttejita nahIM kare, chue nahIM, sulagAe nahIM tathA usako bujhAe bhI nhiiN| isI prakAra, sAdhu kisI prakAra kI havA nahIM kare tathA garama pAnI, dUdha yA AhAra Adi ko phUMka se ThaMDA bhI na kre| sAdhu tRNoM, vRkSoM tathA unake phala, phUla, patte Adi ko tor3e nahIM, kATe nahIM, latA-kuMjoM meM baiThe nhiiN| isI prakAra, sAdhu trAsa-prANiyoM meM bhI kisI jIva kI mana, vacana aura kAya se hiMsA na kre| pUrNarUpeNa hiMsA se bacane ke lie sAdhu ko yahI nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha pratyeka kArya kA saMpAdana karate samaya jAgrata rahe, tAki kisI prakAra kI hiMsA sambhava na ho| ... ahiMsA-mahAvrata ke samyak pAlana ke lie pAMca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. IryAsamiti - calate-phirate athavA baiThate-uThate samaya sAvadhAnI rakhanA, 2. vacana-samiti-hiMsaka athavA kisI ke mana ko duHkhAne vAle vacana nahIM bolanA, 3. mana-samiti -mana meM hiMsaka-vicAroM ko sthAna nahIM denA, 4. eSaNA-samiti - adIna hokara aisA nirdoSa AhAra prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA, jisameM zramaNa ke lie koI hiMsA na kI gaI ho, 5. nikSepaNA-samiti - sAdhu-jIvana ke pAtrAdi upakaraNoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pramArjana karake upayoga meM lenA athavA unheM rakhanA aura utthaanaa| ahiMsA mahAvrata ke apavAda ..sAmAnyatayA, ahiMsA-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM mUla-AgamoM meM adhika apavAdoM kA kaMthana nahIM hai| mUla-AgamoM meM ahiMsAvrata sambandhI jo apavAda haiM, unameM trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA ke saMdarbha meM koI apavAda nahIM hai, kevala vanaspati evaM jala Adi ko paristhitivaza chUne athavA AvAgamana kI sthiti meM unakI hone vAlI hiMsA ke apavAdoM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi Adi paravartI granthoM meM munisaMgha yA sAdhvI-saMgha ke rakSaNArtha siMha Adi hiMsaka-prANiyoM evaM durAcArI munaSyoM kI hiMsA karane sambandhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-678 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-210 apavAdoM kA bhI ullekha hai| vastutaH paravartI-sAhitya meM jina adhika apavAdoM kA ullekha hai, unake pIche saMgha (samudAya) kI rakSA kA prazna jur3A huA hai| isI AdhAra para dharma-prabhAvanA ke nimitta hone vAlI jala, vanaspati evaM pRthvI sambandhI hiMsA ko bhI svIkRti pradAna kara dI gii| satya-mahAvrata asatya kA sampUrNa tyAga zramaNa kA dUsarA mahAvrata hai| zramaNa mana, vacana evaM kAya tathA kRta-kArita-anumodana kI navakoTiyoM sahita asatya se virata hona kI pratijJA karatA hai| zramaNa ko mana, vacana aura kAya - tInoM se satya para ArUr3ha honA caahie| mana, vacana aura kAya meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hI mRSAvAda hai| isake viparIta, mana, vacana aura kAya kI ekarUpatA hI satya-mahAvrata kA pAlana hai| satya-mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM vacana kI satyatA para bhI adhika bala diyA gayA hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa meM satya-mahAvrata se asatya bhASaNa kA varjana samajhA jAtA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM asatya ke cAra prakAra kahe gae haiM - 1. hote hue nahIM kahanA, 2. nahIM hote hue usakA astitava batAnA, 3. vastu kucha hai aura use kucha aura batAnA, 4. hiMsAkArI, pApakArI aura apriya vacana bolnaa| uparyukta cAroM prakAra kA asatya bhASaNa zramaNa ke lie varjita hai| zramaNa sAdhaka ko kaisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, isakA vistRta vivecana dazavaikAlikasUtra ke suvAkyazuddhi nAmaka adhyayana meM hai| jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, bhASA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. satya, 2. asatya, 3. mizra aura 4. vyAvahArika / inameM asatya aura mizra bhASA kA vyavahAra zramaNa ke lie varjita hai| itanA hI nahI, satya aura vyAvahArika bhASA bhI yadi pApa aura hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA se yukta hai, to usakA vyavahAra bhI zramaNa ke lie varjita hai| zramaNa kevala ahiMsaka evaM nirdoSa satya tathA vyAvahArika-bhASA bola sakatA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prajJAvAn bhikSu avaktavya (na bolane yogya) satya bhASA bhI na bole| isI prakAra, vaha bhASA jo thor3I satya aura thor3I asatya (naro vA kuMjaro vA) hai, aisI mizra bhASA kA vyavahAra bhI vAkasaMyamI sAdhu na kre| buddhimAna bhikSu kevala asatya-amRSA (vyAvahArika) bhASA tathA satya bhASA ko bhI pAparahita,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-679 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA-211 akarkaza tathA saMdeharahita hone para hI vicArapUrvaka bole| isI prakAra, sAdhu nizcayakArI vacana bhI bole, kyoMki aghaTita bhaviSya ke viSaya meM nizcayapUrvaka kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jo kathana bhUta aura vartamAna ke saMdarbha meM saMdeharahita ho, usI ke viSaya meM nizcayAtmaka-bhASA bole| jina zabdoM se dUsare prANiyoM ke hRdaya meM Thesa pahu~ce, aise hiMsaka evaM kaThora zabdoM ko, cAhe ve satya hI kyoM na hoM, bhikSu na bole| isI prakAra, bhikSu pArivArika sambandhoM ke sUcaka zabda, jaise - he mAtA, he putra Adi tathA apamAnajanaka zabda, jaise - he mUrkha Adi kA bhI prayoga na kre| jisa bhASA me hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA ho, aisI bhASA kA prayoga bhI na kre| kAma, krodha, lobha, bhaya evaM hAsya ke vazIbhUta hokara pApakArI, nizcayakArI, dUsaroM ke mana ko duHkhAne vAlI bhASA, cAhe vaha manovinoda meM hI kyoM na kahI gaI ho, kA bolanA bhikSu ke lie sarvathA carjita hai| zramaNa ko svArtha athavA parArtha, krodha athavA bhaya ke vazIbhUta hokara asatya na to svayaM bolanA cAhie aura na kisI ko asatya bolane ke lie prerita hI karanA cAhie, kyoMki asatya vacana avizvAsa kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA me asatya aura apriya-satya-donoM kA niSedha hai| isa sampUrNa vivecana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina-AcAryo kI dRSTi meM bhASA sambandhI satya kA sthAna ahiMsA ke bAda hai, unhoMne satya ko ahiMsaka banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| satya ahiMsaka banA rahe, isalie saMbhASaNa ke kSetra meM vizeSa satarkatA rakhane kA nirdeza hai| nizcayakArI-bhASA kA niSedha mAtra isIlie kiyA gayA hai ki vaha ahiMsA aura anekAnta kI kasauTI para kharI nahIM utrtii| __lekina, isakA yaha artha kadApi nahI hai ki jaina-AcAryo kI dRSTi meM satya kA mUlya adhika nahI hai, athavA unhoMne satya kI avahelanA kI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne satya ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai, unakI dRSTi meM satya to bhagavAn hai (taM saccaM bhagava), vahI samagra loka meM sArabhUta hai| mahAvIra spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki satya meM mana kI sthiratA karo, jo satya kA varaNa karatA hai, vaha buddhimAna samasta pApakarmo kA kSaya kara detA hai| saMtya kI AjJA meM vicaraNa karane vAlA sAdhaka isa saMsAra se pAra ho jAtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-680 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -212 satya-mahAvrata ke pAlana ke lie pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. vicArapUrvaka bolanA cAhie, binA vicAre bolane se asatya sambhava hai, 2. krodha kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki krodha kI avasthA meM viveka kuMThita ho jAtA hai aura isalie asatya bolane kI sambhAvanAe~ banI rahatI hai, 3. lobha kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara asatya bolanA sambhava hai, 4. bhaya kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki bhaya ke kAraNa asatya bolanA sambhava hai, 5. hAsya kA tyAga karake bolanA cAhie, kyoMki hAsya ke prasaMga meM bhI asatya bhASaNa kI saMbhAvanAe~ rahatI haiN| jo zramaNa uparyukta pA~coM bhAvanAoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue bolatA hai, taba hI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usane satya-mahAvrata svIkAra kiyA hai, kriyAnvita kiyA hai aura jinoM kI AjJA ke anusAra usakA pAlana kiyA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-vicArakoM ne bhASA-sambandhI viveka ke lie kAphI gaharAI se vicAra kiyA hai| satya-mahAvrata ke apavAda satya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM mUla-AgamoM ke jina apavAdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, unameM pramukhatayA satya ko ahiMsaka banAe rakhane kA dRSTikoNa hI parilakSita hotA hai| mUla-AgamoM ke anusAra, jina paristhitiyoM meM satya aura ahiMsA meM virodha khar3A ho aura unameM kisI eka kA pAlana hI sambhava ho, aisI sthiti meM ahiMsA ke vrata kI rakSA ke lie satya ke sandarbha meM apavAda ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu mArga meM jA rahA ho aura sAmane se koI zikArI vyakti Akara usase puche ki - zramaNa ? kyA tumane kisI manuSya athavA pazu Adi ko idhara Ate dekhA hai ? isa prasaMga meM, prathama to bhikSu usake prazna kI upekSA karake mauna rhe| yadi mauna rahane jaisI sthiti na ho, athavA mauna rahane kA artha svIkRti lagAe jAne kI sambhAvanA ho, to jAnatA huA bhI yaha kaha de ki maiM nahIM jaantaa| yahA~ yaha spaSTa rUpa se apavAdamArga kI ullekha hai| nizIthacUrNi meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana hai| bRhadkalpabhASya meM gItArtha ke dvArA navadIkSita bhikSuoM ko saMyama meM sthira rakhane ke lie bhI satya-mahAvrata ke kucha apavAdoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi usa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-681 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-213 prasaMga meM gItArtha dvArA AcaraNa sambandhI zithilatA ko dabAne kA hI prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| vastutaH, jaina-paramparA kA buniyAdI dRSTikoNa yaha nahI ho sakatA kI vyakti apanI kamajoriyoM ko dabAne ke lie asatya kA Azraya le| AcArAMgasUtra ke ukta sandarbha meM bhI hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki granthakAra kA mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa ahiMsA-mahAvrata kI rakSA hai| usameM bhI prathamataH sAdhaka ko apane Atma bala ko jAgrata rakhate hue mona rahane kA hI nirdeza hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana meM aise aneka prasaMga hai, jahA~ unhoMne sambhAvita Apatti ko sahana kiyA, lekina asatya bhASaNa nahI karate hue- mauna rahakara hI ahiMsA-mahAvrata kI maryAdA kA pAlana kiyaa| vastutaH, Agamika-dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki yathA sambhava satya aura ahiMsA-donoM kA hI pUrNatayA pAlana kiyA jAe, lekina yadi sAdhaka meM itanA Atmabala nahIM haiM ki vaha mauna rahakara donoM kA hI pAlana kara sake, to aisI sthiti meM unake lie apavAda-mArga kA ullekha hai| AcArya zIlAMka ne AcArAMga ke ukta sandarbha ke samAna hI apanI sUtrakRtAMgavRtti meM satya ke apavAda ke sandarbha meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo pravaMcanA kI buddhi se rahita, mAtra saMyama kI rakSA ke lie evaM kalyANa-bhAvanA se bolA jAtA hai, vaha satya doSarUpa nahIM hai| asteya-mahAvrata ... zramaNa kA yaha tIsarA mahAvrata hai| sAmAnyatayA, bhikSu ko binA svAmI ke AjJA ke eka tinakA bhI grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| bhikSu apanI jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka vastuoM ko tabhI grahaNa kara sakatA hai, jabaki ve unake svAmI ke dvArA use dI gaI ho| adatta vastu kA na lenA hI zramaNa kA asteya-mahAvrata hai| asteya-mahAvrata kA pAlana bhI zramaNa ko mana, vacana aura kAya tathA kRta, kArita aura anumodana kI nava-koTiyoM sahita karanA caahie| zramaNa ke lie sAmAnya niyama yahI hai ki apanI AvazyakatAoM ko pUrti bhikSA ke dvArA hI kre| na kevala nagara athavA gA~va meM varan jaMgala meM bhI yadi use kisI vastu kI AvazyakatA ho, to binA diye svayaM hI grahaNa na kre| bhojana, vastra, nivAsa, zayyA evaM auSadha Adi sabhI unake svAmI kI anumati tathA unake dvArA pradatta kie

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-682 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-214 jAne para hI grahaNa karanA caahie| jaina-dRSTikoNa ke anusAra, asteya-mahAvrata kA pAlana karanA isalie Avazyaka haiM ki cauryakarma bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai| AcArya amRtacandra kA kathana hai ki artha yA sampatti prANIyoM kA bAhya-prANa hai, kyoMki isa para unakA jIvana AdhArita rahatA hai, isalie kisI kI vastu kA haraNa usake prANoM ke hanana ke samAna hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha adattAdAna (corI), saMtApa, maraNa evaM bhayarUpI pAtakoM kA janaka hai, dUsare ke dhana ke prati lobha utpanna karatA hai| yaha apayaza kA kAraNa aura anArya-karma hai, sAdhujana isakI sadaiva nindA karate hai, isIlie dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA haiM ki zramaNa choTI athavA bar3I, sacitta athavA acitta koI bhI vastu, cAhe vaha dA~ta sApha karane kA tinakA hI kyoM na ho, binA die na le| na svayaM use grahaNa kare, na anya ke dvArA hI use le aura na lene vAle kA anumodana hI kre| . asteya-mahAvrata ke samyak paripAlana ke lie AcArAMgasUtra meM pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna hai - 1. zramaNa vicArapUrvaka parimita parimANa meM hI vastuoM kI yAcanA kare, 2. yAcita AhArAdi vastuoM kA upabhoga na kare, 3. zramaNa apane lie nizcita parimANa meM hI vastuoM kI yAcanA kare, 4. zramaNa ko jaba bhI koI AvazyakatA ho, usa vastu kI mAtrA kA parimANa nizcita karake hI yAcanA kare, 5. apane sahayogI zramaNoM ke lie bhI vicArapUrvaka parimita parimANa meM hI vastu kI yAcanA kre| kucha AcAryo ne asteya-mahAvrata ke pAlana ke lie ina pAMco bAtoM ko bhI Avazyaka mAnA hai - 1. hamezA nirdoSa sthAna para hI ThaharanA cAhie, 2. svAmI kI AjJA se hI AhAra athavA Thaharane kA sthAna grahaNa karanA cAhie, 3. Thaharane ke lie jitanA sthAna grahastha ne diyA hai, usase adhika kA upayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, 4. gurU kI AjJA ke pazcAta hI AhAra Adi kA upabhoga karanA cAhie, 5. yadi kisI sthAna para pUrva meM koI zramaNa ThaharA ho, to usakI AjJA ko prApta karake hI ThaharanA caahie| asteya mahAvrata ke apavAda asteya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM jina apavAdoM kA ullekha hai, unakA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-683 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-215 sambandha AvAsa se hai| vyavahArasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhikSu-saMgha lambA vihAra kara kisI ajJAta grAma meM pahu~catA hai aura use Thaharane ke lie sthAna nahIM mila rahA ho tathA bAhara vRkSoM ke nIce Thaharane se bhaMyakara zIla kI vedanA athavA jaMgalI pazuoM ke upadrava kI sambhAvanA ho, to aisI sthiti meM vaha binA AjJA prApta kie bhI yogya sthAna para Thahara jAe aura usake bAda AjJA prApta karane kA prayAsa kre| brahmacarya mahAvrata yaha zramaNa kA caturtha mahAvrata hai| jaina-AgamoM meM ahiMsA ke bAda brahmacarya kA hI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo dukha duSkara brahmacarya-vrata kA pAlana karatA hai, use deva, dAnava aura yakSa Adi sabhI namaskAra karate haiN| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmacarya uttama tapa, niyama, jJAna, darzana, cAritra, samyaktva tathA vinaya kA mUla hai, yama aura niyamarUpa pradhAna guNoM se yukta hai| brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se manuSya kA antaHkaraNa prazasta, gambhIra aura sthira ho jAtA hai| brahmacarya sAdhujanoM dvArA Acarita mokSa kA mArga hai| pA~coM mahAvratoM meM atyanta (nirapavAda) pAlana kiyA jAne vAlA hai| brahmacarya bhaMga hone para sabhI vrata tatkAla bhaMga ho jAte haiN| sabhI vrata-niyama, zIla, tapa, guNa Adi dahI ke samAna mathita ho jAte haiM, cUra-cUra ho jAte haiM, khaMDita ho jAte haiM, unakA vinAza ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM zramaNa ke lie brahmacarya-mahAvrata ko atyadhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| abrahmacarya Asakti aura moha kA kAraNa hone se AtmA ke patana kA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa hai, ataH AtmavikAsa ke lie brahmacarya kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| jaina-zramaNa ke lie samasta prakAra kA maithuna trikaraNa aura triyoga se varjita hai| brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM jitanI AMtarika-sAvadhAnI rakhanA Avazyaka hai, usase kahIM adhika sAvadhAnI bAhya-jIvana evaM saMyogoM ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| kyoMki uccakoTi kA zramaNa bhI nimitta ke milane para bIjarUpa meM rahI huI vAsanA ke dvArA kaba patana ke mArga para calA jAegA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai, ataH brahmacarya kI rakSA ke lie sAdhaka ko apane bAhya-jIvana meM upasthita hone vAle avasaroM ke prati bhI sadaiva jAgrata rahanA Avazyaka hai| uttarAdha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-684 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-216 yayanasUtra meM brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta nimna bAtoM se bacane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai - 1. strI, pazu aura napuMsaka jisa sthAna para rahate hoM, bhikSu vahA~ na Thahare, 2. bhikSu zrRMgAra-rasotpAdaka strI-kathA na kare, 3. bhikSu striyoM ke sAtha eka Asana para na baiThe (unakA sparza bhI na kare), 4. striyoM ke aMgopAMga viSaya-buddhi se na dekhe, 5. AsapAsa se Ate hue striyoM ke kuMjana, gAyana, hAsya, krandita zabda, rUdana aura viraha se utpanna vilApa ko na sune, 6. gRhasthAvasthA meM bhoge hue bhogoM (rati-krIr3AoM) kA smaraNa na kare, 7. puSTikAraka (gariSTha) bhojana na kare, 8. maryAdA se adhika bhojana na kare, 9. zarIra kA zrRMgAra na kare, 10. indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakti na rkhe| ___ mUlAcAra meM abrahmacarya ke dasa kAraNoM kA ullekha hai - 1. vipulAhAra, 2. zarIra zrRMgAra, 3. gandha mAlya dhAraNa, 4. gAnA-bajAnA, 5. ucca zayyA, 6. strI-saMsarga, 7. indriyoM ke viSayoM kA sevana, 8. pUrvarati smaraNa, 9. kAma bhoga kI sAmagrI kA saMgraha aura 10. strI sevA / tattvArthasUtra meM inameM se pAMca kA hI ullekha hai| vastutaH uparyukta prasaMgoM kA ullekha brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta hI kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya niyama to yaha hai ki bhikSu ko jahA~ bhI apane brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke khaMDana kI saMbhAvanA pratIta ho, una sabhI sthAnoM kA use parityAga kara denA caahie| jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa evaM zramaNI ke pArasparika-vyavahAra ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane bhI pramukha rUpa se yahI dRSTikoNa rahA hai ki sAdhaka kA brahmacaryavrata akSuNNa raha ske| zramaNa aura zramaNI ke pArasparika-vyavahAra ke saMrdabha meM ye niyama ullekhanIya hai- 1. upAzraya athavA mArga meM akelA muni kisI zramaNI athavA strI ke sAtha na baiThe, na khar3A rahe aura na unase koI bAta-cIta hI kare, 2. akelA zramaNa dIna meM bhI kisI akelI sAdhvI yA strI ko apane AvAsasthAna para na Ane de, 3. yadi zramaNa-samudAya ke pAsa jJAna prApti ke nimitta se koI sAdhvI yA strI AI ho, to kisI praur3ha gRhastha-upAsaka evaM upAsikA kI upasthiti meM hI use jJAnArjana karAe, 4. pravacana-kAla ke atIrikta zramaNa apane AvAsasthAna para sAdhvIyoM evaM strIyoM ko Thaharane na de, 5. zramaNa eka dina kI bAlikA kA bhI sparza na kare (sAdhvIyoM ke saMdarbha meM yaha niSedha bAlaka athavA purUSa ke lie samajhanA cAhie), 6. jahA~

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-685 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-217 gurU athavA variSTha muni zayana karate ho, usI sthAna para zayana kare, ekAnta meM nahIM soe| ___ isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-vidhi meM jahA~ brahmacarya-pAlana ko itanA adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai, vahA~ usakI rakSA ke lie bhI kaThoratama niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA vidhAna hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM brahmacarya-mahAvrata kI pAMca bhAvanAe~ kahI gaI hai -1. nirgrantha strI sambandhI bAte na kare, kyoMki aisA karane se usake citta kI zAMti bhaMga hokara dharma se bhraSTa honA sambhava hai, 2. striyoM ke aMgopAMga ko viSaya-buddhi se na dekhe, 3. pUrva meM kI huI kAmakrIDA kA smaraNa na kare, 4. mAtrA se adhika evaM kAmoddipaka AhAra na kare, 5. strI, mAdApazu evaM naMsupaka ke Asana evaM zayyA kA upayona kre| jo zramaNa uparyukta sAvadhAniyoM ko rakhate hue brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA pAlana karatA hai, usake sambandha meM hI yaha kahA jA sakatA haiM ki vaha saMsAra ke sabhI dukhoM se chuTakara vItarAga-avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai| brahmacaryavrata ke apavAda - sAmAnyatayA, brahmacaryavrata meM koI bhI apavAda svIkAra nahI kiyA gayA hai| brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA nirapavAda rUpa se pAlana karanA hI apekSita hai| mUla-AgamoM meM brahmacarya ke khaNDana karane ke lie kisI bhI apavAda-niyama ko ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| brahmacarya-mahAvrata ke sandarbha meM jina apavAdo kA ullekha mUla-AgamoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, unakA sambandha mAtra brahmacaryavrata kI rakSA ke niyamo se hai| sAmAnyarUpa se zramaNa ke lie strI sparza varjita hai, lekina apavAdarUpa meM vaha nadI meM DUbatI huI, athavA kSiptacitta bhikSuNI ko pakar3a sakatA hai| isI prakAra, rAtrI meM sarpadaMza kI sthiti ho aura anya koI upacAra kA mArga na ho, to zramaNa strI se aura sAdhvI purUSa se avamArjana Adi sparza sambandhI cikitsA karAe, to vaha kalpya hai, sAtha hI sAdhu yA sAdhvI ke paira meM kA~TA laga jAe aura anya kisI bhI taraha nikAlane kI sthiti na ho, to ve paraspara eka-dUsare se nikalavA sakate ... aparigraha-mahAvrata yaha zramaNa kA pA~cavA~ mahAvrata hai| zramaNa ko samasta bAhya (strI,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-686 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -218 saMpatti, pazu Adi) tathA Abhyantara (krodha, mAna Adi) parigraha kA tyAga karanA hotA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA haiM ki zramaNa ko sabhI prakAra ke parigraha kA, cAhe vaha alpa ho yA adhika ho, cAhe vaha jIvanayukta (ziSya Adi para mamatva rakhanA athavA mAtA-pitA kI AjJA ke binA kisI ko ziSya banAkara apane pAsa rakhanA jIvana yukta parigraha hai) ho athavA nirjIva vastuoM kA ho, tyAga kara denA hotA hai| zramaNa mana, vacana aura kAya-tInoM se hI na parigraha rakhe, na rakhavAe aura na parigraha rakhane kA anumodana kre| parigraha yA saMcaya karane kI vRtti Antarika-lobha kI hI ghotaka hai, isalie jo zramaNa kisI prakAra kA saMgraha karatA hai, vaha zramaNa na hokara gRhastha hI hai| . jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, parigraha kA vAstavika artha bAhya-vastuoM kA saMgraha nahIM varan Antarika-mUcchA bhAva yA Asakti hI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM mUrchA yA Asakti ko hI parigraha kahA gayA hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM paramparAe~ parigraha kI dRSTi se Asakti ko hI pramukha tattva svIkAra karatI hai, tathApi zramaNa-jIvana meM bAhya-vastuoM kI dRSTi se bhI parigraha ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| digambara-paramparA zramaNa ke bAhya-parigraha ko hI atyanta sImita karane kA prayAsa karatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA zramaNa ke bAhya-parigraha kI dRSTi se adhika loca pUrNa dRSTikoNa rakhatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara-paramparA meM zramaNa ke bAhya-parigraha ke sandarbha meM paravartIkAla meM kAphI parivarddhana evaM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM parigraha do prakAra mAnA gayA hai-1. bAhya parigraha aura 2. Abhyantarika-parigraha / bAhya-parigraha meM ina vastuoM kA samAveza hotA hai - 1. kSetra (khulI bhUmi), 2. vastu (bhavana), 3. hiraNya (rajata), 4. svarNa, 5. dhana (sampatti), 6. dhAnya, 7. dvipada (dAsa-dAsI), 8. catuSpada (pazu Adi) aura 9. kupya (ghara-gRhasthI kA saamaan)| jaina-zramaNa ukta saba parigrahoM ko parityAga karatA hai| itanA hI nahI, use caudaha prakAra ke Abhyantarika-parigraha kA bhI tyAga karanA hotA hai, jaise - 1. mithyAtva, 2. hAsya, 3. rati, 4. arati, 5. bhaya, 6. zoka, 7. jugupsA, 8. strIveda, 9.

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-687 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -219 purUSaveda, 10. naMpusakaveda, 11. krodha, 12. mAna, 13. mAyA aura 14. lobha / yadyapi zramaNaM ke lie sabhI prakAra kA Abhyantara evaM bAhya-parigraha tyAjya hai,. tathApi bhikSu-jIvana kI AvazyakatAo kI dRSTi se zramaNa ko kucha vastue rakhane kI anumati hai| bAhya-parigraha kI dRSTi se zvetAmbara aura digambara-paramparAoM meM kiMcita matabheda hai| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, zramaNa kI Avazyaka vastuoM (upadhi), ko tIna bhAgoM meM bATA jA sakatA hai - 1. jJAnopadhi (zAstra-pustaka Adi), 2. saMyamopadhi (mora ke paroM se banI picchi), 3. zaucopadhi (zarIra-zuddhi ke lie jala grahaNa karane kA pAtra yA kmnnddlu)| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, muni ko vastra Adi anya sAmAgrI ke rakhane kA niSedha hai| __ zvetAmbara-paramparA ke mUla-AgamoM ke anusAra, bhikSu cAra prakAra kI vastue rakha sakatA hai - 1. vastra, 2. pAtra, 3. kambala aura 4. rjohrnn| AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra svathya muni eka vastra rakha sakatA hai, sAdhvIyoM kA cAra vastra rakhane kA vidhAna hai| isI prakAra, muni eka se adhika pAtra nahIM rakha sktaa| AcArAMga meM muni ke vastroM ke nApa ke sambandha meM koI spaSTa varNana nahIM hai, yadyapi sAdhvI ke cAra vastroM meM eka do hAtha kA, do tIna hAtha ke aura eka cAra hAtha kA honA caahie| prazna-vyAkaraNasUtra meM muni ke lie caudaha prakAra ke upakaraNoM kA vidhAna hai- 1. pAtra-jo ki lakar3I, miTTI athavA tumbI kA ho sakatA hai, 2. pAtrabandha-pAtroM ko bAdhane kA kapar3A, 3. pAtra sthApanA-pAtra rakhane kA kapar3A, 4. pAtra-kesarIkA-pAtra pochane kA kapar3A, 5. paTala-pAtra DhaMkane kA kapar3A, 6. rajastANa, 7. gocchaka, 8-10. pracchAdaka-or3hane kI cAdara, muni vibhinna nApoM kI tIna cAdareM rakha sakatA hai, isalie ye tIna upakaraNa mAne gaye hai, 11. rajoharaNa, 12. mukhavastrikA, 13. mAtraka aura 14. colapaTTa / ye caudaha vastue~ rakhanA zvetAmbara-muni ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki inake abhAva meM vaha saMyama kA pAlana samucita rUpa se nahIM kara sktaa| bRhadkalpabhASya evaM paravartI granthoM meM uparyukta sAmagrIyoM ke atIrikta bhI cilamilikA (pardA), daNDa, chAtA, pAdaprochana, sUcikA (suI) . Adi aneka vastuoM ke rakhane kI anumati hai| vistAra-bhaya una saba kI carcA meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| vastutaH, aisA pratIta hotA haiM ki jaba eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-688 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-220 bAra muni Avazyaka upakaraNoM meM ahiMsA evaM saMyama kI rakSA karane ke lie. vRddhi kara dI gaI, to paravartI AcAryagaNa na kevala saMyama kI rakSA ke lie, varan apanI sukha-suvidhAoM ke lie bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM vRddhi karate rahe haiN| itanA hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI to kamajoriyoM ke dabAne tathA bhojana-vastra kI prApti ke nimitta bhI upakaraNa rakhe jAne lge| paratIrthika-upakaraNa, gulikA, khola Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| vastutaH, jaina-zramaNa ke lie jisa rUpa meM Avazyaka sAmagrI rakhane kA vidhAna hai, usameM saMyama kI rakSA hI pramukha hai| usake upakaraNa dharmopakaraNa kahe jAte hai, ataH muni ko ve hI vastue apane pAsa rakhanI cAhie, jinake dvArA vaha saMyama-yAtrA kA nirvAha kara ske| itanA hI nahIM, use una upakaraNoM para to kyA, apane zarIra para bhI mahatva nahIM rakhanA caahie| aparigraha-mahAvrata ke lie jIna pAMca bhAvanAoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, ve pAMcoM indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakti kA niSedha karatI hai| muni ko indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta aura kaSAyoM ke vaMzIbhUta nahIM honA cAhie, yahI usakI aparigraha-vRtti hai| aparigraha-mahAvrata ke apavAda sAmAnyatayA, digambara-muni ke pUrvokta tIna tathA zvetAmbara-muni ke lie pUrva nirdiSTa caudaha upakaraNoM ke rakhane kA hI vidhAna hai| vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha unase adhika upakaraNa bhI rakha sakatA hai, udAharaNArtha - bhikSu sevA bhAva kI dRSTi se atIrikta pAtra rakha sakatA hai, athavA viSa-nivAraNa ke lie svarNa ghisakara usakA pAnI rogI ko dene ke lie vaha svarNa ko grahaNa bhI kara sakatA hai| isI prakAra, apavAdIya-sthiti meM vaha chatra, carma-chedana Adi atirikta vastue rakha sakatA hai tathA vRddhAvasthA evaM bImArI ke kAraNa eka sthAna para adhika samaya taka Thahara bhI sakatA hai| vartamAnakAla meM jaina-zramaNoM dvArA rakhe jAne vAlI pustaka, lekhanI, kAgaja, masi Adi vastueM bhI aparigraha-vrata kA apavAda hI haiN| prAcIna granthoM meM pustaka rakhanA prAyazcitta yogya aparAdha thaa| rAtribhojana-parityAga rAtribhojana-parityAga digambara-paramparA ke anusAra zramaNa kA mUlaguNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-689 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-221 hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM rAtri bhojana-parityAga kA ullekha chaThaveM mahAvrata ke rUpa meM bhI huA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM ise chaThavA~ mahAvrata kahA gayA hai| muni sampUrNa rUpa se rAtri bhojana kA parityAga karatA hai| rAtri bhojana kA niSedha ahiMsA ke mahAvrata kI rakSA evaM saMyama kI rakSA - donoM hI dRSTi se Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki muni sUrya ke asta ho jAne para sabhI prakAra ke AhArAdi ke bhoga kI icchA mana se bhI na kre| sabhI mahApurUSoM ne ise nitya-tapa kA sAdhana kahA hai| yaha eka samaya bhojana kI vRtti saMyama ke anukUla hai, kyoMki rAtri meM AhAra karane se aneka sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| rAtri meM pRthvI para aise sUkSma, trasa evaM sthAvara jIva vyApta rahate haiM ki rAtri-bhojana meM unakI hiMsA se bacA nahIM jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki nirgrantha muniyoM ke lie rAtri bhojana kA niSedha hai| ___ AcArya amRtacandra ne rAtri bhojana ke viSaya meM do ApattiyA~ prastuta kI haiN| prathama to yaha ki dina kI apekSA rAtri meM bhojana ke prati tIvra Asakti rahatI hai aura rAtri bhojana karane se brahmacarya-mahAvrata kA nirvighna pAlana saMbhava nahIM hotaa| dUsare, rAtri bhojana meM bhojana ke pakAne athavA prakAza ke lie jo agri yA dIpaka prajvalita kiyA jAtA hai, usameM bhI unake jantu Akara jala jAte haiM tathA bhojana meM bhI gira jAte hai, ataH rAtri-bhojana hiMsA se mukta nahIM hai| - gupti evaM samiti pUrvokta mahAvratoM ke rakSaNa evaM unakI paripuSTi karane ke lie jaina-paramparA meM pAMca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM kA vidhAna hai| inheM aSTa-pravacanamAtA bhI kahA jAtA hai| ye ATha guNa zramaNa-jIvana kA saMrakSaNa usI prakAra karate haiM, jaise mAtA apane putra kA karatI hai, isIlie inheM mAtA kahA gayA hai| inameM tIna guptiyA~ zramaNa-sAdhanA kA niSedhAtmaka-pakSa prastuta karatI haiM aura pAMca samitiyA~ vidheyAtmaka pakSa prastuta karatI haiN| - tIna guptiyA~ .. gupti zabda gopana se banA hai, jisakA artha hai-khIMca lanA, dUra kara ; lenA / gupti zabda kA dUsarA artha DhaMkane vAlA yA rakSA-kavaca bhI hai| prathama

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-690 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -222 artha ke anusAra mana, vacana aura kAyA ko azubha pravRttiyoM se haTA lenA gupti hai aura dUsare artha ke anusAra, AtmA kI azubha se rakSA karanA gupti hai| guptiyAM tIna haiM - 1. manogupti, 2. vacana-gupti aura 3. kaay-gupti| ___ 1. manogupti - mana ko aprazasta, kutsita evaM azubha vicAroM se dUra rakhanA manogupti hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, zramaNa sarambha, samArambha aura Arambha kI hiMsaka-pravRttiyoM meM jAte hue mana ko roke, yahI manogupti hai| zramaNa ko dUSita vRtiyoM meM jAte hue mana ko rokakara manogupti kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| ___ 2. vacanagupti - asatya, karkaza, ahitakArI evaM hiMsAkArI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM karanA vacanagupti hai| niyamasAra ke anusAra, strI-kathA, rAjakathA, cora-kathA, bhojana-kathA Adi vacana kI azubha pravRtti evaM asatya vacana kA parihAra vacanagupti hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki zramaNa azubha pravRttiyoM meM jAte hue vacana kA virodha kre| _3. kAyagupti - niyamasAra ke anusAra, bandhana, chedana, mAraNa, AkuMcana tathA prasAraNa Adi zArIrika kriyAoM se nivRtti kAyagupti hai| uttarAdha yayanasUtra ke anusAra zramaNa uThane, baiThane, leTane, nAlI Adi lAMghana tathA pA~coM indriyoM kI pravRtti meM zarIra kI kriyAoM kA niyamana kre| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM muni-jIvana ke lie ina tIna guptiyoM kA vidhAna azubha pravRttiyoM se nivRtti hone ke lie hai| zramaNa-sAdhaka ina tInoM guptiyoM ke dvArA apane ko azubha pravRttiyoM se dUra rakhe, yahI isakA hArda hai| saMkSepa meM, rAga-dveSa Adi se nivRtti manogupti hai, asatya vacana se nivRtti evaM mauna vacanagupti hai aura zArIrika kriyAoM se nivRtti tathA kAyotsarga kAyagupti hai| pA~ca samitiyA~ samiti zabda kI vyAkhyA samyak-pravRtti ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| samiti zramaNa-jIvana kI sAdhanA kA vidhAyaka-pakSa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM anusAra, samitiyA~ AcaraNa kI pravRtti ke lie hai| zramaNa-jIvana meM zarIra-dhAraNa ke lie athavA saMyama ke nirvAha ke lie jo kriyAe~ kI jAtI hai, unakoM vivekapUrvaka saMpAdita karanA hI samiti hai| samitiyA~ pA~ca

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-691 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-223 haiM - 1. IryA (gamana), 2. bhASA, 3. eSaNA (yAcanA), 4. AdAnabhaNDanikSepaNa aura 5. uccaaraadi-prtisthaapn| - 1. IryA-samiti - prANiyoM kI rakSA karate hue sAvadhAnIpUrvaka AvAgamana kI kriyA karanA IryA-samiti haiN| zramaNa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki usakI AvAgamana kI kriyA isa prakAra ho, jisameM yathAsaMbhava prANIhiMsA na ho| sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa ko cAra hAtha Age kI bhUmi dekhakara calanA cAhie tathA dina meM hI calanA cAhie, sUryAsta ke pazcAt nahIM, kyoMki yadi vaha sAmane dekhakara nahIM calegA aura rAtri meM AvAgamana kI kriyA karegA; to usameM prANIhiMsA kI sambhAvanA rhegii| muni ke lie calate samaya bAtacIta karanA, par3hanA, ciMtana karanA Adi kriyAe bhI niSiddha haiN| yadi vaha uparyukta kriyAe~ karate hue calegA, to vaha sAvadhAnIpUrvaka AvAgamana nahIM kara skegaa| kahA gayA hai ki muni ko calate samaya pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM tathA pA~coM prakAra ke svAdhyAyoM ko chor3akara, mAtra calane kI kriyA meM hI lakSya rakhakara calanA cAhieM AcArAMgasUtra meM isakI vistAra se carcA hai| nIce usI AdhAra para kucha pramukha niyama prastuta haiM 1. calate samaya sAvadhAnIpUrvaka sAmane kI bhUmi ko dekhate hue calanA caahie| 2. calate samaya hAtha-pairoM ko Apasa meM TakarAnA nahIM caahie| - 3. bhaya aura vismaya tajakara calanA caahie| 4. bhAga-daur3a na karake madhyama gati se calanA caahie| 5. calate samaya pA~voM ko eka-dUsare se adhika antara para rakhakara nahIM calanA caahie| ... 6. harI vanaspati, tRNa-pallava Adi se eka hAtha dUra calanA caahie| ____7. prANiyoM, vanaspati aura jala jIvoM kI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA se yukta - choTe rAste se na calakara, inase rahita lambe mArga se hI jAnA caahie| __ 8. yadi varSA ke kAraNa mArga meM choTe-choTe jIva-jantu aura vanaspati utpanna ho gaI ho, aMkura phuTa nikale hoM, to muni bhramaNa rokakara cAturmAsa-avadhi taka eka hI sthAna para rhe| . ... 9. varSA-Rtu ke pazcAt bhI yadi mArga jIva-jantu aura vanaspati se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-692 jaina.- AcAra mImAMsA-224 rahita na ho, to muni bhramaNa prArambha na kre| . 10. sadaiva nirApada mArgo se hI gamana karanA caahie| jina mArgoM meM cora, mleccha evaM anArya logoM kA bhaya kI sambhAvanA ho, athavA jisa mArga meM yuddhasthala par3atA ho, una mArgo kA parityAga karake gamana karanA caahie| ____ 11. yadi prasaMgavazAt mArga meM siMha Adi hiMsaka pazu yA cora, DAkU Adi dikhAI deM, to bhayabhIta hokara na per3oM para car3hanA cAhie, na pAnI meM kUdanA cAhie aura na unheM mArane ke lie zastra Adi kI mana meM icchA hI karanA cAhie, varan zAMtipUrvaka nirbhaya hokara gamana karanA caahie| 12. digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, muni ko mArga meM calate samaya yadi dhUpa se chAyA meM yA chAyA se dhUpa meM jAnA par3e to apane zarIra kA morapicchi se pramArjana karake hI jAnA caahie| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-muni ko AvAgamana kI kriyA isa . prakAra saMpAdita karanI cAhie ki usameM kisI bhI prakAra kI hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA na ho| IryA-samiti kI isa samagra vivecanA meM pramukha dRSTi ahiMsA-mahAvrata kI rakSA hI hai| hA~, jaina-paramparA yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki yadi AvAgamana kI kriyA Avazyaka ho aura usa sthiti meM aMhisA kA pUrNa pAlana saMbhava na ho, to apavAda-mArga kA Azraya liyA jA sakatA 2. bhASA-samiti - vivekapUrNa bhASA kA prayoga karanA bhASA-samiti hai| mani ko sadoSa, karmabandha karAne vAlI, karkaza, niSThura, anarthakArI, jIvoM kA AghAta aura paritApa denevAlI bhASA nahIM bolanI cAhie, varan ghabarAe binA, vivekapUrvaka, samabhAva rakhate hue, sAvadhAnIpUrvaka bolanA caahie| muni ko apekSA, pramANa, naya aura nikSepa se yukta hita, mita, madhura evaM satya bhASA bolanA caahie| vastutaH vANI kA viveka sAmAjika-jIvana kI mahatvapUrNa maryAdA hai| barke kA kathana hai ki saMsAra ko duHkhamaya banAne vAlI adhikAMza dRSTatAeM zabdoM se hI utpanna hotI haiN| vANI kA viveka zramaNa aura gRhastha-donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| zramaNa to sAdhanA kI ucca bhUmikA para sthita hotA hai, ataH use to apanI vANI ke prati bahuta hI sAvadhAna rahanA caahie| muni kaisI bhASA bole aura kaisI bhASA na bole,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-693 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -225 isakI vistRta carcA satya-mahAvrata ke saMdarbha meM kI jA cukI hai| 3. eSaNA-samiti - eSaNA kA sAmAnya artha AvazyakatA yA cAha hotA hai| sAdhaka gRhastha ho yA muni, jaba taka zarIra kA bandhana hai, jaivika-AvazyakatAeM usake sAtha lagI rahatI haiM, jIvana dhAraNa karane ke lie AhAra, sthAna Adi kI AvazyakatAe~ banI rahatI haiN| muni ko apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti yAcanA ke dvArA kisI prakAra karanA cAhie, isakA viveka rakhanA hI eSaNA-samiti hai| eSaNA kA eka artha khoja yA gaveSaNA bhI hai| isa artha kI dRSTi se AhAra, pAnI, vastra evaM sthAna Adi vivekapUrvaka prApta karanA eSaNA-samiti hai| muni ko nirdoSa bhikSA evaM Avazyaka vastue~ grahaNa karanI caahie| muni kI AhAra Adi grahaNa karane kI vRtti kaisI honI cAhie, isake saMbaMdha meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bhramara vibhinna vRkSoM ke phUloM ko kaSTa nahIM dete hue apanA AhAra grahaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra muni bhI kisI ko kaSTa nahIM dete hue thor3A-thor3A AhAra grahaNa kre| muni kI bhikSAvidhi ko isIlie madhukarI yA gocarI kahA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bhramara phUloM ko binA kaSTa pahu~cAe usakA rasa grahaNa kara letA hai; yA gAya ghAsa ko Upara- Upara se thor3A khAkara apanA nirvAha karatI hai, vaise hI bhikSuka ko bhI dAtA ko kaSTa na ho, yaha dhyAna rakhakara apanI AhAra Adi AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanI caahie| - bhikSA ke niSiddha sthAna - muni ke nimna sthAnoM para bhikSA ke lie nahIM jAnA cAhie - 1. rAjA kA nivAsasthAna, 2. gRhapati kA nivAsasthAna, 3. guptacaroM ke maMtraNA-sthala tathA 4. vezyAoM ke nivAsasthAna ke nikaTa kA sampUrNa kSetra, kyoMki ina sthAnoM para bhikSAvRtti ke lie jAne para yA to guptacara ke saMdeha meM pakar3e jAne kA bhaya hotA hai, athavA lokApavAda kA kAraNa hotA hai| - bhikSA ke hetu jAne kA niSiddha kAla - jaba varSA ho rahI ho, koharA par3a rahA ho, AMdhI cala rahI ho, makkhI-macchara Adi sUkSma jIva ur3a rahe hoM, taba muni bhikSA ke lie na jaae| isI prakAra, vikAla meM bhI bhikSA ke hetu jAnA niSiddha hai| jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, bhikSuka dina ke prathama prahara * meM dhyAna kare, dUsare prahara meM svAdhyAya kare aura tIsare prahara meM bhikSA ke hetu

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-694 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -226 nagara athavA gA~va meM praveza kre| isa prakAra, bhikSA kA kAla madhyAha 12 se 3 baje taka mAnA gayA hai| zeSa samaya bhikSA ke lie vikAla mAnA gayA hai| bhikSA kI gamanavidhi - muni IryAsamiti kA pAlana karate hue vyAkulatA, lolupatA evaM udvega se rahita hokara vanaspati, jIva, prANI Adi se bacate hue manda-manda gati se vivekapUrvaka bhikSA ke lie gamana kre| sAmAnyatayA, muni apane lie banAyA gayA, kharIdA gayA, saMzodhita evaM saMskArita koI bhI padArtha athavA bhojana grahaNa nahIM kre| 4. AdAna-bhaNDa nikSepaNa-samiti- muni ke kAma meM Ane vAlI vastuoM ko sAvadhAnIpUrvaka uThAnA yA rakhanA, jisase kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na ho, AdAna-nikSepaNa-samiti hai| muni ko vastuoM ke uThAne-rakhane Adi meM kAphI sajaga rahanA caahie| muni sarvaprathama vastu ko acchI taraha dekhe, phira use pramArjita kare aura usake pazcAt use upayoga meM le| 5. malamUtrAdipratisthApanA-samiti - AhAra ke sAtha nihAra lagA hI huA hai| muni ko zArIrika-maloM ko isa prakAra aura aise sthAnoM para DAlanA cAhie, jisase na vrata bhaMga ho aura na loga hI ghRNA kreN| muni ke lie parihArya vastue~ nimna haiM - mala, mUtra, kapha, nAka evaM zarIra kA maila, apathya AhAra, anAvazyaka pAnI, anupayogI vastra evaM muni kA mRta zarIra / bhikSuka ina saba parihArya vastuoM kA vivekapUrvaka ucita sthAnoM para hI ddaale| parihAra ke hetu niSiddha sthAna - parihAra ke hetu niSiddha sthAna do dRSTiyoM se mAne gae haiM - (1) vratabhaMga kI dRSTi se aura (2) lokApavAda kI dRSTi se| vratabhaMga kI dRSTi se muni nAlI, pAkhAne, jIvajantuyukta pradeza, harI ghAsa, kaMdamUlAdi vanaspati se yukta pradeza, khadAna aura naI phor3I huI bhUmi para mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana na kare, kyoMki aise sthAnoM para mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana karane se jIva-hiMsA hotI hai aura sAdhu kA ahiMsA-mahAvrata bhaMga hotA hai| lokApavAda kI dRSTi se bhojana pakAne kA sthAna, gAya-baila Adi pazuoM ke sthAna, devAlaya, nadI ke kanAre, tAlAba, stUpa, zmazAna, sabhAgRha, udyAna, upavana, pyAU, kilA, nagara ke daravAje, nagara ke mArga tathA vaha sthAna jahA~ tIna-cAra rAste milate hoM,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-695 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-227 manuSyoM kA AvAgamana hotA ho, gA~va ke ati nikaTa ho, aise sthAnoM para mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA caahie| muni ko mala-mUtra Adi azuciM kA visarjana karate samaya isa bAta kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki vaha isa prakAra DAlA jAe ki jisase zIghra hI sUkha jAe aura usameM kRmi kI utpatti kI saMbhAvanA na rhe| sAmAnyatayA, isa hetu kaMkarIlI, kaThora, acitta aura khulI huI dhUpayukta bhUmi ko cunanA caahie| use aise sthAnoM para bhI mala-mUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhie ki usake mala-mUtra Adi ko dUsare manuSyoM ko uThAnA pdd'e| isa prakAra, use mala-mUtra Adi ke visarjana meM kAphI sAvadhAnI aura viveka rakhanA caahie| indriyasaMyama __ jaina AcAra-darzana meM indriyasaMyama zramaNa-jIvana kA anivArya kartavya mAnA gayA hai| yadi muni indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rakhegA, to vaha naitika-jIvana meM pragati nahIM kara sakegA, kyoMki AdhikAMza patita AcaraNoM kA avalambana vyakti apane indriya-sukhoM kI prApti ke lie hI karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isakA savistAra vivecana hai ki kisa prakAra vyakti indriya-sukhoM ke pIche apane AcaraNa se patita ho jAtA hai| indriya-saMyama kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki indriyoM ko apane viSayoM ke grahaNa karane se roka diyA jAe, varan yaha hai ki hamAre mana meM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati jo rAgadveSa ke bhAva utpanna hote haiM, unakA niyamana kiyA jaae| uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM AcArAMgasUtra meM isakA paryApta spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM, zramaNa (muni) kA yaha karttavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha apanI pAMco indriyoM para saMyama rakhe aura jahA~ bhI saMyama mArga se patana kI saMbhAvanA ho, vahA~ indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti kA saMyama kre| jisa prakAra kachuA saMkaTa kI sthiti meM apane aMgoM kA samAharaNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra muni bhI saMyama ke patana ke sthAnoM meM indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti kA samAharaNa kre| jo muni jala meM kamala ke samAna indriyoM ke viSayoM kI pravRtti ko karate hue bhI unameM lipta nahIM hotA, vaha saMsAra ke duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-696 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-228 parISaha parISaha zabda kA artha hai - kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana krnaa| yadyapi tapazcaryA meM bhI kaSToM ko sahana kiyA jAtA hai, lekina tapazcaryA aura parISaha meM antara hai| tapazcaryA meM svecchA se kaSTa sahana kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki parISaha meM svecchA se kaSTa sahana nahIM kiyA jAtA, varan muni-jIvana ke niyamoM kA paripAlana karate hue Akasmika rUpa se yadi koI saMkaTa upasthita ho jAtA hai, to use sahana kiyA jAtA hai| kaSTa-sahiSNutA muni-jIvana ke lie Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yadi vaha kaSTa-sahiSNu nahIM rahatA hai, to vaha apane naitika-patha se kabhI bhI vicalita ho jaaegaa| jaina-muni ke jIvana meM Ane vAle kaSToM kA vivecana uttarAdhyayana aura samavAyAMga meM hai| jaina-paramparA meM 22 parISaha mAne gae haiM - . 1. kSudhA parISaha - bhUkha se atyanta pIr3ita hone para bhI bhikSu niyama-virUddha AhAra grahaNa na kare, varan samabhAvapUrvaka bhUkha kI vedanA sahana kre| 2. tRSA-parISaha - pyAsa se vyAkula hone para bhI muni niyama ke pratikUla sacitta jala na pIe, varan pyAsa kI vedanA sahana kre| 3. zIta-parISaha - vastrAbhAva yA vastroM kI nyUnatA ke kAraNa zIta-nivAraNa na ho, to bhI Aga meM tapakara, athavA muni-maryAdA ke virUddha zayyA ko grahaNa kara usa zIta kI vedanA kA nivAraNa nahIM kre| ___4. uSNa-parISaha - grISma Rtu meM garmI ke kAraNa zarIra meM vyAkulatA ho, to bhI snAna yA paMkhe Adi ke dvArA havA karake garmI ko zAMta karane kA yatna na kre| 5. daMza-mazaka-parISaha - DAMsa, macchara Adi ke kATane ke kAraNa duHkha utpanna ho, to bhI una para krodha na kare, unheM trAsa na de, varan upekSAbhAva rkhe| 6. acela-parISaha - vastroM ke abhAva evaM nyUnatA kI sthiti meM muni vastrAbhAva kI cintA na kare aura na muni - maryAdA ke virUddha vastra grahaNa hI kre|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-697 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-229 . 7. arati-parISaha - muni-jIvana meM sukha-suvidhAoM kA abhAva hai, isa prakAra kA vicAra na kre| saMyama meM arUci ho, to bhI mana lagAkara usakA pAlana kre| 8. strI-parISaha - strI-saMga ko Asakti, bandhana aura patana kA kAraNa jAnakara strI-saMsarga kI icchA na kare aura unase dUra rhe| sASTi vayoM ke saMdarbha meM yahA~ purUSa-parISaha samajhanA caahie| 9. caryA-parISaha - padayAtrA meM kaSTa hone para bhI cAturmAsa-kAla ko chor3akara gA~va meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri se adhika na rUkatA haA sadaiva bhramaNa karatA rhe| muni ke lie eka sthAna para maryAdA se adhika rUkanA niSiddha hai| . 10. niSadyA-parISaha - svAdhyAya Adi ke hetu ekAsana meM baiThanA par3e, athavA baiThane ke lie viSama bhUmi upalabdha ho, to bhI mana meM duHkhita na hokara usa kaSTa ko sahana kre| - 11. zayyA-parISaha - Thaharane athavA sone ke lie viSama bhUmi ho tathA tRNa, parAla Adi bhI upalabdha na hoM, to usa kaSTa ko sahana kare aura zmazAna, zUnyagRha yA "vRkSamUla meM hI Thahara jaae| 12. Akroza-parISaha - yadi koI bhikSu ko kaThora evaM karkaza zabda kahe, athavA apazabda kahe, to bhI unheM sahana kara usake prati krodha na kre| 13. vadha-parISaha - yadi koI muni ko lakar3I Adi se mAre, athavA anya prakAra se usakA vadha yA tAr3ana kare, to bhI usa para samabhAva rkhe| ... 14. yAcanA-parISaha - bhikSAvRtti meM sammAna ko Thesa lagatI hai tathA Avazyaka vastue~ sulabhatA se prApta nahIM hotI haiM, aisA vicAra kara mana meM duHkhI na ho, varan muni-maryAdA kA pAlana karate hue bhikSAvRtti kre| 15. alAbha-parISaha - vastra, pAtra Adi sAmagrI athavA AhAra prApti nahIM hone para bhI muni samabhAva rakhe aura tadjanya abhAva ke kaSTa ko sahana kre| . 16. roga-parISaha - zarIra meM vyAdhi utpanna hone para bhI bhikSu

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-698 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -230 cikitsA ke sambandha meM adhIra na hokara usa roga kI vedanA ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana kre| - 17. tRNa-parISaha - tRNa Adi kI zayyA meM sone se tathA mArga meM naMge paira calane se tRNa yA kAMTe Adi ke cubhane kI vedanA ko samabhAva se sahana kre| ___18. mala-parISaha - vastra yA zarIra para pasIne evaM dhUla Adi ke kAraNa maila jama jAe, to bhI udvigra na hokara use sahana kre| 19. satkAra-parISaha - janatA dvArA mAna-sammAna ke prApta hone para bhI prasanna yA khinna na hokara samabhAva rkhe| 20. prajJA-parISaha - bhikSu ke buddhimAna hone ke kAraNa loga Akara usase vivAdAdi kareM, to bhI khinna hokara yaha vicAra nahIM kare ki isase to ajJAnI honA acchA thaa| 21. ajJAna-parISaha - yadi bhikSu kI buddhi manda ho aura zAstra Adi kA adhyayana na kara sake, to bhI khinna nahIM hote hue apanI sAdhanA meM lage rahanA caahie| 22. darzana-parISaha - anya sampradAyoM aura unake mahantoM kA ADambara dekhakara yaha vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie ki dekho inakI kitanI pratiSThA hai aura zuddha mArga para calate hue bhI merI koI pratiSThA nahIM hai| isa prakAra, ADambaroM ko dekhakara utpanna huI azraddhA ko miTAnA darzana-parISaha hai| zramaNa-kalpa jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa ke lie dasa kalpoM kA vidhAna hai| kalpa (kappa) zabda kA artha hai- AcAra-vicAra ke niyama / kalpa zabda na kevala jaina-paramparA meM AcAra ke niyamoM kA sUcaka hai, varan vaidika-paramparA meM bhI kalpa zabda AcAra ke niyamoM kA sUcaka hai| vaidika-paramparA meM kalpasUtra nAma ke grantha meM gRhastha aura tyAgI-brAhmaNoM ke AcAroM kA varNana hai| jaina-paramparA meM nimna dasa kalpa mAne gae haiM - (1) Acelakya-kalpa, (2) audezika-kalpa, (3) zayyAtara-kalpa, (4) rAjapiNDa-kalpa, (5)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-699 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -231 kRtikarma-kalpa, (6) vrata-kalpa, (7) jyeSTha-kalpa, (8) pratikramaNa-kalpa, (9) mAsa-kalpa aura (10) pryussnn-klp| * (1) Acelakya-kalpa - Acelakya zabda kI vyutpatti acelaka zabda se huI hai| cela vastra kA paryAyavAcI hai, ataH acelaka kA artha hai-vastrarahita / digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, Acelakya-kalpa kA artha hai - muni ko vastra dhAraNa nahIM karanA caahie| zvetAmbara-paramparA acela zabda ko alpavastra kA sUcaka mAnatI hai aura isalie unake anusAra Acelakya-kalpa kA artha hai - kama se kama vastra dhAraNa krnaa| (2) auddezika-kalpa - auddezika-kalpa kA artha yaha hai ki muni ko unake nimitta banAe gae, lAe gae athavA kharIde gae AhAra, peya padArtha, vastra, pAtra Adi upakaraNa tathA nivAsasthAna ko grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| itanA hI nahIM, kisI bhI zramaNa athavA zramaNI ke nimitta banAe gae yA lAe gae padArtho kA upabhoga sabhI zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke lie varjita hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva taka paramparA yaha thI ki jaina-zramaNa apane svayaM ke lie banAe gae AhAra Adi kA upabhoga nahIM kara sakatA thA, lekina vaha dUsare zramaNoM ke lie banAe gae AhAra Adi kA upabhoga kara sakatA thaa| mahAvIra ne isa niyama ko saMzodhita kara kisI bhI zramaNa ke lie bane auddezika-AhAra Adi padArtho kA grahaNa varjita maanaa| (3) zayyAtara-kalpa - zramaNa athavA zramaNI jisa vyakti ke AvAsa (makAna) meM nivAsa kare, unake yahA~ se kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa karanA varjita hai| (4) rAjapiNDa-kalpa - rAjabhavana se rAjA ke nimitta banAe gae kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa karanA varjita hai| (5) kRtikarma-kalpa - dIkSA-vaya meM jyeSTha zramaNoM ke Ane para unake samAna meM khar3A ho jAnA tathA yathAkrama jyeSTha muniyoM ko vandanA karanA kRtikarma-kalpa hai| yahA~ vizeSa smaraNIya yaha hai ki sAdhvI ke lie apane se kaniSTha zramaNoM ko bhI vandana karane kA vidhAna hai| eka dIkSA-vRddha sAdha vI ke lie bhI nava dIkSita zramaNa ke vandana kA vidhAna haiN| sambhavataH, isake pIche hamAre deza kI purUSapradhAna sabhyatA kA hI prabhAva hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-700 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -232 __(6) vrata-kalpa - sabhI zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM ko paMca mahAvratoM kA apramatta-bhAva se mana, vacana aura kAyA ke dvArA pAlana karanA caahie| yaha unakA vrata-kalpa hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva aparigraha aura brahmacarya-donoM eka hI vrata ke antargata the| pArzvanAtha taka cAturyAma-dharma kI vyavasthA thii| mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma ke sthAna para paMca mahAvrata kA vidhAna kiyaa| ___(7) jyeSTha-kalpa - jaina-AcAradarzana meM dIkSA do prakAra kI mAnI gaI hai - 1. choTI dIkSA aura 2. bar3I diikssaa| choTI dIkSA parIkSArUpa hai| isameM muniveza dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina vyakti ko zramaNa-saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai| vyakti ko yogya pAne para hI zramaNa-saMgha meM praveza dekara. bar3I dIkSA dI jAtI hai| prathama ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura dUsare ko chedopasthApanAcAritra kahA jAtA hai| chedopasthApanAcAritra ke AdhAra para hI muni ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM jyeSTha athavA kaniSTha mAnA jAtA hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva ina do dIkSAoM kA vidhAna nahIM thaa| dIkSA grahaNa karane ke dina se hI vyakti ko zramaNa-saMsthA meM praveza de diyA jAtA thA, lekina mahAvIra ne ina do dIkSAoM kA vidhAna kiyA aura chedopasthApanAcAritra ke / AdhAra para hI zramaNa-saMgha meM vyakti kI jyeSThatA aura kaniSThatA nirdhArita kii| (8) pratikramaNa-kalpa - pratidina prAtaHkAla aura sAyaMkAla pratikramaNa karanA pratikramaNa-kalpa hai| mahAvIra ke pUrva taka pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM doSa lagane para hI prAyazcittasvarUpa pratikramaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne donoM samaya pratikramaNa karanA anivArya banA diyaa| (7) mAsa-kalpa - zramaNa ke lie sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki vaha grAma meM eka rAtri aura nagara meM pA~ca rAtri se adhika na Thahare, lekina mahAvIra ne zramaNa ke lie adhika se adhika eka sthAna para eka mAsa taka Thaharane kI anumati pradAna kI aura eka mAsa se adhika ThaharanA niSiddha btaayaa| sAdhviyoM ke lie yaha maryAdA do mAsa mAnI gaI hai| yaha maryAdA cAturmAsa-kAla ko chor3akara zeSa ATha mAsa hI ke lie hai| vastutaH satata bhramaNa se hI jahAM eka ora anAsaktavRtti banI rahatI hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-701 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-233 adhikAdhika janasaMparka aura jana-kalyANa bhI saMbhava hotA hai| (10) parvRSaNa-kalpa - pardUSaNa-kAla meM eka sthAna para rahakara tapa, saMyama aura jJAna kI ArAdhanA karanA paYSaNa-kalpa hai| cArtumAsa-kAla meM sthita muni ko isake lie vizeSa prayatna karanA caahie| jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu-jIvana ke sAmAnya niyama jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu-jIvana ke niyamoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyA gayA hai| unameM kucha niyama aise haiM, jinakA bhaMga karane para bhikSu zramaNa-jIvana se cyuta ho jAtA hai| aise niyamoM meM ikkIsa zabala-doSa tathA bAvana anAcIrNa pramukha haiN| isake atIrikta, kucha sAmAnya niyama aise haiM, jinakA bhaMga karane se yadyapi bhikSu zramaNa-jIvana se cyuta to nahIM hotA, phira bhI usake sAmAnya jIvana kI pavitratA malina hotI hai| nIce hama ina vibhinna niyamoM kI carcA kreNge| ___ zabala-doSa - zabala-doSa jaina-bhikSu ke lie sarvathA tyAjya haiN| AcArya abhayadeva ke anusAra, jina kAryo ke karane se cAritra kI nirmalatA naSTa ho jAtI hai tathA cAritra malaklinna hone ke kAraNa chinna-bhinna ho jAtA hai, ve kArya zabala-doSa haiN| jaina-paramparA meM zabala-doSa ikkIsa haiM, jaise - 1. hastamaithuna karanA, 2. strI-sparza evaM maithuna kA sevana karanA, 3. rAtri meM bhojana karanA evaM bhikSA grahaNa karanA, 4. muni ke nimitta banAyA gayA bhojana Adi lenA (AdhAkarma), 5. zayyAtara, arthAta nivAsasthAna dene vAle ke gRhasvAmI kA AhAra grahaNa karanA, 6. bhikSu yA yAcakoM ke nimitta banAyA gayA (auddezika), kharIdA gayA (krIta), unake sthAna para lAkara diyA gayA (AhRta), unake lie mAMgakara lAyA gayA (prAmitya) evaM kisI se chInakara lAyA gayA AhAra Adi padArtha grahaNa karanA, 7. pratijJAoM kA bAra-bAra bhaMga karanA, 8. chaha mAsa meM eka gaNa se dUsare gaNa meM cale jAnA, arthAta jaldI-jaldI binA kisI vizeSa kAraNa ke gaNaparivartana karanA, 9. eka mAsa meM tIna bAra nAbhi yA jaMghA-pramANa jala meM praveza kara nadI Adi pAra karanA (udakalepa), 10. eka mAsa meM tIna bAra se adhika kapaTa karanA athavA kRta aparAdha ko chupA lenA, 11. rAjapiNDa grahaNa karanA, 12. jAnabUjhakara asatya bolanA, 13. jAnabUjhakara jIva-hiMsA karanA, 14.

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-702 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -234 jAnabUjhakara corI karanA, 15. sacitta pRthvI para baiThanA, sonA athavA khar3e honA, 16. sacitta jala se sasnigdha aura sacitta raja vAlI pRthvI, zilA athavA dhuna lagI huI lakar3I Adi para baiThanA, sonA yA kAyotsarga karanA, 17. prANI, bIja, harita vanaspati, kIr3I, nagara, kAI, phaphUMdI, pAnI, kIcar3a aura makar3I ke jAloM vAle sthAna para baiThanA, sonA, 18. jAnabUjhakara mUla, kaMda, tvacA (chAla), pravAla, puSpa, phala, harita Adi kA sevana karanA, 19. eka varSa meM dasa bAra se adhika pAnI kA pravAha lAMghanA, 20. eka varSa meM dasa bAra mAyAcAra (kapaTa) karanA, 21. sacitta jala se gIle hAtha dvArA azanAdi lenaa| __ anAcIrNa - jo kRtya zramaNa athavA zramaNiyoM ke AcaraNa ke yogya nahIM hai, ve anAcIrNa kahe jAte hai| jaina-paramparA meM aise anAcIrNa bAvana mAne gaye hai| dasavaikAlikasUtra ke tIsare adhyAya meM inakA savistAra . vivecana hai| saMkSepa meM, bAvana anAcIrNa ye hai - 1. auddezika - zramaNoM ke nimitta banAe gae bhojana, vastra, pAnI, makAna Adi kisI bhI padArtha kA grahaNa krnaa| , - 2. nityapiNDa (niyAga) - eka hI ghara se nitya evaM Amantrita AhAra / grahaNa krnaa| ___ 3. abhyAhRta - bhikSuka ke nivAsa sthAna para gRhastha ke dvArA lAkara diyA gayA AhAra grahaNa krnaa| 4. krIta - muni ke lie kharIdI gaI vastu ko grahaNa krnaa| 5. tribhakta - tIna bAra bhojana krnaa| eka samaya bhojana karanA zramaNa-jIvana kA uttama Ardaza hai, do bAra bhojana karanA madhyamamArga hai, lekina do bAra se adhika bhojana karanA anAcIrNa hai| kucha AcAryoM ne isakA artha rAtri bhojana-niSedha mAnA hai, lekina rAtri bhojana-niSedha ko to chaThaveM mahAvrata ke rUpa meM pahale hI varjita mAna liyA gayA hai, ataH yahA~ vibhakta kA artha tIna bAra bhojana kA niSedha hI samajhanA caahie| 6. sthAna-sthAna krnaa| (mUlAcAra meM snAna ko muni kA mUla guNa batAyA gayA hai) 7. gaMdha - itra, caMdana Adi, suvAsita. padArtho kA upayoga krnaa|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-703 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-235 8. mAlyaM - phUloM kI mAlA dhAraNa krnaa| 9. bIjana - paMkhe Adi se havA lenA yA krnaa| - 10. sannidhi - dUsare dina ke lie bhojana Adi kA saMgraha krnaa| 11. gRhIpAtra - gRhasthoM ke bartana meM bhojana grahaNa krnaa| 12. rAjapiNDa - rAjA ke lie banAyA gayA pauSTika bhojana grahaNa krnaa| 13. kimicchaka - dAna-dAnazAlA Adi aise sthAnoM se AhAra grahaNa karanA, jahA~ puchakara icchA anusAra AhAra Adi diye jAte hoN| 14. saMbAdhana - zarIra ke sukha ke nimitta tela-mardana krvaanaa| 15. dantadhAvana - zobhA ke lie maMjana Adi se dAtoM ko sApha karanA yA cmkaanaa| ..16. saMprazna - gRhasthoM se unakI pArivArika-bAte puchanA athavA apanI sundaratA ke viSaya meM puchnaa| 17. deha-pralokana - darpaNa Adi meM apanA rUpa dekhnaa| 18. aSTApada - juAM khelnaa| 19. nAlika - caupar3a yA pAsA Adi khelnaa| 20. chatradhAraNa - garmI yA varSA Adi se bacane ke lie yA sammAna-pratiSThA ke lie chatra Adi dhAraNa krnaa| 21. cikitsA - roga yA vyAdhi ke pratikAra ke lie cikitsA krnaa| 22. upAnaha - jUte, khar3AU Adi phnnaa| 23. jotyArambha - dIpaka, cUlhA yA tApa Adi sulgaanaa| 24. zayyAtara-piNDa - muni jisake makAna meM ThaharA ho, usake yahA~ se AhAra Adi grahaNa krnaa| - 25. AsaMdI - bunI huI kursI yA palaMga Adi para sonaa-baitthnaa| _26. niSadyA - binA kisI Avazyaka paristhiti ke gRhastha ke ghara meM baitthnaa| 27. gAtramardana - pIThI-ubaTana Adi lgaanaa| '. 28. gRhIvaiyAvRtya - gRhasthoM se kisI prakAra kI sevA lenaa| . 29. jAtyAjIvikA - sajAtIya yA sagotrIya batAkara AhAra Adi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-704 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-236 prApta krnaa| . 30. tApanivRtti - garmI ke nivAraNa ke lie sacitta jala evaM paMkhe Adi kA upayoga krnaa| 31. Atura-smaraNa-kaSTa meM apane kuTumbIjanoM kA smaraNa krnaa| ___32.-38. mUlI, adaraka, kanda, ikSukhaNDa, mUla (jar3a), kacce phala aura saMcita bIjoM kA upayoga krnaa| ___39-45. saucaMla namaka, saindhava namaka, sAmAnya namaka, romadezIya namaka, samudrI namaka evaM parvatIya kAlA namaka kA upayoga krnaa| 46. dhUpana- zarIra, vastra evaM bhavana ko dhUpa Adi se suvAsita krnaa| 47. vamana-mukha meM agulI Adi DAlakara athavA vamana kI auSadhi lekara vamana krnaa| 48. vastikarma - enImA Adi lekara zauca krnaa| 49. virecana - julAba lenaa| 50. aMjana - A~khoM meM aMjana lgaanaa| 51. danta-varNa - dAMta rNgnaa| 52. abhyaMga - vyAyAma karanA athavA kuzatI ldd'naa| - sAmAnya sthiti meM yaha bAvana prakAra kA AcaraNa muni ke lie varjita hai (dazavaikAlika adhyayana 3) / sAmAcArI ke niyama muni ke lie vizeSa rUpa se pAlanIya niyama sAmAcArI kahe jAte haiN| sAmAcArI kA dUsarA artha samyak dinacaryA bhI hai| muni ko apane dainika-jIvana ke niyamoM ke prati vizeSa rUpa se sajaga rahanA caahie| samAcArI dasa prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| 1. AvazyakIya - sAdhu Avazyaka kArya hone para hI upAzraya (nivAsasthAna) se bAhara jaae| anAvazyaka rUpa se AvAgamana nahIM kre| 2. naiSaidhikI - upAzraya meM Ane para yaha vicAra kare ki maiM bAhara ke kAryo se nivRtta hokara AyA huuN| aba nitAMta Avazyaka kArya ke sivAya mere lie bAhara jAnA niSiddha hai| 3. ApRcchanA - apanA koI bhI kArya karane ke lie gurU evaM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-705 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -237 gaNanAyaka kI AjJA prApta kre| 4. pratipRcchanA - dUsare ke kArya ko gurU evaM gaNanAyaka se pUchakara kre| 5. chandanA - apane upabhoga ke nimitta lAe gae bhikSAdi padArtho ke lie apane sabhI sAthI-sAdhuoM ko AmaMtrita kre| akelA cupacApa unakA upabhoga na kre| ____6. icchAkAra - gaNa se sAdhuoM kI icchA jAnakara tadnukUla AcaraNa kre| ___7. mithyAkAra - pramAdavaza koI galatI ho jAe, to usake lie pazcAtApa kare tathA niyamAnusAra prAyazcitta grahaNa kre| 8. pratizruta-tathyakAra - AcArya, gaNanAyaka, gurU evaM bar3e sAdhuoM kI AjJA svIkAra karanA aura use ucita maannaa| ... 9. gurUpUjA-abhyutthAna - vaMdanA Adi ke dvArA gurU kA satkAra-sammAna krnaa| 10. upasampadA - AcArya Adi kI sevA meM vinamrabhAva se rahate hue dinacaryA krnaa| . . dinacaryA saMbaMdhI niyama -- muni kI dinacaryA ke vidhAna ke lie dina evaM rAtri ko cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai, jinheM prahara kahA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, muni dina ke prathama prahara meM Avazyaka kAryo ke pazcAt svATa yAya kare, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna kare, tIsare prahara meM bhikSA dvArA AhAra grahaNa kare aura punaH cauthe prahara meM svAdhyAya kre| isI prakAra, rAtri meM prathama pahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna, tIsare prahara meM nidrA aura cauthe prahara meM punaH svAdhyAya kre| isa prakAra muni kI dinacaryA meM cAra prahara svAdhyAya ke lie, do prahara dhyAna ke lie tathA eka-eka prahara AhAra aura nidrA ke lie niyata hai| AhAra saMbaMdhI niyama . . jaina AcAra-darzana meM zramaNa ke AhAra ke saMbaMdha meM kaI daSTiyoM se vicAra huA hai tathA vibhinna niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| muni ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-706 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-238, AhAra saMbaMdhI nimna niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie - .. - AhAra grahaNa karane ke cha: kAraNa - muni ko cha: kAraNoM se AhAra grahaNa karanA cAhie - 1. vedanA, arthAt kSudhA kI zAnti ke lie, 2. vaiyAvRtya, arthAt AcAryadi kI sevA ke lie, 3. IryApada, arthAt mArga meM gamanAgamana kI nirdoSa pravRtti ke lie, 4. saMyama, arthAt muni dharma kI rakSA ke lie, 5. prANapratyaya, arthAt svAdhyAyAdi ke lie| . AhAra-tyAga ke cha: kAraNa - cha: sthitiyoM meM muni ke AhAra grahaNa karanA varjita mAnA gayA hai- 1. AtaMka, arthAta bhayaMkara roga utpanna hone para, 2. upasarga, arthAt Akasmika saMkaTa Ane para, 3. brahmacarya, arthAt zIla kI rakSA ke lie; 4. prANIdayA, arthAt jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie, 5. tapa, arthAt tapasyA ke lie aura 6. saMlekhanA, arthAt samAdhikaraNa ke lie| isa prakAra, muni saMyama ke pAlana ke lie hI AhAra grahaNa karatA hai aura saMyama ke pAlana ke lie hI AhAra kA tyAga karatA hai| AhAra saMbaMdhI doSa - jaina-AgamoM meM muni ke AhAra sambandhI vibhinna doSoM kA vivecana milatA hai| saMkSepa meM ve doSa nimna hai - (a) udgama ke 16 doSa - 1. AdhAkarma - vizeSa sAdhu ke uddezya se AhAra banAnA, 2. auddezika- sAmAnya bhikSuoM ke uddezya se AhAra banAnA, 3. pUtikarma - zuddha AhAra ko azuddha AhAra se mizrita karanA, 4. mizrajAta - apane lie va sAdhu ke lie milAkara AhAra banAnA, 5. sthApanA - sAdhu ke lie koI khAdya padArtha alaga rakha denA, 6. prAbhRtikAsAdhu ko pAsa ke grAmadi meM AyA jAnakara viziSTa AhAra baharAne ke lie jImaNavAra Adi kA dina-pIche kara denA, 7. prAdugaSkaraNa - andhakArayukta sthAna meM dIpaka Adi kA prakAza karake bhojana denA, 8. krIta - sAdhu ke lie kharIda kara lAnA, 9. prAmitya-sAdhu ke lie udhAra lAnA, 10. parivartita - sAdhu ke lie aTTA-saTTA karake lAnA, 11. abhihata - sAdhu ke lie dUra se lAkara denA, 12. udbhinna - sAdhu ke lie lipsa-pAtra kA mukha kholakara ghRta Adi denA, 13. mAlApahRta - Upara kI maMjila se yA chIMke vagairaha se sIr3hI Adi se utArakara denA, 14. Acchedya - durbala se chInakara denA, 15. anisRSTa - sAjhe ko cIja dUsaroM kI AjJA ke binA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-707 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-239 denA, 16. sAdhu ko gA~va meM AyA jAnakara apane lie banAe jAne vAle bhojana meM aura bar3hA denaa| (A) utpAdana ke 16 doSa - 1. dhAtrI-dhAya kI taraha gRhastha ke bAlakoM ko khilA-pilA kara, haMsA-ramA kara AhAra lenA, 2. dUtI-dUta ke samAna saMdezavAhaka banakara AhAra lenA, 3. nimitta - zubhAzubha nimitta batAkara AhAra lenA, 4. AjIva-AhAra ke lie jAti, kula Adi batAnA, 5. vanIpaka - gRhastha kI prazaMsA karake bhikSA lenA, 6. cikitsA - auSadhi Adi batAkara AhAra lenA, 7. krodha - krodha karanA yA zApAdi kA bhaya dikhAnA, 8. mAna - apanA prabhutva jamAte hue AhAra lenA, 9. mAyA - chala-kapaTa se AhAra lenA, 10. lobha - sarasa bhikSA ke lie adhika ghUmanA, 11. pUrvapazcAtsaMstava - dAnadAtA ke mAtA-pitA athavA sAsa-sasura Adi se apanA paricaya batAkara bhikSA lenA, 12. vidyA - japa Adi se siddha hone vAlI vidyA kA prayoga karanA, 13. maMtra - maMtra-prayoga se AhAra lenA, 14. cUrNa - cUrNa Adi vazIkaraNa kA prayoga karake AhAra lenA, 15. yoga - siddha Adi yogavidyA kA pradarzana karanA, 16. mUlakarma - garbhastaMbhaga Adi ke prayoga btaanaa| (i) grahaNaiSaNA ke 10 doSa,- 1. zaMkita-AdhAkarmAdi doSoM kI zaMkA hone para bhI lenA, 2. mekSita - sacitta kA saMghaTTa hone para AhAra lenA, 3. nikSipta - sacitta para rakhA huA AhAra lenA, 4. pihita - sacitta se DhakA huA AhAra lenA, 5. saMhRta - pAtra meM pahale se rakhe hue akalpanIya padArtha ko nikAlakara usI pAtra se lenA, 6. dAyaka - zarAbI, garbhiNI Adi anAdhikArI se lenA, 7. unmizra - sacitta se mizrita AhAra lenA, 8. apariNata - pUre taura para binA pake zAkAdi lenA, 9. lipta - dahI, ghRta Adi seM lipta pAtra yA hAtha se AhAra lenA, pahale aura pIche hAtha dhone ke kAraNa kramazaH pUrvakarma tathA pazcAtkarma-doSa hotA hai| 10. chardita-chIMTe nIce par3a rahe hoM, aisA AhAra lenaa| (I) grAsaiSaNA ke 5 doSa - 1. saMyojana - rasalolupatA ke kAraNa dUdha aura zakara Adi dravyoM ko paraspara milAnA, 2. apramANa - pramANa se adhika bhojana karanA, 3. aMgAra - susvAdu bhojana kI prazaMsA karate hue

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-708 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-240 khaanaa| yaha doSa cAritra ko jalAkara koyale kI taraha nisteja banA detA hai, ataH aMgAra kahalAtA hai| 4. dhUma - nIrasa AhAra kI nindA karate hue khAnA, 5. akAraNa - AhAra karane ke cha: kAraNoM ke sivAya balavRddhi Adi ke liee AhAra krnaa| digambara-paramparA ke grantha anagAra dharmAmRta meM ina saiMtAlIsa doSoM meM se chiyAlIsa piNDa-doSoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo nimnAnusAra haiM - 16 udagma-doSa, 16 utpAdana-doSa, 10 zaMkitAdi doSa aura 4 aMgArAdi doss| muni ko apane bhojana meM svAda-lolupatA na rakhakara mAtra saMyamapAlana ke lie AhAra Adi grahaNa karanA caahie| bhojana ke saMbaMdha meM muni kA Adarza yaha honA cAhie ki jIne ke lie khAnA hai na ki khAne ke lie jInA hai| vastra-maryAdA - digambara-paramparA ke anusAra, muni kA vastrarahita arthAt acela rahanA caahie| usameM muni ke lie vastroM kA upayoga sarvathA niSiddha hai, yadyapi zramaNI ke lie vastra kA vidhAna hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI vastrarahita jinakalpI-muniyoM kA varNana hai, lekina isake atirikta zvetAmbara-paramparA ke AcArAMgasUtra meM muniyoM ke lie eka se tIna taka ke vastroM taka kA vidhAna hai| zramaNI ke lie cAra vastroM taka kA vidhAna hai| bRhadakalpasUtra ke anusAra, muni ke lie pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM kA upayoga karanA kalpa mAnA gayA hai - 1. jAMgika (UnAdi ke vastra), 2. bhAMgika (alasI kA vastra), 3. sAnaka (sana kA vastra), 4. potaka (kapAsa kA vastra), 5. tirITapaTTaka (chAla kA vstr)| muni ke lie kRtsnaM vastra aura abhinna vastra kA upayoga varjita hai| kRtsna vastra kA artha hai- raMgIna.evaM AkarSaka vastra, abhinna vastra kA artha hai - akhaNDa yA pUrA vastra / akhaNDa vastra kA niSedha isalie kiyA gayA hai ki vastra kA vikraya-mUlya yA sAmpattika mUlya na rhe| bhikSu ke lie kharIdA gayA, dhoyA gayA Adi doSoM se yukta vastra grahaNa karane kA bhI niSedha hai| isI prakAra, bahumUlya vastra bhI muni ke lie niSiddha hai| prasAdhana ke nimitta vastra kA raMganA, dhonA Adi bhI muni ke lie varjita hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-709 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-241 pAtra - zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM ke lie tumbI, kASTha evaM miTTI ke pAtra kalpya mAne gae haiM, kisI bhI prakAra ke dhAtu-pAtra kA rakhanA niSiddha hai| sAmAnyatayA, muni ke lie eka pAtra rakhane kA vidhAna hai, lekina vaha adhika se adhika tIna pAtra taka rakha sakatA hai| bRhatkalpasUtra meM zramaNiyoM ke lie ghaTImAtraka (ghar3A) rakhane kA vidhAna bhI hai| isI prakAra, vyavahArasUtra meM vRddha sAdhu ke lie bhANDa (ghar3A) aura mAtrikA (pezAba karane kA bartana) rakhanA bhI kalpya hai| muni ke lie jisa prakAra bahumUlya vastra lene kA niSedha hai, usI prakAra bahumUlya pAtra lene kA bhI niSedha hai| vastra aura pAtra kI gaveSaNA ke saMbaMdha meM adhikAMza niyama vahI haiM, jo ki AhAra kI gaveSaNA ke lie haiN| AvAsa saMbaMdhI niyama - muni athavA muniyoM ke lie banAe gae, kharIde gae athavA anya DhaMga se prApta kie gae makAnoM meM zramaNa evaM zramaNiyoM kA rahanA niSiddha hai| bahuta U~ce makAna, strI, bAlaka evaM pazu ke nivAsa se yukta makAna, ve makAna jisameM gRhastha nivAsa karate hoM, jinakA rAstA gRhastha ke ghara meM se hokara jAtA ho evaM citrayukta makAna meM nivAsa karanA muni ke lie niSiddha hai| isI prakAra, dharmazAlA, binA chata kA khulA huA makAna, vRkSamUla evaM khulI jagaha para rahanA bhI sAmAnyatayA muni ke lie niSiddha hai, yadyapi vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha vRkSamUla meM nivAsa kara sakatA hai| zramaNI ke lie sAmAnyatayA ve sthAna, jinake AsapAsa dukAneM hoM, jo galI ke eka kinAre para hoM, jahA~ aneka rAste milate hoM tathA jinake dvAra nahIM hoM, akalpya mAne gae haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-710 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-242 jainadharma kA sAmAnya AcAra pUrva meM hamane do adhyAyoM meM gRhastha aura muni ke AcAra sambandhI carcA kI hai, kintu jaina AcAra meM kucha AcAra vyavasthAe~ sAmAnya bhI hotI haiN| sAmAnya AcAra ke rUpa meM nimna niyamoM ko ullekhita kiyA gayA hai / SaTaAvazyaka karma cAra kaSAyoM aura dasa dharmoM kA paricAlana aura anta meM samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA sabhI ke lie Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| SaT Avazyaka meM nimna sAdhanAapekSita hotI hai-(1) sAmAyika, (2) stavana, (3) vaMdana (4) pratikramaNa, (5) kAyotsarga aura (6) pratyAkhyAna (tyaag)| ina SaT AvazyakoM kI sAdhanA kA lAbha yaha mAnA gayA hai ki inake mAdhyama se sAdhaka vikAsa kI parAkASThA taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| inameM sarvaprathama sAmAyika kA krama sAmAyika (samatA) sAmAyika samatvavRtti kI sAdhanA hai| jainAcAradarzana meM samatva kI sAdhanA naitikajIvana kA anivArya tattva hai| vaha naitika-sAdhanA kA atha aura iti-donoM hai| samatva-sAdhanA ke do pakSa haiM, bAhya-rUpa meM vaha sAvadha (hiMsA) pravRttiyoM kA tyAga hai, to Antarika-rUpa meM vaha sabhI prANiyoM ke prati AtmabhAva (sarvatra Atmavat pravRtti) tathA sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, lAbhaalAbha, nindA-prazaMsA meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, lekina donoM pakSoM se bhI Upara vaha vizuddha rUpa meM AtmaramaNa yA Atma-sAkSAtkAra kA prayatna hai| sama kA artha-AtmabhAva (ekIbhAva) aura aya kA artha hai-gamana / jisake dvArA para-pariNati (bAhyamukhatA) se Atma-pariNati (antarmukhatA) kI ora jAyA jAtA hai, vahI sAmAyika hai| 12 sAmAyika samabhAva meM hai, vaha rAga-dveSa ke prasaMgoM meM madhyasthatA rakhanA hai| mAdhyastha-vRtti hI sAmAyika hai| sAmAyika koI rUr3ha kriyA nahIM, vaha to samatvavRttirUpa pAvana Atma-gaMgA meM avagAhana hai,jo samagra rAga-dveSajanya kaluSa ko AtmA se alaga kara mAnava ko vizuddha banAtI hai| saMkSepa meM, sAmAyika eka ora cittavRtti kA samatva hai, to dUsarI ora paap-virti| samatva-vRtti kI yaha sAdhanA sabhI varga, sabhI jAti aura sabhI dharma vAle kara sakate haiN| kisI vezabhUSA aura dharma-vizeSa se usakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM kahA hai, koI bhI manuSya, cAhe gRhastha ho yA zramaNa, jaina ho yA ajaina, samatvavRtti kI ArAdhanA kara sakatA hai| vastutaH, jo samatvavRtti kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha jaina hI hai, cAhe vaha kisI jAti, varga yA dharma kA kyoM na ho| eka AcArya kahate haiM ki cAhe zvetAmbara ho yA digambara, bauddha ho yA anya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-711 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-243 koI, jo bhI samatvavRtti kA AcaraNa karegA, vaha mokSa prApta karegA, isameM sandeha nahIM hai| tavana (bhakti) - yaha dUsarA Avazyaka hai| jaina AcAra-darzana ke anusAra, pratyeka sAdhaka kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha naitika evaM sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana ke Adarza puruSa ke rUpa meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kre| jaina-sAdhanA meM stuti kA svarUpa bahuta kucha bhaktimArga kI japasAdhanA yA nAmasmaraNa se milatA hai| stuti athavA bhakti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka apane ahaMkAra kA nAza aura sadguNoM ke prati anurAga kI vRddhi karatA hai, phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai, una Adarza puruSoM se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM hotii| tIrthaMkara evaM siddha- paramAtmA kisI ko kucha nahIM de sakate, ve mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| tIrthaMkara na to kisI ko saMsAra se pAra kara sakate haiM aura na kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiM, phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati apanI zraddhA ko sajIva banA letA hai| sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| sAdhaka bhI apane hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huAAtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI bhAvanA prakaTa karatA hai| vaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthaMkaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM svayaM prayatna karUM, to unake samAna hI bana sakatA hU~ / mujhe apane puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina tIrthaMkara gItA ke kRSNa ke samAna yaha udghoSaNA nahIM karate ki tuma merI bhakti karo, maiM tumheM saba pApoM se mukta kara dUMgA, yadyapi mahAvIra ne sUtrakRtAMga meM yaha kahA hai ki maiM bhaya se rakSA karane vAlA huuN| buddha ne bhI majjhimanikAya meM kahA hai ki jo mujhe dekhatA hai, vaha dharma ko dekhatA hai,21 phira bhI jaina aura bauddha-mAnyatA to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se AdhyAtmika-utthAna yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake, kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA jaina-vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sarvathA nirarthaka hai| aisI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava-jAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba manuSya kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApa se ubAra legA, to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM ko gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki munaSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kre| phira bhI, hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmasvarUpa kA bodha yA sAkSAtkAra hai, apane meM nihita paramAtmA-zakti ko abhivyakta karanA hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki samyakjJAna aura AcaraNa se yukta ho nirvANAbhimukha honA hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI vAstavika bhakti hai| mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke guNoM kA kIrtana karanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-712 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -244 vyAvahArika-bhakti hai| vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita karanA hai, jo rAga-dveSa evaM sarva vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva se yojita honA hai, yahI vAstavika bhakti -yoga hai| RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthaMkara isI bhakti ke dvArA paramapada ko prApta hue haiN| 26 isa prakAra, bhakti yA stavana mUlataH Atmabodha hai, vaha apanA hI kIrtana aura stavana hai| jaina-darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM- 27 aja-kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihaal| tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti saMbhAla // 3. vandana _ yaha tIsarA Avazyaka vandana hai| sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM tIrthaMkara deva kI upAsanA ke pazcAt sAdhanAmArga ke patha-pradarzaka guru kI vinaya karanA vandana hai| vandana mana, vacana aura kAyA kA vaha prazasta vyApAra hai, jisase patha-pradarzaka guru evaM viziSTa sAdhanArata sAdhakoM ke prati zraddhA aura Adara prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| isameM una vyaktiyoM ko praNAma kiyA jAtA hai, jo sAdhanA-patha para apekSAkRta Age bar3he hue haiN| vandana ke sambandha meM yaha bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki vandana kise kiyA jAe? AcArya bhadrabAhu ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki guNahIna evaM durAcArI avaMdya vyakti ko vandana karane se na to karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai, na kIrti hI, pratyut asaMyama aura durAcAra kA anumodana hone se karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| aisA vandana vyartha kA kAya-kleza hai| 1 AcArya ne yaha bhI nirdeza kiyA hai ki jo vyakti apane se zreSThajanoM dvArA vandana karAtA hai, vaha asaMyama meM vRddhi karake apanA adhaHpatana karatA hai| 32 jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, jo cAritra evaM guNoM se sampanna haiM, ve hI vandanIya haiN| dravya (bAhya) aura bhAva (AMtara)-donoM dRSTiyoM se zuddha saMyamI puruSa hI vandanIya hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne yaha nirdeza kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra vahI sikkA grAhya hotA hai, jisakI dhAtu bhI zuddha ho aura mudrAMkana bhI ThIka ho, usI prakAra dravya aura bhAva-donoM dRSTiyoM se zuddha vyakti hI vandana kA adhikArI hotA hai| vandana karane vAlA vyakti vinaya ke dvArA lokapriyatA prApta karatA hai| 34 bhagavatIsUtra ke anusAra, vandana ke phalasvarUpa gurujanoM ke satsaMga kA lAbha hotA hai| satsaMga se zAstra-zravaNa, zAstra-zravaNa se jJAna, jJAna se vijJAna aura phira kramazaH pratyAkhyAna, saMyama-anAsrava, tapa, karmanAza, akriyA evaM anta meM siddhi kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai| 35 vandana kA mUla uddezya hai-jIvana meM vinaya ko sthAna denaa| vinaya ko jina-zAsana kA mUla kahA gayA hai / sampUrNa saMgha-vyavasthA vinaya para AdhArita hai| avinIta na to saMgha-vyavasthA meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura na AtmakalyANa hI kara sakatA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki jinazAsana kA mUla vinaya hai, vinIta hI saccA saMyamI hotA hai| jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-713 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-245 vinayazIla nahIM hai, usakA kaisA tapa aura kaisA dharma ?36 dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra, jisa prakAra vRkSa ke mUla se skandha, skandha se zAkhAe~, zAkhAoM se prazAkhAe~ aura phira krama se patra, puSpa, phala evaM rasa utpanna hote haiM, usI prakAra dharmavRkSa kA mUla vinaya hai aura usakA antima phala, evaM rasa mokSa hai|" zramaNa-sAdhakoM meM dIkSAparyAya ke AdhAra para vandana kiyA jAtA hai, sabhI pUrvadIkSita sAdhaka vandanIya hote haiN| jaina aura bauddha-donoM paramparAoM meM zramaNa-jIvana kI variSThatA aura kaniSThatA hI vandana kA pramukha AdhAra hai, yadyapi donoM paramparAoM meM dIkSA yA upasampadA kI dRSTi se variSTha zramaNI ko bhI kaniSTha yA navadIkSita zramaNa ko vaMdana karane kA vidhAna hai| gRhasthasAdhakoM ke lie sabhI zramaNa, zramaNI tathA Ayu meM bar3e gRhastha vaMdanIya haiN| vandana ke sambandha meM buddha-vacana hai ki puNya kI abhilASA karatA huAvyakti varSa bhara: jo kucha yajJa va havana loka meM karatA hai, usakA phala puNyAtmAoM ke abhivAdana ke phala kA cauthA bhAga bhI nahIM hotA, ataH saralavRtti mahAtmAoM ko abhivAdana karanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai|38 sadA vRddhoM kI sevA karane vAle aura abhivAdanazIla puruSa kI cAra vastue~ vRddhi ko prApta hotI haiM - Ayu, saundarya, sukha tathA bl| dhammapada kA yaha zloka kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha manusmRti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| usameM kahA hai ki abhivAdanazIla aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanevAle vyakti kI. Ayu, vidyA, kIrti aura bala-ye cAroM bAteM sadaiva bar3hatI rahatI haiN| 40 4. pratikramaNa mana, vacana aura kAya se jo azubha AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, athavA dUsaroM ke dvArA karAyA jAtA hai aura dUsare logoM ke dvArA Acarita pApAcaraNa kA jo anumodana kiyA jAtA hai, una sabakI nivRtti ke lie kRta pApoM kI AlocanA karanA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya hemacandra pratikramaNa kA nirvacana karate hue likhate haiM ki zubha yoga se azubhayoga kI ora gae hue apaneApako punaH zubhayoga meM lauTA lAnA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya haribhadra ne pratikramaNa kI vyAkhyA meM ina tIna arthoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai - (1) pramAdavazasvasthAna se parasthAna (svadharma se parasthAna, paradharma) meM gae hue sAdhaka kA punaH svasthAna para lauTa AnA-yaha pratikramaNa hai| apramatta cetanA kA sva-cetanA-kendra meM sthita honA svasthAna hai, jabaki cetanA kA bahirmukha hokara para-vastu para kendrita honA para-sthAna hai| isa prakAra, bAhyadRSTi se antardRSTi kI ora AnA pratikramaNa hai| (2) kSayopazamika-bhAva se audayika-bhAva meM pariNata huA sAdhaka jaba punaH audayika-bhAva se kSayopazamika-bhAva meM lauTa AtA hai, to yaha bhI pratikUla gamana ke kAraNa pratikramaNa kahalAsA hai| (3) azubha AcaraNa se nivRtta hokara mokSaphaladAyaka zubha AcaraNa meM niHzulkabhAva se pravRtta honA pratikramaNa hai| - AcArya bhadrabAhu ne pratikramaNa ke nimna paryAyavAcI nAma die haiM - (1) pratikramaNa'pApAcaraNa ke kSetra se pratigAmI hokara Atmazuddhi ke kSetra meM lauTa AnA, athavA parasthAna meM mae

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-714 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-246 hue sAdhaka kA punaH svasthAna meM lauTa AnA / (2) praticaraNa-hiMsA, asatya Adi se nivRtta hokara ahiMsA, satya evaM saMyama ke kSetra meM agrasara honaa| (3) pariharaNa - saba prakAra se azubha pravRttiyoM evaM durAcaraNoM kA tyAga krnaa| (4) vAraNa - niSiddha AcaraNa kI ora pravRtti nahIM krnaa| bauddha-dharma meM pratikramaNa ke samAna kI jAne vAlI kriyA ko pravAraNa kahA gayA hai| (5) nivRtti-azubha bhAvoM se nivRtta honaa| (6) nindA-gurujana, variSTha-jana athavA svayaM apanI hI AtmA kI sAkSI se pUrvakRta azubha AcaraNoM ko burA samajhanA tathA usake lie pazcAtApa karanA / (7) garhA-azubha AcaraNa ko garhita samajhanA, usase ghRNA krnaa| (8) zuddhi-pratikramaNa AlocanA, nindA Adi ke dvArA AtmA para lage doSoM se AtmA ko zuddha banAtA hai, isalie use zuddhi kahA gayA hai| pratikramaNa kisakA-sthAnAMgasUtra meM ina chaha bAtoM ke pratikramaNa kA nirdeza hai - (1) uccAra-pratikramaNa-mala Adi kA visarjana karane ke bAda IryA (Ane-jAne meM huI jIvahiMsA) kA pratikramaNa karanA uccAra-pratikramaNa hai| (2) prazravaNa-pratikramaNa- pezAba karane ke bAda IryA kA pratikramaNa karanA prazravaNa-pratikramaNa hai| (3) itvara-pratikramaNa - svalpakAlIna pratikramaNa karanA itvara-pratikramaNa hai| (4) yAvatkathika-pratikramaNa-sampUrNa jIvana ke lie pApase nivRtta honA yAvatkathika-pratikramaNa hai| (5) yatkiMcinmithyA- pratikramaNa-sAvadhAnIpUrvaka jIvana . vyatIta karate hue bhI pramAda athavA asAvadhAnI se kisI bhI prakAra kA asaMyamarUpa AcaraNa ho jAne para tatkAla usa bhUla ko svIkAra kara lenAaura usake prati pazcAtApa karanA yatkiMcinmithyApratikramaNa hai| (6) svapnAMtika-pratikramaNa-vikAra-vAsanArUpa kusvapna dekhane para usake sambandha meM pazcAtApa karanA svapnAntika-pratikramaNa hai| yaha vivecanA pramukhataH sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA se sambandhita hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jina-jina tathyoM kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie, isakA nirdeza Avazyakaniyukti meM kiyA hai| unake anusAra, (1) mithyAtva, (2) asaMyama, (3) kaSAya evaM (4) aprazasta kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika-vyApAroM kA pratikramaNa karanA cAhie / prakArAntara se AcArya ne nimna bAtoM kA pratikramaNa karanA bhI anivArya mAnA hai - (1) gRhastha evaM zramaNa-upAsaka ke lie niSiddha kAryoM kA AcaraNa kara lene para, (2) jina kAryoM ke karane kAzAstra meM vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, una vihita kAryoM kA AcaraNa na karane para, (3) azraddhA evaM zaMkA ke upasthita ho jAne para aura (4) asamyak evaM asatya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karane para avazya pratikramaNa karanA caahie| ____ jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, jinakA pratikramaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie, unakA saMkSipta vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai (a) 25 mithyAtvoM, 14 jJAnAticAroM aura 18 pApasthAnoM kA pratikramaNa sabhI ko karanA caahie|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-715 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-247 (ba) paMca mahAvratoM, mana, vANI aura zarIra ke asaMyama tathA gamana, bhASaNa, yAcanA, grahaNa-nikSepa evaM malamUtra-visarjana Adi se sambandhita doSoM kA pratikramaNa zramaNasAdhakoM ko karanA caahie| (sa) pAMca aNuvratoM, 3 guNavratoM, 4. zikSAvratoM meM lagane vAle 75 aticAroM kA pratikramaNa vratI-zrAvakoM ko karanA caahie| (da) saMlekhaNA ke pA~ca aticAroM kA pratikramaNa una sAdhakoM ke lie hai, jinhoMne saMlekhaNA-vrata grahaNa kiyA ho| zramaNa pratikramaNa-sUtra aura zrAvaka pratikramaNa-sUtra meM sambandhita sambhAvita doSoM kI vivecanA vistAra se kI gaI hai| isake pIche mUla dRSTi yaha hai ki unakA pATha karate hue Acarita sUkSmatama doSa bhI vicAra-patha se ojhala na hoN| pratikramaNa ke bheda - sAdhakoM ke AdhAra para pratikramaNa ke do bheda haiM- 1. zramaNapratikramaNa aura 2. shraavk-prptikrmnn| kAlika-AdhAra para pratikramaNa ke pA~ca bheda haiM - (1) daivasika- pratidina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUre divasa meM Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA daivasika-pratikramaNa hai| (2) rAtrika-pratidina prAtaHkAla ke samaya sampUrNa rAtri ke Acarita pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA rAtrika-pratikramaNa hai| (3) pAkSika - pakSAnta meM amAvasyA evaM pUrNimA ke dina sampUrNa pakSa meM Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA pAkSika-pratikramaNa hai| (4) cAturmAsika - kArtikI pUrNimA, phAlgunI pUrNimA evaM ASAr3hI pUrNimA ko cAra mahIne ke Acarita pApoM kA vicAra kara unakI AlocanA karanA cAturmAsika-pratikramaNa hai| (5) sAMvatsarika - pratyeka varSa saMvatsarI-mahAparva ke dina varSa bhara ke pApoM kA cintana kara unakI AlocanA karanA sAMvatsarika-pratikramaNa hai| pratikramaNa aura mahAvIra pratikramaNa jaina AcAra-darzana kI eka mahatvapUrNa paramparA hai| mahAvIra kI sAdhanApraNAlI meM pratikramaNa nAmaka Avazyaka karma para atyadhika jora diyA gayA hai| mahAvIra kI dharmadezanA saMpratikramaNa-dharma kahI jAtI hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM asaMyama athavA pApa kA AcaraNa hone para sAdhaka usakI AlocanA ke rUpa meM pratikramaNa kara letA thA, lekina mahAvIra ne sAdhakoM ke pramAda ko dRSTigata rakhate hue isa bAta para adhika bala diyA ki cAhe pApAcaraNa huA ho yA na huA ho, phira bhI niyamita rUpa se pratikramaNa karanA caahie| sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana meM satata jAgrati ke lie mahAvIra ne ise anivArya mAnA aura sAdhakoM ko yaha nirdeza diyA ki pratidina donoM saMdhyAoM meM, arthAt sUryAsta aura sUryodaya ke samaya apane sampUrNa AcAra-vyavahAra kA cintana kiyA jAe aura usameM lage hue doSoM kA Alocana kiyA jaae| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM jo pratikramaNa-vidhi samprati pracalita hai, usa para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-716 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -248 ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-praNAlI meM kyoM pratikramaNa-vidhi para bahuta jora diyA gayA hai? isa vidhi ke anusAra, sAdhaka ko prathama dhyAna meM samagra AcaraNa kA parizIlana karanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt vaha grahaNa kie hue vratoM evaM unameM hone vAle sambhAvita doSoM (aticAroM) kA smaraNa karatA hai aura phira dUsare dhyAna meM unake AdhAra para apane AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa kara pratyAkhyAna ke dvArA unase nivRtta ho svasthAna para lauTa AtA hai| vartamAna paramparA meM dhyAna meM jo 'logassa' kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bahuta hI paravartI yuga kI ghaTanA hai| jaba dhyAna meM sAdhaka kA mana atyadhika caMcala rahane lagA hogA aura vaha apane AcaraNa kA vizleSaNa karane meM sakSama nahIM rahA hogA, to aisI sthiti meM AcAryoM ne logassa' kA pATha karane kA nirdeza diyA hogaa| 5. kAyotsarga ___ kAyotsarga zabda kA zAbdika artha hai -zarIra kA utsarga karanA, lekina jIvita rahate hue zarIra kA tyAga sambhava nhiiN| yahA~ zarIra tyAga kA artha hai-zArIrika-caMcalatA evaM dehAsakti kA tyaag| kisI sImita samaya ke lie zarIra ke Upara rahe hue mamatva kA parityAga kara zArIrikakriyAoM kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kAyotsarga hai| jainasAdhanA meM kAyotsarga kA mahatva bahuta adhika hai| pratyeka anuSThAna ke pUrva kAyotsarga kI paramparA hai| vastutaH, dehAdhyAsa ko samApta karane ke lie kAyotsarga Avazyaka hai| kAyotsargazarIra ke prati mamatva-bhAva ko kama karatA hai| pratidina jo kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ceSTA-kAyotsarga hai, arthAt usameM eka nizcita samaya ke lie samagra zArIrika-ceSTAoM kA nirodha kiyA jAtA hai evaM usa samaya meM zarIra para hone vAle upasargoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu Avazyakaniyukti meM zuddha kAyotsarga ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prakAza DAlate hue likhate haiM ki cAhe koI bhakti-bhAva se candana lagAe, cAhe koI dveSavaza basUle se chIle, cAhe jIvana rahe, cAhe usI kSaNa mRtyu A jAe, parantu jo sAdhaka deha meM Asakti nahIM rakhatA hai, ukta saba sthitiyoM meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vastutaH, usI kA kAyotsargazuddha hotA hai| dehavyutsarga ke binA dehAdhyAsa kA chUTanA saMbhava nahIM, jaba taka dehAdhyAsa yA deha-bhAva nahIM chUTatA, taba taka mukti bhI sambhava nhiiN| isa prakAra, mukti ke lie dehAdhyAsa kA chUTanA Avazyaka hai aura dehAdhyAsa chor3ane ke lie kAyotsarga bhI Avazyaka hai| kAyotsarga kI mudrA- kAyotsarga tIna mudrAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. jinamudrA meM khar3e hokara, 2. padmAsana yA sukhAsana se baiThakara aura 3. lettkr| kAyotsarga kI avasthA meM zarIra ko zithila karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| kAyotsarga ke prakAra-jaina-paramparA meM kAyotsarga ke do prakAra haiM - 1. dravya aura 2. bhaav| dravya-kAyotsarga zArIrika ceSTA-nirodha hai aura bhAva-kAyotsargadhyAna hai| isa AdhAra para jaina AcAryoM ne kAyotsarga kI eka caubhaMgI dI hai| 1. utthita-utthita - kAya-ceSTA ke nirodha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-717 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -249 ke sAtha dhyAna meM prazasta vicAra kA honaa| 2. utthita-niviSTakAya-ceSTA kA nirodha to ho, lekina vicAra (dhyAna) aprazasta ho| 3. upaviSTa-utthita - zArIrika- ceSTAoM kA pUrI taraha nirodha nahIM ho pAtA ho, lekina vicAra-vizuddhi ho| 4. upaviSTa- niviSTa-na to vicAra (dhyAna) vizuddhi ho aura na zArIrika-ceSTAoM kA nirodha hI ho| inameM pahalA aura tIsarA prakAra hI AcaraNIya hai| ___ kAyotsarga ke doSa - kAyotsargasamyak prakAra se sampanna karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki kAyotsarga ke doSoM se bacA jaae| pravacanasAroddhAra meM kAyotsarga ke 19 doSa varNita haiM - 1. ghoTaka-doSa, 2. latA-doSa, 3. staMbhakuDya-doSa, 4. mAla-doSa, 5. zabarI-doSa, 6. vadhU-doSa, 7. nigaDa-doSa, 8. lambottara-doSa, 9.stana-doSa, 10. urddhikA-doSa, 11. saMyatIdoSa, 12. khalIna-doSa, 13. vAyasa-doSa, 14. kapitya-doSa, 15. zIrSotkampita-doSa, 16. mUka-doSa, 17. aMgulikA-bhrUdoSa, 18. vAruNI-doSa aura 19. prjnyaa-doss| ina doSoM kA sambandha zArIrika evaM AsRnika-avasthAoM se hai| ina doSoM ke prati sAvadhAnI rakhate hue kAyotsarga karanA caahie| kAyotsarga ke lAbha ke sandarbha meM zarIra zAstrIya dRSTikoNa - Adhunika zarIra-zAstra kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama dekhate haiM ki kAyotsarga eka prakAra se zArIrika-kriyAoM kI nivRtti hai / zarIra-zAstra kI dRSTi se zarIra ko vizrAma denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki zArIrika-pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa zarIra meM nimna vikRtiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiM- 1. snAyuoM meM snAyu-zarkarA kama hotI hai| 2. lekTika-esiDa snAyuoM meM mamA hotI hai| 3. lekTika-esiDa kI vRddhi hone para uSNatA bar3hatI hai| 4. snAyu-taMtra meM thakAna AtI hai| 5. rakta meM prANavAyu kI mAtrA kama hotI hai / kAyotsarga ke dvArA zArIrika-kriyAoM meM zithilatA AtI hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa zArIrikatattva, jo zrama ke kAraNa viSama sthiti meM ho jAte haiM, ve punaH sama sthiti meM A jAte haiN| (1) esiDa punaH snAyu-zarkarA meM parivartana hotA hai| (2) lekTika-esiDa kA jamAva kama hotA hai| (3) lekTika-esiDa kI kamI se uSNatA meM kamI hotI hai| (4) snAyutantra meM tAjagI AtI hai| (5) rakta meM prANavAyu kI mAtrA bar3hatI hai| mana, mastiSka aura zarIra meM gaharA sambandha hai| unake asamaMjasa se utpanna avasthA hI snAyavika-tanAva hai| mAnasika-Avega usake mukhya kAraNa haiM / hama jaba dravyakriyA karate haiM, arthAt zarIra ko kisI dUsare kAma meM lagAte haiM aura mana kahIM dUsare ora bhaTakatA hai, taba snAyavika-tanAva bar3hatA hai| hama bhAva-kriyA karanA sIkha jAeM, zarIra aura mana ko sAtha-sAtha kAma meM saMlagna karane kA abhyAsa kara leM, to snAyavika-tanAva bar3hane kA avasara hI na mile| jo loga isa snAyavika-tanAva ke zikAra hote haiM, ve zArIrika aura mAnasikasvAsthya se vaMcita rahate haiN| ve loga adhika bhAgyazAlI haiM, jo isa tanAva se mukta rahate haiN|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-718 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-250 kAyotsarga isI tanAva-mukti kA prayAsa hai| 6. pratyAkhyAna icchAoM ke nirodha ke lie pratyAkhyAna eka Avazyaka karttavya hai| pratyAkhyAna kA artha hai-pravRtti ko maryAdita athavA sImita krnaa| saMyamapUrNa jIvana ke lie tyAga Avazyaka hai, isa rUpa meM pratyAkhyAna kA artha tyAga bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| nitya karmoM meM pratyAkhyAna kA samAveza isalie kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka Atmazuddhi ke lie pratidina yathAzakti kisI na kisI prakAra kA tyAga karatA hai| niyamita tyAga karane se abhyAsa hotA hai, sAdhanA paripuSTa hotI hai aura jIvana meM anAsakti kA vikAsa aura tRSNA maMda hotI hai| dainika pratyAkhyAna meM sAmAnyatayA usa divasa-vizeSa ke lie kucha pratijJAe~ grahaNa kI jAtI haiM, jaise sUrya udaya ke pazcAt eka prahara athavA do prahara Adi taka kucha nahIM khAnA, yA sampUrNa divasa ke lie AhAra kA parityAga karanA, athavA kevala nIrasa yA rUkhA bhojana karanA aadi-aadi| pratyAkhyAna ke do rUpa haiM - 1. dravya-pratyAkhyAna - AhAra-sAmagrI, vastra-parigraha Adi bAhya-padArthoM meM se kucha ko chor3a denA dravya-pratyAkhyAna hai| 2. bhAva-pratyAkhyAna - rAga, dveSa, kaSAya Adi azubha mAnasika-vRttiyoM kA parityAga karanA bhAva-pratyAkhyAna hai| pratyAkhyAna ke mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna aura uttaraguNapratyAkhyAna-aise do bheda bhI kie haiM / naitika-jIvana ke vikAsa meM mukhya vratoM kA grahaNa mUlaguNapratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| mUlaguNa aura uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna bhI sarva, arthAt pUrNarUpa meM pAlanIya aura deza, arthAt AMzika rUpa se pAlanIya hote haiN| isa AdhAra para cAra bhAga ho jAte haiM - 1. sarva mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna-zramaNa ke pA~ca mahAvratoM kI pratijJA, 2. deza mUlaguNa-pratyAkhyAna - gRhasthajIvana ke pA~ca aNuvratoM kI pratijJA , 3. sarva uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna- upavAsa Adi kI pratijJAe~, jo gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie haiM, 4. deza uttaraguNa-pratyAkhyAna - gRhastha ke guNavratoM evaM zikSAvratoM kI prtimaaeN| prakArAntara se bhagavatIsUtra meM pratyAkhyAna ke dasa bheda varNita haiM - 1. anAgata - parva kI tapasAdhanA ko pUrva meM hI kara lenA, 2. atikrAnta - parva-tithi ke pazcAt parva-tithi kA tapa karanA, 3. koTi sahita- pUrva gRhIta niyama kI avadhi samApta hote hI binA vyavadhAna ke bhaviSya ke lie pratijJA grahaNa kara lenA; 4. niyaMtrita - vighna-bAdhAoM ke hone para pUrva saMkalpita vrata Adi kI pratijJA kara lenA ; 5. sAkAra (sApavAda), 6. nirAkAra (nirapavAda), 7. parimANa kRta (mAtrA sambandhI), 8. niravazeSa (pUrNa), 9. sAMketika - saMketa-cihna se sambandhita, 10. addhA-pratyAkhyAna - samaya-vizeSa ke lie kiyA gayA prtyaakhyaan| AcArya bhadrabAhune pratyAkhyAna kA mahatva batAte hue kahA hai ki pratyAkhyAna karane se saMyama hotA hai| saMyama se Asrava kA nirodha hotA hai aura Amrava-nirodha se tRSNA kA kSaya hotA hai| vastutaH, pratyAkhyAna amaryAdita jIvana ko maryAdita yA anuzAsita banAtA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra, Asrava evaM bandhana kA eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-719 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -251 kAraNa avirati bhI kahA gayA hai| pratyAkhyAna avirati kA nirodha karatA hai| dazavidhadharma (dasa sadguNa) . jaina-AcAryoM ne dasa prakAra ke karmoM (sadguNoM) kA varNana kiyA hai, jo ki gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se AcaraNIya haiN| AcArAMga, mUlAcAra, bArassaaNuvekkhA, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura tattvArtha ke sAtha-sAtha paravartI aneka granthoM meM bhI ina dharmoM kA varNana vistAra se upalabdha hotA hai| yahA~dharma zabda kA arthasadguNa yA naitika-guNa hI abhipreta hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArAMgasUtra meM ATha sAmAnya dharmoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jo dharma meM utthita, arthAt tatpara hai, unako aura jo dharma meM utthita nahIM haiM, unako bhI nimna bAtoM kA upadeza denA cAhie - zAMti, virati (virakti), upazama, nivRtti, zauca (pavitratA), Arjava, mArdava aura lAghava 62 / isa prakAra, usameM inakI sAdhanA gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie apekSita hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga 64 meM dasa zramaNa-dharmoM ke rUpa meM inhIM sadguNoM kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI sUcI AcArAMga se thor3I bhinna hai| usameM dasa dharma haiM - kSAMti (kSamA), mukti, Arjava, mArdava, lAghava, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga aura brhmcryvaas| isa sUcI meM zauca kA abhAva hai| zAMti, virati, upazama aura nivRtti ke sthAna para nAmAntara se zAMti, mukti, saMyama aura tyAga kA ullekha huA hai, jabaki satya, tyAga aura brahmacaryavAsa isa sUcI meM nae haiN| bArassa-anuvekkhA evaM tattvArtha meM bhI zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI dasa dharmoM kA ullekha huA hai| tattvArtha kI sUcI meM lAghava ke sthAna para AkiMcanya kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi donoM kA artha samAna hI hai| dUsare, tattvArtha meM mukti ke sthAna para zauca kA ullekha huA hai| ina donoM meM artha-bheda bhI hai| cAhe ina dharmoM (sadguNoM) kA ullekha zramaNAcAra ke prasaMga meM hI adhika huA hai, kintu AcArAMga (1/6/5) aura padmanandIkRta paMcaviMzatikA (6/59) ke anusAra inakA pAlana gRhastha aura zramaNa-donoM ke lie apekSita hai| inake krama aura nAmoM ko lekara jaina AcAragranthoM meM thor3A-bahuta matabheda pAyA jAtA hai, phira bhI inakI mUla bhAvanA meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| prastuta vivecana tattvArtha ke AdhAra para kara rahe haiN| tattvArtha meM nimna dasa dharmoM kA ullekha hai 65(1) kSamA,(2) mArdava,(3) Arjava, (4) zauca, (5) satya, (6) saMyama, (7) tapa, (8) tyAga, (9) akiMcanatA aura (10) brhmcry| ina dasa dharmoM meM jaina paramparA meM kSamA kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| ___ kSamA prathama dharma hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke anusAra krodha prIti kA vinAzaka hai| 66 krodha-kaSAya ke upazamana ke lie kSamA-dharma kA vidhAna hai| kSamA ke dvArA hI krodha para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 67 jaina- paramparA meM aparAdhI ko kSamA karanA aura svayaM ke aparAdhoM ke lie, jisake prati aparAdha kiyA gayA hai, usase kSamA-yAcanA karanA sAdhaka kA parama kartavya hai| jainasAdhaka kA pratidina yaha udghoSa hotA hai ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sabhI prANI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-720 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-252 mere aparAdhoM ke lie mujhe kSamA kreN| sabhI prANiyoM se merI mitratA hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai| 68 mahAvIra kA zramaNa-sAdhakoM ke lie yaha Adeza thA ki sAdhuoM! yadi tumhAre dvArA kisI kA aparAdha ho gayA hai, to sabase pahale kSamA maaNgo| jaba taka kSamAyAcanA na kara lo, bhojana mata karo, svAdhyAya mata karo, zaucAdi karma bhI mata karo, yahA~ taka ki apane mu~ha kA thUka bhI gale se nIce mata utaaro| apane pradhAna ziSya gautama ko lAe hue AhAra ko rakhavAkara pahale Ananda zrAvaka se kSamA yAcanA ke lie bhejanA isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM kSamA-dharma kA kitanA adhika mahatva thaa| 69 jaina paramparA ke anusAra, pratyeka sAdhaka ko prAtaHkAla evaM sAyaMkAla, pakSAnta meM, cAturmAsa ke anta meM aura saMvatsarI-parva para sabhI prANiyoM se kSamAyAcanA karanI hotI hai| samAdhi-maraNa (saMlekhanA) ___jaina-paramparA ke sAmAnya AcAra-niyamoM meM saMlekhanA yA saMthArA (svecchApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa) eka mahatvapUrNa tathya hai / jaina gRhastha-upAsakoM evaM zramaNa-sAdhakoM, donoM ke lie svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa kA vidhAna jaina-AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| jainAgama-sAhitya aise sAdhakoM kI jIvana-gAthAoM se bharA par3A hai, jinhoMne svacchayA maraNa kA vrata aMgIkAra kiyA thaa| antakRtdazAMga evaM anuttaropapAtika-sUtroM meM una zramaNa-sAdhakoM kA aura upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM Ananda Adi una gRhastha-sAdhakoM kA jIvana-darzana varNita hai, jinhoMne jIvana kI sAMdhya-velA meM svecchA-maraNa kA vrata svIkArA thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra, mRtyu ke do rUpa haiM - 1. svecchA-maraNa yA nirbhayatApUrvaka mRtyuvaraNa aura 2. anicchApUrvaka yA bhayapUrvaka mRtyu se grasita honA / 87 svecchA-maraNa meM manuSya kA mRtyu para zAsana hotA hai, jabaki anicchApUrvaka maraNa meM mRtyu manuSya para zAsana karatI hai| pahale ko paNDitamaraNa yA samAdhimaraNa bhI kahA gayA hai aura dUsare ko bAla (ajJAnI) maraNa yA asamAdhimaraNa kahA gayA hai| eka jJAnIjana kI mauta hai aura dUsarI ajJAnI kI, ajJAnI viSayAsakta hotA hai aura isalie vaha bAra-bAra maratA hai, jabaki yathArtha jJAnI anAsakta hotA hai, isalie vaha eka hI bAra maratA hai| 188 jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, usase bacane ke lie bhAgA-bhAgA phiratA hai, mRtyu bhI usakA barAbara pIchA karatI rahatI hai, lekina jo nirbhaya hokara mRtyu kA svAgata karatA hai aura usakA AliMgana karatA hai, mRtyu bhI usakA pIchA nahIM krtii| jo mRtyu se bhaya khAtA hai, vahI mRtyu kA zikAra hotA hai, lekina jo mRtyu se nirbhaya ho jAtA hai, vaha amaratA kI dizA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| sAdhakoM ke prati mahAvIra kA sandeza yahI thA ki mRtyu ke upasthita hone para zarIrAdi se anAsakta hokara usakA AliMgana kro| 189 mahAvIra ke darzana meM anAsakta jIvana-zailI kI yahI mahatvapUrNa kasauTI hai| jo sAdhaka mRtyu se bhAgatA hai, vaha sacce artha meM anAsakta-jIvana jIne kI kalA se anabhijJa hai| jise anAsakta-mRtyu kI kalA nahIM AtI, use anAsakta-jIvana kI kalA bhI nahIM A sktii| isI anAsakta-mRtyu

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-721 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -253 kI kalA ko saMlekhanA-vrata kahA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM saMthArA, saMlekhanA, samAdhi-maraNa, paNDita-maraNa aura sakAma-maraNa Adi svecchApUrvaka mRtyu-varaNa ke hI paryAyavAcI nAma haiN| AcArya samantabhadra saMlekhanA kI paribhASA karate hue likhate haiM ki ApattiyoM, akAloM, ativRddhAvasthA evaM asAdhya rogoM meM zarIra tyAga karanA saMlekhanA hai, 191 arthAt jaba mRtyu anivArya -sI ho gaI ho, una sthitiyoM meM nirbhaya hokara dehAsakti kA visarjana kara mRtyu kA svAgata karanA hI saMlekhanA-vrata hai| samAdhi-maraNa ke bheda ___ jainAgamoM meM mRtyu-varaNa ke avasaroM kI apekSA ke AdhAra para samAdhi-maraNa ke do prakAra kahe gae haiM - 1. sAgArI-saMthArA aura 2. sAmAnya sNthaaraa| sAgArI-saMthArA - akasmAt jaba koI aisI vipatti upasthita ho jAe, ki jisameM se jIvita baca nikalanA sambhava na ho, jaise Aga meM ghira jAnA, jala meM DUbane jaisI sthiti ho jAnA athavA hiMsaka pazu yA kisI aise duSTa vyakti ke adhikAra meM pha~sa jAnA, jahA~ sadAcAra se patita hone kI saMbhAvanA ho, aise saMkaTapUrNa avasaroM para jo saMthArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use sAgArI-saMthArA kahate haiN| yadi vyakti usa vipatti yA saMkaTapUrNa sthiti se bAhara ho jAtA hai, to vaha punaH deharakSaNa tathA jIvana ke sAmAnya krama ko cAlU rakha sakatA hai| sAgArI-saMthArA mRtyuparyanta ke lie nahIM, varan paristhiti-vizeSa ke lie hotA hai, ataH paristhiti-vizeSa ke samApta ho jAne para usa vrata kI maryAdA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| sAmAnya saMthArA- jaba svAbhAvika jarAvasthA athavA asAdhya roga ke kAraNa punaH svastha hokara jIvita rahane kI samasta AzAe~ dhUmila ho gaI hoM, taba yAvajIvana taka jo dehAsakti evaM zarIra-poSaNa ke prayatnoM kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAmAnya saMthArA hai| yaha yAvajjIvana ke lie hotA hai, arthAt dehapAta para hI pUrNa hotA hai| sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa karane ke lie jainAgamoM meM nimna sthitiyA~ Avazyaka mAnI gaI haiM- jaba sabhI indriyA~ apane kAryoM kA sampAdana karane meM akSama ho gaI hoM, jaba zarIra sUkhakara asthipaMjara raha gayA ho, pacana-pAcana, AhAra-vihAra Adi zArIrika-kriyAe~ zithila ho gaI hoM aura inake kAraNa sAdhanA aura saMyama kA paripAlana samyakarIti se honA sambhava na rahA ho, tabhI, arthAt mRtyu ke upasthita ho jAne para hI sAmAnya saMthArA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya saMthArA tIna prakAra kA hai- (a) bhaktapratyAkhyAna- AhAra Adi kA tyAga kara denA (ba) iMgitamaraNa- eka nizcita bhU-bhAga para halana-calana AdizArIrika-kriyAe~ karate hue AhAra Adi kA tyAga karanA, (sa) pAdopagamana - AhAra Adi ke tyAga ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kriyAoM kA nirodha karate hue mRtyuparyanta nizcala rUpa se lakar3I ke takhte ke samAna sthira par3e rhnaa| uparyukta sabhI prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM meM mana kA samabhAva meM sthita honA anivArya hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-722 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-254 samAdhi-maraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi jainAgamoM meM samAdhi-maraNa grahaNa karane kI vidhi bhI batAI gaI hai| sarvaprathama malamUtrAdi aMzuci-visarjana ke sthAna kA avalokana kara narama tuNoM kI zayyA taiyAra kara lI jAtI hai| tatpazcAt siddha, arahanta aura dharmAcAryoM ko vinayapUrvaka namaskAra kara pUrvagRhIta pratijJAoM meM lage hue doSoM kI AlocanA aura unakA prAyazcitta grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| isake bAda, samasta prANiyoM se kSamA yAcanA kI jAtI hai aura anta meM aThAraha pApasthAnoM, annAdi caturvidha AhAroM kA tyAga karake zarIra ke mamatva evaM poSaNa-kriyA kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM pUrNataH hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahma, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha yAvat mithyAdarzana-zalya se virata hotA hU~, anna Adi cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA yAvajjIvana ke lie tyAga karatA hU~ / merA yaha zarIra, jo mujhe atyanta priya thA, maiMne isakI bahuta rakSA kI thI, kRpaNa ke dhana ke samAna ise saMbhAlatA rahA thA, isa para merA pUrNa vizvAsa thA ( ki yaha mujhe kabhI nahIM chor3egA), isake samAna mujhe anya koI priya nahIM thA, isalie maiMne ise zIta, garmI, kSudhA, tRSA Adi aneka kaSToM se evaM vividha rogoM se bacAyA aura sAvadhAnIpUrvaka isakI rakSA karatA rahA, aba maiM isa deha kA visarjana karatA hU~ aura isake poSaNa evaM rakSaNa ke prayAsoM kA parityAga karatA huuN|192 naitikatA kA AdhAra sAmAjika cetanA bhAratIya-darzana meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA vikAsa bhAratIya dArzanika-cintana meM upasthita sAmAjika-sandarbho ko samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama hameM yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki kevala kucha dArzanika-prasthAna hI sampUrNa bhAratIya-prajJA evaM bhAratIya-cintana kA pratinidhitva nahIM karate haiM, ina dArzanikaprasthAnoM se haTakara bhI bhArata meM dArzanika-cintana huA hai aura usameM anekAneka sAmAjika-saMdarbha upasthita haiN| dUsare yaha ki bhAratIya-darzana mAtra bauddhika evaM saiddhAntika hI nahIM hai, vaha anubhUtyAtmaka evaM vyAvahArika bhI hai; koI bhI bhAratIya-darzana aisA nahIM hai, jo mAtra tattvamImAMsIya (Metaphysical) evaM jJAna-mImAMsIya (Epistomological) cintana se hI saMtoSa dhAraNa kara letA ho| usameM jJAna jJAna ke lie nahIM, apitu jIvana ke saphala saMcAlana ke lie hai| usakA mUla duHkha hI samasyA meM hai| duHkha aura duHkha-mukti-yahI bhAratIya-darzana kA 'artha' aura 'iti' hai / yadyapi tattva-mImAMsA aura jJAna-mImAMsA pratyeka bhAratIya-dArzanika-prasthAna ke mahatvapUrNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-723 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -255 aMga rahe haiM, kintu ve samyak jIvanadRSTi ke nirmANa aura sAmAjika-vyavahAra kI zuddhi ke lie haiM / bhAratIya-cintana meM darzana kI dharma aura nIti se aviyojyatA usake sAmAjika-sandarbha ko aura bhI spaSTa kara detI hai| yahA~ darzana jAnane kI nahIM, apitu jIne kI vastu rahA hai ; vaha mAtra jJAna nahIM, anubhUti hai aura isIlie vaha philAsaphI nahIM, darzana hai, jIvana jIne kA eka samyak dRSTikoNa hai| yadyapi hamArA durbhAgya to yaha rahA ki madhya yuga meM darzana sAdhakoM aura RSimuniyoM ke hAthoM se nikalakara tathAkathita buddhijIviyoM ke hAthoM meM calA gyaa| phalataH, usameM tArkika-pakSa pradhAna tathA anubhUtimUlaka-sAdhanA evaM AcAra-pakSa gauNa ho gayA aura hamArI jIvana-zailI se usakA riztA dhIre-dhIre TUTatA gyaa| sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya-cintana ke prAcIna yuga ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM - __ 1. vaidika-yuga, 2. aupaniSadika-yuga, evaM 3. jaina-bauddha-yuga vaidika-yuga meM janamAnasa meM sAmAjika-cetanA ko jAgrata karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, jabaki aupaniSadika-yuga meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke lie dArzanika-AdhAra para prastutikaraNa kiyA gayA aura jaina-bauddha-yuga meM sAmAjika-sambandhoM ke zuddhikaraNa para bala diyA gyaa| ... vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA-donoM hI mAnavIya 'sva' ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya-vicAraka DraDale kA kathana hai ki manuSya nahIM hai, yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM, kintu yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hI hai, to vaha pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA-donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai| vastuta:, manuSya eka hI sAtha sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika-donoM hI hai, kyoMki mAnava-vyaktitva meM rAga-dveSa ke tattva anivArya rUpa se upasthita haiN| rAga kA tattva usameM sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa karatA hai, to dveSa kA tattva usameM vaiyaktikatA yA sva-hitavAdI-dRSTi kA vikAsa karatA hai| jaba rAga kA sImAkSetra saMkucita hotA hai aura dveSa kA adhika vistarita hotA hai, to vyakti ko svArthI kahA jAtA hai, usameM vaiyaktikatA pramukha hotI hai, kintu jaba rAga kA sImA kSetra vistarita hotA hai aura dveSa kA kSetra kama hotA hai, taba vyakti paropakArI yA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-724 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -256 sAmAjika kahA jAtA hai, kintu jaba vaha vItarAga aura vItadveSa hotA hai, taba vaha atisAmAjika hotA hai, kintu apane aura parAe bhAva kA yaha atikramaNa asAmAjika nahIM hai| vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA meM anivArya rUpa se 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hotA hai, ataH aisI sAdhanA anivArya rUpa se asAmAjika to nahIM ho sakatI hai| sAtha hI, manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, vaha vItarAga nahIM huA hai, to svabhAvataH hI eka sAmAjikaprANI hai| ataH, koI bhI dharma sAmAjika-cetanA se vimukha hokara jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM sAmAjika-cetanA bhAratIya-cintana kI pravartaka vaidika-dhArA meM sAmAjikatA kA tattva usake prArambhika-kAla se hI upasthita hai| vedoM meM sAmAjika-jIvana kI saMkalpanA ke vyApaka sandarbha haiN| vaidika-RSi saphala evaM sahayogapUrNa sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie abhyarthanA karate hue kahatA hai ki saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm' - tuma milakara calo, milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM; arthAt tumhAre jIvanavyavahAra meM sahayoga, tumhArI vANI meM samasvaratA aura tumhAre vicAroM meM samAnatA ho|' Age punaH vaha kahatA hai samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH sahacittameSAm / samAnI va AkUti : samAnA hRdayAni vH| samAnamastu vo mano yathA vaH susahAsati // arthAt, Apa sabake nirNaya samAna hoM, Apa sabakI sabhA bhI sabake lie samAna ho, arthAt sabake prati samAna vyavahAra kreN| ApakA mana bhI samAna ho aura ApakI cittavRtti bhI samAna ho, Apake saMkalpa eka hoM, Apake hRdaya eka hoM, ApakA mana bhI ekarUpa ho, tAki Apa milajulakara acchI taraha se kArya kara skeN| sambhavataH, sAmAjika-jIvana evaM samAja-niSThA ke pariprekSya meM vaidika-yuga ke bhAratIyacintaka ke ye sabase mahatvapUrNa udgAra haiM / vaidika-RSiyoM kA kRNvaMto vizvamAryam' ke rUpa meM eka susabhya evaM susaMskRta mAnava-samAja kI racanA kA mizana tabhI saphala ho sakatA thA, jabaki ve jana-jana meM samAja-niSThA ke bIja kA vapana karate / sahayogapUrNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-725 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -257 jIvana-zailI unakA mUla maMtavya thaa| pratyeka avasara para zAMti-pATha ke mAdhyama se ve jana-jana meM sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa kA prayAsa karate the| ve apane zAMti-pATha meM kahate the OM sahanA bhavatu sahanau bhunaktu saha vIryaM karavAvahai, tejasvinAvadhItamastu mA vidvissaavhai|' hama saba sAtha-sAtha rakSita hoM , sAtha-sAtha poSita hoM, sAtha-sAtha sAmarthya ko prApta hoM, hamArA adhyayana tejasvI ho, hama Apasa meM vidveSa na kreN| vaidika samAja-darzana kA Adarza thA - 'zata-hastaH samAhara, sahasrahastaH sIkara' saikar3oM hAthoM se ikaTThA karo aura hajAra hAthoM se bA~To, kintu yaha bA~Tane kI bAta dayA yA kRpA nahIM hai, apitu sAmAjika-dAyitva kA bodha hai, kyoMki bhAratIya-ciMtana meM dAna ke lie saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga hotA rahA hai, isameM sama vitaraNa yA sAmAjika-dAyitva kA bodha hI pramukha hai, kRpA , dayA, karuNA-ye saba gauNa haiN| AcArya zaMkara ne dAna kI vyAkhyA kI hai 'dAnaM sNvibhaagN'| jaina-darzana meM to atithi-saMvibhAga ke rUpa meM eka svatantra vrata kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| saMvibhAga zabda karuNA kA pratIka na hokara sAmAjika-adhikAra kA pratIka hai| vaidika-RSiyoM kA niSkarSa thA ki jo akelAkhAtA hai, vaha pApI hai (kevalAdo bhavati kevlaadii)| jaina-dArzanika bhI kahate the 'asaMvibhAgI na hu tassa mokkho,' jo sama-vibhAgI nahIM hai, usakI mukti nahIM hogii| isa prakAra, hama vaidikayuga meM sahayoga evaM sahajIvana kA saMkalpa upasthita pAte haiM, kintu usake lie dArzanikaAdhAra kA prastutikaraNa aupaniSadika-cintana meM hI huA hai / aupaniSadika RSi 'ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA' 'sarva khalvidaM brahma' tathA 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' ke rUpa meM ekatva kI anubhUti karane lgaa| aupaniSadika-cintana meM vaiyaktikatA se Upara uThakara sAmAjika-ekatA ke lie abhedaniSThA kA sarvotkRSTa tAttvika-AdhAra prastuta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra, jahA~ vedoM kI samAja-niSThA bahirmukhI thI, vahIM upaniSadoM meM Akara antarmukhI ho gii| bhAratIya-darzana meM yaha abheda-niSThA hI sAmAjika-ekatva kI cetanA evaM sAmAjika-samatA kA AdhAra banI hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA thA yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate // - jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-726 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -258 apanI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| sAmAjikajIvana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hai aura jaba ekAtmatA kI dRSTi kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai, to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svataH samApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra, jahA~ eka ora aupaniSadika-RSiyoM ne ekAtmatA kI cetanA ko jAgrata kara sAmAjika-jIvana ke vinAzaka ghRNA evaM vidveSa ke tattvoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora, unhoMne sampatti ke vaiyaktika-adhikAra kA nirasana kara IzvarIsampadA arthAt sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra bhI prastuta kiyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prArambha meM hI RSi kahatA hai : IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkiJca jagatyAM jgt| tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam // arthAt, isa jaga meM jo kucha bhI hai, vaha sabhI IzvarIya hai, aisA kucha nahIM hai, jise vaiyaktika kahA jA sake / isa prakAra, zloka ke pUrvArddha meM vaiyaktika-adhikAra kA nirasana karake samaSTi ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai / zloka ke uttarArddha meM vyakti ke upabhoga evaM saMgraha ke adhikAra ko maryAdita karate hue kahA gayA ki prakRti kI jo bhI upalabdhiyA~ haiM, unameM dUsaroM (arthAt samAja ke dUsare sadasyoM) kA bhI bhAga hai, ataH unake bhAga ko chor3akara hI unakA upayoga karo, saMgraha yA lAlaca mata karo, kyoMki sampatti kisI eka kI nahIM hai| sambhavataH, sAmAjika-cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie isase adhika mahatvapUrNa dUsarA kathana nahIM ho sakatA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki gAMdhIjI ne isa zloka ke sandarbha meM kahA thA ki bhAratIya-saMskRti kA sabhI kucha naSTa ho jAe, kintu yaha zloka banA rahe, to yaha akelA hI usakI abhivyakti meM samartha hai| 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthAH' meM samagra sAmAjika-cetanA kendrita dikhAI detI hai| . gItA meM sAmAjika-cetanA yadi hama upaniSadoM se mahAbhArata aura usake hI eka aMza gItA kI ora Ate haiM, to yahA~ bhI hameM sAmAjika-cetanA kA spaSTa darzana hotA hai| mahAbhArata to itanA vyApaka grantha hai ki usameM upasthita samAja-darzana para eka svatantra mahAnibandha likhA jA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM hameM samAja kI AMgika-saMkalpanA kA vaha siddhAnta parilakSita hotA hai, jisa para pAzcAtya-cintana meM sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA haiN| gItA bhI isa ekAtmatA kI anubhUti para bala detI hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai. ki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-727 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -259 'Atmaupamyena sarvatra samaM pazyati yo'rjun| sukhaM vA yadi vA duHkhaM sa yogI prmomtH||' * arthAt, jo sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM sabhI ko apane samAna samajhatA hai, vahI saccA yogI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha to isase Age yaha bhI kahatA hai ki saccA darzana yA jJAna vahI hai, jo hameM ekAtmatA kI anubhUti karAtA hai - 'avibhavataM vibhavateSu tajjJAnaM viddhi sAtvikam / ' vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM meM bhI ekAtmatA kI anubhUti hI jJAna kI sAtvikatA aura hamArI samAja-niSThA kA ekamAtra AdhAra hai / sAmAjikadRSTi se gItA sarvabhUta-hite ratAH' kA sAmAjika-Adarza bhI prastuta karatI hai|anaasktbhaav se yukta hokara loka-kalyANa ke lie kArya karate rahanA hI gItA ke samAja-darzana kA mUla mantavya hai| zrIkRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM - 'te prApnuvanti mAmeva sarvabhUtahiteratAH / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM ke nirvahana para bhI pUrA-pUrA bala diyA gayA hai| jo apane sAmAjika-dAyitvoM ko pUrNa kie binA bhoga karatA hai, vaha gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM cora hai (stena eva saH, 3/12), sAtha hI jo mAtra apane lie pakAtA hai, vaha pApa kA hI arjana karatA hai| (bhuMjate te tvaghaM pApA ye pacantyAtmakAraNAt, 3/13) / gItA hameM samAja meM rahakara hI jIvana jIne kI zikSA detI hai, isalie usane saMnyAsa kI navIna paribhASA bhI prastuta kI hai| vaha kahatI hai ki - - 'kAmyAnAM karmaNAM nyAsaM saMnyAsaM kavayo viduH' ___ kAmya, arthAt svArthayukta karmoM kA tyAga hI saMnyAsa hai, kevala niragni aura nizriya ho jAnA saMnyAsa nahIM hai / sacce saMnyAsI kA lakSaNa hai-samAja meM rahakara lokakalyANa ke lie anAsakta-bhAva se karma karatA rhe| anAzritaH karmaphalaM kArya karoti yH| . . sa saMnyAsa ca yogI ca na niragnirna cAkriyaH // ' gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki loka zikSA ko cAhate hue karma karatA rahe (kuryAt vidvAn tathA asaktaH cikIrSuH lokasaMgraham) / / gItA meM guNAzrita karma ke AdhAra para varNa-vyavasthA kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA thA, vaha bhI sAmAjika-dRSTi se kartavyoM evaM dAyitvoM ke vibhAjana kA eka mahatvapUrNa kArya thA, yadyapi bhAratIya-samAja kA yaha durbhAgya thA ki guNa arthAt vaiyaktika-yogyatA ke AdhAra para karma evaM varNa kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-728 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-260 yaha vibhAjana kinhIM nihita svArthoM ke kAraNa janmanA banA diyA gyaa| vastutaH, vedoM meM evaM svayaM gItA meM bhI jo virAT puruSa ke vibhinna aMgoM se utpatti ke rUpa meM vargoM kI avadhAraNA hai, vaha anya kucha nahIM, apitu samAja-puruSa ke vibhinna aMgoM kI avadhAraNA hai aura kisI sImA taka samAja ke AMgikatA-siddhAMta kA hI prastutikaraNa hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA evaM saMgharSa kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAraNa sampatti kA adhikAra hai| zrImadbhAgavata bhI IzAvAsyopaniSad ke samAna hI sampatti para vyakti ke adhikAra ko asvIkAra karatI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai - . . yAvat bhriyeta jaTharaM, tAvat svatvaM dehinaam| .. adhiko yo'bhimanyeta, sa steno daNDamarhati // " arthAt, apanI daihika-AvazyakatA se adhika sampadA para apanA svatva mAnanA sAmAjika-dRSTi se corI hai, anadhikRta ceSTA hai| Aja kA samAjavAda evaM sAmyavAda bhI isI Adarza para khar3A hai, 'yogyatA ke anusAra kArya aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra vetana' kI usakI dhAraNA yahA~ pUrI taraha upasthita hai| bhAratIya-cintana meM puNya aura pApa kA jo vargIkaraNa hai, usameM bhI sAmAjika-dRSTi hI pramukha hai| pApa ke rUpa meM jina durguNoM kA aura puNya ke rUpa meM jina sadguNoM kA ullekha hai, unakA sambandha vaiyaktikajIvana kI apekSA sAmAjika-jIvana se adhika hai| puNya aura pApa kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai - kisI karma kA loka-maMgala meM upayogI yA anupayogI honaa| kahA bhI gayA hai - 'paropakArAya puNyAya, pApAya parapIDanam' , jo loka ke lie hitakara hai, kalyANakara hai, vaha puNya hai aura isake viparIta, jo bhI dUsaroM ke lie pIr3A-janaka hai, amaMgalakara hai, vaha pApa hai| isa prakAra, bhAratIyacintana meM puNya-pApa kI vyAkhyAe~ bhI sAmAjika-dRSTi para hI AdhArita haiN| jaina evaM bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika-cetanA ___ yadi hama nivartaka-dhArA ke samarthaka jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma kI ora dRSTipAta karate haiM, to prathama dRSTi meM aisA lagatA hai ki inameM samAja kI dRSTi kI upekSA kI gaI hai / sAmAnyatayA, yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki nivRtti-pradhAna darzana vyakti paraka aura pravRttipradhAna darzana samAja-paraka hote haiM, kintu yaha mAna lenA ki bhAratIya-cintana kI nivartakadhArA ke samarthaka jaina, bauddha Adi darzana asAmAjika haiM yA ina darzanoM meM sAmAjika

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-729 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -261 saMdarbha kA abhAva hai, nitAnta bhrama hogaa| inameM bhI sAmAjika-bhAvanA se parAGmukhatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| ye darzana itanA to avazya mAnate haiM ki cAhe vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAMkI jIvana lAbhaprada ho sakatA hai, kintu usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika-kalyANa kI dizA meM hI honA cAhie / mahAvIra aura buddha kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki ve jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt jIvana-paryanta lokamaMgala ke lie kArya karate rahe / yadyapi ina nivRttipradhAna-darzanoM meM jo sAmAjikasandarbha upasthita haiM, ve thor3e bhinna prakAra ke avazya haiM / inameM mUlataH sAmAjikasambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAmAjika-sandarbha kI dRSTi se inameM samAja-racanA evaM sAmAjika-dAyitvoM kI nirvahaNa kI apekSA samAja-jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala diyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke paMca mahAvrata, bauddha-darzana ke paMcazIla aura yogadarzana ke paMca yamoM kA sambandha anivAryatayA hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana se hI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra nAmaka jaina-Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| pAMcoM mahAvrata sarvaprakAra se lokahita ke lie haiN| 12 hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra, saMgraha (parigraha)-ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM , sAmAjika-jIvana kI dRSpravRttiyA~ haiM / ye saba dUsaroM ke prati hamAre vyavahAra se saMbaMdhita haiN| hiMsA kA artha hai-kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai-kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai-kisI dUsare kI sampatti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai-sAmAjika-mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna-sambandha sthApita karanA, isI prakAra, saMgraha yAparigraha kA artha hai-samAja meM ArthikaviSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja-jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha yA saMdarbha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI jo maryAdAeM ina darzanoM ne dIM, ve hamAre sAmAjika-sambandhoM kI zuddhi ke lie hI haiN| ___isI prakAra; jaina, bauddha aura yoga-darzanoM kI sAdhanA-paddhati meM samAna rUpa se prastuta maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura mAdhyastha-bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para bhI sAmAjikasaMdarbha ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAcArya amitagati ina bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti nimna zabdoM meM karate haiM- satveSu maitrI guNISu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpAparatvam / .. madhyasthabhAvaM viparItavRttau sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu deva //

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-730 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-262 'he prabhu! hamAre manoM meM prANiyoM ke prati mitratA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNA tathA duSTa janoM ke prati madhyastha-bhAva sadA vidyamAna rhe|' isa prakAra, ina bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama se samAja ke vibhinna prakAra ke vyaktiyoM se hamAre sambandha kisa prakAra ke hoM, yahI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| samAja meM dUsare logoM ke sAtha hama kisa prakAra jIvana jieM, yaha hamArI sAmAjikatA ke lie ati Avazyaka hai aura ina darzanoM meM isa prakAra se vyakti ko samAja-jIvana se jor3ane kA hI prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ina darzanoM kA hRdaya rikta nahIM hai| inameM prema aura karuNA ke lie aTUTa dhArA baha rahI hai| tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA prasphuTana hI loka kI karuNA ke lie hotA hai (samecca loye kheyanne pavvaiye), isIlie to AcArya samantabhadra likhate haiM - 'sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva', he prabho! ApakA anuzAsana sabhI duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlA hai|' jaina-AgamoM meM prastuta kula-dharma, grAma-dharma, nagara-dharma, rASTra-dharma evaM gaNa-dharma bhI usakI samAja-sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| tripiTaka meM bhI aneka saMdarbho meM vyakti ke vividha sAmAjika-sambandhoM ke AdarzoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| pArivArika aura sAmAjika-jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika-sambandhoM ko sumadhura evaM samAyojanapUrNa banAne tathA sAmAjika-TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM dUra karane ke lie ina darzanoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| ___vastutaH, ina darzanoM meM AcAra-zuddhi para bala dekara vyakti-sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| inhoMne vyakti ko samAja kA kendra mAnA aura isalie usake caritra ke nirmANa para bala diyA / vastutaH, ina darzanoM ke yuga taka samAja-racanA kA kArya pUrA ho cukA thA, ataH inhoMne mukhya rUpa se sAmAjika-burAiyoM ko samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura sAmAjika-sambandhoM kI zuddhi para bala diyaa| rAgAtmakatA aura samAja sambhavataH, ina darzanoM ko jina AdhAroM para sAmAjika-jIvana se kaTA huA mAnA jAtA hai, unameM pramukha haiM - rAga yA Asakti kA prahANa, saMnyAsa yA nivRttimArga kI pradhAnatA tathA mokSa kA pratyaya / ye hI aise tattva haiM, jo vyakti ko sAmAjika-jIvana se alaga karate haiM, ataH bhAratIya-saMdarbha meM ina pratyayoM kI sAmAjika-dRSTi se samIkSA Avazyaka hai| sarvaprathama, bhAratIya-darzana Asakti, rAga yA tRSNA kI samApti para bala detA hai,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-731 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-263 kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA Asakti yA rAga se Upara uThane kI bAta sAmAjika-jIvana se alaga karatI hai / sAmAjika-jIvana kA AdhAra pArasparika-sambandha hai aura sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga se mukti yA Asakti kI samApti tabhI sambhava hai, jabaki vyakti apane ko sAmAjika-jIvana se yA pArivArika-jIvana se alaga kara le, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hai / na to sambandha tor3a dene mAtra se rAga samApta ho jAtA hai, na rAga ke abhAva-mAtra se sambandha TUTa jAte haiN| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAga yA Asakti kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika-saMbaMdha hI nahIM bana paate| sAmAjikajIvana aura sAmAjika-saMbaMdhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM vyakti kI rAga-bhAvanA hI kAma karatI hai / sAmAnyatayA, rAga dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambandha rAga-dveSa ke AdhAra para khar3e hote haiM, to ina saMbaMdhoM se TakarAhaTa evaM viSamatA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM - ... upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni caiv| sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa // AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na shkyte| yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM na zakyate / saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya evaM tajanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hote haiM / jaba takaM mamatva-buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka ina duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM hai, jaise agni kA parityAga kie binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA asambhava hai| rAga hameM sAmAjika-jIvana se jor3atA nahIM hai, apitu tor3atA hI hai| rAga ke kAraNa merA yA mamatva-bhAva utpanna hotA hai| mere saMbaMdhI, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra-ye vicAra vikasita hote haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai / Aja mAnava-jAti ke sumadhura sAmAjika-sambandhoM meM ye hI sabase adhika bAdhaka tattva haiM / ye manuSya ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane dete haiN| ve hI Aja kI viSamatA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| bhAratIya-darzana ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikatA kI eka yathArtha dRSTi hI pradAna kI hai| prathama to yaha ki rAga kisI para hotA hai aura jo kisI para hotA hai, vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH rAga se Upara uThe binA yA Asakti ko chor3e binA sAmAjikatA kI saccI bhUmikA prApta

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-732 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -264 nahIM kI jA sktii| sAmAjika-jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA mUla 'sva' kI saMkucita sImA hI hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI upekSA karatA hai| sAmAjika-jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi sabhI unhIM ke prati kie jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiM / yadyapi yaha bar3A kaThina kArya hai ki hama apanI rAgAtmakatA yA mamatvavRtti kA pUrNatayA visarjana kara sakeM, kintu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka vijarsana kie binA apekSita sAmAjika-jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA.mamatva, cAhe vaha vyaktigata jIvana, pArivArika-jIvana yA rASTra kI sImA taka vistRta ho, hameM svArtha-bhAvanA se Upara nahIM uThane detaa| svahita kI vatti, cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI hI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue saccA sAmAjika-jIvana phalita nahIM ho sktaa| jisa prakAra parivAra ke prati mamatva kA saghana rUpa hamameM rASTrIya-cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM kara sakatA, usI prakAra rASTrIyatA ke prati bhI mamatva saccI mAnavIya-ekatA meM sahAyaka siddha nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki vyakti jaba taka rAga yA Asakti se Upara nahIM uThatA, taba taka sAmAjikatA kA sadbhAva sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai, ataH vItarAga yA anAsakta-dRSTi hI sAmAjika-jIvana ke lie vAstavika AdhAra prastuta kara sakatI hai aura sampUrNa mAnava-jAti meM sumadhura sAmAjika-sambandhoM kA nirmANa kara sakatI hai| yadi hama sAmAjika-sambandhoM meM utpanna hone vAlI viSamatA evaM TakarAhaTa ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM, to usake mUla meM hamArI Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA hI pramukha hai| Asakti, mamatva-bhAva yA rAga ke kAraNa hI manuSya meM 14 saMgraha, Aveza aura kapaTAcAra ke tattva janma lete haiM, ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki ina darzanoM ne rAga yA Asakti ke prahANa para bala dekara sAmAjikaviSamatAoM ko samApta karane evaM sAmAjika-samatva kI sthApanA karane meM mahatvapUrNa sahayoga diyA hai| samAja tyAga evaM samarpaNa para khar3A hotA hai, jItA hai aura vikasita hotA hai-yaha bhAratIya-cintana kA mahatvapUrNa niSkarSa hai| vastutaH, Asakti yA rAgatattva kI upasthiti meM saccI sArvabhauma sAmAjikatA phalita nahIM hotI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra rAga yA viveka? sambhavataH, yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki rAMga ke abhAva meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-733 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-265 sAmAjika-sambandhoM ko jor3ane vAlA tattva kyA hogA ? rAga ke abhAva se to sAre sAmAjika-sambandha caramarA kara TUTa jaaeNge| rAgAtmakatA hI to hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai, ataH rAga sAmAjika-jIvana kA eka Avazyaka tattva hai, kintu merI apanI vinamra dhAraNA meM jo tattva vyakti ko vyakti se yA samAja se jor3atA hai, vaha rAga nahIM, viveka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isa bAta kI carcA upasthita kI gaI hai ki vibhinna dravya ekadUsare kA sahayoga kisa prakAra karate haiN| usameM jahA~ pudgala-dravya ko jIva-dravya kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai , vahIM eka jIva ko dUsare jIvoM kA upakAraka kahA gayA hai 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' / cetana-sattA yadi kisI kA upakAra yA hita kara sakatI hai, to cetana sattA kA hI kara sakatI hai| isa prakAra, pArasparika hita-sAdhana, yaha jIva kA svabhAva hai aura yaha pArasparika hita-sAdhanA kI svAbhAvika-vRtti hI manuSya kI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| isa svAbhAvika-vRtti ke vikAsa ke do AdhAra haiM - eka, rAgAtmaka aura dUsarA, viveka / rAgAtmakatA hameM kahIM se jor3atI hai, to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai| isa prakAra, rAgAtmakatA ke AdhAra para jaba hama kisI ko apanA mAnate haiM, to usake virodhI ke prati 'para' kA bhAva bhI A jAtA hai| rAga dveSa ke sAtha hI jItA hai| ve aise jur3avAM zizu haiM; jo eka sAtha utpanna hote haiM, eka sAtha jIte haiM aura eka sAtha marate bhI haiN| rAga jor3atA hai, to dveSa tor3atA hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI samAja khar3A hogA, to usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda rahegA hii| saccI sAmAjikacetanA kA AdhAra rAga nahIM, viveka hogaa| viveka ke AdhAra para dAyitva-bodha evaM kartavya-bodha kI cetanA jAgrata hogI / rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA karttavya kI bhASA hai| jahA~ kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai, vahA~ kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA adhikAra kA nahIM, kartavya kA bodha karAtI hai aura aisI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra 'viveka' hotA hai, karttavya-bodha hotA hai| jaina dharma aisI hI sAmAjika-cetanA ko nirmita karanA cAhatA hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika-cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, to mere aura tere kI, apane aura parAe kI cetanA samApta ho jAtI hai, sabhI Atmavat hote haiM / jaina dharma ne ahiMsA ko jo apane dharma kA AdhAra mAnA hai, usakA AdhAra yahI Atmavat-dRSTi hai| sAmAjika-jIvana ke bAdhaka tattva-ahaMkAra aura kaSAya .. sAmAjika-sambandha meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI bahuta kama mahatvapUrNa kArya karatA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-734 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -266 hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake pramukha tattva haiM, inake kAraNa bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita, athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA-nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apane prabhAvaka-kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai| svatantratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA hai| jaba vyakti ke mana meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA ubuddha hotI hai, to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, apaharaNa karatA hai| jaina-darzana ahaMkAra (mAna) pratyaya ke vigalana ke dvArA sAmAjika-paratantratA ko samApta karatA hai| dUsarI ora, jaina-darzana kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai| adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai, ataH ahiMsA kA siddhAnta svatantratA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| jaina evaM bauddha darzana eka ora ahiMsA-siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svatantratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora samatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda evaM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko samApta karate haiN| sAmAjika-jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hone ke cAra mUlabhUta kAraNa haiM - 1. saMgraha (lobha), 2. Aveza (krodha), 3. garva (bar3A mAnanA) aura 4. mAyA (chipanA), jinheM jaina dharma meM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai| ye cAroM alaga-alaga rUpa meM sAmAjika - jIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiN| 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra, krUra-vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi vikasita hote haiN| 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa, yuddha, AkramaNa evaM hatyAe~ Adi hote haiN| 3. garva kI manovRtti ke kAraNa ghRNA aura krUra vyavahAra hotA hai| 4. mAyA kI manovRtti ke kAraNa avizvAsa evaM maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-darzana meM jinheM cAra kaSAya kahA jAtA hai, unhIM ke kAraNa sAmAjika-jIvana dUSita hotA hai| jaina-darzana inhIM kaSAyoM ke nirodha ko apanI naitikasAdhanA kA AdhAra banAtA hai, ataH yaha kahanA ucita hI hogA ki jaina-darzana apane sAdhanA-mArga ke rUpa meM sAmAjika - viSamatAoM ko samApta kara, sAmAjika samatva kI sthApanA kA prayatna karatA hai| yadi hama jaina dharma meM svIkRta pA~ca mahAvratoM ko dekheM, to spaSTa rUpa se unakA pUrA sandarbha sAmAjika-jIvana hai| hiMsA, mRSAvacana, corI, maithuna-sevana (vyabhicAra) evaM saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika-jIvana kI burAiyA~ haiM / inase bacane

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-735 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -267 ke lie pA~ca mahyavratoM ke rUpa meM jina naitika sadguNoM kI sthApanA kI gaI, ve pUrNataH sAmAjika-jIvana se sambandhita haiM, ataH bhAratIya-darzana ne anAsakti evaM vItarAgatA ke pratyaya para jo kucha bala diyA hai, vaha sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| saMnyAsa aura samAja sAmAnyatayA, bhAratIya-darzana ke saMnyAsa ke pratyaya ko samAja-nirapekSa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu kyA saMnyAsa kI dhAraNA samAja-nirapekSa hai ? nizcaya hI saMnyAsI pArivArika jIvana kA tyAga karatA hai, kintu isase kyA vaha asAmAjika ho jAtA hai ? saMnyAsa ke saMkalpa meM vaha kahatA hai ki vitteSaNA puDheSaNA lokeSaNA mayA parityaktA', arthAt maiM artha-kAmanA, santAna-kAmanA aura yaza-kAmanA kA parityAga karatA hU~, kintu kyA dhana-sampadA, santAna tathA yaza-kIrti kI kAmanA kA parityAga samAja kA parityAga hai ? vastutaH, samasta eSaNAoM kA tyAga svArtha kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai, saMnyAsa kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja-vimukha nahIM banAtA hai, apitu samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA para adhiSThita karatA hai, kyoMki saccA lokahita niHsvArthatA evaM virAga kI bhUmi para sthita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya-cintana saMnyAsa ko samAja-nirapekSa nahIM maantaa| bhagavAn buddha kA yaha Adeza carattha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana-hitAya bahujana sukhAya lokAnukampAya atthAya hitAya deva manussAnaM' (vinayapiTaka-sahavAgga) isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki saMnyAsa loka-maMgala ke lie hotA hai| saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo samAja se alpatama lekara use adhikatama detA hai| vastutaH, vaha kuTumba, parivAra Adi kA tyAga isalie karatA hai ki samaSTi kA hokara rahe, kyoMki jo kisI kA hai, vaha sabakA nahIM ho sakatA, jo sabakA hai, vaha kisI kA nahIM hai / saMnyAsI niHsvArtha aura niSkAma rUpa se lokamaMgala kA sAdhaka hotA hai| saMnyAsa zabda sam pUrvaka nyAsa hai, nyAsa zabda kA eka artha dekharekha karanA bhI hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo samyak rUpa se eka nyAsI (TrasTI) kI bhUmikA adA karatA hai aura nyAsI vaha hai, jo mamatva-bhAva aura svAmitva kA tyAga karake kisI TrasTa (sampadA) kA rakSaNa evaM vikAsa karatA hai| saMnyAsI sacce artha meM eka TrasTI hai / TrasTI yadi TrasTa kA upayoga apane hita meM karatA hai, apane ko usakA svAmI samajhatA hai, to vaha samyak TrasTI nahIM ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra, yadi vaha TrasTa ke rakSaNa evaM vikAsa kA prayatna na kare, to bhI sacce artha meM TrasTI nahIM hai| isI prakAra,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-736 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -268 yadi saMnyAsI nahIM hai aura yadi loka kI upekSA karatA hai, lokamaMgala ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA hai, to vaha bhI saMnyAsI nahIM hai| usake jIvana kA mizana to 'sarvabhUta-hite rataH' kA hai| saMnyAsa meM rAga se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hai, kiMtu isakA tAtparya samAja kI upekSA nahIM hai| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM svatva evaM mamatva ke lie nizcaya hI koI sthAna nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha palAyana nahIM, apitu samarpaNa hai| mamatva kA parityAga karttavya kI upekSA nahIM hai, apitu kartavya kA sahI bodha hai| saMnyAsI usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai, jahA~ vyakti apane meM samaSTi ko aura samaSTi meM apane ko dekhatA hai| usakI cetanA apane aura parAe ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| yaha apane aura parAe ke vicAra se Upara hojAnA samAjavimukhatA nahIM hai, apitu yaha to usake hRdaya kI vyApakatA hai, mahAnatA hai, isalie bhAratIyacintakoM ne kahA hai ayaM nijaH paro veti gaNanA lghucetmaas| udAracaritAnAM tu vasudhaiva kuTumbakam // saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA natoAsakti kI bhUmikA hai aura ma upekSA kii| usakI vAstavika sthiti dhAya' (narsa) ke samAna mamatvarahita karttavya-bhAva kI hotI hai| jaina dharma meM kahA bhI gayA hai sama dRSTi jIvar3A kare kuTumba prtipaal| antara sUM nyArA rahe jUM dhAya khilAve baal|| vastutaH, nirmamatva evaM niHsvArtha bhAva se tathA vaiyaktikatA aura svArtha se Upara uThakara kartavya kA pAlana hI saMnyAsa kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hai, jo loka-maMgala ke lie apane vyaktitva evaM apane zarIra ko samarpita kara detA hai| vaha jo kucha bhI tyAga karatA hai, vaha samAja ke lie eka Adarza banatA hai| samAja meM naitika-cetanA ko jAgrata karanA tathA sAmAjika-jIvana meM Ane vAlI duHpravRttiyoM se vyakti ko bacAkara lokamaMgala ke lie use dizA-nirdeza denA saMnyAsI kA sarvopari kartavya mAnA gayA hai, ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya-darzana meM saMnyAsa kI jo bhUmikA prastuta kI gaI hai, vaha sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai / saMnyAsI kSudra svArtha se Upara uThakara khar3A huA vyakti hotA hai, jo Adarza samAja-racanA ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aba hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-upAdeyatA para carcA karanA cAheMge /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-737 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-269 puruSArthacatuSTaya evaM samAja bhAratIya-darzana mAnava-jIvana ke lie artha, kAma, dharma aura mokSa-ina puruSArthoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| yadi hama sAmAjika-jIvana ke sandarbha meM ina para vicAra karate haiM, to inameM se artha, kAma aura dharma kA sAmAjika-jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| sAmAjikajIvana meM hI ina tInoM puruSArthoM kI upalabdhi sambhava hai| arthopArjana aura kAma kA sevana to sAmAjika-jIvana se jur3A huA hI hotA hai, kintu bhAratIya-cintana meM dharma bhI sAmAjika-vyavasthA aura zAnti ke lie hI hai, kyoMki dharma ko 'dharmoM dhArayate prajAH' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara usakA sambandha bhI hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana se jor3A gayA hai| vaha loka-maryAdA aura loka-vyavasthA kA hI sUcaka hai| ataH, puruSArthacatuSTaya meM kevala mokSa hI eka aisA puruSArtha hai, jisakI sAmAjika-sArthakatA vicAraNIya hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA mokSa kI dhAraNA sAmAjika-dRSTi se upAdeya ho sakatI hai ? jahA~ taka mokSa kI maraNottara avasthA yA tattva-mImAMsIya-dhAraNA kA prazna hai, usa sambandha meM na to bhAratIya-darzanoM meM hI eka rUpatA hai aura na usakI koI sAmAjikasArthakatA hI khojI jA sakatI hai, kintu isI AdhAra para mokSa ko anupAdeya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanika isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki mokSa kA sambandha mukhyataH manuSya kI manovRtti se hai / bandhana aura mukti- donoM hI manuSya ke manovegoM se sambandhita haiM / rAga, dveSa, Asakti, tRSNA, mamatva, aham Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hI bandhana haiM aura inase mukta honA hI mukti hai| mukti kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaina-dArzanikoM ne kahA thA ki moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kI avasthA hI mukti hai| AcArya zaMkara kahate haiM - . .. . 'vAsanAprakSayo mokSaH'17 .. vastutaH, moha aura kSobha hamAre jIvana se jur3e hue haiM aura isalie mukti kA sambandha bhI hamAre jIvana se hI hai| merI dRSTi meM mokSa mAnasika-tanAvoM se mukti hai| yadi hama mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-sArthakatA ke sambandha se vicAra karanA cAhate haiM, to hameM inhIM manovRttiyoM evaM mAnasika-vikSobhoM ke sandarbha meM usa para vicAra karanA hogaa| sambhavataH, isa sambandha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM rakhegA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimasya Adi kI manovRttiyA~ hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika bAdhaka haiN| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA hArda hai, to mukti kA sambandha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-738 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -270 . hamAre sAmAjika-jIvana ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| mokSa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai, apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambandhita hai| mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana meM prAptavya hai| jo loga mokSa ko eka maraNottara-avasthA mAnate haiM , ve mokSa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiN| AcArya zaMkara likhate haiM dehasya mokSo no mokSo na daNDasya kmnnddloH| avidyAhRdayagranthimokSo mokSo yatastataH // 18 maraNottara-mokSa yA videha-mukti sAdhya nahIM hai| usake lie koI sAdhanA apekSita nahIM hai| jisa prakAra mRtyu janma lene kA anivArya pariNAma hai, usI prakAra videha-mukti to jIvana-mukti kA anivArya pariNAma hai, ataH jo prAptavya hai, jo puruSArtha hai aura jo sAdhya hai vaha to jIvana-mukti hI hai| jIvana-mukti ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-sArthakatA se hama inkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jIvana-mukta eka aisA vyaktitva hai, jo sadaiva loka-kalyANa ke lie prastuta rahatA hai| jaina-darzana meM tIrthaMkara, bauddha-darzana meM arhat evaM bodhisatva aura vaidika-darzana meM sthita prajJa kI jo dhAraNAe~ prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI usa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki mokSa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika-upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha loka-maMgala aura mAnava-kalyANa kA eka mahAn Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jana-jana kA duHkhoM se mukta honA hI mukti hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM, bhAratIya-cintana meM vaiyaktika-mukti kI apekSA bhI loka kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai / bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika-mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai - bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati / utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena parAtmano / mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te prmodysaagraaH| taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSeNArasikena kim // " yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai, vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? vaiyaktika-mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-739 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-271 lie apane saMkalpa ko spaSTa karate hue bhAgavata ke saptama skandha meM prahalAda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki prAyeNa devamunayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThA : // naitAn vihAya kRpaNAn vimumukSurekaH / - he prabhu! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhana kiyA karate the, kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thii| maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa|' yaha bhAratIya-darzana aura sAhitya kA sarvazreSTha udgAra hai| isI prakAra, bodhisatva bhI sadaiva hI dIna aura duHkhI janoM ko duHkha se mukta karAne ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI abhilASA karatA hai aura sabako mukta karAne ke pazcAt hI mukta honA cAhatA hai| . bhaveyamupajIvyo'haM yAvatsarve na nirvRtAH / vastutaH, mokSa akelA pAne kI vastu hI nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM vinobA bhAve ke udgAra vicAraNIya haiM - .. jo samajhatA hai ki mokSa akele hathiyAne kI vastu hai, vaha usake hAtha se nikala jAtA hai, 'maiM' ke Ate hI mokSa bhAga jAtA hai, merA mokSa-yaha vAkya hI galata hai| 'merA' miTane para hI mokSa milatA hai| - isI prakAra, vAstavika mukti ahaMkAra se mukti hI hai| maiM' athavA ahaM-bhAva se mukta hone ke lie hameM apane-Apako samaSTi meM, samAja meM lIna kara denA hotA hai| mukti vahI vyakti prApta kara sakatA hai, jo ki apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM, samAja meM vilIna kara de| AcArya zAntideva likhate haiM - ... sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM nirvANArthi ca me mnH| tyaktavyaM cenmayA sarva varaM sattveSu dIyatAm // 2 isa prakAra, yaha dhAraNA ki mokSa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, galata hai| mokSa vastutaH dukhoM se mukti hai aura manuSya-jIvana ke adhikAMza duHkha, mAnavIya-saMvargoM ke kAraNa hI haiM, ataH mukti IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, ghRNA Adi ke saMvargoM se mukti pAne meM hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-donoM hI dRSTi se upAdeya bhI hai| duHkha, ahaMkAra evaM mAnasika-klezoM se mukti-rUpa meM mokSa-upAdeyatA aura sArthakatA ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-740 jaina - AcAra mImAMsA -272 asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| anta meM, hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya jIvana-darzana kI dRSTi pUrNatayA sAmAjika aura lokamaMgala ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane kI hai| usakI ekamAtra maMgala-kAmanA hai sarve'tra sukhinaH santu / sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu / mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt / sAmAjika cetanA ke sandarbha1. Rgveda 10/191/2 2. vahI, 10/192/3-4 3. taittirIya AraNyaka 8/2 4. Iza 6 5. Iza 1 6. gItA 6/32 7. gItA 12/4 8. vahI, 18/2 9. vahI, 6/1 10. vahI, 3/25 11. zrImadbhAgavata 7/14/8 12. praznavyAkaraNa 1/1/21-22 13. sAmAyika-pATha (amitagati) 14. bodhicaryAvatAra 8/134-135 15. tattvArtha 5/21 16. lekhaka isa vyAkhyA ke lie mahendra munijI kA AbhArI hai| . 17. vivekacUr3AmaNi 318 18. vahI, 559 19. bodhicaryAvatAra 8/105, 108 20. vahI, 3/21 21. AtmajJAna aura vijJAna, pR. 71 22. bodhicaryAvatAra 3/11

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-741 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-273 - svahita banAma lokahita naitika-cintana ke prArambha-kAla se hI svahita aura lokahita kA prazna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA meM eka ora cANakya kA kathana hai ki strI, dhana Adi sabase bar3hakara apanI rakSA kA prayatna karanA caahie|' vidura ne bhI kahA hai ki jo svArtha ko chor3akara parArtha karatA hai, jo mitra (dUsare logoM) ke lie zrama karatA hai vaha mUrkha hI hai| dUsarI ora, yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki svahita ke lie to sabhI jIte haiM, jo lokahita ke lie jItA hai, usI kA jInA saccA hai| 3 jisake jIne meM lokahita na ho, usase to maraNa hI acchA hai| 4 ___ pAzcAtya-vicAraka harabarTa spensara ne to isa prazna ko naitika-siddhAntoM ke cintana kI vAstavika samasyA kahA hai| yahA~ taka ki pAzcAtya AcAra-zAstrIya vicAradhArA meM to svArtha aura parArtha kI dhAraNA ko lekara do pakSa bana ge| svahitavAdI-vicAraka, jinameM hAbsa, nItze Adi pramukha haiM, yaha mAnate haiM ki manuSya prakRtyA kevala svahita yA apane lAbha se prerita hokara kArya karatA hai, ataH naitikatA kA vahI siddhAnta samucita hai, jo mAnava-prakRti kI isa dhAraNA ke anukUla ho| inake anusAra, apane hita ke lie kArya karane meM hI manuSya kA zreya hai| dUsarI ora; benthama, mila prabhRti vicAraka mAnava kI svasukhavAdI manovaijJAnika-prakRti ko svIkAra karate hue bhI bauddhika-AdhAra para yaha siddha karate haiM ki parahita kI bhAvanA hI naitika-dRSTi se nyAyapUrNa hai, athavA naitika-jIvana kA sAdhya hai| mila parArtha ko svArtha ke bauddhika-AdhAra para siddha karake hI santuSTa nahIM ho jAte, varan AMtarika-aMkuza (Internal Sanction) ke dvArA use svAbhAvika bhI siddha karate haiN| unake anusAra, yaha Antarika-aMkuza sajAtIyatA kI bhAvanA hai / yadyapi yaha janmajAta nahIM hai, tathApi asvAbhAvika yA anaisargika bhI nahIM hai| dUsare anya vicAraka bhI, jinameM baTalara, zApenahAvara evaM TAlasTAya Adi pramukha haiM, mAnava kI manovaijJAnikaprakRti meM sahAnubhUti, prema Adi kI upasthiti dikhAkara parArthavAdI yA lokamaMgalakArI AcAradarzana kA samarthana karate haiN| harabarTa spensara se lekara breDale, grIna, arabala Adi aneka samakAlIna vicArakoM ne bhI mAnava-jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ubhArate hue sAmAnya zubha (kAmana guDa) kI avadhAraNA ke dvArA svArthavAda aura parArthavAda ke bIca samanvaya sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| mAnava-prakRti meM vividhatAe~ haiM, usameM svArtha aura parArtha ke tattva Avazyaka rUpa se upasthita haiN| AcAra-darzana kA kArya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha svArthavAda yA parArthavAda meM se kisI eka siddhAnta kA samarthana yA virodha kre| usakA kArya to yaha hai ki apane' aura 'parAe ke madhya santulana baiThAne kA prayAsa kare, athavA AcAra ke lakSya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kare ki jisameM 'sva' aura 'para' ke bIca saMgharSoM kI sambhAvanA kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jA ske| bhAratIya AcAra-darzana kahA~ taka aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-742 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -274 kisa rUpa meM sva aura para ke saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA ko samApta karate haiM, isa bAta kI vivecanA ke pUrva hameM svArthavAda aura parArthavAda kI paribhASA para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| saMkSepa meM, svArthavAda AtmarakSaNa hai aura parArthavAda AtmatyAga hai| maikenjI likhate haiM ki jaba hama kevala apane vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi cAhate haiM, taba ise svArthavAda kahA jAtA hai, parArthavAda hai-dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa krnaa|' jainAcAra-darzana meM svArtha aura parArtha- yadi svArtha aura parArtha kI uparyukta paribhASA svIkAra kI jAe, to jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM meM kisI ko pUrNatayA na svArthavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai aura na praarthvaadii| jaina AcAra-darzana AtmA ke svaguNoM ke rakSaNa kI bAta kahatA hai| isa artha meM vaha svArthavAdI hai| vaha sadaiva hI Atma-rakSaNa yAsva-dayA kA samarthana karatA hai, lekina sAtha hI vaha kaSAyAtmA yA vAsanAtmaka-AtmA ke visarjana, balidAna yA tyAga ko bhIAvazyaka mAnatA hai aura isa artha meM vaha parArthavAdI bhI hai| yadi hama maikenjI kI paribhASA ko svIkAra kareM aura yaha mAneM ki vyaktigata sAdhya kI siddhi svArthavAda aura dUsare ke sAdhya kI siddhi kA prayAsa parArthavAda hai, to bhI jaina-darzana svArthavAdI aura parArthavAdI-donoM hI siddha hotA hai| vaha vyaktigata AtmA ke mokSa yA siddhi kA samarthana karane ke kAraNa svArthavAdI to hogA hI, lekina dUsare kI mukti ke hetu prayAsazIla hone ke kAraNa parArthavAdI bhI kahA jaaegaa| AtmakalyANa, vaiyaktika-bandhana evaM duHkha se nivRtti kI dRSTi se to jaina-sAdhanA kA prANa Atmahita hI hai, lekina loka-karuNA evaM lokahita kI jisa ucca bhAvanA se arhat - pravacana prasphuTita hotA hai, use bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sktaa| jaina-sAdhanA meM loka-hita-jainAcArya samantabhadra vIra-jina-stuti meM kahate haiM, 'he bhagavAn! ApakI yaha saMgha (samAja) vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlI aura sabakA kalyANa (sarvodaya) karane vAlI hai|'' isase U~cI lokamaMgala kI kAmanA kyA ho sakatI hai? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| jaina sAdhanA loka-maMgala kI dhAraNA ko lekara hI Age bar3hatI hai| usI sUtra meM Age kahA hai ki jaina sAdhanA ke pA~coM mahAvrata sarva prakAra se lokahita ke lie hI haiN| ahiMsA kI mahattA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA ke prathama sthAna para sthita yaha ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| yaha bhagavatI-ahiMsA bhayabhItoM ke lie zaraNa ke samAna hai, pakSiyoM ke AkAza-gamana ke samAna nirbAdha rUpa se hitakAriNI hai| pyAsoM ko pAnI ke samAna, bhUkhoM ko bhojana ke samAna, samudra meM jahAja ke samAna, rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi ke samAna aura aTavI meM sahAyaka ke samAna hai| tIrthaGkara- namaskArasUtra (namotthuNaM) meM tIrthaGkara ke lie lokanAtha, lokahitakara, lokapradIpa, abhaya ke dAtA Adi jina vizeSaNoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-743 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-275 kA upayoga huA hai; ve bhI jainadRSTi kI lokamaMgalakArI bhAvanA ko spaSTa karate haiN| tIrthaGkaroM kA pravacana evaM dharma-pravartana prANiyoM ke anugraha ke lie hotA hai, na ki pUjA yA satkAra ke lie| 14 yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki jaina-sAdhanA kevala Atmahita, AtmakalyANa kI bAta kahatI hai, to phira tIrthaMkara ke dvArA tIrthapravartana yA saMgha-saMcAlana kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA, kyoMki kevalya kI upalabdhi ke bAda unheM apane kalyANa ke lie kucha karanA zeSa hI nahIM rahatA, ataH mAnanA par3egA ki jaina-sAdhanA kA Adarza AtmakalyANa hI nahIM, varan loka-kalyANa bhI hai| ___ jaina-dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita ko sadaiva hI adhika mahatva diyA hai / jaina-darzana ke anusAra, sAdhanA kI sarvocca U~cAI para sthita sabhI jIvanmukta AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dRSTi se samAna hI hote haiM, phira bhI AtmahitakAriNI aura lokahitakAriNI-daSTi ke AdhAra para unameM uccAvacca-avasthA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| eka sAmAnya-kevalI (jIvanmukta) aura tIrthaMkara meM AdhyAtmika-pUrNatAe~ samAna hI hotI haiM, phira bhI apanI lokahitakArI-dRSTi ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sAmAnya-kevalI kI apekSA zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra, jIvanmuktAvasthA ko prApta kara lene vAloM meM bhI unake lokopakAritA ke AdhAra para tIna varga hote haiM__ 1. tIrthaMkara, 2. gaNadhara, 3. saamaany-kevlii| 1. tIrthaMkara-tIrthaMkara vaha hai, jo sarvahita ke saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA-mArga meM AtA hai aura AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA prApta kara lene ke pazcAt bhI lokahita meM lagA rahatA hai| sarvahita, sarvodaya aura loka kalyANa hI unake jIvana kA dhyeya bana jAtA hai| 15 2. gaNadhara-sahavargIya-hita meM saMkalpa ko lekara sAdhanA kSetra meM praviSTa hone vAlA aura apanI AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA ko prApta kara lene para bhI sahavargiyoM ke hita evaM kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla sAdhaka gaNadhara hai| samUha-hita yA gaNa-kalyANa gaNadhara ke jIvana kA dhyeya hotA hai| 16 . 3. sAmAnya-kevalI-Atma-kalyANa ko hI jisane apanI sAdhanA kA dhyeya banAyA hai aura jo isI AdhAra para sAdhanA mArga meM pravRtta hotA huA AdhyAtmika-pUrNatA kI upalabdhi karatA hai, vaha sAmAnya-kevalI kahalAtA hai|" sAmAnya-kevalI ko pAribhASika-zabdAvalI meM muNDa-kevalI bhI kahate haiN| jainadharma meM vizvakalyANa, vargakalyANaaura vaiyaktika-kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko lekara tadanukUla pravRtti karane ke kAraNa hI sAdhakoM kI ye vibhinna kakSAe~ nirdhArita kI gaI haiM, jinase vizva-kalyANa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra bauddha-vicAraNA meM bodhisatva aura arhat ke AdarzoM meM bhinnatA hai, usI prakAra jaina-vicAraNA meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-744 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-276 tIrthaMkara aura sAmAnya-kevalI ke AdarzoM meM taratamatA hai| dUsare, jaina sAdhanA meM saMgha (samAja) ko sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| saMghahita samasta vaiyaktikasAdhanAoM se Upara hai, saMgha ke kalyANa ke lie vaiyaktika-sAdhanA kA parityAga karanA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai|18 ___ sthAnAMgasUtra meM jina dasa dharmoM (kartavyoM) 1' kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, unameM saMgha-dharma, rASTradharma, nagaradharma, grAmadharma aura kuladharma kA ullekha isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki jainadRSTi na kevala Atmahita yA vaiyaktika-vikAsa taka sImita hai, varan usameM lokahita yA lokakalyANa kA ajasra pravAha bhI pravAhita hai| yadyapi jaina-darzana lokahita, lokamaMgala kI bAta kahatA hai, parantu usakI eka zarta hai ki parArtha ke lie svArtha kA visarjana kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina AtmArtha kA nahIM / usake anusAra, vaiyaktika bhautika-upalabdhiyoM ko lokakalyANa ke lie samarpita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura kiyA bhI jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ve hameM jagat se hI milI haiM, ve saMsAra kI hI haiM, hamArI nahIM / sAMsArika-upalabdhiyA~ saMsAra ke lie hai, ataH unakA lokahita ke lie visarjana kiyA jAnA cAhie, lekina AdhyAtmika-vikAsa yA vaiyaktika-naitikatA ko lokahita ke nAma para kuMThita kiyA jAnA use svIkAra nahIM / aisA lokahita, jo vyakti ke caritra-paMtana athavA AdhyAtmikakuNThana se phalita hotA ho, use svIkAra nahIM hai| lokahita aura Atmahita ke sandarbha meM usakA svarNima sUtra hai-Atmahita karo aura yathAzakya lokahita bhI karo, lekina jahA~ Atmahita aura lokahita meM dvandva ho aura Atmahita ke kuNThana para hI lokahita phalita hotA ho, vahA~AtmakalyANa hI zreSTha hai|20 Atmahita svArtha nahIM hai-Atmahita svArthavAda nahIM hai| AtmakAma vastutaH niSkAma hotA hai, kyoMki usakI koI kAmanA nahIM hotI, isalie usakA koI svArtha bhI nahIM hotaa| svArthI to vaha hotA hai, jo yaha cAhatA hai ki sabhI loga usake hita ke lie kArya kareM / AtmArthI svArthI nahIM hai, usakI dRSTi to yaha hotI hai ki sabhI apane hita ke lie kArya kreN| svArtha aura AtmakalyANa meM maulika antara yaha hai ki svArtha kI sAdhanA meM rAga aura dveSa kI vattiyA~ kAma karatI haiM, jabaki Atmahita yA AtmakalyANa kA prArambha hI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM kI kSINatA se hotA hai| svArtha aura parArtha meM saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA bhI tabhI hai, jaba unameM rAga-dveSa kI vRtti nihita ho| rAga-bhAva yA svahita kI vRtti se kiyA jAne vAlA parArtha bhI saccA lokahita nahIM hai, vaha to svArtha hI hai| zAsana dvArA niyukta evaM prerita samAjakalyANa adhikArI vastutaH lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai, vaha to vetana ke lie kAma karatA hai| isI taraha, rAgase prerita hokara lokahita karane vAlA bhI sacce arthoM meM lokahita kA kartA nahIM hai| usake lokahita ke prayatna rAga kI abhivyakti,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-745 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-277 pratiSThA kI rakSA, yaza-arjana kI bhAvanA yA bhAvI lAbha kI prApti ke hetu hI hote haiM / aisA parArtha svArtha hI hotA hai| saccA Atmahita aura saccA lokahita rAga-dveSa se rahita anAsakti kI bhUmi para prasphuTita hotA hai, lekina usa avasthA meM na to 'sva' rahatA hai na 'para'; kyoMki jahA~ rAga hai vahIM 'sva' hai aura jahA~ 'sva' hai vahIM para' hai| rAga ke abhAva meM sva aura para kA vibheda hI samApta ho jAtA hai| aisIrAga-vihIna bhUmikA se kiyA jAne vAlA Atmahita bhI lokahita hotA hai aura lokahita Atmahita hotA hai| donoM meM koI saMgharSa nahIM, koI dvaita nahIM hai| usa dazA meM to sarvatra AtmadRSTi hotI hai, jisameM na koI apanA, na koI praayaa| svArtha-parArtha kI samasyA yahA~ rahatI hI nhiiN| jaina-vicAraNA ke anusAra, svArtha aura parArtha ke madhya sabhI avasthAoM meM saMgharSa rahe, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| vyakti jaise-jaise bhautika-jIvana se AdhyAtmika-jIvana kI ora Upara uThatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise svArtha-parArtha kA saMgharSa bhI samApta hotA jAtA hai| jaina-vicArakoM ne parArtha yA lokahita ke tIna stara mAne haiM - . 1. dravya-lokahita, 2. bhAva-lokahita aura 3. paarmaarthik-lokhit| 1. dravya-lokahita- yaha lokahita kA bhautika-stara hai| bhautika-upAdAnoM, jaise bhojana, vastra, AvAsa Adi tathA zArIrika-sevA ke dvArA lokahita karanA lokahita kA bhautika-stara hai| yahA~ para lokahita ke sAdhana bhautika hote haiN| dravya-lokahita ekAnta rUpa se AcaraNIya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha apavAdAtmaka evaM sApekSa-naitikatA kA kSetra hai| bhautikastara para svahita kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| yahA~ to svahita aura parahita meM ucita samanvaya-sAdhanA hI apekSita hai| pAzcAtya naitika-vicAraNA ke pariSkRta svArthavAda, bauddhikaparArthavAda aura sAmAnya zubhatAvAda kA vicArakSetra lokahita kA bhautika-svarUpa hI hai| 2. bhAva-lokahita - lokahita kA yaha stara bhautika-stara se Upara kA hai| yahA~ lokahita ke sAdhana jJAnAtmaka yA caittasika hote haiM / isa stara para parArtha aura svArtha-saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA alpatama hotI hai| 3. pAramArthika-lokahita - yaha lokahita kA sarvocca stara hai| yahA~ Atmahita aura para-hita meM koI saMgharSa yA dvaita nahIM rhtaa| yahAM para lokahita kA rUpa hotA hai-yathArtha jIvanadRSTi ke sambandha meM mArgadarzana krnaa| bauddhadarzana kI lokahitakAriNI dRSTi bauddha dharma meM loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA kA srota prArambha se hI pravAhita rahA hai| bhagavAn buddha kI dharmadezanA bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma-dezanA ke samAna lokamaMgala ke lie hI prasphuTita huI thii| itivRttaka meM buddha kahate haiM, he bhikSuoM ! do saMkalpa tathAgata bhagavAn samyak sambuddhaM ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-746 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA -278 huA karate haiM - 1. ekAnta-dhyAna kA saMkalpa aura 2. prANiyoM ke hita kA sNklp| bodhi prApta kara lene para buddha ne advitIya samAdhisukha meM vihAra karane ke nizcaya kA parityAga kara lokahitArtha evaM lokamaMgala ke lie paricAraNa karanA hI svIkAra kiyaa| yaha unakI lokamaMgalakArI-dRSTi kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| yahI nahIM, buddha ne apane bhikSuoM ko lokahita kA hI sandeza diyA aura kahA ki he bhikSuoM! bahujanoM ke hita ke lie, bahujanoM ke sukha ke lie, loka kI anukampA ke lie, deva aura manuSyoM ke sukha aura hita ke lie paricAraNa karate rho| jAtaka-nidAna kathA meM bhI bodhisatva ko yaha kahate hue dikhAyA gayA hai ki mujha zaktizAlI puruSa ke lie akele tara jAne se kyA lAbha? maiM to sarvajJatA prApta kara devatAoM sahita isa sAre loka ko taaruuNgaa| bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna-zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa maanaa| vahA~ to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika-nirvANa meM koI ruci nahIM rahatI hai| mahAyAnI-sAdhaka kahatA hai-dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM joAnanda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenaa-denaa|28| laMkAvatArasUtra meM bodhisatva se yahA~ taka kahalavA diyA gayA ki maiM taba taka parinirvANa meM praveza nahIM karU~gA, jaba taka ki vizva ke sabhI prANI vimukti prApta na kara leN| sAdhaka paraduHkha-vimukti se milane vAle Ananda ko sva ke nirvANa ke Anandase bhI mahatvapUrNa mAnatA hai aura usake lie apane nirvANa-sukha ko ThukarA detA hai| para-duHkha-kAtaratA aura sevA ke Adarza kA isase bar3A saMkalpa aura kyA ho sakatA hai ? bauddha darzana kI lokahitakArI-dRSTi kA rasaparipAka to hameM AcArya zAntideva ke grantha zikSA samuccaya aura bodhicaryAvatAra meM milatA hai| lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko prastuta karate hue ve likhate haiM, apane sukha ko alaga rakha aura dUsaroM ke duHkha (dUra karane) meM lg'| dUsaroM kA sevaka banakara isa zarIra meM jo kucha vastu dekha, usase dUsaroM kA hita kr|" dUsare ke duHkha se apane sukha ko binA badale buddhatva kI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI / phira saMsAra meM sukha hai hI kahA~ ? " yadi eka ke duHkha uThAne se bahuta kA duHkha calA jAe, to apane-parAe para kRpA karake vaha duHkha uThAnA hI caahie| bodhisatva kI lokasevA kI bhAvanA kA citra prastuta karate hue AcArya likhate haiM, maiM anAthoM kA nAtha banU~gA, yAtriyoM kA sArthavAha banUMgA, pAra jAne kI icchAvAloM ke lie maiM nAva banU~gA, maiM unake lie setu banUMgA, dharaniyA~ bnuuNgaa| dIpaka cAhane vAloM ke lie dIpaka banU~gA, jinheM zayyA kI AvazyakatA hai, unake lie maiM zayyA banU~gA, jinheM dAsa kI AvazyakatA hai, unake lie dAsa banU~gA, isa prakAra maiM jagatI ke sabhI prANiyoM kI sevA kruuNgaa| 34 jisa prakAra pRthvI, agni Adi bhautika-vastue~ sampUrNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-747 jaina- AcAra mImAMsA-279 AkAza (vizvamaNDala) meM base prANiyoM ke sukha kA kAraNa hotI haiM , usI prakAra maiM AkAza ke nIce rahane vAle sabhI prANiyoM kA upajIvya banakara rahanA cAhatA hU~, jaba taka ki sabhI prANI mukti prApta na kara leN| ___sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, lokakalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMhajI upAdhyAya ke svara meM kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizva-cetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAt karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai / AcArya zAMntideva bhI kevala paropakAra yA lokakalyANa kA sandeza nahIM dete, varan usa loka-kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAma-bhAva para bhI bala dete haiN| niSkAma-bhAva se lokakalyANa kaise kiyA jAe, isake lie zAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kie haiM, ve unake maulika cintana kA pariNAma haiN| gItA ke anusAra, vyakti IzvarIya-preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAmabhAva se karma karatA rahe, athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI para brahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgrata kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rhe|

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prAcya vidyApITha: eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patra patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana-adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI :1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana :49 pustakeM sampAdana 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra 1987 DipTImala puraskAra 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e. 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) :2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna -2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna :2011 samatA manISI sammAna 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya-jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM. pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNTroM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamA nipAla) Printed at Akrati Offset ILIAIN Ph 0734.2561720